KMAX-TV (channel 31) is an independent television station in Sacramento, California, United States. It is owned by the CBS News and Stations group alongside Stockton-licensed CBS owned-and-operated station KOVR (channel 13). Both stations share studios on KOVR Drive in West Sacramento, while KMAX-TV's transmitter is located in Walnut Grove, California.

History
The station first signed on the air on October 5, 1974, as KMUV-TV, operating as an independent station. It originally operated from studio facilities located on Media Place in Sacramento. The station was originally owned by Sid Grayson and had carried an all-movie format to counter-program against the area's other established stations, particularly then-independent KTXL (channel 40, now a Fox affiliate). However, on May 1, 1976, KMUV abandoned its all-movie format and largely began to air Spanish-language programming, along with some English-language religious programs (such as The PTL Club).

On April 2, 1981, Koplar Broadcasting (then-owner and founder of St. Louis' KPLR-TV) purchased channel 31 and relaunched it on April 6 of that year under the callsign KRBK-TV (named for company founder Harold Koplar's son, Robert "Bob" Koplar), formatted as an English-language general entertainment independent to compete directly with KTXL.

Pappas Telecasting purchased the station in 1994 for $22 million. On January 11, 1995, the station changed its call letters to KPWB-TV (for Pappas WB) to reflect its charter affiliation with The WB Television Network, which launched the same day. Paramount Stations Group bought the station in March 1998, thus resulting in an affiliation swap with KQCA (channel 58) on January 5 of that year, that saw the UPN affiliation move to channel 31, which assumed the present call letters KMAX-TV, while The WB affiliation moved to KQCA. With Paramount's ownership stake in UPN, KMAX became the first English-language station in Sacramento to be owned and operated by a major network (Univision station KUVS-DT became the first television station in the market overall to be owned and operated by the network a year prior, but broadcasts in Spanish). Viacom acquired CBS in 2000, merging Paramount Stations Group with CBS' owned-and-operated stations to form the Viacom Television Stations Group.

Channel 31 was the flagship television home of the NBA's Sacramento Kings from the 1988–89 season until the middle of the 2002–03 season, when the team's owners, the Maloof family, terminated the station's contract due to the Kings forming their own sales and marketing departments and taking the ad sales "in house." KMAX remains the local over-the-air affiliate of the San Francisco Giants Major League Baseball franchise. It also held local broadcast rights to the Oakland Athletics before that team moved all its telecasts to regional sports network Comcast SportsNet California in 2009.

In May 2005, Viacom purchased KOVR from the Sinclair Broadcast Group, creating a duopoly with KMAX; KMAX's operations were also relocated to KOVR's studios in West Sacramento. Six months later, Viacom divested itself of CBS due to the company's split into two separate entities (one of which retained the Viacom name); KOVR and KMAX, along with the other CBS and UPN stations operated by Viacom, became part of the newly formed CBS Corporation.

On January 24, 2006, CBS Corporation and Time Warner's Warner Bros. Entertainment (the division that operated The WB) announced that they would dissolve UPN and The WB, and move some of their programming to a newly created network, The CW. KMAX, as a CBS-owned UPN station, was tapped to become the market's affiliate of the new network through an 11-station affiliation deal, and became a charter affiliate of The CW on September 18, 2006. The station changed its on-air branding from "UPN 31" to "CW31" one month before The CW's September 18 launch to reflect this. When affiliated with the CW, the station aired the Saturday morning educational One Magnificent Morning lineup on a four-hour delay as it instead carried a full Saturday edition of Good Day, and now as an independent with programming purchased from syndication, that obligation is filled with programming early in the morning and an hour after Good Day.

CBS Corporation merged with Viacom for the second time on December 4, 2019, creating ViacomCBS (now known as Paramount Global).

On October 3, 2022, Nexstar Media Group acquired majority ownership of The CW. Under the agreement, CBS was given the right to pull its affiliations from KMAX and its seven other CW stations. On May 5, 2023, CBS announced that it would exercise that right, with KMAX-TV ceasing to air the network's programming at the end of August and reverting to an independent station; the CW affiliation moved to KQCA.

News operation

KMAX-TV presently broadcasts 45½ hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with 7½ hours each weekday and four hours each on Saturdays and Sundays). Combined with sister station KOVR, it has the highest local newscast output among Sacramento's broadcast television stations, producing 84½ hours of local newscasts. The station's morning newscast Good Day (which debuted in 1995 as The Morning Show, then later as Good Day Sacramento), consistently ranks as the Sacramento area's second highest-rated morning news program—among both local or network shows—behind Today on NBC affiliate KCRA-TV (channel 3). The station has also maintained a nightly newscast since the 1980s, titled Prime News, then later 31 News. In its days as an independent, the newscast aired in the 9 p.m. hour, until the station affiliated with The WB in 1995, at which its newscast moved to 10 p.m. to accommodate The WB's prime time schedule from 8 to 10 p.m., thereby putting it in direct competition with newscasts on KTXL, a KCRA-produced newscast on KQCA (at the time, under a local marketing agreement), and, later, KOVR (under different ownership at the time) when the station switched its affiliation from ABC to CBS in March 1995. In 1996, the station adopted the Action News format (the second station in the market to do so since KOVR in the 1970s), branding as 31 Action News, and also adding an 11:30 a.m. midday newscast. When channel 31 became a UPN owned-and-operated station in early 1998, it slightly changed its branding to UPN 31 Action News and moved its newscast back to 9 p.m., while the station adopted an early prime schedule for UPN programming from 7 to 9 p.m. (a practice similar to now-sister station KOVR that continues to this day, but from 7 to 10 p.m.); however, the scheduling was short-lived, and the nightly newscast was cancelled later that year due to low ratings, ending evening newscasts altogether for the first time. The midday edition of UPN 31 Action News continued to air until 2000, when it was also cancelled, leaving Good Day as the only news program at the time.

After Viacom's acquisition of KOVR, KMAX's news department was merged with KOVR, with reporters appearing on both stations and the Good Day Sacramento set being relocated into the KOVR studio facility. While it did hinder both stations at the time, KOVR and KMAX each produced a weekday morning news block from 5:00 to 7:00 a.m., though KMAX's morning newscast starts at 4:30 and ends at 11:00 a.m. (in 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, KOVR dropped its own 5:00 to 7:00 a.m. newscast in favor of simulcasting Good Day). The station expanded its news programming in 2003 with a non-traditional late evening newscast called Good Evening Sacramento, this program was cancelled the following year.

On January 11, 2008, KOVR/KMAX management announced on a viewer blog that KOVR would begin producing a prime time newscast on KMAX-TV. However, owing to cutbacks ordered by CBS corporate management, plans for this broadcast were shelved in late summer 2008. On June 1, 2009, KMAX-TV began broadcasting Good Day Sacramento in high definition; footage shot in-studio is broadcast in high definition, while all news video from on-remote locations was initially broadcast in standard definition. Both KMAX-TV and KOVR currently utilize high-definition cameras for field reports, and most (if not all) vehicles transmit back high-definition video.

On June 4, 2012, KMAX-TV debuted a half-hour weeknight newscast produced by KOVR at 11 p.m., becoming the station's first traditional evening newscast in over a decade since the 1998 cancellation of its earlier prime time newscast; unlike most CW affiliates, the program broadcasts in the traditional late evening news timeslot of 11 p.m., due to KOVR's hour-long newscast at 10 p.m. On March 14, 2016, KMAX-TV added a half-hour weeknight KOVR-produced newscast at 6:30 p.m. to compete with KCRA's long-established 6:30 p.m. newscast. These newscasts, along with Good Day, are translated into Spanish via the station's SAP audio feed. On July 30, 2018, the 11 p.m. newscast was relocated to KOVR, leaving its 6:30 p.m. newscast as the only evening newscast. On September 27, 2021, the 6:30 p.m. newscast was relocated to KOVR an hour earlier at 5:30 p.m. (as part of an hour-long 5 p.m. newscast), competing with KTXL and ending that station's status as the only local newscast in the 5:30 p.m. timeslot. The change marked the end of evening newscasts altogether on KMAX for the second time in the station's history and Good Day would become the station's only news program once again for almost two years.

After sister station KOVR purchased the "CBS 13 Mobile Weather Lab" and "Mobile13" mobile news vehicles in 2014, the station acquired a "Rover" mobile news vehicle in 2015. The "Good Day Rover" and "Mobile13" use a roof mounted robotic camera, various interior cameras, microphones, and a "LIVEU" mobile video broadcast system to transmit live video via mobile broadband connections. Good Day uses the Rover in the early hours of the morning to cover traffic and spot news.

In 2022, along with KOVR, Good Day from 4:30 to 7:00 a.m. weekday mornings was rebranded as CBS 13 Mornings (in reference to the national CBS Mornings program), with Good Day continuing to maintain its morning news program from 7:00 to 11:00 a.m. seven days a week.

On September 1, 2023, coinciding its return as an independent station, KMAX brought back evening news to its programming by debuting an hour-long 8 p.m. KOVR-produced newscast, Primetime Sacramento, on weeknights. It is the first regularly scheduled 8 p.m. newscast to air in the Sacramento television market. Other stations in the market had newscasts air occasionally at 8 p.m., but it was only after broadcasting certain programming, such as sports-related programming. Currently, KMAX does not air evening newscasts on the weekends.

Notable former on-air staff
 Mark S. Allen (1996–2015 as weekday morning entertainment reporter; also host of Mark at the Movies; now at KXTV)
 Christine Craft (1985–1990 as anchor; known for her lawsuit against previous employer Metromedia; now a fill-in talk host on KGO-AM in San Francisco)
 Sharon Ito (1993–1996 as anchor; later at KXTV)
 Grant Napear (1987–1995 as sports anchor; formerly at KHTK and also the former play-by-play announcer for the Sacramento Kings)
 Kinsey Schofield (2017 as anchor and reporter)

Technical information

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

In April 2022, KMAX-TV picked up the widescreen standard-definition simulcast of Telemundo outlet KCSO-LD (channel 33) from Ion Television outlet KSPX-TV (channel 29, which dropped the simulcast in October 2021) on a new digital subchannel 31.6 (displayed as channel 33.2) to reach the entire Sacramento television market due to KCSO-LD's low-power status.

Analog-to-digital conversion
KMAX-TV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 31, on June 12, 2009, as part of the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 21, using PSIP to display KMAX-TV's virtual channel as 31 on digital television receivers.

See also
Channel 24 digital TV stations in the United States
Channel 31 virtual TV stations in the United States

References

External links

Good Day Sacramento website

CBS News and Stations
Independent television stations in the United States
Paramount Stations Group
Laff (TV network) affiliates
Comet (TV network) affiliates
Charge! (TV network) affiliates
Movies! affiliates
MAX-TV
Television channels and stations established in 1974
West Sacramento, California

KMAX-TV


In physical cosmology, the Big Rip is a theory which describes the ultimate fate of the universe. According to this theory, everything in the universe, even spacetime itself will be torn apart by the expansion of the universe until distances between particles will become infinite. According to the standard model of cosmology the scale factor of the universe is known to be accelerating and, in the future era it will increase more rapidly. However, this expansion is similar for every moment of time (hence the exponential law – the expansion of a local volume is the same number of times over the same time interval), and is identified by an unchanging, small Hubble constant which is ignored by any bound material structures. Similarly in the Big Rip scenario the Hubble constant increases to infinity in a finite time.

The possibility of sudden rip singularity occurs only for hypothetical matter (phantom energy) but it is unlikely to occur in physical properties.

Overview

The truth of the hypothesis relies on the type of dark energy present in our universe. The type that could prove this hypothesis is a constantly increasing form of dark energy, known as phantom energy. If the dark energy in the universe increases without limit, it could destroy all forces that hold the universe together. The key value is the equation of state parameter w, the ratio between the dark energy pressure and its energy density. If -1 < w < 0, the expansion of the universe continues to increase, but the dark energy tends to stop over time. So the Big Rip does not happen. Phantom energy has w < −1, which means that its density increases as the universe expands.

A universe with more phantom energy is an  accelerating universe, expanding at an ever-increasing rate. However, this implies that the size of the observable universe and the particle horizon is continually getting smaller — the distance at which objects are moving away at the speed of light from an observer becomes ever closer, and the distance over which interactions can propagate becomes ever shorter. When the size of the particle horizon becomes smaller than any particular structure, no interaction by any of the fundamental forces can occur between the farthest parts of the structure, and the structure is "ripped apart". The progression of time itself will stop. The model says that after a finite time there will be a final singularity, called the "Big Rip", in which the observable universe will reach zero size and all distances will reach into infinite value.

The authors of this hypothesis, led by Robert R. Caldwell of Dartmouth College, calculate the time from the present to the Big Rip to be

where w is defined above, H0 is Hubble's constant and Ωm is the present value of the density of all the matter in the universe.

However, observations of the galaxy cluster speeds by the Chandra X-ray Observatory seem to tell that the value of w is approximately −0.991, meaning the Big Rip will not happen

Author's example
In their paper, the authors consider a hypothetical example with w = −1.5, H0 = 70 km/s/Mpc, and Ωm = 0.3, in which case the Big Rip would happen approximately 22 billion years from the present. In this scenario, galaxies would first be separated from each other about 200 million years before the Big Rip. About 60 million years before the Big Rip, galaxies would begin to break up as small parts as gravity becomes too weak to hold them together. Planetary systems like the Solar System would become gravitationally unbound and all planets will be separated from their orbit in about three months before the Big Rip. Planets would fly off into the rapidly expanding universe. In the last minutes, stars and planets would be torn apart, and the now dispersed atoms would be destroyed about 10−19 seconds before the end. At the time the Big Rip occurs, even spacetime itself would be ripped apart and the scale factor would be infinity.

Observed universe

Evidence indicates w to be very close to −1 in our universe, which makes w the dominating term in the equation. The closer that w is to −1, the closer the denominator is to zero and the further the Big Rip is in the future. If w were exactly equal to −1, the Big Rip could not happen, regardless of the values of H0 or Ωm.

According to the latest cosmological data available, it is still unsure which one is correct, w < −1, w = −1, and w > −1.

Related pages
 False vacuum

References

Other websites

Cosmology
Time

Big Rip


Lahannya is a sangster, sangwriter an performer. Syne 2005 she haes been the vocalist an front wumman o her awn baund wi Lutz Demmler as co-sangwriter, producer an bass player. Lahannya an Lutz are complementit live bi Christopher Milden an Luca Mazzucconi.

Lahannya is weel kent in the dark alternative scene for her collaborations wi Soman, Greenhaus, Xotox an Dracul wi whom she performit mony gigs an festivals includin M'Era Luna an Wave-Gotik-Treffen.  Lahannya occasionally DJs at the Lunnon alternative club, Slimelight.

History

Early days
Lahannya's first release came bi complete chance efter the US unnergrund label, Zenflesh, came athort a demo o her first track, "Drowning". They persuadit her tae go aheid an record a full version o it for their fortcomin compilation album, Amduscias. Despite being completely on her awn, an haein nae supportin baund, she went aheid an wis pleasantly surprised at the positive feedback she receivit as a result. The feedback inspired her tae write an EP, which wis tae form the basis for the baund seen the day.

Formation o the baund
Efter mony collaborations wi numerous acts, such as Greenhaus an Soman, Lahannya came intae contact wi Umbra Et Imago bassist Lutz Demmler at the M'Era Luna Festival in 2004. This quickly developit intae a friendship an collaboration. A couple o brief line-up chynges, towards the end o 2006 the duo came intae contact wi ex Killing Miranda drummer Belle, an NFD guitarist Chris Milden.

Shotgun Reality
The baund nou set about writin an recordin their debut album, Shotgun Reality. Upon completion they secured support slots wi Emilie Autumn an Moon Kana.

Welcome To The Underground
Efter the success o Shotgun Reality, Lahannya wirkit on a concept EP as the build up tae the baund's seicont album. Upon completion o the EP, Lahannya supportit German goth rock baund ASP on a 3 week Germany tour. ASP  contributit a remix o the track Inside the Machine tae the "Welcome To The Underground" EP an aw. Twa UK tours follaeed, which wur vera successful wi audiences continually growin, but the undisputit heichlicht wis Lahannya's performance at the open air amphitheatre Parkbuehne as pairt o the 4 day Wave Gotik Treffen muisic festival, in Leipzig, Germany.

Defiance
The baund then released their seicont album, Defiance, on 19 October 2009.

Scavenger
Scavenger wis released in November 2011 - a stop gap release mixin twa new sangs an a live DVD frae the FMVF 2009.

Dystopia
Dystopia wis released in October 2011 - 12 tracks featurin the previously released Scavenger.  This wis promotit via numerous UK live dates in autumn 2011 wi supportin acts includin Pythia

Members

Current line-up
 Lahannya - sangwritin / vocalist
 Lutz Demmler - sangwritin / bass
 Christopher Milden - guitar
 Luca Mazzucconi - drums

Discography

Albums
 2007: Shotgun Reality
 2009: Defiance
 2011: Dystopia

EPs
 2000: "Drowning EP"
 2008: "Welcome To The Underground EP"

Singles
 2007: "Bleed For Me"

Compilation albums
 1998: Amduscias - Various Artists (Zenflesh Records); contributed the track 'Drowning' to this compilation

Collaborations
 2003: Another Life - Greenhaus (Future Recordings); co-songwriter and vocalist on over half of the tracks on the album
 2004: Revenge - Soman (Out of Line Music); co-songwritier and vocalist for the track Tears feat. Lahannya
 2004: Machineries of Joy - Various Artists (Out of Line Music); co-songwriter and vocalist for the track Antique by Soman
 2004: Sex, Drogen Und Industrial - Combichrist (Out of Line Music); spoken sample for the Soman remix of the title track Sex, Drugs & Industrial
 2005: [psi] (2 cd version) - Xotox (Pronoize); spoken intro for the included video of the track [psi]
 2006: Harmonia Mundi - Various Artists (Danse Macabre); co-songwriter and vocalist for the track My Angel by Wintry
 2006: Like an Animal - Dracul (Spirit Production); co-songwriter and vocalist for the tracks Vampiria's Dream and Deathwish
 2007: Mask - Soman (Infacted); co-songwriter and vocalist for the tracks Mask and Eye to Eye
 2007: Nie Mehr - ASP (Trisol); remix of the title track Nie Mehr
 2008: In Den Zehn Morgen - Xotox (Pronoize); vocalist for the track Habitat

References

External links
 Offeecial steid
 Offeecial Myspace
 Girlband Profile

Female hivy metal sangsters
Inglis female sangsters
Inglis hivy metal muisical groups
Inglis rock muisic groups
Breetish electronic muisic groups
Livin fowk

Lahannya


PAETEC Holding Corporation was a Fortune 1000 telecommunications company headquartered in Perinton, New York, United States.  It was founded as the private company PaeTec Communications, Inc. in 1998 by Arunas A. Chesonis. In 2007 it merged with US LEC and then Cavalier Telephone Company and became a publicly traded company, and in 2011 it was acquired by Windstream Communications.

PAETEC provided local and long-distance voice services, data and Internet services, and software applications, among others. PAETEC provided service to medium and large businesses, colleges and universities, hospitals, hotels, governmental organizations and other institutions within its service area.

Mergers and acquisitions
September 9, 1999 - Purchased CAMPUSLINK Communications Systems, a privately owned telecommunications company based in Ann Arbor, Mich.
August 19, 2004 - Purchased Covista North East Call Zone (Covista Still Privately owned company, also operating as Total Tel)
January 4, 2005 - Purchased American Long Lines, a privately owned telecommunications company.
February 28, 2007 - Acquired Charlotte, NC based telecommunications company US LEC, becoming the publicly traded PAETEC Holding Corp
October 12, 2007 - Acquired Allworx Corp
February 8, 2008 - Acquired McLeodUSA
December 6, 2010 - Acquired Cavalier Telephone Corporation
December 28, 2010 - Acquired FTS Ltd. subsidiary, Leap RevChain
May 31, 2011 - Acquired XETA Technologies, Inc.
December 1, 2011 - Acquired by Windstream Communications

PAETEC owned the naming rights to PAETEC Park, a soccer-specific stadium in nearby Rochester, New York, from its opening in 2006 to 2008.

Name origin

The name PAETEC was derived from the initials of the first names of its founder's wife Pam and four children Adam, Erik, Tessa and Emma. In earlier days, the name was displayed as PaeTec Communications, Inc.  After the acquisition of US LEC, the new merged entity became PAETEC Holding Corp., however, the company is simply referred to as PAETEC.

Controversy
Since its acquisition, PAETEC (also known as STARNET PAETEC) has been listed several times as the provider of VOIP services to phone scammers.

Other
October 16, 2007 - New York State Governor Eliot Spitzer and PAETEC CEO Arunas Chesonis announced plans to tear down Rochester's Midtown Plaza, to build a new corporate headquarters.  These plans have since been canceled.
PAETEC sponsored Rochester Institute of Technology's Imagine RIT: Innovation and Creativity Festival on May 3, 2008.

References

External links

Companies based in Monroe County, New York
American companies disestablished in 2011
Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq
Windstream Communications
Telecommunications companies of the United States
Internet service providers of the United States
Private equity portfolio companies
American companies established in 1998
Telecommunications companies established in 1998
1998 establishments in New York (state)
Communications in New York (state)

PAETEC Holding Corp.


Pietro Stefanelli (30 July 1835, Florence – 23 December 1919, Florence) was an Italian Professor of Entomology. mainly interested in Lepidoptera and Odonata.He was a founding member of the Italian Entomological Society. He was also instrumental in the early development of Istituto Sperimentale per la Zoologia Agraria being especially concerned with pest species of Lepidoptera.His collection of foreign and Italian Lepidoptera is in the Zoological Museum La Specola and in the Istituto Istituto Sperimentale per la Zooogia Agraria.

Sources

Conci, C. & Poggi, R. 1996: Iconography of Italian Entomologists, with essential biographical data.  Mem. Soc. Ent. Ital. 75 159–382.418 figures.Portrait.
Poggi, R. & Conci, C. 1996: Stefanelli, P.]  Mem. Soc. Ent. Ital. 75:107

Italian entomologists
1835 births
1919 deaths
Scientists from Florence

Pietro Stefanelli


The Florina pepper () is a pepper cultivated in the northern Greek region of Western Macedonia and specifically in the wider area of Florina; for which it is named. It has a deep red color, and is shaped like a cow's horn. Initially the pepper has a green color, ripening into red, after the 15th of August. The red pepper is known in Greece for its rich sweet flavor, used in various Greek dishes and is exported in various canned forms abroad, usually hand-stripped, keeping the natural scents of pepper and topped with extra virgin olive oil, salt and vinegar.

History
The seed was brought from Brazil to the region in the 17th century, and cultivated by the locals in Florina, Prespes, Veroia, Aridaia, and Kozani but only in Florina its cultivation was successful, where it adapted to the climate and soil, and eventually the other regions stopped cultivating the pepper, leaving Florina as its sole producer. The pepper belongs to the capsicum genus of the nightshade family Solanaceae. Florina's red peppers were awarded the recognition of Protected Designation of Origin in 1994 by the World Trade Organization (WTO). Every year during the last days of August, in a small local village in Aetos, Florina a feast of peppers is held, including celebrations with music bands and cooked recipes, based on peppers which are offered to all the guests.

Cultivation
High productivity and adaptation of the plant can be achieved in efficient draining soils, full sunny locations and low winds for the protection of its branch and root sensitivity. The most convenient temperatures for its growth are 20 to 26 °C during the mid-day and 14 to 16 °C during the night. Their harvest takes up to 18 weeks, ripening to maturity after mid-August. A good quality, red pepper of Florina should be bright in color, thick, firm and sweet flavored. Its consumption should be avoided with the appearance of dullness, cracks or deterioration, which are factors of the vegetables reduction in quality.

Cooking and recipes
The red peppers of Florina are usually roasted and stuffed with different combinations of foods, as rice, meat, shrimps and feta cheese. These sweet peppers are used in sauces, salads, pasta, meat recipes or mashed, creating a pâté with traditional recipes. They can also be dried, canned, frozen and pickled, usually garnishing Greek salads. They can be roasted, sliced and served as an appetizer, by adding olive oil, garlic and sea salt. A well-known traditional recipe in Greece with stuffed peppers is Gemista.

See also
Bell peppers
Black peppers
Capsicum cultivars
Chili peppers
Pepperoncini

References

Chili peppers
Capsicum cultivars
Greek cuisine
Florina (regional unit)
Greek products with protected designation of origin
Greek Macedonian cuisine

Florina pepper


Juan Guillermo Moore Ruiz (27 February 1833 - 7 June 1880) was a British Peruvian navy officer. He was killed during the Battle of Arica.

Biography

Moore (sometimes spelled More in some texts) was born in Lima, the son of  John Moore, a Scottish sailor and of Dolores Ruiz, a Peruvian lady. He joined the British Navy as an ensign in 1854. Later he returned to Peru and was commissioned in the Peruvian Navy. He served in the frigates Apurímac, Izcuchaca and Huaraz, as well as the Guise and the pontoon Iquique.

In 1866, during the Chincha Islands War, he was appointed commander of the corvette Unión. A few months later, Captain Moore took a Peruvian Navy crew to the United States to bring the ironclad Atahualpa to Peru. The monitor sailed from New Orleans, La. in early January 1869 arriving in Peru in June 1870. As a reward, he was appointed as commander of the frigate Independencia and in 1877, General Commander of the Southern Fleet. As such he directed the actions to recapture the monitor Huáscar which had been captured by Nicolás de Piérola and had rebelled against the central government.

During the War of the Pacific between Chile and Peru, he was appointed commander of the strongest unit of the Peruvian Navy, the armoured frigate Independencia. As such, he participated in the Battle of Punta Gruesa on 21 May 1879, when his ship crashed with a submarine rock while pursuing the Chilean schooner Covadonga, commanded by Captain Carlos Condell. He was rescued from his sinking ship, imprisoned in Arica and court martialled by his own comrades. He was dismissed from the navy and forbidden to ever wear his uniform again.  He decided to continue the war as a simple civilian, in order to regain his lost honor. On 27 February 1880, during the Naval Battle of Arica, while in command of the Manco Capac, he successfully disabled the captured Huascar killing her commander Captain Manuel Thomson. During the siege of Arica, he was in charge of the batteries of the Cape, where he was killed during the Battle of Arica.

References

1833 births
1880 deaths
Military personnel from Lima
Peruvian Navy officers
Royal Navy officers
People of the Chincha Islands War
Peruvian Navy personnel of the War of the Pacific
Peruvian people of Scottish descent
Military personnel killed in the War of the Pacific

Juan Guillermo More


The steam locomotives of DR Class 99.77–79 were ordered by the Deutsche Reichsbahn in East Germany after the Second World War. They were narrow gauge locomotives with a 750 mm rail gauge and were built for the narrow gauge lines in Saxony. The locomotives were largely identical to the DRG Class 99.73–76 standard locomotives (Einheitslokomotiven) built in the 1930s. To differentiate them from their predecessors they were described as Neubaulokomotiven or newly designed engines.

History
After the Second World War quite a number of the most modern and most powerful narrow gauge locomotives were confiscated by the Soviet occupying powers as war reparations and transported off to the east. That led to a permanent shortage of locomotives on the Saxon narrow gauge lines, not least because the transportation requirement had grown considerably  due to the mining of uranium in the Ore Mountains by the firm of Wismut AG. As a result, the VEB Lokomotivbau Karl Marx were tasked with the development of a new locomotive in 1950. This was based heavily on the Einheitslokomotive of DRG Class 99.73–76 designed in the 1930s. From 1952 to 1957 a total of 24 locomotives were delivered. They were given running numbers 99 771 to 99 794. The engines were homed in the locomotive depots (Bahnbetriebswerken or Bw) of Thum and Wilsdruff.

In the late 1980s the first locomotives had to be withdrawn due to serious damage to the locomotive frame and boiler.  Initially it was intended to replace all locomotives by new diesel locomotives from 1995 onwards. However, on the reunification of Germany, all such plans in the GDR were cancelled. As a result, the repair shops (Reichsbahnausbesserungswerk or RAW) responsible, RAW Meiningen and RAW Görlitz-Schlauroth, built new frames and boilers for 14 locomotives in 1991/1992 in order to keep the engines in working order.

Today the engines continue to work all the traffic on their original routes. Additional locomotives may also be found today on the island of Rügen in the Baltic Sea working the Rügen railway (Rügenschen Kleinbahnen). One locomotive, no. 99 788, was sold to the museum railway from Warthausen to Ochsenhausen in Baden-Württemberg, the so-called Öchsle, and operates there.

Technical features
In accordance with modern construction principles of the time, the locomotives are of a fully welded design.

In contrast to their predecessors the machines were given a plate frame. Like them, however, the third axle is driven and the carrying axles are housed in a Bissel bogie. Two vacuum injectors form the feed water system. In order to enable brown coal firing, the grate area was increased compared with that of the Einheitslok.

The vehicles could carry up to 5.8 m3 of water and 3.6 tonnes of coal.

Duties
The first area of operations were  the Thumer Netz network with the Schönfeld-Wiesa–Thum–Meinersdorf and Wilischthal–Thum lines, the Cranzahl– Oberwiesenthal spa town route (Fichtelberg Railway) and the Freital-Hainsberg–Kipsdorf spa town line (Weisseritz Valley Railway). Several locomotives were also stationed in Thuringia on the Trusebahn.

After the closure of the Thum network in the early 1970s the locomotives were transferred to the Lößnitzgrund Railway (Radebeul Ost–Radeburg). Not until the 1980s did some locomotives end up on the Rügenschen Schmalspurbahn and Zittau network, in order to alleviate the shortage of engines there.

Gallery

See also

 List of East German Deutsche Reichsbahn locomotives and railbuses
 Neubaulok

References

99.077
2-10-2T locomotives
99.77-79
Railway locomotives introduced in 1952
750 mm gauge locomotives
1′E1′ h2t locomotives
Freight locomotives
LKM locomotives

DR Class 99.77-79


Save Earth Series (SES) is an initiative to teach children the importance of wildlife. This non-profit organization is based in Kochi, Kerala, India and founded by wildlife photographer Shah Jahan. The purpose of the NGO is to create awareness among school children about the importance of wildlife.

Save Earth Series creates small documentaries that feature animals and involve the children in the creation of the videos. These videos are then published on the Internet and shown in schools.

The first video was released in October 2013 called the Lion-tailed Macaque.  There are two more releases after that: Mugger Crocodile and Hanuman Langur.  More work is being carried out to bring out more videos.

Save Earth Series videos
Save Earth Series - Lion-tailed Macaque
Save Earth Series - Hanuman Langur
Save Earth Series - Mugger Crocodile

Nature conservation in India

Save Earth Series


Kundiman is a genre of traditional Filipino love songs. The lyrics of the kundiman are written in Tagalog. The melody is characterized by a smooth, flowing and gentle rhythm with dramatic intervals. Kundiman was the traditional means of serenade in the Philippines.

The kundiman emerged as an art song at the end of the 19th century and by the early 20th century, its musical structure was formalised by Filipino composers such as Francisco Santiago and Nicanor Abelardo; they sought poetry for their lyrics, blending verse and music in equal parts.

Structure
The formalized art song structure of the kundiman is characterized by moderate 3/4 time, with the piece beginning in a minor key and ending in the parallel major.

Origins and history
Dr. Francisco Santiago (1893–1934), the "Father of the Kundiman Art Song", briefly explains in his scholarly work The Development of Music in the Philippines that the reason this Tagalog song is called kundiman is because the first stanza of this song begins thus:

"Cundiman, cundiman
Cundiman si jele"

"Hele ng Cundiman
Hele ng Cundangan"

In 1872, the illustrious Franciscan Tagalist and poet, Joaquín de Coria wrote Nueva Gramática Tagalog Teorica-Práctica which, besides treating grammar, also enumerates the characteristics of Tagalog language, and discusses Tagalog poetry. In this book, Coria also listed the names of the most important songs of the Tagalogs. They are:
  Diona and Talingdao (songs in the homes and in ordinary work)
  Indolanin and Dolayin (songs in the streets)
  Soliranin (boat songs)
  Haloharin, Oyayi, and Hele-hele (lullabies)
  Sambotani (songs for festivals and social reunions)
  Tagumpay (songs to commemorate victory in war)
  Hiliraw and Balicungcung (sweet songs)
  Dopayinin (similar to Tagumpay; more serious and sincere)
  Kumintang (love song; also a pantomimic "dance song" - Dr. F. Santiago)
 Cundiman (love song; used especially in serenading)

The Spanish scholar V.M. Avella described the kundiman in his 1874 work Manual de la Conversación Familiar Español-Tagalog as the "canción indígena" (native song) of the Tagalogs and characterized its melody as "something pathetic but not without some pleasant feeling."

In his 1883 book Cuentos Filipinos, Don José Montero y Vidal recorded in Spanish the sad lyrics of what he describes as a popular kundiman of the Tagalogs:

Cundiman, cundiman
Cundiman si jele
Mas que esta dormido
Ta sona con ele.

Desde que vos cara
Yo ta mira
Aquel morisqueta
No puede traga.

Cundiman, cundiman
Cundiman, cundaman
Mamatay, me muero
Sacamay mo lamang.

The Spanish writer and historian Wenceslao E. Retana recorded in 1888 the lyrics of a popular kundiman in Batangas. The melancholic lyrics in the Tagalog original as recorded in Retana's  book El Indio Batangueño reads:

Aco man ay imbi, hamac isang ducha
Nasinta sa iyo, naghahasic nga
Di ba guin si David ng una ay aba
Pastor ay nag harin ng datnan ng awa?

Estrebillo:

Hele ng Cundiman
Hele ng Cundangan
Mundo palibhasai, talinghaga lamang
Ang mababa ngayon bucas ay marangal.

Sa lahat ng hirap sintang dala-dala
Salang cumilos isip coi icao na
Acoi mananaog na hahanapin quita

Estrebillo:

Hele ng Cundiman
Hele ng Cundangan
Cundangan nga icao ang may casalanan
Tataghoy-taghoy ni 'di mo pa paquingan.

In 1916, Dr. Juan V. Pagaspas, a doctor of philosophy from Indiana University and a much beloved educator in Tanauan, Batangas described the kundiman as "a pure Tagalog song which is usually very sentimental, so sentimental that if one should listen to it carefully watching the tenor of words and the way the voice is conducted to express the real meaning of the verses, he cannot but be conquered by a feeling of pity even so far as to shed tears."

Dr. Francisco Santiago, the "Father of Filipino Musical Nationalism", declared in 1931 that the kundiman "is the love song par excellence of the Filipinos, the plaintive song which goes deepest into their hearts, song which brings them untold emotions."

Endowed with such power, the kundiman naturally came to serve as a vehicle for veiled patriotism in times of colonial oppression, in which the undying love for a woman symbolized the love of country and desire for freedom.

José Rizal, leader of the Propaganda movement and the Philippine national hero, has consecrated the kundiman in his social novel Noli Me Tangere. Not only this but he himself wrote a kundiman which is not of the elegiac type because its rhythm sounds the threat, the reproach and the revindication of the rights of the race.

Kundiman ni Rizal

Tunay ngayong umid yaring diwa at puso
Ang bayan palibhasa'y api, lupig at sumuko.
Sa kapabayaan ng nagturong puno
Paglaya'y nawala, ligaya'y naglaho!

Datapuwa't muling sisikat ang maligayang araw
Pilit na maliligtas ang inaping bayan
Magbabalik man din at laging sisikat
Ang ngalang Tagalog sa sandaigdigan!

Ibubuhos namin ang dugo'y ibabaha
Ng matubos lamang ang sa Amang Lupa!
Hanggang 'di sumapit ang panahong tadhana
Sinta ay tatahimik, tutuloy ang nasa!
Sinta ay tatahimik at tutuloy ang nasa!
O Bayan kong mahal
Sintang Filipinas!

In 1941, National Artist for Music, Antonio J. Molina introduced Jocelynang Baliwag as the Kundiman of the Revolution. The melody of "Jocelynang Baliwag" is undeniably older than the title and the lyrics.  The music sheet introduced by Molina describes the melody of "Jocelynang Baliwag" as "musica
del legítimo kundiman procedente del Campo insurrecto" ('authentic kundiman music in the revolutionary camps'). In 1905, Isabelo Florentino de los Reyes wrote the kundiman and other written pieces including "Ang Singsing ng Dalagang Marmol" dedicated to Josefa 'Pepita' Tiongson y Lara from Baliwag, Bulacan whom he courted. "Jocelynang Baliuag" is actually composed of four musical pieces - "Liwayway", "El Anillo de Dalaga de Marmol", "Pepita" and Jocelynang Baliuag".

Jocelynang Baliwag

P- Pinopoong sinta, niring calolowa
Nacacawangis mo'y mabangong sampaga
Dalisay sa linis, dakila sa ganda
Matimyas na bucal ng madlang ligaya.

E- Edeng maligayang kinaloclocan
Ng galak at tuwang catamis-tamisan
Hada cang maningning na ang matunghaya'y
Masamyong bulaclac agad sumisical.

P- Pinananaligan niring aking dibdib
Na sa paglalayag sa dagat ng sakit
'Di mo babayaang malunod sa hapis
Sa pagcabagabag co'y icaw ang sasagip.

I- Icaw na nga ang lunas sa aking dalita
Tanging magliligtas sa niluha-luha
Bunying binibining sinucuang cusa
Niring catawohang nangayupapa.

T- Tanggapin ang aking wagas na pag-ibig
Marubdob na ningas na taglay sa dibdib
Sa buhay na ito'y walang nilalangit
Cung hindi ikaw lamang, ilaw niring isip.

A- At sa cawacasa'y ang kapamanhikan
Tumbasan mo yaring pagsintang dalisay
Alalahanin mong cung 'di cahabagan
Iyong lalasunin ang aba cong buhay.

The Filipino composer, conductor and scholar Felipe M. de León Jr., wrote that the kundiman is a "unique musical form expressing intense longing, caring, devotion and oneness with a beloved. Or with a child, spiritual figure, motherland, ideal or cause. According to its text, a kundiman can be romantic, patriotic, religious, mournful. Or a consolation, a lullaby. Or a protest and other types. But of whatever type, its music is soulful and lofty, conveying deep feelings of devotional love."

Notable kundiman singers
 Ruben Tagalog (1922-1985) (dubbed as the "King of Kundiman")
 Ric Manrique Jr. (1941-2017)
 Larry Miranda
 Danilo Santos
 Cenon Lagman (1936-2013)
 Armando Ramos
 Rudy Concepción (1912-1940)
 Sylvia La Torre (1933-2022) (dubbed as the "Queen of Kundiman")
 Conching Rosal (1926-1985)
 Dely Magpayo (1920-2008)
 Cely Bautista (1939-2018)
 Carmen Camacho (b. 1939)
 Rosario Moreno
 Mabuhay Singers
 Diomedes Maturan (1941-2002)
 Eva Vivar
 Rhodora Silva

See also
"Dahil sa Iyo"

References

External links
"Tagalog Literature; A Historico-Critical Study" by Prof. Eufronio Melo Alip, Manila: U. S. T. Press, 1930. pp. 17,65
"Kundiman" by Dr. José Rizal (English version)
"The Music and Theater of the Filipino People" by R.C. Banas, from El Filipino: Revista mensual Vol I No. 9 (1926)
"The Filipino Folk Song" by Percy Hill from the Philippine magazine, Vol. XXIII, no. 3, Philippine Education Co. Manila, 1926, p. 147
"El Indio Batangueno" by Wenceslao E. Retana, Manila, Tipo-Litografia de Chofre y Cia, 1888. p. 25
"Cuentos Filipinos" by Don José Montero y Vidal, Madrid, Tip. del Asilo de Huérfanos del Sagrado Corazon de Jesús, 1883. p. 106
"Condiman: Tagalian Merriness" by Karl Scherzer from "Circumnavigation of the Globe by the Austrian Frigate Novara in the Years 1857, 1858 & 1859."
"Manual de la conversación Familiar Español-Tagalog by V.M. de Avella,Manila, C. Miralles, 1874. p. 116
"Classical Philippines Radio" plays a unique blend of classical guitar, kundiman and harana music.

Philippine styles of music

Kundiman


The Impuzamugambi was a militia that was created in Rwanda in 1992.  "Impuzamugambi" means "those with the same goal" in Kinyarwanda, Rwanda's official language.

The Impuzamugambi was made of young people from an ethnic group called the Hutus.  A similar militia, the Interahamwe, was also made of young Hutus.  Together, these two militias killed tens of thousands of Tutsis, members of another ethnic group, in the Rwandan genocide.  They also killed some Hutus who did not agree with the pro-Hutu government.

About the Impuzamugambi
In 1992, two political parties that supported the Hutu president created the Impuzamugambi and the Interahamwe.  These political parties were extremist pro-Hutu groups.

The militias got training from the Rwandan army.  Some groups and witnesses have said that French soldiers also trained the militias.  One of the militias' commanders bragged that his men were so well trained that they could kill 1,000 Tutsis in 20 minutes.

The Impuzamugambi during the genocide
On April 6, 1994, Rwanda's President, Juvénal Habyarimana, and Burundi's President were in an airplane that got shot down.  Both men were Hutus.  As the United States Department of State said later:

Roadblocks
Within half an hour of the airplane crash, the Impuzamugambi and the Interahamwe started blocking the roads in Kigali, Rwanda's capital city.  All Rwandans had to carry identification cards that said their ethnic group on them.  The militias killed every Tutsi they found.

The militias kept using roadblocks, which became an important part of Rwanda's genocide strategy:
 Identification cards made it easy to tell who was a Tutsi
 Leaders gave the militia lists of people they wanted to be killed; if one of these people stopped at a roadblock, the militia would kill them
 The roadblocks made Tutsis too scared to try to escape from Rwanda on the roads

Door-to-door killing

During the first few days of the genocide, the Rwandan Army and the Presidential Guard took charge of executing people in Kigali.  However, the Impuzamugambi and the Interahamwe were with them, and the soldiers taught them what to do.  Soon, they were working together.  First the soldiers would fire grenades, tear gas, and machine guns into places where Tutsis might be staying.  Then the militia were allowed to go in and kill everybody inside.  Often, they used machetes or clubs to kill people.  Then the soldiers and militia would search, inch by inch, to find anyone who might still be hiding.

In this way, the Rwandan army and the militias killed 20,000 people in the first five days of the genocide.

Spreading the genocide

According to Human Rights Watch, before April 6, the militias had only about 2,000 members, mostly in Kigali.  However: "Once the genocide began and militia members began reaping the rewards of violence, their numbers [increased quickly] to between twenty and thirty thousand for the [whole] country[.]"  Eventually, the Impuzamugambi and the Interahamwe grew so much that together they had 50,000 members.  That was half as many members as the regular Rwandan Army had.

This allowed the militias to spread the genocide around Rwanda.  There were militia all over the country.  However, the militia did not do all of the killing in the genocide.  They encouraged, and sometimes forced, regular people to kill their Tutsi neighbors, friends, wives, or husbands.  If they did not do this, they would be killed themselves.

The militias massacred groups of Tutsis who were trying to hide in places like schools and churches.  For example, on April 21, 1994, in the Murambi Technical School massacre, militia members killed almost 65,000 Tutsis in one day.

The militias also raped and sexually assaulted many women and girls.  Overall, during the genocide, between 150,000 and 250,000 women and girls were raped (though there is no way to know how many of these crimes were committed by militia, and how many by army members).

End of the genocide
The Ugandan army joined the a Tutsi rebel army in fighting the extremist Hutus.  Bit by bit, they took control of more parts of Rwanda.  Finally, on July 4, 1994, they took control of Kigali.

After this, about two million Hutus ran away from Rwanda to Zaire (now called the Democratic Republic of the Congo).  With the Tutsis in control, the genocide ended.

Prosecution and punishment

Many of the Impuzamugambi were among the two million people who fled from Rwanda to eastern Zaire.  The Tutsi and Ugandan armies went after them.  According to the BBC, "Human rights groups say the [Tutsi rebel army] killed thousands of Hutu civilians as they took power  and more after they went into [Zaire] to [follow] the [militias]."  However, there is no way to know how many members of the Impuzamugambi may have been killed.

However, an international court was able to convict two of the Impuzamugambi's commanders: Hassan Ngeze and Jean Bosco Barayagwiza.  In 1995, the United Nations Security Council set up the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR).  Its goal was to prosecute people who took part in genocide, war crimes, or crimes against humanity.

In 2003, the ICTR found both Ngeze and Barayagwiza guilty of planning and leading the genocide; trying to get other people to commit genocide; and crimes against humanity.  They were both sentenced to life in prison.  The sentence against Barayagwiza was later decreased to 35 years due to a legal mistake.  He will stay in prison for at least 27 years.

Related pages
 Rwandan genocide
 Interahamwe
 United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda
 Genocide
 Crimes against humanity
 Racism

References

1990s crimes
1994 in Africa
Rebel militia groups in Africa
Rwandan genocide
1992 establishments

Impuzamugambi


To Say Nothing of the Dog: or, How We Found the Bishop's Bird Stump at Last is a 1997 comic science fiction novel by Connie Willis. It uses the same setting, including time-traveling historians, which Willis explored in Fire Watch (1982), Doomsday Book (1992), and Blackout/All Clear (2010).

To Say Nothing of the Dog won both the Hugo and Locus Awards in 1999, and was nominated for the Nebula Award in 1998.

Source of title
The book's title is inspired by the subtitle of an 1889 classic work, as explained by the author in the dedication:
"To Robert A. Heinlein, who, in Have Space Suit—Will Travel, first introduced me to Jerome K. Jerome's Three Men in a Boat, To Say Nothing of the Dog."

Plot
Ned Henry is a time traveler in 1940 studying Coventry Cathedral after the Coventry Blitz of World War II. He is specifically searching for the location of the "Bishop's bird stump", a MacGuffin that is not defined by the narrator. The narrator shows confusion explained by "time-lag", the time-travel-induced form of jet lag. He returns, unsuccessful, to his time, 2057, at Oxford University.

The Bishop's bird stump is needed for a restoration of the cathedral funded by Lady Schrapnell, a wealthy American neo-aristocratic woman with a will of iron. She has conscripted most of Oxford's history department to rebuild the cathedral exactly as it was before it was destroyed. Before going on further trips Ned must recuperate from his time lag and is sent to the hospital. Lady Schrapnell, however, insists he goes back on another trip. Before he can be conscripted by Schrapnell, Professor Dunworthy (who is in charge of the time machine) decides to send him back to the Victorian Era, specifically 1888, for his rest.

Dunworthy has an ulterior motive in sending him to 1888, as another time traveler appears to have violated the laws of the continuum by bringing an object back from then to 2057. Theoretically, nothing may be brought through the time machine in either direction as it might cause time to unravel, and safeguards have been put in place in order to prevent significant objects from making the journey. The historians and scientists who invented the time machine believe the object may rip time itself apart if it isn't promptly returned.

Ned, who only knows 20th century history, and still suffering from time lag, is given a crash course on Victorian times while simultaneously being told his mission and destination. The combination of muddled lessons, imprecise instructions, and the jump to 1888 worsening the time lag leaves him confused about where he is supposed to be, who he should meet, where he should go, and no idea at all about the out-of-time object he is carrying.

Time travel has a self-correcting mechanism called slippage, moving time travelers either in time or place from their target in order to protect history. Ned arrives at the correct time, but unknown to him, he is not at the estate where another time traveler should meet him. Instead, he has slipped in destination to a railway station 30 miles away. He meets Terence St. Trewes, a besotted young Oxford undergraduate, mistaking him for his time travel contact. He agrees to share the cost of a hired boat for a trip on the River Thames from Oxford down to Muchings End, where Terence hopes to meet his love, Tocelyn "Tossie" Mering. Ned, Terence, Cyril the bulldog and Professor Peddick (an Oxford don) travel down the Thames navigating locks, beautiful scenery, crowds of languid boaters in no hurry to get anywhere, and the party of Jerome K. Jerome, a homage to the original novel from which To Say Nothing of the Dog draws its name and themes.

Fortunately, Ned's contact in Muchings End recognizes him when he arrives and identifies herself: she is a young woman named Verity Kindle, who is pretending to be Tossie's cousin. Lady Schrapnell sent Verity to read Tossie's diary because Tossie (an ancestor of Lady Schrapnell) had written about a life-changing event involving the bird stump at the first Coventry Cathedral (St Michael's Cathedral), an event which had caused her to elope with a mysterious "Mr. C" to America.  It is only at this point that Ned learns the nature of the object he is to return is Tossie's pet cat, Princess Arjumand. Cats are extinct in 2057 due to a feline distemper pandemic.

Ned and Verity continually attempt to fix the time travel incongruity. They must know the histories of the characters around them, and their descendant's impact on future history, and also the mystery of Mr. C. Their interloping attempts to fix the known history of the people around them cause ripple effects forward and backward through history from Waterloo to World War II, and even to 2018 (when time travel was invented). After several adventures attempting to correct things themselves, both end up, mistakenly, in different eras attempting to get back to 2057. In their absence, time itself corrects their meddling. On their return to 1888, Mr. C has been identified, interrupted relationships between characters have occurred, and clues throughout their experience reveal the location of the Bishop's bird stump in 2057.

Finally, in 2057, just in time for the celebration of the cathedral reconstruction, the location of the Bishop's bird stump proves to the historians and scientists that, in certain scenarios, objects can be brought forward in time which heralds a renaissance in recovery of historically lost, destroyed, or extinct objects.

Characters
 Ned Henry, 21st-century historian, assigned by Lady Schrapnell to search for the "bishop's bird stump" by all possible means. This includes attending every jumble sale held in Coventry in 1940.
 Verity Kindle, another historian, who specializes in 1930s detective fiction. She masquerades as Verity Brown, a distant niece of Colonel and Mrs. Mering, in order to find and read their daughter's diary. By virtue of a time slippage, she brings something back to 2057, beginning the whole cascade of events.
 Professor James Dunworthy, a historian who has been associated with the Time Travel program from the beginning.  He also appears in the story "Fire Watch" and the novels Doomsday Book and Blackout/All Clear.
 Finch, Dunworthy's clever and efficient secretary. He eventually joins the other time travelers in 1888, masquerading as the butler at the estate of the Chattisbournes, who are neighbors of the Merings. He finds the role easy to play, as he excels at organization and service.
 Tocelyn "Tossie" Mering, a beautiful and intelligent "rose of England" who, through the influence of her parents, is flighty, spoiled, and ignorant. She is Lady Shrapnell's ancestor. It is her memoirs, and her account of having her life changed when she visited St. Michael's Church in Coventry, which later became Coventry Cathedral, which inspired Lady Shrapnell to begin the reconstruction.  By the time Ned Henry arrives on the scene, she is involved with Oxford student Terence St. Trewes and it becomes important for Ned to keep them apart.
 Colonel and Mrs. Mering. The Colonel is retired from the Indian Army and now devotes his time to collecting exotic goldfish. Mrs. Mering is a hypochondriac and a fan of spiritualism. The novel credits her with inventing the "jumble sale", that is, a charity bazaar where people donate unwanted household items, instead of donating items they have made, such as cakes, scones, craft items, etc.
 Terence St. Trewes, a young Oxford undergraduate whom Ned meets when he first arrives in 1888.  Despite his not having any money about him, Terence is in fact a minor aristocrat and will have a considerable income, making him perfect for Tossie in the eyes of her parents.  However the Oxford historians learn that Terence is supposed to marry Maud Peddick, the niece of his tutor, and that their descendant has a role to play in the bombing of Berlin, which caused Hitler to order the bombing of British cities instead of military targets, altering the course of the war.
 Professor Peddick, an Oxford don, Terence's personal tutor, who accompanies Terence and Ned on their trip downriver. Professor Peddick is an authority on both exotic fish and military history - which instantly endears him to Colonel Mering, and secures the trio an invitation to stay in the Merings' house - and an outspoken defender of the Great Man Theory of history.
 Professor Overforce, another Oxford don, and Professor Peddick's rival for a prestigious chair. Professor Overforce does not appear in person, but is frequently mentioned as an advocate of the Social Darwinism view of history.
 Baine, the Merings' butler. It is revealed later that "Baine" is merely a nom de métier he was given when working for the Merings' neighbours.  According to the book, employers routinely give their servants pseudonyms for various reasons. Mrs. Chattisborne calls all her maids by the same name so as not to have to learn new ones. Mrs. Mering believes it is more refined to have English rather than Irish servants.  She also uses the name "Jane" to refer to a maid named "Colleen." Baine previously worked for the Irish peer Lord Dunsany under his real name, but Mrs. Mering will not have it used in her house. Baine is like P.G. Wodehouse's Jeeves, in that he is very intelligent (much more so than his employers), well-read (he reads Thomas Paine while awaiting orders) and incredibly efficient, ministering to his employers' every need, and even anticipating them.
 T.J. Lewis, an undergraduate student in computer science. Since he is black, he cannot be sent back in time by Lady Schrapnell, which is fortunate because he is needed to run simulations in an attempt to discover how bad the disruption of the space-time continuum might be.
 Lady Schrapnell, a rich American with a will of iron and a voice that can overcome any opposition. She has married into the Shrapnell title and is obsessed with rebuilding Coventry Cathedral exactly as it was the day before it was destroyed, in honour of her ancestor Tocelyn Mering. Everything must be completely correct, as "God is in the details". This includes the "bishop's bird stump", which was thought to be completely indestructible yet disappeared the night of the air raid.
 Elizabeth Bittner, widow of the last Bishop of Coventry.  Old and infirm in the 2050s, she was one of the pioneers of time travel in the early 21st century. She was also a great beauty who entranced men, including Dunworthy. Ned compares her to the fictional Zuleika Dobson for her effect on her fellow Oxonians.
 Princess Arjumand, Tossie's pet cat, named after Mumtaz Mahal, whose rescue from drowning almost destroys the space-time continuum. She plays a major role throughout the narrative.
 Cyril, Terence's pet bulldog, who also plays a major role throughout the narrative.

Notes

References

External links
 To Say Nothing of the Dog at Worlds Without End

Novels about time travel
1997 American novels
1997 science fiction novels
American science fiction novels
Comic science fiction novels
Hugo Award for Best Novel-winning works
Novels by Connie Willis
Novels set in University of Oxford
Fiction set in 2057
Cathedrals in fiction
Bantam Spectra books

To Say Nothing of the Dog


Cai Xiyou (; born August 1961) is a Chinese economist who served as general manager of the Sinochem Group from 2014 to 2016, while he was sacked for graft. On July 6, 2017, he had been stripped of his post and party membership. Cai had political ties with Su Shulin, former deputy party chief and governor of Fujian province.

Career
Cai was born in August 1961 in Dandong, Liaoning province. After graduating from Fushun Oil College (now Liaoning University of Petroleum and Chemical Technology) in 1981, he was assigned to Sinopec Group. Beginning in 1998, he served in several posts in Sinopec sales company, including deputy general manager, executive deputy general manager and general manager. In December 2001, he was promoted to general manager and party boss of the China International United Petroleum & Chemicals Co., Ltd. (UNIPEC). In April 2003, he was vice-president of Sinopec Group, rising to senior vice-president in November 2005. In 2012 he was appointed president of the Sinopec Engineering (Group) Co., Ltd. (SEG). In August 2014, he was promoted again to become president of the Sinochem Group.

Downfall
On February 6, 2016, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection said that Cai Xiyou has come under investigation for "serious legal violations" in a statement on its website. In March 2016, Cai was stripped of his post. In July 2017, the procuratorate has placed a case on file to investigate Cai Xiyou, and he was removed from membership of the Chinese Communist Party.

On December 26, 2018, Cai was sentenced to 12 years in prison and fined three million yuan for taking bribes worth 53.67 million yuan in Tai'an People's Intermediate Court.

References

External links

1961 births
People from Dandong
Living people
Liaoning University of Petroleum and Chemical Technology alumni
21st-century Chinese businesspeople
Expelled members of the Chinese Communist Party
Chinese politicians convicted of corruption
Sinochem Group people
Economists from Liaoning

Cai Xiyou


A machine pistol is a typically a handgun-style firearm that can fire fully automatic or burst fire. Fully automatic means that the gun will continue to fire very rapidly so long as the trigger is pressed and held. Burst fire means that when you pull the trigger, a number of shots determined by the shooter will be fired (for some guns, this is three shots, fired very quickly). Machine pistols fire pistol cartridges. Machine pistols usually have the cartridges fed into the gun with a magazine, which is a rectangular box which holds the cartridges.
Machine pistols are usually self-loading, which means that the gun automatically loads a new cartridge into the chamber after a shot is fired.

History

The first true machine pistol was the German MP-18 introduced in 1918. It fired the 9mm Parabellum cartridge. It used a side-loading magazine that held 20 cartridges.

The Germans converted some pistols, like the Luger, into machine pistols. They invented a type of Luger called the Luger P08 in World War I to German artillery crews. It had a longer barrel and a 32 round magazine shaped like a round drum. It was given to artillery crews so they could defend themselves.

In 1951 the Russian army developed the Stechkin APS, which could fire in burst fire or in fully automatic fire. When the gun was used in burst or automatic fire, users were told to use the wooden stock so that they can control the weapon better. One of the problems with machine pistols is they tend to rise up when being fired, making the bullets miss their target.

1990s2000s
In the 1990s and 2000s, as more soldiers began wearing bulletproof vests with hard ceramic armor, the machine pistol became less useful in a military setting. The low-powered pistol ammunition was not able to penetrate ceramic-plated Kevlar military vests. As a result, armies began to issue a new gun, the personal defense weapon or PDW. The PDW fires armor-piercing, higher-powered ammunition which can go through bulletproof vests.

References

Related pages
 Submachine gun

Other websites
 Article on Glock 18, a fully automatic pistol

Pistols
Law enforcement equipment

Machine pistol


The Clean Energy Expo Asia is a trade fair and conference which takes place annual during Singapore International Energy Week (SIEW).

It was held for the first time at SIEW 2009 It featured five pavilions, showcasing clean energy developments from Australia, Brazil, Europe, Japan and Singapore. The Energy Market Authority's Deputy Chief Executive, David Tan, delivered an address at the Expo.

The second Expo will take place at SIEW 2010.

References

External links

Trade fairs in Singapore
Energy in Singapore

Clean Energy Expo Asia


Graham Vincent Coaker (1932 – 12 April 1971) was a British engineer and businessman, who was one of the four founders of the March Engineering motor racing manufacturer.

Biography
Coaker was trained as an accountant and mechanical engineer, and had been a keen amateur Formula Three competitor during the mid- to late-1960s. During this time he became friendly with fellow racers Max Mosley and Alan Rees, and racing car designer Robin Herd. The four created March Engineering in mid-1969, the name of the team being derived from their initials: Max Mosley, Alan Rees, Graham Coaker, and Robin Herd. Coaker was responsible for the workshop and manufacturing side of the new company, drawing on many years of experience as general manager of one of Hawker Siddeley's automotive subsidiaries, and was the driving force behind March's move into the customer-car market. The company's first manufacturing premises were actually in Coaker's own garage and it was here that the first March racing car, the March 693P, was constructed.

Coaker left March in early 1971, and received a March 712M Formula Two car as part of his settlement package. Unfortunately for him, Coaker died that April from sepsis caused by injuries sustained when he crashed the car during practice for a Formule Libre race at Silverstone Circuit.

References

1932 births
1971 deaths
British mechanical engineers
Formula One team owners
British motorsport people

Graham Coaker


Dr. Maynard Jack "Doc" Ramsay (November 22, 1914 – March 20, 2005) was an American entomologist noted for his efforts to track and eradicate exotic parasites carried in flowers, fruits and other cargoes arriving from overseas. He was listed in American Men of Science and Who's Who in America.

During his 36 years in government service, he often was called upon to provide his beetle expertise to the Smithsonian Institution and entomological organizations in the United States and elsewhere. He once provided entomological advice to writer John Steinbeck and found himself quoted on the subject of killer bees in the opening of Arthur Herzog's best-selling novel "The Swarm".

Work
Ramsay was widely known for his research on a potato cyst eelworm — the parasitic golden nematode (Globodera rostochiensis). The worm was discovered in 1941 in potato fields on Long Island, New York, the only state where it has established a foothold. Around 1946, the worm was found on a lily of the valley plants imported from the Netherlands. Ramsay helped trace the worm to infested flower fields in Germany that had been converted for potato cultivation during World War II. Inspectors from the Department of Agriculture began testing cargoes of lilies in Hamburg, which initially slowed the golden nematode's spread from across the Atlantic. The Golden Nematode Act was enacted on June 15, 1948, to combat the worm.  As of 2003, the golden nematode is one of 22 federally regulated organisms in the United States.  According to Society of Nematologists, "he played an instrumental role in reducing the spread of Globodera rostochiensis in the United States."

He also studied Dutch elm disease, termite infestations in Puerto Rico, and Mexican bean beetles in New York State, and helped develop methods for estimating losses from the parasites. He later trained inspectors from Japan, El Salvador, Jordan, and Indonesia in an effort to identify infested crops before they reached American shores. When those crops were found, agriculture officials usually ordered the cargoes dumped at sea and the ships fumigated. Raymond F. Bednar, a former director of the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) in New York, recalled that Ramsay "always saw the new pest coming down the pike."

Life
Ramsay was born and raised in Buffalo by his mother Lillian Maynard and father William "Dowie" Ramsay, a conductor and brakeman for the Nickel Plate Road. Ramsay studied under Albert R. Shadle and graduated from the University at Buffalo with a Bachelor of Science degree in Biology. Continuing his education at Cornell University, Ramsay graduated with a Master of Science degree in Mammalogy.

While living in Staten Island, Ramsay was awarded a Ph.D. in Entomology from Cornell in 1941, and gained employment with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Ramsay was one of the first few Ph.D. holders in service to the Department, and thus, colleagues bestowed him with the nickname "Doc". Encouraged by Shadle, "Doc" Ramsay then married Alberta June Wentworth, a beautician and owner of Alberta's Beauty Shop, from Canisteo.

From 1950 to 1956, he served as a port entomologist, and then in 1967 was appointed to APHIS. He retired in 1977. Dr. Ramsay was also a former president of the Insecticide Society of Washington.

Alberta Ramsay died in 2003. Two years later, Maynard Ramsay died of pneumonia on March 20, 2005, in a Silver Spring nursing home. The couple resided in Bowie, Maryland.

See also
 Entomology
 Nematology

External links

Obituaries
Washington Post obituary
The text in this obituary is the same as the text in the pamphlets handed out by the family at the funeral.
Evening Tribune obituary
This obituary delves into more detail.
New York Times obituary

1914 births
2005 deaths
American entomologists
Cornell University alumni
Scientists from Buffalo, New York
University at Buffalo alumni
Deaths from pneumonia in Maryland
Nematologists
People from Bowie, Maryland
20th-century American zoologists

Maynard Jack Ramsay


The Bourne Mill is an historic textile mill on the border between Tiverton, Rhode Island and Fall River, Massachusetts.

The various buildings in the cotton mill complex were completed from 1881 to 1951 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.  The Bourne corporation had a unique profit sharing arrangement based upon Jonathan Bourne's experience in the whaling industry. The company treasurer, George A. Chace, designed the original mill building.

Although only a very small part of the property is located in Fall River, Massachusetts the complex is generally grouped and referenced with the mills of that city.

After lying dormant for decades, the Bourne Mill was converted into 166 apartments, which were completed in early 2009. In September 2009, an arsonist set fire to the former detached picker house near the main mill, which had also been scheduled to be redeveloped.

See also
List of mills in Fall River, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places listings in Newport County, Rhode Island

References

External links

Bourne Mill Apartments Website
News Article | ON DISPLAY: Artist's mural evokes spirit of renovated Bourne Mill
News Article | Longtime Worker Revisits
News Article | Bourne Again
RI Government, Preserve RI informational

Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Textile mills in Fall River, Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Tiverton, Rhode Island
Cotton mills in the United States
Industrial buildings completed in 1881
National Register of Historic Places in Newport County, Rhode Island
1881 establishments in Rhode Island

Bourne Mill (Tiverton, Rhode Island)


Asplenium listeri, commonly known as the Christmas Island spleenwort, is a species of fern in the family Aspleniaceae. It is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the northeastern Indian Ocean. Its specific epithet honours British zoologist and plant collector Joseph Jackson Lister, who visited the island on  in 1887 and was the first to collect a specimen.

Description
The spleenwort is a small, terrestrial, lithophytic fern with shortly creeping rhizomes, and with fronds up to 90 mm long held in a crown.

Distribution and habitat
Found only on Christmas Island, the fern is known from a very small number of sites, where it grows in crevices on the cliffs and among the rocks of exposed limestone outcrops. It is a rare component of the sparse vegetation community characteristic of the inland cliffs which rise above the rainforest of the terraces, and it has not been recorded from the other vegetation zones of the island. It is likely that the distribution of the species is related to sites which are well placed to capture and retain moisture from the prevailing southeasterly trade winds.

Taxonomy
The Christmas Island spleenwort is closely related to the sympatric Asplenium polyodon G. Forst., known as the Sickle Spleenwort or Mare's Tails Fern.  It can be distinguished from the latter by the former species' harder and generally smaller fronds, which may be adaptations to its more exposed lithophytic habitat.

Status and conservation
It was listed as Critically Endangered on 23 July 2002 under Australia's Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, when it was known only from a single location.  Since then further sites have been found, but the number of known individuals of the species is less than 300, its distribution is very restricted and it is vulnerable to stochastic disturbance events, with two of the four new locations lying outside the Christmas Island National Park.

References

Notes

Sources

listeri
Endemic flora of Christmas Island
Ferns of Australasia
Critically endangered plants
Plants described in 1905
Taxa named by Carl Frederik Albert Christensen

Asplenium listeri


The Polist () is a river in Bezhanitsky District of Pskov Oblast and in Poddorsky and Starorussky District, as well as in the town of Staraya Russa of Novgorod Oblast of Russia. It is technically a tributary of the Lovat though it forms a common river delta with the Lovat and the Pola at the mouth of the Lovat in Lake Ilmen. It is  long, and the area of its basin . The principal tributaries of the Polist are the Kholynya (left) and the Porusya (left). The town of Staraya Russa is located on the banks of the Polist.

The source of the Polist is in Lake Polisto in the east of Pskov Oblast, in the western part of the Valdai Hills. The upper course of the Polist id located in the Polist-Lovat Swamp System, one of the biggest raised bog areas in Europe. The Polist flows northeast, enters Novgorod Oblast, and joins the Lovat at its delta.

The river basin of the Polist comprises the eastern part of Bezhanitsky District, the northwestern halves of Poddorsky and Starorussky Districts, as well as minor areas in the east of Volotovsky District. The major part of Polistovsky Nature Reserve lies in the river basin of the Polist.

The Polist is navigable downstream of Staraya Russa, there is however no regular passenger navigation.

Until the 1980s the Polist was used for timber rafting.

References

External links

Rivers of Novgorod Oblast
Rivers of Pskov Oblast

Polist


The Great War at Sea series of board wargames released by Avalanche Press features operational and tactical-level naval combat in the period of the early battleships and dreadnoughts (various titles cover from 1898 to 1930). Each game in the series comes with a common rule book and tactical map, as well as game-specific operational map, counters and scenarios.

There have been nine games in the series to date, and it was the basis for Avalanche's spin-off series the Second World War at Sea, as well as a proposed new series dealing with ironclads. It has proven very popular, with the third game being Avalanche's sixth best selling title.  Also, two of the titles have received Origins Awards.

Overview
The focus of Great War at Sea series games features two levels of play: the "operational" game, where fleets move and conduct missions on a map of the area where the game takes place (this map uses "staggered squares"—technically a hex grid—presumably to save space as the squares are exactly the same size as the fleet counters, and only a few counters are on the board at a time); and the "tactical" game, where the individual ships maneuver and fire on a generic open sea tactical map.

Turns in the strategic segment are about 3 hours, and fleets are given missions when they set out. With many missions, the entire route and actions must be pre-plotted at the beginning, with some more flexible assignments (usually raiding or searching) only requiring two turns of planning. Each force is represented on the map with a single counter, so the composition is not known to the enemy. Raiding forces are not placed on the map until they do something (like attack merchant shipping), or is found by searching enemy forces. So, much of the game is spent with forces going about pre-determined missions while reaction forces attempt to find them and force them to battle, or to abort their mission.

Once two forces do find each other, combat is resolved by means of a light tactical system. Each ship bigger than a destroyer has its own counter, while destroyers and smaller vessels have counters that can represent one to three ships.

There is a certain amount of record-keeping in the system, with hits from combat being recorded against gunnery, hull or speed factors. Fuel is also tracked, with provisions for refueling in port as well as at sea. For combat, ships are primarily rated as having primary, secondary and tertiary gunnery factors, which have different ranges and ability to penetrate armor to do damage.

Reception
Great War at Sea: U.S. Navy Plan Orange won the Origins Awards for "Best Historical Board Game" of 1998.

In 2000, Great War at Sea: 1904-1905, The Russo-Japanese Naval War won the Origins Awards for Best Historical Board Game of 1999.

References

External links
 Avalanche Press' Great War at Sea Page
 Great War at Sea series at BoardGameGeek

Avalanche Press games
Board wargames set in Modern history
Naval board wargames
Origins Award winners
Tactical wargames

Great War at Sea series


The Infiniti Kuraza is a concept car designed by Nissan, under the Infiniti brand at the Nissan Technical Center in Atsugi, Japan, headed by product design director Kojii Nagano. It made its world debut in Detroit, at the 2005 North American International Auto Show.  The Infiniti Kuraza ultimately never made it to production.

Design
The Kuraza focuses more on space than utility in its design, featuring stadium-style six-passenger seating, which allow passengers unhindered access to rear seats using third-row doors. The designers built the Kuraza on the idea that all luxury passengers should be treated equally. This spawned the idea that all seats in the luxury vehicle will be equally as comfortable in all dimensions.  Nagano stated that the Kuraza concept was about hospitality rather than transportation, with the design intending the vehicle to be a social space. The Kuraza design team decided that one of the limiting factors of comfort in luxury SUVs was convenient access to rear seating, and there are wide, unhinged, 3rd row doors on the Kuraza to deal with inconvenient access.

Japanese design elements
The Kuraza team aimed to fuse the elements of traditional Japanese heritage and luxury with modern technology. The shape of the seatbacks are meant to suggest traditional the Japanese kimono. The layers of fabric reference Juni-hitoe design. The Infiniti logo is also on each seat, that is supposed to represent where a family crest could be found. The Uramasari tradition of fine clothing is also represented by the combination of materials used in the seats, leather for outer areas and raw silk underneath. The aluminium and wood flooring is also cut in the traditional Chijimi grain method.
The Kuraza has a large touch screen 16 by 6 inch vertically oriented center monitor. This monitor is a modern interpretation of Kakejiku. The design team stated that they were looking for new ways to add an emotional element to information-centric monitors. The monitor can also be programmed with modern applications, such as weather and road conditions.

Interior
The interior of the Kuraza includes six-passenger seating, a center beam console, LED lightning, door grips, foot rests, foot wells, and six individual reading lights. The Kuraza also has large windowed areas, with a glass overhead made of three panels for a panoramic view from all seats, with soft overhead lighting at night.

Exterior
The Kuraza's exterior includes an Infiniti-style "double-arch" tinted aluminum grille, multi-lamp LED headlights, with a tiny "surround-view" camera for blind spots. The Kuraza's exterior is a deep violet color, with a metallic flake. Fine-grain finish aluminum is used all around the exterior of the vehicle. The vehicle runs on 23-inch 8-spoke aluminum-alloy wheels, and Special Dunlop 305/45R23 tires.

Reception
The Infiniti Kuraza concept met with a negative reception after it was unveiled, and never found its ground after that. One such case of criticism was when A "Bag It or Build It?" survey was posted on The Wall Street Journal, asking for readers to vote on whether they like the auto industry's ideas for future vehicles. Out of 7 concept vehicles, the Infiniti Kuraza appeared at the top of the "Bag it" list, with 69% of readers, 2497 people, stating their dislike of the vehicle.

Notes

Kuraza
Cars introduced in 2005
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Luxury sport utility vehicles
Mid-size sport utility vehicles

Infiniti Kuraza


Prakash Rajguru (24 December 1939 – 23 June 2006) was an Indian cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and right-arm off-break bowler who played for Maharashtra. He was born in Poona and died in India.

Rajguru made his cricketing debut for Maharashtra Schools during the 1956-57 Cooch Behar Trophy season - later playing for the victorious West Zone Schools team during the same campaign.

Rajguru made three appearances for Poona University in the Rohinton Baria Trophy between January and December 1963.

Rajguru's only first-class appearance came during the 1965–66 season, against Saurashtra. He scored 4 runs in the first innings in which he batted, and 21 runs in the second, as Maharashtra won the match by a comfortable margin.

External links
 Prakash Rajguru at CricketArchive

1939 births
2006 deaths
Indian cricketers
Maharashtra cricketers

Prakash Rajguru


Felix Hollenstein (born April 7, 1965) is a former Swiss ice hockey player, who became four times Swiss champion with the EHC Kloten in the Nationalliga A. In his career, Hollenstein played 650 matches in the NLA and 131 for Switzerland men's national ice hockey team, where he scored 47 goals.

Playing career
Felix Hollenstein began his career in the EHC Bülach, for which he played until 1985. He was then transferred to the EHC Kloten, where he stayed for the rest of his active career. Between 1993 and 1996 he won four titles with his team. In 1996 he became the best scoring Swiss during the playoffs. During his career, he also twice became the best Swiss scorer in the regular season.

In his last season, 2001/2002, he could only participate in one game during the regular season due to an injury of his knee. In the playoffs, he returned for one game. As the score was 0:6, in the sixth semi final match in the series between Kloten and the HC Davos it was decided that he should play the last part of the game. So he came down from the stands and got dressed. The HC Davos agreed, that he could participate in the game, even though he wasn't noted on the game sheet. Kloten still lost the game and was kicked out of the playoffs. Felix Hollenstein then ended his career.

Coaching career
He then worked as a coach for the Kloten junior team, before he became the assistant coach of the Flyers' NLA squad in 2004. He remained in that job until the end of the 2011-12 season. In February 2013, he came back to Kloten and was hired as head coach after the sacking of Tomas Tamfal. Hollenstein was relieved of his duties in December 2014. In December 2015, he was named assistant coach of the Swiss national team. On July 1, 2016, Hollenstein was relieved of his duties of assistant coach.

International
Felix Hollenstein was part of the core of the national team of Switzerland between 1988 and 1997. He participated in seven Ice Hockey World Championships, the 1988 Winter Olympics, as well as the qualification for the 1998 Winter Olympics in 1997. He played 131 games in which he scored 47 goals.

Achievements and awards

International
 1990 promotion into the A-worldchampionship in Lyon
 1994 promotion into the A-worldchampionship in Copenhagen
 1994 All-Star-Team of the B-worldchampionship

Records
 Best Swiss scorer in the playoffs of all time

NLA-Statistik
Source: kloten-flyers-fan.ch, Statistics Felix "Fige" Hollenstein

References

External links
 Felix Hollenstein bei kloten-flyers-fan.ch

1965 births
Living people
Ice hockey players at the 1988 Winter Olympics
Olympic ice hockey players for Switzerland
People from Bülach
Swiss ice hockey right wingers
Ice hockey people from the canton of Zürich

Felix Hollenstein


The Alston–Cobb House, now formally known as the Clarke County Historical Museum, is a historic house and local history museum in Grove Hill, Alabama.  It was built in 1854 by Dr. Lemuel Lovett Alston as a Greek Revival I-house, a vernacular style also known in the South as Plantation Plain.  It is one of only four examples of an I-house to survive intact in Clarke County.  The Alston–Cobb House was added to the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on September 1, 1978, and to the National Register of Historic Places on April 30, 1979.

History
Lemuel Alston migrated to Grove Hill and began the practice of medicine around 1852. The house was completed in 1854, shortly before his marriage to Sarah French Jackson on November 1, 1854.  The house was subsequently owned by the Bettis, Cobb, Bumpers, and Postma families until it was purchased by the Clarke County Historical Society in 1980.  The historical society restored the house and opened it as the Clarke County Museum in 1986. The museum features exhibits that cover a broad range of topics from Zeuglodon fossils to the American Civil War and an antebellum kitchen.

The grounds
Several historic structures have been moved to the museum grounds and restored.  The Creagh Law Office, built in 1834 by Judge John Gates Creagh, was moved to the site in 1990 and restored.  The Turner Corn Crib is a corn crib which is thought to have been partially built from timbers salvaged from Fort Turner, a log fortification that served the area during the Creek War in 1813.  It was moved to the grounds in 2001 and restored.  The Mathews Cabin was acquired in 2005 and restoration was completed in 2008. It is a log cabin with two large rooms separated by a breezeway, a form often known as a dogtrot house, and dates to the mid-19th century.

References

External links

Clarke County Historical Museum

National Register of Historic Places in Clarke County, Alabama
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama
Historic house museums in Alabama
Greek Revival houses in Alabama
Houses completed in 1854
Museums in Clarke County, Alabama
Properties on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage
I-houses in Alabama
Houses in Clarke County, Alabama
Museums established in 1986
1986 establishments in Alabama

Alston–Cobb House


Side (, Sídē, formerly: Selimiye, pronounced: tsiːdeɪ) is a city on the southern Mediterranean coast of Turkey. It includes the modern resort town and the ruins of the ancient city of Side, one of the best-known classical sites in the country. Modern Side is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Manavgat, Antalya Province, Turkey. Its population is 14,527 (2022). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (belde). It lies near Manavgat, 78 km from Antalya.

It is located on the eastern part of the Pamphylian coast, which lies about 20 km east of the mouth of the Eurymedon River. Today, as in antiquity, the ancient city is situated on a small north-south peninsula about 1 km long and 400 m across.

History

Pseudo-Scylax, Strabo and Arrian record that Side was founded by Greek settlers from Cyme in Aeolis, a region of western Anatolia. This most likely occurred in the 7th century BC. A basalt column base from the 7th century BC found in the excavations and attributable to the Neo-Hittites is evidence of the site's early history.

Possessing a good harbour for small craft, Side's natural geography made it one of the most important trade centres in the region.

Its tutelary deity was Athena, whose head adorned its coinage.

Excavations have revealed several inscriptions written in the language of Side. The inscriptions, dating from the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, remain undeciphered, but testify that the local language was still in use several centuries after colonisation.

Macedonian Rule

Alexander the Great occupied Side without a struggle in 333 BC. Alexander left only a single garrison behind to occupy the city.  This occupation, in turn, introduced the people of Side to Hellenistic culture, which flourished from the 4th to the 1st century BC.  After Alexander's death, Side fell under the control of one of Alexander's generals, Ptolemy I Soter, who declared himself king of Egypt in 305 BC.  The Ptolemaic dynasty controlled Side until it was captured by the Seleucid Empire in the 2nd century BC.  Yet, despite these occupations, Side managed to preserve some autonomy, grew prosperous, and became an important cultural centre.

In 190 BC a fleet from the Greek island city-state of Rhodes, supported by Rome and Pergamum, defeated the Seleucid King Antiochus the Great's fleet, which was under the command of the fugitive Carthaginian general Hannibal.  The defeat of Hannibal and Antiochus the Great meant that Side freed itself from the overlord-ship of the Seleucid Empire.

Post-Seleucid Rule

The Treaty of Apamea (188 BC) forced Antiochus to abandon all European territories and to cede all of Asia Minor north of the Taurus Mountains to Pergamum. However, the dominion of Pergamum only reached de facto as far as Perga, leaving Eastern Pamphylia in a state of uncertain freedom. This led Attalus II Philadelphus to construct a new harbour in the city of Attalia (the present Antalya), although Side already possessed an important harbour of its own. Between 188 and 36 BC Side minted its own money, tetradrachms showing Nike and a laurel wreath (the sign of victory).

In the 1st century BC, Side reached a peak when the Cilician pirates established their chief naval base and a centre for their slave-trade.

Romans

The consul Servilius Vatia defeated these brigands in 78 BC and later the Roman general Pompey in 67 BC, bringing Side under the control of Rome and beginning its second period of ascendancy, when it established and maintained a good working relationship with the Roman Empire.

Emperor Augustus reformed the state administration and placed Pamphylia and Side in the Roman province of Galatia in 25 BC, after the short reign of Amyntas of Galatia between 36 and 25 BC. Side began another prosperous period as a commercial centre in Asia Minor through its trade in olive oil.  Its population grew to 60,000 inhabitants. This period would last well into the 3rd century AD. Side also established itself as a slave-trading centre in the Mediterranean.  Its large commercial fleet engaged in acts of piracy, while wealthy merchants paid for such tributes as public works, monuments, and competitions as well as the games and gladiator fights. Most of the extant ruins at Side date from this period of prosperity.

Side was the home of Eustathius of Antioch, of the philosopher Troilus, of the fifth-century ecclesiastical writer Philip; of the famous lawyer Tribonian.<ref name="ce">Catholic Encyclopedia, 1907-1912, s.v. 'Sidon'</ref>

Decline

Side began a steady decline from the 4th century on.  Even defensive walls could not stop successive invasions of highlanders from the Taurus Mountains. During the 5th and 6th centuries, Side experienced a revival, and became the seat of the Bishopric of Eastern Pamphylia.  Arab fleets, nevertheless, raided and burned Side during the 7th century, contributing to its decline. The combination of earthquakes, Christian zealots and Arab raids, left the site abandoned by the 10th century, its citizens having emigrated to nearby Attalia.

In the 12th century, Side temporarily established itself once more as a large city. An inscription found on the site of the former ancient city shows a considerable Jewish population in early Byzantine times. However, Side was abandoned again after being sacked.  Its population moved to Attalia, and Side became known as Eski Adalia 'Old Antalya' and was buried.

Ecclesiastical history

As capital of the Roman province of Pamphylia Prima, Side was ecclesiastically the metropolitan see. The earliest known bishop was Epidaurus, presiding at the Synod of Ancyra, 314. Others are John, fourth century; Eustathius, 381; Amphilochius, 426-458, who played an important part in the history of the time; Conon, 536; Peter, 553; John, 680-692; Mark, 879; Theodore, 1027-1028; Anthimus, present at the synod held at Constantinople in 1054; John, then counsellor to the Emperor Michael VII Ducas, presided at a council on the worship of images, 1082; Theodosius and his successor Nicetas, twelfth century. John, present at a synod at Constantinople in 1156. The Notitiae Episcopatuum continued to mention Side as a metropolis of Pamphylia until the thirteenth century. It does not appear in the "Notitia" of Andronicus III. In 1397 the diocese was united with that of Attalia; in 1400 the Metropolitan of Perge and Attalia was at the same time the administrator of Side.

No longer a residential see, Side is today included in the Catholic Church's list of titular sees.

 Monuments and Site

The great ruins are among the most notable in Asia Minor. They cover a large promontory which a wall and a moat separate from the mainland. Archaeologists have been excavating Side since 1947 and intermittently continue to do so.

The colossal theatre complex of the 2nd century is less well-preserved that of Aspendos, but it is almost as large, seating 15,000–20,000 people. It was converted into an open-air sanctuary with two chapels during Byzantine times (5th or 6th century).

The well-preserved city walls provide an entrance to the site through the Hellenistic main gate (Megale Pyle'') from the 2nd century BC.

The colonnaded street had marble columns whose remains can be seen near the Roman baths, restored as a museum displaying statues and sarcophagi from the Roman period. The agora includes the remains of the round Tyche and Fortuna temple (2nd century BC), peripteral with twelve columns, in the centre. In later times it was used as a trading centre where pirates sold slaves.

The early Roman Temple of Dionysus is near the theatre. The fountain gracing the entrance is restored. At the left side is a Byzantine Basilica.

Other buildings include three temples and a nymphaeum, a grotto or fountain building of elaborate design.

Excavation teams also found an ancient Greek brothel.

The aqueduct

The Roman aqueduct dates from 2nd half of the 2nd century AD and is 30 km in length. The aqueduct is special because it has an exceptional number of bridges which are still preserved as well as tunnels. This was because the altitude difference  between source and city is only 36 m, so to make the gradient as high as possible it was necessary to keep the route as straight and short as possible through the hilly terrain, which entailed more expensive bridges (22 in total) and 16 tunnels 100-2260m long.

It was restored in the first half of the 3rd century, financed by Lollianos Bryonianos from Side according to an inscription.

Today

In 1895, Turkish Muslim Immigrants from Crete moved to the area of the ruins and called it Selimiye; they also built houses over the ruins when the Cretan Turks moved there. Today, Side has become a popular holiday destination as a result of the expansion of the Antalya coastal project and is experiencing a revival.

It was a popular spot for watching the solar eclipse of March 29, 2006.

The bustling street called Liman Caddesi connects the town bus station with the square on the seafront, where the statue of Atatürk is situated.

Notable people
 Marcellus of Side, an ancient physician
 Troilus (philosopher), a sophist
 Tribonian, a famous Byzantine jurist and advisor
 Callistus of Side, Olympic winner at Stadion race
 Eustolus of Side, Olympic winner at Stadion race

See also
Coinage of Side
Manavgat Waterfall
Oymapinar Dam
Philip of Side
Saint Probus of Side
Sidetic language

Notes

External links

Hazlitt, Classical Gazetteer, "Side"
Acceptable pictures of the museum, 105 of them
Amateur pictures of the town of Side
Photo of basalt Neo-Hittite column base found at Side.

Populated places established in the 7th century BC
Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey
Greek colonies in Anatolia
Aeolian colonies
Populated places in ancient Pamphylia
Turkish Riviera
Side
Former populated places in Turkey
Tourist attractions in Antalya Province
History of Antalya Province
Catholic titular sees in Asia
Neighbourhoods in Manavgat District

Side, Turkey