No. 3 Fighter Sector (3FS) was a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) unit during World War Two. No. 3FS was responsible for fighter aircraft control and coordination for the Townsville region. 3FS would collect all of the intelligence information from the various D/F stations and VAOC posts, decide on the what needed to be done and then tell the  fighter or bomber squadrons to respond. 3FS was in telephone and radio contact with all of the anti-aircraft, searchlight, RDF and HF/DF stations in the Townsville area.

It was first set up at Townsville Grammar School, on 25 February 1942.  The Women's Auxiliary Australian  Air Force members of 3FS lived at St Anne's Girls School,  Townsville. In 1942, a new headquarters for No. 3FS was built at Wulguru, Townsville. The site was a proper military camp site with its own power house, barracks, kitchens, toilets and recreation hall. There were as many as 62 different buildings in 3FS HQ. The camp was on the side of a hill near Mt Stuart, on the west side of the road to Charters Towers. It can still be seen today on the hill on the opposite side of the Stuart Shopping Centre.

No. 3FS was renamed 103 Fighter Control Unit (103 FCU) on 7 March 1944. The Stuart complex was complete and ready to use on 20 December 1944. The main operations building was a bunker made of 30-centimetre (12 in) thick reinforced concrete designed to withstand a direct bomb hit. It had a mezzanine floor and was air-conditioned. 3 Fighter Sector Headquarters had 32 rooms in the large rectangular concrete building with walls forming various passageways. The building still stands today and is 60 by 42 feet (18.3 m × 12.8 m).
All air raid warnings were started from this bunker by red, yellow and white flares. There was also HQ located in North Ward, Townsville. 103 FCU was disbanded in Townsville on 21 January 1945.

After the war
After the war, the buildings were used to house new migrants to Australia. The buildings were still furnished at the time. In 1961 it was purchased by James Cook University of Queensland and was used as a temporary accommodation for students while their residential halls were being built. The bunker itself still had its communication and signals equipment. A few years later the inside of the bunker was destroyed by fire. In 1971 the rest of the buildings were demolished. The site is now owned by the Department of Environment and Resources.

Ammunition storage

In 1999, a group of people, had been raising money and getting the right equipment to fix this bunker after it was burned and destroyed by fire. They wanted to turn it into a museum. The Department of Environment and Resources have said that the building is not safe. In 2009 the bunker was fenced off.

Many people in Townsville believe that the bunker may still have ammunition and chemical weapons left over from the war. They also think that the bunker is part of a network of tunnels built during the war in the hills around Townsville. The Department of Defence has said that neither of these claims are true.

References

Queensland

No. 3 Fighter Sector RAAF


Miss Canfield is a fictional character in the American television sitcom Leave It to Beaver. She is portrayed by Diane Brewster.

The character appeared in four first season episodes. Brewster then left the series without explanation. Sue Randall stepped in to play Beaver's teacher, Alice Landers, over the following seasons. In "Beaver's Pigeons"(1959) the two pigeons are named Miss Canfield and Miss Landers

Miss Canfield's portrayer, Diane Brewster, also appeared in the show's pilot "It's a Small World" as Miss Simms, a secretary at the Franklin Milk Company.

Overview
Miss Canfield is a young and attractive, no-nonsense schoolteacher who is leading a second grade class for the first time at Grant Avenue Grammar School when the show debuts in 1957. She has a good relationship with her students and her colleague, Mrs. Rayburn.

In the premiere episode, Miss Canfield sends a note home with Beaver, who believes he is going to be expelled. Beaver is relieved when he discovers that the note contains only a request to have him play Smokey Bear in a school pageant. In another episode, Beaver develops a crush on Miss Canfield, and, at the urging of his classmates, puts a spring snake in her desk to prove he's not a teacher's pet. In "Part-Time Genius", Miss Canfield tells the Cleavers that Beaver's IQ test results indicate he's a genius. It proves to be a false alarm, however. In her last appearance, Miss Canfield discovers a dog hidden inside Beaver's jacket.

Miss Canfield was a warm and attractive character, a patient and understanding teacher. Her first name is never revealed on the show.

Episodes
"It's a Small World" (pilot, 1957): Brewster appeared as a secretary, Miss Simms.
"Beaver Gets 'Spelled'" (1957, as Diana Brewster)
"Beaver's Crush" (1957)
"Part-Time Genius" (1958)
"Beaver and Poncho" (1958)

References
Applebaum, Irwyn. The World According to Beaver. TV Books, 1984, 1998. ().
Bank, Frank. Call Me Lumpy: my Leave It To Beaver days and other wild Hollywood life . Addax, 2002. (), ().
Colella, Jennifer. The Leave It to Beaver Guide to Life: wholesome wisdom from the Cleavers! Running Press, 2006. (), ().
Leave It to Beaver: the complete first season. Universal Studios, 2005.
Leave It to Beaver: the complete second season. Universal Studios, 2006. ()
Mathers, Jerry. ...And Jerry Mather as "The Beaver". Berkley Boulevard Books, 1998. ()

Television characters introduced in 1957
Fictional schoolteachers
Leave It to Beaver characters
American female characters in television

Miss Canfield


SatanCon is the annual convention of the Satanic Temple, a non-theistic religious organization which uses Satanic imagery to advocate for egalitarianism, social justice, and the separation of church and state. The conventions combine traditional conference-style educational panels with social events, arts, and a marketplace.

Background
The Satanic Temple is a non-theistic religious organization founded in 2013. It uses Satanic imagery, humor, and legal tactics to advocate for the separation of church and state, critical thinking, reproductive rights, abolishing corporal punishment in schools, and other causes. It does not believe in a supernatural Satan, but uses the idea of Satan and the public's reaction to the concept as a metaphorical or satirical tool to challenge religious authority and advocate against what it views as injustice.

History
The first SatanCon, with about 300 attendees, took place February 11–13, 2022, at the Saguaro Hotel in Scottsdale, Arizona. The location was chosen based on a 2016 incident in which a member of the Satanic Temple requested to deliver an invocation for the Scottsdale City Council and was denied. The Temple filed a legal challenge alleging religious discrimination, but lost the case and subsequent appeal. The convention was dedicated to the former mayor, Jim Lane, and former councilmember Suzanne Klapp. The convention's theme was "Lupercalia in Scottsdale" and sessions focused on human rights, social justice, and the organization's activities and programs.

The second convention, marking the organization's 10th anniversary, took place April 28–30, 2023, at the Boston Marriott Copley Place in Boston, Massachusetts. It was sold out, drawing about 800 attendees. The location was chosen for similar reasons as the first convention, dedicating it to Boston Mayor Michelle Wu, whom it was suing for religious discrimination. The Temple sued Wu and the City of Boston over their rejection of the organization's request to deliver one of the city council's traditional invocations, a decision the Temple likewise characterized as discrimination. The event used the theme "Hexennacht in Boston". Programming included panels, mixers, a "Satanic Marketplace", and music, combining traditional conference panels with arts and community-oriented social events.

Protests
At the first year's event, hundreds of Christians protested the convention holding crucifixes, crosses, and signs denouncing Satan, although the Satanic Temple does not involve belief in the supernatural Satan. In its second year, the Archdiocese of Boston said it was responding to the event with "intense prayer" and a Christian revival event called Revive Boston was organized in response to SatanCon's "weekend of blasphemy", involving several forms of worship and evangelism. The convention again drew protesters, including a group organized by pastor Greg Locke and a group from the white nationalist organization Patriot Front. Protesters held signs with anti-LGBTQ, anti-abortion, anti-blasphemy, and other messages. Following the convention, the Associated Press reported on viral disinformation spread on social media in the form of AI-generated images depicting children learning about Satanism at SatanCon, where there were no such events.

References

External links

Annual events in the United States
The Satanic Temple
Conventions in Boston
Conventions in Arizona

SatanCon


Albert Doucet (born November 4, 1942) is a businessman and former political figure in New Brunswick, Canada. He represented Nigadoo-Chaleur in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick from 1991 to 1999 as an Independent, then Liberal and then Independent member.

He was born in Bathurst, New Brunswick, the son of Albert Doucet Sr. and Martha Lavigne, and educated at the Université du Sacré-Coeur and the Collège de Bathurst. Doucet was personnel director for a fertilizer company before founding his own company in 1976. He later became a real estate agent. Doucet was also a member of the local school board and was chairman of the Chaleur Regional Development Commission from 1989 to 2001. He married Noella Roy. He served as Minister of State for Mines & Energy from 1995 to 1997. Doucet resigned this position in 1997 and was suspended from the Liberal caucus after publicly criticizing the government. Doucet has served as a member of the board of directors for the Belledune Port Authority since 2005.

References

External links
 Entry from Canadian Who's Who
 Canadian Parliamentary Guide, 1997, Kathryn O'Handley

1942 births
Living people
20th-century Canadian politicians
New Brunswick Liberal Association MLAs
Independent New Brunswick MLAs
Université de Moncton alumni
People from Bathurst, New Brunswick

Albert Doucet


Viola is a town in Kent County, Delaware, United States. It is part of the Dover, Delaware Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 140 in 2020.

History
Viola was built in 1856 after the Delaware Railroad opened a station. The town was laid out on a grant called Golden Thicket, owned by William Shores in 1681.

Geography
Viola is located at  (39.0428907, –75.5718695).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , all  land.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 156 people, 62 households, and 48 families living in the town. The population density was . The racial makeup of the town was 93.59% White, 4.49% African American and 1.92% Asian. Hispanic or Latino of any race made up 1.92% of the population.

Of the 62 households, 30.6% have at least one person under the age of 18, 62.9% had married couples, 11.3% had a single woman householder, 21.0% had non-families, and 19.4% were owned by a single person, with 8.1% who were 65 years or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 2.78.

About 21.2% of the population were under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 26.3% from 25 to 44, 32.7% from 45 to 64, and 11.5% 65 years or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 110.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.6 males.

The median income for a household was $47,813 and the median income for a family was $49,531. Males had a median income of $39,250 versus $24,250 for females. The per capita income for the town was $21,687. About 3.4% of the population live below the poverty line, 16.7% of which are 65 or older.

The only non-residential structures within town limits are a post office, a VCF Ruritan hall, and the Felton-Viola United Methodist Church. The town council has recently implemented strict zoning regulations designed to prevent suburban sprawl. The regulations prohibit businesses with more than two employees, restrict the construction of multi-family dwellings, and forbid any annexation of outlying parcels into the original town proper.

Education
Viola is within the Lake Forest School District. The zoned high school is Lake Forest High School.

Infrastructure

Transportation

Main Street is the main north–south road through Viola. The road is called Turkey Point Road outside the town limits and leads north toward Woodside and south toward Felton. Evens Road is the main east–west road through Viola and leads east to an intersection with U.S. Route 13 in Canterbury. US 13 heads north toward Dover and south toward Harrington. The Delmarva Central Railroad's Delmarva Subdivision line passes north–south through Viola.

Utilities
Delmarva Power, a subsidiary of Exelon, provides electricity to Viola. Chesapeake Utilities provides natural gas to the town.

References

Towns in Kent County, Delaware
Towns in Delaware

Viola, Delaware


Mousa  ( "moss island") is a small island in Shetland, Scotland, uninhabited since the nineteenth century. The island is known for the Broch of Mousa, an Iron Age round tower, and is designated as a Special Protection Area for storm-petrel breeding colonies.

Geography

Mousa lies a mile off the east coast of Mainland Shetland in the parish of Dunrossness about  south of Lerwick. Almost divided in two by inlets, East and West Hams, the island is  long and almost  in maximum width. Geologically beds of hard sandstone alternate with muddy limestones that weather to produce fertile soil. A quarry provided flagstones for Lerwick.

Mousa's fertile soil supports a rich diversity of plants, including sheep's-bit and creeping willow in the herb-rich grassland, despite the wind, salt spray and grazing by sheep.

The Norse tended to consider an island to be something that they could circumnavigate, and this included being able to drag a boat over land. Thus Mousa was considered two islands, namely North Isle and South Isle.

Mousa lies directly on the 60th parallel, 60 degrees north of the equator, 30 degrees south of the north pole.

History

Mousa Broch is the best preserved Iron Age fortification in the British Isles. The 2000-year-old round tower stands above a rocky shoreline, one of a pair of brochs guarding Mousa Sound. They may be part of a chain of brochs in this part of Shetland, visible from each other as beacons. The other of the "pair", at Burland on the Mainland is far less well preserved. Many brochs were the focus of a settlement, but there has never been a full archaeological investigation to confirm this at Mousa. It was cleared out in 1860 and 1919. Mousa has survived intact to such a height and is thought to never have been much higher than it is today. It escaped stone gathering for nearby stone walls and croft houses (now ruined).

Mousa is mentioned in the Orkneyinga Saga as being used as a place of defence during invasions, as well as a lovers' hideout.

The entrance passage into Mousa is long, reflecting the enormous thickness of its walls. At its base the broch is 15m in diameter, but the interior is only 6m in diameter. Within the huge thickness of the base of the walls are a range of chambers probably used for storage, while at higher levels passages run between the inner and outer skins of the wall. On the inside a steep flight of steps leads to the top of the wall. Halfway up is a landing which probably gave access to an upper level of the interior of the broch, built on a ledge running around the circumference of the interior.

In July 1558, two Scottish ships from Aberdeen, the Meikle Swallow and Little Swallow, attacked an English fleet off Shetland. The Scottish sailors took cattle and other goods belonging to Olave Sinclair on Mousa. Sinclair claimed compensation in the Edinburgh courts.

Conservation

Mousa is known for grey and common seals, black guillemots, Arctic terns and storm-petrels.

Mousa holds c. 6,800 breeding pairs of European storm-petrels in total. This represents about 8% of the British population and 2.6% of the world population. The island is designated as both a Special Protection Area (SAC) and a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) by NatureScot, and is run as a reserve by the RSPB.

The seas surrounding the island are host a population of sandeel that provides a food source for many species fish, seabirds, seals, whales and dolphins: the area is considered to have the most reliable population of sandeels of all the seas surrounding Shetland. These seas are therefore also protected, forming both a Special Area of Conservation (SAC) and a Nature Conservation Marine Protected Area (NCMPA).

Storm petrels may also be found at the reserve of Haaf Gruney.

Transport
The island is readily accessed using the passenger-only ferry which operates from the Shetland Mainland at Leebitton, Sandwick in summer time.

See also

 List of islands of Scotland

Footnotes

Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Shetland
Special Protection Areas in Scotland
Uninhabited islands of Shetland
Special Areas of Conservation in Scotland
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds reserves in Scotland
Nature Conservation Marine Protected Areas of Scotland

Mousa


The Socotra scops owl (Otus socotranus) is a small owl endemic to the island of Socotra, Yemen.

Taxonomy
The Socotra scops owl was previously lumped with the African scops owl (Otus senegalensis), but differences in plumage and vocalisations have led to it being split to a separate species. Recent genetic research suggests that its closest relatives are the Oriental scops owl and the Seychelles scops owl (Otus insularis). An interesting theory this research has led to is that the oriental scops owl is a taxon that evolved from a colonisation of the continent from island ancestors, an event which had previously been thought unlikely because island taxa were thought to be less competitive than related continental taxa.

Description
A very small scops owl which is heavily streaked and barred on its pale sandy-grey upperparts, paler underparts with darker shaft streaks and fine, dark barring. The plain facial disc has vague margins and the shoulder stripe is not as conspicuous as in other scops owls and are sandy-coloured. The ear-tufts are very small and the eyes are yellow. Its length is .

Voice
The song of the Socotra scops owl is a repeated, low-pitched series of notes which is similar to that described for the oriental scops owl (Otus sunia).

Distribution and habitat
The Socotra scops owl is endemic to the Indian Ocean island of Socotra off the Horn of Africa, which is within the territory of Yemen. On Socotra it is found on over 45% of the island, most numerous in areas where there are mature palms. Its preferred habitat is rocky semi-desert with scattered trees and bushes.

Behaviour
Very little is known about the behaviour of the Socotra scops owl. It probably mainly feeds on insects and small vertebrates; the stomach contents of a single specimen contained a grasshopper, a centipede and two lizards. It has also been observed hawking for moths at dusk, in a similar fashion to a nightjar. Very little is known about its breeding behaviour but a female with enlarged ovaries was caught in April. It probably uses natural cavities for nesting. Two 20-day-old young have been recorded on the nest in February, their age suggesting that the eggs were laid in early January.

References

Otus (bird)
Endemic birds of Socotra
Birds described in 1899

Socotra scops owl


Hugh Colvin VC (1 February 1887 – 16 September 1962) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

He was 30 years old, and a second Lieutenant in the 9th Battalion, The Cheshire Regiment, British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

On 20 September 1917 east of Ypres, Belgium, when all the other officers of his company and all but one in the leading company had become casualties, Second Lieutenant Colvin took command of both companies and led them forward under heavy fire with great success. He went with only two men to a dug-out, when he left the men on top, entered it alone and brought out 14 prisoners. He then proceeded to clear other dug-outs, alone or with only one man, capturing machine-guns, killing some of the enemy and taking a large number of prisoners.

After he retired from the Cheshire Regiment, he was appointed in 1938 as a recruitment officer in Dewsbury with the rank of major.

His Victoria Cross is displayed at The Cheshire Regiment Museum, Chester, England.

References

Irish Winners of the Victoria Cross (Richard Doherty & David Truesdale, 2000)
Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)
The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)
VCs of the First World War: Passchendaele 1917 (Stephen Snelling, 1998)

External links
Location of grave and VC medal (Co. Down, Northern Ireland)''

1887 births
1962 deaths
People from Burnley
Cheshire Regiment officers
British Army personnel of World War I
British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross
8th King's Royal Irish Hussars soldiers
British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross
Military personnel from Lancashire
Burials in Northern Ireland

Hugh Colvin


So Evil, So Young is a 1961 British Technicolor reform school prison film produced by the Danzigers, directed by Godfrey Grayson, and starring Jill Ireland and Ellen Pollock.

Synopsis

Lucy and Claire are at a house where Lucy used to work. The two of them hack into the safe behind a picture. Inside are several jewels. Claire warns Lucy to leave, but Lucy says that the home-owners are on vacation and the butler is the only one at home; however, he is at the back of house. She says that they have all the time in the world. However, a few seconds later the butler walks in on them. He sees Lucy and recognizes her, but does not see Claire; Claire whacks him on the head with something, knocking him out.

Lucy tells Claire to take the jewels and give her half when she gets out of prison, where she will undoubtedly go. She heads to a local club where she sees her ex-boyfriend Tom eyeing his new girlfriend Anne (Jill Ireland). Jealous and angry, she takes a necklace she kept in her jacket pocket, which she stole from the house, and puts it in Anne's jacket pocket, without anyone seeing.

The police come to Anne's house and ask her if she knows of any stolen jewellery, for Lucy has told the police that she was her accomplice. Anne denies this, but the police find the necklace in her coat pocket. She is sentenced to three years in Wilsham, a prison with no bars on the windows and they rely on your honour not to just walk out. They also do not like to call it a prison.

Everybody comes to hate the warden of the girls, Miss Smith. Anne, as she was a secretary before coming to Wilsham, is told to help the mistress with her secretary business, which Anne accepts willingly. Meanwhile, Lucy starts to pit all the girls against Anne, except for one, Marie, who has served four years in Wilsham and is getting out in one week.

The girls decide to have a party for Marie and when the warden is gone, they have pie and celebrate. However the warden hears the noise just before she leaves and goes to investigate. Oblivious with her eyes closed, Marie continues dancing around while the warden is still in the room. The warden tells her that she may have another 12 months in prison for this and then takes her away. In the morning when they go to work the girls find that Marie has hanged herself.

When questioned about if anything she could have said indirectly have caused Marie to hang herself, the warden denies this. One of the girls talks to Anne and apologizes for their actions towards her and tells Anne that she knows she's innocent of the crime she was accused of committing. She tells her to talk to Dear Old Margen and leaves it at that.

The girls then start a riot led by Lucy and the girl who talked to Anne earlier. They hurt Miss Smith's arm and trash the kitchen. The only one that doesn't participate in the riot is Anne. All the girls are sentenced to a punishment except Anne. She asks the mistress if she can have the same punishment as the rest of the girls, and the mistress hesitantly complies.

Anne than climbs out the window after stealing the mistress' coat, tells Tom to talk to Dear Old Margen, and then turns herself in to the police. Her sentence is extended. Tom finds Dear Old Margen, the owner of a pawn shop, who reveals that Claire pawned all the jewels and told him a false story. He checks the police record for stolen jewellery and finds all the pieces there. He calls the police who find Claire and bring her into the station. They also bring Lucy into the station who denies that Claire is her partner; however, when she finds out that Claire pawned all the jewels, she becomes outraged and has a fight with her, and then tells the police that Claire really was her accomplice.

Anne is released from prison.

Cast
 Jill Ireland as Ann
 Ellen Pollock as Miss Smith
 John Charlesworth as Tom
 Jocelyn Britton as Lucy
 Joan Haythorne as Matron
 Olive McFarland as Jane
 John Longden as Turner
 Sheila Whittingham as Mary
 Colin Tapley as Inspector
 C. Denier Warren as Sam
 Bernice Swanson as Claire
 Annette Kerr as Workroom Wardress
 Gwendolyn Watts as Edna
 Constance Fecher as Cell Wardress

Critical reception
Richard Harland Smith wrote for TCM.com, "shameless recyclers of their own material, the Danzigers reshuffled elements of So Young So Bad (1950) (Paul Henreid as a progressive psychiatrist who attempts to rehabilitate youth offenders) with the "wrongly accused protagonist" plots of Sentenced for Life (1960) and Man Accused (1959) to create So Evil, So Young... derivative in concept, So Evil, So Young strived for novelty by being one of the Danziger's only films shot in Technicolor". Sky Movies called the film, "an offbeat movie drama which takes a grim look at a women's reformatory. Jill Ireland, now married to screen tough guy Charles Bronson, is both fetching and effective in the central role". TV Guide wrote, "the cruelties of reform school are realistically exposed," adding, "this film has never been shown theatrically in the US, but it should be."

References

External links

1961 films
1961 drama films
British drama films
Films directed by Godfrey Grayson
United Artists films
Films shot at New Elstree Studios
1960s English-language films
1960s British films

So Evil, So Young


Jacob Joseph ( 1840 –July 28, 1902) served as chief rabbi of New York City's Association of American Orthodox Hebrew Congregations, a federation of Eastern European Jewish synagogues, from 1888 until his death in 1902. Born in Krozhe, a province of Kovno, he studied in the Nevyozer Kloiz under Rabbi Yisrael Salanter and in the Volozhin yeshiva under the Netziv. In Volozhin, he was known as "Rav Yaakov Charif" (Rabbi Jacob Sharp) because of his sharp mind.

He became successively rabbi of Vilon in 1868, Yurburg in 1870, Zhagory and then Kovno. His fame as a preacher spread, so that in 1883 the community of Vilna selected him as its maggid.

The Rabbi Jacob Joseph School, also known as RJJ, is named after him and a playground is named after and honors the memory of a great-grandson of Rabbi Jacob Joseph who carried his name.

Chief rabbi
Some in the Jewish community of New York wanted to be united under a common religious authority, and although the Reform and liberal factions ridiculed the idea, the mainly Russian Orthodox Ashkenazi community sent a circular offering the post throughout Eastern Europe.

Rabbi Jacob Joseph was among those offered the prestigious position. He hesitated in coming to America, aware that there were fewer religious Jews. Nevertheless, in 1888 he accepted the challenge in order to support his family, and also because he faced severe debt in Russia. The Association of American Orthodox Hebrew Congregations—comprising 18 congregations and headed by Beth Hamedrash Hagadol—was pleased when he accepted the position.

They attempted to create one central rabbinic authority in America to maintain order in the field of Kashrus and expand Jewish education programs. Their idea ultimately failed. Although Joseph certainly possessed the credentials needed, he was confronted with many problems and his tenure was marked by the divisiveness of New York Jewry. His right to exercise authority over New York's Jewish communities was questioned because, in addition to his Orthodox supporters of Eastern European heritage, the community also included Ashkenazi Orthodox Jews from other areas of Europe, Orthodox Jews who had been in America for generations and did not welcome him as a source of authority, Ashkenazi Jews of the Reform denomination, Sephardic Jews, Mizrahi Jews, anti-religious Jews, and Jewish Communists.

Most of the disputation arose in regard to the kosher slaughterhouses of the city. To support the rabbi, a small charge was made for his certification of kosher meat, which was paid by the customer. Some customers felt that the imposition of this fee for kosher certification was similar to the taxes that antisemitic governments had imposed on kosher meat in Europe and Russia. Some felt that it drove the price of meat higher for no good reason. Others wanted a return to the days when they could simply trust their own kosher butchers, without the approval of a foreign rabbi, who did not even speak English. These disputes became personal when culturally Jewish but anti-religious Yiddish newspapers opposed to the concept of a centralized Orthodox rabbinical authority printed unflattering rumours about the chief rabbi's personal life. Eventually, after six years, the Association stopped paying the rabbi's salary. The butchers then paid him until 1895. This did not stop the conflict, however, for when the butchers paid his fees, charges were made that the rabbi might certify non-kosher meat simply for the money.

Successes
Although Joseph fought a losing battle in the kosher meat and poultry industry, he managed to achieve some notable accomplishments, including the hiring of qualified shochtim, introducing irremovable seals ("plumba") to identify kosher birds, and setting up Mashgichim to oversee slaughter houses. He also took an active role in establishing the Etz Chaim Yeshiva—the first yeshiva on the Lower East Side, which was founded in 1886. (It was the forerunner of the Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary.)

Works
Joseph published:
Le'Beis Yaakov (Vilna, 1888), a collection of homilies and novellæ.

Death

In 1897, Joseph suffered a stroke, which incapacitated him, although he was still Chief Rabbi when New York saw the outbreak of the 1902 kosher meat boycott, which began on May 11. At that time, 400 kosher butchers on the East Side organized a boycott of the meat trusts, pressuring them to lower a sudden rise in the cost of meat. The trusts prevailed and the kosher butchers ended their boycott, but at that point the women of the Lower East Side Jewish community, led by Fanny Levy and Sarah Edelson, held a massive protest. On May 15, 20,000 protesters, mostly women, took to the streets to attack the butcher shops. They smashed shop windows, poured gasoline on the meat, lit it on fire, and threw pieces of meat at police officers. As the boycott continued, almost all purchases of kosher meats ceased. By May 22, the kosher Retail Butchers Association realigned itself with the women's boycott campaign and ceased selling kosher meat. By May 27, major Orthodox religious leaders had publicly affirmed support for the boycott, and by June 9 the price of meat dropped almost to pre-boycott levels.

Throughout this upheaval in the kosher meat business, which Joseph nominally oversaw for the entire city, the Chief Rabbi himself was sidelined by the stroke he had suffered five years earlier. He died on July 28, 1902, at the age of 62. His funeral was one of the largest in New York, attended by more than 50,000 Jews. It was disrupted by a public disturbance in which a number of people were injured. Employees of R. Hoe & Company, manufacturer of printing presses, threw water, paper, wood, and iron from the upper floors of the factory at 504 Grand Street. Two hundred policemen responded to the call, hitting and pushing the mourners. Some of Hoe's employees, who had been harassing local Jews for some time, joined the police in the riot and beat mourners.  Jewish oral tradition blamed the antisemitism of both the Irish factory workers and the police.  Recent historical research suggests that the factory workers were mostly Germans, not Irish, and that the police were following standard practice in quelling a riot. On the whole, the police kept a tight lid on inter-group violence.

After Joseph's death many congregations began to give him the honor which they had withheld during his life. Aside from the tens of thousands who came to see him lying on his death bed, forty rabbis gathered in the cemetery for his funeral. The congregations also competed with each other, each one desiring to bury him in its own cemetery. Congregation Adath Israel on Elridge Street promised to give his widow $1,000 right away and $10 a week all the rest of her life. Congregation Beis HaMidrash HaGadol was permitted to bury him in their plot at the Union Field Cemetery in Ridgewood, Queens. The plots near the grave of the chief rabbi became extremely valuable. Congregation Adath Israel sent his widow the amount promised for several years, and then stopped.

With Joseph's death, a succession dispute arose which diluted the office of Chief Rabbi, and the title was rendered effectively worthless.

Descendants
His grandson, Lazarus Joseph (1891–1966), was a NY State Senator and New York City Comptroller.

A playground on Manhattan's Lower East Side, bounded by Henry and Rutgers Streets, is named in memory of Captain Jacob Joseph (1920–1942), great-grandson of Rabbi Jacob Joseph and son of Lazarus Joseph, who was a member of the U.S. Marine Corps during World War II.

Born and raised in New York, Joseph left Columbia University as a junior in 1938 to enlist in the Marines. He died in action at Guadalcanal on October 22, 1942. Joseph was at the time the youngest captain in the USMC.  Five years later, a local law named this playground in his honor. The dedication ceremony was attended by Mayor William O'Dwyer, Parks Commissioner Robert Moses, Councilman Stanley Isaacs, and Captain Joseph's father Lazarus Joseph – a Democratic Party leader who was a six time State Senator and New York City's Comptroller at the time.

The New York City Department of Parks and Recreation also unveiled a bronze commemorative plaque on the flagstaff. This playground was built in part to meet the needs of the Rabbi Jacob Joseph School, located at the time on Henry Street. The playground also serves as a memorial to other notable members of the Joseph family..

There is a Captain Jacob Joseph Memorial Chapel at Camp Keowa, which is part of the Ten Mile River Boy Scout Camp in Sullivan County. The chapel was restored by a group of veterans led by Scoutmaster Tom Maher. Each August a memorial service is held for Captain Joseph at the camp. The memorial includes an interfaith service during which a Kaddish is said for Captain Joseph, who is believed to have no descendants.

See also
 Lazarus Joseph (1891–1966), NY State Senator and New York City Comptroller

References

External links
Otzar Zikhronotai blog
Jewish Observer article discussing Rabbi Jacob Joseph
Rabbi Jacob Joseph School (Yeshiva Merkaz Hatorah) website
Journal of Halacha and Contemporary Society
NYC Department of Parks & Recreation data on Jacob Joseph playground
"The Yeshiva on Henry Street" by Dr. Marvin Schick, President of RJJ School

1840 births
1902 deaths
People from Kelmė District Municipality
People from Rossiyensky Uyezd
Lithuanian Orthodox rabbis
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
Chief rabbis of cities
Orthodox rabbis from New York City
19th-century American rabbis
19th-century Lithuanian rabbis

Jacob Joseph


Rutelaget Askøy–Bergen AS or A–B was a ferry and bus operating company that provided services from Askøy to Bergen, Norway. Founded in 1950, it operated a car ferry across the sound, and bus traffic on Askøy and to Bergen. The ferry route was discontinued in 1992 when the Askøy Bridge opened. It also operated ferries between Bergen and Stavanger and in Boknafjord. In 1992 the subsidiary Fjord Line was established, providing cruiseferry services from Bergen and Egersund to Hanstholm in Denmark. The two companies merged in 1995, and were subsequently bought by Bergen Nordhordland Rutelag, after a bid from Color Line was found to be too low.

References

1950 establishments in Norway
Bus companies of Vestland
Ferry companies of Rogaland
Ferry companies of Vestland
Transport companies established in 1950
1995 disestablishments in Norway
Transport in Bergen
Askøy
Transport companies disestablished in 1955

Rutelaget Askøy–Bergen


Uddhava () is a character from the Puranic texts of Hinduism, described to be the friend and counsellor of Krishna. He plays a significant role in the Bhagavata Purana, being taught the processes of yoga and bhakti directly by Krishna. The principle of these discussions is often referred to as the Uddhava Gita, similarly to the Bhagavad Gita wherein Krishna instructs Arjuna.

According to some texts Uddhava was also Krishna's cousin, being the son of Devabhaga, who was the brother of Vasudeva, Krishna's father. His physical appearance was so like that of Krishna's that in some instances, he is mistaken for the latter. The Mahabharata mentions that Uddhava was a minister of the Vrishnis, whom they all regarded and respected. The Bhagavata Purana mentions that Uddhava was a disciple of Brihaspati.

Legend

Messenger to Vrindavana
In the Bhagavata Purana and Brahmavaivarta Purana, after Krishna had defeated Kamsa, Uddhava came to see him, much to Krishna's pleasure. Krishna requested Uddhava to visit Vrindavana with a message on his behalf to the gopis and other residents of the village, who were missing his company. Krishna asks Uddhava to tell the people of Vrindavana to forget about him because he needed to be forgotten by his devotees to complete his duties on earth. Uddhava was so mesmerised with the devotion of Radha and gopis towards Krishna that he stayed in Vrindavana for the next six months, where he also asked the gopis to be his teachers. The gopis told him that when Akrura came to Vrindavana, he took their Krishna with him, and rhetorically asked him if he was there to take away their memories of him from them as well, to which Uddhava was rendered speechless. The content of the message and the feelings aroused by it when heard by the residents of Vrindavana constitute the highest understanding of the love of God in the tradition of Gaudiya Vaishnavism.

Uddhava Gita

Krishna delivered the Uddhava Gita (also referred to as Hamsa Gita) to Uddhava shortly before he left the world in order to help console Uddhava after his forthcoming departure. It commences with Uddhava's perplexity after he saw the impending destruction of the Yaduvamsha community, in which Krishna was also brought up, born as a Kshatriya.

Uddhava was famous as a devotee and a dear friend of Krishna, but even he could not fathom why he had not prevented the destruction from happening. Brahma, the creator and the celestials implored Krishna to return to his divine abode after the purpose of his descent was over. Krishna then explained why the Yadavas had to perish, stating that due to the insolence caused by their prowess, heroism, and fortune, the Yadavas wished to conquer the entirety of the earth. He informed him that the earth would suffer if he did not take his clan with him before his demise. Greatly saddened by this, Uddhava approached Krishna and besought him to take him as well. In reply, Krishna expounded the Uddhava Gita.

See also
 Akrura
 Bhakti yoga
 Narada
 Four Kumaras

References

External links
 Krishna instructs Uddhava (vedabase.com)
 The Uddhava Gita (Hindu.com)
 Krishna Explains the Yoga System to Sri Uddhava (srimadbhagavatam.com)
 Gita/Swami Guruparanada
Udhhava-Gita with Commentary by Viśvanātha Cakravartī and Bhaktisidhhānta Sarasvatī

Characters in the Bhagavata Purana
People related to Krishna

Uddhava


Admiral Sir George Michael Zambellas,  (born 4 April 1958) is a retired Royal Navy officer. He was the First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff from April 2013 until he handed over duties to Admiral Sir Philip Jones in April 2016.

In his early career he served as a helicopter pilot with 814 Naval Air Squadron, 829 Naval Air Squadron and then 815 Naval Air Squadron. As captain of  he was deployed as part of Operation Palliser off Sierra Leone, for which he received the Distinguished Service Cross in 2001. He went on to be Fleet Commander and Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff in early 2012.

Early life and education
Born in Swansea, Wales, the son of a Greek father, Michael George Zambellas and Rosemary Frederique Zambellas (née Lindsay), Zambellas was educated at Shabani Primary School in Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), and at Stowe School. He studied aeronautical and astronautical engineering at the University of Southampton and graduated in 1980 with a Bachelor of Science (BSc) degree.

Career

Zambellas was commissioned as an acting sub-lieutenant in the Royal Navy on 17 September 1980. He was promoted to lieutenant on 16 May 1982 and served with 814 Naval Air Squadron, 829 Naval Air Squadron and 815 Naval Air Squadron in his early career.

Zambellas was trained for the naval staff at Greenwich in 1990, and after spending a short time as a corporate planner for the Royal Navy's manpower and training division within the Ministry of Defence, he took command of the mine-sweeper  in 1991. His next appointment was ashore, as an aviation operations officer in the Fleet Headquarters at Northwood, before being promoted to commander on 30 June 1994. In 1995 he was given command of the frigate  and was deployed on counter-narcotics operations in the Caribbean.

Zambellas served as a corporate planner during the 1997–98 Strategic Defence Review before returning to operational command in 1999 as captain of the frigate  and being deployed as part of Operation Palliser off Sierra Leone for which he received the Distinguished Service Cross in 2001. In 2001 he took the Higher Command and Staff Course at Shrivenham before becoming Deputy Flag Officer Sea Training, responsible for training Royal Navy and foreign warships and auxiliaries.

Promoted to commodore in 2002, Zambellas was appointed to be principal staff officer to the Chief of the Defence staff and served Admiral Boyce and General Walker during the invasion of Iraq and the early days of its fallout. He was given command of the Royal Navy's Amphibious Task Group in January 2005.

Promoted to rear admiral on 29 August 2006 and appointed Chief of staff (Transformation), Zambellas was in this role entrusted with "designing and delivering the Fleet's new approach to the generation of maritime capability and support to operations." In 2007, he became Commander United Kingdom Maritime Force, and in October 2008, he became Chief of staff (Operations) at the UK's Permanent Joint Headquarters at Northwood.

Promoted vice admiral on 18 January 2011, Zambellas was appointed Deputy Commander-in-Chief Fleet, Chief of staff to Navy Command Headquarters, and Chief Naval Warfare Officer. He became Commander-in-Chief Fleet in January 2012 and was promoted admiral on 6 January 2012. He was also double-hatted as Commander Allied Maritime Command in January 2012. In April 2012 his role was re-designated Fleet Commander and Deputy Chief of the Naval Service.

Zambellas was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in the 2012 Birthday Honours and became First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval staff on 9 April 2013. As of 2015, Zambellas was paid a salary of between £180,000 and £184,999 by the department, making him one of the 328 most highly paid people in the British public sector at that time.

On 15 April 2014, Zambellas wrote an op-ed piece in the Daily Telegraph that laid out the case for a "No" vote in the 2014 Scottish independence referendum.  He said it would weaken the maritime defence of the UK. Despite this, on 12 November 2014 he was publicly overruled by the UK Defence Secretary after suggesting to a journalist that the contract for Type 26 frigates may not be awarded to Scottish shipyards.

On 4 July 2014, Zambellas was among those attending the launch ceremony of the 70,600-tonne Royal Navy aircraft carrier HMS Queen Elizabeth, the largest warship ever built in the United Kingdom, and formally named by Queen Elizabeth II.

Honours and awards
Zambellas was appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) in the 2016 New Year Honours attending an investiture for this at a ceremony at Windsor Castle along with Air Chief Marshal Sir Andrew Pulford on 13 April 2016. He handed over duties as First Sea Lord to Admiral Sir Philip Jones in April 2016.

Zambellas is a Younger Brother of Trinity House.  He is also an Honorary Freeman of the Worshipful Company of Merchant Taylors.

Zambellas was elected Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society (FRAeS) in 2009. In September 2013, he was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant (DL) of Dorset. On 17 March 2023, he was appointed an Extra Equerry to King Charles III.

Personal life
In 1982 Zambellas married Amanda Jane LeCudennec; they have three sons.

References

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Military personnel from Swansea
Royal Navy admirals
First Sea Lords and Chiefs of the Naval Staff
Living people
British people of Greek descent
Alumni of the University of Southampton
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)
Deputy Lieutenants of Dorset
People educated at Stowe School
British military personnel of the Sierra Leone Civil War
Royal Navy personnel of the Iraq War
1958 births
Helicopter pilots
Equerries
People from Zvishavane
Fellows of the Royal Aeronautical Society
Members of Trinity House

George Zambellas


The Jewish Territorial Organisation, known as the ITO, was a Jewish political movement which first arose in 1903 in response to the British Uganda Offer, but which was institutionalized in 1905. Its main goal was to find an alternative territory to that of Palestine, which was preferred by the Zionist movement, for the creation of a Jewish homeland. The organization embraced what became known as Jewish Territorialism also known as Jewish Statism (though not to be confused with the political philosophy of the same name). The ITO was dissolved in 1925.

Overview of territorialism

The first instance of what might be termed Territorialism, though the term did not yet exist, much predated Zionism. In 1825 the playwright, diplomat and  journalist, Mordecai Manuel Noah—the first Jew born in the United States to reach national prominence—tried to found a Jewish "refuge" at Grand Island in the Niagara River, to be called "Ararat", after Mount Ararat, the Biblical resting place of Noah's Ark. He purchased land on Grand Island – then on the frontier of white settlement – for $4.38 per acre, in order to build a refuge for Jews of all nations. He had brought with him a cornerstone which read "Ararat, a City of Refuge for the Jews, founded by Mordecai M. Noah in the Month of Tishri, 5586 (September, 1825) and in the Fiftieth Year of American Independence." However, the scheme failed to attract Noah's fellow Jews. It began and ended with the ceremonial laying of that cornerstone.

The Jewish Colonization Association, created in 1891 by the Baron Maurice de Hirsch, was aimed at facilitating mass emigration of Jews from the Russian Empire and other Eastern European countries, by settling them in agricultural colonies on lands purchased by the committee, particularly in North and South America (especially Argentina).

Before 1905 some Zionist leaders took seriously proposals for Jewish homelands in places other than the Land of Israel. Theodor Herzl hoped for a Jewish homeland in the Land of Israel but recognized that global events demanded an immediate solution to the Jewish problem, in Russia at least, even if that solution required Jewish refugees to settle outside of Eretz Israel. Theodor Herzl's Der Judenstaat argued for a Jewish state in either Palestine, "our ever-memorable historic home", or Argentina, "one of the most fertile countries in the world". Some socialist Zionist groups were more territorialist than Zionist, such as Nachman Syrkin's Zionist Socialist Workers Party (the Z.S.).

As early as 1902, Herzl's negotiations with the Ottoman Empire for a Jewish homeland in Palestine had proven so futile and the dream of Zion so distant that he decided to approach the British about the creation of a Jewish colony in Africa. And in April 1903 his efforts in London seemed to bear fruit. In response to the horrors of Kishinev, England's Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain proposed to Herzl the creation a semiautonomous region on the Uasin Gishu plateau in British East Africa for Jewish settlement. When Herzl revealed Chamberlain's offer to the Sixth Zionist Congress in August 1903, Israel Zangwill spoke in favor of the proposal. In his speech to the Congress Zangwill made clear that, though he did not see East Africa as the ultimate consummation of the Zionist cause, he did believe that it proved a particularly useful, temporary (if still somewhat long-term) solution to the Jewish problem in Russia.

In 1903 British cabinet ministers suggested the British Uganda Program, land for a Jewish state in "Uganda" (actually in modern Kenya). Herzl initially rejected the idea, preferring Palestine, but after the April 1903 Kishinev pogrom Herzl introduced a controversial proposal to the Sixth Zionist Congress to investigate the offer as a temporary measure for Russian Jews in danger. Notwithstanding its emergency and temporary nature, the proposal still proved very divisive, and widespread opposition to the plan was demonstrated by a walkout led by the Russian Jewish delegation to the Congress. Few historians believe that such a settlement scheme could have attracted immigrants, Jewish financial support, or international political support. Since there was strong support on the part of some members of the Zionist leadership, however, peace was kept in the movement by the time-honored parliamentary maneuver of voting to establish a committee for the investigation of the possibility, which was not finally dismissed until the 7th Zionist Congress in 1905.

History
The Jewish Territorial Organization (ITO) was founded by British Jewish author, critic, and activist Israel Zangwill and British Jewish journalist Lucien Wolf in 1903 and institutionalized in 1905. The establishment was a response to Herzl's rejection of Uganda proposal, as the ITO led by Zangwill split off from the Zionist movement. It attempted to locate territory suitable for Jewish settlement in various parts of America (e.g. Galveston), and on the African, Asian, and Australian continents, yet with little success.

Zangwill's interest in territorialism began in 1903 in response to the Kishinev Pogrom. In April of that year in Kishinev, Bessarabia, a Western province of the Russian Empire, a local newspaper accused the region's Jews of killing a Christian child as part of their Passover rituals. This inflammatory use of the ancient "blood libel" sparked a three-day pogrom which resulted in the deaths of over forty Jews, as well as the destruction and looting of hundreds of Jewish homes and businesses. The specter of Kishinev profoundly influenced Zangwill's actions and work. Indeed, several years after the event, Zangwill would make the protagonist of his most important play, "The Melting Pot", a survivor of the pogrom who escapes to America after witnessing the murder of his family.  The events of Kishinev also convinced Zangwill of the immediate need to find a place of Jewish refuge be it in Palestine or some other site. In commenting on the pogroms in a greeting to the Federation of American Zionists Zangwill commented:

But few in the Zionist Organization supported the Uganda Scheme, as the East Africa offer was called, particularly representatives from Eastern Europe who argued that Palestine was the sole acceptable site for a Jewish homeland. Herzl was severely criticized for his willingness to seek a Jewish state outside of the Middle East, and such criticism, Zangwill claimed, contributed to Herzl's death from heart failure in 1904. In a 1905 speech on the East Africa offer he exclaimed:

In 1905 the members of the Seventh Zionist Congress formally rejected the Uganda Scheme. Following the rejection of the East Africa offer, Zangwill contacted Lucien Wolf, an English Jewish journalist and member of the Board of Deputies of British Jews, the main representative body of Anglo Jewry. Wolf was an opponent of political Zionism, but did support the creation of Jewish colonies in the Diaspora. In August 1905 Zangwill and Wolf met to discuss the Uganda Scheme, and in subsequent correspondence between the two we learn that both supported the creation of a Jewish colony in British East Africa. Wolf had objected to any specifically "Jewish national homeland", that is to say a state which ghettoized Jews, preserving Jewish customs and law as the basis for governance. Though Zangwill's literary works suggest his nostalgia for the ghetto, he too recognized the need for a modern Jewish polity. Both concurred that a self-governing Jewish territory should be based on a preponderance of Jews in the region rather than British legislative fiat, and both concurred that the new government should be formed on a modern, democratic basis rather than some earlier biblical ideal or Eastern European Kehilla structure. This basic agreement between Zangwill and Wolf would lead to the formation of the Jewish Territorial Organisation (ITO), an organisation dedicated to "obtaining a large tract of territory (preferably within the British Empire) wherein to found a Jewish Home of Refuge", and to the elevation of Zangwill to the ITO presidency.

The ITO's members were known as territorialists or "ITOmen". ITO attempted to locate territory suitable for Jewish settlement in various parts of America (e.g. Galveston, Alaska), Africa (in Angola, establishing several contacts with the Portuguese government, the colonial power at the time), Asia, and Australia, but with little success. The Balfour Declaration and the subsequent the British occupation of Palestine, had made the territorial alternatives to Eretz Israel less viable. Accordingly, in 1925 the ITO was dissolved and most of its members returned to the Zionist movement.

Other Territorialist Organizations

Zionist Socialist Workers Party
In pre-1917 the Zionist Socialist Workers Party also took up the idea, combining it with a strong Socialist Revolutionary orientation, and for a time had a considerable influence among Russian Jews. The party supported Herzl during the debate over the Uganda Scheme.

USSR

After the October Revolution there was in the USSR a Territorialist effort in Ukraine, the Crimea (see: Jewish autonomy in Crimea), and then in a region surrounding Birobidzhan, where a Jewish Autonomous Region was established in 1934. The Jewish Autonomous Oblast or JAO for short (, Yevreyskaya avtonomnaya oblast; ) is still today an autonomous oblast situated in Russia's far east; where both Russian and Yiddish are its official languages. In the United States, the Organization for Jewish Colonization in Russia worked to encourage the emigration and settlement of Jews there, likewise with the Gezerd in Australia. Territorialist projects in the USSR ended mostly with the advent of the Great Purge (which saw the dissolution of the Territorialist KOMZET and its agitprop counterpart OZET), and then in their totality following the Holocaust; which saw the destruction of Jewish agircultural colonies in Ukraine and the Crimea. There were attempts to establish Crimea as a Jewish Homeland following World War II, which had some support from Vyacheslav Molotov, however such plans were rejected by Stalin who went on to recognise Israel, along with launching another series of political purges against Jewish organisations within the USSR.

Freeland League for Jewish Territorial Colonization
In the face of the looming Nazi genocide, Isaac Nachman Steinberg established the Freeland League for Jewish Territorial Colonization (Frayland-lige far Yidisher Teritoryalistisher Kolonizatsye) in London in 1935. This organization attempted, unsuccessfully, to pursue Jewish autonomy by obtaining a large piece of territory in sparsely populated areas in Ecuador, Australia, or Suriname. One of the more well-known ventures was the Kimberley Plan, to secure land in Australia. The Kimberley Plan was officially vetoed on 15 July 1944 by Australian Prime Minister, John Curtin, who informed Steinberg that the Australian government would not "depart from the long-established policy in regard to alien settlement in Australia" and could not "entertain the proposal for a group settlement of the exclusive type contemplated by the Freeland League".

After the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, Steinberg criticized the exclusivist politics of the Israeli government and continued his attempts to create a non-nationalist Jewish settlement in some other region of the world. After Steinberg's death in 1957 the Freeland League was led by Mordkhe Schaechter, who gradually changed the focus of the organization to more cultural, Yiddishist goals.

See also

 Colonia Lapin
 Free State Project
 Jewish Colonization Association
 Kiryas Joel, New York
 New Square, New York
 Organization for Jewish Colonization in Russia
 Proposals for a Jewish state

References

External links
 Israel Zangwill's Challenge to Zionism

Defunct Jewish organizations
Political movements
Zionist organizations
Organizations established in 1903
1925 disestablishments
Jewish settlement schemes
Territorialism
Jewish nationalism
Jewish self-rule

Jewish Territorial Organization


Julien-David Le Roy or Leroy (; 6 May 1724 in Paris – 28 January 1803 in Paris) was an 18th-century French architect and archaeologist, who engaged in a rivalry with
Britons James Stuart and Nicholas Revett over who would publish the first professional description of the Acropolis of Athens since an early 1682 work by Antoine Desgodetz. Le Roy succeeded in printing his Ruins of the Most Beautiful Monuments of Greece four years ahead of Stuart and Revett.

Athens study
Stuart and Revett were researching Athens since 1748 but Le Roy had an advantage in accessing the ruins due to good  relations between France and the Ottoman Empire. Le Roy's studies, supported by Comte de Caylus and his art circle, recruited the finest engravers and architects to produce illustrations, and became sort of a national project for the pre-revolutionary France. Le Roy spent only three months in Athens (compared to three years taken by Stuart and Revett); he
researched Greek monuments in a wide, universal cultural context, comparing them with Roman legacy, and travelled to Constantinople to study the Byzantine development of the Greek tradition.

Le Roy rushed his Les Ruines des plus beaux monuments de la Grèce (Ruins of the Most Beautiful Monuments of Greece)  into print in 1758. Stuart and Revett delayed their first volume till 1762 and discouraged their readers by filling it with lesser monuments instead of the expected Parthenon. The delay provided them time to examine Le Roy's book and pinpoint its weaknesses and errors in a bitter critique. Le Roy's success alienated not only the Britons who harshly attacked his book and theories but also Piranesi who considered the Frenchman
a threat to his national pride and, worse, means of subsistence.

Le Roy responded with a counterargument that an insight in development of a culture is just as worthwhile as meticulous, surgical rendition of antique relics. Unlike the Britons who rushed to copy the Greek models in new buildings, Le Roy stood by his opinion that architecture always follows evolution of the society, and never intended to imitate these models in stone. His book ultimately had a greater impact on practical architecture than Stuart and Revett's, for example, launching the modern tradition of using colonnade in urban design.

Both British and French projects began as mere attempts to expand knowledge of Greek antiques beyond the work of Desgodetz and eventually grew into comparative discourse over Roman and Greek art, starting a wide public debate on their relative merits.

Biography
Julien-David Le Roy, the son of a court clockmaker Julien Le Roy, studied architecture under Jacques-François Blondel (le petit Blondel), and travelled to Rome on an Academy scholarship in 1751–1754. He had three brothers: Pierre (1717–1785) another clockmaker, Jean-Baptiste (1720-1800), a physicist and Encyclopédiste, and Charles (1726–1779), a physician as well as an Encyclopédiste.

Le Roy's ideas were materialized in the Church of Saint Genevieve, a project led by his friend Jacques-Germain Soufflot. Le Roy directly advised Soufflot on the philosophy and history of architecture and provided a classic single-sheet scheme of principal Christian church types, solving the problem of marrying the dome with cross-shaped floorplan.

He was protected by Marc-René Voyer d'Argenson, marquis de Voyer (1722-1782), for who he worked in his hôtel de Voyer in Paris, near the Palais-Royal in the 1760s. Le Roy was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1786. An important correspondence with him is conserved in Poitiers (France), published in 2020 in  Le Journal des Savants, the oldest scientist review in Europe (17th century).

References

Sources

 Philippe Cachau : "Julien-David Le Roy (1724-1803). Correspondance avec le marquis de Voyer (1766-1777)", Journal des Savants, n° 1, 2020, p. 207-304.
 Philippe Cachau, Les décors de l'hôtel de Voyer d'Argenson, dit chancellerie d'Orléans (1765-1772).Recherche et analyse des trois pièces sur le jardin du Palais-Royal, study for World Monuments Fund, Paris, 2013.
 Christopher Drew Armstrong, Julien-David Leroy and the making of architectural history, London and New York, 2012.

External links
 Les ruines des plus beaux monuments de la Grèce (1758) at the Heidelberg University Library

18th-century French architects
French art historians
French archaeologists
Members of the Académie royale d'architecture
Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
Artists from Paris
Prix de Rome for architecture
1724 births
1803 deaths
French male non-fiction writers
Le Roy family
Members of the American Philosophical Society

Julien-David Le Roy


The Pasiphaë group is a group of retrograde non-spherical moons of Jupiter that follow similar orbits to Pasiphaë and are thought of have a common origin.

Their semi-major axes (distances from Jupiter) range between 22,800,000 and 24,100,000 km (the same range as the Carme group), their inclinations between 144.5° and 158.3°, and their eccentricities between 0.25 and 0.43.

Core members of the group include (from the biggest to the smallest):

 Pasiphae
 Sinope, two-thirds the size of Pasiphaë
 Callirrhoe
 Megaclite
 Autonoe
 Eurydome
 Sponde

The International Astronomical Union (IAU) reserves names ending in -e for all retrograde moons, including this group's members.

Origin
The Pasiphaë group is believed to have been formed when Jupiter captured an asteroid which broke up after a collision. The original asteroid was not disturbed heavily: the original body is calculated to have been 60 km in diameter, about the same size as Pasiphaë; Pasiphaë has 99% of the original body's mass. However, if Sinope belongs to the group, the amount is much smaller, 87%.

The differences of colour between the objects (grey for Pasiphaë, light red for Callirrhoe and Megaclite) also suggest that the group could have a more complex origin than a single collision.

References

Jupiter's moons

Pasiphaë group


A lien ( or ) is a form of security interest attached to property to secure the payment of a debt to a creditor. A lien is usually a public record. The owner of the property is called the lienee. The creditor or person holding the lien is called the lienor or lien holder.

In the United States, the term lien generally refers to a wide range of legal interests. It includes other forms of mortgage or charge.  In the USA, a lien is a non-possessory security interests meaning the lien holder does not usually possess the property.

In other common law countries, the term lien refers to a very specific type of security interest. The holder of a lien right to retain (but not sell) property until the debt or other obligation is discharged.  In contrast to the usage of the term in the USA, in other countries it refers to a purely possessory form of security interest. When possession of the property is lost, the lien is released.

References

Real estate

Business law

Lien


William Vincent "Vit" Vitarelli (October 21, 1910 – January 19, 2010), also referred to as Rubak in Palau, was an American educator and architect. He worked for the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI) from 1948 to 1970. He was stationed in various islands in Micronesia, including Palau and Ebeye, and participated in various educational and community development projects.

Biography

Early life
Vitarelli was born on October 21, 1910, in New York City's Greenwich Village to parents of Italian ancestry. He gained an early interest in woodworking; attending four years of college to earn certification to teach high school shop. During his college years, he attended Newark Teachers College, Columbia University, Temple University, and University of Pennsylvania (1938–44). He attended Columbia University Teachers College and studied community development and architecture, earning a doctoral degree in 1953.

Vitarelli v. Seaton
Vitarelli joined the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI) and was employed as a teacher on Koror. He was fired in 1954 during the McCarthy era on loyalty-security grounds. He was accused of associating with alleged supporters of the Communist Party USA, reading some communist publications, and being a member of the socialist American Labor Party. He eventually took this before the U.S. Supreme Court in the case Vitarelli v. Seaton. Vitarelli won the case after a two-year battle and returned to Micronesia in his previous position at the TTPI.

Trust Territory employee
In 1948, the TTPI assigned Vitarelli to the island of Palau as a community development and education specialist. He arrived on Palau in November 1949 and helped Roman Tmetuchl organize a workers' strike to raise the locals' wages.  From 1951 to 1954, Vitarelli worked on various community projects. He established Palau's first saw mill and its first food markets; initiated a boat building project and built a small furniture factory; and also started the island's first community fair and dance festival.

Vitarelli's personal views often put him at odds with the US government. He personally wanted to help the Palauans become self-sufficient, but the TTPI wanted to focus on improving Micronesia–United States relations. Nevertheless, he established community schools that replaced the Japanese three Rs educational model with Deweyism. In 1962, the TTPI assigned Vitarelli as an architect and project coordinator in the Accelerated Elementary School Program (AESP), a project costing over one million dollars. He wanted to have local Palauans to build schools and houses under this program. The TTPI rejected these plans, insisting that the locals could not meet the project's physical specifications. As a result of this conflict, the TTPI transferred Vitarelli to its headquarters in Saipan. While on Saipan, Vitarelli used local bayogo seeds to create the Bo Jo Bo Wishing Doll for an upcoming arts festival. These traditional-style dolls are still sold on Saipan today.

Vitarelli worked for two years in the late 1960s as the TTPI's district administrator representative on Ebeye Island. He organized development projects including school programs, a youth corps, and a community garden. He talked to reporters from Life Magazine who were banned from Ebeye, which angered the island's officials.  Vitarelli also warned the island's Commander about a future outbreak of gastroenteritis. When the outbreak occurred, he tried to assist in getting the islanders to hospital care.  In 1968, he spoke out against what he saw as the U.S. military's indifference to Marshallese workers.

Retirement
Vitarelli retired from the TTPI in 1970. He then became the vice president for research and development at the University of Guam. In 1974, he tried working with Modekngei leaders to build a religious high school. However, he disagreed with these leaders after they accepted a financial endowment from a Californian foundation.

Vitarelli and his family moved to the Hawaiian island Maui in 1976 and lived in Haiku. He personally devoted his time to designing and building homes, farming, and writing. He died on January 19, 2010, and was buried at sea off of the Maliko Bay boat ramp. Johnson Toribiong, the president of Palau at that time, called for a five-day period of mourning and remembrance for "Rubak" Vitarelli.

Personal and family life
William was a Quaker and peace activist. While in Micronesia, he became known as "Rubak", a Palauan title denoting a wise and humble man which is rarely given to non-locals.  The historian Dirk Ballendorf described William as a "bleeding-heart liberal" and an admirer of President Jimmy Carter.

While in Micronesia, William and his wife Henrietta Taylor raised and adopted a young girl named Heather. At the age of 29, Heather died from a stray bullet on September 8, 2000, while visiting the casino Harrah's Las Vegas. The Vitarelli family opposed the court in giving the casino shooter the death penalty. Instead, the court sentenced the shooter to at least 48 years in prison. William Vitarelli told reporters he felt this sentence was "too long". Henrietta died in 2003, and William remarried a woman named Charlaine on October 21, 2007. In 2010, William was survived by his 5 children, 12 grandchildren, and 14 great-grandchildren.

References

1910 births
2010 deaths
20th-century American architects
20th-century American educators
American Quakers
American people of Italian descent
American woodworkers
Architects from New York City
Burials at sea
Education in Palau
Educators from New York (state)
People from Greenwich Village
Teachers College, Columbia University alumni
Temple University alumni
University of Guam faculty
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Victims of McCarthyism

William Vitarelli


Pakistani hip hop is a music genre in Pakistan, influenced heavily from merging American hip hop style beats with Pakistani poetry. The genre was initially dominated in English and Punjabi, but in recent years has expanded to Urdu, Sindhi, Pashto, and Balochi.

History
The contemporary hip hop and rap movement in Pakistan grew out of the globalization of American hip hop in the early 1990s. Some Pakistani artists began experimenting with rap and hip hop as early as 1993 when Fakhar-e-Alam released his first album Rap Up, where his single Bhangra Pao is commonly acknowledged as the "first rap song in Pakistan". In particular, the rise in popularity of Eminem in the late 1990s and 50 Cent in the early 2000s influenced many of today's hip hop artists in Pakistan such as "Party Wrecker" (Mustafa Khan) of the Pashto rap group Fortitude, Qzer (Qasim Naqvi) and DirtJaw.

The first Pakistani rap song was "Bhangra Rap" (1993) by Yatagaan (Fakhar-e-Alam), which became a major headliner on Pakistani music charts. The hit 1995 song "Billo De Ghar" by Abrar-ul-Haq also featured rapping.

Hip hop and rap culture in Pakistan during the 1990s and early 2000s was mainly centered around those with a good grasp of English (a socioeconomically privileged group). Pakistani hip hop and rap artists at this time were mainly underground English acts and were dismissed by the media and mainstream as "Eminem ki aolad" (Eminem's children) and "yo-bache" (yo-kids).

Genre development
Hip hop music in Pakistan is still an emerging genre. Since the early 1990s, it has been performed taking inspiration from underground English scenes to regional Punjabi rap in the early 2000s, before branching out into various other languages.

By the late 2000s, Punjabi rap began influencing non-Punjabi speakers to experiment with hip hop in other Pakistani languages, thus leading to new Sindhi and Pashto hip hop scenes. Urdu rap artists tried initially but failed to leave a mark on hip hop. This was due to class and linguistic politics dictated in the mid-nineteenth century by the British Raj, who had replaced Persian with Urdu as the official language. Combined with Pakistan's own tendency to privilege Urdu over indigenous languages a dichotomy was created in the country whereby Urdu is associated with urbanity, power, privilege and sophistication, while other Pakistani languages such as Punjabi, Sindhi and Pashto were considered "crass vernacularism". Although the genre has grown considerably in recent years, it is still considered fringe and underground by the older generation who tend to stick to traditional Pakistani music or Pakistani pop music.

Languages

Punjabi rap

It is known that Punjabi rap existed in Pakistan even before 2000, used by folk singers and street artists to amaze audience of how fast they can speak Punjabi, although it was not labeled as rap.

Punjabi rap was notably popularized by Pakistani American rapper, Bohemia, A Punjabi Christian, born in Karachi, schooled in Peshawar, and brought up in the working class minority communities of San Francisco, Bohemia's music emerged from personal experiences, such as seeing his best friend murdered and several others sent to jail. In 2002, Bohemia released his debut album 'Vich Pardesan De (In the Foreign Land)' that gained a lot of popularity in desi diaspora all around the world. later in 2006, Bohemia released his second album Pesa Nasha Pyar (Punjabi for "Money Drugs Love") commercially backed by Universal music. Pesa Nasha Pyar stood out as lyrically groundbreaking. With Universal's distribution network, Bohemia found a ready market among Pakistanis, both in the diaspora and in Pakistan itself. This proved as catalyst for local Punjabi rap scene in Pakistan and ignited the fire in younger generation of many Pakistani rappers. Early wave of Punjabi rap in Pakistan had a lot of artists such as Xpolymer Dar, Billy X, AK The Punjabi Rapper, Young Desi, Desi Addicts, Peace Grip, Zammu Faisalabadi, M.Zhe, FreeStyle Co (FSC), Blac Panther & D-Naar. A lot of these artists stopped making music due to non-acceptance and not being able to generate enough income to support themselves. While a lot of punjabi rappers continue to release their music independently on social websites such as Orkut, Myspace and ReverbNation. a major chunk of that music can still be searched and streamed.

In 2012, a popular Pakistani television program Coke Studio featured Bohemia on track School di kitab which gained a lot of positive response from rap and non-rap listeners alike all over Pakistan.

In 2017, Shoiab Mansoor, a Pakistani television and film director released OST Power Di Game of his forthcoming Lollywood movie Verna that contained Punjabi rap voiced by Xpolymer Dar, making him first rapper in Pakistan to be featured in Lollywood movie and further popularizing the rap genre.

Urdu rap
The Urdu rap genre is recently the fastest growing in the country. Majority of the Urdu rappers are heavily influenced by Bohemia, a famous Punjabi rapper. In 2012, Urdu rap first gained popularity after rapper Faris Shafi released one of his controversial songs "Awaam". The song targeted the system of governance and was a sleeper hit. His other renowned songs include Muskura, Jawab de, Waasta and several others.

Subsequently, the genre gained increasing popularity after a hip hop music duo Young Stunners, consisting of two independent Urdu rappers Talha Anjum and Talha Yunus, released their first song Burger-e-Karachi, a satirical take at the westernized urban elites and upper middle class people of Karachi. The song became instantly viral. Following which they threw back to back hits among which are Maila Majnu and Laam se Chaura. They lead the Malir Rap Boys and have successfully collaborated with different artists like Irfan Junejo and Asim Azhar. Currently, they are considered the pioneers of the Urdu rap. Other collaborations include Indian rapper KR$NA, for the successful song "Quarantine". The track has over 10 million views on YouTube.

Then there is the Pindi rap scene consisting of all rounder and someone whose help put hip-hop on the map in Pakistan, Osama Com Laude who is one of the most viral, veteran & mainstream hip-hop artists in all of Pakistan with over 17 million views to his name alone, multiple shows globally, collaborating with international sensations like Edward Maya, Ali Zafar, Major Lazer, Valentino Khan. Their collaborative song Pindi Aye was also a super hit.

Other notable rappers include Chinese-Pakistani entertainer Chen-K, Rap Demon, Savage, Sunny Khan Durrani, Jani, Munab A. Manay, Wustaaz, Marshall, Maarij, Kaashxn 2damn and others.

Pashto Rap
In 2011, A rap group from Peshawar, released a track named Pukhtoon Core by Fortitude, Which instantly became popular amongst Pakistanis. This was the first time anyone made a rap song in the Pashto language. Soon the band started making hits like No Borders, Lewani, Outrageous, Alongside Rap Demon and in 2019 they finally dropped Era of Pushto which was a comeback music and it made waves across TikTok, Recently Fortitude Pukhtoon Core, Released the official Anthem of Peshawar Zalmi, for HBL PSL, and it made an instant 2 Million views in a week. They are the most famous mainstream Pashto rap group from Pakistan.

Sindhi rap
The Sindhi hip hop scene draws on a history of linguistic nationalism of Sindhis. Many Sindhi rap artists are attempting to resurrect and mainstream Sindhi culture in Pakistan using hip hop. Many Sindhi rap artists are also continuing the long Sindhi tradition of Sufi poetry, by including them into rhymes. Ali Gul Pir's Waderai Ka Beta, Meer Janweri "Piyar Jo Siphai" and are recent Sindhi rap songs that have gone mainstream and shows signs of the genre expanding beyond Punjabi.

Balochi rap
Lyari Underground (L.U.G.) With a talent for wordplay that can be as head-spinning as it is reality, the knack of rhymes and trickery by the rap crew – Lyari UnderGround (L.U.G) has quickly made this band from Lyari, as the name suggests – a popular act in the new music scene.

Surrounded by violence and with a yearning to lead better lives, the band consisting of Asadullah "Danger Baloch", Abdul "Anxiously" Ahad, Daniyal "Slipknot Denna", Abdullah DJ Khalid, Abdul Wahab Khan "Lil AK 100" and Ahmed "Desert Eagle" turned to American rap for inspiration. The boys honed their formidable skills in rap battles, and polished the rhymes by recording through their basic mobile setup. The iconic single, 'Players of Lyari' became an anthem for the neighborhood and resonated at a personal level with the youth from the area.

Currently playing at local festivals, L.U.G don't plan on stopping anytime in the near future & breakout artists like Sami Amiri, Anas Baloch & Eva B are promoting the Lyari/Balochi culture through hip-hop.

Saraiki rap
The Saraiki hip hop scene in the country is said to be limited due to the language being a dialect of western Punjabi language and still in its nascency.

Artists

Urdu rappers

 Talha Anjum
 Talhah Yunus
 JJ47
 Boljani
 Nabeel Akbar
 Jokhey
 Faris Shafi
 Munab Manay

Punjabi rappers
Adil Omar
Ali Gul Pir
Bohemia
Fakhar-e-Alam
Imran Khan
Young Desi
Zack Knight

Bilingual rappers
 Lazarus (English & Urdu)
 Adil Omar (English & Urdu)
 Lodhi (rapper) (Punjabi & Urdu)

Balochi rappers
Dijay Khalifa
Danger Baloch
LILAK 100

See also
 Music of Pakistan
 List of Pakistani Hip Hop Musicians

References

Hip hop
Pakistani hip hop

Pakistani hip hop music


Revenue blocks, revenue circles or firka are the local revenue sub-divisions of the various districts of the states of India. These blocks should not be confused with the similar Panchayath union blocks (Blocks) and taluks. The revenue blocks exist to simplify local administration, and each consists of a small number of revenue villages, governed by a Revenue Inspector. The Revenue Inspector is charged with a number of key administrative roles, most notably the identification and collection of tax revenue. Sometimes the land area in a revenue circle is identified as an ILRC (Inspector Land Revenue Circle) for administrative purposes.

While Revenue blocks may be as large as or larger than a tehsil, revenue circles are generally smaller. In the state of Tamil Nadu alone, there are 1,127 revenue blocks.

References

Local government in India

Revenue block


An opportunity zone is a geographic area in the United States where investments are exempt from Captial Gains tax. The concept of opprtunity zone was introduced in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 by the Trump administration. They are similar to Enterprise zones, a concept introduced in the 1980s in the United Kingdom.

In the United Kingdom  enterprise zones were meant to make it easier for people living living there to start a business and to provide tax incentives to encourage locals to invest in them.

In the United States empowerment zones were introduced  in 1993  to allow local governments to compete  for grants and tax incentives. The 2017 law allows state governors to designate up to 25% of low-income census tracts in their state as opportunity zones. There are 8,700 opportunity zones  in the United States. They cover 35 million Americans. Investors in those zones can defer capital gains tax until 2026. This helps investors lower their tax burden.

References

Taxation in the United States

Opportunity zone


Kaempferia rotunda  is a plant species in the ginger family. It is native to China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan), the Indian subcontinent (including Assam, Nepal and Bangladesh), Indochina, and widely cultivated elsewhere. It is reportedly naturalized in Java, Malaysia and Costa Rica.

Kaempferia rotunda is a spicy plant with many medicinal uses in Ayurvedic and allopathic medicinal systems. This plant is also called
bhumi champa, Indian crocus, peacock ginger, and round-rooted galangale.

K. rotunda is found in various parts of India and adjoining regions, but seldom in the wild. The plant is groomed in small herbal nurseries for applications in medicine preparation. As its Sanskrit name bhumi champa (bloom from within earth) implies, the indigo-coloured flower shoots from within the soil. In fact, the flower emerges much in advance of the whitish leafy shoot. The flower and leaf are never seen at the same time.

The flower contains the toxin benzyl benzoate used to make ointments to treat scabies.  It has potential antioxidant effects.

References

rotunda
Flora of China
Flora of the Indian subcontinent
Flora of Indo-China
Medicinal plants
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Kaempferia rotunda


John Joseph Graham (September 11, 1913—August 4, 2000) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia from 1964 to 1988.

Early life and education
John Graham was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, one of seven children of James and Margaret Graham. His parents were Irish immigrants from County Antrim. He received his early education at the parochial school of St. Michael's Church in his native city. He then attended St. Joseph's Preparatory School, also in Philadelphia.

Graham began his studies for the priesthood at St. Charles Borromeo Seminary in Overbrook. He continued his studies at the Pontifical Lateran University in Rome, where he earned a doctorate in theology.

Priesthood
On February 26, 1938, Graham was ordained a priest by Archbishop Luigi Traglia at the Pontifical Roman Seminary in Rome. Following his return to Pennsylvania, he served as a curate at St. Luke the Evangelist Church in Glenside from 1939 to 1940. He then taught at Roman Catholic High School for Boys in Philadelphia for five years before serving as a curate at St. George Church in Glenolden (1945–46).

From 1946 to 1959, Graham was assistant superintendent of schools in the Archdiocese of Philadelphia. He served as superintendent of special education in the archdiocese from 1959 to 1967. During his eight-year tenure, he developed many educational facilities to care for children with special needs. He was named a domestic prelate by Pope John XXIII in September 1959. In addition to his role as superintendent, he served as administrator, and later pastor, of Holy Angels Church in Philadelphia from 1960 to 1964.

Episcopacy
On November 25, 1963, Graham was appointed auxiliary bishop of Philadelphia and titular bishop of Sabrata by Pope Paul VI. He received his episcopal consecration on January 7, 1964 from Archbishop John Krol, with Bishops George L. Leech and Gerald Vincent McDevitt serving as co-consecrators, at the Cathedral Basilica of SS. Peter and Paul. As an auxiliary bishop, he served as pastor of St. Helena's Church in the Olney section of Philadelphia from 1964 to 1990.

Graham attended the last two sessions of the Second Vatican Council between 1964 and 1965. He also served as archdiocesan director of the Catholic Charities Appeal (1964–76), chairman of the Cardinal's Commission on Human Relations (1964–82), a member of the Archdiocesan College of Consultors (1964–99), and a member of the Archdiocesan Council of Priests (1984–99). He was an active supporter of ecumenism and interfaith dialogue.

Later life and death
After reaching the mandatory retirement age of 75, Graham resigned as auxiliary bishop on November 8, 1988. He died at Mercy Catholic Medical Center in Darby on August 4, 2000 at age 86.

References

1913 births
2000 deaths
Clergy from Philadelphia
Participants in the Second Vatican Council
St. Charles Borromeo Seminary alumni
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the United States

John Joseph Graham


Ultra South Africa is Africa's largest electronic music festival and is part of Ultra Music Festival's worldwide expansion which has now spread to twenty countries. Ultra South Africa is a single day event taking place in two cities (Johannesburg and Cape Town). Having debuted in 2014, Ultra South Africa is one of the longest standing world editions of the festival. Ultra South Africa is a strictly 18 and over event.

History

2014

The debut of Ultra South Africa consisted of three stages in both Johannesburg and Cape Town—the Main Stage, Stage 2, and Stage 3. In Cape Town, South Africa the festival took place on 14 February 2014 and in Johannesburg, the festival took place on 15 February 2014. Confirmed artists for the inaugural edition of Ultra South Africa included Tiesto, Afrojack, Alesso, Nicky Romero, Krewella, W&W, Martin Garrix, Blasterjaxx, Claude Vonstroke, Goldfish, Black Coffee, and many more. The festival welcomed 15,000 people in attendance to Cape Town and an additional 25,000 people to the Johannesburg location.

2015

The second edition of Ultra South Africa was once again held in Johannesburg and Cape Town, South Africa at the same two venues from the year before on 13–14 February 2015. The festival was host to three stages—the Main Stage, the Electric Stage, and the Nicci Beach Stage. Ultra South Africa 2015 included the likes of Protoculture, Oliver Heldens, DVBBS, Martin Garrix, Armin van Buuren, Hardwell, Goldfish, Axwell & Ingrosso, Gorgon City, Black Coffee, and many more. This edition of Ultra South Africa saw more than 50,000 dance music fans from across South Africa and beyond.

2016

Following an incredible second edition, the Ultra South Africa organisers announced that the festival will expand to three days in 2016, 26 & 27 February in Johannesburg and 28 February in Cape Town. In response to demand from fans event organisers confirmed that they will be adding an extra date to the Cape Town leg (27 & 28 February 2016) and that they will also be introducing camping for the first time. Attendees who already purchased early bird tickets in Cape Town were rewarded with a double day pass for the same, previously single day, ticket.

On 21 October 2015, Ultra South Africa announced its phase one lineup which included Zedd, Robin Schulz, Tiesto, Skrillex , Dash Berlin, Galantis, Seth Troxler, The Martinez Brothers and Black Coffee. on 24 November, organisers dropped the final line up with Afrojack, Carnage, Goldfish, Mr Carmack, Claptone, W&W and Fedde Le Grand. 2016's 2-day format entertained more than 26, 000 party goers per day at the NASREC in Johannesburg, and 14, 000 per day at the Ostrich Farm in Cape Town.

2017

It was announced on 27 July 2016 that for Ultra South Africa's fourth edition, the festival would take place on the 24–25 February 2017. In Johannesburg, the festival was held on 25 February 2017 at the Nasrec Expo Centre, once again. In Cape Town, the festival announced a new venue—Cape Town Stadium. The festival in Cape Town took place on 24 February 2017. Early bird tickets went on sale on 2 August 2016 and sold out on 4 August 2016. Tier one tickets were released to the public on 30 August 2016. On 30 August 2016, Martin Garrix and David Guetta were announced as the first headliners for the 2017 edition of the festival. The phase two lineup was announced on 30 November 2016 and included Dash Berlin, KSHMR, DJ Snake, Black Coffee, Felix Jaehn, Djsky, Head Hunters, Nic Fanciulli and many other regional artists.

2018

Ultra South Africa has announced that its fifth anniversary will return to the Cape Town Stadium in Cape Town, South Africa on 9 February 2018 and the Nasrec Expo Centre in Johannesburg, South Africa on 10 February 2018. On September 19, 2017, Phase 1 of the lineup was released and the headliners were revealed to be Armin van Buuren and Hardwell. Phase 2 of the lineup was released on October 24, 2017 and included Afrojack, Axwell Λ Ingrosso, Dubfire, Malaa, Black Coffee and Carnage along with many regional artists.
On Friday, February 9, the Cape Town Stadium saw 15,000 fans stream through the gates while the Johannesburg show at the Expo Centre at Nasrec welcomed a record-breaking 32,000 Ultranauts through the gates on Saturday, February 10, for what was the biggest and most successful ULTRA South Africa in Joburg to date.

2019
On 16 August 2018, Ultra South Africa announced the dates for its 6th edition. After two years at the Cape Town stadium, Organisers have decided to return the Cape Town edition to the Ostrich Ranch with the Johannesburg edition continuing its long standing tradition at its historic home at The Nasrec Expo Centre. On 6 November 2018, Ultra South Africa announced for the first time ever that The Chainsmokers will headline the 6th edition of Ultra South Africa. The phase 2 lineup was announced on 3 December 2018, which included Above and Beyond, Martin Garrix, Black Coffee, Vini Vici and Infected Mushroom. This edition marked the biggest Ultra South Africa to date with over 50 000 fans between Cape Town and Johannesburg.

2020

Five months after the wrapping up its biggest Ultra to date, the festival announced the dates for its 7th edition with organisers also promising an expanded production for 2020.
In October 2019, Ultra South Africa announced its phase one headliners, which included, Afrojack, Black Coffee, Dash Berlin, DJ Snake as well as Jamie Jones who will be making his South Africa debut and Steve Aoki who will be making his Ultra South Africa debut. Two weeks later, Ultra South Africa announced Camelphat, Luciano and Sunnery James & Ryan Marciano as support.

This edition also marked the biggest Ultra South Africa to date with Ultra SA founders, Shaun Duvet and Tony Feldman commenting

"Ultra South Africa 2020 was, as they always are, the best one we have produced to date". "These shows are such massive projects to pull together and each year when we see it all come together with the incredible teams that join us each year in making this happen, we feel very proud. We cannot wait for 2021 and all the years to come as the shows get bigger and wilder".

2021

During the Johannesburg leg of if its 7th edition, organisers confirmed that Ultra South Africa will return to Cape Town and Johannesburg for its 8th edition on 26 & 27 February 2021. Unfortunately, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the organisers announced on 22 January 2021 that the festival will not be taking place in 2021. The eight edition will now take place on 10 & 11 March 2023, with the Cape Town event heading to a new venue, The Kenilworth Racecourse while the Johannesburg leg will return to its home at the Nasrec Expo Center.

2023

On 21 September 2022, ULTRA South Africa announced its return after a two-year hiatus due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The eighth edition of Ultra South Africa took place on March 10 in Cape Town and March 11, 2023 in Johannesburg. Tickets went on sale on September 24 at 08:00 with both tier 1 and tier 2 GA and VIP selling out within a few hours.

2024

On 27 July 2023, organisers announced that Ultra South Africa will return in 2024 and will once again take place in Cape Town and Johannesburg on 1 &2 March 2024 respectively.

Attendance

See also
 Russell Faibisch
 Ultra Brasil
 Ultra Buenos Aires
 Ultra Chile
 Ultra Japan
 Ultra Korea
 Ultra Bali
 Ultra Singapore
 Ultra Europe
 Road to Ultra

References

Electronic music festivals in South Africa
Summer events in South Africa
Festivals in Cape Town
Festivals in Johannesburg

Ultra South Africa