Theophilos Chatzimichail ( or Θεόφιλος Κεφαλάς; born c. 1870, Vareia, near Mytilene, island of Lesbos; died in Vareia, Greece, 24 March 1934), known simply as Theophilos, was a Greek folk painter and major contributor in modern Greek art. The main subject of his works are Greek characters and the illustration of Greek traditional folklore and history.

Life and work
The exact birthdate of Theophilos is unknown. However, it is believed that he was born between 1867 and 1870 in Vareia (Βαρειά), a village outside of Mytilene (then part of the Ottoman Empire). His father, Gabriel Kefalas (Γαβριήλ Κεφαλάς), was a shoemaker, while his mother Pinelopi Hatzimihail was a daughter of an iconographer. When he was very young he was mediocre at school, but he had a special interest in painting, having learned the basics from his grandfather.

His life was very hard, partially because people made fun of him since he often wore the fustanella in public. At the age of 18 he abandoned his home and family and worked as a gate-keeper (καβάσης, kavasis) at the Greek consulate in Smyrna.

He stayed in Smyrna for a few years before he settled in the city of Volos in about 1897, searching for occasional work and painting in houses and shops of the area. Many of his murals exist today. Most of his years he spent in Ano Volos. His protector during that period was the landholder Giannis Kontos, for whom he did many works. Today the house of Kontos is the Theophilos Museum. As well as painting, he was also involved in organizing popular theatrical acts for national ceremonies, and in the carnival period he had a major role, sometimes dressing as Alexander the Great, with pupils in Macedonian phalanx formation, and sometimes as a hero of the Greek Revolution, with gear and costumes made by himself.

In 1927 he returned to Mytilene. Legend states that he left Volos because of an incident in a kafeneio (coffee shop) where someone played a joke on him in front of others and threw him down from a ladder where he was painting.

In Mytilene, despite the mockery of the people, he continued to draw, painting many murals in villages for little payment, usually for a plate of food and a cup of wine. Many of his works of this period have been lost, either due to natural aging or from damage by the owners.

In Mytilene, the renowned art critic and publisher Stratis Eletheriadis (Tériade), who lived in Paris, discovered Theophilos and brought him a great deal of recognition and also international publicity, though posthumous.

Theophilos died in March 1934, on the eve of the Annunciation, perhaps from food poisoning. In 1961, his works were exhibited in the Louvre as a sample of a genuine folk painter of Greece. In 1965, Tériade donated 86 painted works on textile to the Municipality of Lesvos, along with a building that became the Theophilos Museum in Vareia, Lesbos.

Gallery

References

Sources
Yannis Tsarouchis, Theophilos (Athens: The Commercial Bank of Greece, 1966).
Odysseas Elytis, The Painter Theophilos, pub. Ypsilon, Athens 1996. .
Kitsos Makris, The Painter Theophilos at Pilios, 3rd εdition, εκδ. Δημοτικού Κέντρου Ιστορικών Ερευνών, Αρχείων και Εκθεμάτων Βόλου, Volos 1998. .
Ε. Παπαζαχαρίου, Ο άλλος Θεόφιλος, εκδ. Κάκτος, Αθήνα 1997.
Ντ. Παπασπύρου, Θεόφιλος Γ.Χ. Μιχαήλ, εκδ. Ιανός, Θεσσαλονίκη 1998. .

External links

Theophilos Museum - House of Giannis Kontos (Volos)
Museum of Works by Theophilos(Mytilene Lesbos Island Greece)
Biography and works
The death of Theophilos (Ιστορία Εικονογραφημένη, August 2002)
Article in news paper Ta Nea, 3 January 2000
Odysseas Elytis on Theophilos

1870s births
1934 deaths
People from Mytilene
20th-century Greek painters
19th-century Greek painters

Theophilos Hatzimihail


A dirt road or track is a type of unpaved road not paved with asphalt, concrete, brick, or stone; made from the native material of the land surface through which it passes, known to highway engineers as subgrade material.

Terminology

Similar terms
Terms similar to dirt road are dry-weather road, earth road, or the "Class Four Highway" designation used in China. A track, dirt track, or earth track would normally be similar but less suitable for larger vehicles—the distinction is not well-defined. Laterite and murram roads, depending on material used, may be dirt roads or improved roads.

Improved road
Unpaved roads with a harder surface made by the addition of material such as gravel and aggregate (stones), might be referred to as dirt roads in common usage but are distinguished as improved roads by highway engineers. Improved unpaved roads include gravel roads and macadamized roads.

Characteristics
Compared to a gravel road, a dirt road is not usually graded regularly to produce an enhanced camber to encourage rainwater to drain off the road, and drainage ditches at the sides may be absent. They are unlikely to have embankments through low-lying areas. This leads to greater waterlogging and erosion, and after heavy rain the road may be impassable even to off-road vehicles. For this reason, in some countries, such as Australia and New Zealand and Finland, they are known as dry-weather roads.

Dirt roads take on different characteristics according to the soils and geology where they pass, and may be sandy, stony, rocky or have a bare earth surface, which could be extremely muddy and slippery when wet, and baked hard when dry. They are likely to become impassable after rain. They are common in rural areas of many countries, often very narrow and infrequently used, and are also found in metropolitan areas of many developing countries, where they may also be used as major highways and have considerable width.

Dirt roads almost always form a washboard-like surface with ridges. The reason for this is that dirt roads have tiny irregularities; a wheel hitting a bump pushes it forward, making it bigger, while a wheel pushing over a bump pushes dirt into the next bump. However, the surface can remain flat for velocities less than 5 mph.

Driving on dirt roads
While most gravel roads are all-weather roads and can be used by ordinary cars, dirt roads may only be passable by trucks or four-wheel drive vehicles, especially in wet weather, or on rocky or very sandy sections. It is as easy to become bogged in sand as it is in mud; a high clearance under the vehicle may be required for rocky sections.

Driving on dirt roads requires great attention to variations in the surface and it is easier to lose control than on a gravel road.

Image gallery

References

See also

 Byway (road)
 Country lane
 Green lane (road)
 Trail

Types of roads

Dirt road


William Tardy Clement (September 27, 1894 – October 17, 1955) was a highly decorated general of the United States Marine Corps with the rank of lieutenant general during World War II. He is most noted as commanding general of Fleet Landing Force that would make the first landing on the Japanese home islands following the nation's unconditional surrender.

Biography

Clement was born in Lynchburg, Virginia, and graduated from Virginia Military Institute. Less than a month after reporting for active duty in 1917, Clement sailed for Haiti where he joined the 2nd Marine Regiment and its operations against rebel bandits.

Upon his return to the United States in 1919, he reported for duty at Marine Barracks, Quantico, where he remained until 1923, when he became post adjutant of the Marine detachment at the American Legation in Peking, China. In 1926, he was assigned to the 4th Marine Regiment at San Diego as adjutant and in October of the same year was given command of a company of Marines on mail guard duty in Denver, Colorado, where he remained for three months until rejoining the 4th Marines. Clement sailed with the regiment for duty in China in 1927 and was successively a company commander and regimental operations and training officer. Following his return to the United States in 1929, he became the executive officer of the Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego, and then commanding officer of the Marine detachment on board the West Virginia (BB-48). Clement spent most of the 1930s at Quantico, first as a student, then as an instructor, and finally as a battalion commander with the 5th Marines.

The outbreak of World War II found Clement serving on the staff of the Commander-in-Chief, Asiatic Fleet in the Philippines. Although quartered at Corregidor, he served as a liaison between the commandant, 16th Naval District; the commanding general, U.S. Army Forces in the Far East; and particularly with the forces engaged on Bataan until ordered to leave on board the U.S. submarine Snapper (SS-185) for Australia in April 1942. For his handling of the diversified units engaged at Cavite Navy Yard and on Bataan, he was awarded the Navy Cross.

Following tours in Europe and at Quantico, Clement joined the 6th Marine Division in November 1944 as assistant division commander and took part in the Okinawa campaign. Leading the 4th Marines ashore at Yokosuka on 30 August, was a memorable event in Clement's life and career—command of the Fleet Landing Force that would make the first landing on the Japanese home islands following the nation's unconditional surrender.

Less than two months after the Yokosuka landing, he rejoined the division in Northern China. When the division was redesignated the 3rd Marine Brigade, Clement became commanding general and in June 1946 was named commanding general, Marine Forces, Tsingtao Area.

Returning to the United States in September, he was appointed president, Naval Retiring Board, and then director, Marine Corps Reserve. In September 1949, he assumed command of Marine Corps Recruit Depot, San Diego, holding that post until his retirement in 1952. Lieutenant General Clement died in 1955.

Awards & honors
Clement is the recipient of the following awards:

References

 NPS biography of William Clement

Notes

1894 births
1955 deaths
People from Lynchburg, Virginia
Virginia Military Institute alumni
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War I
United States Marine Corps generals
United States Marine Corps World War II generals
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Order of the Sacred Tripod
Commanders of the Order of Orange-Nassau
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery

William T. Clement


The Portrait of Ferdinand I, Duke of Parma is an oil-on-panel painting by German artist Johann Zoffany, executed in 1778-1779. It is held at the Galleria nazionale di Parma. The painting was already part of the museum collection in 1791, exhibited in the Meeting Room of the Academy of Fine Arts of Parma.

History
The portrait is related to the British tradition of courtly portraiture, which Zoffany, originally from Frankfurt, had approached after his move to England in 1760.

Zoffany came to Parma in the Spring of 1778 after a profitable stay in Florence in which he had come into contact, through rich English residents, with the court of the Habsburg-Lorraine. It was perhaps Maria Luisa, the Grand Duchess of Tuscany, who invited the painter to come to Parma, where lived her sister Maria Amalia, wife of Ferdinand, Duke of Parma. He would be commissioned to create two major commissions in Parma, including the current portrait.

Description
Inserted in a splendid original frame, the painting depicts Ferdinand, Duke of Parma and Piacenza, from 1765 to 1802. He appears seated on an elegant Louis XV style armchair, depicted in  three-quarter length, with a dog by the left side, and holding his hat with his right hand, against the backdrop of a landscape that allows to clearly see the Ducal Palace of Colorno, his favorite residence.
Ferdinand wears an elegant official suit, with white stockings, knee-length trousers and a red velvet tailcoat adorned with his prestigious honors, such as the Order of the Golden Fleece, the Order of the Holy Spirit, the Order of the Immaculate Conception and the Order of San Gennaro. He also wears an elegant waistcoat in silver embroidered with floral motifs, notable for the refined rendering of the fabrics, where the cross of the Constantinian Order of St. George is pinned. Behind him are visible a huge column and a green curtain.

References

1779 paintings
Paintings by Johann Zoffany
Portraits of men

Portrait of Ferdinand I, Duke of Parma


The Tungabhadra River is a river in India that starts and flows through the state of Karnataka during most of its course, Andhra Pradesh and ultimately joining the Krishna River near Murvakonda in Andhra Pradesh

The river Tungabhadra derives its name from two streams viz., the Tunga, about 147 km (91.6 miles) long and the Bhadra, about 178 km (110.9 miles) long which rise in the Western Ghats. The river after the confluence of the two streams near Shimoga, runs for about 531 km (330 miles) till it joins the river Krishna at Sangamaleshwaram in Andhra Pradesh. It runs for 382 km (237 miles) in Karnataka, forms the boundary between Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh for 58 km (36 miles) and further runs for the next 91 km (57 miles) in Andhra Pradesh. The total catchment area of the river is 69,552 km2 (26,856 Sq miles) up to its confluence with Krishna and it is 28,177 km2 (10,880 Sq miles) up to Tungabhadra Dam. It is influenced chiefly by the South-West monsoon. It is a perennial river but the summer flows dwindle to as low as 2.83 to 1.42 cumec (100 to 50 cusec).

Etymology

Course
The Tungabhadra River is formed by the confluence of the Tunga River and the Bhadra River at Koodli which flow down the eastern slope of the Western Ghats in the state of Karnataka. The two rivers originate in Mudigere Taluk of Chikmagalur District of Karnataka along with the Nethravathi (west-flowing river, joining the Arabian Sea near Mangalore), the Tunga and the Bhadra rise at Gangamoola, in Varaha Parvatha in the Western Ghats at an elevation of 1458 metres (near Samse Village). According to a Hindu mythological legend, after killing the demon Hiranyaksha, Varaha Swamy (the third incarnation of Vishnu) felt very tired. He took rest on the region now known as Varaha Parvatha. When he sat on that peak, sweat began flowing from his scalp. The sweat which flowed from the left side of his scalp became the Tunga river, and the sweat which flowed from his right side became Bhadra River.

After emerging from the source, the Bhadra river flows through Kudremukh mountain region, Tarikere Taluk and the industrial city of Bhadravathi, while the Tunga river flows through Sringeri Taluk, Thirthahalli Taluk and Shimoga Taluk. More than 100 tributaries, streams, creeks, rivulets and the like contribute to the two rivers. The journey of the Tunga and the Bhadra is  and  respectively, till they join at Koodli, at an elevation of about 560 metres near Holehonnur, about  from Shivamogga, areca granary of the country. Though both Tunga and Bhadra rivers start at same source (Gangamoola), they flow separately for some distance and then they later unite with each other at Koodli village. Hence from there, the composite name Tungabhadra was given. From there, the Tungabhadra meanders through the plains to a distance of . After confluence, the Tungabhadra river flows through Honnali and Harihara taluks of Davangere district. Then it flows through Harapanahalli, Hoovina Hadagali, Hagaribommanahalli, Hospet and Siruguppa Taluks of Bellary district. In Siruguppa Taluk of Bellary district, it receives its tributary Vedavathi River. The river forms a natural boundary between Bellary and Koppal districts and then between Bellary and Raichur districts along its course. After entering Andhra Pradesh, it flows through Mantralaya and then through Kurnool. It receives its tributary Handri river near Kurnool. Then it joins the Krishna near Gundimalla Village of Jogulamba Gadwal district of Telangana state. The confluence of Tungabhadra and Krishna River is a holy pilgrimage site - The Sangameswaram Temple. The Jogulamba Temple(dedicated to Devi) is present near Alampur village. The Sangameswaram Temple (Dedicated to Shiva) is present in Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh. The Varada flowing through Shimoga, Uttara Kannada and Haveri districts and Vedavathi in Chikkamagalur, Chitradurga and Bellary districts in Karnataka and the Handrail in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh are the main tributaries of the Tungabhadra. Many rivulets and streams join these tributaries. There is a popular saying in Kannada "Tunga Paana, Ganga Snana", which means "Drink Tunga River water, which is tasty & sweet, and bath in Ganga River, which is holy".

There are many holy places all along the rivers: primarily temples of Saiva cult on the banks of the Bhadra and all the cults on the banks of the Tunga. Sringeri, Sarada Peetham established by the Adi Shankaracharya is the most famous one on the left bank of the Tunga, about  downstream of its origin. The earlier Shringeri Sharada Peetham established by Adi Shankaracharya is at Koodli, the place of confluence of Tunga and Bhadra rivers. Hampi one of the important heritage locations being listed by UNESCO is on the banks of the Tunga Bhadra River. Nava Brindavan, an island where the final resting location of nine holy Madhva saints is in the midst of the Tunga Bhadra River. One can view the Tunga Bhadra River from famous Yantroddaraka Hanuman Temple at Hampi. Virupaksha Temple is also on the banks of the Tunga Bhadra River. The resting spot of Vasudendra Teertha is also on the banks of Tunga Bhadra River at Kenchangudda, Siruguppa. Manthralayam Sree Raghavendra Swamy Muth in Kurnool District and Alampur District, Jogulamba is the presiding deity at this holy place of Alampur- known as Dakshina Kashi, are the other important pilgrimage centres. There is a cluster of Nava Brahma temples constructed by the early Chalukyas.

An important feature of the river banks is the flood protection walls all along the rivers, constructed by Sri Krishna Devaraya between 1525 and 1527 AD. They are found wherever there is a possibility of land erosion during the floods. It starts at Sringeri and ends at Kurnool, just few kilometres from its mouth. They are stone constructions and still intact. Very large boulders of 3' x 4' x 5' are also used in its construction.

Piles of granite in varying shades of grey, ochre and pink dominate the landscape. The river has cut through weaker rocky substrata of the Hampi landscape and created a narrow gorge where granite hills confine the river in a deep ravine.

In this setting the ruins of Vijayanagara and Hampi, the seat of power of the Vijayanagar empire, overlook this holy river, creating a mythological landscape merging sacred traditions about a multitude of significant divinities.

The granite outcrops slowly disappear as the river flows south and the land opens into a long, broad plain ending at the rising slopes of the Sandur hills, rich in iron and manganese, beyond which is the town of Hosapete. The Tungabhadra Dam was constructed at Hosapete in the middle of the 20th century to harness the river water, aiding the growth of agriculture and industry in the region.

The Tungabhadra River then flows east, joining the Krishna in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana border. From here the Krishna continues east to empty into the Bay of Bengal. The wedge of land that lies north of the Tungabhadra River, between the Tungabhadra and the Krishna, is known as the Raichur Doab.

Temples

 The Huligema Temple on the banks of the Tungabhadra River at Koppal district, Karnataka.
 The Markendeshwara Temple to Lord Shiva on the banks of the Tungabhadra river at Shivapur village, Koppal district, Karnataka.
 Sri Shringeri Sharadamba Temple and Dakshinamnaya Sringeri Sharada Peetham on the banks of the Tunga River in Chikmagalur district, Karnataka.
 Bidarallamma Temple to Goddess Renuka on the banks of the Tunga River in Gadag district, Mundaragi taluk Karnataka.
 Pampapati Temple in Kampli of Ballari district, Karnataka.
 Harihareshwara Temple on the banks of the Tungabhadra River at Harihara.
 Surrounding the modern town of Hampi are the ruins of Vijayanagara, the site of the powerful Vijayanagara Empire's capital city and now a World Heritage Site. The site includes the Vijayanagara temple complex ruins.
 The Moola Brindavana of Guru Raghavendra Swamy on the banks of the Tungabhadra river at Mantralayam, Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh.
 Sri Dakshina Shirdi Sai Baba Temple to Shirdi Sai Baba, known as Dakshina Shirdi, on the banks of the Tungabhadra River at Kurnool, Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh.
 Sri Jogulamba Temple to Goddess Parvathi, known as Dakshina Kashi, in Alampur about 25 km from Kurnool.
 The early Chalukyas built a cluster of temples on the left northern banks of the Tungabhadra river.
 The Nava Brahma Temples complex, one of the earliest models of temple architecture in India.
 The Sangameswaram Temple to Lord Shiva at the place where several holy rivers meet in Sangameswaram, Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh. According to myth, the Pandavas of Mahabharata once came to Kurnool during their exile. They decided to install a Shiva Linga in this region after visiting Srisailam Mallikarjuna Temple. So, Dharmaraya (Yudhishtira) told his brother Bhima to bring a Shiva Linga from Kashi. Later, they consecrated the Linga at the confluence of the Krishna River and the Tungabhadra River along with 5 other tributaries. Hence, the Linga was named Sangameshwaram (Sangama means "where rivers meet"). Tunga Bhadra River Pushkara (festival) is held once in 12 years.

Recent dams
A dam was constructed about  upstream from Shimoga at Gajanur across the River Tunga. Another dam was constructed at Lakkavalli about  upstream of Bhadravati across the River Bhadra. They are multipurpose dams (multipurpose dams help in generation of electricity, irrigation of land, prevention and control of floods, etc.) and irrigate lands in Shimoga, Chikkamagalur, Davanagere and Haveri.

Tungabhadra Dam (TB Dam), also considered a multipurpose dam, is across the river Tungabhadra. The dam is near the town of Hosapete in Karnataka. Its storage capacity is 135 Tmcft. Owing to siltation, the capacity has come down by about 30 tmcft. If there are seasonal and late rains, an estimated 235 tmcft is released. It is filled when water is let into the canals during the rainy season. The main architect of the dam was Thirumalai Iyengar, an engineer from Madras. A general-purpose hall was named after him. It has become a picnic or tourist spot over the years. TB Dam is near the heritage site Hampi. One of the major problems and concerns associated with TB Dam is that it has been undergoing a lot of siltation. Because of silt deposition in the dam, the storage capacity of the dam is coming down. Another major problem associated with TB Dam is increased pollution, resulting in decreasing fish population. This is seriously affecting fishermen, who are solely dependent on the river for their livelihood.

The Sunkesula Barrage near Kurnool city, a long barrage dam, was constructed across the Tungabhadra River around 1860 by the British engineer, hailed as Bhagiratha for Rayalaseema, Sir Arthur Cotton. Originally, it was intended to be used for navigation during the British Raj. The barrage was reconstructed by Kotla Vijayabhaskara Reddy as Tungabhadra Barrage, to provide irrigation for Kadapa district. As road and rail transportation increased, it is now supplying water for Kurnool and Kadapa districts, through the K. C. Canal. It impounds about 15 billion cuft of water and irrigates about  amount of land in Kurnool and Kadapa districts.

Problems

Industrial pollution has damaged the Tungabhadra River. Industry and mining on its banks in the Chikkamagaluru, Shimoga, Davangere, Haveri, Vijayanagara, Bellary, Koppal and Raichur districts of Karnataka and in the Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh generate enormous amounts of effluents. Nearly 30 million liters of effluents are released into the Tunga from Shimoga each year." This is the contribution of just one city which, unlike Bhadravathi and Hospet, cannot boast of being an industrial city. As a result of the effluents, Tungabhadra is one of the most polluted rivers in the country.

Downriver from the industries, the water has turned dark brown and has a pungent odor. Tungabhadra river's pollution has affected 1 million people in the sub-basin as most villages use the river water for drinking, bathing, irrigating crops, fishing and livestock water, previously obtained through an ancient tank system. The livelihood of village fishermen has been harmed by regular fish kills that have exhausted Tungabhadra's fisheries.

Gallery

See also
List of dams and reservoirs in India
Tungabhadra Pushkaralu
Kishkindha
Sunkesula

References

External links

River Krishna
Physical landscape
Temples on the banks of Tungabhadra river

Dams in Karnataka
Rivers of Karnataka
Tributaries of the Krishna River
Rivers of Andhra Pradesh
Rivers of Telangana
Hampi
Places in the Ramayana
Geography of Vijayanagara district
Geography of Bellary district
Geography of Shimoga district
Geography of Davanagere district
Geography of Kurnool district

Tungabhadra River


Benjamin McCulloch (November 11, 1811 – March 7, 1862) was a soldier in the Texas Revolution, a Texas Ranger, a Major general in the Texas militia and thereafter a major in the United States Army during the Mexican-American War. He was afterwards a U.S. marshal, and a Brigadier general in the army of the Confederate States during the American Civil War. Unlike most generals in the Civil War, he was not a West Point graduate.

Early life
McCulloch was born November 11, 1811 in Rutherford County, Tennessee. He was one of thirteen children and the fourth son of Alexander McCulloch and Frances Fisher LeNoir. His father was an officer on Brigadier general John Coffee's staff in 1813 during the Creek War. His mother was a daughter of a prominent Virginian planter. After moving several times the family settled at Dyersburg, where one of their closest neighbors was Davy Crockett. Ben assumed the duties of "man of the house" and probably ended his formal education. This was at about age 14, although his father's library of books added to his continuing education. He helped with running the farm and also joined the local militia. He learned to be a great woodsman under his mentor Davy Crockett. He also learned something else from Crockett, that a military academy education was not necessary to command men in battle.

In 1832, McCulloch headed west. He reached Independence, Missouri too late to join the fur trappers headed for the mountains for the season. He moved on to Galena, Illinois to the lead mines for a time. In the fall of 1832, he returned to Tennessee. He and his brother floated cypress logs down the Obion and Mississippi Rivers to Natchez, Mississippi and New Orleans to market twice a year until 1835.

Texas career
When Davy Crockett went to Texas in 1835 McCulloch along with his brother Henry decided to go with him. They planned to meet Crockett at Nacogdoches on Christmas Day. The brothers arrived too late, however. McCulloch sent his brother Henry back home and went on to join Crockett at the Alamo in San Antonio. However, before reaching the Alamo, he came down with the measles. By the time he recovered, it was too late and the Alamo had fallen. McCulloch joined the Texas army under Sam Houston in its retreat to East Texas. At the Battle of San Jacinto (April 21, 1836) he commanded one of the cannons nicknamed the "Twin Sisters". At the end of the battle Houston found him and immediately promoted him to first lieutenant.

In 1837, he worked as a surveyor in the area around Gonzales, Texas. There he met and joined Jack Hays' company of Texas Rangers. He became an experienced Indian fighter. He fought in the Battle of Plum Creek in 1840. In 1841 he was part of the expedition against Indians along the tributaries of the Guadalupe River. In 1842 he was elected a first lieutenant in Captain Jack Hays' company of Rangers.

Mexican War
At the start of the Mexican War, McCulloch raised a company of volunteers that became Company A of Colonel Jack Hays' First Regiment, Texas Mounted volunteers. With his skills in tracking and scouting, he was soon named General Zachary Taylor's chief of scouts. He fought at the Battles of Monterey and Buena Vista. When the war ended, he held the rank of major.

McCulloch then scouted for Major General David E. Twiggs but joined the rush to the California gold fields in 1849. He never struck gold, but he was elected sheriff of Sacramento. (His old commander, Colonel Hays, had been elected sheriff of San Francisco on the same day.) His old friends Sam Houston and Thomas J. Rusk, both now in the U.S. Senate, tried to arrange for his appointment to command a frontier army regiment, but his lack of formal education was against him and so the appointment never went through. In 1852, President Franklin Pierce promised him command of the U.S. Second Cavalry, but U.S. Secretary of War Jefferson Davis gave it to Albert Sidney Johnston.

McCulloch was appointed U.S. marshal for the Eastern District of Texas in 1852. He served during the [[Franklin Pierce,
|Pierce]] and the Buchanan administrations. However, conscious of his lack of formal military education, he actually spent much of his term studying military science in libraries in Washington, DC. In the aftermath of the 1858 Utah War, he was one of the peace commissioners who was sent to negotiate with Brigham Young in Utah (the other being former Governor Lazarus W. Powell of Kentucky).

Civil War
Texas seceded from the union on February 1, 1861, and on February 14, McCulloch received a colonel's commission. He was authorized to demand the surrender of all federal military posts in the state. U.S. Army General Twiggs turned over to McCulloch all federal property in San Antonio. In return, Twigg's troops were to be allowed to leave the state unharmed. On May 11, Davis appointed McCulloch a brigadier general.

McCulloch was placed in command of the Confederate troops in Arkansas. On August 10, 1861, McCulloch's poorly-armed troops defeated the army of General Nathaniel Lyon at the Battle of Wilson's Creek, Missouri.

Afterwards, he was put under the command of Major-Heneral Earl Van Dorn. At the battle of Battle of Pea Ridge, McCulloch was killed by a Union sharpshooter.

McCulloch's body was buried on the field at Pea Ridge. He was later removed to a cemetery in Little Rock. Finally, his body was later moved to the Texas State Cemetery in Austin.

Notes

References

1811 births
1862 deaths
American Civil War generals
Military people killed in action
Military people from Tennessee

Benjamin McCulloch


The climate of Uttar Pradesh (U.P.) is varying within Uttar Pradesh, a state of India. The dominating climate type is humid subtropical with dry winter (CWa) with parts of Western U.P having a semiarid climate (BS). Alternatively, some authors refer to it as tropical monsoon climate. Some regional variations exist, however the uniformity of the vast Indo-Gangetic Plain, gives to the state a mostly single climatic pattern with minor regional variations. The temperature varies within the year. The extreme low and high temperatures are usually from 0 °C to 50 °C in several parts. During the monsoon season, floods often take place, due to heavy rain. The summers are extremely hot, the winters are cold and the rainy season can be either very wet or very dry.

Seasons of Uttar Pradesh
Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) defines the climate of India into the following seasons:

 Winter Season / Cold Weather Season (January and February)
 Summer season/ Pre-monsoon season/ Hot weather season/ Thunderstorm season (March, April and May)
 South-west Monsoon/ Summer Monsoon (June, July, August and September)
 Post-monsoon or Northeast monsoon or Retreating Southwest Monsoon season (October, November and December)

This classification is primarily centered on Monsoons, which are very significant for the local population and agriculture of India.

Classification of the Uttar Pradesh climate
The climate of Uttar Pradesh is generally defined to be tropical monsoon climate. However based on the Köppen climate classification, it can be classified mostly as Humid Subtropical with dry winter (CWa) type with parts of Western Uttar Pradesh falling in the semi-arid category.

Based on IMD classification, Uttar Pradesh has the following three predominant seasons:

 Winter Season - November until February
 Summer season - March until May
 South-west Monsoon - June until October

Retreating Monsoon season, although existent, has a very negligible effect in Uttar Pradesh and only occasional mild showers are experienced in winter. Some of these showers aren't caused by post-monsoon rainfall but due to western disturbances.

The primary temperature, rainfall and wind features of the three Distinct Seasons of Uttar Pradesh can be summarised as below:

 Summer (March–June): Hot and dry (temperatures rise to 45 °C, sometimes 47–48 °C); low relative humidity (20%); dust winds.
 Monsoon (June–September): Monsoons provide the bulk of India's annual rainfall. They provide the 85% of the average annual rainfall of 990 mm. The temperature falls to 30–45° on rainy days.
 Winter (October–February): Cold (temperatures drop to 3–4 °C, sometimes below −1 °C) and dry. Fogs usually take place in winter.

Because there are significant climatic differences, Uttar Pradesh has been divided into two meteorological sub-divisions – U.P. East and U.P. West.

Geographical terrain
The state of Uttar Pradesh is in the heart of Indo-Gangetic Plain with River Ganges passing through Uttar Pradesh.

Temperature
The extreme temperatures vary from 0 to 46 °C. High temperatures, approximating 50 °C have been recorded in Gonda district. A such wide range of temperature fluctuations in most parts of the state can lead to either cold or heat waves, both resulting in substantial loss of lifes and economy.

Heat waves
In 2007, Banda district recorded daily temperatures close to 45.5 °C for several days. At least 62 people died during the heat wave that year. In June 2009, another 30 people during a heat wave in Uttar Pradesh. Highest temperatures reached 49 °C in Bundelkhand district of northern Uttar Pradesh. In June 2010, Jhansi recorded the highest temperature of 46.7 °C, the hottest for U.P. for that year.

Cold waves
In recent years, winters at the end of 2007 and beginning of 2008 caused an increase of cold-wave related deaths in U.P. with temperatures dipping to 2.8 °C in the city of Meerut. Simultaneously it also led to a loss of crops and agricultural produce. Similarly, in 2009, the temperature dropped up to 2.9 °C in Meerut, causing deaths. On late 2010 and early 2011, this winter also caused cold-wave related deaths. This time, Churk town in Sonabhadra district recorded the lowest temperature, at 1.4 °C. On 13 January 2013, Kanpur recorded its all-time low temperature when the temperature reached −1.1℃. In Agra, the temperature reached−0.7℃.

Precipitation
Uttar Pradesh has a uniform rain pattern. Snowfall doesn't occur but hailstorms are common for Uttar Pradesh. The type of rainfall that Uttar Pradesh receives is orographic, cyclonic and convectional.

Rain
Primarily a summer phenomenon, the Bay of Bengal branch of the Indian Monsoon brings the most monsoonal rainfall in Uttar Pradesh. Uttar Pradesh is affected primarily from the southwest monsoon. Western disturbances and North-East Monsoon also contribute small quantities towards the overall rainfall of the state. The rain in Uttar Pradesh can vary from an annual average of 1.700 mm in hilly areas to 840 mm in Uttar Pradesh. As a direct result of the monsoonal rainfall, excess rain can lead to floods and shortage to droughts. As such, these two phenomenons of floods and droughts are common in the state.

Floods in U.P.
Floods are a known hazard of U.P. due to overflowing of its main rivers like Ganga, Yamuna, Ramganga, Gomti, Sharda, Ghaghra, Rapti and Gandak. The estimated annual losses due to floods in U.P. reach . Major flood management efforts have been tried to mitigate the risk. Most of these floods occur due to the Monsoon rains and overflowing of rivers during the rainy periods. Year 2010 witnessed one such year of flooding in U.P.

Droughts in Uttar Pradesh
Shortage of rain during the highly variable Monsoon season can cause droughts in U.P. leading to several deaths and loss of property. The recent 2002 and 2004 drought-related financial estimates report financial losses of  and  respectively. The recurrence of a major deficiency in annual rainfall follows a 6–8 years cycle in Eastern U.P. whereas in Western U.P., follows a 10 year cycle.

Wind
In summers, hot winds called loo blow all across U.P. They are carrying dust and cause significant damage. In winters, dry and rainless winds blow across the state. Fog may also form in parts of U.P.

Related pages
 Geography of Uttar Pradesh
 Uttar Pradesh
 Climate

References

Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh

Climate of Uttar Pradesh


"I Want to Take You Higher" is a song by the soul/rock/funk band Sly and the Family Stone, the B-side to their Top 30 hit "Stand!". Unlike most of the other tracks on the Stand! album, "I Want to Take You Higher" is not a message song; instead, it is simply dedicated to music and the feeling one gets from music. Like nearly all of Sly & the Family Stone's songs, Sylvester "Sly Stone" Stewart was credited as the sole songwriter.

About the song
"I Want to Take You Higher" opens with a bluesy guitar riff played by Freddie Stone. The song, one of the most upbeat recordings in the Family Stone canon, is a remake of sorts of "Higher", a song from the band's 1968 Dance to the Music LP. "Higher" itself has its origins in "Advice", a song Sly Stone co-wrote and arranged for Billy Preston's album The Wildest Organ In Town in 1966.

"Higher" made the setlist for the band's performance at Woodstock alongside "Dance to the Music" and "Music Lover"; Sly Stone used the song during a memorable interlude, during which he had the Woodstock crowd repeating, at three in the morning, the song's frantic cry of "higher!"

Even though it was a B-side, "I Want to Take You Higher" became a Top 40 hit (No. 38) of its own in 1970. That same year, Ike & Tina Turner released a cover of the song that became a hit as well, peaking above the original Family Stone recording on the Billboard Hot 100 (at No. 34), and one position below the original on the R&B singles chart.

Legacy
Sly & the Family Stone performed a medley of "Dance to the Music" and "I Want to Take You Higher" on Soul Train on June 29, 1974.

The song was featured prominently in the classic Canadian children's show Hilarious House of Frightenstein. It was the theme song for the Wolfman character.

From May 10, 1997 through February 28, 1998, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum presented their first temporary exhibit entitled I Want to Take You Higher: The Psychedelic Era 1965-1969, timed to correspond with the 30th anniversary of the Summer of Love. It opened with a day-long outdoor festival MC'd by Chet Helms that drew thousands to the Museum's plaza, featuring Big Brother and the Holding Company, Country Joe McDonald, and Donovan, with guests Ken Kesey and his Merry Pranksters (complete with the Further Bus). It accompanied the publishing of a book of the same name in 1997 (Chronicle Books) documenting the exhibit and the period. The last day featured an appearance by sixties icons Wavy Gravy and Paul Krassner, provided by the Cleveland-based group ACE.

In March 2005, Q magazine placed "I Want to Take You Higher" at No. 84 in its list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks.

In 2008, Backbeat Books published the biography I Want to Take You Higher: The Life and Times of Sly & the Family Stone, by Jeff Kaliss, featuring a foreword by and the first interview in twenty-one years with Sly Stone.

Cover versions
Ike & Tina Turner released a cover of "I Want to Take You Higher" in 1970 which was also credited to the Ikettes. It was a Top 40 hit, peaking at No. 34 on the Billboard pop chart and No. 25 on the R&B chart.
Brian Auger & The Trinity covered the song as "I wanna take you higher" in their 1970 album Befour.
The Jackson 5 covered the song in their 1971 TV soundtrack album Goin' Back to Indiana.
Randy Hansen covered the song on his eponymous LP released in 1980.
Australian rock band Noiseworks recorded the song as 'Take You Higher' with Michael Hutchence of INXS in 1991, for the third Noiseworks album Love Versus Money, Their version was released a single in Australia.
Marcella Detroit covered the song as a b-side to her 1994 single "I Believe", and later included it on her album Jewel. It was also released as a promotional 7" single from that album.
Duran Duran recorded two versions for their 1995 covers album Thank You.
Sonia Dada recorded 'I Want To Take You Higher' for their 1999 live album, Lay Down and Love it Live.  Also released as a single, it did not chart.
Tesla recorded a version for Real to Reel (2007).
The guitar riff from the original version was sampled for "Woodstock Hood Hop", by Slaughterhouse featuring M.O.P., in 2009.
Hanson covered the song on their Roots & Rock 'N' Roll EP in 2015.
Toto covered the song on their album Live at Montreux 1991, released in September 2016.
A cover of this song can be heard in the end credits sequence of Bob's Burgers bonus episode "Into The Mild" first aired on June 11, 2017.
Australian pop group The Chantoozies have covered the song to open their concerts in recent years.

Personnel
 Lead vocals by Sly Stone, Rose Stone, Freddie Stone, and Larry Graham
 Background vocals by Rose Stone, Freddie Stone, Larry Graham, Greg Errico, Jerry Martini, and Cynthia Robinson
 Harmonica, keyboard by Sly Stone
 Guitar by Freddie Stone
 Bass by Larry Graham
 Drums by Greg Errico
 Horns by Jerry Martini (tenor saxophone) and Cynthia Robinson (trumpet)
 Written and produced by Sly Stone

Chart performance

Sly and the Family Stone

Ike & Tina Turner

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

1969 songs
1969 singles
1970 singles
1992 singles
Sly and the Family Stone songs
Ike & Tina Turner songs
Song recordings produced by Ike Turner
Noiseworks songs
Song recordings produced by Sly Stone
Songs written by Sly Stone
Epic Records singles
Liberty Records singles
The Ikettes songs

I Want to Take You Higher


Judith Skillman (born 1954) is a contemporary northwest American poet and the author of eighteen books of verse.  She is the winner of many poetry awards, including the Eric Mathieu King Fund from the Academy of American Poets, and has received grants from the Centrum Foundation, King County Arts Commission, and the Washington State Arts Commission, and Artist Trust.  Skillman is also a translator from the French, most notably of the poet Anne-Marie Derese.

She has had 26 poems published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). In addition her work has appeared in Poetry, Shenandoah, The Southern Review, Prairie Schooner, Cimarron Review, and many other journals. Anthologies include Nasty Women Poets, Lost Horse Press, 2017.
Currently Skillman resides in Seattle. She  has dual citizenship with Canada. Skillman also does visual art using oil paints. See www.judithskillman.com for a link to publications and artwork.

In 2013 Skillman published a book on the creative and practical processes of writing poetry, Broken Lines - The Art & Craft of Poetry. It is targeted at poets who would like to put together a first or second manuscript of poetry.

Books
Came Home to Winter (Deerbrook Editions, 2019
Premise of Light (Tebot Bach), 2018)
Kafka's Shadow (Deerbrook Editions, 2017)
House of Burnt Offerings (Pleasure Boat Studio, 2015)
Angles of Separation (Glass Lyre Press, 2014)
The Phoenix:  New & Selected Poems  2007 – 2013 (Dream Horse Press, 2013)
Broken Lines - The Art & Craft of Poetry (Lummox Press, 2013)
White Cypress (Červená Barva Press, 2011)
The Never (Dream Horse Press, 2010)
Prisoner of the Swifts (Ahadada Books, 2007)
Heat Lightning; Selected Poems (Silverfish Review Press, 2006).
Coppelia; Certain Digressions (David Robert, 2006).
Opalescence (David Robert, 2005).
Latticework (David Robert, 2004).
Circe's Island (Silverfish Review Press, 2003).
Sweetbrier (Blue Begonia, 2001).
Red Town (Silverfish Review Press, 2001).
Storm (Blue Begonia, 1998).
Beethoven and the Birds (Blue Begonia, 1996).
Worship of the Visible Spectrum (Breitenbush Books, 1986).

References

External links
Judith Skillman Official Website
Glass Lyre Press Official Website

1954 births
Living people
American women poets
20th-century American poets
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women

Judith Skillman


A Garden of Pomegranates is a 160-page book, written by Israel Regardie in 1931.

History
The first edition was published in 1932. The book was printed four times, with a second edition being published in 1970 by Llewellyn Publications. The title pays homage to Moses ben Jacob Cordovero's Pardes Rimonim, or "Pomegranate Orchard."

A third edition was printed in 1999, by Llewellyn Publications. This edition includes two introductions by Regardie, and one from Chic and Sandra Tabatha Cicero. The third edition is also furnished with a series of annotations done by the Ciceros, and an additional 320-page qabalistic textbook, titled Skrying On The Tree of Life.

Regardie dedicates the book to Aleister Crowley and identifies the text as a theoretical introduction to the foundation of the magical work of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn.

References

Sources
Regardie, Israel. A Garden of Pomegranates: Skrying on the Tree of Life, Llewellyn Publications.

1932 non-fiction books
Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn
Magic (supernatural)
Occult books

A Garden of Pomegranates


Langdon Bay is a bay in east Kent, England. It is two miles east of the town of Dover, and is named after the nearby villages of Langdon, East Langdon and West Langdon.  The cliffs around it are known as the Langdon Cliffs. A prominent zig-zag path down the cliff-face is visible from the sea and connects with the National Trust path by means of a step ladder. An additional means of exit from the beach being a return on foot to St Margaret's Bay. At the far western end is a restricted area of the Port of Dover, and occasionally walkers will be escorted out by the Dover Port Police.

History
The bay is known for the Langdon Bay Hoard – a collection of Bronze Age metal objects found nearby in 1974.  This includes bronze axes of a French type and is thought to represent the cargo of a boat that was caught in a storm just after leaving the English coast, either jettisoned to lighten and save the boat or sunk with it (if there was a wreck, it is now lost).  This  demonstrates that cross-channel trade was already occurring in the Bronze Age, if not earlier.  The hoard is owned by the British Museum, but is on long-term loan and display in Dover Museum in Market Square, Dover.

Three searchlight batteries – known as the Langdon Lights – were built into the base of the bay's cliffs during World War II, so that any ship trying to enter the bay could be illuminated while it was checked, though one battery has since been destroyed by a cliff fall.

The area above the cliffs is now a chalk downland nature reserve owned by the National Trust, looking down on Dover Harbour and the Channel, and centred on the 'Gateway to the White Cliffs' Visitor Centre.  Large parts of this reserve, and of this section of clifftop in general, is an SSSI, AONB and Heritage Coast.  Another nearby historic site is the South Foreland Lighthouse, also a NT property.

Notes

External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20040825152004/http://www.dover-kent.co.uk/places/langdon_cliffs.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20110727015244/http://www.geog.sussex.ac.uk/BAR/images/Kent/langdon_stairs/Page.html
Hourly Met office weather observations from the Bay

Bays of Kent
English Channel
Dover District
National Trust properties in Kent

Langdon Bay (Kent)


Calderón is a rural parish of Quito Canton, Pichincha Province, Ecuador. It lies northeast of the city of Quito, on Ecuador Highway 35 (designated by the Ecuadorian transit police as E-35), a north-to-south-running highway which is the Ecuadorian segment of the Pan-American Highway.

The seat of the parish (the village) is particularly known for its cemetery, which attracts visitors during All Souls' Day (11-02), and for its decorative masapán figurines.

Parishes of Quito Canton

Calderón, Quito


Ian Robert Brightwell (born 9 April 1968) is an English former professional footballer and manager. As a player, he was a defender from 1986 to 2006 and who played 468 league games in a 20-year career the Football League and Premier League.

He started his professional career at Manchester City in 1986, having won the FA Youth Cup with the club, and remained at Maine Road for the next 12 years, helping City to win promotion out of the Second Division in 1988–89. He joined Coventry City in 1998, before moving on to Walsall two years later. He helped the "Saddlers" to win the Second Division play-offs in 2001, before he joined Stoke City in March 2002. After playing for the "Potters" in their Second Division play-off success in 2002, he moved on to Port Vale. He was appointed as a coach at Vale Park in June 2003, before joining Macclesfield Town as a player-coach a year later. He served the club as caretaker manager in October 2006, before being given the job permanently in June 2007. He left Moss Rose in February 2008 after a poor start to the 2007–08 season.

Playing career

Manchester City
Brightwell began his career at Manchester City, where he signed schoolboy forms at the age of 14. He was part of the 1986 FA Youth Cup winning team that also included the likes of Paul Lake and David White. Brightwell made his City debut under Billy McNeill on 23 August 1986 against Wimbledon, and therefore came into the first team picture just as City were being relegated out of the First Division in 1986–87 under McNeill and assistant turned replacement manager Jimmy Frizzell. Brightwell became known as a versatile player who played at every single outfield position during his career at the club; however he was most commonly used either as a right-back or as on the right side of midfield. City then finished ninth in the Second Division in 1987–88, before Mel Machin led them to promotion in 1988–89 with a second-place finish; they ended 17 points behind champions Chelsea and one point ahead of third-place Crystal Palace. Brightwell was also capped four times by England under-21s, scoring twice, in 1988 and 1989. He did not score many goals, but did memorably shoot into the top corner from  on 3 February 1990, to earn City a draw with rivals Manchester United at Old Trafford. They ended the 1989–90 season in 14th place under short-term boss Howard Kendall, behind United only on goal difference.

City shot up the table in 1990–91 under Peter Reid, finishing in fifth place, though still 21 points behind champions Arsenal. He helped City to record a fifth-place finish in 1991–92, some 12 points behind champions Leeds United. They then finished ninth in 1992–93, the first ever season of Premier League football. New manager Brian Horton led the club to disappointing 16th and 17th-place finishes in 1993–94 and 1994–95; Brightwell did not feature in the first team however, as he snapped his patella tendon, and was sidelined for more than a year. He did eventually recover, and returned to the City line-up for the 1995–96 campaign under Alan Ball, but could not prevent the "Sky Blues" from being relegated in 18th spot, finishing behind Southampton due to their inferior goal difference.

The 1996–97 season was turbulent, with Ball being replaced by Steve Coppell, who was in turn replaced by Frank Clark; Brightwell remained a constant first team presence however, making 39 appearances. He played just 25 games in 1997–98 though, and was powerless to prevent City from being relegated into the third tier for the first time in the club's history. He was given a testimonial match and a free transfer, having made 382 league and cup appearances, scoring 19 goals, in an 18-year association with the Maine Road club.

Coventry City
Brightwell joined Premier League side Coventry City for the 1998–99 season, but was given just one League Cup game by manager Gordon Strachan. He left Highfield Road at the end of the 1999–2000 season without having featured for the "Sky Blues" in the league. He was loaned out to First Division side Walsall at the end of the 1999–2000 campaign, playing ten games, but could not prevent the "Saddlers" from suffering relegation.

Walsall
Despite Walsall's relegation, Brightwell had impressed manager Ray Graydon during his time at the Bescot Stadium, and joined the club permanently in summer 2000. He played 54 games in the 2000–01 campaign, helping the club to qualify for the Second Division play-offs with a fourth-place finish. He played the full 120 minutes of the play-off final at the Millennium Stadium, as Walsall beat Reading 3–2 after extra time, having to come from behind twice in the game.

Stoke City
Brightwell returned to the third tier when he joined Guðjón Þórðarson's Stoke City in March 2002. He played just four league games for the "Potters" in 2001–02, though came on for Tony Dinning 85 minutes into Stoke's 2–0 win over Brentford in the play-off final.

Port Vale
In August 2002 Brightwell moved on to local rivals Port Vale, who were back in the Second Division under the management of his former boss at Manchester City, Brian Horton. He played 38 games for the "Valiants" in 2002–03, before he was appointed as a coach at Vale Park in June 2003. He featured three times for the Vale first team in 2003–04, before he left the club in May 2004. He also served the club as caretaker manager for less than 24 hours between Brian Horton's resignation and Martin Foyle's appointment in February 2004.

Macclesfield Town
Brightwell then joined Brian Horton at Macclesfield Town as a reserve team coach, and also remained registered as a player. He played six League Two and two FA Cup games for the "Silkmen" in 2004–05, all in the first half the campaign. He then played 11 league games in the 2005–06 campaign, and played five league and cup games at the start of the 2006–07 season.

Managerial career
Brightwell was appointed caretaker manager at Macclesfield Town on 2 October 2006 after the sacking of manager of Brian Horton, before the board appointed Paul Ince as permanent manager three weeks later; Ince took them to a 22nd-place finish in 2006–07, one place and two points above the relegation zone. Ince resigned on 24 June 2007 to take over at Milton Keynes Dons, and Macclesfield appointed Brightwell as permanent manager, with Asa Hartford as his assistant. The pair left the club in February 2008 after a poor run of results and were replaced by Keith Alexander; Brightwell was given the opportunity to stay at Moss Rose as Alexander's assistant manager, but declined the offer. Alexander kept the club in the Football League with a 19th-place finish in 2007–08.

In October 2008, Brightwell was brought to back to Port Vale by Dean Glover in a temporary coaching capacity. He spent five months with the "Valiants", leaving the club at the end of February 2009. He appeared in the Master's Tournament at the 2009 HKFC International Soccer Sevens, and began working at BBC Radio Manchester as a co-commentator.

Personal life
Brightwell was born in Lutterworth but grew up in Congleton, with his parents; Olympic 800m gold medalist Ann Packer and 400m runner Robbie Brightwell. His younger brother David also played for Manchester City.  He is a married man and has two children with wife Sally.

Career statistics

Managerial statistics
Source:

Honours
Manchester City
FA Youth Cup: 1986
Football League Second Division second-place promotion: 1988–89

Walsall
Football League Second Division play-offs: 2001

Stoke City
Football League Second Division play-offs: 2002

References

1968 births
Living people
People from Congleton
People from Lutterworth
Footballers from Leicestershire
Footballers from Cheshire
English men's footballers
England men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football defenders
Manchester City F.C. players
Coventry City F.C. players
Walsall F.C. players
Stoke City F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Macclesfield Town F.C. players
English Football League players
Premier League players
Association football coaches
English football managers
Macclesfield Town F.C. managers
English Football League managers

Ian Brightwell


Sylviane Agacinski-Jospin (born 4 May 1945) is a French philosopher, feminist, author, professor at the École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS), and wife of Lionel Jospin, former Prime Minister of France. Her theoretical articulation of parity inspired the French law which requires every political party to fill 50 percent of all candidacies in every seat with women.

Family life
Agacinski's parents were immigrants from Poland, and her sister is French actress Sophie Agacinski. Agacinski is the mother of a son by philosopher Jacques Derrida, who directed the EHESS, and she became the stepmother of Lionel Jospin's two children with their marriage.

Lionel Jospin
Agacinski met Jospin in 1983, at her sister Sophie's wedding. They married 11 years later. She stayed on the sidelines in Jospin's candidacy for president in 1995, but was much more active in his candidacy for president in 2002. At that time she changed her name to Agacinski-Jospin to "bow to the will of the people", but continues to use her maiden name as a philosopher. In the fall of 2002, after Jospin's surprise exclusion from the runoffs to Jacques Chirac and Jean-Marie Le Pen, Agacinski published Journal Interrompu, a book about the election in diary form, blaming Chirac, the French media, and the French left's internal rivalries.

Philosophy
As a feminist philosopher, Agacinski is associated with "differentialism", an important strain of French feminism, which argues that the human condition cannot be understood in any universal way without reference to both sexes. She's cited as writing, "We want to keep the freedom to seduce and be seduced. There will never be a war of the sexes in France," in her 1998 book, Sexual Politics.

Parité amendment
In 1999, Agacinski was a leading originator of a bill to amend article three of the Constitution of France to include a phrase stating: "The law will encourage equal access for women and men to political life and elected posts." With Jospin's support, the so-called "Parité"("Parity") amendment was made on June 28, 1999, and was followed by a law, on May 3, 2000, obliging the country's political parties to present 50% female candidacies in virtually any race, or lose a corresponding share of their governmental campaign funding. In the 2002 legislative elections, the first under the new law, Le Pen's National Front was among the few parties to come close to meeting the law, with 49% female candidates; Jospin's Socialists had 36%, and Chirac's UMP had 19.6%.

Bibliography

 Aparté. Conceptions et morts de Søren Kierkegaard, Aubier, 1978
 Critique de l'égocentrisme. La question de l'Autre, Galilée, 1994
 Volume. Philosophie et politique de l'architecture, Galilée, 1996
 Le Drame des sexes. Ibsen, Strindberg, Bergman, Seuil, coll. « Librairie du XXIe siècle », 2008
 Corps en miettes, éd. Flammarion, 2009. Critique de la marchandisation du corps humain.
 L'homme désincarné. Du corps charnel au corps fabriqué, Gallimard, coll. Tracts, 2019

References

External links

People from Allier
1945 births
Living people
French people of Polish descent
Feminist philosophers
French women philosophers
Postmodern feminists
20th-century French philosophers
21st-century French philosophers
Lycée Carnot teachers
20th-century French women

Sylviane Agacinski


Namaksin is a kind of traditional Korean clog made of wood for protection against mud and rain. Namaksin are known as close-toed shoes made of one piece of wood. There was a misconception that these traditional clogs came not from Asia but from the Netherlands in the past, but in reality, there had been clogs at least from Three Kingdoms period of Korea, which were similar to geta, Japanese clogs. Those old namaksin were called "pyeonggeuk (平屐)". It is presumed that clogs of Baekje went to Japan, and it became the origin of geta. Clogs in Baekje had three holes like geta, but clogs in Silla had five holes. How people tied its strings in that era is unclear. In the Three Kingdoms period, there were two types of clogs: open-toes shoes, and close-toes shoes. As time went by, the latter became primary as namaksin. These shoes were worn by Koreans of all ages and social positions, usually in the rainy seasons.

References

 인병선 "한 · 중 · 일 삼국의 고대 나막신 연구" 문화재  38 pp. 109–128 (2005) : 109. UCI G704-SER000010438.2005..38.003
 An Illustrated Guide to Korean Culture - 233 traditional key words. Seoul: Hakgojae Publishing Co. 2002. pp. 138–139.
 "Culture." EPIK. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 September 2013.
 "Dutch clogs." The Hutchinson Encyclopedia. Abington: Helicon, 2013. Credo Reference. Web. 29 September 2013.
 DeMello, Margo. Feet and Footwear: A Cultural Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood/ABC-CLIO, 2009. Print.

Clogs (shoes)
Korean footwear
Medieval costume

Namaksin


Stiepel is a southern district of the City of Bochum in the Ruhr area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is on the Ruhr River, which is its border to the neighbouring cities of Hattingen and Witten. Stiepel used to be a municipality in the rural district of Bochum, but was integrated into Bochum in 1929.

Stiepel is the most affluent part of Bochum. It has an old village church dating from 1008. Originally a Catholic church, it became a Lutheran church in 1610 when the minister broke away from the church and converted to Lutheranism. The church was honored with a stamp commemorating its 1000th anniversary in 2008.

Stiepel Priory is located in the town.

Further reading
 Heinz Winter, Königreich Stiepel, Bochum: Hoose (1987)
 Heinz Winter, Von stipula bis Stiepel, 3rd edition (1998)

External links
 Stiepel

Boroughs of Bochum

Stiepel


August Ludwig von Schlözer (5 July 1735 — 9 September 1809) was a German historian. He made many important contributions to the study of the Universal History, and particularly, the History of Russia.

In 1804, Schlözer was ennobled and elected privy councilor by the Russian Tsar Alexander I of Russia

His outlook about the universal history influenced historians as Nikolai Karamzin.

Other websites
 Biography of August Ludwig von Schlözer

1735 births
German historians
1809 deaths

August Ludwig von Schlözer