Forest is a town in Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,108 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated communities of Banner, Dotyville, and Graham Corners are located in the town.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which,  of it is land and  of it (2.41%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,108 people, 397 households, and 306 families residing in the town. The population density was 31.4 people per square mile (12.1/km2). There were 410 housing units at an average density of 11.6 per square mile (4.5/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.38% White, 0.45% Native American, 0.09% Asian, 0.54% from other races, and 0.54% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.81% of the population.

There were 397 households, out of which 35.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.0% were married couples living together, 5.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.7% were non-families. 18.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.79 and the average family size was 3.22.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 27.8% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 109.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 116.8 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $49,583, and the median income for a family was $55,469. Males had a median income of $36,298 versus $26,250 for females. The per capita income for the town was $19,848. About 2.3% of families and 3.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.6% of those under age 18 and 2.9% of those age 65 or over.

Notable people
Charles A. Corbett, Wisconsin State Representative and businessman
Peter Loehr, Wisconsin State Representative and farmer
Peter McGalloway, Wisconsin State Representative and farmer
John M. Stack, Wisconsin State Representative and farmer

References

Towns in Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin
Towns in Wisconsin

Forest, Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin


Ozlem Denizmen is the Head of Strategy at Dogus Holding, one of Turkey's major conglomerates and a board member at Dogus Automotive, an Istanbul Stock Exchange-30 company. Denizmen started her career at Merrill Lynch Investment Bank as a financial analyst in 1994. She holds a B.S. degree from Cornell University in Industrial Management and an MBA from the MIT Sloan School of Management. Denizmen attended leadership programs at Stanford University, GE Crotonville and Harvard Business School.

Denizmen is married and has two children.

Social entrepreneurship

In early 2010 Denizmen launched the 'Para Durumu' multi-media platform, which is Turkey's first financial literacy initiative. She performs a weekly show on A Haber TV channel, accompanied by a weekly column in Posta and Hurriyet newspapers, and presents at seminars and conference as well as to students across the country. In 2011, Para Durumu was recognized by OECD.

Para Durumu established a new personal finance education movement for women with support of the Ministry of Family and Social Policies, Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality and Dogus Holding. The movement aimed to raise the financial awareness of 20,000 women in Istanbul by the end of 2013.

Awards and honors
Denizmen was honored as 'Young Global Leader' of 2011 by the World Economic Forum, as a White House Delegate at the 2010 Obama Presidential Summit on Entrepreneurship and as "Young Society Leader 2011" of the American Turkish Society. She was listed among 'Top 100 Powerful Women of Turkey' by Dunya Newspaper in 2011. Para Durumu was awarded the Jury Special Award as the best volunteer project in 2011 by the Corporate Volunteer Association of Turkey, which works to expand corporate volunteering in Turkey.

Denizmen was invited as a speaker and also as a judge to The First Child and Youth Finance International Summit and Award Ceremony which to be held April 3 & 4 2012 in Amsterdam.

References

Turkish businesspeople
Living people
Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations alumni
MIT Sloan School of Management alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)

Özlem Denizmen


Artek is a Finnish furniture company. It was founded in December 1935 by architect Alvar Aalto and his wife Aino Aalto, visual arts promoter Maire Gullichsen and art historian Nils-Gustav Hahl. The founders chose a non-Finnish name: the neologism Artek was meant to manifest the desire to combine art and technology. This echoed a main idea of the International Style movement, especially the Bauhaus, to emphasize the technical expertise in production and quality of materials, instead of historical-based, eclectic or frivolous ornamentation.

The original aim of the venture was to promote the furniture and glassware of Alvar Aalto and Aino Aalto, and to produce furnishings for their buildings. Before 1935 the Aaltos' designs were manufactured by Huonekalu-ja Rakennustyötehdas Oy in Turku. That company was renamed Huonekalutehdas Korhonen Oy and moved to Littoinen, but now both companies are owned by Vitra (furniture). Artek have their own in-house designers, such as Ben af Schulten. Originally, the studio was set up ostensibly to assist Aalto's architects' office with interior designs for his buildings. Since Aalto's passing in 1976 the company has sold design objects by other Finnish designers, such as Juha Leiviskä, Ilmari Tapiovaara, and Eero Aarnio. Other non-Finnish designers affiliated with Vitra, like the Bouroullec brothers, work with Artek as well if their designs are found to fit within the Artek portfolio. Artek currently operates three stores: a main store and a 2nd Cycle showroom in Helsinki, and a store in Tokyo.

Representative Furniture

Paimio Chair
From the very beginning of his career Alvar Aalto experimented with materials, especially wood, and even applied for patents for the bending of wood as applied in his furniture designs and as acoustic screens in his buildings. The Aaltos designed several different types of furniture and lamps for the Paimio Sanatorium (1929–33). The best known of the furniture pieces is his cantilevered birch wood Paimio Chair, which was specifically designed for tuberculosis patients to sit in for long hours each day. Aalto argued that the angle of the back of the chair was the perfect angle for the patient to breathe most easily. The design of the chair may have been influenced by Marcel Breuer's metal Wassily Chair, though Aalto was generally negative towards metal furniture.  The degree of bending of the wood tested the technical limits of that time. The chair is part of the permanent collections at the MoMA in New York City and the Finnish Design Museum.

3 Leg Stool 60

The Model No. 60 stool, designed circa 1932–1933, demonstrated Alvar Aalto's interest in basic functional, utilitarian forms. It was constructed of bent laminated birch, and originally came in all natural (plain) or curled birch, or with a black, red, or blue seat with natural (plain) legs. It remains one of Artek's most popular items.

3 Leg Stool X600
The X600 evolved from the 60. The handmade legs have the portions attached to the seat opening up into a fan, showing simultaneously the bent wood characteristic of Artek furniture and the fan motif that runs through Aalto's architecture. The X600 is no longer in production.

Pirkka Stool
The Pirkka Stool was designed in 1955 by Finnish designer Ilmari Tapiovaara. It was originally meant for users to rest on after using a Sauna; its pine and birch construction make the stool resistant to moisture, while the split seat design is meant to allow for ventilation. Notably the pine seat has a concave bend for ergonomics, but it is bent via a method distinct from Alvar Aalto's designs. It remains in production.

Artek Pavilion
In 2007, Japanese architect Shigeru Ban designed an exhibition pavilion for Artek, built from reconstituted waste material provided by the Finnish paper manufacturer UPM. The pavilion was first used at the Milan Triennale in 2007, after which it was temporally in use outside the Design Museum, Helsinki.

Artek 2nd Cycle
Artek operates a third store, located in Helsinki, for its 2nd Cycle program which began in 2006. The program collects used Artek and Huonekalutehdas Korhonen Oy furniture and resells them. Often made available are rare and discontinued items; repairs and refurbishing work are done as necessary but minor wear or cosmetic blemishes are part of the appeal of the 2nd Cycle products.

References

External links
 Company home page

Chairs
Finnish brands
Finnish design
Industrial design firms
Furniture companies of Finland
Alvar Aalto

Artek (company)


The Seventh Python is a 2008 musical documentary film about the career, music and philosophy of pop satirist and songwriter Neil Innes, who has been known as the "seventh" member of the six-man Monty Python comedy troupe. The film, however, shows how Innes' influence and experience goes far beyond that chapter, to include his work with the Bonzo Dog Doo Dah Band, The Rutles and other work. The Frozen Pictures film had its premiere at the American Cinematheque's Mods & Rockers Film Festival at the Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood in June 2008. The film was directed by Burt Kearns, and written and produced by Kearns and Brett Hudson.

The film features Innes in performance in Los Angeles, Sussex, England and Melbourne, Australia and features Pythons John Cleese, Eric Idle, Terry Jones and Michael Palin, as well as singer-songwriter Aimee Mann, Matt Groening (creator of The Simpsons), and composer/arranger John Altman, among others.

On 12 April 2009, the director and producer of The Seventh Python received the Las Vegas Film Festival's Golden Ace Award for "superior and standout filmmaking."

Three days later, the film was chosen as the Opening Selection of the 2009 Pacific Palisades Film Festival.

References

External links

 The Seventh Python movie website

Reviews
 Los Angeles Times
 The LAist
 Huffington Post

2008 films
American musical documentary films
Monty Python
Documentary films about comedy and comedians
2008 documentary films

The Seventh Python


MissingNo., also known as MissingNO, is the name of a glitch Pokémon that is short for "Missing Number". MissingNo. Pokémon are used as error handlers by game developer Game Freak; they appear when the game tries to access data for a Pokémon species that does not exist.

First documented by Nintendo in the May 1999 issue of Nintendo Power, encountering MissingNo. results in messed up graphics and item duplication of the player's sixth item in their inventory.

Characteristics
There are two reasons why the player encounters MissingNo., both as a result of programming bugs. The first is caused by the way the game stores battle information and the second is caused by the Old Man script in Viridian City. When traveling from one area to another, the game assigns numbers for Pokémon that the player encounters to a data buffer, read by the game when they encounter a wild Pokémon. However, on the right side of the Cinnabar and Seafoam Islands, no data is actually assigned to this buffer, and the information from the previous location is used instead (the player's name data).

Once encountered, players can fight, flee, or capture MissingNo. just like any other wild Pokémon in the game. After encountering the MissingNo., the sixth item's quantity in the player's item menu will be multiplied by 128, and the game's "Hall of Fame" gallery might become damaged forever. Other display problems may happen, though these can be fixed by viewing a Pokédex entry or resetting the Game Boy. It commonly appears as a scrambled "d" shaped rectangle, though sometimes (encounter values) it will look like a Ghost or two fossils.

Impact
Even though it has only appeared in three games in Pokémon, MissingNo. has had a lot of impact. Nintendo says it a "programming quirk" and doesn't want players to encounter it and later making impossible to obtain it in the next game, Pokémon Yellow, unless a trade is done. However, information on how to encounter MissingNo. was printed in a lot of magazines and player's guides due to its effect, while some Pokémon players tried to sell real and fake "tips" for capturing MissingNo. for up to $200. In 2009, IGN put MissingNo in their "Top 10 Easter Eggs" in games list, describing it as a "glitchimon" and saying it was useful for making copies of items. In another article, they said "It really says something about Pokémon fans that they took what is a potentially game ruining glitch and used it as a shortcut to level up their Pokémon."

Reactions by players to MissingNo. has been studied by sociological studies regarding individuals and games. Sociologist William Sims Bainbridge said in a study that Game Freak  "spawned one of the most popular glitches ever in game history", due to the good and bad results of it and players' interesting use of it. The book Playing with video games studied the effect of MissingNo. deeply, studying players' curious actions as a result of its appearance and examining their own notes along with individual "sightings" reports, studying and criticizing other people's findings. The book further describes the extent to which gaming communities revolving around Pokémon have attempted to make it a real aspect of the game's world through elements such as fan fiction and fan art, adding that this in turn inspires creativity. It also says that people were celebrating and publicizing glitches in the game while trying to make it canon, and adds that MissingNo. popularity was an unusual case.

References

Other websites
 MissingNo. at Bulbapedia

Pokémon monsters

pl:Pokémon Red i Blue#Błędy

MissingNo.


Taufiq Rafat was born in 1927 in Sialkot. He got his education from  Dehra Dun, Aligarh and Lahore. He was a famous Pakistani poet and writer as well. He was regarded as pioneer of English language poetry and writing in Pakistan. He has depicted the real culture of Pakistan in his writings. He was an admirer of Ezra Pound, T. S Eliot and W. H Auden. Taufiq Rafat is the one poet whose work has appeared in all three of Pakistan's major anthologies. First Voices (1965), Pieces of Eight (1971) and Wordfall (1975). He also wrote a full-length play in verse: The Foothold, which remains unpublished but was performed by The Government College Dramatic Club in Lahore. He has been a guide, mentor and critic to many younger poets. His major work is considered his collection of poems Arrival of the Monsoon.  He also translated the epic Puran Bhagat (1983) of Punjabi poet Bulleh Shah and Qadir Yar into lyrical English.

1927 births
1998 deaths
Pakistani poets

Taufiq Rafat


The Apple Dumpling Gang is a 1975 American comedy-Western film directed by Norman Tokar. The plot is about a slick gambler named Russell Donovan (Bill Bixby) who is duped into taking care of a group of orphans who eventually strike gold. The film was produced by Walt Disney Productions.

The film is based on the 1971 novel of the same name by Jack M. Bickham. Don Tait wrote the screenplay. The so-called "Apple Dumpling Gang" are named after their favorite American dessert treat, the apple dumpling. It is also known as being the first film to feature the comedy duo of Don Knotts and Tim Conway. Knotts and Conway developed different styles of pulling off their comedy; Conway's characters were usually the less intelligent of the two, which made Knotts usually the brains of the group, though they were both equally inept. Paul J. Smith and Buddy Baker composed the music for it and its 1979 sequel, The Apple Dumpling Gang Rides Again. The song "The Apple Dumpling Gang", as heard in the opening and closing credits, was composed by Shane Tatum and was sung/performed by Randy Sparks and The Back Porch Majority.

Plot
Set in the Wild West in the year 1879, a slick gambler named Russell Donovan (Bill Bixby) comes to the town of Quake City en route to open a casino in New Orleans. In Quake City, Donovan meets his old associate, John Wintle. Wintle is leaving for San Francisco that night and asks Donovan to sign for valuables coming in on tomorrow's stagecoach. Donovan accepts a down payment and promises to pick up the valuables. The next day, Donovan realizes he has been duped into taking care of three little orphans, Bobby, Clovis, and Celia Bradley. The stagecoach driver Magnolia "Dusty" Clydesdale (Susan Clark) explains that Wintle is in fact the children's relative and their legal guardian. With him gone and Donovan promising to care for the "valuables", they are now wards of Donovan. The town's sheriff, barber, Justice of the Peace, and judge Homer McCoy (Harry Morgan) tells Donovan that he is legally obligated unless he can have someone else take custody of the children. The children inadvertently cause Donovan much grief by offending all prospective new guardians. The Bradleys wreak havoc in Quake City while riding in an old mine cart, destroying much private property. The town's citizens demand that Donovan pay for the damages, costing him most of his funds for his trip to New Orleans.

As soon as Donovan arrived in Quake City, he became the target of the "Hashknife Outfit". The Outfit consists of two ne'er-do-well former members of the Stillwell Gang, Amos Tucker (Tim Conway) and Theodore Ogelvie (Don Knotts). They were once very threatening, until they were ousted by their former boss, Frank Stillwell (Slim Pickens), for shooting him in the leg. Amos and Theodore continuously try to rob Donovan during his stay in town with unsuccessful results.

Bobby, Clovis, and Celia decide to help their guardian earn money by going to the gold mine that they inherited. They encounter Amos and Theodore at their hideout and become acquainted. The men direct the kids to the mine after mistaking them for a posse. Despite people's belief no gold was left to find in the mine, the Bradley children discover a massive gold nugget. This incentivizes many people to adopt the children as it would give them access to the gold. Fearing that these people would not have the children's best interests at heart, Donovan arranges a sham marriage with Dusty so she can keep custody of the Bradley children while he goes to New Orleans. However, complications arise when Wintle returns. He heard of the gold and schemes to regain custody of the children. His attorney has a court order demanding immediate return of the Bradleys. McCoy is forced to adhere to Wintle's demands.

At the same time, Amos and Theodore attempt to steal the Bradleys' gold from the local bank and escape to Mexico. The Hashknife Outfit is unsuccessful when they try to enter the skylight and wrap themselves up in their rope used for rappelling down. McCoy finds them guilty of attempted robbery and sentences them to hang to scare them out of town. The two men flee to their hideout.

The Stillwell Gang enters town and plans to steal the nugget. Frank impersonates a priest to gain more information about the transportation of the gold from Colonel T.R. Clydesdale (David Wayne). Frank is able to coerce Clydesdale into disclosing the time and place the nugget will be moved. The children, who have grown attached to Donovan and Dusty, go to Theodore and Amos and give them permission to steal the gold. If the gold goes missing, Wintle will have no more desire for the children and will return custody. The next day, the Stillwell Gang enters the bank and takes the nugget. Simultaneously, the kids help the Hashknife Outfit rob the bank. Amos and Theodore are recognized by Frank and are almost killed. They are saved when one of the Stillwell Gang starts a shootout with the lawmen and distracts Frank. Frank decides to leave the gold and escape, taking Celia as a hostage. Donovan saves her from Stillwell with the help of Dusty and they realize their love for one another and embrace. Amos and Theodore retreat to the bank's safe to escape gunfire. Their dynamite is shot by one of the townsfolk, obliterating the bank, and the gold nugget gets blown into many smaller nuggets.

Wintle renounces his guardianship and leaves town. Stillwell's bounty is awarded to Donovan, giving him enough money for his casino in New Orleans. He instead buys a ranch for himself, Dusty, and the Bradley children. While on their way to the ranch, a reformed Amos and Theodore catch up with the newfound family asking for work as farmhands, to which Donovan agrees.

Cast

 Bill Bixby as Russell Donovan
 Don Knotts as Theodore Ogelvie
 Tim Conway as Amos Tucker
 Susan Clark as Magnolia Dusty Clydesdale
 Clay O'Brien as Bobby Bradley
 Brad Savage as Clovis Bradley
 Stacy Manning as Celia Bradley
 Harry Morgan as Homer McCoy
 David Wayne as Col. T.R. Clydesdale
 Slim Pickens as Frank Stillwell
 John McGiver as Leonard Sharpe
 Don Knight as John Wintle
 Dennis Fimple as Rudy Hooks
 Pepe Callahan as Clemons
 Iris Adrian as Poker Polly
 Fran Ryan as Mrs. Stockley
 Bing Russell as Herm Dally
 James E. Brodhead as The Mouthpiece
 Jim Boles as Easy Archie
 Olan Soule as Rube Cluck
 Tom Waters as Rowdy Joe Dover
 Dawn Little Sky as Big Foot
 Joshua Shelley as Broadway Phil
 Richard Lee-Sung as Oh So
 Arthur Wong as No So
 Dick Winslow as Slippery Sid
 Bill Dunbar as Fast Eddie
 Wally Berns as Cheating Charley

Music
The score for the film was written by Buddy Baker.  The theme song, "The Apple Dumpling Gang", was written by Shane Tatum and performed by Randy Sparks and the Back Porch Majority.

Reception
The film was a hit at the box office, earning $13.5 million in theatrical rentals.

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of four and wrote that the film was "in a lot of ways ... a throwback to the Disney productions of two or three years ago, a period of overwhelming banality in the studio's history. More recently, Disney has given us some genuinely inventive entertainments, especially Escape to Witch Mountain and Island at the Top of the World. With The Apple Dumpling Gang, we're back to assembly line plots about the adventure of squeaky-clean kids". Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film one star out of four and called it "the latest piece of treacle from the Walt Disney sitcom kitchen. The recipe is well-known: Mix smiling moms and pops with the dash of villains, fold in saccharine children, and beat with slapstick. The resulting cinematic mush is so predictable, it's a wonder that more youngsters don't tell the Disney folks to 'bake off'". Richard Eder of The New York Times called it "as cheerful and indistinguishable as rice pudding". Variety called the film "an engaging gentle-humored comedy melodrama ... Don Tait's screenplay based on the book by Jack M. Bickham would benefit by some sharp editing of certain Knotts-Conway routines but otherwise picture generally is a fast-paced situation caper". Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times called it "a pleasant and funny Disney family comedy" that was "a bit long but amiable enough to get away with overstaying its welcome". Gary Arnold of The Washington Post called it "the summer's second consecutive stale confection from the Disney organization, whose comedy formulas are solely in need of rejuvenation".

Home media
In 1980, The Apple Dumpling Gang was among the first Disney movies to be released on videocassette. Walt Disney Home Entertainment released The Apple Dumpling Gang on DVD twice: a special edition release on September 2, 2003 and a 2-movie collection release with its sequel, The Apple Dumpling Gang Rides Again, on February 10, 2008.

The film was released on Blu-ray as a Disney Movie Club exclusive on September 9, 2014.

Sequel and TV series
In 1979, Knotts and Conway reprised their roles in the sequel The Apple Dumpling Gang Rides Again. Bill Bixby, Susan Clark, and the rest of the cast did not appear. Harry Morgan was the only other member of the cast to appear in the sequel, although he plays a different character.

In January 1982, Disney aired Tales of the Apple Dumpling Gang, a television film remake starring John Bennett Perry in the Bixby role, Ed Begley Jr. in the Conway role and Arte Johnson in the Knotts role. One year later saw the premiere of a television series, Gun Shy, with a completely different cast, including Barry Van Dyke in the Bixby role. Six episodes were produced.

References

External links

1975 films
1970s children's comedy films
1970s Western (genre) comedy films
American children's comedy films
Films about the California Gold Rush
Films scored by Buddy Baker (composer)
Films based on American novels
Films based on children's books
Films directed by Norman Tokar
Films set in 1879
Films shot in Bend, Oregon
Walt Disney Pictures films
American Western (genre) comedy films
Films produced by Bill Anderson (producer)
1975 comedy films
1970s English-language films
1970s American films

The Apple Dumpling Gang (film)


The ancient German noble family of Pfuel (also Pfuhl or Phull) arrived in Brandenburg in the year 926 and later widened their influence to Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Mecklenburg, Pomerania, Württemberg, Westphalia, Eastern Europe and Sweden.

Members of the family held the title of Count. Today, they bear the name "Grafen Bruges-von Pfuel".

Family line

Ancestors' list for direct paternal main line:

 Henricus de Puele, c. 1215
 Heino de Puele (1282–1307)
 Heino von Pule (1306–1349)
 Strassen von Pfuel (died 1375)
 Otto von Pfuel (1375–1420)
 Bertram von Pfuel (born. c. 1405–1410, died 1482), 1440 to 1477 documented
 Friedrich von Pfuel (1460–1527)
 Bertram von Pfuel (born 1510/1515, died 1574), 1531 to 1574 documented
 Friedrich von Pfuel (1545–1594), 1577 to 1587 documented
 Bertram von Pfuel (1577–1639), 1597 to 1638 documented
 Friedrich Heino von Pfuel (1620–1661)
 Christian Friedrich von Pfuel (1653–1702 near Kaiserswerth), Killed in action
 Hempo Ludwig von Pfuel (1690–1770 in Gielsdorf)
 Ludwig von Pfuel (1718 in Gielsdorf – 1789 in Berlin)
 Friedrich von Pfuel (1781 in Jahnsfelde – 1846 in Karlsbad)
 Alexander von Pfuel (1825 in Berlin – 1898 in Jahnsfelde)
 Heino von Pfuel (1871 in Jahnsfelde – 1916 in Berlin), DOW)
 Curt Christoph Graf Bruges-von Pfuel (1907 in Berlin – 2000 in Bonn)
 Christian Friedrich Graf Bruges-von Pfuel (born 1942 in Jahnsfelde)
 Frederic Alexander Graf Bruges-von Pfuel (born 1978 in Munich)

Estates

Brandenburg
 1367 Falkenberg
 1375 Werftpfuhl, Altranft
 pre-1413 Frankenfelde, Bliesdorf, Reichenow, Möglin, Wollenberg, Schönfeld, Reichenberg, Biesow
 1445 Wriezen
 1449 Jahnsfelde
 1450 Gielsdorf, Grünthal, Leuenberg, Schulzendorf
 1472 Trebnitz
 1480 Quilitz (Neuhardenberg)
 pre-1500 Tempelfelde, Torgelow, Tiefensee, Steinbeck, Quappendorf, Ruhlsdorf, Garzau, Garzin
 1529 Friedersdorf
 1536 Wilkendorf
 pre-1663 Buckow, Hohenfinow, Prötzel, Hasenholz, Dahmsdorf, Obersdorf, Kienitz, Münchehofe

Berlin
 Strausberg
 1472 Biesdorf
 1609 Marzahn
 1655 Dahlem

Saxony-Anhalt

 1641 Helfta
 1654 Polleben
 1664 Eisleben, Wimmelburg
 1668 Seeben, Muldenstein
 1680 Nedlitz

Baden-Württemberg

 1787 Obermönsheim

Pomerania

 1827 Schwerin
 1838 Elmershagen

Bavaria

 1991 Tüßling
 1991 Gut Mamhofen (Starnberg)

Members

Notable members of the family include:

 Adam von Pfuel (1604–1659), Swedish General, later Privy Councillor and General-War commissar in Danish service; son of Adam I. (1562–1626)
 Adam Dietrich von Pfuhl, electoral Colonel, Domherr to the Prince-elector of Brandenburg (until 1671), member of the Fruitbearing Society.
 Adam Friedrich von Pfuhl (1643–c. 1707), electoral Colonel, owner of the Salt evaporation pond in Kötzschau.
 Adam Heinrich Christoph, electoral Colonel, as well as service at the court of the Duke of Saxe-Gotha; hereditary lord of Polleben and Stedern.
 Alexander Friedrich von Pfuel (1825–1898), royal Prussian Ritterschaftsrat,  Knight of Justice of the Order of Saint John, Lord of Jahnsfelde; married to Anna (1835–1918), daughter of Carl Graf von Brühl, the Superintendent general of the Prussian royal theatres; son of Lieutenant General Friedrich Heinrich Ludwig von Pfuel, as well as father of dragoon officer Heino Friedrich (1871–1916), Lord of Jahnsfelde, DOW in World War I (1916).
 Anna-Elisabeth von Pfuel (1909–2005), aunt of Prince Claus of the Netherlands, great-aunt of King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands; wife of Julius Freiherr von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen (1906–1977), who was the brother of Baroness Gösta von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen (1902–1996); sister of Curt-Christoph von Pfuel.
 Anna Katharine von Pfuel († 1657), daughter of Adam I. (1562–1626); mother of Georg Friedrich von Creytzen; great-grandmother of Countess Katharina Dorothea Finck of Finckenstein (1700–1728), progenitrix of several European imperial and royal families; great-great-grandmother of Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, father of King Christian IX of Denmark.
 Anna Maria von Phul (1786–1823), American artist
 Arndt Friedrich von Pfuel (1603–1673), Prussian lieutenant colonel; Lord of Schulzendorf, Schmöckwitz and Jahnsfelde.
 August Karl von Pfuhl (1794–1874), royal Prussian major general; father of Lieutenant General Emil von Pfuhl
 August von Phull (*  1769), royal Wurttembergian Chamberlain, Premier Captain of the Palace Guard (Ober-Schloßhauptmann); son of General of the Artillery (Generalfeldzeugmeister) Friedrich August Heinrich Leberecht von Pfuhl (1735–1818)
 August Christoph Adolf von Pfuhl (*  1768), royal treasurer, later senior forestry official (Oberforstmeister) near Trier; son of General Ernst Ludwig von Pfuhl (1716–1798)

 Barbara von Pfuel († 1637), mother of Field Marshal Heino Heinrich Graf von Flemming who was married to Dorothea Elisabeth von Pfuel († 1740), daughter of General Georg Adam von Pfuel (1618–1672); grandmother of Adam Friedrich von Flemming, Chamberlain to Augustus II the Strong, and General Johann Georg von Flemming, Saxon electoral Chamberlain.
 Carl Ludwig von Pfuel (1725−1804), royal Prussian major general.
 Carl Ludwig Wilhelm August von Phull (1723–1793), general of the infantry, Kingdom of Württemberg; father of Lieutenant General Karl Ludwig von Phull (1757–1826)
 Catharina Elisabeth von Pfuel  (1598–1636), Lady-in-waiting of Maria Eleonora of Sweden; wife of Johan Banér (1596–1641), Swedish Field Marshal in the Thirty Years' War. (see Friedrich Schiller: Wallenstein's Death); sister of Adam von Pfuel (1604–1659)
 Christian Friedrich von Pfuel (1653–1702), royal Prussian colonel, Lord of Gielsdorf, Wilkendorf and Jahnsfelde. Killed in action near Kaiserswerth during the War of the Spanish Succession.
 Christian-Friedrich von Pfuel, (born 1942), lawyer, protagonist in Sky du Monts 2003 novel Prinz und Paparazzi; grandson of Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg, General der Panzertruppe, Commander-in-chief of Panzer Group West, as well as Inspector General of the Armoured Forces during World War II.
 Christian Ludwig von Pfuel (1696–1756), royal Prussian major general of the Infantry.
 Curt Christoph von Pfuel (died 1781), High Treasurer (Oberkämmerer) to the Elector of Saxony, highest Privy Councillor and General-War commissar.
 Curt-Christoph von Pfuel (1907–2000), Dr.jur., Prussian assessor, member of the Council of Europe, last Fideikommiss, Lord of Jahnsfelde. Married to Blanche Freiin Geyr von Schweppenburg; daughter of Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg. Character in Marie Vassiltchikov's Berlin Diaries, 1940-1945.
 Curt Wolf von Pfuel (1849–1936), royal Prussian general of the cavalry, first aide-de-camp to Wilhelm II, German Emperor, Military attaché to Spain, Inspector-General of Military education and training, Chairman of the Central Committee of the German National Red Cross during World War I.
 Emil Karl von Pfuel (1821–1894), royal Prussian lieutenant general.
 Ernst von Pfuel (1609/10–1659), Doctor of Law, Imperial Count Palatine of Berlin, Advocate at the Kammergericht.
 Ernst von Pfuel (1779–1866), royal Prussian general of the infantry, governor of the Canton of Neuchâtel, Governor of Berlin, Cologne and the Prussian sector of Paris, member of the Prussian National Assembly, Prussian Minister of War as well as Prime Minister of Prussia.
 Ernst von Pfuhl (1768–1828), Minister of State of the Kingdom of Württemberg.
 Ernst Ludwig von Pfuhl (1716−1798), royal Prussian General of the Infantry, Governor of Spandau Citadel, Inspector-General of the Brandenburg Infantry.
 Frank (Francis) von Phul (1835–1922), captain of the Confederate States Army serving as a staff officer to the generals Lewis Henry Little, Daniel M. Frost, John Bullock Clark and John S. Marmaduke, as well as Aide-de-camp of general Braxton Bragg.
 Franz Wilhelm von Pfuel (1733−1808), royal Prussian major general and Commander of Danzig, later General in russian service.
 Friedrich von Pfuel (1462–1527), knight and electoral state-captain, as well as Privy Councillor to the Dukes of Mecklenburg.
 Friedrich August Heinrich Leberecht von Pfuhl (died 1818), royal Wurttembergian General of the Artillery (Generalfeldzeugmeister), Governor of Stuttgart.
 Friedrich Heino von Pfuel (1620–1661), Rittmeister, service at the royal Court of Christina, Queen of Sweden.
 Friedrich Heinrich Ludwig von Pfuel (1781–1846), royal Prussian lieutenant general, Commanding officer of Saarlouis, as well as Commanding officer of Spandau.
 Friedrich von Phull (Karl August Friedrich Freiherr von Phull; 1767–1840), general of the infantry, Commander-in-chief of the Kingdom of Württemberg during the French Revolutionary Wars.

 Georg Adam von Pfuel (1618–1672), royal Prussian General of the Cavalry, Governor of Spandau Citadel, Lord of Groß- und Klein-Buckow (Märkische Schweiz).
Georg Dietrich von Pfuhl (1723–1782), Royal Prussian Colonel, Commanding officer of the 13. Infantry Regiment, Knight of the Order of the Pour le Mérite (1762); married to Leopoldine Anne of Anhalt-Dessau (1738–1808), daughter of Prince William Gustav of Anhalt-Dessau, heir to the principality of Anhalt-Dessau and eldest son of Leopold I.
 George Ehrenreich von Pfuhl (born 1646), Landdrost of the Principality of Lippe, Lord of Helfta and Polleben.
 George von Phul Jones (1872–1968), American politician (Republican Party), Representative from Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania House of Representatives
 Gustav von Pfuel (1829–1897), Prussian Junker and politician, member of the Prussian House of Lords, father-in-law of Reichskanzler Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg. Senior civil servant of the Kingdom of Hanover; from 1868–1872 district president (Kreishauptmann) and Chief Constable of the district of Celle; Prefect of the department Seine-Maritime in Rouen, as well as Civil Commissioner (Zivilkommissar) of the departments Aisne and Ardennes during the Franco-Prussian War.
 Gustav Adolf von Pfuhl, member of the Fruitbearing Society.
 Gustav Adolph von Pfuel (1632–1683), Valet de chambre of William III of England; judge of Nödlitz
 Hans Emil Reinhold von Pfuel (*  1819), royal Prussian Chamberlain.
 Heino de Pule (1282–1307), hereditary Knight and Vogt in service to the Margraves of Brandenburg.
 Heino von Pfuel, in the year 1440 electoral Chancellor in service to Frederick of Altmark, Margrave of the Brandenburg, as well as to Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg; Captain of Oderberg.
 Heino von Pfuel (1550–1602), electoral Colonel appointed by John George, Prince-elector of Brandenburg.
 Hempo Ludwig von Pfuel (1690–1770), royal Prussian Privy Councillor and Major, President of the Kriegs- u. Domänenkammer Halberstadt, Lord of Jahnsfelde.
 Henne de Pul, in the year 1337 Knight in the retinue of Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor.
 Henne wan den Pule, in the year 1343 Dengesmann Advocatus.
 Henning von Pfuhl, Privy Councillor of Joachim II Hector, Elector of Brandenburg(1505–1571) and "known as a well-deserved hero".

 Henry von Phul (1784–1874), American pioneer businessmen in St. Louis' early history; son of Johann Wilhelm von Phull (Phul) (1739–1793), Brother of Anna Maria von Phul (1786–1823), father of Frank (Francis) von Phul (1835–1922); von Phul married in 1816 Rosalie Saugrain (1797–1787), daughter of Antoine Saugrain (1763–1820)
 Heyno Dietloff von Pfuel (1652–1734), Dike-reeve of the Oderbruch.
 Hildbrandt von Pfuel, in the year 1260 mayor of Wismar.
 Johanna Christina von Pfuel (1675–1735), great-great-grandmother of Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden; great-grandmother of Louise Caroline of Hochberg, second wife of Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden (see: Kaspar Hauser)
 Johann Ernst von Pfuel (1640–1705), Lutheran Doctor Theologiae, Prof. eloquentiae et poeseos in Greifswald, Rector of the "Fürstliche Pädagogium" Stettin, court chaplain to the Duke of Mecklenburg, member of the ecclesiastical council of Mecklenburg-Güstrow.
 Johann Gottlieb von Pfuel (1653–1681) Lieutenant colonel; Sohn des Adam von Pfuel (1604–1659)
 Juliane Sophie von Pfuel (1688–1749), great-grandmother of Reichskanzler Otto von Bismarck; married to Jobst Ernst von Schönfeld (1680–1725)
 Johann Wilhelm von Phull (1739-1793), Captain in general George Washington's staff, emigrated to America in 1764; father of the American artist Anna Maria von Phul (1786-1823) and Henry von Phul (1784-1974); son of Johann Phillip von Pfuel (1713-1748) and Wilhelmina Louisa von Hoff (1705-1780).
 Karl Ludwig von Phull (1757–1826), Prussian general who served as chief of the General Staff of King Frederick William III of Prussia in the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt. In Russian service, Phull successfully advocated for a scorched earth policy during Napoleon's invasion of Russia. Character in Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace.
 Kurt Bertram von Pfuel (1590–1658), statesman and politician. Valet de chambre to George William, Prince-elector of Brandenburg, General-War commissar and highest Privy Councillor to Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg – Duke of Prussia.
 Ludwig von Pfuel (1718−1789), royal Prussian major general und Hofmarschall to Frederick William I of Prussia.
 Ludwig Dietrich von Pfuhl (1669–1745), field marshal and commander of Kehl Fortress during the War of the Polish Succession; grandson of Adam von Pfuel (1604–1659).
 Martha von Pfuel (1865–1914), wife of Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg (1856–1921), German politician and statesman who served as Chancellor of the German Empire from 1909 to 1917.
 Maximilian von Pfuel (1854–1930), royal Prussian lieutenant general.
 Melchior von Pfuel (died 1548), "the Alchemist and Necromancer", Doctor of Law, electoral Captain at Zossen, Chancellor and Privy Councillor to the Prince-elector of Brandenburg.
 Nickel von Pfuel (died 1492), Dr. iuris utriusque, Schloßhauptmann and Privy Councillor to the Prince-elector of Brandenburg, Knight and military commander, Vogt of Wriezen, judge at the Kammergericht, owner of Berlin castle.
 Otto-Friedrich von Pfuel (1731–1811), royal Prussian Haupt-Ritterschaftsdirektor.
 Richard Balduin Ernst von Pfuel (1827–1900), royal Prussian legation councilor, German Consul-General and Ambassador; 1872–1876 German Consul-General in Bucharest, 1876–1888 Imperial Ambassador at the Swedish royal court; Lord of Gielsdorf.
 Stephanie von Pfuel, née Michel von Tüßling (born 1961), mayor of Tüßling (CSU); daughter of Karl Freiherr Michel von Tüßling, Schutzstaffel (SS) officer who served in the Nazi government of German dictator Adolf Hitler, in the staff of Heinrich Himmler and the SS Main Office; ex-wife of Christian-Friedrich von Pfuel, (born 1942).
 Valtin von Pfuel (1587–1661), General-War commissar to the Prince-elector of Brandenburg, as well as High-Commissioner of the Barnim.
 Werner von Pfuel (died 1482), Hofmarschall to the princely court, later Vogt of Küstrin and Privy Councillor (Geheimrat) to the Prince-elector of Brandenburg, judge at the Royal Courts, Knight of the Dominican Order.
 Wolf Kurt von Pfuel (1809–1866), royal Prussian major general.

Literature
 Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Adelslexikon Band X, pp. 336f., Band 119, C. A. Starke, Limburg (Lahn) 1999,
 Bernhard von Gersdorff: Preußische Köpfe – Ernst von Pfuel. Stappverlag, 1981,
 Stephanie von Pfuel: Wenn schon, denn schon. LangenMüller, 2007,
 Marco Schulz: Jahnsfelde Schlösser und Gärten der Mark. Freundeskreis Schlösser und Gärten der Mark, Sibylle Badstübner-Gröger (Publisher).

References

External links

German noble families
Military families of Germany

Pfuel


Edward Roy Patten (August 27, 1939 – February 25, 2005) was an American R&B/soul singer, best known as a member of Gladys Knight & the Pips. He was a cousin of Gladys Knight. Patten was a member of the group from 1959 until its disbandment in 1989. Patten was a multiple Grammy Award winner, and along with the group, he was inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996.

Edward was born in Atlanta, Georgia, to Thomas S. Patten and Wilhelmina (née Maxwell). His father was a local musician, singer and a child prodigy on the piano. Edward grew up singing in the church and with local "doo wop" groups in Atlanta. While still a teenager, he married his first wife Katherine (née Smith) in Atlanta at the home of her parents. He had two children from this marriage, Stephanie A. and Steven A. Patten. It was in Atlanta that he was invited by William Guest to join the Pips after two members left the group to get married. Edward later traveled first to New York after the success of the single "Every Beat of My Heart", and later he and the group, now Gladys Knight and the Pips, moved to Detroit, Michigan, to join Motown Records. By this time the strain of the entertainment world had taken its toll on his marriage, and he and Katherine divorced, and he married Renee (née Brown). He and Renee had three children - Edward II, Elliott and Renee Patten.

Even though Gladys Knight & the Pips officially disbanded in 1989, Patten remained very close to his bandmates and his lifelong friends throughout the rest of his life.

Patten had diabetes and hypertension and was later incapacitated by a stroke. He died at age 65 of a stroke at St. Mary's Mercy Hospital in Livonia, Michigan, where he resided. He is interred at Detroit's historic Woodlawn Cemetery at Eight Mile Road and Woodward Avenue.

References

External links

1939 births
2005 deaths
Singers from Atlanta
American soul musicians
Gladys Knight & the Pips members
Knight family (show business)
20th-century American singers
Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Detroit)
American amputees
20th-century African-American male singers
American rhythm and blues singers
American soul singers
20th-century American male singers
21st-century African-American people

Edward Patten


The Two Oceans Marathon is a  ultramarathon and  half-marathon held annually in Cape Town, South Africa on the Saturday of the Easter weekend.

Known globally as "the world's most beautiful marathon", the race is run against a backdrop of spectacular scenery through the Cape Peninsula.

Both races start in Newlands.  The Ultra Marathon follows a more or less circular route through Muizenberg, Fish Hoek, over Chapman's Peak, through Hout Bay and Constantia Nek, and eventually finishes at the University of Cape Town campus. On occasions when Chapman's Peak Drive has been closed due to construction or rock falls, the Ultra Marathon has followed an alternative route over Ou Kaapse Weg.

The Half Marathon takes runners along Edinburgh Drive (the M3 highway), before turning into forest roads past Kirstenbosch (where runners meet up with Ultra Marathon participants) and finishing at the University of Cape Town campus.

Since its inaugural edition in 1970, the event has grown. Selling out every year, the Half Marathon sees some 16,000 participants (making it the biggest half marathon in South Africa), while 11,000 athletes tackle the 56 km Ultra Marathon.

In addition to the main events, other events take place the day before (Good Friday):
Approximately 6 000 runners - including toddlers and young children with their families - take part in various fun runs
Approximately 1 000 trail runners traverse the trails of the Table Mountain National Park
International participants get to run a scenic 5 km route along the Sea Point promenade as part of the International Friendship Run

The 2020 and 2021 editions of the race were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Winners

Men
Key:

Women
Key:

Halfmarathon
Key:

References

External links

Official web page
Two Oceans 56 km. ARRS. Retrieved on 2016-10-13.
Two Oceans 21 km. ARRS. Retrieved on 2016-10-13.

Ultramarathons in South Africa
Half marathons in South Africa
Recurring sporting events established in 1970
Marathons in South Africa
Athletics competitions in South Africa
Autumn events in South Africa
Sports competitions in Cape Town

Two Oceans Marathon


Dodson is an unincorporated community in Multnomah County, Oregon, United States. It is located about 4½ miles (7.2 km) east of Multnomah Falls and one mile west of Warrendale, in the Columbia River Gorge on Interstate 84/U.S. Route 30. It is across the Columbia River from Skamania, Washington. Dodson is within the Cascade Locks ZIP code.

Dodson was a railroad station on the Oregon-Washington Railroad & Navigation Company line (today owned by Union Pacific) named for Ira Dodson, who was an early settler in the area. Dodson station was moved several times and was once located near present-day Warrendale. Circa 1885 the station was also known as "Dodsons". Author Ralph Friedman says Dodson is a "hamlet that time and tracks have passed by". At one time Dodson had a gas station and a motel. Bonneville Grade School in Dodson closed in 1996 because of declining enrollment. The school also served the students of Warrendale and Bonneville.

Dodson was the site of the McGowan salmon cannery and a fish wheel c. 1900. In February 1996, a series of massive debris flows, resulting from the same severe weather that caused flooding in the Willamette Valley, occurred between Dodson and Warrendale, destroying homes and blocking the railroad and I-84 for several days. A 1.65 acre parcel in the landslide area was bequeathed to the Friends of the Columbia Gorge Land Trust, which hopes to convey the property into public ownership.

References

External links
Images of Dodson from Flickr
Images of the Dodson landslide from Waymarking.com
The Dodson Debris Flows of 1996 from Portland State University

Unincorporated communities in Multnomah County, Oregon
Ghost towns in Oregon
Columbia River Gorge
Unincorporated communities in Oregon

Dodson, Oregon


Andreu Lacondeguy is a Freeride Mountain biker and Freestyle motocross athlete from Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, born 12 January 1989. He is a 2013 Munich X-Games bronze medalist in the Mountain Bike Slopestyle event and a Red Bull Rampage Winner in 2014.

Personal
Andreu Lacondeguy grew up in Montseny, near Barcelona, and began Four-Cross racing at the age of 10 and became regional champion; he then moved to BMX and downhill mountain biking racing, and won a contract with Team Maxxis when he was 15. He and his brother Lluís, who is also a professional mountain bike racer, hone their skills in California. Andreau has also competed in Freestyle Motocross himself and often takes his FMX experience and tricks to the Freeride Mountain Bike world.

He has "Love Dirt" tattooed on his fingers.

Career
In 2008 he won Crankworx Whistler and also became one of the first to land a double backflip on a mountain bike in competition; he was the first to land a backflip from a snow-covered big air ramp. In 2012 he won the Red Bull Berg Line event in Winterberg, In 2013 Lacondeguy earned a Bronze medal in the Munich X-Games Slopestyle event, and in 2014 he won the Red Bull Rampage. He came second in 2015 and 2018. He also placed Fourth in 2010, 2012, and 2013, just shy of the podium.

In 2015, he and Kurt Sorge, Graham Aggasiz, Nico Vink, Makken Haugen and Nick Pescetto launched the Fest series of one-week invitational Freeride meets at locations all around the world.

In 2013, Farm Jam Festival he would win the MTB "Dirt Jam" contest. He, would compete in both the FMX and BMX Dirt contest; being the first to ever compete in all three events.

References

External links

Living people
Cyclists from Barcelona
1989 births
Sportspeople from Barcelona
Spanish male cyclists
Freeride mountain bikers
Freestyle motocross riders
Redbull Rampage people

Andreu Lacondeguy


Lampworking is a type of glasswork in which a torch or lamp is used to melt the glass. Once in a molten state, the glass is formed by blowing and shaping with tools and hand movements. It is also known as flameworking or torchworking, as the modern practice no longer uses oil-fueled lamps. Although lack of a precise definition for lampworking makes it difficult to determine when this technique was first developed, the earliest verifiable lampworked glass is probably a collection of beads thought to date to the fifth century BCE. Lampworking became widely practiced in Murano, Italy in the 14th century. As early as the 17th century, itinerant glassworkers demonstrated lampworking to the public. In the mid-19th century lampwork technique was extended to the production of paperweights, primarily in France, where it became a popular art form, still collected today. Lampworking differs from glassblowing in that glassblowing uses a furnace as the primary heat source, although torches are also used.

Early lampworking was done in the flame of an oil lamp, with the artist blowing air into the flame through a pipe or using foot-powered bellows.  Most artists today use torches that burn either propane or natural gas, or in some countries butane, for the fuel gas, mixed with either air or pure oxygen as the oxidizer. Many hobbyists use MAPP gas in portable canisters for fuel and some use oxygen concentrators as a source of continuous oxygen.

Lampworking is used to create artwork, including beads, figurines, marbles, small vessels, Christmas tree ornaments, and much more. It is also used to create scientific instruments as well as glass models of animal and botanical subjects.

Glass selection

Lampworking can be done with many types of glass, but the most common are soda-lime glass and lead glass, both called "soft glass", and borosilicate glass, often called "hard glass". Leaded glass tubing was commonly used in the manufacture of neon signs, and many US lampworkers used it in making blown work. Some colored glass tubing that was also used in the neon industry was used to make small colored blown work, and colored glass rod, of compatible lead and soda-lime glasses, was used to ornament both clear and colored tubing. The use of soft glass tubing has been fading, owing partly to environmental concerns and health risks but mainly to the adoption of borosilicate glass by most lampworkers, especially since the introduction of colored glasses compatible with clear borosilicate.

Soft glass is sometimes useful because it melts at lower temperatures, but it does not react well to rapid temperature changes as borosilicate glass does. Soft glass expands and contracts much more than hard glass when heated/cooled, and must be kept at an even temperature while being worked, especially if the piece being made has sections of varying thickness. If thin areas cool below the "stress point", shrinking can cause a crack. Hard glass, or borosilicate, shrinks much less, so is more forgiving. Borosilicate is just like regular silicate glass (SiO2), but it has a more flexible molecular structure from being doped with boron.

Glasses to be fused together must be selected for compatibility with each other, both chemically (more of a concern with soft glass than borosilicate) and in terms of coefficient of thermal expansion (COE) [CTE is also used for Coefficient of Thermal Expansion.]  Glasses with incompatible COE, mixed together, can create powerful stresses within a finished piece as it cools, cracking or violently shattering the piece. Chemically, some colors can react with each other when melted together. This may cause desirable effects in coloration, metallic sheen, or an aesthetically pleasing "web effect". It also can cause undesirable effects such as unattractive discoloration, bubbling, or devitrification.

Borosilicate glass is considered more forgiving to work with, as its lower COE makes it less apt to crack during flameworking than soda-lime glass or lead glass. However, it has a narrower working temperature range than the soft glasses, has fewer available colors, and is considerably more expensive. Also, its working range is at higher temperatures than the soft glasses, requiring the use of oxygen/gas flames instead of air/gas. In addition to producing a hotter flame, the use of pure oxygen allows more control over the flame's oxidizing or reducing properties, which is necessary because some coloring chemicals in borosilicate glass react with any remaining oxygen in the flame either to produce the desired final color or to discolor if extra oxygen is present.

Lead glass has the broadest working range of the three glasses, and holds its heat better when it is out of the flame. This gives one more time to adjust one's work when blowing hollow forms. It is also less likely to crack while being worked in making pieces of variable thickness than is soda-lime glass.

Types of glass
Raw materials
Glass is available in a wide range of shapes, sizes, and colors for the lampworker. Most lampworkers use glass produced by commercial manufactures in the shape of rod, tube, sheet or frit. Glass rods are manufactured in various sizes, as small as 1 mm and as large as 50 mm or more. Glass rod is also made in different shapes like: square, triangle or half round rod. Glass tubes are also offered in a range of diameters, colors, and profiles like: scalloped, twisted or lined tubing. Crushed glass particles that have been sifted to specific sizes are known as frit or power. Sheet glass is produced in varying thickness and can be cut and shaped before being worked in the flame. The glass industry has seen steady growth in the past few decades that continues to expand the types and forms of glass available to lampworkers.

Soda lime glass

The most popular glass for lampworking is soda-lime glass, which is available pre-colored. Soda-lime glass is the traditional mix used in blown furnace glass, and lampworking glass rods were originally hand-drawn from the furnace and allowed to cool for use by lampworkers. Today soda-lime, or "soft" glass is manufactured globally, including Italy, Germany, Czech Republic, China and America.

Lead
In addition to soda lime glass, lampworkers can use lead glass. Lead glasses are distinguished by their lower viscosity, heavier weight, and somewhat greater tolerance for COE mismatches.

Borosilicate
Lampworkers often use borosilicate glass, a very hard glass requiring greater heat. Borosilicate originated as laboratory glass, but it has recently become available in color to the studio artist from a number of companies. At one time, soft (soda lime and lead) and hard (borosilicate) glasses had distinctly different looking palettes, but demand by soft-glass artists for the silver strike colors, and the development of the bright, cadmium based `crayon colors' by Glass Alchemy in the boro line, has diminished the distinctions between them.

Quartz
Lampworkers can also work with fused quartz tube and rod. A hydrogen and oxygen torch is used to work quartz as requires higher temperatures than other types of glass. Quartz is resistant to extreme temperature variations and chemical corrosion, making it especially useful in scientific applications. Quartz has recently gained popularity in artistic glass work but is only available a few limited colors.

Tools

Tools for lampworking are similar to those used in glassblowing. Graphite is frequently used for the working surfaces of lampworking tools because of its ability to withstand high temperatures, low coefficient of friction, and resistance to sticking to the molten glass. Steel is used where greater strength is required. Some molds may be made from fruitwoods, but primarily wood is used for handles of lampworking tools. Brass may be used for working surfaces where a higher coefficient of friction is desired.
Bench Burner – A torch that is fixed to the bench which provides a stationary flame.
Hand Torch – The hand torch allows for more maneuverability of the flame, commonly used on glassworking lathes where there is reduced maneuverability of the piece
Kiln – the kiln is used to garage and anneal the glass, protecting the piece from thermal shock and relieving thermal stress.
Marver – flat surfaces used to roll glass upon in order to shape, smooth or consolidate applied decoration, typically made of graphite or steel.
Paddle – A graphite or metal marver attached to a handle
Reamer – A piece of graphite or brass on a handle used to enlarge holes.
Blowhose/Swivel Assembly – A hose, usually latex, is connected to the blowpipe via a hollow swivel, allowing the lampworker to blow into hollow glass forms while rotating them.
Tungsten Pick – The extreme temperature resistance of tungsten makes it ideal for raking (dragging glass around on the surface), or to bore a hole through the glass.
Shears – Steel shears are used to cut the hot glass.
Claw Grabbers – Metal tool found in various configurations which allows the hot glass to be securely held and rotated, commonly used for finishing pieces after they have been removed from the blowpipe or pontil.
Lathe – The glassworking lathe allows for precise rotation and manipulation of glass. They are especially suited for larger scale work that may be difficult or tiring to turn by hand.

General methods of beadmaking

After designing a piece, a lampworker must plan how to construct it. Once ready to begin, the lampworker slowly introduces glass rod or tubing into the flame to prevent cracking from thermal shock. The glass is heated until molten and wound around a specially coated steel mandrel, forming the base bead. The coating is an anti-fluxing bead release agent that will allow the bead to be easily removed from the mandrel, either a clay-based substance or boron nitride. It can then be embellished or decorated using a variety of techniques and materials. All parts of the workpiece must be kept at similar temperatures lest they shatter. Once finished, the piece must be annealed in an kiln to prevent cracking or shattering.

Annealing, in glass terms, is heating a piece until its temperature reaches a stress-relief point; that is, a temperature at which the glass is still too hard to deform, but is soft enough for internal stresses to ease. The piece is then allowed to heat-soak until its temperature is uniform throughout. The time necessary for this depends on the type of glass and thickness of the thickest section. The piece is then slowly cooled at a predetermined rate until its temperature is below a critical point, (between 900 and 1000 degrees Fahrenheit), at which it cannot generate internal stresses, and then can safely be dropped to room temperature. This relieves the internal stresses, resulting in a piece which should last for many years. Glass that has not been annealed may crack or shatter due to a seemingly minor temperature change or other shock.

Additional techniques for lampworked beads
Beads can be sandblasted, or they can be faceted, using lapidary techniques. "Furnace glass" beads, which are more elaborate versions of the old Seed bead technique, are widely made today. Chevron beads are multi-layer beads once exclusively made using hot-shop techniques to produce the original tubing; but now some lampworkers make similar designs on their torches before lapping the ends to reveal the various layered colors. As torches get bigger and more powerful, the cross-over between lampworking and furnace glass continues to increase.

Fuming is a technique that has been developed and popularized by Bob Snodgrass since the 70's and 80's. Fuming consists of heating silver or gold in the flame, so that the metals vaporize or "fume" microscopically thin layers of particles onto the glass. These particles stick to the hot glass surface changing its color with interesting effects. Silver turns clear glass into a yellowish color, giving shades of blues and greens when backed with a dark color, while gold turns clear glass shades of pinks and reds. The precious metal coating becomes increasingly visible the more the glass is fumed.

Brief history of modern lampworked beads
Lampworked beads (with the exception of Asian and African beadmaking) have generally been for the last four hundred years or so the province of Italian, and, later, Bohemian lampworkers who kept the techniques secret. Thirty or so years ago, some American artists started experimenting with the form. Their early efforts, by today's standards, were crude, as there was almost no documentation, and none of the modern tools. However, they shared their information, and some of them started small businesses developing tools, torches and other equipment.

This group eventually formed the basis for the International Society of Glass Beadmakers.

See also
Glass beadmaking
Scientific glassblowing
Leopold and Rudolf Blaschka

References

Further reading
Dunham, Bandhu. Contemporary Lampworking: A practical guide to shaping glass in the flame. Volumes I-III. Prescott, AZ: Salusa Glassworks, Inc., 2003, 2010.
Goldschmidt, Eric and Beth Hylen. "The History of Lampworking." June 3, 2019. International Flameworking Conference paper given March 24, 2017, at Salem Community College. Accessed January 29, 2020.
Lierke, Rosemarie. "Early History of Lampworking - Some Facts, Findings and Theories, Part 1: Kunckel's description of lampworking in the Arts Vitraria Experimentalis." Glastechnische Berichte 63, no. 12 (1990): 363–369.
Lierke, Rosemarie. "Early History of Lampworking - Some Facts, Findings and Theories, Part 2: Lampworking techniques in antiquity." Glastechnische Berichte 65, no. 12 (1992): 341–348.
Zecchin, Sandro, and Cesare Toffolo. Il vetro a lume = Lampworking. Translated by Pamela Jean Santini and Christina Cawthra. Volumes 1-3. Venezia: Grafiche 2am editore, 2018-2019.

External links

Glass Art Society
American Scientific Glassblowers Society
The International Society of Glass Beadmakers
International Flameworking Conference

Beadwork
Glass art
Glass production
Articles containing video clips

Lampworking


Ankara International Music Festival () is a music festival held annually in Ankara, Turkey. In addition to Turkish artists, performers from many countries have participated in the festival.
The annual festival was established in 1984 by the Sevda-Cenap And Music Foundation. In addition to Ministry of Culture and Tourism many companies, foundations, diplomatic missions, and the municipality of Çankaya are among the sponsors of the festival.

2018 participants

 Presidential Symphony Orchestra of Turkey
 Compania Flamenca El Carpeta &Antonio Canales
 Lucas Vondracek
 Franz Liszt Chamber Orchestra
 Sukhishvili Georgian National Ballet
 David Hazeltine Trio
 Bosphorus Trio
 Chorus of   Ministry of Culture and Tourism
 Saygun Quartet
 Cyrus Chesnut Trio
 Spellbound Modern Dance Group
 Sibiu Philharmonic Orchestra

References

1984 establishments in Turkey
Music festivals established in 1984
Culture in Ankara
Music festivals in Turkey
Recurring events established in 1984

Ankara International Music Festival


Dimlands (also known as Dimland Castle or Dimland Lodge) was a small scale, gentry house on the north side of St Donats Road about  southwest of Cowbridge in the Vale of Glamorgan, southeast Wales. Built like a small Tudor castle, it is situated about  back from the clifftops of the Bristol Channel between Llantwit Major and St Donats. The main house was demolished after a fire in 1948, but its lodge, in a similar castellated style, survives and became a Grade II listed building on 9 October 1982.

History
The site was previously occupied by the fortress of Iestyn ap Gwrgant, lord of Glamorgan and the last ruler of the Welsh kingdom of Morgannwg; its fields are still known as Caer Wrgan ("Wrganstown"). The property was held by the Nicholl family since the time of King Henry VII. Dimlands was built by Rev. Robert Nicholl Carne at the end of the 18th century upon land left him by his father, Whitlock Nicholl, of The Ham, High Sheriff of Glamorgan in 1746. Upon Robert's death in 1849, his younger son, John Whitlock Nicholl Carne of the University of Oxford, inherited Dimlands, and the 1850 improvements are attributed to him

Dimlands was leased to the architect Sir Matthew Digby Wyatt (1820–1877) in 1875, he being the husband of Mary Nicholl of The Ham, a great niece of Robert. Wyatt died at Dimlands two years later. It is possible that John involved Wyatt (designer of The Ham mansion) in the Dimlands' 1850 renovation. In the early 20th century, from 1900 to 1921, the Crawshays were Dimlands' tenants; Tudor Crawshay was Deputy Lieutenant of Glamorgan, and vicar's warden of St Illtyd's Church, Llantwit Major. Tudor Crawshay's son Owen was a tenant of the nearby Tresilian House at Tresilian Bay.

The main house was destroyed by fire in 1948.

Architecture and fittings

Exterior
The dwelling was of castellated Tudor architecture with blue lias limestone exterior, and Coombedown stone windows and cornices. The south facing main front was more than  in length. The western coast of Cornwall and Lundy Island were visible from the south turrets.

Interior
The interior was described in 1853 as follows:
"The carved chimney in the dining room is made of Caen stone; the old Carne motto of "+FY ;+NGOBAITH+SY DD+YN. + NUW.+." (My hope is in God) is inscribed on its chief panel. Other features are Mintons tile flooring, the large Tudor style staircase, two sitting rooms, and the library, a newer addition. The drawing room is remarkable for the peculiar shape of its chimney piece; it has features similar to those found in some church arches. It is constructed of Caen stone, and has a label over it, ending in two supporters, with the monogram I:N:C. On this label is the ancient motto "-4-HEB.-fDHYW.+HEB.-TDHYM.+DUW+A+DIGON+". There are several large oil paintings of St. Donat's Castle, Lanrihangle, Llantwit Major, and other residences connected with this family. A later built library features a large fireplace, which is fitted with a dog grate and decorated with white glazed bricks. There are two other sitting rooms, which contain some paintings, including one of Miss Elinor Carne (afterwards Mrs. Thomas Markham) by Sir Thomas Lawrence, done at Bath, when she was only fourteen, and the painter sixteen years of age."

Grounds
The Dimlands stables were built on a small scale. Burke, in 1853, described them as consisting of sharp, pointed gables, which are finished off at the top with the Carne crest, cut in freestone, incorporating a split pelican issuing out of a ducal coronet. On the southern front of the stables, there is an odd carved stone containing the Carne arms, the date of the original grant in A.D. 1336, and the confirmation in A.D. 1842, together with an account of the assumption of the Carne surname and estates through marriage by the Rev. Robert Nicholl.

References
This article incorporates public domain text from John Bernard Burke's A visitation of the seats and arms of the noblemen and gentlemen of Great Britain (1853).

Country houses in Wales
Houses in the Vale of Glamorgan
Tudor architecture
Grade II listed buildings in the Vale of Glamorgan
Castles in the Vale of Glamorgan
Llantwit Major
Demolished buildings and structures in Wales

Dimlands


Salinan traditional narratives include myths, legends, tales, and oral histories preserved by the Salinan people of the central California coast.

Salinan oral literature, as documented primarily by J. Alden Mason, shows its closest links with that of other central California groups, such as the Yokuts.(See also Traditional narratives (Native California).)

Sources for Salinan narratives

 Gifford, Edward Winslow, and Gwendoline Harris Block. 1930. California Indian Nights. Arthur H. Clark, Glendale, California. (One previously published narrative, pp. 193-194.)
 Margolin, Malcolm. 1993. The Way We Lived: California Indian Stories, Songs, and Reminiscences. First edition 1981. Heyday Books, Berkeley, California. (One myth, p. 135-137, from Mason 1918.)
 Mason, J. Alden. 1912. "The Ethnology of the Salinan Indians". University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 10:97-240. Berkeley. (Narratives collected by H. W. Henshaw in 1884 and by the author in 1910, including Earth Diver, with comparative discussion, pp. 186-197.)
 Mason, J. Alden. 1918. "The Language of the Salinan Indians". University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 14:1-154. Berkeley. (Narratives in the Antoniano and Migueleño languages, including Earth Diver, Theft of Fire, and Bear and Fawns, pp. 60-93, 100-101-105-116.)

Salinan people
Traditional narratives (Native California)

Salinan traditional narratives


Michael M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County, 450 U.S. 464 (1981), was a United States Supreme Court case over the issue of gender bias in statutory rape laws. The petitioner argued that the statutory rape law discriminated based on gender and was unconstitutional. The court ruled that this differentiation passes intermediate scrutiny under the Equal Protection clause because it serves an important state goal, stating that sexual intercourse entails a higher risk for women than men. Thus, the court found the law justified.

Background
In June 1978, Sharon, a sixteen-year-old female, was at a park with seventeen-year-old Michael. The record indicates that Sharon was initially a willing participant, but when she refused intercourse, Michael hit her until she submitted.

A charge of statutory rape was filed against Michael in the Court of Sonoma County, CA. In California, statutory rape was, at the time, described as "an act of sexual intercourse accomplished with a female not the wife of the perpetrator, where the female is under the age of 18 years." The language of the statute made it so that only the male involved in the act could be found criminally liable, even if the act was consensual. Michael M. challenged the constitutionality of the law on the basis of Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Equal Protection Clause prevents the state from denying "any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." He claimed that the law discriminated based on gender, denied him protection of the law, and therefore violated the Constitution. The case was brought before the Supreme Court in 1980.

There was no charge of forcible rape (see controversies below).

Opinion of the court
Through intermediate scrutiny, the Court upheld the statute and its gender-based distinction because it helped to further an important state goal. It was a 5-4 vote upholding California's statute. However, the Justices who voted in the majority could not decide on a reason for their ruling, so the decision is considered a plurality.

Justices Rehnquist, Burger, Stewart, and Powell voted with the plurality and Justice Blackmun concurred in the judgment only. The main reasons behind their decision were that young females already faced a significant deterrent from engaging in sexual intercourse and that the statute furthered the state goal of preventing teenage pregnancy. In his written opinion, Justice Rehnquist said, "[t]he statute protects women from sexual intercourse and pregnancy at an age when the physical, emotional, and psychological consequences are particularly severe. Because virtually all of the significant harmful and identifiable consequences of teenage pregnancy fall on the female, a legislature acts well within its authority when it elects to punish only the participant who, by nature, suffers few of the consequences of his conduct."  Because young women are faced with the risk of unwanted pregnancy when they engage in sexual intercourse, they already face a substantial deterrent and therefore don't necessarily need to be included in the law. The risks and consequences associated with teenage pregnancy are, according to the Court, enough of a discouragement to females. However, because males don't face the same physical, mental, and emotional risks associated with sex and teen pregnancy, "imposing criminal penalties on men was necessary to 'roughly 'equalize' the deterrents on the sexes."  The Court also said that because the statute helped to further a major goal of the state, it was constitutional and should be upheld. This form of judicial review is known as intermediate scrutiny. In order to pass an intermediate scrutiny test, "the challenged law must further an important government interest by means that are substantially related to that interest".  According to Justice Rehnquist, the law aided in the prevention of teen pregnancy, which was a major goal of the state of California.  In the trial, the state of California argued that, "the language of [the statutory rape law] and the policy and intent of the California legislature evinced in other legislation demonstrate that the prevention of pregnancy and the prevention of physical harm to female minors are the primary purposes underlying [the law]," This argument emphasizes how the gender bias found in California's statutory rape law aids in furthering the state's goal of preventing teenage pregnancy. The natural discouragements that females have in regards to sexual intercourse coupled with this statute and its singling out of males as the sole perpetrators together form a significant deterrent keeping teens from engaging in sexual intercourse. The statute takes steps to avoid teenage pregnancy and therefore helps to advance the state's goals. It was because of these reasons that the Court upheld the law.

Dissenting opinion
Justices Brennan, White, Marshall, and Stevens dissented. The minority stated that the majority placed "too much emphasis on the desirability of achieving the State's asserted statutory goal - prevention of teenage pregnancy - and not enough emphasis on the fundamental question of whether the sex-based discrimination in the California statute is substantially related to the achievement of that goal."  The dissenters felt that Rehnquist's opinion emphasized the goal of the state without any regard to the means or to the actual question at hand. They questioned whether gender-neutral statutory rape law would actually be harmful to California's goal of lowering teen pregnancy rates, since no evidence that a gender-biased law would be beneficial was provided.

Justice Brennan wrote, "[t]he burden is on the government to prove both the importance of its asserted objective and the substantial relationship between the classification and that objective. And the State cannot meet that burden without showing that a gender-neutral statute would be a less effective means of achieving that goal." Without any factual evidence or comparison, according to the dissenters it is difficult to tell whether a gender-biased statute actually lowers teen pregnancy rates.

Brennan also cited that at the time of the trial, thirty-seven other states had adopted gender-neutral statutory rape laws. He hypothesized that gender-neutral laws might be a greater deterrent than non-gender neutral laws because there would be "twice as many potential violators." Justice Stevens added that he thought there was no reason to not include a woman in the law because women are "capable of using [their] own judgment of whether or not to assume the risk of sexual intercourse".

Significance
The Michael M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County case upheld that gender biased statutory rape laws did not violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. It demonstrated that laws can be applied differently to men and women and remain constitutional as long as the state can justify doing so.

Controversy surrounding the case
There is some controversy surrounding not the case or the issue itself, but rather the original charge Michael M. was faced with. Some critics of the case question why the defendant was charged with statutory rape and not with forcible rape. Because Michael exerted force on Sharon until she submitted to sex, some believe that, "[t]his is a case of forcible rape. But neither the California courts nor the Supreme Court saw it that way, and this was exactly what some feminists feared. Even though Sharon said no and was punched, this case was immediately charged with statutory rape." Justice Blackmun addressed these concerns: "I think...that it is only fair to point out that [Michael's] partner, Sharon, appears not to have been an unwilling participant in at least the initial stages of the intimacies that took place. [Michael] and Sharon's non-acquaintance...; their drinking; their withdrawal from others of the group; their foreplay, in which she willingly participated and seems to have encouraged; and the closeness of their ages are factors that should make this case an unattractive one to prosecute at all...especially as a felony and rather than as a misdemeanor . . . But the state has chosen to prosecute in that manner, and the facts, I reluctantly conclude, may fit the crime."

Later outcome
California changed its law to make unlawful sexual intercourse a gender-neutral crime, in that all forms of sexual conduct with a person under 18 are illegal. This means that if a 16-year-old boy and a 17-year-old girl have consensual sex, both can be charged with a crime. However, penalties have been reduced from a felony to a misdemeanor if the older participant is no more than 4 years older.

References

External links

United States equal protection case law
History of Sonoma County, California
1981 in United States case law
United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court
United States Supreme Court cases


Henry Way Kendall (December 9, 1926 – February 15, 1999) was an American particle physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1990 jointly with Jerome Isaac Friedman and Richard E. Taylor "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics."

Biography
Kendall was born in Boston to Evelyn Way and Henry P. Kendall, an industrialist. Kendall grew up in Sharon, Massachusetts and attended Deerfield Academy. He enrolled in the U. S. Merchant Marine Academy in 1945, and served on a troop transport on the North Atlantic in the winter of 1945 – 1946.

In 1946, he enrolled at Amherst College where he majored in mathematics, graduating in 1950. While at Amherst, he operated a diving and marine salvage company during two summers.  He co-authored two books, one on shallow water diving and the other on underwater photography.

He did graduate research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, involving an experimental study of positronium, and he obtained his PhD in 1955.  He then spent the next two years as a postdoctoral fellow at Brookhaven National Laboratory.  He then spent five years in Robert Hofstadter's research group at Stanford University in the late 1950s and early 1960s, where he worked with Jerome Friedman and Richard Taylor, studying the structure of protons and neutrons, using the university's 300 feet long linear electron accelerator.  He developed a close working relationship with Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky at Stanford.

Kendall joined the faculty of the MIT Physics Department in 1961, where he remained until his death in 1999. He was named Julius A. Stratton Professor of Physics in 1991.

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Kendall worked in collaboration with researchers at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) including Friedman and Taylor. These experiments involved scattering high-energy beams of electrons from protons and deuterons and heavier nuclei. At lower energies, it had already been found that the electrons would only be scattered through low angles, consistent with the idea that the nucleons had no internal structure.  However, the SLAC-MIT experiments showed that higher energy electrons could be scattered through much higher angles, with the loss of some energy.  These deep inelastic scattering results provided the first experimental evidence that the protons and neutrons were made up of point-like particles, later identified to be the up and down quarks that had previously been proposed on theoretical grounds. The experiments also provided the first evidence for the existence of gluons.

Kendall was not only a very accomplished physicist, but also a very skilled mountaineer and photographer. He did extensive rock climbing in Yosemite Valley, followed by expeditions to the Andes, Himalaya and Antarctica, photographing his experiences with large format cameras. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1982. On April 7, 2012, the American Alpine Club inducted Kendall into its Hall of Mountaineering Excellence at an award ceremony in Golden, Colorado.

Service activities
Kendall was one of the founding members of the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) in 1969. He served as chairman of the board of the UCS from 1974 until his death in 1999. His public policy interests included avoiding nuclear war, the Strategic Defense Initiative, the B2 bomber, nuclear reactor safety and global warming.

He was also a member of the JASON Defense Advisory Group.

Death
Kendall died while diving the cave at the Edward Ball Wakulla Springs State Park, Florida as a part of the Wakulla 2 Project. He bypassed two pre-dive checklists for his Cis-Lunar MK-5P Mixed Gas rebreather and entered the spring basin without his dive buddy from the National Geographic Society. Kendall missed turning on the oxygen supply to his rebreather and lost consciousness and drowned. The autopsy revealed a physiological issue that led to his disregarding the protocols.

Awards and honors
 Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1982
 Bertrand Russell Society Award, 1982
 Nobel Prize in Physics, 1990
 Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement, 1993
 Hall of Mountaineering Excellence of the American Alpine Club, 2012

References

External links

Oral History interview transcript with Henry Way Kendall 25 and 26 November 1986, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives
James D. Bjorken, Jerome I. Friedman, Kurt Gottfried, and Richard B. Taylor, "Henry Way Kendall", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (2009)
 including the Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1990 Deep Inelastic Scattering: Experiments on the Proton and the Observation of Scaling
Henry W. Kendall papers, MC-0550. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Distinctive Collections, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Henry Way Kendall Papers and Henry Way Kendall Nobel Prize Collection at the Amherst College Archives & Special Collections

1926 births
1999 deaths
American Nobel laureates
American mountain climbers
American rock climbers
American underwater divers
Amherst College alumni
Deerfield Academy alumni
Experimental physicists
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Nobel laureates in Physics
Underwater diving deaths
Underwater photographers
United States Merchant Marine Academy alumni
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Winners of the Panofsky Prize
Members of JASON (advisory group)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science faculty
Fellows of the American Physical Society
United States Merchant Mariners of World War II

Henry Way Kendall


In the American state of Georgia in May 1955, there was an operation called Big Buzz. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which carry the yellow fever virus, were not infected for the purpose of the operation, which served as a field test to see if it was feasible to produce, store, load into munitions, and disperse from aircraft the Aedes aegypti mosquito. A secondary objective was to see if the mosquitoes would survive their dispersion and look for food on the ground. About 330,000 uninfected mosquito A million female mosquitoes were developed for the experiment in total; the remainder were employed for studies on loading and storing weapons.

1955 in the United States

Operation Big Buzz


Ernest Martin Hennings (1886–1956) was an American artist and member of the Taos Society of Artists.

Biography
E. Martin Hennings was born in Penns Grove, New Jersey on February 5, 1886 to German immigrant parents. Two years after he was born, Hennings' father moved his family to Chicago.

Looking back on his early exposure to art and his decision to pursue a life as an artist, Hennings remarked; "It was rather strange that I chose painting for my profession, for practically none of my family showed any artistic tendencies. It happened that when I was 12 or 13 years old, another lad and myself wandered into the Art Institute of Chicago and it was during that visit that I determined to become an artist. That day I secured a pamphlet that showed me that art could be studied. That had never occurred to me."

It was in 1901 that Hennings began taking classes at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, which was largely based on the great European art schools and made particularly emphasis on the importance of drawing. On June 17, 1904, he graduated from the school with honors, but continued to study there for another two years, mostly under the instruction of John Vanderpoel.

Hennings eventually took up work as a commercial artist, mostly painting murals and portraits around Chicago.  Murals on which Hennings worked, usually on canvas panels, include one for the cafeteria at the Art Institute of Chicago, the Florentine Ballroom at the Congress Plaza Hotel in Chicago, and The Ascension, a mural painted for the Grace Episcopal Cathedral in Topeka, Kansas.

Europe
Out of a desire to return to fine art painting, he re-enrolled at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, and soon entered, in 1912, a painting in a competition at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris, for which he won second prize.  He soon enrolled at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich in Germany, under the direction of Angelo Junk, Walter Thor, and Franz von Stuck, who was particularly influential on the painter. In January 1914, Hennings became a member of the American Artists Club in Munich, Germany with Victor Higgins and Walter Ufer, who would both later become fellow Taos Society of Artists.

Before World War I escalated, Hennings relocated back to his hometown of Chicago and initially resided at the Fine Arts Building on Michigan Ave, where Louis Grell joined him for a short period before the two moved studios to the famous Tree Studio artist colony in Chicago's North side.  At this time Hennings also joined the artist run Palette and Chisel Academy of Fine Art, and by 1916 had already gained respect in Chicago with a number of awards, including a Gold Medal from the Palette and Chisel Club as well as the Englewood Women's Club prize at the Art Institute of Chicago.

New Mexico
Hennings soon attracted the attention of a number of Chicago businessmen and art patrons, including Carter H. Harrison, Jr.  Harrison offered to sponsor a trip for Hennings to visit and paint in Taos, New Mexico, in exchange for the works he completed during his stay. Hennings was not the first to receive such a proposition; Walter Ufer and Victor Higgins had both been approached by Harrison three years earlier, and soon settled permanently in the Southwest.

Hennings accepted the patron's proposition and spent the summer and fall of 1917 in and around Taos.  Harrison supplied Hennings with an introduction to the newly created New Mexico Museum of Art in Santa Fe, New Mexico.  For the inaugural exhibition at the museum Hennings exhibited three paintings. In that year, 1917, Hennings exhibited his first painting in the United States, outside of Chicago, at the National Academy of Design in New York City, New York.

Although Hennings soon traveled back to Chicago to continue his work as a commercial artist, three years later he moved permanently to Taos.  His new home allowed Hennings to expand past the limitations of commercial art, to paint freely.  In particular, the artist was able to travel around the area surrounding Taos freely, painting en plein air subjects of intense natural beauty in remarkable light, none of which would have been possible in Chicago. In part due to his academic education, Hennings' primary interest was in portrait painting, with his primary subject being the Native Americans living in and around Taos Pueblo.

While continuing to paint predominantly in the Southwest, Hennings frequently exhibited in Chicago.  In 1922 he was awarded the Clyde M. Carr Prize from the Art Institute of Chicago as well as the Institute's Fine Arts Building Prize.  The following year his success in his hometown continued with the Martin B. Cahn Prize, again from the Art Institute of Chicago, for his painting The Twins.

Taos Society of Artists
Such accolades contributed to Hennings' reputation and, also in 1923, the painter was nominated by Oscar E. Berninghaus and Walter Ufer for membership in the Taos Society of Artists.  However, he was not elected a member that year, but was re-nominated the following year and, this time, received a unanimous vote. Catharine Carter Critcher was accepted for membership at the same meeting.

During one trip back to Illinois, in 1924, Hennings met Helen Otte, an employee at the Chicago department store Marshall Field's.  The two were married just two years later, on July 20, 1926, and travelled extensively through Europe for 16 months for their honeymoon, visiting Italy, France, Spain, and Morocco.

In the years before he was married, Hennings completed his first prints, eight lithographs of various Southwestern subjects.  The prints were made on zinc plates and printed in Chicago.  Six of the lithographs; Across the Sage, The Frozen Stream, Through Sage and Cedar, Indian Bake Ovens, Beneath the Cottonwoods, and The Hunters, were first printed in an edition of 50, and later in a second edition of 100.  The prints Taos Indian and Indian Maiden were produced in a more limited number.  Hennings only completed one other print project, which consisted of four monotypes.

Feeling that the organization had run its course and achieved its purpose, the Taos Society of Artists disbanded in 1927.  It had grown to include some of the nation's most accomplished painters, including Joseph Henry Sharp, Ernest Blumenschein, Bert G. Phillips, Oscar E. Berninghaus, E. Irving Couse, W. Herbert Dunton, Walter Ufer, Victor Higgins, and Kenneth Miller Adams.

Mature career

By the 1920s, the now established painter was building his reputation on the national scene, with exhibitions and awards including; the Walter Lippincott Prize at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts (1925), the lsidor Medal and the Ranger Fund Purchase prizes at the National Academy of Design in New York (1926), the Harry Frank Prize from the Art Institute of Chicago (1927), exhibited at the Corcoran Gallery of Art (1928 and 1933), and won first prize at the 1929 Texas Wildflower Competition.  Hennings's success was not limited to the United States, however, and he was included in the 1924 Venice Biennale, the International Exhibition in Paris in 1926, and the 1927 Paris Salon.

Many art collectors throughout America sought out his paintings.  Such private patrons included Carter H. Harrison, Jr., Oscar F. Mayer, Robert McKee, and Lutcher Stark.  Hennings also received support from the Public Works of Art Project and the Section of Painting and Sculpture, which commissioned the mural The Chosen Site in a Van Buren, Arkansas, post office.  The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad also broadly supported his work, including commissioning specific works for advertisements, and remained a supporter of Hennings throughout his career.

Death and legacy
E. Martin Hennings died May 19, 1956.  Hennings was buried in his hometown of Chicago, rather than his adopted town of Taos, New Mexico.

Today paintings by Hennings are housed in the following museums; the Smithsonian American Art Museum, Stark Museum of Art, Booth Western Art Museum, C.M. Russell Museum, Denver Art Museum, Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art, Gilcrease Museum, New Mexico Museum of Art, National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum, Rockwell Museum, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, National Museum of Wildlife Art, and Woolaroc Museum.

The E. Martin Hennings House and Studio Historic District in Taos is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

References

1886 births
1956 deaths
19th-century American painters
American male painters
20th-century American painters
American muralists
American people of German descent
Painters from Chicago
Artists from Taos, New Mexico
Artists of the American West
School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni
Painters from New Jersey
Painters from New Mexico
Taos Society of Artists
People from Penns Grove, New Jersey
Section of Painting and Sculpture artists
Public Works of Art Project artists
19th-century American male artists
20th-century American male artists

Ernest Martin Hennings