The cuisine of Paraguay is the set of dishes and culinary techniques of Paraguay. It has a marked influence of the Guaraní people combined with the Spanish cuisine and other marked influences coming from the immigration received by bordering countries such as Italian cuisine and German cuisine. The city of Asunción is the epicenter of the distinctive gastronomy that extends in current Paraguay and its areas of influence, which is the reason why is considered the mother of the gastronomy of the Río de la Plata. It is worth clarifying that in the Paraguayan society, the exchange of knowledge between mestizos, creoles and cario-guaraní people occurred before the Jesuit missions.

History

Pre-Columbian period

There are references dating back to 1567 from the German chronicler and military man Ulrich Schmidl, who published in Baviera his experiences in Paraguay and the Río de la Plata, whose testimonies coincide with other chroniclers on the anthropophagic customs of many Native Americans, involving the Guaraní, Carios, Caribes, Mexicas, Araucanos, Incas, etc. According to chef and gastronomic historian Vidal Domínguez Díaz, the gastronomic wealth of the Carios along with the gastronomic wealth of the Spaniards resulted in the actual Paraguayan food. The most prominent example is the Cario-guaraní gastronomic technique, in which wild meat on the stake is replaced by beef. The Paraguayan Sunday or festive preference for asado stems from the seven cows and a bull that arrived in Asunción in 1556.

The Guarani had a diet based on wild animals and cornbread, starch with animal fat, but they were totally unaware of the use of milk, beef, cheese, and eggs. Although the Guaraní and Carios inhabited a large part of the American soil, the first Spanish-Guaraní syncretism occurred in 1537 with the founding of Asunción when the contact with the Carios occurred, in which short time later the cattle were introduced into that zone. For this reason, Asunción is considered the mother of the Río de la Plata gastronomy, since the expedition that would found the city of Buenos Aires (and some of the Argentine Littoral) came from Asunción and was made up of Spaniards, 66 Paraguayan young men (among them , the only woman) and 1,500 Guaraníes. These expeditions brought cattle to these zones in order to populate the Pampas region.

Vicereine period

It is considered wrong to label Paraguayan gastronomy as "Guarani gastronomy". The gastronomy of Paraguay is born from the fusion of Spanish culinary tradition and the Cairo-Guarani culinary tradition that were developed through influences of the Franciscan missionaries, the Spaniards and the Asuncenos (people of Asuncion), whose influence took place in Asunción and its surrounding areas. Towns like Tobatí, Altos, Areguá, Ypané, Guarambaré, Itá and Yaguarón are current examples of how the Paraguayan culture was developed far outside and away from the mercantile influence of the Jesuits. When the Jesuits were expelled from the area in 1767, the natives returned to their natural habitat (the missionary jungle), but they no longer went to Asunción and its influence area in order to teach or educate their traditions, proof of that is the extinction of Jesuit ceramics, as opposed to the Franciscan ceramics that still lives in Itá, Areguá, and Tobatí.

The cooking based on the Cairo-Guaraní life consists of game, fish, grain cultivation, techniques, and methods of cooking from the utensils they developed. The first records of true Cario-Guaraní Spanish syncretism took place during the age of the foundation of Asunción and its surroundings, where they subsequently founded the Franciscan missions of Altos, Atyrá, Guarambaré, Itá, etc. In the Governorate of Paraguay they circumscribed the Catholic jurisdiction called the "Paraguaria Province". This province, then dependent on the Viceroyalty of Peru, covers the regions of Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay and parts of Bolivia, Brazil and Chile (between 1604 and 1617). Since 1617, the Paraguaria Province was broken up from the government of the Río de la Plata and the governorate of Paraguay, being part of the jurisdiction of the latter. After, this region belonged to the ephemeral Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (1776–1810). The culture developed in Greater Paraguay was very strong, as the Guaraní people were used by the conquistadors and the evangelizers as intermediaries with other Native Americans. For such motives, the Paraguayan culture that characterizes Asunción was firmly conserved itself in the region, and in turn extended toward zones where the cattle were introduced later, like the foundation of Corrientes in 1588, the oldest city in the Argentine Northeast.

In the binnacles (of travelers like the German Ulrich Schmidl) and in the historical registry of the Vicereine age, it appears in various paragraphs that the Carios-Guaranís (a tribe that inhabited the zone of Asunción) prepared cakes and breads based on cassava, corn and sweet corn mixed with animal grease, known as "mbuyapé" (bread in Guaraní). The Cario-Guaraní food was complemented with Spanish food provided to the Spaniards from the old continent. To this it is owed the introduction of the cattle in 1556, and after these new dishes were obtained, like beef, sheep meat, milk, eggs, cheese, etc. In this way, the foods with ingredients from the Cario-Guaraní food base (corn, cassava, pumpkin, sweet potato, etc.) were mixed with ingredients brought by Spaniards (meat, milk, eggs, cheeses, etc.). This union gave way to foods that have been consumed since the Vicereine age until the present day. Thus, the recipes of the typical Paraguayan foods based on ingredients like cassava, corn, cheese, milk, and cattle took their origins in this context.

Republican period

In this period the mestizo cuisine as such is solidified. This cuisine comes from the fusion of the knowledge and elements of the Guarani people with the trades brought by the Spaniards, like the updating of utensils and forms of cooking. It evolved in the age of the Lopez with the knowledge of the mestizo cuisine and capitalizing on all elements the country produced, added to new recipes thanks to the novelty of that epoch because of Carlos Antonio López and later with Francisco Solano López and Madame Lynch. During this period and the post-war years, it is noted how they took advantage of many products. Countless recipes that reuse meats in a variety of formulas were commonly found in this period. The use of cassava and corn to make food last was very common.

Between 1537 and 1870, European immigration was slow, above all in the independent era due to the late international opening-up during the mandate of José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia. More recently, during the government of Carlos Antonio López, the remaining South American and European countries finally recognized the independence of Paraguay, like the case of France and Argentina. The European political migration comes into play after the Paraguayan War, a phenomenon that transformed and makes up the current society of Paraguay. In this way, the gastronomy begins to inherit traded elements of the immigrants that began arriving in Paraguay at the end of the 1800s and the beginning of the 1900s, setting the bases for the modern cuisine with processed ingredients and adapted to the way of life in the 21st century. The principal influences that enriched the Paraguayan culinary art came from the Italians and the Germans, overall all that has to do with the consumption of pasta, desserts, drinks, and cold cuts, now rooted in Paraguay.

The gastronomy of Paraguay has common American elements like the use of corn, cassava, peanuts, and beans. The inheritance of natural resources, the Guarani culture, and the mix with the European culture give Paraguay a unique gastronomy compared to the rest of America, keeping more similarities with countries of the Río de la Plata region. Elements like chipa and tereré are spread throughout all of the Southern Cone of South America thanks to migrations from Paraguay. In 2017 the Ministry of the National Secretary of Culture in Paraguay decided:"To declare as Immaterial Cultural Heritage of Paraguay the production, artisan and traditional elaboration of four typical Paraguayan foods currently validated as the Vori-Vori, the Locro, the Sopa Paraguaya, and the Yopará (a mix of beans and locro); as well as their recipes, knowledge, practices and flavors transmitted from generation to generation and all the material, immaterial elements associated to them (corn, in its different varieties) as a cultural manifestation."

Ingredients

Fruits, vegetables and legumes
The most consumed and cultivated fruits are pineapple, banana, guava, guavira pytã, guavirami, apepú, yakarati'a, pakuri, ñandypa, ñangapiry, aguaí, aratiku, mburukuja, mamón, mango, melon, watermelon, orange, strawberry, ingá, yvapurû, yvapovõ and tarumá. According to Paraguayan fruit growing, to harvest fruit varieties the following calendar must be considered: fruits such as guava are harvested from January to March; citrus fruits, from March to October; grapes, pineapples, and plums, from December to January; avocado, from April to May; watermelon and melon, from September to April; while bananas are harvested all year round except for very cold times.

Among the vegetables, leaves such as chard, lettuce, green onion, spinach, bok choy, cabbage, chicory and parsley stand out. Among the flowers are broccoli, cauliflower, and artichoke. In the subgroup of fruits there are pumpkin, melon, tomato, locote, and eggplant. The most consumed and grown roots are carrots, turnips, radishes, ginger, beets, and sweet potatoes; while bulbs such as garlic and onion are part of the base ingredient in many Paraguayan dishes. The use of soy and moringa is also present in Paraguayan cuisine, with an export of approximately 15,000 kilos of the latter added to the production of pills. Although the consumption of moringa does not go beyond an infusion in mate and tereré, several culinary things associated with moringa are the use of leaves in order to make bread, cakes, soups, or tortillas. Moringa leaves also serve to introduce proteins, vegetable oils, and fibers to the food.

In Paraguay, certain species of legumes are grown such as peas, lentils, chickpeas and beans, especially the variety kumandá pytâ, San Francisco, señorita bean and kumandá yvyra'i.

Paraguay is the third largest producer of yerba mate in the world, after Argentina and Brazil. Something that is not exempt when it comes to natural inputs is the massive demand for medicinal plants used for mate and tereré, which are also known as "pohâ ñanâ "and were incorporated into Paraguayan society. One fact regarding the sustainable use of the species developed in the country is that there are actually some proposals in order to protect and patent the use of these plants and the resources of traditional medicine through international treaties, precisely to protect this tradition and prevent companies exploit biodiversity by manufacturing products without the authorization of the natives. Every August 1, the "National Poha Ñana Day" is celebrated.

Meats and dairy

Paraguay has the second cattle herd per capita in the world, with 2.16 heads per inhabitant, after Uruguay (3.45 heads per inhabitant). Paraguay has the seventh most populated cattle herd in America, after Brazil, United States, Argentina, Mexico, Colombia, and Venezuela. The introduction of beef in Paraguay dates back to the times of the Spanish conquest in 1537. Spaniards discovered that the native wildlife that lived in these lands was the guasú, yaguareté, and capybara. Thus, in 1556, the brothers Escipión and Vicente Goes introduced seven cows and a bull into Paraguay, which were brought from the Brazilian coast of São Vicente, which in turn were originally from Alentejo and Extremadura. These black Avilenas were characterized by their great rusticity and high fertility and constituted a tiny herd that began the domestication of animals in the country. During the Spanish expeditions, in 1609 the Jesuits arrived to found the first mission of all the Guaraní missions: San Ignacio Guazú, where they continued cattle breeding. That's the reason why is said that Paraguayans, since their origins, are more ranchers than farmers. After the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1768,  801,258 heads of cattle were counted.

The "Livestock Society of Paraguay" was founded in 1885, an entity that would support and collaborate with the development of the meat industry in the country. It would later change its name to "Rural Association of Paraguay" in 1938. By 1895, the country's cattle population reached 2,283,093 heads.

In 1901, the first Hereford producers arrived, introduced by Carlos Pfannl in Puerto Fonciere. In 1918, the first Aberdeen Angus breeders arrived, and in 1930, the Paraguayan meat processing industry was already consolidating. The national livestock herd reached 3.7 million heads in 1940 and in 2012 it exceeded 13 million heads. According to the 2022 Livestock Census, Paraguay has 13.24 million heads of cow cattle, equivalent to 2.16 animals per inhabitant. The same census registered pig livestock in 1.8 million heads; horse livestock 255,439 heads; sheep livestock 476,955 heads; and 32 million heads of birds (rooster, chicken, and offspring).

Paraguay is the third largest consumer of beef in the world, with 28 kilos per capita per year, being surpassed only by Uruguay (41 kilos) and Argentina (44 kilos). Among beef consumption habits, the one preferred by Paraguayans is vacuum packed, being weekend barbecues very popular. The consumption of poultry is 20 kilos on average, while pork ranges around 5 kilos per inhabitant.

Milk production in Paraguay generates around 1,850,000 liters per day and its consumption reaches 180 liters per capita per year. Among the dairy products sold are yogurts, dairy drinks, cheeses, butters, milk cream, dulce de leche, milk powder, etc., being Lactolanda and Trébol as the leaders of the Paraguayan dairy industry. Behind them is the Association of Milk Producers (Aprole) which brings together another 80 producers, many of them cooperatives. Milk constitutes the main diet of Paraguayans at breakfast, so much so that it reaches educational institutions in school snack programs. About 50% of dairy production is located in Juan Eulogio Estigarribia, while the remaining productive areas are distributed in central Chaco, Colonias Unidas and San Pedro. Mennonites stand out in this development, mostly settled in the Chaco area and the north of the eastern region, and among them, a community from Curuguaty stands out, who have plants that produce 80,000 liters of milk per day. They are also dedicated to alternating crops of soybeans, corn, and oats.

Paraguay cheese

The traditional Queso Paraguay is a white adulterated one, obtained from whole, unpasteurized cow's milk. According to experts from the Paraguayan Chamber of Dairy Industries, it cannot be exposed to room temperature for more than 1 or 2 hours. Among the main characteristics is its respectable firmness, white in color, which releases a liquid when cut, due to the whey contained in it, especially when it is fresh. When it is set or hard it has a yellowish color, dry, swollen, with many eyes or holes. There are key factors that characterize Paraguay cheese so that it obtains the distinctive flavor, body, and consistency compared to other cheeses: the type of milk used; the method of curdling the milk and of cutting, boiling, and pressing the cuajada; the type of bacteria or fungus used for aging; the amount of salt and seasonings added; and the thermal conditions in the aging and curing process.

Queso Paraguay stands out the most among the fresh cheeses marketed in Paraguay, due to its high biological value in terms of protein content and easily assimilated calcium, in addition to phosphorus, magnesium, group B vitamins (especially riboflavin, B12 and niacin) and fat-soluble vitamins A and D.

Corn and sweet corn
It is well known that Mesoamerica is the center-origin of grains such as corn and sweet corn, a territory where their cultivation and consumption were domesticated until it spread throughout America among the different civilizations developed on this continent. Thus, this vegetable reached civilizations whose territories are Paraguay in modern times, a place where the Cario-Guaraní people managed to use corn as a base crop for their diet, also integrating it into their cosmogony as one of their sacred plants. With the arrival of Europeans to America, cultures were syncretized, and corn became the cultural and spiritual manifestation of current civilization, giving way to the origin of gastronomic diversity in American countries, including Paraguay. Due to the genetic development that corn has had, thanks in part to the climatic adaptation in this area of South America, the most widespread throughout Paraguay is the Avatí Morotĩ or Avatí Chipá, which despite having a yellow hue, acquires a whitish when grinding the grains. To a lesser extent, there are wide varieties scattered throughout the country: the Avatí Guapy, the Avatí Mitã, the Avatí Tĩ, the Pichinga Aristado, the Sapé Pytã, the Tupi Morotĩ and the Tupi Pytã.

Cassava and starch
Present in many countries, the first references would indicate that in Peru they were already cultivated in the 20th century BC. The not erroneous conclusion is that it is of South American origin. Cassava spread throughout Central America and the Mayans had already cultivated it since the 800s AD and today, many African peoples have it in their essential diet. It became so cosmopolitan that Thailand became one of the largest producers and the one that produces the most starch in the world. In the Paraguayan cuisine, cassava starch is mixed with cheese and milk to make baked buns called chipa, the most common snack. Starch is also used to give consistency to meat and vegetable stews such as vorí vorí, mbeju, or caburé; and it's the main ingredient in the preparation of lampreado or payaguá mascada. The truth is that boiled cassava manioc replaces bread on the daily table of Paraguayan dishes.

Culinary dishes

Meat, vegetables, manioc, maize, and fruits are common in Paraguayan cuisine. Barbecuing is both a cooking technique and often a social event, and are known as the Asado. Many dishes are based on corn, milk, cheese and meat, and fish caught in rivers are also eaten. There are about 70 varieties of chipa (cake) in Paraguay. Most chipas are made from manioc flour, which is derived from cassava, and cornmeal.
 Chipa is a bread made with manioc, egg and cheese.
In Argentina known as chipá and in Bolivia as cuñapé.
 Chipa guasu is a cake made with corn grains, and is an original and common food of Paraguay. It is often served at the asado.
 Chipa so'o is another type of cake.
 A traditional kiveve is made using pumpkin or "andai", water, salt, oil, onion (chopped into very small pieces), milk, sugar, corn flour and fresh cheese.
 Lampreado, better known as Payaguá Mascada, is a fried cake made from manioc flour.
 Mazamorra is a cooked corn mush dish.
 Mbaipy-so-ó is a corn pudding with meat.
 Mbejú is a starch cake and staple food of the Paraguayan diet.
 Milanesa, is a breaded meat cutlet, fried, baked or sauteed.
 Authentic Paraguay cheese
 Parrillada is a dish of meat cooked over hot banana leaves and coals.
 Pira caldo is a fish soup that is part of the traditional cuisine.
 Sopa paraguaya is a traditional Paraguayan dish. Literally meaning "Paraguayan soup," sopa paraguaya is similar to corn bread. Corn flour, pig fat (lard) or butter, cheese and milk or whey are common ingredients. It is a spongy cake that is rich in calories and protein content, and is the national dish of Paraguay.Though it is native to Paraguay, this dish can be found in other Spanish-speaking countries.
 Soyo is a thick soup of meat crushed in a mortar, seasoned with several spices and vegetables.
 Vori vori is a thick, yellow soup with little balls made of cornmeal, corn flour, and cheese.

Pastas, sausages and hors d'oeuvres
In Paraguay, noodles, ravioli, gnocchi, pizzas, croquettes, and sausages are widely consumed. Among the varieties of sausages, the "besitos" stand out, which are small, spicy grilled chorizos; then there are other varieties like the stuffed-cheese chorizo, the caazapeño chorizo, the missionary chorizo, the vienna sausage and the botifarra. It is customary that with stews and noodles with tomato sauce, green leafy salads with fresh tomatoes are consumed. The empanadas and hot dogs are consumed inside the bread. Milanesa (in Italian: Cotoletta) is also consumed, a legacy of Italian immigration, which is a filet of beef or chicken in breadcrumbs, also very present in the gastronomy of Argentina and Uruguay. Among the most common snacks are the flour lampreado, payaguá mascada, cassava empanada, sandwich de lomo, milanesa sandwich, chicharrón, to name few. In addition to the traditional Sunday asado, other dishes commonly consumed are the stake roast, pot roast, grilled surubí, cabeza guateada, grilled dorado, etc.

Desserts
 Cake of many different varieties.
 Kosereva is a common "barreled" candy that is native to Paraguay, with the hardened skin of the sour orange ("apepú", in Guaraní language), cooked in black molasses, resulting in a bittersweet and acid taste and having a high protein content.
 Mbaipy-he-é is a dessert dish made with milk, molasses and corn.
 Dulce de leche, literally translated, means "candy [made] of milk" or "sweet [made] of milk." It is used to fill cakes, spread over toasted bread for breakfast or any other type of bakery goods. Specially good with kokitos or buttered mosquitos. Often paired with bowls of flour.

Beverages

The typical non-alcoholic drinks of Paraguay are of Guaraní origin. As a result of the evolution of Paraguayan culinary art, the way in which these infusions are drunk is not the same way they were drunk back then. This paradigm applies especially to tereré, since although the Guaraní consumed yerba mate before the 17th century, it has been shown that they only consumed the extract of the yerba leaf as a kind of tea. In addition, they smoked the raw yerba leaves as cigars, similar to those made with tobacco leaves. It was much later that knowledge about Pojhá ro'ysã (fresh herbs) and Pojhá akú (hot herbs) was acquired in the modern Paraguayan society, which in the botanical universe is called Pojhá ñaná in Guaraní (medicinal herbs).

In 2011, through National Law No. 4,261, it was declared that: "Tereré is Cultural Heritage and National Drink of Paraguay", establishing the last Saturday of February of each year as the "Tereré Day".

In times past, the appropriate and available thermoses for each infusion were and still are used; for example, the stainless steel thermos for mate, the plastic or sports thermos for tereré and the coffee thermos for the sweet mates (a kind of milky mate that replace yerba mate for grated coconut). In recent years, the use of the bi-thermal thermos (hot & cold) for all these drinks is popular and increasingly frequent, which, like the classical thermos, is still complemented by the custom of personalizing them by lining them with leatherette. At the end of 2015, the furor of technological thermoses began, which although it had not yet become popular then, is for the reason that it needed adjustments and studies to guarantee its commercial exploitation.

Fruit juices and soft drinks are common. Beer and wine are also widely available; Pilsen is one of the most popular brands of beer. Caña is an alcoholic beverage made from sugarcane juice, and mosto is a non-alcoholic variety.

Cocido is hot tea made out of yerba mate and sugar cooked on a pan with burning coal. The elements are then filtered with hot water and can be taken alone or with milk. The color of cocido is dark brown similar to black coffee and is usually enjoyed with chipa or mbejú.

Wine production
Contrary to what has long been thought, the Paraguayan soil in the western region qualifies as suitable for viticulture. Paraguay became an exporter of wines since the Spanish colonial era until the beginning of the Paraguayan War. After a brief return and cessation of activities at the beginning of the 20th century, in 2019 oenology was established again to produce the only high-quality wine range made in Paraguay. "Bodega Giacometti" is a franchise of César Victorio Giacometti, who began making wines in Córdoba and then in Paraguay. Some of the imported grape varieties come from various parts of the world, including the Uco Valley region of Mendoza. These vineyards were acclimatized and thanks to technical support, they were able to be cultivated in the Chaco. They currently produce two lines, Amore and Sognatore. The varieties that are most produced are Red, Rosé, White, Merlot, Malbec, Sauvignon, Cabernet, Rose Malbec and Sparkling.

See also
 Argentine cuisine
 Brazilian cuisine
 Uruguayan cuisine
 Cuisine of Asunción

References

External links
 Sopa-Paraguaya (recipe).

South American cuisine
Latin American cuisine

Paraguayan cuisine


Anthony Clarke Booth  (21 April 1846 – 8 December 1899) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Born in Carrington, Nottingham, he was 32 years old, and a sergeant in the 80th Regiment of Foot (Staffordshire Volunteers) (later The South Staffordshire Regiment), British Army in the Battle of Intombe during the Zulu War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

Action
On 12 March 1879 on the Intombe River, South Africa (Zulu War), during an attack by very large numbers of the enemy, Sergeant Booth rallied a few men on the south bank of the river and covered the retreat of 50 soldiers and others for a distance of three miles. Had it not been for the coolness displayed by this NCO not one man would have escaped.

The London Gazette has him as a colour sergeant, but on the day of the Battle of Ntombe (or Battle of Intombe) he was actually a sergeant; his promotion coming the following day to replace a colour sergeant killed in the action. The gazetting of his VC was delayed due to the fact that the surviving officer from the action, Lt. Henry Hollingworth Harward, was court-martialled for cowardice. The trial commenced on 20 February 1880 and concluded on 27 February 1880. Harward escaped the charges brought against him for deserting his men but he resigned his commission in May 1880. During the course of the trial, Booth's award appeared in The London Gazette on 24 February 1880.

His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Staffordshire Regiment Museum in Whittington, Staffordshire.

References

External links
Location of grave and VC medal (Staffordshire)

1846 births
1899 deaths
Military personnel from Nottingham
South Staffordshire Regiment soldiers
British recipients of the Victoria Cross
Anglo-Zulu War recipients of the Victoria Cross
British Army personnel of the Anglo-Zulu War
British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross
Burials in Staffordshire

Anthony Clarke Booth


Anna Theodora Bernardina "Ank" Bijleveld-Schouten (born March 17, 1962 in IJsselmuiden) is a Dutch politician of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA).

She was Defense Minister in the Third Rutte cabinet.

Bijleveld was born in a family, of which the father was in the military. After studying public administration at the Technical College of Twente, she became a municipal councillor of Enschede in 1986. She was chosen into the Second Chamber in 1989. She was successively mayor of the municipality of Hof van Twente from 2001 to 2007, deputy government minister in the Fourth Balkenende cabinet from 2007 to 2010, and King's Commissioner of the Province of Overijssel from 2011 to 2017.

From October 26, 2017 to September 17, 2021, she was Minister of Defense in Rutte 3. She stepped down because the evacuation of Afghans who worked for the Netherlands and tried to flee from the Taliban after they conquered Afghanistan, did not quite go well. Foreign minister Sigrid Kaag resigned before her.

She has been acting mayor of Almere since January 17, 2022, as successor of Franc Weerwind.

Ank Bijleveld is married with two children, and is a member of the Catholic Church.

References

 Parlement.com

1962 births
Living people
Christian Democratic Appeal politicians
Dutch mayors
Dutch Roman Catholics
Members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
Government ministers of the Netherlands
People from Kampen
Politicians from Overijssel

Ank Bijleveld


Rahere (pronounced ), or Raher or Raherius, was an Anglo-Norman priest and monk. He was a favourite of King Henry I and is most famous for having founded St Bartholomew's Priory and the Hospital of St Bartholomew in 1123.

Many of the details of Rahere's life have become confused, having been variously described as a cleric, a courtier, a minstrel and a jester, but undoubtedly Rahere existed and did many of the things in the legends about him. He may at different times in his life have been all of these.

Rahere is listed as a canon of St Paul's Cathedral in a document of 1115. On a pilgrimage to Rome, he fell ill and had a reputed vision of St Bartholomew, who directed him to establish a religious hospital. Upon his return to England, he followed this calling and founded a priory at Smithfield in London, being installed as its prior, a position he held until his death. An ornate tomb in his memory can be found inside the Priory Church of St Bartholomew the Great.

He is the subject of Rudyard Kipling's poem "Rahere", collected in Debits and Credits, as well as being a major figure in Kipling's story "The Tree of Justice", featuring in Rewards and Fairies. He is also a significant character in Rosemary Sutcliff's historical novel for children, The Witch's Brat (1970). It seems likely that Sutcliff was first introduced to Rahere by reading Kipling's Rewards and Fairies as a child and later chose him as a character for one of her own books: Kipling's works are a significant and openly acknowledged inspiration for Sutcliff.

Alan Gordon acknowledges Rahere in the Historical Notes to Thirteenth Night, the first book in his "Fools Guild" series of historical novels. (Not to be confused with the modern Fool's Guild.)

References

Further reading

External links
 Rahere's grant
 Photograph of Rahere's tomb in the church of St Bartholomew-the-Great
 Notes on the poem "Rahere"

1144 deaths
12th-century English people
Augustinian canons
English officers of arms

Rahere


The Brantford Red Sox are an independent team of the Intercounty Baseball League based in Brantford, Ontario. They play their home games at Arnold Anderson Stadium.

History
The Brantford Red Sox were founded in 1911 when they joined the Canadian Baseball League.

In 1915, the league folded due to World War I, and after a short hiatus the team played in the Michigan-Ontario League from 1919 to 1922. After another break they joined the Ontario League in 1930, which folded due to the Great Depression. Brantford first joined the Intercounty Baseball League in 1921 but not under the name "Red Sox"(that name was in use by the Brantford team in the Michigan-Ontario League). It was in 1946 when Brantford first had a team named the Red Sox in the I-C (intermediate division).

Championships

In 1921, they joined the Intercounty Baseball League. They won the championship 15 times.

The Brantford Red Sox's six consecutive championships from 2008 to 2013 set an Intercounty Baseball League record

Won the Pennant 11 times.

Hall of Famers
London, Ontario-born left-handed pitcher, Ron Stead, for example, led Brantford to five league titles (1960-1963, 1965) and was inducted into the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame on June 24, 2006, in St. Marys, Ontario. Stead also won an Intercounty title with the Guelph C-Joys in 1970.

A legend of the Intercounty loop, Stead is first in all-time wins (104), strikeouts (1,231), shutouts (25), most appearances (198), most innings pitched (1,365) and complete games (116). Stead was a 10-time All-Star and four-time MVP (1960, 1963, 1965 and 1967). He was also the starting pitcher for Team Canada at the 1967 Pan American Games in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.

2006 Red Sox win the Jack and Lynne Dominico Trophy

On August 25, 2006, the Brantford Red Sox won the Intercounty title for the first time since 1981 by defeating the London Majors 7-3 in Brantford before 2,000 fans at Arnold Anderson Stadium in Cockshutt Park.

Brantford, which finished third in the standings during regular season play, came on strong during the second half of the regular season and the playoffs. In the championship series, the Red Sox defeated the London Majors four games to one.

The 2006 IBL championship team includes: Jason Gotwalt, Lee Delfino, Adam Clarke, Al Stephens, Dave Parsons, Hyung Cho, Ryan Brickman, Chris Baker, Adam Vella, Wayne Forman, Raul Borjas, Brad Hogeterp, Mike Anderson, Mark Ferguson, Josh McCurdy, Steve Murray, Tyler Moe, Stefan Strecker, John Ogiltree, Aaron Boag, Tyler Burnell, Adrian Kerr, John Axford, John Mariotti, Min Soo Kim and manager/ vice-president of baseball operations Rick Johnston.

Ownership history
 Jerry Roseman (1977-78)
 Jay Johnson and Perry Davidson (1979-1984)
 Walter Gretzky, Romeo Shannelly, and John Mount (1985-1991)
 Mike Calbeck (1992-2001)
 Paul Aucoin (2002 -2014)
 Jeff Hamilton and Lee Delfino (2015-2016)
 Rick and Connie Pomerleau (2017 to present)

References

External links

 Ron Stead, Intercounty star recognized
 Brantford Red Sox Sold

Baseball teams in Ontario
Sport in Brantford
Intercounty Baseball League
Baseball teams established in 1911
1911 establishments in Ontario
Michigan-Ontario League teams

Brantford Red Sox


Cannon Rock is an 1895 oil painting by Winslow Homer. It is part of the Metropolitan Museum of Art's collection.

Description
Cannon Rock is an 1895 oil painting depicting an offshore wave breaking over a submerged shelf, with water surging into an inlet created by rocks in the foreground. The work is part of the Metropolitan Museum of Art's collection.

Reception
The New York Times Geraldine Fabricant said the painting is not a literal representation and "bears little resemblance to the actual place". She writes, "In reality, the offshore wave would break only at low tide, but the wave fills the inlet only at high tide." In his Winslow Homer in the 1890s: Prout's Neck Observed, Homer expert Philip Beam noted the artist's rearranging of the horizontal ledges of rock into a triangular shape so that "it rivets attention on his main motive".

See also
 1895 in art

References

1895 paintings
Water in art
Paintings by Winslow Homer
Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

Cannon Rock (painting)


《오, 아름다운 버진아일랜드!》는 영국령 버진아일랜드의 국가이다.

가사

Out of the huts of history's pain

Our ancestors bled and died!

But with strength and will power we overcame

To restore Virgin Islands pride!

To preserve our beauty we devised a plan

To obtain ownership of your precious lands!

Educating our people is the golden key

To maintain the success of this Territory!

We shall protect your bountiful shores

And uphold your dignity!

We shall fight to preserve your culture

Your splendour and integrity!

And we shall never fail to understand

How blessed we are to possess this land!

So we shall unite standing proud and tall

Let none divide us, lest we fall!

Chorus

Oh how radiant are your daughters!

And how wealthy are your sons!

Your beaches boast your beauty!

And your success is second to none!

Green and brilliant are your hillsides!

They replenish our hopes and pride!

Oh Beautiful Virgin Islands!

Your qualities can never be denied!

May God richly bless this country!

May we ask three things of thee…

Courage for our great leaders

That they may rule our destiny!

We ask for wisdom for our people

That we may live in harmony!

And understanding for children

So they may cherish this legacy!

Chorus

영국령 버진아일랜드의 문화
국가
2012년 영국령 버진아일랜드

영국령 버진아일랜드의 국가


Richard Jessup (January 2, 1925 in Savannah, Georgia - October 22, 1982 in Nokomis, Florida) was an American author and screenwriter. He also wrote under the name of Richard Telfair.

Biography

Mr. Jessup spent his early years in and out of a local orphanage before running away to sea as a merchant seaman. In an interview in 1970, he said that he had read himself around the world, ferreting out English-language bookshops at each port of call and reading a book a day while at sea.  During this time, he copied War and Peace on a typewriter while afloat, corrected all the errors, then threw the work over the side. In 1948, he left the sea behind and began a career as a full-time writer, averaging 10 hours a day at the typewriter. He designed and built a home in Connecticut, where he lived until moving to Florida a few years ago.

Several of his novels drew upon his experiences at sea; one of them, Sailor, about a youth who signs on as a merchant seaman and sails around the world, was described in The New York Times as a seafaring novel written with salt spray and affection.

Mr. Jessup wrote more than 60 books, most of them paperback originals about crime (A Rage to Die), detectives (Cry Passion), Indians (Comanche Vengeance) and adventure (The Deadly Duo, about an American reporter who tries to foil a murder on the Riviera). He wrote under several pseudonyms, including Richard Telfair, and he also wrote radio shows and television scripts. Book Becomes a Movie.

His best-known work, The Cincinnati Kid, published in 1964 in hardcover and later made into a motion picture with Steve McQueen, Edward G. Robinson, Ann Margaret and Tuesday Weld, was highly praised in The Times. Mr. Jessup has brilliantly enlarged the microcosm of the gambling table, to make it a genuine setting for a novel, said the reviewer. Within its circle, men act out, again and again, their commitment against the gratuitousness and terror of fate. Some turn into machines that bleed inside. And others come to know finally that they are human beings.

Mr. Jessup attributed much of his outlook to a chance meeting with Albert Camus in Marsailles in 1945, during which they drank together for hours and the philosopher impressed upon the 20-year-old seaman his existential philosophy.

Mr. Jessup wrote the book and the screenplay for Chuka, about the lone survivor of a massacre by Arapahoe Indians in the 1870s. The movie starred Rod Taylor, Ernest Borgnine and John Mills. Mr. Jessup also wrote Foxway, a novel published in 1971 about a psychologically distraught young combat veteran of Vietnam. His last novel, Threat, published 1981, also dealt with a Vietnam veteran, this one who was working his way through Columbia University by robbing bookies in an effort to raise ransom money for his twin brother, a prisoner of the North Vietnamese.

Works

Novels
 The Cunning and the Haunted (Fawcett - 1954)
 A Rage to Die (Fawcett - 1955)
 Cry Passion (Dell - 1956)
 Night Boat to Paris (Dell - 1956)
 The Young Don't Cry (Fawcett - 1957)
 The Man in Charge (Secker - 1957)
 Comanche Vengeance (Fawcett Gold Medal - 1957)
 Lowdown (Dell - 1958)
 The Deadly Duo (Dell - 1959)
 Chuka (Fawcett Gold Medal - 1961)
 Port Angelique (Fawcett - 1961)
 Wolf Cop (Fawcett - 1961)
 The Cincinnati Kid (Little, Brown and Co. - 1963)
 The Recreation Hall (Little, Brown and Co. - 1967)
 Sailor (Little, Brown and Co. - 1969)
 A Quiet Voyage Home (Little, Brown and Co. - 1970)
 Foxway (Little, Brown and Co. - 1971)
 Sabadilla (The Book Service Ltd, London - 1973)
 The Hot Blue Sea (Doubleday - 1974)
 Threat (Viking - 1981)

as Richard Telfair
 The Bloody Medallion (Fawcett - 1959)
 The Corpse That Talked (Ditto - 1959)
 Sundance (Fawcett - 1959), original novel based on the western TV series Hotel de Paree
 Scream Bloody Murder (Fawcett - 1960)
 Good Luck Sucker (Ditto - 1961)
 The Slavers (Fawcett - 1961)
 Target for Tonight (Dell - 1962), original novel based on the first version of the TV series Danger Man

Printed works

His first published novel was The Cunning and the Haunted published in 1954 based on his experiences in orphanages.  In the same year, Jessup wrote a teleplay for Tom Corbett, Space Cadet. The novel was filmed as The Young Don't Cry in 1957 with Jessup writing the screenplay for the film with Sal Mineo as the lead.

He began writing Westerns in 1957 with Cheyenne Saturday and finishing with Chuka where he wrote the screenplay for the film of the same name for actor and producer Rod Taylor.  Jessup wrote a series of three Westerns featuring Wyoming Jones under the name Richard Telfair.  With his Western series ending, in the same year he wrote again as Telfair for a series of spy novels featuring Montgomery Nash.  He used the name Telfair for an original novel based on the TV series Danger Man (the half-hour precursor to "Secret Agent", as it was known in the US) called Target for Tonight in 1962.

Inspired by The Hustler, Jessup wrote a novel of poker playing called The Cincinnati Kid that was filmed with Steve McQueen.  In 1962, another of his novels, The Deadly Duo, was also filmed.

In 1969, he wrote Sailor based on his experiences as a merchant seaman.

Otto Preminger bought the rights to his novel Foxway for filming, but the movie was never made.

His final work was Threat published in 1981.

He died of cancer in 1982.

References

External links

1925 births
1982 deaths
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American memoirists
American spy fiction writers
Western (genre) writers
American male screenwriters
People from Nokomis, Florida
American male novelists
Screenwriters from Florida
20th-century American male writers
Novelists from Florida
American male non-fiction writers
20th-century American screenwriters

Richard Jessup


Charles Francis Adams (August 18, 1807 – November 21, 1886) was an American historical editor, writer, politician, and diplomat. As United States Minister to the United Kingdom during the American Civil War, Adams was crucial to Union efforts to prevent British recognition of the Confederate States of America and maintain European neutrality to the utmost extent. Adams also featured in national and state politics before and after the Civil War.

Adams was the patriarch of one of the United States's most prominent political families: his father and grandfather were Presidents John Quincy Adams and John Adams, about whom he wrote a major biography. He had seven children, including John Quincy II, Charles Jr., Henry, and Brooks.

Adams served two terms in the Massachusetts State Senate before helping to found the abolitionist Free Soil Party in 1848; he was the party's vice-presidential candidate in the election of 1848 on a ticket with former president Martin Van Buren. He was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1858 and re-elected in 1860.

During the Civil War, Adams served as the United States Minister to the United Kingdom under Abraham Lincoln, where he played a key role in keeping the British government neutral and not diplomatically recognizing the Confederacy. After the War, he became alienated from the Republican Party and was successively a Liberal Republican, Anti-Mason, and Democrat. In 1876, he was the unsuccessful Democratic nominee for Governor of Massachusetts.

Adams became an overseer of Harvard University and built the Stone Library at Peacefield, the Adams' family home which is now part of the Adams National Historical Park in Quincy, Massachusetts, to honor his father.

Early life
Adams was born in Boston on August 18, 1807, and he was one of three sons and a daughter born to John Quincy Adams (1767–1848) and Louisa Catherine Johnson (1775–1852).  His older brothers were George Washington Adams (1801–1829) and John Adams II (1803–1834).  His sister, Louisa, was born in 1811 but died in 1812 while the family was in Russia. He was named in part after Francis Dana.

He attended Boston Latin School and Harvard College, where he graduated in 1825. He then studied law with Daniel Webster, attained admission to the bar, and practiced in Boston. He wrote numerous reviews of works about American and British history for the North American Review.

During the presidency of his father John Quincy Adams (1825–1829), Charles and his brothers John and George were all rivals for the same woman, their cousin Mary Catherine Hellen, who lived with the Adams family after the death of her parents.  In 1828, John married Mary in a White House ceremony, and both Charles and George declined to attend.

Career

In 1840, Adams was elected to three one-year terms in the Massachusetts House of Representatives and he served in the Massachusetts Senate from 1843 to 1845.  In 1846, he purchased and became editor of the Boston Whig newspaper.  In 1848, he was the unsuccessful nominee of the Free Soil Party for Vice President of the United States, running on a ticket with former president Martin Van Buren as the presidential nominee. That same year, his father died from a stroke at age 80.

From the 1840s, Adams became one of the finest historical editors of his era. He developed his expertise in part because of the example of his father, who in 1829 had turned from politics (after his defeated bid for a second presidential term in 1828) to history and biography. John Quincy Adams began a biography of his father, John Adams, but wrote only a few chapters before resuming his political career in 1830 with his election to the U.S. House of Representatives.

The younger Adams, fresh from his edition of the letters of his grandmother Abigail Adams, Letters of Mrs. Adams, the Wife of John Adams (1840), took up the project that his father had left uncompleted and between 1850 and 1856 turned out not just the two volumes of the biography but eight further volumes presenting editions of John Adams's Diary and Autobiography, his major political writings, and a selection of letters and speeches. The edition, titled The Works of John Adams, Esq., Second President of the United States, was the only edition of John Adams's writings until the family donated the cache of Adams papers to the Massachusetts Historical Society in 1854 and authorized the creation of the Adams Papers project; the modern project had published accurate scholarly editions of John Adams's diary and autobiography, several volumes of Adams family correspondence, two volumes on the portraits of John and Abigail Adams and John Quincy and Louisa Catherine Adams, and the early years of the diary of Charles Francis Adams, who published a revised edition of the biography in 1871. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1857.

Congressman and diplomat
As a Republican, Adams was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1858, where he chaired the Committee on Manufactures. He was re-elected in 1860 but resigned to become U.S. minister (ambassador) to the Court of St James's (Britain), a post previously held by his father and grandfather, from 1861 to 1868. Powerful Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner had wanted the position and so became alienated from Adams. Britain had already recognized Confederate belligerency, but Adams was instrumental in maintaining British neutrality and preventing British diplomatic recognition of the Confederacy during the American Civil War.

Part of his duties included corresponding with British civilians, including Karl Marx and the International Workingmen's Association. Adams and his son, Henry Adams, who served as his private secretary, also were kept busy monitoring Confederate diplomatic intrigues and the construction of rebel commerce raiders (like hull N°290, launched as  Enrica from Liverpool but was soon transformed near the Azores Islands into sloop-of-war ) and blockade runners by British shipyards.

His main success as a diplomat was in keeping Britain neutral. He helped resolve the Trent Affair in 1861, in which an American naval officer had violated British rights. With the Union blockade of Confederate ports growing increasingly successful, little cotton now reached Europe except through Union channels. A strong element in Britain, including Chancellor of the Exchequer William Gladstone, wanted to intervene to help the Confederacy. Adams warned doing so would mean war with the United States, as well as the cutting off American food exports, which constituted about a fourth of the British food supply. The American Navy, increasingly strong, would try to sink British shipping.

The British government pulled back from talk of war when the Confederate invasion of the North was defeated at Antietam, and Lincoln announced that he would issue the Emancipation Proclamation. Adams and his staff collected details on the shipbuilding issue, showing how warships and blockade runners built for the Confederacy caused widespread damage to American interests, the former being against the U.S. Merchant Marine and the latter against the Union Army on the battlefield. The evidence became the basis of the postwar Alabama Claims. The claims went to arbitration, with Adams in charge of the American side. However, the British in 1872 agreed to pay $15 million (~$ in ) in damages only for damages caused by British-built Confederate warships.

Meeting with Joseph Smith
In 1844, while traveling with his cousin Josiah Quincy, Charles Francis Adams met Joseph Smith, the founder of the Church of Jesus Christ and the Latter Day Saints, in Nauvoo, Illinois, and received a copy of the Book of Mormon which had previously belonged to Smith's first wife, Emma Smith. The book is now in the archive collections of Adams National Historical Park. At the visit, Smith showed Adams and Quincy four Egyptian mummies and ancient papyri. Adams was not impressed by Smith, and wrote in his diary entry that day, "Such a man is a study not for himself, but as serving to show what turns the human mind will sometimes take. And herafter if I should live, I may compare the results of this delusion with the condition in which I saw it and its mountebank apostle."

Later life
Back in Boston, Adams declined the presidency of Harvard University, but became one of its overseers in 1869. In 1870 he built the first presidential library in the United States to honor his father John Quincy Adams. The Stone Library includes over 14,000 books written in twelve languages. The library is at Peacefield (also known as the "Old House") which is now part of Adams National Historical Park in Quincy, Massachusetts.

In 1876, Adams ran unsuccessfully for Governor of Massachusetts.

During the 1876 Electoral College controversy, Adams sided with Democrat Samuel J. Tilden over Republican Rutherford B. Hayes for the White House.

Personal life

On September 3, 1829, he married Abigail Brown Brooks (1808–1889), whose father was shipping magnate Peter Chardon Brooks (1767–1849).  She had two sisters, Charlotte, who was married to Edward Everett, a Massachusetts politician, and Ann, who was married to Nathaniel Frothingham, a Unitarian minister.  Together, they were the parents of:

 Louisa Catherine Adams (1831–1870), who married Charles Kuhn
 John Quincy Adams II (1833–1894)
 Charles Francis Adams Jr. (1835–1915)
 Henry Brooks Adams (1838–1918)
 Arthur George Adams (1841–1846), who died young
 Mary Gardiner Adams (1845–1928), who married Dr. Henry Parker Quincy
 Peter Chardon Brooks Adams (1848–1927)

Adams died in Boston on November 21, 1886, at the age of 79, and was interred in Mount Wollaston Cemetery, Quincy. He was the last surviving child of John Quincy Adams.

His wife Abigail's "health and spirits" worsened after her husband's death, and she died at Peacefield on June 6, 1889.

References
Notes

Sources
 Adams Jr., Charles Francis, Charles Francis Adams, Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1900.
 Butterfield, L. H. et al., eds., The Adams Papers (1961– ). Multivolume letterpress edition of all letters to and from major members of the Adams family, plus their diaries; still incomplete.
 Donald, Aida Dipace and Donald, David Herbert, eds., Diary of Charles Francis Adams (2 vols.). Harvard University Press, 1964.
 Duberman, Martin. Charles Francis Adams, 1807–1886. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1961, reissued by Stanford University Press, 1968.
 Egerton, Douglas R. Heirs of an Honored Name: The Decline of the Adams Family and the Rise of Modern America. Basic Books, 2019.

External links

 Appleton's Biography edited by Stanley L. Klos

 Charles Francis Adams Sr. Civil War era diaries Digital Edition
 Nagel, Paul. Descent from Glory: Four Generations of the John Adams Family. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.
 Texas and the Massachusetts Resolutions, by Charles Francis Adams, published 1844, hosted by the Portal to Texas History
 Selected diplomatic Letters of the Lincoln administration at Ford's Theatre site, including several to or from Adams
Mount Wollaston Cemetery Tour (includes grave image)

|-

|-

|-

|-

1807 births
1886 deaths
People from Beacon Hill, Boston
Politicians from Boston
Lawyers from Boston
Adams, Charles Francis I
Thomas Johnson family
American people of English descent
Massachusetts Whigs
Massachusetts Free Soilers
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts
1848 United States vice-presidential candidates
1872 United States vice-presidential candidates
Massachusetts state senators
Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
Ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom
Politicians from Quincy, Massachusetts
Children of presidents of the United States
19th-century American diplomats
Harvard College alumni
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the American Philosophical Society
People of Massachusetts in the American Civil War

Charles Francis Adams Sr.


Spice and the Devil's Cave is a book by Agnes Hewes that was published in 1930. This piece of historical fiction is a retroactive winner of the Newbery Honor award.

The setting is Lisbon, Portugal in the late 1490s, as Vasco de Gama, Bartholomew Diaz, and Ferdinand Magellan discuss their plans to find the elusive sea route around the Cape of Good Hope, which would enable Portugal to access the spice-rich countries of the Far East.

External links
Spice and the Devil's Cave,  HTML ebook, with illustrations by Lynd Ward, at Celebration of Women Writers

1930 American novels
Children's historical novels
American children's novels
Newbery Honor-winning works
Novels set in Lisbon
Novels set in the 1490s
1930 children's books
Children's books set in Portugal
Children's books set in the 15th century

Spice and the Devil's Cave


The Desperate Preacher's Site is one of the first web sites on the World Wide Web to offer Christian educators and ministers a forum for discussion and exchange of resources. Founded by United Methodist Minister, Rev. Frank Schaefer, the site aims to provide exchanges and resources that are ecumenical and international in nature. Schaefer has been its director and developer from 1996 to the present time.

History
The Desperate Preacher's Site was founded as a grassroots commentary and discussion web site for religious ministers in 1996 and was placed under the umbrella of JavaCasa Web Resources in 1998.  The web site was hailed as an innovative resource for Christian preachers using new media in a November 2000 article by Ecumenical News International (ENI) which was published among other webzines by Christianity Today, entitled: "Site Hopes to Help Pastors in a Sunday Sermon Crunch."

Another related article from The Tampa Bay Times (formerly The St. Petersburg Times) is called "Thou shalt not plagiarize," by DAVE SCHEIBER.  It references DesperatePreacher.com ("Desperate Preacher's Site") as well as other similar websites in an article that discusses their use and validity.

Such websites have come under scrutiny since the widely publicized suspensions and resignations of priests and pastors on account of "pulpit plagiarism."  The question has been raised whether such web sites are encouraging religious teachers and leaders to use posted or published sermon manuscripts without giving proper accreditation when presented from the pulpit or lectern.  An article detailing these issues is called "Pulpit polemic: Recycled sermons are on the mount," by Suzanne Sataline, which was originally published by The Wall Street Journal and then republished by the Union Tribune of San Diego, California.

References

External links

 USA Today "Sermon Sharing-Timesaver Or Sin?"
 Union-Tribune U-T San Diego "Pulpit polemic: Recycled sermons are on the mount"

Christian websites
Christian mass media companies
Internet properties established in 1996

Desperate Preacher's Site


Linguistic reductions are lost sounds in words, which happens in spoken English. For instance, "going to" changes to "gonna". The most common reductions are contractions. Most contractions are reductions of 'not'. For instance, "cannot" becomes "can't". Many contractions are reductions between a subject and a verb. For instance, "He is..." becomes "He's..."

Some reductions are known to language learners, such as the reduction of a verb and "to". Examples are "going to" becoming "gonna" and "want to" becoming "wanna".

Linguistic reductions are part of natural English and should not be considered slang or improper.

Categories
There are several basic categories of reductions:
 Elision is one or more sounds left out of a word. A common example is "and", which frequently changes to "an" or sometimes even "n". Another example is the "ba" sound in "probably", which leads to the pronunciation, "probly".
 Word stress is a weaker stress on a word. The words near it are stressed more by comparison. The weakly-stressed word may be blended, linked or even deleted.
Function words are words that signify grammatical relations and are different from content words.  Content words tend to carry more information andare often stressed. Function words are often unstressed andmay be reduced, blended, linked or deleted.
 Contractions

Linguistics

Linguistic reduction


A nonmanual feature, also sometimes called nonmanual signal or sign language expression, are the features of signed languages that do not use the hands. Nonmanual features are gramaticised and a necessary component in many signs, in the same way that manual features are. Nonmanual features serve a similar function to intonation in spoken languages.

Purpose
Nonmanual features in signed languages do not function the same way that general body language and facial expressions do in spoken ones. In spoken languages, they can give extra information but are not necessary for the receiver to understand the meaning of the utterance (for example, an autistic person may not use any facial expressions but still get their meaning across clearly, and people with visual impairments may understand spoken utterances without the need for visual aides). Conversely, nonmanual features are needed to understand the full meaning of many signs, and they can drastically change the meaning of individual signs. For example, in ASL the signs HERE and NOT HERE have the same manual sign, and are distinguished only by nonmanual features.

Nonmanual features also do not function the same way as gestures (which exist in both spoken and signed languages), as nonmanual features are grammaticised. For this reason, nonmanual features need to be included in signwriting systems.

Form
In sign languages, the hands do the majority of the work, forming phonemes and giving denotational meaning. Extra meaning however is created through the use of nonmanual features. Despite the literal meaning of manual, not all signs that use other body parts are nonmanual features of the language, and it generally refers to information expressed in the upper half of the body such as the head, eyebrows, eyes, cheeks, and mouth in various postures or movements.

Nonmanual features have two main aspects - place and setting. These are the nonmanual equivalents to HOLM (handshape, orientation, location, and movement) in manual sign components. Place refers to the part of the body used, while setting refers to the state it is in. For example, the Auslan sign for WHY has nonmanual features necessary to distinguish it from the sign BECAUSE. One of these nonmanual features can be described as having the place of [eyebrows] and the setting of [furrowed].

Although it is done using the face, mouthing is not always considered a nonmanual feature, as it is not a natural feature of signed languages, being taken from the local spoken language/s. Because of this, there is debate as to whether mouthing is a sign language feature or a form of codeswitching.

Types

Lexical

Many lexical signs use nonmanual features in addition to the manual articulation. For instance, facial expressions may accompany verbs of emotion, as in the sign for angry in Czech Sign Language.

nonmanual elements can be lexically contrastive. An example is the ASL sign for NOT YET, which requires that the tongue touch the lower lip and that the head rotate from side to side, in addition to the manual part of the sign. Without these features the sign would be interpreted as LATE. Mouthings can also be contrastive, as in the manually identical signs for DOCTOR and BATTERY in Sign Language of the Netherlands.

In some languages, there are a small amount of words that are formed entirely by nonmanual features. For example, in Polish Sign Language, a sign is used to express that the user wishes to self-correct or rephrase an utterance, perhaps best translated as I MEAN. The sign is made by closing the eyes and shaking the head. Because it does not use the hands, this can be used simultaneously as the user rephrases their statement.

Intensifiers can be expressed through nonmanual features, as they have the benefit of being expressed at the same time as manual signs. In Auslan, puffed cheeks can be used simultaneously with the manual sign LARGE to translate the sign better as GIGANTIC.

Nonmanual features are also a part of many sign names.

Phrasal

Many grammatical functions are produced nonmanually, including interrogation, negation, relative clauses and topicalisation, and conditional clauses. ASL and BSL use similar nonmanual marking for yes–no questions - they are shown through raised eyebrows and a forward head tilt. which functions similarly to English's pitch raise in these questions.

Nonmanual features are frequently used to grammatically signify role shift, which is when the signer switches between two or more individuals they are quoting. For example, in German Sign Language this can be done by the signer using signing space to tie quoted speech to pronouns. It can also be expressed by gaze-shifting or head-shifting.

Adjective phrases can be formed using nonmanual features. For instance, in ASL a slightly open mouth with the tongue relaxed and visible in the corner of the mouth means 'carelessly', but a similar nonmanual in BSL means 'boring' or 'unpleasant'.

Discourse

Discourse functions such as turn taking are largely regulated through head movement and eye gaze. Since the addressee in a signed conversation must be watching the signer, a signer can avoid letting the other person have a turn by not looking at them, or can indicate that the other person may have a turn by making eye contact.

Recognition in academia
In early studies of signed languages done by hearing researchers, nonmanual features were largely ignored. In the 1960s, William Stokoe established a system of sign language phonology for American Sign Language and was one of the first researchers to discuss nonmanual features in his writings when he used diacritics in his writings to signify six different facial expressions based on their meanings in English.

From Stokoe's writings until the 1990s, facial expressions were discussed in some studies on signed languages, and awareness of them as a grammaticised aspect of signed languages began to grow. In the 21st century, discussion of nonmanual signs in both research on individual languages and sign language education has become more common, partially due to the increased awareness of minimal pairs in automatic sign language recognition technology.

References

Sign language
Linguistics

Nonmanual feature


Lisa Rachel Zeno Churgin (born January 20, 1955) is an American film editor with more than 25 film credits; she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Film Editing for the 1999 film The Cider House Rules (directed by Lasse Hallström). Since 2002, Churgin has also served as the president of the Motion Picture Editors Guild. Churgin's editing of House of Sand and Fog (directed by Vadim Perelman-2003) was nominated for the Satellite Award for Best Editing.

Churgin has been elected to membership in the American Cinema Editors.

Filmography

Films

Television

References

External links

 Churgin describes her collaboration with director Lasse Hallström on The Cider House Rules.

American film editors
American Cinema Editors
Living people
1955 births

Lisa Zeno Churgin


Jules Archer (January 27, 1915 – November 13, 2008) was an American author who wrote many volumes of non-fiction history for a general audience and for young adults.

Archer attended DeWitt Clinton High School in New York City and the College of the City of New York, where he received a degree in advertising.

Archer served four years during World War II with the Army Air Forces in the Pacific theater. He wrote many books on U.S. history, political events, and personalities, including The Plot to Seize the White House: The Shocking True Story of the Conspiracy to Overthrow FDR, and Jungle Fighters: A G.I. War Correspondent's Experiences in the New Guinea Campaign.

Archer lived the remainder of his life in Scotts Valley, California. His papers are held by the University of Oregon Libraries.

Publications

Battlefield President Dwight D. Eisenhower
Fighting Journalist Horace Greeley
Front-Line General Douglas MacArthur
Man of Steel Joseph Stalin, Julian Messner 1965
Twentieth Century Caesar Benito Mussolini
Angry Abolitionist William Loyd Garrison, Julian Messner 1969
The Philippines' Fight for Freedom, Crowell-Collier Press 1970,
Treason in America: Disloyalty Versus Dissent, E P Dutton 1971,
Ho Chi Minh: Legend of Hanoi, Bailey Bros.& Swinfen Ltd 1973,
They Made a Revolution, 1776, 1975
The Plot to Seize the White House, 1973/2007
Mexico and the United States, 1973
The Incredible Sixties: The Stormy Years That Changed America, 1986
 Who's Running Your Life?: A Look at Young People's Rights, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich 1979,
Resistance, 1973
They Had a Dream: The Civil Rights Struggle from Frederick Douglass to Marcus Garvey to Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X, 1996, Puffin Books,
Winners and Losers: How Elections Work in America, 1984
Mao Tse-Tung, 1972
 Breaking Barriers: The Feminist Revolution from Susan B. Anthony to Margaret ..., 1998
 You Can't Do That to Me: Famous Fights for Human Rights, 1980,

References

20th-century American historians
Historians of the United States
American non-fiction children's writers
American military writers
American political writers
American male non-fiction writers
United States Army Air Forces soldiers
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
City College of New York alumni
DeWitt Clinton High School alumni
People from Scotts Valley, California
1915 births
2008 deaths
20th-century American male writers
Historians from New York (state)
Historians from California

Jules Archer


Kanyā Pūjā (or Kumārī Pūjā) is a Hindu holy ritual, carried out especially on the Ashtami (eighth day) and Navami (ninth day) of the Navaratri festival. The ceremony primarily involves the worship of nine girls, representing the nine forms of Goddess Durga (Navadurga). As per Hindu philosophy, these girls are considered as the manifestation of the natural force of creation. Legend says that it was on the ninth day of Navaratri that Shakti had taken the form of Goddess Durga, on the request of the devas to kill the demon Mahisasura.

Customs

It is a custom to wash and clean the feet of these nine young girls as a mark of respect for the Goddess and offer new clothes as gifts by the devotee. Kanya Puja as a part of Devi worship is to recognise the feminine power vested in the girl child.

The girl should be of young age. There is also a ritual purification and chanting of mantras. She is made to sit on a special pedestal. She is worshipped by offering 'akshat' (rice grains) and by burning incense sticks. She is worshipped because, according to the philosophy of 'Striyah Samastastava Devi Bhedah', women symbolize Mahamaya (the goddess Durga). Even among these a girl child is considered to be the purest, because of her innocence.

Philosophy
Hinduism believes in the universal creative forces to be feminine gender. The very original force is Mahamaya whose inspiration created the gods and the rest of the cosmos. The inspiration is the life force of the entire creation. All the major and minor energies and forces are represented by various goddesses. Navaratra deity Durga and all her dimensions are believed to be the manifestations of the same basic inspiration Mahamaya.

Religiously speaking, Devi is essentially a worship of the great feminine. In a kanya the great feminine potential is at its peak. having developed into a girl of a certain age and before attaining puberty, a female child is considered the most auspicious, most jagrat, and the most clear minded and clear souled individual. While invoking the parashakti in such a form the purity of mind body and spirits is required and is fulfilled by a girl child of the said age of 8+ before reaching puberty. Such a female child is indeed Devi, who in her later life takes the roles of Parvati as a wife and mother, Lakshmi as a housewife, Saraswati as the first guru of her children, Durga as the destroyer of all obstacles for her family, Annapurna as the food provider through her cooking, Kali as the punisher to bring the members of the family on the right track, etc.

References

Hindu festivals
Religious festivals in India
September observances
October observances
Hindu festivals in India
Women's festivals
Hindu festivals in Nepal

Kanya Puja


Marion Strecker (b. São Paulo, October 17, 1960) is a Brazilian journalist, photographer and businessperson. She is known as one of the pioneers of the Internet industry in South America. Since 2011 she has been living in San Francisco, California, and working as an Editor-at-Large for UOL. UOL is the major content portal in Brazil. Since 2010, she has also been a columnist for Folha de S.Paulo, the largest newspaper in Brazil. She writes in the Market section about technology, innovation and behavior.

Strecker is one of the founders of UOL. She was the Content VP of the company from 1996 until 2011. UOL soon became a very large website. It reached about 70% of the online audience in Brazil with news, entertainment and services.

Before joining the team that founded UOL, Marion Strecker worked at Folha de S.Paulo from 1984 to 1996. She was a writer, an art critic, editor of the cultural section, planning coordinator, reporter, director of the archives and director of the Folha News Agency. Strecker was one of the authors of the "Folha Newsroom Manual".

After coordinating the Digitization of the Newspaper Archives Project in the early 90s, Strecker led a team that created many high tech products. These included like audiotext services (1993), the newspaper's full text yearly CD-ROMs (1994-96) and a system similar to a BBS. This system gave all the Folha de S.Paulo journalists and foreign correspondents access to the archives online, using telephone lines and microcomputers. Because of this work, Strecker was given the Folha Award on Journalism, Special Category, in 1995.

She also led the team which created the first website for Folha's Media Group in Brazil. It was first used on 9 July 1995. Later that year, Strecker created the first content team for the launch of UOL in April 1996. UOL soon became the leader in the Brazilian internet market.

Since the 80s, she has written for several magazines and also spoken at many seminars and conferences in Brazil, United States and Europe. In the 90s she had a short career as a Professor of New Technologies for Communication at Casper Libero College of Journalism in São Paulo.

Early in her career as a journalist, Strecker was a writer and a co-editor with Lisette Lagnado of "Arte em São Paulo". This is a magazine founded by the Brazilian painter Luiz Paulo Baravelli, about the visual arts.

Strecker holds a Bachelor's Degree in Social Communication from PUC (Pontific Catholic University of São Paulo). Before working in journalism and online media, Strecker was a music teacher and a performer.

Strecker is married to the Brazilian journalist Mario Cesar Carvalho. They have two children, Theo and Helena.

References
Folha de S.Paulo/columnists
ONA – Online News Association
Abraji - Associação Brasileira de Jornalismo Investigativo
Marion's speech on the first Brazilian Online Presidential debate (Election 2010)
Presentation for University of Texas at Austin
Marion's page on Linked in

1960 births
Living people
Brazilian journalists
Brazilian businesspeople
Brazilian photographers
Brazilian critics
Art critics

Marion Strecker


A national intranet is an  Internet Protocol-based walled garden network maintained by a nation state as a national substitute for the global Internet, with the aim of controlling and monitoring the communications of its inhabitants, as well as restricting their access to outside media. Other names have been used, such as the use of the term halal internet in Islamic countries.

Such networks generally come with access to state-controlled media and national alternatives to foreign-run Internet services: search engines, web-based email, and so forth.

List of countries with national intranets

Myanmar
Burma before 2011 used to have a separate intranet for domestic use called Myanmar Wide Web.

Cuba
Cuba has its own state-controlled intranet called national web.

North Korea

North Korea's Kwangmyong network, dating back to 2000, is the best-known of this type of network. Cuba and Myanmar also use a similar network system that is separated from the rest of the Internet.
The network uses domain names under the .kp top-level domain that are not accessible from the global Internet. As of 2016 the network uses IPv4 addresses reserved for private networks in the 10.0.0.0/8 range.

Russia
In 2020 Russia tested internal internet known as RuNet (Internet in Russian Federation territory).

China

A primary insight flows from our research and it pertains to the stability of China's internet: the internet in China is a walled garden in terms of structure yet at the same time dependent upon Western Europe and the United States for foreign connectivity. Put plainly, in terms of resilience, China could effectively withdraw from the global public internet and maintain domestic connectivity (essentially having an intranet). This means the rest of the world could be restricted from connecting into China, and vice versa for external connections for Chinese businesses/users.

Iran

The National Information Network of Iran works like the Great Firewall of China. In April 2011, a senior Iranian official, Ali Agha-Mohammadi announced government plans to launch its own halal internet, which would conform to Islamic values and provide appropriate services. Creating such a network, similar to the North Korean example, would prevent unwanted information from outside Iran getting into the closed system. The Iranian walled garden would have its own localized email service and search engine.

See also
 Internet censorship by country
 Intranet
 Surveillance state
 Splinternet

References

Internet censorship
Mass surveillance

National intranet


Matthew Vincent LaPorta (born January 8, 1985) is an American former professional baseball first baseman and left fielder who played for the Cleveland Indians of Major League Baseball (MLB) from 2009 to 2012. LaPorta played college baseball for the University of Florida.

Early years
LaPorta was born in Port Charlotte, Florida.  He attended Charlotte High School after transferring from Port Charlotte High School. He played fullback on his freshman football team for the PCHS Pirates.

College career
LaPorta was originally drafted by the Chicago Cubs in the 14th round of the 2003 MLB Draft, but instead accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he played for coach Pat McMahon's Florida Gators baseball team from 2004 to 2007. In 2004, he played collegiate summer baseball in the Cape Cod Baseball League for the Yarmouth-Dennis Red Sox, returned to the league in 2006 to play for the Brewster Whitecaps, and was named a league all-star both seasons.

He led NCAA Division I baseball with 26 home runs, which garnered LaPorta All-American honors as he helped lead the team to the 2005 College World Series final. In , his batting average dipped from .328 to .259. In June, LaPorta was drafted in the fourteenth round of the 2006 Major League Baseball Draft by the Boston Red Sox, but he chose to stay at Florida for his senior year; during that season, he earned his second All-American selection. LaPorta batted .402 with twenty home runs his senior season with the Gators.  Also, LaPorta was recognized as the SEC Player of the Year.  He graduated from Florida with a bachelor's degree in health and human performance in 2009.

Professional career

2007 draft
LaPorta was drafted by the Milwaukee Brewers with the seventh overall pick of the 2007 MLB Draft. The Milwaukee Brewers agreed on June 25 to a contract with LaPorta, giving him a signing bonus of approximately $2 million.

2007 season
After rehabilitating his leg, LaPorta was sent to the Brewers Rookie League Affiliate, the Helena Brewers. In his first at-bat as a professional player, LaPorta hit a home run. He played 7 games with Helena in left field and as the designated hitter. Then in August, he was moved up to the Brewers Single-A affiliate, the West Virginia Power. Laporta had success playing Single-A ball, hitting 10 home runs in 23 games during the regular season. Like in Helena, he played mostly left field and designated hitter. The Power went on to make the South Atlantic League playoffs and advanced to the finale, but lost to the Columbus Catfish in a best of 5 series. LaPorta was selected by the Brewers to represent them in the Arizona Fall League. He played with the Mesa Solar Sox for 30 games, and hit 6 home runs during that time, which was tied for the most in the league.

2008 season

In January, the Brewers announced that LaPorta would be invited to spring training. On the opening day game for the Huntsville Stars, LaPorta hit a grand slam. By May, some wondered whether LaPorta might be the next Ryan Braun.  Through June 13, , LaPorta was leading the Southern League in home runs with 20 and was batting .288 with 66 RBI.

On July 7, 2008, LaPorta was traded to the Cleveland Indians organization along with three other Brewers minor league players in exchange for left-handed starting pitcher CC Sabathia.  Upon his arrival in Akron, Cleveland's Double-A affiliate, he switched from right to left field. He made his first appearance with the club on July 9. LaPorta was selected to play in the Futures Game on July 13 for Team USA. On July 16, LaPorta was one of 24 players selected to represent the United States in the 2008 Beijing Olympics.

Before the Olympics, Team USA competed in exhibition games against Canada. LaPorta had three home runs and five RBIs in the four games against Canada. USA began play in the Olympics on August 13 against Korea.

In a game against China on August 18, LaPorta suffered a mild concussion after he was struck in the head by a pitch by Chinese relief pitcher Chen Kun at the start of the seventh inning. The  beaning followed a controversial play in the sixth inning when American outfielder Nate Schierholtz made a hard slide home against backup catcher Yang Yang on a sacrifice fly. Yang was in the game after China's starting catcher Wang Wei left the game after suffering a left knee injury following a collision at the plate with LaPorta in the fifth inning.  After being struck by the pitch, LaPorta was taken to a hospital for a precautionary CAT scan; Chen Kun and China's pitching coach Steven Ontiveros were ejected from the game.  The United States went on to win the game 9-1. In the Bronze-Medal match against Japan, LaPorta had a solo home run as Team USA won the Bronze Medal.

2009 season
LaPorta attended spring training with the Indians; he was sent to AAA Columbus Clippers on March 24, 2009. LaPorta batted .333 with five homers, four doubles, two triples, 14 RBIs and a 1.054 OPS in 21 games with the Clippers, and was called up to the Indians on May 2. On May 3, LaPorta struck out in his first Major League at bat against the Detroit Tigers.  On May 4, LaPorta hit his first major league home run and his first major league hit off of Toronto's Brian Tallet.

2010 season
Going into spring training for the 2010 season, LaPorta was expected to transition to the role of starting first baseman. However, when the Indians signed Russell Branyan and announced he would be the everyday first baseman, LaPorta instead became a contender for the left field position, along with Michael Brantley. Branyan's back problems limited him to no game action during spring training, causing him to begin the season on the 15-day disabled list. Consequently, LaPorta was moved back to the first baseman position. After Branyan was activated from the disabled list on April 20, LaPorta was moved primarily to the backup first baseman role, with some playing time in left field. In order for him to receive more at-bats and continue his development, LaPorta was optioned to Triple-A Columbus on June 7.  On June 27 the Indians traded Branyan to the Seattle Mariners for  outfielder Ezequiel Carrera and shortstop Juan Diaz,  LaPorta was recalled from Triple-A Columbus to be the everyday first baseman for the Indians.

2012 season
According to Baseball Reference, LaPorta split the 2012 season between the Indians (22 games) and the Columbus Clippers (101 games). On November 20, 2012, LaPorta was assigned outright to the Indians Triple-A affiliate Columbus Clippers.

2014 season
LaPorta signed a minor league deal with the Baltimore Orioles for the 2014 season.

On April 12, 2015 LaPorta announced his retirement.

Awards and achievements
 2005 and 2007 SEC Player of the Year
 Two time Southern League Player of the Week in 2008
 2008 USA Olympic Team
 2008 Futures Game selection

See also

 2005 College Baseball All-America Team
 2007 College Baseball All-America Team
 Florida Gators
 List of Florida Gators baseball players
 List of Olympic medalists in baseball
 List of University of Florida alumni
 List of University of Florida Olympians

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Akron Aeros players
All-American college baseball players
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
American people of Italian descent
Arizona League Indians players
Baseball players from Florida
Baseball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Brewster Whitecaps players
Charlotte High School (Punta Gorda, Florida) alumni
Cleveland Indians players
Columbus Clippers players
Florida Gators baseball players
Helena Brewers players
Huntsville Stars players
Leones del Caracas players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Major League Baseball first basemen
Major League Baseball left fielders
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Mesa Solar Sox players
Mexican League baseball first basemen
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in baseball
People from Port Charlotte, Florida
Piratas de Campeche players
Port Charlotte High School alumni
West Virginia Power players
Yarmouth–Dennis Red Sox players

Matt LaPorta


The 185 series () was an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by the East Japan Railway Company (JR East) primarily on mid-distance limited express services centering on Tokyo.

The class is broadly divided into two variants: 185-0 series for use south-west of Tokyo, and 185-200 series originally for use north of Tokyo.

185-0 series
The 185 series was primarily intended to replace ageing 153 series EMUs used on Izu express trains from Tokyo to the Izu Peninsula. The requirement was also for a "general-purpose" train that could also be used occasionally on local services. This resulted in a design featuring  wide doors at either end of each car, compared with the standard limited express (e.g. 183 series) layout with  wide doors at one end of each car.

A total of eight 10-car sets (sets A1 to A8, including two Green cars) and seven 5-car sets (sets C1 to C7) were built between 1979 and 1980 (115 vehicles in total), and delivered to Tamachi depot. Initially, they were phased in on Izu express trains from March 1981, working alongside (and sometimes coupled with) the older 153 series trains. In October 1981, the Izu express was upgraded to become the Odoriko limited express, with all trains formed of 185 series sets.

The Tamachi Depot fleet was transferred to Ōmiya Depot from the start of the 16 March 2013 timetable revision.

Formations

10-car sets A1 to A8
The 10-car sets A1 to A8 are formed as follows, with car 1 at the Izu end.

Cars 3, 7, and 9 each have one lozenge-type pantograph.

5-car sets C1 to C7
The 5-car sets C1 to C7 are formed as follows, with car 11 at the Izu end.

Car 14 is equipped with a lozenge-type pantograph.

Refurbishment
Between 1993 and 1998, the original Japanese-style toilets in cars 1, 5, and 10 of the A sets, and cars 11 and 15 of the C sets were replaced with western-style toilets. In 1998, the Green car seats were upgraded. Then, from 1999 to 2002, all sets underwent refurbishment, which primarily involved replacing the original flip-over seating in standard-class cars with rotating/reclining seats to bring the level of accommodation in line with other limited express rolling stock. Externally, the sets were repainted from the original white livery with diagonal green stripes to white with "Shōnan" green and orange blocks.

Interior

185-200 series

Sixteen 7-car sets (112 vehicles) including one Green car were delivered between 1980 and 1981 to Shin-Maebashi depot to replace ageing 165 series EMUs. Compared with the earlier 185-0 series sets, these had cold-region specifications, including snow-resistant brakes, front-end horn covers, and were able to operate over the Usui Pass between Yokokawa and Karuizawa in conjunction with JNR Class EF63 electric locomotives. Livery was white with a single green band running the length of each car below the windows. The first trains were introduced on express services such as the Kusatsu and Karuizawa from December 1981.

The Ōmiya-based sets are used on Kusatsu (Ueno - Manza-Kazawaguchi), Minakami (Ueno - Minakami), and Akagi (Ueno - Maebashi) limited express services, as well as Weekend Akagi services. The Tamachi-based B sets are used on Ohayō Tochigi (Shinjuku - Kuroiso/Utsunomiya) and Hometown Tochigi (Shinjuku - Kuroiso) services as well as Odoriko and Hamakaiji limited express services.

From March 2013, the "OM" sets were reversed and reformed with the Green car moved from Car 6 to Car 4 to match the "B" sets transferred from Tamachi Depot. As of 1 April 2013, sets OM03, OM06, OM08, and OM09 remain unchanged.

Formations

7-car sets OM01 to OM09
The 7-car sets OM01 to OM09 are formed as follows, with car 1 at the south (Ueno/Izu) end.

Cars 3 and 6 each have one lozenge-type pantograph.

7-car sets B1 to B7
The 7-car sets B1 to B7 (former Tamachi sets) are formed as follows, with car 1 at the south (Ueno/Izu) end.

Cars 3 and 6 each have one lozenge-type pantograph.

Original "OM" 7-car sets
The 7-car "OM" sets based at Ōmiya were formed as follows prior to March 2013, with car 1 at the south (Ueno) end. , sets OM03, OM06, OM08, and OM09 remain unchanged.

Cars 2 and 4 each have one lozenge-type pantograph.

Shinkansen Relay
Between 23 June 1982 and March 1985, the 185-200 series trains were also used on special Shinkansen Relay shuttle services operating between  in Tokyo and , the then southern terminus of the newly opened Tōhoku Shinkansen. These services ended in March 1985 when the shinkansen line was extended to Ueno. Four sets were then transferred to Tamachi depot for use on Odoriko services. These sets were reformed with the Green car moved from car 6 to car 4, and were repainted with diagonal green stripes to match the 185-0 series sets based at Tamachi depot. A further three sets were transferred to Tamachi between 1988 and 1991, becoming sets B1 to B7.

Refurbishment

Between 1993 and 1998, the original Japanese-style toilets in cars 1, 4, and 7 of the Tamachi-based B sets were replaced with western-style toilets.

The nine sets remaining at Shin-Maebashi depot were all refurbished between September 1995 and November 1996. Refurbishment involved replacing the original flip-over seating in standard-class cars with rotating/reclining seats. Externally, the sets were repainted in white with yellow/grey/red blocks intended to represent the Jōmō mountain range together with "EXPRESS 185" markings below the windows.

In March 2006, the Shin-Maebashi-based sets were transferred to Ōmiya depot, becoming sets OM01 to OM09.

Between March and June 1996, three of the 7-car sets based at Tamachi (B3 to B5) were fitted with ATC equipment for use on the Keihin-Tōhoku Line and Negishi Line when operating on Hamakaiji services. These sets were upgraded with D-ATC equipment between January 2006 and March 2007.

Interior

Reliveried sets

Shōnan-livery OM03

In September 2010, 7-car set OM03 was repainted into the Shōnan colour scheme of orange and green (never previously carried by this type) to recreate the appearance of the early 80 series EMUs, as part of the 50th anniversary celebrations of the Kusatsu limited express service scheduled for October of that year.

Original Odoriko-livery A8

In July 2011, 10-car Tamachi-based set A8 was repainted into the original Odoriko colour scheme of white with green diagonal stripes at Ōmiya Works.

Original Odoriko-livery C1
In June 2012, 5-car Tamachi-based set C1 was repainted into the original Odoriko colour scheme of white with green diagonal stripes at Ōmiya Works.

Amagi-livery OM08

In February 2012, 7-car set OM08 was repainted into the JNR colour scheme of beige and maroon (never previously carried by this type) at Ōmiya Works to recreate the appearance of the early 157 series EMUs used on Amagi services.

Withdrawal
East Japan Railway Company has recently announced that all 185 series sets will be scrapped by 2022. Currently, they are serving as temporary trains.

References

External links

 JR East 185 series Odoriko
 JR East 185 series Akagi/Kusatsu/Minakami

Electric multiple units of Japan
East Japan Railway Company
Train-related introductions in 1981
1500 V DC multiple units of Japan

185 series


Chris McNally (born November 8, 1988 in North Vancouver, British Columbia), is a Canadian actor known for his portrayal as Lucas Bouchard on the hit Hallmark Channel Original Series When Calls the Heart. He also had a recurring role as Sergei Brevlov in the Netflix series Altered Carbon.

Early life
McNally was born and raised in North Vancouver. He attended and graduated from Argyle Secondary School.

Career
Before getting his big break on The Hallmark Channel, as well as starring as a series regular on the network's popular series When Calls the Heart, McNally has spent half of his acting career guest starring in minor roles on TV shows such as Supernatural, Killer Instinct, Tower Prep, Untold Stories of the E.R., Dead of Summer, Falling Skies, and Lucifer.

Aside from television, McNally also has a film career, starring in movies such as John Apple Jack and The Orchard. He also has starred in The Hallmark Channel's made-for-TV movies The Sweetest Heart, A Winter Princess, and Sailing Into Love.

Recently, McNally had a role in the Lifetime Original Movie Heaven'', based on the V.C. Andrews novels, as Cal Tennison.

Personal life
McNally has two dogs. His cousin is Canadian actor and singer Drew Seeley.

Other websites

1988 births
Living people
Canadian television actors
Canadian movie actors
Actors from Vancouver

Chris McNally