The 7th Light Horse Regiment was a mounted infantry regiment of the Australian Army during the First World War. The regiment was raised in October 1914, and assigned to the 2nd Light Horse Brigade. The regiment  fought against the forces of the Ottoman Empire, in Egypt, at Gallipoli, on the Sinai Peninsula, and in Palestine and Jordan. After the armistice the regiment eventually returned to Australia in March 1919. For its role in the war the regiment was awarded sixteen battle honours.  During the inter-war years, the regiment was re-raised as a part-time unit based in New South Wales. It was later converted to a motor regiment during the Second World War but was disbanded in late 1943 without having been deployed overseas.

Formation
The 7th Light Horse Regiment was raised at Sydney in October 1914. and comprised twenty-five officers and 497 other ranks serving in three squadrons, each of six troops. Each troop was divided into eight sections, of four men each. In action one man of each section, was nominated as a horse holder reducing the regiments rifle strength by a quarter.  Its manpower being mostly recruited from residents of New South Wales. Once formed, the regiment was assigned to the 2nd Light Horse Brigade, serving alongside the 5th and 6th Light Horse Regiments.

All Australian Light Horse regiments used cavalry unit designations, but were mounted infantry armed with rifles, not swords or lances, and mounted exclusively on the Australian Waler horse.

Operational history

Gallipoli
In December 1914, the 7th Light Horse Regiment left Sydney for Egypt, arriving on the 1 February 1915. When the Australian infantry units were dispatched to Gallipoli, it was thought the terrain was unsuitable for mounted troops, and the light horse regiments remained in Egypt. However, heavy casualties amongst the Australian infantry resulted in the deployment of the 2nd Light Horse Brigade as reinforcements in May 1915. On arrival the regiment was attached to the 1st Division, who by this stage of the campaign were fighting a defensive battle around the beachhead around Anzac Cove. The regiment was withdrawn back to Egypt at the end of the campaign in December 1915.

Sinai and Palestine Campaign

On their arrival back in Egypt, the 2nd Light Horse Brigade was assigned to the newly raised  ANZAC Mounted Division, at first given responsibility for the defence of the Suez Canal. Their first battles were at Romani and Katia in early August 1916. They were then used to patrol the large open area of Sinai, until the British advance into Palestine, subsequently becoming involved in the unsuccessful first, second battles of Gaza in March and April 1916. They then took part in the successful Battle of Beersheba in the following October.

With the Ottoman Empire forces in retreat, the regiment was part of the pursuit into Palestine, resulting in the capture of Jerusalem in 1917, and raid across the River Jordan, at Amman and Es Salt. The war in the Middle East ended shortly afterwards when the armistice of Mudros was signed in October 1918. The regiment returned to Egypt to assist in putting down a revolt, then sailed for Australia in June 1919. The war cost the regiment 165 killed and 655 wounded.

Perpetuation
In 1921, the decision was made to perpetuate the honours and traditions of the AIF by reorganising the units of the Citizens Force to replicate the numerical designations of their related AIF units. As a result, the 7th Light Horse was re-raised as a part-time unit based in the 2nd Military District, which encompassed the majority of the state of New South Wales; in doing so, it assumed the lineage of several previously existing militia units, including the 11th Light Horse (Australian Horse), which had been formed in 1912, and the 3rd Australian Light Horse Regiment (Australian Horse), which had been formed in 1903 as part of the amalgamation of Australia's colonial forces into the Australian Army after Federation.

In early 1937, the regiment was amalgamated with the 21st Light Horse to form the 7th/21st Light Horse (Australian Horse); however, the two units were split again later the same year. The unit remained on the order of battle throughout the rest of the inter-war years, and upon the outbreak of the Second World War, the 7th Light Horse formed part of the 6th Cavalry Brigade, headquartered around Goulburn, New South Wales. On 14 March 1942, the 7th was converted into a motor regiment, adopting the designation of the 7th Motor Regiment (Australian Horse). As the Australian Army undertook a partial demobilisation, the regiment was deemed surplus to requirements and in November 1943 it was disbanded without having seen operational service during the war. During the war years, the regiment was variously assigned to the 4th and 2nd Motor Brigades.

In the post-war period, the regiment was re-raised as an amalgamated unit, designated the 7th/21st Australian Horse. Formed in July 1948, this unit was established as a reconnaissance regiment within the 2nd Division, and remained in existence until 15 September 1957 when it was disbanded; its personnel were later used to re-raise the 4th Infantry Battalion, which later became part of the Royal New South Wales Regiment.

Commanding officers
The following officers commanded the 7th Light Horse during the First World War:
Lieutenant Colonel John McLean Arnott CMG
Lieutenant Colonel George Macleay Macarthur-Onslow CMG, DSO
Lieutenant Colonel John Dalyell Richardson

Battle honours
The 7th Light Horse Regiment was awarded the following battle honours:
 ANZACDefence at ANZACSuvlaSari BairGallipoli 1915–1916Egypt 1915–1917RomaniGaza-BeershebaEl MugharNebi SamwillJerusalemJordan (Es Salt)Jordan (Amman)MegiddoNablusPalestine 1917–1918.

Cartoons
From the sketch book of the 7th light horse trooper, Lieutenant P.V. Ryan:

References
Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

Military units and formations established in 1914
Military units and formations disestablished in 1919
Military units and formations established in 1921
Military units and formations disestablished in 1943
1914 establishments in Australia
Mounted regiments of Australia

7th Light Horse Regiment (Australia)


Goes Station (also known as Goes) is a small unincorporated community in northern Xenia Township, Greene County, Ohio, United States.  It sits at the intersection of Snively Road and U.S. Route 68 between Xenia and Yellow Springs.

The community is part of the Dayton Metropolitan Statistical Area.

History
A post office called Goes Station was established in 1872, the name was changed to Goes in 1894, and the post office closed in 1932. Goe was the last name of a local settler. Goes Station was a depot on the Springfield and Xenia Railroad, which was built to serve as the company town of the Miami Powder Company on the Little Miami River.

References

Unincorporated communities in Greene County, Ohio
Company towns in Ohio
1872 establishments in Ohio
Unincorporated communities in Ohio

Goes Station, Ohio


Anthony (Tony) Robert Klitz (3 September 1917 – 19 September 2000) was an artist who specialized in cityscapes, notably London.  He was born in Southport, attended Bishop Wordsworth's School in Salisbury and studied art at the Cheltenham Art College (1936–1939), whilst simultaneously training to be an architect. Klitz was enrolled in War Service from 1939 to 1945. He died in Dublin.

"In comparison with other great capitals of the world London remains astonishingly unpainted. Mr. Klitz, an artist with a fine sense of architectural atmosphere and character, has done a great deal to redress the balance. His pictures show a fine but restrained sense of colour and he is engagingly sensitive to the London scene. Mr. Klitz is an artist – and this is a high tribute indeed – whose work will appeal equally to those who live in London and to those who have paid a visit to London, and want to have something by which to remember it. Whether it is Horse Guards Parade or the River, Mr. Klitz has captured that strange pearly light which is the secret of so much of London's grace."

Klitz was a prolific artist, in oil on canvas, with London street and "formal" military scenes such as uniformed guardsmen on duty featuring substantially in his work.

Notes

1917 births
2000 deaths
20th-century English painters
English male painters
People from Southport
People educated at Bishop Wordsworth's School
20th-century English male artists

Anthony Robert Klitz


Nancy Affleck McKenzie (born February 19, 1948) is an American author of historical fiction. Her primary focus is Arthurian legend.

Publishing career
McKenzie published The Child Queen in 1994, and its sequel, The High Queen, a year later. The Child Queen won "Discovery of the Year" from Del Rey Books in 1993, and the Washington Irving Medal from Westchester Library Association, NY the following year. The two novels were combined into Queen of Camelot in 2002. McKenzie wanted to rediscover Guinevere in her true fifth century environment. "I decided to write about Guinevere because I never understood her. I wanted to make her into someone a 20th-century person could understand," McKenzie said in an interview.

Two sequels followed, Grail Prince and Prince of Dreams, following by two young adult novels, Guinevere's Gift and Guinevere's Gamble. Prince of Dreams tells the story of Tristan and Iseult, and takes place after King Arthur's death. One reviewer wrote of the novel, McKenzie "explores the vulnerability of women in a violent and patriarchal society".

McKenzie recently stated "Thus far, my published books are all Arthurian adventures/ romances, but I am deeply interested in ancient Egyptian culture and hope to write an archaeologically up-to-date life of Akhenaten in the near future".

List of works
 The Child Queen (1994)
 The High Queen (1995), combined with The Child Queen and republished as Queen of Camelot in 2002.
 Grail Prince (2003)
 Prince of Dreams (2004)
The Chrysalis Queen Quartet series:
Guinevere's Gift (2008)
Guinevere's Gamble (2009)

Personal life
McKenzie was born in Princeton, New Jersey to James G. and Callie K Affleck. She graduated from Mount Holyoke College in 1970, and achieved her Master's degree from Tufts University in 1973. She married Bruce Gordon McKenzie in 1972, and they have three daughters. McKenzie resides in Danbury, Connecticut. In between her novels, McKenzie ran a freelance desktop publishing business from 1989 to 2000.

She has listed Mary Stewart as one of her favorite authors, along with George Eliot and .

References

External links

1948 births
Living people
People from Danbury, Connecticut
Writers from Princeton, New Jersey
Novelists from Connecticut
Novelists from New Jersey
Writers of modern Arthurian fiction
American historical novelists
American women novelists
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American women writers
Mount Holyoke College alumni
Tufts University alumni
Women historical novelists

Nancy McKenzie


The Year's Best Science Fiction: Sixteenth Annual Collection is a science fiction anthology edited by Gardner Dozois that was published in 1999.  It is the 16th in The Year's Best Science Fiction series.

Contents

The book includes a 49-page summation by Dozois; 25 stories, all that first appeared in 1998, and each with a two-paragraph introduction by Dozois; and a seven-page referenced list of honorable mentions for the year. The stories are as follows.

Greg Egan: "Oceanic"
Geoffrey A. Landis: "Approaching Perimelasma"
Cory Doctorow: "Craphound"
Tanith Lee: "Jedella Ghost"
Bruce Sterling: "Taklamakan"
Ursula K. Le Guin: "The Island Of the Immortals"
Paul J. McAuley: "Sea Change, With Monsters"
Robert Charles Wilson: "Divided By Infinity"
Howard Waldrop: "US"
Ian McDonald: "The Days Of Solomon Gursky"
Robert Reed: "The Cuckoo's Boys"
William Browning Spencer: "The Halfway House At the Heart Of Darkness"
Michael Swanwick: "The Very Pulse of the Machine"
Ted Chiang: "Story Of Your Life"
Liz Williams: "Voivodoi"
Stephen Baxter: "Saddlepoint: Roughneck"
Rob Chilson: "This Side Of Independence"
Chris Lawson: "Unborn Again"
Tony Daniel: "Grist"
Gwyneth Jones: "La Cenerentola"
William Barton: "Down In the Dark"
Jim Grimsley: "Free In Asveroth"
Cherry Wilder: "The Dancing Floor"
Ian R. MacLeod: "The Summer Isles"

1999 anthologies
16
St. Martin's Press books


Bitton is a village and civil parish of South Gloucestershire in  England, to the east of the Greater Bristol area on the River Boyd.

It is in South Gloucestershire.  The parish of Bitton has a population of 9,307, and apart from the village itself, includes Swineford, Upton Cheyney, Beach, Oldland Common, North Common and part of Willsbridge.

Governance
An electoral ward with the same name exists. This ward does not cover as much of the outskirts of Bristol as the parish. The total population of the ward taken at the 2011 census is 3,509.

Transport
The A431 road runs through the village. Beyond Bitton the road routes north-west to Willsbridge and south-east to Kelston.
The heritage Avon Valley Railway is based at Bitton railway station. The National Cycle Network Bristol and Bath Railway Path runs alongside the railway. Bus Routes 19, 37, 441, 443 and 684 run down the A431 and go towards Bath and Bristol City Centres and suburbs.

Sport
Bitton A.F.C. are the local football team and Bitton CC are the local cricket team. They both play at the Recreation Ground, immediately south of the A431, just west of the village.

Bitton Road Runners is a running club based in the east of Bristol which caters for all running abilities. Founded in 1986 to help people better enjoy the sport of running, it is a thriving club with over 300 members in both junior and senior sections.

Notable people
H. T. Ellacombe, the inventor of the Ellacombe apparatus used for bell-ringing, was curate from 1817 to 1835, and vicar from 1835 to 1850. His son H. N. Ellacombe, vicar from 1850 to 1916,  was active in the 1860s in the distribution of the robust, large, early-flowering snowdrop Galanthus nivalis 'Atkinsii' "that grew at the south wall in his garden in Bitton." Bitton is the birthplace of author Dick King Smith and actress Richenda Carey, and was home to television presenter Noel Edmonds.
Also Harold Crofton Sleigh the founder of H.C.Sleigh Shipping Company & Golden Fleece Petroleum Company, Melbourne, Australia,  lived in Belmont House with his parents, in 1881.

Bibliography
Ellacombe, Henry Thomas History of the Manor of Bitton, 1869.

Ellacombe, Henry Thomas History of the Parish of Bitton, 1881.

References

External links

 Parish Council website
 Parish Church of St Mary's, Bitton
 Website of Bitton Road Runners
Local History Group (Bitton Parish History Group)

Villages in South Gloucestershire District
Civil parishes in Gloucestershire

Bitton


Ikaros Bigi (born 27 August 1947) is a German theoretical physicist. His research focuses on refining the Standard Model phenomenology.

Biography
Bigi graduated from Gymnasium Fridericianum, Erlangen, in 1967.  Six years later he received a Master from the Max-Planck-Institute for Physics, University of Munich, where he stayed until 1977 to finish his PhD in Theoretical Physics. Since 1984 he is also a holder of Habilitation degree in Physics, acquired from RWTH Aachen University.

During his career, Bigi has been a research associate in many research teams in laboratories for Physics around the world. To summarize, some of them were SLAC (1973-1974), the Max Planck Institute for Physics in Munich (1975-1981), CERN (1978-1980), the Fermilab (1984). He has also been a visiting professor to universities over the U.S. and Europe, with duties currently being performed for the University of Notre Dame, Indiana.

Bigi is an enthusiastic writer and reviewer with plenty of contributions to scientific journals; he is a member of International Committees and organisations for Physics, taking active part in seminars and conferences held worldwide.

Bigi is married and has three children.

Awards
Along with Anthony Ichiro Sanda, he was awarded the 2004 Sakurai Prize for his work on CP violation and B meson decays.

References

External links
 Faculty page at Notre Dame University

Scientific publications of Ikaros Bigi on INSPIRE-HEP

1947 births
People associated with CERN
20th-century German physicists
J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics recipients
Living people
Theoretical physicists
University of Notre Dame faculty
21st-century German physicists

Ikaros Bigi


The Otterhound is a British dog breed. It is a scent hound and is currently recognised by the Kennel Club as a Vulnerable Native Breed with around 600 animals worldwide.

Ancestry
The first recorded Otterhounds known to resemble the current breed are in the North-West of England in the first half of the 19th century – for example, the Hawkstone Otter Hunt and Squire Lomax's Otterhounds. In the second half of the 19th century, French Griffons were outcrossed, including one-eighth Wolf cross/Griffon Vendéen from the Comte de Canteleu in Normandy. In the early 20th century the Griffon Nivernais was crossed into the breed, and one particular dog, Boatman, a Grand Griffon Vendéen/Bloodhound cross, became an ancestor for several kennels.

Appearance
The Otterhound is a large, rough-coated hound with an imposing head. Originally bred for hunting, it has great strength and a strong body with long striding steps. This makes it able to perform prolonged hard work. The Otterhound hunts its quarry both on land and in water and it has a combination of characteristics unique among hounds; most notably an oily, rough, double coat and substantial webbed feet. They have a nose that can track in the mud and water for over 72 hours

Otterhounds generally weigh between . They have extremely sensitive noses, which make them inquisitive and perseverant in investigating scents. Consequently, they need particular supervision when outdoors. They are friendly dogs with a unique bass voice which they use frequently.

Hunting

Otter hunting dates back to the early medieval period, with references to it found as early as 1360. The otterhound, however, can only be traced back as a distinct breed as far as the early 1800s.

The otter is one of the largest and most intelligent carnivorous mammals in Europe. To be equal to the otter, an Otterhound was said to need "a Bulldog's courage, a Newfoundland's strength in water, a Pointer's nose, a Retriever's sagacity, the stamina of a Foxhound, the patience of a Beagle, and the intelligence of a Collie".

In 1978, due to the dramatic decline in otter numbers, the otter was placed on the list of protected species in Britain, and otter hunting therefore ceased. It was never banned in Britain, the otter hunts stopped hunting voluntarily, as it was they who realised that otter numbers were dropping dramatically and brought it to the attention of the authorities. By 1977, nine registered packs of otterhounds were still in existence. A few hunts switched to hunting mink or coypu, but many of the original otterhound packs ceased to exist altogether. Hounds were often passed to newly founded minkhound packs. The Pembroke and Carmarthenshire Minkhounds are the only pack today with a pure otterhound pack. As the dogs had been selectively bred for their hunting capabilities, only a few of the bloodlines were suitable for breeding into companion animals.

Health
The average lifespan of the breed is a little over 10 years. A quarter will live 12 to 15 years. At least one hound is known to have  lived to be 16 years old.

The Otterhound enjoys considerable exercise, but can also be a couch potato. They can be good family dogs but need to be kept in a secure property since they can jump fences up to 5 feet high, but rarely try.

In spite of the small gene pool, the Otterhound is generally a healthy breed, but is subject to many of the same complaints as all large, rapidly growing dogs.

Common problems that can occur are elbow and hip dysplasia, a malformation of the elbow and hip joints. These are not always painful, but can cause lameness and impair mobility, and result in arthritis. Badly affected hounds should not be bred from, but most Otterhounds have a poor hip and elbow score. The problem can be reduced by making sure that young Otterhounds do not jump down from high places, go up and down the stairs or walk too much on very hard surfaces while bones are still growing. This enables the muscles around the sockets to strengthen and develop, providing more support.

Specialized care requires strict excersizing routines and constant grooming due to their shaggy coats, as well as having their owners stay on tasks with their care requirements daily. As for conservation efforts, many organizations are working to persevere the Otterhounds breed, but breeding programs maintain effects on the breed's genetic diversity and overall health.

Otterhounds have a predisposition to ear problems (as can any breed with this type of ear) and a predisposition to gastric dilatation volvulus (bloat), due to their deep chest.

Epilepsy and seizures are also known to affect the breed, and can be hereditary. There is ongoing research into the causes of epilepsy in Otterhounds. For reasons currently unknown, epilepsy in Otterhounds in the United States does not appear to be fatal, while epilepsy found Otterhounds from the United Kingdom is frequently untreatable, and is usually fatal.

Endangered breed
In 2012 it was estimated there were around 600 otterhounds in the world. It is considered to be the most endangered native breed in Britain, with only 41 new registrations in 2016. This is partly because otterhounds have never been numerous, and even in the early 20th century, when otter hunting as a sport was at the height of its popularity, the number of dogs was still small. They are on the list of Vulnerable Native Breeds as identified by the UK Kennel Club, and great efforts are being made to save the breed.

See also
 Dogs portal
 List of dog breeds

References

Bibliography

External links

FCI breeds
Scent hounds
Rare dog breeds
Dog breeds originating in England
Companion dogs
Vulnerable Native Breeds
Hunting with hounds

Otterhound


The 55th Virginia Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.

In May 1861, Major William N. Ward raised a unit known as  'Essex and Middlesex Battalion,' one company of which, the 'Essex Sharp Shooters' had been in existence since the summer of 1860 as a volunteer company. It received the formal designation '55th Virginia Infantry' in September 1861 when Colonel Francis M. Mallory took command. It eventually became part of A.P. Hill's Light Division. In total, 1,321 men appeared on the muster rolls; of these, 1,181 saw active service with the regiment. Of the latter, 108 were killed in action and 198 died of disease. The regiment was made up of 12 companies from Essex, Middlesex, Lancaster, Spotsylvania, and Westmoreland counties, although never more than 11 companies served together at one time.

Some of the battles the 55th Virginia engaged in included the Seven Days Battles, Second Battle of Manassas, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg, as well as the defense of Richmond and Petersburg.

Its field officers were Colonels William S. Christian and Francis Mallory; Lieutenant Colonels Robert H. Archer and Evan Rice; and Majors Thomas M. Burke, Robert B. Fauntleroy, Charles N. Lawson, Andrew D. Saunders, and William N. Ward.

See also

List of Virginia Civil War units

External links
 The Essex Sharpshooters
 55th Virginia Infantry

References

Units and formations of the Confederate States Army from Virginia
1861 establishments in Virginia
Military units and formations established in 1861
1865 disestablishments in Virginia
Military units and formations disestablished in 1865

55th Virginia Infantry Regiment


It Started in Paradise is a 1952 British drama film directed by Compton Bennett and starring Jane Hylton, Martita Hunt and Muriel Pavlow.  Set in the world of haute couture, the film was squarely aimed at female audiences.  Its storyline of an established master of her craft being usurped by a younger, ruthlessly ambitious underling, who then years later finds the same thing happening to her – with a waspish male critic on hand throughout to provide a steady stream of acerbic, biting commentary – led inevitably to the film being dubbed the All About Eve of the fashion world.

The film was made at Pinewood Studios with sets designed by the art director Edward Carrick. It was shot in Technicolor and is described by Hal Erickson of Allmovie as: "an unusually plush, Lana Turner-esque production to come from a British studio in the early 1950s".

The title is a wry suggestion that Adam, by his crafting of the fig leaves for Eve and for himself to wear, also began the fashion industry.

Plot
In 1938, Mme. Alice (Hunt), chief designer of a famous London fashion house, has lost her touch.  Where once she was the most sought after designer in the city, now her creations seem locked in the past and clients are looking elsewhere for modern fashions.  She is persuaded by her senior assistant Martha (Hylton) that she needs a long holiday to recapture her creative inspiration.  Once Mme. Alice has departed the fiercely ambitious Martha, who has been biding her time for several years, launches a coup, designing and presenting a range of up-to-the-minute garments which are a huge success with the fashion media and bring clients flocking back to the salon.  The financial backer of the business is delighted with the upturn in profits;  Martha is promoted to chief designer. Although Mme. Alice upon her return  retains her composure, she refuses to countenance the Salon's "Vulgar" new look; she prophesies Martha's doom, and walks out, parting forever from the fashion world.

Over the course of the next decade Martha, with the help of Alison (Pavlow), a talented girl she took on straight out of school, restores the house to its pre-eminent position in the London fashion world.  She becomes so driven that she starts not to care whom she treads on in her quest to be the best in the business.  Over the years while her professional career goes from strength to strength, she neglects friends, treats associates badly and makes business enemies.

By the start of the 1950s Martha too seems to have had her day; appreciation for her designs tapers off, after a failed love affair with a deceiving lothatio, and her reputation falls. Those she has alienated on the way up are only too happy to watch her on her way down. Meanwhile, Alison, having initially declined to return after finding great success in America, eventually decides to return after all, prompted more by loyalty to one whom she loves at the company more than for any sentimentality for Martha. Her own designs are acclaimed  innovative and contemporary by all.  Now, it's Alison who's 'in', and Martha who's 'out': the cycle may begin again.

Cast

 Jane Hylton as Martha Watkins
 Ian Hunter as Arthur Turner
 Terence Morgan as Edouard
 Muriel Pavlow as Alison
 Martita Hunt as Mme. Alice
 Brian Worth as Michael
 Kay Kendall as Lady Caroline Frencham
 Ronald Squire as Mary Jane
 Dana Wynter as Barbara
 Joyce Barbour as Lady Burridge
 Harold Lang as Mr. Louis
 Margaret Withers as Miss Madge
 Lucienne Hill as Mme. Lucienne
 Diana Decker as Crystal Leroy
 Arthur Lane as Sydney Bruce
 Audrey White as 	Gwen, the model
 Naomi Chance as Primrose, the model
 Barbara Allen as	Anne, the model
 Dorinda Stevens as Flo the barmaid
 Anna Turner	as Lil the barmaid
 Frank Tickle as	Mr. Paul
 Helen Forrest as	Maureen
 Mara Lane as 'Little Dark Popsie'
 Avis Scott as Journalist
 Conrad Phillips as 	1st Photographer
 Bill Travers as	2nd Photographer
 Alan Gifford as 	American captain
 Bruce Seton as Club Manager
 Valerie Mewes as Model (uncredited)

Critical reception
The Times gave a scathing review of the film in 1952, saying: "The boldest pen may be excused from shying away like a nervous horse at a high fence from this truly deplorable film. Its world is the world of Haute Couture. It has probably got most of the details right and very admirable are some of the Technicolor backgrounds, but that is the most that can be said in its favour".

The New York Times was also less than enthusiastic, drawing comparisons with the earlier  British fashion picture Maytime in Mayfair and commenting that British films about haute couture: "have a tendency to run somewhat to froth". It concluded: "Well, let's be gentlemanly about it. Maybe there are those who can find some sort of excitement in the kind of lather worked up in this film". It did, however, comment that Ronald Squire had a few good lines and the visual portrayal of the dress salon was well defined.

Guide to British Cinema in 2003 described it as starting strongly, but with a disappointing climax.

References

External links

1952 films
1952 drama films
Films directed by Compton Bennett
Films about fashion in the United Kingdom
Films shot at Pinewood Studios
British drama films
Films scored by Malcolm Arnold
Films set in 1938
Films set in the 1940s
Films set in the 1950s
Films set in London
1950s English-language films
1950s British films

It Started in Paradise


The J.Y. Dykman Store is located at Main (NY 301) and Pearl streets in the village of Nelsonville, New York, United States, across from the Fish and Fur Club, now the village hall. Like that building, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It is currently an antique map store.

It is a one-story, four-bay clapboard-sided frame building. Three of the front four bays are taken up by wood-framed plate glass windows and the recessed double-door entrance with single-light transom; the western bay is a garage added later on. Above it is a bracketed sheet metal entablature with the words "J.Y. DYKMAN" and fleur-de-lis and swag motifs on the fascia and pilaster capitals.

The 1876 Beers map of the Nelsonville area, the earliest one, shows the corner as part of the Gouverneur estate. By 1912 James Y. Dykman, a prominent local businessman who had already opened a feed store nearby, is listed as the owner of a grocery at the site. By the late 20th century it had become Hudson Rogue, a dealer in antique maps and prints.

References

Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Buildings and structures in Putnam County, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Putnam County, New York

J. Y. Dykman Store


Len Aiyappa (born 31 March 1979) is an Indian professional field hockey player. He remained one of India's best drag-flickers until he retired from the national team following a fallout with the Indian Hockey Federation in 2006. He last played for India during the Sultan Azlan Shah Cup in 2005.

Career
Aiyappa, playing for Karnataka Lions in the inaugural season of the World Series Hockey, became the top scorer for the team and third overall by scoring 13 goals in 12 games.
He joined the team on the insistence of Dhanraj Pillay and the coach of Karnataka Lions, Jude Felix and scored a hat-trick in the game against Chandigarh Comets.

Personal life
He is married.

References

1979 births
Living people
Kodava people
People from Kodagu district
Field hockey players from Karnataka
World Series Hockey players
Indian male field hockey players

Len Aiyappa


The San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica) is an endangered species of fox that was formerly very common in the San Joaquin Valley and much of Central California. As an opportunistic hunter, the San Joaquin kit fox primarily preys on kangaroo rats but also targets white-footed mice, pocket mice, ground squirrels, rabbits, and ground-nesting birds. During certain times of the year, especially when other food sources might be scarce, it will also consume insects. Its 1990 population was estimated to be 7,000. This subspecies is still endangered, after nearly 50 years of being on the Endangered Species List. Officially this subspecies was listed March 3, 1967.  On September 26, 2007, Wildlands Inc. announced the designation of the  Deadman Creek Conservation Bank, which is intended specifically to protect habitat of the San Joaquin kit fox. However, the population continues to decline mostly due to heavy habitat loss. Other factors include competition from red fox, and the extermination of the gray wolf from California has left the coyote as the dominant meso-predator in kit fox territory bringing an imbalance in ecosystem relationships. Sarcoptic mange has also constituted a significant threat, specifically to the Bakersfield population of the subspecies, with 15 confirmed cases reported by the end of 2014.

Taxonomy and distribution

It has historically mostly occupied in the San Joaquin Valley from southern Kern County north to Tracy, San Joaquin County, on the west side, and near La Grange, Stanislaus County, on the east side. Yet, its ranges has been shrinking down in size in the past years. By 1930 its range is mostly believed to be reduced by more than half, with the largest remaining portion being the western and southern portions of the Valley. And in 1979, there is only 6.7% of land south of Stanislaus County remained undeveloped. The largest current populations of San Joaquin kit fox is living around the western Kern County on and around the Elk Hills and Buena Vista Valley. Though no continuous monitoring within the central and northern portions of the habit range, populations were recorded in the late 1980s.

Description
San Joaquin kit fox, a subspecies of the kit fox, which is the smallest species of dog family in North America. It has a body length average of 20 inches, of which12 inches are its tail length and height from  9 to 12 inches at the shoulder and adult body weight about 5 pounds for males and 4.6 pounds for females. It's known with its conspicuously large ears. From a sample of 21 tracks from the San Joaquin Valley, the average length of foot pads of the San Joaquin kit fox is about 3.1 centimeters with an average width of 2.6 centimeters, which is comparable smaller than the other canids, foxes, wolves, jackals, etc. The remaining physical appearance characteristics includes its long legs, slim body, pointed and slim nose, and low carried tail. While San Joaquin kit fox's coat colors may vary by range and season, primarily they appears more tan in summer and grey in winter with the external ear flap being dark on the back sides and white hairs on the forward-inner border and base.

Behavior and life history
The San Joaquin kit fox tends to favor the open grassland or scrubland, where its inhabits dens and feeds on prey such as field mice, kangaroo rats, ground squirrels and insects for some cases and mostly active at night. Their dens usually appear to be complex and deep dens with multiple openings that provide them with temperature regulation, shelter from the sever environmental conditions, protection from predators and place of reproduction. A study of the San Joaquin kit fox with GIS (Geographic Information Systems) mentions about how the kit foxes can change various of dens throughout a month, as the use of numerous dens seems to be one of their survival strategy. And its diet appears to vary from geographically, seasonally and annually upon the temporal and spatial variation of the amount of prey. For example the diet from the southern, central and northern part of its habit varies from the proportion of each type of prey that they consume due to the distribution of its prey. In addition to their diet, their activity also varies from the year. For instance, it's more often observed during the day in the late spring and early summer each year, despite it's considered primarily nocturnal.  While San Joaquin kit fox might not breed in its first year, it ability of reproduction begins when it's 1 year old. The mating period is usually between the late December and March with a median gestation period that can range from 48 to 52 days with a result of 2 to 6 pups. The pups emerge the den for their first time soon after their first month, and after 4 to 5 months, they begin dispersing, while occasionally young female remains with the adult female for several of more months.

Threats and challenges

Habitat loss
The San Joaquin kit fox is a native species that once thrived across the Central Valley, encompassing over millions acres of grasslands, shrublands, and wetlands. However, human activities have drastically altered this landscape. Only 4,140 km2 of high suitability habitat and 7,268 km2 of medium suitability habitat remain for San Joaquin kit foxes, and much of this habitat is highly fragmented. Agricultural development has been a primary driver, with the San Joaquin Valley now accounting for a substantial portion of California's agricultural output. Urban expansion further compounds the issue. For instance, Bakersfield is currently the largest city within the range of the kit fox with a population of 380,000. However, the urban and suburban Bakersfield area has expanded to comprise approximately 70 percent of the Metropolitan Bakersfield satellite area for the kit fox.The consequence of such profound habitat transformation has been the fragmentation and isolation of kit fox populations. This not only limits the fox's range but also creates barriers that impede movement, restrict gene flow, and increase mortality risks. Today, much of the kit fox's movement corridors are degraded or blocked, and only a few large areas of native grasslands remain on the San Joaquin Valley's perimeter, underscoring the urgent need for comprehensive conservation efforts.

Rodenticides and pesticides
The use of rodenticides and pesticides presents a significant threat to the San Joaquin kit fox, especially given the creature's close proximity to areas of human activity. Rodenticides, particularly anticoagulant rodenticides, are chemicals used to control rodent populations. For example, kit foxes may be killed if they ingest rodenticide in a bait application, or if they consume rodents that have consumed bait. Reports by the California Department of Pesticide Regulation document at least 76 separate incidents of San Joaquin kit fox poisonings from super-toxic rodenticides. In the Bakersfield area more than 87 percent of kit foxes have been exposed to these toxins.

Pesticides, which are designed to eliminate or control pests, can also have detrimental effects on non-target species like the San Joaquin kit fox. The vast agricultural expanse of the San Joaquin Valley relies heavily on pesticide use. Ingesting prey contaminated with pesticides or directly consuming these chemicals from the environment can harm and kill the fox.  Plausible scenarios for exposure to pesticides suggest a reduction in kit fox populations by approximately 13%. Additionally, based on a Modeled Kit Fox Populations, 36% of the modeled foxes become exposed, resulting in a 7-18% decline in the range-wide kit fox population that can be linked to rodenticide use.

Diseases
Diseases have been a  concern for the San Joaquin kit fox. One of the most notable diseases affecting the San Joaquin kit fox is Mange. Mange – a skin condition caused by parasitic mites -- leads to hair loss, open wounds from scratching and, ultimately, death. The first case was detected among the kit fox population in March 2013 and the epidemic has grown worse every year. Luckily, although mortality from this outbreak is high (70% overall and 100% without veterinary intervention), thus far it appears to be largely limited to Bakersfield.

Another significant health concern for the San Joaquin kit fox is rabies, a viral disease that affects the central nervous system. An outbreak of this disease, detected among striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), may have contributed to a 5-fold decrease in the relative abundance of kit foxes at Camp Roberts Army National Guard Training Site, California, during 1988–1991.  Exposure to other wildlife, contaminated environments, or even domestic animals can result in the transmission of these and other diseases, emphasizing the importance of disease monitoring and management in conservation efforts.

Climate change
Climate change affects San Joaquin kit fox through changes in precipitation and temperature, which can drive associated changes to vegetative communities as well alterations to prey species abundance and composition. In California, annual average temperatures have increased by about 2.5 degrees Fahrenheit (°F). This increase in temperature can lead to changes in the habitats and distribution of the kit fox's primary prey, potentially reducing food availability and forcing the fox to expand its search for sustenance. Additionally, altered precipitation patterns, with intensified precipitation patterns (for example, larger but fewer rainfall events) and more frequent and extreme drought, threaten the ecosystem balance of the valley. Several severe drought events in California in the past decade have affected water sources and vegetation that the San Joaquin kit fox relies on. These climatic shifts can further fragment habitats, making it challenging for isolated fox populations to find mates or access vital resources.

Conservation efforts

Legal protections
The San Joaquin kit fox is listed as an endangered species that is protected under the Endangered Species Preservation Act of 1966, a precursor to the Endangered Species Act. This listing prohibits activities that would harm, harass, or lead to the "take" (i.e., harm or kill) of these foxes without appropriate federal authorization. It is also an endangered species that is protected under the California Endangered Species Act (CESA), providing an extra layer of protection at the state level. Additionally, The US Fish and Wildlife Service provides standardized recommendations for protection of the San Joaquin kit fox prior to or during ground disturbance. These recommendations include survey protocols, burrow mapping, and exclusion fencing.

These legal safeguards mandate the development and implementation of recovery plans, the identification of critical habitats, and measures to mitigate potential harms from development and other activities in the San Joaquin Valley.

NGOs and government program

 The San Joaquin Kit Fox Conservation Program: This program is a collaborative effort between the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, and other partners to conserve the San Joaquin kit fox and its habitat.
 The Endangered Species Recovery Program: This program is a joint effort between the California Department of Fish and Wildlife and the University of California, Davis to recover endangered species in California, including the San Joaquin kit fox.
 The San Joaquin Valley Habitat Conservation Plan: This plan is a multi-agency effort to conserve habitat for endangered species in the San Joaquin Valley, including the San Joaquin kit fox.

Cultural significance

The indigenous peoples of the San Joaquin Valley, such as the Yokuts, held specific reverence or stories tied to local fauna like the kit fox.

Gallery

References

Endemic fauna of California
Endemic mammals of the United States
Natural history of the Central Valley (California)
San Joaquin Valley
ESA endangered species

San Joaquin kit fox


Beatrijs (English: Beatrice) is a poem written in last quarter of 14th century (ca.1374), possibly by Diederic van Assenede, and is an original Dutch poem about the legend of a nun, Beatrijs, who deserted her convent for the love of a man, lives with him for seven years and has two children. When their money is low he deserts her and she becomes a prostitute to support her children for another seven years. One day she is near her old convent, so she inquires discreetly what has become of the nun Beatrijs, and learns that people think Beatrijs is still at the convent. One night a voice urges her to return to the convent, and when she returns, Beatrijs learns that Mary (mother of Jesus) has been acting in her role at the convent, and she can return without anyone knowing of her absence.

The Dutch poem was created out of a legend recorded in Latin, Dialogus Miraculorum (1219-1223) and Libri Octo Miraculorum (1225-1227) written by Caesarius von Heisterbach. Although Hilka claims that Caesarius von Heisterbach was not the true author of the latter text, as Duinhoven points out, he was certainly the author of record during the Middle Ages. The subject matter is possibly of Dutch origin during his travels in the Netherlands. However the Dutch version was not a word-for-word translation. The tale is translated into English, Esperanto, Frisian, French, German, Spanish, Old Norse and Arabic.

Adaptations
In the 20th century several modern adaptations have been produced:

 Poem: Beatrijs by Dutch poet P.C. Boutens
 Play: Ik dien (Dutch for I serve) by Herman Teirlinck
 Opera libretto: Beatrijs by Felix Rutten

See also
 Dutch folklore

Notes

References
Duinhoven, A.M. De geschiedenis van Beatrijs. Utrecht: HES, 1989.
Die Wundergeschichten des Caesarius von Heisterbach." Ed. An Alfons Hilka. Gesellschaft für rheinische Geschichtskunde, Publikationen 43, 1933.
Meijer, Reinder. Literature of the Low Countries: A Short History of Dutch Literature in the Netherlands and Belgium. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1971, page 20-21.

External links
 Beatrijs at the Digital Library for Dutch Literature (in Dutch)

14th-century poems
Dutch legends
Fictional Christian nuns
Fictional Dutch people
Middle Dutch literature

Beatrijs


Voting age is the age when a person is allowed to vote in political elections by governments.

Most countries set it at 18. Ages ranging from 16 to 21 exist. Iran is the only sovereignty to ever have a voting age below 16 in recent history. They set it at 15 until it was raised to 18 recently.

When the voting age was first established it was usually set at 21. In the later twentieth century most countries, including the United States, lowered it to 18. A few jurisdictions today, such as Austria and the Isle of Man, have lowered it to 16.

This topic connects up with various other age-related permissions, such as age limit on purchasing alcohol. and age of possible marriage. Use of terms such as "teenager" needs to be clear as to what the term covers.

Voting

Voting age


Zhiyanzhai (脂硯齋/脂砚斋; pinyin: Zhī Yànzhāi, literally: "Rouge Inkstone Studio", sometimes translated as Red Inkstone or Rouge Inkstone) was the pseudonym of an early and mysterious commentator of the 18th-century Chinese novel Dream of the Red Chamber. This person was a contemporary of the author Cao Xueqin who knew the author intimately enough to be regarded as the chief commentator of his work while it was still unpublished. Most early hand-copied manuscripts of the novel contain red or black-inked commentaries by a few unknown commentators, considered authoritative enough to be transcribed by scribes into subsequent generations of copies. Zhiyanzhai was the most prominent of these commentators. Early copies of Dream were known as 脂硯齋重評石頭記 ("Zhiyanzhai's Re-Annotations to The Story of the Stone"). These versions are known as 脂本, or "Rouge Versions", in Chinese. They are the manuscripts with the highest textual reliability.

Zhiyanzhai had clearly finished reading Cao's completed draft to reveal details which would otherwise be lost to later generations. It was mostly through Zhiyanzhai's comments that scholars learn (even if fragmentarily) about some passages and incidents in the original ending. Zhiyanzhai also conclusively identified the work as Cao Xueqin's. Orthodox Redologists rely extensively on Zhiyanzhai's notes for research and scholarly conjectures, although the identity of Zhiyanzhai remains a mystery.

Redology scholar Zhou Ruchang speculated that Zhiyanzhai was a woman, the second wife and cousin of Cao Xueqin and the person on whom the character Shi Xiangyun was based. This hypothesis has not been universally accepted and Zhiyanzhai's identity continues to be shrouded in mystery. Wu Shichang dismissed Zhou's theory and the possibility of Zhiyanzhai's being a woman based on internal evidence in the commentary and argued that he was a younger brother of Cao's father; British Sinologist David Hawkes speculated Zhiyanzhai was Cao's "kinsman-collaborator". Maram Epstein hypothesizes the name "Zhiyanzhai" may be merely a "compilation of voices".

Famous comment by Zhiyanzhai
"If Xueqin was merely the work's editor as stated in the novel, who might be the author of this preface thus far? You see how extremely cunning this author could be." (若云雪芹披閱增刪,然則開卷至此這一篇楔子又係誰撰?足見作者之筆狡猾之甚。)
The single comment (transcribed in the Jiaxu manuscript) which established Cao Xueqin as the book's author.

See also

Odd Tablet – another Red Chamber commentator who was related to Cao and Zhiyanzhai.

Notes

18th-century pseudonymous writers
Dream of the Red Chamber
Qing dynasty writers

Zhiyanzhai


Persons Unknown is a 1929 mystery play by the British writer Edgar Wallace. The plot revolves around the murder of a "person unknown" in a street by a mysterious blackmailer. It features the character of Sergeant Elk, a Scotland Yard detective who appeared in several of Wallace's novels.

Its original run lasted for 108 performances, from 8 May 1929 to 10 August 1929, at London's Shaftesbury Theatre. The cast included Gordon Harker and Minnie Rayner.

References

Bibliography
 Kabatchnik, Amnon. Blood on the Stage, 1975-2000: Milestone Plays of Crime, Mystery, and Detection : an Annotated Repertoire. Rowman & Littlefield, 2012.
 Wearing, J. P. The London Stage 1920-1929: A Calendar of Productions, Performers, and Personnel. Rowman & Littlefield, 2014.

1929 plays
Plays by Edgar Wallace
Plays set in England
West End plays

Persons Unknown (play)