Timea Bacsinszky (; born 8 June 1989) is a Swiss former professional tennis player who won four singles titles and five doubles titles on the WTA Tour, as well as 13 singles and 14 doubles titles on the ITF Circuit. A former top ten singles player, Bacsinszky reached a career-high singles ranking of world No. 9, on 16 May 2016.

A former prodigy on the junior tennis circuit, Bacsinszky semi-retired from tennis in 2011 at the age of 22 following a major foot injury. After playing a qualifying match at the 2013 French Open, Bacsinszky made a full comeback onto the WTA tour in 2014 with success, winning her opening round match at three of the Grand Slams and upsetting world No. 4 and five-time Grand Slam winner Maria Sharapova en route to the quarterfinals in Wuhan, earning her a first ever year-end top 50 ranking. Her breakthrough year in singles came in 2015, winning a career-best 15 consecutive matches spanning two titles, upsetting Madison Keys and Petra Kvitová en route to the semifinals of the French Open (the first time she advanced past the third round of a Major), reaching her first Premier Mandatory final at the China Open, and becoming the first Swiss female tennis player to be ranked in the top 10 since Martina Hingis in 2007. Bacsinszky received the WTA Most Improved Player of the Year award for her massive singles rise that year. She once again reached the semifinals of the French Open in 2017. She also reached the quarterfinals of Wimbledon in 2015, and of the French Open in 2016. Bacsinszky announced on 16 July 2021 that she had retired from the sport.

Representing Switzerland, Bacsinszky has a Fed Cup career match record of 28–25. She won the silver medal in women's doubles at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, partnering Hingis.

Personal life
Bacsinszky, who first picked up a racket at age 5, was pushed hard to succeed in youth tennis by her father Igor, a tennis coach from Satu Mare County, Transylvania, who escaped Ceaușescu's Romania to Switzerland in 1982. She has stated that she resented him for this and remains estranged from him after her parents divorced, though she still developed a passion for competitive tennis. Her mother, Suzanne (Zsuzsanna in Hungarian), is a dentist from Debrecen, Hungary. As both her parents are Hungarian, she had thought about representing Hungary at international level. She has one brother, Daniel, a music teacher and member of The Evpatoria Report, and two sisters, Sophie (musician and student) and Melinda. While growing up, Bacsinszky idolized Monica Seles. She spent part of her childhood in Satu Mare, visiting friends and family.

Tennis career

2004–10: early years
Bacsinszky's early tennis highlights included reaching the semifinals of three junior Grand Slam tournaments in 2004–05. Her breakthrough professional tournament was the 2006 Zurich Open, where she qualified then defeated Anastasia Myskina and Francesca Schiavone before losing to former No. 1, Maria Sharapova. Her early years on tour were a learning experience, and she finished both 2006 and 2007 ranked in the 120s.

Her singles ranking climbed in 2008, and she finished in the top 60 three straight years. Most important was reaching the semifinals of the Diamond Games in February, winning three qualifying and several main draw matches before losing to world No. 1, Justine Henin, in three sets. She won her first WTA singles title at the 2009 Luxembourg Open, then won her first three doubles titles the following year.

2011–14: injury and return
Bacsinszky suffered a serious foot injury in the spring of 2011, requiring surgery and a long recovery. She returned at the Fed Cup the following February then used her protected ranking to play several WTA tournaments. She also played a number of ITF Women's Circuit events. However, she decided to skip the Olympics for personal reasons and soon took a hiatus from tennis altogether. She ended up working in restaurants and bars while preparing to attend hotel management school.

In May 2013, Bacsinszky received an email, stating she was eligible to compete in that month's French Open qualifier. With no practice and having to take time off work, she drove from Lausanne to Paris; she lost her first match but felt her passion for the game reignited. Thus she hired Dimitri Zavialoff, former coach of compatriot Stan Wawrinka, and committed herself to reviving her tennis career. Her gradual return to the WTA Tour reached a big milestone at the 2014 Wuhan Open when she upset No. 4, Maria Sharapova, in the third round. A few weeks later, she won her fourth career doubles title.

2015: top-10 debut and first Grand Slam semifinal

Bacsinszky began the year in Shenzhen, upsetting No. 4 Petra Kvitová in the semifinal before losing to No. 3, Simona Halep, in her first WTA final in five years. She then reached the third round of the Australian Open followed by back-to-back titles in Mexico at Acapulco and Monterrey, beating Caroline Garcia in both finals. As a result, her ranking rose into the top 30 for the first time. She continued this good form at the Premier Mandatory event in Indian Wells, defeating No. 8 Ekaterina Makarova en route to the quarterfinals where she lost to No. 1, Serena Williams, thereby ending her win streak at a career-best 15 matches.

At the French Open she advanced past the third round of a Grand Slam tournament for the first time, once again upsetting Kvitová. She made it all the way to the semifinals and a rematch with No. 1 Williams; Bacsinszky led by a set and a break but lost the last ten games. Then after making the quarterfinals of Wimbledon her ranking rose to 13.

The US Open Series, however, saw unstable results for her, falling in the first round of all four tournaments she entered, including losing to Barbora Strýcová in her opening match at the US Open. Entering the China Open in poor form, Bacsinszky beat Italian Camila Giorgi, qualifier Mariana Duque-Marino, and three former top-10 players including Carla Suárez Navarro, Sara Errani and Ana Ivanovic to advance her first ever Premier-Mandatory final where she lost to Garbiñe Muguruza in straight sets. Her run to the final put her in the top 10 in the WTA rankings for the first time.

She lost out on her run to the WTA Finals, however, because the last tournament she played (Luxembourg) held its final on Saturday and the points could not count for the race. She withdrew from the WTA Elite Trophy due to a left knee injury that had already forced her retirement in her first round match in Luxembourg. After the end of the season, Bacsinszky received the WTA's Most Improved Player Award, ending the year No. 12 in the rankings.

2016: fourth WTA title and Olympic silver medal in doubles

Bacsinszky's first two tournaments both ended in defeats as she lost to Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova and Anna Karolína Schmiedlová at the Brisbane International and at the Sydney International, respectively. Her next tournament was the Australian Open, where she beat Kateřina Siniaková but lost to Annika Beck. At the Fed Cup, Bacsinszky lost both of her matches in Switzerland's tie against Germany, but these losses did not do any harm to Switzerland who beat Germany in the doubles. She then withdrew from the Dubai Tennis Championships. At the Qatar Open, Bacsinszky defeated Bethanie Mattek-Sands and Yulia Putintseva before losing to eventual champion Carla Suárez Navarro. However, Bacsinszky was not able to defend her back-to-back title in Acapulco and Monterrey from 2015 as they were set in the same dates as the aforementioned tournaments.

In March, she reached the fourth round at Indian Wells beating Tsvetana Pironkova and Eugenie Bouchard respectively, but lost to Daria Kasatkina subsequently. She then made a surprising semifinal run at Miami Open, beating Agnieszka Radwańska and Simona Halep, two top-5 players, back-to-back. She lost to Svetlana Kuznetsova in straight sets in the semifinal.

At the clay-court season, Bacsinszky won her fourth WTA title in Rabat, losing only one set in the tournament, and re-entered the top 10. She made the quarterfinals at Rome (losing to Garbiñe Muguruza) and reached her highest career ranking at No. 9. At the French Open, she beat Sílvia Soler Espinosa, Eugenie Bouchard, Pauline Parmentier and Venus Williams en route to her second straight quarterfinal, but lost to the unseeded Kiki Bertens.

Coming to the grass-court season, Bacsinszky played Eastbourne but was defeated by the in-form Kristina Mladenovic in straight sets. At Wimbledon, she started her campaign by beating qualifier Luksika Kumkhum in the first round and set up a rematch of last year's fourth round match against Monica Niculescu. Similar to last year, Bacsinszky turned the match around with a comeback win by winning six games in a row in the last set. However, she lost in straight sets to the eventual quarterfinalist Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova. She then reached the semifinals of the inaugural Ladies Championship Gstaad, losing to Kiki Bertens.

At the Summer Olympics, Bacsinszky suffered a first-round loss to China's Zhang Shuai; however, partnering with Martina Hingis for the first time in doubles, Bacsinszky earned her first Olympic medal, as they beat Daria Gavrilova/Samantha Stosur of Australia, Bethanie Mattek-Sands/CoCo Vandeweghe of the United States, Chan Hao-ching/Chan Yung-jan of Taipei and Andrea Hlaváčková/Lucie Hradecká of Czech Republic en route to the final, where the pair lost to Ekaterina Makarova/Elena Vesnina of Russia. They become the first two Swiss female tennis Olympic medalists.

Due to her strong first half of the season, Bacsinszky qualified for Elite Trophy in Zhuhai. At the last event of the season, she lost to Zhang Shuai in straight sets in one of the two round-robin matches, but concluded the season with a win against Tímea Babos. She ended the season ranked No. 15.

2017: second Grand Slam semifinal
Bacsinszky withdrew from the Shenzhen Open and the Sydney International due to injury. With no warm-up match before the Australian Open, she matched her best result at this tournament with a third-round appearance, losing to Daria Gavrilova in three sets. Entering the Fed Cup as the Swiss No. 1, Bacsinszky won both of her rubbers against French player Alizé Cornet and Kristina Mladenovic. With injuries carried on from the Fed Cup, she had to retire in the first round of Doha and eventually withdrew from Dubai, the first Premier-5 event of the year. The Swiss, however, reached the second week of Indian Wells for the third consecutive year, only to retire against Karolína Plíšková due to wrist injury. She also had to withdraw from the Miami Open, where she was a semifinalist from the previous year. In the Fed Cup semifinal against Belarus, Bacsinszky beat Aryna Sabalenka but lost to Aliaksandra Sasnovich, and Switzerland eventually lost to Belarus 2–3 in that round.

Coming into the clay-court season with few tournaments played from the first quarter of the season, Bacsinszky struggled to go deep in different events including a loss to CiCi Bellis at Rabat as the defending champion; a second round loss at Madrid to Kiki Bertens, and a loss to Karolína Plíšková in the third round of Rome. The Swiss however did upset the reigning French Open champion Garbiñe Muguruza in first round of Madrid, her first top-10 win of the season and first win against the Spaniard.

At Roland Garros, Bacsinszky defeatedSara Sorribes Tormo, Ons Jabeur, Madison Brengle, Venus Williams, and Kristina Mladenovic to qualify for the semifinals. She lost in the semifinals against eventual champion Jeļena Ostapenko.

Bacsinszky underwent a surgical procedure in October, thus ending her season prematurely.

2018: return
Bacsinszky returned to the tour in January at the St. Petersburg Ladies' Trophy. She lost in the first round to qualifier Elena Rybakina. In doubles, she and Vera Zvonareva won the title beating Alla Kudryavtseva/Katarina Srebotnik in the final. In March, she played at the Indian Wells Open. She was defeated in the first round by Wang Qiang. At the Miami Open, she lost in the first round to Ekaterina Makarova.

2019
Bacsinszky kicked off her 2019 season at the Shenzhen Open. She lost in the first round to fifth seed Maria Sharapova. In Sydney, she reached the quarterfinals where she was defeated by qualifier Aliaksandra Sasnovich. At the Australian Open, she upset 10th seed Daria Kasatkina in the first round. She lost in the third round to 18th seed Garbiñe Muguruza.

At the St. Petersburg Trophy, Bacsinszky was defeated in the first round by eighth seed and eventual finalist, Donna Vekić. Competing at the Indian Wells Challenger, she lost in the third round to Francesca Di Lorenzo. At the Indian Wells Open, she was defeated in the final round of qualifying by Caty McNally.

Beginning her clay-court season at the Ladies Open Lugano, Bacsinszky lost in the second round to Svetlana Kuznetsova. During the Fed Cup tie versus the US, Bacsinszky was defeated in both of her rubbers by Sloane Stephens and Sofia Kenin. The USA ended up winning the tie over Switzerland 3–2. At the Morocco Open, she lost in the second round to fourth seed Ajla Tomljanović. Seeded fourth at the Open de Cagnes-sur-Mer, she reached the semifinals where she was defeated by eventual champion Christina McHale. At the French Open, she fell in the second round of qualifying to Kurumi Nara. Seeded seventh at the Bol Open, she made it to the quarterfinals where she lost to top seed, defending and eventual champion, Tamara Zidanšek.

Playing just one grass-court tournament before Wimbledon, she was defeated in the first round of qualifying at the Eastbourne International by compatriot Viktorija Golubic. At the Wimbledon, she lost in the first round to ninth seed Sloane Stephens.

As the top seed at the Grand Est Open, Bacsinszky fell in the first round to Kurumi Nara. Playing in her country at the Ladies Open Lausanne, she lost in the first round to compatriot Jil Teichmann.

Competing in New York at the US Open, Bacsinszky was defeated in the first round by Caty McNally.

At the Korea Open, Bacsinszky suffered a double bagel loss in the first round to American wildcard Kristie Ahn.

Due to not playing any more tournaments for the rest of the season, Bacsinszky ended the year ranked 125.

2021: retirement
Bacsinszky did not play any matches throughout the entirety of 2020, and also did not compete in 2021; as such, by July 2021, her ranking had dropped as far as No. 517 in the world. On 16 July 2021, Bacsinszky announced that she had decided to "turn the page", and that she has retired from the sport with immediate effect.

Sponsors
Bacsinszky used Babolat racquets throughout her career, endorsing the Pure Storm and, later, the Pure Strike range of racquets. From 2009 until 2015, she was endorsed by Lacoste, and she wore ASICS clothing from 2016 to 2018. From 2019 until her retirement, she wore Le Coq Sportif apparel. Throughout her career, Bacsinszky wore and endorsed Nike footwear. She was also an ambassador for Japanese car manufacturer Honda.

Career statistics

Grand Slam tournament performance timeline

References

External links

1989 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Lausanne
Swiss female tennis players
Swiss-French people
Swiss people of Hungarian descent
Swiss people of Romanian descent
Olympic tennis players for Switzerland
Tennis players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Tennis players at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Switzerland
Olympic medalists in tennis

Timea Bacsinszky


Lei Zhengfu (; born July 1958) is a Chinese former politician who served as Communist Party Secretary of Beibei District, Chongqing municipality. He was dismissed from his position a few days after a sex video recorded in 2007 became popular online via the popular microblog service Sina Weibo.

On November 20, 2012, a series of hotel room sex screenshots titled "Lei, the secretary who accepts sex bribes",  were published on a personal website called "Civil Supervision". Lei Zhengfu was the Beibei District of Chongqing Party Secretary at the time. A few hours later, these screenshots started to go viral through microblogs. Sixty-three hours after the screenshots first went online, on November 23, Chongqing Municipal People's Government information office official made an announcement that the government had proved the male shown in the video was Lei, who will be removed from his position. This case is believed to be a result of "Network supervision by public opinion".

Timeline
After the conclusion of the 18th Party Congress in China, on November 20, 2012, Zhu Ruifeng posted the screen shot on his website "Civil Supervision"; Xu Jiguang, a former investigative journalist later posted it on his personal microblog. Because of the popularity of microblogs in China, people started to pay attention; the number of hits to the Civil Supervision blog dramatically increased, reaching more than 20 million.

This phenomenon drew the attention of other media, and they began to interview Lei, who commented that the "promiscuous video is deceitful". On November 23, the press office of the Chongqing municipal government issued a microblog stating that the Chongqing Municipal Commission for Discipline Inspection, in charge of enforcing party discipline, had taken note of the content of the video and was verifying its authenticity. On November 23, an official at the press office made an announcement on microblog, saying that the government had verified that the male shown in the video was Lei himself, who will be removed from his position.

Overall, from the release of the screenshot on the Civil Supervision Website to the final decision of removing of Lei Zhengfu from his official position took only 63 hours. And it is believed to be one of the quickest responses of an investigation into official abuse.

This scandal has exposed not only the corruption of Lei Zhengfu, but also the builder who sent girls as 'presents' to this official. This video was made by the mistress of the official, who was sent by a builder. Lei Zhengfu had the official power to sign the lease. So in order to get the land lease contract, the builder sent girl to him, and trained the girl to secretly shoot the sex video. The builder used the video to blackmail Lei. After taping this video, instead of threatening Lei, the builder made friend of him.

In 2009, the property developer let others use this video to threaten Lei, who confessed his "romantic relation" to his supervisor. After the investigation, the mistress and builder were arrested under the "Sike Seal Crime".  Lei was protected and was promoted few months later to be the Beibei District Party Secretary. During these three years, the video was kept secret.

Result
Lei was sentenced to 13 years in jail for taking more than 3.1 million yuan ($500,000) in bribes.

Social media
In this "63 anti-corruption", the power of social media is embraced by many media analysts. Before the Lei scandal, there had been similar scandals with investigations ranging from one month to half a year before punishment occurred. However, this time, within less than three days, a corrupt official was removed and under official investigation.

Media experts believe that the internet and especially social media have become an important tool in the fight against Chinese official corruption.

See also

Corruption in the People's Republic of China
Sextortion

References

Chinese politicians convicted of corruption
Living people
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Chongqing
1958 births

Lei Zhengfu


The valknut is a symbol consisting of three interlocked triangles. It appears on a variety of objects from the archaeological record of the ancient Germanic peoples. The term valknut is a modern development; it is not known what term or terms were used to refer to the symbol historically.

Scholars have proposed a variety of explanations for the symbol, sometimes associating it with the god Odin, and it has been compared to the three-horned symbol found on the 9th-century Snoldelev Stone, to which it may be related.

Archaeological record

The valknut appears on a wide variety of objects found in areas inhabited by the Germanic peoples. The symbol is prominently featured on the Nene River Ring, an Anglo-Saxon gold finger ring dated to around the 8th to 9th centuries. A wooden bed in the Viking Age Oseberg Ship buried near Tønsberg, Norway, features a carving of the symbol on an ornately stylized bedpost and the Oseberg tapestry fragments, a partially preserved tapestry found within the ship burial, also features the symbol.

Additionally, the valknut appears prominently on two picture stones from Gotland, Sweden: the Stora Hammars I stone and the Tängelgårda stone.

The historically attested instances of the symbol appear in two traditional, topologically distinct forms. The symbol appears in unicursal form, topologically a trefoil knot also seen in the triquetra. This unicursal form is found, for example, on the Tängelgårda stone. The symbol also appears in tricursal form, consisting of three linked triangles, topologically equivalent to the Borromean rings. This tricursal form can be seen on one of the Stora Hammars stones, as well as upon the Nene River Ring, and on the Oseberg ship bed post. Although other forms are topologically possible, these are the only attested forms found so far.

In Norwegian Bokmål, the term valknute is used for a polygon with a loop on each of its corners. In the English language, the looped, four-cornered symbol is called Saint John's Arms.

Theories and interpretations
Several explanations for the symbol have been proposed:

Hrungnir's heart
Chapter 17 of the 13th century Prose Edda book Skáldskaparmál contains the following description of the heart of the jötunn Hrungnir: "Hrungnir had a heart that was famous. It was made of hard stone with three sharp-pointed corners just like the carved symbol hrungnishjarta [Hrungnir's heart]." Comparisons have been made between this symbol description and the symbol known as the valknut.

Odin and mental binds

Hilda Ellis Davidson theorizes a connection between the valknut, the god Odin, and "mental binds":

For instance, beside the figure of Odin on his horse shown on several memorial stones there is a kind of knot depicted, called the valknut, related to the triskele. This is thought to symbolize the power of the god to bind and unbind, mentioned in the poems and elsewhere. Odin had the power to lay bonds upon the mind, so that men became helpless in battle, and he could also loosen the tensions of fear and strain by his gifts of battle-madness, intoxication, and inspiration.

Davidson says that similar symbols are found beside figures of wolves and ravens on "certain cremation urns" from Anglo-Saxon cemeteries in East Anglia.

Other
Because the symbol appears on picture stones with Odin and on burial gifts in the Oseberg ship burial, Rudolf Simek says that the symbol may have been associated with religious practices surrounding death.

Topology
The valknut is topologically equivalent to either the Borromean rings, the trefoil knot, or (in modern use only) a closed three-link chain, depending on the particular artistic depiction:

Modern popular culture
The symbol is used for a variety of purposes in modern popular culture. The valknut symbol is used as a religious symbol by adherents of Heathenry, a new religious movement inspired by historic Germanic paganism.

In Europe, the Swedish forest products company Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget uses a triquetra valknut as their logo, which can be commonly seen on many products produced by the company; the DFB has used a logo inspired by the unicursal form of the valknut for the Germany national football team since 1991.

The symbol appears as the fretboard inlay on some of Arch Enemy/Carcass guitarist Michael Amott's signature Dean Guitars "Tyrant" models, and it is also used as a logo by American engineering firm RedViking. In Civilization VI, the valknut is the national symbol of Norway, which in the game is led by Harald Hardrada and mostly representative of Vikings rather than the modern country.

The valknut has seen some use by White supremacists. The Anti-Defamation League notes that "nonracist pagans may also use this symbol, so one should carefully examine it in context rather than assume that a particular use of the symbol is racist."

Bogd Bank of Mongolia uses the same symbol as their main corporate logo.

See also
 Mjölnir, a symbol representing the hammer of the god Thor, particularly popular during the Viking Age
 Looped square, a symbol that produces a square with outward pointing loops at its corners
 Triquetra, a symbol composed of three interlaced arcs

Citations

References

 Byock, Jesse (trans.) (2006). The Prose Edda. Penguin Classics.
 Davidson, Hilda Roderick Ellis (1967). Pagan Scandinavia. Frederick A. Praeger.
 Davidson, H. R. Ellis (1990). Gods and Myths of Northern Europe. Penguin Books.
 Harvey, Graham (2007). Listening People, Speaking Earth: Contemporary Paganism (second ed.). London: Hurst & Company.
 Simek, Rudolf (2007), translated by Angela Hall. Dictionary of Northern Mythology. D. S. Brewer.

External links

Early Germanic symbols
Germanic paganism
Magic symbols
Odin
Religious symbols
Triangles
White nationalist symbols

Valknut


Richard Jean Monette CM, DHum, LLD (June 19, 1944 – September 9, 2008), was a Canadian actor and director, best known for his 14-season tenure as the longest-serving artistic director of the Stratford Festival of Canada from 1994 to 2007.

Early life
Monette was born in Montreal, the son of Florence M. (née Tondino) and Maurice Monette. He was educated at Loyola High School (Montreal) and Loyola College (now Concordia University).

Monette was the nephew of Canadian painter Gentile Tondino.

Theatre career
It was at college that his acting skills were first noticed when he took top acting honours at the 1959 Hart House Inter-Varsity Drama competition in Toronto.

Upon graduation, he chose to pursue an acting career, and his first professional role was as a 19-year-old Hamlet at the Crest Theatre in Toronto. He joined the Stratford Festival Company in 1965, and played a variety of small roles. He also won a role in Soldiers at the Royal Alexandra Theatre, a production that took him to Broadway. He also appeared in a number of television plays on CBC.

In 1969, he moved to London, England, and appeared in a variety of productions, including open-air Shakespeare in Regent's Park, and the original London production of the notorious Oh! Calcutta!.

Upon his return to Canada in 1974, he took on the title role in the premiere of the English translation of Michel Tremblay's Hosanna at the Tarragon Theatre. His definitive interpretation of the conflicted transvestite obsessed with Elizabeth Taylor's Cleopatra marked his arrival as one of Canada's leading actors. In his memoir, he recalled it as "a great role, perhaps the best I have ever played, outside of Shakespeare".

He also returned to the Stratford Company, taking on the role of Hamlet, and for the next ten years, he would be one of Stratford's main leading men. He also appeared in a number of Canadian films, including I've Heard the Mermaids Singing and Dancing in the Dark.

Monette fought a lifelong battle with stage fright, and gradually refocused his energies from acting to directing. Although he had directed a short play at Stratford in 1978, his first full-length Stratford production was Taming of the Shrew at Stratford in 1988, which was an unexpected hit with audiences. Critic Richard Ouzounian believes this production served as a foundation for Monette's career as a director, calling it "a joyous romp in which the Fellinesque setting of Rome in the 1950s meshed marvelously with Shakespeare's text and the performances of Goldie Semple and Colm Feore".

Monette was selected as Artistic Director Designate of Stratford in 1992, and subsequently named artistic director in 1994. During his tenure, he not only staged every one of Shakespeare's plays, he also showcased big-production musicals such as My Fair Lady and Anything Goes. Although critics argued that the musicals were too populist, Monette erased the Festival's considerable financial deficit and brought in new audiences. His other legacies at Stratford include the Birmingham Conservatory acting school, a $50 million endowment fund, and the opening of a fourth theatre, the 260-seat Studio Theatre.

He also continued to take on occasional acting roles; in 1996, he appeared in the TV movie And Then There was One.

A little over a year after his retirement, he died of a pulmonary embolism.  He was buried at the Avondale Cemetery in Stratford, Ontario.

Partial filmography
Big Zapper (1973) – Rock Hard
Find the Lady (1976) – Bruce La Rousse
Iceman (1984) – Hogan
Dancing in the Dark (1986) – The doctor
I've Heard the Mermaids Singing (1987) – Clive
Hello Mary Lou: Prom Night II (1987) – Father Cooper
Higher Education (1988) – Robert Bley

References

External links

1944 births
2008 deaths
Canadian expatriates in the United Kingdom
Canadian male film actors
Canadian people of Italian descent
Loyola College (Montreal) alumni
Francophone Quebec people
Male actors from Montreal
Deaths from pulmonary embolism
Members of the Order of Canada
Canadian artistic directors

Richard Monette


The 2014 McDonald's All-American Boys Game was an All-star basketball game that was played on April 2, 2014 at the United Center in Chicago, home of the Chicago Bulls. It was the 37th annual McDonald's All-American Game for high school boys. The game's rosters featured the best and most highly recruited blue chip boys high school basketball players graduating in 2014.  Chicago, which became the first city to host the game in back-to-back years in 2012, will continue to host the game annually at least until 2015. The rosters for the game were announced at 6:00 PM ET on January 29 on ESPNU. At the time of the announcement 22 of the 24 players had committed to Division I basketball programs. Duke and Kentucky led the field with four commits each. One of the game's major storylines was that local big men Jahlil Okafor (McDonald's Morgan Wootten Player of the Year) and Cliff Alexander (Naismith Player of the Year) opposed each other.

Rosters
The 2014–15 Duke Blue Devils (Tyus Jones, Justise Winslow, Okafor, and Grayson Allen) and 2014–15 Kentucky Wildcats (Karl-Anthony Towns, Trey Lyles, Tyler Ulis, and Devin Booker) shared the lead among committed players at the time of the original roster announcement on January 29. Three hometown players (Okafor, Alexander and Tyler Ulis) were selected for the game. Texas led the way with five natives (Myles Turner, Emmanuel Mudiay, Justin Jackson, Justise Winslow, and Kelly Oubre Jr.). Rashad Vaughn committed to UNLV on February 11, but Turner remained uncommitted at the time of the game. He committed to Texas 4 weeks after the game on April 30.

8 days before the game, Okafor was recognized as the Morgan Wootten Player of the Year. 2 days before the game, Grayson Allen won the slam dunk contest, James Blackmon, Jr. won the three-point contest and Tyus Jones won the skills competition.

East Roster

West Roster

Coaches
Frank Allocco (West Head Coach)
Brian Sullivan (West Assistant Coach)
Mark Noack (West Assistant Coach)

Lou Wilson (East Head Coach)
Dale DeBerry (East Assistant Coach)
Hank Lloyd (East Assistant Coach)

Results
The West defeated the East by a 105–102 score. Okafor and Justin Jackson earned co-MVP of the game after posting 17 points and 7 rebounds and 23 points and 5 rebounds, for their respective West and East teams.

Notes

External links

2013–14 in American basketball
2014
2014 in sports in Illinois
April 2014 sports events in the United States
Basketball in Illinois

2014 McDonald's All-American Boys Game


Atonement is a 2001 British metafictional novel written by Ian McEwan. Set in three time periods, 1935 England, Second World War England and France, and present-day England, it covers an upper-class girl's half-innocent mistake that ruins lives, her adulthood in the shadow of that mistake, and a reflection on the nature of writing.

Widely regarded as one of McEwan's best works, it was shortlisted for the 2001 Booker Prize for fiction.  In 2010, Time magazine named Atonement in its list of the 100 greatest English-language novels since 1923.

In 2007, the book was adapted into a BAFTA and Academy Award-winning film of the same title, starring Saoirse Ronan, James McAvoy, and Keira Knightley, and directed by Joe Wright.

Synopsis

Part one
Briony Tallis, a 13-year-old English girl with a talent for writing, lives at her family's country estate with her parents Jack and Emily Tallis, who are members of the landed gentry. Her older sister Cecilia has recently graduated from the University of Cambridge with Robbie Turner, the Tallis family housekeeper's son and Cecilia's childhood friend, whose university education was funded by Jack.

In the summer of 1935, Briony's maternal cousins, 15-year-old Lola and 9-year-old twins Jackson and Pierrot, visit the family amidst their parents' divorce. Briony and Cecilia's older brother Leon returns from London, accompanied by his friend from Oxford, the well-off manufacturer Paul Marshall. Cecilia and Robbie bicker over a vase, which breaks and falls into a pond. Cecilia strips to her underwear and dives in to retrieve the pieces, surprising Robbie. Briony, watching from a window, is confused and intrigued by Cecilia and Robbie's actions. She is inspired to begin writing psychological realism, and the reader is informed that this will eventually become a hallmark of her fiction.

In the wake of the incident by the pond, Robbie realizes he is attracted to Cecilia, and writes several drafts of a love letter to her. He gives the letter to Briony to deliver to Cecilia; however, he inadvertently gives her a version he had meant to discard, which contains lewd references ("In my dreams I kiss your cunt"). By the time Robbie realizes his mistake, Briony has already returned to the house with his letter.

Despite Robbie's instructions to the contrary, Briony opens the letter and reads it. She is shocked by its vulgar language, and becomes convinced that Robbie intends to harm Cecilia. An injured Lola goes to Briony for comfort, claiming that her younger brothers attacked her, although it is implied to have instead been Paul Marshall, who has a long scratch on his face. Briony relays the contents of the letter to Lola, who labels Robbie a "maniac," re-affirming Briony's feelings. Robbie arrives at the main house for a family dinner party, and is confronted by Cecilia. He confesses his feelings to her, and she responds in kind. Later the same evening, Briony walks in on Robbie and Cecilia having sex in the library. The immature Briony believes she interrupted a vicious assault on Cecilia, and stands stunned while Robbie and Cecilia quickly exit.

At the dinner, which is generally tense, it is discovered the twins have run away. The party breaks into teams to search for them. When Cecilia goes with Leon, Robbie and Briony each set off on their own. In the darkness, while everyone is searching for the twins, Briony discovers her cousin Lola being raped by an assailant neither girl can clearly see. The attacker flees. Briony, convinced that it must have been Robbie, gets Lola to agree that she likely heard Robbie's voice. The girls return home, and Briony identifies Robbie to the police as the rapist, claiming she saw his face in the dark. Lola is sedated by the local doctor, Cecilia screams at Briony and locks herself in her room, and Paul Marshall shares cigarettes with the policemen.

Robbie does not return, and the family and police officers stay awake waiting for him. As dawn breaks, Robbie appears in the driveway with Jackson and Pierrot, having found and rescued them. He is arrested on the spot and taken away, with only Cecilia and his mother believing his protestations of innocence. Briony is satisfied by this conclusion to her mythologized version of the events, with her as the hero and Robbie as the villain.

Part two
By the time the Second World War has started, Robbie has spent several years in prison. He and Cecilia have passed several years exchanging letters, maintaining their love for each other. Robbie is released from prison on the condition he enlist in the army. Meanwhile, Cecilia has completed training as a nurse, and cut off all contact with her family for the parts they played in locking Robbie up. Shortly before Robbie is deployed to France, they meet once for half an hour, during Cecilia's lunch break. Their reunion starts awkwardly, but they share a kiss before leaving each other.

In France, the war is going badly, and the army is retreating to Dunkirk. As the injured Robbie makes his way there, he thinks about his love for Cecilia and his hatred for Briony. However, he eventually concludes that Briony was too young to be blamed fully, and writes Cecilia a letter encouraging her to reconnect with her family. His condition deteriorates over the course of the section; he weakens and becomes delirious. Robbie falls asleep in Dunkirk, one day before the evacuation begins.

Part three
A remorseful Briony, now eighteen years old, has refused her place at Cambridge and instead is a trainee nurse in London. She has realised the full extent of her mistake and decides it was Paul Marshall, Leon's friend, whom she saw with Lola. Briony still writes fiction, mostly inspired by Robbie and Cecilia's relationship, although she has been rejected by several literary publications.

Briony travels to attend the wedding of Paul Marshall and her cousin Lola, with the knowledge that Lola is marrying her rapist. Briony considers speaking up during the wedding, but does not. Afterwards, she visits Cecilia, who is cold but invites Briony in nonetheless. While Briony is apologizing to Cecilia, Robbie unexpectedly appears from the bedroom. He has been living with Cecilia while he is on leave from the army. Robbie expresses his fury at Briony, but with Cecilia's soothing remains civil.

Cecilia and Robbie both refuse to forgive Briony, who nonetheless tells them she will try to put things right. She promises to begin the legal procedures needed to exonerate Robbie, even though Paul Marshall will never be held responsible for his crime because of his marriage to Lola. As Briony leaves Cecilia's, she is optimistic about her role in Robbie's exoneration, thinking that it will be "a new draft, an atonement" and that she is ready to begin.

Postscript
The final section, titled "London 1999", is narrated by Briony herself in the form of a diary entry. Now 77, she is a successful novelist who has recently been diagnosed with vascular dementia, so she is facing rapid mental decline.

The reader learns that Briony is the author of the preceding sections of the novel. Briony attends a party in her honor at the Tallis family home, where the extended Tallis children perform The Trials of Arabella, the play that 13-year-old Briony had written and unsuccessfully attempted to stage with her cousins in the summer of 1935. Leon and Pierrot are in attendance, Jackson is fifteen years deceased, and Lola is alive but does not attend. Finally, Briony reveals to the reader that Robbie Turner died of septicaemia on the beaches of Dunkirk, that Cecilia was killed several months later when a bomb destroyed Balham Underground station during the Blitz, and that Briony's story of seeing them together in 1940 was a fabrication. Briony did attend Lola's wedding to Paul Marshall, but confesses she was too "cowardly" to visit the recently bereaved Cecilia to make amends. The novel, which she says is factually true apart from Robbie and Cecilia being reunited, is her lifelong attempt at "atonement" for what she did to them.

Briony justifies her invented happy ending by saying she does not see what purpose it would serve to give readers a "pitiless" story. She writes, "I like to think that it isn't weakness or evasion, but a final act of kindness, a stand against oblivion and despair, to let my lovers live and to unite them at the end."

Main characters
 Briony Tallis – The younger sister of Leon and Cecilia Tallis, Briony is an aspiring writer. She is a thirteen-year-old at the beginning of the novel and takes part in sending Robbie Turner to jail when she falsely claims that he assaulted Lola. Briony is part narrator, part character and we see her transformation from child to woman as the novel progresses. At the end of the novel, Briony has realised her wrongdoing as a child and decides to write the novel to find atonement.
 Cecilia Tallis – The middle child in the Tallis family, Cecilia has fallen in love with her childhood companion, Robbie Turner. After a tense encounter by the fountain, she and Robbie do not speak again until they meet before a formal dinner. When Robbie is falsely accused of rape shortly after, Cecilia loses him to prison and war, and chooses not to contact any members of her family again.
 Leon Tallis – The eldest child in the Tallis family, Leon returns home to visit. He brings his friend Paul Marshall along with him on his trip home.
 Emily Tallis – Emily is the mother of Briony, Cecilia, and Leon. Emily is ill in bed for most of the novel, suffering from severe migraines.
 Jack Tallis – Jack is the father of Briony, Cecilia, and Leon. Jack often works late nights and it is alluded to in the novel that he is having an affair.
 Robbie Turner – Robbie is the son of Grace Turner, who lives on the grounds of the Tallis home. Having grown up with Leon, Briony and Cecilia, he knows the family well. He attended Cambridge University with Cecilia and when they come home after graduating, they fall in love. Robbie is sent to jail for three and a half years, when Briony falsely accuses him of raping Lola.
 Grace Turner – The mother of Robbie Turner, she was given permission from Jack Tallis to live on the grounds. She has become the family's maid and does laundry for the Tallises. When her son is falsely accused of raping Lola, only she and Cecilia believe he is innocent, and Grace chooses to leave the Tallis family.
 Lola Quincey – A 15-year-old girl who is Briony, Cecilia, and Leon's cousin. She comes, along with her twin brothers, to stay with the Tallises after her parents' divorce. Lola was supposed to assume the main role in Briony's play, until it was cancelled. She is also subject to rape while staying at the Tallis household. Lola appears later in the novel as a mature woman, married to Paul Marshall. She is red-headed and fair-skinned with freckles.
 Jackson and Pierrot Quincey – Lola's younger twin brothers and Briony, Cecilia, and Leon's cousins. They come, along with their sister, to stay with the Tallises after their parents' divorce. Briony wants the twins to take a role in her play, but disputes mean the play is cancelled, upsetting them both. Pierrot appears later in the novel as an old man while his brother has died.
 Danny Hardman – The handyman for the Tallis family. Robbie and Cecilia suspect he is responsible for Lola's rape until Briony tells them otherwise, prompting Robbie to say they owe him an apology.
 Paul Marshall – A friend of Leon. He rapes Lola outside the Tallis household after dark; Briony, however, accuses Robbie of Lola's rape, and many years later Lola and Paul marry. Paul Marshall also owns a chocolate factory that manufactures 'Amo' bars – chocolate energy bars supplied to army troops, which earn him a considerable fortune.
 Corporal Nettle – Nettle is one of Robbie's two companions during the Dunkirk evacuation. In the fourth and final section of the novel, an elderly Briony alludes to an "old Mr. Nettle" from whom she received a "dozen long letters" but whether this is the same person is not made exactly clear.
 Corporal Mace – Mace is the second of Robbie's two companions during the Dunkirk evacuation. He is last seen presumably rescuing an RAF man from a possible lynching by some infantrymen under the guise of wanting to do harm by drowning him in the "bloody sea".
 Betty – The Tallis family's servant, described as "wretched" in personality.

References to other literary works
Atonement contains intertextual references to a number of other literary works, including Gray's Anatomy, Virginia Woolf's The Waves, Thomas Hardy's Jude the Obscure, Henry James' The Golden Bowl, Jane Austen's Northanger Abbey, Samuel Richardson's Clarissa, Vladimir Nabokov's Lolita, Rosamond Lehmann's Dusty Answer, and Shakespeare's The Tempest, Macbeth, Hamlet, and Twelfth Night. McEwan has also said that he was directly influenced by L.P. Hartley's The Go-Between.

Atonement references two real-life literary critics: Cyril Connolly and Elizabeth Bowen.

Awards and critiques
Atonement was shortlisted for the 2001 Booker Prize for fiction. It was also shortlisted for the 2001 James Tait Black Memorial Prize and the 2001 Whitbread Novel Award. It won the 2002 Los Angeles Times Book Prize for fiction, the 2002 National Book Critics Circle Award for Fiction, the 2002 WH Smith Literary Award, the 2002 Boeke Prize and the 2004 Santiago Prize for the European Novel. In its 1000th issue, Entertainment Weekly named the novel #82 on its list of the 100 best books from 1983 to 2008. Additionally, Time named it the best fiction novel of the year and included it in its All-Time 100 Greatest Novels. The Observer cites it as one of the 100 greatest novels ever written, calling it "a contemporary classic of mesmerising narrative conviction." In 2019, the novel was ranked 41st on The Guardian list of the 100 best books of the 21st century. In 2022, The Telegraph included it on its list of the "100 greatest novels of all time", this time with the motivation "McEwan put the 'c' word in the classic English country-house novel." In Literary Review, Martyn Bedford wrote: "The skill and compassion that McEwan invests in the unfolding of this tragic love story are exceptional."

Literary critiques:

Crosthwaite, Paul. "Speed, War, and Traumatic Affect: Reading Ian McEwan's Atonement." Cultural Politics 3.1 (2007): 51–70.
D'hoker, Elke. "Confession and Atonement in Contemporary Fiction: J. M. Coetzee, John Banville, and Ian McEwan." Critique 48.1 (2006): 31–43.
Finney, Brian. "Briony's Stand Against Oblivion: The Making of Fiction in Ian McEwan's Atonement." Journal of Modern Literature 27.3 (2004): 68–82.
Harold, James. "Narrative Engagement with Atonement and The Blind Assassin." Philosophy and Literature 29.1 (2005): 130–145.
Hidalgo, Pilar. "Memory and Storytelling in Ian McEwan's Atonement." Critique 46.2 (2005): 82–91.
Ingersoll, Earl G. "Intertextuality in L. P. Hartley's The Go-Between and Ian McEwan's Atonement." Forum for Modern Language Studies 40 (2004): 241–58.
O'Hara, David K. "Briony's Being-For: Metafictional Narrative Ethics in Ian McEwan's Atonement." Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction 52.1 (December 2010): 72–100.
Salisbury, Laura. "Narration and Neurology: Ian McEwan's Mother Tongue", Textual Practice 24.5 (2010): 883–912.
Schemberg, Claudia."Achieving 'At-one-ment': Storytelling and the Concept of Self in Ian McEwan's The Child in Time, Black Dogs, Enduring Love and Atonement." Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2004.
Phelan, James. "Narrative Judgments and the Rhetorical Theory of Narrative: Ian McEwan's Atonement." A Companion to Narrative Theory. Ed. James Phelan and Peter J. Rabinowitz. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005. 322–36.

Publication
The novel was initially named An Atonement. Historian Tim Garton-Ash, to whom McEwan often shows his book drafts, persuaded McEwan to change the title at the last minute.

It was first published by then publishing director Dan Franklin, Jonathan Cape, London, the UK in 2001. The first American edition was published by Nan A. Talese/Doubleday in April 2002. The first audio book is by Recorded Books, 2002 and read by Jill Tanner.

Cover
The first edition cover image, designed by Suzanne Dean, depicts a girl wearing a summer dress sitting on the stairs of a country house. John Wilson of BBC4 describes it as having "a pensive quality, almost a weariness". This picture was taken only after the girl had been photographed for hours, getting frustrated and tapping her foot in a fury.

Controversy
In late 2006, the agent for the late romance and historical author Lucilla Andrews accused McEwan of failing to give Andrews sufficient credit for material on wartime nursing in London sourced from her 1977 autobiography No Time for Romance. McEwan, who had faced similar accusations before (see ), professed innocence of plagiarism while acknowledging his debt to the author. McEwan had included Andrews among the acknowledgements in the book, and several authors defended him, including John Updike, Martin Amis, Margaret Atwood, Thomas Keneally, Zadie Smith, and the reclusive Thomas Pynchon.

Film adaptation

A film adaptation, directed by Joe Wright from a screenplay by Christopher Hampton, was released by Working Title Films in September 2007 in the United Kingdom and in December 2007 in the United States. The film, starring James McAvoy and Keira Knightley, was a commercial and critical success, and won an Oscar for Best Original Score.

References

Further reading
 Rooney, Anne. Atonement: York Notes Advanced (London: York Press, 2006)
 Bentley, Nick. "Ian McEwan, Atonement". In Contemporary British Fiction (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2008), 148–57. .

External links
Atonement on McEwan's official website
 Ian McEwan discusses Atonement on the BBC World Book Club
Atonement on InÉdit
Complete Review review
Ian McEwan on Mostlyfiction.com
Salon review
Ian McEwan on Blogcritics.com
On ABC Radio National Interview with Ramona Koval
 Photos of the first edition of Atonement
Book notes for McEwan's Atonement on Literapedia
James Wood review

2001 British novels
British novels adapted into films
Family saga novels
Fiction set in 1935
Fiction with unreliable narrators
Interclass romance in fiction
Jonathan Cape books
Metafictional novels
Postmodern novels
National Book Critics Circle Award-winning works
Novels about rape
Novels by Ian McEwan
Novels involved in plagiarism controversies
Novels set during World War II
Works about atonement
Wrongful convictions in fiction

Atonement (novel)


Mike Getchell is a retired American soccer midfielder who played professionally in the Western Soccer Alliance, Mexican Primera División, Major Indoor Soccer League and American Professional Soccer League.  He is the Managing Director Latin America for DHR International.

Youth
Born in the United States, Getchell spent much of his youth in Brazil where his Episcopalian father was serving. Government unrest forced the Getchells to leave Brazil and they moved to Portland, Oregon, before settling in northern California for Mike's senior year of high school.  Getchell Trained with the Golden Gate Gales (ASL) youth team, and played for the Berkley Mavericks soccer club where he was approached by Sigi Schmid.  He attended UCLA, playing on the men's soccer team from 1981 to 1985.  He lost the entire 1983 season due to injury.  In 1985, Getchell and his teammates won the NCAA Men's Division I Soccer Championship.  He graduated with a bachelor's degree in political science and international relations.  Getchell later earned an MBA through a joint degree program run by Business School São Paulo and the University of Toronto.

Professional
In 1986, Getchell turned professional with the Hollywood Kickers of the Western Soccer Alliance.  In June 1986, the Tacoma Stars selected Getchell in the second round of the Major Indoor Soccer League draft.  However, a torn anterior cruciate ligament prevented him from playing for over a year.  He spent the 1987-1988 MISL season in Tacoma.  In 1988, he played for the San Jose Earthquakes.  During his time in San Jose, teammates Tomás Boy and Francisco Javier Cruz recommended him to C.F. Monterrey of the Mexican Primera División.  Getchell played the 1988-1989 season in Monterrey where he became the first native-born American to play in the modern era.  A coaching change led to Getchell falling out of the lineup and in the 1989-1990 pre-season, Monterrey released him.  He returned to the United States and joined the Atlanta Attack of the American Indoor Soccer Association.  In 1990, he played for the Los Angeles Heat in the American Professional Soccer League.  In 1991, he finished his career with the Colorado Foxes.

References

External links
 MISL: Mike Getchell
 Before Gomez, Torres, the first gringo pioneer in Mexico

Living people
1963 births
Soccer players from Oregon
American expatriate men's soccer players
National Professional Soccer League (1984–2001) players
American Professional Soccer League players
Atlanta Attack players
Colorado Foxes players
California Kickers players
Los Angeles Heat players
Major Indoor Soccer League (1978–1992) players
C.F. Monterrey players
Liga MX players
San Jose Earthquakes (1974–1988) players
UCLA Bruins men's soccer players
Western Soccer Alliance players
Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico
Sportspeople from Lake Oswego, Oregon
American men's soccer players
Men's association football midfielders

Mike Getchell


Nijman is a Dutch surname. Among variant forms are Neijman, Neyman, Nieman(s), and Nyman. It originated as a nickname for either an unknown or nameless person, related to modern Dutch niemand ("nobody"), or for a newcomer to a place (modern Dutch nieuw man, cognate to English Newman and German Neumann. People with this surname include:

Brigitte Nijman (born 1970), Duch musical actress, singer and voice actor
Hans Nijman (1959–2014), Dutch mixed martial artist and professional wrestler.
Jan Willem Nijman (born 1990s), Dutch video game developer
Jerry Nijman (born 1966), Suriname-born Dutch boxer
Marijn Nijman (born 1985), Dutch cricketer, sister of Ruud
Max Nijman (1941–2016), Surinamese singer
Ruud Nijman (born 1982), Dutch cricketer, brother of Marijn
Yosh Nijman (born 1996), American football player

References

Dutch-language surnames
Surnames of Dutch origin

Nijman


In mathematics, a Solinas prime, or generalized Mersenne prime, is a prime number that has the form , where  is a low-degree polynomial with small integer coefficients. These primes allow fast modular reduction algorithms and are widely used in cryptography. They are named after Jerome Solinas.

This class of numbers encompasses a few other categories of prime numbers:
 Mersenne primes, which have the form ,
 Crandall or pseudo-Mersenne primes, which have the form  for small odd .

Modular reduction algorithm
Let  be a monic polynomial of degree  with coefficients in  and suppose that  is a Solinas prime. Given a number  with up to  bits, we want to find a number congruent to  mod  with only as many bits as  – that is, with at most  bits.

First, represent  in base :

Next, generate a -by- matrix  by stepping  times the linear-feedback shift register defined over  by the polynomial : starting with the -integer register , shift right one position, injecting  on the left and adding (component-wise) the output value times the vector  at each step (see [1] for details). Let  be the integer in the th register on the th step and note that the first row of  is given by . Then if we denote by  the integer vector given by:

,

it can be easily checked that:

.

Thus  represents an -bit integer congruent to .

For judicious choices of  (again, see [1]), this algorithm involves only a relatively small number of additions and subtractions (and no divisions!), so it can be much more efficient than the naive modular reduction algorithm ().

Examples
Four of the recommended primes in NIST's document "Recommended Elliptic Curves for Federal Government Use" are Solinas primes:
 p-192
 p-224
 p-256
 p-384

Curve448 uses the Solinas prime

See also
 Mersenne prime

References

Classes of prime numbers
Eponymous numbers in mathematics

fr:Nombre de Mersenne premier#Généralisations

Solinas prime


John Bernhard (born May 17, 1957, Geneva, Switzerland) is a Swiss American artist and photographer best known for his surrealist nude studies. Rather than merely showing women's bodies, Bernhard overlaid elements of the earth through projections and worked with myths of metamorphosis as a subtext for his model photography.  The resulting images include allusions to the material by which the models are absorbed or into which they disappear.

Work

Bernhard's work was included in the 120 year survey of the nude exhibition "Body Work" at the Minneapolis Institute of Arts, alongside the work of Edward Weston, Bill Brandt, Eadweard Muybridge, E. J. Bellocq, and Edward Steichen.  Bernhard later continued to devote all his energy taking photographs and bringing them together to enhance their meaning with visual interplay.  This is evident in his "Diptychs" and sequencing series "Drift".

His first non-fiction book, America's Call, an engaging road trip memoir, was published in 2011 by Dog Ear Publishing. The French version L'Appel de L'Amérique, illustrated with 57 color photographs and collages, was published in 2013 by Infolio Edition, Switzerland.  America's Call is based on the journal that John Bernhard kept, chronicling his trip to North America during the late 1970s. The theme resonates with the book On the Road by Jack Kerouac, and makes you yearn for traveling across a nostalgic time. Houston Chronicle journalist K. Pica Kahn wrote: "Bernhard's way of storytelling takes the audience on the ride of a lifetime with a mélange of experiences like a colorful ribbon in the sky."

He was profiled in the documentary show "Temps Present" on Swiss Television TSR (Switzerland) and the global network TV5 Monde.  His work is widely published and exhibited throughout the U.S. and Europe. His photographs are collected by many museums including the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston; Akron Art Museum, Ohio; Denver Art Museum; Musée de l'Élysée, Official site Lausanne, Switzerland; Museet for Fotokunst, Official site Denmark; the New Mexico Museum of Art;  Polk Museum of Art, Florida and the Swiss National Library, Bern.  His work was shown in 2004 as a major mid-career retrospective exhibition at the Musée des Suisses dans le Monde in Geneva.  John Bernhard lives and works in Houston, Texas.

Published Books

Dreamlike Art & Deviation, Published by Art Pub, 2018,
30 Years Bernhard, Published by Art Pub, 2014,
L'Appel de l'Amérique, Published by Infolio, 2013,
America's Call, Published by Dog Ear Publishing, 2011,
Body Work, Published by Elite Editions, 2009,
China, Published by Elite Editions, 2008,
Drift, Introduction Shannon Raspberry, Published by Elite Editions, 2006,
John Bernhard - A Retrospective, Preface by William Ewing, Published by Editions de Penthes, 2004,
Diptych, Published by Elite Editions, 2004,
Nicaragua, Published by The Nicaraguan Children Texas Benefit Fund, 2002,
Nudes Metamorphs, Published by Emco Press, 2000,

Collections

Work by the artist is held in the public collections of various museums, including: Akron Art Museum, Akron, Ohio; Amon Carter Museum of American Art, Fort Worth, Texas; Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris, France; Centro de la Imagen, Mexico City, Mexico; Denver Art Museum, Denver, Colorado; Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas, Austin, Texas; International Cultural Center ICASALS, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas; Minneapolis Institute of Art, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Musée de l'Élysée, Lausanne, Switzerland; Musée des Suisses dans le Monde, Geneva, Switzerland; Musée de la Photographie, Charleroi, Belgium; Brandts Museum of Photographic Art (Museet for Fotokunst), Odensee, Denmark; New Mexico Museum of Art, Santa Fe, New Mexico; Polk Museum of Art, Lakeland, Florida; Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow, Russian Federation; Southeast Museum of Photography, Daytona Beach, Florida; Swiss National Library, Bern, Switzerland; Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Texas; and The New York Public Library, New York City, New York.

Bibliography (books with John Bernhard's work, selection)

Nude Bible, anthology, Udyat & Tectum Publishers, Barcelona and Brussels, 2007,
Love an Desire: Photoworks, by William Ewing, published by Chronicle Books, 1999,
Graphis Photo Annual 2004, by Michael Porciello, Graphis Inc. Press, 2003,
FotoFest Books 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, published by FotoFest, Inc.
Hedendaagse Naaktfotografie II (Facing Female Nudity), published by Librero Nederland b.v., 2000

References

http://www.penthes.ch/f/news/04/0409.htm

External links
John Bernhard official website
Interview with John Bernhard in Double Exposure
Interview with John Bernhard in Swiss Info
Review in Houston Business Journal

American photographers
1957 births
Living people
Swiss photographers
Swiss emigrants to the United States

John Bernhard


Mae Jones Street Kidd (February 8, 1904 – October 20, 1999) was an American businesswoman, civic leader, and a skilled politician during a time when both her gender and her inter-racial background made such accomplishments more difficult than they would be today.  She had a distinguished career in public relations, served in the Red Cross during World War II, and was a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from 1968 to 1984, representing Louisville's 41st state legislative district.

During her tenure in elective office, she was known for her sponsorship of landmark legislation. House Bill No. 27 which became law in 1972 created the Kentucky Housing Corporation (KHC) which promotes and finances low-income housing in the state.  In 1974, this particular bill was officially designated as the "Mae Street Kidd Act."

Representative Kidd also led the campaign for Kentucky to ratify the United States Constitution's 13th Amendment (abolishing slavery), 14th Amendment (defining citizenship) and 15th Amendment (granting all men the right to vote regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude).  Known collectively as the "Reconstruction Amendments," all three of those constitutional amendments had become law shortly after the conclusion of the Civil War when a sufficient number of lawmakers in other states had ratified them.  Representative Kidd offered and secured adoption of a resolution in 1976 to post-ratify the 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments.

Biography

Born on February 8, 1904, in Millersburg, Kentucky to Anna Belle Leer (1883–1984) who worked for a well-to-do white family with a large farm in central Kentucky. Kidd's father, Charles Robert Jones (February 6, 1875 - March 15, 1972), was the son of her mother's employers; and, she was their second child together. Her older brother was George William Jones (July 18, 1901 - July 6, 1986). As a girl she was called Minne Mae Jones. She attended Springfield Institute from 1948 to 1950, University of Louisville, and American University, 1966–67.

Kidd spent her early years in Millersburg, a town in Bourbon County. When she was two, her mother married a tobacco farmer, James W. (Willie) Taylor (1881–1959), who later became a chicken breeder. Kidd's mother, meanwhile, had a thriving catering business and often served as a local midwife. Kidd knew that her real father had married and began a family of his own, "and they and their mother used to come visit my mother, who was very friendly with his white family," she recalled in an oral history interview with Wade Hall. "But I never wanted anything to do with them. I was hurt that he couldn't--or wouldn't--acknowledge me openly as his daughter. It was a painful part of my childhood, but I got over it."

Millersburg's blacks lived in a section of the town called Shippsville, and Kidd went to school there until the eighth grade. As a youngster, she realized that her light skin made it possible for her to skirt the Jim Crow laws that were a feature of life in the American South at the time: under these acts, blacks were restricted to certain schools, seating areas of public transportation, and even drinking fountains and rest rooms. She recalled that she liked to go into the Millersburg millinery shops and try on hats as a little girl, and pointed out that all in the town knew that she was of mixed heritage. Kidd's mother eventually moved the family to Millersburg proper after asking her cousin, who was white, to purchase the house and have the deed transferred to her.

Both Kidd's mother and stepfather worked hard to provide a solid home for the children, which included two more of their own: Kidd's half brother Webster Demetrius Taylor, and a half sister, Mary Evelyn Taylor. As a teenager, Kidd wanted to contribute to the household herself, but her mother refused to let her work for white families, telling her, "Mae, I have to serve other people because I don't have a choice. I want you to have a choice when you grow up." Since her school only went up to the eighth grade, it was decided that she would be sent away to the Lincoln Institute in Simpsonville, created to provide a better educational opportunity in the Jim Crow era. She was 15 years old when she left home in 1919, and spent two years there before her family's financial circumstances forced her to return home.

Kidd found a part-time job selling insurance as an independent sales agent for the Mammoth Life and Accident Insurance Company, a thriving, black-owned company based in Louisville. At the time, black-owned insurance companies were an important part of the African-American economy and some of the largest black-owned businesses of their era. Like black-owned banks, they served a community that was often discriminated against by mainstream American institutions. From 1921 to 1925 Kidd sold policies for Mammoth and collected premiums; to do so she walked all over the black neighborhoods in both Millersburg and a nearby city. "I never had any bad experiences anywhere because everybody knew my parents in Millersburg, and in Carlisle I soon became known and the older people began watching over me," she recalled in an oral history interview, noting that she sometimes collected a hundred dollars in a day.

After four years as a salesperson, Kidd was offered a job at the Mammoth headquarters in Louisville as a file clerk.  She shared an apartment in the Mammoth building with a friend, a young woman whose father was a board member of the insurance company. Kidd was thrilled to be supporting herself and living in a relatively large city, which was still a relative rarity for a single woman of any color in 1925. Louisville was still part of the South, however, and it did have unspoken boundaries. "I couldn't use the main public library," Kidd recalled. "I couldn't go to the first-run movie shows on Fourth Street."

After a time, Kidd was promoted to assistant bookkeeper, and then moved to the policy-issue office. In 1935 she became supervisor of policy issues, a job she held for eight years which entailed reviewing all applications for insurance that arrived at headquarters. By then Kidd had married Horace Street, a top Mammoth executive thirteen years her senior. Though much had changed in the years since her girlhood in Kentucky, Kidd still trod a fine line because of the color of her skin, even in the 1940s. Her husband refused to let her travel with him when Mammoth business took him to cities farther South, fearing an incident on the train or the refusal to be rented a hotel room, since Kidd was often mistaken for white. Street died of heart disease in 1942.

Kidd joined the American Red Cross in 1943 and was sent to England during World War II. There she served as assistant director of a service club for black American soldiers in Southampton. According to Wade Hall in his biography of Kidd, while traveling by train in her Red Cross uniform with her darker-complected brother in his Army uniform during World War II, Kidd was asked to move from the "colored" section of the train to the "white" section.  Kidd repeatedly refused—and also refused to explain herself, later saying:  "I was a grown woman.  I was wearing my Red Cross uniform.  My brother was a grown man, wearing his Army uniform.  We were a brother and sister going to see our parents before we shipped overseas.  We were both American citizens serving our country.  We didn't owe anybody an explanation."

After the end of the war and her Red Cross duties in England, Kidd took a job in Portland, Maine, running its United Seaman's Service Club, a social gathering spot for merchant seamen. Though she was eager to return to Mammoth, she was uninterested in her former job in the policy office, and instead had gained valuable experience in both Maine and England in the relatively new field of public relations. Kidd studied on her own and designed a program for Mammoth. She made her proposal before the board, who voted to accept it, and was given her own office and a secretary. As the public relations counselor from 1946 to 1956, Kidd supervised all company communications and began a number of programs to create goodwill between policyholders and with the communities the company served. Her plan was so successful that she was hired by the National Negro Insurance Association to create a public-relations plan for all of its member companies. In 1948, Kidd also organized the first Louisville Urban League Guild and served as President of the Lincoln Foundation.

She married an American army officer, James Kidd—whom she met while overseas—and moved to Detroit, where he lived. For a time, she worked for a door-to-door cosmetics company, Fuller Projects, in both Detroit and Chicago. Kidd trained agents and sold the line herself, and quit after a time to run a campaign for a candidate running for a seat on the Detroit City Council. It was her first exposure to politics, and she drew heavily on her public-relations experience to help make the campaign a successful one.

When Kidd did return to Louisville, she was not given her former job as Mammoth's public-relations person. Instead she was forced to return to the ranks of company sales agents. Her boss, she recalled in an interview with Hall, "wanted to embarrass me by sending me back to selling ordinary insurance, but I embarrassed him by selling more insurance than anyone in the history of the company."

She  retired from the company in 1966, at the age of 62. Much had changed since she began with Mammoth in the early 1920s, when it was one of several dozen such insurance companies that served the African-American community. "Unfortunately, with integration in the 1950s and 1960s, the white companies began opening up their policies to blacks, and blacks deserted their own companies in droves.... It's sad but true that this desertion by blacks of black insurance companies is just a part of a larger problem in the black community: we just don't have enough confidence in our own people to patronize each other."

Public office

Two years later, at the dawn of a new civil rights era with federal laws barring racial discrimination in all forms, Kidd was invited by a number of Louisville Democrats to run for a seat in the House of Representatives in Kentucky General Assembly. She declined several times, but her husband thought it would be a good opportunity for her talents. So Kidd agreed, and won her first election after campaigning with a carload of neighborhood children, who helped her pass out flyers nightly in different sections of her Louisville district. "Their youth and energy boosted me when I was exhausted," she recalled. "They liked riding in my car and meeting people and being part of an important project."

Elected that fall, Kidd went to Frankfort and took her seat in Kentucky's General Assembly. She was one of just three African-Americans in the legislature at the time. The first bill she sponsored prohibited racial discrimination in housing. After several of Kentucky's cities passed their own local open-housing legislation in 1966 and 1967, Kidd worked with Senator Georgia Davis Powers and Representative Hughes McGill to introduce the Kentucky Fair Housing Act to the Kentucky General Assembly. Kidd's bill passed in 1968, making Kentucky the first Southern state to enact such laws on its own.

In the early 1970s, she sponsored a low-income housing bill that created a state agency to provide low-interest mortgages to first-time home buyers. Kidd struggled for some time to get this bill passed, and only with the election of a new governor in 1972 did she finally succeed in seeing it signed into law. She also sponsored a proposal to make the birthday of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. an official state holiday. In her career in Kentucky's General Assembly, Representative Kidd's "firsts" also included being the first female on the Rules Committee.

Re-elected until 1984, when she lost after her district was gerrymandered several times, Kidd made civil rights her focus. In the mid-1970s she learned that Kentucky had voted against the 13th amendment in 1865 and never ratified the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments to the U.S. Constitution. These abolished slavery and gave U.S. citizenship and the vote to African Americans. It was a symbolic oversight, and Kidd was determined to correct it. She launched a campaign in 1976 to have the amendments officially ratified, and it passed unanimously. "It was especially important to me because I am a proud Kentuckian, and I didn't want that blot to remain on our history," she wrote in her memoir. Kidd also introduced a bill to make Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s birthday an official state holiday.

For a number of years, Kidd was a frequent presence in civil-rights marches and events in her state. She was also known for speaking her mind. Mervin Aubespin, associate editor of Louisville's Courier-Journal, told a reporter for the paper that early in her political career Kidd never hesitated to call the paper over its political coverage, especially when a reporter's article included quotes only from white males. "She would call up and say 'I was there and nobody asked me.' She raised holy sin.... She figured that people who voted for her needed to know what her position was on a number of issues that came through the legislature."

End of career

Kidd was active in a number of charitable organizations throughout her life, including the Lincoln Foundation, which helped disadvantaged children at the facility that had once schooled her.

Toward the end of her life, she lost her eyesight. She died in Louisville on October 20, 1999.

Her biography, based on nearly 40 oral history interviews by Wade Hall, appeared two years before her death, and its title, Passing for Black, reflected her mixed heritage and the conflicts she often experienced because of it. "Most of us, whether white or black, are mixtures of many races and nationalities," she pointed out. "We all have tangled roots." She noted that though times had changed considerably, her childhood was particularly difficult. She likened it to "living in a no-man's-land where I belonged to neither race. Because I was neither completely white nor completely black, I've been stigmatized and penalized by both races."

Awards

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People presented to her its Unsung Heroine Award at a National NAACP Women's Conference, and she received a Louisville Mayor's Citation for Outstanding Community Service.  She also received a Top Ten Outstanding Kentuckians Award; and the Humanitarian Service Award from the United Cerebral Palsy Association.

See also
 Georgia Davis Powers
 Bert T. Combs

References

Bibliography

 Notable Black American Women, Book 1, Gale, 1991.

Further reading

1904 births
1999 deaths
Members of the Kentucky House of Representatives
American civil rights activists
People from Millersburg, Kentucky
Politicians from Louisville, Kentucky
20th-century American politicians
African-American state legislators in Kentucky

Mae Street Kidd


Farm Sanctuary is an animal protection organization founded in 1986 by Gene Baur and Lorri Houston.  It is the leading shelter for farm animals in the United States. Farm Sanctuary not only provides shelter to injured or endangered farm animals but also supports animal rights. The organization has a history of fighting laws that help the factory farming industry. Farm Sanctuary currently owns and operates three animal shelters in these cities: Watkins Glen, New York, Los Angeles, California and Orland, California. Combined, these locations house over 1000 farm animals, including chickens, cows, sheep, goats, pigs, ducks, rabbits, and geese.  Various books about Farm Sanctuary have been written by co-founder Gene Baur. These include Farm Sanctuary: Changing Hearts and Minds About Animals and Food and Living the Farm Sanctuary Life: The Ultimate Guide to Eating Mindfully, Living Longer, and Feeling Better Every Day.  Both of these books reached bestseller lists and have received national attention.

Related pages
Veganism
Vegetarianism
Animal rights

References

Animal rights activists

Farm Sanctuary


Aleksey Pavlenko (born March 6, 1995 in St. Petersburg) is a Russian freestyle skier, specializing in moguls.

Pavlenko competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics for Russia. He placed 12th in the first qualifying round in the moguls, not advancing. He then finished 6th in the second qualifying round, moving on to the final. In the first run of the final, he placed 16th, failing to advance.

Pavlenko made his World Cup debut in December 2012. As of April 2014, his best World Cup finish is 11th, in a moguls event at Inawashiro in 2013–14. His best World Cup overall finish in moguls is 41st, in 2013–14.

References

1995 births
Living people
Olympic freestyle skiers for Russia
Freestyle skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Saint Petersburg
Russian male freestyle skiers

Aleksey Pavlenko (skier)


Harold Joseph Berman (February 13, 1918 – November 13, 2007) was an American legal scholar who was an expert in comparative, international and Soviet/Russian law as well as legal history, philosophy of law and the intersection of law and religion. He was a law professor at Harvard Law School and Emory University School of Law for more than sixty years, and held the James Barr Ames Professorship of Law at Harvard before he was appointed as the first Robert W. Woodruff Professor of Law at Emory. He has been described as "one of the great polymaths of American legal education."

Early life and education

Born in Hartford, Connecticut, Berman received a bachelor's degree from Dartmouth College in 1938, and a master's degree and Juris Doctor from Yale University in 1942 and 1947, respectively. He married Ruth Harlow of Northampton, Massachusetts on June 10, 1941, and served as a cryptographer in the U.S. Army in the European Theatre of Operations from 1942 to 1945. He received the Bronze Star  for his service.

Career

While serving in London, Berman became concerned that the Western Allies and the USSR were on a path to continue their pre-war enmity, and that Americans knew very little about the Soviet Union. Upon returning to law school after the war, he decided to learn as much as he could about the Soviet legal system, with the goal of teaching Soviet law and ultimately promoting peace between America and the Soviet Union by focusing on the importance of the rule of law. During his last year of law school, he wrote an article about Soviet family law that led to an offer of a teaching position at Stanford Law School. In 1948 he joined the faculty of the Harvard Law School (HLS), where he built a reputation as one of the world's best-known scholars of Soviet law, and held the Story Professorship of Law and later the Ames Professorship of Law. He was a frequent visitor to Russia as a guest scholar and lecturer, even during the height of the Joseph McCarthy era. In 1958, he represented the estate of Arthur Conan Doyle in Soviet courts, in an unsuccessful attempt to collect copyright royalties from the government of the USSR.

In 1961, at the height of the Cold War, he took his wife and four children to the Soviet Union for a sabbatical year in Moscow. They lived in the center of the city, in the Hotel National across from Red Square and the Kremlin. His three younger children (Jean, age 14 at the time; Susanna, age 12; and John, age 10) attended the local public school. The eldest, Stephen, audited classes at Moscow State University. Prof. Berman, with an invitation to study from the Soviet Academy of Sciences, was invited to teach a course for the law students of Moscow University on the American Constitution. The class was packed. Unfortunately, Berman decided to stop the course after the first three or four lectures when he learned that students were being questioned by officials about their interest in the subject.

Following his sabbatical year in Moscow, Berman continued to teach his course on Soviet law at HLS, as well as courses on legal history and international trade. A growing interest in the interaction between law and religion also began to flourish.
In 1985, approaching the mandatory retired age at Harvard Law School, Berman left HLS for the Emory University School of Law, where he was the first person to hold the Robert W. Woodruff Professorship of Law — the highest honor Emory can bestow upon a faculty member. Berman, one of the pioneers of the study of law and religion, played an integral role in the development of Emory's Law and Religion Program, now the Center for the Study of Law and Religion (CSLR), where he served as Senior Fellow. He is also considered one of the founders of the Journal of Law and Religion. "He was my mentor, but far more important than that, he was one of the few legal scholars in the country willing to write about both law and religion," said Professor Frank S. Alexander, CSLR founding director, who persuaded Berman to join the faculty at Emory Law after being one of his students at Harvard in the early 1970s.

After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1989, Berman consulted leading Russian officials on proposed legislation and led seminars for political leaders and academics on the development of legal institutions.

One of the world's most distinguished scholars of Soviet and post-Soviet law, Berman was a Fellow of The Carter Center, with a special focus in U.S.-Russian relations. He visited Russia more than 40 times since 1955 as a guest scholar and lecturer on the topic of American law, and he was the founder and co-director of the American Law Center in Moscow, a joint venture of Emory Law and the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation. He also took his expertise on Communist and post-Communist law to Eastern Europe and China in recent years, where his writings are well known and widely used.

In 1991, Berman was awarded the degree of Doctor of Laws, honoris causa, by the Catholic University of America; in 1995, the degree of Doctor of Humane Letters, honoris causa, by the Virginia Theological Seminary; and in 2000, the degree of Doctor, honoris causa, by the Russian Academy of Sciences Law University. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1997.

In his later years, Berman worked to redress global societal inequalities and to establish systems of trust, peace, and justice in developing countries. He co-founded and co-chaired the World Law Institute, an organization that sponsors educational programs in global law. The Institute opened the first Academy of World Law at the Central European University in Budapest in 2000 and a later comparable program in Moscow.

Scholarship
A prolific scholar, Berman wrote 25 books and more than 400 scholarly articles, including Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition and The Nature and Functions of Law, which is in its 6th edition. The law journal Constitutional Commentary described Law And Revolution as "the standard point of departure for work in the field" [of Western legal history].  On his death, The New York Times characterized Berman as "a scholar ... whose forceful scholarship altered thinking about Western law's origins."

Books
Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition
Law and Revolution II: The Impact of the Protestant Reformations on the Western Legal Tradition
The Nature and Functions of Law (First Edition, 1958; Sixth Edition with William R. Greiner and Samir N. Saliba, 1996)
Soviet Criminal Law and Procedure: The RSFSR Codes
The Interaction of Law and Religion
Soviet law in action: The Recollected Cases of a Soviet Lawyer (1953) with Boris A. Konstantinovsky
Soviet Military Law and Administration (1955) with Miroslav Kerner
Soviet-American Trade in Legal Perspective: Proceedings of a Conference of Soviet and American Legal Scholars (1975)
Religion and International Law (with Mark Janis)
Justice in the U.S.S.R.: An Interpretation of Soviet Law (Harvard, 1963)

Articles
Introduction to the World Law Institute
The Influence of Christianity Upon the Development of Law

Recognition
In March 2004, a symposium of some 500 scholars and students gathered at Emory University School of Law to celebrate the scholarship of its three Robert W. Woodruff Professors of Law, Harold J. Berman, Martha Albertson Fineman, and Michael J. Perry, and Visiting Professor Martin E. Marty. In 2008, Emory Law Journal published a special issue titled In Praise of a Legal Polymath: A Special Issue Dedicated to the Memory of Harold J. Berman (1918–2007).

See also
List of Russian legal historians

References

External links
Boston Globe obituary
Center for the Study of Law and Religion at Emory University

 Harold J. Berman Papers at Hugh F. MacMillan Law Library, Law Archives, Emory University

1918 births
2007 deaths
American legal scholars
United States Army personnel of World War II
Dartmouth College alumni
Emory University faculty
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Harvard Law School faculty
Legal historians
Writers from Hartford, Connecticut
Law of the Soviet Union
Yale Law School alumni
Yale University alumni
Christians from Connecticut

Harold J. Berman


Cleonae or Kleonai () was a city in ancient Peloponnesus, described by writers of the Roman period as a city of Argolis, but never included in the Argeia or territory of Argos, in the flourishing period of Greek history. Cleonae was situated on the road from Argos to Corinth, at the distance of 120 stadia from the former city, and 80 stadia from the latter. There was a narrow pass through the mountains, called Tretus, leading from Argos to Cleonae. Cleonae stood in a small plain upon a river flowing into the Corinthian Gulf a little westward of Lechaeum. In its territory was Mount Apesas, now Mount Phoukas, connected with the Acrocorinthus by a rugged range of hills. Both Strabo and Pausanias describe Cleonae as a small place; and the former writer, who saw it from the Acrocorinthus, says that it is situated upon a hill surrounded on all sides by buildings, and well walled, so as to deserve the epithet given to it by Homer in the Catalogue of Ships in the Iliad – ἐϋκτιμένας Κλεωνάς ('well-built Cleonae'). Statius also speaks of "ingenti turritae mole Cleonae."

Cleonae possessed only a small territory. It derived its chief importance from the Nemean Games being celebrated in its territory, in the grove of Nemea, between Cleonae and Phlius. Hence the festival is called by Pindar ἀγὼν Κλεωναῖος ('the Cleonaean games') Heracles is said to have slain Eurytus and Cteatus, the sons of Actor, near Cleonae; and Diodorus mentions a temple of Heracles erected in the neighbourhood of the city in memory of that event.

Cleonae is said to have derived its name either from Cleones, the son of Pelops, or from Cleone, the daughter of the river-god Asopus. It was conquered by the Dorians, whereupon some of its inhabitants, together with those of the neighbouring town of Phlius, are said to have founded Clazomenae in Asia Minor. In the Dorian conquest, Cleonae formed part of the lot of Temenus, and in early times was one of the confederated allies or subordinates of Argos. Indeed in the historical period, Cleonae was for the most part closely connected with Argos. After the Greco-Persian Wars, the Cleonaeans assisted the Argives in subduing Mycenae; and they fought as the allies of Argos at the Battle of Mantinea (418 BCE). Of their subsequent history little is known, though their city is occasionally mentioned down to the time of Ptolemy.

Timanthes of Cleonae was a victor in the pankration.

The site of ancient Cleonae is located near modern Ag. Vasileios, near Archaies Kleones.

See also
 List of ancient Greek cities

References

Populated places in ancient Argolis
Former populated places in Greece
Locations in the Iliad
Cities in ancient Greece
Ancient Greek cities
Greek city-states

Cleonae (Argolis)


Frank Campbell (March 27, 1858 in Bath, Steuben County, New York – February 20, 1924) was an American banker and politician.

Life
He was the son of Lt. Gov. Robert Campbell and Frances Fowler Campbell. He was educated at Haverling Academy and at Trenton, New Jersey. In 1879, he married Mary Louise Willson (d. 1914), and their son was Willson R. Campbell.

With his brother Clarence he founded the Campbell Brothers Bank in Bath in 1880. After dissolving the partnership, he organized the Farmers & Mechanics Bank of Bath, of which he was Cashier until 1922, and then President until his death.

As a Democrat he was New York State Comptroller from 1892 to 1893, elected in 1891 but defeated for re-election in 1893. He was a delegate to the 1892 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. He was Chairman of the New York State Democratic Committee from 1898 to 1904.

Sources
The History of New York State at www.usgennet.org The History of New York State edited by Dr. James Sullivan (Biographies, Part 23), at usgennet
The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Campbell, E to F at politicalgraveyard.com Political Graveyard

1858 births
1924 deaths
New York State Comptrollers
People from Bath, New York
American bankers

Frank Campbell (New York politician)


Cecilia Sun Yun Chiang (; September 18, 1920October 28, 2020) was a Chinese-American restaurateur and chef, best known for founding and managing the Mandarin restaurant in San Francisco, California.

Early life
Chiang was born as Sun Yun in Wuxi, Jiangsu, the tenth of twelve children in a wealthy family. Her father, Sun Long Guang, was a railway engineer who was educated in France and her mother, Sun Shueh Yun Hui, was from a wealthy family that owned textile mills and flour mills. Her mother had bound feet, but her parents refused to follow the tradition with their children.

At the age of four, her family moved to Peking (Beijing), where she was raised in a 52-room, converted Ming-era mansion that occupied an entire block. Her Chinese name, Sun Yun, means "flower of the rue". As a child, she enjoyed elaborate formal meals prepared by the family's two chefs, although the children were not allowed to cook or go into the kitchen.

She escaped with a sister from the Japanese occupation of China in 1942 by walking for nearly six months to Chongqing, where they settled with a relative. During her time there, she worked as a Mandarin teacher for the American and Soviet embassies. She met Chiang Liang (), a former economics professor at Fu Jen Catholic University, and by then a successful local businessman whom she married, establishing a comfortable life in Shanghai. There they had two children, May and Philip (). During the war, she was a spy for America's Office of Strategic Services. She and her husband escaped from China on the last flight from Shanghai during the Chinese Communist Revolution of 1949. With only three tickets for a family of four, they had to leave Philip behind with her sister. The family was reunited with Philip more than a year later.

Career
Chiang settled in Tokyo, Japan, with her husband and children in 1949. She opened a Chinese restaurant, Forbidden City, which was successful with expatriates and local diners.

She later visited San Francisco to visit her sister, whose husband had died. Walking through the streets of San Francisco's Chinatown she met two friends from Tokyo who were planning to open a restaurant in a small space at 2209 Polk Street, and agreed to help negotiate their lease. She wrote a deposit check for $10,000 to secure their rent, which the landlord refused to return after her friends backed out of the venture. Unable to terminate the lease, she decided to run the restaurant by herself.

At the time, non-Chinese Americans in the city had very limited exposure to authentic Northern Chinese cuisine, being familiar with only the Americanized version of Cantonese cuisine. Convinced that residents would enjoy Northern Chinese dishes, but unsure what would appeal to them, she initially listed more than 200 dishes on the menu, including an order of five potstickers for $1. As she understood the preferences of Americans, Chiang pared down the menu over time. Avoiding the common elements of American Chinese restaurant decor, she designed the restaurant to evoke the opulence of the palace where she had grown up. After taking out an ad in a Chinese newspaper for a chef, Chiang hired a couple from Shandong to do the cooking, while she washed dishes and went to the market. The restaurant was called The Mandarin and was at first unsuccessful and had few patrons. A Mandarin speaker, she had trouble communicating with the Cantonese speaking suppliers from Chinatown, who would not extend her credit, and also faced discrimination as a woman business owner. The location had no parking, which Chiang cites as a difficulty, and she could not get an ABC license to serve cocktails because she was not a permanent resident.

However, over time, The Mandarin began to attract loyal customers. Journalist C. Y. Lee, who had just written The Flower Drum Song, about San Francisco's Forbidden City Nightclub, became a regular and brought many friends. One day, Vic Bergeron (founder of Trader Vic's) came to the restaurant with Herb Caen, who immediately began to popularize the restaurant in his newspaper column. With the restaurant's new, overnight success, Chiang decided to remain in San Francisco. She separated from her husband (they never divorced) and brought her two children, May and Philip, to live with her in Saint Francis Wood. She was the first non-white resident of the neighborhood, and was admitted by the homeowner association only after they learned that she was from an upper-class background in China. In 1968, she relocated the restaurant to a 300-seat location in Ghirardelli Square, which required a multimillion-dollar investment. Chiang was known for entertaining VIP guests in the dining room, wearing fancy gowns and expensive jewelry. The San Francisco Culinary Workers' Union called the location a "sweatshop", which prompted Chiang to sue them for libel. She won the suit in the late 1970s.

Chiang opened a second Mandarin in Beverly Hills, California, in 1975. She handed over control of that restaurant to her son Philip in the 1980s.

Chiang sold The Mandarin in 1991, and it closed in 2006.

Influences
Chiang is often credited with having introduced San Francisco, and the United States, to a more authentic version of Mandarin cuisine. Saveur credited Chiang with "introducing regional Chinese cooking to America."

Chuck Williams of Williams Sonoma, who enjoyed the Mandarin's "beggar's chicken" dish (a whole stuffed chicken), introduced James Beard, who became a friend and learned about northern Chinese cuisine from Chiang. Alice Waters, who had just opened Chez Panisse in Berkeley, California, learned Chinese cooking from Chiang, and the two became lifelong friends. Waters said that what Chiang did to popularize Chinese cuisine in America is what Julia Child (who Chiang also taught) did for French Cuisine. Waters, Chiang, and Marion Cunningham took a several-month tour of Europe in 1978 to sample as many of the best restaurants as they could. George Chen, a founder of the city's Betelenut and Shanghai 1930 (now closed, as are his other ventures, Long Life Noodle Co. and Xanadu), waited tables for Chiang at the Mandarin in the 1970s. Others who were influenced by Chiang include Jeremiah Tower, and the food editor of Sunset Magazine.

In a panel hosted by Colin McEnroe, in response to a question from an audience member, Alice Waters said that she wanted her last meal on earth to be shark fin soup cooked by Chiang. The comment became a viral sensation, eventually leading the Humane Society International to obtain a pledge from Waters that she would never again eat the dish.

Honors and recognition
In 2013, Chiang won a James Beard Foundation Award for lifetime achievement.

In 2014, filmmaker Wayne Wang's Soul of a Banquet documentary, which looks at Chiang's life as she prepares for her lifelong friend Alice Waters' 40th restaurant anniversary, was released. Wayne Wang first visited The Mandarin in the early '80s. Her restaurant, The Mandarin, was included in the food scholar Paul Freedman's historical survey, "Ten Restaurants that Changed America" (2016). In July 2016, a six part cooking series, The Kitchen Wisdom of Cecilia Chiang was released on PBS.

Personal life
Chiang was married to Chiang Liang (), a professor of economics and later a successful local businessman, whom she married in Shanghai. They had two children, May and Philip (). Chiang's son, Philip, is a co-founder of the restaurant chain P.F. Chang's. Chiang has a granddaughters Alisa and Marisa Ongbhaibulya from her daughter May and Siena from Philip.

Having lived for many years in San Francisco, she moved to Belvedere in Marin County, after selling her restaurant in 1991. She moved back to San Francisco in 2011 where her daughter May and grandchild Alisa Ongbhaibulya live. Following her retirement in 1990, Chiang remained active in promoting charitable causes, in particular, the Chinese American International School.

Chiang died on October 28, 2020, in San Francisco at the age of 100.

Bibliography
 (Chiang has said she omitted a number of details from this early memoir so as not to endanger relatives who remained in Communist China)

 (nominated for a 2008 James Beard Award)

References

External links
 Cecilia Chang – Above & Beyond Chinatown 2015 – interview and story by the Chinese Historical Society of America Museum

American chefs
American women chefs
Businesspeople from Jiangsu
Cuisine of the San Francisco Bay Area
Chinese chefs
Asian American chefs
American women restaurateurs
American restaurateurs
Businesspeople from San Francisco
People from Belvedere, California
Chinese Civil War refugees
Chinese emigrants to the United States
James Beard Foundation Award winners
American centenarians
Women centenarians
1920 births
2020 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
Chinese centenarians
20th-century American women
21st-century American women
Chefs from San Francisco

Cecilia Chiang