Arraignment is a formal reading of a criminal charging document in the presence of the defendant, to inform them of the charges against them. In response to arraignment, in some jurisdictions, the accused is expected to enter a plea; in other jurisdictions, no plea is required. Acceptable pleas vary among jurisdictions, but they generally include guilty, not guilty, and the peremptory pleas, or pleas in bar, setting out reasons why a trial cannot proceed. Pleas of nolo contendere ('no contest') and the Alford plea are allowed in some circumstances.

By country

Australia
In Australia, arraignment is the first of 11 stages in a criminal trial, and involves the clerk of the court reading out the indictment. The judge will testify during the indictment process.

Canada
In British Columbia, arraignment takes place in one of the first few court appearances by the defendant or their lawyer. The defendant is asked whether they plead guilty or not guilty to each charge.

France
In France, the general rule is that one cannot remain in police custody for more than 24 hours from the time of the arrest. However, police custody can last another 24 hours in specific circumstances, especially if the offence is punishable by at least one year's imprisonment, or if the investigation is deemed to require the extra time, and can last up to 96 hours in certain cases involving terrorism, drug trafficking or organised crime. The police need to have the consent of the prosecutor, the procureur. In the vast majority of cases, the prosecutor will consent.

Germany
In Germany, if one has been arrested and taken into custody by the police, one must be brought before a judge as soon as possible and at the latest on the day after the arrest.

New Zealand
In New Zealand law, at the first appearance of the accused, they are read the charges and asked for a plea. The available pleas are: guilty, not guilty, and no plea. The response of "no plea" allows the defendant to get legal advice on the plea, which must be made on the second appearance.

South Africa

In South Africa, arraignment is defined as the calling upon the accused to appear, the informing of the accused of the crime charged against them, the demanding of the accused whether they plead guilty or not guilty, and the entering of their plea.

United Kingdom
In England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, arraignment is the first of 11 stages in a criminal trial, and involves the clerk of the court reading out the indictment.

In England and Wales, the police cannot legally detain anyone for more than 24 hours without charging them unless an officer with the rank of superintendent (or above) authorises detention for a further 12 hours (i.e. 36 hours total), or a judge (who will be a magistrate) authorises detention by the police before charge for up to a maximum of 96 hours; for terrorism-related offences a person can be held by the police for up to 28 days before charge. If they are not released after being charged, they should be brought before a court as soon as practicable.

In Scotland, the police cannot detain anyone for more than 12 hours without charging them unless an officer of the rank of superintendent (or above) authorises detention for a further 12 hours (i.e. up to 24 hours in total); for terrorism-related offences a person can be held by the police for up to 14 days before charge. If they are not released after being charged, they should be brought before a court as soon as practicable.

United States
The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution grants criminal defendants the right to be notified of the charges against them. Under the United States' Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, arraignment shall consist of an open reading of the indictment (and delivery of a copy) to the defendant and a call for them to plead.

In federal courts, arraignment takes place in two stages. The first is called the "initial arraignment" and must take place within 48 hours of an individual's arrest, within 72 hours if the individual was arrested on the weekend and not able to go before a judge until Monday. During this stage, the defendant is informed of the pending legal charges and is informed of his or her right to retain counsel. The presiding judge also decides at what amount, if any, to set bail. During the second stage, the post-indictment arraignment, the defendant is allowed to enter a plea.

In New York, a person arrested without a warrant and kept in custody must be brought before a local criminal court for arraignment "without unnecessary delay". A delay of more than 24 hours is rebuttably presumed to be unnecessary.

In California, arraignments must be conducted without unnecessary delay and, in any event, within 48 hours of arrest, excluding weekends and holidays.

Form of the arraignment
The wording of the arraignment varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. However, it generally conforms with the following principles:
 The accused person (defendant) is addressed by name;
 The charge against the accused person is read, including the alleged date, time, and place of offense (and sometimes the names of the state's witnesses and the range of punishment for the charge(s)); and,
 The accused person is asked formally how they plead.

Video arraignment
Video arraignment is the act of conducting the arraignment process using some form of videoconferencing technology. Use of video arraignment system allows the court to conduct the requisite arraignment process without the need to transport the defendant to the courtroom by using an audio-visual link between the location where the defendant is being held and the courtroom.

Use of the video arraignment process addresses the problems associated with having to transport defendants. The transportation of defendants requires time, puts additional demands on the public safety organizations to provide for the safety of the public, court personnel and for the security of the population held in detention. It also addresses the rising costs of transportation.

Guilty and not-guilty pleas
If the defendant pleads guilty, an evidentiary hearing usually follows. The court is not required to accept a guilty plea. During the hearing, the judge assesses the offense, the mitigating factors, and the defendant's character, and passes sentence.

If the defendant pleads not guilty, a date is set for a preliminary hearing or a trial.

In the past, a defendant who refused to plead (or "stood mute") was subject to peine forte et dure (Law French for "strong and hard punishment"). Today, in common law jurisdictions, the court enters a plea of not guilty for a defendant who refuses to enter a plea. The rationale for this is the defendant's right to silence.

Pre-trial release
This is also often the stage at which arguments for or against pre-trial release and bail may be made, depending on the alleged crime and jurisdiction.

See also
Desk appearance ticket

References

Legal terminology
Prosecution
United States criminal procedure
Criminal law of the United Kingdom
Australian criminal law

Arraignment


Alf Ottar Brubakk (24 January 1941 – 5 April 2022) was a Norwegian researcher and professor at the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Department of Circulation and Imaging (ISB) of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology () in Trondheim, Norway. He worked in the physiology of underwater diving, particularly decompression, was an advisor on diving physiology to the offshore diving industry, and a president of the European Underwater and Baromedical Society.

Early life and education
Brubakk originally wanted to be a marine biologist, but decided that he was more likely to get an interesting job if he studied medicine, which he did at Giessen in Germany, and after graduating, did his internship at a small island in West Norway.

He was approached by the head of the health service in Trondheim who offered him a research position financed by the county. He collaborated with Rune Aaslid from 1970 on a mathematical model of the cardiovascular system intended to be used clinically to obtain data that could not be measured directly in the patient. This work led to development of pulsed Doppler ultrasound equipment, for collecting data on the circulatory system, and which showed that blood flow velocity could be used to evaluate internal pressure in the heart non-invasively.

Career
Brubakk started his professional life in cardiology and then practiced for several years as an anesthesiologist, before being offered a job as Assistant Professor of Applied Physiology in Trondheim. Later he shifted to environmental physiology and diving medicine, and was professor of environmental physiology at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim. He researched decompression sickness (DCS) for more than 20 years and also studied other areas of environmental physiology, including the effects of cold and outer space.

The offshore oil exploration and production off Norway was in its early days and commercial diving became an important industry for Bergen, where the Norwegian Underwater Institute (Norwegian Underwater Intervention?) was established to do diving research. Brubakk joined the NUI, where experimental dives were done to about 500 m. He started some ultrasonic studies, as bubbles are a good reflector, though the thinking at the time was that bubbles were present but not important. Brubakk thought they would have some pathophysiological relevance. The first study showed significant vascular bubble presence in both venous and arterial circulation, but this was not considered when the next US Navy decompression tables were drawn up, as at the time, the US Navy tested the calculated profiles against an endpoint of symptomatic DCS. Studies of bubble formation and distribution during and after decompression have continued, and it remains a field of research as of 2022.

Brubakk was medical advisor to a major commercial diving company for over 35 years until 2015, was responsible for advice in diving procedures for Subsea 7, and was involved in diver training.

Brubakk was a long-time member and former president (2006-2009), of the European Underwater and Baromedical Society (EUBS).

Publications
Scientific papers:

Books:

External links
List of publications: 204 total, at Current Research Information System In Norway

References

1941 births
2022 deaths
Academic staff of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Science of underwater diving
Norwegian scientists

Alf O. Brubakk


Hapoel Herzliya () is an Israeli football club based in Herzliya. The club is currently in Liga Alef North division and play their home matches at the Herzliya Municipal Stadium.

History
The Hapoel sport club in Herzliya was established in 1928,  and a football section was opened in 1936. Prior to the Israeli Declaration of Independence, the club played six seasons at the top flight, and appeared for the last time in the 1946–47 Palestine League season, where the club relegated.

Following Israeli independence in 1948, the club was placed in Liga Bet, the second division. In 1953–54 they were relegated. the club returned to Liga Alef in the 1960–61 season, and relegated after one season to Liga Bet. However, in the Israel State Cup, the club made history, after they eliminated Maccabi Jaffa, Beitar Jerusalem and Beitar Tel Aviv, and reached the Semi-finals, where they lost to the Israeli champions at the time, Hapoel Petah Tikva, in a result of 0–4. in the 1962–63 season, they returned to Liga Alef after winning promotion play-off against Beitar Haifa. Hapoel remained in the second tier for the next 13 seasons, and their best placing came in the 1969–70 season, in which they finished as runners-up after Hapoel Hadera, which were promoted to the Liga Leumit.

In 1975–76, which was the last season of Liga Alef prior to the creation of Liga Artzit, Hapoel finished only in the fourteenth place, which was not enough to secure a place in the newly formed second tier, thus, the club relegated to the new Liga Alef (now as third tier).

After three seasons in the third tier, the club promoted to Liga Artzit in the 1978–79 season after finishing second in Liga Alef North, and then by winning promotion play-off against Maccabi Kiryat Gat. however, in the following season, their spell in Liga Artzit lasted only one season. as they finished bottom and relegated back to Liga Alef. two seasons later, they finished bottom in Liga Alef South, and relegated to the fourth tier, Liga Bet, where they remained for the next 18 seasons.

In 1999–2000 the club won the South A Division of Liga Bet to win promotion to Liga Alef. In 2002–03 Hapoel won the North Division of Liga Alef and were promoted to Liga Artzit. At the end of the 2006–07 season they finished second from bottom and were relegated back to Liga Alef.

In 2009–10 the club won the South Division of Liga Alef to win promotion to Liga Leumit. in 2011–12 the club finished bottom in Liga Leumit and relegated to Liga Alef, where they play today.

Current squad
 As of 26 September 2023

Honours

League

External links
Hapoel Herzliya Ironi Israel Football Association

References

Herzliya
Herzliya
Sport in Herzliya
Organizations based in Herzliya
Association football clubs established in 1932
1932 establishments in Mandatory Palestine

Hapoel Herzliya F.C.


The Power House is an electrical supply building on the northwest coast of Alcatraz Island, off the coast of San Francisco, USA. It was constructed in 1939 for $186,000 as part of a $1.1 million modernization scheme which also included the water tower, New Industries Building, officers quarters and remodeling of the D-block. The white powerhouse smokestack and lighthouse were said to give an "appearance of a ship's mast on either side of the island". "A Warning. Keep Off. Only Government permitted within 200 yards" sign lay in front of the powerhouse to deter people landing on the island at the point.

Between 1939 and 1963 it supplied power to the Federal Penitentiary and other buildings on the island. The powerhouse had a tower duty station which was guarded with a "30-caliber Winchester rifle with 50 rounds of ammunition, a Colt .45 semiautomatic pistol with three seven-round magazines, three gas grenades, and a gas mask."

References

Alcatraz Island
1939 establishments in California

Power House (Alcatraz)


The Pattern of Painful Adventures is a 90-minute 2008 radio play by Stephen Wakelam on the circumstances surrounding the writing of the play Pericles, Prince of Tyre by William Shakespeare and the sickness of his brother Edmund's child, introduced by a flashback by his daughter Susannah, playwright John Marston and William's secretary Robinson. It links the play to the marriage of Susannah and the birth of her daughter and to the similar themes of daughters, forests, storms, shipwrecks and lost infants from As You Like It, The Winter's Tale, and The Tempest. It is named after The Pattern of Painful Adventures, a main source for Pericles. It was first broadcast on BBC Radio 3 at 8pm on 23 November 2008, directed and produced by Jeremy Mortimer, and was followed in the same slot on 30 November by a repeat of a 2005 radio production of Pericles, with Tom Mannion as Pericles and Benjamin Zephaniah as Gower.

Cast

 William Shakespeare - Antony Sher
 Jack Robinson - Will Keen
 John Marston - Stephen Critchlow
 George Wilkins - Chris Pavlo
 Susannah Shakespeare - Helen Longworth
 Richard Burbage - John Rowe
 William Ostler / Robert Johnson - Robert Lonsdale
 Edmund Shakespeare - Joseph Kloska

External links

 BBC Radio 3

2008 plays
Cultural depictions of William Shakespeare
2008 audio plays
English plays
Plays based on real people

The Pattern of Painful Adventures (radio play)


Francis Storer Eaton Newall, 2nd Baron Newall DL (born 23 June 1930, in Surrey, England), is the son of Marshal of the Royal Air Force and Governor-General of New Zealand Sir Cyril Newall and his wife Olivia, and has served as a soldier, staff officer, diplomat, politician, legislator, businessman, and representative of the Crown in a variety of capacities.

Early life and education

Newall resided in his family's Surrey home before leaving for Cairo upon his father's appointment as Air Officer Commanding Middle East. There he remained for four years, returning again to Surrey from 1935 to 1941, at which point he and his family were moved to New Zealand following Sir Cyril's appointment as Governor-General. Unlike the rest of his family, he only remained two years: in 1943, having matriculated at Eton, he returned home, residing there and with strangers and friends of his parents from then until the end of his father's term of office after the end of the war, in 1946.

Military service
Newall remained at Eton until 1948, when he volunteered for Army service and was accepted to the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. He remained there until successfully completing the course in the middle of 1950, at which point (following further gunnery training) he joined the 11th Hussars, then stationed with the British Army of the Rhine in Osnabrück, Germany. He served there and at Wesendorf for three years, commanding an armoured cavalry troop and being promoted Lieutenant in 1952 before the 11th was transferred to British Malaya (now Singapore and peninsular Malaysia) in 1953 to combat the increasingly powerful Communist insurgency there (see Malayan Emergency). During his service there, he served in a variety of roles, including intelligence, domestic pacification, and aide-de-camp to General Sir Charles Loewen, Commander-in-Chief Far East Land Forces. In 1956 he was promoted Captain and returned to Britain as adjutant to the Royal Gloucestershire Hussars, and served in a variety of roles thereafter until his 1961 retirement following contraction of jaundice in Omagh, Northern Ireland.

Business career
At this point, Newall entered the business world. He joined Arthur Guinness & Son and subsequently helped found Harp Lager. During this time he acceded to the peerage following his father's death in 1963, assuming his seat in the House of Lords as the Lord Newall. He remained with Guinness until 1966, taking a position as public relations spokesmen for Schweppes USA, Ltd, during which time he took a home in Connecticut. He returned to the UK in 1972 as managing director for Neilson McCarthy Public Relations, a position he held until 1975. He has continued to be involved in business since, and presently serves as Chairman of Code Circus Ltd, a web application development company.

At this time Lord Newall began to engage seriously in politics. He took his seat as a Conservative member of the Lords shortly following the return to power of Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson, and served as an opposition spokesman and whip from 1976, his tenure ending upon the victory and accession to power of Margaret Thatcher. He continued dual involvement in both business and politics through 1983, at which time he entered continental politics as a delegate to the Council of Europe and Western European Union. He continued sitting in the Lords, holding his seat for a total of thirty-seven years and introducing six private members' bills — four of which were passed – as well as making hundreds of speeches. Since losing his seat on the expulsion of the hereditary peers in the House of Lords Act 1999 he has become Co-Chairman of the Hereditary Peerage Association. He has also acted as a representative of the British parliament and the WEU on several occasions: notably, during annual visits from 1986 through 1993 to Romania, which included private meetings with President Nicolae Ceauşescu and members of his government; and, more recently, in Azerbaijan.

Lord Newall also takes active interests in both sports and charity work. He served for twelve years as chairman of the British Greyhound Racing Board and president of the World Greyhound Racing Association. He has been president of SPANA (Society for the Protection of Animals Abroad), chairman of the Lord Barnby Charitable Association and of the British Moroccan Society, and a committee member for the Not Forgotten Association, which works to provide services for disabled British servicepeople. He is also honorary president of the Committee for Release of Tindouf Prisoners, which campaigns for the release of a great many of the longest-held prisoners in the world who are held in dreadful conditions in a concentration camp in Algeria.

Family
Lord Newall has three children – daughter Miranda and sons Richard and David – nine grandchildren and two great-grandchildren with his wife Panna; they have been married since c. 1957. The garden of his home in Buckinghamshire, where he has resided since c. 1975, is open to the public.

Arms

References

External links
Code Circus Ltd
Lord Newall

1930 births
Conservative Party (UK) hereditary peers
11th Hussars officers
Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Deputy Lieutenants of Greater London
People educated at Eton College
Living people
Royal Gloucestershire Hussars officers
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst
British Army personnel of the Malayan Emergency
People in greyhound racing
Newall

Francis Newall, 2nd Baron Newall


The black grouse (Lyrurus tetrix), also known as northern black grouse, Eurasian black grouse, blackgame or blackcock, is a large game bird in the grouse family. It is a sedentary species, spanning across the Palearctic in moorland and steppe habitat when breeding, often near wooded areas. They will spend the winter perched in dense forests, feeding almost exclusively on the needles of conifers. The black grouse is one of two species of grouse in the genus Lyrurus, the other being the lesser-known Caucasian grouse.

The female is greyish-brown and has a cackling or warbling call. She takes all responsibility for nesting and caring for the chicks, as typical with most galliforms.

The black grouse's genome was sequenced in 2014.

Taxonomy and naming
The black grouse was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Tetrao tetrix. Both Tetrao and tetrix come from Ancient Greek words referring to some form of game bird. The black grouse is now placed in the genus Lyrurus that was introduced in 1832 by the English naturalist William John Swainson.

The male and female are sometimes referred to by their folk names, blackcock and greyhen, respectively. These names first occur in the literature with John Ray in 1674. Heathcock and Heathhen are also common names.

Subspecies
The black grouse has six recognized subspecies. Black grouse populations differ slightly in size and coloration, with birds increasing in size further east of their range:

 L. t. baikalensis (Lorenz T., 1911) - southeastern Siberia to northern Mongolia and northwestern Manchuria (China)
 L. t. britannicus (Witherby & Lönnberg, 1913) - Scotland, Wales and northern England
 L. t. mongolicus (Lönnberg, 1904) - eastern Kyrgyzstan and northwestern China towards eastern Kazakhstan, south-central Siberia and western Mongolia
 L. t. tetrix (Linnaeus, 1758) - Scandinavia to southern France and northern Italy and northeastern Siberia
 L. t. ussuriensis (Kohts, 1911) - eastern Siberia and northeastern China including northwest Korea.
 L. t. viridanus (Lorenz T., 1891) - southeastern Russia to southwestern Siberia

Description and appearance
The black grouse is a large bird with males measuring roughly around  in length and weighing , sometimes up to , with females approximately  and weighing . The cock's fancy plumage is predominantly black with deep-blue hues on his neck and back, which contrasts the white wingline and undertail coverts, as well as red bare skin above each eye. On the other hand, the hen is much drabber and cryptically colored to blend in easily with the dense undergrowth, especially when nesting. The black grouse, along with the Caucasian grouse, has long outer rectrices (tail feathers) that curl outward and arranged in a way it resembles the frame of a Greek lyre, hence the genus name, Lyrurus.

Distribution and habitat
Black grouse can be found on open habitats across Europe (Swiss-Italian-French Alps especially) from Great Britain through Scandinavia, Estonia and across Russia. Although believed to once to live in Ireland, it now no longer resides there. In Eastern Europe they can be found in Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, Romania and Ukraine. There is a population in the Alps, and isolated remnants in Germany, France, Belgium and the Netherlands. It formerly occurred in Denmark, but the Danish Ornithological Society (DOF) has considered it extinct since 2001. The species disappeared from Bulgaria in the 19th century. In Asia, a huge portion of their population can be found in Russia (particularly southern Siberia), though they also inhabit parts of Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, and possibly Korea.

Black grouse are adapted to an extensive array of habitats across Eurasia, though most frequently utilize the transitionary zones between forests and open clearings, especially steppe, heathland, grassland and pasture when near agricultural fields. Depending on the season, they will overwinter in large flocks in dense forests, and feed primarily on the leaves and buds of coniferous and broadleaf trees, such as Scots pine, Siberian larch, silver birch, and Eurasian aspen. Throughout the spring and summer, they tend to favor open spaces to seek potential mates and raise broods, switching their diet to berries, shoots and stems of cranberries, bog bilberries, myrtleberries, and other Vaccinium shrubs. They avoid the most extreme of desert and polar regions.

Conservation status

Although this species has declined throughout most of its range in western Europe, it is not considered to be vulnerable globally due to the large population (global estimate is 15–40 million individuals) and slow rate of decline. Its decline is due to loss of habitat, disturbance, predation by foxes, crows, etc., and small populations gradually dying out.

The IUCN implemented a Black Grouse Action Plan 2007–2010. This has looked at local populations that are vulnerable to the extinction vortex. For example, in Styria, Austria.

In the United Kingdom black grouse are found in upland areas of Wales, the Pennines and most of Scotland. Best looked for on farmland and moorland with nearby forestry or scattered trees. They have traditional lek sites where the males display.

They have declined in some parts of the UK (especially England), having disappeared from many of their former haunts. They are now extirpated in Lancashire, Derbyshire, Exmoor, East Yorkshire, New Forest, Nottinghamshire, Worcestershire, Quantock Hills, Cornwall, Dartmoor, Kent, Wiltshire and Surrey.

A programme to re-introduce black grouse into the wild started in 2003 in the Upper Derwent Valley area of the Peak District in England. 30 grouse were released in October 2003, followed by 10 male grouse in December 2004 and a further 10 males and 10 females in April 2005. The programme is being run jointly by the National Trust, Severn Trent Water and Peak District National Park.

Conservation groups helping to revive the black grouse include the RSPB and the Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust.

In France there has been much work regarding the birds and their risk of flying into ski-lifts.

From 1950 to 2000, local black grouse populations have steadily diminished in Manchuria and northeastern China by about 39%, with birds being most affected (and possibly extirpated) in the Jilin Province. Though the exact causes for local declines remain largely unclear, habitat loss and excess hunting have played a part in the overall reduction. Shifts in their location, however can happen concurrently with the depletion over decades, so short-term research projects may not provide much proof of driving forces behind population alterations.

Based on historical info gathered from various sources (including wildlife surveys and scientific papers), aspen, birch, and poplar make up the black grouse's staple diet and habitat. The climate and precipitation during the month of June is also linked to the breeding success of black grouse.

Breeding and nesting

Black grouse have a very distinctive and well-recorded courtship ritual. Every dawn in the spring, male grouse begin competition with other males in hopes of attracting a hen to mate with. They will display to signal their territory and vigor by fanning out their elaborate lyre-shaped tails and inflating their necks on designated open ground called a lek. Their song consists of a long, dove-like bubbling coo or murmur. Black grouse hens visiting the lek decide the overall healthiest male, though not all females may arrive at every lek.

In western Europe, these leks seldom contain more than 40 birds; in Russia, 150 is not uncommon and 200 have been recorded.

When mated successfully, she will fly away from the site to a suitable nesting site with an abundance of dense shrub or tall vegetation, often located at a tree base in between roots, under low branches, beside a boulder, or extremely rarely, a used raptor's or corvid's nest  off the ground. A dent ( wide by  deep) is scraped out on the dirt floor and cushioned with grasses, sticks, leaves, and feathers. About 6-11 pale buff eggs speckled brown are then laid in the nest, incubated for approx. 23–28 days. The chicks consume invertebrates, transitioning to more plant matter as they mature. By around 10–14 days and so forth, they are capable of short flights.

Where their range overlaps in similar biomes of other species, they are capable of hybridizing with the ringneck pheasant, western capercaillie, black-billed capercaillie, Siberian grouse, hazel grouse, and willow ptarmigan.

Relationship to humans

The tails of black-cocks have, since late Victorian times, been popular adornments for hats worn with Highland Dress. Most commonly associated with Glengarry and Balmoral or Tam o' Shanter caps, they still continue to be worn by pipers of civilian and military pipe bands. Since 1904, all ranks of the Royal Scots and King's Own Scottish Borderers have worn them in their full-dress headgear and that tradition is carried on in the dress glengarries of the current Scottish super regiment, the Royal Regiment of Scotland.

Gallery

References

External links

 Black Grouse in the UK  Published in support of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan for black grouse
 Black Grouse at RSPB Birds by Name
 Black Grouse Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust
 Black Grouse photos and voice at nature-pictures.org
 Black Grouse Lekking (Video)

Lyrurus
black grouse
Birds of Eurasia
black grouse
Articles containing video clips
black grouse

Black grouse


The Revelation is horror author Bentley Little's first published novel.  It was awarded the Bram Stoker Award for best novel by a new author in 1990.

Plot
The novel (as many of Little's works do) deals with a series of unexplained events in a small town in Arizona.  A church is defaced with goat's blood, the pastor and his family disappear, and several townspeople begin having terrifying visions of deformed infants.  Eventually, an unknown force begins to attack and murder several of the townspeople.  Gordon, the main protagonist, discovers that his wife is pregnant and begins to fear for her safety and that of the unborn child.  Soon, a seemingly unbalanced evangelical preacher named Brother Elias comes to the town to preach about the end times.  Widely ignored at first, he gradually gains a following of people as more and more bizarre events unfold in the town.  As the terror mounts, Elias convinces Gordon, the sheriff, and the new pastor to join him in his quest to stop Satan from raising an army of deformed infants.  It seems that the devil has the power to corrupt the unborn into horrible servants of darkness, and over the centuries hundreds of these stillborn children have been buried in the hills surrounding the town.  At this time, Elias also reveals he is not human, but an earthly servant of God whose role it is to stop Satan from assembling his army.  He further explains that he has done this several times over the millennia.  The four men face off against the incarnation of the devil, who has taken the form of the missing pastor.  They succeed in stopping him, though Elias knows that the battle is never truly over and begins wandering away to make preparations for the next battle.

References

1990 novels
Novels set in Arizona
1990 debut novels
Bram Stoker Award for Best First Novel winners

The Revelation (Little novel)


Donald Clarence Judd (June 3, 1928February 12, 1994) was an American artist. He worked with minimalism. In his work, Judd worked with autonomy and space that objects created by it. He was also known for his works alongside sculptor Robert Morris.

When the National Endowment for the Arts supported his work, Northern Kentucky University hired Judd to build his notable  aluminium sculpture that was opened in the middle of the school's campus in 1976. Another commission, Untitled (1984), a three-part sculpture out of concrete with steel reinforcements, was installed at Laumeier Sculpture Park.

Judd was born in Excelsior Springs, Missouri, but raised in Marfa, Texas. He studied at College of William and Mary, Columbia University School of General Studies and at the Art Students League of New York. Judd died on February 12, 1994 in Manhattan, New York from non-Hodgkin lymphoma at the age of 65.

References

1928 births
1994 deaths
Deaths from non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Cancer deaths in New York City
American sculptors
Writers from Missouri
Writers from Texas

Donald Judd


Karin von Welck (born 30 April 1947 in Buir, North Rhine-Westphalia) is an anthropologist. She been Cultural Senator of the city state of Hamburg since 2004. Welck is an independent.

Works

Welck graduated in 1966 in politics, ethnology, Germanistics, ancient American languages and culture, ethnology, and linguistics from the Universities of Hamburg and Köln. In 1973, she took her doctorate with the work Untersuchungen zum sogenannten Konservatismus der Pueblo-Indianer in Arizona und Neu Mexiko. After that, she worked as a research assistant at the Institute of Ethnology at the University of Köln, and worked with a number of museums. In 1979, she returned to the institute and took over the leadership of the Indonesia department of the Rautenstrauch-Joest-Museum in Köln. From 1982, she was vice-director of the same museum. In 1990, she became director of the Reiss-Museum in Mannheim, and from 1998 to 2004, she was general secretary of the German States' Culture Committee. She was named honorary professor at the University of Mannheim in 1994.

Other works
17 March 2004 - named Cultural Senator in Ole von Beust's Senate in Hamburg.

References

1947 births
Living people
People from Kerpen
German Protestants
Senators of Hamburg
Independent politicians in Germany
Women ministers of State Governments in Germany
21st-century German women politicians

Karin von Welck


William Curry Holden (July 19, 1896 – April 21, 1993) was an American historian and archaeologist. In 1937, he became the first director of the Museum of Texas Tech University in Lubbock, Texas.

Early years, education, military
Holden was one of three sons born to Robert Lee Holden and Grace Holden née Davis in Coolidge, Texas. Both families moved west to Colorado City, Texas, and after 1907 the Holdens farmed near Rotan, Texas, where William completed high school in 1914.

In summer 1914 he obtained teacher certification at the now-closed Stamford Junior College in Stamford, Texas. At first refused jobs because he was "too spindly", in 1915 he became the only teacher for 47 students in nine classes at the one-room schoolhouse in Pleasant Valley. He organized a literary club and basketball teams and led the students to victory in the county interscholastic meeting.

Holden studied Texas history under Professor Joseph A. Hill at West Texas Normal College (now West Texas A&M University) in Canyon, Texas, during the summers of 1917 and 1918. During World War I, Holden served in the Eighty-sixth United States Army Infantry at San Antonio.

University of Texas and McMurry College
After his military service, Holden obtained a job as principal at his alma mater, Rotan High School. However, he left the position soon thereafter and entered the University of Texas, where he eventually earned his bachelor's (1923), master's (1924), and PhD (1928) degrees. He also spent a summer each at the University of Chicago and the University of Colorado. In 1923, Holden became founding chairman of the history department at the newly established McMurry College (now McMurry University).

Forty years at Texas Tech University

In 1929, Holden joined the faculty of Texas Technological College (now Texas Tech University) to teach history and anthropology. He remained there for more than four decades, becoming chairman of the history department in 1936, dean and director of anthropological, historical, and social-science research in 1938, and in 1945, dean of the Graduate School, a position that he retained until 1950. He received the Distinguished Faculty Emeritus Award of the College of Arts and Sciences and, in 1965, was named Distinguished Director Emeritus of the Museum at Texas Tech University. Holden Hall, the original location of the museum and now used for classrooms and offices, was named in his honor in 1972.

Building the Museum of Texas Tech University

In 1935, Holden organized the West Texas Museum Association and sought funds from the Texas Centennial Commission for the West Texas Museum (now known as the Museum of Texas Tech University).

In 1955, Holden, J. Evetts Haley, and other historians organized the Southwest Collection and Archives, which contained West Texas ranch records.

Archeological excavations
Excavations undertaken in 1930 and 1931 in the Panhandle uncovered Saddleback and Antelope Creek Phase ruins on the Canadian River. In 1932, Holden directed a field school at the Tecolote ruin near Las Vegas, New Mexico. In 1933, 1935, and 1937, he and his students excavated and restored the Early Glaze-period Arrowhead Ruin east of Santa Fe, New Mexico, including a rare D-shaped kiva.

Holden's most significant archeological discovery occurred in 1937, when two of his students found a Paleo-Indian flint point in Yellow House Draw. Holden played a major role in the long struggle to preserve the site, which was finally in 1989 designated the Lubbock Lake National Historic and State Archeological Landmark.

Holden led archeological field trips to Mexico in 1934, 1936, 1938, and 1940. In 1934 he took students on an expedition to Sonora to study the Yaqui, and the university sponsored a second expedition the following year, leading to the book Studies of the Yaqui Indians of Sonora, Mexico (1936), for which Holden was primary author, writing five articles.

Marriages and later years

Holden was twice married. His first wife, Olive Price Holden (1903–1937), died eleven years after their marriage. She studied anthropology at the University of Texas at Austin, where she became a student of southwestern cultures and adobe construction. While at Texas Tech, she worked at the library as an instructor and a reference librarian and helped to organize the early program for the Tech Anthropology Department. She established the Koshari social club for women, which became Phi Beta Phi. She was instrumental in designing and spurring the construction of the adobe residential complex south of campus. A Texas Tech memorial fund, the Olive Price Holden Memorial Endowment, underwrites the purchase of books for the Southwest Collect and Special Collections Library.

On March 26, 1939, Holden married Frances Virginia "Fran" Holden née Mayhugh.

Holden retired from Texas Tech in 1970. During his retirement, he and Frances built the Adobe Row neighborhood of houses in Pueblo-revival style, to serve as inexpensive accommodations for faculty and students at McMurry. These buildings are listed in the National Register of Historic Places and are designated as state and city archaeological and historic landmarks.

Holden died on April 21, 1993, at the age of ninety-six.

William and Frances Holden are interred in the family plot with his parents and first wife at the City of Lubbock Cemetery. Frances's grave is not specifically marked. They were Methodist.

Works

A Yaqui Life (coauthored in 1971 with daughter Jane Holden Kelley)
Rollie Burns (1932)
Spur Ranch (1934)
A Ranching Saga: The Lives of William Electious Halsell and Ewing Halsell

References

Further information
Ruth Horn Andrews, The First Thirty Years: A History of Texas Technological College, 1925-1955. Lubbock: Texas Tech Press, 1956.
"Book Notes", West Texas Historical Association Yearbook 69 (1993).
William Holden obituary, Dallas Morning News, April 24, 1993.
William Holden obituary, Lubbock Avalanche-Journal, April 22, 25, 1993.
Jane Gilmore Rushing and Kline A. Knall, Evolution of a University: Texas Tech's First Fifty Years. Austin: Madrona, 1975.
"William C. Holden", Who's Who in America, 1962–1963.
"William C. Holden", Who's Who in the South and Southwest, Vol. 7.
Oral history interviews with William Curry Holden, Southwest Collection/Special Collections Library, Texas Tech University

External links
Papers, 1836-1989, of W. C. and Frances Mayhugh Holden, Southwest Collection/Special Collections Library, Texas Tech University
Books By or About William Curry Holden, Southwest Collection/Special Collections Library, Texas Tech University
William Curry Holden and Frances Mayhugh Holden Collection, Southwest Collection, Texas Tech University

20th-century American historians
20th-century American male writers
Texas Tech University faculty
People from Lubbock, Texas
1896 births
1993 deaths
Historians of the United States
20th-century American educators
People from Abilene, Texas
University of Texas at Austin College of Liberal Arts alumni
Directors of museums in the United States
American curators
American school principals
United States Army personnel of World War I
American male non-fiction writers
American United Methodists
People from Limestone County, Texas
20th-century American archaeologists
20th-century Methodists
Historians from Texas

William Curry Holden


Maluridae is a family of small, insectivorous passerine birds endemic to Australia and New Guinea.

Commonly known as 'wrens', they are unrelated to the true wrens of the Northern Hemisphere. The family includes 15 species of fairywren, 3 emu-wrens, and 11 grasswrens. There are six genera.

The Maluridae are one of the many bird families to have evolved from a great adaptive radiation of what were crows to new ecological opportunities in Australasia. Their closest relatives are the Meliphagidae (honeyeaters), and the Pardalotidae.

Their obvious similarity to the wrens of Europe and America is not genetic, but simply the consequence of convergent evolution between more-or-less unrelated species that share the same ecological niche.

Their behaviour is similar to many other passerine families. The males defend territory and attract females by song and bright coloured plumage.   Females are a dowdy brownish colour, better for camouflage. The males' colour is much less bright out of season. They are insectivorous, and nest in dense undergrowth. The parallels with Eurasian wrens are quite striking.

References

Passeri
Birds of Australia
Birds of Oceania

Maluridae


Maunga Puna Pau is a  small crater or cinder cone and prehistoric quarry on the outskirts of Hanga Roa in the south west of Easter Island (a Chilean island in the Pacific Ocean). Puna Pau gives its name to one of the seven regions of the Rapa Nui National Park.

Puna Pau was the sole source of the red scoria that the prehistoric Rapanui used to carve the pukao (topknots) that they put on the heads of some of their iconic moai statues. The stone from Puna Pau was also used for ahu facia blocks and a non-standard moai found in front of one of the ahu at Vinapu. It was not, contra Wikipedia, used to fashion the crouching moai Tukuturi at Rano Raraku, which is of Rano Raraku tuff.

Archaeological excavations were carried out at Puna Pau between 2009 and 2013 by members of the UK Rapa Nui Landscapes of Construction Project team.

The photo shown here is of the re-erected moai on Ahu Kote Riku, part of the Tahai ceremonial complex, not Ahu Tahai, and the topknot is not the original of Puna Pau red scoria, which is now in Hanga Roa cemetery, but a replacement made of red scoria from another location.

Brochure

References

Geography of Easter Island
Cinder cones of Chile
Archaeological sites in Easter Island
Rock art of Oceania

Puna Pau


Kevin Lewis (born October 6, 1978 in Orlando, Florida) is a former professional American football linebacker in the National Football League who played for the New York Giants.

College football
He played college football at Duke. Lewis burst on the college scene against the #1 team in the country at the time, Florida State University, logging 8 tackles, a sack and an interception at the age of 17.

National Football League
Lewis originally signed with the Giants on April 24, 2000 as an undrafted free agent after the 2000 NFL Draft. After being inactive for the first games of 2000, Lewis was waived to make room for placekicker Jaret Holmes. He was re-signed when Ralph Brown was placed on injured reserve. Overall, he played in seven games without recording a stat. He was released as a final cut on September 3, 2001. The Giants re-signed Lewis to the practice squad a day later. On November 4, he was signed to the active roster. Despite spending the first half of the year on the practice squad, Lewis played in nine games, recording 12 tackles.

After making the team out of training camp, Lewis recovered a fumbled snap against the Arizona Cardinals on September 30, 2002. Due to multiple injuries suffered by Giants players, Lewis got more playing time than was expected for him. Against the Washington Redskins on November 17, after Lewis tackled running back Ladell Betts he fumbled the ball, which was recovered by Giants player Marcellus Rivers. Lewis along with fellow linebacker, Nick Greisen got his first career start at linebacker against the Redskins on December 8. In the game, Lewis recorded six tackles and his first career sack. For the season, Lewis registered 12 tackles and a sack.

Lewis followed up his 2002 performance by playing in all 16 games in 2003 and recording 16 tackles. When Mike Barrow was injured in the first game of the 2004 season, Lewis was named the starter over Nick Greisen. On October 31 against the Minnesota Vikings, he recovered a fumble by Mewelde Moore for 16 yards. At the end of the year, Lewis ended up leading the Giants with 91 tackles. He was released as a final cut on September 3, 2005. Lewis sat out every game in 2005 without being signed, but after Antonio Pierce and Chase Blackburn became injured, Lewis re-signed before the first playoff game against the Carolina Panthers.

Post-NFL

Key to the City of Orlando, 2005
Presented with the key to the city whereas January 20th is Kevin Lewis Day in Orlando, FL.  Lewis worked at the National Training Center in Clermont, Florida working with elite level high school football prospects. On February 13, 2013, he was hired as Orlando Jones High School's new head football coach.

References

1978 births
Living people
Players of American football from Orlando, Florida
Jones High School (Orlando, Florida) alumni
American football linebackers
Duke Blue Devils football players
New York Giants players

Kevin Lewis (American football)


The Royal School, Armagh is a co-educational voluntary grammar school, founded in the 17th century, in the city of Armagh in Northern Ireland.  It has a boarding department with an international intake. It is a member of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference.

History
One of a number of free schools created in 1608 by King James I of England & Ireland, the school was to educate the sons of local Protestant merchants and farmers during the plantation of Ulster. It has four "sister" schools: Royal School Dungannon in Dungannon, Enniskillen Royal Grammar School in Enniskillen, the Royal School Cavan in Cavan, and the Royal and Prior School in Raphoe. In November 2013 the school was placed 78th in The Sunday Times Top 200 UK Schools Guide for results at A level and GCSE combined. In May 2014, an inspection by the Education and Training Inspectorate found the leadership and management of the school to be 'outstanding'.

Originally intended to be sited at Mountnorris, the turbulent situation in Ulster at the time led to a move to the relative safety of Armagh city. Despite this, an early headmaster of the school, John Starkey, and his family, were drowned by insurgents during the 1641 Rebellion. The school arrived at its current  site on College Hill in the 1770s. A boys' school from its inception, the school was amalgamated with Armagh Girls' High School in 1986 to become co-educational.

Each pupil is assigned to a house – Darcy, Rokeby, Beresford or Armstrong – which are named after former Church of Ireland archbishops. Successive archbishops have chaired the board of governors for over four centuries. In 2008, the school celebrated its quatercentenary along with the four other 1608 Royal Schools. To mark the occasion, Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, visited the school. A history of the 1608 Royal Schools was produced in the same year by former headmaster, Thomas Duncan.

Royal sport
The school was the inaugural winner of the rugby union Ulster Schools Cup, beating Royal Belfast Academical Institution after three replays. They won it again the next year and continued to dominate the early years of the competition, winning it seven times in the first ten years. Fortunes waned after this, with only three finals contested between the victories in 1885 and 1977, none of which was won by the school. However, the school did not compete in the competition for around fifty years following the death of a pupil during a match in 1928.

The school won the Schools Cup in 2004, beating Campbell College in the final. John McCall, the captain of that team, died 10 days after the final while playing for the Ireland U19 rugby team in the IRB U19 World Championship in South Africa. He had been told of his selection for this team on the day of the Schools Cup final. A few months later, a second member of the squad, Todd Graham, was killed in a road accident while visiting his parents at their home in Zambia. These tragedies brought perspective to what had been an otherwise successful year, with the school becoming the first school since Methodist College Belfast in 1936 – and only the second school ever – simultaneously to hold the schools cups for rugby and girls' hockey. The cricket 1st XI were beaten semi-finalists in their equivalent competition. The girls' hockey team won the Kate Russell all-Ireland hockey trophy on the day that John McCall died.

The girls' hockey team won the Schools Cup in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2010, 2023 and were beaten finalists in 2005. They also obtained the title of the best youth hockey team in Europe in 2008. In 2004/2005, the school was described in The Irish Times as the "girls hockey school of the decade".

Alumni

The Old Armachians is a social organisation consisting of former pupils of the Royal School. Although at one time the Royal School educated politicians and novelists, its most recent notable exports have been rugby players.

Tommy Bowe – Irish rugby international and British and Irish Lion
Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh (1769–1822) – British Foreign Secretary 1812–1822
Frederic Charles Dreyer – Captain of  at the Battle of Jutland, British representative at the League of Nations Military Committee
Mervyn A. Ellison (1909–1963) – astronomer
Sir Reg Empey – Leader of the Ulster Unionist Party (2005–10)
Willie Faloon – flanker for Connacht Rugby
Leonard Gillespie – appointed Physician-General to the fleet under Admiral Lord Nelson in 1804 aboard .
Frank Harris (1855–1931) – British editor, novelist, short story writer, journalist and publisher
John Lennox – professor of mathematics at the University of Oxford
George Green Loane (1865–1945) – classical scholar, schoolmaster, editor, and author
 Sir John Hall Magowan – British ambassador to Venezuela 1948–1951
Richard Maunsell (1868–1944) – chief mechanical engineer of the Great Southern and Western Railway of Ireland and the Southern Railway of England
Stuart Neville (b. 1972) – author best known for his novel The Twelve or, as it is known in the United States, The Ghosts of Belfast
Edward Pakenham (1778–1815) – British Army general
Thomas Preston (1860–1900) – scientist whose research was concerned with heat, magnetism, and spectroscopy
 Samuel Shephard – recipient of the George Cross and a serving Officer in the Royal Marine Commandos
John Taylor, Baron Kilclooney – deputy leader of the UUP from 1995 to 2001
Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley (1760–1842)– Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and Governor General of India, attended the Royal School in the 1770s

References

External links

1608 establishments in Ireland
Boarding schools in Ireland
Boarding schools in Northern Ireland
Educational institutions established in the 1600s
Grade B+ listed buildings
Grammar schools in County Armagh
Private schools in Northern Ireland
Member schools of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference

The Royal School, Armagh


Renato Soru (born 6 August 1957) is an Italian politician and entrepreneur. He is the founder of the internet service company Tiscali, based in Cagliari. Forbes listed Soru as one of the world's richest people, with a net worth of over $4 billion as of September 2001.

Early life and education
Soru was born in Sanluri, Sardinia, in 1957. He holds a University degree from Bocconi University in Milan.

Career
In 2004, Soru was elected the president of Sardinia with the centre-left coalition with an audacious program to reinvigorate the economy within the island by introducing external investors. On 28 November 2008, he resigned from his position. He ran again for president of Sardinia in the February 2009 election but was defeated by the right-wing Popolo della Libertà candidate Ugo Cappellacci.

On 20 May 2008, Soru bought the left-wing newspaper l'Unità.

Controversies
On 5 May 2016, Soru was sentenced to three years in prison for tax evasion that amounted to about 2.6 million euro and was connected to a loan made by the company Andalas Ldt to Tiscali. The sentence was reversed by the Italian Court of Appeal on 8 May 2017. Out of five counts, he was cleared from the third "because the fact is not a crime" and from the two "because the fact did not happen".

References

External links
 Bernhard, Marcella, "Forbes Faces: Renato Soru", Forbes, 1 Oktober 2001
Forbes listing from "World's Richest People" (archived 2011)

1957 births
Living people
Presidents of Sardinia
Bocconi University alumni
Italian mass media owners
Internet company founders
Italian newspaper publishers (people)
Italian billionaires
People from the Province of South Sardinia
MEPs for Italy 2014–2019
21st-century Italian politicians
Soru
21st-century Italian criminals
Italian people convicted of tax crimes
Italian politicians convicted of crimes
Heads of government who were later imprisoned

Renato Soru