Eva Cantarella (born 1936 in Rome) is an Italian classicist. She is professor of Roman law and ancient Greek law at the University of Milan, and has served as Dean of the Law School at the University of Camerino.

Biography
Cantarella is known for examining ancient law by relating it to modern legal issues through law and society perspective. She has researched subjects involving the legal and social history of sexuality, women's conditions, criminal law and capital punishment.

She has written many books, which have been translated into several languages, including English, French, German and Spanish. Cantarella is also editor of Dike - International Journal of Greek Law and a member of several editorial boards such as Apollo - Bollettino dei Musei provinciali del Salernitano; Dioniso; Crime, Histoire et Societés; Revista des estudios latinos; and CADMO - Revista de História Antiga (University of Lisbon).

Cantarella has been professor of Roman law and ancient Greek law at the University of Milan, Italy. She has been dean of the Law School of the University of Camerino. She has also taught and given lectures at many universities in Europe and the United States. She has been appointed Global Professor at New York University School of Law.

Cantarella has argued that penetration was normal in ancient Greek pederasty.

Awards and honors
 Grand Officer of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic - 2 July 2002
 Premio Bagutta - 2003
 Premio Hemingway - 2019

Bibliography

Books in English
With Andrew Lear, Images of Ancient Greek Pederasty: Boys Were Their Gods (London: Routledge), 2008.
Pandora's Daughters: The Role and Status of Women in Greek and Roman Antiquity (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press), 1987; 2nd Printing, hardcover and paperback 1989; 4th printing 1993.
Bisexuality in the Ancient World (New Haven: Yale University Press), 1992, reprinted 1993; first paperback edition 1994; trade paperback edition 2002.
With Luciana Jacobelli, A Day in Pompeii: Daily Life, Culture and Society (Naples: Electa), 2004.

Authored books
La fideiussione reciproca. Allellegue e mutua fideiussio (Milan: Giuffrè), 1965.
 Studi sull'omicidio in diritto greco e romano (Milan: Giuffrè), 1976.
 Norma e sanzione in Omero (Milan: Giuffrè), 1979.
 L'ambiguo malanno. Condizione e immagine della donna nell' antichità greca e romana (Rome: Editori Riuniti), 1981 (2nd edition 1985, 3rd edition Einaudi 1995); Spanish translation La calamidad ambigua (Madrid: Ediciones Clasicas), 1991; Greek translation Oi gynaikes tes archaias Elladas (Athens: Papademas), 1998.
 Tacita Muta. Le donne nella città antica (Rome: Editori Riuniti), 1985.
 Secondo natura. La bisessualità nel mondo antico (Rome: Editori Riuniti), 1988 (2nd expanded and updated edition Milan, Rizzoli, 1995); French translation Selon la nature, l' usage et la loi. La bisexualité dans le monde antique (Paris: Éditions La Découverte), 1991; Spanish translation Segun la natura. La bisexualidad en el mundo antiguo (Madrid: Akal Universitaria), 1991.
 Le donne e la città (Como: New Press Edizioni), 1990.
 I supplizi capitali in Grecia e a Roma (Milan: Rizzoli), 1991; French translation: Les supplices capitaux en Grece at à Rome (Paris, Albin Michel), 2000.
 Passato prossimo. Donne romane da Tacita a Sulpicia, Milano, Feltrinelli, 1996; Spanish translation Pasado proximo, Mujeres romanas de Tacita a Sulpicia (Valencia: Editiones Catedra), 1998.
 El peso de Roma en la cultura europea (Madrid: Ediciones Akal), 1996.
 Phonos, Antologia di oratori attici sull'omicidio (Milan: Mursia), 1989.
 Pompei: I volti dell'amore (Milan: Mondadori), 1998; German translation Pompeji: Liebe und Erotik in einer römischen Stadt (Berlin: Theiss), 1999; French translation Pompéi: les visages de l'amour (Paris: Albin Michel), 1999.
 Un giorno a Pompei. Vita quotidiana, cultura, società (with L. Jacobelli) (Naples: Electa), 1999.
 Itaca, Eroi, donne, potere tra vendetta e diritto (Milan: Feltrinelli), 2002; French translation Ithaque. De la vengeance d'Ulysse à la naissance di droi (Paris: Albin Michel), 2002.
 L'amore è un dio (Milan: Feltrinelli), 2007.
 Il ritorno della vendetta (Milan: Rizzoli), 2007.

References

External links
Articles
 "The Love that Dared to Speak its Name" by Jasper Griffin, The New York Reviews of Books.
 " Bisexuality in the Ancient World", response by Eva Cantarella, The New York Reviews of Books.

Courses
 From Roman to Modern Law: Family, Abortion, Homosexuality and Capital Punishment
 Sexuality, Voice, and Resistance (co-taught with David Richards and Carol Gilligan)
 Capital Punishment in Classical Antiquity

20th-century Italian historians
Italian women historians
Living people
1936 births
21st-century Italian historians
Academic staff of the University of Milan

Eva Cantarella


A sundial meisurs solar time. It daes this acause the sun seems tae muive athort the lift. It merks the times o the day a shaidae is cuist on merkit pynts o the sundial. A body merks the sundial wi the time that the shaidae wis cuist. Ye can syne see the time. Thare's a few common sundial kynds sic as the plain yaird sundial. Houaniver, sundials can be biggit onygate whaur a stelt object cuists an expectit shaidae. Sundials can shaw - the time, the date, the time tae sundoun an the time frae the keek o day.

Auncient Egyp haed sundials. Ither culturs developed thaim further, includin the Greeks and Romans.

Other pages
 Time

Knocks
Physics

Sundial


Faith (also known as The Virtuous Outcast) is a 1916 American silent drama film directed by James Kirkwood and starring Mary Miles Minter. It was the first of Minter's films to also feature her older sister Margaret Shelby. The film survives and is preserved at George Eastman House, Rochester.

Plot

As described in Motography magazine:

Helen Thorpe (Thorne) is secretly married to a man her father (Burton) disapproves of. Her husband is killed and when approaching motherhood forces Helen to confess her secret marriage her father is furiously angry. When the baby is born, Thorpe places it in an orphan asylum, telling Helen that it died. Only the housekeeper and Thorpe know the truth.

Some fifteen years later, Thorpe has married again and is treating his step-daughter, seventeen-year-old Laura (Shelby), in the same rigorous way he had trained Helen, and she too is enmeshed in a secret love affair. Helen, a saddened woman, is unable to influence her father. And Faith (Minter), Helen's daughter, is in an orphan asylum.

Only the old housekeeper has kept track of Faith, and she seizes an opportunity to bring the girl into the Thorpe home as a servant. Faith, whose life is kept bright by the belief that "God's in His Heaven. All's right with the world," has always dreamed of miraculously discovering that she has a mother. This belief makes her unusually solicitous for the mothers of others. So when Laura, the daughter of the house, having come to grief through her clandestine love affair, steals money from Thorpe's safe, Faith assumes the guilt in order to save, not Laura, but Laura's mother.

Faith, however, had been kind not only to mothers, but had played "Little Sunshine" to the neighbourhood in general, and had won as a friend Mark Strong (Banks), once a brilliant lawyer, now a derelict. When Strong learns of the affair, he uses his dormant power to free the girl, and of course his investigations disclose the fact of Faith's parentage and of Thorpe's roguery. Faith finds her mother, and all those who deserve happiness are given it.

Cast
 Mary Miles Minter - Faith
 Perry Banks - Mark Strong
 Clarence Burton - John Thorpe
 Lizette Thorne - Helen
 Margaret Shelby - Laura
 Josephine Taylor - Mrs. Thorpe
 Gertrude Le Brandt - Mrs. Stimson

Reception
The New York Times noticed that producers of the film were attempting to make leading actress Minter famous with this picture, but gave all credit to Banks, stating he "walked away with this film".

References

External links

1916 films
1916 drama films
Silent American drama films
American silent feature films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by James Kirkwood Sr.
1910s American films

Faith (1916 film)


HDNet Movies is an American digital cable and satellite television network owned and operated by HDNet LLC, operating as a subsidiary of AXS TV LLC. Launched by founder Mark Cuban in January 2003 as a spin-off of HDNet (now AXS TV), the network features theatrically released films and documentaries, which are presented in high definition and without commercial interruption or editing for content. Programming showcases a wide variety of films including Academy Award winners, action films, scifi films, westerns, and more.

HDNet Movies is available to 12 million households in the United States as of December 2020.

Programming

2016
In celebration of the 50th anniversary of Star Trek in 2016, HDNet Movies aired a marathon of films from the franchise on Memorial Day, May 30, 2016 which featured Star Trek: The Motion Picture, Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, Star Trek III: The Search for Spock, Star Trek V: The Final Frontier, and Star Trek: Insurrection.

On July 4, 2016, the network aired a 24-hour western movie marathon that featured classics such as The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean starring Paul Newman, Bad Day at Black Rock starring Spencer Tracy and Robert Ryan, A Big Hand for the Little Lady starring Henry Fonda, Hombre starring Newman, Cimarron starring Glenn Ford, and more.

In July 2016, HDNet Movies presented its first-ever celebrity-hosted program when Rock and Roll Hall of Famer Graham Nash of Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young hosted Graham Nash Presents 9 Days of Rock Docs. The television event featured two rock music-themed documentaries in primetime across nine nights accompanied by hosted wraps and stories from Nash about the artists featured in the documentaries. The marathon included 13 different documentaries, several of which were television premieres, highlight artists such as The Allman Brothers Band, Rush, Eric Clapton, Van Morrison, Bob Dylan and more.

The network celebrated The Master of Suspense Alfred Hitchcock's birthday with a 48-hour marathon Aug. 13 and 14, featuring 17 of his films including Vertigo, Psycho, Rear Window, The Man Who Knew Too Much and The Birds, among others.

On Sunday, Nov. 6, the weekend before Election Day, Dan Rather hosted a movie marathon featuring politically-themed movies. Rather filmed wraparound vignettes that ran throughout the marathon recounting his experiences surrounding past Presidents and Presidential elections. Movies airing as part of the marathon included Welcome to Mooseport, True Colors, The Sentinel, The Ides of March, Primary Colors, In the Line of Fire and Bob Roberts.

In December, 2016 STYX's Tommy Shaw hosted the network's holiday event "Not So Silent Nights" featuring seven nights of music-themed films paired with rock documentaries in primetime. Pairings included Tommy with The Kids Are Alright and Janis with Graffiti Bridge, among others.

2017

To celebrate the 89th Academy Awards, HDNet Movies announced a month-long, 40-film line-up of Oscar-winning films called "And The Oscar Goes To" hosted by film critic Richard Roeper. The television event features at least one different film in primetime every night beginning Jan. 29 and finishing with a weekend-long marathon Feb. 24-26 leading up to the awards show. Films in the event include modern films such as Slumdog Millionaire, Blue Jasmine, There Will Be Blood, and Million Dollar Baby, and classics such as Lilies of the Field, The Defiant Ones, Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, and Funny Girl.

HDNet Movies tapped Jim Breuer to host a week-long event of films starring former cast members of Saturday Night Live in March. The line-up included films starring Breuer, Will Ferrell, John Belushi, Chevy Chase, Gilda Radner, Chris Farley, Eddie Murphy, Billy Crystal, Dan Aykroyd, Bill Murray, Kristen Wiig, Amy Poehler, Tina Fey and many more.

In May, the network aired a marathon of all seven Police Academy films, hosted by franchise star Michael Winslow.

HDNet Movies dedicated the entire month of June to celebrating classic films from the 1980s with a "Totally 80's Month." The month-long event was hosted by Judge Reinhold and featured a different 1980s film every night in primetime. Featured films included St. Elmo's Fire, Throw Momma from the Train, The Big Chill, Teen Wolf, Arthur and The Outsiders, among 31 total during the month.

On August 17, HDNet Movies announced Rob Zombie will host the network's Halloween movie event, Rob Zombie's 13 Nights of Halloween, from Oct. 19 to 31.

The network tapped two-time Academy Award-nominee Bruce Dern to host a week of western movie classics Thanksgiving week November 20–26 in "Bruce Dern's Cowboy Collection."

2018

HDNet Movies expanded upon its previous year's Oscar movie event "And The Oscar Goes To" with 32 days of nothing but Academy Award-winning films airing 24 hours a day from February 1 to March 4. The 75-film line-up is once again hosted by Richard Roeper.

In celebration of what would have been John Wayne's 111th birthday May 26, the network tapped his son Ethan Wayne to host a "Western Icons" event from May 18–28 featuring films starring John Wayne, Clint Eastwood, Randolph Scott, Gary Cooper, Gregory Peck, Sidney Poitier and others.

Musician, composer and drummer for The Police, Stewart Copeland, hosted a music documentary event "Classic Rock Week with Stewart Copeland" from July 16–22. The event began with a special airing of Copeland's documentary Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out on July 16.

References

External links

Commercial-free television networks
Television networks in the United States
Movie channels in the United States
2929 Entertainment holdings
English-language television stations in the United States
Television channels and stations established in 2003
Companies based in Denver
HD-only channels
Anthem Sports & Entertainment
2003 establishments in the United States
2019 mergers and acquisitions

HDNet Movies


Skull Island is the name most often used to describe a fictional island that first appeared in the 1933 film King Kong and later appearing in its sequels, the three remakes, and any other King Kong-based media. It is the home of the eponymous King Kong and several other species of creatures, mostly prehistoric and in some cases species that should have been extinct long before the rise of mammalian creatures, along with a primitive society of humans.

In the 1962 film King Kong vs. Godzilla and the 1967 film King Kong Escapes, the comparable islands are called "Farou Island" and "Mondo Island", respectively. Kong plays a similar role in these islands as the god-like being of the land, a role he plays in all versions of the King Kong story. Skull Island's origins are unknown, but Kong appears to be the only giant gorilla known to exist on the island. However, the 2005 remake shows other skeletons of Kong-sized gorillas, indicating that there was once a group of such creatures of an unknown number living on the island. Additionally, 2017's Kong: Skull Island depicts the skeletons of Kong's parents.

History

Appearance in the 1933 films
In King Kong, the island is never mentioned by name and is located at approximately  – 2000 miles west from the coast of Periuk, Indonesia. There is a distinctive rocky knoll in the center of the island that is shaped like a human skull, which is referred to as "Skull Mountain".

According to the first film, the captain of a Norwegian barque discovered a canoe blown off course with only one native left alive. Before the native died, the captain of the barque was able to get a rough location of the island and some details on it, including its most distinctive feature - a huge wall built by the ancestors of the natives back when they had high civilization. When the protagonists of the picture arrive at the island and examine it they find,
in addition to the expected natives, prehistoric creatures of all sorts and one extremely large ape, known by those on the island as "Kong".

Other than being the "slipped back" descendants of a high civilization, the ancestry of the natives is never explained.

In the sequel film The Son of Kong, Carl Denham returns to Skull Island when there was a mention of some treasure that was hidden there. He also encounters a large white gorilla who is the son of King Kong. Skull Island sinks into the sea during a powerful earthquake. Kong's son drowns while holding Carl Denham above the water. Denham survives unscathed, while the treasure is claimed by him and the other three survivors.

The term "Skull Island" is never used in the original films. In King Kong, only "Skull Mountain" is named, while in the sequel Son of Kong, its simply referred to as "Kong's island". In the novelization of King Kong by Delos Lovelace, it is called "Skull Mountain Island", but RKO referred to it as "Skull Island" in some of their publicity materials.

1976 remake
In the 1976's King Kong, Skull Island is mentioned as being "the beach of the skull". It is located somewhere in Indian Ocean south of Java, covered by a permanent cloud bank. Various people are said to have visited the island through the centuries but returned with no clear proof. By the 1970s, it is an urban legend whose only evidence is in government secret files. It is also revealed to have a huge deposit of oil, which led a greedy oil company executive to go in search of it. Besides featuring a primitive native tribe and the giant, bipedal gorilla Kong, there is also a giant snake who appeared in Kong's lair and wanted to kill him and Dwan, but it was killed by the former.

In 1986 sequel film King Kong Lives, Skull Island does not appear but it was mentioned by adventurer Hank Mitchell (mistakenly calling it Kong Island) who believed that the islands Borneo and Skull Island were once a part of the same landmass in the past. The fate of this incarnation is unknown.

Kong: The Animated Series
In Kong: The Animated Series, the island was named Kong Island. Unlike previous incarnations, Kong Island was situated in the infamous Bermuda Triangle, not the Indian Ocean. Although various prehistoric creatures are seen living there, Kong Island also contains some ruins where one of them serves as the prison of the demon Chiros.

It is also where Jason Jenkins and his grandmother Dr. Lorna Jenkins also live along with Jason's friend Tan. Another human inhabitant is Lua, the sole survivor of the native people of the island and a female shaman.

Kong: King of Skull Island
Skull Island appears in a 2004 illustrated novel that serves as both prequel and sequel of the original "King Kong" story, conceived by Merian C. Cooper and novelized by Delos Lovelace in 1932, and authorized by the Cooper family.

Created and illustrated by Joe DeVito, and novelized by Brad Strickland and DeVito, with John Michlig, Kong: King of Skull Island depicts a Skull Island far larger than originally thought. It is either the last vestige of a volatile volcanic series of islands or the remnant of a larger landmass. Skull Island is located in the Indian Ocean, west of Sumatra, and has several much smaller islands in various locations around its perimeter, with the most prevalent of these off a small peninsula on its southeastern corner.

Skull Island contains two main mountains, the larger being shaped in the visage of a human skull. Skull Mountain is riddled with caves and passageways carved out by natural erosion, but also man-made. In earlier times, these were often used by islanders to avoid the monsters on the surface, but proved to have a multitude of dangerous denizens of their own. These include previously unknown species such as snake-like amphibians with enormous heads capable of swallowing a human whole; foot-long creatures that combine squid and crustacean characteristics with bio-luminescent sails tipped with poisonous stingers; giant spiders with 7-foot bodies and 8-foot-long legs ending in hand-like appendages.

The human civilization that inhabits Skull Island at least through the 20th century is the last remnant of a previously unknown super-race called the Tagatu (a combination of two formerly separate tribes: the Tagu and the Atu). The original culture is believed to have Asian origins that bled into an island group west of Sumatra that no longer exists. As a result of a natural disaster, they were forced to migrate to Skull Island untold millennia ago. Drawn to its spectacular makeup by their insatiable curiosity, the Tagatu believed their mastery of biological and organic sciences could overcome Skull Island's dangers. It was they who originally brought the gigantic simian Kongs there for protection and who, with the help of the Kongs, built the iconic wall across the Skull Island's peninsula for protections against Skull Island's prehistoric denizens.

Among the many mysteries revealed in the work is the reality that on Skull Island the dinosaurs never died out, but continued to evolve over the intervening 65 million years. This has resulted in strange variations on previously known species, as well as many new ones. Chief among the latter is a race of sentient dinosaurs, called Deathrunners. Bipedal, extremely aggressive and 6 to 9 feet tall, they once ruled the island and were at war with the Tagatu and the Kongs. Their race is propagated every few generations by one queen that grows to gigantic size. It is one of these, called "Gaw", that ruled Skull Island when King Kong was born and who Kong had to defeat in order to become a king.

In the story, Carl Denham's son, Vincent (now a paleontologist), and an older Jack Driscoll return to Skull Island in 1957 to discover pieces of the earlier civilization's history and relationship to the island through an enigmatic Tagatu elder simply called the "Storyteller", as well as in the form of archaeological discoveries such as specially pigmented paintings in underground passageways that move when illuminated by torchlight to reveal past events on Skull Island. Primary among these is the discovery of remnants of "the Old City", which was established by the Tagatu at the zenith of their civilization in the center of the island in an ideal valley between the two mountains. The Storyteller's tale, along with Vincent and Driscoll's findings, suggest that the eerie skull visage that gave the island its name may have been the work of human hands. These and other discoveries hint that the true extent of Skull Island's secrets have yet to be revealed.

2005 remake
In Peter Jackson's remake, Skull Island's position west of Sumatra remains the same, in a region afflicted by magnetic anomalies and violent sea storms. According to the book The World of Kong: A Natural History of Skull Island, Skull Island was geologically unstable and has been slowly sinking into the sea for the past thousand years. By 1933, the island was on the verge of destruction. Fifteen years after its discovery to the modern world, Skull Island finally sank into the ocean.

In its prehistory, Skull Island was a refuge for a variety of prehistoric creatures. Over time, more and more species arrived either by swimming, flying, rafting, or migrating through temporary land bridges. As the island slowly receded into the sea, life was forced to adapt, resulting in an ecosystem of bizarre and nightmarish creatures.

Three thousand years before, an advanced civilization from Southeast Asia migrated to Skull Island, bringing with them domesticated animals such as Gaur and the giant ancestors of Kong. This culture eventually died off, leaving behind only gigantic eroding ruins scattered around the island (such as the enormous wall) and a small society of primitive people that became the Skull Island natives.

Altus Press
To coincide with the 80th anniversary of both characters, Altus Press released an officially sanctioned novel titled Doc Savage: Skull Island in March 2013, which sees King Kong meeting pulp hero Doc Savage, written by Will Murray and artist Joe DeVito, who made the cover artwork. Set in 1920, shortly after returning from military service during World War I, Doc Savage searches for his long-lost grandfather (the legendary mariner Stormalong Savage) with his father, the explorer Clark Savage, Sr., that ultimately leads father and son to the mysterious Skull Island and its prehistoric denizens, including King Kong. In his review for the New York Journal of Books, playwright-author Mark Squirek concluded:
Across close to 400 pages Doc Savage: Skull Island takes us not only on a journey to Skull Island, but to the beginnings of a young man's rise to greatness. Mr. Murray has created a new classic of the genre – all the while staying completely true to the legends of both Kong and Doc Savage.
Altus Press also released an authorized crossover novel, King Kong vs. Tarzan, in the summer of 2016. Written by Will Murray, it tells the previously untold story of the transportation by cargo ship of Kong from Skull Island to America, and King Kong's inevitable encounter with Tarzan of the Apes.

MonsterVerse
Skull Island is the main setting of Kong: Skull Island, which is set in the same universe of 2014 film Godzilla. Kong is  tall in the film and there is evidence that more of Kong's species once existed on the island. The island is located in the South Pacific and sits in the eye of a massive swirling storm system that conceals it from the outside world. This version of the island resembles a human skull when seen from the air. The island is situated atop an entrance to the Hollow Earth, which is home to large, bipedal, lacertian predators known as "Skullcrawlers" that are referred to as the island's "devils". The Skullcrawlers wiped out King Kong's family, making him the last of his kind.

There is also evidence of dinosaurs living, or having lived, on the island, in the form of a Triceratops skull found in the "graveyard" of the island. A number of other species are referred to as "florafauna" for displaying physiological traits of plants. Similar to previous incarnations, there is a human native tribe present (characterized as Iwis) who are much less hostile than in previous versions, mainly because a stranded air pilot from World War II named Hank Marlow makes peace between them and modern-day humans. The film sees an expedition in 1973 landing upon the island after Skull Island is detected by Landsat. The animated series Skull Island sees castaways arriving on the island in the 1990s, contending with the island's wildlife and an invasive Kraken that has come to the island to challenge Kong for control of the island.

During the credits of Godzilla: King of the Monsters, a newspaper clipping states that the awakened Titans are converging on Skull Island, which is becoming unstable. It is also revealed that Monarch has an outpost on Skull Island. Between the events of the film and Godzilla vs. Kong, the island's climate deteriorated, with a remnant of King Ghidorah's global superstorm merging with Skull Island's pre-existing storm system causing it to move inwards and make it uninhabitable, save for a domed habitat created to contain Kong.

Island wildlife
Besides King Kong and the natives, much of the wildlife on Skull Island consists of many kinds of prehistoric animals from each different era, such as dinosaurs. However, some of them are fictional descendants of real animals.

King Kong and The Son of Kong

 Stegosaurus – appears in a sequence in which it is disturbed by Carl Denham's crew. It charges the men and they fell it with a gas-bomb. As they walk by, it starts to get up again and is shot. Orville Goldner, who worked on the film, described the film's Stegosaur as a combination of two genera: Stegosaurus ungulatus and the less well-known Kentrosaurus. Another appeared in a deleted scene when Denham ran back to the village, after Kong's battle with the Tyrannosaurus.
 Brontosaurus – the dinosaur is disturbed by the rescue party's raft as it crosses a swamp and capsizes it, attacking the men in the water. Several of them are chased onto land, and one fellow is cornered while climbing a tree and maimed to death by the animal. A common misconception is that the sauropod actually eats the sailor, but it is stated in the script and observed in the film that the dinosaur kills and then abandons the body of a sailor identified as "Tim". The creature reappears in Son of Kong, crying out as the island is sinking.
 A large two legged "lizard" – this reptilian creature climbs up a vine from the crevasse to attack Jack Driscoll. It falls back into the pit when Jack cuts the vine it is climbing. Other than the two limbs, the other distinct feature of this creature is the iguana-like ridge of spikes down its back. Orville Goldner said it was loosely based on the features of the Desmatosuchus. In Peter Jackson's re-creation of the "spider pit sequence", it is among the monsters eating the sailors who survived the fall. This creature would inspire the Monsterverse's Skullcrawlers.
 Tyrannosaurus – a great carnivorous dinosaur which tries to eat Ann, but is fought and killed (or, at least, overpowered) by Kong, who breaks its jaw open. The dinosaur was modeled after Charles R. Knight's depiction of a Tyrannosaurus, but it possesses three fingers per hand, unlike Tyrannosaurus which had only two (the number of fingers in Tyrannosaurus was disputed at the time, as a complete manus was not discovered until the mid-1990s). In the documentary I'm King Kong! The Exploits of Merian C. Cooper, included on the 2 disk DVD release of King Kong, Cooper refers to this beast as an Allosaurus, not a Tyrannosaurus, which would help explain the number of fingers. The creature was originally intended to be a Tyrannosaurus designed for the cancelled Willis O'Brien film Creation (1931). It may also be worth noting that the Tyrannosaurus present in Willis O'Brien's earlier project The Lost World (1925) also had a third finger. The 1932 King Kong screenplay refers to the dinosaur only as a "Meat Eater".
 Tanystropheus – a highly stylized, serpentine aquatic reptile with a long neck and tail as well as two pairs of flippers. It inhabits the bubbling swamp area inside King Kong's cave. Goldner describes the Tanystropheus as being designed as more slender than the ones known to science, and its swimming limbs are less prominent. It battles Kong in the style of a giant, constricting snake.
 Archaeopteryx – the tiny birds are seen flying around in the jungle. Most notably a few fly by when the Stegosaurus enters the clearing, and one flies out of the dead tree that Kong puts Ann in before he goes to fight the sailors on the log bridge. According to Goldner, they "were made to flit among the trees on invisible wires".
 Arsinoitherium – this huge prehistoric mammal was to chase the men onto the log bridge and corner them between itself and the enraged Kong in the test reel. According to Goldner, Cooper had second thoughts about the Arsinotherium and "ordered the action to be re-filmed using a Styracosaurus. Both versions were eventually thrown out because they captured too much audience attention". This can be attested to by the fact that the sailors did not just run back across the log when Kong appeared.
 Gigantophis garstini – according to Goldner, "this huge snake that appeared in one scene and later cut out of the film, had its living prototype in Egypt". This giant snake frightens Ann at the base of the dead tree that Kong puts her in before he battles the sailors on the log bridge. It was in the test reel, but later cut. However, Ann Darrow's reaction to it being below her just before the Tyrannosaurus shows up in the clearing remains in the film.
 Erythrosuchus – it was created and then re-created for the "spider-pit sequence" and portrayed as a stout reptilian predator. Goldner stated that it was loosely adapted, as many of the creatures of the pit were imaginative.
 A giant crab, giant spider, and giant tentacled "bug" – they all appear in the original notes, script, and re-created "spider pit sequence", eating the surviving crewmen in the crevasse.
 Triceratops – in the original script only, it was encountered by Kong on volcanic flats. He hurls boulders at a herd of them and drives them into a stampede, impaling one of the crew of the Venture. It was also seen in a deleted scene in Son of Kong.
 Styracosaurus – this ceratopsian corners Hellstrom, Englehorn and Charlie into a cave in Son of Kong, destroying one of their guns. This dinosaur was originally slated to appear in King Kong, chasing the crew onto the log bridge and keeping them trapped there.
 Nothosaurus – a reptile that threatens Denham and Hilda, but is fended off and killed by the Son of Kong. King Kong: A History of a Movie Icon calls the creature 'The Dragon' all through its review of Son of Kong.
 Elasmosaurus – a large marine reptile, it eats Hellstrom as he attempts to flee at the end of Son of Kong. The 'snapping' version that grabbed Hellstrom was actually the revamped Brontosaurus from the original film; the same holds for the armature version seen briefly snarling in predatory glee.

2005 remake
All the creatures in Peter Jackson's remake of King Kong are established in the companion book The World of Kong: A Natural History of Skull Island to be fictional descendants of real animals.

Among the creatures in the 2005 remake are:

 Brontosaurus baxteri – a large Brontosaurus-like sauropod which (despite the name) is more similar in size and appearance to Apatosaurus that appears early in the film. They are attacked by a pack of Venatosaurus and cause a stampede. They trample several of the crew and some of the Venatosaurus. Like real sauropods, they are social animals that organize in herds led by a dominant bull. Unlike all real sauropods, Brontosaurus give birth to between one and three live young rather than reproducing with eggs like their ancestors and other Dinosaurs did. As Skull Island's largest herbivore, they are responsible for keeping the jungle from overrunning the remaining grasslands.
 Brutornis – a phorusrhacid that is seen in the extended cut of King Kong and in The World of Kong. In the extended cut, the crew of the Venture mistake one for Ann and Lumpy shoots it by mistake when he loses his nerves. After being discovered by the crew, the dying terror bird is then killed by Lumpy.
 Ferrucutus cerastes – a giant ceratopsian. It appears only in the extended cut and in a cameo as Kong climbs to his lair. In the extended cut, a large male attacks the crew and almost kills Jack Driscoll before being killed by Hayes. Ferrucutus is an aggressive herbivore that dwells in small family groups. Like their ancestors, Ferrucutus bulls spar violently, even to the point of killing their rivals.
 Foetodon ferrus – a terrestrial notosuchian about  long that appears in both the film and the companion book. In the film, Ann stumbles across a mated pair of Foetodon feeding on a dead Ligocristus. The predators pursue her into a hollow log, and a subadult V. rex appears by killing and eating one of the pursuing Foetodon, forcing its mate to flee. Foetodon is an ambush predator that hides in deep piles of leaves, waiting for small dinosaurs and large flightless birds to wander past.
 Giant arthropods – several species of giant arthropods appear at the bottom of the Ravine. The World of Kong names these insects as:
 Abyscidis - crustaceans that can grow to the size of dogs.
 Arachnocidis – a giant arachnid.
 Carnictis sordicus – a fluke-like creature that can grow to be several feet long. Several of them eat Lumpy.
 Decarnocimex – a giant carnivorous cricket. Denham fights several of them.
 Deinacrida rex – a giant species of wētā. Several tried to make a meal out of Driscoll, but were defeated by Jimmy.
 Deplector – a giant cave-dwelling crustacean. The females are large, while the males are smaller. The arms of a female was seen shooting out of a cliff and pulling a sailor in to be devoured.
 Ligocristus – a hadrosaur that is fed upon by a Foetodon. They resemble Saurolophus, a hadrosaur from the Cretaceous.
 Megaprimatus Kong - a huge species of gorilla, they were the largest primates to have ever lived, even bigger than Gigantopithecus, the previous record holder. The average M. Kong could stand up to 6–8 meters (18–25 feet tall) and possibly weighed 6 tons. By 1933, there was only one of them left. This specimen, an old male, was captured and brought back to New York City by Carl Denham, but escaped and was shot down off the top of the Empire State Building, rendering the species of Megaprimatus Kong extinct.
 Moonspider - not a true spider (it is really a member of the Solifugae), the Moonspider is a nocturnal creature that lives in the Lowlands. It appeared briefly in the film when Ann Darrow made her escape from King Kong.
 Piranhadon titanus – only appearing in The World of Kong and more prominently in the extended cut, Piranhadon is a  fish. In the extended cut, a Piranhadon attacked the rescue team led by Hayes, Carl Denham and Jack Driscoll, killing three sailors and very nearly swallowing Driscoll whole. Piranhadon has poor vision, only being able to discern prey's silhouettes, using the barbels on its chin to sense vibrations and the light from the surface to detect passing prey.
 Terapusmordax obscenus – a giant bat-like rodent. A swarm of them appear in the film roosting in Kong's lair. When Jack Driscoll attempts to save Ann, he awakens Kong. The Terapusmordax then attack Kong; he fends them off while Jack and Ann escape by climbing down a vine. When one of the Terapusmordax attempts to kill Jack and Ann, Jack grabs the wing and the Terapusmordax lowers them down. They then fall into the river below. They also appear in the associated video game where they gain juvenile forms and a bluish, airplane-sized species. Terapusmordax evolved from hairless rodents that developed wings. They measure about  in body length and  in wingspan.
 Vastatosaurus rex – a descendant of Tyrannosaurus, but much bigger with three fingers unlike its ancestors during the Cretaceous. It appears in the film in a scene where three of them fight Kong. Vastatosaurus are the top apex predator of Skull Island. They can grow up to  long. Juveniles hunt separately from the adults in the jungle, often coming into conflict with Venatosaurus.
 Venatosaurus saevidicus – a slender dromaeosaur, measuring about  long and surpassing the length of a Utahraptor. In the film, they ate Carl Denham's cameraman Herb and caused a Brontosaurus stampede. Venatosaurus hunt in packs and they are also the only predators on Skull Island capable of taking down an adult Brontosaurus (aside from the V. rex). They are also highly intelligent and cunning, able to chase prey through ruins and into planned traps. Another smaller Venatosaurus species called Venatosaurus impavidus is also present on the island. Unusually, both species lack feathers despite being dromaeosaurs.

MonsterVerse
The MonsterVerse's version of Skull Island does not appear to be inhabited by any living dinosaurs, though an oversize Triceratops skull can be seen in the Valley of Fallen Giants, which indicates that there were dinosaurs living on the island. Much of the island's ecosystem in the film and supplementary material is populated by naturally-evolved hybrids of plant and animal, referred to as "Florofauna" by Monarch scientists.

 Skullcrawlers - giant carnivorous amphibians with two large forelimbs and a superficially skull-like face. Possessing voracious appetites fueled by a never-ending hunger, the Skullcrawlers drove the Kong species into extinction. In Godzilla vs. Kong, Skullcrawler eggs were smuggled off the island by the Apex Corporation and bred to serve as test subjects to prove the effectiveness of Mechagodzilla's weaponry.
 Mother Longlegs - a giant spider with legs resembling bamboo stalks.
 Sker Buffalo - a giant amphibious water buffalo with long branching horns and a coral shaped structures on their back.
 Spore Mantis - a massive stick insect resembling a fallen log.
 Leafwing - a green pterosaur-like creature with wings that allow it to camouflage in the trees and a sharp beak for cutting prey into pieces. They can also be seen living in Hollow Earth in Godzilla vs. Kong.
 Psychovulture - a relative of the Leafwing (resembling an oversized Anurognathus). Much more bat-like and capable of generating electrical breath weapons, their diet of poisonous pufferfish has increased their aggression to an almost psychopathic level, compelling them to kill creatures they have no intention of consuming.
 Death Jackal - a mammalian predator resembling a Dromaeosaur/Gorgonopsid hybrid that has a tendency to engage in cannibalism.
 Magma Turtle - a large tortoise with palm trees growing out of its stony shell, they live around a series of hot springs on the island and possess lava-like blood.
 Sirenjaw - a giant crocodilian-like creature covered in a thicket of brambles and trees it uses to camouflage itself as islands to lure in prey.
 Swamp Locust - a giant aquatic insect with branch-like legs it uses to camouflage as sunken trees to grab unsuspecting prey.
 Vinestrangler - a giant tree-dwelling katydid that camouflages among the branches and vines of its habitat to ambush its prey.
 Spirit Tiger - an oversized white tiger with elk-like antlers.

Popular culture
 In Peter Jackson's 1992 film Braindead, the zombie virus originates from a Skull Island creature referred to as a Sumatran rat monkey.
 The Universal Orlando Resort location Islands of Adventure features an attraction called "Skull Island: Reign of Kong" which is based on Peter Jackson's remake.
 In the 2021 television series Falcon and the Winter Soldier, Sam Wilson compares the fictional island nation of Madripoor, known to harbor a dangerous underworld, to Skull Island.

References
  Text was copied from Skull Island at the King Kong wiki, which is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 (Unported) (CC-BY-SA 3.0) license.

Further reading
 Weta Workshop, The World of Kong: A Natural History of Skull Island ()

Fictional islands
King Kong (franchise)

Skull Island (King Kong)


Coextinction and cothreatened refer to the phenomena of the loss or decline of a host species resulting in the loss or endangerment of an other species that depends on it, potentially leading to cascading effects across trophic levels. The term originated by the authors Stork and Lyal (1993) and was originally used to explain the extinction of parasitic insects following the loss of their specific hosts. The term is now used to describe the loss of any interacting species, including competition with their counterpart, and specialist herbivores with their food source.  Coextinction is especially common when a keystone species goes extinct.

Causes
The most frequently cited example is that of the extinct passenger pigeon and its parasitic bird lice Columbicola extinctus and Campanulotes defectus. Recently, C. extinctus was rediscovered on the band-tailed pigeon, and C. defectus was found to be a likely case of misidentification of the existing Campanulotes flavus. However, even though the passenger pigeon louse was rediscovered, coextinctions of other parasites, even on the passenger pigeon, may have occurred. Several louse species—such as Rallicola extinctus, a huia parasite—probably became extinct together with their hosts.

Recent studies have suggested that up to 50% of species may go extinct in the next 50 years. This is in part due to coextinction; for example the loss of tropical butterfly species from Singapore is attributed to the loss of their specific larval host plants. To see how possible future cases of coextinction would play out, researchers have made models to show probabilistic relationships between affiliate and host extinctions across co-evolved inter-specific systems. The subjects are pollinating Ficus wasps and Ficus, primate parasites, (Pneumocystis Fungi, Nematode, and Lice) and their hosts, parasitic mites and lice and their avian hosts, butterflies and their larval host plants, and ant butterflies and their host ants. For all but the most host-specific affiliate groups (e.g., primate Pneumocystis fungi and primates), affiliate extinction levels may be modest at low levels of host extinction but can be expected to rise quickly as host extinctions increase to levels predicted in the near future. This curvilinear relationship between host and affiliate extinction levels may also explain, in part, why so few coextinction events have been documented to date.

Investigations have been carried out into coextinction risk among the rich Psyllid fauna Hemiptera – Psylloidea inhabiting acacias (Fabaceae-Mimosoideae: Acacia) in central eastern New South Wales, Australia. The results, suggest that A. ausfeldii hosts one specialist psyllid species, Acizzia, and that A. gordonii hosts one specialist psyllid, Acizzia. Both psyllid species may be threatened at the same level of their host species with coextinction.

Interaction patterns can be used to anticipate the consequences of phylogenetic effects. By using a system of methodical observations, scientists can use the phylogenetic relationships of species to predict the number of interactions they exhibit in more than one-third of the networks, and the identity of the species with which they interact in about half of the networks. Consequentially, simulated extinction events tend to trigger coextinction cascades of related species. This results in a non-random pruning of the evolutionary tree.

In a 2004 paper in Science, ecologist Lian Pin Koh and colleagues discuss coextinction, stating

"Species coextinction is a manifestation of the interconnectedness of organisms in complex ecosystems. The loss of species through coextinction represents the loss of irreplaceable evolutionary and coevolutionary history. In view of the global extinction crisis, it is imperative that coextinction be the focus of future research to understand the intricate processes of species extinctions. While coextinction may not be the most important cause of species extinctions, it is certainly an insidious one." (Koh et al. 2004)

Koh et al. also define coendangered as taxa "likely to go extinct if their currently endangered hosts [...] become extinct."

One example is the extinction of many species of the genus Hibiscadelphus, as a consequence of the disappearance of several of the Hawaiian honeycreepers, its pollinators. There are also several instances of predators and scavengers dying out or becoming rarer following the disappearance of species which represented their source of food: for example, the coextinction of the Haast's eagle with the moa, or the near-extinction of the California condor after the extinctions of its primary food, the dead carcasses of North American Pleistocene megafauna; in the latter, the condor survived by possibly relying on beached marine mammals.

Coextinction may also occur on a local level: for example, the decline in the red ant Myrmica sabuleti in southern England, caused by habitat loss, resulted in the extirpation of the large blue butterfly (which is dependent on the ant as a host for its larvae) from Great Britain. In this case the ant avoided extirpation, and the butterfly has since been reintroduced to the island.

Another example of a species that could currently be experiencing coextinction is the rhinoceros stomach bot fly (Gyrostigma rhinocerontis) and its host species the endangered black rhinoceros and white rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis and Ceratotherium simum). The fly's larvae mature in a rhinoceros's stomach lining, having entered the body via the digestive tract, and so are dependent on rhinoceros species to reproduce.

Consequences
Coextinction can mean loss of biodiversity and diversification. Coextinctions can influence not only parasite and mutualist diversification but also their hosts. Arguably, parasites facilitate host diversification through sexual selection. That loss of parasites can reduce host diversification rates. Coextinction can also result in loss of evolutionary history. The extinction of related hosts can lead to the extinction of related parasites. The loss of history is likely to be greater than the loss expected, were species to go extinct at random. Furthermore, if coextinctions are clustered, it is more likely that coextinction can produce non-random trait loss. Species that are at risk of coextinction are expected to be larger because rare hosts tend to be larger and larger hosts have larger parasites. They can also be expected to have lengthy generation times or higher tropic positions. Coextinction can extend beyond biodiversity and has direct and indirect consequences from the communities of lost species. One main consequence of coextinction that goes beyond biodiversity is mutualism, by loss of food production with a decline in threatened pollinators. Losses of parasites can have negative impacts on humans or the species. In rare hosts, losses of specialist parasites can predispose hosts to infection by emergent parasites. Furthermore, relating to the consequences of removing specialist parasites from rare hosts, is the problem of where the parasites will go once their host is extinct. If the parasites are dependent on only those species than there are parasite species that are at risk of extinction through co-endangerment. On the other hand, if they are able to find and switch onto alternative hosts, those hosts can turn out to be humans. Either way, the loss of parasites by co extinction or the acquiring of new parasites by alternative hosts, proves to be a major issue. Coextinction can go beyond the decreased biodiversity, it can range into various biomes and link various ecosystems.

A study conducted in New Caledonia has shown that extinction of a coral reef-associated fish species of average size would eventually result in the co-extinction of at least ten species of parasites.

Risks
The host specificity and life cycle is a major factor in the risk of coextinction. Species of mutualists, parasites, and many free-living insects that have staged life cycles are more likely to be a victim of coextinction. This is due to the fact that these organisms may depend on multiple hosts throughout their lives in comparison to simple life cycled organisms. Also, if organisms are evolutionary flexible, then these organisms may escape extinction.

The area with that has the greatest effect of coextinction is the tropics. There is a continued disappearance in the habitat, human intervention, and a great loss in vital ecosystem services. This is threatening because the tropics contain 2/3 of the all known species but they aren't in a situation where they can be fully taken care of. Along with forest loss other risk factors include: coastal development, overexploitation of wildlife, and habitat conversion, that also affect human well-being.

In an effort to find a stop to coextinction, researchers have found that the first step would be to conserve the host species in which other species are dependent on. These hosts serve as major components for their habitat and need them to survive. In deciding what host to protect, it is important to choose one that can benefit an array of other dependent species.

See also
 Dodo and tambalacoque, for a supposed case of near-coextinction that turned out to be much more complex

References

External links
 The Extinction Website

Extinction

Coextinction


The Goods Line is an  linear park and shared pedestrian pathway and cycleway in the suburb of Ultimo, in the City of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The corridor connects Railway Square to Darling Harbour in the south and passes both the University of Technology Sydney Broadway campus and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation Sydney head office. The Goods Line terminates in the north at the corner of Sussex and Hay Streets, in the Sydney central business district.

Description

From the southern end, the Goods Line walkway commences at the southern end of Central station at the beginning of the Devonshire Street Tunnel. The tunnel is a  pedestrian tunnel that was opened in 1906, joining Devonshire Street with Lee Street. From the exit of the tunnel one enters Henry Deane Plaza, which sits slightly below the level of Lee Street, and descends a ramp at the other end of the Plaza to enter the extension tunnel beneath Lee Street. The extension tunnel continues under Lee Street, Railway Square and George Street and, at each of these points, the extension tunnel can be exited or entered by stairs and escalators. There are no entry/exit points to the tunnel via any buildings.

The extension tunnel then continues under the TAFE Marcus Clark Building and opens behind the Wembley House at 841 George Street.  To the west of the end of the extension tunnel, two steel rails appear from under a pair of large gates. The gates block entry to the northern end of the Railway Square road overbridge which in the past, provided access for trains using the railway line to Darling Harbour.  From this point, the Goods Line walkway makes use of the former railroad's infrastructure, including the Ultimo Road railway underbridge. The walkway exits the rail corridor near the Powerhouse Museum, crosses Darling Drive and terminates at the corner of Sussex and Hay Streets.

Background

The Goods Line uses the route of a former freight railway line that connected Sydney Yard and the Sydney–Parramatta railway line to the shipping port of Darling Harbour. The railway line opened in 1855 and was extended to Dulwich Hill in 1922, providing a way for freight trains to access Darling Harbour without interfering with passenger trains. A short branch from Lilyfield to Rozelle served another freight terminal.

The port facilities at Darling Harbour closed down and the precinct was extensively redeveloped in the 1980s. In the following years, the Lilyfield – Sydney Yard section became disused and with the Inner West Light Rail that opened between Pyrmont and Central station in 1997 using part of its alignment. The light rail leaves the former railway corridor at Hay Street, leaving a short section of the corridor disused.

The section of the former goods line corridor from the northern end of the Devonshire Street Tunnel to Ultimo Road was converted to pedestrian and was originally called the Ultimo Pedestrian Network until it was renamed The Goods Line in 2012.  Plans were then announced to expand the pathway through to Hay Street. This second section opened on 30 August 2015. The adjacent Dr Chau Chak Wing Building opened earlier in 2015; an entrance to the building is provided from The Goods Line.

Design
The Goods Line was designed by ASPECT Studios and CHROFI. Design features include grassy lawns, dining tables, table tennis tables, study pods and a children's water play area with a sand pit. The design choices also took cues from the railways, and the designers suggested that instead of transporting materials and produce, the corridor now transports commodities of the modern economy: ideas, people, social and cultural interactions. Several rail artefacts have been preserved, including the Ultimo Road railway underbridge, built in 1879, and a lever frame from the Ultimo Street Signal Box. The design won a 2014 Australia Award for Urban Design in the Policies, Programs and Concepts – Small Scale category.

Future
The original section, from Railway Square to Ultimo Road, will be upgraded. Transport for NSW is conducting a feasibility study on an extension towards the disused Regent Street railway station using the rail tunnel under Railway Square.

See also

References

External links

2012 establishments in Australia
Linear parks
Closed railway lines in Sydney
Parks in Sydney
Urban public parks
Ultimo, New South Wales
Buildings and structures completed in 2012
Parks established in the 2010s
Protected areas established in 2012

The Goods Line


Mesh generation is the practice of creating a mesh, a subdivision of a continuous geometric space into discrete geometric and topological cells.
Often these cells form a simplicial complex.
Usually the cells partition the geometric input domain.
Mesh cells are used as discrete local approximations of the larger domain. Meshes are created by computer algorithms, often with human guidance through a GUI , depending on the complexity of the domain and the type of mesh desired.
A typical goal is to create a mesh that accurately captures the input domain geometry, with high-quality (well-shaped) cells, and without so many cells as to make subsequent calculations intractable.
The mesh should also be fine (have small elements) in areas that are important for the subsequent calculations.

Meshes are used for rendering to a computer screen and for physical simulation such as finite element analysis or computational fluid dynamics. Meshes are composed of simple cells like triangles because, e.g., we know how to perform operations such as finite element calculations (engineering) or ray tracing (computer graphics) on triangles, but we do not know how to perform these operations directly on complicated spaces and shapes such as a roadway bridge. We can simulate the strength of the bridge, or draw it on a computer screen, by performing calculations on each triangle and calculating the interactions between triangles.

A major distinction is between structured and unstructured meshing. In structured meshing the mesh is a regular lattice, such as an array, with implied connectivity between elements. In unstructured meshing, elements may be connected to each other in irregular patterns, and more complicated domains can be captured. This page is primarily about unstructured meshes.
While a mesh may be a triangulation, the process of meshing is distinguished from point set triangulation in that meshing includes the freedom to add vertices not present in the input. "Facetting" (triangulating) CAD models for drafting has the same freedom to add vertices, but the goal is to represent the shape accurately using as few triangles as possible and the shape of individual triangles is not important. Computer graphics renderings of textures and realistic lighting conditions use meshes instead.

Many mesh generation software is coupled to a CAD system defining its input, and simulation software for taking its output. The input can vary greatly but common forms are Solid modeling, Geometric modeling, NURBS, B-rep, STL or a point cloud.

Terminology
The terms "mesh generation,"  "grid generation,"  "meshing," " and "gridding," are often used interchangeably, although strictly speaking the latter two are broader and encompass mesh improvement: changing the mesh with the goal of increasing the speed or accuracy of the numerical calculations that will be performed over it. In computer graphics rendering, and mathematics, a mesh is sometimes referred to as a tessellation.

Mesh faces (cells, entities) have different names depending on their dimension and the context in which the mesh will be used. In finite elements, the highest-dimensional mesh entities are called "elements," "edges" are 1D and "nodes" are 0D. If the elements are 3D, then the 2D entities are "faces." In computational geometry, the 0D points are called vertices. Tetrahedra are often abbreviated as "tets"; triangles are "tris", quadrilaterals are "quads" and hexahedra (topological cubes) are "hexes."

Techniques

Many meshing techniques are built on the principles of the Delaunay triangulation, together with rules for adding vertices, such as Ruppert's algorithm.
A distinguishing feature is that an initial coarse mesh of the entire space is formed, then vertices and triangles are added.
In contrast, advancing front algorithms start from the domain boundary, and add elements incrementally filling up the interior.
Hybrid techniques do both. A special class of advancing front techniques creates thin boundary layers of elements for fluid flow.
In structured mesh generation the entire mesh is a lattice graph, such as a regular grid of squares. In block-structured meshing, the domain is divided into large subregions, each of which is a structured mesh. Some direct methods start with a block-structured mesh and then move the mesh to conform to the input; see Automatic Hex-Mesh Generation based on polycube. Another direct method is to cut the structured cells by the domain boundary; see sculpt based on Marching cubes.

Some types of meshes are much more difficult to create than others. Simplicial meshes tend to be easier than cubical meshes. An important category is generating a hex mesh conforming to a fixed quad surface mesh; a research subarea is studying the existence and generation of meshes of specific small configurations, such as the tetragonal trapezohedron. Because of the difficulty of this problem, the existence of combinatorial hex meshes has been studied apart from the problem of generating good geometric realizations. While known algorithms generate simplicial meshes with guaranteed minimum quality, such guarantees are rare for cubical meshes, and many popular implementations generate inverted (inside-out) hexes from some inputs.

Meshes are often created in serial on workstations, even when subsequent calculations over the mesh will be done in parallel on super-computers. This is both because of the limitation that most mesh generators are interactive, and because mesh generation runtime is typically insignificant compared to solver time. However, if the mesh is too large to fit in the memory of a single serial machine, or the mesh must be changed (adapted) during the simulation, meshing is done in parallel.

Algebraic methods

The grid generation by algebraic methods is based on mathematical interpolation function. It is done by using known functions in one, two or three dimensions taking arbitrary shaped regions. The computational domain might not be rectangular, but for the sake of simplicity, the domain is taken to be rectangular. The main advantage of the methods is that they provide explicit control of physical grid shape and spacing. The simplest procedure that may be used to produce boundary fitted computational mesh is the normalization transformation.
For a nozzle, with the describing function  the grid can easily be generated using uniform division in y-direction with equally spaced increments in x-direction, which are described by

where  denotes the y-coordinate of the nozzle wall. For given values of (, ), the values of (, ) can be easily recovered.

Differential equation methods
Like algebraic methods, differential equation methods are also used to generate grids. The advantage of using the partial differential equations (PDEs) is that the solution of grid generating equations can be exploited to generate the mesh. Grid construction can be done using all three classes of partial differential equations.

Elliptic schemes
Elliptic PDEs generally have very smooth solutions leading to smooth contours. Using its smoothness as an advantage Laplace's equations can preferably be used because the Jacobian found out to be positive as a result of maximum principle for harmonic functions. After extensive work done by Crowley (1962) and Winslow (1966) on PDEs by transforming physical domain into computational plane while mapping using Poisson's equation, Thompson et al. (1974)  have worked extensively on elliptic PDEs to generate grids. In Poisson grid generators, the mapping is accomplished by marking the desired grid points  on the boundary of the physical domain, with the interior point distribution determined through the solution of equations written below

where,  are the co-ordinates in the computational domain, while P and Q are responsible for point spacing within D. Transforming above equations in computational space yields a set of two elliptic PDEs of the form,

where

These systems of equations are solved in the computational plane on uniformly spaced grid which provides us with the  co-ordinates of each point in physical space. The advantage of using elliptic PDEs is the solution linked to them is smooth and the resulting grid is smooth. But, specification of P and Q becomes a difficult task thus adding it to its disadvantages. Moreover, the grid has to be computed after each time step which adds up to computational time.

Hyperbolic schemes
This grid generation scheme is generally applicable to problems with open domains consistent with the type of PDE describing the physical problem. The advantage associated with hyperbolic PDEs is that the governing equations need to be solved only once for generating grid. The initial point distribution along with the approximate boundary conditions forms the required input and the solution is the then marched outward. Steger and Sorenson (1980) proposed a volume orthogonality method that uses Hyperbolic PDEs for mesh generation.
For a 2-D problem, Considering computational space to be given by , the inverse of the Jacobian is given by,

where  represents the area in physical space for a given area in computational space. The second equation links the orthogonality of grid lines at the boundary in physical space which can be written as

For  and  surfaces to be perpendicular the equation becomes

The problem associated with such system of equations is the specification of . Poor selection of  may lead to shock and discontinuous propagation of this information throughout the mesh. While mesh being orthogonal is generated very rapidly which comes out as an advantage with this method.

Parabolic schemes
The solving technique is similar to that of hyperbolic PDEs by advancing the solution away from the initial data surface satisfying the boundary conditions at the end. Nakamura (1982) and Edwards (1985) developed the basic ideas for parabolic grid generation. The idea uses either of Laplace or the Poisson's equation and especially treating the parts which controls elliptic behavior. The initial values are given as the coordinates of the point along the surface  and the advancing the solutions to the outer surface of the object satisfying the boundary conditions along  edges.

The control of the grid spacing has not been suggested until now. Nakamura and Edwards, grid control was accomplished using non uniform spacing. The parabolic grid generation shows an advantage over the hyperbolic grid generation that, no shocks or discontinuities occur and the grid is relatively smooth. The specifications of initial values and selection of step size to control the grid points is however time-consuming, but these techniques can be effective when familiarity and experience is gained.

Variational methods
This method includes a technique that minimizes grid smoothness, orthogonality and volume variation. This method forms mathematical platform to solve grid generation problems. In this method an alternative grid is generated by a new mesh after each iteration and computing the grid speed using backward difference method. This technique is a powerful one with a disadvantage that effort is required to solve the equations related to grid. Further work needed to be done to minimize the integrals that will reduce the CPU time.

Unstructured grid generation
The main importance of this scheme is that it provides a method that will generate the grid automatically. Using this method, grids are segmented into blocks according to the surface of the element and a structure is provided to ensure appropriate connectivity. To interpret the data flow solver is used. When an unstructured scheme is employed, the main interest is to fulfill the demand of the user and a grid generator is used to accomplish this task.  The information storage in structured scheme is cell to cell instead of grid to grid and hence the more memory space is needed. Due to random cell location, the solver efficiency in unstructured is less as compared to the structured scheme.

Some points are needed to be kept in mind at the time of grid construction. The grid point with high resolution creates difficulty for both structured and unstructured. For example, in case of boundary layer, structured scheme produces elongated grid in the direction of flow. On the other hand, unstructured grids require a higher cell density in the boundary layer because the cell needs to be as equilateral as possible to avoid errors.

We must identify what information is required to identify the cell and all the neighbors of the cell in the computational mesh. We can choose to locate the arbitrary points anywhere we want for the unstructured grid. A point insertion scheme is used to insert the points independently and the cell connectivity is determined. This suggests that the point be identified as they are inserted.
Logic for establishing new connectivity is determined once the points are inserted. Data that form grid point that identifies grid cell are needed. As each cell is formed it is numbered and the points are sorted. In addition the neighbor cell information is needed.

Adaptive grid
A problem in solving partial differential equations using previous methods is that the grid is constructed and the points are distributed in the physical domain before details of the solution is known. So the grid may or may not be the best for the given problem.

Adaptive methods are used to improve the accuracy of the solutions. The adaptive method is referred to as 'h' method if mesh refinement is used, 'r' method if the number of grid point is fixed and not redistributed and 'p' if the order of solution scheme is increased in finite-element theory. The multi dimensional problems using the equidistribution scheme can be accomplished in several ways. The simplest to understand are the Poisson Grid Generators with control function based on the equidistribution of the weight function with the diffusion set as a multiple of desired cell volume. The equidistribution scheme can also be applied to the unstructured problem. The problem is the connectivity hampers if mesh point movement is very large.

Steady flow and the time-accurate flow calculation can be solved through this adaptive method.  The grid is refined and after a predetermined number of iteration in order to adapt it in a steady flow problem. The grid will stop adjusting to the changes once the solution converges. In time accurate case coupling of the partial differential equations of the physical problem and those describing the grid movement is required.

Cell topology
Usually the cells are polygonal or polyhedral and form a mesh that partitions the domain.
Important classes of two-dimensional elements include triangles (simplices) and quadrilaterals (topological squares).
In three-dimensions the most-common cells are tetrahedra (simplices) and hexahedra (topological cubes).
Simplicial meshes may be of any dimension and include triangles (2D) and tetrahedra (3D) as important instances.
Cubical meshes is the pan-dimensional category that includes quads (2D) and hexes (3D). In 3D, 4-sided pyramids and 3-sided prisms appear in conformal meshes of mixed cell type.

Cell dimension
The mesh is embedded in a geometric space that is typically two or three dimensional, although sometimes the dimension is increased by one by adding the time-dimension. Higher dimensional meshes are used in niche contexts. One-dimensional meshes are useful as well. A significant category is surface meshes, which are 2D meshes embedded in 3D to represent a curved surface.

Duality
Dual graphs have several roles in meshing. One can make a polyhedral Voronoi diagram mesh by dualizing a Delaunay triangulation simplicial mesh. One can create a cubical mesh by generating an arrangement of surfaces and dualizing the intersection graph; see spatial twist continuum. Sometimes both the primal mesh and its dual mesh are used in the same simulation; see Hodge star operator. This arises from physics involving divergence and curl (mathematics) operators, such as flux & vorticity or electricity & magnetism, where one variable naturally lives on the primal faces and its counterpart on the dual faces.

Mesh type by use
Three-dimensional meshes created for finite element analysis need to consist of tetrahedra, pyramids, prisms or hexahedra. Those used for the finite volume method can consist of arbitrary polyhedra. Those used for finite difference methods consist of piecewise structured arrays of hexahedra known as multi-block structured meshes.
4-sided pyramids are useful to conformally connect hexes to tets. 3-sided prisms are used for boundary layers conforming to a tet mesh of the far-interior of the object.

Surface meshes are useful in computer graphics where the surfaces of objects reflect light (also subsurface scattering) and a full 3D mesh is not needed. Surface meshes are also used to model thin objects such as sheet metal in auto manufacturing and building exteriors in architecture. High (e.g., 17) dimensional cubical meshes are common in astrophysics and string theory.

Mathematical definition and variants
What is the precise definition of a mesh? There is not a universally-accepted mathematical description that applies in all contexts.
However, some mathematical objects are clearly meshes: a simplicial complex is a mesh composed of simplices.
Most polyhedral (e.g. cubical) meshes are conformal, meaning they have the cell structure of a CW complex, a generalization of a simplicial complex. A mesh need not be simplicial because an arbitrary subset of nodes of a cell is not necessarily a cell: e.g., three nodes of a quad does not define a cell.
However, two cells intersect at cells: e.g. a quad does not have a node in its interior. The intersection of two cells may be several cells: e.g., two quads may share two edges. An intersection being more than one cell is sometimes forbidden and rarely desired; the goal of some mesh improvement techniques (e.g. pillowing) is to remove these configurations. In some contexts, a distinction is made between a topological mesh and a geometric mesh whose embedding satisfies certain quality criteria.

Important mesh variants that are not CW complexes include non-conformal meshes where cells do not meet strictly face-to-face, but the cells nonetheless partition the domain. An example of this is an octree, where an element face may be partitioned by the faces of adjacent elements. Such meshes are useful for flux-based simulations. In overset grids, there are multiple conformal meshes that overlap geometrically and do not partition the domain; see e.g., Overflow, the OVERset grid FLOW solver. So-called meshless or meshfree methods often make use of some mesh-like discretization of the domain, and have basis functions with overlapping support. Sometimes a local mesh is created near each simulation degree-of-freedom point, and these meshes may overlap and be non-conformal to one another.

Implicit triangulations are based on a delta complex: for each triangle the lengths of its edges, and a gluing map between face edges. (please expand)

High-order elements

Many meshes use linear elements, where the mapping from the abstract to realized element is linear, and mesh edges are straight segments.
Higher order polynomial mappings are common, especially quadratic.
A primary goal for higher-order elements is to more accurately represent the domain boundary, although they have accuracy benefits in the interior of the mesh as well.
One of the motivations for cubical meshes is that linear cubical elements have some of the same numerical advantages as quadratic simplicial elements.
In the isogeometric analysis simulation technique, the mesh cells containing the domain boundary use the CAD representation directly instead of a linear or polynomial approximation.

Mesh improvement

Improving a mesh involves changing its discrete connectivity, the continuous geometric position of its cells, or both. For discrete changes, for simplicial elements one swaps edges and inserts/removes nodes. The same kinds of operations are done for cubical (quad/hex) meshes, although there are fewer possible operations and local changes have global consequences. E.g., for a hexahedral mesh, merging two nodes creates cells that are not hexes, but if diagonally-opposite nodes on a quadrilateral are merged and this is propagated into collapsing an entire face-connected column of hexes, then all remaining cells will still be hexes.
In adaptive mesh refinement, elements are split (h-refinement) in areas where the function being calculated has a high gradient.
Meshes are also coarsened, removing elements for efficiency. The multigrid method does something similar to refinement and coarsening to speed up the numerical solve, but without actually changing the mesh.

For continuous changes, nodes are moved, or the higher-dimensional faces are moved by changing the polynomial order of elements. Moving nodes to improve quality is called "smoothing" or "r-refinement" and increasing the order of elements is called "p-refinement." Nodes are also moved in simulations where the shape of objects change over time. This degrades the shape of the elements. If the object deforms enough, the entire object is remeshed and the current solution mapped from the old mesh to the new mesh.

Research community

Practitioners

The field is highly interdisciplinary, with contributions found in mathematics, computer science, and engineering. Meshing R&D is distinguished by an equal focus on discrete and continuous math and computation, as with computational geometry, but in contrast to graph theory (discrete) and numerical analysis (continuous). Mesh generation is deceptively difficult: it is easy for humans to see how to create a mesh of a given object, but difficult to program a computer to make good decisions for arbitrary input a priori. There is an infinite variety of geometry found in nature and man-made objects. Many mesh generation researchers were first users of meshes. Mesh generation continues to receive widespread attention, support and funding because the human-time to create a mesh dwarfs the time to set up and solve the calculation once the mesh is finished. This has always been the situation since numerical simulation and computer graphics were invented, because as computer hardware and simple equation-solving software have improved, people have been drawn to larger and more complex geometric models in a drive for greater fidelity, scientific insight, and artistic expression.

Journals
Meshing research is published in a broad range of journals. This is in keeping with the interdisciplinary nature of the research required to make progress, and also the wide variety of applications that make use of meshes. About 150 meshing publications appear each year across 20 journals, with at most 20 publications appearing in any one journal. There is no journal whose primary topic is meshing. The journals that publish at least 10 meshing papers per year are in bold.

 Advances in Engineering Software
 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Journal (AIAAJ)
 Algorithmica
 Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Journal
 Applied Numerical Mathematics
 Astronomy and Computing
 Computational Geometry: Theory and Applications
 Computer-Aided Design, often including a special issue devoted to extended papers from the IMR (see conferences below)
 Computer Aided Geometric Design (CAGD)
 Computer Graphics Forum (Eurographics)
 Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering
 Discrete and Computational Geometry
 Engineering with Computers
 Finite Elements in Analysis and Design
 International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering (IJNME)
 International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids
 International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering
 International Journal of Computational Geometry & Applications
 Journal of Computational Physics (JCP)
 Journal on Numerical Analysis
 Journal on Scientific Computing (SISC)
 Transactions on Graphics (ACM TOG)
 Transactions on Mathematical Software (ACM TOMS)
 Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics (IEEE TVCG)
 Lecture Notes in Computational Science and Engineering (LNCSE)
 Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Physics (CMMP)

Conferences
(Conferences whose primary topic is meshing are in bold.)

 Aerospace Sciences Meeting AIAA (15 meshing talks/papers)
 Canadian Conference on Computational Geometry CCCG
 CompIMAGE: International Symposium Computational Modeling of Objects Represented in Images
 Computational Fluid Dynamics Conference AIAA
 Computational Fluid Dynamics Conference ECCOMAS
 Computational Science & Engineering CS&E
 Conference on Numerical Grid Generation ISGG
 Eurographics Annual Conference (Eurographics)] (proceedings in Computer Graphics Forum)
 Geometric & Physical Modeling SIAM
 International Conference on Isogeometric Analysis IGA
 International Symposium on Computational Geometry SoCG
 Numerical Geometry, Grid Generation and Scientific Computing (NUMGRID) (proceedings in Lecture Notes in Computational Science and Engineering)
 SIAM International Meshing Roundtable (SIAM IMR). An independent annual conference from 1992-2021, and a SIAM workshop concurrent with SIAM PP or SIAM CS&E since 2022. Refereed proceedings.
 SIGGRAPH (proceedings in ACM Transactions on Graphics)
 Symposium on Geometry Processing SGP (Eurographics) (proceedings in Computer Graphics Forum)
 World Congress on Engineering

Workshops
Workshops whose primary topic is meshing are in bold.

 Conference on Geometry: Theory and Applications CGTA
 European Workshop on Computational Geometry EuroCG
 Fall Workshop on Computational Geometry
 Finite Elements in Fluids FEF
 MeshTrends Symposium (in WCCM or USNCCM alternate years)
 Polytopal Element Methods in Mathematics and Engineering
 Tetrahedron workshop

See also
Delaunay triangulation
Fortune's algorithm
Grid classification
Mesh parameterization
Meshfree methods
Parallel mesh generation
Principles of grid generation
Polygon mesh
Regular grid
Ruppert's algorithm
Stretched grid method
Tessellation
Types of mesh
Unstructured grid

References

Bibliography

.
.

.
 CGAL The Computational Geometry Algorithms Library

 Jan Brandts, Sergey Korotov, Michal Krizek: "Simplicial Partitions with Applications to the Finite Element Method", Springer Monographs in Mathematics, (2020). url="https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030556761"
 Grid Generation Methods - Liseikin, Vladimir D.

External links

Periodic Table of the Finite Elements
 Literature on Mesh Generation
 Conferences, Workshops, Summerschools

Mesh generators
Many commercial product descriptions emphasize simulation rather than the meshing technology that enables simulation.
Lists of mesh generators (external):
Free/open source mesh generators
Public domain and commercial mesh generators
 ANSA Pre-processor
 ANSYS
 CD-adapco and Siemens DISW
 Comet Solutions
 CGAL Computational Geometry Algorithms Library
 Mesh generation
2D Conforming Triangulations and Meshes
3D Mesh Generation
 CUBIT
 Ennova
 Gmsh
 Hextreme meshes
 MeshLab
 MSC Software
 Omega_h Tri/Tet Adaptivity
 Open FOAM Mesh generation and conversion
 Salome Mesh module
 TetGen
 TetWild
 TRIANGLE Mesh generation and Delaunay triangulation

 Multi-domain partitioned mesh generators
These tools generate the partitioned meshes required for multi-material finite element modelling.
 MDM(Multiple Domain Meshing) generates unstructured tetrahedral and hexahedral meshes for a composite domain made up of heterogeneous materials, automatically and efficiently
 QMDM (Quality Multi-Domain Meshing) produces a high quality, mutually consistent triangular surface meshes for multiple domains
 QMDMNG, (Quality Multi-Domain Meshing with No Gap), produces a quality meshes with each one a two-dimensional manifold and no gap between two adjacent meshes.
SOFA_mesh_partitioning_tools generates partitioned tetrahedral meshes for multi-material FEM, based on CGAL.

 Articles
 Another Fine Mesh, MeshTrends Blog, Pointwise
 Mesh Generation & Grid Generation on the Web
 Mesh Generation group on LinkedIn

 Research groups and people
Mesh Generation people on Google Scholar
 David Bommes, Computer Graphics Group, University of Bern
 David Eppstein's Geometry in Action, Mesh Generation
 Jonathan Shewchuk's Meshing and Triangulation in Graphics, Engineering, and Modeling
 Scott A. Mitchell
 Robert Schneiders

 Models and meshes
Useful models (inputs) and meshes (outputs) for comparing meshing algorithms and meshes.
 HexaLab has models and meshes that have been published in research papers, reconstructed or from the original paper.
 Princeton Shape Benchmark
 Shape Retrieval Contest SHREC has different models each year, e.g.,
 Shape Retrieval Contest of Non-rigid 3D Watertight Meshes 2011
 Thingi10k meshed models from the Thingiverse

 CAD models
Modeling engines linked with mesh generation software to represent the domain geometry.

 ACIS by Spatial
 Open Cascade

 Mesh file formats
Common (output) file formats for describing meshes.
 NetCDF
 Genesis/Exodus
 XDMF
 VTK/VTU
 MEDIT
 MED/Salome
 Gmsh
 ANSYS mesh
 OFF
 Wavefront OBJ
 PLY
 STL
 meshio can convert between all of the above formats.

 Mesh visualizers
 Blender
 Mesh Viewer
 Paraview

 Tutorials
 Cubit tutorials

Mesh generation people
Mesh generators
Geometric algorithms
Computer-aided design
Triangulation (geometry)
Numerical analysis
Numerical differential equations
Computational fluid dynamics
3D computer graphics

Mesh generation


CoreMark is a benchmark that measures the performance of central processing units (CPU) used in embedded systems. It was developed in 2009 by Shay Gal-On at EEMBC and is intended to become an industry standard, replacing the Dhrystone benchmark. The code is written in C and contains implementations of the following algorithms: list processing (find and sort), matrix manipulation (common matrix operations), state machine (determine if an input stream contains valid numbers), and CRC. The code is under the Apache License 2.0 and is free of cost to use, but ownership is retained by the Consortium and publication of modified versions under the CoreMark name prohibited.

Issues addressed by CoreMark
The CRC algorithm serves a dual function; it provides a workload commonly seen in embedded applications and ensures correct operation of the CoreMark benchmark, essentially providing a self-checking mechanism.  Specifically, to verify correct operation, a 16-bit CRC is performed on the data contained in elements of the linked list.

To ensure compilers cannot pre-compute the results at compile time every operation in the benchmark derives a value that is not available at compile time. Furthermore, all code used within the timed portion of the benchmark is part of the benchmark itself (no library calls).

CoreMark versus Dhrystone
CoreMark draws on the strengths that made Dhrystone so resilient - it is small, portable, easy to understand, free, and displays a single number benchmark score. Unlike Dhrystone, CoreMark has specific run and reporting rules, and was designed to avoid the well understood issues that have been cited with Dhrystone.

Major portions of Dhrystone are susceptible to a compiler's ability to optimize the work away; thus it is more a compiler benchmark than a hardware benchmark. This also makes it very difficult to compare results when different compilers/flags are used.

Library calls are made within the timed portion of Dhrystone. Typically, those library calls consume the majority of the time consumed by the benchmark. Since the library code is not part of the benchmark, it is difficult to compare results if different libraries are used.
Guidelines exist on how to run Dhrystone but since results are not certified or verified, they are not enforced. There is no standardization on how Dhrystone results should be reported, with various formats in use (DMIPS, Dhrystones per second, DMIPS/MHz)

Results
CoreMark results can be found on the CoreMark web site, and on processor data sheets. Results are in the following format:

CoreMark 1.0 : N / C / P / M

 N Number of iterations per second (with seeds 0,0,0x66,size=2000)
 C Compiler version and flags
 P Parameters such as data and code allocation specifics
 M – Type of Parallel algorithm execution (if used) and number of contexts

For example: CoreMark 1.0 : 128 / GCC 4.1.2 -O2 -fprofile-use / Heap in TCRAM / FORK:2

See also
 Business Applications Performance Corporation (BAPCo)
 Embedded Microprocessor Benchmark Consortium (EEMBC)
 Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation (SPEC)
 Transaction Processing Performance Council (TPC)

References

External links

 EEMBC CoreMark Public Group

Embedded systems
Benchmarks (computing)

Coremark


Hernán Pérez de Ovando was a Spanish military man and nobleman.

Life
Hernán Pérez de Ovando was a son of Pedro Fernández de Ovando and wife María de Azagra. He served Ferdinand II of León and Alfonso IX of León, specially at the Conquest of Cáceres on April 23, 1229, which village and alcázar were given to him in fiefdom of honour in 1230. In 1232 he received from his brother Rodrigo Pérez de Ovando, 1st Count of Ciudad Rodrigo the donation of the part that corresponded to him at the Conquest of Cáceres.

He married and was the father of Fernando Fernández de Ovando.

Sources
Cunha, Fernando de Castro Pereira Mouzinho de Albuquerque e (1906–1998), Instrumentário Genealógico - Linhagens Milenárias. MCMXCV, p. 402

Spanish untitled nobility

Hernán Pérez de Ovando


St Nicholas Church is in the village of Burton, Ellesmere Port and Neston, Cheshire, England.  It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building.  It is an active Anglican parish church in the diocese of Chester, the archdeaconry of Chester and the deanery of Wirral South.  Its benefice is combined with that of St Michael, Shotwick.

History

Relics of an earlier church dating from the 12th century consist of Norman stones which have been dug up in the churchyard and are now preserved in the porch and beneath the tower. Apart from the Massey chapel which was erected in 1380, the present church was built in 1721.  The chancel was rebuilt in 1870.

Architecture

Exterior

The church stands in an elevated position above the houses of the village and is approached through Georgian gate posts.  It is built in red sandstone with grey slate roofs.  The plan of the church consists of a west tower, a four-bay nave which is continuous with a two-bay chancel, a north aisle and a vestry to the northeast of the aisle.  At the east end of the aisle is the Massey chapel.  The tower is in four stages.  Doors are on the north and south faces.  Above the south door is a semicircular-headed window and above this a clock with a single hand.  The belfry windows are louvred.  At the top of the tower is a cornice and a solid parapet.  Externally on the south side, between the nave and chancel, is a multi-stepped buttress.  Built into one of the walls of the tower is a coffin lid dating from the 13th century which is decorated with a foliated cross.

Interior

The font is massive and plain with a Gothic oak cover.  The altar rails are Jacobean and consist of alternate twisted and turned balusters.  The sanctuary chair dates from the reign of Charles II.  The stained glass in the east window of the chancel is by Kempe.  One of the Massey memorials is in marble and dated 1579, the other is in alabaster and dated 1794.  In the church is a hatchment bearing the arms of the Congreve family and other memorials to this family.  The memorial to Richard Congreve who died in 1820 is by S. Gibson and includes a weeping putto.  The organ was built around 1935 by the John Compton Organ Co and renovated in 1985 by Rushworth and Dreaper. There is a ring of six bells.  Five of these were cast by Rudhall of Gloucester in 1724 and the other bell, dated 1896, is by John Taylor and Company.  The parish registers start in 1538.

External features

In the churchyard is a group of 18 chest tombs, and a group of eight raised grave slabs, which are listed Grade II.  Also listed Grade II is a red sandstone sundial from the 18th century.  It consists of a vase-shaped pillar on a square pedestal standing on a square base slab. Also in the churchyard is the war grave of a First World War soldier of the Royal Engineers.

See also

Grade II* listed buildings in Cheshire West and Chester
Listed buildings in Burton, Neston, Cheshire

References

Further reading

External links

Photographs of the church by Craig Thornber

Church of England church buildings in Cheshire
Churches in the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral
Grade II* listed churches in Cheshire
Diocese of Chester
Churches completed in 1721
Churches completed in 1870
18th-century Church of England church buildings
1721 establishments in England
Burton (near Neston)

St Nicholas Church, Burton


Les Barker (30 January 1947 – 14 January 2023) was an English poet who was best known for his comedic poetry and parodies of popular songs, but also produced some very serious thought-provoking written works.

Biography

Barker was born in Manchester, England, on 30 January 1947. He studied accountancy before he realised that he had a talent for writing. At the beginning of his career he toured around folk music venues as a solo performer, and later with The Mrs Ackroyd Band (named after his mongrel dog Mrs Ackroyd.) Barker was not a singer and the Mrs Ackroyd Band, with classically trained vocalists Hilary Spencer and Alison Younger, and keyboard player Chris Harvey, enabled his parodies to be sung live. He toured around Britain and such countries as Hong Kong, Australia, New Zealand, the United States and Canada.

Barker authored 77 books and released 20 albums. His books contain a mixture of monologues, comic songs, and serious songs. The monologues tip the hat to Marriott Edgar. Like Edgar, Barker has created several recurring characters and themes such as 'Jason and the Arguments', 'Cosmo the Fairly Accurate Knife Thrower', 'Captain Indecisive', 'The Far off Land of Dyslexia' and 'Spot of the Antarctic', which have become trademarks of Barker's work. Both his comic and serious songs have become standards for other singers such as Waterson–Carthy and June Tabor.

Barker was also one of the few writers (alongside Stephen Sondheim, with his parody "The Boy From...") to get the Welsh place named Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantisiliogogogoch into a song successfully (it forms the main chorus of a song of the same name, and is sung four times). In the mid 2000s, Barker moved to Wrexham, Wales, and learnt Welsh, producing two books of poetry written in the Welsh tongue.

In 2008 he was awarded the NIACE Inspire Award as Welsh Learner of the Year, and recited his poem "Have you Got Any News of the Iceberg?" in Welsh at the presentation in Swansea.

In 2009, a campaign by his folk fanbase sought to have him chosen as the British Poet Laureate.

After a heart attack in January 2008, Barker began solo gigging again. Barker remained firmly rooted in the circuit of folk clubs and festivals. He has also performed as part of a double act with Keith Donnelly under the name "Idiot and Friend".

After being diagnosed with cancer and undergoing chemotherapy, he announced his retirement from touring in October 2022, but intended to maintain his online presence via YouTube.

On 14 January 2023, Barker attended a match of The New Saints F.C. at Park Hall in Oswestry, Shropshire. Afterward, he returned to his car and died from an apparent heart attack at the age of 75. His body was found in his car by maintenance staff the following morning.

Guide Cats for the Blind
Barker also wrote a poem called Guide Cats for the Blind which later became the title track of a double fundraising CD for the British Computer Association of the Blind (BCAB). The Association runs a program called EyeT4all, which aims to make computers accessible to people who are blind or visually impaired. Barker also agreed to the recording of a series of albums. Over £40,000 has been raised.

Five "Guide Cats" albums have been produced, Guide Cats for the Blind, Missing Persians File, Top Cat, White Tie and Tails, Cat Nav and Herding Cats. The CDs contain performances of Barker's poems by members of the folk world such as June Tabor, Martin Carthy, Steve Tilston, Mike Harding and Tom Paxton and well known figures including Jimmy Young, Nicholas Parsons, Brian Perkins, Terry Wogan, Nicky Campbell, Robert Lindsay, Prunella Scales and Andrew Sachs.

Books

 Airedale
 Alexander Greyhound Bell
 Alsatians to Crewe
 Bark Odes
 Bark to Front
 The Beagle has Landed
 Beagles, Bangles and Beads
 Beyond Our Cairn
 The Boogie Woogie Beagle Boy from Company B
 Borzoi Ballet
 The Borzoi's Back in Town
 The Boxer Rebellion
 Break the Mole
 Collieflowers
 Corgasm
 Corgi and Bess
 Dachshunds With Erections Can't Climb Stairs
 Dog Byte
 Dog Ends
 Dog Gone
 Dog Only Nose
 Doggerel
 The English Book of Penguin Folk Songs
 Extra Terrierestrial
 Fetlar
 Get a Dog and Barker Yourself
 The Green Eye of the Little Yellow Dog
 Her Master's Book
 The Hound of Music
 The Hound of the Basketballs
 I Camel, I Saw, I Conker
 I Hear the Sound of Distant Plums
 Illegal Annual
 Irritable Bow-Wow Syndrome
 Jack Spaniel's
 King Charles Spaniel
 Labrador Rigby
 Lady & the Trampoline
 Llandrindod and One Dalmatians
 The Mabidogion
 Man and Doberman
 Mastiff Central
 Medlock Delta Blues
 Morocco and Things
 Mrs. Ack Royd's Again
 Mrs. Ackroyd's Diary
 O Camel Ye Faithful
 The Official Retriever
 Paws for Thought
 Pekinese Up Mother Brown
 Pup Yours
 A Quite Short Goat and a Pink Dalmatian
 Red Setters in the Sunset
 Reign of Terrier
 Rover the Hills and Far Away
 Rover the Rainbow
 Roverdance: The Poems
 Royders of the Lost Ack
 Sitting with My Dog on Display
 Something to Sniff At
 Songs for Swingin' Tails
 Spaniel in the Lion's Den
 Spencer's Dog Rover
 The First Mutt is the Cheapest
 The Stones of Callanish
 The Collar Purple
 The Mrs Ackroyd Occasional Table Book
 The Mrs Ackroyd Periodic Table Book
 The Ridgeback of Notre Dame
 A Tail of Two Setters
 Upper Cruft
 Vincent Van Dogh
 Viva a Spaniel
 Vodabone
 Waiting for Dogot
 Werneth Willie Ackroyd
 Wolfhound Amadeus Mozart
 101 Damnatians

Albums

 A Cardi and Bloke
 Airs of the Dog
 An Infinite Number of Occasional Tables
 Arovertherapy
 Dark Side of the Mongrel
 Dog 017 Yelp!
 Dogologues
 Earwigo
 Gnus & Roses
 Guide Cats for the Blind
 The Mrs. Ackroyd Rock'n'Roll Show
 Mrs. Ackroyd: Superstar!
 Oranges & Lemmings
 Probably the Best Album Ever Made by Anybody in Our Street
 Some Love
 The Missing Persians File
 The Stones of Callanish
 The War on Terrier
 Top Cat, White Tie and Tails
 Tubular Dogs
 Twilight of the Dogs
 Up the Creek without a Poodle
 The Wings of Butterflies
 Yelp!

References

External links
 Mrs Ackroyd (Band) Home Page
 Biography
 [ All Music Guide biography by Craig Harris]

1947 births
2023 deaths
20th-century English comedians
21st-century English comedians
English male poets
Writers from Manchester
20th-century English poets
English male comedians
Comedians from Manchester

Les Barker