Nicolae Filipescu (December 5, 1862 – September 30, 1916) was a Romanian politician.

Filipescu was the mayor of Bucharest between February 1893 and October 1895. It was during his term the first electric tramways circulated in Bucharest.

Between December 29, 1910, and March 27, 1912, Filipescu was the Minister of War of Romania, in the Cabinet led by Petre P. Carp.

Biography
He attended the primary school in the Capital, after which he completed graduated from the high school in Geneva and law school in Paris. Coming back to the country, he started to work politically and joined the young conservatives grouped around the newspaper "Epoca". In 1885 he became an MP for the first time in the Brăila constituency. On February 9, 1893, he was elected the mayor of Bucharest, a position that he held for almost two years, until 1895, when he became the mayor of Brăila.

In 1899 the Conservatives returned to power and Filipescu was re-elected as MP. When the liberal council of the capital was dissolved, he was appointed the chairman of the Interim Commission. In 1898 he killed in a duel the journalist G. Em. Lahovari, the editor of the liberal newspaper "L'independance Roumaine" with which he had had a violent dispute.

Between July 7, 1900, and February 14, 1901, he was for the first time the Minister of Domains and Agriculture in the government of P.P. Carp. Then he was Minister of War between December 29, 1910 - March 28, 1912, and of Domains between October 14, 1912 - April 5, 1913.

In 1914 he founded the National Action, the antantophilic wing of the Conservative Party, with people from several parties. In 1916 the National Action led by Filipescu, merged with P.C.D.

Nicolae Filipescu died on September 30, 1916, after the heart attack.

Appellant of the National Bank
Nicolae Filipescu asserted himself throughout his political career and as a fierce opponent of the National Bank, of the iniquities that, in his opinion, took place at this very important and prestigious institution of the modern Romanian state. He wanted at all costs the expropriation of the National Bank, ie the abolition of the contract between the state and the National Bank, he proposed to create a central cash department from which the small bank could borrow money, and the central cash department of the National Bank to borrow without interest 30 000 000 lei, merchants and small industrialists and craftsmen managed to pay interest of 6% and not 12%, 15% or 18% as they paid at the time.

Fighter for the national ideal
The most important period in Nicolae Filipescu's life was the outbreak of the First World War and the entry of Romania, he carried out an extensive activity to achieve the "national ideal". His numerous actions were aimed at convincing the government of Ion I.C. Brătianu for the fact that Romania had to go to war on the side of the Entente, in order to unite all the territories inhabited by Romanians.

After numerous mobilizing actions and speeches in many of the cities of the Old Kingdom and even a visit to the court of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, to negotiate Romania's entry into the war on the part of the Entente, he saw his work rewarded by the decision taken in The Crown Council of Cotroceni on August 14, 1916, when it was present, and which decided Romania's entry into the war.

References

External links

1862 births
1916 deaths
Politicians from Bucharest
Conservative Party (Romania, 1880–1918) politicians
Romanian Ministers of Defence
Romanian Ministers of Agriculture
Mayors of Bucharest
People from the United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia

Nicolae Filipescu


"Legal" is a song recorded by Canadian reggae singer Snow. It was released in October 2002 as the first single from his 2002 album, Two Hands Clapping.

Music video
The music video for "Legal" features Trailer Park Boys character Bubbles.

The video begins with a scene between Snow and Bubbles. Snow is repeatedly honking the horn in his car, yelling for Bubbles to come out of his trailer so they can go to a music video shoot. However, Bubbles can't leave yet because he has to take care of his neighbour's cat. Snow, who is already late for the video shoot, leaves without him, much to Bubbles' dismay. An angry Bubbles asks Snow to put his name at the door.

The video then switches to the song and the video shoot. Bubbles arrives at the video shoot, but the security guards refuse to let him in because his name is not on the list. However, Bubbles sneaks his way into the video, pretending he's part of the video shoot by wearing a puffy jacket (dressing up like "Puff Shady" according to Bubbles). Bubbles, unaware that the video shoot is in process, interrupts the video and causes the music to stop. Bubbles complains to Snow about not putting his name on the list, to which a frustrated Snow responds by informing him the video is being filmed. When Bubbles notices the cameras, he demands that the music be put back on and begins to dance with a woman.

Chart performance

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

External links

2002 songs
2002 singles
Snow (musician) songs
Song recordings produced by Laney Stewart

Legal (song)


David Robert Coleman OBE (26 April 1926 – 21 December 2013) was a British sports commentator and television presenter who worked for the BBC for 46 years. He covered eleven Summer Olympic Games from 1960 to 2000 and six FIFA World Cups from 1962 to 1982.

Coleman presented some of the BBC's leading sporting programmes, including Grandstand and Sportsnight (originally titled Sportsnight with Coleman until 1972), and was the host of A Question of Sport for 18 years. He retired from the BBC in 2000. Later that year he became the first broadcaster to receive the Olympic Order award, in recognition of his contribution to the Olympic movement.

Early life
Born in Alderley Edge, Cheshire, of Irish heritage (his immediate family hailed from County Cork), Coleman competed as a schoolboy middle-distance runner. In 1949, he won the Manchester Mile as a member of Stockport Harriers, the only non-international runner to do so. He competed in the English National Cross-Country Championships for Manchester Athletic Club in 1952 (116th, 3rd team) and 1953 (118). He ran 440 yards (¼ mile) for Staffordshire. Injury eventually caused him to give up competitive running, and he later became president of the Wolverhampton & Bilston Athletics Club.

Coleman worked as a reporter for the Stockport Express. In 1946 he was called up for national service. He served in the Royal Corps of Signals and worked for the British Army Newspaper Unit. Part of his time in national service was in Kenya. He joined Kemsley Newspapers after demobilisation and at 22 became editor of the Cheshire County Express. He did not attend the 1952 Olympic trials because of hamstring injuries. Instead he approached the BBC to see if they would like any help with athletics coverage. Although he did not have an audition, the BBC asked him to cover Roger Bannister at Bradford City Police Sports. The following year he began freelance radio work in Manchester.

BBC
In 1954 Coleman moved to Birmingham and joined the BBC as a news assistant and sports editor. His first television appearance was on Sportsview, on the day that Bannister broke the four-minute mile. In November 1955, he was appointed sports editor for the BBC's Midlands Region.

Grandstand
In October 1958, the BBC's Head of Sport Peter Dimmock recruited Coleman to be the presenter of the new Saturday afternoon sports programme Grandstand. He continued as the regular presenter until 1968. He also presented the BBC Sports Personality of the Year from 1961, and Sportsnight from 1968 to 1972 as well as other special sporting events such as the Grand National. He even covered the return of The Beatles from the United States and the 1959 General Election for the BBC from the Press Association headquarters.

As well as a presenter, Coleman was also a sports commentator. He presented and/or commentated on eleven Olympic Games from Rome 1960 to Sydney 2000, as well as eight Commonwealth Games. He covered a total of seven World Cups, both as a commentator and a presenter.

Football
Coleman was the BBC's senior football commentator for several years from 1971. He commentated on the World Cup Final in 1974 and 1978, the European Cup Final in 1973 and 1975 and the FA Cup final from 1972 to 1976 inclusive, although he missed the 1977 game because he was in a legal dispute with the BBC, allowing John Motson to make his FA Cup final debut. Coleman returned for the 1978 final before Motson took over the following year. Coleman's last live football commentary was on 26 May 1979 when he described England's 3–1 win over Scotland at Wembley Stadium in the 1978–79 British Home Championship, although he continued to work at football matches as a secondary commentator until October 1981 with his last game being a midweek League Cup game between Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester United.

Athletics
In 1968, at the Mexico Olympics Coleman was recorded at 200 words per minute while commentating on David Hemery's win in the 400m Hurdles. After the finish he could only identify the first two and exclaimed: "Who cares who's third?" The bronze medal winner turned out to be another Briton, John Sherwood.

Satirists of the 1980s and 1990s often portrayed Coleman as constantly surprised by mundane happenings at athletic events. Clive James wrote that the difference between commentating and 'Colemantating' is that "a commentator says something you may wish to remember; a Colemantator says something you try to forget". However, Coleman's ability to generate excitement through his commentary was widely praised. In 1972, he broadcast for several hours during the siege at the Munich Olympics as well as the memorial service days later. Coleman concentrated on athletics commentary from 1984.

Tennis
Coleman was a key member of BBC Television's Wimbledon coverage from 1960 until 1969, hosting the live daytime coverage until 1969.

Grand National
Coleman presented coverage of the Grand National for 23 years, between 1961 and 1976 and again from 1978 to 1984. He was due to present the first in 1960 but had to step down due to illness. He was also absent from the 1977 Grand National, which turned out to be Red Rum's historic third win, due to his contract dispute with the BBC.

Other
Coleman also hosted sports quiz show A Question of Sport for 18 years from 1979 to 1997, striking up a strong rapport with captains such as Emlyn Hughes, Ian Botham, Willie Carson and Bill Beaumont. Although he hosted the vast majority of the shows, he was occasionally absent and stand-in hosts were drafted in. Former host David Vine returned to the show in 1989 when Coleman was ill, Bill Beaumont hosted two editions in 1996, while Will Carling temporarily replaced Beaumont as team captain, and Sue Barker hosted two editions later that year.

Coleman's on-air gaffes, use of clichés and occasional mispronunciations led the satirical magazine Private Eye to name its sports bloopers column Colemanballs in his honour.

Retirement
Coleman retired from broadcasting after the 2000 Summer Olympics. In December 2000, he was presented with the Olympic Order by then-IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch in recognition of his services to the Olympic ideals. He retired, requesting no fanfare or recognition by the BBC, despite working for the corporation for over 40 years.

The BBC later broadcast a programme entitled The Quite Remarkable David Coleman to celebrate Coleman's life, which was aired just after his 85th birthday in May 2011.

Personal life and honours
Coleman married Barbara Manning in 1952 in north-east Cheshire. They had six children. His daughter Anne (born 1954) was a British ladies' show jumping champion. His son Michael (born 1962) was a Panavia Tornado navigator, who flew in the Gulf War in 1991, and had become a Squadron Leader. They had twin sons in 1955 and two other daughters in 1961 and 1969. He lived in Warwickshire and Buckinghamshire through his life, and lived in Chippenham, Wiltshire, at the time of his death.

In the 1993 New Year Honours, Coleman was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE). He was also given the Judges' Award For Sport in the 1996 Royal Television Society Awards. In 2000, he became the first journalist or broadcaster to be awarded the Olympic Order.

Death
Coleman died from complications of bronchopneumonia and a stroke at a hospital in Windsor, Berkshire, on 21 December 2013, at the age of 87.

References

External links

1926 births
2013 deaths
20th-century British Army personnel
BBC sports presenters and reporters
BBC television presenters
British association football commentators
British broadcasters
British game show hosts
British people of Irish descent
British sports broadcasters
British television presenters
Deaths from bronchopneumonia
Deaths from pneumonia in England
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Olympic Games broadcasters
People from Alderley Edge
Recipients of the Olympic Order
Royal Corps of Signals soldiers

David Coleman


Trentepohlia is a genus of filamentous chlorophyte green algae in the family Trentepohliaceae, living free on terrestrial supports such as tree trunks and wet rocks or symbiotically in lichens. The filaments of Trentepohlia have a strong orange colour (photograph at right) caused by the presence of large quantities of carotenoid pigments which mask the green of the chlorophyll.

Trentepohlia species form associations with fungal hyphae, and are widespread phycobionts in lichens, such as the "secret writing" crustose lichen genera Graphis, Graphina, Gyalecta and Opegrapha.

There are about 40 species of Trentepohlia mostly distributed in tropical and subtropical areas but several species also occur in temperate environments including Britain and Ireland. The genus is present in almost all continents.

The genus was circumscribed by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius in Fl. Crypt. Erlang. on page 351 in 1817.

The genus name of Trentepohlia is in honour of Johann Friedrich Trentepohl (1748–1806), who was a German clergyman and botanist. He worked as a lecturer and Pastor in various places in Wesermarsch.

Gallery

References

Ulvophyceae genera
Trentepohliaceae

Trentepohlia (alga)


In classical architecture, the frieze  is the wide central section of an entablature and may be plain in the Ionic or Doric order, or decorated with bas-reliefs. Paterae are also usually used to decorate friezes. Even when neither columns nor pilasters are expressed, on an astylar wall it lies upon the architrave ("main beam") and is capped by the moldings of the cornice. A frieze can be found on many Greek and Roman buildings, the Parthenon Frieze being the most famous, and perhaps the most elaborate.

In interiors, the frieze of a room is the section of wall above the picture rail and under the crown moldings or cornice. By extension, a frieze is a long stretch of painted, sculpted or even calligraphic decoration in such a position, normally above eye-level. Frieze decorations may depict scenes in a sequence of discrete panels.  The material of which the frieze is made of may be plasterwork, carved wood or other decorative medium.

More loosely, "frieze" is sometimes used for any continuous horizontal strip of decoration on a wall, containing figurative or ornamental motifs. In an example of an architectural frieze on the façade of a building, the octagonal Tower of the Winds in the Roman agora at Athens bears relief sculptures of the eight winds on its frieze.

A pulvinated frieze (or pulvino) is convex in section. Such friezes were features of 17th-century Northern Mannerism, especially in subsidiary friezes, and much employed in interior architecture and in furniture.

The concept of a frieze has been generalized in the mathematical construction of frieze patterns.

Achaemenid friezes

Greek friezes

Indian friezes

References

External links

Columns and entablature

Frieze


In certain sports, when a sportsman wins three crowns, titles, medals, belts or other distinctions, the athlete is called a triple champion.

Boxing

In boxing, a triple champion is a boxer who has won world titles in three weight classes.

For most of the 20th century it was a remarkable achievement, possibly securing one a spot in the International Boxing Hall of Fame with other immortals of the sport. Beginning in the 1970s, triple champions have become increasingly more common because of the numerous weight divisions (17) and the countless professional boxing entities that claim a "world" championship.

The first triple champion of boxing was Bob Fitzsimmons when he added the Light Heavyweight (175 lbs) crown to his World Middleweight (160 lbs) and Heavyweight (200+ lbs) belts on November 25, 1903.

Barney Ross was the first boxer to simultaneously hold world titles in two different weight classes when he won World Lightweight (135 lbs) title and World Light Welterweight (140 lbs) against Tony Canzoneri on June 23, 1933. Later Ross won the World Welterweight (147 lbs) Title from Jimmy McLarnin on May 28, 1934.

Henry Armstrong was the first man to hold three titles in three divisions simultaneously. He won the World Featherweight (126 lbs) title from Petey Sarron on October 29, 1937, the World Welterweight (147) title from Barney Ross on May 31, 1938, and won the World Lightweight Title (135 lbs) in his next fight, on August 17 against Lou Ambers. Armstrong then immediately vacated the Featherweight Title because he could no longer make the weight.

Wilfred Benítez was the youngest ever champion at any weight. Benitez first won the WBA Light Welterweight (140 lbs) Title from Antonio Cervantes on March 6, 1976, at age 17. He moved up in weight to win the WBC Welterweight (147 lbs) title from Carlos Palomino on January 14, 1979, and finally won a third title when he added the WBC Light Middleweight (154 lbs) title from Maurice Hope on May 23, 1981.

When boxing organizations started to create additional divisions or weight classes (there were only eight divisions originally when modern title lineages began being generally recognized around 1890), it became possible for boxers to reach new milestones in boxing, such as the quadruple and  Quintuple Champions.

Formula One
Jackie Stewart, Niki Lauda, Nelson Piquet, Ayrton Senna and Max Verstappen are all triple world champions.

Touring Car racing
Andy Priaulx and José María López both won three world championships.

See also
List of boxing triple champions
List of boxing quadruple champions
List of boxing quintuple champions
List of boxing sextuple champions
List of boxing septuple champions
List of The Ring world champions
List of WBC world champions
List of WBA world champions
List of IBF world champions
List of WBO world champions
List of IBO world champions

External links
Boxrec.com - title search
Boxing Records
Saddoboxing
Yahoo - Boxing
IBHOF
Cyberboxingzone
True Champions Of Boxing

Boxing champions

Triple champion


In mathematics, the Jacobian variety J(C) of a non-singular algebraic curve C of genus g is the moduli space of degree 0 line bundles. It is the connected component of the identity in the Picard group of C, hence an abelian variety.

Introduction

The Jacobian variety is named after Carl Gustav Jacobi, who proved the complete version of the Abel–Jacobi theorem, making the injectivity statement of Niels Abel into an isomorphism. It is a principally polarized abelian variety, of dimension g, and hence, over the complex numbers, it is a complex torus. If p is a point of C, then the curve C can be mapped to  a subvariety of J with the given point p mapping to the identity of J, and C generates J as a group.

Construction for complex curves

Over the complex numbers, the Jacobian variety can be realized as the quotient space V/L, where V is the dual of the vector space of all global holomorphic differentials on C and L is the lattice of all elements of V of the form

where γ is a closed path in C. In other words,

with  embedded in  via the above map. This can be done explicitly with the use of theta functions.

The Jacobian of a curve over an arbitrary field was constructed by  as part of his proof of the Riemann hypothesis for curves over a finite field.

The Abel–Jacobi theorem states that the torus thus built is a variety, the classical Jacobian of a curve, that indeed parametrizes the degree 0 line bundles, that is, it can be identified with its Picard variety of degree 0 divisors modulo linear equivalence.

Algebraic structure

As a group, the Jacobian variety of a curve is isomorphic to the quotient of the group of divisors of degree zero by the subgroup of principal divisors, i.e., divisors of rational functions. This holds for fields that are not algebraically closed, provided one considers divisors and functions defined over that field.

Further notions
Torelli's theorem states that a complex curve is determined by its Jacobian (with its polarization).

The Schottky problem asks which principally polarized abelian varieties are the Jacobians of curves.

The Picard variety, the Albanese variety, generalized Jacobian, and intermediate Jacobians are generalizations of the Jacobian for higher-dimensional varieties. For varieties of higher dimension the construction of the Jacobian variety as a quotient of the space of holomorphic 1-forms generalizes to give the Albanese variety, but in general this  need not be isomorphic to the Picard variety.

See also

 Period matrix – period matrices are a useful technique for computing the Jacobian of a curve
 Hodge structure – these are generalizations of Jacobians
Honda–Tate theorem – classifies abelian varieties over finite fields up to isogeny
Intermediate Jacobian

References

Computation techniques

  – techniques for constructing Jacobians

Isogeny classes

 Abelian varieties isogenous to no Jacobian

Cryptography

 Curves, Jacobians, and Cryptography

General

Abelian varieties
Algebraic curves
Geometry of divisors
Moduli theory

Jacobian variety


Jefferson Pier, Jefferson Stone, or the Jefferson Pier Stone, (pronounced pie-er, like radials of a pie) in Washington, D.C., marks the second prime meridian of the United States even though it was never officially recognized, either by presidential proclamation or by a resolution or act of Congress.

Location and inscription

The stone is on the National Mall almost due south of the center of the White House and the midline of 16th Street, NW, about due west of the center of the United States Capitol building, almost due north of the center of the Jefferson Memorial and  WNW of the center of the Washington Monument.

The monument is a ,  tall granitic monolith with crossing longitudinal and latitudinal lines engraved on its upper surface and with a defaced inscription engraved on its west face that states:

POSITION OF JEFFERSON
PIER ERECTED DEC 18, 1804.
RECOVERED AND RE-ERECTED
DEC 2, 1889.
[fifth line chiseled out]
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIAPhotographs of Jefferson Pier and nearby landmarks:° °

The chiseled-out fifth line reportedly once incorrectly stated: "BEING THE CENTRE POINT OF THE".

Plan of Washington, D.C.
According to a notation on Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant's 1791 "Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of the United States ... " (see L'Enfant Plan), Andrew Ellicott measured a prime meridian (longitude ) through the future site of the U.S. Capitol. (Shortly after L'Enfant prepared this plan, its subject received the name "City of Washington".) Thomas Jefferson, who at the time was serving as the United States Secretary of State, supervised Ellicott's and L'Enfant's activities during the initial planning of the nation's capital city. Jefferson hoped that the United States would become scientifically as well as politically independent from Europe. He therefore desired that the new nation's capital city should contain a new "first meridian".

A prominent geometric feature of L'Enfant's plan was a large right triangle whose hypotenuse was a wide avenue (now part of Pennsylvania Avenue, NW) connecting the "President's house" (now the White House) and the "Congress house" (now the U.S. Capitol building).   To complete the triangle, a line projecting due south from the center of the President's house intersected at a right angle a line projecting due west from the center of the Congress house. A -wide garden-lined "grand avenue" would travel for about  along the east-west line.  L'Enfant chose the west end of the "grand avenue" (at the triangle's southwest corner) to be the location of a future equestrian statue of George Washington for which the Continental Congress had voted in 1783. (Although the planned "grand avenue" became the portion of the National Mall that is now between the Capitol's grounds and the Washington Monument, neither the avenue nor Washington's equestrian statue were ever constructed.

Planning for Washington Monument

In 1804, Jefferson requested a survey of a meridian through the President's house while living in the house when serving as the President of the United States. It is not known why Jefferson requested a survey of a new meridian after he had previously directed a survey of a different one while serving as Secretary of State eleven years earlier.

In accordance with Jefferson's request, Isaac Briggs used a transit and equal altitude instrument to survey a new meridian line extending south from the center of the President's House that intersected a line extending due west from the planned center of the Capitol building. On October 15, 1804, Nicholas King, Surveyor of the City of Washington, erected at the intersection "a small pier, covered by a flat free stone, on which the lines are drawn."   This established the Washington Meridian (sometimes termed the "16th Street Meridian"), now at a longitude 77°2'11.56" (NAD 83) west of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. The pier and stone were located at the point that L'Enfant's plan had identified as being the future site of George Washington's equestrian statue. A pier is a massive pillar capable of supporting a great weight. Most of the length of a surveying pier is buried vertically in the ground for stability. Free stone is fine grained stone soft enough to carve with a chisel, yet has no tendency to split in any preferential direction.

Another stone, the Capitol Stone, was erected where the north-south line from the President's house intersected a line extending west from the south end of the Capitol, and a third stone, the Meridian Stone, was erected on the north-south meridian two miles north on Peters Hill, now Meridian Hill. Neither of the two latter stones survives. Due to errors either when the Jefferson Pier was initially surveyed or when it was replaced, its center is now  south of the Capitol's centerline.

The 1804 stone marker replaced one of two wooden posts driven into the ground in 1793 at its site. The marker was originally located on the south bank of Tiber Creek,  near the creek's confluence with the Potomac River. The area of the present National Mall west of the marker was under water until an engineering project that Peter Conover Hains directed from 1882 to 1891 created West Potomac Park.  East of the marker, Tiber Creek was transformed into the Washington City Canal.

During Washington Monument's construction
Barges used the marker as a mooring post during and after the first phase of Washington Monument's construction, which began in 1848. However, that usage was not the reason that the stone was named a "pier", because the surveyor who erected it had already used that term himself.  The developers of the Washington Monument originally wanted the memorial to be located at the site of the Jefferson Pier. However, concerns about the bearing capacity of the soil prevented that from occurring. The marker served as benchmark when the Monument's construction began, but later disappeared from view.

Without recognizing the significance of the stone, the United States Army Corps of Engineers removed the original marker during 1872–1874 as part of a cleanup and grading of the grounds around the stump of the Washington Monument, which had not yet been finished. As part of this project, the Corps of Engineers filled in gullies, planted trees and constructed ornamental ponds and a broad carriage road around the stump. The project left in place about 20 inches of the stone's foundation.

After Washington Memorial's completion

On December 2, 1889, John Stewart, a draftsman acting on the instructions of Colonel O. H. Ernst, Officer in Charge of Public Buildings and Grounds, erected a replacement marker above the recovered foundation of the original marker. According to 1898 and 1899 reports, an inscription on the west side of the replacement marker stated: "Position of the meridian post, erected September 20, 1793, and position of the Jefferson stone pier, erected December 18, 1804, and recovered and reerected, December 2, 1889." (Silvio Bedini has written that these reports did not accurately describe the inscription.)  The marker was lowered to within 8 inches of its top, so that the inscription was not visible above ground. In 1899, the ground on the west side of the pier was sloped so as to show the inscription on the Pier.

The meridian of the United States was changed to the center of the small dome of the Old Naval Observatory in 1850 (see Old Naval Observatory meridian) and finally replaced by the Greenwich Meridian as the legal prime meridian for both boundaries and navigation in 1912.

In 1920, Congress approved the placement of a new delineation stone on the Ellipse, the Zero Milestone, which is an itinerary marker from which official mileages from Washington would be determined.  The new marker, a gift of the Lee Highway Association, was for some reason placed one foot west of the original meridian line extending north-south from the center of the White House.

In 1943, the Jefferson Memorial was completed due south of the White House on the Washington Meridian.  As a result, the Jefferson Pier now stands on a north-south line that passes near the centers of the "President's house" and the memorial dedicated to the president for whom the Pier is named.

Maintenance
An artifact sometimes confusing to and often overlooked by tourists, Jefferson Pier is maintained today by the National Park Service under its National Mall and Memorial Parks administrative unit. In 1890 a new monument, the Ellipse Meridian Stone, was placed by the Coast and Geodetic Survey in the center of the Ellipse in President's Park about  north of the Jefferson Pier in a more protected area.  Theodolite measurements showed the new Ellipse Meridian Stone stood  from the longitudinal line of the replacement Jefferson Stone, indicating one of the two markers was improperly located.

Coordinates

Notes

References
  Note: King's letter is transcribed in an appendix.

  Note: Contains much information from book.

External links

1855 Colton map of Washington Jefferson Pier would have been on seawall at edge of water at the entrance to Washington City Canal
2014 National Park Service Map of National Mall
National Park Service Tour of the National Mall: Stop 4: A Watery Past

1804 establishments in Washington, D.C.
National Mall
Obelisks in the United States
Surveying of the United States
1804 sculptures
Monuments and memorials in Washington, D.C.
Granite sculptures in Washington, D.C.

Jefferson Pier


Denis Colin is a French bass clarinettist and composer, born in Vanves, 24 July 1956.

After studying clarinet at the conservatoire in Versailles, he turned to jazz, making appearances with Steve Lacy, François Cotinaud and Alan Silva.

He was in charge of the IACP (Institute for Artistic and Cultural Perception) from 1979 to 1982 and taught jazz at the Montreuil sous bois conservatoire.

Among the musicians he has played with are: Celestrial Communication Orchestra, Texture (with saxophonist François Cotinaud), Bekummernis (led by Luc Le Masne), François Tusques and Archie Shepp.

He has written music for the theatre (for the Cie Tuchenn) and cinema (for Florence Miailhe). In 1991, he formed a trio with Didier Petit (cello) and Pablo Cueco (zarb) to explore world music and free jazz. The trio expanded in 1995, adding Bruno Girard or Régis Huby (violin) and Camel Zekri (guitar) to form the group Les Arpenteurs.

In 2000, Denis Colin was commissioned by Radio France to create "Dans les cordes", a piece for ten musicians. In 2001, the trio reconstituted itself again around Afro-American music, with musicians from the Minneapolis scene, for the album Something in Common.  This adventure continued in 2005 with singer Gwen Matthews, who was featured on a second American album.

Colin emerged again in 2008 with a younger, rotating ensemble, La Société des Arpenteurs.

The Chicago Reader has described him as a 'major artist'.

Discography

 Portrait for a Small Woman, Celestrial Communication Orchestra, with Alan Silva 1978, Desert Mirage, 1982
 Texture sextet 1981, Polygames, with Itaru Oki, François Cotinaud, Bruno Girard, Pierre Jacquet, Michel Coffi 1983
 Clarinette basse Seul, 1990
 Trois, 1992
 In situ à Banlieues Bleues, 1994
 Fluide, 1997
 European Echoes with Barre Phillips, Bobo Stenson, Kent Carter, Theo Jörgensmann,   Wolter Wierbos, Benoit Delbecq etc., 1999
 Étude de terrain, 1999
 Something in Common, 2001
 Song for Swans, 2005
 Subject to Change, 2009
 Subject to Live, 2011

References

External links
 Website
 Interview in English
 Interview in French
 Chicago Reader writeup
 Album review
 Album review
 Album review

1956 births
Living people
French jazz clarinetists
21st-century clarinetists
Klarinettenquartett Cl-4 members

Denis Colin


East Central Washington is an unorganized territory in Washington County, Maine, United States. The population was 724 at the 2020 census.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the unorganized territory has a total area of 252.6 square miles (654.2 km2), of which 208.0 square miles (538.7 km2) is land and 44.6 square miles (115.5 km2), or 17.66%, is water.

The territory consists of the six townships of T19 ED BPP, Berry, Cathance, Marion, Edmunds, and Trescott. Cathance Township (T14 ED BPP) is also known as Plantation 14.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 768 people, 315 households, and 219 families residing in the unorganized territory.  The population density was .  There were 609 housing units at an average density of .  The racial makeup of the unorganized territory was 97.01% White, 0.13% Black or African American, 1.43% Native American, 0.13% Asian, 0.39% from other races, and 0.91% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.78% of the population.

There were 315 households, out of which 31.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.5% were married couples living together, 9.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.2% were non-families. 22.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.87.

In the unorganized territory the population was spread out, with 24.7% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 28.0% from 25 to 44, 25.4% from 45 to 64, and 14.1% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.4 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.3 males.

The median income for a household in the unorganized territory was $25,125, and the median income for a family was $27,500. Males had a median income of $28,571 versus $20,000 for females. The per capita income for the unorganized territory was $12,882.  About 13.9% of families and 19.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.8% of those under age 18 and 16.2% of those age 65 or over.

References

Populated places in Washington County, Maine
Unorganized territories in Maine

East Central Washington, Maine


Donald Howard Mosebar (born September 11, 1961) is an American former professional football player who was a center for 13 seasons in the National Football League (NFL) during the 1980s and 1990s.  He played college football for the USC Trojans, earning All-American honors.  Mosebar was selected in the first round of the 1983 NFL Draft, and played professionally for the NFL's Los Angeles Raiders.

Birthplace
Mosebar was born in Yakima, Washington.

College career
Mosebar was an All-American offensive lineman in 1982 at the University of Southern California and drafted by the Los Angeles Raiders.

Raider career
Mosebar was chosen by the Los Angeles Raiders as the 26th pick in the first round of the 1983 NFL Draft, just ahead of future Hall of Famer Dan Marino. (Team executive Ron Wolf later said "To this day I call him 'Dan'—Dan Mosebar—because we blew Marino, and he knows that.") Mosebar immediately moved into the starting lineup as right guard for two years, before succeeding longtime center Dave Dalby upon his retirement.  He was only the third starting center in franchise history; Dalby had inherited the center position from Jim Otto, who in turn had been the center since the team's inception in 1960.

In the 1986–1994 span, the Raiders reached the playoffs 3 times, in 1990, 1991, and 1993, with Art Shell as head coach. In his Raider career, Mosebar went to the Pro Bowl three times (1986, 1990, and 1991) and was an All-Pro in 1991. With Steve Wisniewski (1989–2001) on his left and Max Montoya (1990–1994) on his right, Mosebar anchored a trio of outstanding blockers combining for nine Pro Bowl appearances in the five years they were together (1990–1994), the span which included Mosebar's three years of playoff action.

In the 1990 NFL season, Shell's second year as head coach and first full year, and with Jay Schroeder as the starting quarterback, Los Angeles scored 337 points (21.1 points/game), 13th of 28 teams in the NFL and had a won-lost record of 12–4, winning the west division title of the AFC. The Raiders had beaten the Cincinnati Bengals in their 14th game with 185 rushing yards and now met them in a divisional round of the 1990–91 NFL playoffs. Once again, Mosebar, Wisniewski, and Montoya, with tackles Rory Graves and Steve Wright, overwhelmed the Bengals on the ground, this time with 235 yards. In that game Bo Jackson suffered a career-ending hip injury. Without Jackson, and unable to stop the no-huddle Buffalo Bills offense, the Raiders suffered a ridiculous 51–3 defeat in the AFC championship game.

In the 1991 NFL season, Los Angeles scored 298 points (18.6 points/game), 15th of 28 teams in the NFL, win a 9–7 record, 3rd in the AFC west but with a wild card slot in the 1991–92 NFL playoffs, and playing against the Kansas City Chiefs, a game the Raiders lost with the inexperienced Todd Marinovich at quarterback.

In the 1992 NFL season, Los Angeles was out of the playoffs with a 7–9 record, but came back stronger during the 1993 NFL season with Jeff Hostetler at starting quarterback, scoring 306 points (19.1 points/game), 14th of 28 teams in the NFL and with a 10–6 record, second in the AFC west but with a wild card game in the 1993–94 NFL playoffs against the Denver Broncos. With the same interior line as in the 90–91 playoffs, but with two new tackles, Gerald Perry and Bruce Wilkerson, the Raiders defeated the Broncos with 427 total yards of offense, but lost to the Bills again the following week, this time in the divisional round

In 1994, Mosebar's final year, the Raiders missed the playoffs. In 1995, the year the Raiders returned to Oakland, after starting every single game from 1990 to 1994, Mosebar suffered a career-ending injury during training camp, due to an inadvertent fist to the eye socket, which ultimately led to the removal of his left eye. From 1960 to 1994 (35 years), the Raiders fielded only 3 starting centers: Mosebar, Dalby, and Hall-of-Famer Jim Otto. In the 1995 NFL season, Mosebar was replaced by Dan Turk.

Personal

Don Mosebar played high school football for Mount Whitney High School in Visalia, California.  He guided them to the Valley championship game as well as a win at the yearly Cow Hide. He is married to his longtime wife Tracey, and they have 4 daughters.

References

External links
 Raiders at pro-football-reference

1961 births
Living people
All-American college football players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
American football offensive linemen
Los Angeles Raiders players
Oakland Raiders players
USC Trojans football players

Don Mosebar


Hossein Bashiriyeh, is an Iranian scholar in political theory and political sociology, who was born in 1953 in Hamedan, Iran.

Bashiriyeh has been described as the "Father of political sociology in Iran", and was a prominent academic figure influencing the Iranian reform movement.

He has a BA from the University of Tehran, an MA from Essex University and a PhD from Liverpool University, in Political Theories, he returned to Iran after the Islamic Revolution of 1979, and taught at several universities like Tehran University, Imam Sadegh University in Tehran and Bagherol-'Olum University in Qom. He resigned from Tehran University, where he was professor of political science. He is currently a professor of political science at the Maxwell School of Syracuse University.

Publications

Books

The State and Revolution in Iran, 1962–1982,St. Martin's Press, New York and Kent/Fyshwick: Croom Helm Ltd., 1984.
Revolution and Political Mobilization, Tehran university Press, 1992.
The Kingdom of Reason: 10 essays in political philosophy and political sociology, Tehran new science Press, 1993.
Political Sociology: The Role of Social Forces in Political Life, Tehran: Nay Publications 1996.
A History of Political thought in twentieth century (Marxism), Tehran, Nashr-e-Nay, 1999.
A history of Political thought in twentieth century (Liberal and Conservative Thought), Tehran, Nashr-e-Nay, 1999.
Twentieth Century Theories of Culture, Tehran, Ayandehpoyan publication, 2001.
Lessons on Democracy For Everyone, Tehran,  Negha-e-moaasar, 2001
An introduction to political sociology of Iran: the period of Islamic republic, Tehran, publication of Negha-e-moaasar, 2002.
Obstacles to political development in Iran, Tehran, publication of Gham-e-Noo, 2001.
Civil Society and Political Development in Iran. Tehran, Novin Press, 1998.
New Theories in Political Science. Tehran, Novin Press, 1999.
The Sociology of Modernity. Tehran: Naqdo Nazar, 1999.
The State and Civil Society: Discourses in Political Sociology. Tehran, Naqo Nazar, 2000.
Political Science For Everyone. Tehran: Negahe Moasser, 2001.
Reason in Politics: 35 Essays on Political Philosophy and Sociology. Tehran, Negahe Moasser, 2003.
Transition to Democracy:Theoretical Issues [Collection of Essays], Tehran, Negahe Moasser, 2006.

Translations from English into Persian
Barrington Moore's Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (Tehran: Tehran University Press, 1990).
Andrew Vincent's Theories of the State (Tehran: Nay Press, 1991).
Richard Tuck's Hobbes (Tehran: Tarh-e Naw Press, 1995).
H. Dreyfus and P. Robinow's Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics. (Tehran: Nay Press, 1999).
Robert Holub's Jurgen Habermas: Critic in the Public Sphere (Tehran: Nay Press, 1996).
Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan (Tehran: Nay Press, 2001).
Von Baumer's (ed.) Main Currents of Western Thought (Tehran: Baaz Press, 2002).

Articles

Articles in English
"Society-State Relations in the Middle East: The Emergence of Civil Society," Korea and the Middle East in a Changing World [Conference proceedings] (Seoul, 1996).
"Totalitarianism and Political Development in the USSR," Iranian Journal of International Affairs, no. 2 (Fall 1990).
"From Dialectics to Dialogue: Reflections on Inter-civilizational Relations," Journal of Global Dialogue (published in Cyprus), vol. 3 (Winter 2001).
"Civil Society and Democratization in Iran: Khatami's Second Term," Journal of Global Dialogue, vol.3 (Summer 2001).
"A Critical Examination of Reason in the Western and Islamic Philosophies," Journal of Dialogue (published in Tehran) (Spring 2001).
Charismatic, Traditional and Legal Authority in Iran," Political and International Quarterly (National University of Iran) (Spring 2003).
"The Crises of the Ideological States: The case of the Islamic Republic in Iran", Collection of Conference Articles, Korean Political Science Association, Seoul, S. Korea, 2005.
Role of Iranian Elite in Transition to Democracy

Articles in Persian
During the last 15 years he has published 35 articles in Persian language journals published in Iran. These essays have all been assembled in Reason in Politics: 35 Essays on Political Philosophy and Sociology (referred to above). These articles deal with the following topics: Reason in Politics; Main Concerns of Political Philosophy; Theories of Tolerance; Philosophy of Justice; New Liberalism; The Frankfurt School and Habermas;  The fate of Modernity; Ethical aspects of Art; Weber and Islam; Opposition in Democratic and Authoritarian Regimes; Consensus and Conflict; Anarchist Ideals in Political Development; Political Culture in the Pahlavi Period; Civil Society after the Revolution; Traditionalism as Counter-enlightenment in Iran; Class Struggles after the Revolution; Political Ideology and Identity-Building after the Revolution.

References

Iranian expatriate academics
Iranian political scientists
People from Hamadan
Academic staff of the University of Tehran
1953 births
Living people
Persian-language writers
20th-century Iranian historians

Hossein Bashiriyeh


Micromanagement is a counter-productive management style characterized by such behaviors as an excessive focus on observing and controlling subordinates and obsession with details.

Micromanagement is generally considered to have a negative connotation, suggesting a lack of freedom and trust in the workplace, and excessive focus on details  at the expense of the "big picture" and larger goals.

Definition
Merriam-Webster's online dictionary defines micromanagement as "manage[ment] especially with excessive control or attention on details".

The online dictionary Encarta defined micromanagement as "atten[tion] to small details in management: control [of] a person or a situation by paying extreme attention to small details".

Dictionary.com defines micromanagement as "manage[ment] or control with excessive attention to minor details".

Often, this excessive obsession with the most minute of details causes a direct management failure in the ability to focus on the major details.

Symptoms

Rather than giving general instructions on smaller tasks and then devoting time to supervising larger concerns, the micromanager monitors and assesses every step of a process and avoids delegation of decisions. Micromanagers are usually irritated when a subordinate makes decisions without consulting them, even if the decisions are within the subordinate's level of authority.

Micromanagement also frequently involves requests for unnecessary and overly detailed reports. A micromanager tends to require constant and detailed performance feedback and to focus excessively on procedural minutia (often in detail greater than they can actually process) rather than on overall performance, quality and results. This micro focus on trivial matters often delays decisions, clouds overall goals and objectives, restricts the flow of information between employees, and guides the various aspects of a project in different and often opposed directions. The sum of such inefficiencies is unlikely to be a net gain for the organization, even if it allows a micromanager to  their retention of control or the mere appearance of it.

It is common for micromanagers, especially those who exhibit narcissistic tendencies and/or micromanage deliberately and for strategic reasons, to delegate work to subordinates and then micromanage those subordinates' performance, enabling the micromanagers in question to both take credit for positive results and shift the blame for negative results to their subordinates. These micromanagers thereby delegate accountability for failure but not the authority to take alternative actions that would have led to success or at least to the mitigation of that failure.

The most extreme cases of micromanagement constitute a management pathology closely related to workplace bullying and narcissistic behavior. Micromanagement resembles addiction in that although most micromanagers are behaviorally dependent on control over others, both as a lifestyle and as a means of maintaining that lifestyle, many of them fail to recognize and acknowledge their dependence even when everyone around them observes it.

Causes
The most frequent motivations for micromanagement are internal and related to the personality of the manager.  However, external factors such as organizational culture may also play a role.  Other factors which can induce micromanagement include the importance of a project and its timeline, with more important work and more demanding deadlines increasing the stakes for the manager in charge.

Micromanagement can also stem from such dynamics as a breakdown in the fundamentals of delegation and lack of trust. When a task or project is delegated in an unclear way, or where a lack of confidence exists between the manager and the person doing the work, both common characteristics of too little management, micromanagement, however, may instead ensue. Preventatives include clear delegation, a well defined goal, and a firm grasp of constraints and .

Effects
There are multiple potential effects from micromanagement, which include failure to meet goals, loss of the "big picture", lack of trust, employee disenchantment or disengagement, and an erosion of creativity and initiative in the workforce - any combination of which can lead to a hostile work environment.

A pattern of micromanagement suggests to subordinates that a manager does not trust their work or judgment, which can lead to individual or workforce disengagement and other forms of a dysfunctional workplace. Disengaged employees invest time, but not effort or creativity, in their assignments. The effects of this phenomenon are worse in situations where work is passed from one specialized employee to another.  In such a situation, apathy among upstream employees affects not only their own productivity but that of their downstream colleagues.

See also

References

Further reading
 Harry Chambers: "My Way or the Highway: The Micromanagement Survival Guide", Berrett-Koehler Publishers (2004),
 Niko Canner and Ethan Bernstein: "Why is Micromanagement So Infectious?", Harvard Business Review, 17 August

External links
 Softpanorama micromanagement page
 Organizational Realities - Micromanagement: What It Is and How to Deal with It
 The Real Cost of Micromanagement

Management
Narcissism
Pejorative terms
Workplace
Waste of resources

Micromanagement


James Michael Connor (born June 16, 1960, in Omaha, Nebraska) is an American actor who, making his film debut as a supporting character in the 1976 science fiction film Futureworld, has played recurring characters on several television series including Buffy the Vampire Slayer and The King of Queens, and FCU: Fact Checkers Unit (2010), as well as guest appearances on The X-Files, The Drew Carey Show, Desperate Housewives, Gilmore Girls, Rules of Engagement (2010), and Scrubs (2002).  More recently, Connor has appeared on TV in Brooklyn Nine-Nine (2013-2014), Community (2012-2014), Franklin & Bash (2014), Parks and Recreation (2012-2015,) and Vice Principals (2016-2017).

Connor has also appeared in feature films such as About Schmidt, Blades of Glory, Pendulum  and Watchmen and in the short film, The Yard Sale.  Other movie roles include The Perfect 46 (2014), and Dream World (2012).

Commercials and voiceovers
In late-2014 Connor appeared as Larry Culpepper in Dr. Pepper TV commercials tied to the NCAA college football playoffs. Connor has also contributed voiceovers for a few videogames, namely Marvel Heroes (2013), The 3rd Birthday (2011), Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (2009), and Gun (2005).

He attended Creighton Preparatory School in Omaha, Nebraska, with his friend, the director Alexander Payne.

References

External links

1960 births
Living people
American male film actors
American male television actors
Male actors from Omaha, Nebraska

James M. Connor


Scottish & Newcastle plc was a brewing company in Edinburgh, Scotland. It was an international beer business.

The company was bought by Heineken and Carlsberg in 2008. Heineken UK called themselves Scottish & Newcastle until 2009. The S&N Pub Enterprises pub part of the company has had its name changed to Star Pubs & Bars.

History

The Company was created by Grizel Syme who ran her dead second husband's brewery. This brewery became William Younger & Co. It joined with McEwan's in 1931 and turned into Scottish Brewers. In 1960 it joined again to Newcastle Breweries to make Scottish & Newcastle.

By 1985, the company had become a brewer focused on Scotland and the North of England. It was ranked number five in the UK. By 1995, by buying Courage, S&N became the UK's biggest brewer. Its Managed Pub division was called S&N Retail. It had 2,500 pubs. In  2000, S&N grew bigger by buying companies in Western Europe. By buying Hartwall in 2002, Finland's biggest drink making business, S&N became owners of half of Baltic Beverages Holding (BBH) which had brewers all over East Europe.

In July 2003, S&N bought the Bulmers cider business, adding the Strongbow, Scrumpy Jack and Woodpecker brands to its group.

In November 2003, S&N sold the pubs to the Spirit Group. But they still looked after some pubs.

In 2004 lots of breweries were closed to save money.

In 2006, S&N and Swiss freight company, Kuehne and Nagel set up a drinks selling business.

On 17 October 2007, Heineken International and Carlsberg said that they were going to buy Scottish and Newcastle. On 25 October Heineken and Carlsberg said that they had sent a written offer to S&N. S&N didn't alllow this.

A new offer announced on 15 November 2007 by Carlsberg and Heineken. The new offer was bigger.

On 25 January 2008, S&N said they liked the deal.

The company was bought on 29 April 2008.

On 23 November 2009, the company changed its name to Heineken UK Ltd.

Breweries
Scottish & Newcastle employed 40,000 people in the United Kingdom and Europe. It brewed beer at:
 The Fountain Brewery, Edinburgh - closed 2004
 The Tyne Brewery, Newcastle-upon-Tyne - closed 2005
 The Federation Brewery, Gateshead - bought 2004, closed 2010
 T & R Theakston's Brewery, Masham (S&N didn\t won much of this. It is now owned by the Theakston family)
 John Smith's Brewery, Tadcaster
 The Berkshire Brewery, Reading (closed April 2010)
 The Royal Brewery, Manchester
 Beamish Brewery, Cork
 Crawford Brewery, Cork

Operations
S&N owned or three of the top ten beers in Europe.
 Baltika (now owned by Carlsberg)
 Foster's (now owned by Heineken)
 Kronenbourg 1664. (now owned by Carlsberg)

It also owned other drink companies:
 John Smith's (bought by Heineken)
 Strongbow Cider in the UK. (bought by Heineken)
 Sagres in Portugal (bought by Heineken)
 Lapin Kulta in Finland (bought by Heineken)
 Mythos in Greece (bought by Carlsberg)
 Maes pils in Belgium (bought by Heineken)
 Kingfisher in India (bought by Heineken)
 Beamish Stout in Ireland (bought by Heineken)
 Bulmers Cider in the UK. (bought by Heineken)
 Newcastle Brown Ale, (bought by Heineken)
 Grimbergen, a Belgian Abbey beer. (bought by Heineken)
 McEwan's in Scotland. (bought by Heineken)
 Younger's in Edinburgh, Scotland. (bought by Heineken)
 Simonds in Reading, Berkshire. (bought by Wells & Young)

Some other brands they could use were:
 Beamish
 Courage
 Foster's
 Kronenbourg
 McEwan's
 Newcastle Brown Ale
 John Smith's
 Websters

Hofmeister was a pale lager made by S&N from the 1980s to 2003. The 1980s adverts showed a bear, George, with a shiny yellow jacket and a pork pie hat. The 1983 adverts were directed by Orson Welles. In 2016, the Hofmeister brand returned with a new 5% recipe.

Division of the business between the Carlsberg/Heineken group

Heineken acquired:

S&NUK; Beamish and Crawford - ROI; Hartwall - Finland; Alken Maes - Belgium; Central de Cervejas - Portugal; Indian JV with UB;
US selling business

Carlsberg acquired:

Other half of Baltic Beverages Holdings; Kronenbourg - France; Mythos (beer) - Greece; Chongqing joint venture in China; Venture markets:- Switzerland; Africa; Hungary; Luxembourg; Indian Ocean; South and Central America
Andorra and Asia.

References

Other websites
 S&N Pub Company
 Records of Newcastle Breweries, Ltd, 1912-1993

Drink companies
Beer in Europe
1749 establishments
Companies of Scotland
2008 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1740s establishments in Europe
Organisations based in Edinburgh

Scottish & Newcastle


The presidential memorials in the United States honor presidents of the United States and seek to showcase and perpetuate their legacies.

Living and physical elements
A presidential memorial may have a physical element which consists of a monument, a statue within a monument, a historical home, a presidential library, and other sites whose entire presence consists of a physical structure that is a permanent remembrance of the president it represents.  Most well-known presidential memorials, such as the Washington, Lincoln and Jefferson memorials, have a physical element.

There are also official presidential memorials that have a living element with only a minor physical presence. An example of a presidential living memorial is the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Located in a wing of the Ronald Reagan Building in Washington, D.C., the Wilson Center has a small exhibit concerning President Wilson's life and work, but it is best known for its work to unite the world of ideas with the world of policy by supporting scholarship linked to issues of contemporary importance.  In this way the living memorial perpetuates President Wilson's legacy of scholarship linked closely to international relations.

Similarly, the Harry S. Truman Scholarship honors U.S. college students dedicated to public service and policy leadership, and thus may be considered a memorial with solely a living element. The Truman Scholarship is the sole federal memorial allowed to honor President Truman.

This can also be accomplished through the establishment of a policy institute, like the Eisenhower Institute whose mandate is to advance Eisenhower's intellectual and leadership legacies through research, public education, and public policy recommendations.

The James Madison Memorial Building, the third and newest building of the Library of Congress, is an example of a memorial with both living and physical elements. The building houses a memorial hall to President James Madison, but is also dedicated in memory of his 1783 proposal that the Continental Congress form an official library.

Existing presidential memorials
Multiple statues, homes, and other physical memorials to some presidents exist, only large structures are mentioned below:

See also
List of buildings and monuments honoring presidents of the United States in other countries
List of national memorials of the United States
List of memorials to George Washington
List of places named for Thomas Jefferson
List of places named for James Monroe
List of places named for Andrew Jackson
List of memorials to William Henry Harrison
List of memorials to John Tyler
List of places named for James K. Polk
List of memorials to Theodore Roosevelt
List of things named after Ronald Reagan
List of things named after George H. W. Bush
List of things named after Bill Clinton
List of things named after Barack Obama
List of things named after Donald Trump
List of things named after Joe Biden
 National Historic Landmark
 National Register of Historic Places
List of residences of presidents of the United States
List of burial places of presidents and vice presidents of the United States
 List of educational institutions named after presidents
 List of sculptures of presidents of the United States
 Presidential library system

References

National Memorials of the United States

Presidential memorials in the United States


Belleek Pottery Ltd is a porcelain company that began trading in 1884 as the Belleek Pottery Works Company Ltd in Belleek, County Fermanagh, Ireland in what was to later become Northern Ireland. The factory produces Parian ware that is characterised by its thinness, slightly iridescent surface and body formulated with a significant proportion of frit.

History

Pottery in the Belleek region began around 1849, after John Caldwell Bloomfield inherited his father's estate. Seeking to provide employment for his tenants, who had been affected by the Great Famine, and being an amateur mineralogist, he ordered a geological survey of his land. On finding that the area was rich in minerals, Bloomfield went into partnership with London architect Robert Williams Armstrong and Dublin merchant David McBirney. In setting up a pottery business, Bloomfield managed to get a railway line built to Belleek so that coal could be delivered with which to fire kilns.
Building started on the pottery in 1858. Initially starting with domestic products, it wasn't until 1863 that small amounts of the Parian ware for which Belleek is famous for to this day, was successfully produced. By 1865, the prestige of the company had increased enough that its market included Australia, Canada, England, Ireland, and the United States, and customers included the Prince of Wales, Queen Victoria and the nobility.

The artist and poet Eugene Sheerin worked at Belleek Pottery in the late 19th century. A Belleek dish with a reproduction of his painting "Innocence" (1879) is on display at the Royal Victoria & Albert museum London.

Acquisitions

The original owners had all died by 1884, and a local group of investors acquired the concern and named it Belleek Pottery Works Company Ltd. Master craftsmen Frederick Slater moved from England to Belleek in 1893 and by 1920 high quality porcelain was becoming the mainstay of the business. The company struggled throughout the First and Second World Wars, and the company concentrated on producing earthenware during these periods.

After the Second World War, Belleek Pottery stopped production of earthenware. The Pottery began the change from coal fired kilns to electric powered kilns from 1952. In 1983 the Industrial Development Board gave financial assistance to the company and installed Roger Troughton as the Managing Director. The following year Troughton made a successful bid for the sale of the company. In 1988, Dungannon-based Powerscreen International bought the company, and opened a visitor centre the following year.

Today
The company changed ownership again in 1990. Dundalk-born US-based George G. Moore remains the owner, though the company is run locally by four directors. Since then Belleek Pottery has expanded its factory space, acquisitions of other companies, staff and turnover. Subsidiary companies now include Galway Crystal, Aynsley China and Donegal Parian China. It employs more than six hundred people and has an annual turnover of around £30 million.

According to their own website, annual production is more than 100,000 pieces.

References

External links

 www.belleek.com – Official Belleek Pottery website
 Works by Belleck Pottery in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa

Ceramics manufacturers of Northern Ireland
Pottery in Northern Ireland
County Fermanagh
British companies established in 1857
Manufacturing companies established in 1857
1857 establishments in Ireland
Industry museums in Northern Ireland
Ceramics museums in the United Kingdom
Museums in County Fermanagh
Tourist attractions in County Fermanagh
Brands of Northern Ireland

Belleek Pottery