The Egyptian Room, Royal Arch Masonic Temple is a heritage-listed Masonic Lodge meeting room at 23-35 New Canterbury Road, Petersham, Inner West Council, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by A. Phipps Coles. Originally built in 1927 for the Scottish Royal Arch Temple in College Street, Sydney, it was re-erected in 1977 at the Royal Arch Temple in Petersham. Craftsmen who worked on the room included Rayner Hoff (sculptor), Charles Everett (decoration) and G. R. Lumb and Sons (plaster modelling). It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

History
The Egyptian Room was originally built within the Scottish Royal Arch Temple at 22-24 College Street Sydney (now replaced by Anzac House) in 1927, on the basis of a design by the architect Mr A. Phipps Coles. The sculptor was Mr G Rayner Hoff, best known for his work on the Sydney War Memorial. The decorator was Charles Everett and the plaster modelling was undertaken by G.R. Lumb and Sons. Painters from Lumb and Sons painted the original vignettes.

When the original Masonic Temple in College Street was to be demolished in 1969 the plaster work was carefully removed and placed in storage. The Grand Superintendent, Dr F.J. Radcliff, planned the relocation of the Egyptian Room and eventually a suitable space was found in the Royal Arch Temple in Petersham. The Egyptian Room was re-erected in 1977 by craftsmen from G.R. Lumb and Sons, the firm which had originally constructed it.

The Egyptian Room was classified by the National Trust of Australia (NSW) in August 1979.

Following its National Trust classification the Supreme Grand Chapter of Royal Arch Freemasons of Scotland nominated the interior of the Egyptian Room for a Permanent Conservation Order in October 1979. Following consideration by the Heritage Council of NSW a Permanent Conservation Order was placed over it on 12 December 1980. It was transferred to the State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

Description
Located within the Scottish Royal Arch Masonic Temple is the "Egyptian Room" that is decorated in the style of Ancient Egypt, with a magnificent frieze reproducing illustrations from the Papyrus of Ani, an Egyptian funerary text of about 1450 BC. The decorations are sculpted in low relief plaster and painted in rich colours carefully chosen for their authenticity.

The major feature of the Egyptian Room is the frieze which depicts the funeral procession and burial rites of the scribe, Ani, together with the after-death trials of his soul before the gods. These scenes come from a version of what is popularly known as "The Book of the Dead", but which, in fact is entitled "The Book of Coming Forth By Day" - that is, the day of the after-life. Such papyri were intended as "guide books" for the soul in its after-death condition so that it could negotiate the perils which it would be encountering in the world beyond the grave. The Egyptian texts, which have been found in tombs from around 1600 to 1300 BC assume that the dead person's ka (or spirit body) will encounter various trials (including demons of various forms), before facing judgement and (hopefully) resurrection into a new life.

The Papyrus of Ani, from which the vignettes around the Room have been accurately reproduced, was acquired by the British Museum about 1935 and had been written in the 18th Dynasty (about 1450 BC) for Ani, "Veritable royal scribe, scribe and accountant of the offerings of all the gods, governor of the granary of the Lords of Abydos, scribe of the offerings of the Lords of Thebes". His wife Tutu, a member of the royal college of singers in the temple of Amen-Ra at Thebes had died some years before him, but she appears in some of the vignettes.

Selections from the papyrus, which measures some seventy-eight feet - were made for reproduction around the Egyptian Room. They trace the experience of the soul of Ani from his funeral (represented on the left hand wall) to his judgement in the entrance of the Hall of Truth (represented in the east).

That section of the frieze in the east, over the throne for the Master of the Lodge, shows the judgement in which the dead man's soul, represented by his heart, was placed on a balance and weighed against truth and righteousness (Maat), represented by a feather.

The balance is held by the jackal-headed god, Anubis. If Ani's heart is heavier than the feather he is condemned. However, if he is found righteous "His heart is found righteous coming forth from the balance" and he is taken before Osiris in the Hall of Truth.

The decoration throughout the rest of the Room is also based on Egyptian sources. For example, over the Junior Warden's Chair (in the centre of the right-hand wall) is a relief reproducing a Stele (or tomb-tablet) of the 20th Dynasty (about 1200 BC) which shows a worshipper making an offering to Osiris as god of the underworld.

Around the room stand pillars in classical Egyptian design. Gold-leaf features prominently in the decorations.

Modifications and dates
 1927 - original construction at 22-24 College Street, Sydney
 1969 - placed in storage
 1977 - re-erected in the Royal Arch Masonic Temple, Petersham

Heritage listing
The Egyptian Room of the Royal Arch Temple at Petersham is unique for its superb decorative frieze which faithfully reproduces illustrations from the text of the Papyrus of Ani, an Egyptian Funerary text dating from about 1450 B.C. The decorations are finely sculpted in low relief plaster and picked out in rich authentic colours, while lotus headed columns support decorative bands of stylised Egyptian motifs and ornaments.

The Egyptian Room decorative theme has some precedent in Masonic memorial chambers but the scale and level of elaboration is unique in Australia. The survival of such rich and extensive decoration is rare, not only in Masonic Temples but in large scale interiors generally.

The Egyptian Room, Royal Arch Masonic Temple was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

See also

References

Bibliography

Attribution

External links

New South Wales State Heritage Register
Petersham, New South Wales
Masonic buildings in New South Wales
Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register


Wheels is a weekly car and motorbike program on BBC World News India. It is produced in Delhi by Miditech Television.

At its launch in 1998, it was hosted by Niret Alva. Niret won the 2002 'Best Current Affairs or Infotainment Programme Presenter' at the Asian Television Awards for this role. Niret and his brother own 25% of Miditech Television. The Series Producer was Chandramouli Basu.

It was co-hosted by Navaz Sandhu who looked at car prototypes, Avinash Kumar Singh who reviewed bikes, and Christopher Daruwalla who hosted an infotainment section.

On 2 October 2004, the show was relaunched. It now opens with "Grapevine", a motoring news segment. This is followed with a car review section with Yudhishtir Urs and Sonam Kalra. This is followed with "Kick Start", a motorbike segment with Neeraj Chinappa and professional hill biker Sherry.

The show finishes with "Forum" a viewer input session, hosted by Shabri Malik.

Wheels holds an annual "Wheels Awards", with a "Wheels Viewers Choice Award" for both cars and bikes, and a "Wheels Car of the Year", "Wheels Bike of the Year" and various fun awards.

References

External links
Wheels

BBC Television shows
BBC World News shows
Automotive television series

Wheels (TV series)


Byzas (Ancient Greek: Βύζας, Býzas) was the legendary founder of Byzantium (Ancient Greek: Βυζάντιον, Byzántion), the city later known as Constantinople and then Istanbul.

Background
The legendary history of the founding of Byzantium as recorded by later Byzantine authors is most fully preserved in the Patria of Constantinople by 6th century writer Hesychius of Miletus. The Patria recorded multiple versions of the city's founding myth. Hesychius' preferred account says the city received its name from Io, daughter of the Argive king, who was raped by Inachus and then transformed into a cow. Zeus had fallen in love with Io, and in a jealous fit, Hera sent a gadfly to drive Io from one place to another in torment until she arrived in Thrace, giving birth to Ceroessa, the mother of Byzas by Poseidon, for whom the Golden Horn was named Ceras. One tradition holds that the city was founded by the Argives who received an oracle at Delphi with reference to the Golden Horn. Another claims Megarians (led by Byzas) are the founders, and yet another says Byzas is the son of a local nymph, Semystra.

Founder of Byzantium
Byzantion was an ancient Greek colony, on which the city of Constantinople was built.
The founder of Byzantion, Byzas, was son of King Nisos of Megara.

During the 7th century BC, the Greek city-states were expanding and establishing new colonies. The Dorian city-state of Megara, near Athens, was also searching for sites to set up yet another colony. After asking the oracle of Delphi, the Megarean king Nisos sent his son Byzas in search of "the land opposite the city of the blind".

When Byzas arrived to where the Sea of Marmara meets the Bosporus, on the border of Europe and Asia, he realized the meaning of the oracle. On the Asian shore, opposite to where he was, a colony, Chalcedon, had already been established. Byzas decided that Chalcedon was the prophesied 'city of the blind', as it had not taken advantage of the European shore.

To build his new city, he selected the European shore of the south end of Bosporos and gave the new city his name, Byzantion.
Later, Byzas married Fidalea, daughter of king Varvizos (or Varvisios) of Thrace. The inhabitants of ancient Byzantion considered Byzas as their founder and, according to ancient sources, honoured him by raising a statue of Byzas and his wife, Fidalea, in a noticeable place in the city.

The ancients had a very good understanding of the advantages that Byzantion had over Chalcedon, as the colony of Byzantion commanded the entrance to two seas, the entrance to both the Black Sea, through Sea of Bosporos, and the Aegean Sea, through the Sea of Marmaras (Propontis was is its ancient name).

Apart from the story of the Pythian oracle of Apollonian Delphi, as described by the Greek geographer and historian Strabo (63 BC - 23 AD) and by the Roman historian Tacitus (1st century AD), there are other versions of the maxim referring to the "blind people". The Greek historian Herodotos (5th century BC) wrote that when the Persian general Megabazus arrived at Byzantium, he called the people of Chalcedon blind because although they had a choice of sites, they chose the worse one.

References

Sources
A.A.Vasiliev, History of the Byzantine Empire, Univ. Of Wisconsin Press, Vol.I, p.57, 58
Afrodite Kamaras, EHW, 2008, Byzas (URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=10948>)
Alexander Kazhdan, The Oxford Dictionary Of Byzantium, Oxford Un.Press, print publication 1991, online version 2005, Vol.I, entry "Byzantion"
Herodotos, Ιστορίαι, Histories, Book D, 6.33
Strabo, Γεωγραφικά, Geography, 7.6
Procopios, Περί Κτισμάτων, De aedificiis, Α.5

Ancient Megarians
Children of Poseidon
Kings in Greek mythology
Mythological city founders

Byzas


Robert McCredie May, Baron May of Oxford,   HonFAIB (8 January 1936 – 28 April 2020) was an Australian scientist who was Chief Scientific Adviser to the UK Government, President of the Royal Society, and a professor at the University of Sydney and Princeton University. He held joint professorships at the University of Oxford and Imperial College London. He was also a crossbench member of the House of Lords from 2001 until his retirement in 2017.

May was a Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, and an appointed member of the council of the British Science Association. He was also a member of the advisory council for the Campaign for Science and Engineering.

Early life and education
May was born in Sydney on 8 January 1936, to lawyer Henry Wilkinson May and Kathleen Mitchell (née McCredie), who divorced when he was seven years old. His father was of prosperous middle-class Northern Irish origin, and his mother was the daughter of a Scottish engineer. May was educated at Sydney Boys High School. He then attended the University of Sydney, where he studied chemical engineering and theoretical physics (BSc 1956) and received a PhD in theoretical physics in 1959. He was a patron of the Sydney High School Old Boys Union.

Career and research

Career

Early in his career, May developed an interest in animal population dynamics and the relationship between complexity and stability in natural communities. He was able to make major advances in the field of population biology through the application of mathematical techniques. His work played a key role in the development of theoretical ecology through the 1970s and 1980s. He also applied these tools to the study of disease and to the study of biodiversity.

May was Gordon MacKay Lecturer in Applied Mathematics at Harvard University (1959–61) and returned to the University of Sydney (1962) as senior lecturer, reader, and professor (1969–72) in theoretical physics. From 1973 until 1988, he was Class of 1977 Professor of Zoology at Princeton University, serving as chairman of the University Research Board 197788. From 1988 until 1995, he held a Royal Society Research Professorship jointly at Imperial College London and the University of Oxford, where he became a fellow of Merton College and a Master of Arts. He was Chief Scientific Adviser to HM Government and head of the Office of Science and Technology (1995–2000), and president of the Royal Society (2000–2005).

Public life
May held subsidiary appointments as executive trustee of the Nuffield Foundation, member of the board of the United Kingdom Sports Institute, foundation trustee of the Gates Trust (University of Cambridge), chairman of the board of trustees of the Natural History Museum, trustee of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, independent member of the Joint Nature Conservation Committee, trustee of World Wildlife Fund-UK, president of the British Ecological Society, and member of the Committee on Climate Change.

In 1996, May asked Ig Nobel to stop awarding prizes to British scientists because this might lead the public to treat worthwhile research less seriously (see Criticism of Ig Nobel).

Climate change co-operation
Although an atheist since age 11, May stated that religion may help society deal with climate change. While referring to what he believed to be a rigid structure of fundamentalist religion, he stated that the co-operational aspects of non-fundamentalist religion may in fact help with climate change. When asked if religious leaders should be doing more to persuade people to combat climate change, he stated that it was absolutely necessary.

Awards and honours
May was appointed Knight Bachelor in 1996, and a Companion of the Order of Australia in 1998. In 2001, on the recommendation of the House of Lords Appointments Commission, he was created a life peer. He was one of the first fifteen peers to be elevated in this manner. After his initial preference for "Baron May of Woollahra" failed an objection from the Protocol Office of the Australian Prime Minister's Department, he chose the style and title Baron May of Oxford, of Oxford in the County of Oxfordshire. He was made a member of the Order of Merit in 2002.

He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1977 and to the Fellowship of the Royal Society in 1979. He became a Corresponding Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science in 1991, a Foreign Member of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1992, a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2001, a member of the Academia Europaea in 1994, and Fellow of the Royal Society of New South Wales in 2010.

In 2005 he was appointed an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering. In 2009 Lord May became only the 7th ever Honorary Fellow of the Australian Institute of Building (HonFAIB). He received honorary degrees from universities including Uppsala(1990), Yale (1993), Sydney (1995), Princeton (1996), and the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (2003). He was awarded the Weldon Memorial Prize by the University of Oxford (1980), an Award by the MacArthur Foundation (1984), the Medal of the Linnean Society of London (1991), the Marsh Christian Prize (1992), the Frink Medal by the Zoological Society of London (1995), the Crafoord Prize (1996), the Balzan Prize (1998) for Biodiversity and the Copley Medal by the Royal Society (2007) and the Lord Lewis Prize by the Royal Society of Chemistry (2008).

Personal life
During his postdoctoral research at the Division of Engineering and Applied Physics at Harvard University as Gordon MacKay Lecturer in Applied Mathematics, between 1959 and 1961, May met his wife, Judith Feiner, a native of Manhattan. The Mays had a daughter, Naomi.

May died at a nursing home in Oxford of pneumonia complicated by Alzheimer's disease on 28 April 2020, aged 84.

See also
 List of presidents of the Royal Society

References

External links

Profile of Robert May: the Recipient of the 2001 Blue Planet Prize
Bush Accused of "Fiddling While World Burns" by Ignoring Climate Change
A commentary on Robert May's request to Ignobel by The Guardian
Speech made at the end of Lord May's presidency of the Royal Society
Audio: Robert May in conversation on the BBC World Service discussion show The Forum

The Australian Institute of Building
abel.harvard.edu
Bob May: the government scientist with a colourful turn of phrase (Sydney Morning Herald obituary)

1936 births
2020 deaths
Presidents of the Royal Society
Chief Scientific Advisers to HM Government
Australian Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science
May of Oxford
Crossbench life peers
Australian life peers
Australian Knights Bachelor
Australian members of the Order of Merit
Companions of the Order of Australia
Recipients of the Copley Medal
Presidents of the British Science Association
Australian zoologists
British ecologists
British zoologists
Australian ecologists
Australian atheists
Mathematical ecologists
Theoretical biologists
Members of Academia Europaea
Harvard University faculty
Honorary Fellows of the Institute of Physics
Honorary Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Academics of Imperial College London
Fellows of Merton College, Oxford
Princeton University faculty
People educated at Sydney Boys High School
University of Sydney alumni
Academic staff of the University of Sydney
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
British atheists
Fellows of the Royal Society of New South Wales
Trustees of museums
Santa Fe Institute people
Australian physicists
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Life peers created by Elizabeth II
Peers retired under the House of Lords Reform Act 2014

Robert May, Baron May of Oxford


2AM Club is an American band consisting of vocalists Marc E. Bassy and Tyler Cordy, guitarist Matt Reagan, keyboard player Dave Dalton, and bassist 'Sauce' Matt Warshauer. Ex- drummer Ian O'Neill left the band in June 2011 for "new opportunities" as a drummer for Gavin Degraw. As of late 2012 Patrick Jarrett, professional drummer, has been touring and playing venues with the band. The band came together in Los Angeles in 2007, after Tyler and Dave who are childhood friends and Marc and Reagan who are also childhood friends met Sauce and later Ian. 2AM Club brings a diverse array of genres, including hip-hop, rock, electro, rap, and alternative. The group was named after their favorite bar, the 2 AM Club in Mill Valley, California. They signed with RCA Records, a division of Sony Music Entertainment in September 2008. The band announced an indefinite hiatus on June 29, 2015.

History
The band performed for local colleges, travelling up and down the coast playing gigs. They created a buzz in California by hosting regular shows at parties and played a now-legendary four month residency they called 'Tiny Porno' at the Derby in Los Angeles, and word quickly spread that it was the place to be. Multiple label executives became aware of the band and came to see them perform live. Soon after, the band recorded some demos with Jerry Harrison, a former member of Talking Heads and Modern Lovers. After various meetings with labels the group chose to sign with RCA Records. Shortly after being signed, the group moved out to New York City to write and create their music.

2010-2012
'What Did You Think Was Going to Happen?' was the band's debut album, which released on September 14, 2010. It includes 11 tracks, and 1 bonus track named, 'Baseline' which is available specifically through iTunes download. The album features many of the songs the band performed live in front of their very first fans, in particular 'Nobody's in Love' 'Flashing Room' and what went on to be their first single, 'Worry About You' The album reached the number 4 spot on the 'Top 50 Heatseeker Albums' of 2010, and number 138 on the 'U.S. Billboard 200' chart.  The song 'Faster Babe' from the album was featured in the soundtrack of the video game 'MLB 2K13'. Matt Collar of Allmusic stated that with this album '2AM Club reveal themselves as the best and brightest of the nu-eyed-soul set'. Allmusic also reviewed the album 4/5 stars.

Earlier, in July 2010 the band played a cameo role as the school's band during the 'Pretty Little Liars' episode 'There's No Place Like Homecoming', performing their songs 'Worry About You' and 'Make You Mine', 'Let Me Down Easy' and 'Same Night Sky'. At the beginning of the next episode, 'The Homecoming Hangover', the band performed 'Faster Babe'.

After the release of their debut album, the band continued touring the states and building a strong group of fans. Several other artists joined them on the road including, Chiddy Bang and Xaphoon Jones, Mike Posner, Bad Rabbits, and Far East Movement.

On June 22, 2011 the band released a cover of If It Isn't Love by New Edition on their official YouTube page. More songs were uploaded onto the channel throughout the summer which available free to download for fans through their website and tumblr page.

The band had planned to release their new single 'Mary' featuring Dev and Big Sean on September 18, 2012, however it was leaked online a few weeks prior to the date. After the official release, the single began to pick up on the radio throughout the California area. It also became a regular on many radio stations in New Zealand and Indonesia.

2012-2015
The first single, 'Too F****d Up To Call' from the band's 2013 mixtape 'Clinton Sparks Presents 2AM Club in Moon Tower' was released on iTunes on the January 22, 2013. The music video, directed and produced by Sandy Kim, was released through VEVO and YouTube on January 10, 2013. Fans were encouraged to send in photos of things that inspire them and show their personality, these were then put together on the band website as a compilation of fan art for the single.

On November 5, 2013, the single 'Evidence' was released on iTunes, followed by an accompanying music video released on December 10, 2013.  This was immediately followed with the release of another single titled 'I See Stars', released on iTunes on December 13, 2013.  Unlike previous singles released by the band, 'I See Stars' received no promotion or announcement leading up to its surprise release.

On June 29, 2015, 2AM Club announced their hiatus to pursue other interests. Frontman Marc Griffin (now known as Marc E. Bassy), is the most successful in the group working with Ty Dolla $ign, Iamsu!, French Montana, and others.

2022
On June 27, 2022, 2AM Club announced on Twitter the upcoming release of the song 'California'. The single 'California' was released on July 22, 2022. On August 26, 2022, the single 'Love Notes' (originally released on Sound Cloud in 2013) was officially released as a single. On June 30, 2023, they released another single named "Taxi".

Discography

Albums
 What Did You Think Was Going to Happen? (2010)

Mixtapes
 Moon Tower (2013)

Singles

Music videos

Band members
Marc E. Bassy - Lead Vocalist (2007–present)
Tyler Cordy - Emcee (2007–present)
Matt Reagan - Guitarist (2007–present)
Dave Dalton - Keyboardist (2007–present)
Ian O'Neill - Drummer (2007–2011)
Patrick Jarrett - Drummer (2012–present)
Matt "Sauce" Warshauer - Bassist (2007–present)

See also
 Marc Griffin

References

External links
 2AM Club Official Site

American pop music groups
Musical groups established in 2007
Musical groups disestablished in 2015
Musical groups from Los Angeles
2007 establishments in California

2AM Club


Raffaele Arié (22 August 1920, Sofia - 17 March 1988, Switzerland) was a Bulgarian bass, particularly associated with the Italian and Russian repertories.

Arié studied first in his native city with C. Brambaroff, making his stage debut at the Sofia Opera in 1945. He then left for Italy to further his studies, and was a pupil of Riccardo Stracciari, Apollo Granforte and Carlo Tagliabue.

The bass made his debut at La Scala in 1947, as the King of Clubs in The Love for Three Oranges, directed by Giorgio Strehler.  He continued to appear at that theatre until 1973, in Boris Godunov (as Varlaam), Prince Igor, The Rake's Progress (as Trulove, which he also sang in the world premiere at the Teatro La Fenice, opposite Dame Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, 1951), two works of Pizetti, Eugene Onegin (as Prince Gremin, with Ettore Bastianini, Renata Tebaldi, and Giuseppe di Stefano), Guillaume Tell (as Walter Furst), Aida (as Ramfis, directed by Franco Zeffirelli), Faust (with Mirella Freni), Nabucco (opposite Elena Souliotis), Rigoletto (as Sparafucile, with Piero Cappuccilli, staged by Margherita Wallmann), Maria Stuarda (with Montserrat Caballé and Shirley Verrett), Linda di Chamounix (with Alfredo Kraus and Renato Bruson), and a concert of Shostakovich's Symphony No. 14 (with Ghena Dimitrova, at the Piccola Scala).

He also appeared at the Vienna State Opera, the Salzburg Festival, the Paris Opéra, and the Aix-en-Provence Festival.

While the basso never appeared with the Metropolitan Opera, he sang with the New York City Opera, in 1950 and 1951, in Turandot, Faust, La bohème, Don Giovanni (as Leporello), Aida (as Ramfis, opposite Herva Nelli), and Manon (as the Comte des Grieux).

In 1953, he portrayed Raimondo Bidebent in Lucia di Lammermoor in Florence, opposite Maria Callas, Giacomo Lauri Volpi, and Bastianini, conducted by Franco Ghione.  During the production, Arié participated in a recording of the same opera for EMI, with Callas, di Stefano, and Tito Gobbi, conducted by Tullio Serafin.

Also available from EMI, on DVD, is Arié's 1964 performance of the Verdi Requiem, conducted by Carlo Maria Giulini.

Sources
 Grove Music Online, Noël Goodwin, Oxford University Press, 2008.

1920 births
1988 deaths
Operatic basses
Musicians from Sofia
Bulgarian emigrants to Italy
20th-century Bulgarian male opera singers

Raffaele Arié


Robocalypse is a 2008 real-time strategy video game developed by Russian studio Vogster Entertainment and published by Tecmo for the Nintendo DS handheld video game console.  It is the first of the Robocalypse duology and has only been released in North America. The project was led by Anton Kruglyakov and the story was written by Jay Lender and Micah Wright, former writers for animated TV series The Angry Beavers,  SpongeBob SquarePants, and Phineas and Ferb.  Players utilize the Nintendo DS' unique controls to build and command an army of robots to defeat an army of rogue robots determined to destroy humanity.

Upon release, the game was praised by critics and regarded to be one of the best RTS games for the Nintendo DS.  An iOS port of the game was released nearly a year later, titled Robocalypse: Mobile Mayhem.  A sequel,
Robocalypse: Beaver Defense, was released for WiiWare in June 2010.

Plot
At Thermidoom Labs, a robot factory, scientist Flaxen Hayer is bewildered to discover that her robots are sharing a product line with toasters.  While nerd Myron Mako is discussing the factory's potential safety issues with his boss, an evil robot, Demolisher, suddenly emerges from the factory with a robot army intent on destroying the world.  When Flaxen expresses skepticism of making a counter robot army, Myron reveals that he has a brain scanner and uses it on World War II veterans as a template for the intelligence of a new counter robot army, which they get to work making.  The robot army enjoys some early success against the Demolisher's troops, before the battle shifts to a desert.  Despite great efforts, Myron's army is unable to stop the Demolisher from taking over a mine and stealing crucial fuel from oil wells at an oil field, but manages to secure an orphanage from enemy troops.  Then Demolisher pursues the heroes across the desert to a safe house and kidnaps Flaxen before she can get inside.  Efforts to rescue her as she lays imprisoned in a wooden cabin enable Demolisher to uncover and activate a secret nuclear missile silo to lay waste to much of the planet.

After the ensuing destruction, which Myron survives by hiding inside one of his commander robots, Commando Joe, his army then resolves to fight back against Demolisher's forces across the nuclear winter wasteland, destroying transmitter towers that can reprogram his robots to betray Myron and serve the Demolisher.  A definitive showdown then occurs between Myron's forces and that of the Demolisher.  Despite the Demolisher's powerful abilities, including his use of decoy clones, Myron kills the Demolisher, but in his final moments, he reveals that he answers to an alien master.  Much to his horror, Myron discovers that it is Flaxen, who is the alien queen in disguise.  She also revealed that she arranged the robot uprising to facilitate an invasion of the planet from the beginning, although the certainty of her success suddenly disappears when Myron finds the cave where the aliens are staging their attack from.  Myron's army raids the alien invaders, kills Flaxen in an intense battle after she reveals her true appearance and destroys all the technology she used to ferry her invaders to the planet.  Myron then laments about losing such a beautiful woman, before discovering a remote control device from Flaxen and a message from her about using it as a time machine to prevent her evil plan and pursue a romance with her despite her true appearance.  Myron proceeds to do so and the two depart Earth, never to be seen again, but not without bringing his hero robots back in time and leaving them on the planet, ready to protect it from any further threats.

Gameplay
Robocalypse is controlled entirely with the stylus and touchscreen, with optional, supplemental button controls. The single-player campaign mode has 17 missions across four unique zones, each with different objectives to tackle, as well as optional side objectives, some which are hidden.  Up to four players can battle against each other.

Development
Robocalypse was announced on January 22, 2008, by former SpongeBob SquarePants writer Jay Lender.

Reception
Robocalypse has received mostly positive reviews, with an aggregate score of 79.8% and 79 from GameRankings and Metacritic respectively. Daemon Hatfield of IGN awarded it the Editor's Choice in its review, exclaiming that he was glad to see a real-time strategy game made for the Nintendo DS, the genre being so well-suited for the system's touch controls and dual screens. He complimented its controls and AI. He also praised its humor, saying that he finds it to be truly unique. Mike Feinburg of GameSpot also praised it for its tight controls and humor, but described the AI as clumsy and frustrating.

Robocalypse was recognized by the KRI games development conference in Moscow as the best game for portable systems. It also received several Nintendo DS-specific nominations from IGN in their 2008 video game awards, including Best Strategy Game, Best New IP, and Most Innovative Design.

References

External links
Robocalypse's Official Web Site

2008 video games
Alien invasions in video games
Apocalyptic video games
IOS games
Military science fiction video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Nintendo DS games
North America-exclusive video games
Real-time strategy video games
Science fiction video games
Tecmo games
Video games about robots
Video games about time travel
Video games developed in Russia
Vogster Entertainment games
War video games set in the United States
War video games

Robocalypse


The Federation of the Socialist Workers of France (,  FTSF) was France's first socialist party, being founded in 1879.

The party was characterised as possibilist because it promoted gradual reforms.

Formation
After the failure of the Paris commune (1871), French socialism was beheaded as its leaders were dead or exiled. During the Marseille Congress (1879), workers' associations created the Federation of the Socialist Workers' Party of France (Fédération du parti des travailleurs socialistes de France), but in 1882 Jules Guesde and Paul Lafargue (the son-in-law of Karl Marx) left the federation which they considered too moderate and founded the French Workers' Party (Parti ouvrier français, POF). The Federation, initially renamed the Revolutionary Socialist Labour Party (Parti ouvrier socialiste révolutionnaire), and then commonly the Federation of the Socialist Workers of France (Fédération des travailleurs socialistes de France, FTSF), led by Paul Brousse was defined as possibilist because it advocated gradual reforms whereas the POF promoted Marxism. At the same time, Édouard Vaillant and the heirs of Louis Auguste Blanqui founded the Central Revolutionary Committee (Comité révolutionnaire central, CRC), which represented the French revolutionary tradition.

Electoralism and split
In the 1880s, the socialists knew their first electoral success, conquering some municipalities. Jean Allemane and some FTSF members criticized the focus on electoral goals. In 1890, they split and created the Revolutionary Socialist Workers' Party (Parti ouvrier socialiste révolutionnaire, POSR), which advocated the revolutionary general strike. Additionally, some deputies identified as socialists without being members of any party. These mostly advocated moderation and reform.

End of the FTSF
While the Dreyfus Affair divided the country in the 1890s, socialist organizations debated whether to ally with other left-wing forces in defense of Alfred Dreyfus and against nationalism and clericalism. Contrary to Jean Jaurès, Jules Guesde thought the socialists should not ally with groups supporting bourgeois democracy. In 1899, a debate raged among socialist groups about the participation of Alexandre Millerand in Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau's cabinet, which included the Marquis de Gallifet, best known for having directed the bloody repression during the Paris Commune. In 1902, the FTSF, the POSR and Jaurès's followers merged into the French Socialist Party. This one merged three years later with the Socialist Party of France of Guesde in the French Section of the Workers' International.

See also
 French Section of the Workers' International
 French Socialist Party
 History of communism
 History of socialism
 History of the Left in France

References

Defunct political parties in France
Political parties of the French Third Republic
History of socialism
Socialist parties in France
Second International
Political parties established in 1879
Political parties disestablished in 1902


Maria Christina Sophia Strömberg née Ehrnström (1777 – 17 September 1853) was a Swedish ballet dancer, actress and instructor in dance and drama.  She was married to Johan Peter Strömberg (1773–1834) and active with him in Norway, where the couple both made a pioneer contribution within their fields.

Biography
Maria Christina Strömberg was a student of Louis Gallodier at the Royal Swedish Ballet in Stockholm.  She was not given a position at the Royal Swedish Opera, but was employed in smaller theatre companies touring Sweden.  She is known to have both performed as a dancer, as well as an actress.  In Norrköping in 1797, she married Johan Peter Strömberg, after which she followed him in the theatre companies in which he was employed.

She was engaged in the theatre company of her spouse, and thus in the pioneer theatres he attempted to establish in Uddevalla in 1798–99, and in Nyköping in 1800–02. Between 1802 and 1811, the couple toured Norway, where there was yet no established professional theatre activity.  She and her husband gave lessons in dance and drama in Trondheim (1803–05), in Kristiansund (1804–05) and in Det Dramatiske Selskab in Oslo (1806–09); she instructed the female students, while her husband instructed the male students. While ballet dance as well as dance instructions had been offered previously in Norway (by Madame Stuart), Maria Christina Strömberg was possibly the first woman with confirmed formal ballet training to do so.

In 1817–21, the Strömberg couple resided in Gothenburg, where she was active as a dance instructor.  They returned to Norway in 1822. Between 1826–27, her husband founded and managed the first permanent professional theatre in Norway, Christiania Offentlige Theater.

Maria Christina Strömberg died of the cholera.

References

Other sources
 Næss, Trine. (2009, 13. februar). Johan Peter Strömberg. I Norsk biografisk leksikon. Hentet 11 September 2018 fra
 Wilhelm Berg: Anteckningar om Göteborgs äldre teatrar / Band 2. 1794–1816 (1896–1900)

1777 births
1853 deaths
18th-century Swedish actresses
18th-century Swedish ballet dancers
19th-century Swedish actresses
Swedish stage actresses
19th-century Swedish ballet dancers
19th-century Norwegian actresses
Norwegian stage actresses
Norwegian ballerinas
Deaths from cholera

Maria Christina Strömberg


Corcoracidae is a family of passerine birds known as the Australian mudnesters. The family has sometimes been called Struthideidae in the past; however, despite Struthideidae being an older name than Corcoracidae, the latter name takes precedence. It contains just two species in two genera, the white-winged chough (Corcorax melanorhamphos) and the apostlebird (Struthidea cinerea). Both are endemic to Australia.

Distribution and habitat
Both the Australian mudnesters are found in open habitat in eastern Australia, mostly open eucalypt woodlands and some forest that lacks a closed canopy. The apostlebird is more tolerant of arid habitats and is found in arid woodland and shrublands. Both species are tolerant of human modified habitats and will occupy farmlands and suburban areas, and even parks and gardens.

Description
The two mudnesters are medium-sized passerines, the apostlebird being smaller at around  in length and the larger white-winged chough averaging . Their morphology is typical of ground feeding passerines, with long legs and short, rounded wings. The most noticeable differences between the two species are in the plumage (grey with brown wings and a black tail in the apostlebird, and black with white wing patches in the white-winged chough) and bill shape. The bill of the apostlebird is short and deep, not unlike that of a finch, whereas the bill of the white-winged chough is long and curved, not unlike that of its Old World namesakes, the choughs. The differences in the bills reflect the differences in feeding ecology, with the apostlebirds using theirs for sparrow-like picking whereas the white-winged chough uses its bill to flick leaf litter around.

Behaviour

In the field, the relationship between the two species is immediately apparent: both species are highly social, spending much of their time foraging through leaf litter with a very distinctive gait, calling to one another almost constantly. Both species respond to a human interloper by flying heavily to a nearby tree, where they wait for the disturbance to pass, often perching close together in twos and threes and allopreening. In picnic grounds and parks these birds may become accustomed to humans and become very tame.

The social groups of mudnesters are based around a dominant male and female. The number of birds in the group may vary from two to twenty birds, six birds being typical in the white-winged chough and seven to nine birds in the apostlebird. Both species are non migratory and defend a territory during the breeding season. The size of the territory during the breeding season is around 20 ha, after the breeding season when the chicks are fledged the group may range over a larger territory. On the death of one of the dominant breeders the groups break up, and the remaining dominant bird will take immatures from their group and find a lone bird to form a new group.  The majority of recruits into any group after its establishment are youngsters from previous breeding seasons. These helpers are important in breeding success, so much so that white-winged choughs have been reported to kidnap nearly fledged chicks from other groups in order to increase the size of the kidnapping group.

As the common name of the family suggests, the nests are constructed out of mud. These bowl shaped nests take several days to construct, longer if supplies of mud dry up before the nest is finished. Nests are built opportunistically when rain causes muddy puddles, and may be reused if possible. Around three to five oval eggs are laid in each clutch. These eggs are incubated for around twenty days by all members of the group, and feeding and brooding duties are also shared within the group. This family has a very long period of fledgling care, with full independence from the parents and helpers taking up to 200 days.

Species
 White-winged chough, Corcorax melanorhamphos
 Apostlebird, Struthidea cinerea

References

External links
White-winged Chough & Apostlebird videos, photos & sounds on the Internet Bird Collection

.
Higher-level bird taxa restricted to Australia
Taxa named by Gregory Mathews

Australian mudnester


Smithson Tennant FRS (30 November 1761 – 22 February 1815) was an English chemist. He is best known for his discovery of the elements iridium and osmium, which he found in the residues from the solution of platinum ores in 1803. He also contributed to the proof of the identity of diamond and charcoal. The mineral tennantite is named after him.

Life
Tennant was born in Selby in Yorkshire. His father was Calvert Tennant (named after his grandmother Phyllis Calvert, a granddaughter of Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore).
His own name derives from his grandmother Rebecca Smithson, widow of Joshua Hitchling. He attended Beverley Grammar School and there is a plaque over one of the entrances to the present school commemorating his discovery of the two elements, osmium and iridium.
He began to study medicine at Edinburgh in 1781, but after a few months moved to Cambridge, where he devoted himself to botany and chemistry.
He graduated M.D. at Cambridge in 1796, and about the same time purchased an estate near Cheddar, where he carried out agricultural experiments.
He was appointed professor of chemistry at Cambridge in 1813, but lived to deliver only one course of lectures, being killed near Boulogne-sur-Mer by the fall of a bridge over which he was riding.

Legacy
In 2006, American Elements discovered new technology allowing for the casting of seamless iridium rings for use in spacecraft and satellites. In 2016, the company utilized the same technology to introduce a line of iridium wedding bands marketed under the trademark Smithson Tennant.

Notes

References

Mary D. Archer, Christopher D. Haley. The 1702 Chair of Chemistry at Cambridge. Cambridge, 2005, .

External links

Osmium and Iridium Events Surrounding Their Discoveries
Passages from the life of a philosopher by Charles Babbage
The Early Life of Smithson Tennant FRS (1761–1815)

1761 births
1815 deaths
People from Selby
Fellows of the Royal Society
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge
Discoverers of chemical elements
Professors of chemistry (Cambridge, 1702)
Recipients of the Copley Medal
Accidental deaths in France
18th-century English chemists
19th-century English chemists
Iridium
Osmium
People educated at Beverley Grammar School

Smithson Tennant


Sir Michael Aidan Pakenham  (born 3 November 1943) is a British retired diplomat.

Background and education
Pakenham is the third son of Labour politician Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford, and Elizabeth Harman. He is the brother of Thomas Pakenham, Lady Antonia Fraser and Lady Rachel Billington. He was educated at Ampleforth College and Trinity College, Cambridge, and was an exchange fellow at Rice University.

Career
Pakenham was briefly a reporter for the Washington Post before joining the Foreign Office in 1965. He served in Nairobi and Warsaw before being seconded to the Cabinet Office 1971–74 as Assistant Private Secretary, then Private Secretary, to the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (Geoffrey Rippon then John Davies), who at that time had special responsibilities for the co-ordination of British policy towards the European Communities.

In 1974 Pakenham was at the CSCE in Geneva, then was posted to New Delhi 1974–78 and Washington, D.C. 1978–1983. He was Head of the Arms Control and Disarmament Department at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office 1983–87; Counsellor (External Relations) to the UK Permanent Representative to the European Community, Brussels, 1987–91; Ambassador and Consul-General to Luxembourg 1991–94; and Minister in Paris 1994–97.

Pakenham was then seconded to the Cabinet Office again as Deputy Secretary for Defence and Overseas Affairs 1997–99, then Chairman of the Joint Intelligence Committee 1997–2000 (also Intelligence Co-ordinator 1999–2000). Finally, he was posted to Warsaw as Ambassador to Poland 2001–03. Pakenham was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in 1993 and a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in the Queen's Birthday Honours in 2003. He was made a Freeman of the City of London in 1992.

Since retiring from the Diplomatic Service, Pakenham has been chairman of Pakenvest International; senior adviser to Access Industries; non-executive director of the Westminster Group; a trustee of Chevening House; and a lay member of the governing Council of King's College London (and its vice-chairman since 2009).

Personal life

Pakenham married Mimi Lavine (born Meta Doak) in 1980; they have two daughters. He also has two stepdaughters, Dr Lisa Nagy of Martha's Vineyard and Lindsay Lavine Webster of Spartanburg South Carolina with 4 children Lily, Will, Liza, and Vinnie.

References
 The Hon Sir Michael Pakenham, KBE, CMG, Authorised Biography – Debrett's People of Today
 PAKENHAM, Hon. Sir Michael (Aidan), Who's Who 2012, A & C Black, 2012; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2011
 The Hon Sir Michael Pakenham, King's College, London

1943 births
Living people
People educated at Ampleforth College
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Rice University fellows
The Washington Post journalists
Members of HM Diplomatic Service
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Luxembourg
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Poland
Fellows of King's College London
People associated with King's College London
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Younger sons of earls
Michael
Sons of life peers
20th-century British diplomats
21st-century British diplomats

Michael Pakenham


Mae Boren Axton (September 14, 1914 – April 9, 1997) was known in the music industry as the "Queen Mother of Nashville." She co-wrote the Elvis Presley hit single "Heartbreak Hotel" with Tommy Durden. She worked with Mel Tillis, Reba McEntire, Willie Nelson, Eddy Arnold, Tanya Tucker, Johnny Tillotson, and Blake Shelton.

Personal life
Boren was born in Texas to Mark L. and Nannie Boren. The only daughter out of nine children, she was the sister of United States Congressman Lyle Boren. When Boren was two years old the family moved to Oklahoma. She attended East Central State College and the University of Oklahoma, where she earned a bachelor's degree in journalism. She obtained a public teaching certificate and taught English and journalism at schools throughout Oklahoma.

Boren married John T. Axton, an officer in the US Navy, and they had two sons: folk music singer-songwriter, guitarist, film and television actor Hoyt Axton and John, who became an attorney. The family lived in Comanche, Oklahoma during the children's pre-teen years. In 1949,  Axton  was stationed in Jacksonville, Florida and the family moved there. Boren taught English at Dupont High School, Paxon High School and Ribault High School in Jacksonville, Florida.

Music career

By the early to mid-1950s, Mae had developed a number of connections in the music industry. The best-known of these was music executive, song publisher, and songwriter Fred Rose (famous for his work with Hank Williams). She also became a songwriting partner with Jacksonville musicians Tommy Durden and Glenn Reeves. During this time, Boren also worked as a radio announcer and music promoter.

Boren is credited with writing approximately 200 songs. Artists who recorded her early compositions include Perry Como and Ernest Tubb. In 1983, Mae also discovered a young Tiffany Darwish singing country songs at the Palomino Club in Los Angeles. Mae brought the singer to Nashville, and soon afterwards Tiffany would set a record for the youngest female artist to top the Billboard charts with a debut album. Since 1998, The Academy of Country Music (ACM) has presented the Mae Boren Axton Service Award to "an outstanding country music artist, duo/group or industry leader in recognition of years of dedication and service to the Academy of Country Music." Recipients include Paul Moore, Barry Adelman, Bob Kingsley, Reba McEntire and Keith Urban.

"Heartbreak Hotel"

Boren was the link between Elvis Presley and RCA Victor. She introduced a 19-year-old Presley to Colonel Tom Parker after a performance in Jacksonville, FL. She worked on behalf of Bob Neal to promote Presley and pressured RCA Victor's Nashville division head Stephen H. Sholes to sign Presley. In 1955 Boren co-wrote the Elvis Presley hit-song "Heartbreak Hotel" with Tommy Durden. Durden presented the idea to Mae Axton from a newspaper article he had read in which criminal and painter Alvin Krolik said, "This is the story of a person who walked a lonely street." It was Boren who suggested there be a Heartbreak Hotel at the end of the man's lonely street, thus creating Elvis' first #1 record and one of the greatest rock and roll hits.

Death
In 1997 at the age of 82, Mae drowned in her hot tub at her home in Hendersonville, Tennessee, after an apparent heart attack.

References

Further reading
Axton, Mae Boren. Country Singers as I Know 'Em. Hurst: Sweet Publishing Co. (1973).

External links

Mae Boren Axton from Black Cat Rockabilly Europe
Obituary from The Independent
Oklahoma Women's Hall of Fame Oral History Project -- OSU Library

1914 births
1997 deaths
People from Ellis County, Texas
American women country singers
American country singer-songwriters
American women composers
Music promoters
20th-century American educators
Singer-songwriters from Oklahoma
Writers from Jacksonville, Florida
People from Comanche, Oklahoma
20th-century American composers
20th-century American singer-songwriters
Singer-songwriters from Texas
University of Oklahoma alumni
Boren family
20th-century American women singers
Educators from Texas
20th-century American women educators
Country musicians from Texas
Country musicians from Oklahoma
Country musicians from Florida
20th-century women composers
Singer-songwriters from Florida
Deaths by drowning in the United States

Mae Boren Axton


Louis James Almond (born 5 January 1992) is an English semi-professional footballer who plays as a forward for Ashton United. He has played in the Football League for Cheltenham Town and Blackpool.

Career

Blackpool and loans
Almond was born in Blackburn, Lancashire. He attended Darwen Vale High School and played for the successful team that over the years represented Lancashire in the county cup, and also represented them in Sweden in the year 2000 (aged 8). Almond was at hometown club Blackburn Rovers Academy before joining Blackpool.

Whilst still a member of the Blackpool youth team, Almond became a regular in the club's reserve team in the 2008–09 season. In July 2009, he played for the first team in the pre-season South West Challenge Cup held in North Devon, including playing in the 5–0 win over Barnstaple Town.

Then, still a second-year scholar, Almond made his first-team debut for Blackpool as a 70th-minute substitute in a 2–1 win over Crewe Alexandra at Gresty Road in the first round of the 2009–10 League Cup on 11 August 2009. On 19 March 2010, he joined League Two club Cheltenham Town on loan, making his debut the following day in a 1–1 draw with Port Vale at Whaddon Road.

He went back out on loan on 1 January 2011, to Conference Premier club Barrow, for one month. He scored on his debut, giving him four goals in as many matches. On 31 January 2011, he extended his loan spell at the club until 3 April. Almond returned to Barrow on loan in time for 2011–12, in a deal which allowed him to continue playing in Blackpool reserve matches where possible. The loan deal lasted until January 2012, when he returned to Blackpool, having scored one goal in 26 appearances for Barrow.

On 31 January 2012, Almond joined Conference Premier club Lincoln City on loan until the end of 2011–12. He made five appearances, scoring one goal. On 6 June 2012, he signed a new one-year contract with Blackpool, with an option for a further year.

On 9 August 2013, Almond rejoined Hyde on a season-long loan. The loan lasted until 31 January 2014 when new caretaker manager Barry Ferguson recalled Almond to Bloomfield Road after scoring 4 goals in 29 appearances for bottom placed Hyde. Almond made Blackpool's first-team squad in mid April 2014 and made his Blackpool League debut coming on as substitute for David Goodwillie in a Lancashire derby against Burnley.

Hyde
After his release from Blackpool, he joined Conference North club Hyde in August 2014.

Southport
On 2 February 2015, Almond signed for Southport following his release from Hyde. He made his debut in a 5–3 defeat against Forest Green Rovers. He scored his first goal and only goal of 2014–15 Southport five matches after his debut in a 2–2 draw against Grimsby Town. Southport finished 19th that season. In the following season, Almond was a regular for Southport, making 46 appearances scoring 13 goals.

Tranmere Rovers
On 20 September 2016, Almond signed for Southport's National League rivals Tranmere Rovers for an undisclosed fee. On 23 February 2017, Almond rejoined Southport on loan, with his chances in the Tranmere team limited.

York City
Almond signed for newly relegated National League North club York City on 30 June 2017 on a one-year contract.

Chorley
Almond signed for National League North club Chorley on 5 June 2018. He left the club by mutual consent after he was restricted to four appearances in the 2019–20 season through injury.

Ashton United
On 10 January 2020, Almond moved to Ashton United.

Career statistics

Honours
Chorley
National League North play-offs: 2019

References

External links

1992 births
Living people
Footballers from Blackburn
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Blackpool F.C. players
Cheltenham Town F.C. players
Barrow A.F.C. players
Lincoln City F.C. players
Hyde United F.C. players
Southport F.C. players
Tranmere Rovers F.C. players
York City F.C. players
Chorley F.C. players
Ashton United F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players

Louis Almond


The Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA), also known as the Simpson-Mazzoli Act, was signed into law by Ronald Reagan on November 6, 1986, is an Act of Congress which reformed United States immigration law.

What it did
 required employers to attest to their employees' immigration status;
 made it illegal to hire or recruit illegal immigrants knowingly;
 legalized certain seasonal agricultural illegal immigrants, and;
 legalized illegal immigrants who entered the United States before January 1, 1982 and had resided there continuously with the penalty of a fine, back taxes due, and admission of guilt; candidates were required to prove that they were not guilty of crimes, that they were in the country before January 1, 1982, and that they possessed minimal knowledge about U.S. history, government, and the English language.

Immigration at that time
At the time, the Immigration and Naturalization Service estimated that about four million illegal immigrants would apply for legal status through the act and that roughly half of them would be eligible.

References

Other websites
 Summary of the Bill from "Thomas" for the Library of Congress
 Detailed legislative history of Simpson-Mazzoli from introduction to Presidential signature, also from "Thomas" for the Library of Congress
Statement on Signing the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986
 September 2006 article by Mazzoli and Simpson revisiting the legislation in the current political climate
"Independent Task Force on Immigration and America's Future"
 "Full text of Pub. L 99-603"

1986 in the United States
Migration laws
Presidency of Ronald Reagan


The EMLL 10th Anniversary Show () was a professional wrestling major show event produced by Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre (EMLL, later renamed Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre, CMLL) that took place on September 24, 1943, in Arena Coliseo, in Mexico City, Mexico. The event commemorated the tenth anniversary of EMLL, which would become the oldest still active professional wrestling promotion in the world. The Anniversary show is EMLL's biggest show of the year, their Super Bowl event. The EMLL Anniversary Show series is the longest-running annual professional wrestling show, starting in 1934.

This was the first Anniversary show to take place in the recently built Arena Coloseo that opened in April 1943 and was the first arena built specifically for professional wrestling in Mexico and the first sports building in Mexico to have built-in air conditioning.

Production

Background
The 1943 Anniversary show commemorated the 10th anniversary of the Mexican professional wrestling company Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre (Spanish for "Mexican Wrestling Promotion"; EMLL) holding their first show on September 22, 1933 by promoter and founder Salvador Lutteroth. EMLL was rebranded early in 1992 to become Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ("World Wrestling Council"; CMLL) signal their departure from the National Wrestling Alliance.  With the sales of the Jim Crockett Promotions to Ted Turner in 1988 EMLL became the oldest, still-operating wrestling promotion in the world. Over the years EMLL/CMLL has on occasion held multiple shows to celebrate their anniversary but since 1977 the company has only held one annual show, which is considered the biggest show of the year, CMLL's equivalent of WWE's WrestleMania or their Super Bowl event. CMLL has held their Anniversary show at Arena México in Mexico City, Mexico since 1956, the year the building was completed, over time Arena México earned the nickname "The Cathedral of Lucha Libre" due to it hosting most of EMLL/CMLL's major events since the building was completed. EMLL held their first anniversary show at Arena Modelo in 1933 and returned to that building in 1937 through 1943. From 1934 through 1936 EMLL rented Arena Nacional for their shows, but in 1944 they began holding their anniversary shows at Arena Coliseo, an arena they owned. From 1944 through 1955 EMLL held all their anniversary shows at Arena Coliseo. Traditionally EMLL/CMLL holds their major events on Friday Nights, replacing their regularly scheduled Super Viernes show.

Storylines
The event featured an undetermined number of  professional wrestling matches with different wrestlers involved in pre-existing scripted feuds, plots and storylines. Wrestlers were portrayed as either heels (referred to as rudos in Mexico, those that portray the "bad guys") or faces (técnicos in Mexico, the "good guy" characters) as they followed a series of tension-building events, which culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Due to the nature of keeping mainly paper records of wrestling at the time no documentation has been found for some of the matches of the show.

Event
Records of most of the early anniversary shows are not found, only one of the matches was documented. The show was the first Anniversary Show to take place in Arena Coliseo, EMLL's new main building, replacing the aging Arena Modelo. The main event of the 10th Anniversary show was one of the earliest Lucha de Apuesta ("Bet match") ever held. The Luchas de Apuestas concept had only been invented a few years previously, on July 14, 1940 and was considered a special attraction match. The Apuesta match was the first such match on an Anniversary shows and one of the earliest of El Santo's career, with the victory over Bobby Bonales was one of the early victories that helped establish El Santo as a star in Mexico. Following the match Bobby Bonales had to have all his hair shaved off as per the Luchas de Apuestas stipulation.

Results

References

1943 in professional wrestling
10
September 1943 events

EMLL 10th Anniversary Show


Gilbert is a 2017 American documentary film about the life and career of comedian Gilbert Gottfried. It opened in theaters on November 3, 2017.

Synopsis

The film depicts Gottfried's everyday life with his wife and two children. The film also depicts Gottfried's interactions (on occasion in his real voice) with his two sisters and his relationship with his parents. The film also discusses The Aristocrats joke told at the Hugh Hefner roast that occurred right after the September 11 attacks. Gottfried had just made a joke about a flight to California that had to make a stop at the Empire State Building. The film also discusses the controversy surrounding tweets Gottfried made after the earthquake disaster in Japan that led to his firing as the voice of the Aflac duck.

Cast
All appearing as themselves

Release
Gilbert premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 20, 2017. The film was also shown at the 2017 Hot Docs Film Festival and the 2017 deadCENTER Film Festival The film was acquired by Gravitas Ventures and was released in New York City on November 3, 2017 and in Los Angeles on November 10, 2017. Gilbert was released on iTunes on November 14, 2017.

Reception

Critical response
The film earned high critical praise. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Gilbert has an approval rating of 95%, based on reviews from 22 critics. The website's consensus reads, "Gilbert pays tribute to a veteran comedian whose famously grating act belies his thoughtful personality -- and anchors a surprisingly insightful film."

Awards
Gilbert won the Special Jury Prize for Best Documentary at the 2017 deadCENTER Film Festival.

References

External links

2017 films
2017 documentary films
American documentary films
Films set in New York City
Films shot in New York City
2010s English-language films
2010s American films
English-language documentary films

Gilbert (film)


Nicomaine Dei Capili Mendoza, popularly known as Maine Mendoza or Yaya Dub, is a Filipina actress, comedienne, internet celebrity, host, and model.

Mendoza was discovered because of her viral Dubsmash Videos in the internet. In the noontime show Eat Bulaga's Kalyeserye, she was cast as Yaya Dub, the maid of Grandma Nidora (portrayed by actor Wally Bayola). Her accidental pairing to actor Alden Richards led to the formation of the love team AlDub.

Biography
Maine Mendoza was born in the province of Bulacan on March 3, 1995. Her parents were Mary Ann and Teddy Mendoza. She has two brothers and two sisters and all of their names start with Nico. She finished her elementary education at St. Paul School of Sta. Maria Bulacan and high school at St. Paul College of Bocaue. She completed a bachelor's degree in Hotel, Restaurant and Institution Management major in Culinary Arts at De La Salle-College of St. Benilde.

Mendoza rose to popularity because of her viral Dubsmash Videos of celebrities like Kris Aquino. Her famous character Yaya Dub first appeared on July 5, 2015. Her character was accidentally paired to the actor Alden Richards which led to the formation of the love team AlDub. In Kalyeserye, the two communicated each other through the use of audio samples and handwritten messages shown on the split screen. Mendoza and Richards will have their first film together, My Bebe Love, at the end of year 2015. This movie will be Mendoza's first film debut.

References

Other websites

Living people
Filipino actors
1995 births
Filipino television presenters

Maine Mendoza


Lugoj (; ; ; ; ; ) is a city in Timiș County, Romania. The Timiș River divides the city into two halves, the so-called "Romanian Lugoj" that spreads on the right bank and the "German Lugoj" on the left bank. The city administers two villages, Măguri and Tapia.

Etymology
The origin of the toponym Lugoj has generated a series of controversies over time.  claims that it derives from the Latin word "lucus" (grove, small forest). Iorgu Iordan, in his Romanian toponymy, accepts the origin of the name from the Slavic prefix "lug-" or "luh-" (swamp forest) and the Hungarian suffix "-os". However, linguist Simion Dănilă claims that the name of the city has its origin in the word "logos", a Banat doublet for "rogoz" (sedge, a hydrophilous plant). All these hypotheses refer to the swampy areas that once surrounded the city.

Geography
Lugoj is located in southwestern Romania, in Timiș County, in the historical region of Banat and consists of the town of Lugoj and the villages of Măguri and Tapia. Within Timiș County, Lugoj is located in its central-eastern part. According to the National Territorial Planning Scheme, Lugoj is a second-tier locality – municipality of county and zonal importance at county level, secondary pole at county level, with a balancing role in the network of localities. It is the second largest and most important city in Timiș County, being part of the Western Development Region and the Danube–Criș–Mureș–Tisa Euroregion. Lugoj covers an area of 98.03 km2, of which 20.35 km2 in the build-up area and 77.68 km2 outside the build-up area. It borders Boldur to the west, Darova to the southwest, Victor Vlad Delamarina to the south, Gavojdia to the southeast, Criciova and Bârna to the east and Coșteiu to the north-northwest.

Relief
The territory of Lugoj belongs to the high plain of Lugoj and the hills of Lugoj. Located in the contact area of these units, the city developed on the lower terrace of the Timiș River, on both its banks. The relief unit in which Lugoj is located is the Lugoj Plain, which penetrates deep into the piedmont hills. The average altitude of the area is 124 m.

Most of the land on which the city is located has a flat relief, with a few elevations that do not exceed 2–3 m above the surface of the terrace. In the northwest of the plain there are the Lugoj Hills, which make the transition to the Poiana Ruscă Mountains. South of the Timiș riverbed, the territory of Lugoj extends to the floodplain of Cernabora, the nearest local tributary of Timiș.

Hydrography

The hills of Lugoj have a radial hydrographic network that comes from the mountainous area and goes to the main collectors: Bega (in the north) and Timiș (in the southwest). Overall, the valleys have a consistent character and have naturally detached long peaks with the same radial orientation. The configuration of the relief north of Fârdea, in the confluence area of Miniș and Gladna, allowed the location here of the Surduc accumulation lake, which, with an area of over 320 ha, represents the largest lake area of Timiș County.

Climate
From a climatic point of view, the Lugoj area is part of the moderate temperate continental climate, with influences from the west and south of the continent, characterized by mild winters and cool summers. Sub-Mediterranean influences are felt by relatively small thermal amplitudes and the appearance of a second maximum in the precipitation regime (autumn).

Cyclonic air masses are very common here, which, coming from the Mediterranean and Adriatic regions, cause thawing and early melting of winter snow. The average annual temperature is .

Flora and fauna
Regarding the fauna and flora, among the protected fauna species that can be found in the area are European bee-eater (Merops apiaster) and sand martin (Riparia riparia), found mainly on the valley and meadow of the Timiș River. Among the protected trees can be found the 70-year-old specimen of Banat black pine (Pinus nigra ssp. banatica) in the Catholic cemetery.

History
The beginnings of the settlement can be established since the Neolithic period, the archeological excavations made on the right bank of Timiș and in the Dealul Viilor area highlighting levels of living of a population of shepherds and farmers dating back to the 4th–3rd millennia BC. The later epochs are represented archeologically by the bronze deposit discovered in the Mondial area and vestiges from the Iron Age and the Daco-Roman period signaled both in the city center and in various localities in the vicinity.

Lugoj first appears in written history in 1334, when a papal tithe record mentions a certain priest Martin of Lucas. As an administrative formation, the district of Lugoj, which also included the surrounding villages, dates from 1369, when it is mentioned as posesio Lugas. Later, in 1376, a document issued by King Sigismund of Luxembourg mentions the attribution of the fortress of Lugoj (castrum Lugas) to the count of Temes, and soon, in 1379, it appears in documents as a castle town, with Nicholas II Garai as chatelaine. Gradually, Lugoj becomes an important strategic and communication point in the medieval Banat area, due to its geographical position, in the contact area of the Tisa Plain with the Poiana Ruscă Mountains, at the intersection of the roads between Banat, Transylvania and the southwest of Wallachia, ensuring access to the Danube.

The 15th century found Lugoj under the authority of the count of Temes, but the settlement enjoyed a wide autonomy. The management of the town was entrusted to a knyaz, assisted by 12 jurors, the inhabitants having in addition to feudal obligations also military duties. Visiting Lugoj when he was count of Temes, John Hunyadi ordered the restoration and strengthening of the fortress on the right bank of Timiș, by building ramparts and palisades.

The merits of the Lugoj District in the battles with the Turks are recognized on 29 August 1457, by a diploma of privileges granted by King Ladislaus the Posthumous. A special moment during this period is the participation of the people of Lugoj, under the captainship of Count Pál Kinizsi, in the battle of Breadfield in 1479.

After the establishment of the Temeşvar Eyalet, the eastern part of Banat was organized in a separate administrative unit, Banate of Lugos and Karánsebes, dependent on the prince of Transylvania. The distinctive role of the town is confirmed on 7 May 1551, by Queen Isabella Jagiellon, who strengthens the old privileges by granting Lugoj the status of civitas regionalis, as well as heraldic signs – a wolf standing above the crown. The Banat of Lugos and Karánsebes resisted the Turkish pressures until 1658 when Ákos Barcsay, prince of Transylvania, asked the people of Lugoj and Caransebeș to accept the decision of the Diet of Sighișoara, subduing to the Turks. They soon occupied the town, bringing in a military garrison led by an agha.

The end of the 17th century finds Lugoj involved in the battles for supremacy between the Habsburgs and the Ottomans, the inhabitants supporting on 25 September 1695 the resistance of General , fortified in the swampy area southeast of the town. The battle ended with the defeat of Austrian troops by the Ottoman army led by the sultan himself, General Veterani being killed on the battlefield. The Treaty of Karlowitz, concluded in 1699 between the imperialists and the Ottomans, saw the fortress of Lugoj demolished; today, only a street called Cetatea Veche (Old Fortress) reminds of the former fortress. The plan of the fortress, made at the end of the 17th century by architect Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli, was also preserved, and the works for the construction of the University of Lugoj building revealed traces of fortifications, initially located between two arms of the Timiș. In 1661, Turkish traveler Evliya Çelebi described the fortress as a "square-shaped building, built of stone, fortified with palisades and surrounded by the Zeppel stream, with a gate to the east and a bridge that can be raised". The Turkish domination, for over 150 years in Banat, has left few traces on Lugoj, as well as on other towns on the edge of the Empire, which being subjected to a more tolerant regime, feel strongly the influences and temptations of the West, as a result of policies promoted by Habsburgs.

By the Treaty of Passarowitz of 1718, Banat came under Austrian rule, being declared a crown land, under the name of Banat of Temeswar, administered by the imperial court through General Claude Florimond de Mercy. In 1778, Austria ceded Banat to Hungary, and Lugoj became the seat of Krassó County. After the revolution of 1848, for a short time, it was returned to the possession of Austria, so that through the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 it was returned to Hungary, integrating into the dualist empire thus created. Starting with 1881, Lugoj became the capital of the new Krassó-Szörény County, created by merging the Krassó and Szörény counties, and in 1889 it was declared a municipality. The new statute brought a series of defining changes in the ethnic and religious structure and in the economic and cultural evolution of the whole area. Hungarian reformism made possible access to modernity in the fields of institutions, legislation and education system, imposing emancipation from the servitudes of the medieval mentality, the penetration of new European ideas and thus the shaping of social categories capable of receiving them.

German colonization
In 1725 the first settlers from Austria, Bohemia, Bavaria and Silesia were brought to Lugoj, dealing mainly with blacksmithing, carpentry and masonry. They were settled to the left of Timiș, in a strictly delimited area, where they built their houses, laying the foundations of "German Lugoj" (). The two localities on the banks of Timiș were the property of the Chamber, but each had its own administration. According to the 1786 conscription, "Romanian Lugoj" had 1,039 houses and 5,130 inhabitants, while "German Lugoj" had 203 houses and 1,446 inhabitants. In 1795, as a result of a decision of the Chamber, the two localities were unified, the leaders being elected alternately between Romanians and Germans.

Jewish history
Jews first settled in the town in the early 18th century, working in manufacturing and in running the transport system. They eventually adhered to the Neolog movement; a Jewish school was founded in 1883. Many Jews left at the end of World War I and the beginning of Romanian rule. Zionist activity began in 1919. In 1930, there were 1,418 Jews, accounting for 6% of the population.

During World War II, the Ion Antonescu regime economically sanctioned the Jews, sending male members of the community to forced labor camps near the Olt River and to the Brașov area. Four youths aged 14–15, charged with illegal communist activity, were sent to the Transnistria Governorate, where they died. Many Jews left after the war, mainly to Palestine.

Demographics

Lugoj had a population of 40,361 inhabitants at the 2011 census, down 10% from the 2002 census. Most inhabitants are Romanians (79%), larger minorities being represented by Hungarians (6.82%), Roma (2.3%), Germans (1.85%) and Ukrainians (1.29%). For 8.33% of the population, ethnicity is unknown. By religion, most inhabitants are Orthodox (71.66%), but there are also minorities of Roman Catholics (7.62%), Pentecostals (3.64%), Reformed (3.03%), Baptists (2.5%) and Greek Catholics (1.83%). For 8.63% of the population, religious affiliation is unknown.

Economy
At the end of the 18th century, Lugoj was recorded as an important viticultural center, with 90% of the population owning vineyards. During this period, the population was engaged in agriculture, viticulture, animal husbandry and crafts. An important moment in the history of Lugoj is the formation of guilds towards the end of the 18th century, marking the transition to the future industrial system. The first industrial activities present in Lugoj were: milling (Elisabeth Imperial Mill, 1722), cloth manufacturing, blanket manufacturing, silk processing and brewing.

At present, the main economic areas in Lugoj are represented by: manufacturing (57%), trade (23%), transport and storage (6%) and construction (5%). In the local economy, the largest contribution to turnover is made by the manufacturing industry, which generates more than 50% of turnover at municipal level and concentrates more than half of the local labor force. The best represented fields of activity locally are those of the manufacture of ceramic sanitary ware, the automotive industry and the manufacture of electrical equipment. Over the years, two industrial platforms have been individualized, Tapiei and Timișorii. Among the most important companies present here are: Honeywell (protection, alarm and control systems), Autoliv (car safety products), Schieffer (plastics, supplier to the automotive industry), Hella (electrical systems and electronic equipment for the automotive industry), Villeroy & Boch (sanitary items), Inter-Spitzen (fancywork), Schöller and Riva Intima (underwear), Rieker, Primos and Calzaturificio Torre (footwear), Agache (furniture), Werzalit (wood products), Gammet 2000 (metal fabrications for furniture), Lugomet and Silcom (metalworks).

Culture

Music
Lugoj has always been one of the musical centers of Banat. Lugoj is also called "City of Music". Mozart, Haydn and Schubert's masses and other sacred music works were performed here while they were still alive. The Minorite Church was the culture bearer of the city. The oldest piano school in Banat also comes from Lugoj, founded in 1760 by a monk from the Minorite Church. The monks themselves dealt with church music, piano lessons and organ building. The Ion Vidu Municipal Choir has existed since 1810; in 1852 another choral society was founded under the direction of composer  – Lugoscher Gesang und Musikverein/Lugosi Dal- és Zeneegylet. The cultural life of Lugoj has been enriched over the years with the activity carried out by the Chamber Music Society (1869) and the Philharmonic Orchestra (1926).

Performing arts

The first theater performance in Lugoj took place on 10 May 1841 and was a school theater performance staged by students from the local gymnasium. In January and February 1847, the Romanian Society of Theatrical Singers, under the direction of Iosif Farcaș, made up of several professional actors, presented the first performances in Romanian on the stage of the Lugoj Theater.

The current theater in Lugoj, named after tenor Traian Grozăvescu, was built between 1899 and 1900. The initiative to build the current Traian Grozăvescu Theater was made by Imre Jakabffy, count of Krassó-Szörény, who, after managing to get the land for the new theater, mobilized the local population who donated 24,000 kroner to build the theater.

During the interwar period, in Lugoj, several amateur theater societies were active: Thalia Romanian Theater Association, Banat Academic Circle, Musical Theater Society, which carried out a fruitful activity to promote the Romanian classical repertoire. It is worth mentioning that the Thalia Romanian Theater Association also took care of editing some collections of plays in one act, printing and disseminating, within ten years, almost 300 works.

Since 1992, the municipality and the theater of Lugoj have been organizing the only non-professional theater festival-competition with international participation in Romania.

Written press
Lugoj imposed a distinct coloratura in the landscape of Banat press in the 19th and early 20th centuries, with numerous German (Lugoser Anzeiger – 1852, Lugoscher Zeitung – 1905) and Hungarian newspapers and magazines (Krassó-Szörényi Lapok – 1879) published here, as well as valuable Romanian publications (newspapers Deșteptarea and Drapelul under the editorship of ). Currently, two local weekly newspapers appear in Lugoj, Actualitatea and Redeșteptarea.

Education

The first schools in Lugoj are mentioned in the 16th–17th centuries. In the 19th century, a rich didactic activity is already recorded, in the gymnasium and high school, where the teaching was done in Romanian. The first Romanian school in western Romania was built in Lugoj in 1770.

There are currently 17 kindergartens, 10 primary schools and four high schools in Lugoj: two national colleges – Coriolan Brediceanu National College (former Roman Catholic lyceum) and Iulia Hasdeu National College, Valeriu Braniște Technical College and Aurel Vlaicu Technological High School, as well as Filaret Barbu School of Fine Arts. In Lugoj there are a School Sports Club, a Children's Club and a Popular Arts School.

In terms of higher education, Drăgan European University, a private university with economic and juridic profiles, has been functioning in Lugoj since 1992.

Architecture

Most of the buildings of historical interest are concentrated in Iosif Constantin Drăgan Square. The square is flanked by "palaces for rent" built towards the end of the 19th century. These large buildings consisted of ground floor spaces and owner's home and apartments for rent upstairs. The prevailing architectural style of this period was Wiener Secession used throughout the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, combining the functional aspects with a rich decoration, but which did not aim to mask the constructive structure. One of the important public buildings of the city was the People's Palace built in 1904 according to the plans of royal architect Armin Villanyi. Occupying one side of Iosif Constantin Drăgan Square, the building hosted the headquarters of the bank of the Greek Catholic community in the city and the editorial office of Banat newspaper. The Palace of the Reformed Community (1906) was also designed by Villanyi.

Along with the Secession style, you can often find buildings with an eclectic style combined with neoclassical and Art Nouveau elements. Thus, between 1895 and 1896, the building of the current Coriolan Brediceanu National College was built, which has obvious Austrian Baroque influences, between 1898 and 1899, the building of the current History Museum was built, the facade of which is decorated in Baroque style, and between 1899 and 1900, the theater was built in neoclassical style.

The Bejan Palace of the Athanasievici-Bejan noble family was built between 1900 and 1901 based on the project of architect Karl Hart in an eclectic and Late Baroque style, with elements of Art Nouveau architecture, being one of the representative constructions of Lugoj. The Parvy-Haberehrn Palace was built in 1897 in eclectic style and is several years older than the Bejan Palace.

The court building was built between 1901 and 1906 in an eclectic style, combining classical elements, pilasters with Doric and Corinthian capitals in the upper register. The former headquarters of the financial administration, the current City Hall, was built between 1903 and 1905 and is of neoclassical design, as it is the Muschong Palace. Muschong Palace was built in the period immediately following the union, around 1926–1927, by architect Aladar Ferenczik for industrialist Jacob Muschong's family. The building was used as the Muschong family home, and on the ground floor were the brick factory offices and several shops.

The Palace of the Prefecture (located on the former Komitatsgasse), was built between 1843 and 1859 in the current urban ensemble Iosif Constantin Drăgan Square (historical monument ensemble) and functioned as the administrative headquarters of Krassó County (1860–1880), Krassó-Szörény County (1881–1919), Caraș-Severin County (1919–1926), as well as Severin County (1926–1950). It is a massive building in area, being one of the largest administrative buildings in Lugoj. The facade is imposing, with aspects of neoclassical architecture. Bought in 2016 by an Italian company, the building was transformed into a shopping gallery.

Religious buildings

Lugoj has 16 churches, chapels and conventicles, of which six Orthodox, three Roman Catholic, one Reformed and one Lutheran. A symbol of the city that also appears on the seal from 1793 is the church with two bell towers dedicated to the Dormition of the Mother of God. The construction made between 1759 and 1766, from the donations of the Romanian parishioners led by obor-knez Gavril Gureanu, follows a plan similar to that of the Timișoara Dome, designed by Viennese architect Joseph Emanuel Fischer von Erlach. The bell tower in its immediate vicinity belongs to the old church dedicated to St. Nicholas, whose beginnings are uncertain, most researchers attributing it to the ban of Severin's wife, Ecaterina Perian (1402). With the restoration of 1726 made by the obor-knez Ioan Raț of Mehadia, the tower on the west side is added to the church, with a bas-relief representing the face of St. Nicholas.

The Roman Catholic church was built between 1733 and 1735 by German settlers at the initiative of the "Convent of the Minorities" established between 1719 and 1722. Its interior ornaments and paintings are in the Baroque style, appreciated at the time throughout the Habsburg Empire.

The Greek Catholic cathedral dedicated to the Descent of the Holy Spirit is linked to the establishment of the Greek Catholic diocese based in Lugoj. Construction began in 1843 and was completed, due to frequent work stoppages, only in 1868 when it was consecrated by Bishop Alexandru Dobra. Made in neoclassical style, the church preserves the valuable interior fresco of neo-Byzantine influence made by .

The city's current synagogue dates back to 1843, after the first Jewish place of worship was destroyed by the great fire of 1842.

From the contribution of the Roman Catholic parishioners of Hungarian origin, the St. Stephen's Chapel was built starting with 1780. Later, at the beginning of the 20th century, the building of the Reformed (Calvinist) church was erected with obvious influences of the Gothic style.

Transport
Lugoj benefits from primary connectivity to the TEN-T Core network via A1 motorway (Bucharest–Nădlac), passing through the north of the city. Also to the north, in connection with the A1 motorway, a section of about 11 km of the A6 motorway was inaugurated in 2013, which will connect Lugoj and Calafat. Lugoj is also served by a 9.6 km ring road, inaugurated in 2010. The network of streets in Lugoj totals about 99 km, of which 75 km are modernized streets. At the municipal level, 95% of Lugoj streets are paved.

Regarding the railway transport, Lugoj station is located on the CFR Line 900. With the commissioning of the Lugoj–Ilia railway, on 17 September 1898, Lugoj became a railway junction.

Public passenger transport services are provided by Meridian 22, established in 2007, on four urban lines: 1C (train station–Agricultural High School), 7 (Tirol–Banatului Street–I.C. Drăgan neighborhood), 15 (I.C. Drăgan neighborhood–Old Post–Tirol) and 17 (Tapia–Măguri–Agricultural High School).

Notable people

 Konstantin Danil (1798/1802–1873), painter
  (1821–1885), journalist, writer and politician
 Béla Szende (1823–1882), politician
  (1824–1901), publicist, historian, writer and lawyer
 August Kanitz (1843–1896), botanist
 Coriolan Brediceanu (1849–1909), lawyer and politician
 Aurel Popovici (1863–1917), lawyer and politician
 Ion Vidu (1863-1931), composer and choral conductor
 Ioan Popovici-Bănățeanul (1869–1893), writer
  (1872–1946), philologist
 Viktor Madin (1876–1968), operatic baritone
 Tiberiu Brediceanu (1877–1968), composer
 Caius Brediceanu (1879–1953), politician and diplomat
  (1880–1959), composer, violinist, conductor and choir director
 Bela Lugosi (1882–1956), actor
  (1887–1964), church musician and composer
  (1889–1967), architect and construction engineer
 Koloman Wallisch (1889–1934), labor leader
 Traian Grozăvescu (1895–1927), operatic tenor
 Petre Chirculescu (1898–1975), equestrian
 Aurel Ciupe (1900–1988), painter and drawer
 Sepp Helfrich (1900–1963), politician
 Filaret Barbu (1903–1984), operetta composer
 Georges Devereux (1908–1985), ethnologist and psychoanalist
 Ion Horvath (1912–?), Greco-Roman wrestler
 Iosif Slivăț (1915–?), footballer
 Iosif Constantin Drăgan (1917–2008), businessman, writer and historian
 György Kurtág (b. 1926), composer and pianist
 Josef Posipal (1927–1997), footballer
 Alexandru Șuli (1928–2000), Greco-Roman wrestler
 Francisc Horvath (b. 1928), Greco-Roman wrestler
  (1929–2008), composer
 Gelu Barbu (1932–2016), ballet dancer and choreographer
  (1933–2014), photographer
 Dumitru Pârvulescu (1933–2007), Greco-Roman wrestler
 Michael Redl (1936–2013), handball player and coach
 Edgar Pick (b. 1938), immunologist
  (1938–2006), journalist, television director and writer
  (b. 1941), composer and music teacher
  (b. 1945), writer
 Simona Arghir (1948–1995), handballer
 Alina Goreac (b. 1952), artistic gymnast
 Victor Neumann (b. 1953), historian, political analyst and professor
 Kurt Szilier (b. 1957), gymnast
 Valentin Pîntea (b. 1962), gymnast
 Aura Twarowska (b. 1967), mezzo-soprano
 Lavinia Miloșovici (b. 1976), artistic gymnast
 Otilia Ruicu-Eșanu (b. 1978), 400-meter runner
 Florin Nanu (b. 1983), footballer
 Corina Căprioriu (b. 1986), judoka
 Alin Șeroni (b. 1987), footballer
 Emaa (b. 1992), singer and songwriter

Twin towns and sister cities
Lugoj is twinned with:
  Szekszárd (1993)
  Jena (1993)
  Orléans (1994)
  Nisporeni (2001)
  Corinth (2004)
  Vršac (2005)
  Monopoli (2006)
  Kriva Palanka (2011)
  Makó (2016)
  Veliko Gradište (2016)

References

Cities in Romania
Populated places in Timiș County
Capitals of former Romanian counties
Localities in Romanian Banat

Lugoj


Mary Yost (September 25, 1881 - March 4, 1954) was an American academic. She was Dean of Women and Associate Professor of English at Stanford University from 1921 to 1946.

Career
Mary Yost was born in Staunton, Virginia on September 25, 1881 and graduated from Vassar College in 1904. After a year teaching English at Wellesley College, she went back to Vassar to study a master's degree. In 1946, she was awarded an honorary degree by Mills College.

Yost began teaching at the University of Michigan in 1917. She moved to Stanford University four years later to take up the position of associate professor of English and Dean of Women, which she held until her retirement in 1946.

Other work
Yost was an honorary member in Cap and Gown, an honor society for women undergraduates founded by Edith R. Mirrielees. In 1922, she became vice-president of the National Education Association's Department of Deans of Women's Western Division.

She took the position of vice-president of the American Association of University Women's California division in 1923, progressing to vice-president of the National Board from 1933 to 1937. She was a member of the Palo Alto Business and Professional Women's Club and the National Association of Deans of Women. On retirement she was awarded an honorary LL.D from Mills College "in recognition of her long service to women". She was also active in several student groups and organisations while at Stanford, including the women's residence program.

Yost died of a heart attack on March 4, 1954, at her home on campus.

References

1881 births
1954 deaths
American women academics
University of Michigan faculty
Stanford University faculty
Wellesley College faculty
Vassar College alumni
People from Staunton, Virginia

Mary Yost