Jan Willem de Winter (French: Jean Guillaume de Winter, 23 March 1761 – 2 June 1812) was a Dutch admiral during the Napoleonic Wars.

Biography

Early life
De Winter was born in Kampen and entered naval service at a young age. He distinguished himself by his zeal and courage, and by the time of the Patriottentijd in 1787 had reached the rank of lieutenant. The overthrow of the Patriot party forced him to flee to France.

Naval career
Here he threw himself heart and soul into the cause of the French Revolution, and took part under Charles François Dumouriez and Charles Pichegru in the campaigns of 1792 and 1793, and was soon promoted to the rank of brigadier-general.

In 1795, when Pichegru overran the Dutch Republic, De Winter returned with the French army to his native country. The new regime now utilized the experience he had gained as a naval officer by giving him the post of adjunct-general for the reorganization of the Batavian Navy. In 1796 he was appointed vice-admiral and commander-in-chief of the fleet. He spared no efforts to strengthen it and improve its condition, and on 11 October 1797 he ventured upon an encounter off Camperdown with the British fleet under Admiral Adam Duncan.

After an obstinate struggle the Dutch were defeated, and De Winter himself was taken prisoner. He remained in England until December, when he gave his parole and was released. His conduct in the Battle of Camperdown was declared by a court-martial to have nobly maintained the honour of the Dutch flag.

Ambassador
From 1798 to 1802 De Winter filled the post of ambassador to the French Republic, and was then once more appointed commander of the fleet. He was sent with a strong squadron to the Mediterranean to repress the Tripoli pirates, and negotiated a treaty of peace with the Tripolitan government. He enjoyed the confidence of Louis Bonaparte, then King of Holland, and, after the incorporation of the Netherlands in the French empire, in an equal degree of the emperor Napoleon. By the former he was created Marshal of Holland and Count of Huessen, and given the command of the armed forces both by sea and land.

Later life
Napoleon gave him the grand cross of the Legion of Honour and appointed him inspector general of the northern coasts, and in 1811 he placed him at the head of the fleet he had collected at Texel. Soon afterwards De Winter was taken ill and compelled to go to Paris, where he died on 2 June 1812. He had a splendid public funeral and was buried in the Panthéon. His heart was enclosed in an urn and placed in the Bovenkerk Church in Kampen.

Notes

References

1761 births
1812 deaths
18th-century Dutch people
19th-century Dutch people
Admirals of the navy of the Dutch Republic
Burials at the Panthéon, Paris
Dutch military commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
Dutch military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
French naval commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
People of the Patriottentijd
People from Kampen, Overijssel
Royal Netherlands Navy personnel
18th-century Dutch military personnel

Jan Willem de Winter


Arbana Osmani (born 7 May 1983) is an Albanian television presenter and radio personality, best known for presenting Big Brother Albania.

Career
She started her career in 2000 as a journalist for the Intervista magazine. Later she started working for Top Albania Radio, first as a radio presenter for shows like Top Select in 2002.

Later she went on to work in television at Top Channel, she presented for four seasons the popular show Top Fest, together with other TV presenters such as Ledion Liço, Xhemi Shehu, Alban Dudushi and Evis Mula. She has also presented other shows like , , , an entertainment children's show and other shows.

For 7 editions in a row, from 2008 until 2014, Osmani presented Albania's most watched reality show, Big Brother Albania. In 2013 she confirmed that Big Brother would go on hiatus for a year. She was then working on her cooking book. However, Big Brother returned with a seventh season on 22 February, 2014, with Osmani returning as well as the host of the show. She did not return for the eighth season, due to pregnancy. The main host was Ledion Liço. Osmani returned to the show as a presenter for its ninth season.

In 2015–2016 season, she presented for one season the game show . From 29 October, 2016, and for 5 seasons she presented the show  on Top Channel.

On 17 August, 2021, Osmani announced on her Instagram account that she would be presenting the celebrity version of Big Brother VIP Albania, that began airing on 5 October 2021 on Top Channel. Due to satisfactory ratings of the first season, Top Channel announced a second season of Big Brother VIP, which began airing in December 2022, with Osmani being the presenter of the show.

In 2022, Osmani made an appearance as herself on the film Sophia.

Osmani hosted the 61st edition of the annual Albanian music competition  on RTSH, and she was signed as host of the 62nd and 63rd editions.

TV shows
 Top Select (Top Albania Radio)
 Top Fest (Top Channel)
  (Top Channel)
  (Top Channel)
  (Top Channel)
 Big Brother Albania (Top Channel) – seasons 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7
  (Top Channel)
  (Top Channel)
 Big Brother VIP (Top Channel) – seasons 1 and 2
  (RTSH) – editions 61, 62 and 63

Personal life
Osmani was in a relationship with Ardit Kero for 16 years. They have a son, Joni.

Osmani met musical director Eduart Grishaj in 2019. They have a son, Diell (born 2020), and a daughter, Zoi (born 2022).

References

Living people
1983 births
People from Dibër (municipality)
20th-century Albanian women
21st-century Albanian women
People from Tirana
Albanian television presenters
Albanian women television presenters
Albanian radio presenters
Albanian women radio presenters
Big Brother (Albanian TV series)

Arbana Osmani


The Florida Reef (also known as the Great Florida Reef, Florida reefs, Florida Reef Tract and Florida Keys Reef Tract) is the only living coral barrier reef in the continental United States.   It lies a few miles seaward of the Florida Keys, is about 4 miles (6 to 7 km) wide and extends (along the 20 meter depth contour)  from Fowey Rocks just east of Soldier Key to just south of the Marquesas Keys. The barrier reef tract forms a great arc, concentric with the Florida Keys, with the northern end, in Biscayne National Park, oriented north-south and the western end, south of the Marquesas Keys, oriented east-west. The rest of the reef outside Biscayne National Park lies within John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park and the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Isolated coral patch reefs occur northward from Biscayne National Park as far north as Stuart, in Martin County. Coral reefs are also found in Dry Tortugas National Park west of the Marquesas Keys. There are more than 6,000 individual reefs in the system. The reefs are 5,000 to 7,000 years old, having developed since sea levels rose following the Wisconsinan glaciation.

The densest and most spectacular reefs, along with the highest water clarity, are found to the seaward of Key Largo (in and beyond John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park) and Elliott Key (the northernmost 'true' Florida Key) where the two long keys help protect the reefs from the effects of water exchange with Florida Bay, Biscayne Bay, Card Sound and Barnes Sound. The bays and sounds (all between the Florida Keys and the mainland) tend to have lower salinity, higher turbidity and wider temperature variations than the water in the open ocean. Channels between the Keys allow brackish water from the bays to flow onto the reefs (especially in the middle Keys), limiting their growth.

Reef structure and communities
The Florida Reef consists of two ridges separated from the Florida Keys by the Hawk Channel. Closest to the Keys is a sand ridge called White Bank, covered by large beds of sea grass, with patch reefs scattered across it. Further out to sea on the edge of the Florida Straits is the second ridge forming the outer reefs, covered by reefs and hard banks composed of coral rubble and sand.

Almost 1,400 species of marine plants and animals, including more than 40 species of stony corals and 500 species of fish, live on the Florida Reef. The Florida Reef lies close to the northern limit for tropical corals, but the species diversity on the reef is comparable to that of reef systems in the Caribbean Sea.

The Florida Museum of Natural History defines three communities on the Florida reefs. The hardbottom community lies closest to the Florida Keys and consists primarily of algae, sea fans (gorgonians) and stony corals growing on limestone rock that has a thin covering of sand. The stony corals in hardbottom communities include smooth starlet coral (Siderastrea radians), mustard hill coral (Porites astreoides), golfball coral (Favia fragum), elliptical star coral (Dichocoenia stokesii) and common brain coral (Diploria strigosa). Hardbottom provides habitat for anemones, mollusks, crabs, spiny lobsters, seastars, sea cucumbers, tunicates and various fish, including grunts (Haemulon spp.), snappers (Lutjanus spp.), groupers (Epinephelus spp.), Atlantic blue tang (Acanthurus coeruleus), Ocean surgeon (Acanthurus bahianus) and Great barracuda (Spyraena barracuda).

Second is the patch reef community. Patch reefs form in shallow water (three to six meters deep), some in Hawk Channel and some on the outer reef, but mainly on White Bank between Hawk Channel and the outer reefs. Patch reefs start from corals growing on a hard bottom, but grow upward as new corals establish themselves on the skeletons of dead corals. Most of the structure of patch reefs is formed from star (Montastraea annularis, Siderastrea siderea) and brain corals (Diploria spp.). Other corals attach wherever there is an opening. Patch reefs may grow up to the surface of the water, and spread outwards. Dome-type patch reefs (such as Hen and Chickens), found in Hawk Channel and on White Bank, are round or elliptical, and are generally less than three meters high, but may reach up to nine meters high. Dome-type patch reefs are surrounded by sand which is kept clear due to browsing by long-spined sea urchins and grass-eating fish. Linear-type patch reefs are found on the outer reefs, and are linear or curved. They occur in single or multiple rows, trending the same direction as the bank reefs on the outer reefs. Linear-type patch reefs often include elkhorn coral, which is rare on the dome-type patch reefs. As dead coral skeletons age and are weakened by the activities of boring sponges, worms, and mollusks and by wave action, parts of a patch reef may collapse. Patch reefs provide habitat for spiny lobsters and for many species of fish, including Bluehead wrasse (Thalassoma bifasciatum), damselfish (Chromis spp.), Ocean surgeon, French and queen angelfish (Pomacanthus spp.), white, caesar and spanish grunts (Haemulon ssp.), yellowtail and other snappers, redband and stoplight parrotfish (Sparisoma ssp.), sergeant major (Abudefduf saxatilis), tomtate (Haemulon aurolineatum), trumpetfish (Aulostomus maculatus), filefish, groupers, snappers, bar jack (Caranx ruber), great barracuda, pufferfish, squirrelfish, cardinalfish, and green morays (Gymnothorax funebris).

Third is the bank reef community. Bank reefs are larger than patch reefs and are found on the outer reefs. Bank reefs consist of three zones. The reef flat is closest to the keys, and consists of coralline algae growing on fragments of coral skeletons. Further out to sea are the spur and groove formations, low ridges of coral (the spurs) separated by channels with sand bottoms (the grooves). The shallowest parts of the spurs support fire corals and zoanthids. Starting at five or six feet deep, Elkhorn, star, and brain corals are the most important members of the community. Various types of gorgonians are also common. Beyond the spur and groove zone is the forereef, which slopes down to the deeps. The upper forereef is dominated by star coral. At greater depths plate-like corals dominate, and then as the available light fades, sponges and non-reef building corals become common. Bank reefs provide habitat for various fishes, including French angelfish, blue and queen parrotfish, Queen triggerfish (Balistes vetula), rock beauties (Holacanthus tricolor), Goatfish (Parupeneus cyclostomus), porkfish (Anisotremus virginicus) and snappers. The sand found around and in the Florida Reef is composed of shell, coral skeleton and limestone fragments.

Other common species of hard coral found on the Florida Reef include Ivory Bush Coral (Oculina diffusa), which is the dominant coral in the patch reefs along the Florida coast north of the Florida Keys, staghorn coral (Acropora cervicornis), lettuce coral (Agaricia agaricites), grooved brain coral (Diploria labyrinthiformis), boulder star coral (Monstastrea annularis), great star coral (M. cavernosa),  clubbed finger coral (Porites porites) and massive starlet coral (Siderastrea siderea).

Individual reefs
Notable individual reefs in the Florida reef system include:

9-foot Stake (reef)
Alligator Reef
Ajax Reef
Carysfort Reef
Cheeca Rocks (reef)
Coffins Patch (reef)
Conch Reef
Crocker Reef
Davis Reef
Dry Rocks (reef)
Eastern Dry Rocks (reef)
Eastern Sambo (reef)
French Reef
Grecian Rocks (reef)
Hen and Chickens (reef)
Looe Key
Marker 32 (reef)
Molasses Reef
Newfound Harbor Key (reef)
Pacific Reef
Pickles Reef
Rock Key (reef)
Sand Key (reef)
Snapper Ledge (reef)
Sombrero Key (reef)
Tennessee Reef
The Elbow (reef)
Turtle Reef
Western Sambo (reef)

Threats to the reefs

Nearly 25% of all ocean life thrives on coral reefs, making these fragile habitats a necessity to ocean ecosystems. Plant and animal life on coral reefs are quickly being destroyed due to pollution, overfishing, and climate change. Animals known as polyps, which create the fundamental structure of a reef, die from ingesting tiny bits of trash floating throughout the ocean called microplastics. Overfishing is also threatening reef fish populations, which feed on the algae that will smother corals. Fluctuating ocean temperatures caused by global warming presents the largest threat to coral reefs. The sudden warming or cooling of the water stresses the corals, causing them to lose their nutrients and turn white, a process known as bleaching. With the destruction of these complex yet fragile ecosystems comes a wide range of global consequences such as extinction of marine species, endangerment to the fishing industries, and severe coastal erosion.

In common with coral reefs throughout the Caribbean and the world, the Florida Reef exhibits some signs of stress and deterioration. Precht and Miller state that the numbers of Elkhorn and Staghorn corals (Acropora ssp.) are declining to an extent that is unprecedented in several thousand years. Between 1981 and 1986, Staghorn corals declined by 96% at Molasses Reef. Between 1983 and 2000 at Looe Key, Elkhorn corals declined by 93% and Staghorn corals by 98%. A joint reef monitoring program conducted by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, Florida Marine Research Institute and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration recorded a loss of 6% to 10% living corals at 40 sampling stations from 1996 to 2000.

Elevated temperatures can damage coral reefs, causing coral bleaching. The first recorded bleaching incident on the Florida Reef was in 1973. Incidents of bleaching have become more frequent in recent decades, in correlation with a rise in sea surface temperatures. In July 2023, recordbreaking early and rapid warming resulted in widespread coral bleaching and death. Rescue efforts, such as relocating corals to tanks or to deeper waters have helped some bleached corals recover. Oceanographer Jamison Grove at the NOAA stated that these efforts must be accompanied by reductions in greenhouse gas emission to save the reef. White band disease has also adversely affected corals on the Florida Reef. While hurricanes often can cause localized damage to Elkhorn and Staghorn corals, Precht and Miller state that the severe and widespread loss of those corals on the Florida Reef cannot be attributed to hurricane damage. Other possible causes of the losses of corals on the Florida Reef include epizootic diseases, eutrophication, predation, sedimentation, overfishing, ship groundings, anchor dragging, commercial lobster and crab traps moved by storms, pollution, development on the Keys, growing numbers of visitors to the Keys and the reefs and the growth of seaweed on the coral.

The long-spined sea urchin (Diadema antillarum), which browses on seaweed on and around reefs, was sharply reduced in numbers on the Florida Reef (and throughout the Caribbean) in the 1980s. While populations of this sea urchin have somewhat recovered elsewhere, its numbers are still very low on most of the Florida Reef, with the exception of the Dry Tortugas. As a consequence, there has been no effective check of the growth of seaweed on reef corals. However, the severe die-off of Elkhorn and Staghorn corals occurred before the die-off of the sea urchins, so that the proliferation of seaweed following the loss of the sea urchins was not the cause of the die-off of the corals, but may be retarding recovery by the corals.

Another threat to the Florida Reef is the ongoing rise in sea level. The sea level has risen almost six inches (15 cm) at Key West since 1913, and one foot (30 cm) since 1850. This rise in sea level increases the volume of water in Florida Bay significantly, and increases the exchange of water between the Bay and the water over the reefs. The lower salinity, higher turbidity and more variable temperature of the water from Florida Bay adversely affects the reefs. A continued rise in sea level would likely intensify the effect.

A perceived deterioration of the reefs became a concern in the 1950s. Early attempts to protect the reefs led to the establishment in 1960 of a protected area that became John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park. The creation of Biscayne National Monument (which later became Biscayne National Park) in 1968 protected the northern part of the Florida Reef. In 1990 the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary was established, bringing all of the Florida reef into federal or state protection.

Human use

Human use of the reefs has grown tremendously in the past century. One measure of the growth is that registrations for recreational boats in Monroe County increased by 1000% from 1964 to 2006.

Recreational use of the Florida Reef and surrounding waters is popular and important to the economy of southern Florida, and in particular, of Monroe County. In 2000-2001 artificial and natural reefs in South Florida and Monroe County had 28 million person-days of recreational use by residents and tourists, including scuba diving, fishing and viewing (as, for example, by snorkeling). These activities generated $4.4 million in sales, generated almost $2 million in local income and provided more than 70,000 full- and part-time jobs. The estimated asset value of the reefs was $8.5 billion. About two-thirds of the activity was related to natural reefs.

In Monroe County for the period of June 2000 to May 2001 almost 5.5 million person-days of reef related activities resulted in $504 million in sales, which generated $140 million in income for 10,000 full- and part-time jobs. Almost two-thirds of the activity was by residents, and about half the activity involved fishing, with one-third involving snorkeling and one-sixth scuba diving.

In Dade County for the period from June 2000 to May 2001 a little over 6 million person-days of reef related activities resulted in $1,297 million in sales, which generated $614 million in income for 19,000 full- and part-time jobs. The activity was about evenly split between residents and tourists. As in Monroe County,  about half the activity involved fishing, with one-third involving snorkeling and one-sixth scuba diving.

In a more general sense, the reef acts as a layer of protection for human settlements against tropical storms, hurricanes, and erosion.

Shipwrecks and lighthouses

The Florida Current (which merges with the Antilles Current near the northern end of the barrier reef to form the Gulf Stream) passes close to the Florida Reef through the Straits of Florida. Ships began wrecking along the Florida Reef almost as soon as Europeans reached the New World. From early in the 16th century Spanish ships returning from the New World to Spain sailed from Havana to catch the Gulf Stream, which meant they passed close to the Florida Reef, with some wrecking on the reefs. In 1622, six ships of the Spanish treasure fleet, including the Nuestra Señora de Atocha, wrecked during a hurricane in the lower Keys. In 1733, 19 ships of the Spanish treasure fleet wrecked during a hurricane in the middle and upper keys. In the 19th century the Straits became the major route for shipping between the eastern coast of the United States and ports in the Gulf of Mexico and the western Caribbean Sea. The combination of heavy shipping and a powerful current flowing close to dangerous reefs made the Florida Reef the site of many wrecks. By the middle of the 19th century ships were wrecking on the Florida Reef at the rate of almost once a week (the collector of customs in Key West reported a rate of 48 wrecks a year in 1848). Between 1848 and 1859 at least 618 ships were wrecked on the Florida Reef. The Assistant United States Coast Surveyor reported that in the period from 1845 through 1849 almost one million (United States) dollars worth of vessels and cargos were lost on the reef. The chief motivation for the Florida Railroad, the first railroad to connect the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of Florida, was to allow goods to be transferred between ships in the Atlantic and in the Gulf of Mexico, thus avoiding the dangerous passage along the Florida Reef. Salvaging wrecks on the reefs was the principal occupation in the Florida Keys through much of the 19th century, helping make Key West the biggest and richest city in Florida for a while.

Some of the reefs in the Florida Reef are named after ships that wrecked on them. Fowey Rocks is named after HMS Fowey, which, however, actually wrecked on Ajax Reef. Looe Key is named after HMS Looe. Alligator Reef is named after the USS Alligator. Carysfort Reef is named after HMS Carysfort, which ran aground on the reef, but did not sink.

Soon after the United States acquired Florida from Spain in 1821, it began building lighthouses along the Florida coast. The first lighthouses marking the Florida Reef were the Cape Florida Light, at the northern end of the Reef, the Dry Tortugas Light (on Bush Key), marking the western end of the Reef, and the Key West Light, all first lit in 1825. A light ship was placed at Carysfort Reef in 1825, as well. Garden Key Light, also in the Dry Tortugas, was added in 1826, and Sand Key Light (six nautical miles from Key West), was added in 1827. Large stretches of the Florida Reef remained unprotected by lighthouses, however. Keeping lights in operation along the Florida Reef proved difficult. The Carysfort Reef light ship was often blown out of position, and one time even onto a reef. The first light ship had to be replaced after just five years due to dry rot. The Cape Florida lighthouse was burned by Seminoles in 1836, and was not repaired and re-lit until 1847. The Key West and Sand Key lighthouses were destroyed by a hurricane in 1846. Starting at Carysfort Reef in 1852, skeletal tower lighthouses were built on submerged reefs to place lights as close to the outer edge of the Florida Reef as possible. With the completion of the American Shoal Light in 1880 there were finally navigation lights visible along the full length of the Florida Reef.

In order to provide better charts for ships sailing along the Florida Reef, the Florida Keys, including the reef, and the waters to the west of the Keys, including Biscayne Bay and Florida Bay, were surveyed in the 1850s. The United States Army Corps of Topographical Engineers established a base camp on Key Biscayne in 1849. The triangulation survey was conducted by the U.S. Coast Survey with men detailed from the U.S. Army and U.S. Navy. In 1855 Alexander Dallas Bache, Superintendent of the U.S. Coast Survey, assumed personal direction of the survey. In 1851 Louis Agassiz was sent by the U.S. Coast Survey to study the Florida Reef. His report on the reefs was published in 1880.

Notes

References
Blank, Joan Gill. (1996) Key Biscayne. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press, Inc.
Burnett, Gene. (1991) Florida's Past: People and Events That Shaped the State. Volume 3. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press.
Langley, Wright and Arva Moore Parks (editors). (1983) "Diary of an Unidentified Land Official, 1855: Key West to Miami." Tequesta: The Journal of the Historical Association of Southern Florida. Number XLIII. Found at  Accessed December 19, 2010
Marszalek, D. S., G. Babashoff, Jr., M. R. Noel and D. R. Worley. (1977) "Reef Distribution in South Florida." Proceedings, Third International Coral Reef Symposium. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami. Found at  Accessed December 18, 2010
Precht, W. F. and S. L. Miller. (2007) "Ecological Shifts along the Florida Reef Tract: The Past as a Key to the Future." In R. B. Aronson. (Editor) Geological Approaches to Coral Reef Ecology. Found at  Accessed December 16, 2010
Turner, Gregg. (2003) A Short History of Florida Railroads. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing.
Viele, John. (1999) The Florida Keys: True Tales of the Perilous Straits. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press, Inc.
Viele, John. (2001) The Florida Keys: The Wreckers. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press, Inc.

External links
"Coral reefs in Florida." The Encyclopedia of Earth
"Florida's large artificial reef system" CCCarto
Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission: Unified Reef Map

Coral reefs of the Florida Keys

Florida Reef


Marta Helena Nobel-Oleinikoff (Russian: Марта Людвиговна Нобель-Олейникова), née Marta Helena Nobel (9 October 1881, Saint Petersburg – 1973, Stockholm), was a Russian-Swedish physician and philanthropist and member of the Nobel family. She was the daughter of industrialist and humanitarian Ludvig Nobel and the niece of Alfred Nobel.

In 1904, she graduated from the St. Petersburg's Women's Medical Institute, presently First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Peterburg, its Surgery Clinic. She was the head physician of the Branobel war hospital and was awarded the Finnish Winter War Medal in 1940.

In 1905, she married a doctor specialist in infectious diseases, professor G. P. Oleinikoff.

She was the grandmother of Michael Nobel.

Nobel opposed the creation of the Bank of Sweden prize in economics, and stated in a letter to the Nobel Foundation in 1968 that the Nobel family would not allow it to be named a Nobel prize.

References

Marta Helena
Russian people of Swedish descent

Marta Helena Nobel-Oleinikoff


Rata, in Tahitian mythology, is said to have become king of Tahiti when his uncle, king Tumu-nui, and his father Vahieroa are swallowed by a great clam while they are on their way to Pitcairn.  When he reaches adulthood, Rata plans to avenge his father.  As in the Tuamotuan version, Rata identifies a tree to build his canoe, but it is protected by forest elves.  After he captures them they build it for him in a single night. While en route for Pitcairn, Rata and his crew are sucked down into the same clam, but they use their spears to cut the monster open.  They rescue the remains of Rata's father and uncle and bury them back in Tahiti.  After recovering from their adventure, Rata sets out for further adventures. See also Aremata-Popoa and Aremata-Rorua.

See also
Rata (Tuamotu mythology)
Rātā (Māori mythology)
Laka (Hawaiian and other Polynesian mythology)

References
R.D. Craig, Dictionary of Polynesian Mythology (Greenwood Press: New York, 1989), 133-4;
M. Beckwith, Hawaiian Mythology (Yale U.P.: New Haven, 1948), 263–275.

Tahiti and Society Islands mythology
Legendary Polynesian people
Legendary monarchs

Rata (Tahitian mythology)


Beau Brummell, (born George Bryan Brummell, London 7 June 1778 – died Caen, France 30 March 1840), was the leader of men's fashion in Regency England. He was a friend of the Prince Regent, the future King George IV, and started the fashion for men to wear tailored clothes that were tasteful and fitted well.

The style
Brummell once said: "If John Bull turns around to look at you, you are not well dressed; but either too stiff, too tight, or too fashionable". This hardly suggests a dandy whose cravats alone were a peacock display.

No doubt Brummell wore various styles, but one in particular seems to have been his favourite. The style included dark coats and full-length trousers, with an elaborately-knotted cravat.

The coat was cut away at the front, and double-breasted. If worn open, it had a double-breasted waistcoat underneath. The tails of the coat were not long, ending above the back of the knees. They were cut square. The collar of the coat was a 'stand-up': it stood higher at the back of the neck.

Beau Brummell is credited with introducing and establishing as fashion the modern man's suit, worn with a tie. The modern tie is a descendant of the cravat.

It is said that Brummell believed in cut rather than colour. In the illustration his clothes are well-fitted, but also quite colourful by our standards.
"In the absence of colour and dazzle, tailoring would be noticed as never before. The humble tape-measure, for example, is one small example of his effect on clothing. Measuring came to be standardised as a result of the dandy craze and Brummell".

He claimed to take five hours to dress. He recommended using champagne to clean boots and make them shine. His style of dress is often referred to as dandyism, Brummell would not have agreed with that description.

Personal grooming
Brummell's personal grooming was very modern. He kept himself clean, which most people did not in his day.
"Every day, his toilette would take more than two hours and would involve brushing his teeth, shaving, a thorough wash and scrub; followed by brushing his body all over with a stiff brush and finally pursuing any errant remaining hairs with a pair of tweezers. He prided himself on never needing scent because he was so clean".

This kind of care is quite modern, and a part of celebrity culture today. He was a perfectionist in his choice of clothes. There's a story of someone who visited him, and met his valet coming out of the room carrying a tray full of cravats. "These, Sir, are our failures"! said the valet. Brummell said of himself "I have no talents other than to dress; my genius is in the wearing of clothes".

Life

His father died in 1794, leaving him an inheritance of more than £20,000 pounds. He was educated at Eton and at Oriel College, Oxford University. He later joined the 10th Hussars, where he came to the attention of George, Prince of Wales. Through the influence of the Prince, Brummell was promoted to captain by 1796. When his regiment was sent from London to Manchester he resigned his commission.

For a time, Brummell avoided extravagance and gambling. For example, he kept horses but no carriages.  He was included in Prince George's circle. Here, he made an impression with his elegant manner of dress, and his clever remarks. His attention to cleaning his teeth, shaving and bathing daily became popular.

However he did spend money on his appearance. When asked how much it would cost to keep a single man in clothes, he was alleged to have replied: "Why, with tolerable economy, I think it might be done with £800".

Brummell was influenced by his wealthy friends. He began spending and gambling as though his fortune were as great as theirs. This was not a problem while he could still get credit, but that did not last. Brummel could borrow money based on his closeness to the Prince. But in 1811, the Prince became Regent and began abandoning all his old Whig friends.

Downfall
Brummell, Lord Alvanley, Henry Mildmay and Henry Pierrepoint were the prime movers of Watier's, called "the Dandy Club" by Byron. They were also the four hosts of the masquerade ball in July 1813. There an event occurred which ruined Brummel. The Prince Regent greeted Alvanley and Pierrepoint, but then "cut" Brummell and Mildmay by snubbing them, staring them in the face but not speaking to them. This provoked Brummell's remark, which became famous: "Alvanley, who's your fat friend?". This widened the rift between them.

Normally, the loss of royal favour to a favourite was doom, but Brummell had the approval and friendship of other leading people. He became a favourite without a patron, still in charge of fashion and courted by large segments of society.

However, his debts spun out of control and, when he tried to recover by various schemes, that only dug the hole deeper. In 1816, he fled to France to escape debtor's prison. Payment was demanded of thousands of pounds sterling owed by him. Usually, Brummell's gambling debts, as "debts of honour", were always paid immediately. The one exception to this was the final wager recorded for him in White's betting book.  Recorded March, 1815, the debt was marked "not paid, 20th January, 1816".

He lived the remainder of his life in France. In the reign of William IV he got an appointment at Caen by the influence of Lord Alvanley and the Marquess of Worcester. This gave him a small annuity. His final comment to a visiting friend was "My wallpaper and I are fighting a battle to the death. One of us has to go!" He died penniless and insane from strokes in Caen in 1840.

A statue of Brummell by Irena Sedlecka was erected on London's Jermyn Street in 2002.

References

Other websites
A Greater London Council commemorative blue plaque for Beau Brummell is at 4 Chesterfield Street, London W1

1778 births
1840 deaths
People from London
Fashion

Beau Brummell


Count Carl Gustaf Frölich (163714 March 1714) was a Swedish military officer of German descent,  Riga  Governor in 1700–1706 and infantry general.
He was the brother of a Pietist writer and mystic Eva Margareta Frölich (1650–1692) and a colonel Hans Frederik Frölich (1637–1715).

Biography
Born in 1637 in the family of the Swedish Army officer colonel Hans Christoffer Frölich (1602-1658) and his wife Elizabeth, born in von Plessen.

Frölich became Lieutenant-Major of the Swedish Army and Commander in Bohus Fortress in 1676. In 1678 he became Lieutenant-Colonel. In the summer of 1678 Bohus fortress was besieged by Ulrik Frederik Gyldenløve and an army of 7,000 German and 9,000 Norwegian soldiers. Bohus Fortress had a Swedish crew of 900 men, led by Colonel Friedrich Börstell and Lieutenant Colonel Carl Gustav Frölich. The fortress was fired for two months with quantities of cannonballs, bombs, rock bumps, glowing bullets, grenades and mines. The attackers  also used catapult to throw in bags with latrine for the purpose of spreading disease. The Swedish crew, however, managed the siege, but more than half the crew did. After the siege, Frölich became colonel and commander in Marstrand. He became a naturalized Swedish nobleman.

In 1693 he became Major-General at Västernorrland County, Jämtland and Härjedalen.

The new King of Sweden Karl XII was appointed commander of the Helsinki Regiment in 1698 and, after the commencement of the Great Northern War on 12 March 1700, was promoted to Governor of Riga and lieutenant-general.

From April 18, 1702, he also served as Governor-General of Vidzeme, Sweden, and during the invasion of Russian troops in 1704, he was promoted to infantry general and commander of the Riga garrison.

On January 17, 1706 he was dismissed as Governor General before the siege of Riga (1709-1710) due to an unsuccessful attempt of monetary reform. He left Vidzeme and returned to Sweden, where he died in 1714.

Appointments
During Karl XII the appointments came at a rapid pace for Frölich, where he became

head of Helsinki regiment in 1698
Riga Governor 1700-1706, Lieutenant General and free lord in 1700,
general of infantry in 1704,
royal council and president in Dorpat's court of justice in 1705
Count in 1706.

References

1637 births
1714 deaths
Military personnel from Stockholm
Governors-General of Sweden
Swedish counts
17th-century soldiers
Swedish military personnel of the Great Northern War
17th-century Swedish military personnel

Carl Gustaf Frölich


Arbër Avni Zeneli (born 25 February 1995) is a professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder or left winger for Turkish club Adana Demirspor and the Kosovo national team. Born in Sweden, he previously represented the country at the international youth level and was part of the Sweden U21 team that won the 2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship.

Club career

IF Elfsborg

Youth teams
Zeneli started playing football for Hälsinggården, but left as a 12-year old for IF Elfsborg's youth academy. On 29 October 2011, he scored a late winning goal in the final of Swedish Under-17 Championships against Brommapojkarna. The following year he helped his team reach the final in the same competition and he scored another goal, although this time IF Elfsborg lost to Malmö. On 5 November 2013, he won the Allsvenskan U21 with IF Elfsborg against Häcken after coming on as a substitute at 63rd minute in place of Arjan Mostafa.

First team

Having been promoted to the senior team in December 2013. On 1 March 2014, he made his debut with IF Elfsborg in the group stage of 2013–14 Svenska Cupen against Östersunds after being named in the starting line-up and he went on to play a total of three games in the competition which IF Elfsborg later won beating Helsingborg in the final.

Zeneli made his first Allsvenskan appearance on 31 March after coming on as a substitute at 75th minute in place of injured Simon Hedlund in a 2–1 away defeat against Åtvidabergs. He played 16 games during the 2014 season and finished the season by scoring his first senior goal that subsequently sealed the win for his team against Brommapojkarna and he dedicated the goal to his former coach Klas Ingesson who had died a couple of days earlier.

Heerenveen
On 10 November 2015, Zeneli signed a three-and-a-half year contract with Eredivisie club Heerenveen. Heerenveen reportedly paid a €2 million transfer fee. On 16 January 2016, he made his debut in a 5–2 home win against PEC Zwolle after being named in the starting line-up. On 23 January 2016, Zeneli scored his first goal for Heerenveen in a 3–1 win against Willem II in Matchday 19 of 2015–16 Eredivisie, and his performance earned him the man of the match award.

Reims

2018–19 season
On 25 January 2019, Heerenveen announced for the contract negotiations between Zeneli and Reims. A day later, he joined Ligue 1 side Reims after agreeing to a five-year deal. Reims reportedly paid a €4 million transfer fee. On 2 February 2019, he made his debut in a 2–1 home win against Marseille after coming on as a substitute at 73rd minute in place of injured Mathieu Cafaro.

2019–20 season
During international duties in June 2019, he tore his anterior cruciate ligament and was sidelined for most of the 2019–20 season. After returning from injury, the Ligue 1 season was suspended indefinitely and since cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

2020–21 season
Zeneli returned to the pitch for the 2020–21 season, and made a total of 36 appearances in which he scored three goals. He also featured in the UEFA Europa League qualifiers with Reims, who were eventually knocked out by Fehérvár in the third round.

In August 2021, Zeneli tore his anterior cruciate ligament again, sidelining him for another extended period of time.

International career

Sweden

From 2010, until 2016, Zeneli has been part of Sweden at youth international level, respectively has been part of the U17, U19 and U21 teams and he with these teams played 35 matches and scored 7 goals. On 2 June 2015, he was named as part of the Sweden U21's 23-man squad for the 2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship in Czech Republic, where was declared the champion even though he was an unused substitute in those matches.

Kosovo
On 24 August 2016, Zeneli decided to represent Kosovo at senior international level. On 2 October 2016, he received a call-up from Kosovo for a 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification matches against Croatia and Ukraine. On 6 October 2016, Zeneli made his debut with Kosovo in a 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Croatia after being named in the starting line-up.

Personal life
Zeneli was born in Säter, Sweden to Albanian parents from Selac, a village near Mitrovica, but grew up in Falun, before moving to Borås with his family when he was 11 years old. Zeneli has named his father Avni as his greatest role model in life. He is the older brother of the Kosovan footballer Besfort Zeneli.

Career statistics

Club

International

International goalsScores and results list Kosovo's goal tally first.

Honours
IF Elfsborg
Svenska Cupen: 2013–14

Sweden U21
UEFA European Under-21 Championship: 2015

References

External links

1995 births
Living people
People from Mitrovica, Kosovo
People from Säter Municipality
Sportspeople from Dalarna County
Men's association football wingers
Kosovan men's footballers
Kosovo men's international footballers
Swedish men's footballers
Sweden men's youth international footballers
Sweden men's under-21 international footballers]
Expatriate men's footballers in the Netherlands
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Kosovan expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Kosovan expatriate sportspeople in France
Kosovan expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Swedish expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Swedish expatriate sportspeople in France
Swedish expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Allsvenskan players
IF Elfsborg players
Eredivisie players
SC Heerenveen players
Ligue 1 players
Stade de Reims players
Süper Lig players
Adana Demirspor footballers

Arbër Zeneli


Davies Gilbert  (born Davies Giddy, 6 March 1767 – 24 December 1839) was a Cornish engineer, author, and politician. He was elected to the Royal Society on 17 November 1791 and served as President of the Royal Society from 1827 to 1830. He changed his name to Gilbert in 1817.

Biography
Davies Giddy was born on 6 March 1767, the second of the three children of Reverend Edward Giddy, curate of St Erth's church, and his wife Catherine, daughter of Henry Davies of Tredrea, St Erth in Cornwall. His parents' first child, also Davies by forename, died within 24 hours of birth in 1766, and their third child, Mary Philippa Davies Giddy (known as Philippa) was born in 1769. The Giddy family moved to Penzance, living on Chapel Street in 1775, until Giddy's mother Catherine inherited the family home of Tredrea back in St Erth. By 1780 the family returned to St Erth, and Davies was taught by his father, alongside his sister Philippa.  Davies Giddy would later adopt Gilbert as his surname, the maiden name of his wife, the agronomist Mary Ann Gilbert, whom he married at Easter of 1808.

Davies was educated first at Penzance Grammar School and then by his father, and by Rev Malachy Hitchins, the mathematical astronomer. At the age of 17, at the recommendation of Hitchins, he was sent to Bristol to join the Mathematical Academy of Benjamin Donne where he remained for three years. His sister Philippa simultaneously finished her own schooling with the famous bluestocking Hannah More. He went up to Pembroke College, Oxford in 1786, whence he graduated with a MA on 29 June 1789.

Davies was High Sheriff of Cornwall from 1792 to 1793. He served in the House of Commons as Member of Parliament for Helston in Cornwall from 1804 to 1806 and for Bodmin from 1806 to 1832.

Giddy was an intimate friend of physician Thomas Beddoes, had attended Beddoes' lectures at Oxford when Beddoes had become University Reader in Chemistry in 1788 and had been a confidant of Beddoes in his plans for the Pneumatic Institution in Bristol. He noticed and encouraged Humphry Davy and convinced Beddoes that Davy was the man to work in the laboratory at the Institution.

The Dictionary of National Biography article says of him:

"Gilbert's importance to the development of science in the early nineteenth century lay in his faith that science provided the best means to tackle practical problems and in his facility as a parliamentary promoter of scientific ventures."

His mathematical skills were sought by early engineering pioneers such as Jonathan Hornblower, Richard Trevithick and Thomas Telford. He also had an interest in the history and culture of Cornwall. For instance, he removed a Celtic cross from near Truro, on the Redruth Road (where it had found new use as a gatepost), and took it to a churchyard in his new home of Eastbourne. When asked why he carried off a Cornish Cross and re-erected it in Eastbourne by the Rev. Canon Hockin, of Phillack, Davies replied, It was to show the poor, ignorant folk that there was something bigger in the world than a flint!

He assembled and published A Parochial History of Cornwall and collected and published a number of Cornish Carols.

He edited for publication a Cornish Language poem about the Passion: Passyon agan Arluth, as Mount Calvary (1826). He was elected to the Society of Antiquaries in 1820. Gilbert was the President of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall from its foundation in 1814 until his death. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1832.

Davies Gilbert was opposed to mass education during his time in parliament. When the Parochial Schools Bill of 1807 was debated in the Commons, Tory MP Davies Gilbert warned the House that:
"However specious in theory the project might be of giving education to the labouring classes of the poor, it would, in effect, be found to be prejudicial to their morals and happiness; it would teach them to despise their lot in life, instead of making them good servants in agriculture and other laborious employments to which their rank in society had destined them; instead of teaching them the virtue of subordination, it would render them factious and refractory, as is evident in the manufacturing counties; it would enable them to read seditious pamphlets, vicious books and publications against Christianity; it would render them insolent to their superiors; and, in a few years, the result would be that the legislature would find it necessary to direct the strong arm of power towards them and to furnish the executive magistrates with more vigorous powers than are now in force. Besides, if this Bill were to pass into law, it would go to burthen the country with a most enormous and incalculable expense, and to load the industrious orders with still heavier imposts. (Hansard, House of Commons, Vol. 9, Col. 798, 13 June 1807, quoted in Chitty 2007:15–16)"

He died in Eastbourne in Sussex on Christmas Eve 1839.

Marriage and family
On 18 April 1808 he married Mary Ann Gilbert, and in 1816 he took his wife's surname, Gilbert, to perpetuate it. This enabled the couple to inherit the extensive property in Sussex of her uncle, Thomas Gilbert, who had no male heir.

Three daughters and a son survived him. Their son, John Davies Gilbert (5 December 1811 – 16 April 1854) was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in April 1834 but does not seem to have published any scientific work. Their eldest daughter, Catherine, married John Samuel Enys (b. 1796) on 17 April 1834. She was the mother of the notable New Zealand naturalist, John Enys (11 October 1837 – 7 November 1912). Their second daughter, Annie, married Rev. Henry Owen, rector of Heveningham, Suffolk on 4 December 1851. The other daughters were Mary Susannah and Hester Elizabeth.

Publications
Books and publications written or edited by Davies Gilbert include:

 Plain Statement of the Bullion Question (1811)
  Some ancient Christmas Carols, with the Tunes to which they were formerly sung in the West of England. Collected by D. Gilbert.  London : J. Nichols and Son, (1822).
  Some ancient Christmas Carols, with the tunes to which they were formerly sung in the west of England. pp. x. 79. J. Nichols and Son: London, 1823
  "On the vibrations of heavy bodies in cycloidal and in circular arches, as compared with their descents through free space; including an estimate of the variable circular excess in vibrations continually decreasing." By Davies Gilbert, .. London : printed by William Clowes, [1823] 15,[3]p. 'Extracted from the Quarterly Journal, Vol. XV'.
  A Cornish Cantata. [Names of places in Cornwall arranged in the form of verses.] [Privately printed? East-Bourn?] 1826.
  Mount Calvary; or, the History of the Passion, Death and Resurrection of Jesus Christ, written in Cornish (as it may be conjectured) some centuries past. Interpreted in English, in ... 1682, by J. Keigwin . Edited by D. Gilbert. pp. xxii. 96. Nichols and Son: London, 1826.
  "On the expediency of assigning Specific Names to all such Functions of Simple Elements as represent definite physical properties; with the suggestion of a new term in mechanics; illustrated by an investigation of the Machine moved by Recoil" ... From the Philosophical Transactions. pp. 14. [Privately printed:] London, 1827.
  "Some Collections and Translations respecting St. Neot, and the former state of his Church." In : Hedgeland (J. P.) A Description ... of the ... decorations ... in the Church of St. Neot, etc. 1830.
  A Cornish dialogue between Tom Pengersick and Dic. Trengurtha. East-Bourn : Davies Gilbert, [ca. 1835](In verse.)
The Parochial History of Cornwall, Founded on the Manuscript Histories of Mr. Hals and Mr. Tonkin; with Additions and Various Appendices, 4 vols., London, 1838. (includes copious extracts from J. Whitaker, Daniel Lysons and Samuel Lysons, &c. and geological notices by Dr. Boase).
Vol.1, London, 1838
Vol.2, London, 1838
Vol.3, London, 1838
Vol.4, London, 1838

In 1831, Gilbert gave evidence to a Parliamentary select committee on steam carriages, which is included in the committee's report, published in 1834.

See also
 List of presidents of the Royal Society

References

External links

  Note: The low count is wrong – search Hansard with "Davies Giddy" and "Davies Gilbert".
 Davies Gilbert Biography in hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com website

Obituary in The Gentleman's Magazine, Vol.13 (New series) 1840 Jan – June, Page 208–211.  Online in Google Books

1767 births
1839 deaths
People from St Erth
Writers from Cornwall
Politicians from Cornwall
Historians of Cornwall
High Sheriffs of Cornwall
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the Royal Society
Presidents of the Royal Society
Presidents of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall
Tory MPs (pre-1834)
UK MPs 1802–1806
UK MPs 1806–1807
UK MPs 1807–1812
UK MPs 1812–1818
UK MPs 1818–1820
UK MPs 1820–1826
UK MPs 1826–1830
UK MPs 1830–1831
UK MPs 1831–1832
Engineers from Cornwall
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Helston
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Bodmin

Davies Gilbert


James Edward Brown (April 1, 1934 – June 11, 2015) was an American country singer-songwriter who achieved fame in the 1950s with his two sisters as a member of the Browns. He later had a successful solo career from 1965 to 1974, followed by a string of major duet hits with fellow country music vocalist Helen Cornelius, through 1981. Brown was also the host of the Country Music Greats Radio Show, a syndicated country music program from Nashville, Tennessee.

Biography
Jim Ed was born on April 1, 1934, in Sparkman, Arkansas, to Floyd and Birdie Brown. His parents owned a farm and his father also worked at a sawmill. As small children, Jim and his sisters, Maxine and Bonnie, moved with their parents to Pine Bluff, Arkansas. As young adults, the three siblings sang together and individually. This changed in 1954 when Jim Ed and Maxine signed a recording contract as a duo. They earned national recognition and a guest spot on Ernest Tubb's radio show for their humorous song "Looking Back To See", which hit the top ten and stayed on the charts through the summer of 1954.

The Browns
Jim Ed and Maxine were joined in 1955 by 18-year-old Bonnie, and The Browns began performing on Louisiana Hayride in Shreveport, Louisiana. By the end of 1955, the trio were appearing on KWTO-AM in Springfield, Missouri, and had another top ten hit with "Here Today and Gone Tomorrow", which got a boost by their national appearances on ABC-TV's Ozark Jubilee. They signed with RCA Victor in 1956, and soon had two major hits, "I Take the Chance" and "I Heard the Bluebirds Sing". When Jim Ed was drafted in 1957, the group continued to record while he was on leave, and sister Norma filled in for him on tours. He was stationed at Fort Carson, Colorado.

In 1959, The Browns scored their biggest hit when their folk-pop single "The Three Bells" reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 pop and country charts. The song also peaked at No. 10 on Billboard's Rhythm and Blues listing. Remakes of the pop hits "Scarlet Ribbons" and "The Old Lamplighter" continued the hit streak, reaching the top 15 on Billboard's Pop and Country surveys. The trio had moderate successes on the country music charts for seven years thereafter. In 1963, they joined the Grand Ole Opry and in 1967 the group disbanded.

Solo career

Brown continued to record for RCA Victor and had a number of country hits, starting in 1965 while still with his sisters. In 1967, he released his first solo top ten hit, "Pop a Top", which became his signature song. Beginning in 1969, he also gained his own syndicated TV series "The Country Place", which would become famous for introducing Crystal Gayle. The show ended in 1971. In 1970, he gained a crossover hit with "Morning" which went to No. 4 on the country charts and No. 47 on the pop charts. Other hits included "Angel's Sunday" (1971), "Southern Loving" (1973), "Sometime Sunshine" (1974) and "It's That Time Of Night" (1974).

Beginning in 1976, Brown released a string of major duet hits with Helen Cornelius starting with the No. 1 hit, "I Don't Want to Have to Marry You". Other hits for the duo included "Saying Hello, Saying I Love You, Saying Goodbye" (1977), "Born Believer" (1977), "I'll Never Be Free" (1978), "If the World Ran Out of Love Tonight" (1978), "You Don't Bring Me Flowers" (a cover of the then-recent Neil Diamond-Barbra Streisand hit) (1979), "Lying In Love With You" (1979), "Fools" (1979), "Morning Comes Too Early" (1980) and "Don't Bother to Knock" (1981).

Brown hosted the syndicated country television show Nashville on the Road, along with Jerry Clower, Helen Cornelius, and Wendy Holcombe. The entire cast was replaced in 1981. The new host, Jim Stafford, kept hosting it until it ended in 1983. Brown also hosted The Nashville Network programs You Can Be A Star (a talent show) and Going Our Way, which featured Brown and his wife Becky traveling the U.S. in an RV. Brown and his wife lived in the south Nashville suburb of Brentwood, Tennessee.

Radio host
Brown hosted two nationally syndicated country music radio shows, the weekly two-hour Country Music Greats Radio Show and the weekday short-form vignette, Country Music Greats Radio Minute. Both were broadcast by over 300 radio stations to a weekly audience exceeding three million, as well as on the Internet. Recorded at the Hard Scuffle Studios in Nashville, the Country Music Greats Radio Show blended music from the 1940s through the 1990s with an interview archive of country stars past and present. Brown also told tales of living and working in the country music industry.

Dollar General Stores Spokesperson
Beginning in 1975, Brown became a national spokesperson for the Dollar General Stores discount retailer. He appeared in frequent TV advertisements using the slogan, "Every day is dollar day at your Dollar General Store," and an autographed photo hung behind the cash register at many stores.

Grand Ole Opry
An active and popular member of the Grand Ole Opry since 1963, Jim Ed Brown would remain so until his death. He would occasionally reunite there with Helen Cornelius to perform their hit duets together.

Country Music Hall of Fame
In March 2015, it was announced that the Browns would be inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame later in the year. With his health declining, Brown was inducted in June.

Illness and death
Brown announced in September 2014 that he had been diagnosed with lung cancer and had temporarily retired from hosting his radio programs to undergo treatment. By early 2015 he was in remission and returned to hosting his radio programs. However, on June 3, 2015, he stated that the cancer had returned. Brown died a week later on June 11, 2015, at the age of 81.

Discography

References

External links

[ Allmusic Jim Ed Brown]
Jim Ed Brown's artist profile at Countrypolitian.com
Country Music Greats Radio Show with Jim Ed Brown
Jim Ed Brown – MyBestYears.com INTERVIEW SPOTLIGHT

1934 births
2015 deaths
American country singer-songwriters
American male singer-songwriters
People from Dallas County, Arkansas
People from Jefferson County, Arkansas
Country Music Hall of Fame inductees
Grand Ole Opry members
Deaths from lung cancer in Tennessee
Singer-songwriters from Arkansas
Country musicians from Arkansas

Jim Ed Brown


Joseph John Fauliso (February 16, 1916 – August 20, 2014) was an American politician who was the 103rd lieutenant governor of Connecticut from 1980 to 1991.

Early life
Fauliso was born in Stonington, Connecticut. He studied at Providence College and then studied law at Boston University Law School. He married Ann-Marie Schwerdtfeger and they have one son, Richard.

Political career
Fauliso was an Alderman in Hartford and city and state judge before he was first elected into the Connecticut Senate in 1966. He served as President pro tempore of the Connecticut Senate. Early in 1980, he told his close friend, governor Ella T. Grasso, that he had decided not to seek reelection that year, after seven terms in the State Senate. Grasso then asked Fauliso to reconsider, because she needed him in the Senate for the final two years of her second term. He consulted with his family and close friends, and after a week told Grasso he would seek reelection. What he did not anticipate was that Grasso would resign on December 31, 1980, because she was dying from cancer. On that day, Lieutenant Governor William A. O'Neill became the new governor and Fauliso, as the newly reelected leader of the State Senate, automatically became Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut. Fauliso then stayed as lieutenant governor throughout the gubernatorial terms of O'Neill. They did not seek reelection in 1990 and served until January 9, 1991. He died in 2014 at the age of 98.

See also
List of governors of Connecticut

References

1916 births
2014 deaths
People from Stonington, Connecticut
Providence College alumni
Boston University School of Law alumni
Connecticut state court judges
Connecticut city council members
Democratic Party Connecticut state senators
Lieutenant Governors of Connecticut
Presidents pro tempore of the Connecticut Senate
20th-century American judges

Joseph J. Fauliso


Elisabeth of Carinthia (also known as Elisabeth of Tyrol;  – 28 October 1312), was a Duchess of Austria from 1282 and Queen of the Romans from 1298 until 1308, by marriage to King Albert I of Habsburg.

Life
Born in Munich, Bavaria, Elisabeth was the eldest daughter of Count Meinhard of Gorizia-Tyrol, and Elizabeth of Bavaria, Queen of Germany, widow of the late Hohenstaufen King Conrad IV of Germany.

Elizabeth thus was a half-sister of Conradin, King of Jerusalem and Duke of Swabia. Elizabeth was in fact better connected to powerful German rulers than her future husband: a descendant of earlier monarchs, for example Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, she was also a niece of the Bavarian dukes, Austria's important neighbors.

Duchess and Queen
Elisabeth was married in Vienna on 20 December 1274 to Count Albert I of Habsburg, eldest son and heir of the newly elected Rudolf I, King of the Romans, thus becoming daughter-in-law of the King of the Romans and Emperor-to-be. After Rudolf had defeated his rival King Ottokar II of Bohemia in the 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld, he invested his son Albert with the duchies of Austria and Styria at the Imperial Diet in Augsburg on 17 December 1282.

Albert initially had to share the rule with his younger brother Rudolf II, who nevertheless had to waive his rights according to the Treaty of Rheinfelden the next year. Duke Albert and Elizabeth solidified their rule in what was to become the Habsburg "hereditary lands", also with the help of Elizabeth's father Meinhard, who in his turn was created Duke of Carinthia by King Rudolf I in 1286.

Elizabeth was described as shrewd and enterprising, in possession of some commercial talents. The construction of the Saline plant in Salzkammergut goes back to her suggestion.

Upon the death of Albert's father in 1291, the princes elected Count Adolf of Nassau German king, while Duke Albert himself became entangled in internal struggles with the Austrian nobility. Not until Adolf's deposition in 1298, Elizabeth's husband was finally elected King of the Romans on 23 June 1298. Two weeks later, Adolf was defeated and killed in the Battle of Göllheim. In 1299, Elizabeth was crowned Queen of the Romans in Nuremberg.

Later life
On 1 May 1308 her husband was murdered by his nephew John "the Parricide" near Windisch, Swabia (in modern-day Switzerland). After Albert's assassination, Elizabeth had the Poor Clare monastery of Königsfelden erected at the site, where she died on 28 October 1312 and was also buried. Today her mortal remains rest at Saint Paul's Abbey in Carinthia.

Issue
Elizabeth's and Albert's children were:
 Anna (1275, Vienna – 19 March 1327, Breslau).
 married in Graz ca. 1295 to Margrave Herman, Margrave of Brandenburg-Salzwedel (ca. 1275 – 1308);
 married in Breslau 1310 to Duke Heinrich VI of Breslau (1294-1335).
 Agnes (18 May 1281 – 10 June 1364, Königsfelden)
 married in Vienna on 13 February 1296 to King Andrew III of Hungary (ca. 1265-1301).
 Rudolf III (ca. 1282 – 4 July 1307), married but line extinct. He predeceased his father.
 married on 25 May 1300 to Duchess Blanche of France (ca. 1282 – 1305);
 married in Prague on 16 October 1306 to Elizabeth Richeza of Poland (1288 – 1335).
 Elisabeth (1285 – 19 May 1353).
 married in 1304 to Frederick IV, Duke of Lorraine (1282 – 1328).
 Frederick I (1289 – 13 January 1330).
 married on 11 May 1315 to Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Germany (1305 – 1330) but line extinct.
 Leopold I (4 August 1290 – 28 February 1326, Strassburg).
 married in 1315 to Catherine of Savoy (1284 – 1336).
 Catherine (1295 – 18 January 1323, Naples).
 married in 1316 to Charles, Duke of Calabria (1328 – 1298).
 Albert II (12 December 1298, Vienna – 20 July 1358, Vienna).
 married in Vienna on 15 February 1324 to Joanna of Pfirt (ca. 1300 – 1351).
 Henry the Gentle (1299 – 3 February 1327, Bruck an der Mur).
 married Countess Elizabeth of Virneburg but line extinct.
 Meinhard (1300 – 1301).
 Otto (23 July 1301, Vienna – 26 February 1339, Vienna).
 married on 15 May 1325 to Elizabeth of Bavaria, Duchess of Austria (ca. 1306 – 1330);
 married on 16 February 1335 to Anne of Bohemia, Duchess of Austria (1323 – 1338).
 Jutta (1302 – 5 March 1329).
 married in Baden 26 March 1319 to Count Ludwig VI of Öttingen.

References

Sources

1260s births
1312 deaths
Mothers of monarchs
Year of birth uncertain
13th-century German nobility
14th-century German nobility
13th-century German women
14th-century German women
13th-century House of Habsburg
14th-century House of Habsburg
Queens of the Romans
Austrian royal consorts
House of Gorizia
Burials at Königsfelden Monastery
People from the Duchy of Austria

Elisabeth of Carinthia, Queen of the Romans


Jonathan (died before 1167) was the count of Tusculum from the death of his father, Ptolemy II, in 1153 to his own death. His mother was Bertha, illegitimate daughter of Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor.

He was, by inheritance, an imperial vassal, but Pope Adrian IV granted him the papal property (the great fortress) in Tusculum and invested him as a papal vassal as well. He swore homage on 9 July 1155 to the pope excepto contra Imperatorem—"except against the emperor." In turn, he surrendered Montisfortini and Faiola to the papacy. The Senate of Rome, however, refused to ratify the grant of the fortress to the count.

In 1163, he was invested with the port of Astura, which his father had illegally held from the church, by the abbot of S. Alessio. At some point during his countship, he must have associated his younger brother Raino with him, for Raino appears as sole count in 1167.

Sources
Gregorovius, Ferdinand. Rome in the Middle Ages Vol. IV Part 1. 1905.
Lexikon des Mittelalters: Gionata Graf von Tusculum.

1160s births
People from medieval Rome
12th-century Italian nobility
Counts of Tusculum

Jonathan of Tusculum


Sucanat (a contraction of "Sucre de canne naturel") is a brand name for a variety of whole cane sugar that was introduced by Pronatec in 1978. Like panela and muscovado, Sucanat retains its molasses content. It is essentially pure dried sugar cane juice. The juice is extracted by mechanical processes, heated, and cooled, forming small brown grainy crystals.

Similar products that are created using minimal processing are panela from Latin America, Rapadura from Brazil, muscovado from the Philippines, and Jaggery which can be found in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean. Sucanat and these other products contain much of the molasses that would otherwise be removed in the refining process, giving them a strong flavor.

Sucanat is now a registered trademark of Ragus Holdings, Inc.

References

Food product brands
Products introduced in 1978
Sugar

Sucanat


Andrew Holt (born 21 April 1978, Stockport, Greater Manchester) is an English former professional footballer who last played as a defender for Corby Town.

Career

Oldham Athletic
Holt started his career at Oldham Athletic where he stayed for six years, playing 114 times and scoring 10 goals. Holt sufficiently impressed Hull City during a loan spell, who paid £150,000 to secure his services. He came up through the club's centre of excellence.

Hull City and Wrexham
His career at Hull City was quite good to start; he played 30 times in his first season. However, the following year, he found himself surplus to requirements, first loaned out to Barnsley and then Shrewsbury Town. In the 2003–04 season, only starting six of his 25 games that season. He found himself moving to Wrexham on a free transfer. At Wrexham, he played 86 matches, scoring on 10 occasions. He took part in the club's Football League Trophy win in 2005. At the end of his two-year contract, he got offered a deal by League One side Northampton Town, allowing him to prove himself in the next league up.

Northampton
In his first season at Northampton, having been snapped up on a Bosman transfer by manager John Gorman, able to play in many positions he was used as a utility man, he played 37 games, none of them from the bench as had been his career's main problem, and scored twice. He was retained by the club at the end of the 2006–07 season. However at the end of the 2009/2010 season, Holt turned down a new 2-year deal with Northampton. But on 9 June, Holt signed a new 2-year deal with Northampton, a month after turning down the previous offer.

Corby Town
In July 2012, following his release from Northampton, Holt rejoined former Northampton Town manager Ian Sampson at local Conference North side, Corby Town. However, in August 2012 Holt was forced to retire from football having suffered a knee injury.

Post-playing career
After retirement he moved back to Manchester.

References

External links
Andy Holt player profile at ntfc.co.uk

1978 births
Footballers from Stockport
Living people
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Men's association football utility players
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. players
Hull City A.F.C. players
Barnsley F.C. players
Shrewsbury Town F.C. players
Wrexham A.F.C. players
Northampton Town F.C. players
English Football League players
Corby Town F.C. players

Andy Holt (footballer, born 1978)


Nawab Banoo (18 February 1933 – 25 March 2020), better known by her stage name Nimmi, was an Indian actress. Nimmi was born in Agra, United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, British India, (present-day Uttar Pradesh, India).

She became known in the 1950s and early 1960s in Hindi movies. Her best roles were in Sazaa (1951), Aan (1952), Uran Khatola (1955), Bhai-Bhai (1956), Kundan (1955), Mere Mehboob (1963), Pooja Ke Phool (1964), Akashdeep (1965), and Love and God (1986).

Nimmi died on 25 March 2020 at her home in Mumbai of a heart attack at the age of 87.

References

Other websites

1932 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Indian movie actors

Nimmi


Miami Beach, Barbados, near the town of Oistins, is a popular sandy beach in Barbados. It is located on the south coast of the island, with usually calm waters and brilliant sunset views. On its north side is Enterprise Beach, a much more sheltered bay popular with families. Miami Beach is popular with both locals and tourists. Each morning local seniors swim in the sea and exercise on the beach. Also a great break for bodysurfing and bodyboarding.

A large yellow lifeguard station stands at the junction between Miami Beach and Enterprise Beach.

It is also a popular docking area for cruises on board a catamaran. Miami Beach has a beach shopping complex and a snack bar which serves a range of local food and rum punch. There are also gardens close by. Miami Beach has been voted one of the Top 10 beaches in Barbados.

In 2004 the beach started to suffer erosion by the sea as a natural occurrence, and the beach is narrower than it was 20 years ago. Action by the local authorities (Barbados Coastal Zone Management Unit (CZMU) and the National Conservation Commission (NCC) has successfully stopped the erosion and started a programme, which is currently allowing the beach to naturally heal itself.

Miami Beach is considered to be a "local hangout place" by those who live near it.

References

Christ Church, Barbados
Beaches of Barbados

Miami Beach, Barbados


In physics, absolute zero (0 K) is the coldest temperature. At that point, subatomic particles stop moving (entropy is at its minimum). Certain things can reach temperatures below absolute zero, known as negative temperatures. This is very difficult to do, and only very small objects can reach negative temperatures.

It might seem absurd, but things at negative temperatures are actually hotter than things at positive temperatures (above absolute zero). If something with a negative temperature comes in contact with a positive-temperature object, heat will go from the negative object to the positive. This is because temperature is a trade-off between energy and entropy. If you add energy to a positive-temperature object, it will increase in entropy. If you add energy to a negative-temperature object, it will decrease in entropy.

Many objects cannot achieve negative temperatures, because adding energy to them will increase their entropy. Only very small things discussed in quantum mechanics can reach this state.

References

Thermodynamics

Negative temperature


Jarrod Atkinson is an Australian rules footballer who played for Essendon. He began the 2008 season on the rookie list but was elevated to the senior list to replace Andrew Lovett and debuted in round 7.

Jarrod Atkinson was a mature-age draftee aged 23 when he was picked up by Essendon in the 2007 rookie draft after impressing selectors as a defender in the VFL with the Bendigo Bombers in that same year.

He started the 2008 season showing great potential playing in the pre-season cup where his size and speed suggested he could succeed at the elite level. Jarrod also showed he is out to make the most of his opportunity at Essendon by breaking the club's sprint record over 20m with a time of 2.73 Seconds previously jointly held by Alwyn Davey, Courtenay Dempsey and Leroy Jetta.

Atkinson's efforts were rewarded by being promoted to the senior list in April 2008 after Scott Lucas was placed on the long-term injury list. He played his debut game for Essendon, along with fellow debutants, Darcy Daniher and David Myers, in Round 7 against Port Adelaide at the Dome. He finished the year playing five senior games.

He played a further five games in 2009 and seven in 2010.

He was delisted by the club before the 2011 season.

References

External links

Living people
1985 births
Essendon Football Club players
Indigenous Australian players of Australian rules football
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Bendigo Football Club players
Claremont Football Club players

Jarrod Atkinson


Magnus Bäcklund, (born 16 November 1965 in Kristinehamn, Värmland, Sweden) is a Swedish singer. He was part of the Swedish duo Fame with Jessica Andersson between 2002 and 2006 after they met at the reality television show Fame Factory. After the breakup of the band, he developed a solo singing career, releasing an album Never Say Never in 2006 immediately after the break-up.

Beginnings in Fame Factory
He gained fame after taking part in the 2002 series of the television show Fame Factory which he won. The Swedish record manager Bert Karlsson proposed to put him in a duo with another Fame participant Jessica Andersson. The duo was called Fame.

In Fame

Fame was formed in 2003 and under that banner, he took part in 2003 in Melodifestivalen under the name Fame, with the "Give Me Your Love" that earned favour with the Swedish public and the jury winning in a landslide victory in Melodifestivalen 2003 at the Stockholm Globe Arena. They went on to participate in the Eurovision Song Contest, eventually garnering 107 points, which put them in fifth place.

With Eurovision success, Fame put up a full studio album also titled Give Me Your Love. It included 14 tracks, 11 in English and 3 in Swedish. The track list had 8 songs performed by the duo, 4 solo tracks by Jessica Andersson herself (i.e. "Ett kort ögonblick", "Single Girl", "Anyway You Want It" and "Säg att du stannar kvar") and 2 solo tracks by Magnus Bäcklund

In 2004, Fame tried yet again for Melodifestivalen 2004, this time with "Vindarna vänder oss" ("The Winds Turn Us"), finishing just sixth overall. Fame folded in 2006, with both continuing with solo careers.

Solo career
As a solo act, he took part in Melodifestivalen 2006 with the song "The Name of Love" appearing in the first semi-final on 18 February 2006, and earned a place in "Andra Chansen" (literally a "second chance") held on 12 March 2006, that allowed him a showing in the finals. Andersson was taking part with another song, but failed to make it to the finals. Bäcklund's song finished fifth overall that year. It also charted in Sverigetopplistan, the official Swedish Singles Chart reaching number 6. Magnus Bäcklund capitalizing on his showing in the final released his album Never Say Never in 2006 that included "The Name of Love".

Bäcklund took part in Eskilstunarevyn that premiered beginning of 2007 and lasted for a few months. On 16 February 2007, he released a single "Burn" featuring Linda Lampenius that became his biggest success reaching number 4 in the Swedish charts.

In 2007 he performed at Cirkus in Stockholm with Robert Wells' show Rhapsody in Rock.

He was a television celebrity in the Swedish game show Så ska det låta (meaning That's the spirit) based on the Irish show The Lyrics Board. In 2008 he competed against Molly Sandén on the show and in 2010, with Linda Bengtzing.

In summer 2009, he toured with the band Thunderballs and Tom Jones in the show The Hitstory. He also took part in the Göteborg Culture Festival.

Personal life
Bäcklund works part time as a commercial pilot in the airline NextJet.

Discography

Albums

Singles

References

External links
Official website
Facebook

Swedish male singers
1965 births
Living people
People from Kristinehamn
People from Kristinehamn Municipality
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2003
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Sweden
Melodifestivalen contestants of 2004
Melodifestivalen contestants of 2003

Magnus Bäcklund (singer)


The Spider Murphy Gang is a German rock band from Munich best known for their greatest hit "Skandal im Sperrbezirk", which is a famous song of the Neue Deutsche Welle. It was founded in 1977 by bank clerk Günther Sigl, together with Gerhard Gmell ("Barny Murphy"), Michael Busse and Franz Trojan. Elements of the Bavarian German dialect are used in many songs.

Their name is a reference to Elvis Presley's song, "Jailhouse Rock", in which a 'Spider Murphy' played the tenor saxophone. "Spider Murphy" is also referred to in a song written by Larry Kirwan of the Irish fusion Band Black 47's song, "Forty Deuce."  The song appears referential to both the Spider Murphy Gang and to "Jailhouse Rock", for the live version from 2006's "Bittersweet 16" includes a saxophone solo which the singer recalls having heard in Sing Sing prison.

Band members
Günther Sigl – Vocals/Bass
Gerhard Gmell – Guitar
Willie Duncan – Guitar/Bass/Lap Steel/Mandolin/Vocals
Otto Staniloi – Sax
Paul Dax – Drums
Lucky Seuss – Keys

Discography

Albums
Rock'n'Roll (1978)
Rock'n'Roll Schuah (1980)
Dolce Vita (1981)
Tutti Frutti (1982)
Spider Murphy Gang live! (1983)
Scharf wia Peperoni (1984)
Wahre Liebe (1985)
Überdosis Rock'n'Roll (1987)
In Flagranti (1989)
Hokuspokus (1990)
Keine Lust auf schlechte Zeiten (1997)
Rock'n'Roll Story (1997)
Das komplette Konzert (1999)
Radio Hitz (2002)
Skandal im Lustspielhaus (2004)

External links

 Official homepage
 Wort-Laut
 Management

1977 establishments in Germany
Neue Deutsche Welle groups
German rock music groups
Musical groups established in 1977
Musical groups from Munich

Spider Murphy Gang


Erewhon or  Over the Range is a novel by Samuel Butler set in the fictional country of Erewhon (in real life New Zealand) and is based on the author's time on a sheep ranch in New Zealand called "Mesopotamia Station". The book satirizes British society during the Victorian era, especially the industrial revolution,  British imperialism, the class system, crime and punishment, religion and anthropocentrism. Erewhon was one of the first novels to touch on ideas of artificial intelligence, self replicating machines and the like.

English novels
1872 books
Fictional countries

Erewhon


Ramathibodi or Ramathipbodi (, ; ; "Overlord Rāma") was a Thai royal title. All Thai monarchs took Ramathibodi as their formal or ceremonial title, but a few are widely known by it.

It may refer to:

 Ramathibodi I, also known as U Thong
 Ramathibodi II, also known as Chetthathirat
 Order of Rama, known in Thai as Ramathibodi
 Ramathibodi Hospital

See also

 Rama (Kings of Thailand)

Thai royal titles

Ramathibodi


Lieutenant General Sir Harry Calvert, 1st Baronet  (March 1763 – 3 September 1826) was a British general.

Military career
Calvert was born in 1763 at Hampton, near London. He was educated at Harrow, and at the age of fifteen, was commissioned into the 23rd Foot (Royal Welsh Fusiliers). The following year he served with his regiment in America during the American Revolutionary War. He was at the siege of Charleston, and served through the campaign of Lord Cornwallis which ended with the surrender of Yorktown. From 1781 to 1783 he was a prisoner of war.

Flanders Campaign 1793–1795
Returning to England in 1784, he was promoted Captain 1785, then next saw active service in 1793 in the Campaign in the Low Countries, where he was aide-de-camp to the Duke of York. Sent to discuss surrender terms with the garrison of Valenciennes, he was present at the Siege of Dunkirk 25 Aug-10 September, and the relief of Menin on the 15th. Detached to the Austrian staff of Coburg, he was present at the Battle of Wattignies 15/16 Oct. Promoted Lieutenant Colonel, he remained on York's staff 1794 and saw action at Beaumont (Troisvilles) 26 April. At the Battle of Tourcoing 17/18 May, he narrowly escaped capture with York and was forced to swim the Espierre's brook with him. He again saw action at Tournai (Pont-à-Chin) 22nd, the retreat to Antwerp, June–July, and in the Defence of Holland. In 1795 he was engaged on a confidential mission to Brunswick and Berlin.
One of York's "most trusted staff officers" his Journals & Correspondence remains a vital source of information on the Flanders Campaign of 1793–95.

Administrator
On Calvert's return to Britain he was appointed Deputy Quartermaster General at the Horseguards, then Deputy Adjutant General 1796. He was made Colonel of the 5th West India Regt and Adjutant General 26 Jan 1797. At this time "Calvert was a rising star, already Deputy Adjutant General, and engaged to a niece of Mr. Greenwood, a partner in Cox, Greenwood, Cox & Co., the army agents. Malicious gossip had it that this connexion was likely to do more for him than any show of martial brilliance, for the Duke of York was known to have heavy financial obligations to the firm. But Calvert had more than good looks and influence; he stood firmly for the (staff) college". In 1799, having already served as deputy Adjutant-General, he was made Adjutant-General to the Forces, holding this role until 1818. In this capacity he effected many improvements in the organization and discipline of the service. He greatly improved the administration of the army medical and hospital department, introduced regimental schools, developed the Junior and Senior departments of the new Royal Military College, and was largely responsible for the founding of the Duke of York's School, Chelsea. Promoted Major General on 29th Sept 1803, and Lieutenant General 25 Oct 1809, in recognition of his work as adjutant general he was made a GCB in 1815, a GCH in 1817, and on retiring from office, received a baronetcy in 1818. In 1820 he was made Lieutenant-Governor of the Royal Hospital Chelsea, and elevated to Full General 1821. He died on 3 September 1826, at Middle Claydon, Buckinghamshire.

References

1763 births
1826 deaths
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
British Army lieutenant generals
British Army personnel of the American Revolutionary War
British Army personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
People educated at Harrow School
People from Hampton, London
American Revolutionary War prisoners of war held by the United States
Royal Welch Fusiliers officers
British prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War

Harry Calvert


Blickling Hall is a Jacobean stately home situated in 5,000 acres of parkland in a loop of the River Bure, near the village of Blickling north of Aylsham in Norfolk, England. The mansion was built on the ruins of a Tudor building for Sir Henry Hobart from 1616 and designed by Robert Lyminge. The library at Blickling Hall contains one of the most historically significant collections of manuscripts and books in England, containing an estimated 13,000 to 14,000 volumes. The core collection was formed by Sir Richard Ellys. The property passed into the care of the National Trust in 1940.

Early history
In the 15th century, Blickling was in the possession of Sir John Fastolf of Caister in Norfolk (1380–1459), who made a fortune in the Hundred Years' War, and whose coat of arms is still on display there.  Later, the property was in the possession of the Boleyn family, and home to Thomas Boleyn, later Earl of Wiltshire, and his wife Elizabeth between 1499 and 1505. Although the exact birth dates of their children are unknown, historians including Eric Ives are confident that all three surviving children were likely born at Blickling – Mary in about 1499, George in about 1504, and Anne in about 1501. A statue and portrait of Anne may be found at Blickling Estate which carry the inscription, "Anna Bolena hic nata 1507" (Anne Boleyn born here 1507).

The house of Blickling seen today was built on the ruins of the old Boleyn property in the reign of James I, by Sir Henry Hobart, Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas and 1st Baronet, who bought Blickling from Robert Clere in 1616. The architect of Hatfield House, Robert Lyminge, is credited with the design of the current structure. The Lord Chief Justice married Dorothy, the daughter of Sir Robert Bell of Beaupre Hall, Outwell/Upwell, Norfolk, Speaker of the House of Commons 1572–1576.

In 1621 Frances Egerton married Sir John Hobart, 2nd Baronet and they lived together at Blickling Hall for twenty years. It was Sir John who completed the building of the house that his father had started. They incurred huge debts. Frances was able to reduce the debt by £6,000 but she had to forestall her creditors. John became not well and Frances cared for him. They had several children but only Phillipa survived. In 1647 John died and Phillipa married her cousin and her father's heir Sir John Hobart, 3rd Baronet.

Later history
In 1698 the estate passed down to Sir John Hobart, the 5th Baronet who was created Earl of Buckinghamshire in 1746. He was responsible for creating the ha-ha and building the Doric Temple in the grounds, as well as extending the park by the purchase of adjacent land. His son the second earl remodelled the hall between 1765 and 1785. Although the estate then passed down to his youngest daughter Caroline, who was married to Lord Suffield, the couple died childless and it thus devolved to Caroline's nephew William Kerr, the 8th Marquess of Lothian, who remodelled the west front. It thereafter passed down in the Kerr family.

Recent history
During World War II the house was requisitioned and served as the Officers' Mess of nearby RAF Oulton. After the death of Philip Kerr, 11th Marquess of Lothian (the last private owner of Blickling) in December 1940, the Blickling estate passed into the care of the National Trust as part of his bequest, under the terms of the Country Houses Scheme. RAF servicemen and women were billeted within the grounds in Nissen huts, whilst officers were housed in the house itself. The adjacent lake was used by RAF service personnel to practise dinghy drills during the Second World War. The National Trust has created the RAF Oulton Museum on site in tribute to the RAF pilots and ground crew who served in the Second World War, and this may be visited for no additional entrance fee.

At the end of the war, the house was de-requisitioned. The National Trust again let it to tenants until 1960, when the Trust began work to restore the house to a style reflecting its history. The house and grounds were opened to the public in 1962 and remain open under the name of "Blickling Estate". During 2019, the site received 225,624 visitors.

In 2015 the National Trust marked the 75th anniversary of Philip Kerr's death with a celebration of his life and times.

Work began in October 2015 to introduce a heat pump system, using residual warmth from the estate's lake. Tubing, filled with a plant-based glycol, would be placed in the lake and the resulting liquid pumped into the house for further warming, enabling the heating of large parts of the house. The Trust estimated the project would save some 25,000 litres of oil each year, with cost savings in the region of £16,000.

In February 2021, it was reported that the parasitic wasp species Trichogramma evanescens was being deployed to the hall in an attempt to prevent damage to various artworks there, including a tapestry from Catherine the Great, caused by difficulties controlling the common clothes moth. In conjunction with this, chemicals to confuse the moths' mating behaviour would also be used.

Library

The library at Blickling Estate contains one of the most historically significant collections of manuscripts and books in England. The library's estimated 13,000 to 14,000 volumes span 146 linear feet. The core collection was formed by Sir Richard Ellys (1682-1742), a cousin of the Hobarts of Blickling.
The most important manuscript associated with the house is the Blickling Homilies, which is one of the earliest extant examples of English vernacular homiletic writings. The Blickling homilies were first edited and translated in the 19th century by Richard Morris, whose work is still considered definitive. A more recent translation and edition by Richard J. Kelly was widely panned by scholars and critics upon publication. Another important manuscript formerly at Blickling Hall is the Blickling or Lothian Psalter, an 8th-century illuminated psalter with Old English glosses, now owned by the Pierpont Morgan Library, where it is MS M.776.
The entire collection at Blickling Hall is in the process of being cataloged and put online by John Gandy, who began the project in 2010 but does not expect to finish for several years. Catalog records are available as the project progresses and accessible through the National Trust website or COPAC.

The Blickling estate

The estate covers  and includes:  of woodland,  of parkland and  of farmland. Much of it is classified as Grade 2 and 3 agricultural land which is actively managed by the National Trust to provide income to support the house, gardens, park and woods.
The estate is listed Grade II* on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.

Garden history
A house and garden existed at Blickling before the estate was purchased by the Boleyn family in the 1450s, but no records survive to give an indication of their appearance. After Sir Henry Hobart acquired the estate in 1616, he remodelled the gardens to include ponds, a wilderness and a parterre. A garden mount– an artificial hill in Blickling's flat landscape, was made to provide views of the new garden. With the accession of Sir John Hobart (later the 1st Earl of Buckingham) in 1698 the garden was expanded to add a new wilderness and the temple was constructed.

In the latter half of the 18th century John Hobart, 2nd Earl of Buckingham, embarked on works that would radically change the appearance of the gardens. All traces of formality were removed, and naturally arranged clumps of trees were planted to create a landscape garden. By the 1780s an orangery had been built to overwinter tender citrus trees. Following the 2nd Earl's death in 1793, his youngest daughter Caroline, Lady Suffield, employed landscape gardener Humphry Repton and his son John Adey Repton to advise on garden matters. John Adey Repton went on to provide designs for many garden features. The estate was inherited by nine-year-old William Schomberg Robert Kerr, 8th Marquess of Lothian in 1840. He re-introduced the formality and colour schemes of the parterre. After his death at the age of 38, responsibility for the gardens rested with Lady Lothian and her head gardener Mr Lyon. Philip Henry Kerr, 11th Marquis of Lothian, inherited the estate in 1930. After disparaging comments in Country Life, Lothian engaged gardener Norah Lindsay to remodel the gardens. In the parterre she replaced the jumble of tiny flower beds with four large square beds planted with a mixture of herbaceous plants in graduated and harmonious colours. Other changes  included removal of a line of conifers in the Temple walk, which were replaced with plantings of azaleas.

The garden today
The garden at Blickling covers  and contains formal and informal gardens, Grade II listed buildings and structures, woodland, specimen trees, Victorian garden ornaments, topiary, the kitchen garden (open to the public 2010), and 18th century yew hedges. The lawns which frame the main approach to the hall are bounded by yew hedges which were first recorded by William Freeman of Hamels in 1745. Surrounding the hall on three sides is the dry moat. The plantings in the moist, sheltered conditions of the moat were considerably revised by Lindsay who introduced hosta, species of hydrangea, buddleia and rosemary.

To the rear of the property is the noted Parterre garden which is located on the east lawn. Originally created as a Victorian sunken garden it was remodelled by Lindsay in the early 1930s. Set around an 18th-century listed stone fountain, she divided the garden into four large, colourful herbaceous beds surrounded by L shaped borders stocked with roses and catmint with an acorn shaped yew marking each corner. In the terraces above the parterre there are plantings of peony, seasonal beds and the double borders created in 2006, contain a wide variety of perennials, shrubs and grasses with colours ranging from hot to cool. Close by, are the White and Black borders which were established in 2009, together with a collection of elaeagnus. The western side of the garden features the lawned Acre which is fringed by a spreading oriental plane tree. Outdoor sports such as croquet are played here in the summer months. Further highlights are a collection of magnolia underplanted with autumn cyclamen, the shell fountain and the kitchen garden. To the north of the parterre is the Wilderness garden which is bisected by radial grassed avenues flanked with turkey oak, lime and beech trees and naturalised bulbs.

The wilderness hides a Secret Garden with a summerhouse, scented plants and a central sundial. Nearby is the listed 18th century orangery which houses a collection of citrus trees. Adjacent, to the building is a steep sided dell which is home to many woodland plants including a selection of hellebore and foxglove. In 2009, an area of woodland was cleared close to the orangery to create a new woodland garden. Stocked with a wide range of woodland plants including camellia and varieties of mahonia. Opened in 2010, it will be known as the Orangery Garden. The Grade II listed Temple is approached by the Temple walk which is lined with azalea planted by Lindsay in her original 1930s design. Scattered throughout the garden are many garden ornaments including thirty pieces supplied to Lady Lothian in 1877 by Austin & Seeley of Euston Road, London. Future projects include the creation of a philadelphus and rose garden, both of which will be located in the Wilderness and open to the public in the near future.
In 2015, it was announced that Blickling's unused walled garden covering  is to be regenerated. The project will take five years to complete.

See also
 Blickling Park mausoleum

References

Further reading
 Woodcock, T., Robinson, J., Heraldry in Historic Houses of Great Britain, p. 46–51,pb. 2000,
 Stephen Cooper, The Real Falstaff, Sir John Fastolf and the Hundred Years War, (Pen & Sword, 2010)

External links

Books in the Library of Blickling Hall
The Headless ghosts of Blickling Hall – an animated myth
 list of paintings on view

1616 establishments in England
Country houses in Norfolk
Grade I listed buildings in Norfolk
Grade I listed houses
Grade I listed museum buildings
Grade II* listed parks and gardens in Norfolk
Houses completed in 1616
Historic house museums in Norfolk
National Trust properties in Norfolk
Blickling
Woodland gardens

Blickling Hall


Alfons de Tous (died February 3, 1421) was president of the Generalitat of Catalonia 1396-1413, succeeding Miquel de Santjoan when the latter left Catalonia in 1396 to become a royal ambassador.

During the Western Schism, he aligned with the Antipope Benedict XIII and the revived line of Avignon popes, and continued that support until the Council of Constance, when Ferdinand I of Aragon withdrew his support for Avignon, at which point Alfons tried unsuccessfully to convince Benedict to voluntarily renounce his claim to the papacy.

Alfons began his ecclesiastical career as the rector of the church of Sant Mateu (Saint Matthew) in Tortosa. He next served the Benedict XIII as his ambassador to the Kingdom of Castile, and later became rector of the Church of Santa Maria del Pi in Barcelona, from which position he was appointed a deputy to the Corts of Barcelona, the Catalan parliament. On December 3, 1400, as president of the Corts of Barcelona, he purchased the original portion of what then became the Palau de la Generalitat de Catalunya for 38,500 sous. Alfons became the first president of the Generalitat of Catalonia to live there.

Subsequently to serving at Santa Maria del Pi, he became a canon of the Cathedral of Barcelona and, eventually, auditor of the Pia Almoina, the charitable fund of the cathedral. In 1408 King Martin of Aragon ("Martin the Humane") proposed him as bishop of Barcelona, but the Pope named Francisco de Blanes instead. Martin successfully exerted pressure to have him named bishop of Elne; in 1410, he was transferred to serve as bishop at Vic, where in 1417 he decreed that every parish must maintain a register of baptisms.

His activities in the role of ecclesiastical deputy to the Generalitat required that he take part in the parliamentary discussion of the succession after Martin's death in 1410. The new king Ferdinand I was from the House of Trastámara, which already ruled Castile, so his selection as king brought Aragon and Castile under the same dynastic house. Subsequently, Alfons presided over the Corts of Montblanc (1414). In both of these parliamentary assemblies as well as in the Corts of Sant Cugat-Tortosa (1419), he tried, with little success, to influence the new Trastámara king to continue the policies of the earlier line of Aragones monarchs.

References

1421 deaths
15th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the Kingdom of Aragon
Bishops from Catalonia
Presidents of the Government of Catalonia
Year of birth unknown

Alfons de Tous


Terminal velocity is the speed when an object falling through a fluid (usually air) is no longer getting faster.

Terminal velocity happens at the moment in time that the force of gravity, called weight, is the same as the opposite force of air resistance or friction. In other words, terminal velocity is the point at which the velocity (speed of moving of the falling object) is no longer getting greater. The gravitational force minus the force of drag (or air resistance) equals zero.

An object continues to fall steadily until air resistance becomes so great that it equals the pull of gravity and the object can fall no faster. Besides weight, terminal velocity depends on other factors such as shape and cross sectional area.

Example
The terminal velocity of a skydiver in a belly-to-earth (i.e., face down) free-fall position is about 195 km/h (122 mph or 54 m/s). This velocity is the limit of the acceleration process. The forces on the body balance each other more and more closely as the terminal velocity is approached. In this example, a speed of 50% of terminal velocity is reached after only about 3 seconds, while it takes 8 seconds to reach 90%, 15 seconds to reach 99% and so on.

Higher speeds are achieved if the skydiver pulls in his or her limbs  (see also freeflying). In this case, the terminal velocity increases to about 320 km/h (200 mph or 90 m/s), which is almost the terminal velocity  of the Peregrine Falcon diving down on its prey.

References

Velocity

Terminal velocity