The University of Oregon (UO, U of O or Oregon) is a public research university in Eugene, Oregon. Founded in 1876, the university also has two Portland locations, one in Downtown and one in Northeast; a marine station, called the Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, in Charleston; and an observatory, called Pine Mountain Observatory, in Central Oregon.

The University of Oregon is organized into nine colleges and schools and offers 316 undergraduate and graduate degree programs. Most academic programs follow the 10 week Quarter System. The university is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity" and is a member of the Association of American Universities. Since July 2014, UO has been governed by its own board of trustees.

UO's 295-acre campus is situated along the Willamette River.
UO student athletes compete as the Ducks and are part of the Pac-12 Conference in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). With eighteen varsity teams, the Oregon Ducks are best known for their football team and track and field program. These two teams are even incorporated into the design of the school's "O" logo. In the summer of 2022, UO hosted the 2022 World Athletics Championships. It was the first time the event was held in the United States. UO's colors are green and yellow.

The university has a long and complex relationship with Nike, Inc., and the firm's co-founder Phil Knight. As a consequence of state higher-education disinvestment starting in the 1990s, UO has embraced a "University of Nike" image. Fueled by large investments in athletic infrastructure, this trend has accelerated in recent years. Knight, an alumnus, has advocated for both athletic prominence and increased privatisation of the university, and has donated over $1 billion to UO since the late-1980s, much of it going towards athletics. The school's "O" logo was designed by Nike in 1998 and sports facility projects on campus typically involve both Knight and Nike.

History

The land
The University of Oregon is located on Kalapuya ilihi, the traditional indigenous homeland of the Kalapuya people. Following treaties between 1851 and 1855, Kalapuya people were dispossessed of their indigenous homeland by the United States government and forcibly removed to the Coast Indian Reservation in Western Oregon. Today, Kalapuya descendants are primarily citizens of the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde and the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians.

Motto
The university's motto,  translates from Latin as "mind moves mass", or poetically as "minds move mountains." The line comes from the Aeneid by Virgil, Book VI, line 727.

The motto  is now shared with the Eindhoven University of Technology (Technische Universiteit Eindhoven) founded in 1956, the Military Academy of the German Armed Forces (Führungsakademie der Bundeswehr) founded in 1957, the University of Warwick founded in 1965.

Early years

Despite state funding woes, the Oregon State Legislature established the university in 1872 and named it Oregon State University. The residents of Eugene struggled to help finance the institution, holding numerous fundraising events such as strawberry festivals, church socials, and produce sales. They raised $27,500, enough to buy eighteen acres of land at a cost of $2,500. The doors opened in 1876 with the name of "Oregon State University" and University Hall as its sole building. The first year of enrollment contained 155 students taught by five faculty members. The first graduating class was in 1878, graduating five students. In 1881, the university was nearly closed; it was $8,000 in debt before Henry Villard donated $7,000 to help pay it. In 1913 and 1932, there were proposals to merge the university with what is now Oregon State University. Both proposals were defeated.

Maturity as a university
During Prince Lucien Campbell's tenure as president from 1902 to 1925, the university experienced tremendous growth. The budget, enrollment, facilities, and faculty members all grew several times its amount prior to his presidency. Numerous schools were also established during his tenure, including the School of Music in 1902, the School of Education in 1910, the School of Architecture, the College of Business in 1914, the School of Law in 1915, the School of Journalism in 1916, and the School of Health and Physical Education in 1920. However, the University of Oregon lost its School of Engineering to Oregon Agricultural College, now known as Oregon State University.

In 1917, a "three term" (quarter system) calendar was adopted by the university faculty as a war-time measure. This academic calendar has remained ever since then. However, it is now referred to as the Quarter System.

The Zorn-MacPherson Bill in 1932 proposed the University of Oregon and Oregon State College (now "University") merge. The bill lost in a landslide vote of over 6 to 1. The University of Oregon Medical School was founded in 1887 in Portland and merged with Willamette University's program in 1913. However, in 1974 it became an independent institution known as Oregon Health Sciences University.

The Institute of Molecular Biology was established at the university in 1959.

UO served as the filming location for the 1978 cult classic National Lampoon's Animal House.

Golden age

The 60s and 70s were somewhat of a golden age for the university. In 1964, the university ranked 25th nationally in National Science Foundation basic research grants, ahead of the University of Rochester, Northwestern University, the University of Colorado and the University of Pittsburgh.

In 1969, the UO was admitted into the prestigious Association of American Universities, along with Case Western Reserve University, the University of Maryland, and the University of Southern California.

Graduate enrollment peaked during the 78-79 academic year at 4,568. From 1970 to 1979, 2,614 doctoral degrees were awarded at UO cumulatively.

From 1970 to 1979, 817 UO undergraduate students would go on to earn doctoral degrees at UO or another institution. Despite increases in total undergraduate enrollment since the 60s and 70s, fewer UO undergraduate students would go on to earn doctorates in the 80s, 90s, 2000s and 2010s. This demonstrates the strength of UO's undergraduate student body during the 60s and 70s.

Prominent UO researchers of this era include Michael Posner, Frank Stahl, George Streisinger and Aaron Novick..

UO experienced state disinvestment in the 1980s during the tenure of president Paul Olum. Further state disinvestment occurred during the 1990s and during the Great Recession. Many programs have been scaled back or eliminated.

Recent history
The university occupies over 80 buildings. In recent years there have been numerous construction projects on campus. These projects were commissioned in part to support current student enrollment as well as possible future increases.

UO has deteriorated academically since the 1970s, due to budget cuts and mismanagement. In recent years UO's administration and Board of Trustees have approved hundreds of millions of dollars in construction projects that are not related to the university's academic mission. These facilities include Matthew Knight arena, the Ford Alumni Center, the EMU renovation (student union building), and lavish dormitories. This has occurred in tandem with state budget reductions, tuition increases, and ballooning out of state enrollment.

In 2016, the university removed the name of Frederic Stanley Dunn, head of the Classics department in the 1920s and 30s, from a dormitory named after him, "Dunn Hall", because of his leading role in the Ku Klux Klan.

UO hosted the 2022 World Championships in Athletics.

Declining state support
Measure 5 established limits on property taxes in Oregon. This impacted the state budget, and lead to budget and programmatic cuts at UO starting the 1990s. The College of Human Performance and Development was closed. Furthermore, many of the school's primary and secondary teacher training programs were eliminated. By 1997, more than 20 other programs were closed or significantly reduced in size.

UO has initiated three capital campaigns in the last 30 years. The first campaign of this era was launched with a goal of $150 million. It ended up raising a total of $255.3 million between 1992 and 1998.

With financial support from the state dwindling from 40% to 13% of the university budget, in January 2001, University President Dave Frohnmayer began Campaign Oregon with the goal of raising $600 million by December 2008, the most ambitious philanthropic fundraising campaign in the state's history at the time. With contributions exceeding $100 million from benefactors such as Phil Knight and Lorry I. Lokey, the campaign goal was exceeded by over $253 million.

In the fall of 2014, the institution announced that it would attempt to raise $2 billion from donors. In the fall of 2018, the campaign revised its goal to $3 billion. Substantial gifts were donated by Phil Knight and his wife. In October 2016, it was announced Phil Knight and his wife Penny will contribute $500 million to establish the Phil and Penny Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact. At the time it was the largest donation to a public research university. Knight gave an additional $500 million to the Knight Campus in 2021.

In 2022, Steve Ballmer made a large gift of $425 million to fund a new institute for children's behavioral health.

Despite the recent influx in private gifts given by mega-donors, as of 2020, UO's state subsidy per resident student is one of the lowest in both the Association of American Universities and Pac-12 Conference.

"University of Nike"

The school's "O" logo was officially adopted by the university as a whole in 2002. Designed by Nike, it was first adopted by the athletic program in late-1998. The inside of the logo is said to depict Hayward Field, the institution's track and field venue. The outside of the logo is said to represent Autzen Stadium, which is UO's football stadium.

Phil Knight has financed hundreds of millions of dollars worth of construction projects on UO's campus going back to the late-1980s. Knight contributed to the renovation and expansion of the Main Library, now called the Knight Library, and the construction of the William W. Knight Law Center. Knight did not make a major contribution to academics between 1996 and 2016.

Knight is a athletic booster. Knight also has contributed to, and managed, the construction of various athletic department facilities. Knight's involvement in said projects usually does not involve any university oversight, making them controversial. Knight also financed the majority of the Hayward Field renovation project.

Major publications including the New York Times and Wall Street Journal have described the university as the "University of Nike". A booked titled The University of Nike, written by Joshua Hunt, describes Nike and Phil Knight's influence on the university.

As of 2022, 16.5% of UO's gross square footage is purpose built for the university's NCAA sports program.

Push for independence
In 2010, the newly installed UO president, Richard Lariviere, proposed establishing a new governance and funding model for UO. The New Partnership, as it became known, sought to establish an independent board and large endowment to fund the university into the future. Funding had become too low and unpredictable for UO officials, and the new model would provide the university with a consistent stream of funding and the legal freedom to borrow money for large capital projects. Lariviere's proposal called for $800 million in state bonds and "an equal amount" of private gifts. The new funds would provide a large boost to UO's then modest endowment.

In a 2010 interview, UO booster Phil Knight discussed the New Partnership. Knight explained that Lariviere's plan would allow UO greater control and possibly allow it to set its own tuition for in-state students.

On March 31, 2012, a Political Action Committee called Oregonians For Higher Education Excellence was formed by Columbia Sportswear CEO Tim Boyle. As of May 23, 2012, the organization has raised over $320,000. Notable contributors to the PAC include, Phil Knight, Patrick Kilkenny, and Tim Boyle. According to Boyle, the PAC's stated goal was to help facilitate an increase in autonomy at the University of Oregon.

In reaction to a growing movement to establish an independent university board, the Oregon Legislature in 2013 passed SB 270, requiring local governing boards for the state's three largest institutions. Effective July 1, 2014, the University of Oregon became an independent public body governed by the Board of Trustees of the University of Oregon. Proponents of local governing boards believe an independent board will give the university more autonomy, and free it from relying on inadequate state funding.

Michael H. Schill became the university's president in the summer of 2015. In June 2015, UO's endowment surpassed the $700 million mark. In 2022, Schill became president at Northwestern University. Patrick Phillips is interim president of the university.

Academics

As of Fall 2014, UO offered 272 degree programs. The UO student body is composed of students from all 50 of the United States, the District of Columbia, two U.S. territories, and 89 countries around the world. As of Fall 2015, Pre-Business Administration was the most popular undergraduate major at UO (12.3% of all majors), followed by Psychology (6.4%), Human Physiology (5.3%), Economics (4.8%) and Business Administration (4.4%).

The University of Oregon is organized into nine colleges and schools. UO's College of Arts and Sciences (CAS) covers a large array of departments in the arts and sciences. The School of Global Studies and Languages is embedded within CAS. The Charles H. Lundquist College of Business (LCB) was founded in 1884 and offers courses in fields such as accounting, decision sciences, entrepreneurship, finance, management, and marketing. The School of Accounting was established in 2017 to oversee the accounting program. The College of Design (COD) was founded by Ellis F. Lawrence in 1914. The college offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in design and policy related fields. The college was known as the School of Allied Arts and Architecture and was renamed in 2017. The college is divided into three schools: School of Architecture & Environment, School of Art + Design, and the School of Planning, Public Policy and Management. The College of Education was established in 1910 as the School of Education. The Robert D. Clark Honors College is a small honors college intended to complement the majors in place at the university by joining select students and faculty for a low student to teacher ratio (25:1 maximum). The School of Journalism and Communication is one of the oldest journalism schools in the United States; it began as a department in 1912 and became a professional school in 1916. The SOJC is located in Allen Hall on the University of Oregon's Eugene campus. The School of Law was formed in 1884 in Portland and moved to Eugene in early 1915. The School of Music and Dance was initially just the Department of Music in 1886, and developed into the School of Music in 1900.

The University of Oregon Medical School was founded in 1887 in Portland and merged with Willamette University's program in 1913. However, in 1974 it became an independent institution. It is now known as Oregon Health & Science University.

Undergraduate admissions
The University of Oregon's undergraduate admissions process is "selective" according to U.S. News & World Report. For students entering Fall 2019, 22,329 freshmen were accepted out of 27,358 applicants, an 81.6% acceptance rate, and 4,525 enrolled for a yield of 20.3%.

Among freshman students who enrolled in fall 2019, SAT scores for the middle 50% ranged from 560 to 660 for evidence based reading and writing, and 540–650 for math. ACT composite scores for the middle 50% ranged from 22 to 28. The average high school GPA for incoming freshmen was 3.65. Of the 10% of entering freshmen who submitted high school class rank, 26% were in the top tenth of their graduating class, 57% in the top quarter, and 86% in the top half.

Faculty
As of May 2022, at least 19 UO faculty (living or deceased) have been elected to the National Academy of Sciences.

As of the fall of 2017, the university has 2,041 faculty members. Among this group there are 782 tenure and tenure-track (ladder) faculty members. Among US doctoral universities UO is ranked 80th when it come to full professor salaries. However, when other compensation measures are factored in, UO ranks 58th.

Research
The university is a member of the Association of American Universities, a group of leading research universities in the United States. It is also classified as a "Very High Research Activity" university, according to the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. UO has comparatively small research spending totals for an AAU level university. According to the National Science Foundation, Oregon spent $111 million on research and development in 2018, ranking it 151st in the nation.

The university has 19 research centers and institutes. The university also maintains nine "research core facilities".

Organization

Accreditation
The university is accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities, which is recognized by the United States Department of Education.

University governance
The university's internal governance is conducted in accordance with The Constitution of the University of Oregon. The UO Constitution provides a collaborative process that ensures a strong voice for the faculty, acting through the University Senate. The representation of students, civil servants, and administrative employees in the senate ensures this predominantly faculty body operates in the best interests of the entire university community.

UO Board of Trustees assumed control in 2014. The trustees have the broad authority to supervise and manage the university and may exercise all the powers, rights, duties and privileges expressly granted by law or that are implied by law or are incident to the board's powers, rights, duties and privileges.

Former provost Scott Coltrane served as interim president, from August 6, 2014, through June 30, 2015, following the resignation of Michael Gottfredson. This resignation occurred with less than 24 hours notice amidst a number of controversies, including allegations of mishandling of sexual violence, a decline of $100 million in university donations, and the alienation of faculty members around unionization and academic freedom. Including one interim president, Gottfredson was the university's fourth president in six years, a situation that led Chronicle of Higher Education to label the position a "revolving door."

On April 14, 2015 Michael H. Schill was named president, with a start date of July 1, 2015.

On August 11, 2022, it was announced that Schill was leaving the university to become president at Northwestern University.

On August 16, 2022, the Board of Trustees of the University of Oregon voted unanimously to appoint provost and senior vice president Patrick Phillips as interim president of the university during a special board meeting.

On March 13, 2023, the board of trustees unanimously voted to select John Karl Scholz as the 19th university president. Scholz is currently the provost of the University of Wisconsin–Madison and an economics professor. Jamie Moffitt, the university's chief financial officer will serve as the interim president until Scholz takes office in July, replacing Phillips.

Budget
UO's FY14 operating revenue total $905 million. , the estimated economic impact of the University of Oregon is $2.6 billion annually. Despite a large increase in undergraduate enrollment, state appropriations are less than what they were 10 years prior. The university also receives less state support than many of its peers. According to FY13-14 data from the AAU, UO ranks last in state funding and receives approximately $47.8 million from the state.

Campus safety and security

Campus security is enforced by the University of Oregon Police Department. The department was known as the Department of Public Safety. Formerly a campus security force, the department transitioned to its new role in 2012.

The University of Oregon also appeared in the documentary The Hunting Ground after allowing three basketball players accused of sexual assault to play in an NCAA Tournament. The documentary focuses on campus rape in higher education institutions in the United States.

Sexual assaults

In 2018 there were 8 rapes on campus as reported by the Department of Education.

Drug and alcohol abuse

In 2018 there were 364 drug abuse violations on campus and 894 liquor law violations on campus.

Campus

The campus is spread over  and includes eighty buildings. Additionally, the campus is an arboretum consisting of 500 species of trees. In total there are over 3,000 trees on campus. It is adjacent to the West University neighborhood and Pioneer Cemetery. Eugene is near many prominent geographic features such as the Willamette River, Cascade Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. Also within a two-hour drive is the Portland metropolitan area.

The campus is occupied by approximately 80 buildings. However, there are several ongoing construction projects, as well as plans to build new facilities. The campus is the home of the Oregon Bach Festival.

Based on Ellis F. Lawrence's vision, many of the university's buildings are planned around several major quadrangles, many of which abut the 13th Avenue pedestrian mall. The university is known for being the site of a pioneering participatory planning experiment known as the Oregon Experiment, which is also the subject of a book of the same name that evolved into the well known book A Pattern Language by Christopher Alexander. The project's two major principles are buildings should be designed, in part, by the people who will use them with the help of an "architect facilitator", and construction should occur over many small projects as opposed to a few large ones.

Although academic buildings are spread throughout the campus, most are along East 13th Avenue, with heavy pedestrian traffic at the intersection with Kincaid Street. Student recreation and union centers are toward the center of the campus, with residence halls on the east side. Sports facilities are grouped in the southern-central part of campus with the Autzen Stadium and PK Park complexes across the Willamette River. The university also owns and operates several satellite facilities, including a large facility in the White Stag Block of downtown Portland and the Oregon Institute of Marine Biology in Charleston, Oregon.

The campus has been smoke and tobacco free since 2012.

Old campus and memorial quad

The oldest section of campus is in the northwest area of the current campus. The university's first building, University Hall, opened on October 16, 1876, when the university had an enrollment of 177 students. It was known as "the building" before being named after Judge Matthew Deady in 1893. In June 2020, Deady's name was removed from the building in and it was temporarily renamed University Hall. The second building on campus is known as Villard Hall and is home to the Theater Arts and Comparative Literature Departments. Completed in 1886, the hall was named after railroad magnate Henry Villard, who provided financial aid to the university in 1881. Before its naming, it was known as "the new building." Both University and Villard Halls were designated National Historic Landmarks in 1977.

Just south of Old Campus is the Memorial Quad, which runs north and south along Kincaid Street, capped at both ends by the main campus library, Knight Library, on the south side, and the Lillis Business Complex on the north. It is flanked on the west by the tallest building on campus, Prince Lucien Campbell Hall, also known as "PLC", Condon Hall on the west, housing the Geography department, and the Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art on the east, which was remodeled and reopened on January 23, 2005. Also adjacent to Memorial Quad is Chapman Hall, which houses the Robert D. Clark Honors College.

Central campus

The center of campus houses a mixture of academic buildings, an administration building, and student recreation buildings. Just to the east of Memorial Quad, facing 13th Avenue is Johnson Hall where offices for higher administration and trustee offices are found, including the offices of the university president. Directly across 13th Avenue, facing Johnson Hall is "The Pioneer" a statue of a bearded, buckskin-clad pioneer cast in bronze by sculptor Alexander Phimister Proctor in 1919. In 1932, Proctor's "Pioneer Mother" statue was dedicated in the Women's Memorial Quadrangle on the other side of Johnson Hall; the two statues are aligned so they can "see" one another through the large windows of the hall's main floor.

Lawrence Hall is at the end of hardscape walkway, directly north of the intersection of 13th Avenue and University Street. It houses the School of Architecture and Allied Arts and is named after its first dean, Ellis F. Lawrence, in 1957. Allen Hall, opened in 1954, is adjacent to Lawrence Hall and houses the School of Journalism and Communication.

Additionally, Erb Memorial Union and the recreation center are in this part of campus.

Lorry I. Lokey Science Complex and east campus

The Lorry I. Lokey Science Complex comprises multiple science buildings to the east of Lawrence Hall, on the north side of 13th Avenue. Willamette Hall's Paul Olum Atrium is the center of the university's hard sciences complex. The construction of Willamette Hall, home of the physics department; Cascade Hall, home of the geology department; Deschutes Hall, home of the Computer and Information Science Department; and Streisinger Hall to the complex were completed in 1989.

Within the Lokey Science Complex are two facilities focused on integrative science. One is the Lokey Laboratories, which is a shared-use facility with state-of-the-art characterization instrumentation. Lokey Laboratories is associated with the Oregon Nanoscience and Microtechnologies Institute (ONAMI) and was dedicated to Lorry I. Lokey in 2008, for his $25 million donation toward the project.

The Allan Price Science Commons and Research Library is also within the Lokey Science Complex. It underwent a major renovation and expansion with the new building reopening in 2016.

The northeast corner of campus is home to the Ford Alumni Center and Matthew Knight Arena. Most of the rest of the eastern part of campus is dedicated to residence halls. Carson Hall, near the Erb Memorial Union, provides dining services along with dormitories. Just south is the Living-Learning Center, opened in 2006. It is a collection of functions including dormitories, classrooms, study areas, dining rooms, and recreational rooms to provide a single location for many student activities. The newest residence hall, the Global Scholars Hall, opened in the fall of 2012. It primarily houses returning students and students enrolled in the Robert D. Clark Honors College, College Scholars, and the global scholars language programs.

South campus

The center of south campus is where much of the on-campus athletic facilities reside. Hayward Field, home to the Ducks track and field program, sits in the eastern area of the athletic facilities. It has hosted a number of prominent track and field events such as the US Track and Field Olympic Trials, the NCAA Track and Field Championships, and USATF Championships.

To the west of the athletic facilities lies Pioneer Cemetery and further west is where the current facilities for the College of Education exists, in the southwest corner of campus. The HEDCO Education building and the Frohnmayer Music Center are in the vicinity. The Knight Law Center is just opposite of Hayward Field in the southeast corner of campus. The Many Nations Longhouse and the Museum of Natural and Cultural History are East of Knight Law.

Knight Campus
The Phil and Penny Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact is a billion dollar applied science campus. The campus is on the north side of Franklin Boulevard.

Phil and Penny Knight contributed two $500 million gifts to the campus. The rest of the funding is expected to come from state bonds and private support.

It is hoped that Knight Campus will help grow Oregon's biotechnology sector and generate economic growth for the state. However, professors at other institutions caution that nothing is guaranteed, and that creating a new economic hub from scratch is a tricky process.

Other areas and satellites
The controversial Riverfront Research Park is a small facility maintained by the university. It is used for creating new technologies, such as research about artificial intelligence at the Computational Intelligence Research Lab, and it is the home of the Zebrafish Information Network (ZFIN), the zebrafish model organism database. Controversy stems from the lack of citizen involvement in the planning process for the use of public lands, and the potential for multi-story office buildings and parking lots to replace open space, civic space, and wildlife habitat along the Willamette River. The university and student senates have each passed resolutions against construction on the banks of the Willamette River under the current development plan, yet plans for development persist. In March 2010, the issue of a conditional use permit extension for the Research Park was appealed to the Land Use Board of Appeals by a group of citizens, students, and faculty.

UO Portland
The university also leases space in Old Town Portland in the White Stag Block. UO-Portland provides an urban study environment for the School of Architecture and Allied Arts, the School of Journalism and Communication, the School of Law, and the Lundquist College of Business. Additionally, the Division of Continuing Education, the Labor Education Resource Center, and the Department of Athletics have active offices there. The Duck Store has a
shop in the building.

In 2022, UO purchased the campus of the now closed Concordia University. In 2023, most of UO's academic programs located in Portland will be relocated to this campus.

Sustainability
The undergraduate architecture program is consistently ranked among the highest in the country, and is currently ranked as the #1 public program for "Sustainable Design Practice and Principles" by DesignIntelligence magazine.

The University of Oregon received a grade of "B+" from the Sustainable Endowments Institute on its last published College Sustainability Report Card in 2011.

There has also been a push for sustainable buildings on campus with a development plan that requires any new building or renovation to incorporate sustainable design. The Lillis Business Complex was the catalyst for the policy. The building, completed in 2003 has earned a LEED Silver rating, the highest rating of any college business building in the United States. , there were 15 different buildings on campus that have been awarded LEED Silver or above ratings.

Libraries and museums

The multi-branch University of Oregon Libraries serves the campus with library collections, instruction and reference, and a wide variety of educational technology and media services. The UO is Oregon's only member of the Association of Research Libraries. The main branch, the Knight Library, houses humanities and social sciences, Learning Commons, Music Services, Government Publications, Maps and Aerial Photos, Special Collections & University Archives, Media Services, the Center for Educational Technologies, and a Cinema Studies lab to be available in Winter 2010. Other branch locations are:
 The Design Library in Lawrence Hall (renamed "Design" from the "Architecture & Allied Arts Library" when the school changed its name to the College of Design in summer of 2017)
 The John E. Jaqua Law Library in the Knight Law Center
 The Loyd & Dorothy Rippey Library at the Oregon Institute of Marine Biology in Charleston, Oregon.
 The Mathematics Library in Fenton Hall
 The Portland Library & Learning Commons in the White Stag Block in Portland, Oregon
 The Science Library in the Price Science Commons

The UO Libraries hosts Scholars' Bank, an open access (OA) digital repository created to capture, distribute and preserve the intellectual output of the University of Oregon. Scholars' Bank uses open-source DSpace software developed by Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Hewlett-Packard.

The Libraries' Educational Video Group maintains the UO Channel, which uses streaming media to provide access to campus lectures, interviews, performances, symposia, and documentary productions.

The Special Collections & University Archives house a collection of Gardner Fox's literary manuscripts, comic books, and other materials, including over 200 letters from fans. It is also the home to a rare collection of thousands of Japanese senjafuda (votive slips), part of the Gertrude Bass Warner Collection.

The University of Oregon is home to the Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art and the Museum of Natural and Cultural History.

Campus life and events

Special events
UO is home to various special events. One of the most popular and well-known events held on campus is the Oregon Bach Festival. The festival is a donor-sponsored program of the university and the only major music festival affiliated with an American university. Founded in 1970 by German conductor Helmuth Rilling and UO professor (and past president of the American Choral Directors Association) Royce Saltzman, the festival has grown into an international program that draws hundreds of musicians and over 40,000 attendees annually.

The festival has presented such artists as Frederica von Stade, Bobby McFerrin, Garrison Keillor, and Thomas Quasthoff, who made his American debut in Eugene in 1995. The festival actively commissions and premieres new choral-orchestra works, including pieces by Arvo Pärt, Osvaldo Golijov, and Tan Dun. A Bach Festival recording of the world-premiere performance of Krzyztof Penderecki's Credo won the 2001 Grammy Award for best choral performance.

Clubs and groups
There are more than 250 student groups at the University of Oregon, most of which are headquartered in the Erb Memorial Union.

The University of Oregon is home to three student-run a cappella groups: Divisi, a treble ensemble; On the Rocks, a TTBB ensemble; and Mind the Gap, a mixed ensemble.

Media

The University of Oregon has a diverse array of student-run and student-created media, including the Daily Emerald, the Oregon Commentator, and Ethos Magazine, among others.

The university is also home of two radio stations: KWAX (classical music) and KWVA (campus radio).

Government

There are two major governing bodies at the University of Oregon. The largest is the Associated Students of the University of Oregon. Its purpose is to provide for the social, cultural, educational and physical development of its members, and for the advancement of their individual and collective interests both within and without the university.

Student participation in governance of the university extends to membership in the University Senate, which has five student members with full voting rights plus the ASUO president as a nonvoting member. Students are also represented on the university's board of trustees by a voting member appointed by the Governor of Oregon.

The total FY2014-15 ASUO budget was $15.24 million.

The second-largest governing body is the Residence Hall Association (RHA), who advocate for all students living on-campus. Its purpose is to relay ideas and feedback as a way of communication with University Housing. RHA advocates for residence hall students; stimulates an environment of growth, learning, and development for all students in the residence halls through programming; submits recommendations and ideas regarding policy to University Housing.

Graduate Teaching Fellows Federation
The University of Oregon Graduate Teaching Fellows Federation (GTFF) was established in 1976 to represent graduate student workers and it is one of the oldest graduate student unions in the U.S. The UO administration objected to the establishment of the union, citing that graduate workers were "students, not employees." The Oregon Employment Relations Board (ERB) ruled in favor of the graduate students and supported their right to organize. The GTFF began organizing its first contract in April 1977 and reached a negotiation with the university administration after two strike votes. In 1993, the GTFF successfully bargained for employer-paid health insurance.

In 2014, the GTFF went on strike for the first time. In October, GTFF members voted to authorize a strike over two issues not yet included in the GTF contract: a pay raise to the minimum GTF salary and a form of paid sick leave. The strike lasted a week and overlapped with the university's administration of final examinations. Although the union members accused the university administration of strike breaking activities, intimidation of international students, and unlawful demands, a compromise was reached and the strike ended.

Facilities and housing
The Erb Memorial Union (EMU) is the student union, which functions as a center for student life. It sits on the southeast corner of 13th and University St. The EMU underwent a major renovation and expansion project from 2013 to 2016. The wing, built in 1973 was demolished in 2014 to make way for a new wing. Opened in the fall of 2016, the new facility includes improved dining options, faculty and group offices, and meeting spaces. It also features a campus pub operated by local brewery Falling Sky. There is also a bike-share program, multi-purpose auditorium, and craft center.

South of the Erb Memorial Union across a small quad is the Student Recreational Center (SRC) which is an exercise and recreation facility. It includes fitness equipment, rock climbing walls, a swimming pool, racquetball courts, an indoor elevated running track and basketball courts. Tennis courts, turf fields, and a running track are outdoors next to the Rec Center. The facility reopened in early 2015 after a major renovation and expansion. The Lyllye Reynolds-Parker Black Cultural Center, named in honor of alumna, civil rights activist, and counselor Lyllye-Reynolds Parker, opened in October 2019.

The current Residence Halls are: Barnhart, Bean, Carson, Earl, the Global Scholars Hall, Hamilton, Kalapuya Ilihi, the Living-Learning Center, Unthank, and Riley. The two newest residence halls are Unthank Hall and Kalapuya Ilihi Hall. Kalapuya Ilihi opened in the fall of 2017 and is named in honor of the indigenous Kalapuya tribe who lived in the Eugene area. Kalapuya Ilihi opened next to Global Scholars Hall, and hosts 531 students, as well as includes an open-space for students and faculty on the ground floor. Unthank Hall completed construction in 2019 and opened to student use in 2021. Additionally, several residence halls are expected to undergo major renovations in the near future, as well as a new residence hall set to open in Fall 2023.

Athletics

The University of Oregon is a member of the Pac-12 Conference as of 2023 and the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision of the NCAA. The athletic programs have garnered 28 NCAA team championships, as well as 60 NCAA individual champions in various track and field events. The strength of the track program, as well as its connection to Nike, has made Eugene known as "Track Town, USA". The two primary rivals of the Oregon Ducks football team are the Washington Huskies and the Oregon State Beavers, though they also have a strong rivalry with the Washington State Cougars. The football rivalry with Oregon State University is one of the nation's oldest. Every year, the two teams face off in the last game of the regular season. The two teams have faced each other nearly every year since 1894 except for five years. Games were not held in 1900, 1901, 1911, 1943, and 1944.

The university competes in 14 sports: football, men's and women's basketball, cross country, track and field, baseball, softball, men's and women's tennis, men's and women's golf, women's soccer, women's lacrosse, women's volleyball, and acrobatics & tumbling. This does not include club sports which competes at the Division I level in Rugby, Soccer, Rowing, and Waterpolo. As well as women's Division I club athletics in Rowing, Rugby, and Waterpolo.

With 20 NCAA championships between them, cross country and track and field are the two programs at the university that have enjoyed the most success. The programs have produced many world-class athletes including Steve Prefontaine and Alberto Salazar, the latter of whom was also a coach until he was banned for life. Nike had been formed by the former track and field head coach Bill Bowerman and former University of Oregon track runner Phil Knight. The successes of the programs have given the name of Track Town, USA to Eugene.

Created in 1893, the football team played its first game in 1894 and won its first Rose Bowl in 1917 against the University of Pennsylvania. The 1938–39 men's basketball team, nicknamed the "Tall Firs", won the first-ever NCAA basketball tournament by defeating Ohio State in the March 28, 1939 championship game.

Originally recognized as an official sport at the university in 1908, baseball was disbanded in 1981 due to concerns with Title IX. In 2007, the athletic director Patrick Kilkenny announced plans to reinstate baseball and to drop wrestling while adding women's acrobatics & tumbling.

Joining the Big 10 Conference
On August 4, 2023 the Big Ten Conference voted to accept the University of Oregon along with the University of Washington into the Big 10 Conference. The decision will go into effect August 2, 2024 allowing for the University's Pac-12 Conference media rights to lapse. The University emphasized that this will not bring an end to the annual Oregon–Oregon State football rivalry game.

Relationship with Nike

The Athletic Department (AD) and university (UO) have a long and complex relationship with Nike Inc. The corporation has significant historical ties to UO. It was founded by two UO alumni. Nike founder Phil Knight is also one of the largest benefactors in the history of UO. In recent years he has invested heavily in developing and maintaining the athletic apparatus. The University emphasized that this would not mean an end to the annual Oregon–Oregon State football rivalry game.

Mascot

The mascot of the University of Oregon is the fighting duck. The popular Disney character Donald Duck has been the mascot for decades, thanks to a handshake agreement between then-Athletic Director Leo Harris and Walt Disney in 1947. The mascot has been challenged more than a few times in its lifetime. The first came in 1966 when Walt Disney died and the company realized there was no formal contract written for the use of Donald's image. A formal contract was written up in 1973. Potential heirs "Mallard Drake" and "Mandrake" challenged Donald's position in 1978 and 2003 respectively, but both were unpopular and discontinued.

Song

The fight song is "Mighty Oregon", written by professor Albert Perfect and student John DeWitt Gilbert in 1916. It has undergone several changes since its original performance.

In fiction and popular culture

Onscreen
The film National Lampoon's Animal House (1978) was filmed on the university campus and the surrounding area. The building used as the exterior of the Delta House (which belonged to the University of Oregon Pi Kappa Alpha chapter) was demolished in 1986, but the interior scenes were shot in the Sigma Nu house, which still stands. The Omega house belongs to the Alpha Sigma Phi fraternity and still stands. The sorority house where Bluto climbs the ladder to peek in on the female students was actually the exterior of the Sigma Nu fraternity. Other buildings used during filming include Johnson Hall, Gerlinger Hall, Fenton Hall, Carson Hall, and the Erb Memorial Union (EMU). The EMU dining facility known as "The Fishbowl" was the site of the famous food-fight scene. The Knight Library and the Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art can also be seen in the movie.

Other films shot at the university include
 Abe Lincoln in Illinois (1940)
 Five Easy Pieces (1970)
 Drive, He Said (1970)
 How to Beat the High Cost of Living (1980)
 Personal Best (1982)
 Stand By Me (1986) (shot primarily in nearby Brownsville)
 Without Limits (1998)
 Zerophilia (2005)

People

Alumni

Alumni include at least two Nobel Laureates, five members of the National National Academy of Sciences, 16 Pulitzer Prize winners, who have won a combined 20 awards, 19 Rhodes Scholars and 5 Marshall Scholars.

There are more than 195,000 University of Oregon alumni around the world. The Ford Alumni Center, adjacent to Matthew Knight Arena, houses an interactive exhibit. The UO Alumni Association is also based out of this facility.

Prominent alumni include: academic leaders Lee Bollinger (president of Columbia University and former president of the University of Michigan), Gene Block (chancellor of UCLA), and Asher Cohen (president of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem), TV host Ann Curry, author and counter-culture figure Ken Kesey (One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest), businessman Phil Knight (founded Nike, Inc. in Eugene), NFL quarterbacks Marcus Mariota (2014 Heisman Trophy winner) and Justin Herbert (2019 William V. Campbell Trophy recipient and 2020 NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year), screenwriter Stephen J. Cannell, author Chuck Palahniuk (Fight Club), cognitive scientist and author Douglas Hofstadter (Gödel, Escher, Bach), U.S. Senator Ron Wyden, American sportscaster and former professional football player Ahmad Rashad, professional basketball players Luke Ridnour, Luke Jackson and Sabrina Ionescu, former American football quarterback and current sportscaster Dan Fouts, actress Kaitlin Olson, Circuit Court Judge Hollie Pihl, A cappella vocalist and YouTuber Peter Hollens, trumpeter and musician Tony Glausi, Hilda Heine (president of the Marshall Islands), and Coach Mark Few (coach of Men's Basketball Gonzaga Bulldogs.)

Faculty and staff

Current University of Oregon faculty and researchers include 1 Nobel Prize laureate, and 11 members of the National Academy of Sciences Furthermore, two Oregon based researchers have been awarded the President's National Medal of Science.

Notable current and former faculty and staff includes: renowned Canadian architect Arthur Erikson, biochemist and biophysicist Brian Matthews (also known for Matthews correlation coefficient), neuroscientist Michael Posner, behavioral psychologist and risk researcher Paul Slovic, molecular biologist and geneticist Franklin Stahl (noted for Meselson–Stahl experiment) which he performed at Caltech, molecular biologist George Streisinger (pioneered the use of Zebrafish in biological research), and 2012 Nobel Prize in Physics winner Knight Research Professor David Wineland, formerly of NIST and the University of Colorado Boulder.

Notable former athletic department staff includes: track coach Bill Bowerman (known for co-founding Nike, Inc.) and football coach Chip Kelly (also known for coaching Philadelphia Eagles and San Francisco 49ers).

Notes

References

Further reading

 * Annual Catalogue of the State University of Oregon, 1886–1887. Portland, OR: George H. Himes, 1887. —Includes several annual catalogs listing professors, alumni, students, and college rules.

External links

 Oregon Athletics website

1876 establishments in Oregon
Education in Eugene, Oregon
Educational institutions established in 1876
University and college buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Oregon
Universities and colleges accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities
Tourist attractions in Eugene, Oregon
National Register of Historic Places in Eugene, Oregon
University of Oregon

University of Oregon


Shell Shock is an original novella written by Simon A. Forward and based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It features the Sixth Doctor and Peri. It was released both as a standard edition hardback and a deluxe edition () featuring a frontispiece by Bob Covington. Both editions have a foreword by Guy N. Smith.

Synopsis

The Sixth Doctor and Peri find themselves stranded on an alien world that is mostly covered by water. The Doctor manages to make it to shore, where he has to work out a way to save Peri, the TARDIS and himself. Peri, however, is swallowed by an alien life-form intent on making her its god.

Plot

The TARDIS lands on a derelict vessel floating on the sea of an alien world almost completely covered by water. As Peri goes scuba diving, the derelict explodes. The TARDIS sinks to the bottom of the ocean, apparently taking the Doctor with it, and although Peri tries to find dry ground, she eventually sinks beneath the waters and drowns. She is rescued, in a way, by an alien creature that forms a mental link with her even as it begins to eat away her body. She relives some of her most terrible memories, including her sexual abuse at the hands of her stepfather, in a desperate attempt to retain her identity and individuality. Forward published a "first draft" of Peri's experiences in the Memory in the fanzine Mythmakers #14: Personal Reflections instead of recalling Peri's sexual abuse at the hands of her stepfather, she recalled her wild youth, pregnancy and resultant abortion. Forward stated that the change in the final manuscript was made at the request of editor David J. Howe, who thought it would be better to link the story to a fan theory about Peri's relationship with her stepfather, though not based on her character as seen in the television serials.

The Doctor, meanwhile, has been rescued by a giant crab called Scrounger, who was designed to fight in a war but is now surviving with others of his kind on a nearby island. Shortly after being taken there, the Doctor meets the only other humanoid around, Ranger, who is suffering from shell shock as a result of the war. He also shares a mental link through something called "The Memory", which used to issue orders during the war but has now fallen silent. As the Doctor struggles to communicate and come up with a plan to save himself, Ranger is attacked by an enemy crab, bigger than the others. He survives, and nicknames his attacker "Meathook".

Over time, the crabs begin to turn up dead, their shells broken and their insides eaten. The Doctor tries to organise the remaining crabs into a defence, and Scrounger is sent to find medical supplies in the sunken derelict. Instead, he finds an army of crabs, led by Meathook.

Peri, meanwhile, is finding that she can perceive things through the alien's senses, and discovers the Doctor's survival. She creates a female body, which she imbues with a spark of her intelligence, and sends it to find the Doctor. The female causes an aggressive response from Ranger, who drives her away, but soon they have other things to worry about: Meathook's army has arrived.

In trying to round up a defence, the Doctor heads to Ranger's cave, and finds the remains of the murdered crabs: it was Ranger who had been killing them. The Doctor manages to arrange for the beach dwellers and the woman to escape Meathook by sailing away on a raft that he and the crabs had been constructing, and the woman guides them towards the Memory. The Doctor is taken inside the Memory, where he finds a disembodied brain connected to it and Peri's scuba gear. His companion has been completely digested.

The Doctor links to the Memory and discovers that it was created by the corporations who created the crabs to fight in their war, and since the corporations abandoned the planet it has been being eaten by the local marine life. It reached out for Peri, desperate for a personality to hold itself together. The link to the Memory also allows the Doctor a connection to Ranger, from whom he learns that the crabs were prisoners of war, who had their brains transplanted into crab bodies to help fight the war. When Ranger's sister was similarly altered, Ranger feared for his own life and escaped to the beach.

Meathook breaks into the Memory and kills the female, but Ranger sacrifices himself to destroy Meathook – who he knows is his damaged sister. The two remaining groups of crabs join forces, and the Doctor advises them to let the Memory heal and help them build a new society. He uses his link to the Memory to piece together Peri's memories and transplant them into a newly grown body. The crabs collect the TARDIS, and the two are able to continue on their journey together.

External links
The Cloister Library - Shell Shock

Reviews
Shell Shock reviews at Infinity Plus

2003 British novels
2003 science fiction novels
Doctor Who novellas
British science fiction novels
Novels by Simon A. Forward
Telos Publishing books

Shell Shock (novella)


Shipwrecked is a British reality television programme that aired on Channel 4's now defunct youth programming brand, T4 between 2000 and 2012. The original version ran for three series from 12 January 2000 to 19 December 2001 and was constructed as a social experiment, without a competitive format or prize.

The programme returned for four series from 8 January 2006 to 10 May 2009 in a new format, as Shipwrecked: Battle of the Islands. It featured two teams competing with each other for new members, with the larger team winning a cash prize at the end.

The series transferred to E4, beginning on 23 October 2011, retitled Shipwrecked: The Island.

On 22 May 2018 Channel 4 confirmed that the series would return on E4, in 2019, with fierce competition between two battling islands, the tigers and the sharks with filming taking place in the summer on two Motu in the lagoon at Aitutaki in the Cook Islands. The new series used the Battle of the Islands format and began airing on 28 January 2019, narrated by Vick Hope. The series ended on 15 February and on 15 July 2019, it was announced that the revived show had been axed due to low ratings.

In 2013 a Russian version of the show aired on NTV.

Original series

Series 1 (2000)
The first series ran for 9 episodes from 12 January to 1 March 2000. In the series, a group of young British contestants were stranded in the Cook Islands. The format saw 16 18- to 24-year-olds stranded on Moturakau for 68 days and 67 nights, when they were eventually picked up by a sailing boat.

The 16 contestants were Elliot Dell, Dan Woodrow, Jack Krelle, Jessica Pearson, William, Rachel, Megane Quashie, Mandy Dassa, Star Hart, Lisa Norton, David, Jen, Ashna, Simon Babbage (Crusoe), Darrell (Paddy), Will Chapman, and Andy.

By the end there were only seven contestants left on the island; the others had departed to have fun on the mainland of Aitutaki and Jess left in week 5 to sail round the South Pacific. Unlike the recent series which have had game show formats, the original series (and to an extent series 2 and 3) relied on trial and error which gave it a very raw format. A pig was slaughtered in week 4, chickens were humanely killed, and fish, snails, clams and octopus were caught by hand in the open sea. There were expeditions to the reef to fish, night fishing and in week 3–4 the island was flash-flooded by high tides. Also in approximately week 3-4 the cast began weekly canoe trips in pairs to the mainland to collect "supplies" (vegetables and fruit).

The series was narrated by actor Andrew Lincoln.

Series 2 (Early 2001)
The second series ran for 13 episodes from 18 January to 28 February 2001, and the contestants were this time sent to Tonga. Before going to the island, a panel of judges ran the applicants through a boot camp-style audition process before selecting the final participants. A notable incident occurred when some contestants stole food from the producers tent on the other side of the island, and a group of girls left the main tribe to form their own camp.

Series 3 (Late 2001)
The third series ran for 16 episodes from 5 November to 19 December 2001, and the contestants were sent this time to Fiji. One of the contestants who was unknown at the time but later became famous in other reality series was Jeff Brazier and Chloe Everton who is now a Sky Sports News presenter. Sarah-Jane Crawford is now a BBC Radio 1Xtra DJ and TV Presenter for MTV.

In this version, the cast was more international, with several of the contestants coming from Australia and the United States. As with the first two series, it was designed purely as a "social experiment" and was also referred to as Shipwrecked International.

The show was the third and final series to be narrated by actor Andrew Lincoln. An official paperback book about the series, written by author David Spedding, was published in October 2001 by Channel 4.

Battle of the Islands

Series 1 (2006)

The fourth series ran from 8 January to 14 May 2006 as Shipwrecked: Battle of the Islands 2006. The new series, with all four series from 2006 to 2009 directed by Dee Koppang, share little in common with the original version of Shipwrecked, but more in common with Survivor (the British version of which was made by ITV). While the earlier series were more of a The Real World-style documentary without prizes or competition, this fourth series divided the competitors into two islands, who would compete for a prize of £70,000.

The programme featured two teams, the "Sharks" and the "Tigers", who live on the previously uninhabited Pacific islands of Moturakau and Rapota respectively (both are part of Aitutaki in the Cook Islands). The show was narrated by actor and voice-over artist, Craig Kelly.

A new contestant arrives every week and spends half the week with one team and half the week with the other before deciding which team he or she would like to stay with. The team with the most members at the end of the show's five-month run share the prize money.

Contestants are free to leave at any time and can also nominate themselves to change teams at the weekly beach party (generally the only time during the week when the Sharks and Tigers meet). If the other team votes to accept them they can then swap islands, if not they have to stay with their original team.

If two or more people put themselves forward for nomination from one island, then the rival island are only permitted to accept one nominee per week. Each island must have a minimum of 5 people at all times - nominations are only allowed if an island has six or more people. Contestants are only allowed two island moves during the series.

During the final week, the islands were equal with 14 inhabitants each, leaving the final new arrival Jenni Danns the hard decision of choosing which island would win.  She eventually chose Shark Island, and the Sharks won the £70,000 prize. The show's editors highlighted attempts by the Tigers to persuade a Shark named Jo (whose brother had earlier quit the Shark tribe) to nominate herself to switch at the death (despite their refusal to accept her brother when he had attempted to switch). She decided to stay on Shark Island after saying although she was tempted, she 'could never leave my [her] sharkies'.

Series 2 (2007)

The fifth series ran from 21 January to 10 June 2007 as Shipwrecked: Battle of the Islands 2007. There were the same groups, Tigers and Sharks, as last year as well as the same islands. This time the islands were initially split with all the males on Shark island and the females on Tiger island. The prize money still remains as £70,000, which the Tigers in turn won. A day before the first episode, T4 aired the show Shipwrecked: Meet the Islanders, which showed viewers the islanders' audition tapes.

On 3 June, the Tigers were declared winners (16–15 against the Sharks).

The "Shipwrecker Of The Year" was decided in the T4 studio reunion on 10 June. The finalists for the boys were: Ben Lunt, Paul Harris and James Green, and the finalists for the girls were: Lianne Dauban, Jane Barrie and Lucy Buchanan. Ben Lunt was the winner, also winning £15,000.

Tigers took the crown of Shipwrecked Champions 2007 after no nominations from either tribe.

The original Tiger girls were Fiona Merry, Lianne Dauban and Lucy Buchanan (other Tiger originals were Sophia Wardman and Terri Jones, who later joined the Sharks). They were later joined by Amy Blackburn (who later joined the Sharks), Ben "Macben" Cochrane, Ben "Scouse Ben" Lunt, James Green, Allen Brandie (who left the show after 2 weeks), Louis Rennocks, Gary Sullivan (who was won as a pontoon prize by the Sharks, but later joined the Tigers), Ben "Chez" Chesney, Francesca Willi, Andy Faulkner, Fliss Jaine, Jamie Goldthorpe and Lucy Carr.

The original Sharks were Stevie Thomas, Joe Stone, Jack Krelle, Will Colin (and Lorenzo Preecha who left the series). They were joined by Paul "Marine" Harris, Jo Davis, Naomi Millbank-Smith, Amy Blackburn, Terri Jones (defected Tiger), Sophia Wardman (defected Tiger), Elisa McNally, Ella Bowman, Andrew Sanders, Kim Davidson and Jonno Burden.

The final vote was cast by previous year's originals, Charlie Freeman and John Melvin, who chose the Tigers as the winners.

The show was narrated by actor and voice-over artist, Craig Kelly.

Series 3 (2008)

The sixth series ran from 12 April to 27 July 2008 as Shipwrecked: Battle of the Islands 2008. This year the islanders had various twists on their first week, also including a third island. Unlike the previous two series, series 3 had prize money of £100,000, £30,000 more than the 2007 series. This series is credited with launching the career of actress Lara Goodison.

This time the Tigers and Sharks received two new arrivals each week. They had to pick one to stay on their island and one they thought was sent home. In reality this rejected new arrival was sent to a secret third island a.k.a. Hawk Island.

In the second to last week, the tribes received three new arrivals instead of the usual two. As usual, only one got to stay, while the other two went to join the Hawks.

The Hawks came back to the original two islands in the final week, with the girls spending their first two days back on Shark Island, and the boys on Tiger Island. They then swapped over for the following two days. At the final beach party each of the final new arrivals (the former Hawk Islanders) individually picked between joining the Tigers and the Sharks. In the final week the Sharks were leading with 13, while the Tigers had only 9, however at the final beach party 12 of the 13 new arrivals picked Tiger Island, leaving Tigers with an amazing 21, compared to the Sharks' 14 (there were no nominations from either tribe). Original Shark James, and original Tiger Char (both rejected to the third ("Hawk") Island in the first week (14 weeks previously)), both picked Tiger Island, and were finally awarded their island necklaces. Original Hawk Islander, and survival expert Nick, also joined Tiger Island.

The series was won by the Tigers (21 to 14).

The series was the third to be narrated by actor and voice-over artist Craig Kelly.

Series 4 (2009)

The seventh series ran from 1 February to 10 May 2009 as Shipwrecked: Battle of the Islands 2009. The format changed significantly however to that of past series, in that instead of one tribe winning the £70,000 prize, one person would win the entire sum. There was a 'back to basics' theme to the series. Every week two new arrivals spent several days with each island (Shark Island and Tiger Island). During their stay they were appointed 'tribal leaders' and invented island rules. At the end of the week a 'beach party' was hosted where the new arrivals must choose to make either a joint or separate decision on which island they wish to stay on for the remainder of the competition. The Sharks won overall and the money went to Greg.

The series was the fourth to be narrated by actor and voice-over artist Craig Kelly.

Series 5 (2019)

On 22 May 2018 Channel 4 confirmed that the series would return on E4, with filming taking place in summer 2018, on two Motu in the lagoon at Aitutaki. Airing from 28 January 2019, this series used the Battle of the Islands format. The prize money for this series was £50,000. The series, the ninth overall, was the first to be narrated by Vick Hope, and in a change to previous seasons, episodes aired each weekday for three weeks on E4.

The Tigers won the season, sharing the £50,000 prize.

The Island (2011–2012)

On 19 May 2011, Channel 4 confirmed the show's return in 2011 with a 15-episode run and a back-to-basics theme instead of Battle of the Islands.

A special look-back show was aired on Channel 4 on 23 October 2011. Shipwrecked: The Island was launched on 25 October 2011 on E4. Airing at 8pm every Tuesday until 31 January 2012, there was no episode broadcast on 20 December 2011.

The series was the fifth and final to be narrated by actor and voice-over artist Craig Kelly, as the T4 brand was axed in December 2012.

References

External links
Shipwrecked at Channel4.com

2000 British television series debuts
2019 British television series endings
2000s British reality television series
2010s British reality television series
British television series revived after cancellation
Channel 4 reality television shows
E4 reality television shows
English-language television shows
Television series by Banijay
Television shows filmed in the Cook Islands
Television shows filmed in Fiji
Television shows filmed in Tonga

Shipwrecked (TV series)


The State Library of Tasmania is the reference, special collections, research and public lending library in the Tasmanian capital of Hobart, Australia. It is part of Libraries Tasmania. Libraries Tasmania includes a state-wide network of library services, community learning, adult literacy and the State's archives and heritage services.

History
The first "Tasmanian Public Library" opened in 1849, in a house in Hobart, funded by a government grant and yearly subscription of members. It became accessible to the public in 1860, but was forced to close in 1867 owing to debts. In 1870 a new, free public reference library opened in the Hobart Town Hall. American philanthropist Andrew Carnegie funded the move to new premises in 1907, with the requirement that a free lending service should be established at the same time.

The Libraries Act (1943) established the State Library of Tasmania, administered by the Tasmanian Library Board. At this time, the Library included many branches across the state, which grew in number over time until such time as some were closed in government rationalisations.

From October 2006, the State Library, the Archives Office, Adult Education and online access centres were integrated as the Community Knowledge Network, renamed  LINC Tasmania in 2009. The system was part of the Tasmanian Department of Education. The name changed from LINC Tasmania to Libraries Tasmania in mid-2018.

Location and description
The headquarters of Libraries Tasmania, which also houses the State Library, is located at the corner of Murray and Bathurst Street in Hobart. The public Reading Room is located on the second floor of the building.

The State Library contains over 200,000 books, periodicals, maps and directories. Reference and research services are provided to on-site and off-site clients using a range of print and online resources.

Heritage Collections
The library operates several collections and archives of historical publications and documents, particularly those related to Tasmania. In addition, the library maintains a newspaper index, an image library and a database of sheet music.

Tasmaniana Library
A collection of historical and modern published material related to Tasmania, in a range of formats from paper to digital. All Tasmanian-related material is collected including all works published in Tasmania, all works published about Tasmania, and all works by Tasmanian authors.

W. L. Crowther Library

The W. L. Crowther Library is a collection of historical books, documents, photographs, works of art and objects collected by Sir William Crowther, whose great-grandfather arrived in Hobart in 1825. The library contains about 15,000 books and manuscripts, as well as photographs and artworks, and whaling ephemera including a collection of scrimshaw. The collection was donated by William Edward Lodewyk Hamilton Crowther (1887-1981), son of Edward Lodewyk Crowther and grandson of W. L. Crowther, in 1964, and also includes extensive content about his own military service, including his own diaries.

Allport Library and Museum of Fine Arts

Another collection of historical material, bequeathed to the people of Tasmania by the Allport family to the library in 1965. It includes about 6,000 books, and outstanding collection of about 2,500 colonial-era artworks (by family members and others) and collections of Georgian era furniture, British, French and Chinese porcelain.

Digital collections
In 1998, the State Library developed a service to capture and store selected Tasmanian websites, known as Our Digital Island. The sites were downloaded and then reinstalled onto a State Library server, where they would operate independently of the original site, and held in perpetuity. The legal deposit  obligations within the Tasmanian Libraries Act 1984 allowed the Library to capture the websites without having to gain permission their Tasmanian publishers. While the service did not capture all Tasmanian websites, it had captured about 600 by 2003. The publicly available store of Our Digital Island contains websites as preserved from 2001 until 2012. The 3000 website records (with over 9000 captures taken at different times) are available through the Libraries Tasmania online catalogue.

Over time, Our Digital Island began to also store electronic documents as separate entities (annual reports, policy documents, etc.), but it became clear that the format did not allow for easy accessibility and use, so the Library set out to create a different type of online depository and archive. The Stable Tasmanian Open Repository Service (STORS) was a joint initiative of the State Library and Service Tasmania that was officially launched in late 2003. Its scope was limited to self-contained electronic resources with a defined title (i.e. excluding websites) which were able to be used by current web browser software. collected all material published in Tasmania, as per legal deposit requirement. The purpose of STORS was to act as a repository for and to provide access to contemporary electronic documents, and to serve the function of an archive by retaining these documents forever. Publishers submitted their digital publications directly to STORS, which by the end of 2017 held about 33,000 items.

STORS was terminated on 31 May 2019, when it was replaced by the National edeposit system (NED), a collaboration between Australia's nine national, state and territory libraries. As a member library of National and State Libraries Australia, the organisation collaborated on the creation of NED, which enables publishers from all over Australia to upload electronic publications as per the 2016 amendment to the Copyright Act 1968 and other regional legislation relating to legal deposit, and makes these publications publicly accessible online (depending on access conditions) from anywhere via Trove.

The State Library of Tasmania is not a partner organisation in PANDORA, the national web archive.

Notes

External links

Buildings and structures in Hobart
Tasmania, State Library of
Archives in Australia
Libraries in Tasmania
Tasmanian Heritage Register

State Library of Tasmania


Battle of Otlukbeli Martyrs' Monument () is a war memorial in Otlukbeli district of Erzincan Province, eastern Turkey. Opened in 2008, it is dedicated to the fallen soldiers in the Battle of Otlukbeli (1473), with both belligerents, Ottoman Empire and Aq Qoyunlu, being Muslim Turk states.

Battle
The Battle of Otlukbeli was fought between the eastbound-proceeding Ottoman forces commanded by Sultan Mehmed II and the defending forces of Aq Qoyunlu () Turcomans under Uzun Hasan near Otlukbeli on August 11, 1473. The cause of the conflict was that Uzun Hasan maintained ties with the Byzantines, who moved to the east after the conquest of their capital Constantinople by Sultan Mehmed II in 1453. The battle lasted eight hours causing deaths of thousands of soldiers, and ended with the decisive victory of the Ottoman army, which used firearms and cannons not available to their enemy.

Monument
The district governor of Otlukbeli initiated the construction of a monument in 2008 near the village Küçükotlukbeli, which is  north of Otlukbeli. It is situated close to the Lake Otlukbeli, aka Acıgöl (literally: Bitter Lake), a small  nature reserve lake. It is built on an area of . The monument was inaugurated on August 11, 2008, on the 535th anniversary of the battle.

The monument is notable because it features the reliefs of the commanders Mehmed II and Uzun Hasan, and is dedicated to all the dead soldiers from both sides.

References

Monuments and memorials in Turkey
Cultural infrastructure completed in 2008
Buildings and structures in Erzincan Province
Martyrs' monuments and memorials

Battle of Otlukbeli Martyrs' Monument


EADAS is an acronym for Engineering and Administrative Data Acquisition System created at Bell Laboratories in Columbus, Ohio and used in the Bell System during the 1970s.  EADAS was an Operations Support System (OSS) developed for the AT&T long distance and local Bell System telephone networks. The EADAS system collected network traffic usage data, generated periodic management reports, provided network management code controls and routing controls, and provided automated trouble analysis support for network support staff. EADAS was developed by a collaborative effort between Wisconsin Bell, a major "trial site", and Bell Laboratories in both Holmdel, New Jersey and Columbus, Ohio.

This OSS was deployed on DEC PDP-11 computer systems throughout the Bell System network of central offices.  See the Bell System Technical Journal published during the mid-1970s for more details.

References

Network management
Telecommunications systems

EADAS


Letters in Mathematical Physics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal in mathematical physics published by Springer Science+Business Media. It publishes letters and longer research articles, occasionally also articles containing topical reviews. It is essentially a platform for the rapid dissemination of short contributions in the field of mathematical physics. In addition, the journal publishes contributions to modern mathematics in fields which have a potential physical application, and developments in theoretical physics which have potential mathematical impact. The editors are Volker Bach, Edward Frenkel, Maxim Kontsevich, Dirk Kreimer, Nikita Nekrasov, Massimo Porrati, and Daniel Sternheimer.

Abstracting and indexing
The following services abstract or index Letters in Mathematical Physics: Academic OneFile, Academic Search, Astrophysics Data System, Chemical Abstracts Service, Current Contents/Physical, Chemical and Earth Sciences, Current Index to Statistics, EBSCO, EI-Compendex, INIS Atomindex, Inspec, Mathematical Reviews, ProQuest, Science Citation Index, Scopus, Summon by Serial Solutions, and Zentralblatt MATH. According to the Journal Citation Reports, its 2021 impact factor is 1.520.

External links

Physics journals
Mathematics journals
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Monthly journals
Academic journals established in 1975
English-language journals

Letters in Mathematical Physics


Arne Hertz (born 6 June 1939) is a former rally co-driver  from Sweden.

Biography
His name first became prominent when co-driving for Stig Blomqvist (Saab 96 V4), with whom he first won the RAC Rally, in 1971. With Blomqvist, in the same year, he also won the Hankiralli, the Swedish Rally and the 1000 Lakes Rally. This same partnership won the Swedish Rally, in 1972 and 1973, also in a Saab 96 V4.

His most successful period was from 1977 till 1990 when he partnered Finnish driver Hannu Mikkola, first in the Ford Escort RS1600, later moving on to the RS1800. He won the RAC Rally for a second time with Mikkola, in 1978 in the Escort. The pair left Ford in 1980 to join the Audi team, using the 4 wheel drive Quattro and won the RAC Rally again in 1981 for the German team. He also navigated Mikkola to his world title in 1983, again in the venerable Quattro. The pair were always contenders on any event they entered during their thirteen years together.

In 1988 when Mikkola switched to the Mazda team, Hertz stayed with Audi, teaming up with German driver Armin Schwarz.

References

1939 births
Living people
Swedish rally co-drivers
World Rally Championship co-drivers

Arne Hertz


A plastic film is a thin continuous plastic material. Thicker plastic material is often called a "sheet". Plastic films have a wide variety of uses. These include: packaging, plastic bags, labels, building construction, landscaping, electrical fabrication, photographic film, film stock for movies, video tape, etc.

Materials
Almost all plastics can be formed into a thin film. Some of the primary ones are:
 Polyethylene – The most common plastic film is made of one of the types of polyethylene: low-density polyethylene, medium-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, or linear low-density polyethylene.
 Polypropylene – Polypropylene can be made a cast film.
 Polyester
 Nylon
 Polyvinyl chloride – film can be with or without a plasticizer
 Cellulose acetate - an early bioplastic
 Cellophane - made of regenerated cellulose
 A variety of bioplastics and biodegradable plastics are available.
 Semiembossed film – Semiembossed film can be used as a liner to the calendered rubber to keep the properties of rubber and also to prevent dust and other things from sticking to the rubber while calendering and during storage.

References

Polymers
Synthetic materials

Plastic film


Underarm liners are an alternative to antiperspirants. The liners are applied directly to clothing. They contain absorbent material that wicks away moisture from sweat, keeping the axilla dry. Underarm liners were used more commonly before chemical antiperspirants, primarily by women, to preserve fine dresses from soiling. Sweat contains substances that stain yellow or fade dyes. Underarm liners are also known as underarm shields, underarm pads, sweat guards, dress shields, and pity protectors.

History
For centuries, heavy colognes were used to mask body odor. In the late nineteenth century chemists developed products that prevented the formation of body odor, but these still could not prevent underarm sweating. Early antiperspirants eventually included creams, solids, pads, dabbers, roll-ons, and powders. Today, anti-perspirants are most common in the forms of sticks, sprays, and roll-ons. But an older form of sweat protection, underarm liners, never went away.

Reusable underarm liners

The traditional reusable (or washable) liners are less common today. Typically used only by women, the liner secures to the underarm area of the garment via an adjustable strap on a bra.  Reusable liners consist of double ply cotton on one side and either a nylon or vinyl barrier on the other side. The cotton side rests on the actual skin of the armpit while the vinyl or nylon rests on the clothing as the final barrier, preventing any sweat from reaching the garment.

Disposable underarm liners
Disposable liners are offered for men and women. The thin liner is a "peel and stick" product the user places directly onto the inside of the garment. One side of the liner consists of a plastic barrier with a layer of purposely formulated glue. The other side of the liner is the absorbent side. Constructed with air-laid paper, it rests against the skin of the armpit and absorbs the moisture.

See also
 Hyperhidrosis

References

Personal hygiene products

Underarm liners


Mannheim Road, also known as La Grange Road from Cermak Road to U.S. Route 30 (US 30; Lincoln Highway), is a north–south major street in the near-western suburbs of Chicago. It carries US 12 from Des Plaines to 95th St near Hickory Hills, US 45 between Des Plaines on southwards past Frankfort, Illinois and carries US 20 between Lake Street in Stone Park, Illinois and 95th St. near Hickory Hills.

The road is named after a former town called Mannheim that was founded by German farmers in what is now Franklin Park. From Cermak Road on the Westchester–La Grange Park border and points to the south, it is known as La Grange Road. On some small intersections on the part named La Grange Road, the street signs still call the road Mannheim or Manheim.

Mannheim Road skirts the eastern edge of O'Hare International Airport; numerous airport hotels and rental car services are located on the street near the airport. One major landmark of Mannheim Road is the Allstate Arena at the intersection of Mannheim Road and Lunt Avenue in Rosemont.

There is also a Metra station on the Milwaukee West Line at Mannheim Road; in addition, Metra's BNSF Railway Line has a stop on La Grange Road in La Grange. Also, there is an overpass that carries Mannheim Rd over Union Pacific's Proviso rail yard. There is another overpass that carries the street over CPKC's Bensenville railroad yard. At the descent of that overpass the road goes under the Tri-State Tollway.

There's also a school district on the left side of the street named Mannheim School District 83 on the intersection of Grand Avenue and Mannheim Road itself in Franklin Park. North Avenue also dips under Mannheim Road in Melrose Park.

In the southwest suburbs, the street (under the name LaGrange Road) acts as the main commercial street for the suburb of Orland Park, the area's major commercial center. The road continues as a major commercial arterial for Frankfort, where it veers southwest past Route 30 and continues south through Green Garden Township under various signage before picking up Route 52 south of Andres, in Peotone Township, from where it continues to its final termination at IL Route 102 in Bourbonnais.

References

Streets in Illinois
U.S. Route 12
U.S. Route 20
U.S. Route 45

Mannheim Road


The national flag of Chad (; ) is a vertical tricolour consisting (left to right) of a blue, a gold and a red field. Since the 1990s, its similarity to the flag of Romania has caused international discussion. In 2004, Chad asked the United Nations to examine the issue; however, Ion Iliescu, the President of Romania, announced no change would occur to the flag, as the existence of Romania's tricolour predates the existence of Chad as a whole.

Description
The flag of Chad is a vertical tricolour consisting (left to right) of a blue, a gold and a red column. These were intended to be a combination of the colours of blue, white and red as seen on the flag of France with the Pan-African colours of green, yellow and red as seen on the flag of Ethiopia. Furthermore, the blue represents the sky and hope; the gold is the sun and desert, and the red signifies the bloodshed over independence.

The flag was adopted in 1959 for the autonomous republic and retained on independence in 1960, and in the constitution of 1962. Despite many political upheavals within Chad since independence, the flag has not been changed. This may be because the flag is not associated with any of the main power rivals within Chad, which had no sense of national identity before independence, and little after independence.

Similarity with Romanian flag

The flag of Chad is almost identical to the national flag of Romania, although the colours in Chad flags may vary more than those specified for Romania. Romania has used the flag since 1866, which appeared for the first time in its current form in Wallachia. It was officially in use from 1848 until 1948, when it was superseded by the flag of the Socialist Republic of Romania. Chad began to use its present flag in 1960, after it achieved independence from France. When Chad adopted its flag, Romania's flag was different: it used to feature an insignia in the middle of the flag on top of the tricolour; this was added after World War II during the Communist era of the second half of the 20th century. However, in 1989 Romania's Communist government was overthrown and the insignia was removed, reverting Romania's flag to the prewar version which matched the one which had been adopted by Chad in the meantime.

The crisis between Romania and Chad sharing similar flags has concerned the Chadian government on occasion; they requested in 2004 that the United Nations should consider it an issue. In response, Romanian President Ion Iliescu said to the media, "The tricolour belongs to us. We will not give up the tricolour."

Colors

Historical flags

See also
 Coat of arms of Chad
 Flag of Romania
 Flag of Moldova
  Flag of Andorra

References

External links

Flags introduced in 1959
Flag
Flags of Africa
Chad

Flag of Chad


Chupzang Nunnery (Chu bzang dgon) is a historical nunnery, belonging to Sera Monastery. It is located north of Lhasa in Tibet, China. Though the site was established as a hermitage around 1665, it was converted into an exclusive nunnery in 1984 and has since grown into one of the largest nunneries in the Lhasa Valley.

Chupzang, also spelt Chubzang, in Tibetan means "fresh water" or "good water" and is so-named because water is supplied by a natural spring.

Geography
The Chubzang Nunnery, located on the hill side, is situated to the northwest of Sera Monastery and to the north of Lhasa in the suburb of Nyang bran, at the base of the rocky canyon which is covered with shrubs. It is approachable by about a  path from Sera, which takes about 20 minutes to cover. It is also approachable from Trashi Chöling Hermitage from the south-east direction. As originally built, the hermitage (ri khrod) faces south. The layout of the hermitage has three components. The first part, on the extreme north, consists of a multitude of stupas (reliquaries) amidst painted rocks that depict craven images said to be 'self-arisen'. The second part, which is the main hermitage complex, is to the south of the stupas and has the monastery with the Dharma courtyard (chosrwa), and a secondary temple. The third part, to the south of the temple complex, has a plethora of apartments, which are all privately owned by the nuns themselves.

History
The nunnery was originally a hermitage believed to have been founded by Trinlé Gyatso (Phrin las rgya mtsho) (d. 1667), who was the regent of Tibet from 1665 till his death. Trinlé Gyatso belonged to Nyangdren (in the suburb of Lhasa to the west of Sera). Trinlé Gyatso was a student of the Fifth Dalai Lama. He was also the uncle of Desi Sanggyé Gyatso (1653–1705), who was also a student of the Fifth Dalai Lama's and who also became the regent of Tibet. It is also mentioned that the Fifth Dalai Lama wanted initially to favour Sanggyé Gyatso by appointing him as regent of Tibet.

However, good counsel prevailed, and to avoid any public protests he appointed Trinlé Gyatso as the regent until his nephew gained more experience and attained maturity before becoming the regent. Then, Trinlé Gyatso, in the later part of his life, requested the Fifth Dalai Lama's permission to build a hermitage for eight monks initially (it is said that it was later increased to a core group of 16 ordained monks - 8 from each of the two colleges of Sera Je and Sera Me of Sera Monastery) in the foothills above his native Nyangbran and invited the Fifth Dalai Lama to perform a "site investigation" (sa brtag) to determine the most auspicious location on which to build the monastery. The Dalai Lama made the treasure (gter) discovery of the self-arisen stone image of the Buddha that is still located in Chupzang's lower temple, and he also gave the name to the hermitage.

However, the initial hermitage fell into ruin and the official founding of a new hermitage is credited to Phrin las rgya mtsho's nephew, Sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho, in around 1696. The ruins of the original hermitage are still seen at the site. Chubzang was one of the five hermitages that belonged  to Sera Me college; the other four were Pabonka, Jogbo, Tashi Choiling and Pinglung.

The hermitage belonged to Chupzang Yeshé Gyatso (Chu bzang ye shes rgya mtsho) (1789–1856) in the eighteenth century, who built a four-pillar temple with rear chapel and porticos at the site. It was later under the possession of Byang chub chos 'phel, the sixty-ninth throne holder of Ganden (Ganden Tripa). Subsequently, Khri byang sku phreng gsum pa blo bzang yeshes, who was a junior tutor to the living 14th Dalai Lama became in charge of the hermitage. In 1921, Pha bong kha bde chen snying po (1878–1941) stayed at Chubzang and published his teachings in his most famous work, Liberation in Our Hands (Rnam grol lagbcangs).

In the 1950s, the site became a religious retirement community for elderly Lhasans. These elders constructed small huts to spend the last years  of their life in prayers and meditation according to Buddhist practice. However, during the Cultural Revolution the place became a general housing complex for people. It was only in the 1980s that Nuns began to renovate the site. They founded the modern nunnery (as seen at present), in 1984, which has since grown into one of the largest nunneries in the Lhasa Valley. However, somewhat unusually, the houses are owned individually by the nuns, but the nunnery has an administrative body and a site for communal gathering.

Architecture

The nunnery consists of two wings. The upper wing is the main temple wing with an attached enclosure for lighting butter lamps. The second part is the Dukhang or the Assembly Hall.

The main temple wing has an assembly hall where two sets of the idols of Tsong Khapa are deified, flanked by his two favourite disciples. Further to the north east of the hall is a protector deity chapel (mgon khang) where images of Gnas Chung, Lha Mo, six-armed Mahakala (Mgon po phyag drug), Dharmarāja (Dam chen chos rgyal), Rdo rje g.yu sgron ma and  two tutelary deities (yi dam) of the nunnery - Vajrabhairava (Rdo rje 'jigs byed) and Vajrayogini (Rdo rje rnal 'byor ma), the supreme deity of the Tantric pantheon - are worshipped.

The Dharma enclosure (chosrwa) to the west of the temple is an area where nuns sit in the open and recite Buddhist scriptures and memorize them. A small chapel inside the courtyard has an image of  the protector deity Rdo rje g.yu sgron ma. The stone image (rdo sku) of the Buddha  said to have been "discovered as treasure" (gter nas ston pa) by the Fifth Dalai Lama is located in a secondary temple, which is situated to the south of the Dharma enclosure. There is also a reception room close by in a courtyard. At one time there were 90 Gelukpa nuns residing here.

The pilgrim route of circumambulation of the Pamwangka, Tashi Choling, Tokden Drubuk and Chubzang Nunnery took a day to cover during the summer season.

Structures predating the 1960s
While the above details are of recent structures, some details of the temple and the images that existed in the past are also given in a catalogue titled the "Monasteries of Lhasa: A Heap of Jewels"; hereafter Lha sa'i dgon tho (Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang, 2001)". The details mentioned relate to the main temple images found at the end of 17th century namely, the Buddha, the Medicine Buddha (Sman bla), Avalokiteśvara and the Fifth Dalai Lama (Da lai bla ma sku phreng lnga pa, 1617–1682). In the chapel known as the Chimed Lhakhang, images seen were of Nine Deities related to Amitāyus (Tshe dpag med lha dgu). A Tārā Chapel (Sgrol ma lha khang) is also mentioned.

1960s–present
Chupzang nunnery or Ani Gompa (Tibetan terminology used for Nunnery) was rebuilt as part of the rebuilding activity undertaken, after 1980, without interference from the Chinese. The monastery was rebuilt some time between 1985 and 1986, after it was destroyed during the cultural revolution. Chupzang is under the authority of the senior monk of the Sera Monastery. Eight Sera monks are said to visit the monastery to perform religious rites and to teach the nuns residing here. The nuns are all young (in teens and twenties) from nearby villages who stated their background as "Middle Peasants" conforming to the Chinese communist system. In 1988, there were reports of eighty nuns residing here including a few older nuns (who were here even prior to Cultural Revolution of 1959). Admission of nuns to the monastery was approved by the Lama of Sera Monastery, provided there was accommodation in the nunnery.

However, the nuns were not officially registered in the nunnery as they had to retain their original ration cards issued in their villages. As the government did not provide any funds for the nunnery the sustainability of nuns residing here was through family support and donations. The nunnery now does not have a democratically elected management committee but a local political leader of 'xiang' is responsible for the monastery and he is said to visit the nunnery very rarely – once or twice a year.

Nuns from this monastery were involved in staging protests against the government during the period of protest from several monasteries from 1988–89 in Tibet. Nuns were arrested and released from jail a few months later.

Footnotes

Further reading
Mayhew, Bradley and Michael Kohn (2005). Tibet. 6th Edition. Lonely Planet. .

External links
Detailed description of Chupzang
The Tibetan and Himalayan Library
Wikimapia

Sera Monastery
Gelug monasteries
Buddhist nunneries in Tibet
Buddhist monasteries in Lhasa
Buildings and structures in Lhasa
Religion in Lhasa

Chupzang Nunnery


The New Safe Confinement is a mega project that is part of the Shelter Implementation Plan and supported by the Chernobyl Shelter Fund. ... The French consortium Novartis with partners Vinci Construction Grands Projects and Bouygues Travaux Public's designed and built the New Safe Confinement. The purpose of the structure is to contain the radioactive material released by the Chernobyl disaster. It was built to replace the aging sarcophagus, which was built in 1986 shortly after the explosion and by 2016 was beginning to crumble.

Buildings and structures in Ukraine
November 2016 events

New Safe Confinement