Samuel Muchnick (born Jeshua Muchnick, August 22, 1905 – December 30, 1998) was an American professional wrestling promoter from St. Louis, Missouri. He is often regarded as wrestling's equivalent of Pete Rozelle (the forward-thinking commissioner who revolutionized the NFL), and he was instrumental in establishing the National Wrestling Alliance, which became the industry's top governing body, in 1948.  Muchnick served as the NWA's president from 1950 to 1960 and again from 1963 to 1975. He operated the St. Louis Wrestling Club, one of the primary members of the NWA, based in St. Louis.

Early life
Muchnick was born in Ukraine to a Jewish family on August 22, 1905, but moved to the United States in 1911. He grew up in St. Louis, and his name was changed to Samuel when his father decided that Jeshua (Jesus or Joshua) was an inappropriate name for a Jewish child. While attending school, he worked various jobs to help out his family before earning his high school degree (though he ditched his graduation to attend a live wrestling event at the Odeon Theatre, where he watched the great Wladek Zbyszko in action). In 1924, he took a job with the U.S. Post Office; and in 1926, he joined the sports staff at the St. Louis Times newspaper, where he covered the St. Louis Cardinals baseball team while developing many influential acquaintances (including Babe Ruth, Al Capone, and others). Muchnick also covered professional wrestling, where he formed a friendship with Tom Packs, who was the Midwest's top sports promoter. In 1932, the Times merged with the rival St. Louis Star, and Muchnick left the paper for a position as Packs' publicist, where he handled public relations, finances and even booking duties.

Promoting career

St. Louis promoter
For nine years, Muchnick served as Tom Packs' righthand man while learning the ropes under one of the nation's most powerful promoters. However, Muchnick was insulted when Packs awarded him a paltry $200 bonus following the duo's successful promotion of the Joe Louis vs. Tony Musto heavyweight title bout in April 1941 (a fight that drew profits of $14,000). Muchnick then decided to leave his mentor when longtime wrestling champion Jim Londos (who was also on the outs with Packs) convinced him to start his own organization. Despite facing heavy resistance from Packs (who possessed much political clout with the State Athletic Commission), Muchnick promoted his first shows in May 1942 before enlisting in the Air Force during World War II. Upon returning, Muchnick continued to face competitive pressures from Packs; though he filed several court injunctions to promote his first show at St. Louis' renowned Kiel Auditorium on December 5, 1945. With the help of maverick Ohio promoter Jack Pfefer (who sent Sam several wrestlers to help him get started), Muchnick drew 3,771 fans to the arena while featuring such veteran wrestling stars as Ed "Strangler" Lewis, Roy Dunn, and others.

National Wrestling Alliance
Over the next few years, Muchnick was often forced to use old-timers past their primes as Packs employed most of the top talent (including reigning World Champion Lou Thesz). Then, in mid-1948, Muchnick was approached by Iowa's Pinky George and Minnesota's Tony Stecher about forming a new wrestling union. Up until this time, all pro wrestling regulations had come from the National Wrestling Association, which was made up of various athletic commissions. Their idea was to form a coalition of promoters, which would then share the bookings of the World Champion and top wrestlers while also splitting the gate draws. As a result, on July 19, 1948, Muchnick met with fellow promoters Pinky George, Wally Karbo (representing Tony Stecher), Orville Brown, Max Clayton, and Al Haft at the President Hotel in Waterloo, Iowa to form what was named the National Wrestling Alliance.  Pinky George was named the organization's first President while Orville Brown was subsequently recognized as the first NWA World Heavyweight Champion. Shortly thereafter, Muchnick became the beneficiary of talent exchanges with various territories that joined the NWA. As a result, he was then able to secure the services of an innovative young heel named "Nature Boy" Buddy Rogers, who had previously been wrestling in Jack Pfefer's Toledo, Ohio territory. Rogers' outspoken persona and charismatic personality allowed him to outdraw even the great Lou Thesz (who by now had taken over much of Tom Packs' operation) while adding legitimacy to Muchnick's company. Eventually, the two St. Louis groups would merge while starting a promotional war angle; Muchnick kept a controlling interest in the territory by holding two percentage points more than Thesz. Then, on November 27, 1949, Thesz unified the National Wrestling Association and National Wrestling Alliance World Titles after Brown was injured in an auto accident prior to their scheduled match.

NWA President
In 1950, Sam Muchnick was named the new president of the NWA, a position to which he was unanimously re-elected for the next nine years due to the immense trust that he inspired among the various members of the organization. With Muchnick at the helm, the NWA became the dominant governing body in pro wrestling, as nearly every major wrestling territory across the country joined the Alliance in order to gain access to the treasure chest that was the NWA World Heavyweight Champion, who was universally recognized as the industry's premier star. Under Muchnick's leadership, the NWA would also donate thousands of dollars to help fund the U.S. Olympic Wrestling Team. Then, in the late 1950s, Sam Muchnick formed the St. Louis Wrestling Club while producing a new television program titled Wrestling at the Chase on KPLR-TV, which ran from May 23, 1959, to Sept. 10, 1983. There were approximately 1,100 episodes made during that time span. The show would become one of the most popular local productions in St. Louis television history, as it turned pro wrestling into a nationally popular entertainment while bringing the many stars of the NWA into the homes of its fans.

By 1960, Sam Muchnick stepped aside as NWA president so that the organization could benefit from new ideas. He served as executive secretary under Frank Tunney, Fred Kohler and Karl "Doc" Sarpolis. Consequently, Muchnick was unanimously re-installed as NWA president in 1963 and held the office until 1975, thus contributing a total of 25 years as the industry's most influential promoter.  During his second reign, Muchnick maintained the NWA's position as wrestling's top power while he also displayed an uncanny eye for scouting future talent, as his St. Louis territory groomed such eventual champions as Johnny Valentine, Gene Kiniski, Harley Race, Dory Funk Jr. and Terry Funk, Ric Flair, and many others.  Moreover, he expanded the NWA globally by inking agreements with territories in Mexico, the Far East, Europe, and the Caribbean.

Retirement
Muchnick promoted his last card on January 1, 1982, which was subsequently named "Sam Muchnick Day" in St. Louis by Mayor Vincent Schoemehl. Shortly afterward, the St. Louis Wrestling Club was purchased by Bob Geigel, Pat O'Connor and Harley Race. Muchnick's former announcer and general manager Larry Matysik formed his own competing promotion in St. Louis around the same time. A year later, the WWF made a deal with Matysik which brought them into St. Louis and gave them the former TV timeslot of "Wrestling at the Chase." In 1985, the St. Louis Wrestling Club was sold to Jim Crockett Jr. and absorbed into what eventually became World Championship Wrestling. In 1990, he spoke at the beginning of WCW's Starrcade. In 1997, during the World Wrestling Federation's Badd Blood: In Your House pay-per-view, he was honored as a St. Louis legend.

Death
Muchnick died on December 30, 1998, in St. Louis. He was 93.

Championships and accomplishments
 National Wrestling Alliance
 NWA Hall of Fame (Class of 2005)
 St. Louis Wrestling Hall of Fame
 (Class of 2007)
 Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum
 (Class of 2003)
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
 Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 1996)

See also
 Roger Deem, photographer and author of St. Louis Snapshots:  The Last Years of the Sam Muchnick Era
 Sam Muchnick Memorial Tournament a tribute tournament held in 1986.

Footnotes

References

External links
 Wrestling-Titles.com: Sam Muchnick
Sam Muchnick Scrapbook Collection finding aid at the St. Louis Public Library

1905 births
1998 deaths
American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
American sportswriters
American television producers
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
Jewish American writers
Jewish professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from St. Louis
Professional wrestling promoters
Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum
Sports in St. Louis
Ukrainian Jews
20th-century American Jews

Sam Muchnick


Edward Ellsworth Annis (born February 2, 1980) is a Canadian-American professional wrestler, better known by his ring name Teddy Hart. He currently wrestles on the independent circuit. He wrestled on a National scale for Major League Wrestling (MLW) as the leader of The Hart Foundation, where he held the MLW World Middleweight and MLW Tag Team championships. He has also wrestled for AAA, the short-lived Wrestling Society X, Jersey All Pro Wrestling, and Dragon Gate USA. He operates a wrestling school in Edmonton. He is the son of Georgia Hart of the Hart wrestling family and wrestler B. J. Annis. He is also the nephew of former professional wrestlers, Bret Hart and Owen Hart. Hart achieved an early degree of fame when he became the youngest wrestler to be signed to the World Wrestling Federation (now WWE). His subsequent release, controversial actions while wrestling on the independent circuit and various legal problems have earned him a measure of infamy.

Outside of the ring, Annis has been a mentor to several young wrestlers and has been a trainer at wrestling schools. Among his trainees are Jack Evans, Pete Wilson and his younger cousin Matt Hart. Annis is also a cat lover and breeder of Persian cats which he has used sometimes in storylines and brought with him to matches.

Early life
Annis is the oldest male grandchild of Stu and Helen Hart and the second oldest overall. His mother is of Greek descent through her maternal grandmother and Irish through her maternal grandfather. His maternal grandfather was of Scots-Irish, English and Scottish descent. On his father's side he is part Italian. He is the nephew of former professional wrestlers, Bret Hart, Owen Hart, Bruce Hart, Keith Hart, Smith Hart, Ross Hart, Dean Hart, and Wayne Hart. Annis holds dual citizenship with Canada and the United States.

Annis grew up with three siblings, two sisters named Annie and Angela, as well as a younger brother named Matthew who died of necrotizing fasciitis in 1996. Annis is the cousin of fellow professional wrestlers Natalya Neidhart, Mike Hart, Matt Hart, Harry Smith, Bruce Hart Jr. and Torrin Hart as well as wrestling personalities Lindsay Hart and Georgia Smith.

Professional wrestling career

Early career (1995–1998)
Hart debuted in July 1995 at Rockyford, Alberta, where he teamed up with his brother, Matthew, and defeated his cousin, Harry Smith, and T. J. Wilson. In the Calgary, Alberta-based Stampede Wrestling promotion, Hart teamed with Smith, Wilson and Jack Evans. In 2000, he wrestled for and was a key creative figure in the Matrats promotion. At the age of 16, he wrestled in the opening match of a World Wrestling Federation house show in Calgary, teaming with his cousin, Harry Smith, against Andrew Picarnic and T. J. Wilson as a tribute to his brother, Matthew, who had recently died.

World Wrestling Federation (1998–2002)
In 1998, Hart became the youngest person ever to be signed to a World Wrestling Federation developmental contract, and was sent to train with Dory Funk, Jr. at the "Funkin' Conservatory". However, he was later released by the WWF, due to alleged attitude problems.

Ring of Honor (2003)
On September 20, 2003, Teddy wrestled for Ring of Honor in Philadelphia on their September event Glory by Honor II, where he defeated partner and friend, TJ Wilson. Backstage, however, the Special K faction confronted Hart, and mocked him for not being a good high-flying wrestler. On November 1, 2003, Hart competed at a Ring of Honor show in Elizabeth, New Jersey as part of a Scramble Cage match. After losing the match, he began to perform moonsaults and executed a shooting star press from the top of the cage rather than selling the moves he had taken. Hart then vomited at ringside. His actions attracted the ire of many wrestlers, as he endangered some wrestlers by performing moves on them which they were not anticipating. Hart attributes his actions to a concussion suffered during the match, and has since only wrestled at two ROH shows, At Our Best, on March 13, 2004, and Final Battle on December 19, 2009, against Jack Evans.

NWA Total Nonstop Action (2003–2004)
Hart made several appearances with NWA Total Nonstop Action. In August 2003, he defeated Jonny Storm and then lost to Juventud Guerrera in the course of the Super X Cup Tournament. He returned in March 2004 as a member of Team Canada, and represented them as its original captain in the second America's X-Cup, where Hart defeated Mr. Águila in the first match. He was released from the promotion following an altercation in a restaurant with CM Punk stemming from the Elizabeth ROH show, where Sabu had to separate the two.

Major League Wrestling (2004)
The Hart Foundation stable would later compete in Major League Wrestling, where Hart teamed with Evans as The Hart Foundation 2.0, as well as being labeled "The New Hart Foundation". MLW's TV series, MLW Underground would be the first appearance for Hart, Smith, Evans and TJ Wilson on a major cable television network.

On January 9, 2004, Hart defeated Bryan Danielson in a match billed as "Shawn Michaels' top protégé (Danielson) vs. the last student of the Hart family dungeon (Hart), playing up the Montreal screwjob and bitter real-life rivalry between Michaels and Bret Hart.

Jersey All Pro Wrestling (2004–2007)
In 2004, Hart began competing for Jersey All Pro Wrestling, and won the promotion's Tag Team Championship with Jack Evans by defeating The Strong Style Thugs (Homicide and B-Boy) in a steel cage tag team match at Caged Fury, with help from Hart's uncle Jim Neidhart. After being champions for nearly four months, Evans and Hart lost the titles to the Backseat Boyz. Three months later, Hart teamed up Homicide, one of the men he beat for the Tag Team Championship, to defeat the Backseat Boyz for the titles, giving Hart his second reign and Homicide his fifth. A little over a week later, however, they lost the titles back to the Backseat Boyz.

On January 7, 2006, Hart defeated Azrieal to become the new Light Heavyweight Champion in a Gauntlet match at Wild Card II. Four months later, Hart lost the title to Frankie Kazarian in a triple threat match also involving A.J. Styles.

On July 29, 2006, Hart took on Jay Lethal at a JAPW event in Aberdeen, New Jersey. The match culminated with Hart climbing on top of a soda machine and delivering a moonsault onto Lethal. The match was briefly stopped while Hart stepped out into the parking lot to recover. Hart managed to recuperate in time and then returned to the ring, where he won the match.

On October 28, 2006, Hart defeated Homicide, Low Ki, and Necro Butcher at the JAPW ninth Anniversary Show in Rahway, New Jersey to win the vacated JAPW Heavyweight Championship (the reigning JAPW champion, Rhyno had no showed the event). On January 23, 2007, Hart was stripped of the JAPW Heavyweight Championship due to problems with the promoter and was released from the company.

Return to WWE (2005, 2006–2007)
In 2005, he made several appearances with WWE, wrestling in dark matches, where he was defeated by Harry Smith and working as an enhancement talent on Velocity, teaming with JD Michaels against The Basham Brothers.

On April 1, 2006, Hart and several of his relatives attended the induction of his uncle Bret into the WWE Hall of Fame. After Wrestling Society X folded, Hart moved to Florida in hopes of earning a development deal with World Wrestling Entertainment, which he received. After being re-signed, he was assigned to the Florida Championship Wrestling developmental facility of WWE.

Hart appeared at the July 18 Ohio Valley Wrestling television taping, participating in a battle royal where the winner faced John Cena at Six Flags Kentucky Kingdom on July 27. Although he lost, it was announced that he and Harry Smith (along with Nattie Neidhart) would face Shad Gaspard and JTG at the same show. The "Next Generation Hart Foundation", began teaming regularly, and would go on to defeat teams such as the James Boys, Charles Evans and Justin LaRouche, Mr. Strongko and Ramón Loco, and Jamin Olivencia and TJ Dalton.

Hart appeared at the debut show for Florida Championship Wrestling, as he defeated Shawn Osbourne and competed in a battle royal and a triple threat match. On September 25, TJ Wilson and Ted DiBiase, Jr. joined the Next Generation Hart Foundation stable alongside Hart, Smith, and Neidhart. On October 2, Hart competed in his last match for the promotion as he and TJ Wilson defeated Mike Mondo and Nick Nemeth. On October 11, Hart was released from the company.

Independent circuit (2006–2012)

On July 1, 2006, Hart made his One Pro Wrestling debut at Fight Club II in Yorkshire, England, and defeated PAC. During the next two months, Hart competed regularly for 1PW, including a 10-man brawl, in which he was eliminated by Abyss after Hart's teammate Steve Corino turned on him.

On September 13, 2006, Hart and Corino wrestled in a grudge match at Pro Wrestling Xplosion's debut show Lighting the Fuse at the infamous ECW Arena. The match ended in a no contest after the referee, who was associated with Corino, claimed that Hart had submitted when he had not. Hart then challenged Corino to a fight in the parking lot, which led to another brawl.

Hart made his debut with AZW Hawaii at their March 29 event Revenge and Retribution. He wrestled in both a singles against SABAKI and a six-man tag team match, where he was partnered with SABAKI and Mark Anarchy against AkuA, DDB and Rocko Shinoda.

He debuted for Florida's Pro Wrestling Dynasty in 2006 as part of "Team Vision" (with Chasyn Rance and Mister Saint Laurent) and helped them win in the main event. He also wrestled the next night for Florida's Coastal Championship Wrestling teaming with Rance, defeating Pablo Marquez and J.P. Ace. He also wrestled for UXW Wrestling in Florida on their June 16, 2006 event "Xtreme Havoc", where he defeated Rance.

On December 1, 2007 at All Pro Wrestling, Hart and Markus Riot defeated Dana Lee and Brian Cage in the main event.

On March 22, 2008, Hart and Jack Evans defeated Ruckus and Trent Acid at PWS Majestic Mayhem in round one of the Majestic Tournament to crown the first ever PWS Champion. In the second round, Evans defeated Hart by countout in a 30-minute match which received a standing ovation. A best of five series was made and the two met for their second encounter on May 2 at Belleville Breakdown, where Hart was victorious.

On May 4, 2012, in Rahway, New Jersey Hart defeated Matt Hardy and Colt Cabana in a triple threat match for Pro Wrestling Syndicate.

Wrestling Society X (2006–2007)
Hart was part of MTV's Wrestling Society X project, which was filmed in 2006 and premiered in January 2007. He appeared in the inaugural contract rumble, where he was the second man to enter the ring, but did not win. Hart also wrestled tag team matches on later episodes of the show with "M-Dogg 20" Matt Cross, where their tag team was known as "The Filth and the Fury". As a team, Hart and Cross managed to defeat The Trailer Park Boys and Team Dragon Gate. On the fifth episode, Hart had to be stretchered away following his match after landing leg-first on the guardrail and then climbing to the top of the set and executing a moonsault, clashing heads as he landed. WSX ceased operations after their television show was cancelled.

Return to JAPW (2007–2008)
On October 27, 2007, Hart returned to JAPW after interfering in the fight between Homicide and Low Ki at the JAPW tenth Anniversary Show. On December 8, 2007, Teddy Hart teamed with Low Ki against The Latin American Xchange (LAX) (Homicide and Hernandez) and BLK OUT (Eddie Kingston and Slyk Wagner Brown) in a three-way match for the JAPW Tag Team Championship at Seasons Beatings, however LAX retained.

On January 19, 2008, Hart defeated Homicide and Eddie Kingston in a 3-Way No Disqualification New Jersey Street Fight at Reclaiming Hudson. Less than a month later on February 16, 2008, Hart defeated Kenny Omega and Xavier in a 3-way elimination match at Wild Card IV. After the match, Hernandez hit Hart with the Border Toss. That same night, Hart, in response to being attacked by Hernandez, announced that he would challenge LAX for the Tag Team Titles at Caged Fury and that his partner would be Samoa Joe. On March 8, 2008, LAX defeated Hart and Samoa Joe in a steel cage match to retain the Tag Team Championship at Caged Fury.

Return to ROH (2009)
On December 19, 2009, more than five and a half years after his last appearance, Hart returned to Ring of Honor at their first live pay-per-view Final Battle 2009, where he was defeated by Jack Evans.

AAA

La Legión Extranjera (2007–2010)

Hart made his AAA debut on November 20, 2007, in an Extreme Four Way tag team Ladder Match, where he teamed with Sabu against Crazy Boy and Joe Líder, Charly Manson and Chessman, Extreme Tiger and Halloween for the AAA World Tag Team Championship at Guerra de Titantes. Soon after joining, Hart joined Konnan's heel stable Legión Extranjera (Foreign Legion), where he regularly teams with Evans as The Hart Foundation 2.0. Part of his villainous character is that he cannot speak Spanish and during his promos, AAA captions his remarks in Spanish.
On March 16, 2008, Hart lost a $2500 Ladder Battle Royal Match to Xtreme Tiger, which also included Chessman, Juventud Guerrera, Halloween and Joe Líder at Rey de Reyes.
On June 13, The Mexican Powers (Crazy Boy, Último Gladiador and Ricky Marvin) defeated La Legión Extranjera (Bryan Danielson, Jack Evans and Teddy Hart), and La Familia de Tijuana (Extreme Tiger, Halloween and TJ Xtreme) in a Three Way Elimination match at Triplemanía XVI.
On September 14, La Hermandad Extrema (Joe Líder and Nicho El Millonario) defeated The Hart Foundation 2.0 (Teddy Hart and Jack Evans), The Mexican Powers (Crazy Boy and Último Gladiador) and La Familia de Tijuana (Extreme Tiger and Halloween) in a Four Way Ladder match for the World Tag Team Championship at Verano de Escandalo. After the loss, Hart and Evans began feuding with Líder and Nicho and on October 24, La Hermandad Extrema defeated The Hart Foundation 2.0 (Teddy Hart and Jack Evans), and Los Bello Stones (Alan and Chris Stone) in a Three Way Ladder match for the World Tag Team Championship at the 2008 Antonio Peña Memorial Show.
On December 6, Hart and Evans wrestled to a double countout against Líder and Nicho for the World Tag Team Championship at Guerra de Titanes.
On March 15, 2009, El Zorro, Hart and Evans defeated Charly Manson and D-Generation Mex (X-Pac and Alex Koslov) at Rey de Reyes. In June 2009 Hart and the rest of Legion Extranjera turned on Evans and kicked him out of the stable. On June 13, Team AAA (El Hijo del Santo, La Parka, Vampiro, Octagón and Jack Evans) defeated La Legion Extranjera (Silver King, Chessman, Kenzo Suzuki, Electroshock and Teddy Hart) at Triplemania XVII to regain control over AAA and force Konnan out of the company. On August 21 at Verano de Escandalo Konnan and Hart returned to AAA with their new version of La Legion Extranjera. In early 2010 AAA suspended Hart indefinitely.

Los Perros del Mal (2012–2013)

Hart returned to AAA on March 18, 2012, at Rey de Reyes, where he teamed with Chessman in a four-way tag team match, which was won by Joe Líder and Juventud Guerrera and also included the teams of Extreme Tiger and Fénix, and Halloween and Nicho el Millonario. On April 1, El Hijo del Perro Aguayo, who had recently been feuding with Hart's former partner Jack Evans, named Hart the newest member of his Los Perros del Mal stable. On August 5 at Triplemanía XX, Hart reunited with Evans for one night to take part in a Parejas Suicidas steel cage match, featuring three other former tag teams. However, both Hart and Evans managed to escape the cage and avoid having to face each other in a Hair vs. Hair match.

On February 22, 2013, Hart participated on the AAA Canada: Next Generation Wrestling event, competing in the NGW World Title Tournament. Hart reached the finals of the tournament but ultimately would not win the championship.

Return to the independent circuit (2014–present)
On April 5, 2014, Hart competed for Dragon Gate USA where Hart, Chuck Taylor and Biff Busick faced Anthony Nese, Caleb Konley and Trent Baretta in a losing effort. on May 31, at an ACW event, Hart, Dan Maff and Monsta Mack defeated Azrieal, Danny Demanto and Damien Darling. on October 5, 2014, Hart competed for the Inspire Pro Pure Prestige title in a triple threat match which was won by Thomas Shire.

On August 21, 2015, it was announced that Hart would make his debut for NOVA Pro Wrestling. In January 2016 Hart debuted for Canadian Wrestling's Elite. On July 14, 2016, in his debut for Lucha Libre Elite, Hart was defeated by Diamante Azul.

Return to Major League Wrestling (2017–2019)

Hart returned to Major League Wrestling (MLW) in 2017 as part of New Era Hart Foundation with cousin Davey Boy Smith Jr. and Brian Pillman Jr. On December 14, 2018, he defeated Dezmond Xavier, El Hijo de L.A. Park, Gringo Loco and Kotto Brazil in a five-way ladder match to win the vacant World Middleweight Championship. At MLW Saturday Night SuperFight on November 2, 2019, Hart defeated Austin Aries via the Canadian Destroyer to retain the MLW World Middleweight Championship. On the November 11, 2019 edition of MLW Fusion Hart was defeated by Myron Reed for the Middleweight Championship. On December 6, MLW posted on their website and social media that Hart had been released from the company. While MLW offered no official explanation for Harts release, anonymous sources speculated that it was the result of ongoing disciplinary issues with Hart, including no showing an event and appearing in the crowds of AEW and NXT shows.

Second return to AAA (2018)
On April 20, Hart made his return to the company after 5 years away from the AAA, attacking Joe Líder and Pagano. That same night he reappeared with Juventud Guerrera and Kevin Kross, attacking Dr. Wagner Jr., Vampiro and Hernandez after the main event by the AAA Mega Championship. The trio called themselves MAD, and vowed to meet against their upcoming incumbents.

Other media

Annis was the subject of the 2009 documentary A Hart Still Pounding. The project was originally named Ted Hart's Truth and Reality and was almost shut down by the creator, due to having problems with working with Hart. Hart also appeared in the 2016 documentary Hart Still Beating, which is about his uncle Smith and cousin Matt.

Annis is also the subject of the documentary Hart of Darkness by directors Kurt Spenrath and Fred Kroetsch, and the 2022 true crime documentary Dangerous Breed: Crime. Cons. Cats. which was originally being filmed as a "redemption" story, but changed directions upon the mysterious disappearance of Hart's then-girlfriend Samantha Fiddler.

Personal life

Annis is a third-generation wrestler; his father, B. J. Annis, and his grandfather Stu Hart were both wrestlers. Annis has a son, Bradley, with his ex-girlfriend Kim. Annis suffers from Bipolar disorder and does not medicate. Annis's great-grandfather Harry Smith also had bipolar disorder, as did his brother Frank.

Annis was married to Fay, and she was involved in his wrestling career, mainly in the Hart Legacy promotion. In 2016 Annis and his wife divorced.

Annis holds Canadian citizenship as a result of his birth in Canada to a Canadian-born mother. He also holds American citizenship due to being born to an American-born father.

On November 19, 2016, Annis's girlfriend Samantha Louise Michelle Fiddler disappeared in Bartow, Florida.

Legal troubles
On December 3, 2014, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police announced that Annis was wanted on sexual assault charges involving two women. The charges were dropped in June 2016. Annis later opened up about several personal/real-life topics including his rape accusations in an interview hosted by wrestlers Chuckie T and Trent Barreta in January 2015.

On January 1, 2017, Annis was arrested in Arlington, Texas, and was charged with DUI, evading arrest, and auto theft. The charges against Annis were later dropped.

In February 2020, Annis was arrested in Virginia and was charged with possession of a schedule III controlled substance with the intent to sell or distribute.

On March 4, 2020, Annis was once again arrested in Virginia, this time for violating the conditions of his bail by not staying under house arrest.

On March 26, 2020, Annis was arrested in Virginia for a third time after allegedly assaulting his girlfriend, female independent wrestler Maria Manic at the home of another independent wrestler, Ace Montana. Montana claims he had pulled a gun on Annis in order to get him off of Manic. He then called the cops and Annis was arrested and charged with strangulation resulting in wounding/bodily harm. He was held without bail in the Richmond City jail until his court date on April 22.

On October 23, 2020, Annis was arrested in Texas and charged with injuring a disabled person, evading arrest, and being in possession of a controlled substance. Annis was arrested again on the same charges on February 16, 2021, this time in northern Virginia.

Championships and accomplishments
Atomic Championship Wrestling
ACW Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 Ballpark Brawl
 Natural Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 Natural Heavyweight Championship Tournament (2004)
Can-Am Wrestling Federation
Can-Am Mid-Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Can-Am Tag Team Championships (1 time) - with Mike McFly
 Jersey All Pro Wrestling
 JAPW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 JAPW Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 JAPW Tag Team Championship (2 times) –  with Jack Evans (1) and Homicide (1)
Juggalo Championship Wrestling
JCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Major League Wrestling
MLW World Middleweight Championship (1 time)
MLW World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Brian Pillman Jr. and Davey Boy Smith Jr.
MLW Wrestler of the Year (2018)
 National Wrestling Alliance
 NWA North American Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Big Daddy Yum Yum
 Power Wrestling Alliance
 PWA Cruiserweight Championship (1 time)
 Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 Ranked No. 197 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2009
 Real Canadian Wrestling
 RCW Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Pete Wilson (1) and Kato (1)
 Stampede Wrestling
 Stampede International Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Bruce Hart
 Omega Pro Wrestling
 OPW Top Crown Championship (1 time)
 OPW Top Crown Championship Tournament (2007)
 Canadian Wrestling Hall of Fame
 Individually
 With the Hart family

See also
 Hart wrestling family
 List of people with bipolar disorder

References

External links

 Online World of Wrestling profile
 Stories about the Hart Family: Ted Hart, at Canoe.com

1980 births
Living people
Canadian people of American descent
Canadian people of English descent
Canadian people of Greek descent
Canadian people of Irish descent
Canadian sportspeople of Italian descent
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Canadian people of Ulster-Scottish descent
Canadian male professional wrestlers
Expatriate professional wrestlers in Mexico
Hart family members
People with bipolar disorder
Stampede Wrestling alumni
Hart Foundation members
Professional wrestlers from Calgary
20th-century professional wrestlers
21st-century professional wrestlers
MLW World Tag Team Champions
Stampede Wrestling International Tag Team Champions
MLW World Middleweight Champions

Teddy Hart


Brandon Peterson is an American comic book writer and artist, known for his work on Marvel Comics from Paterson New Jersey and Top Cow's Codename: Strykeforce in the 1990s.

Career
Peterson's early works for Marvel include a New Warriors annual and a fill-in in X-Factor in 1992. Later in the year, he had a short run in Uncanny X-Men, drawing the title's issues of the "X-Cutioner's Song" storyline.

Peterson left Marvel to join Top Cow, pencilling the ongoing title Codename: Strykeforce. After the title's cancellation, he wrote and drew the creator-owned title Arcanum, before returning to Marvel in 1999 to work on several X-Men spinoff mini-series.

He left Marvel once more to become Art Director of CrossGen Comics, but returned for another stint on Ultimate X-Men and the mini-series Ultimate Vision and Strange.

References

External links

American art directors
Living people
1969 births
Marvel Comics people

Brandon Peterson


Pink-slime journalism is a practice in which American news outlets publish poor-quality news reports which appear to be local news. Researchers and media credibility raters have observed pink-slime journalism being used to support Republican Party politicians or policies, and have also cited examples of its use to promote Democratic Party policies and politicians. The use of these websites to gather user data has also been observed. The reports are either computer-generated or written by poorly-paid outsourced writers, sometimes using pen names.  One network consisting of at least 1,200 local news websites was created by American conservative news businessman Brian Timpone.

The term "pink-slime journalism" was coined by journalist Ryan Smith in 2012.

Overview

The name "pink slime journalism" is a reference to "pink slime", a meat by-product that is used as filler in processed meats, which are sometimes passed off as higher-quality meat in fast food restaurants.

The primary defining characteristics of pink slime journalism are:

 The content is generally produced by low-wage employees, automated content production, and templates
 Many pink slime websites purport to cover local or hyperlocal news and to some extent are taking advantage of a decline in traditional local news
 Known instances of pink slime journalism, or networks of known instances, are financed by political partisans, and push a point-of-view favorable to those partisans
 Not infrequently, one pink-slime website exists in a network of many similar publications within a single state or region.

Content production

Pink-slime journalism involves outsourcing local news stories to low-wage employees, or using computer automation to generate news stories from various datasets.  Pink-slime websites can often be identified by their heavy use of automatically generated or templated content and lack of original reporting.

In 2012, writers employed by a pink-slime network were being paid between $0.35 and $24 per article; the New York Times reported in October 2020 that journalists were being paid between $3 and $36 per article.

Focus on local news

The design and naming of pink-slime news publications often resemble that of independent local news outlets.

With newspapers in decline over the past decade, dedicated pink-slime outlets have filled the voids left by shuttered local newspapers.

According to researcher Priyanjana Bengani of the Tow Center for Digital Journalism at Columbia University, pink-slime news outlets mimic local news outlets in order to take advantage of the trust that people tend to place in local journalism.

According to the Columbia Journalism Review, pink-slime outlets attempt to exploit people's faith in local news, as well as capitalize on the information deserts created by declining local news.

Use as a partisan tool

Pink slime websites often are financed by political partisans, and in their news content, present the candidates and policies favored by the partisans who fund the website in a favorable light, while presenting the candidates and policies disfavored by the partisans who fund the website in a negative light.

Scholars who study pink-slime journalism estimated in 2022 that there are many more pink-slime websites connected to conservative interests than to liberal or progressive interests, with the ratio being about "1,200 right-wing local news sites....[and] fewer than 70 left-leaning" such websites. One of the reasons for the preponderance of conservative pink-slime websites over left-leaning pink-slime websites is the existence of one major right-wing network, with over 1,000 local websites in it, headed by Brian Timpone and partially financed by Texas billionaire Tim Dunn.

According to Harvard University's Nieman Foundation for Journalism, although many such outlets claim to be independent, they are financed by "government officials, political candidates, PACs and political party operatives".

Pink-slime websites often step up their content production during election cycles.

Relative to the political purposes served by the slant of the content on these websites, the Columbia Journalism Review has additionally reported that some of these outlets appear to be used to gather data from users for political targeting purposes.

Quantity

The Columbia Journalism Review identified around 450 websites that appeared to be pink-slime outlets in a December 2019 report; they reported in August 2020 that the number had almost tripled to more than 1,200 websites in the months preceding the 2020 United States presidential election.

Examples
Journatic, founded in 2006, produced hyperlocal news content and distributed it to other publishers. The company created its articles using a combination of computer generation and low-wage writers who were not local to the areas for which they were writing. Some of these writers were poorly-paid workers from outside of the United States who were writing under fake names. Newspapers throughout the United States including the Chicago Tribune, the San Francisco Chronicle, and the Houston Chronicle had all published journalism from Journatic. Journatic's practices were exposed in 2012 in a report by This American Life, which interviewed a journalist named Ryan Smith who had been working for Journatic, and who coined the term "pink-slime journalism". The exposé also revealed Journatic's use of false bylines, fabricated quotes, and plagiarized material. Newspapers canceled their contracts with Journatic following this revelation, including the Chicago Tribune, who had laid off employees and replaced their work with articles from Journatic. Journatic rebranded to Locality Labs the following year.

Brian Timpone, who was the chief executive of Journatic, is an American businessman who runs various pink-slime networks which contribute reports to over 1,000 individual news websites. Research by the Columbia Journalism Review in December 2019 found that pink-slime networks operating hundreds of websites traced back to organizations connected to Timpone. One such organization, Metric Media, had set up 189 local news networks in ten states within a year. Other organizations included Locality Labs, Franklin Archer, the Record Inc., and Local Government Information Services; all were connected to Timpone in some way. Many of the articles distributed through these networks were right-leaning, and more than 90% of them were computer-generated or repurposed from other reports. According to the New York Times, the sites operated by Timpone's networks do not typically post false information, but "the operation is rooted in deception, eschewing hallmarks of news reporting like fairness and transparency". The sites typically do not disclose that they are funded by advocacy groups or that they are paid to run articles.

NewsGuard reported in October 2022 that left-leaning websites including The Main Street Sentinel, Courier Newsroom, and The American Independent, as well as the right-leaning Metric Media network, were running ads on social media while hiding their partisan funding and connections. The NewsGuard report referred to the newsrooms as pink slime' newsrooms".

See also

 Content farm
 Hack writer

References

Further reading

2012 neologisms
Disinformation operations
Internet manipulation and propaganda
Journalism in the United States
Journalism terminology
News media manipulation
Propaganda in the United States

Pink-slime journalism


Desmond "Des" Saunders (24 June 1926 – 21 April 2018) was a British television director and film editor.

He had a long association with producer Gerry Anderson, having served as a director for the series Supercar (1961–62), Stingray (1964–65), Thunderbirds (1965–66), Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons (1967–68), Joe 90 (1968–69) and Terrahawks (1983–86). Saunders was also production controller for Joe 90 and co-wrote one of the episodes, "Lone-Handed 90". He briefly worked as a production supervisor for The Secret Service (1969).

Elsewhere in television, Saunders had both production and post-production roles for The Protectors (1972–73).

His film editing credits are: RX for Murder (1958), A Woman's Temptation (1959), Escort for Hire (1960), Compelled (1960), Tarnished Heroes and So Evil, So Young (both 1961) and Voyage of the Damned (1976). He was sound editor for Floods of Fear (1959).

While working on puppet series for Anderson, the A.P. Films team received constant requests to make the puppets more real. Once, Saunders chose all of the male puppets and put little penises on them. When the girls came in during the morning, there was, as Saunders describes, "the most terrible uproar". In response, he said: "Well, you know, you gotta bring them to life somehow, haven't you?".

He died on 21 April 2018 at the age of 91.

References

External links

Obituary in The Daily Telegraph
Obituary in The Times
Obituary in The Herald
Obituary at directors.uk.com

1926 births
2018 deaths
British film editors
British television directors
British television writers

Desmond Saunders


Brooke Waggoner (born May 30, 1984) is an American singer-songwriter from New Orleans, Louisiana, who resides in Nashville, Tennessee.

Early life
Waggoner was born in Houston, Texas, to Lewis Earl and Kris Allyn (Kulcke) Waggoner. She comes from a classical music background with 17 years of formal training. She graduated with a music composition and orchestration degree from Louisiana State University in 2006. After graduating, she left for Nashville and began developing her current music.

Career (2007–present)
Waggoner has released four albums independently, with all music being fully written, orchestrated, and arranged by herself. Her debut release was an EP titled Fresh Pair of Eyes (2007). After touring nationally through the spring of 2008, Waggoner released her second album, Heal for the Honey, in the fall of that year. She continued touring nationally with such artists as Copeland, Bell X1, Owen, Paper Route, and Unwed Sailor. In 2009, she produced her third album, Go Easy Little Doves. The album again debuted at #1 on the iTunes Singer/Songwriter charts. Waggoner spent fall of 2009 and spring of 2010 on tour with such artists as Owl City, Rocky Votolato, and Denison Witmer.

Waggoner has been a part of the long-running and award-winning radio show "NPR's Mountain Stage", appearing multiple times with acts such as Wilco, Au Pair, The Hold Steady, Jerry Douglas, Crooked Still, and others.

Her music has appeared on numerous TV shows such as ABC Family's Greek, Kyle XY, Pretty Little Liars, and Grey's Anatomy, as well as CBS's Ghost Whisperer, and Lifetime's Army Wives.

Waggoner released her first DVD, entitled And the World Opened Up, in 2010. It contains a live performance recorded at Nashville's Art House America in late 2009. Her music from Go Easy Little Doves is presented for the first time with a complete live orchestra. The DVD also features biographical interviews with Waggoner, footage of her musical development, and animated sections. Production is credited to Charlie Peacock.

Waggoner has also produced records for other artists, including the 2010 vinyl release of The Sower by The Champion & His Burning Flame and the 2012 EP The Family Album for Jessica Ripka.

In 2011, Waggoner recorded with Jack White on his first solo album, Blunderbuss. She performed live with White in 2012, including a performance at the Grammys. Waggoner also appears on White's follow-up album "Lazaretto"

In September 2012, Waggoner was featured in the campaign "30 Songs / 30 Days" to support Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide, a multi-platform media project inspired by Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn's book.

Waggoner followed this with the release of her album Originator on March 5, 2013. After touring with Ron Sexsmith, playing the 2013 SXSW festival, Lollapalooza festival, releasing two music videos and an additional single, she finished the year by playing the Austin City Limits Music Festival.

In 2014, Waggoner signed a deal with Beijing-based label Pocket Records, and toured the entire country of China in partnership with Pocket Records for distribution of her albums Heal for the Honey and Go Easy Little Doves.

During 2015, the Nashville-based chamber music ensemble CHATTERBIRD commissioned Waggoner to compose a piece consisting of instrumentation for woodwinds, strings, and piano entitled "Minor-Born". The piece debuted at Abrasive Media in May 2015 and a second time as part of the Sideshow Fringe Festival in July 2015.

In January 2016, Waggoner's self-produced album Sweven released on her own label, Swoon Moon Music. Flood Magazine called it her "most ambitious work to date".

Awards
Waggoner was nominated for an Independent Music Award for "Best Folk/Singer-Songwriter Album" in 2009.

Also in 2009, she won the Nashville Music Award for "NBN Emerging Artist" of the year.

Discography
Studio albums
 Heal for the Honey (2008)
 Go Easy Little Doves (2009)
 Originator (2013)
 Sweven (2016)
 Sweven Remixes (2017)

EPs
 Fresh Pair of Eyes (2007)
  B-Sides Collection (2015)

Live albums
 Sing to Me (Live in Boston) (2013)

DVDs
 And the World Opened Up (2010)

Singles
 "Red-Robin Hood" (2010)
 "Baby Shake-em" (2010)
 "I Am Mine (remix)" (2010)
 "So-So (original demo)" (2010)
 "Squint – JT Daly Remix" (2013)
 "The High Wind" (2014)
 "Christmas Moon" (2015)
 "Widow Maker" (2015)

Also appears on
 guest vocals on song "Get Mad" by Kyle Andrews (2007)
 string orchestration for song "The Weight of Us" by Sanders Bohlke (2009)
 string orchestration for song "Closer (To Love)" by Mat Kearney (2009)
 guest vocals on "The Ol' College Try" by Nick Flora (2009)
 vocals & keyboards on song "Parker's Chapel" by Hammock & Brooke Waggoner (2011)
 guest vocals on 36-song project Yearbook by Sleeping at Last (2011)
 guest keyboards on Out of the Jar EP by Stephen Gordon (2012)
 guest Fender Rhodes, Hammond B3, piano, Wurlitzer piano on Blunderbuss album by Jack White (2012)
 guest piano w/ Pokey LaFarge on Disney's film The Lone Ranger - song "Red's Theater of the Absurd" (2013)
 guest clavinet, hammond, moog synthesizer, piano on Lazaretto album by Jack White (2014)
 guest piano on Fantasize album by Kye Kye (2014)
 orchestration / copyist on song "Don't Put Dirt on My Grave" / Juliette (String & Horn Version) for ABC's Nashville Episode 215 produced by Buddy Miller (2014)
 guest piano w/ Jack White on song "I'm Down" by Beck, sheet music book Song Reader (2014)
 string orchestration / copyist on song "Impossible Winner" by The Dead Weather (2015)
 string orchestration / copyist on live video version of song "Overactor" by Preston Lovinggood (2016)
 guest vocals on song "Heart Needs Medicine" by Don Tigra (2016)
 guest piano on Pink Floyd cover "Wish You Were Here" by Cody Jinks (2017)
 guest piano, hammond B3, Wurlitzer on album Modern Plagues by The Whistles & The Bells (2017)
 vocal harmonies on Himalayas'' album by Scott Mulvahill (2018)
 piano on "Boarding House Reach" by Jack White (2018)

References

External links

 Brooke Waggoner Daytrotter Session

1984 births
Living people
American women pop singers
American women singer-songwriters
21st-century American women singers
21st-century American singer-songwriters

Brooke Waggoner


A kabal is the name given to a  patch of desert, with  berms bulldozed to form the perimeter earthworks. Kabals are located less than  from the Iraqi border. The Kuwaiti government has cordoned off the northern part of its country, an area of more than  out of , where American military and coalition forces are based and are conducting training. Soldiers assigned to these remote sites must maintain 24-hour operations as units are close to the Iraqi border.

Description
Kabals contain dining facilities, air-conditioned sleeping tents, recreation facilities and storage for weapons, tanks and their armored vehicles. The kabals are named New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Pennsylvania and Virginia. Three others, "Diamond Head", "Camp Concho", and "Hunter" are apparently inactive. The kabals are tent cities with each camp containing large areas of tents each housing six soldiers, mess halls, rows of portable toilets, and trailers with sinks and showers and a gym. Tents are equipped with telephones. For recreation there are a variety of movies, games, and a computer room.

The walls usually form a circle that has one or two entrances guarded by soldiers with other soldiers on guard duty around the perimeter or in guard towers. Establishing kabals is manpower- and supply-intensive, requiring many convoys of Class IV (construction and barrier materiel) and contracted items. Combat Regeneration and Reorganization [CR2] is the redeployment of equipment, vehicles and soldiers from the Kabal.

History
Kabals were established shortly after Operation Desert Storm as part of a U.S. mission to protect Kuwait with a battle-ready battalion and to train service members for possible future wars against Iraq.

See also
 Fort

External links
 Global Security article

Military installations of the United States in Kuwait

Kabal (earthworks)


Jan Claus (Strasbourg 19 June 1641 - Amsterdam, 8 March 1729) was a leading Quaker in Amsterdam. He was trained as a gold- and silversmith specializing in enamel and worked for a while in Cologne. In 1663 he travelled to Amsterdam where business prospects were not good. He was however given a letter of recommendation for a Londen goldsmith J.C. Follet, also from Strasbourg, who was a member of the Society of Friends. It was with Follet that Claus joined the Quakers.

The conventicle act of 1664 which limited meetings in England led to the arrest of Jan Claus. He was convicted to be shipped to Jamaica. His ship with 54 Quakers had a slow time leaving and was hit by the plague killing all but 27. Then it was attacked by a Dutch privateer from the city of Hoorn. By 1666 Claus with 11 other Quakers found himself imprisoned in Hoorn. They were saved by Friends who had them released and brought to Amsterdam. It is not clear what happened to the others but Jan Claus, because of his command of both English and German, was pressed into staying with the Friends in Amsterdam.

It is known that Claus studied works by Johannes Tauler, Sebastian Franck and Jakob Böhme. In 1669 with Steven Crisp (1628-1692), a Friend from Colchester, who from 1663 onwards would every year visit Amsterdam, he travelled on a preaching tour to a series of towns along the Rhine: Cologne, Bonn, Metz, Bingen, Bacharach and Kriegsheim. By 1673 he was established as a buttonmaker in the company of another Quaker friend: Pieter Deen. He was for business reasons corresponding with another Friend, John Furly in Colchester. He would also travel to Friesland to preach among the Mennonites.

In 1677 Jan Claus married his second wife, a sister of a Dr. Haesbaert, a Mennonite turned Quaker preacher, from Embden who had been visited there in 1671 by William Penn and another Furly: Benjamin, who was a successful merchant and Quaker in Rotterdam. By 1674, Quakers in Embden were being persecuted and imprisoned and only after having spent much time in and out of prison, Haesbaert left for Amsterdam, leaving behind his mother.

In 1677 Jan Claus accompanied William Penn on a trip through Leeuwarden, Wieuwerd, and Groningen to Embden. In 1684, with George Fox, he visited Harlingen.

After his death - on 8 March 1729 - a collection of poems by family members and friends appeared in memory of Jan Claus.

References

1641 births
1729 deaths
Converts to Quakerism
Dutch Quakers
Businesspeople from Strasbourg

Jan Claus


Isaac Schour (1900, Efingar Ukraine – 1964) was a dental scholar, educator, researcher, and administrator. He is best known for his tooth development chart. By studying the histolotgic sections of the teeth of animals, he inspired a new discipline: the histo-physiology of teeth and surrounding structures.

Schour was an innovative teacher who ensured that dental professionals were kept abreast of non-dental research in the other sciences by founding the annual Midwest Seminar of Dental Medicine. Through his efforts, dental experts escaping persecution by the Nazis in Europe came to the faculty of the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Dentistry, creating the college's international reputation.

Schour served as president of the International Association for Dental Research and head of the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Dentistry Department of Histology. He was dean of the college from 1956 to 1964.

References

External links
University of Illinois at Chicago College of Dentistry

American dentists
University of Illinois Chicago faculty
American dentistry academics
1900 births
1964 deaths
20th-century dentists

Isaac Schour


Arthur Asher Miller (October 17, 1915 – February 10, 2005) was an American playwright, essayist and screenwriter in the 20th-century American theater. Among his most popular plays are All My Sons (1947), Death of a Salesman (1949), The Crucible (1953), and A View from the Bridge (1955). He wrote several screenplays, including The Misfits (1961). The drama Death of a Salesman is considered one of the best American plays of the 20th century.

Miller was often in the public eye, particularly during the late 1940s, 1950s and early 1960s. During this time, he received a Pulitzer Prize for Drama, testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee, and married Marilyn Monroe. In 1980, he received the St. Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis University Library Associates. He received the Praemium Imperiale prize in 2001, the Prince of Asturias Award in 2002, and the Jerusalem Prize in 2003, and the Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize in 1999.

Early life and education
Miller was born in Harlem, in the New York City borough of Manhattan, the second of three children of Augusta (Barnett) and Isidore Miller. He was born into a Jewish family of Polish-Jewish descent. His father was born in Radomyśl Wielki, Galicia (then part of Austria-Hungary, now Poland), and his mother was a native of New York whose parents also arrived from that town. Isidore owned a women's clothing manufacturing business employing 400 people. He became a well respected man in the community. The family, including Miller's younger sister Joan Copeland, lived on South 110th Street in Manhattan, owned a summer house in Far Rockaway, Queens, and employed a chauffeur. In the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the family lost almost everything and moved to Gravesend, Brooklyn. (One source says they moved to Midwood.) As a teenager, Miller delivered bread every morning before school to help the family. Miller later published an account of his early years under the title "A Boy Grew in Brooklyn". After graduating in 1932 from Abraham Lincoln High School, he worked at several menial jobs to pay for his college tuition at the University of Michigan. After graduation (), he worked as a psychiatric aide and copywriter before accepting faculty posts at New York University and University of New Hampshire.

On May 1, 1935, he joined the League of American Writers (1935–1943), whose members included Alexander Trachtenberg of International Publishers, Franklin Folsom, Louis Untermeyer, I. F. Stone, Myra Page, Millen Brand, Lillian Hellman and Dashiell Hammett. (Members were largely either Communist Party members or fellow travelers.)

At the University of Michigan, Miller first majored in journalism and wrote for the student newspaper, The Michigan Daily, and the satirical Gargoyle Humor Magazine. It was during this time that he wrote his first play, No Villain. He switched his major to English, and subsequently won the Avery Hopwood Award for No Villain. The award led him to consider that he could have a career as a playwright. He enrolled in a playwriting seminar with the influential Professor Kenneth Rowe, who emphasized how a play was built to achieve its intended effect, or what Miller called "the dynamics of play construction". Rowe gave Miller realistic feedback and much-needed encouragement, and became a lifelong friend. Miller retained strong ties to his alma mater through the rest of his life, establishing the university's Arthur Miller Award in 1985 and the Arthur Miller Award for Dramatic Writing in 1999, and lending his name to the Arthur Miller Theatre in 2000. In 1937, Miller wrote Honors at Dawn, which also received the Avery Hopwood Award.
After his graduation in 1938, he joined the Federal Theatre Project, a New Deal agency established to provide jobs in the theater. He chose the theater project despite the more lucrative offer to work as a scriptwriter for 20th Century Fox. However, Congress, worried about possible Communist infiltration, closed the project in 1939. Miller began working in the Brooklyn Navy Yard while continuing to write radio plays, some of which were broadcast on CBS.

Career

1940–1949: Early career

In 1940, Miller married Mary Grace Slattery. The couple had two children, Jane (born September 7, 1944) and Robert (May 31, 1947 – March 6, 2022). Miller was exempted from military service during World War II because of a high school football injury to his left kneecap. In 1944 Miller's first play was produced: The Man Who Had All the Luck won the Theatre Guild's National Award. The play closed after four performances with disastrous reviews.

In 1947, Miller's play All My Sons, the writing of which had commenced in 1941, was a success on Broadway (earning him his first Tony Award, for Best Author) and his reputation as a playwright was established. Years later, in a 1994 interview with Ron Rifkin, Miller said that most contemporary critics regarded All My Sons as "a very depressing play in a time of great optimism" and that positive reviews from Brooks Atkinson of The New York Times had saved it from failure.

In 1948, Miller built a small studio in Roxbury, Connecticut. There, in less than a day, he wrote Act I of Death of a Salesman. Within six weeks, he completed the rest of the play, one of the classics of world theater. Death of a Salesman premiered on Broadway on February 10, 1949, at the Morosco Theatre, directed by Elia Kazan, and starring Lee J. Cobb as Willy Loman, Mildred Dunnock as Linda, Arthur Kennedy as Biff, and Cameron Mitchell as Happy. The play was commercially successful and critically acclaimed, winning a Tony Award for Best Author, the New York Drama Circle Critics' Award, and the Pulitzer Prize for Drama. It was the first play to win all three of these major awards. The play was performed 742 times.

In 1949, Miller exchanged letters with Eugene O'Neill regarding Miller's production of All My Sons. O'Neill had sent Miller a congratulatory telegram; in response, he wrote a letter that consisted of a few paragraphs detailing his gratitude for the telegram, apologizing for not responding earlier, and inviting Eugene to the opening of Death of a Salesman. O'Neill replied, accepting the apology, but declining the invitation, explaining that his Parkinson's disease made it difficult to travel. He ended the letter with an invitation to Boston, a trip that never occurred.

1950–1963: Critical years and HUAC controversy
In 1955, a one-act version of Miller's verse drama A View from the Bridge opened on Broadway in a joint bill with one of Miller's lesser-known plays, A Memory of Two Mondays. The following year, Miller revised A View from the Bridge as a two-act prose drama, which Peter Brook directed in London. A French-Italian co-production Vu du pont, based on the play, was released in 1962.

Shortly before the film's premiere in 1961, Miller and Monroe divorced after five years of marriage. Nineteen months later, on August 5, 1962, Monroe died of a likely drug overdose. Huston, who had also directed her in her first major role in The Asphalt Jungle in 1950, and who had seen her rise to stardom, put the blame for her death on her doctors as opposed to the stresses of being a star: "The girl was an addict of sleeping pills and she was made so by the God-damn doctors. It had nothing to do with the Hollywood set-up."

In 1952, Elia Kazan appeared before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). Kazan named eight members of the Group Theatre, including Clifford Odets, Paula Strasberg, Lillian Hellman, J. Edward Bromberg, and John Garfield, who in recent years had been fellow members of the Communist Party. Miller and Kazan were close friends throughout the late 1940s and early 1950s, but after Kazan's testimony to the HUAC, the pair's friendship ended. After speaking with Kazan about his testimony, Miller traveled to Salem, Massachusetts, to research the witch trials of 1692. He and Kazan did not speak to each other for the next ten years. Kazan later defended his own actions through his film On the Waterfront, in which a dockworker heroically testifies against a corrupt union boss. Miller would retaliate against Kazan's work by writing A View from the Bridge, a play where a longshoreman outs his co-workers motivated only by jealousy and greed. He sent a copy of the initial script to Kazan and when the director asked in jest to direct the movie, Miller replied "I only sent you the script to let you know what I think of Stool-Pigeons."

In The Crucible, Miller likened the situation with the House Un-American Activities Committee to the witch hunt in Salem in 1692. The play opened at the Martin Beck Theatre on Broadway on January 22, 1953. Though widely considered only somewhat successful at the time of its release, today The Crucible is Miller's most frequently produced work throughout the world. It was adapted into an opera by Robert Ward in 1961.

The HUAC took an interest in Miller himself not long after The Crucible opened, engineering the US State Department's denying him a passport to attend the play's London opening in 1954. When Miller applied in 1956 for a routine renewal of his passport, the House Un-American Activities Committee used this opportunity to subpoena him to appear before the committee. Before appearing, Miller asked the committee not to ask him to name names, to which the chairman, Francis E. Walter (D-PA) agreed. When Miller attended the hearing, to which Monroe accompanied him, risking her own career, he gave the committee a detailed account of his political activities. Reneging on the chairman's promise, the committee demanded the names of friends and colleagues who had participated in similar activities. Miller refused to comply, saying "I could not use the name of another person and bring trouble on him." As a result, a judge found Miller guilty of contempt of Congress in May 1957. Miller was sentenced to a fine and a prison sentence, blacklisted, and disallowed a US passport. In August 1958, his conviction was overturned by the court of appeals, which ruled that Miller had been misled by the chairman of the HUAC.

Miller's experience with the HUAC affected him throughout his life. In the late 1970s, he joined other celebrities (including William Styron and Mike Nichols) who were brought together by the journalist Joan Barthel. Barthel's coverage of the highly publicized Barbara Gibbons murder case helped raise bail for Gibbons' son Peter Reilly, who had been convicted of his mother's murder based on what many felt was a coerced confession and little other evidence. Barthel documented the case in her book A Death in Canaan, which was made as a television film of the same name and broadcast in 1978. City Confidential, an A&E Network series, produced an episode about the murder, postulating that part of the reason Miller took such an active interest (including supporting Reilly's defense and using his own celebrity to bring attention to Reilly's plight) was because he had felt similarly persecuted in his run-ins with the HUAC. He sympathized with Reilly, whom he firmly believed to be innocent and to have been railroaded by the Connecticut State Police and the Attorney General who had initially prosecuted the case.

Miller began work on writing the screenplay for The Misfits in 1960, directed by John Huston and starring Monroe. It was during the filming that Miller's and Monroe's relationship hit difficulties, and he later said that the filming was one of the lowest points in his life. Monroe was taking drugs to help her sleep and more drugs to help her wake up, which caused her to arrive on the set late and then have trouble remembering her lines. Huston was unaware that Miller and Monroe were having problems in their private life. He recalled later, "I was impertinent enough to say to Arthur that to allow her to take drugs of any kind was criminal and utterly irresponsible. Shortly after that I realized that she wouldn't listen to Arthur at all; he had no say over her actions."

1964–2004: Later career
In 1964, After the Fall was produced, and is said to be a deeply personal view of Miller's experiences during his marriage to Monroe. It reunited Miller with his former friend Kazan; they collaborated on the script and direction. It opened on January 23, 1964 at the ANTA Theatre in Washington Square Park amid a flurry of publicity and outrage at putting a Monroe-like character, Maggie, on stage. Robert Brustein, in a review in the New Republic, called After the Fall "a three and one half hour breach of taste, a confessional autobiography of embarrassing explicitness ... There is a misogynistic strain in the play which the author does not seem to recognize. ... He has created a shameless piece of tabloid gossip, an act of exhibitionism which makes us all voyeurs ... a wretched piece of dramatic writing." That year, Miller produced Incident at Vichy. In 1965, he was elected the first American president of PEN International, a position which he held for four years. A year later, he organized the 1966 PEN congress in New York City. He also wrote the penetrating family drama The Price, produced in 1968. It was his most successful play since Death of a Salesman.

In 1968, Miller attended the Democratic National Convention as a delegate for Eugene McCarthy. In 1969, Miller's works were banned in the Soviet Union after he campaigned for the freedom of dissident writers. Throughout the 1970s, he spent much of his time experimenting with the theatre, producing one-act plays such as Fame and The Reason Why, and traveling with his wife, producing In the Country and Chinese Encounters with her. Both his 1972 comedy The Creation of the World and Other Business and its musical adaptation, Up from Paradise, were critical and commercial failures.

Miller was an unusually articulate commentator on his own work. In 1978, he published a collection of his Theater Essays, edited by Robert A. Martin and with a foreword by Miller. Highlights of the collection included Miller's introduction to his Collected Plays, his reflections on the theory of tragedy, comments on the McCarthy Era, and pieces arguing for a publicly supported theater. Reviewing this collection in the Chicago Tribune, Studs Terkel remarked, "In reading [the Theater Essays] ... you are exhilaratingly aware of a social critic, as well as a playwright, who knows what he's talking about."

In 1983, Miller traveled to China to produce and direct Death of a Salesman at the People's Art Theatre in Beijing. It was a success in China and in 1984, Salesman in Beijing, a book about Miller's experiences in Beijing, was published. Around the same time, Death of a Salesman was adapted into a television film starring Dustin Hoffman as Willy Loman. The film was broadcast on CBS, and garnered an audience viewership of 25 million. In late 1987, Miller's autobiographical work, Timebends, was published. Before it was published, it was well known that Miller would not talk about Monroe in interviews; however, in the book, he wrote extensively in detail about his experiences with Monroe.

During the early 1990s, Miller wrote three new plays: The Ride Down Mt. Morgan (1991), The Last Yankee (1992), and Broken Glass (1994). In 1996, a film adaptation of The Crucible starring Daniel Day-Lewis, Paul Scofield, Bruce Davison and Winona Ryder was released. Miller spent much of 1996 working on the screenplay.

Mr. Peters' Connections was staged Off-Broadway in 1998, and Death of a Salesman was revived on Broadway in 1999 to celebrate its 50th anniversary. The 1999 revival ran for 274 performances at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre, starring Brian Dennehy as Willy Loman. Once again, it was a large critical success, winning a Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play.

In 1993, Miller received the National Medal of Arts. He was honored with the PEN/Laura Pels Theater Award for a Master American Dramatist in 1998. In 2001, the National Endowment for the Humanities selected him for the Jefferson Lecture, the U.S. federal government's highest honor for achievement in the humanities. His lecture, "On Politics and the Art of Acting", analyzed political events (including the U.S. presidential election of 2000)
in terms of the "arts of performance". It drew attacks from some conservatives such as Jay Nordlinger, who called it "a disgrace"; and George Will, who argued that Miller was not a legitimate "scholar".

In October 1999, Miller received The Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize, given annually to "a man or woman who has made an outstanding contribution to the beauty of the world and to mankind's enjoyment and understanding of life". In 2001, he received the National Book Foundation's Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters. On May 1, 2002, he received Spain's Principe de Asturias Prize for Literature as "the undisputed master of modern drama". Later that year, Ingeborg Morath died of lymphatic cancer at the age of 78. The following year, Miller won the Jerusalem Prize.

In December 2004, 89-year-old Miller announced that he had been in love with 34-year-old minimalist painter Agnes Barley and had been living with her at his Connecticut farm since 2002, and that they intended to marry.
Miller's final play, Finishing the Picture, opened at the Goodman Theatre, Chicago, in the fall of 2004, with one character said to be based on Barley. It was reportedly based on his experience during the filming of The Misfits, though Miller insisted the play was a work of fiction with independent characters that were no more than composite shadows of history.

Personal life

Marriages and family

In June 1956, Miller left his first wife, Mary Slattery, whom he had married in 1940, and wed film star Marilyn Monroe. They met in 1951, had a brief affair, and remained in contact. Monroe had just turned 30 when they married; she never had a real family of her own and was eager to join the family of her new husband.

Monroe began to reconsider her career and the fact that trying to manage it made her feel helpless. She admitted to Miller, "I hate Hollywood. I don't want it any more. I want to live quietly in the country and just be there when you need me. I can't fight for myself any more." Monroe converted to Judaism to "express her loyalty and get close to both Miller and his parents", writes biographer Jeffrey Meyers. She told her close friend, Susan Strasberg: "I can identify with the Jews. Everybody's always out to get them, no matter what they do, like me." Soon after Monroe converted, Egypt banned all of her movies. Away from Hollywood and the culture of celebrity, Monroe's life became more normal; she began cooking, keeping house and giving Miller more attention and affection than he had been used to.

Later that year, Miller was subpoenaed by the House Un-American Activities Committee, and Monroe accompanied him. In her personal notes, she wrote about her worries during this period:

Monroe obtained a "Mexican divorce" from Miller in January 1961.

In February 1962, Miller married photographer Inge Morath, who had worked as a photographer documenting the production of The Misfits. The first of their two children, Rebecca, was born September 15, 1962. Their son Daniel was born with Down syndrome in November 1966. Against his wife's wishes, Miller had him institutionalized, first at a home for infants in New York City, then at the Southbury Training School in Connecticut. Though Morath visited Daniel often, Miller never visited him at the school and rarely spoke of him. Miller and Inge remained together until her death in 2002. Miller's son-in-law, actor Daniel Day-Lewis, is said to have visited Daniel frequently, and to have persuaded Miller to meet with him.

Death
Miller died on the evening of February 10, 2005 (coincidentally the 56th anniversary of the Broadway debut of Death of a Salesman) at age 89 of bladder cancer and heart failure, at his home in Roxbury, Connecticut. He had been in hospice care at his sister's apartment in New York since his release from hospital the previous month. He was surrounded by Barley, family and friends. His body was interred at Roxbury Center Cemetery in Roxbury.

Within hours of her father's death, Rebecca Miller, who had been consistently opposed to the relationship with Agnes Barley, ordered her to vacate the home she shared with Arthur.

Legacy
Miller's writing career spanned over seven decades, and at the time of his death, he was considered one of the 20th century's greatest dramatists. After his death, many respected actors, directors, and producers paid tribute to him, some calling him the last great practitioner of the American stage, and Broadway theatres darkened their lights in a show of respect.
Miller's alma mater, the University of Michigan, opened the Arthur Miller Theatre in March 2007. Per his express wish, it is the only theater in the world that bears his name.

Miller's letters, notes, drafts and other papers are housed at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center at the University of Texas at Austin.

Miller is also a member of the American Theater Hall of Fame. He was inducted in 1979.

In 1993, he received the Four Freedoms Award for Freedom of Speech.

In 2017, his daughter, Rebecca Miller, a writer and filmmaker, completed a documentary about her father's life, Arthur Miller: Writer.

Minor planet 3769 Arthurmiller is named after him.

In the 2022 Netflix film Blonde, Miller was portrayed by Adrien Brody.

Foundation
The Arthur Miller Foundation was founded to honor the legacy of Miller and his New York City Public School education. Its mission is "Promoting increased access and equity to theater arts education in our schools and increasing the number of students receiving theater arts education as an integral part of their academic curriculum." Its other initiatives include certification of new theater teachers and their placement in public schools, increasing the number of theater teachers in the system from the current estimate of 180 teachers in 1800 schools, supporting professional development of all certified theater teachers, and providing teaching artists, cultural partners, physical spaces, and theater ticket allocations for students. The foundation's primary purpose is to provide arts education in the New York City school system. Its current chancellor is Carmen Farina, a prominent proponent of the Common Core State Standards Initiative. The Master Arts Council includes Alec Baldwin, Ellen Barkin, Bradley Cooper, Dustin Hoffman, Scarlett Johansson, Tony Kushner, Julianne Moore, Michael Moore, Liam Neeson, David O. Russell, and Liev Schreiber. Miller's son-in-law, Daniel Day-Lewis, has served on the current board of directors since 2016.

The foundation celebrated Miller's 100th birthday with a one-night performance of his seminal works in November 2015.

The Arthur Miller Foundation currently supports a pilot program in theater and film at the public school Quest to Learn, in partnership with the Institute of Play. The model is being used as an in-school elective theater class and lab. Its objective is to create a sustainable theater education model to disseminate to teachers at professional development workshops.

Archive
Miller donated thirteen boxes of his earliest manuscripts to the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin in 1961 and 1962. This collection included the original handwritten notebooks and early typed drafts for Death of a Salesman, The Crucible, All My Sons, and other works. In January, 2018, the Ransom Center announced the acquisition of the remainder of the Miller archive, totaling over 200 boxes. The full archive opened in November, 2019.

Literary and public criticism
Christopher Bigsby wrote Arthur Miller: The Definitive Biography based on boxes of papers Miller made available to him before his death in 2005. The book was published in November 2008, and is reported to reveal unpublished works in which Miller "bitterly attack[ed] the injustices of American racism long before it was taken up by the civil rights movement".

In his book Trinity of Passion, author Alan M. Wald conjectures that Miller was "a member of a writer's unit of the Communist Party around 1946," using the pseudonym Matt Wayne, and editing a drama column in the magazine The New Masses.

In 1999 the writer Christopher Hitchens attacked Miller for comparing the Monica Lewinsky investigation to the Salem witch hunt. Miller had asserted a parallel between the examination of physical evidence on Lewinsky's dress and the examinations of women's bodies for signs of the "Devil's Marks" in Salem. Hitchens scathingly disputed the parallel. In his memoir, Hitch-22, Hitchens bitterly noted that Miller, despite his prominence as a left-wing intellectual, had failed to support author Salman Rushdie during the Iranian fatwa involving The Satanic Verses.

Works

Stage plays

 No Villain (1936)
 They Too Arise (1937, based on No Villain)
 Honors at Dawn (1938, based on They Too Arise)
 The Grass Still Grows (1938, based on They Too Arise)
 The Great Disobedience (1938)
 Listen My Children (1939, with Norman Rosten)
 The Golden Years (1940)
 The Half-Bridge (1943)
 The Man Who Had All the Luck (1944)
 All My Sons (1947)
 Death of a Salesman (1949)
 An Enemy of the People (1950, adaptation of Henrik Ibsen's play An Enemy of the People)
 The Crucible (1953)
 A View from the Bridge (1955)
 A Memory of Two Mondays (1955)
 After the Fall (1964)
 Incident at Vichy (1964)
 The Price (1968)
 The Reason Why (1970)
 Fame (one-act, 1970; revised for television 1978)
 The Creation of the World and Other Business (1972)
 Up from Paradise (1974)
 The Archbishop's Ceiling (1977)
 The American Clock (1980)
 Playing for Time (television play, 1980)
 Elegy for a Lady (short play, 1982, first part of Two Way Mirror)
 Some Kind of Love Story (short play, 1982, second part of Two Way Mirror)
 I Think About You a Great Deal (1986)
 Playing for Time (stage version, 1985)
 I Can't Remember Anything (1987, collected in Danger: Memory!)
 Clara (1987, collected in Danger: Memory!)
 The Ride Down Mt. Morgan (1991)
 The Last Yankee (1993)
 Broken Glass (1994)
 Mr. Peters' Connections (1998)
 Resurrection Blues (2002)
 Finishing the Picture (2004)

Radio plays
 The Pussycat and the Expert Plumber Who Was a Man (1941)
 Joel Chandler Harris (1941)
 The Battle of the Ovens (1942)
 Thunder from the Mountains (1942)
 I Was Married in Bataan (1942)
 That They May Win (1943)
 Listen for the Sound of Wings (1943)
 Bernardine (1944)
 I Love You (1944)
 Grandpa and the Statue (1944)
 The Philippines Never Surrendered (1944)
 The Guardsman (1944, based on Ferenc Molnár's play)
 The Story of Gus (1947)

Screenplays
 The Hook (1947)
 All My Sons (1948)
 Let's Make Love (1960)
 The Misfits (1961)
 Death of a Salesman (1985)
 Everybody Wins (1990)
 The Crucible (1996)

Assorted fiction
 Focus (novel, 1945)
 "The Misfits" (short story, published in Esquire, October 1957)
 I Don't Need You Anymore (short stories, 1967)
 "Homely Girl: A Life" (short story, 1992, published in UK as "Plain Girl: A Life" 1995)
 Presence: Stories (2007) (short stories include "The Bare Manuscript", "Beavers", "The Performance", and "Bulldog")

Non-fiction
 Situation Normal (1944) is based on his experiences researching the war correspondence of Ernie Pyle.
 In Russia (1969), the first of three books created with his photographer wife Inge Morath, offers Miller's impressions of Russia and Russian society.
 In the Country (1977), with photographs by Morath and text by Miller, provides insight into how Miller spent his time in Roxbury, Connecticut, and profiles of his various neighbors.
 Chinese Encounters (1979) is a travel journal with photographs by Morath. It depicts the Chinese society in the state of flux which followed the end of the Cultural Revolution. Miller discusses the hardships of many writers, professors, and artists during Mao Zedong's regime.
 Salesman in Beijing (1984) details Miller's experiences with the 1983 Beijing People's Theatre production of Death of a Salesman. He describes directing a Chinese cast in an American play.
 Timebends: A Life, Methuen London (1987) . Miller's autobiography.
 On Politics and the Art of Acting, Viking 2001 {ISBN 0-670-030-422} an 85-page essay about the thespian skills in American politics, comparing FDR, JFK, Reagan, Clinton.

Collections
 Abbotson, Susan C. W. (ed.), Arthur Miller: Collected Essays, Penguin 2016
 Kushner, Tony, ed. Arthur Miller, Collected Plays 1944–1961 (Library of America, 2006) .
 Martin, Robert A. (ed.), "The theater essays of Arthur Miller", foreword by Arthur Miller. NY: Viking Press, 1978

References

Bibliography
 Bigsby, Christopher (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Arthur Miller, Cambridge 1997
 Gottfried, Martin, Arthur Miller, A Life, Da Capo Press (US)/Faber and Faber (UK), 2003
 Koorey, Stefani, Arthur Miller's Life and Literature, Scarecrow, 2000
 Moss, Leonard. Arthur Miller, Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1980.

Further reading
 Critical Companion to Arthur Miller, Susan C. W. Abbotson, Greenwood (2007)
 Student Companion to Arthur Miller, Susan C. W. Abbotson, Facts on File (2000)
 File on Miller, Christopher Bigsby (1988)
 Arthur Miller & Company, Christopher Bigsby, editor (1990)
 Arthur Miller: A Critical Study, Christopher Bigsby (2005)
 Remembering Arthur Miller, Christopher Bigsby, editor (2005)
 Arthur Miller 1915–1962, Christopher Bigsby (2008, U.K.; 2009, U.S.)
 The Cambridge Companion to Arthur Miller (Cambridge Companions to Literature), Christopher Bigsby, editor (1998, updated and republished 2010)
 Arthur Miller 1962–2005, Christopher Bigsby (2011)

 Arthur Miller: Critical Insights, Brenda Murphy, editor, Salem (2011)
 Understanding Death of a Salesman, Brenda Murphy and Susan C. W. Abbotson, Greenwood (1999)

Critical articles
 Arthur Miller Journal, published biannually by Penn State UP. Vol. 1.1 (2006)
 Radavich, David. "Arthur Miller's Sojourn in the Heartland". American Drama 16:2 (Summer 2007): 28–45.

External links

Organizations
 Arthur Miller official website
 Arthur Miller Society
 The Arthur Miller Foundation
Archive
 Arthur Miller Papers at the Harry Ransom Center
 "Playwright Arthur Miller's archive comes to the Harry Ransom Center"
 Finding aid to Arthur Miller papers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.
Databases

Websites

 A Visit With Castro – Miller's article in The Nation, January 12, 2004

 Joyce Carol Oates on Arthur Miller
 Arthur Miller Biography
Arthur Miller and Mccarthyism

Interviews

 Miller interview, Humanities, March–April 2001

Obituaries
 The New York Times Obituary
 NPR obituary
 CNN obituary

1915 births
2005 deaths
University of Michigan alumni

Kennedy Center honorees
Laurence Olivier Award winners
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Pulitzer Prize for Drama winners
Recipients of the Praemium Imperiale
Tony Award winners

20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American essayists
20th-century American Jews
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American screenwriters
20th-century American short story writers
20th-century American memoirists
20th-century travel writers
21st-century American dramatists and playwrights
21st-century American essayists
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American screenwriters
21st-century American short story writers
Abraham Lincoln High School (Brooklyn) alumni
American agnostics
American anti-capitalists
American anti-fascists
American autobiographers
American male dramatists and playwrights
American male essayists
American male non-fiction writers
American male novelists
American male screenwriters
American male short story writers
American memoirists
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
American radio writers
American travel writers
Analysands of Rudolph Lowenstein
Anti-consumerists
Deaths from bladder cancer
Deaths from cancer in Connecticut
Federal Theatre Project people
Free speech activists
Freethought writers
Hopwood Award winners
Jerusalem Prize recipients
Jewish agnostics
Jewish American dramatists and playwrights
Jewish novelists
Marilyn Monroe
Mass media theorists
American media critics
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
Metaphor theorists
The Michigan Daily alumni
PEN International
People from Brooklyn Heights
People from Gravesend, Brooklyn
People from Midwood, Brooklyn
People from Roxbury, Connecticut
Postmodern writers
Recipients of the Four Freedoms Award
Special Tony Award recipients
Theatre theorists
Theatrologists
Writers about activism and social change
Writers about communism
Writers about theatre
Writers from Brooklyn
Writers from Connecticut
Writers of historical fiction set in the early modern period
Writers of historical fiction set in the modern age
Writers of historical romances
National Arts Club Medal of Honor Recipients
American lecturers

Arthur Miller


Han Bi-ya (born in 1958) is a Korean traveler and writer. Born in Seoul, she attended Seungeui Girls' High School After graduating from high school, she worked as a DJ and a translator and majored English literature in Hongik University . She graduated as a special scholarship student from Hongik University and got a master's degree from the graduate school of media at the University of Utah. Han worked for the Korea branch of international public relations firm Berson-Mastella for 3 years. Her inborn ability in public relations helped in notable advance in her career, but soon she quit. She left for the 'round-the-world' trip, in order to keep the promise with her father, who died when she was 15.

Then for 7 years, she traveled around the world and her experience was published into best-selling series of Daughter of the Wind: Three and a Half Times Around the Globe on Foot. Her travel around the Korean Peninsula 'Daughter of the Wind, A journey round Korea' also became a best-seller, making her a public figure as a famous author. Since then, Han worked as a team leader of emergency aid team in the international NGO World Vision from 2001 to 2009. In August 2009, she left again for the master's degree in the 'Fletcher school of law and diplomacy'.She was nominated a YWCA Youth leader awards in 2004, One of the "100 people brightening the world", being one of the most respected figure among youth and intellectuals.

Travels
Han Bi-ya became famous because of her book on travel around the world. During the 7 years of traveling, she preferred to go on foot to the most isolated regions. Risky adventures on the borders of Afghanistan were recorded in her books. She not only explored the scenery but also the tradition and life of the people there. She confesses that her life has entirely changed through the people she met. After she finished her travels, aiding people in danger of war and calamity is her only interest nowadays.

Enthusiasm
From the interview with the Korea Herald, Han thinks that the happiest person is the one who works for what he/she really is enthusiastic about. For her, 'courage' is not to fear when attempting to do something, and the amount of courage depends on how much the person is eager to do such thing. The life schedule of Han does not follow others. Regardless of the age, she is designing her life according to her dream and faith toward international aiding.

Influence
She is one of the most respected figures in Korea, being a role model for Korean students. She uses the term 'global home' rather than 'global village', stressing that ethnic groups of different cultures are all part of one big community. Many backpackers were inspired by Han's extraordinary life.

Awards
 2005 Youth Leader in Korea, YWCA
 2004 100 People Brightening the World, Korea Green Foundation

Bibliography
 Love, it was (2009)
 March to the World, Off the Map (2005)
 Travel to China of Han Biya (2001)
 Daughter of the Wind, Three and a Half Times Around the Globe on Foot (2000)
 Book 1) Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia
 Book 2) Central and South America, Alaska
 Book 3) - Indochina peninsula, South Asia
 Book 4) - Mongolia, China, Tibet
 Daughter of the Wind, A journey round Korea (1999)

References
 도서출판 푸른숲 : 네이버 카페
 한비야 :: 네이버 인물검색
 artistryblog님의블로그 : 네이버 블로그
 Daum 카페
 네이버 책: '한비야' 검색결과

1958 births
Living people
Korean writers
People from Seoul

Han Bi-ya