A megacity is a very large city, typically with a population of more than 10 million people. Precise definitions vary: the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs in its 2018 "World Urbanization Prospects" report counted urban agglomerations having over 10 million inhabitants. A University of Bonn report holds that they are "usually defined as metropolitan areas with a total population of 10 million or more people". Other sources list cities that satisfy the criteria of a population of at least either five or eight million and also a population density of at least 2,000 per square kilometre. The terms conurbation, metropolis, and metroplex are also applied to the latter.

The total number of megacities in the world varies between different sources: The world had 33 according to the UN (in 2018), 45 according to CityPopulation.de (in 2023), and 44 according to Demographia (in 2023). About half of these urban agglomerations are in China and India. The other four countries with more than one megacity are Brazil, Japan, Pakistan, and the United States. African megacities are present in Nigeria, Egypt, South Africa, and the DRC; European megacities are present in Russia, France, the United Kingdom, and Turkey (also in Asia); megacities can be found in Latin America in the countries of Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, Peru, and Argentina. Some sources identify Tokyo's Greater Tokyo Area as the largest megacity in the world, while some others give the title to the Pearl River Delta.

List of megacities

History
The term "megacity" entered common use in the late 19th or early 20th centuries; one of the earliest documented uses of the term was by the University of Texas in 1904. Initially the United Nations used the term to describe cities of 8 million or more inhabitants, but now uses the threshold of 10 million. In the mid 1970s the term was coined by urbanist Janice Perlman referring to the phenomenon of very large urban agglomerations.

In 1800, only 3% of the world's population lived in cities, a figure that rose to 47% by the end of the twentieth century. In 1950, there were 83 cities with populations exceeding one million; by 2007, this number had risen to 468. The UN forecasts that today's urban population of 3.2 billion will rise to nearly 5 billion by 2030, when three out of five, or sixty percent, of people will live in cities.
This increase will be most dramatic on the least-urbanized continents, Asia and Africa. Surveys and projections indicate that all urban growth over the next 25 years will be in developing countries. One billion people, almost one-seventh of the world's population, now live in shanty towns. In many poor countries, overcrowded slums exhibit high rates of disease due to unsanitary conditions, malnutrition, and lack of basic health care. By 2030, over 2 billion people in the world will be living in slums. Over 90% of the urban population of Ethiopia, Malawi and Uganda, three of the world's most rural countries, already live in slums.

By 2025, Asia alone will have at least 30 megacities, including Mumbai, India (2015 population of 20.75 million people), Shanghai, China (2015 population of 35.5 million people), Delhi, India (2015 population of 21.8 million people), Tokyo, Japan (2015 population of 38.8 million people) and Seoul, South Korea (2015 population of 25.6 million people). In Africa, Lagos, Nigeria has grown from 300,000 in 1950 to an estimated 21 million today.

Growth

For almost five hundred years, Rome was the largest, wealthiest, and most politically important city in Europe. Its population passed one million people by the end of the 1st century BC. Rome's population started declining in 402 AD when Flavius Honorius, Western Roman Emperor from 395 to 423, moved the government to Ravenna and Rome's population declined to a mere 20,000 during the Early Middle Ages, reducing the sprawling city to groups of inhabited buildings interspersed among large areas of ruins and vegetation.

Baghdad was likely the largest city in the world from shortly after its foundation in 762 AD until the 930s, with some estimates putting its population at over one million. Chinese capital cities Chang'an and Kaifeng also experienced huge population booms during prosperous empires. According to the census in the year 742 recorded in the New Book of Tang, 362,921 families with 1,960,188 persons were counted in Jingzhao Fu (京兆府), the metropolitan area including small cities in the vicinity of Chang'an. The medieval settlement surrounding Angkor, the one-time capital of the Khmer Empire which flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries, could have supported a population of up to one million people.

From around 1825 to 1918 London was the largest city in the world, with the population growing rapidly; it was the first city to reach a population of over 5 million in 1900. In 1950, New York City was the only urban area with a population of over 10 million. Geographers had identified 25 such areas as of October 2005, as compared with 19 megacities in 2004 and only nine in 1985. This increase has happened as the world's population moves towards the high (75–85%) urbanization levels of North America and Western Europe.

Since the 2000s, the largest megacity has been the Greater Tokyo Area. The population of this urban agglomeration includes areas such as Yokohama and Kawasaki, and is estimated to be between 37 and 38 million. This variation in estimates can be accounted for by different definitions of what the area encompasses. While the prefectures of Tokyo, Chiba, Kanagawa, and Saitama are commonly included in statistical information, the Japan Statistics Bureau only includes the area within 50 kilometers of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Offices in Shinjuku, thus arriving at a smaller population estimate. A characteristic issue of megacities is the difficulty in defining their outer limits and accurately estimating the populations.

Another list defines megacities as urban agglomerations instead of metropolitan areas. As of 2021, there are 28 megacities by this definition, like Tokyo. Other sources list Nagoya and the Rhein-Ruhr as megacities.

Challenges

Slums
According to the United Nations, the proportion of urban dwellers living in slums or informal settlements decreased from 47 percent to 37 percent in the developing world between 1990 and 2005. However, due to rising population, the absolute number of slum dwellers is rising. The majority of these are located in informal settlements which often lack sufficient quality housing, sanitation, drainage, water access, and officially recognized addresses. The increase in informal settlement population has been caused by massive migration, both internal and transnational, into cities, which has caused growth rates of urban populations and spatial concentrations not seen before in history. These issues raise problems in the political, social, and economic arenas. People who live in slums or informal settlements often have minimal or no access to education, healthcare, or the urban economy.

Crime
As with any large concentration of people, there is usually crime. High population densities often result in higher crime rates, as visibly seen in growing megacities such as Karachi, Delhi, Cairo, Rio de Janeiro, and Lagos.

Homelessness

Megacities often have significant numbers of homeless people. The actual legal definition of homelessness varies from country to country, or among different entities or institutions in the same country or region.

In 2002, research showed that children and families were the largest growing segment of the homeless population in the United States, and this has presented new challenges, especially in services, to agencies.

In the US, the government asked many major cities to come up with a ten-year plan to end homelessness. One of the results of this was a "Housing first" solution, rather than to have a homeless person remain in an emergency homeless shelter it was thought to be better to quickly get the person permanent housing of some sort and the necessary support services to sustain a new home. But there are many complications with this kind of program and these must be dealt with to make such an initiative work successfully in the middle to long term.

Traffic congestion

Traffic congestion is a condition on road networks that occurs as use increases, and is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, increased pollution, and increased vehicular queueing. The Texas Transportation Institute estimated that, in 2000, the 75 largest metropolitan areas experienced 3.6 billion vehicle-hours of delay, resulting in 5.7 billion U.S. gallons (21.6 billion liters) in wasted fuel and $67.5 billion in lost productivity, or about 0.7% of the nation's GDP. It also estimated that the annual cost of congestion for each driver was approximately $1,000 in very large cities and $200 in small cities. Traffic congestion is increasing in major cities and delays are becoming more frequent in smaller cities and rural areas.

Urban sprawl

Urban sprawl, also known as suburban sprawl, is a multifaceted concept, which includes the spreading outwards of a city and its suburbs to its outskirts to low-density, auto-dependent development on rural land, with associated design features that encourage car dependency. As a result, some critics argue that sprawl has certain disadvantages including longer transport distances to work, high car dependence, inadequate facilities (e.g. health, cultural. etc.) and higher per-person infrastructure costs. Discussions and debates about sprawl are often obfuscated by the ambiguity associated with the phrase. For example, some commentators measure sprawl only with the average number of residential units per acre in a given area. But others associate it with decentralization (spread of population without a well-defined center), discontinuity (leapfrog development), segregation of uses, etc.

Gentrification
Gentrification and urban gentrification are terms for the socio-cultural changes in an area as a result of wealthier people buying property in a less prosperous community. As living costs rise, lower-income residents are forced to move out of the community leading to an increase in average income, which in turn makes the area more desirable to other wealthier property or business owners, further pushing the living costs up. This process also tends to lead to a decrease in average family size in the area. This type of population change reduces industrial land use when it is redeveloped for commerce and housing.

Air pollution
Air pollution is the introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damages the natural environment. Many urban areas have significant problems with smog, a type of air pollution derived from vehicle emissions from internal combustion engines and industrial fumes that react in the atmosphere with sunlight to form secondary pollutants that also combine with the primary emissions to form photochemical smog.

Energy and material resources
The sheer size and complexity of megacities gives rise to enormous social and environmental challenges. Whether megacities can develop sustainably depends to a large extent on how they obtain, share, and manage their energy and material resources. There are correlations between electricity consumption, heating and industrial fuel use, ground transportation energy use, water consumption, waste generation, and steel production in terms of level of consumption and how efficiently they use resources.

In fiction

Megacities are a common backdrop in dystopian science fiction, with examples such as the Sprawl in William Gibson's Neuromancer, and Mega-City One, a megalopolis of between 50 and 800 million people (fluctuations due to war and disaster) across the east coast of the United States, in the Judge Dredd comic. In Demolition Man a megacity called "San Angeles" was formed from the joining of Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, San Diego and the surrounding metropolitan regions following a massive earthquake in 2010. Fictional planet-wide megacities (ecumenopoleis) include Trantor in Isaac Asimov's Foundation series of books and Coruscant (population 2 trillion) in the Star Wars universe.

See also

Economies of agglomeration
Global city
List of largest cities
List of largest cities throughout history
Megalopolis
Urban sprawl

References

Urban studies and planning terminology
Human habitats
Population
Types of cities
Cyberpunk themes

Megacity


Arthur Wragg (3 January 1903 – 17 August 1976) was a British illustrator.

His stark poster-like artwork often dealt with themes of social alienation and spiritual emptiness. All his work was done for publication, rather than in 'fine art' media such as paintings or series of prints. As a result, he has been neglected in comparison with contemporaries such as Graham Sutherland and John Piper, but Wragg's choice of medium was an ideological one. As a socialist and pacifist, Wragg wanted his art to speak directly to common people rather than to art-lovers. His vivid, polemical style had considerable influence on other popular forms in the 1940s and 1950s, such as government information posters and advertising.

He was born in Eccles, Greater Manchester, and grew up in Harrogate, Yorkshire, along with his sister Amy Wragg, born 1898. He was the son of George Arthur Wragg (a travelling soap salesman for Lively Polly) from Sheffield, Yorkshire, and Alice Smethurst Eckersley (a telegraphist) from Salford, Lancashire (a member of the prominent Williamson family of Salford). He trained at Sheffield School of Art before settling in London as a  freelance commercial artist, in which capacity he was in continuous demand for the rest of his life. In the 1920s he contributed mostly to various women's illustrated magazines, but later branched out into book-jackets and work for left-wing newspapers such as Tribune and Peace News (including cartoons) and illustrations for books and pamphlets about Christian socialism, pacifism and social justice.

Out of this more committed range of work, and out of the social issues raised by the Great Depression of the 1930s, came several books in which Wragg illustrated biblical texts in a politicised way, notably The Psalms for Modern Life (Selwyn & Blount 1933) which went through several reprints. The simplified block-style and dramatic chiaroscuro effects of these illustrations make them resemble woodcuts rather than pen and ink drawings (misleading some collectors into thinking the books are just reissues of hand-printed original editions) and there are many affinities with the visual-symbolic language of propaganda art, although Wragg's agenda is more generalised. Social realities and symbols are blended to convey deprivation, justice, conscience, and the persistence of spiritual values in the alienated urban-industrial environment.

A friend and follower of the popular pacifist preacher Canon Dick Sheppard, Wragg became a sponsor of the Peace Pledge Union and was a conscientious objector during World War II. After imprisonment, he became an art-teacher in schools, returning to freelance work after the war. His personal style became more airy and more fantastical, and sometimes surreal.

From 1953 until his death he produced illustrations for record covers for the Argo record company.

As yet there is no catalogue of his work but there is a book about the artist: Arthur Wragg: Twentieth-century Prophet and Jester (Sansom 2001) by the late Judith Brook, who had been taught art by him at school.  Early in his career he featured as the 'Artist of Note' in the long-running magazine The Artist (Vol XI No 5, July 1936).

Some books illustrated by Arthur Wragg

The Psalms for Modern Life (Selwyn & Blount 1933)
Jesus Wept (Selwyn & Blount 1935)
Holt - When I was a Prisoner (Miles 1935)
Darling, William - Down But Not Out (George Allen & Unwin 1935)
Szekely - Cosmos, Man and Society (Daniel 1936)
Walter Greenwood - The Cleft Stick (Selwyn & Blount 1937)
Thy Kingdom Come (Selwyn & Blount 1939)
Seven Words (Heinemann 1939)
Alice through the paper-mill: In Respectful Criticism of the Paper Control and Kindred Matters relating to the Present State of the Trade. A Plea for an Equitable System of Planning whereby to ensure a Measure of Efficiency and a Degree of Order for All Concerned.
The Lord's Prayer in Black and White (Cape 1946)
Wilde - The Ballad of Reading Gaol (Castle Press 1948)
Purcell - These thy Gods (Longman 1949)
The Song of Songs (Selwyn & Blount 1952)
 Flaubert, G.  "Bibliomania" (Rodale, 1954)
Willis - Whatever Happened to Tom Mix (Cassell 1970)

Obituary
 The Times, 25 August 1976, JMH [John M Hobbs]

External links

References

1903 births
1976 deaths
British conscientious objectors
British illustrators
British socialists
People from Eccles, Greater Manchester
People from Harrogate

Arthur Wragg


Lorena Velázquez (; born December 15, 1937) is a Mexican actress and former beauty pageant titleholder.

Biography
Born María de la Concepción Lorena Villar in Mexico City, Velázquez debuted in 1955. She competed in Miss Mexico in 1958 and placed second. Afterwards she was appointed Miss Mexico 1960, although she refused to represent Mexico in the Miss Universe pageant.

Velázquez played varied roles in the 60's, from a vedette, to a cowgirl and even as the queen of vampires. She also played two antagonic roles in a film, as queen of a far away planet and her twin (picture). In the 70's, she made the transition to television. Since then, she has alternated between the large and small screens.

She is the step-daughter of actor Víctor Velázquez and older sister of actress Teresa Velázquez.

Filmography

Television shows
 Mujer, casos de la vida real (1985–2007)
 Trauma infantil (2001)
 Encuentro con el alma (2002)
Como dice el dicho (2011) as Dianita

Telenovelas (soap operas)
 Cumbres Borrascosas (1964) - Cathy
 Estafa de amor (1967) as Mayte
 Dulce desafío (1989) as Aida
 Mi pequeña traviesa (1997) as Catalina
 El privilegio de amar (1998) as Rebeca
 Alma rebelde (1999) as Natalia
 La casa en la playa (2000) as Elena White
 Amigas y rivales (2001) as Itzel de la Colina
 Velo de novia (2003) as Adela Isabela
 Rubí (2004) as Mary Chavarria Gonsalez
 Muchachitas como tu (2007) as Teresa Linares
 Alma de hierro (2008) as Victoria
 Niña de mi corazón (2010) as Mercedes Riquelme
 Dos Hogares (2011-2012) as Carmela De Valtierra
 Mentir para vivir (2013)
 Que Pobres Tan Ricos (2014) as Chabelita
 Amores con trampa (2015) as Corina Bocelli
 La mexicana y el güero (2020) as Rose Somers

Films

 Caras nuevas (1955) as Waitress
 La Diana cazadora (1956) as Margarita
 The New World (1957)
 El Puma (1958) as Margarita
 La ley del más rápido (1958) as Margarita
 A tiro limpio (1958) as Margarita
 Tin Tan y las modelos (1959) as Rosita
The Life of Agustín Lara (1959) as María Islas
 Ellas también son rebeldes (1959) as Irene Barreto
 La nave de los monstruos (1960) as Beta
 El rapto de las sabinas (1960) as Hersilia
 Ay Chabela! (1961) as Jenny
 Santo contra los zombies (1961) as Gloria Sandoval
 Santo vs. las mujeres vampiro (1962) as Zorina
 Las luchadoras vs. El Médico Asesino (1962) as Gloria Venus
 Milagros de San Martín de Porres (1963) as Minerva
 Tintansón Crusoe (1964) as Zoraya Caluya
 El hacha diabólica (1964) as Isabel de Arango
 Atacan las brujas (1964) as Elisa Cárdenas
 El planeta de las mujeres invasoras (1966) as Adastrea
 Fray Don Juan (1969) as Claudia
 Misión suicida (1971) as Ana Silvia
 El tesoro de Morgan (1974) as Dalia
 La Chilindrina en apuros (1994) as Doña Aldunza
 Reclusorio (1995) as Reina de la Garza

Further reading
AGRASÁNCHEZ, Jr., Rogelio (2001). Bellezas del cine mexicano/Beauties of Mexican Cinema. México: *Archivo Fílmico Agrasánchez.
VARIOS (2002). Lorena Velázquez, reina del cine fantástico. En SOMOS. México: Editorial Televisa, S. A. de C.V.

External links

Living people
1937 births
Mexican beauty pageant winners
Mexican film actresses
Mexican telenovela actresses
Mexican television actresses
Actresses from Mexico City

Lorena Velázquez


The China Dark Matter Experiment (CDEX) is a search for dark matter WIMP particles at the China Jinping Underground Laboratory.  CDEX was the first experiment to be hosted at CJPL, beginning construction of its shield in June 2010, the same month that laboratory construction was completed, and before CJPL's official opening on 12 December.

CDEX has p-type point-contact germanium detector surrounded by NaI(Tl) crystals, similar to the CoGeNT experiment.  The CDEX-0 prototype was used to develop the current CDEX-1 detector, which has a detector mass of roughly 1 kg.  Future plans include scaling to CDEX-10 and CDEX-1T.

CDEX-1 had first low mass results in 2013 and published limits on WIMP masses 6–20 GeV in 2014.

References

Experiments for dark matter search
Physics experiments

China Dark Matter Experiment


Henning Frederik Feilberg (6 August 1831 in Hillerød – 8 October 1921 in Askov), was a Danish pastor, author and folklorist. His research and publications represent significant contributions to the field of Danish folklore.

Biography

Feilberg moved with his family to southern Jutland as a small child, later becoming a pastor there, following in his father's footsteps. In 1856, his interest in philology and folklore was encouraged by the time he spent working as a curate with Eiler Henning Hagerup in Store Solt to the south of Flensburg. In 1869, when he was a pastor in Brørup, he took a renewed interest in folklore, contributing to the journal Nordisk Månedsskrift. This led to a journey to Norway where he met Eilert Sundt. He married in 1860 and had six children to Louise Anna Andersen von Nutzhorn (1831-1897).

In 1891, on his retirement, he moved to Askov where he worked on a voluntary basis as a high school teacher while devoting the rest of his life to folklore. His collection and research was based on material from Jutland although he treated the subject from an international viewpoint, modelling his work on that of the Norwegian Eilert Sundt and Andrew Lang and Edward Tylor from England. His extensive library of some 4,000 volumes provided comprehensive, international coverage of ethnology. By leaving his collection to a public institution, he can be credited for playing a significant role in the creation of the Danish Folklore Archives. He also helped founding the Danish Folklore Society (Danmarks Folkeminder) but he declined Axel Olrik's invitation to become a member of the board.

Works

His two main areas of interest were dialectology and folklore, both of which were evidenced by his posthumous papers. His "Contribution to a Dictionary of Rural Jutlandic" (Bidrag til en ordbog over jyske almuesmål) (1886–1914) is so wide-ranging that it is virtually a Nordic encyclopedia of folklore, folk poetry, and folk beliefs. As a folklorist, he was particularly interested in researching basic phenomena, establishing relationships and providing general overviews (for example of peasant culture). His international approach is reflected in his collection of manuscripts, excerpts and records of foreign literature and his extensive correspondence with foreign scholars. His unpublished collection of some 250,000 references to the 19th and early 20th century literature of folklore is still considered an important reference work.

His most significant works on folklore are Dansk Bondeliv (Danish Farm Life, 1889–99) and Jul (Christmas, 1904).

See also
Danish folklore

References

External links

1831 births
1921 deaths
Danish folklorists
Danish male writers
19th-century Danish philologists
Danish ethnologists
Henning Frederik Feilberg
People from Hillerød Municipality

Henning Frederik Feilberg


Vacoas-Phoenix or Villes Jumelles (meaning 'twin cities') is a city on the island of Mauritius. As of 2019, about 115,000 people were living here, making it the second largest city in the country.

Vacoas-Phoenix lies in the middle of the western part of the island, in the Plaines Wilhems and (partially) in the Moka districts.

Vacoas-Phoenix has been a municipality since 1968. Vacoas and Phoenix were separate settlements until 1963.

References
 City Population

Settlements in Mauritius

Vacoas-Phoenix


In condensed matter physics, a string-net is an extended object whose collective behavior has been proposed as a physical mechanism for topological order by Michael A. Levin and Xiao-Gang Wen. A particular string-net model may involve only closed loops; or networks of oriented, labeled strings obeying branching rules given by some gauge group; or still more general networks.

Overview
The string-net model is claimed to show the derivation of photons, electrons, and U(1) gauge charge, small (relative to the Planck mass) but nonzero masses, and suggestions that the leptons, quarks, and gluons  can be modeled in the same way. In other words, string-net condensation provides a unified origin for photons and electrons (or gauge bosons and fermions). It can be viewed as an origin of light and electron (or gauge interactions and Fermi statistics).
However, their model does not account for the chiral coupling between the fermions and the SU(2) gauge bosons in the standard model.

For strings labeled by the positive integers, string-nets are the spin networks studied in loop quantum gravity. This has led to the proposal by Levin and Wen, and Smolin, Markopoulou and Konopka that loop quantum gravity's spin networks can give rise to the standard model of particle physics through this mechanism, along with fermi statistics and gauge interactions. To date, a rigorous derivation from LQG's spin networks to Levin and Wen's spin lattice has yet to be done, but the project to do so is called quantum graphity, and in a more recent paper, Tomasz Konopka, Fotini Markopoulou, Simone Severini argued that there are some similarities to spin networks (but not necessarily an exact equivalence) that gives rise to U(1) gauge charge and electrons in the string net mechanism.

Herbertsmithite may be an example of string-net matter.

Examples

Z2 spin liquid
Z2 spin liquid obtained using slave-particle approach may be the first theoretical example of string-net liquid.

The toric code
The toric code is a two-dimensional spin-lattice that acts as a quantum error-correcting code. It is defined on a two-dimensional lattice with toric boundary conditions with a spin-1/2 on each link. It can be shown that the ground-state of the standard toric code Hamiltonian is an equal-weight superposition of closed-string states. Such a ground-state is an example of a string-net condensate which has the same topological order
as the Z2 spin liquid above.

References

Quantum phases
Condensed matter physics
Chemical engineering
Phases of matter

String-net liquid


Juan Manuel Hermenegildo de la Luz Olivares (April 4, 1760 – March 1, 1797) was a Venezuelan composer from the Colonial era.

Olivares was born in Caracas.  As a child, he studied under Don Ambrosio Carreño. In 1784, he began teaching in Caracas, and this same year Pedro Ramón Palacios y Sojo entrusted to him the direction of the Academia del Oratorio de San Felipe de Neri, which he held until his death; he also became organist at the academy's church, the Basílica de Santa Teresa.

On May 11, 1789, he married Sebastiana Velásquez in Caracas at the Church of San Pablo Ermitaño, which stood where the Municipal Theater now stands. Padre Sojo was the priest. Olivares was the caretaker and teacher of Lino Gallardo.  He died in El Valle, Caracas.

His Dúo de violines is the only work of chamber music composed in colonial Venezuela which is preserved in its entirety.

Works
(Incomplete)
Lamentación primera del Viernes Santo for tenor and orchestra, 1791
Stabat Mater for four voices and instrument, 1791
Dúo de violines Salve Regina for three voices and orchestra
Magnificat with final fugue.El Magníficat y la música de los pardos
Vísperas de Nuestra Señora de la Merced (motets for two voices)
Psalmes: Dixit Dominus, Beatus Vir, Laudate Dominum

Further reading
Juan B. Plaza Juan Manuel Olivares. El más Antiguo Compositor Venezolano Separata del No. 63 de la Rev. Nacional de Cultura. Jul-Aug 1947

Venezuelan composers
Male composers
1797 deaths
1760 births
Musicians from Caracas
18th-century composers
18th-century male musicians

Juan Manuel Olivares


The 1990 NFL season was the 71st regular season of the National Football League (NFL). To increase revenue, the league, for the first time since , reinstated bye weeks, so that all NFL teams would play their 16-game schedule over a 17-week period. Furthermore, the playoff format was expanded from 10 teams to 12 teams by adding another wild card from each conference, thus adding two more contests to the postseason schedule; this format was modified with realignment in 2002 (increasing the division spots per conference from three to four, and decreasing the wild card spots per conference from three to two) before the playoffs expanded to 14 teams in 2020.

During four out of the five previous seasons under the 10-team format, at least one team with a 10–6 record missed the playoffs, including the 11–5 Denver Broncos in 1985; meanwhile, three years later, the 10–6 San Francisco 49ers won Super Bowl XXIII, leading for calls to expand the playoff format to ensure that 10–6 teams could compete for a Super Bowl win. Ironically, the first sixth-seeded playoff team would not have a 10–6 record, but instead, the New Orleans Saints, with an 8–8 record, took the new playoff spot.

The season ended with Super Bowl XXV when the New York Giants defeated the Buffalo Bills 20–19 at Tampa Stadium. This would be the first Super Bowl appearance for Buffalo, who would represent the AFC in the next three Super Bowls as well.

First full season under NFL Commissioner Tagliabue
This was the first full season for Paul Tagliabue as the league's Commissioner, after taking over from Pete Rozelle midway through the previous season. On October 8, the league announced that the Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award would be named the Pete Rozelle Trophy in the former commissioner's honor.

Player movement

Transactions
On April 2, 1990, Elvis Patterson signed as a Plan B free agent with the Los Angeles Raiders. He was waived on September 3 and later re-signed. He became a special teams standout and earned the nickname Ghost. He was a special teams captain for three years.

Trades
On September 25, 1990, the Dallas Cowboys traded Steve Walsh to the New Orleans Saints for the Saint's first and third round picks in the 1991 NFL Draft and a second round pick (that could become a first round pick based on performance) in the 1992 NFL Draft.

Retirements
Dallas Cowboys defensive end Ed "Too Tall" Jones announced his retirement on June 5, 1990.

Draft

The 1990 NFL Draft was held from April 22 to 23, 1990 at New York City's Marriott Marquis. With the first pick, the Indianapolis Colts selected quarterback Jeff George from the University of Illinois. Selecting seventeenth overall, the Dallas Cowboys would draft Emmitt Smith, who would retire as the NFL's all-time leading rusher.

Officiating changes
Dick Jorgensen, who had been the referee in the previous season's Super Bowl XXIV, was diagnosed in May during the offseason with a rare blood disorder. He died five months later on October 10. For the remainder of the 1990 season, NFL officials wore a black armband on their left sleeve with the white number 60 to honor Jorgensen.

Ben Dreith (a referee in the AFL from 1966 to 1969, and the NFL since the merger) and Fred Wyant (a referee since 1971), were demoted to line judge. Dreith later filed a complaint to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission after the league fired him after the 1990 season, citing age discrimination as the reason for both his demotion to line judge and his dismissal. Dreith and the NFL would later agree in 1993 to a $165,000 settlement, plus court costs and attorney fees.

Gerald Austin, the side judge for Super Bowl XXIV, and Tom White, were promoted to referee. White became the first official to be promoted to referee after only one season of NFL experience since Jerry Markbreit in 1977 (Tommy Bell (1962) and Brad Allen (2014) were hired straight into the NFL as referees). After one season with having 16 officiating crews in 1989, it was reduced back to 15 crews in 1990 to handle the weekly workload of 14 games (if there were no teams with a bye week).

Ed Hochuli was hired as a back judge (now field judge) and assigned to Howard Roe's crew. Hochuli was promoted to referee two years later.

Major rule changes
 The rule for unnecessary roughness penalties is clarified so that any player who butts, spears, or rams an opponent risks immediate disqualification.
 The penalty for an illegal forward pass beyond the line of scrimmage is enforced from the spot where any part of the passer's body is beyond the line when the ball is released.
 The following changes are made to try to speed up the game:
 the time interval on the Play Clock (the time limit the offensive team has to snap the ball between plays) after time outs and other administrative stoppages has been reduced from 30 seconds to 25 seconds (the time interval between plays remains the same at 45 seconds);
 whenever a player goes out of bounds, other than in the last two minutes of the first half and the last five minutes of the second half or overtime, the game clock immediately starts when the ball is spotted for the next play and the Referee signals it is ready for play; and
 other than in the last two minutes of the first half and the last five minutes of the second half or overtime the game clock also starts following all declined penalties.
 This was the first season in which NFL teams officially had a bye week; the last time was in 1966, when the league had an odd number of teams at 15.

1990 deaths
 Chet Adams, a three-time AAFC champion with the Cleveland Browns died on October 28, 1990
 Fritz Barzilauskas, a first round selection in the 1947 NFL Draft died on November 30, 1990
 Former tackle Frank Cope died on October 8, 1990
 Halfback Tom Harmon died on March 15, 1990
 Offensive lineman Rufus Mayes died on January 9
 Darryl Usher, a member of the Phoenix Cardinals in the 1989 NFL season was shot and killed on February 24, 1990, in Phoenix, Arizona at age 25.
 On December 21, 1990, Chicago Bears rookie Fred Washington was killed in a car accident. He was a member of the 1984 Texas 4A  State Football Champion Denison YellowJackets and was voted defensive player of the year.

Members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame
 Football coach George Allen died on December 31.
 Bronko Nagurski, also a member of the College Football Hall of Fame, died on January 7, 1990

Preseason

American Bowl
A series of National Football League pre-season exhibition games that were held at sites outside the United States, a total of four games were held in 1990.

Regular season

Scheduling formula

Highlights of the 1990 season included:

Porkchop Bowl: A third game in the heated rivalry between the Dallas Cowboys and Philadelphia Eagles, following the Bounty Bowl of 1989, took place in 1990. Known as the "Porkchop Bowl". The game got its name because Eagles head coach Buddy Ryan choked on a pork chop in the week leading up to the game, Philadelphia won this game as well, 21–20.
Thanksgiving: Two games were played on Thursday, November 22, featuring Denver at Detroit and Washington at Dallas, with Detroit and Dallas winning.

Final standings

Tiebreakers
Cincinnati finished ahead of Houston and Pittsburgh in the AFC Central based on best head-to-head record (3–1 to Oilers' 2–2 to Steelers' 1–3).
Houston was the third AFC Wild Card based on better conference record (8–4) than Seattle (7–5) and Pittsburgh (6–6).
Philadelphia finished ahead of Washington in the NFC East based on better division record (5–3 to Redskins' 4–4).
Tampa Bay was second in NFC Central based on best head-to-head record (5–1) against Detroit (2–4), Green Bay (3–3), and Minnesota (2–4).
Detroit finished third in the NFC Central based on best net division points (minus 8) against Green Bay (minus 40).
Green Bay finished ahead of Minnesota in the NFC Central based on better conference record (5–7 to Vikings' 4–8).
The L.A. Rams finished ahead of Atlanta in the NFC West based on net points in division (plus 1 to Falcons' minus 31).

Playoffs

Notable events
 For the first time in NFL history, two teams (the 49ers and the Giants) would start the season 10–0. This would not be equalled until 2009 when the Colts and the Saints both reached 13–0, and was also equalled in 2015 by the Panthers and Patriots.

Records, milestones, and notable statistics
Week 3
 September 24, 1990 – Thurman Thomas of the Buffalo Bills rushed for 214 yards versus the New York Jets. It was the second highest total in the history of Monday Night Football.
Week 6
 October 14, 1990 – Joe Montana set a 49ers record by throwing for 476 yards in one game and throwing six touchdown passes. Jerry Rice set a 49ers record with 5 touchdown receptions and 30 points in one game.
 October 14, 1990 - Barry Word of the Kansas City Chiefs rushes for a team-record 200 yards against the Detroit Lions at Arrowhead. Kansas City won 43–24.
Week 10
November 11, 1990: Derrick Thomas set the NFL single game record of seven quarterback sacks, a feat which occurred against Seattle's Dave Krieg on 1990 Veterans Day. Despite this feat, Krieg eluded a blitzing Thomas on the game's last play and threw a touchdown pass to Paul Skansi, which gave the Seahawks a 17–16 win, their first at Arrowhead Stadium since 1980. The record came close to being matched with three occasions of players reaching six sacks, once by Thomas himself in 1998.
Week 15
December 16, 1990: Warren Moon threw for 527 yards against Kansas City on December 16, 1990, the second-most passing yards ever in a single game.

Statistical leaders

Team

Awards

Coaching changes

Offseason
Atlanta Falcons: Jerry Glanville was named the permanent replacement, after Marion Campbell was fired after the first 12 games of 1989, and Jim Hanifan served as interim for the final four games.
Houston Oilers: Jack Pardee replaced Jerry Glanville.
Los Angeles Raiders: Art Shell became the permanent head coach. Shell served as interim for the last 12 games in 1989 after Mike Shanahan was fired after the first four.
New England Patriots: Rod Rust replaced the fired Raymond Berry.
New York Jets: Bruce Coslet replaced the fired Joe Walton.
Phoenix Cardinals: Joe Bugel was named the permanent replacement, after Gene Stallings was fired after the first 11 games of 1989, and Hank Kuhlmann served as interim for the final five games.

In-season

Cleveland Browns: Bud Carson was fired after nine games, and Jim Shofner served as interim for the final seven games.
Tampa Bay Buccaneers: Ray Perkins was fired after 13 games, and Richard Williamson served as interim for the final three games.

Stadium changes
With New England Patriots founder Billy Sullivan no longer owning the team, having it sold to Victor Kiam in 1988 and Sullivan Stadium being taken over by Robert Kraft, the venue was renamed Foxboro Stadium.

Uniforms changes

Individual teams
 The Atlanta Falcons unveiled new uniforms, switching both their primary jerseys and helmets from red to black. This was the first time the Falcons wore black jerseys since 1970, and the first time they had ever worn black helmets.
 The New York Jets added black trim to their logo, numbers, and stripes on their pants, and changed their face masks from white to black. They also added green pants to be worn with their white jerseys.
 The Phoenix Cardinals began wearing red pants with their white jerseys at the request of coach Joe Bugel.
 The San Diego Chargers began wearing navy pants with their white jerseys.

In Week 16 with the Gulf War looming closer, American flag decals were added to the back of the helmets of all players.

Deaths

January
January 3- Roy Ilowit, age 72. Played four games at guard for the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1937.
January 4- Ed Ecker, age 66. NFL career spanned from 1947 to 1952, in which he appeared as an offensive and defensive tackle for the Chicago Bears, Chicago Rockets, Green Bay Packers, and Washington Redskins.
January 7- Bronko Nagurski, age 81. Running back for the Chicago Bears from 1930 to 1937, came out of retirement in 1943. Elected to pro football hall of fame in 1963..
January 9- Don Dimmick, age 86. Played halfback for the Buffalo Rangers in 1926.
 Jim Gillette, age 72. Running back for the Cleveland Rams, Boston Yanks, Green Bay Packers, and Detroit Lions whose NFL career was interrupted due to military service in World War II.
 Rufus Mayes, age 42. Former first round pick of the Chicago Bears, long time starting tackle for the Cincinnati Bengals.
January 10- Ralph Hutchinson, age 65. Played one season at guard for the New York Giants after being selected in the 8th round of the 1946 NFL Draft.
January 15- Fred Mundee, age 76. Played Linebacker and center for the Chicago Bears from 1943 to 1945 as a wartime replacement player.
January 16- Clarence Janecek, age 78. Played one season in the NFL, starting 11 games at guard for the Pittsburgh Steelers in 1933.
January 17- Larry Todd, age 47. Played running back for the Oakland Raiders from 1965 to 1970.
January 18- Fred Denfeld, age 91. Played offensive tackle for the Rock Island Independents and Duluth Kelleys in 1921 and 1925.
January 19- George Gulyanics, age 68. Former running back and punter for the Chicago Bears from 1947 to 1952.
January 20- Fred Venturelli, age 72. Played one season as a placekicker in the NFL, for the Chicago Bears, making the team as a 31 year old rookie.
January 21- Jim Russell, age 81. Played guard for the Philadelphia Eagles from 1936 to 1937.
January 25- Andy Puplis, age 74. Played defensive back for the Chicago Cardinals in 1943 as  a wartime replacement player.
January 29- Stan Batinski, age 72. Played offensive guard and tackle for the Detroit Lions, Boston Yanks and New York Yankees from 1941 to 1949.
January 30- Bob Fosdick, age 95. Played guard and tackle for the Minneapolis Marines in 1923.
January 31- Homer Griffith, age 77. Played running back for the Chicago Cardinals in 1934.

February
February 6- Lew Erber, age 55. Offensive coordinator for the New England Patriots from 1982 to 1986. Also coached running backs and wide receivers for the Oakland Raiders from 1976 to 1981, Los Angeles Rams from 1985 to 1986. Also was the offensive coordinator for the Los Angeles Cobras of the Arena Football League in 1988.
February 8- Pete Kmetovic, age 70. Halfback who was selected by the Philadelphia Eagles in the first round of the 1942 NFL Draft, did not play in the NFL until 1946 due to military service during World War Two.
February 15- George Daney, age 43. Played offensive guard for the Kansas City Chiefs from 1968 to 1974, was a reserve on the Chiefs team that won Super Bowl IV.
February 21- Lindy Mayhew, age 82. Played guard for the Pittsburgh Steelers from 1936 to 1938.
February 24- Darryl Usher, age 25. Drafted by the New England Patriots as a wide receiver in the seventh round of the 1988 NFL Draft, was released in camp and split time between the San Diego Chargers and Phoenix Cardinals in 1989.
February 28- Bob Armstrong, age 81. Former offensive lineman for the Portsmouth Spartans from 1931 to 1932.

March
March 4- Frank McGrath, age 85. Played Defensive End for the Frankford Yellow Jackets and New York Yankees from 1927 to 1928.
March 5- Vince Commisa, age 68. Played one season at guard for the Boston Yanks in 1944 as a wartime replacement player.
March 6- Julian Spence, age 60. Played defensive back for and was an original member of the Houston Oilers. Also played for the Chicago Cardinals and San Francisco 49ers.
March 9- Lou Vedder, age 92. Played one season for the Buffalo Bisons in 1927.
March 12- Rick Lackman, age 79. Played Running Back for the Philadelphia Eagles from 1933 to 1935.
March 15- Paul Berezney, age 74. Played offensive tackle from 1942 to 1946 from the Green Bay Packers and Miami Seahawks.
 Mike Witteck, age 26. Crossed the picket line to play for the New York Jets in 1987 during the players strike.
March 16- Barry French, age 68. Played Offensive tackle for the Baltimore Colts and Detroit Lions from 1947 to 1951.
March 20- Gar Leaf, age 87. Played Offensive Tackle for the Louisville Colonels in 1926.
March 23- Ainer Cleve, age 92. Played in the NFL as a tail back for the Minneapolis Marines from 1921 to 1924.
March 25- A.D. Williams, age 56. Wide receiver who played three years in the NFL (1959-1961) for three different teams: Green Bay Packers, Cleveland Browns, and Minnesota Vikings.
March 31- Saxon Judd, age 70. Played receiver for the Brooklyn Dodgers of the All American Football Conference from 1946 to 1948.
 Ed Rate, aged 90. NFL career consisted of one game for the Milwaukee Badgers in 1923.

April
April 1- Vince Pacewic, age 69. Played receiver for the Washington Redskins in 1943. Returned to team in 1947 after completion of military service.
April 8- Tom Roberts, age 74. Played offensive guard from 1943 to 1945 for the New York Giants and Chicago Bears.
April 9- Bill Bailey, age 73. Played both offensive and defensive end for the Brooklyn Dodgers from 1940 to 1941.
April 17- Jim Eiden, age 88. Eiden's NFL career consisted of one game starting at tackle for the Louisville Colonels in 1926.
April 27- Chuck Weimer, age 85. Played tailback and place kicker for the Buffalo Bisons, Brooklyn Dodgers, and Cleveland Indians from 1929 to 1931.
April 29- Jake Fawcett, age 70 Played offensive guard for the Los Angeles Rams and Brooklyn Dodgers.
April 30- Charley Ewart, age 74. Head coach for the New York Bulldogs in 1949, leading the team to a 1-10-1 record in his only season as an NFL head coach.

May
May 3- George Wilson, Jr, age 84. Played one season at defensive back for the Frankford Yellow Jackets in 1929.
May 5- Karl Thielscher, age 95. NFL career consisted of one game at fullback for the Buffalo All Americans in 1920.
May 6- Paul Blessing, age 71. Played one season as an end, 1944, as a wartime replacement player for the Detroit Lions
May 8- June James, age 27. Played one season for the Detroit Lions at linebacker after being selected in the 1985 NFL Draft. Played for the Indianapolis Colts during the 1987 NFLPA players strike.
May 9- Ralph Maillard, age 84. Played one season at tackle for the Chicago Bears in 1929.
May 10- Walter Mahan, age 87. NFL career consisted of one game at guard for the Frankford Yellow Jackets in 1926.
May 13- Ray Jenison, age 80. Played one season (1931) in the NFL at tackle for the Green Bay Packers.
May 17- Jimmy Lawrence, age 77. Playing wing Back for the Chicago Cardinals and Green Bay Packers from 1936 to 1939.
May 19- Bernie Lee, age 77. Played quarterback in the NFL for the Philadelphia Eagles and Pittsburgh Steelers in 1938.

June
June 21- Tony Sarausky, age 77. Played running back for the New York Giants and Brooklyn Dodgers from 1935 to 1938.
June 25- Bob Garner, age 55. Played Defensive back for the Los Angeles Chargers and Oakland Raiders of the American Football League from 1960 to 1962.
June 26- Carroll Ringwalt, age 82. Played center and guard for the Portsmouth Spartans and Frankford Yellow Jackets from 1930 to 1931.
June 28- Bernie Winkler, age 64. Played Offensive tackle for the Los Angeles Dons of the All American Football Conference.

July
July 3- Potsy Jones, age 80. Played guard for the Minneapolis Red Jackets, Frankford Yellow Jackets, New York Giants and Green Bay Packers from 1930 to 1938.
July 7- Ben Ciccone, age 80. Played center for the Pittsburgh Steelers from 1934 to 1935, and returned to play for the Chicago Cardinals in 1942.
July 11- Joe Watts, age 75. Played Tackle for the Washington Redskins in 1945. Voted to pro bowl in only NFL season.
July 13- Harry Seltzer, age 71. Played running back for the Detroit Lions in 1942.
July 15- Jay Hornbeak, age 78. Played running back for the Brooklyn Dodgers
 Joe Ungerer, age 73. Played tackle for the Washington Redskins from 1943 to 1944. Drafted by the Brooklyn Dodgers in the 1941 NFL Draft.

August
August 1- Carl Ekern, age 36. Former pro-bowl linebacker for the Los Angeles Rams.
Chet Pudloski, age 74. Started ten games at tackle for the Cleveland Rams in 1944.
August 3- Jeff Modesitt, age 26. Played one game in the NFL for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as a replacement player during the 1987 Players strike.
August 8- Walt Williams, age 71. Two way player who played defensive back and running back for the Chicago Rockets and Boston Yanks from 1946 to 1947.
August 9- Art Van Tone, age 71. Played running back for the Detroit Lions from 1943 to 1945, and finished his career with the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1946.
August 12- Paul Cuba, age 82. Played tackle for the Philadelphia Eagles from 1933 to 1935.
August 16- Bobby Gordon, age 54. Played defensive back for the Chicago Cardinals and Houston Oilers from 1958 to 1960.
August 17- Larry Weldon, age 75. Reserve quarterback for the Washington Redskins who also played place kicker from 1944 to 1945.
August 20- Wiley Feagin, age 52. Played offensive guard for the Baltimore Colts and Washington Redskins from 1961 to 1963.
Ray Johnson, age 75. Played running back and defensive back for the Cleveland Rams and Chicago Cardinals from 1937 to 1940.
August 21- Larry Buhler, age 73. Played three seasons (1939-1941) at running back for the Green Bay Packers. Was the Packers first round pick in the 1939 NFL Draft.
August 25- Bernie Feibish, age 71. Played center in the NFL for Philadelphia Eagles for three games in 1941.
August 26- Tom Toner, age 40. Played linebacker for the Green Bay Packers from 1973 to 1977.
August 28- Ed Balatti, age 66. Played receiver for the San Francisco 49ers, New York Yankees, and Buffalo Bills of the All American Football Conference.

September
September 3- Ernie Hambacher, age 83. Played running back for the Orange Tornadoes in 1929.
September 5- Charlie Huneke, age 69. Played tackle for the Chicago Rockets of the All American Football Conference and the Brooklyn Dodgers from 1946 to 1948.
 John Naioti, age 68. Played running back for the Pittsburgh Steelers in 1942 and 1945.
September 11- Byron Eby, age 85. Played one season for the Portsmouth Spartans in 1930.
September 17- Joe Maras, age 74. Played guard for the Pittsburgh Steelers from 1938 to 1940. Originally drafted by the Cleveland Rams in the 10th round of the 1938 NFL Draft.
September 20- Ed Robnett, age 70. Played Defensive end for the San Francisco 49ers in 1947. Originally drafted by the Washington Redskins in the 18th round of the 1946 NFL Draft.
September 21- Frank Quillen, age 69. Played two seasons as Defensive end for the Chicago Rockets of the All American Football Conference from 1946 to 1947.
September 22- Len Szafaryn, age 62. Played seven seasons in the NFL as a linebacker/offensive tackle. Played for the Washington Redskins, Green Bay Packers, and Philadelphia Eagles.
September 30- Al Lolotai, age 70. Played guard for the Washington Redskins and the Los Angeles Dons from 1945 to 1949.

October
October 1- Tommy Thompson, age 63. Played center and linebacker for the Cleveland Browns from 1949 to 1953.
October 8- Frank Cope, age 74. Played Offensive Guard for the New York Giants from 1938 to 1947.
October 11- George Corbett, age 82. Played tailback for the Chicago Bears from 1932 to 1938.
October 22 Frank Sinkwich, age 70. Running back who was the first round draft choice of the Detroit Lions in the 1943 NFL Draft. Missed two years due to military service.
October 25- Ed Bagdon, age 64. Played middle guard, linebacker, and place kicker for the Chicago Cardinals and Washington Redskins from 1950 to 1952.
October 27- Garvin Mugg, age 69. Played three games at tackle for the Detroit Lions in 1943 as a wartime replacement player.
October 28- Chet Adams, age 75. Former Offensive and Defensive tackle for the Cleveland Rams, Green Bay Packers, Cleveland Browns Buffalo Bills and New York Yankees.

November
November 15- Robert Patton, age 63, Played guard for the New York Giants in 1952.
November 26- Dick Folk, age 75. Played running back for Brooklyn Dodgers in 1939.
November 30- Fritz Barzilauskas, age 70. Played guard for the Boston Yanks, New York Yankees, and New York Giants.
Richard Brown, age 83. Played one season at center for the Portsmouth Spartans in 1930.

December
December 3- Ray Wagner, age 88. Played Defensive end for the Orange Tornadoes and Brooklyn Dodgers from 1929 to 1931.
December 4- Nels Peterson, age 77. Played running back and placekicker for the Cleveland Rams and Washington Redskins from 19337 to 1938.
December 6- Ed Bell, Age 69. Played offensive line for the Miami Seahawks and Green Bay Packers from 1946 to 1949.
 Remi Prudhomme, age 48, Played center and defensive end for the Buffalo Bills, Kansas City Chiefs, and New Orleans Saints from 1966 to 1972. Played for Kansas City  in Super Bowl III.
December 16- Art Koeninger, age 84.From 1931 to 1933, played center for three teams, the Frankford Yellow Jackets, Staten Island Stapletons, and Philadelphia Eagles.
December 19- Billy Tidwell, age 60. Played one season at running back in the NFL, for the San Francisco 49ers after being drafted by the 49ers in the 1953 NFL Draft.
December 20- Mark Temple, age 79. Played one season in the NFL at Tailback, splitting the 1936 season between the Boston Redskins and Brooklyn Dodgers.
December 21- Fred Washington, age 23. Played Defensive Tackle for the Chicago Bears, Killed in a car accident during his rookie season.
December 29- Jack Nix, age 73. NFL career consisted of one game at Wing Back for the Cleveland Rams in 1940.
December 31- George Allen, age 72. Hall of fame head coach for the Los Angeles Rams and Washington Redskins.
 Ewell Phillips, age 81. Played offensive guard for the New York Giants in 1936.

Television changes
This was the first season under a new four-year deal with TNT to televise Sunday night football games during the first half of the season. ABC, CBS, NBC, and ESPN also each signed four-year contracts to renew their rights for Monday Night Football, the NFC package, and the AFC package, and Sunday Night Football during the second half of the season, respectively. ABC was also given the rights to televise the additional Saturday AFC and NFC wild card playoff games.

TNT's initial broadcast team consisted of Skip Caray on play-by-play and Pat Haden as color commentator. Fred Hickman became the host of TNT's pregame show, The Stadium Show. ESPN continued to air NFL Primetime during those Sunday nights when TNT aired games, going head-to-head with TNT's pregame show.

After CBS fired Brent Musburger on April 1, 1990, the network decided to overhaul the talent lineup on The NFL Today. Irv Cross was demoted to the position of game analyst, and Will McDonough moved on to NBC's NFL Live!. Greg Gumbel became the new host of The NFL Today , Terry Bradshaw became the new analyst, and Pat O'Brien and Lesley Visser as the new reporters/contributors.

References

 NFL Record and Fact Book ()
 NFL History 1981–1990 (Last accessed December 8, 2007)
 Total Football: The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football League ()

National Football League seasons
National Football League

1990 NFL season


Caryl Parker Haskins (1908–2001) was an American scientist, author, inventor, philanthropist, governmental adviser and pioneering entomologist in the study of ant biology.  Along with Franklin S. Cooper, he founded the Haskins Laboratories, a private, non-profit research laboratory, in 1935. He was professor at Union College. He was also on the boards of non-profits such as the Carnegie Institution of Washington and the Smithsonian Institution.

Career
Haskins was initially educated at Yale University, where he was awarded a B.S. degree in 1930. He went on to earn a Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1935. During his career, he was awarded an Sc.D. from multiple institutions.

Haskins taught at Union College as a research professor from 1937 to 1955. He was also a research associate at MIT from 1935 to 1945.

In the late 1940s, he began to study the evolution of guppies in the streams of Trinidad. He found that male guppies in stream ponds further upstream were more colorful than those downstream, presumably because of fewer predators there.

He also continued his research on entomology, working with his wife, Edna Haskins (whom he married in 1940), and other colleagues.

Haskins Laboratories
In the 1930s, Haskins was inspired by Alfred Lee Loomis to establish his own research facility. He founded Haskins Laboratories in 1935. Affiliated with Harvard University, MIT and Union College, Haskins conducted research in microbiology, radiation physics and other fields in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and in Schenectady, New York. In 1939, Haskins Laboratories moved its center to New York City. Seymour Hutner joined the staff to set up a research program in microbiology, genetics and nutrition; the descendant of this program is now part of Pace University in New York. In the 1940s, Luigi Provasoli joined the Laboratories to set up a research program in marine biology, which disbanded with his retirement in 1978. Since the 1950s, the main focus of the research of Haskins Laboratories has been on speech and its biological basis. The main facility of Haskins Laboratories moved to New Haven, Connecticut, in 1970 where it entered into affiliation agreements with Yale University and the University of Connecticut. Haskins Laboratories continues to be a leading, multidisciplinary laboratory with an international scope that does pioneering work on the science of the spoken and written word.

Haskins served as President, Research Director, and Chairman of the Board of Haskins Laboratories from 1935 to 1987.

Public service
During World War II, Haskins used his scientific knowledge for the war effort. He was a liaison officer with the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) and then worked with the chairman of the National Defense Research Committee. After the war, he advised the Research and Development Board of the Army and the Navy, the Secretary of Defense, and the Secretary of State; he was also a member of the President's Science Advisory Committee.

Haskins was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1951 and the American Philosophical Society in 1955.

In 1956, he was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences. That same year, he was appointed to the Presidency of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, a position he held until 1971.

Haskins served as a Regent of the Smithsonian Institution from 1956 to 1980. He also chaired the Regents' Executive Committee from 1968 to 1972. In 1980, the Board of Regents unanimously awarded him the Henry Medal "in recognition of his manifold services to the Institution as a friend and a Regent".

He was active with the National Geographic Society in many positions: Trustee from 1964 to 1984 (and then honorary trustee), member of the Finance Committee from 1972 to 1985, member of the Committee on Research and Exploration beginning in 1972, and member of the Society's Executive Committee from 1972 to 84.

He was a director of E.I. du Pont de Nemours from 1971 to 1981.

He was president of the Sigma Xi scientific research honor society in 1967–68. He remained a trustee of Carnegie Institution and of Haskins Laboratories, as well as trustee emeritus of the National Geographic Society, until his death.

Publications by or about Caryl Parker Haskins
 Philip Abelson. "A Model for Excellence". In J. D. Ebert (ed.), This Our Golden Age, 3-10.
 Alice B. Dadourian. "A Bio-Bibliography of Caryl Parker Haskins". Yvonix, New Haven, Connecticut, 2000.
 James D. Ebert, editor. This Our Golden Age: Selected Annual Essays of Caryl P. Haskins, President Carnegie Institution of Washington 1956-1971. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC, 1994. LC # 94–70734.
 James D. Ebert. "Inspiring Mentor, Visionary Leader". In J. D. Ebert (ed.), This Our Golden Age, 19–24.
 George Orwell: "Review of Ants and Men by Carol P. Haskins". In: George Orwell. Essays. Everyman Library. 242. Edited by Alfred A. Knopf. 2002, pp 1077. .
 Caryl Parker Haskins. Of ants and men. Prentice-Hall, New York, 1939.
 Caryl Parker Haskins. Of Societies and Men. W.W. Norton, New York, 1951.
 Caryl Parker Haskins. The scientific revolution and world politics. Greenwood Press, 1975.
 Haskins, C. P. and Haskins, "Edna F. Notes on the biology and social behavior of the archaic ponerine ants of the genera Myrmecia and Promyrmecia". Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 1950, 43(4), 461–491.
 Edward O. Wilson. "Caryl Haskins, Entomologist". In J. D. Ebert (ed.), This Our Golden Age, 11–18.

References

1908 births
2001 deaths
Haskins Laboratories scientists
Harvard University alumni
20th-century American inventors
20th-century American philanthropists
Members of the American Philosophical Society

Caryl Parker Haskins


Burmese Days is a novel by George Orwell. It was his first novel. It was published in 1934. The book is about colonialism and racism in Burma.

Background
George Orwell worked as a policeman in Burma for five years. He thought the way people were treated in parts of the British Empire was unfair and he used some of his own experiences as ideas. For example, he based the fictional town of Kyauktada on the real town of Katha, where he worked.

Orwell finished writing the book in 1933 and it was published the year after. He had it published in the United States because of concerns that the characters were described too much like actual people in Orwell's life and made them look bad.

Plot
In Burma, a man called John Flory lives on his own. He is unhappy with his life and misses his home in England but he has been in Burma so long, he does not feel like he can return home. Flory does not like the other English people in the town. He thinks they treat the local people very cruelly. Flory's best friend is an Indian doctor called Veraswami and some people make fun of him for being friendly with someone who is not white.

A young lady called Elizabeth moves to the town and Flory plans to marry her. He hopes that if he does, he might be able to become happy. At the same time, an important Burmese man in the town called U Po Kyin makes a plan to have more power and this effects Flory and Veraswami.

Flory kills himself.

U Po Kyin believe that he can wipe out the negative karma of his evil actions by giving money to build pagodas. However, he dies of a stroke before the first pagoda can be built. His wife has a dream where he is reborn as a snake or frog.

Characters
 John Flory, called James Flory in some copies of the book, is the main character. In the novel, he is just "Flory."
 Elizabeth Lackersteen is an English girl and Flory's love interest.
 Mr. Lackersteen is Elizabeth's uncle.
 Mrs. Lackersteen is Elizabeth's aunt and Mr. Lackersteen's wife.
 Dr. Veraswami is an Indian doctor and Flory's friend.
 U Po Kyin is a corrupt Burmese magistrate. He is described as ugly and fat.
 Ma Hla May is Flory's Burmese mistress.
 Ko S'la is Flory's servant. He feels sorry for Flory, who is unmarried and has no kids while he is married and has 5 kids.
 Lieutenant Verrall is a military officer posted in town. He is everything Flory is not: young, rich, and handsome. He looks down on everyone.
 Mr. Macgregor is Deputy Commissioner.
 Ellis is an Englishman who manages a timber company in Upper Burma. He is very racist.
 Francis and Samuel: Francis and Samuel are clerks. They are both Eurasian.

References

Books by George Orwell
1934 books
English novels

Burmese Days


Camp Creek Falls is a  waterfall that flows from Camp Creek on a basin of about 4 square miles and 1550 feet above sea level, located in the U.S. state of Washington. Shortly downstream Camp Creek empties into Cispus River. While flow is reduced in the late season, Camp Creek is a perennial drop with two tiers clearly visible. Camp Creek Falls is located south of U.S. Route 12 in the heart of the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument. A hiking trail leads from a parking area to the falls.

Location
Camp Creek Falls is located in the heart of White Pass/Cowlitz River Valley, 9.5 miles south of Randle, Washington along Randle-Troute Lake road (NF-23). Access is found past Pinto Rd (NF-28) fork on the left (north) side of the road. The Randle-Troute Lake road crosses over Camp Creek which empties into Cispus River located a short walk south of NF-23 at the same location. After crossing over Camp Creek, the trail hikes through a mixed conifer hardwood forest along a steep side slope on both sides of the watercourse before ending approximately 20 feet of the waterfall.

See also
 List of waterfalls in Washington

Notes

Waterfalls of Washington (state)
Waterfalls of Skamania County, Washington
Tiered waterfalls

Camp Creek Falls


In many historical societies, the position of kingship carries a sacral meaning; that is, it is identical with that of a high priest and judge. The concept of theocracy is related, although a sacred king does not need to necessarily rule through his religious authority; rather, the temporal position itself has a religious significance behind it.

History
Sir James George Frazer used the concept of the sacred king in his study The Golden Bough (1890–1915), the title of which refers to the myth of the Rex Nemorensis. Frazer gives numerous examples, cited below, and was an inspiration for the myth and ritual school. However, "the myth and ritual, or myth-ritualist, theory" is disputed; many scholars now believe that myth and ritual share common paradigms, but not that one developed from the other.

According to Frazer, the notion has prehistoric roots and occurs worldwide, on Java as in sub-Saharan Africa, with shaman-kings credited with rainmaking and assuring  fertility and good fortune. The king might also be designated to suffer and atone for his people, meaning that the sacral king could be the pre-ordained victim in a human sacrifice, either killed at the end of his term in the position, or sacrificed in a time of crisis (e.g. the Blót of Domalde).

The Ashanti flogged a newly selected king (Ashantehene) before enthroning him. So that he might remember what it felt like to suffer as a man, to restrain him in his thereafter acquired god-like power, as the Auriga reminded the conquering hero returning to Rome in his triumph, the crowd's ecstatic adulation rolling in waves across his ego, that he remained but a mortal, and must die.

From the Bronze Age in the Near East, the enthronement and anointment of a monarch is a central religious ritual, reflected in the titles "Messiah" or "Christ", which became separated from worldly kingship. Thus Sargon of Akkad described himself as "deputy of Ishtar", just as the modern Catholic Pope takes the role of the "Vicar of Christ".

Kings are styled as shepherds from earliest times, e.g., the term applied to Sumerian princes such as Lugalbanda in the 3rd millennium BCE. The image of the shepherd combines the themes of leadership and the responsibility to supply food and protection, as well as superiority.

As the mediator between the people and the divine, the sacral king was credited with special wisdom (e.g. Solomon or Gilgamesh) or vision (e.g. via oneiromancy).

Study
Study of the concept was introduced by Sir James George Frazer in his influential book The Golden Bough (1890–1915); sacral kingship plays a role in Romanticism and Esotericism (e.g. Julius Evola) and some currents of Neopaganism (Theodism).
The school of Pan-Babylonianism derived much of the religion described in the Hebrew Bible from cults of sacral kingship in ancient Babylonia.

The so-called British and Scandinavian cult-historical schools maintained that the king personified a god and stood at the center of the national or tribal religion. The English "myth and ritual school" concentrated on anthropology and folklore, while the Scandinavian "Uppsala school" emphasized Semitological study.

Frazer's interpretation
A sacred king, according to the systematic interpretation of mythology developed by Frazer in The Golden Bough (published 1890), was a king who represented a solar deity in a periodically re-enacted fertility rite. Frazer seized upon the notion of a substitute king and made him the keystone of his theory of a universal, pan-European, and indeed worldwide fertility myth, in which a consort for the Goddess was annually replaced. According to Frazer, the sacred king represented the spirit of vegetation, a divine John Barleycorn. He came into being in the spring, reigned during the summer, and ritually died at harvest time, only to be reborn at the winter solstice to wax and rule again. The spirit of vegetation was therefore a "dying and reviving god". Osiris, Dionysus, Attis and many other familiar figures from Greek mythology and classical antiquity were re-interpreted in this mold. The sacred king, the human embodiment of the dying and reviving vegetation god, was supposed to have originally been an individual chosen to rule for a time, but whose fate was to suffer as a sacrifice, to be offered back to the earth so that a new king could rule for a time in his stead.

Especially in Europe during Frazer's early twentieth century heyday, it launched a cottage industry of amateurs looking for "pagan survivals" in such things as traditional fairs, maypoles, and folk arts like morris dancing. It was widely influential in literature, being alluded to by D. H. Lawrence, James Joyce, Ezra Pound, and in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land, among other works.

Robert Graves used Frazer's work in The Greek Myths and made it one of the foundations of his own personal mythology in The White Goddess, and in the fictional Seven Days in New Crete he depicted a future in which the institution of a sacrificial sacred king is revived. Margaret Murray, the principal theorist of witchcraft as a "pagan survival," used Frazer's work to propose the thesis that many kings of England who died as kings, most notably William Rufus, were secret pagans and witches, whose deaths were the re-enactment of the human sacrifice that stood at the centre of Frazer's myth. This idea used by fantasy writer Katherine Kurtz in her novel Lammas Night.

Examples
 Chakravartin, a righteous king derived from Indian religious thought.
 Devaraja, cult of divine kings in Southeast Asia.
 Germanic kingship
 Holy Roman Emperor
 Imperial cult
 The Omukama of Kitara ruled as a heavenly sovereign.
 The High King of Ireland, according to medieval tradition, married the sovereignty goddess.
 Almamy—derived from al-Imam, meaning "the one leading the prayer" in Arabic—regnal title of theocratic monarchs of Futa Toro, Futa Jallon and West African rulers.
 The Eze Nri, ruler of the defunct Igbo Nri Kingdom in present-day Nigeria. He was addressed as "Igwe," meaning "heavenly one" in the Igbo language, and has bequeathed his title to the monarch of a contemporary traditional state of the same name.
 The Emperor of Japan is known in Japanese as Tennō – "heavenly sovereign", and was formerly believed to be a living kami.
 The Kende was the sacred king of the Magyars in the 9th century.
 The Khagan (Ashina)
 The Kings of Luba became deities after death.
 The temporal power of the papacy
 Pharaoh, title of Ancient Egyptian rulers. The pharaoh adopted names symbolizing holy might.
 The last vestige of Athenian monarchy, Archon basileus, mainly retained the duties of overseeing certain religious rites.
 King of Rome
 Rex Sacrorum
 Pontifex Maximus – a title inherited by the papacy
 Roman triumph, according to legend first enacted by Romulus
 Augustus
 Son of Heaven, East Asian title
 Shah and Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist, Islamic concepts in Iran
 The kings of Sparta claimed direct descent from Heracles himself, and served as hereditary priests.
 King of Thailand
 The pre-colonial emperors and kings of the Yoruba people, the Obas, and their contemporary successors
 Madkhalism in Islam
 Kings in pre-Christian Scandinavia and England claimed descent from gods such as Odin (House of Wessex, House of Knýtlinga)  and Freyr (Yngling). Scandinavian kings in pre-Christian times served as priests at sacrifices.

Monarchies carried sacral kingship into the Middle Ages, encouraging the idea of kings installed by the Grace of God. See:
 Capetian Miracle
 Royal touch, supernatural powers attributed to the kings of England and France
 The Serbian Nemanjić dynasty
 The Hungarian House of Árpád (known during the Medieval period as the "dynasty of the Holy King"')
 The Prince-Bishops, existing in various European countries in Medieval and later times.

In fiction
Many of Rosemary Sutcliff's novels are recognized as being directly influenced by Frazer, depicting individuals accepting the burden of leadership and the ultimate responsibility of personal sacrifice, including Sword at Sunset, The Mark of the Horse Lord, and Sun Horse, Moon Horse.

In addition to its appearance in her novel Lammas Night noted above, Katherine Kurtz also uses the idea of sacred kingship in her novel The Quest for Saint Camber.

See also

Apotheosis, glorification of a subject to divine level.
Avatar
Chakravartin
Coronation
Dying-and-rising god
Euhemerism
Great Catholic Monarch
Great King
Greek hero cult
Jaguars in Mesoamerican cultures
Jesus in comparative mythology
Katechon – Eschatological-Apocalyptic King
Monarchy of Thailand – Ayutthayan period
Mythological king
Prince-Bishop
Rajamandala
Sceptre
Winged sun

Notes

References
General
 Ronald Hutton, The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles, (Blackwell, 1993):
 William Smith, D.C.L., LL.D., A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, (London, 1875)
 J.F. del Giorgio, The Oldest Europeans, (A.J. Place, 2006)
Claus Westermann, Encyclopædia Britannica, s.v. sacred kingship.
 James George Frazer, The Golden Bough, 3rd ed., 12 vol. (1911–15, reprinted 1990)
 A.M. Hocart, Kingship (1927, reprint 1969)
G. van der Leeuw, Religion in Essence and Manifestation (1933, English 1938,  1986)
Geo Widengren,  Religionsphänomenologie (1969), pp. 360–393.
Lily Ross Taylor, The Divinity of the Roman Emperor (1931, reprint 1981).
David Cannadine and Simon Price (eds.), Rituals of Royalty: Power and Ceremonial in Traditional Societies (1987).
Henri Frankfort, Kingship and the Gods (1948,  1978).
Colin Morris, The Papal Monarchy: The Western Church from 1050 to 1250 (1989),
J.H. Burns, Lordship, Kingship, and Empire: The Idea of Monarchy, 1400–1525 (1992).

"English school"
S.H. Hooke (ed.),The Labyrinth: Further Studies in the Relation Between Myth and Ritual in the Ancient World (1935).
S.H. Hooke (ed.), Myth, Ritual, and Kingship: Essays on the Theory and Practice of Kingship in the Ancient Near East and in Israel (1958).

"Scandinavian school"
Geo Widengren, Sakrales Königtum im Alten Testament und im Judentum (1955).
Ivan Engnell, Studies in Divine Kingship in the Ancient Near East, 2nd ed. (1967)
Aage Bentzen, King and Messiah, 2nd ed. (1948; English 1970).

External links
article Rex Sacrificulus in Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
Sacred Kings, an ebook on sacred kingship in different cultures

Anthropology of religion
Comparative mythology
Monarchy
Mythological archetypes
Mythological kings
Paganism
Priests
Sacrifice
Folk religion
William II of England

Sacred king


Yang Gang (; 1905 – 7 October 1957), also known as Yang Bin (), was a Chinese journalist, novelist, and translator. She gained prominence reporting for the influential newspaper Ta Kung Pao during the Second Sino-Japanese War, and was considered one of the top four female journalists in China. After the Chinese Communist Revolution, she served as Premier Zhou Enlai's secretary and later Deputy Chief Editor of the People's Daily. She committed suicide in October 1957, after being forced to persecute her colleagues during the Anti-Rightist Campaign, although the exact reason for her suicide remains undetermined.

Early life and education
Yang was born in Pingxiang, Jiangxi province, one of 11 children in a family of Xiantao, Hubei ancestry. Her father was a high-ranking politician who served as governor of Jiangxi and Hubei provinces. Her name at birth was Yang Jizheng ().

In 1922 Yang attended Baoling Girls' School in Nanchang, an American missionary school. In 1927 she entered Yenching University in Beijing, studying English literature. In Beijing she joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), and met Zheng Kan (), a student at Peking University. After graduating from university, Yang married Zheng Kan and gave birth to a daughter . She quit the CCP due to a dispute with her superior but continued to participate in underground communist activities.

Career
In 1933, Yang moved to Shanghai, where she joined the League of Left-Wing Writers and befriended American journalist Agnes Smedley. Later that year she returned to Yenching University at the invitation of Edgar Snow, who translated one of Yang's novels into English. In 1935 Yang Gang translated Jane Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice into Chinese, which was published by the Commercial Press. In 1936, Yang and her husband worked together for the Popular Knowledge magazine () run by the historian Gu Jiegang.

After the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in 1937 and the Japanese invasion of China, Yang Gang rejoined the CCP and the anti-Japanese resistance. Due to differences between Yang and her husband, the couple divorced. Yang joined the influential newspaper Ta Kung Pao, which retreated south to Hong Kong, while Zheng Kan went to Fujian province. In 1943, Zheng was killed in a Japanese bombing raid in Yong'an, Fujian.

In Hong Kong, Yang worked as a reporter for the Ta Kung Pao. After Hong Kong also fell to the Japanese in 1941, Yang evacuated with the newspaper to Guilin, Guangxi. In 1944 she was sent by the newspaper to the United States as its correspondent, until she returned to China in 1948. From 1945 to 1947 she enrolled at Radcliffe College of Harvard University, studying art. During her time in America she wrote an autobiographical novel called Daughter in English as well as creating reports on contemporary American life. These reports covered subjects including the search for undercover communists and racism, and were published as a collection in 1951.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Yang worked as Premier Zhou Enlai's secretary and became Deputy Chief Editor of the People's Daily in 1955.

Suicide
When the Anti-Rightist Campaign began in 1957, Yang Gang was appointed the number three leader of the "Anti-Rightist Leadership Group" of the People's Daily. She was forced to participate in the persecution of many of her colleagues and friends who had been labelled "rightists". On October 7, Yang committed suicide by taking an overdose of sleeping pills. The reason for her suicide is undetermined. According to Hu Qiaomu, it was because she lost a notebook where she recorded her thoughts which she feared would lead to her being sought by the Anti-Rightist Campaign. According to John King Fairbank, who knew her personally, she committed suicide because of a serious injury sustained in a car accident. This view is disputed by Yang's colleagues and personal friends Xiao Qian and Ye Yao, who noted that her suicide occurred two days after she took part in the criticism session of the famous woman writer Ding Ling, and that she had just been stripped of her status as a representative to the National People's Congress, along with Feng Xuefeng, which made headline news in October 1957.

Legacy
A first draft of Yang Gang's autobiographical novel Daughter was published in 1988 by the Beijing Foreign Languages service in English, and a Chinese translation by the People's Publishing House was published under the title Tiaozhan.

References

1905 births
1957 suicides
1957 deaths
Chinese women journalists
Writers from Jiangxi
Suicides in the People's Republic of China
People from Pingxiang
Yenching University alumni
Radcliffe College alumni
Chinese women novelists
20th-century Chinese women writers
20th-century Chinese novelists
20th-century Chinese writers
20th-century Chinese translators
20th-century novelists
Victims of the Anti-Rightist Campaign
Drug-related suicides in China

Yang Gang (journalist)


Woodlawn National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery within Woodlawn Cemetery, which is in the city of Elmira, in Chemung County, New York. Administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, it encompasses , and as of 2021, had over 11,000 interred remains.

History
In 1861, Camp Rathbun, near the town of Elmira, was established as a training camp at the beginning of the Civil War. As the Union troops who trained there were sent to their respective assignments, the camp emptied and in 1864 it was turned into the Elmira Prison prisoner-of-war camp. The facilities were not adequate to house the thousands of Confederate prisoners, and many succumbed to exposure, malnutrition, and smallpox and were subsequently interred at the cemetery.

Woodlawn National Cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.

Notable monuments
 The U.S. government erected the Shohola Monument in 1911 to commemorate a tragic railroad accident that took the lives of both Confederate and Union soldiers during the Civil War in 1864.
 In 1937, the United Daughters of the Confederacy erected a monument by sculptor Frederick Sievers in memory of those Confederate prisoners of war who died while imprisoned in Elmira.

Gallery

References

External links
 National Cemetery Administration
 Woodlawn National Cemetery

Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
United States national cemeteries
Tourist attractions in Chemung County, New York
Buildings and structures in Elmira, New York
Cemeteries in Chemung County, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Chemung County, New York
1864 establishments in New York (state)

Woodlawn National Cemetery


Daniela Blume (born 9 February 1980 in Barcelona) is a Spanish sex therapist and radio presenter, named the 13th sexiest woman in the world by readers of FHM in Spain. Her birthname is Alexandra García, she moved to Canada and studied her Sexology career there.

History
After her return from study in Canada, she worked as a stripper in the Sala Bagdad of Barcelona, and later she worked in the program Crónicas marcianas, until the end of issue (in July 2005). Despite this, she continued in Telecinco, when she was a reporter in the program "TNT", directed by Jordi González.
Also at the time, she was a stripper in the program Condició femenina of Canal Català and she worked as a sexologist.

In June 2007, she posed in Interviú magazine.
From September 2007 until July 2013, she was an announcer on the radio program: Ponte a Prueba in the Europa FM station. In 2009, she wrote with director of program, Uri Sabat a book entitled: El Manual de Ponte a Prueba.

In 2009, she participated in the Telecinco program Supervivientes: Perdidos en Honduras. In this program, she was the eighth to be expelled after being on that island for 57 days. In that same year, she occasionally collaborated in the program leading Telecinco: Sálvame. In the summer of 2011, she was the host of a TV program on Antena 3, Comer, beber y amar.

Recent career
In 2013, she participated in the program of Antena 3, Splash! Famosos al agua. Daniela came to the end of the TV show. There, in the end, she made ½ somersault pike. For that leap, the jury scored by 9.5, the highest score of the show, but the public decided that the winner was Gervasio Deferr (winner of three Olympic medals), so Daniela was third.

Since 26 August, she has collaborated with Uri Sabat in a new radio show No te cortes, on the station Los 40 Principales.

References

1985 births
Spanish radio personalities
Spanish women radio presenters
Spanish television presenters
Spanish women television presenters
Spanish female erotic dancers
Mass media people from Barcelona
Sexologists
Spanish health professionals
Sex columnists
Women sexologists

Living people
Spanish expatriates in Canada

Daniela Blume


Colm Murphy (18 August 1952 – 18 April 2023) was an Irish republican who was the first person to be convicted in connection with the Omagh bombing, but whose conviction was overturned on appeal. While awaiting a retrial on criminal charges, Murphy was found liable for the bombing in a civil trial, along with Michael McKevitt, Liam Campbell and Seamus Daly. He was subsequently cleared of criminal charges in February 2010.

Background
Born in Belleeks, County Armagh, on 18 August 1952, Murphy was an active Irish republican paramilitary from his late teens. In March 1972, he was arrested in Dundalk regarding an assault, and was sentenced to two years in prison after the Garda Síochána found a loaded revolver in his car. Murphy was imprisoned in the Curragh military jail but escaped in October 1972, and was not recaptured until May 1973. In June 1976, he was imprisoned again, receiving a three-year sentence for firearms offences and a one-year sentence for Provisional Irish Republican Army membership, both sentences to run concurrently. In July 1983, Murphy was arrested in the US, after attempting to buy a consignment of M60 machine guns to be shipped to Ireland for use by the Irish National Liberation Army. He received a five-year prison sentence, but returned to Ireland in December 1985 after being released early.

In the late 1980s, Murphy began investing in property, and formed a company named Emerald Enterprises in 1990. He bought the Emerald Bar public house in Dundalk for IR£100,000, and it later became a meeting place for dissident republicans. Other investments included  of land in Drogheda bought for IR£52,000 in 1995, and his company won contracts for an IR£11 million development at Dublin City University and the multi-million pound International Financial Services Centre in Dublin's docklands.

Dissident republican activity
Murphy was arrested by the Gardaí on 21 February 1999 for questioning under anti-terrorist legislation. On 24 February, Murphy became the first person charged in connection with the Omagh bombing, when he appeared before Dublin's Special Criminal Court and was charged with conspiring to cause an explosion under the terms of Ireland's Offences Against the State Act, between 13 and 16 August 1998.  Murphy was also charged with membership of an illegal organisation, the Real Irish Republican Army.

On 10 October 2000, the BBC television show Panorama named Murphy as one of four people connected with the Omagh bombing, along with Seamus Daly and Liam Campbell. In 2001, Murphy undertook legal action against the BBC and Daily Mail publishers Associated Newspapers for contempt of court. The action against Associated Newspapers was settled on 31 July 2001, and the newspaper released a statement saying Murphy was entitled to be presumed innocent of the charges against him until proven guilty.

Murphy's trial began at Special Criminal Court in Dublin on 12 October 2001. The court heard that Murphy had supplied two mobile phones which were used during the bombing. One witness, Murphy's second cousin, retracted his evidence and the judge called the conduct of two detectives outrageous, saying they had persistently lied under cross-examination. Despite this, on 22 January 2002, Murphy was convicted of conspiring to cause the Omagh bombing, and on 25 January was sentenced to 14 years imprisonment with the judge describing him as a long-time republican extremist.

On 21 January 2005, Murphy's conviction was overturned and a new trial ordered, due to the invasion of Murphy's presumption of innocence, and alteration of Gardaí interview notes and evidence presented by two officers. A week later, Murphy's legal case against the BBC was resolved, with the BBC issuing a statement that Murphy "was fully entitled to maintain his innocence of the charges against him and to test the evidence against him at his trial".

On 23 October 2006, two Gardaí officers were found not guilty of perjuring themselves during Murphy's trial. On 23 May 2007, it was announced that Murphy was suffering from short-term memory loss resulting from a car accident in 1988. His lawyers attempted to prevent a retrial taking place, on the grounds that his condition interfered with his right to a fair hearing. The Court of Criminal Appeal was scheduled to hear his case again in October 2008. Following a retrial held in January 2010, Murphy was acquitted on 24 February 2010.

In 2009, Murphy was one of four men found by a civil court to be liable for the Omagh bombing in a case taken by relatives of the victims. On 7 July 2011, in Belfast High Court, Lord Justice Malachy Higgins directed a retrial of the civil claims against Murphy.  He questioned evidence surrounding emails from US undercover agent David Rupert while overturning the judgment on Murphy. The paucity of the email evidence, the lack of consistency in the emails or at least ambiguity, the possibility of initials referring to someone other than Murphy and the fact that they refer on occasions to double hearsay considerably weakened the emails as evidence, he said. Following a civil retrial, on 20 March 2013, Murphy and Seamus Daly were found liable for involvement in the bombing.

Death
Murphy died of degenerative lung disease on 18 April 2023, at the age of 70.

References

1952 births
2023 deaths
Escapees from Irish detention
Irish builders
Irish National Liberation Army members
Irish republicans
Irish republicans imprisoned by non-jury courts
Overturned convictions
People convicted of arms trafficking
People from County Armagh
Provisional Irish Republican Army members
Real Irish Republican Army
Republicans imprisoned during the Northern Ireland conflict

Colm Murphy


The Rakovički Creek ( / Rakovički potok, "Rakovica Creek") is a short stream in north-central Serbia, an 8,5 kilometer-long right tributary to the Topčiderka river. During its entire flow it runs through the southern outskirts of the urban section of Belgrade. It is one of the 40 rivers, streams and creeks that flow or used to flow through Belgrade, but as the majority of them is completely or partially conducted underground into the city sewage system, Rakovički potok avoided such faith. Even though it is short, the creek flows through a number of Belgrade's neighborhoods and gave its name to two urban neighborhoods of Belgrade, one municipality and a monastery.

Course

The creek originates from the northern slopes of the Torlak hill, in the south-eastern part of the Belgrade's urban neighborhood of Kumodraž in the Voždovac municipality. It flows to the south, along the eastern side of the Torlak, passing between the neighborhoods of Jajinci and Selo Rakovica. In the Pašinac field it receives the Milošev potok from the left, turns north-west and enters the municipality of Rakovica. It flows next to the northern section of the neighborhood of Resnik, several smaller, new neighborhoods (Jelezovac, Sunčani Breg, Straževica) and the monastery of Rakovica, curving along the eastern and northern slopes of the 209 meter-high hill of Straževica. At the neighborhood of Kneževac, Rakovički potok receives the creek of Zmajevac and for the last 300 meters has been conducted underground, below the industrial complex of the "21 Maj" factory, emptying into the Topčiderka.

Characteristics

The creek got its name from the crayfish ("Crayfish creek"; Serbian: rak, rakovica) which used to live in the creek in the Middle Ages. In turn, the creek gave its name to the Belgrade's modern municipality of Rakovica, the neighborhoods of Rakovica (in the same municipality) and Selo Rakovica (in the municipality of Voždovac) and the monastery of Rakovica.

The central valley of the creek is a natural route for the eastern part of the Kružni put, the main road connecting the southern outskirts of Belgrade and the projected route of the future Belgrade beltway. Belgrade-Požarevac railway also passes through the valley, parallel to the road. The area near the creek's mouth (Kneževac-Rakovica) is one of major industrial zones in Belgrade.

In May 1999, during the NATO bombing of Serbia, the electrical substation in Rakovica was hit and 80 tons of heating oil partially burned polluting the air, but a significant amount leaked into the Rakovički potok polluting Topčiderka and Sava rivers downstream.

References

Bibliography

 Beograd — plan grada; M@gic M@p, 2006. .

Rivers of Serbia
Geography of Belgrade
Šumadija
Rakovica, Belgrade

Rakovički Creek


Amman Stock Exchange (ASE) is a stock exchange private institution in Jordan, based in Amman.

History
The ASE was established in March 1999 as a non-profit, private institution with administrative and financial autonomy. It is authorized to function as an exchange for the trading of securities. The exchange is governed by a seven-member board of directors. A chief executive officer oversees day-to-day responsibilities and reports to the board. The members of ASE are Jordan's 68 brokerage firms.

Amman Stock Exchange became state-owned company under the name "The Amman Stock Exchange Company (ASE Company)" on February 20, 2017.

The ASE is committed to the principles of fairness, transparency, efficiency, and liquidity. The exchange seeks to provide a strong and secure environment for its listed securities while protecting and guaranteeing the rights of its investors. To provide this transparent and efficient market, the ASE has implemented internationally recognized directives regarding market divisions and listing criteria.

To comply with international standards and best practices, the ASE works closely with the Jordan Securities Commission JSC on surveillance matters and maintains strong relationships with other exchanges, associations, and international organizations. The exchange is an active member of the Arab Federation of Exchanges, Federation of Euro-Asian Stock Exchanges (FEAS) and a full member of the World Federation of Exchanges (WFE).

The ASE is charged with providing enterprises with a means of raising capital by listing on the Exchange, encouraging an active market in listed securities based on the effective determination of prices and fair and transparent trading, providing modern and effective facilities and equipment for trading the recording of trades and publication of prices, monitoring and regulating market trading, coordination with the JSC as necessary, to ensure compliance with the law, a fair market and investor protection, setting out and enforcing a professional code of ethics among its member directors and staff, and ensuring the provision of timely and accurate information of issuers to the market and disseminating market information to the public

Leadership
Dr. Kamal Ahmad Al-Qudah - Chairman

Mr. Mazen Wathaifi CEO

Listed Securities
Stocks
Bonds
 Right Issues

The ASE Indexes
The ASE's stock indices include the ASE Unweighted Index, the ASE Market Capitalization Weighted Index and the ASE Free Float Index.

Bulletins
Daily Bulletin
Weekly Bulletin
Monthly Bulletins
Yearly Bulletins
Monthly Statistical

See also

Economy of Jordan
List of stock exchanges in Western Asia
List of stock exchanges

References

External links
Amman Stock Exchange
MARKET WATCH LIVE
ASELIVE- Android
Amman Stock Exchange Government of Jordan

Stock exchanges in the Middle East
Finance in Jordan
Companies based in Amman
1999 establishments in Jordan
Financial services companies established in 1999
Divisions and subsidiaries of the prime ministry (Jordan)

Amman Stock Exchange