Paulino Rivero Baute (born 11 February 1952 in El Sauzal, Tenerife, Spain) is a Spanish politician and teacher. A member of the Canarian Coalition, he is the former president of the autonomous community of the Canary Islands.

Biography

Prior to his career in politics, Rivero was a primary school teacher; he received his diploma from the University of La Laguna. In the 1979 regional elections, the first such elections under the Spanish Constitution of 1978, Rivero was elected as the mayor of El Sauzal, a position he held until 1997. Rivero initially represented the Union of the Democratic Centre, but in 1983 he switched to the Agrupación Tinerfeña de Independientes, a group that eventually formed part of the Canarian Coalition.

Rivero was also a member of the Cabildo de Tenerife before moving into national politics in 1996. At the 1996 general election, Rivero was elected to the Congress of Deputies as the representative of the Santa Cruz de Tenerife electoral district - he was subsequently re-elected at the 2000 and 2004 general elections. He chaired the parliamentary committee investigating the 2004 Madrid train bombings.

In February 2007, Rivero was selected as the Canarian Coalition's candidate for President of the Canary Islands at the 2007 regional elections. The coalition received the third-highest share of the vote, 23.36%, but received the second highest number of delegates with 19. Rivero's party formed a coalition with the third-place People's Party, which allowed him to be installed as President on 13 July 2007.

References

1952 births
Living people
People from Tenerife
Presidents of the Canary Islands
Members of the 6th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 7th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 8th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Canarian Coalition politicians
Members of the 7th Parliament of the Canary Islands
Members of the 8th Parliament of the Canary Islands

Paulino Rivero


Doug Larson (February 10, 1926 – April 1, 2017) was a columnist and editor for the Door County Advocate (1953–1964) and wrote a daily column, "Doug's Dugout," for the Green Bay Press-Gazette (1964–1988), both Wisconsin-based newspapers. The column was originally syndicated through United Media under the title "Senator Soaper Says"; Larson took over authorship in 1980. Previously, it had been written by Bill Vaughn of the Kansas City Star. Larson was born in the city of Sturgeon Bay in Door County, Wisconsin.

References

External links
Quotes from nutquote

Journalists from Wisconsin
Writers from Green Bay, Wisconsin
People from Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin
1926 births
2017 deaths
Carroll University alumni
20th-century American journalists
American male journalists

Doug Larson


Johann Christian Friedrich Schneider (3 January 1786 in Alt-Waltersdorf – 23 November 1853 in Dessau) was a German pianist, composer, organist, and conductor.

Schneider studied piano first with his father Johann Gottlob Schneider (senior), and then at the Zittau Gymnasium with Schönfelder and Unger. His first published works were a set of three piano sonatas in 1804. In 1805, he commenced studies at the University of Leipzig. He became an organist at St. Thomas Church, Leipzig in 1812, and was named conductor in Dessau in 1821. It is thought that Schneider premiered Ludwig van Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 5 in Leipzig on 28 November 1811. In 1824, he was festival director of the Lower Rhenish Music Festival and his oratorio Die Sündflut was premiered during this event.

Schneider composed copiously. Among his works are seven operas, four masses, six oratorios, 25 cantatas, 23 symphonies, seven piano concertos, sonatas for violin, flute, and cello, and a great many shorter instrumental pieces, some of them for piano, some for organ. He also left numerous solo songs and part songs.

A projected cycle of four oratorios, Christus das Kind (1829), Christus der Meister (1827), and Christus der Erlöser (1838) were left uncompleted as Schneider did not set the fourth part Christus der Verherrlichte.

Family and pupils
Friedrich Lux and Robert Volkmann were among Schneider's pupils. His brothers Johann Gottlob Schneider (junior; 1789-1864) and Johann Gottlieb Schneider (1797-1856) were likewise organists, the former achieving great fame and notability, with artistic connections to Mendelssohn, Liszt, Schumann and many others.

Selected recordings
Friedrich Schneider Das Weltgericht Martina Rüping, Marie Henriette Reinhold, Patrick Grahl, GewandhausChor Leipzig, Camerata Lipsiensis, Gregor Meyer 2CD 2019
Schneider Christus das Kind (1829) Luken Ars 2022
Schneider	Christus der Meister (1827) Dorothea Brandt, Rena Kleifeld, Fabian Strotmann, Richard Logiewa Stojanovic, Kantorei Barmen-Gemarke, Sinfonieorchester Wuppertal, Alexander Lüken 2SACD Ars 2023

References

Don Randel, The Harvard Biographical Dictionary of Music''. Harvard, 1996, pp. 803–804.

External links

1786 births
1853 deaths
German opera composers
Male opera composers
Composers for piano
German Romantic composers
German conductors (music)
German male conductors (music)
German classical pianists
Male classical pianists
String quartet composers
19th-century classical composers
German male classical composers
19th-century classical pianists
19th-century German composers
Leipzig University alumni
German pianists
German male pianists
19th-century German male musicians

Friedrich Schneider


Retinol, also called vitamin A1, is a fat-soluble vitamin in the vitamin A family that is found in food and used as a dietary supplement. Retinol or other forms of vitamin A are needed for vision, cellular development, maintenance of skin and mucous membranes, immune function and reproductive development. Dietary sources include fish, dairy products, and meat. As a supplement it is used to treat and prevent vitamin A deficiency, especially that which results in xerophthalmia. It is taken by mouth or by injection into a muscle. As an ingredient in skin-care products, it is used to reduce wrinkles and other effects of skin aging.

Retinol at normal doses is well tolerated. High doses may cause enlargement of the liver, dry skin, and hypervitaminosis A. High doses during pregnancy may harm the fetus. The body converts retinol to retinal and retinoic acid, through which it acts.

Retinol was discovered in 1909, isolated in 1931, and first made in 1947. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Retinol is available as a generic medication and over the counter.

Medical uses
Retinol is used to treat vitamin A deficiency.

Three approaches may be used when populations have low vitamin A levels:

 Through dietary modification involving the adjustment of menu choices of affected persons from available food sources to optimize vitamin A content.
 Enriching commonly eaten and affordable foods with vitamin A, a process called fortification. It involves addition of synthetic vitamin A to staple foods like margarine, bread, flours, cereals, and infant formula during processing.
 By giving high-doses of vitamin A to the targeted deficient population, a method known as supplementation. In regions where deficiency is common, a single large dose is recommended to those at high risk twice a year.

Retinol is also used to reduce the risk of complications in measles patients.

Side effects

The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for vitamin A, for a 25-year-old man, is 3,000 micrograms/day, or about 10,000 IU. In breastfeeding mothers, vitamin A intake should be 1,200 to 1,300 retinol activity units (RAE).

Too much vitamin A in retinoid form can be harmful. The body converts the dimerized form, carotene, into vitamin A as it is needed, so high levels of carotene are not toxic, whereas the ester (animal) forms are. The livers of certain animals, especially those adapted to polar environments, such as polar bears and seals, often contain amounts of vitamin A that would be toxic to humans. Thus, vitamin A toxicity is typically reported in Arctic explorers and people taking large doses of synthetic vitamin A. The first documented death possibly caused by vitamin A poisoning was that of Xavier Mertz, a Swiss scientist, who died in January 1913 on an Antarctic expedition that had lost its food supplies and fell to eating its sled dogs. Mertz may have consumed lethal amounts of vitamin A by eating the dogs' livers.

Vitamin A acute toxicity occurs when a person ingests vitamin A in large amounts more than the daily recommended value in the threshold of 25,000 IU/kg or more. Often, the patient consumes about 3–4 times the RDA's specification. Toxicity of vitamin A is believed to be associated with the methods of increasing vitamin A in the body, such as food modification, fortification, and supplementation, all of which are used to combat vitamin A deficiency. Toxicity is classified into two categories: acute and chronic. The former occurs a few hours or days after ingestion of a large amount of vitamin A. Chronic toxicity takes place when about 4,000 IU/kg or more of vitamin A is consumed for a long time. Symptoms of both include nausea, blurred vision, fatigue, weight-loss, and menstrual abnormalities.

Excess vitamin A is suspected to be a contributor to osteoporosis. This seems to happen at much lower doses than those required to induce acute intoxication. Only preformed vitamin A can cause these problems, because the conversion of carotenoids into vitamin A is downregulated when physiological requirements are met; but excessive uptake of carotenoids can cause carotenosis.

Excess preformed vitamin A during early pregnancy is associated with a significant increase in birth defects. These defects may be severe, even life-threatening. Even twice the daily recommended amount can cause severe birth defects. The FDA recommends that pregnant women get their vitamin A from foods containing beta carotene and that they ensure that they consume no more than 5,000 IU of preformed vitamin A (if any) per day. Although vitamin A is necessary for fetal development, most women carry stores of vitamin A in their fat cells, so over-supplementation should be strictly avoided.

A review of all randomized controlled trials in the scientific literature by the Cochrane Collaboration published in JAMA in 2007 found that supplementation with beta carotene or vitamin A increased mortality by 5% and 16%, respectively.

Studies emerging from developing countries India, Bangladesh, and Indonesia strongly suggest that, in populations in which vitamin A deficiency is common and maternal mortality is high, dosing expectant mothers can greatly reduce maternal mortality. Similarly, dosing newborn infants with 50,000 IU (15 mg) of vitamin A within two days of birth can significantly reduce neonatal mortality.

Biological roles
Retinol or other forms of vitamin A are needed for eyesight, maintenance of the skin, and human development. Other than for vision, the active compound is all-trans-retinoic acid, synthesized from retinal, in turn synthesized from retinol.

Embryology
Retinoic acid via the retinoic acid receptor influences the process of cell differentiation, hence, the growth and development of embryos. During development, there is a concentration gradient of retinoic acid along the anterior-posterior (head-tail) axis. Cells in the embryo respond to retinoic acid differently depending on the amount present. For example, in vertebrates, the hindbrain transiently forms eight rhombomeres and each rhombomere has a specific pattern of genes being expressed. If retinoic acid is not present the last four rhombomeres do not develop. Instead, rhombomeres 1–4 grow to cover the same amount of space as all eight would normally occupy. Retinoic acid has its effects by turning on a differential pattern of Homeobox (Hox) genes that encode different homeodomain transcription factors which in turn can turn on cell type specific genes. Deletion of the Homeobox (Hox-1) gene from rhombomere 4 makes the neurons growing in that region behave like neurons from rhombomere 2.  Retinoic acid is not required for patterning of the retina as originally proposed, but retinoic acid synthesized in the retina is secreted into surrounding mesenchyme where it is required to prevent overgrowth of perioptic mesenchyme which can cause microphthalmia, defects in the cornea and eyelid, and rotation of the optic cup.

Stem cell biology
Retinoic acid is an influential factor used in differentiation of stem cells to more committed fates, echoing retinoic acid's importance in natural embryonic developmental pathways. It is thought to initiate differentiation into a number of different cell lineages by unsequestering certain sequences in the genome.

It has numerous applications in the experimental induction of stem cell differentiation; amongst these are the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells to posterior foregut lineages and also to functional motor neurons.

Vision

Retinol is an essential compound in the cycle of light-activated chemical reactions called the "visual cycle" that underlies vertebrate vision. Retinol is converted by the protein RPE65 within the pigment epithelium of the retina into 11-cis-retinal. This molecule is then transported into the retina's photoreceptor cells (the rod or cone cells in mammals) where it binds to an opsin protein and acts as a light-activated molecular switch.  When 11-cis-retinal absorbs light it isomerizes into all-trans-retinal. The change in the shape of the molecule in turn changes the configuration of the opsin in a cascade that leads to the neuronal firing, which signals the detection of light. The opsin then splits into the protein component (such metarhodopsin) and the cofactor all-trans-retinal. The regeneration of active opsin requires conversion of all-trans-retinal back to 11-cis-retinal via retinol. The regeneration of 11-cis-retinal occurs in vertebrates via conversion of all-trans-retinol to 11-cis-retinol in a sequence of chemical transformations that occurs primarily in the pigment epithelial cells.

Without adequate amounts of retinol, regeneration of rhodopsin is incomplete and night blindness occurs. Night blindness, the inability to see well in dim light, is associated with a deficiency of vitamin A, a class of compounds that includes retinol and retinal. In the early stages of vitamin A deficiency, the more light-sensitive and abundant rods, which have rhodopsin, have impaired sensitivity, and the cone cells are less affected. The cones are less abundant than rods and come in three types, each contains its own type of iodopsin, the opsins of the cones. The cones mediate color vision, and vision in bright light (day vision).

Glycoprotein synthesis
Glycoprotein synthesis requires adequate vitamin A status. In severe vitamin A deficiency, lack of glycoproteins may lead to corneal ulcers or liquefaction.

Immune system
Vitamin A is essential to maintain intact epithelial tissues as a physical barrier to infection; it is also involved in maintaining a number of immune cell types from both the innate and acquired immune systems. These include the lymphocytes (B-cells, T-cells, and natural killer cells), as well as many myelocytes (neutrophils, macrophages, and myeloid dendritic cells).

Skin
Deficiencies in vitamin A have been linked to an increased susceptibility to skin infection and inflammation. Vitamin A appears to modulate the innate immune response and maintains homeostasis of epithelial tissues and mucosa through its metabolite, retinoic acid (RA). As part of the innate immune system, toll-like receptors in skin cells respond to pathogens and cell damage by inducing a pro-inflammatory immune response which includes increased RA production. The epithelium of the skin encounters bacteria, fungi and viruses. Keratinocytes of the epidermal layer of the skin produce and secrete antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Production of AMPs resistin and cathelicidin, are promoted by RA. Another way that vitamin A helps maintain a healthy skin and hair follicle microbiome, especially on the face, is by reduction of sebum secretion, which is a nutrient source for bacteria. Retinol has been the subject of clinical studies related to its ability to reduce the appearance of fine lines on the face and neck.

Red blood cells
Vitamin A may be needed for normal red blood cell formation; deficiency causes abnormalities in iron metabolism. Vitamin A is needed to produce the red blood cells from stem cells through retinoid differentiation.

Units of measurement
When referring to dietary allowances or nutritional science, retinol is usually measured in international units (IU). IU refers to biological activity and therefore is unique to each individual compound, however 1 IU of retinol is equivalent to approximately 0.3 micrograms (300 nanograms).

Nutrition

This vitamin plays an essential role in vision, particularly night vision, normal bone and tooth development, reproduction, and the health of skin and mucous membranes (the mucus-secreting layer that lines body regions such as the respiratory tract). Vitamin A also acts in the body as an antioxidant, a protective chemical that may reduce the risk of certain cancers.

There are two sources of dietary vitamin A. Active forms, which are immediately available to the body are obtained from animal products. These are known as retinoids and include retinaldehyde and retinol. Precursors, also known as provitamins, which must be converted to active forms by the body, are obtained from fruits and vegetables containing yellow, orange and dark green pigments, known as carotenoids, the most well-known being β-carotene. For this reason, amounts of vitamin A are measured in Retinol Equivalents (RE). One RE is equivalent to 0.001 mg of retinol, or 0.006 mg of β-carotene, or 3.3 International Units of vitamin A.

In the intestine, vitamin A is protected from being chemically changed by vitamin E. Vitamin A is fat-soluble and can be stored in the body. Most of the vitamin A consumed is stored in the liver. When required by a particular part of the body, the liver releases some vitamin A, which is carried by the blood and delivered to the target cells and tissues.

Dietary intake
The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) Recommended Daily Amount (RDA) for vitamin A for a 25-year-old male is 900 micrograms/day, or 3000 IU. National Health Service daily recommended values are slightly lower at 700 micrograms for men and 600 micrograms for women.

During the absorption process in the intestines, retinol is incorporated into chylomicrons as the ester form, and it is these particles that mediate transport to the liver. Liver cells store vitamin A as the ester, and when retinol is needed in other tissues, it is de-esterifed and released into the blood as the alcohol. Retinol then attaches to a serum carrier, retinol binding protein, for transport to target tissues. A binding protein inside cells, cellular retinoic acid binding protein, serves to store and move retinoic acid intracellularly.

Deficiency

Vitamin A deficiency is common in developing countries but rarely seen in developed countries. Approximately 250,000 to 500,000 malnourished children in the developing world go blind each year from a deficiency of vitamin A. Vitamin A deficiency in expecting mothers increases the  mortality rate of children shortly after childbirth. Night blindness is one of the first signs of vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A deficiency contributes to blindness by making the cornea very dry and damaging the retina and cornea.

Sources

Retinoids are found naturally only in foods of animal origin. Each of the following contains at least 0.15 mg of retinoids per :
 Cod liver oil
 Butter
 Liver (beef, pork, chicken, turkey, fish)
 Eggs
 Cheese, milk

Chemistry
Many different geometric isomers of retinol, retinal and retinoic acid are possible as a result of either a trans or cis configuration of four of the five double bonds found in the polyene chain. The cis isomers are less stable and can readily convert to the all-trans configuration (as seen in the structure of all-trans-retinol shown at the top of this page). Nevertheless, some cis isomers are found naturally and carry out essential functions. For example, the 11-cis-retinal isomer is the chromophore of rhodopsin, the vertebrate photoreceptor molecule. Rhodopsin is composed of the 11-cis-retinal covalently linked via a Schiff base to the opsin protein (either rod opsin or blue, red or green cone opsins). The process of vision relies on the light-induced isomerisation of the chromophore from 11-cis to all-trans resulting in a change of the conformation and activation of the photoreceptor molecule. One of the earliest signs of vitamin A deficiency is night-blindness followed by decreased visual acuity.

Many of the non-visual functions of vitamin A are mediated by retinoic acid, which regulates gene expression by activating nuclear retinoic acid receptors. The non-visual functions of vitamin A are essential in the immunological function, reproduction and embryonic development of vertebrates as evidenced by the impaired growth, susceptibility to infection and birth defects observed in populations receiving suboptimal vitamin A in their diet.

Synthesis

Biosynthesis

Retinol is synthesized from the breakdown of β-carotene. First, the β-carotene 15-15'-monooxygenase cleaves β-carotene at the central double bond, creating an epoxide. This epoxide is then attacked by water creating two hydroxyl groups in the center of the structure. The cleavage occurs when these alcohols are oxidized to the aldehydes using NADH. This compound is called retinal. Retinal is then reduced to retinol by the enzyme retinol dehydrogenase. Retinol dehydrogenase is an enzyme that is dependent on NADH.

Industrial synthesis

β-carotene can be extracted from fungus Blakeslea trispora, marine algae Dunaliella salina or genetically modified bacteria of the genus Sphingomonas, or else via total synthesis using either a method developed by BASF or a Grignard reaction utilized by Hoffman-La Roche.

The world market for synthetic retinol is primarily for animal feed, leaving approximately 13% for a combination of food, prescription medication and dietary supplement use. The first industrialized synthesis of retinol was achieved by the company Hoffmann-La Roche in 1947. In the following decades, eight other companies developed their own processes. β-ionone, synthesized from acetone, is the essential starting point for all industrial syntheses. Each process involves elongating the unsaturated carbon chain. Pure retinol is extremely sensitive to oxidization and is prepared and transported at low temperatures and oxygen-free atmospheres. When prepared as a dietary supplement or food additive, retinol is stabilized as the ester derivatives retinyl acetate or retinyl palmitate. Prior to 1999, three companies, Roche, BASF and Rhone-Poulenc controlled 96% of global vitamin A sales. In 2001, the European Commission imposed total fines of 855.22 Euros on these and five other companies for their participation in eight distinct market-sharing and price-fixing cartels that dated back to 1989. Roche sold its vitamin division to DSM in 2003. DSM and BASF have the major share of industrial production.

History

In 1912, Frederick Gowland Hopkins demonstrated that unknown accessory factors found in milk, other than carbohydrates, proteins, and fats were necessary for growth in rats. Hopkins received a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1929. One year later, Elmer McCollum, a biochemist at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and colleague Marguerite Davis identified a fat-soluble nutrient in butterfat and cod liver oil. Their work confirmed that of Thomas Burr Osborne and Lafayette Mendel, at Yale, also in 1913, which suggested a fat-soluble nutrient in butterfat. The "accessory factors" were termed "fat soluble" in 1918 and later "vitamin A" in 1920. In 1931, Swiss chemist Paul Karrer described the chemical structure of vitamin A. Retinoic acid and retinol were first synthesized in 1946 and 1947 by two Dutch chemists, David Adriaan van Dorp and Jozef Ferdinand Arens.

In 1967, George Wald was a co-recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine "..."for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye." Photoreceptor cells in the eye contain a chromophore composed of the protein opsin and 11-cis retinal. When struck by light, 11-cis retinal undergoes photoisomerization to all-trans retinal and via signal transduction cascade send a nerve signal to the brain. The all-trans retinal is reduced to all-trans retinol and travels back to the retinal pigment epithelium to be recycled to 11-cis retinal and conjugated to opsin.

Although vitamin A was not confirmed as an essential nutrient and a chemical structure described until the 20th century, written observations of conditions created by deficiency of this nutrient appeared much earlier in history. Sommer classified historical accounts related to vitamin A and/or manifestations of deficiency as follows: "ancient" accounts; 18th- to 19th-century clinical descriptions (and their purported etiologic associations); early 20th-century laboratory animal experiments, and clinical and epidemiologic observations that identified the existence of this unique nutrient and manifestations of its deficiency.

References

External links

NIH Office of Dietary Supplements – Vitamin A
Vitamin A Deficiency at the Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy

Antioxidants
Apocarotenoids
Cyclohexenes
Diterpenes
Primary alcohols
Vitamins
World Health Organization essential medicines
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate
Ophthalmology drugs

Retinol


John Mihalowski (August 12, 1911 – October 29, 1993) was a United States Navy diver and a recipient of America's highest military decoration—the Medal of Honor.

Biography
John Mihalowski was born in Worcester, Massachusetts, the son of Polish immigrants; the surname was also spelled Michalowski.

He enlisted in the Navy in December 1927, rising to the rank of Chief Torpedoman during the next decade. Trained as a diver in 1932-33, he served with the Experimental Diving Unit from 1933 to 1937 and then as a member of the crew of USS Falcon (ASR-2) into 1941. While serving in the Falcon, he played an important role in the rescue of survivors of  and the subsequent salvage of that submarine in 1939. For his conduct during that effort, Chief Torpedoman Mihalowski was awarded the Medal of Honor. Three other divers also received Medals of Honor for assisting in the Squalus rescue and salvage. The four men were presented with their medals during a ceremony at the Navy Department offices on January 19, 1940.

In 1942, Mihalowski was appointed a warrant officer and became a commissioned officer later in World War II. He participated in rescue and salvage operations on six tank landing ships that had exploded in Pearl Harbor in 1944, and, while executive officer of , on damaged ships during the Battle of Okinawa in 1945. Following the war, he took part in the harbor clearance in Japan and in salvage efforts during the 1946 Operation Crossroads atomic bomb tests at Bikini Atoll. He was executive officer of the salvage lifting vessel  from 1947 to 1948, before transferring to the Fleet Reserve in January 1948.

Recalled to active duty in September 1950 as a Chief Torpedoman, Mihalowski was reinstated as a Lieutenant the following year. He was assigned to the Naval Gun Factory, Washington, D.C., in 1952 and was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Commander in February 1954. LCdr. John Mihalowski retired from active naval service in about 1958.

Mihalowski died around age 82 or 83 and was buried in Serenity Gardens Memorial Park, Largo, Florida.

Medal of Honor citation
Chief Torpedoman Mihalowski's official Medal of Honor citation reads:

For extraordinary heroism in the line of his profession during the rescue and salvage operations following the sinking of the U.S.S. Squalus on 23 May 1939. Mihalowski, as a member of the rescue chamber crew, made the last extremely hazardous trip of the rescue chamber to attempt to rescue any possible survivors in the flooded after portion of the Squalus. He was fully aware of the great danger involved, in that, if he and the other member of the crew became incapacitated, there was no way in which either could be rescued. During the salvage operations Mihalowski made important and difficult dives under the most hazardous conditions. His outstanding performance of duty contributed much to the success of the operations and characterizes conduct far above and beyond the ordinary call of duty.

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients
List of Medal of Honor recipients during Peacetime

References

External links

1911 births
1993 deaths
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
Military personnel from Worcester, Massachusetts
United States Navy officers
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Non-combat recipients of the Medal of Honor
American people of Polish descent

John Mihalowski


Colours of Ostrava, or simply Colours, is a multi-genre festival, the biggest international music festival in the Czech Republic and one of the biggest music events in Central Europe, held every summer since 2002 in Ostrava, the third biggest city in the country. Colours features 16 stages including 4 big open-air stages (the main one with a capacity of 15,000), 6 indoor stages, a theatre stage, a workshop stage, a kids' stage, a cinema and live discussions. It features performers from all major popular music genres as well as avant-garde music and world music.

Until 2012 Colours took place in the well-known Silesian Ostrava Castle entertainment district and on the Černá louka Fairgrounds, as well as at other places in the city centre. In 2010, attendance exceeded 30,000 and it became the first festival in the Czech Republic to be sold out a month in advance. In 2011, the festival celebrated its 10th anniversary, being held from 14 to 17 July. Since 2012 the festival takes place on recultivated brownfields in the Vítkovice city district.

History
2002 (1st year): More than 300 musicians in 50 bands and 24 DJs, out of which 14 were from abroad, including: Senses (FR), Transsylvanians (HU + DE), Uado Taraban (PL), Carantuohill (PL), Africa Mma. The festival took place at 6 scenes (3 outdoor and 3 indoor). About 8,000 visitors attended Colours of Ostrava in 2002.

2003 (2nd year): More than 500 musicians in 60 bands and 27 DJs, out of which 16 were from abroad, including: Goran Bregovic & Wedding and Funeral Band (Eastern Europe), Geoffrey Oryema (Uganda), Kosheen (GB), Oi-Va-Voi (GB), Sheva (Israel), Te Vaka (Polynesia), ZikFa (FR), Drum Machina (PL), Hey (PL), Korai Öröm (HU). The festival took place at 9 scenes (6 outdoor and 4 indoor). About 9,000 visitors attended Colours of Ostrava in 2003.

2004 (3rd year): 384 musicians in 64 bands and 22 DJs, out of which 26 were from abroad, including: Natacha Atlas (GB), Bob Geldof (IE), Rachid Taha (Algeria/FR), Zion Train (GB), So Kalmery (DR Congo), Duoud (Algeria/FR), Kanjar'Oc (FR), Urban Trad (B), Oyster band (GB), B. Traore (Mali), Elliot Murphy (USA/FR), UR'IA (BY), Haydamaky (UA). The festival took place at 7 scenes (4 outdoor and 3 indoor). About 10,000 visitors attended Colours of Ostrava in 2004.

2005 (4th year): More than 700 musicians in more than 100 bands and 25 DJs, out of which 30 were from abroad, including: George Clinton Parliament/Funkadelic (USA), Asian Dub Foundation (GB), Fun-Da-Mental (GB), Transglobal Underground (GB), Alabama 3 (GB), Mariza (PT), The Klezmatics (USA), Farlanders (RU), Septeto Nacional (CU), Enzo Avitabile (IT), Daara J, Alif (SEN). The festival took place at 8 scenes (6 outdoor and 2 indoor). About 12,000 visitors attended Colours of Ostrava in 2005.

2006 (5th year): More than 750 musicians in 123 bands, out of which 33 were from abroad, including: Salif Keita, Robert Plant, Gogol Bordello, Resin Dogs, The Frames, Delirious?, Woven Hand, Cheikh Lo, Senses, Rabasa, Oojami, Mariem Hasan, Titi Robin, Mojmir Novakovic, Dubioza, Zakopower, Bingui Jaa Jammy, Zagar, Sergnet Peper, Funset, Canaman, Stephan Micus. The festival took place at 12 scenes (6 outdoor and 6 indoor). About 16,000 visitors attended Colours of Ostrava in 2006.

2007 (6th year): The festival featured e.g.: Marianne Faithfull, Mando Diao, Bajofondo Tango Club, Gipsy Kings, Coldcut, Yungchen Lhamo, Vinicio Capossela, Orange Blossom, The Idan Raichel project, Ba Cissoko, Goran Bregovic, Richard Bona, Balkan Beat Box, Watcha clan, J. Gasparyan, Salsa Celtica, Alfonso X, OSB Crew, CocoRosie, David Hykes, Martyna Jakubowicz, Saucy Monky. In 2007, for the first time, the attendance of Colours of Ostrava was over 20,000 visitors.

2008 (7th year): The festival featured e.g.: Sinéad O'Connor, Goldfrapp, Happy Mondays, Jan Garbarek Group and Trilok Gurtu, Gogol Bordello, Habib Koite, Dandy Warhols, Koop, Lou Rhodes, Shantel and Bucovina Club Orkestar, Daby Toure, Hawkwind, Noa, Sergant Garcia, Inga Liljestrom, Craig Adams and The Higher Dimension Praise, Recycler, Tim Eriksem, Tanya Tagaq, Les Boukakes, Irfan, Deva Premal and Miten, Tosh Meets Marley, A Filleta and others. About 22,000 visitors attended.

2009 (8th year): 99 music bands (35 from abroad), including: Ahn Trio, Asian Dub Foundation, David Byrne, Jamie Cullum, Jape, Johnny Clegg, Jon Anderson, KTU, LA-33, Michael Nyman Band, Morcheeba, Maceo Parker, Mamady Keita, Mercury Rev, N.O.H.A., Seun Kuti & Egypt 80, Speed Caravan, Stereo MCs, Diwan Project, Nina Stiller, Dikanda, Glenn Kaiser Band, The Violet Burning, Terl Bryant & Red Drum, Svjata Vatra, and many others. The attendance was about 25,000 visitors.

2010 (9th year): More than 100 bands (39 from abroad), including: Iggy Pop & The Stooges, The Cranberries, Regina Spektor, Afro Celt Sound System, The Gypsy Queens and Kings, Jaga Jazzist, El Gran Silencio, Erik Truffaz Paris Project, Porcupine Tree, Dulsori, Peyoti for President, Alamaailman Vasarat, Huong Thanh, A Hawk and a Hacksaw, Valravn, Maria Kalaniemi, Nive Nielsen, Mor Karbasi, Oy Division, Acoustic Ladyland, Iarla O'Lionáird, Alejandro Toledo and the Magic Tombolinos, Mokoomba, Open Hands, The Proclaimers, Sophie Hunger, Zion Train, Dubmarine, Zagar, Etna Kontrabande, Marky Ramone's Blitzkrieg, Don Blackman, Fernando Saunders, José James, Lord Bishop Rocks, New York Ska Jazz Ensemble, Thierry Arpino & Essouna, Brooklyn Funk Essentials. The attendance was almost 30,000 visitors, and for the first time, the festival was sold out before the opening.

2011 (10th year):
Grinderman (UK), Salif Keita (Mali), Public Image Ltd (UK), Yann Tiersen (France), Clannad (Ireland), Balkan Brass Battle (Romania/Serbia), Swans (US), Apollo 440 (UK), Brendan Perry (UK), Santigold (US), The Horrors (UK), Semi Precious Weapons (US), The Herbaliser (UK), Blackfield (UK/Israel), Lisa Hannigan (Ireland), Joan As Police Woman (US), Andreya Triana (UK), N.O.H.A. – Circus Underground (Spain, Germany, USA, CR), Mono (Japonsko), Dubioza kolektiv (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Luísa Maita (Brazil), Bomba Estéreo (Colombia), La Shica (Spain), SMOD (Mali), Sam Karpienia (France), Stephan Micus (Germany), David Hykes (US), Moana and the Tribe (New Zealand), L'Orchestre International du Vetex (Belgium), Aranis (Belgium), Frank Yamma (Australia), Oudaden (Marocco), Anomie Belle (US), Cedric Watson (US), Electric Wire Hustle (New Zealand), Fernando Saunders (US), Hazmat Modine (US), Nils Petter Molvær / Jan Bang (US), Miles Benjamin Anthony Robinson (US), Paramount Styles (US), Rain Machine (US), Roy Ayers (US), Tortured Soul (US) and many others.

2012 (11th year):
Alanis Morissette (Canada), Bobby McFerrin (USA), The Flaming Lips (USA), ZAZ (France), Janelle Monáe (US), Antony and the Johnsons (UK/USA), Rufus Wainwright and his Band (US / Canada), Animal Collective (USA), Infected Mushroom (Israel / USA), Mogwai (UK), Parov Stelar Band (Austria), Kronos Quartet / Kimmo Pohjonen / Samuli Kosminen - Uniko (USA / Finland), Fink (UK), Hugh Masekela (JAR), Ibrahim Maalouf (Libanon), Staff Benda Bilili (Kongo), Orquesta Típica Fernández Fierro (Argentina), Banco de Gaia (UK), Celso Piña (Mexico), Hjaltalín (Iceland), Portico Quartet (UK), Tamikrest (Mali), Katzenjammer (Norway), Quique Neira & Najavibes (Chile), Gangpol & Mit (France), Ewert and The Two Dragons (Estonia), GaBlé (France), R.U.T.A.(Poland), Acollective (Israel), Shtetl Superstars (UK, Germany, Italy, Ukraine, Israel), Barons Of Tang (Australia), Bassekou Kouyate & Ngoni Ba (Mali), Euzen (Denmark), Dánjal (Faerské ostrovy / Denmark), Sauti Sol (Keňa), Árstíðir (Iceland), Rubik (Finland), Lindigo (Réunion / France), Ensemble Yaman (Israel), Sea and Air (Germany), The Creole Choir of Cuba (Cuba / Haiti), Svjata Vatra (Estonia/Ukraine) and others...

2013 (12th year):
Sigur Rós (Iceland), Jamie Cullum (UK), The xx (UK), The Knife (Sweden), Tomahawk (USA), Damien Rice (Ireland), Bonobo (UK), Asaf Avidan (Israel), Woodkid (France), Dub FX (Australia), Devendra Banhart (US), Tiken Jah Fakoly (Ivory Coast), Rokia Traoré (Mali), Inspiral Carpets (UK), Jon Hassell (USA), Sara Tavares (Portugal), Submotion Orchestra (UK), Acoustic Africa (Ivory Coast, Kamerun, Mali), Fanfara Tirana meets Transglobal Underground (UK / Albánie), Balkan Beat Box (Israel), Botanica (USA), Girls Against Boys (USA), The Bots (USA), Dr Meaker (UK), Maria Peszek (Poland),Sam Lee (UK), Aziz Sahmaoui & University of Gnawa (Morocco), Savina Yannatou & Primavera en Salonic (Greece), Dhafer Youssef (Tunisia), Amparo Sánchez (Spain), Kumbia Queers (Argentina), Anna Maria Jopek (Poland), Mama Marjas (Italy), Irie Révoltés (Germany), Duke Special (Severní Ireland), Mich Gerber (Switzerland), Gin Ga (Austria), Russkaja (Austria).

2014 (13th year):
Robert Plant (UK), The National (USA), ZAZ (France), MGMT (USA), Bastille (UK), John Newman (UK), John Butler Trio (Australia), Angélique Kidjo (Benin), Chet Faker (Australia), Emilíana Torrini (Iceland), Trentemøller (Denmark), Seasick Steve (USA), Jamie Woon (UK), The Asteroids Galaxy Tour (Denmark), Ólafur Arnalds (Iceland), MØ (Denmark), John Grant (USA), Shaka Ponk (France), Charles Bradley And His Extraordinaires (USA), Goat (Sweden), Les Tambours du Bronx (France), Hidden Orchestra (UK), Korben Dallas (Slovakia)

2015 (14th year):
Björk (Iceland), Kasabian (UK), Rudimental (UK), St. Vincent (USA), Mika (UK), Caribou (Canada), Clean Bandit (UK), José González (Sweden), The Cinematic Orchestra (UK), Rodrigo y Gabriela (Mexico), Klangkarussell (Austria), HVOB (Austria), Swans (USA)

2016 (15th year): 130 bands (76 from abroad, 54 from the Czech Republic), including: Tame Impala (Australia), Of Monsters and Men (Iceland), M83 (France), Passenger (UK), Thievery Corporation, Kodaline (Ireland), The Vaccines (UK), Caro Emerald (The Netherlands), Underworld (UK), Sharon Kovacs (The Netherlands), Monkey Business (Czech Republic), Mydy Rabycad (Czech Republic), Lake Malawi, Barbora Poláková (Czech Republic), Ohm Square (Czech Republic), Republic of Two (Czech Republic), DVA (Czech Republic), Ivan Hlas Trio (Czech Republic), Už jsme doma (Czech Republic), Terne Čhave (Czech Republic), Korben Dallas (Slovakia) and others.

2017 (16th year): first year which was sold out. In total 20 stages with 132 bands (80 from abroad and 52 from the Czech Republic) including: Imagine Dragons (USA), alt-J (UK), Norah Jones (USA), Jamiroquai (UK), Midnight Oil (Australia), Moderat (Germany), Birdy (UK), LP (USA), Laura Mvula (UK), Benjamin Clementine (UK), Unkle (UK), Michael Kiwanuka (UK), Justice (France), Zrní (Czech Republic), Michal Hrůza (Czech Republic), Tata Bojs (Czech Republic), Aneta Langerová (Czech Republic), Nouvelle Vague (France), Walking on Cars (Ireland), Faada Freddy (Senegal) and others...

Controversy
In 2023, visitors were denied entry by security due to wearing rainbow-colored articles of clothing. In a recording, security personnel referred to the festivals official policy of prohibiting the propagation of ideology and likened the LGBT flag to the Hakenkreuz - a Nazi symbol.

References

External links

 Colours of Ostrava on Sonicbids

Ostrava
World music festivals
Rock festivals in the Czech Republic
Recurring events established in 2002
2002 establishments in the Czech Republic
Summer events in the Czech Republic

Colours of Ostrava


Lyndall Fownes Urwick   (3 March 1891 – 5 December 1983) was a British management consultant and business thinker. He is recognised for integrating the ideas of earlier theorists like Henri Fayol into a comprehensive theory of management administration. He wrote an influential book called The Elements of Business Administration, published in 1943. With Luther Gulick, he founded the academic journal Administrative Science Quarterly.

Biography

Youth and military service
Urwick was born in Worcestershire, the son of a partner in Fownes Brothers, a long-established glove-making firm. He was educated at Boxgrove Primary School, Repton School and New College, Oxford, where he read History.

He saw active service in the trenches during the First World War, rising to the rank of Major, and being awarded the Military Cross. Though he did not himself attend the military Staff College at Camberley, his respect for military training would affect his outlook on management in later life.

Rowntree's

After the war, he joined his father's business of Fownes Brothers. He was then recruited by Seebohm Rowntree, head of the York chocolate company and progressive philanthropist. Urwick's role involved assisting the modernisation of the company, bringing to bear his own thinking, which had two main influences. One was the work of F.W. Taylor with its concept of scientific management, and the other, counterbalancing it in its emphasis on the humanity of management was Mary Parker Follett, for whom he had great admiration. He attended the second conference of the International Industrial Relations Institute held at Girton College, Cambridge in 1928.

Urwick's own prolific writings on management truly began in this period. At this time, Urwick, along with his colleague at Rowntree's, Oliver Sheldon, became active members of the Taylor Society.

International Management Institute

His growing reputation as a British thinker on management and administration won him appointment in 1928 as Director of the International Management Institute (ILO) in Geneva.

The Institute may have proven short-lived, closing in 1933, but it provided Urwick the opportunity not only to lecture widely but to produce his books The Meaning of Rationalisation (1929) and The Management of Tomorrow (1933).

Urwick also produced and disseminated the first European study of Elton Mayo's research at the Hawthorne Works in Chicago while at the IMI.

It was also this time that he became particularly keen to promote the writings of Henri Fayol to an English audience.

Management consultancy

Having returned to Britain, in 1934 Urwick established, with John Orr of Bedaux Britain, a management consultancy named Urwick, Orr & Partners (UOP). UOP's slogan was Profit on Principle: A British Service for British Business in the application of the Principles of Direction and Control.

From the outset, UOP instituted a copy of the Bedaux System and Bedaux Unit, the Point System, in hundreds of factories and offices across Britain and further afield.

Orr left the consultancy in the 1940s, putting Urwick in effective control of the company in the postwar period. Along with AIC, P-E and PA Consulting, UOP came to be one of the 'Big Four' leading Western European consultancies in the 1950s.

A particularly notable UOP consultant was E.F.L. Brech, with whom Urwick wrote the Making of Scientific Management trilogy.

Later years

In the post-war period Urwick appeared on the lecturing circuit on both sides of the Atlantic, including on the BBC.

Urwick became a well-known enthusiast of management education and management history, and a public promoter of F.W. Taylor and scientific management. So much so that Harry Braverman attacked him in 1974's Labor and Monopoly Capital as the 'rhapsodic historian of the scientific management movement'.

In 1955 Urwick was awarded the Wallace Clark Award. In later years, Lyndall Urwick retired to Australia, where he died in 1983. His papers were donated to the Administrative Staff College, by then renamed Henley Management College.

Work

Making of Scientific Management
In 1945, he made his most lasting contribution to management literature with the publication of his three-volume Making of Scientific Management.  It was the first treatise to present a clear and focused discussion of the development and applications of management science. It included a comprehensive number of profiles of leading proponents of management theory, from early pioneers such as Charles Babbage and Frederick Winslow Taylor, to those such as Seebohm Rowntree and Mary Parker Follett who innovated and refined their concepts.

All aimed to bring '"adequate intelligence" to the control of the forces released by a mechanised economy' to bring the logical standards of science to bear on business practice. It also dealt with early contributions to understanding the scientific approach to control in industry.  A long background of scientific management practices had previously been largely unknown before publication of these volumes. The study included a view of methods of control at the famous Boulton and Watt Foundry, of Robert Owen's approach to personnel management, and of commercial management training.

The Manager's Span of Control
Lyndall Urwick was the first writer to apply the concept of span of control formally to business. Urwick asserted that the reduction of less important daily duties is essential for enhancing the personal touch that makes a business executive an effective leader. Using the work of General Sir Ian Standish Monteith Hamilton, Urwick maintained that limiting the number of subordinates reporting to an executive ( i.e. restricting the span of control) can do the following: improve executive effectiveness; reduce pressure, inefficiency and incompetence; produce better employee co-operation; and build morale and sense of unity within the organisation.

After a conversation with Urwick, A.V. Graicunas wrote an article, "Relationship in Organization", that was published in 1933 in the Bulletin of the International Management Institute. In this article, Graicunas noted that superiors must be cognizant of not only their direct relationships of their subordinates, but the cross relationships between subordinates and different subgroupings. Graicunas went on to apply a mathematical formula to show that each increase of direct relationships by 1 represented a 25% increase in power to delegate and more than a 100% increase in the burden of supervision and co-ordination. Urwick expanded on these findings to provide the recommendation that "no superior can supervise directly the work of more than five or, at the most, six subordinates whose work interlocks".

Urwick's application of the span of control to business was not met without criticism. Herbert A. Simon questioned the theoretical soundness of the concept and suggested that a restricted span of control would produce excessive red tape. Urwick countered this criticism by noting that if span of control is appropriately implemented this will not occur. Burleigh B. Gardner criticised span of control as prohibiting democratic participation within the organisation. Urwick countered this criticism by noting that too wide a span of control reduces democracy because it prevents subordinates from having meaningful interaction with superiors. Additionally, other scholars criticised the principle as incorrect because of examples of efficient organisations that have an expanded span of control. Urwick addressed this criticism by noting that in these situations subordinates' work did not overlock. Therefore, these organisations were exceptions.

Reasons that leaders ignore the principle of span of control were also addressed by Urwick. Three primary "human failings" are described including: the failure of business to distinguish rank or status from function; cost-consciousness of businessmen; and the cherishing of the stereotype of the efficient executive. Urwick noted that effective leaders will overcome these failings and begin to lead and not dominate his or her subordinates.

Management education in Britain
In the 1940s and 1950s Urwick's intellectual interests continued. An increasing concern of his was the lack of management education in Britain. He was involved in the very earliest discussions for what would become, in 1948, the Administrative Staff College. His own view of the education required did not accord with the College as it was finally established, which concentrated on a three-month course for established executives. He would have preferred something much closer to the model of the American business school, involving a longer course and aimed at pre-experience students. It was a continuing frustration for Urwick that England's two ancient universities failed to promote management education.

Publications
Books:
 Urwick, Lyndall Fownes. Organization as a technical problem. 1933.
 Metcalf, Henry C., and Lyndall Urwick, eds. Dynamic administration: the collected papers of Mary Parker Follett. Vol. 3. Routledge, 1942/2003.
 Urwick, Lyndall Fownes. The elements of administration. Harper & brothers, 1944.
 Urwick, Lyndall Fownes. Notes on the Theory of Organization. New York: American Management Association, 1952.
 Urwick, Lyndall Fownes and Edward Brech. The making of scientific management. University of Chicago Press Economics Books, 1954/1994.
 Urwick, Lyndall Fownes. The Pattern of Management. University of Minnesota Press, 1956.
 Urwick, Lyndall Fownes. The Golden Book of Management: A Historical Record of the Life and Work of Seventy Pioneers, 1956
 Gulick, Luther, and Lyndall Urwick, eds. Papers on the Science of Administration. Routledge, 2012.

About Urwick
 Brech, Edward; Thomson, Andrew; Wilson, John F. Lyndall Urwick, Management Pioneer: A Biography.  New York:  Oxford University Press, 2010. ;

References

Further reading
 Brech, Edward; Thomson, Andrew; Wilson, John F. Lyndall Urwick, Management Pioneer: A Biography.  New York:  Oxford University Press, 2010. .
Yvette Bryan, Management Education in England: The Urwick Report, Exeter University PhD thesis (2009). Online here.
John Child, British Management Thought: A Critical Analysis (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1969)
Michael Ferguson, The Rise of Management Consulting in Britain (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002).
Michael Roper, 'Killing Off the Father: Social Science and the Memory of Frederick Taylor in Management Studies, 1950-75' Contemporary British History (1999).
Michael Roper, 'Masculinity and the Biographical Meanings of Management Theory: Lyndall Urwick and the Making of Scientific Management in Inter-war Britain' Gender, Work & Organization (2001)
Patricia Tisdall, Agents of Change: The Development and Practice of Management Consultancy (London: Heinemann, 1982).

External links

1891 births
1983 deaths
British business theorists
British management consultants
Public administration scholars
Henry Laurence Gantt Medal recipients
Recipients of the Military Cross
20th-century American engineers

Lyndall Urwick


No. 94 Squadron was a Royal Australian Air Force fighter squadron of World War II. The unit did not complete its training before the end of the war and was disbanded eight months after formation.

Squadron history

No. 94 Squadron was formed at Castlereagh, New South Wales, on 30 May 1945. It was planned to equip the squadron with de Havilland Mosquito aircraft and assign it to  No. 86 Wing. Its personnel were housed at RAAF Base Richmond until 29 June when they moved to Castlereagh.

The squadron commenced training at Castlereagh in July. During this month 73.35 hours of flight training were conducted in Mosquito aircraft and No. 9 Airfield Construction Squadron built hard standings to protect the aircraft from waterlogged ground. Representatives from Rolls-Royce and de Havilland's propeller division also lectured No. 94 Squadron's ground and air crew. Delivery of the squadron's Mosquitos was slow, however, and this greatly hampered its training program.

No. 94 Squadron was informed on 18 September 1945 that it would cease to function from 20 September. The remnants of the squadron departed Castlereagh for Richmond on 7 January 1946 and it was disbanded there on 24 January.

Notes

References

94
Military units and formations established in 1945
Military units and formations disestablished in 1946
1946 disestablishments in Australia

No. 94 Squadron RAAF


Ponç de la Guàrdia (or Pons de la Guardia; fl. 1154–1188) was a Catalan knight of the family of Saguàrdia, lords of the castle of Ripoll. He was not a professional jongleur, but a troubadour who wrote songs for amusement which were much celebrated, so we are told, by Occitan women.

Ponç participated in the Siege of Conca (1177) on the side of Alfonso II of Aragon and a little later in the campaign to bring Raymond V of Toulouse to heel.

He wrote four amorous compositions which form a small cycle dedicated to an anonymous lady called "On-tot-mi-platz". It has been suggested by one editor of his works, that nine of his songs form a cycle with the plot of a roman d'amour, but the ordering of these cycles is not the same in the different manuscripts, one of which considers them anonymous. Ponç is one of the few troubadours suspected of anthologising his own works. Though his work is all in Occitan, some Catalan words make appearances.

Sources
Bossy, Michel-André. "Cyclical Composition in Guiraut Riquier's Book of Poems." Speculum, Vol. 66, No. 2. (Apr., 1991), pp 277–293.

Notes

People from Catalonia
12th-century Spanish troubadours

Ponç de la Guàrdia


Now and Then is a 1995 comedy-drama movie. It is about four women in two different time periods: 1970 and 1991. Demi Moore plays Samantha Albertson, Christina Ricci and Rosie O'Donnell play Roberta Martin, Thora Birch and Melanie Griffith act as Tina "Teeny" Tercell. Lolita Davidovich plays Samantha's mom. It was released on October 20, 1995. Reviews for this comedy-drama were very negative, although Now and Then has since become a classic.

1995 comedy-drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
English-language movies

Now and Then (movie)


Parmelia is a southern suburb of Perth, Western Australia, located in the City of Kwinana.

Parmelia is one of the Kwinana suburbs named after a ship. Parmelia was the first ship to arrive in June 1829 bringing settlers to establish the new colony at the Swan River in Western Australia. Its passengers included the new Governor and his wife, James and Ellen Stirling.

Chisham Avenue is the main residential street which runs through the suburb. It features an array of homes built during the 1970s which were once home to the managers for BP's oil refinery industrial operations and company executives.

The suburb is close to schools, public parks, and a new shopping centre which is currently being rebuilt and renovated by new owner Woolworths. The list of parks includes Hunt Park, Peace Park, Morrit Park, Brandon Mews Park, Oakfield Garden POS, Bournan Heights POS, Barney Park and Skottowe Park.

There is a recquatic centre which features a gym, swimming pool, spa and sauna, and sports courts for basketball, indoor soccer and other sports. The Kwinana Recquatic is embarking on a $6,000,000 refurbishment project which is set to re-launch the centre as Kwinana's premier fitness and recreation facility.

Parmelia is a family orientated suburb with many young families and retirees.

The Metronet project will see the rail line through Parmelia and upgrades to the Kwinana railway station boost liveability in the area. Federal funding for the project was received in May 2017.

Property developer, the Meridian group has engaged with the City of Kwinana to design and build detached houses, townhouses, villas and apartments in Parmelia. Construction has begun and a row of double storey houses and townhouses are currently undergoing construction.

Parmelia is at the centre of a $340m city centre revitalisation. The redevelopment includes a $22m library and resource centre, $7.5m youth space, the new Admiral Hotel and a revamp of the Kwinana Marketplace Shopping Centre. The suburb also has some of the most extensive parklands and natural bush reserves in the state.

The Kwinana Adventure Park is opposite the Kwinana Marketplace shopping centre. It was built by the City of Kwinana at a cost of $5.2 million, and features  of play space, making it one of the largest public playgrounds in Western Australia.

The suburb was also home to Australian supermodel and actress Megan Gale, the brand ambassador for the up-market department retail chain company David Jones.

References

External links

Suburbs of Perth, Western Australia
Suburbs in the City of Kwinana

Parmelia, Western Australia


Arabesk Network Cooperation Project was a "network alignment project", an unofficial and non-binding airline alliance, comprising members of Arab Air Carriers' Organization (AACO).

This network alignment group was founded in 2006, after a year of preparation with technical assistance from Sabre Airline Solutions, by the following airlines:

In 2007, Etihad Airways and Syrian Air joined the alliance.

The project aimed to boost market share and coordinate schedules, reduce duplication on routes and link the destinations network of its members, which stretched from North America to East Asia.  At that time, Arab airline operators were generally not included in the major airline alliances, partly because of their relatively small market share.

As well as coordinating schedules, the Arabesk carriers consolidated joint fuel purchasing under the AACO umbrella, and other supplies.  Abdul Wahab Teffaha, Secretary General of AACO, explained,
"This is not an airline alliance, but a unique grouping of carriers from a single region designed to help members realise better commercial potential, through schedule coordination."

The project continued until the end of the decade.

References

External links

Arab Air Carriers Organization members
Airline alliances

Arabesk (airline alliance)


Samir Salameh (; 16 August 1944 – 16 August 2018) was a Palestinian-French visual artist.

Life and career
Salameh was born in the city of SafedPalestine, on 16 August 1944 and on the impact of the 1948 exodus was forced to move with his family to the city of Majd al-Krum in Galilee, and from there to the Bint Jbeil village in Lebanon. Samir stayed with there for a short time, and continued his career in Beirut and Damascus, and finally settled in the monastery of the Christian community on the shield.

Salameh began painting early, and received encouragement from the art teacher, a Syrian artist named Adham Ismail. He entered the Faculty of Fine Arts of the Damascus University and finished his studies in 1972 and then moved to Beirut, where he joined Palestine Liberation Organization. He participated in several collective exhibitions in Beirut, as well as numerous international exhibitions on Palestine. He contributed to the structuring of the Union of Arab Artists, being Ismail Shammout the first General Secretary.

In 1975, Samir moved to Paris, France to continue his studies at École des Beaux-Arts, in front of the Louvre Museum, and when he received his residency he discovered on the sheet card that his birthplace was in Israel. He opposed that and knew that his nationality "was special," but Samir fought a few years later a war over the adoption of Safed / Palestine as a place of birth in his passport and the French had in the previous mission success in achieving them.

After Samir finished his education and settled in France, he received a job in the Department of Arabic Literature at UNESCO Headquarters.

Samir participated in a series of foreign art exhibitions in Japan, Sweden, Germany, Morocco, Egypt, Jordan and more, and several exhibitions in French cities. He has established an international exhibition in Beirut under the supervision of Mona Saudi, then moved to Tokyo  before returning to Beirut and exhibiting paintings destroyed by warplanes bombed during the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in June 1982.

In 1996 he returned to Safed for the first time, but could not find his childhood home. Received in Ramallah, a presidential decree appointing him as an advisor to the Ministry of Culture. He worked for two years in the design of International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement hospital in Khan Yunis. In 2005 Samir exposed for first time in Palestine.
President of Palestine, Mahmoud Abbas, granted him the Order of Culture, Arts and Science in recognition of his career and for his role in the creation of the Faculty of Fine Arts and Media in the PLO.

Death
Samir Salama died on 16 August 2018 in Le Grand Lucé.

References

1944 births
2018 deaths
Palestinian painters
Palestine Liberation Organization members
French people of Palestinian descent
Palestinian refugees
20th-century French painters
People from Safed
Damascus University alumni
21st-century French painters

Samir Salameh


Castle Keep is a 1969 American war comedy-drama film combining surrealism with tragic realism. It was directed by Sydney Pollack, and starred Burt Lancaster, Patrick O'Neal, Jean-Pierre Aumont, Bruce Dern and Peter Falk. The film appeared in the summer of 1969, a few months before the premiere of Pollack's smash hit They Shoot Horses, Don't They?

The film is based on the novel of the same name by William Eastlake published in 1965, and according to New York Times critic Vincent Canby "accomplishes the dubious feat of being both anti and pro war at the same time". Eastlake enlisted in the United States Army in 1942. He served in the Infantry for four and a half years, and was wounded while leading a platoon during the Battle of the Bulge.

Plot
The film opens with long, beautiful shots of ancient European art and sculptures being blown to pieces amidst the sounds of war and dissonant screams while a lone narrator begins his tale of "eight American soldiers", when suddenly, and abruptly, the scene jumps back to a few weeks earlier.

It is December 1944, and a ragtag group of American soldiers (implied to be a group of wounded sent for some quiet R & R) slowly enter the scene, riding on a problematic Jeep towing a small trailer. The group is led by the one-eyed Major Abraham Falconer (Burt Lancaster) and includes Sgt. Rossi (Peter Falk), art expert Captain Beckman (Patrick O'Neal), and the highly intelligent narrator, African-American Pvt. Allistair Benjamin (Al Freeman Jr.). They take shelter in a magnificent 10th century Belgian castle, the Maldorais, which contains many priceless and irreplaceable art treasures.

While at the castle, Falconer begins a love affair with the young and beautiful Countess (Astrid Heeren); and is surprised to find that she is not the Count's niece but is actually the Count's wife. The Count of Maldorais, Henri Tixier (Jean-Pierre Aumont), admits to Falconer that he is impotent, and he hopes that the Major will impregnate the Countess so that his line may continue. Meanwhile, Beckman begins to argue with Falconer over both the value of the art (in the context of either saving or destroying it in the event of a German assault) as well as Beckman's own unrequited attraction for the Countess, who seems to symbolize the beauty and majesty of the European art that he had studied before the war. Beckman marvels at the castle's artworks, which he begins to inventory and store beneath the castle for safekeeping, while the enlisted men seek their own pleasures at the psychedelic "Reine Rouge" (Red Queen) brothel in the nearby town, run by a mystic madam. At the same time, Sgt. Rossi, a baker before the war, falls in love with a baker's widow and goes AWOL, resuming his pre-war life in the village boulangerie. Corporal Clearboy falls in love with a Volkswagen Beetle; with his affection for the vehicle bordering on paraphilia which becomes a long-running and anachronistic gag throughout the rest of the film.

The American soldiers are happy to enjoy a respite from combat while being surrounded by unimaginable antique luxury, however, their days of leisure and peace almost undermine the very reality and the ugliness of the war itself. There is also a recurring theme of eternal recurrence, as one soldier drunkenly ponders out loud that maybe he's "been here before". And, although the men are eager to sit out the war that they feel will soon end, there is a sense of foreboding, a feeling of inevitability of what will eventually transpire. The cynical Major Falconer predicts that the Germans will attack the thin American positions in the Ardennes and that the castle is a strategic point in the Germans' advance towards the crossroads of Bastogne. He is soon proved correct after seeing German star shell signals over the town of St. Croix

The war approaches piece by crazy piece: A band of zealous, hymn-singing conscientious objectors, led by Lt. Billy Byron Bix (Bruce Dern), attempts to evangelize the town and are driven away by Sgt. Rossi. And while horseback riding with the Count, the Major discovers a German reconnaissance patrol whose officer was once billeted in the castle and was a previous lover of the Countess (he in fact abandoned his men in an attempt to see the Countess again) and Falconer kills them all. The Count is both disquieted and impressed by Falconer's ruthless efficiency. A German recon plane buzzes the castle; Beckman, under Falconer's direction, shoots it down with a .50-caliber machine gun. Lt. Amberjack and Sgt. Rossi have a very strange encounter with a German skirmisher.

Captain Beckman and the Count are horrified that the Major will not abandon the castle, a decision that will surely lead to its destruction; Falconer, however, is adamant that to give the Germans one thing means that they'll just end up "taking everything" later on (see appeasement). Falconer prepares defensive positions around the castle and sends his unit into town to delay the Nazi advance. He attempts to rally shell shocked American troops retreating from the Ardennes into the Maldorais, forcing (at gunpoint) Lt. Bix (Bruce Dern) and his band to lead the dazed survivors in a bizarre Pied Piper-esque procession to the castle; until they are all killed by artillery fire.

The Germans are initially taken by surprise as Falconer has taught the local sex workers at the "Reine Rouge" how to ambush tanks with Molotov cocktails. Falconer's ragtag soldiers, scrounging heavy weapons abandoned by retreating GIs, inflict many casualties and Lt. Amberjack and Private Elk even manage to steal and re-purpose a working German tank, which they jokingly claim "is better than ours." However, the defenders soon find themselves outnumbered and outgunned, and eventually retreat to the castle.

At the castle, Falconer finds that the Count has run over to the German lines and Beckman thinks that it is a scheme to betray them and let the Germans seize the castle by using the underground storage tunnels to gain access and take the castle without destroying it. These are the same tunnels Beckman has stored the most important artworks in. Falconer orders Beckman to demolish the tunnel when the Germans enter; heartbroken, Beckman complies under the eyes of the Countess. The Germans believe that the Count directed them into a trap and he is gunned down despite his denials.

The final battle scene is bizarre, with the enemy attacking through the rose garden and attempting to cross the castle's moat using a ladder-carrying fire truck, but Falconer has the moat filled with gasoline and set on fire. The Americans take their toll on the Germans but are eventually killed off one by one, as much of the castle (along with its art treasures) is obliterated by artillery, incendiaries and other weapons. Part of the ending is brilliantly overdubbed by the narrator who explains (which is how Pvt. Benjamin's book will eventually read) how all the Americans survive, when in fact we can clearly see on the screen that all the Americans (except Pvt. Benjamin) die.

Falconer and Beckman, both wounded, put aside their personal and ideological differences and grimly prepare for the oncoming final assault with a .50 caliber machine gun pointed across the castle roof. Pvt. Benjamin and a pregnant Countess, following the orders of Maj. Falconer, escape through an underground tunnel that leads away from the Germans. Falconer begins to think of all of the people whom he has killed or have died because of his actions as well as the Countess as he guns down the rapidly approaching swarm of German soldiers, implying that he did indeed feel guilty about their deaths and that he loved the Countess much more than he let on. A shell finally lands on top of his position and explodes; the screen goes white. The film finishes where it began, echoing the theme of eternal recurrence, with more long shots of the undemolished Maldorais as it once stood, as well as a voice-over of Pvt. Benjamin's narration from the very beginning, and then the final credits roll.

Cast
 Burt Lancaster as Major Abraham Falconer
 Patrick O'Neal as Captain Lionel Beckman
 Jean-Pierre Aumont as the Count of Maldorais
 Peter Falk as Sergeant Rossi
 Astrid Heeren as the Countess Therese
 Scott Wilson as Corporal Clearboy
 Tony Bill as Lieutenant Amberjack
 Al Freeman Jr. as Private Allistair Piersall Benjamin
 James Patterson as Elk
 Bruce Dern as Lieutenant Billy Byron Bix
 Michael Conrad as Sergeant DeVaca
 Caterina Boratto as Red Queen
 Olga Bisera as the	Baker's Wife

Production
The film was shot in Kamenica Park, in Sremska Kamenica, in the city of Novi Sad, Serbia. Sydney Pollack recalled that Burt Lancaster first wished him to direct the film in 1966; and that the castle, which was made of styrofoam, was inspired by Walt Disney and dreams.

Release
The film opened at the Loew's State II and Loew's Orpheum theatres in New York City on July 23, 1969, grossing $94,000 in its first week.

See also
 List of American films of 1969

References

External links

 New York Times review
 Turner Classic Movies review

1969 films
1969 war films
American war films
Columbia Pictures films
Films based on American novels
Films directed by Sydney Pollack
Films scored by Michel Legrand
Films set in 1944
Films set in Belgium
Films set in castles
Western Front of World War II films
Filmways films
American World War II films
Films shot in Serbia
1960s English-language films
1960s American films

Castle Keep


Bagmashtu (also known as Bagparti, Bagvarti, Bagbartu) is an Araratian (Urartian) goddess, and the consort or wife of the chief Urartian god Haldi. Although throughout most of Urartu Arubani is known as Khaldi's wife, at the excavation of Musasir references to "Khaldi and his wife, Bagmashtu" were found inscribed on some of the items. It is assumed that when Urartu expanded its territories to include the area Musasir, local gods were incorporated and a new pantheon was created for that region. The locality and addition of Bagmashtu are supported by the fact that her name is of Armenian origin.

References
Piotrovsky, Boris B. (1969) The Ancient Civilization of Urartu: An Archaeological Adventure. Cowles Book Co.

Urartian deities

Bagvarti


Sebastian Demanop (born 1928) is a retired blind activist in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and the first blind individual from Thailand to receive college training.

Biography
Sebastian Demanop was born in Bangkok, Thailand in 1928. As a child, he became infected with tracoma which resulted in total blindness. At the age of 21, he won a full scholarship to attend the Overbrook School for the Blind in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. During high school, he learned English and Braille and graduated in 1953. He earned a Bachelor's degree in secondary education at the University of Pennsylvania. He earned a Master's in psychology at the University of Delaware. His wife, from Berks County, is also visually impaired.

Throughout his lifetime, Demanop worked to advocate for and bring independence to people with disabilities. He worked as a rehabilitator at Delaware Commission for the Blind, where he established the first blind bowling league in Delaware. He also worked as a career counselor at the Pennsylvania Bureau of Blindness and Visual Services in Philadelphia. There, he helped to establish a network of volunteers to assist blind individuals with shopping and reading. He served on the advisory board for the public transit organization, Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority, and pushed for the installation of "talking" GPS devices on each bus. Later in life, he lobbied in Thailand to push for voting rights for blind citizens in Thailand.

Demanop is one of the few blind members of the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of Pennsylvania.

References

Living people
Sebastian Demanop
Sebastian Demanop
Blind activists
American activists with disabilities
Blind scholars and academics
Sebastian Demanop
1928 births
University of Pennsylvania alumni
University of Delaware alumni
Thai emigrants to the United States

Sebastian Demanop


Tariq Azizuddin was Pakistan's ambassador to Turkey. He was ambassador to Afghanistan when he was taken hostage by terrorists from the Tehrik-i-Taliban on Monday February 11, 2008.
Tariq was traveling, by road, from his home in Peshawar, to Afghanistan's nearby capital, Kabul.
His vehicle was stopped by gunmen and he was taken hostage along with his driver Gul Nawaz and bodyguard Amir Sultan in Pakistan's Khyber Tribal Agency, prior to passing through the border crossing at Towr Kham.

The Taliban released a video to the Arab satellite channel al-Arabiya TV on April 19, 2008.

On May 16, 2008 his brother Tahir Azizuddin announced that Tariq was safe and had been freed. Nawaz and Sultan were also freed.
Pakistani authorities denied that Tariq's release was the culmination of a negotiated deal.
Nevertheless, the BBC, the Pak Tribune, and the Asia Times all reported there had been a prisoner swap.

The Asia Times article asserted there was a deal—with Baitullah Mehsud.
The Asia Times article stated that 55 militants were released, and that a payment of 20 million Pakistani Rupees was paid.
The Asia Times article named Mufti Yousuf and Muslim Dost as two of released militants
The Asia Times article reported that Maulana Abdul Aziz was expected to be released soon.
The Asia Times article reported that negotiations stalled over the kidnappers demand that Mullah Obaidullah be handed over, and the 20 million rupee payment was in lieu of his release.

References

Living people
Pashtun people
Pakistani people taken hostage
Ambassadors of Pakistan to Afghanistan
Ambassadors of Pakistan to Turkey
Foreign hostages in Afghanistan
Prisoners of the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan
People from Peshawar
Year of birth missing (living people)

Tariq Azizuddin


Father Augustin Diamacoune Senghor (4 April 1928  – 13 January 2007) was a Catholic priest and a leading figure in the Casamance independence movement (see Casamance Conflict) from Senegal.  He served as director of the Saint-Louis of Ziguinchor Seminary (Séminaire Saint-Louis de Ziguinchor) from 1972 until 1975.

Senghor was born in Senghalène, Casamance, Senegal in 1928. His father, Mathieu Diamacoune Senghor, a Serer,  was one of the founding members and active militants of the Senegalese Democratic Bloc (French: Bloc Démocratique Sénégalais (BDS)) of President Senghor. His mother, Marthe Badiate is a Jola.

After spending five years in a Senegalese prison, Senghor became the leader of the Movement of Democratic Forces in Casamance (MFDC), Casamance's main rebel movement.

Senghor signed a peace agreement with the government of Senegalese President Abdoulaye Wade in 2004.  However, several factions of the MFDC refused to participate in the peace deal and continued their fighting.  This division has deeply divided Casamance's independence movement.

Analysts say that the death of Father Senghor may make reaching a permanent peace deal in Casamance much more difficult.  The Senegalese government will need to find a new head of the rebel and separatist movement to negotiate with in Senghor's place.  However, this will not be easy, as the separatist movement has splintered into rival factions since the 2004 peace agreement.  Incidents of violence has also increased in 2006.  In late December 2006, the president of the Ziguinchor regional council was assassinated.  The Senegalese government blamed Casamance's rebels.

The Casamance Conflict

Born on April 4, 1928, Father Augustin Diamacoune Senghor would go on to be an influential person in the Casamance conflict. In 1967, Diamacoune started speaking on the topic of Casamance independence. In 1978, he published a booklet outlining the many injustices that the people of Casamance had suffered as a result of the Senegalese government. Father Diamacoune began to get more heavily involved in raising awareness of the Casamance conflict from 1980-1981. During this time, Diamacoune held conferences, wrote letters to the Senegalese authorities, and distributed pamphlets. Father Diamacoune was quickly recognized as a leading figure in the movement for Casamance independence, and in 1984, after a series of protests in Ziguinchor, he was arrested and sentenced to 10 years for violating territorial integrity (Ag Mohamed and Humphreys, 2005). Approximately halfway through his 10-year sentence, Diamacoune was granted amnesty by President Diouf because the aggressive military action taken by the Senegalese government in response to the MFDC was not working and Diouf wanted to try negotiating a peace accord. Diamacoune went on to serve a total of 5 years in prison between 1984-1991, but was released early on May 31, 1991, after Sidi Badji signed a ceasefire agreement with Senegalese Defence Minister Medoune (Fall, 2010).

Diamacoune promptly withdrew underground and retreated to Guinea Bissau. However, Father Diamacoune was still recognized as the leading figure in the MFDC, and in attempt to quell increasing violence from the MFDC, the Senegalese government pressured the government of Guinea Bissau to return Diamacoune. On March 19, 1993, Diamacoune was returned to Senegal and was greeted by a peace march in Ziguinchor consisting of around 10,000 people, organized by various civic groups. On April 8, 1993, Father Diamacoune broadcast a ceasefire appeal to all of Senegal, then went on to sign a ceasefire accord with the Senegalese government in Ziguinchor on July 8, 1993. However, after an escalation in the Casamance conflict, due in part to the MFDC's acquisition of more advanced weapons, Diamacoune was placed under house arrest on April 21, 1995.

A year later, in September 1996, Father Diamacoune accomplished what had previously seemed to be unconceivable as he successfully reunited the front nord through rapprochement with Sidy Badji. Because of the reunion of the two branches, the front nord had a much more impactful voice in peace negotiations. Looking to seize upon the new opportunity, Diamacoune proposed peace negotiations between the MFDC and the Senegalese government. He suggested holding the negotiations in Paris in 1997, but the Senegalese government declined the proposition. In January 1999 in Ziguinchor, Father Diamacoune went on to meet with President Diouf for the first time ever. After the meeting, President Diouf addressed the Casamance people and urged them to forgive the Senegalese government, and to think about reconciliation (Fall, 2010). A period of peace was ushered in, characterized by peaceful marches under the leadership of women and religious leaders.
However, Diouf lost the 2000 presidential elections and was succeeded by President Wade. In September 2001, for the first time since the beginning of the conflict, the leader of the MFDC was invited to meet the Senegalese president in his palace. The meeting between Father Diamacoune and President Wade resulted in increased economic activities in Casamance under the Programme de Reconstruction Economique et Sociale de la Casamance. As president of the MFDC, Diamacoune declared that the MFDC had obtained a state of satisfaction, and that there was no more reason to fight (Marut, 2004). The last peace accord between the MFDC and the Senegalese government was signed in December 2004.

Father Augustin Diamacoune Senghor died on January 13, 2007, in Val-de-Grâce Military Hospital, Paris, France.

References

Further reading
 African Environmental and Human Security in the 21st Century, pp. 95, 362, 368, Cambria Press,
 Bassène, René Capain, L'abbé Augustin Diamacoune Senghor: Par lui-même et par ceux qui l'ont connu, Editions L'Harmattan (2013),

External links
Casamance Independence Leader Dies at 78
Senegalese regional council president killed by armed men

Senegalese Roman Catholics
Serer people
Senegalese rebels
1928 births
2007 deaths
People from Casamance

Augustin Diamacoune Senghor


HijackThis (also HiJackThis or HJT) is a free and open-source tool to detect malware and adware on Microsoft Windows. It was originally created by Merijn Bellekom, and later sold to Trend Micro. The program is notable for quickly scanning a user's computer to display the most common locations of malware, rather than relying on a database of known spyware. HijackThis is used primarily for diagnosis of malware, not to remove or detect spyware—as uninformed use of its removal facilities can cause significant software damage to a computer. Browser hijacking can cause malware to be installed on a computer.

On February 16, 2012, Trend Micro released the HijackThis source code as open source and it is now available on the SourceForge site.

Use
HijackThis can generate a plain-text logfile detailing all entries it finds, and some entries can be fixed by HijackThis. Inexperienced users are advised to exercise caution or seek help when using the latter option. Except for a small whitelist of known safe entries, HijackThis does not discriminate between legitimate and unwanted items. HijackThis attempts to create backups of the files and registry entries that it fixes, which can be used to restore the system in the event of a mistake.

A common use is to post the logfile to a forum where more experienced users can help decipher which entries need to be removed. Automated tools also exist that analyze saved logs and attempt to provide recommendations to the user, or to clean entries automatically. Use of such tools, however, is generally discouraged by those who specialize in manually dealing with HijackThis logs: they consider the tools dangerous for inexperienced users, and neither accurate nor reliable enough to substitute for consulting with a trained human analyst.

Later versions of HijackThis include such additional tools as a task manager, a hosts-file editor, and an alternate-data-stream scanner.

HijackThis reached end-of-life in 2013 and is no longer developed. However, the team has recommended an unofficial replacement called HijackThis+ (originally called HijackThis Fork) that is being developed by Stanislav Polshyn.

References

External links

Spyware removal
Portable software
Free security software
Windows-only free software
Formerly proprietary software
Discontinued software

HijackThis


"Tin Man" is a 1974 song by the pop rock band America. It was written by band member Dewey Bunnell and produced by George Martin, who also plays the piano part on the recorded version. The song was included on the band's album Holiday, also from 1974.

Background
The song's title and some of its lyrics refer to the Tin Woodman from The Wizard of Oz. Songwriter Bunnell was quoted describing the parallel: "My favorite movie, I guess. I always loved it as a kid. Very obscure lyrics. Great grammar - 'Oz never did give nothing to the Tin Man.' It's sort of a poetic license."

Dan Peek - who describes "Tin Man" as "quintessential Dewey, easy stream of consciousness with a major seventh acoustic bed" - states that Bunnell "actually begged us not to record the song. Knowing Dewey it was probably reverse psychology; if it was, Gerry [Beckley] and I fell for it, insisting it was perfect for the album."

Released as the first single from Holiday, "Tin Man" became the band's fourth top-ten hit in the US, spending three weeks at number four on the Billboard Hot 100 in November 1974. The song reached number one on the Billboard easy listening chart in October of that year. In the UK, the song was relegated to the B-side of another album track, "Mad Dog", released in July, but both sides failed to chart.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Cover versions
A Finnish rendering of "Tin Man" entitled "Toisin käy" was recorded by Finnish band Cascade in 1974. Funk band Chocolate Milk also covered the song on their 1975 debut Action Speaks Louder Than Words.

Brazilian singer Ivo Meirelles recorded a Portuguese rendering of "Tin Man" entitled "Swing Man" for his 2004 album Samba Soul. The group Incognito also recorded the song on their album Bees + Things + Flowers (2006) which features singer Carleen Anderson.

Evan Olson released a cover of the song in his 1999 album  One Room.

See also
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1974 (U.S.)

References

1974 songs
1974 singles
Songs written by Dewey Bunnell
America (band) songs
Song recordings produced by George Martin
Warner Records singles

Tin Man (America song)