In aeronautical engineering, overall pressure ratio, or overall compression ratio, is the ratio of the stagnation pressure as measured at the front and rear of the compressor of a gas turbine engine. The terms compression ratio and pressure ratio are used interchangeably. Overall compression ratio also means the overall cycle pressure ratio which includes intake ram.

History of overall pressure ratios
Early jet engines had limited pressure ratios due to construction inaccuracies of the compressors and various material limits. For instance, the Junkers Jumo 004 from World War II had an overall pressure ratio 3.14:1.  The immediate post-war Snecma Atar improved this marginally to 5.2:1. Improvements in materials, compressor blades, and especially the introduction of multi-spool engines with several different rotational speeds, led to the much higher pressure ratios common today.

Modern civilian engines generally operate between 40 and 55:1. The highest in-service is the General Electric GEnx-1B/75 with an OPR of 58 at the end of the climb to cruise altitude (Top of Climb) and 47 for takeoff at sea level.

Advantages of high overall pressure ratios

Generally speaking, a higher overall pressure ratio implies higher efficiency, but the engine will usually weigh more, so there is a compromise.
A high overall pressure ratio permits a larger area ratio nozzle to be fitted on the jet engine. This means that more of the heat energy is converted to jet speed, and energetic efficiency improves.  This is reflected in improvements in the engine's specific fuel consumption.

The GE Catalyst has a 16:1 OPR and its thermal efficiency is 40%, the 32:1 Pratt & Whitney GTF has a thermal efficiency of 50% and the 58:1 GEnx has a thermal efficiency of 58%.

Disadvantages of high overall pressure ratios
One of the primary limiting factors on pressure ratio in modern designs is that the air heats up as it is compressed. As the air travels through the compressor stages it can reach temperatures that pose a material failure risk for the compressor blades. This is especially true for the last compressor stage, and the outlet temperature from this stage is a common figure of merit for engine designs.

Military engines are often forced to work under conditions that maximize the heating load. For instance, the General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark was required to operate at speeds of Mach 1.1 at sea level. As a side-effect of these wide operating conditions, and generally older technology in most cases, military engines typically have lower overall pressure ratios. The Pratt & Whitney TF30 used on the F-111 had a pressure ratio of about 20:1, while newer engines like the General Electric F110 and Pratt & Whitney F135 have improved this to about 30:1.

An additional concern is weight. A higher compression ratio implies a heavier engine, which in turn costs fuel to carry around. Thus, for a particular construction technology and set of flight plans an optimal overall pressure ratio can be determined.

Examples

Differences from other similar terms
The term should not be confused with the more familiar term compression ratio applied to reciprocating engines. Compression ratio is a ratio of volumes.  In the case of the Otto cycle reciprocating engine, the maximum expansion of the charge is limited by the mechanical movement of the pistons (or rotor), and so the compression can be measured by simply comparing the volume of the cylinder with the piston at the top and bottom of its motion. The same is not true of the "open ended" gas turbine, where operational and structural considerations are the limiting factors. Nevertheless, the two terms are similar in that they both offer a quick way of determining overall efficiency relative to other engines of the same class.

Engine pressure ratio (EPR) differs from OPR in that OPR compares the intake pressure to the pressure of the air as it exits the compressor, and is always greater than 1 (often very much so), whereas EPR compares the intake pressure to the pressure at the engine's tailpipe (i.e., after the air has been used for combustion and given up energy to the engine's turbine wheel(s)), and is often less than 1 at low power settings.

The broadly equivalent measure of rocket engine efficiency is chamber pressure/exit pressure, and this ratio can be over 2000 for the Space Shuttle Main Engine.

See also
 Brayton cycle
 Carnot cycle
 Compression ratio
 Engine pressure ratio (EPR)

References

Engineering ratios
Gas turbines

Overall pressure ratio


Grayson-Collin Electric Cooperative, Inc. is a non-profit rural electric utility cooperative headquartered in Van Alstyne, Texas.

The Cooperative was organized in 1937.

As its name suggests, the cooperative serves the rural portions of Grayson County, Texas, and Collin County, Texas, in a territory, generally surrounding Van Alstyne.

In addition to electricity, the cooperative also provides telephone and Internet service through unregulated subsidiaries.

References

External links
Grayson-Collin Electric Cooperative

Companies based in Texas
Electric cooperatives in Texas
Grayson County, Texas
Collin County, Texas

Grayson-Collin Electric Cooperative


Reading (pronounced: "Redding") is a large town in Berkshire in England. It is the largest settlement in Berkshire. It is home to about 230,000 people. Reading is found in South East England, between London and Bristol. The River Thames goes through the town. Reading replaced Abingdon as the county town of Berkshire in 1867.

History
There is a large statue of a lion in Forbury Gardens, and local legend has it that the sculptor killed himself by jumping off the top because he had sculpted the legs wrong. The lion is a memorial to soldiers from Berkshire who were killed in Maiwand, (Afghanistan) in a war in 1880.

Reading is the home of a school which used to be a Hospital in World War I and World War II. It is named Redlands Primary School.

Madejski stadium is home to the Reading Football Club whose nickname is "The Royals". They are also known as the "Biscuit Men". The stadium was opened on 22 August 1998.

Reading is the largest town in England. Of course, there are larger cities in England but Reading has not been granted city status and it doesn't have a cathedral. Also, Reading is home to the Oracle, a huge shopping centre and a large university named University of Reading.

Reading began life as a Saxon Settlement. Reading was originally called Reada Ingas, which means people of Reada. Reada was a Saxon leader in the area with his tribe in the 6th century.

The Normans built a  wooden castle in Reading. It was later replaced by a stone castle. The king then demolished the castle in 1152 fearing it might come into the hands of his enemies.

Reading was an important centre in the medieval period, as the site of Reading Abbey, a monastery with strong royal connections

The Huntley and Palmer's biscuit factory was the biggest in the world in 1914 and one factory was built on Kings Road by George Palmer in 1846.

"The Blade" in central Reading is the tallest building in Reading. It is 86 metres tall. It is visible from many places in the town.

Palmer Park was founded by George Palmer and it has a statue of George Palmer in it. Palmer Park was built for his workers to rest and people still enjoy using the park today.

There is a very famous hospital called The Royal Berkshire Hospital. It was opened in 1839.

Lots of schools in Reading took part in "Beat The Street" in 2015.

Notable people
TV presenter Chris Tarrant (Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?) and comedian Ricky Gervais are from Reading, and also actress Kate Winslet, who has a road named after her. Musician Mike Oldfield is also from Reading. Tony Sullivan (local legend) is also a resident in the town. The town has two universities and is famous for its rock festival. Reading is home to Championship football and rugby teams.

Related pages
 Reading railway station
 Great Western Railway

References

Other websites

County towns in England
Towns in Berkshire
Unitary authorities

Reading, Berkshire


Ariel 2, also known as UK-C, was a British radio astronomy satellite, which was operated by the Science and Engineering Research Council as part of the Ariel programme. It was built in America by Westinghouse Electric, and had a mass at launch of . It was launched in 1964, and became the first satellite to be used for radio astronomy, although the Canadian satellite Alouette 1 was launched 1962 and also did similar radio astronomy observations.

Launch and mission parameters

The launch of Ariel 2 was conducted by the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration, using a Scout X-3 rocket. The launch occurred at 17:25:23 GMT on 27 March 1964, from Launch Area 3 at the Wallops Flight Facility. Ariel 2 was placed into a low Earth orbit, with a perigee of , an apogee of , 51.6 degrees of inclination and an orbital period of 101.2 minutes as of 3 May 1964. It ceased operations in November 1964, and subsequently decayed from orbit on 18 November 1967.

Contributions to galactic radio astronomy
One of the major scientific focuses of the Ariel 2 mission was to characterize galactic radio emissions at frequencies below 10 MHz.  Such frequencies are difficult to observe from Earth due to the influence of the ionosphere.

It was known that a non-directional antenna operating at frequencies below 10 MHz would be sensitive to galactic radio sources, with only a small contribution due to other sources.  The Ariel 2 satellite had a 40m non-directional antenna that was essentially a long wire that was unreeled from a drum in the satellite after being placed into orbit.  In order to remove the effects of Earth-based radio waves, the antenna was tuned to detect frequencies between 0.7 and 3.5 MHz.  This choice was not arbitrary.  The ionosphere effectively blocks radio waves below 4 MHz.  This is both a problem for Earth-bound radioastronomers (who cannot observe radio waves below 4 MHz) and a benefit for space-based observatories (which are not subject to noise at frequencies above 4 MHz).

The observations were processed to determine the mean sky brightness in Ariel 2's preferred frequency band.

Telemetry and data storage/transmission
Ariel 2 could transmit data at 55 samples per second when in range of a ground station.  Data transmitted in this way included operating voltages and engineering data as well as science data.  Due to the need to share the channel between multiple experiments and the engineering data itself, different data were allocated different sample rates.  For example, the galactic radio astronomy data was sampled at a rate of 1 sample every 75ms during times when the high-speed transmission was possible.

In addition, the satellite had an on-board tape recorder, which was shared between experiments.  The tape recorder was only able to sample at 1 sample per second.  The tape recorder data was downloaded using the high speed transmission channel when the satellite was in range of a ground station.

See also

Ariel programme
1964 in spaceflight

References

External links
Achieving Ariel II Design Compatibility (NASA)
Ariel II Engineering Data Analysis Phase I Report, Volume 1
Ariel II Engineering Data Analysis Phase I Report, Volume 2
Ariel II Engineering Data Analysis Phase II Report
Ariel II Engineering Data Analysis Phase III (Final) Report
UK-2, the Second Anglo-American Satellite

Spacecraft launched in 1964
Space programme of the United Kingdom
United Kingdom–United States relations
Satellites formerly orbiting Earth

Ariel 2


Suzanne Tamaki is a New Zealand fibre-based artist of Te Arawa, Ngāti Maniapoto and Tūhoe descent. She operates under the label Native Sista and was one of the founding members of the Pacific Sisters. Informed by indigenous concerns of Aotearoa, New Zealand, Tamaki's jewellery, fashion and photography portrays a reclamation of colonised spaces. As Megan Tamati-Quenell writes of her work 'They are created conceptually, provocatively and with political intent'.

Collaboration
A founding member of Pacific Sisters, Suzanne continues to collaborate with artists. Her photographs that featured in the City Gallery Wellington exhibition Maiden Aotearoa saw her produce work with photographers Greg Semu and Norman Heke. Suzanne's work is a regular feature at the Toi Māori Art Market which she says is 'a unique opportunity for her to meet like-minded Māori' and states that 'many collaborations are formed between Māori'.

Selected exhibitions
 2014 Ebbing Tagaloa Enjoy Public Art Gallery
 2011 Maiden Aotearoa City Gallery Wellington
 2008 Manu Wāhine The British Museum
 2006 Native Eye City Art Gallery
2005 Blanket Stitch Objectspace
 2005 Pasifika Styles University of Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, UK.
 2004 Burning Desire Breast Plate The Dowse Art Museum

Collections
Tamaki's work is held in the collection of The Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, The Dowse Art Museum, and the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge.

References

Living people
New Zealand artists
Te Arawa people
Ngāi Tūhoe people
Ngāti Maniapoto people
New Zealand Māori artists
Year of birth missing (living people)

Suzanne Tamaki


Sir Cyril Thomas Flower,  (31 March 1879 – 10 August 1961) was a British historian and civil servant. He was the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, the de facto head of the Public Record Office, between 1938 and 1947.

Biography
Flower was born in Warminster, Wiltshire, the only son of Thomas Flower, a doctor. He was the nephew of the academic and politician Henry Fawcett. Flower was educated at St Edward's School, Oxford, and Worcester College, Oxford, where he took a First in Classical Moderations (1899) and a Second in Literae humaniores in 1901.

He entered the Public Record Office in 1903 and was called to the bar by the Inner Temple in 1906. In 1910, he began to work on the curia regis rolls, which he continued for the next fifty years, eventually publishing fourteen volumes of transcriptions of the rolls.

In 1914, Flower became private secretary to the director of contracts at the War Office. In 1915 he was commissioned into the Royal Garrison Artillery. In 1916 he and his battery went to France, where he was severely wounded in October. He returned to the War Office from 1917 to 1919.

Between 1926 and 1938 he was Secretary of the Public Record Office. In 1938 he was appointed Deputy Keeper of the Public Records by the Master of the Rolls. During World War II, he oversaw the evacuation, and the eventual reassembly, of the PRO's holdings. He retired in 1947. He was also a member of the Historical Manuscripts Commission between 1938 and 1960 and the acting director of Institute of Historical Research between 1939 and 1944.

Honours
In 1919 Flower was awarded the Croix de guerre with palm. He was appointed CB in 1939 and knighted in 1946. He was elected to the British Academy in 1947.

Family
In 1910 Flower married Helen Mary Harding, daughter of David Thompson, a retired inspector of schools in the Punjab. They had one daughter.

References

External links

1879 births
1961 deaths
British medievalists
English archivists
People associated with The National Archives (United Kingdom)
Royal Garrison Artillery officers
Knights Bachelor
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Fellows of the British Academy
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London
Fellows of the Royal Historical Society
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)
People educated at St Edward's School, Oxford
Alumni of Worcester College, Oxford
Members of the Inner Temple
Civil servants in the War Office
British Army personnel of World War I

Cyril Flower (historian)


Road was an American hard rock band that formed in Los Angeles, California in 1970. Comprising bassist/vocalist Noel Redding (previously of The Jimi Hendrix Experience and Fat Mattress), guitarist/vocalist Rod Richards (formerly of Rare Earth) and drummer/vocalist Leslie Sampson, the band released one album, Road, in 1972.

History
Road was formed in 1970, after Redding left Fat Mattress and Richards left Rare Earth. The band recorded their self-titled album at the Record Plant Studios in Los Angeles, California in 1972, the album was released later in the year before the group disbanded. In the brief time they were together, Redding and Sampson participated in the jam sessions that resulted in Randy California's 1972 Kapt. Kopter and the (Fabulous) Twirly Birds album. Following Road, Redding and Sampson formed The Noel Redding Band, while Richards went on to a solo career. Sampson also joined Stray Dog, played in The Gas in the early 80s and Sally Barker And The Rhythm and The Pirates in the 90s.

Band members
Noel Redding – bass, vocals
Rod Richards – guitar, vocals
Leslie Sampson – drums, vocals

Discography
Road (1972)

References

Hard rock musical groups from California
Psychedelic rock music groups from California
Musical groups established in 1970
Musical groups disestablished in 1972
1970 establishments in California
1972 disestablishments in California

Road (American band)


Emily Irene VanCamp (; born May 12, 1986) is a Canadian actress. She first came to prominence for her work with producer Greg Berlanti, who cast her as a series regular on The WB drama Everwood (2002–2006) and the ABC drama Brothers & Sisters (2007–2010). VanCamp gained further recognition by portraying the lead role of Emily Thorne on the ABC series Revenge from 2011 to 2015. From 2018 to 2021, VanCamp starred on the Fox medical drama series The Resident. She also plays Sharon Carter / Agent 13 / Power Broker in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), appearing in the films Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014) and Captain America: Civil War (2016), as well as the 2021 Disney+ series The Falcon and the Winter Soldier and What If...?

Early life
VanCamp was born on May 12, 1986, in Port Perry, Ontario. Her father, Robert VanCamp, is an animal nutritionist, and her first job was working for him, delivering food to clients in and around her hometown. VanCamp started to dance at age three. At age 11, she wanted to become a professional dancer and convinced her parents to let her attend a summer training program in Montreal. When she was 12, she was accepted to the École supérieure de ballet du Québec, the training program of Les Grands Ballets Canadiens, and moved in with a French-Canadian family.

Career

1998–2002: Career beginnings
In 1998, VanCamp became interested in acting after visiting her sister Katie on the set of the film Ladies Room. She started taking acting classes on Saturday afternoons, found an agent, and worked on a few commercials. She then was cast in the second part of a special three-part episode of the Canadian children's horror anthology television series Are You Afraid of the Dark? called "The Silver Sight", in which she played opposite a 17-year-old Elisha Cuthbert. VanCamp's character was present in one scene and did not speak any dialogue.

VanCamp followed this with a role as a teenage Jackie Bouvier in the Emmy-nominated CBS TV movie Jackie Bouvier Kennedy Onassis and a guest spot on the YTV sitcom Radio Active. The following year saw the release of her first theatrical film, the lesbian-themed drama Lost and Delirious, in which she played a supporting role as Jessica Paré's sister, and another television guest spot in an episode of the short-lived medical horror series All Souls, where she played a hit-and-run victim with spinal trauma. VanCamp also had roles in the miniseries Dice, directed by Rachel Talalay, and in the TV film Redeemer, directed by Graeme Clifford, which aired in early 2002.

2003–2010: Breakthrough and television work
VanCamp's breakthrough came at age 15 when she was cast as Sam Dolan, a series regular role, in the WB mid-season show Glory Days (known in Europe as Demontown), the third TV series from Dawson's Creek creator Kevin Williamson. The horror mystery received mildly positive reviews, but was a ratings disappointment and was cancelled after nine episodes. VanCamp's performance as the lead character's younger sister caught the eye of former Dawson's Creek writer Greg Berlanti. Her performance reminded him of Katie Holmes, and he "desperately wanted to work with her". He cast her in his forthcoming first show, Everwood, also for the WB. VanCamp played Amy, Dr. Abbott's daughter, who immediately forms a friendship with Dr. Brown's son Ephram, played by Gregory Smith. A significant portion of the show was devoted to the relationships between the two families, and in particular to Amy and Ephram. She gained a certain amount of recognition for the role, in which her character was confronted with drugs, depression, and an alienation from her family, receiving four Teen Choice Awards nominations and one Young Artist Awards nomination during the course of the show's run.

While on breaks from Everwood, VanCamp starred in a few film projects, including the thrillers No Good Deed and A Different Loyalty, as well as Rings, a horror short film that bridges the events between The Ring and The Ring Two, and ties directly into her appearance in the opening scene of the second film.

VanCamp filmed the post-apocalyptic horror film Carriers in the summer of 2006, which was not released until 2009. Early 2007 had the broadcast of a season-eight Law & Order: Special Victims Unit episode, in which her drug-addict character Charlotte Truex cannot recall her actions on the night her mother was murdered, and the premiere of the independent drama Black Irish, where her character Kathleen McKay, the sister of lead actor Michael Angarano's character Cole, has to deal with teenage pregnancy.

VanCamp's next big role came at age 20 when Everwood creator Greg Berlanti cast her as a regular midway into the first season of the ABC drama Brothers & Sisters, which he was showrunning, offering her the part directly. The Jon Robin Baitz–created series chronicles the lives of the Walkers, a wealthy family who owns a food company. After their patriarch dies, it is revealed he has a secret child from a long-standing affair. Initially, it was believed that Rebecca Harper, played by VanCamp, is the secret child, but this was proven otherwise later in the series.

VanCamp remained a regular on Brothers & Sisters during the show's first four seasons and returned as a guest for a few episodes in the fifth and final season to wrap up her character's storyline. While working on the show, she found the time to star in the independent drama Norman in mid-2008, which earned her awards from the San Diego Film Festival and the Breckenridge Festival of Film, her only wins to date. The film has her playing the girlfriend of main character Norman Long, played by Dan Byrd, who pretends he is dying of cancer. VanCamp also starred in the two-part TV film Ben Hur, the latest adaptation of Lew Wallace's 1880 novel, in which she played Ben-Hur's wife Esther.

2011–present: Revenge and other projects
VanCamp starred in Hallmark Hall of Fame film Beyond the Blackboard, based on the true story of Stacey Bess, whom VanCamp plays. The film aired on CBS on April 24, 2011. She was then cast as Amanda Clarke / Emily Thorne in the ABC drama Revenge, which was given a series order in May 2011. As the first TV show VanCamp truly headlined, Revenge gave her a significant amount of recognition, including multiple Teen Choice Awards nominations.

VanCamp co-starred in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Captain America: The Winter Soldier as Sharon Carter, a potential loyal friend of Chris Evans' titular hero and the great-niece of Peggy Carter, played by Hayley Atwell. The film was shot from April through June 2013 and was released on April 4, 2014. VanCamp reprised her role in the 2016 sequel Captain America: Civil War, the 2021 Disney+ series The Falcon and the Winter Soldier, and the animated series What If...?

VanCamp starred in the independent drama The Girl in the Book, which started filming in mid-June 2013 in New York City. Based on a true story, the film centers on VanCamp's character Alice, a 28-year-old assistant book editor and aspiring writer. To fund its post-production, the film's producers launched a crowdfunding Kickstarter campaign on June 17, 2013, which successfully surpassed its $65,000 goal on July 1.

In 2016, she starred in the French-Canadian independent drama Boundaries, also known as "Pays" in French, which was her first bilingual role where she spoke in fluent French.

In March 2017, VanCamp was cast as nurse practitioner Nic Nevin, the female lead in the Fox medical drama The Resident, whose character has a complicated romantic history and relationship with the main character Conrad Hawkins, played by Matt Czuchry. In May 2017, Fox ordered the pilot to series. In August 2021, VanCamp left The Resident after four seasons, although she did return for the fifth-season finale.

Personal life
VanCamp has three sisters. She speaks French fluently and "feels at home" when she hears the language. She is also an accomplished dancer who studied and trained in ballet, jazz, hip-hop, and tap as a child; she credits her dance training with helping her through her fight scenes on Revenge. She believes that if she had not gone into acting, she would have probably either continued dancing or done something related to cooking. VanCamp began dating English actor and Revenge co-star Josh Bowman in late 2011. On May 11, 2017, the couple announced they were engaged, and married on December 15, 2018, in the Bahamas. In 2021, VanCamp announced the birth of their first child, a daughter, on her Instagram account. VanCamp is also an equal pay supporter, and is involved in charitable efforts to help endangered tigers.

Filmography

Film

Television

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
20th-century Canadian actresses
21st-century Canadian actresses
Actresses from Ontario
Canadian ballerinas
Canadian child actresses
Canadian expatriate actresses in the United States
Canadian female dancers
Canadian film actresses
Canadian philanthropists
Canadian stage actresses
Canadian television actresses
People from Scugog

Emily VanCamp


Toyah Ann Willcox (born 18 May 1958), also known mononymously as Toyah, is an English singer, actress, and TV presenter. In a career spanning more than 40 years, she has had eight top 40 singles, released over 20 albums, written two books, appeared in over 40 stage plays and 10 feature films, and voiced and presented numerous television shows.

Between 1977 and 1983, Willcox fronted the eponymous band Toyah, before embarking on a solo career in the mid-1980s. At the 1982 Brit Awards, Willcox was nominated for British Breakthrough Act, and Best Female Solo Artist. She was nominated a further two times in this category in 1983, and in 1984. Her hit singles include "It's a Mystery", "Thunder in the Mountains" and "I Want to Be Free".

Early life
Willcox was born on 18 May 1958 in Kings Heath, Birmingham. Her father Beric Willcox ran a successful joinery business and owned three factories. Her mother Barbara Joy, née Rollinson, was a professional dancer, with whom he had fallen in love after seeing her on stage in Weston-super-Mare with singing and comedy double act Flanagan and Allen, and married in 1949. Barbara gave up her career after giving birth to Nicola (born 1950) and Kim (born 1953), Willcox's elder sister and brother, respectively.

Willcox has suggested her first name could be in reference to Toyah, Texas or to a Native American word "toyah" meaning "water," although she notes her parents deny both origins.

Willcox enjoyed a financially comfortable childhood, attending a private girls' school, but was bullied. Requiring physiotherapy for a spinal condition, she behaved violently towards her mother, to whom she was close. An absentee pupil and frequently rebellious, she sat O-levels a year late, owing to corrective surgery on her feet. She achieved one O-level pass, in music. Alienated by her background and surroundings, her rebellious behaviour led to her shunning male company and adopting an aggressive and flamboyant identity.

Her early interest in music, dance and acting, combined with her alienation, and her uncertainty regarding her sexuality, led Willcox to seek an outlet, initially in acting and then in music. She attended the Old Rep Drama School in Birmingham, paying privately because she was denied a grant, the assessor noting: "She has a lisp and isn't attractive." She began working as a dresser in local theatres, including The Alexandra, Birmingham, and the Birmingham Hippodrome. Because of her distinctive appearance and gaudily dyed hair, repertory actors referred to her as "The Bird of Paradise."

A friend's suggestion that she should see the Sex Pistols led to her being attracted to the punk movement, but she resolved to do better, travelling to London to take up a career in acting and music.

Move to London
After appearing as an extra in a drama being made at the BBC Pebble Mill Studios in Birmingham, an opening came to take a role in Glitter (1976), a play in the BBC Second City Firsts series, alongside Noel Edmonds and Phil Daniels. Recommended to the play's director by a member of the wardrobe department because of her distinctive appearance and oddball character, Willcox was given the role of Sue, a girl who sang with the band Bilbo and who dreamed of appearing on Top of the Pops. In the course of the 30-minute play, Willcox performed two songs she had co-written: "Floating Free" (an acoustic ballad, with Phil Daniels accompanying her on guitar) and "Dream Maker". The play was seen by Kate Nelligan and Maximilian Schell, who offered her work with the National Theatre in London, where she got the part of Emma in Tales from the Vienna Woods, directed by Schell. The opening led to her relocating to London.

In 1977, while playing Emma in Tales from the Vienna Woods at the National Theatre, Willcox, inspired by her role as a musician in Glitter, fronted a band called Toyah which featured Joel Bogen on guitar, Mark Henry on bass, Steve Bray on drums, Peter Bush on keyboards, and herself on vocals. Having never considered herself a musician, she found herself fronting a successful band, although still uncertain about her own sexuality and repelled by her bandmates' antics with groupies.

Introduced by actor Ian Charleson to director Derek Jarman, Willcox was offered 'any part you want' in Jubilee (called Down with the Queen at the time). Plagued by budgetary issues, the film featured Willcox as the murderous 'Mad', as well as a number of other prominent figures from the punk scene. She went on to play 'Monkey' in the 1979 film of The Who's Quadrophenia, having been introduced to director Franc Roddam through an association with John Lydon. Willcox demanded the part of Monkey from Roddam. She completed filming despite requiring medical attention for pneumonia.

The possibility of a role in the Sex Pistols' film, The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle under director Russ Meyer having fallen through, Willcox went on to play Miranda in Jarman's film The Tempest which won her a nomination as Best Newcomer at the 1980 Evening Standard Awards.  Continuing a stage career alongside film work, in 1979, on London's Royal Court Theatre stage, Willcox played Sharon in Nigel Williams' Sugar and Spice, Tallulah in Stephen Poliakoff's American Days at the ICA, playing alongside Mel Smith, Antony Sher and Phil Daniels and taking a film role opposite Katharine Hepburn in the made-for-television film The Corn Is Green, directed by George Cukor.

Willcox found her dual careers as a musician and actress frequently in conflict, leading to confusion as to which role constituted a 'compartment' to put her into. Feeling her musical career was not taken as seriously as her acting, she nevertheless viewed her acting role as 'highbrow' and her musical career as 'lowbrow'.

Acting career
Willcox played Calamity Jane at the Shaftesbury Theatre and was a guest vocalist in the anniversary concert of The Rocky Horror Show at the Royal Court Theatre. She had many television roles, including series such as QuatermassMinderand the movie Quadrophenia. She starred opposite Laurence Olivier in The Ebony Tower (1984) and opposite the Who's Roger Daltrey in Murder: Ultimate Grounds for Divorce (1984). She also appeared on Kavanagh QC and Secret Diary of a Call Girl. During the late 1980s and 1990s, Willcox forged ahead with a career as a stage performer. Notable credits include Trafford Tanzi (at the Mermaid Theatre, leading role), Cabaret (Sally Bowles), Three Men on a Horse (winner of an Laurence Olivier Awards for Best New Comedy), and the UK tour of Arthur Smith's Live Bed Show. In 1990, she played Costanza in the national tour of Amadeus.

Although she had presented the magazine series Look! Hear! for BBC Birmingham between 1979 and 1981, it was in the 1990s that Willcox's career as a TV presenter took off. She began by presenting arts programmes First Night and Time Off in 1993. By the mid to late 1990s, she could be seen presenting items on shows such as Watchdog:healthcheck, This Morning and The Heaven and Earth Show. She also worked on VH1 for three years, presenting Toyah and Toyah and Chase for the cable music station. Viewers could accompany Willcox to various locations worldwide during her tenure as a reporter on BBC travel shows such as Holiday and Holiday- Fasten Your Seatbelts. In 1996, she had the unique honour of simultaneously hosting both Songs of Praise on the BBC and Good Sex Guide Late on ITV. At the turn of the millennium, she continued to work on The Heaven and Earth Show as a newspaper reviewer and also presented a series of Whose Recipe Is It Anyway on the Carlton Food Network and 40 episodes of Beyond Medicine on the Discovery Health Channel. As the noughties progressed, she had stints presenting Head2Head and Destination Lunch on the Overseas Property TV channel, was a newspaper reviewer on Sky News, hosted various music programmes for Vintage TV and was a guest presenter on Loose Women in 2007.

In 1999, she took the lead in the children's television series Barmy Aunt Boomerang. She also provided the voices for the children's television programmes Teletubbies and Brum. She has also appeared in the reality television series I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! and I'm Famous and Frightened!. In December 2018, she won her heat of Celebrity Mastermind.

In the 2000s, Willcox had a busy schedule with theatre commitments, including appearing on stage in London's West End performing the title role of Calamity Jane (nominated for an Evening Standard Award for Best Musical) at the Shaftesbury Theatre in 2003. In June 2008, Willcox appeared on Living with the Dead on Living to share her experiences of living in her haunted home. On 24 July 2008, Willcox appeared on UK ITV1's This Morning to discuss her role as a vampire in the rock musical Vampires Rock. She has also appeared in shows looking back on popular culture, including the I'm a Celebrity series, and various 'Top 100 favourite' shows. More recently, Willcox played Queen Ivannah in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs at the Lyceum in Sheffield for the 2009 Christmas season. In October 2009, she made a guest appearance in the BBC drama series Casualty. Willcox has also been heard on radio, including the 2002 BBC Radio 4 series The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. She is also played the widow Fantine in Focus on the Family radio theatre's version of Les Misérables. In December 2006, she joined the radio drama series Silver Street on the BBC Asian Network as Siobhan Brady. In November 2017, she played Queen Elizabeth II in a theatre adaptation of Derek Jarman's film Jubilee at Manchester Royal Exchange Theatre. This production transferred to the Lyric Hammersmith for a London run in March 2018.

In recent years, there has been renewed interest in Willcox as a film actress, as she has appeared in a number of British films. These include: Aaaaaaaah!, In Extremis, Lies We Tell, Swiperight, Heckle and Invasion Planet Earth.

Musical career
In London, Willcox lived in a place called "Mayhem", a converted British Rail warehouse serving as a studio. It was here the band Toyah recorded their first demos. For the lack of proper bed she slept for a while in a "second-hand" coffin, reportedly used by the French Red Cross to transport victims of fatal accidents. Citing her role in Quadrophenia as a boost to her musical career, with growing audiences Toyah signed to Safari Records, releasing a debut single "Victims of the Riddle", which topped the UK Indie Chart. This was followed by the Sheep Farming in Barnet EP, produced by Steve James and Keith Hale. Initially released in Germany, in 1979 it was re-released as an LP, comprising the original six tracks, "Victims of the Riddle" A and B sides and three tracks that were previously unavailable on vinyl. Willcox's second album, The Blue Meaning, went to no. 40 in the UK Albums Chart in June 1980. By this time, she is reported as announcing she had severed all ties with punk aesthetics.

In January 1981, the live album Toyah! Toyah! Toyah!, recorded at the Lafayette Club in Wolverhampton the previous June, made it to the Top 30, backed up by a TV documentary Toyah. By now the original band had broken up and a new lineup was in place, consisting of Phil Spalding, Nigel Glockler and Adrian Lee, only Joel Bogen and Willcox remaining. 1981 saw Willcox's strengthened presence in the UK chart with hits such as Four from Toyah EP (no. 4, February 1981, including "It's a Mystery"), the third studio album Anthem that went to no. 2 in May 1981, to be later certified platinum, "I Want to Be Free" (no. 8, June 1981), "Thunder in the Mountains" (no. 4, October 1981) and Four More from Toyah EP (no. 14, November 1981). She became one of the first acts to score regularly in the UK Singles Chart with EPs, which were also successful on an international level. At the end of the year Willcox won the Smash Hits' reader's poll in two categories: Best Female Singer and Most Fanciable Female (beating Kim Wilde to the second place). In 1981 she alone, according to Safari, sold in the UK more units than the whole of the Warner Bros. put together.

In 1982 ,The Changeling album was released, produced by Steve Lillywhite, marking a turn for a more goth-tinged sound, it went up to no. 6 in the UK. The Changeling was followed in the same year by a double live album Warrior Rock: Toyah on Tour. Also in 1982, Willcox appeared in Urgh! A Music War, a British film released in 1982 featuring performances by punk rock, new wave, and post-punk acts, filmed in 1980, in which she performed "Danced". Three more of her singles, "Brave New World", "Ieya" and "Be Proud Be Loud (Be Heard)" charted in the Top 50 of the UK Singles Chart.

The making of Love Is the Law (1983) was the happiest period of her life, according to Willcox, combining work in the critically acclaimed stage play Trafford Tanzi and the film The Ebony Tower with Laurence Olivier with work on the album. By this time, though, her popularity started to decline: the album reached no. 28 (with singles "Rebel Run" and "The Vow" peaking at no. 24 and no. 50 respectively), and with a 1984 greatest hits compilation, released by K-tel and called confusingly Toyah! Toyah! Toyah! All the Hits, failing to chart.

Willcox disbanded her group, signed a recording contract with Portrait Records, and, in 1985, released the solo studio album Minx, which contained several cover versions including Alice Cooper's "School's Out", as well as her own hit, "Don't Fall in Love (I Said)".

Willcox married British guitarist Robert Fripp, founding member of King Crimson, in Poole, Dorset on his 40th birthday (16 May 1986). Together they formed a new band, called Fripp Fripp on the initial tours, later changing its name to Sunday All Over the World, which released the critically acclaimed album Kneeling at the Shrine (1991). She referred to Fripp as her 'soulmate'. That same year, she also sang lead vocals on the track "Lion of Symmetry" by Tony Banks of Genesis. Her next solo studio album Desire (1987) was less successful although the single with her version of "Echo Beach" made it to the Top 50. Then in 1988 Prostitute came out, an album through which Willcox vented her frustrations which started to accumulate as a result of having made the transformation "from all-powerful artist to invisible woman" in the course of just one year of marriage. This experimental concept album, marking a considerable divergence from previous works, was released on E.G. Records. The attitude to Prostitute, according to Willcox, in the UK and the US was radically different: "In the UK, when my management tried to sell it to the music reps, an awful lot got up and walked out of meetings; all male I hasten to add. In America, Billboard magazine said it was the dawning of a new era for me as a producer and that it was an antidote to Madonna. I started to receive mail from professors at eminent universities telling me they played the album at their lectures as an example of the new way of thinking coming from contemporary women." Robert Fripp joined his wife on her studio album Ophelia's Shadow (1991) which, along with Dreamchild (1994), received good reviews. In 1996, Willcox released The Acoustic Album on Aardvark Records, featuring strings from Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and produced by Oliver Davis.

Later career

In 2001, Willcox was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Central England in recognition of her achievements in performing arts, media and broadcasting. The 2001 May issue of Q magazine named Willcox number 48 in their top 100 Greatest Women in Music poll, as voted for by readers of the magazine. She returned to music in 2002 with new material for a limited edition Little Tears of Love EP and a one-off preview concert at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club. The same year she sold out eleven stadium gigs for the Here and Now tour. She continued to perform with her band, releasing a mini-album Velvet Lined Shell in 2003 on her own record label, Vertical Species Records, showcasing a darker, edgier direction. In 2004 she performed as part of The Best of the 80s tour in the UK alongside Nick Heyward, Curiosity Killed the Cat and Altered Images. A live DVD followed in 2005, the year that also saw two parts of The Safari Records Singles Collection being issued.

In May 2007, she collaborated with Bill Rieflin as the Humans for live dates in Estonia, to where she had been invited by the Estonian president. According to The Northern Echo, that resulted "from reading one of her husband's emails". The invitation was for him to go but he was not keen, so Willcox accepted. Also in 2007, Willcox signed a new worldwide publishing deal with Zomba Music Group. She continued to write and record solo material with long-term collaborator Simon Darlow. On 29 October 2007, a new single Latex Messiah (Viva la Rebel in You), came out, followed by the In the Court of the Crimson Queen album, written and produced in collaboration with Darlow and released by Willow Recordings Ltd. on 15 September 2008. As part of Liverpool's European Capital of Culture year, she performed for the first time ever at the newly opened Liverpool Echo Arena and Conference Centre.

In 2009, a new version of Vampires Rock was created, called Vampires Rock Christmas, and Willcox was back in her role as the Killer Queen, alongside the writer and one of the stars of the show, Steve Steinman. Willcox continued to perform with The Humans, featuring Bill Reiflin, Chris Wong and occasionally husband Robert Fripp. Described as "European experimental meets West Coast American grunge", the Humans recorded their debut studio album We Are the Humans in Seattle in 2008, released in Estonia in May 2009 to coincide with the band's return to play in front of the country's president. The album received a UK digital release in September 2009, along with a single "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'". At the end of the year Willcox came seventh in a BBC series naming the "Queens of British Pop", as voted for by the British public. In 2010 Willcox with the Humans performed at the London's Roundhouse Haiti earthquake fundraiser concert. On 17 June 2011, Willcox commenced on a special from Sheep Farming to Anthem tour, celebrating the 30th anniversary of her breakthrough hit "It's a Mystery" and the platinum-selling album Anthem, starting at the London's Leicester Square Theatre. The set included selections drawn exclusively from Toyah's first three albums, Sheep Farming in Barnet (1979), The Blue Meaning (1980) and Anthem (1981). Andi Fraggs, a British electronic musician, supported her on chosen dates.

On 14 April 2012, Willcox launched the Changeling Resurrection 2012 tour at the Concorde 2 in Brighton to celebrate the 30th anniversary of her album The Changeling (1982). On 16 July 2012, Willcox performed a concert in her birthplace of Kings Heath, Birmingham, to celebrate being the first artist with a star on the King's Heath Walk of Fame. Andi Fraggs made a surprise appearance, duetting Willcox's 1981 hit single "Thunder in the Mountains". In 2013, Willcox released a deluxe edition of her 2008 album In the Court of the Crimson Queen and embarked on the tour revisiting the Love Is the Law (1983)-era material.

Willcox continued to tour both with her full band and also with an acoustic line-up for her "Up Close and Personal" shows.

In 2018, Willcox toured her #Toyah60 show, which marked her sixtieth birthday and fortieth year in music. This was accompanied by the release of her Four from Toyah – Birthday Edition EP of new material, which charted highly in the digital chart.

In 2019, Willcox charted at no. 74 in the UK Albums Chart with a re-issue of her 2008 album In the Court of the Crimson Queen. It also peaked at no. 22 on the Official Charts Company's sales chart and no. 7 in the independent chart. This was Willcox' first appearance in the UK Albums Chart since Minx in 1985.

In 2020, the box set Toyah Solo was released, containing six solo albums with bonus material, one Rare, Remixed and Revisited CD, and a DVD with promo videos and interviews.

In 2020, following their acquisition of the Toyah Safari catalogue, Cherry Red Records began reissuing Willcox's early albums in deluxe 2CD/DVD and vinyl formats. Both Sheep Farming in Barnet and Blue Meaning have been reissued, both appearing in the UK Albums Chart.

During the first UK lockdown of 2020, Willcox began broadcasting from her home across social media and YouTube. On Saturdays she answers fan questions and shares archive performances in Toyah at Home and co-hosts Agony Aunts alongside her husband Robert Fripp. However, it is her Sunday Lunch series with Fripp that has garnered the most fame, frequently going viral and racking up millions of hits on YouTube. She and Fripp started publishing weekly videos in 2021, covering songs such as Slipknot's "Psychosocial", Billy Idol's "Rebel Yell", Rammstein's "Keine Lust", Foo Fighters' "All My Life", Grace Jones' "Slave to the Rhythm" and Rage Against the Machine's "Killing in the Name". On 12 August 2022, they released "Slave to the Rhythm" as a digital download and streaming single. The duo toured the UK in 2023, performing the Sunday Lunch songs in concert.

Willcox released Posh Pop, her first solo studio album since 2008, on CD and vinyl via DMG on 27 August 2021, with the album featuring 10 tracks composed by Willcox and "Slave to the Rhythm" co-writer Simon Darlow. The album reached no. 22 in the chart.

In August 2022, she appeared as herself in two episodes of the BBC Radio 4 series The Archers.

Willcox joined Billy Idol on his UK live dates on The Roadside Tour 2022, alongside special guests, Killing Joke.

Personal life
Willcox has been married since 1986 to musician Robert Fripp, founder and guitarist of the progressive rock group King Crimson. The couple have no children and have arranged their wills so as to leave their estates to the establishment of a musical educational trust for children.

In 1987, Willcox was invited to make a speech at the Women of the Year ceremony in the presence of Diana, Princess of Wales, expressing her views on the subject of how being disabled incites creativity and craving for a fuller life experience.

In 2002, she became a prominent opponent of planned accommodation centres for asylum seekers near the Worcestershire village of Throckmorton, protesting together with more than one thousand villagers.

In November 2007, Willcox took on the role of sponsoring the Black Country Urban Park for the People's £50 million Big Lottery Fund. In April 2008, she took part in the Great Walk to Beijing alongside other celebrities, to raise money for Olivia Newton-John's cancer charity.

Discography

 Sheep Farming in Barnet (1980)
 The Blue Meaning (1980)
 Anthem (1981)
 The Changeling (1982)
 Love Is the Law (1983)
 Minx (1985)
 Desire (1987)
 Prostitute (1988)
 Ophelia's Shadow (1991)
 Take the Leap! (1993)
 Dreamchild (1994)
 Looking Back (1995)
 The Acoustic Album (1996)
 Velvet Lined Shell (2003)
 In the Court of the Crimson Queen (2008)
 Posh Pop (2021)

 Tours

 1979: The Resurrection Tour
 1979: Sheep Farming in Barnet Tour
 1980: Bird in Flight Tour
 1980: Ieya Tour
 1981: College Tour
 1981: Anthem Tour
 1981: Good Morning Universe: European Tour
 1982: Changeling Tour
 1982: Mini Tour
 1983: Rebel Run Tour
 1988: Fripp Fripp Tour
 1989: Sunday All Over the World Tour
 1993: Take the Leap! Tour
 1994: Leap 2 Dream Tour
 1994: Acoustic Dreamchild Tour
 1994: Has God Ceased 2 Dream You? Tour
 2002: Here and Now Tour
 2004: Best of the 80s Tour
 2006: The Hitmakers Tour
 2010: From Sheep Farming to Anthem: Classics Revisited Tour
 2012: The Changeling Resurrection Tour
 2012: The Changeling Resurrection II
 2013: Love Is the Law & More Tour
 2014: Crimson Queen/Greatest Hits... Live!
 2014: Acoustic, Up Close & Personal
 2014: North American Tour (with the Humans)
 2014: Songs From The Intergalactic Ranch House... and Beyond!
 2015: Loud, Proud & Electric Tour
 2017: 80s Invasion Tour
 2018: #Toyah60 Tour
 2019: Thunder in the Highlands Scottish Tour
 2021/22: Posh Pop Tour
 2022: Electric Ladies with Hazel O'Connor
 2023: Sunday Lunch with Robert Fripp

Filmography
Feature films

 1978: Jubilee as Mad
 1979: The Corn Is Green as Bessie Watty
 1979: The Tempest as Miranda
 1979: Quadrophenia as Monkey
 1981: Urgh! A Music War as herself
 1984: Murder: Ultimate Grounds for Divorce as Valerie Cunningham
 1984: The Ebony Tower as Anne, 'The Freak'
 1993: Anchoress as Pauline Carpenter
 1999: Julie and the Cadillacs as Barbara Gifford
 1999: The Most Fertile Man in Ireland as Dr. Johnson
 2011: The Power of Three as Michelle
 2015: Aaaaaaaah! 2017: The Last Laugh 2017: Lies We Tell 2017: In Extremis 2017: The Apple Picker 2018: Hound 2019: Heckle 2019: Invasion Planet Earth 2020: To Be Someone (post-production)
 2020: SwipeRight (post-production)
 2020: Doll House (in production)
 2020: Give Them Wings as Alice Hodgson
 2021: Ghosts of Borley Rectory as Estelle Roberts

TV appearances
 1976: Second City Firsts as Sue
 1977: Three Piece Suite as Buzz – This Situation
 1978: Premier as Fran
 1979: The Quatermass Conclusion as Sal
 1980: Shoestring as Toola
 1980: A Question of Guilt as Alice Fulcher
 1980: Minder 1982: ITV Playhouse as Sheryl
 1982: Animal Magic as herself
 1982: Dear Heart as Super Advice Person
 1982: Tales of the Unexpected as Myra, known as Marigold
 1984: Pop Quiz – Christmas Special 1985: Function Room 1985: Pob as herself
 1987: The Grand Knockout Tournament as herself
 1988: French and Saunders as herself
 1988: Boudicca 1990: Cluedo as Miss Scarlet
 1990: The Tale of Little Pig Robinson as Ship's Cat
 1991–1994: Brum as Narrator
 1992 Hairy Jeremy as Narrator
 1992: First Night on TV – hosting
 1993: Maigret as Gigi
 1993: Doctor Who: Thirty Years in the TARDIS as herself
 1994: The Ink Thief 1995: Kavanagh QC 1995: The Shooting Gallery 1996: Good Sex Guide Late 1997: Presenting... Toyah on VH1 1997: Light Lunch 1997–2001: Teletubbies as Narrator (opening and closing)
 1998: Boys from the Black Country – The Slade Story – hosting
 1998–2005: Never Mind the Buzzcocks 1999: It's Slade 1999: Barmy Aunt Boomerang 2000: Doctors as Marcy Preston
 2002: Mr Bean: The Animated Series Additional Voices
 2002: Rock Legends as herself
 2002: Open House Panto Special 2005: QueenMania 2006: Proud Parents as herself
 2007–2008: Secret Diary of a Call Girl 2007: Loose Women – One Time Panellist
 2008: In Your Dreams as herself
 2008: Living with the Dead 2008: Celebrity Mastermind 2008: Ready Steady Cook – Celebrity Christmas Special as herself
 2009: FM (TV series) as Herself
 2009: Psychic Therapy as herself
 2009: Celeb Experiences as herself
 2009: Hole in the Wall as herself
 2009: Celebrity Brides Unveiled as herself
 2009: Celebrity Life Skills as herself
 2009: The One Show 2009: Casualty 2010: Greatest Christmas TV Moments  (TV Movie documentary)
 2010: Gayle Tuesday: The Comeback  2010: Greatest Christmas TV Ads  (TV Movie documentary)
 2011: Celebrity Ghost Stories 2012: The Women of Doctor Who (TV Movie documentary) 2012: Doctor Who: Best of Specials (TV Mini-Series documentary) 2013: The Big Fat Quiz of the 80s (TV Movie) 2013: All Star Mr & Mrs 2013: 3 Sides of the Coin (Short) 2013: The Power of Three 2013: Dun Punkin: Ep.1 – 'Boys Will Be Boys' (Short) 2014: Splash! 2014: Pointless 2014: Who's Doing the Dishes? 2015: Doctors as Bill
 2016: The Chase Celebrity Special 2018: Celebrity Mastermind as herself
 2020: Celebrity Catchphrase 2021: Pointless Celebrities 2021: Tipping Point Lucky Stars 2021: Britain's Biggest 80s Hits (also known as The 80s Greatest Hits) various episodes as herself (talking head contributor)
 2021: Britain's Biggest 70s Hits (later years) as herself (talking head/punk-era expert)
 2022: Fame in the Family 2023: Richard Osman's House of Games

Books

 2000: Living Out Loud 2005: Diary of a Facelift''

Sources

General

References

External links

1958 births
20th-century English singers
21st-century English singers
E.G. Records artists
English new wave musicians
English stage actresses
English television actresses
Women new wave singers
Living people
Singers from Birmingham, West Midlands
Musicians from Worcestershire
People from Pershore
English women pop singers
English film actresses
Toyah (band) members

Toyah Willcox


Behkadeh Raji () is the first leper colony to be built as an economically self-sufficient, independent village. It was built in 1961 on the initiative of Farah Pahlavi in Iran. The aim of the village concept was to not only achieve optimal care of lepers by the coexistence of healthy and diseased, but also to cultivate dialog and the exchange of information with the public about leprosy sufferers.

History
Farah Pahlavi was still at school when she learned about the suffering of those afflicted with leprosy in Iran as part of a learned lecture held at their high school. Shortly after her marriage to Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi she took over as one of her first official duties (at the request of former Health Minister Abdol-Hossein Raji) chairman of the Leprosy Relief and Works Agency in Iran. and Ozra Moshiri Ziai, undersecretary of housing and urban development.

The situation of leprosy patients in Iran was more than desolate. The few stations were mostly led by Christian priests and nuns. From around the country lepers made pilgrimages to the mosque of Imam Reza in Mashhad, to pray for their recovery. The mosque was considered one of the most important pilgrimage centers, and offered the patient the opportunity to secure their living by begging. The administration of Mashhad however wanted to get rid of the patients.

They built, 3 km from Mashhad a hospital for lepers, the leprosarium Asayeshgah Mehrab Khans. In the leper colony 900 leprosy patients were housed. In addition, 180 healthy children of leprous mothers lived in the colony without any school supplies. The main building had been equipped with modern devices to faucets with sensors, the supply still fell short of international standards.

First all lepers of the land were counted and brought to the expanded leprosarium to Mashhad, or, if that was not possible, brought to local hospitals for inpatient treatment. As part of a scientific field study the regional distribution of leprosy has been studied and the state of medical care. It turned out that both the population and most physicians were not well informed about the disease.

The recommendation of the World Health Organization WHO, to treat the lepers in their own villages in order to avoid social exclusion of the patients was not possible because the villagers feared of contamination. This ultimately led to the idea of building for the patients own village, which - should, where feasible - economically self-care to enable patients to lead an independent life.

Design and operation

Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi overwrote the Iranian Leprosy Relief from his private lands (30,000 hectares) in Gorgan, 450 km northeast of Tehran. There was then the village of Deh kadeh with over three hundred buildings, including hospitals, primary schools, cinema, police station, restaurant, a public bath, cottage industry, agricultural equipment, vegetable gardens, gas station, car repair shop, a knitting stockings and socks, etc. built. The medical equipment of the hospital by Behkadeh Raji was funded by a donation from the Deutschen Aussätzigen-Hilfswerk.

As a basis for economic self-sufficiency each resident received 30 sheep. A sheep breeder gave courses in the sheep. The community had its own pasture land of 24 hectares. Medical care was taken over by Iranian doctors. In addition, volunteer doctors from Pakistan, India, France and Switzerland, arrived in Deh kadeh to using plastic surgery to disfigured faces, hands and legs of the patient to establish the extent possible.

As agricultural production exceeds the healed lepers from Behkadeh Raji own use, the surpluses, such as Potatoes and cotton in the markets of the area were sold.

Literature
 Mansureh Pirnia: Safar Nameh Shahbanu. Entesharat Mehr Iran, 1371, S. 250.
 Veröffentlichung des Büros Ihrer Hoheit (Farah Pahlavi), 1354 (1975).

References

External links

Leper colonies
Medical and health organisations based in Iran
Khorasan

Behkadeh Raji


, better known mononymously by his ring name Shinobu, is a Japanese professional wrestler. He has worked in several promotions, in particular 666, Big Japan Pro Wrestling (BJW) and Dragon Gate (DG).

Professional wrestling career
Sugawara started his career in Ritsumeikan Pro Wrestling, a backyard wrestling promotion formed by Ritsumeikan University students. He debuted as Magnum KYOTO, a Magnum TOKYO parody, and gained fame before being transferred to Onryo's 666 promotion. He then changed his name to Shinobu and adopted the gimmick of a salacious bisexual. He wore pink tights and performed sexual antics in his matches, particularly harassing his opponents and wrestling while nude. Shinobu worked in Wrestling Marvelous Future and Big Japan Pro Wrestling (BJW), where he became a trainee for Mens Teioh.

In December 2006, he debuted in Dragon Gate as Super Shenlong, a dragon-like masked character billed from China. Wrestling both in NEX and main shows, he lost a mask vs. hair match against Yuki Ono in the Stalker Ichikawa Bom-Ba-Ye 2007 and was meant to leave the promotion, but YAMATO convinced him to stay in and join his New Hazard stable. After the RH demise, he joined Tozawa-juku along Akira Tozawa, Kenichiro Arai and Taku Iwasa as an "exchange student", and gained the Open the Triangle Gate Championship with Arai and Iwasa from Real Hazard (Gamma, Shingo Takagi and YAMATO). Their reign was short, as Real Hazard regained the championship one month later. After a failed challenge for the Open the Brave Gate Championship against Genki Horiguchi, he left Dragon Gate.

Championships and accomplishments
666
666 Kikansha Championship (1 time, current)
Big Japan Pro Wrestling
BJW Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
BJW Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Yoshihito Sasaki (1) and Yuji Okabayashi (1)
BJW Junior Heavyweight Championship Tournament (2017)
Dragon Gate
Open the Triangle Gate Championship (1 time) – with Kenichiro Arai and Taku Iwasa
Dramatic Dream Team
Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship (216 times)
Kaientai Dojo
UWA World Middleweight Championship (1 time)
Michinoku Pro Wrestling
Futaritabi Tag Team Tournament (2008) – with MEN's Teioh
Specialist Global Pro-Wrestling
SGP Global Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time, current)

References

Japanese male professional wrestlers
Living people
1980 births
Sportspeople from Miyagi Prefecture
21st-century professional wrestlers
Ironman Heavymetalweight Champions
Open the Triangle Gate Champions
UWA World Middleweight Champions
BJW Junior Heavyweight Champions
BJW Tag Team Champions

Shinobu Sugawara


Irving Crane (November 13, 1913 – November 17, 2001), nicknamed "the Deacon", was an American pool player from Livonia (near Rochester). He was frequent champion and leading player in the sport. He is most well known for his skill at the game of straight pool (14.1 continuous). He won six world billiards titles in this game.

Early life
Crane became very interested in billiards when he was 11 years old. He started play on a toy pool table his brother received as a Christmas gift. His parents soon replaced their dining room table with a 4' by 8' pool table. Soon, Crane started to play in public at a local pool room. Crane could play all day and never get bored. He could not wait to get home from school and start to play pool.

Though he taught himself to play, at age 14 he ran 89 balls in straight pool at a local pool room. He called each shot in advance. His parents replaced the smaller table with a full size tournament table. Over the next ten years some of the best players, including Willie Hoppe and Andrew Ponzi, came to practice with Crne. Despite consistent play throughout his teenage years, Crane did not enter any tournaments until he was 23 years old.

In February 1939, at age 26, Crane sank 150 balls in a row against his opponent in an exhibition straight pool match. The game was played on a difficult 5' by 10' table in Layton, Utah. This was impressive. But the crowd cheered him, and he continued to play. He finally put 309 consecutive balls thus shattering the previous world record of 244 consecutive balls.

World titles
He won his first world title in 1942. Over the next thirty years, Crane won almost two dozen major championships, including the World Crown in 1946, 1955, 1966, 1968, 1970 and 1972, the Ballantine International Championship in 1965, the International Roundrobin championship in 1968, and the World Series of Billiards in 1978 at age 65. At the 1966 World Crown tournament, he ran 150 and out in the finals. He never let his opponent back to the table after an early safety battle. No other player has ever done this. Crane also holds the record for the most runner-up finishes for the World Crown with 13.

Crane found it hard to make a living only by playing pool, even though he was very skilled. In 1957, he began working as a Cadillac salesman at a dealership in Rochester, New York. He continued there for 17 years. At Rochester's annual auto show his dealership's exhibit had a pool table. Crane would run balls while answering questions. Working at a regular job was not Crane's first choice. In an interview with Sports Illustrated in 1969, he said "If I had to make a choice between selling cars and playing pool, I'd choose pool... The only time I've ever been really happy is when I was at a pool table."

He was "tall, lean man with the imperial bearing of the headmaster of Eton," Crane got the nickname The Deacon because of his gentlemanly ways, his very cautious approach to the game and his careful style of clothing. He always wore a conservative suit when he played.

Conservative style
The Los Angeles Times interviewed Crane's wife Althea. They were married 64 years. She said, "A lot of people, if it was a hot day and there was no air conditioning, they'd take off their coat to play. But not Irving Crane." Minnesota Fats, once said, "Irv Crane would have been the only guy to notice the horse under Lady Godiva". Willie Mosconi criticized Crane for his cautious style. He wrote in his 1993 autobiography, Willie's Game, that "Crane wouldn't take a shot unless his grandmother could make it."

Later life
Crane became a member of the Billiard Congress of America's hall of fame in 1978. In 1999, Crane was  number eight on Billiard Digest's fifty greatest players of the century. In 1980 Crane retired from professional play. He stopped playing entirely in about 1996. On 17 November 17 2001, four days after entering a nursing home, Crane died of natural causes. He was 88 years old.

References

Sportspeople from New York (state)
1913 births
2001 deaths
Cue sports

Irving Crane


Kenneth Vincent John Wheeler, OC (14 January 1930 – 18 September 2014) was a Canadian composer and trumpet and flugelhorn player, based in the U.K. from the 1950s onwards.

Most of his performances were rooted in jazz, but he was also active in free improvisation and occasionally contributed to rock music recordings. Wheeler wrote over one hundred compositions and was a skilled arranger for small groups and large ensembles.

Wheeler was the patron of the Royal Academy Junior Jazz course.

Early life
Wheeler was born in Toronto, Ontario, on 14 January 1930. Growing up in Toronto, he began playing the cornet at age 12 and became interested in jazz in his mid-teens. Wheeler spent a year studying composition at The Royal Conservatory of Music in 1950. In 1952 he moved to Britain. He found his way into the London jazz scene of the time, playing in groups led by Tommy Whittle, Tubby Hayes, and Ronnie Scott.

Career
In the late 1950s, he was a member of Buddy Featherstonhaugh's quintet together with Bobby Wellins. From 1959 until 1965 he was a member of John Dankworth's orchestra, during which time he also studied composition with Richard Rodney Bennett (1962-3) and Bill Russo (1963-4). He also with (Eric Burdon and) the Animals' Big Band that made its only public appearance at the 5th Annual British Jazz & Blues Festival in Richmond (1965) with tenors Stan Robinson, Dick Morrissey and Al Gay, baritone sax Paul Carroll, and fellow trumpets Ian Carr and Greg Brown. In 1968, Wheeler appeared on guitarist Terry Smith's first solo album, Fall Out.

Wheeler performed and recorded his own compositions with large jazz ensembles throughout his career, beginning with the first album under his own name, Windmill Tilter (1969), recorded with the John Dankworth band. BGO Records released a CD in September 2010. The big band album Song for Someone (1973) fused Wheeler's characteristic orchestral writing with passages of free improvisation provided by musicians such as Evan Parker and Derek Bailey, and was also named Album of the Year by Melody Maker magazine in 1975. It has subsequently been reissued on CD by Parker's Psi label.

In the mid-1960s, Wheeler became a close participant in the nascent free improvisation movement in London, playing with Parker, John Stevens, the Spontaneous Music Ensemble and the Globe Unity Orchestra. Despite the above-noted accomplishments, much of his reputation rests on his work with smaller jazz groups. Wheeler's first small group recordings to gain significant critical attention were Gnu High (1975) and Deer Wan (1977), both for the ECM label (Gnu High is one of the few albums to feature Keith Jarrett as a sideman since his tenure with Charles Lloyd). One exception from the ongoing collaboration with ECM was his rare album on CBC called Ensemble Fusionaire in 1976. This had three other Canadian musicians and was recorded in St. Mary's Church in Toronto for a different character to the sound than on the ECM recordings.

Wheeler was the trumpeter in the Anthony Braxton Quartet from 1971 to 1976. He was also a member of the chamber jazz trio Azimuth with John Taylor and Norma Winstone from 1977 to 2000. Their first release under this name was a 1977 album issued by ECM; two albums followed, with later albums coming in 1985 and 1995.  He was featured in a profile on composer Graham Collier in the 1985 Channel 4 documentary Hoarded Dreams.

Later life
Music for Large & Small Ensembles (1990) included the Wheeler compositions "Sea Lady" and "The Sweet Time Suite", the latter his most ambitious extended work for big band since Windmill Tilter. In 1997 Wheeler received widespread critical praise for his album Angel Song, which featured an unusual drummer-less quartet of Bill Frisell (guitar), Dave Holland (bass) and Lee Konitz (alto sax). Wheeler recorded seven albums with CAM Jazz from 2005 to 2008 but returned to ECM to record his final album, Songs for Quintet, in 2013.

Wheeler died after a short period of frail health at a nursing home in London on 18 September 2014. He was 84 years old. He was survived by his wife, Doreen, and his children, Mark and Louanne.

Discography

As leader/co-leader
 1968: Windmill Tilter (Fontana) with The John Dankworth Orchestra
 1973: Song for Someone (Incus)
 1975: Gnu High (ECM)
 1976: Ensemble Fusionaire (CBC)
 1977: Deer Wan (ECM)
 1980: Around 6 (ECM)
 1984: Double, Double You (ECM)
 1988: Flutter By, Butterfly (Soul Note)
 1988: Visions (Justin Time)
 1990: Music for Large & Small Ensembles (ECM)
 1990: The Widow in the Window (ECM)
 1991: Spanish Rhapsody (with Creative Art Ensemble Hungary by György Vukán)
 1992: Kayak (Ah Um)
 1997: All the More (Soul Note) recorded 1993
 1997: Angel Song (ECM)
 1999: A Long Time Ago (ECM)
 2003: Island (Artists House) with Bob Brookmeyer
 2003: Dream Sequence (Psi, 1995–2003 [2003])
 2004: Where Do We Go from Here? (CAM Jazz) with John Taylor
 2005: What Now? (CAM Jazz)
 2006: It Takes Two! (CAM Jazz)
 2008: Other People (CAM Jazz) with Hugo Wolf String Quartet featuring John Taylor
 2011: One of Many (CAM Jazz) with John Taylor and Steve Swallow
 2012: The Long Waiting (CAM Jazz)
 2013: Mirrors (Edition Records) London Vocal Project with Norma Winstone
 2013: Six for Six (CAM Jazz, recorded 2008)
 2015: Songs for Quintet (ECM, recorded 2013)
 2015: On the Way to Two (CAM Jazz, recorded 2005)

Collaborations with John Taylor
 with Norma Winstone, Paolo Fresu, Paolo Damiani, Tony Oxley: Live at Roccella Jonica (Ismez Polis, 1985)
 featuring Gabriele Mirabassi: Moon (Egea, 2001)
 with Riccardo Del Fra: Overnight (Sketch, 2002)
 Pause, and Think Again (Turtle, 1971)

As Azimuth
 Azimuth (ECM, 1977)
 The Touchstone (ECM, 1978)
 Départ, with Ralph Towner (ECM, 1979)
 Azimuth '85 (ECM, 1985)
 How It Was Then... Never Again (ECM, 1994)
 Siren's Song, with The Maritime Jazz Orchestra (Justin Time, 1997)

Other collaborations
 wrote/arranged "Ballad to Max" on Maynard Ferguson's album M.F. Horn (Columbia, 1970)
 arranged "Fire and Rain", "My Sweet Lord", and "Your Song" on Maynard Ferguson's album Alive & Well in London (Columbia, 1971)
 arranged "Theme from Summer of '42" and wrote/arranged "Free Wheeler" on Maynard Ferguson's album M.F. Horn Two (Columbia, 1972)
 with Elton Dean and Joe Gallivan: The Cheque Is in the Mail (Ogun, 1977)
 with Günter Christmann, Gerd Dudek, Albert Mangelsdorff, Paul Rutherford, Manfred Schoof: Horns (FMP, 1979)
 with Gordon Beck, Tony Oxley, Stan Sulzmann, Ron Mathewson: Seven Steps to Evans (MPS, 1980)
 with Tiziana Simona: Gigolo (ITM, 1986)
 with Claudio Fasoli, Jean-François Jenny Clark, Daniel Humair: Welcome (Soul Note, 1987)
 with Claudio Fasoli and Jean-François Jenny Clark: Land (Innowo/New Sound Planet, 1989)
 with Gordon Beck, Tony Oxley, Stan Sulzmann, Dieter Ilg: A Tribute to Bill Evans (Image Entertainment DVD, filmed 1991, released 1999)
 with Jeff Gardner, Hein van de Geyn, André Ceccarelli: California Daydream (Musidisc, 1992)
 with David Friedman, Jasper van't Hof: Greenhouse Fables (Sentemo, 1992)
 with Paolino Dalla Porta, Stefano Battaglia, Bill Elgart: Tales (Soul Note, 1993)
 with Claudio Fasoli, Mick Goodrick, Henri Texier - double bass, Billy Elgart - drums: "Ten tributes" (Ram records, 1994)
 with Rabih Abou Khalil - Sultan's Picnic, Enja Records, 1994)
 with Vandoorn (Ineke Vandoorn & Marc van Vugt) - The Question is me, Riff/Baixim records 1994
 with Paul Bley: Touché (Justin Time, 1996)
 with Sonny Greenwich: Live at the Montreal Bistro (Justin Time, 1998)
 with Brian Dickinson: Still Waters [Hornblower, 1999)
 with Lee Konitz: Live at Birdland Neuberg (Double Moon, 1999)
 with Fred Hersch, Norma Winstone, Paul Clarvis: 4 in Perspective (Village Life, 2000)
 with Marc Copland and John Abercrombie: That's for Sure (Challenge, 2001)
 with Stan Sulzmann and John Parricelli: Ordesa (Symbol, 2002)
 with Enrico Pieranunzi, Chris Potter, Charlie Haden & Paul Motian: Fellini Jazz (CAM Jazz, 2003)
 with Marc Copland and John Abercrombie: Brand New (Challenge, 2004)
 with Tony Coe, John Edwards, Alan Hacker, Sylvia Hallett, Marcio Mattos, Evan Parker, Philipp Wachsmann: Free Zone Appleby 2003 (PSI, 2004)
 with Gerd Dudek, Paul Dunmall, John Edwards, Tony Levin, Tony Marsh, Evan Parker, Paul Rogers, Philipp Wachsmann: Free Zone Appleby 2005 (PSI, 2006)
 with Evan Parker, Paul Dunmall, Tony Levin, John Edwards: Live at the Vortex, London (Rare Music, 2011)
 with Evan Parker, Steve Beresford, John Edwards, Louis Moholo-Moholo: Foxes Fox: Live at the Vortex (PSI, 2012)

Featured
 Robert 'Bob' Cornford, Tony Coe, Kenny Wheeler and the NDR 'Pops' Orchestra: Long Shadows (Chapter One, 2007; recorded 1979)
 The Guildhall Jazz Band: Walk Softly (Wave, 1998; recorded 1987)
 The Jürgen Friedrich Quartet Featuring Kenny Wheeler: Summerflood (CTI, 1998; reissued 2003)
 Tim Brady: Visions (Justin Time, 1988) with L'orchestre de Chambre de Montréal
 Dezső "Ablakos" Lakatos (sax.), Kenny Wheeler (tr.), György Vukán (piano), Balázs Berkes (bass), Imre Kőszegi (drums), Creative Art Ensemble Brass & Rhythm, in "Spanish Rapsody" of György Vukán  (CAE LP 002 Hungaroton, ARTISJUS 1991)
 The Upper Austrian Jazzorchestra: Plays the Music of Kenny Wheeler (West Wind, 1996)
 The Maritime Jazz Orchestra: Now and Now-Again (Justin Time, 2002; recorded 1998) with Norma Winstone and John Taylor
 UMO Jazz Orchestra: One More Time (A-Records, 2000) with Norma Winstone
 Munich Jazz Orchestra: Sometime Suite (Bassic Sound, 2001)
 Colours Jazz Orchestra: Nineteen Plus One (Astarte/Egea, 2009)

As sideman
With John Abercrombie
 Open Land (ECM, 1998)
With Rabih Abou-Khalil
Blue Camel (Enja, 1992)
The Sultan's Picnic (Enja, 1994)
With George Adams
 Sound Suggestions (ECM, 1979)
With Pepper Adams
Conjuration: Fat Tuesday's Session (Reservoir, 1983 [1990})
With the Berlin Contemporary Jazz Orchestra
 Berlin Contemporary Jazz Orchestra (Conducted by Alexander von Schlippenbach) (ECM, 1990)
With Jane Ira Bloom
 Art and Aviation (Arabesque, 1992)
 The Nearness (Arabesque, 1995)
With Anthony Braxton
The Complete Braxton (Freedom, 1971 [1973])
Quartet: Live at Moers Festival (Ring, 1974 [1976])
 New York, Fall 1974 (Arista, 1974)
 Five Pieces 1975 (Arista, 1975)
 The Montreux/Berlin Concerts (Arista, 1975-6)
 Creative Orchestra Music 1976 (Arista, 1976)
 Creative Orchestra (Köln) 1978 (hatART, 1978 [1995])
With Jakob Bro
 2011: Bro/Knak (Loveland)
With Bill Bruford
 Feels Good to Me (EG, 1978)
With Rainer Brüninghaus
 Freigeweht (ECM, 1980)
With Don Cherry
 Actions (Philips, 1971)
With Steve Coleman
 Rhythm in Mind (Novus, 1991)
With CCS
 C.C.S. (RAK, 1970)
With Graham Collier
Deep Dark Blue Centre (Deram, 1967)
Hoarded Dreams (Cuneiform, 1983 [2007])
With Paolino Dalla Porta
 Tales (Soul Note, 1993)
With John Dankworth
With Pierre Favre
 Window Steps (ECM, 1995)
 What the Dickens! (Fontana, 1963)
With Claudio Fasoil
 Welcome (Soul Note, 1987)
 Guest (Soul Note, 1994)
 Ten Tributes (1995)
With Bill Frisell
 Rambler (ECM, 1985)
With Globe Unity Orchestra
 Globe Unity 67 & 70 (Atavistic, 2001), 1970 recording only
 Live in Wuppertal (FMP, 1973)
 Hamburg '74 with the NDR Chor (FMP, 1979)
 Evidence Vol. 1 (FMP, 1976; reissued on Rumbling, 1991)
 Into the Valley Vol. 2 (FMP, 1976; reissued on Rumbling, 1991)
 FMP S 6...Plus (FMP, digital download, 2012)
 Jahrmarkt/Local Fair (Po Torch, 1977)
 Improvisations (JAPO/ECM, 1977)
 Compositions (JAPO/ECM, 1979)
 Intergalactic Blow (JAPO, 1983)
 20th Anniversary (recorded 1986, FMP, 1993)
 40 Years (Intakt, 2007)
With Paul Gonsalves
 Humming Bird (Deram, 1970)
With Dave Holland Quintet
 Jumpin' In (ECM, 1984)
 Seeds of Time (ECM, 1985)
 The Razor's Edge (ECM, 1987)
With Mark Isaacs
 Elders Suite (Grace Recordings, 1999)With Philly Joe Jones Trailways Express (Black Lion, 1968 [1971])With Chris Kase A Song We Once Knew (Satchmo Jazz, 2000)With Andy Middleton Reinventing the World (2003)With Joni Mitchell Travelogue (Nonesuch, 2002)With Roscoe MitchellSketches from Bamboo (Moers Music, 1979)With Louis Moholo-Moholo Spirits Rejoice! (Ogun, 1978)With Tony Oxley Ichnos (RCA Victor, 1971)With Enrico Pieranunzi As Never Before (2008)With Paul Rutherford and Iskra 1912 Sequences 72 & 73 (Emanem, 1997)With Tommy Smith Azure (Linn, 1995)With Wadada Leo Smith Divine Love (ECM, 1978)With Thomas Stabenow What's New (2010)With David Sylvian Brilliant Trees (Virgin, 1984)
 Alchemy: An Index of Possibilities (Virgin, 1985)
 Gone to Earth (Virgin, 1986)
 Dead Bees on a Cake (Virgin, 1999)With John Surman John Surman (Deram, 1969)With Ralph Towner Old Friends, New Friends (ECM, 1979)With Glauco Venier Trio Gorizia (Artesuono, 2013)With Ernst Vranckx A Child's Blessing (1998)With Fabio Zeppetella' Moving Lines (1995)

References

External links

 Kenny Wheeler, Trumpeter and Flugelhornist, Dies at 84 at JazzTimes''
 2003 Interview with journalist John Eyles at All About Jazz
 2005 Review of the Kenny Wheeler Big Band by John Fordham in The Guardian
 Kenny Wheeler discography at discogs

1930 births
2014 deaths
Avant-garde jazz musicians
Canadian jazz composers
Male jazz composers
Canadian jazz trumpeters
Male trumpeters
ECM Records artists
Edition artists
Free improvisation
Honorary Members of the Royal Academy of Music
Musicians from Toronto
Nucleus (band) members
Officers of the Order of Canada
Post-bop trumpeters
The Royal Conservatory of Music alumni
United Jazz + Rock Ensemble members
20th-century Canadian composers
20th-century trumpeters
20th-century Canadian male musicians
Berlin Contemporary Jazz Orchestra members
Azimuth (band) members
The Dedication Orchestra members
Incus Records artists
Edition Records artists
20th-century jazz composers
Psi Records artists

Kenny Wheeler


Pia Olsen Dyhr is a Danish politician, member of the Danish Parliament, the Folketing, and leader of the democratic socialist party SF (Socialist People's party) since 13th February, 2014. She took over as leader from Annette Vilhelmsen.

Dyhr was previously Minister for Trade and Investment (3rd October 2011 - 9th August 2013) and Minister for Transport (9th August 2013 - 3rd February 2014).

External sources

Pia Olsen Dyhr at the Danish Parliament

Danish politicians

Pia Olsen Dyhr


Green Lake is the larger of the two lakes in Green Lakes State Park, which lies about  east of downtown Syracuse in Onondaga County, New York. Round Lake is the smaller lake located west of Green Lake. Both lakes are meromictic, which means no seasonal mixing of surface and bottom waters occurs. Meromictic lakes are fairly rare; they have been extensively studied, in part because their sediments can preserve a historical record extending back thousands of years, and because of the euxinic (anoxic, sulfidic) conditions which can form in the deep water.

Description
Green Lake has a maximum depth of 195 feet (59 metres). Deep lakes tend to appear bluish because the wavelengths of light that can penetrate (and be dispersed at) great depths are those closer to the blue end of the spectrum. Because of its depth and the high salinity of the basin waters, the lake is meromictic and does not turn over and intermix waters like many other lakes in this region do. Green Lake's cold and dense bottom waters tend to stay separate from the shallower, warmer waters. Because of this, sediment sinks and collects in the bottom and undergoes virtually no decay. Since the sediment is not disturbed by mixing, the lake does not take on a muddy, turbid appearance like other lakes do. Meromictic lakes also have still, mirror-like waters. Green Lake's tranquil, reflective water makes it photogenic.  The lake is glacial in origin, likely developed by glacial meltwater during the most recent North American glaciation. Its calcium and sulfate-rich waters are due to groundwater percolating through marine shale with a high gypsum content. The lake, which resembles a large river in shape, is unusually deep for its size and was considered sacred by the native Onondaga tribe, which originally settled in the area.

Fishing
Fish species present in the lake include rainbow trout, pumpkinseed sunfish, and brook trout. Access is only by rental boats or shore fishing.

History
Fayetteville Green Lake (FGL) was the first lake in North America identified as meromictic, and is the best-studied meromictic lake in the world, with records dating back to 1839.  Green Lake was referred to as Lake Sodom by Lardner Vanuxem, who was the first to study Green Lake in 1839, and the presence of sulfide in the deeper waters of the lake was known by 1849.  FGL is believed to have formed as a plunge pool during the late Wisconsin stage of glaciation at the base of a waterfall formed by the retreating glaciers, which is the reason for its extreme depth relative to a small surface area. The outflow for FGL runs underneath the Erie Canal, which is located within 300 m of the north shore of the lake.  FGL is currently located in Green Lakes State Park, and since 1933, large quantities of sand have been dumped on the shore of the north end to create a swimming area.

Biogeochemistry

Fayetteville Green Lake is located in the Oswego River-Lake Ontario drainage system, and receives surface water from Round Lake.   The water column is chemically stratified into an oxygenated upper portion (mixolimnion) and a euxinic deeper portion (monimolimnion).  The stratification is maintained through the large input of ground water rich in dissolved solids to the deeper portion of the lake.  The difference in the dissolved solids (Ca, Mg, SO4) between the water input to the surface and water input to the deep creates the permanent stratification observed.  FGL has a sulfate concentration around 13.5 mmol/L (about half that of modern seawater) which is derived from groundwater input to the deep portion of the lake.  A well-developed separation in a body of water due to differing chemistries is present between 18 and 20 m depth. The water below the chemocline is anoxic and sulfidic, and at the chemocline is a dense layer of purple sulfur bacteria which makes the water appear pink.  The purple sulfur bacteria thrive in the anoxic waters and use the sulfide from the deeper water in their chemosynthesis.
The color of the lake is created by the total dissolved solids (from the groundwater input) which disperse the sunlight creating a greenish color.  Annual whiting events occur in FGL, due to the large Synechococcus population in the lake.  Calcite precipitates in microenvironments surrounding the Synechococcus and this is believed to dominate the whiting events.  Calcite precipitation is common year round at FGL, and this leads to the carbonate crust that surrounds most of the lake, and covers branches and other material that falls below the surface.  Dead Man's Point is a notable example of this, and is classified as a thrombolitic bioherm.

Geologic significance

The meromictic character of FGL is believed to represent a possible analog to ancient ocean environments during the Precambrian and during times of environmental stress. (i.e. mass extinction events).  During these times, the oceans may have become anoxic and possibly sulfidic in the deep water. Information about past environments can be gained through studying isotopic, chemical, and biological compositions of modern FGL.  FGL is the subject of multiple scientific studies per year.  Recent work by Lee Kump at Penn State University has been featured on the television shows Nova: scienceNOW, National Geographic, and BBC  relating FGL to the end-Permian mass extinction.

References

External links
"The Underwater World of Green Lakes", video obtained using a robotic submarine by Dr. Mark A. Teece

Lakes of New York (state)
Meromictic lakes
Lakes of Onondaga County, New York

Green Lake (New York)


Honey was a Christian, ambient rock band composed of Doug Moss, Paul Lagestee, Billy Wan, and Roger Moss.  The band recorded three albums between 1997 and 2001.  The first two, Lovely and Lost on You, were released on the now-defunct Sub•Lime Records.  Their third album, aptly titled Three, was released by Northern Records.  The first effort was produced by Christian alt/rock legend Steve Hindalong and was characterised by a rough, guitar-driven sound.  For their second effort, production credits were diverse but significant with Jars of Clay's Dan Haseltine and Stephen Mason lending a hand as well as The Prayer Chain alumni Eric Campuzano and Wayne Everett.  The result was a more approachable sound that was at once extraordinarily mellow and enormously engaging.  As a departure from their first album, the work could be described as a "concept worship album".  Indeed, many songs read as abstract praises of God.  With their third album, Honey made a strong musical departure, moving to an up-tempo, alt/pop flavour.  Thematically, the focus moved from theology to what could be described as "a soundtrack to a wistful, longing, romantic love life".  They disbanded soon after the release of Three.

Discography
Lovely, 1997
Lost on You, 1998
Three, 2001

External links

Reviews at The Phantom Tollbooth
Review at The Phantom Tollbooth
Northern Records

References

Christian rock groups from Illinois
Musical groups established in 1995
Musical groups disestablished in 2001

Honey (band)


Afanasy () is the Russian form of Athanasios, a Greek name meaning "immortal". It may refer to:

People:
 Afanasy Bagration, Prince Adarnase of Kartli (1707–1784), Georgian prince royal and Russian Empire general
 Afanasy Beloborodov (1903–1990), Russian general
 Afanasy Fet (1820–1892), Russian poet
 Afanasy Grigoriev (1782–1868), Russian architect
 Afanasy Nikitin (died 1472), Russian merchant and traveler
 Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin (1605–1680), Russian statesman
 Afanasy Razmaritsyn (1844–1917), Russian-Ukrainian painter
 Afanasy Seredin-Sabatin (1860–1921), Russian architect and journalist, first Western architect to live and work in the Korean Empire
 Afanasy Shchapov (1830–1876), Russian historian

Fictional people:
 Afanasy Ivanovich Tovstogub, the main character of Nikolai Gogol's short story The Old World Landowners

The surname Afanasyev () is derived from the name. The surname Afonin () is derived from Afonya, the short form of the name.

Slavic masculine given names
Russian masculine given names
Masculine given names

Afanasy


British NVC community MC5 (Armeria maritima - Cerastium diffusum ssp. diffusum maritime therophyte community) is one of the maritime cliff communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of five communities categorised as maritime cliff crevice and ledge communities.

This community is widespread on the western coasts of Britain, and localised on coasts elsewhere. There are four subcommunities.

Community composition
Six constant species are found in this community:
 Thrift (Armeria maritima)
 Buck's-horn Plantain (Plantago coronopus)
 Red Fescue (Festuca rubra)
 Sea Mouse-ear (Cerastium diffusum ssp. diffusum)
 English Stonecrop (Sedum anglicum)
 Biting Stonecrop (Sedum acre)

The following rare species are associated with this community:
 Chives (Allium schoneoprasum)
 Purple Milk-vetch (Astragalus danicus)
 Wild Cabbage (Brassica oleracea)
 Common Centaury (Centaurium erythraea var. capitatum)
 Hairy Greenweed (Genista pilosa)
 Fringed Rupturewort (Herniaria ciliolata)
 Hairy bird's-foot trefoil (Lotus hispidus)
 Early Sand-grass (Mibora minima)
 Spring Sandwort (Minuartia verna)
 Small Restharrow (Ononis reclinata)
 Orange Bird's-foot (Ornithopus pinnatus)
 Bulbous Meadow-grass (Poa bulbosa)
 Early Meadow-grass (Poa infirma)
 Four-leaved Allseed (Polycarpon tetraphyllum)
 Sand Crocus (Romulea columnae)
 Autumn Squill (Scilla autumnalis)
 Spring Squill (Scilla verna)
 Field Fleawort (Senecio integrifolius ssp. maritimus)
 Western Clover (Trifolium occidentale)
 Suffocated Clover (Trifolium suffocatum)

Distribution
This community is found widely on the coast of the South West Peninsula, and on western coasts of Wales and Scotland. It is more localised on the eastern coast of Scotland, with one stand recorded from Sussex.

Subcommunities
There are four subcommunities:
 the Desmazeria marina subcommunity
 the Anthyllis vulneraria subcommunity
 the Aira praecox subcommunity
 the Arenaris serpyllifolia subcommunity

References
 Rodwell, J. S. (2000) British Plant Communities Volume 5 - Maritime communities and vegetation of open habitats  (hardback),  (paperback)

MC05

British NVC community MC5