Major General George Henry Thomas, also known as the Thomas Circle Monument, is an equestrian sculpture in Washington, D.C. that honors Civil War general George Henry Thomas.  The monument is located in the center of Thomas Circle, on the border of the downtown and Logan Circle neighborhoods.  It was sculpted by John Quincy Adams Ward, best known for his work on the statue of George Washington in Wall Street, Manhattan.  Attendees at the dedication in 1879 included President Rutherford B. Hayes, Generals Irvin McDowell, Philip Sheridan, and William Tecumseh Sherman, senators and thousands of soldiers.

The sculpture is one of eighteen Civil War monuments in Washington, D.C., which were collectively listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.  It is considered by art critics and historians to be one of the best equestrian statues in the city.  The statue, which rests on an oval pedestal, and the surrounding park are owned and maintained by the National Park Service, a federal agency of the Interior Department.

History

Background
George Henry Thomas, a Virginian, was a Union general in the Civil War and a principal commander in the Western Theater.  During the Battle of Chickamauga, he was responsible for saving the Union Army from being completely routed, earning him the nickname "Rock of Chickamauga".  The Society of the Army of the Cumberland, composed of veterans, chose to erect a monument to Thomas utilizing bronze cannons captured from Confederate forces.  John Quincy Adams Ward was selected to sculpt the statue and began the process in 1875.  The sculpture, which cost $40,000, was paid for by the Society.  On July 31, 1876, Congress appropriated $25,000 to pay for the pedestal and base, although the final cost was only $20,000.  The contract for the statue stated three of the horse's feet had to be touching the ground.  This was to make sure it wouldn't receive the same type of criticism Andrew Jackson's sculpture in Lafayette Square received and to avoid the "stagey, theatrical animal that poses and postures in so many of the public squares of the United States."  Thomas's widow, Frances, gave Ward photographs of her husband and lent him Thomas' uniform and saddle to help with the design.  After he finished the plaster model in 1879, Ward invited Thomas' family, Society officers, and members of the press to his studio in New York to view the model.  The reaction was very positive.  The Society was so impressed with Ward's work, they later selected him to design the James A. Garfield Monument and the Equestrian statue of Philip Sheridan as well, though the contract for the latter was eventually cancelled.  Architects John L. Smithmeyer and Paul J. Pelz, best known for designing the Thomas Jefferson Building and Healy Hall, were selected to design the monument base.  The Bureau Brothers Foundry cast the sculpture while stonework was provided by contractor M. K. Chase.  The traffic circle where the monument was erected was previously known as Memorial Circle because nearby residents planted memorial trees in honor of their respective home states.  The name was changed to Thomas Circle when the monument was installed.

Dedication

The memorial was dedicated on November 19, 1879, with an estimated 50,000 people in attendance.  Harper's Weekly described the event as the grandest ceremony ever held in the city  The ceremony featured a two-mile  military procession, led by General Thomas Turpin Crittenden, of around 500 Army of the Cumberland veterans, 1,000 army troops, 1,000 marines and sailors, state troops from Maryland, New York, and Pennsylvania, and generals Irvin McDowell, Philip Sheridan, and William Tecumseh Sherman.  Music in the procession was performed by seven military bands, with the United States Marine Band in the first position.  The procession began east of the U.S. Capitol and marched past President Rutherford B. Hayes at the White House on its way toward the memorial site.  Most of the buildings along the line of march, including nearly every building on Pennsylvania Avenue, were decorated with flags, streamers, and other decorations.  The most elaborately decorated building along the line of march was the Quartermaster General's office, located on the corner of 15th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue NW, which was decorated with numerous flags and a canvas bearing a portrait of Thomas.  The circle and the homes surrounding it were extensively decorated.  There were 38 poles, each  high, placed around the edge of the circle, with the flag of every U.S. state at the time.  A temporary platform seating 1,500 people was erected around part of the circle for special guests and dignitaries.

The ceremony began with a prayer followed by the songs "Hail to the Chief" and "The Star-Spangled Banner".  The statue was then unveiled accompanied by a thirteen gun salute.  After the unveiling, a chorus of 100 men sang hymns with music performed by the Marine Band.  General Anson G. McCook, a member of the Fighting McCooks who served under Thomas, delivered the dedication speech.  Senator Stanley Matthews also gave a speech which included the presentation of the statue as an offering to the country.  The statue was accepted by President Hayes on behalf of the American people.  Hayes stated: "In the name of the people of the United States I accept this noble statue, so worthy of its subject, erected in honor of Gen. George H. Thomas by his comrades of the illustrious Army of the Cumberland."  The monument was the sixth equestrian sculpture erected in Washington, D.C.

Influence and historic designation
Art critics, historians, and Civil War monument researchers Kirk Savage and Kathryn Allamong Jacob consider the Thomas monument one of the best equestrian statues in Washington, D.C.  According to Savage, it "enhanced the circle's prestige by giving it a commemorative identity in this rapidly emerging landscape" and "served at once as a national monument honoring a war hero and a real estate amenity for an affluent urban setting."  It increased development at Thomas Circle and the surrounding area, although none of the stately homes around the circle are still standing.  Along with seventeen other Civil War monuments, Major General George Henry Thomas was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 20, 1978, and the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites on March 3, 1979.  The sculpture and the surrounding park are owned and maintained by the National Park Service, a federal agency of the Interior Department.

Design and location

The monument is located in the center of Thomas Circle, at the intersection of 14th Street, M Street, Massachusetts Avenue and Vermont Avenue NW.  Following a reconstruction of Thomas Circle completed in 2006, new sidewalks and landscaping allowed visitors easier access to the monument and surrounding park.  The monument is approximately  high while the statue itself is around  high.  The bronze figures of Thomas and the horse are around twice life-size.  Thomas is depicted surveying a battlefield while at the top of a hill.  He is holding the reins of the horse with his left hand and his right hand is holding his hat and gloves.  Thomas is wearing a double-breasted military coat and plain riding boots, while his sword hangs from his left side.  The horse looks straight ahead as its mane and tail are blown by the wind.  Its "dilated nostrils, erect ears, tense muscles, and waving, bushy tail" demonstrate the horse's excitement.  The horse was originally designed to be a mare.  After it was pointed out that Thomas only rode stallions, additions were made to the sculpture, though the slender head and neck are still reminiscent of a mare.

The statue stands on an oval granite pedestal featuring two Baroque scrolls on each end.  A bronze badge of the Army of the Cumberland, which Thomas had commanded, and a laurel wreath is also on each side of the pedestal.  The circular granite base features four steps and four blocks protruding from the pedestal to the lowest step.  Decorative gas lamps previously stood on the base's four blocks, but these were removed sometime around 1922.

Inscriptions on the monument include the following:
(pedestal east side) ERECTED BY HIS COMRADES / OF THE SOCIETY OF / THE ARMY OF THE CUMBERLAND
(pedestal, west side) MAJ. GEN. GEORGE H. THOMAS / SAN FRANCISCO CAL. / MARCH 28, 1870
(bottom of sculpture, east side) J. Q. A. WARD SCULP 1879
(bottom of sculpture, west side) BUREAU BROS & HEATON / FOUNDERS. PHIL

See also

List of equestrian statues in the United States
List of public art in Washington, D.C., Ward 2
Outdoor sculpture in Washington, D.C.

References

External links

1879 establishments in Washington, D.C.
1879 sculptures
Equestrian statue
Bronze sculptures in Washington, D.C.
Equestrian statues in Washington, D.C.
Historic district contributing properties in Washington, D.C.
Civil War Monuments in Washington, D.C.
Outdoor sculptures in Washington, D.C.
Sculptures by John Quincy Adams Ward
Downtown (Washington, D.C.)
Logan Circle (Washington, D.C.)

Equestrian statue of George Henry Thomas


Captivity narratives are stories of people captured by enemies who are not civilized. Historians - people who study history - do not trust a lot of these stories. A lot of them are not written from a neutral point of view. Some historians that study Native American cultures are careful when they use these stories as sources.

Captivity narratives from North America were published through the 18th and 19th centuries. They are a part of English literature, and more stories were written in India and East Asia later on.

Background
Colonists in New England were often captured by Canadians and their Indian allies. This was because New France and New England had competition at the time. (This happened to the Canadians as well). The number of captives taken from the fifteenth through the nineteenth centuries are unclear, however. Some think that about 1,641 New Englanders were taken hostage during King Phillip's War (1675). When the whites and Indians had conflicts in the mid-nineteenth century, hundreds of women and children were captured.

References

Literature

Captivity narrative


Rogier (Roger) Remaut (born Ostend, 17 August 1942) is a Belgian painter (material art). Using mixed media (acrylic), his works are constructions of material incorporating objects found, texture, layers of paint and graffiti. The paintings are built up slowly with many layers of matter and paint.

Education
Roger Remaut studied art at the Ostend Academy under artists Gustaaf Sorel, Maurice Boel and Willy Bosschem. He then followed a course at the Westhoek Academy. As a painter he is an autodidact.

Career
He had his first exhibition, together with his brother Pierre Remaut, in 1982 in Galerie de Pepperbusse in Ostend.

Selections in international competitions followed with shows in Belgium, the Netherlands, France, Luxemburg, Germany and the United Kingdom. His works hang in public and private collections including those of the Belgian national and local governments and the Museum of Fine Arts, Ostend.

Distinctions

1982 Prize for painting, Harelbeke Belgium
1983 Hoppe Prize, Poperinge Belgium
1983 Work in the collection of Tuinbouwschool, Puurs, Belgium
1984 Gaver Prize, Waregem Belgium
1985 Prize for painting, Aarschot Belgium
1986 Work in the national collection of Belgium
1986 Work in the office of the Minister for Internal Affairs, Belgium
1990 Work in the Museum of Fine Art, Ostend.
1992 Ostend artists in Maastricht, the Netherlands
1992 Luxemburg City Art Centre Luxemburg
1995 Coleurs en Val Mosan, Huyl, Belgium
1996 Work in the Flemish government collection.
1998 Essex Open, GB
1998 Southwark Arts Association Open, London, GB
1998 Norwich Film & Multimedia Festival, GB
1999 Essex Open, GB
2005 International Assemblage Artist Exhibition, Berlin, Germany.

References
 Book – Beeldend Oostende by Norbert Hostyn, curator Museum of Fine Art, Ostend 1993
 Art Bulletin Magazine, Éire, Article by Frank Decerf – A Glimpse of a Great Flemish Artist: Roger Remaut, 1994
 Book – Lexicon van West-Vlaamse Beeldende Kunstenaars 1996
 Book – 40 Oostendse Kunstenaars, Norbert Hostyn, Lowyck drukkerij, 2008
 Magazine – 2000 Jaar Middenkust & Hinterland, Waar is de Tijd, Norbert Hostyn, Uitgeverij Waanders, 2007.
Museum of Fine Art, Ostend – archive
Website http://user.skynet.be/remaut
 :nl:Gustaaf Sorel
 :nl:Roger Remaut
Gallery 24, Berlin, Germany http://www.assemblageart.de/Artists/Remaut_001.html

1942 births
Living people
Artists from Ostend
Belgian contemporary artists
Belgian painters

Roger Remaut


The Confederate Monument in Cynthiana is located on the outer edge of Cynthiana, Kentucky in Battle Grove Cemetery. It was the first monument to the Confederate States of America dedicated in the State of Kentucky, and long believed to be the first Confederate memorial anywhere. Due to the 32nd Indiana Monument having been moved from its original location, the Cynthiana monument is the oldest Civil War monument still standing at its original location, where the second Battle of Cynthiana started, in the then-new town cemetery.

The Cynthiana Confederate Monument Association, a group of women, spearheaded the movement to build the monument, although the money required to build it came from men. It was built in 1869 by the Muldoon Monument Company of Louisville, Kentucky, at the cost of $2,200. The white marble obelisk stands  high on a four square foot limestone base three feet high (25 feet high combined), with a Confederate flag draped atop it. The graves of 47 Confederate veterans who died during the Civil War, many of whom are unknown, and a substantial number of John Hunt Morgan's 2nd Kentucky Cavalry who twice raided the town of Cynthiana during the War, were transferred from another cemetery to encircle the monument. David M. Snyder died in 1896, and per his wishes to be buried with his companions, was placed as part of the circle. The Cynthiana monument set the tone of many of the first Bluegrass monuments in the Confederacy, being reminiscent of death, particularly grave markers. This is best represented by the Confederate Monument of Bowling Green, Confederate Monument at Crab Orchard, Confederate Monument in Georgetown, and the Confederate Monument in Versailles.

On the back of the monument is a verse from the Bivouac of the Dead, which six other monuments would also include a verse from.

The Cynthiana Democrat said the monument was not just for the local citizenry, but "for every man and every nation, whose children and whose people have shed blood in defense of their Homes, in defense of their country, in defense of Justice and Truth".

The dedication ceremony for the monument, held on May 27, 1869, involved a parade, speeches, and food. Colonel W. C. P. Breckinridge gave the dedication speech, highlighting the virtue of the Confederate cause and the bravery of its soldiers. Soon thereafter, his cousin's wife, Mary Cyrene Burch Breckinridge, founded the Ladies Memorial and Monument Association of Lexington. This group raised the funds to create and install the Ladies' Confederate Memorial in the Lexington Cemetery.

On July 17, 1997, the Cynthiana monument was one of sixty-two monuments included in the Civil War Monuments of Kentucky MPS.

Gallery

References

Buildings and structures completed in 1869
Civil War Monuments of Kentucky MPS
National Register of Historic Places in Harrison County, Kentucky
Obelisks in the United States
Confederate States of America monuments and memorials in Kentucky
1869 sculptures
Marble sculptures in Kentucky
1869 establishments in Kentucky
Cynthiana, Kentucky

Confederate Monument in Cynthiana


John Bennett (March 7, 1959–2004) was a British scuba diver who set a world record by becoming the first person to deep dive below a depth of  on self-contained breathing apparatus on 6 November 2001. Bennett first broke the record in 1999 when he reached  accompanied by Chuck Driver. In 2000 Bennett set a new record of , before his final record-breaking dive to  in 2001. Having founded Atlantis Dive in the Philippines in the late 1990s, Bennett and his world record breaking team, including Ron Loos, Mark Cox and Targa Mann went on to establish Tech Dive Academy in Port Douglas, Australia. In the early 2000s, Bennett and Loos made the first dives to the  wreck site, which is located off Fortune Island, outside and to the south of Manila Bay. In 2001, he located the wreck of the Imperial Japanese Navy dreadnought Yamashiro in the Surigao Strait (between the Phillipine islands of Leyte and Dinagat) through sound scans, but could not confirm it before his death. Confirmation was not made until 2017.

Death

John Bennett went missing on 15 March 2004 in a commercial diving incident in Korea. He was declared legally dead in 2006, but his body has never been recovered. Bennett was survived by his wife Gabby and their two children, Joshua and Katie.

See also

 World's deepest SCUBA dives

References

External links
 Video of record 308m dive
 John Bennett Memorial Fund-in Memoriam

1959 births
2004 deaths
British underwater divers
Commercial diving accidents
People declared dead in absentia
Professional divers
Underwater diving deaths

John Bennett (diver)


Robert Fox (2 March 1798, Godmanchester, England – 7 June 1843, Godmanchester) was an English antiquarian.

Life

He was the second surviving son of John Fox (1748-1817), cabinet maker and upholsterer, of Huntingdon, and second wife, Frances Maples (1760-1845).

Fox was admitted a member of the Royal College of Surgeons on 5 March 1819, and practised in Huntingdon and the neighbourhood. He was the founder of the Literary and Scientific Institution of Huntingdon in 1841, and was himself an able lecturer on subjects connected with antiquities, geology, natural history, and philosophy. His only publication, The History of Godmanchester, in the county of Huntingdon, 8vo, London, 1831, one of the best of its class, gained him admission to the Society of Antiquaries. He was also a member of the Numismatic Society. In 1826 and 1831 he served as a bailiff of Godmanchester.

Family

In 1821 at Godmanchester he married firstly Jane Ashton (1792-1831), daughter of Edward Ashton, of Old Weston, Huntingdonshire, and they had five children, three died young; her sister Elizabeth had married his elder brother, George Morris Fox in 1818. Their two surviving sons were Dr. Henry Erasmus Fox (1825-1869) and Conrad Fox (1826-1871), chemist, druggist, who went to New York. Jane Fox died in 1831.

In 1832 he married secondly Anne Taylor (1806–1877), sister of Rev. Richard Taylor who had married his youngest sister Mary Caroline Fox in 1829. She was the only daughter of Richard Taylor (1762-1818) and Catherine Spencer (1769-1810), and they had one daughter, Anne Taylor Fox (1839 Letwell, Yorkshire-1893 Godmanchester), who died unmarried.

Death

Fox died in Godmanchester on 8 June 1843, aged forty-five, highly regarded for his benevolence.

Fox left a small but choice collection of coins and antiquities, mostly local 'finds.' This, together with his philosophical apparatus, was purchased by subscription after his death, and placed in the Huntingdon Literary and Scientific Institution as a testimonial to his memory.

References

Attribution
 Gentleman's Magazine, new ser. xx. 99; Lists of Members of Royal Coll. of Surgeons; Lists of Soc. of Antiq.; Kelly's Directory of Bedfordshire, Huntingdonshire, &c. (1885), pp. 207–8.]

1798 births
1843 deaths
English antiquarians
19th-century English medical doctors
People from Godmanchester

Robert Fox (antiquarian)


Gao Gan () (died 206), courtesy name Yuancai, was a minor warlord who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He was a maternal nephew and subordinate of the warlord Yuan Shao.

Life
Gao Gan was from an influential family in Yu County (), Chenliu Commandery (), which is around present-day Qi County, Kaifeng, Henan. He was also a maternal nephew of the warlord Yuan Shao, who controlled most of the territories in northern China from the 190s to his death in 202. Gao Gan held the appointment of Inspector () of Bing Province, which was one of the four provinces in northern China under Yuan Shao's control around 200 CE. He governed Bing Province for about seven years.

In 200 CE, Yuan Shao lost the Battle of Guandu against his rival, Cao Cao, who controlled the Han central government and the figurehead Emperor Xian. After Yuan Shao's defeat, only the troops under Gao Gan's command in Bing Province, numbering about 50,000, were the most organised and highest in morale among all of Yuan Shao's forces.

After Yuan Shao's death in 202, Gao Gan gained support from Guo Yuan and the southern Xiongnu leader Huchuquan to counter Cao Cao's advances into northern China. However, he decided to surrender to Cao Cao in 203 after Guo Yuan's defeat and after internal conflict broke out between Yuan Shao's sons Yuan Tan and Yuan Shang. Cao Cao allowed him to continue serving as the Inspector of Bing Province after his surrender.

Although Gao Gan surrendered to Cao Cao, he was only pretending to do so. In 205, when Cao Cao was away on a campaign against Yuan Shang and the Wuhuan tribes, Gao Gan seized the opportunity to start a rebellion in Bing Province. He took the Administrator of Shangdang Commandery (上黨郡; a commandery in Bing Province) hostage and fortified his defences at Hu Pass (壺關; west of present-day Lucheng, Shanxi). Cao Cao's forces, led by Li Dian and Yue Jin, attacked Gao Gan at Hu Pass but could not overcome him even after some months of siege.

In 206, Cao Cao turned back and personally led his forces to attack Gao Gan. Gao Gan fled from Hu Pass, leaving behind his subordinates Xia Zhao () and Deng Sheng () to defend the pass, and went to seek help from the Xiongnu. After the Xiongnu refused to help him, Gao Gan headed south towards Jing Province to seek aid from Liu Biao, the provincial governor. However, along the way, Wang Yan (), the Colonel-Director of Retainers (), led his troops to intercept Gao Gan and kill him and then present his head to Cao Cao.

See also
 Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

References

 Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
 Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).

2nd-century births
206 deaths
Generals under Yuan Shao
Politicians from Kaifeng
Political office-holders in Shanxi
Han dynasty warlords
Generals under Cao Cao
Han dynasty people killed in battle

Gao Gan


Arbogast was a comes (Count) of Trier of Frankish origin in the late fifth century.

Arbogast is mentioned in letters sent to him by two bishops: one by Sidonius Apollinaris probably dating back to 471 or more probably 476-477 and another from 470 by Auspicius of Toul who addresses him as comes of Trier. This latter is found in the Austrasian Letters collection.

Arbogast was born into a Romanized Frankish family and was a Catholic Christian. His father Arigius (mentioned by Auspicius) was possibly a native of Trier, and one of his ancestors was the 4th century magister militum Arbogastes. Arbogast was obviously highly educated, and Sidonius Apollinaris (Epistulae 4.17) praises him as one of the last defenders of the collapsing Western Roman Empire and Roman culture.

Arbogast independently ruled his relatively small domain with the help of remaining Roman troops and Frankish foederati following the political disintegration of Gaul in the early 460s. Although Trier may have formally pledged allegiance to the Ripuarian Franks by 475, Franz Staab notes that Frankish graves are entirely absent from the area before 500. Arbogast's reign may thus represent a transitional period between Roman and Frankish rule. The culture of late antiquity died out soon afterwards in the sixth century.

Sources
 Penny MacGeorge (2002), Late Roman Warlords, p. 75.
 Hans Hubert Anton, "Arbogast. Comes in Trier", Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, vol. 1, pp. 388f.
 Franz Staab, "Les royaumes francs au ve siècle", Clovis – Histoire et Mémoire – Actes du colloque international d'histoire de Reims, vol. 1, Presses Universitaires de la Sorbonne, December 1997, pp. 541-566, .

5th-century Christians
5th-century Frankish people
5th-century Gallo-Roman people
5th-century writers in Latin
Ancient Roman generals
Comites
Correspondents of Sidonius Apollinaris
Frankish warriors

Arbogast (count of Trier)


Olivin "Olive" Malmberg Johnson (March 14, 1872 – June 16, 1954) was an American socialist, newspaper editor and political activist. She is best remembered as a long-time editor of the weekly English-language newspaper of the Socialist Labor Party of America.

Biography
Olivin Malberg was born March 14, 1872, in Lund, Sweden, the daughter of a merchant. The family emigrated to the United States in the 1890s, with Olive graduating high school in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Olive joined the Socialist Labor Party of America (SLP) in 1895. She acted as a lecturer and speaker on behalf of the party beginning in 1898. She worked variously as a retail clerk, restaurant worker, office worker, housekeeper, and teacher.

Malmberg was married to another member party member by the name of Johnson, took his name, and moved with him to California. The Johnsons' marriage eventually ended, but as was the custom of the day, Olive kept her former husband's surname after its dissolution. She never remarried.

Johnson attended Hunter College in New York City, from which she obtained a bachelor's degree in 1916, at the age of 44. She later did graduate course work at Columbia University and New York University.

Political career

Johnson was a close friend and trusted political associate of party leader Daniel DeLeon (1852–1914). She was first elected a member of the governing National Executive Committee of the SLP in 1904, remaining in that capacity until 1912. She joined DeLeon as a delegate of the SLP to the 1910 Copenhagen Congress of the Second International and was a delegate to many of the SLP's quadrennial national conventions, beginning in 1904.

Johnson was also close to Arnold Petersen (1885–1976), the Danish-born successor to Daniel DeLeon's mantle as top leader of the Socialist Labor Party. In 1918, Johnson became editor of the SLP's official newspaper, The Weekly People, replacing Edmund Seidel, who had begun advocating a merger with the leftward tilting Socialist Party of America. She remained in that position for 20 years, also writing many articles and pamphlets on behalf of the party. A number of Johnson's pamphlets were translated into Swedish, Hungarian, Ukrainian, and Croatian by the various foreign language federations of the SLP.

As editor of the SLP's official organ, Johnson continued to advocate a harsh line towards other political organizations on the left. Historian Ben Perry notes:

"Her editorial positions were especially hostile to the Communist and Socialist parties and the anti-political Industrial Workers of the World, but she also condemned the CIO as well as non-revolutionary movements such as the cooperative movement and the New Deal. She was very active during this period, not only as editor, but also as a pamphlet writer, speaker, and candidate for public office."

On the SLP ticket, Johnson ran for Governor of New York in 1918, for Mayor of New York City in 1929, and for U.S. Senator from New York in 1934.

Johnson was elected by the SLP as its fraternal delegate to the 3rd World Congress of the Communist International in 1922, but was refused a passport to travel by the American government.

In the early 1930s Johnson contracted tuberculosis, a disease which sapped her vitality, and she was forced to handle the editorial tasks of The Weekly People more and more from her home. In 1938 she retired from editing the newspaper.

Death and legacy
Olive M. Johnson died in Malibu, California, on June 16, 1954, at 82 years of age.  Her ashes were scattered at Topanga Canyon, California where she had lived with her brother Nils Malmberg for several years.

Works
 Woman and the Socialist Movement: Published Under the Auspices of the Socialist Women of Greater New York. New York: New York Labor News Co., 1908. (Reissued 1919).
 Americanism: An Open Letter to the Board of Education, New York. New York : Socialist Labor Party, 1920.
 Revolution: "Dictatorship" and "Suppression" Incidental to Social Progress. New York: Socialist Labor Party, 1923.
 Daniel De Leon, American Socialist Pathfinder. New York: New York Labor News Co., 1923.
 The Cooperative Movement: An Infantile Disorder and an Old-Age Disease. New York: New York Labor News Co., 1924.
 The Socialist Party: A Quarter Century Later: From the Kangaroo Exodus to La Follette. New York: Socialist Labor Party, 1924.
 Karl Marx: Forty years After (1883-1923). With Daniel DeLeon. New York: Socialist Labor Party, 1924.
 The Soviet Revolution, 1917-1927: A Historical Comparison. New York: Socialist Labor Party, 1927.
 Russia in Revolution: Selected Editorials. With Daniel DeLeon. New York: New York Labor News Co., 1927.
 The Reform Vote versus the Revolutionary Vote: The Socialist Party - Workers (Communist) Party: Petty Bourgeois Twins Contrasted with the Revolutionary Socialist Labor Party. New York: Socialist Labor Party, 1929.
 The Spy in the Labor Movement: Essays. With Paul LaFargue. New York: Socialist Labor Party, 1929.
 Industrial Government: Industrial Feudal Autocracy versus Industrial Democracy. With Arnold Petersen. New York: New York Labor News Co., 1930.
 The Socialist Labor Party during Four Decades: 1890-1930. With Henry Kuhn. New York: New York Labor News Co., 1931.
 The School To The Teacher. New York: New York Labor News Co., 1932.
 Americanism: Reaction Subverting the Constitution and the American Tradition. New York: Socialist Labor Party, 1935.
 Industrial Unionism. With Thomas Grady. New York: New York Labor News Co., 1935.
 The Virus of Anarchy: Bakuninism vs. Marxism. With Arnold Petersen. New York: New York Labor News Co., 1935.
 May Day vs. Labor Day: A Comparison of the Social Significance of the Two Days of Labor Celebration.  New York: New York Labor News Co., 1936.
 Revolution. With Arnold Petersen. New York: New York Labor News Co., 1936.

Footnotes

1872 births
1952 deaths
American socialists
American Marxists
Socialist Labor Party of America politicians from New York (state)
American newspaper editors
Swedish emigrants to the United States
People from Lund
California socialists
New York (state) socialists
Minnesota socialists

Olive M. Johnson


Larry Butler (March 26, 1942 – January 20, 2012) was a country music producer/songwriter. From the mid-1970s through the 1980s, he worked with Kenny Rogers. Many of his albums with Rogers went either gold or platinum and accumulated many millions of sales around the world. These albums include Kenny Rogers (1976), The Gambler (1978), Gideon (1980) and I Prefer The Moonlight (1987). Rogers and Butler maintained a friendship outside of show business. Butler also produced Rogers' 1993 album If Only My Heart Had A Voice. He also participated in Rogers 2006 retrospective DVD The Journey.

Butler is the only Nashville producer to win the Grammy Award for Producer of the year.

Career
Born in Pensacola, Florida, Butler began his career at the age of six with the Harry James Orchestra; at age ten he sang with Red Foley, and before he was old enough to drive he had hosted his own radio show and played piano on The Lynn Toney Show, a live television show in his market.  He eventually joined a Florida band, Jerry Woodward and the Esquires. While on a trip to Nashville, he met a noted publisher/producer, Buddy Killen of Tree International. In 1963, with Killen's encouragement, Butler moved to Nashville with only a few dollars in his pocket. Soon his unique style of piano playing supported such hits as "Hello Darlin" by Conway Twitty and "Honey" by Bobby Goldsboro. Butler was in high demand as a Nashville session player and backed up Nashville celebrities such as Johnny Cash, Roger Miller, George Jones, Tammy Wynette, Loretta Lynn, Dolly Parton, Bobby Goldsboro, Jerry Lee Lewis, Charlie Rich, Lynn Anderson and more.

Moving to Memphis in the late 1960s, Butler hooked-up with Chips Moman. Butler played keyboards in the rock group Ronny and the Daytonas, who had a hit song with "GTO". Later, as a member of The Gentrys, they hit the pop charts with "Keep on Dancing" and "Every Day I Have to Cry Some". During that same period, Butler co-wrote the Poppies hit single "Lullaby Of Love". He was signed as a solo artist and served as Bobby Goldsboro's pianist and music director.

Butler returned to Nashville to join Capitol Records as an in-house producer. The first single he produced, "Seven Lonely Days", became a Billboard Top-20 Country single for Jean Shepard in 1969. Moving on to CBS Records at the urging of legendary producer Billy Sherrill, Butler worked closely with Johnny Cash producing some of "the man in black"'s biggest hits in the 1970s. So successful was the partnership that Butler became Cash's producer, pianist, musical director and studio manager. He even was given a solo track (a piano instrumental) on the album The Johnny Cash Family Christmas in 1972.

In 1973 Butler made one of his most significant career moves by joining United Artists Records as head of the label's Nashville division. His leadership and vision brought in such acts as Kenny Rogers, Crystal Gayle, Dottie West and The Kendalls and established the label as one of the most successful and respected in Nashville.

Butler teamed again with Chips Moman and penned the number 1 hit "(Hey Won't You Play) Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song". Topping the charts for both Pop and Country, the song became one of B. J. Thomas' greatest career hits. It was a BMI 3 million performance song and earned Butler a Grammy for Song of the Year.

Eventually Butler left UA and started his own independent company, Larry Butler Productions. His acts included

 Charlie Rich ("You're Gonna Love Yourself in the Morning")
 Mac Davis ("It's Hard to Be Humble")
 Debby Boone ("Are You on the Road to Loving Me Again")
 Billie Jo Spears ("Blanket on the Ground")
 Don McLean ("Crying")
 John Denver ("Some Days Are Diamonds")

Butler's biggest success was producing Kenny Rogers. Their studio collaboration yielded many of Kenny's greatest hits including,

 "Lucille" (1977)
 "Love or Something Like It" (1978)
 "The Gambler" (1978)
 "She Believes in Me" (1979)
 "You Decorated My Life" (1979)
 "Coward of the County" (1979)

Butler was also behind teaming Kenny and Dottie West to record the duets "Everytime Two Fools Collide" and "'Til I Make It On My Own". Butler also worked with Kenny and Kim Carnes on their smash hit "Don't Fall in Love with a Dreamer".

1980 brought Butler to the spotlight again with his Grammy for Producer of the Year and solidified his reputation as a hit maker.  Tammy Wynette cut Butler's "Only The Strong Will Survive" while Billie Joe Spears cut " Standing Tall" which was also released by Lorrie Morgan in 1996. Butler writing credits include songs for Tree, United Artists music, April Blackwood, Great Cumberland, EMI and, most recently, his own Larry Butler Music.

1984 was the year Butler formed his music publishing companies, Larry Butler Music Group, Inc. He signed writers Mickey Newbury, Dean Dillon, Bud McGuire, Paul Nelson, Marty Raybon, Julie Didier, Larry Jon Wilson, and Bob Melton. CBS Songs administered his catalog. Butler's new group quickly produced a string of hits for George Strait including "The Chair", "Ocean Front Property" and "It Ain't Cool". Also "Shine, Shine, Shine" for Eddy Raven, "Miami My Amy" for Keith Whitley, "The Factory" for Kenny Rogers, "I Just Called To Say Goodbye Again" for Larry Boone and "One Man Band" for Moe Bandy. LBMG produced additional songs for Vern Gosdin, Alabama, Shenandoah, Razzy Bailey, T. G. Sheppard, Tracy Lawrence and more.  And, Butler wrote "Wonder What You'll Do When I'm Gone" for Waylon Jennings, putting the company on the map. During a period of two years LBMG produced five Number Ones, eight Top Tens and numerous Top Forty chart records and album cuts.

Butler died in his sleep in Pensacola, Florida on January 20, 2012. Before passing away he collaborated with musician and songwriter Dave Goodenough to co-write a book titled "Just for the Record." It contains many of Butler's humorous anecdotes from the music industry and a plethora of advice for those aspiring to succeed in the various aspects of the music business, as well as life in general. It includes contributions from many of the top people in the music business, along with a foreword by Kenny Rogers. The book was published in November 2012.

Awards
1976: Grammy Award for Best Country Song for "(Hey Won't You Play) Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song" by B.J. Thomas
1980: Grammy Award for Producer of the Year

See also
 Music of the United States

References

External links
 Official website

1942 births
2012 deaths
American country singer-songwriters
Grammy Award winners
Singer-songwriters from Florida
Writers from Pensacola, Florida
Country musicians from Florida
The Tennessee Three members

Larry Butler (producer)


Caitlin Brunell (born May 17, 1992) from Great Falls, Virginia won the Miss America's Outstanding Teen 2008 title in August 2007. In 2014, she was crowned Miss Alabama and represented the state at the Miss America 2015 competition where she was a Top Ten semi-finalist and the Quality of Life Award winner.

Early life
Brunell is the daughter of Stacey and Mark Brunell, a former NFL quarterback. She was home schooled through middle school and spent her freshman year at Georgetown Visitation Preparatory School. She attended high school at Providence School. She is a 2014 graduate of the University of Alabama.

Pageants
In 2007, Brunell won the Miss Greater Richmond's Outstanding Teen title and then the Miss Virginia's Outstanding Teen title. She represented Virginia in the third Miss America's Outstanding Teen pageant held on August 11, 2007, and won the title. She also won a preliminary evening gown award earlier in the week. In 2008, Caitlin also won the Miss Jacksonville's Teen USA 2008 in Florida.

She was also crowned Queen Shenandoah LXXXIV at the 84th Shenandoah Apple Blossom Festival on April 30, 2011, in Winchester, Virginia. In 2012, she was chosen as Miss University of Alabama. In 2013, she was crowned Miss Rocket City and was a top-11 semi-finalist for Miss Alabama 2013.

In June 2014, competing as Miss Leeds Area, Brunell was crowned Miss Alabama. In September 2014, she represented the state at the Miss America 2015 pageant. She made the initial cut and competed in the swimwear, evening wear, and talent competitions to place in the top ten contestants as a semi-finalist but she was not one of the five finalists. Brunell won a Quality of Life Award for her community work with Caitlin's Closet.

Personal life
Brunell runs her own non-profit organization called "Caitlin's Closet", which collects donated prom gowns and distributes them to those in need.

References

External links

Miss Virginia's Outstanding Teen official website
Miss America's Outstanding Teen official website

1992 births
Living people
Georgetown Visitation Preparatory School alumni
Miss Alabama winners
Miss America 2015 delegates
Miss America's Outstanding Teen delegates
People from Great Falls, Virginia
University of Alabama alumni

Caitlin Brunell


Peter Traub (born 1974 in South Africa) is an American composer of electronic and acoustic music and sound installations. His work often focuses on the use of technology to mediate physical and virtual spaces.

Biography

Traub was born in Johannesburg, South Africa in 1974, emigrating to the United States with his family in 1982. Although he lacked a musical upbringing and did not play an instrument, Traub discovered the possibilities of electronic music during his undergraduate work at the University of Florida. Studying with Dr. James Paul Sain, he wrote his first pieces of electronic music at the Florida Electroacoustic Music Studio from 1995 - 1997. In 1997, Traub entered the Masters Program in Electro-Acoustic Music at Dartmouth College. There, he studied for two years with Jon Appleton, Charles Dodge, Eric Lyon, Larry Polansky, and Christian Wolff. His Masters Thesis was the Internet sound installation, bits & pieces (1999). After leaving Dartmouth, Traub move to the San Francisco Bay Area where he worked for various internet startups until 2004. While there, he also spent time composing at Stanford University's Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustic.

In 2004, Traub moved to Charlottesville, Virginia to begin Ph.D. work at The Virginia Center for Computer Music. There, he studied with Matthew Burtner, Ted Coffey, and Judith Shatin until completing his Ph.D. in 2010. Since 2007 Traub has also been a guest contributor to the Networked_Music_Review, a blog that focuses on art and music that incorporates computer networks. His primary contributions to the blog are interviews with established new media artists such as Bill Fontana, Max Neuhaus, Janet Cardiff and George Bures Miller, and Golan Levin.

On February 25, 2008,  NPR's mid-day news show, "Day to Day" featured a segment on his online sound installation, ItSpace

Samples of his work can be heard on his website, petertraub.net

Selected Concert Works and Installations
 Curve (2010), site-specific sound installation for a long curved wall
 Study No. 1 for Bodies, Metal, and Air (2010), collaboration with choreographer Dinah Grah
 Solera: for sound, site, and time (2009), site-specific sound installation
 convergence (2007), for multichannel tape
 nodes (2006), for violin, oboe, and network-connected spaces
 ground loops (2005), for solo percussion and internet feedback
 points of interest (2005), for solo trombone
 bassoonism (2004), for solo bassoon
 portfoliosis (2003), eight-channel  computer generated tape
 retour (2002), eight-channel computer generated tape
 cable (1999), computer generated tape
 experiment on unknown sample (1999), processed internet sound
 Jonestown (1999), tambourine, voice, and real-time computer processing
 trilogy (1998), computer generated tape
 water retention (1996), computer generated tape

Network Art
 WoodEar (2013) , a generative sound and video installation using live sensor data from a tree. Video in collaboration with Jennifer Lauren Smith.
 ItSpace (2007) , an online participatory sound installation using MySpace.com
 Sibling Revelry (2001)  web-based interactive sound installation, collaboration with Gregory Traub
 NetSong (2000)  web-based sound installation for synthesized voice and search engine, collaboration with Amy Alexander
 bits & pieces (1999)  web-based sound installation for processing and collaging internet audio samples

External links
 Traub's website
 Networked_Music_Review
 The Virginia Center for Computer Music
 NPR's "Day to Day" features ItSpace
 Review of Solera in C-Ville

Modern artists
American contemporary artists
American male composers
21st-century American composers
American experimental musicians
Dartmouth College alumni
University of Florida alumni
Living people
1974 births
21st-century American male musicians

Peter Traub


Live to Die is the second album by the American heavy metal band Bride. It is the band's second album to be released on the label Pure Metal Records in 1988. Live to Die is considered by critics to be the band's finest release in its metal era. Songs such as "Hell No" and "Heroes" have become Christian metal anthems and were popular songs in the band's concerts.

Recording
Live to Die saw Bride adding elements of speed and thrash metal to its output. The compositions reflect a more mature song writing in some of their more well-known tracks such as "Hell No", "Whiskey Seed", and "Heroes". The vocalist Dale Thompson continues to display a high-pitched, pseudo-operatic vocal style. The album is characterized by the dual guitar work and harmonies by Troy Thompson and Steve Osborne, highlighted on the songs "Fire and Brimstone" and "Heroes". On this album, the drummer Stephen Rolland began playing precise double bass technique. Frank Partipilo replaced Scott Hall on bass. Live to Die also shows a more advanced production compared to that of Show No Mercy.

Overview
The opening track "Metal Might" is a more power metal type double bass driven song, followed by the Christian metal anthem "Hell No", known for its chorus with a catchy hook. The lyrics of "Hell No" talk about sailors trying to stay afloat at stormy seas as a metaphor for struggling in life: "The storm is screaming with vengeance to kill/ Faith has plunged into the sea beneath/ Waves beat the ship with iron first to sink/ We won't go to hell, no we won't go." "In the Dark" takes off at an upbeat tempo to an edgy rhythm guitar only to slow to an acoustic guitar for its first verse. The song contains a short interlude reminiscent of jazz fusion. "Out for Blood" is about Judas betraying Christ: "You're just a kiss away from your destiny/ Just a word away from deceiving a friend/ Judas kiss, Judas kiss/ Out for blood, you're out for blood."

The title track begins with and aggressive guitar driven output moving to an epic feel. The meaning behind "Live to Die" is about salvation: "I won't be the one to say/ That you don't need religion/ But without a Savior/ There's no chance to be forgiven." The thrash metal influenced riff at the beginning of "Fire and Brimstone" gives the track an aggressive feel. It features some virtuosic dual lead guitar work by Troy Thompson and Steve Osborne. "Whiskey Seed" takes a stance on alcoholism: "So you want/ to drink/ Because it makes you feel big/ Pour it down, I'll break you like a little twig/ You're so young, but you want to feel so old/ The only way to be hot, gain the world and lose your soul." "Here Comes the Bride" takes a speed metal approach, and the song speeds up to a fast pace with a double bass driven riff. "Heroes" is a seven-minute epic songs about the fight between good and evil. The song starts with a narration reminiscent of horror movies accompanied by organ playing. "Heroes" progresses to the point when Troy Thompson and Steve Osborne play together for over a minute of rhythm guitar harmony. The song progresses through its first verse at a double bass driven mid-tempo pace until it reaches an anthem type peak.

Track listing
 Metal Might (3:36)
 Hell No (3:51)
 In the Dark (4:12)
 Out for Blood (3:00)
 Live to Die (2:54)
 Fire and Brimstone (4:27)
 Whiskey Seed (3:43)
 Here Comes the Bride (2:29)
 Heroes (7:11)

References

1988 albums
Bride (band) albums

Live to Die (Bride album)