The Adventures of Pete & Pete is an American sitcom created by Will McRobb and Chris Viscardi for Nickelodeon. It focuses on two brothers, both named Pete Wrigley, and their humorous and surreal adventures in suburbia among their equally eccentric friends, enemies, and neighbors.

The Adventures of Pete & Pete began on Nickelodeon in 1989 as minute-long and 30-second shorts that aired as interstitials. Owing to the popularity of the shorts, five half-hour specials were made, followed by a regular half-hour series that ran for three seasons from 1993 to 1996. As of October 5, 2015, reruns of the shorts and the shows run on TeenNick as part of the NickSplat block.
Jason Ankeny of AllMusic called the series "the greatest children's show ever", while IGN called it "one of the most well-written kids shows ever". The first two seasons were released on DVD in 2005; the third was planned for 2006 but was indefinitely postponed.

Setting
Pete & Pete is set in Wellsville, a fictional town in the U.S. whose exact geography is never specified. License plates in the show refer to "The Sideburn State", and according to the series' canon, the Wrigley house is set miles from the Canadian border, 500 miles from Hoover Dam and "not far from the beach". The name of the town is also a nod to The Embarrassment's song "Wellsville". Certain locations were fictionalized for the purposes of the show; Glurt County, mentioned in "Yellow Fever" and "The Good, the Bad and the Lucky", does not exist in any state.

The show was filmed largely in Leonia, New Jersey, with location shots done in a variety of other spots around northern New Jersey, including the Willowbrook Mall in Wayne, New Jersey, and the Wrigley House in Cranford, New Jersey. The exteriors of Pete & Pete's house (as seen in the credit sequence and other shots) were filmed on Vreeland Avenue in Leonia. The football field used for various episodes is that of Bayonne High School in Bayonne, New Jersey. The fictional Wellsville High School's mascot is a squid.

Episodes

Characters

Family

 "Big" Pete Wrigley (Michael Maronna) The show's narrator, Big Pete often acts as a voice of reason in contrast to the strange occurrences and people around him. However, he also grapples with the problem of growing up and thus losing sight of the simple happiness of childhood, often to the disappointment of Little Pete. Aside from typical sibling rivalry, he and his brother are best friends. Big Pete plays trombone in the school marching band. Big Pete's nemeses are "Endless" Mike Hellstrom and Open Face. He and Little Pete shared enemies in both Hat Head and Lifeguard Matt "The Urinator" Uplinger.
 "Little" Pete Wrigley (Danny Tamberelli) Four years younger than his brother, Little Pete is often engaged in struggles against adults and other authority figures. He is also known to make irrational decisions in response to problems, like selling the house because his brother hung out with a girl instead of him, without taking responsibility for it (the only exception was in 'Grounded for Life'). Little Pete has various enemies, including Papercut (who was originally Artie's main enemy, besides John McFlemp). He showed defiance in throwing scissors, instead of rock, which angered Papercut to swear revenge on him and destroy him in the rematch. Little Pete's primary nemeses are Pit Stain (for insulting his glandular disorder) and Principal Ken Schwinger (the principal at his school). He and Big Pete share enemies in Hat Head and Lifeguard Matt "The Urinator" Uplinger.
 "Petunia" A tattoo on Little Pete's forearm depicting a prone woman in a red dress, Petunia receives her own credit in the show's opening sequence. Little Pete likes to make Petunia "dance" by flexing his forearm. In the series, Petunia's origins are a mystery and a cause of bafflement for Big Pete, though in an early Pete & Pete short, it is explained that Little Pete originally got the tattoo as a Mother's Day gift, infuriating his father and causing his mother to faint. Little Pete has a second tattoo of a sailing ship on his back, although the origins of this tattoo are never explained.
 Joyce Wrigley (Judy Grafe) The Petes' mother, usually just called "Mom". She tends to be the more stern, conventional parent, but also tends to be more reasonable than her husband, agreeing to compromise with her sons when the need arises. She also tends to intervene when her husband goes too far.
 Mom's Plate The plate in Joyce's head, which, like Petunia, gets its own opening credit via an X-ray. It can pick up radio stations, and, in the case of Little Pete's radio station WART, can also broadcast them. Though it is stated that Joyce got the plate due to a childhood accident, the nature of the accident is never explained.
 Donald "Don" Wrigley (Hardy Rawls) Usually known as "Dad", Don is the Petes' father. He and Joyce met when the metal detector he was using on a beach led him to the metal plate in her head. He is extremely competitive against practically everyone, including his own sons (particularly Little Pete, who seems to have gotten his own stubborn streak from his father), his neighbors, and other local parents. His hobbies include obsessive lawn care, bowling, and fishing, particularly for "Old Bob", a legendary striped bass.

Friends

 Ellen Josephine Hickle (Alison Fanelli) Ellen is Big Pete's best friend; though romance develops between the two on rare occasions, Pete generally sees Ellen as "a girl and a friend, but not a girlfriend". Over the course of the show, she demonstrates some obsessive tendencies. In the pre-season 1 short "The Dot", as well as the season one episode "Day of the Dot" she is assigned the position of the letter "I" in "Squids" as part of the school marching band and attempts to hypnotize herself into "perfect dot-ness". She played French horn in the band. Ellen is also a huge fan of Greco-Roman wrestling and has vast knowledge on the subject, as seen in the episode "Pinned" where she tries to coach Big Pete.

 Artie, the Strongest Man in the World (Toby Huss) Little Pete's personal superhero and one of the few adults for whom he holds any respect. His catchphrase is "I am Artie – the strongest man ... in the world!" He wears a costume of a tight-fitting red-white-and-blue striped shirt, red long johns, and black running shoes without socks (claiming the lack of socks allows him to run at super-speeds, with the drawback of blisters). Artie claims an array of eccentric but apparently legitimate superpowers: he can skip stones on Neptune, move an entire house by an inch, turn Hat Head into a jack-o'-lantern, and hit a golf ball 300,003 yards, among other feats. In the two-parter "Farewell, My Little Viking" the villainous John McFlemp, wanting to allow the International Adult Conspiracy to take charge of Wellsville, decided to run Artie out of town and manipulated Don into persuading him to leave. Don did this despite misgivings, but finally saw sense when Joyce made him see how miserable Little Pete was without him. Upon returning, Artie saw Little Pete standing up to his personal nemesis, Paper Cut, on his own and realized he was no longer needed. He bid farewell to Little Pete and left Wellsville to find another little boy in need of a superhero. His spot in the opening credits would later be replaced in the third season with Nona.

 Theodore "Teddy" L. Forzman (David Martel) Teddy is one of Big Pete's three friends (the others being Ellen and Bill). Teddy is a perpetually cheerful dork who is also in marching band and is known for bringing up odd trivia, then remarking "what, you guys didn't know that?" He also loves to exclaim "Excelente!" while raising his finger and give "soul shakes" (an elaborate handshake punctuated by hissing "Soul!") to friends. Teddy's cheerful personality once drove Endless Mike to a complete emotional breakdown.

 Bill Korn (Rick Barbarette) Bill is Big Pete's friend, who has a knack for practical jokes and sarcasm. He was renowned for getting Teddy to shoot milk out of his ears and getting Bus Driver Stu accused of kidnapping a busload of kids. He also admitted to once eating snot in the episode "Field of Pete". Bill did not appear after the second season.

 Nona F. Mecklenberg (Michelle Trachtenberg) Little Pete's best friend. Her middle initial "F" stands for Frances, but she wants to change it to Frank, Fahrvergnügen, or Forklift. She wears a cast, not because she has a broken arm but because it causes an annoying, itchy feeling on her arm which she enjoys scratching. She had a brief crush on Little Pete once or twice in the series.

 Natasha (Heather Matarazzo) A neighborhood kid and Little Pete's friend. She was a member of the Nightcrawlers, who forced herself to stay awake by pulling her pigtails.

 Monica Perling (Maris Hudson) One of Little Pete's friends, Monica is the resident Kreb Scout. Her unfortunate luck with pets has given her a reputation as the "Girl Scout of Death", and she even has a graveyard for them. She has excellent hearing, supposedly because one of her ancestors married a bloodhound.

 Wayne Pardue (Justin Restivo) Also known as "Wayne the Pain". First appearing in the third season, Wayne tended to tag along with Little Pete and his friends, but as his nickname implied, Little Pete found him annoying due to his cluelessness and his tendency to spout phrases like "geez louise!" Wayne had an unrequited crush on Monica, who found him as irritating as everyone else.

 Clem LaNelle (Aaron Schwartz) He was in several episodes as a friend of Little Pete. He served as the drummer of Little Pete's band, The Blowholes, and was a member of the Nightcrawlers, staying awake longer than anyone other than Little Pete and Artie. Tamberelli and Schwartz appeared together in the film The Mighty Ducks, but neither appeared in the sequels.

 Libby Hurley (Winnie Zhang) Appeared in the "Nightcrawlers" and "The Call" episodes as a friend of Little Pete. Libby was adopted by the Hurley family. She stays awake via solar-powered sneezes, but flagged once the sun went down.

Enemies
 "Endless" Mike Hellstrom (Rick Gomez) Endless Mike is the mortal enemy of Big Pete. The origins of his nickname are unknown, though it is speculated it was due to his perpetually repeating the same year of high school; it has also been stated that his nickname comes from the fact that "his hatred of Big Pete is endless". Endless Mike reigns over shop class and loves Neapolitan ice cream. Although his relationship with Big Pete is largely antagonistic, the two have joined forces on rare occasions. The neighborhood kids hate and despise Endless Mike, but also envy him because he owns his own car. He hates Little Pete in "Time Tunnel" for humiliating him at the drive-in theater by showing everyone their home movies of him as a toddler and making him a laughingstock. In "Halloweenie" he foils Endless Mike's attempt to make Big Pete hate the holiday like him by putting a jack-o'-lantern over his head.

 "Hat Head" (Chris Leveille) Hat Head draws his name from the fact that his hair perpetually looks as if it has been flattened by a hat, even though he is never actually seen wearing a hat. He originally appeared on several of the original shorts, making him the first bully in the Pete & Pete world. Hat Head hates Halloween and plots with Endless Mike to ruin it for the neighborhood kids, in part because Halloween is too frightening for him. He is frequently defeated by Artie, who protects both Petes from him and even made him into a man-made jack-o'-lantern with his proton push.

 "Open-Face" (Jason Late) One of Big Pete's enemies. A boy who is always shown eating open-faced sandwiches, even in church. Ellen dated him briefly in one episode.

 Fran "Pit Stain" Jones (Eric Kushnick) Little Pete's primary antagonist in season 3, he has a glandular disorder that gives him huge, smelly armpit stains. Little Pete gave him the nickname, which was quickly adopted by everyone in school (including the teachers), causing Pit Stain to swear revenge against Little Pete. He has a secret crush on Nona, which often distracts him to the point of abandoning his pursuit of Little Pete. He is also often seen with his goons, "Hairnet" (Helen Davidson) and "Drawstring" (Yull Neri Borda). Drawstring was later replaced by "Nightbrace" (Robert Whitfield). During episode 3.07, "The Last Laugh", Little Pete and Pit Stain worked together to mastermind a prank on Principal Schwinger and the "Up With Personal Hygiene Singers".

 "Paper Cut" (Christopher Conte) Artie's original enemy in the season 2 episode "Farewell, My Little Viking" (parts 1 and 2). A boy who grew up in a copy shop, he is covered with lacerations and scars from paper cuts. Paper Cut can fold paper into hundreds of origami shapes, including makeshift weapons. According to Big Pete, the numerous paper cuts did "some kind of origami number on his brain." Paper Cut enjoyed making life miserable for the helpless students by forcing them to throw "rock" while playing rock paper scissors (since he always throws "paper"). When Little Pete defied him by throwing scissors, he became Paper Cut's enemy. He swore to destroy Little Pete in the rematch. Little Pete repeatedly defies him, and the other students, finally seeing how helpless Paper Cut is when he isn't allowed to get his way, gang up and drive Paper Cut out of Wellsville forever.

 Principal Ken Schwinger (Adam West) The principal of Little Pete's school who always tries to stop his pranks, to no avail. Schwinger has earned the title of Most Despised Principal in Wellsville. According to Big Pete it wasn't just the mandatory regime of squat thrusts in gym class and ordering that the school serve creamed corn (Schwinger's favorite food) for every meal that earned him that reputation, it was his continuous inviting a singing group called "Up With Personal Hygiene" Singers to perform every year. This reflected both his strange obsession with personal hygiene that stemmed from childhood and his tyrannical control over the student body. This last caused Little Pete to make a truce with his mortal enemy Pit Stain to orchestrate a prank that ruins Schwinger's reputation and frees the school from his control. In turn, the humiliated singers revoke Schwinger's honorary giant cotton swab and swear off the school forever.

 Matt "The Urinator" Uplinger (Christopher Cooke) The lifeguard at the Wellsville swimming pool, he appears in ("Splashdown") as an antagonist to both Petes. When Little Pete and his friends threaten adult swim with their "atomic splash", Uplinger conspires to undermine them by giving Big Pete a lifeguard whistle and power over the pool. Big Pete is won over by his new authority and tries to do a good job by enforcing the pool rules, including kicking his brother and friends out of the pool. However, Big Pete realizes that Uplinger has been using him and soon joins Little Pete in defying Uplinger by performing the Atomic Splash, causing even the adults to join them in the forbidden dive. Uplinger is finally defeated, and he is exposed as having broken the primary pool rule: never urinate in the pool's filter. Monica proved this by using a chemical known as Weewee See, which exposes his inability to hold his bladder after drinking too much coffee. Uplinger is humiliated further as everyone chases him out of the pool for good.

Neighbors

 Phil Hickle (Steve Buscemi) Ellen's father and guidance counselor of Big Pete's high school. Once an enemy of Don Wrigley in "Apocalypse Pete".
 James "Pop" Mecklenberg (Iggy Pop) Nona's loving and occasionally overprotective dad. One of the many adults who feared Artie due to his strange ways, until Artie stood up for him against his mortal enemy, John McFlemp. He is very proud of his home and his neighborhood. After the Pumpkin Eater gang was exposed, Mr. Mecklenberg forced the gang to clean the entire neighborhood with cotton swabs.
 Mr. Tastee (Toby Huss)A parody of Mister Softee, Mr. Tastee is a mysterious ice cream vendor who never removes his mascot costume head. Mr. Tastee comes to symbolizes summer for the neighborhood kids, who become caught up in the mystery of who he is and why he seems so lonely. When the Petes' attempts to strike up a friendship cause Tastee to flee, the Petes and Ellen spend the summer tracking him down via his holiday photographs, learning that he was once married to a beautiful blind heiress who called him "Leonard". The kids eventually find Mr. Tastee, who confesses that he has commitment issues. They agree to allow Mr. Tastee his privacy as long as he returns to the neighborhood.
 Stu Benedict (Damian Young) An eccentric and emotionally unstable bus driver who was once in love with fellow bus driver Sally Knorp. His longing for Knorp causes him to drive his charges in endless loops through town, pointing out significant locations in his and Sally's relationship, while the children are forced to listen in frustration. Finally, Endless Mike comes to the trapped kids' rescue by reporting Stu for kidnapping, while Ellen and Big Pete arrange a reconciliation with Sally. Stu does play protector to Little Pete in the season 2 finale episode "Sick Day" when he helps him avoid getting caught skipping school, and in the season 3 episode "The Good, The Bad and the Lucky", where he puts Pit Stain and his gang under bus arrest.
 Frank Gulcher (Jim Lally) A crossing guard who defends the crosswalk with his life, abiding by "the code of the crosswalk". Frank is haunted by the memory of the time he failed to save Little Pete's pet lizard Gary from death by oncoming traffic. Despite this, Gulcher is one of the few adults who Little Pete is friends with.

Guest stars

The many guest stars that appeared on Pete & Pete include:

 Selma Blair – Penelope Ghiruto, school bus passenger from whose name Big Pete can make 27 words. ("Das Bus")
 Elizabeth Bogush – Diane Senski, love interest of Big Pete who loses interest due to Big Pete's friendship with Teddy, whom she finds too annoying. ("The Trouble With Teddy")
 Golden Brooks – Heather, captain of the tennis team and Big Pete's love interest. ("Crisis in the Love Zone")
 Drew Carey (uncredited) – Veteran at 4 July picnic launching fireworks. ("Grounded for Life")
 Jude Ciccolella – Mr. Slurm, high school shop teacher with a claw for a hand. ("Tool and Die")
 Matthew G. Cliff – Roger SanGreco, known as "Chalkface" due to his pale skin and the fact that he smells like classroom chalk. He is a short-lived enemy of Little Pete. ("The Call", "Dance Fever")
 Ellen Cleghorne – Bus driver Sally Knorp, on-again/off-again girlfriend of Stu Benedict. (Appears in "Day of the Dot" and "Yellow Fever", though she is mentioned in other episodes)
 Marshall Crenshaw – "Lightning" Mel Ratner, a meter reader who joins Little Pete's band. ("A Hard Day's Pete")
 Art Donovan – As himself, talking to Big Pete about playing with Johnny Unitas. ("Space, Geeks, and Johnny Unitas")
 Martin Donovan – Crossing guard Kenneth G. Keegan who passes messages between Big Pete and Ellen in "Apocalypse Pete"; also Smith ("Smitty"), a security guard whom Little Pete and Petunia distract in "Space, Geeks, and Johnny Unitas".
 Richard Edson – School janitor and field chalker, Mr. Beverly. ("Valentine's Day Massacre")
 Chris Elliott – Meterman Ray, a meter reader who foretells Little Pete's future. ("Sick Day")
 Gordon Gano – Mr. Zank, the first of many substitute math teachers. ("X=Why?")
 Janeane Garofalo – Ms. Brackett, an English teacher. ("X=Why?")
 Frank Gifford – As himself, a customer at Dad's driving range. ("Rangeboy")
 Ellen Greene – Abilene Jones, drive-in film operator. ("Time Tunnel")
 Debbie Harry – A neighbor whose lawn the Petes sweep for land mines. ("New Year's Pete")
 Eliza Harris – Girl in the straitjacket. ("Last Laugh")
 Juliana Hatfield – Lunchlady Emma. ("Don't Tread on Pete")
 Patty Hearst – Mrs. Kretchmar, a member of the family that moves into the Wrigley house. ("35 Hours")
 William Hickey – Grandpa Wrigley, Dad's dad. ("When Petes Collide")
 David Johansen – Park Ranger Thorsen, who scrutinizes Dad's activities until learning he is hunting for Old Bob. ("On Golden Pete")
 LL Cool J – Mr. Thornberry, Little Pete's teacher. ("Sick Day")
 Luscious Jackson – The band that plays at the school dance. ("Dance Fever")
 Alicia Keys – A student ("Tool and Die")
 Ann Magnuson – Eunice Puell, mail carrier and object of Little Pete's affection. ("Crisis in the Love Zone")
 John McLaughlin – As himself, devoting a portion of his show to support Big Pete's bid for Dad's bowling ball. ("When Petes Collide")
 Miracle Legion – The four-piece version of Polaris that Little Pete sees in a garage ("A Hard Day's Pete"). Polaris, in turn, was Miracle Legion minus guitarist Mr. Ray.
 Bebe Neuwirth – Mail Lady McGintee, a mail carrier whom Little Pete comes across on his sick day adventure. ("The Call", "Sick Day")
 Larisa Oleynik – A nurse who rushes Little Pete through the hospital. ("Dance Fever")
 Vincent Pastore – Vincent Park, a neighbor and bowling agent who is impressed with Artie's bowling skills and gets him to sign a bowling contract.
 Geoff Pierson – Mr. Perfect, dad's competition on a family trip to the Hoover Dam. ("The King of the Road")
 Kate Pierson – Mysterious blind millionaire Mrs. Vanderveer, who was once married to Mr. Tastee. ("What We Did on Our Summer Vacation")
 John Ottavino – Inspector 34, inspector of Kreb of the Loom underwear and Little Pete's guardian angel. ("Inspector 34")
 Suzzy Roche – PEO MacMillan, meter maid and Inspector 34's love interest. ("Inspector 34")
 James Rebhorn – Supervillain John McFlemp, who rallies the neighborhood to turn Artie into a respectable adult. ("Farewell My Little Viking" (parts 1 and 2))
 Sarah Shannon – A grocery store employee who gives Little Pete a label from an expired can of tapioca pudding. ("Sick Day")
 J. K. Simmons – Barber Dan, who refuses to talk to Big Pete. ("Saturday")
 Michael Stipe – Captain Scrummy, a disliked rival ice-cream vendor to Mr. Tastee. ("What We Did On Our Summer Vacation")
 Syd Straw – Math teacher Miss Fingerwood. Played bass in the Blowholes. ("Hard Day's Pete", "X=Why", "Valentine's Day Massacre")
 Liza Weil – Margie Corsell, a girl for whom Big Pete abandons his brother ("35 Hours"). Weil also played a bully in "Yellow Fever", with her mother Lisa as a teacher in the same episode.

One widely reported guest appearance – Hunter S. Thompson in "New Year's Pete" – has been described as "apocryphal" by show creator Will McRobb, who has said the Hunter Thompson listed in the credits is instead a similarly named extra.

Music
The show featured music by such artists as Luscious Jackson, Nice, Drop Nineteens, Racecar, Chug, Poi Dog Pondering, Syd Straw, and The Apples in Stereo. The music of Stephin Merritt can also be heard throughout the series, including songs from his projects The Magnetic Fields, The 6ths, and The Gothic Archies. On the DVD commentaries, the director and the creators revealed that they tried to use a song by the Pixies, but could not afford the rights.

Polaris, a side project of Mark Mulcahy's Miracle Legion, served as the show's "house band", providing the theme song and many other tunes heard throughout the series and even appearing in "Hard Day's Pete" as a local four-piece playing out of a garage. Some of the Polaris' music from the show was released as a CD, Music from The Adventures of Pete & Pete, including the theme song "Hey Sandy".

Polaris' music for the show was released on vinyl on Record Store Day 2015. The album tracks are:
"Hey Sandy"
"She Is Staggering"
"Waiting For October"
"Saturnine"
"Everywhere"
"Ivy Boy"
"Summerbaby"
"Coronado II"
"Ashamed Of The Story I Told"
"As Usual"
"Recently"
"The Monster's Loose"

With a total of 2100 pressings, the album sold out promptly and was considered a must-own by many reputable collector sites, such as Modern Vinyl, Consequence of Sound, and Paste Magazine.

Music from the show was also available in 1995 on a promotional cassette mini album, titled Happily Deranged, available by sending in UPC symbols from Kellogg's Frosted Mini-Wheats. This cassette includes the Polaris songs "Hey Sandy", "She is Staggering" (listed on the cassette as "Staggering"), and  The cassette includes a short introduction and closing read by Big Pete.

Robert Agnello was the writer and creator of numerous pieces of music for Pete & Pete and wrote the Blowholes music for the "Hard Day's Pete" episode. The show runners originally intended to use the song "Mississippi Queen" by Mountain for the episode, but could not afford the song rights and instead asked Agnello to write a "sound-alike" version. Agnello's sound-alike song, "Marmalade Cream", was so catchy that he was asked to produce three other songs for the episode: "Summer Wind", "Piledriver", and "You Color My World". He also wrote "One Lousy" Dance which was sung by Iggy Pop and the Garbageman theme sung by David Johanson. Many incidental songs in the series were performed by Agnello and his band Lamb to Slaughter.

Production music
The show also used music from standard production music libraries.

 "Blood in the Gutter" by Laurie Johnson
 "Drama Link (d)" by Hubert Clifford
 "Dramatic Impact #3" by Ivor Slaney
 "Fisticuffs" by Laurie Johnson
 "Ballata Per Un Pistolero (Ballad of a Gunman)" A notable Western theme in the style of Ennio Morricone, it was used whenever there was a showdown between characters, for example Little Pete and the ringing phone in "The Call".
 "Lonely Stranger" by Laurie Johnson
 "Maniac Pursuit" by Trevor Duncan
 "Aloha" by Dick Stephen Walter

Home media

VHS
Nickelodeon VHS tapes were first released through Sony Wonder, then through Paramount.

 "Snick Vol. 1: Nick Snicks Friendship" – Includes one episode from each show in the early SNICK lineup: Clarissa Explains It All, Roundhouse, The Ren & Stimpy Show, and Are You Afraid of the Dark?. A pre-series Pete & Pete short is included in between each show. This tape includes the shorts "Artie, the Strongest Man in the World", "X-Ray Man", and "Route 34".
 "Snick Vol. 2: Nick Snicks the Family" – Includes the same lineup as "Friendship". The Pete & Pete shorts are "The Burping Room", "Mom's Plate", and "The Punishment".
 "Classic Petes" – Includes the episodes "What We Did on Our Summer Vacation" and "Apocalypse Pete", plus the bonus short "Artie's Workout". (with an accompanying "Petunia" Tattoo)
 "School Dazed" – Includes the episodes "Day of the Dot" and "Tool and Die", plus the bonus short "StareMaster" (with an accompanying "Magic Motion Eyeball Card").
 "Farewell, My Little Viking" – Includes both parts of the story, edited into one long episode. Also includes the short "Artie, the Strongest Man in the World".

DVD
Nickelodeon DVDs are released through Paramount.

Season Releases

Broadcast
The Adventures of Pete & Pete first ran on Nickelodeon from 1993 to 1996. Reruns continued to air from 1996 to 1999, and again from 2003 to 2004 on U-Pick Live. It also aired reruns on Noggin's teen block, The N, from 2002 to 2003.

The Adventures of Pete & Pete was one of the series mentioned as a potential future series that would air on The '90s Are All That. Despite images of the show appearing in the often-shown The '90s Are All That commercial promos, no episodes of the series have aired on the block. The 1989 shorts began airing on the block in 2013. When the block expanded into The Splat (now NickSplat) in 2015, Pete & Pete was listed as part of the block's lineup, but had yet to be scheduled (only the shorts have been aired on the block).

On May 28, 2017, it was announced that Mike Maronna and Danny Tamberelli would take part in a weekend-long event on NickSplat called "The Adventures of Pete & Pete: The Strongest Reunion in the World" on June 17 & 18, where classic episodes were replayed while they share various moments from making the series.

Reunion

In late 2011 and early 2012 a series of cast and crew reunions took place in Los Angeles and New York City respectively. Tamberelli, Syd Straw and Marshall Crenshaw performed a rendition of the theme song "Hey Sandy" in addition to other Pete & Pete compositions. Creators McRobb, Viscardi, along with Michael Maronna, Hardy Rawls, Judy Grafe, Alison Fanelli, Toby Huss, and director Katherine Dieckmann were all in attendance.

The 2011 Los Angeles reunion was billed by the Cinefamily as the "KrebStar Film Festival", a reference to the show's own brand. Additionally, many products from the show were available, including Krebex, Kreb Scouts, KrebStore 24 and Krebgate Toothpaste. Staff members also handed out "performance-enhanced" Orange Lazarus.

Since September 2013 Danny Tamberelli and Mike Maronna release a monthly podcast, The Adventures of Danny and Mike, on the Last Podcast Network (produced and edited by Seltzer Kings).

References

External links

 "Pete & Pete" flickr page
 The website of Pete & Pete
 Overview of Pete & Pete music, including lyrics of theme song "Hey Sandy"
 The History of The Adventures of Pete & Pete
 The Adventures of Danny and Mike podcast (produced and edited by Seltzer Kings)

1990s American single-camera sitcoms
1990s American surreal comedy television series
1990s American teen sitcoms
1993 American television series debuts
1996 American television series endings
1990s Nickelodeon original programming
English-language television shows
Television series about brothers
Television series about families
Television series about teenagers
Television series created by Will McRobb and Chris Viscardi
Television shows filmed in New Jersey

The Adventures of Pete & Pete


Cabela's Big Game Hunter 2006 Trophy Season is the ninth sequel to the original Cabela's Big Game Hunter. It was developed by Magic Wand Productions and released on October 25, 2005. The game was published by Activision in conjunction with hunting supply company Cabela's. It is a PC port of the console version of Cabela's Big Game Hunter 2005 Adventures.

Gameplay

Cabela's Big Game Hunter 2006 Trophy Season is a story-driven, linear hunting game. The player must trek through various North American landscapes and claim every trophy in the region. The player starts at the first lodge, where they must buy their initial equipment, weapons, and clothing, sight their firearm, and obtain tags. The player must visit the warden of each lodge in order to obtain tags for the region. Throughout the game, the player will encounter random events, side quests, and hunting tournaments. Primary objectives must be completed before exiting a location, while secondary objectives are optional. Objectives can be failed but the career's completion is not contingent on them.

Game mammals are represented by red markers, similar to its predecessor Cabela's Big Game Hunter 2005 Adventures. Red markers indicate live game, blue markers indicate dead game, and purple markers indicate wounded or special game. Non-game mammals and some female s of some species - elk, moose, and deer - are unmarked. Tags cannot be obtained for these animals and the player cannot hunt them. Non-game mammals include foxes and rabbits. The player can only hunt mammals for which they have tags, and in their respective quantities. All tags are provided by the warden for each location and cannot be changed, removed, or sold. The objectives for each location mandate that the player obtain at least one of each animal, while the player will often be provided two tags for many species.

When the player zooms in on a mammal with a scope, text will appear at the bottom of the scope, showing the animal's species, sex, scoring, and immediate distance from the player. This is helpful in hunting tournaments, as many require the player to claim an animal within a certain distance or by best score. The animal statistics provided by the scope will change as the player mouses over different targets. Non-game animals can also provide statistics if the player mouses over them while scoped over them.

The player cannot hunt animals for which they do not have tags, including non-game mammals. The player cannot hunt animals with their vehicle. The player cannot drive into an NPC. The player cannot fire their weapon between 6:00pm and 8:00am. The player cannot fire their weapon within 50 yards of an inhabited building. Violating these results in warnings. The player has a maximum of three warnings before they are asked to leave the area, from which they can either restart the location or abort to the main menu.

Plot

Upon starting a career hunt, a text box will appear describing the player as the grandson of a hunting legend named Pete. The player accompanied Pete on the hunting trails when he was younger. Pete aspired to bag all species across the trails - 65 in all - hoping to earn a spot in the Hunter's Hall of Fame. However, on one of the last hunts, he slipped on an icy slope and hurt his leg, preventing him from finishing the hunt. The player's incentive to crossing the regions and finishing the hunts is to win his grandfather the plaque. The story is largely absent from the game, but NPCs across the regions will recognize the player as Pete's grandson, or hint that they have not seen the player in a long time. The NPCs have no long-term impact on the story and remain largely irrelevant in the overall gameplay.

External links

2005 video games
Windows games
Windows-only games
Video games developed in Romania
Activision games
Cabela's video games
Video games set in North America
Magic Wand Productions games


The Spectre's Bride (; literally "The Wedding Shirt") is a cantata for soloists, choir and orchestra op. 69 by Antonín Dvořák based on a literary model by Karel Jaromír Erben (1884).

History of origins and performance
In 1883, Dvořák was invited to write a large orchestral oratorio for England to be performed at the Birmingham Triennial Music Festival. Dvořák had agreed with his librettist Marie Červinková-Riegrová to write an oratorio on a theme from Czech history, for example the story of St. Wenceslaus or Jan Hus. Finally he decided to write a literary work, the ballad The Spectre's Bride by Karel Jaromír Erben. He worked on his composition from April to November 1884, and the cantata was published by Alfred Novello the following year. It is scored for piccolo, two flutes, two oboes, English horn, three clarinets, two bassoons, four horns,
two trumpets, three trombones, tuba, timpani, triangle, tam-tam, bells, harp, first and second violins, violas, cellos, double basses + mixed choir + vocal soloists (soprano, tenor, bass)

Before the performance in England, the cantata was first presented twice on 28 and 29 March 1885 in Plzeň under the composer's direction. The success of the performances at the Birmingham Triennial Music Festival on 27 August this year - involving a 400-strong choir, a 150-strong orchestra and with Dvořák on the conductor's podium – exceeded all the composer's expectations. The work was already heard in Milwaukee on 2 December 1885, in Edinburgh on 1 February 1886, in London on 2 February 1886, in Glasgow on 11 and 13 February 1886 and in London on 13 February 1886. In March 1886, Brooklyn followed, on 23 March 1886 Dewsbury, on 24 March 1886 Leeds, on 17 April 1886 Hradec Králové, on 6 May 1886 Chicago, on 10 May 1886 Philadelphia, 13 May 1886 in Boston, etc.

Structure
 Introduction
 Nr. 1. Choir: "Už jedenáctá odbila"
 Nr. 2. Soprano solo: "Žel bohu, žel, kde můj tatíček?"
 Nr. 3. Tenor and bass solo and Choir: "Pohnul se obraz na stěně"
 Nr. 4. Duett. Soprano and tenor solo: "Hoj, má panenko, tu jsem již!"
 Nr. 5. Bass solo and Choir: "Byla noc, byla hluboká"
 Nr. 6. Bass solo and Choir: "A on tu napřed skok a skok"
 Nr. 7. Duett. soprano and tenor solo: "Pěkná noc, jasná"
 Nr. 8. Bass solo and Choir: "Knížky ji vzal a zahodil"
 Nr. 9. Bass solo and Choir: "A on vždy napřed – skok a skok"
 Nr. 10. Duett. soprano and tenor solo: "Pěkná noc, jasná, v tento čas"
 Nr. 11. Bass solo and Choir: "A byla cesta nížinou"
 Nr. 12. Duett. Soprano and tenor solo: "Pěkná noc, jasná, v tu dobu"
 Nr. 13. Bass solo and Choir: "Tu na planině široké"
 Nr. 14. Duett. Soprano and tenor solo: "Hoj, má panenko, tu jsme již"
 Nr. 15. Bass solo and Choir: "Skokem přeskočil ohradu"
 Nr. 16. Bass solo and Choir: "A tu na dveře: buch, buch, buch!"
 Nr. 17. Sopran solo: "Maria Panno, při mně stůj"
 Nr. 18. Bass solo and Choir: '"A slyš, tu právě nablízce'"

Further reading
 Daniela Philippi: Antonín Dvořák – Die Geisterbraut/Svatební košile op. 69 und Die heilige Ludmilla/Svatá Lumila op. 71. Studien zur großen Vokalform im 19. Jahrhundert (Mainzer Studien zur Musikwissenschaft, 30). Hans Schneider, Tutzing 1993, .

References

External links

 The Spectre's Bride on IMSLP2

Operas by Antonín Dvořák
Czech-language operas
1884 operas
Adaptations of works by Karel Jaromír Erben

The Spectre's Bride


The Royal Observer Corps (ROC) was a civil defence organisation operating in the United Kingdom between October 1925 and 31 December 1995, when the Corps' civilian volunteers were stood down. (ROC headquarters staff at RAF Bentley Priory stood down on 31 March 1996). Composed mainly of civilian spare-time volunteers, ROC personnel wore a Royal Air Force (RAF) style uniform and latterly came under the administrative control of RAF Strike Command and the operational control of the Home Office. Civilian volunteers were trained and administered by a small cadre of professional full-time officers under the command of the Commandant Royal Observer Corps; a serving RAF Air Commodore.

This sub article lists and describes the instruments used by the ROC in their nuclear detection and reporting role during the Cold War period.

Initial detection of nuclear bursts on the UK

Atomic Weapons Detection Recognition and Estimation of Yield known as AWDREY was a desk mounted automatic instrument, located at controls, that detected nuclear explosions and indicated the estimated size in megatons. Operating by measuring the intense flashes emitted by a nuclear explosion, together with a unit known as DIADEM which measured Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP), the instruments were tested daily by wholetime ROC officers and regularly reacted to the EMP from lightning strikes during thunderstorms. AWDREY was designed and built by the Atomic Weapons Establishment at Aldermaston and tested for performance and accuracy on real nuclear explosions at the 1957 Kiritimati (or Christmas Island) nuclear bomb test (after being mounted on board a ship). Reports following a reading on AWDREY were prefixed with the codewords "Tocsin Bang".

The Bomb Power Indicator or BPI consisted of a peak overpressure gauge with a dial that would register when the pressure wave from a nuclear explosion passed over the post. When related to the distance of the explosion from the post this pressure would indicate the power of the explosion. Reports following a reading on the BPI were preceded by the codeword "Tocsin".

The Ground Zero Indicator, or GZI or shadowgraph, consisted of four horizontally mounted cardinal compass point pinhole cameras within a metal drum, each 'camera' contained a sheet of photosensitive paper on which were printed horizontal and vertical calibration lines. The flash from a nuclear explosion would produce a mark on one or two of the papers within the drum. The position of the mark enabled the bearing and height of the burst to be estimated. With triangulation between neighbouring posts these readings would give an accurate height and position. The altitude of the explosion was important because a ground or near ground burst would produce radioactive fallout, whereas an air burst would produce only short distance and short lived initial radiations (but no fallout).

Static measurement of ionising radiation

The Radiac Survey Meter No 2 or RSM was a 1955-meter which used an ionisation chamber to measure gamma radiation, it could measure beta, by removing the base-plate and opening the beta shield. This meter suffered from a number of disadvantages: it required three different types of batteries, of which two were obsolete and had to be manufactured to special order, the circuit included a single electrometer valve or tube.  These were favored as they had been tested on fallout in Australia after the Operation Buffalo nuclear tests, and remained in use until 1982 by commissioning a manufacturer to regularly produce special production runs of the obsolete batteries. Within the ROC the RSM was only used at post sites for three years when it was superseded in 1958 by the FSM and the RSM retained only for post attack mobile monitoring missions.

The Fixed Survey Meter or FSM was introduced in 1958. For the first time it was possible to operate the unit from within the Monitoring Post or Group HQ using an external Geiger Muller Probe connected via coaxial cable and mounted to a telescopic rod and protected on the surface by a polycarbonate dome. The FSM used the same obsolete high voltage batteries as the RSM.

In 1985 this instrument was replaced by the PDRM82(F).  The PDRM82(F) was the fixed desktop version of the PDRM82. It gave more accurate readings and used standard 'C' cell torch batteries that lasted many times longer, up to 400 hours of operation. The compact and robust instruments were housed in sturdy orange coloured polycarbonate cases and had clear liquid crystal displays. The PDRM82(F) could also be operated from within the Monitoring Post or Group HQ as before, using an external Geiger Muller Probe connected via coaxial cable. The telescopic rod, mounting bracket and polycarbonate dome used by the earlier FSM remained in service and continued to be used with the PDRM82(F).

Portable measurement of radiation during Mobile Monitoring missions
The Radiac Survey Meter No 2 or RSM was a 1955-meter which measured gamma and beta radiation. Having been superseded within the ROC by the Fixed Survey Meter the RSM remained in use only for post attack mobile monitoring missions in a post attack period. Image can be seen in 'Static measurement of ionising radiation' section.

The Radiac Survey Meter, Lightweight, MkVI, produced by the AVO company (The MkIII and MkIV were also available) were issued to the ROC in the mid-late 1960s, but were not regarded favourable due to using almost obsolete Mallory batteries and were ionisation type meters that measured gamma radiation.

The PDRM82 or Portable Dose Rate Meter was the standard portable version of the new meters, that were manufactured by Plessey and introduced during the 1980s, giving more accurate readings and using standard 'C' cell torch batteries that lasted many times longer, up to 400 hours of operation. The compact and robust instruments were housed in sturdy orange coloured polycarbonate cases and had clear liquid crystal displays. The Radiac sensor was self-contained within the casing.

Measurement of personal absorptions

The Dosimeter pocket meters were issued to individual observers for measuring their personal levels of radiation absorption during operations. Three different grades of dosimeter were used, depending on ambient radiation levels. The original hand wound and temperamental dosimeter charging units (Charging Unit, Individual, Dosimeter No.1 & No.2) were replaced during the 1980s by a battery operated automatic charging unit (EAL Type N.105A).

See also
 Royal Observer Corps
 Royal Observer Corps Monitoring Post
 Bomb Power Indicator
 Ground Zero Indicator
Fixed Survey Meter
Nuclear MASINT US equivalent

References

Operator's Handbook for Meter Survey Radiac No.2 Published A.E.R.E. 1955
Civil Defence Pocket Book, General Information published Home Office (various dates)

Royal Observer Corps
Cold War military equipment of the United Kingdom
Measuring instruments

Operational instruments of the Royal Observer Corps


This list of horn players and pedagogues  includes notable players of French horn, German horn, natural horn, Vienna horn, tenor (alto) horn, and alphorn.

B

Radek Baborák, former Principal horn Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, Munich Phil. Orch, Czech Phil. Orch. winner of the ARD, Geneva, Markneukirchen, Concertino Praga Hochschule für Musik Saar.
Andrew Bain, principal horn of the Los Angeles Philharmonic, LA studio player, horn professor at the Colburn School in Los Angeles, California
Georges Barboteu (1924–2006), Former professor at CNSM, member of the French French-horn school, horn instructor of many current French French hornists
Hermann Baumann (*1934), former principal horn Philharmonisches Orchester Dortmund and Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra, winner of the ARD International Music Competition in 1964, soloist, performing on natural horn and valved horn
Richard Bissill, player, composer, arranger and professor
Aubrey Brain, player (1893–1955)
Dennis Brain, player (1921–1957)
Arthur C. Brooks, social scientist whose previous profession was horn player
Timothy Brown, principal horn in BBC Symphony Orchestra and Academy of St Martin in the Fields, Melos Ensemble

C
John Cerminaro, principal New York Philharmonic (1969–79), principal Seattle Symphony 1996–2011
Alan Civil, second horn Royal Philharmonic Orchestra (to Dennis Brain), later principal. In 1955, joined the Philharmonia, and in 1957 became principal horn, after the death of Dennis Brain, principal of BBC Symphony Orchestra from 1966 to 1988
Dale Clevenger, principal horn of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra from 1966 to 2013
Thomas Coates, hornist with Pomp's Cornet Band, Easton, Pennsylvania (1840s to 1850s) and conductor, regimental band, 47th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment (1861-82)
Geoff Collinson, principal horn, Australian Opera and Ballet Orchestra

D
Stefan Dohr, principal horn, Berlin Philharmonic
Peter Damm, principal horn Dresden Staatskapelle 1969–2002. He is professor of horn at the Carl Maria von Weber music conservatoire.
Vincent DeRosa, LA studio player
Richard Dunbar, was a player of the French horn, playing in the free jazz scene. He was born in Brooklyn, New York, on May 29, 1944, and he died suddenly at the age of 61, apparently of a heart attack, on the way to a gig on February 8, 2006.
Simon de Souza, professor of horn at the Birmingham Conservatoire
Vladimir Djambazov, second horn of the Sofia Philharmonic and composer

E

Pip Eastop, professor of horn at Royal Academy of Music in London
John Entwistle, bass player from The Who, also played horn

F
Philip Farkas, principal Chicago Symphony Orchestra 1936–41 and 1947–60, Cleveland Orchestra 1941–45 and 1946–47, Boston Symphony 1945–46, also horn professor at Indiana University from 1960–1992

G
Jacques-François Gallay (1795–1864), French player, academic at the Paris Conservatoire and composer; author of Méthode pour le Cor (1845)
Livia Ruth Gollancz (1920–2018), principal horn of the Hallé, BBC Scottish Orchestra and other UK ensembles during the 1940s-50s
David Guerrier, French trumpeter and hornist, former professor at CNSM of Lyon

H
Anthony Halstead (horn, natural horn, piano, organ and conductor), exponent of period-instrument performance notably with the Hanover Band
Anton Joseph Hampel, horn player of the 18th century who developed the technique of hand-stopping
Max Hess, Boston Symphony Orchestra 1905–25, Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra 1925–37
Douglas Hill
Heinrich Hübler

J

Ifor James
Stefan de Leval Jezierski, Berlin Philharmonic
Lin Jiang, Barry Tuckwell Brass Prize winner, principal horn of the Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra and Australian World Orchestra.

K

Daniel Katzen, former member of Boston Symphony Orchestra, Associate Professor of Horn at the "University of Arizona School of Music" in Tucson
Georg Kopprasch, composer of the Kopprasch Etudes
Helen Kotas Hirsch, principal horn, Chicago Symphony Orchestra (1941-1948), first female brass musician hired by Chicago Symphony Orchestra
Peter Kurau, principal Rochester Philharmonic and Professor of Horn at the Eastman School of Music

L

Ludwig Wenzel Lachnith, Bohemian horn player and composer of Horn concertos.
Julie Landsman, former Principal Horn, Metropolitan Opera Orchestra (1985–2010), Juilliard faculty since 1989.
Wilhelm Lanzky-Otto
Joseph Leutgeb
Boštjan Lipovšek
Frank Lloyd

M
Joseph Masella, principal horn of both the Montreal Symphony Orchestra and the CBC Montreal Orchestra from 1943 to 1969.
Susan McCullough, professor at Lamont School of Music.
Brown Meggs, writer, Capitol Records executive. Wrote a solo horn variation on the Beatles melody "I Want to Hold Your Hand".
Christian Mengis, hornist and composer at the court of Frederick the Great from 1745.
Ethel Merker, prominent horn player in Chicago beginning in the 1940s, design collaborator on the Holton Merker-Matic line of horns
Philip Myers, principal, New York Philharmonic Orchestra 1980–2017)
Ricardo Matosinhos

N
Marie-Luise Neunecker, former professor at Hochschule für Musik Hanns Eisler Berlin and Hochschule für Musik und Darstellende Kunst Frankfurt am Main, former principal horn at the Bamberg Symphony Orchestra and the Frankfurt Radio Symphony Orchestra.

Jeff Nelsen, horn player for Canadian Brass, on faculty at Indiana University
Hermann Neuling

O

Martin Owen, principal BBC Symphony Orchestra, Professor of Horn at the Royal Academy of Music and Trinity College of Music

P
Vicente Zarzo Pitarch, for 25 years the horn soloist in the Residentie Orkest in the Hague
 Abel Pereira
Valery Polekh
Giovanni Punto
William Purvis

R

Eugene Rittich

S

Neill Sanders, Melos Ensemble, London Orchestras
Will Sanders, Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra
Lorenzo Sansone, member of major North American symphony orchestras, music editor, educator, and horn manufacturer.
Gunther Schuller, Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, Metropolitan Opera Orchestra, and composer
František Šolc, Czech hornist and horn teacher
James Sommerville, Boston Symphony Orchestra
Stephen Stirling, principal horn City of London Sinfonia, co-principal horn Academy of St Martin in the Fields, teaches at Trinity College of Music, soloist, chamber musician
Franz Strauss

T
Esa Tapani, former principal horn Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra
James Thatcher, LA studio player
Michael Thompson, former principal with Philharmonia Orchestra, teacher at Royal Academy of Music, soloist/chamber musician/clinician
Barry Tuckwell, former principal horn London Symphony Orchestra, soloist and clinician
Bedřich Tylšar, former horn player with the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra, soloist and pedagogue
Zdeněk Tylšar, former principal horn with the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra, soloist and pedagogue

V
William VerMeulen, principal horn of the Houston Symphony Orchestra, Professor of Horn at Rice University since 1990
Eugène Léon Vivier, French player (1821–1900)
Radovan Vlatkovic, former principal of Berlin Radio Symphony Orchestra from 1982 to 1990, teacher at Mozarteum in Salzburg, soloist
Ondřej Vrabec, current solo horn of Czech Philharmonic Orchestra

W

Richard Watkins, principal horn of Philharmonia Orchestra from 1985 to 1996, teaching at Royal Academy of Music, soloist, chamber musician, clinician
Joan Thelma Watson, principal horn of the Canadian Opera Orchestra and a founding member of the True North Brass quintet.
Froydis Ree Wekre, member of Oslo Philharmonic from 1961 to 1991, co-principal from 1965 on, Professor of Horn at Norwegian Academy of Music, soloist, clinician
Kate Westbrook, tenor horn player
Jonathan Williams, British orchestral and solo horn player
Sarah Willis, fourth horn of the Berlin Philharmonic.
Katy Woolley principal horn of the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra

Use of the horn in jazz
The horn is used only rarely in jazz, but there have been a few notable players:

Pietro Amato, member of The Luyas, Arcade Fire, Bell Orchestre and Torngat
David Amram
John Clark
Vincent Chancey
Sharon Freeman
John Graas
Stefan de Leval Jezierski
Dave Lee
Bob Northern
Willie Ruff
Gunther Schuller
Arkady Shilkloper
Richard Todd
Tom Varner
Julius Watkins

See also

Lists of musicians

References

External links
 Harlan Feinstein's List of Jazz Horn Players

Horn players

List of horn players


Nellie Casman (1896–1984) was an American actress and singer in Yiddish theater. She was born in Proskurov, Russian Empire, and moved to the United States in the early 1900s. She lived in Philadelphia where her father was a hazzan. Casman showed such talent as an actress when a child, the actress Rose Rubin took her into a professional Yiddish theater, where she began to play child roles in 1910.

Playing Gitele in Zalmen Libin's Gebrokhene hertser (Broken Hearts), she came to the attention of Regina Prager's husband, a theater manager, who hired her for his company in New York. She played several years as a soubrette in vaudeville houses and became successful enough to be hired to replace Bessie Thomashevsky in Edelstein's People's Theater where she played opposite David Kessler in Mish Mash. She then abandoned "legitimate theater" and went back to vaudeville (in English as well as Yiddish). She recorded Yiddish songs and couplets for the Victor and Columbia labels. In 1913, Casman married playwright Shlomo "Samuel" Steinberg and collaborated with him in writing songs and shows; their biggest hit, written in 1923, was Yossel, Yossel, popularized in English as "Joseph Joseph" by the Andrews Sisters in 1938.

She went to Warsaw in 1929, concertizing and appearing in her husband's play A khasndl oyf shabos. The couple went to Russia as well, where she performed in Dos vaybele. They then went to Argentina and toured with equal success. She played at the Odeon Theater in New York and then went back to Argentina where she performed Spanish songs and appeared in Steinberg's Di Komediantke. In 1932 she performed in London, Paris, Berlin, and Riga, then back to Warsaw. Her most popular character was a "Little Cantor" in the Aron Nager's play "Dos Khazndl".

In 1937 she played Di zingerin at the Roxbury and then left again for Argentina, where she toured the provinces in Lilian's operetta A shif mit kabtsonim (A ship with paupers) She performed on radio and later on TV, in English, and did some film work at Paramount Studio.

Casman played Pathetic on the TV show "The Goldbergs" for eight years, reprising the role in the 1950 film, "Molly".  In 1971-72, she played the role of Sara Gitel in "The Laugh Maker" with Jacob Jacobs and Leo Fuchs at the Eden Theater in NYC. In 1973, Casman appeared in the film The Adventures of Rabbi Jacob.

In 1982, the musical comedy, "The Showgirl", which she wrote with Steinberg was performed by the Shalom Yiddish Musical Comedy Theater at Town Hall starring Mary Soreanu.

Following Steinberg's death in 1938, Casman married two more times including marriage to chess master Jacob Bernstein .  She died in New York City.

References

1984 deaths
Russian Jews
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
20th-century American actresses
American stage actresses
Actresses from Philadelphia
Yiddish theatre
Jewish American actresses
20th-century American Jews
1896 births

Nellie Casman


Jean Edouard Louis Schultheis (born October 27, 1943, in Casablanca, Morocco), better known as Jean Schultheis is a Moroccan-born French singer-songwriter, musician, and record producer. He was made famous by his single,  "Confidence pour confidence", released in 1981.

Early life and career
Schultheis was born October 27, 1943, in Casablanca, Morocco. Schultheis started studying piano at the age of five, and at fourteen, he entered the Conservatoire de Paris. In two years, he gained his first medal in specialized music theory. He won a first prize after entering harmony and counterpoint with master Challan and was unanimously named first prize in percussion in 1963. In 1967, he played drums and percussion for Hugues Aufray.

Musical career

1970–1990
His career began in the 1970s with the musical La Révolution Française, where he played as prosecutor Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville. He became a musician for Michel Jonasz and Maxime Le Forestier, for whom he played the drums and the piano. In 1976, he was a drummer on the album Hamlet by Johnny Hallyday. He did all the choirs for the song L'ami Caouette by Serge Gainsbourg. In 1976 released his first album, Hot Time, through Tele Music. His second album, Spectacles, was released two years after.

It was revealed in 1981 in the program Dimanche Martin (hosted by Jacques Martin, he was then a musician in the orchestra conducted by Raymond Lefèvre, then by Bob Quibel; That same year, he experienced success as a singer with the song "Confidence for confidence", which uses a particular method of construction of the text (an anadiplosis), each half-verse starting with the same syllable as the end of the previous half-verse, which creates an unusual cadence. The single ranks number one in the hit parade.

In 1981, he released his third album, Abracadabra, where the singles "Confidence pour confidence" and "Je largue tout" came from, followed by his fourth album, Growing up and a fourth, Portrait robot and the singles I'm looking for you without finding me, Baby Bop come out. In addition to his singing career, he is also a songwriter and produced the first album by Julie Pietri with the collaboration of Jean-Marie Moreau, and produced certain titles by Philippe Cataldo, most notably the hit "Les Divas du dancing", in 1986. Schultheis also composed for television, notably in the credits of television programs, such as the song "Pour être un coco boy", from the program Coco-boy, as well as Playmate inspired by his single, "Bébé Bop". In 1987, the single Va te faire voir was another success.

1991–present
He released his fifth and last album, J'ai pris mon temps in 1991. After a career in the spotlight, Schultheis remained in the world of music by collaborating with various artists as a pianist alongside Michel Sardou, Michel Berger, Alain Manaranche, Serge Lama and Julien Clerc. In 1991, he signed a title on the album "Ça ne change pas un homme" by Johnny Hallyday. In 2003, Schultheis became a music teacher in the third season of Star Academy, succeeding Clara Ponty. His son, Olivier Schultheis, is also a musician and composes for several artists of the series.

In 2007, he ran an unsuccessful campaign in the French legislative elections in the first district of Var under the Ecology Generation party. In 2007 and 2008, he participated in the RFM Party 80 tour, a musical show that brings together singers from the 1980s who were at the top of the Top 50. In 2012, he was part of the Summer Party 80. The program Stars 80 produced by Thomas Langmann tells in a humorous way the adventure of the successful tour RFM Party 80 which gathered more than a million spectators. He plays himself.

Personal life
Schultheis has two sons: Olivier Schultheis and Julien Schultheis.

Discography

Studio albums
Spectacles (1978)
Abracadabra (1981)
Grandir (1981)
Portrait robot (1984)
J'ai pris mon temps (1991)

Singles
Ma main / Quand je chante en yaourt (1978)
Romance en Fa dièse / À la cigogne amoureuse (1979)
Confidence pour confidence / App'lez la police (1981) [France: #01]
Je largue tout / T'es ma baby (1982)
Je te cherche sans me trouver / Bébé Bop (1982)
Pour être un Co-co boy / Playmate (1982)
Tequila Bar / Aventure (1984)
R'garde un peu comme tu marches / Coucou nana (1985)
Va te faire voir (chez les Grecs) / Va te faire voir (instrumental) (1987) France [France: #60]
Météo / Fort, fort, fort (1989)

References

1943 births
Living people
Musicians from Casablanca

Jean Schultheis


Holy Cross Church, Kurla is a Roman Catholic Church in Kurla, a suburb of Mumbai, India. It was built during the Portuguese era by the Jesuits in 1588 and rebuilt in 1848. It is one of the oldest churches in Mumbai. The church belongs to the Archdiocese of Bombay.

History

St. Francis Xavier had written the King of Portugal, requesting land near the village of Kurla on Salcette Island to build a church and residence.  On 22 February 1570, King Sebastian of Portugal wrote from Evora confirming the donation of the Villages of Bandra and Kurla, as well as Saki and Mohili in favour of the Jesuits of St. Paul's College of Goa.  This was because Goa was the headquarters of the Jesuits of Asia and St. Francis Xavier was the first Provincial Superior of India and the Far East.  On 1 November 1572 this donation was re-affirmed by the Royal Court of Lisbon. The Jesuits came to Kurla and Bandra in 1573 and the first small Chapel was built in the same year. References were made in 1580 to "the Church built by the Jesuits of Bandra in 1580". By 1586, two Priests and two Brothers, residing at Bandra, cared for the parishioners of Kurla, spelt by the Portuguese of the time as "Curulem" or "Corlem".  The Jesuits used to come on Sundays and Feast days of obligation to celebrate Mass, teach Catechism and help Catholics.

The Church was initially called "Iglesia de San Salvador" (Church of Our Holy Saviour). The name was then changed to 'Invencao de Santa Cruz', Church of the finding of the Holy Cross which was soon shortened to "Church of the Holy Cross", presumably due to special devotions to the Cross of Christ as mentioned in the Annual Letters to Rome of Jesuits of India,  found in the Monumenta Historica Societatis lesu and the Documenta Indica.

During 1669 to 1739, The British ruled the Seven Islands of Bombay while Salsette Island was still in Portuguese hands. The Jesuit Church and the houses of Kurla were frequently threatened by bombardment from the Sion Hillock Fort, situated on the northern end of Bombay.  Whenever the British had any grievances against the Portuguese, Kurla and Bandra, which lay immediately across the Mahim creek, suffered from these bombing reprisals. In 1739, the Church fell into the hands of the Marathas, and the Jesuits had to return. The Diocesan clergy then took over the administration of the parish.

The most drastic changes to the parish started taking place in the middle of the 20th century due to the continued influx of Catholics into the city and its Suburbs. The Catholic population increased appreciably which led to the carving of six new parishes from the original parish of Kurla. Our Lady of Fatima Church, kirol in 1953, St. Joseph, near Kurla Railway Station in 1968, St. Jude, Jeri Meri in 1972, St. Anthony, Saki Naka in 1975, Holy Family, Pestomsagar in 1982 and Infant Jesus, Ghatkopar in 1983 were established as independent parishes. At the turn of the century, the need for more accommodation in the church was felt and an extension and renovation of the Church structure was undertaken. Ivan Cardinal Dias released and inaugurated this project on 5 May 2004.

Parish Fiesta
The Church celebrates its feast on the 3rd day of May every year. Since 2015 the local community of Bombay East Indians from the Kurla Christian Village organise a festival known as Holy Cross Parish Fiesta every year to celebrate the church feast There are float parades, East Indian singing competitions, East Indian Band, fancily dressed people, horsecarts taking part in the celebration. Villagers from Gorai, Manori, Kanjur, Malad, Sion, Kalina, Vakola, Vile Parle, Sahar and Marol also join in the celebration. On 5 May 2019, Fr. Milton Gonsalves released a book named Holy Cross Kurla which described the history of Kurla.

References

External links

Official Parish Web Site

Roman Catholic churches in Mumbai
Churches completed in 1588
1588 in India
1848 in India
Rebuilt churches in India
16th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in India

Holy Cross Church, Kurla


The Federal Signal Model 2 is an omnidirectional outdoor warning siren produced by Federal Signal Corporation.

Siren information and history
The Model 2 features a 2 HP universal motor powering a single-tone 5-port chopper motor, which was also used on the Thunderbolt 1000, another siren once made by Federal Signal. It can produce 3 signals at 102 dBC:

Alert (Steady)
Attack (Wail)
Fast Attack (Fast Wail)

The Model 2 is 25.5 inches tall by 12 inches wide, and weighs 68 lbs. It can be roof-mounted or pole-mounted, at a recommended 35–40 feet. It is available in two power choices: Model 2-120, running on single-phase 120/125 VAC, or Model 2-240, running on single-phase 240/250 VAC. It can be operated automatically or remotely with an indoor/outdoor Federal RC2W controller.

It features a 100% sheet metal enclosure with polyester powder-coated paint. Protective mesh screens are mounted on the siren's three openings to keep out birds and debris.

The Model 2 was first introduced in 1929 alongside the Fedelcode line of sirens, replacing the antiquated and lackluster Type B. The first design of the Model 2 featured 3 louvers, 2 on top and 1 on the bottom. This design lasted until around 1953. The newer and current design has 1 louver on top and 2 on the bottom. Many early Model 2 units are known as "Long Legged" Model 2s.They were called this because the mounting legs that bolted to the motor were rather tall, at roughly 9 or 10 inches tall. It is also worth noting the Long Legs lacked the intake cone and stator ring for stabilizing the housing that newer sirens feature. The long leg sirens were predominately single tone, yet some dual tones have shown up, such as the example in New Orleans, LA that is pictured. The long leg sirens also used 4 brushes as opposed to 2. The 4 brush setup and long legs were replaced with a short leg, two brush setup around 1953, with the version still currently produced today. Although these differences are quite noticeable, the basic formula for the Model 2 has remained constant since the first ones were built around 1929.
Federal had also made a coded version of the Model 2. A small motor located at the base of the siren would oscillate a gear which would move a metal shaft leading to the stator. Located at the top of the shaft was a small gear and a strip of gear teeth connected to the stator. When ever the bottom gear oscillates back and forth, the shaft would rotate and cause the stator to open and close making a "coded" signal. The coded model was advertised as "the fastest coding siren on the market", and was supposedly able to operate fast enough to produce Morse code. It is unknown how long the coded Model 2 was produced for, and is no longer in production.

Model 2T
The Model 2T was an omnidirectional siren manufactured by Federal Signal from the 1950s to the 1980s, mainly to fulfill the civil defense requirement for dual-tone warning signals. It had exactly the same design as the Model 2, but instead of a single-toned, 5-port chopper, it featured a dual-toned, 4/5 port chopper which produced 100 dBC at 100 ft. The 2T also ran on 120 or 240 VAC. The Model 2 is still being made, while the 2T's production ended sometime in the 1980s, around the time the need for civil defense sirens ended. The chopper from this siren was also used on Thunderbolt 1000T units built between 1954 and 1959. 1000T units built after 1959 used a unique 5/6 port chopper.

See also
Federal Signal Corporation

References

1. http://www.federalsignal-indust.com/product/2-omni-directional-siren

2. http://www.civildefensemuseum.org/sirens/manuals/2-5-SD10-STH10-STL10-255A154F.pdf

1921 introductions
Sirens

Federal Signal Model 2


John Merrill Knapp (May 9, 1914 – March 7, 1993) was an American musicologist and academic. He was considered an authority on the life and works of George Frideric Handel. Born in New York City, Knapp graduated from the Hotchkiss School before entering Yale University where he earned a Bachelor of Arts in 1936 and was a member of Skull and Bones. He then taught briefly at The Thacher School in Ojai, California before returning to Yale to assume the post of assistant director of the Yale Glee Club. He left there to pursue graduate studies at Columbia University where he earned a Master of Music degree. He served as an operations officer in the Third Fleet of United States Navy during World War II (1942-1946); earning two service stars and a commendation ribbon.

In 1946 Knapp was hired as a music instructor at Princeton University. He remained at Princeton for the next 36 years, working as an assistant professor (1947-1953), associate professor (1953-1961), and full professor (1961-1982). He was chairman of Princeton's music department from 1949-1951, and served as Dean of the whole college from 1961-1966. He served as director of the Princeton Glee Club from 1941-1943 and 1946-1952. Upon his retirement in 1982 he was named a professor emeritus of music at Princeton. He died of prostate cancer in 1993 at Princeton Medical Center.

References

1914 births
1993 deaths
Princeton University faculty
Hotchkiss School alumni
Yale University alumni
20th-century American musicologists
Handel scholars
Members of Skull and Bones

J. Merrill Knapp


is a former justice minister of Japan.

Former career
After graduating from Chuo University in 1971, where she studied law, she became a lawyer in 1982. She belongs to the Yokohama Bar Association. As a lawyer, she was involved in a lawsuit filed by local residents over noise pollution caused by jets taking off and landing at the U.S. Naval Air Facility Atsugi in Kanagawa Prefecture.  She also worked to protect the rights of women and seniors.

Political career
Throughout her activity as lawyer, Chiba developed a relationship with Japan Socialist Party. In 1986 she was nominated as the official candidate of the party and elected to the House of Councillors for the first time. She held executive posts in the Japan Socialist Party and in its successor the Social Democratic Party, but she left the party to the Democratic Party of Japan in January 1997. Nevertheless, she strengthened her footing with continuous support by All-Japan Prefectural and Municipal Workers' Union (JICHIRO) and Japanese Trade Union Confederation and took charge of the Director General of a parliament group supporting Amnesty International.

At the 20th House of Councillors election Chiba ran for the Diet representing Kanagawa and was elected to the House of Councillors for the fourth time. In the course of election canvassing, two executives of the Kawasaki Municipal Transportation Workers Union were arrested because of their involvement in soliciting votes for  Chiba for cash payment. Both executives were sentenced to 1.5 years imprisonment with 5 years suspension execution. In the Next Cabinet Chiba served as Minister of State for Gender Equiality and as Minister of Justice.

After the 45th general election, she was appointed Minister of Justice in Yukio Hatoyama's cabinet on 16 September 2009. On 9 October 2009 Chiba granted special permission to two Chinese sisters who lost a lawsuit against a government deportation order.  She later enacted legislation to abolish the statute of limitations for murder and robbery-murder.

She is a prominent member of various anti-death penalty organizations in Japan. Chiba expressed her intention to give "warm treatment" to illegal immigrants in Japan, and she has also reportedly said that all illegal immigrants in Japan should be allowed to stay in Japan without any legal documentation.

Chiba was reappointed as justice minister in the cabinet of Prime Minister Naoto Kan in June 2010.

Chiba lost her seat in the House of Councillors on 11 July 2010, but Prime Minister Naoto Kan had kept her as the Minister of Justice until September. Her successor to the position was Minoru Yanagida, who was appointed by Prime Minister Kan.

Activities
In 1989, Chiba, Naoto Kan,  Takako Doi, Tomiichi Murayama and another 129 Japanese politicians from the Japan Socialist Party, Socialist Democratic Federation and Komeito signed a petition to the South Korean President Roh Tae-woo for the release of former death row inmate including Sin Gwang-su who had kidnapped a Japanese citizen in June 1980. After Kim Jong-Il admitted to abducting 13 Japanese citizens and issued an oral apology on 17 September 2002, Chiba was personally criticized by then Deputy Chief Cabinet Secretary Shinzo Abe, who called her "an idiot". During a meeting of the Budget Committee of the Lower house of the Diet held on 5 November 2009, Tomomi Inada confronted Chiba on the petition issue and Chiba replied to Inada that she had not realized that the list of the release petition included a criminal like Sin Gwang-su.
On 5 August 1999 Chiba voted against the Law Regarding the National Flag and National Anthem.
On 7 April 2004 at the Diet Chiba criticized the Reporting System for Illegal Aliens of the Immigration Bureau.
In November 2006 Chiba became the promoter of a movement requesting the withdrawal of an Iranian's deportation sentence by the Immigrant Bureau.
On 15 August 2008 Chiba participated in and made a speech at the ceremony held by Mindan celebrating the 63rd Gwangbokjeol.
On 16 August 2008 Chiba assented to the political assembly held by Mindan supporting the non-citizen voting rights.
On 4 December 2008 at the House of Councillors, Committee on Judicial Affairs, Chiba oppressed the speech of Kazuya Maruyama, a member of the Liberal Democratic Party concerning the amendment on the part of the Japanese Nationality Act.
On 17 March 2009 at the Diet Chiba requested from then Minister of Justice Eisuke Mori not to deport a family that had illegally entered Japan by means of false-name passports, which amounted to a request for special treatment for these immigrants.
On 21 September 2009 at "TV Tuckle" by TV Asahi Chiba expressed her intention to exercise her authority so as to prevent the runaway of public prosecutors.
In July 2010, Chiba signed execution orders for convicted murderers Kazuo Shinozawa and Hidenori Ogata, then attended their executions by hanging on 28 July 2010.  Chiba was the first justice minister in Japan's history to personally witness an execution.

Manifesto
To oppose the use of Yokosuka as a home port for nuclear-powered aircraft carriers of the United States Navy
Advocates moving the night landing practices from the naval air facility at Atsugi to one in Iwo Jima.
To set up the Civil Liberties Commission independent from the government.
To realize a society in which symbiotic relationships between naturalized citizens and foreign residents is possible.

Policies
She supports non-citizen voting rights.
She supports Multiple citizenship.
She supports the amendment of the Japanese nationality Act.
She supports the dual-surname system.
She supports the Human Rights Protection Bill.

Honours
 Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (2018)

References

External links
  in Japanese.

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|-

|-

1948 births
Chuo University alumni
Female members of the House of Councillors (Japan)
Women government ministers of Japan
Japanese anti–death penalty activists
Japanese women lawyers
Living people
Members of the House of Councillors (Japan)
Ministers of Justice of Japan
Politicians from Yokohama
Japan Socialist Party politicians
Social Democratic Party (Japan) politicians
Democratic Party of Japan politicians
Female justice ministers
Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun

Keiko Chiba


Graham Barry Stevenson (16 December 1955 – 21 January 2014) was an English cricketer, who played in two Test matches and four One Day Internationals from 1980 to 1981.

His county cricket career was spent mainly with Yorkshire and, latterly, Northamptonshire.

Life and career
Stevenson was born in 1955 in Ackworth, West Riding of Yorkshire. He was a right-armed fast bowler, who also found occasional success as a right-handed lower order batsman, and very occasional wicket-keeper; playing for Yorkshire from 1973 to 1986, and for Northamptonshire in 1987. Stevenson took 488 first-class wickets in 188 games at an average of 28.84, with an additional 307 wickets in the one day game. He scored two first-class centuries, with a top score of 115 not out. With that innings, Stevenson became only the eighth No. 11 to make a first-class hundred, in a partnership of 149 with Geoffrey Boycott against Warwickshire at Edgbaston in 1982. That partnership remains Yorkshire's all-time record for the tenth wicket.

Stevenson made all his international appearances on tour with England.  He travelled to Australia and India in 1979–80, and to the West Indies in 1980–81. He made his One Day International debut in Australia, in the World Series Cup, taking four wickets and scoring 28 not out in a winning cause.

Stevenson died of complications of a stroke on 21 January 2014. He was 58.

References

External links

1955 births
2014 deaths
English cricketers
England Test cricketers
England One Day International cricketers
Northamptonshire cricketers
Yorkshire cricketers
People from Ackworth, West Yorkshire
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Young England cricketers
Cricketers from West Yorkshire

Graham Stevenson


Peter Šumi (June 29, 1895 – May 21, 1981) was a Yugoslav gymnast and the founder of the Sava Kranj factory.

Šumi was born in Kranj. He took part in three World Championships in gymnastics for Yugoslavia. At the 1922 World Championships in Ljubljana, he was part of the Yugoslav team that took silver in the team event, behind Czechoslovakia. He also took gold in the individual combined event, as well as gold in the rings, horizontal bar, and parallel bars, and silver in the pommel horse.

At the next World Championships, in Lyon, France in 1926, he again took silver in the team event, again behind Czechoslovakia. Šumi won the individual combined event for the second time, but won no apparatus medals on this occasion.

His last World Championship medal came in 1930, at the World Championships in Luxembourg, where he took silver in the pommel horse. He died in Vienna.

Šumi was the only gymnast to have taken individual overall medals in consecutive World Championships until the Chinese gymnast Yang Wei achieved it in 2006 and 2007.  Additionally, Šumi is one of only two repeat male World All-Around Champions (of which there are 7) in the sport of Artistic Gymnastics, along with Yuri Korolyov, never to make an Olympic appearance as a competing athlete.

References

Yugoslav male artistic gymnasts
1895 births
1981 deaths
Slovenian male artistic gymnasts
Sportspeople from Kranj
Medalists at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships

Peter Šumi


Two Caravans is a novel by Marina Lewycka.  It was published by Penguin Books on 29 March 2007 for the United Kingdom market. In the United States and Canada it is published under the title Strawberry Fields. The story focuses on characters who are migrant labourers of various backgrounds working in England's agricultural industry, in particular, portraying Eastern Europeans in the United Kingdom. The book follows Lewycka's debut novel A Short History of Tractors in Ukrainian, and was shortlisted for the Orwell Prize for political writing in 2008.

Plot summary
A crew of migrant workers from three continents are forced to flee their English strawberry field for a journey across all of England in pursuit of their various dreams of a better future.

The story centres on a group of migrant workers who hail from Eastern Europe, China, Malaysia and Africa and have come to Kent to harvest strawberries for delivery to the supermarkets, and end up living in two small caravans, a men's caravan and a women's caravan. They are all seeking a better life (and in their different ways they are also, of course, looking for love) and they've come to England, some legally, some illegally, to find it.

They are supervised by Farmer Leapish, a red-faced man who treats everyone equally except for the Polish woman named Yola, the boss of the crew, who favours him with her charms in exchange for something a little extra on the side. But the two are discreet, and all is harmonious in this cozy vale – until the evening when Farmer Leapish's wife comes upon him and Yola and in retaliation she runs him down in her red sports car. By the time the police arrive the migrant workers (and a dog called Dog) have piled into one of the trailer homes and quickly leave their arcadia, thus setting off on a journey across the length and breadth of England.

Stage adaptation

An operatic adaptation of Two Caravans, written by Ace McCarron and composed by Guy Harries, won the Flourish new opera competition in 2012. The adaptation premiered at the King's Head Theatre in 2013.

Reviews
The Observer
The Times
The Independent
Time Out

References

2007 British novels
Novels set in Kent
British comedy novels
Penguin Books books

Two Caravans


Marble Drop is a puzzle video game published by Maxis on February 28, 1997.

Gameplay
Players are given an initial set of marbles that are divided evenly into six colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and purple, with two more colors available to purchase: black and silver (steel). These marbles are picked up and dropped by the players into funnels leading to a series of rails, switches, traps and other devices which grow more complex as the game progresses. The aim is to ensure that each marble arrives in the bin of the same color as the marble. Players must determine how the marble will travel through the puzzle, and how its journey will change the puzzle for the next marble. When a marble runs over certain sections of the puzzle, the paths may be rerouted or cut off, either temporarily or permanently. For example, if the marble runs over a button, it might hop, skip and jump a diversion that sends the next marble down a different road.

There are 50 puzzles in total, including five bonus puzzles which can only be accessed by solving a combination of locks which appear in certain puzzles. Each puzzle is decorated with da Vinci-style notes and sketches. These explanatory notes are a part of the background, informing the player of new pieces of equipment and their effects. At the end of each puzzle, the marbles that have been guided into their proper bins are returned to the player. Lost marbles must be purchased when they are needed to complete a puzzle. Steel (silver) balls are 20 percent of the price of colored marbles and can be used as test marbles or to help release a catch instead of using a valuable colored marble; additionally, there are steel-coloured exit bins in the final puzzle. Black marbles are very expensive, but change to the correct color when they arrive in a bin.

Reception

Marble Drop received lukewarm reception upon release. It received a ranking of 5.2 out of 10 from GameSpot, considering it dull. Computer Games Magazine gave it a 2.5 out of 5.

References

External links

1997 video games
Marble video games
Puzzle video games
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
Windows-only games
Maxis games
Single-player video games

Marble Drop


Richimund or Rechimund was a Suevic leader in Galicia from 457 until about 464. He was not recorded as a king (rex), though Hydatius wrote that inter Frumarium et Rechimundum oritur de regni potestate dissensio ("between Frumar and Rechimund arose a dissension of the power of the kingdom"). In 457 the Suevi split into two factions, one headed by Maldras raiding Lusitania and another led by Framta remaining in Galicia. After a few months of rule, Framta died and Rechimund appeared as his successor. While it is possible that the Suevi were living under a diarchy, it is more likely that the two factions remained independent of one another. Maldras' eventual successor, Frumar, was also not described as a king, but in 464 or thereabouts the entire Suevic nation was unified under a king named Remismund. Presumably, Rechimund and Frumar had battled for the throne and both had been eliminated, paving the way for Remismund. Some scholars have equated Remismund with Rechimund, but this seems far-fetched.

Sources

Thompson, E. A. "The End of Roman Spain: Part II." Nottingham Mediaeval Studies, xxi (1977), pp. 3–31. Reprinted as "The Suevic Kingdom of Galicia" in Romans and Barbarians: The Decline of the Western Empire. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1982. pp. 161–187. . See p. 167 for Rechimund.

5th-century Suebian kings
464 deaths
Year of birth unknown

Richimund


Privilege Underwriters Reciprocal Exchange (PURE) is an American property insurance company established in 2006. It caters to high-net-worth customers. It offers insurance for homes with a rebuild value of more than one million dollars, automobiles, watercraft, jewelry, art and other collections, personal excess liability (umbrella), and flood. The company is based in White Plains, New York. PURE is a member of the PURE Group of Insurance Companies (the PURE Group).

See also
 PURE Insurance Championship

References

Financial services companies established in 2006
Companies based in White Plains, New York

PURE Insurance


The General James A. Van Fleet Award (Korean: 제임스 밴 플리트상), given annually since 1992 by The Korea Society, is awarded to "one or more distinguished Koreans or Americans in recognition of their outstanding contributions to the promotion of U.S.-Korea relations." It is one of the most prestigious awards in the field of U.S.–Korea relations.

The award is named for General James A. Van Fleet, Commander of the U.S. Eighth Army at the height of the Korean War in 1951.  Beginning in 1957, General Van Fleet served as the first president of The Korea Society.

The award is formally presented to the recipient(s) each year at The Korea Society's Annual Dinner.

Winners

1995 – Chulsu Kim (Deputy Director-General, World Trade Organization)
1996 – Ambassador James T. Laney (U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of Korea)
1997 – Pyong-Hwoi Koo (Chairman, Korea International Trade Association)
1998 – Jong-Hyon Chey (Chairman, SK Group) and Jeong H. Kim (President, Carrier Networks and DNS / Lucent Technologies)
1999 – William J. Perry (former U.S. Secretary of Defense)
2000 – Jimmy Carter (former U.S. President)
2001 – Kim Kyung Won (President, Institute of Social Sciences)
2002 – Horace G. Underwood (Director, Yonsei University)
2003 – Raymond G. Davis (Retired General, United States Marine Corps)
2004 – Ban Ki-Moon (Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Republic of Korea)
2005 – George H. W. Bush (former U.S. President)
2006 – Lee Kun-hee (Chairman, Samsung)
2007 - Kim Dae-jung (former President of the Republic of Korea) and Houghton and Doreen Freeman (The Freeman Foundation)
2008 - Kevin O'Donnell (First Country Director, Peace Corps Korea) and Don Oberdorfer (Chairman, U.S-Korea Institute)
2009 - Chung Mong-koo (Chairman, Hyundai Motor Group) and Henry Kissinger (56th Secretary of State, The United States of America)
2010 - General Colin Powell (65th Secretary of State, The United States of America) and General Paik Sun-yup (Korean War Veteran, Military of South Korea)
2011 - Korea-U.S. Business Council accepted by Hyun Jae-hyun (Chairman of Tongyang Group) and U.S.-Korea Business Council accepted by William R. Rhodes (Senior Vice Chairman of Citigroup and Citibank)
2012 - Robert H. Benmosche (President and CEO of American International Group) and Han Duck-soo (former Prime Minister of the Republic of Korea) and Lee Soo-man (Chairman and Founder of S.M. Entertainment)
2013 - Ambassadors Ahn Ho-young and Sung Y. Kim on behalf of Korean and U.S. diplomats who have strengthened the 60-year alliance from 1953 to 2013
2014 - Marillyn A. Hewson (Chairman, President, and CEO of Lockheed Martin) and Yongmaan Park (Chairman of Doosan Group)
2015 - Ho Youn Kim (Founder of Kim Koo Foundation, Chairman and CEO of Binggrae Co., LTD)
2016 - Kwon Oh-joon (Chairman and CEO of POSCO)
2017 - George W. Bush (former U.S President) and Chey Tae-won (Chairman and CEO of SK Holdings)
2018 - Sohn Kyung-shik (Chairman of CJ Group)
2019 - The Boeing Company and Cho Yang-ho (Chairman and CEO of Korean Air)
2020 - Charles B. Rangel (Congressman and Korean War Veteran), Salvatore Scarlato (President of Korean War Veterans Association and Korean War Veteran), Yongmaan Park (Chairman of Korea Chamber of Commerce and Industry), BTS (Global Superstars)
2021 - Koo Kwang-mo (Chairman of LG Group), Mary Barra (CEO of General Motors)

References

External links

The Korea Society

South Korean awards
Awards established in 1992
Annual events in South Korea

James A. Van Fleet Award


The Bremer County Court House in Waverly, Iowa, United States, was built in 1937. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003 as a part of the PWA-Era County Courthouses of IA Multiple Properties Submission. The courthouse is the fourth building the county has used for court functions and county administration.

History
Bremer County's first courthouse was a small frame building used from 1854-1857. It was replaced by a two-story brick structure measuring  at a cost of $23,000. The jailer and his family lived in the basement. It was used for a variety of civic purposes until 1869 when the county board of supervisors limited its use to political and county societies. A "fireproof" building was built next to the existing courthouse in 1870 to house county records and several county offices.

Throughout the 1920s and 1930s conversations were held at various times concerning a new courthouse to replace the 1857 structure, which had become too small. The county applied for funding from the Public Works Administration (PWA) in 1935 to assist with construction costs and received approval of the request of $60,750. This is one of ten courthouses in Iowa that received PWA funds. County supervisors retained Waterloo architect Mortimer Cleveland to design the new building and a debate began about moving the county seat to Tripoli, the supervisors tabled it. In March 1936, voters approved a referendum to fund the rest of the construction costs. Drape Construction Co. of Tripoli received the contract to build the building, and work commenced in October 1936 and was completed the following summer. Final construction cost was $119,000. The June 6, 1937 dedication ceremony seen by 1,500 people. Justice Richard Mitchell of the Iowa Supreme Court and P.P. Hopkins, the State PWA Director, were the featured speakers. After the new courthouse was dedicated the old courthouse, as well as an old music pavilion and a fountain, were taken down from the square. The square was then graded and landscaped.

Architecture
The architectural style of the building is known as Depression Modern or PWA Moderne. The building features a symmetrical façade with a central section of 3½ stories that is flanked by two lower sections of 2½ stories over a raised basement. The exterior is clad in brick and Kasota stone, a cream-colored limestone. A central corridor extends the length of the building on each floor and office spaces extend from the corridors. The interior featured multi-colored terrazzo floors, marble wainscoting, and acoustic tile.

The building is located on the courthouse square on the east side of the central business district where the previous courthouse was also located. Two elements on the courthouse square, which itself is a contributing site, are contributing objects on the building's nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. The first element is the building's original flagpole. The second is a replica of the Statue of Liberty (1950), which commemorates the 40th anniversary of the Boy Scouts of America.

References

External links

Government buildings completed in 1937
Waverly, Iowa
PWA Moderne architecture in Iowa
Buildings and structures in Bremer County, Iowa
Courthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
County courthouses in Iowa
Public Works Administration in Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Bremer County, Iowa
1937 establishments in Iowa

Bremer County Court House


A fascine  is a rough bundle of brushwood or other material used for strengthening an earthen structure, or making a path across uneven or wet terrain. Typical uses are protecting the banks of streams from erosion (a fascine mattress), covering marshland, or providing ground improvement in a manner similar to that of modern geotextiles.

In war they have often been used to help armiesin modern times, especially tanks and other vehiclescross trenches, valleys, marshes, muddy or uneven terrain, etc.

Early military use

Fascine bundles were used defensively for revetting (shoring up) trenches or ramparts, especially around artillery batteries, or offensively to fill in ditches and cross obstacles on a battlefield.

Fascine bridges are a regularly attested feature of Roman military engineering and would have been widespread in the ancient world due to their usefulness and ease of construction. During the Siege of Alesia, the Gauls repeatedly attempted to repel the invading Romans by filling their trenches in with fascines and covering their traps, to support their counter-assault.

In mountainous terrains such as Syria, they could also be used to cross natural obstacles. In the Battle of Zela, Caesar's legions worked overnight filling in whole valleys with "a great quantity of fascines" to quickly gain an advantageous position over the army of Pharnaces II, removing them afterwards to protect their own camp.

Subsequently, the use of fascines by military engineers continued almost wherever armies were deployed and could be an incredibly cheap and effective 'weapon' during a siege, for both attacker and defender.

The Battle of Narva in 1700 was a pivotal early battle in the Great Northern War between Charles XII of Sweden and Peter the Great, near what is today the border between Estonia and Russia. Protected by the Narva River to their east, around the town the Russian Army had dug a trench six feet wide in front of an earth wall nine feet high. The defenders had 140 cannon mounted around the walls, they outnumbered the exhausted Swedish army four to one and a blizzard had just broken out. Nonetheless, Charles advanced: "Throwing their fascines into the ditch, the Swedes swarmed across on top of them. Waving swords and bayonets, they climbed over the earthworks and threw themselves on the foe. Within fifteen minutes, a fierce hand-to-hand battle was taking place inside the works."

A hundred years later, during the Napoleonic Wars, fascines were still in regular usebillhooks, used for cutting branches and saplings, were standard issue for riflemenbut appear to have been used defensively rather than for crossing trenches. In 1806-7 the French General Vandamme besieged Breslau with the assistance of his engineer Colonel Blein. When crossing enemy trenches, Blein used boats, trestles and ladders covered with boards to cross enemy entrenchmentswhen his account mentions fascines it is along with gabions as a defensive element.

World Wars

Tanks in World War I, namely the British Mark IV, started the practice of carrying fascines on the roof, to be deployed to fill trenches that would otherwise be an obstacle to the tank. These were constructed from the traditional bundles of brushwood used to make fascines since Roman times. Although these were cumbersome to deploy they proved an effective gap-crossing device and were used widely by the tanks of the day that weighed up to about 30 tons.

In World War II the use of fascines continued as a gap-crossing device and within the British Army these were launched from the Churchill AVREa Royal Engineer derivative of the standard Churchill tank (40 tons).

The Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) pre-positioned fascines made of metal pipes across the Khalkha River (between Japanese held Manchuria and Mongolia, the USSR's protectorate,) in advance of the IJA's 1939 foray into Mongolia.  The use of hollow pipes had been predicated on their ability to allow water flow; the pipes were secured such that they were awash, and the river's unimpeded flow initially hid the fascines from Soviet reconnaissance aircraft.  While these fascines were designed for stealth rather than combat deployment and were not deployed via armoured vehicles, the use of hollow pipes as fascines was a significant step forward.

Developments since World War II

The pipe fascine was further developed in the British Army in the early 1980s to meet the challenges of assuring the mobility of movement in West Germany in the event of a NATO conflict with the Warsaw Pact.

The majority of obstacles to mobility in West Germany run north–south, and movement by military forces would have been east–west. Within the area of operation of the British Army, near Hannover, there is a significant number of smaller gaps, mainly drainage ditches, streams and small rivers approximately  wide and  deep that are sufficient to stop armoured vehicles. Given the low number of AVLBs available, a solution was needed to bridge these gaps quickly and cheaply and under fire. In earlier wars, wooden fascines had been used, but these were ineffective for use with the much heavier modern vehicles, some of which weighed up to 70 tons.

The Royal Engineers Experimental Establishment at Christchurch did initial tests on the possible use of  high-density plastic pipes held together with chains. These would allow water flow, and not be damaged with the higher modern vehicle weight. Further development was done by Lt C Roebuck RE and his troop, 5 Troop, 31 Armoured Engineer Squadron, 32 Armoured Engineer Regiment at Munsterlager, North Germany in 1981/2, to enable full acceptance and provide user instructions for operational use. This development involved testing in different gaps and conditions, e.g. concrete-lined canals to earth-banked rural field drainage channels, possibility of multiple fascine use in a single gap and launch testing both day, night and in limited visibility. During the trials the development team drivers became skilled at the launching of the fascine and were able to launch two or even three fascines into a single gap. However for regular operational use by less skilled crews it was recommended that only single fascines should be used as the use of 2nd or 3rd fascines required the launch vehicle to launch the subsequent fascine whilst on the potentially unstable first fascine. This required a perfect launch to ensure the second fascine was quickly in place to make the first fascine stable and held in position. If this did not happen there was potentially significant risk to the launch vehicle and crew especially in water filled gaps.

A launch technique was developed: approach the target gap at speed, line up onto alignment/ launch markers, drive over first marker then brake sharply at second marked point and fire the explosive bolts holding the travel hawsers so that the fascine, through inertia, rolled off the directly into the middle of the gap. When in position, they travel over it to level the road surface for other vehicles to cross. This whole process would take less than a minute, essential for an assault crossing possibly under fire.

The fascine was subsequently accepted into service and used successfully in a number of operational and non-operational roles using the Centurion AVRE, a Centurion tank derivative with a bulldozer blade and 165mm demolition gun fitted. It was used in combat for the first time during the First Iraq war to breach anti tank ditches. The British Army now use the Trojan, based on the Challenger 2 tank, to carry and deploy pipe fascines.

Gallery

See also
 Billhook
 Fasces
 Fascine knife
 Ferula
 Withy
 Spiling

References

External links

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An article on use of fascines in river training for erosion control
"Fascines as Ecojewels of the Landscape" – Louis Laframboise, Biodynamic Association

Geotechnical structures
Siege equipment

Fascine