Golden Boy is a drama by Clifford Odets. The play was initially produced on Broadway by The Group Theatre in 1937. Odets' biggest hit was made into a 1939 film of the same name, starring William Holden in his breakthrough role, and also served as the basis for a 1964 musical with Sammy Davis, Jr.

Plot

Joe Bonaparte, a young Italian American man and talented violinist, dreams of becoming a professional musician.  Joe, however, fights a boxing match for manager Tom Moody, which he wins. Joe's father, Mr. Bonaparte, has scraped up enough money to afford a top-of-the-line violin for Joe's 21st birthday. However, upon learning of Joe's fight from Joe's brother Frank, Mr. Bonaparte decides not to give Joe the violin. Two months later, Joe has become a successful boxer for Moody and Roxy Gottlieb, a prizefight promoter. However, Joe won't throw punches, attempting to protect his hands. Later, Joe prepares to go on a boxing tour, where Mr. Bonaparte presents Joe with the violin. Joe plays it, but tells his father to return it.

Six months later, Joe's career continues to advance. Infamous gangster Eddie Fuseli approaches Moody and Roxy, demanding to be signed on as a partner, which Joe agrees to. Moody, believing Joe to be distracted by his fame, convinces his girlfriend Lorna to talk to Joe. She does so, and the pair profess their love to each other. Despite this, Lorna cannot bring herself to break off her relationship with Moody. Feeling that he has lost Lorna as well as his father's respect, Joe no longer holds back in the ring. In his next match, Joe defeats his opponent, but breaks a hand, thereby ruining any future career he may have had as a violinist.

Six months later, Joe has become a top-ranked prizefighter. He has become disillusioned with his fame and his managers, and has become more vicious in the ring. After learning Lorna is engaged to Moody, Joe confronts her and they argue, where Lorna accuses Joe of being a killer like Fuseli. Disoriented, Joe is unable to stay focused against his opponent, but pulls through with a victory. Before the celebration begins, Joe learns his final blow has killed his opponent. Meanwhile, Joe's managers arrive at the Bonaparte home to wait for Joe and Lorna. Frank receives a call informing him that Joe and Lorna have died in a car accident. Mr. Bonaparte prepares to retrieve the body, saying he will bring Joe "home ... where he belongs."

Production history

Following his 1935 successes Waiting for Lefty and Awake and Sing!, Odets went to Hollywood to write The General Died at Dawn with the intention of using his salary to support the Group Theatre, the independent theatre company that had produced his earlier plays, despite his previous protests against large corporations, including movie studios. His own internal struggle to choose between art and materialism became the basis for the theme of his play, his first to focus more on psychology and personal relationships than social criticism. The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette reviewer noted that Odets wrote about social consciousness in Waiting for Lefty and "lessons of faith" in Awake and Sing, but in Golden Boy he set out to "merely tell a story."

Odets called the play "symbolic," with one latter-era critic noting that "the show pits spiritual ideals against lust for fame and money in what can only be termed an implausible setup." According to John Lahr, "The heroes of 'Golden Boy' and 'The Big Knife' are both torn between commercial success and artistic fulfillment, driven crazy by their decision to live against their natures; both murder themselves out of nostalgia for their lost integrity."

The original Broadway production, directed by Harold Clurman, opened on November 4, 1937 at the Belasco Theatre, where it ran for 250 performances. The cast included Luther Adler as Joe, Robert Lewis as Roxy, Morris Carnovsky as Joe's father, Roman Bohnen as Tom, and Frances Farmer as Lorna, John Garfield as Siggie, Lee J. Cobb as Mr. Carp, Elia Kazan as Eddie Fuselli and Howard da Silva as Lewis.

The play was revived on Broadway at the ANTA Playhouse, opening on March 12, 1952 and closing on April 6, 1952 after 55 performances. John Garfield played Joe.

A second Broadway revival, produced by the Lincoln Center Theater, opened on December 6, 2012 at the Belasco Theatre. Direction is by Bartlett Sher with Seth Numrich as Joe Bonaparte, Yvonne Strahovski as Lorna Moon, Tony Shalhoub as Mr. Bonaparte and Danny Burstein as Tokio. The play closed on January 20, 2013 after 53 performances and 30 previews. Golden Boy received eight 2013 Tony Award nominations, including Best Revival of a Play and Best Performance By An Actor In A Featured Role In A Play for both Shaloub and Burstein, and three Drama Desk Award nominations, including Outstanding Revival of a Play.

References

External links

Internet Broadway Database listing, 1937 production
Internet Broadway Database listing, 1952 production
Internet Broadway Database listing, 2012 production
Golden Boy at the Tonys from the Museum of the City of New York Collections blog

1937 plays
Broadway plays
Plays by Clifford Odets
American plays adapted into films
Boxing mass media

Golden Boy (play)


Alain Mabanckou (born 24 February 1966) is a novelist, journalist, poet, and academic, a French citizen born in the Republic of the Congo, he is currently a Professor of Literature at UCLA. He is best known for his novels and non-fiction writing depicting the experience of contemporary Africa and the African diaspora in France. He is among the best known and most successful writers in the French language, and one of the best known African writers in France. In some circles in Paris he is known as "the Samuel Beckett of Africa".

Mabanckou is also controversial, and has been criticized by some African and diaspora writers for stating that Africans bear responsibility for their own misfortune. He has argued against the idea that African and Caribbean writers should focus on their local realities in order to serve and express their communities. He further contends that categories such as nation, race, and territory fall short of encapsulating reality, and urges writers to create works that deal with issues beyond these subjects.

Life
Alain Mabanckou was born in Congo-Brazzaville in 1966. He spent his childhood in the coastal city of Pointe-Noire, where he received his baccalaureate in Letters and Philosophy at the Lycée Karl Marx. After preliminary law classes at the Marien Ngouabi University in Brazzaville, he received a scholarship to go to France at the age of 22. He already had several manuscripts to his name, mostly collections of poems, which he began publishing three years later.

After receiving a post-graduate Diploma in Law from the Université Paris-Dauphine, he worked for about ten years for the group Suez-Lyonnaise des Eaux.

Writing
Mabanckou dedicated himself increasingly to writing after the publication of his first novel, Bleu-Blanc-Rouge (Blue-White-Red), which won him the Grand prix littéraire d'Afrique noire in 1999. Since then he has continued to regularly publish prose as well as poetry. His African Psycho (2003) is a novel written from the point of view of Gregoire Nakobomayo, a fictional African serial killer.

Mabanckou is best known for his fiction, notably Verre cassé (Broken Glass), a comic novel centered on a Congolese former teacher and life in the bar he now frequents. Verre cassé has also been the subject of several theatrical adaptations. It was published in English translation as Broken Glass in 2009.

In 2006 he published Memoires de porc-épic (Memoirs of a Porcupine), which won the Prix Renaudot, one of the highest distinctions in French literature. The book is a magic realism-inspired reworking of a folk tale into a psychological portrait of Kibandi, a young Congolese man's descent into violence. The folk tale is an African legend: "All human beings have an animal double. Some doubles are benign, others wicked." This adage focalizes on the value placed on twinhood in the African tradition. Just as the text uses the notion of doubles as a key idea in the development of its theme of power and sacrifice, African tribes believe twins to be harbingers of health, and prosperity in a family. However, they can also bring the opposite in disaster, and misfortune. There also exists a power dynamic between twins in that the second-born undertakes the more subservient role of guide that introduces the first born to the world. These two notions of duality and power dynamics come through in the characters, and their doubles, in the novel. The novel is narrated by one of these doubles, a porcupine, who is telling a baobab tree of the years he spent with Kibandi, his "master," establishing his subservient role. On Kibandi's tenth birthday, his father makes him drink mayamvumbi, a potion, that links Kibandi to his "harmful double," the porcupine, for life, an instance of twinhood bringing misfortune. After the two carry out a string of murders in their village, even once violating the basic principle of Congolese magic of never harming twins, given their sacred place in tradition, Kibandi dies and the porcupine remains alive, and turns to the baobab to tell his story. During his confessions, the porcupine makes frequent, often poignant remarks on humanity, such as the endangering relationship between humans and animals and the sometimes exploitative role of ethnographers, all while staying true to authentic African traditions of storytelling, and twinhood.

In 2007, Mabanckou's early poetry was re-published by Points-Seuil under the title Tant que les arbres s'enracineront dans la terre, as well as a biography of James Baldwin, Lettre à Jimmy (Fayard), on the 20th anniversary of Baldwin's death.

Mabanckou's 2009 novel, Black Bazar, is a dark comic story set in Jip's, a Paris Afro-Cuban bar once frequented by Mabanckou, portraying the lives of characters from the various African diasporas of France.

Mabanckou's work has been translated and published in 15 languages, including several books in English.

Academic
In 2002, Mabanckou went to teach Francophone Literature at the University of Michigan as an Assistant Professor. After three years there he was hired in 2006 by the University of California Los Angeles, where he is now a full Professor in the French Department. He currently lives in Santa Monica, California.
He was appointed Visiting Professor at the Collège de France (Chair of Artistic Creation) for 2016.

Other work
Mabanckou was a judge of the 2022 Booker Prize (together with Neil MacGregor (chair), Shahidha Bari, Helen Castor and M John Harrison).

He is the founder of the musical project Black Bazar.

Bibliography

Novels

 1998: Bleu-Blanc-Rouge (Présence Africaine). Blue White Red, trans. Alison Dundy (Indiana University Press, 2013)
 2001: Et Dieu seul sait comment je dors (Présence Africaine)
 2002: Les Petits-fils nègres de Vercingétorix (Le Serpent à Plumes). The Negro Grandsons of Vercingetorix, trans. Bill Johnston (Indiana University Press, 2019)
 2003: African Psycho (Le Serpent à Plumes). African Psycho, trans. Christine Schwartz Hartley (New York: Soft Skull, 2007; London: Serpent's Tail, 2009)
 2005: Verre cassé (Seuil). Broken Glass, trans. Helen Stevenson (London: Serpent's Tail, 2009)
 2006: Mémoires de porc-épic (Seuil). Memoirs of a Porcupine, trans. Helen Stevenson (London: Serpent's Tail, 2011)
 2009: Black Bazar (Seuil). Black Bazaar, trans. Sarah Ardizzone (London: Serpent's Tail, 2012)
 2010: Demain j'aurai vingt ans (Gallimard). Tomorrow I'll Be Twenty, trans. Helen Stevenson (London: Serpent's Tail, 2013)
 2012: Tais-toi et meurs (La Branche).
 2013: Lumières de Pointe-Noire (Seuil). The Lights of Pointe-Noire, trans. Helen Stevenson (London: Serpent's Tail, 2015; New York: The New Press, 2016)
 2015: Petit Piment (Seuil). Black Moses, trans. Helen Stevenson (London: Serpent's Tail / New York: The New Press, 2017)
 2018: Les Cigognes sont immortelles (Seuil). The Death of Comrade President, trans. Helen Stevenson (London: Serpent's Tail / New York: The New Press, 2020)

Poetry
 1993: Au jour le jour, Maison rhodanienne de poésie
 1995: La légende de l'errance, Éditions L'Harmattan
 1995: L'usure des lendemains, Nouvelles du Sud
 1997: Les arbres aussi versent des larmes, L'Harmattan
 1999: Quand le coq annoncera l'aube d'un autre jour, L'Harmattan
 2007: Tant que les arbres s'enracineront dans la terre, Oeuvre poétique complète, « Points », Seuil
 2016: Congo, Montréal, Mémoire d'encrier, coll. « Poésie » no 62 ()
 2021: As Long As Trees Take Root in the Earth and Other Poems, trans. Nancy Naomi Carlson (Seagull Books)

Essays
 2007: Lettre à Jimmy (James Baldwin) (Fayard). Letter to Jimmy, trans. Sara Meli Ansari (New York: Soft Skull, 2014)
 2009: L'Europe vue d'Afrique (Editions Naïve)
 2011: Ecrivain et Oiseau migrateur (Editions André Versailles)
 2012: Le Sanglot de l'homme noir (Fayard). The Tears of the Black Man, trans. Dominic Thomas (2018)
2015: Lettres noires : des ténèbres à la lumière (Fayard / Collège de France)
2016: Le monde est mon langage (Grasset)
2017: Penser et écrire l'Afrique (Seuil)
2019: Dictionnaire enjoué des cultures africaines (with Abdourahman A. Waberi) (Fayard)
2020: Rumeurs d'Amérique (Paris: Plon)

Illustrated books

 2000: L'Enterrement de ma mère, Kaléidoscope, coll. « Fiction française »
 2010: Ma Sœur-Étoile, illustrated by Judith Gueyfier, Paris, Seuil-Jeunesse
 2019: Le Coq solitaire, illustrated by Yuna Troël, Paris, Seuil-Jeunesse

Awards and recognition
 Prix de la Société des poètes français, 1995 for L'usure des lendemains
 Grand prix littéraire d'Afrique noire, for Bleu-Blanc-Rouge, 1999
 Prix du roman Ouest-France-Etonnants Voyageurs 2005, for Verre cassé
 Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie 2005, for Verre cassé
 Prix RFO du livre 2005, for Verre cassé
 Prix Renaudot 2006, for Mémoires de porc-épic
 Prix de La Rentrée littéraire 2006, for Mémoires de porc-épic
 Prix Aliénor d'Aquitaine 2006, for Mémoires de porc-épic
 Prix Créateurs Sans Frontières 2007 (Ministère français des Affaires Etrangères), for Mémoires de porc-épic
 Médaille de citoyen d'honneur de la ville de Saint-Jean-d'Angély (Charente-Maritime, France), 2004
 Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur par décret du Président de la République française, 2010.
 Georges Brassens Prize 2010, for Demain j'aurai vingt ans
 Prix Prince Pierre de Monaco 2013, Littérature
Académie Française Prize: Grand Prix de littérature Henri Gal 2012 for his entire work
 Premio Strega Europeo: 2015, Finalist
Man Booker International Prize: 2015, Finalist
2016 Puterbaugh Fellow for the entire body of work
 2017 Man Booker International Prize selection for the novel Black Moses
 The Guardian ranked Broken Glass number 99 in its list of 100 Best Books of the 21st Century.
 2021: Elected a Royal Society of Literature International Writer

References

External links
 Alain Mabanckou's official website
 Reed Johnson, "Hoping the meaning isn't lost", Los Angeles Times, 29 April 2012.

 Karimi, Kian-Harald: "'Paris Calling: Common and Uncommon Experiences of Latin American and African Diasporas'" in: Call - Irish Journal for Culture, Arts, Literature and Language (Hg. Sascha Harris u.a.) Dublin Vol 1. 2016 | url=http://arrow.dit.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1016&context=priamls |

1966 births
Knights of the Legion of Honour
French expatriates in the United States
Living people
Paris Dauphine University alumni
Prix Renaudot winners
Republic of the Congo novelists
Republic of the Congo journalists
Republic of the Congo essayists
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
University of Michigan faculty

Alain Mabanckou


Richard Marceau (born August 25, 1970) is a Canadian politician.

Marceau was born in Charlesbourg, Quebec City. A lawyer in both Québec and Ontario, Marceau was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1997 federal election for the Bloc Québécois in the riding of Charlesbourg at the age of 26. He was re-elected in the 2000 election in the riding of Charlesbourg—Jacques-Cartier and again in the 2004 election in the riding of Charlesbourg. He has served as the Bloc's critic to the Solicitor General, International Trade, Indian Affairs and Northern Development, Intergovernmental Affairs, and the Privy Council. He was their  critic to the Minister of Justice and the Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness until his defeat in the 2006 election.

He ran unsuccessfully as the Parti Québécois candidate in Charlesbourg in the 2007 Quebec election.

Marceau converted to Judaism in 2004, 10 years after his marriage to Lori Beckerman. He had co-chaired the Canada-Israel Inter-Parliamentary Friendship Group and sponsored a bill establishing a national Holocaust remembrance day. He described himself as a "pro-Palestinian Zionist" in an op-ed piece he wrote for the Ottawa Citizen.

From 2006 to 2011, Marceau worked for the Canada-Israel Committee. Since 2011, he has worked for the Centre for Israel and Jewish Affairs as a senior advisor. In 2011, he published A Quebec Jew: From Bloc Québécois MP to Jewish Activist, detailing his spiritual journey and involvement in the Jewish community.

References

External links

1970 births
Bloc Québécois MPs
Canadian Zionists
Converts to Judaism
Jewish Canadian politicians
Jewish Canadian writers
Living people
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
Politicians from Quebec City
Writers from Quebec City
École nationale d'administration alumni
21st-century Canadian politicians
21st-century Canadian memoirists

Richard Marceau


Ambiorix (1946–1975) (also known as Ambiorix II to distinguish him from another Ambiorix [1940], also by Tourbillon) was a French Champion Two-Year-Old Thoroughbred racehorse who became a leading sire.

Pedigree
Bred by Marcel Boussac at his Haras de Fresnay-le-Buffard in Orne, he was sired by Tourbillon whom Ambiorix II would help make the Leading sire in France in 1948. Tourbillon was a son of Ksar, a two-time winner of the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe and the Leading sire in France in 1931. The dam of Ambiorix II was Lavendula, a daughter of Pharos, the Leading sire in Great Britain & Ireland in 1931 and Leading sire in France in 1939. Ambiorix was a half-brother to Source Sucree (dam of Turn-To), Perfume II (dam of My Babu and Sayani), Singadula and Wild Lavender II.

Race record
Trained by Charles Semblat and ridden by Roger Poincelet, Ambiorix proved to be a better runner at races around 8-10 furlongs in distance rather than the European Classic distance of 12 furlongs or more.

In 1948 Ambiorix made three starts. He finished off the board in his racing debut in the French Prix de Chatou and then easily won the Selsey Stakes at Goodwood Racecourse in England. He followed this with a win in the most important race for two-year-olds in France, the Grand Criterium. His performances earned him the 1948 French Champion Two-Year-Old-Colt honors. Racing at age three in 1949, Ambiorix made four starts. Jockey Poincelet guided the colt to wins in the Prix Lupin at Longchamp Racecourse and the Prix Greffulhe at Saint-Cloud Racecourse, both of which were run at around ten furlongs. Ambiorix then earned seconds to Good Luck in the 1949 Prix du Jockey Club and to Val Drake in the Prix Hocquart.

Stud record
After Ambiorix retired from racing, Marcel Boussac believed that he would have more value as a sire in the United States where the vast majority of race distances suited his record best. He was then sold for US$250,000 to a syndicate led by Bull Hancock, who brought him to stand at stud in time for the 1950 season at his Claiborne Farm near Paris, Kentucky.

Ambiorix spent the rest of his life at Claiborne Farm, where he sired fifty-one stakes race winners and was the Leading sire in North America in 1961. His best offspring included:
 High Voltage (1952) - American Champion Two-Year-Old Filly, won Matron Stakes, Coaching Club American Oaks
 Hitting Away (1958) - won Withers Stakes, Dwyer Stakes, Bernard Baruch Handicap, Royal Palm Handicap (2x)
 Ambiopoise (1958) - won Jersey Derby, Gotham Stakes, Discovery Handicap, sire of Faraway Son
 Count Amber (1957) - won Narragansett Special, sire of Amberoid
 Amber Morn (1956) - won Bowling Green Handicap, Autumn Handicap, sire of Queen's Plate winners Royal Chocolate and Amber Herod
 Make Sail, winner of the Kentucky Oaks.

Through his daughter Fantan II, Ambiorix was the damsire of Ragusa, who was a major factor in him earning Leading broodmare sire in Great Britain & Ireland honors in 1963.

After being pensioned, Ambiorix died at age twenty-nine in January 1975 at Claiborne Farm and is buried the farm's equine cemetery.

Pedigree

References

 Profile of Ambiorix at Thoroughbred Heritage

External links
 Ambiorix's pedigree and partial racing stats

1946 racehorse births
1975 racehorse deaths
Racehorses bred in Orne
Racehorses trained in France
United States Champion Thoroughbred Sires
British Champion Thoroughbred broodmare sires
Thoroughbred family 1-w
Byerley Turk sire line

Ambiorix (horse)


Dvin Artashat (), is a defunct Armenian football club from Artashat, Ararat Province. It was founded in 1982 under the name Olympia Artashat. After the independence of Armenia, the club participated in the domestic competitions under the name FC Artashat, between 1992 and 1993. In 1995, the club was renamed FC Dvin Artashat. However, after the 1999 Armenian Premier League season, the club was dissolved and is currently inactive from any professional football in Armenia.

League Record

References
RSSSF Armenia (and subpages per year)

Defunct football clubs in Armenia
1982 establishments in Armenia
1999 disestablishments in Armenia

FC Dvin Artashat


Miguel Ricardo de Álava y Esquivel  (7 July 1770 – 14 July 1843) was a Spanish General and statesman who served as Prime Minister of Spain in 1835. He was born in the Basque Country, at Vitoria-Gasteiz, in 1770. Álava holds the distinction of having been present at both Trafalgar and Waterloo, fighting against the British at the former and with them at the latter.

Alava served as a naval aide-de-camp during the time of Spain's alliance with France but switched sides in 1808 when Napoleon invaded Spain. The Spanish Cortes appointed him commissary (military attaché) at the British Army Headquarters, and Wellesley, the future Duke of Wellington, who regarded him with great favour, made him one of his aides-de-camp. Before the close of the campaign he had risen to the rank of brigadier-general. During the Waterloo Campaign in 1815, Alava was the Spanish ambassador to The Hague at the court of King William I of the Netherlands, which allowed him to attend the Duchess of Richmond's ball and to be at Wellington's side during the Battle of Waterloo.

Early life

Born into a noble family of naval tradition, he was the son of Pedro Jacinto de Álava y Navarrete and María Manuela de Esquível y Peralta. His uncle was Ignacio María de Álava, renowned officer who became the Captain general of the Navy in 1817. He married his cousin María Loreto de Arriola y Equível, a grandchild of the Marquesses of Legarda, in 1813. Between 1781 and 1790 he completed his school studies at the , an institution dedicated to the education of sons of noblemen run by the Real Sociedad Bascongada de Amigos del País.

In 1785, at age 13, he entered as a cadet in the Infantry Regiment of Seville n. 11, lead at the time by his other uncle, José de Álava, reaching the rank of second lieutenant in 1787.

After his time in the infantry, and coinciding with the end of his studies, he entered the Navy in 1790, possibly attracted by the distinguished figure of his uncle, Ignacio Maria de Álava. He joined different ships from which he participated in multiple military actions by the Spanish navy against France and England: in Ceuta, the Siege of Toulon and in Italy, which, together with his well connected family, allowed him to rapidly escalate. In 1794 he was already a frigate lieutenant.

Embarked with his uncle Ignacio in 1795 on an expedition that sought to travel around the world, he remained in South America until 1800. Álava returned to Spain following orders he had received three years earlier, but was captured by the English. He was released several months later and in 1801 he was back in Spain. In 1802 he was posted in Cádiz, where he was promoted to lieutenant of the ship.

On his return to Cádiz in 1805, he was assigned to the fleet commanded by Admiral Gravina. After the expedition to Martinique, conceived by Napoleon as a diversionary maneuver for the Royal Navy, he intervened in the Finisterre skirmish. On October 21, he participated in the Battle of Trafalgar under the orders of Gravina aboard the Príncipe de Asturias while his uncle Ignacio captained the Santa Ana. After the fateful combat, he would be promoted once again.

War of the Third Coalition
Álava served first in the Navy, and had risen to be captain of a frigate when he transferred into the army, receiving corresponding rank. He was present as a Marine at the Battle of Trafalgar on board the 112-gun Santa Ana, which was the flagship of his uncle, Admiral Ignacio Álava.

Peninsular War
At the assembly of Bayonne in 1808, he was one of the most prominent of those who accepted the new constitution from Joseph Bonaparte as King of Spain. After the national rising against French aggression, and the defeat of General Dupont at Bailen in 1808, Álava joined the national independence party, who were fighting in alliance with the British forces in the peninsula. At the end of January 1810 he was ordered to move to Portugal in order to communicate Wellington the difficult military situation in that they were against the French. During this stay a friendship between Wellington and Alava was created, to the point that the Duke had him remain as delegate of the Spanish forces in the British units. He was promoted to Brigadier by express recommendation of Wellington. He saw action in the battles of Salamanca, Vitoria, Bussaco and at the Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo, as well as taking part in the storming of Badajoz. For his service in the Peninsula he was made an honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath.

Hundred Days

On the restoration of Ferdinand, Álava was cast into prison, but the influence of his uncle Ethenard, the Inquisitor, and of Wellington secured his speedy release. He soon contrived to gain the favour of the King, who appointed him ambassador to The Hague in 1815. As a result of this, he was present at the Battle of Waterloo with Wellington's staff. Álava stuck close to the Duke during the Battle. Like Wellington, and unlike many of his staff, Álava survived the battle without sustaining any wound although Wellington and his staff were in the thick of the action, with the Duke declaring to Alava: "The hand of Almighty God has been upon me this day". Álava is presumed to have been the only man on the Coalition side who was present at both Waterloo and Trafalgar.

Politician and diplomat

On the breaking out of the revolution of 1820, he was chosen by the province of Álava to represent it in the Cortes, where he became conspicuous in the party of the Exaltados, and in 1822 was made President. In the latter year, he fought with the militia under Francisco Ballesteros and Pablo Morillo to maintain the authority of the Cortes against the rebels. When the French invested Cádiz, Álava was commissioned by the Cortes to treat with the Duc d'Angoulême, and the negotiations resulted in the restoration of Ferdinand, who pledged himself to a liberal policy. No sooner had the King regained power, however, than he ceased to hold himself bound by his promises, and Álava found it necessary to retire first to Gibraltar and then to England. There, he was given a house on the Duke of Wellington's Hampshire estate Stratfield Saye and introduced to his bank Coutts: "This is my friend, and as long as I have any money with your house, let him have it to any amount he thinks proper to draw for".

On the death of Ferdinand, he returned to Spain, and espousing the cause of Maria Christina against Don Carlos was appointed ambassador to London in 1834, and to Paris in 1835. Proposed as Prime Minister in September 1835, he rejected his nomination. After the insurrection of La Granja, he refused to sign the constitution of 1837, declaring himself tired of taking new oaths, and was consequently obliged to retire to France, where he died at Barèges in 1843.

Legacy

Both the relationships established with high-ranking military personnel during the Peninsular War and his diplomatic work as ambassador in London and Paris gave Álava access to a wide network of prominent contacts that, in some cases, went beyond the strictly professional sphere.

Thus, in September 1813, William II of the Netherlands, at the time Prince of Orange, with whom he fought during the Napoleonic campaigns, congratulated him on his impending marriage and asked him, in a relaxed tone, to invite him to the ceremony, which Álava happily did. The French queen consort, María Amalia, wrote to him about her daughter's future wedding and other family concerns. Nonetheless, it was the Duke of Wellington who was probably Álava's greatest admirer and friend, who gained the Iron Duke's trust when he served as his aide-de-camp during the fight against the French.

The novelist Ildefonso Arenas wrote a historical novel about the intervention of General Álava as Wellington's aide-de-camp in the Battle of Waterloo, Álava en Waterloo, published in Barcelona in 2012.

Frequent and honourable mention of Álava is made in Napier's History of the Peninsular War, and his name is often met both in lives of the Duke of Wellington and in his correspondence.

There are currently three monuments dedicated to him, namely the Monument to the Battle of Vitoria in Plaza de la Virgen Blanca and two statues, at the Diputación Foral de Álava and Museum of the Armoury, all of them in Vitoria, Spain.

Notes

References

Attribution

|-

|-

1770 births
1843 deaths
People from Vitoria-Gasteiz
Spanish untitled nobility
Progressive Party (Spain) politicians
Prime Ministers of Spain
Foreign ministers of Spain
Government ministers of Spain
Members of the Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Politicians from the Basque Country (autonomous community)
Spanish generals
Spanish diplomats
Spanish commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
Ambassadors of Spain to France
Ambassadors of Spain to the United Kingdom
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath

Miguel Ricardo de Álava


According to the UNDP 1997 Human Development Report, and the 2004 United Nations Human Development (UNHDP) report, Malaysia has the highest income disparity between the rich and poor in Southeast Asia, greater than that of Philippines, Thailand, Singapore, Vietnam and Indonesia.

The UNHDP Report shows that the richest 10% in Malaysia control 38.4% of the economic income as compared to the poorest 10% who control only 1.7%. However, according to official statistics from the Prime Minister's Department, inequality has been decreasing steadily since 1970, with the Gini coefficient dropping to an all-time low of 0.40 in 2014.

See also
 Poverty in Malaysia

References

Economy of Malaysia
Racial and religious quotas in Malaysia
Economic inequality
Malaysia

Income inequality in Malaysia


George VIII (; 1417–1476) was de facto one of the last kings of the formerly united kingdom of Georgia from 1446 to 1465, though the kingdom was already splintered and embroiled in a civil war. Defeated by his rivals, he was left with an eastern province Kakheti alone, where he reigned as George I from 1465 until his death, founding a local branch of the Bagrationi royal house.

Life
He was the third son of Alexander I of Georgia by his second wife Tamar. Though co-King Demetre, Alexander's second son, was the legitimate successor to his elder brother Vakhtang IV, George seized power after Vakhtang's death in December 1446. The process of the disintegration of the Georgian kingdom had already begun and was close to reaching its climax. The most troublesome were revolts by the western Georgian nobles and the atabegs of Samtskhe. The latter even attempted to create a separate church for his princedom, but the efforts of the Georgian Catholicos Patriarch David IV prevented the Georgian Orthodox Church from being split into two.

George's reign coincided with a major turning point in Near East history: in 1453 the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople and put an end to the Byzantine Empire, with the emperor Constantine XI, to whom George's daughter was betrothed, dying in battle. The Georgian politicians, preoccupied in their own power struggle, seem to have underestimated the event which would leave Georgia isolated from Christian Europe for almost the three subsequent centuries. Yet, Georgia was considered as a possible participant of a large anti-Ottoman crusade planned by the Pope Pius II and Western European powers. For this purpose, Ludovico da Bologna was sent to hold talks in Georgia and George VIII agreed a truce with his internal opponents. Georgians hoped to mobilise in total 120,000 soldiers to fight sultan Mehmed the Conqueror and proposed even to continue the Crusade on Jerusalem. The coalition was never formed, however, and the fratricidal struggles within Georgia were soon resumed.

In 1462, George took Samokalako (Kutaisi and the surrounding area) from its owner, a royal kinsman, Bagrat for his support to the rebel prince Qvarqvare II Jaqeli, a powerful atabeg of Samtskhe. In 1463, Bagrat allied himself with other oppositionist royal subjects, dukes (eristavi) of Mingrelia, Guria, Svaneti and Abkhazia. The rebels met and defeated the king at the Battle of Chikhori. Subsequently, the king lost all western provinces and Bagrat was crowned king of Imereti. In 1465, George attempted to subdue Qvarqvare II of Samtskhe, only to be attacked and taken prisoner at Lake Paravani. The situation was immediately exploited by Bagrat of Imereti, who seized control of Tbilisi and declared himself king of Georgia. Atabeg Qvarqvare, who now considered Bagrat as his major rival, freed George. The latter, unsuccessful in his attempt to recover his crown, was only able to establish himself as a separate king in the easternmost province of Kakheti. There, he substantially reorganised the administration, subdividing the kingdom into much smaller and easily controllable samouravo (counties) instead of autonomous saeristavo (duchies). Unlike to other Georgian polities, he put ecclesiastic lords (bishops of Bodbe, Alaverdi, Rustavi, and Nekresi), generally more loyal to the crown than secular nobles, in charge of special military districts, sadrosho.

He died in 1476 to be succeeded by Alexander I as king of Kakheti.

Marriage and children
George VIII's royal charters make mention of two names of his consort, Tamar (fl. 1453) and Nestan-Darejan (fl. 1458–1463). Two explanations exist to account for this. One of them, suggested by Cyril Toumanoff, has it that both names were borne by the same woman, a daughter of Bagrat, son of Constantine I of Georgia, and, thus a first cousin of George VIII, whom she married in 1445. Such polyonymy was not infrequent in Georgia, Toumanoff explains, reflecting the twofold cultural background of the country, "Hellenistic-Christian on the one hand, and Caucasio-Iranoid, on the other." She is last mentioned in 1510.

An alternative view, enjoying a more general currency in Georgia, holds it that George VIII was married twice, first to Tamar, sometimes thought to have been daughter of Kvarkvare II Jaqeli, Atabag of Samtskhe, whom he wed c. 1445 and, secondly to Nestan-Darejan, of unknown origin, whom the king took as his wife sometime before 1456. According to this version, Alexander had a son, Vakhtang, and two daughters; and a son, Aleksandre, and a daughter, Mariam, by Nestan-Darejan.

George VIII's children were:

 Prince Vakhtang (c. 1445 – before 1510), a "provincial king", he was married to the certain Gulkan;
 Princess Elene, married to Spiridon Beenashvili, a nobleman from Meskheti;
 Princess Keteon (Kristine), married to Vakhushti Shalikahsvili, a nobleman from Samtskhe;
 Prince Aleksandre (1445 or c. 1456 – 1511), King of Kakheti (1476–1511);
 Princess Mariam (fl. 1465), married to Prince Giorgi Shaburidze, son of Vamek, Duke of Argavi. She is identified by C. Toumanoff with the anonymous daughter of George VIII betrothed in 1451 to Constantine XI, the last Byzantine emperor, who was killed in the fall of Constantinople two years later, before the marriage could be consummated.

In historical fiction

 Emanuele Rizzardi, L'ultimo Paleologo. PubMe Editore, 2017

Ancestors

References

Further reading

Ronald Grigor Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation: 2nd edition (December 1994), Indiana University Press, , page 45-46

Kings of Georgia
Kings of Kakheti
Bagrationi dynasty of the Kingdom of Georgia
1417 births
1476 deaths
Burials at Svetitskhoveli Cathedral
Eastern Orthodox monarchs

George VIII of Georgia


Kalakhana tombs (), is a complex of tombs located  north of the Azerbaijani city of Shamakhi, near Kalakhana (present-day Shahriyar). Eight of the nine tombs within the complex have survived, one of which has been severely damaged. Other tombs are still in good condition, and some are undamaged.

Only one of the tombs has an inscription on it. It contains information about the date of construction of the monument and the identity of the person buried there. It is known from this inscription that the tomb was built in 1663 or 1664 by the architect Amir Ali oglu Abdulazim.

History
Until the end of the 19th century, the Kalakhana tombs were rarely covered in the scientific literature, and the architectural features of the monuments within the complex were not thoroughly studied. Eight of the nine tombs within the complex have survived, one of which has been severely damaged. Other tombs are still in good condition, and some are undamaged. Remains of the defensive walls surrounding the three tombs have also survived. However, only one of them is in a position to allow a scientific restoration of the original appearance of the complex.

According to Cornelis de Bruijn, five of the nine tombs are surrounded by walls with portal entrances. The farthest tomb was surrounded by a double wall. The archaeologist writes that there were 5 graves in the first tomb and 3 graves in the second tomb. He writes that although at first glance less than nine tombs can be seen, the hill in which the tombs are located is called the seven domes. De Bruijn also notes that there was a castle on the site of the tomb complex and a spring nearby.

Kalakhana tombs are one of the unique complexes among the architectural monuments of Medieval Azerbaijan to be built within a short time of period. According to the Soviet–Azerbaijani architect and critic Abdulvahab Salamzadeh, one of the main facts proving that the tombs were constructed within few years is that the German traveler Adam Olearius, who visited the region in 1636, did not provide any information on the tombs. However, in a book published by Cornelis de Bruijn, who visited Shirvan in the early 18th century, each of the nine tombs were already depicted. Considering that on one of tomb inscriptions the Hijri date of 1074 (1663 or 1664 with the Gregorian calendar) it is possible that other tombs were built in the same period, possibly by the same architect.

References

Citations

Sources

External links

Mausoleums in Azerbaijan
Buildings and structures completed in the 17th century
Shamakhi District

Kalakhana tombs


The Quibbler is a fictional magazine of the Harry Potter world.
The Quibbler is written by Xenophilius Lovegood, father of Luna Lovegood. The magazine is meant to cause shock, and contains the strange opinions of Xenophilius. Luna believes in everything her father says and during the "Order of the Phoenix" she had lots of arguments with Hermione Granger about it.

The Quibbler often has articles about creatures that other characters believe to not exist. Because of Hermione, in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, it published an interview between Rita Skeeter and Harry Potter. In this interview, Harry said that he had seen Lord Voldemort.

For most of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, The Quibbler writes positive views on Harry, and tells people to support him. However, after Luna is taken by the "Death Eaters" (supporters of Voldemort), Xenophilius turns against Harry and begins posting wanted signs for him in The Quibbler. When Harry visits him for information on the Deathly Hallows, Xenophilius turns him in to the Death Eaters. Harry narrowly escapes.

Harry Potter
Magazines

en:Harry Potter universe#The Quibbler

The Quibbler


Chopin is a single-ingredient vodka, 4 times distilled from either potatoes, rye or wheat. It is produced by Siedlce-based Podlaska Wytwórnia Wódek Polmos. Chopin was first introduced to North America in 1997. The production is done in small batches. The producer claims seven pounds of potatoes are used to make every bottle of Chopin.

The vodka is named after the famous Romantic composer Frédéric Chopin.

Chopin potato vodka has been submitted to a number of international spirit ratings for evaluation, including the San Francisco World Spirits Competition, Wine Enthusiast, and the Beverage Testing Institute.  Outcomes have generally been favorable, particularly in the latest years.  For instance, between 2006 and 2011, Chopin potato vodka earned one double gold, three gold, and two silver medals from the San Francisco World Spirits Competition.  Proof66's aggregate rating, which incorporates these scores and others, puts the spirit in the Top 90th percentile among all rated vodkas.

See also
List of vodkas

References

External links
Vodka Chopin
Polmos Siedlce
Proof66.com Ratings Aggregator

Polish brands
Polish vodkas
Products introduced in 1992

Chopin (vodka)


Sardul Singh Kavishar (1886–1963) was an Indian newspaper editor, and a major figure in the Indian independence movement. Born in Amritsar, he was the second president of the All India Forward Bloc.

Education
Educated in Lahore, Kavishar began his public career in 1913, when he launched the English-language newspaper Sikh Review. An early article in the Sikh Review criticized the demolition of an external city wall during the construction of New Delhi, as the wall had been part of a historic Sikh gurdwara. This led to widespread Sikh agitation until the outbreak of the First World War, at which point that particular issue was considered to be of lessened priority. After the war Kavishar renewed his calls for action, with the result that he was expelled from Delhi. He moved to Lahore and began another newspaper, the New Herald. In 1919, he was arrested and imprisoned for writing against the Rowlatt Act. He was also the founding member of Central Sikh League.

Call to rebuild
In 1921, he issued a public call for 100 Sikh volunteers to rebuild the gurdwara's demolished wall, at the cost of their lives if need be. 700 volunteers (including Kavishar himself) turned out. However, before they could leave Lahore for Delhi, word arrived that the Delhi city government had rebuilt the wall. The next month, he was arrested, charged with sedition, and imprisoned for four years for having written about a massacre of Sikh reformists.

Congress
In 1933, he became acting president of the Congress after his predecessor was arrested for participating in civil disobedience. In 1935, he openly opposed the Congress's participation in the Government of India Act, and in 1937 chose to resign his membership in the party after they accepted office in the provinces where they had earned a majority.

Subhas Chandra Bose
In 1939, he joined Subhas Chandra Bose's All India Forward Bloc faction; when Bose left India in 1941, Kavishar became the Bloc's president. As a result, he was arrested, and imprisoned for four years.

Split
When the All India Forward Bloc split in 1948, soon after it had been reorganized, Sardul Singh Kavishar sided with the anti-Marxist group led by R.S. Ruiker. At its conference, Kavishar was elected president of Forward Bloc (Ruiker). Soon thereafter, as Ruiker's party dwindled, Kavishar retired from active politics.

References

1886 births
1963 deaths
Indian Sikhs
All India Forward Bloc politicians
Indian independence activists from Punjab (British India)
Politicians from Amritsar
Punjabi people
20th-century Indian politicians
Writers from British India

Sardul Singh Kavishar


Caspar Wessel (June 8, 1745 – March 25, 1818) was a Danish-Norwegian mathematician.

He was born in Jonsrud, Vestby, Akershus, Norway. In 1763, having completed secondary school, he went to Denmark for further studies (since Norway didn't have any university in 1763). In 1778 he got the degree of candidatus juris, which is one law degree. In 1794 he was hired as a surveyor; in 1798, a Royal inspector of Surveying.

As surveying is related to mathematics, he later studied the geometrical importance of complex numbers. His most important paper, Om directionens analytiske betegning, (On the Analytical Representation of Direction) was published in 1799 by the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters. Since it was in Danish, it was not noticed by many people. Later, Jean-Robert Argand and Carl Friedrich Gauss's paper showed the same results.

One of the more important, but missed ideas shown in Wessel's Om directionens analytiske betegning was vectors. Wessel's main thing he wanted to show in the paper was not this, but he felt that the concept of numbers, with length and direction would be needed. Wessel's thoughts on addition was: "Two straight lines are added if we unite them in such a way that the second line begins where the first one ends and then pass a straight line from the first to the last point of the united lines. This line is the sum of the united lines". Today, the same idea is used when adding vectors.

His paper was printed in a French translation in 1899. It was released in English in 1999 as "On the analytic representation of direction" (ed. J. Lützen et al.).

Johan Herman Wessel, Wessel's brother was a famous person in Denmark-Norway.

References

Danish scientists
Norwegian mathematicians
1745 births
1818 deaths

Caspar Wessel


Drongen (French: Tronchiennes) is a submunicipality o the ceety o Ghent (Arrondissement o Ghent, East Flanders, Flanders, Belgium).

Drongen is dividit intae three parishes: Drongen, Luchteren an Baarle.

Drongen is known for its early medieval monastery, foondit in the 7t century bi the monk Amandus, the Missionary o the Leie an Schelde. Destroyed bi the Normans in 853, the monastery wis rebuilt bi the coonts o Flanders. The monastery wis the victim o the releegious wars follaein the Reformation, an in 1578 it wis ance again destroyed bi Calvinists. In 1638 the abbey kirk wis rebuilt an atween 1638 an 1698 the monastery wis restored. Efter a fire in 1727, the kirk touer wis restored ance again in 1734, wi a destinctive appearance. In 1797 the French occupee'd an sauld the abbey. In 1804 Lieven Bauwens uised the monastery as a textile plant. The current monastery an abbey kirk date frae 1859 an remain in uise as a spiritual centre dedicatit tae the teachins o Ignatius o Loyola.

Freemit airtins

  Oude Abdij ('Auld Abbey')
  Heemkundige Kring Dronghine ('Local History Circle Dronghine')
  Practical informations aboot Drongen

Submunicipalities o Ghent

Drongen


Charles Budd (April 1, 1795 – April 24, 1884) was a merchant and political figure in Nova Scotia. He represented Digby township in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1830 to 1836 and 1840 to 1851.

He was born in Digby, Nova Scotia, the son of Elisha Budd, who served in a loyalist regiment during the American Revolution. He married Mary, the daughter of Peleg Wiswall. Budd was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1836. He was elected in the general election that followed in 1840 and continued to serve as a member of the assembly until his defeat at the hands of John C. Wade in 1851. After retiring from politics, Budd served as registrar of probate for Digby County.

His sister Elizabeth, wife of Nathan Smith De Mille, was the mother of author James De Mille.

References
 Calnek, W. A. History of the County of Annapolis, Nova Scotia : Including Old Port Royal & Acadia (1999)

1795 births
1884 deaths
Nova Scotia pre-Confederation MLAs

Charles Budd


Steven Edward Phillips (born 4 August 1954) is an English former professional footballer who had a long career as a forward for a number of teams in the Football League in the 1970s and 1980s. He scored 200 goals from 562 league appearances.

Club career
Phillips was born in Edmonton, London. He began his football career as an apprentice with Birmingham City, turning professional in August 1971. His first-team debut, as a substitute in the 3–2 defeat of Carlisle United in the Football League Second Division, came the same month, at the age of 17 years 17 days, which made him at the time the club's second-youngest debutant. He played six more games in the starting eleven before losing his place; the arrival of Bob Hatton in October meant he failed to regain it. Birmingham's promotion to the First Division, and the establishment of Hatton, Bob Latchford and Trevor Francis as the forward line of choice, gave Phillips few opportunities in the first team, though he did score his first goal, in a 4–2 defeat to Tottenham Hotspur in February 1974. After a spell on loan at Torquay United, Phillips joined Fourth Division club Northampton Town in October 1975 for a fee of £5,000.

Phillips scored nine goals from his 51 league appearances for Northampton before moving on to Brentford in February 1977. In his first full season at Brentford, Phillips finished as the Football League's leading scorer with 32 goals and his partnership with Andrew McCulloch made a major contribution to the club's promotion to the Third Division. Phillips scored 69 goals from 167 appearances for Brentford and was inducted into the club's Hall of Fame in 2019. He was sold back to his former club Northampton Town in August 1980 for a fee of £40,000. He scored 29 goals from 75 league games in this spell at the club, form which led to his inclusion in the PFA Fourth Division Team of the Year for the 1980–81 season.

After 18 months he moved on again, this time to Southend United in March 1982, a move which meant he played 48 league games in a 46-game season: having already played 30 league games for Northampton by the time the transfer went through, he added a further 18 for Southend. Phillips was Southend's leading scorer in each of his first three full seasons, an achievement to which was added the club's Player of the Season award in 1984–85. He finished his Southend career with 72 goals from 182 games in all competitions, 66 from 158 in the league. He rejoined Torquay United in January 1986, and went on to play for Peterborough United and for Exeter City and Chesterfield on loan.

International career
When England youth team manager Tony Waiters selected Phillips for the 1973 UEFA Youth (under-18) Tournament to be staged in Italy, the Football Association asked him to reconsider, on the grounds of the player's potential for disruptive behaviour; Waiters insisted on Phillips remaining in the squad. The player showed his unhappiness at not being in the starting eleven, to the extent that Waiters threatened to send him home, but when England reached the final against their East German counterparts, Phillips came off the substitutes' bench to score the winning goal.

After football
In 1999, he opened a bar in Benalmádena, Spain. He later returned to England, where he ran pubs. Phillips is now the sponsorship manager at Wellingborough Town F.C.

References

Living people
1954 births
Footballers from Edmonton, London
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Birmingham City F.C. players
Torquay United F.C. players
Northampton Town F.C. players
Brentford F.C. players
Southend United F.C. players
Peterborough United F.C. players
Exeter City F.C. players
Chesterfield F.C. players
Stamford A.F.C. players
English Football League players

Steve Phillips (footballer, born 1954)


Spyros Marketos (; April 15, 1931 – February 29, 2012) was a Greek physician, professor of medicine, writer and politician.

Life
Born in Athens in 1931, he followed family tradition by entering the medical profession. He studied at the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and received his degree in 1955. In 1967, he became a member of the National Research Council and a co-investigator of the American Heart Association and the World Health Organization. He climbed the ladder of the academic hierarchy in two different scientific fields: Clinical Therapeutics and History of Medicine. He was elected successively as Assistant Professor (1969–72) and as Associate Professor (1973–78) in the Department of Clinical Therapeutics of the Medical School of Athens.

During the period 1976-1980 and at the personal invitation of Constantine Karamanlis he served as Secretary General for the Greek Ministry of Social Services. Prof. Marketos embraced Karamanlis' European vision for Greece and assisted his government in pursuing a determined policy toward Greek  membership of the then EEC. Among his political achievements, Prof. Marketos pioneered the founding of two Medical Schools in Greece (in the city of Ioannina and in the city of Alexandroupolis). He was instrumental in the passing by the Greek Parliament of pertinent legislation concerning the rights of patients with renal diseases. Prof. Marketos served also as President of the National Welfare Organization and of the National Committee on Human Tissue Transplantation for Therapeutic Purposes. During the years 1986-1989 he also served as a Member of the Greek Parliament.

Throughout his life, he was also interested in introducing medicine to the general public, as evidenced by more than 600 articles in the Greek press, mostly in Kathimerini, where he maintained a permanent column in the Sunday edition for 16 years under the pseudonym "Galen". He was Editor-in-Chief of Materia Medica Greca (1973-1992), and President of the Greek Association of Medical Press.

Marketos as a scholar
Spyros Marketos served as professor and chairman (1980–1998) of the Department of History and Philosophy of Medicine at the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and in 1998 he retired as an emeritus professor. His scientific research covered a diverse set of topics ranging from quantitative nosography and social medicine to history of medicine and medical ethics. He has published eighteen books. He was the author or co-author of more than 300 scientific papers on topics such as history of medicine, public health, medical ethics and nephrology.

Between 1993 and 2000 he served as president of the International Hippocratic Foundation of Kos. During his term the foundation inaugurated, under the auspices of President Karamanlis, the Hippocratic Museum of medicine and hosted a number of international activities including the First Medical Olympics (a quadrennial medical symposium of notable international practitioners and academics) that took place on the island of Cos in 1996.

Publications: Writings on public health
Bio-medical Notes, Athens: Kathimerini, 1977 (in Greek)
Living Well, Athens: Dodoni, 1978 (in Greek)
Doing Well, Athens: Kedros, 1979 (in Greek)

Publications: Writings on history of medicine
Claude Bernard and our Era, Athens: Kedros 1979 (in Greek)
René Laennec: The French Hippocrates, Athens: Kedros 1982 (In Greek)
Hellenic Medicine: Medico-Historical Issues, Athens: Parisianos 1991
George N. Papanicolaou, Athens: Zita Publications, 2000 (In Greek)
George Kotzias, Athens: Zita Publications, 2000 (In Greek)
George Ioakimoglou, Athens: Zita Publications, 2000 (In Greek)
Dionysios Ikkos, Athens: Zita Publications, 2000 (In Greek)
Nikolaos Louros, Athens: Zita Publications, 2001 (In Greek)
Petros Kokkalis, Athens: Zita Publications, 2002 (In Greek)
History of Medicine, Athens: Zita Publications, 2008 (In Greek)
Spyros Dontas, Athens: Zita Publications, 2011 (In Greek)
Marinos Geroulanos, Athens: Zita Publications, 2011 (In Greek)
George Merikas, Athens: Zita Publications, 2011 (In Greek)
Spyros Doxiadis, Athens: Zita Publications, 2011 (In Greek)
Nikolaos Alivizatos, Athens: Zita Publications, 2011 (In Greek)

Essays
Merikas G, Marketos S (1963): The pyrogen test in chronic pyelonephritis. The LANCET, Volume 1, Issue 7288.
Marketos SG and Ballas C. (1982) Bronchial asthma in the medical literature of Greek antiquity. J. Asthma 1982; 19: 263–269.
Marketos S.G. Papaeconomou C. (1992): Medicine, Magic and Religion in Ancient Greece. Humane Medicine, 8, 41–44.
Marketos S.G. (1992): Le serment d` Hippocrate est-il anachronique? Le Generaliste, 24, 30–31.
Marketos S.G. (1994): Medicine is an Aspect of Civilization: Lessons from the Hippocratic Medicine. Microsurgery, 14, 2.5.
Marketos S.G. (1993): Hippocrates the Koan: The Father of Rational Medicine. In Hippocrates Symposium edited by A. Springer Japan Publishing Inc., p. 7-14
Marketos S.G. (1994): Hippocratic Medicine and Philosophy at the turn of the 20th Century. MOA Health Science Foundation, Tokyo, Japan.
Marketos S.G. Poulakou-Rebelakou E. (1994): Traditional Medicine in Ancient Greece. Proceedings of the 4th International Congress on Traditional Medicine Vol. II, 387–398.
Marketos S.G. (1994): Hippocratic Medicine and Nephrology. American Journal of Nephrology. 14, 264–269.
Marketos S.G., Diamantopoulos A., Moschos C. (1995): Is the Hippocratic Oath an Anachronism? World Health Forum, 16, 77–78.
Marketos S.G., Poulakou-Rebelakou E. (1995): Traditional Medicine in Ancient Greece: The co-existence of Asclepiad Art and Hippocratic Medicine. Przeglad Lekarski, 52, 612–614.
Marketos S.G. (1995): Nature and Medicine: Nature as the Physician of Disease. MOA Health Science Foundation, Tokyo, Japan.
Marketos SG (1995): Is the Hippocratic oath an anachronism? World Health Forum 1995; 16: 77–78.
Marketos S.G. et al. (1996): The Hippocratic Oath. The LANCET, I, 101–102.
Marketos S.G. (1996): Hippocratic Medicine at the turn of the 20th century. Some prophetic messages. Riv. Storia Med., 6, (N.S.) 455–464.
Marketos S.G. et al.: Swearing off the Oath? (1997): Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 90. 527.
Marketos S.G. (1997): The medical school of Kos: Hippocratic medicine. Forum, 7, 313–324.
Marketos S.G., et al. (1999): The modern Hippocratic tradition. Some messages for contemporary medicine. Spine, 24, 1159-1163
Marketos SG, Koutras DA (1999). Experimental nephritis: one of the earliest publications on the subject by a pioneer of Neohippocratism. American Journal of Nephrology. 1999;19(2):333-5.
Marketos S.G. (2000): Medicine and Humanities. Arch, Helle, Med. 17, 440–449.

References

 Educational Greek Encyclopedia, Athens: Ekdotiki Publishing 1995, vol. 6 sel.49.
 George Kalatzis, Costas Tsiamis, Efi Poulakou- Rebelakou "Teaching History of Medicine in Athens University Medical School (1837-1998)"
 The History of the International Hippocratic Foundation of Cos
 The Lancet
 The History of Medicine
 Zita Medical Publications
 Hippocratic Ethics in Modern Medicine
 Greek Parliament: List of MPs since 1974

1931 births
2012 deaths
Greek medical historians
Health professionals from Athens
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni
Academic staff of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
Greek MPs 1985–1989
20th-century Greek physicians
21st-century Greek physicians
Politicians from Athens

Spyros Marketos


Gwynedd (; ) is a county in the north-west of Wales. It borders Anglesey across the Menai Strait to the north, Conwy, Denbighshire, and Powys to the east, Ceredigion over the Dyfi estuary to the south, and the Irish Sea to the west. The city of Bangor is the largest settlement, and the administrative centre is Caernarfon. The preserved county of Gwynedd, which is used for ceremonial purposes, includes the Isle of Anglesey.

Gwynedd is the second largest county in Wales but sparsely populated, with an area of  and a population of 117,400. After Bangor (18,322), the largest settlements are Caernarfon (9,852), Bethesda (4,735), and Pwllheli (4,076). The county has the highest percentage of Welsh speakers in Wales, at 64.4%, and is considered a heartland of the language.

The geography of Gwynedd is mountainous, with a long coastline to the west. Much of the county is covered by Snowdonia National Park (Eryri), which contains Wales's highest mountain, Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa; ). To the west, the Llŷn Peninsula is flatter and renowned for its scenic coastline, part of which is protected by the Llŷn AONB. Gwynedd also contains several of Wales's largest lakes and reservoirs, including the largest, Bala Lake (Llyn Tegid).

The area which is now the county has played a prominent part in the history of Wales. It formed part of the core of the Kingdom of Gwynedd and the native Principality of Wales, which under the House of Aberffraw remained independent from the Kingdom of England until Edward I's conquest between 1277 and 1283. Edward built the castles at Caernarfon and Harlech, which form part of the Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd World Heritage Site. During the Industrial Revolution the slate industry rapidly developed; in the late nineteenth century the neighbouring Penrhyn and Dinorwic quarries were the largest in the world, and the Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales is now a World Heritage Site. Gwynedd covers the majority of the historic counties of Caernarfonshire and Merionethshire.

Etymology
In the past, historians such as J. E. Lloyd assumed that the Celtic source of the word "Gwynedd" meant "collection of tribes" – the same root as the Irish fine, meaning "tribe". Further, a connection is recognised between the name and the Irish Féni, an early ethnonym for the Irish themselves, related to fían, "company of hunting and fighting men, company of warriors under a leader". Perhaps *u̯en-, u̯enə (strive, hope, wish) is the Indo-European stem. The Irish settled in NW Wales, and in Dyfed, at the end of the Roman era. Venedotia was the Latin form, and in Penmachno there is a memorial stone from c. AD 500 which reads: Cantiori Hic Iacit Venedotis ("Here lies Cantiorix, citizen of Gwynedd"). The name was retained by the Brythons when the kingdom of Gwynedd was formed in the 5th century, and it remained until the invasion of Edward I. This historical name was revived when the new county was formed in 1974.

History

Gwynedd was an independent kingdom from the end of the Roman period until the 13th century, when it was conquered by England. The modern Gwynedd was one of eight Welsh counties created on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. It covered the entirety of the historic counties of Anglesey and Caernarfonshire, and all of Merionethshire apart from Edeirnion Rural District (which went to Clwyd); and also a few parishes of Denbighshire: Llanrwst, Llansanffraid Glan Conwy, Eglwysbach, Llanddoged, Llanrwst and Tir Ifan.

The county was divided into five districts: Aberconwy, Arfon, Dwyfor, Meirionnydd and Anglesey.

The Local Government (Wales) Act 1994 abolished the 1974 county (and the five districts) on 1 April 1996, and its area was divided: the Isle of Anglesey became an independent unitary authority, and Aberconwy (which included the former Denbighshire parishes) passed to the new Conwy County Borough. The remainder of the county was constituted as a principal area, with the name Caernarfonshire and Merionethshire, as it covers most of the areas of those two historic counties. As one of its first actions, the Council renamed itself Gwynedd on 2 April 1996. The present Gwynedd local government area is governed by Gwynedd Council. As a unitary authority, the modern entity no longer has any districts, but Arfon, Dwyfor and Meirionnydd remain as area committees.

The pre-1996 boundaries were retained as a preserved county for a few purposes such as the Lieutenancy. In 2003, the boundary with Clwyd was adjusted to match the modern local government boundary, so that the preserved county now covers the two local government areas of Gwynedd and Anglesey. Conwy county borough is now entirely within Clwyd.

A Gwynedd Constabulary was formed in 1950 by the merger of the Anglesey, Caernarfonshire and Merionethshire forces. A further amalgamation took place in the 1960s when Gwynedd Constabulary was merged with the Flintshire and Denbighshire county forces, retaining the name Gwynedd. In one proposal for local government reform in Wales, Gwynedd had been proposed as a name for a local authority covering all of north Wales, but the scheme as enacted divided this area between Gwynedd and Clwyd. To prevent confusion, the Gwynedd Constabulary was therefore renamed the North Wales Police.

The Snowdonia National Park was formed in 1951. After the 1974 local authority reorganisation, the park fell entirely within the boundaries of Gwynedd, and was run as a department of Gwynedd County Council. After the 1996 local government reorganisation, part of the park fell under Conwy County Borough, and the park's administration separated from the Gwynedd council. Gwynedd Council still appoints nine of the eighteen members of the Snowdonia National Park Authority; Conwy County Borough Council appoints three; and the Welsh Government appoints the remaining six.

There has been considerable inwards migration to Gwynedd, particularly from England. According to the 2021 census, 66.6% of residents had been born in Wales whilst 27.1% were born in England.

Economy
The county has a mixed economy. An important part of the economy is based on tourism: many visitors are attracted by the many beaches and the mountains. A significant part of the county lies within the Snowdonia National Park, which extends from the north coast down to the district of Meirionnydd in the south. But tourism provides seasonal employment and thus there is a shortage of jobs in the winter.

Agriculture is less important than in the past, especially in terms of the number of people who earn their living on the land, but it remains an important element of the economy.

The most important of the traditional industries is the slate industry, but these days only a small percentage of workers earn their living in the slate quarries.

Industries which have developed more recently include TV and sound studios: the record company Sain has its HQ in the county.

The education sector is also very important for the local economy, including Bangor University and Further Education colleges, Coleg Meirion-Dwyfor and Coleg Menai, both now part of Grŵp Llandrillo Menai.

Welsh speakers

Gwynedd has the highest proportion of people in Wales who can speak Welsh. According to the 2021 census, 64.4% of the population aged three and over stated that they could speak Welsh. 64.4% noted that they could speak Welsh in the 2011 census.

It is estimated that 83% of the county's Welsh-speakers are fluent, the highest percentage of all counties in Wales. The age group with the highest proportion of Welsh speakers in Gwynedd were those between ages 5–15, of whom 92.3% stated that they could speak Welsh in 2011.

The proportion of Welsh speakers in Gwynedd declined between 1991 and 2001, from 72.1% to 68.7%, even though the proportion of Welsh speakers in Wales as a whole increased during that decade to 20.5%.

The Annual Population Survey estimated that as of March 2023, 77.0% of those in Gwynedd aged three years and above could speak Welsh.

Notable people

 Leslie Bonnet (1902–1985), RAF officer, writer; originated the Welsh Harlequin duck in Criccieth
 Sir Dave Brailsford (born 1964), cycling coach; grew up in Deiniolen, near Caernarfon
 Duffy (born 1984), singer, songwriter and actress; born in Bangor, Gwynedd
 Edward II of England (1284–1327), born in Caernarfon Castle
 Elin Fflur (born 1984), singer-songwriter, TV and radio presenter; went to Bangor University
 Bryn Fôn (born 1954), actor and singer-songwriter; born in Llanllyfni, Caernarfonshire.
 Wayne Hennessey (born 1987), football goalkeeper with 108 caps for Wales; born in Bangor, Gwynedd
 John Jones (c. 1530 – 1598), a Franciscan friar, Roman Catholic priest and martyr; born at Clynnog
 Sir Love Jones-Parry, 1st Baronet (1832–1891), landowner and politician, co-founder of the Y Wladfa settlement in Patagonia
 T. E. Lawrence (1888–1935), archaeologist, army officer and inspiration for Lawrence of Arabia, born in Tremadog
 David Lloyd George (1863–1945), statesman and Prime Minister; lived in Llanystumdwy from infancy
 Sasha (born 1969), disc jockey, born in Bangor, Gwynedd
 Sir Bryn Terfel (born 1965), bass-baritone opera and concert singer from Pant Glas
 Sir Clough Williams-Ellis (1883–1978), architect of Portmeirion
 Owain Fôn Williams, (born 1987), footballer with 443 club caps; born and raised in Penygroes, Gwynedd.
 Hedd Wyn (1887–1917), poet from the village of Trawsfynydd; killed in WWI

See also
 List of High Sheriffs of Gwynedd
 List of Lord Lieutenants of Gwynedd
 List of churches in Gwynedd
 List of places in Gwynedd
 List of schools in Gwynedd
 Llŷn Peninsula
 Snowdonia National Park

References

External links

 Bangor University
 Gwynedd Council

Counties of Wales
Principal areas of Wales
Preserved counties of Wales

Gwynedd


Rhys Muir Thomas (born 31 July 1982) is a former Wales international rugby union prop forward.

Career

Club career
Thomas attended King Edward VII School in Houghton, Johannesburg, South Africa alongside Joe van Niekerk and Bryan Habana. Despite being born and raised in South Africa, Thomas began his professional rugby career in his father's birthplace, Newport, South Wales, playing for the Newport RFC youth team. Thomas progressed through the ranks at Newport RFC, eventually making his senior debut in 2003. He made six appearances for Newport in the 2002–03 season, and was rewarded with a development contract with the Newport Gwent Dragons regional side. Thomas made a try-scoring debut for the Dragons in October 2003 against the Glasgow Warriors, but divided his 2003–04 season between Newport RFC and the Dragons, making 15 appearances for Newport and 16 for the Dragons.

The 2004–05 season saw Thomas establish himself as a regular in the Dragons squad, making 27 appearances and scoring two tries, as the team finished in 4th place in the Celtic League. Thomas made a further 30 appearances in 2005–06, but he was unable to prevent the team from slipping to 8th place in the Celtic League, forcing them to have to play a play-off match against Rugby Parma to determine qualification for the 2006-07 Heineken Cup.

Thomas was involved in the play-off, but could not prevent the 24–15 loss that condemned the Dragons to playing in the European Challenge Cup in 2006–07. The team went all the way to the semi-finals of the Challenge Cup, before losing 46–29 to eventual champions ASM Clermont Auvergne. Thomas had missed most of the season due to a back injury but was available for the Challenge Cup semi-final and the final three games of the Celtic League. Thomas was ever-present for the Dragons in the 2007–08 season scored three tries – a personal record for one season – including two in one match against Newcastle Falcons on 3 October 2007, the first time he had scored more than one try in a game for the Dragons.

In May 2009 Thomas joined the Scarlets.

International career
Thomas made appearances at three different levels for Wales, beginning at Under-19 level while still playing for Newport RFC Youth. Following his displays for Newport RFC, Thomas was included in the Wales Under-21 side and played a big part in Wales winning the U-21 six nations in his final year of U21s. He was also selected for the world cup dream team as best tight head, the only Northern Hemisphere player to be selected in that team.

In 2006, Thomas made his debut for the Wales national rugby union team, coming on as a replacement for Adam Jones in the 57th minute of a match against Argentina on 17 June 2006. Due to Injury it was to be 14 months before Thomas made another appearance for the national team, again as a substitute, but this time in a 62–5 defeat by England.  During the 2007–2008 season he made a further 3 appearances for Wales, starting as a prop in the autumn international against South Africa on 24 November 2007, against Italy in the 6 Nations on 23 February 2008 and against South Africa at the Loftus Versfeld Stadium on 14 June 2008.

Retirement
In April 2012 Thomas retired from rugby following a heart attack during training and subsequent emergency operation.

References

External links
Wales profile at wru.co.uk
Newport Gwent Dragons profile
Profile at BlackAndAmbers.co.uk

1982 births
Living people
Rugby union players from Johannesburg
Rugby union props
Welsh rugby union players
Wales international rugby union players
Newport RFC players
Dragons RFC players
Scarlets players

Rhys M. Thomas


In Yemen, popular committees are armed groups formed by Yemeni tribes on behalf of more professional armed forces.

Overview
The Yemeni army has required the support of tribal militias or what have become known as People's Committees in internal and external wars. When the 1963 revolution in northern Yemen did not receive military support from the United Kingdom, some troops allied with the deposed imams to regain power. Tribal links weakened, especially in Taiz and Ibb; members received a monthly salary, wore military uniforms and underwent military training.

During the presidency of Abdul Rahman al-Iryani (1967–1974) the military battled over policy, beginning with a conflict over the establishment of the National Council. The popular committees further polarized the country.

During the 1980s Ali Abdullah Saleh reemphasized tribal affairs, in contrast with assassinated president Ibrahim al-Hamdi. His government clashed with the Houthis in Saada and 'Amran Governorates from 2004 to 2009, and the popular committees were used to a regional al-Qaeda's insurgency.

In course of the Yemeni Revolution, more and more self-defense groups or popular committees sprung up around the country. One of these was led by warlord Abdullatif Al-Sayed who initially fought against President Saleh's government and with al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), but later sided with the new government of Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi. He reorganized his forces as auxiliaries for the army and supported Hadi in the later Yemeni Civil War. By 2015, popular committees had spread to other provinces of Yemen, and played a major role in the Battle of Aden (2015) against the Houthis.

By 2018, the Houthi rebels had also started to organize their own "popular committees".

See also

Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi

References

Organizations of the Yemeni Crisis (2011–present)
Paramilitary organizations based in Yemen
Yemeni civil war (2014–present)

Popular Committees (Yemen)


The Homecoming is a statue expressing the joy of reunion between a family when the sailor returns from a long period at sea.  The statue honors the sacrifices made by families and members of all the sea services during long separations.

The Homecoming was sculpted by Stanley Bleifeld, who also created the well known The Lone Sailor.  The original work is located in the United States Navy Memorial, in Washington, DC.  There are full sized copies in Town Point Park, Norfolk, Virginia;  Riverfront Park, North Charleston, South Carolina; and Tuna Harbor Park, San Diego, California.

References
 The Homecoming at the United States Navy Memorial

Bronze sculptures in Washington, D.C.
1989 sculptures
Bronze sculptures in South Carolina
Bronze sculptures in California
Bronze sculptures in Virginia
Statues in San Diego
Statues in South Carolina
Statues in Virginia
Statues in Washington, D.C.
Sculptures of men in Washington, D.C.
Monuments and memorials in the United States
Sculptures of men in Virginia
Sculptures of men in South Carolina
Sculptures of men in California

The Homecoming (statue)


The Brim River is a river in the North Coast region of British Columbia, Canada, flowing into Owyacumish Bay which is at the west end of the Barrie Reach of the Gardner Canal.

At the mouth of the Brim River is the Brim River Hot Springs Protected Area, which feature an undeveloped hot spring and pristine old-growth forests. The  park is backcountry wilderness and has no visitor facilities.

Names
The name Brim River is thought to have been conferred by Captain Pender of the Royal Navy, though the reason for the name is unknown.

The Haisla language name for the river is Uyagemis ('facing west') ....the Brim and nearby Owyacumish Creek (Anak'edi in Haisla) are in the stewardship area or the holder of the chiefly name Gwenaxnud, head of the Haisla Blackfish clan.

References

Rivers of the North Coast of British Columbia
Rivers of the Kitimat Ranges
Haisla

Brim River


ListenUp is an independent audio/video retailer and sound company founded in Denver, Colorado, in 1972 by Walton Stinson and Steven Weiner, both graduates of Knox College (Illinois).

In the early 1980s, ListenUp was instrumental in launching the compact disc (CD) into the US market. The first commercially available compact disc players were shown at the Sony booth at the 1982 Japan Audio Fair. Stinson and Weiner both attended and brought back discs and technical information. On returning from Japan, Stinson was questioned by US customs about "the shiny discs" in his luggage.

Lacking funds to purchase advertising, Stinson and Weiner produced live broadcasts of concerts from Ebbets Field, a downtown Denver nightclub, for two Denver radio stations in return for an on-air credit, with the phrase "Sound by ListenUp."  Ebbets Field was Denver's premier music venue of the 1970s and Billboard (magazine) named it Club of the Year in 1975 and 1976. ListenUp produced broadcasts and recorded artist at Ebbets Field from 1973 to 1977.  They released a four-CD set of "Live from Ebbets Field" concert recordings by artists such as Taj Mahal (musician), Dan Fogelberg, Joan Armatrading, Doc Watson, Peter Frampton, Muddy Waters, Willie Nelson, and Little Feat.

ListenUp created the sound system for and produced live broadcasts and recordings from the Rainbow Music Hall, a concert venue operated by Barry Fey and Chuck Morris, from 1979 through 1988.

In 2019 ListenUp was the 10th largest consumer electronics specialty dealer in the US and had garnered 12% of consumer electronics share among the top 100 consumer-direct sales businesses, alongside Apple Inc., Bose Corporation and Video & Audio Center.

ListenUp co-founder, Walt Stinson, was one of two audio engineers in 2009 inducted into the Consumer Electronics Hall of Fame. According to the Consumer Technology Association, the Hall of Fame recognizes consumer technology pioneers who's "Insights and hard work have delivered to consumers, worldwide, the technologies, products and services that enrich lives and livelihoods while furthering human security and wellbeing."

References

Consumer electronics retailers in the United States
Companies based in Denver
American audio engineers
American companies established in 1972
Retail companies established in 1972
1972 establishments in Colorado

ListenUp


The South Grand River is a stream in Bates, Cass, Henry and Benton counties of west central Missouri. It is a tributary of the Osage River.

The stream headwaters are in Cass County at the confluence of Massey Creek and East Creek at  three miles east of Cleveland and five miles southwest of Peculiar. The stream flows southeast crossing under Missouri Route 2 near Freeman and US Route 71 near Archie. Just to the southeast of Archie the stream turns to the east and becomes the boundary between Cass and Bates counties. The stream flows east through the Settles Ford Conservation Area and enters Henry County and passes south of Urich and Missouri Route 7. The stream course turns again to the southeast passing under Missouri Route 18 west of Clinton and enters the waters of Truman Reservoir south of Clinton. The stream course continues as part of the lake passing under Missouri Route 13 south of Clinton and east into Benton County to its confluence with the Osage River one mile north of the Harry S Truman Dam at . At Brownington, the river has a mean annual discharge of 1,045 cubic feet per second.

References

Rivers of Bates County, Missouri
Rivers of Cass County, Missouri
Rivers of Benton County, Missouri
Rivers of Henry County, Missouri
Rivers of Missouri

South Grand River


Paduasoy or padesoy (; ) is a luxurious strong corded or grosgrain silk textile that originated in Early Modern Europe. The term paduasoy first appeared in English in 1663.

Paduasoy silk was woven in a variation of the satin weave, with bindings arranged to create fine cross-ridges across the fabric.

History
In the British East India Company supercargoes' records,  examined by Leanna Lee-Whitman, paduasoy made its first appearance in 1736. Its fine appearance is endorsed in a letter of Mrs. Benjamin Franklin to her husband in London, in 1765: "The chairs are plain horsehair and look as well as Paduasoy."

In the British East India records consulted by Leanna Lee-Whitman, black paduasoys completely supplanted "plain" ones after 1761: George Washington commissioned a friend, Tench Tilghman, to purchase numerous household items, "if great bargains are to be had", from the cargo of a ship in the China trade that had docked at Baltimore and were to be auctioned in October 1785. Among his requests, if they could be had cheaply, were "About 13 yds of good bla: paduasoy".

In literature
Beatrix Potter employed paduasoy to set the old-fashioned scene in The Tailor of Gloucester, which begins, "In the time of swords and periwigs and full-skirted coats with flowered lappets—when gentlemen wore ruffles, and gold-laced waistcoats of paduasoy and taffeta—there lived a tailor in Gloucester.

In Elizabeth Gaskell's Cranford (1851), an old white paduasoy wedding dress longed for by Miss Matty's mother has been recut into a christening cloak for a baby.

Notes

Silk
Woven fabrics

Paduasoy


Sima Zhao's Regicide, also known as the Ganlu Incident (Chinese: 甘露之變), was an incident that occurred on 2 June 260, in Luoyang, the capital of the state of Cao Wei, during the Three Kingdoms period. Cao Mao, the nominal emperor of Wei, attempted to oust the regent Sima Zhao, who effectively controlled the Wei government. However, the plot concluded with Cao Mao's death and Sima Zhao retaining his status. Contrary to its intention, the incident actually increased the Sima clan's power and influence in Wei, thus providing a foundation for the eventual usurpation of the Wei throne in 266 by Sima Zhao's son Sima Yan, who founded the Western Jin Dynasty.

The incident is also mentioned in the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong, which dramatises the history of the late Eastern Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period. The events of the incident described in the novel are largely similar to that described in historical sources.

Background
The state of Cao Wei was established in 220 by Cao Pi, which marked the start of the Three Kingdoms period in China. The authority of the Wei imperial family had been weakening since the death of the second Wei emperor, Cao Rui, and reached a nadir after the Incident at Gaoping Tombs in 249, when the Wei general Sima Yi seized power from the regent Cao Shuang. Sima Yi died in 251 and was succeeded by his sons Sima Shi and Sima Zhao, who effectively controlled the Wei government.

In 254, Sima Shi deposed the third Wei ruler, Cao Fang, and installed a 13-year-old Cao Mao on the throne. From the start of his reign, Cao Mao acted in defiance of the Simas, refusing to accept the imperial seal directly from Sima Shi, and, after Sima Shi's death in 255, he attempted to order Sima Zhao to remain in Xuchang to keep watch over Shouchun (present-day Shou County, Anhui), where a rebellion led by Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin had just been suppressed. However, Sima Zhao ignored Cao Mao's edict and returned to the capital Luoyang. While Sima Zhao administered state affairs, Cao Mao attempted to gain the favour of the literati in the court through unremarkable meetings to discuss literature with some officials—Sima Zhao's cousin Sima Wang, Wang Shen (王沈), Pei Xiu, and Zhong Hui. Cao Mao also provided Sima Wang with a chariot and five imperial guardsmen as escorts because the latter lived further away from the palace than the others.

In 258, Sima Zhao was offered the title of Duke of Jin and the nine bestowments (over nine times), all of which he declined. Discussion and debate over the matter allowed him to judge his level of support.

A year later, in 259, Cao Mao received sightings of yellow dragons in two wells, and he wrote a poem identifying the dragons as being trapped inside wells and likened himself to the dragons. Sima Zhao saw the poem and was angry.

In 260, Sima Zhao was again offered title of Duke of Jin and the nine bestowments and did not immediately decline.

The incident
On 2 June 260, 19-year-old Cao Mao gathered his associates Wang Shen, Wang Jing, and Wang Ye, declaring his intention to make a last-ditch attempt to overthrow Sima Zhao, even at the cost of his life.

Wang Jing advised the emperor against such an action, but Cao Mao ignored Wang Jing's advice and informed Empress Dowager Guo of his plan. In his absence, Wang Shen and Wang Ye secretly deserted Cao Mao and notified Sima Zhao about the plot.

Cao Mao then led his forces from the palace, personally wielding a sword. Sima Zhao's younger brother Sima Zhou attempted to put up resistance at one of the gates, but was defeated and fled. Sima Zhao's aide Jia Chong led another defence at the South Watchtower. When Cheng Ji (成濟), a military officer under Jia Chong, asked Jia what to do, Jia told him to defend the Sima clan regardless of the consequences. Cheng Ji then approached Cao Mao and killed the emperor with his spear.

Aftermath
After Cao Mao's death, the public called for Jia Chong's execution on the grounds that he had committed regicide. Sima Zhao forced Empress Dowager Guo to posthumously demote Cao Mao to the status of a commoner, and then ordered Wang Jing and his clan to be executed. The following day, after pleas from his uncle Sima Fu, Sima Zhao asked Empress Dowager Guo to posthumously instate Cao Mao as the "Duke of Gaogui" (高貴鄉公) and bury Cao Mao with the ceremonies befitting that of a prince, though this was not actually done. Cao Huang (later renamed to Cao Huan), the Duke of Changdao (常道鄉公), was chosen to succeed Cao Mao and was installed on the throne. 19 days later, Sima Zhao had Cheng Ji and his family executed to appease public anger but Jia Chong was spared.

Sima Zhao successfully retained his power during the incident and eliminated his opponents in the Wei court, leaving only the young Cao Huan as a puppet emperor under his control. He did not take the Wei throne, even until his death, but was granted the title of a vassal king—"King of Jin" (晉王)—and the nine bestowments by Cao Huan in 264. Sima Zhao died in September 265 and was succeeded by his son Sima Yan, who forced Cao Huan to abdicate in his favour in February 266 and established the Western Jin Dynasty.

See also
 Three Rebellions in Shouchun

Notes

References

 Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
 Fang, Xuanling (648). Book of Jin (Jin Shu).

260
Cao Wei
3rd-century coups d'état
Military coups in China
260s conflicts

Sima Zhao's Regicide