Israel Idonije  (born November 17, 1980) is a retired Nigerian-Canadian defensive end in the National Football League and actor. Idonije was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Cleveland Browns out of the University of Manitoba. A draft pick of the now defunct Ottawa Renegades of the Canadian Football League, for whom he never played a game, Idonije spent the start of the 2003 season on the Browns' practice squad prior to his release in September. He was subsequently signed to the Chicago Bears' practice squad for the final six weeks of the season.

He has also played for the Detroit Lions, Chicago Bears, and New York Giants.

Early years
Idonije was born in Lagos, Nigeria and immigrated with his family to Brandon, Manitoba, Canada, when he was four years old. He attended Vincent Massey High School in Brandon and, though he had never played football and was reluctant, coach Kevin Grindey convinced him to play when the school restarted its Canadian football program in 1997, when Idonije was a senior in high school. He went on to play CIS football for the Manitoba Bisons. During this time he worked as a daycare teacher in Winnipeg, Manitoba, played in the East-West Shrine Game, and was drafted 17th overall by the Ottawa Renegades in the 2003 CFL Draft. At Manitoba from 2000–02, Idonije recorded 16 sacks which stands fourth all-time in Bison history.  He helped lead the Bison to the 2001 Vanier Cup where Manitoba was defeated by the Saint Mary's Huskies.  In 2002, Idonije was named 2002 Manitoba Male Athlete of the Year. His goal, however, was to play in the National Football League.

Professional career

NFL combine
Idonije was not invited to the NFL Combine, but appeared on his own to distribute tapes of his years at University of Manitoba. Nine NFL team scouts were originally scheduled to attend a subsequent workout in Manitoba, but only one team, (the Cleveland Browns) ended up attending due to the SARS outbreak concerns at the time.

Cleveland Browns
As a rookie in 2003, Idonije was signed by the Browns as an undrafted free agent, and put on Cleveland's practice squad. He was waived by the Browns midway through the season.

Chicago Bears
Idonije was obtained by the Chicago Bears as a practice squad player late in the 2003 season and made the final roster the following year. Idonije also played gunner on the punt coverage team.

In 2006, Idonije became a restricted free agent and the Buffalo Bills attempted to sign him, but the Bears retained him by matching their offer.  During the 2007 NFL season, Idonije had three consecutive games with a blocked field goal or extra point.  In 2008, Idonije set career highs in sacks (3.5), tackles (22), and passes defenced (6).  In May 2009, signed a two-year, $7 million contract extension with the Bears.  On December 30, 2009 Idonije was placed on injured reserve due to a foot injury.

In 2010, week 5 at the Carolina Panthers, Idonije recorded 3 sacks.

In 2011, in week 15 against the Seattle Seahawks, Idonije scored his first NFL touchdown after a fumble recovery in the end zone after Tarvaris Jackson had the ball stripped by Julius Peppers.

With the drafting of Shea McClellin in 2012, Idonije was moved to defensive tackle. In the second game of the preseason against the Washington Redskins, Idonije recorded 2½ sacks on rookie and Heisman Trophy winner Robert Griffin III. Idonije would once again record 2½ sacks in week three against the St. Louis Rams. Idonije ended the season with 40 tackles, 7.5 sacks, and a forced fumble, and he was later named to the USA Today All-Joe Team.

Detroit Lions
On June 25, 2013, Idonije signed a one-year contract with the Detroit Lions. Idonije recorded 11 tackles and half a sack during the  season.

Chicago Bears (second stint)
On March 18, 2014, Idonije signed a one-year deal to return to the Bears.
The Bears released him on June 19, 2014.

New York Giants
Idonije signed with the New York Giants on August 5, 2014. He was released on August 30, 2014.

Outside football

Athlitacomics
Idonije revealed his new comic, The Protectors, at its soft launch during the New York Comic Con in October 2012. He came up with the idea at the Chicago Bears training camp in 2007. The Protectors, set in the future, is based around a group of super athletes who learn they are blessed with super powers that help protect humanity. Idonije brought on writer Ron Marz and artist Bart Sears to complete the project. Idonije will be publishing the comic through the publishing company he founded, Athleta Comics. Athleta Comics is part of Athleta Entertainment.

The Protectors issue #0 made its debut at C2E2 in Chicago, April 26–28, 2013. Issue #1 is scheduled to come out in September 2013.

Idonije also created Sports Heroes' showcasing athletes through comic artistry, and Athlitacomics became an NFLPA licensee.  Sports Heroes can be found on the first of its kind consumable NFLPI licensed product.

Idonije launched his DreamKidz Love book series to promote social and emotional awareness for children. His first book "I Love Me (Izzy Cover) was released on Amazon on January 24, 2017.

Prior to the 2018 NFL season, Idonije and Athlitacomics formed a partnership with the Bears to create a "Monsters of the Midway" comic universe to promote the Bears' 2018 schedule.

Ask The Doctor
Idonije along with serial entrepreneur, Prakash Chand founded medical question and answer service Ask The Doctor A portal allowing anyone, anywhere immediate access to a doctor.

Idonije and Ask The Doctor recently announced a scholarship fund for students entering 1st year of an accredited American or Canadian college or university, or exceptional high school graduates or high school drop outs looking to start a digital health company.

iF Charities
Idonije established iF Charities, formerly known as the Israel Idonije Foundation in 2007. It is a registered 501(c)3 non-profit organization. It serves communities in Chicago, Winnipeg and West Africa - all the places Idonije has called home. iF Charities offers several core programs, projects, and events.

Blessed Communion
Idonije started Blessed Communion in 2009. Blessed Communion manufactures dual-chambered, pre-filled Communion cups for individuals, churches and other religious organizations.

The Bureau Chicago
Idonije opened up an office, meeting and business event space in the South Loop.

Order of Manitoba
Manitoba Lieutenant-Governor Philip S. Lee announced on May 12, 2014 that Idonije is to be inducted into the Order of Manitoba. The ceremony took place at the Manitoba Legislature in Winnipeg on May 21, 2014.

Chicago Red Stars
On March 1, 2021, the Chicago Red Stars of the National Women's Soccer League announced that Idonije had joined the women's soccer team's ownership group.

References

External links
Chicago Bears bio

1980 births
American football defensive ends
American football defensive tackles
Black Canadian players of American football
Canadian expatriate American football people in the United States
Canadian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Canadian sportspeople of Nigerian descent
Chicago Bears players
Detroit Lions players
Living people
Manitoba Bisons football players
Members of the Order of Manitoba
Naturalized citizens of Canada
New York Giants players
Nigerian expatriates in Germany
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Nigerian emigrants to Canada
Nigerian players of American football
Nigerian players of Canadian football
Sportspeople from Brandon, Manitoba
Sportspeople from Lagos
Chicago Red Stars owners

Israel Idonije


Crow Wing State Park is a state park of Minnesota, United States, at the confluence of the Mississippi and Crow Wing Rivers.  The park interprets the site of Old Crow Wing, one of the most populous towns in Minnesota in the 1850s and 1860s.  The entire park was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.  A section of the Red River Trails that passed through Old Crow Wing is also separately listed on the National Register.

Natural history
The park lies on an outwash plain formed from the outwash of Glacial Lake Grantsburg.  The present-day vegetation is oak forest with red, white, and jack pine; and aspen, with prairie and wetland openings.

Wildlife
It is home to wildlife species such as coyote, white-tailed deer, eagle, beaver, hawk, muskrat, waterfowl, fox, and various songbirds.

Cultural history

Native American history
The confluence of the Crow Wing and Mississippi Rivers formed a natural crossroads, attracting humans with its easy travel routes and quality hunting.  At the beginning of the historical period the region was inhabited by Dakota, who clashed with Ojibwe being displaced from farther east.  It is told that in 1768 a Dakota war party raided an Ojibwe village and carried off several women in their canoes.  The village's warriors, returning from their own unsuccessful raid, laid an ambush on a high bank over the river, digging shallow pits from which to fire their rifles.  As the Dakota convoy passed under the Ojibwe, the men opened fire, while the captured women overturned the canoes they were in and swam for shore.  The Dakota regrouped and counterattacked by land, but were repulsed.  The two-day battle cemented Ojibwe control over the area.

Old Crow Wing

European fur traders began frequenting the area in the late 18th century.  A trading post was opened in 1823, around which a town slowly grew.  The town lay on the route of a new section of the Red River Trails blazed in 1844, and the local economy boomed.  Several Crow Wing traders went on to great prominence in early Minnesota, including the men after whom Morrison County, Aitkin County, and Rice County are all named.  A Métis named Clement Hudon Beaulieu ran the American Fur Company's trading post while another named William Whipple Warren wrote an early history of the Ojibwe.  Three churches were established in town, including a Catholic mission by Father Francis Xavier Pierz.

Crow Wing's heyday came to a swift end.  In 1868 the Ojibwe were resettled in the White Earth Indian Reservation.  In 1871 railroad magnate James J. Hill decided to route his Northern Pacific Railroad over the Mississippi River in Brainerd,  to the north.  By 1880 most of Crow Wing's residents had moved on.

Park development
The Crow Wing County Historical Society led efforts to establish a state park around the townsite.  The park was authorized by the Minnesota Legislature in 1959.  Some controversy arose when the Knights of Columbus built a chapel on the site of Father Pierz' mission.  However the chapel was located on a small parcel of privately held land and no public funds were used for its construction, so legally separation of church and state was maintained.

State funds and private donations enabled the park to expand by  in 2006, adding  of frontage on the Mississippi River.  There are plans to extend the Paul Bunyan State Trail through Crow Wing State Park along this section.

Recreation
Crow Wing State Park offers  of hiking trails, some of which are open to cross-country skiing or snowmobiling in winter.  There is a campground with 61 sites and a camper cabin.  There is also a group camp and a riverside campsite for canoeists.  A boat ramp provides access to the rivers, with rental craft available.

Although most of the structures of Old Crow Wing have decayed or were moved away, some are left and interpretive signs commemorate others.  Clement Beaulieu's house, with its Greek Revival architecture, was moved back to its original location in 1988.  Several headstones are still visible in the Catholic cemetery.  Oldest of all, the shallow depressions marked as the Indian Rifle Pits may be the vestiges of the 1768 Ojibwe ambush.

References

Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Crow Wing State Park signage, brochures, and website.

External links

Crow Wing State Park

1959 establishments in Minnesota
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Cass County, Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Crow Wing County, Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Morrison County, Minnesota
Native American history of Minnesota
Parks on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Protected areas established in 1959
Protected areas of Cass County, Minnesota
Protected areas of Crow Wing County, Minnesota
Protected areas of Morrison County, Minnesota
Protected areas on the Mississippi River
State parks of Minnesota
Populated places on the National Register of Historic Places

Crow Wing State Park


Degenerate matter occurs when the Pauli exclusion principle significantly alters a state of matter at low temperature. The term is used in astrophysics to refer to dense stellar objects such as white dwarfs and neutron stars, where thermal pressure alone is not enough to avoid gravitational collapse. The term also applies to metals in the Fermi gas approximation.

Degenerate matter is usually modelled as an ideal Fermi gas, an ensemble of non-interacting fermions. In a quantum mechanical description, particles limited to a finite volume may take only a discrete set of energies, called quantum states. The Pauli exclusion principle prevents identical fermions from occupying the same quantum state. At lowest total energy (when the thermal energy of the particles is negligible), all the lowest energy quantum states are filled. This state is referred to as full degeneracy. This degeneracy pressure remains non-zero even at absolute zero temperature. Adding particles or reducing the volume forces the particles into higher-energy quantum states. In this situation, a compression force is required, and is made manifest as a resisting pressure. The key feature is that this degeneracy pressure does not depend on the temperature but only on the density of the fermions. Degeneracy pressure keeps dense stars in equilibrium, independent of the thermal structure of the star.

A degenerate mass whose fermions have velocities close to the speed of light (particle kinetic energy larger than its rest mass energy) is called relativistic degenerate matter.

The concept of degenerate stars, stellar objects composed of degenerate matter, was originally developed in a joint effort between Arthur Eddington, Ralph Fowler and Arthur Milne. Eddington had suggested that the atoms in Sirius B were almost completely ionised and closely packed. Fowler described white dwarfs as composed of a gas of particles that became degenerate at low temperature; he also pointed out that ordinary atoms broadly similar in regards to the filling of energy levels by fermions. Milne proposed that degenerate matter is found in most of the nuclei of stars, not only in compact stars.

Concept

Degenerate matter exhibits quantum mechanical properties when a fermion system temperature approaches absolute zero. These properties result from a combination of the Pauli exclusion principle and quantum confinement.  The Pauli principle allows only one fermion in each quantum state and the confinement ensures that energy of these states increases as they are filled. The lowest states fill up and fermions are forced to occupy high energy states even at low temperature.

While the Pauli principle and Fermi-Dirac distribution applies to all matter, the interesting cases for degenerate matter involve systems of many fermions. These cases can be understood with the help of the Fermi gas model.  Examples include electrons in metals and in white dwarf stars and neutrons in neutron stars. The electrons are confined   by Coulomb attraction to positive ion cores; the neutrons are confined by gravitation attraction.  The fermions, forced in to higher levels by the Pauli principle, exert pressure preventing further compression.

The allocation or distribution of fermions into quantum states ranked by energy is called the Fermi-Dirac distribution. Degenerate matter exhibits the results of Fermi-Dirac distribution.

Degeneracy pressure
Unlike a classical ideal gas, whose pressure is proportional to its temperature

where P is pressure, kB is Boltzmann's constant, N is the number of particles—typically atoms or molecules—, T is temperature, and  V is the volume, the pressure exerted by degenerate matter depends only weakly on its temperature. In particular, the pressure remains nonzero even at absolute zero temperature. At relatively low densities, the pressure of a fully degenerate gas can be derived by treating the system as an ideal Fermi gas, in this way

where m is the mass of the individual particles making up the gas. At very high densities, where most of the particles are forced into quantum states with relativistic energies, the pressure is given by

where K is another proportionality constant depending on the properties of the particles making up the gas.

All matter experiences both normal thermal pressure and degeneracy pressure, but in commonly encountered gases, thermal pressure dominates so much that degeneracy pressure can be ignored. Likewise, degenerate matter still has normal thermal pressure, the degeneracy pressure dominates to the point that temperature has a negligible effect on the total pressure. The adjacent figure shows how the pressure of a Fermi gas saturates as it is cooled down, relative to a classical ideal gas.

While degeneracy pressure usually dominates at extremely high densities, it is the ratio between degenerate pressure and thermal pressure which determines degeneracy.  Given a sufficiently drastic increase in temperature (such as during a red giant star's helium flash), matter can become non-degenerate without reducing its density.

Degeneracy pressure contributes to the pressure of conventional solids, but these are not usually considered to be degenerate matter because a significant contribution to their pressure is provided by electrical repulsion of atomic nuclei and the screening of nuclei from each other by electrons.  The free electron model of metals derives their physical properties by considering the conduction electrons alone as a degenerate gas, while the majority of the electrons are regarded as occupying bound quantum states. This solid state contrasts with degenerate matter that forms the body of a white dwarf, where most of the electrons would be treated as occupying free particle momentum states.

Exotic examples of degenerate matter include neutron degenerate matter, strange matter, metallic hydrogen and white dwarf matter.

Degenerate gases
Degenerate gases are gases composed of fermions such as electrons, protons, and neutrons rather than molecules of ordinary matter. The electron gas in ordinary metals and in the interior of white dwarfs are two examples. Following the Pauli exclusion principle, there can be only one fermion occupying each quantum state. In a degenerate gas, all quantum states are filled up to the Fermi energy. Most stars are supported against their own gravitation by normal thermal gas pressure, while in white dwarf stars the supporting force comes from the degeneracy pressure of the electron gas in their interior. In neutron stars, the degenerate particles are neutrons.

A fermion gas in which all quantum states below a given energy level are filled is called a fully degenerate fermion gas. The difference between this energy level and the lowest energy level is known as the Fermi energy.

Electron degeneracy

In an ordinary fermion gas in which thermal effects dominate, most of the available electron energy levels are unfilled and the electrons are free to move to these states. As particle density is increased, electrons progressively fill the lower energy states and additional electrons are forced to occupy states of higher energy even at low temperatures. Degenerate gases strongly resist further compression because the electrons cannot move to already filled lower energy levels due to the Pauli exclusion principle. Since electrons cannot give up energy by moving to lower energy states, no thermal energy can be extracted. The momentum of the fermions in the fermion gas nevertheless generates pressure, termed "degeneracy pressure".

Under high densities matter becomes a degenerate gas when all electrons are stripped from their parent atoms. The core of a star, once hydrogen burning in nuclear fusion reactions stops, becomes a collection of positively charged ions, largely helium and carbon nuclei, floating in a sea of electrons, which have been stripped from the nuclei. Degenerate gas is an almost perfect conductor of heat and does not obey ordinary gas laws. White dwarfs are luminous not because they are generating energy but rather because they have trapped a large amount of heat which is gradually radiated away. Normal gas exerts higher pressure when it is heated and expands, but the pressure in a degenerate gas does not depend on the temperature. When gas becomes super-compressed, particles position right up against each other to produce degenerate gas that behaves more like a solid. In degenerate gases the kinetic energies of electrons are quite high and the rate of collision between electrons and other particles is quite low, therefore degenerate electrons can travel great distances at velocities that approach the speed of light. Instead of temperature, the pressure in a degenerate gas depends only on the speed of the degenerate particles; however, adding heat does not increase the speed of most of the electrons, because they are stuck in fully occupied quantum states. Pressure is increased only by the mass of the particles, which increases the gravitational force pulling the particles closer together. Therefore, the phenomenon is the opposite of that normally found in matter where if the mass of the matter is increased, the object becomes bigger. In degenerate gas, when the mass is increased,  the particles become spaced closer together due to gravity (and the pressure is increased), so the object becomes smaller. Degenerate gas can be compressed to very high densities, typical values being in the range of 10,000 kilograms per cubic centimeter.

There is an upper limit to the mass of an electron-degenerate object, the Chandrasekhar limit, beyond which electron degeneracy pressure cannot support the object against collapse. The limit is approximately 1.44 solar masses for objects with typical compositions expected for white dwarf stars (carbon and oxygen with two baryons per electron). This mass cutoff is appropriate only for a star supported by ideal electron degeneracy pressure under Newtonian gravity; in general relativity and with realistic Coulomb corrections, the corresponding mass limit is around 1.38 solar masses. The limit may also change with the chemical composition of the object, as it affects the ratio of mass to number of electrons present. The object's rotation, which counteracts the gravitational force, also changes the limit for any particular object. Celestial objects below this limit are white dwarf stars, formed by the gradual shrinking of the cores of stars that run out of fuel. During this shrinking, an electron-degenerate gas forms in the core, providing sufficient degeneracy pressure as it is compressed to resist further collapse. Above this mass limit, a neutron star (primarily supported by neutron degeneracy pressure) or a black hole may be formed instead.

Neutron degeneracy

Neutron degeneracy is analogous to electron degeneracy and is demonstrated in neutron stars, which are partially supported by the pressure from a degenerate neutron gas. The collapse happens when the core of a white dwarf exceeds approximately 1.44 solar masses, which is the Chandrasekhar limit, above which the collapse is not halted by the pressure of degenerate electrons. As the star collapses, the Fermi energy of the electrons increases to the point where it is energetically favorable for them to combine with protons to produce neutrons (via inverse beta decay, also termed electron capture). The result is an extremely compact star composed of nuclear matter, which is predominantly a degenerate neutron gas, sometimes called neutronium, with a small admixture of degenerate proton and electron gases.

Neutrons in a degenerate neutron gas are spaced much more closely than electrons in an electron-degenerate gas because the more massive neutron has a much shorter wavelength at a given energy. In the case of neutron stars and white dwarfs, this phenomenon is compounded by the fact that the pressures within neutron stars are much higher than those in white dwarfs. The pressure increase is caused by the fact that the compactness of a neutron star causes gravitational forces to be much higher than in a less compact body with similar mass. The result is a star with a diameter on the order of a thousandth that of a white dwarf.

There is an upper limit to the mass of a neutron-degenerate object, the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit, which is analogous to the Chandrasekhar limit for electron-degenerate objects. The theoretical limit for non-relativistic objects supported by ideal neutron degeneracy pressure is only 0.75 solar masses; however, with more realistic models including baryon interaction, the precise limit is unknown, as it depends on the equations of state of nuclear matter, for which a highly accurate model is not yet available. Above this limit, a neutron star may collapse into a black hole or into other possible dense forms of degenerate matter.

Proton degeneracy

Sufficiently dense matter containing protons experiences proton degeneracy pressure, in a manner similar to the electron degeneracy pressure in electron-degenerate matter: protons confined to a sufficiently small volume have a large uncertainty in their momentum due to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. However, because protons are much more massive than electrons, the same momentum represents a much smaller velocity for protons than for electrons. As a result, in matter with approximately equal numbers of protons and electrons, proton degeneracy pressure is much smaller than electron degeneracy pressure, and proton degeneracy is usually modeled as a correction to the equations of state of electron-degenerate matter.

Quark degeneracy

At densities greater than those supported by neutron degeneracy, quark matter is expected to occur. Several variations of this hypothesis have been proposed that represent quark-degenerate states. Strange matter is a degenerate gas of quarks that is often assumed to contain strange quarks in addition to the usual up and down quarks. Color superconductor materials are degenerate gases of quarks in which quarks pair up in a manner similar to Cooper pairing in electrical superconductors. The equations of state for the various proposed forms of quark-degenerate matter vary widely, and are usually also poorly defined, due to the difficulty of modeling strong force interactions.

Quark-degenerate matter may occur in the cores of neutron stars, depending on the equations of state of neutron-degenerate matter. It may also occur in hypothetical quark stars, formed by the collapse of objects above the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff mass limit for neutron-degenerate objects. Whether quark-degenerate matter forms at all in these situations depends on the equations of state of both neutron-degenerate matter and quark-degenerate matter, both of which are poorly known. Quark stars are considered to be an intermediate category between neutron stars and black holes.

History
Quantum mechanics uses the word 'degenerate' in two ways: degenerate energy levels and as the low temperature ground state limit for states of matter. The electron degeneracy pressure occurs in the ground state systems which are non-degenerate in energy levels. The term "degeneracy" derives from work on the specific heat of gasses that pre-dates the use of the term in quantum mechanics.

In 1914 Walther Nernst described the reduction of the specific heat of gasses at very low temperature as "degeneration"; he attributed this to quantum effects.  In subsequent work in various paper on quantum thermodynamics by Albert Einstein, by Max Planck, and by Erwin Schrödinger, the effect at low temperatures came to be called "gas degeneracy". A fully degenerate gas has no volume dependence on pressure when temperature approaches absolute zero.

Early in 1927 Enrico Fermi and separately Llewellyn Thomas developed a semiclassical model for electrons in a metal. The model treated the electrons as a gas. Later in 1927, Arnold Sommerfeld applied the Pauli principle via Fermi-Dirac statistics to this electron gas model, computing the specific heat of metals; the result became Fermi gas model for metals. Sommerfeld called the low temperature region with quantum effects a "wholly degenerate gas".

Also in 1927 Ralph H. Fowler applied Fermi's model to the puzzle of the stability of white dwarf stars. This approach was extended to relativistic models by later studies and with the work of Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar became the accepted    model for star stability.

See also
 Bose-Einstein condensate – Degenerate bosonic gas

 Metallic hydrogen – High-pressure phase of hydrogen

Notes

Citations

References

External links
 Lecture 17: Stellar Evolution. Discusses degenerate gases in models of stars

Astrophysics
Degenerate stars
Exotic matter
Phases of matter

Degenerate matter


October Baby is a 2011 American Christian-themed drama film directed by Andrew Erwin and Jon Erwin and starring Rachel Hendrix in her film debut. It is the story of a woman named Hannah, who learns as a young adult that she survived a failed abortion attempt. She then embarks upon a road trip to understand the circumstances of her birth.  was inspired by a YouTube video chronicling the life experiences of Gianna Jessen, who was born after a failed abortion attempt.

Plot
Hannah is a 19-year-old college freshman who suffers from epilepsy, asthma, and depression. On the verge of her theatrical debut in a university play, she collapses on stage. Hannah meets with her parents and a doctor, who quotes passages from her journal that she has been feeling lost and unwanted. She learns that she is adopted and her biological mother tried to abort her.

Hannah seeks out her best friend, Jason, for advice. After sorting through her feelings and her options with Jason, she decides to find her birth mother. Jason invites her to go on a trip to New Orleans, Louisiana with a group of his friends for spring break. Hannah's father, Jacob Lawson, is reluctant to let her go, because of her illness. Hannah decides to go because she says she wants answers. She sets out on a journey that leads her to her birthplace, Mobile, Alabama. Jason helps her find the hospital where she was born, but it is vacant and locked up. Hannah pries the back door open and they are arrested. The sheriff lets them go when she tells him her reason for trying to get in. He gives her the name and address of the nurse who signed her birth certificate. She locates the nurse, who assisted in the abortion, and they have an emotional encounter while the nurse describes the circumstances behind not only her birth, but that of her twin brother, whom Hannah knew nothing about. She leaves the nurse's apartment with the changed name and workplace of her birth mother.

When she finally meets her biological mother, she is overwhelmed by anger and hatred because of her mother's rejection. Her father arrives to take her home, having found out she lied to him about being with others beside Jason, and about checking in with her doctor. He discovers their arrest for breaking and entering and tells Jason he is not permitted to interact with Hannah. Jason returns to the hotel where his friends are staying. He breaks up with his girlfriend, Alanna, and returns home. He phones Hannah's father and apologizes for lying.

Hannah's adoptive parents go through their own pain and suffering, deciding to tell Hannah the details of their choice to adopt both her and her brother, who died months later. Her adoptive mother had been pregnant with twins and lost them at 24 weeks. They saw an adoption request for Hannah and her brother at a crisis pregnancy center where she had volunteered.

Hannah wanders aimlessly until she sees a Catholic Church and goes in. She seeks consolation from a priest. Hannah experiences an epiphany and finds she is able to forgive her biological mother and forget about the botched abortion.

Jason takes Hannah back to the theater where she had collapsed and says they should finish the play together. Hannah realizes he wants to be more than a friend and starts to fall in love. The movie ends with them leaving to go to their college dorms. Hannah hugs both her parents and thanks them for wanting her when no one else did. She is seen smiling at her father and holding Jason's hand.

Cast

 Rachel Hendrix as Hannah
 Jason Burkey as Jason
 John Schneider as Jacob
 Jasmine Guy as Nurse Mary
 Robert Amaya as Beach Cop
 Maria Atchison as Secretary Pat
 Joy Brunson as Danielle
 Rodney Clark as Priest
 Brian Gall as Rent-a-Cop
 Carl Maguire as Lance
 Tracy Miller as Officer Mitchell
 Lance E. Nichols as Doctor
 Jennifer Price as Grace
 Shari Rigby as Cynthia (as Shari Wiedmann)
 Don Sandley as Psychiatrist
 Chris Sligh as B-Mac
 Austin Johnson as Trueman
 Colleen Trusler as Alanna

Production and release
At a preview of the film at The Heritage Foundation, director Jon Erwin stated that prior to making the film he "never knew there was such a thing as an abortion survivor." He decided to make the film after Christian filmmaker Alex Kendrick challenged him: "What is your purpose?"

October Baby had a limited release on October 28, 2011, in the states of Alabama and Mississippi and the city of Memphis. One reason a limited release was favored over a wide release was to highlight an upcoming ballot initiative, Measure 25, a Mississippi personhood amendment to determine if life begins at conception (the initiative failed). The U.S. national release was scheduled for March 23 in approximately 360 theatres. The Hunger Games was expected to release at the same time on ten times as many screens. When asked how the film would fare against this daunting competition, Rachel Hendrix said, "there will be all these teenage girls waiting in line to see 'Hunger Games,' and they'll see the poster for 'October Baby,' and they'll want to go see our movie, too."

The film, which was released by the Samuel Goldwyn Co., was expected to expand into 200 or more new locations on April 13. "And the good news is that we have retained all of our theaters" from the first weekend, said Meyer Gottlieb, Goldwyn's president. It was subsequently released on DVD on September 11, 2012. Eric Wilson wrote a novel based on the film, which was released in September 2012.

Reception
The film received poor reviews from critics, scoring a 25% favorable rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 40 reviews and an average rating of 4.60/10. On Metacritic, the film holds a weighted average rating of 32 out of 100 based on 14 critical reviews, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".

However, it found some praise within the media. Gary Goldstein in the Los Angeles Times wrote that October Baby is "a film whose poignancy is hard to deny whatever side of the abortion debate you fall on." While he found fault with the script, he praised Jasmine Guy's performance, saying she was "superb in one beautifully wrought scene as the ex-abortion clinic nurse who later witnessed Hannah's birth." Roger Ebert also praised Guy's performance, but overall found the film wanting, writing: "the film as a whole is amateurish and ungainly, can't find a consistent tone, is too long[...] and is photographed with too many beauty shots that slow the progress." Allison Willmore in The A.V. Club described the film as a "virulent pro-life tract" and "revenge fantasy" that, rather than being a film, is "propaganda for the already converted." She particularly criticized the film's medical claims, saying that it depicted late-term abortion and poor conditions in abortion clinics as the norm.

The film's anti-abortion message  was received well by anti-abortion organizations. Endorsements include Ron Anger, Alex Kendrick, Stephen Kendrick, Dennis Rainey, Richard Land, Ted Baehr and Charmaine Yoest. Joni Hannihan of the Florida Baptist Witness wrote, "the movie sends strong messages about the beauty of life, the importance of each life—but it's not preachy" and found the film "young" and "refreshing." World magazine observed that the film is "polished" and "a more-than-worthy viewing experience." However, the romance between Hannah and Jason was found to be lacking in depth and one of the characters on the road trip unbelievable. But the highlight of the film was portraying "how liberating and joyous forgiveness is—both giving it and receiving it—without putting implausible, sermonizing dialogue into their characters' mouths."

The October Baby filmmakers believe the gulf between the reviewer and the ticket buyer scores dramatizes a rift between critics and conservative moviegoers. "What it tells me is that there's a gap in values", Jon Erwin said. "There's a large group of people who don't see their values reflected in most movies." In selecting the film for its "Worst of films of 2012" list, staff of The A.V. Club explained that "what makes the film so insidious and upsetting is the way in which it's understood that the reluctant birth mother deserves what she gets" and "It's a cinematic encapsulation of a worldview in which a woman's rights are widely understood to be secondary to those of her offspring, both in the womb and years later."

Awards
The film won the Grand Jury Prize as the Best Fiction Feature at the 2011 Red Rock Film Festival. At the festival Rachel Hendrix won the Special Achievement Award for Acting.

References

External links

 Gianna Jessen interview

2011 films
2011 drama films
American drama films
Anti-abortion movement in the United States
Films about abortion
Films about adoption
Films directed by the Erwin Brothers
Films about Christianity
2011 directorial debut films
Films shot in Alabama
Films shot in Tennessee
Films shot in Mississippi
Conservative media in the United States
2010s English-language films
2010s American films

October Baby


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Internet access
Reader's advisory services
Programs for children, youth and adults
Delivery to homebound individuals
Interlibrary loan
Free downloadable audiobooks

Architecture

It was designed by Chapman and McGiffin Architects. Its construction started in 1912, ended in 1913 and the library opened for business on October 25, 1913. The original building was inspired by the classical architectural tradition and incorporates many elements of the Italian Renaissance architecture, such as round arches, supported by pilasters with extruding head stones on the façade; decorative pediments that echoed Ancient Greek Temples; ornamentation, which included  non-structural brackets on the interior, two fireplaces with sculpted angel faces on both sides of each fireplace, natural motifs, etc.; a slightly hipped roof with what seems like an entablature, created with the use of brick ornamentation and terra cotta veneer; the attempt to create a "perfect" square-shaped plan of the library with barrel-vaulted ceilings and a courtyard. The library has undergone two major renovations. The first was done in 1975-1976 by architects Howard V. Walker and Howard D. Chapman, which mainly affected the plan of the library since the facade remained virtually intact. The second renovation was from 2006 to 2009. The architects involved in this project were Rounthwaite, Dick and Hadley Architects inc, Shoalts and Zaback, and ERA. As a result of this renovation, the library now has a "glass box" addition, its main entrance has been lowered by approximately half a metre and some of the interior features, such as the staircase, have been altered for functional reasons.

References

External links

 Toronto Public Library: Bloor-Gladstone branch

Library buildings completed in 1913
Beaux-Arts architecture in Canada
Public libraries in Toronto
1913 establishments in Ontario
Libraries established in 1913

Bloor/Gladstone Library


Ronald Joseph Radke (born December 15, 1985) is an American singer. He was the founder and singer in the band Escape the Fate from 2004 to 2008. As of December 2008, he is the founder and singer in the band Falling in Reverse.

History

Ronald Joseph Radke was born on December 15, 1985 at Saint Rose Hospital, Las Vegas, Nevada. He has Native American ancestry. His mother left him at a very young age, but later in life he was able to meet her. She was working as a dog groomer at this point. She ended up leaving him again due to her troubles with addiction. He was raised by his father who also had a drug problem but later became a born again Christian, and sober. Around this time his father also became the president of a motorcycle club.

Radke grew up very poor. Focusing was a struggle for him during school. He often wore girls' jeans with his friend Mich because his favorite skateboarders wore similar clothes. Ronald has stated that he got them mostly from girls' houses.

He learned to skateboard, and he can still ride to this day.  In high school, he was bullied by the kids for his unique style of wearing tight clothes and very small shirts. Despite this he also  got along with some of his classmates because of his interest in rapping. Radke dropped out of high school twice.

Radke started forming bands during his high school years. His first band was called 3.0. The logo of this band was made in Microsoft Paint and resembled the Ninja Turtles logo. His second band, named Lefty (with Robert Ortiz), competed in the high school talent contest. While on stage, Radke's microphone fell and Max Green (who was in a band called Almost Heroes at the time) picked it up for him and they almost instantly became friends. Together, they formed a band called True Story. Their interest shifted out of the pop punk scene and got into bands like Trice. Radke started playing piano and guitar. He played left-handed guitar, but still played a normal right-handed guitar when he played Blink 182 songs. At age 21, Radke along with Max Green founded the band Escape the Fate. He made two albums with the band and two EPs. The more popular was Dying Is Your Latest Fashion, it was released September 26, 2006. In late 2008 Radke left Escape the Fate. Radke then founded the band Falling in Reverse and continues to make music. He has several lead singles from the album The Drug In Me is You released.

Discography
With Escape the Fate
 Escape the Fate (Demo, 2005)
 There's No Sympathy For The Dead (EP, 2006)
 Dying Is Your Latest Fashion (Studio album, 2006)
 Situations (EP, 2007)

With Falling in Reverse
 The Drug In Me Is You (Studio album, 2011)
 Fashionably Late (Studio Album, 2013)
Just Like You (Studio Album, 2015)
Coming Home (Studio Album, 2017)

References

http://www.kerrang.com/blog/2008/01/escape_the_fate_singer_escapes.html
http://www.kerrang.com/blog/2008/08/escape_the_fate_cancel_uk_tour.html
http://www.fallinginreverse.com.br/2012/02/ronnie-radke-fala-sobre-saida-da-prisao.html
http://www.punknews.org/article/42949/ronnie-radke-returns-with-falling-in-reverse
http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=159159
http://www.spirit-of-metal.com/groupe-groupe-Falling_In_Reverse-l-en.html
http://www.altpress.com/features/entry/exclusive_ronnie_radke_interview_falling_in_reverse_drug_me_you

Singers from Las Vegas
1983 births
Living people

Ronnie Radke


The drug combination morphine/naltrexone (trade name Embeda) is an opioid combination pain medication developed by King Pharmaceuticals for use in moderate to severe pain. The active ingredients are morphine sulfate and naltrexone hydrochloride; morphine being an opioid receptor agonist and naltrexone an opioid receptor antagonist. It is a schedule II controlled substance, and is intended for long-term pain caused by malignancy or where lower tiers of the pain management ladder have already been exhausted, and where medications such as oxycodone would otherwise have been indicated.

King Pharmaceuticals temporarily recalled Embeda in 2011, after complaints from the FDA in regard to King Pharmaceuticals omitting information regarding the potentially fatal reaction if crushed and swallowed and also for making unsubstantiated claims regarding Embeda's reduced abuse potential.

References

Opiates
Semisynthetic opioids
Kappa-opioid receptor antagonists
Mu-opioid receptor antagonists
Pfizer brands
Combination analgesics

Morphine/naltrexone


The city of Petaluma, California was the home to minor league baseball teams in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The first team, known as the Petaluma Poison Oaks played in the California Players' League in 1894. A second team played in the California State League in 1903. The third and final team was the Petaluma Incubators who played in the Central California League in 1910. This team moved to Elmhurst, California during the 1910 season and was renamed as the Elmhurst Incubators and then in 1911 became the Elmhurst Tildens. The team moved again, during the 1911 season to Oakland Carroll, California as the Oakland Carroll Emery Arms. They shut down at that point and no further teams have played in any of these cities.

External links
 Petaluma Baseball Reference
 Elmhurst Baseball Reference
 Oakland Carroll Baseball Reference

Defunct Central California League teams
Defunct California Players League teams
Defunct California State League teams
Professional baseball teams in California
1894 establishments in California
1911 disestablishments in California
Baseball teams established in 1894
Baseball teams disestablished in 1911
Petaluma, California
Defunct baseball teams in California
Sports in Sonoma County, California

Petaluma Baseball Team