Wael B. Hallaq is the Avalon Foundation Professor in the Humanities at Columbia University, where he has been teaching ethics, law, and political thought since 2009. He is considered a leading scholar in the field of Islamic legal studies, and has been described as one of the world's leading authorities on Islamic law.

He has published over eighty books and articles on topics including law, legal theory, philosophy, political theory, and logic. In 2009, John Esposito and his review panel included Hallaq in a list of the 500 most influential Muslims in the world for his research and publications on Islamic law, although Hallaq is Christian.

Hallaq gained prominence for his doctoral work challenging the notion of the so-called "the closing of the gate of ijtihad," a narrative that was for long accepted in the field as paradigmatic. The narrative posited that Muslim jurists of the post formative period abandoned creative legal reasoning, this leading to a generalized stagnation of the law. Hallaq further argued that this narrative was a product of colonial discourse that attempted to justify the colonization of Muslim lands and the destruction of indigenous Muslim legal institutions.

Early life and career
Wael Hallaq was born to a Palestinian Christian family in Nazareth in 1955. He graduated from the University of Haifa, then he earned a masters degree and a Ph.D. from the University of Washington.

Hallaq joined McGill University as an assistant professor of Islamic law in 1985, after receiving his Ph.D. from the University of Washington in 1983. He became a full professor in 1994, and was named a James McGill Professor in Islamic law in 2005.

Research and publications

Hallaq's teaching and research deal with the problematic epistemic ruptures generated by the onset of modernity and the socio-politico-
historical forces subsumed by it; with the intellectual history of Orientalism and the repercussions of Orientalist paradigms in later
scholarship and in Islamic legal studies as a whole; and with the synchronic and diachronic development of Islamic traditions of logic, legal
theory, and substantive law and the interdependent systems within these traditions. Hallaq's writings have explored the structural dynamics of legal change in pre-modern law, and have examined the centrality of moral theory to understanding the history of Islamic law and modern political movements. For the past decade and a half, his work has increasingly focused on the critique of the modern project, including the paradigmatic structures of knowledge that drive it. His current research attempts to map the constitutional practices of Islamic governance between the eighth and eighteenth centuries, with a view, among other things, to constructing a heuristic for a critique of modern constitutional arrangements.

Hallaq's major works include Restating Orientalism: A Critique of Modern Knowledge (2018) and Reforming Modernity: Ethics and the New Human in the Philosophy of Abdurrahman Taha (2019), Authority, Continuity, and Change in Islamic Law (2001), The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law (2005), Shari`a: Theory, Practice, Transformations (2009), and An Introduction to Islamic Law (2009).

Professor Hallaq's work is widely debated and translated, with several books and dissertations, and numerous articles, devoted to the study and analysis of his writings. His life and work have been featured in many symposia, talk shows, and documentaries by major media outlets. In 2015, his Impossible State (2013) won Columbia's distinguished Book Award for the two years prior, and since it appeared in Arabic in 2014, it has commanded much attention in academic circles and mass media in the Muslim world. In 2007, he won the Islamic Republic of Iran's best book prize for his Origins and Evolution, and in 2020, the Nautilus Book Award for Reforming Modernity. In 2021, he was awarded the TÜBA Prize, given by the Turkish Academy of Science in recognition of innovative and path-breaking scholarship in the Humanities and Social Sciences. Later in the same year, he was elected an Honorary Member of this Academy. Dozens of his major articles and all his books have now been rendered into Arabic and Turkish, and many are translated into several other languages including Indonesian, Japanese, Persian, Urdu, Hebrew, Italian, German, French, and most recently Albanian, Russian, and Bengali.

In 2018, Hallaq published Restating Orientalism: A Critique of Modern Knowledge published by Columbia University Press. Aziz Rana of Cornell Law School, author of The Two Faces of American Freedom, describes the text as "a brilliant interrogation of Said's famous concept, highlighting the extent which the issue of Orientalism is not simply one of problematic European authors, but instead goes to the heart of how the modern project itself constitutes subjects, knowledge, and power... It is essential reading and will be debated by scholars for years to come."

Walter Mignolo, an Argentine semiotician (École des Hautes Études) and professor at Duke University, said of Restating Orientalism that: "It is becoming increasingly evident among decolonial thinkers that colonial management (with or without colonies, with or without settlers) is a question of controlling and managing knowledge, and that power differential is implicit in agents, institutions, and languages of epistemic governance. Wael B. Hallaq brilliantly drives us, through a meticulous reading of Edward Said's Orientalism, to the awareness that domination is grounded on epistemic sovereignty and that liberation is unthinkable without epistemic freedom." Professor of Near Eastern Studies at Cornell, David S. Powers, noted in 2010: "During the past decade, Hallaq has turned from the medium of the scholarly article to that of the scholarly monograph. Synthesizing his findings and placing them within a larger conceptual framework, he has written three important monographs published by Cambridge University Press: A History of Islamic Legal Theories (1997); Authority, Continuity, and Change in Islamic Law (2001), and The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law (2004), a stunning accomplishment for a man of his age. Suffice it to say that when Wael B. Hallaq speaks, historians of Islamic law listen."

Courses taught

Over the last three and a half decades, Hallaq has taught a wide range of courses, both graduate and undergraduate, the latter in particular since he joined Columbia. The undergraduate course offerings include modules on key classical texts in translation; Central Questions in Islamic Law; Jihad, Liberalism and Violence; Sufism, Sharia and Politics; and History of Islamic law across the centuries. On the graduate level, he taught seminars – all conducted on the basis of primary Arabic sources – in Quranic exegesis; Hadith; Usul al-Fiqh; Fiqh; Adab al-Mufti; Adab al-Qadi; Logic (Mantiq); Political texts and mirrors for the prince; Sufism; and Nahda writings and modern moral philosophy.

Current research

Hallaq's current research addresses questions around governance in Islamic history from the formative period down to the middle Ottoman centuries, with a specific focus on the Mamluk domain. Of the two volumes projected, one will cover the legal history of Mamluk society and "state," dealing with various aspects of how "law" operated under that empire. The second volume will examine the structures of what might be called the Islamic constitutional conception in the middle period. The idea is to examine the various parts or "branches" of governance and how these parts interacted with, or against, each other. This includes a study of the Islamic "political man," a particular constitution of an archetypal subjectivity that was assumed to sustain the government apparatus. Yet, the discourse of this volume never abandons comparison and contrast with the evolution of political structures in Europe since the fifteenth century, bringing one to bear on the other. The final aim is not only to produce a narrative of Islamic constitutional history, but also a critical heuristic that sheds light on the crisis of modern constitutional arrangements.

Publications

 Authored Volumes
Reforming Modernity: Ethics and the New Human in the Philosophy of Abdurrahman Taha (New York: Columbia University Press, 2019); Winner of the Silver Nautulus Award, 2020; Arabic translation (Beirut, 2019); Turkish translation (Istanbul, 2020).
Al-Qur'an wal-Shari`a: Nahw Dusturiyya Islamiyya Jadida (Beirut: al-Shabaka al-`Arabiyya, 2019).
Restating Orientalism: A Critique of Modern Knowledge (New York: Columbia University Press, 2018); Arabic translation (Beirut, 2018); Turkish translation (Istanbul, 2020); German Translation (Berlin, 2022).
The Impossible State: Islam, Politics and Modernity's Moral Predicament (New York: Columbia University Press, 2013); Winner of the Distinguished Book Award of Columbia University Press and the Office of the Provost; Arabic translation (Beirut, 2014; second printing in the same year); Indonesian translation (Yogyakarta, 2015); Urdu Translation (Lahore, 2018); Turkish Translation (Istanbul, 2019); Japanese and Chinese translations in progress.
An Introduction to Islamic Law (Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009).
Shari'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations (Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009).
The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law (Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed? The Early Essays on the History of Islamic Legal Theories by Wael B. Hallaq / ed. and trans. Atsushi Okuda (Tokyo: Keio University Press, 2003; in Japanese, containing translations of a number of the below articles).
Authority, Continuity, and Change in Islamic law (Cambridge, U.K.; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
A History of Islamic Legal Theories: An Introduction to Sunni Usul al-Fiqh (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Paperback edition, 1999; Reprinted, 2002; Translated into Indonesian (Jakarta: PT RajaGrafindo Persada, 2000); Arabic translation (Beirut, 2007); Japanese translation (Tokyo, 2010); Persian translation (Tehran, 2008); Russian translation (Moscow 2020).
Ibn Taymiyya Against the Greek Logicians translated with an introduction and notes by Wael B. Hallaq (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993; a translation of Jahd al-qarīḥah fī tajrīd al-Naṣīḥah, an abridgment by al-Suyūṭī of Ibn Taymīyah's work Naṣīḥat ahl al-bayān fī al-radd ʻalá manṭiq al-Yūnān).

 Edited Anthologies
The formation of Islamic law (Aldershot, UK; Burlington, VT: Ashgate/Variorum, 2004).
Islamic studies presented to Charles J. Adams / edited by Wael B. Hallaq and Donald P. Little. (Leiden; New York: Brill, 1991).
Tradition, Modernity, and Postmodernity in Arabic Literature : Essays in Honor of Professor Issa J. Boullata, coeditor Kamal Abdel-Malek  (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 2000).

 Selected Articles
"God Cannot be Harmed': On Huquq Allah/Huquq al-`Ibad Continuum," Routledge Handbook of Islamic Law, ed. Khalid Abou El Fadl, et al (London: Routledge, 2019).
"Usul al-Fiqh and Shafi`i's Risala," Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies, 19 (2019), 129-183.
"Seventeen Theses on History," in Jason Mohaghegh et al., eds., Manifestos of World Thought (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2018).
"Quranic Magna Carta: On the Origins of the Rule of Law in Islam," in R. Griffith-Jones and Mark Hill, eds., Magna Carta, Religion and the Rule of Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014): 157-76.
"On Orientalism, Self-Consciousness and History," Islamic Law and Society, 18, 3-4 (2011): 387-439.
"Qur'anic Constitutionalism and Moral Governmentality: Further Notes on the Founding Principles of Islamic Society and Polity," Comparative Islamic Studies, 8, 1-2 (2012): 1-51.
"Groundwork of the Moral Law: A New Look at the Qur'ān and the Genesis of Sharī'a," Islamic Law and Society, vol.16 (2009): 239-79.
"Islamic Law: History and Transformation," The New Cambridge History of Islam, vol. 4, ed. R. Irwin (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010): 142-83.
"What is Sharia?" Yearbook of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law, 2005–2006, vol. 12 (Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 2007): 151-80.
"Juristic Authority vs. State Power: The Legal Crises of Modern Islam," Journal of Law and Religion, 19, 2 (2003–04), 101-116.
"Can the Shari'a be Restored?" in Yvonne Y. Haddad and Barbara F. Stowasser, eds., Islamic Law and the Challenges of Modernity (Walnut Creek: Altamira Press, 2004), 21-53.
"'Muslim Rage' and Islamic Law," Hastings Law Journal, 54 (August, 2003), 1-17.
"The Quest for Origins or Doctrine? Islamic Legal Studies as Colonialist Discourse," UCLA Journal of Islamic and Near Eastern Law, 2, 1 (2002–03), 1-31.
"A Prelude to Ottoman Reform: Ibn 'Abidîn on Custom and Legal Change," Histories of the Modern Middle East: New Directions, eds. I. Gershoni et al. (Boulder & London: Lynne Rienner, 2002), 37-61.
"Takhrij and the Construction of Juristic Authority," Studies in Islamic Legal Theory, ed. Bernard G. Weiss (Leiden: Brill, 2002), 317-35.
"On Dating Mâlik's Muwatta'," UCLA Journal of Islamic and Near Eastern Law, 1, 1 (2001–02), 47-65.
"From Geographical to Personal Schools?: A Reevaluation," Islamic Law and Society, 8,1 (2001), 1-26.
"The Author-Jurist and Legal Change in Traditional Islamic Law," RIMO (Maastricht), 18 (2000), 31-75.
"The Authenticity of Prophetic Hâdith: A Pseudo-Problem," Studia Islamica 89 (1999), 75-90.
"Qadis Communicating: Legal Change and the Law of Documentary Evidence," al-Qantara, XX (1999), 437-66.
"The Qadi's Diwan (Sijill) before the Ottomans," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 61, 3 (1998), 415-36.
"Introduction: Issues and Problems," (as Guest Editor) Islamic Law and Society, 3, 2 (1996), 127-36.
"Ifta' and Ijtihad in Sunni Legal Theory: A Developmental Account," in Kh. Masud, Brink Messick, and David Powers, eds., Islamic Legal Interpretation: Muftîs and their Fatwas (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996), 33-43.
"Model Shurut Works and the Dialectic of Doctrine and Practice," Islamic Law and Society, 2, 2 (1995), 109-34.
"Murder in Cordoba: Ijtihad, Ifta' and the Evolution of Substantive Law in Medieval Islam" Acta Orientalia (Oslo), 55 (1994), 55-83.
"From Fatwas to Furu': Growth and Change in Islamic Substantive Law" Islamic Law and Society, 1 (February 1994), 17-56.
Co-author. Symposium on Religious Law: Roman Catholic, Islamic, and Jewish Treatment of Familial Issues, Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Journal, 1, 16 (1993), 41f, 53f, 79f.
"Was al-Shafi'i the Master Architect of Islamic Jurisprudence?," International Journal of Middle East Studies, 4 (November 1993), 587-605.
"Usul al-Fiqh: Beyond Tradition," Journal of Islamic Studies, 3, 2 (1992), 172-202.
"Ibn Taymiyya on the Existence of God," Acta Orientalia (Copenhagen), 52 (1991), 49-69. (Translated into Turkish by Bilal Kuspinar, "Ibn Teymiyye'ye Göre Allah'in Varligi," Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 3 (April, 1993), 135-153).
"The Primacy of the Qur'an in Shatibi's Legal Theory," in Wael B. Hallaq and D. Little, eds., Islamic Studies Presented to Charles J. Adams (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1991), 65-86.
"On Inductive Corroboration, Probability and Certainty in Sunni Legal Thought," in Nicholas L. Heer, ed., Islamic Law and Jurisprudence: Studies in Honor of Farhat J. Ziadeh (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1990), 3-31.
"Logic, Formal Arguments and Formalization of Arguments in Sunni Jurisprudence," Arabica, 37, 3 (1990), 315-358.
"The Use and Abuse of Evidence: The Question of Provincial and Roman Influences on Early Islamic Law," Journal of the American Oriental Society, 110, 1 (1990), 79-91.
"Non-Analogical Arguments in Sunni Juridical Qiyas," Arabica, 36, 3 (1989), 286-306.
"Notes on the Term Qarina in Islamic Legal Discourse," Journal of the American Oriental Society, 108, 3 (1988), 475-80.
"A Tenth-Eleventh Century Treatise on Juridical Dialectic," Muslim World, 77, 2-3 (1987), 198-227.
"The Development of Logical Structure in Islamic Legal Theory," Der Islam, 64, 1 (1987),42-67. Reprinted in Islamic Law and Legal Theory, ed. Ian Edge (The International Library of Essays in Law and Legal Theory, series editor Tom D. Campbell) (Hampshire: Dartmouth Publishing Co., 1993).
"On the Origins of the Controversy about the Existence of Mujtahids and the Gate of Ijtihad," Studia Islamica, 63 (1986),129-41. Persian translation by A. Kazemi-Moussavi, "Rishaha-yi Bahth dar Bara-yi Vujud-i Mujtahid va Bab-i Ijtihad," Tahqiqat-i Islami, 5, 1-2 (1369/1990-1),123-34. Translated into Indonesian by Nurul Agustini in Hikmat, 7 (1992), 43-54.
"On the Authoritativeness of Sunni Consensus," The International Journal of Middle East Studies, 18, 4 (1986),427-54.
"The Logic of Legal Reasoning in Religious and Non-Religious Cultures: The Case of Islamic Law and Common Law," The Cleveland State Law Review, 34, 1 (1985-6), 79-96. Reprinted in Comparative Legal Cultures, ed. Csaba Varga (The International Library of Essays in Law and Legal Theory, series editor T. D. Campbell) (Hampshire: Dartmouth Publishing Co., 1992), 401-418.
"Considerations on the Function and Character of Sunni Legal Theory," Journal of the American Oriental Society, 104, 4 (1984), 679-89.
"Caliphs, Jurists and the Saljuqs in the Political Thought of Juwayni," Muslim World, 74, 1 (1984), 26-41.
"Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?" International Journal of Middle East Studies, 16, 1 (1984), 3-41. Reprinted in Islamic Law and Legal Theory, ed. Ian Edge (The International Library of Essays in Law and Legal Theory, series editor Tom D. Campbell (Hampshire: Dartmouth Publishing Co., 1993); Translated into Hebrew in Al-Jama'a, the Chaim Herzog Center for Middle East Studies, 8 (2001),118-68, with an introduction by Nimrod Hurvitz.

References

Living people
Palestinian scholars of Islam
Canadian scholars of Islam
1955 births
Columbia University faculty
University of Washington alumni
20th-century scholars
21st-century jurists

Wael Hallaq


China Energy Conservation and Environmental Protection Group Corporation formerly known as China Energy Conservation Investment Corporation (CECIC) is a Beijing-based state-owned enterprise established in 1988 by the State Council of the People's Republic of China. Its investment portfolio is committed to promoting energy-saving and environmental protection technologies and projects.

CECIC has responsibility for 23 billion renminbi of investment in the national energy conservation fund for basic construction projects.  It has promoted 13 major energy-saving measures and has completed more than 3,000 large-scale energy efficient and environmental protection projects.

The president is Xiaokang Wang.

Business areas
China Energy Conservation Investment Corporation, through its subsidiaries, engages in the environmental protection, energy conservation, new and renewable energy, materials, and technology businesses. It involves in the treatment of environment, administration of water resources, production and supply of water, treatment and recycling of waste water, manufacture of anti-pollution equipment, and construction of environmental projects; power generation, and production and supply of heat, as well as manufacture of power transmission, distribution, and control equipment; manufacture of lighting devices and instruments, production of cold rolled steel strips, and manufacture of metal processing machines; hydroelectric and wind power generation, and gas supply; manufacture of new building materials, and mining and dressing of scarce and rare-earth metal ores; and manufacture of communication equipment, electronic devices, information chemical products, and equipment for public society security.

The company also provides services, such as computer software services, as well as assets management, technology venture investment, and financial and industrial services.

Subsidiaries
 China Geo-Engineering Corporation
 China Ground Source Energy Industry Group Limited
 CECEP COSTIN New Materials Group Limited
 China Metal Recycling (Holdings) Limited

See also

Suntech Power
Chint Group

References

External links

Investment companies of China
Conglomerate companies of China
Environmental organizations based in China
Government-owned companies of China
Companies based in Beijing
Conglomerate companies established in 1997
Financial services companies established in 1997
Renewable resource companies established in 1997
Chinese companies established in 1997


Silver Bears is a 1978 British comedy crime thriller film based on a novel by Paul Erdman, directed by Ivan Passer and starring Michael Caine, Cybill Shepherd, Louis Jourdan and Joss Ackland. Caine portrays mob accountant "Doc" Fletcher who acquires a Swiss bank and a silver mine but must fight a complex struggle in order to keep hold of them.

Plot

Financial wizard Doc Fletcher goes to Lugano to obtain a bank on behalf of his boss, American mobster Joe Fiore, in order to more easily launder his ill-gotten gains. The impoverished Italian Prince Gianfranco di Siracusa agrees to act as chairman of the board in order to give it an air of respectability. Doc finds that the bank consists of some shabby offices above a pizza restaurant and has only a few hundred dollars in assets.

The Prince suggests that they invest in a silver mine recently discovered in Iran by his distant cousins, Agha Firdausi and his sister Shireen. The mine is said to contain $1 billion worth of untapped silver. After visiting the Firdausis in Iran, Doc obtains $5 million from Agha as security for a loan of $20 million and uses the money to obtain better banking premises and put on a major show that attracts powerful investors.

In London, metals dealer and one of the richest men in the world Charles Cook is concerned by a drop in the price of silver brought about by the Firdausi silver hitting the market. Discovering that the Lugano bank is financing the operation, he decides that the best way to stop the downward plunge is to take over the bank responsible and close down the mine. He contacts Foreman, president of the First National Bank of California, who agrees to the plan and sends one of his accountants, Donald Luckman, to Lugano to meet Doc and his associates. Luckman's questions makes them suspicious. Doc seduces Donald's fun-loving wife Debbie to find out more. She reveals all about Cook's interest in the mine and the bank.

Luckman returns and offers up to $60 million for the bank. Fiore jumps at the opportunity, but Doc does not want to sell and persuades Fiore to give him time to make a bid of his own. Doc meets the Firdausis in Dubai to obtain $60 million to buy the bank, but they reveal there is no silver in the mine, as it has all been smuggled from India. The mine was just a cover to obtain the money needed for their operation.

Foreman buys the bank then goes to Cook and demands an exorbitant amount for the silver mine, only to be told that it does not exist and that he will thus not be refunded the $60 million used to buy the bank. Foreman can recoup the insurance since the purchase report mentions non-existent "oil storage tanks", thus making a case for fraud. Doc offers to give Foreman an additional $10 million which he will get from Cook in exchange for exclusive purchasing rights to the Firdausi silver. Foreman gives Doc the bank. Luckman then reveals that for the insurance claim to be valid there will have to be a criminal prosecution and a scapegoat will be needed in order to go to prison. The others agree, deciding that it should be Luckman, as he falsified the report.

Back in Lugano, the Prince marries Shireen Firdausi. Agha does not attend the wedding and Shireen admits that he was in fact an actor she hired since she doubted if a bank would loan $20 million to a woman. Doc comes across Debbie who has been attending Donald's trial for fraud. She has promised to get a place near the jail in order to be close to him and Doc states that his house is conveniently near the prison itself.

Cast
 Michael Caine as Doc Fletcher
 Cybill Shepherd as Debbie Luckman
 Louis Jourdan as Prince di Siracusa
 Stéphane Audran as Shireen Firdausi
 David Warner as Agha Firdausi
 Tom Smothers as Donald Luckman
 Martin Balsam as Joe Fiore
 Jay Leno as Albert Fiore
 Charles Gray as Sir Charles Cook
 Joss Ackland as Henry Foreman
 Jeremy Clyde as Nick Topping

External links

1978 films
1978 comedy films
1970s comedy thriller films
Adultery in films
British comedy films
Films about con artists
Films based on American novels
Films set in Dubai
Films set in Iran
Films set in Switzerland
Films set in the Las Vegas Valley
Films about mining
Stock trading films
EMI Films films
Films directed by Ivan Passer
Films scored by Claude Bolling
Films about princes
1970s English-language films
1970s British films

Silver Bears


The Musée Chappuis-Fähndrich, located in Develier, Canton of Jura, Switzerland, houses a large collection of objects from everyday life in the region during the period 1650 to 1950.

The collection, assembled by Marc Chappuis and his wife, and housed in a barn, consists of housewares, farm tools, devotional items, and other objects used in farm life, local crafts, and religious worship over a period of three hundred years. There are cast iron skillets, ceramic pots, wooden toys, and leather harnesses, many of them purchases from local second hand shops or gifts of nearby farmers.

The museum is private and open by appointment only.

External links
Musée Chappuis-Fähndrich

Chappuis-Fahndrich
History museums in Switzerland
Agriculture museums in Switzerland

Musée Chappuis-Fähndrich


March Violets is a historical detective novel and the first written by Philip Kerr featuring detective Bernhard "Bernie" Gunther. March Violets is the first of the trilogy by Kerr called Berlin Noir. The second, The Pale Criminal, appeared in 1990 and the third, A German Requiem in 1991.

Plot
Bernhard Gunther, a 38-year-old Berlin ex-cop turned private investigator, is hired in the summer of 1936 by rich industrialist Hermann Six to recover a diamond necklace stolen from his daughter Grete's house. As part of the robbery, it appears both his daughter and her husband, Paul Pfarr, were murdered and the house was torched.

Through various informants, Gunther discovers that Paul Pfarr was an SS officer and at odds with his father-in-law Six, and was working to eradicate corruption in the government administration under orders from SS and Gestapo leader Heinrich Himmler. He also uncovers a link between Six's private secretary Hjalmar Haupthändler and Kurt Jeschonneck, a shady diamond dealer.

The investigation then centers around a certain Von Greis, an aristocrat collecting blackmail material on important personalities for Hermann Göring, which Goering uses for political means. During the investigation Gunther meets Inge Lorenz, who becomes his assistant and, eventually, romantic interest. With Inge, Gunther follows various clues to try to find Kurt Mutschmann, the criminal who allegedly cracked the safe of the Pfarr house. This leads them to a dilapidated pension where they find Von Greis's decaying body. Eventually they learn that Mutschmann did the robbery for "Red" Dieter, head of the German Strength crime syndicate. Gunther then meets Paul's assistant, Marlene Sahm, at the Reich Sports Field during races that are part of the 1936 Olympic games. From Sahm, Gunther learns that Paul had discovered Six was corrupt and was about to indict him. To do that, he tried to convince Von Greis to release what he had on Six, but Von Greis refused, so Paul got the Gestapo to obtain the documents for him. Von Greis later was killed by Dieter's men.

Following his meeting with Sahm, Gunther takes a taxi to Haupthändler's beach house. There he sees Haupthändler, Jeschonnek, and a woman, and confronts them. In the scuffle he kills Jeschonnek and knocks out Haupthändler and the woman, but is then knocked out himself by an assailant from Dieter's crew. In the meantime, Inge disappears.

Once recovered from the beach house event, Gunther goes to Six's place to get answers to some pending questions. Six tries to pay to get him off the case, but Gunther confronts him with the facts at his disposal. During the exchange Gunther realizes that the woman he saw at Haupthändler's beach house was Six's daughter, not Paul's girlfriend. It turns out Grete Pfarr, Six's daughter, had killed her husband and his mistress and, with the help of Haupthändler, stole the necklace to generate some cash for an escape, then burned down the house. But by then the safe had already been deprived of the papers by Mutschmann, and their theft of the necklace just made Red Dieter look bad to his employer, Hermann Six. Six comes to the terrible realization that Red Dieter holds his daughter and Haupthändler, and he and Gunther retrieve a motor boat to go to the headquarters of the German Strength ring.

At the German Strength headquarters, Six and Gunther explain the case to Red Dieter, who helps them retrieve Haupthändler and Grete, who were being tortured based on the false belief that they must know the location of the von Greis papers since they have the necklace which was in the safe with the papers. In retrieving the two prisoners, Red Dieter has to shoot one of his own surly men and things heat up. Gunther tries to escape from the island with Grete in a boat but they are intercepted by a Gestapo raid. In the action, Grete catches a stray bullet and dies.

Gunther awakens to find out he has been taken in by the Gestapo and he is left to rot in a cell for a week. Eventually, a top Gestapo officer, Reinhard Heydrich, forces him to agree to go to the Dachau concentration camp to try to covertly befriend Mutschmann, who is a prisoner there, and obtain from him the location of the Von Greis papers. Gunther is sent to Dachau and has various unfortunate camp experiences there, which land him at the hospital. In the hospital he discovers Mutschmann, who is dying of hepatitis. In the end Mutschmann yields the location of the papers before dying. It is implied that Gunther gives the papers to the Gestapo, who let him go. He never finds Inge.

Major themes
The major themes of the novel include corruption among the civil servants of the Third Reich, the everyday violence and anti-Semitism of the Nazi regime and the inability or unwillingness of ordinary Germans to act in the face of the coming war.

Historical elements
Although most of the characters are fictitious, the novel's plot also involves historical figures, including Goering, Himmler, Heydrich, Arthur Nebe, and Walther Funk. A scene in Chapter 15 takes place at the Reich Sports Field during an Olympic track and field event in which Jesse Owens participates.

Many place names of 1936 Berlin are referred to. However, a historical error is present in Chapter 7, where Kerr refers to a street on the edge the Dahlem section of Berlin as "Clayallee".  This street, originally Kronprinzenallee, was renamed in 1949 in honor of the American General Lucius D. Clay, Military Governor of the U.S. Occupation Zone and organizer of the Berlin Airlift in relief of the Soviet blockade of West Berlin.  In chapter 11, the reference to Reichswerke Hermann Göring is inaccurate since this corporate entity was created only in July 1937.

Development history

Publication history
 1989, UK, Viking, ,  Pub date 23 March 1989, Hardcover
 1990, UK, Penguin, , Pub date 14 May 1990, Paperback
 1993, UK, Penguin, , Pub date 29 April 1993 (as the first part of the "Berlin Noir" paperback)

Explanation of the novel's title
"March violets" were opportunist late-comers to the Nazi Party after the passage of Hitler's Enabling Act rendering him dictator, on March 23, 1933.

Awards
 1993 Le Prix du Roman d'Aventures
 1994 Prix Mystère de la critique, in the foreign novel category
 2011 Named by The Guardian as one of the ten best books set in Berlin

References

External links
 Page on March Violets on the Bernie Gunther fan site

British mystery novels
Historical mystery novels
1989 British novels
Novels set in Berlin
Detective novels
Fiction set in 1936
Works about the 1936 Summer Olympics
Viking Press books
1989 debut novels

March Violets


Ludwik () is a Polish given name.

Notable people with the name include:
 Ludwik Czyżewski, Polish WWII general
 Ludwik Fleck (1896–1961), Polish medical doctor and biologist
 Ludwik Gintel (1899–1973), Polish-Israeli Olympic soccer player
 Ludwik Hirszfeld (1884–1954), Polish microbiologist
 Ludwik Krzywicki (1859–1941), Polish economist and sociologist
 Ludwik Lawiński (1887–1971), Polish film actor
 Ludwik Mlokosiewicz (1831–1909), Polish explorer, zoologist and botanist
 Ludwik Mycielski (1854–1926), Polish politician
 Ludwik Rajchman (1881–1965), Polish bacteriologist
 Ludwik Silberstein (1872–1948), Polish-American physicist that helped make special relativity and general relativity staples of university coursework
 Ludwik Starski (1903–1984), Polish lyricist and screenwriter
 Ludwik Waryński (1856–1889), Polish activist and theoretician of the socialist movement
 Ludwik Zamenhof (1859–1917), Polish medical doctor, writer, and inventor of Esperanto.

Other people include:
 Ignace Reiss (1899-1937), Soviet spy whose best-known cover name was "Ludwik."

Polish masculine given names
Masculine given names

Ludwik


Law enforcement in Malaysia is performed by numerous law enforcement agencies and primarily the responsibility of the Royal Malaysia Police. Like many federal nations, the nature of the Constitution of Malaysia mandates law and order as a subject of a state, which means that local government bodies also have a role to play in law enforcement, therefore the bulk of the policing lies with the respective states and territories of Malaysia. Below are some of the law enforcement bodies and agencies of Malaysia.

Police forces

Royal Malaysia Police

The Royal Malaysia Police is the main agency tasked with maintaining law and order in Malaysia. The force is a centralised organisation with responsibilities ranging from traffic control to intelligence gathering. Its headquarters is located at Bukit Aman, Kuala Lumpur. The constitution, control, employment, recruitment, fund, discipline, duties and powers of the police force is specified and governed by the Police Act 1967.

An occupied by the Ministry of Home Affairs, RMP have six departments involved in crime and terrorism prevention and two departments involved in the administration. All departments are led by the directors with the rank of Commissioner of Police (Army Equivalent rank of Three Stars General or Lieutenant-General).

Private Security Services
The Malaysian Government utilises the services of several auxiliary police, volunteer police, and police cadet forces. An auxiliary police in RMP refers to sworn security police serving in autonomous government agencies and key government-linked companies/entities, such as Malaysian Airports Holdings Berhad, Petroleum Nasional Berhad (Petronas), Pos Malaysia Berhad, and Malayan Railways.

The volunteer police force in RMP has formed two corps, such as Police Volunteer Reserve and Police Undergraduate Voluntary Corps. The Police Volunteer Reserve (PVR) () is a special police as well as a supporting unit of the full-time RMP forces where normal citizens could volunteer to help to maintain peace and security of their respective neighbourhoods and public areas, while Police Undergraduate Voluntary Corps () is an undergraduate police volunteer organisation to undergoing periodic training times to times in three years in their respective university and will be commissioned as Inspector by the Inspector General of Police in the end of the three years training.

Coast guards

Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency
The Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency is the principal government agency tasked with maintaining law and order and co-ordinating search and rescue operations in the Malaysian Maritime Zone and on the high seas. It is in effect the coast guard of Malaysia. The agency is not part of nor are there any plans for it be integrated into the Malaysian Armed Forces. The Agency and its members are part of the Malaysian Civil Service and report directly to the Prime Minister's Department.

Military police
The Malaysian Armed Forces (MAF) has three branches: the Malaysian Army, Royal Malaysian Navy, and Royal Malaysian Air Force. Each branch has its own military police unit, which is responsible for maintaining law and order and providing security within its respective service. This includes Kor Polis Tentera DiRaja, RMAF Provost Unit, and RMN Provost Unit.

Ministries

Ministry of Human Resources

Ministry of Human Resources is responsible for enforcing various laws related to labor and employment. The ministry is tasked with ensuring that employers and employees comply with relevant laws, regulations, and policies related to employment practices, industrial relations, and social security.

Some of the laws and regulations enforced by the Ministry of Human Resources in Malaysia include the Employment Act, Industrial Relations Act, Trade Unions Act, Minimum Wages Order, and Occupational Safety and Health Act. The ministry also oversees the administration of several social security programs, such as the Employees Provident Fund (EPF) and Social Security Organization (SOCSO).

Ministry of Domestic Trade and Cost of Living

Ministry of Domestic Trade and Cost of Living has the authority to enforce laws related to trade and consumer protection. It is responsible for implementing and enforcing various laws and regulations related to trade practices, including the Price Control and Anti-Profiteering Act, the Trade Descriptions Act, and the Consumer Protection Act.

The Ministry also conducts regular inspections and audits to ensure compliance with these laws, and it has the power to take legal action against businesses that violate them. In addition, the Ministry collaborates with other government agencies, such as the police and the customs department, to combat illegal trade activities such as smuggling, counterfeit goods, and other forms of illicit trade.

Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security

The Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (MAFS) is responsible for formulating and implementing policies related to agriculture, food, and agro-based industries.

The Ministry has several departments, including the Department of Fisheries and the Department of Veterinary Services, which are responsible for enforcing laws related to their respective areas. The Department of Fisheries, for instance, is responsible for managing the country's fisheries resources and enforcing laws related to fishing activities, while the Department of Veterinary Services is responsible for ensuring that livestock are healthy and that animal products are safe for consumption.

Ministry of Home Affairs

MOHA enforces a wide range of laws and regulations related to immigration, passports, printing and publication, film censorship, terrorism, human trafficking, and other matters. It also provides a number of services, such as managing the prison system, providing disaster relief, and countering drug trafficking.

Ministry of Home Affairs (MOHA) enforces the Printing Presses and Publication Act 1984, which controls the printing and publication of newspapers, books, and other materials. MOHA has the power to seize and detain publications that are considered to be in violation of the Printing Presses and Publication Act.

Ministry of Health

Ministry of Health is responsible for enforcing laws related to public health and safety. The ministry works to ensure that healthcare services are accessible, affordable, and of high quality, and it has the authority to enforce laws and regulations related to healthcare practices and standards.

Some of the laws enforced by the Ministry of Health in Malaysia include the Private Healthcare Facilities and Services Act, the Poisons Act, the Food Act, and the Control of Tobacco Product Regulations. The ministry also oversees the regulation of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and other healthcare products and services.

Ministry of Natural Resources, Environment and Climate Change

Ministry of Natural Resources, Environment and Climate Change is responsible for enforcing laws related to the environment and water resources. The ministry works to protect the environment and ensure the sustainable use of natural resources by enforcing laws related to pollution control, conservation, and waste management.

The ministry enforces various laws and regulations related to environmental protection, such as the Environmental Quality Act, the National Forestry Act, and the Wildlife Conservation Act. It also oversees the regulation of water resources, including the management of water supply and the protection of water quality.

Agencies

Besides the RMP and MMEA, other government agencies that also enforce specific laws are as follows:

Royal Malaysian Customs

The Royal Malaysian Customs Department is a government agency of the Ministry of Finance. The department is responsible for administrating the nation's indirect tax policy. The department also manage the country's customs, excise, and trade regulations. Its main role is to facilitate international trade while ensuring compliance with the country's laws and regulations.

The department is responsible for enforcing customs regulations, such as the collection of duties and taxes on imports and exports, the control of prohibited and restricted goods, and the prevention of smuggling and other illicit activities. The RMC administers seven main and thirty-nine subsidiary laws. Apart from this, the RMC implements eighteen laws for other government agencies.

Inland Revenue Board of Malaysia
The Inland Revenue Board of Malaysia, also known as Lembaga Hasil Dalam Negeri Malaysia (LHDN), is responsible for enforcing laws related to taxation in Malaysia. It is an agency under the Ministry of Finance and is responsible for collecting and administering various types of taxes, including income tax, goods and services tax (GST), and real property gains tax.

LHDN has a wide range of powers and functions related to taxation enforcement, including conducting audits and investigations to ensure compliance with tax laws, imposing penalties for non-compliance, and taking legal action against tax evaders.

Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission

The Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission is a government agency in Malaysia that investigates and prosecutes corruption in the public and private sectors. The MACC was modelled after top anti-corruption agencies, such as the Hong Kong's Independent Commission Against Corruption and the New South Wales Independent Commission Against Corruption, Australia.

The MACC is recognized for its active role in investigating high-profile corruption cases and has contributed to enhancing Malaysia's standing in global corruption perception rankings. However, the agency has been criticized for its perceived lack of autonomy and potential political influence. Currently, the MACC operates under the Prime Minister's Department.

Malaysian Prison Department

The Malaysian Prison Department is a government agency responsible for the management and rehabilitation of prisoners in Malaysia. The department operates under the purview of the Ministry of Home Affairs.

The main goal of the Malaysian Prison Department is to ensure the safe and secure custody of prisoners while also providing them with opportunities for rehabilitation and reintegration into society. The department manages various types of correctional institutions throughout the country, including prisons, rehabilitation centers, and detention centers.

Malaysia Volunteers Corps Department

The People's Volunteer Corps (Malay: Jabatan Sukarelawan Malaysia), abbreviated RELA, officially the Malaysia Volunteers Corps Department, is a paramilitary civil volunteer corps formed by the Malaysian government. Their main duty is to check the travelling documents and immigration permits of foreigners in Malaysian cities, including tourists, visitors and migrants to reduce the increasing rate of illegal immigrants in Malaysia. RELA has the authority to deal with situations like policemen, such as raiding suspected streets or places such as factories, restaurants and even hotels.

They are also fully authorised to conduct the interrogation and even detaining people who forget to bring their travelling documents, like passports and/or working permits. Besides that they are also tasked with security works at times. During times of war, they are absorbed into the Malaysian Army as support groups despite their law enforcing duties. They are also tasked to do SAR works if needed.

Immigration Department of Malaysia

The Immigration Department of Malaysia is a government agency responsible for enforcing immigration laws and regulations, as well as managing the movement of people in and out of Malaysia, including issuing visas, work permits, and other travel documents. The department is also responsible for conducting passport checks, preventing illegal immigration, and carrying out enforcement operations against undocumented immigrants. The agency plays a critical role in ensuring national security and maintaining the integrity of the country's borders.

Malaysian Road Transport Department

The Malaysian Road Transport Department is a government department under the Malaysian Ministry of Transport. This department is responsible for issuing Malaysian number plates. According to the Road Transport Act, the enforcement is charged with the responsibility of undertaking registration and licensing of drivers and all motor vehicles and trailers in Malaysia.

Civil Aviation Authority Malaysia

The Civil Aviation Authority of Malaysia (CAAM) is a regulatory body responsible for the safety and security of civil aviation in Malaysia. CAAM's primary function is to ensure that all civil aviation activities in Malaysia comply with international and national aviation safety standards.

Malaysia Marine Department
Malaysia Marine Department is a regulatory body responsible for the safety and security of shipping in Malaysia. JLM conducts safety audits of ships and ports, issues licenses and permits to shipping personnel and organizations, investigates accidents and incidents involving ships, develops and enforces maritime safety regulations, and promotes maritime safety awareness among the public.

Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission

Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) is an agency under the purview of the Ministry of Communications and Digital that is responsible for regulating the country's communications and multimedia industry and enforcing laws related to it. The MCMC has the authority to enforce laws related to content regulation, cybersecurity, and other areas under its purview. This includes the power to issue fines, notices, and summonses to individuals or companies that violate the laws and regulations related to the communications and multimedia industry.

National Anti-Drugs Agency
The National Anti-Drug Agency (NADA) of Malaysia is a government agency under the purview of the Ministry of Home Affairs. Its primary objective is to combat drug abuse and drug trafficking in Malaysia.

NADA is responsible for implementing and coordinating drug prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation programs throughout the country. It also carries out enforcement activities to suppress drug trafficking and abuse, including conducting investigations, seizures, and arrests.

Securities Commission Malaysia

Securities Commission Malaysia is a statutory body that regulates and develops the Malaysian capital market. The SC has the power to investigate and take action against market participants who violate securities laws. The SC's role is to ensure that the Malaysian capital market is fair, orderly, and transparent. It does this by setting and enforcing rules and regulations, and by monitoring market activity.

See also

 Crime in Malaysia
 Laws of Malaysia
 Law enforcement in Singapore

References

Law enforcement in Malaysia


Jack Ford is an American television news personality specializing in legal commentary. He has spent over two decades in front of the TV camera as a host and presenter of numerous information and entertainment programs.

Early life
Raised by a single parent, Ford grew up in Point Pleasant Beach and attended Point Pleasant Beach High School. He graduated from Yale University, where he played football. He also earned a law degree from Fordham University School of Law. He subsequently spent three years as a prosecutor in New Jersey, before beginning his own private practice as a lawyer.  He also served as an adjunct professor of law at Fordham Law School.

Career

In 1984, Ford was hired by WCBS-TV as its legal commentator and joined Courtroom Television Network upon its launch on July 1, 1991.  He moved to NBC News in 1994 as the chief legal correspondent and succeeded Mike Schneider as the co-anchor with Giselle Fernandez of the network's morning show Weekend Today in May 1995. He continued to host the show with interim co-anchor Ann Curry in 1996, Jodi Applegate from 1996 to April 1999, and with Soledad O'Brien from April to July 1999. That year he was named "Sexiest News Anchor" by People magazine.

In September 1999, Ford joined ABC News and became a correspondent for 20/20 and Good Morning America. On December 31, 1999, he was in Times Square as part of ABC 2000 Today, the network's 23-hour worldwide coverage of the Millennium, hosted by Peter Jennings. During ABC's coverage of the millennium, both he and Dick Clark counted down the final minutes until 2000 arrived in Times Square. Ford was the moderator of ESPN's The Sports Reporters from 2002 to 2003 and co-hosted the short-lived syndicated talk show Living It Up! With Ali & Jack, which premiered on September 15, 2003. Produced at the CBS Broadcast Center in New York, the program, with "Ali", (actress Alexandra "Ali" Wentworth), started with high ratings, but quickly lost ground and terminated production after seven months, although repeats continued for another four months, to August 2004.

In June 2004, Ford returned to Court TV (now truTV) and on January 17, 2006, began co-hosting, with Ashleigh Banfield the two-hour daily afternoon program Banfield & Ford: Courtside. Since 2009 he has been a CBS News Legal Analyst.  He has been a Visiting Lecturer at Yale University since 2007, teaching an undergraduate seminar titled "Trials of the Century," a course which he also taught at New York University in 2019.

Since 2018, he has served as a college football analyst for ESPN, calling Ivy League football games.

He is the author of "The Osiris Alliance" (2009), a suspense novel about nuclear smuggling.

He has received two Emmy Awards, a Peabody Award, an American Radio and Television Award, a National Headliner Award, and the March of Dimes FDR Award.

Ford had been a resident of Interlaken, New Jersey and moved to Spring Lake, where he lives with his wife and two children. He was a contestant on the original version of Jeopardy! with Art Fleming, winning three games.

References

External links
 Jack Ford biography on Court TV

 Jack Ford on WNET's MetroSource

American male journalists
American television talk show hosts
Fordham University alumni
Jeopardy! contestants
NBC News people
New Jersey lawyers
People from Interlaken, New Jersey
People from Point Pleasant Beach, New Jersey
People from Spring Lake, New Jersey
Yale University alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)

Jack Ford (journalist)


It is a 1986 horror novel by American author Stephen King. The story follows the lives of seven children as they are terrorized by the demonic clown being, which exploits the fears and phobias of its victims in order to disguise itself while hunting its prey. "It" primarily appears in the form of a clown in order to attract its preferred prey of young children.

The novel is told through narratives alternating between two time periods, and is largely told in the third-person mode. It deals with themes that eventually became King staples: the power of memory, childhood trauma, and the ugliness lurking behind a traditional small-town values.

The novel won the British Fantasy Award in 1987, and received nominations for the Locus and World Fantasy Awards that same year. Publishers Weekly listed It as the best-selling book in the United States in 1986.

Popular versions of the novel have been made from a 1990 miniseries and a duology movie series: It Chapter One (2017) and It Chapter Two (2019). A prequel TV series based on the first two movies for the streaming service HBO Max titled Welcome to Derry is officially in development.

References

Books by Stephen King
Horror novels
1986 books

It (novel)


Hwanghak-dong Flea Market () is a market located in the neighborhood of Hwanghak-dong, Jung-gu, Seoul, South Korea to sell second-hand goods. It has over 500 shops and stalls near Dongdaemun Market supplying a wide range of used products such as electronic appliances, clothes, and other items. The market is also called Dokkaebi Market (, lit. "Goblin Market"). It is located behind Samil Apartment and Cheonggyecheon.

See also
List of markets in South Korea
List of South Korean tourist attractions

References

External links
Hwanghakdong market has everything at the English Chosun Ilbo

Jung District, Seoul
Retail markets in Seoul
Flea markets

Hwanghak-dong Flea Market


Al-Layth ibn Ali ibn al-Layth (died 928) was amir of the Saffarid amirate from 909 until 910. He was the son of Ali ibn al-Layth and nephew of the first two Saffarid rulers, Ya'qub ibn al-Layth and Amr ibn al-Layth.

Biography
In 890 al-Layth and his brother al-Mu'addal helped their father 'Ali escape from imprisonment at the hands of the latter's uncle, the Saffarid amir Amr ibn al-Layth. The three of them fled to Khurasan, where they entered the services of the leading anti-Saffarid in that region, Rafi' b. Harthama. 'Ali died in 893, and the brothers continued to serve Rafi'. After Rafi' was defeated and killed in 896 they were captured by 'Amr, who however treated them well.

Following 'Amr's capture by the Samanids in 900, the slave (ghulam) commander Sebük-eri began establishing ties with al-Layth, who had gone into hiding in Sistan. As the son of 'Ali, who had originally been designated as the successor to Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar, he was a possible contender for the amirate, and gained supporters in the army. Despite this, he at first remained loyal to 'Amr's successor, Tahir b. Muhammad. He participated in the abortive 900-901 campaign to recover Fars from the Abbasid Caliphate and another more successful campaign that took place in around 904.

For the next few years following reoccupation of Fars, al-Layth accompanied Sebük-eri. In 907 or 908 Sebük-eri sent him on a military expedition against Makran, whose ruler, the Ma'danid 'Isa b. Ma'dan, had not paid tribute due to the Saffarids for the last several years. Al-Layth was able to gain the tribute owed, but when he returned Sebük-eri ordered him back to Makran and took his son hostage in an effort to compel him to obey. Instead, al-Layth launched a rebellion in Kerman, which was administered by Sebük-eri, and gained aid from Tahir, but his army abandoned him when Sebük-eri's force approached. Al-Layth was forced to flee to Sistan with few supporters but a large amount of wealth he had gained from plundering the towns of Kerman.

Al-Layth reached the capital Zarang in late 908 and occupied part of the city, despite Tahir's attempts to dislodge him. Tahir was eventually forced to withdraw from the area, and al-Layth was hailed as amir in March 909. He began his reign by sending an army under the command of his brother to enforce his authority in Afghanistan, which resulted in the capture of Sebük-eri's brother Ghalib. Al-Mu'addal then campaigned in Ghazna and, together with support sent by his brother, imposed al-Layth's authority in parts of Afghanistan by the end of the year.

In February 910 al-Layth left Zarang at the head of an expedition against Sebük-eri. By May he had defeated Sebük-eri on the field and released his son from captivity, and the conquest of Fars proceeded in earnest. Sebük-eri, however, was a caliphal vassal and received support from the Abbasids. Al-Layth's representative in Fars was defeated by Abbasid forces under Mu'nis al-Khadim in August, forcing al-Layth to come to terms, and he left Fars for Kerman. Sebük-eri, however, refused to make peace with the Saffarid, and with Abbasid help he defeated and captured both him and his son; al-Mu'addal managed to escape to Kerman. The captives were sent to Baghdad; al-Layth remained in prison until his death at Raqqa in 928.

References

Bosworth, C.E. The History of the Saffarids of Sistan and the Maliks of Nimruz (247/861 to 949/1542-3). Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers, 1994.

9th-century births
928 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Rulers of the Saffarid dynasty
10th-century monarchs in Asia
10th-century Iranian people

Al-Layth


Axium Foods, Inc., a division of McCleary, Inc., is a manufacturer of corn-based snack products, including plain and flavored tortilla chips, corn chips, puffed cheese snacks, and crunchy cheese snacks.

Headquartered in South Beloit, IL, it is a private label snack food manufacturer and the maker of Pajeda's snacks.

History
Eugene "Mac" McCleary graduated with a degree in chemical engineering from Michigan State University class of 1942. He enlisted in the Navy during World War II and was stationed in Beloit, WI, where he was head of government inspection for submarine engines being built at Fairbanks Morse.

After the war, Mac was offered a job at Adams Corporation, a fledgling company formed to manufacture and distribute the Korn Kurl, a new snack food that was invented on a local dairy farm. Mac worked with Adams Corporation for 15 years as their Director of Manufacturing and was instrumental in the development of continuous production of this new snack food.

Mac started his own private label snack food company on November 22, 1960, and called it McCleary Industries, which would later be renamed to  McCleary, Inc. and then Axium Foods, Inc.

In the year 2000, Axium Foods created Pajeda's, its first branded line of tortilla chips and snacks. In 2010, Pajeda's introduced Fiesta Crunch, a line of tortilla chips and potato poppers.

In November 2010, Axium Foods celebrated 50 years in business. Mac McCleary died in 2007, but the company remains family-owned and operated.

In March 2012, Axium Foods introduced the brand Mystic Harvest, including tortilla chips made with purple corn.

Environmental sustainability
Axium Foods has a full wastewater treatment plant that includes an anaerobic digester. That process creates methane gas, and while the company currently flares that gas, it is exploring ways to recapture it and/or generate electricity with it. The company also takes any dry waste created from producing its corn-based snacks and sells it as cattle feed to a local farmer, keeping the dry waste out of landfills. Raw materials for their snacks, primarily corn and flavorings, come from local farmers and ingredient companies.

Products

Pajeda's Tortilla Chips
Pajeda's Puffed Cheese and Crunchy Cheese snacks
Pajeda's Party Mix
Pajeda's Corn Chips
Pajeda's Onion Rings

See also

List of food companies

References

External links
Axium Foods Official Website
Pajeda's Website

Brand name snack foods
Food and drink companies of the United States
Companies based in Winnebago County, Illinois
Privately held companies based in Illinois

Axium Foods


Elle is a worldwide lifestyle magazine of French origin. It looks at fashion, beauty, health and entertainment. Elle was created in 1945 by Pierre Lazareff and his wife Hélène Gordon in France. The first international Elle was sent out in Japan in 1969. The United States and United Kingdom versions were first sent out in 1985. Elle is said to be the world's largest fashion magazine.

History
Elle was launched in many other countries between 1987 and 1996. In 1987, Elle was first published in Italy and Hong Kong. The following year, it began being published in Germany, China, Brazil, Sweden, Greece and Portugal. Russia was the last country to get the magazine; it came to Russia in 1996. Elle is mainly operating from Paris. It also has licensed publishers in New York City, Toronto, London, Madrid, Brussels, Mexico City, Athens and several other international cities.

References

Monthly magazines
Fashion magazines
1945 establishments in Europe
1940s establishments in France

Elle (magazine)


Henry Schradieck (29 April 1846 – 25 May 1918) was a German violinist, music pedagogue and composer. He was one of the foremost violin teachers of his day.  He wrote a series of etude books for the violin which are still in common use today.

Biography
Born in Hamburg, he received his first violin lessons from his father, and made his first public appearance at the age of six. He studied under Hubert Léonard, at Royal Conservatory of Brussels, where he gained first prize. Afterwards he went to Leipzig, where he became a pupil of Ferdinand David. In 1863 he became a soloist at the Reinthaler concerts at Bremen. The following year he went to Moscow as Professor of the violin. In 1868 Schradieck returned to Hamburg, to take up the position of conductor of the Philharmonic Society, vacated by Leopold Auer. After six years he became concertmaster at the Gewandhaus Orchestra in Leipzig, professor at the Leipzig Conservatory, and leader of the theater orchestra.

In need of a complete change, he left Leipzig for Cincinnati, Ohio, where he taught at the College of Music of Cincinnati, and also organized a symphony orchestra. In 1889 he took up his old position at Hamburg, besides teaching at the Hamburg Conservatory. Subsequently he returned to America, becoming a teacher in New York City, and in Philadelphia. He was a member of the Beta chapter of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia Fraternity at Combs College of Music, initiated in either 1900 or 1906, and was active in the Fraternity's New York Alumni Club. In addition to writing pedagogic material for the violin in the way of studies and finger exercises, and earning the reputation of being one of the foremost violin teachers of that day, he also interested himself in matters connected with the making of violins.

Schradieck's notable students include Maud Powell, Ottokar Nováček, Walter B. Rogers, Max Donner, Norman Black, and Theodore Spiering.

References

External links
 Biography at the Gorno Memorial      Music Library, University of Cincinnati College-Conservatory of Music

German classical violinists
Male classical violinists
German male violinists
Violin pedagogues
1846 births
1918 deaths
19th-century German musicians
19th-century German male musicians

Henry Schradieck


The A. H. Maegly House is a house located in southwest Portland, Oregon, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.  It is located in the upscale Arlington Heights neighborhood. Built for Aaron H. Maegly (born 1854), a wealthy Portland broker, the distinctive house was completed in 1915.  It was designed by Portland architect John Virginius Bennes, in the Prairie School style, an architectural style that is rare in Oregon.

Description
The house is constructed of reinforced concrete, covered by stucco, and has a red tile roof.  Among the features of the Maegly House that are often included in Prairie School-style dwellings are decorative corner brackets and ornamental friezes, above and below the second-floor windows.  One narrow frieze positioned just below the eaves encircles the entire house except where interrupted at the corners by the decorative brackets. The interior is noteworthy for its use of high-quality Honduran mahogany.  Every room in the house has multiple windows, and every ground-floor room opens to a porch or terrace.  Downtown Portland and Mount Hood can be seen from the living room, dining room and kitchen. The home is surrounded by a garden notable for its collection of Japanese maples, planted by Aaron Maegly's wife.  A circular brick driveway leads to a porte-cochère.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Southwest Portland, Oregon

References

1915 establishments in Oregon
Houses completed in 1915
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Portland, Oregon
Portland Historic Landmarks
Prairie School architecture in Oregon
Southwest Portland, Oregon

A. H. Maegly House


Richard Nutley (1670–1729) was an English-born barrister, politician and judge assigned to official  duty in early eighteenth-century Ireland. Whilst having a fascinating legal and political career, he also enjoyed the friendship of Jonathan Swift.

Family

He was the second son of the famed William Nutley, a leading barrister of the Middle Temple; his brother, also named  William, had some reputation as a poet. He matriculated from New Inn Hall, University of Oxford in 1688, graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1691, and became Master of Arts in 1694.

Career

He followed his father's path to the Middle Temple in 1695 and was called to the Bar in 1698. He went to Ireland in 1699 as secretary to the Royal Commission on Forfeited Estates. He entered the King's Inn the same year, and was elected to the Irish House of Commons as member for Lisburn in 1703. His practice at the Irish Bar was extremely successful: out of his income, he was able to pay his brother William, who had become impoverished, a pension of £300 a year.

Judge

The most powerful of his political allies was James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde, head of the great Butler dynasty and twice Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Nutley is known to have been acting as his financial agent in 1703, endeavouring to raise money on the family estates (which were heavily encumbered with mortgages), and afterwards became his steward. It was Ormonde's influence which led to Nutley's elevation to the Court of King's Bench (Ireland) in 1711.

He was a judge of notably strong Tory  views, which led to serious differences with his colleagues, even though they were generally also inclined to Toryism. They accused him of outright falsehood, and of twisting the law in his judgments for political ends. As early as 1712 his removal from the Bench was said to be imminent. Those years saw a bitter dispute between the Crown and Dublin Corporation concerning the appointment of the Lord Mayor of Dublin and other officials: Nutley like all his colleagues on the Bench sided with the Crown, and signed a report justifying the Crown's stance in the matter. Nutley was sent to London in 1714 to explain the judges' conduct.

Official business in Dublin reached a deadlock: much of the blame for the controversy was placed on the Lord Chancellor of Ireland, Sir Constantine Phipps. Elrington Ball, perhaps with some exaggeration, called Phipps "the pivot on which all debate turned". Nutley could not avoid being drawn into the attacks on Phipps, since the two men were politically very close: Nutley was unkindly called Phipps' "creature". In 1713 it was rumoured, wrongly, that the new Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, the Duke of Shrewsbury, would make the dismissal of both Phipps and Nutley a condition of his taking up office.

Later life

Nutley managed to retain office until August 1714, when on the death of Queen Anne, the new King George I removed her Irish judges en bloc. Nutley's patron the Duke of Ormonde nominated him to be deputy steward of Westminster Abbey, but the Dean and Chapter of Westminster vetoed the appointment, and he returned to his practice at the Irish Bar.

Ormonde's defection to the Jacobite cause, which caused his flight to France in August 1715 and the end of his career, was a great blow to Nutley. It was anticipated, wrongly, that he would follow Ormonde into exile, but it seems that his political beliefs were not sufficiently strong for him to give up what was still, despite his loss of office, a comfortable life in Dublin. In 1719 it was rumoured that he was sheltering the Duke in his house at Mary Street in Dublin, but there seems to have been no substance to the report.

In 1716 the old controversy between Dublin Corporation and the Crown was revived. Nutley was examined by the Irish House of Commons on the report he had signed in 1712-3. He insisted that he had acted impartially, but the Commons passed a resolution recommending that he be impeached. The issue quickly died down: no further action was taken against Nutley, and in 1723 it was suggested that he might be reappointed to the Bench, although nothing came of this.

He married his beloved wife Phillipa Venables in 1708. He died in Dublin of appendicitis in 1729 and was buried in St Mary's Church, Dublin.

Character

Elrington Ball called Nutley a man who brought "much worldly wisdom" to the Irish Bench. He treated his poverty-stricken brother William with great generosity, and his friendly correspondence with Jonathan Swift shows that Swift had a strong personal regard for him.

References

1670 births
1729 deaths
Members of the Middle Temple
Alumni of New Inn Hall, Oxford
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Antrim constituencies
Justices of the Irish King's Bench

Richard Nutley


Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution is an advanced textbook on vertebrate paleontology by Robert L. Carroll, published in 1988 by WH Freeman.  It provides a very detailed technical account of various groups of living and fossil vertebrates.

The book, which is written in the style of Alfred Sherwood Romer's  Vertebrate Paleontology, presented more recent overall coverage of the subject.  At the rear of the book is a 53-page Classification list which lists every genus known at the time of publication, along with locality and stratigraphic range.

Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution appeared in print in 1988, just before the cladistic taxonomy became popular in vertebrate paleontology. The books thus uses the classical systematic scheme, including a number of paraphyletic taxa that are not recognised under phylogenetic nomenclature.

Bibliography
 Carroll, R.L. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. WH Freeman and Company, New York

Paleontology books
1988 non-fiction books
1988 in paleontology

Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution


Franz Adolf Syberg (5 July 1904 - 11 December 1955) was a Danish composer.

Life
Syberg was born in Kerteminde, Funen, to the painters Anna and Fritz Syberg. He moved to Leipzig in 1922 where he studied musical composition and music theory at the Leipzig Conservatory with Sigfrid Karg-Elert and Werner Hübschmann. He left for Copenhagen in 1928, where he studied organ with Peter Thomsen.

He was appointed organist at Kerteminde in 1932, where he remained for the rest of his life. His 1931 Quintet for flute, clarinet and string trio was chosen in 1938 to be performed at the International Society for Contemporary Music in London and the Nordic Music Days in Copenhagen. The years following this saw the composition of his most mature works, ending in 1942, when he stopped composing. His work was largely forgotten until 1990, when seven of his compositions were performed at the Musikhøst festival in Odense. Much of his work has now been published and performed.

His music has much in common with German neo-classicism similar to Hindemith, with much counterpoint and dense linearity, resulting in some harsh and dissonant harmonies. His more mature works show the influence of Carl Nielsen.

Compositions
Manuscripts are in the Kongelige Bibliotek, Copenhagen
Publisher: Kontrapunkt

Stage
Uffe hin Spage (marionette play, S. Clausen), 1929
Leonce og Lena (G. Büchner), 1931
Ett drömspel (A. Strindberg), 1941–1942

Orchestral
Music for oboe and string orchestra, 1933
Sinfonietta, 1934–1935
Adagio for string orchestra, 1938
Symphony, 1939

Chamber
String Quartet, 1930
Quintet for flute, clarinet, and string trio, 1931
Concertino for oboe and string quintet, 1932
String Trio, 1933
Quartet for oboe and string trio, 1933
Wind Quintet, 1940
Octet for wind instruments, 1941

Organ
Chaconne, 1933
Prelude, Intermezzo, and Fugato, 1934

Further reading
N.V. Bentzon: Focus på Syberg, in Dansk musiktidsskrift LVI (1981–1982)
B. Krarup: Franz Syberg: en outsider i dansk mellemkrigsmusik, Dansk musiktidsskrift LXV (1990–1991)

Sources
Bertel Krarup: 'Syberg, Franz Adolf', Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed [Day Month Year of access]), <http://www.grovemusic.com >

1904 births
1955 deaths
20th-century classical composers
Composers for pipe organ
Danish classical composers
Danish male classical composers
People from Kerteminde
University of Music and Theatre Leipzig alumni
20th-century Danish male musicians

Franz Syberg


Phra Phutthayotfa Chulalok Maharaj (Thai: พระพุทธยอดฟ้าจุฬาโลกมหาราช, 20 March 1737 – 7 September 1809), personal name Thongduang (ทองด้วง), also known as Rama I, was the founder of the Rattanakosin Kingdom and the first monarch of the reigning Chakri dynasty of Siam (now Thailand). His full title in Thai is Phra Bat Somdet Phra Paramoruracha Mahachakkriborommanat Phra Phutthayotfa Chulalok (พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรโมรุราชามหาจักรีบรมนารถ พระพุทธยอดฟ้าจุฬาโลก). He ascended the throne in 1782, following the deposition of King Taksin of Thonburi. He was also celebrated as the founder of Rattanakosin (now Bangkok) as the new capital of the reunited kingdom.

References

1737 births
1809 deaths
Monarchs of Thailand

Rama I


Richard III (997/1001 – 6 August 1027) was the Duke of Normandy. His short reign of one year opened with a rebellion by his younger brother Robert I and ended with his death.

Early career

Richard III was the oldest son of Richard II, Duke of Normandy and his wife Judith of Brittany. He was born . Around the year 1120, Richard's father sent him in command of a large army to rescue his brother-in-law, Reginald I, Count of Burgundy. It was a distance of about 250 miles (400 kilometers) from Normandy. Richard III's capture of the castle of Minamde was enough to convince Bishop Hugh to surrender and release Reginald.

When his father died in August of 1026, as the oldest son, Richard III succeeded him as Duke of Normandy. By all accounts Richard III was accepted by the barons of Normandy and had no problems accepting his new role as duke. Richard III had given his younger son, Robert, the town of Exmes and the county of Hiemois. But once Richard III became duke, his younger brother Robert was not satisfied. He raided the diocese of his uncle Robert II, Archbishop of Rouen. He also captured his brother's fortress city of Falaise. Robert's rebellion lasted through the end of 1026 and into early 1027. Finally Richard III laid siege to Falaise and brought the walls down. Robert surrendered and promised to be faithful.

Richard III then took the next step; he arranged with king Robert II of France to marry his young daughter, Adelis. She was given rich dowry which included the city and county of Coutances. Even though he was now newly married to a king's daughter, he already had children by a concubine. But unexpectedly Richard III died on 5 or 6 August 1027. He had a son named Nicholas, but the boy was immediately sent to the monastery at Fécamp.  With Nicholas out of the way the duchy passed to his Richard III's younger brother Robert, who became the sixth duke of Normandy as Robert I.

Marriage

In January of 1027 he was married to Adela a younger daughter of Robert II of France and Constance of Arles. After Richard's death Adela secondly married Baldwin V, Count of Flanders.

Issue

By his wife Adela he had no children.

By an unknown concubine he had at least two children:
 Alice/Alix of Normandy who married Ranulph, Viscount of Bayeux.
 Nicolas, Monk at Fécamp, Abbot of Saint-Ouen, Rouen (died 26 Feb 1092)

Notes

References

990s births
1027 deaths
Dukes and duchesses of Normandy

Richard III, Duke of Normandy


Albert Rust (born 10 October 1953) is a former French footballer, who last worked as goalkeeper coach for AS Saint-Étienne.

Albert Rust
Albert Rust is a football player and French coach, born on 10 October 1953 at Mulhouse. He became a goalkeeper, holding the position between the years 1970 and 1990.
He spent most of his career at Sochaux Football Club, he is the most capped player in history of the club, with 455 games played. He then played for Montpellier HSC with whom he won the Coupe de France in 1990.
For the National team, he  won the 1984 Olympic games with the French Olympic team. He was called up to the France National team numerous times, with whom he won the European Championship in 1984 and finished third in the World Cup in 1986.

Becoming a coach, he especially guided the Chamois niortais FC and the Stade brestois.

Biography

Player

Formed in the local club in Wittelsheim, Rust evolved as a defender in his early years before opting for the goalkeeper position. At age 19, he rejoined the FC Sochaux, a club known for its training center, and relatively quick accomplishment of its first team, they demonstrated an unspectacular but safe and steady style. He quickly took the top of the title over the goalkeeper Eugène Battmann and became the title holder during the 1975-1976 season. After his good performances, he was called upon by Henri Guérin of the team France A' 27 March 1976 against Luxembourg.

The following season, he knew there would be tough competition with another promising goalkeeper, Joël Bats coming up. The coach René Hauss opted for an original solution and alternated his goalkeepers every game to release a hierarchy. The situation unraveled with the departure of Bats to Auxerre in 1979. Later, Rust and Bats agreed that this was the most painful time in their professional careers.

Rust had his best years at the club with "The Golden Generation" of Sochaux F.C. in 1979-1983.
With Bernard Genghini, Yannick Stopyra, Philippe Anziani and Abdel Djaadaoui, the team played good attacking football and focused on their journey in the UEFA Cup of 1980-1981. They reached the semi-finals after winning in the third round against Eintracht Frankfurt, a game in which they came up from a deficit of 2-0 to win 4-2 on aggregate, in the snow, thanks to Patrick Revelli. The same year these players also played the final of the Coupe des Alpes and lost to FC Basel in the Final.

Rusts club's good form could not be matched at the National level by the France National team. The national team lacked the skill that the team possessed in 1982. Taking advantage of the Olympic football tournament rule change which opened the tournament up to five professionals of any age per team, Rust joined the French Olympic team for qualification to the 1984 Games in Los Angeles, alongside François Brisson, Daniel Xuereb, and other Dominique Bijotat. They ultimately won and were awarded the gold medal on the top step of the podium at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, after a victory in the final against Brazil (2-0).

After demonstrating good form during the Olympic qualifications, Rust was named in the list of 20 for the Euro 1984 just before the Olympic Games. He was the replacement of Joël Bats, and leader of the campaign of les Bleus for their first big title. Rust then won national number 2 behind his old rival club and was, naturally, selected for the 1986 World Cup in Mexico. In 1987, he left his club and signed with newly promoted Montpellier. He then won la Coupe de France with this club. Rust finally hung up his cleats at 38 years after a "freelance" year in Monaco. He played over 500 first division matches.

International career
He won one international cap for the France national team during the 1980s. After having won the gold medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California and Euro 84, he was a member of the French team in the 1986 FIFA World Cup, where he played his sole international match against Belgium on 28 June.

Coaching career
After his playing career, he became a coach with several Ligue 2 and Championnat National sides. On 14 June 2010 the former US Créteil and Stade Brestois head coach signed for AS Saint-Etienne as goalkeeper coach. Rust immediately moved on to a coaching career with several league 2 teams, after that he  coached Internationally as the Assistant Coach to Henry Michel (Saudi Arabia, Tunisia). He then went back to coaching in the National League (League 2) with the Stade Brestois for three seasons. He led the National Club in D2.
In May 2006, he took over coaching for the team Créteil in League 2 but was dismissed by the Club on 18 September following a poor start to the 2006-07 season and was replaced by Artur Jorge.
Albert Rust, graduate of DEPF, was selected by Roland Romeyer to fill the Assistant Coach position of l'AS Saint-Étienne as the Keeper trainer in the 2010-11 season. For non-sport related reasons, Albert Rust was dismissed of his duties as a goalie trainer following his 2-year contract extension with the Club.

Career as a coach
 1991-1993 : Le Crès
 1993-1994 : AS Beauvais (assistant coach)
 1994-1995 : Al-Nasr (assistant coach of Henri Michel)
 1995-1999 : Chamois Niortais FC
 2000-2001 : Clermont Foot
 2001-2002 : Tunisia (assistant coach of Henri Michel)
 2002 : Stade Tunisien (Tunisia)
 2002-2003 : FC Sète
 2003-2006 : Stade Brestois
 2006-2007 : US Créteil

Honours
UEFA European Championship: 1984

References

External links

 French Football Federation Profile

1953 births
Living people
French men's footballers
France men's international footballers
French football managers
Men's association football goalkeepers
1986 FIFA World Cup players
Olympic footballers for France
Olympic gold medalists for France
Footballers at the 1984 Summer Olympics
FC Sochaux-Montbéliard players
Montpellier HSC players
AS Monaco FC players
Ligue 1 players
UEFA Euro 1984 players
European champions for France
UEFA European Championship-winning players
Chamois Niortais F.C. managers
Clermont Foot managers
FC Sète 34 managers
Stade Brestois 29 managers
US Créteil-Lusitanos managers
Footballers from Mulhouse
Olympic medalists in football
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics

Albert Rust (footballer)


Theo Adams (born 29 September 1989 in London, England) is a performance artist and director of the contemporary theatrical performance group Theo Adams Company.

Biography

Education
Adams studied at Fine Arts College, Hampstead. He left the formal education system early, at the age of 15 to concentrate on performance.

Work
Adams is known for both his live productions and film work. He made his professional stage debut aged 9 in the Royal National Theatre's production of An Inspector Calls directed by Stephen Daldry at the Garrick Theatre in London's West End. Ponystep Magazine described the 15-year-old Adams as "central to a scintillating brand of gender-dysphoric, mid-2000s London nightclub chaos" and, over the next few years, he "turned his arresting social presence and brilliant performance compulsion into high art".

After several solo shows which he performed internationally, Adams formed The Theo Adams Company with their first performance on 4 January 2008 at the Tate Britain . The contemporary theatrical performance art group comprises a collection of dancers, performers, actors, artists and musicians creating work described by CNN as part ballet, part theater, part pop.

Adams has contributed to a number of magazines including W Magazine, i-D and Dazed & Confused, appeared on the cover of Time Out London and was featured topless in the June 2008 issue of French Playboy shot by Rankin. Adams has starred in music videos for artist such as Florence and the Machine and Róisín Murphy and was the focus of the BBC documentary Singing with the Enemy in 2007.

In April 2009, The Theo Adams Company completed their Performance project, a series of performances in an abandoned Catholic school in northwest London. It was published as a 16-page photo feature in the May 2009 issue of W Magazine with photography by David Sims. The company invited and were joined in their performances by special guests Lorna Luft daughter of Judy Garland and Tony award-winner Frances Ruffelle. On 27 February 2010  the short film made as part of the project was screened at the P.S.1 Contemporary Art Center in New York. It was then screened at the Institute of Contemporary Art, Philadelphia on 23 June 2010

In November 2009, The Theo Adams Company announced Cry Out a new theatrical production. The world premiere took place on 30 November 2009 at the Za Koenji Theatre in Tokyo, Japan. While in Tokyo, Theo Adams Company were invited to give a lecture at the Musashino Art University about their work. The production and build up to the world premiere was captured on film for the documentary, 9 Days Of Cry Out. It had its premiere screening on 28 February 2010 in Tokyo. The full production had its European premiere on 8 May at Klangraum, in Krems, one of the oldest Mendicant orders' churches in world. The performance was part of the annual Donaufestival in Austria. The performance was part of the final night of the festival which was curated by Peaches

It was announced on 15 November 2010 that The Theo Adams Company would present their UK premiere of 'Cry Out' at the Institute of Contemporary Arts, London on 18 and 19 December 2010 and tickets sold out within a day.

In June 2010, Adams was the youngest person to be shortlisted in the Emerging Performance category  for the Hospital Club and Independent Newspaper's 100. A search for the most influential people in the creative and media industries.

On 14 October 2010, Louis Vuitton presented a new promenade performance production by Theo Adams Company in Tokyo, Japan. Collaborating with some of the most respected people within the performance world including Emmy award-winning set designer Joseph Bennett and Complicite's stage designer and Tony award nominee Rumi Matsui, the company transformed a warehouse on the edge of Tokyo bay into a maze of rooms and walkways. Adams' integrated international actors, singers and dancers within several separate performances around the space. The performance culminated in a finale performance on a two story high set featuring a cast of over 50 and a special performance by legendary Disco group Sister Sledge

References

External links
Official website

1989 births
Living people
Artists from London
British performance artists
English people of Greek Cypriot descent
People educated at Fine Arts College

Theo Adams


Michael C. Sedgwick (1926–14 October 1983) was a British motoring writer.

Motoring Author
Michael Sedgwick was educated at Winchester and Corpus Christi, Oxford. He started writing on motoring subjects in 1959 when he became an assistant editor of 'Veteran & Vintage' magazine. For much of that time he held the appointment of curator of the then Montagu Motor Museum at Beaulieu now the National Motor Museum. He also created the museum's library master index and began writing books in his own name. In addition, he did much of the extensive research for major works by Lord Montagu of Beaulieu on the subject of 'Jaguar Cars', 'Rolls of Rolls-Royce', 'The Gordon Bennett Races' and the three- volume set, 'Lost Causes of Motoring'. Michael resigned his museum post in 1966 to give more time to writing, albeit he retained links with the Montagu Motor Museum as Director of Research and as a member of the Advisory Council of the museum at Beaulieu.

From 1966, a series of books followed. He also made extensive contributions to the 'Encyclopedia of the Motor-Car' and other motoring encyclopedia's, edited by Nick Georgano which also covered commercial vehicles and motor sport. He wrote regularly for magazines published in Britain, Australia, France, Germany and the United States. The overwhelming aspect of his books and articles was his tenacious research and his ability to see any era of the motor vehicle in a social or commercial perspective was widely acknowledged.

Christie's
Michael's devotion to research coupled with a retentive and photographic memory made him an outstanding repository of knowledge, which was always freely shared with others. This was especially valuable for his work as an auction consultant to Christie's International Auction house in London from 1972. In this field as in his writings, his expertise became renowned internationally.

The Michael Sedgwick Memorial Trust
Michael Sedgwick died unexpectedly at his home in Midhurst, West Sussex, on 14 October 1983 at the age of 57. The Michael Sedgwick Memorial Trust was created in 1984 and exists to encourage new and original research into any aspect of motoring history and also to see this research reach the public domain. This can be through the publication of the research as a book, other printed medium or publishing on the World Wide Web. Today the Trust gives advice to would-be authors and tries to bring together authors and publishers. The Trust's view is that even books with a very limited sales potential should be published if the subject matter is worthy and the research is new and comprehensive. In cases where the publisher believes that the subject is worthy of publication but is not going to be a viable commercial proposition, the Michael Sedgwick Trust can often offer some financial help to bridge the gap.

Bibliography
Some of the hardbound books either written by or with significant contributions by Michael Sedgwick include:

A-Z of cars 1945-1970 (Temple, 1986) with Mark Gillies
A-Z of cars 1930s (Bay View, 1989) and Mark Gillies
Antique Cars (John Wiley and Sons, 1980)
Cars (Piccolo, 1986)
Lord Montagu, The Gordon Bennett Races (Cassell,1963) research by Sedgwick
Denis Jenkinson, The Schlumpf Obsession (Hamlyn,1977)historical consultant.
Lord Montagu, Lost Causes of Motoring (Cassell, 1960) research by Michael Sedgwick
Lord Montagu, Jaguar - a biography (Cassell, 1961) research by Michael Sedgwick
Lord Montagu, Lost Causes of Motoring - Europe (Cassell, 1969–1971) research by Michael Sedgwick, in 2 volumes.
Veteran Motor Cars (Salmon / Beaulieu, 1960)
Early Cars (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1962)
Cars in Colour (Batsford, 1968)
Cars of the 1930s (Batsford, 1970)
Veteran and Vintage Cars in Colour (Batsford, 1968)
Cavalcade of Motoring (Macmillan, 1972)
Fiat (Batsford, 1974)
Passenger Cars 1924-1942 (Blandford, 1975)
The Motor Car 1946-1956 (Batsford, 1979)
Cars of the Thirties and Forties (London: Hamlyn, 1974)
Veteran Cars (London: Ward Lock, 1980)
Vintage Cars (London: Ward Lock, 1980)
Bedford – GM's British Commercial (Dalton Watson / Beaulieu Books, 1980)
Vauxhall (Dalton Watson / Beaulieu Books, 1981)
Cars of the Fifties and Sixties (Feltham: Temple Press, 1983)
The Veteran Car Club–50 Years Pictorial History (The VCC of Great Britain, 1981) with Elizabeth Nagle

References

External links
The Michael Sedgwick Memorial Trust.

British motoring journalists
Historians of motorsport
1926 births
1983 deaths
20th-century English historians

Michael C. Sedgwick


Ta' Kandja is a small area situated between Ħal Farruġ and Siġġiewi in Malta. The area, which is mainly composed of limestone quarries, comprises a small number of facilities, such as the Detention Centre housed by the Armed Forces of Malta and the Water Services Corporation's Groundwater Pumping Station.

Ta' Kandja Galleries

There are underground galleries here that are part of the Maltese water supply system.

Ta' Kandja Underground Galleries are around 100m below ground level and are an important source of ground water for Malta. This was the last pumping station built, and was completed in 1963. Ta' Kandja consists of 6 galleries (around 6.2 km of galleries out of a network of 42 km), which are beneath the island. These spread out from a sump like the spokes of a wheel, spreading out under villages in the area. Water collected in the sump area is then chlorinated to eliminate any bacteria and then pumped to a reservoir in the nearby village of Qrendi.

References

Geography of Malta
Siġġiewi

Ta' Kandja


Donald Ray Seawell (August 1, 1912 – September 30, 2015) was an American cultural and civic leader, born in Jonesboro, North Carolina.  He was the founder of the Denver Center for the Performing Arts.

Personal life
Seawell's father was Aaron A. F. Seawell, a justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court. Donald graduated from the University of North Carolina, and UNC Law School. In 1941 he married Broadway actress, Eugenia Rawls, who played Tallulah Bankhead's daughter in The Little Foxes. They had two children. In August 2012 Seawell turned 100.

Career
Seawell was hired to work at the Securities and Exchange Commission by the newly appointed head of the organization, Joseph P. Kennedy. Kennedy had heard Seawell's unflattering comment about him on the radio, where the young lawyer said, "It takes a thief to catch a thief". This quote is widely attributed to Franklin Delano Roosevelt who knew Joseph Kennedy personally and appointed him to the SEC citing this reason. He was impressed by Seawell's candor, if not his character assessment, and wanted him on his team. During World War II Seawell worked on General Dwight D. Eisenhower's SHAEF staff in counterintelligence. After the war, he served briefly as assistant Ambassador to France.

Entering private law practice in New York City, he gathered many theatrical clients including, Tallulah Bankhead, Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne. He also maintained law offices in London and Tel Aviv, and was involved in writing the charter for the State of Israel. Seawell's theatrical clients led to his becoming a Broadway producer, and his shows included: Noël Coward's Sail Away, The Affair, and A Thurber Carnival. He was the first producer to bring the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) to the United States in a 1962 production of The Hollow Crown. He later became a governor of the RSC as well as chairman of the American National Theatre and Academy. In 2002, he was awarded the honorary title, Order of the British Empire, by Queen Elizabeth II.

Seawell was one of three producers of Bonard Productions, the others being the actress Haila Stoddard, and The Denver Post owner Helen Bonfils. In the 1960s he joined forces with Ms. Bonfils to become secretary-treasurer of the Denver Post. After Helen Bonfils' death, he became publisher of the paper. Using funds from the Bonfils Foundation, he created The Denver Center for the Performing Arts in the late 1970s. He retired as active chairman of the center in 2007 at the age of 94.

Awards
B'nai B'rith Anti-Defamation League Heritage Award 1973
Distinguished Eagle Award, Boy Scouts of America 1976
Tony Award 1983
Arts & Entertainment Cable Network Award 1987
Third Millennium Leadership Award, American Diabetes Association 1995
Colorado Tourism Hall of Fame Award 1999
Mayor's Millennium Award 2000
In 2002, Queen Elizabeth awarded Donald Seawell The Order of the British Empire.
Colorado Festival of World Theatre Donald Seawell Award recipient 2005
In 2005, he became the 11th recipient of the National Theatre Hall of Fame's Founder's Award
Mayor's 2007 Cultural Legacy Award, Denver

References

External links
Denver Post article about Seawell's retirement in 2007

1912 births
2015 deaths
American centenarians
Men centenarians
People from Lee County, North Carolina
University of North Carolina School of Law alumni
20th-century American newspaper publishers (people)
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
American theatre managers and producers
United States Army personnel of World War II
Ambassadors of the United States to France
United States Army officers
Seawell family

Donald Seawell


Five Lessons Learned is the fourth full-length album by American punk rock band Swingin' Utters. Released in 1998, it was their second album on Fat Wreck Chords.

Background
This album's title track was used on the video game Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 2, perhaps making it the band's most widely heard song. "I Need Feedback", however, was the only single released from this album. Also, the song "This Bastard's Life" is featured in music video game Rock Band 3.

The Track "Tell Me Lies" was also featured in a VHS BMX Video called "Dig" Featuring Tim "Fuzzy" Hall and TJ Lavin. The track is played during a Backyard Dirt Session.

Five Lessons Learned is mainly an album of short, fast songs in the 'punk revival' style - "I Need Feedback" borrows a riff from The Damned's "Neat Neat Neat" - but there is also a ska-esque song ("Unpopular Again"), and an Irish folk-style song ("Fruitless Fortunes"), hinting at the band's future direction, and that of the side-project, the Filthy Thievin' Bastards.

The outer and inner cover art is by photographer Steve Zeigler  and features black-and-white shots involving guns, crime and murder scenes (in one picture, the date "2-14-47" is etched in chalk).

The presence of the head of the Fat Wreck Chords label, NOFX's Fat Mike, is felt in that he co-produces and plays bass guitar on "Unpopular Again". Another of the many guest musicians is Chris Shiflett, later of Foo Fighters.

Track listing
 "Five Lessons Learned" (Koski/Aust Koski) – 1:55
 "Tell Me Lies" (Huber) – 2:09
 "A Promise to Distinction" (Koski) – 2:08
 "The Stooge" (Koski) – 3:27
 "(The) Picture's Perfect" (Huber) – 2:37
 "This Bastard's Life" (Huber) – 3:05
 "As You Start Leaving" (Koski) – 2:44
 "I Need Feedback" (Huber) – 3:27
 "Good People" (Koski) – 2:18
 "As Sure as I'm down" (Bonnel) – 2:01
 "Untitled 21" (Huber) – 2:36
 "Unpopular Again" (Huber) – 3:16
 "New Day Rising" (Koski) – 1:49
 "Two Jacks Shitty" (Bonnel) – 1:43
 "Fruitless Fortunes" (Koski) – 2:52

Personnel
 Johnny Bonnel (vocals)
 Max Huber (guitars, vocals, bass on track #8, percussion)
 Greg McEntee (drums and percussion)
 Darius Koski (guitar, vocals, accordion, violin, bass on tracks #1, #4 & #5)

Additional musicians
 John Maurer (bass on tracks #2, #3, #6, #7, #9, #10, #13 & #14)
 Howie Pyro (bass on track #11)
 Fat Mike (bass on track #12)
 Rockin Lloyd Tripp (upright bass on track #15)
 Seth Lorenzi (Hammond and Vox organs, electric piano)
 Max Butler (mandolin)
 Chris Shiflett (lead guitar on tracks #8 and #11)
 Ryan Greene (tambourine on track #12)
 Spike Slawson (backup vocals on tracks #5 and #8)
 Morty Okin (trumpet)
 Van Hughes (trombone)
 David Murotake (tenor saxophone)
 Tom Griesser (baritone saxophone)

References

External links
 Official Swingin' Utters website
 [ "Five Lessons Learned" on Allmusic]

Swingin' Utters albums
1998 albums
Fat Wreck Chords albums
Albums produced by Ryan Greene

Five Lessons Learned


A blue slip or blue-slipping is one of two different legislative procedures in the United States Congress.
 Blue slip (U.S. Senate) is the slip on which the senators from the state of residence of a federal judicial nominee gives an opinion on the nominee.
 Blue slip (U.S. House of Representatives) is the rejection slip given to tax and spending bills sent to it by the Senate that did not originate in the House in the first place, per the House's interpretation of the Origination Clause.

Blue slip