240 Central Park South is a residential building in Midtown Manhattan in New York City. Designed by Albert Mayer and Julian Whittlesey, it was built between 1939 and 1940 by the J.H. Taylor Construction Company, an enterprise of the Mayer family. 240 Central Park South is designed in a combination of the Art Deco and Moderne styles, with over 300 apartments.

240 Central Park South faces Central Park to the north, Columbus Circle and Broadway to the west, and 58th Street to the south. The building occupies half of its  land lot, and is largely "C"-shaped in form. It consists of a 20-story section along Central Park South topped by an 8-story tower, as well as a 15-story section along 58th Street; the two sections are connected by the ground-level lobby. The facade is made of orange brick with jagged storefronts on Broadway, while some of the apartments contain cantilevered balconies. The building contains Marea, a Michelin-starred restaurant, as well as open spaces such as an interior courtyard and rooftop terraces. A mosaic by Amédée Ozenfant hangs over the main entrance on Central Park South.

When completed, 240 Central Park South was one of Manhattan's largest apartment buildings. The apartment complex was marketed as an alternative to the fast-growing suburbs being developed in the New York City area at the time. The design received critical acclaim from reviewers such as Lewis Mumford and the Architectural Forum. The building was designated a city landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 2002 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.

Site
240 Central Park South is on the southeastern side of Columbus Circle in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. It has lot dimensions of  on Central Park South (59th Street) to the north;  on Broadway to the west; and  on 58th Street to the south. The land lot covers . Gainsborough Studios and 220 Central Park South are to the east; Central Park is across Central Park South; 2 Columbus Circle, Deutsche Bank Center, and Trump International Hotel and Tower are across Columbus Circle; and Central Park Tower and 1790 Broadway are across 58th Street. Entrances to the New York City Subway's 59th Street–Columbus Circle station, served by the , are directly outside the building.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Central Park South was developed as Manhattan's "Gold Coast", with many prestigious hotels and apartment buildings being erected on its route. The site of 240 Central Park South was previously owned by George Ehret, a brewer who had become one of New York City's largest real estate owners by the 1920s, behind only the Astor family. Ehret combined seventeen lots on the site between 1881 and 1908. He had intended to build a "roadhouse or hotel" on his land. By 1927, the Ehret lot was one of only two undeveloped blockfronts on Broadway between Columbus Circle and Times Square. Shortly afterward, Ehret's lot and the neighboring Engine Company 23 firehouse on 233 West 58th Street were developed, with a two-story building being erected on the site to cater to the area's automobile industry.

Architecture
240 Central Park South was designed by Mayer & Whittlesey, a partnership between Albert Mayer and Julian Whittlesey. Cynthia Wiley and Eleanor Robertson Paepcke were the landscape architects. The building was constructed by the J. H. Taylor Construction Company and managed by the J. H. Taylor Management Corporation; both companies were operated by the Mayer family. Sarah Tobias, renting manager of J. H. Taylor Management Corporation, was involved in the inclusion of interior design elements. Various contractors were hired for the windows, materials, elevators, floor and wall coverings, furnishings, hardware, electrical installation, plumbing, and heating and air conditioning.

Form

240 Central Park South occupies about half of its land lot. The building is largely "C"-shaped in form and contains two primary sections, a 28-story section on Central Park South and a 15-story section on 58th Street, connected by the lobby running along Broadway. Atop the main roofs of each apartment block are placed chimneys and water towers. 240 Central Park South is variously quoted as having either 325, 326, or 327 apartments across its two apartment blocks.

The northern apartment block on Central Park South is  tall and rises 28 stories. The lowest 20 stories rise without setbacks, except in the corners where there are balconies, while the center section contains a smaller 8-story tower atop the 20th story. The bulk of the northern block is "C"-shaped with two wings to the west and east flanking a small court to the north. The eastern wall is set back from the lot line and the adjoining building.

The southern apartment block at 235 West 58th Street is  tall and contains 15 stories. It rises without setbacks on any side.

Facade
The facade of the building is made of orange brick with varying hues, set within a six-course American bond. The facade typically contain slate window sills. The apartments have wide steel-framed casement windows facing the street. Some of the corners contain windows that are cantilevered at the corner, with between one and three panes in each window. Smaller windows are used where the views contained obstructions, such as adjacent office structures, at the time of the building's development. Another window type used in the building was a wide opening with a high sill, used at locations that required cross ventilation.

Base
The main entrance is at Central Park South and is within a small landscaped courtyard between either of the northern block's wings. The entrance is reached through a concrete sidewalk, flanked by low retaining walls and situated under an awning. The entrance doors are within a slightly projecting curved pavilion with a brick facade and large windows. The western (right) side of the courtyard has a gray-blue terracotta wall of square tiles made by the Atlantic Terra Cotta Company, which encloses a single-story storefront. The eastern (left) side had ceramic plaques that were removed by the 2000s. On the northern facade, above the center three windows on the second and third story, are two abstract mosaic panels, which comprise "The Quiet City", a mural by Amédée Ozenfant.

The secondary entrance is at 58th Street near the corner with Broadway, and contains a double doorway surrounded by Atlantic Terra Cotta blocks, as well as a planter to the west (left) of the entrance. A loading dock was provided on the easternmost portion of the 58th Street side to eliminate congestion. The loading area has a ramp descending directly to the basement. The ramp is made of concrete and can fit two vehicles. Planting beds originally flanked either side of the ramp, while a canopy encloses the northern side of the ramp.

There are ten storefronts on Broadway in total; the center four have rounded corners and are flanked on each side by three square storefronts. The central shops on Broadway are staggered along the diagonal property line, with jagged setbacks and rounded windows. Mayer intentionally included the rounded storefronts to increase the value of the display windows, because he said that the rounded windows gave each shop "many of the advantages of a corner location". Architectural Forum magazine, in 1941, said that the storefronts "permitted the enlargement of the normal sidewalk area into a kind of concourse".

Balconies

About 100 apartments have open-air balconies. These balconies have an average floor area of  and are cantilevered from the windows. The balconies are concrete slabs and largely retain their original metal railings as of the early 21st century.

At the northern apartment block, the balconies are above the seventh story on the northern side facing Central Park, and above the twelfth floor on the southern side. The only exception is on the northeastern corner, where the balconies start above the 16th floor. The balconies on the northern facade were meant to give residents a view above the park's tree line, which was not possible below the seventh floor. In addition, the "tower" of the northern block contains balconies at either northern corner on the 22nd through 26th floors, and a terrace on the 27th floor. At the southern apartment block, all of the balconies are above the 10th story.

Features
240 Central Park South's interior structure is composed of a steel skeleton frame made by Bethlehem Steel. The columns rest on footings made of reinforced concrete, while the floors are made of concrete slabs between the interior beams. The building has a gross floor area of .

The building was designed with its own power generation plant, containing steam boilers, a diesel engine, and two steam turbines with a combined capacity of , as well as an attached hot water heating system. There are six elevators in the building, four for passengers and two for freight. Four of the elevators serve the northern apartment block and the other two elevators serve the southern apartment block. The building was designed with several methods of soundproofing and insulation. For example, some elevator parts were made of leather, carpeting was placed on the corridor floors to reduce noise, and bedrooms are generally placed away from elevator shafts.

Lobby
The lobby has entrances from both Central Park South and 58th Street, and is divided into two sections, one around each entrance. The northern lobby contains access to the four northern elevators, two on either side of the passageway connecting to the southern lobby. The elevator banks are surrounded by marble. The northern lobby contains green terrazzo flooring, copper-clad walls, recessed lighting, and a marble mail desk. The copper-clad walls and terrazzo floors are continued in the passageway between the northern and southern lobbies. A solarium, with marble wall panels and large windows, is next to this passageway, facing onto an enclosed conservatory to the east. The southern lobby contains access to the two southern elevators.

The lobby contains doors to the storefronts facing Broadway and Columbus Circle, as well as a restaurant space on the northeastern corner of the building at Central Park South. The northernmost storefront was adjacent to the western wall of the entrance courtyard and was initially entered from the lobby, before being combined with the two northernmost storefronts on Broadway. Since 2009, the restaurant space has housed Marea, a Michelin-starred Italian and seafood restaurant. Plans of the lobby also show maids' rooms and offices clustered around the central courtyard and near the 58th Street entrance.

Gardens
240 Central Park South's open spaces include the small courtyard at the main entrance, plantings along 58th Street, the enclosed conservatory at ground level, and rooftop gardens and terraces atop various parts of the building. The conservatory at ground level was planted with crabapples, magnolia, and white birch, with Boston ivy on the conservatory's walls. On the roof of the lobby between the two apartment blocks, a garden with willows, forsythia, rhododendrons, and grass plots with flower beds was planted. The roof of the conservatory curves above and east of the lobby roof. The rooftop of the 58th Street apartment block was planted with geometrically shaped flower beds.

Apartments
The apartments on the 2nd through 20th floor of the northern block are arranged around a C-shaped corridor. The apartments in the 21st through 28th floors of the northern block are arranged around a "T"-shaped corridor, and the apartments in the southern block are arranged around a straight corridor. All of the corridors have plaster walls, carpeted floors, and terrazzo baseboards. The corridors also contain soffits, which carry utility wires.

The layouts of the units vary, and even between different floors, tenant preferences affected the floor plan of each unit. However, several design elements were standardized, such as doors, windows, and kitchen units. Each apartment had a window in its kitchen, although these were technically unnecessary, as mechanical ventilation systems had been legalized shortly before the building's completion. Above the seventh floor, each corner room was designed as a balcony containing a large window. The units were each designed with between one and four rooms; the three- and four-room units have separate dining rooms, while the one-room units have dining alcoves. The units above the sixth floor also had log-burning fireplaces. Some units retain their original bookcases and shelves, which were built into the walls. Many apartments contain plaster walls, hardwood floors, wooden wall moldings, and exposed-beam ceilings.

At its opening, the building provided maid service, and had restrooms and service halls for personnel on every floor. Additionally, the basement had rooms for work, storage, and laundry, while the 20th floor of the northern apartment block had a solarium and recreation area. The 20th floor of the northern block also contains three roof terraces, one each to the west, east, and south of the tower.

History

In the early 20th century, the Mayer family was prominent in the development and management of New York City real estate. Albert Mayer and four of his five siblings were active in the industry. He worked at the J. H. Taylor Construction Company from 1919 to 1939, when he worked with Whittlesey. By the 1930s, Mayer and Whittlesey were formulating plans for an apartment building combining an urban setting with suburban features such as green space. The New York Herald Tribune said they came up with the idea as they studied architecture in the European cities of Amsterdam, Stockholm, and Vienna.

Planning and construction
Several investors from Chicago were planning a 25-story apartment building on the Ehret site at Columbus Circle by March 1939. 240 Central Park South Inc., a subsidiary of J. H. Taylor Management, bought the Ehret site that May, with plans to erect a $4.5 million development there. The sale included a building loan of $2.5 million and the transfer of an existing $875,000 mortgage. Mayer and Whittlesey had selected the site as the location for their apartment block because it was near a park, transportation, businesses, and entertainment. The architects wanted the building to be profitable, modern in design, and socially desirable, while also maximizing the number of apartments with views of Central Park. Mayer and Whittlesey reviewed several designs before deciding to build 240 Central Park South as two towers. The decisions were made by a "design board" composed of the architects, owner, operating manager, rental manager, and builders.

In July 1939, Mayer and Whittlesey filed plans for the apartment building, estimated to cost $1.6million (equivalent to $ million in ). 240 Central Park South was the largest apartment project in Manhattan at the time. By January 1940, steel was being erected, and the building was scheduled to be completed that June. Leasing started in March 1940, and J. H. Taylor Management commenced a marketing campaign with mailers and newspaper advertisements to attract people looking for a suburban ambience. Fifty-two units had been rented within one month, which renting manager Sarah Tobias attributed to the inclusion of trees and balconies. Potential tenants were carefully selected by Tobias's team, and the entire tenth floor was furnished to demonstrate the variety of apartments available. The amenities in 240 Central Park South, such as the restaurant, stores, solarium, and roof terraces, were characteristic of those found in both apartment hotels and traditional residential apartments of the time.

Use

20th century

Residents started moving into the building in September 1940, by which 194 of the apartments had been rented. A ground floor storefront was leased to Fanny Farmer. The restaurant space was leased to a cafe called Le Cafe Arnold, whose operators hired Mayer and Whittlesey to design the restaurant's plant- and vine-inspired decorations and furnishings. Le Cafe Arnold opened in the building in December 1940.

One of its first residents, opera singer Helen Jepson, signed a lease at 240 Central Park South soon after its completion. Another resident was the author Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, who lived in Manhattan from 1941 to 1943 and resided at 240 Central Park South during that time. Samuel Solomon, a gangster better known as Sam Boston, was arrested at his home inside the building in 1943, and was charged and convicted of running an illegal gambling ring at his residence. A resident was killed in a gas explosion in her apartment in 1952, which caused a bomb scare that prompted a lockdown of the surrounding area.

In the late 20th century, actors Sylvia Miles, Angie Harmon, and Lou Jacobi also took up residence at 240 Central Park South. In addition, the building's own architect Albert Mayer lived in 240 Central Park South from 1975 until his 1981 death. The building was also shown in works of fiction, being the residence of Lois Lane in the 1978 film Superman, as well as a key setting in the 1957 film A Face in the Crowd. 240 Central Park Associates owned the building from its opening until May 1976, when the building was sold to Central Park South Associates, a company operated by real estate developer Sarah Korein. In 1988, Italian restaurant San Domenico opened inside 240 Central Park South.

21st century

In the 1990s, preservationists unsuccessfully attempted to create a Central Park South Historic District, encompassing properties on Central Park South between Fifth Avenue and Columbus Circle, including 240 Central Park South.  By the first decade of the 21st century, the building was in disrepair; the facade bricks were in mismatched colors, while the courtyard had "shattered tiles and dry fountains", according to The New York Times. A group of preservationists, led by New York state senator Thomas Duane, started to advocate for official city landmark protection in 2001, with the commencement of major renovations at the building. Despite the fact that the Central Park South Historic District had been proposed a few years earlier, 240 Central Park South's historical significance had never been questioned, which had led to the failure of the historic district proposal. The building became a New York City designated landmark on June 25, 2002.

240 Central Park South's exteriors and public interior areas were restored in 2007. The renovation included a green roof designed by Balmori Associates as well as upgrades designed by Douglas J. Lister. The $25 million project received the New York Landmarks Conservancy's Lucy G. Moses Preservation Award for 2007. San Domenico closed its space inside 240 Central Park South in 2008, with Marea moving into that space the next year. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 12, 2009.

Critical reception

240 Central Park South was one of the few mid-rise apartment buildings with courtyards to be constructed following the Great Depression, and was praised for its overall treatment. In 1940, the Museum of Modern Art's Guide to Modern Architecture said that the building's designers had given "particular attention to light, air, and view". The same year, architecture critic Lewis Mumford wrote for The New Yorker that 240 Central Park South was "a real success" and expressed admiration for the building's form, facade, balconies, windows, Broadway storefronts, and main entrance.  Architectural Forum, the next year, stated that the design had "a host of improvements which taken together add up to one of the best apartment buildings yet produced", which could be attributed mainly to its improvements. Buildings and Building Management praised the landscaping as "ingenious" and commended the diversity of apartment layouts, which made every unit "a sort of penthouse".

More modern reviewers also praised 240 Central Park South as innovative, even if its design often went unnoticed. Paul Goldberger wrote in 1977 that 240 Central Park South, while "often overlooked", had apartments that were "well organized and a far cry from the cramped layouts" of that era. Goldberger also called the building "a remarkably sophisticated design" for its time, with its varied apartment layouts, Broadway storefronts, and park views. In 1980, architectural historian Robert A. M. Stern wrote that the building was a paradigm of the contextually responsible high-rise apartment in Manhattan". In his subsequent book New York 1930, Stern called the building "a synthetic work that was at once infill and icon", despite what he saw as shortfalls in the building's courtyard and "bland facade". As early as 1996, Stern had suggested that 240 Central Park South was a viable candidate for official landmark status. Martin Filler, writing for The New Republic in 2000, described 240 Central Park South as Columbus Circle's best structure, saying: "This stylish exemplar of high-density urbanism, completed just before civilian construction halted with our entry into World War II, has never been superseded."

See also
 List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

External links

1939 establishments in New York City
59th Street (Manhattan)
Apartment buildings in New York City
Art Deco architecture in Manhattan
Art Deco skyscrapers
Broadway (Manhattan)
Columbus Circle
Midtown Manhattan
Moderne architecture in New York City
New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan
Residential buildings completed in 1939
Residential buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan

240 Central Park South


The Great Pumpkin is an unseen character in the comic strip Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz. According to Linus van Pelt, the Great Pumpkin is a legendary personality who rises from the pumpkin patch on Halloween carrying a large bag of toys to deliver to believing children. Linus continues to maintain faith in the Great Pumpkin, despite his friends' mockery and disbelief.

The Great Pumpkin was first introduced in the strip dated October 26, 1959, and Schulz subsequently reworked the premise many times throughout the run of Peanuts, notably inspiring the 1966 animated television special It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown.

While Schulz usually avoided outright politics, he enjoyed his Great Pumpkin strips and incorporating religious references in many comics and animated cartoons.

Premise
Each year Linus awaits the arrival of the Great Pumpkin in a pumpkin patch deemed most sincere and lacking in hypocrisy. The following morning, each year, an embarrassed yet undefeated Linus vows to wait for the Great Pumpkin again next Halloween. Linus acknowledges the similarities between the Great Pumpkin and Santa Claus (in the television special, Linus writes to the Great Pumpkin that Santa Claus has better publicity). Charlie Brown attributes Linus's belief in the Great Pumpkin to "denominational differences."

In the comic strip dated October 25, 1961, Linus explains: "There are three things I have learned never to discuss with people: religion, politics, and the Great Pumpkin." A few days later, Linus claims previously reported official sightings of the Great Pumpkin in Connecticut and Texas, and Charlie Brown hears of a sighting in New Jersey.

Linus remains faithful to the Great Pumpkin, even devising a Great Pumpkin Newsletter in comic strips dated October 1998.

Religious metaphors
The Great Pumpkin has been cited as a symbol of strong faith and foolish faith, leading to vastly different interpretations of creator Charles Schulz's own faith. As described in the book on Schulz's religious views, A Charlie Brown Religion, Schulz's views were very personal and often misinterpreted. Linus' seemingly unshakable belief in the Great Pumpkin, and his desire to foster the same belief in others, has been interpreted as a parody of Christian evangelism by some observers. Others have seen Linus' belief in the Great Pumpkin as symbolic of the struggles faced by anyone with beliefs or practices that are not shared by the majority. Still others view Linus' lonely vigils, in the service of a being that may or may not exist and which never makes its presence known in any case, as a metaphor for mankind's basic existential dilemmas.

Schulz himself, however, claimed no motivation beyond the humor of having one of his young characters confuse Halloween with Christmas. In the 1959 sequence of strips in which the Great Pumpkin is first mentioned, for instance, Schulz also has Linus suggest that he and the other kids "go out and sing pumpkin carols", something which he also asks the trick-or-treating kids in the special itself.

In animated adaptations

After the Great Pumpkin formed the central premise of the 1966 television special, later television specials would also reference the character. These included You're Not Elected, Charlie Brown (1972) when Linus almost blows his chances in a school election; It's the Easter Beagle, Charlie Brown (1974) in which Sally cites her previous experience with the non-appearance of the Great Pumpkin; and You're a Good Sport, Charlie Brown (1975), wherein Linus enters the pumpkin patch with Charlie Brown, who gets teased as being the Great Pumpkin. The Peanuts Movie (2015) also namedrops the character, when Linus says he hopes the new kid in town (later revealed as the Little Red-Haired Girl) might be willing to believe in the Great Pumpkin.

Other references in popular culture

Dee Andros
College football coach Dee Andros (1924–2003), was known by the nickname "The Great Pumpkin" as head coach (1965–75) and athletic director (1976–85) at Oregon State University in Corvallis.

As the head coach of the orange and black Beavers, Andros had a round physique and often wore an orange windbreaker. He was first dubbed with the nickname in 1966 by a member of the Spokane press on Halloween weekend in Pullman, Washington, as his OSU team routed host Washington State's Cougars, 41–13.

Braniff Airways
In the late 1970s, Braniff Airways painted its fleet in bright colors, for visual appeal and marketability. The airline's first 747-100 airliners were delivered painted in a striking shade of orange, causing several air traffic control centers across the US to welcome the new Braniff acquisitions with the phrase "Welcome, Great Pumpkin". The 1973 Petersen Publications annual, Air Progress: World's Greatest Aircraft, had its chapter devoted to the 747 headed "The Great Pumpkin Lives!"

BNSF Railway
In 1996, Burlington Northern SD60M #9297 (renumbered 8197 in 2008, renumbered 1474 in 2014) was jokingly dubbed the "Great Pumpkin" by employees because of its bold orange paint scheme, one of many prototype paint designs created by the then newly formed Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway (BNSF), a merger of Burlington Northern and the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway (Santa Fe). This scheme eventually became the basis for BNSF's "Heritage I" paint design, while the "Great Pumpkin" nickname has stuck among railfans for this particular locomotive.

The Simpsons
In the opening cameo of "Treehouse of Horror II" the Peanuts gang in Halloween costumes are passing in front of the Simpson house. The final segment of "Treehouse of Horror XIX" (the fourth episode of the twentieth season of The Simpsons), called "It's the Grand Pumpkin, Milhouse", is a parody of It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown and contains numerous references to the Peanuts characters. Milhouse Van Houten wears the same clothes and plays the same role as Linus van Pelt. Lisa Simpson is modeled after Sally Brown, and Bart is patterned after Charlie Brown (even saying "Good grief!" at one point). A redesigned version of Santa's Little Helper can be seen sleeping atop his dog house a la Snoopy, while Homer is seen sleeping on top of the family house in a similar manner.

When Marge first speaks, her voice is replaced with a muted trombone sound, a parody of the "wah wah wah" voice that is used for adults in all Peanuts specials. The dance scene during the Halloween party is a parody of the dance scene in A Charlie Brown Christmas right down to Kang and Kodos in a nonspeaking cameo as the twins "3 and 4". Parts of the segment had music by Vince Guaraldi (best known for composing music for animated adaptations of the Peanuts comic strip), which they had obtained the rights to use.

Robot Chicken
A sketch in the episode "Vegetable Funfest" of the stop-motion parody show Robot Chicken featured a Peanuts parody in which Linus tires of never seeing the Great Pumpkin. He conducts a magical ritual involving burning a chicken in a pentagram to summon the entity, which is revealed to be Lovecraftian in nature, feeding on children. The Great Pumpkin murders Linus and proceeds to stalk the other characters with similar intentions. Charlie Brown is saved by the similarly demonic Kite-Eating Tree, which consumes the Pumpkin. Charlie Brown declares that his deceased friends can now rest in peace. The murdered characters are then shown in Hell dancing with the devil as Schroeder plays his piano.

Italy and the "Great Watermelon"
When the Peanuts strip was first introduced in Italy, Halloween was almost unknown there as a festivity. The earlier translations turned the pumpkin into a watermelon ("Il Grande Cocomero") because it was felt to be a more Mediterranean fruit-figure and its name sounded better. The intentional mistranslation somehow stuck in Italian pop culture, and was kept in all subsequent translations. There was also a movie named after Il grande cocomero in 1993, directed by Francesca Archibugi.

Dan Johnson
The Major League Baseball player Dan Johnson is nicknamed "The Great Pumpkin" due to his orange-red beard and his notable late-season/autumn performance. Johnson was called to the majors late in three separate seasons (2008, 2010, 2011), and subsequently hit clutch home runs that propelled his team into the playoffs.

Wizard of Id
On October 30, 2015, the Wizard of Id comic strip made a tribute to Linus and the Great Pumpkin. The wizard makes a spell "making a dream come true for a special little boy". The last panel shows the Great Pumpkin menacingly chasing Linus, who runs away terrified.

Helloween
Charlie Brown, Linus, and the Great Pumpkin are referenced in Helloween's song "Halloween", alluding to the events in It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown:

"Someone's sitting in a field, never giving yield.
Sitting there with gleaming eyes.
Waiting for Big Pumpkin to arise."

"Bad luck if you get a stone
like the good old Charlie Brown, you think Linus could be right.
The kids will say it's just a stupid lie."

The Great Pumpkin
In 1965 a song by The Jack-o-Lanterns was produced by Lou Reizner and released on 45.  The composers were Danny and Myrna Jannson, along with Walter Keske.  The song starts with the sound of a gong, a creaking door, then the voice speaks "My name is The Great Pumpkin.  Whataya want sonny boy?"  The singers of the song then tell The Great Pumpkin they are lonely and have no one to love.  They're asking them for help saying they're his "last chance."  At the end of the song the Pumpkin responds only by saying, "The Great Pumpkin he say you'll never make the Top 40 Sunny Boy."

Licensed use in Poptropica
In October 2010, forty-four years after the initial airing of It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown, the Great Pumpkin was the topic of a licensed use by the online game Poptropica. The site's 15th island is Great Pumpkin Island, and features several of the Peanuts characters interacting with players. As the island follows the same plot as the original TV special, the Great Pumpkin does not appear, and turns out to be Snoopy with a pumpkin on his head.

See also
Stingy Jack
The Pumpkin King
Treehouse of Horror XIX
David S. Pumpkins

References

Comics characters introduced in 1959
Halloween
Halloween in the United States
Holiday characters
Peanuts characters
Unseen characters

Great Pumpkin


Chennai Sangamam (Tamil: சென்னை சங்கமம்) is a large annual open Tamil cultural festival held in the city of Chennai. The festival is organized by the Tamil Maiyam and Department of Tourism and Culture of the Government of Tamil Nadu with the intention of rejuvenating the old village festivals, art and artists. The festival is centered on the occasion of Tamil harvest festival of Pongal, and takes place for a week-long period. The festival is conceived to be the longest and biggest open Festival in India.

History

The idea of organizing a festival during Pongal showcasing the culture of Tamil Nadu was conceived by Kanimozhi, Member of Parliament from Tamil Nadu and daughter of M Karunanidhi and Rev.Fr. Jegath Gaspar Raj, founder of Tamil Maiyam, in September 2006. The festival was rolled out in 2007, with patronization of the Government of Tamil Nadu.

Festival description

The festival is organized at various places in Chennai city including beaches, parks, corporation grounds, college / school grounds and shopping malls. The idea to have it in the open parks, beaches and streets was an inspiration from the Bengaluru Habba celebrations. The events that mark the festival include traditional and folk music shows folk dances, martial arts, classical music and dance performances, street plays, drama / theater, etc. Apart from these, food component got added in the second edition of Chennai Sangamam in 2008 where food outlets catering traditional Tamil cuisine also became part of the celebrations. More than 2,000 performers take part in the event which accommodates around 4,000 performances annually.

References

External links

Tamil festivals

Chennai Sangamam


Our House is a British sitcom that aired on ITV from 1960 to 1962. The main writer of the programme, which starred many actors known for their roles in the Carry On films,  was Norman Hudis, who wrote the first six Carry On films from 1958 to 1962. Our House is based on the premise of nine people of differing backgrounds sharing a house together.

Production
Our House was created by Norman Hudis, who was also the main writer. Two other writers contributed to the series, Brad Ashton and Bob Block. It was produced by Ernest Maxin. Episodes were recorded in front of a live audience at Teddington Studios. The theme music was composed by Maxin and performed by Johnny Gregory.

Cast
Hattie Jacques - Georgina Ruddy
Charles Hawtrey - Simon Willow
Frederick Peisley - Herbert Keene
Leigh Madison - Marcia Hatton
Trader Faulkner - Stephen Hatton (series 1)
Joan Sims - Daisy Burke (series 1)
Norman Rossington - Gordon Brent (series 1)
Frank Pettingell - Captain Illiffe (series 1)
Ina De La Haye - Mrs Illiffe (series 1)
Bernard Bresslaw - William Singer (series 2)
Hylda Baker - Henrietta (series 2)
Eugenie Cavanagh - Marina (series 2)

With the death of Trader Falkner in 2021, Eugenie Cavanagh is the last surviving cast member.

Plot
Nine people - two couples and five individuals - find themselves at an estate agents in desperate need of a place to live. With none being able to buy a property alone, they decide to pool their money and buy one large house together. Georgina is a librarian who, forced to remain quiet at work, is loud when at home. Simon is a likeable loner who works in the local council's rates office whilst Daisy goes from one job to another quickly. Gordon is a law student and Herbert a shy, single bank clerk. Captain Illiffe is a retired naval captain and his wife a violinist. Stephen and Marcia Hatton are newly-weds.

Episodes
The first series of Our House aired on ITV in late 1960 on Sundays at 3.25pm. The series consisted of 13 episodes, each 55 minutes long. The second series broadcast for 26 45-minute episodes from 1961 to 1962 on Saturdays at 7.40pm. The first seven episodes of series two aired fortnightly across the entire ITV network. However, the remaining episodes - which aired weekly - were not shown in the London region.

Out of a total of 39 episodes, only three are known to have survived in the archives.  The three surviving episodes are "Simply Simon", "A Thin Time" and "Love to Georgina", all from the first series. The surviving episodes have not been seen on British television since 1962.

Series One

Series Two

DVD releases
The three surviving episodes of Our House were released on DVD on 16 July 2012.

References

External links

1960s British sitcoms
1960 British television series debuts
1962 British television series endings
Black-and-white British television shows
English-language television shows
ITV sitcoms
Lost television shows
Television shows produced by ABC Weekend TV
Television shows shot at Teddington Studios

Our House (1960 TV series)


Charles Atger (18 June 1921 – 15 March 2020) was a French pilot. He has held the World Record for longest glider flight time since 1952.

Biography
Atger was born on 18 June 1921 in Gréoux-les-Bains in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence region of France. His father was a naval officer, and Atger worked as a farmer on his parents' estate growing up.

Due to health issues with his lungs, Atger's parents forbade him from flying, but after a hunger strike and approval from a doctor, they budged. In 1938, Atger obtained his glider pilot's license. He passed his first degree license in 1939, but, due to World War II, he was unable to obtain his second degree. After the end of the war, Atger returned home and began flying again in Saint-Auban and Saint-Rémy-de-Provence.

From 2 to 4 April 1952, Atger flew 56 hours and 15 minutes over the Alpilles, breaking the world record. He was aiming for 60 hours, but fell short of this goal due to sickness. Bertrand Dauvin attempted to break this record in 1956, but crashed after flying for 26 hours. After this, the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale banned attempting to break the record, due to the danger of the flight.

After the French government prevented him from flying due to hearing problems, Atger moved to Argentina, despite not knowing Spanish. Here, he worked as an agricultural pilot, amassing 33,600 total hours of flight time, another record. On 20 February 1993, he returned to France and retired in his native village of Gréoux-les-Bains. Charles Atger died on 15 March 2020 at the age of 98.

References

1921 births
2020 deaths
French aviation record holders
French glider pilots
People from Alpes-de-Haute-Provence

Charles Atger


Regina Fleszarowa (28 March 1888 – 1 July 1969) was a Polish geographer and geologist, who participated in women's rights and served as a Senator in the Second Polish Republic between 1935 and 1938. Studying at the Sorbonne, in 1913, she received the first PhD in natural sciences awarded to a Polish woman. Considered a pioneer in establishing earth sciences in Poland, she published over 100 works concerning the geography and geology of the country. Her 5 volume bibliography on the history of earth sciences in Poland is considered her greatest achievement. She was awarded the 1st Class Banner of the Order of Labor in 1960.

Early life
Regina Zofia Danysz was born on 28 March 1888 in Wiśniewo in the Siedlce Governorate of Russian Poland to Piotr Danysz. Her parents owned a small estate in Brusów, where she was raised and completed her elementary education. She went on to study in Warsaw and Kiev, before moving to Zurich in 1906. Focusing her education on geography, Danysz moved to Paris in 1907, to attend lectures on geography and geology, participating in research trips during the semester breaks to the Tatra Mountains and Kujawy, which were led by . In 1910, she received her licenciée in science from the University of Paris in 1910, continuing on with doctoral studies. Studying with Eugeniusz Romer and Charles Vélain, she prepared a thesis, Etude critique d'une carte ancienne de Pologne dresée par Stanislas Staszic (1806) (Critical study of an old map of Poland created by Stanislas Staszic [1806]) which analyzed his topographical work in the Carpathian Mountains. Early in 1913, she received the first PhD of natural sciences awarded to a Polish woman.

Career
Beginning in 1912, Danysz lectured on topology and was active in the Rifle Association, as well as the women's legionnaires. She began her career in 1913 working with Romer, who was at the University of Lviv, compiling information on atmospheric precipitation over various locations throughout Poland. While working with Romer, she met a fellow geologist, , whom she would later marry. Danysz and Romer published their findings in Warsaw in 1913. Moving to Zakopane around 1915, she became active in the press for women's rights and served as chair of the Council of Polish Women (), attending the European conventions of the International Council of Women in Brussels, Dubrovnik and Edinburgh. She and Felszar married and had a son, Mieczysław Albin. The couple worked together on geological surveys in the Carpathian Mountains. After her husband's death in 1916, Fleszarowa and her son moved to Warsaw, where she worked for a short time at the Ministry of Public Enlightenment. In 1918, she helped found the Polish Geographical Society ().

In 1919, Fleszarowa became the librarian for the National Geological Institute in Warsaw. and acquired a collection of over 30,000 volumes during her tenure, which lasted until World War II. She simultaneously continued her research, publishing articles such as Stanisław Staszic jako przyrodnik (Stanisław Staszic as a naturalist, 1926) and Spis jaskiń krajowych (List of National Caves, 1933) in scientific journals. Between 1920 and 1939, Fleszarowa published 18 texts for the Geological Bibliography of Poland. She also worked as an editor for Ziemia, the journal of the Geographical Society starting in 1929. Over her lifetime, Fleszarowa published over 100 articles on the scientific history and geography of Poland, including compiling studies of Russian scientists on Polish territories, gathering information through questionnaires about the geological work done during the Occupation, as well as publishing a biographical dictionary of Polish geologists.

Fleszarowa was appointed in 1935 to serve as a Senator by the President of the Polish Republic. During her tenure, she focused on formal organization of scientific pursuits and expanding the rights of citizens. In 1937 was one of the organizers of the Democratic Club of Warsaw, serving as its vice-president and Democratic Alliance Party. Her Senate term ended in 1938 and during the Occupation of Poland, she joined the underground movement, participating in the Home Army. Working in developing information and propaganda for the Home Army, she distributed maps and published literature, setting up an editorial office for underground writings. She worked to hide Jews, and led secret meeting of librarians, leading the effort to hide the archive of the Association of Polish Librarians. Fleeing the city before the Warsaw Uprising in 1944, Fleszarowa went to Lublin and worked as a contact to the Polish Committee of National Liberation. In October 1944, she was appointed head of the Library Department of the Ministry of Education.

In 1945, she served as co-founder in reorganizing the Women's League and was appointed to serve in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Democratic Party government. Participating in peace conferences held in Moscow, Paris, Potsdam and Prague, she was one of the cartographers who delineated the western Polish border. From 1945 to 1948, she served on the City Council of Warsaw. In 1951 she began working at the Museum of Earth for the Polish Academy of Sciences. She prepared a bibliography on the history of earth sciences in Poland, covering a 200-year period, prior to her retirement in 1958. This work was her "greatest scientific achievement", covering material from the mid-eighteenth century through the mid-twentieth century in 5 volumes. The first volumes, published in 1957 covered the twentieth century and the last volume, published in 1966 covered the material through the end of the 19th century, summarizing documents found in the records published by the Polish Geological Institute. Because she retired before the second volume was published, other editors worked to complete the publishing.

After her retirement, Fleszarowa continued her work with the Women's League and attending meetings of the Polish Academy of Sciences, publishing works such as the Materiałach i Studiach z Dziejów Nauki Polskiej (Materials and Studies of the History of Polish Science) and two extensive studies. One of them evaluated the 200 year old geological map of Poland by J. S. Guetard and the other discussed Warsaw as it was described in The Physiographic Diary between 1881 and 1921. In 1960, she was awarded the 1st Class Banner of the Order of Labor.

Death and legacy
Fleszarowa died on board ship during a cruise on the Vistula river on 30 June or 1 July 1969. She was buried in Warsaw's Powązki Cemetery. Her masterwork on the bibliography on the history of earth sciences has been supplemented by later scientists and she is viewed as a pioneer for establishing the field of earth science in Poland.

See also
Timeline of women in science

References

Citations

Bibliography

1888 births
1969 deaths
People from Siedlce County
People from Siedlce Governorate
Alliance of Democrats (Poland) politicians
Senators of the Second Polish Republic (1935–1938)
Women members of the Senate of Poland
Polish women geologists
Polish women scientists
20th-century Polish women
20th-century women scientists
19th-century Polish women scientists
19th-century Polish geologists
Women geographers
University of Paris alumni
Expatriates from the Russian Empire in Switzerland
Expatriates from the Russian Empire in France
Burials at Powązki Cemetery

Regina Fleszarowa


The Sanamahi creation myth is the traditional creation myth of Sanamahism, a religion of the Meitei people in ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔ, ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯫

Seven days of Creation
After the creation of the Universe in which milky ways, stars, planets etc. are seen in it today, the Universal God Father, or Tingpalpa Mapu or Eepung Loinapa Apakpa (꯱') as the Kanglei Meetei call, began to think the creation of man, after creation of all living beings of the lower strata.

Langmaiching, the first day
The first day of the seven days week, the ancient Kanglei peoples called Langmaiching (Not Nongmaiching written since the days of Pamheiba Garivaniwaz in the 18th century A.D. The word/ concept Langmaiching was changed to Nongmaijing, a meaningless word to destroy the creation theory of the Meetei Race of Kangleipak). Langmaiching = Lang + mai + ching, 'Lang' here means a thing like a net catching, attracting things, 'mai' means human face, the front part of the Human Head, and 'ching' means 'chingsinpa' attracting. Therefore, Langmaiching means a point in vast Universe where the Universal God Father, attracting all elements composing the Human Body, started creating a man. This point of starting creation of man is the centre of the Human forehead, the ancient Kanglei Meetei call 'Laipak' means 'God is clinging , God sticks permanently'. After the Universal God Father started the Human creation at the Laipak (forehead) of the Human body, he completely created the Human head, consisting the Head, the Hair, Forehead (Laipak) etc. of the Human Body. This is the first day of the week, Langmaiching (Sunday) of the Meetei Race of Kangleipak. Since the time of fully creating the Human head, the Universal God Father, the Tingpalpa Mapu or Eepung Loinapa Apakpa of the Meetei Race of Kangleipak stays at the Human forehead (Laipak) up to the death of the Human Being. This is why, the Kanglei Meetei Race call the Human body is a Laishang (temple) since the days of deep B.C.

Ningthoukapa, the second day
Ningthoukapa = Ning + thou + kapa, 'Ning' here means Ningpa, Khanpa of the Kanglei dialect, in English mind, thinking, 'thou' here means thoupa in Kanglei dialect and in  = English driving. Therefore, the Kanglei Meetei word/concept 'Ningthou' , King in English, means the God, the Universal GodFather. 'kapa' here means ascends, comes-up, in English. Therefore, the second day of the Kanglei peoples' week, Ningthoukapa means the Universal God Father, who is the real Driver of Human mind, Human action, comes up (ascends) to the forehead (Laipak) of the Human body to stay there up to the death of the man.

Leipakpokpa, the third day
Leipakpokpa = Leipak + pokpa 'Leipak' actually means the Earth, but here means the Human body, 'pokpa' here means pokpa in the sense of Angang Pokpa, in English 'giving birth' as in the sense of child birth. The Kanglei Puya, the scripture of the Meetei Race calls the Human body as 'Living Earth'. From this 3rd day of Kanglei peoples' week, Leipakpokpa the Universal God Father who is residing in the Laipak (Forehead of the Human Body) begins to create the main human body part below the Head, from neck to other lower parts containing Heart, lungs, liver, kidney etc. This is the Third day of the Kanglei week, Leipakpokpa.

Yumsakeisa/Imsakeisa, the fourth day
Imsakeisa = Im + sa + keisa, here 'Im' means present word yum, meaning dwelling house, in English; 'sa' means sapa, meaning to build, to construct in English; 'Keisa' here means to build, to construct a Barn for storage of energy, elements composing of a human body to compensate the loss of these things in any eventuality of the Human Body. Why the 4th day of the week, Imsakeisa is so named? In the forehead (Laipak), the Universal God Father, Tingpalpla Mapu or Eepung Loinapa Apakpa, the first cause of   the Universe resides, whereas in the Human body in the Heart, the Taipang Palpa Mapu (Lord of the Earthly life, Jiba Atma of the Hindus) resides. In the forehead (Laipak), the Universal God Father in the symbol # (ONE), and in the Heart, the Universal God Father in the symbol W resides in the Human body. The human body as created by the God has certain things like Blood, Amino Acid etc. etc. So, the question of constructing a Barn arises in the Imsakeisa, the 4th day of the week.

Sakonsen, the fifth day
Sakonsen = Sa + kon + sen, 'sa' here means the animal body, here in the particular circumstances, the Human body; 'kon' means in Kanglei dialect 'Konba', Konbiba and in English to keep under care and protection; 'sen' means sennaba in Kanglei dialect and to keep under vigil of the Human body. On the 5th day of the week, Sakonsen the Universal God Father enters in the Heart of the Human Body to protect and to take care of the Human Body up to Death as Taipangpalpa Mapu (Lord of the Earthly life).

Eelai, the sixth day
Eelai = Ee + Lai, 'Ee' here means blood, Human blood; 'Lai' here means God, the Universal God Father. The Human blood is the Universal God Father, the Eepung Loinapa Himself When the Universal God Father comes to the Earth to create living beings for the first time, He comes in the symbol #(ONE), the dot ([) on the symbol # is called 'Eelik' means a drop of blood from His body, this Eelik ([), blood drop is the blood of every living beings on the Earth. This blood of the Universal God Father is put to the heart and to all parts of the human body, on Eelai (Friday).

Thangcha, the seventh day
Thangcha = Thang + cha, the 'Thang' here means in Kanglei Dialect Thangtharakpa, Pitharakpa, further means in English to send down, to drop down, etc.; the 'cha' here means Chata Nouta (the descendants), macha (the sons and daughters) of the Universal God Father. On this seventh day of the week of the Kangleicha Meetei Race, the Thangcha, the Universal God Father has completed the creation of a man and ready to send down on the Earth for further spread on the surface of the Earth.

Constellation
Corresponding to those seven days of the week of the Kanglei peoples, there is a constellation of seven stars in the sky, as described by the Puya, Wakoklon Heelel Thilel Salai Ama-ilon   Pukok which was written about 3500 years BP by the Kanglei Ancestors in Kangleipak: "8 ti Eenunglonna Thouwaimichak Apakpa Oipana Pu Ama Koukhale | Khununglonna Thouwaimichak pee malik sitapa Cheion Talet Haina Haikhale ||" Rough English translation of the above quotation: "The 8th , the group of stars forming a constellation (in the space), is known as Thouwaimichak Cheion Talet (Seven Stars which can became Human beings on the Earth." In the above quotation, 'Pu Ama' , here 'Pu' means Grand Father, the oldest male person in a family is called 'Pu' , 'Ama' means one. Therefore, the seven stars group is a constellation, the group of the seven stars is known as "Thouwaimichak Cheion Talet" here Thouwaimichak (star in English) = Thou + wai + mi + chak, here 'thou' means to drive, 'wai' here means interaction between elements, 'mi' here means the God in the Human beings on the Laipak(forehead), and 'chak' here means Machak (elements forming the Human body). The concept of a 'Thouwaimichak' star is so complex in Kanglei Dialect. In the formation of a 'Thouwaimichak'(a star), there are five elements Fire, Water, Air, Leipak (soil), Space. These five elements along with the 'mi' the God elements in the Human body. The five elements in the Human body is driven by the 'mi' to form a human body with mind and consciousness. This is the soul theory of the Meetei Race of Kangleipak. Soul consists of six elements according to the ancient Kangleipak, that is, Fire, Water, Air, Leipak (soil), Space and 'mi'. The Meetei Race of Kangleipak has seven days of the week, since about 20,000 years B.P. as evidence by the Puya, the scripture of the Kanglei Meetei Peoples and Kangla Excavation 2009. The last day of the week is Thangcha' On 'Thangcha, the last day of the week, creation of Life ( a prototype of all living Beings) its completed and the God Father sent down to the Earth for further spread on the earth. The day of the week, the last day of the week, Thangcha is the day on which life was sent down by the Universal God Father to the Earth. The first Thangcha of the 'Lamta Month' the third month of the year is the first day on which the Life (from the Universal God Father) came to colonize the Malem (the Mother Earth) for the first time in the Life History of the Earth. 'Cheion' Cheion = Cha + i + on = here 'cha' means Descendants, 'i' means blood, 'on' means onba further means change into, 'Talet' means seven. Therefore, the seven stars forming the constellation (Pu Ama) consists of Everything, Every elements in them to become living beings (here Human beings). The human creation theory of the Meetei Race of Kangleipak is a theory of Extraterrestrial Origin of Life also. These seven days of the week of the Meetei Race of Kangleipak give birth of the 19 Kanglei Eeyeks including the cheising Eeyek Ama in the symbol # also. These seven days of the week are part and parcel of the Universal God Father, Ting Palpa Mapu Eepung Loinapa Apakpa, the Ancient Kanglei Forefathers said "The Kanglei Alphabets is the Universal God Father and Kanglei   Meetei Language is the mother."

ꯀꯧꯕ꯭ꯔꯨ, ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯈꯨꯟꯗꯥꯐꯝ
After  Godfather Eepung Loinapa Apakpa created humans under his guidance and makes people's settlement to the place where God's living place in Earth where there was many fruits,eatable can be found for living.

ꯁꯤꯖꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯉꯨ
 ꯁꯅꯥꯃꯍꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡ
Lists of Creatures in Meitei Folklore
 ꯁꯅꯥꯃꯍꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯡꯂꯦꯟꯁꯤꯡ
 ꯂꯥꯏꯍꯔꯥꯎꯕ
 ꯀꯪꯂꯩ ꯂꯥꯏꯋꯥꯔꯤ

ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯂꯧꯐꯝ

ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯒ ꯁꯝꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡ
 Wangkhemcha Chingtamlen, President of Kangleipak Historical and research centre.
 Revisiting the Creation Myth By James Oinam
 Review Kangleipak The Cradle Of Man

 A Sentimental Journey Into The Chaotic Streets Of Meitei Puyas - DR IM SINGH

 Discovery of Kangleipak

 Short Essays on Women and Society: Manipuri Women through the Century - Nunglekpam Premi Devi - Google Books

ꯁꯅꯥꯃꯍꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡ
ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯏꯅꯥꯠ
Creation myths

ꯃꯤꯁꯦꯝꯂꯣꯟ ꯁꯅꯥꯃꯍꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡꯒꯤ


John Hamlin Folger (December 18, 1880 – July 19, 1963) was a Democratic U.S. Congressman from North Carolina between 1941 and 1949.

Born in Rockford, North Carolina, Folger attended public schools in Surry County. He graduated from Guilford College in Greensboro, North Carolina and studied law at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Admitted to the bar in 1901, Folger opened a law practice in Dobson, North Carolina. He was elected mayor of the town of Mount Airy, North Carolina from 1908, serving until 1912.  He was sent to the North Carolina House of Representatives from 1927 to 1928 and to the North Carolina State Senate from 1931 to 1932.

Active in the North Carolina Democratic Party, Folger was a delegate to state Democratic conventions between 1924 and 1940 and to the Democratic National Conventions in 1932 and 1944. After the death of his brother, Rep. Alonzo D. Folger, John Folger was sent to Congress in a special election called to fill the vacancy. He was re-elected three more times, serving in the 77th, 78th, 79th, and 80th United States Congresses.

Folger did not stand for reelection in 1948 and returned to his law practice in Mount Airy, North Carolina, from which he retired in 1959. He died in Clemmons, North Carolina in 1963 and is buried in Mount Airy's Oakdale Cemetery.

External links

1880 births
1963 deaths
Guilford College alumni
People from Surry County, North Carolina
University of North Carolina School of Law alumni
Democratic Party members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
Democratic Party North Carolina state senators
North Carolina lawyers
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from North Carolina
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American lawyers

John Hamlin Folger


Adéwálé Adémóyèga jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ọmọ ológun orílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà.

Adewale Ademoyega (died February 21, 2007) was one of the five mutinous Nigerian Army Majors who led the 1966 coup   th

that ended the first democratic Nigerian government.

Ìgbé ayé àti ètò ẹ̀kọ́ rẹ̀
Wọ́n bí Adéwáléní ìlú Òde Rẹ́mọ tí ó wà ní Ìpínlẹ̀ Ògùn tí ó wà ní àpérò ìwọ̀ Oòrùn orílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà.
Adewale was born in Ode Remo in present-day Ogun State in southwestern Nigeria. He earned a degree in history from the University of London. He was one of the first graduates that enrolled as an officer in the Nigerian Army along with Lieutenant Colonels Chukwuemeka Odumegwu-Ojukwu and Victor Banjo, and Majors Olufemi Olutoye, Emmanuel Ifeajuna, and Oluwole Rotimi in the 1966 Nigerian army. Adewal Ademoyega was the last graduate to be commissioned directly into the Nigerian Army Infantry.

Ipa tí ó kò nínú ogun Biafra

Ní àsìkò ogun abẹ́lé Biafra,  Adéwálé jagun lábẹ́ ọmọ ogun orí ilẹ̀ orílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà, èyí tí ó jẹ́ apá kan nínú ikọ̀ ọmọ ogun tí adarí ogun Lieutenant Colonel Bajo kò sòdí.
During the Biafran civil war, Adewale fought in the "Nigerian Liberation Army", a part of the Biafran army led by Lieutenant Colonel Banjo.

Major Ademoyega was released from detention by Biafran Head of State Colonel Chukwuemeka Odumegwu-Ojukwu,  on August 13, 1966. He then formed the Biafran 19th Battalion and subsequently took over for Major Emmanuel Ifeajuna, who also helped with the 1966 coup as the chief of staff of the Liberation Army.
Unfortunately for Major Ademoyega, His excellency Ojukwu received some intelligence that some officer would overthrow him. Major Ademoyega was detained along with several officers and comrades. Several of these officers would later be shot by Biafran forces. Maybe Ademoyega was spared however as he truly had nothing to o with this. He was detained for the remainder of the civil war.

Ademoyega was briefly 'freed' after the war. However, Federal forces put him right back in detention for his participation as part as the Liberation Army.

He was finally released along with twenty others during the 1974 Independence Day amnesty.

Ìdí tí a fi jà
Major Adewale Ademoyega's book about the military coup d'état is regarded as one of the most authoritative regarding the first Nigerian coup.

Ikú rẹ̀
Adewale Ademoyega died on February 21, 2007 after being ill for sometime.

Itọ́ka sí

Nigerian Army officers
Àwọn ènìyàn alààyè
Yoruba military personnel
Alumni of the University of London
Year of birth missing (living people)

Adewale Ademoyega


In mathematics, specifically in differential equations, an equilibrium point is a constant solution to a differential equation.

Formal definition
The point   is an equilibrium point for the differential equation

if  for all .

Similarly, the point   is an equilibrium point (or fixed point) for the difference equation

if  for .

Equilibria can be classified by looking at the signs of the eigenvalues of the linearization of the equations about the equilibria. That is to say, by evaluating the Jacobian matrix at each of the equilibrium points of the system, and then finding the resulting eigenvalues, the equilibria can be categorized. Then the behavior of the system in the neighborhood of each equilibrium point can be qualitatively determined, (or even quantitatively determined, in some instances), by finding the eigenvector(s) associated with each eigenvalue.

An equilibrium point is hyperbolic if none of the eigenvalues have zero real part. If all eigenvalues have negative real parts, the point is stable. If at least one has a positive real part, the point is unstable. If at least one eigenvalue has negative real part and at least one has positive real part, the equilibrium is a saddle point and it is unstable. If all the eigenvalues are real and have the same sign the point is called a node.

See also
 Autonomous equation
 Critical point
 Steady state

References

Further reading

Stability theory
Dynamical systems

Equilibrium point (mathematics)


Deadline is a 2009 American psychological horror film directed by Sean McConville and starring Brittany Murphy and Thora Birch.

Plot
Alice Evans needs to complete a screenplay, which she has not finished due to a psychological breakdown after her boyfriend, Ben, tried to kill her. With the deadline for the screenplay approaching, she accepts an offer by a producer friend to let her stay in a Victorian-style home he has recently purchased, so she can focus on her work. She insists on staying there alone, and her friend Rebecca reluctantly agrees and leaves her there.

Alice begins to hear strange noises in the house and becomes convinced the house is haunted by the ghost of a murdered woman. She begins searching the house and finds a collection of videotapes in the attic featuring a mysterious young couple, Lucy and David Woods. At first the tapes just show the couple lovingly talking about their new baby and life together in the house. However, as the tapes progress, the more disturbed David grows. He becomes convinced Lucy is seeing someone else and that the baby may not be his, even though she assures him she's never been with any one else. One tape shows him filming Lucy as she sleeps muttering "she looks like an angel."

Alice also watches one of her own tapes of herself and Rebecca (before Ben tried to kill her) and it is strongly implied she and Rebecca are more than just friends. Alice keeps watching the video tapes of the Woods and asks Rebecca to do research on the couple for her. Feeling worried about Alice, Rebecca offers to come visit, but Alice insists she is fine. As she keeps watching the tapes, we learn the reason Ben tried to kill Alice: like Lucy Woods, Alice was pregnant and, like David Woods, Ben became convinced the baby wasn't his. Also like David Woods, Ben tried to drown Alice in the bathtub. She survived, but lost the baby. This is why Alice feels so connected to Lucy.

She starts to see the ghost of Lucy Woods around the house. When Alice gets to the last tape, she sees that David did kill Lucy by drowning her in the tub and then hanged himself. Alice then gets a call from Ben, who apologizes for what he did to her. During the call, Alice sees a shadow in the house and becomes convinced Ben is inside with her, and that he has been responsible for everything that has been happening while she was there, but he insists he is in Boston with his mother. Still, Alice is afraid and starts to run away, but at that point, she sees the end of the tape which shows David Woods actually survived his hanging when his mother cut him down just in time. His mother then reports David and Lucy missing. Alice comes face to face with David Woods inside the house. He calls her "Lucy" and thinks Alice is his wife. He catches her and tries to drown her in the bathtub, but then he sees the ghost of his dead wife, Lucy, standing beside him. This scares him so much, he falls backward over the stair railing and dies. Lucy's ghost then lets the water out of the bathtub and saves Alice's life.

Later, Rebecca comes over and finds Alice still lying in the tub muttering about the ghost. Rebecca pulls her out of the tub, and as she dries her off, she finds the screen play that Alice has been working on all this time. She discovers it is word for word the entire story Alice has been telling her; it is now clear that everything Alice saw was all in her head. Rebecca then promises she will never again leave Alice alone and puts her to bed. Rebecca goes downstairs where she finds a video camera on the floor where the body of David Woods would have been. She picks it up and watches a tape Alice shot of Rebecca sleeping that looks exactly like the earlier scene shown of David shooting Lucy as she slept, right down to Alice saying she looks like an angel.

Cast
 Brittany Murphy as Alice Evans
 Thora Birch as Lucy Woods
 Tammy Blanchard as Rebecca
 Marc Blucas as David Woods
 Claudia Troll as David's Mother
 Michael Piscitelli as Ben

Production
Starting in June 2008, the independently-financed film began principal photography in Louisiana. It was the first English-language feature financed by KRU Studios, and was originally scheduled for a mid-2009 release. KRU handled post-production, visual effects and distribution in Asia.

Release
The film premiered to DVD in the United Kingdom on October 5, 2009, and in the United States on December 1, 2009. After Murphy's death on December 20, 2009, Redbox recalled film posters which were displayed on kiosks around the country. The poster depicted Murphy's character sitting in bathtub with a dead version of the other female lead character's reflection in the mirror.

Reception
In her review for Film Thrills, Deirdre Crimmins said that "the script is awful. Not only is the dialogue awkward and unnatural, and the plot impossible to follow, but there is no character development and all of the characters act irrationally."

Soundtrack
MovieScore Media released Carlos José Alvarez's score for the film on July 27, 2010. The album was dedicated to Brittany Murphy's memory.

 Main Titles 2:06
 Lucy and David 1:10
 Somebody Died Here 3:05
 The House 1:51
 First Morning 1:07
 Haunted Piano :51
 Taking a Bath 1:13
 An Attempt to Escape 2:24
 Medication 1:52
 Transformation 2:27
 What If Ben Finds Out 1:33
 But I Belong to You 2:08
 Miscarriage 2:21
 The Drowning 5:00
 The Burial 3:44
 Following Lucy 1:03
 Burial Site 4:02
 Lucy Saves Alice 2:16
 Set Free 1:25
 Deadline (Suite for Orchestra) 6:01

References

External links

 Exclusive: First Five Minutes of Deadline, Starring Brittany Murphy, from filmschoolrejects.com

2009 direct-to-video films
2009 horror films
2000s thriller films
American horror thriller films
Films shot in Louisiana
American ghost films
2009 films
2009 directorial debut films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

Deadline (2009 film)


Deschampsia flexuosa, commonly known as wavy hair-grass, is a species of bunchgrass in the grass family widely distributed in Eurasia, Africa, South America, and North America.

Description
Wavy hair-grass, Deschampsia flexuosa, has wiry leaves and delicate, shaking panicles formed of silvery or purplish-brown flower heads on wavy, hair-like stalks.
The leaves are bunched in tight tufts with plants forming a very tussocky, low sward 5 to 20 cm tall before flowering, to 30 cm high.

Distribution and habitat
Deschampsia flexuosa is found naturally in dry grasslands and on moors and heaths.

It is also an important component of the ground flora of birch and oak woodland.

The plant has a preference for acidic, free-draining soil, and avoids chalk and limestone areas.  It can exist over  above sea level.

See also
Woodland and scrub communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system—birch and oak woodland

References

External links

Sky flora: Deschampsia flexuosa

flexuosa
Bunchgrasses of Europe
Bunchgrasses of North America
Bunchgrasses of South America
Bunchgrasses of Africa
Butterfly food plants

Deschampsia flexuosa


Thomas Henry Alex "Hal" Robson-Kanu (born 21 May 1989) is a former professional footballer who played as a forward. Although he initially played primarily on the wing, he was used as a forward during Wales' run to the semi-finals of UEFA Euro 2016.

Robson-Kanu started his career as a schoolboy at Arsenal but was released at 15 and joined Reading. After graduating from the academy in 2007 he spent time on loan at Southend United and Swindon Town before returning to Reading and making his first team debut in 2009. Limited to mainly substitute appearances during his first season, he became an important member of the squad appearing regularly during the 2011–12 Championship winning campaign. He made his Premier League debut in 2012 and went on to score 30 goals in 228 games for the club before his release in 2016. He then signed for West Bromwich Albion. After five years, Robson-Kanu was released by the club in May 2021.

At international level Robson-Kanu initially represented the country of his birth, England, at under-19 and under-20 level. In 2010, he switched allegiance to Wales, the country of his grandmother, playing for the under-21 side before his debut for the senior team against Croatia on 23 May that year. Robson-Kanu was selected to represent Wales at UEFA Euro 2016, where they made the semi-finals, with Robson-Kanu notably scoring against Belgium in the quarter-finals.

Club career

Reading

Early career
Born in Acton, London, Robson-Kanu began his career at Arsenal as a schoolboy aged 10. He went on to play at Acton Ealing Whistlers for a number of seasons. He was released by the club at 15 and joined Reading after speaking to then Academy manager Brendan Rodgers. After graduating from the Academy he signed his first professional contract in July 2007, penning a two-year deal with the club. The 2007 Peace Cup in South Korea saw Robson-Kanu involved with the Reading senior team for the first time with appearances against River Plate and Shimizu S-Pulse. Steve Coppell's policy of resting first-team players for cup matches saw Robson-Kanu selected on the bench for the first time on 5 January 2008 for the FA Cup third round tie against Tottenham Hotspur, though he remained an unused substitute.

Not in contention for a regular place in the Reading first team, Robson-Kanu's first experience of senior football came on 30 January 2008 when he joined Southend United on loan until the end of the season. He made his debut three days later as a second-half substitute in a 2–2 draw away at Leyton Orient and scored his first career goal against Nottingham Forest. He struck twice more in the next two games against Huddersfield Town and Swansea City and returned to Reading with three goals in eight appearances. Robson-Kanu was again involved in the first team during the 2008–09 pre-season, scoring a goal in a 9–0 win over Didcot Town in July. He re-joined Southend on a month's loan on 21 August 2008 and after one goal in six appearances extended his spell for a second month. He returned to Reading on 15 November after his three-month spell came to an end having made 15 appearances, scoring twice, during his second spell at the club.

After returning to Reading he was among the substitutes for the FA Cup third round tie against Cardiff City on 3 January 2009. He would again have to wait to make his debut though, remaining on the bench as Cardiff won the match. On 26 January 2009 he joined Swindon Town on a one-month loan which, after six games, was extended for a further month. Midway through his spell at Swindon, having impressed on loan at the club as well with Southend previously, he signed a new contract with Reading until 2011. He cemented a regular place in the Swindon team and started in all 20 of his appearances for the club before returning to Reading after three months. At the conclusion of his spell Swindon boss Danny Wilson hailed Robson-Kanu and fellow loanee Gordon Greer for their "fantastic impression" which helped the club pull away from relegation.

First-team breakthrough

The 2009–10 season saw Robson-Kanu's former Academy boss Brendan Rodgers take over as Reading manager. He scored five goals during pre-season, including a hat-trick against Jonsereds IF in just 28 minutes during the first game of the tour of Sweden. Robson-Kanu finally made his competitive debut for Reading starting on the right wing in a 0–0 draw with Nottingham Forest on the opening day of the season. He was used mainly as a substitute during his first season, starting just four times in 18 appearances.

The following season saw Robson-Kanu establish himself in the first team setup. He scored his first Reading goal in the League Cup against Northampton Town on 24 August 2010, and followed it with his first league goal in a 3–0 win against Barnsley a month later, having earlier set-up Jimmy Kébé for the second. He continued to feature regularly and finished the season in good goalscoring form, netting four times from March onwards including the winner in a 2–1 wins over Preston North End and Derby County as Reading finished in the play-off positions. He came on as a late substitute in the 4–2 play-off final defeat to Swansea but had no time to influence the game and finished the season with six goals in 34 appearances. His contract expired at the end of the season and despite interest from other Championship clubs including Millwall and Portsmouth, he signed a new three-year contract with Reading in July keeping him with the club until 2014.

After the sale of Shane Long in August 2011, Robson-Kanu was played as a forward by Brian McDermott during some of the pre-season, a position he was familiar with from his Academy years. He struck twice playing up front in the warm-up fixtures and began the season in good goalscoring form with two in the first four games against Leicester City and Barnsley. With injuries to both Kebe and Jobi McAnuff during various points of the season, he soon reverted to a role on the wings though his season followed a familiar pattern to previous years as he was in and out the side, playing a supporting role to the two senior wingers. His longest run of starts came in October when he was named on the teamsheet for six consecutive games. He scored twice more during the campaign, including a spectacular volley against Millwall and finished the season having made 37 appearances, the most in his career to date.

In Kébé, McAnuff and new signing Garath McCleary, Robson-Kanu faced stiff competition for places on the wing for Reading's return to the Premier League. With Kébé injured, he was named on the teamsheet on the opening day of the season as Reading came from behind to draw against Stoke City. Limited to a substitutes role over the next three months, he still managed to score twice, in a defeat to Tottenham Hotspur and a 3–3 draw with Fulham. His only two starts came in the League cup, including the 7–5 defeat to Arsenal in October. He had to wait until 17 November for his next league start in Reading's 2–1 win over Everton, their first league victory of the season, and was a regular over the next month, scoring his third goal of the season in the defeat to Manchester United. Despite his goals, Robson-Kanu again had to settle for a place on the bench with two FA Cup matches his only starts for the club between December and March. He scored a late consolation goal coming on as a substitute against Everton on 2 March and returned to the lineup for the following game against Aston Villa.

The game against Villa proved to be Brian McDermott's last in charge and Robson-Kanu, having played only a bit-part role under the former manager, began to feature more prominently with the appointment of Nigel Adkins. He missed just two games under Adkins through a freak knee injury, and with a regular berth on the wing finished the season strongly, scoring against Arsenal, and twice in Reading's 4–2 win over Fulham. Having enjoyed his most prolific season yet, scoring seven times, Robson-Kanu was nominated for Reading Player of the Season. In a fans vote he finished in third place behind Adam Le Fondre and Alex McCarthy, despite all three players starting 13 or fewer league games all season. He signed a new contract in July 2013, keeping him with Reading until June 2016. Reading announced on 9 May 2016, that Robson-Kanu would leave Reading when his contract expired at the end of June 2016.

West Bromwich Albion

On 31 August 2016 after reportedly turning down "significant offers" from Asia, Robson-Kanu signed a two-year contract, with the option of a third year, with Premier League side West Bromwich Albion. He made his first start of the season on 31 December 2016 in a 2–1 win over Southampton, finishing the game with a goal and an assist.

In July 2017, Robson-Kanu signed a new three-year contract with West Brom. In "The Baggies" second game of the 2017–18 Premier League season against Burnley, Robson-Kanu became only the fourth player in Premier League history to get substituted on, score then get sent off.

After West Brom's relegation from the Premier League in 2018, Robson-Kanu scored twice and assisted once as his team beat Coventry City 5–2 to win the inaugural Regis Shield. He then scored his first league goal of the 2018–19 Championship season in a 4–3 win away at Norwich City. He headed home his fourth league goal of the season away at Aston Villa in a 2–0 away win as West Brom closed in for a promotion place. He missed the playoff campaign after receiving a red card against Derby County on the final day of the season.

On 19 October 2019, the day after signing a contract extension to keep him at the club until 2021, Robson-Kanu came off the bench to score a late winner in a 1–0 away win against Middlesbrough. He scored six goals in nine games between October and December, and ended the season as the team's joint top scorer alongside Charlie Austin with ten, as Slaven Bilić's team won promotion as runners-up.

On 17 May 2021, Robson-Kanu scored his first Premier League goal of the 2020–21 season in a 1–2 home defeat against Liverpool.

On 27 May 2021 it was announced that Robson-Kanu would leave West Bromwich Albion after five years following the conclusion of his contract, having appeared for the club 154 times scoring 24 goals. A year after being released and having failed to find a new club, Robson-Kanu revealed that he left Albion because he felt the club was lacking the direction needed to push for promotion. "I didn't agree with the direction the club was going in," he told the Express & Star s Baggies Broadcast podcast. "If I was staying there had to be a long-term vision, a project. I didn't want to be in a place where we were languishing in mid-table in the Championship."

International career

Robson-Kanu was born in England to a Nigerian father, and an English mother of Welsh descent. Robson-Kanu initially represented England at international level, making his debut for the under-19 side against Germany in November 2007. He made a second appearance against Croatia the following year before winning one cap for the England under-20s against Montenegro in 2009.

In 2010, he switched to Wales, for which he qualifies through his Caerphilly-born grandmother. The switch came about when Welsh coach Brian Flynn came to the Reading training ground to see Simon Church, and Glen Little jested that Robson-Kanu would be eligible for Wales through going on holiday there. Robson-Kanu told Flynn that the family went to Tenby via picking up his grandmother in Caerphilly, and Flynn asked whether she was born in Wales.

He was first selected in the Wales under-21s squad for the friendly against Austria on 18 May 2010 and made his debut in a 1–0 defeat. Robson-Kanu's first cap for the senior team came just five days later, coming on as a second-half substitute for Robert Earnshaw in a 2–0 loss to Croatia. He continued to play for the under-21s after his senior debut and made a further three appearances, scoring twice, with his last appearance coming in a defeat to Italy which ended Wales hopes of qualifying for the European Under-21 Football Championships. He scored his first senior international goal on 22 March 2013 in a 2–1 World Cup qualifying win over Scotland at Hampden Park.

Robson-Kanu gained notoriety when during a friendly game against the Netherlands, his shorts tore and he had to change shorts in the middle of the game, showing off his white briefs.

Robson-Kanu played nine games in Wales' successful qualification campaign for UEFA Euro 2016, scoring on 13 October 2014 in their 2–1 home win over Cyprus. After being selected for the final tournament in France, on 11 June he came on as a 71st-minute substitute in place of Jonny Williams during their opener against Slovakia and scored the winner in a 2–1 victory in Bordeaux. He also started as striker in Wales' historic 3–1 quarter-final win on 1 July against Belgium in Lille and, after outwitting three defenders with a Cruyff turn, scored the team's second goal. It was nominated in the FIFA Puskás Award for best goal of the year. Wales were eliminated following a 2–0 defeat to eventual champions Portugal in the semi-final of the tournament on 6 July.

Robson-Kanu then made 9 appearances, scoring once, as Wales failed to qualify for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.

On 29 August 2018, Robson-Kanu announced his retirement from international football. After reversing his decision, he was called up for the matches against Finland and Bulgaria in October 2020.

Robson-Kanu, Tyler Roberts and Rabbi Matondo were all sent home from the Wales squad in March 2021 after breaching COVID-19 protocols. He was not included in Rob Page's squad for UEFA Euro 2020 that May.

Outside football
In August 2018, Robson-Kanu founded The Turmeric Co. brand, selling a range of turmeric-based shots made from natural ingredients. Robson-Kanu has hailed turmeric as his 'secret weapon', claiming that using turmeric as a nutritional supplement saved his footballing career and helped him to recover from a cruciate knee ligament rupture.

Career statistics

Club

International

Scores and results list Wales' goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Robson-Kanu goal.

Honours
Reading
 Football League Championship: 2011–12

West Bromwich Albion
EFL Championship runners-up: 2019–20

Individual
 BBC Goal of the Tournament – Euro 2016

References

External links

Hal Robson-Kanu profile at West Bromwich Albion

1989 births
Living people
Footballers from Acton, London
Welsh men's footballers
Wales men's under-21 international footballers
Wales men's international footballers
English men's footballers
England men's youth international footballers
Black British sportsmen
British sportspeople of Nigerian descent
British people of Nigerian descent
English sportspeople of Nigerian descent
English people of Welsh descent
Men's association football wingers
Arsenal F.C. players
Reading F.C. players
Southend United F.C. players
Swindon Town F.C. players
West Bromwich Albion F.C. players
Premier League players
English Football League players
UEFA Euro 2016 players

Hal Robson-Kanu


Matt Harmon (born April 4, 1985) is an American professional golfer. He is from Grand Rapids, Michigan.  He attended Michigan State University and was the 2007 Big Ten Conference "Player of the Year" for men's golf. Harmon is sponsored by  Team Power Group, (Dewey, OK, The Fishel Company) and Comstar Supply, INC. (Collegeville, PA).

He has competed in the 2007, 2008, and 2009 PGA Tour's Buick Invitational.  His best finish came in 2009 where he finished tied for 52nd place.

He has also competed in the PGA's developmental Nationwide Tour and the NGA Hooters Tour.  He has a total of 4 professional wins on the NGA Hooters Tour.

Harmon qualified for the 2013 U.S. Open at Merion Golf Club. Harmon won the 2014 SIGA Dakota Dunes Open. He finished second on the PGA Tour Canada Order of Merit to earn a Web.com Tour card for 2015.

Professional wins (5)

PGA Tour Canada wins (1)

NGA Hooters Tour wins (4)
2010 Buffalo Run Casino Classic
three other wins

References

External links

Profile on ESPN Golf

American male golfers
Michigan State Spartans men's golfers
PGA Tour golfers
Golfers from Michigan
People from Grand Haven, Michigan
Sportspeople from Ottawa County, Michigan
Sportspeople from Grand Rapids, Michigan
1985 births
Living people

Matt Harmon


Franco Ziliani (Francesco Ziliani, born 09/23/1956 in Milan) is an Italian journalist, blogger and wine critic, with a specialty in Italian wines since 1985. He has contributed to several periodicals including Decanter, A Tavola, Barolo & Co. and Merum, Il Corriere Vinicolo, De Vinis, The World of Fine Wine, as well as a column for Harpers Magazine with Nicolas Belfrage MW with whom he has also contributed to Tom Stevenson's annual Wine Report. Ziliani and  Jeremy Parzen launched VinoWire.com in March 2008, to provide an English language news service on the subject of Italian wine. Ziliani has since been credited by La Repubblica with first breaking the 2008 Brunello scandal.

Ziliani has often criticised Angelo Gaja and his style of winemaking, and frequently and controversially refers to James Suckling as "Giacomino Suckling" and his employer publication Wine Spectator as "Wine Speculator".

A right-winger, Ziliani has been harshly criticized after he publicly declared he won't ever again review Giovanna Maccario's wines as a punishment for her pro-immigration stance.

See also
Italian wine
List of wine personalities

References

External links
VinoWire Italian wine news
Vino al vino: Franco Ziliani blog
Barolo di Barolo

1956 births
Living people
Wine critics

Franco Ziliani


Rajeevnath is a National Award-winning Malayalam film director.

Career
Rajeevnath ventured into filmmaking with a short film shot in 16mm camera after finishing his university course. He debuted as a director of feature films with Thanal (1976). The film won him the Kerala State Film Award for Best Director. The film also won M. G. Soman his only Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor. His 1988 film Kadaltheerathu, based on the short story by O. V. Vijayan was selected for Indian Panorama at the International Film Festival of India. The film, made with a minuscule budget of Rs. 600,000 ($12000 as per 2012 conversion rate) was the Indian entry for Alexandria Film Festival. The film received mixed reviews, though according to Rajeevnath, Vijayan himself was very impressed with the film. His 1992 film Aham was made with Rs. 4.6 million, despite starring Mohanlal, one of the leading actors in the industry. His much awaited Sivaji Ganesan – Mohanlal starrer Swarnachamaram was dropped after the almost completion of the film due to script changes.

In 1999, his film Janani, exploring maternity, was premiered in Oslo, Norway and won him the National Film Award for Best Direction. In 2006, he planned a biopic of Mother Teresa and reportedly considered socialite Paris Hilton for the lead role. He also suggested that his industry friends such as Mohanlal and Kamal Haasan would accept roles in the project. The news created a furore prompting him to clarify that Hilton won't be playing Mother Teresa. However, the film was never made. In 2007, he announced his plan to make a film titled Ezham Mudra (The Seventh Seal), starring Suresh Gopi and Mandira Bedi as a tribute to the romantic classic Casablanca (1942) in the backdrop of the Sri Lankan Civil War. This news too was extensively covered by foreign press, many reports wrongly referring to him as a "Bollywood director". This film also never materialised. In 2008, he teamed with Mohanlal again for Pakal Nakshatrangal (Stars of the Day Light). His latest was the Hindi film Anubhav: An Actor's Tale (2009), written by Anoop Menon who had also written Pakal Nakshatrangal.

Filmography

References

External links

Malayali people
Living people
People from Changanassery
Film directors from Kottayam district
Malayalam film directors
Kerala State Film Award winners
1951 births
Best Director National Film Award winners
Sainik School alumni
Hindi-language film directors
20th-century Indian film directors
21st-century Indian film directors

Rajeevnath


Air Transport International Flight 782 was a ferry flight from Kansas City International Airport in Missouri to Westover Metropolitan Airport in Springfield, Massachusetts using a Douglas DC-8-63 with one of its 4 engines inoperative. On February 16, 1995, the aircraft failed to takeoff from Kansas City, went off the runway, and crashed. All three flight crew members, the only occupants on board, were killed. The cause was deemed to be improper training, which resulted in the crew failing to understand a three-engine takeoff procedure. In addition, the Federal Aviation Agency (FAA)'s oversight of rest regulations and the airline were both poor.

Aircraft and crew

The aircraft involved in the accident was a Douglas DC-8-63F (registration N782AL, serial number 45929) and was the 367th Douglas DC-8 built. It previously had been owned by Canadian Pacific Air Lines, Flying Tiger Line, Worldways Canada, which leased the aircraft to Icelandair and Air Algérie in 1985. In 1990 the aircraft was purchased by Aerolease Financial Group and converted into a freighter. The aircraft was then leased to Burlington Air Express and then in 1994, it was leased to Air Transport International (ATI). The aircraft had made 77,096 flight hours with 22,404 take-off and landing cycles at the time of the accident.

The captain was 48-year-old Walter Miga, Sr., who had been hired by ATI in 1994 and had 9,711 hours of flight experience, of which he had completed 4,483 hours on the DC-8.  He had previous experience flying aircraft for Trans Air Link and Fine Air.

The first officer was 38-year-old Mark Ulmer, who was on probation from ATI and was undergoing training for the DC-8, but had not received his type rating for that aircraft at the time of the accident. He had only 171 hours on the DC-8 but had 4,261 flight hours altogether.

The flight engineer was 48-year-old Kerry Hardy, a former United States Air Force C-141B flight engineer who had 4,460 hours of flight experience, though only 218 of them on the DC-8. He was also on probation at the time of the accident.

Accident
On the day of the accident, N782AL landed at Kansas City Airport after a scheduled cargo flight from Denver, Colorado. The aircraft was loaded with new cargo and prepared for a flight to Toledo, Ohio. The flight was intended to be operated by another crew, but they were unable to start the number one (outer left) engine. Maintenance workers examined the engine and found that its gear ratio had failed. The repair could not be performed on-site, so ATI decided that the aircraft would perform a ferry flight to Westover Metropolitan Airport (CEF) in Chicopee, Massachusetts for repairs. Another ATI DC-8-63F with registration N788AL, flown by the accident crew, arrived from Germany via Dover, Delaware. The cargo and N782AL's original crew were transferred to N788AL and the accident crew were assigned to the ferry flight.

During engine startup, N782AL experienced engine problems for a second time. The number 4 (outer right) engine initially failed to start as its ignition circuit breaker was accidentally left open. The breaker was closed and the crew began to start the no. 4. engine again, though this time, a ground crew worker told the flight crew that the engine was emitting smoke and the crew shut down the engine. The crew then followed the starter duty cycle and started the no. 2 engine. The crew then started the no 4. engine a third time, this time without incident.

At 20:20 local time, Flight 782 began its first take-off roll from runway 01L. According to the cockpit voice recorder (CVR), the takeoff appeared normal. At 20:20:23, first officer Ulmer called out "hundred knots," only for captain Miga to say one second later, "ah [expletive]. Abort." The take-off was aborted, and the aircraft exited the runway. The tower controller instructed the flight to switch back to the ground control frequency and asked the crew if they needed assistance, to which they declined. Miga told the crew he had trouble with maintaining the aircraft's directional control during takeoff, saying, "it [the nose] just came up too fast is what it did." At 20:21 the flight crew decided to attempt a second takeoff.

At 20:27, Flight 782 began its second takeoff attempt. After traveling  down the runway, the aircraft began to turn towards the left. At , the aircraft prematurely rotated and a tailstrike occurred, with the tail scraping the runway for . Having used up  of the runway, the DC-8 finally became airborne, only to climb to . The aircraft then banked left, entered a stall and crashed into the ground. The aircraft skidded and broke apart, with the wreckage stopping after . The three flight crew members were killed.

Investigation
The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) launched an investigation into the crash of Flight 782. The NTSB noted several events during captain Miga's training at American International Airways and ATI. One training captain wrote in a logbook that Miga "would make a good captain." However, another stated that Miga did "not exhibit the confidence and command authority necessary to function as a pilot in command. I do not recommend he be considered for an upgrade at this time."

Another check captain noted that Miga had good control of aircraft and cross-checking the instruments, but also recommended that Miga should only conduct domestic flights. Despite the recommendation, Miga continued to fly international flights, with an observer providing positive remarks during a flight to Germany on February 14, 1995, two days before the crash. Even though his simulator training on three-engine ferry flights was marked "satisfactory" and he had flown two previous three-engine ferry flights as a first officer, Flight 782 was Miga's first three-engine ferry flight as captain.

First officer Ulmer had failed three flight checks in 1989, 1992, and 1993, and received three notices of disapproval from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). On all three occasions, Ulmer underwent retraining and passed on the second time.

Flight engineer Hardy had entered an incorrect minimum control speed of  instead of the required  using the Fahrenheit scale instead of Celsius. Further, the captain and first officer did not verify the speeds as required.

The NTSB determined that the accident was caused by the flight crew violating standard operating procedures by inappropriately deciding to continue takeoff when the aircraft was below the calculated rotation airspeed. ATI had provided improper training, which resulted in them failing to understand a three-engine takeoff procedure. The airline had also provided inadequate rest, resulting in the flight crew being fatigued at the time of the accident, though the NTSB could not conclude if it had degraded their performance. In addition, the FAA's oversight of rest regulations and the airline were both poor.

In popular culture
The crash will be featured in season 24, episode 3 of the Canadian documentary series Mayday.

See also

 Airborne Express Flight 827, another DC-8 that crashed during a non-scheduled flight one year later
 MK Airlines Flight 1602, another accident involving incorrect speed calculations and premature aircraft rotation

References

External links

 Cockpit voice recorder transcript and accident summary

Accidents and incidents involving the Douglas DC-8
History of Missouri
Aviation in Missouri
Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 1995
Airliner accidents and incidents in Missouri
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error
February 1995 events in the United States
1995 in Missouri

Air Transport International Flight 782