SME is a brand name of an English company that produces high end tonearms and turntables, whose name has become synonymous with the industry standard detachable headshell mount.

History

SME was founded by Alastair Robertson-Aikman  in 1946 under the title The Scale Model Equipment Company Limited to manufacture scale models and detail parts for the model engineering trade. It was During the 1950s the company moved away from model making to precision engineering, principally parts for aircraft instruments and business machines.

In 1959, Robertson-Aikman required a pick-up arm for his own use and an experimental model was built. It received such an enthusiastic reception from friends in the sound industry that it was decided to produce it commercially and the first SME precision pick-up arm appeared in September 1959. Production was 25 units per week composed entirely of individually machined components. In 1961 a new factory situated in Mill Road, Steyning, Sussex was opened and the Company's name was changed to SME Limited, a less committal title to suit its new activities.

In December 2016 the company was acquired by Ajay Shirke with a view to preserve the brand's legacy and extend research and development activities, appointing a new CEO and a distributor for the UK market, Padood.

In May 2018 the company acquired the rights to the Garrard Transcription Turntable brand as well as Loricraft Audio, the only officially authorised Garrard service agent. Intending to develop the Garrard audio brand in the near future.

Products

Tonearms

Series II
The Series II arm was SME's first arm. It came in two variants the 3009 and 3012 (9" and 12" respectively) tone arms which were widely adopted for audiophile and broadcast use during the 1960s and 1970s, at the higher end of the market. These arms featured a polished, bright-anodised aluminium  main tube with a lightweight headshell, knife edge horizontal bearings, and an anti skating bias provided by a weight that hung by a nylon filament.
Versions  were produced with both fixed and interchangeable headshells; the SME headshell mount (based on an Ortofon design) became the de facto industry standard, and is still widely used today on consumer and especially DJ decks. Audiophile arms today tend to not use the SME mount, but this is not due to other standards replacing the SME but because audiophile arms now tend to not have interchangeable headshells at all  in an effort to reduce mass and improve rigidity, though at slight expense of user flexibility.
Some cartridges were produced that mounted directly into the SME headshell mount of the arm (rather than into a headshell), notably from Ortofon.

Series III
The Series III was introduced in the late 1970s incorporating changes from the Series II models (which continued in production) covering both styling and its exceptionally thin and lightweight main tube, the entire arm being interchangeable rather than just the headshell. The Series III had very low effective mass to fit high compliance cartridges such as the Shure V15 IV.
Although technically advanced, the Series III never achieved the market dominance of the Series II.

Series V
The Series V arm launched in 1986, was developed as a medium mass arm more suited to emerging moving-coil cartridges with lower compliance than previously available moving magnet cartridges. The removable headshell was eliminated, and the horizontal knife bearing was replaced with ball bearings (grade ABEC 9), both in order to provide a more rigid structure for the cartridge.

Series IV
The Series IV arm launched in 1987 was a variation of the Series V for a cheaper price point. It was mechanically and electrically identical to the Series IV with the exception of using lower grade (ABEC 7) bearings than the Series V and due to the omission of the damping trough used in the Series V.

Series 300
The Series 300 arm launched in 1988 was a lower specification arm based on the same design concept as the Series V and IV arms. It still used a magnesium alloy arm, but had a removable headshell. It came in three models 309, 310 and 312 with lengths of 9, 10 and 12 inches respectively.

M10
The M10 arm launched in 1999 is derived from the Series 300 Model 309 (but with lower grade ABEC 1 bearings) is only for use with the SME Model 10 turntable.

Series M2
The Series M2 arm launched in 2004 is the companies lowest spec currently available, and the only arm made by SME that can be bought separately at this time. It comes in three models with lengths of 9, 10 and 12 inches.

Series VA
The Series VA arm is only available on the Model 60 turntable. It is an advanced version of the Series V tonearm which has been extensively sonically improved by use of a non-metallic tonearm CNC machined from an advanced polymer resin material with high density and high rigidity properties. The Series VA tonearm tube is acoustically inert with a significantly reduced resonance signature, optimised effective mass and a wide cartridge balance weight range.

Turntables

Model 30
The Model 30 was SME's first turntable, launched in 1991. It was their flagship model up until the launch of the Model 60 in 2022. The turntable weighs 42kg (excluding arm, power unit or speed control unit). In subsequent years the 30 MkII, 30/12 and 30 Diamond models were released.

Model 20
The Model 20 was SME's second turntable, launched in 1992. It was inspired by the Model 30 and designed to meet a lower price point. The turntable weighs 26kg (excluding arm, power unit or speed control unit). In subsequent years the 20 MkII  and 20/12 models were released.

Model 10
The Model 10 was SME's third turntable, launched in 1999. It was a totally new design from the 30 and 20, and was SME's "entry level" turntable, which was intended to be sold with arm included (either M10 or IV.Vi). The turntable weighs 16kg (excluding power unit or speed control unit).

Model 15
The Model 15 was SME's fourth turntable, launched in 2015. It was an upgraded design of the Model 10 design, with improved materials and using a suspension based on the one used in the Model 20. The turntable weighs 19kg (excluding arm, power unit or speed control unit).

Model 60
The Model 60 is SME's fifth turntable, launched in 2022. It is their current flagship model and a comprehensively new design. The turntable is only available with the Series VA tonearm. The turntable weighs 48kg (excluding power unit or speed control unit).

Gallery

See also
 List of phonograph manufacturers

References

External links
SME homepage

Phonograph manufacturers
Technology companies established in 1946
English brands
Audio equipment manufacturers of the United Kingdom

SME Limited


Grace Zabriskie (née Caplinger; born May 17, 1941) is an American actress. She is known for her roles as Sarah Palmer in Twin Peaks (1990–1991; 2017) and its film prequel Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me (1992), Lois Henrickson in Big Love, as well as in cult films such as two of David Lynch's films: Juana Durango in Wild at Heart (1990) and Visitor #1 in Inland Empire (2006). Other film roles include Norma Rae (1979), An Officer and a Gentleman (1982), Nickel Mountain (1984),  (1986), Leonard Part 6 (1987), Drugstore Cowboy (1989), Child's Play 2 (1990), My Own Private Idaho (1991), Fried Green Tomatoes (1991), Even Cowgirls Get the Blues (1993), Armageddon (1998), Gone in 60 Seconds (2000), and The Grudge (2004). She is also known for her recurring roles on such shows as Seinfeld (as George's fiancée Susan's mother), Charmed, and Ray Donovan.

Early life
Zabriskie was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, the daughter of Marion Grace (née Zabriskie), of Wyckoff, New Jersey, and Roger Thomas "Tom" Caplinger. Her mother had distant Polish and Dutch ancestry, and was a relative of James Zabriskie, a 19th-century railroad industrialist and early pioneer of California. Zabriskie has said that her family was visited by Tennessee Williams, Gore Vidal and Truman Capote during her childhood. Her father owned the famous French quarter gay bar Cafe Lafitte in Exile.

In the early 1960s, Zabriskie was among a circle of Kerry Thornley's New Orleans friends. At one point, Thornley began work on a novel about her titled Can Grace Come Out and Play? Thornley later claimed to have had an "eight-year-long, off-again-on-again, affair/friendship/rivalry/ego-game/karmic unraveling" with her, but Zabriskie described it as "four and a half minutes in bed" after a discussion on the exclusion of sex from their friendship—shared with Zabriskie's then-husband Rob—as being "irrational".

Her sister, Lane Caplinger, worked as a typist in New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison's office. Caplinger is reputed to have covertly produced all five copies of the first edition of the Principia Discordia in 1965.

Career
After making her major film debut in Norma Rae, Zabriskie went on to appear in dozens of other works, including the 1981 Roger Corman horror film Galaxy of Terror and the 1981 miniseries adaptation of John Steinbeck's East of Eden. She played the nanny in The Private Eyes, Debra Winger's mother in An Officer and a Gentleman, Heather Langenkamp's mother in Nickel Mountain, and Paul Le Mat's mother in The Burning Bed (starring Farrah Fawcett). She had a small but crucial part in the fifth season finale of Knots Landing. In 1988, she played Richard Mulligan's love interest "Eva Barrett" on the hit NBC sitcom Empty Nest.

She appeared in 1989's Drugstore Cowboy and as the ill-fated orphanage owner Grace Poole in Child's Play 2. Other movies include the 1991 film adaptation Fried Green Tomatoes and Philip Ridley's 1995 film The Passion of Darkly Noon.

Zabriskie is perhaps most familiar for her television work. After a recurring role on the soap opera Santa Barbara, she appeared on David Lynch's Twin Peaks and its spin-off film, Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me as Sarah Palmer, the eerily psychic mother of the doomed Laura Palmer.

Zabriskie also appeared in Lynch's Wild at Heart—notably as the twin sister of a character played by Isabella Rossellini, an actress eleven years her junior. David Lynch later cast her as a sinister Polish neighbor in Inland Empire in 2006.

Zabriskie may best be remembered as Mrs. Ross, a recurring character on the sitcom Seinfeld. She played the mother of another doomed daughter, Susan Ross—George Costanza's fiancée—who died after licking cheap envelope adhesive when mailing out her wedding invitations. Zabriskie's character's husband on the series, who also appeared in a recurring role, was played by her former Twin Peaks co-star, Warren Frost.

She also made a brief but memorable appearance in the episode "S'ain't Valentine's" on the CBS sitcom The King of Queens, as the emotionally disturbed and alcoholic mother of Spence Olchin (played by Patton Oswalt). While the character Veronica Olchin would reappear throughout the series, Zabriskie would not portray her again, having been replaced by Anne Meara. She also appeared twice in Aaron Spelling's series Charmed as "The Crone".

She has worked in radio, collaborating with radio dramatist/monologist Joe Frank several times. In one episode of Frank's show, "Home (Original)", she talks at length about her childhood in New Orleans, with a focus on her father.

Zabriskie appeared in the 2004 American remake of The Grudge, in which she played a senile elderly woman sensitive to the paranormal occurrences in her home.

From 2006 to 2011, she played "Lois Henrickson" on the hit HBO series Big Love. The drama series seriously explored the issue of polygamy,

In 2013, she played "Mama Dips" on The Killing.

In 2015, she played "Miss Monassian" on the hit Showtime series Ray Donovan. Then in 2016, she played "Mildred" on Outcast.

In 2017, she reprised her role as Sarah Palmer on the Showtime revival of Twin Peaks. Also in 2017, she played the role of "Mrs. Baković" on the Netflix series Santa Clarita Diet.

In 2018, she played "Enid" on the hit HBO series Ballers, opposite Dwayne Johnson. Also in 2018, she played "John's grandmother" on The Alienist.

In 2020, she starred in the music video for Grouplove's "Youth", directed by Christopher Blauvelt.

In 2022, she portrayed "Camille D'Amato" in the Hulu limited series Mike, opposite Trevante Rhodes as Mike Tyson.

Personal life
In her early 20s, Zabriskie "had an intense friendship" with Kerry Wendell Thornley; this friendship was "centered around an intense shared love for and fascination with the philosophy of Ayn Rand". Although Thornley claimed that he and Zabriskie had an affair that lasted over a decade, Zabriskie denies this and states that their friendship ended due to Thornley's belief that she was involved in a conspiracy.

In May 1963, she married John Dunham MacEachron. Zabriskie has two daughters: Helen, who became an actress and Marion Lane, a painter. In 1993, Helen died of Hodgkin's disease. Marion died in 2019, aged 56, of cancer. In 2006, she told the Los Angeles Times, "You can make your life an absolute bummer out of the inevitability of death. Or you can decide to absorb this blow and figure out a way to exist with as much energy and creativity and lack of fear as you can".

Filmography

References

External links

  (Archive)

1941 births
American film actresses
American television actresses
20th-century American actresses
Living people
Actresses from New Orleans
American people of Dutch descent
American people of Polish descent
21st-century American actresses
American women aviators

Grace Zabriskie


Quo Vadis, Aida? ( Where are you going, Aida?) is a 2020 Bosnian Austrian Romanian Dutch German Polish French Norwegian Turkish war drama movie directed by Jasmila Žbanić and starring Jasna Đuričić, Izudin Bajrović, Boris Isaković, Johan Heldenbergh, Raymond Thiry, Boris Ler, Dino Bajrović. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 2021.

Other websites

2020 drama movies
2020s war movies
Bosnia and Herzegovina movies
Austrian drama movies
Romanian drama movies
Dutch drama movies
German drama movies
Polish drama movies
French drama movies
Norwegian drama movies
Turkish movies
Movies directed by Jasmila Žbanić
Movies set in the 1990s
Movies set in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Movies about the United Nations

Quo Vadis, Aida?


Philippe Néricault Destouches (9 April 1680 – 4 July 1754) was a French playwright who wrote 22 plays.

Biography
Destouches was born at Tours, in today's department of Indre-et-Loire.

When he was nineteen years of age, he became secretary to M. de Puysieux, the French ambassador to Switzerland. In 1716 he was attached to the French embassy in London, where he remained for six years under abbé Dubois.

He later contracted a marriage with Dorothea Johnston, Lancashire lady; however, the marriage was not avowed for some years. In 1727 he portrayed his domestic circumstances in Le Philosophe Marié (The Married Philosopher).

Upon  returning to France in 1723, he was elected to the Académie française. In 1727 he acquired considerable estates, the possession of which conferred the privileges of nobility.

He spent his later years at Fortoiseau, his chateau  near Melun, and died July 4, 1754.

Destouches wished to revive the comedy of character as understood by Molière, but he thought it desirable that the moral should be directly expressed.

His early comedies were:

Le Curieux Impertinent (1710)
L'Ingrat (1712)
L'Irrésolu (1713)
Le Médisant (1715)
La Fausse Veuve (1715)
Le Triple Mariage (1716)
L'Obstacle Imprévu (1717)

The most highly regarded of these is L'Irrésolu (The Irresolute Man), in which Dorante, after vacillating throughout the play between Julie and Climène, marries Julie, but concludes the play with the reflection, "J'aurais mieux fait, je crois, d'épouser Climène" ("I would have done better, I think, to marry Climène").

After eleven years of diplomatic service, Destouches returned to the stage in 1727 with Le Philosophe Marié, followed in 1730 by Les Philosophes Amoureux and in 1732 by Le Glorieux, a picture of the struggle then beginning between the old nobility and the wealthy parvenus who found opportunity in the poverty of France.

He then wrote:
La Pupille (1734)
L'Ambitieux et l'Indiscrète (1737)
Les Dehor Trompeurs (1740)
La Belle Orgueilleuse (1741)
L'Amour Use (1741)
Les Amours de Ragonde (1742)

His later comedies were:
La Force du Naturel (1750)
Le Jeune Homme á l'Épreuve (1751)
Le Dissipateur (1753)

His last three plays were produced posthumously. They were:

La Fausse Agnès (1759)
Le Tambour Nocturne (1762)
L'Homme Singulier (1764, his last play)

Memorable phrase
Destouches's 1717 dramatic comedy L'Obstacle Imprévu (Act I, sc. vi) was the origin of the oft-quoted maxim, "The absent are always in the wrong." Bergen Evans, in his Dictionary of Quotations, said:
"Though Néricault ... is credited with the first statement of this thought in this form, the idea is old and, in other forms, universal."
In "le Glorieux" he wrote "To critic is easy, only the art is difficult".

References

External links

Writers from Tours, France
1680 births
1754 deaths
18th-century French dramatists and playwrights
18th-century French male actors
French male stage actors
Members of the Académie Française
18th-century French male writers

Philippe Néricault Destouches


Luis Enrique Oberto González (19 August 1928 – 8 August 2022) was a Venezuelan banker and politician who served in several high-ranking positions within the government of Venezuela. A member of COPEI, Oberto was a member of the Venezuelan Chamber of Deputies from 1979 to 1999, serving as the president of the Chamber of Deputies from 1990 until 1994. Oberto also served as the Minister of Finance and the  in the government of Rafael Caldera. He then served in a number of academic positions after leaving politics.

Early life and financial career
Oberto was born on 19 August 1928. In 1951, he graduated from the Central University of Venezuela with a degree in civil engineering. In 1969, newly-elected president Rafael Caldera appointed Oberto as ; in this position, the U.S. Department of State considered him to be one of Venezuela's most senior government officials. From 1969 until 1972, Oberto served on the board of governors of the Inter-American Development Bank, and he also served as the principal director of the Central Bank of Venezuela from 1970 to 1972.

In 1972, Caldera appointed Oberto as Minister of Finance. In this role, Oberto oversaw the expansion of the Venezuelan oil industry; Oberto increased fiscal participation in oil and led the nationalization of Venezuela's oil and gas reserves. As a result of Oberto's policies while minister, the Venezuelan economy had an "average growth of 5%, with peaks of 7.6% in 1970 and 6.9% in 1973", while the average annual inflation was 3.3%. Oberto resigned as Minister of Finance in 1974 following the election of President Carlos Andrés Pérez.

Following his resignation, Oberto served in several governmental and business roles. In 1974, Oberto served as a member of the Presidential Commission for Oil Reversal, and later that year, he became an advisor for the Inter-American Development Bank. From 1974 to 1978, he was also on the board of directors of the Central Mortgage Bank.

Political career
In 1978, Oberto, a member of COPEI, was elected to the Chamber of Deputies where he subsequently served for the following twenty years. During his tenure in the legislature, Oberto also served in several high-ranking positions. In the late-1980s, he was a member of the Commission for the Reform of the State, a presidential commission which sought to reform the Venezuelan government.

In 1990, Oberto was elected the president of the Chamber of Deputies, a position he would hold until 1994. In 1993, Oberto briefly served as the interim president of the Congress of Venezuela, which consisted of both the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate of Venezuela. Oberto left parliament in 1999. In 1995, Oberto drafted the Organic Criminal Procedure Code (COPP), a reform of Venezuela's criminal justice system, which he believed was too "inquisitorial". The COPP reforms were later adopted in 1999 by the government of Hugo Chávez.

Later life
After leaving the legislature, Oberto held several academic positions. In 1999, he became a professor at the Central University of Venezuela. From 1998 until 2000, Oberto served as the president of the National Academy of Economic Sciences, an institution he founded in 1982. Oberto served as a member of the board of directors of the Institute of Advanced Studies in Administration from 2000 to 2003. At some point, Oberto was also the vice president of the .

Oberto died in Caracas on 8 August 2022, eleven days before his 94th birthday.

References

1928 births
2022 deaths
People from Miranda (state)
Central University of Venezuela alumni
Academic staff of the Central University of Venezuela
Planning ministers of Venezuela
Finance ministers of Venezuela
Copei politicians
Members of the Venezuelan Chamber of Deputies
Presidents of the Venezuelan Chamber of Deputies
Place of birth missing
20th-century Venezuelan politicians
Venezuelan bankers
Inter-American Development Bank
Venezuelan engineers
Deaths in Caracas

Luis Enrique Oberto


Aspro Parks (Aspro Ocio Group) is a Spanish leisure corporation that operates many water parks, amusement parks, aquariums as well as zoos, botanicals and dolphinariums across Europe. The company was founded in October 1991 in Spain, and is headquartered in Madrid. It is best known for its Aqualand theme parks.

Its major brands include Aqualand (waterparks), Marineland (aquatic zoo and dolphinarium) and Bluereef (aquariums). The group operates approx. 60 leisure parks and attraction centers in Spain, the UK, France, Finland, Portugal, Switzerland, Belgium, Holland, Germany, Austria and the Czech Republic.

For the year ended October 2012, the company generated EUR 154.05 million in operating revenue (annual growth of 1.9%) and achieved EUR 37.641 million in net profit (annual decline of 10%). It is owned by Luxembourg-based alternative investment firm Signet Investments S.A.

List of parks
See List of Aspro Parks attractions

External links

Amusement park companies
Entertainment companies established in 1991
1991 establishments in Spain

Aspro Parks


Michael William McCrum CBE (23 May 1924 – 16 February 2005) was an English academic and ancient historian who served as Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, Master of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, and Head Master of Tonbridge School and Eton College.

Life and career

McCrum was born at Alverstoke in Hampshire, England. The son of a naval Captain, he grew up at naval bases where his father was stationed. He was educated at Horris Hill School, Newbury and Sherborne School before Second World War service as an able seaman and then sub-lieutenant in the Royal Navy. He then won a scholarship to read classics at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. He graduated in 1948 with a Double First.

After graduation, McCrum became a master at Rugby School. He married the daughter of the headmaster, Sir Arthur fforde, in 1952. McCrum was appointed Fellow of Corpus Christi in 1950 and was an (innovative) Tutor there under the Master, Sir George Thomson, and was also Director of Classical Studies.

Tonbridge School
McCrum left Cambridge in 1962 to become headmaster of Tonbridge School, where he earned a good reputation and transformed the school, emphasising academic standards and implementing sweeping reforms, including the abolition of the old traditions of fagging and caning of junior boys by "praepostors" (senior boys). He also made the Cadet Corps voluntary. The Tonbridgian (the school magazine) wrote in 1967 that "Never have there been so many changes in so short a time".

By a stratagem, he contrived that straw boater hats ("barges") be retained, although there was a clear majority for their outright abolition in the poll of the boys which he arranged. His impressive stature and his ability to memorize the name and face of every boy (and master) in the school during the first week of the autumn term helped him to command respect. He later described part of his task at Tonbridge as having been "the reduction of stupid anachronisms" and "giving boys more liberties, provided they do not take them"; corporal punishment, he said, was "often the lesser of two evils".

While at Tonbridge, McCrum was an early supporter of the idea of education vouchers, and he opposed Labour Party proposals for school reform.

He criticised the reduction of the age of majority and the voting age to 18, saying that while they might be outwardly more mature than formerly, 18-year-olds "were still searching for guidance and authority" and "were less aware than formerly of the framework of tradition and the concept of the family community" under the increasing influence of the press and media.

Eton College
In 1970, he became Head Master of Eton College, ostensibly a more prestigious position but perhaps one that allowed less initiative or authority than at Tonbridge. He raised standards at Eton after the era of Anthony Chenevix-Trench, whose weaknesses differentiated him from the self-disciplined McCrum. The curriculum was modernised and academic standards improved. Just before leaving Eton he oversaw the final abolition of fagging, as he had at Tonbridge earlier.

As Chairman of the Headmasters' Conference in 1974, McCrum called for greater co-operation between the independent and maintained sectors of education, a co-operation which Eton has maintained under its present Provost.

McCrum banned Nigerian writer Dillibe Onyeama from visiting Eton after the latter alleged having experienced racism at the college. This decision was overturned in approximately 2010.

Corpus Christi College
In 1980, McCrum returned to Corpus Christi, Cambridge, as Master, introducing women to the college in 1982. In 1987 he became the last of the University of Cambridge's part-time Vice-Chancellors. He was president of the Cambridge Society from 1989 to 1996.

He chaired the Oxford and Cambridge Schools Examination Board from 1981 to 1987, and the School Governing Bodies Association from 1989 to 1994.

In his farewell speech as Vice-Chancellor, he called for university lecturers to be better paid.

An Anglican, he was chairman of the Cathedrals Fabric Commission for England (from 1991) and was a member of the BBC/IBA religious affairs committee (while headmaster of Tonbridge; despite his reforming zeal in other respects, formal daily chapel services remained part of the fabric of school life while he was there; he did make attendance voluntary at Eton).

Honours
He was appointed CBE in 1998.

Personal life
In addition to a collection of historical documents in Latin and Greek, compiled during his first spell at Corpus Christi, he wrote a biography of Thomas Arnold, the distinguished headmaster of Rugby. McCrum died in Cambridge on 16 February 2005, aged 80.

Family
McCrum was married to Christine fforde and they had four children, one of whom (Robert McCrum) was Literary Editor of The Observer.

Publications

McCrum, Michael; & Woodhead, A. G. (1966). Select documents of the principates of the Flavian emperors: Including the year of revolution, A.D. 68–96. Cambridge: University Press.

References

People educated at Sherborne School
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
Fellows of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
Masters of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Cambridge
English Anglicans
Head Masters of Eton College
Headmasters of Tonbridge School
1924 births
2005 deaths
Royal Navy officers of World War II

Michael McCrum


Sir Thomas Williams Phillips  (20 April 1883 – 21 September 1966) was a senior official in the Civil Service.

Phillips, a Welshman, was educated at Machynlleth County School and Jesus College, Oxford, where he obtained a first-class Bachelor of Arts degree in Literae Humaniores.  He joined the Civil Service in 1906, working initially in the field of copyright law.  He was called to the bar by Gray's Inn in 1913.  He moved to the Ministry of Labour in 1919, serving as Permanent Secretary from 1935 to 1944.  He then worked in the Ministry of National Insurance until 1948, becoming Chairman of the Central Land Board and of the War Damage Commission in 1949.  He held these positions until 1959. He was also Chairman of the National Joint Council for Local Authorities, Administrative, Professional. Technical and Clerical Services (1951–1963) and Chairman of the War Works Commission (1949–1964).  He was awarded the CBE in 1918, knighted with the award of the KBE in 1934 and advanced to GBE in 1946.  He was also awarded the CB in 1922 and advanced to KCB in 1936.  He was made an Honorary Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford in 1948, was made a Commander of the Belgian Order of the Crown and was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Wales in 1946.  He died on 21 September 1966.

References

1883 births
1966 deaths
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
Welsh civil servants
Welsh barristers
Members of Gray's Inn
Permanent Secretaries of the Ministry of Labour
Permanent Secretaries of the Ministry of National Insurance
Members of HM Government Legal Service

Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Commanders of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)

Thomas Williams Phillips


Lê Thị Diễm Thúy (Phan Thiết 12 January 1972; pronounced lay tee yim twee) is a Vietnamese American poet, novelist, and performer. Her pen name is lowercase: lê thị diễm thúy.

Life
Lê was born in the South Vietnamese village of Phan Thiết on January 12, 1972, during the Vietnam War.

In 1978, Lê left her homeland alongside her father in a small fishing boat. They were picked up by an American naval ship and placed in a refugee camp in Singapore. She eventually resettled in Southern California with her father. They lived in Linda Vista, San Diego, in decaying 1940s–'50s Navy housing, which they shared with fellow Vietnamese, Cambodian and Laotian "boat people," immigrants displaced by war. Lê's mother and sister joined them two years later, via a camp in Malaysia. Two of Lê's siblings drowned during her childhood: her eldest brother drowned in the ocean in Vietnam when he was six, while a sister drowned in a Malaysian refugee camp. Lê adopted the name of her deceased sister after her father mistakenly reported her name when they were rescued at sea. She has four surviving siblings, two of whom were born in America.

Lê was inspired to write by her love of fairy tales. Reading a book of Grimms' Fairy Tales, she recalls, "I felt transported. Things happen very suddenly in fairy tales: A man puts on a cloak and vanishes. I could relate to that. Once I was somewhere and then I was here, and everything had vanished. I didn't take it as fantastic. I thought it was real."

She moved to Massachusetts in 1990 to enroll in Hampshire College, where she concentrated on cultural studies and post-colonial literature. She chose the school because of its individualized, multidisciplinary curriculum and her desire to get as far away from San Diego as possible. In 1993, Lê traveled to Paris to research French colonial postcards from the early 1900s–images of Vietnamese people taken by French photographers. Some of the images she collected would later appear in her performance work. It was in France that she solidified her identity as an American, with English as her preferred language. "Being in France and not hearing English every day," she says, "helped clarify how I hear English and carry it inside me."

On her return to Hampshire  College, she wrote poems, prose, and pieces of dialog that would form the foundation for her senior thesis and first solo performance work Mua He Do Lua/Red Fiery Summer. After graduation, she traveled the United States from 1995 to 1997 performing her play Red Fiery Summer in community spaces and formal theaters.

In 1996, she was commissioned to write her second solo performance work, the bodies between us, which was subsequently produced by New WORLD Theater. In the same year, she published a prose piece entitled "The Gangster We Are All Looking For" in the Massachusetts Review. It was rerun in Harper's Magazine later that year, and caught the attention of literary agent Nicole Aragi, who urged Lê to expand the work into a novel. The unfinished book was picked up in 1999 by publisher Alfred A. Knopf.

In 1998, while working on her book, Lê returned to Vietnam for the first time in 20 years, with her mother. Her trip made her appreciate how much her parents had suffered when they settled in the United States. "It was profoundly sad for me," she says. "The most powerful thing was this [extended] family. I must have been related to 200 people there. I realized how isolated my parents must have felt, the extent of what they had lost and had never been able to regain." Her mother returned to Vietnam permanently in 2001 after she was diagnosed with cancer. She is buried in her home village of Phan Thiết. Le's father moved back to Vietnam in 2003.

Le was cited by The New York Times as one of its "Writers On The Verge" shortly before her novel, The Gangster We Are All Looking For, was published by Knopf (2003), to glowing reviews.

Her work has appeared in the Massachusetts Review, Harper's Magazine, and the anthology The Very Inside, and among her awards are Fellowships from the Radcliffe and Guggenheim foundations.

Her solo performance work includes Red Fiery Summer and The Bodies Between Us, which have been performed throughout the United States at venues including the Whitney Museum of American Art and the Vineyard Theater, as well as in Europe.  While the former piece reflects many stories later included in The Gangster ..., Lê is currently basing her next novel on the latter.

I go about things in an oblique way. It's like a sidelong glance. This doesn't mean I don't like the sharp stab of directness — only that what I like more are all the moments leading up to that moment of directness or that expression of rage ... how long rage was silenced before it exploded and at what cost.

Awards
2004 Guggenheim Fellowship
2008 USA Fellowship

References

Sources

 Uno, Roberta. "Lê thị diễm thúy." Asian American Playwrights: A Bio-Bibliographical Critical Sourcebook. Ed. Miles Xian Liu. California: Greenwood Press, 2002, p. 170.
 La figure du réfugié dans la littérature de la diaspora vietnamienne en Amérique du Nord. Analyse des premiers romans de Lê Thi Diêm Thúy et de Kim Thúy, author: Sothea Chhum. Thesis, Université de Montréal 2016 online

External links
 The Gangster We Are All Looking For at Random House
 Electronic Chapbook by lê thị diễm thúy
 Boston Globe article 'Refuge in Her Writing'

20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American women novelists
Living people
1972 births
People from Bình Thuận Province
Hampshire College alumni
American writers of Vietnamese descent
Vietnamese emigrants to the United States
Vietnamese women writers
American women dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights

Lê Thị Diễm Thúy


The Dey Mansion (pronounced dye), located in modern-day Wayne, Passaic County, New Jersey, United States, and originally known as Bloomsburg Manor, played an integral role in the American Revolutionary War. Built by Col. Theunis Dey in the 1770s, it served as Washington's Headquarters on several occasions. Today, the Dey Mansion is currently open year-round with guided public tours Wednesday through Sunday.

Dey family history
In 1641 Dirck Janszen Siecken Dey, a soldier for the Dutch West India Company, of Denmark was the first of his family to settle in the colonies. His grandson Dirck Dey, a  Denmark Dutch born planter, purchased 600 acres of land in Preakness Valley, now Wayne Township. By 1764 Dirck of Denmark passed the mansion onto his niece Denise.  along with his wife, Hester Schuyler, raised ten children in the mansion. Theunis was a political figure who served on the state council by representing Bergen County and was a member of the charter trustee at Queens college, now Rutgers University. He also served as a colonel in the Bergen County Militia during the American Revolution. It was during his service in the militia that he came into contact with George Washington. This led to Theunis to offer his mansion to serve as Washington's headquarters in 1780.

Washington's Preakness Valley Headquarters
George Washington stayed at the Dey Mansion during the American Revolution as one of his Headquarters. This area of the Preakness Valley was chosen because  its location, as well as its abundance of food and forage in the surrounding area. On two separate occasions the Dey Mansion served as Headquarters for Washington, once from July 1 through July 28, 1780 and again from October 8 through November 27, 1780.

During his stay Washington and his advisers which included Alexander Hamilton, Robert H. Harrison, Tench Tilghman, David Humphreys and James McHenry used the four rooms on the south-eastern side of the mansion for their bedrooms as well as their military war rooms. Washington also had numerous visitors while at the Dey Mansion, those of which include the Marquis de Lafayette, General Anthony Wayne, Major General Lord Stirling, Benedict Arnold, General William Howe and the Marquis de Chastellux.

Washington's letters and correspondences during his time at the Dey Mansion totaled 964, for over 1800 written pages. One of which informed him on July 14, 1780, that the French allied support had landed at Newport, Rhode Island. Washington left on July 28 to join them. While at the mansion, Washington also issued the commission to West Point to Benedict Arnold, a respected soldier at the time.

As one of the five aides de camp at the Dey Mansion, Alexander Hamilton would write many letters, both for Washington and for personal reasons. While Washington was out of the mansion  for the afternoon of July 21, Hamilton received an urgent letter from Elias Dayton regarding intelligence. This letter warned that the British had sent "fifty sails of transport" from New York for Rhode Island. Hamilton quickly drafted a letter and sent it to Lafayette in Connecticut and when Washington returned, Hamilton wrote another letter to Rochambeau with a warning. This intelligence information and quick response saved the French fleet and Continental soldiers.

Hamilton would also write many letters to his fiancé, Elizabeth Schuyler. The two had met that spring and were engaged to be married, but war delayed the ceremony. Hamilton was denied time off for a spring wedding, due to the campaigns and was forced to wait until December to be married. While waiting for the wedding, Hamilton wrote many romantic letters to Elizabeth, hoping she still desired to marry him.

During Washington's time away from the Dey Mansion Major, General Benedict Arnold's treason became evident and his accomplice Major John Andre was hanged in Tappan, New York on October 2.  Fearing that the British commander Sir Henry Clinton would seek revenge, Washington moved his army once again to the Preakness Valley's Dey Mansion, and arrived on October 8, 1780. He stayed there until November 27, 1780, when he moved his headquarters and a portion of his army to Morristown, New Jersey. Alexander Hamilton would leave the Dey Mansion with Washington, but would travel to Albany, where he would wed Elizabeth Schuyler on December 14, 1780.

Layout of the mansion and surrounding property
The Dey Mansion is of Georgian style architecture with English and Dutch influences, and was built on a 600-acre lot in Preakness Valley, now Wayne, New Jersey. The mansion was built facing the south in order receive sunlight. Each floor of the two story mansion features a long and wide center hall with multiple rooms on each side and an attic that spans the entire length of the mansion. The original kitchen was separate from the house and burned down sometime in the 19th century. A new kitchen was built next to the house as a WPA project in the 1930s, which accurately represents a colonial summer kitchen for a wealthy family. In the home today, a full restoration of the mansion was completed in 2016 however, most of the original wood frames and floors still exist. The mansion sits on the 377-acre property of the Preakness Valley Park, with features built onto the property, including a forge, plantation house, spring house, and a courtyard in the middle of the three buildings.

Dey Mansion through the years
Colonel Theunis Dey's grandson, General Richard Dey, sold the mansion and remaining 335 acres land in 1801. Since then sixteen different families have owned the mansion and land until the County of Passaic purchased it. Besides the Dey family, another family of notoriety to live here was the Hogencamp, who was the first mayor of Wayne Township. The family lived in the house for almost fifty years and is buried in the family cemetery on the property. Theunis Dey's daughter, Ann, is also buried in the family cemetery, but it's unknown if any other family members are buried here.

List of Family Owners from its Construction to Present
1740–1801: Dey
1801–1813: Neafie
1813–1861: Hogencamp
1861–1864: Yeoman
1864–1865: Gillen
1865–1866: Tainter
1866–1875: Millington
1875–1883: Howe
1883–1889: Heeseman
1889–1891: Islieb
1891–1892: Heeseman
1892–1901: Petry
1901–1902: Heeseman
1902–1906: Belcher
1906–1907: French
1907–1909: Murphy
1909–1912: Wright
1912–1918: Pfister
1918–1930: Alsheimer
1930–present: Passaic County Parks

On January 10, 1930, the Passaic County Parks Commission acquired the land, and on October 8, 1934, it was opened for visitors.  Among the guests invited to its opening was President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and although he was unable to attend he wrote a letter in which he said, "You have made a real contribution to the history of the nation"(See picture of letter). In 1970 the Dey Mansion was entered into the New Jersey Register of Historic Places as well as the National Register of Historic Places. As of 1987 the Dey Mansion has been open to the public as a museum, and it is owned and operated by the County of Passaic Department of Cultural & Historic Affairs. It serves as a meeting place and reenactment center for many historic groups such as the Hester Schuyler-Colfax Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution. On February 22, 2016, the newly restored Dey Mansion was rededicated by Passaic County. The Dey Mansion is currently open year-round, with guided public tours Wednesday through Sunday. Events and lectures are also scheduled throughout the year and publicized on Facebook. For more information and schedule of tours and events, please visit Dey Mansion on The County of Passaic website or Facebook page.

Gallery

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Passaic County, New Jersey
Ford Mansion
List of museums in New Jersey
List of Washington's Headquarters during the Revolutionary War
Preakness Valley

References

External links

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
Georgian architecture in New Jersey
Houses in Passaic County, New Jersey
Colonial architecture in New Jersey
Museums in Passaic County, New Jersey
Historic house museums in New Jersey
American Revolutionary War museums in New Jersey
National Register of Historic Places in Passaic County, New Jersey
Wayne, New Jersey
Houses completed in the 18th century
New Jersey Register of Historic Places
American Revolution on the National Register of Historic Places

Dey Mansion


Beaver & Krause were an American musical duo comprising Paul Beaver and Bernie Krause. Their 1967 album The Nonesuch Guide to Electronic Music was a pioneering work in the electronic music genre. The pair were Robert Moog's sales representatives on the U.S. West Coast and were instrumental in popularizing the Moog synthesizer during the late 1960s. As recording artists for Warner Bros. Records in the early 1970s, they released the critically admired albums In a Wild Sanctuary and Gandharva.

Career

As Moog exponents
Having met each other through session work, Paul Beaver and Bernie Krause began collaborating in 1966. Both were drawn to the creative potential of electronic musical instruments.

In June 1967, Beaver and Krause set up a booth at the Monterey Pop Festival, demonstrating their newly purchased electronic synthesizer, one of the first constructed by Robert Moog. They served as the Moog company's sales representatives on the U.S. West Coast. As such, the pair were able to exploit the growing fascination among rock and pop musicians for the new synthesizer sounds, an interest that was partly influenced by these artists' consumption of hallucinogenic drugs, and the increasingly generous advances they received from their record companies. At Monterey and over the following few years, Beaver and Krause sold the instrument to a number of American pop and rock acts. Beaver introduced Micky Dolenz of the Monkees to the Moog, which became a featured instrument on the band's 1967 album Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd. Beaver himself performed on the track "Star Collector". In addition, he led workshops at the Beaver & Krause LA studio attended by film composers and session keyboardists.

Among the other pop and rock artists introduced to the Moog by Beaver and Krause, as part of a vogue that emerged in the late 1960s, were the Byrds, the Doors and Simon & Garfunkel. Krause sold a Moog III to George Martin, producer of the Beatles, and another to George Harrison during the latter's 1968 visit to California, where Harrison was producing an album by Apple Records artist Jackie Lomax. Harrison used the instrument to generate his 1969 solo album Electronic Sound for the Apple spin-off label Zapple. Side two of this disc consisted of an edited treatment of Krause's initial Moog demonstration, which, according to Krause, Harrison had recorded without his consent.

The duo were also in demand as film and television soundtrack performers. Among the films featuring music played on the Moog by one or both of the pair were: The Graduate, In Cold Blood, Point Blank and Cool Hand Luke (all 1967); Rosemary's Baby, Candy and I Love You, Alice B. Toklas (1968); They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (1969); and Catch-22, Performance and Love Story (1970). On these soundtrack projects, Beaver and Krause's contributions were based on other composers' work and vision. According to an announcement in Billboard magazine, the "first major film" to feature a score written by Beaver & Krause was The Final Programme in 1973.

As recording artists
In 1968, Beaver & Krause released an album for Mercury Records imprint Limelight Records, Ragnarok. Following their success in popularizing the Moog, they signed with Warner Bros. Records. They recorded three albums for the company: In a Wild Sanctuary (1970), Gandharva (1971) and All Good Men (1972). Writing for Saturday Review magazine in 1970, Ellen Sandler described In a Wild Sanctuary as "a powerful ecological statement in movement and sound". Gandharva was partly recorded in Grace Cathedral in San Francisco and included musical contributions from Gerry Mulligan, Bud Shank, Mike Bloomfield and Ronnie Montrose. The album was marketed as "the score to a non-existent film" and reflected Hindu mythological themes.

According to authors Trevor Pinch and Frank Trocco, the technique used on the Wild Sanctuary track "Spaced"—whereby a single note appears to approach listeners from a distance before resolving in a dramatic chord—was "copied by a famous Marin County film company" to introduce its cinema presentations. In Krause's 1998 autobiography, Into a Wild Sanctuary: A Life in Music & Natural Sound, he says that this well-known sound logo begins on the same first note (a G pedal tone) as "Spaced", splits into an eight-tone glissando with four notes rising and four descending, and ends on the same open (D Major) chord.

Beaver's death and aftermath
The duo ended with Beaver's premature death in January 1975, at age 49. At the time he was working on a revised version of The Nonesuch Guide, having released a solo album, Perchance to Dream. Krause then released two solo albums of his own: Citadels of Mystery in 1979 and Gorillas in the Mix in 1988. He also scored music and/or effects for many films, including Apocalypse Now, on synthesizer.

Krause subsequently specialized almost exclusively in the recording and archiving of natural soundscapes from wild habitats worldwide and became a major influence in the introduction to bioacoustics of the fields of soundscape ecology and ecoacoustics. In 2014, he collaborated with Richard Blackford, former composer-in-residence at Balliol College, Oxford, to compose a symphony titled The Great Animal Orchestra Symphony for Orchestra and Wild Soundscapes, commissioned and performed by the BBC National Orchestra of Wales. The symphony echoed the pioneering ecoacoustic approach of Beaver & Krause's In a Wild Sanctuary, and featured the first full orchestration combining wild soundscapes performed live as a component of orchestration.

References

Sources

American electronic music groups
Experimental musical groups
Electronic music duos
Musical groups established in 1967
Musical groups disestablished in 1975
American musical duos
American composers
Nonesuch Records artists
Warner Records artists
1967 establishments in the United States
1975 disestablishments in the United States

Beaver & Krause


Steele's Greenville expedition took place from April 2 to 25, 1863, during the Vicksburg campaign of the American Civil War.  Union forces commanded by Major General Frederick Steele occupied Greenville, Mississippi, and operated in the surrounding area, to divert Confederate attention from a more important movement made in Louisiana by Major General John A. McClernand's corps.  Minor skirmishing between the two sides occurred, particularly in the early stages of the expedition.  Over 1,000 slaves were freed during the operation, and large quantities of supplies and animals were destroyed or removed from the area.  Along with other operations, including Grierson's Raid, Steele's Greenville expedition distracted Confederate attention from McClernand's movement.  Some historians have suggested that the Greenville expedition represented Union war policy shifting more towards expanding the war to Confederate social and economic structures and the Confederate homefront.

Background

During early 1863, with the American Civil War ongoing, Union Army forces commanded by Major General Ulysses S. Grant were undertaking the Vicksburg campaign against the Confederate-held city of Vicksburg, Mississippi.  After having repeatedly failed to maneuver out of the surrounding swamps and onto high ground near Vicksburg, Grant decided between three options: an amphibious crossing of the Mississippi River and attack of the Confederate riverfront defenses; pulling back to Memphis, Tennessee, and then making an overland drive south to Vicksburg; and moving south of Vicksburg and then crossing the Mississippi River to operate against the city.  The first option risked heavy casualties and the second could be misconstrued as a retreat by the civilian population and political authorities, so Grant chose the third option.  In late March, Grant ordered the XIII Corps, commanded by Major General John A. McClernand, to move down the Louisiana side of the Mississippi River and then prepare to cross the river at a point south of Vicksburg.

As part of an attempt to distract the Confederate forces at Vicksburg, who were commanded by Lieutenant General John C. Pemberton, from McClernand's movement, Grant sent the division of Major General Frederick Steele to Greenville, Mississippi, which was roughly  upriver from Vicksburg.  Steele's instructions were to land in the Mississippi Delta, advance to Greenville, and then operate in the Deer Creek area.  Once there, the Union soldiers were to burn any baled cotton marked with "CSA", clear out any Confederate forces in the area, and burn abandoned plantations. About 5,600 men of Steele's division were part of the expedition. Lieutenant Colonel Samuel W. Ferguson commanded the Confederate forces in the area.

Expedition
Steele's troops left the Young's Point, Louisiana area late on April 2, heading upriver via steamboats.  The next morning, the boats reached Smith's Landing, and on either the next day or April 5, reached Washington's Landing, which was south of Greenville.  While much of Steele's force remained the Washington's Landing area, detachments patrolled inward, learning that the path to Deer Creek was flooded and that a large stash of cotton known to be in the area had already been burned.  After the men returned to the transports, movement was made to Greenville that evening, and the Union troops disembarked the next morning at a point about  north of Greenville.  Two regiments and the Union Navy tinclad steamerUSS Prairie Bird were left at the landing point to guard it.

Steele's pioneer force rebuilt a bridge over Fish Lake, and continued on inland; the Union commander learned of the presence of Ferguson's Confederates on April 6.  The Union officers pushed their men hard, hoping to overtake and capture the Confederate force.  Ferguson had known of the Union presence since not long after the landing, and he sent a messenger to Major General Carter L. Stevenson at Vicksburg, asking for instructions.  Stevenson detached the brigade of Brigadier General Stephen Dill Lee to the area, with orders to secure Rolling Fork and then move up the Bogue Phalia stream and strike Steele's rear.  Ferguson, in turn, withdrew his troops to the Thomas plantation, which was about  north of Rolling Fork.  Between the commands of Ferguson and Lee, the Confederates had about 4,300 men.

Ferguson prepared a delaying action.  When, on the afternoon of April 7, Steele's column approached the plantation, Ferguson had Bledsoe's Missouri Battery and Sengstak's Alabama Battery open fire on them. Steele, in turn, deployed artillery and prepared to make an attack, but Ferguson withdrew,  south to the Willis plantation.  During the pursuit, Union troops stumbled across the body of a lynched African-American, who had allegedly mistaken Ferguson's troops for Union forces, asked for a gun with which to kill his master, and expressed intent to rape women.  The presence of Lee's force became known to Steele, and he ordered a withdrawal, not wanting to fight both Confederate forces too far from Greenville.
During the march back, the Union troops destroyed supplies and took horses, mules, and livestock from the surrounding area.  The Confederates pursued, and the Union troops skirmished with them on April 8 and 10.  The latter skirmish took place at Fish Lake and ended with the Union troops burning the bridge across the body of water.

During the movements, large numbers of slaves flocked to the Union lines and followed the troops to gain their freedom.  Steele did not want this, and encouraged them to remain on plantations; when the campaign began, he had been ordered to discourage slaves from fleeing to Union lines.  Unsure of what to do with the large number of followers, Steele sent a message to Major General William T. Sherman, but when Sherman did not respond, contacted Grant.  Grant advised Steele to encourage slaves to come to Union lines, and suggested that he should form regiments of United States Colored Troops out of male former slaves who volunteered for military services, much as Brigadier General Lorenzo Thomas had begun doing.  About 500 African-Americans volunteered for the service, placed in new regiments to be led by white officers.

April 13 saw Union troops make another sweep of the Greenville area.  While Ferguson had withdrawn his troops, the Union soldiers found large quantities of supplies and cattle, which they brought back to camp.  Shortly thereafter, Lee's command withdrew from the area.  On April 20, Steele sent the 3rd and 31st Missouri Infantry Regiments to the Williams Bayou area; they returned on April 22 with quantities of mules, corn, and livestock. While the Union troops had been ordered to avoid disturbing local families who were peaceful and remained at home, these orders were ignored.  Many of the plantations in the area were burned, and hard feelings against the Union forces grew among the local populace.  In total, during the expedition, over 1,000 slaves were freed, and Union forces took more than 1,000 animals, besides destroying  of corn. On April 22, Grant instructed Steele to return from the Greenville area, but a shortage of transports prevented the Union soldiers from setting off until late on April 24.  The next morning, Steele's men returned to Young's Point.

Aftermath

In the words of James H. Wilson, Steele's Greenville expedition made the Union army an implement of "agricultural disorganization and distress as well as of emancipation". Both Sherman and Steele believed that Union troops had gone too far in behavior that affected civilians, rather than just targeted the Confederate war goals. The historians William L. Shea and Terrence J. Winschel see the expedition as demonstrating a shift in the Union's war policy. In an earlier communication, Henry Halleck had written to Grant that he believed that there would be "no peace but that which is forced by the sword".  Grant accepted the policy of carrying the war to the social and economic structures of the Confederacy.  Going forward, in the words of Shea and Winschel, the Union army was to "bring the war home to [Confederate] civilians by enforcing emancipation and seizing or destroying all items of possible military value".  Besides ravaging an area important to the Confederate forces at Vicksburg of supplies, the Greenville expedition also drew Confederate attention away from McClernand's more important operations in Louisiana, although other operations such as Grierson's Raid also played a role in that.

In late April, Union forces crossed the Mississippi River south of Vicksburg and then moved inland.  The Union troops defeated a Confederate force in the Battle of Port Gibson on May 1, and on May 12 won another victory in the Battle of Raymond.  After the action at Raymond, Grant decided to strike a Confederate force forming at Jackson, Mississippi, and then turn west towards Vicksburg.  Grant's men won a small battle at Jackson on May 14, and then defeated Pemberton's army in the climactic Battle of Champion Hill on May 16.  After another Confederate defeat at the Battle of Big Black River Bridge on May 17, the Siege of Vicksburg began on May 18.  When the city surrendered on July 4, it was a major defeat for the Confederacy.

References

Sources

Vicksburg campaign
Military operations of the American Civil War in Mississippi
1863 in Mississippi
April 1863 events

Steele's Greenville expedition


Karimabad (), formerly known as Baltit, is the capital of the Hunza District in the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan.

Etymology
Karimabad was named in honour of Karim Aga Khan, the current spiritual leader of the Shia Ismaili Nizari community. However, it's worth noting that many locals still refer to Karimabad by its older name, Baltit.

Geography

Karimabad town is situated on the western bank of the Hunza River, nestled in the northern areas of Pakistan. It is located within a valley at an elevation of 8,200 feet (2,500 meters) above sea level. The town is characterized by its construction on stone-walled and steep-sloping terraces. Historically, Karimabad served as a caravan stop for travelers journeying through the Hindu Kush mountains en route to the Vale of Kashmir. This town is set against the backdrop of snow-clad mountain peaks like Rakaposhi, which stands at an altitude of approximately 25,000 feet (7,600 meters), and surrounded by glaciers such as the Ulter Nala. The town is also framed by deep gorges. Access to Karimabad is primarily via a hill road leading from Gilgit.

Climate
The weather conditions in Karimabad are characterized by a chilly and moderate climate. Karimabad is a city with a significant rainfall. Even in the driest month there is a lot of rain. Köppen and Geiger classify this climate as Dfb. The temperature here averages -5.4 °C | 22.3 °F. The annual rainfall is 860 mm | 33.9 inch.

Flora and fauna
The floral vegetation in the wild consist of roses, pansies, lilies, zinnias, and cosmos, along with trees such as apple, apricot, walnut, mulberry, willow, fir, and poplar trees.

The fauna recorded in the village consist of ibex (Capra (genus), duck, red-striped fox, snow leopard (Panthera uncia syn. Uncia uncia), markhor (Capra falconeri) (wild goat), Marco Polo sheep (Ovis ammon polii), and yak (Bos grunniens and Bos mutus).

History
Karimabad, previously known as Baltit, was originally ruled by a monarch, the Mir of Hunza. The Baltit Fort was built at that time to function as the Mir's palace. The location was known as a caravan resting stop, and for its slave trade.

Baltit served as the capital of Hunza Valley for over 750 years, until the middle of the 20th century. After Pakistan became an independent country in 1947, the Hunza province controlled by the Mir voluntarily joined Pakistan. Earlier, the capital had been shifted from the area around Balit down to the lower part of the hills where new buildings were erected, which became the new capital, Karimabad. The new town has developed into a tourist place, following the development of the Karakoram Highway, with a number of shopping complexes dealing in handicrafts, hotels, restaurants, and travel agencies.

Both Baltit Fort and Karimabad village received the World Award of Tourism in 2000 when Indonesia, Australia, India, and Britain and other countries competed.

Demographics
The population of the town was more than 5,000 in 1992. It had four clans of herdsmen tending livestock. Out of a population of 16,000 (65,000 in the valley) as of 1995, most of the residents of the town and the Hunsa valley were Shia Ismaili Muslims. Literacy in the valley is as high as 90% as against a national average of 58 percent. Residents of the town say that all young people of the town below the age of 30 are literate.

Education
There was a high school in the town in 1986 itself when the population of the Hunza  valley was 30,000. The town has received substantial assistance from the Aga Khan Foundation, a charitable institution, which is involved in infrastructure activities such as roads and water supply, as well as in establishing educational institutions and health centres. There are also schools for women such as the Aga Khan Higher Secondary School for Girls, and the Hasegawa Memorial Public School run by Japan, which are popular for girls.

Economy
The economy is dependent on agriculture with crops such as corn (maize), fruits, and vegetables grown under irrigated conditions. An article on The Guardian ranked it as one of the five "Best Tourist Sites" in Pakistan.

Landmarks
The landmarks around the town are the Baltit Fort, Queen Victoria Monument, Channel Walk and the snow clad mountains of Rakaposhi and glaciers of Ulter Nala.

Baltit Fort

Baltit, which was the original capital of the Hunza valley, was established in the 13th century. A fort was built, in the backdrop of snow clad mountains, in the 17th century when Mir Ayesho II's (great-grandson of Girkis, a legendary ruler) wife, the daughter of the Balti ruler, came to live in Hunza. The fort was built in Balti-style by the artisans brought by her. It was refurbished during Ayesho II's son's rule. Mir Nazim Khan got it refurnished with wall paper, curtains, fireplaces, balconies, and windows with tinted glass. The exterior of the fort was given a white wash. He also built a raised platform in the terrace to hold meetings of the council. Once the capital was moved to Karimabad, the fort was stripped of all its interior furnishings and decorations. Nazim Khan's son had moved to Karimabad in 1945.It was a deserted structure in 1984. However, between 1990 and 1996 the fort was completely rebuilt with all structural elements of the old fort to its original plan taking earthquake factor into consideration. The fort presents a view as if it has been newly built but retains all the original features, and commands a scenic view of the Hunza valley. Some of the rooms in the fort have exhibits of dresses and pictures as also some ancient vessels and furniture donated by the local people.

Queen Victoria Monument
The Queen Victoria Monument is erected on a rock face at the rear end of Karimabad. It can be accessed only by trekking for about an hour passing through irrigation channels, a polo ground, an old watch tower, and a narrow passage strewn with rocks. It is at the base of the rock face and was built by Nazim Khan; in the local Burushaski language it is known "Malikamu Shikari" (ma-li-ka-mu shi-ka-ri).

Channel Walk
Ultar Nala water channels (seven channels flowing towards the west and five flowing eastward) from the head-works on the nala taking off at different levels are utilized for irrigation, and also as tourist attraction to walk along their route for enjoying the scenic beauty of the Hunza Valley. Some channels pass through the Karimabad town. The water flowing in the channel is also attractive as it has velvety colour caused by the minute content of fine mica particles.

References

Bibliography

External links

Populated places in Hunza District
Ismailism in Pakistan

Karimabad, Gilgit-Baltistan


Duncan Gordon Blair (23 December 1919 – 14 June 2006) was a Canadian lawyer, politician, judge and a Liberal party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Regina, Saskatchewan.

Blair was educated in Regina before receiving a bachelor of arts degree in 1939 and a bachelor of law degree in 1941 from the University of Saskatchewan. He was called to the Bar of Saskatchewan in 1942 and Bar of Ontario in 1952. A 1941 Rhodes Scholar, he attended Exeter College where he studied law and received a bachelor of civil law in 1947. During World War II, he served as a lieutenant with the Irish Regiment of Canada and was wounded in Italy in 1944.

After the war, he served as a foreign service officer with the Department of External Affairs from 1945 to 1947. From 1948 to 1950, he was a partner with the law firm of Francis, Woods, Gauley & Blair. From 1951 to 1952, he was executive assistant to the Minister of Justice. From 1953 to 1975, he was a partner with the law firm of Herridge, Tolmie, Gray, Coyne & Blair in Ottawa. He was created a Queen's Counsel in 1975.

He was elected to the House of Commons of Canada for the riding of Grenville—Carleton in the 1968 federal election. A Liberal, he was defeated in the 1972 federal election by Walter Baker of the Progressive Conservative party. In 1976, he was appointed to the Court of Appeal for Ontario where he served until 1994. From 1994 to 1998, he was the grand president of the Royal Canadian Legion.

In 1998, he was made a member of the Order of Canada.

References
Gordon Blair archives, Library and Archives Canada.
 Oxford University Gazette, 13 July 2006: Colleges, Halls, and Societies
 Canadian Who's Who 1997 entry

External links

Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Politicians from Regina, Saskatchewan
1919 births
2006 deaths
Alumni of Exeter College, Oxford
Judges in Ontario
Canadian Rhodes Scholars
Members of the Order of Canada
Members of the United Church of Canada
Lawyers in Ontario
Canadian King's Counsel
University of Saskatchewan alumni
University of Saskatchewan College of Law alumni

Gordon Blair (politician)


Hidalgo La Fiera (also known as "La Fiera FC") was an American professional indoor soccer team based in Hidalgo, Texas. They played in the Southern Division of the Major Arena Soccer League (MASL). The team was founded in 2012 as the Rio Grande Valley Flash when the Monterrey Flash left the Liga Mexicana de Futbol Rápido Profesional to move to Texas and the Professional Arena Soccer League. The PASL was rebranded as the MASL in May 2014. The team fell into financial disarray and, unable to reorganize, resigned their membership in the MASL effective December 23, 2014.

History

Attorney Gerardo Guerra Lozano founded the Monterrey Flash, and joined the Liga Mexicana de Futbol Rápido Profesional (LMFRPro) in 2011. They won the league championship in that first season. They also finished second in the 2012 FIFRA Club Championship, losing to the San Diego Sockers 5-3 in the championship.

Lozano then renamed his team, the Rio Grande Valley Flash and moved to Texas. The Flash was admitted to the PASL on September 27, 2012. The team's initial logo was identical, except for the city name, to the one used by the Monterrey Flash. The team revealed a new, sleeker logo at a press conference on January 9, 2013, at Ford Arena.

The Flash began their inaugural PASL season unevenly, losing 4 of their first 8 games, including 3 to the Dallas Sidekicks. In the latter half of the regular season, head coach Mariano Bollella's team won 8 straight games and qualified for the post-season. The Flash defeated the Sidekicks in consecutive games to win the Central Division Finals 2–0 and advance to the Ron Newman Cup Semi-Finals in San Diego, California. They lost that match to the Detroit Waza, ending their playoff run.

On July 2, 2013, the team announced that Victor Fernandez had assumed ownership and would take on the role of team president. Seeking to give the team an identity separate from the Monterrey club, the team announced that would operate with a new name, "La Fiera FC", colors (black, white, and gold), and logo (a stylized paw print in team colors with "La Fiera FC" and a lion head ingrained) for the 2013–2014 season. "La Fiera" translates from Spanish to English as "The Beast". After a league mandate, the team became known officially as Hidalgo La Fiera to reflect their home city.

With a new owner and a new name, the team returned to State Farm Arena as one of three Texas teams in the PASL. The team held its first local tryouts on July 8–9, 2013. In late July, the team announced Joaquín García Fernández as its new president.

With the expansion of the league and the re-branding to the Major Arena Soccer League, La Fiera moved to the new Southern Division for this season. All of the team's games were played or scheduled against in-division rivals in Texas and Mexico. On November 19, after two regular season games, the team announced that interim head coach Angel Hernandez had replaced Mariano Bollella. On November 28, Angel Hernandez and Joel Perez left the team and Julio Garcia was announced as the team's new head coach.

A last-ditch money-saving effort involved rescheduling 3 late-December home games for the team's practice facility, Golazo Soccer in Pharr, Texas. Before the first such game, the visiting Dallas Sidekicks filed a protest with the league about the inadequate playing facilities, including too-small goals. The league vacated the apparent 4–3 La Fiera win on December 23 and accepted the team's resignation from the league, ending both La Fiera's season and MASL franchise.

Year-by-year

Honors
2013-14 PASL Central Division champions

References

External links
La Fiera FC official website
Major Arena Soccer League official website

2012 establishments in Texas
2014 disestablishments in Texas
Association football clubs established in 2012
Association football clubs disestablished in 2014
Indoor soccer clubs in the United States
Defunct indoor soccer clubs in the United States
Defunct Major Arena Soccer League teams
Major Arena Soccer League teams
Sports in the Rio Grande Valley
Soccer clubs in Texas

Hidalgo La Fiera


The Church of Christ the King belongs to Catholic Apostolic Church trustees; it is in Gordon Square, Bloomsbury, London. It adjoins Dr Williams's Library and is within sight of University College London. The church is used by the Anglican mission Euston Church for Sunday services and its English Chapel, at its east end, by Forward in Faith for weekday services. It has been a Grade I listed building since 10 June 1954, one of 129 such Christian buildings in London.

Construction and design

Early English Neo-Gothic in style and cruciform in plan, the church was built by Raphael Brandon between 1850 and 1854 (with Brandon's interior designed in 1853) for the  Catholic Apostolic Church (also known as "Irvingites").  It is built of Bath stone, with a tiled roof. The structure is incomplete, lacking two bays on its liturgical west side (which prevented the construction of a planned façade – the west end remains unfinished, in brick apart from entrance in stone) and (like Westminster Abbey) a crossing tower (including a 150 ft spire – the tower base that was built has mostly blind arcading).  Its cruciform plan is made up of a nave with full triforium and clerestory, side aisles, sanctuary and Lady Chapel.  All of the church's exterior corners have octagonal corner turrets with gabled niches and terminating in spires with gablets. The façade has pinnacled buttresses and corbelled parapets.

The main entrance is at the east end, from Gordon Street, through a gabled porch with angle buttresses (with mouldings, a pointed-arch door and a two-light and oculus plate tracery window above the door) which links onto the Lady Chapel via an octagonal turret and two-light room.  (There is also a north side entrance approached by a cloister walk from the porch.)

The five-bay nave (only 13 feet lower than that of Westminster Abbey) has a gabled east facade with three large lancet windows below five smaller ones – on the inside, it has a timber hammer beam roof with angels and central bosses of snowflake design, as well as a double-arcaded triforium.  It also contains a cathedra for its 'angel' (roughly equivalent to bishop) of the Catholic Apostolic Church.

The crossing is made up of roll-moulded arches on clustered columns.  The transepts are gabled, with two layers of three lancets below a rose window.  The south transept's windows (the originals) are the most notable – the lancets have Christ in Majesty with ranks of saints, apostles and angels and earth below, whilst its rose window is by Archibald Keightley Nicholson and has a dove in the centre surrounded by musician angels and cherubim and seraphim.

The church's three-bay sanctuary has a roof with stone rib-vaulting and foliated bosses, along with a sanctuary lamp by Augustus Pugin. The three-bay Lady Chapel (formerly the English Chapel) is beyond this sanctuary, separated from it by a screen behind the high altar with open traceried window to the chapel.  The chapel itself has a richly painted timber roof and stone angel along with an east facade with arcaded lancet windows below a small rose window and gable, along with gabled and pinnacled buttresses.

Annette Peach, in her entry for Raphael Brandon in the Dictionary of National Biography, writes:

"The Catholic Apostolic Church in Gordon Square, London, was built between 1850 and 1854 and, though reproducing features recorded by the Brandon brothers in their scholarly works, this extremely large church was criticized by a contemporary for its lack of originality of design. Recent scholars, however, have drawn attention to the combination of 13th- and 15th-century Gothic precedents in its design, which offer a tangible record of the Brandon brothers' study of ecclesiastical architecture."

The church was designated a Grade I listed building on 10 June 1954.

In 1853, a fine organ was erected by Gray and Davison. It was a three manuals organ with pedals, containing 13 stops on the Great-organ, 12 stops on the Swell-organ, 10 stops on the Choir-organ and 8 on the pedal. In total there were 6 couplers. A specification of the organ as it now is can be found on the National Pipe Organ Register. One of the first organists was Edmund Hart Turpin. In 1903 a sub bass 16 ft was added to the choir-organ.

University Church
From 1963 to 1994, it was known as the University Church of Christ the King and served the Anglican Chaplaincy to the Universities and Colleges of the Diocese of London.  In practice, it was a worship centre for students living in the university halls nearby, but was also used occasionally for London-wide events, with a very strong emphasis on music in worship (under the successive musical directorships of Ian Hall, Alan Wilson and Simon Over).

This new role was begun with a morning Eucharist at which the Bishop of London, the Right Reverend Robert Stopford, celebrated and an Evensong with the former Bishop of London, J. W. C. Wand, preaching), both on 6 October 1963.  During this period, a Thanksgiving Eucharist was celebrated on 27 November 1988 for the 25th anniversary of this role, with the Right Reverend Michael Marshall preaching and, on 6 December 1983, the memorial service for Nikolaus Pevsner was held here.

The last Chaplaincy Sunday service was held on 28 June 1992, but a weekday Eucharist continued to be celebrated in the English Chapel. The last chaplaincy service was conducted on Ash Wednesday (16 February) 1994 by the Reverend Alan Walker of the University of Westminster; The Diocese surrendered its lease on the church to the Trustees on 30 June. A popular student venue, the Crypt Café, ran in the basement for several years until that date.

Euston Church
Euston Church, a Church of England Bishop's Mission Order plant from St Helen's Church, Bishopsgate, started meeting in the church from September 2015, with services  at 11am, 3pm and 5pm.

Forward in Faith
The Lady Chapel / English Chapel at the east end of the Church is used by the Anglican Forward in Faith movement. Mass is celebrated on each weekday at 12.30pm.

References

Further reading

Site remembering the Anglican university chaplaincy formerly based at the church
Mystery Worshipper report from Ship of Fools
Letter of John Betjeman on the church

External links

Camden.gov.uk – Listing details

Churches completed in 1853
19th-century Church of England church buildings
Bloomsbury
Grade I listed churches in London
Irvingism
History of the University of London
Gothic Revival church buildings in London
Buildings and structures in Bloomsbury

Church of Christ the King, Bloomsbury


The Mark V tank is a armored vehicle produced by the British Empire during the First World War.

It is a succesor to the Mark IV tank, it includes several improvements to it's predecessor, such as:

A new engine, steering system and transmission. It fell short on some areas like ventilation, which was bad, leading to carbon monoxide poisoning.

Multiple versions of this tank were issued, including armament like 6-pounder guns and machine guns

The Mark V tank was first sent to battle in July 1918, in the final months of The First World War. It was deployed at the Battle of Hamel, Battle of Amiens, and on the Hindenburg Line

During the Russian Civil War Mark Vs were delivered to Archangelsk, Tallinn, Estonia, and Novorossiysk, where they were captured and used by the Red Army.

World War I

Mark V tank


Six in Paris () is a 1965 French comedy-drama anthology film.

Cast and segments
"Saint-Germain-des-Prés" Directed by Jean Douchet
Jean-Pierre Andréani as Raymond
Jean-François Chappey as Jean
Barbara Wilkin as Katherine

Segment about an American girl student taken in by a French playboy and gets wise to another's ways. Director Douchet was at the time, like Eric Rohmer, a freshly resigned critic from Cahiers du Cinéma best known later for book on Hitchcock.

"Gare du Nord" Directed by Jean Rouch
Nadine Ballot as Odile
Gilles Quéant as Stranger
Barbet Schroeder as Jean-Pierre

Segment shows the influence of documentary and 16 mm by Rouch. Also notably uses almost one long hand-held continuous take, following Odile from a breakfast table argument with her boyfriend (played by producer/director Barbet Schroeder in an early role), whom she is bored and irritated by into the street where she meets a mysterious man. The man seems to be the answer to all her complaints and wants her to go away with him but for otherwise saying he will kill himself if she does not.

"Rue Saint-Denis" Directed by Jean-Daniel Pollet
Micheline Dax as Prostitute
Claude Melki as Leon

Format again inflects form in Jean Daniel Pollet's segment with comedy as real-world stage actress Michelline Dax plays the worldly Parisian prostitute broadly as she kindheartedly makes fun of her inexperienced customer. Melki, like a few New Wave actors, riffs on Buster Keaton in nod to a tradition of shorts being comedies in the role.

"Place de l'Etoile" Directed by Eric Rohmer
Marcel Gallon as Victim
Jean-Michel Rouzière as Jean-Marc
Georges Bez
Jean Douchet as A client
Sarah Georges-Picot
Maya Josse as Woman in the metro
Philippe Sollers as A client

Some would later identify this as uncharacteristically Rohmer neglecting his writing on silent comedy. The short plays upon the confusion around the Arc de Triomphe in Paris embodied by the character Jean-Marc as deftly shot by Nestor Almendros. In going to and from work the character mistakenly believes that he has killed a man in a rude encounter and tries to dodge location and responsibility.

"Montparnasse-Levallois" Directed by Jean-Luc Godard
Serge Davri as Ivan
Philippe Hiquilly as Roger
Joanna Shimkus as Monica

Segment interprets the news story that Alfred Lubitsch (Jean-Paul Belmondo) reads to Angela (Anna Karina) in a restaurant in A Woman Is a Woman (1961). Itself based on the Jean Giraudoux story "La Méprise" with the genders reversed in the film where two women receive the letters mistakenly sent by their lover to the wrong person. Shot by American documentarian Albert Maysles, showing the woman's plight, Monica, to retrieve and amend the letters she sent.

"La Muette" Directed by Claude Chabrol
Stéphane Audran as The mother
Claude Chabrol as The father
Gilles Chusseau as Boy
Dany Saril as The maid

Known for his Hitchcockian 'horror-beneath-the-bourgeois-surface' exposed on film, director Claude Chabrol himself plays the 'bourgeois' father here with his then-wife Stephane Audran as the mother of a mischievous boy who starts putting ear-plugs in his ears to keep from hearing their constant arguments playfully exploiting the critical-laden term diegesis.

References

External links

1965 films
1965 comedy-drama films
1960s French-language films
Films about prostitution in Paris
Films directed by Claude Chabrol
Films directed by Éric Rohmer
Films directed by Jean-Luc Godard
Films directed by Jean Rouch
Films produced by Barbet Schroeder
French anthology films
French comedy-drama films
1960s French films

Six in Paris


The Imperiali quota is a formula used to calculate the minimum number, or quota, of votes required to capture a seat in some forms of single transferable vote or largest remainder method party-list proportional representation voting systems. It is distinct from the Imperiali method, a type of highest average method. It is named after Belgian senator Pierre Imperiali.

The Czech Republic is the only country that currently uses this allocation system, while Italy and Ecuador used it in the past.

If many party lists poll just over the Imperiali quota, it is possible for this method to distribute more seats than there are vacancies to fill (this is not possible with the Hare or Droop quotas). If this occurs, the result needs to be recalculated with a higher quota (usually the Droop quota). If it does not happen, Imperiali usually distributes seats in a similar fashion to the D'Hondt method.

The Imperiali quota should not be confused with the highest average method, which is also called Imperiali.

Formula
The Imperiali quota may be given as:

Total votes = the total valid poll; that is, the number of valid (unspoilt) votes cast in an election.
Total seats = the total number of seats to be filled in the election.

An example of use in STV
To see how the Imperiali quota works in an STV election imagine an election in which there are two seats to be filled and three candidates: Andrea, Carter and Brad. There are 100 voters as follows:

There are 100 voters and 2 seats. The Imperiali quota is therefore:

To begin the count the first preferences cast for each candidate are tallied and are as follows:

Andrea: 65
Carter: 15
Brad: 20

Andrea has more than 25 votes. She therefore has reached the quota and is declared elected. She has 40 votes more than the quota so these votes are transferred to Carter, as specified on the ballots. The tallies therefore become:

Carter: 55
Brad: 20

Carter has now reached the quota so he is declared elected. The winners are therefore Andrea and Carter.

References

Electoral system quotas
Apportionment methods

Imperiali quota


Begusarai is a soap opera that aired on &TV. The show premiered on 2 March 2015 and ended on 24 June 2016. It starred Shivangi Joshi, Vishal Aditya Singh, Shweta Tiwari, and Sartaj Gill in lead roles.The show is set in Begusarai, Bihar. The show was produced by Swastik Pictures (Swastik Productions Pvt. Ltd.).

Plot
The intelligent Poonam Kumari dreams of higher studies. Her childhood best friend Priyom is the son of Begusarai's Bahubali Phulan Thakur, whose nephew Lakhan has loved Poonam since childhood. Phulan sets her marriage with Lakhan who starts torturing Poonam. Breaking the alliance, Phulan plans a fixed wedding for Poonam and Priyom and they fall in love. Lakhan wreaks havoc on the Begusarai and Thakur families. Poonam decides to marry him, so he will leave Thakur's family alone.

Bindiya, a dancer enters Begusarai to make money by dancing in events. She wants to ruin the Thakurs as her father was the former king of Begusarai whom Phulan killed, bringing Bindiya and her mother on road, and thus becoming the king himself. Once Lakhan and Poonam marry, he again tortures her. Poonam learns about Lakhan's love for her and how he never hurt anyone when trying to woo her; she starts to like and turns him into a soft person, and they get close.

Priyom constantly gets mad at Bindiya's antics and tries to change her. Guddi is pregnant with the child of Poonam's brother, who dies in an accident. For this, Poonam blames Lakhan, and they get separated. Bindiya and Priyom fall in love; he becomes the Bahubali of Begusarai. Priyom tries to stop Mithilesh from killing a cheater business partner, but ends up being collateral and dies by his hands. Bindiya swears vengeance on Mithilesh. The entire family opposes her, except for Poonam and Lakhan. When she decides to file a case against Mithilesh but loses when Badi Amma (Sulbha Arya) locks Poonam in the supply closet. Datta Ji gets out of jail and comes back into the Thakur Haveli. He strips Bindiya in front of the entire Begusarai and drowns her alive. Lakhan and Poonam try to save her but are not able to. He also tries to kill Guddi and her child, but Poonam and Lakhan save her.

Poonam and Lakhan finally reveal their feelings for each other and start a new relationship. Bindiya is revealed to be alive and comes back to get revenge against the entire Thakur family for not coming to save her. She gives mercy to Lakhan and Poonam but tortures the rest of the family members and even kills Datta Ji. Choti Amma's granddaughter, Komal, comes to visit her while Bindiya becomes the Bahubali of Begusarai. Komal starts to fall in love with Lakhan and starts to help Bindiya financially by bringing her a Sarkar business partner. Sarkar demands a lot from Bindiya, which causes Guddi to lose her child and Lakhan and Poonam almost to get a divorce. The Thakur family goes against Bindiya and Komal and try to figure out who Sarkar is. Sarkar is revealed to be Choti Amma (Madhvi Gokhte), who wants revenge on the Thakur family and brought Komal to Thakur Family. In a chase between Komal and Choti Amma and Lakhan and Mithilesh, Komal's car falls off a cliff, and Choti Amma and Komal die. Bindiya is revealed to be pregnant with Priyom's child.

A couple of months later, Poonam and Mithilesh's wife, Maya, have also become pregnant. When all three daughters-in-law celebrate their baby shower and do puja by the river, Guddi is pulled into the water. Everyone looks for her, but not in time, and they find her dead body. It is revealed that Komal is alive and killed Guddi. Komal then kidnaps Mithilesh and Poonam's father in demand that Poonam leaves Lakhan. Mithilesh and Poonam's father tries to run away, but Poonam's father dies in the ensuing chase. Poonam decides to surrender herself for the safety of the Thakur family. Lakhan finds Poonam and Komal and shoots Komal in the chest. Poonam falls unconscious, and Lakhan takes her to the hospital. At the hospital, some goons kidnap Poonam, and it is revealed that Komal was saved after she got shot. Komal shoots Mithilesh and Lakhan, and Poonam dies during childbirth. Bindiya takes the baby and decides to raise him as her own.

20 years later

Twenty years later, Bindiya has become Ma Thakurain and takes care of Mithilesh and Maya's children, Soni, Adarsh, Amar, and Samar, her and Priyom's son, Garv, and Poonam and Lakhan's son, Shakti, who looks like Lakhan. Bindiya hates women because of what Komal did to the family. The entire family is scared of her and never do anything she does not like. All the boys are like goons and do everything for Bindiya. Everyone calls her mom, and Maya gets jealous that her kids do not consider her their real mother. The show then brings in Ananya Mishra, the daughter of Ramakant Mishra, a constable who is transferred to Begusarai. Ananya has an older good-for-nothing brother named Mayank (Mithil Jain), who is chatting with Soni online.

Ananya and Shakti first meet when Shakthi saves Ramakant from some goons. He asks for money, but since she has none, he takes her late mother's necklace. She gets it back but also learns he is petrified of his mom. They have funny interactions going on. Mayank and Soni meet secretly, but someone sees them and tells Ma Thakurain (Bindiya). She plans to get Soni married within three days. When Mayank hears of this, he tries to commit suicide. When Ananya finds out the reason behind the suicide, she decides to let Soni and Mayank meet for one last time. But Mayank cheats Ananya and runs away with Soni. When the five brothers find out Ananya helped Soni getting out, they kidnap her and torture them to find out where Soni and Mayank went.

When Ananya gets free, through the help of the police, the police arrest Ma Thakurain and the brothers decide to get revenge. Ma Thakurain gets out of jail, and Soni and Mayank return to Badi Haveli. Ma Thakurain decides to allow Soni and Mayank's marriage, but they live in their house on Mayank's condition. She asks Shakti to make Ananya fall in love with him, and then she will marry all of her sons. Ananya falls in love with Shakti, and Bindiya manages to get her married to all of the sons without interference. When Ananya learns the truth of her sham marriage, she decides to take revenge on the Thakur family and change them for the better. She does not let herself have any relations with the brothers and learns the oldest, Adarsh, is secretly married and is about to have his child.

She can get Adarsh's wife her rights in the house, and Shakthi falls in love with Ananya. Bindiya changes back into her former self when Badi Amma tells her she acted precisely like Datta Ji. Ananya talks to Bindiya and then asks her if she can leave. Shakthi asks her to stay, but she says her trust was broken, and she cannot stay. A few months later, Ananya is shown to be a teacher at a school, and Shakti shows up. He asks her to forgive him and marry him for real, and she finally forgives him. The show ends on a happy note, with Ananya forgiving Shakti.

Cast

Main
 Vishal Aditya Singh as Lakhan Bhushan Thakur (2015–2016)/Shakti Lakhan Thakur : Poonam's Husband; Priyom's Cousin; Shakti's Father/Ananya's Husband; Poonam and Lakhan's Son (2016)
 Shivangi Joshi as  Poonam Lakhan Thakur/Poonam Kumari Mahendra Jadhav : Priyom's ex Fiance and Childhood Best-friend; Lakhan's Wife and Shakti's Mother (2015–2016)
 Sarrtaj Gill as Priyom Phulan Thakur : Poonam's Ex- Fiance and Childhood Best-Friend; Bindiya's Husband and Garv's Father. (2015)
 Shweta Tiwari as Bindiya Priyom Thakur/Maa Thakurain : Priyom's Wife and Garv's Mother (2015–2016)

Recurring
 Rati Pandey as Komal Thakur : Poonam's Enemy (2015–2016)
 Ankit Gupta as Garv Priyom Thakur : Shakti's Cousin; Priyom and Bindiya's Son (2016)
 Veebha Anand as Ananya Ramakant Mishra/Ananya Thakur : Shakti's Wife (2016)
 Narendra Jha as Phulan Manohar Thakur (2015–2016)
 Vaishnavi Dhanraj/Kanishka Soni as Maya Mithilesh Thakur (2015–2016)/(2016)
 Darshan Dave as Mithilesh Phulan Thakur (2015–2016)
 Harshh Sethi as Bhushan Manohar Thakur (2015–2016)
 Malini Sengupta as Rekha Bhushan Thakur (2015–2016)
 Riya Deepsi as Soni Mithilesh Thakur (2016)
 Richa Mukherjee as Gauri "Guddi" Phulan Thakur (2015–2016)
 Abhimanyyu Raj Singh as Ramakant Mishra (2016)
 Parichay Sharma as Amar Mithilesh Thakur (2016)
 Manish Naggdev as Adarsh Mithilesh Thakur (2016)
 Mukul Raj Singh as Samar Mithilesh Thakur (2016)
 Aalisha Panwar as Najma Akhtar Khan (2015)
 Sulbha Arya as Nandita Devi Manohar Thakur/Badi Amma (2015–2016)
 Aru Krishansh Verma as Rajkumar Phulan Thakur
 Sudesh Berry as Manohar Rajacharan Thakur/Dadaji (2015)
 Saptrishi Ghosh as SP K N Rai
 Mithil Jain as Mayank Ramakant Mishra
 Madhavi Gokhte as Choti Amma
 Nikhil Mehta as Dalbir "Dolt" Kumar Mahendra Jadhav (2015)
 Ankit Mohan as SP Avinash Srivastav (2015)
 Dheeraj Miglani as Ghungroo
 Vineet Raina as Bhanu (2015)
 Nandini Singh as Shravani

Awards and nomination

References

External links

Hindi-language television shows
2015 Indian television series debuts
2016 Indian television series endings
Indian drama television series
&TV original programming
Television shows set in Bihar
Swastik Productions television series

Begusarai (TV series)


Geobotanical prospecting refers to prospecting based on indicator plants like metallophytes and the analysis of vegetation. For example, the Viscaria Mine in Sweden was named after the plant Silene suecica (syn. Viscaria alpina) that was used by prospectors to discover the ore deposits.

A "most faithful" indicator plant is Ocimum centraliafricanum, the "copper plant" or "copper flower" formerly known as Becium homblei, found only on copper (and nickel) containing soils in central to southern Africa.

In  2015, Stephen E. Haggerty identified Pandanus candelabrum as a botanical indicator for kimberlite pipes, a source of mined diamonds.

The technique has been used in China since in the 5th century BC. People in the region noticed a connection between vegetation and the minerals located underground. There were particular plants that throve on and indicated areas rich in copper, nickel, zinc, and allegedly gold though the latter has not been confirmed. The connection arose out of an agricultural interest concerning soil compositions. While the process had been known to the Chinese region since antiquity, it was not written about and studied in the west until the 18th century in Italy.

References

Citations

Books
 Craddock, Paul T. Early Metal Mining and Production. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press 1995.

Economic geology
Phytogeography
Chinese discoveries

Geobotanical prospecting