Cranes are a type of large bird with long legs and necks in the Gruidae family of the group Gruiformes. The family has 15 species placed in four genera which are Antigone, Balearica, Leucogeranus, and Grus. They are large birds with long necks and legs, a tapering form, and long secondary feathers on the wing that project over the tail. Most species have muted gray or white plumages, marked with black, and red bare patches on the face, but the crowned cranes of the genus Balearica have vibrantly-coloured wings and golden "crowns" of feathers. Cranes fly with their necks extended outwards instead of bent into an S-shape and their long legs outstretched.

Cranes live on most continents, with the exception of Antarctica and South America. Some species and populations of cranes migrate over long distances; others do not migrate at all. Cranes are solitary during the breeding season, occurring in pairs, but during the nonbreeding season, most species are gregarious, forming large flocks where their numbers are sufficient.

They are opportunistic feeders that change their diets according to the season and their own nutrient requirements. They eat a range of items from small rodents, eggs of birds, fish, amphibians, and insects to grain and berries. Cranes construct platform nests in shallow water, and typically lay two eggs at a time. Both parents help to rear the young, which remain with them until the next breeding season. Most species of cranes have been affected by human activities and are at the least classified as threatened, if not critically endangered. The plight of the whooping cranes of North America inspired some of the first US legislation to protect endangered species.

Description

Cranes are very large birds, often considered the world's tallest flying birds. They range in size from the demoiselle crane, which measures  in length, to the sarus crane, which can be up to , although the heaviest is the red-crowned crane, which can weigh  prior to migrating. They are long-legged and long-necked birds with streamlined bodies and large, rounded wings. The males and females do not vary in external appearance, but males tend to be slightly larger than females.

The plumage of cranes varies by habitat. Species inhabiting vast, open wetlands tend to have more white in their plumage than do species that inhabit smaller wetlands or forested habitats, which tend to be more grey. These white species are also generally larger. The smaller size and colour of the forest species is thought to help them maintain a less conspicuous profile while nesting; two of these species (the common and sandhill cranes) also daub their feathers with mud which some observers suspect helps them to hide while nesting.

Most species of cranes and change the intensity of colour. Feathers on the head can be moved and erected in the blue, wattled, and demoiselle cranes for signaling, as well.

Also important to communication is the position and length of the trachea. In the two crowned cranes, the trachea is shorter and only slightly impressed upon the bone of the sternum, whereas the trachea of the other species is longer and penetrates the sternum. In some species, the entire sternum is fused to the bony plates of the trachea, and this helps amplify the crane's calls, allowing them to carry for several kilometres.

Taxonomy and systematics

The family name Gruidae comes from the genus Grus, this genus name is obtained from the epithet of the common crane which is Ardea grus, it is named by Carl Linnaeus from the Latin word grus meaning "crane".

The 15 living species of cranes are placed in four genera. A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2010 found that the genus Grus, as then defined, was polyphyletic. In the resulting rearrangement to create monophyletic genera, the Siberian crane was moved to the resurrected monotypic genus Leucogeranus, while the sandhill crane, the white-naped crane, the sarus crane, and the brolga were moved to the resurrected genus Antigone. Some authorities recognize the additional genera Anthropoides (for the demoiselle crane and blue crane) and Bugeranus (for the wattled crane) on morphological grounds.

Evolution
The fossil record of cranes is incomplete. Apparently, the subfamilies were well distinct by the Late Eocene (around 35 mya). The present genera are apparently some 20 mya old. Biogeography of known fossil and the living taxa of cranes suggests that the group is probably of (Laurasian?) Old World origin. The extant diversity at the genus level is centered on (eastern) Africa, although no fossil record exists from there. On the other hand, it is peculiar that numerous fossils of Ciconiiformes are documented from there; these birds presumably shared much of their habitat with cranes back then already. Cranes are sister taxa to Eogruidae, a lineage of flightless birds; as predicted by the fossil record of true cranes, eogruids were native to the Old World. A species of true crane, Antigone cubensis, has similarly become flightless and ratite-like.

Fossil genera are tentatively assigned to the present-day subfamilies:

Gruinae
 Palaeogrus (Middle Eocene of Germany and Italy – Middle Miocene of France)
 Pliogrus (Early Pliocene of Eppelsheim, Germany)
 Camusia (Late Miocene of Menorca, Mediterranean)
 "Grus" conferta (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Contra Costa County, US)
Sometimes considered Balearicinae
 Geranopsis (Hordwell Late Eocene – Early Oligocene of England)
 Anserpica (Late Oligocene of France)
Sometimes considered Gruidae incertae sedis
 Eobalearica (Ferghana Late? Eocene of Ferghana, Uzbekistan)
 Probalearica (Late Oligocene? – Middle Pliocene of Florida, US, France?, Moldavia and Mongolia) – A nomen dubium?
 Aramornis (Sheep Creek Middle Miocene of Snake Creek Quarries, US)

Distribution and habitat

The cranes have a cosmopolitan distribution, occurring across most of the world continents. They are absent from Antarctica and, mysteriously, South America. East Asia has the highest crane diversity, with eight species, followed by Africa, which is home to five resident species and wintering populations of a sixth. Australia, Europe, and North America have two regularly occurring species each. Of the four crane genera, Balearica (two species) is restricted to Africa, and Leucogeranus (one species) is restricted to Asia; the other two genera, Grus (including Anthropoides and Bugeranus) and Antigone, are both widespread.

Many species of cranes are dependent on wetlands and grasslands, and most species nest in shallow wetlands. Some species nest in wetlands, but move their chicks up onto grasslands or uplands to feed (while returning to wetlands at night), whereas others remain in wetlands for the entirety of the breeding season. Even the demoiselle crane and blue crane, which may nest and feed in grasslands (or even arid grasslands or deserts), require wetlands for roosting at night. The Sarus Crane in south Asia is unique in having a significant breeding population using agricultural fields to breed in areas alongside very high density of humans and intensive farming, largely due to the positive attitudes of farmers towards the cranes. In Australia, the Brolga occurs in the breeding areas of Sarus Cranes in Queensland state, and they achieve sympatry by using different habitats. Sarus Cranes in Queensland largely live in Eucalyptus-dominated riverine, while most Brolgas use non-wooded regional ecosystems that include vast grassland habitats. The only two species that do not always roost in wetlands are the two African crowned cranes (Balearica), which are the only cranes to roost in trees.

Some crane species are sedentary, remaining in the same area throughout the year, while others are highly migratory, traveling thousands of kilometres each year from their breeding sites. A few species like Sarus Cranes have both migratory and sedentary populations, and healthy sedentary populations have a large proportion of cranes that are not territorial, breeding pairs.

Behaviour and ecology

The cranes are diurnal birds that vary in their sociality by season and location. During the breeding season, they are territorial and usually remain on their territory all the time. In contrast in the non-breeding season, they tend to be gregarious, forming large flocks to roost, socialize, and in some species feed. Sarus Crane breeding pairs maintain territories throughout the year in south Asia, and non-breeding birds live in flocks that can also be seen throughout the year. Large aggregations of cranes likely increase safety for individual cranes when resting and flying and also increase chances for young unmated birds to meet partners.

Calls and communication
Cranes are highly vocal and have several specialized calls. The vocabulary begins soon after hatching with low, purring  calls for maintaining contact with their parents, as well as food-begging calls. Other calls used as chicks include alarm calls and "flight intention" calls, both of which are maintained into adulthood. Cranes are noticed the most due to their loud duet calls that can be used to distinguish individual pairs. Sarus crane trios produce synchronized unison calls called "triets" whose structure is identical to duets of normal pairs, but have a lower frequency.

Feeding

The cranes consume a wide range of food, both animal and plant matter. When feeding on land, they consume seeds, leaves, nuts and acorns, berries, fruit, insects, worms, snails, small reptiles, mammals, and birds. In wetlands and agriculture fields, roots, rhizomes, tubers, and other parts of emergent plants, other molluscs, small fish, eggs of birds and amphibians are also consumed, as well. The exact composition of the diet varies by location, season, and availability. Within the wide range of items consumed, some patterns are suggested but require specific investigation to confirm; the shorter-billed species usually feed in drier uplands, while the longer-billed species feed in wetlands.

Cranes employ different foraging techniques for different food types and in different habitats. Tubers and rhizomes are dug for and a crane digging for them remains in place for some time digging and then expanding a hole to prise them out of the soil. In contrast both to this and the stationary wait and watch hunting methods employed by many herons, they forage for insects and animal prey by slowly moving forwards with their heads lowered and probing with their bills.

Where more than one species of cranes exists in a locality, each species adopts separate niches to minimise competition. At one important lake in Jiangxi Province in China, the Siberian cranes feed on the mudflats and in shallow water, the white-naped cranes on the wetland borders, the hooded cranes on sedge meadows, and the last two species also feed on the agricultural fields along with the common cranes. In Australia, where Sarus Cranes live alongside Brolgas, they have different diets: Sarus Cranes' diet consisted of diverse vegetation, while Brolga diet spanned a much wider range of trophic levels. Some crane species such as the Common/ Eurasian crane use a kleptoparasitic strategy to recover from temporary reductions in feeding rate, particularly when the rate is below the threshold of intake necessary for survival. Accumulated intake of during daytime shows a typical anti-sigmoid shape, with greatest increases of intake after dawn and before dusk.

Breeding

Cranes are perennially monogamous breeders, establishing long-term pair bonds that may last the lifetime of the birds. Pair bonds begin to form in the second or third years of life, but several years pass before the first successful breeding season. Initial breeding attempts often fail, and in many cases, newer pair bonds dissolve (divorce) after unsuccessful breeding attempts. Pairs that are repeatedly successful at breeding remain together for as long as they continue to do so. In a study of sandhill cranes in Florida, seven of the 22 pairs studied remained together for an 11-year period. Of the pairs that separated, 53% was due to the death of one of the pair, 18% was due to divorce, and the fate of 29% of pairs was unknown. Similar results had been found by acoustic monitoring (sonography/frequency analysis of duet and guard calls) in three breeding areas of common cranes in Germany over 10 years.

Cranes are territorial and generally seasonal breeders. Seasonality varies both between and within species, depending on local conditions. Migratory species begin breeding upon reaching their summer breeding grounds, between April and June. The breeding season of tropical species is usually timed to coincide with the wet or monsoon seasons. Artificial sources of water such as irrigation canals and irregular rainfall can sometimes provide adequate moisture to maintain wetland habitat outside the normal wet season, and allows for occasional aseasonal nesting throughout the year in few tropical species.

Territory sizes also vary depending on location. Tropical species can maintain very small territories, for example sarus cranes in India can breed on territories as small as one hectare where the area is of sufficient quality and disturbance by humans is minimal. Even in areas with a high density of humans, in the absence of directed persecution, species like Sarus Crane maintain territories as small as 5 ha when agricultural crops and landscape conditions are suitable. In contrast, red-crowned crane territories may require 500 hectares, and pairs may defend even larger territories than that, up to several thousand hectares. Territory defence is either acoustic with both birds performing the unison call, or more rarely, physical with attacks usually by the male. Because of this, females are much less likely to retain the territory than males in the event of the death of a partner. Rarely, breeding territorial crane pairs allow a third crane into the territory to form polygynous or polyandrous trios that improves the chances of survival of the pair's chicks. Trios of Sarus cranes were seen largely in marginal habitats and third birds were young suggesting that third cranes would benefit by gaining experience.

In mythology and symbolism

The cranes' beauty and spectacular mating dances have made them highly symbolic birds in many cultures with records dating back to ancient times. Crane mythology can be found in cultures around the world, from India to the Aegean,  Arabia, China, Korea, Japan, Australia, and North America.

The Sanskrit epic poet Valmiki was inspired to write the first śloka couplet by the pathos of seeing a male sarus crane shot while dancing with its mate.

In Mecca, in pre-Islamic Arabia, Allāt, Uzza, and Manāt were believed to be the three chief goddesses of Mecca, they were called the "three exalted cranes" (, an obscure word on which 'crane' is the usual gloss). See The Satanic Verses for the best-known story regarding these three goddesses.

The Greek for crane is  (), which gives us the cranesbill, or hardy geranium. The crane was a bird of omen. In the tale of Ibycus and the cranes, a thief attacked Ibycus (a poet of the sixth century BCE) and left him for dead. Ibycus called to a flock of passing cranes, which followed the attacker to a theater and hovered over him until, stricken with guilt, he confessed to the crime.

Pliny the Elder wrote that cranes would appoint one of their number to stand guard while they slept.  The sentry would hold a stone in its claw, so that if it fell asleep, it would drop the stone and waken. A crane holding a stone in its claw is a well-known symbol in heraldry, and is known as a crane in its vigilance. Notably, however, the crest of Clan Cranstoun depicts a sleeping crane still in vigilance and holding the rock in its raised claw.

Aristotle describes the migration of cranes in the History of Animals, adding an account of their fights with Pygmies as they wintered near the source of the Nile.  He describes as untruthful an account that the crane carries a touchstone inside it that can be used to test for gold when vomited up.  (This second story is not altogether implausible, as cranes might ingest appropriate gizzard stones in one locality and regurgitate them in a region where such stone is otherwise scarce.)

Greek and Roman myths often portrayed the dance of cranes as a love of joy and a celebration of life, and the crane was often associated with both Apollo and Hephaestus.

In pre-modern Ottoman Empire, sultans would sometimes present a piece of crane feather (Turkish: ) to soldiers of any group in the army (janissaries, sipahis, etc.) who performed heroically during a battle. Soldiers would attach this feather to their caps or headgear which would give them some sort of a rank among their peers.

Throughout Asia, the crane is a symbol of happiness and eternal youth. In China, several styles of kung fu take inspiration from the movements of cranes in the wild, the most famous of these styles being Wing Chun, Hung Gar (tiger crane), and the Shaolin Five Animals style of fighting. Crane movements are well known for their fluidity and grace.

In Japan, the crane is one of the mystical or holy creatures (others include the dragon and the tortoise) and symbolizes good fortune and longevity because of its fabled life span of a thousand years. The crane is one of the subjects in the tradition of origami, or paper folding. An ancient Japanese legend promises that anyone who folds a thousand origami cranes will be granted a wish by a crane. In northern Hokkaidō, the women of the Ainu people performed a crane dance that was captured in 1908 in a photograph by Arnold Genthe. After World War II, the crane came to symbolize peace and the innocent victims of war through the story of schoolgirl Sadako Sasaki and her thousand origami cranes. Suffering from leukemia as a result of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and knowing she was dying, she undertook to make a thousand origami cranes before her death at the age of 12. After her death, she became internationally recognised as a symbol of the innocent victims of war and remains a heroine to many Japanese girls.

See also
 Heron

References

External links

 Saving Cranes website (ICF)
 Craneworld website, mainly in German
 individual recognition of cranes using frequency analysis of their calls
 Gruidae videos on the Internet Bird Collection
 Crane sounds overview on xeno-canto.org
 Cranes of the World, by Paul Johnsgard

Myths and lore
 Crane Dance at the Tongdosa Temple (archive link, was dead)
 Thousand Cranes lore

Taxa named by Nicholas Aylward Vigors

Crane (bird)


is a Japanese voice actor who works for 81 Produce. 2022

Notable voice roles
Avenger (TV)
Bakuman. (TV 3) as Mamoru Tamiya; Manager (ep 23)
Battle Spirits: Shōnen Toppa Bashin (TV) as Man (ep 12)
Cardfight!! Vanguard (TV) as Yūta Izaki
Cardfight!! Vanguard: Asia Circuit Hen (TV) as Yūta Izaki
Cardfight!! Vanguard: Legion Mate-Hen (TV) as Yūta Izaki
Cardfight!! Vanguard: Link Joker Hen (TV) as Yūta Izaki
D.Gray-man (TV) as Cheetah (ep 32)
Dual! Parallel Trouble Adventure (TV) as Kazuki Yotsuga
Dual! Parallel Trouble Adventures Special as Kazuki Yotsuga
Early Reins (OAV) as Assistant Engineer; Henchman
G-Saviour (live-action TV movie) as Computer
Gekito! Crush Gear Turbo (TV) as Shinomiya Rai
Glass Mask (TV 2/2005) as Hiroshi Yoshizawa (ep 30)
Golgo 13 (TV) as Marty's man (ep 4)
.hack//Legend of the Twilight (TV) as Tom
Hanaukyo Maid-tai (TV) as exercise dept. A (ep 6); host B (ep 4); male student B (ep 2); man C (ep 5)
Hanaukyo Maid-tai OAV as bear (ep 2); student (ep 1); subordinate (ep 3)
Hand Maid May (TV) as Kazuya Saotome
Hikaru no Go (TV) as Chinese Pro (ep 67); Ryo Iijima
His and Her Circumstances (TV) as Leader of Kento team; Male Student (ep 2); Yoshida (ep 5)
Initial D: Fourth Stage (TV) as Todo Student (ep 3)
Kaikan Phrase (TV) as Lucy May member (eps 2, 37); Shin-chan (ep 40)
Kure-nai (OAV) as Criminal 1 (OVA 1)
Kurenai (TV) as Man 2 (ep 1); Student C (ep 3)
Maburaho (TV) as Male Student; Takashi Yamaguchi
Magical Warfare (TV) as Makoto Hitouji
(The) Marshmallow Times (TV) as Clove
Massugu ni Ikō (TV) as Student (ep 1)
Nagasarete Airantou (TV) as Teruteru Machou (Machi's shikigami; eps 12, 20, 24)
Ojamajo Doremi Na-i-sho (OAV) as Manabu Takagi
Panyo Panyo Di Gi Charat (TV) as Conceited Man
Parappa the Rapper (TV) as Hockey Player (ep 26); Voice on the Phone (ep 20)
Petite Princess Yucie (TV) as Arc
Pokémon (TV) as Boat driver (ep 192); Toy shop employee (ep 138)
Pokémon Chronicles (TV) as Jubei (ep 12)
Restol, The Special Rescue Squad (Korean TV) as Kang Maru
Samurai Deeper Kyo (TV) as Shindara
Starship Operators (TV) as Taishi Kase
Steel Angel Kurumi (TV) as Townsperson (ep 9)
Strawberry Eggs (TV) as Kyousuke Aoki
Tokyo Underground (TV) as Raichi
Zoids: Fuzors (TV) as Malloy
Tom in .hack//Legend Of The Twilight
Kazuki Yotsuga in Dual! Parallel Trouble Adventure
Leonhart (Leon) in Final Fantasy II (PlayStation version)
Brother, Clasko, Keepa, and Wantz in Final Fantasy X
Brother and Clasko in Final Fantasy X-2
Potato-kun in Hamtaro
Kazuya Saotome in Hand Maid May
Takashi Yamaguchi in Maburaho
Arc in Petite Princess Yucie
Kang Maru in RESTOL, The Special Rescue Squad
Kyousuke Aoki in Strawberry Eggs
Clove in The Marshmallow Times
Shindara in Samurai Deeper Kyo

Dubbing
CatDog as Lube Catfield McDog

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Male voice actors from Chiba Prefecture
Japanese male video game actors
Japanese male voice actors
81 Produce voice actors
20th-century Japanese male actors
21st-century Japanese male actors

Takayuki Yamaguchi (voice actor)


Ella Du Cane (1874-1943) was a British artist best known for her watercolors of landscapes and exotic locales.

Early life
Ella Mary Du Cane was the third and youngest daughter of politician and colonial administrator Sir Charles Du Cane and his wife, Georgiana Susan Copley. Through her mother, she was the great-granddaughter of the artist, John Singleton Copley. She was born in Hobart, Tasmania in the last year of her father's five-year term as Governor of Tasmania, shortly before the family returned to their country house at Braxted Park, Essex. In Essex, Charles was made a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George and served as Chairman of the Board of Customs.

Her sister Florence was born in 1869. Ella made watercolor paintings and Florence was a writer. After their father died in 1889 they decided that they would travel the world unchaperoned. They visited China, Japan, Egypt, the Canary Islands and Madeira.

Career
Ella Du Cane came into artistic prominence in 1893 when she exhibited at an exhibition of the prestigious New Society of Painters in Water Colours. Queen Victoria took a personal interest in her work, acquiring 26 of Du Cane's works between December 1895 and August 1898.

With success came opportunities for travel. A 1902 exhibition of water color drawings of the West Indies was followed in 1904 by a show of pictures of Japan. In 1905 Du Cane was hired by A & C Black to provide illustrations for The Italian Lakes (1905), with descriptions by Richard Bagot. The company also used several of her Japan pictures in a book by John Finnemore. Building on her success, Du Cane arranged with Black to do a book on Japanese gardens with text written by her sister, Florence, a book released in 1908 as The Flowers and Gardens of Japan. The following year, the sisters' second book, The Flowers and Gardens of Madeira appeared.

In later years, Ella continued to travel and paint, and never married. She continued to live with her mother and sister in Essex, the family moving to an estate called Mountains, on a hillside site near Maldon, after selling Braxted Park in 1919. Ella Du Cane died of unknown causes on 25 November 1943 at Mountains. She is buried with her sisters at All Saints Church, Great Braxted.

Works

References

Further reading
 Richard Bagot; Ella Du Cane. The Italian lakes. London, A. and C. Black; 1905.
 Florence Du Cane; Ella Du Cane. The flowers and gardens of Japan. London, A. & C. Black; 1908.
 Florence Du Cane; Ella Du Cane. The flowers and gardens of Madeira. London, A. and C. Black; 1909.
 Florence Du Cane; Ella Du Cane. The Canary Islands. A. and C. Black; 1911.
 John Aiton Todd; Ella Du Cane; Florence Du Cane. The Banks of the Nile. London, A. & C. Black, 1913.

External links

1874 births
1943 deaths
19th-century English painters
20th-century English painters
British women painters
English illustrators
English watercolourists
20th-century British women artists
19th-century British women artists
Women watercolorists

Ella Du Cane


Santiago Cohen (born 1954) is a cartoonist, animator, illustrator, and fine artist based in Jersey City, New Jersey. He studied Communications design in the Metropolitan University in Mexico followed by a MFA in Pratt Institute.

Cohen illustrated the Latino graphic novel Angelitos by Ilan Stavans, which The New York Times listed among New and Noteworthy books in 2018. Cohen animated episodes of "Troubles the Cat" for The Cartoon Network and Children's Television Network. He also animated short films for children which aired on HBO and designed openers for the French TF!  He has illustrated children's books for a wide-ranging of publishing companies, including Marshall Cavendish, Viking, GP Putnam, Zanner-Bloser, Houghton Mifflin, Warner, Golden Books, Zondervon, Chronicle, and Skypony. Among the Blue Apple  children's books that he illustrated is "This is Passover".

Cohen has directed film animation for the Ink Tank, including: "Troubles the Cat" shorts for the Cartoon Network and Sesame Workshop; segments for HBO specials; bumpers for TELE-TV; and spots for The Long Island Savings Bank and Toys R' Us.  He has also created three 15-second segments for Sesame Street. He designed the original Comedy Central logo. His graphic novel "The Fifth Name" received a grant from the Xeric Foundation.

In 2014 he finished his Exvida Project,  made of 1150 oil paintings telling his life in an ex-voto style.

He has been the artistic director the Day of the Dead Parade for the Jersey City since 2014.

External links
Official website
Santiago Cohen at www.exvida.com

References

American graphic designers
American children's book illustrators
Living people
1954 births
Mexican artists
Mexican comics artists
Mexican illustrators
American animators
American artists
American comics artists
American illustrators
Hispanic and Latino American artists

Santiago Cohen


Uromyces viciae-fabae var. viciae-fabae is a plant pathogen commonly known as faba-bean rust. The rust is distinguished by the typical rust-like marks on the stem and leaves, causing defoliation and loss of photosynthetic surface along with reduction in yield. The disease is fungal and is autoecious meaning it has one plant host. The rust of faba beans is macrocyclic, or contains 5 spores during its life cycle.

Disease cycle
Faba bean rust has a complex lifecycle containing three different stages. Each stage of the cycle has different symptoms. Faba bean rust grows best in July and August as the weather in these months is most fit. The required environment for infection after spores land on a plant consists of rainfall or dew. Also, weather that is humid and warm promotes the spread. Spores can be spread by wind to other plants. An important factor in development of rust epidemics is the infection of volunteer faba bean plants. The disease cycle is as follows: the overwintering diploid teliospores germinate in the spring with metabasidium forming four haploid basidiospores of two mating types, types (+) and (-) are formed. Next haploid pycniospores are exchanged between pycnidia of different mating types on the upper leaf surface.

Symptoms
General symptoms that one can notice while looking at the leaves of a faba bean plant that has this rust disease are that the leaves will have numerous small, orange/brown pustules. These pustules are surrounded by a light yellow halo. The yellow halo is where the plant has blocked the spread of the fungus to healthy cells. The plant does this by killing the diseased plant cells forming the halo. Disease progression can cause leaves to wither and fall off of the plant. The stems of the bean plant are also affected by the rust and show symptoms of the rust pustules but are often bigger than those that are found on the leaf surface.

The various stages of Faba bean rust and its different symptoms are as stated:

Aceal symptoms
Pustules develop on the leaves early in the season appearing as small creamy yellow spots. The spores produced in the pustules are aeciospores and spread the disease throughout the plant by wind. When these spores are released they are deposited as yellow powder. The aeciospores are found in chains of 7-8 spores and are sessile.

Uredinial symptoms
Orange-brown pustules with a pale halo on leaves and stems replaces the aecia. These pustules will leave a rusty deposit if touched and they contain a large number of urediospores that spread the rust.

Telial stage symptoms
In the late season, pustules that are a black-brown color are produced and are surrounded by the same pale halo on the stems and leaves. This is the resting stage that survives over summer and these pustules contain the teliospores. These teliospores are produced in the aecial or uredial pustules.  These spores are the resting spores of the rust disease. Teliospores are resistant to harsh weather and stick to the underside of the leaves which helps for overwintering. They are also thicker spores measuring about 90 pm making them sturdy to the weather.

Management
There are various ways to manage the disease Uromyces viciae-fabae var. viciae-fabae, however because the spores of the fungus can travel long distances to infect a new crop prevention can be difficult. First, using clean seed to plant the beans is best to prevent the spread of the pathogen. Using contaminated seeds from plots where the disease was is an easy way to spread the disease to other locations. Secondly, spores that land on volunteer plants, which are plants that grow on their own from seeds floating by wind or birds, can be spread long distances by wind increasing the spread of the disease. These volunteer plants should be controlled early in the season often by the use of herbicides to kill the faba bean plant completely. Another way to control disease is to rotate crops; crops should be rotated about 500 meters from where the faba beans were last planted as a preventative measure. Since they are host specific if there are still spores present in that area they will not be able to infect the new crop planted.  Resistance is another control method. Resistance is the most desired means of rust control. Planting a variety that is resistant to rust is helpful in preventing disease. Foliar fungicides are another way of control; recommended fungicides need to be applied before severe symptoms are seen.

References

External links
Index Fungorum
USDA ARS Fungal Database
Review of Literature

Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
Pulse crop diseases
viciae-fabae var. viciae-fabae
Taxa named by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon
Fungi described in 1794

Uromyces viciae-fabae var. viciae-fabae


Rick "Rico" Roberts (born December 8, 1967 in Vancouver, British Columbia) is a former field hockey defender from Canada.

Roberts started playing hockey in Victoria at age thirteen. He is married to former Women's National Team player Lisa Faust. Also commonly referred to as "The Hammer". He cowrote "The Goose is in Malaysia" theme song of the Men's National Team at the 1998 Commonwealth Games with David Yule.

Roberts is currently a teacher at St. Georges Senior School in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. He teaches English and coaches the school's field hockey team. "Hammer" Rico is also an accomplished 12-stringer guitar player and singer.

International senior competitions
 1989 – International Student Games, Sheffield
 1993 – World Cup Qualifier, Poznan (7th)
 1995 – Pan American Games, Mar del Plata (2nd)
 1996 – Olympic Qualifier, Barcelona (6th)
 1996 – World Cup Preliminary, Sardinia (2nd)
 1997 – World Cup Qualifier, Kuala Lumpur (5th)
 1998 – World Cup, Utrecht (8th)
 1998 – Commonwealth Games, Kuala Lumpur (not ranked)
 1999 – Sultan Azlan Shah Cup, Kuala Lumpur (4th)
 1999 – Pan American Games, Winnipeg (1st)
 2000 – Americas Cup, Cuba (2nd)
 2000 – Sultan Azlan Shah Cup, Kuala Lumpur (7th)
 2000 – Olympic Games, Sydney (10th)
 2001 – World Cup Qualifier, Edinburgh (8th)
 2002 – Commonwealth Games, Manchester (6th)

References
 Profile at Field Hockey Canada. Retrieved 25.10.2012

1967 births
Living people
Field hockey players from Vancouver
Canadian male field hockey players
Field hockey players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic field hockey players for Canada
Pan American Games gold medalists for Canada
Pan American Games silver medalists for Canada
Pan American Games medalists in field hockey
1998 Men's Hockey World Cup players
Male field hockey defenders
Field hockey players at the 1995 Pan American Games
Field hockey players at the 1999 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1995 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1999 Pan American Games
Field hockey players at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Field hockey players at the 2002 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games competitors for Canada

Rick Roberts (field hockey)


Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Julian Tolver Paget, 4th Baronet,  (11 July 1921 – 25 September 2016) was a British army officer and military historian who was the author of many books.

Early life
He was born in London and was the eldest son of General Sir Bernard Paget. He was educated at Radley College, Oxfordshire and read medicine at Christ Church College, University of Oxford.

Military career
Paget was commissioned into the Coldstream Guards in March 1940 and from August 1942 served with the 5th Battalion, Coldstream Guards, part of the Guards Armoured Division. He served in NW Europe during the Second World War, including in the battle for Normandy, in the Liberation of Brussels and in the attempt to reach the British 1st Airborne Division at Arnhem in September 1944.  At the end of the War he was at Cuxhaven, northern Germany. His younger brother Lieutenant Tony Paget DSO served with the 1st Battalion, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry (the 43rd) and was killed during the Battle of the Reichswald in March 1945.

Following the Second World War he served in Palestine with 3rd Battalion Coldstream Guards. He attended the Staff College, Camberley in 1950.  He also served at the Pentagon, in Washington DC and in Aden. Paget was promoted to lieutenant colonel and commanded the 2nd Battalion, Coldstream Guards in Kenya from 1960 to 1962, taking large parties of guardsmen up Mount Kilimanjaro, Mount Kenya and Kaiser Wilhelm's Peak.    He commanded the Queen's Birthday Parade in June 1962, before being posted as the head of the security secretariat at Aden.  In 1967 he published his account of the fighting Counter-Insurgency campaigning in both Britain and America.  When he retired from the Army in 1969, Last Post Aden, 1964-7 described the campaign and withdrawal from the former British colony.

Military historian

Paget joined a Public relations consultancy on leaving the army, and settled down to write more military history.  In 1971 he was appointed editor of The Guards Magazine, where he worked until 1993.  Works followed in rapid succession:  The Story of the Guards (1976), The Pageantry of Britain (1979), and Wellington's Peninsula War (1990) a huge work that took years of research and study to complete, which was shortly followed by a history of the greatest battle, Hougoument: The Key to Victory at Waterloo (1992). He edited Second to None The History of the Coldstream Guards (1650-2000) (2000) and his final book was a biography of his father: The Crusading General: The Life of General Sir Bernard Paget GCB DSO MC (2008), commander of Home Forces solely responsible to Churchill for the defence of Britain during the dark days of 1940.

He led battlefield tours specialising in the Battle of Waterloo, the Peninsula War, the Crimean War and the Gallipoli Campaign.

He was a Gentleman Usher to the Queen from 1971 to 1991. Paget was chief usher at the wedding of the Prince of Wales in 1981 and also at the wedding of the Duke of York in 1986. He inherited the title 4th Baronet from his Uncle Sir James Paget, 3rd Baronet in 1972 and was appointed CVO in 1984.  For many years he was involved with the Paget Association, who research Paget's disease, discovered by his famous ancestor James Paget.   Aged 92 he was asked to a celebration at James Paget University Hospital in Great Yarmouth marking the bicentenary of James Paget's birth.  The old soldier died of septicaemia at the age of 95.

He had married in 1954, an American Diana Frances, daughter of Frederick Farmer, whom he met while working in the Pentagon.  They had a son and a daughter.  They lived in Lymington, Hampshire, before Diana died in 2004.  Daughter, Olivia had a distinguished career at the Foreign Office before retiring in 2016.  He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his son Sir Henry Paget, 5th Baronet, a merchant banker with St James's Place, wealth management company.

References

1921 births
2016 deaths
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford

British Army personnel of World War II
British military historians
British military personnel of the Palestine Emergency
Coldstream Guards officers
Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order
Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley
Military personnel from London
Julian
People educated at Radley College

Julian Paget


Normanton is an inner city suburb and ward of the city of Derby in Derbyshire, England, situated approximately  south of the city centre. Neighbouring suburbs include Littleover, Pear Tree, Rose Hill and Sunny Hill. The original village of Normanton-by-Derby, which now forms the southern part of the suburb, dates back to the medieval period. As the Normanton area became rapidly urbanised in the 19th century, the New Normanton area to the north was developed for housing, linking the old village to Derby, into which it was eventually absorbed. The area is characterised by high density late 19th century terraced housing in New Normanton and mid-20th century housing estates elsewhere, and has the most ethnically diverse population in Derby. The Normanton ward had a population of 17,071 in 2011.

History
 The modern suburb grew from an ancient village, formerly known as Normanton-by-Derby. The area is thought to have been the site of one of the major Viking settlements in the Derby area, hence the original name, Normanestune, which means Norseman's settlement. Normanestune is mentioned twice in the Domesday Book, once recording the lands of the King and again for land belonging to Henry de Ferrers when it was valued at ten shillings.

The location of the original village lies just south of the modern ring road, its main thoroughfare commemorated by the present day Village Street. St Giles' Parish Church stands on Village Street, atop a slight hill, and its spire can be seen across most of the district. In the 1740s the Dixie family had Normanton Hall built; this was later used as a school building in the 20th century.

The portion of the district to the north of the ring road is called New Normanton. The area began to urbanise rapidly in the mid 19th century, Normanton eventually being absorbed by the expansion of Derby's boundaries up to the 1930s. Much of the housing stock in the area is typical Victorian brick terracing.

Government
Normanton is one of the seventeen wards which make up Derby, and as such elects three councillors to Derby City Council. As of the 2015 local elections, all three councillors for the area represent the Labour Party. Some parts of Normanton fall outside the ward boundaries; for example Normanton Road and much of New Normanton are in the Arboretum ward, while the area around Carlton Road is in Abbey ward. The ward forms part of the Derby South constituency of the United Kingdom parliament. Prior to Brexit in 2020, it was part of the East Midlands constituency of the European Parliament.

Normanton was formerly a civil parish within Shardlow Rural District before being absorbed by the then county borough of Derby. The New Normanton part of the parish (roughly the area north of the modern inner ring road) was annexed by the town in 1901. The parish was finally abolished in 1928, most of the remainder becoming part of Derby, with some areas transferring to the adjacent parishes of Littleover and Sinfin Moor.

Demographics
According to the 2011 Census, the Normanton ward had a population of 17,071. This was a 26.4% increase on the 2001 Census figure of 13,506.

The area has a high ethnic minority population, with the largest concentration of Derby's British Asian community. In 2011, 67% of the population was estimated to be non-White British, compared to a figure of 25% for the whole of Derby. Around 43% of the ward population is from an Asian background, with the largest minority community being British Pakistanis at 27% of the total population. The neighbouring Arboretum ward, which includes parts of Normanton, has very similar figures, and is also 67% non-White British, including 41% of Asian origin, of which 31% are Pakistani British.The area has also had a large influx of eastern europeans settle in the area.

Religion

Normanton has a wide number of places of worship, including the Guru Arjan Dev Gurdwara on Stanhope Street, the Singh Sabha Gurdwara on Prince's Street, the Ramgarhia Gurdwara on St. James's Street and the Guru Ravidass Gurdwara on Duncan Road. There are also many mosques in Normanton such as Masjid Assalaam on Pear Tree Road, Masjid Ahl-e-Hadith on Hastings Street, Masjid-e-Khulafa-e-Rashedeen on Cameron Road, Derby Jamia Mosque on Rosehill Street and Dairy House Road, and Masjid Al-Farooq on Mill Hill Lane.  There is also a Hindu temple on Pear Tree Road.
There are various Christian churches meeting in the area, from mainstream Anglican and Roman Catholic congregations to free churches and newer house churches. There is a Polish church off St Chad's Road, a Ukrainian church off Dairy House Road, and a Serbian church off Dale Road.

The local Sikh community organise an annual Vaisakhi parade around Normanton from the gurdwara. The 2012 event attracted between ten and fifteen thousand people.

Landmarks
A prominent local landmark was once the Normanton Barracks, headquarters of the Sherwood Foresters regiment. The perimeter of the Barracks comprised an imposing and substantial 4-metre high red brick wall with the barrack's internal buildings only just visible from atop a double decker 88 Sinfin to Derby bus. Most of the wall, and many buildings, remained when the site was quit by the army and became a small industrial estate in the mid 1960s. It was all, however, demolished in 1981, and the site is now the Foresters Leisure Park, including the Showcase cinema, some fast food restaurants, a bingo hall, and a bowling alley. At the north west corner of the original Barracks site is now the Oast House pub, a distinctive modern building which is, as the name suggests, in the style of a traditional English oast house a type of structure totally incongruous to this part of the country. Just along the ring road on Village Street is the church that served the Garrison, St Giles', where there are numerous memorials to the Sherwood Foresters.
For quite some time after the MOD left the Barracks and before the site was developed the premises were used by a variety of small businesses including small engineering firms, repair, and vehicle spray shops along with storage facilities. The parade ground remained a revered focal point during that time.

A former landmark in the Normanton area was the church on St Chad's Road; however, this was demolished in the mid-1990s and the area is now used as a playing field for children attending St Chad's School. There is now a 'Faith Centre' next to the playing field.

Community facilities

The area's main public recreational facility is Normanton Park; it was opened in 1909, as recorded on the café clock tower. The park links the old village of Normanton and the modern New Normanton area. Facilities include a children's play area and a community building. Sunny Hill Recreation Ground and Sherwood Recreation Ground are also situated in Normanton ward. Other parks located outside the ward, but serving the Normanton area, include Derby Arboretum in Rose Hill and Sunnydale Park in Littleover.

Education
Three primary schools are located in the Normanton ward: Dale Community Primary, Hardwick Primary and Village Primary. Other nearby primary schools whose catchment areas cover parts of Normanton include Arboretum, Pear Tree, St. Chad's and St. James'. There are no secondary schools within the area, which is covered by the catchment areas for the Bemrose School, the City of Derby Academy, Derby Moor Community Sports College and Littleover Community School.

Sport
The Derbyshire Tennis Centre is adjacent to Normanton Park.

The Baseball Ground was built in the northern part of Normanton in 1890, first being the home of Derby Baseball Club until they were disbanded in 1898. It remained open for the next 105 years, however, as Derby County Football Club had played football matches there since 1895 and despite the relocation of the first team to the new Pride Park Stadium in 1997, it remained in use until May 2003 for the club's reserve and youth sides. The stadium was demolished that autumn and the site has since been redeveloped for housing.

Notable people
Politician Albert Stanley was born in New Normanton in 1874. His family emigrated to the United States in 1880, but he later returned to the United Kingdom, becoming a member of parliament, cabinet minister and Chair of London Underground. Research Scientist and Member of Parliament Ashok Kumar was born in India, moving to Normanton as a child, where he lived on Silver Hill Road.

Footballer Tony Hateley grew up in the area, attending Normanton Junior School and playing for local team Normanton Sports before going on to a professional career with Notts County, Aston Villa and others.

See also
Listed buildings in Normanton, Derby

References

External links

Areas of Derby
Former civil parishes in Derbyshire
Wards of Derby

Normanton, Derby


The Australian men's para ice hockey team (also known as Aussie Ice Roos) is the ice sledge hockey team representing Australia.  The team will make it's debut at the 2018 World Para Ice Hockey Championships in Pool C in Finland.

Roster

2018 World Championships Roster
Team Members - Darren Belling (QLD), Joe Chivers (Tas), Geoff Cook (QLD), Marty Jackson (Vic), Tao Joos (NSW), Tomas Klein (Vic), Jarred Liddicoat (QLD), Ziggy Markovic (Vic), Xavier Player (Vic), Jason Sauer (QLD), Bill Siegloff (Vic) - Management - Andrew McDowell (Chef de Mission), Emma Poynton (General Manager), Gary Farmer (Head Coach), Ben Stadtmiller (Assistant Coach)

Related pages
Australia men's national ice hockey team

References

Ice hockey

Australia men's national para ice hockey team


Ernest Steward BSC (11 September 1910 or 8 January 1914 – 8 April 1990) was a British cinematographer.

Born in London, England, he began his career – as with most cinematographers of his era – as a camera operator. His early credits in this field included Great Expectations (1946) and London Belongs to Me (1948).

As Director of Photography, he filmed mostly light-hearted comedies. He made several for producer Betty Box, including the Doctor films, based on the books by Richard Gordon, A Tale of Two Cities (1958) and The 39 Steps (1959). He was cinematographer for the Carry On comedy series, beginning with Carry On Sergeant in 1958, eventually alternating with Alan Hume as regular DoP. Between 1950 and 1971 he was the cinematographer on practically all the films directed by Ralph Thomas, a total of 32 productions, and others, too, such as House of Mystery (1961), and Seven Keys (1962).

Steward also worked on TV, on such series as The Human Jungle, The Avengers, The New Avengers and The Professionals.

References

External links

 Interview British Entertainment History Project

1990 deaths
British cinematographers
Year of birth uncertain

Ernest Steward


Martha's Vineyard Magazine is a regional magazine covering Martha's Vineyard island. The magazine was founded by William Waterway Marks in 1985, who sold it to Vineyard Gazette, Inc. in 1990.

About the magazine

Published in eight editions per year, Martha's Vineyard Magazine features in-depth articles on a range of island-related topics including local events, cuisine, music and the arts, gardening, interiors, personalities and traditions.

Martha's Vineyard Magazine was honored as a finalist for the 2010 National City and Regional Magazine Awards in three categories: General Excellence, Ancillary Publications for their Home & Garden magazine, and Leisure/Lifestyle Interests for their series on wild edibles.

It is a member of the City and Regional Magazine Association (CRMA).

Best of the Vineyard

Best of the Vineyard is a contest held annually by the magazine in which readers vote for island businesses which "are the very best at what they do."

The award is given in a variety of categories that range from necessity to luxury. Past categories include best summer event, chowder, caterer, place to get a vegetarian meal, bar/pub, yoga class, landscape company, person you'd most like to have lunch with and many more.

Many island businesses feature their selection as "Best of the Vineyard" in their advertising, and often display the framed award as a tribute to their popularity with the island community.

Ancillary publications

Home & Garden is a semiannual publication, detailing many of the Vineyard's fine homes and gardens. These issues come out twice a year, spring and fall.
Island Weddings & Celebrations is an annual publication featuring articles on unique Vineyard weddings as well as information for brides-to-be. This issue comes out in January of each year.

Business relationships
Martha's Vineyard Magazine is owned by Vineyard Gazette Incorporated.

References

Martha's Vineyard Magazine awarded recognition

External links
 Martha's Vineyard Magazine website

Martha's Vineyard

Martha's Vineyard Magazine


MacArthur Park Raceway was a nationally recognized ½-mile paved asphalt two and four-cycle kart racing sprint track with nine turns in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.

It was built in the 1970s as an amusement park and kart racing facility. Since the 1970s, kart racing and superbike racers have used the track for practice and sanctioned national, regional and state-level racing events; the amusement park facility has since closed. The track contains three 'mini-track' configurations that allow flexibility for numerous types of kart racing, including oval track and sprint racing.

The MacArthur Park Raceway was the official venue of the 2005 Karting Regionals. In 2006 and 2007, the MacArthur Park Raceway was host to the Oklahoma SuperBikers races. Although the track is known for having a rough surface, it is appreciated for its ability to let most any rubber compound grip its asphalt surface. The track operates by announcement and practice is generally conducted 'rain or shine'. In 2007, the Oklahoma ice storms in December forced a 'no-takers' day when not one person ran a kart or cycle on the track as a result of freezing rain, which actually sealed vehicle doors shut with thick clear ice. Weather is almost never a nixer at MacArthur Park Raceway.

 the raceway is closed; no current information is available on the web.

References
OFFICIAL SITE - Macarthur Park Raceway
OKC Kart Club 2006 schedule, Kartweb.com
United States Kart & Quarter Midget Tracks, Speedwaysonline.com
eKartingNews.com
KAM Southern Regional sprint series announced, News Brief, eKMI.com (2001-03-20)
Track Data, Kartweb.com
Kart racing, funinoklahoma.com
Kid Zone, funinoklahoma.com
MacArthur Park Raceway, funinoklahoma.com
MacArthur Park Raceway 2007 Season Schedule, oklahomasuperbikers.com.
MacArthur Raceway track map, www.macarthurraceway.com
Speed-Tribe, Defunct Forum for Speedtribe, a motorcycle club in Oklahoma

Motorsport venues in Oklahoma
Buildings and structures in Oklahoma City
Tourist attractions in Oklahoma City
1970s establishments in Oklahoma

MacArthur Park Raceway


Hypomania is a condition similar to mania but less severe. The symptoms are similar with elevated mood, increased activity, decreased need for sleep, grandiosity, racing thoughts, and the like. However, hypomanic episodes differ in that they do not cause significant distress or impair one's work, family, or social life in an obvious way while manic episodes do.

Hypomanic people tend to be unusually cheerful, have more than ample energy, and need little sleep. Hypomania is a pleasurable state. It may confer a heightened sense of creativity and power. However, hypomania can subtly impair a person's judgment. Too much confidence can hide the consequences of decisions.

Hypomania can be difficult to diagnose because it may seem mere happiness. It is important to diagnose hypomania because, as an expression of bipolar disorder, it can cycle into depression and carry an increased risk of suicide.

Hypomania has a reputation of being difficult to treat. There are anti-psychotics and anti-manic drugs, but above all, a person who shows these symptoms needs specialist attention.

References

Mental illnesses

Hypomania


Isaak Mironovich Kreisberg () was Soviet political figure of Ukraine.

Born in 1898 in Kiev, Kreisberg was taking part in a revolutionary movement since 1912. In 1914 he joined the RSDLP and in 1915 was arrested and given three years of katorga (correctional labor) in arrest-companies of Kiev (released after the February Revolution). In March 1917 Kreisberg was elected to secretary of Kiev committee of RSDLP(b) and in April - June 1917 he was a member of the Southwestern regional committee of RSDLP(b) and executive committee of the Kiev council of workers' deputies.

On October 27, 1917 Kreisberg became a member of the Kiev Revolutionary Committee. Next day he was arrested, but later released. On January 15, 1918 Kreisberg once again became a member of the Kiev Military Revolutionary Committee and participated in fighting against the Ukrainian forces. With establishment of Soviet power in the city, in January - February 1918 he was a people's commissar of Kiev and a deputy of people's secretary of finance. In 1918 Kreisberg participated in underground revolutionary committee of Odessa and one of uprising leaders in Katerynoslav on December 28, 1918. Kreisberg was a member of the central committee of Communist Party (bolsheviks) of Ukraine at the 1st and 2nd party congresses. In January 1919 he participated in the peasant congress of Poltava Governorate, but was arrested by members of White movement faction and shot on January 16, 1919.

External links
Isaak Kreisberg at the Russian Jewish Encyclopedia
Isaak Kreisberg at Poltava city history portal
Isaak Kreisberg at the Great Soviet Encyclopedia

1898 births
1919 deaths
Bolsheviks
Executed Ukrainian people
People executed by Russia by firearm
Politicians from Kyiv
Ukrainian Jews
Ukrainian revolutionaries

Isaak Kreisberg


is a series of role-playing video games created by Yoshitaka Murayama. The games are loosely based on the classical Chinese novel Water Margin, whose title is rendered as  in Japanese. Each individual game centers on themes of politics, corruption, revolution, mystical crystals known as True Runes, and the "108 Stars of Destiny"—the 108 protagonists who are loosely interpreted from the source material.

Although the events of the games are not chronological, the entire series (except for Tierkreis and Tsumugareshi Hyakunen no Toki) takes place within the same world, among continuing and overlapping histories. In some cases, several characters appear in multiple installments.

A high-definition remaster of the first two games under the title Suikoden I & II HD Remaster: Gate Rune and Dunan Unification Wars and a spiritual successor to the series entitled Eiyuden Chronicle: Hundred Heroes are set to release in 2024.

Games

Main series

Spin-offs

Compilations

Elements

Gameplay
In the Suikoden series, the player takes control of a battle party having a maximum of six people (consisting of the protagonist and 5 other characters), Suikoden IV, however, reduces the party to four fighters and one support. The goal of the game is for the protagonist to defeat the opponents who are trying to oppose his/her team. This becomes possible as every game in the series revolves around the recruitment of the 108 Stars of Destiny; wherein the fighter characters recruited from the bunch can be used as members for the battle party; every games in the series haves their respective Stars of Destiny. The series practically makes use of running around towns on different islands and into dungeons filled with monsters or enemies. A base or headquarters will also be obtained by the player which is usually abandoned, monster-infested castles which turns into bustling communities when captured.

Battle modes
The most typical form of battle in the series is the turn-based battle wherein the 6-man team faces the opponents. However, it is not the sole form of battle featured in the games. There are 3 different types of battle present which recurs and have been accustomed to every game. They are: 'Basic Battle', 'One-on-one Duel' and 'Strategic War Battle'.

 Basic Battle: It is the most common form of battle. It is when the protagonist's 6-man team will have to battle out. This mode allows the player to control the 6 party members with different commands such as the 'Fight' where the player designates the action he/she wants the characters to perform, 'Run' to escape, 'Bribe' to use the party's money called Potch to bribe the enemy for escape and the 'Auto' command in which the game automatically designates the 'Attack' command for every character.
 One-on-one Duel: A battle where only a single character fights and happens only in special events. It is a turn-based duel in which the player chooses command to attack (instead of manually controlled fighting). Duels in the series is typically not time-based except Suikoden V wherein choosing a command is timed for 3 seconds. Duels are usually accompanied by dialogue exchange between the player and the enemy, with the dialogue giving clues to what command the enemy will choose next (Essentially rock, paper scissors with the enemy commentary telling the player which they chose).
 Strategic War Battle: A turn-based strategic battle between the protagonist's side and the enemy. In more accurate terms, this is a battle between armies of the protagonist and the enemy. The protagonist's army is made up of many units which could be organized by the player however he/she desires. Every game in the series has different forms of war battles most notably in Suikoden IV, where the battles are done in the sea. Suikoden V however, is the first game to make use of real-time strategy.

Development
The Suikoden series was created, written, produced, and overseen by Yoshitaka Murayama, who left Konami near the end of Suikoden III'''s development. Noritada Matsukawa took over as Senior Director of Suikoden III following Murayama's departure. Suikoden IV was directed by Matsukawa as well but was produced by Junko Kawano, who was the chief designer in Suikoden I. Suikoden V was directed by Takahiro Sakiyama, a relative newcomer to RPGs.

 Future
In an interview conducted by Japanese website 4gamers.net regarding the RPG Frontier Gate, Konami developers revealed that the Suikoden development team has been disbanded with members scattered about teams within Konami and elsewhere. This led to speculation that the franchise had indeed been abandoned following disappointing sales of the latest entries in the series.

Despite these rumours, Konami presented a trailer for a new Suikoden game on Tokyo Game Show 2011: Genso Suikoden: The Woven Web of a Century (Genso Suikoden Tsumugareshi Hyakunen no Toki). It came out in Japan for PSP on 12 February 2012 to generally lackluster reviews.

According to an article published by The Nikkei in 2015, development on the series has been halted.

In 2020, one of Suikodens development crew left Konami and named a new studio called Rabbit & Bear, founded by some of the key creative minds behind the classic PlayStation-era roleplaying series, including Yoshitaka Murayama, director and writer on the first two Suikoden games, and the creative team also includes Junko Kawano, the lead artist on Suikoden 1 and 4; Junichi Murakami, art director on Castlevania: Aria of Sorrow; Suikoden Tactics director Osamu Komuta; and composers Motoi Sakuraba and Michiko Naruke. Murayama directed to a Suikoden follow-up game called Eiyuden Chronicle: Hundred Heroes, slated to release worldwide on 2023.

 World, setting, and concepts
Essentially, each game follows the plot formula of a coup d'état by corrupt power holder(s) and the protagonist is an exile from his/her home. The plot also follows the disastrous misuse of the "True Runes" while the hero struggles, despite overwhelming odds, to bring peace to the land alongside his/her friends, and the climactic showdown with the corrupted True Rune incarnation.

 The 27 True Runes
The 27 True Runes are powerful sources of all magic and primal forces in the world of Suikoden. Wholly sentient and possessing their own will, the True Runes hold immeasurable power, and are the equivalents of gods in the Suikoden world. Many wars have been fought over them in the past, some instigated by the will of the runes themselves. True Runes are often sought by the powerful and influential due to their shared property of granting immortality to those who will bear them. All bearers of True Runes stop aging and become immune to disease and all other natural causes of death, though they can still die from physical trauma such as accidents or murder.

The True Runes often attach themselves to living beings. Doing so gives the True Rune holder great power over the aspect of nature the Rune governs, as well as immortality so long as they bear the Rune. Bearing a True Rune can also have negative consequences, as in the case of the bearer of the Moon Rune being transformed into a vampire. A True Rune can also take the shape of a physical object, as is the case with the Star Dragon Sword being a manifestation of the Night Rune. They can also incarnate themselves unattached from a host, as the Beast Rune did during the Highland-Jowston conflict, self-activating and then feeding of its own will.Origin of True Runes and the Creation of the Suikoden UniverseThe story of the creation of the Suikoden universe can be found in books discovered in most games. The story from "Old Book Vol.1" from Suikoden I reads:Known True Runes'Gate RuneGoverns the connection between worlds
Split between the Front and Back halves; Front Gate Rune formerly held by Windy, the Back Gate Rune held by Leknaat (Suikoden I, II, III, IV, V)
The Blue/Pale Gate Rune is derived from this rune
Rune of Life and Death (also known as the Soul Eater)
Represents life and death, and grants the bearer power over them
Considered a cursed rune, it steers the fates of those near the rune bearer to their deaths
Held by Ted, Ted's grandfather, and the first Hero (Suikoden I, II, and IV)
The Darkness rune is derived from this rune
Rune of the Beginning
Represents the conflict between the brothers "Sword" and "Shield" at the creation of the Suikoden universe; governs war and conflict
Almost always exists split into two aspects: the Bright Shield Rune and Black Sword Rune, and the bearers of each rune are destined to fight each other (Suikoden II)
Held by Genkaku and Han Cunningham during the first Highland-Jowston conflict, later held by the second Hero and Jowy (Suikoden II)
The Shield rune is derived from the Bright Shield Rune
Rune of Punishment
Governs atonement and forgiveness
Considered a cursed rune, use of its power drains the rune bearer of life force, and bearers of the rune tend to have short lives
Held by the Queen of Obel, Graham Cray and his son, Rakgi's father, Steele, Brandeau, Glen Cott, and the Hero (Suikoden IV)
True Elemental Runes (Fire, Water, Earth, Wind, and Lightning)
Govern the five fundamental elements of the Suikoden universe; each rune grants the bearer great power over that element
All elemental runes are derived from these True Runes
True Fire Rune - held by the Flame Champion, and later either Hugo, Chris Lightfellow, or Geddoe (Suikoden III)
True Water Rune - held by Wyatt Lightfellow, and later either Chris Lightfellow or Hugo (Suikoden III)
True Earth Rune - held by Bishop Sasarai of Harmonia (Suikoden II and III)
True Wind Rune - held by Luc (Suikoden II and III)
True Lightning Rune - held by Geddoe or Hugo (Suikoden III)
Sun Rune
Governs the power of light
While the rune can be borne by a person, it drives its bearer insane and is typically kept sealed away
Two child runes, the Twilight Rune and Dawn Rune, were created from the separation of the Sun Rune and the Night Rune and govern the Sun Rune's power
A treasure of the Queendom of Falena, the Sun Rune was formerly held by Queen Arshtat Falenas
The Dawn Rune is held by the Prince, and the Twilight Rune is held by Alenia, Sialeeds, and Lyon (Suikoden V)
Sovereign Rune
Represents authority and the power to rule; grants bearer immunity from all other runes
Held by Emperor Barbarossa of the Scarlet Moon Empire (Suikoden I)
Hachifusa (Eight-Fold) Rune
Held by Yuber (never featured in a game; Yuber's Eight-Devil Rune in Suikoden III is assumed to be related to it)
Circle Rune
Represents order, harmony, and stagnation
Held by Harmonia's leader, High Priest Hikusaak (never featured in a game)
Rune of Change
Governs change
Speculated to be held by the leader of the ancient nomadic Sindar people (never featured in a game)
Moon Rune
Represents compassion and destruction
Transforms the rune bearer into a vampire
Held by Neclord, and then Sierra Mikain (Suikoden I, II)
Night Rune
Represents night and darkness, and is the opposite of the Sun Rune; originally born joined with the Sun Rune, it but it took the form of a sword and separated itself
Incarnated as the Star Dragon Sword (Zodiac Sword), which is wielded by Viktor during Suikoden I and II, and Edge in Suikoden III
Grants the wielder the power over "creatures of the night" such as vampires
Its child rune, the Star Rune, is held by Zerase (Suikoden V)
Beast Rune
Represents rage, passion, and bloodlust
Sealed in the capital of Highland, L'Renouille Palace (Suikoden II)
Dragon Rune
Governs dragons, and is the source of dragons in the Suikoden universe
Grants the bearer the ability to command dragons
Held by Joshua Levenheit, and later Milia, as leaders of the Dragon Knights

The 108 Stars of Destiny

A concept borrowed from the Chinese novel Shui Hu Zhuan, each Suikoden game has featured 108 characters who band together to ward off a threat. In each main Suikoden game (excluding the Suikogaiden games and Suikoden Tactics), there are 108 notable characters, all of which are recruitable except for in Suikoden III, where several of the stars of destiny were the antagonist characters. While recruiting all of the Stars of Destiny is not a requirement to finishing the game, recruiting all of them gives certain bonuses that affect the story of the game.

Geography
The Suikoden series is set in a world with many countries. The political geography has changed over the series chronology; while the most recent game in the setting is Suikoden V, chronologically, Suikoden IV is the earliest game while Suikoden III occurs latest within the time span of the series.

Suikoden, Suikoden II and Suikoden III are set on the Northern Continent, a land mass composed of several regions. Suikoden takes place in the Scarlet Moon Empire, which is located on southeastern coast of the Northern Continent, and is composed primarily of the Toran region, with Lake Toran at its centre. Notable locations in this area include Gregminister, the empire's capital situated in Arlus, the Warrior's Village in the Lorimar region, and the Great Forest. At the end of Suikoden, the empire is replaced by the Toran Republic.

Suikoden II is set in the Dunan region, north-west of the Toran Republic, and initially comprises the Highland Kingdom in the east and the Jowston City-States, a confederation of politically autonomous states, in the west. Significant locations in Jowston include the cities-states of South Window, Greenhill, Muse, and Two River, and the Knightdom of Matilda. Following the Dunan Unification War, the Highland Kingdom falls and it, along with the Jowston City-States unite to form the Dunan Republic. The Tinto region lying in the west, separated from Dunan by mountains, chooses to remain politically independent and becomes the Tinto Republic.

Sharing Dunan's western border and north of Tinto are the Grasslands, which stretch from the centre of the Northern Continent to a small portion of the continent's west coast. The area is composed of the six clans: the Lizard, Duck, Karaya, Chisha, Safir, and the Alma Kinan. Directly west of the Grasslands and bordered in the east by Tinto is the Zexen Confederacy, located on the west coast of the Northern Continent and historically an offshoot of the Grasslands. Important locations include the Zexen capital Vinay del Zexay and Budehuc Castle, which lies close to the Grasslands border in northwest Zexen. The primary conflict of Suikoden III occurs in these areas. The northwestern portion of the continent, due north of the Grasslands and Zexen, is the Knightdom of Camaro and the surrounding Nameless Lands.

The largest country in the north is the Holy Kingdom of Harmonia, located in the northeastern portion of the continent. Since its establishment, it has assimilated various neighbouring countries, such as Sanadia, as well as a portion of the Grasslands – the Kanaa clan of the Grasslands became Le Buque under Harmonian rule after the First Fire Bringer War. Notably, the Scarlet Moon Empire originally formed after obtaining political autonomy from Harmonia and taking Harmonia's old capital as its own, renaming it Gregminister, resulting in Harmonia establishing a new capital at the Crystal Valley. Harmonia is also home to the Tower, a location reserved for training and housing members of the Howling Voice Guild.

Other major areas on the Northern Continent include the Kooluk region and Kanakan. The Kooluk region was originally the Kooluk Empire during the course of Suikoden IV and eventually dissolved in Suikoden Tactics to be left as a group of independent settlements. It takes up most of the southern edge of the Northern continent and directly borders the Toran Republic in the east and the Dunan Republic in the north. Off the eastern coast of Toran is the island of Kanakan.

Lying directly south of the Northern Continent is the ocean and several islands, including Obel, Middleport, and Razril. At the end of Suikoden IV, most of these islands are unified to become the Island Nations Federation. The largest island in the area, the Dukedom of Gaien, remains independent. West of Gaien is the island nation of the Kingdom of Zelant.

Due south of the Island Nations is the Southern Continent, a landmass composed primarily of three countries: the Queendom of Falena, and its neighbours, the theocracy of Nagarea in the southwest and the New Armes Kingdom in the southeast. As the setting for Suikoden V, Falena has a large network of rivers and lakes throughout the country and the Ashtwal Mountains in its northern region. Key locations include the cities of Stormfist and Doraat in the west; Rainwall, Estrise, and Sable, located on the Armes border, in the east; Lelcar, Lordlake, and Sauronix in the south; and the Falenan capital, Sol-Falena, and the holy land of Lunas, governed by the Oracle, in the north. Falena has been protected from the militant theocracy Nagarea since the mountain pass between the nations was destroyed, though Armes continues to remain a threat throughout Suikoden V.

Northeast of Falena also appears portion of a landmass of considerable size. West of the Northern and Southern Continents and the Island Nations is a landmass referred to as the Western Continent, of which few details are known. Scattered across the world are mysterious ruins attributed to the lost Sindar race, which is a recurring theme throughout the Suikoden series.

Music collections
The Suikoden games have generally been considered to have soundtracks very well liked by the gaming community, though they have only been released in Japan as of 2007.

A series of arranged soundtracks were released from late 2001–2004. Despite the first being released slightly before Suikoden III and the last at around the same time as Suikoden IV, the music was always taken from music in Suikoden, Suikoden II, Suikoden III, and (rarely) the Suikogaiden side-stories.

 Genso Suikoden Music Collection Produced by Hiroyuki Nanba — a 10-track arrangement released on 29 December 2001. The production and arrangement were both done by Hiroyuki Namba, as the name indicates.
 Genso Suikoden Music Collection Produced by Kentaro Haneda — another 10-track arrangement released on 24 April 2002. Kentarō Haneda was only the producer; the arrangements were done by Kousuke Yamashita, Michiru Oshima, Rie Akagi, Kenji Yamamoto, and Hiroshi Takagi.
 Genso Suikoden Vocal Collection ~La passione commuove la storia~ — a 10-track arrangement released on 3 July 2002. The first piece is an instrumental, but the other tracks all feature vocals. The arrangement was done by Kousuke Yamashita, Hiroshi Takagi, and Megumi Ohashi. Performers included Yuko Imai, Risa Oki, and Yoko Ueno.
 Genso Suikoden Vocal Collection ~Distant Stars, Echoes of Love~ — a 10-track arrangement released on 22 January 2003. The arrangement was once more done by Kousuke Yamashita, Hiroshi Takagi, and Megumi Ohashi. Performers included Sanae Shintani, Yuko Imai, and Tomoko.
 Genso Suikoden Piano Collection ~Avertunerio Antes Lance Mao~ — a 13-track arrangement released on 18 December 2002, arranged by Shusei Murai. Despite the name, these are not piano solos; most include orchestral backup, and some have vocals as well.
 Genso Suikoden Celtic Collection — a 12 track arrangement in the style of celtic music released on 5 March 2003. The arrangements were done by Yoko Ueno, Mina Kubota, Yuko Asai, Shigeyoshi Kawagoe, and "The Rain Book."
 Genso Suikoden Celtic Collection 2 — a 12-track arrangement released on 20 August 2003. Arrangement was done by Yoko Ueno, Yuji Yoshino, Yuko Asai, and Shigeyoshi Kawagoe.
 Genso Suikoden Music Collection ~Asian Collection~ — a 12-track arrangement released on 27 November 2003. It was arranged by Kiyoshi Yoshida, Hidenori Maezawa, Yuko Asai, and Shigeyoshi Kawagoe.
 Genso Suikoden Piano Collection 2 — a 12 track arrangement released on 21 January 2004, arranged by Shusei Murai.
 Genso Suikoden Celtic Collection III — a 13 track arrangement released on 14 April 2004, arranged by Yuji Yoshino.

Publications, adaptations, and other material
Many publications, such as the Suikoden World Guide and Suikoden Encyclopedia, exist for the Suikoden series, though the majority are only in Japanese. Suikoden and Suikoden II have light novel adaptations written by Shinjiro Hori released only in Japan. Suikoden III was adapted into a manga by Aki Shimizu, which was released in English markets by Tokyopop.

Cameos
Tokimeki Memorial: Forever with You (1995) (PlayStation, Sega Saturn, PlayStation Portable)

Mitsumete Knight R (1998) (PlayStation)
The protagonist of Suikoden I is one of the characters in this game.

Konami Wai Wai Sokoban (2006) (mobile phones)
The protagonist of Suikoden I is one of the selectable characters in this game.

Professional Yakyuu Spirits A (2015) (mobile phones)
Tir appear as supportive character.

Super Bomberman R Online (2021)

References

External links
 Official Genso Suikoden site from Konami

Konami franchises
Tokyopop titles
Works based on Water Margin
Video game franchises introduced in 1995
Video games based on Chinese mythology

Suikoden


The Guardians of the Galaxy are a fictional spacefaring superhero team that appear in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning formed the team from existing and previously unrelated characters created by a variety of writers and artists, with an initial roster of Star-Lord, Rocket Raccoon, Quasar, Adam Warlock, Gamora, Drax the Destroyer, and Groot.

These Guardians first appeared in Annihilation: Conquest #6 (April 2008). A feature movie set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe based on this team was released in 2014. A sequel, titled Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, was released in 2017, and the team has also been featured in the crossover movies Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Avengers: Endgame (2019), Thor: Love and Thunder, the Disney+ The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special (both 2022) and the upcoming movie Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 (2023). This Guardians team is the second to operate under the name, following the original team created by Arnold Drake, Roy Thomas and Stan Lee in 1969.

Marvel Comics characters

Guardians of the Galaxy (comics)


A page or page boy is traditionally a young male attendant or servant, but may also have been a messenger in the service of a nobleman.

During wedding ceremonies, a page boy is often used as a symbolic attendant to carry the rings.

Etymology
The origin of the term is uncertain, but it may come either from the Latin pagus (servant), possibly linked to peasant, or an earlier Greek word  (pais = child).

The medieval page

In medieval times, a page was an attendant to a nobleman, a knight, a governor or a castellan. Until the age of about seven, sons of noble families would receive training in manners and basic literacy from their mothers or other female relatives. Upon reaching seven years of age, a boy would be sent to the castle, great house or other estate of another noble family. This would match the age at which apprenticeships or servants' employment would be entered into by young males from lower social classes.

A young boy served as a page for about seven years, running messages, serving, cleaning clothing and weapons, and learning the basics of combat. He might be required to arm or dress the lord to whom he had been sent by his own family. Personal service of this nature was not considered as demeaning, in the context of shared noble status by page and lord. It was seen rather as a form of education in return for labour. While a page did not receive reimbursement other than clothing, accommodation and food, he could be rewarded for an exceptional act of service. In return for his work, the page would receive training in horse-riding, hunting, hawking and combat – the essential skills required of adult men of his rank in medieval society.

Less physical training included schooling in the playing of musical instruments, the composition and singing of songs, and the learning of board games such as chess. The initial education received as a child in reading and writing would be continued to a level of modest competence under the tuition of a chaplain or other cleric, and possibly from a grammar master. They also learned courtly manners and, in attending to the needs of their master, a degree of temporary humility.

Medieval pages might accompany their lords to war. While their roles in battle were generally limited to secondary assistance and minor support functions, pages might expect to participate directly in siege situations. This could occur when a castle was under attack and crossbows were available for use by pages among the defenders. The mechanical and long-range nature of these devices made them almost the only medieval weapon which could be employed effectively by a youth.

At age fourteen, the young noble could graduate to become a squire, and by age 21, perhaps a knight himself. These boys were often the scions of other great families who were sent to learn the ways of the manorial system by observation. Their residence in the house served as a goodwill gesture between the two families involved and helped them gain social and political contacts for their adult lives. A reference to this kind of page is found in the Christmas carol Good King Wenceslaus: "Hither, page, and stand by me, if thou know'st it, telling..."

A page may also have shared the broad designation of quistroun with various lower-status kitchen servants such as scullions or knaves.

The household page
Until the early 20th century, boys of humble background might gain a similar place in a great house. According to the International Butler Academy, these pages were apprentice footmen. Unlike the hall boys, who did heavy work, these pages performed light odd-jobs and stood in attendance wearing livery when guests were being received.

The decorative page

During and following the Renaissance, it became fashionable for black boys and young men to be decorative pages, placed into fancy costumes and attending fashionable ladies and lords. This custom lasted for several centuries and the "African page" became a staple accoutrement of baroque and rococo style.

The character is frequently illustrated in literature and film, particularly periodwork:
In the Grace Kelly film To Catch a Thief, an undercover detective wears the costume of her "African page" to a costume ball.
Valentine Nwanze played an "African page" attending James Graham, Marquess of Montrose in the film Rob Roy.
"Koko", the fictional manservant of an opera diva, is cast as her African page in A Nut at the Opera by Maurice Vellekoop.
Decorative pages feature in a drawing room scene in Persuasion.
In the 2012 historical drama film A Royal Affair, Christian VII has an African page boy named Moranti.

Similarly, Oriental pages were periodically in fashion, e.g. in Napoleonic France since Bonaparte's conquest of Ottoman Egypt.

Modern pages

While the traditional pages are rare in the modern private workforce, US television network NBC's page program is a notable example of contemporary workplace pages.

See also

Page of Honour
Page (assistance occupation)
Slave collar

References

Domestic work
Feudalism
Titles
Gendered occupations

Page (servant)


Caleb Rotheram D.D. (1694–1752) was an English dissenting minister and tutor.

Life
He was born on 7 March 1694 at Great Salkeld, Cumberland. He was educated at the grammar school of Great Blencow, Cumberland, under Anthony Ireland, and prepared for the Presbyterian ministry in the academy of Thomas Dixon at Whitehaven. In 1716 he became minister of the dissenting congregation at Kendal, Westmorland.

After Dixon's death (1729) he took up from 1733 the work of a dissenting academy at Kendal, where he educated about 120 laymen, including Jeremiah Dyson, and fifty-six divinity students, among whom was George Walker. In 1743 he visited Edinburgh, where he was admitted M.A., and gained the degree of D.D. by public disputation on 27 May.

His theology, and that of most of his divinity pupils, was Arian. In 1751 his health failed; leaving his congregation and academy in charge of Richard Simpson, he went to Hexham, Northumberland, to stay with his eldest son, a physician. He died at Hexham on 8 June 1752, and was buried in the south aisle of the abbey church, where was a mural monument to his memory.

Works
Rotheram published 'Dissertatio … de Religionis Christianæ Evidentia,' &c., Edinburgh, 1743.

Family
His second son was in the army. His third son, Caleb (1738–1796), educated at Kendal (the academy ceased in 1753) and Daventry Academy, was ordained minister of Kendal on 21 April 1756; he was a friend and correspondent of Joseph Priestley, and was apparently the first unitarian minister who officiated (1781) in Scotland. His grandson, Edward Rotheram, was a senior officer of the British Royal Navy.

References

Notes

Attribution

1694 births
1752 deaths
English Presbyterian ministers
Dissenting academy tutors
Post-Reformation Arian Christians
People from Great Salkeld
18th-century English Presbyterian ministers

Caleb Rotheram


Stars Go Racing was a six-part reality programme which aired in the summer of 2011 on RTÉ One. Six Irish personalities were shown the business of horse training from six established Irish trainers and then competed against each other at race meetings in Ireland. The final of the competition took place at Leopardstown. The first episode aired on 20 July 2011.
The competition was won by presenter Ella McSweeney.

Competitors

References

2011 Irish television series debuts
Irish reality television series
RTÉ original programming
2011 Irish television series endings

Stars Go Racing


Bryn Celli Ddu is a prehistoric site on the Welsh island of Anglesey near Llanddaniel Fab. Its name means 'the mound in the dark grove'. It was robbed in 1699 and archaeologically dug between 1928 and 1929.

During the Neolithic period a stone circle and henge stood at the site. There were 14 stones in the circle, and the henge was about 30 m in diameter, with a ditch about 5 m across. The ditch was about 2 m deep. There was probably a path or causeway across the ditch to the henge. A small human bone from the ear, covered with a flat stone, was found in an area of burnt material in the centre. The amount of silt in the ditch showed that it had been used for a long time.

The stone circle was pulled down in the early Bronze Age. Five of the stones were removed, two were pushed over, and six were smashed, and one was buried.

A passage grave was built in the centre of the henge. The passage is about 8.5m long and 1 m wide. The burial chamber is about 2 m wide, made from six large upright stones, covered with two capstones. A stone, carved with a twisting, serpent like design was in the burial chamber.  It has been moved to the National Museum of Wales and replaced with a copy standing outside. The earth barrow covering the grave was made in after the 1928 dig; the original was probably much bigger.

In 1906 Norman Lockyer said that Bryn Celli Ddu marked the summer solstice. This was made fun of at the time, but research by Christopher Knight and Robert Lomas in 1997- 98 showed it was true. They also say the site can be used as an agricultural calendar. Steve Burrow, curator of Neolithic archaeology at Amgueddfa Cymru (National Museum of Wales), has more recently supported the case for summer solstice alignment. This alignment links Bryn Celli Ddu to other sites, including Maes Howe and Newgrange, both of which point to the Winter solstice. It has also been suggested that a feature similar to the 'lightbox' at Newgrange may be matched at Bryn Celli Ddu (Pitts, 2006).

A row of five postholes which were thought to have been dug at the same time as the tomb, about 3000 BC, are now known to be much earlier. Early results from radiocarbon tests show that pine charcoal from two of the pits goes back to the Mesolithic (Pitts, 2006).

Two researchers, Rupert Soskin and Michael Bott recently suggested that the pillar standing within the chamber is in fact the petrified remains of a tree trunk. Study of the pillar shows that it looks like the bark of a tree, however what is unknown at the moment, is whether the pillar is indeed petrified wood or natural rock chosen by the tomb builders because of its unusual appearance.

Gallery

References
 Pitts, M. 2006. Sensational new discoveries at Bryn Celli Ddu. British Archaeology No. 89 (July/August): 6.

Other websites
 Pictures and description of Bryn Celli Ddu
 Steve Burrow... says the mound's stone passage points at the midsummer rising sun... The rays light up a quartz-rich stone at the back of the tomb.
 Photos of Bryn Celli Ddu and surrounding area on geograph

Anglesey
4th millennium BC buildings and structures

Bryn Celli Ddu


An Archival Resource Key (ARK) is a multi-purpose URL suited to being a persistent identifier for information objects of any type. It is widely used by libraries, data centers, archives, museums, publishers, and government agencies to provide reliable references to scholarly, scientific, and cultural objects. In 2019 it was registered as a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI).

  The ARK and its inflections ('?' and '??') provide access to three facets of a provider's ability to provide persistence.

Implicit in the design of the ARK scheme is that persistence is purely a matter of service and not a property of a naming syntax.  Moreover, that a "persistent identifier" cannot be born persistent, but an identifier from any scheme may only be proved persistent over time.  The inflections provide information with which to judge an identifier's likelihood of persistence.

History
Throughout the 1990s, the Internet Engineering Task Force and other organizations developed standards for persistent identifiers for web resources, including URN, PURL, Handle, and DOI. In each of these standards, indirect identifiers would resolve to URLs, which themselves changed over time. Many believed that such systems would contribute to the persistence of web resources over time.

In 2001, John Kunze of the University of California and R. P. Channing Rodgers of the United States National Library of Medicine released the first draft of "The ARK Persistent Identifier Scheme," designed in response to the needs of their two organizations, as an IETF working document. In explaining their motivations for creating a new system, Kunze later wrote that "each  system had specific problems." In contrast to the decentralized structure of the web, with many independent publishers, Handle and DOI were related centralized systems which charged for inclusion; they were "antithetical," according to Kunze, "to an implicit principle that Internet standards must not endorse control by any one entity, over access to the networked resources of another entity." URNs were free, but lacked a resolver discovery services, and, wrote Kunze, "it seemed to me that the IETF community lost interest in creating a whole new Internet indirection infrastructure that would add little to existing web and DNS mechanisms, especially in light of the small part that indirection plays in keeping links from breaking."

In contrast to these other systems, the ARK scheme proposed that "persistence is purely a matter of service,… neither inherent in an object nor conferred on it by a particular naming syntax." The most an identifier could do to solve the problem of persistence, then, was to indicate an organization's commitment. Accordingly, in the ARK standard, identifiers would refer not only to a web resource, but also to "a promise of stewardship" and metadata about the resource. If a web server was queried with an ARK, it should return the resource itself or some surrogate for it, such as "a table of contents instead of a large complex document." If a question mark was appended to the ARK, though, it should return a description—metadata—instead, which "must at minimum answer the who, what, when, and why questions concern an expression of the object." (The scheme also included a guide to Electronic Resource Citations, a simple format for structuring this metadata.) If two question marks were appended, the server should return the provider's policies regarding "object persistence, object naming, object fragment addressing, and operational service support."

California Digital Library began using ARKs in 2002, and released the Noid (Nice Opaque IDentifiers) software for managing ARKs and other identifiers in 2004. Other early adopters of ARKs included Portico, the Internet Archive, and the Bibliothèque nationale de France, the first of several francophone institutions to adopt the scheme.

In 2018, the California Digital Library and DuraSpace announced a collaboration, initially named ARKs-in-the-Open and then the ARK Alliance, to build an international community around ARKs and their use in open scholarship. By 2021, over 800 institutions registered to use ARKs.

Structure
 https://NMA/ark:/NAAN/Name[Qualifier]

 NAAN: Name Assigning Authority Number - mandatory unique identifier of the organization that originally named the object
 NMA: Name Mapping Authority - optional and replaceable hostname of an organization that currently provides service for the object
 Qualifier: optional string that extends the base ARK to support access to individual hierarchical subcomponents of an object, and to variants (versions, languages, formats) of components.

A complete NAAN registry is maintained by the ARK Alliance and replicated at the Bibliothèque Nationale de France and the US National Library of Medicine. It contained 530 entries in June 2018, 633 in July 2020, and 754 in April 2021.

Application
ARKs may be assigned to anything digital, physical, or abstract. Below are examples, as reported (2020) to the ARK Alliance by the linked organizations.

 genealogical records (8 billion FamilySearch)
 publisher content (100 million Portico)
 scientific records (22 million INIST)
 scanned texts (20 million Internet Archive)
 bibliographic records (15 million BnF main catalog)
 museum specimens (11 million going on 100 million Smithsonian)
 public health documents, many from legal discovery (15 million UCSF IDL)
 digitized documents and objects (5 million BnF Gallica)
 historical persons, families, and organizations (4 million SNACC)
 finding aids and special collections (4 million Merritt)
 resource maps (1.5 million RMap Hub)
 educational resources (1.1 million University of Utah)
 fine art (483,000 Louvre museum)
 historic maps (334,000 Princeton University Libraries)
 vocabulary terms (9,000 Periodo, YAMZ)

Generic Services
Three generic ARK services have been defined. They are described below in protocol-independent terms. Delivering these services may be implemented through many possible methods given available technology (today's or future).

Access Service (access, location)
Returns (a copy of) the object or a redirect to the same, although a sensible object proxy may be substituted (for instance a table of contents instead of a large document).
May also return a discriminated list of alternate object locators.
If access is denied, returns an explanation of the object's current (perhaps permanent) inaccessibility.

Policy Service (permanence, naming, etc.)
Returns declarations of policy and support commitments for given ARKs.
Declarations are returned in either a structured metadata format or a human readable text format; sometimes one format may serve both purposes.
Policy subareas may be addressed in separate requests, but the following areas should be covered:
object permanence,
object naming,
object fragment addressing, and
operational service support.

Description Service
Returns a description of the object. Descriptions are returned in either a structured metadata format or a human readable text format; sometimes one format may serve both purposes.
A description must at a minimum answer the who, what, when, and where questions concerning an expression of the object.
Standalone descriptions should be accompanied by the modification date and source of the description itself.
May also return discriminated lists of ARKs that are related to the given ARK.

See also
 Persistent identifier
 Digital object identifier (DOI)
 Handle System (Handle)
 Persistent uniform resource locator (PURL)
 Uniform resource name (URN)
 Info URI scheme

Notes and references

External links
 ARK (Archival Resource Key), ARK Alliance
 Towards Electronic Persistence Using ARK Identifiers
 The ARK Identifier Scheme, Internet Engineering Task Force
 The "ark" URI scheme (specification of ARK as URI).
 Name-to-Thing Resolver
 Noid (Nice Opaque Identifiers) open source software
 EZID identifier manager

Electronic documents
Identifiers
Index (publishing)

Archival Resource Key