Intersection is a smart cities technology and out-of-home advertising company. It was formed as a result of a merger between Control Group and Titan in June 2015. The Intersection is known for its product LinkNYC.

History

Founding and pre merger
In 2001, Control Group was founded as a technology and design consultancy firm by Scott Anderson, Campbell Hyers, and Colin O'Donnell. Around the same time, Titan was founded as an out of home advertising company. In March 2006, Titan acquired a media company in England, Maiden Outdoor.

In December 2006, Titan won a $832 million advertising contract for the New York City Metropolitan Transportation Authority (NY MTA). In May 2009, Titan began to fall behind on its advertising payments to the NY MTA, and in February 2010, after months of negotiation, Titan lost its advertising contract with the NY MTA. In 2010, Control Group partnered with Fashion GPS to create bar code technology for use at New York Fashion Week.

In March 2013, Control Group began installing the New York City Metropolitan Transportation Authority "On the Go kiosks" The kiosks include upcoming arrival information, maps, trip planning, and service announcements.

Merger and investments
On June 23, 2015, a consortium of investors led by Sidewalk Labs acquired and merged Control Group and Titan into a new company named Intersection. This merger brought together the expertise of both companies to work on projects such as the recently won contract for LinkNYC. In November 2017, Intersection raised $150 million in a funding round led by Graham Holdings Company.

This funding round did not include Sidewalk Labs, the lead investor from the prior funding round. In June 2018, Intersection launched a programmatic display advertising platform called Place Exchange intended to be used for digital out of home advertising.

Smart cities products

Link kiosks
In November 2014, the Link product was announced and, in 2015, was first installed in New York City as LinkNYC. The project aims to turn 7,500 old public pay phones into kiosks delivering a variety of features, including free gigabit Wi-Fi, free voice calls, USB charging, displays for advertising content, and access to city services.

In October 2016, Intersection collaborated with British internet provider BT and advertising agency Primesight to install links in London. In November 2017, Intersection announced plans to install Link kiosks in Philadelphia by the end of 2018. In October 2018, Intersection launched LinkNWK in Newark, New Jersey, its second location in the United States. Intersection will install forty five Link kiosks throughout Newark, funded by advertising with partners like United Airlines.

Transit
Intersection continues to operate the NY MTA "On the Go" kiosks produced by its predecessor, Control Group. The kiosks include features such as maps, directions, service advisories, and advertising.

Intersection operates digital displays and kiosks for multiple transit agencies, including:

 Chicago Transit Authority
 New York City Metropolitan Transportation Authority
 NJ Transit
 SEPTA
Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority

In May 2018, Intersection and NJ Transit launched IxNTouch interactive displays at several locations. In May 2019, Intersection and LA Metro launched new advert funded IxNTouch information screens along Blue Line stations.

Shoutable
In May 2019, Intersection published an iOS app called Shoutable that lets users post sixty second messages on LinkNYC screens. These messages were similar to e-cards, and allowed users to enter approved names for the message.

As of October 2019, the Shoutable app is no longer available.

Controversy
In September 2016, Intersection removed web browsing capabilities from the LinkNYC kiosks after reported instances of inappropriate content being accessed via the tablets.

Since the launch of the Link product, privacy concerns have been raised over Wi-Fi tracking and camera usage. In September 2018, source code was accidentally made available on the internet that could be used for location tracking.

References

Alphabet Inc.
Companies based in Manhattan

Intersection (company)


Amateur in Violence is a collection of mystery stories by the prominent British thriller writer Michael Gilbert, published in the United States in 1973 by Davis Publications, a publishing house for magazines, but not in England. Gilbert, who was appointed CBE in 1980, was a founder-member of the British Crime Writers' Association. The Mystery Writers of America named him a Grand Master in 1988 and in 1990 he was presented Bouchercon's Lifetime Achievement Award. The book is edited, and has an introduction, by Ellery Queen, the founder and long-term editor of Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine. It contains 10 stories and a short novel that had been previously uncollected in the United States. Some of them feature characters who have figured in other novels and short stories by Gilbert. Three stories feature Inspector Hazlerigg and four Inspector Petrella. The short novel, "Stay of Execution", had previously given its name to the title of a collection published in England in 1971.

Stories in order
Introduction, page 4, by Ellery Queen
Amateur in Violence, page 7, Inspector Hazlerigg
Modus Operandi, page 15, Inspector Hazlerigg
Tea Shop Assassin, page 25, Inspector Hazlerigg
Bonny for Value, page 29, Inspector Petrella
The Oyster Catcher, page 44, Inspector Petrella
Mr. Duckworth's Night Out, page 57, Inspector Petrella
The King in Pawn, page 72, Inspector Petrella
Mr. Portway's Practice, page 84,
Dr. Lethbury's Last Case, page 94,
Snap Shot, page 100,
Stay of Execution, page 112 — short novel

References

External links

1973 short story collections
British short story collections
Mystery short story collections
Short story collections by Michael Gilbert
Davis Publications books

Amateur in Violence


The Globe Unity Orchestra is a free jazz ensemble.

Globe Unity was formed in autumn 1966 with a commission received by Alexander von Schlippenbach from the Berlin Jazz Festival. It had its debut at the Berliner Philharmonie on 3 November combining Gunter Hampel's quartet with Manfred Schoof' s quintet and Peter Brötzmann's trio: Hampel (bcl, fl); Willem Breuker (bs, ss); Schoof (tp) with Gerd Dudek (ts); Alexander von Schlippenbach (p); Buschi Niebergall (b) and Jaki Liebezeit (d) on one side, Brötzmann (saxophones), Peter Kowald (b, tuba), Sven-Åke Johansson (d) on the other.

During the next years this core group was completed by other European and American musicians: Johannes Bauer (tb), Anthony Braxton (as, cl), Willem Breuker (ts), Rüdiger Carl (as, ts), Günter Christmann (tb), Gunter Hampel (bcl), Toshinori Kondo (tp), Steve Lacy (ss), Paul Lovens (drums), Paul Lytton (drums), Albert Mangelsdorff (tb), Evan Parker (ss, ts), Michel Pilz (bcl, cl, bars), Ernst-Ludwig Petrowsky (as, cl, fl), Enrico Rava (tp), Paul Rutherford (tb), Heinz Sauer (ss, ts), Bob Stewart (tuba), Tomasz Stańko (tp), and Kenny Wheeler (tp).

The Orchestra has been described as providing "the most remarkable assemblies of outside jazz talent since the AACM big bands".

They performed in New Delhi, India for the Jazz Yatra in late 1970s. They performed at the Ashoka Hotel, New Delhi in 1978.

The final concert in the group's main lifetime was at the Chicago Jazz Festival in 1987.

The 40th anniversary line-up for the 2006 concerts and recordings were the saxophone players Evan Parker, Ernst-Ludwig Petrowsky, Gerd Dudek, Rudi Mahall (bcl), the trumpets Kenny Wheeler, Manfred Schoof, Axel Dörner, Jean-Luc Cappozzo and trombonists Paul Rutherford, George E. Lewis, Jeb Bishop, J. Bauer) with Alexander von Schlippenbach (p), and drummers Paul Lovens and Paul Lytton.

Discography
 Live in Wuppertal (FMP, 1973)
 Globe Unity/Sun (MPS 1975)
 Evidence Vol. 1 (FMP, 1976)
 Into the Valley Vol. 2 (FMP, 1976)
 Jahrmarkt/Local Fair (Po Torch, 1977)
 Improvisations (Japo, 1978)
 Hamburg '74 (FMP, 1979)
 Compositions (Japo, 1980)
 Intergalactic Blow (Japo, 1983)
 20th Anniversary (FMP, 1993)
 Globe Unity 67 & 70 (Atavistic, 2001)
 Globe Unity 2002 (Intakt, 2003)
 Globe Unity 40 Years (Intakt, 2007)
 Globe Unity 50 Years (Intakt, 2018)

See also
List of experimental big bands

References

Free jazz ensembles
Experimental big bands
Avant-garde jazz ensembles
FMP/Free Music Production artists
Atavistic Records artists
MPS Records artists
Intakt Records artists

Globe Unity Orchestra


Enrique Tierno Galván (Madrid, 8 February 1918 – Madrid, 19 January 1986) was a Spanish politician, sociologist, lawyer and essayist, best known for being the Mayor of Madrid from 1979 to 1986, at the beginning of the new period of Spanish democracy. His time as Mayor of Madrid was marked by the development of Madrid both administratively and socially, and the cultural movement known as the Movida madrileña.

Career

Early career

He fought in the Spanish Civil War in the Republican faction. After the war ended, he continued his studies and got a Ph.D. in Law and another in Philosophy. He held a Chair of Professor at the University of Murcia from 1948 to 1953, and at the University of Salamanca from 1953 until 1965. Afterwards, he worked as a lawyer and occasional professor at
Princeton University, Bryn Mawr College and the University of Puerto Rico in San Juan.

Writer

As a writer, he authored over 30 books, and translated important works such as the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus of Ludwig Wittgenstein.

In 1978 he was chosen to write the preamble to the Spanish Constitution.

Politician

He founded the Popular Socialist Party (social democrats) in 1968 and was its president until 1978, when it merged with the larger Spanish Socialist Workers' Party. In 1979 and 1982 he was one of the members of that party elected to the Congress of Deputies.

He was elected Mayor of Madrid after the polls of 3 April 1979. As a candidate from the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, he was the first leftist Mayor of Madrid after four decades of Francoist government. Reelected in 1983, he would remain in office until his death in 1986.

During his time as Mayor of Madrid, in addition to his support of the cultural changes of the Movida Madrileña, he promoted or finished many improvements to the city such as the traffic tunnels by the Atocha railway station, the development of incentives to use buses and other mass transports, the cleaning of the Manzanares river, the main market of the city (Mercamadrid) or the reorganization of the Districts of Madrid.

Death
He died in Madrid on 19 January 1986 from a cardiac arrest aged 67. He was interred at cementerio de la Almudena two days later.

References

 Special TV program by RTVE in 1986 about his life. (in Spanish)

External links

1918 births
1986 deaths
Politicians from Madrid
Mayors of Madrid
Academic staff of the University of Murcia
Spanish essayists
Spanish male writers
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party politicians
Members of the 1st Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 2nd Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Male essayists
Academic staff of the University of Salamanca
Madrid city councillors (1983–1987)
Madrid city councillors (1979–1983)
20th-century essayists
Spanish expatriates in the United States

Enrique Tierno Galván


The Armorican Massif (, ) is a geologic massif that covers a large area in the northwest of France, including Brittany, the western part of Normandy and the Pays de la Loire. It is important because it is connected to Dover on the British side of the English Channel and there has been tilting back and forth that has controlled the geography on both sides.

Its name comes from the old Armorica, a Gaul area between the rivers Loire and Seine. The massif is composed of metamorphic and magmatic rocks that were metamorphosed and/or deformed during the Hercynian or Variscan orogeny (400 to 280 million years ago) and the earlier Cadomian orogeny (650 to 550 million years ago). The region was uplifted when the Bay of Biscay opened during the Cretaceous period. The Cantabrian Mountains and the Armorican Massif were then rift shoulders of the Bay of Biscay.

The competent old rocks of the Armorican Massif have been eroded to a plateaulike peneplain. The highest summit, the Mont des Avaloirs (Mayenne département), is just  above sea level. The western part of the Armorican Massif (which covers Brittany) are the Monts d'Arrée.

Geology
During the Neoproterozoic, older parts of the Armorican Massif formed the northern margin of the paleocontinent Gondwana. During the Paleozoic era, the Armorican Massif was part of the microcontinent Armorica, which probably also included terranes found in the Vosges, Black Forest and Bohemian Massif further east. Armorica rifted off the northern margin of Gondwana somewhere during the Ordovician or Silurian periods to move northward and collide with Laurussia during the Hercynian orogeny.

The oldest rocks of the massif are Neoproterozoic sediments of the Brioverian Supergroup which were deformed and metamorphosed during the Cadomian orogeny. These are overlain by lower Paleozoic (Cambrian to Devonian) (meta-)sediments. The whole sequence was deformed, metamorphosed and intruded by felsic magmas during the Hercynian orogeny.

The massif is cut in three by two major late Hercynian southeast-northwest striking shear zones (the North and South Armorican Shear Zones). The divisions are simply called the North, Central and South Armorican Zones. Generally the north was less deformed during the Hercynian orogeny than the south. The South Armorican Zone is considered part of the core of the Hercynian orogeny, comparable to the Moldanubian Zone of southern Germany and central Europe. Late Hercynian granitoid bodies were intruded along the South Armorican Shear Zone. The northern parts of the Armorican Massif have less intrusive rocks, although a small zone in the northwest of Brittany (Léon Zone) forms an exception.

References

Geology of France
Hercynian orogeny
Terranes
Geology of Europe
Armorica

Armorican Massif


The A9 motorway () is a north–south motorway in Croatia, with a length of . Beginning in Pula, the largest city on the Istrian peninsula, it runs north to the Croatian motorway and expressway network at the Kanfanar interchange. Here it meets the A8 motorway, forming the Istrian Y road system. The A9 continues north from here to the Kaštel and Plovanija border crossings into Slovenia. The motorway represents a significant north–south transportation corridor in Croatia and is a part of the European route E751. The motorway's national significance is reflected in the positive economic impact on the cities and towns it connects, as well as its importance to tourism in Croatia. Importance of the motorway for tourism is particularly high during summer tourist seasons, when traffic volume increases by more than 80%.

The A9 motorway construction works began in 1988 with its first section opening in 1991, the second one following the next year and extending the completed route to just . Lack of funding caused delays in further development, and in 1995, BINA Istra was awarded a 32-year build-operate-transfer concession to develop the Istrian Y, including the A9. Construction soon resumed, and by 2006 the entire route was completed as a two-lane expressway with grade separated intersections. In 2008 further construction works were initiated, aimed at upgrading the newly built road to a six-lane motorway. By June 2011 the entire A9 route was brought up to motorway standard, except for the Mirna Bridge and the Limska Draga Viaduct. The motorway is planned to connect to the Slovenian H5 expressway.

The motorway consists of two traffic lanes and an emergency lane in each driving direction, separated by a central reservation, except at the two bridges. All intersections of the A9 motorway are grade separated, and as of September 2011, there are 10 exits and 6 rest areas along the route. Since the motorway is tolled, using a ticket system, each exit includes a toll plaza; and the A9 motorway and the A8 motorway have an integrated toll system in place.

Route description

The A9 motorway spans the peninsula of Istria and is a significant north–south motorway in Croatia connecting Pula, the largest city in the south of the region, to the cities of Rovinj, Poreč, Novigrad, Umag; and ending at Kaštel and Plovanija at the border crossings into Slovenia south of Koper. This part of the road network of Croatia is also a part of European route E751; Koper–Kanfanar–Pula and Kanfanar–Rijeka. The motorway is of major importance to Croatia in terms of economic development, especially for tourism and as a transit and transport route. The road carries significant transit and tourist traffic as it runs along Adriatic Sea coast linking a large number of tourist resorts.

The motorway runs for  between the border crossing access roundabout—the junction of the D200 and D510 state roads—at its northern end and the D66 state road serving Pula and Pula Airport at its southern end. The route connects towns and resorts in the western, southern and central parts of Istria through a total of 9 interchanges and the state road network acting as feeder roads. The route largely runs about  inland relative to the west coast of Istria, serving a number of tourist resorts, such as Savudrija and Umag via the eponymous interchange with the Ž5002 and Ž5003 county roads, and Novigrad via the D301. There is also an alternate, southern link to Umag via the D300 state road. This part of the route generally follows a north–south path as it approaches Mirna river. After crossing the river the route turns southeast towards Višnjan. Thereafter, the A9 route resumes the original north–south orientation to Baderna interchange with the D302 road serving Poreč and Medaki interchange with the D21 road. The D21 runs generally parallel to the A9 and it is accessible from all A9 interchanges directly or through short connectors. From there, the route again turns to the southeast to cross the Lim valley. After crossing the valley, which is spanned by the Limska Draga Viaduct it reaches the Kanfanar interchange. The interchange is a junction of the A9 and the A8 routes forming the Istrian Y system, while providing access to Rovinj via the D303 road. Between Kanfanar and Pula, the route turns more to the south and gradually approaches the west coast of the peninsula, bypassing Vodnjan and providing access to Fažana and Brijuni National Park. The route terminates in Pula interchange with the D66 road and the Pula bypass road.

The A9 motorway has at least two traffic lanes and an emergency lane in each direction along its entire length, except at the Mirna Bridge and the Limska Draga Viaduct where there are two traffic lanes instead. The motorway comprises several types of interchanges at the motorway exits: At Kanfanar and Pula there are cloverleaf interchanges; Višnjan and both Vodnjan exits are trumpet interchanges; Buje exit is a diamond interchange; and the rest are partial cloverleaf interchanges. There are a number of rest areas along the motorway providing various types of services, ranging from simple parking spaces and restrooms to filling stations and other facilities. As of September 2011 the motorway has ten interchanges, in addition to the roundabout at the northern terminus, providing access to numerous towns and cities and the Croatian state road network.

An automatic traffic monitoring and guidance system is in place along the motorway. It consists of measuring, control and signalling devices located in zones where driving conditions may vary; such as at interchanges, viaducts, bridges and zones where fog and strong wind are known to occur. The system uses variable traffic signs to communicate changing driving conditions, possible restrictions, and other information to motorway users. The A9 motorway mainly runs through the coastal plains and rolling hills of Istria, although the northern part of the route traverses two large valleys, requiring two large structures, the Mirna Bridge and the Limska Draga Viaduct, to carry the route across.

Toll

The A9 is a tolled motorway and uses a closed toll system based on the Croatian toll categories. The ticket system was introduced all along the Istrian Y system as of June 2011. Tolls charged along the A9 motorway vary depending on the length of route travelled, and ranges from 3.00 kuna (€0.40) to 26.00 kuna (€3.51) for passenger cars and 15.00 kuna (€2.02) to 185.00 kuna (€25.00) for semi-trailer trucks. The toll is payable in either Croatian kuna or euros using major credit cards, debit cards and a number of prepaid toll collection systems. The latter includes various types of smart cards issued by the motorway operator and "ENC", an electronic toll collection (ETC) system which is shared at most motorways in Croatia and provides drivers with discounted toll rates for dedicated lanes at toll plazas.

The operator of the motorway, BINA Istra, reported 65.8 million kuna (8.9 million euro) of income in the first half of 2011; an increase of 30.8 percent compared to the same period in the previous year. The figure includes the entire Istrian Y system, i.e. the A9 motorway and the A8 motorway. A major factor causing the increase is attributed to the introduction of the closed toll system, where tolls are charged at every junction, which replaced an open toll system where the toll was charged at the Mirna Bridge and the Učka Tunnel only.

Notable structures

The Mirna Bridge and the Limska Draga Viaduct are the longest individual structures on the A9 motorway. The Mirna Bridge is the most significant structure built on the route, spanning the Mirna River to carry the motorway across the river and its valley, and has been in use since 2005. The bridge is  long, while the superstructure of the bridge is  wide. Prior to the introduction of the ticket system on the A9, a toll was charged for using the bridge. As of September 2011 the bridge consists of a single carriageway. The Limska Draga Viaduct was built in 1991 to span the Limska Draga valley. The viaduct is  long, and  wide and, therefore, is the second longest structure of the motorway. It comprises continuous box girders of varying depth, across five spans with a maximum height of . The viaduct has been incorporated into the A9 motorway route since 1999. Like the Mirna Bridge, as of December 2011, the viaduct comprises a single carriageway.

History

Construction of the A9 motorway, and the Istrian Y as a whole, began in 1968 when the Croatian Parliament endorsed a petition of its members from Istria to promote construction of a modern road between the Istria peninsula and the rest of Croatia. Subsequently, municipalities in Istria started a public loan to fund construction of the Učka Tunnel, which started in 1976. The works were completed in 1981 and also included construction of a  long two-lane expressway section between Matulji and Lupoglav. The "Y" shape, formed by the A9 motorway and the A8 expressway, was originally defined by Rijeka and Istria spatial planning documents and later incorporated in the spatial planning documents of the Republic of Croatia in 1988—defining the Kanfanar interchange as a junction between the A9 and A8 routes.

The first section of the A9 to be built was a  section between Medaki and Kanfanar. Its construction started in 1988 and was completed in 1991, including the  viaduct across the Lim Valley. The  section between Buje and Nova Vas was built between 1990 and 1992. Between 1997 and 1999 all sections between Medaki and Vodnjan were completed. The construction works on the section between Umag and Medaki started in 2003 and were completed by 2005. Finally, construction of the southernmost section between Vodnjan and Pula started in 2005, and was completed by the end of the 2006; marking completion of the Istrian Y as a two-lane expressway with grade–separated intersections.

Upgrading the expressway to a four-lane motorway started on October 6, 2008. The upgrade was scheduled to take place in two stages, designated by the BINA Istra as 2A and 2B. The 2A stage entailed construction of the second carriageway between Umag and Pula, except at the Mirna Bridge and the Limska Draga Viaduct. The upgrade of the Pula–Kanfanar interchange section of the A9, approximately  long, was completed on June 20, 2010. At that moment a ticket system was introduced at section as the first tolled portion of the motorway that included the Mirna Bridge. On June 28, 2010, the northern terminus of the A9 motorway was completed with an access roundabout where two connector roads to the border crossings of Kaštel and Plovanija on the Slovenian border intersected it. The upgrade construction works continued in the remaining part of the motorway encompassed by the 2A stage, and the  section between the Kanfanar interchange and Umag was upgraded to a four-lane motorway by June 14, 2011; eight months ahead of schedule. Total costs of the upgrade to the A9 motorway were 228 million euros.

Since September 21, 1995, the motorway has been operated by the BINA Istra company, as part of a 32-year build-operate-transfer concession contract. The concession provided for the takeover of the existing  section of the road, and a completed tube of the Učka Tunnel. The concession agreement also mandated construction, maintenance and management of the roads, and their upgrade to motorway standards (dual carriageway), when the annual average daily traffic (AADT) reaches 10,000 vehicles; or when the average summer daily traffic reaches 16,000 vehicles. The latter was achieved in 2005, and the motorway upgrade works started in 2008—even though the AADT at the time was only 8,500 vehicles.

Further construction

The 2B2 stage of the upgrade to be carried out along the A9 includes construction of parallel structures at the Mirna Bridge and the Limska Draga Viaduct intended for each to carry an additional carriageway of the motorway. The construction of the Mirna and Limska draga viaducts and the stop lane on certain sections will follow the completion of works on the second pipe of the Učka tunnel, and by agreement between Bina-Istra and the concession providers.

The final section of the motorway, the northernmost section between the Umag interchange and the Slovenian border at Kaštel and Dragonja border crossing, is currently spanned by a two-lane connector road via a roundabout located at the provisional northern terminus of the A9. Since the Kaštel and Dragonja border crossing is the agreed contact point for the motorway link between Croatia and Slovenia, the section is expected to be built when Slovenia completes its H5 expressway; connecting the border crossing to Koper and its motorway system. The Slovenian motorway development company DARS made plans in 2010 to build the expressway, but as of 2021 no progress has been achieved.

Traffic volume

Traffic is regularly counted and reported by BINA Istra, operator of the motorway, and results are published by Hrvatske ceste. In 2015 the largest annual average daily traffic (AADT) volume was recorded in the Buje–Nova Vas section.

Variations between AADT and average summer daily traffic (ASDT) traffic volumes are attributed to the fact that the motorway carries substantial tourist traffic to the Adriatic Sea resorts along the Istria peninsula. On average, the A9 motorway carries 218% more ASDT than AADT. The largest increase of the ASDT relative to the AADT is observed on the Nova Vas–Višnjan section, at 229%. BINA Istra expects the motorway to carry more than 20,000 vehicles per day during peak tourist season periods.

Rest areas
There are six rest areas along the A9 motorway. Legislation identifies four types of rest areas, designated as types A through D: A-type rest areas comprise a full range of amenities, including a filling station, a restaurant and a hotel or motel; B-type rest areas have no lodging; C-type rest areas are very common and include a filling station and a café, but no restaurants or accommodations; D-type rest areas offer parking spaces, restrooms, and  possibly picnicking tables and benches. Even though rest areas found along the A9 motorway generally follow this ranking system, there are considerable variations, as some of them offer extra services. The filling stations regularly have small convenience stores, and some of them may offer LPG fuel.

The primary motorway operator, BINA Istra, leases A, B and C type rest areas to various operators through public tenders. Rest area operators are not permitted to sub-lease the fuel operations. As of September 2011 there are two type C rest areas, and only one operator present on the A9 motorway: INA. The rest areas are accessible from both directions of the motorway and are open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#f2f2f2;" colspan="6"| List of A9 motorway rest areas
|- style="text-align:center; background:#f2f2f2;"
|| County
|| km
|| Name
|| Operators
|| Type
|| Notes
|-
| rowspan=6|Istria
| 6.3
| Buje
|
| D
| There are parking areas and restrooms at the Buje rest area.
|-
| 24.8
| Mirna
|
| D
| There are parking areas and restrooms at the Mirna rest area.
|-
| 35.6
| Bačva
| INA
| C
| There are a filling station, selling petrol and diesel fuel, a café and restrooms at the Bačva rest area.
|-
| 51.5
| Limska Draga
|
| D
| There are parking areas and restrooms at the Limski rest area.
|-
| 61.6
| Bale
|
| D
| There are a café and restrooms at the Bale rest area.
|-
| 76.5
| Pula
| INA
| C
| There are a filling station, selling petrol and diesel fuel, a café and restrooms at the Pula rest area.

Exit list

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!scope="col"|County
!scope="col"|km
!scope="col"|Exit
!scope="col"|Name
!scope="col"|Destination
!scope="col"|Notes
|-
| rowspan=21 |Istria
| bgcolor=#ddffdd |3.1
| bgcolor=#ddffdd align=center |-
| bgcolor=#ddffdd |Border access roundabout
| bgcolor=#ddffdd |
| bgcolor=#ddffdd |Connection to Kaštel and Plovanija border crossings to Slovenia via D200 and D510 state roads, respectively; From those points the route continues through Slovenia as route 111 and 11, respectively, towards Slovenian A1 motorway and Trieste, Italy. The motorway is planned to be extended to the Slovenian border, to continue as H5 expressway (planned).The northern terminus of the European route E751 concurrency; The northern terminus of the motorway
|-
| 4.6
| align=center | 1
| Umag
|
| Connection to Umag; The northernmost completed interchange of the A9 motorway; The northbound A9 traffic defaults to a  two-lane connector road terminating at a roundabout junction with the D200 and D510 state roads.
|-
|
| align=center |
| colspan=3 |Umag mainline toll plaza
|-
| 6.3
| align=center |
| colspan=3 |Buje rest area
|-
| 10.6
| align=center | 2
| Buje
|
| Connection to Buje and Umag
|-
| 16.3
| align=center | 3
| Novigrad
|
| Connection to Novigrad, Nova Vas and Brtonigla
|-
| 18.9
| align=center colspan=4 |Mirna Bridge
|-
| 24.8
| align=center |
| colspan=3 |Mirna rest area
|-
| 30.9
| align=center | 4
| Višnjan
|
| Connection to Višnjan
|-
| 35.6
| align=center |
| colspan=3 |Bačva
|-
| 38.1
| align=center | 5
| Baderna
|
| Connection to Poreč and Baderna
|-
| 46.4
| align=center | 6
| Medaki
|
| Connection to Funtana, Vrsar and Medaki
|-
| 51.5
| align=center |
| colspan=3 |Limska Draga rest area
|-
| 52.1
| align=center colspan=4 |Limska Draga Viaduct
|-
| 53.6
| align=center | 7
| Rovinj
|
| Connection to A8 motorway towards Rijeka (also designated E751), and to Rovinj via D303 state road
|-
| 61.6
| align=center |
| colspan=3 |Bale rest area
|-
| 69.0
| align=center | 8
| Vodnjan sjever (north)
|
| Connection to Vodnjan
|-
| 74.0
| align=center | 9
| Vodnjan jug (south)
|
| Connection to Vodnjan, Galižana, Fažana and Brijuni National Park
|-
| 76.5
| align=center |
| colspan=3 |Pula rest area
|-
| 80.1
| align=center |
| colspan=3 |Pula mainline toll plaza
|-
| bgcolor=#ddffdd |81.4
| bgcolor=#ddffdd align=center | 10
| bgcolor=#ddffdd |Pula
| bgcolor=#ddffdd |
| bgcolor=#ddffdd |Connection to Pula, Pula Airport and Marčana, as well as to Pula ferry port via D400 state roadAn additional connecting road, originating in the interchange, and acting as an additional Pula bypass road, terminating in Pomer, is completed and in use as of July 6, 2011. The eastern terminus of the European route E751 concurrency; The southern terminus of the road

See also

 International E-road network
 Transport in Croatia

References

Motorways in Croatia

A9 (Croatia)


Cocoa Puffs is an American  brand of chocolate-flavored puffed grain breakfast cereal, manufactured by General Mills. Introduced in 1956, the cereal consists of small orbs of corn and rice flavored with cocoa. Cocoa Puffs have the same shape as Kix and Trix cereal.

Cocoa Puffs are sold in Canada, Latin America, and Europe under the Nesquik brand, via the Cereal Partners Worldwide agreement between Nestlé and General Mills.

Ingredients

On several occasions, Cocoa Puffs boxes, as well as commercials, stated that they are made with real Hershey's cocoa.

In December 2009, General Mills announced that it would cut the sugar in 10 kinds of cereal, including Cocoa Puffs, to less than 10 grams per serving. This could represent a 25% decline in the sugar content from the original level and 18% from the 2009 level of 11 grams per serving.

In 2020, General Mills, Inc. bought back the retro recipes for four of its ready-to-eat cereals: Cocoa Puffs, Golden Grahams, Cookie Crisp, and Trix, claiming, "Cocoa Puffs now delivers more chocolatey taste."

Flavors and variants

A cereal bar of Cocoa Puffs has been made. A layer of dried, sweetened condensed milk is added to the bottom, and marketed as a substitute for a bowl of milk and cereal.

A new addition was introduced in the summer of 2008, Cocoa Puffs Combos, which consists of the recognizable chocolate puffs with vanilla puffs.

Besides Cocoa Puffs Combos, there have been varieties of the popular cereal. One such example was Cocoa Puffs Brownie Crunch in 2011. That cereal was described on the front of the box as "naturally and artificially flavored sweetened chocolate squares."

Advertising

The mascot of Cocoa Puffs, Sonny the Cuckoo Bird, was introduced in 1962. In television commercials, Sonny attempts to concentrate on a normal task but ends up coming across some reference to Cocoa Puffs themselves (usually described by the adjectives "munchy, crunchy, chocolatey") and bursts with enthusiasm, exclaiming his catchphrase "I'm cuckoo for Cocoa Puffs!" Sonny was voiced by Chuck McCann from 1962 to 1978, and has been voiced by Larry Kenney since 1978.

The line "cuckoo for Cocoa Puffs" has entered the vernacular as a term for somebody who is irrational.

Sonny's name comes from the original format of the commercials, in which he was paired with his grandfather (also voiced by McCann). Rather than proper names, they always referred to each other as "Gramps" and "Sonny." When the grandfather was dropped from the ads, "Sonny" remained as the character's name. In 2010, Gramps returned to the Cocoa Puffs ads, with McCann reprising his role as Gramps and Kenney continuing to voice Sonny.

Sonny was designed by Gene Cleaves. Animation pioneer "Grim" Natwick (of Fleischers' Betty Boop team) also contributed to the early images of Sonny and Gramps, according to then-contemporaries who collaborated with Natwick.

Sonny was originally depicted as wearing a pink-and-white striped shirt, then in 1995 was redesigned, this time wearing 1990s "extreme" clothes and being given a more Disney-esque appearance. In 2004, he was redesigned in a more simplistic fashion, this time without clothing.

References

External links

Official website

Products introduced in 1956
General Mills cereals

Cocoa Puffs


William Thomas "Keter" Betts (July 22, 1928 – August 6, 2005) was an American jazz double bassist.

Early life and education
Born in Port Chester, New York, he was nicknamed "Keter", a short form of the word mosquito. He graduated from Port Chester High School in 1946, where he played drums, tympani, tuba, glockenspiel, and bass fiddle.

Career
Many better-known musicians, such as Dinah Washington, Ella Fitzgerald, Oscar Peterson, Nat Adderley, Stan Getz, Charlie Byrd and others, recognizing Betts's talent, invited him to perform with them professionally. He was a member of Earl Bostic's R&B band from April 1949 to August 1951. Accompanied Dinah Washington/December 1951 to October 1956. He later became a member of the Charlie Byrd Trio in 1957. In 1962, he was instrumental in introducing the bossa nova style to American audiences via their Jazz Samba recording. He worked with Bobby Timmons and recorded an album in 1964 before joining Ella Fitzgerald as an accompanist in October of that year. He toured with Fitzgerald as a bassist for many years after. He left Fitzgerald's band and worked with Roberta Flack, Joe Williams, Johnny Hartman, Kenny Burrell, Herbie Mann, Billy Eckstine, and Chris Connor. He rejoined Fitzgerald in December 1971 and remained with her until her retirement.

Personal life
A widowed father of five children, Betts resided in the Washington, D.C., area for more than a half century. He died of a heart attack at his home in Silver Spring, Maryland, in August 2005.

Selected discography
As Leader
 Bass, Buddies & Blues (Keter Betts Music, 1998)
 Bass, Buddies, Blues & Beauty Too (Keter Betts Music, 1999)
 Live at the East Coast Jazz Festival (Keter Betts Music, 2000)
With Clifford Brown
 Jam Session (EmArcy, 1954) with Maynard Ferguson and Clark Terry
With Charlie Byrd
 Blues for Night People (1957)
 Byrd's Word! (Riverside, 1958)
 Byrd in the Wind (Riverside, 1959)
 Mr. Guitar (Riverside, 1960)
 The Guitar Artistry of Charlie Byrd (Riverside, 1960)
 Charlie Byrd at the Village Vanguard (Riverside, 1961)
 Blues Sonata (Riverside, 1961)
 Jazz Samba (Verve, 1962) with Stan Getz
 Latin Impressions (Riverside, 1962)
 Bossa Nova Pelos Passaros (Riverside, 1962)
 Once More! Charlie Byrd's Bossa Nova (Riverside, 1963)
 Byrd at the Gate (Riverside, 1963)
 Byrd Song (Riverside, 1964)

With Ella Fitzgerald
 Ella in Hamburg (Verve, live, 1965)
 Ella Loves Cole (Atlantic, 1972)
 Ella in London (Pablo, live, 1974)
 Montreux '75 (Pablo, live, 1975)
 Montreux '77 (Ella Fitzgerald album) (Pablo, live, 1977)
 Digital III at Montreux (Pablo, live, 1979)
 A Perfect Match (Ella Fitzgerald album) (Pablo, 1979)
 Jazz at the Philharmonic – Yoyogi National Stadium, Tokyo 1983: Return to Happiness (Pablo, live, 1983)

With Tommy Flanagan
The Tommy Flanagan Tokyo Recital (Pablo, 1975)
Straight Ahead (Pablo, 1976) with Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis
Something Borrowed, Something Blue (Galaxy, 1978)
With Etta Jones
The Melody Lingers On (HighNote, 1997)
With Sam Jones
The Soul Society (Riverside, 1960)
The Chant (Riverside, 1961)
With Junior Mance
Blue Mance (Chiaroscuro, 1994)
The Floating Jazz Festival Trio (Chiaroscuro, 1995)
The FJF Trio with Joe Temperley (Chiaroscuro, 1996)
The Floating Jazz Festival Trio (Chiaroscuro, 1997)
The Floating Jazz Festival Trio (Chiaroscuro, 1998)
A Chiaroscuro Christmas (Chiaroscuro)
With Helen Merrill
The Artistry of Helen Merrill (Mainstream, 1965)
With Bobby Timmons
Chun-King (Prestige, 1964)
Workin' Out! (Prestige, 1964)
With Louie Bellson
Salute (Chiaroscuro, 1994)
With Johnny Frigo, Herb Ellis and Lou Carter
The Soft Winds, Then and Now (Chiaroscuro, 1996)
With Jay McShann
Hootie (Chiaroscuro, 1997)
With Red Holloway, O. C. Smith and Phil Upchurch
Standing Room Only (Chiaroscuro, 1998)
With Waymon Reed
 46th and 8th (Artists House, 1977 [1979])
With C. I. Williams
When Alto Was King (Mapleshade, 1997)

References

External links
Keter Betts's oral history video excerpts at The National Visionary Leadership Project
 behind Tommy Flanagan.

1928 births
2005 deaths
American jazz double-bassists
Male double-bassists
Bossa nova musicians
People from Port Chester, New York
20th-century American musicians
Jazz musicians from New York (state)
20th-century double-bassists
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
Statesmen of Jazz members
Mapleshade Records artists

Keter Betts


Sabrina the Teenage Witch: The Album is a soundtrack album for the television series Sabrina The Teenage Witch, released on October 27, 1998, by Geffen Records. The album mainly contains music by contemporary pop and alternative rock artists, such as Spice Girls, Sugar Ray, and Britney Spears. Most of the songs on the soundtrack were either featured in the series or are by artists that made appearances in the series. The album also includes Melissa Joan Hart's cover of "One Way or Another". The album was preceded by the release of the single "So I Fall Again" by Phantom Planet in September 1998.

The album was a commercial success, being certified Gold by the RIAA in the United States and double Platinum in Canada. Worldwide, Sabrina the Teenage Witch: The Album has sold over 700,000 copies.

Background

Sabrina the Teenage Witch: The Album was first announced by MTV on August 27, 1998. The track list was revealed a few weeks later on September 15, 1998, the sequencing of which was slightly modified prior to its release. Geffen Records A&R executive Craig Coburn was instrumental in the album's creation. The album includes a number of songs that were previously unreleased, including a cover of "Abracadabra" by Sugar Ray, a remix of "Hey, Mr. DJ (Keep Playin' This Song)" by the Backstreet Boys, and "Soda Pop" by Britney Spears. The opening track to the album is "Walk of Life" by the Spice Girls, which had previously only been available in Europe as the b-side to their 1997 single "Too Much"; Coburn said the label was "thrilled" to have the song on the soundtrack. It also includes "Doctor Jones (Metro's 7" Edit)" by Aqua, which likewise had previously only been available in Europe. Melissa Joan Hart's cover of "One Way or Another", which was used in the Season 2 episode "The Band Episode", is also included.

The album was preceded by the release of the single "So I Fall Again" by Phantom Planet in September 1998; the band performed the song on the show in the Season 3 episode "And the Sabrina Goes to..." which aired that November. The album was promoted through radio promotions and giveaways. One giveaway prize was a trip to see Phantom Planet perform at Universal Studios Hollywood with their performance being hosted by Hart. Another promotion for the album was the "Sabrina Sing-A-Long Sweepstakes" in which the grand prize was a trip to Hollywood to have a song professionally recorded. The sweepstakes was advertised in the Sabrina book series, the Archie comic books, and Sabrina CD-ROM games. The album tied-in with the third season of the show in which the overarching plot was for Sabrina to collect clues to solve her "family secret"; the eighth clue was included on the CD.

Critical reception
Sabrina the Teenage Witch: The Album received mostly positive reviews from music critics. AllMusic described the album as a "sugar-coated collection" and called the covers included on the album "interesting". In a positive review, Rickey Wright from Amazon wrote that the album "holds together surprisingly well" and compared "Hey, Mr. DJ (Keep Playin' This Song)" by the Backstreet Boys and "Show Me Love" by Robyn to works of Michael Jackson. He described Matthew Sweet's cover of "Magnet & Steel" as "a remake that's been waiting to happen for years". Richard Harrington from The Washington Post praised Sugar Ray's cover of "Abracadabra" and called the album "a mix of bright chirpy dance-pop and pop-rock".

In a mixed review, Rob Brunner from Entertainment Weekly described Sabrina the Teenage Witch: The Album as "bubbly ephemera" and went on to note "all this wholesome cheer would be strictly taboo in even the most good-natured teen coven." He criticized Matthew Sweet's cover of "Magnet & Steel", calling it "less than enchanting". In a retrospective review, Chuck Eddy from Spin included the album on a list of "essential teen-pop soundtracks", and described "Soda Pop" by Britney Spears as "possibly her most preadolescent ditty ever".

Commercial reception
Sabrina the Teenage Witch: The Album peaked at number 71 on the Billboard 200 chart in the issue dated December 12, 1998, and spent 16 weeks on the chart. In Canada, the album peaked at number 7 on the RPM Top 100 Albums chart in the issue dated February 1, 1999. It remained in this position for two weeks and spent a total of 36 weeks on the chart. The album appeared at number 50 on the RPM year-end charts in 1999. The album was certified Gold by the RIAA in the United States and double Platinum in Canada.

Track listing

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications and sales

References

Sabrina the Teenage Witch (1996 TV series)
Television soundtracks
1998 soundtrack albums
Geffen Records soundtracks

Sabrina the Teenage Witch: The Album


KDLT-TV (channel 46) is a television station in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States, affiliated with NBC and Fox. It is owned by Gray Television alongside ABC/CW+ affiliate KSFY-TV (channel 13). Both stations share studios in Courthouse Square on 1st Avenue South in Sioux Falls, while KDLT-TV's transmitter is located southeast of the city near Rowena.

The station operates a full-time satellite KDLV-TV (channel 5) in Mitchell, whose tower is located in Plankinton. KDLV is a straight simulcast of KDLT; its existence is only acknowledged in station identifications. Aside from the transmitter, KDLV has no physical presence in Mitchell. Both of KDLT's subchannels also air on KPRY-TV in Pierre, a semi-satellite of sister station KSFY-TV.

KDLT-TV got its start as KORN-TV, an NBC affiliate on channel 5 in Mitchell, in 1960. It did not begin broadcasting to the Sioux Falls area until 1969, when it switched to ABC. The station changed its call letters to KXON-TV in 1973 when channel 5 was split from KORN radio. The station was sold again in 1982 to become KDLT-TV; it lost its ABC affiliation when the network opted to move to KSFY-TV the next year, picking up NBC instead. For the better part of its history, it suffered from low ratings and the perception that it was a Mitchell station rather than a Sioux Falls station. In 1987, most operations, including news production, moved to Sioux Falls. In 1998, as part of an effort to improve the station's coverage, a new transmitter on channel 46 in Sioux Falls became the main station, while channel 5 was repurposed as a full-time satellite for the market's western portion. Even after these changes, the station has spent the better part of its history as the lowest-rated Big Three station in the market.

In 2019, Gray Television, owner of KSFY, sought and was granted Federal Communications Commission approval to buy KDLT in hopes of creating a stronger challenge to long-dominant KELO-TV. This brought KDLT and KSFY under one roof, with a merged news operation known as Dakota News Now. Gray then bought the market's Fox affiliation, resulting in the migration of Fox from KTTW to a subchannel of KDLT-TV and the two stations' satellites.

History

The Mitchell years
Mitchell Broadcasting Association, owner of radio station KORN, applied on July 30, 1957, to build a new television station on channel 5 in Mitchell, to be located southeast of the city. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approved the application on November 13 of that year, but it was more than two years before KORN-TV was built and activated on June 12, 1960. It was a primary affiliate of NBC. The next month, in Sioux Falls, KSOO-TV (the future KSFY-TV) signed on, also an NBC affiliate.

Coinciding with the construction of a new  tower in Salem, midway between Mitchell and Sioux Falls, KORN-TV switched to ABC on May 12, 1969, giving the network its first primary affiliate in South Dakota. The signal traveled in a  radius from the transmitter site, providing city-grade coverage to 23 counties in eastern South Dakota and giving Sioux Falls full service from all three major networks.

Mitchell Broadcasting sold the station to Buford Television of Tyler, Texas, in 1972 for $775,000. The new owners changed the call sign the next year to KXON-TV, as Mitchell Broadcasting retained the KORN radio stations. Additionally, Buford opened a sales office in downtown Sioux Falls, the station's first physical presence in the city. Buford saw the station through a lengthy reconstruction after the Salem tower was felled in an ice storm on March 27, 1975; ice built up on the tower and, aided by gusting winds, led to its collapse. The station reverted to its original tower in Mitchell before a replacement  tower was activated at Salem in mid-1976.

After a proposed purchase of the station by a consortium of investors known as Group Five Television was abandoned in March 1977, Buford put KXON-TV on the market because it had committed to the construction or purchase of four television stations in other parts of the United States. In October 1977, Buford accepted an offer from George N. Gillett Jr. of Wausau, Wisconsin, to purchase KXON-TV. It was the first holding of his Gillett Broadcasting. Gillett noted that he selected KXON-TV to purchase in part because there were so few TV stations on the market; it was affiliated with ABC, then the top network; and it was a low-band VHF TV station. Gillett made improvements to the presentation of the station's two daily newscasts, then branded Metro News, which had perennially been in third place in the market behind KELO-TV and KSFY. Despite this, channel 5 remained hamstrung in its ability to capture ratings, especially for local news, in Sioux Falls. While KELO-TV and KSFY both had at least three full-power transmitters, KXON only had one. Its news department was small even for a market of Sioux Falls' size at the time; it had only nine reporters, half the size of KSFY and a tenth the size of KELO-TV. It had less equipment than its competitors, and faced the stigma of being considered a "Mitchell station". It did not help matters that KCAU-TV in Sioux City, Iowa, put a strong signal to much of the market; for most of the time from the late 1960s to the 1980s, it claimed Sioux Falls as part of its primary coverage area.

Gillett sold KXON-TV in 1982 to Dakotaland Broadcasting, owners of KEVN and KIVV in the Rapid City market. The call letters were changed to KDLT in October 1982 to reflect the new owners and also to "project a new image". The station lost its ABC affiliation the next year after ABC approached KSFY-TV, with its larger network of repeaters and higher ratings, to become its new affiliate in eastern South Dakota. Consequently, KDLT took over KSFY's former NBC affiliation.

Heritage and Red River ownership
Dakotaland's owners decided to exit the business, selling their broadcast holdings to Heritage Communications in 1985. It was the first acquisition of broadcast stations by the group, which became Heritage Media in 1987 when the broadcast stations were spun out from the firm's cable TV systems. That same year, rule changes allowed KDLT to move most of its operations to a studio on South Westport Avenue in Sioux Falls; previously, the station staff was split between the two cities. The new owners focused KDLT's low-rated newscasts, now called Sioux First News, on Sioux Falls events. This was out of necessity; it could not hope to adequately cover the entire 80-county market with just a single transmitter.

Heritage Media sold KDLT to Red River Broadcasting, owner of KVRR in Fargo, North Dakota, in 1994. Red River embarked on a two-pronged campaign to expand KDLT's coverage area. In 1995, it set up low-power translators in Aberdeen, Milbank, Pierre, and Watertown, adding over 84,000 potential viewers to its coverage area. Viewers in these areas had long been served over the air by KELO-TV and KSFY.

The second phase, however, was even more crucial. FCC rules for the forthcoming introduction of digital television required a station's digital signal to cover at least 80 percent of its analog footprint. KDLT's transmitter was too far away from Sioux Falls to provide that city with an acceptable digital signal; it was located over  from Sioux Falls. In 1989, KDLT had purchased K46CB, a low-powered station in Sioux Falls, to improve its reception in the city. On March 6, 1997, FCC granted Red River a construction permit to replace this translator with a new full-power station licensed to Sioux Falls on channel 46. It would operate from a tower in Rowena, from where KELO and KSFY had broadcast since the 1960s. On September 23, 1998, Red River activated the new channel 46; it took the KDLT-TV call sign. Channel 5 continued to operate on its original license and changed its call letters to KDLV-TV. In December, KDLV-TV moved to a new tower in Plankinton, closer to Mitchell and increasing its coverage to the west. This was necessary because the FCC did not allow Red River to simply move channel 5's tower to Sioux Falls; channel 46 was the lowest UHF allocation available in Sioux Falls at the time. The changes cost $8 million. The launch of channel 46 coincided with the station launching its first morning newscast, Sioux Falls Today.

By 2016, KDLT-TV's news ratings were still a distant third behind KSFY-TV, in turn a distant second behind KELO-TV, which outdrew both stations combined.

Consolidation with KSFY-TV
On May 1, 2018, Gray Television announced its purchase of KDLT-TV for $32.5 million. The deal would create a duopoly with KSFY-TV. The combined operation would be based at KSFY's studios on Courthouse Square in Sioux Falls; in its announcement of the KDLT purchase, Gray noted that the KSFY studio has enough space to house a second station's news and sales department. Gray needed to obtain a waiver in order to complete the deal, since the FCC normally does not allow one entity to own two of the four highest-rated stations in a market. However, in its filing requesting such a waiver, Gray argued that KDLT would be in a stronger position to compete in the market if its resources were combined with those of KSFY. Gray contended that a KSFY/KDLT duopoly would fulfill "a dire need for an effective competitor" in a market where CBS affiliate KELO-TV has been the far-and-away leader for as long as records have been kept. At the time the purchase was announced, KELO-TV held a local news share of 70 percent and an advertising market share of 55 percent, leading Gray to describe Sioux Falls as a "unicorn".

After one of the longest approval processes in FCC history (reportedly delayed by challenges to the new FCC rules), the sale was approved by the FCC on September 24, 2019. The FCC cited compelling public interest and its own authority, rather than the new rules. Gray took control of KDLT the following day.

On January 13, 2020, KDLT moved its operations to KSFY's studios on Courthouse Square. The merged news operation, Dakota News Now, launched the same day. With the exception of the two-hour morning news at 5 a.m. and 10 p.m. newscast, which both stations air to satisfy network program commitments, newscasts are scheduled on each station at complementary times, with KDLT airing news for an hour at 4:00 and half-hours at 5:30 and 6:30. Between them, the stations air three hours of news on weeknights. Employees that were not retained by the combined newsroom were prioritized for openings elsewhere in the Gray chain. Gray also filled gaps in ABC and NBC coverage by combining the transmitter networks of KDLT-TV and KSFY-TV, making both stations accessible in the same areas. Before the merger, one-third of the market needed cable or satellite to watch both stations; KELO was the only station that covered the entire market over the air.

On November 2, 2020, Gray purchased the non-license assets of KTTW (channel 7) from Independent Communications, Inc.; Fox programming moved to KDLT on subchannel 46.2. Cozi TV, which was also carried on KTTW, moved to subchannel 46.4.

Technical information
The stations' signals are multiplexed, but not with the same programming. This is because KDLV-TV carries KSFY on its third subchannel. KDLT's NBC and Fox subchannels (46.1 and 46.2) are simulcast on KPRY-TV in Pierre.

KDLT-TV subchannels

KDLV-TV subchannels

Analog-to-digital conversion
Both stations shut down their analog signals on February 1, 2009, during the late newscast after Super Bowl XLIII. KDLT chose that time to shut down both analog transmitters for maximum exposure. The two stations continued to broadcast on their pre-transition digital channels—channel 47 for KDLT-TV and channel 26 for KDLV-TV. KDLT relocated its signal from channel 47 to channel 21 on November 30, 2018, as a result of the 2016 United States wireless spectrum auction.

Translators
KDLT-TV is rebroadcast on the following translator stations:
 Aberdeen: K33MI-D
 Badger: K35GR-D
 {Brookings: K17NF-D
 Jackson: K27NF-D
 Pierre: K27HJ-D
 Springfield: K33GX-D
 Watertown: K28OE-D

Note

References

External links

NBC network affiliates
Fox network affiliates
Antenna TV affiliates
Television channels and stations established in 1960
1960 establishments in South Dakota
DLT-TV
Gray Television

KDLT-TV


Love () is a 1971 Hungarian drama film directed by Károly Makk. Based on two short stories by Tibor Déry, Szerelem (1956) and Két asszony (1962), it stars Lili Darvas and Mari Törőcsik. The film was selected as the Hungarian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 44th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.

Today, Love is considered a classic of world cinema by critics including Derek Malcolm and Roger Ebert. The film was selected for screening as part of the Cannes Classics section at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival. The film was chosen to be part of the New Budapest Twelve, a list of Hungarian films considered the best in 2000.

Cast
 Lili Darvas - Az öregasszony
 Mari Törőcsik - Luca
 Iván Darvas - János
 Erzsi Orsolya - Irén
 László Mensáros - Az orvos
 Tibor Bitskey - Feri (as Bitskei Tibor)
 András Ambrus - Börtönőr
 József Almási - Tanár
 Zoltán Bán - Borbély
 Éva Bányai - Feriék szolgálója
 Ágnes Dávid - Feriék szolgálója
 Mária Garamszegi - Feriék szolgálója
 Alíz Halda - Tanárnő
 Magda Horváth - Kissné
 Nóra Káldi - Az öregasszony fiatalon (as Káldy Nóra)

Historical background
In 1953 after the death of Soviet premier Joseph Stalin many arrested people were released in Hungary. In Love, Makk tells the story of a young Hungarian woman whose husband has been arrested by the secret police, and who eases his mother's last months with the tale that her son is in America.

Reception
Love won three prizes, including the Jury Prize at the 1971 Cannes Film Festival. It has also been acclaimed in recent years; Derek Malcolm ranked it one of The Guardian's 100 best films of the 20th century.

See also
 List of submissions to the 44th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
 List of Hungarian  submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film

References

External links

1971 films
Hungarian black-and-white films
1971 drama films
1970s Hungarian-language films
Films directed by Károly Makk
Films based on multiple works
Hungarian drama films

Love (1971 film)


A sheepdog trial (also herding event, stock dog trial or simply dog trial) — is a competition or test for working abilities of herding breeds dogs. It is a type of dog sport that emerged in the 1860s in New Zealand. By the 1870s regular trials were also being held in Australia and the United Kingdom, and by the end of the 20th century gained popularity in many countries of the world. In competition, dogs demonstrate basic herding management skills assessed by the judge. International and national cynological and sports organisations, sheep and cattle breeders' societies are involved in organising these events. Usually competitions are held with sheep, sometimes other animals are used: ducks or cows.

Competition rules include different requirements and scoring systems, eligible breeds and number of dogs, different breeds of sheep, and are divided into several levels of difficulty. Most often, the competition program includes guiding the sheep through several obstacles, collecting them in and out of the pen, separating the sheep from the flock, etc. The judge is evaluating the accuracy of the dog's work under the guidance of a handler.

History

The first dog trials were held in Wānaka, New Zealand, in 1867  with reports of trials at Wānaka, Waitangi and Te Aka in 1868, at Wānaka in 1869 and Haldon Station in the Mackenzie Country in 1870. Australia also has a long history of dog trialing, with a kelpie named Brutus reported in the local paper in Young, NSW, as winning a sheepdog trial in 1871.

At the same time sheep herding began to develop as a competitive sport in the United Kingdom. The pursuit of sheepdog trialling had been well established since the 1870s in all regions of the UK: England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. At that time travel was difficult and people were less mobile, so sheepherding trials started as locally organised events.

The first recorded trials involving more than one country were held in 1873 in Bala, Wales. A handler from Scotland took first prize. The sport started to gain popularity rapidly and to develop and attract participants and spectators. William Wallace of Otterburn, Northumberland at the Hawick Trials of 1883 was credited with first demonstrating control of the dog "with a mere hiss at hand and a low whistle at distance". Before then handling was very different: much waving, shouting and barking was involved.

Dogs with the right 'eye' for the task were bred and started do establish as a separate breed. In the 1890s Adam Telfer, of Cambo, Northumberland, bred and trained the dog that is considered the 'father of the breed'  in border collies. His name was Old Hemp, he can be multiply traced in the pedigrees of most modern border collies.

At the same time, early sheepdog societies were founded in north-west England and Wales. Their contribution to the development of herding breeds and trials is less well known but should be acknowledged.

Herding styles

Gathering herding style (border collie style)
The International Sheep Dog Society (ISDS) organises trials of three levels of difficulty. Gathering style in herding is typical of the border collie breed, and until recently Australian kelpies were representing this style too, but got moved to traditional style in 2018. In gathering style the dog works under the guidance of a handler who is stationary during most of the program. He handles the dog with verbal and gesture cues and uses a whistle.

The test usually involves the dog running out to the sheep (outrun), encouraging the sheep to move, or lifting (lift), driving the sheep towards the handler (fetch) and away from the handler (drive) through one or more gates or obstacles. In the designated area, the dog must separate one or more sheep from the flock (shed, single), place the sheep in the pen (pen).

The ISDS holds a World Championship once every three years. The eligibility of countries to participate and the number of participants from each country are determined based on the results of the regular competitions during qualifying period of three years. Individual and team competitions are held. For example, 238 participants from 29 countries were allowed to participate in the 2020 World Championship. And sheep – a hybrid of Bluefaced Leicester and Scottish black-faced sheep were raised specifically for the event.

Traditional herding style
The International Cynological Federation in addition to gathering style (Border Collie) established the rules for trials, tests and competitions in the traditional herding style that includes all other breeds from pastoral group except border collies. In traditional style competitions the handler is allowed to move with the dog on the field during the entire program, and the difficulty level is determined by a set of exercises. In addition to obstacles of varying complexity (bridge, "funnel", "Maltese cross") and work in a pen, crossing the carriageway, loading into a trailer, etc. can be asked of a dog.

Most popular breeds used for traditional style herding both in trials and every day farm work are Pembroke corgis, Shetland Sheepdogs, Briards, Australian Cattle dogs and Kelpies, Smooth and Rough Collies and Koolies.

There are separate rules for testing dogs for the presence of herding instinct. The testing does not reveal the winner, but assesses the dog's interest in sheep, the desire to work and the manner of interaction with the sheep, and the natural ability to find a balance point. Both traditional and gathering style dogs are eligible for this test in FCI.

Trial field

The exact layout of the trial field can vary significantly. Most experienced handlers agree that there are certain elements that are important to ensure that the challenge to the dog and handler is a fair and complete test. For USBCHA-sanctioned trials, these elements include:
 The dog must leave the handler and fetch sheep that are some distance away
 The dog must take control of the sheep and bring them to the handler
 It is against the dog's instinct to drive the sheep away from the handler so an away drive is a good test and should be included
 The dog and handler should be able to combine to move the sheep into a confined space, typically a pen but in some trials they are asked to load them onto a vehicle.
Other popular test elements that are often added include:
 The dog must separate the group into two groups in a controlled way in accordance with the instructions from the judge. This may involve some sheep being marked and the dog and handler working together to separate them from the rest or some variation of that. This is known as shedding and is almost always required to be done in a ring marked out on the ground.
 Singling is another test in which the dog and handler combine to separate one sheep from the group.
 Most trials include a cross drive where the dog is required to move the sheep in a controlled way in a straight line from one side of the field to the other in front of the handler but some distance away from them.

In addition there are various elements that may be added to increase the level of difficulty of a trial. One such example is the double lift where the dog is required to fetch one group of sheep, bring them to the handler, look back and find another group, somewhere else on the trial field some distance away. They must then leave the first group and do a second outrun to fetch the others and bring them to join the first group.

In most competitions the dog will be required to do the fetching and driving tests on their own. During these test elements the handler must remain at a stake positioned during the layout of the trial course. During the shedding, singling and penning the handler usually leaves the stake and works with the dog to achieve the task.

Scoring
The most popular scoring system works as follows:
 A judge watches each run and assigns a score based on their judgment.
 Each test element is assigned a maximum score. For example there may be 10 points for the cast (outrun) and so on.
 Each competitor is assigned the full amount for each element before they start.
 As they negotiate each test element a judge deducts points for each fault. For example during a drive the judge may deduct points when the sheep move off line. During each element they can only lose as many points as are assigned to that element.
 They must negotiate each element in sequence before proceeding to the next.
 A set amount of time for the whole course, usually around 15 minutes, is decided on before the start of the trial.
 There is no advantage in completing the course in a short amount of time but if the competitor runs out of time then they will lose all the points for the element they were in the process of completing and all those that they have yet to attempt.
 The competitor's score is the sum of their score for all completed elements.

For most elements the judge focuses on the behaviour of the sheep not the dog or handler. Dogs are judged on the efficiency of their work and on qualities of good stockmanship.  A dog that needlessly harasses or hurries the sheep will penalized and a dog that bites a sheep may be disqualified.

This points type of system has been in use since at least 1979 and may have been formalized at about that same time.

See also
 Herding dog – the main article about sheepdogs
 Livestock guardian dog
 List of dog sports
 Championship (dog)
 Shepherd's whistle
 International Sheep Dog Society
 South African Sheepdog Association

References

Further reading

External links

Meeker Classic Sheepdog website
Website of the International Sheepdog Society
Website of the United States Border Collies Handlers' Association

Dog sports
Sheep farming
Herding dogs

Sheepdog trial


"I Used to Work in Chicago" is a drinking song.  It was written by songwriter and entertainer Larry Vincent. The earliest printed date for the song is March 1945 in the underground mimeographed songbook Songs of the Century, however versions of the song circulated "on the street" as early as 1938  according to the Digital Tradition Folk Music Database.  Many of the lyrics are considered humorous because of the oblique sexual references. The song is often chanted by various British university sports teams.

After World War II, there were various versions of this song commercially recorded (e.g. by Spike Jones).

A verse from Spike Jones's version:

Recordings
  The Three Bits Of Rhythm on Modern Records 118A from 1946
  Oscar Brand on Bawdy Songs and Backroom Ballads 1951
  Merle Travis on Guitar Rags & A Too Fast Past 1994
  Benny Bell on Shaving Cream 1975, Track Title: Jack of All Trades

Popular culture
A variation of this song is also occasionally performed by Eddie Vedder of Pearl Jam during their live performances with the final lines, "Liquor she wanted / Lick her I did / I don't work there anymore."
The same (Liquor/Lick her) version is also sung by Dusty and Lefty, played by Woody Harrelson and John C. Reilly, in the film A Prairie Home Companion.
One verse sung by Charles Durning in the movie Jerry and Tom.  "A woman came in for a house dress.  I asked her what kind she wore.  'Jumper,' she said.  Jump her I did and I don't work there anymore."

References

 Cray, Ed; The Erotic Muse: American Bawdy Songs (University of Illinois, 1992).
 Reuss, Richard A.; An Annotated Field Collection of Songs From the American College Student Oral Tradition (Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Masters Thesis, 1965).

Drinking songs
Songs about Chicago
Songs written by Larry Vincent
1945 songs

I Used to Work in Chicago


William Norman Bryson (born 1949) is an Anglo American art historian who authored several major works that were particularly influential in the 1980s and 1990s. He graduated with a Ph.D. from Cambridge University in 1977, and subsequently worked  as a professor at King's College until 1988, when he moved to Rochester, NY. There, he worked for two years at the University of Rochester before moving to  Harvard University in 1990.  In a shift from that earlier period, he now is faculty at University of California, San Diego, and primarily writes about contemporary art, such as Sharon Lockhart. His career is characterized by a move to a more literary theory-based approach to art history, including Word and Image: French Painting of the Ancien Régime (1983), Vision and Painting: The Logic of the Gaze (1986), and Tradition and Desire: From David to Delacroix (1987). He was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1997.

Works

The Swimmer & Other Poems (1969)

Word and Image: French Painting in the Ancien Regime (1981)

Vision and Painting: The Logic of the Gaze (1983)

Tradition and Desire: From David to Delacroix (1984)

The Logic of the Gaze (1986)

Visual Theory: Painting and Interpretation (1989)

Looking at the Overlooked: Four Essays on Still Life Painting (1990)

In Medusa's Gaze: Still Life Paintings From Upstate New York Museums (1991)

Visual Culture: Images and Interpretations (1993)

Inside/ Out: New Chinese Art (1998)

References

External links
 Archived classes by Norman Bryson
http://www.arthistorylab.com/2014/07/26/art-history-courses-norman-bryson/
Norman Bryson's entry in Online Dictionary of Art Historians

Harvard University faculty
American art historians
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
20th-century American historians
1949 births
Living people
University of California, San Diego faculty
20th-century American male writers
American male non-fiction writers

Norman Bryson


Kȁčić () is a Croatian surname. It is chiefly distributed in the city of Split, and the area of southern and central Dalmatia. Etymologically it derives from the word kača "snake".

It may refer to:
 Kačić noble family, which includes medieval Hungarian branch Kacsics
 Andrija Kačić Miošić (1704–1760), Croatian poet and Franciscan friar
 Hrvoje Kačić (born 1932), former Croatian water polo player, academician and politician
 Miro Kačić (1946–2001), Croatian linguist
 Igor Kačić (1975–1991), youngest victim of the Vukovar massacre

Surnames of Croatian origin

Kačić


A disaster area is a region or a locale that has been heavily damaged by either natural, technological or social hazards. Disaster areas affect the population living in the community by dramatic increase in expense, loss of energy, food and services; and finally increase the risk of disease for citizens. An area that has been struck with a natural, technological or sociological hazard that opens the affected area for national or international aid.

Examples of modern disaster areas
An example of a technological disaster was the Fukushima disaster which was caused by a "massive 8.9-magnitude earthquake [that] hit northeast Japan". This earthquake caused several hydrogen explosions at a power plant; five reactors were damaged, causing the plant to go into an emergency state. All this occurred because there was a technological error in the system that cut down the regular and emergency power, causing the five reactors to lose cooling capabilities and explode due to a buildup of hydrogen in the roof. This significant nuclear event had a mild impact on the public health, as the area suffered nuclear contamination. The contamination caused all the crops such as milk, water or vegetables unsafe to eat, although any increase in cancer rates are expected to be too small to detect. Hence all food grown in that area was banned from being sold. People in the "surroundings were moved to safe shelters," and 3 people were affected by the radiation alone. The "Japanese government [handled] the situation in the most efficient and amazing way that anyone can imagine."

An example of a disaster area caused by a natural hazard is Hurricane Sandy which hit October 27, 2012. It was the most devastating storm in decades hitting the United States. The storm killed about 50 people and many were also hit by falling trees. The hardest-hit state was New York, leaving millions without power and a few homeless.

A disaster area caused by a sociological hazard would be the terrorist attack on September 11th, 2001, in New York City. Two airplanes struck the Twin Towers, causing them to crumble, killing many people in the process. The unexpected attack harmed many people and had a detrimental impact on New York City.

Melbourne, Australia was declared a disaster area by the Victorian Premier on August 2, 2020, after the region had a drastic uprise in COVID-19 cases that could not be traced to the source of the infection.

On August 5, 2020, Lebanon's military council declared Beirut a disaster area after a powerful explosion in the seaport.

See also
Disaster
Emergency management
State of emergency

External links
 Federal Disaster Area Declarations
 Frequency of Disaster Declarations by U.S. County (map)
FEMA Disaster Declarations Summary - Open Government Dataset

References

Disasters
Area

Disaster area


Jan Novák (born April 4, 1953, in Kolín) is a Czech-American writer, screenwriter and playwright.  He writes in both Czech and English, frequently translating his work. He has received awards in both the United States and the Czech Republic. He has worked closely with such figures as Václav Havel and Miloš Forman.

Early life and education
His family fled Czechoslovakia in 1969, after his father was discovered to have committed embezzlement.  They escaped to a refugee camp in Austria, where after corresponding with members of the large Czech-American community in Chicago, they were able to emigrate to Cicero, Illinois. After high school, he initially attended Shimer College, a small Great Books college then located in Mount Carroll.  He subsequently attended and graduated from the University of Chicago, receiving bachelor's and master's degrees.

Literary career
Novák's first published story was the winning entry in a short-story contest by the University of Chicago Maroon, which he originally wrote in Czech and then translated into English.  The story caught the attention of Czech-American publisher Josef Škvorecký, who published Novák's debut collection of short stories, Striptease Chicago (). The stories in the collection depict the lives of Czech immigrants in America with an ironic sensibility. The stories also showed a propensity for Czenglish, a mixing of the Czech and English languages. His other works in this period were written solely in English.

His 1985 novel The Willys Dream Kit, ( ) draws on family experience and depicts his father's life story from his youth during the Nazi occupation to death in the USA. It was very favorably received, winning the Carl Sandburg Award for Chicago authors and the Friends of Literature Award.  The foreword to the Czech edition was written by Václav Havel.  His second novel The Grand Life (Poseidon Press, 1987), again partly inspired by his own experiences (the hero is a middle manager at a Chicago energy company), was however not a commercial success.

Venturing into nonfiction, his 1992 book Prague in Velvet recounts Novák's visit to Prague in November 1989, shortly after the Velvet Revolution. Commies, Crooks, Gypsies, Spooks and Poets (1995) recounts a year-long vacation to Prague in 1992–3.  It received the Carl Sandburg Literary Award for non-fiction in 1995.

Novák's So Far So Good, an extensive literary treatment of the story of the Mašín brothers who escaped to West Berlin in 1953, was originally written in English but was first published translated into Czech as "Zatím dobrý", which won the Magnesia Litera award for book of the year in 2005. An English translation of the published Czech version, by Robert Matzerath, was published in 2021. In 2009 he published a book of interviews titled Under Water (Franz Kafka Publishing House), containing personal interviews with Miloš Forman, Dominik Hašek, Lubomír Kaválka, Antonín Kratochvíl, and Josef Mašín.

Film career

As a screenwriter, Novák worked with Miloš Forman on the film Valmont, and in the 1990s he wrote the script for the Czech film Báječná léta pod psa ("The Blissful Years of Lousy Living") and participated in the scenarios An ambiguous report about the end of the world. He is also co-author of Forman's autobiography called What Do I Know? (Turnaround, 1994; translation Josek George, Atlantis 1994, ).

He has made two documentary films about Václav Havel.  In 2005 he made the documentary Citizen Václav Havel Goes on Vacation together with his son Adam, recounting a vacation taken by Havel in 1985 that led to a massive police chase.  This was followed in 2009 by the film Citizen Havel is Rolling the Empty Barrels, an adaptation of Havel's play "Audience".

As of 2009, he was a member of the faculty at the Film and TV School of the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague.

Dramaturgical career
Novák's first play was "Bohemian Heaven," which opened at the Provincetown Playhouse in 1980; it paints a semi-autobiographical portrait of a newly arrived Czech immigrant family in Cicero, Illinois.

His play "Alaska," originally commissioned for Chicago's Goodman Theater, was performed in Brno in 1994.  In 2000, the Astorka theater in Bratislava, Slovakia, performed his "A Murder in St. Petersburg," a dramatic adaptation of the ax murder in Fyodor Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment.  A collection of his plays has been published in Czech.

Novák also translated into English Václav Havel's play Audience, Unveiling, Protest and The Garden Party (alternatively titled Office Party). His one-act plays were published in 2009 in a bilingual edition under the title "Citizen Vanek / Vanek Citizen ".  They were published in the U. S. in 2012 by Theater 61 Press under the title "The Vanek Plays", which edition also included Novák's translation of Havel's modern Vanek sequel, Dozens of Cousins.

References

External links

Radio Prague interview
Bio of Jan Novák

Living people
1953 births
20th-century Czech novelists
Czech male novelists
20th-century Czech dramatists and playwrights
Czech male dramatists and playwrights
Czech screenwriters
Male screenwriters
Magnesia Litera winners
University of Chicago alumni
Shimer College alumni
Czechoslovak emigrants to the United States
Writers from Kolín
Academic staff of the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague

Jan Novák (writer)


Peter Pinkney (born 1956) is a British trade unionist, who served as President of the National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers (RMT) from December 2012 until 2015.

Born in Saltburn, Pinkney completed an apprenticeship as a welder and joined the Amalgamated Society of Boilermakers. He found employment at a steelworks in Middlesbrough, and became a junior shop steward. However, when the works closed in 1978, he was unable to find a new job in the industry and instead joined the Royal Navy, serving as a submariner.

Following a five-year stint in the Navy, Pinkney studied at a polytechnic, and joined the Communist Party of Great Britain. He found work as a railway signalman, working in the world's oldest signal box, in Stockton-on-Tees. He also joined the National Union of Railwaymen, which later became part of the RMT. Pinkney became first a union representative, then branch secretary and regional secretary.

Pinkney's union involvement further increased following the election of Bob Crow as general secretary, and culminated with Pinkney's election as president in 2012; the highest lay official of the union. As President, Pinkney pledged that the RMT "will fight for the abolition of capitalism and replace it with a socialist system". During Pinkney's time as president, Crow died unexpectedly, and Pinkney took his place on the General Council of the Trades Union Congress.

In February 2015, Pinkney confirmed that he would be standing as a Green Party candidate in Redcar in the 2015 general election. In the election he came fifth of six candidates with 2.2% of the vote.

In February 2016, Pinkney signed a letter in The Guardian alongside Sean Hoyle, Paul McDonnell and John Reid from the National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers (RMT), in which they voiced their opposition to the Electoral Commission choosing Leave.EU, Vote Leave or Grassroots Out as the official group advocating for the UK's withdrawal from the European Union in the 2016 referendum on the subject. The letter said that: We call on the commission not to give taxpayers' money to the Tory and Ukip-dominated Vote Leave, Leave.EU or Grassroots Out campaigns, or any amalgam of them ... We believe there are millions of trade unionists, young people, anti-austerity campaigners and working-class voters, whose opposition to the big business-dominated EU would not be represented by these organisations. ... We call on the Electoral Commission to recognise that a significant proportion of those who will vote against the EU do so because they support basic socialist policies of workers' rights, public ownership, and opposition to austerity and racism.

References

1956 births
Living people
British trade unionists
English socialists
Communist Party of Great Britain members
Green Party of England and Wales parliamentary candidates
Members of the General Council of the Trades Union Congress
People from Redcar

Peter Pinkney


Jonathon Solomon (March 10, 1932 – July 13, 2006) was a native Gwich'in from Fort Yukon, Alaska, USA, and a member of the U.S. delegation to the International Porcupine Caribou Agreement between Canada and U.S. He served as the Traditional Chief of the Gwichyaa Zhee Gwich'in, a lifetime designation, from 2002 until his death in 2006.  He was a founding member of the Gwich'in Steering Committee formed by the Gwich'in at Arctic Village (Vashraii K'oo) in 1988, and dedicated to the preservation of the Porcupine Caribou Herd.  He served with distinction until his death.

He was awarded the Goldman Environmental Prize in 2002, together with Norma Kassi and Sarah James. They received the prize for their struggles for protection of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge from plans of oil exploration and drilling. Oil and gas exploration would disturb the life cycle of the Porcupine caribou, which has been a foundation for the Gwich'in culture for 20,000 years.

He founded the Gwichyaa Gwich'in Ginkhe', a non-profit organization in Fort Yukon in 1970, also known as the "three G's".  The organization was dedicated to fighting the environmental destruction of the Yukon Flats, specifically the proposed Rampart Dam project which would have flooded the entire Yukon Flats and thus forcing the dislocation of the Gwich'in people.  The project was halted.

References

External links
 Obituary

1932 births
2006 deaths
20th-century Native Americans
21st-century Native Americans
Alaskan Athabaskan people
American environmentalists
Gwich'in people
People from Fort Yukon, Alaska
Goldman Environmental Prize awardees

Jonathon Solomon