In mathematics, particularly matrix theory, a Stieltjes matrix, named after Thomas Joannes Stieltjes, is a real  symmetric positive definite matrix with nonpositive off-diagonal entries.  A Stieltjes matrix is necessarily an M-matrix.  Every n×n Stieltjes matrix is invertible to a nonsingular symmetric nonnegative matrix, though the converse of this statement is not true in general for n > 2.

From the above definition, a Stieltjes matrix is a symmetric invertible Z-matrix whose eigenvalues have positive real parts. As it is a Z-matrix, its off-diagonal entries are less than or equal to zero.

See also
 Hurwitz matrix
 Metzler matrix

References

Matrices
Numerical linear algebra

Stieltjes matrix


Dong, Dong, Dongdaemun (동, 동, 동대문) is a nursery rhyme sung among Korean children, usually while playing a game. It is also the name of the game. Its melody starts identically to the German children's song "Lasst uns froh und munter sein", but ends differently.

Dongdaemun is most likely to refer directly to the real Dongdaemun (Heunginjimun, the East Grand Gate) of Seoul, and Namdaemun to the real Namdaemun (Sungnyemun, the South Grand Gate).

Lyrics
(Variations may exist in different regions of the country.)
 In Hangul
동, 동, 동대문을 열어라,
남, 남, 남대문을 열어라,
12시가 되면은, (or 지나면,)
문을 닫는다.

 In Revised Romanisation:
Dong, Dong, Dongdaemuneul yeoreora,
Nam, Nam, Namdaemuneul yeoreora,
Yeol dusiga doemyeoneun, (or Yeol dusiga jinamyeon,)
Muneul danneunda.

 Translation
Open the East, East, East Grand Gate,
Open the South, South, South Grand Gate,
When it's at twelve sharp,
The Gates are closed.

Melody

The game
Two children are selected as the gatekeepers (or the gate itself). They hold their both hands to form an arch so the other players can pass under it. Children start to sing the song as they pass through the gate one by one in a row. When the song ends, the gates are closed as the gatekeepers lower their hands and catch the child who was passing through the gate. The caught child becomes the new gatekeeper. Players can play another round to select the second gatekeeper, or they can replace the gatekeepers one by one after each turn of the game.

See also

Oranges and Lemons, English nursery rhyme for playing a similar game
London Bridge Is Falling Down, another English nursery rhyme for playing a similar game
ஒருகுடம் தண்ணி ஊத்தி, Tamil nursery rhyme for playing a similar game

References

Korean children's songs
South Korean folk songs
Korean nursery rhymes
Traditional children's songs
Korean folklore
Korean games
Year of song unknown
Songwriter unknown

Dong, Dong, Dongdaemun


"" (Bless you, Mary) is a Christian Marian hymn in German with text by Cordula Wöhler in 1870, and a melody composed by Karl Kindsmüller and published in 1916, after the author's death. On popular demand, it is contained in the Gotteslob of 2013, and other hymnals and songbooks.

History
Cordula Wöhler wrote the text of "" on 31 May 1870. She was raised in a Lutheran pastor's household, but planned to convert to Catholicism that year and was expelled from her home. She possibly expressed her feelings in the hymn.

Karl Kindsmüller, a priest, teacher, and lecturer at Regensburg's school of church music, composed a melody in 1916 or earlier. It was first published after Wöhler's death on a devotional leaflet, whose imprimatur is dated 2 June 1916. The hymn became part of collections and hymnals such as in Regensburg in 1919, in Munich in 1926 and in Altötting in 1938.

In the common German Catholic hymnal Gotteslob in 1975, it appeared only in six regional sections. The preferred styles of the 1970s were Neues Geistliches Lied and texts inspired by the Second Vatican Council. In a survey in parishes in Germany and Austria, to find missing songs for the second edition, it was the song missed most. It was included in the common section of the 2013 edition as GL 535. It is also part of other hymnals and songbooks.

Text and theme
The text that Wöhler wrote for "" had nine stanzas of eight short lines each. The version in Gotteslob has three stanzas, and other prints usually also shorten the poetry. In the first stanza, Mary is addressed intimately as "du, Maria" (you, Mary), and is repeatedly requested to bless the singer, who identifies as "dein Kind" (your child). Lines 3 and 4 ask for blessing to find peace here (meaning: on earth), and heaven there. The last lines say: "Lass in deinem Segen / Tag und Nacht mich ruhn" (Let me rest in your blessing day and night).

The second stanza widens the view, requesting blessing for "alle, die mir lieb" (all dear to me). The final lines read: "Segne alle Herzen, / segne jedes Haus" (Bless all hearts, bless each house).

The final stanza reflects the hour of death which is also prominently mentioned in the Ave Maria. The text ends: "Bleib in Tod und Leben / unser Segen du" (Remain in death and life our blessing, you"), picking up the "du" from the very beginning at the end.

Melody and usage
The melody for "" was composed by Karl Kindsmüller. He repeated the last two lines with increased intensity. The song is popular for May devotion and funerals. It has been described as "naiver Schlager", with a sweet yearning, but hidden depth. Several people, such as Joachim Meisner, have declared it their favourite hymn. He was a sceptic as a young man, but came to respect the song when more and more severely ill people asked him to sing it for them, and to repeat it when they died.

References

External links

19th-century hymns in German
1870 songs
Marian hymns

Segne du, Maria


The Yenish people are descendants of itinerant Germans Minstrel's from the Middle Ages who had a nomadic life. A separate people, called the Yenish people, arose on this background. The Yenish people have their own customs and do not want to be confused with the Roma people, just as they also speak their own language: the Yenish language, which is considered a variety of German language. There are around 400,000 in Germany, 40,000 in Austria and 35,000 Yenish in Switzerland. In Belgium in the 1990s there were around 7,000 nomadic Yenish, but the number of permanent residents is unknown. To this day, people of Yenish origin can be found at all levels of the Circus and showman buisness.

References

Ethnic groups in Europe

Yenish people


Gerard Hoffnung (22 March 192528 September 1959) was an artist and musician, best known for his humorous works.

Raised in Germany, Hoffnung was brought to London as a boy to escape the Nazis. Over the next two decades in England, he became known as a cartoonist, tuba player, impresario, broadcaster and raconteur.

After training at two art colleges, Hoffnung taught for a few years, and then turned to drawing, on the staff of English and American publications, and later as a freelance. He published a series of cartoons on musical themes, and illustrated the works of novelists and poets.

In 1956 Hoffnung mounted the first of his "Hoffnung Festivals" in London, at which classical music was spoofed for comic effect, with contributions from many eminent musicians. As a broadcaster he appeared on BBC panel games, where he honed the material for one of his best-known performances, his speech at the Oxford Union in 1958. In 1996 Humphrey Lyttelton recorded a portrait of Hoffnung entitled Hoffnung At Large for BBC Audiobooks, written by Judith Liddell-King.

Early years
Born in Berlin, and named Gerhard, Hoffnung was the only child of Jewish parents, Hildegard and Ludwig Hoffnung. He was sent to England, where he attended Bunce Court School in 1938. In 1939, his parents left Germany; his father went to Palestine to enter the family's banking business. Gerard went with his mother to London, where she rented a house in Hampstead Garden Suburb, where Hoffnung lived for the rest of his life. In 1939 he enrolled at Highgate School, where, according to one biographer, he was "remembered for his anarchic spirit". Among the artists he most admired when he was growing up was Walter Trier, long associated with Lilliput magazine. Hoffnung had his first cartoon published in the same publication while he was still at school.

After leaving Highgate, Hoffnung studied at Hornsey College of Art, but was expelled for his lack of gravity in the life class. He then attended Harrow School of Art, after which he became a schoolmaster. He was art master at Stamford School (1945–46) and assistant art master at Harrow School (1948), with an intervening and overlapping spell as a staff artist on the London Evening News. He was a staff artist to Cowles Magazines Inc in New York in 1950, and otherwise pursued a career as a freelance cartoonist. He contributed to Punch, The Strand Magazine and The Tatler, and to other British, continental, and American magazines. He also produced advertising work for Kia-Ora, Guinness, and other companies. He presented one-man exhibitions of his work, including one at the Little Gallery, Piccadilly (1949), and two at the Royal Festival Hall (1951 and 1956).

Musical drawings
In the words of his biographer Richard Ingrams, Hoffnung
developed a distinctive style which owed something to the German illustrator Wilhelm Busch. He mainly drew with a mapping pen and Indian ink, and also used watercolours and wax crayons. His illustrations in colour for Colette's libretto for Ravel's opera L'enfant et les sortilèges were outstanding.

Much of Hoffnung's humour centred on the world of music, particularly the various instruments of the orchestra with which he was fascinated. He published a series of books of cartoons poking gentle fun at conductors and orchestral instrumentalists. Examples include the drawing of a musician being devoured by the serpent he is trying to play; another shows a singer whose waistcoat buttons are control knobs labelled On/off, ppp/fff, Wobble, and Sobs. He depicted Malcolm Sargent as "Elegantemente", conducting with a full-length mirror at the front of his rostrum. After Hoffnung's death, some of the cartoons were turned into short animated films by Halas and Batchelor with music by Francis Chagrin in the television series Tales from Hoffnung (1965).

Broadcasts and concerts
In 1950 Hoffnung began a career as a broadcaster for the BBC, as both raconteur and regular contestant in panel games including One Minute Please, the predecessor of Just a Minute.  He was, in the words of Ingrams, "a brilliant improviser with a dry wit and a masterly sense of timing".

Probably the best-known example of Hoffnung as a humorous speaker is an account of a bricklayer's misfortunes when raising some bricks in a barrel to the top of a building. It was part of a speech to the Oxford Union on 4 December 1958. The derivation of the story is confused, but it first arises in the 1930s. It was published in Reader's Digest in 1940 as a letter from a naval officer who had supposedly received it from an enlisted man explaining his late return from leave. Hoffnung first saw the story in The Manchester Guardian in 1957; the version printed there is identical with the text used by Hoffnung, except for the location, which he changed from Barbados to Golders Green. Hoffnung used the piece to warm up the audience before each recording session of One Minute, Please. In these performances he perfected the timing before the Oxford Union speech. The story was part of his speech in a debate called Life Begins at 38 and was recorded by the BBC. The tale itself was not, Ingrams comments, especially funny, but "[Hoffnung's] manner and delivery reduced his audience to hysterics".
 The tale was later cast into music as The Sick Note by Pat Cooksey, versions of which were popularized by several other performers including Seán Cannon and The Dubliners.

Among Hoffnung's other well-known subjects were his supposedly helpful advice to tourists in London ("Have you tried the famous echo in the Reading Room of the British Museum?") and allegedly genuine letters in fallible English from continental hoteliers ("There is a French widow in every bedroom affording delightful prospects").

In 1956 Hoffnung took part in one of the popular "April Fool's" concerts in Liverpool, organised by Fritz Spiegl. He took up the idea, and presented a similar, but larger-scale, concert at the Festival Hall in November the same year, in which Spiegl joined him. The 1956 "Hoffnung Music Festival" played to a sell-out audience in the hall and to BBC viewers throughout Britain. The success of this concert led to two more Hoffnung Festivals, the second in 1958 and the third in 1961, presented as a tribute after his death. They featured contributions from distinguished musicians. Donald Swann revised Haydn's  Surprise Symphony to make it considerably more surprising. Malcolm Arnold wrote A Grand, Grand Overture, scored for orchestra and vacuum cleaners, and dedicated to US President Hoover. Franz Reizenstein's Concerto Popolare featured a battle between the soloist, playing the Grieg Piano Concerto, and the orchestra, determinedly playing Tchaikovsky. Sir William Walton conducted a one-note excerpt from his cantata Belshazzar's Feast: the word "Slain!" shouted by the chorus. After Hoffnung's death, similar concerts were promoted by his widow, Annetta, and collaborators.

Hoffnung learned to play the tuba well enough to play the solo part in the Tuba Concerto by Vaughan Williams in a serious concert at the Festival Hall, and was an active participant in Morley College Orchestra, a respected amateur ensemble in London. He also played in the premiere of Malcolm Arnold's Toy Symphony at the Savoy Hotel on 28 November 1957.

Personal life
In 1952 Hoffnung married Annetta Perceval, née Bennett; they had two children, Ben (Benedict) and Emily who became, respectively, a timpanist and a sculptor. Hoffnung's uncle was Bruno Adler, a German art historian and writer who, during the war, wrote for the German language department of the BBC.

In addition to his public persona as an eccentric and wit, Hoffnung had a deeply serious and moral side. He joined the Quakers in 1955 and was active in their prisoner visiting scheme. According to a biographical sketch by Joel Marks, first published in Essays in Arts and Sciences (University of New Haven, Volume XXI, 10/1992), "Hoffnung's outlook on race relations, homosexuality, nuclear disarmament, the treatment of animals (especially hunting) and, for that matter, the music of Bartók and Schoenberg [was] liberal and impassioned." A week before he died he took part in a show at the Festival Hall in aid of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, along with Peggy Ashcroft, Benjamin Britten, C. Day Lewis, Michael Redgrave and others.

Death and legacy
Hoffnung collapsed at his home on 25 September 1959, and died of a cerebral haemorrhage three days later in New End Hospital in Hampstead at the age of thirty-four. The obituarist in The Times concluded:

Posthumous exhibitions of Hoffnung's work include those at the Berlin Festival (1964); the Brighton and Edinburgh festivals (1968); the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, New York (1970); the Royal Festival Hall (1984); and Orleans House Gallery, Twickenham, London (1992).

A memorial tribute, O Rare Hoffnung was published in 1960 and included contributions from Malcolm Arnold, John Dankworth, William Mann, Ian Messiter, Gerald Priestland, Donald Swann and nineteen others. Hoffnung's widow published a biography of him in 1988. In 2009, BBC Radio 4 broadcast Hoffnung – Drawn to Music, a comedy drama written by Alan Stafford which featured Matt Lucas as Hoffnung and Gina McKee as Annetta, with a cameo appearance by the real Annetta Hoffnung.

Recordings

The Hoffnung Music Festival Concert (1956)
The Hoffnung Interplanetary Music Festival (1958)
Hoffnung at the Oxford Union (1960)
The Hoffnung Astronomical Music Festival (1961)
The Importance of Being Hoffnung (1968)
Timeless Hoffnung (1970)
Hoffnung (1973)
Hoffnung's Music Festivals (1974)
The Best of Hoffnung (1974)
The Hoffnung Festival of Music (1988)
Hoffnung's Music Festivals (1989)
Hoffnung: A Last Encore (2002)

Books

Drawings on musical subjects
The Maestro (1953)
The Hoffnung Symphony Orchestra (1955)
The Hoffnung Music Festival (1956)
The Hoffnung Companion to Music (1957)
Hoffnung's Musical Chairs (1958)
Hoffnung's Acoustics (1959)
The six volumes were reissued as a uniform set in 2002 with forewords by Sir Simon Rattle, Peter Ustinov, Ronald Searle, Harry Enfield, Ian Hislop, and Hoffnung's daughter, Emily.

Other drawings, and posthumously published collections
Ho Ho Hoffnung (1958)
Birds, Bees and Storks (1960)
Hoffnung's Constant Readers (1962)
Young Hoffnung – the early drawings of Gerard Hoffnung, 5 to 18 years (1984)
Hoffnung's Happy Hamper (2002)

Illustrator
The Right Playmate (by James Broughton, 1951)
Points for Parents (by Elizabeth Longford, 1954)
Bouverie Ballads (by Percy Cudlipp, 1955)
The Isle of Cats (by John Symonds, 1955)
Reigning Cats and Dogs (by Stanley Penn, 1959)
The Boy and the Magic (by Colette, 1964 – Hoffnung's 1951 illustrations for L'enfant et les sortilèges)

Notes and references
Notes

References

Sources

External links
 Gerard Hoffnung website created by his widow
 Lambiek Comiclopedia article

1925 births
1959 deaths
British radio personalities
Converts to Quakerism
English cartoonists
Jewish caricaturists
English classical tubists
English humorists
Jewish English musicians
English Quakers
English people of German-Jewish descent
Humor in classical music
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United Kingdom
People educated at Bunce Court School
People educated at Highgate School
People educated at Stamford School
Artists from Berlin
Musicians from Kent
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century English male musicians
20th-century Quakers

Gerard Hoffnung


Sucrose intolerance or genetic sucrase-isomaltase deficiency (GSID) is the condition in which sucrase-isomaltase, an enzyme needed for proper metabolism of sucrose (sugar) and starch (e.g., grains), is not produced or the enzyme produced is either partially functional or non-functional in the small intestine. All GSID patients lack fully functional sucrase, while the isomaltase activity can vary from minimal functionality to almost normal activity. The presence of residual isomaltase activity may explain why some GSID patients are better able to tolerate starch in their diet than others with GSID.

Signs and symptoms
Abdominal cramps and bloating
Diarrhea and constipation
Vomiting
Hypoglycemia and headaches
Poor weight gain and growth
Upper respiratory tract and viral diseases
Anxiety and heart palpitations
Excess gas production

Cause

Sucrose intolerance can be caused by genetic mutations in which both parents must contain this gene for the child to carry the disease (so-called primary sucrose intolerance). Sucrose intolerance can also be caused by irritable bowel syndrome, aging, or small intestine disease (secondary sucrose intolerance). There are specific tests used to help determine if a person has sucrose intolerance. The most accurate test is the enzyme activity determination, which is done by biopsying the small intestine. This test is a diagnostic for GSID. Other tests which can aid in the diagnosis of GSID but which are not truly diagnostic for the disease are the sucrose breath test, and a genetic test which tests for the absence of certain genes which are thought to be responsible for GSID.
Sucrose (also called saccharose) is a disaccharide and is a two-sugar chain composed of glucose and fructose which are bonded together. A more familiar name is table, beet, or cane sugar. It was believed that most cases of sucrose intolerance were due to an autosomal recessive, genetic, metabolic disease. Based on new data patients with heterozygous and compound heterozygous genotypes can have symptom presentation as well. GSID involves deficiency in the enzyme sucrase-isomaltase, which breaks the bond between the glucose and fructose molecules. When disaccharides are consumed, they must be broken down into monosaccharides by enzymes in the intestines before they can be absorbed. Monosaccharides, or single sugar units, are absorbed directly into the blood.

A deficiency of sucrase may result in malabsorption of sugar, which can lead to potentially serious symptoms. Since sucrase-isomaltase is involved in the digestion of starches, some GSID patients may not be able to absorb starches as well. It is important for those with sucrose intolerance to minimize sucrose consumption as much as possible. Dietary supplements or medications may be taken as a substitute for the missing enzyme or to introduce healthy bacteria into the immune system.

Diagnosis

Chronic gastrointestinal symptoms that are fairly common but difficult to diagnose may be caused by congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency (CSID). CSID is an inherited condition characterized by a dysfunctional digestive enzyme.

The purpose of the digestive enzyme, sucrase-isomaltase, is to break down the compound sugars sucrose (table sugar) and starch sugars so they will be small enough to be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.

In addition to CSID, a primary gastrointestinal disorder such as a gastrointestinal infection, celiac disease or Crohn's disease, can transiently suppress the digestive function of sucrase-isomaltase, causing an acquired form of sucrase-isomaltase deficiency (SID). Once the underlying disorder is treated and resolved, the symptoms of SID usually go away.

A deficiency or absence of sucrase-isomaltase function is likely to cause chronic gastrointestinal symptoms whenever a person eats food containing sucrose or starch sugars, which are very common in carbohydrates. In fact, the sucrase-isomaltase enzyme is responsible for the digestion of all foods containing sucrose and approximately 60% to 80% of all foods containing starch sugars. When sucrose or starch sugars are not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, they travel to the large intestine (colon) where two things happen:
The food draws in excess water by a process called osmosis, creating watery diarrhea.
The food is broken down by the normal bacteria that reside in the colon by a process called fermentation; byproducts of all fermentation include the production of excess gas and an acidic environment.

The timing of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with CSID is distinctive. CSID symptoms are frequent, daily events; they are lifelong, and they are postprandial (occurring after eating food). These symptoms can range from mild to severe and include chronic, watery, acidic diarrhea; intestinal gas and bloating; nausea; and abdominal pain.

Infants may not show symptoms of CSID until they begin to eat sucrose- and starch-containing foods such as juices, solid foods, and medications sweetened with sucrose. Chronic, watery diarrhea and failure to thrive are the most common symptoms in infants and toddlers. Other symptoms include abdominal distention, gassiness, colic, irritability, excoriated buttocks, severe diaper rash due to acidic diarrhea, indigestion, and vomiting.

Adults with CSID are usually lean, with a low body-mass index and an aversion to eating carbohydrates and "sweets." Because CSID is an inherited condition, patients with CSID often have close relatives who also experience chronic diarrhea.

Determining the cause of chronic gastrointestinal symptoms may take a long time because the symptoms can be common to many gastrointestinal conditions. One diagnostic method, considered the gold standard for diagnosing CSID, measures the level of activity of four intestinal enzymes that digest compound sugars, also called disaccharides. The four disaccharides digested in the small intestine are lactose, sucrose, maltose, and isomaltose.

This diagnostic method, called a disaccharidase assay, is conducted on tissue samples taken from the small intestine during an endoscopic procedure, also called an upper GI (gastrointestinal) examination. If the level of sucrase activity is below the level considered necessary for normal sucrase function, the patient will be diagnosed with CSID.

Noninvasive diagnostic methods include two breath tests, which can be useful screening tools but are not specific enough for a confirmed diagnosis of CSID.

The first of these is the hydrogen/methane breath test, which measures the amount of hydrogen and methane gases a person exhales after consuming sugary water. The exhaled breath is collected in sealed test tubes at 30-minute intervals over a three-hour period after drinking the sugary water. If a person has CSID and there are little or no working sucrase-isomaltase enzymes in the intestines, greater than normal levels of hydrogen and/or methane are generated and exhaled in the breath. However, there may be other reasons why the person is exhaling excess hydrogen and/or methane gas, such as an overgrowth of bacteria in the small intestine, called small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO).

The second breath test is called the carbon-13 (13C) breath test. Carbon-13 is a stable isotope of carbon that occurs naturally in sucrose, making it possible to track a person's ability to digest and absorb sucrose by measuring the amount of 13CO2 exhaled after drinking a sugar-water solution. In this breath test, the exhaled breath is collected in sealed test tubes at 30-minute intervals over a 90-minute period after drinking the sugar-water solution. If the cumulative amount of 13CO2 exhaled is below the normal level that occurs when sucrose is digested by sucrase, the person may have CSID and the person should undergo further examination by their doctor.

The findings from a 13C-breath test are believed to be more definitive for CSID than the hydrogen/methane breath test although neither test is validated to provide, by themselves, a diagnosis for CSID. In both breath tests, the consumption of sugar may cause severe gastrointestinal symptoms in those who have CSID. For this reason, these breath tests should be conducted under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

A relatively new, noninvasive test that shows promise is a genetic test for the gene SI, which codes for the enzyme sucrase-isomaltase. This test requires a swab of tissue from the inside of the cheek. So far, 37 aberrant variations of the SI gene have been found in patients who have been diagnosed with CSID.

A positive genetic test for one or more of the 37 SI gene variations known to cause CSID can help confirm a diagnosis of CSID. However, a negative genetic test cannot rule out a diagnosis of CSID. There are more than 2,000 different variations of the SI gene, and many of these variations have not yet been investigated for their ability to cause CSID.  Therefore, a negative genetic test only means that the person does not carry one of the 37 SI gene variations that are known to be associated with CSID, but they may have an SI gene variation that has not yet been identified as one that can cause CSID.

While the breath tests and genetic test have not been validated to be diagnostic for CSID, they may become important tests that help in identifying patients with CSID. As with all diagnoses, a diagnosis of CSID depends on combining a doctor's clinical findings with results from objective tests. A physical examination, medical history, and other secondary tests, such as stool pH test for acidic stool, can aid in the diagnosis of CSID.

If it is clinically inappropriate or difficult to perform a biopsy or if a CSID diagnosis is in doubt, a physician may suggest a two-week therapeutic trial with an enzyme replacement. If the patient shows a reduction of symptoms it is considered diagnostic for CSID.

Treatment

The two ways to manage the gastrointestinal symptoms associated with CSID are:

Diet modification that eliminates or restricts the consumption of foods containing sucrose (table sugar) or starch sugars

The use of enzyme replacement therapy to replace the action of the sucrase enzyme that is deficient. This medication requires a prescription from a doctor.

Diet modification
The level of ability to digest sucrose or starch sugars is unique to each person who is living with CSID and depends on many factors, including the following:

 The individual level of function of the digestive enzyme sucrase-isomaltase
 How well the other functions of the gastrointestinal tract are working
 How much sucrose and starch sugars are consumed
 If a person has any other health issues that may affect digestion

For these reasons, a restriction diet needs to be specific for each patient who has CSID. Before making any changes to the diet, it is important for a patient to speak with a healthcare provider, especially if the patient is underweight or not gaining weight as would be expected.

It is also advised that the patient work with a registered dietitian or nutritionist who can help identify the foods that can be tolerated and those that cannot be tolerated. A registered dietitian or nutritionist can also help the patient plan a diet that will meet the nutritional needs for normal growth and development. Vitamins, minerals, and additional supplements may be needed to meet all nutritional needs.

Epidemiology
The highest prevalence rates are seen in the Inuit populations of Greenland (5–10%), Alaska (3–7%), and Canada (about 3%). European descent prevalence ranges from 0.2% to 0.05%. There is a lower prevalence reported in African Americans and Hispanics compared to Caucasians.

See also
Fructose malabsorption
Digestive system diseases
Lactose intolerance

References

External links

Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism
Sensitivities

Sucrose intolerance


Raw is an adjective usually describing:
 Raw materials, basic materials from which products are manufactured or made
 Raw food, uncooked food

Raw or RAW may also refer to:

Computing and electronics
 .RAW, a proprietary mass spectrometry data format
 Raw audio format, a file type used to represent sound in uncompressed form
 Raw image format, a variety of image files used by digital cameras, containing unprocessed data
 Rawdisk, binary level disk access
 Read after write, technologies used for CD-R and CD-RW
 Read after write (RAW) hazard, a data dependency hazard considered in microprocessor architecture
 Raw display, a raw framed monitor.

Film and television
 Raw TV, a British TV production company
 Raw (film), a 2016 film
 Raw (TV series), an Irish drama series
 Eddie Murphy Raw, a 1987 live stand-up comedy recording
 Ramones: Raw, a 2004 music documentary
 Raw FM, an Australian television series
 WWE Raw, a weekly World Wrestling Entertainment program

Games
 Rules as written, or RAW, the literal rules of a game, similar to the letter of the law
 WWF Raw (1994 video game), professional wrestling video game
 RAW 2, Xbox professional wrestling video game
 WWE video games, category listing all games based on WWE RAW franchise and more

Magazines
 Raw (comics magazine), comics magazine launched in 1980
 Raw (music magazine), British magazine published by EMAP in the 1980s and 1990s
 Raw Magazine, published by World Wrestling Entertainment, see WWE Magazine

Music

Albums
 R.A.W. (album), a 2000 album by Daz Dillinger
 RAW (City Girls album), 2023
 Raw (Alyson Williams album), 1989
 Raw (Crack the Sky album), 1986
 Raw (Hopsin album), 2010
 Raw (Jimmy Barnes album), 2001
 Raw (Juvenile album), 2005
 Raw (Keith LeBlanc album), 1990
 Raw (Moxy album), 2002
 Raw (Ra album), 2006
 Raw (Sex Pistols album), recorded 1976, released 1997
 Raw (Shannon Noll album), 2021
 Raw (The Alarm album), 1991
 A Little More Personal (Raw), a 2005 album by Lindsay Lohan

Songs
 "Raw", a song by Bad Meets Evil from the Southpaw soundtrack
 "Raw", the lead single from Spandau Ballet's Heart Like a Sky
 "Raw", a song by Staind from Dysfunction

People
 Mr Raw, (born 1975), stage name of rapper Okechukwu Edwards Ukeje
 Robert Anton Wilson (1932–2007), an American author.
 The Mighty Raw, pseudonym of American musician Ron Wasserman
 David Raw (born 1944), English cricketer
 Harry Raw (born 1903), English footballer
 Nathan Raw (1866–1940), English physician and politician
 Peter Raw (1922–1988), Royal Australian Air Force officer
 Rowland Raw (1884–1915), English cricketer
 Simon Raw (born 1994), South African rugby union player
 Steve Raw (born 1966), English darts player
 Sydney Raw (1898–1967), Royal Navy vice admiral
 Vanessa Raw (born 1984), English triathlete
 Vause Raw (1921–2001), South African politician

Organisation
 Research and Analysis Wing, or RAW, India's external intelligence agency
 Rosa Antifa Wien, an Austrian left-wing action group

Other uses
 Raw, Northumberland, a former civil parish, now in Brinkburn, England
 Raw, North Yorkshire, England
 Raw (novel), 1998 novel by Scott Monk
 RAW (rolling papers), hemp based rolling papers introduced in 2005
 Raw (WWE brand), one of the WWE brands
 Radio Warwick, call letters RAW, the University of Warwick student radio station
 Raw Comedy Award, an Australian competition for stand-up comedians
 Rifleman's assault weapon, a rocket-propelled rifle-launched standoff munition

See also
 Raww, an American music group
 Rawe (disambiguation)
 Rau (disambiguation)

Raw


Colonel Sir Francis Arthur Marindin, KCMG (1 May 1838 – 21 April 1900) served with the Royal Engineers and was a key figure in the early development of association football. He was later knighted for his work in public services.

Early life and education
Born in Weymouth, Dorset, he was the second son of the Rev. Samuel Marindin of Chesterton, in the parish of Worfield, Shropshire. He was educated at Eton College and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich.

Military career
Marindin joined the Royal Engineers as an Ensign on 28 December 1854 and saw active service in the Crimean War (1855–56). He was a member of the Board of Trade Railway Inspectorate, an occupation he continued after he left the Corps. He was ultimately an honorary colonel in the Engineer and Railway Staff Corps.

Football career

He is credited with having founded the Royal Engineers Football team in 1869, which went on to win the FA Cup in 1875. The club had been founded in at least 1863 and is notable as the first side to exploit modern teamwork and passing tactics. He retired from the Royal Engineers in 1879 at the rank of Major.

As a football player, Marindin played in the first FA Cup Final in 1872, which the Royal Engineers' team lost to Wanderers. At the time, Marindin held the rank of Captain. The team lost the Final again in 1874 to Oxford University, with Marindin in the XI, but won it against the Old Etonians in 1875, although Marindin was absent, having left Chatham for a new posting. The legend that he came to the match but abstained from playing over a conflict of interest as both an Engineer and an Old Etonian is unfounded.

Marindin become the President of the Football Association in 1874 and served in that capacity until 1890. As a referee he took charge of the 1880 FA Cup final and seven in succession from 1884 to 1890. This period included a replay at Derbyshire County Cricket Club's Racecourse Ground in 1886, the first time an FA Cup Final had been played outside London. In his last final, crowds invaded the pitch and soldiers had to clear the field. He was considered "one of the outstanding referees who really knows the rules". He was widely known simply as "The Major".

Later career
He became an Inspecting Officer for the Board of Trade in 1875, rising to Senior Inspector of Railways in 1895. His work in this regard involved travelling the country to test and inspect new works on passenger railways to ensure their safety before they could be used, and also compiling reports on railway accidents - the accident at Thirsk in 1892 being a notable example. In describing this period of his life, his obituary in The Times of 24 April 1900, described him as "plain speaking, coupled with a complete mastery of his subject", making the point that the railway companies of the time knew that his office "was not likely to allow irregularities to remain long unnoticed". In 1899 he submitted a report on accidents on railway workers on which a new Act of Parliament concerning rail safety was based, and throughout the 1890s was responsible for a host of improvements in the working practices of Britain's railways.

He helped develop London's new electrical lighting system and was knighted in 1897. He died aged 61 on 21 April 1900 at home at Hans Crescent, London S.W., and was buried on the family Scottish property at Craigflower, Torryburn, Dunfermline.

References

1838 births
1900 deaths
Men's association football players not categorized by position
British Army personnel of the Crimean War
British railway inspectors
English football referees
English men's footballers
FA Cup final referees
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
People educated at Eton College
People from Weymouth, Dorset
Presidents of the Football Association
Royal Engineers A.F.C. players
Royal Engineers officers
19th-century British businesspeople
Engineer and Railway Staff Corps officers

Francis Marindin


The Ducros Plantation (a.k.a. Old Jackson Plantation or Polmer Plantation) is a Southern plantation located in Schriever, Louisiana.

Location
The plantation is located in Schriever, Terrebone Parish, Louisiana. It is two miles and a half away from Thibodaux.

History
The land was granted by Spain to Thomas Villanueva Barroso who, 10 years later, sold it to Pierre Denis de La Ronde whose son-in-law, Adolphe Ducros, developed it into the Ducros Plantation. In 1845, Ducros sold it to Colonel Van Perkins Winder. Winder expanded the acreage by purchasing adjacent land formerly owned by Thomas Butler and smaller farms.

The mansion was built by Winder's widow, Martha Grundy, who was Felix Grundy's daughter, shortly after her husband's death. Construction began in 1859 and it was completed in 1860. It was designed in the Greek Revival architectural style. Martha hired a Louisiana architect named Evens and told him to model the mansion on The Hermitage, Andrew Jackson's plantation home in Nashville, Tennessee. Indeed, she had grown up in Nashville.

During the American Civil War of 1861–1865, the mansion was saved from a fire by Union General Godfrey Weitzel. However, the outbuildings burned down. Meanwhile, the fields were used as a camping ground by the Confederate States Army and the Unionists. The Texas Rangers hoisted Bonnie Blue Flag, a flag of the Confederate States of America, on top of the house.

In 1872, the plantation was purchased by two brothers, R.S. Woods and R.C. Woods, who were married to two sisters, Maggie Pugh and Fannie Pugh. It became known as the Old Jackson Plantation. It is two-story high, with a white facade.

It was purchased by Samuel and Leon Polmer in 1909. It was later inherited by Leon Polmer's sons, Irvin and Marvin.  In 1974, it was inherited by J.L. Fischman of New Orleans.

The plantation is now owned by the Bourgeois family. It was featured on If These Walls Could Talk, a television program on HGTV, in 2002. Old wood with inscriptions about the secession of South Carolina and the presidential run of Stephen A. Douglas in 1860 have been found on the property.

Heritage significance
It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since November 7, 1985.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Louisiana
Houses in Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana
Sugar plantations in Louisiana
Greek Revival houses in Louisiana
Houses completed in 1860
Plantation houses in Louisiana
National Register of Historic Places in Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana
1860 establishments in Louisiana

Ducros Plantation


International Woodworkers of America (IWA) was an industrial union of lumbermen, sawmill workers, timber transportation workers and others formed in 1937.

History
The IWA was formed when members of the Sawmill and Timber Workers' Union division of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America voted to disaffiliate their local unions and form their own union. The IWA subsequently affiliated with the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO).

The IWA quickly moved into Canada, where it absorbed a number of smaller unions which had formed in the 1930s, and the Lumber Workers Industrial Union, one of the industrial unions of the Industrial Workers of the World. Harold Pritchett was elected president. A successful strike and organizing drive in 1946 established the IWA as western Canada's largest union, a position that it has generally held since then. The union entered Newfoundland in 1956, but was expelled in 1959 after the Newfoundland Loggers' Strike.

The IWA was staunchly Democratic, and avoided left-wing politics throughout its history. Most of its members lived and worked in the American and Canadian West.  Its membership reached as high as 115,000 in the early 1970s.

In the 1980s, raids, mergers and anti-union actions by employers decimated the IWA's membership. The burgeoning environmental movement also restricted access to public lands, where most old-growth timber existed. As the timber industry lost access to public land, timber companies shed thousands of jobs as well.

In 1987, the Canadian branch of the IWA separated from union, retaining the IWA initials but with the new name Industrial, Wood and Allied Workers of Canada (IWA Canada).

By 1994, the remainder of the U.S.-based IWA had just over 20,000 members. The IWA leadership felt the union was no longer viable on its own, and the IWA merged with the International Association of Machinists (IAM) on May 1, 1994.  Today, the IWA is the Woodworking Department of the IAM.  IWA Canada remained an independent Canadian union until 2004, when it merged with the United Steelworkers.

Presidents
1937: Harold Pritchett
1940: O. M. Orton
1941: Worth Lowery
1943: Claude Ballard
1944: J. E. Fadling
1951: Al Hartung
1967: Ronald F. Roley
1970s: Keith W. Johnson
1980s: Bill Hubbell

See also

IWA v. Consolidated-Bathurst Packaging Ltd.

References
Christie, Robert. Empire in Wood: A History of the Carpenters' Union. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1956.
Deibler, Frederick Shipp. The Amalgamated Wood Workers' International Union of America. Madison, Wisc.: University of Wisconsin, 1912.
Lembcke, Jerry and Tattam, William M. One Union in Wood: A Political History of the International Woodworkers of America. Madeira Park, British Columbia: Harbour Publishing, 1983.

External links
Woodworking Department of the IAM
United Steelworkers Canadian Wood Division
 Timber Worker (1936–1942) and the International Woodworker (1942–1987), from the Labor Press Project

Archives
International Woodworkers of America Records, 1936–1987. 10 cubic feet. At the Labor Archives of Washington State, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.
International Woodworkers of America, Local 3-101 Records (Everett, Wash.), 1935–1987. 23 cubic feet. At the Labor Archives of Washington State, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.
Records of International Woodworkers of America Association are held by Simon Fraser University's Special Collections and Rare Books

Defunct trade unions in Canada
Timber industry trade unions
United Steelworkers
Trade unions established in 1937
Defunct trade unions in the United States
Congress of Industrial Organizations
Trade unions disestablished in 1994
International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers
Timber industry in Canada

International Woodworkers of America


DeLeon Springs () is a census-designated place (CDP) in Volusia County, Florida, United States. The population was 2,614 at the 2010 census. De Leon Springs State Park is located in DeLeon Springs, as is the Strawn Historic Citrus Packing House District.

History
DeLeon Springs is named for Juan Ponce de León. It was originally called Spring Garden and the name was changed in the late 1800s to attract tourists. The region was developed in 1925 with a hotel/restaurant the DeLeon Spring Inn, later called the Ponce de Leon Springs Hotel, which was expanded into a larger tourist attraction in 1953. The attraction and surrounding area were purchased by the State of Florida to become a state park in 1982.

Geography
DeLeon Springs is located at  (29.120268, -81.352988).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 6.8 km2 (2.6 mi2), all land.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,358 people, 727 households, and 569 families residing in the CDP.  The population density was 346.2/km2 (896.2/mi2).  There were 765 housing units at an average density of 112.3/km2 (290.8/mi2).  The racial makeup of the CDP was 66.67% White, 6.87% African American, 0.25% Native American, 0.30% Asian, 23.41% from other races, and 2.50% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 38.08% of the population.

There were 727 households, out of which 39.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.1% were married couples living together, 15.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.7% were non-families. 16.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 3.24 and the average family size was 3.59.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 31.5% under the age of 18, 10.4% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 18.2% from 45 to 64, and 12.4% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.0 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.8 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $27,422, and the median income for a family was $34,643. Males had a median income of $25,424 versus $15,547 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $12,280.  About 14.5% of families and 17.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.1% of those under age 18 and 5.9% of those age 65 or over.

Transportation
US 17 passes through the area and County Road 3 (former US 17) begins in the community. In addition, it is served by VOTRAN's #24 route. The CSX Sanford Subdivision also passes through the community, but does not have a station here.

Notable people
 Jacob deGrom – (born 1988) professional baseball player
 Wharlest Jackson (1930–1967) – treasurer of the Natchez, Mississippi branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, was born in DeLeon Springs.
 Luke Scott – (born 1978) professional baseball player

References

External links

Census-designated places in Volusia County, Florida
Census-designated places in Florida
Former municipalities in Florida

DeLeon Springs, Florida


The Mayerthorpe tragedy occurred on March 3, 2005, on the farm of James Roszko, approximately  north of Rochfort Bridge near the town of Mayerthorpe in the Canadian province of Alberta.

Roszko shot and killed four Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) constables: Anthony Gordon, Lionide "Leo" Johnston, Brock Myrol and Peter Schiemann. He then committed suicide. The attack occurred as the officers were executing a search warrant for stolen property and a marijuana-growing operation on the farm. Two individuals who were not present at the shooting, Shawn Hennessey and Dennis Cheeseman, pled guilty to manslaughter for assisting Roszko to return to his farm.

The incident was the worst one-day loss of life for the RCMP since five officers drowned on June 7, 1958, and the worst multiple-officer killing in contemporary Canadian history.

Incidents

Initial contact with Roszko
On the afternoon of March 2, 2005, two civil bailiffs went to the farm owned by James Roszko to repossess a truck which Roszko had purchased, but on which he had not made any payments. They arrived around 3:00pm. There was a metal gate blocking the road into the farmyard. When Roszko saw the bailiffs, he released two large aggressive Rottweilers. The bailiffs decided they should call the RCMP. The officer who responded to the phone call warned them not to go onto the property until the RCMP arrived. Roszko had a criminal record with violent and sexual offences, and was subject to a firearms possession prohibition. He was known to the members of the Mayerthorpe RCMP Detachment.

Roszko swore at the bailiffs and drove off in a truck.  The bailiffs thought it may have been the truck they were to seize, but were not sure.

Shortly after Roszko drove off, three RCMP officers arrived, including Constable Peter Schiemann. The bailiffs had the legal authority to search the farm for the truck, since they were not sure if the truck Roszko was using was the truck that they had instructions to seize. Acting under that authority the bailiffs broke open the gate.  The Mounties confined the dogs in a shed.  The group then went to the quonset in the farmyard.  They found numerous vehicle parts, indicating a  stolen vehicle chop shop, and a marijuana grow-op.  The Mounties realised that they would need a search warrant before proceeding any further.  They left the quonset at approximately 4:15pm and called in the truck as stolen, warning that other officers should be on the lookout for Roszko.

Property search

The senior officer in the group, Corporal James Martin, left to obtain a warrant, leaving two officers to maintain control of the farm.  Corporal Martin returned at 8:40pm with the warrant.  Given the expected magnitude of the search, the warrant was valid for twenty-four hours.  The Mounties first conducted a security search of the dwelling and the quonset, to ensure that Roszko was not present. While their search confirmed Roszko was not on the farm, the RCMP found a radio scanner tuned to the frequency of the Whitecourt RCMP detachment in Roszko's residence.  They also found lists containing intelligence on the local detachments at Mayerthorpe, Whitecourt,
Barrhead and Evansburg, including members' names, car numbers and cell phone numbers.  There was also a night vision scope and .308 and 9 mm caliber ammunition, which indicated Roszko was in breach of his firearms prohibition.

Having confirmed that Roszko was not present, the Mounties began the search of the quonset.  The initial focus was on the search and seizure of the marijuana plants and equipment, conducted by a special "Green Team" from the RCMP "K" Division in Edmonton.  According to documents obtained by the CBC's The Fifth Estate in a court case to have the search warrants made public, police seized seven growing marijuana plants, and 88 harvested plants from the residence, plus a further 192 growing marijuana plants along with growing equipment from the quonset. The marijuana search concluded around 3:00am on March 3, 2005.

All but two Mounties left at that point, with the expectation that an RCMP team which specialised in stolen vehicle searches would arrive in the morning.  Constables Anthony Gordon and Leo Johnston remained on the scene until the morning, with no signs of any trouble.  As a security measure during the night, the Mounties had parked several marked police vehicles prominently in the farmyard with their lights on.  They also left the vehicle doors and man-door of the quonset wide open, with bright halogen lights on inside.  The lights were also left on in the dwelling. The purpose was to make it clear that the Mounties were on the scene and investigating, and to deter unauthorised entry.

Roszko's return

After he fled the farm, Roszko phoned Shawn Hennessey, who worked in Barrhead and who subsequently admitted that he was associated with Roszko in the grow-op.  Roszko wanted to hide his truck on Hennessey's property.  Hennessey refused, but he contacted his brother-in-law, Dennis Cheeseman, for help in dealing with Roszko.  Roszko went to Hennessey's farm. Hennessey and Cheeseman arrived there separately.

Roszko was armed with a Beretta hand-gun, and asked for a Winchester rifle that he knew that Hennessey had been given by Hennessey's grandfather.  Hennessey got the rifle, chambered in .300 Winchester Magnum, along with ammunition.  He wiped it down.  Cheeseman got a pillow case and some gloves.  He put on the gloves, then put the rifle in the pillowcase and gave it to Roszko.  It was clear to all there that Roszko was enraged at the police.  He said he was going to go back to his farm to burn down the quonset, with the evidence of the chop shop and grow op.  He had decided to hide the truck at his aunt's home, and asked Hennessey and Cheeseman to follow him there, then drive him to his own farm.  They agreed to do so. His aunt's house was 38.5 km from Roszko's own farm.

After parking his truck at his aunt's house, Roszko got into the car driven by Hennessey, who drove him back to the area of Roszko's farm.  On the way, Roszko continued to rant about the RCMP, saying he would get even with them. Cheeseman later said Roszko's ranting was "devil talk".

Roszko directed them to drive past the road leading to his own farm and go on to the next one. They could see the lights of the police cars at Roszko's farm.  Sometime between 1:00am and 3:00am on March 3, 2005, Hennessey and Cheeseman dropped Roszko off.  He pulled heavy socks over his boots, presumably to hide his tracks in the snow.  He grabbed the Hennessey rifle and set off towards his farm and the police.

As they were driving away, Cheeseman suggested to Hennessey that they call police. Hennessey disagreed, and no call was made.

Shooting

On the morning of March 3, 2005, Constables Anthony Gordon and Leo Johnston were still providing scene security, pending the arrival of the RCMP Auto Theft investigators. In a telephone report at around 9:00am, Constable Johnston advised Corporal Martin that the night had been uneventful. Corporal Martin decided to send Constable Myrol to the scene to assist with the search by the Auto Theft investigators. Constable Schiemann was not assigned to work at the scene, but agreed to drop off Constable Myrol. They also agreed that they would pick up some meat and a veterinary sedative to feed and calm down the dogs, who had not been fed since they had been put in the shed the day before. The two drove to the Roszko farm, arriving sometime after 9:30am.

Just before 10:00am, Constable Garrett Hoogestraat and Constable Stephen Vigor of the RCMP Auto Theft investigation unit arrived. They saw the four Mayerthorpe Mounties at the shed, presumably feeding the meat and sedatives to the Rottweilers. As Hoogestraat and Vigor prepared for the search, the four Mayerthorpe Mounties went towards the quonset. The doors to the quonset were still open, as they had been all night.

Unknown to the Mounties, Roszko was inside the quonset. The subsequent Fatalities Inquiry could not determine when he had returned, but the judge conducting the inquiry concluded that it was unlikely Roszko had entered the quonset much before daylight as he was dressed to spend the night outdoors. He had probably approached the quonset hiding under a sheet which the Mounties later found in the quonset, along with a pillowcase and workgloves. The sheet would have masked him against the snow, and the socks over his boots would have muffled his steps.

The four Mayerthorpe Mounties entered the quonset. Outside the quonset, Constables Hoogestraat and  Vigor heard two loud bangs, followed by several other sounds which they recognized as gunfire. They also heard screaming from within the quonset. Constable Hoogestraat ran to the radio to report "officers down". Constable Vigor started to the entrance of the quonset, when Roszko came out. He had a hunting rifle slung on his back, a pistol in his belt and a G3 semi-automatic rifle in his hands. He was just casually walking out, then saw Constable Vigor and stopped, apparently surprised that there were more Mounties outside. He quickly recovered and fired two shots at Constable Vigor, who took shelter behind a police vehicle and returned fire with two shots from his sidearm. Both of his shots hit Roszko, who staggered back into the quonset.

Constable Hoogestraat was unable to make radio contact with the officers in the quonset. The RCMP Emergency Response Team was called by 10:13am and arrived by 11:52am from Edmonton, which is normally an hour away from Mayerthorpe. An armoured vehicle from the Canadian Forces Edmonton Garrison was called in, but subsequently stood down as not needed. The Emergency Response Team sent in a Remote Mobile Investigator, a robot with a video camera attached, and determined that all four officers and Roszko were dead.

The Fatalities Inquiry later determined that Roszko killed all four officers, who died almost instantly. Only Constable Johnston was able to return fire with one shot. Roszko then was wounded in the hand and in the thigh by the shots fired by Constable Vigor outside the quonset. The shot to his thigh fractured his femur. After he went back into the quonset, he turned his weapon on himself.

Victims

The police officers killed in the Mayerthorpe tragedy are referred to as "The Fallen Four". Constables Johnston, Myrol and Schiemann were based out of the Mayerthorpe RCMP detachment while Constable Gordon was based out of Whitecourt RCMP detachment.

Anthony Gordon

Constable Anthony Gordon, who was born in Edmonton, Alberta and raised in Red Deer, Alberta, became a police officer in October 2002. He was stationed in Whitecourt,  west of Mayerthorpe, where he was assigned to general policing and highway patrol. Constable Gordon was 28 at the time of his death.

Leo Johnston

Constable Lionide "Leo" Johnston became a member of the RCMP in 2001. From Owl River, Alberta, he began his career in nearby Lac La Biche, Alberta before being transferred to Mayerthorpe. Constable Johnston was 32 at the time of his death. He was married to his wife, Kelly, on Nov. 13, 2004.

Brock Myrol

Constable Brock Myrol, who was born in Outlook, Saskatchewan and raised in Red Deer.  He had just graduated from RCMP Academy, Depot Division and was an officer with the Mayerthorpe RCMP for less than three weeks at the time of the tragedy. Constable Myrol was 29 at the time of his death.

Peter Schiemann
Constable Peter Schiemann (c.1980–2005) became a member of the RCMP in 2000. From Petrolia, Ontario and raised in Stony Plain, Alberta, he began his career in Mayerthorpe and was assigned to general policing and highway patrol. Constable Schiemann was 25 at the time of his death.

Post-shooting investigation

Roszko's movements

The RCMP began an extensive investigation into the shooting, which lasted for two years. They spent more than $2-million investigating the tragedy, with over two hundred officers involved in the case between 2005 and 2007.  At the time charges were laid in 2007, there were still forty Mounties working on it.

In particular, the Mounties wanted to find out how Roszko returned to his farm.  His truck was found at his aunt's residence, 38.5 km from his own farm, suggesting he had received some assistance in returning.

Search of Roszko's property

As part of the investigation, the RCMP conducted an extensive investigation of the Roszko property after the shootings, including manual searches and also searches by subsurface radar, x-ray, and airborne infrared methods.  A backhoe was also used.  These search techniques disproved local rumours that Roszko had major caches of drugs and weapons, or that there were tunnels which he had used to enter the quonset.

The search found a sheet, a pillowcase containing a pair of workgloves, a small bottle of water and a tin of bearspray in the northeast corner of the quonset.  The Fatalities Inquiry concluded that Roszko had likely concealed himself at that spot for some time, but had actually been in the southeast corner of the quonset when he fired the shots.  Subsequent DNA analysis found Hennessey's DNA on one of the workgloves.

Weapons

The Mounties also found several weapons hidden in various spots in the quonset, including an empty gun bag that was the right size to hold the Heckler & Koch .308 semi-automatic rifle, and an empty Beretta pistol case.  These two cases, along with a .22 rifle and a shotgun in another case, were all hidden on a ledge and under the plywood roof, accessible only by ladder.  The Fatalities Inquiry surmised that the Heckler & Koch rifle had been hidden in this area and retrieved by Roszko after his return, since he did not have it when he was with Hennessey and Cheeseman.  The Fatalities Inquiry also concluded that the initial clearing search and then the Green Team search would have been unlikely to have found these weapons.  The Mounties also found three additional rifles, in a gun case hidden inside a seed-drill in the quonset:  a Husqvarna .308 rifle and two Lee Enfield .303 rifles.  There was also a rudimentary pipe bomb which would not have operated, a homemade silencing device, and various amounts of ammunition.

The Mounties investigated the sources for each of the guns.  The Heckler & Koch semi-automatic had been legally purchased by a person in Mayerthorpe in the early 1980s, who likely sold it to Rozsko.  After changes to firearms laws in 1995, the Heckler & Koch rifle was classified as a prohibited firearm.  The pistol was a Beretta 92 FS, which was a restricted weapon.  Roszko had purchased it in Utah in 1993 and apparently smuggled it into Canada.  The .22 rifle and shotgun were legally imported into Canada and were not restricted weapons.  The three rifles found hidden in the seed-drill all had been stolen from a location in Barrhead in 1997.  Roszko had never had a firearm registered to him.

The Mounties also investigated the Winchester hunting rifle.  It was registered to Shawn Hennessey's grandfather, John Hennessey. When asked how Roszko obtained the rifle, Shawn Hennessey said he had no idea, and that the rifle had been stolen four months before the shooting.  Hennessey subsequently admitted that he and his mother had alerted his grandfather that Roszko had the rifle.  John Hennessey admitted that he had told his daughter and grandson that they should all "story" to the police that the rifle had been stolen from the back of his welding truck.

Cell phone records

A cell phone was found on Roszko's body.  The police obtained warrants to track his usage of the phone.  They found that he had begun to use the cell phone around the time he left his farm on March 2, 2005, continuing to do so until shortly before 1:00am on March 3, 2005.

Investigation into the cell phone usage showed that he had called his mother, who had called his aunt.  Interviews with his mother and aunt revealed that he had been seeking permission to hide his truck on his aunt's property.

The cell phone records also showed that Roszko phoned Hennessey's place of employment in Barrhead, and then made several calls to a bag phone (a robust incarnation of cell phone) which Hennessey had by virtue of his employment.  Roszko also made several calls to Hennessey's residence.  When information about the cell phone calls became public a year later, in 2006, Hennessey tearfully denied to a reporter for the Globe and Mail that he knew anything about the events, or why Roszko was calling him.

Undercover investigation

Media accounts revealed that the RCMP conducted an extensive undercover investigation in the two years after the shootings. It was later reported that it involved an undercover RCMP female officer posing as a potential love interest for Cheeseman, leading him to other undercover officers posing as gang members in a "Mr. Big" operation.

Charges against Hennessey and Cheeseman

Murder charges

On July 9, 2007, Hennessey (then 28 years old), and Cheeseman (then 23 years old), were charged as parties to the offences committed by Roszko. In 2006, Hennessey had denied any links to the crime. Although neither man was at the crime scene when the shootings took place, under Canadian criminal law, anyone who is a party to the murder of a police officer acting in the course of their duties can be charged with first degree murder under the Criminal Code.  In June 2008, they were committed to stand trial on the murder charges after a preliminary inquiry in the Provincial Court of Alberta.

Manslaughter sentences

On January 19, 2009, Hennessey and Cheeseman pled guilty to four counts of the lesser charge of manslaughter.   On January 30, 2009, the Queen's Bench gave its decision on the sentences for the two men, which was based on an Agreed Statement of Facts, signed by Hennessey, Cheeseman, their lawyers and the Crown prosecutors.  The Crown was seeking sentences in the range of ten to fifteen years, while the defence counsel argued the sentences should be in the range of three to five years.

In his decision, the Queen's Bench judge rejected the defence position and accepted the Crown position.  He held that a fit sentence for Hennessey was fifteen years imprisonment, while a fit sentence for Cheeseman was twelve years. The Court gave them credit for their early guilty pleas and for time served awaiting trial, which reduced those initial estimates. He gave Hennessey a sentence of 10 years plus 4 ½  months.  He gave Cheeseman a sentence of 7 years plus 2 ½ months in jail.

Appeals

Both men appealed their sentences to the Alberta Court of Appeal.  On September 27, 2010, the Court unanimously dismissed Hennessey's appeal.  The Court dismissed Cheeseman's appeal by a 2-1 majority, with the dissenting judge preferring to give a lower sentence in light of Cheeseman's lesser participation in the offence.

Hennessey and Cheeseman applied for leave to appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada in April and May 2011. The Supreme Court dismissed both applications on August 25, 2011.

Release

Cheeseman was granted statutory release in 2013, after serving two-thirds of his sentence without incident. Hennessey was paroled in 2015.

Aftermath

Memorials

A memorial service for the slain officers was held in Edmonton on March 10, 2005, and televised nationally on the CBC. Prime Minister Paul Martin and Governor General Adrienne Clarkson both spoke at the service. In addition to family and dignitaries, nearly 10,000 police officers from Canada and the United States were in attendance.

On May 19, 2005, Queen Elizabeth II attended a ceremony in honour of the slain officers at the RCMP Academy, Depot Division, in Regina, Saskatchewan.  She also met privately with relatives of the four slain Mounties in the RCMP Chapel at Depot Division.  At the time of the killings, she had sent a letter to the Lieutenant Governor of Alberta, expressing her shock and condolences.

The Fallen Four Memorial Society was founded to honour the slain policemen. The group initiated the building of the Fallen Four Memorial Park in Mayerthorpe, with a statue of each officer, which opened on July 4, 2008.

Also in 2008, a memorial in honour of the Fallen Four was unveiled in Whitecourt, Alberta, with a bench for each officer around a bronze statue of Constable Gordon's boots; Gordon was stationed at Whitecourt.

Media commentary

The CBC program the fifth estate produced two documentaries about the killings.  The first one, entitled "A Hail of Bullets", aired on December 7, 2005.  The documentary suggested there were discrepancies in the RCMP account of the shooting. Following the 2009 guilty pleas and sentencing of Cheeseman and Hennessey, the fifth estate did a second documentary, entitled "Collateral Damage", which aired on February 4, 2009.  It included an interview with Hennessey. He now denied some of the material in the Agreed Statement of Facts which had been used in the sentencing hearing in Queen's Bench five days earlier.  In the interview, Hennessey said that he did not know about the police search of Roszko's property, and that he had no idea Roszko had intended to attack the Mounties.

Alberta Fatalities Inquiry

The Minister of Justice convened a fatality inquiry into the deaths at Mayerthorpe under the Fatality Inquiries Act of Alberta, before Assistant Chief Judge Daniel R. Pahl. The inquiry began on January 11, 2011, in Stony Plain Provincial Court. The lengthy period between the killings and the inquiry was because the Fatality Inquiries Act provides that inquiries are to be stayed pending determination of criminal charges in relation to the deaths.

The inquiry produced a 26-page report, concluding that the deaths of the four officers were homicides and the death of Roszko was a suicide.  The report provides a detailed factual account of the killings, and also made eight recommendations to prevent a similar event from occurring in the future.

Upgrade to RCMP weapons

On October 21, 2011, the Commissioner of the RCMP, William J. S. Elliott, announced that the RCMP officers would have a new weapon at their disposition, the C8 Rifle. One of the main conclusions from the Fatality Inquiry that led to this result was the fact that the officers who were involved in the events did not have the appropriate weapon to face someone with a semi-automatic rifle, as stated in the Fatalities Inquiry.

In popular culture

 Corb Lund referenced this tragedy in a verse of the title track to his album Horse Soldier! Horse Soldier!
 KO referenced the tragedy in his song "The Ballad Of Jimmy Roscoe".
 On February 10, 2008, CTV aired a feature-length made-for-TV movie called Mayerthorpe, directed by Ken Girotti.

See also
David Wynn
Moncton shootings
 Spiritwood Incident

References

External links

CBC News: Records of RCMP shooter paint chilling picture
CBC News: Suspect in RCMP killings had history of run-ins with police
CBC News: Indepth: RCMP
CBC the fifth estate documentary "A Hail of Bullets"
Fallen Four Society (memorial group)
 – docudrama about the tragedy

2005 in Alberta
Canadian police officers killed in the line of duty
Deaths by firearm in Alberta
Lac Ste. Anne County
Mass murder in 2005
Murder–suicides in Canada
Royal Canadian Mounted Police
Whitecourt
March 2005 events in Canada
2005 murders in Canada
Mass murder in Alberta
Massacres in Canada
Mass shootings in Alberta
Mass shootings in Canada

Mayerthorpe tragedy


Pargeting (or sometimes pargetting) is a decorative or waterproofing plastering applied to building walls. The term, if not the practice, is particularly associated with the English counties of Suffolk and Essex. In the neighbouring county of Norfolk the term "pinking" is used.

Patrick Leigh Fermor describes similar decorations on pre-World War II buildings in Linz, Austria. "Pargeted façades rose up, painted chocolate, green, purple, cream and blue. They were adorned with medallions in high relief and the stone and plaster scroll-work gave them a feeling of motion and flow."

Pargeting derives from the word 'parget', a Middle English term that is probably derived from the Old French pargeter or parjeter, to throw about, or porgeter, to roughcast a wall. However, the term is more usually applied only to the decoration in relief of the plastering between the studwork on the outside of half-timber houses, or sometimes covering the whole wall.

The devices were stamped on the wet plaster. This seems generally to have been done by sticking a number of pins in a board in certain lines or curves, and then pressing on the wet plaster in various directions, so as to form geometrical figures. Sometimes these devices are in relief, and in the time of Elizabeth I of England represent figures, birds and foliage. Fine examples can be seen at Ipswich, Maidstone, and Newark-on-Trent.

The term is also applied to the lining of the inside of smoke flues to form an even surface for the passage of the smoke.

See also
Harl
Parge coat
Plasterwork
Yeseria

References

External links

Architectural elements
Plastering
Wallcoverings

Pargeting


The Badwe'e (also Bajwe'e; French Badjoué) are an ethnic group inhabiting the rain forest zone of southeastern Cameroon. They recognize themselves as the descendants of Edwe'e, the youngest son of Koo and the brother of Njeme and Nzime. The Badwe'e live south of Messaména in the East Province in a region south of the Bekol and both north and west of the Nzime. Their territory includes much of the northern and western border of the Dja Biosphere Reserve. They speak a dialect of Koozime, together with the Nzime.

History

The ancestors of the Badwe'e lived in the Congo River basin or the present territory of Chad before moving into the present territory of Cameroon between the 14th and 17th centuries. Along with the other speakers of Makaa–Njyem languages, they lived along the northern Lom River near the present-day border between the Adamawa and East provinces. Under pressure from migrating Beti-Pahuin groups (themselves fleeing the Vute and Mbum), the Makaa–Njem-speaking groups moved farther south. The Badwe'e eventually settled south of the Bekol and west of the Nzime. During the colonial period, they created villages to the north of the Nzime, beginning at Djaposten and extending to Mindourou. This was to assist them to receive medical treatment against sleeping sickness.

Lifestyle and settlement patterns
Most Badwe'e live as subsistence farmers and live in linear villages oriented toward the roads through their region. They grow crops such as manioc, plantains, and maize, as well as smaller amounts of bananas, cocoyams, groundnuts, and fruits. Small livestock that does not require much care forms another part of the diet. Other Bajwe hunt with traps or, more commonly today, firearms. The resulting bushmeat has become an important source of income for some people.
Most Badwe'e profess Christianity as their faith. A New Testament in Badwe'e is in use.

Over 60 Badwe'e villages border the Dja Biosphere Reserve. Most of these are relatively small, with fewer than 113 inhabitants.

Notes

References
 Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005): "Koonzime". Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15th ed. Dallas: SIL International. Accessed 7 June 2006.
 Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005): "Makaa–Njem (A80)". Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15th ed. Dallas: SIL International. Accessed 7 June 2006.
 Neba, Aaron, Ph.D. (1999) Modern Geography of the Republic of Cameroon, 3rd ed. Bamenda: Neba Publishers.
 Ngima Mawoung, Godefroy (2001) "The Relationship Between the Bakola and the Bantu Peoples of the Coastal Regions of Cameroon and their Perception of Commercial Forest Exploitation". African Study Monographs, Suppl. 26: 209–235.
 Ngoh, Victor Julius (1996) History of Cameroon Since 1800. Limbé: Presbook.
 Seme, P. M. (August 1998). "Spécial réserve du Dja: Le contexte humain". Canopée: Bulletin sur l'environnement en Afrique Centrale. Accessed 21 June 2006.

Bantu peoples
Ethnic groups in Cameroon
Indigenous peoples of Central Africa
Indigenous peoples of West Africa

Dwe'e people


Taxi 0-22 is a popular Canadian television comedy series, which airs on TVA, a Quebec-based French language network in Canada.

The series stars Patrick Huard as Montreal cab driver Rogatien Dubois Jr. The first season is predominantly set inside Dubois's dark blue taxi, a Ford Crown Victoria, and the comedy unfolds through his interactions – usually opinionated and deeply held – with the guest stars and other passengers who ride in his cab. Season two expanded the show's narrative to focus more on stories and characters outside of his taxi. Dubois speaks a thickly accented and rapidly delivered Quebec slang.

The first season of the show commenced broadcast in February 2007, the second in January 2008, and the third season began airing in January 2009.  It is broadcast at 9:00 p.m. on Thursday nights. It has been reported that more than one million viewers watch the show every week. The TVA network has ordered season four to be produced, based on the success of the series.

In 2008, the series won the Olivier Award for best dramatic comedy.

Actor James Gandolfini was developing a pilot for an American adaptation, which will air on HBO if it is picked up as a regular series.

Regular characters

 Patrick Huard: Rogatien Dubois Jr.
 Yvon Deschamps: Rogatien's father
 François Arnaud: Rogatien's son
 Sylvie Boucher: Nancy, a server in a diner that Rogatien frequents.

Selected invited guests

In order of their appearance, Dubois passengers have included the following French Canadian celebrities who appear in character.

 Michelle Beaudoin
 Garou

 Guy Mongrain
 Pierre Falardeau
 Guy Fournier
 Ron Fournier
 Louis-José Houde
 Lucie Laurier
 Anne-Marie Losique
 Dominique Michel

 Guy A. Lepage

References

External links
 Taxi 0-22
  PatrickHuard.net

Television shows set in Montreal
Television shows filmed in Montreal
TVA (Canadian TV network) original programming
2007 Canadian television series debuts
2000s Canadian sitcoms

Taxi 0-22


Keolis is a multinational transportation company that operates public transport systems. It manages bus, rapid transit, tram, coach networks, rental bikes, car parks, water taxi, cable car, trolleybus, and funicular services. Based in Paris, France, the company is 70% owned by SNCF and 30% owned by the Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec.

Keolis operates a number of networks in France (Transports Bordeaux Métropole in Bordeaux, the Lyon public transport on behalf of SYTRAL, the public transport service for the Greater Rennes area since 1998, Transpole in Lille, and the entire mobility chain in Dijon). Internationally, it manages buses in several cities in Sweden, central and eastern regions of the Netherlands, and in the United States. It also manages various rail networks internationally, such as the commuter trains in Boston, the Hyderabad Metro, the Melbourne tramway, the Docklands Light Railway in London, the Pujiang line (Shanghai Metro), the Nottingham tramway, and the Manchester tramway.

History

Origins
Keolis was formed from several former companies:
 Société des transports automobiles, which was created in 1908, and its subsidiary Société générale des transports départementaux
 Lesexel, an electricity company created in 1911 to support the development of tramways
 Société de transports routiers de voyageurs (STRV), a subsidiary of  and later SNCF, which was renamed  in 1988 during its merger with STV

These companies underwent a series of reorganizations, mergers and acquisitions, which resulted in two companies: , focused primarily on urban transport, and Cariane, specialized in interurban public transport.

Creation and development in the 2000s
In 1999, SNCF became the leading shareholder in VIA-GTI, which merged with Cariane in 2001 to become Keolis.
In 2005, through its stake in GoVia, Keolis became co-owner of the South Eastern rail franchise in the United Kingdom.
In 2006, Keolis won the franchise for Hellweg Net in Germany and later on for Maas-Rhein-Lippe Net and Teutoburger-Wald Net in Deutschland and Nederland. In 2007, Keolis acquired City-Trafic in Denmark.
In 2008, Keolis took control of Eurobus Holding in Belgium. In 2009, Keolis set up operations in Melbourne, Washington, D.C., Bergen and Bordeaux.
In 2010, EFFIA (car parks company) became a Keolis subsidiary.

Since 2010
In 2012, Keolis acquired 100% of Syntus in the Netherlands and Orléans Express in Canada. The company also set up operations in Hyderabad, India. In 2013, Keolis won part of the Las Vegas urban network. In 2014, Keolis won a 30-year public-private partnership contract to maintain and operate the Ion rapid transit in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.

In the same year, Keolis won the operations and maintenance contract for Metrolink, the United Kingdom's largest tramway network, in Manchester, and was also selected by Foothill Transit to operate and maintain the Municipal Transit Network for the Eastern San Gabriel Valley of Los Angeles County .

The company also expanded in the Asian market , starting operation of Hyderabad's automatic air metro network, and winning, as part of a joint venture with RATP Dev and the Qatar Hamad Group, the contract to operate and maintain Qatar's first public transport network, including the operation of the future automatic metro in Doha and the tramway network in the new city of Lusail.

In 2018, the company generated revenues of €5.9 billion and had 63,000 employees. Keolis has been led by Marie-Ange Debon since September 2020.

In 2018, Keolis started operating the Pujiang metro line (formerly known as 8.3), the first automatic metro line in the Shanghai network, and started a contract to operate the Wales & Borders rail network in Wales until the nationalisation of day to day services in February 2021, with Keolis retaining a partnership with the new national operator until the original contract expires.

Operations

Australia

Keolis holds a 51% shareholding in Keolis Downer, which has operated the Melbourne tram network since November 2009. Keolis Downer has operated the G:link light rail line on the Gold Coast since July 2014.

In March 2015, Keolis Downer purchased bus operator Australian Transit Enterprises, which operates the Hornibrook Bus Lines, LinkSA, Path Transit and SouthLink operations with 930 buses. During July 2017, Keolis Downer trading as Newcastle Transport took over the Newcastle Buses & Ferries business under a 10-year contract. Newcastle Transport also operates the Newcastle Light Rail since February 2019. In October 2019, the Government of New South Wales announced that the bus operations of State Transit were to be contracted out to the private sector. During May 2021, Keolis Downer was awarded the contract to operate Sydney Bus Region 8. Keolis Downer Northern Beaches (KDNB) commenced operating on 31 October 2021 with its contract to run for eight years.

Canada
Keolis Canada operates as a subsidiary of Keolis America. The majority of its Canadian operations are located in Montreal, where it operates the Quebec intercity bus company Orléans Express and part of the Exo Mascouche sector. In addition, under its own brand, Keolis provides shuttle bus services between Ottawa station and Montreal-Trudeau International Airport for Air France and KLM passengers.

From 2004 to 2012, the company also operated Acadian Lines intercity buses in The Maritimes. The latter services have since been taken over by independent operator Maritime Bus.

Keolis is a partner in the GrandLinq consortium and operator of the Ion rapid transit system in Waterloo Region, Ontario.

China
In China, Keolis and Shanghai Shentong Metro Group, the owner of Shanghai Metro, created a joint venture called Shanghai Keolis in March 2014. Shanghai Keolis started operating the Pujiang line (formerly Phase 3 of Shanghai Metro Line 8 ) in March 2018. It would also be operating Shanghai Pudong International Airport's people mover system in 2019, which will link the proposed satellite concourse building with the existing Terminal 1 and Terminal 2. as well as the Songjiang Tram within the Songjiang Region, a suburb west of Shanghai downtown, in 2020.

An agreement had been signed between Keolis and Hubei Government, and Keolis will be responsible for Greater Wuhan area's suburban railway operation.

Denmark
Keolis Danmark is the second biggest bus operator in Denmark with 500 buses and 1,500 employees. Keolis entered the Danish market in 1999 when they bought 49% of the Danish bus operator City-Trafik. During 2007, City-Trafik became a wholly owned subsidiary of Keolis. In 2014, City-Trafik surprised the Danish bus industry when they announced their plans to merger with Nettbuss Danish subsidiary in a joint venture, Keolis owning 75% while Nettbuss held a 25% stake, until the merger was accepted by the Danish authorities. The former City-Trafik was named Keolis Bus Danmark and the former Nettbuss Danmark was named Keolis Danmark. During late 2014, the Danish authorities accepted the merger, permitting the two companies to merge as Keolis Danmark in the following year. During 2015, Keolis was also awarded a contract to operate the first tram in Denmark in Aarhus, which was set to open two years later. In 2016, Keolis SA bought the last 25% of the shares from Nettbuss AS, making Keolis Danmark a wholly-owned subsiduary of Keolis

France
Keolis has extensive operations in France. It provides transit services in many cities including Bordeaux, Dijon, Lille, Lyon, Orléans, and Rennes. In January 2016, the 260 vehicle Transports Daniel Myers business was purchased. Based in the Essonne/Val-de-Marne basin, its main operations are in Montlhéry, Etampes and Avrainville.

Germany

Keolis held a majority (60/40) stake with Rhenus in the Eurobahn joint venture at its founding in 1998. Under the Eurobahn brand, Keolis operated multiple regional train services in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Lower Saxony and in the Netherlands. Eurobahn used Stadler Flirt electric multiple units and Bombardier Talent diesel cars to serve these lines. During December 2007, the joint venture was dissolved; at this point, Rhenus took ownership of the bus operations and two railway contracts while Keolis gained full ownership of Eurobahn and the remaining contracts.

In October 2021, Keolis announced its intention to divest Eurobhan and withdraw from the German market. It was sold to a subsidiary of the law firm Noerr during December 2021.

India

In 2012, Keolis was awarded the Operation and Maintenance contract of the Hyderabad Metro Rail project. This contract marked Keolis's foray into the Indian market. The Hyderabad Metro Rail Project is valued at 220 billion. Keolis Hyderabad, along with L&T, commenced metro rail operations from 27 November 2017.

Netherlands

Keolis's subsidiary in Netherlands is Keolis Nederland, originally named Syntus.

In 1999, Keolis commenced operations in the Netherlands through a 33% shareholding in Syntus. During 2007, this stake was increased to 50%. In 2012, Keolis purchased Nederlandse Spoorwegen's 50% share in the venture, thus acquiring full control of Syntus. The Syntus brand was retired in October 2017 and replaced by the Keolis Nederland brand.

Norway

Keolis's subsidiary in Norway was Keolis Norge. It was first formed in 2008 as Fjord1 Partner, a joint venture between Fjord1 Nordvestlandske (49%) and Keolis Nordic (51%).

In April 2014, Fjord1 sold their shares to Keolis; to mark this change, the company was rebranded as Keolis Norge AS. On 6 September 2022, DSD AS, the owner of Tide Buss announced they would buy out all shares in Keolis Norge and take over the running of all their contracts, leaving the company defunct.

Qatar
On 7 December 2017, Qatar Rail, the Qatari national public transport operator, awarded RKH Qitarat — the joint venture based on a consortium between RATP Dev and Keolis (49%) and the Qatari company Hamad Group (51%) — the operations and maintenance contract for the new automated metro of Doha, the capital of Qatar, and a light rail network in Lusail, the second largest city in Qatar, located 15 km from Doha's city center.

Sweden

Keolis Sverige was founded in 2003 when Keolis bought 70% Busslink and the rest in 2010. Keolis Sverige is second largest operator in Swedish bus market. Keolis Sverige operates 1000 SL bus in Stockholm and 1800 buses in rest of Sweden.

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, Keolis owns 35% of Govia that owns Govia Thameslink Railway, operator of the Thameslink, Southern & Great Northern franchise and previously operated Thameslink, Southeastern and London Midland. Keolis also had a 45% shareholding in First TransPennine Express from February 2004 until March 2016. Upon being re-tendered, FirstGroup took full control.

During 2012, Keolis lodged a joint bid with SNCF for the aborted InterCity West Coast franchise. In 2014, in partnership with Eurostar, the company submitted a bid for the InterCity East Coast franchise; however, the franchise was awarded to Stagecoach/Virgin, who trading as Virgin Trains East Coast (VTEC).

In partnership with Amey, Keolis operates both the Docklands Light Railway and Manchester Metrolink concessions. Furthermore, Keolis is part of the Tramlink Nottingham consortium that commenced operating the Nottingham Express Transit tram operation in December 2011. Specifically, operations have been sub-contracted to Nottingham Trams Limited, a consortium of Keolis (80%) and Wellglade (20%).

In May 2018, the Wales & Borders franchise was awarded to KeolisAmey Wales, who received a contract valued at £5billion covering a 15-year period starting on 14 October 2018. This contract included the provision of investment in the Welsh network, including £800M into new rolling stock, £194M to modernise 247 stations and build five new Metro stations, the running of 285 extra services between Monday and Friday along with 294 extra Sunday services.

On 14 October 2018, KeolisAmey Wales commenced operations under the Welsh Government owned Transport for Wales brand. On 31 May 2020, an Emergency Measures Agreement was approved to assist KeolisAmey Wales; it detailed that the Welsh Government will spend up to £65million over the next six months to ensure trains continue to operate on the franchise. On 7 February 2021, the franchise was nationalised by the Welsh Government and transferred to a publicly owned operator of last resort, Transport for Wales Rail, with Amey retaining an involvement in delivering key infrastructure projects related to the Core Valley Lines.

United States
Keolis America is based in Boston, Massachusetts. It does business as Keolis North America, operating public transportation contracts in both the U.S. and Canada. In the U.S., its subsidiaries operate commuter rail systems in Virginia and Massachusetts, as well as fixed-route and shuttle bus systems in several states. In Nevada, Keolis operates bus services along the Las Vegas strip through a contract with the Regional Transportation Commission.

On 16 October 2009, the Virginia Railway Express (VRE) Operations Board approved an $85 million contract with Keolis Rail Services America to operate and maintain VRE trains for five years. Keolis began operating VRE on 12 July 2010 after a two-week delay, ending Amtrak's 18-year tenure as operator. Both Amtrak and Keolis had staffed the VRE lines with about 80 employees. However, during the bidding, a group of Holocaust survivors and Maryland politician Heather Mizeur called for investigations into SNCF's role in transportation of Nazi prisoners to concentration camps during the Second World War before the Keolis contracts could move forward. The operator of the train line, Amtrak, also challenged the propriety of hiring a foreign company.

It has also bid to run some California commuter rail segments and two MARC lines in Maryland, even though with the latter, the company is running into similar issues with the VRE bidding. Another group of Holocaust survivors, led by now-deceased Leo Bretholz also requested investigations of SNCF's involvement in the conflict. As a result, a law was passed to enforce this, leading to major criticism because SNCF had already documented their role in the deportation and had in fact released their archives for research and educational purposes in 1996. Eventually however, Keolis would lose to Canadian company Bombardier Transportation.

On 29 November 2011, Keolis Transit America, Keolis' US subsidiary, announced acquisition of Tectrans Inc., a California-based privately held provider of contract transportation services. Tectrans holdings included in the acquisition included Mobility Plus Transportation, Western Transit Systems, and Diversified Transportation. Keolis bus operations in the United States include Foothill Transit, Tri-Rail Commuter Connectors, and RTC.

On 8 January 2014, the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority awarded Keolis Commuter Services a contract to operate 664 miles of passenger service for $2.68 billion over eight years, with the possibility for two two-year extensions that could bring the total price to $4.3 billion. It began operating the MBTA Commuter Rail on 1 July 2014.

Corporate responsibility and strategy
The firm is expanding into new markets (through public calls for tenders in France and worldwide) and launching innovative initiatives in mobility.

Autonomous shuttles and automated metro systems
The company's main innovations in public transport operations are driverless shuttles and automated metro systems:
 Public transport services by self-driving shuttle (through a partnership with Navya, a French manufacturer of self-driving shuttles), which started in September 2016 in Lyon. Keolis currently runs self-driving shuttle services in France and worldwide, particularly in La Défense and Las Vegas.
 Automated metro systems in Shanghai and Hyderabad.

Digital services
Keolis offers trip planning, booking and payment services:
 The launch in 2015 of the Plan Book Ticket digital app, which combines "plan" features to organize trips, "book" features to reserve them and "ticket" features to obtain and validate a ticket directly using a smartphone
 The Launch in 2018 of an open payment solution on the Dijon transport network (bank cards can now be used as tickets)
 The introduction of the HelloGo app, which enables passengers to plan, reserve and purchase their tickets for all modes of transport in Utrecht

Corporate responsibility

Electromobility and alternative energies
Keolis uses electromobility and alternative energies on several of its networks:
 Launch of a biomethane bus service in Sweden in 2015
 Launch of electric bus service in Rennes, Orléans and Los Angeles
 Launch of a natural gas bus service in Montargis in 2018

Transport for passengers with reduced mobility
Keolis operates transport services for passengers with reduced mobility, such as PAM75 in Paris and PAM94 in the Val-de-Marne department of France.

Key data

Keolis generated revenues of €5.4 billion in 2017. Net profits (group share) amounted to €51 million.

Keolis transports 3 billion passengers annually.
International business represents 45% of the company's revenues

In 2017, the company had 63,000 employees in France and worldwide.

References

External links
 www.keolis.com Official website

Public transport operators
Bus operating companies
Public transport operators in France
Companies based in Paris
French brands
Transport companies established in 2001
French companies established in 2001

Keolis


Per Erik Bergsjø (born 1958) is a Norwegian lawyer and judge.

He was born in Levanger and graduated with the cand.jur. degree in 1985. After three years as a consultant and adviser in the Ministry of Justice and the Police from 1986 to 1989, he served as a deputy judge in Nord-Troms District Court for one year and then a presiding judge in the same court from 1990 to 1993.

He was then hired in the law firm Vogt & Co (later merged to form Vogt & Wiig) in 1993. He was a partner there from 1995 to 2012; since 2000 as a barrister with eligibility to work with Supreme Court cases. He was then appointed as a Supreme Court Justice in March 2012.

References

1958 births
Living people
People from Levanger
Norwegian civil servants
20th-century Norwegian judges
Supreme Court of Norway justices
21st-century Norwegian judges

Per Erik Bergsjø