George Guțu (born March 16, 1944) is a Romanian philologist, teacher in the Department of German Language and Literature of the Faculty of Foreign Languages and Literatures, University of Bucharest. He is also director of the Paul Celan Center for Research and Excellence and the Master programme "Intercultural Literary and Linguistic Communication Strategies" (Strategii comunicaționale interculturale – literare și lingvistice), initiated by the Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures together with other departments of the Faculty of Foreign Languages and Literatures. His academic activity is based on the history of German literature (Age of Enlightenment, Sturm und Drang, Classicism, Romanticism); German and Austrian contemporary literature; German literature from Romania, cultural inter-referentiality in Central and Southeast Europe, particularly in Bukovina, poetics, literary theory, translation, the history of German studies and guidance for PhD students. His research domains are the history of German literature; comparative literature; German literature from Romania; cultural inter-referentiality; imagology; the history and aesthetics of reception; theory and practice of translation.

Studies
George Guțu studied at Mihail Kogălniceanu High School in Galați, where he learned Russian and German as foreign languages. In 1963, he took the baccalaureate exam, followed by the entrance exam at the Faculty of Romanian Language and Literature, University of Bucharest. Starting in 1963, he studied two semesters at the University of Bucharest, but in 1964 he applied for a scholarship of the Ministry of Education of Romania in socialist countries. He attended two semesters in order to prepare for the baccalaureate exam for higher education in German at the Herder Institute in Leipzig. From 1965 to 1969 he studied German Studies and Cultural Sciences at the University of Leipzig. He wrote his first intermediate paper entitled "Zur Lyrik von Ingeborg Bachmann"("Ingeborg Bachmann's Poetry") and a graduation thesis "Das Problem der 'Biographie' bei Max Frisch. (Unter gelegentlicher Bezugnahme auf Ingeborg Bachmanns Erzählungen)" ["The Problem of 'Biography' of Max Frisch (with occasional references to Ingeborg Bachmann's work)"]. In 1969, Guțu obtained his diploma in German Studies with "excellent" results, together with Sergio Bertocchi from Italy, he was ranked the best student of the class. In recognition of this, both were offered the opportunity to continue PhD studies at the University of Leipzig. He decided in 1973 to attend extramural PhD studies at the University of Leipzig with professor Walter Dietze and later with professor Walfried Hartinger. On October 14, 1977, he presented his PhD dissertation "Die rumänische Koordinate der Lyrik Paul Celans" ("The Romanian Coordinate of Paul Celan's poetry").

Professional career
In 1978, he began his career on the faculty of the University of Bucharest. He was awarded a Romanian degree as a Doctor of Philology became a lecturer in the Department of German Language and Literature at the University of Bucharest. In 1990, he became an assistant professor of German Language and Literature. Later, he was elected as a member of the Goethe Society in Weimar and received a scholarship from that institution. In January 2004, he was re-elected as head of the Department of German Language and Literature, University of Bucharest. From October 1, 2004, to July 31, 2005, he served as professor and titular of the Department "Elias Canetti" for Southeast European Intercultural Studies of Viadrina European University in Frankfurt (Oder), Germany. He was an academic teacher at the Institute of German Studies and Institute of Romance Studies of the Sapienza University of Rome from October to December 2006. In 2007 he initiated and founded the Paul Celan Centre for Research and Excellence  of the Department of German Language and Literature, University of Bucharest. Over the years 2010 and 2011, he debuted as the initiator and director of the Master programme "Intercultural Literary and Linguistic Communication Strategies", promoted by the Department of German Language and Literature in collaboration with the Departments of Romance, Classical, Slavic and Canadian Studies of the Faculty of Foreign Languages and Literatures. In 2012 he was invited for a special seminar, "Interculturalism beyond the Borders of Bukovina", at the Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Viadrina European University. Guțu is a scholar of the Ministry of Education in Romania, the Goethe Institute, DAAD in Bonn, of Österreich-Kooperation, Vienna, the Austrian Society for Literature, the Erasmus, Socrates and Leonardo da Vinci programmes.

Memberships
 Member of the Writers Union of Romania;
 Founding member of the Institute for Germans' Culture and History in Southeast Europe University "Ludwig Maximilian" in Munich;
 President of the Society of Romanian Germanists (S.R.G.);
 President of "Goethe" Society from Romania;
 Since 2007: Member of the scientific board of the magazine "Annals of the University of Bucharest – Foreign Languages and Literatures Series" ;
 Since 2008: Member of the scientific board of the periodical "Futark. Revista de Investigacion y Cultura" from Seville (Spain) ; Scientific reviewer of the magazine "Annals of the "Spiru Haret" University – Philology Series";
 Since 2009: Member of the board of scientific reviewers (peer review) of the publication "Germanistische Beiträge" in Sibiu ;
 Since 2010: Member of the scientific board of the publication "Kronstädter germanistischen Beiträge zur Forschung " in Brasov;
 2009–2010: Member of the International Scientific Council for organizing and conducting the Biennial and Festival of Translation Europa Spazio di Traduzione, organized by the Naples Eastern University, with the participation of the Centre for Research and Excellence "Paul Celan", University of Bucharest; Organizer and moderator of the Round Table "Vita e vitalità delle 'lingue minori'";
 Since 2011: Member of the Board "Institut zur Erforschung und Förderung regionaler und transnationaler Kulturprozesse" (INST, Vienna); Honorary Member of the Society "Simion C. Mândrescu" in Romania;

Prizes and awards
 October 2006: Diploma of Honor "Virtue et Sapientia " of the University of Bucharest "for excellent performance om researching during the year 2005";
 July 2011: Awarded with the Order of Cultural Merit – Knight of the Romanian Presidency;
 March 2012: Awarded with the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art.

Selection from Released Books
George Guțu has written numerous scientific publications such as books, studies, reviews or reports.
 1986 "Abriß der Geschichte der rumäniendeutschen Literatur. Teil I: Von den Anfängen bis 1918 – Spezialvorlesung" Printing House of the University of Bucharest;
 1990 "Die Lyrik Paul Celans und der geistige Raum Rumäniens";
 1992 The initiative of establishing a specialized magazine of the S.G.R., "Zeitschrift der Germanisten Rumäniens";
 1994 Translation "Dans în lanțuri", Hans Bergel;
 1994 "Die Lyrik Paul Celans und die rumänische Dichtung der Zwischenkriegszeit";
 1995 Translation "Lupul de stepă", Hermann Hesse, printing 1995 / 2005 / 2006;
 1996 Translation "Siddhartha. O poemă indiană", Hermann Hesse, printing 1996 / 2005 / 2006;
 1997 Book series "GGR-Beiträge zur Germanistik", the first volume "Beiträge zur Geschichte der Germanistik in Rumänien";
 1997 "Germanistik an Hochschulen in Rumänien. Verzeichnis der Hochschullehrerinnen und Hochschullehrer";
 1998 Translation "Când vin vulturii", Hans Bergel;
 1998 Translation "Liniștea de după lovitura de secure", Matthias Buth;
 2001 "Geschichte der deutschen Literatur. Textanthologie. Bd. I:  Ältere deutsche Literatur";
 2002–2010 "transcarpathica germanistisches jahrbuch rumänien";
 2002 Translation "Vis cu ochii deschiși. Poeme.", Rose Ausländer;
 2002 Translation "Ecouri răzlețe", Hans Dama;
 2005 Translation "Episcop în România într-o epocă a conflictelor naționale și religioase", Raymund Netzhammer;
 2005 Translation  "Antichitățile creștine din Dobrogea", Raymund Netzhammer;
 2009 "Geschichte der deutschen Literatur. Textanthologie. Bd. II: Humanismus. Reformation. Barock (1400–1700)";
 2009 Translation "Scrisori către Wolfgang Kraus 1971–1990", Emil Cioran;
 2010 Translation "Din România. Incursiuni prin această țară și istoria ei", Raymund Netzhammer.

Released Books in Cooperation
 2002 "Stundenwechsel. Neue Perspektiven zu Alfred Margul-Sperber, Rose Ausländer, Paul Celan, Immanuel Weissglas (GGR-Beiträge zur Germanistik)", in cooperation with Martin Hainz, Andrei Corbea-Hoisie;
 2003 "Kindheit: Fragment einer Autobiographie (Bukowiner Literaturlandschaft)", in cooperation with Doris Rosenkranz;
 2005 "Interkulturelle Grenzgänge. Akten der Wissenschaftlichen Tagung des Bukarester Instituts für Germanistik zum 100. Geburtstag", in cooperation with Doina Sandu;
 2007 "Fremde Arme – arme Fremde. "Zigeuner" in Literaturen Mittel- und Osteuropas", in cooperation with Herbert Uerlings, Iulia-Karin Patrut;
 2008 "Minderheitenliteraturen – Grentzerfahrung und Reterritorialisierung. Festschrift für Stefan Sienerth", in cooperation with Ioana Crăciun-Fischer, Iulia-Karin Patrut;
 2009 ""...dass ich in der Welt zu Hause bin." Hans Bergels Werk in sekundärliterarischem Querschnitt", in cooperation with Mariana Lăzărescu, Raluca Rădulescu;
 2009 "Sprachheimat: Zum Werk von Dieter Schlesak in Zeiten von Diktatur und Exil", in cooperation with Jürgen Egyptien;
 2011 "Die Buche: Eine Anthologie deutschsprachiger Judendichtung aus der Bukowina", in cooperation with Alfred Margul-Sperber, Peter Motzan, Stefan Sienerth;
 2012 "Ost-West-Identitäten und -Perspektiven.: Deutschsprachige Literatur in und aus Rumänien im interkulturellen Dialog (Veröffentlichungen des Instituts ... der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München)", in cooperation with Ioana Crăciun-Fischer, Sissel Laegreid, Peter Motzan;
 2015 "Kindheit – Hörbuch, 6 Audio-CDs: Fragment einer Autobiographie (Bukowiner Literaturlandschaft", in cooperation with Moses Rosenkranz;
 2015 "Briefe an Alfred Margul-Sperber: (1930–1963) mit autobiographischen sowie literaturkritischen Dokumenten (Bukowiner Literaturlandschaft)", in cooperation with Moses Rosenkranz, Jürgen Kostka;
 2016 "Jugend – Hörbuch, MP3-CD: Fragment einer Autobiographie (Bukowiner Literaturlandschaft)", in cooperation with Moses Rosenkranz, Matthias Huff, Jürgen Kostka, Nikolaus Paryla.

Other Cultural Activities
 1990:The initiative of establishing the "Society of Romanian Germanists" ("S.G.R.; Gesellschaft der Germanisten Rumäniens") as a continuation of the tradition from the interwar period;
 1997:The initiative of establishing and creation of S.G.R. web page (among the first in Europe in the field) and its constantly update;
 1998: The initiative of establishing the "Goethe" Society in România ("Goethe-Gesellschaft in Rumänien"), election as its president;
 1999: The initiative of organizing the International Symposium dedicated to the celebration of 250 years since the birth of Johann Wolfgang Goethe by the "Goethe" Society in Romania, in cooperation with the Romanian Academy, S.G.R., Ministry of Culture of Romania and "Goethe]]" Society in Weimar;
 2002: The initiative of organizing the International Symposium "Rose Ausländer" at Bucharest;
 December 2006: Co-organizer of the jubilee celebrations dedicated to the 15th anniversary of establishing Libraries "Austria" from Romania and Bulgaria in Vienna, in collaboration with the Romanian Embassy in Vienna and the Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs;
 2008–2010: Co-initiator and coordinator from the Centre for Research and Excellence "Paul Celan" of the international project European Partnership of Intercultural Communications "Leonardo da Vinci", approved and funded by the European Union, with the participation of universities in Bucharest, Munich, Debrecen and Veliko Tarnovo.

Political career
 1969 (autumn) – 1970 (summer): Reviewer at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on his own initiative;
 1994: The organization of the III International Congress of Romanian Germanists (May 16–19, 1994, Neptun) after a break of 62 years of tradition started in the interwar period of these congresses;
 1997: The organization of the IV International Congress of Romanian Germanists (May 2–5, 1997, Sinaia);
 2000: The organization of the V International Congress of Romanian Germanists (May 22–25, 2000, Iași);
 2003: The organization of the VI International Congress of Romanian Germanists (May 26–29, 2003, Sibiu);
 2006: The organization of the VII International Congress of Romanian Germanists (May 22–25, 2006, Timișoara);
 2009: The organization of the VIII International Congress of Romanian Germanists (May 25–28, 2009, Cluj-Napoca);
 2012: The organization of the VIII International Congress of Romanian Germanists (Juni 4-7, 2012, Bucharest)

Notes

People from Galați
1944 births
Academic staff of the University of Bucharest
Living people

George Guțu


Francis Goodwin (23 May 1784 – 30 August 1835) was an English architect.

Biography
He was born in Kings Lynn, Norfolk, the eldest son of William Goodwin, who was a carpenter.  He was trained as an architect by J. Coxedge in Kensington, London.  In 1806 he exhibited a view of a chapel in Kings Lynn at the Royal Academy.  He married twice, in 1808 to Mary Stort, and in 1818 to Elizabeth Reynolds.  From the marriages he had at least five sons.

Goodwin started his architectural career with work on two churches in Kings Lynn,  His big opportunity came with the passing of the Church Building Act of 1818 which granted £1 million (equivalent to £ million in ) for the building of what became known as Commissioners' churches.  Nine of the churches he designed for the commissioners were accepted and completed.  He designed new churches for other clients, and also rebuilt or remodelled churches.  Goodwin received commissions for civic buildings, in particular town halls for Manchester and Macclesfield, markets for Leeds and Salford, and for Derby Gaol.  Most of the designs for churches were in Gothic Revival style, while those for the civic buildings were mainly Neoclassical.  Later in his career he became involved with domestic architecture, in particular in designing Lissadell House in County Sligo, Ireland, for Sir Robert Gore-Booth.  In 1833 Goodwin self-published his work entitled Domestic Architecture, being a Series of Designs for Mansions, Villas, Rectory Houses, Parsonage Houses, Bailiffs' Lodge, Gardener's Lodge, Game-keeper's Lodge, Park Gate Lodge etc. in the Grecian, Italian and Old English style of Architecture with Observations on the Appropriate Choice of Site; the Whole Designed with Strict Reference to the Practicability of Erection, And with Due Attention to the Important Consideration of Uniting Elegance, Convenience and Domestic Comfort with Economy; the Whole Being the Result of Upwards of Thirty Years Professional Experience with Accurate Estimates Appended to Each Design.

In 1830 Goodwin prepared and published a Classical design for a 'Grand National Cemetery' to be laid out probably at Primrose Hill 'intended for the prevention of the Danger and Inconvenience of Burying the Dead within the Metropolis: Proposed to be erected by a Capital of 400,000 [£] in 16,000 shares at 25 [£]. each'. A copy of the prospectus is in the Guildhall Library. The Grand National Cemetery was not completed.

Goodwin worked from an office near Bedford Square, London.  According to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography he used highly competitive measures to acquire commissions, and used employees to "chase commissions" in the Midlands and northern England using "the stagecoach system".  He "inundated committees" with designs, and undercut his rivals' estimates.  He also created unaccepted designs for a number of major buildings, including for King's College, Cambridge, Birmingham grammar school, and the new Houses of Parliament.  Goodman died suddenly from "apoplexy" in 1835 at his home near Portman Square, London, and was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery.

See also
List of works by Francis Goodwin

References

1784 births
1835 deaths
19th-century English architects
English ecclesiastical architects
People from King's Lynn
Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery
Gothic Revival architects
British neoclassical architects
Architects from Norfolk

Francis Goodwin (architect)


The Doclean Academy of Sciences and Arts (Montenegrin and Serbian: Dukljanska akademija nauka i umjetnosti, DANU / Дукљанска академија наука и уметности, ДАНУ; Latin Academia Dioclitiana Scientiarum et Artium) is a parallel scholars' academy in Montenegro. It is named after the medieval state of Duklja, a historical predecessor to modern Montenegrin state. DANU is one of two established academies in the country, other being the Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts (CANU).

The academy was created in 1998 by scholars who considered CANU to be dominantly influenced by Serbian nationalism and essentially a branch of SANU, and wanted to establish an independent Montenegrin academy instead.

DANU grants the following awards:
Saint Vladimir of Duklja Award – awarded biannually for lifetime achievement
Sclavorum Regnum Award – awarded for achievement in the sciences
Lesendro Award – awarded for achievement in Montenegrin literature
Njegoš Award – awarded for achievement within the Academy and in the promotion of Montenegrin sciences and arts
In 2015 DANU reportedly merged into the Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts.

Prominent members
Božo Nikolić, engineer
Zuvdija Hodžić, writer
Radmila Vojvodić, playwright, director
Dimitrije Popović, painter
Radovan Radonjić, political scientist
Šerbo Rastoder, historian
Boško Odalović, painter
Rajko Todorović Todor, painter
Mladen Lompar, writer
Sreten Asanović, writer
Blagota Mitrić, jurist
Nebojša Vučinić, attorney
Miodrag Perović, sculptor
Sreten Perović, writer
Vukić Pulević, biologist
Danilo Radojević, historian of literature
Branko Radojičić, geographer
Božidar Šekularac, historian
Vojislav Vulanović, writer
Slobodan Backović, physicist

Honorary members
 Ion Diaconescu, political activist
 Giuseppe Parodi Domenichi di Parodi, archaeologist
 Stanislav Dovgiy, physicist and mathematician
 Justo Jorge Padrón, poet and essayist
 Mateja Matevski, poet, critic and essayist
 František Lipka, diplomat, poet and translator

Former and deceased members
Vojislav Nikčević
Mirko Kovač, writer
Obren Blagojević, (also member of CANU and SANU, Honorary President)
Mihajlo Kuliš, MD
Radoje Pajović, historian
Veselin Aga Simović, engineer
Jevrem Brković, writer

See also
 Duklja
 Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts

References

External links

Organizations established in 1999
Academy of Sciences and Arts
Scientific organisations based in Montenegro
1999 establishments in Montenegro
Montenegrin nationalism

Doclean Academy of Sciences and Arts


Camillus Erie Canal Park is a town park in Camillus, New York that preserves a seven-mile (11 km) stretch of the Erie Canal.  It includes the Nine Mile Creek Aqueduct, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.  The aqueduct underwent a $2 million restoration, completed in August 2009, which brought it back to navigable condition.

The park consists of  along seven miles (11 km) of the old canal stretching from Warners Road to Newport Road.
  The park contains a replica of Sims' Store, a mid-19th-century canal store originally located about two miles east.  The store is operated as a museum and gift shop.  Other historic features include a salvaged set of lock gates from Old Erie Canal Lock 50 (Gere's Lock), a waste weir, a feeder canal, and the remnants of an earlier lock and aqueduct that were in use from 1825 to the mid-1840s.  The remains of the original 1825 canal ("Clinton's Ditch") can also be viewed from a nature trail.  The exact midpoint of the original Albany-Buffalo canal route is located in the park and denoted with a sign.

A separate display at the park features a Corliss steam engine rescued from a downtown Syracuse factory.

In 2007, the existing towpath between the Camillus park and the village of Jordan was improved to a stone dust trail as part of the New York State Canalway Trail project.  There is much to be done in developing a continuous trail further.

See also
Jordan Canal Park
Old Erie Canal State Historic Park
Schoharie Crossing State Historic Site

References

External links
Camillus Erie Canal Park and The Nine Mile Creek Aqueduct (official site)

Erie Canal parks, trails, and historic sites
Parks in Onondaga County, New York

Camillus Erie Canal Park


The Hotel New Hampshire is a 1984 British American Canadian comedy-drama movie directed by Tony Richardson and was based on the 1981 novel of the same name by John Irving. It stars Rob Lowe, Jodie Foster, Beau Bridges, Nastassja Kinski, Amanda Plummer, Matthew Modine, Seth Green, Wallace Shawn and was distributed by Orion Pictures.

Other websites

1984 comedy-drama movies
1980s LGBT movies
British comedy-drama movies
British LGBT movies
American comedy-drama movies
American LGBT movies
Canadian comedy movies
Canadian drama movies
Canadian LGBT movies
Movies directed by Tony Richardson
Movies set in Austria
Movies set in New Hampshire
Movies set in the 1950s
Movies about terrorism
Movies about dysfunctional families
Movies about interracial romance
Movies set in hotels

The Hotel New Hampshire (movie)


Andrea De Rossi (born 8 August 1972 in Genova) is an Italian former rugby union footballer and a current coach. He played as number eight.

De Rossi first team was Rugby Livorno, where he played from 1990/91 to 1999/2000. He then went to represent Rugby Calvisano, from 2000/01 to 2003/04, then, as player-coach, Gran Parma Rugby, from 2003/04 to 2005/06, and Rugby Club I Cavalieri Prato, from 2006/07 to 2009/10. He won the Cup of Italy for Rugby Calvisano, in 2003/04.

De Rossi had 32 caps for Italy, from 1999 to 2004, scoring 10 points. He had his debut at the 1999 Rugby World Cup finals, in a match where he played as a substitute, with England. It was the only match he entered at the tournament. He was present again at the 2003 Rugby World Cup finals, this time as the captain, playing three matches.

The Italian back rower played four times at the Six Nations, in 2000, 2002, 2003 and 2004.

Quotes

"In rugby luck doesn't counts. What counts is the body, heart, intelligence and the will to fight."

External links

1972 births
Living people
Italian rugby union players
Italian rugby union coaches
Rugby union number eights
Italy international rugby union players
Cavalieri Prato players
Sportspeople from Genoa
1999 Rugby World Cup players
2003 Rugby World Cup players

Andrea de Rossi


Leith Walk is one of the longest streets in Edinburgh, Scotland, and is the main road connecting the east end of the city centre to Leith.

Forming most of the A900 road, it slopes downwards from Picardy Place at the south-western end of the street to the 'Foot of the Walk' at the north-eastern end, where Great Junction Street, Duke Street, Constitution Street and the Kirkgate meet.

For historical reasons the carriageway is known as Leith Walk but the upper half has several stretches with side names including some parts having different names on opposite sides of the street. Running from its upper (south west) end, on the west side of the street the sections are Picardy Place, Union Place, Antigua Street, Gayfield Place and Haddington Place; on the east side, sections are titled Greenside Place, Baxter's Place, Elm Row and Brunswick Place.

It continues (on both sides) as Croall Place, Albert Place, Crighton Place and, after the junction with Pilrig Street, as Leith Walk.

History

There was a rough pathway in the vicinity of modern-day Leith Walk in the time of James II in the mid 15th century. Archaeological investigation in relation to the Trams to Newhaven project uncovered evidence of a cobbled roadway thought to be between 900 and 600 years old.

According to Robert Chambers, Leith Walk, as we know it, owes its existence to a defensive rampart which was constructed between Calton Hill and Leith in 1650. Chambers says the attack on Edinburgh by Cromwell's army in that year was halted at this line by the Scots under Sir David Leslie (whose army was subsequently defeated at the Battle of Dunbar).

From 1702 until 1711 a Robert Miller employed four coaches to travel between Edinburgh and Leith but his route may have employed Easter Road. From 1722 until 1743 the first reasonably priced coach began and this was certainly on Leith Walk. This carried six passengers and had a fare of 3d in summer and 4d in winter. Respective prices rose to 4d and 6d in 1727.

The rampart developed later into a footpath described by Daniel Defoe, writing in 1725 and recalling his time in Edinburgh in 1706, as "a very handsome Gravel-walk, 20 Feet broad, continued to the Town of Leith, which is kept in good repair at the public Charge, and no Horse suffered to come upon it."

The majority of traffic was pedestrian which is why the street became known as "the Walk", the name by which it is still known locally. At the time of its creation it provided an alternative (and shorter) route to Edinburgh compared with the older Easter Road and its counterpart Wester Road (present-day Bonnington and Broughton roads) although it did not supersede these routes as the main road to Leith until after the building of the North Bridge, traversable from 1769 and completed in 1772. From 1769 both carriages and horses with riders were permitted on Leith Walk.

To deflect possible opposition to the building of the bridge if it was admitted to be for access to the New Town, the development of which was still controversial, the foundation stone of the bridge, laid by Lord Provost George Drummond, bore the inscription that it was part of "a new road to Leith". As early as 1763 (when work began on building the North Bridge) the Walk had become a coach route with a regular service running from Leith to Edinburgh, departing on the hour, from 8am to 8pm, and run by the Balfours of Pilrig House. The journey took an hour each way, with a rest at the Halfway House at Shrubhill (which existed as a pub until it closed in 1981). At this time it is stated that there were no other coaches in Scotland except the infrequent service from Edinburgh to London.

In 1779, Hugo Arnot, an Edinburgh historian who was born in Leith, stated that 156 coaches travelled the route daily, each carrying 4 passengers at a cost of 2.5d or 3d per person. The road apparently fell into disrepair because of its frequent use by coaches and was not repaired until 1810 when it was relaid as a "splendid causeway" raising the road level by around 6 feet. This was "at great expense by the City of Edinburgh and had a toll erected for its payment".

In April 2023, the tramline was completed, connecting Leith and Newhaven to the City Centre and Edinburgh Airport (EDI). Trams were tested daily for several weeks before opening to the public in June 2023.

Shrubhill

Shrubhill is a distinct area of Leith Walk just south of Pilrig. It was once the site of a gibbet known as the Gallow Lee, literally the "field with the gallows"

Several infamous executions took place on the site including that of five Covenanters (Robert Garnock, Patrick Forman, David Farrie, James Stuart and Alexander Russel) in 1681, and of Norman Ross, servant and murderer of Lady Margaret Billie, in 1752.

In 1670, Major Thomas Weir, who had admitted to several sex crimes and accused of witchcraft, was garroted and burnt at the stake at nearby Greenside. His remains were later taken to the Gallow Lee and hung on display in the gibbet.

The bodies of the condemned were buried at the base of the gallows, or their ashes scattered if burnt. The piles of sand and bones at the foot of the gallows were sold to builders constructing the New Town, with the proceeds being used to purchase shrub, a mix of rum and lemon - allegedly where the name Shrub hill originates from.

Shrubhill House was a 17th-century mansion and the home of Jane Gordon, Duchess of Gordon and her parents Lord and Lady Maxwell. It was demolished around 1960, to be replaced with a brutalist office block built in the early 1970s. Also named Shrubhill House, the building was occupied by the city council's social work department until 2007, then quickly becoming derelict until its eventual demolition in 2015.

Until the late 1890s, Shrubhill housed stables for horse-drawn trams operated by Edinburgh Street Tramways. In 1898 a major tram depot with extensive workshops and a power station was built to run a new cable-tram system being rolled out by Edinburgh and District Tramways which began operating in 1905. The network was later electrified in 1926 running until the closure of the tram network in 1956. Afterwards it was a bus depot for Edinburgh Corporation Transport and later Lothian Region Transport, the predecessor of Lothian Buses.

Some of the tramworks' exteriors now form part of a new residential-led mixed use development called The Engine Yards, and a new student accommodation block now occupies the old council offices site, with retail units on Leith Walk.

Trams

Leith Corporation Tramways and Edinburgh Corporation Tramways

Leith Walk was one of the first and last places in Edinburgh and Leith to see trams. Leith had Scotland's first electric tram in 1905, operated by Leith Corporation Tramways. On Leith Walk this terminated at Pilrig Church and passengers had to change to Edinburgh's cable-drawn cars. This inconvenient changeover was known as the Pilrig muddle.

Edinburgh Corporation Tramways took over Leith's trams in 1920, however they did not smooth out the problem of the muddle until 1925 when they electrified their own network.
Edinburgh's last tram of this earlier era ran in November 1956 terminating at the Shrubhill tram depot. The trams were discontinued because of what was then seen as their 'inflexibility', and the advantages of a bus-based system.

Edinburgh Trams
Leith Walk was intended to be part of the Edinburgh Trams light rail route, which opened in 2014. However, this section of the line was scrapped in June 2011 after major delays and cost overruns.

In 2019, the Trams to Newhaven extension of the line was re-approved,and opened to passengers on 7 June 2023.

Leith Walk is served by two tram stops:

McDonald Road

Balfour Street

The Foot of the Walk tram stop is actually located on the south end of Constitution Street.

Buildings

Before the sudden surge of tenement construction in the 1870s the street was largely rural in character with several nurseries along its length. The separate mansion houses which had been built in the early 19th century were more numerous on the west side than the east. When the tenements were built, it was easier (cheaper) to buy up the few mansions on the east side, which is why the two sides still have different characters to some extent. A large number of tenements were built in a very short time period, between Smiths Place and Brunswick Street, stretching eastwards to Easter Road along Albert, Dalmeny, and other streets. These are all by John Chesser (architect).

The McDonald Road Library is arguably the most architecturally distinguished building on the Walk. Originally a Nelson Hall, funded by its benefactor, the publisher and printer Thomas Nelson, it is now a public library run by the City of Edinburgh Council. It was built in 1902 in a Baronial Renaissance style to designs by H Ramsay Taylor.

Several notable buildings have disappeared in the past half century. The Alhambra Cinema, which stood at the end of Springfield Street, was replaced by a Tyre and Exhaust Centre (now a wine warehouse). This Egyptian style building was originally a theatre. Now it is remembered only in the name of a pub on the opposite side of the street. The Halfway House was a coaching inn at Shrubhill, dating from the 17th century. It survived in truncated form as a pub. At the time of its demolition in 1983 the central horseshoe bar was salvaged and reused in the Shrub Bar/Horseshoe Bar to the north.

The Gardener's Cottage at Haddington Place, dating from 1765, originally served the first Edinburgh Botanic Garden to its rear. It was demolished in 2009 and has been re-assembled in the current Botanic Garden in Inverleith.

The main station building of Leith Central Station still stands at the Foot of the Walk. Although the huge columnless railway shed was demolished in the late 1980s, the building which housed the station bars and waiting rooms survives, including the Central Bar which is decorated from floor to ceiling with over 250,000 Staffordshire Potteries tiles with four tiled murals depicting sporting pursuits such as golf, mainly by Minton, Hollins & Co.

The Bier Hoose bar, formerly known as The Boundary Bar and City Limits bar, stands on the old boundary line between Leith and Edinburgh. Prior to 1920, when Leith and Edinburgh merged, it was necessary to use both entrance doors because Leith and Edinburgh magistrates set different licensing rules. The main effect of this was that the bar on the Leith side served until 9.30pm and after that the customers could adjourn to the Edinburgh side to enjoy additional drinking time.

Pilrig Church (now Pilrig St Paul's Church) is visible along the entire length of Leith Walk. It was designed by architects Peddie and Kinnear and constructed (1861–63) originally for the Free Church of Scotland. It has a fine interior, including early examples of stained glass by Daniel Cottier and a historic organ by Forster and Andrews (1903). The hall to the rear blends in perfectly but is a later addition from 1892

On the upper Elm Row section, midway between Brunswick Street and Montgomery Street, are the remains of what was built as William Williams' New Veterinary College. Only the front building remains, as the complex of stables and support buildings were demolished to create student housing in 2014. The front building was designed in 1872 by William Hamilton Beattie with sculpture by John Rhind. The sculpture was removed and ornate ground floor lost in the 1970s when converted into studio space for Scottish Television's Gateway Studios. The main college structure stood to the rear and contained a fascinating combination ranging from stained glass to stables. The huge rear college complex was demolished in 2014 to make room for student housing.

Other recent losses include the "Craig and Rose" paint and varnish works at Steads Place and Springfield Street, famous suppliers of the red paint used on the Forth Bridge (which was used as their company logo). This site has been redeveloped as housing. Leith Walk terminates (in colloquial terms at least) at the Omni Centre and St James Quarter at its southern end. The lower northern end terminates where Great Junction and Duke streets meet.

Residents
Grace Cadell (1855-1918), Scotland's first female surgeon. Ran a suffragette refuge at 145 Leith Walk.
George Coull (1862-1936), Scottish pharmaceutical chemist; lived in the main villa on Smiths Place
John Crabbie, founder of Crabbie's whisky and Crabbie's Green Ginger, lived at 4 Smiths Place
Mary Fee, Scottish Labour politician
F. A. Fitzbayne (1878-1935), creator of Leith's electric tram (1906) lived at 5 Smiths Place
Alexander Henderson of Press (d.1826) Lord Provost of Edinburgh 1823 to 1825 lived at the mansion at the Old Physic Garden (built over by Haddington Place)
William Allan of Glen (1788-1868) Lord Provost of Edinburgh 1829 to 1831 lived at Hillside House, demolished to build Elm Row
McCulloch of Ardwell lived in Springfield House (which gives its name to Springfield Street) and was often visited by Samuel Foote
Andrew Macdonald (poet) (1757-1790)
John Smart RSA lived at 13 Annandale Street

Changes

Iona Street was originally called Falshaw Street after Lord Provost James Falshaw and Dalmeny Street was Colston Street. Both names only lasted from 1876 to 1885.

Appearance in Film
The 1948 documentary film "Waverley Steps" contains footage of trams on Leith Walk at the Pilrig junction.

See also
Leith Walk (Edinburgh ward)

References

External links
Cassell's Old and New Edinburgh: Its History, its people and its places, oldandnewedinburgh.co.uk; accessed 2 September 2017.
Bartholomew's Chronological map of Edinburgh (1919), nls.uk; accessed 2 September 2017.
The burial of the heads of the Covenanters hanged at the Gallow Lee, geograph.org.uk; accessed 2 September 2017.
Descriptions of Leith Walk in the 19th century, geograph.org.uk; accessed 2 September 2017.
Leith Walk news – award-winning local charity set up to champion better public spaces in the area, greenerleith.org; accessed 2 September 2017.

Streets in Edinburgh
Leith
Edinburgh Trams stops

Leith Walk


John Bowes, 1st Baron Bowes PC (I) (1691 – 22 July 1767) was an Anglo-Irish peer, politician and judge. He was noted for his great legal ability, but also for his implacable hostility to Roman Catholics.

Life
He was born in London, the second son of Thomas Bowes, a merchant and member of the Worshipful Company of Turners, and his wife, a Miss North, and was called to the Bar in 1712. He came to Ireland as a member of the staff of Richard West, the Lord Chancellor of Ireland, in 1723. He built up a large practice at the Irish Bar and was appointed Solicitor-General for Ireland in 1730, and Attorney-General in 1739. He was raised to the Bench as Lord Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer in 1741, having previously failed to become third Baron (which was a surprisingly lucrative office, as the Baron received several extra fees). He was appointed Lord Chancellor of Ireland by King George II in  1757, despite the chronic ill-health which afflicted him. In his last years, his legs were so swollen that he could scarcely walk.

Hostlity to Catholics

John Bowes epitomized the severity of the 18th century Penal Laws against Irish Catholics when he ruled, in about 1759, that: "The law does not suppose any such person to exist as an Irish Roman Catholic, nor could such a person draw breath without the Crown's permission". Such views, given that Roman Catholics made up more than 90% of the Irish population, inevitably made him bitterly unpopular, and in 1760 he was assaulted during a riot outside the House of Commons.

Achievements

In spite of his religious bigotry, he was considered one of the outstanding judges of his time. In particular, he was a reforming Lord Chancellor, who was praised for making the Court of Chancery "a terror for fraud, and a comfort and protection for honest men". As Attorney General he showed considerable courage in going on assize during the Irish Famine (1740-1741) despite the infectious fever which was raging at the time, and which claimed the lives of three other judges who had decided to brave the dangers.

Between 1731 and 1742, he represented Taghmon in the Irish House of Commons.

He was considered one of the finest speakers of his time; his speech for the prosecution at the trial of Lord Santry, who was charged with murder in 1739, was described by those who heard it as a masterpiece of eloquence and logic, and led to the Irish House of Lords bringing in a unanimous verdict of guilty against Santry.

He was raised to the peerage of Ireland in 1758 as Baron Bowes, of Clonlyon in the County of Meath.

Death

He died in Dublin on 22 July 1767, his mental faculties fully intact despite his bodily infirmities, and was buried in Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, where his brother raised a memorial to him. He never married, and his title became extinct on his death. He lived at Belvedere House, Drumcondra. His estates passed to his brother Rumsey Bowes of Binfield, Berkshire.

References

1691 births
1767 deaths
Attorneys-General for Ireland
Barons in the Peerage of Ireland
Peers of Ireland created by George II
Irish MPs 1727–1760
Lord chancellors of Ireland
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Wexford constituencies
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
Solicitors-General for Ireland
18th-century Anglo-Irish people
Chief Barons of the Irish Exchequer
Serjeants-at-law (Ireland)

John Bowes, 1st Baron Bowes


Brumunddal Idrettslag is a Norwegian alliance sports club from Brumunddal, Hedmark. It has departments for association football and alpine skiing.

General history
The skiing club SK Fram was founded on 17 December 1895. Their prime skier, Johannes Grini won the King's Cup in the Holmenkollen ski festival of 1906. He also chaired the club from 1904 to 1906. The club Fram went through a series of mergers before the modern Brumunddal IL was formed.

Brumunddal FK was founded in 1905. The club changed its name to Frem IL in 1919 as the sport athletics was added. In 1921 the club bought a sports field which from 1924 was named Frambanen. This happened after SK Fram and Frem IL merged in 1924 to form Fram IL. The sports were thus football, athletics and Nordic skiing. Tennis was added in 1933, cycling in 1934 and speed skating in 1935.

Brumunddal AIL was founded as an AIF club on 18 April 1932. Its first sports were boxing and Nordic skiing. In the summer of 1933 cycling and race walking were added; soon after football, athletics, sport shooting, chess and team handball. The club bought the sports field Sveum together with Brumunddal Arbeiderlag in the autumn of 1934.

The club took the name Brumunddal IL after the merger of Fram IL and Brumunddal AIL on 11 November 1945. The club centred its field activities (such as football, athletics, speed skating) around Sveum, and sold Frambanen to the dairy Brumunddal Meieri. After the merger, the new Brumunddal IL had sections for football, Nordic skiing, speed skating, athletics, cycling, tennis, swimming, boxing and shooting. In 1947 the club took up orienteering.

Football

References

External links
Official site

Sports clubs and teams in Norway
Sports clubs and teams established in 1895
1895 establishments in Norway
Defunct athletics clubs in Norway
Sport in Hedmark
Ringsaker
Multi-sport clubs in Norway

Brumunddal IL


Persoonia hirsuta, commonly known as the hairy geebung or hairy persoonia, is a plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to eastern New South Wales. It is a hairy, spreading to low-lying shrub with linear, lance-shaped or spatula-shaped leaves and yellow or orange flowers arranged singly or in groups of up to ten on a rachis up to  long.

Description
Persoonia hirsuta is a spreading to low-lying shrub that typically grows to a height of  and has hairy branchlets leaves, flowers and fruit. The leaves are spatula-shaped to elliptic or linear to narrow oblong leaves,  long and  wide with the edges curved downwards or rolled under. The flowers are borne singly or in groups of up to ten on a rachis up to  long that continues to grow into a leafy shoot after flowering. The tepals are yellow or orange, about  long. Flowering mostly occurs from November to January and the fruit is a fleshy green to cream-coloured drupe with red streaks.

Taxonomy and naming
Collected by John White in the vicinity of Port Jackson (Sydney) in 1794, Persoonia hirsuta was first formally described by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in his 1805 work Synopsis Plantarum.

In 1991, Peter Weston and Lawrie Johnson described two subspecies and the names are accepted by the Australian Plant Census:
 Persoonia hirsuta subsp. evoluta L.A.S.Johnson & P.H.Weston has spatula-shaped to elliptic leaves  wide with the edges turned down;
 Persoonia hirsuta Pers. subsp. hirsuta has linear to narrow oblong leaves  wide with the edges rolled under.

Distribution and habitat
Hairy geebung usually grows in open woodland and heath on sandstone soils. Subspecies evoluta is sporadically distributed on the Central Coast and Central Tablelands in the Putty, Glen Davis and Hill Top districts, mainly at altitudes between . Subspecies hirsuta is found from Gosford to the Royal National Park, mainly within  of the coast and at altitudes lower than .

Ecology
The two subspecies intergrade with each other from the lower Blue Mountains to within  of the coast. Subspecies evoluta also hybridises with P. mollis subsp. nectens. The fruit are adapted to be eaten by vertebrates, such as kangaroos, possums, and currawongs and other large birds.

Conservation status
Persoonia hirsuta is listed nationally as endangered under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and in New South Wales under the Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016. The species occurs in fragmented small populations throughout its range and is threatened by urban development, clearing or degradation of bushland and too frequent bushfires and burning of bush. The European honeybee has been implicated in the decline of this and other species as it is suspected of being a poor pollinator of persoonia flowers.

References

hirsuta
Flora of New South Wales
Plants described in 1805
Taxa named by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon

Persoonia hirsuta


WeSeed.com was a free website aimed at teaching people about the stock market. It allows visitors to virtually invest in real stocks and also serves as a social network, allowing people to interact and discuss their opinions on different stocks and markets. The site uses a proprietary WeSearch engine, which allows users to search for the things that interest them. The search then returns stocks that might appeal to those interests.  WeSeed officially closed on August 31, 2013, but continues to offer the free education market lessons.  In an email sent to all WeSeed users, the company said that they are exploring ways to restart the website.

Philosophy
Founded on the Peter Lynch premise "invest in what you know," the site encourages people to share their knowledge about the companies and products they use in their everyday lives. Users can read expert blogs, play games, watch videos, and leave comments about their favorite products and companies. Commentary includes news, customer experiences, and consumer trends that affect the company's viability.

Reviews
WeSeed was selected to be one of 24 presenters at the 2008 Finovate—a showcase of the best finance and banking startups. Shortly after Finovate, Mashable reviewed the site. PC Magazine gave WeSeed a 3.5 out of 5 rating. Thrillist.com also reviewed it, noting that the site breaks down the mystery of the stock market for the "market-unsavvy."

Awards
WeSeed's iPhone application received the "Staff Pick" award by Apple. Released on November 14, 2008, the application allows people to access WeSeed on their iPhone.

References

External links
 WeSeed Homepage

Defunct companies based in Chicago
Internet properties established in 2007
Defunct online companies of the United States
Defunct financial services companies of the United States
Stock market
American educational websites

WeSeed


Jeanne Mance Street () is a north–south street in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, located east of Park Avenue. It was named in 1914 in honour of Jeanne Mance, the founder of the Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal, which is also located along this street.

Jeanne Mance Street spans nearly the entire island of Montreal, but in several discontinuous portions. It starts in the south at Viger Avenue and continues north to Pine Avenue but does not connect to it as it is a dead end. It resumes north of Jeanne-Mance Park, from Mount Royal Avenue to Van Horne Avenue. Another section goes from Beaubien Street up to the Canadian Pacific tracks. It then continues in several discontinuous stretches along the same axis and ends slightly north of Gouin Boulevard.

Complexe Desjardins, the Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal, Montreal, arts interculturels, Place-des-Arts station and UQAM's President Kennedy building are all located along this street.

Protected Houses
Between De Maisonneuve Boulevard and Sherbrooke Street, on the west side, a series of Victorian-style houses with culturally significant façades were saved from demolition:

 John Date House, 2022-2024 Jeanne Mance Street
 John L. Jensen House, 2028-2030 Jeanne Mance Street
 William Cairns House, 2032-2034 Jeanne Mance Street
 Thomas Fraser House, 2040 Jeanne Mance Street
 John T. Haggar House, 2044-2046 Jeanne Mance Street
 Andreas C. F. Finzel House, 2050 Jeanne Mance Street
 Janvier-Arthur Vaillancourt House, 2054-2056 Jeanne Mance Street
 Janvier-Arthur Vaillancourt House, 2058-2064 Jeanne Mance Street
 Janvier-Arthur Vaillancourt House, 2066-2068 Jeanne Mance Street
 Walter Marriage House, 2070-2072 Jeanne Mance Street
 Charles Sheppard House, 2074-2076 Jeanne Mance Street
 Charles Sheppard House, 2078 Jeanne Mance Street
 Charles Sheppard House, 2080A-2080B Jeanne Mance Street
 Charles Sheppard House, 2082 Jeanne Mance Street
 Victoria J. Prentice House, 2086-2088 Jeanne Mance Street
 Daniel Kneen House, 2090-2092 Jeanne Mance Street

References

Streets in Montreal
Downtown Montreal
Le Plateau-Mont-Royal
Rosemont–La Petite-Patrie
Villeray–Saint-Michel–Parc-Extension
Ahuntsic-Cartierville

Jeanne-Mance Street


The Second Punic War was a conflict that was fought from 218 to 201 BC between the Roman Republic and Carthage. Most of Carthaginian forces were led by Hannibal Barca. He scared the Romans by invading them over the mountains from Hispania with war elephants. He won the Battle of the Trebia and kept winning battles by being a good general. In the Battle of Cannae, he destroyed with his small army the largest army that the Romans had ever used.

The Romans then avoided fighting Hannibal and concentrated on defeating his allies. That became known as the Fabian strategy. Each side had many allies. However, most of Rome's allies stayed loyal, but Carthage's allies switched sides.

Hannibal did well but eventually had to leave and to return to defend Carthage. In North Africa, Scipio Africanus won the Battle of Zama, which cemented Rome's victory over Carthage.

The Second Punic War ruined the power of Carthage. Rome became the dominant power in the Mediterranean for the next 600 years.

Punic Wars
3rd century BC
Wars and battles of Ancient Rome

Second Punic War


APEC Australia 2007 was a series of political meetings held around Australia between the 21 member economies of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation during 2007. Various meetings were held across Australia from January to August 2007, with the event cumulating in Leaders Week, where the heads of government of each member economy attended Sydney, New South Wales from 2 to 9 September 2007.

Logo
The summit's logo is a motif of the seven-point Commonwealth Star or Star of Federation featured on the Australian national flag and Coat of Arms which symbolising the unity of the Commonwealth of Australia. (Six points representing the six Australian states and the seventh point representing the Australian territories.) The logo comprises 21 individual elements, representing the 21 APEC Member Economies from across the Asia-Pacific, uniting to form a diverse but open community. The spectrum of colours of red, orange and yellow reflects the Australian personality of warm and inviting and also the atmosphere of friendship and collaboration fostered by the APEC meetings.

Planning for APEC Australia 2007
As the role of APEC host economy rotates between member economies, Australia had been the designated host for 2007 for a number of years. In August 2004, the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet established the APEC Australia 2007 Taskforce to allocate a host city within Australia and to organise the event. On 9 February 2005, Prime Minister John Howard announced that Sydney, New South Wales would host the ultimate Leaders Week event. It was also announced that various preliminary meetings would be held in all Australian state and territory capital cities.

Overall security planning was overseen by the Protective Security Coordination Centre (PSCC) of the National Security and Criminal Justice Group from the Attorney-General's Department, through the establishment of an APEC 2007 Security Branch (ASB). The PSCC performed a similar role for the 2006 Commonwealth Games held in Melbourne.

At state level, the New South Wales Police Force formed an APEC Police Security Command (APSC) to secure the Leaders Week meetings in Sydney in September. In 2006, the New South Wales government declared 7 September 2007 a public holiday that encompassed the Sydney metropolitan area, so that people would be kept away from the inner city "to assist with the smooth operation of the APEC event".

Preliminary meetings
A significant number of meetings have been held all over Australia from January through until August 2007, involving both government departments and businesses from the various APEC member economies:
Canberra, Australian Capital Territory was host to a Senior Officials Meeting in January.
Perth, Western Australia was host to a meeting of mining ministers in February.
Hobart, Tasmania was host to a small and medium enterprises ministerial meeting in March.
The Hunter Valley, New South Wales was host to a Food Safety Cooperation Forum in April.
Adelaide, South Australia was host to a senior officials meeting in April.
Gold Coast, Queensland was host to Fisheries and Marine Resources conservation meetings in April.
Brisbane, Queensland was host to the Agricultural Technical Cooperation Working Group in May.
Darwin, Northern Territory was host to the Energy Ministers Meeting in May.
Sydney, New South Wales was host to the Health Ministers Meeting in June.
Port Douglas, Queensland was host to the Digital Economy Forum for Women and Women Leaders Network Meeting in June.
Cairns, Queensland was host to separate Senior Officials, Trade and Emergency Management meetings in July.
Coolum, Queensland was host to the Finance Ministers Meeting in July and August.
Melbourne, Victoria was host to the Small and Medium Business Enterprise Summit in late August.

APEC Leaders Week
The venues for Leaders Week meetings included the Sydney Opera House, the Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre at Darling Harbour and Government House.

A giant illuminated APEC Australia 2007 logo was affixed to the Sydney Harbour Bridge and a fireworks display occurred on Saturday 8 September between the Sydney Harbour Bridge and the Sydney Opera House. Leaders' spouses attended an event at Bondi Beach, and animals from Taronga Zoo were transported to Garden Island naval base to form a private zoo.

International news media reported on an otherwise routine speech at the APEC Business Summit by US President Bush due to several gaffes. He accidentally referred to APEC as "OPEC", but seemed to recover and turned it into a joke; when thanking the Australian Defence Force for its cooperation, he used the phrase "Austrian troops"; and finally he attempted to exit the stage in the wrong direction.

Criticism and public response

The APEC meeting has been widely criticised for having severe security arrangements, which resulted in closure of roads without sufficient warning as leaders' motorcades travelled around the city. Some Sydneysiders also feared similar disruptions to those experienced during the visit by US Vice President Dick Cheney in February 2007 which caused massive transport disruptions, including the closure of the Sydney Harbour Bridge.

Civil liberties and political groups were also concerned about changes to NSW law enacted for the APEC meeting, giving the NSW Police Force new powers, including a suspension of the normal function of habeas corpus, freedom of movement, an excluded persons blacklist and other civil liberties. Police and security forces had also erected a security perimeter around much of inner city Sydney. Another point of criticism is the cost of security for the event with official budget figures at A$169 million. New South Wales Police Minister David Campbell justified the strong security presence and curtailment of civil liberties on the fear of 'violent protest' from the Mutiny collective, and other protest groups.

There was also criticism of an allegedly heavy-handed response to some incidents by the police. In one case, for example, a 52-year-old accountant who crossed a road in front of an official motorcade while on his way to lunch with his son was arrested and detained for 22 hours.

The Philippine government has sought a clarification regarding an APEC press release describing the Filipino national costume for men, the barong Tagalog, as a "peasant shirt".

A year after the APEC meeting, the Sydney Morning Herald gained access through Freedom of Information to the list of people on the excluded persons list. This revealed that 61 people were on the list, more than double the 29 people the police had indicated during APEC. The list included student activists, 12 members of Mutiny and 13 Greenpeace activists.

APEC in action

The first test
NSW Transport Minister John Watkins warned Sydney that traffic conditions in the city were only going to worsen during APEC, and traffic would be held up due to arriving leaders and their motorcades moving throughout the CBD and Sydney area. Buses were stopped because of security measures on the Sydney Harbour Bridge and Eastern Distributor off ramp, and passengers walked because traffic was not moving during the morning peak on Wednesday. However, so many Sydneysiders took time off or avoided the city that the regular peak hour traffic was greatly reduced.

Chaser incident

On 6 September 2007, eleven cast and crew of the Australian satirical TV comedy series, The Chaser's War on Everything including executive producer Julian Morrow and Chas Licciardello, were detained by police outside the InterContinental Hotel after driving a fake motorcade through the Sydney central business district and breaching an APEC security zone.

The group breached the secure area by masquerading as the motorcade of the Canadian delegation to APEC. Police only realised that the motorcade was a hoax when Chas Licciardello, dressed as Osama bin Laden, stepped out of an official-looking car replete with a Canadian flag flying from the bonnet, outside the hotel, where U.S. President George W. Bush was staying. They were subsequently detained at Surry Hills Police Station for questioning, and charged with "entering a restricted zone without justification" under the APEC Meeting (Police Powers) Act 2007.

Licciardello, Morrow and nine other members of the production team were released on bail, to appear in court on 4 October 2007. The incident led to criticisms of the event's security, and the security of APEC restricted areas. Their forged accreditation contained the printed phrase "It's pretty obvious this isn't a real pass" above the photograph and "JOKE" next to it. On 28 April 2008 the charges against all eleven members were dropped by the New South Wales Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) as it was considered that the police gave "tacit" permission for the group to enter the restricted zone by failing to identify the fake security badges.

The following day, more members of The Chaser team (except for Morrow and Licciardello who were required by police to stay away from APEC security areas) conducted a further stunt, this time dressing up as a line of black limousines made from cardboard. Police detained and questioned them but, as they were outside the exclusion zone, no arrests were made.

8th September protest
Saturday 8 September saw the biggest of the organised APEC protest rallies. Attendance was estimated at 3000 by police, 5000 by the media, and 10,000 by event organisers. While police expected crowds of 20,000, heavy rain dampened attendance. The rally was largely peaceful, consisting mainly of students, and mothers and fathers. One incident of violence was reported, with 17 protesters arrested. Two police officers were injured, one officer struck in the forehead with a dart and the other officer struck with an iron bar. A riot control truck equipped with a water cannon was called in but it was not used.

Police name tag removal inquiry
An inquiry into the removal of name tags by dozens of police officers at the Saturday 8th protest was launched by the New South Wales Police Professional Standards Command following public complaints. Human Rights Monitors member Dale Mills took over 200 photographs of officers with removed name badges. Photographs taken during the protest showed officers wearing badgeless uniforms. A video taken during the protest has one officer stating that the badges were removed as "It's one of the policies the bosses have this week". Authorities denied that the intent of this policy was to conceal officers' identities. Instead they stated that pin-backed identification tags presented a risk to police officers and that in the future, police assigned to protest duty would be wearing cloth identification tags. Demonstrators have contested this version, stating the police officers at the protest were wearing velcro tags.

On Tuesday 18 September, the inquiry cleared all officers of wrongdoing as the name tags 'compromised safety' of the officers.

Decisions

Climate change
The "Sydney Declaration on Climate Change" was signed on 8 September 2007 by the leaders present at APEC. It indicates the wish of signatories to work towards unspecified non-binding "aspirational" goals on energy efficiency per unit of GDP.

References

External links

 Official web-site for APEC Australia 2007
 Pictures of an Anti-Apec Protest in Sydney
 The Age - Concrete wall to protect
 Iemma plans an APEC police state
 Anti APEC protest organisation site
 The Chaser's War on Everything website

 Police vehicles deployed for APEC 2007

2007 in Australia
2007
Diplomatic conferences in Australia
21st-century diplomatic conferences (Asia-Pacific)
2007 in international relations
2007 conferences
2000s in Sydney
September 2007 events in Australia

APEC Australia 2007


Endre Czeizel (3 April 1935 – 10 August 2015) was a Hungarian physician, geneticist, public health administrator, and professor. He was a physician who graduated from Semmelweis University. He was known for discovering that vitamin B9 or folic acid prevents or reduces the formation of more serious developmental disorders, such as neural tube defects like spina bifida. He issued some of his English-language publications under the name Andrew E. Czeizel. He was the Hungarian Director of United Nations World Health Organization (1984-?). From 1996 thru 1998 he was the Director-General of the Hungarian National Institutes of Health. He died from leukemia following a successful bone marrow transplant after approximately one year.

Personal life
In 1958, he married Judit Gerőfi, by whom he fathered two sons, Gábor and Balázs, and a daughter, Barbara. After 12 years of marriage Judit died; he later remarried to Erzsébet Mécs, whose daughter Andrea he raised.  By his mistress Dóra, he fathered two illegitimate children, András and Fanni. Czeizel's son-in law is Gábor Fodor, the leader of the Hungarian Liberal Party.

Awards
Markusovszky Prize (1970, 1973)
SZOT Prize (1977)
The Hungarian Republic, Officer's Cross of the Order of Merit (1995)
Kennedy Award (2000)
The Hungarian Cross of the Order of Merit (2005)

References

1935 births
2015 deaths
Hungarian gynaecologists
Hungarian geneticists
Hungarian Roman Catholics
Hungarian obstetricians
Physicians from Budapest
Deaths from leukemia
Deaths from cancer in Hungary

Endre Czeizel


Svetlana Pesotskaya (born 9 January 1975) is a television reporter in Moscow who gained international attention for her practice of stripping during newscasts.  Before becoming a television journalist, Pesotskaya was an actress and model.

After Communism, Russian television channels struggled to gain viewers because of low budgets and lack of programming. To attract viewers, the M1 Network began experimenting in November 1999 with having Pesotskaya strip while delivering the news.  The ratings soared and the show, renamed Golaya Pravda (The Naked Truth), became the most widely viewed news program in Russia.  Pesotskaya took off her clothes on camera daily with a pair of hands, strategically placed as the only thing to preserve her decency.

In an MTV documentary about curious television moments, she was wrongly identified as Deborah Norvilovich, a pun on Deborah Norville.

See also
Naked News

References

1975 births
Living people
Russian television personalities

Svetlana Pesotskaya


Zapata, sometimes called Zapato, or San Ignacio is a ghost town in Sierra County, New Mexico, United States. Its site was submerged by the Elephant Butte Reservoir some years after it had been abandoned.

History
Zapata, also named San Ignacio in the 1880 census, began on January 4, 1869 with the recording of a land title to a parcel of land by Antonio José García. The parcel was 2,000 yards long by 600 yards wide running along on the west bank of the Rio Grande across from the east bank where the "Pass of Alamocito", led Fra Cristobal Range to the Jornada del Muerto desert through Reynolds Canyon and Flying Eagle Canyon. It was three miles south of the site of San Ygnacio de la Alamosa, abandoned in 1867.

The site had been abandoned and was in ruins by 1908 when it was surveyed. It was submerged under the Reservoir by 1916.

References

Ghost towns in New Mexico
Locale (geographic)

Zapata, New Mexico


Broholm is an estate and manor house in the parish of Gudme, some  northeast of Svendborg, on the Danish island of Funen. The private estate has 591 ha, 168 ha being arable, 395 ha being forest and 28 ha in meadows. There are ten rental properties on the estate as well as an equestrian center with outdoor and indoor riding arenas. Denmark's biggest gold hoard from the Migration Period was found at Broholm.

History
In 1326 the estate was owned by Absalon Jonsen Ulfeldt. From 1641, it was inherited by the Skeel and Sehested families for whom it was the seat from 1759 to 1930. The main wing with its round tower was built for Otte Skeel in 1644. In 1839, it was renovated in the Neo-Gothic style by Gustav Friedrich Hetsch. The corner tower was added in 1895 and the south wing in 1905. Substantial renovation and adaptation work was carried out in the 1920s and the 1950s. Part of the premises has now been converted into a hotel. There is also a museum of antiquities on the estate.

Archaeological finds
One of the archaeological open-air themes recorded is of an antiquary of a log cabin built with flint axes. N.F.B. Sehested, a nobleman of Danish descent, collected flint axes between 1878 and 1881. With these archaeological finds he built a log cabin by using them as tools by handling and sharing them. The cabin was completed in 1887. This cabin was made initially in the Broholm estate where it has been restored.

The Museum of North Antiquities is part of the manor and it has 10,000 antiquaries collected by Sehested, then (1881), owner of the manor. These antiquaries are a collection from an area of  around the manor house. These finds are dated to the Stone, Bronze and Iron ages. In addition, some gold ornaments were also found on the estate. Excavations revealed the Broholm gold hoard with an approximate weight of 4.15 kg. Deemed to be the biggest gold hoard of the country from the Migration Period, items include golden bracteates, as well as necklaces and pieces worn on the arm.

Broholm dog

The estate is also famous for breeding of Broholmer dogs, of the St. Bernard Dog class of dogs with short hair with links to the pedigree of German Bulldog. These dogs are reported to be a common sight in the Copenhagen neighborhood. It is a national breed and the Copenhagen Kennel Club was charged with breeding them and establishing their pedigree. The Danish dog is also reported to be closely related to the English Mastiff. The better specimens are bred in the Broholm estate and hence given the name Broholmer Dogs

References

External links
 Official website

Buildings and structures completed in 1644
Castles and manor houses on Funen
Museums in the Region of Southern Denmark
Hotels in Denmark
1644 establishments in Denmark

Broholm


The Big Pond is a 1930 American Pre-Code romantic comedy film based on a 1928 play of the same name by George Middleton and A.E. Thomas.  The film was written by Garrett Fort, Robert Presnell Sr. and Preston Sturges, who provided the dialogue in his first Hollywood assignment, and was directed by Hobart Henley. The film stars Maurice Chevalier and Claudette Colbert, and features George Barbier, Marion Ballou, and Andrée Corday, and was released by Paramount Pictures.

The Big Pond was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for Maurice Chevalier. It also provided Chevalier with his first American hits "You Brought a New Kind of Love to Me" by Irving Kahal, Pierre Norman and Sammy Fain and "Livin' in the Sunlight, Lovin' in the Moonlight" by Al Sherman and Al Lewis.

Plot
During a vacation in Venice, Barbara Billings (Claudette Colbert), daughter of a prominent American chewing gum magnate, falls in love with Pierre Mirande (Maurice Chevalier), a French tour guide from a noble family that lost its fortune during World War I.  Pierre loves Barbara in return and sings to her that "You Brought a New Kind of Love to Me". Although Barbara's mother (Marion Ballou) likes Pierre, her father (George Barbier) and her fiancé Ronnie (Frank Lyon) see him as a fortune-hunting foreigner.  In order to get rid of him, Barbara's father decides to give him a job doing the hardest work at his factory across the "big pond" in New York City.

Despite doing tough work, Pierre genuinely enjoys his job, impressing his coworker (Nat Pendleton). He also captivates his landlady (Andrée Corday) and her young helper (Elaine Koch) with his Parisian charm and humor. Unfortunately, Pierre becomes exhausted from his work and falls asleep on the night that he is to attend Barbara's party. He is then fired when he is wrongly accused of spilling illicit rum on chewing gum samples.  However, the incident inspires him to devise a new product for the company – rum-flavored chewing gum. The product is a success. He wins back his job and finds favor with Barbara's father, who promotes him.

Although Pierre hopes to use his new position to marry Barbara, he neglects his relationship with her in the process. While he plans to open a new branch of the company in Cleveland and to adopt "You Brought a New Kind of Love" as a new sales jingle, a frustrated Barbara declares that she will marry Ronnie instead.  However, Pierre whisks her away in a speedboat and the two reconcile and embrace.

Cast
Maurice Chevalier as Pierre Mirande
Claudette Colbert as Barbara Billings
George Barbier as Mr. Billings
Marion Ballou as Mrs. Billings
Andrée Corday as Toinette
Frank Lyon as Ronnie
Nat Pendleton as Pat O'Day
Elaine Koch as Jennie

Songs
"Livin' in the Sunlight, Lovin' in the Moonlight" by Al Sherman and Al Lewis
"This Is My Lucky Day" by Lew Brown, B. G. DeSylva and Ray Henderson
"Mia Cara" and "You Brought a New Kind of Love to Me" by Irving Kahal, Pierre Norman, and Sammy Fain

Production
The Big Pond and its French language version La grande mare were shot simultaneously at the Paramount Astoria Studios in Astoria, Queens, New York City. Maurice Chevalier, Claudette Colbert, Andrée Corday and Nat Pendelton played the same roles in both versions.

Awards
Maurice Chevalier was nominated for a 1930 Academy Award for "Best Actor in a Leading Role" for his performance in The Big Pond as well as his performance in The Love Parade (1929).

French version
The French language version of The Big Pond, which was filmed simultaneously with the English version, was called La grande mare.  The cast was:

Maurice Chevalier as Pierre Mirande
Claudette Colbert as Barbara Billings
Henry Mortimer as Mr. Billings
Maude Allen as Mrs. Billings
Andrée Corday as Toinette
William B. Williams as Ronnie
Nat Pendleton as Pat O'Day
Loraine Jaillet as Jennie

Writer Preston Sturges was fluent in French, but additional dialogue was provided by Jacques Bataille-Henri.  The technical credits for the two versions are the same, except the editing for the French version was done by Barney Rogan. One critic noted that the French-speaking audience sounded as though they had picked up on risqué lines that must have been edited-out of the English-language version, due to the Production Code. Chevalier said that this lent extra charm to the French-language versions of his films.

Notes

External links

1930 films
1930 romantic comedy films
American romantic comedy films
American black-and-white films
French-language American films
American multilingual films
American films based on plays
Films directed by Hobart Henley
Paramount Pictures films
Films set in Venice
Films set in New York City
1930 multilingual films
1930s English-language films
Films with screenplays by Garrett Fort
1930s American films

The Big Pond


Herbert Baker (born Herbert Joseph Abrahams; December 25, 1920, New York City – June 30, 1983, Encino, Los Angeles, California) was a songwriter and screenwriter for television and films.

Biography
The only son of composer Maurice Abrahams and singer Belle Baker, Herbert attended Yale School of Drama, receiving a Bachelor of Fine Arts. His first Broadway credit was in 1944 as the lyricist of Erich Wolfgang Korngold's arrangement of Offenbach's La Belle Helene as well as other songs and musical pieces for the Broadway musical,Helen Goes to Troy

Screenwriting
In 1945, Baker wrote for the Danny Kaye radio show.  Henry Morgan hired Baker to write for his radio show in 1947. Baker began his career in screenwriting in 1948 with Morgan's film debut So This Is New York, co-written with Carl Foreman and based upon Ring Lardner's 1920 novel The Big Town. Baker was a Yale classmate of director Richard Fleischer and recommended him to Stanley Kramer for So This Is New York.

He wrote Dream Wife (1953) with Sidney Sheldon for Cary Grant and Deborah Kerr, as well as several films for Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis such as Jumping Jacks (1951), Scared Stiff (1953), and Artists and Models (1955). The latter film was directed and co-written by Frank Tashlin, with whom Baker worked again on The Girl Can't Help It.

Baker kept writing songs, including new ones for Rose Marie (1954). He contributed to two Elvis Presley films, Loving You and King Creole. After Martin and Lewis split up, Baker wrote Don't Give Up the Ship for Jerry Lewis and worked on Lewis's television show. One of Baker's best popular songs was written in the mid-1950s, I Love To Love, famously recorded by Lena Horne on her 'Live at the Waldorf Astoria' album and also recorded by Peggy Lee.

Baker entered television writing and won Emmy Awards for An Evening With Fred Astaire in 1959 and The Flip Wilson Show in 1971.  He was nominated twice for The Flip Wilson Show in 1972 and 1973 and was nominated in 1964 for The Danny Kaye Show. Baker wrote television scripts for many other singers such as Perry Como, Frank Sinatra, John Denver, Mac Davis and Gladys Knight and the Pips. He wrote a television pilot for a version of Some Like It Hot in 1961.

In 1965, Baker wrote for The Dean Martin Show.  When Martin agreed to star in and co-produce a series of Matt Helm spy films for producer Irving Allen in the same year, Baker rewrote the screenplay Oscar Saul (A Streetcar Named Desire) had based on the original Matt Helm novels written by Donald Hamilton to reflect Dean Martin's Rat Pack reputation for the third and final draft of The Silencers but only received a screen credit for the song parodies he wrote for Martin.

Baker received sole credit for Murderers' Row that Oscar Saul had rewritten but Baker rewrote again. He wrote the third Matt Helm film, The Ambushers, and later wrote a serious spy adventure for Irving Allen, Hammerhead, based on James Mayo's "Charles Hood" character. Baker's final screen credit was The Jazz Singer in 1980.

Baker taught music and mentored jazz saxophonist Azar Lawrence who recalled Baker as "one of the greatest pianists who ever lived" and taught Lawrence to reach down inside himself for his music.

A member of the Writers Guild of America, west board, Baker was awarded the Paddy Chayefsky Laurel Award from the Guild in 1983.

References

Links
 The Herbert Baker box papers 1939-1978

External links

1920 births
1983 deaths
American male screenwriters
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Screenwriters from New York City
David Geffen School of Drama at Yale University alumni
American male television writers
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters

Herbert Baker (screenwriter)


Andrew College is a private liberal arts college in Cuthbert, Georgia.  It is associated with The United Methodist Church and is the ninth-oldest college in Georgia. Andrew is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC). The college awards Associate of Arts (AA), Associate of Music (AM), Associate of Science (AS) degrees, an Associate Degree in Nursing (ADN), as well as Bachelor of Science in Business Administration (BSBA), Bachelor of Science in Organizational Leadership, and a Bachelor of Science, Elementary Education (BSEE). Additionally, students can earn a Certificate of Cancer Registry Management, Certificate in Church Music, and an on-line degree in Agribusiness and Communications.

Andrew is home to four student residence halls, a full-service dining hall, an updated student center, and an on-campus library. The campus also houses an intramural field and off-campus baseball, softball, and soccer. In addition to the outdoor athletic facilities offered, students also enjoy access to the Jinks Physical Education Complex with racquetball courts and a weight room.

History
Andrew College was granted its charter as Andrew Female College by the Georgia General Assembly on January 15, 1854. At the time, it was the second oldest charter in the United States to give an educational institution the right to confer degrees upon women. It was named for Bishop James Osgood Andrew of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South.

In 1864, Andrew College was requisitioned by the Confederate Army and served as Hood Hospital during the American Civil War. It was one of three hospitals in Cuthbert. Despite its buildings being used as a hospital, classes continued on a limited basis, and female students assisted the wounded with tasks like reading and writing letters.

In 1892, a fire consumed the campus. The people of Cuthbert raised money to begin rebuilding the same year. That fall, the college reopened in what is now known as Old Main, a five-story Victorian, designed by Atlanta architect William H. Parkins, that was constructed for $25,000.  Parkins was the most significant architect practicing in Georgia in the immediate decades following the Civil War. He settled in Atlanta where he started the state's most successful architectural business, which lasted until his retirement in the late 1880s.

In 1917, Andrew became a junior college, and the institution became co-educational in 1956. In 2018, Andrew began offering a baccalaureate degree in Business and Bachelor of Science in Organizational Leadership (BS) and additional baccalaureate degrees are being developed.

The current president is William R. Kennedy, DBA, who has served since June 2023.

Accreditation
Andrew College is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC) to award associate degrees and baccalaureate degrees.

Student body
Approximately 65% of students live on campus. The student profile is evenly divided between male and female, with 49% male students and 51% female students. There are students from ten states and several countries.

An overwhelming majority of the college's student body originates from Georgia, Florida and Alabama, followed by scholars from other U.S. states and international students. Half of the students from Georgia matriculate from one of the 28 counties that constitute the Atlanta Metropolitan Statistical Area, and the remaining in-state students come to Andrew from larger South Georgia cities such as Columbus, Macon, and Albany.

The minimum SAT scores are 460 math and 460 verbal, or the ACT equivalent, and a high school GPA of 2.0 on a 4.0 scale.  Andrew College is test optional.

Athletics
Andrew College, nicknamed the Fighting Tigers, is a Division I member of the Georgia Collegiate Athletic Association (GCAA) and Region XVII of the National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA). Men's sports include baseball, basketball, golf, and soccer. Women's sports include basketball, soccer, softball, and volleyball.

The Andrew College baseball team reached the NJCAA College World Series in Colorado for the first time in program history in the 2023 season after the team won conference and regional championships in the Fighting Tigers' 34-win 2023 season.

Financial
Total tuition and fees plus room and board for the 2019–2020 academic year was $29,428 per student. However, with an institutional financial aid budget exceeding $2.1 million, access to the Georgia Tuition Equalization Grant and private support, Andrew's true cost is greatly reduced.

, the college has an endowment of $10,000,000.

Notable alumni
 Joe Nasco professional soccer player
 Zula Brown Toole first woman to found and publish a newspaper in Georgia
 Trai Byers, professional actor

References

External links
 Official website
 Official athletics website

Former women's universities and colleges in the United States
Universities and colleges established in 1854
Junior colleges in Georgia (U.S. state)
Education in Randolph County, Georgia
Private universities and colleges in Georgia (U.S. state)
Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
Buildings and structures in Randolph County, Georgia
1854 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)

Andrew College


The Maine School Administrative District 51 (RSU51/MSAD51) operates three public schools  for students in Cumberland, Maine, and North Yarmouth, Maine. The district has 163 teachers (FTEs) serving 2,320 students.

Note: North Yarmouth Memorial School closed in 2014.

Chebeauge is no longer attached to MSAD 51. Drowne Road School was closed by the residents of Cumberland and North Yarmouth in 2011 due to budget cuts.  North Yarmouth Memorial School was closed in 2014, and Greely Middle School was expanded to fit the students formerly in the North Yarmouth Memorial School. Greely Middle School was opened in 2005 to replace the Greely Junior High School.

References

External links

51
Education in Cumberland County, Maine
Cumberland, Maine
North Yarmouth, Maine

Maine School Administrative District 51


Daniel "Dan" Wright  is an English comedian and actor.

Early life
Wright attended the Anglo European School in Ingatestone, Essex.

Career
He is best known for playing Little Cook Small in the CBeebies programme Big Cook, Little Cook with Steve Marsh, who played Big Cook Ben. Marsh and Wright form the comedy duo Electric Forecast, and have made numerous television appearances together, such as hosting Sky 1's Crash Test Dummies in February 2007.

The duo have also appeared in Kingdom, as a pair of duelling brothers and in Hotel Trubble as demolition workers Mr. Wreck and Mr. Ball, as well as hosting the CBBC show Space Hoppers. In February 2013, Wright starred in the CBBC sketch show Fit. Since January 2014, Wright has appeared in 4 O'Clock Club as Mr. Nunn, the tyrannical sports teacher. They were also guest hosts on Big Brother's Big Mouth, from 10 July to 14 July 2007.

In April 2007, Wright presented the documentary F*** Off, I'm Ginger, as part of BBC Three's Body Image documentary series. He made two guest appearances in 2010, in the television programme by CBBC, Scoop. In February 2013, he starred in Fit, a CBBC sketch show, alongside Aisling Bea, William Hartley, and Tala Gouveia.

He performed his stand-up act in August 2012, Michael Jackson Touched Me, which received a nomination for Best Show at the 2012 Leicester Comedy Festival. From 2012 to 2014, he made 16 appearances on the daytime talk show by Channel 5, The Wright Stuff. In January 2014, he began appearing as PE Teacher, Mr. Nunn, in the third series of the CBBC show 4 O'Clock Club. In January 2015, he returned for the fourth series, and returned for the fifth, sixth and seventh series.

Filmography

References

Living people
English male comedians
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century English male actors
English male television actors
Place of birth missing (living people)

Dan Wright (comedian)


Jambukeswarar Temple, Thiruvanaikaval (also Thiruvanaikal, Jambukeswaram) is a temple of Shiva in Tiruchirapalli (Trichy) district, in the state of Tamil Nadu, India.
and one of the five major Shiva Temples of Tamil Nadu representing the Mahābhūta or five elements; this temple represents the element of water, or neer in Tamil. The sanctum of Jambukeswara has an underground stream.

It is one of the 275 Paadal Petra Sthalams and has inscriptions from the Chola period.

Legend
Once Parvati mocked Shiva's penance for betterment of the world. Shiva wanted to condemn her act and directed her to go to the earth from Kailasam (Shiva's abode) to do penance. Parvathi in the form of Akilandeswari as per Shiva's wish found Jambu forest (Thiruvanaikoil) to conduct her penance. She made a lingam out of water of river Cauvery (also called as river Ponni) under the Venn Naaval tree (the Venn Naaval tree on top of the saint Jambu) and commenced her worship. The lingam is known as Appu Lingam (Water Lingam). Siva at last gave darshan to Akilandeswari and taught her Siva Gnana. Akilandeswari took Upadesa (lessons) facing East from Shiva, who stood facing west.

There were two Siva Ganas (Siva's disciples who live in Kailash): 'Malyavan' and 'Pushpadanta'. Though they are Siva Ganas they always quarrel with each other and fight for one thing or other. In one fight 'Malyavan' cursed 'Pushpadanta' to become an elephant on earth and the latter cursed the former to become a spider on earth. The elephant and the spider came to Thiruvanaikaval and continued their Siva worship. The elephant collected water from river Cauvery and conducted ablution to the lingam under the Jambu tree (Eugenia jambolana, the java plum tree) daily. The spider constructed his web over the lingam to prevent dry leaves from dropping on it and prevent sunlight directly falling on it. When the elephant saw the web and thought it was dust on lingam. The elephant tore them and cleaned the lingam by pouring water and the practice continued daily. The spider became angry one day and crawled into the trunk of the elephant and bit the elephant to death, killing itself. Siva, in the form of Jambukeswara, moved by the deep devotion of the two, relieved them from the curse. As an elephant worshipped Siva here, this place came to be known as Thiru Aanai Kaa (thiru means holy, aanai is elephant, kaa (kaadu) means forest). Later the name 'Thiruaanaikaa' become 'Thiruvanaikaval' and 'Thiruvanaikoil'.

As an outcome of having committed a  sin by killing the elephant, in the next birth, the spider was born as the King Kochengot Chola (kotchengannan cholan meaning red-eyed king) and built 70 temples and this temple is the one among them. The account of the Chola building seventy temples along with this temple is mentioned in Nalayira Divya Prabandham. Remembering his enmity with the elephant in his previous birth, he built the  Siva Sannathi (sanctorum) such that not even a small elephant can enter. The entrance on the sanctorum of Jambukeswara is only 4 foot high and 2.5 foot wide.

Architecture

The massive outer wall covering the fifth precinct, known as the Vibudi Prakara, stretches over a mile and is two feet thick and over 25 feet high. Legend maintains that the wall was built by Shiva working with the laborers. The fourth precinct contains a hall with 796 pillars and measures 2436 feet by 1493.  It also has a small tank fed by perpetual springs.  The third enclosure is 745 feet by 197 surrounded a wall 30 feet high.  This area has two gopurams (gateway towers) 73 and 100 feet tall, a coconut thoppu and a small water tank.  The second enclosure is 306 feet by 197, a gopuram 65 feet high and several small shrines.  The inner most enclosure measuring 126 feet by 123 has the sanctum.

The sanctum sanctorum is a square structure, found independently situated at the center of the innermost enclosure. There is a vimana on the roof of the sanctum. The structure is open on three sides, with a shallow moat separating it from the circumambulatory path of the innermost enclosure. The sthala-vriksham, or holy tree here is the White Jambuka (Tamil: வெண் நாவல் மரம்) (Syzygium cumini), found growing along the south-eastern wall of the sanctum sanctorum. The trunk of the tree is protected by a walled structure. The western side of the sanctum, from where the deity is viewed, is continuous with a large closed hall, the Mukha Mantapa, containing four-pillars and housing a bronze idol of Nandi. The Mukha Mantapa has a large, ornate western door gilded with silver that forms the principal entrance. There are two additional entrances to the Mukha Mantapa on the southern and North Eastern sides as well. A set of three steps descend to the level of the sanctum sanctorum from the Mukha Mantapa.
The deity is viewed through a stone window that forms an integral part of the western face of the sanctum sanctorum. The window has nine viewing apertures, believed to represent the Navagraha. There is a panel in bas-relief over the window depicting the sthala puranam: The jambuka tree growing out of a meditating sage's head on the extreme right; the linga of Jambukeswarar under the tree; a spider and an elephant worshiping the linga along with the Goddess Parvati who stands to the left of the linga. The sanctum sanctorum is divided into the Ardha Mantapam or Antaralam (whose western wall bears the window) and the Garbha Griha where the deity of Jambukeswarar is housed. Entrance into the Sanctum is through a small door on the southern wall, about 4 feet in height. The Ardha Mantapa is about 4 feet X 4 feet and contains an idol of Goddess Parvati on the right side of the door to the Garbha Griha. Devotees are admitted in groups of six into the Ardha Mantapa during sevas like Abhishekam or on payment of a small fee. The Garbha Griha is a wider structure compared to the  Ardha Mantapa. At the center, the Brahma Sthana, is the self-manifested linga of Jambukeswarar. The upper conical part of the linga is of the color of copper, whereas the yoni-bhaga or the pedestal is of black granite. A brass ring is seen at the point of attachment of the linga to the pedestal. The height of the linga is about 3 feet from the floor of the sanctum. The Garbha Griha and the Ardha Mantapa are unadorned from the inside, the only source of illumination within the sanctum being ghee lamps.
A stream of water is said to emerge from the linga, which is usually demonstrated as the soaking wet clothes in which it is draped. The water flow increases significantly during the Monsoon.
The main deity of the temple is Jambukeswara, representing the element water.  Jambukeswara is depicted sitting under a jambu tree, which grows over a small stream that engulfs the deity during the rainy season. The temple is also considered the abode of goddess Akilandeswari, one of the forms of the goddess Parvati.  The greatest of works related to this temple include Tiruvanaikaval and Kilvelur Akshyalingaswamy temple.

Goddess Akilandeshwari's shrine

The temples idols are installed opposite to each other - Such temples are known as Upadesa Sthalams. As the Devi was like a student and Jambukeswara like a Guru (teacher) in this temple, there is no Thiru Kalyanam (marriage) conducted in this temple for Shiva and Parvathi, unlike the other Shiva temples. The sannathy of the goddess Akilandeshwari and the sannathy of Prasanna Vinayaka are in the shape of the pranava manthra called "Aum". It is believed that the Amman in the temple was in deep anger hence during one of Adi Sankara's visit he installed the Prasanna Ganapathy idol right opposite to her Sannathy and installed a pair of Sri Chakra thaatankas (ear-rings) to reduce her anger.

The sculpture of Ekapada Trimurti, an aspect of Shiva with the deities Vishnu and Brahma emerging from it, is present in the temple, which can be seen only in Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvottiyur.

There are lot of inscriptions from various Chola kings from 11th - 12th century indicating grants to the temple. The temple was widely expanded by Hoysala king, Someswara, the son of Vira Narasimha.  During 1236-37 CE, he built a lot of shrines namely Vallaliswara, Padumalisvara, Vira Narasingeswara and Somleswara evidently named after his grandfather Ballalla II, grandmother Padmaladevei, father Vira Narasimha and aunt Somala Devi.  The 7-tiered rajagopuram is also believed to have constructed by the Hoysala king.  There are separate shrines beyond the temple compound namely Aadhi having a typical structure as the main shrines. The temple and its pagodas were subject to frequent conquest between French and English forces between 1751 and 1755 CE. The temple is being widely maintained by Vellalars and the Nattukottai Chettiars during the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Religious significance

Pancha Bhoota Sthalam (Sanskrit: पञ्चभूतस्थलानि Pañcabhūtasthalāni) refers to the five Shiva temples, each representing the manifestation of the five prime elements of nature - space, air, fire, water, earth. Pancha indicates five, Bhoota means elements and Sthala means place.  All these temples are located in South India with four of these temples at Tamil Nadu and one at Andhra Pradesh. The five elements are believed to be enshrined in the five lingams and each of the lingams representing Shiva in the temple have five different names based on the elements they represent. In the Thiruvaanaikaval temple, Shiva is said to have manifested himself in the form of water (Appu Lingam). The other four manifestations are Prithivi Lingam (representing land) at Ekambareswarar Temple, Akasa Lingam (representing sky) at Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram, Agni Lingam (representing fire) at Annamalaiyar Temple and Vayu Lingam (representing air) at Srikalahasti Temple.

Culture
In the third enclosure, there is a coconut grove having a small tank where the processional idol of the neighbouring Sriranganathaswamy Temple was used to be brought one day a year. As the goddess Akhilandeshwari worshipped her husband Lord Shiva in this temple, even today at noon the 'Archakar' (chief priest) dresses like a female and does puja to Jambukeswara and Cow.  The noon pooja is very famous and a host of pilgrims attend it every day.  A special variety of black cow, called Karum Pasu is used for the occasion. Annabhishekam to lingam (ablution with cooked rice) is a daily ritual performed in the temple. The temple is one of the hosts for the annual Natyanjali, a festival of classical Indian dance.  The temple has also a school for training nadhaswaram, a classical pipe instrument in Tamil Nadu.

There is a legend that Parvati as Akhilandeshwari worshipped Shiva here and installed the idol in the sanctum. Following the legend, a priest performs the pooja every day. It is believed that the saint Adi Shankara offered ear rings with a Sri Yantra carving on it to goddess Akhilandeshwari. There are a total of nine waterbodies associated with the temple.

Administration
The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department of the Government of Tamil Nadu.

Gallery

Notes

References

Shakti temples
Shiva temples in Tiruchirappalli district
Pancha Bhoota Stalam
Padal Petra Stalam
Hindu temples in Tiruchirappalli
Maadakkoil
Chola architecture
Dravidian architecture

ca:Thiruvanaikaval
es:Thiruvanaikaval
hi:अकिलन्देश्वरी मन्दिर, तिरुवनैकवल

Jambukeswarar Temple, Thiruvanaikaval