Genadendal  is a town in the Western Cape province of South Africa, built on the site of the oldest mission station in the country. It was originally known as Baviaanskloof, but was renamed Genadendal in 1806. Genadendal was the place of the first Teachers' Training College in South Africa, founded in 1838.

Location
Genadendal (Valley of Grace) is approximately 90 minutes drive east of Cape Town in the Riviersonderend Mountains, in the Overberg region.

History

Genadendal has a rich spiritual history and was the first mission station in southern Africa. It was founded by George Schmidt, a German missionary of the Moravian Church, who settled on 23 April 1738 in Baviaanskloof (Ravine of the Baboons) in the Riviersonderend Valley and began to evangelise among the Khoi people.
The Moravian Church (originated in 1457 in Moravia, today part of the Czech Republic) had a particular zeal for mission work. Many thought that mission work among the Khoisan was attempting the impossible, but in spite of this Schmidt prevailed.
He became acquainted with an impoverished and dispersed Khoi people who were practically on the threshold of complete extinction. Apart from the few Kraals, which still remained, there were already thirteen farms in the vicinity of Baviaanskloof. Within a short while Schmidt formed a small Christian congregation. He taught the Khoi to read and write, but when he began to baptise his converts there was great dissatisfaction among the Cape Dutch Reformed Church clergy. According to them, Schmidt was not an ordained minister and as such, was not permitted to administer the sacraments. Consequently, he had to abandon his work, and in 1744, after seven years at Baviaanskloof, he left the country.

Schmidt's first converts (1742)
A letter from Count Nicolaus Zinzendorf (who was a Moravian bishop) had arrived giving him permission to baptise his followers. The first to be baptised were: Africo who was baptised as Christian, Wilhelm baptised as Josua, Vehettge baptised as Magdalena (Lena), Kyboddo baptised as Jonas and Christina, who was the sister of Moses.

Rekindling of the Mission (1792)
On Christmas Eve in 1792, Christian Kühnel, Daniel Schwinn and Henrik Marsveld, three Moravian missionaries, arrived at Baviaanskloof and were shown the ruins of Schmidt's house and the hamlet in which no one lived anymore. The missionaries found Mother/Moeder (Magda) Lena, one of Schmidt's first converts on a farm near Sergeants River. She played a role in keeping the faith alive by reading from the New Testament Bible that had been given to her by Schmidt. These meetings would take place under the pear tree that Schmidt had planted in Baviaanskloof. After finding Lena at Sergeants River, the missionaries held their first service under the same tree. The three missionaries quickly settled in and built a house that would adequately suit their needs. Some of the materials being taken from Schmidt's house. Thus, Baviaanskloof as a settlement had begun again.

Importantly though, they were not able to put up a church as they did not have the required permit from the Dutch East India Company (VOC), and it did not seem that they would be granted one anytime soon. During the first British occupation at the Cape (1795-1803) the missionaries were permitted to build more buildings. The first building to be built was a place to worship, and the chapel was consecrated in 1796, but it soon became apparent that the chapel was too small for the congregation. According to Krüger (p. 77): "The foundation was made of stone, the walls of clay, the roof of straw, the floor was smeared with cow-dung." In March 1797 they built a forge, and soon one of the missionaries, Kühnel, who was a knife maker (cutler), began using the forge to make Hernnhut knives. These knives put Baviaanskloof on the map as a source of quality knives within the colony.

The hamlet that once was had begun to flourish again. Between 1796 and 1797 the Moravian community had built a chapel, a forge, and their mill – the mill being crucial because it meant that they no longer had to go to surrounding farms to use a mill.
There were many similarities between the new settlement and the settlement of Schmidt's time. In those years, gardens were keenly tended and used to provide food. There were many homes built of clay, Krüger (p. 80) writes: "Every inhabitant had a vegetable garden adjoining his dwelling. The houses in the village were built of clay, some still in the shape of a bee-hive (matjieshuis) with an opening on the top for smoke, while others were square with a thatched roof. The interior was mostly unfurnished, with a kettle on the fire and hides for the night."
Lena had passed away only five days before the new church had been consecrated. This signalled the passing of the last known connection with the original settlement that Schmidt alongside her and others had started. And in 1806 in the midst of the second British occupation becoming permanent, Baviaanskloof was renamed Genadendal (Valley of Grace) by the missionaries.

Genadendal's Library (1823)
In 1823, Genadendal had its own library where the villagers could borrow books or sit and read in the reading room. There were books available in English, Dutch and German. The library became known for its bustling activity, as books were circulating so fast that demand was more than supply.  The increased interaction with literature also helped politicise some villagers, aiding them in the raising of their political consciousness.

Archaeology at Genadendal
Archaeological excavations at Genadendal focused on different locations. Excavations were carried out at three shelters and at the mission station. The shelters revealed middle stone age flakes, pieces of indigenous pottery, stone tools but also contemporary glass, likely from windows and bottles.  The area in the village where the excavation took place was roughly the area where Schmidt's house was said to have been, along with two other sites: Kühnel house and a cottage.  Interestingly, there was not a lot of evidence of activity on the surface level, despite the centuries of human habitation. In the missionaries diaries, they mentioned that they took materials from Schmidt's structure and incorporated it into their own house that they built.

It was discovered that most of the ceramics found were made in the mid to late 19th century, with no real trace (except for the physical buildings) of the 18th century mission station. There were some traces of 18th century ceramics. Clift (p. 82) explains that this could be the sparse nature of goods in an 18th century mission in the frontier.  With regards to Schmidt's house, there was no evidence to show the exact location of where it was, from where the excavation took place.

Genadendal Archaeology Project (1999)
The Genadendal Archaeology Project was an educational project in which the University of Cape Town's archaeological department's education outreach, known as the Research Unit for the Archaeology of Cape Town (RESUNACT) worked together with the Genadendal Mission Museum, Emil Weder High School and Swartberg Secondary School. Emil Weder High School is in Genadendal and Swartberg Secondary School is in Caledon. The aim of the project was to bring to the students resources that will help them not only understand the history of Genadendal but also to equip them with tools to research historical topics. An additional aim was also to provide educational material for the teachers and the Genadendal Mission Museum. The project was able to introduce teachers and students to the tools and techniques of archaeology, and provide a foundation, alongside support material, for students interested in exploring the history of Genadendal and surrounding areas.

The students did excavations at Kühnel house, learnt to survey one of the old cottages on Berg Street and explored the Khoi history and origins of the region. Their work culminated in an exhibition, where they could display the knowledge they had gained, and introduce others to what the project was about.

Genadendal Residence
Genadendal Residence, the official Cape Town residence of the President of South Africa, is named after the town.

Books about Genadendal
 Bernhard Krüger (1966), "The Pear Tree Blossoms: The History of the Moravian Church in South Africa 1737-1869."
 Isaac Balie (1988), "Die Geskiedenis van Genadendal,1738-1988."
 Isaac Balie (1987), "Genadendal Historical Outline."
 Isaac Balie (1992), "Genadendal: Its Golden Age, 1806-1870."
 Georg Schmidt et al (1981), "Das Tagebuch und die Briefe von Georg Schmidt, dem ersten Misionar in Südafrika (1737-1744)."
 Val Nowlan (2015), "Valley of Grace."
 Hendrik Marsveld et al (1999), "The Genadendal Diaries: Diaries of the Herrnhut Missionaries, H.Marsveld, D.Schwinn, and J.C.Kühnel."
 J. de Boer & E.M. Temmers (1987),"Unitas Fratrum: Two Hundred Years of Missionary and Pastoral Service in Southern Africa (Western Region)."
 Russel Viljoen (1992), "Moravian Missionaries, Khoikhoi labour and the Overberg Colonists at the end of the VOC era, 1792-1796."

References

External links
 Genadendal
 Genadendal website

History of the South Africa Province of the Moravian Church
Populated places in the Theewaterskloof Local Municipality
Christian missions in South Africa

Genadendal


Juan Colorado is a 1966 Mexican film directed by Miguel Zacarías. It stars Antonio Aguilar, María Duval, and Elsa Cárdenas. Supporting cast includes Flor Silvestre, Carlos Agostí, Mary Castell, Antonio Raxel, and Norma Navarro.

Plot
Juan Lorenzo de la Riba (Antonio Aguilar) tries to leave his girlfriend behind, but rich hacendada Silvia Guerrero (María Duval) implies to Juan Lorenzo that he has to marry her because he defiled her honor. Silvia also states that Juan worries his father Don Artemio with his lack of responsibility. Silvia is engaged to Rafael Ortigoza (Carlos Agostí), and she intends to marry Juan Lorenzo. Silvia's father plots to assassinate Juan and Don Artemio. Silvia is tricked into believing that Juan Lorenzo is dead, and so she is forced to marry Rafael.

External links

1966 films
Mexican Western (genre) films
1960s Spanish-language films
1960s Mexican films

Juan Colorado


The Commemorative medal of the 1859 Italian Campaign () was a French commemorative medal established by Napoleon III, following the 1859 French campaign in Italy during the Second Italian War of Independence.

Early in 1815, there was a powerful popular movement in favour of national unification throughout the Italian peninsula. This idea, championed by the King of Sardinia Victor Emmanuel II, was opposed by Pope Pius IX and the Austrian Empire who occupied the provinces of Lombardy and Veneto. In Europe, Italian unification was only supported by Emperor Napoleon III of the French Empire who, on 28 January 1859, based on the clauses of the Treaty of Turin, decided to bring aid and support from France.  Piedmont being invaded by 100,000 Austrian soldiers on April 26, 1859, France declared war on the Austrian Empire on May 3, 1859.

In spite of the lack of preparation of the French army, the soldiers, alongside their Piedmont and Sardinian allies were to illustrate themselves in several famous battles, including that of Magenta on June 4, which allowed Napoleon III and Victor Emmanuel II to enter triumphantly in Milan on 8 June. Then, on June 24, the Franco-Piedmontese forces took the village of Solferino after a terrible battle culminating in an armistice signed at Villafranca on July 12.

The French forces, composed of an army of 120,000 men, were commanded by the Emperor and placed under the orders of Marshals Achille Baraguey d'Hilliers and François Certain de Canrobert, Generals Patrice de Mac-Mahon, Adolphe Niel and Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély. During the three-month campaign, French losses amounted to 8,000 dead and 40,000 wounded.

To reward all participants and ensure the memory of this glorious military campaign, the Commemorative Medal of the Italian Campaign was created by Imperial Decree on August 11, 1859.  Nearly 120,000 medals were awarded to reward all soldiers and sailors who participated in the Italian campaign of 1859.

Award statute
The Commemorative medal of the 1859 Italian Campaign was awarded by the Emperor, on propositions of the ministers for war and for the navy, to all soldiers, sailors and other military and support personnel of the French forces who took part in the 1859 Italian Campaign.

All recipients also received a certificate of award.

A later imperial decree dated 24 October 1859 confirmed that all recipients were to adhere to the code of conduct as set by the Imperial decree of 18 March 1852 under the authority of the Grand chancellor of the Legion of honour.

A revised list of all French naval units who participated in the campaign was submitted on 18 February 1860 resulting in a 22 March 1860 amendment to the disposition of the award to navy recipients.

Award description
The Commemorative medal of the 1859 Italian Campaign, a work of Albert Désiré Barre, was a 30 mm in diameter circular silver medal. Its obverse bore the left profile of Emperor Napoleon III crowned with a laurel wreath surrounded by the relief inscription "NAPOLEON III" "EMPEREUR" (English: "NAPOLEON III" "EMPEROR"). A 4 mm wide relief laurel wreath ran along the entire circumference of both the obverse and reverse of the medal.

On the reverse, within the laurel wreath, the circular relief inscription CAMPAGNE D'ITALIE 1859 (English: ITALIAN CAMPAIGN 1859). At the centre, the relief inscription on six lines of the campaign's major battles MONTEBELLO, PALESTRO, TURBIGO, MAGENTA, MARIGNAN, SOLFERINO.

The medal hung from a 36 mm wide silk moiré ribbon bearing six 4 mm wide red stripes and five 2 mm wide white stripes.  A variant bearing the imperial crown as an integral part of the suspension ring is called variant of the "100 guards" (French: Cent-Gardes).

Notable recipients (partial list)
Philip Kearny (first American to receive the Legion of Honour)
General Giacomo Medici
General Pierre Louis Charles de Failly
General François Achille Bazaine
Enrico Cosenz
General Jean-Baptiste Alexandre Montaudon
General Enrico Morozzo Della Rocca
Major Pierre-Frédéric Péchin
Colonel Luigi Pelloux
Colonel François Henri Guiot de La Rochère
General Émile Herbillon
Colonel Pierre Émile Arnaud Édouard de Colbert-Chabannais
General Élie Frédéric Forey
Doctor Frédéric Audemard d'Alançon
General Teodoro Lechi
Lieutenant Vitalis Pacha
Colonel Alfred Frédéric Philippe Auguste Napoléon Ameil
General Giuseppe Dezza
General Adolphe Niel
General Jean César Graziani
General Gustave Olivier Lannes de Montebello
General Justin Clinchant
Felice Napoleone Canevaro
General Armand Alexandre de Castagny

See also
First Italian War of Independence
Third Italian War of Independence
1943–1944 Italian campaign medal: French campaign medal for the Italian campaign (World War II)

References

External links
Museum of the Legion of Honour (in French)

Military awards and decorations of France
Awards established in 1859
1859 establishments in France
French campaign medals
Second Italian War of Independence
France–Italy military relations


is a short story written by Japanese author Okamoto Kanoko in 1937.

Background
 wrote A Riot of Goldfish in 1937.  Okamoto was a Buddhist scholar, an aesthete, and a feminist, all of which influences appear in the text.  She was an active member of the feminist group .  Also common in her work is water-related imagery, sensual descriptions of female beauty, the rejection of traditional female roles, an embellished prose style, and a unique use of language.
The protagonist in A Riot of Goldfish, Mataichi, attempts in vain to create the perfect goldfish.  This obsession with artistry is also seen in Okamoto's The Food Demon, in which the protagonist Besshiro strives to create the perfect culinary dish.  Goldfish breeding is still an art practiced in Japan.  Specialty goldfish mentioned in the text include the , , and .  Okamoto utilizes the natural landscape of eastern Tokyo and the Kansai region to create stunning imagery.

Summary
The short story, set in early 20th-century Japan, follows the life of Mataichi, the adoptive son of a goldfish shop owner. The story begins in media res, with Mataichi reflecting upon his life and his obsession with Masako.

As children, Maitaichi often teased and tormented Masako, driving her to the point of tears. Eventually, Masako fights back and throws a fistful of petals into Mataichi's face. After the fight, Mataichi changes his attitude towards Masako and falls in love with her.

After graduating high school, Mataichi becomes a research student at a fisheries station in the Kansai region,  with an emphasis on domesticated fish. When Mataichi leaves Tokyo, he feels conflicting feelings of love and resentment towards Masako.  Mataichi becomes involved with Yoshie, the daughter of a fishing family. He flaunts his relationship with Yoshie in his letters to Masako and compares the two women.

When Masako finally responds to his letters, she confesses that she is pregnant and engaged to be married soon. Mataichi becomes devastated by the news. After completing his field study, Mataichi focuses his entire energy on creating the perfect goldfish to mimic Masako's beauty. He spends over a decade on his attempt to produce a goldfish unrivaled in beauty. Finally, dispirited by his failures, Mataichi ventures to the pond where he keeps his unwanted, culled goldfish. The story ends with Mataichi's discovery of the ultimate goldfish in the muddy pond.

Characters
Mataichi is the protagonist of the story. His adoptive family owns a goldfish shop, which sparks his initial interest in fishery. Mataichi studies domesticated fishery in school. He becomes driven by the desire to create the perfect goldfish. Mataichi falls in love with Masako, a childhood friend.

Masako is Mataichi's primary love interest. Known as the 'young Miss from the big house on the cliff' (4). Masako is somewhat shy and inconspicuous as a girl. She grows into a beautiful lady. When Masako becomes pregnant she marries the father and starts a small family.

Sōjurō is Mataichi's adoptive father. He owns a goldfish shop and considers himself a so-called "specialist in goldfish" but lacks the skills to raise fancy varieties aside from the hibuna goldfish. He often compares Masako to a ranchū goldfish because of her slow and exaggerated movements. Sōjurō eventually closes shop and teaches ogiebushi singing instead.

Otsune is Mataichi's adoptive mother. She encourages Mataichi to find a wife and settle down.

Teizō is Masako's father. He is described as scrawny and dark complexioned. A rich man, Teizō lost his wife when Masako was young. Teizō keeps a mistress in a separate house. Teizō is a great lover of goldfish and one of Sōjurō's best customers. During the financial crisis in Japan, Teizō loses most of his wealth and decides to pour his remaining resources into breeding and selling goldfish. He becomes Mataichi's patron.

Yoshie is a woman who was briefly involved with Mataichi. Mataichi flaunts his relationship with Yoshie in front of Masako and often compares the two: "[Yoshie] is not as beautiful as [Masako], but she's not as icy as [Masako is] either"(28).

Major themes

Buddhism
The author Okamoto Kanoko is a Buddhist scholar, which is reflected in her short story. The protagonist Mataichi is a secular man consumed by his desire for the beautiful girl Masako and driven by his ambitions to breed elaborative goldfish. He is not in the slightest a practitioner of Buddhism, which emphasizes emptiness and the need to break away from all worldly desires. The removal of all desire includes attachments to living beings: "The Dharma knows nothing of living beings, because it is removed from the defilement of such concepts as 'living beings'(38). Buddhism advocates detachment from other humans, including parents, friends, and family. However, Mataichi possesses a maniacal desire for Masako. He even attempts to breed a goldfish unparalleled in beauty to recreate Masako's loveliness. Driven mad by his desires and ambitions, Mataichi ruins his reputation, his livelihood, and his life.

At the end of the story, Mataichi experiences a change of heart: "Having once fainted from shock and then recovered, Mataichi had entered a clear-headed trance. He remembered nothing and thought of nothing, but beheld the beauty of nature as it was, transforming into ecstasy itself" (52). Here is when the author's Buddhist influences become apparent. Mataichi's trance is amazingly similar to meditation, a common Buddhist practice to empty the mind and enter a state of complete tranquility. As Mataichi meditates and reflects upon his life, "Mataichi's desire was gradually overcome, sucked out of him and scattered by sheer fascination" (53).  Mataichi frees himself and makes spiritual progress when he abandons his worldly desires. By the end of the story, Mataichi becomes free of his existential suffering and is at peace with the world.

Obsessions
Another central theme of the short story is obsession. Mataichi is driven by his obsessions: his obsession for the beautiful girl Masako and his obsession to create the perfect goldfish. These obsessions nearly drive Mataichi to ruin; by the end of the story, Mataichi appears older than his years.
"He was not yet thirty, but his body and mannerisms were those of someone already ravaged by age."

Human manipulation of nature
Throughout the story, Mataichi attempts to create the perfect goldfish by genetically engineering goldfish and breeding different varieties of goldfish together. He is unsuccessful in his attempts of human manipulation of nature and the resulting goldfish are tossed into a small pond. Eventually, Mataichi visits the small pond to discover that nature has created what humans could not: the ideal goldfish.

Main scenes and events
Pivotal childhood encounter: After numerous encounters with Mataichi's incessant teasing, Masako finally retaliates.  To Mataichi, the girl who lives on the hill has started to bloom into a woman.

Sponsorship: Teizō sponsors Mataichi's secondary vocational education at a school in the Kansai region.  At school, Mataichi is praised as an artist and he remains away from home for four years.

Correspondence between Tokyo and Kansai: Masako writes to Mataichi that she is pregnant and set to marry a man that Mataichi has never met.  In the same letter she mentions that she is more interested in the goldfish he will create than her future child.  Soon after, Teizō informs Mataichi that he is experiencing financial hardship and prefers that Mataichi stop treating his work scholarly and instead focus of the goldfish enterprise.  Mataichi becomes more determined to succeed in creating the perfect goldfish.  He knows that he and Masako will never be together.

Return to Tokyo:  Teizō calls Mataichi back to Tokyo due to financial hardship and Mataichi does not complete his degree.  He returns to his decrepit fishponds, which were damaged in the Great Kanto earthquake.  Without Masako in his life, he devotes himself entirely to goldfish.
Change: Teizō dies and his son takes over the business.  Due to the business' financial hardship, less money is give to Mataichi as he becomes more and more obsessed with creating the perfect goldfish.

Heavy rains: Rainstorms wash away the fishponds leaving everything behind in disarray.    The water sweeps Mataichi down the hill to the pond designated for rejected experiments.  Muck and debris left behind by the storm float in the pond.

Ending: In contrast to the beginning of the novel, which highlights Mataichi's repeated failures in goldfish breeding, Mataichi finds the one fish that he had desired to create for over ten years swimming amongst the sludge.  Mirroring the beginning, he finds himself in a reclining position on the mud, but now he is overwhelmed by a sense of peace.

Available translations
J. Keith Vincent , a professor of Japanese and comparative literature at Boston University, translated the novel into English.  It was first published by Kodansha International in 2004 in the book Kingyo: The Artistry of Japanese Goldfish.    In 2010, Hesperus Press published this translation along with one of "The Food Demon" [Shokuma] by Okamoto. In 2022 Anna Wołcyrz translated it to polish.

References

External links
 Original Japanese Text on Aozora
  Review by Steve Finbow that appeared in the Japan Times

Japanese literature
1937 short stories
Japanese short stories
Japan in fiction
Fictional goldfish

A Riot of Goldfish


RNA polymerase (RNAP) is the enzyme which does transcription.The 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Roger D. Kornberg for creating detailed molecular images of RNA polymerase during various stages of the transcription process.

With the help of some other molecules, it makes messenger RNA from a strand of a DNA. This is its main function, but it does various other things. Products of RNAP include:
Messenger RNA (mRNA). These are templates for the synthesis of proteins by ribosomes.
Non-coding RNA or "RNA genes". These are a broad class of genes that encode RNA which is not translated into protein. The most important RNA genes are transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), both of which are involved in the process of translation. However, since the late 1990s, many new RNA genes have been found, and thus RNA genes may play a much more significant role than previously thought.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)—transfers specific amino acids to growing polypeptide chains at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)—a component of ribosomes
Micro RNA—regulates gene activity
Catalytic RNA (Ribozyme)—enzymatically active RNA molecules

In eukaryotes

Eukaryotes have various RNAPs in their nuclei, each to synthesis a type of RNA.  All are similar and related to each other and to bacterial RNAP:
RNA polymerase I synthesizes a pre-rRNA which will form the major RNA sections of the ribosome.
RNA polymerase II synthesizes precursors of mRNAs and most snRNA and microRNAs. This is the most studied type. It needs a range of transcription factors to bind it to promoters.
RNA polymerase III synthesizes tRNAs, rRNA 5S and other small RNAs found in the nucleus and cytosol.
RNA polymerase IV synthesizes siRNA in plants.
RNA polymerase V synthesizes RNAs involved in siRNA-directed heterochromatin formation in plants.

Eukaryotic chloroplasts have an RNAP very similar to bacterial RNAP ("plastid-encoded polymerase"). Eukaryotic chloroplasts also have a second, unrelated, RNAP.

Eukaryotic mitochondria contain an unrelated RNAP (member of the "single-subunit RNAP" protein family).

X-ray crystallography of  DNA and RNA polymerases show that, other than having a Mg2+ ion at the catalytic site, they are virtually unrelated to each other. So the two classes of enzyme have arisen independently twice in the early evolution of cells. One line led to the modern DNA polymerases and reverse transcriptases. The other line led to all  modern cellular RNA polymerases.

References

RNA
Enzymes
Molecular biology

RNA polymerase


"Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree" is a song recorded by Tony Orlando and Dawn.
It was written by Irwin Levine and L. Russell Brown and produced by Hank Medress and Dave Appell, with Motown/Stax backing vocalist Telma Hopkins, Joyce Vincent Wilson and her sister Pamela Vincent on backing vocals. It was a worldwide hit for the group in 1973.

The single reached the top 10 in ten countries, in eight of which it topped the charts. It reached number one on both the US and UK charts for four weeks in April 1973, number one on the Australian chart for seven weeks from May to July 1973 and number one on the New Zealand chart for ten weeks from June to August 1973. It was the top-selling single in 1973 in both the US and UK.

In 2008, Billboard ranked the song as the 37th biggest song of all time in its issue celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Hot 100. For the 60th anniversary in 2018, the song still ranked in the top 50, at number 46. This song is the origin of the yellow color of the Liberal Party of Cory Aquino, the party that ousted the Marcos dictatorship in the People Power Revolution of 1986.

Synopsis
The song is told from the point of view of someone who has "done his time" in the military or a prisoner-of-war camp ("I'm really still in prison and my love, she holds the key") but is uncertain if he will be welcomed home.

He writes to his love, asking her to tie a yellow ribbon around the "ole oak tree" in front of the house (which the bus will pass by) if she wants him to return to her life; if he does not see such a ribbon, he will remain on the bus (taking that to mean he is unwelcome) and understand her reasons ("put the blame on me").  He asks the bus driver to check, fearful of not seeing anything.

To his amazement, the entire bus cheers the response – there are 100 yellow ribbons around the tree, a sign he is more than welcome.

Origins of the song
The origin of the idea of a yellow ribbon as remembrance may have been the 19th-century practice that some women allegedly had of wearing a yellow ribbon in their hair to signify their devotion to a husband or sweetheart serving in the U.S. Cavalry. The song "'Round Her Neck She Wears a Yeller Ribbon", tracing back centuries but copyrighted by George A. Norton in 1917, and later inspiring the John Wayne movie She Wore a Yellow Ribbon, is a reference to this. The symbol of a yellow ribbon became widely known in civilian life in the 1970s as a reminder that an absent loved one, either in the military or in jail, would be welcomed home on their return.

During the Vietnam War, in October 1971, newspaper columnist Pete Hamill wrote a piece for the New York Post called "Going Home". In it, he told a variant of the story, in which college students on a bus trip to the beaches of Fort Lauderdale make friends with an ex-convict who is watching for a yellow handkerchief on a roadside oak in Brunswick, Georgia. Hamill claimed to have heard this story in oral tradition. In June 1972, nine months later, Reader's Digest reprinted "Going Home". Also in June 1972, ABC-TV aired a dramatized version of it in which James Earl Jones played the role of the returning ex-con. According to L. Russell Brown, he read Hamill's story in the Reader's Digest, and suggested to his songwriting partner Irwin Levine that they write a song based on it.  Levine and Brown then registered for copyright the song which they called "Tie a Yellow Ribbon 'Round the Ole Oak Tree".  At the time, the writers said they heard the story while serving in the military. Pete Hamill was not convinced and filed suit for infringement. Hamill dropped his suit after folklorists working for Levine and Brown turned up archival versions of the story that had been collected before "Going Home" had been written.

In 1991, Brown said the song was based on a story he had read about a soldier headed home from the Civil War who wrote his beloved that if he was still welcome, she should tie a handkerchief around a certain tree. He said the handkerchief was not particularly romantic, so he and Mr. Levine changed it to a yellow ribbon.

Levine and Brown first offered the song to Ringo Starr, but Al Steckler of Apple Records told them that they should be ashamed of the song and described it as "ridiculous".

The 2008 film The Yellow Handkerchief, conceived as a remake of the original Japanese film, uses a plot based on the Pete Hamill story.

Chart and sales performance
In April 1973, the recording by Dawn featuring Tony Orlando reached No. 1 in the Billboard Hot 100 (chart date April 21, 1973) in the US, and stayed at No. 1 for four weeks.  "Tie A Yellow Ribbon" sold 3 million records in the US in three weeks.  It also reached No. 1 on the Adult Contemporary chart, and BMI calculated that radio stations had played it 3 million times from seventeen continuous years of airplay. Billboard ranked it as the No. 1 song for 1973. It also reached No. 1 in the UK and Australia, and has sold one million copies in the UK.  In New Zealand, the song spent 10 weeks at number one.

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

All-time charts

Cover versions

 The song enjoyed duplicate success on country radio, as a cover version by Johnny Carver. Carver's rendition - simply titled "Yellow Ribbon" - was a top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in June 1973. Carver's version also reached Number One on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada. Musically similar, the only difference in the song is the substitution of the minor expletive "damn" (in the lyric, "Now the whole damn bus is cheering") with "darn".
 Bing Crosby recorded the song on June 8, 1973 with an orchestra conducted by Billy Byers for Daybreak Records.
 Also in 1973, Jim Nabors covered the song on his album The Twelfth of Never (Columbia KC 32377).
 Also in 1973, Italian singer Domenico Modugno had a minor hit in Italy with a cover in his language: "Appendi un nastro giallo". The lyrics are a very faithful translation of the original, the only difference is that instead of watching the tree from a bus, the Italian singer watches it from a tram.
 Also in 1973, Los Mismos covered the song as "Pon Una Cinta En El Viejo Roble" (Belter 08-263).
 Perry Como included the song in his album And I Love You So (1973).
 Dean Martin included the song in his album You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me (1973).
 In Chile, Roberto Inglez achieved great success with his version, which was number one on national radio.
 Lou Sino covered the song on his Now album (1973). It was also the B side of his single, "She's Got to Be a Saint", released on Bengal 112873.
 Kay Starr did a version of this song on the country pop charts in 1974, hitting number 12.
 Frank Sinatra included the song in his album Some Nice Things I've Missed (1974)
 Max Bygraves included the song in his album Singalong with Max (1975).
 Freddy Fender covered the song in a bilingual version entitled El Roble Viejo in 1975
 The song was covered by Lawrence Welk, whose orchestra performed it many times on his television program during the late 1970s; a studio version was released in 1975 on his album Lawrence Welk's Most Requested TV Favorites (Champagne Style).
 The song was performed on The Muppet Show twice: the first was in the form of the rewritten parody "Tie a Yellow Ribbit Round the Old Oak Tree" in the Steve Martin episode and then as an instrumental during the "Pigs in Space" segment of the Carol Burnett episode.
 The song was covered by Bobby Goldsboro on a multi-artist compilation album entitled Storytellers released in 1976.
 Harry Connick Jr. - for his album 30 (2001).
 In 2003 Dolly Parton recorded a cover on her patriotic album For God and Country.
  recorded Finnish version "Nosta lippu salkoon" in 1973.
 The anticomedian Ted Chippington performed a quasi-cover of this song on his debut album Man in a Suitcase, "Rocking Ribbons."
Singer Eric D. Johnson covered this song in the film Our Idiot Brother. It was released in 2011 alongside the film in the motion picture soundtrack.

In popular culture

 Later in 1973, Connie Francis had a minor hit in Australia with an answer song, "The Answer (Should I Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Old Oak Tree?)". Her version remained in the top 40 for three weeks, peaking at number 31.
 In 1975, the song was sung by Dean Martin in the TV special Lucy Gets Lucky.
 In 1977, the song was sung by Andy Kaufman, while playing his character Tony Clifton, on HBO.
 The song had renewed popularity in 1979, in the wake of the Iranian hostage crisis.
 The song appeared in the 1982 movie An Officer and a Gentleman, played by a band at the Navy Ball.
 The song was performed by David Alan Grier, as Don "No Soul" Simmons, over the closing credits of Amazon Women on the Moon (1987).
 In the 1993 Wallace and Gromit short, The Wrong Trousers, the short's antagonist, Feathers McGraw, listens to an instrumental cover of the song on the radio after settling into his new room.
 On the show Dinosaurs, in the episode "Driving Miss Ethyl" (first aired on 29 June 1994), several characters sing this song.
 In 1999, S Club 7 performed the song for their hit TV series Miami 7. It was featured in the second episode.
 In a 2005 episode of Las Vegas, Tony Orlando (guest-starring as himself) performs the song at the end of the episode before an audience that includes Don Knotts (also guest-starring as himself in one of his last acting roles.)
 Comedian Victor Lewis-Smith recorded a sketch on BBC Radio in which he claims to have an annoying song playing in his head, but he can't remember what the name of it is. "It goes... 'Tie a yellow ribbon round the ole oak tree...' But WHAT'S IT CALLED?"
 The song is referenced in "The Ones That Didn't Make It Back Home," which hit #1 on Country airplay in 2019.
 On The Kids in the Hall, Kevin McDonald and Dave Foley, as the Sizzler Sisters, sing this as part of their lounge act.
 The song is featured in The Simpsons when sung by Disco Stu in a karaoke bar on "Treehouse of Horror XXIV" (season 27, episode 5).
 In 2009, the song was featured at the beginning of the fourteenth episode of the sixth season of the UK TV series Shameless.

Association with the People Power Revolution

In the Philippines, the song was best known for its use in the return of exiled politician Benigno Aquino Jr. in 1983, when supporters tied yellow ribbons on trees in anticipation of his arrival. However, Aquino was assassinated at Manila International Airport. This sparked protests and the People Power three years later that led to the overthrow of President Ferdinand Marcos' regime, and the accession of his opponent, Aquino's widow Corazón. Yellow was also the campaign symbol of their son, Benigno Aquino III, who eventually became president in 2010 following his mother's death the previous year.

Association with the 2014 Hong Kong Protests
During the 2014 Hong Kong Protests the song was performed by pro-democracy protestors and sympathetic street musicians as a reference to the yellow ribbons that had become a popular symbol of the movement on site (tied to street railings or trees) and on social media. Journalists covering the event described use of the tune as a protest song.

See also
 Yellow ribbon
 List of number-one singles of 1973 (Ireland)
 List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 1973 (U.S.)
 List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1973 (U.S.)
 List of number-one singles from the 1970s (UK)

References

1973 singles
Tony Orlando songs
Johnny Carver songs
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Cashbox number-one singles
Irish Singles Chart number-one singles
Number-one singles in New Zealand
Number-one singles in South Africa
Oricon International Singles Chart number-one singles
RPM Top Singles number-one singles
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
Songs written by L. Russell Brown
Songs written by Irwin Levine
Bell Records singles
Songs about buses
Songs about prison
Songs about trees


Sacchettificio Monzese S.r.l. was a company founded by Cesare Rovelli and Adalgisa Genovesi in 1953. The company manufactured paper envelopes and pockets, both standard and on demand.

The company first became famous for having created, in 1992, the biggest envelopes in the world and so entered in the Guinness World Records of the same year as: World Biggest Envelopes.

In the recent years the company had gained new notoriety for having patented the first paper envelope with windows suitable for laser printing machines, the EnvEcoLaser (Envelope Ecological Laserprint).

History
1953 Cesare Rovelli and Adalgisa Genovesi founded the Sacchettificio Monzese. At the beginning, all the products were handmade.
1956 The output was quite diversified: paper envelopes, pocket envelopes and cardboard boxes for a famous cake manufacturer, Motta.
1970 The business moved to new headquarters and the first automatic open-end paper envelope manufacturing machinery was purchased.
1992 The name of Sacchettificio Monzese was recorded in the Guinness Book of Records for the biggest envelopes in the world, together with the Finnish paper manufacturer Veitsiluoto Oy.

1996 The business finally moved to the present headquarters in Vimercate.
2008 The company achieves the Forest Stewardship Council certification.
2009 Sacchettificio Monzese wins the "Brianza Economica" award given by the Chamber of Commerce, Industry, Handicraft and Agriculture of Monza and Brianza.
2010 EnvEcoLaser (Envelope Ecological Laserprint), the first paper envelope with windows suitable for laser printing machines, was patented. Furthermore, the company achieves the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification certification.
2012 The company closes, as a result of the global financial crisis.

EnvEcoLaser
EnvEcoLaser is the first paper envelope with windows suitable for laser printing machines. This new kind of envelope was created by the Sacchettificio Monzese and patented under the title "Envelope for laser printers and process for the manufacturing of the envelope". The inventors are: Mr. Mauro Rovelli, Mr. Milko Rovelli and Mr. Marco Rovelli.

References

Bibliography
 "Monza, Sacchettificio da primato mondiale", La Stampa 08/01/1992.
 "Le buste più grandi del mondo", Il giornale della carta 13/01/1992.
 "Monza, ecco le buste da Guinness", La Repubblica 14/01/1992.
 "Un po' per sport e un po' per spot ecco le <<buste delle sette leghe>>", Il Giorno 14/01/1992.
 "Maxi record in busta grande", Il Giornale 14/01/1992.
 "Un <<monumento>> alla busta classica", Giornale di Bergamo 14/01/1992.
 g. c., "Buste da Guinness", Rassegna Grafica 15/01/1992.
 e.c., "...e c'è chi produce buste da 37,9 metri quadrati", il Cittadino 16/01/1992.
 "Da Guinness la <<Regina>> delle buste", Il giornale di Brescia 22/01/1992.
 "Vietato spedirla", Famiglia Cristiana 1992.

External links
 Sacchettificio Monzese: Official website of Sacchettificio Monzese
 Envelope Ecological Laserprint: Official website of EnvEcoLaser envelopes

Envelopes
Paper products
Monza

Sacchettificio Monzese


The Julia Budge House was a historic house located at 57 W. 1st North in Paris, Idaho. The house was constructed in the 1890s for Julia Budge, one of the wives of Mormon leader William Budge. Julia Budge worked as the Paris telegraph operator and was an active member of the Paris Ladies' Relief Society. The house has a one-story cottage plan with Queen Anne details, including a trefoil bargeboard pattern, bracketed window heads, and pendant-shaped finials.

The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 18, 1982. It is one of four houses connected to the Budge family on the National Register; the other three are the Budge Cottage, the Alfred Budge House, and the Taft Budge Bungalow.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Idaho
Queen Anne architecture in Idaho
Houses in Bear Lake County, Idaho
National Register of Historic Places in Bear Lake County, Idaho

Julia Budge House


Mitropa  was a catering company best known for having managed sleeping and dining cars of different German railways for most of the 20th century. Founded in 1916, the name "Mitropa" is an abbreviation of Mitteleuropa (German for Central Europe). The railway carriages displayed a distinct burgundy-red livery with the Mitropa logo.

Since a 2002 reorganization, when the onboard catering branch was taken over by DB Fernverkehr, the company only provided stationary food services for rail and road customers. The remaining business was sold to Compass Group in 2004 and merged into the Select Service Partner (SSP) subsidiary in 2006.

History
The company was founded during World War I on 24 November 1916, as  (German for Central European Sleeping and Dining Cars Incorporated). Its founders included different railway companies of the Central Powers, i.e. Germany and Austria-Hungary, who discontinued the service provided by the 'enemy'-owned Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits (CIWL). From the establishment of business activities on 1 January 1917, Mitropa held the monopoly on cross-border dining and sleeping car services, including the Balkans Express from Berlin to Constantinople, introduced to replace the CIWL Orient Express trains.

After the war, CIWL was able to take over most routes in Central Europe, while Mitropa maintained most of its routes within Germany and Austria as well as routes to the Netherlands, Scandinavia and Switzerland. From 1928 the company ran diner cars on the Bernina and Rhaetian Railway lines as well as on the pullman coaches of the Rheingold luxury train competing with the CIWL Edelweiss service. Mitropa also catered Donaudampfschiffahrtsgesellschaft passenger ships and the Baltic ferry link from Sassnitz to Trelleborg.

In those times, Mitropa developed its burgundy-red corporate design, with a modern font and the distinctive 'M' logo styled by  (1884–1948). From 1927, it also sponsored the Mitropa Cup, one of the first international football competitions for club sides. The company prospered between the wars and managed about 750 coaches by 1940, however, it never came close to the size of CIWL.

While from 1933 the corporate management was brought into line in the course of the Nazi Gleichschaltung process, several employees on board were organised in a clandestine trade union movement and made use of their professional activity to smuggle secret messages and material across international borders. In March 1939 the company banned German Jews and Jews without nationality from using dining or sleeping cars. In World War II the company's business was seriously limited, while on the other hand Mitropa temporarily ran former CIWL services in territories controlled by the Wehrmacht, including a restaurant at Warsaw Main Station (Dworzec Główny) in occupied Poland. Dining car services discontinued in 1942 by order of State Secretary Albert Ganzenmüller, the last sleeping car connections were terminated in 1944.

In the Cold War and the Division of Germany, Mitropa became the catering company for the Deutsche Reichsbahn, the national railway of East Germany. The Western section of Mitropa split off and named itself German Sleeper and Dining Car Company (Deutsche Schlafwagen- und Speisewagengesellschaft, DSG) to manage the sleeping and dining coaches on the Deutsche Bundesbahn railway lines in the Federal Republic.

Based at East Berlin, Mitropa AG was one of the very few stock companies that remained in existence during the Communist era in East Germany. Beside sleepers and dining cars, it ran restaurants at all major stations, on passenger ships, and on Baltic ferries. In 1961 the company took over the East German motorway service areas and opened its first motel in 1971.

After German reunification in October 1990, both Mitropa and DSG continued to operate in their respective areas of Germany until 1 January 1994, when Reichsbahn and Bundesbahn were merged to form Deutsche Bahn AG. Mitropa and DSG were also re-merged under the Mitropa logo. This was one of the very few instances, and the most prominent, in which a West German company was "taken over" by an East German one, as Mitropa was the surviving entity after the merger.

The new Mitropa continued catering to travellers on rail, road, and water and provided services at railway stations. As expenses could not be met, the on board ship business on the Baltic ferries was sold to Scandlines in 1999/2000. On 1 July 2002, the traditional core business of railway catering and sleepers was handed over to DB Reise & Touristik AG, renamed DB Fernverkehr in 2003, a hundred-percent subsidiary of Deutsche Bahn AG. Sleeper-coaches on Deutsche Bahn trains were managed by City Night Line services.

On 1 April 2004 the remainder of Mitropa AG was sold to the German branch of the Compass Group and transformed into a limited liability company (GmbH). It operated food services at railway stations and motorway service. Since 2006, Mitropa has operated under the name SSP Deutschland GmbH.

Movies

In the movie Enemy at the Gates, Major Erwin König (Ed Harris) is shown in a plush Mitropa dining car en route to Stalingrad when he notices on the opposite track returning Mitropa couchette cars full of wounded soldiers.

The movie Europa by Lars von Trier, set in the American Zone of Occupation in Germany in 1945, involves a company called Zentropa which runs dining and sleeping cars. The company is based on Mitropa, according to the director's commentary on the DVD.

In the movie Goodbye Lenin the lead character, Alex Kerner (Daniel Brühl), instructs his sister's boyfriend Rainer (Alexander Beyer) to lie about his employment as a manager at Burger King and claim that he is a food purchaser for a Mitropa restaurant.

In the seventh episode of the movie Seventeen Moments of Spring, the logos of the company are visible, when the General, Stierlitz's travel companion walks through the railway station.

Other
The opening of a Café Mitropa in West Berlin in 1979, then a popular venue for artists and bohèmiens, met with protest by the East German Mitropa AG who enforced the renaming as Café M.

A "Friends of Mitropa" (Freunde der Mitropa) association for classic dining car restoration was founded on 28 November 1996.

Mitropa model railway coaches have been manufactured by many companies including Märklin, Fleischmann, Trix, and others.

References

Railway companies of Germany
Foodservice companies
Transport companies established in 1916
Transport companies disestablished in 2006
German companies disestablished in 2006
Defunct food and drink companies of Germany
German companies established in 1916
Companies based in Munich

Mitropa


In Greek meethologie, Helen o Troy (Greek  Helénē, ), kent as Helen o Sparta an aw, or simply Helen, wis the dauchter o Zeus an Leda, an wis a seester o Castor, Pollux, an Clytemnestra. In Greek meeths, she wis conseedert the maist beautifu woman in the warld. Bi mairiage she wis Queen o Laconia, a province within Homeric Greece, the wife o King Menelaus. Her abduction bi Prince Paris o Troy brocht aboot the Trojan War. Elements o her putative biografie come frae clessical authors such as Aristophanes, Cicero, Euripides an Homer (baith The Iliad an The Odyssey).

Chairacters in the Iliad
Chairacters in the Odyssey
Demigods o Clessical meethologie
Greek meethological heroes
Kidnapped fowk
Laconian meethologie
Affspring o Zeus
Princesses in Greek meethologie
Queens in Greek meethologie
Weemen o the Trojan war

Helen o Troy


Whitehead Light is a lighthouse on Whitehead Island, on Muscle Ridge Channel, in the southwestern entrance to Penobscot Bay, Maine. It is in the town of St.George.  Established in 1804, it is one of Maine's oldest light stations, with its present tower built in 1852 to a design attributed to Alexander Parris. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Whitehead Light Station on March 14, 1988.  The property is now owned by not for profit Pine Island Camp. Whitehead light station offers to the public various stays at the light station from getaway weekends to learning retreats and renting the station as a vacation home.  The light itself remains an active aid to navigation, maintained by the United States Coast Guard.

Description and history
Whitehead Island is a  island off the northeastern coast of St. George, near the southwestern approach to Penobscot Bay.  In addition to the lighthouse complex, the island is also home to the former Whitehead Lifesaving Station, located near its southwestern point.  The light station is located at the island's southeastern point, and includes the lighthouse, keeper's house, oilhouse, and a fog signal building.  The tower is built out of cut granite blocks, rising to a sixteen-sided lantern house surrounded by an iron walkway and railing.  A small brick service room projects from one side.  Adjacent to the tower is the keeper's house, a 1-1/2 story wood frame structure with a gabled roof and a T-shaped configuration.  The oilhouse is a small brick structure with a gabled roof and an entrance on one side.  The fog signal is a square brick building with a hip roof.

The light station on Whitehead Island was authorized in 1804 by President Thomas Jefferson, and went into service in 1807; it is the third-oldest active light station in the state of Maine.  The present tower was built in 1852, its design attributed to Alexander Parris, on the basis of its similarity to the Monhegan Island Light, which is known to be Parris' work.  The keeper's house is a replacement, built in 1891, the same year the oilhouse was built.  The fog signal was added in 1869-70, a consequence of the area's frequent foggy conditions.  The complex originally included covered ways between the major buildings, but these have been removed.  The station was automated in 1982, at which time the keeper's house was boarded up.

In 1996, as part of the Maine Lights Program, Whitehead Light Station became property of Pine Island Camp, a 100+ year old non profit institution in central Maine.  Whitehead Light Station keepers house and school house were painstakingly renovated over a 12-year period and are now beautifully restored.  The light station offers adult enrichment programs during the summer months and is also available for rent by the week.  The house has 7 bedrooms each with its own bathroom, three sitting rooms, a modern kitchen and dining room.

Keepers
Source:
Ellis Dolph (1804–1807)
Ebenezer Otis (1813–1816)
Charles Haskell (1816–1821)
Samuel Davis (1821–1840)
William Perry, Jr. (1840–1841 and 1845–1849)
Joshua Bartlett (1849)
Dennis Pillsbury (1853)
Samuel B. Stackpole (1853–1858)
Albert Thomas, assistant (1854)
Edwin R. Stackpole (1853–1858)
Eugene Stackpole, assistant (1857)
Elisha Snow. Assistant (1857–1859)
Isaac Sterns (1858–1860)
Thomas Shoutts, assistant (1859–1860)
Samuel Ludwig, assistant (1860)
William Spear (1860–1861)
William Spear, Jr., assistant (1860–1861)
Ephraim Quinn (1861–1862)
William Perry, assistant (1861–1862)
Archibald McKellar (1862)
James McKellar, assistant (1862)
Edward Spaulding (1862–1865)
E. Cooper Spaulding, assistant (1862–1866)
Hezekiah Long (1865–1875)
Horace Norton, assistant (1866–1874)
Abbie B. Long, assistant (1867–1875)
Isaac N. Grant (1875–1890)
Abbie B. Grant, assistant (1875–1890)
Knot Perry, assistant (1876)
George L. Upton (1890–1892)
Frank N. Jellison (assistant 1890–1892, keeper 1892–1905)
Daniel Stevens (1892)
George Matthews, assistant (1892–1898)
Joseph W. Jellison, second assistant (1895–1898)
Walden B. Hodgkins, second assistant (1899–1902)
Otto A. Wilson, second assistant (1899)
George S. Connors, second assistant (1899–1902)
Edward T. Merritt, second assistant (1902–1903)
Elmer Reed, assistant, then keeper (1902–1912)
George M. Joyce, second assistant (1903–1905)
A. Faulkingham, second assistant, then first assistant (1905–1909)
Stephen F. Flood, first assistant (1905–1907)
Frank B. Ingalls, second assistant (1907–1909)
Fairfield H, Moore, first assistant (1909–1911)
John E. Purrington, second assistant (1909–1911)
Lester Leighton, second assistant (1911–1913)
Charles Robinson, assistant (1913–unknown)
Hervey H, Wass, first assistant (1913–1919)
Arthur B. Mitchell (1919–1929)
Arthur Marston (1923–1928)
Arthur J. Beal (1929–1950)
Frank Alley, second assistant (1928–194?)
George Lester Alley, first assistant (1926–194?)
Clyde Grant (Coast Guard, c. 1950)
Gordon P. Eaton (Coast Guard, c. 1950–1952)
Richard (Rick) Ames (Coast Guard, c. 1950)
Russell A Lane (Coast Guard, c. 1958-1960)
Ronald Upton (Coast Guard keeper, 9/1973–5/1974)

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Knox County, Maine

References

External links
Pine Island Camp - Whitehead Island
Whitehead Light Station web site

Lighthouses completed in 1852
Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
Lighthouses in Knox County, Maine
1807 establishments in Maine
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
National Register of Historic Places in Knox County, Maine

Whitehead Light


Hans Zulliger (February 21, 1893 in Mett/Mache, today part of Biel/Bienne, Canton of Bern – October 18, 1965 in Ittigen) was a Swiss teacher, child psychoanalyst and author.

Life
From 1912 until 1959, Zulliger was a primary school teacher in Ittigen, Switzerland. He is remembered for his pioneer work of applying psychoanalytical practices into the education of school children, mostly from rural, working-class and under-privileged environments. He was introduced to modern psychiatric thought by educator Ernst Schneider (1878-1957) of the Bern-Hofwil Teachers' Academy. Zulliger enthusiastically studied the works of Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler, subsequently becoming an analysand to Swiss theologian and lay psychoanalyst Oskar Pfister. Later on, Freud became interested in Zulliger's work, and visited him twice in Switzerland.

Zulliger had an intuitive understanding of children, as individuals, and also when they engaged in interactive group environments. He conducted research of children in regards to their difficulties at school, the games they played, and numerous other aspects of childhood. He published many articles on his personal reflections and observations of school children in the journal Zeitschrift für psychoanalytische Pädagogik ("Journal for psychoanalytic paedagogics"), of which he became a co-editor in 1932. In the years 1930 to 1935 he developed his Spieltherapie (Play therapy), which he designed to be deutungsfrei, free from interpretation. His understanding of the character and function of child's play and of the psychotherapy resulting from this were later lead down in his widely read book Heilende Kräfte im kindlichen Spiel (literally: Healing forces in children's play / vide Works section below).

After World War II, Zulliger's work contributed to the re-kindling of psychoanalytic instruction in Europe. Zulliger is credited with development of the "Tafeln-Z-Test", which is a modification of the better-known Rorschach test.

In addition to his books on child psychology, he was also a prolific author of books of juvenile fiction. Both types of books have been translated and published in altogether 13 foreign languages (apart from German), including English, Spanish, French and Italian.

Play Therapy

His publisher describes Zulliger's radical approach thus (with quotes from the author and a book review):

Das frei erfundene Spiel ist die eigentliche "Sprache" des Kindes. Man muß sie erlernen, wenn man wirklich Zugang zur kindlichen Psyche erhalten, wenn man "erziehen" will. Diesen Zugang finden nur wenige. Zulliger ist sogar überzeugt, "dass wir unsere Jugend meist missverstehen oder überhaupt nicht verstehen, weil wir anders als sie denken und erfassen, und weil wir nicht wissen, wie sie denkt und erfasst".

Dem Verständnis dieser psychischen Schicht und der daraus entwickelten Psychotherapie widmet sich Zulliger. "Es geht in diesem Buch nicht um Spiel in einem harmlos vordergründigen Sinne, sondern um eine Bloßlegung der Kinderseele, die nicht nur Aufmerksamkeit, sondern schlechthin Erschütterung zulässt. Hans Zulliger erweist sich als einer der scharfsinnigsten Anthropologen der Gegenwart. Er handhabt sein Metier auf geradezu erregende Weise" (quoting a non-specified review by the Westdeutscher Rundfunk, the state-funded regional broadcasting company in Cologne) (from the 1972 edition of his book Heilende Kräfte im kindlichen Spiel, Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt, opening pages).

(Freely invented play is the essential ""language" of the child. One must learn it [i.e. the "language"], if one wants to really gain access to the child's psyche, if one wants to "educate". This access only few manage to find. Zulliger is even convinced "that we mostly misunderstand our youth or even do not understand them at all, since we think and perceive in a different way from them, and since we do not know how they think and perceive.

It is the understanding of this psychic layer and of the psychotherapy developed from this that Zulliger devotes himself to. "The matter of this book is not play in a harmlessly superficial sense, but a laying-free of the child's soul, which allows not only attention, but absolutely shaking. Hans Zulliger proves himself as one of the most sharp-witted anthropologists of the present time. He handles his craft in an almost exciting way".)

Works
 Psychoanalytische Erfahrungen aus der Volksschulpraxis. (1921)
 Aus dem unbewussten Seelenleben unserer Schuljugend. (1927)
 Heilende Kräfte im kindlichen Spiel. First edition 1952; 8th edition: Klotz Verlag (publisher), Eschborn 2007,  (in German).
 The Zolliger individual and group test. German original edition 1954. English edition: International University Press, New York 1969.
 Helfen statt strafen. (1956)
 Einführung in die Kinderseelenkunde. (1967)#

References
 This article is based on a translation of an article from the German Wikipedia.
 Based on the catalogue of the German National Library.

Sources
 Friedrich Koch: Der Aufbruch der Paedagogik: Welten im Kopf - Bettelheim, Freinet, Geheeb, Korczak, Montessori, Neill, Petersen, Zulliger. Rotbuch Verlag, Hamburg 2000,  (in German).
 Danielle Milhaud-Cappe: Freud et le mouvement de pédagogie psychoanalytique 1908-1937: A. Aichhorn, H. Zulliger, O. Pfister. Librairie Philosophique Virin, Paris 2007,  (in French).

External links
 Jeanne Moll, 'Zulliger, Hans (1893-1965)', in International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis. Reprinted online at eNotes

1893 births
1965 deaths
People from Biel/Bienne
20th-century Swiss educators
Swiss psychologists
Swiss psychoanalysts
20th-century psychologists

Hans Zulliger


, real name  (born January 7, 1948 in Tokyo), is a Japanese singer, composer, voice actor and actor.  He is best known for his anime and tokusatsu such as Mazinger Z, Great Mazinger, Kamen Rider and Metal Hero series.

Ichiro Mizuki began his solo career in 1968. His first single "Kimi ni sasageru Boku no Uta" was  composed by Kanae Wada. Later, he started to sing his theme song during the 1970s. His first anime song called Genshi Shounen Ryuu was released in 1971 as the opening theme from the animated television series Genshi Shounen Ryuu. Then he released many other anime and tokusatsu songs from Super Robot, Science Fiction, Sports, Kamen Rider, Metal Hero and Super Sentai series. Ichiro Mizuki has sung more than 1000 songs since his debut.

From August 30 to August 31, 1999, he held a 1000-song concert for 24 hours. The success of his 1000-song concert has become a legend in Japan.

On July 19, 2000, he joined as a part-time member of the supergroup JAM Project with other members - Hironobu Kageyama, Masaaki Endoh, Eizo Sakamoto, and Rica Matsumoto.

Meanwhile, Ichiro Mizuki has also acted in the tokusatsu TV series such as Jikuu Senshi Spielvan, Voicelugger and also the voice actor for anime such as Koraru no Tanken and Dangaioh (OVA).

Other websites

 Ichirou Mizuki Official Site
 Ichiro Mizuki Official English Language Website
 Ichiro Mizuki at the Anison Database
 Ichiro Mizuki at the Anime News Network
 Ichiro Mizuki  at the Henshin Hall of Fame

Actors from Tokyo
Singers from Tokyo
Japanese singer-songwriters
Japanese voice actors
1948 births
Living people

Ichiro Mizuki


Lyciscus (), a Messenian, was descended from Aepytus.

In the First Messenian War, the Messenians, having consulted the Delphic oracle, were told that to save their country, they must offer by night, to the gods below, an unstained virgin of the blood of the Aepytidae. The lot fell on the daughter of Lyciscus; but Epebolus, the seer, pronounced her to be unfit for the sacrifice, as being no daughter of Lyciscus at all, but a supposititious child. Meanwhile, Lyciscus, in alarm, took the maiden with him and withdrew to Sparta. Here she died; and several years after, as he was visiting her tomb, to which he often resorted, he was seized by some Arcadian horsemen, carried back to Ithome, and put upon his trial for treason. His defense was, that he had fled, not as being hostile to his country or indifferent to her fate, but in the full belief of what Epebolus had declared. This being unexpectedly confirmed by the priestess of Hera, who confessed that she was herself the mother of the girl, Lyciscus was acquitted.

Notes

8th-century BC Greek people
Ancient Messenians

Lyciscus of Messenia


Beatrice d'Este (1215 – before 8 May 1245) was Queen consort of Hungary as the third wife of King Andrew II of Hungary.

Beatrice was the only child of Marquis Aldobrandino I of Este but her mother's name and origin is unknown. Since her father died in the year of her birth, she was educated by her uncle, Marquis Azzo VII of Este.

In the beginning of 1234, the elderly King Andrew II of Hungary, who had been widowed for the second time in 1233, visited the court of the Este family and fell in love with the young Beatrice. Her uncle gave his consent to the marriage only on the condition that both King Andrew and Beatrice renounced the dowry and any claim of her father's inheritance.

Their marriage was celebrated on 14 May 1234 in Székesfehérvár, and King Andrew promised in their conjugal contract that he would grant 5,000 pounds as marriage portion to Beatrice and Beatrice would also receive 1,000 pounds as her annual revenue. However, the relationship between Beatrice and her husband's sons became tense soon.

Following her husband's death on 21 September 1235, her stepson, King Béla IV of Hungary ascended the throne and he wanted to banish Beatrice from Hungary. Moreover, when the widowed Beatrice announced that she was pregnant, her stepson accused her of adultery with Denis, son of Ampud, his father's powerful royal advisor, and ordered her arrest. Beatrice could escape from Hungary only with the assistance of the ambassadors of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor who had arrived to the deceased king's funeral.

She went to the Holy Roman Empire, where she bore her husband's posthumous son, Stephen whose legitimacy, however, was never acknowledged by his brothers. Following the birth of her child, Beatrice was planning to live in the court of his uncle, but Marquis Azzo VII denied her request.

She spent the following years wandering in Italy, and she never gave up her son's claims to receive ducal revenues from Hungary. She tried to persuade the Republic of Venice to support her son during the war with Hungary, but the Serenissima promised King Béla IV that it would not support Beatrice and her son in the peace of 30 June 1244.

Pope Innocent IV granted her revenues of 35 monasteries in Italy.

Marriage and child
She married on 14 May 1234 to King Andrew II of Hungary (c. 1177 – 21 September 1235) and had issue:
 Stephen the Posthumous (1236 – 10 April 1271), father of the King Andrew III of Hungary.

Sources
 Soltész, István: Árpád-házi királynék (Gabo, 1999)
 Kristó, Gyula - Makk, Ferenc: Az Árpád-ház uralkodói (IPC Könyvek, 1996)

Queens consort of Hungary
1215 births
1245 deaths
13th-century Hungarian women
13th-century Italian women
13th-century Hungarian people
13th-century Italian nobility

Beatrice d'Este, Queen of Hungary


Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich (born ; 7 March 1904 ; Halle an der Salle,Prussia, Germany- died ; 4 June 1942 ; Prague,Nazi-German Occupied Czechoslovakia).  He was a high-ranking German Nazi SS-Gestapo officer before and during World War 2.

Heydrich was a former navy officer who became the most and feared Nazi in the SS and the Gestapo Secret Polices.  His enemies in Czechoslovakia gave him various nicknames: (The Hangman, The Butcher Of Prague, The Blond Beast, Himmler's Evil Genius, Young Evil God Of Death, The Man With The Iron Heart).

He executed Jewish people and children. He ordered the Waffen-SS and the Einsatzgruppen to execute people in Prague,Czechoslovakia (Today : Czech Republic). Reinhard Heydrich wore black in the SS and the Gestapo from 1933-1939. He wore grey from 1938-1942 and feldgrau (gray-green from 1941-1942. He also wore blue in the Luftwaffe from 1933-1941. He also ordered Adolf Eichmann to organise the Trains during the Holocaust where Eichmann sent them to Poland at Auschwitz.

Biography
In 1922 he joined the Reichsmarine, the German Navy of the Weimar Era. Early in 1931 he was dismissed from the Navy by Admiral Erich Raeder for ungentlemanly behavior, namely breech of promise to marry. He had already met another woman, a Nazi who could get him a job with the Nazi Party. As soon as he was out of the Navy he joined the party and soon joined the SS (led by Heinrich Himmler). Later that year, he married his Nazi girlfriend. He also joined the Gestapo and the Luftwaffe in 1933 when Adolf Hitler came to power.

In June 1934 he was involved in Night of the Long Knives (1934) to kill Ernst Röhm the head of the SA and was promoted the Head Of The Gestapo afterwards. He was also involved in the Spanish Civil War in 1936-1939 in the Luftwaffe and as well as Night Of The Broken Glass (1938) after Anschluss (1938). During World War II he was involved in the Invasion of Poland (1939) and the German Invasion Of Denmark and Norway in 1940 and the Battle of France. He flew a fighter plane in Operation Barbarossa (1941) but was shot down by Soviet Anti-aircraft warfare. Lastly, he was sent to Prague to execute people and crush the Czech resistance in Prague.

Heydrich became German SS-Obergruppenführer (General) of the Sicherheitsdienst. He was the head of the RSHA, which included the police and the Gestapo. He was one of those responsible for the Holocaust in 1941.

Assassination
In 1941 Hermann Göring gave Heydrich the order to arrange the "Final Solution". Heydrich also governed Bohemia and Moravia. He was attacked in Prague on 27 May 1942 by Czech and Slovak soldiers trained by the British Special Operations Executive (SOE). They had been sent (with a small support team) by the Czechoslovak government-in-exile. Heydrich died a week later in the hospital from sepsis caused by his injuries. Afterwards the Germans killed the male population of the village Lidice for helping the assassins. Ernst Kaltenbrunner replaced Heydrich after his death.

Reinhard Heydrich was depicted in fiction:
 Hangmen Also Die (1943)
 The Man With The Iron Heart (2017)
 Conspiracy (2001 Film)
 Anthropoid (2016 Film)
 Lidice (2011 Film) and
 the TV series The Man In The High Castle.

References

1904 births
1942 deaths
Assassinated German politicians
Directors of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt
Former Roman Catholics
German aviators
German military personnel of World War II
German war criminals
Gestapo people
Holocaust perpetrators
Members of the Reichstag (Nazi Germany)
Military people killed in World War II
Nazi leaders
People from Halle, Saxony-Anhalt
Politicians from Saxony-Anhalt
Politicians of the Nazi Party
SS officers

Reinhard Heydrich


The Huntington Theatre Company is a professional theatre located in Boston, Massachusetts and the recipient of the 2013 Regional Theatre Tony Award, under the direction of Managing Director Michael Maso. It is notable for its longstanding artistic relationship with African-American playwright August Wilson.

History
The Huntington was founded in 1982 by Boston University under President John Silber and Vice President Gerald Gross, and was separately incorporated as an independent non-profit in 1986. Its two prior artistic leaders were Peter Altman (1982 – 2000) and Nicholas Martin (2000 – 2008). Michael Maso has led the Huntington's administrative and financial operations since 1982 as the Managing Director.

In 2016, as a result of Boston University's decision to sell the BU Theatre on Huntington Avenue, the Huntington Theatre Company and Boston University dissolved their relationship.  The new owners of the BU Theatre Complex, QMG Huntington LLC, proposed the creation of a new condo tower, while also allowing the Huntington to lease the renovated theatre space for $1 per year for the next 99 years. Construction was originally projected to be completed in late 2020. However, the project was delayed by the pandemic, and the renovated theatre reopened in October 2022.  The renovation project won an award from the Boston Preservation Alliance. Construction of the 34-story residential tower adjacent to the theatre began in 2022. The tower will include 14,000 square feet of space devoted to a new lobby for the theatre.

In October 2020, the company's artistic leader, Peter DuBois, resigned after an inquiry prompted by staff complaints of layoffs, diversity issues, and salary transparency. In February 2022, Loretta Greco was named the company's new artistic director. In January 2023, the company announced that Michael Maso would step down as Managing Director in June 2023, after 41 years with the company.

Response to the COVID-19 pandemic
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic the company put their 2020–21 season on an indefinite hold. The Huntington projected losses due to the pandemic of $6.3 million. During the summer of 2020, the company furloughed 46 staff members, laid off 11 people, and eliminated positions.

In July, 2020, the company launched a series of miniature audioplays, collectively known as "Dream Boston," challenging local playwrights "to imagine favorite locations, landmarks, and their friends in a future Boston."  Critics noted the importance of the series for keeping the Company relevant even while the theater was shuttered, noting "[t]he goal, it would seem, is twofold: on the one hand, by providing a venue to connect with remote audiences today, the series is keeping theater alive, for the present; at the same time, for those of us tuning in, closing our eyes, and connecting to these stories, we are encouraged to keep hope alive, for the future."

Theatre facilities
The Huntington Avenue Theatre, located at 264 Huntington Avenue, was built in 1925 as the Repertory Theatre, and was designed by J. William Beal's Sons in the Georgian Revival style.  The theatre is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The company built and operates the Stanford Calderwood Pavilion at the Boston Center for the Arts, located at 527 Tremont Street. It houses the 360 seat Virginia Wimberly Theatre, the Nancy and Edward Roberts Studio Theatre, Carol G. Deane Hall, and Nicholas Martin Hall.

The Huntington also operates BostonTheatreScene.com where tickets are sold for productions at the Boston University Theatre, the BCA Theatres on the Plaza, and Calderwood Pavilion at the BCA.

Notable productions
The Huntington has transferred 16 productions to New York, including two in 2012: the Broadway premiere of Lydia R. Diamond's Stick Fly and the Roundabout Theatre Company production of Stephen Karam's Sons of the Prophet, named a 2012 Pulitzer Prize finalist.

Eight of August Wilson's plays were produced at the Huntington before going on to premiere in New York. The Huntington's relationship with Wilson began in 1986 with a production of Wilson's third play, Joe Turner's Come and Gone. The theater has also staged Wilson's 10-play Century Cycle in its entirety.

Outreach and education
The theater fosters new talent through its Huntington Playwriting Fellows program, Breaking Ground Festival, and Summer Workshop Program. Huntington productions of plays by Fellows include The Luck of the Irish by Kirsten Greenidge, Stick Fly by Lydia R. Diamond, The Atheist, Brendan, and The Second Girl by Ronan Noone, Psyched and "M" by Ryan Landry, The Cry of the Reed by Sinan Ünel, and A Guide for the Homesick by Ken Urban.

Awards
The Huntington Theatre Company received the 2013 Tony Award for Best Regional Theatre.

References

External links
 Huntington Theatre Company website

Arts organizations established in 1982
Theatre companies in Boston
Culture of Boston
1982 establishments in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Boston

Huntington Theatre Company


A Naked Twist in My Story is an acoustic remake of the Secondhand Serenade studio album A Twist in My Story, released February 19, 2008 on Glassnote. It was released on September 11, 2012 on iTunes and Amazon without any single to promote it, though some samples were released on Soundcloud. The remake featured all of the songs from A Twist in My Story rerecorded with keyboards, violin, and guitar, and without any drums, electric guitar, or bass. A new song "Belong To" was featured as a bonus track.

Track listing

2012 albums
Secondhand Serenade albums

A Naked Twist in My Story


The Russian First Army was a World War I Russian field army that fought on the Eastern Front for two years.

August 1914
It was commanded by General Paul Rennenkampf when Russia invaded East Prussia at the outbreak of war in 1914. They were accompanied by the Second Army commanded by General Alexander Samsonov. The plan was to trap the German army in a Pincer movement between the two armies. On 17 August the First Army engaged the Germans at Stallupönen. They fought the Germans again on 20 August at Gumbinnen and defeated them. Rennenkampf thought the Germans could be finished off by Samsonov's Second Army and did not move quickly enough to help them. In late August 1914 the German and Russian second army met at Tannenberg. The Second Army was encircled and suffered complete destruction.

September 1914

Let by General Paul von Hindenburg the Germans turned north to attack the Russian First army at First Battle of the Masurian Lakes in September 1914. The Russians fought hard but were driven back to the Russian border. Rennenkampf kept his troops in good order as they retreated. They set up defensive lines on the Russian border.

November 1914

After another defeat near Silesia on November 11, Rennenkampf was dismissed. He was replaced by General Litvinov. The First Army again fought at Thorn and Lódź but there was no clear cut winner.

December 1914

The First army evacuated Lódź and returned to their own lines for the remainder of the winter. The First Army served on the Northwestern front for the rest of the war.

References

Armies

20th century in Russia
Russian military organizations

1st Army (Russian Empire)


Charles Albanel (1616 – 11 January 1696), born in Ardes or Auvergne, was a French missionary explorer in Canada, and a Jesuit priest.

Life
Charles Albanel entered the Society of Jesus in 1633 at Toulouse. In 1635 he began teaching at various Jesuit colleges, studied philosophy at Billom and theology at Tournon.

He sailed for Canada in 1649 and arrived at Quebec in late August. A month later he was sent to Ville-Marie. He wintered among the Montagnais, and in the spring traveled to Tadoussac to tend those suffering from fever.

In July 1660, on a return from Trois-Rivières with Governor Voyer d'Argenson, their boat was attached by Iroquois. In August, René Ménard was sent west from Montreal with a trading party of Ottawa and the fur traders Radisson and Groseilliers, heading for what is now northern Wisconsin, aiming to establish a mission among the Ottawa. Albanel met Ménard at Montreal and was to accompany him, but the Ottawa objected to his Indian companion and they were not allowed to join the group. Ménard never returned. That spring Ménard had heard that a band of Hurons in the interior was starving, and he set off to minister to them.  He and a fur trader nicknamed L'Esperance became separate at a portage near some rapids. Menard, weak with hunger himself, disappeared in the wilderness. His cassock and breviary were later found among the Dakotas.

Albanel became parish priest at Cap-de-la-Madeleine until August 1665, although he retained responsibility for the missions. In October 1666 Albanel served as chaplain for the Carignan-Salières Regiment in a campaign against the Mohawk. He was Superior at Sillery in 1668, but back at the Sainte-Croix mission near Tadoussac for the winter during a smallpox epidemic. Tadoussac served as his base while traveling to other infected settlements. He, too, became ill, but recovered. The following spring he headed north and received reports of English fur traders in Hudson's Bay. In June 1670 he left Tadoussac to work among the Innu of Pessamit.

In 1672, at the time when the Hudson's Bay Company was beginning operations, he was a leader of a French party that went by the Saguenay River, Lake Mistassini, and the Rupert River to Hudson Bay. Albanel was chosen because he knew the tribes most familiar with the route. He may have been the first European to reach Hudson Bay from the Saint Lawrence.

In 1674, on another journey to the Rupert River he was captured by the English and taken to England. On his journey to England he induced Medard des Groseilliers to return to the French service. After returning in 1688 to Canada, he served at missions in western Canada and died at Sault Ste. Marie at the age of eighty.

Legacy
Lake Albanel, which runs parallel and to the east of Lake Mistassini, is named after him.
The Charles Albanel rose, developed by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, was named in his honour.

References

External links

 the Catholic Encyclopedia – Diocese of Marquette
 Charles Albanel, Canadian Museum of History, in French or in English

1616 births
1696 deaths
People from Auvergne
French explorers of North America
Explorers of Canada
17th-century French Jesuits
17th-century Canadian Jesuits
17th-century French Roman Catholic priests

Charles Albanel


Biafra, officially called the Republic of Biafra, was a break-away state in West Africa. It was created on 30 May 1967 by the Eastern Region governor C. Odumegwu Ojukwu. It claimed the land of the Eastern Region of Nigeria. The country was mainly populated by the Igbo people.

Biafra was officially recognised by Gabon, Haiti, Ivory Coast, Tanzania and Zambia.Biafra was also de facto recognised by France, Spain, Portugal, Norway, Israel, Rhodesia, South Africa and the Vatican City.

Biafra also had aid from non-state actors, including Joint Church Aid, foreign mercenaries and the Holy Ghost Fathers of Ireland.

The United States government under president Lyndon B. Johnson was officially neutral during the war. There was strong public support for Biafra in the US. American activists founded the American Committee to Keep Biafra Alive to spread propaganda. United States president Richard Nixon was supportive of the Biafran cause. Before he won the 1968 presidential election he accused Nigeria of committing genocide against the Biafrans. He also called for the United States to intervene in the war on the side of Biafra. His efforts failed because of the demands of the ongoing Vietnam War. After two-and-a-half years of war with Nigeria, during which almost two million Biafran civilians (three-quarters of them being smaller children) died from starvation caused by the Nigerian blockade of the region.

Economy
An early body created by the Biafran government was the Bank of Biafra, made under "Decree No. 3 of 1967".  The bank carried out all central banking functions including the management of foreign exchange and the management of Biafra's public debt. The bank was managed by a governor and four directors. The first governor was Sylvester Ugoh. A second degree, "Decree No. 4 of 1967", changed the Banking Act of the Federal Republic of Nigeria for the Republic of Biafra.

The bank was originally in Enugu but because of the Nigerian Civil War it had to be moved multiple times.  Biafra tried to finance the war through foreign exchange. This effort increased when Nigeria said that its currency wouldn't be legal tender (to make way for a new currency).

References

Former countries in Africa
Nigeria

Biafra


Envy () is a satirical novel by the Russian writer Yury Olesha, first published in 1927 .

Plot summary

The novel is about a pathetic young man named Nikolai Kavalerov, who refuses to accept Communist values and is consumed by loathing and envy for his benefactor Andrei Babichev, a model Soviet citizen who manages a successful sausage factory. With Andrei Babichev's brother Ivan, Kavalerov attempts to stage a comeback of all the old, petty feelings that were crushed under communism. In the end, Ivan and Kavalerov are crushed by their own iniquity.

Background
Envy first appeared in Krasnaya Nov, a Soviet literary magazine, in late 1927. Olesha wrote the novel while working at the Gudok, a widely read newspaper of the Railway Workers' Union. Other authors of the newspaper were Mikhail Bulgakov, Isaac Babel, Ilya Ilf, and Yevgeny Petrov.

Style
Encyclopædia Britannica calls Envy "a satire in the tradition of Notes from the Underground".

Themes
The central social theme of Envy is the fate of the intelligentsia in Russia's postrevolutionary society. The novel presents a clash between the rational industrial state and the creative aspirations of Nikolay Kavalerov, which results with Kavalerov throwing his potential away. Despite Olesha's enthusiasm for the new state of affairs, Envy is one of a number of 20th-century Russian novels in which the protagonists clash with Soviet reality and as a result find themselves marginalized.

English translations
 MacAndrew, Andrew R., and Yuri Olesha. Envy and Other Works. Doubleday & Co.
 Olesha, Yuri. Envy. Trans. Marian Schwartz. New York Review of Books, 2004

References

External links

Soviet novels
1927 Russian novels
Fiction with unreliable narrators
Works originally published in Russian magazines
Russian satirical novels
Russian novels adapted into plays
Novels first published in serial form
Bureaucracy in fiction
NYRB Classics

Envy (novel)


The Bloor Street Culture Corridor  is a cluster of arts and cultural organizations in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located on Bloor Street West, between Bathurst and Yonge streets.

The corridor has a wide variety of art genres, from museum experiences to films, art exhibitions to music concerts. The area also is culturally diverse, including Aboriginal, French, Jewish, Italian, Japanese, Estonian, African and Caribbean arts and culture.

Officially launched in April 2014, the collective shares a website, social media and a mobile app to promote exhibitions at its member institutions. In 2016, the corridor was successful in working with the Toronto municipal government to have the section of Bloor Street West designated an official City of Toronto cultural corridor. Each year more than three million persons visit the corridor's arts and culture destinations, and attend exhibitions, performances, and events. Together, the Bloor Street Culture Corridor organizations employ more than 5,500 culture workers and generate more than $629,500,000 in economic impact each year.

Members
Bloor St. Culture Corridor Partner Destinations

 Alliance Française de Toronto
 Bata Shoe Museum
 A Different Booklist Cultural Centre
 Hot Docs Ted Rogers Cinema
 Gardiner Museum
 Istituto Italiano di Cultura
 The Japan Foundation, Toronto
 Miles Nadal Jewish Community Centre
 Museum of Estonians Abroad (VEMU)
 Native Canadian Centre of Toronto
 Randolph Centre for the Arts
 The Royal Conservatory of Music / Koerner Hall
 Royal Ontario Museum (ROM)
 Soundstreams
 Tafelmusik Baroque Orchestra and Chamber Choir
 The Toronto Consort
 Toronto Reference Library
 University of Toronto, Faculty of Music
 918 Bathurst Centre for Culture, Arts, Media + Education

References

External links
 Bloor St. Culture Corridor

Neighbourhoods in Toronto
Arts districts
Culture of Toronto

Bloor Street Culture Corridor


The Scarlet Letters is an English language novel published in 1953 by American author Ellery Queen.  It is a mystery novel set primarily in New York City.

Plot summary
Dirk and Martha Lawrence are apparently not the happiest couple in New York, despite her millions of dollars and his fairly successful mystery-writing career.  Martha asks for a secretive meeting to get Ellery Queen's advice because Dirk's violent jealousy is causing problems in her life—but Dirk shows up suspecting the worst and punches Ellery into unconsciousness.  Dirk apologizes the next day, telling the story of how his father had killed his mother's lover, thereby causing his over-reaction.  Ellery's secretary and inamorata Nikki Porter urges him to stay involved in the situation and Nikki moves in with the Lawrences to keep an eye on things (and act as Dirk's secretary on a stalled book).  Nikki soon reports that Martha actually is having a series of clandestine meetings with romantic actor Van Harrison.  The meetings are arranged with innocuous envelopes that look like advertising, but with Martha's name and address written in scarlet typewriter ink.  Also, the envelopes contain only a day, time and a sequential letter of the alphabet—a code that is soon linked to a New York Guidebook.  By the time the meetings have progressed from "A" through to "W", Dirk has found out about the affair and followed Martha to Van's home in the suburb of Darien.  He breaks in, confronts the pair and shoots them both, seriously wounding Martha, who nearly dies.  Van Harrison has just enough time before he dies to leave a dying clue—using his own blood, he writes an "X", then a "Y" on the wall, and dies.  Ellery must consider the significance of this dying message and finally solves it, just as Dirk's murder trial is about to conclude.  After Ellery gets a private conversation with the judge, a criminal then receives justice.

Literary significance and criticism

After numerous popular mystery novels, a radio program and a number of movies, the character of Ellery Queen was at this point firmly established.  This novel is more frank about sexual matters than earlier Queen works (for instance, in 1942's Calamity Town, the possibility of extramarital sex is referred to entirely in euphemisms).  The plot device of the "dying clue" had been used in Queen's short stories but this is the first novel that relies on such a device.

References

External links
"Ellery Queen is the American detective story."

1953 American novels
Novels by Ellery Queen
Novels set in New York City

The Scarlet Letters


In contract bridge, the honor point count is a system for hand evaluation.

Balanced hands
A balanced hand contains no voids or singletons, at most one doubleton and not more than five cards in any suit. Hand patterns fitting these criteria are 4-3-3-3, 4-4-3-2 and 5-3-3-2 and represent 47.6% of all possible deals. Hands with a 5-4-2-2 pattern are considered semi-balanced and if included in the criteria for balanced hands would raise the probability of being dealt one of the four hand patterns to 58.2%.

A common practice is to assign values to the four higher honors, called High Card Points (HCP) which are a rough estimate of the real value of those cards in a notrump contract:
Ace = 4 HCP
King = 3 HCP
Queen = 2 HCP
Jack = 1 HCP

This evaluation method was adapted from Auction Pitch by Bryant McCampbell and first published in 1915; after opposing it for 15 years, Milton Work accepted and published it in 1929. Today the 4-3-2-1 method is known worldwide as the "Work Point Count" or "Milton Work Point Count.

Four Aces
In the early thirties Howard Schenken, later author of the Schenken system, formed a successful team called the "Four Aces", together with Oswald Jacoby, Michael T. Gottlieb (later replaced by Richard Frey) and David Burnstine (who later changed his name to David Bruce). They devised an evaluation method of 3-2-1-0.5, totaling 26 HCP.

One over one
George Reith devised another count method about 1927, in which the 10 was assigned 1 point. To maintain proportionality the points assigned were 6-4-3-2-1, making a total of 64.

Vienna
The Vienna System was popular among Austrian players before World War II. In 1935 Dr. Paul Stern devised the Vienna system using the Bamberger scale, which ran 7-5-3-1 with no value assigned to the 10.

In fact, if we consider that a deck has 13 tricks, and that Aces and Kings win most of the tricks, the evaluation of 4 for an Ace is an undervaluation. Real Ace value is around 4.25, a King is around 3, a queen less than 2. But the simplicity of the 4-3-2-1 count is evident, and the solution to better evaluate is to rectify the total value of the hand after adding the MW points.

Adjustments to MW count

Honors adjustments
 Concentration of honors in a suit increases the value of the hand.
 Honors in the long suits increase the value of the hand. Conversely, honors in the short suits decrease the value of the hand.
 Intermediate honors increase the value of the hand, say KQJ98 is far more valuable than KQ432
 Unsupported honors count less as they have much less chance to win a trick or to promote tricks. The adjustment made is as follows:
 count 2 HCP instead of 3 for a singleton K
 count 1 HCP instead of 2 for a singleton Q
 count 0 HCP instead of 1 for a singleton J or even Jx
 decrease 1 point the value of unsupported doubleton honor combinations: AJ, KQ, KJ, QJ

Distributional adjustments
 deduct 1 HCP for a 4333 distribution
 add 1 HCP for having AAAA, i.e., first control in all suits.
 add 1 point for a good five-card suit (three honors)

Unbalanced hands
The balanced HCP count loses weight as the distribution becomes more and more unbalanced. Unbalanced hands are divided in 3 groups: one-suited, two-suited and three-suited hands. Three-suited hands are evaluated counting HCP and distributional points, DP. The distributional points show the potential of the hand to take low-card tricks including long-suit tricks or short-suit tricks (ruffing tricks). Opener's DP count are less valuable as responders because usually trumping in the long side does not add tricks to the total number of tricks.

Distributional hand values
 doubleton 1 points
 Singleton 2 points
 Void       3 points

On the other hand, dummy contributes with additional tricks when declarer ruff with table's trumps. Therefore, the distributional values of dummy shortage, assuming there is good trump support, is:
 doubleton 1 point
 singleton 3 points
 void       5 points

Two-suited hands lacking a six-length suit (5422, 5431, 5521, 5530) are evaluated as above.
More distributional hands, such as 6511, 6520, 6610, are better evaluated with the method used for the one-suited hands, that is, counting playing tricks. One-suited hands are evaluated according to the number of winners and/or the number of losers in the long suit (AKQ) and the number of winners/losers in the side suit.

References

Contract bridge bidding

Honor point count