Elijah Riley (born June 12, 1998) is an American football strong safety for the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League (NFL). He was signed by the Philadelphia Eagles as an undrafted free agent in 2020 following his college football career at Army.

Professional career

Philadelphia Eagles
Riley signed with the Philadelphia Eagles as an undrafted free agent following the 2020 NFL Draft on April 26, 2020. He was waived during final roster cuts on September 3, 2020, and re-signed to the team's practice squad three days later. He was elevated to the active roster on October 10 and October 17 for the team's weeks 5 and 6 games against the Pittsburgh Steelers and Baltimore Ravens, and reverted to the practice squad following each game. On December 16, 2020, Riley was promoted to the active roster.

On August 31, 2021, Riley was waived by the Eagles and re-signed to the practice squad the next day.

New York Jets
On November 9, 2021, Riley was signed by the New York Jets off the Eagles practice squad. On August 23, 2022, he was released.

Pittsburgh Steelers
On August 24, 2022, Riley was claimed off waivers by the Pittsburgh Steelers. He was waived on August 30 and signed to the practice squad the next day. He was elevated on October 8, 2022, to the Active/Inactive roster from the Steeler's practice squad, and then reverted to the practice squad after the game. He was promoted to the active roster on December 24, 2022.

References

External links
Philadelphia Eagles bio
Army Black Knights football bio

Further reading

1998 births
Living people
People from Port Jefferson, New York
Sportspeople from Brookhaven, New York
Players of American football from Suffolk County, New York
American football defensive backs
Army Black Knights football players
Philadelphia Eagles players
New York Jets players
Pittsburgh Steelers players

Elijah Riley


The Romantic (2003) is the sixth novel by Canadian novelist and short story writer Barbara Gowdy. It was longlisted for the Man Booker Prize in the same year.

Plot summary
Louise Kirk learns about love and loss at an early age. When she is nine years old, her former beauty queen mother disappears, leaving a note that reads only - and incorrectly - "Louise knows how to work the washing machine." Soon after, the Richters and their adopted son, Abel, move in across the street. Louise's immediate devotion to the exotic, motherly Mrs. Richter is quickly transferred to her nature-loving, precociously intelligent son." From this childhood friendship evolves a love that will bind Louise and Abel for the rest of their lives. Though Abel moves away, Louise's attachment becomes ever more fixed as she grows up. Separations are followed by reunions, but with every turn of their fractured relationship, Louise discovers that she cannot get Abel to love her as fiercely and exclusively as she loves him. Only when Louise comes face to face with another great loss is she finally forced to confront the costs of abandoning herself to another.

References

External links
 Review in The New York Times
 Review in The Guardian

2003 Canadian novels
Novels by Barbara Gowdy

The Romantic (Gowdy novel)


John Paul Manley  (born January 5, 1950) is a Canadian lawyer, businessman, and politician who served as the eighth deputy prime minister of Canada from 2002 to 2003.  He served as Liberal Member of Parliament for Ottawa South from 1988 to 2004. From January 2010 to October 2018 he was president and CEO of the Business Council of Canada. He is currently the chairman of the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC) and serves on the advisory board of the Leaders' Debates Commission.

Background
Manley was born in Ottawa, Ontario, and attended Bell High School. He received a BA from Carleton University in 1971 and an LL.B. from the University of Ottawa in 1976. He also studied at the University of Lausanne.

After law school Manley clerked under Bora Laskin, the Chief Justice of Canada. He was called to the Ontario bar in 1978.

He is married to Judith Manley with whom he has three children: Rebecca, David and Sarah.

Manley is also an accomplished marathoner.

Cabinet career
He was first elected as an MP in the 1988 election. When the Liberals came to power under Jean Chrétien following the 1993 election he became Minister of Industry. During his time in Industry, Manley was a staunch supporter of Canada-based research and development, and also of increased technology use in public schools. In particular, he felt that the so-called "wired classroom" would help to equalize the gap between urban and smaller, rural schools. These initiatives were partially aimed at combating the "brain drain", and Manley himself stated that "Canada needs to pursue policies that will make it a magnet for brains, attracting them from elsewhere and retaining the ones we have."

Manley also unveiled a multimillion-dollar rescue package for the cash-strapped Ottawa Senators, being a friend of owner Rod Bryden, but later withdrew the aid after critics argued that there were better uses for public funds.

Manley supported Dalton McGuinty's successful bid to lead the Ontario Liberal Party in 1996.

He was shuffled to Minister of Foreign Affairs on the eve of the 2000 election. He was widely applauded for his work in foreign affairs, particularly for helping to ease strained Canada-U.S. relations. He was seen as able to communicate with the U.S. administration, and had a good working relationship with both Colin Powell and Tom Ridge. David Rudd, then director of Toronto's Canadian Institute of Strategic Studies said: "Under Manley, the government of Canada talks to Washington, not at it." In January 2002 he was appointed as Deputy Prime Minister and given special responsibility for security in response to 9/11. For his performance in these roles, he was named Time Magazine's "Canadian newsmaker of the year" in 2001.

In May 2002, Chrétien appointed Manley as Minister of Finance, following the departure of Paul Martin. His 2003 federal budget laid out billions of dollars in new spending, primarily in health-care, child-care, and for First Nations. It also introduced new accountability features to help limit federal waste.

2003 Liberal leadership election

When Jean Chrétien announced his decision to retire, Manley announced his intention to run for the Liberal leadership. His primary competition was Martin, although Industry Minister Allan Rock and Heritage Minister and former Deputy Prime Minister Sheila Copps also ran, while Brian Tobin briefly contemplated running. Manley's polling numbers and fundraising were slightly behind that of Rock's, while well ahead of Copps but far behind Martin.

From the beginning, it was apparent that Martin had a significant head start on his rivals. Martin's record as Minister of Finance was impressive and he also controlled much of the party machinery by 2002. Manley attacked Martin's refusal to disclose his campaign contributors, but failed to make a significant dent in Martin's support. Manley generally polled around 25% during his time in the contest, and he had the support of ministers Jane Stewart and Susan Whelan and backbench MP John H. Bryden. The rest of cabinet and most of caucus said that they would back Martin (with Martin's large lead, even most Chrétien supporters grudgingly voted for Martin), including Rock who dropped out of the race early on. Seeing his inevitable defeat, Manley withdrew from the race on July 22, 2003, and endorsed Martin.

Upon Martin's landslide victory at the leadership convention on November 14, 2003, political commentators wondered whether someone so closely linked to Chrétien would avoid a potentially embarrassing demotion in Martin's new cabinet. That year, Manley had several times expressed his interest in returning to the Foreign Affairs ministry, as it was likely that Martin would appoint his own lieutenant to the Finance portfolio. Though both were ideologically on the right wing of the Liberal party, Manley's attacks on Martin's campaign donations had likely poisoned the relationship between the two men, hurting Manley's chances of remaining a Minister. Indeed, Manley, Stewart, and Whelan were dropped from cabinet, while Bryden's constituency was abolished after Martin was sworn in as Prime Minister.

Martin, who would release the list of his new cabinet in a few days, decided to offer Manley a role as Ambassador to the United States, a patronage posting Manley said he would seriously consider.  In the end, Manley declined the ambassadorial appointment. Frank McKenna, who had also been considered a federal leadership contender, was appointed instead. On November 28, Manley announced his retirement from politics, remaining as a backbencher until the 2004 federal election.

Post-political career
Shortly after Manley announced his retirement from federal politics, Dalton McGuinty, Premier of Ontario and close friend of Manley, appointed him to chair a Royal Commission on the energy system of Ontario in the wake of the eastern North American blackout of 2003.

On May 18, 2004, he joined the law firm McCarthy Tétrault as counsel, working in their Toronto and Ottawa offices. On May 26, 2004, Manley was named to the board of directors of telecommunications firm Nortel Networks. On January 27, 2005, he was elected to the board of directors of the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce. He was also co-chair of the Independent Task Force on North America, a project of the U.S. Council on Foreign Relations. In March 2005, the Task Force released a report that advocated a North American union, an economic union between Canada, Mexico and the United States which would resemble the European Union.

In an interview with La Presse published on January 24, 2005, he openly declared his ongoing interest in the Liberal leadership. In what was seen by political followers as an unusually frank admission, Manley said he would be a candidate to replace Paul Martin if he were to step down in the next three to four years and was maintaining a cross-country organizational network for this purpose. Although he denied the existence of a formal pact with former cabinet-mate Martin Cauchon, he indicated that in a later leadership race he would probably throw his support to the younger man. On January 25, 2006, Manley sent a letter to supporters indicating that he was not going to contest the Liberal leadership after the resignation of Paul Martin.

On October 12, 2007, Manley was appointed by Conservative Prime Minister Stephen Harper to head an independent, non-partisan panel reviewing Canada's mission and future role in Afghanistan, a position he had discussed with Liberal leader Stéphane Dion beforehand. Both Dion and Liberal Foreign Affairs critic Bob Rae had encouraging words for the panel.

Manley's panel reported on Canada's Afghanistan mission to Prime Minister Harper on January 28, 2008, in what was known as the Manley report. Harper accepted the findings, which argued for an indefinite extension of the mission beyond February 2009, but also pointed to logistical and equipment shortfalls, communications challenges with telling the mission's story to Canadians, and a coming manpower strength shortage. The report's recommendations were accepted by the house when the Liberals backed them along with the Conservatives.

Manley had been mentioned as a possible contender for the leadership of the Liberal Party after Stéphane Dion's resignation following the 2008 election, but on November 4, 2008, he announced that he would not be a candidate.

In the December 6, 2008, edition of The Globe and Mail, Manley demanded Liberal leader Stéphane Dion step down so the party can find another leader before Christmas and to "rebuild the Liberal Party, rather than leading a coalition with the NDP. He added, "the notion that the public would accept Stéphane Dion as prime minister, after having resoundingly rejected that possibility a few weeks earlier, was delusional at best ... Mr. Dion had seemed to accept responsibility for the defeat (although somewhat reluctantly), and should have left his post immediately." Dion did, in fact, step down as party leader shortly after Manley's letter was published, however this was a result of internal party pressure and the significance of Manley's letter to this end is debatable.

In June 2009, Manley was named the new President and CEO of the Business Council of Canada (BCC), then known as the Canadian Council of Chief Executives, effective January 2010. He stepped down from that position effective October 15, 2018, and was succeeded by Goldy Hyder.

On July 1, 2009, Manley was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada for his contributions to Canadian politics, notably as a cabinet minister, and as a business and community leader who had played an important role in the promotion of international aid and co-operation.

He is a member of the Trilateral Commission and sits on the Advisory Council of the Canadian Defence and Foreign Affairs Institute. In 2014, he was appointed as chairman of the board of CIBC.

In September 2019, Manley joined law firm, Bennett Jones, as a Senior Business Advisor. As part of the Bennett Jones Governmental Affairs & Public Policy group, he will work with his team to provide integrated policy and legal expertise, and advisory services on both domestic and international issues.

Political ideology

Manley is regarded by some as being from the centre-right of the Liberal party, favouring fiscal conservatism, free trade, and friendly relations with the United States, although his budget included substantial program spending.

In an interview with Christopher Lim, a contributor for the British think-tank The Bruges Group, Manley was critical of then-Prime Minister Justin Trudeau's economic spending priorities, saying ""I see commitments on spending programmes that will not necessarily add to Canada's productivity or support economic growth – so I'm one that's a bit worried about the trajectory that we are on", and was also wary of the calling of the 2021 federal election, saying that "There was a sense that this election was about Mr. Trudeau and it wasn't about the Canadian people".

Manley seems committed to many of the policies implemented under Chrétien, particularly to expanding foreign aid and improving Canada's "knowledge economy".

Manley is known as a republican and an advocate of the abolition of the Canadian monarchy. This point of view created quite a controversy when, in response to a reporter's question, he publicly stated that the monarchy was unnecessary during a 12-day tour of Canada by the Queen. Manley served as the Queen's escort for the trip.

Electoral record

|- style="background:white;"
| style="text-align:right;" colspan="3"|Difference
|align="right"|23,203
|align="right"|43.2
|align="right"|−8.7

|- style="background:white;"
| style="text-align:right;" colspan="3"|Difference
|align="right"|13,908
|align="right"|26.9
|align="right"|−16.3
|- style="background:white;"
| style="text-align:right;" colspan="3"|Rejected Ballots
|align="right"|231
|align="right"|0.4
|align="right"|−0.3
|- style="background:white;"
| style="text-align:right;" colspan="3"|Turnout
|align="right"|52,021
|align="right"|62.0
|align="right"|−10.3
|- style="background:white;"

References

1950 births
Businesspeople from Ottawa
Canadian Anglicans
Canadian corporate directors
Canadian Ministers of Finance
Canadian republicans
Canadian Ministers of Foreign Affairs
Carleton University alumni
Clerks of the Supreme Court of Canada
Deputy Prime Ministers of Canada
Directors of Nortel
Directors of the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce
Lawyers in Ontario
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Living people
Members of the 26th Canadian Ministry
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
Officers of the Order of Canada
Politicians from Ottawa
University of Ottawa alumni
University of Ottawa Faculty of Law alumni

John Manley


Auplopus carbonarius is a spider wasp of the family Pompilidae. Uniquely among the British group it constructs a nest of barrel-shaped cells in which spiders are stored and the larvae develop.

Description
Approximately  (male ) in length, the male is distinguished by the ivory-coloured maculae alongside the eyes.

Biology
The flight period in Great Britain is June to August, during which the females construct a nest of barrel-shaped cells in which spiders are stored and the larvae develop. There can be as many as ten cells in a nest and the prey often has its legs amputated to make it easier to carry either by flight or more often by crawling along the ground.

The nesting behaviour is quite complex compared to most other spider wasps and shows the behavioural versatility of the female wasp. The nests are constructed in pre-existing holes in various situations, with reports citing nests beneath stones, in masonry, in tree stumps (often in old beetle burrows), under bark and in crevices of tree trunks, in empty galls of cynipid wasps, in empty burrows of other invertebrates, including other hymenopteran nests. Females create small, barrel-like cells which are laid sideways. These are constructed from small pellets of mud obtained from damp areas of soil and carried to the nest site. Water is also collected separately to aid nest building. Completed nests may consist of ten or more cells arranged in a block. These cells are then stocked with a wide variety of spider species captured from amongst vegetation. One spider is put in each cell. A. carbonarius may occasionally visit flowers such as spurge.

The most frequent prey consists of spiders in the family Clubionidae, but they have also been recorded taking Gnaphosidae, Salticidae, Agelenidae, Thomisidae, Lycosidae, Segestriidae and Anyphaenidae.

Habitat
Woodland, especially that with water courses and marshy areas which provide wet mud and clay for building nests.

Distribution
Eastern United States, eastern Canada, south eastern England,  central Europe and Scandinavia,

References

Pepsinae
Hymenoptera of Europe
Insects described in 1763
Taxa named by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli

Auplopus carbonarius


Latin alternative, or "alterlatino", is a brand of Latin rock music produced by combining genres like alternative rock, lofi, chillout, metal, electronica, hip hop, new wave, pop rock, punk rock, reggae, and ska with traditional Ibero-American sounds, in Latin Europeans and Latin Americans countries (Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, French and Catalan languages).

History
Rock music has been produced in Iberian America since the late 1950s. Some rock bands started to use unusual instruments such as maracas and quenas. In the late 1960s, artists like Santana started using a different technique to make rock music; by incorporating influences of Latin jazz. Its sound was incorporated by young Latino-players in the US, as an answer to the rock en Español movement in Americas and Spain led by bands like Héroes del Silencio, Caifanes or Los Prisioneros.

In the early 1990s, it was used by Mexican bands such as Maldita Vecindad and Café Tacuba, they were accepted on the Latino circuit in the US, especially by the Mexican community. Subsequently, experimental musician Lynda Thomas earned recognition and commercial success with alternative music in the same decade.

With the passage of time and many musical styles in the US-Latin, Latin alternative has become as diverse as the rock music genre itself. Today, many music journalists and fans regard Latin alternative as a subgenre of rock en Español, and like rock en Español, it may be further divided into more specific genres of music.

Events and media coverage
The most known event of Latin alternative is the Latin Alternative Music Conference (LAMC) that every year gathers a large number of bands from all over the Americas and Spain. The conference was co-founded by artist manager Tomas Cookman and music executive Josh Norek. It was first held in New York City in 2000, moved briefly to Los Angeles, and then returned to New York. The 2009 event featured artists from across the Americas including Argentina's Juana Molina, Puerto Rican hip-hop and reggaeton outfit Calle 13, Colombian group Bomba Estéreo, Brazilian singer-songwriter Curumin and Mexico's Natalia Lafourcade, and was profiled along with the wider Latin alternative scene in an article in The New York Times.

Notable bands and artists by country

Argentina
 Karamelo Santo
 Bersuit Vergarabat
 Cabezones
 Érica García
 Illya Kuryaki and the Valderramas
 Juana Molina
 La Yegros
 Los Fabulosos Cadillacs
 Vicentico
 Los Auténticos Decadentes
 Los Piojos
 Todos Tus Muertos

Brazil
 Chico Science
 Marcelo D2
 O Rappa

Canada
Alex Cuba
Santa Lucia LFR
The Mariachi Ghost

Chile
Joe Vasconcellos
La Floripondio
Chico Trujillo
Juana Fé
 Tiro de gracia
 Los Bunkers
 Los Tres
 Mon Laferte
 Daniel Puente Encina
 Rubio
 Alex Anwandter
GEPE
Pedro Piedra
Spiral Vortex
CAF
De Pereiras
Lanza Internacional
Lopez
La Brígida Orquesta
Camila Moreno

Colombia
 Andrea Echeverri
 Aterciopelados
 Bomba Estéreo
 Cabas
 Carlos Vives
 Estados Alterados
 Juanes
 Monareta
 Ondatrópica
 LosPetitFellas
 Nicolás y los Fumadores

Costa Rica
 Akasha
 Debi Nova
 Escats
 Gandhi
 Jose Capmany
 Pneuma

Cuba
 Addys Mercedes
 Porno Para Ricardo
 Alex Cuba
 Madera Limpia

Dominican Republic
 Alex Ferreira
 Carolina Camacho
 Toque Profundo
 Rita Indiana

France
 Mano Negra

Guatemala
 Di WAV
 Gaby Moreno
 Jesse Baez
 Easy Easy

Italy
Talco
Egin
Notagitana

Japan
Porno Graffitti

Mexico
 Caifanes
 Lynda Thomas
 Café Tacvba
 Tijuana No
 La Lupita
 La Gusana Ciega
 Molotov
 Control Machete
 El Gran Silencio
 Plastilina Mosh
 COhETICA
 Jumbo
 Zurdok
 Kinky
 Zoé
 Akwid
 Cartel de Santa
 Mexican Institute of Sound
 Nortec Collective
 Bostich
 Fussible
 Natalia Lafourcade
 Ximena Sariñana
 Los Concorde
 Ely Guerra
 Julieta Venegas
 Sonex
 Ed Maverick

Panama
 Los Rabanes

Puerto Rico
 Calle 13
 Circo
 Draco Rosa
 Zayra Alvarez

Spain
 Amaral
 Amparanoia
 Bebe
 Chambao
 Che Sudaka
 Enrique Bunbury
 Jarabe De Palo
 Héroes del Silencio
 Love of Lesbian
 Macaco
 La Mala Rodríguez
 Ojos de Brujo
 The Pinker Tones
 Radio Futura
 Christina Rosenvinge
 Ska-P
 Vetusta Morla

United States
 Bang Data
 Grupo Fantasma
 Hip Hop Hoodíos
 Origen
 Orixa
 Ozomatli
 Pacha Massive
 Ritchie Valens
 Santana
 Very Be Careful
 Yerba Buena
 Quetzal
 Aaron Andreu

Uruguay
 Hablan Por La Espalda
 Diego Janssen
 La Vela Puerca
 No Te Va Gustar
 Peyote Asesino
 Sante Les Amis

Venezuela
 Los Amigos Invisibles
 Devendra Banhart
 Jeremías
 Rawayana
 Simon Grossman
 La Vida Boheme

Record labels for Latin alternative music
 Nacional Records
 Afonico Music
 Doula Music
 Happy-fi
 Six Degrees Records
 Surco
 K Industria Cultural
 EMI Latin
 Waxploitation
 Round Whirled Records

See also

Latin Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album
Mangue Bit

References

External links
Defining Latin Alternative Music

Spanish-language music
Alternative rock genres
Rock en Español

Latin music genres

Latin alternative


Vasily Smyslov (24 March 1921 – 27 March 2010) was a Russian chess grandmaster, and World Chess Champion from 1957 to 1958.p376

Smyslov was a candidate for the World Chess Championship on eight occasions (1948, 1950, 1953, 1956, 1959, 1965, 1983, and 1985). He was one of the five players selected to compete for the 1948 World Chess Championship tournament to determine who should succeed the late Alexander Alekhine as champion. His selection was questioned by some, but this criticism was silenced when he finished second behind Mikhail Botvinnik. His victories in the double-round Candidates tournaments of 1953 and 1956 were the greatest tournament wins of the 1950s. He played three 24-game world championship matches against the formidable Botvinnik, drawing the first in 1954, winning the second in 1957 but losing the return match in 1958. All three matches were held in Moscow.

Smyslov was twice equal first in the Soviet Championship (1949, 1955), and his total of 17 Chess Olympiad medals won is an all-time record. In five European Team Championships, Smyslov won ten gold medals (team and individual). He remained active and successful in competitive chess well into the 1960s and 1970s and he qualified for the finals of the World Championship Candidates' matches as late as 1983. Vasiliy won the first World Senior Chess Championship in 1991. He retired from competitive play in 2001.

Smyslov was also a concert-level singer. His baritone singing, and fellow grandmaster Taimanov's piano recitals, were evening events at many major chess tournaments.

A tribute from Anatoly Karpov:
"What I remember most about [Smyslov] was his competitive spirit, but also his delicate sense of humour. It was always very tough playing against him, despite him being more than twice my age".

Books by Smyslov
 2003: Smyslov's best games, Volume 1: 1935-1957 (Moravian Chess)
 2003: Smyslov's best games, Volume 2: 1958-1995 (Moravian Chess)
 1997: Endgame virtuoso (Cadogan)
 1995: Smyslov's 125 selected games (Everyman Chess)
 1972: Grigory Levenfish and Vasily Smyslov Rook endings (Batsford)

Further reading

References

1921 births
2010 deaths
Russian chess players
Soviet chess players
Baritones
Chess grandmasters

Vasily Smyslov


Kathleen Dixon Gordon-Gray (née Huntley) (born 24 January 1918, Pietermaritzburg, died 13 January 2012, Pietermaritzburg) was a South African botanist, plant collector, and educator noted for her expertise in the flora of Natal.  She worked as both a lecturer and professor of botany at the University of Natal.  In 1998 she was awarded the Senior (Silver) Medal of the South African Association of Botanists.  Her research publications primarily covered the taxonomy of Acacia, Cassia, Cyperaceae, and Gramineae.

Education and career
Gordon-Gray was born in Pietermaritzburg where she attended Pietermaritzburg Girls' High School and the Natal University College of the University of South Africa. She completed her B.Sc. (Botany & Chemistry) in 1937, followed by an M.Sc. (Botany) in 1939 and PhD (Botany) in 1959.

She taught Biology at the Girls' Collegiate School from 1940 to 1945 and was appointed the Herbarium Assistant in 1946. In 1951 she was appointed Lecturer in the department of Botany at the University of Natal. She held the post of Senior lecturer from 1967 to 1976 and from 1977 until her mandatory retirement in 1978, Associate Professor.

Gordon-Gray donated a sum of money to the University of Natal to establish the Kathleen Gordon-Gray Prize for the Best Third-Year Student in Plant Systematics.

She continued to work after her retirement and was involved in fieldwork until 1965, during which time she collected approximately 4000 specimens of flora. An undiagnosed injury to her femur that she had sustained in her youth severely restricted her mobility later in life but she continued to catalogue materials supplied by fellow botanists, students and friends.

In 1998 she received the Senior (Silver) Medal from the South African Association of Botanists.

Her major publications involved Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Acacia and Cassia but her interest and expertise included many vascular plant families and other fields such as Paleobotany.

She was still engaged in a collaboration with Jane Browning and C.J. Ward to prepare a joint article for publication up to a few days before her death in January 2012.

Selected publications

References

1918 births
2012 deaths
20th-century South African women scientists
Academic staff of the University of Natal
20th-century South African botanists
South African women botanists

Kathleen D. Gordon-Gray


A center cap, or centercap is a decorative disk on an automobile wheel that covers a central portion of the wheel. Early center caps for automobiles were small and primarily served the purpose of keeping dirt away from the spindle nut and wheel bearings of vehicles. Center caps are often found on new cars to hide the lug nuts, and/or the bearing. Center caps are a type of hubcap, the other primary type being wheel covers. Some modern center caps are retained to the wheel using spring clips, while others are retained by the wheel lugs or other threaded fasteners.

History
Early center caps were usually either very small, or very large. They started on cartwheels and wagons and slowly evolved into what we know them as today. Many of the center caps from the 1950s to the 1970s were made of stainless steel. The rest of the wheel was originally of wood or many fitted metal parts. In modern times, center caps are both metal and plastic, and are typically used with aluminum alloy or styled steel wheels. Some full wheel covers use removable center caps, typically those retained by lug nuts, with the center cap's purpose to hide the lug nuts that are securing the wheel to the vehicle's hub.

Characteristics and design

Often a center cap will bear the logo or trademark of the maker of the automobile or the maker of the center cap, but there are custom center caps without any trademark as well. Early center caps were often chrome plated.

Center caps that are found on trucks are "baby moon" center caps, that originated on Mack Trucks and are found on Freightliner Trucks.

See also
Hubcap
List of auto parts

References

Automotive accessories
Auto parts
Automotive styling features

Center cap


Ignosticism is the belief that people should avoid taking a position on "the existence of God" until a concept of God has been defined.

Ignostics claim that the sound or row of alphabet letters "God" (with a capital "G") is meaningless because they lack belief that any coherent definition has been presented.  They claim ignorance of any meaningful definition for "God" that has been given.

Ignostics claim that "God is what caused everything to exist that exists except God" is not only circular, allegedly defining "God" in terms of "God", but also gives no description for "God" since "what something did" is not "what something is".

It is sometimes considered synonymous with theological noncognitivism.

Religion

Ignosticism


The Battle of Trahili () was fought on 15 August 1943 between Cretan partisans and German occupying forces during World War II. It took place near the village of Vorizia in south-central Crete, when German forces attempted to surround a small group of partisans led by the local chieftain Petrakogiorgis. Most of the partisans managed to escape, despite being heavily outnumbered.

Background
In June 1941, soon after the fall of Crete to the Axis, Georgios Petrakis (Petrakogiorgis) and five men from Vorizia established the first resistance group in the south slopes of Mt. Ida. This group, named "Psiloritis" (), was active in the regions of Mt. Ida, Messara plain, Mt. Kedros and Amari valley throughout the occupation of Crete. The group engaged in close combat with the occupation forces on several occasions and had close ties with the British SOE. As noted by Beevor, [the Germans had] harboured an especially personal enmity for Petrakogiorgis, more than for any other chieftain.

On 14 August 1943, the eve of the Dormition, most of Petrakogiorgis men were away visiting their families. He and 21 more men were hiding north of the village of Vorizia. They had arranged to receive the Holy Communion from a monk of the nearby Vrontisi Monastery and were preparing to celebrate the Dormition. Unknowingly, however, their whereabouts were betrayed to the Germans.

The battle
On the early morning of 15 August 1943, partisan sentries spotted German forces approaching their hideout from three different directions with an estimated total strength of 3500 men. After a brief discussion, the partisans decided to head towards the nearby forest of Rouvas and avoid villages as this might invoke German reprisals. On their way, at an altitude of approx. 1000 meters, they encountered a German force consisting of a few hundred men who were already in control of the pass of Trahili. The partisans sought cover in the rocks and started a fierce battle under the scorching sun which lasted until the early evening. The Germans heavily outnumbered Petrakogiorgis and his men, were much better armed and had artillery support from the town of Tymbaki. Nevertheless, they did not succeed in neutralizing the partisans, who fought bravely and managed to escape after losing 7 of their comrades and having 4 more wounded. In his diary, Petrakogiorgis reports 33 German casualties whereas Beevor mentions 13.

Aftermath
A few days after the battle of Trahili and in reprisal for the assistance of locals to the partisans, the village of Vorizia was destroyed by aerial bombardment.

A marble plaque at Trahili commemorates the battle and the fallen partisans.

See also
Razing of Vorizia

References

External links
Ημέρα Εθνικής Αντίστασης, εφημερίδα Μεσόγειος, 24 Νοεμβρίου 1998
Η μάχη στο Τραχήλι του Ψηλορείτη, εφημερίδα Ρεθεμνιώτικα Νέα; archived here
Η Αιματηρή Μάχη στο Τραχήλι, Βασ. Σπαχής, Η Φωνή των Ανωγείων, τευχ. 279, σελ. 6, Μάρτιος - Μάιος 2009
15 Αυγούστου 1943: Η Μάχη στο Τραχήλι και ο Γεώργιος Καργάκης-Ψαρογιώργης, εφημερίδα Πατρίς; archived here

Conflicts in 1943
Trahili
Trahili
1943 in Greece
August 1943 events
Crete in World War II

Battle of Trahili


The Prentice Co-operative Creamery Company in Prentice, Wisconsin was central to the community's transition from lumber to agriculture. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

History
Prentice was founded on the lumber industry when the local sawmill opened in 1882. But the sawmill closed in the 1890s when the best timber ran out. Without that big industry, people wondered how little communities left in the cut-over would survive.

The United States Leather Company had run a tannery in Prentice starting in the late 1800s, using hemlock bark from the surrounding forests in its tanning process. It was the only industry in town after the sawmill closed. When the tannery burned in February 1906, U.S. Leather rebuilt it, with the core of the current creamery building as its hide house. But then the tannery burned again after only a couple weeks of operation. The brick hide house survived the fire.

Meanwhile, more and more farmers had been settling the surrounding cut-over lands left by logging. Around 1903 the private Prentice Creamery started buying milk and selling butter. In 1915, a farmers' co-operative called the Prentice Co-operative Creamery Company was formed, and it converted the old hide house to a dairy plant. It produced 500 pounds of butter in its first day of operation; by July 1917 it produced over 9000 pounds in six days. The local paper gushed:  Everyone is urged to boost for the farmers creamery because it is a small industry which will help to do wonders to help develop the farming community, the prosperity of which causes the town to improve.

The co-op closed in 1931 during the Great Depression, but was re-opened by R.J. Peterson as the Price County Dairy. In 1933 this was taken over by the Price County Co-operative Dairy Association, which shifted production to cheese. In its first nine months it produced 100,632 pounds of butter and 153,832 pounds of cheese.

The creamery closed in the 1940s, and the building was used by Heikkinen Machine Company, Prentice Wood Products, La Font Corporation, and the Prentek Corporation.

References

Agricultural buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin
Industrial buildings completed in 1906
Buildings and structures in Price County, Wisconsin
Dairy buildings in the United States
Agricultural buildings and structures in Wisconsin
National Register of Historic Places in Price County, Wisconsin
Leather industry
1906 establishments in Wisconsin

Prentice Co-operative Creamery Company


Quarxs was one of the first computer animated series, predating ReBoot, and the first one produced in HD. It was created by Maurice Benayoun and Belgian comic-book artist François Schuiten. It was shown between 1990 and 1993.

Each episode is three minutes long. 100 were planned, but only 12 were made. A cryptobiology researcher, who discovered Quarxs, describes them as mysterious, omnipresent and invisible creatures that bend the laws of physics, biology and optics, and the only reason the world is not perfect.

Quarxs is the only fictional series by Maurice Benayoun, a contemporary artist who later moved to media art. It has received many awards from international events and festivals, such as SIGGRAPH, Imagina, Ars Electronica, ISEA, Images du Futur, Sitges, Tampere, and the International Monitor Award. The series has been shown in more than 15 countries.

Creatures
 Amperophile – Attracted to electrical currents
 Carno-lampire – Mentioned, but not described
 Elasto-fragmentoplast – Breaks small objects
 Electricia – Causes electrical incidents
 Mille-folio – Lays between the animate and the inanimate
 Mnemochrome – Copies artworks
 Paleoquarxs – A range of primitive Quarxs
 Partio scopa dextra – Visible only from the right side
 Polymorpho proximens – Takes the shape of nearby objects
 Reverso chrono-cycli – Reverses the flow of time
 Spatio-striata – Only present in some slices of space
 Spiro-thermophage – Absorbs the heat in plumbing systems
 Voltophage – Eats electrical current

Awards

Quarxs has received many awards:
 Finalist, International Monitor Awards, Los Angeles, USA, October 1995.
 Official selection, Film West, Sydney, Australia, August 1995.
 Prize of the Best European Animation Film, Prix Jose Abel, Cinanima, Espinho, Portugal, October 1994.
 Silver Trophy, "Espace Creation", F.A.U.S.T., Toulouse, France, November 1994.
 Official selection, Antenna Cinema, Festival of TV series, Treviso, Italy, September 1994.
 Official selection, Electronic Theater, 5 Th. International Symposium on Electronic Art, ISEA, Helsinki, Finland, August 1994.
 Official Selection, XXVII e INTERNATIONAL Festival of Fantastic Film, Sitges, Spain, July 1994.
 Official Selections, SIGGRAPH, Electronic Theater, Orlando, United States, May 1994.
 SIGGRAPH, Screenings, Orlando, USA, May 1994.
 Special Effects Screenings, Cannes Festival, May 1994.
 Opening movie, " Concours Nouvelles Technologies France Télévision/Art3000 ", Paris, May 1994.
 Distinction (2nd Prize, after Jurassic Park) Ars Electronica, Linz, Austria, June 1994.
 Official Selection, Animation Film Festival, Cardiff, Scotland, April 1994.
 Official Selection, Short Film Festival, Tampere, Finland, Mars 1994.
 3rd Prize Fiction category, IMAGINA 94, Monte-Carlo, Monaco, February 1994.
 Official Selection, International Animation Film Festival, Brussels, Belgium, February 1994.
 3rd Prize, Fiction category, IMAGINA '93, Monte-Carlo, Monaco, February 1993.
 Official Selection, SIGGRAPH, Chicago, USA, July 1992.
 Official Selection, 5th Festival of Computer Animation, Geneva, Switzerland, May 1992.
 Official Selection, IMAGINA 92, Monte-Carlo, Monaco, January 1992.
 Third Dimension Award, SCAM, Paris, FRANCE, November 1991.
 Best Screenplay award, Paris Cité '91, Paris, FRANCE, October 1991.
 Official Selection, EUROGRAPHICS 91, Vienna, Austria, September 1991.
 Honorary Mention, Ars Electronica, Linz, Austria, September 1991.
 Official Selection, Images du Futur, Montreal, Canada, September 1991.
 1st Prize, Artistic Animation Category, Truevision Videographic Competition, SIGGRAPH, Las Vegas, USA, July 1991.

References

Other websites
 IMDB profile: Quarxs
 Maurice Benayoun's official web site
 Quarxs's official web site
  Quarxs web site
 Z-A Production web site, producer of the Quarxs
 Maurice Benayoun's New Quarxs Page

French animated television series
1990s animated television series
1990 television series debuts
1993 television series endings
Fantasy television series
Mystery television series

Quarxs


An active galactic nucleus (AGN) is a compact region at the centre of a galaxy. This central region radiates huge luminosity over the electromagnetic spectrum.  The radiation from an AGN is thought to be caused by mass dragged in by the gravitational pull of a supermassive black hole at the centre of the host galaxy.

This electromagnetic radiation is observed in the radio, microwaves, infrared, optical, ultra-violet, X-ray and gamma ray wavebands.

A galaxy hosting an AGN is called an active galaxy. AGN are the most luminous and persistent sources of electromagnetic radiation in the universe. They can be used to discover distant objects. All theories about  the cosmos have to account for AGNs. They are one of the basic facts about the universe.

So-called relativistic jets are extremely powerful jets of plasma which come from some AGNs, notably radio galaxies and quasars. Their lengths can reach several thousand or even hundreds of thousands of light years.

References

Cosmology

Active galactic nucleus


Oliver Ralph Chenoweth (born 17 February 1992) is an English footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Southern League club Truro City. He made one appearance in the Football League for Plymouth Argyle.

Career
Chenoweth joined the Plymouth Argyle Centre of Excellence in 2005, joining from his local side Venterdon. He progressed through the youth system and signed a six-month professional contract in May 2010. Chenoweth was released in May 2011 due to the club's financial problems and their relegation to Football League Two. He then joined Southern League Division One South & West side Bideford, keeping seven clean sheets as they propelled to the top of the league. In December 2011, Chenoweth was given the chance to return Plymouth after training with the club, and signed a contract until the end of the season. In January 2012, he was loaned out to Conference South side Truro City on an initial one-month loan, which was later extended until the end of the season. He made 12 appearances for the club in the Conference South.

He was recalled by Plymouth in April 2012 as cover for Romain Larrieu in a 1–0 win against Aldershot Town, and made his first team debut on 28 April in a 2–2 draw at Morecambe. He joined Southern League Premier Division club Frome Town on loan for one month in November, and made three league appearances. Chenoweth was released at the end of the 2012–13 season, and subsequently re-signed for Truro City, this time on a permanent contract.

References

External links

1992 births
Living people
English men's footballers
People from Liskeard
Men's association football goalkeepers
Plymouth Argyle F.C. players
Bideford A.F.C. players
Truro City F.C. players
Frome Town F.C. players
Southern Football League players
National League (English football) players
English Football League players
Footballers from Cornwall

Ollie Chenoweth


The Milan Conservatory, also known as the Conservatorio di Milano and the Conservatorio Giuseppe Verdi, is a college of music in Milan, Italy.

History

The conservatory was established by a royal decree of 1807 in Milan, capital of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy. It opened the following year with premises in the cloisters of the Baroque church of Santa Maria della Passione. There were initially eighteen boarders, including students of both sexes. Today it is the largest institute of musical education in Italy.

Alumni and faculty
In its 200-year history, the conservatory has educated some of Italy's most prominent musicians and conductors, including Fausto Romitelli, Oscar Bianchi, Luca Francesconi, Stefano Gervasoni, Marco Stroppa, Giacomo Puccini, Alfredo Piatti, Amilcare Ponchielli, Arrigo Boito, Giovanni Bottesini, Alfredo Catalani, Riccardo Chailly, Amelita Galli-Curci, Vittorio Giannini, Scipione Guidi, Bruno Maderna, Pietro Mascagni, Gian Carlo Menotti, Francisco Mignone, Riccardo Muti, Kurken Alemshah, Italo Montemezzi, Feliciano Strepponi, Alceo Galliera, Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli, Giuseppe Andaloro, Mario Nascimbene, Maurizio Pollini, Ludovico Einaudi, Antonino Fogliani, Vittorio Parisi, Riccardo Sinigaglia, Enrique Mazzola, Gianandrea Noseda, and Claudio Abbado. Other notable students include composers Margrit Zimmermann, Alfredo Antonini, and Alessandro Solbiati, and singer Florin Cezar Ouatu.

Among its past professors are the well-known voice teachers Francesco Lamperti and his son Giovanni Battista Lamperti. Ranking among eminent professors who have taught at the Milan conservatory are Giorgio Battistelli, Franco Donatoni, Lorenzo Ferrero, Riccardo Muti, Enrico Polo, Amilcare Ponchielli, Salvatore Quasimodo, and Alessandro Solbiati.

High school
The conservatory's Liceo Musicale for secondary school students opened in 1971. In 1981, it began an experimental collaboration with the Ministry of Education. The experimental phase ended in 2010 when it became "ad ordinamento".

References

External links

Music schools in Italy
Music in Milan
Schools in Milan
1807 establishments in italy
1807 establishments in the Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)

Milan Conservatory


Robert Wilmer Woods,  (14 February 1914 – 20 October 1997), known as Robin Woods, was an English Anglican bishop. He was the Bishop of Worcester from 1971 to 1982. He previously served as Archdeacon of Sheffield from 1958 to 1962, and as Dean of Windsor from 1962 to 1970.

Early life and education
Woods was the youngest son of the Right Reverend Edward Sydney Woods (1877–1953), Bishop of Lichfield, and Clemence Barclay. He was the brother of the photographer Janet Woods, Samuel Woods, an archdeacon in New Zealand, and Frank Woods, Archbishop of Melbourne, and a nephew of Theodore Woods, who had served as Bishop of Winchester.

He was educated at The New Beacon, Gresham's School, Holt, and Trinity College, Cambridge.

Career

Ordained ministry
Woods was ordained a deacon of the Church of England in 1938 and a priest in 1939. He was Assistant Secretary of the Student Christian Movement between 1937 and 1942. His first clerical position was as curate at St Edmund the King, Lombard Street, London 1938–1939, and at Hoddesdon 1939–1942.

Military service
Woods served in the British Army during World War II from 1942 to 1946. On 26 September 1942, he was commissioned into the Royal Army Chaplains' Department as a Chaplain to the Forces 4th Class (equivalent to captain). In November 1945, he was mentioned in dispatches "in recognition of gallant and distinguished services in Italy".

Post-war

After the war, he was given his first benefice as Vicar of South Wigston, Leicester, in 1946, then in 1951 went to Malaya as Archdeacon of Singapore and Vicar of St Andrew's Cathedral. In 1958 he returned to England to become Archdeacon of Sheffield and Rector of Tankersley.
In 1962, he was appointed Dean of Windsor and Domestic Chaplain to Elizabeth II and played an influential part in the education of Charles, Prince of Wales. It was his recommendation to send Charles to Trinity College, Cambridge, his own old college. While at Windsor, he also served as Registrar of the Most Noble Order of the Garter. In 1970, he became Bishop of Worcester and was appointed a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order, an honour in the personal gift of the sovereign. He retired effective 31 October 1981.

Other positions Woods held include:
Prelate of the Order of St Michael and St George
Secretary of the Anglican-Methodist Commission for Unity, 1965–1974
Member of Council of the Duke of Edinburgh's Award Scheme, from 1968
Member of the Public Schools Commission, 1968–1970
Governor of Haileybury and Imperial Service College
Visitor of Malvern College, 1970–1981
President and Chairman of Council of Queen's College, Birmingham, 1970–1985
Chairman of the Windsor Festival Company, 1969–1971
Chairman of the Churches Television Centre, 1969–79
Director of Christian Aid, 1969

Later life and death

His ashes are buried in the cloisters of Worcester Cathedral.

According to his obituary in The Times, Woods was the most successful Dean of Windsor in the twentieth century.

Honours
Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order, 1971
Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George, 1989
A judge of the Templeton Prize

Family
Woods married Henrietta ("Etta") Marian Wilson, in 1942, and they had two sons and three daughters. His widow died on 8 February 2005, at the age of 88. Through this marriage Woods became one of the wealthiest clergymen in the Church of England.

In television
Woods was portrayed by Tim McMullan in the Netflix series The Crown, although his appointment as Dean of Windsor appears to be set around the time of the first Moon landing in 1969.

Publications
Lord of All, Hear Our Prayer (ed.)
Robin Woods: an autobiography (1986)

References

Sources
Who's Who 1993 (A. & C. Black, London, 1993) p.2063
Robin Woods: an autobiography  (SCM Press, 1986)
Telegraph wills

1914 births
1997 deaths
20th-century Church of England bishops
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Archdeacons of Sheffield
Archdeacons of Singapore
Bishops of Worcester
Burials at Worcester Cathedral
Deans of Windsor
Honorary Chaplains to the King
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
Royal Army Chaplains' Department officers
People educated at Gresham's School

Robin Woods


Kids' WB (stylized as Kids' WB!) was an American children's programming service and brand of The WB that aired on the network from September 9, 1995, to September 16, 2006. The block moved to The CW (a result of the merger of Time Warner's The WB and CBS Corporation's UPN), where it aired from September 23, 2006, to May 17, 2008. After the block was discontinued, its Saturday morning programming slot was sold to 4Kids Entertainment and replaced by its successor block, The CW4Kids (later renamed Toonzai).

An online network version of Kids' WB launched on April 28, 2008, but closed on May 17, 2015. The service allowed viewers to stream content, such as Looney Tunes, Hanna-Barbera, and DC Comics. The website operated in different "zones" based on programming type: Kids' WB, Kids' WB Jr. (for shows aimed at younger children), and DC HeroZone (for action-oriented animated series). It was also available on Fancast, where it featured Looney Tunes shorts and full episodes of television series such as Scooby-Doo, The Flintstones, and The Jetsons.

History

1995–1999: early years
Kids' WB launched in the United States on September 9, 1995, striving to compete against the dominance of Fox Kids at the time, and airing on Saturday mornings from 8:00 to 11:00 a.m. and Monday through Fridays from 4:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. The block was structured to air in all time zones, airing on a tape delay outside of the Eastern Time Zone to adjust the recommended airtime of the block to each zone. However, during its first five years, an exact timeslot was not announced on-air, leaving viewers to check their local WB station listings; since the programs had different airtimes depending on the local WB affiliate schedule in the market. On September 7, 1996, the Saturday block was extended by one hour, airing from 8:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. Eastern Time.

Although Kids' WB aired on almost all of The WB's affiliated stations (including those later affiliated with The WB 100+ Station Group), the network's Chicago affiliate WGN-TV – owned by The WB's co-parent, the Tribune Company – declined to carry the weekday and Saturday blocks. Instead, it opted to air its weekday and Saturday morning newscasts, (the first incarnation of the latter was canceled in 1998), another locally-produced programming (such as The Bozo Super Sunday Show) in the morning hours, and syndicated programming in the afternoons. Kids' WB programming instead aired on WCIU-TV. However, WGN's superstation feed carried the block from 1995 to 1999, making the network available to markets without a local affiliate. WGN-TV began clearing Kids' WB on its Chicago broadcast signal in 2004, taking over the local rights from WCIU-TV.

On September 1, 1997, a weekday morning block was added from 7:00 a.m. to 8:00 a.m. and the weekday afternoon block was extended by one hour, running from 3:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. However, WGN's superstation feed, as well as some WB affiliates, had to wait until the next day, as they preempted the blocks to carry The Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon. Some WB affiliates (such as WPIX in New York City, KTLA in Los Angeles and KWGN-TV in Denver, Colorado) aired the weekday morning block in conjunction with the weekday afternoon block, extending it to three hours, running from 2:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. On the same date, the block received an on-air rebranding – which included a revised logo and graphics package centered upon the Warner Bros. Studios lot theme that was also used in promotions for The WB's primetime programming during the network's first eight years on the air – which was developed by Riverstreet Productions, and lasted until 2005.

1999–2006: introduction of anime
On February 13, 1999, Kids' WB made a breakthrough when the English dub of the anime series Pokémon by 4Kids Entertainment moved to the network from broadcast syndication. It became a major hit for the programming block, helping it beat Fox Kids with its animated lineup backed by Warner Bros. Other anime shows aired on Kids' WB in later years, such as Cardcaptors, Yu-Gi-Oh!, Astro Boy, MegaMan NT Warrior, and Viewtiful Joe.

In July 2001, Kids' WB's weekday afternoon lineup was rebranded as Toonami on Kids' WB, extending the Cartoon Network action-animated block Toonami to broadcast television, and bringing shows such as Sailor Moon, Dragon Ball Z, and The Powerpuff Girls to broadcast network television. However, the sub-block was critically panned by industry observers, who noticed that the action branding of the block - which had added shows such as Generation O!, Scooby-Doo, and The Nightmare Room, a live-action series created by Goosebumps author R. L. Stine - did not translate content-wise. And while the cross promotion between Cartoon Network and Kids' WB did allow for series to be shared between the networks, most of these only lasted a short period of time. This included Dragon Ball Z and Sailor Moon appearing on Toonami on Kids' WB for only two weeks, and Cardcaptors appearing on the main Toonami block on Cartoon Network for only two weeks. In spring 2002, Kids' WB announced that they would drop the Toonami name from their weekday lineup, once again making the Toonami brand exclusive to Cartoon Network.

On September 3, 2001, the Kids' WB weekday morning block was discontinued, with The WB giving that slot back to its local affiliates to carry locally-produced shows, syndicated programming and/or infomercials.

On May 31, 2005, The WB announced that the weekday afternoon Kids' WB block would be discontinued "at the request of the local affiliates," as it became financially unattractive due to the fact broadcast stations perceived that children's programming viewership on afternoon timeslots had gravitated more towards cable networks – these stations began to target more adult audiences with talk shows and sitcom reruns in the daytime. Kids' WB's weekday programming continued, but with redundant programming and theme weeks until December 30, 2005 (the block began to increasingly promote Cartoon Network, their afternoon Miguzi block, Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi, and the Kids' WB Saturday morning lineup during the transition). The weekday afternoon Kids' WB block aired for the last time on December 30, 2005, and was replaced on January 2, 2006, by "Daytime WB", a more adult-targeted general entertainment block featuring repeats of sitcoms and drama series formerly seen on the major networks. As a result, the Saturday morning Kids' WB lineup that remained was extended by one hour on January 7, 2006, running from 7:00 a.m. to noon, no longer affected by time zone variances.

2006–2008: move to The CW and closure
On January 24, 2006, Warner Bros. Television (producer of Kids' WB and owner of the block's original broadcaster from 1995 to 2006, The WB) and CBS Corporation (owner of UPN and subsidiary of National Amusements who also owns film studio Paramount Pictures' parent company Viacom) announced that they would merge both The WB and UPN and into The CW, which would primarily air programs aired by its two soon-to-be predecessor networks as part of its initial lineup. The combined network utilized The WB's scheduling practices (inheriting the 30-hour weekly programming schedule that the network utilized at the time of the announcement) and brought the Kids' WB block, still run by Warner Bros. Television and maintaining the same name, to the new lineup (The CW's decision to use The WB's scheduling model was mainly due to the fact that it included children's and daytime programming blocks that were not offered by UPN, which had not aired any children's programming since the Disney's One Too block was discontinued in August 2003). Notably, during this time AOL-then a sister company to Warner Bros.-was the main sponsor of CBS' own Saturday morning block KOL Secret Slumber Party, but at no point did neither Kids' WB nor SSP advertise each other's programs-most likely because SSP was produced and operated by DIC Entertainment and was aimed at girls, as opposed to the boy-centric Kids' WB.

On October 2, 2007, The CW announced that it would discontinue the Kids' WB programming block through a joint decision between corporate parents Time Warner and CBS Corporation, due to the effects of children's advertising limits and cable competition; the network also announced that it would sell the five-hour Saturday programming slot to 4Kids Entertainment. The Kids' WB block aired for the final time on May 17, 2008 (for some stations that aired the block on a day-behind basis, the block's last airdate was on May 18, 2008).

On May 24, 2008, 4Kids launched The CW4Kids in place of Kids' WB. The lineup for the block consisted of 4Kids-produced shows, such as Chaotic, as well as new seasons of Yu-Gi-Oh! and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. The official site, TheCW4Kids.com, officially launched on April 20, 2008. The block was renamed Toonzai on August 14, 2010, it was replaced by Vortexx (programmed by Saban Brands) on August 25, 2012, and it continued to air until it ended on September 27, 2014; the block that currently airs on The CW is One Magnificent Morning, which debuted on October 4, 2014.

2008–present: Online networks

On April 28, 2008, Warner Bros. Entertainment announced that The WB and Kids' WB brands would be relaunched as online networks, with the Kids' WB network consisting of five subchannels: Kids' WB! (for WB shows for kids and families), Kids' WB! Jr. (for shows for younger children), Scooby-Doo, Looney Tunes, and two different websites of DC Kids: DC HeroZone.com and DC Beyond.com (for action-oriented animated shows for DC fans). After the dissolution of In2TV, the Kids' WB online portal absorbed most of that service's children's programming. The service was significantly scaled back in 2013, with most of the archival content being removed. The archival content can be easily accessed through the Internet Archive's Wayback Machine.

The site was split into 3 websites on May 17, 2015. These sites are: DCKids.com, LooneyTunes.com and ScoobyDoo.com. All three are grouped into WB Kids Sites. The decision to split the site into three ended, after almost twenty years, the use of the "Kids' WB!" brand name. Also, the WB Kids Sites got new YouTube channels: WB Kids for main Warner Bros. properties, and DC Kids for DC Comics properties. In July 2016, 2 of the 3 websites re-merged into "WBKids GO!". DCKids.com remains active.

Programming

References

External links

 WBKids GO!
 DC Kids
 Kids' WB TV Block on retrojunk
 Platypuscomix's tribute to KidsWB

Television programming blocks in the United States

Windows games
1995 American television series debuts
2008 American television series endings
Internet properties established in 2008
Internet properties disestablished in 2015
Children's television networks in the United States
The CW
The WB
Warner Bros. Discovery brands
Television channels and stations established in 1995
Television channels and stations disestablished in 2008

Kids' WB


Ewen James Andrew McKenzie (born 21 June 1965) is an Australian professional rugby union coach and a former international rugby player. He played for Australia's World Cup winning team in 1991 and earned 51 caps for the Wallabies during his test career. McKenzie was head coach of the Australian team from 2013 to 2014. He has coached in both southern and northern hemispheres, in Super Rugby for the Waratahs and Reds, and in France at Top 14 side Stade Français. During his playing days he was a prop and, in a representative career spanning from 1987 to 1997, he played nine seasons for the NSW Waratahs and two for the ACT Brumbies.

Early life
Born in Melbourne, McKenzie was educated at Scotch College, Melbourne and at the University of New South Wales.

Playing career

Waratahs and Brumbies
Ewen McKenzie played prop for the New South Wales Waratahs 37 times between 1987 and 1995, before joining the Brumbies in 1996, for the inaugural Super 12 season. He played 36 times for the Canberra-based team until 1997, playing in the 1997 Super 12 final against the Auckland Blues, who won that match 23–7 at Eden Park.

Australia
McKenzie was the second Victorian born and bred player to represent Australia after the great Sir Edward "Weary" Dunlop. He played for the Wallabies 51 times, earning his first cap in 21–9 victory over France on 9 June 1990 at the Sydney Football Stadium. He started every match of the 1990 French tour to Australia, winning the test series 2–1. His first major test series was the Bledisloe Cup series in August 1990. The All Blacks won the trophy with a 2–1 series win. McKenzie was part of the Australian side that claimed the 1991 Rugby World Cup, beating the All Blacks in the semi-final with a famous 16–6 victory at Lansdowne Road, before taking the cup with a 12–6 victory over England in the final at Twickenham, where he formed a formidable front row alongside Tony Daly and Phil Kearns.

In 1992, McKenzie travelled to Cape Town with the Wallabies to play the Springboks for the first time in 22 years. Australia defeated South Africa convincingly by 26–3. The previous month, McKenzie had won his first Bledisloe Cup series, beating the All Blacks 2–1 with a 19–17 victory at Ballymore, and a 16–15 victory at the Sydney Football Stadium. In the space of twelve months, the Australians won the World Cup and beaten the four home nations and South Africa and New Zealand.

The Wallabies were unable to retain the Bledisloe a year later after a 25–10 loss at Carisbrook. However, McKenzie was part of the team that beat South Africa for just the second time in a series on Australian soil with a 2–1 win over the Springboks during their 1993 tour of Australia. In 1994, the Wallabies won all 6 games they played in that year, with McKenzie starting in all 6 games. He was part of the 1995 Rugby World Cup squad, but was unable to retain their 1991 title following a 25–22 loss to England in the Quarter Finals at Cape Town.

In 1996, McKenzie played just two games of the Wallabies season, which were part of the 1996 Welsh tour of Australia. He missed the inaugural series of the Tri nations, but was reselected in 1997 for the 1997 French tour of Australia. 1997 was the year McKenzie retired from international rugby, making his last appearance on 12 July 1997 after a 25–6 victory over England in Sydney. In his entire career of 51 test matches, he only ever played as a substitute once, during a pool game in the 1995 Rugby World Cup.

World XV
In 1992, McKenzie toured New Zealand with the World XV to mark the centenary of the New Zealand Rugby Union. New Zealand won the series 2–1, with a 54–26 win at Wellington and a 26–15 win at Auckland. The World XV's only win was the opening match, where they secured a 28–14 win.

Honours
Rugby World Cup / Webb Ellis Cup
Winner: 1991
Bledisloe Cup
Winner: 1992, 1994
Trophée des Bicentenaires
Winner: 1990, 1993, 1997
Cook Cup
Winner: 1997
Super 12
Runner-up: 1997 (Brumbies)

Coaching career
Following his retirement from playing in 1997, McKenzie has coached at many different levels. He has coached both in the Southern Hemisphere and the Northern Hemisphere, taking on different roles of coaching. He began with the Brumbies in 1998 as a coaching co-ordinator before spending three years with the Wallabies as an assistant coach to Rod Macqueen and Eddie Jones. His success as an assistant landed him a role as head coach of the Waratahs, where still to this date his five-year tenure makes him the longest serving coach of the Sydney-based team. During this time he also briefly coached the Australia A side. McKenzie then joined French team Stade Français for the 2008–09 season.

He returned home in 2009 and took up the role as director of rugby for the Queensland Reds. He coached the Reds for four seasons from 2010 to 2013 before stepping down to pursue international opportunities. He was heavily linked with the head coaching positions of Scotland and Ireland, but it was the Wallabies McKenzie wanted to coach. On 8 July 2013, McKenzie was named head coach of the Wallabies succeeding Robbie Deans. After fifteen months in charge, McKenzie resigned as coach of the Wallabies on 18 October 2014.

Assistant coach of Australia
In 2000, he joined the Wallabies coaching set-up as an assistant coach to Rod Macqueen until 2001, when Macqueen stepped down as head coach, and Eddie Jones took over. During this time, McKenzie and Macqueen led Australia to their first Tri Nations title in 2000. In addition to this, they also helped the national team to their third successive Bledisloe Cup triumph, dating back to 1998. He also helped the Wallabies to a historic 2–1 series win over the British & Irish Lions, before again retaining the Bledisloe Cup though to 2003. During this time, Jones succeeded Macqueen and joined Link to lead the team to their second Tri Nations title in 2001. McKenzie's last duties as assistant coach was during the 2003 Rugby World Cup, where Australia lost the final to England in extra time.

New South Wales Waratahs
In November 2003, McKenzie succeeded Bob Dwyer as head coach of the New South Wales Waratahs. He led the team to the 2005 Super 12 final, lost 35–25 to the Crusaders, in his second year at the helm, and to the semi-final in 2006, lost 16–14 to the Hurricanes, before reaching the final again in 2008, where he lost again to the Crusaders 20–12. Despite not coaching the Waratahs at current, he is the Waratahs longest serving coach in history.

Stade Français
Following a successful 5-year tenure with the NSW Waratahs, McKenzie joined French club Stade Français in 2008, taking the side to the semi-final in the first year in charge - Stade Français lost to Perpignan 25–21 in that semi-final.

Queensland Reds
On 9 October 2009 it was announced that McKenzie was leaving France to return home to Australia, and that he was taking over the coaching job of the Queensland Reds in the Super 14, succeeding Phil Mooney. He became the club's seventh coach in 11 years. During his first year as Queensland Reds Director of Rugby in 2010, he took the side to 5th in the table, a significant rise from previous positions of the bottom 5 in the table. The 5th-place positioning, was the Reds highest position since 2002.

That success continued into 2011 when the Reds triumphed to win their first Super Rugby Championship in the professional Rugby era, beating the Crusaders 18–13 at Suncorp. Having devised a brand of rugby that received international acclaim, the Reds topped the regular season with 13 victories and just 3 losses. McKenzie then guided the Reds to victory over the Blues in the semi-final and Crusaders in the final to score their first title since 1995.

McKenzie successfully transformed the Reds into the powerhouse rugby province of Australia, with the team's second straight conference title in 2012 coming only a year after guiding the team to their maiden Super Rugby championship. However, the Reds were unable to retain their title, following a heavy home defeat of 30–17 to the Sharks in the Qualifying finals round.

In his first three years at the helm, McKenzie contributed to the Reds winning every major piece of available silverware, with the only trophy to elude the team during his opening two campaigns – the Rod Macqueen Cup – making its way to Queensland for the first time in 2012. Two successive victories over the Brumbies were the catalyst behind the Reds 2012 success as they again dominated their Australian rivals by winning seven of their eight matches against domestic opposition. Among other firsts, the Reds also claimed their maiden win at Eden Park.

Prior to McKenzie's tenure, the Reds had been through several poor seasons. Despite the expansive style of rugby introduced by previous head coach Phil Mooney, the team had remained in the bottom half of the table. The side was transformed under McKenzie, still playing entertaining rugby but with a greatly improved win–loss ratio.

Media commentary and succession planning
By 2012, McKenzie's coaching had become a regular subject of the Fairfax's Sydney Morning Herald. In February that year Greg Growden outlined McKenzie's plan to "select a faster, more mobile forward pack" for the Super Rugby season opener against the Waratahs in Sydney.

McKenzie, in his own column in the Sydney Morning Herald, shared his coaching insights. In April, he first he discussed the challenges incorporating a new player into an unfamiliar playing environment. A week later he explained, "The decision [by Queensland Rugby] to recruit Richard Graham from the Western Force was a proactive one made ... to ensure we can sustain ongoing success both with the Reds and in the community game." Later he reported being asked about the strengths of the Australian conference relative to the South African and New Zealand conferences. In response he said: "I have found this year's competition to be one of the tightest in memory and this is more of a reflection on the strength of play from all teams as opposed to any perceived weaknesses." In May, he reflected on the coaches' challenges of negotiating player contracts.

On 19 March 2013, McKenzie announced he was to stand down as Queensland Reds head coach at the end of the 2013 Super Rugby season to further his hopes at coaching at international level. Following the announcement, he was linked to the then vacant Ireland job, as well as the vacant Scotland job. However, despite the links and meetings with other unions, it was the Wallabies job he wanted, which he landed on 8 July 2013. Although he wasn't set to take over the Wallabies job until 4 August, his reign at Queensland Reds ended on 20 July following a 38–9 defeat to the Crusaders in the Qualifiers of the 2013 season, allowing him to turn his attention to Australia 2 weeks earlier than expected.

Head coach of Australia

First Season: 2013
On 8 July 2013, following the resignation of Robbie Deans after a test series defeat to the British & Irish Lions, McKenzie was expected to be selected as Wallabies coach. He was officially named Wallabies coach to replace Robbie Deans On 9 July 2013, and said that he would start his duties with Australia as soon as his job was completed at the Queensland Reds.

His first match in charge was a 47–29 loss to New Zealand at ANZ Stadium in the opening fixture of the 2013 Rugby Championship. In this match he gave five debutants their first cap, including Matt To'omua being named at fly-Half ahead of Quade Cooper. To'omua was the first Wallaby to make his debut against New Zealand in the starting XV since Rod Kafer in 1999. The 27–16 loss a week later, meant the Bledisloe Cup would stay with New Zealand for the 11th year in a row.

McKenzie then led the team to a 38–12 defeat by South Africa in Brisbane, which was the Wallabies' largest losing margin to the Springboks in Australia. The next match was a 14–13 win over Argentina in a game hampered by heavy winds and rain in Perth, and it was McKenzie's first taste of victory as an international coach. In the away fixture against South Africa in Cape Town, the Wallabies lost again to the Springboks, 28–8.

Australia's final fixture of the Championship saw the Wallabies earn their first bonus point win of the season with a record 54–17 win. This was the most points Australia had scored in either the Rugby Championship or Tri Nations. During the Championship, McKenzie made several bold moves as a coach. He dropped star player Will Genia for Nic White, who at the time had only 3 caps, and named Ben Mowen as captain in his first year as a test player. In the final Bledisloe Cap match, Australia became the first team to score 33 points against New Zealand in New Zealand, but lost the match 41–33 with New Zealand winning the series 3–0.

On the 2013 end of year tour, McKenzie led the team to 4 consecutive wins (50–20 win over Italy, 32–15 win over Ireland, 21–15 win over Scotland and a 30–26 win over Wales) which was the first time Australia has done this since 2008. The 20–13 loss to England in the opening match of the tour ruled out winning the Grand Slam, but Australia won the tour and retained the Lansdowne Cup, reclaimed the Hopetoun Cup and claimed the James Bevan Trophy for the 6th time in a row.

Second season: 2014
Australia under McKenzie built on the results from the 2013 tour, increasing the 4 consecutive wins to 7 for the first time since 2000 with a 3–0 test series win over France during the June International Window. The match results were a 50–23 win in Brisbane, a 6–0 win in Melbourne and a 39–13 win in Sydney. The series win meant Australia regained the Trophée des Bicentenaires after it had been lost in 2012.

The Wallabies's unbeaten run stretched to 8 matches with a 12–all draw with New Zealand, prompting optimism that Australia could end their 28-year losing streak at Eden Park. However, Australia came crashing back to earth, suffering a 51–20 defeat, stretching Australia's Bledisloe Cup drought to a 12 years. Australia managed to bounce back from that defeat, with hard fought 24–23 and 32–25 wins over South Africa and Argentina, with the latter win ensuring that the Wallabies retained the Puma Trophy.

Australia's 28–10 loss away in Cape Town, after conceding 3 tries and a drop goal in the final 11 minutes of the match, led to a one-all test series against South Africa which meant that Australia was unable to reclaim the Mandela Challenge Plate. A week later, Australia suffered a 21–17 loss in Argentina to become the first country to lose to the Pumas in the Rugby Championship since Argentina's admittance in 2012. The result came as a surprise to some as Australia had led 14–0 after scoring two tries in the first twelve minutes, but had but only managed to add one further penalty during the rest of the match.

The Wallabies played the All Blacks in Brisbane for third and final Bledisloe Cup match of 2014. For most of the match Australia was the better side and dominated the New Zealanders. The Wallabies had a 25–15 lead with fifteen minutes remaining, but conceded two late tries, the second being converted in over-time, for the All Blacks to win by 29–28. This was McKenzie's last match as Australia's head coach.

Resignation as Wallabies coach
McKenzie announced the end of his tenure as Australian head coach in the press conference after the final Bledisloe Cup test of 2014, explaining that he had submitted his resignation on the morning of the match against the All Blacks, effective regardless of whether the result was a win, loss or draw. It was just six days before the team left Australia for their 2014 Spring Tour.

This came after a turbulent three weeks in the Australian camp. On 29 September, the ARU had announced that Kurtley Beale would be investigated over a heated argument between Beale and the Wallabies business manager Di Patston, on a 10-hour flight from Johannesburg to São Paulo. The incident led to Patston leaving the tour early and she resigned from her position shortly afterwards under stress.

As the fall-out continued it was reported that Beale had distributed offensive texts and images referring to Patston some months earlier. Patston had not escalated this to the ARU to give Beale a second chance but had told him that she would reveal the contents of the texts if another incident arose. Beale later admitted to sending an offensive photo and was eventually fined $45,000 by an independent tribunal. — See Kurtley Beale § Di Patston text controversy.

On 10 October at the announcement of the 32-man squad for the Bledisloe Cup match, it took 17 minutes for the press to ask anything about the squad, while McKenzie came under fire over the off-field issues leading to Beale's suspension from the team and upcoming tribunal appearance, and was questioned about Patston's role and whether he had lost the confidence of the players. McKenzie was even forced to deny being in an extramarital affair with Patston.

McKenzie was appalled at the vitriolic attacks against Patston and the insinuations about his relationship with her. Team captain Michael Hooper backed Beale while Christian Lealiifano and Quade Cooper joined McKenzie in backing Patston. It was reported that some players had become uneasy with Patston's role in the team, and with how much power McKenzie had given her following the revelation that Patston had input into the player disciplinary measures that occurred on the 2013 Spring Tour.

Record
McKenzie coached the Wallabies to 11 wins and one draw in 22 tests coached, a winning percentage of 50%. He had a good winning record against European teams, 7 of 8 tests played - the lone loss was against England in November 2013 - and a good record against Argentina, a 3-1 win–loss record. However, he ended with a losing record against other Rugby Championship opponents, with only a draw to show for in six matches against New Zealand and a 1-3 win–loss record against South Africa.

Coaching statistics

Australia

Overview

International matches as head coach
Note: World Rankings Column shows the World Ranking Australia was placed at on the following Monday after each of their matches

Honours
Puma Trophy
Winner: 2013, 2014
Trophée des Bicentenaires
Winner: June 2014
Hopetoun Cup
Winner: 2013
Lansdowne Cup
Winner: 2013
James Bevan Trophy
Winner: 2013

Club honours
Super Rugby
Winner: 2011 (Queensland Reds)
Runner-up: 2005, 2008 (Waratahs) - 2000 (Brumbies)
Super Rugby Australian Conference
Winner: 2011, 2012 (Queensland Reds)
Australian Conference - Coach of the year
Winner: 2011, 2012

Other honours
The following achievements were picked up by McKenzie during his time as assistant coach for the Wallabies between 2000 and 2003.

Rugby World Cup / Webb Ellis Cup
Runner-up: 2003
Tom Richards Cup
Winner: 2001
Tri Nations
Winner: 2000, 2001
Runner-up: 2003
Bledisloe Cup
Winner: 2000, 2001

References

External links

1965 births
Living people
Australia international rugby union players
Australia national rugby union team coaches
Australian rugby union coaches
Australian rugby union players
People educated at Scotch College, Melbourne
Rugby union players from Melbourne
Rugby union props
Stade Français Paris coaches
University of New South Wales alumni
Australian expatriate rugby union players
Australian expatriate sportspeople in France
Expatriate rugby union players in France
New South Wales Waratahs players
Queensland Reds
1991 Rugby World Cup players
1995 Rugby World Cup players
Randwick DRUFC players

Ewen McKenzie


Fossombroniaceae (sometimes Codoniaceae) is a family of liverworts in the order Metzgeriales.  Most species are small and thallose, but the thallus is typically ruffled to give the appearance of being leafy.

The family was long called the Codoniaceae, Klinggr. 1858, because this is the older name.  But since the genus Codonia is a synonym of Fossombronia, the name Fossombroniaceae was proposed (and accepted) as a conserved name under the rules of the ICBN.

Liverwort families
Fossombroniales
Monogeneric plant families

Fossombroniaceae


An at-large constituency is a single constituency that represents an entire region, generally one with a lower population relative to other regions.

By country

Australia
Australia no longer uses at-large electorates (called divisions) to elect the House of Representatives. Under the Constitution, each state has to have at least five seats in the House of Representatives and 12 seats in the Senate. However, this does not include the territories, which currently have two Senate seats each and between two and three House seats each (the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) has three while the Northern Territory has two). At certain points in time, the two territories had one at-large division each.

From 1949 until 1974, the ACT was represented by one division: the Division of Australian Capital Territory. It was then split into two divisions: Canberra and Fraser (named after Jim Fraser). A third division, Namadgi, was created in 1996 but abolished in 1998. In 2016, Fraser was abolished and a new Melbourne-based seat called Fraser was created in honour of Malcolm Fraser. The old seat of Fraser was replaced by Fenner. A third division was created again in 2019, this time named Bean. Currently, there are three divisions: Bean (which includes most of the ACT's land area, including the southern suburbs of Canberra and some smaller towns, as well as the overseas territory of Norfolk Island), Canberra (which includes the inner and eastern suburbs of Canberra]]) and Fenner (which includes the northern and western suburbs of Canberra, as well as the Jervis Bay Territory).

From 1922 until 2001, the Northern Territory was represented by only one division: the Division of Northern Territory. In 2001, it was split into two divisions: Lingiari (covering the majority of the Northern Territory's land area, as well as the overseas territories of Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands) and Solomon (covering the majority of the Northern Territory's population, including its two largest cities: Darwin and Palmerston).

Canada
The Canadian House of Commons electoral districts of Northwest Territories, Nunavut and Yukon are considered at-large because they represent the entire territories of the same name, respectively.

European Parliament
Most European Parliament constituencies represent an entire country and are therefore at-large.

Philippines
Several congressional districts of the House of Representatives of the Philippines are at-large.

United States
Of the 435 voting members of the United States House of Representatives, there are currently six that are elected from at-large congressional districts, as well as all six non-voting delegates.

States that are currently represented at-large
 Alaska
 Delaware
 North Dakota
 South Dakota
 Vermont
 Wyoming

States that were formerly represented at-large

 Alabama
 Arizona
 Arkansas
 California
 Colorado
 Connecticut
 Florida
 Georgia
 Hawaii
 Idaho
 Illinois
 Indiana
 Iowa
 Kansas
 Kentucky
 Louisiana
 Maine
 Maryland
 Massachusetts
 Michigan
 Minnesota
 Mississippi
 Missouri
 Montana
 Nebraska
 Nevada
 New Hampshire
 New Jersey
 New Mexico
 New York
 North Carolina
 Ohio
 Oklahoma
 Oregon
 Pennsylvania
 Rhode Island
 South Carolina
 Tennessee
 Texas
 Utah
 Virginia
 Washington
 West Virginia

Current non-voting delegates
 American Samoa
 American Virgin Islands
 District of Columbia
 Guam
 Northern Mariana Islands
 Puerto Rico

Former non-voting delegates

 Alabama Territory
 Alaska Territory
 Arizona Territory
 Colorado Territory
 Dakota Territory
 Florida Territory
 Hawaii Territory
 Idaho Territory
 Illinois Territory
 Indiana Territory
 Iowa Territory
 Kansas Territory
 Mississippi Territory
 Missouri Territory
 Montana Territory
 Nevada Territory
 New Mexico Territory
 Northwest Territory
 Oklahoma Territory
 Oregon Territory
 Orleans Territory
 Philippines
 Southwest Territory
 Utah Territory
 Washington Territory
 Wisconsin Territory
 Wyoming Territory

References

Constituencies

At-large


The Saskatchewan Silver Sox are an independent professional baseball team based in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan.  They play in the developmental Arizona Winter League, a short-season instructional winter league affiliated with the North American League and compete in the International Division, as well as the Calexico Outlaws, San Diego Surf Dawgs, San Luis Atleticos and Team Canada.  They began playing their home games in 2009 at Desert Sun Stadium in Yuma.  (The Blythe Heat, El Centro Imperials and San Luis Atleticos played home games on their own fields until 2011.)  They are owned by Diamond Sports & Entertainment.

Team name
The Silver Sox brand belonged to the since-defunct Golden Baseball League Reno franchise and Reno's minor league team before them.  The franchise began in the GBL as the Mesa Miners in 2005 and played one season at HoHoKam Park before relocating to Reno and becoming the new Silver Sox one year later.  They played their home games at William Peccole Park at the University of Nevada at Reno and won the GBL Championship in their first season there in 2006, but suffered for their last two seasons in Western Nevada.  Following the relocation of the AAA Pacific Coast League franchise the Reno Aces from Tucson, Arizona, in 2009, the team was purchased by Tucson Baseball owner Jay Zucker, relocated to Tucson and renamed the Tucson Toros.    The Silver Sox team name (owned by the league) has since been given to the current Saskatchewan team in the AWL, which has no ties to the original Reno franchise, yet could adopt the team history.

Team name origin
Unlike its GBL predecessor and name sake, the Silver Sox team name is based on the importance of the precious metal in Saskatchewan where significant silver ore deposits lie in the Canadian Shield in the eastern part of the province near Flin Flon, Manitoba. It is also a not too subtle hint that the summer professional Golden Baseball League, which already has teams in Victoria, Calgary, and Edmonton; would be very open to a new ownership group that would like to add an expansion team in Saskatoon or Regina for the 2010 season.

Attendance and possible relocation
Supported by throngs of Saskatchewan residents wintering in Arizona, the Silver Sox roster is reflective of the diversity of the province with players from Canada, Korea, Japan, the U.S. and Latin America and is striving to bring a professional baseball championship back to Saskatchewan.  The Silver Sox lead the average attendance in 2009 with approximately 1,200.

Though nothing has been etched in stone, there has been talk between the GBL and a potential investor about bringing a franchise (possibly the Silver Sox) to play at Cairns Field in Saskatoon.  The dedicated fan base did catch the attention of Golden Baseball League commissioner Kevin Outcalt.  He said in an interview, "The Silver Sox are also a bit of a nod by the Golden League that we'd love to be up in Saskatchewan, too, in Saskatoon or in Regina or Moose Jaw, if we had the right ownership group and ballpark."

Season-by-season records
Arizona Winter League:

See also
List of baseball teams in Canada

Articles
 Sunshine boys eye Saskatoon, Kevin Mitchell, The StarPhoenix, October 27, 2007
 Saskatchewan's Silver Sox wrap up season, Ron Petrie, The Regina Leader-Post, March 2, 2009
 Can the Silver Sox find a new home in Saskatchewan?, Mike Summers, Southern Oregon Timberjacks GBL website, May 21, 2009

References

External links
 Arizona Winter League's official website
 Golden Baseball League
 Regina Leader-Post newspaper
 Saskatoon StarPhoenix newspaper
 Saskatchewan Silver Sox Booster Club and fan site

Sport in Saskatoon
Arizona Winter League teams
Professional baseball teams in Arizona

Saskatchewan Silver Sox


In mathematics, a surjective or onto function is a  function f : A → B with the following property. For every element b in the codomain B, there is at least one element a in the domain A such that f(a)=b. This means that no element in the codomain is unmapped, and that the range and codomain of f are the same set.

The term surjection and the related terms injection and bijection were introduced by the group of mathematicians that called itself Nicholas Bourbaki. In the 1930s, this group of mathematicians published a series of books on modern advanced mathematics. The French prefix sur means above or onto and was chosen since a surjective function maps its domain on to its codomain.

Basic properties
Formally:
  is a surjective function if   such that
where the element  is called the image of the element , and the element  a pre-image of the element .

The formal definition can also be interpreted in two ways:
Every element of the codomain B is the image of at least one element in the domain A.
Every element of the codomain B has at least one pre-image in the domain A.
A pre-image does not have to be unique. In the top image, both {X} and {Y} are pre-images of the element {1}. It is only important that there be at least one pre-image.

Examples

Elementary functions
Let f(x):ℝ→ℝ be a real-valued function y=f(x) of a real-valued argument x. (This means both the input and output are numbers.)
Graphic meaning: The function f is a surjection if every horizontal line intersects the graph of f in at least one point.
Analytic meaning: The function f is a surjection if for every real number yo we can find at least one real number xo such that yo=f(xo).
Finding a pre-image xo for a given yo is equivalent to either question:

 Does the equation f(x)-yo=0 have a solution? or
 Does the function f(x)-yo have a root?

In mathematics, we can find exact (analytic) roots only of polynomials of first, second (and third) degree. We find roots of all other functions  approximately (numerically). This means a formal proof of surjectivity is rarely direct. So the discussions below are informal.

Example: The linear function of a slanted line is onto. That is, y=ax+b where a≠0 is a surjection. (It is also an injection and thus a bijection.)
Proof: Substitute yo into the function and solve for x. Since a≠0 we get x= (yo-b)/a. This means xo=(yo-b)/a is a pre-image of yo. This proves that the function y=ax+b where a≠0 is a surjection. (Since there is exactly one pre-image, this function is also an injection.)
Practical example: y= –2x+4. What is the pre-image of y=2? Solution: Here a= –2, i.e. a≠0 and the question is: For what x is y=2? We substitute y=2 into the function. We get x=1, i.e. y(1)=2. So the answer is: x=1 is the pre-image of y=2.

Example: The cubic polynomial (of third degree) f(x)=x3-3x is a surjection.
Discussion: The cubic equation x3-3x-yo=0 has real coefficients (a3=1, a2=0, a1=–3, a0=–yo). Every such cubic equation has at least one real root. Since the domain of the polynomial is ℝ, the means that ther is at least one pre-image xo in the domain. That is, (x0)3-3x0-yo=0. So the function is a surjection. (However, this function is not an injection. For example, yo=2 has 2 pre-images: x=–1 and x=2. In fact, every y, –2≤y≤2 has at least 2 pre-images.)

Example: The quadratic function f(x) = x2 is not a surjection. There is no x such that x2 = −1. The range of x² is [0,+∞) , that is, the set of non-negative numbers. (Also, this function is not an injection.)

Note: One can make a non-surjective function into a surjection by restricting its codomain to elements of its range. For example, the  new function, fN(x):ℝ → [0,+∞) where fN(x) = x2 is a surjective function. (This is not the same as the restriction of a function which restricts the domain!)

Example: The exponential function f(x) = 10x is not a surjection. The range of 10x is (0,+∞), that is, the set of positive numbers. (This function is an injection.)

Other examples with real-valued functions

Example: The logarithmic function base 10  f(x):(0,+∞)→ℝ defined by f(x)=log(x) or y=log10(x) is a surjection (and an injection). (This is the inverse function of 10x.)

The projection of a Cartesian product  onto one of its factors is a surjection.

Example: The function f((x,y)):ℝ²→ℝ defined by z=y is a surjection. Its graph is a plane in 3-dimensional space. The pre-image of  zo is the line y=zo in the x0y plane.

In 3D games, 3-dimensional space is projected onto a 2-dimensional screen with a surjection.

Related pages
Injective function
Bijective function

References

Other websites
  interactive quiz
  interactive

Functions and mappings
Algebra

Surjective function


Anatoly Kondratenko (Russian: Анатолий Кондратенко, Ukrainian: Анатолій Кіндратенко; 6 December 1935, Leningrad, Soviet Union) is a Professor of Physics at University of Kharkiv. A theoretical physicist who has been working in the field of plasma and plasma electronics for over 50 years, Kondratenko has written over 270 papers. Under his supervision, 24 PhD and 7 Doctor of Science dissertations have been written Kondratenko, along with his students and co-authors, pioneered the study of the electrodynamics of plasma waveguides. He explained from a theoretical point of view the existence of surface ion acoustic waves, cyclotron waves and eigen waves on the plasma-metal interface. In addition to this, he laid the groundwork for the theory of plasma electronics.

Kondratenko received his undergraduate degree in Theoretical physics in 1958 in the former Soviet Union (University of Kharkiv). He obtained his PhD (1965) and his Doctor of Science degree (1971) at UFTI, Kharkiv. His work has been featured in numerous newspaper and magazine articles in the United States, Europe, Ukraine, the Soviet Union and in many popular books.

Kondratenko took and continues to take part in the political life of Ukraine. He was a principal member of the Kharkiv chapter of Rukh in the 1990s, and continues to co-chair the chapter. He is also the head editor of the all-Ukrainian children's newspaper "Zhuravlik".

Books

References

1935 births
Living people
Scientists from Kharkiv
Soviet physicists
Theoretical physicists
20th-century Ukrainian physicists
National University of Kharkiv alumni
Academic staff of the National University of Kharkiv
School of Physics and Technology of University of Kharkiv alumni

Anatoly Kondratenko


Patrick James "Pat" Woods (29 April 1933 – 14 August 2012) was an English footballer who scored 15 goals from 304 games in the Football League playing as a defender for Queens Park Rangers and Colchester United.

He signed in 1950 and made his debut on 3 January 1953 in a 2–0 defeat away against Coventry City. He moved to Australia in 1961, where he joined Hellenic, returning to England to play the 1963–64 season with Colchester United, before going back to Australia to play for South Coast United and Melita Eagles.

References

1933 births
2012 deaths
Footballers from Islington (district)
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Queens Park Rangers F.C. players
Hellenic Athletic players
Colchester United F.C. players
South Coast United SC players
Parramatta FC players
English Football League players

Pat Woods (footballer)


Alpine lakes are lakes or reservoirs at high altitudes, usually over 5,000 feet (1524 metres) above sea level, or above the tree line.

Alpine lakes are usually clearer than lower lakes because the cold water reduces the speed and amount of algae and moss growing in the water. Often the lakes are surrounded by varieties of pine trees, aspens, and other high altitude trees.

Yellowstone Lake is an alpine lake, and so is Lake Baikal.

Lakes

Alpine lake


Catherine Clare Powell (born in 1967), is a British businesswoman. She is the Global Head of Hosting at Airbnb, having formerly been the President of the Disney Parks, Western Region (where she oversaw Disneyland, Walt Disney World, and Disneyland Paris).

Early career
Born in the United Kingdom in 1967, Powell left with her family to live in Hong Kong at the age of 8. She attended boarding school in England (Downe House), before studying Philosophy, Politics and Economics at Somerville College, Oxford.

With the benefit of some previous professional experience in television, Powell joined BBC Worldwide in 1997.

Career at Disney
Catherine Powell joined The Walt Disney Company in 2004 as creative director, Group Portfolio.
She then became executive director of sales at Disney Media Distribution in the United Kingdom and Ireland, and then vice president of the same department, at which point her scope broadened to include Scandinavia, the Benelux, and Israel. Several years later, Powell led the media distribution department for The Walt Disney Company in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. She oversaw the conception and implementation of marketing strategies for group's television channels, such as Disney Channel, Disney XD, Disney Junior and ABC News.
In June 2014, Powell left Europe to become managing director of the Walt Disney Company in Australia and New Zealand. Based in the Sydney office, she was responsible for the implementation of the company's strategy, the coordination and management of all departments, supervising international franchise opportunities, the development of existing subsidiaries, and exploring new development possibilities in the region.

In April 2016, Catherine Powell was appointed présidente of the Euro Disney group, succeeding Tom Wolber in that role with effect from July 2016.

Powell was named President, Disney Parks, Western Region in March 2018, with responsibility for Walt Disney World, Disneyland Resort, and Disneyland Paris.

It was announced on 23 September 2019 that Powell's position was eliminated and that she would be leaving Disney after 15 years with the company "to do something different."

Career at Airbnb
In January 2020 it was announced that Powell had been appointed Head of Airbnb Experiences (which offers activities, such as tours and events, through the Airbnb platform) Seven months later, she was promoted to become Airbnb's Global Head of Hosting.

Personal life
Powell married her husband in 1993. They have three sons. Due to the family's frequent moves due to her husband's job, their eldest son was born in Paris, the second in the UK and the third baby in Germany.

Other activities
She has been a member of the Sydney Opera House Trust since January 2016 and elected member of Chief Executive Women in Australia.

References

Living people
1967 births
British women business executives
Alumni of Somerville College, Oxford
Disneyland Paris

Catherine Powell


The Tarte al d'jote is the culinary speciality of the city of Nivelles, Belgium.

The main ingredient is chard (d'jote in the local dialect of Walloon), cream cheese (the boulette of Nivelles), and butter.

In 1980, the Confrérîye dèl Târte al D'jote (Brotherhood of the Tarte al D'jote) was founded with the objective of preserving the cultural, folkloric and gastronomic heritage of Nivelles. One of the missions of the Confrérîye is to promote this speciality, whose first mention traces back to 1218. All year long, its members meet and through blind tasting and well defined criteria, give grades to each producer (grades go from one to five stars). The ceremony of the awarding of the quality labels happens yearly at the beginning of February.

References

Confrérîye dèl Tarte al D'jote (FR)
Belgian cuisine
Tarts

Tarte al d'jote