Bernard Marinus Siegfried van Praag (Amsterdam, 28 February 1939) is a Dutch economist, and distinguished university professor at the University of Amsterdam, noted for researching the measurement of welfare, as well-being and happiness.

Biography
Bernard van Praag was born in 1939 into a Jewish family from Amsterdam, The Netherlands. He is the second son of Jonas Andries (1895-1969) and Henriette Emma van Praag (1901-?). His family went into hiding during the World War II in the Netherlands and survived The Holocaust, although many family members perished in the extermination camps Auschwitz and  Sobibor. He grew up in Bloemendaal and has one older brother, Herman Bernard Jonas (born 1934). He studied econometrics at the University of Amsterdam, where he received a Ph.D. degree cum laude in 1968.

Van Praag was appointed professor at the Free University of Brussels in 1969, then in 1970 associate professor at Erasmus University, Rotterdam, professor of economics at the University of Leiden (1972), professor at Erasmus University (1984), professor in "applied economic research" at the University of Amsterdam (1992), and managing director of the Foundation for Economic Research from 1992 to 2000. In 2000 he became distinguished university professor at the University of Amsterdam.

Van Praag was the founding president of the European Society for Population Economics (ESPE), and co-editor of the Journal for Population Economics and Journal of Health Economics. He was a member of the Dutch Social Economic Council. In 1988-1992 he was a member of the (Dutch) Scientific Council for Government Policy, a prominent advisory body for the Dutch government on long term policy issues. He was the responsible council member for their report "Ouderen voor Ouderen", which initiated the demographic discussion on the aging society in the Netherlands.

He has published in a wide range of journals, including the Review of Economics and Statistics, European Economic Review, Journal of Public Economics, Journal of Population Economics, Econometrica, Psychometrika, Journal of Econometrics, Journal of Applied Econometrics, Review of Income and Wealth, Journal of Human Resources, Journal of Economic Psychology, Journal of Health Economics, Health Economics, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, the Economic Journal, Journal of Happiness Studies, Journal of Income Distribution, and Journal of Economic Inequality. He was mentioned in the top 5% of economics authors by Repec, as of September 2012.

Work

Leyden school
During his Leyden period (1972–84), Van Praag initiated and acted as leader of the Leyden School project, his main co-authors being Arie Kapteyn and Aldi Hagenaars. Van Praag argued in his Ph.D. dissertation (1968) that utility of money (called by Van Praag the "individual welfare function of income", WFI) could be seen as a cardinal concept.
Based on this idea he devised a specific question module, the Income Evaluation Question (IEQ), intended to ask respondents which income level they would call "good", "sufficient", "bad", etc. The IEQ has been posed since 1970 to many thousands of respondents in large-scale surveys. Van Praag estimated the WFI for thousands of individuals in most countries of Western Europe.

He discovered a preference drift (comparable to the hedonic treadmill), whereby the WFI of the individual depends on current income and shifts with rising income to the right. Kapteyn and Van Praag discovered reference drift, which means that individual welfare depends on the income of the reference group members. The analysis led to the estimation of subjective family equivalence scales and subjective definitions of poverty. He carried out several large-scale poverty studies for the European Union.

Van Praag has also been active on econometric methodology, labour and health economics, conjoint or vignette analysis and the economics of ageing. The Leyden School may be seen as a precursor of modern happiness economics by about twenty years. In the words of Claudia Senik when reviewing Happiness Quantified:
 'Van Praag is one of the leading and inaugural figures of the field. In the early 1970s, Professor van Praag, with other colleagues, started this stream of the literature at the University of Leyden, hence the "Leyden School" denomination. With the current success of "happiness studies", economists are re-discovering the contributions and intuitions of the Leyden school.'

Andrew Clark et al. in their authoritative survey comparing Van Praag's work with the happiness papers from 1990 onwards write:
 'One method that essentially inverts the question is that of the Welfare Function of Income, associated with the Leyden school in the Netherlands and, particularly, with Van Praag. This predates the work on satisfaction by some years, with the first published article being Van Praag (1971).'

Recent research
After a relative calm period, during which Van Praag was engaged in semi-commercial research, Van Praag resumed his academic research at the end of the 1990s.

He enriched his research by adopting the satisfaction question module used by modern happiness economists. His main new results are the application of happiness economics with Barbara Baarsma to estimate shadow prices of airplane-noise hindrance near Amsterdam Airport, which method may be used for estimating the shadow prices of other external effects as well and the development of a two-layer model with Frijters and Ferrer-i-Carbonell, where life satisfaction is seen as an aggregate of domain satisfactions.

He published in 2004 the comprehensive monograph Happiness Quantified, a Satisfaction Calculus Approach (with Ada Ferrer-i-Carbonell), which was revised in 2008 and translated into Chinese in 2010. He is a regular contributor to the Dutch dailies NRC Handelsblad and de Volkskrant and the professional weekly Economisch-Statistische Berichten.

Honours
Van Praag is a Fellow Emeritus of the European Economic Association, member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (Koninklijke Nederlandse Academie van Wetenschappen) since 1999, elected as a member of the International Statistical Institute, member of the Royal Dutch Society of Sciences (Koninklijke Hollandsche Maatschappij van Wetenschappen), Fellow of CESifo Munich, IZA Bonn, DIW Berlin, AIAS Amsterdam, Honorary Fellow and chairman–founder (1986) of the Tinbergen Institute.

Books

1968 Individual Welfare Functions and Consumer Behavior - a Theory of Rational Irrationality, North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, Contributions to Economic Analysis, nr. 57
1998 The Distribution of Welfare and Household Production: International Perspectives (Stephen P. Jenkins, Arie Kapteyn, Bernard M.S. van Praag, eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom
2004 B.M.S. van Praag and A. Ferrer-i-Carbonell. Happiness Quantified: A Satisfaction Calculus Approach Oxford University Press, Oxford: UK , revised in 2008, Chinese translation 2009.

References

External links
 Personal page at University of Amsterdam
 Publications

1939 births
Living people
Dutch economists
Dutch people of Jewish descent
Holocaust survivors
Econometricians
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Scientists from Amsterdam
University of Amsterdam alumni
Academic staff of Leiden University
Academic staff of Erasmus University Rotterdam
Academic staff of the University of Amsterdam

Bernard van Praag


Robert Philip Hanssen (April 18, 1944 – June 5, 2023) was an American Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agent who spied for Soviet and Russian intelligence services against the United States from 1979 to 2001. His espionage was described by the Department of Justice as "possibly the worst intelligence disaster in U.S. history".

In 1979, three years after joining the FBI, Hanssen approached the Soviet Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU) to offer his services, beginning his first espionage cycle, lasting until 1981. He restarted his espionage activities in 1985 and continued until 1991, when he ended communications during the collapse of the Soviet Union, fearing he would be exposed. Hanssen restarted communications the next year and continued until his arrest. Throughout his spying, he remained anonymous to the Russians.

Hanssen sold about six thousand classified documents to the KGB that detailed U.S. strategies in the event of nuclear war, developments in military weapons technologies, and aspects of the U.S. counterintelligence program. He was spying at the same time as Aldrich Ames in the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Both Ames and Hanssen compromised the names of KGB agents working secretly for the U.S., some of whom were executed for their betrayal. Hanssen also revealed a multimillion-dollar eavesdropping tunnel built by the FBI under the Soviet Embassy. After Ames' arrest in 1994, some of these intelligence breaches remained unsolved, and the search for another spy continued. The FBI paid $7 million to a KGB agent to obtain a file on an anonymous mole, whom the FBI later identified as Hanssen through fingerprint and voice analysis.

Hanssen was arrested on February 18, 2001, at Foxstone Park, near his home in the Washington, D.C., suburb of Vienna, Virginia, after leaving a package of classified materials at a dead drop site. He was charged with selling U.S. intelligence documents to the Soviet Union and subsequently Russia for more than $1.4 million in cash, diamonds and Rolex watches over twenty-two years. To avoid the death penalty, Hanssen pleaded guilty to fourteen counts of espionage and one of conspiracy to commit espionage. He was sentenced to fifteen life terms without the possibility of parole, and was incarcerated at ADX Florence until his death in 2023.

Early life
Hanssen was born in Chicago, Illinois, to a Lutheran family that lived in the Norwood Park neighborhood. He was of Norwegian descent. His father, Howard (died 1993), a Chicago police officer, was allegedly emotionally abusive to Hanssen during his childhood. Hanssen graduated from William Howard Taft High School in 1962 and attended Knox College in Galesburg, Illinois, where he earned a bachelor's degree in chemistry in 1966.

Hanssen applied for a cryptography job at the National Security Agency following his college graduation but was turned down due to budget setbacks. He enrolled in dental school at Northwestern University, but he switched his focus to business after three years. Hanssen received an MBA in accounting and information systems in 1971 and took a job with an accounting firm. He quit after one year and joined the Chicago Police Department as an internal affairs investigator, specializing in forensic accounting. In January 1976, Hanssen left the Chicago police to join the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).

Hanssen met Bernadette "Bonnie" Wauck, a staunch Roman Catholic, while attending dental school at Northwestern. The couple married in 1968, and Hanssen converted from Lutheranism to Catholicism.

Career and espionage

FBI career and first espionage activities (1976–1981)
Upon becoming a special agent on January 12, 1976, Hanssen was transferred to the FBI's field office in Gary, Indiana. In 1978, he and his growing family of three (eventually six) children relocated to New York City when the bureau transferred him to its field office there. The next year, Hanssen was transferred to counterintelligence and given the task of compiling a database of Soviet intelligence for the FBI.

In 1979, Hanssen approached the Soviet Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU) and offered his services. He never indicated any political or ideological motive for his actions, telling the FBI after he was caught that his only motivation was financial. During his first espionage cycle, Hanssen provided a significant amount of information to the GRU, including details of the FBI's bugging activities and lists of suspected Soviet intelligence agents. His most important leak was the betrayal of Dmitri Polyakov, a CIA informant who passed enormous amounts of information to U.S. intelligence while rising to the rank of general in the Soviet Army. Following a second betrayal by CIA mole Aldrich Ames in 1985, Polyakov was arrested in 1986 and executed in 1988. Ames was officially blamed for giving Polyakov's name to the Soviets, while Hanssen's attempt was not revealed until after his 2001 capture.

FBI counterintelligence unit, further espionage activities (1985–1991)

In 1981, Hanssen was transferred to FBI headquarters in Washington, D.C., and relocated his family to the suburb of Vienna, Virginia. His new job in the FBI's budget office gave him access to information involving many different FBI operations. This included all the FBI activities related to wiretapping and electronic surveillance, which were Hanssen's responsibility. He became known in the FBI as an expert on computers.

Three years later, Hanssen transferred to the FBI's Soviet analytical unit, responsible for studying, identifying, and capturing Soviet spies and intelligence operatives in the United States. Hanssen's section evaluated Soviet agents who volunteered to give intelligence to determine whether they were genuine or re-doubled agents. In 1985, Hanssen was again transferred to the FBI's field office in New York City, where he continued to work in counterintelligence against the Soviets. After the transfer, while on a business visit back to Washington, he resumed his espionage career.

On October 1, 1985, Hanssen sent an anonymous letter to the KGB offering his services and asking for $100,000 in cash, . In the letter, he gave the names of three KGB agents secretly working for the FBI: Boris Yuzhin, Valery Martynov, and Sergei Motorin. Although Hanssen was unaware of it, Ames had already exposed all three agents earlier that year. Yuzhin had returned to Moscow in 1982 and had been subject to an intensive investigation by the KGB due to having lost a concealed camera in the Soviet consulate in San Francisco, but he was not arrested until being exposed by Ames and Hanssen. Martynov and Motorin were recalled to Moscow, where they were arrested, charged, tried, and convicted of espionage against the Soviet government. Martynov and Motorin were executed via gunshot to the back of the head; Yuzhin was imprisoned for six years before he was released by a general amnesty to political prisoners and subsequently immigrated to the U.S. Because the FBI blamed Ames for the leak, Hanssen was neither suspected nor investigated. The October 1 letter began a long, active espionage period for Hanssen.

Hanssen was recalled yet again to Washington, D.C., in 1987. He was tasked with studying all known and rumored penetrations of the FBI to find the man who had betrayed Martynov and Motorin; this meant, in effect, that he was charged with searching for himself. Hanssen ensured that he did not reveal himself with his study, but in addition, he gave the entire study—including the list of all Soviets who had contacted the FBI about FBI moles—to the KGB in 1988. That same year, Hanssen, according to a government report, committed a "serious security breach" by revealing secret information to a Soviet defector during a debriefing. The agents working for him reported this breach to a supervisor, but no action was taken.

In 1989, Hanssen compromised the FBI investigation of Felix Bloch, a Department of State official who was suspected of espionage. Hanssen warned the KGB that Bloch was being investigated, causing the KGB to end contact with him abruptly. The FBI could not produce any good evidence, and as a result, Bloch was never charged with a crime, although the State Department later terminated his employment and denied his pension. The failure of the Bloch investigation and the FBI's investigation of how the KGB learned that they were investigating Bloch caused the mole hunt that eventually resulted in the arrest of Hanssen.

Later that year, Hanssen gave extensive information about U.S. planning for measurement and signature intelligence (MASINT), a general term for intelligence collected by a variety of electronic means, such as radar, spy satellites, and signal intercepts. When the Soviets began construction on a new embassy during 1977, the FBI dug a tunnel beneath their decoding room. The FBI planned to use it for eavesdropping but never did for fear of being caught. Hanssen disclosed this information to the Soviets in September 1989 and received a $55,000 payment the next month, . On two occasions, Hanssen gave the Soviets a complete list of American double agents.

In 1990, Hanssen's brother-in-law, Mark Wauck, who was also an FBI employee, recommended to the FBI that Hanssen be investigated for espionage because his sister, Hanssen's wife, told him that her sister, Jeanne Beglis, had found a pile of cash on a dresser in the Hanssens' house. Bonnie had previously told her brother that Hanssen once talked about retiring in Poland, then part of the Eastern Bloc. Wauck also knew that the FBI was hunting for a mole and spoke with his supervisor, who took no action.

Later FBI career, continued espionage activities (1992–2001)
When the USSR disbanded in December 1991, Hanssen, possibly worried that he could be exposed during the ensuing political upheaval, ended communications with his handlers for a time. The following year, after the Russian Federation assumed control of the defunct Soviet spy agencies, Hanssen made a risky approach to the GRU, with whom he had not been in contact in ten months. He went to the Russian embassy in person and physically approached a GRU officer in the parking garage. Hanssen, carrying a package of documents, identified himself by his Soviet code name, "Ramon Garcia", and described himself as a "disaffected FBI agent" who was offering his services as a spy. The Russian officer, who evidently did not recognize the code name, drove away. The Russians then filed an official protest with the U.S State Department, believing Hanssen to be a triple agent. Despite having shown his face, disclosing his code name, and revealing his FBI affiliation, Hanssen escaped arrest when the FBI's investigation into the incident did not advance.

Hanssen continued to take risks in 1993 when he hacked into the computer of a fellow FBI agent, Ray Mislock, printed out a classified document from Mislock's computer and took the document to Mislock, saying, "You didn't believe me that the system was insecure." Hanssen's superiors were not amused and began an investigation. In the end, officials believed his claim that he was merely demonstrating flaws in the FBI's security system. Mislock has since theorized that Hanssen probably went onto his computer to see if his superiors were investigating him for espionage and invented the document story to cover his tracks.

In 1994, Hanssen expressed interest in a transfer to the new National Counterintelligence Center, which coordinated counterintelligence activities. When told that he would have to take a lie detector test to join, Hanssen changed his mind. Three years later, convicted FBI mole Earl Edwin Pitts told the FBI that he suspected Hanssen due to the Mislock incident. Pitts was the second FBI agent to mention Hanssen by name as a possible mole, but superiors were still unconvinced, and no action was taken.

IT personnel from the National Security Division's IIS Unit were sent to investigate Hanssen's desktop computer after a reported failure. NSD chief Johnnie Sullivan ordered the computer impounded after it seemed to have been tampered with. A digital investigation found that an attempted hacking had occurred using a password cracking program installed by Hanssen, which caused a security alert and lockup. After confirmation by the FBI CART Unit, Sullivan filed a report with the Office of Professional Responsibility requesting the further investigation of Hanssen's attempted hack. Hanssen claimed he was trying to connect a color printer to his computer but needed the password cracker to bypass the administrative password. The FBI believed his story, and Hanssen was merely given a warning.

During the same period, Hanssen searched the FBI's internal computer case record to see if he was being investigated. He was indiscreet enough to type his name into FBI search engines. Finding nothing, Hanssen decided to resume his spy career after eight years without contact with the Russians. He established contact with the SVR (the successor to the Soviet-era KGB) during the autumn of 1999. He continued to perform incriminating searches of FBI files for his name and address.

Investigation and arrest
The existence of two Russian moles working in the U.S. security and intelligence establishment simultaneously—Ames at the CIA and Hanssen at the FBI—complicated counterintelligence efforts during the 1990s. Ames was arrested in 1994. His exposure explained many of the asset losses U.S. intelligence suffered during the 1980s, including the arrest and execution of Martynov and Motorin. However, two cases—the Bloch investigation and the embassy tunnel—remained unsolved. Ames had been stationed in Rome at the time of the Bloch investigation and could not have known about that case or the tunnel under the embassy, as he did not work for the FBI.

The FBI and CIA formed a joint mole-hunting team in 1994 to find the suspected second intelligence leak. They created a list of all agents known to have access to cases that were compromised. The FBI's codename for the suspected spy was "Graysuit". Some promising suspects were cleared, and the mole hunt found other penetrations, such as CIA officer Harold James Nicholson. However, Hanssen escaped notice, likely because these efforts concentrated on CIA agents rather than FBI agents.

By 1998, using FBI criminal profiling techniques, the pursuers suspected an innocent man: Brian Kelley, a CIA operative involved in the Bloch investigation. The CIA and FBI searched his house, tapped his telephone, and surveilled him, following him and his family everywhere. In November 1998, they had a man with a foreign accent come to Kelley's door, warn him that the FBI knew he was a spy, and tell him to show up at a Metro station the next day to escape. Kelley instead reported the incident to the FBI. In 1999, the FBI even interrogated Kelley, his ex-wife, two sisters, and three children. All denied everything. He was eventually placed on administrative leave, where he remained, falsely accused until after Hanssen was arrested.

FBI investigators later made progress during an operation where they paid disaffected Russian intelligence officers to deliver information on moles. They paid $7 million to KGB agent Alexandr Shcherbakov who had access to a file on "B". While it did not contain Hanssen's name, among the information was an audiotape of a July 21, 1986, conversation between "B" and KGB agent Aleksander Fefelov. FBI agent Michael Waguespack thought the voice was familiar, but could not remember who it was. Rifling through the rest of the files, they found notes of the mole using a quote from George S. Patton's speech to the Third Army about "the purple-pissing Japanese". FBI analyst Bob King remembered Hanssen using that same quote. Waguespack listened to the tape again and recognized the voice as belonging to Hanssen. With the mole finally identified, locations, dates, and cases were matched with Hanssen's activities during the period. Two fingerprints collected from a trash bag in the file were analyzed and proved to be Hanssen's.

The FBI surveilled Hanssen and soon discovered he was again in contact with the Russians. To bring him back to FBI headquarters, where he could be closely monitored and kept away from sensitive data, they promoted him in December 2000. They gave him a new job supervising FBI computer security. In January 2001, Hanssen was given an office and an assistant, Eric O'Neill, who, in reality, was a young FBI surveillance specialist who had been assigned to watch Hanssen. O'Neill ascertained that Hanssen was using a Palm III PDA to store his information. When the moment arrived that O'Neill was able to briefly obtain Hanssen's PDA and have agents download and decode its encrypted contents, the FBI then had obtained their decisive evidence.

During his final days with the FBI, Hanssen began to suspect something was wrong. In early February 2001, he asked his friend at a computer technology company for a job. He also believed he heard noises on his car radio that indicated it was bugged, although the FBI was later unable to reproduce the noises Hanssen claimed to have heard. In the last letter he wrote to the Russians, which was found by the FBI when he was arrested, Hanssen said that he had been promoted to a "do-nothing job ... outside of regular access to information," and that, "Something has aroused the sleeping tiger".

However, Hanssen's suspicions did not stop him from making one more dead drop. After leaving a friend at an airport on February 18, 2001, Hanssen drove to Virginia's Foxstone Park. He placed a white piece of tape on a park sign, which was a signal to his Russian contacts that there was information at the dead drop site. He then followed his usual routine, taking a package consisting of a sealed garbage bag of classified material and taping it to the bottom side of a wooden footbridge over a creek. When FBI agents observed this incriminating act, they rushed in to arrest Hanssen. Upon being arrested, Hanssen asked, "What took you so long?" The FBI waited two more days to see if any of Hanssen's SVR handlers would show up at Foxstone Park. When they failed to appear, the United States Justice Department announced the arrest on February 20.

Guilty plea and imprisonment

Represented by Washington, D.C., lawyer Plato Cacheris, Hanssen negotiated a plea bargain that enabled him to avoid the death penalty in exchange for cooperating with authorities. On July 6, 2001, he pleaded guilty to 13 counts of espionage, one count of attempted espionage, and one of conspiracy to commit espionage in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. On May 10, 2002, Hanssen was sentenced to 15 consecutive sentences of life in prison without the possibility of parole. "I apologize for my behavior. I am shamed by it," Hanssen told U.S. District Judge Claude Hilton. "I have opened the door for calumny against my totally innocent wife and children. I have hurt so many deeply."

Hanssen was Federal Bureau of Prisons prisoner #48551-083. From July 17, 2002, until his death, he served his sentence at the ADX Florence, a federal supermax prison near Florence, Colorado, in solitary confinement for 23 hours a day.

Modus operandi
Hanssen never told the KGB or GRU his identity and refused to meet them personally, except for the abortive 1993 contact in the Russian embassy parking garage. The FBI believes that the Russians never knew the name of their source. Going by the alias "Ramon" or "Ramon Garcia", Hanssen exchanged intelligence and payments through an old-fashioned dead drop system in which he and his KGB handlers left packages in public, unobtrusive places. He refused to use the dead drop sites that his handler, Victor Cherkashin, suggested and instead chose his own. He also designated a code to be used when dates were exchanged. Six was to be added to the month, day, and time of a designated drop, so that, for example, a drop scheduled for January 6 at 1:00p.m. would be written as July 12 at 7:00p.m.

Despite these efforts at caution and security, Hanssen could sometimes be reckless. He once said in a letter to the KGB that it should emulate the management style of Mayor of Chicago Richard J. Daley—a comment that easily could have led an investigator to look at people from Chicago. Hanssen took the risk of recommending to his handlers that they try to recruit his closest friend, a colonel in the United States Army.

Personal life
According to USA Today, those who knew the Hanssens described them as a close family. They attended Mass weekly and were very active in Opus Dei. Hanssen's three sons attended The Heights School in Potomac, Maryland, an all-boys preparatory school. His three daughters attended Oakcrest School for Girls in Vienna, Virginia, an independent Roman Catholic school. Both schools are associated with Opus Dei. Hanssen's wife, Bonnie, retired from teaching theology at Oakcrest in 2020.

A priest at Oakcrest said Hanssen had regularly attended a 6:30 a.m. daily Mass for over a decade. Opus Dei member C. John McCloskey said he also occasionally attended the daily noontime Mass at the Catholic Information Center in downtown Washington, D.C.. After being imprisoned, Hanssen claimed he periodically admitted his espionage to priests in confession. He urged fellow Catholics in the FBI to attend Mass more often and denounced the Russians as "godless", even though he had been spying for them.

At Hanssen's suggestion, and without his wife's knowledge, a friend named Jack Hoschouer, a retired Army officer, would sometimes watch the Hanssens having sex through a bedroom window. Hanssen then began to videotape his sexual encounters secretly and shared the videotapes with Hoschouer. Later, he hid a video camera in the bedroom connected via a closed-circuit television line so that Hoschouer could observe the Hanssens from his guest bedroom. He also explicitly described the sexual details of his marriage on Internet chat rooms, giving information sufficient for those who knew them to recognize the couple.

Hanssen frequently visited D.C. strip clubs and spent a great deal of time with a Washington stripper named Priscilla Sue Galey. She went with Hanssen on visits to Hong Kong and the FBI training facility in Quantico, Virginia. Hanssen gave her money, jewels, and a used Mercedes-Benz but ended contact with her before his arrest when she began abusing drugs and engaging in prostitution. Galey claims that although she offered to have sex with him, Hanssen declined, saying he was trying to convert her to Catholicism.

Death
On June 5, 2023, Hanssen was found unresponsive in his prison cell and was pronounced dead after unsuccessful efforts to revive him. Hanssen is believed to have died from natural causes.

In the media
The Hanssen spy case was told in David Wise's book Spy: The Inside Story of How the FBI's Robert Hanssen Betrayed America, published by Random House in 2002. The investigation was further covered in Eric O'Neill's memoir Gray Day: My Undercover Mission to Expose America's First Cyber Spy, published by Penguin Random House in the spring of 2019.

Hanssen was the subject of a 2002 made-for-television movie, Master Spy: The Robert Hanssen Story, with a teleplay by Norman Mailer and starring William Hurt as Hanssen. Hanssen's jailers allowed him to watch the movie, but he was so angered by it that he turned it off. O'Neill's role in the capture of Robert Hanssen was dramatized in the 2007 movie Breach, in which Chris Cooper played the role of Hanssen and Ryan Phillippe played O'Neill. The 2007 documentary Superspy: The Man Who Betrayed the West describes the hunt to trap Hanssen.

Hanssen was mentioned in chapter 5 of Dan Brown's book The Da Vinci Code as the most noted Opus Dei member to non-members. His sexual deviancy and espionage conviction hurt the organization's reputation. The U.S. Court TV (now TruTV) television series Mugshots released an episode on the Robert Hanssen case titled "Robert Hanssen – Hanssen and the KGB". Ronald Kessler's book The Secrets of the FBI, briefly covers the case in chapter 15, "Catching Hanssen," chapter 16, "Breach", and chapter 17, "Unexplained Cash", based in part on interviews with Michael Rochford, who directed the FBI team that located the former KGB source that pointed to Hanssen after Rochford initially wrongly assumed CIA officer Brian Kelley was the master spy. Hanssen's story was featured in episode 4, under the name of "Perfect Traitor", of Smithsonian Channel's series Spy Wars, which aired at the end of 2019 and was narrated by Damian Lewis, and features Eric O'Neill as well as being mentioned in the seventh episode of The History Channel series America's Book of Secrets, as well as in the fifth episode of Netflix series Spycraft and was the subject of the 2021 documentary A Spy in the FBI.

Notes

References and further reading

 ; PDF Version  (Archive)

External links

 Robert Philip Hanssen Espionage Case – FBI
 FBI application for arrest warrant for Hanssen

 Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine:
 Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine:

1944 births
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Robert Hanssen


Joseph "Joey" Wayne DeGraw (born August 21, 1973) is an American singer-songwriter, musician, voiceover actor & co-owner of The National Underground bar and record label, and brother of singer-songwriter Gavin DeGraw.  His first commercial release was the 2009 album, Say Something Strong.

Early life
The middle child of Wayne and Lynne DeGraw, he grew up in the Catskills, in South Fallsburg, New York, along with his sister, Neeka and brother, Gavin, who is also a singer-songwriter. His father was a prison guard and his mother was a detox specialist, as mentioned in his brother's song "I Don't Want to Be". His father is of Irish descent and his mother's family was of Russian-Jewish ancestry. He started playing the guitar at the age of five and piano at the age of eight.  Inspired by the likes of Chris Whitley, Queen, Tom Petty and The Beatles, DeGraw continued his passion for music throughout his schooling, having written over 50 songs by the age of 18.  After leaving high school, he decided not to study "institutionalized creativity" stating that "music school can't teach you how to write great songs."

Career
DeGraw moved to Manhattan in 1998 with his brother, Gavin, and shared a small apartment, sleeping in the same room.  From there, he watched the collapse of the World Trade Center, a mile away, in 2001.

Following the move, DeGraw eventually landed a weekly gig at The Bitter End on Wednesday nights, which he continued until late 2006.  During this time, DeGraw became well known in the New York City music scene and eventually filling the venue and other venues such as The Knitting Factory.

However, it was when local musicians began to cover DeGraw's songs that people began to notice his talent.  Chris Whitley noted, "What makes Joey such a deep writer and overwhelming talent, besides his god given gifts, is that ... it is all about music as an art form. He is a purist and the only young blood in music today that gives me hope."

Gavin DeGraw has also highlighted the part his brother played in his success, advising him to write his own songs & upon hearing his later debut single, "I Don't Want to Be" stating "That's your hit!"  The song went on to reach Double Platinum certification and become the theme tune to television show, One Tree Hill.  DeGraw went on to tour with his brother, providing guitar and backing vocals for Gavin's band, as well as performing and promoting his own music.

In 2005, DeGraw released his debut album; a self-produced effort entitled Midnight Audio, which has sold over 40,000 copies without the support of a label.

DeGraw has written with some of the industry's top selling artists including Joss Stone, who flew him down to Barbados to write songs for her, one of which was the track 'Another Mistake.'

December 2007 saw DeGraw and his brother, Gavin open The National Underground, a New York City venue, offering live music, food and drink.  Situated in Manhattan's Lower East Side at 159 East Houston Street, the venue has become a live music hub for the country's top indie talent and in 2009, the brand was extended to a record label.  Talking at the time, DeGraw explained "My brother and I want to show off the truly credible artists that perform in our venue.  With the National Underground brand, credibility is paramount.  We want to provide an outlet for real artists to get exposure."
The boys are working hard to finish their new bar which is due to open sometime in the spring of 2011, situated in Nashville, Tennessee.

The first of such artists was DeGraw himself, releasing his second album, Say Something Strong through the label on August 18, 2009. It features tracks from his 2005 release, Our Own Time, Tragedy, Your Last Day, Miracle of Mind & Sunny as well as Another Mistake, the track originally written for Joss Stone, who herself provides backing vocals on the track.  Other special guests on the album are Mountain frontman, Leslie West, Chris Barron of the Spin Doctors and Gavin DeGraw.  He has also toured Europe and the USA to promote his music.

DeGraw's songs, Miracle of Mind & Our Own Time have also featured in seasons 3 and 6 of television show One Tree Hill.

He also works as a voiceover actor, notably on the channel A&E and is also the subject of the online documentary, Voice Driven.

Summer 2010 saw DeGraw embark on a new tour of the UK and Europe, with performances at venues including The Musician in Leicester, England on July 19 and at the Blue Balls Festival in Lucerne, Switzerland on July 24. He also played in Aarhus, Denmark and in Kuurne, Belgium.

References

External links
 Joey DeGraw's official website
 The National Underground Records' official website
 Voice Driven YouTube Channel

1973 births
American male singer-songwriters
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
American rock singers
American rock songwriters
Jewish American musicians
Living people
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)
American people of Irish descent
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
People from the Catskills
People from Fallsburg, New York
Jewish folk singers
Jewish rock musicians
Guitarists from New York (state)
21st-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American guitarists
21st-century American male singers
21st-century American Jews

Joey DeGraw


In organic chemistry, enolates are organic anions derived from the deprotonation of carbonyl () compounds. Rarely isolated, they are widely used as reagents in the synthesis of organic compounds.

Bonding and structure

Enolate anions are electronically related to allyl anions. The anionic charge is delocalized over the oxygen and the two carbon sites.  Thus they have the character of both an alkoxide and a carbanion.

Although they are often drawn as being simple salts, in fact they adopt complicated structures often featuring aggregates.

Preparation
Deprotonation of enolizable ketones, aromatic alcohols, aldehydes, and esters gives enolates.  With strong bases, the deprotonation is quantitative.  Typically enolates are generated from using lithium diisopropylamide (LDA).

Often, as in conventional Claisen condensations, Mannich reactions, and aldol condensations, enolates are generated in low concentrations with alkoxide bases.  Under such conditions, they exist in low concentrations, but they still undergo reactions with electrophiles. Many factors affect the behavior of enolates, especially the solvent, additives (e.g. diamines), and the countercation (Li+ vs Na+, etc.).  For unsymmetrical ketones, methods exist to control the regiochemistry of the deprotonation.

The deprotonation of carbon acids can proceed with either kinetic or thermodynamic reaction control. For example, in the case of phenylacetone, deprotonation can produce two different enolates. LDA has been shown to deprotonate the methyl group, which is the kinetic course of the deprotonation.  To ensure the production of the kinetic product, a slight excess (1.1 equiv) of lithium diisopropylamide is used, and the ketone is added to the base at −78 °C.  Because the ketone is quickly and quantitatively converted to the enolate and base is present in excess at all times, the ketone is unable to act as a proton shuttle to catalyze the gradual formation of the thermodynamic product. A weaker base such as an alkoxide, which reversibly deprotonates the substrate, affords the more thermodynamically stable benzylic enolate.

Enolates can be trapped by acylation and silylation, which occur at oxygen. Silyl enol ethers are common reagents in organic synthesis as illustrated by the Mukaiyama aldol reaction:

Role of Lewis acids on enolate formation
In addition to the use of strong bases, enolates can be generated using a Lewis acid and a weak base ("soft conditions"):

For deprotonation to occur, the stereoelectronic requirement is that the alpha-C-H sigma bond must be able to overlap with the pi* orbital of the carbonyl:

Geometry of enolates
Extensive studies have been performed on the formation of enolates. It is possible to generate, in most cases, the desired enolate geometry:

For ketones, most enolization conditions give Z enolates. For esters, most enolization conditions give E enolates. The addition of HMPA is known to reverse the stereoselectivity of deprotonation.

The stereoselective formation of enolates has been rationalized with the Ireland model, although its validity is somewhat questionable. In most cases, it is not known which, if any, intermediates are monomeric or oligomeric in nature; nonetheless, the Ireland model remains a useful tool for understanding enolates.

In the Ireland model, the deprotonation is assumed to proceed by a six-membered or cyclic monomeric transition state. The larger of the two substituents on the electrophile (in the case above, methyl is larger than proton) adopts an equatorial disposition in the favored transition state, leading to a preference for E enolates. The model clearly fails in many cases; for example, if the solvent mixture is changed from THF to 23% HMPA-THF (as seen above), the enolate geometry is reversed, which is inconsistent with this model and its cyclic transition state.

Regiochemistry of enolate formation
If an unsymmetrical ketone is subjected to base, it has the potential to form two regioisomeric enolates (ignoring enolate geometry). For example:

The trisubstituted enolate is considered the kinetic enolate, while the tetrasubstituted enolate is considered the thermodynamic enolate. The alpha hydrogen deprotonated to form the kinetic enolate is less hindered, and therefore deprotonated more quickly. In general, tetrasubstituted olefins are more stable than trisubstituted olefins due to hyperconjugative stabilization. The ratio of enolate regioisomers is heavily influenced by the choice of base. For the above example, kinetic control may be established with LDA at −78 °C, giving 99:1 selectivity of kinetic: thermodynamic enolate, while thermodynamic control may be established with triphenylmethyllithium at room temperature, giving 10:90 selectivity.

In general, kinetic enolates are favored by cold temperatures, conditions that give relatively ionic metal–oxygen bonding, and rapid deprotonation using a slight excess of a strong, sterically hindered base. The large base only deprotonates the more accessible hydrogen, and the low temperatures and excess base help avoid equilibration to the more stable alternate enolate after initial enolate formation. Thermodynamic enolates are favored by longer equilibration times at higher temperatures, conditions that give relatively covalent metal–oxygen bonding, and use of a slight sub-stoichiometric amount of strong base. By using insufficient base to deprotonate all of the carbonyl molecules, the enolates and carbonyls can exchange protons with each other and equilibrate to their more stable isomer. Using various metals and solvents can provide control over the amount of ionic character in the metal–oxygen bond.

Reactions
As powerful nucleophiles, enolates react readily with a variety of electrophiles. These reactions generate new C-C bonds and often new stereocenters. The stereoselectivity and regioselectivity is influenced by additives, solvent, counterions, etc. One important class of electrophiles are alkyl halides, and in this case a classic problem arises: O-alkylation vs C-alkylation.  Controlling this selectivity has drawn much attention.  The negative charge in enolates is concentrated on the oxygen, but that center is also highly solvated, which leads to C-alkylation.

Other important electrophiles are aldehydes/ketones and Michael acceptors.

Synthesis of enones using regiospecific enolate formation and masked functionality

Regiospecific formation is the controlled enolate formation by the specific deprotonation at one of the α-carbons of the ketone starting molecule. This provides one of the best understood synthetic strategies to introduce chemical complexity in natural product and total syntheses. A prominent example of its use is in the total synthesis of progesterone illustrated in Figure "Regiospecific enolate formation in the total synthesis of progesterone".

When ketones are treated with base, enolates can be formed by deprotonation at either α-carbon. The selectivity is determined by both the steric and electronic effects on the α-carbons as well as the precise base used (see figure ""Masked functionality" for regiospecific enolate formation" for an example of this). Enolate formation will be thermodynamically favoured at the most acidic proton which depends on the electronic stabilization of the resulting anion. However, the selectivity can be reversed by sterically hindering the thermodynamic product and therefore kinetically favouring deprotonation at the other α-carbon centre. Traditional methods for regioselective enolate formation use either electronic activating groups (e.g. aldehydes) or steric blocking groups (e.g. 1,2-ethanedithiol protected ketone).

An enone can also serve as a precursor for regiospecific formation of an enolate, here the enone is a "masked functionality" for the enolate. This process is first described by Gilbert Stork who is best known for his contributions to the study of selective enolate formation methods in organic synthesis. Reacting an enone with lithium metal generates the enolate at the α-carbon of the enone. The enolate product can either be trapped or alkylated. By using "masked functionality", it is possible to produce enolates that are not accessible by traditional methods.

The "masked functionality" approach to regiospecific enolate formation has been widely used in the total synthesis of natural products. For example, in the total synthesis of the steroid hormone progesterone, Stork and co-workers used the "masked functionality" to stereospecifically construct one of the quaternary carbons in the molecule.

Aza enolates
Aza enolates (also known as imine anions, enamides, metallated Schiff bases, and metalloenamines) are nitrogen analogous to enolates. When imines get treated with strong bases such as LDA, highly nucleophilic aza enolates are generated.

The major benefit of using aza enolates is that they don't undergo self-condensation (i.e. aldol reaction for aldehydes) in a basic or neutral solution, but rather they favor alkylation on the alpha-carbon. This is mainly because imines contain carbon-nitrogen double bonds unlike aldehydes, which contain oxygen-carbon double bonds. Since oxygen is more electronegative than nitrogen, it withdraws more electron density from the carbonyl carbon, inducing a greater partially positive charge on the carbon. Therefore, with more electrophilic carbon, aldehydes allow for better nucleophilic addition to the carbon on the carbon-oxygen double bond.

On the other hand, imine has less electronegative nitrogen which induces a weaker partially positive charge on the carbonyl-carbon. As a result, while imines can still react with organolithiums, they don't react with other nucleophiles (including aza enolates) to undergo nucleophilic additions.

Instead, aza enolates react similarly to enolates, forming SN2 alkylated products. Through nitrogen lone pair conjugation, β-carbon becomes a nucleophilic site, permitting aza enolates to undergo alkylation reactions. Thus, aza enolates can react with numerous electrophiles like epoxides and alkyl halides to form a new carbon-carbon bond on β-carbon.

Two potential reaction mechanisms are shown below:

Since epoxide is a three-membered ring molecule, it has a high degree of ring strain. Although the carbons in the ring system are tetrahedral, preferring 109.5 degrees between each atom, epoxide strains the ring angles into 60 degrees. To counter this effect, the nucleophilic aza enolates easily react with epoxides to reduce their ring strains.

Besides reacting with epoxides, aza enolates can also react with alkyl halides (or allyl halides as depicted above) to form a new carbon-carbon sigma bond. This reaction is one of the key steps in the synthesis of the male aggression pheromone, Oulema melanopus. Aza enolate is generated by LDA reacting with pivaldehyde, which then reacts with an alkyl halide to form an Oulema melanopus intermediate.

Aza enolates can also be formed with Grignard reagents and react with other soft electrophiles, including Michael receptors.

See also
 Nitrile anion

References

Alcohols
Alkene derivatives
Reactive intermediates
Organic reactions

de:Tautomerie#Keto-Enol-Tautomerie

Enolate


Los ángeles de Estela (lit: Estela's Angels) is a Chilean comedy-drama television series that originally aired on TVN and TV Chile from September 22, 2009, to March 19, 2010, starring, María Elena Swett, Jorge Zabaleta, Coca Guazzini, Francisco Pérez-Banenn and Cristián Arriagada.

Plot
Everything spins around Estela Cox (Coca Guazzini), a successful entrepreneur, but at the same time a very cold tempered woman, willing to do anything to achieve her goals. On the other side, Margarita (María Elena Swett), daughter of the servant and the husband of the powerful Estela, a man that by the way has died in strange circumstances.

On a particular day León (Jorge Zabaleta), Emilio (Cristián Arriagada) and Danilo (Francisco Pérez-Bannen), who have one of the most prosperous business in the city, see how their projects fall hard to the ground, when an accident ends the life of the restaurant where they had invested all their valuables.

Without financial support, without work, and thinking how are they going to start over, they receive an offer they could not resist: to transform themselves in hair-dressers for a well known beauty parlor. León, Danilo and Emilio do not understand much about the business, but they do understand that the money they will make will help them reconstruct their lives and the put some life back in their restaurant.

But, how will they accomplish their tasks at the beauty parlor? Estela Cox (Coca Guazzini), the owner of the place has everything resolved: a "Voice" will be instructing their every move –by means of a small transmitter– every step of the way, how to handle clients, how to treat them, and what style to apply to each and every one of them. Then everyone will want to know who is this "Voice", and why she lives in hiding and does not show her face.

Cast

Main characters
 María Elena Swett as Margarita Bobadilla / Margarita Alcázar.
 Coca Guazzini as Agetilde Rocha / Estela Cox.
 Jorge Zabaleta as León Inostroza / León Urmeneta.
 Francisco Pérez-Bannen as Danilo Escobar.
 Cristián Arriagada as Emilio Palacios.

Supporting characters
 Begoña Basauri as Laura Alcázar.
 Paola Volpato as Paloma Subercaseaux.
 Mariana Derderián as Alejandra Andrade.
 Ana Reeves as Lina Lumbrera.
 Maricarmen Arrigorriaga as Pola Amunátegui.
 Claudio Arredondo as Samuel Rocha.
 Renata Bravo as Nicole Wilkinson.
 Cristián Riquelme as Mario Bobadilla.
 Katyna Huberman as Tania Abarzúa.
 Montserrat Prats as Sandra Vilchés.
 Christián Sève as Felipe de la Vega.
 Juanita Ringeling as Lourdes Ríos.
 María José Illanes as Pilar Romero.
 Lucas Saez Collins as Teodoro Palacios.
 Catalina Castelblanco as Dakota Robinson.
 Camila Comnentz as Molly Robinson.
 Edgardo Bruna as Máximo Alcázar.
 Luis Wigdorsky as Alberto Bobadilla.

References

External links

2009 Chilean television series debuts
2010 Chilean television series endings
2009 telenovelas
Televisión Nacional de Chile telenovelas
Television shows set in Santiago
Spanish-language telenovelas

Los Ángeles de Estela


Hans Habe (born János Békessy; 12 February 1911, Budapest – 29 September 1977, Locarno) was a Hungarian and American writer and newspaper publisher.  From 1941, he held United States citizenship. He was also known by such pseudonyms as Antonio Corte, Frank Richard, Frederick Gert, John Richler, Hans Wolfgang, and Alexander Holmes.

Life

Early years

Habe was born as János Békessy in Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary, Austro-Hungarian Empire. His parents, Imre Békessy and Bianca Marton, were of Jewish origin but converted to the Christian (Protestant) faith.

After World War I the family moved to Vienna where his father published one of the first daily tabloids, Die Stunde (The Hour), from 1923 to 1926. János was educated at the Franz-Joseph-Gymnasium between 1921 and 1929. Afterwards he started to study Law and German Literature at Heidelberg, but returned soon to Vienna due to the rapidly growing extreme anti-Semitism in Germany.

Newspaperman

In 1930 he began to work as a reporter for the Wiener Sonn- und Montagspost (Vienna Sunday and Monday Post). In the following year he became Editor of the Österreichische Abendzeitung (Austrian Evening News), one of the youngest newspaper editors ever, at age 20. Around this time he married his first wife, Margit Bloch.

Early in 1934 he moved to the Wiener Morgen (Vienna Morning News). From 1935 to 1939 he was a Foreign Correspondent for the Prager Tagblatt (Prague Daily News), stationed mostly at Geneva, covering the League of Nations and was present at the Évian Conference in 1938. Habe described the course of the Conference in his novel The Mission (1965). The focal point of the novel is the infamous offer made by the German government, and transmitted to the Conference by Neumann von Héthárs, to sell the Austrian Jews to foreign countries at a price of $250 per capita, and the Conference delegates' refusal to accept. At this time Habe was married to his second wife, Erika Levy, heiress of the Tungsram light bulb company.

Soldier in World War II

After the Anschluss, Habe was expatriated and his books forbidden by the new Nazi government. He went into exile in France and joined the French Foreign Legion. In 1940 he was captured and interned in the Dieuze transit camp. From there he managed to escape with the help of French friends (to Lisbon) and immigrated to the United States. He became a US citizen by naturalization in 1941. Habe married his third wife, Eleanor Post Hutton, heiress of General Foods, in 1942. They had a son, Anthony Niklas Habe.

In 1942 he was drafted into the US Army and trained in psychological warfare at the Military Intelligence Training Center at Camp Ritchie, Maryland. Then he joined the 1st Mobile Radio Broadcasting Company and went in March 1943 to North Africa to participate in Operation Avalanche, the landing in Italy.

In 1944 he became an instructor of psychological warfare at Camp Sharpe, near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. In autumn 1944 he selected a group of German writers and newspaper editors to prepare for the publishing of new newspapers after the war in Germany.

Newspaperman in Germany

In 1945, Habe returned to Germany in the wake of the occupying US Army. By November 1945 he had created 18 newspapers in the American Occupation Zone. Then he became Editor of the Neue Zeitung in Munich.

At this time he was married for a short time to actress Ali Ghito. In 1949 he moved to the Münchner Illustrierte (Munich Illustrated), and, in 1951, to the Echo der Woche (Echo of the Week). From 1952 to 1953 he wrote the column Outside America for the Los Angeles Daily News. When the Echo der Woche ceased to appear in 1953, he settled in Ascona, Switzerland, and wrote mostly novels.

Murder of daughter
In 1948, he married his fifth wife, American actress Eloise Hardt (17 September 1917 – 25 June 2017); the couple had one child, Marina Elizabeth Habe (23 February 1951 – 30 December 1968), who was murdered at age 17. She was a student at the University of Hawaii home on vacation when she was murdered in Los Angeles. According to the autopsy report, Habe's body was found fully clothed, with the exception of one shoe lying nearby. Her throat had been slashed and she had received numerous knife wounds to the chest. She suffered multiple contusions to the face and throat, and had been garrotted. No alcohol or barbiturates were found in her blood. There was no evidence of rape. Habe was abducted outside the home of her mother in West Hollywood, 8962 Cynthia Street. The neighborhood had been the location of a number of rapes in the weeks prior to her murder. A former Manson Family associate claimed members of the Family had known Habe and it was conjectured she had been one of their victims. Los Angeles County coroner Thomas Noguchi recorded that the teenager bled to death.

Survived by both parents, Marina Habe was buried in Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City following a requiem mass at Good Shepherd Roman Catholic Church in Beverly Hills.

Habe's sixth and last wife was Hungarian actress and singer Licci Balla; they wed in 1954.

Prizes
1942 Jerusalem Medaille
1945 Luxembourg War Cross
1972 Theodor-Herzl-Preis
1976 Großes Bundesverdienstkreuz
1977 Konrad-Adenauer-Preis

Works
Drei über die Grenze (1936)
Eine Welt bricht zusammen (1937)
Tödlicher Friede (1939), also published as Zu spät? (1939) and in American edition as Sixteen Days
Kathrin oder der verlorene Frühling (1943)
Wohin wir gehören (1946)
Ob Tausend fallen (1941, A Thousand Shall Fall, about his war experiences in the French Foreign Legion)
Walk in Darkness (1948)
The Black Earth (1952)
Ich stelle mich (1954, autobiography)
Off limits (1955); Off limits, English translation by Ewald Osers published in Great Britain by Harrap, London, 1956 with dust-wrapper by George Adamson
Im Namen des Teufels (1956) (filmed in 1962 as The Devil's Agent).
Die Rote Sichel (1959)
Ilona (1960)
Die Tarnowska (1962; Countess Tarnovska)
Tod in Texas (1964)
Die Mission (1965, The Mission (first published in Great Britain by George G. Harrap & Co. Limited, London, 1966)
Christoph und sein Vater (1966)
Im Jahre Null (1966)
Das Netz (1969)
Wien, so wie es war (1969)
Erfahrungen (1973)
Palazzo (1975)
Leben für den Journalismus (München : Droemer Knaur, 1976. )
Weg ins Dunkel (1977)
Ungarischer Tanz
Wie einst David

Film adaptations
The Cross of Lorraine, directed by Tay Garnett (1943, based on the novel A Thousand Shall Fall)

The Ambassador, directed by Harald Braun (West Germany, 1960, based on the novel Die Botschafterin — under the pen name Hans Wolfgang)
, directed by  (West Germany, 1961, based on the novel Frau Irene Besser — under the pen name John Richler)
The Devil's Agent, directed by John Paddy Carstairs (UK, 1962, based on the novel Im Namen des Teufels)
, directed by Géza von Radványi (West Germany, 1966, based on a story by Hans Habe)
Die Mission, directed by  (West Germany, 1967, TV film, based on the novel Die Mission)
The Net, directed by Manfred Purzer (West Germany, 1975, based on the novel Das Netz)
Mission to Evian, directed by Erika Szántó (Hungary, 1988, based on the novel Die Mission)

References

External links

1911 births
1977 deaths
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
People with acquired American citizenship
United States Army personnel of World War II
American newspaper people
Hungarian Christians
Hungarian people of Jewish descent
American people of Hungarian-Jewish descent
Writers from Budapest
Soldiers of the French Foreign Legion
United States Army soldiers
20th-century American writers
20th-century American male writers
Ritchie Boys
Hungarian emigrants to the United States

Hans Habe


World's Biggest Coffee Morning is the biggest fundraising event by Macmillan Cancer Support. Every year, people in the UK and other places host an event called a Coffee Morning. The money received is to be used for services provided by Macmillan Cancer Support. In 2016, World's Biggest Coffee Morning raised £29.5 million.

History
The first World's Biggest Coffee Morning happened  in 1990, when a local fundraising committee held a coffee morning in which the cost of the coffee was donated to Macmillan Cancer Support. The first Coffee Morning that happened all around the UK happened in 1991, in which 2,600 supporters took part. Since then, the World's Biggest Coffee Morning has come a long way, to the point where it is the biggest and longest-happening fundraising event of its kind in the UK. In 2016, Coffee Morning raised over £29.5 million to help provide support to people in the UK who have cancer.

Some Coffee Morning hosts have raised money for the event in unusual ways, such as by hosting a Coffee Morning 100 feet underground in Poldark Mine, or on a jet fighter, or by hosting the most distant Coffee Morning, which happened in Antarctica.

Corporate supporters
The official partner of Coffee Morning is Marks & Spencer. Since 2010, Marks & Spencer has raised £10 million by creating limited edition homeware products and selling a range of baked goods, and donating some of the money they make from them to Macmillan Cancer Support.

Notable participants
Alesha Dixon, English singer-songwriter, dancer, model, and television personality
Larry Lamb, English actor
Mrs Stephen Fry, blogger, author and award-winning Tweeter (and fictional "poor, downtrodden wife & mother of his [Stephen Fry's] five, six or possibly seven kids.")
Martin Clunes, English actor and comedian.
Ben Fogle, English television presenter, adventurer and writer.
Katherine Jenkins, Welsh classical singer. She attended a Marks & Spencer coffee morning with executive chairman Stuart Rose.
Sheree Murphy, English actress and television presenter.

References

Other websites
 World's Biggest Coffee Morning
 World's Biggest Coffee Morning Facebook
 World's Biggest Coffee Morning Twitter

Altruism
Coffee

World's Biggest Coffee Morning


Donald Joseph Hoffman (born April 24, 1952) is a former United States Air Force four-star general who served as the 7th Commander, Air Force Materiel Command. He previously served as Military Deputy, Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Acquisition from August 2005 to November 20, 2008. As Air Force Materiel Command's commander, he leads the command's 74,000 Air Force and civilian personnel, manage $59 billion annually in research, development, test and evaluation. He also oversees the acquisition management services and logistics support which is required to develop, procure and sustain Air Force weapon systems. Hoffman assumed his command on November 21, 2008. He retired from the Air Force on July 1, 2012.

A native of Wisconsin, Hoffman is a graduate of the U.S. Air Force Academy. He was commissioned in 1974 and served in various operational and staff assignments in Europe, the Middle East and United States. He has commanded at the flight, squadron, group and wing levels, and has served on the staffs of U.S. Central Command, U.S. European Command, Air Education and Training Command, Air Combat Command and Headquarters U.S. Air Force.

General Hoffman is a command pilot with more than 3,400 flying hours in fighter, trainer and transport aircraft.

Education
1974 Distinguished graduate, Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering, U.S. Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colo.
1975 Master of Science degree in electrical engineering, University of California, Berkeley.
1978 Distinguished graduate, Squadron Officer School, Maxwell AFB, Ala.
1986 Distinguished graduate, Air Command and Staff College, Maxwell AFB, Ala.
1992 National War College, Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, D.C.
1998 National Security Management Course, Syracuse University, Syracuse, N.Y.

Assignments
 June 1974 – June 1975, graduate student, Air Force Institute of Technology, University of California, Berkeley
 June 1975 – January 1977, student, undergraduate pilot training, Williams AFB, Ariz., and pilot instructor training, Randolph AFB, Texas
 January 1977 – June 1981, T-37 instructor, check pilot and squadron executive officer, 89th Flying Training Squadron, later, life support officer, 80th Flying Training Wing, Sheppard AFB, Texas
 June 1981 – April 1982, student, F-16 upgrade training, MacDill AFB, Fla.
 April 1982 – July 1985, F-16 pilot, flight lead, instructor pilot, flight commander and assistant operations officer, 10th Tactical Fighter Squadron, Hahn Air Base, West Germany
 August 1985 – June 1986, student, Air Command and Staff College, Maxwell AFB, Ala.
 June 1986 – April 1989, air staff officer and executive officer, Directorate of Avionics and Electronic Combat, Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Acquisition, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
 April 1989 – June 1991, T-37 instructor and squadron commander, 98th Flying Training Squadron, Williams AFB, Ariz.
 July 1991 – June 1992, student, National War College, Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, D.C.
 August 1992 – July 1994, Chief, Aviation Section, Office of Military Cooperation, U.S. Central Command, Cairo, Egypt
 July 1994 – October 1995, executive officer to the Commander, Headquarters Air Education and Training Command, Randolph AFB, Texas
 October 1995 – February 1997, Commander, 14th Operations Group, Columbus AFB, Miss.
 February 1997 – December 1998, special assistant to the Supreme Allied Commander Europe, Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, Mons, Belgium
 December 1998 – March 2000, Assistant Chief of Staff for Operations, Headquarters Allied Air Forces Northwestern Europe, NATO, Royal Air Force High Wycombe, England, and Deputy Commander for NATO affairs, Headquarters 3rd Air Force, RAF Mildenhall, England
 March 2000 – May 2001, Commander, 52nd Fighter Wing, Spangdahlem AB, Germany
 May 2001 – October 2002, Commander, 31st Fighter Wing and 31st Air Expeditionary Wing, Aviano AB, Italy
 October 2002 – August 2005, Director of Requirements, Headquarters Air Combat Command, Langley AFB, Va.
 August 2005 – November 2008, Military Deputy, Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Acquisition, the Pentagon, Washington, D.C.
 November 2008 – July 2012, Commander, Air Force Materiel Command, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio

Flight information
Rating: Command pilot, master parachutist
Flight hours: More than 3,400
Aircraft flown: F-16 Fighting Falcon, T-37 Tweet, T-38 Talon and C-12 Huron

Awards and decorations

Promotion Dates
 Second Lieutenant June 5, 1974
 First Lieutenant June 5, 1976
 Captain June 5, 1978
 Major August 1, 1985
 Lieutenant Colonel May 1, 1989
 Colonel January 1, 1993
 Brigadier General February 1, 2000
 Major General June 1, 2003
 Lieutenant General November 1, 2005
 General November 21, 2008

References

External links

Living people
United States Air Force Academy alumni
Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Air Force generals
Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal
1952 births

Donald J. Hoffman


Rhizobia are diazotrophic bacteria that fix nitrogen after becoming established inside the root nodules of legumes (Fabaceae). To express genes for nitrogen fixation, rhizobia require a plant host; they cannot independently fix nitrogen. In general, they are gram negative, motile, non-sporulating rods.

Rhizobia are a "group of soil bacteria that infect the roots of legumes to form root nodules". Rhizobia are found in the soil and after infection, produce nodules in the legume where they fix nitrogen gas (N2) from the atmosphere turning it into a more readily useful form of nitrogen. From here, the nitrogen is exported from the nodules and used for growth in the legume. Once the legume dies, the nodule breaks down and releases the rhizobia back into the soil where they can live individually or reinfect a new legume host.

History
The first known species of rhizobia, Rhizobium leguminosarum, was identified in 1889, and all further species were initially placed in the Rhizobium genus. Most research has been done on crop and forage legumes such as clover, alfalfa, beans, peas, and soybeans; more research is being done on North American legumes.

Taxonomy

Rhizobia are a paraphyletic group that fall into two classes of Pseudomonadota—the alphaproteobacteria and betaproteobacteria. As shown below, most belong to the order Hyphomicrobiales, but several rhizobia occur in distinct bacterial orders of the Pseudomonadota.

These groups include a variety of non-symbiotic bacteria. For instance, the plant pathogen Agrobacterium is a closer relative of Rhizobium than the Bradyrhizobium that nodulate soybean.

Importance in agriculture

Although much of the nitrogen is removed when protein-rich grain or hay is harvested, significant amounts can remain in the soil for future crops. This is especially important when nitrogen fertilizer is not used, as in organic rotation schemes or some less-industrialized countries. Nitrogen is the most commonly deficient nutrient in many soils around the world and it is the most commonly supplied plant nutrient. Supply of nitrogen through fertilizers has severe environmental concerns.

Specific strains of rhizobia are required to make functional nodules on the roots able to fix the N2. Having this specific rhizobia present is beneficial to the legume, as the N2 fixation can increase crop yield. Inoculation with rhizobia tends to increase yield.

Legume inoculation has been an agriculture practice for many years and has continuously improved over time. 12–20 million hectares of soybeans are inoculated annually. The technology to produce these inoculants are microbial fermenters. An ideal inoculant includes some of the following aspects; maximum efficacy, ease of use, compatibility, high rhizobial concentration, long shelf-life, usefulness under varying field conditions, and survivability.

These inoculants may foster success in legume cultivation. As a result of the nodulation process, after the harvest of the crop there are higher levels of soil nitrate, which can then be used by the next crop.

Symbiotic relationship
Rhizobia are unique in that they are the only nitrogen-fixing bacteria living in a symbiotic relationship with legumes. Common crop and forage legumes are peas, beans, clover, and soy.

Nature of the mutualism
The legume–rhizobium symbiosis is a classic example of mutualism—rhizobia supply ammonia or amino acids to the plant and in return receive organic acids (principally as the dicarboxylic acids malate and succinate) as a carbon and energy source. However, because several unrelated strains infect each individual plant, a classic tragedy of the commons scenario presents itself. Cheater strains may hoard plant resources such as polyhydroxybutyrate for the benefit of their own reproduction without fixing an appreciable amount of nitrogen. Given the costs involved in nodulation and the opportunity for rhizobia to cheat, it may be surprising that this symbiosis should exist at all.

Infection and signal exchange

The formation of the symbiotic relationship involves a signal exchange between both partners that leads to mutual recognition and development of symbiotic structures. The most well understood mechanism for the establishment of this symbiosis is through intracellular infection. Rhizobia are free living in the soil until they are able to sense flavonoids, derivatives of 2-phenyl-1.4-benzopyrone, which are secreted by the roots of their host plant triggering the accumulation of a large population of cells and eventually attachment to root hairs. These flavonoids then promote the DNA binding activity of NodD which belongs to the LysR family of transcriptional regulators and triggers the secretion of nod factors after the bacteria have entered the root hair.  Nod factors trigger a series of complex developmental changes inside the root hair, beginning with root hair curling and followed by the formation of the infection thread, a cellulose lined tube that the bacteria use to travel down through the root hair into the root cells. The bacteria then infect several other adjacent root cells. This is followed by continuous cell proliferation resulting in the formation of the root nodule. A second mechanism, used especially by rhizobia which infect aquatic hosts, is called crack entry. In this case, no root hair deformation is observed. Instead the bacteria penetrate between cells, through cracks produced by lateral root emergence.

Inside the nodule, the bacteria differentiate morphologically into bacteroids and fix atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium, using the enzyme nitrogenase. Ammonium is then converted into amino acids like glutamine and asparagine before it is exported to the plant. In return, the plant supplies the bacteria with carbohydrates in the form of organic acids. The plant also provides the bacteroid oxygen for cellular respiration, tightly bound by leghaemoglobins, plant proteins similar to human hemoglobins. This process keeps the nodule oxygen poor in order to prevent the inhibition of nitrogenase activity.

Recently, a Bradyrhizobium strain was discovered to form nodules in Aeschynomene without producing nod factors, suggesting the existence of alternative communication signals other than nod factors, possibly involving the secretion of the plant hormone cytokinin.

It has been observed that root nodules can be formed spontaneously in Medicago without the presence of rhizobia. This implies that the development of the nodule is controlled entirely by the plant and simply triggered by the secretion of nod factors.

Evolutionary hypotheses

The sanctions hypothesis
There are two main hypotheses for the mechanism that maintains legume-rhizobium symbiosis (though both may occur in nature). The sanctions hypothesis theorizes that legumes cannot recognize the more parasitic or less nitrogen fixing rhizobia, and must counter the parasitism by post-infection legume sanctions. In response to underperforming rhizobia, legume hosts can respond by imposing sanctions of varying severity to their nodules.
These sanctions include, but are not limited to reduction of nodule growth, early nodule death, decreased carbon supply to nodules, or reduced oxygen supply to nodules that fix less nitrogen. Within a nodule, some of the bacteria differentiate into nitrogen fixing bacteroids, which have been found to be unable to reproduce. Therefore, with the development of a symbiotic relationship, if the host sanctions hypothesis is correct, the host sanctions must act toward whole nodules rather than individual bacteria because individual targeting sanctions would prevent any reproducing rhizobia from proliferating over time. This ability to reinforce a mutual relationship with host sanctions pushes the relationship toward a mutualism rather than a parasitism and is likely a contributing factor to why the symbiosis exists.

However, other studies have found no evidence of plant sanctions.

The partner choice hypothesis
The partner choice hypothesis proposes that the plant uses prenodulation signals from the rhizobia to decide whether to allow nodulation, and chooses only noncheating rhizobia. There is evidence for sanctions in soybean plants, which reduce rhizobium reproduction (perhaps by limiting oxygen supply) in nodules that fix less nitrogen. Likewise, wild lupine plants allocate fewer resources to nodules containing less-beneficial rhizobia, limiting rhizobial reproduction inside. This is consistent with the definition of sanctions, although called "partner choice" by the authors.  Some studies support the partner choice hypothesis. While both mechanisms no doubt contribute significantly to maintaining rhizobial cooperation, they do not in themselves fully explain the persistence of the mutualism. The partner choice hypothesis is not exclusive from the host sanctions hypothesis, as it is apparent that both of them are prevalent in the symbiotic relationship.

Evolutionary history
The symbiosis between nitrogen fixing rhizobia and the legume family has emerged and evolved over the past 66 million years. Although evolution tends to swing toward one species taking advantage of another in the form of noncooperation in the selfish-gene model, management of such symbiosis allows for the continuation of cooperation. When the relative fitness of both species is increased, natural selection will favor the symbiosis.

To understand the evolutionary history of this symbiosis, it is helpful to compare the rhizobia-legume symbiosis to a more ancient symbiotic relationship, such as that between endomycorrhizae fungi and land plants, which dates back to almost 460 million years ago.

Endomycorrhizal symbiosis can provide many insights into rhizobia symbiosis because recent genetic studies have suggested that rhizobia co-opted the signaling pathways from the more ancient endomycorrhizal symbiosis. Bacteria secrete Nod factors and endomycorrhizae secrete Myc-LCOs. Upon recognition of the Nod factor/Myc-LCO, the plant proceeds to induce a variety of intracellular responses to prepare for the symbiosis.

It is likely that rhizobia co-opted the features already in place for endomycorrhizal symbiosis, because there are many shared or similar genes involved in the two processes. For example, the plant recognition gene, SYMRK (symbiosis receptor-like kinase) is involved in the perception of both the rhizobial Nod factors as well as the endomycorrhizal Myc-LCOs. The shared similar processes would have greatly facilitated the evolution of rhizobial symbiosis, because not all the symbiotic mechanisms would have needed to develop. Instead the rhizobia simply needed to evolve mechanisms to take advantage of the symbiotic signaling processes already in place from endomycorrhizal symbiosis.

Other diazotrophs
Many other species of bacteria are able to fix nitrogen (diazotrophs), but few are able to associate intimately with plants and colonize specific structures like legume nodules. Bacteria that do associate with plants include the actinomycete, Frankia, which form symbiotic root nodules in actinorhizal plants, although these bacteria have a much broader host range implying the association is less specific than in legumes. Additionally, several cyanobacteria like Nostoc are associated with aquatic ferns, Cycas and Gunneras, although they do not form nodules.

Additionally, loosely associated plant bacteria, termed endophytes, have been reported to fix nitrogen in planta. These bacteria colonize the intercellular spaces of leaves, stems and roots in plants  but do not form specialized structures like rhizobia and Frankia. Diazotrophic bacterial endophytes have very broad host ranges, in some cases colonizing both monocots and dicots.

References

Further reading

External links
 Legume sanctions maintain Rhizobium mutualism
 Current list of rhizobia species
 Nitrogen Fixation and Inoculation of Forage Legumes

Hyphomicrobiales
Symbiosis
Nitrogen cycle
Soil biology

Rhizobia


Yacoob Omar (born 7 August 1948) is a former South African first-class cricketer who played for Natal, mostly in Howa Bowl matches. He was born at Durban in 1948.

Omar holds the record for most runs scored in the Howa Bowl, which was known as the Dadabhay Trophy when he made a pair on first-class debut. He was also a decent right arm medium pace bowler.

In a tournament which was played on poor pitches that favoured the bowlers, Omar was one of the few players capable of making centuries and had a career best score of 174 not out, scored as captain against Eastern Province in 1975/76.

References

External links

1948 births
Living people
South African cricketers
KwaZulu-Natal cricketers

Yacoob Omar


West Island Encounter Bay Aquatic Reserve is a marine protected area in the Australian state of South Australia located in waters adjoining West Island immediately south of Fleurieu Peninsula and to the west of the town of Victor Harbor.

It was proclaimed on 30 November 1971 in order to protect sites used for abalone research in the waters within  of West Island.  As of 2014, the aquatic reserve was larger in extent and had been divided into three zones.  The original reserved area has been divided in two zones - known in 2014 as 'Area 2' and 'Area 3'.  'Area 2' which is located on the north-west side of the island is a prohibited area, i.e. both access and the taking of marine organisms is prohibited.  'Area 3' which is located on the south east side of the island, is a zone where the taking of marine organisms is prohibited.  'Area 1' which extends from the island to within  of the coastline of Fleurieu Peninsula is zoned for fishing using line and where the taking of marine organisms other than fish is by permit.

While its name suggests a relationship with the bay known as Encounter Bay, the aquatic reserve is outside the bay to the south-west of its 'seaward limit' as defined in proclamations made in the years 1987, 2006 and 2016 by the Australian government concerning the bay's status as a 'historic bay' under the Seas and Submerged Lands Act 1973.

Since 2012, it has been located within the boundaries of a "habitat protection zone" of the Encounter Marine Park with 'Area 2' being designated as a "restricted access zone" within the marine park's zoning regime.

The aquatic reserve is classified as an IUCN Category VI protected area.

See also
West Island (disambiguation)
Protected areas of South Australia

References

External links
Webpage for the West Island Encounter Bay Aquatic Reserve on the Protected Planet website

Aquatic reserves of South Australia
Protected areas established in 1971
1971 establishments in Australia


Viktor Soczava (born June 20, 1905, Pargolovo; died December 29, 1978, Komarovo) was a Soviet geographer, geobotanist and landscape scientist. He was a member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1968) and the founder of the Siberian Geographic School. He was also the creator of the doctrine of geosystems in geographical science.

He worked as a landscape scientist and was the founder of the Siberian School of Geography. He proposed the geosystem theory as a refinement of the landscape theories of Lev S. Berg, Humboldt and Vasily Dokuchaev on the basis of the general systems theory.

Works
SOCZAVA, V.B. Por uma Teoria de classificação de geossistemas da vida terrestre. Biogeografia, n.14. IGUSP. São Paulo. 1978. 23 p.

Other websites

Valerian A. Snytko, Alexey V. Sobisevich Scientific path of Viktor Borisovich Sochava and his contributions for landscape analysis // Revista do Instituto Geológico, São Paulo, 41 (3), 1-7, 2020. P. 1-7.

1905 births
1978 deaths
European geographers
Soviet scientists

Victor Soczava


Mervyn Gordon Rose AM (23 January 1930 – 23 July 2017) was an Australian male tennis player who won 7 Grand Slam titles (singles, doubles and mixed doubles).

Rose was born in Coffs Harbour, New South Wales and turned professional in 1959. He was ranked inside the world's Top 10 throughout much of his tennis career and represented Australia in the Davis Cup from 1951 to 1957. He was ranked World No. 3 in 1958 by Lance Tingay of The Daily Telegraph.

He coached numerous female and male players, including Billie Jean King, Margaret Court, Ernie Ewart, Michael Fancutt, Brett Prentice, Arantxa Sánchez Vicario, Eleni Daniilidou, Nadia Petrova, Magdalena Grzybowska and Caroline Schnieder.

Rose was awarded the Australian Sports Medal in 2000, inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2001 and the Australian Tennis Hall of Fame in 2002. He was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in 2006 for service to tennis, particularly as a competitor at national and international levels and as a coach and mentor to both amateur and professional players.

Rose died on 23 July 2017 at the age of 87.

References

Other websites

 Wimbledon Website. All England Lawn Tennis Club
 Australian Open. Tennis Australia

1930 births
2017 deaths
Australian tennis players
Sportspeople from New South Wales

Mervyn Rose


Bruce Wilbur Beatty, , (July 6, 1922 – March 21, 2011) was a Canadian graphic designer best known as being chiefly responsible for designing the emblems of the Canadian Honours System, starting with the badge of the Order of Canada in 1967.  The emblem is the shape of a snowflake – just as every snowflake is different, so is every member of the Order. As of 2004, he had been in attendance at every Order investiture ceremony. Beatty was made a member of the order in 1990. In 1977 he was made a Fellow of the Royal Heraldry Society of Canada.

Beatty was also responsible for creating the emblem of the Order of British Columbia during the 1980s and made alterations to the Victoria Cross for the Canadian Honour System in 1993. He has lectured to the Monarchist League of Canada.

Beatty died on March 21, 2011.

In 2012, Captain Beatty was posthumously awarded the Saskatchewan Order of Merit.

Honours and arms

Honours
Appointments
 Fellow of the Royal Heraldry Society of Canada (1977 – March 21, 2011)
 Commander of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem
 Member of the Order of Canada (April 20, 1990 – March 21, 2011)
 Member of the Saskatchewan Order of Merit (2011; posthumous)

Medals
 Canadian Volunteer Service Medal and bar
 Special Service Medal
 Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal (1953)
 Canadian Centennial Medal (1967)
 Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal (1977)
 125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal (1992)
 Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal (2002)
 Canadian Forces Decoration and two bars
 Service Medal of the Order of St John

Arms

References

External links

List of fellows of the Royal Heraldry Society of Canada
speech by Adrienne Clarkson thanking Beatty
Image of Beatty at the 100 Order of Canada investiture
Bruce Beatty was the man behind the Order of Canada," Obituary, The Globe and Mail, 22 May 2011

1922 births
2011 deaths
Canadian Army officers
20th-century Canadian civil servants
Canadian graphic designers
Commanders of the Order of St John
Fellows of the Royal Heraldry Society of Canada
Members of the Saskatchewan Order of Merit
Members of the Order of Canada
People from Melfort, Saskatchewan
Royal Canadian Air Force personnel of World War II

Bruce W. Beatty


Mondeville 2 is a shopping centre in Caen, France, and the largest of the Lower Normandy region. It is situated in the suburb of Caen in the town of Mondeville.

The shopping centre was built by the Promodès group for its supermarket brand Continent and opened on 27 June 1995, replacing the older Supermonde (also known as Mondeville 1) which opened in 1970. As well as retail facilities the shopping centre was home to the Promodès headquarters.

Mondeville 2 has a selling area of 60,000 m², of which 12,000 m² are used by Carrefour. It is home to major French supermarket and stores as well as a UGC Ciné Cité cinema.

External links
  Official website

Buildings and structures in Calvados (department)
Shopping centres in France
Tourist attractions in Calvados (department)
Shopping malls established in 1995

Mondeville 2


Glenn Edward Lee Beck (born February 10, 1964) is an American conservative radio and television show host. He was born in Everett, Washington. His television show, The Glenn Beck Program, has been played on Fox News Channel and on CNN's Headline News. However, in April 2011, the Fox News Channel said it would stop showing Beck's show later that year. The show was cancelled in June 2011 and was replaced by The Five. He now has an online site called TheBlaze (it was called GBTV) where he does shows that people can pay to see.

Popularity
Over 9 million people listen to his radio show every day. Usually, between 2 and 3 million people watch his television show every day. He has written nine books. Also, he sometimes tells his audience about books he thinks they should read. Several books that Beck recommended became the most popular book on Amazon.com.

Although Beck's show is very popular, not everybody agrees with his views. He has been criticized for calling Barack Obama a racist and for talking about conspiracy theories.

Personal life
Beck is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (also known as the Mormon church).

Health
Beck has been addicted to drugs and alcohol. He has attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. On November 10, 2014, Beck announced on TheBlaze that he had been suffering from a severe neurological disorder for at least the last five years.

References

Other websites

American radio personalities
American television presenters
People from Everett, Washington
1964 births
Living people

Glenn Beck


Classic could mean:
Classic songs
Classic books
Classic cars
Classic literature
Classic movies
Classic rock music
Classic stamps
Classic television programs
British Classic Races
American Classic Races
Classic cycle races
The Classic (snooker) tournament
Macintosh Classic
Classic (Mac OS X)
Classic (transit bus), a type of transit bus manufactured from 1982 to 1997
The Classic a mid-size car by American Motors
Cult classic
The Classic, a Korean movie
Western canon
Classic (Better Than I've Ever Been), a 2007 song by Kanye West, Nas, Rakim, KRS-One and DJ Premier
A United Kingdom chocolate bar
Products that compare unfavourably with other products from the same manufacturer, for example because of design age, are often marketed as a 'classic' edition - for example the Range Rover Classic
Likewise, basic trim level editions of cars are sometimes labelled 'classic' - e.g. Mercedes Benz C-Class Classic
 Classical antiquity
 Classical scholarship (relating to Classical antiquity)
Classical music
Classical physics

Related pages
Classicism
Classical
Classics (disambiguation)

Classic


A doppelgänger or a doppelganger is a German word used in English to talk about any double or someone who looks exactly like another person — most commonly an "evil twin". In some folklore, seeing another family or friend's doppelganger means they will have an illness, or that they are in danger. Seeing your own doppelganger means you will most likely die. Some myths offer explanations that focus on magic, where the doppelganger is created by some kind of curse or through magic. These doppelgängers are usually, but not always, bad in some way. Doppelgängers can sometimes be seen in books, movies, and other fiction as part of their stories.
Folklore

Doppelgänger


Evelien is a Dutch dramedy television series made for broadcaster Net 5. Actress Kim van Kooten plays the eponymous starring role. So far two seasons have been made; the first episode was broadcast on 7 March 2006. In 2007 the series was sold to Belgian channel Een.

Plot

Season 1 (Spring 2006)
Evelien is a 38-year-old woman; she has two young daughters, a loving husband Harko and a beautiful house in Amsterdam. But still she feels that something essential is lacking.

Each episode chronicles her daily routine; waking up next to her husband, coming downstairs and telling her two children turn the TV off (Dutch: "Tv uit !"), struggling to the end of the day and going to bed. In the first episode it becomes clear that she has a lover. Theo runs a construction company; he can afford to book a hotel room for himself and Evelien for a year and a half.

When confronted with a fellow divorcing mother—who caught her husband having an affair—Evelien reconsiders her relationship with Theo. In the following episode, she flatly tells Theo that she doesn't want anything to do with him anymore—even though Theo has fallen in love with Evelien and keeps proposing to her. Things come to a head when he makes a phone-call while Evelien's husband is in the room. When she gets called out for her strange behaviour on the phone, Evelien's husband realizes what happens and storms out of the house. The following episodes show the aftermath of this temporary breakup, though the two eventually reconcile. However, all is still not perfect, as Evelien still has some doubts about not seeing Theo anymore. Soon afterwards she learns from Theo's sudden death.

Season 2 (Autumn 2006)
The family moves to a more spacious house in Amsterdam, but things are still not serene. Because the house is largely decorated in a new-age minimalist sense, it causes tension with the children, Evelien and Harko too are struggling to get used to the new furniture. Breaking out of her boring routine Evelien takes a part-time job (which she loses for reasons of bankruptcy), but Harko is now going through the throes of a mid-life crisis. Things only get worse when she finds out that one of her neighbours is an old lover of Harko's. Seeking relation therapy doesn't help and Harko eventually announces that he needs a weekend off in London; away from Evelien, and together with Wendy. Evelien bursts into tears when she discovers the truth, but her marriage turns out to be made of strong stuff and eventually all is forgiven.

Cast
 Kim van Kooten – Evelien
 Peter Blok – Harko
 Sterre Herstel – Regina
 Naomi van Es – Julia
 Olga Zuiderhoek – Agnes
 Genio de Groot – Gert
 Rifka Lodeizen – Sylvia

References

External links
 Official homepage Evelien

Dutch comedy television series
Dutch drama television series
Net5 original programming

Evelien