Operation Totalize (also spelled Operation Totalise in recent British sources) was an offensive launched by Allied troops in the First Canadian Army during the later stages of Operation Overlord, from 8 to 9 August 1944. The intention was to break through the German defences south of Caen on the eastern flank of the Allied positions in Normandy and exploit success by driving south, to capture the high ground north of the city of Falaise. The goal was to  collapse the German front and cut off the retreat of German forces fighting the Allied armies further west. The battle is considered the inaugural operation of the  First Canadian Army, which had been activated on 23 July.

In the early hours of 8 August 1944, II Canadian Corps launched the attack using mechanized infantry. They broke through the German front lines and captured vital positions deep in the German defences. It was intended that two fresh armoured divisions would continue the attack but some hesitancy by these two comparatively inexperienced divisions and German armoured counter-attacks slowed the offensive. Having advanced , the Allies were halted  north of Falaise and forced to prepare a fresh attack.

Background
Caen had been an objective of the British forces assaulting Sword Beach on D-Day. The German defences were discovered to be strongest in this sector and most of the German reinforcements sent to Normandy were committed to the defence of the city. Positional warfare ensued for the next six weeks. Several attempts by British and Canadian forces to capture Caen were unsuccessful until 9 July, when all of the city, north of the Orne River, was captured during Operation Charnwood. Between 18 July and 20 July, British forces launched Operation Goodwood to outflank the city to the east and south, while Canadian forces mounted Operation Atlantic to cross the Orne River and clear the remaining portions of the city. Although Operation Goodwood was halted with many tank losses, the two operations secured a bridgehead  wide and  deep south of the Orne.

The Germans retained their hold on the commanding terrain of the Verrières Ridge  south of the city. The British and Canadian attacks launched around Caen (in part to distract the Germans from the western part of the front, where the First United States Army was preparing to break out of the Allied lodgement) had caused the Germans to defend Verrières ridge with some of their strongest and most determined formations, including elements of three SS Panzer divisions of the I SS Panzer Corps.

Within 48 hours of the end of Operation Goodwood, the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division launched an attack against the "formidable" German defences on Verrières Ridge. The Canadians suffered over 1,300 casualties and territorial gains were minimal. From 25 July to 27 July, another attempt was made to take the ridge as part of Operation Spring. Poor execution resulted in around 1,500 Canadian casualties. The Battle of Verrières Ridge had claimed upwards of 2,800 Canadian casualties. While the ridge remained in German hands, the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division gained a foothold on the ridge between the village of Verrières to St.Martin-de-Fontenay, which would allow the troops to assemble free of German observation while they prepared to launch Totalize.

On 25 July, the American First Army began Operation Cobra, which after the first two days, broke through the German defences south of St Lo. By the end of the third day of the operation, American forces had advanced  south of the Cobra start line at several points. On 30 July, US forces captured Avranches, at the base of the Cotentin peninsula. The German left flank had collapsed and within 24 hours, units of the US Third Army entered Brittany and advanced south and west through open country, almost without opposition. The 1st SS, 9th SS and 116th Panzer divisions were shifted westward from Verrières Ridge to face this new threat.

General Bernard Montgomery (commanding the ground forces in Normandy), wanted an attack on the eastern flank of the front to capture Falaise, intending that such a move would precipitate a general German collapse. The First Canadian Army (Lieutenant General Harry Crerar), held this part of the Allied front. It consisted of the British I Corps, responsible for the extreme eastern flank of the Allied lines and II Canadian Corps (Lieutenant General Guy Simonds) south of Caen. The II Canadian Corps, which was to launch Operation Totalize consisted of the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division, 3rd Canadian Infantry Division, 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division, 51st (Highland) Infantry Division, 4th Canadian (Armoured) Division, 1st Polish Armoured Division, 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade and the British 33rd Armoured Brigade.

Canadian plan

The German defences on Verrières Ridge remained very strong. The forward infantry positions were well dug-in, with wide fields of fire. The main concentration of one hundred 75 mm and 88 mm anti-tank guns was deployed around the villages of Cramesnil and Saint-Aignan-de-Cramesnil  behind the German forward positions, to halt any breakthrough by tanks along the Caen–Falaise road. The front line and defences in depth were held by the 89th Infantry Division, 85th Infantry Division (recently arrived from Rouen) and the remnants of the 272nd Grenadier Infantry Division (severely depleted by the Canadians in Operation Atlantic). The 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend with an attached heavy Tiger tank battalion, with fifty tanks, was in reserve a further  back. Some of the infantry were commanded by the German LXXXVI  but most of the sector (and the 12th SS Panzer Division) was under the command of the I SS Panzer Corps, which had arrived in the area during Operation Goodwood.

Simonds knew that infantry assaults supported by massed artillery had failed to overcome the German forward lines in Operation Atlantic and Operation Spring. During Operation Goodwood, a bombardment by aircraft of RAF Bomber Command had assisted British tanks to break through the German front but they had then suffered many casualties from intact German defences arrayed in depth beyond the bombing. Infantry had been unable to follow up quickly enough to support the leading tanks or to secure ground behind them (follow-up units were also slowed). To solve the tactical problem presented by the terrain and the deep defences, Simonds proposed a radical solution, the first large attack by mechanized infantry.

Some field artillery regiments in Canadian and British infantry divisions had been temporarily equipped with M7 Priest 105 mm self-propelled guns for the landings. When they were replaced by towed QF 25-pounder gun-howitzers, these vehicles were superfluous to operations. Simonds had the Priests converted into "Kangaroo" armoured personnel carriers which would allow infantry to follow the tanks closely on any terrain. Permission was first requested from the Americans, from whom the M7s had been borrowed, to convert them into APCs.

Simonds made air power fundamental to his plan for breaking through the German defence zones. The preliminary aerial bombardment called for RAF bombers to saturate the German defences on both flanks of a -wide corridor along the axis of the Caen–Falaise road, during the night of 7 August. During the early hours of 8 August, two attacking forces of tanks and armoured personnel carriers would advance along the corridor. West of the road under the 2nd Canadian Division were the 4th Canadian Infantry Brigade and 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade. East of the road, under the 51st (Highland) Division were the 154th (Highland) Brigade and the 33rd Armoured Brigade. These two columns would bypass the front-line defenders and capture the main German anti-tank defences around Cramesnil and Saint-Aignan de Cramesnil at dawn.

The second phase would follow immediately. While the remaining four infantry brigades of the 2nd Canadian Division and 51st (Highland) Division cleared up the isolated German forward defences and the 3rd Canadian Division and 49th (West Riding) Division (I Corps) began subsidiary attacks to widen the base of the salient captured in the first phase, the 4th Canadian Armoured Division and 1st Polish Armoured Division would move up the corridor to Cramesnil and prepare to advance further south. To prepare for their attack, bombers of the US Eighth Air Force would bombard the German reserve positions at Hautmesnil. The ultimate objective was the high ground north of Falaise,  beyond the start line.

First Canadian Army attack

During the evening of 7 August 1944, the attacking forces formed up in six columns, four vehicles wide, comprising tanks, Kangaroo APCs, half tracks, self-propelled anti-tank guns and Mine flail tanks. At 23:00, Bomber Command commenced the bombardment of German positions along the Caen front. At 23:30, the armoured columns began their advance behind a rolling barrage. Movement was slow at first, many APC drivers became disoriented by the dust caused by the vehicles. Several vehicles became stuck in bomb craters. Simonds had arranged several methods for the columns to maintain direction; some vehicles were fitted with radio direction finders, the artillery fired target-marking shells, Bofors 40 mm guns fired bursts of tracer in the direction of the advance. In spite of all these measures, there was still confusion. Several vehicles collided or were knocked out.

The attack broke through the German defences in several places. By dawn, the attacking columns from the 51st (Highland) Division had reached their intended positions. The infantry dismounted from their Kangaroo APCs within  of their objectives at the villages of Cramensnil and Saint-Aignan de Cramesnil, rapidly over-running the defenders. The columns from the 2nd Canadian Division were delayed by fog and unexpected opposition on their right flank but by noon on 8 August, the Allied forces had captured Verrières Ridge. The novel methods used by Simonds ensured that the attackers suffered only a fraction of the loss which would have been incurred in a normal "dismounted" attack. The Allies were poised to move against Cintheaux,  south of their furthest penetration but Simonds ordered a halt, to allow field artillery and the 4th Canadian and 1st Polish  armoured divisions to move into position for the second phase of the operation.

SS Brigadeführer (General) Kurt Meyer, commander of the 12th SS Panzer Division, had already ordered infantry from various formations shattered by the bombers and by the armoured attack, to occupy Cintheaux. He also moved forward two battlegroups from his division, consisting of assault guns, infantry and Tiger tanks, positioning them across the Canadian front. Shortly after midday, he ordered these two battlegroups to counter-attack the leading Allied troops. At this point, the Allied offensive plan called for additional bombardment by the Eighth Air Force, before the 4th Canadian Armoured Division and the 1st Polish Armoured Division pushed south towards Falaise on either side of the Caen–Falaise Road.

The counter-attack by the 12th SS Panzer Division failed but placed Meyer's tanks north of the target area that the Eighth Air Force bombarded, ready for the second phase of the Allied attack. Spared the effects of the bombing, the tanks slowed the advance of the 1st Polish Armoured Division, preventing a breakthrough east of the road. West of the road, the German infantry at Cintheaux held up the Canadian armoured formations. Neither division (both on their debut) pressed their attacks as hard as Simonds demanded and laagered (took up defensive positions) while vehicles and troops were supplied and rested when dark fell.

To restore the momentum of the attack, Simonds ordered a column from the 4th Canadian Armoured Division to seize Hill 195, just to the west of the main road, halfway between Cintheaux and Falaise. Worthington Force with B, C and HQ companies of the Algonquin Regiment supporting  from the British Columbia Regiment, bumped into the rear of Halfpenny Force fighting the SS in Bretteville-le-Rabet, went round them and lost direction. When dawn broke on 9 August, Worthington Force was  to the east of Hill 195 at Hill 140, halfway between Estrees-la-Campagne and Mazieres. They held their ground against German armoured counter-attacks during 9 August but suffered many casualties, including most of their tanks. By 17.00 hours what remained of Worthington Force had either been captured or forced to withdraw. Because the column was on Hill 140, the wrong objective, other units sent to reinforce went towards the wrong hill. Eventually, another force captured Hill 195 in a model night attack on 10 August but the Germans had been given time to withdraw and reform a defensive line on the Laison River.  By 11 August, the Anglo-Canadian offensive had ended.

Aftermath

The early phases of the assault had been a great success, despite many casualties in the two Allied armoured divisions in their attempt to push towards Falaise. Formations of four divisions of the First Canadian Army held positions on Hill 195, directly north of Falaise. At the same time, Allied forces managed to inflict upwards of  on the Germans. Major General Rod Keller was removed from his command of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division, after having been badly wounded when his headquarters were hit by American bombs. Keller's poor performance in Totalize lost him the confidence of General Crerar and he received no further command positions for the remainder of the war. Simonds and Crerar mounted a follow-up offensive, Operation Tractable, which took place between 14 and 21 August. On 21 August, the Falaise Pocket was closed when Canadian and Polish units made contact with US troops from the south, ending Commonwealth participation in the Battle of Normandy.

See also
 Joe Ekins
 Sydney Valpy Radley-Walters
 Michael Wittmann

Notes
Footnotes

Citations

Sources

Books

Journals

Further reading

Operation Overlord
Battles of World War II involving Canada
Military history of Canada during World War II
Battles and operations of World War II involving Poland
Totalize
Military operations of World War II involving Germany
August 1944 events
Tank battles involving Germany
Tank battles involving the United Kingdom
Tank battles involving Poland

Operation Totalize


Baron Radstock, of Castletown in the Queen's County, was a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created in 1800 for Vice-Admiral the Honourable William Waldegrave. He was the second son of John Waldegrave, 3rd Earl Waldegrave (see Earl Waldegrave for earlier history of the family). He was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Baron. He was a Vice-Admiral of the Red. On his death, the title passed to his son, the third Baron. He is best remembered for his work as a missionary in Russia. Two of his sons, the fourth and fifth Barons, both succeeded in the title. The barony became extinct on the latter's death in 1953.

Despite its territorial designation and the fact that it was in the Peerage of Ireland, the title referred to Radstock in Somerset.

Barons Radstock (1800)
William Waldegrave, 1st Baron Radstock (1753–1825)
Granville George Waldegrave, 2nd Baron Radstock (1786–1857)
Granville Augustus William Waldegrave, 3rd Baron Radstock (1833–1913)
Granville George Waldegrave, 4th Baron Radstock (1859–1937)
Montague Waldegrave, 5th Baron Radstock (1867–1953)
Hon. John Montagu Granville Waldegrave (1905–1944)

Arms

See also
Earl Waldegrave

References

Extinct baronies in the Peerage of Ireland

Noble titles created in 1800

Baron Radstock


Kalabhavi is a village in Belgaum district in Karnataka, India.

Kalabhavi is in Kittur Taluk. It is located 43 km to the east of District headquarters Belgaum. 21 km from Bhailhongal. 496 km from State capital Bangalore

Kalabhavi Pin code is 591115 and postal head office is Kittur.

Nearest places Sangolli (6 km), Ugarkhod (8 km), Pattihal K.b (8 km), Neginhal (9 km), Kadrolli (9 km) are the nearby villages to Kalabhavi. Kalabhavi is surrounded by Dharwad Taluk to the south, Khanapur Taluk to the west, Parasgad Taluk to the east, Belgaum Taluk to the west.

Dharwad, Saundatti-Yellamma, Belgaum, Hubli are the nearby cities to Kalabhavi.

References

Villages in Belagavi district

Kalabhavi


Ho Chi Minh University Of Sport (Vietnamese language: Đại học Thể dục Thể thao Thành Phố Hồ Chí Minh) is a university in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The university is located in Linh Trung Ward, Thủ Đức, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The university provides education in sports and gymnastics from undergraduate to graduate and postgraduate. The university was founded on the basis of Sports and Gymnastics School II by the Vietnamese prime minister on September 18, 1985, by the Decision 234/HDBT.

External links
 Official Website

Universities in Ho Chi Minh City
Sports universities and colleges

Ho Chi Minh City University of Sport


Lucy Cavendish College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was created in 1956. It only has students which are both women and over 21. This can include postgraduates and undergraduates who are older than usual. It was built by women within the university who thought that women were not treated fairly in Cambridge. At the time in fact most colleges were still for men only. The name comes from Lucy Cavendish (1841-1925), who was very important in making reforms to give more education to women.

Lucy Cavendish is quite a small college with about 350 total students. Some famous people have been given honorary fellowships from the college, which is a title to show that they have done something important for the role of women. For example, Judi Dench and Margrethe II of Denmark were given this title.

Other websites
Official website

Colleges of the University of Cambridge
1956 establishments in Europe
1950s establishments in England

Lucy Cavendish College, Cambridge


Kieran Martin West  (born 18 September 1977) is a retired English rower and Olympic champion who represented Great Britain.

Education

Born in Kingston upon Thames, West was educated at Dulwich College, in south-east London, before going to Christ's College, Cambridge in 1995, to study for a BA in Economics and Land Economy, followed by a PGCE in Mathematics three years later. On graduating from his second degree he taught Mathematics at King's College School, Wimbledon for two years, before returning to his studies in 2004. Changing discipline, he first read for an MA in War Studies at King's College London, and then a PhD in First World War Strategy and Military Intelligence at Pembroke College, Cambridge.

Sporting career

Early career
West was introduced to rowing by his father, Richard, and began coxing at Kingston Rowing Club aged 10. When he quickly outgrew this role he started sculling, and entered his first race in November 1989, going unbeaten for over 2 years. He won the National Rowing Championships in a single scull at his age category when 15, then trialled for the British under-18 rowing team. Although initially successful, he suffered a severe lower back injury and was forced to retire from sport for three years to undergo intensive physiotherapy.

The Boat Race
For his first two years at Cambridge West rehabilitated himself back into a boat, finally rowing again in spring 1997. After a term of rowing for his college in the May Bumps he rowed in the Cambridge Goldie crew in the 1998 Boat Race coxed by Olympian Suzie Ellis, losing to Isis by two and a third lengths.

West represented Great Britain for the first time in 1998, and made the Cambridge Blue Boat in 1999, rowing in the six seat, a position he would take in all his Cambridge crews. Considered by many to have been one of the fastest crews the Club had produced, Cambridge went on to win comfortably in the second fastest time in Boat Race history.

Selected to represent Great Britain again that summer, and with the opportunity to go to his first Olympic Games, West took a year out of his studies to concentrate on his rowing. While away he was elected President of the Cambridge University Boat Club for the 2001 Boat Race campaign. Despite having lost both the Boat Race and the Isis-Goldie Race in 2000, Cambridge comfortably beat Oxford exactly six months after West's Sydney final. Goldie also beat Isis that year, giving Cambridge the clean sweep, the last time this would happen for six years. West was subsequently voted 'Cambridge Sports Personality of the Year, 2000/2001'.

Although he initially finished at Cambridge in 2001, West returned in 2005 and rowed in the 2006 Boat Race. Cambridge were favourites for the 2006 Race but rough conditions on the day led to Cambridge taking on a significant amount of water and coming close to sinking, leaving Oxford to pull away to victory.

The following year, Cambridge were even stronger favourites and, with five returning members of the 2006 crew, were keen to put the record straight. After a tighter than expected early section of the race, Cambridge pulled away after twelve minutes to win. As the rules of the Boat Race state that no athlete can participate in more than four races as an undergraduate and four races as a graduate (the "Rankov Rule"), this was West's last for Cambridge. Throughout the season, the crew had been accompanied by an ethnographer, Mark De Rond, who subsequently wrote a book on the season's experiences, The Last Amateurs: To Hell and Back with the Cambridge Boat Race Crew.

West joined the British rowing team after the 2007 Boat Race, but retired from international rowing two months later to concentrate on his academic studies.

West's three wins from four Boat Races makes him one of the most successful Cambridge rowing Blues, after Chris Baillieu who won four from four, while the eight years between his first and last Cambridge appearances is the longest span in Boat Race history. West was also the first member of Cambridge University to win a gold medal at the Olympic Games while still a student.

International rowing
West's international rowing career began in 1998, when he competed for Great Britain with Mark Hunter in the Double Scull at the under-23 World Rowing Championships in Ioannina, Greece. The following year he was selected to row in the Men's Eight at the World Rowing Championships.

In 1999, he was selected as part of an eight, coached by Martin McElroy and Harry Mahon. It was second at all three regattas in the 1999 Rowing World Cup, broke the British record on two occasions and came close to breaking the world record. At the World Rowing Championships it briefly led the final, the first British eight ever to do so, before taking a silver medal behind the 1997 and 1998 World Champions, USA, the highest finish position of a British Eight at a World Rowing Championships.

West took a year out of his studies to concentrate on preparing for the 2000 Sydney Olympics. The crew had two changes from the previous year and was even more successful in the early season, taking two gold medals and one silver from the Rowing World Cup and becoming the first British Eight to win the event outright.

At the Olympic Games Britain were the joint favourites for the gold medal, alongside the USA, who had not raced internationally that season. A poor row in the first round, West's 23rd birthday, saw them lose to a strong Australian crew, but they won the repechage. In the final Britain led from start to finish to win the gold medal for the first time since the 1912 Stockholm Olympic Games, with West being the youngest member of the crew, and the first member of Cambridge University to win at the Olympics while still a student. Australia took the silver. The crew of Andrew Lindsay, Ben Hunt-Davis, Simon Dennis, Louis Attrill, Luka Grubor, Kieran West, Fred Scarlett, Steve Trapmore and Rowley Douglas were all subsequently awarded the MBE for "services to rowing" in the 2001 New Year Honours.

Though selected for the British Eight in 2001, West was unable to compete at the World Rowing Championships due to a rib injury followed by a shoulder injury sustained earlier that season. The following year West stroked the British Coxed Four to a gold medal at the 2002 World Rowing Championships in Seville. The crew also contained two of the 2000 British Eight, Luka Grubor and Steve Trapmore, and two members of the 2001 Cambridge Blue Boat, Tom Stallard and Christian Cormack. The following year West and Stallard were again in the Coxed Four and took a silver medal at the World Championships in Milan.

West continued rowing internationally for the next three years, in the Men's Eight at the 2004 Athens Olympics, stroking the Eight to fourth place at the 2005 World Championships in Gifu, and back in the six seat of the Eight at the 2006 World Championships in Eton. He retired from international rowing in March 2008.

Sporting achievements
In the course of his rowing career West won every major international and domestic rowing event: the Olympic Games, the World Rowing Championships, the Rowing World Cup, the Oxford-Cambridge Boat Race, the Head of the River Race, the Head of the River Fours, and he came out of retirement in 2008 to win the Visitors' Challenge Cup at Henley Royal Regatta, in a composite crew representing Imperial College London and Kingston Rowing Club.

West remains a member of Kingston Rowing Club. His last race was for Pembroke College Boat Club first men's eight, in the 6 seat, who were one of only two crews in the Mays first division to receive blades in 2009, the other being Magdalene College Boat Club.

West's older brother, Damian, is also an international oarsman, who rowed for Oxford University Boat Club in the 1996 Boat Race and for Great Britain from 1993 to 1997.

City of Cambridge Rowing Club owns a men's eight named in West's honour: Kieran West, MBE. The boat was originally owned by Christ's College, Cambridge, where West was studying during his first period at Cambridge.

Personal life
West was born with a cleft lip and palate.
On 8 August 2009, West married Lourina Pretorius a former student at Newnham College, Cambridge, from South Africa. The following month, he started work at McKinsey & Co. in London, where he was employed for eight years. He now works in private healthcare. The couple lives in Buckinghamshire and has two daughters.

Sporting achievements

Olympic Games
 2004 Athens – 9th, Eight
 2000 Sydney – Gold, Eight

World Championships
 2006 Eton – 5th, Eight
 2005 Gifu – 4th, Eight
 2003 Milan – Silver, Coxed Four
 2002 Seville – Gold, Coxed Four
 1999 St. Catharines – Silver, Eight

The Boat Race
 2007 – Won
 2006 – Lost
 2001 – Won (President)
 1999 – Won

Notes

References

Olympic rowers for Great Britain
Rowers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
1977 births
Living people
Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge
Alumni of King's College London
Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge
People educated at Dulwich College
English male rowers
English Olympic medallists
Cambridge University Boat Club rowers
Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain
McKinsey & Company people
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Olympic medalists in rowing
World Rowing Championships medalists for Great Britain
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 2000 Summer Olympics

Kieran West


Pongsak Pongsuwan (; ; born April 7, 1966, in Sawankhalok District, Sukhothai Province) is a Thai comedian and actor. He is best known in Thailand by his stage name, Theng Therdtherng (; ). He has one sister name Pongphan Pongsuwan.

A popular comedian in Thai nightclubs and on television, Theng made his feature-film debut in Killer Tattoo, a 2001 action-comedy that was the directorial debut for Yuthlert Sippapak. He portrayed Elvis M 16, an amnesiac hitman-turned-Elvis impersonator, who is lured back to do one more job. The film starred several other Thai comics, including Petchtai Wongkamlao and Suthep Po-ngam, all in sometimes dramatic, action-filled roles.

In 2005, he starred in one of the year's biggest hits for the Thai film industry, Luang Phii Theng (The Holy Man), portraying a street hood who becomes a Buddhist monk. The comedy earned 141 million baht at the box office.

The television production house, Work Point, hoped to repeat that success in 2006 with Nong Teng Nakleng-pukaotong, which teamed Theng up with Choosak Eamsuk (better known as Nong Cha Cha Cha). Theng starred as a likay performer in 1923 Siam, who is faced with the prospect of losing his theater due to the advent of films. With his friend (Nong), Theng tries to derail production of the first Thai film, Miss Suwanna of Siam.

In addition to his film work, Pongsak regularly appears with Choosak and Petchtai Wongkamlao on the Ching Roi Ching Lan television variety series. His trademark gag is one in which he pokes himself in the eye.

Filmography
Killer Tattoo (2001)
7 Pra-Jan-Barn (Heaven's Seven) (2002)
Spy Next Door (2003)
 Luang Phii Theng (The Holy Man) (2005)
 Nong Teng Nakleng-pukaotong (2006)
 Teng and Nong: The Movie (2007)

External links

Living people
Pongsak Pongsuwan
1966 births
Thai television personalities
Pongsak Pongsuwan
Pongsak Pongsuwan
Pongsak Pongsuwan

Pongsak Pongsuwan


Zehava Gal-On, Hebrew: זהבה גלאון , born as Zehava Schnipitzky, (born January 4, 1956 in Vilnius) is an Israeli activist and politician. She is political leader of Meretz ("Vigour"). She has been leading Meretz since 2012 (she did already an unsuccessful atttempt in 2007).

She was born in the capital of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic. As a young child she moved with her parents to Israel, where she grew up for the greater part in Petah Tikva (still living in this city). She studied philology and special education, and mastered at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Gal-On is engaged in all sorts of rights activism, like civil and human rights but also women's rights and social justice. She held leading positions in newspaper Politika, in B'Tselem (a human rights organization concerning Israel's behaviour in the Palestinian territories) and Ratz (a forerunner of Meretz).

In 1999 she was chosen into the Knesset. She lost her seat in 2009 but returned in 2011. She left the Knesset in October 2017.

As a Member of Knesset she was chairing the parliamentarian committee with regard to women trafficking, and criticized the Law of Return for being discriminatory.

References
 Bio at Knesset Website

1956 births
Living people
Civil rights activists
Members of the Knesset
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
Israeli human rights activists
Jewish feminists
Jewish Israeli politicians
Lithuanian Jews
Meretz politicians
Naturalized citizens of Israel
People from Vilnius

Zehava Gal-On


Henry Louis Gibson (1906–1992) was a British-born American pioneering medical photographer. He was born in Truro, Cornwall, England, United Kingdom and died in Rochester, New York State, United States of America.

Career
Gibson was for many years editor and consultant in medical, biological, scientific, and technical photography for the Eastman Kodak Company. He received his B.Sc. degree in physics from the University of Illinois. He was a president of the Biological Photographic Association (renamed the Biocommunications Association). He was made a Fellow of the association and in 1960 received its highest honor, the Louis Schmidt Award for his outstanding contribution to scientific photography.

He was an expert in medical uses of infrared radiation and had pioneered its use in detecting breast cancer.

Publications
The Photography of Patients (1952)
Copying and Duplicating Medical Subjects and Radiographs (1953)
Perfecting your Enlarging (1961) Chilton Co., Book Division
Light through the Lens (1968) Christopher Pub. House
Close-up Photography and Photomacrography (1969) Eastman Kodak Co., Professional and Finishing Markets Division
Stars through the Apple Tree (1972) Christopher Pub. House
Medical Photography; clinical-ultraviolet-infrared (1973) Eastman Kodak Co., Professional and Finishing Markets Division
Photography by Infrared (1978), Wiley
The Biological Photographic Association, its Half Century (1981), Biological Photographic Association, Inc.

See also

Medical imaging

Notes

External links
Pioneers of Invisible Radiation Photography: Lou Gibson
The Infrared Photography Book List

1906 births
1992 deaths
People from Truro
Medical photographers
20th-century American photographers
British emigrants to the United States

H. Lou Gibson


Imaginet LLC was founded in 1991, as a NeXT Computer and Apple Computer publishing Value Added Reseller.

Its initial focus on digital printing was retooled by 1994 to become an early provider of web services, a move that attracted some big-name companies, including 3M, Target Corp, Pillsbury, and General Mills.

In 1997, Imaginet was sold to the 3M spinoff, Imation, but the formal corporate culture and Imaginet's decidedly casual one were not a good fit. Within 18 months, the company turned private again.  To become a private company, Founders Scott Litman and Dan Mallin partnered with Skip Gage to acquire the company from Imation and spin it out as a private entity. Along the way, Imaginet acquired the assets of the Gage Interactive Marketing Group.

As a private company, Imaginet, LLC flourished in 1999 and 2000, rapidly growing into a regional leader in eServices.  The focus of the business was the delivery of web applications that provided personalized and relevant communication to their audiences. Customers included the St. Paul Companies, RBC Dain Rauscher, Cargill, Goodyear, Medtronic, United Health, Lawson Software, Express-Scripts, and Thomson West.

The business was sold once again in the final days of 2000 to WPP Group, where it became a part of J. Walter Thompson (JWT), one of the world's oldest and largest traditional ad agencies. Post sale, Imagnet, took over the JWT owned entity Cool Fire Interactive and in a move that saved many jobs as the dot com bubble burst that year, replaced Cool Fire's staff with Imaginet employees. Imaginet was rebranded into the RMG Connect international network under JWT.

In January 2010, RMG Connect was dissolved and merged with JWT. The office is now known as JWT Minneapolis.

References

1991 establishments in California
2010 disestablishments in California
American companies established in 1991
American companies disestablished in 2010
Computer companies disestablished in 2010
Business services companies disestablished in 2010
Computer companies established in 1991
Defunct computer companies based in California
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Marketing companies established in 1991

Imaginet


Fire rock is manufactured lava rock that is sold in various shapes and sizes, and is used as a medium for retaining direct heat. Fire rocks are used in natural gas fireplaces or in natural gas or propane burning fire pits. It may be used as the main fuel distributor or as padding for fire glass to go on top. Fire rocks are proven to increase combustion efficiency and maintain a desirable aesthetic quality. They also are known for dispersing the flame of the fireplace or fire pit well, by allowing for gaps that act as channels for air and gas to funnel the flame through. Fire rocks come in many different colors and range in sizes from a half-inch to an inch.

Use

Fire rock is noted for its ability to withstand high temperatures of direct heat for prolonged periods of time. Unlike river rock, which is non-porous and highly explosive when heated, fire rock is considered a porous substance that is capable of releasing heat through tiny holes in its outer layer. Damp fire rocks have been known to "pop" and throw pea sized pieces of rock as they heat. The moisture that is caught in the fire rock creates air pockets that can easily split the rock when heated. Fire rocks must be stored away from high moisture areas and kept dry to keep this problem from occurring.

Eco Friendly

Because fire rock does not emit any carbon dioxide when heated, it is considered an eco-friendly burning solution. Fire rock can be used multiple times and when cared for can be burned for years on end. It produces no ash, which cuts back on the number of toxins in the home.

References

Volcanic rocks
Refractory materials

Fire rock


The Colonial Parkway murders were the murders of at least eight people along the Colonial Parkway in South-East Virginia between 1986 and 1989. The Colonial Parkway is a 22-mile long thoroughfare that cuts through the Colonial National Historical Park and connects Jamestown, Williamsburg, and Yorktown. Long stretches of the road are devoid of streetlamps or road lights and are extremely isolated, making it a popular lovers' lane location frequented by many young adults.

In each incident, a young couple sitting in a vehicle was targeted and both were killed. Three pairs of victims were recovered, and another couple remains missing and presumed murdered. Several other additional homicides have also been tentatively linked to the four confirmed cases. The causes of death included strangulation, gunshot, and stabbings. There was no evidence of burglary or sexual assault in any of the cases. The killer drove his victims' vehicles away from the murder sites. The linking of the four crimes is circumstantial, and no suspects have ever been publicly identified.

Victims

Rebecca Dowski and Cathy Thomas
The first two known victims were United States Naval Academy Class of 1981 graduate Cathleen Marian "Cathy" Thomas, 27, and College of William & Mary senior Rebecca Ann "Becky" Dowski, 21, majoring in business management and working as a stockbroker at the time of the murder. On Sunday morning, October 12, 1986, Columbus Day weekend, a pedestrian jogger saw a car down an embankment at the Cheatham Annex Overlook on the Colonial Parkway seven miles east of Williamsburg, Virginia and a mile from the Cheatham Annex Naval Base where it was obscured from the view of the road. The vehicle had veered off the beaten path and into thick, dense shrubbery, only a few feet from a 15-foot drop into the York River. The jogger assumed that a drunk driver might have accidentally swerved there so they alerted a highway patrolman who arrived on scene and discovered Thomas and Dowski's bodies inside Thomas's white 1980 Honda Civic. The lesbian couple had been missing since the evening of October 9 after they had been seen leaving a computer lab at William & Mary College.

An autopsy found rope burns on their necks and wrists, signs of strangulation, their throats had been slashed so deeply that they were nearly decapitated, and the killer had covered the bodies and vehicle with gasoline, but not actually lit them on fire. There were 150 partial latent prints found on and in the car, in addition to full prints but they matched to no one in the records, however. Rebecca's body was found in the backseat of the car, while Cathy's was found stuffed into the hatchback. It appears that Thomas may have struggled with her attacker as a clump of hair was later found between her fingers. Both women were fully clothed and there was no evidence of sexual assault. Authorities ruled out robbery as a motive, since both women's purses were located within the vehicle, and no money or jewellery had been taken. At that time the police believed that the murders happened elsewhere, and the bodies had been dumped in the car since there was not much blood in the car itself.

David Knobling and Robin Edwards
On September 23, 1987, Virginia salesman David Lee Knobling, 20, and eighth-grade Huntington Middle School student Robin Margaret Edwards, 14, were found shot to death around 100 feet away after being washed ashore with the tide in the Ragged Island Wildlife Refuge, on the south shore of the James River in Isle of Wight County, near Smithfield, Virginia. The two victims were last seen on September 19, 1987, after the young couple had met at an arcade and Robin had snuck out later that night to meet up with David. Both victims had been shot; Robin in the back of the head execution-style, and David twice, once in the head and once in the shoulder like he had been running from the killer. Both victims were partially clothed. Edwards was found with her jeans unfastened and her bra around her neck, but investigators were unsure if there had been sexual assault since despite Robin being underage and David having a pregnant girlfriend, it was presumed that Robin and David had a sexual relationship.

Knobling's black Ford Ranger pickup truck was discovered on Monday September 21, 1987, by a patrolling police officer at the refuge parking area next to the James River Bridge with the wipers, engine and radio still running and some articles of clothing inside near the Ragged Island Wildlife Management Area about two miles upriver from where their bodies would eventually be discovered. The officer found the black Ford Ranger with both doors open and the driver's window partially rolled down which caused police to believe that the perpetrator had possibly been posing as or was some sort of uniformed officer. There were two pairs of underwear, shoes, and Knobling's wallet were found in the car, which ruled robbery out as a probable motive. Three days later, the two bodies were discovered by Knobling's father and a search party along the water's edge of the James River.

Authorities immediately linked the double-murder of Knobling and Edwards to the murders of Dowski and Thomas eleven months previously because although their deaths did not occur on the Colonial Parkway, both sets of victims were couples who had been killed at or around lovers' lane areas, and the two locations were only about a thirty minute drive apart.

Cassandra Hailey and Richard Call
On April 10, 1988, Christopher Newport University students Cassandra Lee Hailey, 18, and Richard Keith Call, 20, were reported missing. Hailey left her family's residence in Grafton, Virginia on April 9, 1988, when Call picked her up for their first date and they planned to spend the day together. The couple travelled in Call's red 1982 Toyota Celica. It was their first date together, and Call's first date since he broke up with his girlfriend of nearly four years. They were last seen attending a party in the University Square area in Newport News, Virginia at 1:30 a.m. on April 10. Neither of them has been seen again.

Call's unoccupied vehicle was reported abandoned at the York River Overlook on Colonial Parkway in Yorktown, Virginia at 7:00 a.m. on April 10, two hours after it was found. The keys were on the driver's seat, and a watch and eyeglasses were on the dashboard. Nearly all of the clothing Call was wearing, including his underwear, was also found in the back of the car, as were some of Hailey's clothes and her underwear. Police later confirmed that it was the same clothing Richard and Cassandra wore the night they disappeared. Her purse and Call's wallet were missing. Their bodies have never been found, but both are presumed dead. Police dogs tracked the two students' scent to the York River shoreline. Authorities initially believed they had gone swimming and drowned, but an extensive search of the river turned up no sign of them. Foul play is suspected.

Annamaria Phelps and Daniel Lauer
On September 5, 1989 Annamaria Phelps, 18, and her boyfriend's brother Daniel Lauer, 21, vanished en route to Virginia Beach. Lauer's car, a gold 1972 Chevrolet Nova, was soon found abandoned at the Interstate 64 rest stop in New Kent County facing away from Virginia Beach. It is unclear whether Annamaria and David pulled over and were killed at the rest stop or if they were killed elsewhere and the killer moved their car. Both driver and passenger side doors were unlocked with the keys still in the ignition. Police found dirt and grass stains on the vehicle's underside, suggesting the car recently drove through the woods. Phelps' purse was found inside the car, once more ruling out robbery as a motive.

On October 19, 1989, the skeletonised bodies of Phelps and Lauer were found in a wooded area by hunters along Interstate 64 between Williamsburg and Richmond. The bodies were covered in an electric blanket from Daniel's car and were badly decomposed, which made it impossible to determine either the cause of death or whether there had been sexual assault. The hunters discovered the bodies on a logging road about a quarter-of-a-mile from Courthouse Road, a location about a mile from the Interstate 64 New Kent rest stop where Lauer's car was found. Even though the cause of death could not be determined, there were what appeared to be stab marks on Annamaria's bones and to her abdomen, suggesting that she had been stabbed to death.

In 2010, a note was discovered in a box taken years earlier from Phelps's apartment. The note, which was undated and purportedly written by Phelps, indicated that she was to meet someone in a blue van at a rest stop. While the Virginia State Police claim the information in this note was previously examined, one of the state police investigators working during the 1989 Phelps–Lauer murders told a television reporter from WAVY-TV that he was "unaware of the existence of the note".

Possible additional victims

Mike Margaret and Donna Hall
On August 21, 1984, the bodies of Michael Sturgis "Mike" Margaret, 21 and Donna Lynn Hall, 18 were found in a wooded area approximately 300 yards southwest of the Kings Crossing Apartment Complex in the 10,000 block of Patterson Avenue near Gaskins Road in Henrico, Virginia. Margaret and Hall had been dating for four years and were engaged to be married. On August 17, 1984, Mike and Donna told their respective families they planned to go on a camping trip together. This was the last time they were seen alive.

Three days later, a retired dentist who was walking his dog discovered Mike's Jeep backed into a depression off the trail with the passenger door open, keys in the ignition, and ashtray open. One red bandana was hanging from the rear-view mirror, and another loosely tied around the clutch. The canvas top of the jeep had been rolled up and pinned back even though it had rained over the weekend. Inside the back end there were two suitcases and a paper bag filled with clothes. He then followed a trail of blood which led to the bodies of Hall and Margaret underneath a checkered red and blue blanket about 20 feet away.

Both victims had been stabbed and their throats slit. The state coroner stated they died at 2:00 a.m. on August 18, only hours after they were last seen. Both had the sedative Demerol in their systems. Donna's body was found without shoes, no defensive wounds, and clutching pine needles leading investigators to believe that she and Margaret were actually killed where their bodies were found. Mike also had defensive wounds and a comparatively lower dosage of Demerol in his system. Some detectives believe that Hall and Margaret were the first victims of the Colonial Parkway Killer due to similarities in modus operandi.

Brian Pettinger and Laurie Powell
Brian Craig Pettinger, 25, a heavy equipment operator, was last seen at a Hampton, Virginia dance club on December 4, 1987, at 11:30 p.m. Two months later on February 3, 1988, Pettinger's body was found by fishermen floating in a marshy area of the James River in Suffolk, Virginia near the mouth of the Chuckatuck Creek that flows into the James River. He was floating with his wrists and ankles tied, and a rope around his neck. The lead investigator in the case believed that Pettinger had likely been hog-tied. The autopsy showed that Pettinger had blunt force blows to the back of the head. He had also been thrown in the river alive, and then drowned. Pettinger's murder remains unsolved and occurred during and around the area where the Colonial Parkway murders took place. Pettinger also worked as a security guard and loss prevention officer for the same security services company where Colonial Parkway victim Robin Edwards' mother, Bonnie Edwards, worked as a receptionist at the time of Robin's murder.

Laurie Ann Powell Compton, 18, a Gloucester High School graduate, went missing on March 8, 1988, after having an argument with her boyfriend which ended with Laurie getting out of his car. She was last seen by him at 23:30 p.m. walking on the "dark and deserted" Route 614 towards Route 17 in the White Marsh area in Gloucester County. She was wearing a purple pullover, cotton shirt with a white collar, purple and cream coloured pants, and a dungaree jacket. Laurie was not scheduled to be at work on March 9 and her family assumed she was staying with a friend. When she did not turn up for work on March 10 her stepfather reported her missing. On Saturday April 2, 1988, Laurie's body was spotted floating in the James River off Craney Island near Ragged Island. Her body was found nude, no bindings, and with multiple stab wounds to her back. Her death certificate stated 'unknown' for date and place of injury. Compton worked for the same security company where Pettinger and Edwards' mother worked at the time of her murder.

Shenandoah National Park Killings
The bodies of Julianne Marie Williams, 24, and Laura Salisbury Winans, 26, were found by Park Rangers at the Shenandoah National Park on June 1, 1996, after Lollie's golden retriever Taj was located wandering near the Whiteoak Canyon Trail. The two young women were in a relationship, and on May 19, 1996,  went on a camping trip in Shenandoah National Park in Virginia. Julianne and Laura were last seen alive on May 24 in the park. On May 31, their families reported them missing. Their bodies were found at a remote campsite in the park about a quarter-mile from Skyline Drive off the Appalachian Trail. Laura was found inside the tent. Julianne was found in her sleeping bag about forty feet away, down an embankment. Their hands were bound, their mouths were gagged, and their throats were slit. Both were partially undressed, but neither was sexually assaulted.

The FBI investigated whether Julianne and Laura's murders were related to the 1986 Colonial Parkway murders of Cathleen Thomas and Rebecca Ann Dowski. In that case, the victims were similarly bound and stabbed. They had also not been sexually molested. Both double murders occurred on National Park property - the historic Colonial Parkway and the Shenandoah - which were connected by Interstate 64. Detective Steve Spingola who was asked to investigate the Colonial Parkway murders as a private investigator believed that the murders of Cathy and Rebecca were not related to the other Colonial Parkway murders at all and were, instead, connected Williams and Winans' murders.

Media coverage
In 2007, the case of Hailey and Call was featured in the Investigation Discovery program Sensing Murder, whereby investigators brought in psychics Pam Coronado and Laurie Campbell to gain new insights into the crimes. In 2008, E! Entertainment Television presented a full-length documentary, THS Investigates Serial Killers on the Loose, which features a segment on the Colonial Parkway murders.

In September 2009, it was discovered by CBS News affiliate WTKR that nearly 80 highly graphic crime scene photographs of Colonial Parkway murders victims were used to instruct a class by a retired and now deceased former FBI photographer. Former WTKR investigative reporter Mike Mather found that much of the evidence, stored for over two decades, had yet to be tested for DNA and other trace evidence.

In 2011, author Michelle McNamara published a two-part exploration of the Colonial Parkway murders in her True Crime Diary.

In October 2016, there was extensive coverage of the 30th anniversary of the Colonial Parkway murders, including an eight-part multimedia presentation by the Daily Press newspaper.

On October 8, 2016, the Richmond Times Dispatch ran an in-depth article on the 30th anniversary of the Colonial Parkway murders case: After 30 Years, Relatives in Parkway Murders Hope for a Break in Cases

On May 4, 2018, the Colonial Parkway murders were covered in featured panel discussion at the annual "CrimeCon" true crime convention in Nashville. Moderated by former FBI Special Agent Maureen O'Connell, the panel featured family members and advocates Joyce Call and Bill Thomas along with Blaine Pardoe, coauthor of a book on the case, A Special Kind of Evil: The Colonial Parkway Serial Killings.

On July 23, 2018. WTVR News 6 in Richmond reported that there was additional DNA evidence available for testing in the Colonial Parkway murders.

Investigation Discovery, Virginian Pilot, Access Hollywood, The Daily Beast, Listverse, Daily Press, Dateline NBC and others have published later summaries of the case.

On April 25, 2019, The New York Times published a story on the use of DNA in the Golden State Killer case, the Colonial Parkway murders and other unsolved homicides titled Sooner or Later, Your Cousin's DNA is Going to Solve a Murder.

On July 30, 2019, The Washington Post ran a story on the search for answers in the Colonial Parkway murders and other cases titled Victims, Families and America's Thirst for True-Crime Stories

On September 17, 2020, the publication Forensic Genomics published an article by family member Bill Thomas covering the Colonial Parkway murders entitled "The Family Perspective."

On January 15, 2021, the Oxygen Network announced that a four-part true crime series, Lovers Lane Murders would cover the Colonial Parkway murders. The four episodes were to feature former FBI profiler Jim Clemente, as well as investigators including former FBI Agent Maureen O'Connell and former prosecutor Loni Coombs, together with crime scene reconstruction expert Dr. Laura Pettler. The series made its debut on February 11–12, 2021.

On February 4, 2021, in advance of their Lover's Lane Murders television series, the Oxygen Network released a series of videos including "Why Would Law Enforcement Not Release All Records On a Case Like the Colonial Parkway Murders? and "Was the Colonial Parkway Killer Pretending to be Law Enforcement?"

See also
Murder Accountability Project Tracking America's Unsolved Homicides

References

Further reading

1986 murders in the United States
1987 murders in the United States
1988 murders in the United States
1989 murders in the United States
Crimes in Virginia
Fugitives
Murder in Virginia
Serial killers from Virginia
Serial murders in the United States
Unidentified American serial killers
Unsolved murders in the United States

Colonial Parkway murders


The Jolly Postman or Other People's Letters is an interactive children's picture book by Janet and Allan Ahlberg. The innovative project required five years to complete, and much discussion with both the publisher Heinemann and the printer before it was issued in 1986. The first subject heading assigned by WorldCat is "Toy and movable books". Little, Brown published a U.S. edition in the same year.

The Jolly Postman has sold more than six million copies, Allan Ahlberg told The Guardian in 2006. It made innovative use of envelopes to include letters, cards, games and a tiny book.

Alternatively, The Jolly Postman is a series of three books including 1991 and 1995 sequels to The Jolly Postman, or Other people's letters. In the U.K., the first book won the Red House Children's Book Award and the Kurt Maschler Award. The second book won the 1991 Greenaway Medal for British children's book illustration.

Summary

The Jolly Postman follows an unnamed mail carrier as he delivers letters by bicycle to characters from traditional children's stories that are well known in Britain. Following each sheet of narrative verse and illustration, there is one shaped like an envelope and containing one of the postman's deliveries. Each envelope is opened and its enclosure read at that point in the story.

WorldCat gives the entire description: "A Jolly Postman delivers letters to several famous fairy-tale characters such as the Big Bad Wolf, Cinderella, and the Three Bears. Twelve of the pages have been made into six envelopes and contain eight letters and cards. Each letter may be removed from its envelope page and read separately."

Awards

The Ahlbergs won two major British book awards for The Jolly Postman, the 1986 Kurt Maschler Award and 1987 Red House Children's Book Award. The Dutch translation of the book De puike postbode won the Boekensleutel literary award in 1988.

From 1982 to 1999 the "Emil" figurines from Maschler publishers and BookTrust annually recognised the creator(s) of one "work of imagination for children, in which text and illustration are integrated so that each enhances and balances the other". The Federation of Children's Book Groups award (now named for the bookseller Red House) "celebrate[s] the books that children themselves love reading". The winner is determined by vote of British children.

Janet Ahlberg was a commended runner up for the 1986 Greenaway Medal and she won the 1991 Greenaway for the sequel. The annual award by the Library Association then recognised the year's best children's book illustration by a British subject.

Series
Following The Jolly Postmans success, the Ahlbergs and Heinemann produced two sequels. The latter, third in the series, was published after Janet's death in 1994. For the second book, The Jolly Christmas Postman, she won her second Kate Greenaway Medal.

 The Jolly Postman (1986, U.K.)WorldCat - one record for first U.S. edition
"A Jolly Postman delivers letters to several famous fairy-tale characters such as the Big Bad Wolf, Cinderella, and the Three Bears. Twelve of the pages have been made into six envelopes and contain eight letters and cards. Each letter may be removed from its envelope page and read separately."

 The Jolly Christmas Postman (1991, U.K. )
"A Jolly Postman delivers Christmas cards to several famous fairy-tale characters such as the Big Bad Wolf, Cinderella, and the Three Bears. Each card may be removed from its envelope page and read separately.  With 6 letters in pockets".  Little, Brown published a U.S. edition in October

 The Jolly Pocket Postman' (1995, U.K. , 60236253)
"Join the jolly postman with his mailbag of delightful deliveries for Dorothy from Oz, Alice from Wonderland, and other favorite storybook characters."

See also

 Movable books
 Toy book
 List of Christmas-themed literature

Notes

References

External links
 Toy and movable books Specimens subject class at WorldCat

British picture books
Kate Greenaway Medal winning works
Books by Janet and Allan Ahlberg
1986 children's books
Heinemann (publisher) books
False documents
British children's books
Postal systems in fiction

The Jolly Postman


Rivière du Tombeau is a river in northwestern Mauritius. Its source is on the slopes of Pieter Both Mountain, from where it flows north and then west for a total of 16 kilometres, reaching the Indian Ocean at Baie-du-Tombeau, north of the capital of Port Louis.

Tombeau

Rivière du Tombeau


An electroweak star is a theoretical type of exotic star, whereby the gravitational collapse of the star is prevented by radiation pressure resulting from electroweak burning, that is, the energy released by conversion of quarks to leptons through the electroweak force. This process occurs in a volume at the star's core approximately the size of an apple, containing about two Earth masses and reaching temperatures on the order of 1015 K.

Formation
The stage of life of a star that produces an electroweak star is theorized to occur after a supernova collapse. Electroweak stars are denser than quark stars, and may form when quark degeneracy pressure is no longer able to withstand gravitational attraction, but may still be withstood by electroweak burning radiation pressure. This phase of a star's life may last upwards of 10 million years.

The energy output of an electroweak star is limited by the quark supply rate, which is dictated by gravitational collapse. Each interaction converts nine quarks into three anti-leptons, violating conservation of baryon and lepton number while preserving B−L, generating around 300 GeV per interaction. The energy diffuses out of the star as a mixture of neutrinos and photons. Electroweak stars could be identified through the equal number of neutrinos emitted of all three generations, taking into account neutrino oscillation.

See also
 Electroweak force
 Chiral anomaly
 Sphaleron
 Quark nova
 Quark star
 Preon star
 Lepton
 Quark
 Degenerate matter
 Degeneracy pressure

References

Sources

Further reading

External links

Star types
Hypothetical stars

Electroweak star


Cedar Creek Lake is a  reservoir in eastern Lincoln County, Kentucky, USA, between Stanford and Crab Orchard along U.S. Highway 150.  Cedar Creek Lake is the second largest state-controlled lake in Kentucky.

Project history and information

"This project, first conceived in 1989, will soon result in a recreational and economic jewel for Lincoln County and this region," as said by Kentucky ex-Governor Paul E. Patton during the September 4, 2002, Cedar Creek Dam dedication.  Cedar Creek Lake was a joint venture of the Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife (KDFW), Kentucky Transportation Cabinet (KYTC), and the leaders of Lincoln County—most importantly ex-Judge-Executive John Sims who envisioned the project.  On February 16, 2003, due to excessive amounts of rain, the lake was filled sooner than predicted.  This impounded  of the  Cedar Creek watershed, making Cedar Creek Lake the second largest state-controlled lake in Kentucky (with Lake Malone being the largest).

During the preparations for Cedar Creek Lake, it was decided to leave all trees and brush to provide a habitat for the future lake's many species of fish.  In areas without trees and brush, cement-filled buckets with arrays of  wooden sticks protruding out, packaging tarps, anchored downed trees, and other various fish habitat improvement structures were placed to fill in these bald areas.  Any developments such as houses and certain sections of old US 150 were removed (except for the old US 150 bridge crossing Cedar Creek).  The Hebron Methodist Church, the Vardeman/Holmes/Daws/Stephenson Family Cemetery, and a small section of Kentucky Route 1770 were relocated before the lake's impoundment.

Cedar Creek Lake was included as part of the planning for the reconstruction of the  section of U.S. Highway 150 (designated the John Sims Highway) between Stanford and Crab Orchard by the KYTC. The construction of the earth-fill dam was at a cost of $4 million USD.  Of the $4 million, the KYTC paid $3.5 million and Lincoln County paid $0.5 million.  The Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife paid for the purchase of the  of land needed for the lake at the cost of $4.1 million and paid $300,000 for the lake's three boat ramps, parking facilities, and courtesy docks.  Total cost of the project was nearly $8.5 million.

Future developments around Cedar Creek Lake will include a marina and a public beach (no completion date is known at this time).

Lake statistics
 Watershed: , primarily agricultural: 45% pastureland, 35% woodland, and 19% cropland.
 Cedar Creek Lake features a larger than usual  buffer zone to prevent private land encroachment problems.

Lake facilities

Boat ramps

 John Sims Boat Ramp: The main boat ramp of Cedar Creek Lake located where the old Boone Rd becomes submerged.  This boat ramp is named after John Sims, a previous Lincoln County Judge-Executive who helped start the Cedar Creek Lake project.
 Old US 150 Boat Ramp: Located at the end of the old US 150 on the west side of the lake.
 Cowan Road Boat Ramp: Located where Cowan Road becomes submerged off Kentucky Route 1770.

Bank access
 A bank access is located off the small relocated section of Kentucky Route 1770.

Future facilities
 Marina: Currently in the planning phases and will be built by Lincoln County.
 Public Beach: Currently under construction by Lincoln County.( The beach has been closed since 2012)

Stock of fish
Cedar Creek Lake is inhabited by the following species of fish:
 Bluegill
 Black crappie
 Channel catfish
 Largemouth bass
 Redear sunfish
 Trout
 Smallmouth bass
 Flathead catfish

References

External links
Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife - Cedar Creek Lake
Vardeman/Holmes/Daws/Stephenson Family Cemetery Relocation Project in Lincoln County, Kentucky
Kentucky Game and Fish: Trophy Bassing at Cedar Creek Lake

Reservoirs in Kentucky
Protected areas of Lincoln County, Kentucky

Cedar Creek Lake (Kentucky)


The Cheongyang chili pepper is one of the hottest chili pepper species (Capsicum annum). It is grown in Korea. It is a genetically improved strain of Thai and Jeju-do chili peppers. It was developed by Dr.Il-ung Yoo in 1983. Cheongyang chili peppers have 10,000~23,000 Scoville heat units in average.

The name Cheongyang comes from the name of the county, Cheongsong and Yeongyang.

Plant property
Red pepper grows well in high temperature. Proper temperature to grow is 25~28 °C during the day and 18~22 °C during the night. It's better not to drop the temperature under 13 °C. When temperature stabilizes in 20~25 °C it is the best time for plants to bear fruits. If the temperature drops under 15 °C or rise over 30 °C, fertility of the plant is seriously damaged resulting in windfall and malformed fruit.

Even though red pepper requires high temperature, it does not require that much of a sunlight. However, the deficit of sunlight in long-term can result in poor quality and number of the produce, so it is better to give adequate amount of sunlight. Light saturation point is 30,000 lx, which is lower than other typical vegetables.

Cultivation
Most Cheongyang chili peppers are cultivated outdoors and some of them are cultivated indoors.

Outdoor cultivation
Normally, farmers harvest peppers that are cultivated outdoors in late July. It ripens from the bottom and peppers placed closer to a root are more likely to ripen well and have more vivid red color. It can be harvested until we have the first frost and till then, we can harvest five times from one root in average. The quality of produce is affected by how many times have peppers being harvested. For example, if the root can bear fruits five times, then the first produce will have more thicker fruit skin and also the taste of it is better because the first one has strong sweet flavor and hot flavor at the same time in harmony. However, the color is little bit darker and less in red than the second or third one, so it is easy to be mistaken as worse produce than later produce.

Indoor cultivation
Technically through indoor cultivation, farmers can harvest through out the year. There is no quality difference between the first produce and the last one like the case mentioned in outdoor cultivation. The one raised in this environment has taller stem body and bears more fruits than the one raised outdoors. Especially, because it stays always indoors, it doesn't get wet, so can block all kinds of diseases caused by excessive humidity. Because of these advantages, more and more farmers cultivate Cheongyang chili peppers indoors.

References

Capsicum
Vegetables

Cheongyang chili pepper


Boundary Falls is a medium-sized waterfall on Boundary Creek in British Columbia, Canada. Boundary Creek is a tributary of the Kettle River.  It is located within a small canyon a little over halfway between Midway & Greenwood, beside the town which was named after the falls, Boundary Falls.

The falls

Boundary Falls is about 40 feet in height. It is located a couple hundred feet below the head of a small canyon that Boundary Creek enters as it passes by the town of Boundary Falls. The falls are easily viewed from the canyon rim and the base of the falls can be reached by carefully climbing down the steep canyon walls. The brink of the falls can also be reached with relative ease.

Dam near falls' brink

Remains of an old dam which generate power from the city of Greenwood can be found about 100 feet upstream from the falls' brink.

Boundary Falls Smelter

Boundary Falls was settled in 1890 by a large flock of miners. There were many mining opportunities in the area so the miners started building a smelter which they finished in 1901. In 1902 though, the smelter was "blown in" by high operating costs, coke shortages, financial difficulties, and low copper prices.

In 1907, the smelter officially closed and was eventually forgotten. Today, only slag piles remain of what was once a pretty good sized refining and power generating settlement.

See also

Boundary Creek Provincial Park

References

Waterfalls of British Columbia
Boundary Country
Similkameen Division Yale Land District

Boundary Falls (British Columbia)


Adelaide Crapsey (September 9, 1878 – October 8, 1914) was an American poet. She was born in Brooklyn, New York, and raised in Rochester, New York. Her parents were the businesswoman Adelaide T. Crapsey and the Episcopal priest Algernon Sidney Crapsey, who moved from New York City to Rochester.

Early life
Crapsey was born on September 9, 1878, in Brooklyn Heights, New York. Her parents were Algernon Sidney Crapsey and Adelaide (Trowbridge) Crapsey. She was their third child, after her brother, Philip, and her sister, Emily. Adelaide was baptized on November 1, 1878, at Trinity Church in New York City, where her father was an assistant minister. Before she was a year old, her father had become the rector of St. Andrew's Episcopal Church in Rochester, New York. His family followed him to Rochester from New York City on the canal boat.

In Rochester, Adelaide attended the public schools.

Higher education
Crapsey was "raised in a liberal environment that encouraged great expectations for women."

After leaving the Rochester public schools, Adelaide with her sister Emily entered Kemper Hall in 1893. Kemper Hall was an Episcopalian woman's college preparatory school in Kenosha, Wisconsin. At Kemper Hall, she took the college preparatory courses which included Latin and French. She was the editor of the school magazine and she played and refereed basketball. She graduated in 1897 as the valedictorian for her class.

Crapsey matriculated in Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York, in 1897. She had "a very active four years" in Vassar. For three years she was class poet. She was the editor-in-chief of the Vassarion  and managed the basketball team. She was a member of the debating club and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. She played the role of Lucy the maid in the play The Rivals. Crapsey roomed with Jean Webster who continued to be "her best friend and literary comrade" for the rest of her life.

Two of Adelaide's sisters died while she was in college. Ruth died in 1898 of undulant fever at the age of eleven. Emily, with whom Adelaide was closest, died in 1901 of appendicitis at the age of twenty-four.

Crapsey planned a career in teaching after graduating from Vassar in 1901. However, before beginning work, she took a year off both "to regain her strength" and "to recover from the shock" of Emily's death."

After her year off, Crapsey returned to Kemper Hall to teach history and literature in 1903-1904. While there, she suffered chronic fatigue, which was a symptom of her not-yet-diagnosed tuberculosis. This caused Crapsey to leave her teaching in 1904, to study at the School of Classical Studies of the American Academy in Rome. She supported herself by working occasionally as a lecturer. In Rome, she had a great "rebirth of energy and creativeness" in the warm and temperate Italian climate. While there, she met a man "who reminded her of her reason for living," which she had been seeking. However, the seriousness of her father's situation faced with interviews by the Committee of Investigation of the Diocese of Western New York (his diocese) and possible charges of heresy brought Crapsey back home from Rome in 1905 to support her parents.

One afternoon, when Crapsey and her mother were in the rectory and her father was out, members of the Committee of Investigation came to ask her father some questions. Her mother was "too nervous and worn out from the months in the public eye," so Crapsey offered to serve the men tea. She "spiked the tea with rum," which probably contributed to their good mood when they left. Crapsey's courage in the face of the enemy may have inspired her poem about the biblical Judith:
Israel!
Wake! Be gay!
Thine enemy is brought low—
Thy foe slain—by the hand, by the hand
Of a woman!

In 1906, the Diocese presented charges of heresy against Crapsey's father, and an Ecclesiastical Court was established and trial was set to be held in Batavia, New York.  On April 18, 1906, she went with her father and his chief counsel to Batavia. At the end of the trial, her father was found guilty of heresy.

After the trial, Adelaide remained with her family to give them her "support, comfort, and good humor." However, her "literary and academic future" had been suspended for eighteen months. She needed a job near enough to Rochester to be "relatively accessible to her family." She found such a job, teaching history and literature at Miss Low's School in Stamford, Connecticut. Stamford was also only a short train ride from New York City where her father's Court of Appeal was held. The appeal was denied on November 20, 1906.

Crapsey taught at Miss Low's for the academic years 1906-1907 and 1907-1908. With her father's appeal having been denied, he was no longer a minister in the Episcopal Church. He was given until the end of December 1906 to vacate the St. Andrew's rectory. Therefore, when Crapsey went home for Christmas in 1906, the family was moving out of the house in which had been her home for twenty-seven years and into a rented house. When Crapsey went back to Stamford, other sad events followed. Her grandmother Harriet Gunn Trowbridge, whom she had visited as a child, died. In May 1907, her eldest brother Philip died of chronic malaria, which he had contracted during the invasion of Cuba during the Spanish–American War.

Crapsey was not happy teaching at Miss Low's school. The "atmosphere was oppressive" to her; her horizons had expanded. Nevertheless, her teaching was described as "thrilling." Her students "seemed to gravitate" to her classes.

In 1907, Crapsey's father was a delegate to the International Peace Conference at the Hague, and she accompanied him. During the conference, Adelaide, who was fluent in French, was in demand as a translator. The conference was conducted in French and the newspapers were printed in French, a language which few Americans knew. The Crapseys left the conference early "disillusioned and disappointed." After the conference, Adelaide and her father took a walking tour of Wales. Dr. Crapsey was a tireless walker, but Adelaide suffered fatigue. The cause of her fatigue was not diagnosed until 1911 when she was diagnosed with tuberculous meningitis.

After they returned from Europe at the end of the summer of 1907, Adelaide and her father joined the family in their "summer cottage." This gave her a month before she returned to her teaching job at Miss Low's School in Stamford. Crapsey used this time to recuperate and to ponder her future possibilities. As the school year progressed, she became physically weaker. She lacked the energy for activities other than those required of her. Crapsey's weakness probably derived from tuberculosis, although it had not yet been diagnosed. She was so weak that, after a week's teaching, she often spent her weekends in bed to recuperate.

In the summer of 1908, while Crapsey was living with her family in Rochester, she "took helplessly to bed." Because of her poor health, she decided that she must quit her job at Miss Low's School. This left the question of "what would she do?" hanging over her. She was now almost thirty. She was interested in further research on her theory of metrics, but she was not interested in learning the theories of others.

Further study in Europe
To continue her research, in December 1908 she returned to Europe. She lived in Rome, Great Britain, and France. She spent February and March 1908 in the Anglo-American hospital in Rome. Her research was included in a book A Study in English Metrics published in 1918.

In 1911, a combination of health problems and financial issues forced Crapsey to seek employment back in the United States. Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts, offered her a job teaching Poetics. She accepted it. Later that year, she was diagnosed with tuberculin meningitis. It was also in 1911 that she wrote her first cinquains.

In July 1913, Crapsey collapsed and was admitted sent to a private nursing home in Saranac Lake, New York. In the nursing home, because of her "physical prostration," she was allowed to write only one letter a day. Nevertheless, she managed to write letters and poetry about her condition and her treatment. They contained "flippant humor," possibly as a way of covering the reality that she was at the mercy of a disease for which there was no cure. For example, she wrote a poem she called "Lines Addressed To My Left Lung Inconveniently Enamoured of Plant Life."
It was, my lung, most strange of you,
A freak I cannot pardon,
Thus to transform yourself into
A vegetable garden.

In August 1914, sicker than ever, Crapsey left the nursing home and returned to her parents' home in Rochester. She died there on October 8, 1914, at the age of thirty-six. As she was dying, she "passed on the torch to her nurse," saying, "Let the story I was not able to tell be told."

Death and legacy
Crapsey's biographer Karen Alkalay-Gut described her life as "constantly hampered by illness, grief, and impecunity." The discrepancy between what she had anticipated doing and what she "actually accomplished was embarrassing to her." The five-line cinquain poetic form she created reflected her life. The first four lines build up "expectancy" only to be followed by a one stress line as an "abbreviated conclusion."

Crapsey's hope for her immortality was in her writings. The envoi of her Verse, entitled "The Immortal Residue," reads:
Wouldst thou find my ashes? Look
In the pages of my book;
And, as these thy hand doth turn,
Know here is my funeral urn.

Claude Bragdon was a friend of the Crapsey family in Rochester. Besides being a noted architect, he had a press. Using his Manus Press, he published a book of Crapsey's poems entitled Verse (Manas Press, 1915). The book has a foreword by Bragdon and a preface by Jean Webster, who was Crapsey's roommate at Vassar and her lifelong friend. In her introduction to Verse, Webster writes that Crapsey was "by nature as vivid and joyous and alive a spirit as ever loved the beauty of life, like Keats and Stevenson, worked doggedly for many years against the numbing weight of a creeping pitiless disease."

Revised editions of Verse were published in 1922 and 1934 and contain earlier unpublished work. Also published posthumously in 1918 was the unfinished A Study in English Metrics, a work she began during her three-year stay in Europe and described in its prefatory note as "a laborious analysis dictated by an acute sense of beauty of verse by an aesthetic experience of unusual intensity."

Crapsey's ashes were buried in the Crapsey family plot in Mount Hope Cemetery.  John Rothwell Slater (1872-1965), chairman of the University of Rochester Department of English, wrote these "Lines for Adelaide Crapsey's Grave in Mount Hope":
Here she rests
Who never rested,
Waits for time
That never came.
Here she speaks
For all the silent;
Hers the ashes,
Theirs the flame.
Here lies beauty
Still untold
Here the young
Never grows old.

The poet Carl Sandburg was partly responsible for the continued interest in the cinquain and in keeping Crapsey from obscurity through his poem "Adelaide Crapsey."

Crapsey's nephew, Arthur H. Crapsey, became an influential industrial designer in the years following World War II. He is known for a series of iconic camera designs for Eastman Kodak.

Crapsey's papers are in the University of Rochester Library archives.

Poetic influence
In the years immediately before her death, she wrote much of the verse on which her reputation rests. Her interest in rhythm and meter led her to create a unique variation on the cinquain (or quintain), a 5-line form of 22 syllables influenced by the Japanese haiku and tanka. Her five-line cinquain (now styled as an American cinquain) has a generally iambic meter defined as "one-stress, two-stress, three-stress, four-stress and suddenly back to one-stress" and normally consists of 2 syllables in the first and last lines and 4, 6 and 8 syllables in the middle three lines, as shown in the poem Niagara. Marianne Moore said of her poetic style, "Crapsey's apartness and delicately differentiated footfalls, her pallor and color were impressive."

Works

Poetry

 Sutton Smith, Susan:The complete poems and collected letters of Adelaide Crapsey State University of New York Press, Albany 1977

The text of Verse is available on Project Gutenberg.

Anthologies

American Poetry, The Twentieth Century, Volume One, The Library of America, 2000.

Short stories

Songs
  (reprint Publisher Boosey & Hawkes, 1986)
  (reprint publisher Theodore Presser)

References

External links

28 cinquains from Adelaide Crapsey's Verse, at Cinquain.org.
 Alone in the Dawn: The Life of Adelaide Crapsey by Karen Alkalay-Gut
 Example of Adelaide Crapsey's American Cinquain
 Example of Adelaide Crapsey's doublet form of couplet 'On Seeing Weather-beaten Trees'
 Adelaide Crapsey's poetry
 A photograph of Adelaide Crapsey during her last year at Saranac Lake
 "DISCOVERING ADELAIDE CRAPSEY: CONFESSIONS OF A CONVERT", Karen Alkalay-Gut
 "THE POEMS OF ADELAIDE CRAPSEY", Karen Alkalay-Gut
 Adelaide Crapsey Collection at the University of Rochester Department of Rare Books, Special Collections and Preservation

  Carolyn Swanton, "Dr. Algernon S. Crapsey" in Rochester History, Vol. XLII, No. 1 (January, 1980). Pages 21–22 have info about Adelaide Crapsey and her poetry.
 Biographical sketch of Adelaide Crapsey.
 Ten poems by Adelaide Crapsey.
 Adelaide Crapsey Papers at the Smith College Archives, Smith College Special Collections

Poets from New York (state)
American literary critics
American women literary critics
20th-century deaths from tuberculosis
1878 births
1914 deaths
Burials at Mount Hope Cemetery (Rochester)
Writers from Rochester, New York
Vassar College alumni
Tuberculosis deaths in New York (state)
American women poets
20th-century American poets
20th-century American women writers
Smith College faculty
Writers from Brooklyn
Journalists from New York (state)
American women non-fiction writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
Deaths from meningitis
Neurological disease deaths in New York (state)
Infectious disease deaths in New York (state)
American women academics

Adelaide Crapsey


Trifolium friscanum is a rare species of flowering plant in the legume family known by the common name Frisco clover. It is endemic to the US state of Utah, where it is known only from Beaver and Millard Counties. It is found growing on the San Francisco Mountains, Beaver Lake Mountains, Wah Wah Mountains and Tunnel Springs Mountains. Most individuals live in the San Francisco Mountains, where the highest point is called Frisco Peak. It was originally described as a variety of Trifolium andersonii in 1978, but was elevated to species status in 1993. It occurs over  away from the nearest T. andersonii.

This is a low-growing dwarf plant with a taproot and woody stem. It is no more than  tall. Each leaf is made up of three leaflets coated in silvery hairs. The inflorescence contains 4–9 reddish purple flowers.

This plant grows in pinyon-juniper and sagebrush ecosystems. Other plants in the habitat include Ephedra viridis (Mormon tea), Gutierrezia sarothrae (snakeweed), Cercocarpus intricatus (dwarf mountain-mahogany), and Petradoria pumila (rock goldenrod). The local region is home to other rare plants, including Eriogonum soredium (Frisco buckwheat) and Lepidium ostleri (Ostler's peppergrass).

Frisco clover is known as a "narrow endemic" because it grows on a particular substrate: gravelly and bouldery volcanic soils, Ordovician limestone, and dolomite.

There are only five populations of this plant. The total population of the plant is not certain because it is difficult to count individuals of this mound-forming species. Also, some occur on private property where access is restricted.

The main two threats to the species' survival are mining and nonnative species. Mining has occurred in the region for a long time, as the substrates are rich in silver, zinc, lead, gold, and copper. Gravel quarrying has also occurred. There are many old mine shafts in the area. Most mining has ceased now, but some local areas are vulnerable to continuing mining activity. Three of the five remaining populations of the plant are located at mining sites.

Introduced plant species are also a threat to this species. The most notorious is Bromus tectorum, cheatgrass. It grows in the area, and the aforementioned mining activity actually encourages its spread. Cheatgrass encourages fire in this area, which is not fire-adapted.

References

friscanum
Flora of Utah
Plants described in 1978

Trifolium friscanum


An asteroid moon is an asteroid that orbits or goes around another asteroid. Asteroid moons are quite rare. Only 2% of asteroids are thought to have moons.

To be an asteroid moon, an asteroid has to be smaller than the object it goes around. If they are roughly the same size they are called a binary pair.

Dimorphos is an asteroid moon that is famous as the target of the Double Asteroid Redirection Test.

References

 Chiang, E.; Lithwick, Y.; Buie, M.; Grundy, W.; Holman, M.; A Brief History of Trans-Neptunian Space, to appear in Protostars and Planets V (August 2006) Final preprint on arXiv

Asteroids
Moons

Asteroid moon


Buffalo Springs (formerly, Buffalo Mineral Springs and Buffalo Lithia Springs) is an unincorporated community in Mecklenburg County, Virginia. It lies at an elevation of 364 feet (111 m).  Located at Buffalo Springs is the Buffalo Springs Historical Archeological District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998. The name, Buffalo Springs, specifically refers to a natural spring found in the area.

There was once a resort at the Springs, containing golf courses and even a bowling alley, but when water sales dropped the resort lost favor. The property surrounding the springs was eventually purchased by the US Army Corps of Engineers as part of the John H. Kerr Reservoir.

References

Unincorporated communities in Mecklenburg County, Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Virginia

Buffalo Springs, Mecklenburg County, Virginia


Gilbert Nicolas, OFM (c. 1462 – 27 August 1532), religious name Gabriel-Maria, was a French Roman Catholic priest and a professed member of the Order of Friars Minor. He co-founded – alongside Saint Jeanne de Valois – the Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary in 1501. Nicolas met with both Pope Alexander VI and Pope Leo X in relation to the congregation's foundation and rule and was noted for his humble and meek outlook amongst his peers while also being known for his intelligence and diligence in the affairs of the congregation he helped establish.

The beatification process commenced in France and he is titled as a Servant of God.

Life
Gilbert Nicolas was born in 1462 in the Kingdom of France. In 1478 a sermon that a Franciscan preacher gave on the topic of the Immaculate Conception moved Gilbert to consider the prospects of becoming a priest. He joined the Order of Friars Minor in 1475 and entered the convent of Notre-Dame de Lafond to join.

Nicolas studied at the convent of Amboise where he was ordained a priest. From 1498 until 1502 he served as the gatekeeper of his convent where he later met Saint Jeanne de Valois and he became her confessor and spiritual director. The former Queen consort was annulled from King Louis XII and went with Nicolas to Bourges to found a religious order.

He travelled to Rome where he met with Pope Alexander VI to receive papal approval for the new congregation – though the College of Cardinals voiced their disapproval. But the Cardinal Bishop of Modena Giovanni Battista Ferrari had a dream of God who rebuked the college for their refusal of the order and saw Saint Lawrence the Deacon and Saint Francis of Assisi extend their arms over Nicolas in blessing. The cardinal summoned Nicolas to tell him of this and Alexander VI later ratified the rule and establishment of the new order on 12 February 1502. At the same time the pope issued a papal brief that allowed for Nicolas to assume the religious name of "Gabriel-Maria". He composed the rule of the order and travelled to Rome and presented it to Pope Leo X on 11 June 1517; the pontiff also aggregated the order to the Order of Friars Minor. He never wanted to accept a doctoral degree – though the path remained opened to him – and he kept on rejecting episcopal appointments.

He served as the vicar of the order's Aquitaine branch from 1503 until 1508 when the foundress appointed him as the superior of the convent. Under his guidance new convents were founded in Albi (1507) and Bethune (1516) while other convents were founded across the nation in places such as Bruges (1517) and Bordeaux (1520). Nicolas also provided advice and support for the reform of the Poor Clares and around 1520 visited the congregation's provinces in Ireland and Scotland in addition to the new Anglican England. He also preached for a crusade against the Ottoman Empire and amongst his fellow Franciscans initiated research on the influence and reach of Lutheranism.

Nicolas died on 27 August 1532 and was buried in Rodez.

Beatification cause
The beatification process opened in an informative process that required joint collaboration between the forums of Créteil and Agen in a move that accorded Nicolas the title of Servant of God. All his spiritual writings were collected and approved on 13 December 1916. An apostolic process later opened a decade later on 20 May 1927 as a means of continuing the work of the informative process.

The cause then halted for several decades until 2003 when a decree was issued to resume the process; the transfer of the competent forum from Rodez was issued on 21 July 2009 and the Congregation for the Causes of Saints in 2010 granted the official "nihil obstat" to the continuation of the cause. A diocesan process opened on 28 February 2013 and concluded its work on 2 June 2015. The postulator assigned to this cause is Giovangiuseppe Califano.

References

External links
Hagiography Circle
Annunciades

1462 births
1532 deaths
15th-century French Roman Catholic priests
16th-century French Roman Catholic priests
Founders of Catholic religious communities
Franciscans
French Servants of God
People from Puy-de-Dôme

Gilbert Nicolas