Baldwin Wallace University (BW) is a private university in Berea, Ohio. Established in 1845 as Baldwin Institute by Methodist businessman John Baldwin, it merged with nearby German Wallace College in 1913 to become Baldwin-Wallace College.

BW has two campus sites: Berea, which serves as the main campus, and BW at Corporate College East in Warrensville Heights. In Fall 2022, BW enrolled 2,592 full-time undergraduate students, and 527 graduate students.

Baldwin Wallace's athletic teams compete as members of NCAA Division III athletics in the Ohio Athletic Conference.

History

Both the university and the town of Berea were founded by Methodist settlers from Connecticut. These settlers moved west after their homes were burned by the British in the Revolutionary War. The region in Northern Ohio became known as the Western Reserve (a part of which was designated the Firelands, as the state of Connecticut gave land grants to these fire victims). Among early settlers of this area was John Baldwin. Baldwin enjoyed early success in the sandstone quarry industry. He eventually founded Baldwin Institute in 1845. Baldwin Institute became Baldwin University in 1856. Baldwin's sense of equality led to the school accepting any student regardless of race or gender.  Moreover, Baldwin University's courses were not segregated. The surge of German workers in Baldwin's sandstone quarries led to the establishment of a German department at the institute.

The Reverend Jacob Rothweiler, a professor at Baldwin University, named his project after James Wallace, and German Wallace College was founded in 1855. Students at both institutions were free to enroll in courses at Baldwin or German Wallace. Baldwin and Wallace were the primary benefactors to the two Berea colleges. After their deaths, and the decline of the quarry industry in Ohio, Baldwin University came close to financial ruin. Options were thin, and the United Methodist Church considered merging the schools with Ohio Wesleyan University in 1874, to form the University of Cleveland. The University of Cleveland concept was abandoned. Baldwin University and German Wallace College merged in 1913 to form Baldwin–Wallace College.

During World War II, Baldwin Wallace was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a Navy commission.

The college's present day campus can be much accredited to the leadership of Alfred Bryan Bonds; through much of the mid-20th century, Baldwin Wallace grew to be a large suburban institution. Bonds oversaw the construction of fifteen buildings on campus during his 26-year tenure. Neal Malicky's tenure as college president stabilized the college's finances and endowment, finally placing Baldwin Wallace in financial security after years of financial struggle. Following Malicky's presidency, Mark Collier served as president for seven years, overseeing a campus master plan that has led to many major renovations on campus. In recent years the college has expanded and renovated residence halls and academic buildings. In addition, the college has purchased existing buildings in the Berea community for academic and student residential use.

In the fall of 2011, a task force was developed by BW President Dick Durst. On February 11, 2012, it was announced that Baldwin–Wallace College would become Baldwin Wallace University after approval by the BW Board of Trustees. The name would become effective on July 1 of 2012, with complete implementation by the end of 2012. In addition to the new university designation, seal, and logo, "B-W" would drop the hyphen in its name.

During the 2008 Presidential campaign, BW hosted eventual President Barack Obama and 2008 Presidential candidate John McCain. In 2012 BW hosted vice presidential candidate Paul Ryan along with Condoleezza Rice.  The last sitting president prior to Obama to visit BW was Ronald Reagan during George H. W. Bush's 1988 Presidential run. The 2016 Presidential campaign resulted in visits from Bernie Sanders and BW hosting Ohio Governor John Kasich's Ohio Presidential Primary election night party.

In 2019, BW trustees voted to disaffiliate from the United Methodist Church after 174 years.

Academics

Baldwin Wallace offers more than 80 majors, as well as several cooperative and pre-professional programs. Evening and weekend programs include 12 majors and six certificate programs. For undergraduate programs, these majors lead to one of the degrees Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Science in education, Bachelor of Music, Bachelor of Music in Education, or Bachelor of Science in Nursing. Beyond this, BW offers 16 master's programs that lead to one of the degrees Master of Arts in Education or Master of Business Administration. BW offers programs and some courses online. BW has 201 full-time faculty, 80% of whom have doctorates or other terminal degrees.

Conservatory of Music

The Baldwin Wallace Conservatory of Music is part of Baldwin Wallace University. The main building of the conservatory is Kulas Hall. The Conservatory holds the title of home to the oldest collegiate Bach Festival in the nation. The Conservatory of Music covers the discipline of music study, creation, performance and pedagogy.

BW at Corporate College East
Baldwin Wallace offers classes at Corporate College East, a division of Cuyahoga Community College in Warrensville Heights, Ohio. The site focuses on the educational needs of working adults and their employers, enrolling students in undergraduate, graduate and executive education courses.

International programs
Baldwin Wallace has several international programs in which eligible upperclassmen are able to participate. The college operates several of its own programs plus international student exchange programs at Kansai Gaidai University (Japan), Christ University (India) and Ewha University (Korea), University of the Sunshine Coast (Australia), University of Osnabrück (Germany), York St John University (England), University of Hull (England), Webster University Vienna (Austria), Semester at Sea, and many more. BW has faculty-led trips yearly to places such as Europe, Iceland, India, Italy, Ecuador and China. As well, the college offers domestic U.S. - themed trips such as following The Lewis and Clark trail.

Outreach programs
BW uses programs such as Upward Bound and BW Scholars to reach and serve students from the Cleveland Metropolitan School District.  The BW Scholars program was formerly called "The Barbara Byrd-Bennett Program", named after Barbara Byrd-Bennett, who established and funded the program until her departure from the Cleveland Municipal School District. Barbara Byrd-Bennett was the first chief executive officer of the Cleveland Municipal School District. Today the BW Scholars Program continues under funding by the college. BW also utilizes opportunities in the Greater Cleveland for Service-learning. Service-learning is a method of teaching that provides opportunities for students to learn and develop through thoughtfully organized service experience.

Campus

The campus is located in Berea, Ohio, a suburb of Cleveland, Ohio. The campus is built around land that originally was two separate schools that combined in 1913. The campus itself is located next to Berea-Midpark High School and is integrated into the neighborhoods of Berea.  The majority of the Campus that exists today was expanded in the 1960s and 1970s. Buildings that surround the quad include Malicky Center, Wheeler Hall, The Life & Earth Science building, the Center for Innovation and Growth, the Observatory, the President's house, several residence halls and the Alumni Wall. During the presidency of Alfred Bryan Bonds, the Alumni Wall (located behind North Hall) was created to recognize alumni who have contributed to the development of the campus. The North Quad is also home to a diverse tree collection, a Greenhouse, a native Ohio plants garden and a commons area (located behind Lang Hall). In 2009, BW opened the Thomas Family Center for Science and Innovation. The project connected the Life & Earth Science building and Wilker Hall.  On the south end of campus, BW has several green spaces such as Klein Field and Bonds Field. The campus is also situated next to Coe Lake (located behind the Townhouse Apartments).

South Campus Historic District

Part of the BW campus is in the National Register of Historic Places. This area is called Baldwin–Wallace College South Campus Historic District, and incorporates several buildings in the vicinity of Marting Hall.  It combined the former Lyceum Village Square and German Wallace College.

North Campus Historic District

In 2012, BW moved to propose the preservation of several historic buildings on its north part of campus. The North Campus Historic District The buildings include Baldwin Memorial Library & Carnegie Science Hall (Malicky Center for Social Sciences), Wheeler Hall (Recitation Hall), Wilker Hall, Telfer Hall, Ward Hall, Burrell Observatory, the Alumni House/President's House, the Tudor House, North Hall, Findley Hall, Lang Hall and Ritter Library.

Sustainability

In 2005, BW became the first to have a residence hall in Ohio with geo-thermal heating and cooling. Ernsthausen Hall which was originally built in 1961 was renovated in 2005 to use geo-thermal heating and cooling. In the fall of 2008, Baldwin Wallace became the first college in Ohio to offer a bachelor's degree in sustainability. The undergraduate program offers four tracks in science, social sciences/humanities, business administration and quantitative analysis. In 2009, BW became the first school in the state to install a wind turbine on its campus. BW also uses kitchen grease from Strosacker Hall's dining facilities for the production of bio-diesel fuel for campus vehicles. In 2012, BW opened Harding House which is a renovated residence hall to become a "sustainability house". The house has an "energy dashboard" that monitors energy consumption and a vegetative roof garden that absorbs rainwater that helps regulate the building's temperature. In addition, Harding House and the Center for Innovation and Growth both have solar panels on their roofs. 63 Beech, 21 Beech, Saylor and Klien Halls will eventually join Ernsthausen & Harding House to also include Geo-thermal heating and cooling.

Student life

The Strosacker Student Union houses the campus's largest dining facility, The Student Life Center (campus life offices), various administrative offices, student organization offices, meeting rooms, the Cyber Cafe and the campus bookstore. The Student Activity Center (SAC), renovated in the late 1990s, was the women's gym in the 1930s, and today is used for concerts and various student events.

Housing

There are two locations where students are housed. The first is north campus which encompasses halls north of Bagley Road. North campus includes Lang, Findley, North and Hamilton Apartments. The college acquired a former practice field and office building when the team was moved to Baltimore. Findley Hall and Lang Hall both house typically upperclassmen students, but  North Hall usually houses first-year students. Lang Hall was the only all-female residence hall until 2008.

South campus typically encompasses residence halls that are south of Bagley Road. Davidson Commons makes up the new freshman complex. 21 Beech is also home to Honors housing. Ernsthausen, Heritage, and Constitution typically house upperclassmen and Greek organizations. Kohler Hall, the Carmel Center for Living and Learning (referred to as Carmel Hall) and the Berea Townhouses are also located on the southern end of campus. Ernsthausen Hall is the first campus residence hall in Ohio to utilize geothermal power.

Davidson Commons opened during the 2013–14 academic year. It combined Davidson, Klein and Saylor halls, all of which were renovated with suite-styled dorm rooms, each consisting of either two or three bedrooms and a single shared bathroom.

Kohler Hall, originally a hospital for Civil War veterans and later for mental patients, is located right beside the conservatory and mostly housed conservatory students, before it was abandoned and slated to be demolished in 2018.

BW also has several on-campus apartments which include Floreske, Hamilton House, and The Berea Townhouses, which all house upperclassmen and international MBA students. Also, Baldwin Wallace offers on-campus houses for student groups and upperclassmen.

Student organizations

Baldwin Wallace has over 100 clubs and organizations.  Organizations on campus include Student Government (that budgets approximately 80 of the organizations on campus), Midnight Madness, Campus Entertainment Productions, Commuter Activity Board, and Night On The Town. The campus has diversity groups such as Allies (an LBGT related organization), Middle-Eastern Culture Club (MECC), Hispanic-American Student Association, Black Student Alliance and Native American Student Association.

The BW campus has five fraternities, five sororities and numerous honoraries. BW fraternities and sororities are all housed in residence halls. Most are housed in Heritage Hall and some in Constitution. In the past, Greek organizations have been housed in halls such as North Hall and Ernsthausen. Greek Life organizations do not have on-campus houses due to fraternity and sorority houses being banned by the City of Berea in the 1960s. Beyond fraternities and sororities, the college has over 25 honor societies for academics and areas of involvement.

Campus Media

Although Baldwin Wallace does not offer a Journalism major, the campus does have student media. The longest running and official campus newspaper is The Exponent.  Exponent Campus Media oversees two papers, "Buzz!" and "The Exponent". The college has two student-run magazines, The Maelstrom and The Mill. The Maelstrom is a satirical magazine that has been known to poke fun at campus issues. The Mill is BW's annual literary and art magazine; it showcases the creativity of the entire student body.

The campus offers student opportunities in the area of television and radio. BuzzTV allows students to produce short movies and shows that air locally. BW also has a radio station WBWC 88.3 FM. The radio station has student DJ's who run radio shows. Many of the students are broadcast majors. WBWC first signed on in 1958 as the first totally student funded and operated radio station in the United States.

Athletics

BW's school colors are officially brown and gold, though in the past they adopted burgundy and teal as well as maroon and gold for their marketing literature.

The school's varsity sports teams are the Baldwin Wallace Yellow Jackets. They participate in the NCAA's Division III and the Ohio Athletic Conference. The university has long rivalries with John Carroll Blue Streaks and Mount Union Purple Raiders.

Lou Higgins Center is home to the physical education department, athletics, and recreational sports and services. The Lou Higgins Center was renovated and expanded in 2005. Beyond Varsity Athletics, Baldwin Wallace offers club sports, Intramurals, Aerobic Classes, a Fitness Center and Weight Room. Higgins Center is home to many of the athletic offices, along with Bagley Hall. Bagley Hall was originally owned by the Cleveland Browns and was used as the team's summer training facility. After the Browns left for Baltimore, the university converted the facility into a residence hall.  In 2012, Bagley Hall was converted into athletic offices.

Baldwin Wallace's football team was coached by Lee Tressel, who led the team to an undefeated record in 1978, and subsequently the NCAA Division III Championship. In 2008, the athletic turf on George Finnie Stadium was renovated and named "Tressel Field" in honor of the Tressel Family.

Perhaps the most notable BW athlete from the 20th century was Harrison Dillard, the only male so far to win Olympic titles in both sprinting and hurdling events, in the 1948 Summer Olympics. The teams of the Sidney High School Yellow Jackets were named after Baldwin Wallace graduate Granville Robinson became Head Coach at Sidney High School.

In 2009, after almost 20 years of use, BW adopted a new logo and modified the mascot for the athletic teams.

Notable people and alumni

References

External links

 Official website
 Official athletics website
Encyclopedia of Baldwin Wallace University History

Private universities and colleges in Ohio
Educational institutions established in 1845
Universities and colleges established in 1913
Universities and colleges in Cuyahoga County, Ohio
Liberal arts colleges at universities in the United States
1845 establishments in Ohio
Liberal arts colleges in Ohio

Baldwin Wallace University


"Hello Again" is a song performed by the rock band The Cars. It was released on the 1984 album Heartbeat City. It was the album's fourth Top 20 hit, reaching number 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart; it also reached number 8 on the Dance Music/Club Play Singles chart and number 22 on the Mainstream Rock chart.

Music video
The song's music video was directed by Andy Warhol, who also appeared in the video as did a then-unknown Gina Gershon. Keyboardist Greg Hawkes said "I think [Warhol] mainly did some of the conceptualizing and showed up to be an extra. And he invited his various friends to be in it. It was like any video shoot, but with a more interesting cast of characters. And you could always look over on the set and go 'Hey that's Andy Warhol.'"

The music video explored the controversial issues of sex and violence (mostly the former) being featured in music and at the time.

Reception
"Hello Again" was described as "eccentric" by AllMusic critic Greg Prato, who also cited the track as a highlight from the Heartbeat City album. Donald Guarisco, also of AllMusic, said, "One of their strongest tracks [on Heartbeat City with experimental roots] was 'Hello Again,' a stylish new wave rocker with plenty of experimental touches." Guarisco also said it "is a song that represents the Cars striking a unique balance between their gift for pop hooks and their love of experimental sounds."

In his review of the Greatest Hits compilation album, Greg Prato felt that "Hello Again" should have appeared, stating "why was the title track from Heartbeat City (an unsuccessful single) included instead of the 1984 Top 20 hit 'Hello Again'?"

Track listing

7" single
"Hello Again" – 3:45
"Hello Again" (Dub Version) – 6:02

12" single
"Hello Again" (LP Version/Vocal) – 3:47
"Hello Again" (Remix Version/Vocal) – 5:54"Hello Again" (Dub Version) – 6:02

References

1984 songs
The Cars songs

Hello Again (The Cars song)


The Excelsior Brigade Fife and Drum Corps (aka Excelsior Brigade of Fifes and Drums, Excelsior Brigade, or Western New York Field Music) was founded in 2000 as a combination Ancient Fife and Drum Corps and living history unit dedicated to authentically reproducing the sights and sounds of New York State volunteer militia field musicians as found during the American Civil War.

Each year, the group plays four to six living history events, marches in ten to fifteen fireman's and festival parades and performs in two to four Christmas concerts. The Excelsior Brigade wears authentic reproduction uniforms, accurately representing militia units as delivered to the front lines in early 1861. The leather brogans, wool shell jackets, trousers and kepi hat, the leather belts and cotton suspenders are quality pieces that bring Civil War field music onto 21st Century streets, allowing the corps to march off a fireman's parade and into a reenactment without missing a beat.

The corps plays a wide selection of tunes and duties as played during the war. Duties include reveille, breakfast call, pioneer's march and others. Songs include dozens of favorite tunes from the era with more added each season.

The high level of expertise and skill requires that the group practice year-round for the regular marching season.

Being a combination corps, of Ancient and Reenactor, the corps has some interesting features:
constant open and anonymous access for members to all financial information
no dues
uniforma and instruments provided to members on a loan program
free lessons
sheet music and other resources available through the website

See also
Fife and drum blues

External links

American Civil War reenactment
American marching bands
Musical groups established in 2000

Excelsior Brigade Fife and Drum Corps


Milton Petrie (August 5, 1902 – November 6, 1994) was an American retailer, investor and philanthropist. He made a fortune from a chain of retail stores and supplemented it through a series of investments in real estate and stocks. He was well known in New York City as a philanthropist who gave money to universities and cultural institutions and also to many individuals.

Early life and career
His parents were Russian Jewish immigrants who were running a pawn shop in Salt Lake City when he was born. In 1927, he started a chain of hosiery stores, but it ultimately failed. He then built a large retail company called Petrie Stores, which operated over 1700 discount women's clothing stores under various names, Petries, Three Sisters, Jean Nicole, Rave, Stuarts, Winkleman's, Marianne's and G & G. In 1977, his $10 million investment in a consortium organized by A. Alfred Taubman to buy the Irvine Company returned $100 million. In 1987, he began to acquire shares in Toys "R" Us for less than a dollar per share. His stake grew to 38% percent of the company and was worth $1.5 billion at the time of his death.

Philanthropy
Petrie was known for large contributions to educational and cultural institutions in New York. The Carroll and Milton Petrie European Sculpture Court at the Metropolitan Museum of Art was named in appreciation of his gift of $10 million to the museum. In appreciation for his $1 million gift to the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine, his likeness is carved in the form of a corbel on the wall of the cathedral's south bell tower. He also gave millions more to the Beth Israel Medical Center, United Jewish Appeal, and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. The Minnie Petrie Synagogue at the Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion in Manhattan is named after his mother.

Petrie was also known for his gifts to ordinary individuals. He gave $20,000 a year to Marla Hanson, a model whose face was slashed in an attack instigated by a former landlord. He was especially generous to police officers. He pledged $20,000 a year to the widow of Anthony Venditti, a New York City police detective who was killed in a 1986 shootout, as well as setting up trust funds for the college education of the detective's children. He made the same gift to the widow of Louis Miller, a New York City police detective who was killed in 1987 and to Steven McDonald, a New York City police officer who was shot and paralyzed in 1987.

Personal life
Petrie was married to Yetta Fridman with whom he had a son, Bernard Petrie. In 1978, he married his fourth wife, a Baptist by upbringing from Greenville, South Carolina and three-times-married, Carroll McDaniel Portago Carey-Hughes Pistell Petrie. She was the ex-wife of the Spanish race car driver Alfonso de Portago. At the time of Petrie's death, he was survived by his wife Carroll, his children by earlier marriages Bernard Petrie, Marianne Miller and Patricia Hugenberg, grandchildren Matthew Miller and Kurt Hugenberg, and great grandchild Anthony Aria Petrie Hugenberg. Services were held at Temple Emanuel in New York City. At his death, he left $300–400 million to establish the Carroll and Milton Petrie Foundation, which continued his philanthropy.

References

1902 births
1994 deaths
American businesspeople in retailing
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
20th-century American businesspeople

Milton Petrie


Battista Antonelli (or Bautista) (1547–1616) was a military engineer from a prestigious Italian family of military engineers in the service of the Habsburg monarchs of Austria and Spain.

Biography

Antonelli was born in Gatteo in Romagna, and entered the service of Philip II of Spain in 1570, working with his older brother on projects in Oran, Algeria and Spain.  In 1581 Antonelli was commissioned by the king to build a fortress along the Straits of Magellan, to protect this vital sea lane from attacks by English privateers.  The project, under the command of Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa and Diego Flores Valdez, was a complete failure, founding a short-lived settlement named Rey Don Felipe (later called Port Famine), without any fortifications.  Antonelli returned to Spain, ill and disillusioned.
He was convinced, however, to take a second commission in 1586 to build fortifications for the city of Cartagena in Colombia.  Using the latest military technology of the time, he designed the city's renowned defenses, the San Felipe de Barajas Castle, the San Sebastián de Pastelillo Fort and the San Fernando Fort.

Antonelli then sailed for Panama where he recommended the abandonment of Nombre de Dios in favor of Portobelo. At Panama la Vieja at the Pacific coast he developed a plan for a fortification of the town, which was never realized. He then set sail for Havana.  In Havana he designed the fortifications which culminate at the fortress of El Morro.  From there he returned to Spain.

After several more journeys to the Caribbean, Antonelli settled in Spain, working on fortresses in Gibraltar and in other places.  He died in Spain in 1616 after having one of the most illustrious careers in military architecture in the New World.

His brother Giovanni Battista Antonelli was also a military engineer, born in Italy at Gatteo in Romagna, and died in Toledo, Spain, in 1558. His most important works were a series of watchtowers along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in Spain.

References

Anne W. Tennant (September/October 2003) "Arquitecto de las defensas del rey," Américas, pp. 6–15.

Italian military engineers
Spanish architects
People of the Spanish colonial Americas
1547 births
1616 deaths
Colonial Puerto Rico
Spanish colonial period of Cuba
Spanish West Indies
16th-century South American people
17th-century South American people
16th-century Italian architects
16th-century Italian engineers
17th-century Italian architects
17th-century Italian engineers

Battista Antonelli


Glenn Lewis Frey (; November 6, 1948 – January 18, 2016) was an American musician. He was a founding member of the rock band Eagles. Frey was the co-lead singer and frontman for the Eagles, roles he came to share with fellow member Don Henley, with whom he wrote most of the Eagles' material. Frey played guitar and keyboards as well as singing lead vocals on songs such as "Take It Easy", "Peaceful Easy Feeling", "Tequila Sunrise", "Already Gone", "James Dean", "Lyin' Eyes", "New Kid in Town", and "Heartache Tonight".

During the hiatus of the Eagles from 1980 to 1994, Frey embarked on a successful solo career. He released his debut album, No Fun Aloud, in 1982 and went on to record Top 40 hits "The One You Love", "Smuggler's Blues", "Sexy Girl", "The Heat Is On", "You Belong to the City", "True Love", "Soul Searchin'" and "Livin' Right". As a member of the Eagles, Frey won six Grammy Awards and five American Music Awards. The Eagles were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998, the first year they were nominated. Consolidating his solo recordings and those with the Eagles, Frey had 24 Top 40 singles on the Billboard Hot 100.

Early life
Born in Detroit, Michigan, on November 6, 1948 and raised in nearby Royal Oak, Frey studied piano at age five, later switched to guitar, and became part of the mid-1960s Detroit rock scene. One of his earliest bands was called the Subterraneans, named after Jack Kerouac's novel, and included fellow Dondero High School classmates Doug Edwards (later replaced by Lenny Mintz) on drums, Doug Gunsch and Bill Barnes on guitar, with Jeff Hodge on bass.

Immediately after graduating from Dondero in 1966, Frey was invited to join The Four of Us, a local band led by Gary Burrows, who had seen him performing with the Subterraneans.  Frey also attended Oakland Community College while in the band, and he learned to sing harmonies performing with The Four of Us.  In 1967, he formed the Mushrooms with Gary Burrows' brother Jeff, Bill Barnes, Doug Gunsch, Ken Bash, and Lenny Mintz. That year Frey also met Bob Seger, who helped Frey get a management and recording contract with a label formed by Seger's management team, Hideout Records. Seger also wrote and produced the band's first single, "Such a Lovely Child", and the band made television appearances to promote it. Frey had intended to join Seger's band, but his mother blocked that course of action for smoking cannabis with Seger. In the later part of 1967, Frey also pulled together another band called Heavy Metal Kids with Jeff Burrows (piano), Jeff Alborell (bass), Paul Kelcourse (lead guitar), and Lance Dickerson (drums).

At age 19 in 1968, Frey played the acoustic guitar and performed background vocals on Seger's single, "Ramblin' Gamblin' Man". Frey has said that Seger strongly encouraged and influenced him to focus on writing original songs. They remained good friends and occasional songwriting partners in later years, and Frey would also sing on Seger's songs such as "Fire Lake" and "Against the Wind".

In Detroit, Frey also met and dated Joan Sliwin of the local female group The Mama Cats, which became Honey Ltd. after the group moved to California in 1968. Frey went to Los Angeles hoping to reconnect with his girlfriend, and he was introduced to J. D. Souther by her sister, Alexandra Sliwin, who was with Souther at the time.  Frey returned to Detroit after three weeks, but then went back again to Los Angeles to form a duo with Souther called Longbranch Pennywhistle. They were signed to Amos Records and released an eponymous album in 1969, which contains songs he wrote such as "Run, Boy, Run" and "Rebecca", and "Bring Back Funky Women" he co-wrote with Souther. Frey also met Jackson Browne during this period. The three musicians lived in the same apartment building for a short time, and Frey later said that he learned a lot about songwriting from hearing Browne work on songs in the apartment below.

The Eagles
Frey met drummer Don Henley in 1970. They were signed to the same label, Amos Records, at that time and spent time at the Troubadour. When Linda Ronstadt needed a backup band for an upcoming tour, her manager John Boylan hired Frey because Boylan needed someone who could play rhythm guitar and sing. Frey approached Don Henley to join Ronstadt. Randy Meisner and Bernie Leadon were also hired. Because the backing band personnel changed during the tour, the four played together only once: at a gig at Disneyland. While on the tour, Frey and Henley decided to form a band together. And they were joined by Meisner on bass and Leadon on guitar, banjo, steel guitar, mandolin and dobro, forming the Eagles, with Frey playing guitar and keyboards and Henley playing drums. The band went on to become one of the world's bestselling groups of all time. Frey wrote or co-wrote (often with Henley) many of the group's songs, and sang the lead vocals on a number of Eagles hits including "Take It Easy", "Peaceful Easy Feeling", "Already Gone", "Tequila Sunrise", "Lyin' Eyes", "New Kid in Town", "Heartache Tonight" and "How Long".

The Eagles broke up around 1980 and reunited in 1994, when they released a new album, Hell Freezes Over. The album had live tracks and four new songs. The Hell Freezes Over Tour followed. In 2012 on The Tavis Smiley Show, Frey told Smiley, "When the Eagles broke up, people used to ask me and Don, 'When are the Eagles getting back together?' We used to answer, 'When Hell freezes over.' We thought it was a pretty good joke. People have the misconception that we were fighting a lot. It is not true. We had a lot of fun. We had a lot more fun than I think people realize."  At their first live concert of 1994, Frey told the crowd, "For the record, we never broke up. We just took a 14-year vacation."

The Eagles released the album Long Road Out of Eden in 2007, and Frey participated in the Eagles' Long Road Out of Eden Tour (2008–2011).

In May 2012, Frey was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music along with Henley, Joe Walsh and Timothy B. Schmit.

In 2013, the two-part documentary History of the Eagles, directed by Alison Ellwood and co-produced by Academy Award winner Alex Gibney, was aired on Showtime. The documentary won an Emmy Award in 2013 for Outstanding Sound Mixing For Nonfiction Programming. An accompanying two-year History of the Eagles world tour ended on July 29, 2015, at Bossier City, Louisiana, a concert which would be Frey's final public appearance with the band.

Solo career
After the Eagles disbanded, Frey achieved solo success in the 1980s, especially with two No. 2 hits. In 1984 he recorded in collaboration with Harold Faltermeyer the worldwide hit "The Heat Is On", the main theme from the Eddie Murphy action comedy film Beverly Hills Cop; then, Frey performed "You Belong to the City" (from the television series Miami Vice, the soundtrack of which stayed on top of the U.S. album charts for 11 weeks in 1985). His other contribution to the soundtrack, "Smuggler's Blues", hit No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100. During his solo career, Frey had 12 charting songs in the U.S. Top 100. Eleven of those were written with Jack Tempchin, who wrote "Peaceful Easy Feeling".

Frey was the first choice to record "Shakedown", the theme for the film Beverly Hills Cop II.  Frey did not like the lyrics and then came down with laryngitis, so the song was given to Bob Seger.  After the song went to number one, Frey called to congratulate Seger, saying "At least we kept the money in Michigan!"

Frey contributed the song "Flip City" to the Ghostbusters II soundtrack and "Part of Me, Part of You" to the soundtrack for Thelma & Louise.  In 2005 he appeared on B.B. King & Friends: 80 on the track "Drivin' Wheel".

In the late 1990s, Frey founded a record company, Mission Records, with attorney Peter Lopez. Frey never released any of his own work on the label, and the company has since disbanded.

In 2009 Glenn Frey was voted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame.

On May 8, 2012, he released his first solo album in 20 years, After Hours, featuring covers of pop standards from the 1940s to the 1960s. It was his final album before his death.

Acting career
As a television actor, Frey guest starred on Miami Vice in the first-season episode "Smuggler's Blues", inspired by his hit song of the same name, and had a starring role in the "Dead Dog Arc" of Wiseguy. He was also the star of South of Sunset, which was canceled after one episode. In the late 1990s, he guest-starred on Nash Bridges as a policeman whose teenage daughter had run amok and gone on a crime spree with her sociopathic boyfriend. In 2002, he appeared on HBO's Arliss, playing a political candidate who double-crosses Arliss and must pay a high price for it.

Frey's first foray into film was his starring role in Let's Get Harry, a 1986 film about a group of plumbers who travel to Colombia to rescue a friend from a drug lord. Frey also did seven episodes of Wiseguy co-starring with Ken Wahl in 1989. Frey's next film appearance was a smaller role in Cameron Crowe's third film, Jerry Maguire (1996). Frey played the frugal general manager of the Arizona Cardinals football team who, in the film's climax, finally agrees to award Cuba Gooding Jr.'s character, wide receiver Rod Tidwell, a large professional contract.

Personal life
Frey was married twice. From 1983 to 1988, he was married to artist Janie Beggs. He married dancer and choreographer Cindy Millican in 1990. They had three children:  a daughter, Taylor, in 1991 and two sons, Deacon in 1993 and Otis in 2002 and remained together until his death. Deacon, following his father's death, toured with the surviving Eagles until he departed in 2022 in favor of a solo career. He rejoined the Eagles in 2023.

Illness and death
From about 2000, Frey had had rheumatoid arthritis, which affected his joints. The medication that he was prescribed to control the disease eventually led to colitis and pneumonia. In November 2015, the Eagles announced they were postponing their appearance at the Kennedy Center Honors because Frey required surgery for intestinal problems and needed a lengthy recovery period. Because of complications from pneumonia, he never had the surgery and was placed in a medically induced coma at Columbia University Irving Medical Center. Frey died there on January 18, 2016, at the age of 67, from complications of rheumatoid arthritis, acute ulcerative colitis and pneumonia. Some medications for rheumatoid arthritis or ulcerative colitis are immune suppressants and can compromise the immune system's ability to fight off pneumonia. In January 2018, Frey's widow filed a suit against Mount Sinai Hospital and gastroenterologist Steven Itzkowitz for the wrongful death of Frey.

Frey was publicly mourned by his friends, fellow musicians, and bandmates, including Don Henley, Randy Meisner, J. D. Souther, Jack Tempchin, Irving Azoff, Linda Ronstadt, Don Felder, and Bob Seger. At the 58th Annual Grammy Awards, the remaining members of the Eagles and Jackson Browne performed "Take It Easy" in his honor. A life-sized statue of Frey was unveiled at the Standin' on the Corner Park in Winslow, Arizona, on September 24, 2016, to honor his songwriting contributions to "Take It Easy", made famous by the Eagles as their first single in 1972. The road which runs next to the high school (now a middle school) that he attended in Royal Oak, Michigan bears his name.

Discography

Studio albums

Live albums

Compilation albums

Singles

 The song reached No. 12 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100  chart.

Music videos

Equipment
Takamine Guitars manufactures a Glenn Frey signature acoustic-electric guitar, the EF360GF. It is designed to replicate the Takamine Frey used for his live and studio applications. In the 1970s, Frey used Martin acoustic guitars in both six- and 12-string versions.

Frey played assorted electric guitars over the years, namely Fender Telecaster, Gibson Les Paul, Gibson SG, Gibson ES-330, Epiphone Casino and Rickenbacker 230, but the electric guitar that is most associated with him was his black Gibson Les Paul Junior, nicknamed Old Black.

References

External links

1948 births
2016 deaths
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American keyboardists
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American guitarists
21st-century American keyboardists
21st-century American male actors
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American singer-songwriters
American country guitarists
American country rock musicians
American country singer-songwriters
American male film actors
American male guitarists
American male pianists
American male singer-songwriters
American male television actors
American rock guitarists
American rock keyboardists
American rock pianists
American rock singers
American rock songwriters
American tenors
Asylum Records artists
Deaths from arthritis
Deaths from pneumonia in New York City
Eagles (band) members
Grammy Award winners
Guitarists from Detroit
MCA Records artists
Musicians from Detroit
Oakland Community College alumni
People from Royal Oak, Michigan
Rhythm guitarists
Singer-songwriters from Michigan
Slide guitarists
Kennedy Center honorees

Glenn Frey


The Women's Enfranchisement Act, 1930, was an act of the Parliament of South Africa which granted white women aged 21 and older the right to vote and to run for office. It also had the effect of diluting the limited voting power of non-white people (in the Cape Province) by effectively doubling the number of white voters. It was enacted by the National Party government of Prime Minister J. B. M. Hertzog.

The first general election at which women could vote was the election of 17 May 1933. At that election Leila Reitz (wife of Deneys Reitz) was elected as the first female MP, representing Parktown for the South African Party.

The act enfranchised all white women, while certain property qualifications still applied to men. In June 1931 the Franchise Laws Amendment Act, 1931 enfranchised all white men while retaining the property qualifications for non-white voters, thus further diluting the non-white vote. The delimitation of electoral divisions was still based on the white male population until April 1937, when the Electoral Quota Act, 1937 altered it to be based on the whole white population.

The Women's Enfranchisement Act was repealed in 1946 when the franchise laws were consolidated into the Electoral Consolidation Act, 1946.

See also
 Feminism in South Africa
 Women's Enfranchisement Association of the Union

References

Repealed South African legislation
Women's suffrage in South Africa
Women's rights legislation
Women's rights in South Africa
1930 in South African law
1930 in women's history
Election law in South Africa

Women's Enfranchisement Act, 1930


Steven W. Cantrell previously  served as the 12th Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard. He was relieved, and retired from active duty on May 17, 2018, after nearly 35 years of service. Prior to being named the 12th MCPOCG, he was Command Master Chief of the Coast Guard's Atlantic Area, based in Portsmouth, Virginia. Cantrell was also the Coast Guard's 12th Silver Ancient Mariner, an honor bestowed upon the enlisted member holding the enlisted cutterman qualification the earliest. Cantrell was succeeded by MCPOCG Jason M. Vanderhaden.

Assignments
After enlisting in the Coast Guard in 1983, Cantrell served in a number of positions, including:

Command Master Chief of Atlantic Area, Portsmouth, Virginia
Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard
Command Master Chief of the Eighth Coast Guard District, New Orleans, Louisiana
Officer in Charge, Station Panama City Beach, Florida
Command Master Chief of the First Coast Guard District, Boston, Massachusetts
Officer in Charge, Station Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina
Officer in Charge, Station Alexandria Bay, New York
Officer in Charge, Station Harbor Beach, Michigan
Operations Petty Officer, Station Barnegat Light, New Jersey
Officer in Charge, Coast Guard Cutters Ridley and Point Wells, Montauk, New York
Executive Petty Officer, Coast Guard Cutter Point Camden, Santa Barbara, California
Coast Guard Cutter Confidence, Port Canaveral, Florida
Coast Guard Cutter Patoka, Greenville, Mississippi
Coast Guard Cutter Rambler, Charleston, South Carolina

Education
MCPOCG Cantrell holds a Bachelor of Science and a Master of Science in Business Administration. Among numerous service schools, he attend and was a graduate of  Class 45 at the Coast Guard Chief Petty Officer Academy and National Defense University's Keystone Joint Senior Enlisted Leader Course.

Awards and decorations
 Basic Boat Force Operations Insignia
 Enlisted Cutterman Insignia (permanent)
 Coxswain Insignia
 Officer-in-Charge Afloat Pin
 Officer-in-Charge Ashore Pin
 Commandant Staff Badge
 Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard Badge

8 gold Service Stripes.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Master Chief Petty Officers of the Coast Guard
Recipients of the Legion of Merit

Steven W. Cantrell


Andy S. McEwan is a Scottish screenwriter and film director.

Life and career
Andy S. McEwan (born 31 January 1985) was born in East Kilbride in Scotland. After studying television production at the Glasgow Metropolitan College, he began working as a freelance screenwriter. In 2010, he teamed up with Mark D. Ferguson and Chris Quick to begin work on the feature film In Search of La Che in which he played a large part in the writing of the film. He also served as a producer, an actor and an assistant director. The film premiered at the Glasgow Film Theatre on 9 November 2011 but received mixed reviews from critics on both sides of the Atlantic. Duane Martin of Rogue Cinema said "As mockumentaries go, this one is a bit of a mixed bag. Some of the characters, and a lot of the story works quite well, but there are a couple of characters and bits of the story that either fall flat or just don't work at all." Despite this, the film was selected to appear in the spring showcase of the 2014 American Online Film Awards.

In 2012, McEwan reunited with Chris Quick to co-write the short comedy film The Greyness of Autumn. The film followed the story of Danny McGuire, a depressed ostrich living in Glasgow. The film was well received with the films writing receiving high praise. Angie Quidim of 'That's My Entertainment' said "The comedic genius of the dialog from both Chris Quick and Andy S. McEwan address the social commentary about the human condition and the power of perception.  Despite its low budget feel, the laughs contained in the dialog will only have you wanting more." Mark Bell of Film Threat in the United States said "How can you not enjoy lines like 'can his precious hands pleasure you in the way my beak can?' as delivered by an angry ostrich puppet?"

2014 marked the directorial debut for McEwan when he directed the short film Broken Record which he wrote himself. Shot predominately in East Kilbride the film tells the story of Frasier and Tam, a couple of house clearance workers who stumble upon an old trunk full of old records. Convinced they have discovered a small treasure, the pair hatch a plan to steal the records and sell them to the highest bidder. The film was well received and was selected to appear in the 2014 edition of the Portobello Film Festival in London. Mark Bell of Film Threat wrote:  In June, the film screened at the monthly Write Shoot Cut event in Edinburgh with McEwan taking part in a Q&A session alongside Chris Quick and Paul Michael Egan.

He is currently filming Autumn Never Dies, the sequel to his earlier film The Greyness of Autumn.

Filmography

Awards

References

External links

Living people
British film directors
Scottish film directors
Scottish screenwriters
1985 births
Scottish comedy writers

Andy S. McEwan


Avenham and Frenchwood are the central communities which make up the Town Centre ward of Preston City Council, in Lancashire, England. The name of the ward was chosen by the Boundary Committee for England prior to Preston being awarded city status.

In addition to Avenham and Frenchwood, Town Centre ward consists of the city centre itself, which includes numerous pubs, clubs, and new build housing. Landmarks such as the Harris Museum, and Preston Bus Station are also in this ward. The difference between the new build 6-figure sum properties of Winckley Square and the community association housing in Avenham is stark, as is the continuing regeneration of the city.

Avenham and Frenchwood form part of the Lancashire County Council electoral division of Preston City, in addition to the Broadgate and docklands ward of Riversway.

Demographics
Avenham is a varied and multi-cultural part of the city of Preston, with the most recent census recording a population of 6,671 for the whole Town Centre electoral ward, from which only just half (49.7%) recorded themselves as Christian, whilst 25.6% used the designation Muslim, a further 5.3% using Hindu. In recent years the increase of Eastern European immigration, in addition to students of University of Central Lancashire has made the Avenham area an increasingly varied area. The electoral ward of Town Centre goes as north as an estate of housing for elderly residents and the "Trinity Student Village", a gated community for UCLaN students.
At the 2008 Preston Council election the recorded electorate of Town Centre ward was 5,296

Geography
Avenham has always been a populous community at the heart of Preston, be it the age of back-to-back terraced housing, or the current mix of multi-occupancy homes, new build flats, old style high-rises, and low income houses. Avenham contains some of Preston's oldest streets, as well as the shining new build which followed city status.  The Town Centre ward has the River Ribble and Frenchwood at its southern base, moving through in a northerly direction through Avenham, the city centre, and to the borders of the UCLaN campus.

See also
Preston local elections
Districts of Preston
Avenham Park

References

External links
 Existing ward arrangements

Wards of Preston
Geography of Preston

Avenham


The National Statement on Religious Diversity is a  New Zealand statement of intent in the field of religious diversity,
it is intended to provide "a framework for the recognition of New Zealand's diverse faith communities and their harmonious interaction with each other, with government and with other groups in society."

Background
The statement was prepared by the Victoria University Religious Studies Programme and authored by Programme Director Professor Paul Morris.  The statement was the subject of a national process of public consultation coordinated by the Human Rights Commission, and was endorsed by the National Interfaith Forum in Hamilton in February 2007 as a basis for ongoing public discussion.

Government ratification
Prime Minister Helen Clark presented the statement to the third Asia-Pacific Dialogue on Interfaith Cooperation to be held at Waitangi from May 29–31, 2007.

Controversy
Brian Tamaki, a Bishop of the Destiny Church stated: "That [Christianity] is the chosen religion of the Head of the Commonwealth. For us to depart from that, don't you think that that is bordering on creating some type of treason, religious treason anyhow?".

A poll of 501 New Zealanders by Research New Zealand in June 2007 found that 58% of respondents did not think Christianity should be New Zealand's official religion.

Another source of controversy has been the fact that the composition of the working group managing the formulation of the National Statement and its endorsement was limited to representatives of religious groups. Consequently, while extending some rights to non-religious people the Statement did omit to extend the right of safety (clause 3). This has led to some, such as the New Zealand Association of Rationalists and Humanists, to criticise the National Statement.

References

External links
 Human Rights Commission website: The NZ Diversity Action Programme: National Statement on Religious Diversity
 Human Rights Commission website: The NZ Diversity Action Programme: The National Statement on Religious Diversity: Background to the Draft Statement on Religious Diversity
 Your Views:Is New Zealand a Christian country?. NZ Herald. February 26, 2007.
 Human Rights Commission Press Release: National Religious Diversity Statement Sparks Debate. February 16, 2007.

Religion in New Zealand
Multiculturalism in Oceania
Human rights in New Zealand
National human rights instruments
2007 in New Zealand


Charlton Marshall is a village and civil parish in the English county of Dorset. It lies within the North Dorset administrative district, on the A350 road  south of the market town of Blandford Forum. It is sited on a river terrace above the floodplain of the River Stour, with most of the land in the parish stretching south-west over chalk hills. In the 2011 census the number of dwellings recorded within the parish was 513 and the population was 1,156.

Within the parish boundary is evidence of the sites of Anglo-Saxon burial mounds, and human habitation in the parish can be dated back at least a thousand years. Next to the river were three earlier settlements, which influenced the elongated layout of the current village. The parish church was rebuilt in 1713 and restored in 1895, although the tower dates from the 15th century. Charlton Marshall Halt railway station was once a halt on the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway.

Within the last half century Charlton Marshall has grown considerably, and there are now more than five times as many homes in the village as there were in the middle of the 19th century. A proposal to jointly bypass Charlton Marshall and neighbouring Spetisbury has never been realised.

Charlton Marshall civil parish is in Riversdale electoral ward, which also includes Spetisbury civil parish to the south. The total ward population in the 2011 census was 1,711.

References

External links

Villages in Dorset

Charlton Marshall


Catya "Cat" Sassoon (September 3, 1968 – January 1, 2002) was an American actress, singer and model. She was the eldest daughter of Vidal Sassoon and Beverly Adams.

Early life
The eldest of four children, Sassoon was born at the Klingenstein Pavilion of Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City to British hairstylist Vidal Sassoon, and his wife, Canadian-born actress Beverly Adams. She had three younger siblings: sister Eden and brothers Elan and David. Her father was born in Shepherd's Bush and was of Greek and Jewish descent. Sassoon's parents divorced in 1980.

Raised in Beverly Hills, Sassoon began modeling as child with her mother Beverly and appeared on several talk shows. By the age of 13, Sassoon began rebelling and piercing her nose and styled her hair in a purple-and-white mohawk.

Career
Against her parents' wishes, Sassoon dropped out of Beverly Hills High School at the age of 14 to pursue a modeling career. She moved to New York City where she signed with the Prestige Agency and enrolled at Professional Children's School. Her modeling career quickly took off and she became one of New York's top teen models. Sassoon later appeared on the covers of Seventeen, Brides and Cosmopolitan. It was around this time that Sassoon began taking drugs. In his autobiography, Vidal Sasson recalled that he realized his daughter was having drug issues when the two appeared on a morning talk show and Sassoon appeared to be high. Vidal Sassoon
demanded that Catya return to Los Angeles where she was admitted to the Betty Ford Center. It would be the first of several rehab stays. After a month, Sassoon was released and resumed her career.

Shortly before she was set to leave for a lucrative modeling assignment in Japan, Sassoon met 18-year old Luca Scalisi, the son of an Italian film producer. Scalisi proposed to the then 15-year old Sassoon at a Los Angeles dinner party her father was attending. Vidal Sassoon consented to marriage on the condition that the two were married in a Jewish ceremony at his home. The two were married at Vidal's home in August 1984. Shortly after the wedding, Sassoon landed her first film role. She made her film debut in the role of "Feather", a "somewhat trashy teen-ager" in the 1985 drama, Tuff Turf. Sassoon's marriage to Luca Scalisi ended shortly after the release of Tuff Turf. By age 21, Sassoon was battling a serious addiction to drugs and eventually entered a drug rehabilitation facility.
Sassoon later revealed in an interview with Joan Rivers that she had suffered a drug induced heart attack while undergoing treatment for her addiction.

By 1990, Sassoon was sober again and began traveling around the country with her mother to promote the latter's romance novel, Fantasies. Both women openly discussed how they overcame addiction problems. Beverly Sassoon spoke about her addiction to alcohol and stated that she was three years sober. Catya, then 22, was about to celebrate one year of sobriety. Later that year, Sassoon began acting again and appeared in an episode of Hardball. She also appeared in Bloodfist IV: Die Trying, Secret Games and Dance with Death. In 1993, Sassoon landed the lead role in the Roger Corman-produced martial arts film Angelfist, directed by Cirio H. Santiago. Sassoon made her last screen appearance in the 1995 action film, Bloodfist VI: Ground Zero. In addition to acting, Sassoon was also the lead singer of an all female group, Feline Force.

Personal life
While shooting a film in South Africa around 1994, Sassoon met a Zimbabwean musician. The two were married shortly thereafter and moved to Zimbabwe. Around 1995, the couple had a son, London Vidal, whom Sassoon named in honor of her father's birthplace. Sassoon's second marriage also ended in divorce. She married for the third time to screenwriter and waiter Joe Meyers. In the spring of 2000, she gave birth to twin girls, Mycca and Skye.

Death
On December 31, 2001, Sassoon and her husband attended a New Year's Eve party at the Los Angeles home of socialites Mary and Gregory Sabatani. According to the Los Angeles Police Department, Sassoon was found dead of a suspected drug overdose at the Sabatani home around 9:00 the following morning. However, Sassoon's manager Hilly Elkins, stated that Sassoon and her husband had left the party the night before after she complained of feeling ill. Elkins states that Meyers found Sassoon dead in their bed on New Year's Day morning. Elkins and the Sassoon family believed Sassoon, who had a history of high blood pressure, died of a heart attack. Her family also maintained that she had not consumed any drugs and was clean and sober at the time of her death. Sassoon's funeral was held on January 4, after which she was buried next to her grandmother at Eden Memorial Park Cemetery in Mission Hills, California.

The Los Angeles County coroner later determined that while Sassoon did suffer from cardiovascular disease and she did suffer a heart attack, the heart attack was induced by an accidental overdose of the opioid pain-killer hydromorphone. Cocaine was also found in her system.

Filmography

References

External links

1968 births
2002 deaths
20th-century American actresses
20th-century American women singers
20th-century American singers
Accidental deaths in California
Actresses from Beverly Hills, California
Actresses from California
Actresses from New York City
American child actresses
American child models
American female models
American film actresses
American people of British-Jewish descent
American people of Canadian descent
American people of Greek-Jewish descent
American Sephardic Jews
American television actresses
Beverly Hills High School alumni
Burials at Eden Memorial Park Cemetery
Drug-related deaths in California
Jewish American actresses
Jewish female models
Jewish women singers
People from Manhattan
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American women

Catya Sassoon


The mafia is one of many organized crime groups working in many parts of the world. The most famous one was created in Italy more than 200 years ago. The mafia groups makesl billions of dollars a year from such crimes as making and selling illegal drugs, money laundering, stealing, gambling, and prostitution.

Etymology
The first written use of the word mafia has it being said on a list of rebels against the Catholic Church and meant "boldness, ambition, pride." Since none of those traits was considered to be appropriate for a woman, it became the name of a witch.

Many people also believe that Arabic affected the word mafia during the period of the Arabs' control of Sicily in 846 AD, after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Mahias is an Arabic word meaning "bold man" and is believed to be incorporated into the modern term "mafia." It also suggests the bold and arguing nature of its members.

Rules
A boss in the Sicilian mafia had a list of ten rules, which have been called the mafia's Ten Commandments.
 No one can present himself directly to another of our friends. There must be a third person to do it.
 Never look at the wives of friends.
 Never be seen with cops.
 Don't go to pubs and clubs.
 Always being ready for Cosa Nostra is a duty - even if your wife's about to give birth.
 Superiors must absolutely be respected.
 Wives must be treated with respect.
 When asked for any information, the answer must be the truth.
 Money cannot be taken if it belongs to others or other mafia gangs
 People who can't be part of mafia: anyone who has close family in the police, anyone with a two-timing relative in the family, anyone who behaves badly and doesn't hold to moral values.

Different groups

In Italy
The mafia in Italy has been around for hundreds of years in the areas of Calabria, Sicily, Naples and Apulia, all in southern Italy.
 Sicily - The mafia in Italy was started in the island of Sicily. The mafia is still around here and they makes a great deal of money. Selling drugs is frowned upon within the Mafia or La Cosa Nostra, as being convicted of the intent of selling can cause a high prison sentence, which increases the risk of a member of the Mafia/Cosa Nostra becoming a "rat," or betraying other members.
 Calabria - The Calabrian mafia (really called the  'Ndrangheta ) are another mafia group in Italy. It also makes profit from illegal drugs, and is now the richest Italian mafia group.
 Naples - The mafia in Naples is called the Camorra. It is not as well known than the mafia in Sicily and Calabria but has killed more people, as rival Camorra groups often fight one another.
 Apulia - The mafia in Apulia is called the Sacra Corona Unita (meaning the "United Sacred Crown"). It is not as old as the other Italian mafia groups. Little is known about this group, but it is believed that it makes money from prostitution.
 Veneto - The mafia in Veneto was called Mala del Brenta (meaning "Brenta's bad thing"). The group was founded by Felice Maniero but has now been dismantled.

In America
The Italian-American mafia began at the time when many Italians moved to the United States in the 19th century. The first Italian mafia was in New Orleans in Louisiana but soon was in many cities across the country. The Italian mafia in the United States is actually called La Cosa Nostra, which in Italian means "our thing." The American mafia is divided into different groups, or "families."  Many large cities have only one Italian-American mafia family, but some larger cities like New York City have more.

New York City has five Italian mafia families:
 The Bonanno  crime family
 The Colombo crime family
 The Gambino crime family
 The Genovese crime family
 The Lucchese crime family

Many other American cities have Italian mafia families like in Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, and Los Angeles

Mafia groups in other countries
There are many other groups like the Italian mafia all over the world like these:
 The Yakuza - The Yakuza is the name given to organized crime groups in Japan. They make money from prostitution and drugs. Currentl, the Yakusa is not as big as a threat as in its peak around 1980.
 The Triads - The Triads is a name given to all organized crime groups in China. Because there are so many of them, they are called the Triads. They are not just from China but many countries in Southeast Asia. Another name for the groups is the "Tongs."
 Latin American Drug Cartels - In Latin America, the largest crime groups are drug cartels. They compete for control of the drug trade, which makes them huge amounts of money. The drugs produced in South America are marijuana, cocaine, and heroin. The main drug cartels are in Mexico, in North America, and Colombia, in South America. Most of the drugs are produced there and then smuggled north into the United States.

There are other groups as well, like the mafia groups in Russia that make money from drugs and weapons. All of those groups operate in the United States, Canada, Australia, England and other Western countries and cause many problems in both those countries and their own.

Hierarchy
Just like in a company, where people have a boss and workers, the Italian-American mafia, which calls itself La Cosa Nostra (LCN, meaning "our thing" in Italian), has a hierarchy. Everyone has a job to do. Some people are bosses and some are workers. However, some members work their way up the ladder of power and get respect. Here is the hierarchy of an American mafia family:
 The boss. He controls everything that goes on in the mafia family. Every worker and lower ranking boss (see below; Caporegimes) works for him. It is the boss who decides if someone should be killed or if someone should be initiated (see below; Becoming a member). The boss gets money from all of his workers and therefore is usually the richest person in the family.
 The underboss. The underboss is the person who actually runs the family. He is boss over all the other members except the actual boss. He will often become the boss of the family if something happens to the boss. The boss will choose his underboss. A family will usually have only one underboss.
 The consigliere. The consigliere is an Italian term, meaning someone who gives advice. The consigliere in a mafia family is the "right hand man" to the boss. It is his job to help the boss make important decisions. The consigliere is as important as the underboss but is not the boss of anyone in the family. A family will usually have only one consigliere. Acts as a middle man in personal vendettas. His role is to make impartial decisions for the family's benefit.
 caporegimes. The next position of the family is caporegime (or captain), often shortened to "capo." Families will have differing numbers of capos. A caporegime is in charge of a group of workers (see below; Soldiers). The underboss of the family is in charge of the capos. The job of the caporegime is to collect money from the workers to give to the boss, underboss and consigliere as well as keeping money for himself. A family can have anywhere from 2 to 20 capos.
 Soldiers. The workers of a family are called "soldiers" or in Italian soldati. Their job is to earn money to give to their captain (caporegime). They will do any job asked of them by their captain or the boss or underboss. A family can have anywhere from 10 to 1000 soldiers.
Each family will have a number of associates. These are people that work with them or for them but are not official members. (see below; becoming a member)

History of Five Families of New York
The mafia in New York began when thousands of Italians moved there in the late 19th century and the early 20th century to find a better life. Many Irish and Germans also moved there for the same reasons. Many of those people set up a business or worked for businesses that were already there. Most earned very little money, and some of them, who were tired of being poor, decided to earn money from crime so that they could make more than by working.

There were many Irish and Italian criminal groups in the city who would steal, extort, and murder for money. The groups were known all-together as "Black Hand" but did not actually work as one group. There were many groups, and each worked on its own. The term "Black Hand" actually was the name of what the gangs did (extortion), not theirs.

Prohibition, unification, and Castellammarese War
In 1920 alcohol (or liquor) was made illegal in the US, and the gangs had a new way to make money. They brought in illegal liquor from Canada and sold it in clubs. They bribed police into letting them illegally sell liquor and made millions of dollars from that because they were the only ones who had liquor and so they could sell it at extremely high prices.

Around then, several gangs in New York became one large gang, the Mafia, as their leaders realized that more money could be made if the gangs worked together. Giuseppe Masseria and Salvatore Maranzano were two men who wanted to become the boss of the newly made New York mafia. Fighting, known as the "Castellammarese War" broke out between the two men, and many of their soldiers were killed. Masseria's underboss was Lucky Luciano, a man who also wanted to control the New York Mafia. He met with Masseria's enemy Salvatore Maranzano and plotted to kill Masseria, Luuciano's own boss.

Masseria was shot to death in a restaurant in New York by Maranzano's soldiers; one of them was Vito Genovese, a man who would later become boss. That was also the end of the "Castellammarese War." With the death of Masseria, Maranzano appointed himself the boss of the New York Mafia, who was called in Italian the Capo di tutti Capi, meaning "Boss of all Bosses." He called a meeting with the other "mafiosi" (Italian for Mafia members) from all over the US and made the rules that are still used today.
 Maranzano united the Italian gangs of New York into one gang, known as the Mafia or La Cosa Nostra.
 He then divided the gang into five families and appointed bosses of each family: "Lucky" Luciano, Joseph Bonanno, Joseph Profaci, Vincent Mangano and Thomas Gagliano, with himself as the boss of thesose bosses.
 He made it so that no members could kill without reason or talk to anyone outside of the mafia about it.

The bosses of the five families, particularly Luciano, began to grow tired of Maranzano's arrogance and how he ran the mafia. Maranzano realized that and planned to have Luciano and his "consigliere" and "underboss", Vito Genovese and Frank Costello, killed, as well as others,. Maranzano did not act quickly enough and was killed by men dressed as police officers on the orders of Luciano and his friend, a Jewish gangster from Florida named Meyer Lansky. Luciano then became the head of the New York mafia but not how Maranzano had been. He helped the five families run their business but he did not control them or call himself the "boss of bosses". The five families were kept.

The Profaci family (named after the first boss Joseph Profaci) went on to become named the Colombo crime family after a later boss, Joseph Colombo. The Mangano family (named after the first boss Vincent Mangano) went on to become named the Gambino crime family after a later boss, Carlo Gambino. The Gagliano family (named after the first boss Thomas Gagliano) went on to become named the Lucchese crime family after a later boss, Gaetano Lucchese.  Frank Costello became the boss of Luciano's old family, which later went on to become named the Genovese crime family after Vito Genovese became the boss and tried to kill Frank Costello. The Bonanno family (named after the first boss, Joseph Bonanno) kept its name as he was the boss for a very long time.

Five Families over the years
This chart shows the bosses of the five families of New York since the "Castellammarese War:"

Bonanno crime family
 Joseph Bonanno (was boss from 1931 to 1965)
 Gaspare DiGregorio (was boss from 1965 to 1968)
 Paul Sciacca (was boss from 1968 to 1970)
 Natale Evola (was boss from 1970 to 1973)
 Phillip Rastelli (was boss from 1973 to 1975)
 Carmine Galante (was boss from 1975 to 1979)
 Phillip Rastelli (was boss once again from 1979 to 1991)
 Joseph Massino (was boss from 1991 to 2005)
lucy reed
(Note: in more recent years Vincent Basciano, Salvatore Montagna, Anthony Graziano, Anthony Rabito, Michael Mancuso, Anthony Urso and Alphonse Bonanno have run the family but not necessarily as bosses.)

Colombo crime family
 Joseph Profaci (was boss from 1928 to 1962)
 Joseph Magliocco (was boss from 1962 to 1963)
 Joseph Colombo (was boss from 1964 to 1971)
 Joseph Yacovelli (was boss in 1971)
 Vincent Aloi (was boss from 1971 to 1973)
 Carmine Persico (was boss during 1973)
(Note: in more recent years the leaders of the Colombo crime family have been Carmine Persico, Andrew Russo, Alphonse Persico, Jr., Joel Cacace, Thomas Gioeli, John Franzese, Vincent Aloi and Paul Bevacqua but not necessarily as bosses.)

Gambino crime family
 Vincent Mangano (was boss from 1931 to 1951)
 Albert Anastasia (was boss from 1951 to 1957)
 Carlo Gambino (was boss from 1957 to 1976)
 Paul Castellano (was boss from 1976 to 1985)
 John Gotti (was boss from 1986 to 1992)
 John Gotti, Jr. (was boss from 1992 to 1996)
 Nicholas Corozzo (was boss from 1996 to 1997)
 John Gotti, Jr. (was boss from 1997 to 1999)
 Peter Gotti (was boss from 1999 to 2003)
(Note: in more recent years the leaders of the Gambino crime family have been Peter Gotti, Arnold Squitieri, Anthony Megale, John D'Amico, Domenico Cefalu, Joseph Corozzo and Nicholas Corozzo but not necessarily as bosses.)

Genovese crime family
 Salvatore "Lucky" Luciano (was boss from 1931 to 1946)
 Frank Costello (was boss from 1946 to 1957)
 Vito Genovese (was boss from 1957 to 1969)
 Thomas Eboli (was boss from 1969 to 1972)
 Frank Tieri (was boss from 1972 to 1981)
 Anthony Salerno (was boss from 1981 to 1987)
 Vincent Gigante (was boss from 1981 to 2005)
(Note: in more recent years the leaders of the Genovese crime family have been Liborio Bellomo, Dominick Cirillo, Matthew Ianiello, Frank Serpico, Ernest Muscarella, Mario Gigante and Daniel Leo but not necessarily as bosses.)

Lucchese crime family
 Gaetano Gagliano (was boss from 1931 to 1953)
 Gaetano Lucchese (was boss from 1953 to 1967)
 Carmine Tramunti (was boss from 1967 to 1973)
 Anthony Corallo (was boss from 1973 to 1986)
 Anthony Luongo (during 1986)
 Vittorio Amuso (from 1987 on)
(Note: during the 1990s the leaders of the Lucchese crime family were Vittorio Amuso, Anthony Casso, Alphonse D'Arco, Salvatore Avellino, Anthony Baratta, Domenico Cutaia, Frank Lasterino and Joseph Defede but not necessarily as bosses. More recently the leaders of the family have been Louis Diadone, Aniello Migliore, Nick Beale and Leo Madden, and Leo and Nick were bosses.)

(Note: these dates may not be correct.)

In movies
Many movies have been made about the mafia, particularly the American Mafia. Here are some of the most popular movies about American gangsters.l:
 Little Caesar (1931) directed by Mervyn LeRoy, starring Edward G. Robinson and Douglas Fairbanks, Jr.
 The Public Enemy (1931) directed by William A. Wellman, starring James Cagney
 Scarface (1932) directed by Howard Hawks and Richard Rosson, starring Paul Muni, George Raft and Boris Karloff
 Angels with Dirty Faces (1938) directed by Michael Curtiz, starring James Cagney, Pat O'Brien and Humphrey Bogart
 The Roaring Twenties (1939) directed by Raoul Walsh, starring James Cagney and Humphrey Bogart
 White Heat (1949) directed by Raoul Walsh, starring James Cagney and Edmund O'Brien
 The Enforcer (1951) directed by Bretaigne Windust, starring Humphrey Bogart
 The Godfather (1972) directed by Francis Ford Coppola, starring Marlon Brando, Al Pacino, James Caan, Robert Duvall and John Cazale
 Mean Streets (1973) directed by Martin Scorsese, starring Robert De Niro, Harvey Keitel and David Proval
 The Godfather Part II (1974) directed by Francis Ford Coppola, starring Al Pacino, Robert De Niro, John Cazale and Lee Strassberg
 Scarface (1983) directed by Brian De Palma, starring Al Pacino, Steven Bauer and Robert Loggia
 Once Upon a Time in America (1984) directed by Sergio Leone, starring Robert De Niro, James Woods, Burt Young and Joe Pesci
 The Godfather Part III (1990) directed by Francis Ford Coppola, starring Al Pacino, Andy Garcia and Joe Montegna
 Goodfellas (1990) directed by Martin Scorsese, starring Ray Liotta, Robert De Niro and Joe Pesci
 Reservoir Dogs (1992) directed by Quentin Tarantino, starring Harvey Keitel, Tim Roth, Michael Madsen, Chris Penn, Steve Buscemi and Lawrence Tierney
 Léon: The Professional (1994) directed by Luc Besson, starring Gary Oldman and Jean Reno
 Pulp Fiction (1994) directed by Quentin Tarantino, starring John Travolta, Samuel L. Jackson, Harvey Keitel and Tim Roth
 Casino (1995) directed by Martin Scorsese, starring Robert De Niro and Joe Pesci
 Analyze This (1999), a Mafia comedy directed by Harold Ramis, starring Robert De Niro and Billy Crystal
 Analyze That (2002), sequel to Analyze This, also directed by Ramis and starring De Niro and Crystal in the same roles
 Gangs of New York (2002) directed by Martin Scorsese, starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Daniel Day-Lewis
 The Departed (2006) directed by Martin Scorsese, starring Leonardo DiCaprio, Matt Damon, Jack Nicholson, Mark Wahlberg, Martin Sheen and Alec Baldwin

The television series The Sopranos is about the mafia in New Jersey and stars James Gandolfini, Steve Van Zandt, Tony Sirico, Michael Imperioli, Vincent Pastore, David Proval and Joe Pantoliano among others.

References

History of Italy
History of the United States

Mafia


Pandit Pannalal Ghosh (; 24 July 1911 – 20 April 1960), also known as Amal Jyoti Ghosh, was an Indian flute (bansuri) player and composer. He was a disciple of Allauddin Khan, and is credited with popularizing the flute as a concert instrument in Hindustani classical music and also the "Pioneer of Indian Classical Flute".

Early life
Pannalal Ghosh was born on 24 July 1911 in Barisal, Bengal Presidency, British India. He was named Amal Jyoti Ghosh with Pannalal having been his nickname. His father, Akshay Kumar Ghosh, was a sitarist.  Ghosh received his initial training in music from his father, learning to play the sitar.  Two apocryphal incidents in his childhood are believed to have influenced Ghosh in taking up the flute. As a child he had picked up a small flute that cowherds usually played, and on the basis of the education he was receiving on the sitar from his father, he would try to play musical patterns on the flute. The family's ancestral house was on the banks of the Kirtankhola river. At the age of nine, while swimming in the river one day, Ghosh found a long bamboo stick that was half-flute and half walking stick. The flute part of the stick was longer than a traditional flute and Ghosh started practising on it. Then at the age of eleven, Ghosh is said to have met a holy man who held a conch and a flute and asked if he could play the flute. When Ghosh obliged, the man blessed him and said that music would be his salvation.

He was married to Parul Ghosh (née Biswas) in 1924 when she was only nine and he was thirteen years old. She was the younger sister of Ghosh's friend Anil Biswas who went on to become a celebrated music composer. Parul was a talented singer herself and later became a well-known playback singer. In 1928, Ghosh became a part of the Indian Independence Movement. He joined a gymnasium and learnt martial arts, boxing and stick fighting. As he became more involved in the independence movement, the government started keeping a close watch. Consequently, he shifted to Calcutta at the age of seventeen in search of a livelihood.  At the age of eighteen, he started focusing his attention on the flute. Ghosh realised that a bigger flute's pitch and sonority would be more appropriate for both classical and light music. Ghosh experimented with various materials including metal and different types of wood, and decided on using bamboo. He finally settled on a flute which was thirty two inches long.

Panna Lal Ghosh's daughter Shanti-Sudha was married to the flute player Devendra Murdeshwar, who was her father's disciple. Their son Anand Murdeshwar, Panna Lal's grandson, also made a name as flute player but died at a very young age. Ghosh's younger brother, Nikhil Ghosh, was a noted Tabla player and Padma Bhushan awardee.

Career

Having assisted in music production while he was in Calcutta working with New Theatres Ltd. In 1940 he came to Bombay to further expand his music career. Sneh Bandhan (1940) was his debut film as an independent music composer. The popular songs from the film were "Aabroo Ke Kamaanon Mein" and "Sneh Bandhan Mein Bandhe Hue" sung by Khan Mastan and Bibbo. Pannalal Ghosh jointly scored the background for "Aandhiyan" in 1952 along with Ustad Ali Akbar Khan and Pandit Ravi Shankar. He was the first to introduce the seven-hole flute.

Innovations
Pannalal Ghosh incorporated what is known as the Teevra-Madhyam Hole which is also known as the Dhruva-Madhyam hole, placed off the centre-line of fingering holes, at the bottom of the flute. Veteran flautist Nityanand Haldipur who is his direct disciple explains that this hole was designed specifically to play the Teevra-Madhyam ('Ma' or 4th note) of the lower octave especially in Raagas such as Puriya, Darbari and Bihag where a Madhyam to Pancham meend (glide) is required. It can even give the kharaj ka gandhar (3rd note 'Ga' of the lower octave) too. The hold too was changed by the late legend to enable the little finger to reach this hole.  For Raagas such as Darbari where the lower octave (Mandra Saptak) is explored in detail, Pannalal Ghosh invented another bass flute with just 4 holes which was almost 40-42 inches long. This additional hole makes the Indian flute playable almost exactly like the Western recorder, which only has another additional rear hole, placed above towards the mouthpiece, that remains closely held by the left thumb. The long bamboo flutes he devised are popularly played by subsequent flautists to render Hindusthani classical music.

Notable students
 Devendra Murdeshwar
V.G. Karnad
 Nityanand Haldipur

References
 11. Kulkarni VM. 2019. Pannalal Ghosh. Sanskar Prakashan, Mumbai, India. 620 pages.

External links
 Times of India interview of flautist Nityanand Haldipur
 PannalalGhosh.info

 https://sites.google.com/site/bansuripannalalghosh/
 http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/bamboo-to-bansuri/article7970395.ece

1911 births
1960 deaths
Indian flautists
Hindustani instrumentalists
People from Barisal
People from Satna
Pupils of Allauddin Khan
Maihar gharana
Bansuri players
University of Calcutta alumni
Hindustani composers
Indian classical composers
Indian music educators
20th-century composers
20th-century Indian musicians
20th-century flautists

Pannalal Ghosh


St Andrew's Church is a Church of England parish church in Presteigne, Powys, Wales. It was first constructed in the 9th century by the Anglo-Saxons and retains elements of the original Anglo-Saxon church within a Norman renovation and later Victorian restoration. It is a Grade I listed building.

History
In the 9th century, Anglo-Saxons built St Andrew's Church next to the River Lugg. Following the Norman conquest of Wales, when the majority of the church was damaged during an attack by the Welsh, the Normans constructed a church incorporating the Anglo-Saxon north aisle. In the 12th–13th centuries the church was enlarged and a bell tower was constructed with a new nave and south aisle constructed by canons from Wigmore Abbey.

In 1868, a restoration of the church financed by Sir Richard Green-Price and undertaken by Sir George Gilbert Scott was carried out. Inside he repaired the original roof and wooden belfry but removed the west gallery and added a new nave, chancel and sanctuary. On the exterior, he changed the design to reflect the popular Gothic Revival architecture at the time. In doing so he added a vestry, transepts and a new spire for the bell tower. A memorial to Joseph Baker, for whom Mount Baker in Washington state, United States is named, was installed in the chapel of the church as he had retired to Presteigne. A 13th-century coffin lid, possibly from a member of the Mortimer Family, is also installed in the north side of the church. It was granted Grade II*-listed status in 1985 for being "a virtually complete example of the rural work of Sir George Gilbert Scott's office; whilst the church does retain significant medieval fabric, the consistency and coherence of its restoration make it a remarkably clear statement of Ecclesiological principles."

Tapestry
In 1737, St Andrew's Church was given a Flemish tapestry from 1510 illustrating Jesus' triumphal entry into Jerusalem. Upon receipt it was first used as an altar cloth for the church's altar up until the 19th century. In the 19th century, it was then framed and hung on the north wall of the church. It is one of only two pre-English Reformation tapestries to be hung on display in parish churches in the United Kingdom.

Referendum
In 1914, the Welsh Church Act 1914 was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom to disestablish the Church in Wales from the Church of England. Owing the enactment of the disestablishment being delayed by the Suspensory Act 1914, in 1915 seventeen parishes (including Presteigne with Discoed) were balloted by the Welsh Church Commissioners in a referendum as to whether they wanted to remain part of the Church of England or join the Church in Wales. These parishes were given the choice because their parish boundaries crossed the geographical borders between England and Wales. St Andrew's parishioners voted 595–289 to remain part of the Church of England despite the church being located in Wales. As a result of the decision in the referendum, St Andrew's Church remained a part of the Diocese of Hereford.

References

Presteigne
Church of England church buildings in Wales
George Gilbert Scott buildings
Presteigne

St Andrew's Church, Presteigne


Friedrich Heinrich Christian Lübker (18 August 1811, Husum – 10 October 1867, Flensburg) was a German educator and philologist.

He studied philology and theology at the University of Kiel, receiving his doctorate in 1832. In 1835 he was named school conrector in Schleswig, and in 1848 was appointed rector of the provisional government school in Flensburg, In 1851 he relocated to Parchim as director of its high school (gymnasium). Later he moved to Braunschweig in order to spend time pursuing literary interests. In 1864 he returned to Flensburg, where he was tasked with reorganization of its high school system.

Literary efforts

He was the author of many works, including a popular dictionary of classical antiquity that was issued in numerous editions spanning several decades. He was also published a number of biographical works on various theological figures — Rhabanus Maurus, Alcuin, the martyrs victimized by Nero, Dionysius Areopagita, Hugo Grotius, to name a few. The following are a list of his principal works:
 Die Sophokleische Theologie und Ethik, 1851-1855 - Sophoclean theology and ethics.
 Gesammelte schriften zur philologie und paedagogik, 1852 - Collected papers on philology and pedagogy.
 Reallexikon des classischen Alterthums für Gymnasien, (22 editions published between 1855 and 1914).
 Handwörterbuch der lateinischen Sprache, (Reinhold Klotz, with Lübker and Ernst Eduard Hudemann; six editions published between 1857 and 1879) - Dictionary of the Latin language.
 Beiträge zur Theologie und Ethik des Euripides, 1863 - Contributions to the theology and ethics of Euripides.
 Vorträge über Bildung und Christenthum, 1863 - Lectures on education and Christianity.

References

1811 births
1867 deaths
People from Husum
University of Kiel alumni
Heads of schools in Germany
German philologists

Friedrich Lübker


The Society for the Education of Africans was an English abolitionist organisation which provided for the education of the sons of prominent Africans in the first decade of the nineteenth century.

The Society was led by the Clapham Sect, and founded the African Academy in Clapham in 1799. Soon twenty boys and four girls arrived in Portsmouth from Freetown, Sierra Leone and were placed in the stewardship of Zachary Macaulay. The society also had a significant overlap with the Church Mission Society, which was also founded in 1799, under the name of the Society for Missions to Africa and the East.

The concept was first formulated by John Campbell who recorded his thoughts of 1796 thus:
"Might we not bring over Africa to England; educate her; when some through grace and gospel might be converted, and sent back to Africa,-if not any converted, yet they might help to spread civilization, so all would not be lost"

Campbell's original plan was to set up the school in Edinburgh, and he proceeded to discuss the matter with various friends there, who approved of it. Then he raised the proposal with various members of the Clapham Sect, receiving approval from William Wilberforce and Henry Thornton. However, when he entered into more details discussion with Charles Grant, Grant recommended the plan be deferred until after the war with France was over. Campbell raised the proposal with Robert Haldane, the evangelical philanthropist, who agreed to fund the scheme.

References

Abolitionism in the United Kingdom
Christianity and slavery
1799 establishments in Great Britain

Society for the Education of Africans


Derek Godfrey Kinne GC (born 11 January 1930) was a British soldier.  He is best known for receiving the George Cross because of his actions in the Korean War.

Early life
Kinne was born in Nottingham and raised in Leeds.

Soldier
In 1950, he joined the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers.  He was taken prisoner by the North Koreans on 25 April 1951.  He was not released until 10 August 1953.  His name was His name was recommended for the George Cross because of his actions during the time he was a prisoner of war.  According to Lord Ashcroft, he arguably went through more suffering that any of the 159 individuals to have been awarded the George Cross.

Notice of his award was published in the London Gazette on 9 April 1954.   He became one of the very few living holders of the George Cross.

George Cross citation
Kinne' George Cross recognized his endurance as a military prisoner who was held in Korea in 1951-1953.
Hughes received his decoration from Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace.  The words of Hughes' citation explain:
In August, 1950, Fusilier KINNE volunteered for service in Korea. He joined the 1st Battalion, The Royal Northumberland Fusiliers, and was captured by Chinese Communist forces on the 25th April, 1951, the last day of the Imjin River battle. From then on he had only two objects in mind; firstly to escape, and secondly by his contempt for his captors and their behaviour, and his utter disregard for the treatment meted out to him, to raise the morale of his fellow prisoners. The treatment which he received during his period of captivity is summarised in the
succeeding paragraphs.

Fusilier KINNE escaped for the first time within 24 hours of capture but was retaken a few days later while attempting to regain our own lines. Eventually he rejoined a large group of (prisoners being marched North to prison camps, and despite the hardships of this march, which lasted a month, rapidly emerged as a man of outstanding  leadership and very high morale. His conduct was a fine example to all his fellow-prisoners.

In July, 1952, Fusilier KINNE, who was by now well known to his captors, was accused by them of being non-co-operative and was brutally interrogated about the other P.W. who had unco-operative views. As a result of his refusal to inform on his comrades, and for
striking back at a 'Chinese officer who assaulted him, he was twice severely beaten up
and tied up for periods of 12 and 24 hours, being made to stand on tip-toe with a running
noose round his neck which would throttle him if he attempted to relax in any way.

He escaped on 27th July but was recaptured two days later. He was again beaten up very
severely, and placed in handcuffs (which could be and frequently were tightened so as to
restrict circulation), from which he was not released until 16th October, 1952, a period of
81 days.

He was accused of insincerity, a hostile attitude towards the Chinese, "sabotage" of compulsory political study, escape, and of being reactionary. From the 15th to the 20th August, he was confined in a very small box cell, where he was made to sit to attention all day, being periodically beaten, prodded with bayonets, kicked and spat upon by the guards, and denied any washing facilities.

On 20th August, 1952, he was made to stand to attention for seven hours and when he complained was beaten by the Chinese guard commander with the butt of a submachine gun, which eventually went off and killed the guard commander. For this Fusilier KINNE was beaten senseless with belts and bayonets, stripped of his clothes, and thrown into a dank rat-infested hole until the 19th September. He was frequently taken out and beaten, including once (on 16th September), with pieces of planking until he was unconscious.On 16th October Fusilier Kinne was tried by a Chinese military court for escape and for being a reactionary and hostile to the Chinese, and was sentenced to twelve months' solitary confinement. This was increased to eighteen months when he complained at his trial of denial of medical attention, including that for a severe double hernia which he had sustained in June, 1952, while training to escape.

On 5th December, 1952, he was transferred to a special penal company. His last award of solitary confinement was on 2nd June, 1953, when he was sentenced for defying Chinese orders and wearing a rosette in celebration of Coronation Day.

He was eventually exchanged at Panmunjom on 10th August, 1953. As late as 8th and 9th August he was threatened with non-repatriation for demanding an interview with the International Red Cross Representatives who were visiting prisoner-of-war camps.

Fusilier Kinne was during the course of his periods of solitary confinement kept in no less than seven different places of imprisonment, including a security police gaol, under conditions of the most extreme degradation and increasing brutality. Every possible method both physical and mental was employed by his captors to break his spirit, a task which proved utterly beyond their powers. Latterly he must have been fully aware that every time he flaunted his captors and showed openly his detestation of themselves and their methods he was risking his life. He was in fact several times threatened with death or non-repatriation. Nevertheless he was always determined to show that he was prepared neither to be intimidated nor cowed by brutal treatment at die hands of a barbarous enemy.

His powers of resistance and his determination to oppose and fight the enemy to the maximum were beyond praise. His example was an inspiration to all ranks who came into contact with him.

References

Other websites
 George Cross Recipients

1930 births
Living people
George Cross holders
British military people

Derek Kinne


Peter Paul Rubens (1577–1640) was a Flemish artist from the Rubens family.

Rubens may also refer to:

People with the name

Family name
 Rubens family, related to Peter Paul Rubens

 Albert Rubens (1614–1657), Flemish scholar and administrator, son of Peter Paul Rubens
 Alexander Rubens, Lord of Vremdyck (died 1752), Flemish grandson of Peter Paul Rubens
 Alma Rubens (1897–1931), American actor
 Arnold Frans Rubens (1687–1719), a Flemish painter
 Bernice Rubens (1928–2004), Welsh novelist
 Gerardus Rubens (1674–1736) Flemish Cistercian Abbot, grandnephew of Peter Paul Rubens
 Heinrich Rubens (1865–1922), German physicist
 Jan Rubens (1530–1587), Flemish magistrate, father of Peter Paul Rubens
 Jeff Rubens (born 1941), American bridge player
 Michael Rubens, American comedian and author
 Nicolaas Rubens, Lord of Rameyen  (1618–1655), Flemish son of Peter Paul Rubens
 Paul Rubens (composer) (fl. c. 1900), co-lyricist of Florodora
 Philip Rubens (1574–1611), Flemish scholar and administrator, brother of Peter Paul Rubens
 Shona Rubens (born 1986), Australia-born Canadian skier
 Sibylla Rubens German singer

Given name
 Rubens (footballer, 1928-1991), full name Rubens Josué da Costa, Brazilian football forward
 Rubens (footballer, born 1941), full name Jorge Caetano Rubens, Brazilian football midfielder
 Rubens Barrichello (born 1972), Brazilian Formula One race driver
 Rubens Donizete (born 1979), Brazilian mountain biker
 Rubens (footballer, born 2001), Rubens Antonio Dias, Brazilian football midfielder

Species
 Amastra rubens, a species of air-breathing land snail
 Anitys rubens, a species of beetle
 Calanthe rubens, a species of orchid
 Crassocephalum rubens, a species of edible, erect annual herb
 Inquisitor rubens,  a sea snail species
 Knema rubens, a species of plant in the family Myristicaceae
 Nidularium rubens, a species of plant in the family Bromeliaceae
 Omphalotropis rubens, a species of land snail
 Orthetrum rubens, a species of dragonfly
 Picea rubens, a species of Red Spruce tree
 Podocarpus rubens, a species of conifer
 Polymastia rubens, a species of demosponge
 Saurauia rubens, a species in the gooseberry family, Actinidiaceae

Other uses
 Rubens (film), a 1977 Belgian film
 Rubens (horse), a 19th-century Thoroughbred racehorse
 Rubens (train), a Paris-Brussels express train 1974–1995
 Rubens, Iowa, a ghost town
 10151 Rubens, a main-belt asteroid
 Rubens apple, an apple cultivar
 The Rubens, an Australian alternative rock band
 The Rubens (album)

See also

 Rubenesque
 Reuben (disambiguation)
 Reubens (disambiguation)

Dutch-language surnames
Germanic-language surnames
Patronymic surnames

Rubens (disambiguation)


Gemlik is a harbor town in Turkey. It has 70,000 people living there. Gemlik is a district of Bursa Province. It has a free industrial zone. This zone helped the development of industry in Gemlik. Agriculture is mostly olives for eating. Olive oil is important to the economy of Gemlik.

There is a seaport in the town. Gemlik is between Bursa and İstanbul. Because of this location, the town developed rapidly after the 1990s.

Districts of Bursa Province
Cities in Turkey

Gemlik


Dennis Patrick Lamp (born September 23, 1952) is an American former professional baseball pitcher in Major League Baseball. From 1977 through 1992, the breaking ball specialist played for the Chicago Cubs, Chicago White Sox, Toronto Blue Jays, Oakland Athletics, Boston Red Sox, and Pittsburgh Pirates.

Career
Lamp was born in Los Angeles, California. After graduating in 1971 from St. John Bosco High School in Bellflower, California, Lamp was selected in the third round (62nd overall) by the Cubs in that year's MLB Draft.

Lamp began his career as a Cub, but was traded to the crosstown Chicago White Sox for pitcher Ken Kravec. His seven wins and 15 saves helped the White Sox win their division by a whopping 20 games and reach the ALCS. A month later, he was granted free agency and signed with the Toronto Blue Jays.

In a 14-season career, Lamp posted a 96-96 record with a 3.93 ERA and 35 saves in 639 games pitched. His best season was 1985 when he went 11-0 with a 3.32 ERA in 105 innings pitched. In 1984 with the Blue Jays, Lamp came up just one win short of Luis Arroyo's 1961 record for most consecutive wins by a reliever.

He continued to pitch while approaching his 40th birthday, coming out of the bullpen in 21 games for the 1992 Pittsburgh Pirates, who won their division and advanced to the NLCS, but he was released in June of that season.

Lamp was involved in two individual career milestones involving a pair of future Baseball Hall of Famers. On August 13, 1979, he gave up Lou Brock's 3,000th hit. He also surrendered Cal Ripken Jr.'s first major-league hit, a third-inning infield single in the White Sox's 8–7 victory over the Baltimore Orioles at Memorial Stadium on August 16, 1981.

Post season appearances
Lamp has pitched in the ALCS on three occasions: 1983 with the White Sox, 1985 with the Blue Jays, and 1990 with the Red Sox.

Life after baseball
Lamp has worked behind the seafood counter at Bristol Farms in Newport Beach, California, since 2004.

References

External links
 or Dennis Lamp at Baseballbiography.com or The Baseball Page or Baseball Almanac

1952 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Baseball players from Los Angeles
Boston Red Sox players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Caldwell Cubs players
Chicago Cubs players
Chicago White Sox players
Key West Conchs players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Midland Cubs players
Oakland Athletics players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Quincy Cubs players
Toronto Blue Jays players
Wichita Aeros players

Dennis Lamp