The Battle of Stony Lake was the third and last engagement of Henry Hastings Sibley's 1863 campaign against the Santee, Yankton, Yanktonai and Teton Sioux in Dakota Territory.  Following the battle, the Indians fought delaying actions against Sibley until their women and children had successfully crossed the Missouri River.  Sibley then gave up his chase of them.

Background

Sibley fought the Sioux in the Battle of Big Mound on July 24 and at the Battle of Dead Buffalo Lake on July 26.   The Sioux retreated westward after each battle, the warriors covering the flight of their women and children toward the Missouri River.  Sibley anticipated that he might trap the Indians between his forces and those of General Alfred Sully, who was ascending the Missouri River with 1,200 soldiers.

On July 27, the day after the Battle of Dead Buffalo Lake, Sibley marched his 2,000 men 23 miles to Stony Lake and camped there for the night. The next morning he broke camp before dawn and continued his march on the trail of the Indians.  About two hours later, his scouts, mostly mixed-blood Sioux, reported a large mounted force advancing on Sibley's column.

Battle

The Sioux apparently hoped to surprise Sibley, strike at a weak point, and force him to abandon his pursuit.  Warned of their approach, Sibley closed up his stretched-out column of soldiers, sent out skirmishers, and deployed his artillery.  The Sioux warriors appeared shortly on hills in a semi-circle with an arc of 5 or 6 miles around Sibley's forces.  Sibley estimated their numbers at 2,200 to 2,500.  The Sioux said their force totaled 1,600 warriors.  Most of the Indians, however, were armed only with bows and arrows and muskets, thus ineffective fighting at distances of more than 100 yards.

Nearly surrounding Sibley's column, but having failed to surprise him, the Sioux probed for weak spots. Colonel James H. Baker's 10th Minnesota Regiment was in Sibley's van and advanced, firing volleys and supported by two mountain howitzers.  The Sixth Minnesota and Seventh Minnesota Regiments deployed to the left and right of Sibley's wagon train. Charges by companies of infantry dislodged the Indians from several hills.  Shortly, the Sioux gave up the battle and faded away.  Sibley was unable to pursue them as his horses and men were tired.

Sibley did not suffer any casualties.  Sioux casualties are unknown, but probably light. Three Indians were seen to have been knocked off their horses by an artillery round.

Across the wide Missouri

After the Sioux had departed, Sibley marched his men unmolested for 18 miles and camped on Apple Creek, about 10 miles southeast of present-day Bismarck, North Dakota.  He had anticipated meeting Sully, who was supposed to be proceeding up the Missouri River by steamboat, near there but there was no sign of him.  The next morning, July 29, Sibley sent two howitzers and his mounted Rangers forward about 12 miles to attempt to prevent the Sioux from crossing the Missouri River.  He was too late; most had crossed the preceding day, but, in their hasty flight had been forced to abandon many of their belongings.

Some of the warriors were still on the eastern side of the Missouri and Sibley shelled them, causing them to swim across the river to the safer western side where they continued to fire at long distance on Sibley's men.    Two of Sibley's men, separated from the main body of soldiers were killed.  Sibley camped near the river and the next three nights was subjected to constant, small-scale attacks by the Sioux who burned the prairie, fired into the army's tents, and stampeded some livestock.  With Sully, supplies, and reinforcements nowhere to be found, Sibley decided on July 31 to abandon the operation and march back to Minnesota.  His horses and men were worn down.

Sibley proclaimed his expedition a success as he had pushed the Sioux westward across the Missouri River, far from the settlements in Minnesota and eastern Dakota territory.   He claimed to have killed and wounded 150 Indians in the three battles at a loss to his own forces of six men killed.  The Santee chief, Standing Buffalo, however, claimed that only 13 Indians had been killed. It is impossible to reconcile the different estimates of Sioux casualties, as it is to determine with precision how many Indian warriors were actually engaged in the battles.

The Sioux took their revenge on August 3, three days after Sibley had left the banks of the Missouri to return to Minnesota.  They attacked a river raft and killed 22 civilians. Nor did raids into Minnesota cease as sixteen whites are known to have been killed by Sioux later in 1863.

Later that summer, Sully, tardy in joining forces with Sibley, would meet the Sioux in the Battle of Whitestone Hill.

Federal units involved
District of Minnesota: Brigadier General Henry Hastings Sibley
1st Minnesota Cavalry "Mounted Rangers": Colonel Samuel McPhail
6th Minnesota Infantry: Colonel William Crooks
7th Minnesota Infantry: Lieutenant Colonel William R. Marshall
10th Minnesota Infantry: Colonel James H. Baker
3rd Minnesota Light Artillery Battery: Lieutenant J. C. Whipple

See also
 History of North Dakota
 Plains Indians Wars
 List of battles fought in North Dakota

Notes

References

External links
 National Park Service battle description

Stoney Lake
Stoney Lake
Burleigh County, North Dakota
Union victories of the American Civil War
Battles of the American Civil War in North Dakota
1863 in the United States
Conflicts in 1863
Battles involving the United States
Battles involving the Sioux
Pre-statehood history of North Dakota
July 1863 events

Battle of Stony Lake


A Christmas cracker is a hollow card tube covered with brightly coloured paper twisted on each end. When pulled apart, it makes a pop sound. It usually contains a small gift, a paper crown hat and a joke. It is generally used at Christmas celebrations, usually shared by two family members to compete by tugging on each end until it breaks apart, the person who retains the tube containing the gift gets to keep the gift.  It is a British tradition which started back in the 1840s.

Christmas

Christmas cracker


The Body Block, also known as the Charles Body Block and as the Old Smith Arcade, is a historic mixed-use building located on the northwest corner of the intersection of Payne Avenue and E. 55th Street in the Goodrich–Kirtland Park neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio, in the United States.  Erected from 1892 to 1893, the Queen Anne style structure was built for Charles Body, owner of a local wallpaper store. It underwent a major renovation from 1994 to 1995, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 18, 1998.

History of the building
The Body Block began construction in 1892, and was completed in 1893. The building was commissioned and owned by Charles Body, a local businessman who owned a wallpaper store. Although it is not known for certain, the architect was likely George H. Smith, a local architect of note who designed the 1888 Cleveland Arcade.

Located at the intersection of Payne Avenue and E. 55th Street in the Goodrich–Kirtland Park neighborhood, the three-story structure has a  frontage on Payne Avenue and a  frontage on E. 55th Street. The structure was built of brick with a wood frame, with the interior walls coated with asbestos and mineral wool for fireproofing. The building's ground floor contained space for roughly 10 retail stores, while the upper two floors contained 44 apartments. An arcade ran through the center of the building, lit from above by a skylight with  glass. Walkways connected the two sides of the building on the second floor. The total cost of the structure was $30,000 ($ in  dollars).

Known as the Body Block and as the Charles Body Block, the building was also referred to as the "Old Smith Arcade" due to its resemblance to Smith's Cleveland Arcade. Goodrich-Kirtland Park was largely a rural area when annexed by the city of Cleveland in 1850. It began to urbanize in the 1870s and 1880s, and the Body Block was constructed in the middle of the 20-year period that marked the neighborhood's swiftest growth and height (in terms of population). Located at the intersection of two major thoroughfares, it catered to middle class individuals and families and made a significant contribution to the retail and residential life of the area.

The Body Block suffered a severe fire on January 30, 1897, when chemicals in the basement of a ground-floor pharmacy spontaneously combusted. The major three-alarm fire caused $4,000 ($ in  dollars) in damages, but no one was injured or killed.

The Goodrich–Kirtland Park area began to lose housing after 1920 as it increasingly industrialized. During Prohibition, criminals being chased by the police would flee into the area to evade them, giving the neighborhood as reputation has a haven for crime. The Body Block lost its middle-class respectability, and became home to less wealthy working class families and widows. From 1920 to 1950, the area's population stayed roughly steady at about 65,000 people. It was a diverse area which included immigrants from Eastern Europe and Jews, and there was a substantial African American population since landlords in Goodrich-Kirtland Park were among the few in the city who would rent to blacks. The neighborhood was economically well-developed, with several retail shopping districts, movie theaters, and restaurants. After 1950, the neighborhood became overwhelmingly black and poor, as African Americans leaving the Deep South came to Cleveland looking for work during the Second Great Migration. What few residential areas remained in Goodrich–Kirtland Park became heavily overcrowded. The crack cocaine epidemic of the 1980s drove large numbers of people out of the neighborhood, and the population fell to just 13,000. as crack moved in, working-class blacks moved farther east, and block after block of homes and businesses were demolished in the name of urban renewal. Several blocks of buildings were abandoned, while others were demolished. Business fled the area, city services such as trash pick-up and street maintenance became irregular, illegal dumping became common, and the police presence was poor. The building's decline continued into the early 1990s, by which time it was primarily empty and decrepit. Homeless individuals used it as a refuge, and extensive drug trafficking occurred there.

1994-1995 renovation
In 1991, the Nouvelle Espoir Development Corp. purchased the Body Block with the intention of renovating it. The company received a 10-year, $210,000 ($ in  dollars) federal low-income housing tax credit in 1992. The following year, the company received a 30-year, $466,000 ($ in  dollars) state historic tax credit; a $300,000 ($ in  dollars) loan from the Cleveland Housing Trust Fund; a $400,000 ($ in  dollars) loan from the Ohio Housing Trust Fund; and a $50,000 ($ in  dollars) grant from the Cleveland weatherization fund. In 1994, 11 banks agreed to lend the remaining $1.5 million ($ in  dollars) needed for the $2.8 million ($ in  dollars) renovation project. The restoration and renovation of the Body Block left it with 49 one- and two-bedroom apartments on the second and third floors, and retail space on the first floor. All units were available for rent only to low-income individuals and families who were participating in employment programs run by the city.

Construction began in April 1994, and was set for completion in February 1995. Zelina-Sandvick Architects designed the renovation, which completely overhauled the building's electrical, heating, and plumbing systems and added a playground to the rear of the building.

In April 2017, the building was purchased by real estate company Smartland11, LLC, the latter of which has its headquarters based in Cleveland.

References

External links

Goodrich-Kirtland Park
National Register of Historic Places in Cleveland, Ohio
Buildings and structures in Cleveland
Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
Residential buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
Commercial buildings completed in 1893
Residential buildings completed in 1893
Queen Anne architecture in Ohio

Body Block


Joshua Barton (July 28, 1792 – June 30, 1823) was the first Missouri Secretary of State. He was involved in three duels with prominent Missouri politicians before being killed in a duel.

Barton, a younger brother of Senator David Barton, was born in Jefferson County, Tennessee.

He moved to St. Louis, Missouri in 1809.  He studied law under Rufus Easton, who was Missouri Territory's second representative to Congress.  After being admitted to the bar, he and Edward Bates, Missouri's first attorney general, formed a law firm.

Barton was the first Secretary of State, but resigned to become district attorney of St. Louis, Missouri.

Duelist
In 1816, he fought a duel with Thomas Hempstead, brother of Edward Hempstead, Missouri's first representative to Congress.  Bates was his second.  Thomas Hart Benton was Hempstead's second.  The duel ended in no bloodshed.

In 1817, he was second to Charles Lucas in two duels with Benton. After having been wounded the first time, Lucas was killed during the second duel.

In 1823, David Barton opposed the reappointment of William Rector as Surveyor General for Missouri, Illinois and Arkansas, saying that Rector was hiring his relatives as surveyors and overpaying his surveyors.  Rector had overseen the surveying the Louisiana Purchase, including the establishment of the Beginning Point of the Louisiana Purchase Survey. William Rector had previously been hired to survey the location route of the Buffalo Trace before an Indian treaty line was established.

Joshua Barton made the charges in a letter signed "Philo" to the weekly newspaper the St. Louis Republican.  Rector's brother, Thomas Rector, contacted the paper and found out that Barton had written the letter and challenged him to a duel. They met at 6 p.m. on June 30, 1823, on Bloody Island (where the previous duels had occurred).  Barton was killed instantly, while Thomas Rector was not hurt. Rector died in 1825 in a knife fight in St. Louis.  President James Monroe did not reappoint William Rector.

References

1792 births
1823 deaths
Secretaries of State of Missouri
Politicians from St. Louis
Deaths by firearm in Missouri
American politicians killed in duels
19th-century American politicians

Joshua Barton


Software development is the process of creating a computer software. It includes the software release life cycle of preparing a design, coding the program, and fixing the bugs. The final goal is software release of a product that serves the wishes of users.

Software product is usually a result of research, new development, prototyping, modification, reuse, re-engineering, maintenance, or any other activities.

There are 3 main goals of software development:

 to meet specific needs of a specific client/business;
 to meet a need of some set of potential users;
 for personal use.

Process
A software development process (model, methodology) is a system that is used to structure, plan, and control the process of developing information systems. Each model is defferent, more or less structured and is considered to be suitable to only some kinds of projects.

There are several stages of software development:

 Analyzing the problem
 Market research
 Gathering requirements for the proposed software
 Devising a plan or design for the software
 Implementation (coding) of the software
 Testing the software
 Deployment
 Maintenance and bug fixing

Activities

Understanding the need
There are different sources of ideas for software products like market research. The next step is market evaluation. It includes a check of cost and time assumptions, economic feasibility, fit with existing channels distribution, effects on existing product lines, required features, fit with the company's marketing objectives.

This process is also connected with non-technical activities like human resources, risk management, intellectual property, budgeting, crisis management, etc.

Planning
An important task in creating a software program is understanding the requirements. The software engineers must accept the client's idea and adapt it to the working process.

Designing
After establishing the requirements, the engineers start creating a software design document. Design of the software means the high-level design of the main modules with a full picture of how the parts fit together. The language, operating system, and hardware components should be clear at this stage.

Implementation, testing and documenting
There are 3 next processes which are combined:

 implementation — programming the code for the project.
 testing — looking for defects
 documenting — making documents of the inner design of software, API can be also included

Deployment and maintenance
The deployment includes installation, customization, testing, and possibly a longer period of evaluation.

Software training and support are important because software is only effective if it is used rightly.

Maintaining and improving software is the stage to cope with new faults or requirements, it usually takes a lot of time and effort.

References

Other websites
 Software Development Magazine

Software

Software development


Saadat Saeed is a professor of Urdu language and literature at Government College University, Lahore and contemporary critic and poet of Urdu language.

Early life
Saadat Saeed was born at Lahore on 15 March 1949 as Saadat Hassan. His father A. D. Nasim was known in the various fields of Urdu language and literature.

Education
 In 1963, Saadat Saeed passed his matriculation from Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Lahore. After passing Intermediate from the same board in 1965 he got admission in University of the Punjab. He got his first degree with a roll of honour and scholarship in 1967. In 1969, Saadat Saeed stood first in M.A. Urdu and received a gold medal. In 1988 he completed his PhD from the same university.
 PhD	1988	Urdu Qasida	University of the Punjab Lahore.
 M.A.	1969	Urdu (with Gold Medal)First class First in Punjab	University of the Punjab Lahore.
 B.A.	1967	Urdu, philosophy, English
 Persian(Roll of Honour)	University of the Punjab Lahore.
 F.A	1965	English, philosophy, History. Persian	Board of Higher Secondary and Intermediate Lahore

Teaching career
In 1970, Saadat Saeed started his career as a lecturer from Govt. Islamia College, Lyallpur (Faisalabad). Three years after, he was transferred to Govt. Islamia College, (Railway Road) Lahore. He joined Government College, Lahore in 1986 as a lecturer. After some time, he was first promoted as Assistant Professor and then Associate Professor in 1995. He was transferred to Government College, Asghar Mall, Rawalpindi as Professor in 1999. After serving a few months there, he moved to Ankara University, Turkey as chairman Ankara Urdu Chair. In 2004, he returned to Pakistan and again joined GC University, Lahore as Professor.

Books
 Jayhat Numayee (Studies in Contemporary Short story) Published by Dastavez Matboaat Lahore. 1995
 Fun Aur Khaliq (Studies in Contemporary Poetry) Dastavez Matboaat Lahore.
 Iqbal aik Saqafti Tnazur Dastavez Matboaat Lahore.1998
 Kajli Bun (Poems) Published by Sang-e-Meel publication Lahore 1988.
 Adab Aur Nafi-e-Adab Dastavez Matboaat Lahore.1999
 Iqbal and The Sahiwal (Editor) Published by Iqbal Academy Lahore
 Ibn-e-Arabi Ka Nazria-e-Wahdat ul Wajood (Editor) Published by Iqbal-Shariati Foundation Lahore
 Chand Waqt Translation from Turkish poetry Maktba Al Farooq Wahdat Road Lahore 1998.
 Bansry Chup Hey Dastavez Matboat Urdu Bazar Lahore.
 Fanoon Asob Maktaba Alblag Urdu Bazar Lahore

Awards
Tamgha e Imtiaz

References

Living people
Academic staff of the Government College University, Lahore
University of the Punjab alumni
1949 births

Saadat Saeed


Clovernook Farm was the family home of poets Alice and Phoebe Cary in what is now North College Hill, Ohio. The farm was once part of a 1 million acre (4,000 km2) tract of Springfield Township that was purchased in 1787 by John Cleves Symmes, a New Jersey delegate to the Continental Congress and a pioneer in the Northwest Territory. The first member of the Cary family in southwestern Ohio was Revolutionary War veteran Christopher Cary, who emigrated to Ohio in 1803 to claim the land grant he was awarded by the Federal government for his military service. His son Robert worked on the family farm before leaving home to fight in the War of 1812.

In 1813–14, Christopher's brother William Cary built a log cabin in the "wilderness"  north of Cincinnati and moved his family to the area, which was then known as Mill Creek Township. Soon after, William purchased an additional  north of North Bend Road adjacent to his original tract and sold part of this land to his brother's son Robert. who called the  Clovernook Farm.

After returning home from the war, Robert erected a small three-room frame house for his family in 1814; this home was the birthplace of Alice and Phoebe. Robert also laid out the first community in the area, on the east side of Hamilton Avenue (now also known as U.S. Route 127), and called it Clovernook as well.

The white brick house now known as Cary Cottage, which stands on the campus of the Clovernook Center for the Blind and Visually Impaired at 7000 Hamilton Avenue, was built in 1832. It was a more substantial structure with a frame porch. As their family grew, Robert and his wife Elizabeth divided their nine children among the two homes.

Late in life, Alice Cary told a friend about her family's home in Ohio: "In the autumn of 1832, by persevering industry and frugal living, the farm was at last paid for, and a new and more commodius dwelling erected for the reception of the family. This new dwelling, which is still standing, is no more than the plainest of farm-houses, yet it represents a degree of comfort only attained after a long struggle."

The house contains original wooden floors, a narrow winding staircase, a kitchen fireplace and bake oven, and a working outdoor well. The bricks used in its construction were fired on the property. Restoration and furnishing of the house—begun after it was added to the National Register of Historic Places—were aided by a number of descriptive passages in Alice and Phoebe's poems.

In 1903, Cary Cottage became the first home for blind women in Ohio through the work of the Trader sisters, Florence and Georgia (who was blind). The Cary house and the land surrounding it were purchased by William A. Procter, grandson of the Procter & Gamble co-founder, in order to give them in trust to the Traders. As many as thirteen blind and visually impaired women (and one man) lived in the house as the Trader sisters used the land and the home to provide them employment as a source of dignity and direction. This mission became the work of the Clovernook Center for the Blind and Visually Impaired, and it now offers instruction, employment, community living and low vision services for men and women. The center runs three manufacturing departments and is one of the country's largest volume producers of Braille publications.

References

 Cincinnati, a Guide to the Queen City and Its Neighbors, American Guide Series, The Weisen-Hart Press, May 1943, page 500

External links
Cary Sisters
Alice Cary (1820-1871)
Clovernook marks 100th year of opportunities for the blind
Touching Words. Accessed 6/19/2011.

Houses completed in 1832
National Register of Historic Places in Cincinnati
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
Houses in Cincinnati
Farms on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio

Clovernook


Cornelius Clifford Floyd Jr. (born December 5, 1972) is an American former Major League Baseball left fielder who played for 17 seasons, most notably for the Montreal Expos, Florida Marlins and New York Mets. He is currently a baseball analyst who co-hosts on Sirius XM Radio and appears on MLB Network.

Early years
Floyd was born to parents Cornelius Clifford Floyd, Sr. and Olivia Floyd. After spending 13 years as an only child, Floyd was joined by brother Julius. Sister Shanta was later adopted when the Floyds noticed her as a six-year-old classmate of Julius' who had been troublesome for her then adoptive parents. The three siblings were raised in Markham, Illinois, a small suburb southwest of Chicago. Floyd's father, a former Marine, worked double shifts at a U.S. Steel plant in Chicago to allow the family to live in a safe and stable neighborhood.

At Thornwood High School in South Holland, Illinois, Floyd was a three-sport star in baseball, football, and basketball. In basketball, he led his high school to the Class AA Sectional Playoffs. He hit .508 with 130 RBI during the final two years of his high school career and led his team to the Illinois Class AA state baseball championship as a senior. He was heavily recruited by Arizona State University, Stanford, and Creighton University and signed a letter of intent to play for head coach Jim Hendry at Creighton. However, when the Montreal Expos drafted him as the 14th pick in the 1st round of the 1991 Major League Baseball draft, Floyd chose to go to the minor leagues.

Major league career

Montreal Expos
Prior to being called up by the Expos, Floyd won The Sporting News Minor League Player of the Year Award in 1993 after successful stints with the Harrisburg Senators of the Eastern League and Triple-A Ottawa Lynx. He made his major league debut that same year at only 21 years old, playing in 10 games with the Expos. On June 27, 1994, Floyd hit a home run off Atlanta Braves pitcher Greg Maddux at Olympic Stadium on a pitch that was low, by golfing the ball out in what would become a signature moment in the Expos dominant but strike-shortened 1994 season. Although Floyd never showed the power that was to come in later years during his first tenure with the Expos, he has expressed fondness for his time in Montreal, crediting his initial experience there for helping him grow both professionally and as a person.

Florida Marlins
In , Floyd was traded from the Expos to the Florida Marlins for Dustin Hermanson and Joe Orsulak. He won his lone World Series with the franchise in 1997. In , Floyd earned a starting position in the Marlins' outfield. In , in 420 at-bats, he hit .300 with 22 home runs and 91 RBI, including two walk-off home runs. In 2001, Floyd hit 31 home runs and set career highs with a .317 batting average and 103 RBIs in 149 games and was selected to play in his first and only All-Star Game.

Second stint with Expos
In , Floyd was traded from the Marlins back to the Expos, with Claudio Vargas, Wilton Guerrero, and cash, for Graeme Lloyd, Mike Mordecai, Carl Pavano, Justin Wayne, and Donald Levinski. His second stint with the Expos was short-lived; he appeared in only 15 games before being traded.

Boston Red Sox
On July 30, 2002, Floyd was traded from the Expos to the Boston Red Sox for Sun-woo Kim and Song Seung-jun. Theories swirled around baseball as to the move (along with several others done by the Expos that year), with critics suggesting the MLB-owned Expos had traded Floyd in order to help the Red Sox. Floyd hit .317 in 47 games for the Red Sox.

New York Mets

In , Floyd was signed by the New York Mets. He played well for the Mets, but was hampered by injuries in 2003 and . However, Floyd stayed healthy in  and responded with a career-high and team-leading 34 home runs. The next year, though, Floyd was once again limited by injuries and only played in 97 games during New York's division-winning year. He caught the division-clinching out for the Mets, but was slowed by injuries in the playoffs for New York, only recording twelve at-bats in his team's ten postseason games.

Chicago Cubs
On January 21, 2007, Floyd agreed to a one-year, $3 million deal with his hometown Chicago Cubs for the 2007 season. The deal included multiple incentives and an option for . Floyd missed nine games in August 2007 to mourn the death of his father, Cornelius. He returned on August 21, 2007, to play the San Francisco Giants, where he drove in the winning runs in the top of the 9th.

Tampa Bay Rays
On December 14, 2007, Floyd signed a $3 million, one-year contract with the Tampa Bay Rays. Floyd spent 2008 platooning for the Rays at DH against righties.

San Diego Padres

On February 5, , Floyd agreed to a one-year contract with the San Diego Padres. On October 8, 2009, the Padres released Floyd.

Career statistics
In 1621 games over 17 seasons, Floyd posted a .278 batting average (1,479-for-5,319) with 824 runs, 340 doubles, 23 triples, 233 home runs, 865 RBI, 148 stolen bases, 601 bases on balls, .358 on-base percentage and .482 slugging percentage. He finished his career with a .980 fielding percentage playing at all three outfield positions and at first base. In 19 postseason games, he batted .216 (8-for-37) scoring 7 runs with 2 home runs and 4 RBI.

Broadcasting career
On February 22, 2010, Floyd accepted a broadcasting job with Fox Sports Florida.

Floyd made his debut in the broadcasting booth for FOX Sports' Baseball Night in America on June 21, 2014.

In 2015, Floyd joined SportsNet New York where he would be an analyst for New York Mets games. On March 8, 2015, Floyd broadcast his first Mets game, a spring training game against the Boston Red Sox on WPIX-TV, with Gary Cohen doing play-by-play.

Floyd is currently a co-host on SiriusXM's MLB Network Radio and Fantasy Sports Radio. He is also a contributor to the MLB Network, occasionally appearing on its flagship studio show MLB Tonight.

In 2018, Floyd joined Sportsnet to become a featured analyst for the network's Toronto Blue Jays coverage.

In 2022, Floyd joined the Marquee Sports Network as a studio analyst and also appeared on Apple TV+ Friday Night Baseball as one of three rotating analysts.

Personal life
Floyd lives in Florida with his longtime companion Maryanne Manning, the couple's three children (Bria, Tobias, and Layla), his mother, and the two children of his sister Shanta. Shanta died in 2006 after a long battle with cancer.

In 1997, Floyd appeared in a Season 23 episode of Saturday Night Live in full Florida Marlins uniform with fourteen other MLB players.

He appeared on Season 9 and 10 of Dragons' Den.

See also

List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders

References

External links

 Floyd Interview 6-30-06

1972 births
Living people
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople
African-American baseball players
Albany Polecats players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Baseball players from Chicago
Baseball players from Miami
Boston Red Sox players
Brooklyn Cyclones players
Calgary Cannons players
Charlotte Knights players
Chicago Cubs players
Florida Marlins players
Harrisburg Senators players
Lake Elsinore Storm players
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Major League Baseball left fielders
MLB Network personalities
Montreal Expos players
National League All-Stars
New York Mets players
Ottawa Lynx players
People from Markham, Illinois
San Diego Padres players
South Suburban Bulldogs baseball players
St. Lucie Mets players
Tampa Bay Rays players
West Palm Beach Expos players

Cliff Floyd


Manning Shannon Fife (February 16, 1888 – May 7, 1972) was an American journalist, humorist and film scenario writer. He worked on at least 86 motion pictures over the silent film era before returning to journalism to write for magazines and newspapers.

Biography
He was born on February 16, 1888, in Dallas, Texas, the middle of three boys born to Ambrose D. and Mary Shannon Fife. By the turn of the twentieth century, Fife and his two brothers (Locksley and Francis) were living in Dallas with an uncle and their maternal grandmother, Belle Shannon.  His father, a well-known Dallas businessman, died in 1911. Fife first worked as a cub reporter for the Dallas Dispatch, where he quickly rose to be city editor.

Fife's first movie, A Message from the Moon, was written in 1912 for Mack Sennett at Biograph Studios before joining the Lubin Company for several years. By 1916 he was a freelance writer   working on such films as Susie Snowflake and The Rainbow Princess, former Ziegfeld Follies star Ann Pennington's debut pictures. That same year Fife co-wrote The Habit of Happiness, a comedy starring Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. In 1918 Fife's film career was interrupted for a short period while he served as a sergeant over the waning months of the First World War at Camp Travis, a division of Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio.

Fife remained busy throughout the silent era until his health began to fail in the late 1920s. In 1928 he was reported to be home in Dallas recuperating from an unspecified illness,  and by 1930 he was listed as a patient at the Loomis Sanatorium in Liberty, New York. His health did improve though, for a little over a year later he was reported slightly injured with Dr. Godfrey Dewey and others while testing an Olympic bob sled course at Lake Placid, New York. Fife's last film, the 1929 Hoot Gibson comedy Smilin' Guns, was an adaption of a popular magazine story he wrote. The latter half of Fife's career would be spent in journalism writing for magazines such as Esquire and syndicated articles in newspapers. He was noted for his one- or two-line quips on modern life – e.g., All agree that a woman's blush is becoming, some insist it is becoming obsolete – Some college graduates who think they have drunk at the Fountain of Knowledge seemed to have only gargled – that were published in American newspapers and magazines for many years.

Manning Shannon Fife died on May 7, 1972, in Dallas, Texas, aged 84.

Filmography
 Red, White and Blue Blood (1917)
 Maternity (1917)
 The Song of the Soul (1918)
 Johnny-on-the-Spot (1919)
 Man and His Woman (1920)
 Second Hand Love (1923)
 Hard Boiled (1926)

References

External links

1888 births
1972 deaths
American male screenwriters
Journalists from Texas
Writers from Dallas
American male non-fiction writers
Screenwriters from Texas
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters

Shannon Fife


The flag of Saudi Arabia () is entirely green except for the central portion which bears an Arabic inscription and a sword in white. The inscription is the Islamic creed, or shahada: "There is no god but Allah; Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah". The current design has been used by the government of Saudi Arabia since 15 March 1973.

Design
The Arabic inscription on the flag, written in the calligraphic Thuluth script with the current one by Saleh al-Mansouf, is the shahada or Islamic declaration of faith:

"There is no god but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God."
The green of the flag represents Islam and the sword stands for the strictness in applying justice.

The flag is manufactured with identical obverse and reverse sides, to ensure the shahada reads correctly, from right to left, from either side.  The sword also points to the left on both sides, in the direction of the script. The flag is sinister hoisted, meaning that when viewed from the obverse (front) side, it is hoisted to the left of the flagpole.

The usual color of the flag's green was approximated by Album des pavillons as Pantone 330 C, while the color used on flags at United Nations is approximately Pantone 349. At the 2012 London Olympics, Pantone 355 was used.

Construction sheet

Use

Because the shahada is considered holy, the flag is not normally used on T-shirts or other items. Saudi Arabia protested against its inclusion on a planned football to be issued by FIFA, bearing all the flags of the participants of the 2002 FIFA World Cup. Saudi officials said that kicking the creed with the foot was completely unacceptable. Similarly, an attempt by the U.S. military to win favour with children of the Khost Province of Afghanistan by distributing footballs adorned with flags, including that of Saudi Arabia, ended in demonstrations.

The flag is never lowered to half-mast as a sign of mourning, because lowering it would be considered blasphemous and desecrating. Similarly, the flags of Afghanistan and Iraq are also never at half-mast.

The normal flag cannot be hoisted vertically according to Saudi legislation. Special vertical flags are manufactured where both the inscription (the creed) and the emblem (the sword) are rotated, although this is rare, as most Arab countries traditionally do not hoist flags vertically.

History
The precursor states to Saudi Arabia were Nejd and Hejaz. The state flag of Nejd followed today's Saudi flag pattern very closely. The state of Hejaz followed the patterns seen in countries like Palestine and Sudan. Caliphates such as the Rashiduns, the Umayyads and the Abbasids used other flags with only one color. After the Siege of Baghdad in 1258, the primary caliphate became the Mamluk Sultanate. In 1517, the Ottomans invaded Egypt and inherited Hejaz and ruled it until the Arab Revolt (1916–18). From 1902 until 1921 a different Arabic inscription was used. One of the primary opponents to the Saudis was the Emirate of Jabal Shammar of the Al Rashid family in the north of the peninsula, until their defeat in 1921.

The Al Saud, the ruling family of Saudi Arabia, has long been closely related with Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. He and the people who followed him, since the 18th century, had used the shahada on their flags. In 1921, Abdulaziz Abdulrahman Al-Saud, leader of the Al Saud and the future founder of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, added a sword to this flag. The design of the flag was not standardized prior to 15 March 1973 when its use became official. Variants with two swords and/or a white vertical stripe at the hoist were frequently used. By 1938, the flag had basically assumed its present form, except the sword had a different design (with a more curved blade) and it, along with the shahada above, took up more of the flag's space.

Royal Standard
The Royal Standard consists of a green flag, with an Arabic inscription and a sword featured in white, and with the national emblem embroidered in gold in the lower right canton of the year 1973.

The script on the flag is written in the Thuluth script. It is the shahada or Islamic declaration of faith:

There is no god but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God

Other flags
The civil ensign, for use by merchant vessels at sea, is a green flag with the state flag in the canton with a white border. The royal standard is the state flag with the palm tree and swords in the canton.

See also

 List of Saudi Arabian flags
 Emblem of Saudi Arabia
 Saudi Flag Day
 National symbols of Saudi Arabia

References

11. https://saudiflag.sa/en

External links

 World Flags Information, Saudi Arabian page
 Saudi Arabian flag and associated information

Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
National symbols of Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia

Flag of Saudi Arabia


is a Japanese Noh play written in 1465 by Kanze Kojiro Nobumitsu.

It has been described as a masterpiece of genzai noh, a type of Noh play in which the story deals with events in the real world. It is also distinguished from the conventional Noh drama, which is noted for its focus on the idealized beauty of yugen, through its  use of songs and dances to highlight dramatic tension. Ataka, along with the two other mainstays of classic repertory of Noh - Izutsu and Atsumori - had a continuous performance tradition that spanned five to six centuries.

Kanze Nobumitsu was a playwright and actor from the Muromachi period, and is considered one of the last important playwrights of the golden age of Noh. Some of his other famous plays are Momijigari, Dōjōji, Funa benkei and Rashōmon.

Ataka has served as the basis for several successful kabuki plays, including Kanjinchō, and the film The Men Who Tread on the Tiger's Tail, directed by Kurosawa Akira.

Synopsis

Minamoto no Yoshitsune falls out of favor with his brother, the Shogun Minamoto no Yoritomo, and escapes with his followers to Mutsu Province, disguised as priests. They head for a temple called Tōdai-ji (a local branch of the Tōdai-ji buddhist temple  in Nara), but are stopped along the way by a suspicious guard.

The recitation of a fake "subscription list that monks would normally carry" on a mission to rebuild the temple, by Yoshitsune's companion Benkei, convinces the guard to let them pass.

Influence

Ataka was first adapted into kabuki in Kanjinchō (1702)m, which was written by playwright Namiki Gohei III. This is in fact the first time a Noh play was adapted into kabuki. This is considered a shosagoto or dance piece that eventually became part of the so-called "the eighteen favorites". The later version of Kanjinchō (1840) is one of the most often performed plays in the modern kabuki repertoire.

Another famous kabuki adaptation of Ataka is Gohiiki Kanjinchō (1773), considered "a magnificent example of the flamboyantly masculine aragoto acting style".

Akira Kurosawa's film The Men who Tread on the Tiger's Tail is partly based on Ataka. Made in 1945, the film was banned by the occupying Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP) due to its portrayal of feudal values.  It was later released after the signing of the Treaty of San Francisco in 1952.

References

External links
 Noh Database
 The Noh (Ataka)

Noh plays
15th-century plays
Buddhist plays
Plays set in the 12th century

Ataka (play)


"The Billionaire of Dismal Downs" is a 1993 Scrooge McDuck comic by Don Rosa. It is the ninth of the original 12 chapters in the series The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck. The story takes place from 1898 to 1902.

The story was first published in the Danish Anders And & Co. #1993-45; the first American publication was in Uncle Scrooge #293, in August 1995.

Plot
Having struck it rich in the Klondike Gold Rush (see chapter 8, King of the Klondike), Scrooge goes home to Scotland. He tries to settle in Dismal Downs with his family, but after realizing that he doesn't fit in very well in Scotland any more, he hires Scottie McTerrier to look after the McDuck castle for him, while Scrooge and his sisters leave for a small, unseeming town called Duckburg located in Calisota, United States. Scrooge had recently bought a plot of land there from the founder's grandson while he was a sourdough in Alaska. The morning Scrooge and his sisters leave the McDuck castle, their father Fergus dies, joining his late wife and the rest of the Clan McDuck.

Notes
This is the first actual appearance of Scottie McTerrier, invented by Rosa's mentor Carl Barks. Barks had used the character in his story The Old Castle's Secret, but at the end, it became apparent that it was really a criminal impersonating Scottie and not Scottie himself, who had died months before the setting of the story.

External links

The Billionaire of Dismal Downs on Duckman
The Life and Times of $crooge McDuck - Episode 9

Fiction set in 1898
Fiction set in 1899
Fiction set in 1900
Fiction set in 1901
Fiction set in 1902
1993 in comics
Donald Duck comics by Don Rosa
Comics set in the 1890s
Comics set in the 1900s
Comics set in Scotland
Comics set in castles
The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck

The Billionaire of Dismal Downs


In mathematics and physics, the right-hand rule is a convention and a mnemonic for deciding the orientation of axes in three-dimensional space. It is a convenient method for determining the direction of the cross product of two vectors.

There are two ways of applying the right hand rule. The first one is conventionally called the Right hand rule or the  Flemming's right hand rule. It involves the index finger, the middle finger and the thumb of the right hand. By arranging them as shown in the diagram, the direction of cross product or vector product can be calculated.

The other way, known as Amperes right hand grip rule, right-hand screw rule, coffee-mug rule or the corkscrew-rule involves pointing all fingers of the right hand along the first vector and curling the fingers along the second vector, the direction which the thumb makes is the direction of vector product.

For example, If the curling motion of the fingers represents a movement from the first (x-axis) to the second (y-axis), then the third (z-axis) can point along either thumb in a right handed coordinate system.

Both these rules can be used interchangeably.

The rule can be used to find the direction of the magnetic field, rotation, spirals, electromagnetic fields, mirror images, and enantiomers in mathematics and chemistry.

The sequence is often: index finger along the first vector, then middle finger along the second, then thumb along the third. Two other sequences also work because they preserve the cyclic nature of the cross product (and the underlying Levi-Civita symbol):
 Middle finger, thumb, index finger.
 Thumb, index finger, middle finger.

Coordinates

For right-handed coordinates, if the thumb of a person's right hand points along the z-axis in the positive direction (third coordinate vector), then the fingers curl from the positive x-axis (first coordinate vector) toward the positive y-axis (second coordinate vector). When viewed at a position along the positive z-axis, the ¼ turn from the positive x- to the positive y-axis is counter-clockwise.

For left-handed coordinates, the above description of the axes is the same, except using the left hand; and the ¼ turn is clockwise.

Interchanging the labels of any two axes reverses the handedness. Reversing the direction of one axis (or three axes) also reverses the handedness. Reversing two axes amounts to a 180° rotation around the remaining axis, also preserving the handedness. These operations can be composed to give repeated changes of handedness. (If the axes do not have a positive or negative direction, then handedness has no meaning.)

Rotations

A rotating body

In mathematics, a rotating body is commonly represented by a pseudovector along the axis of rotation. The length of the vector gives the speed of rotation and the direction of the axis gives the direction of rotation according to the right-hand rule: right fingers curled in the direction of rotation and the right thumb pointing in the positive direction of the axis. This allows some simple calculations using the vector cross-product. No part of the body is moving in the direction of the axis arrow. If the thumb is pointing north, Earth rotates according to the right-hand rule (prograde motion). This causes the Sun, Moon, and stars to appear to revolve westward according to the left-hand rule.

Helixes and screws

A helix is a curved line formed by a point rotating around a center while the center moves up or down the z-axis. Helices are either right or left handed with curled fingers giving the direction of rotation and thumb giving the direction of advance along the z-axis.

The threads of a screw are helical and therefore screws can be right- or left-handed. To properly fasten or unfasten a screw, one applies the above rules: if a screw is right-handed, pointing one's right thumb in the direction of the hole and turning in the direction of the right hand's curled fingers (i.e. clockwise) will fasten the screw, while pointing away from the hole and turning in the new direction (i.e. counterclockwise) will unfasten the screw.

Curve orientation and normal vectors
In vector calculus, it is necessary to relate a normal vector of a surface to the boundary curve of the surface. Given a surface  with a specified normal direction  (a choice of "upward direction" with respect to ), the boundary curve  around  is defined to be positively oriented provided that the right thumb points in the direction of  and the fingers curl along the orientation of the bounding curve .

Electromagnetism
When electricity flows (with direction given by conventional current) in a long straight wire, it creates a cylindrical magnetic field around the wire according to the right-hand rule. The conventional direction of a magnetic line is given by a compass needle.
Electromagnet: The magnetic field around a wire is relatively weak. If the wire is coiled into a helix, all the field lines inside the helix point in the same direction and each successive coil reinforces the others. The advance of the helix, the non-circular part of the current, and the field lines all point in the positive z direction. Since there is no magnetic monopole, the field lines exit the +z end, loop around outside the helix, and re-enter at the −z end. The +z end where the lines exit is defined as the north pole. If the fingers of the right hand are curled in the direction of the circular component of the current, the right thumb points to the north pole.
Lorentz force: If an electric charge moves across a magnetic field, it experiences a force according to Lorentz force, with the direction given by the right-hand rule. If the index finger represents the direction of magnetic field in 3 dimensional space and the middle finger represents the direction of flow of charge (i.e current), the direction of the force on the charge is represented by the thumb. Because the charge is moving, the force causes the particle path to bend. The bending force is computed by the vector cross-product. This means that the bending force increases with the velocity of the particle and the strength of the magnetic field. The force is maximum when the particle direction and magnetic fields are at right angles, is less at any other angle, and is zero when the particle moves parallel to the field.

Ampère's right-hand grip rule

Ampère's right-hand grip rule, also called the right-hand screw rule, coffee-mug rule or the corkscrew-rule; is used either when a vector (such as the Euler vector) must be defined to represent the rotation of a body, a magnetic field, or a fluid, or vice versa, when it is necessary to define a rotation vector to understand how rotation occurs. It reveals a connection between the current and the magnetic field lines in the magnetic field that the current created. Ampère was inspired by fellow physicist Hans Christian Ørsted, who observed that needles swirled when in the proximity of an electric current-carrying wire and concluded that electricity could create magnetic fields.

Application
This rule is used in two different applications of Ampère's circuital law:
 An electric current passes through a straight wire. When the thumb is pointed in the direction of conventional current (from positive to negative), the curled fingers will then point in the direction of the magnetic flux lines around the conductor. The direction of the magnetic field (counterclockwise rotation instead of clockwise rotation of coordinates when viewing the tip of the thumb) is a result of this convention and not an underlying physical phenomenon.
 An electric current passes through a solenoid, resulting in a magnetic field. When wrapping the right hand around the solenoid with the fingers in the direction of the conventional current, the thumb points in the direction of the magnetic north pole.

Cross products

The cross product of two vectors is often taken in physics and engineering. For example, as discussed above, the force exerted on a moving charged particle when moving in a magnetic field B is given by the magnetic term of Lorentz force:

 (vector cross product)

The direction of the cross product may be found by application of the right-hand rule as follows:
 The index finger points in the direction of the velocity vector v.
 The middle finger points in the direction of the magnetic field vector B.
 The thumb points in the direction of the cross product F.

For example, for a positively charged particle moving to the north, in a region where the magnetic field points west, the resultant force points up.

Applications
The right-hand rule has widespread use in physics. A list of physical quantities whose directions are related by the right-hand rule is given below. (Some of these are related only indirectly to cross products, and use the second form.)

 For a rotating object, if the right-hand fingers follow the curve of a point on the object, then the thumb points along the axis of rotation in the direction of the angular velocity vector.
 A torque, the force that causes it, and the position of the point of application of the force.
 A magnetic field, the position of the point where it is determined, and the electric current (or change in electric flux) that causes it.
 A magnetic field in a coil of wire and the electric current in the wire.
 The force of a magnetic field on a charged particle, the magnetic field itself, and the velocity of the object.
 The vorticity at any point in the field of the flow of a fluid
 The induced current from motion in a magnetic field (known as Fleming's right-hand rule).
 The x, y and z unit vectors in a Cartesian coordinate system can be chosen to follow the right-hand rule. Right-handed coordinate systems are often used in rigid body and kinematics.

Meta-mathematical issues
Unlike most mathematical concepts, the meaning of a right-handed coordinate system cannot be expressed in terms of any mathematical axioms. Rather, the definition depends on chiral phenomena in the physical world, for example the culturally transmitted meaning of right and left hands, a majority human population with dominant right hand, or certain phenomena involving the weak force.

See also
Chirality (mathematics)
Curl (mathematics)
Fleming's left-hand rule for motors
Improper rotation
ISO 2
Oersted's law
Poynting vector
Pseudovector
Reflection (mathematics)

References

External links

 Feynman's lecture on the right-hand rule
 Right and Left Hand Rules - Interactive Java Tutorial National High Magnetic Field Laboratory

 Christian Moser : right-hand-rule : wpftutorial.net

Electromagnetism
Mechanics
Orientation (geometry)
Vectors (mathematics and physics)
Rules of thumb
Science mnemonics
Hand gestures

Right-hand rule


The Elliott Cutoff was a covered wagon road that branched off the Oregon Trail at the Malheur River where present-day Vale, Oregon, United States is today.  The first portion of the road was originally known as the Meek Cutoff after Stephen Meek, a former trapper who led over 1,000 emigrants into the Harney Basin in 1845. There were considerable difficulties for the 1845 train, and after reaching a hill known as Wagontire, the people left Meek and split into groups. They turned north at the Deschutes River and finally returned to the traditional Oregon Trail near The Dalles.

In 1853, another group left the Oregon Trail at Vale. This emigration was led by Elijah Elliott who followed, with some exceptions, Meek's 1845 route.  But instead of turning north at the Deschutes River, Elliott turned south and traveled up the Deschutes about 30 miles where a newly built trail had been prepared for the wagon train. This new road crossed the Cascades near present-day Willamette Pass and was known as the Free Emigrant Road.  No toll would be collected on this road.

History
As emigrants came to Oregon, the majority traveled on the Oregon Trail to the Portland area.  It was not practical to journey too far south once arriving in Western Oregon, so most emigrants settled in northwestern Oregon.

In the early 1850s, residents of the Upper Willamette Valley attempted to attract more emigrants to Central Oregon.  One of the suggestions was to build a road over the Cascades that would bring emigrants directly to the upper valley.  This road would save emigrants over , avoid the difficult crossing at the mouth of the Deschutes and the difficult choice of reaching Portland by boat or by traveling over the Barlow Road.

Finding a way over the Cascades was challenging, and several possibilities were presented but most were deemed impractical.  Finally, a survey party was formed to explore the Willamette Pass.  It was through this pass the Klamath Indians came to trade with the Kalapuya Indians.  The survey party was formed and became known as the Road Viewers. Men who took part in the survey included William Macy, John Diamond, William Tandy, Joseph Meador, Alexander King, Robert Walker, and a J. Clark.

On July 19, 1852, Macy and Diamond made a preliminary trip across the pass.  During this trip they decided to climb a prominent peak to help understand the terrain. This peak was named Diamond Peak after John Diamond.  From here they were able to plot a route over the eastern half of the Cascade Range and on to the Deschutes River.

The Road Viewers left the Willamette Valley on August 20, 1852.  Once they finished the road survey, they tried to follow the remaining route to Vale, Oregon, where the cutoff was to begin.  They continued northeast until they located the ruts of Meek's wagons and followed them not far from the Crooked River until they came to Steen's Ridge.  A marker was found carved on a rock that was left in a small cairn on top of Steen's Ridge. The inscription read: "T – 1852." It is believed the rock was carved by William Tandy, one of the Viewers. Although there was never any official statement, it is apparent the Viewers were also looking for the Lost Blue Bucket Mine, a place where some of Meek's emigrants had stumbled onto gold nuggets.

From Steen's Ridge, the Viewers followed Meek's wagon ruts south into the Harney Basin.  The ruts led past the northern shores of Harney and Malheur Lakes.  It was here the Viewers were attacked by a band they believed were Shoshoni Indians, although this was the territory of the Northern Paiute.  The aboriginal attack force included 14 horsemen using guns and 40–50 foot soldiers using bows and arrows. Macy, Clark, and Diamond were wounded by musket balls and four horses were killed by arrows.  The Viewers lost their notes, provisions and their geological specimens.

The Viewers fled to the north and eventually came to the Oregon Trail along the Burnt River.  A couple of doctors were coming through at that time and were able to assist the wounded men.  From here they traveled back to the Willamette Valley via the Oregon Trail and returned home. With their adventure completed they filed a report that was quite optimistic considering the difficulties they encountered. The report devotes only one sentence to the skirmish with Native Americans.

Free Emigrant Road
Because emigrants had to pay tolls in places such as the mouth of the Deschutes River and the Barlow Road, there was a strong feeling among the new road commissioners—William Macy, Thomas Cady, and Asahel Spencer—to make the new road toll free.  A call for donations was sent out and once the money was raised, a contract was given to a Dr. Robert Alexander to build the road.

As time went on there were numerous problems with the road construction. R. M. Walker was hired to mark out the road, but there was an unusually heavy snowfall in 1853 and Walker was unable to mark the road near the Cascade crest. Walker returned home without telling anyone, and when the road workers ran out of marks they also went home.  Several weeks went by before the work continued.  Finally a crew of 10 was sent to finish the road. Construction was made in great haste until they reached a branch of the Deschutes River.

The construction of the Free Emigrant Road was basically a tree-felling operation.  Many of the logs were left in the road where the emigrants themselves had to clear them out of the way.

1853 Emigration
As emigrants were heading west during the summer of 1853, there were some settlers from the Willamette Valley heading east.  Among those were Elijah Elliott and Robert Tandy.  Elliott had been a supportive donor for the new road, and was traveling as far as Fort Boise to meet his wife and children who were coming with the 1853 emigration.  Before he left, sponsors of the new road commissioned Elliott to lead a wagon train on the Meek Cutoff, across Harney Basin to the Deschutes River and over the Cascades using the new Free Emigrant Road.

Elliott traveled east but not on the new road.  He was probably aware the Native Americans had attacked the Road Viewers the previous year, so he took the Barlow Road and the established Oregon Trail until he was able to locate his family near Fort Boise.  Elliott then headed back to what is now Vale where the Cutoff begins along the Malheur River.  Here he took to his new assignment with enthusiasm.  By the time he was ready to embark on his adventure, there were around 100 wagons ready to follow him.  Over a period of two weeks other wagons would follow and the final tally would ultimately come to 250 wagons carrying 1,027 people.

The Cutoff was around  shorter for destinations in the Upper Willamette Valley.  In spite of this, many emigrants were aware this was a risky decision. Nothing was known about road conditions, grass for the livestock or the water sources. Unfortunately the tendency was for the most needy to take the risk because their supplies were low and as autumn was approaching they did not want to get caught on the wrong side of the mountains.  The story of the Donner Party, though seven years prior, was fresh on everyone's mind.

The first leg of the journey was rough travel.  They were only able to follow the Malheur River for the first few miles, and then were forced to follow various streams and travel on the high ground to avoid the canyons. The road was rocky and steep in places. Finally Meek's ruts led them into Harney Valley where Elliott chose a campsite along the Silvies River near present-day Burns, Oregon.

Two large lakes are located in Harney Basin: the Malheur and Harney Lakes. Both lakes contain alkali and are nearly joined with sufficient rainfall. In 1845, Meek turned west and drove along the northern shores of these lakes. But as Elliott and his wagons drove into the Harney Basin, two of his scouts rode ahead near Wright's Point, a prominent plateau in the area.  Here they encountered Indians and were chased back. With this confrontation in mind and the memory of the Road Viewer's skirmish occurring the prior year, and in the same general area, there was some reluctance to take the direct route west. After much deliberation they finally decided to go east and take the long way around the lakes.

The price the wagon train paid for this decision was about five or six extra days of difficult travel.  The emigrants were already either low or out of supplies and had to resort to eating their livestock. The reason Elliott gave for his decision was to avoid fouled water–he did not mention Indian warriors–but the lake water was not drinkable and there were still long drives to fresh water.  Elliott's followers reached a breaking point and by the time they reached the west end of the lakes, they began to tie wagon tongues together with the intention of hanging Mr. Elliott.  There are conflicting stories regarding what happened next, but it appears Elliott's wife made an appeal to the angry travelers and defused the crisis.

Lost rescue party
When Elliott was preparing to lead the train around the lakes, he formed a rescue party to ride ahead for help and supplies. The rescue was led by Charles Clark and Robert Tandy, men who had previously settled in the Willamette Valley. Robert Tandy was the brother of William Tandy, one of the Road Viewers in 1852, but he had not planned on returning to Oregon with the 1853 emigration. If he had, he might have received detailed information from his brother William. Charles Clark returned to the U.S in 1852 to acquire some horses and was returning in 1853. The Cutoff was an unplanned venture for him as well.

Two years prior and during their first emigration, the family of Charles Clark had been attacked by Indians, an incident known as the Clark Massacre. The family and their fellow travelers were attacked by Shoshonis and a band of red-bearded Whites. Clark's mother and brother were killed in the skirmish. In 1853 Clark was bringing tombstones west for his family members. With his losses still on his mind he led the rescue party around to the south side of Malheur Lake, and as they were traveling up the muddy Donner und Blitzen River, Clark spotted Indians on the other side.  Deciding to attack he tried to enlist the other 7 members but they all refused to join him. Clark then made a lone charge across the river but his mare mired in the mud. The mare, by becoming stuck in the river bottom, managed to avert tension between the emigrants and the Northern Paiutes.

The other men in the party were Pleasant Calvin Noland, Benjamin Franklin "Frank" Owen, Andrew McClure, Job Denning, Charles Long, and James McFarland. Elijah Elliot sent the men out with seven-day rations but it took them nearly 40 days to reach the settlements.  The party did not know to look for a road up the Deschutes River, they only knew they were to find Diamond Peak.  When they reached the Deschutes they mistook the South Sister for Diamond Peak, setting up a difficult crossing of the mountains.

By the time they made their way down the McKenzie watershed to Springfield they were half-starved, their clothes torn, and skin lacerated from bushes and briers along the way.  During the last week of their journey Frank Owen was without shoes and his feet were badly cut by the briars along the McKenzie River. Andrew McClure was a large man and suffered more from lack of nutrition. Owen, McClure and Tandy came in four days behind the others.  A rescue party from the settlements was sent to find them, organized by Isaac Briggs, one of the founders of Springfield.  None of the ten horses with them survived.  Three of the horses had been eaten and the rest were abandoned as cripples in the mountains. McClure kept a careful diary and Owen wrote about it years later. By the time the first men of the advance party arrived in Springfield, on October 18, 1853, the wagon train had already been discovered by the Settlers of the Willamette Valley.

There were other small groups who also left the wagon train for help.  Five young men followed Clark's group across the mountains and finally caught up with the leaders around the time they reached Springfield. Another party consisting of Joseph Lyman and two young men also tried to go for help.  They were unable to cross the mountains, ate their three horses and followed the Deschutes River until they reached The Dalles on November 1, 1853.  Joseph was finally reunited with his family in Salem, Oregon on November 8, 1853.  Until then his family thought he had died in the mountains.

Lost wagon discovery
The upper Willamette settlers wondered what had become of Elliott and his wagons.  Emigrants who came in on the traditional Oregon Trail reported seeing them take the Cutoff, but they were weeks overdue. Meanwhile, the first wave of wagons, numbering some 150, reached the Deschutes River at Bend, Oregon.  They sent scouts to locate the road while the emigrants at the river recovered from their long cross over the desert.  Sometime around October 6, 1853, a scouting party led by Snyder Saylor found the end of the road where the road builders had finished their work.  The news of the new road made its way back to Bend where the wagons were waiting.  As people were preparing to push south to the road, a few men tried to ride ahead to alert the settlers that they were coming. On October 16, a man by the name of Martin Blanding pushed ahead of the others, although he was completely out of provisions and in a very weak condition.  His old mare had a stillborn colt and he was cooking the colt over a fire late at night near Butte Disappointment when the settlers saw his smoke and went to investigate. The first one to find him was a 13-year-old boy by the name of David Cleveland Mathews. Mr. Blanding told them about the wagon train and that night the settlers quickly spread the news. By the next day, wagons full of provisions were heading up the Free Emigrant Road to meet the Lost Wagon Train. A large number of settlers from Lane, Linn, and Benton counties loaded up horses and wagons full of supplies, and according to contemporary letters to the Oregon Statesman, the relief was carried by 94 pack animals and 23 loaded wagons.  There was some 20,000 pounds of flour, "with bacon, potatoes, onions, salt, and sugar, as well as 290 head of work and beef cattle which could be used to draw wagons or for food." Every effort was made to bring the emigrants home safely. When the emigrants did arrive, it nearly doubled the population of the Upper Willamette Valley.

1854 emigration
In 1854, another attempt was made using the Free Emigrant Road.  William Macy, who led the Road Viewers in 1852 and who was one of the road commissioners in 1853, was hired for a sum of $1,000 to essentially do what Elliott had done in 1853.  Macy, however, was more familiar with the route and used it to travel in both directions. When returning with emigrants he took the short route north of the lakes, shortened the distance in Central Oregon by avoiding Wagontire Mountain, and came down the Crooked River to the Deschutes, providing more water to the thirsty emigrants. Macy brought back a train of 121 wagons and they experienced few problems. Theirs was the last large emigrant group to use the Free Emigrant Road until 1859.

Historic trails
There are sixteen historic trails recognized in the State of Oregon. The Elliott Cutoff is not on the official list because it is represented by two separate trails: the Meek Cutoff and the Free Emigrant Road.

See also
 Meek Cutoff
 Oregon Historic Trails Advisory Council

Notes

References
 Brevoort, Eliza H. and Doris Bond Wheeler. Our Haddon, McClure, Curry and Allied Families.  Evansville, IN: Burkert-Walton, 1952.
 Bristow, W. W. et al., "Letters to the Editor." Oregon Statesman. Oregon City, OR: November 1853.
 Burgderfer, Don.  "The 'Lost' Wagon Train of Elijah Elliott" (Parts I and II), "The Clark Massacre Party of 1851," "The Mystery of the Clark Massacre Party's Journey Through Oregon."  Little Known Tales from Oregon History: A Collection of 23 Stories from Cascades East Magazine. Volume III.  Bend, OR: Sun Publishing, 2001.
 Clark, Donald Lee.  Lost Wagon Train of 1853.  Middleton, ID: CHJ Publishing, 2007.
 Clark, Keith, and Lowell Tiller. Terrible Trail: The Meek Cutoff, 1845. Caldwell, ID: The Caxton Printers, LTD, 1966.
 Hamilton, Sarah Watson.  A Pioneer of 1853.  Albany, OR: Herald Press, 1905.  Portland, OR: Mss. 2519-1 Menefee Collection of 1853, Box 2, Folder 21, Oregon Historical Society Research Library.
 Jones, Mrs. C. J. (Letter) November 12, 1903 (possibly 1900).  Portland, OR:  Eva Emery Dye Papers, Mss. 1089, Oregon Historical Research Library.
 Lyman, Joseph and Esther Brakeman Lyman.  Letters of Joseph and Esther Brakeman Lyman. Lane County Pioneer-Historical Society, 1960.
 McClure, Andrew S.  The Diary of Andrew S. McClure.  Eugene, OR: Lane County Pioneer Historical Society, 1959.
 McClure, John Hamilton.  How We Came to Oregon: Narrative Poem by John Hamilton McClure; And Genealogy by William Bruce.  Eugene, OR: Lane County Pioneer Historical Society, 1967.
 Menefee, Leah Collins, Donald F. Menefee, and Lowell Tiller. "Cutoff Fever," Oregon Historical Quarterly. Portland, OR: Oregon Historical Society, December 1976 through March 1978.
 Menefee, Leah Collins. Immigration Rosters of the Elliott Cut-Off: 1853 & 1854,and Immigration Registration at Umatilla Agency, 1853. Brownsville, OR: Richard R. Milligan & Pamela L. Knofler for the Linn County Historical Museum, 1984.
 Morley, Gertrude E. Jones. Crossing the Plains by Ox-Team in 1853. Portland, OR:  Mss. 2519-1 Menefee Collection of 1853, Item 24, Oregon Historical Society Research Library.
 Owen, Benjamin Franklin,  (Letter) to George H Himes, June 12, 1905.  Mss. 1500, Oregon Historical Society Research Library, Portland OR.
 Owen, Benjamin Franklin.  My Trip Across the Plains, March 31, 1853 – October 28, 1853.  Eugene, OR: Reproduced by Lane County Pioneer-Historical Society, 1959.
 Richardson, Ruth Ellsworth. Partial List of members of the Lost Wagon Train, ca. 1900.  Portland, OR:  Mss. 384, Oregon Historical Society Research Library.
 Wheeler, Emma Bond. The Lost Emigrant Train: For the Bond Family Reunion. Portland, OR:  Mss. 2519-1 Menefee Collection of 1853, Item 6, Oregon Historical Society Research Library.

External links
 Lane County Museum
 Benton County Museum
 Oregon Historic Trails
 Oregon Pioneers
 Diary of Benjamin Franklin Owen

Oregon Trail
Historic trails and roads in Oregon
1853 in the United States
1853 establishments in Oregon Territory

Elliott Cutoff


Nanduri Venkata Subbarao F.A., B.A., B.L. (16 December 1895 – 29 May 1957) was a famous Telugu poet. His famous works include Yenki Patalu (an anthology of songs on and by a woman called Yenki).

He was born in Vasanthavada in West Godavari district to Chinna Bapanna parents. His father was village Karanam. He was closely related to Basavaraju Apparao, but considered his guru.

After primary education at Eluru, he joined in Kakinada for College studies. Failing in some examinations, he was encouraged and shifted to Chennai. He passed F.A. and joined Madras Christian College. He worked as teacher for some time and succeeded in obtaining Bachelor in Law. He practiced law from 1926 onwards in Eluru. But his main ambition was poetry which he continued till the last days.

Enki Paatalu

Subba Rao conceptualized the idea of 'Enki Paatalu' during his student days at Madras Christian College in 1917–18. He used the local dialects of Godavari and Visakha areas in his poems and received mixed criticism among his peers and friends. The first edition of 'Enki Paatalu' was released in 1925. After a long gap of 27 years, the second edition was released with some new songs added. The poems left an indelible mark on the Telugu language and literature.

'Enki' and 'Naidu Bava' are the main characters of the Enki Paatalu. 'Enki' is a washer-woman who is in deep love with 'Naidu Bava'. The central theme of the poems is the love and romance between them. One of the most famous Telugu singers, Parupalli Ramkrishnayya, set tunes to Yenki Paatalu for the first time. Nanduri always used to sing his songs in the same tunes. Eminent writers and thinkers like Adavi Bapiraju, Sri Sri, Chalam, Devulapalli Krishna Sastry adored 'Enki Paatalu'. They gained public popularity due to the radio and music concerts.

Telugu poets
1895 births
1957 deaths
People from Krishna district
20th-century Indian poets
Poets from Andhra Pradesh
Indian male poets
20th-century Indian male writers

Nanduri Venkata Subba Rao


Mandapathinkadavu is a village located at Kattakada Taluk, Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala, India.

The village is situated on the banks of the river Neyyar. Neyyar is one of the good river in Kerala. Neyyar Dam is situated near Mandapathinkadavu.  It is in Ottasekharamangalam panchayath. Kuravara, Poozhanadu, Pakkottukonam, Plavoor, Kunnanadu, Perekkonam, Valicode are some neighbouring places of Mandapathinkadavu. One of the famous Subrahmanya temple "Kunnil Shri Subrahmanya Temple" is in Mandapathinkadavu.

One can reach there through Thiruvananthapuram to Kattakkada; Six kilometres from Kattakkada, or from Neyyattinkara - Ottasekharamangalam, then two kilometres from Ottasekharamangalam.

References

Villages in Thiruvananthapuram district

Mandapathinkadavu


Fabryka Broni "Łucznik" – Radom ()—also known as Fabryka Broni Radom  or Zakłady Metalowe "Łucznik"—is a Polish defence industry enterprise from Radom that produces firearms. The enterprise is a part of Polska Grupa Zbrojeniowa SA.

In the past it used to produce non-military equipment, most notably sewing machines and typewriters, but those branches were deemed unprofitable and were dropped in 2000.

History
The company was founded in the Second Polish Republic to produce arms for the Polish Armed Forces.

In 1925 the main building, steel hardening shop, power plant, boiler room, woodshop, bath, and the workers' houses were erected. On 31 December 1927, production was launched when, by an act signed by then Director of the plant Msc.Eng. Kazimierz Ołdakowski, the plant was officially taken over from the local government and became part of the Państwowe Wytwórnie Uzbrojenia concern. Ołdakowski insisted that his workers receive free health care.  He also arranged for child care services and regular leisure time, and built gymnasiums, theaters, gardens, and housing for his workers. During his directorship the Vis pistol (pistolet wz. 35 Vis) was developed.

During World War II it was captured and operated by the Germans.

After World War II the factory was renamed: Zakłady Metalowe im. gen. "Waltera" (General Walter Metal Works). It received the factory code number of 11; to prevent confusion with an earlier Factory #11, the number received a single circle around it to differentiate it. In 1990 the factory returned to its old name Zakłady Metalowe "Łucznik" (Metal Works "Łucznik"), "łucznik" meaning 'archer'. It became a state-owned company (SA). On 13 November 2000 the company was declared bankrupt, however, on 30 June 2000 a company Fabryka Broni "Łucznik" – Radom (Arms Factory Łucznik – Radom) was created by ZM Łucznik and the Industry Development Agency, which took over arms production.

Products

Original designs
 FB MSBS – 5.56 mm modular assault rifle (in production, 7.62S/N versions in development), adopted by Polish armed forces as Grot
 FB Beryl M762 – 7.62 mm assault rifle (in production)—basically AKM (7,62x39 cartridge, same barrel length) with Beryl features—around 2000 delivered to Nigeria, civil variant available
 FB Mini-Beryl – 5.56 mm carbine (in production)
 FB Beryl – 5.56 mm assault rifle (in production)
 FB Onyks – 5.45 mm carbine
 FB Tantal – 5.45 mm assault rifle
 Radom Sport – Beryl derivative for civilian market
 Radom Hunter – AKM derivative for civilian market
 FB Glauberyt – 9 mm submachine gun (in production)
 FB PM-63 – 9 mm Makarov submachine gun
 FB Vis 100 "Ragun" – 9 mm pistol (in development)
 FB MAG – 9 mm pistol
 FB Wanad – 9 mm Makarov pistol
 FB P-64 – 9 mm Makarov pistol
 FB Vis '35 – 9 mm pistol
 wz. 44 – 26.5mm flare pistol
 wz. 78 – 26.5mm flare pistol

Licensed weapons
 Walther PPS pistol (in production)
 Walther P99 pistol (in production)
 Mosin–Nagant (1951–1955)
 PW wz.33 (1947–1956) 7,62x25mm TT-33 pistol
 PPSh-41 (1951–1953?)
 PPS-43 and PPS-43/52 (1951–1955)
 AK-47 and AKM (1957–1992, 1997–2000)
 DP-28 and DPM (1952–1955)
 RPD (1958–1961)
 Kbk wz. 29 (1930–1939) Gewehr 98 derivative
 Kb wz. 98a (1936–1939) Gewehr 98 derivative

See also
 Państwowa Fabryka Karabinów

Explanatory notes

References

External links

Firearm manufacturers of Poland
Defence companies of Poland
Manufacturing companies of Poland
Manufacturing companies established in 1922
1922 establishments in Poland
Polish brands
Radom
Polish Limited Liability Companies

FB "Łucznik" Radom


Kenneth John Cameron, Baron Cameron of Lochbroom PC FRSE (born 11 June 1931) is a retired Scottish judge who served as Lord Advocate from 1984 to 1989.

Early life
He is the son of John Cameron, Lord Cameron (1900–1996), a Senator of the College of Justice.

Born in Edinburgh, he was educated at Edinburgh Academy, at Corpus Christi College, Oxford and at the University of Edinburgh, where he obtained a PhD in 1971 presenting the thesis "Anti-Corn-Law agitations in Scotland, with particular reference to the Anti-Corn-Law League".

Judicial career
He became an Advocate in 1958 and Queen's Counsel in 1972. He was appointed President of the Pensions Appeal Tribunal for Scotland in 1976, and Chairman of the Committee of Investigation under the Agricultural Marketing Act 1958 in 1980.

Lord Advocate
Cameron was an Advocate Depute from 1981 and was appointed Lord Advocate in 1984, one of the Great Officers of State of Scotland, when he was also created a life peer as Baron Cameron of Lochbroom, of Loch Broom in the District of Ross and Cromarty, and a Privy Counsellor in 1984. He retired from the Lords on 21 April 2016.

Retirement
Lord Cameron of Lochbroom held office as Lord Advocate until 1989 when he was appointed a Senator of the College of Justice.

Other interests
From 1979 to 1983, while still a QC, Cameron served as chairperson of the influential Edinburgh conservationist organisation the Cockburn Association, a position his father Lord Cameron held from 1955 to 1968. In 1996, now as Lord Cameron, he served President of the Cockburn Association until he demitted this office in 2010.

Lord Cameron of Lochbroom was Chairman of the Royal Fine Art Commission for Scotland from 1995 until its abolition in 2005, and is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He is the current Honorary President of Edinburgh University Sports Union.

Arms

References

Sources
 Who's Who in Scotland, 2009

1931 births
Living people
Lawyers from Edinburgh
Lord Advocates
Cameron of Lochbroom
Senators of the College of Justice
People educated at Edinburgh Academy
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Oxford
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Fellows of Corpus Christi College, Oxford
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Life peers created by Elizabeth II

Peers retired under the House of Lords Reform Act 2014

Kenneth Cameron, Baron Cameron of Lochbroom


A wind turbine is a rotating machine that transfers kinetic energy from the wind into mechanical energy. If the mechanical energy is used directly by machinery, such as for pumping water, cutting lumber or grinding stones, the machine is called a windmill. If the mechanical energy is instead converted to electricity, the machine may be called a wind turbine generator (WTG), wind power unit (WPU), wind energy converter (WEC), or aerogenerator.

Turning the generator
The wind turbine's blades are turned by the wind. This turns a shaft turning slowly, at about 10-20 rpm with a high torque.  The shaft goes into a reduction gearbox with a ratio of about 1:50, although some wind turbine gearboxes can have a ratio of 1:100 or more. Some wind turbines may have no reduction gearbox at all, and have a ratio of 1:1. The gearbox turns the generator more quickly, at around 1000 rpm, at a low torque. The generator creates electricity. This electricity is combined with any other wind turbines that may be in the same wind farm. This combined electricity may be used locally, or adjusted to match the electricity in the power grid and sent to the power grid.

Environmental Impact
Although wind turbines are a renewable source of energy and don't pollute the environment as a result of generating power, they have an environmental impact.  Some people think that wind turbines create a lot of noise and look unappealing. However, wind turbines are placed no closer than 300 meters from residential homes.  At that distance, a wind turbine is no louder than an average household air conditioner.

References

Electricity distribution

Wind turbine


The emulsion test is a method to determine the presence of lipids using wet chemistry. The procedure is for the sample to be suspended in ethanol, allowing lipids present to dissolve (lipids are soluble in alcohols). The liquid (alcohol with dissolved fat) is then decanted into water. Since lipids do not dissolve in water while ethanol does, when the ethanol is diluted, it falls out of the solution to give a cloudy white emulsion.

References

Chemical tests

Emulsion test


Eosinophilic pneumonia is a disease in which an eosinophil, a type of white blood cell, accumulates in the lungs. These cells cause disruption of the normal air spaces (alveoli) where oxygen is extracted from the atmosphere. Several different kinds of eosinophilic pneumonia exist and can occur in any age group. The most common symptoms include cough, fever, difficulty breathing, and sweating at night. Eosinophilic pneumonia is diagnosed by a combination of characteristic symptoms, findings on a physical examination by a health provider, and the results of blood tests and X-rays. Prognosis is excellent once most eosinophilic pneumonia is recognized and treatment with corticosteroids is begun.

Classification
Eosinophilic pneumonia is divided into different categories depending upon whether its cause can be determined or not. Known causes include certain medications or environmental triggers, parasitic infections, and cancer. Eosinophilic pneumonia can also occur when the immune system attacks the lungs, a disease called eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis. When a cause cannot be found, the eosinophilic pneumonia is termed "idiopathic". Idiopathic eosinophilic pneumonia can also be divided into acute and chronic forms, depending on the symptoms a person is experiencing.

Signs and symptoms
Most types of eosinophilic pneumonia have similar signs and symptoms. Prominent and nearly universal signs and symptoms include cough, fever, difficulty breathing, and night sweats. Acute eosinophilic pneumonia typically follows a rapid course. Fever and cough may develop only one or two weeks before breathing difficulties progress to the point of respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia usually follows a slower course. Symptoms accumulate over several months and include fever, cough, difficulty breathing, wheezing, and weight loss. Individuals with chronic eosinophilic pneumonia are often misdiagnosed with asthma before the correct diagnosis is made.

Eosinophilic pneumonia due to medications or environmental exposures is similar and occurs after an exposure to a known offending agent. Eosinophilic pneumonia due to parasitic infections has a similar prodrome in addition to a host of different symptoms related to the variety of underlying parasites. Eosinophilic pneumonia in the setting of cancer often develops in the context of a known diagnosis of lung cancer, cervical cancer, or other certain types of cancer.

Pathophysiology

Eosinophilic pneumonia can develop in several different ways depending on the underlying cause of the disease. Eosinophils play a central role in defending the body against infection by parasites. Many diseases, such as asthma and eczema, are caused when eosinophils overreact to environmental triggers and release an excess of chemicals, e.g., cytokines and histamine. The common characteristic among different causes of eosinophilic pneumonia is eosinophil overreaction or dysfunction in the lungs.

Medications and environmental exposures
Medications, substance abuse, and environmental exposures may all trigger eosinophil dysfunction. Medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., ibuprofen), nitrofurantoin, phenytoin, L-tryptophan, daptomycin and ampicillin, and drugs of abuse such as inhaled heroin and cocaine may trigger an allergic response which results in eosinophilic pneumonia. Chemicals such as sulfites, aluminum silicate, and cigarette smoke can cause eosinophilic pneumonia when inhaled. A New York City firefighter developed eosinophilic pneumonia after inhalation of dust from the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001.

Parasitic infections
Parasites cause eosinophilic pneumonia in three different ways. Parasites can either invade the lungs, live in the lungs as part of their life cycle, or be spread to the lungs by the bloodstream. Eosinophils then migrate to the lungs in order to fight the parasites, and cause eosinophilic pneumonia when they release their contents. Important parasites that invade the lungs include Paragonimus lung flukes and the tapeworms Echinococcus and Taenia solium. Important parasites which inhabit the lungs as part of their normal life cycle include the worms (helminths) Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercoralis and the hookworms Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. When eosinophilic pneumonia is caused by helminths, it is often called "Löffler's syndrome". The final group of parasites cause eosinophilic pneumonia when their eggs are carried into the lungs by the bloodstream. This can include Trichinella spiralis, Strongyloides stercoralis, Ascaris lumbricoides, the hookworms, and the schistosomes.

Acute and Chronic Eosinophilic Pneumonia
The causes for both acute and chronic eosinophilic pneumonia are unknown as of 2005. There is some suspicion that at least the acute form is the result of the body's response to some unidentified environmental agent.

Diagnosis
Eosinophilic pneumonia is diagnosed in one of three circumstances: when a complete blood count reveals increased eosinophils and a chest X-ray or computed tomography identifies abnormalities in the lungs, when a biopsy identifies increased eosinophils in lung tissue, or when increased eosinophils are found in fluid obtained by a bronchoscopy (bronchoalveolar lavage fluid). Association with medication or cancer is usually apparent after review of a person's medical history. Specific parasitic infections are diagnosed after examining a person's exposure to common parasites and performing laboratory tests to look for likely causes. If no underlying cause is found, a diagnosis of acute or chronic eosinophilic pneumonia is made based upon the following criteria. Acute eosinophilic pneumonia is most likely with respiratory failure after an acute febrile illness of usually less than one week, changes in multiple areas and fluid in the area surrounding the lungs on a chest X-ray, and eosinophils comprising more than 25% of white blood cells in fluid obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage. Other typical laboratory abnormalities include an elevated white blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and immunoglobulin G level. Pulmonary function testing usually reveals a restrictive process with reduced diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide. Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia is most likely when the symptoms have been present for more than a month. Laboratory tests typical of chronic eosinophilic pneumonia include increased levels of eosinophils in the blood, a high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, iron deficiency anemia, and increased platelets. A chest X-ray can show abnormalities anywhere, but the most specific finding is increased shadow in the periphery of the lungs, away from the heart.

Differential diagnosis

This includes:

 Asthma
 Environmental allergic reaction
 Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
 Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
 Churg–Strauss syndrome
 Loeffler's syndrome
 Acute eosinophilic pneumonia
 Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia (Carrington's disease)
 Polyarteritis nodosa
 Parasitic infections
 Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia
 Tuberculosis
 Fungal infection
 Sarcoidosis
 Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms
 Mastocytosis
 Lymphoproliferative hypereosinophilic syndrome
 Myeloproliferative hypereosinophilic syndrome

Treatment
When eosinophilic pneumonia is related to an illness such as cancer or parasitic infection, treatment of the underlying cause is effective in resolving the lung disease. When due to acute or chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, however, treatment with corticosteroids results in a rapid, dramatic resolution of symptoms over the course of one or two days. Either intravenous methylprednisolone or oral prednisone are most commonly used. In acute eosinophilic pneumonia, treatment is usually continued for a month after symptoms disappear and the X-ray returns to normal (usually four weeks total). In chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, treatment is usually continued for three months after symptoms disappear and the X-ray returns to normal (usually four months total). Inhaled steroids such as fluticasone have been used effectively when discontinuation of oral prednisone has resulted in relapse.
Because eosinophilic pneumonia affects the lungs, individuals develop difficulty breathing. If enough of the lungs are involved, it may not be possible for a person to breathe without support. Non-invasive machines such as a bilevel positive airway pressure machine may be used. Otherwise, placement of a breathing tube into the mouth may be necessary and a ventilator may be used to help the person breathe.

Prognosis
Eosinophilic pneumonia due to cancer or parasitic infection carries a prognosis related to the underlying illness. Acute and chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, however, have very little associated mortality as long as intensive care is available and treatment with corticosteroids is given. Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia often relapses when prednisone is stopped; therefore, some people require lifelong therapy. Long-term use of prednisone has many side effects, including increased infections, osteoporosis, stomach ulcers, Cushing's syndrome, and changes in appearance.

Epidemiology
Eosinophilic pneumonia is a rare disease. Parasitic causes are most common in geographic areas where each parasite is endemic. Acute eosinophilic pneumonia can occur at any age, even in previously healthy children, though most patients are between 20 and 40 years of age. Men are affected approximately twice as frequently as women. Acute eosinophilic pneumonia has been associated with smoking. Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia occurs more frequently in women than men and does not appear to be related to smoking. An association with radiation for breast cancer has been described.

History
Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia was first described by Carrington in 1969, and it is also known as Carrington syndrome. Prior to that, eosinophilic pneumonia was a well-described pathologic entity usually associated with medication or parasite exposures. Acute eosinophilic pneumonia was first described in 1989.

See also
Asthma
Parasitic pneumonia
Pneumonia

References

External links

Pneumonia

Eosinophilic pneumonia


The 2012 Bridgepoint Education Holiday Bowl, the 35th edition of the game, was a postseason American college football bowl game between the Baylor Bears from the Big 12 Conference and the UCLA Bruins from the Pac-12 Conference (Pac-12), played on December 27, 2012, at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego, California. The game was the final contest of the 2012 NCAA Division I-Football Bowl Subdivision (Division I-FBS) football season for both teams. The game kicked off at 6:45 p.m. PT and was broadcast on both ESPN TV and ESPN Radio. This is the first Holiday Bowl appearance for both Baylor and UCLA, as well as the first-ever meeting between the two teams. It also marks the first time one of the Pac-12's Southern California teams has played in the Holiday Bowl.

Teams

Baylor

The Baylor Bears, winning their last three games, are among the best in the country, averaging 578.8 yards per game (first), averaging 353.3 yards passing (third), and averaging 44.1 points per game (fifth). They defeated then-No. 1 ranked Kansas State Wildcats 52–24 on November 17. Its Quarterback Nick Florence has passed for 4,121 yards for 31 touchdowns this season, and rushed for a gain of 531 yards and nine touchdowns.
 Baylor is rated 117th in the country in scoring defense, allowing 62 touchdowns, 8 field goals for 458 points.

UCLA

For the third time this season, the UCLA Bruins will be playing against a team that has defeated a No. 1 ranked team in the country. They lost the last two games to the Stanford Cardinal who defeated the then No. 1 rated Oregon Ducks on November 17.

The Bruins are led by quarterback Brett Hundley and senior running back Johnathan Franklin. Franklin, the school's all-time leading rusher, has carried the ball 268 times for 1,700 yards and 13 touchdowns. He also has 32 receptions for 319 yards. Hundley has completed 292 passes for 3411 yards and for 26 touchdowns. Additionally, he has run for 365 yards for nine touchdowns.

Defensively, UCLA is led by Eric Kendricks and Anthony Barr. Kendricks is fifth in the nation with 137 tackles and has 10 or more tackles in eight games this season. Barr leads the nation with 13.5 sacks and has 20.5 total tackles for loss. He is credited with four forced fumbles and two blocked kicks.

Game summary

Scoring summary

Statistics

Game notes
 December 6, 2012 – Johnathan Franklin was voted second best running back in the nation in the Doak Walker Award, finishing just behind Montee Ball of Wisconsin.
The Bruins' final touchdown was not reviewed during the game, but replays appeared to show that Logan Sweet was down at the 1-yard line on what was ruled a 34-yard touchdown catch. While the score of the game was 49–26, Baylor Head Coach Art Briles had the score changed to 49–19 on the championship rings presented to Baylor players commemorating the victory. Chip Patterson of CBSSports.com called the changing of the score "an arrogant move."

References

Holiday Bowl
Holiday Bowl
Baylor Bears football bowl games
UCLA Bruins football bowl games
Holiday Bowl
December 2012 sports events in the United States

2012 Holiday Bowl