Michael Mario Andretti (born October 5, 1962) is an American former racing driver, and current team owner.  Statistically one of the most successful drivers in the history of American open-wheel car racing, Andretti won the 1991 CART championship, and amassed 42 race victories, the most in the CART era and fourth-most all time.

Since his retirement, Andretti has owned Andretti Autosport, which has won four IndyCar Series championships and five Indianapolis 500 races. He is the son of Mario Andretti, a multi-time champion, and is the father of IndyCar Series driver Marco Andretti.

Racing career

Early career
Andretti was born in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, in the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania to race car driver Mario Andretti, a four-time IndyCar champion and one-time Formula One champion, and his wife Dee Ann (née Hoch)

Following a successful career racing karts, winning 50 of his 75 races over eight years, Andretti moved into racing cars. He obtained his SCCA National License in 1980, then won six races to claim the SCCA's Northeast Division Formula Ford championship in 1981. He also drove in a number of Formula Vee races in regional SCCA events. In 1982, he won six of the 11 races on his way to winning the Robert Bosch US Formula Super Vee Championship. He also won the opening race of the 1983 Super Vee season before he moved up to drive in Formula Atlantic, and won his second title by winning the FIA Formula Mondial North American Cup the following season. Although he made his international sports car debut at the 1982 24 Hours of Le Mans, he was denied the opportunity to race, as the Mirage M12 he had chosen to race with his father was disqualified 80 minutes before the race was due to start. The father and son partnership returned to the Circuit de la Sarthe the following year, and were joined by Philippe Alliot in the Porsche Kremer Racing's Porsche 956, taking third place. Andretti also raced alongside his father in the Riverside 6 Hours where they were joined by A. J. Foyt and Preston Henn, but the Porsche 935 failed to finish. The father and son duo paired up again the 1984 24 Hours of Daytona, this time in a full-works Porsche 962, which made its race debut. They took pole position, but during the race, the engine broke.

CART

Andretti made his CART debut in 1983, racing for the Kraco Enterprises team. He re-signed for Kraco for the 1984 season, where he managed five third-place finishes and ended his rookie season in seventh overall. In the Indianapolis 500, he finished fifth and shared the Rookie of the Year award with Roberto Guerrero. He went on to win his first IndyCar race in 1986 in the Toyota Grand Prix of Long Beach. The season became a two-man battle for the championship title, between Michael and Bobby Rahal. Andretti would take the points lead with his victory on the Milwaukee Mile. A week later, on Father's Day, Michael was leading on the final lap at Portland, when his March-Cosworth 86C ran out of fuel, allowing his father, Mario, to beat him by just 0.07 seconds. It was one of the most shocking finishes in the history of IndyCar, and the closest finish until 1997. With Rahal continuing to win races, Andretti's consistent finishing only allowed Rahal a nine-point lead in the standing with two races remaining. Andretti won a key victory in at Phoenix. Going into the season finale at Tamiami Park, Andretti was just three points behind Rahal, but neither driver were a factor in the race, with Andretti retiring with a broken halfshaft.

In a one-off race with Alfa Corse, he took part in the inaugural World Touring Car race, 500 km di Monza. Paired with Alessandro Nannini, they finished 16th overall, second in class. Back in CART, he continued with Kraco in 1987, and like 1986, the championship was between Andretti and Rahal. Michael would win the 1987 Marlboro 500, drawing within nine points of Rahal.  With him winning in dominating fashion at Nazareth Speedway, his championship hopes remained alive, although Rahal clinched the championship at the next race. Andretti would also win the season finale, Tamiami Park. He would finish runner-up for the second season in a row. Back in June 1987, Michael joined Hendrick Motorsport to race a Chevrolet Corvette GTP in the Mid-Ohio 500 km, this time joined by his cousin, John Andretti, where they finished 11th.

Following Porsche's defeat in the 1988 Daytona 24 Hours, Porsche entered a 962C at Le Mans for Mario, Michael and John. They were tremendously competitive in the first half of the race, until the Andretti family's car needed minor repairs before lapsing on to five cylinders, finishing sixth overall. Michael and Mario join Busby Racing for 1989 Daytona 24 Hours, only for their 962 to retire with brakes problems.

The 1988 CART season was a lean year for Michael. He remained with Kraco and won only a single race, the Marlboro Challenge, for which no championship points were awarded.

For the 1989 season, Andretti signed with Newman/Haas Racing, partnering him with his father. He won two races that season, Molson Indy Toronto and the 1989 Marlboro 500 at the Michigan International Speedway, placing third in points. For 1990, Al Unser Jr. would become champion, Andretti was his nearest competitor, winning five races and four poles. In the second-to-last race of the season at Nazareth, Unser crashed out, giving Andretti a huge opportunity to close the gap. Andretti managed only a sixth-place finish, and could not capitalize on Unser's misfortune. Unser left Nazareth with a 27-point lead, enough to clinch the championship. Andretti would finish runner-up once again.

For the 1991 24 Hours of Daytona, Mario was joined by both Michael and his Mario's younger son, Jeff Andretti. Piloting a Jochen Dauer Racing entered Porsche 962, they were classified fifth overall, despite not finishing the race.

Andretti was the drivers' champion of the 1991 CART PPG Indy Car World Series. He won a total eight of 17 races, eight poles and led more than half of the laps during the season, but Rahal still took the championship battle down to the final race of the season. Andretti's season started slowly, recording DNFs in the opening two events, then the heartbreaking second place at the Indy 500. He recovered from this, winning four of the last five races of the season and with Rahal retiring during the title decider at Laguna Seca, he cruised to the title. The day before, he won the non-championship, Marlboro Challenge for a second time.

Remaining with Newman/Haas for 1992, Michael's season started slowly, but then wins three races out of four mid-season. Despite taking two more wins later in the year, including the season finale at Laguna Seca, Rahal beat him again to the title by just four points. He would leave for F1 at the end of the year, with his seat going to the reigning Formula One World Champion, Nigel Mansell, who would win the 1993 CART title in his rookie season.

For four seasons between 1989 and 1992, Michael had his father as his teammate at Newman/Haas. Together, they established a number of firsts, including the first father-son front row, for the 1986 Dana 200 for Special Olympics at Phoenix, and the first of 15 father-son podiums in the 1984 Cribari Wines 300K at Laguna Seca, with the last coming nearly a decade later in the 1992 Daikyo IndyCar Grand Prix, around the street of Surfers Paradise.

Futility at Indianapolis

The Andretti family's bad luck at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway is known as the Andretti Curse. He shared Rookie of the Year honours with Guerrero in 1984, when he finished fifth. However, in 1991, he led with 12 laps remaining, but finished second to Rick Mears after battling the multiple Indy 500 winner. The pair of them traded memorable late-lap outside passes for the lead in Turn One. The next year, 1992, he dominated the race, leading four-fifths of the laps, but, with 11 laps remaining after holding a two-lap lead, his fuel pump failed, and his car coasted to a stop. He was classified in 13th place. He also dropped out while leading the Indy 500 in 1989, 1995 and 2003. Andretti holds the record for most laps led in the Indy 500 without having achieved a victory.

Formula One

For the 1993 season, Michael signed for Marlboro McLaren, to partner with the triple World Drivers' Champion Ayrton Senna in their Ford HBD V8-powered MP4/8. He signed during the summer of 1992 and the deal was announced at Monza over the weekend of the 1992 Italian Grand Prix.

"I think he can win Grands Prix and become the World Champion," said Ron Dennis, McLaren's team principal. "It's not a question of which country you come from. It's how you demonstrate your desire to win." There were practical factors that mitigated against Andretti being able to show competitive form in his debut season in F1. The rule changes introduced that season destroyed his hopes of unrestricted laps in free practice during which he could learn the tracks, as most were unfamiliar to him. From the start of 1993, just 23 laps were allowed in the morning's untimed session and only twelve in the qualifying session.

With the pressure intensifying, Michael began the year with crashes in the Kyalami and at Interlagos. In the latter of these two, he had a massive collision at the start with Gerhard Berger in a Ferrari. He then qualified sixth for the Sega European Grand Prix at Donington Park, but he collided with Karl Wendlinger's Sauber on the opening lap. Next time out at Imola, he again fell foul of Wendlinger after a drive that might have ended with a visit to the podium, and many critics cited this as the key turning point for the American.

In the Gran Premio de España, Andretti finally completed a race, finishing fifth amongst the established front runners. However, his showing was criticized by former McLaren World Champion James Hunt because Andretti was lapped by his teammate Senna.

He would finish in the points on three occasions, but he could never quite string things together consistently. He never fully got to grips with the McLaren MP4/8. Highly technical aspects which he was not used to in the technologically simpler Indy cars such as active suspension and traction control hampered Andretti's chances as did the standing starts used in F1. Some in the industry also felt that since he commuted to races and test sessions from the United States, rather than relocating full-time to Europe was also a contributing factor to his lack of success in Formula One. At the time, McLaren's Special Projects Manager, long-time Andretti family friend Tyler Alexander, who had been involved in F1 since the mid-1960s, had urged Michael to relocate to England as he knew times had changed from when Mario had raced to the 1978 World Championship. True enough, he finished third at Monza (which would prove to be his last Formula One race), but with three races remaining, he left the team and the championship by mutual agreement after the race.

According to Michael's son Marco, the McLaren team "sabotaged" his father's chances at being competitive in order to replace him with the team's test driver Mika Häkkinen, who would require a smaller salary. "The reality of it was, they had Mika Häkkinen ready to come in for a lot less than what my dad was getting paid, and that's all it was. Right then and there, they had to make him look [bad]," claimed Marco in 2008. "They would make the car do weird things in the corner electronically, stuff out of his control." However, Andretti still had problems in practice for the Italian Grand Prix, and both he and Senna spun off with brake balance problems early in the race. Andretti was able to continue and fought back up to third, holding off Wendlinger. Throughout the season, Senna experienced similar reliability problems to Andretti, mainly electronic gremlins, particularly in San Marino, Canada, Hungary and Belgium, although Häkkinen equalled Andretti's third place Monza finish in Japan, while Senna won both the Japanese Grand Prix and the season ending Australian Grand Prix, his final race for McLaren. And according to Häkkinen in a much later interview, Andretti's commuting to Europe from the United States meant he was not in Europe enough when testing needed to be done, allowing Häkkinen to consistently show his speed and build a relationship with the team. Häkkinen had also said that Andretti's mental approach was all wrong, and he did not realize the kind of incredible sacrifices one needed to make in order to succeed in Formula One.

It has also been reported that at the start of the 1993 season, Dennis signed Häkkinen as a backup to Senna, who was initially reluctant to commit to the team for the whole season (Senna's move to Williams had to wait until the next season because his rival Alain Prost was having his retirement season there and had it written into his contract that they could not sign the Brazilian triple World Champion as his teammate). This created a difficult atmosphere for Andretti, who would be in the shadow of the brilliant Brazilian, and also faced the threat of being replaced by Häkkinen.

Return to CART

Andretti returned to the IndyCar racing after his unsuccessful season in Formula One with Target Chip Ganassi Racing, where he once again proved very successful. He went on to win in his very first race back in the series at the 1994 Australian FAI Indycar Grand Prix, around the Surfers Paradise Street Circuit in Queensland, Australia, having led every lap along the way. That win also got Reynard's first win in CART in their debut. Although the season may not have gone the way Michael would have liked, he did win again in the Molson Indy Toronto, taking a record fourth win. By the time he retired, Michael would have won seven times around the Exhibition Place.

In 1995, he returned to Newman/Haas Racing. Taking only one win in Toronto, he had a consistent season, scoring points in every round which resulted in Andretti claiming fourth overall in the points standing. The following season, he would finish as runner-up to Jimmy Vasser, in a season marred by the death of Jeff Krosnoff and split with Indy Racing League, visiting victory lane on five occasions. Newman/Haas began a new relationship with Swift which did not prove to be very successful in 1997-1999. In 2000 the team used Lola chassis and Michael won the Firestone Firehawk 300 held at Twin Ring Motegi in Japan, and again in Toronto.

Michael tried again to win Le Mans in 1997, again alongside Mario, but joined on this occasion by Olivier Grouillard. Following an accident during the night, the trio were forced to retire their Courage C36. Michael would not return to la Sarthe as a driver.

For 2001 he made the decision to move to Team Green as he wanted to try to win the Indianapolis 500 and Newman/Haas refused to enter the Indy Racing League event. Andretti ran in a third Team Green car with Motorola sponsorship and ran at Indianapolis. He led 16 laps, and was leading the race during a rain delay just beyond the halfway point. Had the race been halted due to the rain, he could have been declared the winner. The red flag, however, did not come out at the time and the race resumed. A punctured tyre, and a minor collision in the pits with eventual winner Hélio Castroneves, driving for car owner Roger Penske, slowed him down, and at the end of the day, Andretti settled for 3rd place. In July it was announced that Michael had bought the team and intended to shift the entire operation (which was renamed Andretti Green Racing) to the IRL.

His career in CART ended in 2002, in which he took his 42nd and final career victory at the Toyota Grand Prix of Long Beach - placing him in third place for all-time victories in championship car racing behind his father, Mario Andretti (52 wins) and A. J. Foyt (67 wins).

Andretti is also tied with Al Unser Jr. for the most wins in a CART/IndyCar season with eight victories. He achieved this during his championship-winning season of 1991. Throughout his time in IndyCar, he retained a consistent and impressive record, finishing in the top ten of the championship on 17 occasions.

Semi-retirement and team owner

Andretti entered in the first four IRL events in 2003, culminating with the 2003 Indianapolis 500, after which he retired from full-time IndyCar racing. He led the race for 28 of the opening 94 laps before a throttle linkage failure put him out of contention once again. That year he bought into the "Team Green" squad run by brothers Kim and Barry Green in CART. It became Andretti Green Racing and for 2003, the team moved to the Indy Racing League IndyCar Series.

The team claimed consecutive IndyCar Series titles in 2004 and 2005, with Tony Kanaan and Dan Wheldon respectively, winning 11 of the 17 races, including the Indianapolis 500. The 2007 season enhanced the Andretti legacy, when Dario Franchitti captured Andretti Green Racing its third Series title in four seasons, and its second Indianapolis 500 win.

Andretti returned to the driver's seat for the 2006 Indianapolis 500 in a one-time effort to assist the development of his son, Marco, an IndyCar rookie for the 2006 season. Michael led the race with four laps to go, before falling to second behind his son a lap later. He went on to finish third, while Marco only just missed out on the 500 victory after he was passed just before the start/finish line on the last lap by three-time IndyCar champion, Sam Hornish Jr.

After qualifying his car in 11th place for the 2007 Indianapolis 500, Andretti went on to finish 13th. He then announced that this would be his last Indy 500 as a driver. Andretti leaves driving competition at Indy with a frustrating distinction: the driver who led the most laps (431) without winning the race. He competed in 16 Indy 500s, with a top finish of second in 1991, but led the race nine times.

By 2012, racing under the name of Andretti Autosport, they brought the 2012 IndyCar Series championship back home. Michael served not only as the team owners, but as the strategist on Ryan Hunter-Reay's four race victories. Hunter-Reay also captured the 2014 Indianapolis 500, with a close victory over Hélio Castroneves.

At the beginning of 2018, he partnered with Ryan Walkinshaw's Walkinshaw Racing and Zak Brown's United Autosports to create Walkinshaw Andretti United which competes in the Australian Supercars Championship. Andretti United expanded into Extreme E in 2021.

On February 18, 2022, it was announced that Andretti had submitted a request with the FIA to enter Formula 1 under "Andretti Global".

Other activities

In 1996, Andretti invested in a Toyota dealership in his home state of Pennsylvania.

Among his personal appearances, Andretti appeared as a contestant on season 5 of the reality TV series The Celebrity Apprentice, which debuted in February 2012. Andretti joined the show as a last-minute replacement for his son Marco, who dropped out when Marco's friend Dan Wheldon was killed in the 2011 IZOD IndyCar World Championship hours before Apprentice filming was scheduled to begin.  Andretti was fired in the fourth episode, after a presentation for Buick executives of the Buick Verano.

In March 2012, Andretti Sports Marketing took over as promoter of the Milwaukee Mile IndyCar race. The company also promoted the Indy Grand Prix of Louisiana, the Miami ePrix and the Global RallyCross Championship events at Washington and New York.

Personal life

Michael is a member of the Andretti racing family. He is the son of Formula 1, CART and NASCAR racing legend Mario Andretti. His brother Jeff Andretti competed in IndyCar. Michael's uncle Aldo Andretti was an open wheel racer until an accident ended his racing career. Aldo's son, John Andretti (Michael's first cousin), raced in IndyCar before he became a NASCAR regular. He returned to IndyCar in 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011, where he raced in the Indy 500. Aldo's other son, Adam, is also a racing driver, and in 2006, Michael's eldest son, Marco, made his debut in the IndyCar Series. The Andretti family became the first family to have five members (Michael, Mario, Marco, Jeff, and John) compete in the same series (CART/Champ Car/IndyCar).

Andretti attended Northampton Community College in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Andretti was married to Sandra "Sandy" Spinozzi from November 1985 to 1996 and they had two children, son Marco (born March 13, 1987) and daughter Marissa (born October 31, 1990). He remarried on December 24, 1997, to Leslie Wood. They had a son, Lucca, born September 16, 1999. Andretti officially separated from Leslie in 2003.  On September 7, 2004, Andretti filed for divorce. Two years later on July 15, 2006, Andretti announced his engagement to former Miss Oregon Teen USA 1994, Playboy Playmate of the Year 1999, model and actress Jodi Ann Paterson. The couple were married on October 7, 2006, at the Andretti Winery in Napa Valley, California. They have twin children, Mario and Miati (Mia), born February 13, 2014. The couple resides in Fishers, Indiana.

Awards

Andretti was inducted into National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame in 2002, the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 2008, the Long Beach Grand Prix Walk of Fame in 2010, the Canadian Motorsports (International Division) Hall of Fame in 2012, and the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Hall of Fame in 2012.

Racing record

Career highlights

SCCA National Championship Runoffs

Formula One

(key)

Complete 24 Hours of Le Mans results

Complete 24 Hours of Daytona results

Complete 12 Hours of Sebring results

American Open Wheel racing results
(key)

Formula Super Vee

USAC

CART

 (Event)1 : non-championship, exhibition race held day preceding next championship race.

IndyCar Series

Indianapolis 500 results

Further reading

Michael Andretti, Robert Carver & Douglas Carver.  Michael Andretti at Indianapolis . Simon & Schuster.

See also

 Michael Andretti's World GP, a video game that licensed his name

References

External links

 The Official Andretti Family Website

 Article on Andretti's F1 career
 The Greatest 33

Living people
1962 births
Sportspeople from Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
Racing drivers from Pennsylvania
Indianapolis 500 drivers
Indianapolis 500 Rookies of the Year
American Formula One drivers
McLaren Formula One drivers
Champ Car champions
Champ Car drivers
IndyCar Series drivers
Atlantic Championship drivers
International Race of Champions drivers
World Touring Car Championship drivers
SCCA Formula Super Vee drivers
Formula Super Vee Champions
IndyCar Series team owners
Formula E team owners
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
24 Hours of Daytona drivers
12 Hours of Sebring drivers
World Sportscar Championship drivers
IMSA GT Championship drivers
A1 Grand Prix team owners
Nazareth Area High School alumni
Michael Mario
SCCA National Championship Runoffs participants
Trans-Am Series drivers
American people of Italian descent
Participants in American reality television series
The Apprentice (franchise) contestants
Newman/Haas Racing drivers
Chip Ganassi Racing drivers
Andretti Autosport drivers
Porsche Motorsports drivers
Sports car racing team owners

Michael Andretti


Walter Edmund Roth (2 April 1861 – 5 April 1933) was a British colonial administrator, anthropologist and medical practitioner, who worked in Queensland, Australia and British Guiana between 1898 and 1928.

Roth and his brother, Henry Ling Roth, are the subject of a joint biography by Russell McDougall & Iain Davidson: The Roth Family, Anthropology, and Colonial Administration (2008).

Queensland
Roth was appointed the first Northern Protector of Aboriginals in 1898 and was based in Cooktown, Queensland. From 1904 to 1906 he was Chief Protector and part of his duties was to record Aboriginal Australian cultures.

The first three of his Bulletins on North Queensland ethnography were published in 1901, numbers 4 to 8 appearing between 1902 and 1906. In 1905 he was appointed a Royal Commissioner to inquire into the condition of the Aboriginal people of Western Australia, and in 1906 he was made government medical officer, stipendiary magistrate. The remainder of Roth's bulletins on North Queensland ethnology, began to appear in the Records of the Australian Museum at Sydney in 1905; and numbers 9 to 18 will be found in volumes VI to VIII.

British Guiana
In 1906 Roth was made protector of Indians in the Pomeroon district of British Guiana.

He was given charge of the Demerara River, Rupununi and Northwest districts in 1915.

In 1924 his valuable An Introductory Study of the Arts, Crafts, and Customs of the Guiana Indians was published at the government printing office at Washington, U.S.A., appended to the Thirty-eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology. Though called an introductory study this is an elaborate work of well over 300,000 words with hundreds of illustrations. Another volume, Additional Studies of the Arts, Crafts, and Customs of the Guiana Indians was published as Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 91 (1929).

Roth retired from the government service in 1928, and became curator of the Georgetown museum of the Royal Agricultural and Commercial Society, and government archivist.

Towards the end of his life he translated and edited Richard Schomburgh's Travels in British Guiana.

The Walter Roth Museum of Anthropology in Georgetown, Guyana was later named in his honour.

Controversies
A "vigorous Protector" in North Queensland, according to historian Barrie Reynolds, "Roth attracted "the hostility of the local European residents" for his advocacy on behalf of Indigenous Australians.

It was, however, the reaction to his controversial anthropological research that would trigger Roth's departure from Queensland. In either 1900 or 1901, Roth paid an Aboriginal couple to demonstrate a sexual position of which he took photographs. In 1904 and 1905, speeches in the Queensland Parliament on this and other aspects of his work were said to form "a pile as high as the Eiffel Tower". According to V. B. (Joe) Lesina MP: "Hansard teemed with speeches delivered against the administration of Dr Roth until they had a pile as high as the Eiffel Tower, and the Minister brushed everything aside as he would a fly from his aristocratic nose". Roth attempted to defend his actions by stating that the photographs were taken for purely scientific purposes, Social Scientist Helen Pringle (School of Politics and International Relations) writes of the episode that in her opinion: "Forcing, or persuading, Aborigines to perform sexual acts like performing bears for a white male audience fits squarely even within then current criteria of enslavement, a heinous crime that shocks the conscience of mankind then and now." The controversy contributed to his resignation on the grounds of ill health and departure for British Guiana in 1906.

Publications

References

External links

 Barrie Reynolds, 'Roth, Walter Edmund (1861 - 1933)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Online Edition, Australian National University Accessed 6 February 2009
 Roth, Walter Edmund (1907-1910) North Queensland Ethnography Bulletins, Records of the Australian Museum on-line Accessed 24 February 2019

1861 births
1933 deaths
Australian anthropologists
British anthropologists
Alumni of University College London
Civil servants from London
British people in colonial Australia
People educated at University College School
Australian numismatists
Colony of Queensland people
British Guiana people

Walter Roth


Andrea Cantelmo (2 August 1598 – 5 November 1645) was a Neapolitan commander of Habsburg armies during the Thirty Years' War, the War of the Mantuan Succession, the second phase of the Eighty Years' War and the Franco-Spanish War (1635–59).

Life
Cantelmo, son of the duke of Popoli and of Laura d'Evoli, was born in Pettorano sul Gizio on 2 August 1598. In 1620 he obtained a commission as captain of a company of arquebusiers being sent to the Valtelline. After serving in the Valtelline he transferred to the army of Emperor Ferdinand II as a cavalry commander, serving in Bohemia before returning to Italy to take part in the Relief of Genoa. He remained in Italy to serve in the initial stages of the War of the Mantuan Succession, taking part in the Siege of Casale.

In 1631 he transferred again, to the Army of Flanders, serving in the Rhineland and later in Picardy. As general of artillery he played an important role in the Habsburg victory in the Battle of Kallo (1638). He was interested in history and politics, and wrote on the art of war, but his writings have not been preserved. He maintained a correspondence with the humanist historian Erycius Puteanus.

By 1644 he was in Spain, where he was appointed a member of the Council of War and given command of the Army of Catalonia as acting captain general (substituting for Felipe de Silva).

He died at Alcubierre on 5 November 1645.

References

Bibliography
 Lionardo Di Capua, Vita di Andrea Cantelmo (Naples, Giacomo Raillard, 1693). Copy from National Central Library (Rome) available on Google Books. Accessed 14 Feb. 2015.

1598 births
1645 deaths
Military personnel of the Eighty Years' War
Italian military writers
Imperial Army personnel of the Thirty Years' War

Andrea Cantelmo


Pelleas is a fictional character from King Arthur-related legend. He was a Knight of the Round Table . Pelleas deeply loved Ettard. She was a young unmarried woman  who did not love him in return. The knight Gawain offered to try and convince her to love Pelleas, Gawain betrayed him and slept with her himself. Intigued by the situation, Nimue used magic to make Pelleas fall in love with her. She also made Ettard fall in love with Pelleas. Since he did not love Ettard anymore and she now desperately loved him, she died.

Arthurian legend
Fictional knights

Pelleas


Time in North Korea is given Korea Standard Time (KST) which is 8.5 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). If it is 16:00 UTC, it is 01:00 the next day in North Korea. It has never observed summer time.

North Korea was originally 8:30 hours ahead of UTC (UTC+08:30) from 2015 to 2018, 30 minutes behind neighboring South Korea and Japan, as announced in August 2015, but reverted to UTC+09:00 now on the same time as Seoul and Tokyo beginning at 23:30 on 4 May 2018.

North Korea
North Korea

Time in North Korea


World Elephant Day is an international annual event on August 12, dedicated to the preservation and protection of the world's elephants. Conceived in 2011 by Canadian filmmakers Patricia Sims and Michael Clark of Canazwest Pictures, and Sivaporn Dardarananda, Secretary-General of the Elephant Reintroduction Foundation in Thailand, it was officially founded, supported and launched by Patricia Sims and the Elephant Reintroduction Foundation on August 12, 2012. Since that time, Patricia Sims continues to lead, support and direct World Elephant Day, which is now recognized and celebrated by over 100 wildlife organizations and many individuals in countries across the globe.

Mission

The goal of World Elephant Day is to create awareness of the urgent plight of African and Asian elephants, and to share knowledge and positive solutions for the better care and management of captive and wild elephants. African elephants are listed as "Vulnerable" and Asian elephants as "Endangered" on the IUCN Red List of threatened species. One conservationist has stated that both African and Asian elephants face extinction within twelve years.  The current population estimates are about 400,000 for African elephants and 40,000 for Asian elephants, although it has been argued that these numbers are much too high.

History

The first World Elephant Day was held on August 12, 2012. The film Return to the Forest, narrated by William Shatner, is about the reintroduction of captive Asian elephants to the wild and was released on the inaugural World Elephant Day. The follow-up feature film When Elephants Were Young, also narrated by Shatner, depicts the life of a young man and young elephant in Thailand.

Issues

Poaching

The demand for ivory, which is highest in China, leads to the illegal poaching of both African and Asian elephants. For example, one of the world's largest elephants, Satao, was recently killed for his iconic tusks. Another iconic Kenyan elephant, Mountain Bull, was also killed by poachers, and with the street value for ivory now exceeding that of gold, African elephants face a poaching epidemic. Elephants are also poached for meat, leather, and body parts, with the illegal wildlife trade putting elephants increasingly in danger, because it is perceived to be a low risk and high profit endeavor. Poachers are often considered trained for this activity due to the amount of tools needed to be transported as well as the large size of these animals.

Habitat loss

The loss of habitat due to deforestation, increases in mining, and agricultural activities has become problematic, especially for Asian elephants. The fragmentation of habitat also creates isolation – this makes breeding more difficult, and allows poachers to find the elephants and set traps more easily. Asian elephants have lost nearly 30-40% of their habitat, making it incredibly difficult to maintain their offspring and themselves.

Human-elephant conflict

Human-elephant conflict is a significant concern, as human populations increase and forest cover decreases, forcing elephants into close proximity with human settlements. Incidents include crop damage and economic losses, as well as both elephant and human casualties.

Mistreatment in captivity

A lack of legislation regarding the care and treatment of elephants in zoos, circuses, and tourism often leads to their mistreatment. Captivity can be a serious threat to elephants, and Asian elephants are often illegally captured in the wild and trafficked into the lucrative tourism industry.

Celebrity voices
Many notable celebrities have spoken out about the urgency of elephant protection, including Leonardo DiCaprio, Kristin Davis, William Shatner, Yao Ming, Prince William, Jorja Fox, Alec Baldwin, Stephen Fry, Ashley Judd, Jada Pinkett Smith, Kathryn Bigelow, and politicians such as Barack Obama, and Hillary and Chelsea Clinton.

See also
 List of environmental dates

References

External links

August observances
Elephant conservation
Environmental awareness days
International observances

World Elephant Day


Charles Wesley's House () is a restored historic building at 4 Charles Street, Bristol, England. From 1749 to 1778 it was the house of Charles Wesley, hymn writer and co-founder of Methodism, and his wife Sarah Wesley, née Gwynne. It was Charles Wesley's main residence during 1756–71. It was the childhood home of his sons Charles Wesley junior and Samuel Wesley. They were musical child prodigies, who both became renowned organists and composers. The house's interior has been restored to its 18th-century appearance, with period fittings.

Wesley family
Charles Wesley (1707–1788), and his wife, Sarah Gwynne (1726–1822) from Brecknockshire, moved into the house in September 1749, after their marriage earlier that year.

Initially, Charles continued his "itinerations", that is travelling and preaching around the country, and so was often away from home. Sarah sometimes accompanied him. By 1756 this lifestyle had taken its toll on his health, and after that year he made no further long journeys to distant parts of the country. However, he still spent much of his time away in London, attending to the Methodist community there.

He was the Methodist "minister in residence" for Bristol, and was described in the St James's Church parish records as a "preacher at the Horsefair". Charles and Sarah had many children, all baptised at St James's. In between Charles junior (1757–1834) and Samuel (1766–1837) they had a daughter, Sarah (1759–1828), who like her mother was often called Sally. There were other children, but they died young, and were buried in St James's churchyard.

Child prodigies
The early musical education of Charles junior and Samuel mostly took place in the family home. The boys' earliest musical influence was their mother, who had a good singing voice and played the harpsichord. Hymn tunes and the works of Handel were the family's favourite pieces.

The first music teachers for the two prodigies were both local church organists. From around the age of six, Charles junior had lessons from Edmund Rooke, who was organist at All Saints' Church from 1759 and at Bristol Cathedral during 1769–73. From a similar age, Samuel had lessons from David Williams, who was the organist at All Saints' Church from 1772. Charles junior's public performances in Bristol included a 1769 harpsichord concerto at the Assembly Room, and an Easter 1774 organ concerto in Bristol Cathedral. On that occasion Samuel was aggrieved as he had expected to be the one giving the performance.

From 1771 onwards the family had two households, the other being in Chesterfield Street, Marylebone, London. Charles and Charles junior moved to the London house that year, and the whole family had moved to London by 1778.  The London house was demolished in the mid 19th century.

Architecture
The two attached houses at 4 and 5 Charles Street have been designated by English Heritage as a Grade II* listed building. It is early 18th century, early Georgian in style, and built of brick with three stories. At the front each house has two sash windows per floor, with stepped voussoirs over the windows. The houses are surrounded by modern buildings.

See also
John Wesley's New Room
John Wesley's House
Grade II* listed buildings in Bristol

References

External links
 Charles Wesley's House
 John Wesley's New Room

Houses completed in the 18th century
Historic house museums in Bristol
Grade II* listed buildings in Bristol
Religious museums in England
Biographical museums in Bristol
18th century in Bristol
History of Methodism
Grade II* listed museum buildings

Charles Wesley's House


MODOK (also written as M.O.D.O.K.; an acronym for Mental/Mobile/Mechanized Organism Designed Only for Killing) is a fictional character. It appears in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in Tales of Suspense #93 (September 1967). A creation of the villainous society known as A.I.M., he used to be a A.I.M. scientist named George Tarleton but was forcibly mutated into a grotesque and horrific monster/machine both in appearance and attitude. A.I.M. origanally wanted to use him as their weapon but he took them over instead.

He became a major reccurring antagonist for both Captain America, agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., The Hulk, agent Sharon Carter, and even some villains such as Doctor Doom.

Reviews
IGN's list of the Top 100 Comic Book Villains of All Time ranked MODOK as #100.

Portrayal
Debuting in the Silver Age of Comic Books, MODOK has appeared in over four decades of Marvel continuity, and starred in the miniseries Super-Villain Team-Up: MODOK's 11 #1–5 (Sept.–Dec. 2008), the self-titled one-shot MODOK: Reign Delay #1 (Nov. 2009) and the miniseries MODOK: Head Games #1–4 (Dec. 2020–April 2021), the last of which was released as a promotion for the self-titled animated series M.O.D.O.K. (2021), in which MODOK (and his younger alternate self, the Anomaly) was voiced by Patton Oswalt.

Several original incarnations of MODOK have been adapted to the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) multimedia franchise: Darren Cross (portrayed by Corey Stoll); Anton Ivanov / the Superior, portrayed by Zach McGowan; Ernest Vigman, portrayed by Keith David; and Aldrich Killian, voiced by Nick Sullivan.
Marvel Comics characters

MODOK


The GNAT Modified General Public License (short: Modified GPL, GMGPL) is a version of the GNU General Public License specifically modified for compiled units and for the generic feature found in the Ada programming language.

The modification is as follows:

As a special exception,  if other files  instantiate  generics from this unit, or you link  this unit with other files  to produce an executable, this  unit  does not  by itself cause  the resulting  executable  to  be covered  by the  GNU  General  Public  License.  This exception does not however invalidate  any other reasons why  the executable file  might be covered by the  GNU Public License.

The GNAT Ada compiler can automate conformance checks for some GPL software license issues via a compiler directive. Use pragma License (Modified_GPL); to activate the check against the Modified GPL.  The GNAT Reference Manual  documents the License  pragma along with other compiler directives.

See also

 Free software licences
 GNU Free Documentation License
 GNU Lesser General Public License
 OpenSSL exception
 GPL linking exception

References

GNU Project
Free and open-source software licenses
Copyleft software licenses
Ada (programming language)

GNAT Modified General Public License


Patrick Lee "Pat" MacDonald (born August 6, 1952) is an American musician and songwriter. He was the singer, guitarist, and main songwriter for Timbuk 3, nominated for a Grammy Award for Best New Artist in 1987. He formed the duo with his wife, Barbara K. MacDonald, in Madison, Wisconsin, in 1984 before moving to Austin, Texas, that same year. Their breakup in 1995 spurred a solo career that has steadily produced releases in both Europe and the US. "MacDonald is long known for his playful, edgy songs," says Guitar Player magazine (May 2007, p. 38).

Recording career
Songwriting credits include collaborations with Cher, Keith Urban, Imogen Heap, Stewart Copeland of The Police, Peter Frampton, and Japanese composer Ryuichi Sakamoto. Songs he has written, or co-written, have been recorded by Aerosmith, Oysterhead, Cher, Jools Holland, Billy Ray Cyrus, Night Ranger, Zucchero, and others, and have appeared in movies ranging from the controversial horror classic The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 (1986) with Dennis Hopper, to Tommy Boy (1995) starring Chris Farley.

MacDonald and his friend and collaborator Eric McFadden record and perform as the gothic-country duo The Legendary Sons of Crack Daniels. He performed and toured as Purgatory Hill with Milwaukee singer and songwriter Melaniejane.

In 2005, he co-founded Steel Bridge Songfest, an annual not-for-profit benefit concert and songwriting festival held in his current hometown of Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin.

Solo album discography
 Pat MacDonald Sleeps With His Guitar (Ark 21), (1997)
 Begging Her Graces (Ulftone), (1999)
 Degrees of Gone (Ulftone), (2001)
 Strange Love: PM Does DM (Ulftone), (2003)
 In the Red Room (DarkPresents), (2004)
 Troubadour of Stomp (Broken Halo), (2007)
 In the Red Room re-release (SB United) (2008)
 Purgatory Hill self-release (2009)
 The Ragged, Jagged Way Back Home self-release (2019)
 Strange Love: pm does dm (Chronological Records) (2021)

References
 Ferber, Lawrence 2000, 'Unbelievable: Catching up with Cher as she releases one album online and prepares for the follow-up to "Believe"', Frontiers Magazine
 Huyck, Ed 2007, 'Answering a friend's call', Door County Magazine Online
 Isthmus 2007, 'Sons of Crack Daniels, Jane Wiedlin with Whore du Jour, Chris Aaron, Screamin' Cyn Cyn & the Pons, Skintones'
 Moore, Andy 2007, 'Stomping The Chords of Fame', No Depression, no. 67, 20–21
 Prasad, Anil 2004, 'Fresh Horizons', Innerviews.org
 Prasad, Anil 2007, 'Pat MacDonald', Guitar Player Magazine
 O'Reilly, Ned 2005, 'Pat MacDonald live review', Lumino Magazine
 The Night Eagle Cafe, 'Pat Macdonald', Binghamton, NY

External links

 patsite
 MySpace
 (Sons of) Crack Daniels MySpace page
 Steel Bridge Songfest official page

1952 births
Living people
American male singers
American rock singers
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
Musicians from Green Bay, Wisconsin
Musicians from Madison, Wisconsin
American new wave musicians
People from Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American male musicians
Timbuk3 members

Pat MacDonald (musician)


The C.H. King Company and First National Bank Building, also known as Yellowstone Drug, is one of the oldest buildings in Shoshoni, Wyoming. The building was built for Charles Henry King in 1905–1906. King was a central Wyoming businessman who established a lumber business in the building. King is otherwise notable as the biological grandfather of U.S. president Gerald R. Ford. The First National Bank of Shoshoni was also located in the building.

From 1919 a grocery store operated in the building. In 1937 a Masonic lodge, the Wind River Lodge #25 bought the building for back taxes and established their lodge hall upstairs. During the 1970s the building housed an antique store and a residence.  In the late 1970s Yellowstone Drug moved into the building. The drugstore became a popular stopping point in central Wyoming. The store closed in 2012.

Description
The two-story frame commercial building has two bays with entrances. The exterior is covered in metal panels pressed to simulate stone with pressed metal accessories and cornices. An oval stained glass window is to the left of the right-hand storefront. Four windows face the street in the upper story. Another storefront is midway on the side elevation. The building has a nearly flat roof sloping to the rear between parapets. On the interior, the partition between the main bays has been removed. The bank vault remains. A basement lies beneath the main level. The upper level is fitted out for meetings.

The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 8, 1994.

References

External links
 C.H. King and First National Bank of Shoshoni (Yellowstone Drug) at the Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office

National Register of Historic Places in Fremont County, Wyoming

C. H. King Company and First National Bank of Shoshoni


Steve Clay Wilson (July 25, 1941 – February 7, 2021) was an American underground cartoonist and central figure in the underground comix movement. Wilson attracted attention from readers with aggressively violent and sexually explicit panoramas of lowlife denizens, often depicting the wild escapades of pirates and bikers. He was an early contributor to Zap Comix.

A striking feature of Wilson's work is the contrast between the literate way in which his characters speak and think and the depraved violence in which they engage. As James Danky and Denis Kitchen wrote in their book, Underground Classics, "He astonished and sometimes frightened his fellow cartoonists, though they saw it as pushing if not eviscerating the boundaries of taste. More than anyone, Wilson defined the boundaries of the medium."

The artist and characters sometimes take violence with a playful attitude, for example getting tired of fighting and agreeing to have sex instead of continuing a battle.  Wilson's later work became more ghoulish, featuring zombie pirates and visualizations of Our Lady of Guadalupe as a rotting vampire mother. In many respects, however, his work remained consistent with his emergence in the 1960s. In contrast to the many counterculture figures who moderated their more extreme tendencies and successfully assimilated into the mainstream of commercial culture, Wilson's work remained troubling to mainstream sensibilities and defiantly ill-mannered.

Early life
Wilson was on born on July 25, 1941, in Lincoln, Nebraska to Lydia (née Lewis) and John William Wilson. His mother was a medical stenographer, while his father was a machinist. He attended the University of Nebraska and later trained as a medic in the United States Army.

He lived in Lawrence, Kansas and held odd jobs before moving to San Francisco in 1968.

Career

Early career
Wilson's first published work was in , an underground newspaper in Lawrence, Kansas, which was soon followed by drawings for Grist magazine, a poetry journal published by John Fowler. (According to Charles Plymell, an editor of Grist, Wilson's first published work was in 1966 in Grist #7 and then in Grist #9, also from that same year.) The first appearance of the Checkered Demon is said to have been in an ad in a later issue of Grist.  His portfolio was printed the following year in 1967 (with subsequent printings later on in comic book form).

Underground comix

In California, Wilson met up with Charles Plymell, who was publishing Robert Crumb's Zap Comix. Wilson needed little persuasion to contribute to Zap. Wilson began collaborating with Crumb in late 1967, and all issues of Zap comix starting with #2 contain his work. It was in Zap #2 that Wilson widely debuted his most famous character, The Checkered Demon, a portly, shirtless being generally seen wearing checkered pants.

Wilson was also a frequent early contributor to another underground project, the Yellow Dog tabloid anthology. Wilson's work was featured in all three issues of The Rip Off Review of Western Culture, published in 1972. The third issue (Nov./Dec. 1972) featured an extensive interview with Wilson by Robert Follett, the publication's editorial director. Wilson was also a frequent contributor to Arcade, edited by Art Spiegelman and Bill Griffith; as well as Weirdo, Crumb's post-underground anthology published in the 1980s and early 1990s. Wilson's underground comix work was praised by such counterculture icons as William S. Burroughs and Terry Southern.

Painting
The Art of S. Clay Wilson, published in 2006 by Ten Speed Press, covers his prints and paintings as well as his comics work.

Book Illustrations

His illustrations for Burroughs' Cities of The Red Night and The Wild Boys were published in German editions by 2001 Publishing. In 1994, he began interpreting classic children's stories, illustrating Hans Christian Andersen and the Brothers Grimm, as he explained to interviewers Jon Randall and Wesley Joost:
I did a children's book entitled Wilson's Andersen. I always wanted to be a children's book illustrator way back when, but I took some LSD and took a left turn graphically. We got William Burroughs to write us a little blurb on the back, but they misspelled Burroughs! How could they do that! The stories are pretty lugubrious—"The Rose Elf", for instance—where the woman is kissing the "cold blue dead lips" of her lovers' head. Later versions leave all this stuff out. Disney takes a great old story and they "bleach" it—as they used to say about music. To make it palatable and generic. These stories are supposed to scare the shit out of little kids so they'll eat all their broccoli.

The stories in Wilson's Grimm (Cottage Classics, 1999) are "Snow White", "The Spirit in the Bottle", "The Valiant Little Tailor", "The Devil with the Three Gold Hairs", "Hansel and Gretel", "Bearskin" and "The Master Thief".

Brain injury and later life
On November 1, 2008, Wilson suffered a severe brain injury. After attending the Alternative Press Expo in San Francisco and drinking throughout the day, Wilson left the house of a friend and was found by two passersby, face down and unconscious between parked cars. Among his injuries were a fractured neck and left orbital bone; it is not known if he was assaulted or passed out and fell.

After a week in intensive care, Wilson was put on an accelerated therapy program, but he still showed major difficulty in summoning words, a common form of aphasia following a trauma of this sort. He had recovered enough to write his own signature in the first week of December, but continued to require hospitalization as of the end of December 2008, when a benefit was held to assist with his medical costs. Another benefit was held in Hollywood in March 2009. Wilson returned home in November 2009, able to draw well and speak a little but still requiring special care.

He married Lorraine Chamberlain, with whom he had been living for ten years, on August 10, 2010.

In early 2012, he was rushed to the hospital with a buildup of fluid on his brain. After having brain surgery and spending three weeks in rehab, he developed a blood clot in his leg that required another three months in a facility on bed rest, followed by rehabilitation. After that incident, he never fully regained his strength, and suffered further with dementia. He could no longer draw except for the odd face or cluster of geometric shapes or letters.  He rarely spoke, but could answer questions. He appeared to understand much of what was said to him, although he could not actively participate in a conversation.

Death
Wilson died at his home in San Francisco on February 7, 2021.

Tributes
Wilson's artistic audacity has been cited by Robert Crumb as a liberating source of inspiration for Crumb's own work. Recalling when he first saw Wilson's work (in about 1968) Crumb said, "The content was something like I'd never seen before, anywhere, the level of mayhem, violence, dismemberment, naked women, loose body parts, huge, obscene sex organs, a nightmare vision of hell-on-earth never so graphically illustrated before in the history of art.... Suddenly my own work seemed insipid..."

"He showed us we had been censoring ourselves," said Zap cohort Victor Moscoso. "He blew the doors off the church.  Wilson is one of the major artists of our generation." Referring to his and the Zap crew's status in art circles, Wilson himself said, "If you're not good enough to be a cartoonist, maybe you can be an artist."

S. Clay Wilson characters
"Tree Frog Beer" is the drink of choice for many of these characters.
 The Checkered Demon
 Star-Eyed Stella
 Captain Pissgums and his Pervert Pirates
 Ruby the Dyke
 Hog Riding Fools (motorcycle gang)
 Club Choad Charley — a member of the Hog Riding Fools
 Lester Gass the Midnight Misogynist

Awards
 1992 The Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame

Bibliography

As a contributor
 Zap Comix — issues #2–16 (1968–2014)
 Yellow Dog — issues #7–14 (1968–1969)
 Gothic Blimp Works — issues #1–2, 4 (1968)
 San Francisco Comic Book — issues #1–2 (1970)
 The Organ (1970–1971)
 The Rip Off Review of Western Culture — all three issues (1972)
 Arcade — issues #1, 3–5 (1975–1976)
 Weirdo — issues #13–15, 17, 19, 24, 27 (1985–1990)
 Strip AIDS (1987)
 The Narrative Corpse — 3 panels (1995)
 Graphic Classics 4: H. P. Lovecraft — adaptation (2002)
 The Graphic Canon, Volume 2 — adaptation (2012)

Books and collections
 Bent (1 issue, Print Mint, 1971)
 Pork (1 issue, Cartoonists Co-Op Press, 1974)
 The Checkered Demon (3 issues, Last Gasp (publisher), 1977–1979)
 (as illustrator) Burroughs, William S. The Wild Boys (Zweitausendeins, 1980) — in German
 (as illustrator) Burroughs, William S. Cities of The Red Night (Zweitausendeins, 1982) — in German
 Wilson's Andersen: Seven Stories by Andersen (Cottage Classics, 1994)
 Wilson's Grimm (Cottage Classics, 1999)
 The Art of S. Clay Wilson (Ten Speed Press, 2006)
 Checkered Demon Anthology, Vol. 1 (Last Gasp, 2015)
 Dear Charlie: Letters to Charles Plymell (Water Row Press, 2021)

References

Further reading
 Levin, Bob. "Enlighten 'Em or Sicken 'Em: S. Clay Wilson, Work and Play," The Comics Journal #175 (Marc. 1995), pp. 98–109.
 Rosenkranz, Patrick. Pirates in the Heartland-The Mythology of S. Clay Wilson (Fantagraphics Books, Inc., June 2014) — this biography (Volume One) contains over 250 images of Wilson's art, as well as many photographs from his own collection as well as from his friends. Volumes Two and Three will be released in 2015 and 2016.

External links
S. Clay Wilson Special Needs Trust
Lambiek: S. Clay Wilson
"The Underground Genius Surfaces" by Charles Plymell
S. Clay Wilson, ingenious underground comix artist, dies at 79

1941 births
2021 deaths
20th-century American artists
21st-century American artists
American comics artists
Artists from Lincoln, Nebraska
Artists from San Francisco
Deaths from head injury
Freak scene
Military personnel from Nebraska
People from Lawrence, Kansas
People with traumatic brain injuries
Underground cartoonists
University of Nebraska alumni

S. Clay Wilson


"I Just Don't Give a Damn" is a song co-written by  American country singer George Jones.   It was released as the B-side to his 1975 single "Memories of Us."

Background
Following his divorce from singer Tammy Wynette in 1975, Jones had already begun his long, slow descent to the bottom.  Already drinking constantly, he would soon begin using cocaine and often disappear for weeks on end, missing shows and other appearances.  Making matters worse, his seeming invincibility on the country singles chart began to wane; although his duets with Wynette remained popular (the duet "Golden Ring" shot to #1 in 1976), his own releases languished.  "Memories of Us," the title track of his first LP released after his divorce, limped to #21 on the singles chart.  However, with the benefit of hindsight, the most extraordinary aspect about the single is the stunning B-side "I Just Don't Give a Damn."

Composition and reception
Jones, who wrote many of his own hits in the first decade of his career, had become every country songwriter's dream client in the years since.  Consequently,  he had little need to compose as many songs as he used to since he was often given first crack at the best new songs Nashville had to offer.  That fact, combined with the turmoil that surrounded him at the time, makes "I Just Don't Give a Damn" - an extremely acerbic song - all the more fascinating.  Thom Jurek of AllMusic calls the song "the bitterest cut Jones ever recorded. He claims he wrote it at 3 a.m. in the aftermath of the divorce, and it comes right from the Hank Williams tradition of catharsis songs. Jones condemns everyone and everything including himself. As he denies his shortcomings, he fires back simultaneously - with razor-sharp fineness - his anger. That fiddle floating in the background offers a portrait of loneliness and rage that is unbridled and self-destructive in the classic honky tonk style."  As if making his own state-of-the-union address before diving headlong into the gutter, Jones leaves no doubt as to his state of mind:

There are those who'd like to change the way I'm living
It seems they just don't like me the way I am
Tomorrow I may live the way they're thinking
Oh, but tonight I just don't give a damn

On the bridge, Jones addresses the object of his scorn (presumably Wynette) directly, but also fully aware of the pain and torment he is about to inflict on himself:

Tonight I just don't care what happens to you or me
I wanted to get you on my side but you've always disagreed
If you should ever want to call me I'll be on my side of town
But don't call tonight 'cause I still don't give a damn

Oh, tomorrow morning I may wake up lonely
Oh, but tonight I just don't give a damn

In the liner notes to the 1999 reissue of Memories of Us, Daniel Cooper writes that "I Just Don't Give a Damn" "hearkens back to the sort of material Jones's idol Hank Williams used to write when Hank was feeling his most embittered. In his prolific career, Jones has made dozens of bone-chilling recordings that languish as forgotten, seemingly throwaway album tracks and B-sides...Yet all these years later 'I Just Don't Give a Damn' rings harrowingly true and honest, like a sketched, 3 a.m. self-portrait by one of America's greatest artists." In his 1995 autobiography I Lived to Tell It All, the singer recalled, "'I Just Don't Give a Damn' was my 86th single record. It was on the Billboard survey for only two weeks and peaked at number 92 on the top 100. I had never released a record on a major label that did so poorly." Although it was ignored at the time of release, it has since become viewed as a tour de force by Jones, and was included on the 2006 Legacy retrospective The Essential George Jones.

A rare, grainy clip of Jones performing the song at his Possum Holler club in Nashville is available on YouTube.

Chart performance

References

1975 songs
George Jones songs
Song recordings produced by Billy Sherrill
Epic Records singles
Songs written by George Jones

I Just Don't Give a Damn


is a Japanese politician. In some English-language Japanese newspapers her family name is romanized as Noono.

She was born in Qiqihar, Manchuria in 1935 and moved to Kagoshima Prefecture at the end of World War II. She graduated from Kagoshima Prefectural Konan High School in 1954 and attended the School of Midwifery attached to the Medical Department of Osaka University.  Nohno worked as a nurse for more than thirty years before beginning her political career.

She was first elected to the House of Councillors in 1992, and was reelected in 1998 and 2004. In 2001 she served as the Vice Minister for Labor for half a year. She was Minister for Combating Birth Decline and for Gender Equality.

Prime Minister Koizumi appointed her Minister of Justice on 27 September 2004.  Her selection was somewhat controversial.  Her background is in medicine, with no formal legal training. She is only the second woman to serve in the position.  The first was Tachiko Nagao, who served for ten months in 1996.

Nohno has spoken in favor of immigration and assimilation of immigrants into Japanese society.

References

External links
 http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/koizumidaijin/040927/03nohno_e.html
 http://www.c-nohno.com

1935 births
Living people
20th-century Japanese politicians
21st-century Japanese politicians
20th-century Japanese women politicians
21st-century Japanese women politicians
Women government ministers of Japan
Female members of the House of Councillors (Japan)
Japanese expatriates in the United Kingdom
Japanese nurses
Japanese people from Manchukuo
Members of the House of Councillors (Japan)
Ministers of Justice of Japan
Academic staff of Osaka University
Politicians from Kagoshima Prefecture
People from Qiqihar
Women nurses
Female justice ministers

Chieko Nōno


Michael Mifsud (born 17 April 1981) is a Maltese former professional footballer. He scored 42 goals in 143 games for the Malta national team between 2000 and 2020, and also captained the side. He was voted Maltese Sportsperson of the Year in 2001 and 2003.

Playing career

Sliema Wanderers
Born in Pietà, Mifsud is a youth product of Sliema Wanderers. He made his debut during the 1997–98 season. In his first season, Mifsud made six appearances and scored once, helping Sliema Wanderers to a third-place finish in the Maltese Premier League.

The 1998–99 season saw Mifsud make the breakthrough and become a first-team regular. He was quickly becoming one of the hottest properties in Maltese football. He made 23 appearances and scored eight goals, as Sliema Wanderers again recorded a third-place finish in the Maltese Premier League.

Mifsud's form the previous season led to a trial with English giants Manchester United in July 1999. However, the trial did not lead to a permanent move and Mifsud returned to Sliema Wanderers for the 1999–2000 season. The failure to secure the move to Manchester United did not affect Mifsud, who was in fine goalscoring form for Sliema Wanderers, netting 21 times in 28 outings. The club finished in fourth position in the Maltese Premier League that season.

With interest in Mifsud growing, the 2000–01 season proved to be his last with the club. Mifsud helped the club to a second-place finish in the Maltese Premier League, making 25 appearances and scoring an impressive 20 goals.

Kaiserslautern
His form earned him his first call-up to the national team, and this alerted the Bundesliga club 1. FC Kaiserslautern to his potential and he signed for the club in the summer of 2001. He was a regular scorer with the B team in the Regionalliga which was the third league in Germany back then, he also made some appearances for the senior team in the Bundesliga, scoring two goals.

Sliema Wanderers (second spell)
Mifsud failed to make the grade with Kaiserslautern A team and his wish for regular first-team football meant he was released in the winter of 2004. He re-signed for Sliema Wanderers for the remainder of the 2004–05 season. Mifsud went on to make 12 appearances and score eight goals, helping Sliema Wanderers to retain the Maltese Premier League title.

Lillestrøm
In the summer of 2005, he was snapped up by Norwegian Premier League club Lillestrøm, where he was at one stage voted the best foreign player in the league. He was the club's top scorer in the 2006 season with 11 goals in 19 appearances.

On 5 November 2006, the last day of the Norwegian League, he declared that he had set his heart on a move to one of the top European leagues. The previous summer, Lillestrøm had turned down an offer for Mifsud from English club Coventry City despite knowing that the striker would be able to move for free in January 2007 as his contract was due to run out at the end of December.

He declined to renew his contract with Lillestrøm to fulfil his wish to turn out for a club in a major European league.

Coventry City
Mifsud was spotted by the ex-manager of Coventry City, Micky Adams, as he was looking for new strikers in Norway. On 10 January 2007, Mifsud signed a two-and-a-half-year deal with Coventry City in the Football League Championship in England. However, Adams was sacked two days later. Mifsud made his début for Coventry City on 13 January 2007 in a Football League Championship match at home to Crystal Palace.

Mifsud scored his first goal for Coventry City on 22 January 2007, after coming on as a substitute in an away game against Plymouth Argyle. He then scored his second goal for Coventry in 4–1 defeat of Barnsley. He also scored at Turf Moor on 6 May 2007 against Burnley. During another impressive display, he scored a goal against Sheffield Wednesday and won the goal of the season for Coventry City.

In the third round of the 2007–08 League Cup, on 26 September 2007, Mifsud scored two goals to give Coventry City an unexpected 2–0 victory over Premier League champions, Manchester United, his boyhood team, at Old Trafford. La Gazzetta dello Sport nicknamed him as Il Messi Di Malta after the match.

After this success, Mifsud continued to excel. He was instrumental in Coventry City's draw with Charlton Athletic on 29 September 2007, scoring his third goal in two games. On 2 October 2007, Coventry City secured a 3–1 league win against Blackpool, the second goal again coming from Mifsud. In this same match, Mifsud was fouled in the box and the resultant penalty was scored by Coventry City's Michael Doyle. Furthermore, Blackpool's Kaspars Gorkšs was shown the red card for a foul on Dele Adebola, after a Mifsud through ball.

On 12 November, Mifsud was sent off after 11 minutes of a Midlands derby against West Bromwich Albion, after elbowing Carl Hoefkens in the face. Mifsud later apologised for the elbow on Hoefkens. On 4 December, Mifsud returned from his three-match ban to face West Bromwich Albion again. Mifsud scored two goals and increasing his tally to 15 goals for the season with the Sky Blues.

On 5 January 2008, Mifsud scored two goals in the FA Cup in Coventry City's defeat of Premier League Blackburn Rovers at Ewood Park. For his performance, Mifsud was named as the player of the third round by visitors to the Football Association's website, for which he was made a guest of the FA at the 2008 FA Cup Final. On 26 January, Mifsud scored Coventry's second goal in their FA Cup fourth round win against Millwall.

On 23 April 2008, Mifsud was named as the runner-up for the Coventry City player of the year award by the clubs' fans. The winner was Jay Tabb, who scored 84% of the votes. However, Mifsud got most of the remaining 16%.

On 23 July 2008, Coventry City accepted an undisclosed bid for Mifsud from Bristol City. On 29 July 2008, Bristol City announced that, following negotiations, in which manager Gary Johnson questioned Mifsud's commitment, they would not be proceeding with his signing. After a string of good performances, Mifsud eventually worked his way back into the Coventry City side. Mifsud failed to hit the back of the net regularly during his last season, as he was mostly played as a winger. On 30 June 2009, Mifsud's Coventry City contract expired and he was subsequently released after becoming surplus to requirements by manager Chris Coleman.

Barnsley
Mifsud joined Barnsley on loan until the end of the season on 2 February 2009 on the same day as Andranik Teymourian and Adam Hammill joining fellow Malta teammate Daniel Bogdanovic at Oakwell. On 10 March 2009, Mifsud scored his first goal for his new club in a 1–1 draw at Oakwell against Birmingham City. Mifsud scored his second goal for Barnsley on 18 March 2009, scoring the third goal in a 3–1 win against Crystal Palace.

Career in Malta (2009–13)

Valletta (first spell)

Mifsud remained a free agent for the last half of 2009 and the start of 2010, even though he was still an automatic choice for the national team. He finally joined Maltese club Valletta until the end of the 2009–10 season.

He made his debut for Valletta on 19 March 2010, against Qormi leaving his mark in the Citizens 3–0 win. Mifsud scored the third goal with a placed first timer. He failed to score in what would prove to be the decisive game against Birkirkara in the following round, but then scored consecutive hat-tricks against Tarxien Rainbows in the league and against fierce rivals Floriana in the 100 Anniversary Cup Final. He scored a goal in each of the following three Premier Division games, before again failing to score against Birkirkara. He finished the season with seven goals in seven Premier Division games, two goals in three MFA Trophy games, four goals in two MFA Anniversary Cup games – a total of 13 goals in 12 games.

After his brief stint with Valletta at the end of the 2009–10 season, Mifsud once again became a free agent. There was speculation that he wanted to resume his career in England or another country. Mifsud reportedly received interest from Chicago Fire of Major League Soccer in America, Benfica, from various clubs in the Italian Serie B and was even offered a contract by AEK Larnaca, besides being linked with a possible return to Valletta.

Qormi
Mifsud was to sign with Floriana on 30 January 2010. This move did not materialise and led to the resignation of Floriana's president, Johann Said. However, the player finally reached an agreement with Qormi with whom he played until the end of the Maltese football season. Mifsud debuted for Qormi with a hat trick and a man of the match performance against Birkirkara. The match finished 4–1 for Qormi. The following round saw him failing to score in Qormi's 2–2 draw against Marsaxlokk, a result that meant Qormi would have to play in the relegation pool.

Valletta (second spell)
On 5 July 2011, after much speculation about his future, Mifsud signed for Valletta, penning a four-year contract. He won the 2011–2012 season of the Maltese Premier League with Valletta, scoring 12 goals in 24 appearances. Included in this was a strike in Valletta's 3–0 defeat of former club Sliema Wanderers on 29 April, to secure his side's 21st national championship. On 3 July 2012, he scored four goals in an 8–0 defeat of Lusitanos in the first qualifying round of the Champions League.

Mifsud left the club in June 2013 to seek a move abroad.

Melbourne Heart
On 18 September 2013, it was reported that Mifsud had signed for A-League club Melbourne Heart on a one-year deal. Mifsud scored his first goal for the club in round 10 against Sydney FC in a 2–1 loss. Melbourne Heart released Mifsud on 21 March 2014, allowing him to return home to Malta with his family.

Career in Malta (2014–present)
On 15 June 2014, Mifsud signed for Sliema Wanderers for the third time. On 22 November 2014, Mifsud re-opened his scoring account with Sliema Wanderers with a 63rd-minute goal against Tarxien at Victor Tedesco Stadium.

On 20 January 2016, it was announced that Mifsud would be returning to Valletta on a free transfer after signing a two-and-a-half-year contract with the club. After two years spent with the Liliwhites, in which he had the chance to win one Maltese Premier League title and one Maltese FA Trophy, Mifsud agreed to sign a one-year contract with Birkirkara, that was renewed in 2019

In August 2020, Mifsud signed a one-year deal with Maltese Premier League side Sirens. His spell with the San Pawl il-Baħar's side only lasted few months: in January 2021 Mifsud parted way with Sirens due to personal reasons. After a few days, he signed a contract with Mosta F.C. until June.

International career
Mifsud made his first appearance under Josip Ilić's Malta national team on 10 February 2000 against Albania in the National Stadium, Ta' Qali.

He is considered as one of the most prominent players Malta has ever produced. He was instrumental in Malta's victory against Hungary in the Euro 2008 qualifiers, the country's first competitive home victory since 1982.

On 27 March 2008, Mifsud scored five goals for Malta in a 7–1 friendly win over Liechtenstein, completing a hat-trick within just 21 minutes of the kickoff. On 3 March 2010, he surpassed Carmel Busuttil's goalscoring record with the national team, as Mifsud hit the back of the net for Malta in an exhibition match against Finland, which finished in a 1–2 loss for the locals. Mifsud also scored the winning goal (1–0) in Malta's first away win in a World Cup qualifier in many years, against Armenia, on 7 June 2013.

On 11 October 2013, Mifsud gained his 100th cap for Malta, in a match against the Czech Republic. The Czech Republic won 4–1, with Mifsud scoring Malta's only goal.

On 11 November 2020, Mifsud played his last match and scored his last goal in Malta's victory in a friendly against Liechtenstein.
Career statistics
Club

International
Scores and results list Malta's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Mifsud goal.

HonoursValletta'
 Maltese Premier League: 2011–12, 2015–16, 2017–18
 Maltese FA Trophy: 2009–10
 Maltese Super Cup: 2011, 2012

See also
 List of top international men's football goalscorers by country
 List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
People from Sliema
Maltese men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Sliema Wanderers F.C. players
1. FC Kaiserslautern II players
1. FC Kaiserslautern players
Lillestrøm SK players
Coventry City F.C. players
Barnsley F.C. players
Valletta F.C. players
Qormi F.C. players
Melbourne City FC players
Birkirkara F.C. players
Maltese Premier League players
Eliteserien players
Regionalliga players
Bundesliga players
English Football League players
A-League Men players
Malta men's international footballers
FIFA Men's Century Club
Maltese expatriate men's footballers
Maltese expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Maltese expatriate sportspeople in England
Maltese expatriate sportspeople in Norway
Maltese expatriate sportspeople in Australia
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Norway
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's soccer players in Australia

Michael Mifsud


West Dean College of Arts and Conservation is situated in the  West Dean Estate, of West Dean near Chichester. The Estate was formerly the home of the poet and patron of the arts Edward James. He was an avid admirer of the Surrealist movement, and formed one of the largest collections of their works during his lifetime. He inherited West Dean House and the estate after the death of his father, William Dodge James.

In 1939 Edward wrote to Aldous Huxley, expressing his fear that after the war, certain arts, particularly the techniques of the craftsmen, would be lost. As a solution, James suggested that his Estate be set up as an educational community where the techniques of craftsmanship could be preserved and taught, whilst restoring old work and creating new art works.  In 1964 James conveyed this Estate including West Dean House to the Edward James Foundation; in 1971 the Foundation established West Dean College as a centre for the study of conservation, arts, crafts, writing, gardening and music, providing both full-time and short courses. The Sussex Barn Gallery, Tapestry Studio and West Dean Gardens are also located on the Estate.

Short Courses
The college offers over 700 short courses a year, at various levels of experience and covering a wide range of subjects.

Diplomas, FdAs and MAs

West Dean offers MA Degree and Diplomas programmes in Conservation Studies, Visual Arts and Foundation Degree (FdA) in Historic Craft Practices, validated by the University of Sussex.

The Conservation MA and Diploma can have a specialty in Conservation of Book and Library Materials, Ceramics and Related Materials, Clocks and Related Objects, Furniture and Related Objects and Metalwork.

The Visual Arts MA and Diploma is in Visual Arts, Painting and Drawing, Sculpture or Tapestry and Textile Art.  Graduates include artists Pippa Blake and Tim Kent, who have gone on to exhibit their work in a variety of galleries. The college also offers Diploma courses in Making Stringed Musical Instruments.

Tapestry Studio
The West Dean Tapestry Studio was established in 1974 to provide high-level craft-based programmes in woven tapestry,  one of only a very small number of such studios worldwide. Their first major commission were The Henry Moore Tapestries. Tapestries woven by the studio are in the Palace of Westminster, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Chelmsford Cathedral. As well as new designs, the Studio is also engaged in recreating the 16th-century 'The Hunt of the Unicorn' tapestries, part of a twelve-year project for Historic Scotland, for the refurbishment of Stirling Castle. The Studio wove a tapestry for Tracey Emin based on her Black Cat painting; it was shown at the Saatchi Gallery in May 2011.

Gallery
The Gallery on the West Dean Estate holds exhibitions of work by major outside artists as well as students and Tutors of West Dean College. Previous exhibitions include sculptor Phillip Jackson's 'Sacred and Profane' in 2005, Man Ray's 'light and image' in 2005 and Brazilian artist Ana Maria Pacheco's 'some exercise of power' in 2006. There has also been an exhibition on 'the interior landscape of surrealism: A glimpse into the homes of Edward James, Roland Penrose and Lee Miller' which included the famous lobster telephone and the Mae West Lip Sofa from West Dean House, which were collaborations between Edward James and Salvador Dalí.   An exhibition on the extraordinarily complex life of the model/photographer Lee Miller was also featured in the Gallery together with original works by Man Ray, Picasso and Roland Penrose.

Music
In July the college holds the Chilingirian Quartet Summer School for string quartets with concerts performed by the tutors and pupils.

Chilli Fiesta
Chilli Fiesta was an annual three-day festival celebrating the chilli which has been held at the college since 1995. The Fiesta features stalls, demonstrations and entertainment.

As of 2018 the Chilli Fiesta is no longer held at West Dean.

West Dean Gardens
The award-winning West Dean Gardens surround the West Dean Estate in the South Downs. Head Gardener Jim Buckland and his wife Sarah Wain restored the Gardens after they suffered severe damage in the 1987 and 1990 storms. The Gardens have been awarded an English Heritage Garden Grade of II*.
West Dean features a restored walled kitchen garden with 13  Victorian glasshouses.  Robin Lane Fox in the Financial Times said "West Dean has a large walled kitchen garden whose standards are wonderfully high. Greenhouse after greenhouse smiles with top-class plants, fruit and rarities."

A key feature in the Gardens is the  Edwardian pergola, designed by Harold Peto. The Arboretum has the grave to Edward James with the carved memorial stone by John Skelton (sculptor).

A visitors centre was completed in 1995. The building, which includes a gift shop and restaurant and adjoined by terraces and gardens, was designed by Christopher Alexander and colleagues. The building's exterior walls are constructed of brick, local flint, and concrete.

References

External links

  West Dean, The Edward James Foundation

Education in West Sussex
Educational institutions established in 1971
Art museums and galleries in West Sussex
Museums in West Sussex
Gardens in West Sussex
Adult education in the United Kingdom

West Dean College


The Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) is Hong Kong's central banking institution. It is a government authority founded on 1 April 1993 when the Office of the Exchange Fund and the Office of the Commissioner of Banking merged. The organisation reports directly to the Financial Secretary.

Responsibilities
The exchange fund was established and managed originally by the Currency Ordinance in 1935, now named the Exchange Fund Ordinance. Under the Ordinance, the HKMA's primary objective is to ensure the stability of the Hong Kong currency, and the banking system. It is also responsible for promoting the efficiency, integrity and development of the financial system.

The HKMA issues banknotes only in the denomination of ten Hong Kong dollars. The role of issuing other banknotes is delegated to the note-issuing banks in the territory, namely The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, Standard Chartered Bank and Bank of China.

Policies
The official reserves of Hong Kong and the banking system are important underpinnings of the linked exchange rate system.

Tools
Since 1995, the HKMA has entered into a stability pact with central banks in Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and Australia to engage in repurchase agreements, which provide liquidity on a two-way basis.

Infrastructure

The Central Moneymarkets Unit (CMU), established in the 1990, provides computerised clearing and settlement facilities for Exchange Fund Bills and Notes. It extended the service to other Hong Kong dollar debt securities in late 1993. A seamless interface allow the co-existence of the CMU and the newly launched real-time gross settlement (RTGS) inter-bank payment system. This enables end-of-day delivery versus payment (DVP) services as opposed to Non-DVP.

In 2018, HKMA developed the infrastructure for the Faster Payment System and launched it in September of that year.

Banking licenses
Banking stability mainly depends on the banking system and supervision. A three-tier banking system (銀行三級發牌制度) was implemented in the 1980s. Institutions are also managed differently depending on whether they are categorised as licensed banks, restricted license banks or deposit-taking institutions. Overseas banks may also establish local representative offices in Hong Kong.

In 2019, the HKMA began issuing the first batch of virtual bank licenses in Hong Kong; these banks were not required to have physical branches in the city.

Monetary stability

Currency board system
It is included the Linked Exchange Rate System and noticeable features such as the Aggregate Balance, Certificates of Indebtedness and coins issued and the Outstanding Exchange Fund Bills and Notes.

The Interest Rate Adjustment Mechanism is an automatic system that maintains the stability of the Hong Kong dollar exchange rate. Lately the HKMA has been disclosing the forecast change in the Aggregate Balance attributes to increase the transparency of the Currency Board operation.

In 1995, Nobel Prize–winning economist Milton Friedman mistakenly predicted the Hong Kong dollar's demise within two years of the 1997 handover. He also predicted the absorption of the territory's financial reserves of US$43 billion (HK$335.4 billion) by Beijing, which would not be able to bear the subrogation of Hong Kong's monetary policy to the United States.

As with any monetary system not based on a fiat money (which includes currency boards, currency unions and the traditional gold standard) it is impossible to use monetary policy to stabilise the business cycle: this means that any macroeconomic adjustment has to be achieved by changes in the prices of assets and labour. In Hong Kong, this is made easier by two factors: the first is the openness of the economy, with an aggregate demand heavily dependent on international trading partners; this reduces the risk of classic liquidity traps. The second factor is the scarce political clout of the trade unions, which makes it easier to trim the nominal salaries during recessionary times. Moreover, the high saving rates and the moral stigma attached to bankruptcy have kept relatively low the level of defaults on mortgages even during the deep recessions after the 1997 Asian financial crisis and the SARS epidemic in 2002/2003.

Exchange fund
For more information, please look at Exchange Fund (Hong Kong) page.

Under colonial rule, the HKMA did not place funds with local banks not rated by Moody's Investors Service or Standard & Poor's. Only the three note issuing banks could receive deposits because they had been rated by "objective international standards".

During the 1997 Asian financial crisis, currency speculators sold the Hong Kong dollar heavily and shorted local stocks and Hang Seng Index futures. The government controversially used the exchange fund to acquire HK$120 billion (US$15 billion) worth of blue-chip shares in a two-week market intervention, beginning 12 August 1998 with the aim of punishing and deterring currency speculators. The intervention was widely criticised as being detrimental to the reputation as one of the world's financial centres. Instead of being a regulator, the government has become "a player, a very key player".

In hindsight, one speculator said, "Government intervention raised public confidence in the market when it was near total collapse. It prevented a bigger crisis and saved the market."

Most stocks acquired during that operation were successively disposed with the creation of a tracker fund, the TraHK. That reduced the portfolio of HK equities to 5.3% of the reserves in 2003. However, the percentage crept back and had risen above 10% by the year 2006.

In August 1998, as part of its wider remit to protect the currency, the authority lent the Thai government US$1 billion from the fund as part of a $17 billion bailout organised by the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

Headquarters
The HKMA's is headquartered in the International Finance Centre.  It purchased fourteen floors in Tower 2. The 55th, 56th and the 77th to 88th floors were bought for US$480 million in 2001. An exhibition area, currently containing an exhibit of Hong Kong's monetary history, and a library of the Hong Kong Monetary Authority Information Centre occupy the 55th floor. The 88th floor of the tower contains the office of the chief executive of the HKMA, and is served by an individual lift.

Chief executive
The Chief Executive is appointed for a five-year term by the Financial Secretary, and is continuously renewable with no term limit.

List of chief executives

Deputy chief executives
The chief executive is supported by a number of deputy chief executives, shown below in order of appointment.

 David Carse (1993–2003)
 Andrew Sheng (1993–1998)
 Norman Chan (1996–2005)
 Anthony Latter (1999–2003)
 William Ryback (2003–2007)
 Peter Pang (2004–2016)
 Choi Yiu-kwan (2005–2009)
 Eddie Yue (2007–2019)
 Arthur Yuen (since January 2010)
 Howard Lee (since February 2016)
 Edmond Lau (2021–2022)
 Darryl Chan (since November 2022)

Events
The Hong Kong Monetary Authority hosted the meeting of the World Bank and IMF in 1997, at an estimated cost of HK$485 million. Yam hoped that hosting the event would cement Hong Kong's status as an international financial centre. He added: "The presence of the world's leading finance ministers, central bank governors and top commercial bankers in Hong Kong so soon after the change of sovereignty will help boost international and local confidence in Hong Kong".

The HKMA is also host to the 2022 Global Financial Leaders' Investment Summit.

See also

 Economy of Hong Kong
 Banknotes of the Hong Kong dollar
 Hong Kong Note Printing Limited
 List of financial regulatory authorities by country

References

External links

Financial regulatory authorities of Hong Kong
Hong Kong Monetary Authority
Hong Kong Monetary Authority
Banknote issuers of Hong Kong
1993 establishments in Hong Kong

Hong Kong Monetary Authority


The SeaFox is an anti-mine Unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) manufactured by German company Atlas Elektronik. It is designed to locate and destroy ground and moored mines. There are three versions, including a training version. The orange SeaFox-I "inspection" variant has sonar and an Inertial navigation system, and the black SeaFox-C "combat" round also has a  shaped charge warhead. The system is in service with eleven navies. The SeaFox is an advanced design of an Expendable Mine Disposal Vehicle or EMDV. It has a low life cycle cost as it has low running and replacement costs. Its main targets are sea mines that pose a danger to vessels. It communicates with the ship via a fiber-optic cable. The SeaFox uses a custom launch and retrieval system, that may be fitted to a variety of ships, boats or even helicopters. It can be used for a range of tasks such as conduct damage estimation, route surveys, maritime boundary control, intelligence and harbor surveillance missions.

Service history
In 2001 the Royal Navy leased some SeaFox drones for use on HMS Bangor and HMS Blyth off Iraq as part of Operation Telic. The Bangor also deployed them off Libya in 2011. In October 2015 the Naval Surface Weapons Center (NSWC) commissioned the Atlas North America to get more SeaFox vehicles.

Technical Specifications
The operational depth for the SeaFox C is between 0 meters and 300 meters. The SeaFox has a range of 1200 meters depending on acoustic and current conditions. The propulsion system on the SeaFox includes four horizontal propellers and one vertical thruster. The entire propulsion system is battery powered. The maximum speed of the SeaFox is 6 knots. The SeaFox can be controlled with a remote or can be set on automatic and it will use radar and sonar to locate mines and other obstacles that it is tasked with clearing. The SeaFox has live CCTV feed and a high intensity searchlight. The data feed is via a fiber-optic cable that is about 3000 meters long. The SeaFox is launched and retrieved using a crane. The warhead of the SeaFox is a fully shaped charge with demonstrated effectiveness against incendiary devices.

References

External links

 Atlas Elektronik - Minehunting and Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV)
 US strengthens its military might in the Gulf
 AN/SLQ-60 SeaFox, navaldrones.com

Mine warfare countermeasures
Remotely operated underwater vehicles

Seafox drone


Eight Thousand Li of Cloud and Moon is a 1947 Chinese film directed by Shi Dongshan and Wang Weiyi, starring Bai Yang and Tao Jin, two actors who were the leads in The Spring River Flows East released that same year. The film was selected as one of the 100 greatest 20th-century Chinese-language films chosen by Asia Weekly.

Plot

Jiang Lingyu (Bai Yang), a female student who is studying in Shanghai, decides to join the Resistance Acting Troupe after Marco Polo Bridge Incident of 1937.  Although dissuaded by her uncle, aunt and cousin, she adamantly leaves her uncle's home, where she has been staying, without telling them.  The company arrives at Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou and Xuzhou and many other cities to perform for soldiers and ordinary folks alike.

For years the company perseveres with their arduous journey, with many of them falling sick.  Finally they reach Chongqing, where musical instructor Gao Libin (Tao Jin) falls ill.  Jiang remains behind to take care of him, where they receive news that Jiang's father has agreed to their marriage.  They decide to get married once the war is over.  Jiang's cousin, an entrepreneur, comes to see her.  Soon, the troupe read from the papers that the Japanese has surrendered.  Ecstatic, the couple gets married immediately.

The couple leaves the troupe to take a barge home.  Postwar situation is bad, and they discover Jiang's father has died in the Jiangxi countryside before the war ended.  They take up lodging at Jiang's uncle's mansion in Shanghai.  They are disappointed at the self-centered, bourgeois attitude held by her uncle's family.

During Chinese New Year, a widow comes to visit Jiang's cousin.  It turns out the widow has had her house forcibly occupied by her cousin.  Indignant at this, Jiang and Gao decide to move out to a smaller, shabbier attic apartment scouted out by their friends.  Gao becomes a schoolteacher and Jiang a journalist.  Jiang becomes pregnant.  She writes in her column about the incident of the widow and of her cousin's oppression.  Jiang and her cousin later has a falling-out, and Jiang asserts that she will continue writing about such injustices in the papers.

Weak from overwork, Jiang faints on the streets one day and is brought to the hospital.  Her fellow friends from the Troupe put together money for her hospital fees.  Jiang has a premature delivery, but is nonetheless very weak.  The doctor warns that she may not pull through; even if she does, she must be given good nutrition and a healthful living environment.  Jiang, on her bed, asks her friends to help take care of her new-born child and is wheeled away.  An intertitle then appears asking audiences to imagine what the ending is like: if Jiang's future is a dead end, it says, are the audiences themselves not all responsible since they are part of the society?  The film ends with a giant question mark.

References

External links

1947 films
1947 drama films
Films set in Shanghai
1940s Mandarin-language films
Second Sino-Japanese War films
Chinese black-and-white films

Eight Thousand Li of Cloud and Moon (film)