Frank's Nursery & Crafts was an American retailer devoted to the sale of lawn and garden products. It operated a chain of stores, with 170 outlets across 14 states. It specialized in products such as shrubs, trees, accent plants, flowers, and lawn furniture, as well as various arts and crafts items.

History

Frank's Market
In 1942, Frank Sherr and his nephew-in-law, Max Weinberg, opened a food market, known as Frank's Market, on the northeast side of Detroit.  Known as "never closed and never undersold," the business became profitable.  The market soon began to carry Christmas trees, annuals, and other plants in addition to its mainstay of produce and other goods

Frank begins a greenhouse
In 1949, Sherr and Weinberg purchased a vacant lot across the street from the market to house the growing number of plants the market offered.  According to Sherr, the greenhouse was opened after a bout with a customer that complained the price of coffee at Frank's Market was too high but then willingly purchased a potted geranium for 79¢.  The profits on the geranium were much higher than that on the coffee.  This incident led Sherr and Weinberg to notice there was to be much more money made selling flowers.  Soon after, Frank's Market began selling ferns, trees, lawn chemicals, and other landscaping supplies.

Growth
The business thrived, and in 1957 the company—by then four stores strong—incorporated, becoming Frank's Nursery Sales, Inc. By 1965 Frank's owned 18 stores throughout Michigan, and its sales were $11.35 million, with a net income of $509,000.

Since lawn-and-garden sales were dependent on season, the business was cyclical in nature, with highest revenues during the growing season.  This led Sherr and Weinberg to devise a method to keep sales high during the winter months.  In 1966, Frank's Trims, a store which only sold craft goods, opened its doors.  The company's headquarters remained in Detroit, Michigan.  In 1974 Frank's acquired five garden centers from the Green Giant Company.

By its 25th anniversary in 1971, Frank's had 51 locations in five states, employing approximately 1200 workers.  Sales had reached approximately $37.2 million with a net profit of $1.13 million. During this time, Frank Sherr was succeeded by his son, I. William Sherr, who had previously served the company as executive vice-president and treasurer. Max Weinberg continued to serve as company president.

Frank's Nursery & Crafts, Inc.
In 1980, Frank's Nursery Sales officially changed its name to Frank's Nursery & Crafts, Inc. to emphasize both the lawn-and-garden and craft sector of its operation. Sales reached $119.3 million, and 80 locations were in operation. Much of Frank's expansion into different markets can be linked to the purchase of small regional chains.

In 1982, it acquired many former A&P stores.

It acquired Philadelphia-based Gaudio's in 1988.

In 1983, Frank's Nursery & Crafts was purchased by General Host Corporation. General Host bought 96 percent of Frank's shares in a $19-a-share tender offer in March 1983; the value of the sale was thus approximately $42.4 million. Frank's, at that time, spanned 95 stores.

Following its acquisition by General Host Corporation, Frank's used its parent company's wealth to go on an acquisition spree with the ultimate goal of becoming the first national garden center chain in the United States.  Their first target was the New York-to-Washington, D.C. corridor.  From 1983 to 1987, the company acquired 43 garden centers in the New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore/Washington, D.C., metropolitan areas: 39 Flower Time Centers in the NYC metro area (acquired in 1986 and merged into Frank's stores by 1989), 14 Scott's Centers in the Baltimore/Washington, D.C., metro area (1986), and 12 independent garden centers in and around Philadelphia. In addition to its acquisitions, the company was also expanding its footprint southward, with new stores in Virginia, Florida, Georgia, and Tennessee. By 1990, Frank's had almost 300 stores.

Christmas by Frank's
In 1990, the first three Frank's stand-alone Christmas stores, Christmas by Frank's, opened. These stores were temporary installations placed in high-volume regional malls located in trade areas where Frank's also operated conventional stores.  The Christmas stores provided shoppers with a convenient store (3,000-5,000 sq ft) where they were able to purchase holiday decorations, crafts and gift-wrap without making a separate stop.  Frank's was pleased with the results, and the following year, the company operated 100 of the temporary stores.  Indeed, Christmas decorations and crafts had become increasingly important lines to Frank's, helping to compensate for the seasonal sales declines in gardening supplies.  Sales in 1992 grew to $558 million, a seven percent increase over the previous year, yet higher costs and interest on General Host's debt caused its profits to decline, from $8.7 million in 1991 to $2.9 million in 1992.

Frank's SuperCrafts
In 1993, the company launched Frank's SuperCrafts, opening two stores in the Detroit area. Designed as "superstores," the SuperCrafts stores encompassed  of retail space, allowing for a wider selection of craft supplies and home and holiday decorations, while incorporating in-store framing shops and floral arrangement services. Moreover, the stores featured hundreds of craft project displays, giving customers creative ideas and allowing them to see firsthand completed projects. A third SuperCrafts store opened in Philadelphia in 1994, and two more followed the same year; one each in New Jersey and Chicago.

Money cuts
By 1994, in fact, General Host's headlong expansion had come to an end, as a series of new stores proved unprofitable. In January, Frank's announced the closure of 26 stores, most of which were in the Nashville, Tennessee, area and in Florida. Company officials announced that such sales and closings would save General Host $3.8 million annually; other cuts were to come in $25 million worth of inventory, all of which would help service General Host's $238 million in debt.

Bankruptcy and liquidation
In February 2001, the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy because it could not afford to pay its vendors. Matters were taken to bankruptcy court, where questions arose as to whether or not Frank's could avoid shutting down its retail stores. The matter was resolved, and the company was able to recover and continue full operation.

In September 2004, company officials again filed for Chapter 11. The company was heavily in debt, particularly in relation to their vendors.  On September 8, of that year the decision was finally made to cease the operation of each of its 170 stores. Agreements were made with Kimco Capital Liquidation Company, which allowed for closing-down sales to be held in every outlet.
After the closure of Frank's, the buildings—with a unique half outdoor, half indoor layout — were slow to be reoccupied in an over-built retail market.

References

Defunct retail companies of the United States
American companies established in 1957
Retail companies established in 1957
Companies based in Troy, Michigan
Retail companies disestablished in 2004
Defunct companies based in Michigan
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2001
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2004
Arts and crafts retailers
Plant nurseries

Frank's Nursery & Crafts


Systems on a Chip, AKA SoCs, are small electronic pieces that have all parts of a computer in one small "microchip." Many devices have SoCs along with other parts. SoCs are used in smaller computers or devices that fit in your pocket and can be moved around.

Electronics

System on a chip


Pioneer commonly refers to a settler who migrates to previously uninhabited or sparsely inhabited land.

In the United States pioneer commonly refers to an American pioneer, a person in American history who migrated westward to settle in what is now the Western and Midwestern United States.

Pioneer, The Pioneer, or pioneering may also refer to:

Companies and organizations
Pioneer Aerospace Corporation
Pioneer Chicken, an American fast-food restaurant chain
Pioneer Club Las Vegas, a casino in Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.
Pioneer Corporation, a Japanese electronics manufacturer
Pioneer Energy, a Canadian gas station chain
Pioneer Entertainment, a Japanese anime company
Pioneer Hi-Bred, a U.S.-based agriculture company
Pioneer Hotel & Gambling Hall, Laughlin, Nevada, U.S.
Pioneer Instrument Company, an American aeronautical instrument manufacturer
Pioneer movement, a communist youth organization
Pioneer Natural Resources, an energy company in Texas, U.S.
Pioneer Pictures, a former American film studio
Pioneer Surgical Technology, a medical technology company in Michigan, U.S.
Pioneer Total Abstinence Association, Irish Catholics who avoid alcohol
Pioneers (missions agency), a Christian missions organization

Entertainment

Visual Arts
The Pioneer (1904), painting by Frederick McCubbin, Australia
The Pioneer (Visalia, California) (c. 1915), sculpture by Solon H. Borglum, California
The Pioneer (Eugene, Oregon) (1919), sculpture by Alexander Phimister Proctor, Oregon
The Pioneers (sculpture) (1928), sculpture by Lorado Taft, Illinois
Pioneer Monument (disambiguation) for others named "Pioneer Monument" or "Pioneer Memorial"

Films
The Pioneers (1903 film), an American silent film directed by Wallace McCutcheon, Sr.
The Pioneers (1916 film), an Australian silent film directed by Franklyn Barrett
The Pioneers (1926 film), an Australian silent film directed by Raymond Longford
The Pioneers (1941 film), an American film directed by Albert Herman
The Pioneers (1980 film), a Taiwanese film starring Hsu Feng
Pioneer (film), a 2013 Norwegian film directed by Erik Skjoldbjærg
The Pioneers (2021 film), a Chinese film directed by Xu Zhangxiong

Games
Pioneer (pinball), a 1976 pinball machine produced by Gottlieb
Pioneer (video game), a 2006 space trading and combat simulator

Music

Bands
Pioneer (band), an American Christian music band
The Pioneers (band), a Jamaican reggae vocal trio

Albums
The Pioneers (album) by MC Eiht and Spice 1, 2004
Pioneer (The Maine album), 2011
Pioneer (Pioneer album), self titled album, 2012
Pioneer (The Band Perry album), 2013

Songs
 "The Pioneers" (song) by Bloc Party, 2005
"Pioneer" by The Band Perry, from Pioneer, 2013
"Pioneer" (song) by Freddie, 2015
"Pioneers", by For King & Country from Burn the Ships, 2018

Literature
Pioneer (magazine), a Soviet/Russian monthly magazine
Pioneer (newspaper), various English-language newspapers
The Pioneer (South Australia), a newspaper
The Pioneer (India), an English-language newspaper published in India
The Pioneers (novel), by James Fenimore Cooper
The Pioneers: The Heroic Story of the Settlers Who Brought the American Ideal West, a 2019 book by David McCullough

Military
Pioneer (military), a soldier employed for engineering and construction tasks
Pioneer Column, an 1890 force of the British South Africa Company
AAI RQ-2 Pioneer, a U.S. military unmanned aerial vehicle
RSD-10 Pioneer, a Soviet missile
Scammell Pioneer Semi-trailer, a British tank recovery and transport vehicle
Scottish Aviation Pioneer, a British military aircraft

Places

Australia
Pioneer, Queensland
Pioneer, Tasmania
Pioneer River, in Queensland
Shire of Pioneer, a former local government area

United States
Pioneer, Arizona
Pioneer, California
Pioneer, Florida
Pioneer, Indiana
Pioneer, Iowa
Pioneer, Kansas
Pioneer, Louisiana
Pioneer, Missouri
Pioneer, Nevada
Pioneer, Ohio
Pioneer, Tennessee
Pioneer Township, Michigan
Pioneer, Michigan

Other places
Pioneer, Alberta
Pioneer, Singapore

Rail transport
Pioneer (locomotive), built in 1837
Pioneer (train), an Amtrak passenger train
Pioneer MRT station, a transit station in Singapore

Schools
Pioneer High School (Ann Arbor, Michigan), U.S.
Pioneer High School (San Jose, California), U.S.
Pioneer High School (Whittier, California), U.S.
Pioneer Junior College, Singapore
Pioneer-Pleasant Vale Schools, (Garfield County, Oklahoma) U.S.

Ships
HMS Pioneer, several Royal Navy ships, 1800s
 Pioneer (sidewheeler 1849), one of the first steamboats in California, U.S., 1849
Pioneer (paddle-steamer), New Zealand gunboat, 1863
Pioneer (submarine), built for the American Civil War, 1861
Pioneer (schooner), ship at the South Street Seaport Museum in New York City, U.S., 1885
USS Pioneer, several U.S. Navy ships, 1800s – 1900s
USC&GS Pioneer, several U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey ships, 1900s
MV P&O Pioneer, a British hybrid power seagoing ferry, introduced on the Dover–Calais route, 2023

Sports

London Greenhouse Pioneers, an English basketball team
Pioneer Bowl, a football game
Pioneer Football League, a college conference
Pioneer League (baseball), a minor league
Pioneer Race Course, a former San Francisco horse racing course
Sacred Heart Pioneers, the athletic teams of the Sacred Heart University

Other
Pioneer program, a series of U.S. lunar, solar, and interplanetary unmanned space missions launched from 1958 through 1978
Pioneer species, a species that colonizes an otherwise barren environment
Pioneering (Scouting), creating structures with ropes and wood spars
Young Pioneers (disambiguation)

See also

Pioneer Award (disambiguation)
Pioneer Club (disambiguation)
Pioneer Days (disambiguation)
Pioneer League (disambiguation)
Pioneer Township (disambiguation)
Pionier (disambiguation)
Pioner (disambiguation)

Pioneer


The Albanoi (, Albanoi; ) were an Illyrian tribe. They were possibly first mentioned by Hecataeus of Miletus (550-476 BCE) under the name Abroi. Ptolemy (200-118 BCE) is the first author who mentions them under the name Albanoi. Their central settlement was called Albanopolis () and was located roughly between the Mat and Shkumbin rivers, in central Albania. Zgërdhesh has been identified as the likely location of Albanopolis. Stephanus of Byzantium who reproduced Hecataeus added an entry for another settlement named Arbon in Illyria whose inhabitants were called Arbonioi or Arbonites. Another Arbon was recorded by Polybius. John of Nikiû wrote in the 7th century CE about a people known as Arbanitai in the Greek translation of the manuscript.

In the Middle Ages, the names Albanoi and Arbanitai/Albanitai referred to medieval Albanians as an ethnic group. The equivalent terms in Latin are Albanenses/Arbanenses, in Slavic Arbanasi and later in Turkish Arnaut. These names reflect the Albanian ethnic endonym Arbëreshë/Arbëneshë, which itself derives from Albanoi. In the archaeological record, the Albanoi are mentioned on a funeral inscription in Stobi and Albanopolis is mentioned on another funeral inscription near Scupi. Another ethnonym, Arbaios found in Phoenice is likely linked to them.

Ancient and medieval literature

The Albanoi may have likely first appeared under the name Abroi in ancient literature. The Abroi may have been a constituent tribe of the larger group of the Taulantii. They are first mentioned by Hecataeus of Miletus (550-476 BCE) in fragment 69 of Periodos Ges. Hecataeus places them near the Taulanti who lived along the Adriatic and the Enchelei. In 19th century and 20th century cartographies, they are variously placed in the upper Devoll or the coastal area between Mat and Shkumbin rivers. Their name may have actually been Arboi as Abroi may have been produced via a metathesis, another linguistic process or a common misassociation by Hecataeus of their name with the ancient Greek term abros to better adapt it to Greek. The name Arboi directly connects them to the later Albanoi who lived in the same region. Stephanus of Byzantium who copied much of the work of Hecataeus in the 6th century CE added another entry about a city named Arbon in Illyria per Polybius and identified its demonyms as Arbonios and Arbonitis.

Polybius (200-118 BCE) mentions a location named "Arbon" in his description of the Illyrian Wars. "Arbon" in a series of mistranslations has been named an "island" or a "city" even though Polybius never mentions it as such. The place has not been identified, and it is unlikely that it refers to the northern Adriatic island of Rab (attested for the first time as Arba by Pliny). An interdisciplinary reading of the passage indicates that "Arbon" might actually have been in central Albania, roughly in the same location as the later Albanopolis (Ptolemy) and Arbanon (Anna Komnene). Wilhelm Tomaschek (1841-1901) considered Arbon to be the "first attestation of the modern name of Albania".

Ptolemy (100-170 CE) is the first author who mentions the ethnonym of the Albanoi in Geographia. The Albanoi are mentioned in the third book of Geographia. They were a people who lived in the region between Mat and Shkumbin and held the settlement Albanopolis. Johann Georg von Hahn first noted that the suffix -polis ("city") was probably added at a later date by other authors as in other editions it is mentioned as "Albanos polis" or "Albanos". Zgërdhesh has been identified as the likely location of Albanopolis. It is not certain if its location corresponds to the region mentioned as Arbanon mentioned by Anna Komnene in the Alexiad about events related to the First Norman invasion of the Balkans(1081). An indication of movement from higher altitudes in a much earlier period has been detected in the distribution of Albanian place names ending in -esh, derives from the Latin -ensis (Vulgar Latin -ēsis), between the Shkumbin and the Mat rivers, with a concentration between Elbasan and Krujë.

John of Nikiû (7th century), a Coptic bishop mentions in the French translation of a manuscript titled Chronicle that barbarians, foreign peoples and Illyrians, ravaged the cities of the Christians and took the inhabitants alive in the Byzantine Empire. Hermann Zotenberg who translated the Chronicle from Geʽez to French rendered with the term Illyrians, a term which in the original manuscript corresponded to Alwerikon. Alwerikon in the Byzantine Greek translation of the Chronicle corresponded to the term Albani(k/t)on (genitive of Albanitai). Constantine Sathas (1842-1912) who first recorded the discrepancy between different translations considered the mention of Alwerikon an attestation of the same population as the Illyrian Albanoi.

Michael Attaleiates (1022-1080) mentions the term Albanoi twice and the term Arbanitai once. The term Albanoi is used first to describe the groups which rebelled in southern Italy and Sicily against the Byzantines in 1038-40. The second use of the term Albanoi is related to groups which supported the revolt of George Maniakes in 1042 and marched with him throughout the Balkans against the Byzantine capital, Constantinople. The term Arvanitai is used to describe a revolt of Bulgarians (Boulgaroi) and Arbanitai in the theme of Dyrrhachium in 1078-79. It is generally accepted that Arbanitai refers to the ethnonym of medieval Albanians. As such, it is considered to be the first attestation of Albanians as an ethnic group in Byzantine historiography. The use of the term Albanoi in 1038-49 and 1042 as an ethnonym related to Albanians have been a subject of debate. In what has been termed the "Vranoussi-Ducellier debate", Alain Ducellier proposed that both uses of the term referred to medieval Albanians. Era Vranoussi counter-suggested that the first use referred to Normans, while the second didn't have an ethnic connotation necessarily and could be a reference to the Normans as "foreigners" (aubain) in Epirus which Maniakes and his army traversed. This debate has never been resolved. A newer synthesis about the second use of the term Albanoi by Pëllumb Xhufi suggests that the term Albanoi may have referred to Albanians of the specific district of Arbanon, while Arbanitai to Albanians in general regardless of the specific region they inhabited. From thereon, in the next centuries, the term Albanoi is used extensively as the ethnonym for medieval Albanians in Byzantine literature. Albanoi is the formal term for Albanians in modern Greek and until the 20th century it was used interchangeably with the term Arbanitai, which now in Greek refers exclusively to Arvanites. These names reflect the Albanian endonym Arbër/n + esh which itself derives from the same root as the name of the Albanoi.

Archaeology

In the archaeological record, the Albanoi and Albanopolis have been directly attested on two funeral inscriptions. The toponym Albanopolis has been found on a funeral inscription in Gorno Sonje, near the city of Skopje (ancient Scupi), present-day North Macedonia. It was excavated in 1931 by Nikola Vulić and its text was curated and published in 1982 by Borka Dragojević-Josifovska. The inscription in Latin reads "POSIS MESTYLU F[ILIUS] FL[AVIA] DELVS MVCATI F[ILIA] DOM[O] ALBANOP[OLI] IPSA DELVS" ("Posis Mestylu, son of Flavia Delus, daughter of Mucatus, who comes from Albanopolis"). It dates to the end of the 1st century CE and the beginning of the 2nd century CE. Dragojević-Josifovska added two lines to the existing reading: VIVA P(OSUIT) SIBI/ ET VIRO SUO. Dragojević-Josifovska proposed that like others he had settled in Macedonia from southern Illyria.

The site of Zgërdhesh, southwest of Krujë in central Albania, has been identified as the likely location of Albanopolis. The settlement covered 10ha at a hill-fort location. Excavations show that the site was abandoned shortly after the Roman conquest of southern Illyria (Third Illyrian War). As an Albanopolis did exist long after as the Scupi inscription highlights, it is possible that the inhabitants had relocated their settlement.

The ethnonym Albanos was found on a funeral inscription from ancient Stobi, near Gradsko about 90 km to the southeast of Gorno Sonje. The inscription in ancient Greek reads "ΦΛ(ΑΒΙΩ) ΑΛΒΑΝΩ ΤΩ ΤΕΚΝΩ ΑΙΜΙΛΙΑΝΟΣ ΑΛΒΑΝΟ(Σ) ΜΝΗΜ(Η)Σ [ΧΑΡΗΝ]" ("In memory of Flavios Albanos, his son Aemilianos Albanos"). It dates to the 2nd/3rd century CE.

An inscription in ancient Greek in Phoenice, southern Albania related to the liberation act of the slave Nikarchos Nikomachou Arbaios is linked to the Albanoi as Arbaios is an ethnonym which has the same root as that of the Albanoi and hasn't been attested anywhere else. Arbaios is considered to not have been a local of the city, but someone who had been moved there from more northern areas in central Albania. The inscription was excavated in the 1920s by Luigi Ugolini. It dates to the 3rd/2nd century BCE.

See also
List of Illyrian peoples and tribes
Origin of Albanians
Names of the Albanians and Albania

References

Sources

Illyrian tribes
Ancient tribes in Albania
Illyrian Albania
Tribes conquered by Rome
Tribes conquered by the Roman Republic

Albanoi


The Château d'Annecy is a restored castle which dominates the old French town of Annecy in the Haute-Savoie  département. It was bought by the town, restored and transformed into a museum, le musée-château d'Annecy. The castle is listed as a  by the French Ministry of Culture since 1959.

History
The castle was built between the 12th and 16th centuries.  It served as the residence of the Counts of Geneva and the Dukes of Genevois-Nemours.  Several times the victim of fires, the castle was abandoned in the 17th century and later repaired to serve as a barracks until 1947.  The town of Annecy acquired the castle in 1953, restored it with the help of Monuments historiques and installed a museum there.

Since 1993, the Tower and the Logis Perrière have housed an observatory (l'Observatoire régional des lacs alpins).

Description
The Tour de la Reine (Queen's Tower) is the oldest part of the castle, dating from the 12th century.  Its walls are over 4 m (13 ft) thick.  At the bottom of the courtyard, the tower and the Logis Perrière date from the 15th century. Other notable parts of the castle are: the Vieux Logis, the  Logis Nemours, the Logis Neuf.  From the castle terrace there is a view over the old town with its narrow streets and decorated roofs.

The museum is installed in the Logis Vieux and the Logis Nemours. The observatory is in the Tower and the Logis Perrière.

Museums
Of particular note is the Museum of Alpine Popular Art (Musée d'art populaire alpin) with numerous regional sculptures and paintings.  There is an important collection of vernacular furniture, dating from the 15th century onwards, sculpted objects, photographs and models of Alpine chalets.

Observatory
L'Observatoire régional des lacs alpins (Alpine Lakes Regional Observatory) includes exhibitions covering:
 archaeological evidence of the first lakeside inhabitants
 aquariums with fish from different types of mountain lake
 model of Lake Annecy and its mountain environment
 models showing the evolution of boats on the lake
 fishing equipment used in the Alps
 birds

See also
List of castles in France

References

External links

 Le site de l'Association des Amis du Vieil Annecy

Châteaux in Haute-Savoie
Monuments historiques of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Art museums and galleries in France
Local museums in France
Buildings and structures in Annecy
Museums in Haute-Savoie

Château d'Annecy


Don Antonio Valeriano, the younger was a colonial Mexican Nahua politician.

Family
Don Antonio Valeriano was born to don Diego Valeriano and doña María. His paternal grandfather and namesake, Antonio Valeriano the elder, was a prominent member of society in Tenochtitlan and Azcapotzalco, serving as governor in both places, as Antonio Valeriano the younger later would. His paternal grandmother was doña Isabel, a daughter of don Diego de Alvarado Huanitzin, ruler of Tenochtitlan. His mother's father was don Alonso Tezozomoctzin, ruler of Azcapotzalco Mexicapan.

On October 10, 1610, he married doña Bárbara, his niece. They had a son named Nicolás.

Career
He served as alcalde for San Juan Moyotlan in the cabildo of San Juan Tenochtitlan from 1608 to 1610. He was a fiscal in 1611 before becoming governor of Azcapotzalco on November 17 that year. Later in the 1620s he was governor of Tenochtitlan.

Notes

References

Year of birth missing
16th-century births
Year of death missing
17th-century deaths
Nahua nobility
Governors of San Juan Tenochtitlan
Alcaldes of San Juan Tenochtitlan

Antonio Valeriano (the younger)


The lowland nyala or simply nyala (Tragelaphus angasii), is a spiral-horned antelope native to southern Africa. It is a species of the family Bovidae and genus Tragelaphus, previously placed in genus Nyala. It was first described in 1849 by George French Angas. The body length is , and it weighs . The coat is maroon or rufous brown in females and juveniles, but grows a dark brown or slate grey, often tinged with blue, in adult males. Females and young males have ten or more white stripes on their sides. Only males have horns,  long and yellow-tipped. It exhibits the highest sexual dimorphism among the spiral-horned antelopes. It is not to be confused with the endangered mountain nyala living in the Bale region of Ethiopia.

The nyala is mainly active in the early morning and the late afternoon. It generally browses during the day if temperatures are  and during the night in the rainy season. As a herbivore, the nyala feeds upon foliage, fruits and grasses, and requires sufficient fresh water. A shy animal, it prefers water holes rather than open spaces. The nyala does not show signs of territoriality, and individuals' areas can overlap. They are very cautious creatures. They live in single-sex or mixed family groups of up to 10 individuals, but old males live alone. They inhabit thickets within dense and dry savanna woodlands. The main predators of the nyala are lion, leopard and African wild dog, while baboons and raptorial birds prey on juveniles. Mating peaks during spring and autumn. Males and females are sexually mature at 18 and 11–12 months of age respectively, though they are socially immature until five years old. After a gestational period of seven months, a single calf is born.

The nyala's range includes Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Eswatini, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. It has been introduced to Botswana and Namibia, and reintroduced to Eswatini, where it had been extinct since the 1950s. Its population is stable, and it has been listed as of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The principal threats to the species are poaching and habitat loss resulting from human settlement. The males are highly prized as game animals in Africa.

Taxonomy and naming

The nyala was first described by George French Angas, an English naturalist, in 1849. The scientific name of nyala is Tragelaphus angasii. The name angasii is attributed to Angas, who said that John Edward Gray had named this species after Angas' father, George Fife Angas of South Australia. According to Article 50.1.1 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, though, this is insufficient to state Gray as the author. The name "nyala" is the Tsonga name for this antelope, which is likely the source of the English, along with Zulu inyala. Its first known use was in 1899. The word has a Bantu origin, similar to the Venda word dzì-nyálà (nyala buck).

The nyala is the second taxon to branch off from the tragelaphine family tree just after the lesser kudu. As the nyala line has remained separate for a considerable time (over 5 million years), some authorities have placed it in its own monotypic genus Nyala. Nyala was proposed in 1912 by American zoologist Edmund Heller, who also proposed Ammelaphus for the lesser kudu, but it was not widely recognized. It was re-erected as a valid genus in 2011 under the classification of Peter Grubb and Colin Groves, but has not been embraced by taxonomic authorities such as the Mammal Diversity Database.

In 2005, Sandi Willows-Munro (of the University of KwaZulu-Natal) and colleagues carried out a mitochondrial DNA analysis of the nine Tragelaphus species. Mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA data were compared. The results showed the tribe Tragelaphini to be monophyletic, with the lesser kudu (T. imberbis) basal in the phylogeny, followed by the nyala. On the basis of mitochondrial data, studies have estimated that the lesser kudu separated from its sister clade around 13.7 million years ago. However, nuclear DNA data shows lesser kudu and nyala forming a clade, which collectively separated from the sister clade 13.8 million years ago.

Genetics and evolution
The nyala has 55 male chromosomes and 56 female chromosomes. The Y chromosome has been translocated onto the 14th chromosome, as in other tragelaphids, but no inversion of the Y chromosome occurs. Cranial studies have shown that the mountain nyala and nyala, though sharing a common name, are actually distant relatives.

Fossil evidence suggests that the nyala has been a separate species since the end of the Miocene (5.8 million years ago). Genetic evidence suggests that the proto-nyala had some early hybridization with the proto-lesser kudu, but the two have remained separate long after this crossing.

Physical description

The nyala is a spiral-horned and middle-sized antelope, between a bushbuck and a kudu. It is considered the most sexually dimorphic antelope. The nyala is typically between  in head-and-body length. The male stands up to , the female is up to  tall. Males weigh , while females weigh . Life expectancy of the nyala is about 19 years.

The coat is rusty or rufous brown in females and juveniles. It grows a dark brown or slate grey in adult males, often with a bluish tinge. Females and young males have ten or more white vertical stripes on their sides. Other markings are visible on the face, throat, flanks and thighs. Stripes are very reduced or absent in older males. Both males and females have a white chevron between their eyes, and a  long bushy tail white underside. Both sexes have a dorsal crest of hair running right from the back of the head to the end of the tail. Males have another line of hair along the midline of their chest and belly.

Only the males have horns. Horns are  long and yellow-tipped. There are one or two twists. The spoor is similar to that of the bushbuck, but larger. It is  long. The feces resemble round to spherical pellets. The nyala has hairy glands on its feet, which leave their scent wherever it walks.

The condition of the nyala often varies between the sexes. According to a study, this can be attributed to the differences in their body sizes. It was noted that during nutritional stress, old adults died in more numbers, of which most were males. During an attempt of blood sampling in the nyala, it was found that Vitamin E levels varied during stress.

Parasites
A study of the helminths from 77 nyalas from four game reserves in Natal revealed the presence of ten nematode species and four nematode genera, a trematode species and paramphistomes (members of superfamily Paramphistomoidea), and two cestode genera. The research discovered new parasites that the nyala was host of - namely a Cooperia rotundispiculum race, Gaigeria pachyscelis, a Gongylonema species, Haemonchus vegliai, Impalaia tuberculata, an Oesophagostomum species, a Setaria species, Trichostrongylus deflexus, Trichostrongylus falculatus, the larval stage of a Taenia species, a Thysaniezia species and Schistosoma mattheei. Ostertagia harrisi and C. rotundispiculum were the most dominant nematodes in the antelope.

Another study of 97 blood samples of South African nyalas revealed the presence of tick-borne hemoparasites (blood parasites). The methods used were polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse line blot (RLB) hybridization. The dominant parasites were Theileria species, T. buffeli, T. bicornis, Ehrlichia species, Anaplasma marginale and A. bovis. Ten tick species, two louse species and a louse fly species were recovered in a study of 73 nyalas at Umfolozi, Mkuzi and Ndumu Game Reserves in northeastern KwaZulu-Natal in 1983 and 1984 and an additional six individuals in 1994. It was found that nyalas were hosts to all stages of development in Boophilus decoloratus, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and R. muehlensi and the immature stages of Amblyomma hebraeum and Rhipicephalus maculatus. Adult males served hosts to more ticks and lice than adult females did. Also, a trypanosome was isolated from a nyala, wild-caught in Mozambique, which was diagnosed and found as akin to Trypanosoma vivax, based on biological, morphological and molecular data.

Diseases

The nyala can also suffer from myopathy. In between January 1973 and June 1981, 21 nyalas succumbed to the disease. The main symptoms were stiffness, inability to rise, and failure to suckle in newborns. Necrosis (that is, the premature death of cells in a living tissue) and mineralization were found in the skeletal muscle after a histological analysis. In the juveniles there was acute necrosis of the cardiac muscle. In adults, there was interstitial fibrosis of the cardiac muscle, along with arteriosclerosis.

In a report published in 1994 entitled "Epidemiological observations on spongiform encephalopathies in captive wild animals in the British Isles", it was noted that spongiform encephalopathy had been diagnosed in one nyala captive in a zoo. The nyala was formerly affected by the disease rinderpest, although the viral disease is considered eradicated now.

Ecology and behavior

The nyala is active mainly in the early morning and late afternoon. It browses during the day if temperatures are  and during the night in rainy season. These antelopes rest in thick bushes during the hot hours of the day. The nyala is very shy and cautious in nature, and often remains hidden rather than coming out in the open. Most sightings of the nyala in the wild are at water holes. But in protected areas they become less shy and often come out in view of tourists.

Nyala groups are according to sex or mixed. Herds usually browse and drink water together. Each group consists of two to ten individuals. A study in Zinave National Park at Mozambique showed that 67% of the observations were of groups of one to three nyalas, and the rest of the herds consisted of up to 30 nyalas. Herds often broke up and re-formed. Generally adult males remain alone. Females often remain near their mothers when they have their offspring, so the relationships in female herds may be closer than those of males.

Alert and wary in nature, the nyala use a sharp, high, dog-like bark to warn others in a group of danger. This feature is mainly used by females. They also react to the alarm calls of impala, baboon and kudu. The impala has been found to react to the calls of the nyala as well. The main predators of nyala are lion, leopard, cheetah, spotted hyena, African wild dog and nile crocodile while baboons and raptorial birds are predators of juveniles.

Diet

As a herbivore, the nyala's diet consists of foliage, fruits, flowers and twigs. During the rainy season they feed upon the fresh grass. They need a regular intake of water, and thus choose places with a water source nearby. However, they are adapted to live in areas with only a seasonal availability of water. A study in Zululand showed that the nyala fed mainly in the early morning and the late afternoon. They feed at night during the rainy season.

A study in Mkhuze Game Reserve and Ndumu Game Reserve in Natal focused on the dietary habits of the impala and the nyala showed that the amount of dicotyledons in their diets varied seasonally. In the dry season, the nyala's dicotyledon diet content was 83.2% and the impala's 52%. In this season, the diet grew richer in fiber and dietary proteins were less. The reverse occurred in the rainy season. As the rainy season arrived, both species took to a diet of mainly monocotyledons, and the impala consumed more of them. The diet contained more proteins than fiber.

Another study was done to find whether the sexual dimorphism in the nyala influenced its foraging habits. Vegetation surveys were conducted with the end of each feeding bout. It was found that females spent equal periods of time foraging in all the three habitats, but males preferred sand forest more. More differences were noted, as males ate woody species at a greater average height whereas females fed from the low herbaceous layer. It was concluded that the differences resulted from varying nutritional and energetic demands according to their diverse body sizes and differing reproductive strategies.

Reproduction

The nyala breeds throughout the year, but mating peaks in spring and autumn. The reason for this is still unknown, but attributed to the photoperiod and the feeding habits of the animal. Females reach sexual maturity at 11 to 12 months of age and males at 18 months (though they are socially immature until five years old), though they begin to show active spermatogenesis at 14 months.

Before ovulation, the Graafian follicles reach a length of at least . A female's estrous cycle is about 19 days long. Males will attempt to mate with the female for two days of the cycle, but she allows it for only six hours per cycle. When the male enters a females' herd during mating, he makes a display by raising his white dorsal crest, lowering his horns and moving stiffly. As in many other animals, the males fight over dominance during mating.

The kidney fat indices (KFIs) of impalas and nyalas have been studied to understand the influence of social class and reproduction on them. To determine the KFI, the kidney is removed and weighed with the fat and once again excluding the fat. The resultant difference is the amount of fat on the kidney. The more the fat, the healthier the animal. In rut, male nyalas had lower KFIs, which did not vary much with the season. Pregnant females of both nyala and impala had higher KFIs than non-pregnant ones.

There is a significant increase in corpus luteum in the last third of gestation. Gestation is of seven months. A single calf is born, weighing . Birth takes place generally away from the sight of predators, in places such as a thicket. The calf remains hidden for up to 18 days, and the mother nurses it at regular intervals. The calf remains with its mother until the birth of the next calf, during which males in rut drive it away from the mother.

Habitat and distribution

The nyala inhabits dense lowland woodlands and thickets, mainly in southern Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and eastern South Africa. It chooses places with good quality grasslands as well as provision of fresh water. It also inhabits lush green river country. The nyala's natural range stretches across southeast Africa from the Lower Shire Valley in Malawi through Mozambique and Zimbabwe to eastern South Africa and Eswatini.

The geographic distribution of the nyala may be based on the genetic variation. According to a study of nyala in South Africa, Mozambique, Malawi and Zimbabwe, there was a marked difference in the gene frequencies at three microsatellite loci. Mitochondrial DNA analysis revealed the presence of a unique haplotype in individuals from each location. Thus, the geographic variation in the nyala may be due to a distribution pattern based on habitat specificity.

Today nyala are found in South African protected areas in the Ndumo Game Reserve, uMkuze Game Reserve and Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Game Reserve, all in KwaZulu-Natal, as well as in Kruger National Park. As of 1999, 10–15% of nyala occurred on private land. Efforts are being made to retain the populations of nyala in Gorongosa National Park and Banhine National Park in Mozambique. Nyala also thrive in Lengwe National Park in Malawi.

Nyala have never been observed showing territoriality. Territories of either sex overlap extensively. The home ranges of males are approximately equal to that of females, about  in area.

Threats and conservation
The major threats to the population of the nyala are poaching, habitat loss, agriculture and cattle grazing. Rinderpest outbreaks have also contributed in population loss. This species is currently of Least Concern, and the population is considered stable by both the IUCN and CITES. As of 1999, the total population of the nyala was around 32,000 individuals. More recent estimates show that South Africa has at least 30,000 nyalas, with 25,000 in KwaZulu-Natal. There are now more than 1,000 on protected areas and ranches in Eswatini. In Mozambique there are not more than 3,000, in Zimbabwe over 1,000, and numbers in Malawi have fallen from 3,000 to about 1,500. Namibia has the smallest population, at about 250.

Today over 80% of the total population is protected in national parks and sanctuaries, mostly in South African protected areas. In South Africa there is a high demand for adult males as game trophies.

References

External links

 Information at ITIS

Tragelaphus
Mammals of South Africa
Mammals of Eswatini
Mammals of Malawi
Mammals of Mozambique
Mammals of Zimbabwe
Fauna of East Africa
Mammals described in 1849
Taxa named by George French Angas

Nyala


Giuliano Bernardi (21 December 1939 in Ravenna – 4 June 1977 in Ravenna) was an Italian operatic baritone and tenor.

Life
Bernardi trained as a singer and graduated from the Conservatorio Statale di Musica "G. Rossini" in Pesaro. Next he studied with the retired baritone Antonio Gelli and made his debut as a baritone in October 1968 in Mantua, in the title role of Verdi's opera Rigoletto, soon after winning the international competition As.Li.Co (Associazione Lirica e Concertistica).

He sang in many Italian theatres and won several other international competitions, such as the Concorso Achille Peri of 1971, and the same year the Concorso internazionale Voci Verdiane, an international competition created by the RAI), with Katia Ricciarelli; and in 1972 he won the Concorso Internazionale per Cantanti "Toti Dal Monte", singing with Ghena Dimitrova.

Luciano Pavarotti heard Bernardi sing and thought he could make a great dramatic tenor. With such encouragement, he decided to become a tenor and studied with the maestros Arrigo Pola and Ettore Campogalliani. He made his debut as a tenor in 1975 in Florence, in the role of Malcolm in Verdi's opera Macbeth. In 1976 he recorded Macbeth in studios in London with José Carreras, Sherrill Milnes, and Ruggero Raimondi, still singing the role of Malcolm. He made his real debut in Spain, in the leading role of Manrico in Verdi's Il trovatore.  At the end of December 1976 he sang with Pavarotti in concerts in Chicago and Pittsburgh.

Bernardi was preparing to sing the title role of Verdi's Otello when a fatal car accident ended his life at the age of 37.

Repertoire
Baritone
Giuseppe Verdi: Rigoletto
Giuseppe Verdi: Un ballo in maschera
Giuseppe Verdi: La traviata
Giacomo Puccini: La bohème
Ruggero Leoncavallo: Pagliacci
Tenor
Giuseppe Verdi: Il trovatore
Giuseppe Verdi: Macbeth
Giuseppe Verdi: La traviata

References
Il Corriere del Teatro, May/June 1976, Giuliano Bernardi
Il Romagnolo, January 2003, Giuliano Bernardi

External links

1939 births
1977 deaths
Italian operatic baritones
Italian operatic tenors
20th-century Italian male opera singers
People from Ravenna

Giuliano Bernardi


The Kwisa  (, , ) is a river in south-western Poland, a left tributary of the Bóbr, which itself is a left tributary of the Oder river.

It rises in the Izera Mountains, part of the Western Sudetes range, where it runs along the border with the Czech Republic. At the slope of the Smrk massif it turns northwards, flowing along the towns of Świeradów-Zdrój, Mirsk, Gryfów Śląski, Leśna, where it is dammed at the Lake Leśnia reservoir, to Lubań, Nowogrodziec and Kliczków. It finally joins the Bóbr river approximately  north-west of Małomice and  south-east of Żagań. For most of its length it is in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, but it also flows through Lubusz Voivodeship for several kilometres before reaching its mouth.

Border river

From about 937 the southeastern outskirts of the Saxon Marca Geronis, established in the conquered lands settled by the West Slavic Milceni tribes, reached to the left banks of the Queiß-Kwisa. After the partition of the march in 965, the lands west of the river belonged to the Imperial Margraviate of Meissen, while the adjacent territory to the east was gradually incorporated into the Silesian region recently conquered by of the Early Polish state under the Piast duke Mieszko I until 992. His successor Bolesław I Chrobry further extended the Polish reach of power to the west, campaigning the Milceni lands around Bautzen (Budissin), which after several years of German-Polish struggle Emperor Henry II the Saint ceded to him according to the 1018 Peace of Bautzen.

Nevertheless, the Land Budissin, later called Upper Lusatia, was reconquered by Emperor Conrad II in 1031 and again held by the Meissen margraves until King Henry IV of Germany in 1071 enfeoffed Duke Vratislaus II of Bohemia, his ally in the looming Saxon Rebellion. The Bohemian rule was again confirmed by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in favour of Duke Vladislaus II in 1158, accompanied by the royal title. Meanwhile, the territory east of the Kwisa had been incorporated into the Polish Duchy of Silesia in 1138, which after the Emperor's 1163 expedition to Poland was held by the Silesian Piast descendants of Duke Władysław II the Exile. From that time on the river marked the border between the historical regions of Lower Silesia—i.e. the Duchy of Legnica from 1248, the Duchy of Jawor from 1274—in the east and Upper Lusatia in the west.

Together with the lower Bóbr, the Kwisa was therefore one of the rivers considered as a possible marker of the Polish–German border after World War II during the negotiations at the 1945 Potsdam Conference, that finally led to the establishment of the Oder–Neisse line about 50 km (30 mi) to the west.

References
 Information on the Kwisa from the Nowogrodziec official website

Rivers of Poland
Rivers of Lower Silesian Voivodeship
Rivers of Lubusz Voivodeship

Kwisa


Bnei Akiva (, , "Children of Akiva") is the largest religious Zionist youth movement in the world, with over 125,000 members in 42 countries. It was first established in Mandatory Palestine in 1929.

History
Bnei Akiva was established on Lag BaOmer 1929 as the youth wing of the Mizrachi movement. Concurrent with the establishment of the movement in pre-independence Israel, organizations of religious youth operated in the Diaspora. In 1958, the Israeli and Diaspora groups merged to form the modern World Bnei Akiva, which operates both in and out of Israel for Diaspora youth, along with Bnei Akiva Israel, which operates in Israel for Israeli youth.

Ideology
Bnei Akiva's objectives are to educate Jewish youth with values of Torah and work, to provide stimulating experiential and informal opportunities for encountering Judaism, and to encourage Jewish continuity and leadership. Bnei Akiva's twin ideals of Torah and Avodah translate to religious commitment and work on the land of Israel.  Bnei Akiva believes in emigration to the land of Israel (Aliya) as a central commandment of Judaism, and maintains that the future of the Jewish people is tied to the state of Israel. In the organization's early years, Avodah was understood as meaning agricultural work, as reflected in the symbolism of the movement's emblem. In more recent years, there has driven a shift in ideology towards a broader definition of working for the development of the country. Members are encouraged to spend a year in Israel on organized learning and touring programs to broaden their knowledge of Israel and developing their leadership skills.

Similarly, the original socialist aims of Bnei Akiva are less actively pursued. Until the 1980s many Bnei Akiva members joined religious Kibbutzim in groups based on mutual army service or Aliya. Since the 1990s, Bnei Akiva members now typically settle in development towns and settlements.

Bnei Akiva actively promotes moving to the state of Israel in a process called aliya (literally meaning "to go up"), but the way in which this occurs has changed over the years. Until the 1990s, chanichim (trainees, disciples) were encouraged to make aliya in garinim (kernels, small groups) intended to bolster existing communities. These were almost always directed to a Kibbutz Hadati, and fierce debates took place as to whether any other form of aliya was a valid expression of the movement's ideals. Today the push for aliya is more general, with no specific communities or framework in mind. The focus is more on coming to Israel and contributing positively to society in any way.

Organizational framework
In Israel, Bnei Akiva is affiliated with the Religious Kibbutz Movement. It is run by a National Secretariat (Hanhala Artzit). Outside Israel, local branches of Bnei Akiva are under the Bnei Akiva Olami (Worldwide) organization. In every country, Bnei Akiva operates a network of Shabbat groups, summer camps, leadership seminars, Shabbatonim, and other activities.

Each age group from third grade to eighth grade has a section common to all scouts of the youth movement in Israel and around the world.

Camp Moshava
Bnei Akiva of the United States and Canada sponsors summer camps, known as Camp Moshava. The first Moshava, in Hightstown, New Jersey, was established in 1936. The largest camp is located in Indian Orchard, Pennsylvania, with 1,500 campers and 400 counselors.

Symbols of Bnei Akiva

Emblem

Bnei Akiva's emblem displays wheat and farming tools (such as scythe and pitchfork), symbolizing the agricultural perspective of the ideology. It also shows the Tablets of Stone, displaying two letters of the Hebrew alphabet that stand for Torah VeAvoda, which means "Torah and work". The two perspectives of Torah and Avoda are tied together by the ribbon which displays the text "Bnei Akiva" on it.

Mifkad
Bnei Akiva branches all over the world start or end their meetings with mifkad, forming the letter Heth (, a rectangle missing one of its smaller sides) using the participants. The mifkad is the assembly where announcements are made, members are counted and the ideology is reaffirmed. With slight variations, the text of mifkad is the same all over the world, following a basic structure.

See also
Orthodox Judaism

References

External links
Bnei Akiva of the US and Canada
World Bnei Akiva
Yeshivot Bnei Akiva – In Israel (Hebrew)
American Friends of Yeshivot Bnei Akiva
Bnei Akiva UK

Youth organizations based in Israel
Zionist youth movements
Orthodox Judaism
Jewish clubs and societies
Religious Zionist organizations
Jewish organizations established in 1929
Rabbi Akiva
1929 establishments in Mandatory Palestine

Bnei Akiva


The Gordon River is a major perennial river located in the central highlands, south-west, and western regions of Tasmania, Australia.

Course and features

The Gordon River rises below Mount Hobhouse in the Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers National Park draining the eastern slopes of the King William Range. The river flows generally south and to the west of the Gordon Range before flowing west through the Gordon Gap and spilling into Lake Gordon, an impounded reservoir created by damming the Gordon at the Gordon Dam. Together with water fed from Lake Pedder, the principal purpose of the reservoir is for generation of hydro-electricity at the Gordon Power Station.

Flowing from east to west through Lake Gordon, the river continues west, passing through the Gordon Splits, a series of gorges once considered impassable until 1958 when Olegas Truchanas, a conservationist and nature photographer, was the first person to navigate the Gordon River in a kayak. The river flows north by west and then due north and finally due west as it reaches its mouth and empties into Macquarie Harbour at Wrights Bay.

From source to mouth, the river is joined by 25 tributaries including the Gell, Boyes, Pokana, Holley, Adams, Serpentine, Albert, Orange, Smith, Denison, Olga, Sprent, Franklin, and the Spence rivers.

The river descends  over its  course; much of which is located in an uninhabited wilderness area, contained with the Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers National Park and Southwest National Park. The lower part of the Gordon River is part of the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area and contains a cold-climate rainforest and rare trees. As with many rivers in western Tasmania, the water is fresh and drinkable, yet has the colour of weak tea due to the absorption of tannin from button grass growing in the catchment area.

Additional dams were proposed for the lower part of the river. However, these plans were changed as a result of significant opposition and public opinion. In particular, the Franklin Dam was proposed just downstream of the junction with the Franklin River, and would have flooded much of both rivers. It was a major political and environmental issue in the 1980s.

Boat excursions to the lower Gordon River from Macquarie Harbour are popular with tourists in Strahan. Seaplane flights depart Strahan during the warmer months and include an out landing on the Gordon River (usually a duration of one hour).

See also

 Commonwealth v Tasmania
 King River

References

Further reading

Macquarie Harbour
Gordon River, Tasmania
Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers National Park
Gordon River power development scheme

Gordon River


Sigismund III, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (1456 – Dessau, 27 November 1487), was a German prince of the House of Ascania and ruler of the principality of Anhalt-Dessau.

He was the fourth son of George I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, as third-born child of his fourth wife Anna, daughter of Albert VIII, Count of Lindau-Ruppin.

Life
In 1474 Sigismund succeeded his father in the principality of Anhalt-Dessau, but, by virtue of the family law of the House of Ascania, he had to rule jointly with his older brother Ernest I and his younger brothers George II and Rudolph IV.

Sigismund never married or had children; on his death, he was succeeded by his brothers and co-rulers.

Princes of Anhalt-Dessau
House of Ascania
1456 births
1487 deaths

Sigismund III, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau


Miami Field was a multi-purpose stadium at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio.

History
Miami Field opened in 1896 as Athletic Park.  It was home to the RedHawks college football team prior to Yager Stadium opening in 1983.

The stadium had a capacity of 7,240 by 1928.  When it closed in 1982 capacity was 14,800.  At that time, it was the second oldest college football stadium after Franklin Field. Almost immediately upon Miami Field being razed, new campus buildings were constructed on the site, the largest of which being Pearson Hall.

In the final configuration, the stands were all metal, and were built above ground level.  The playing field was oriented north-south.  North Patterson Avenue ran parallel to and behind the visitor side stands, which were located on the eastern side of the stadium.  The intersection of High Street (US 27) and Patterson Avenue was at the south east corner of the stadium, with High Street being perpendicular to the playing field.

When Yager Stadium was constructed, the old Miami Field home side stands were reused as the Yager Stadium visitor side stands, whilst the visitor side stands were divided in two, and used as the endzone seats.  These remained as a part of Yager Stadium until replaced in the early 2000s when Yager was renovated. Brick ticket booths were also moved to Yager Stadium and the scoreboard with its clock-like hands was given to the College Football Hall of Fame for display in its museum.

References

Defunct college football venues
American football venues in Ohio
Buildings and structures of Miami University
Multi-purpose stadiums in the United States
Demolished sports venues in Ohio

Miami Field


Antoni Cimolino  is a Canadian actor and director. He is the artistic director of the Stratford Festival in Stratford, Ontario.

After graduating from University of Windsor with a BFA, Cimolino began his career as an actor at Stratford in 1988. He later switched to theatre management and stage direction when Richard Monette was appointed artistic director in 1994, becoming executive director in 1998 and general director in 2007. During the Monette years, Cimolino established funds to provide financial stability for the Festival, and helped secure funding to open the Festival's Studio Theatre in 2002. An accomplished director, Cimolino has staged successful Shakespearean productions in Stratford and Detroit.

Cimolino was selected to become the artistic director at Stratford Festival in 2013, taking over the position from outgoing artistic director, Des McAnuff.

Personal life
He is married to actress Brigit Wilson and has two children, Gabriel and Sophia. In December 2015, Cimolino was appointed as a Member of the Order of Canada for contributions to Canadian theatre and arts leadership.

References

External links
Stratford Festival website
Cimolino's Stratford Festival biography

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Canadian male film actors
University of Windsor alumni
Members of the Order of Canada
Canadian artistic directors

Antoni Cimolino


Micaela Navarro (born 2 September 1956) is a Spanish politician who was President of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party since 2014 until 2016. She previously served in both the Senate and the Congress of Deputies of Spain representing Jaén. She also was Counselor of Equality and Welfare of the Junta of Andalucía from 2004 to 2012.

Early life and education
Navarro was born in Andújar where she attended school which was  away from home. After leaving it at the age of 12 and working in the fields for 13 years, she pursued her enrollment into a  where, following passing of the entrance exams she got in. She attended the University of Granada and the University of Jaén respectively.

Career
Navarro started her career as childcare provider.

She joined politics in the '80s in her hometown Andújar where she was a women's movement leader. Following a successful movement for women's rights in Spain, she became a Councilor for Women and Social Affairs on which she served between 1991 and 1995. She joined a political race, representing Spanish Socialist Workers' Party of Andalusia for a post in the Congress of Deputies in 1996. As the result of the election, Navarro presided over Justice Commission and also was a Joint Congress-Senate Commission on Women's Rights' spokeswoman until 2000. During those years, she was appointed as a Senator of Andalusia and served as a Deputy of its Parliament.

From 1997 to 2000 she served as a Secretary for Women's Participation and from 2000 to 2004 has been a Secretary for Equality. As of September 2009, Navarro is Spanish Socialist Workers' Party's Provincial Executive in Jaén.

Between 2004 and 2012, she served as a counselor for Equality and Social Welfare under the presidencies of Manuel Chaves and José Antonio Griñán, who abandoned his post following the 2012 Andalusian regional elections.

On 19 July 2010, Navarro attended along with Baltasar Garzón and Bibiana Aído, the University of Jaén's summer courses initiatives regarding violence against women. During her speech she read the law on protection of women's rights when it comes to gender violence, calling it a ""complex" norm that not only addresses "the causes of violence, but also the consequences"". She also added that an Andalusian minister has a right to act "in the most effective way", "because that can mean saving a life".

In February 2012, when two congressmen were in dispute over who will control the party, Navarro decided to go against her party's demands and voted for Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba over Carme Chacón. In March 2012, while serving as Minister of Equality and Social Welfare of Andalusia, she aligned herself with Gaspar Zarrías after he replaced José Antonio Griñán in a race for the Regional Government of Andalusia.

In September 2013, Navarro was appointed by Susana Díaz to serve as President of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party of Andalusia. After serving as such for eight months, Navarro replaced Pedro Sánchez as President of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party who at that time already occupied the post of secretary general.

On 1 May 2017, Navarro, as Vice President of the Congress of Deputies of the Kingdom of Spain, met with Eugene Czolij of the Ukrainian World Congress.

During the 2019 Congress of Deputies race, Navarro participated in a political debate against Pablo Montesinos for the Senate post which was shown on Cadena SER. Navarro won the Senate with 976 votes (44.83%).

References

1956 births
Leaders of political parties in Spain
Living people
Members of the 7th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 8th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 11th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 12th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 6th Senate of Spain
Members of the 13th Senate of Spain
Members of the 14th Senate of Spain
People from Andújar
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party politicians
Women members of the Congress of Deputies (Spain)
20th-century Spanish women

Micaela Navarro


America Waldo Bogle (June 2, 1844 – December 28, 1903) was a pioneer in the Oregon Territory.  She and her husband, Richard Arthur Bogle, were among the first Black settlers in Walla Walla, Washington.

Early life
America Waldo was born in Missouri on June 2, 1844. Her mother is believed to have been a slave of Missouri farmer John Waldo (1796–1849), and her father was a white man, probably either John Waldo or his brother Joseph (1805–1871). In 1854 America traveled by wagon train to Oregon with John Waldo's widow, Avarilla, and several other African Americans. They spent the winter with Avarilla's brother-in-law, Daniel Waldo, at his farm east of Salem. In the spring of 1855 they moved south to Douglas County where Avarilla established a Donation Land claim near Roseburg, Oregon. America remained in the Roseburg area for the next five years, during which time she met her future husband, Richard Arthur Bogle, a barber in Roseburg. In 1861 she returned with Avarilla to Salem where she lived with the Daniel Waldo family until her marriage. Daniel Waldo, a former legislator in the Provisional Government of Oregon, who had arrived in Oregon with the Great Migration of 1843, "may have taken responsibility for raising her and thus acted as a father figure." In 1862 Richard Bogle left Roseburg and settled in Walla Walla, Washington, but returned to Oregon briefly at the end of that year to prepare for his marriage to America.

Marriage in Oregon
In Salem, Oregon, on January 1, 1863, at the age of 18, America Waldo married Richard Arthur Bogle, a free Black man born in Jamaica. Their wedding was on the same day that President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation went into effect. The wedding was controversial because there were both white and black guests at the ceremony, going against racial segregation practices. Reverend Obed Dickinson, an abolitionist, presided over the marriage.  Daniel Waldo publicly supported the wedding and gave them "several gifts of great value with which to start their home."  Newspaper editor Asahel Bush called the wedding "shameful" in the local newspaper and in a letter to Matthew Deady he wrote, "It was a negro equality sentiment mixed up with a little snob-aristocracy." The Oregonian retorted to Bush's negative press coverage by saying, "the heart of a man who could be guilty of making light even of a poor mulatto girl's feelings is blacker than the skin of any African." News of the wedding traveled all the way to the San Francisco Bulletin, where it was written that the wedding included, "distinguished white ladies and gentlemen, who saw proper to witness the ceremony and participate in the festive proceedings."

Walla Walla, Washington
The Bogles settled in Walla Walla, Washington, where, in addition to Richard's job as a barber, they started a 200-acre ranch.  America Waldo Bogle was known as "a lady of estimable character, noted for her deeds of charity to the poor and suffering." She died in Walla Walla on December 28, 1903, and her husband died a year later on November 22, 1904. On the day of her funeral all the barbershops in Walla Walla closed early out of a "profound respect the employing barbers entertain for the late Mrs. Richard A. Bogle." America and Richard had eight children together. Her three older children died between 1876 and 1878. Her five surviving children were Arthur, Warren, Belle, Katherine and Waldo, and the sons followed in their father's footsteps and became barbers.

Legacy
America and Richard's commitment to hard work and community involvement was continued in subsequent generations of the Bogle family. Examples include: her daughter-in-law Bonnie Bogle (1885-1953) who wrote a regular column in the Seattle Enterprise newspaper and was very active in Portland's civil rights and women's suffrage movements; her granddaughter-in-law Kathryn Bogle (1906-2003), a social worker, activist and freelance journalist in Portland; and her great-grandson, Richard "Dick" Bogle, who became a television newsman and the second African-American city commissioner in Portland, Oregon.

In 2023 Salem Oregon's Bush House Museum (named for its original owner, newspaperman Asahel Bush, and part of Bush's Pasture Park) dedicated one room of the museum as the America Waldo Bogle Gallery. The gallery will include a permanent collection of commisioned paintings by Portland artist Jeremy Okai Davis representing portraits of early Oregon Black pioneers, and includes one of America and her family.  The gallery was named in America's honor "because the stories of nineteenth-century Black women are rarely told, particularly against the legacies of powerful men like Asahel Bush."  "Asahel Bush wouldn't have invited America Waldo Bogle… or presumably any future portrait subjects into his home. He didn't regard their lives as worthy of consideration… Thankfully, this is no longer Bush's choice to make."

References

1844 births
1903 deaths
Farmers from Missouri
People from Walla Walla, Washington
Ranchers from Washington (state)
Oregon pioneers
Washington (state) pioneers
African-American history of Oregon
African-American history of Washington (state)
African Americans in the American Old West
People from Salem, Oregon

America Waldo Bogle


Operation Spark (Hebrew: מבצע ניצוץ) was a deception operation led by Syria and Egypt, aimed towards deceiving Israel of its intention to invade the Golan Heights and the Sinai Peninsula respectively, in 1973. The operation succeeded in that Israeli intelligence was not, as a whole, able to inform a nationwide alert that war was imminent and that mobilisation should proceed apace; the established 48-hour warning had proved advantageous to Israel in previous wars, most notably the Six-Day War.

However, a number of Israeli generals, including General David Elazar, caught on to the fact that the Syrians and the Egyptians were mobilising their forces behind the ceasefire lines, preparing for offensive actions. Importantly, and arguably the fact that saved the Golan Heights from Syrian reconquest, was the ordering of the 7th Armoured Brigade to the area, even though this was a blatant disregard of the spirit of the Israeli High Command's current directives.

Nevertheless, when war started, clearly Israel as a whole was surprised. Therefore, Operation Spark was a success, a preamble to Syrian and Egyptian initial success in the Yom Kippur War. However, as said, the initiative of some Israeli generals meant that some preparation was in place to try and resist the Arab advance.

Notes

References

External links

Yom Kippur War
Deception operations

Operation Spark (1973)


Robert Elton Stokes, Jr. (born January 1958) is an American television meteorologist, and formerly for The Weather Channel from 1996 through 2008. He co-anchored the weekend morning show Weekend Outlook during his last several years at the network.

A native of Taipei, Taiwan, Stokes graduated from the University of Arkansas at Little Rock with a B.A. in radio, television and film and holds a Certificate of Broadcast Meteorology from Mississippi State University. He had also been a member of the American Meteorological Society and held their seal of approval.

Prior to joining The Weather Channel in June 1996, he had worked at KFSM-TV, KARK-TV, WROC-TV, WTVF and WREG-TV.

He has been successfully sued in arbitration by former co-anchor Hillary Andrews for sexual harassment, in which Andrews alleged that he said sexual things to Andrews like "will you lick my swizzle stick". He was fired from the Weather Channel over this incident.

References

1958 births
Living people
American television meteorologists
The Weather Channel people
People from New Taipei
University of Arkansas at Little Rock alumni
Mississippi State University alumni

Bob Stokes (meteorologist)


Florence Marguerite Knoll Bassett ( Schust; May 24, 1917 – January 25, 2019) was an American architect, interior designer, furniture designer, and entrepreneur who has been credited with revolutionizing office design and bringing modernist design to office interiors. Knoll and her husband, Hans Knoll, built Knoll Associates into a leader in the fields of furniture and interior design. She worked to professionalize the field of interior design, fighting against gendered stereotypes of the decorator. She is known for her open office designs, populated with modernist furniture and organized rationally for the needs of office workers. Her modernist aesthetic was known for clean lines and clear geometries that were humanized with textures, organic shapes, and colour.

Early life and education
Florence Marguerite Schust was born in Saginaw, Michigan, to Frederick Emanuel (1881–1923) and Mina Matilda (Haist) Schust (1884–1931), and was known in familiar circles as "Shu". Frederick Schust was born about 1882 in either Switzerland or Germany and was a native German speaker. The 1920 United States Federal Census describes him as the superintendent of a commercial bakery. Mina was born about 1887 in Michigan, and her parents had been born in Canada. Knoll was orphaned at a young age, her father died when she was 5, her mother died when she was 12. She was placed under the care of Emile Tessin, who had been designated by Mina Schust as Knoll's legal guardian in the event of her death. Tessin made arrangements for Knoll to attend boarding school. After visiting, Knoll recalled feeling that the Cranbrook educational community was the right place for her.

Between 1932 and 1934, Knoll attended Kingswood School Cranbrook, a girls' school at the Cranbrook Educational Community in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. There she was mentored by Rachel de Wolfe Raseman, the art director at Kingswood. Together they designed a home which integrated interior and exterior, sparking her interest in architecture and bringing her to the attention of Eliel Saarinen, the Cranbrook Academy of Art President. Eliel and Loja Saarinen practically adopted Knoll; she spent summers with the family in Finland and befriended their son, Eero Saarinen who even gave her impromptu architectural history lessons. She attended the architecture department at Cranbrook Academy of Art for one year in 1934–35, In 1935, she studied town planning at the School of Architecture at Columbia University. She returned to Michigan in 1936 to undergo surgery and enrolled in the architecture department at Cranbrook again. In 1936-37, she explored furniture-making with Eero Saarinen and Charles Eames. In the summer of 1938 she met Alvar Aalto, who praised Architectural Association in London as a "terrific school," Knoll went on to attend it in 1938-1939. There she enjoyed the focus on studio work and was influenced by Le Corbusier's International style. She left as World War II was spreading.

In 1940-1941, Knoll furthered her architectural educations under leading figures of the Bauhaus movement. In 1940, she moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts, and worked briefly as an unpaid apprentice for Walter Gropius and Marcel Breuer. Though her studies had been repeatedly interrupted by ill health and international events, Knoll was determined to finish her degree. She enrolled at the Chicago Armour Institute (now the Illinois Institute of Technology) in fall 1940. She went to specifically study under Mies van der Rohe and received a bachelor's degree in architecture in 1941. Knoll's design approach was profoundly influenced by Mies, resulting in clarified designs with rigorous geometries.

Career
After graduating, Knoll moved to New York in 1941, taking jobs with several New York architects, including Harrison & Abramovitz. "Being a woman, I was given interiors," Knoll stated about her time at Harrison & Abramovitz. While there, she worked with Hans Knoll to design an office for Harry Stimson. Afterwards she continued the partnership, moonlighting as a designer for the Hans G. Knoll Furniture Company, which included designing their showroom. In 1943, she joined the Hans Knoll's company and founded their interior design service, the Knoll Planning Unit. She and Hans Knoll were married in 1946, when she became a full business partner and the company became known Knoll Associates, Inc.

Knoll Associates
The pairing led to success as Florence Knoll helped Hans Knoll turn what was a small furniture company into an international powerhouse. Florence Knoll was the design force and Hans Knoll was entrepreneurial and charismatic.  A new furniture factory was established in East Greenville, Pennsylvania, and dealers of Knoll's furniture were carefully added over the next several years. Knoll Showrooms and retailers expanded internationally, by 1960 the company was doing $15 million dollars of business annually. The Knoll showrooms embodied their humanized modern designs, showing customers how to use their new furniture. Their first showroom was opened in 1948 in New York City followed by those in Dallas, Chicago, San Francisco, Paris, Los Angeles, Southfield, Michigan and other cities. The company expanded internationally forming Knoll International in 1951, as well as moved into textiles, forming Knoll Textiles.

Knoll felt architects should contribute their design ability to furniture as well, and she brought her international connections, designer friends, and even her former teachers to Knoll. She managed to get architects including Eero Saarinen, Marcel Breuer, Pierre Jeanneret and Hans Bellman to design furniture for Knoll. Famously, Knoll asked Saarinen to design a chair that was "like a great big basket of pillows that I can curl up in," resulting in his classic Womb chair. Knoll and Saarinen had to work with a fiberglass boat builder in order to manufacture the chair. Knoll persuaded her former teacher, Mies van der Rohe, to give Knoll the rights to the Barcelona Chair which he had designed with Lilly Reich in 1929. Knoll also tapped artists to create furniture, such as Isamu Noguchi, whose cyclone table (1950) became a Knoll replica. Knoll had the sculptor, Harry Bertoia spend two years in his studio to see if he could translate his metal work into furniture resulting in his well known wire chairs. She managed to attract Knoll's considerable stable of designer talent by paying commissions and royalties and ensuring credit for designs.

When Hans Knoll died in a car accident in 1955, Florence Knoll took over as president of all three Knoll companies (Knoll Associates, Knoll Textiles, and Knoll International). She sold the companies to Art Metal Construction Company in 1959, though continued on as president of all three companies until 1960. In 1960, she moved to Florida with her second husband, Harry Hood Bassett. However, she stayed in charge of design for all of Knoll until 1965. In the ten years since she had taken primary responsibility for Knoll, she had doubled the size of the company to become one of the most influential design businesses in the world.

Knoll Planning Unit
Florence Knoll created the interior design service of Knoll Associates (The Knoll Planning Unit) in 1943 and directed its activities until 1965; the unit closed down 1971. The Planning Unit at first designed Knoll Showrooms, arranging furniture and accessories to showcase the firm's designs and demonstrate how to use the furniture, Knoll Showrooms became an essential part in convincing clients to adopt Knoll's modernist aesthetic. During the post-war period, the United States experienced an office building boom, and the Knoll Planning Unit was well positioned to take advantage as it began offering innovative full-service design solutions for office interiors including everything from space planning to furniture selection. Knoll also advanced the science of office design, not just decorating the space, but analyzing the client's work requirements and designing functional spaces that would meet these needs. Knoll conducted interviews to identify clients' work needs through interviews. The Unit completed over 70 office interiors, including the offices of major American companies such as IBM, GM, Look magazine, Seagram, Heinz, Connecticut General Life Insurance Company, and CBS. The Unit's breakthrough came from designing for the CBS president, Frank Stanton, who had been impressed by the Knoll Showrooms. Stanton promoted Knoll design to his contacts, and Knoll shrewdly promoted their work for CBS through architecture and design magazines. The Planning Unit typically ran on a very small team, typically only 8 designers and 2 drafters on staff, and even as the volume of projects dramatically increased, the staff only grew to around 20 employees.  Knoll provided extensive education and mentoring to the designers that worked under her, and many of the Knoll Planning Unit designers went on to found interior divisions at architectural firms such as SOM. The preparation and training of interior designers earned the Planning Unit the moniker "Shu U" after Knoll's nickname.

The Knoll look
Knoll and her Knoll Planning Unit has been credited with revolutionizing office design and environments, replacing antique styles and haphazard arrangements with the signature "Knoll Look," marked by rationalized space plans, modern furniture, sleek geometries, and an integration of structure, color, and texture. In the 1940s office decoration had been dominated by antique and period styles. Offices typically had traditional, heavy, carved, mahogany desks placed diagonally in the corner of a room, another diagonal table behind it, chairs scattered, and a glassed-in bookcase. Knoll replaced the old executive desk with light and sleek modern designs, as well as straightening its diagonal positioning.  Work spaces were made to be more open with sitting areas for informal discussion. She redesigned conference tables into a boat-shape so that people could see one another to accommodate group discussions. She often employed floating open-riser staircases and multilevel interiors, drawing on her architectural background.

Knoll radically transformed interior space planning creating a "total design" or "Bauhaus approach" where interior architecture, furniture, lighting, textiles, and art were integrated. The unit created some of the most innovative design for office interiors during the post-war period, largely due to Knoll's design aesthetic of humanized modernism, in which Knoll brought color and texture to interiors inspired by modernism, making them more comfortable for everyday use. This "softer modernism" with color and organic shapes, which was also practiced by Charles and Ray Eames as well as Eero Saarinen, was more appealing to a general public.  Knoll brought in architecture, ergonomics, efficiency, and space planning to her comprehensive interior designs. The NY Times critic, Paul Goldberger, said she "probably did more than any other single figure to create the modern, sleek, postwar American office, introducing contemporary furniture and a sense of open planning into the work environment."  In 1957, Architectural Forum said "the Knoll interior is as much a symbol of modem architecture as Tiffany glass was a symbol of the architecture of Art Nouveau."

Selling modernism

One of Knoll's main challenges was convincing executives and the public to adopt a modernist aesthetic. Knoll Showrooms played a key room in selling the public on modernist design, but Knoll was also gifted at convincing executives to hire Knoll to transform their offices. Knoll was renowned for how she communicated and presented the designs of the Knoll Planning Unit through what she referred to as "paste-ups". A "paste-up" was a general graphic-arts term for any draft or finished mechanical flat art, traditionally using an adhesive commonly used in fashion and set design. Knoll was the first to use the method for interior design presentation. Her paste-ups were small representational plans of the space with fabric swatches, wood chips and finishes attached to represent furniture and other details. Knoll used the paste-ups to convey the feeling and experience of the space, in the pictured example the color and texture of the materials used better represented the humanized modernism that was essential to Knoll's designs. The paste-ups were essential in overcoming resistance to change, they gave executives something they could identify with, making them feel comfortable in adopting Knoll's new aesthetics.

Furniture design
Knoll designed furniture when the existing pieces in the Knoll collection didn't meet her needs. She described her pieces as the "meat and potatoes," the filler among the flashier pieces in the Knoll collection. Knoll stated that she was not a furniture designer, perhaps because she didn't want her furniture pieces to be viewed on their own but rather as an element of her holistic interior design. Nonetheless, almost half of the furniture pieces in the Knoll collection were her designs including tables, desks, chairs, sofas, benches and stools.

She designed furniture not only to be functional but also to designate the functions of interior space as well as relate to the architecture of the space and its overall composition. The distinctive features of Knoll's furniture designs were their sleek silhouettes and clear geometries, reflecting her architectural training and interests. Her furniture was designed with the notion of transforming architecture into furniture, which she achieved by translating the structure and language of the modern building into a human-scaled object.

Professionalization of interior design
Before Knoll's influence Interior decoration was mostly a non-professional pursuit, typically practiced by hobbyists. It had previously only been applied to the home, spaces like offices were not typically professionally planned or designed. Knoll saw an opportunity, when she realized that most office spaces were not professionally designed:In those days the boss usually had a decorator. They did his office and maybe some of the other senior executives, but the people further down the line had offices designed by the purchasing agent, who ordered furniture out of a catalog. So when I came along with my questionnaire, I wanted to know what they needed. It was kind of a radical ideal, but it was also logical and obvious.With her Knoll Planning Unit, Knoll radically shifted interior design to be a professional endeavor. Knoll fused decoration with architecture and industrial design and applied it to commercial office space, this fusion has continued to be at the core of modern professional interior design. Knoll was aware of the shift she was creating; in an interview with the New York Times in 1964, Knoll stated, "I am not a decorator... the only place I decorate is my own house." She took this stance to differentiate the titles of an interior decorator and an interior designer. Knoll was one of the first to make this differentiation, frustrated at the title of interior decorator especially in its gendered connotation and concomitant lack of status and respect. She felt expertise in furniture design and architecture exceed the common skill of an interior decorator.

Awards
Florence Knoll received many awards and honors in her lifetime, including the Museum of Modern Art's Good Design Award (1950, 1953), the first award from the American Institute of Decorators (1954), and became the first woman to receive the Gold Medal for Industrial Design from the American Institute of Architects (1961). She went on to earn the International Design Award from the American Institute of Interior Designers (1962), the Total Design Award from the American Society of Interior Designers (1977), and the RISD Athena Award for Creativity and Excellence (1983). In 1985 she was inducted into the Interior Design Hall of Fame and in 2002 President George W. Bush presented her with the nation's highest award for artistic excellence, the National Medal of Arts. She also was awarded honorary doctoral degrees from the University of Vermont (2004), the University of Miami (1995), and the University of Minnesota (2008).

Personal life
She married Hans Knoll in 1946; he died in a car crash in 1955. In 1958 she married Harry Hood Bassett, the son of Harry H. Bassett. On January 25, 2019, Florence Marguerite Knoll Bassett died at age 101 in Coral Gables, Florida.

References

External links
 Pioneering Women of American Architecture, Florence Knoll Bassett
 Official site of the Knoll Design Company
 A Finding Aid to the Florence Knoll Bassett Papers in the Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution
 The Florence Knoll Collection
 Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation, Episode 5: Florence Knoll: Total Design

1917 births
2019 deaths
20th-century American architects
American centenarians
American furniture designers
American interior designers
American women architects
Cranbrook Academy of Art alumni
People from Saginaw, Michigan
Women centenarians
Architects from Michigan
American people of Canadian descent
American people of German descent
20th-century American women
21st-century American women
American women interior designers
American businesspeople
American women business executives

Florence Knoll


Deneb Karentz is full-time faculty, professor, and chair of the Biology Department at University of San Francisco. Her research focuses on the ultraviolet photobiology of marine organisms and understanding their strategies for protection from UV exposure, particularly in relation to the ecological implications of Antarctic ozone depletion.

Early life and education
Karentz grew up in Millis, MA, the daughter of Rose and Varoujan Karentz, and turned to athletics in high school as a two-sport captain to complement a proud academic standing. Karentz earned her BS at the University of Rhode Island in 1973, MS at Oregon State University in 1976 and PhD at the University of Rhode Island in 1982. Her graduate research focused on the physiology and ecology of marine phytoplankton. She has lived in San Francisco, California since 1983. She held an NIH National Service Award Fellowship for post-doctoral research at the Laboratory of Radiobiology and Environmental Health, University of California San Francisco from 1983-1986. She worked in the lab of James E. Cleaver, conducting research on the molecular genetics of an inherited human disease, xeroderma pigmentosum (XP). Patients afflicted with XP are extremely sensitive to sunlight and are unable to repair UV-induced damage to DNA. Karentz remained at UCSF as a research biologist until hired as a professor of Biology and Environmental Science at the University of San Francisco in 1992.

Career and impact
Karentz became involved in Antarctic research in 1986 as a volunteer on a field team studying the photophysiology of springtime phytoplankton in McMurdo Sound. Karentz's research focuses on the ultraviolet photobiology of marine organisms: identifying strategies for protection from UV exposure and understanding mechanisms for repair of UV–induced damage. Her work has focused on investigating the ecological implications of Antarctic ozone depletion. Over the past 30 years, she has made the trip to Antarctica over 20 times.

From 1986 - 2016 her research has been conducted at Palmer and McMurdo Stations, and aboard several research cruises in the Bellingshausen Sea and the Ross Sea. Since 1994 she has also been an instructor for the NSF advanced international integrative biology course taught at McMurdo Station and Palmer Station for early career scientists from across the world. She served for two years as the associate program manager for the Biology and Medicine Program at the U.S. National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs. She has served as a U.S. representative to the Group on Life Sciences for the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, and is currently the second US delegate to SCAR. She is also (since 2011) a private sector advisor for the US delegation to the Committee on Environmental Protection under the Antarctic Treaty System.

Awards and honors
An Antarctic ice-covered lake, Lake Karentz, was named after her in 2005 by the U.S. Board of Geographic Names in recognition of her contribution to the study of Antarctica.
In 1992 she was awarded the Luigi Provasoli Award for Outstanding Paper in the Journal of Phycology (1991-1992) from the Phycological Society of America for
Karentz, D., J.E. Cleaver and D.M. Mitchell. 1991. Cell survival characteristics and molecular responses of Antarctic phytoplankton to ultraviolet-B radiation exposure. Journal of Phycology 27:326-341.

References

External links
Sampling the Plankton Net (video)

University of San Francisco faculty
American marine biologists
American Antarctic scientists
Living people
University of Rhode Island alumni
Oregon State University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)

Deneb Karentz


The Battle of Linlithgow Bridge is a battle that took place on 4 September 1526 in the village of Linlithgow Bridge, outside the Scottish town of Linlithgow. It was fought between a force of 10,000 men led by the Earl of Lennox and a force of 2,500 led by James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran. The battle was part of a power struggle in Scotland for control of the young Scottish king, James V. The battlefield was added to the national Inventory of Historic Battlefields in Scotland prepared by Historic Scotland under the Scottish Historical Environment Policy of 2009.

Background
The Battle of Linlithgow Bridge was a product of the power vacuum created by the death
of James IV of Scotland in the Battle of Flodden in 1513. His young son, James V, was only a year old when his father was killed, and so Scotland was ruled by regents during his childhood. The first was his mother, Margaret Tudor (sister of King Henry VIII of England), until she remarried in the following year, and was replaced by John Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany, who was himself next in line for the throne after James and his younger brother, Alexander Stewart, Duke of Ross. In 1525, Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, the young king's stepfather, took custody of James and held him as a virtual prisoner for three years, exercising power on his behalf. James' mother made a number of attempts to free her son from the clutches of Douglas, and one of these resulted in the Battle of Linlithgow Bridge.

The battle
In 1526, Margaret persuaded the Earl of Lennox and Archbishop James Beaton to support her cause. Lennox raised an army over 10,000 and marched on Edinburgh from his base in Stirling. By this time Archibald Douglas had won the support of James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran and the latter was sent to try to delay the march by mustering the people of Linlithgow and the surrounding area. Arran arranged his force of 2,500 men on the strategically important Pace Hill overlooking Linlithgow and the River Avon. Lennox, seeing the strength of this defensive position had to rethink his plans.

Lennox intended to outflank and defeat Arran before Douglas could arrive from Edinburgh with reinforcements. Downstream from the town, the river was impassable but his scouts found a ford  upstream, at Manuel Convent. Lennox forced a crossing there and advanced on Arran's flank. However, Arran saw the threat and placed his troops facing south along the ridge of Pace Hill. Lennox's attack was across the Avon, over boggy ground and finally uphill, but he very nearly succeeded in dislodging Arran's outnumbered men. However time ran out for Lennox as Douglas reinforcements arrived followed by the reluctant King James.

Many of the Lennox men were killed either on the ridge or along the banks of the river Avon. The Earl of Glencairn was captured and Lennox himself was wounded. It was said that Lennox surrendered to his opponents but was then murdered by James Hamilton of Finnart. The location of Lennox's murder is commemorated with a cairn that stands at the entrance to the Kettilstoun estate.

The aftermath
After the battle, James remained under the control of Archibald Douglas until, in 1528, aged sixteen, he escaped from Edinburgh to join his mother in Stirling and assume the reins of government himself. Douglas and his family had their lands confiscated and he was forced to seek refuge in England. James continued to reign until his death in 1542.

Notes

References
 The Battle of Linlithgow Bridge (archived 2014-05-27)

External links

1520s in Scotland
Linlithgow Bridge
Linlithgow Bridge
History of West Lothian
Linlithgow
History of Linlithgow
Linlithgow Bridge

Battle of Linlithgow Bridge