The USA Gymnastics sex abuse scandal relates to the sexual abuse of gymnasts—primarily minors at the time of the abuse—over two decades in the United States, starting in the 1990s. More than 500 athletes alleged that they were sexually assaulted "by gym owners, coaches, and staff working for gymnastics programs across the country", including USA Gymnastics (USAG) and Michigan State University (MSU). It is considered the largest sexual abuse scandal in sports history.

The abuses were first reported in September 2016 by The Indianapolis Star, whose nine-month investigation found that the abuses were widespread because "predatory coaches were allowed to move from gym to gym, undetected by a lax system of oversight, or dangerously passed on by USA Gymnastics-certified gyms". Coaches and officials perpetrated, facilitated, or worked to conceal abuse in Michigan, Pennsylvania, California, Rhode Island, Indiana, and elsewhere. FBI agents declined to investigate early allegations of abuse, then lied about it, according to a U.S. Justice Department report. Leaders of USAG, MSU, and the United States Olympic Committee (USOC, later USOPC) ultimately resigned; several coaches and officials faced criminal charges.

A central figure was Larry Nassar, a national-team doctor for USAG and osteopathic physician in MSU's athletic department. More than 265 women said Nassar had sexually abused them under the pretense of providing medical treatment, including former USAG national team members Jessica Howard, Jamie Dantzscher, Morgan White, Jeanette Antolin, McKayla Maroney, Aly Raisman, Maggie Nichols, Gabby Douglas, Simone Biles, Jordyn Wieber, Sabrina Vega, Ashton Locklear, Kyla Ross, Madison Kocian, Amanda Jetter, Tasha Schwikert, Mattie Larson, Bailie Key, Kennedy Baker, Alyssa Baumann, and Terin Humphrey. In 2017 and 2018, Nassar pleaded guilty to federal charges of child pornography and state charges of first-degree sexual assault; he received sentences of 60 years in prison plus another 80 to 300 years.

The scandal led to the Protecting Young Victims from Sexual Abuse and Safe Sport Authorization Act of 2017, which directed the creation of the U.S. Center for SafeSport.

In 2018, MSU agreed to pay $500 million to settle lawsuits accusing university leaders, including its president and athletic director, of enabling Nassar's abuse.

In 2021, the USOPC and USAG settled lawsuits brought by more than 500 athletes for $380 million.

Background
Since 1990, USA Gymnastics has kept a list of people permanently banned from coaching for sexual abuse and other reasons. For example, the list includes Robert Dean Head, a USAG coach in Kentucky who in 1992 pled guilty to raping a 12-year-old, and Don Peters, the national coach for the 1984 Olympic team, who was banned in 2011 after two former gymnasts accused him of sexual abuse. In 2007, USAG began requiring background checks for coaches.

Yet USAG leaders also routinely dismissed warnings about coaches. For example, USAG received complaints about coach Mark Schiefelbein long before he was convicted in 2003 of molesting a 10-year-old girl. Similarly, USAG received complaints about coach James Bell at least five years before he was jailed in 2003 for molesting three young gymnasts. In a 2013 lawsuit, USAG officials admitted under oath that allegations of sexual abuse were routinely dismissed as hearsay unless they came directly from a victim or victim's parent.

Even when USAG leaders believed the accusers, they sometimes allowed coaches to continue coaching for years. For example, they waited four years before telling the police that they had received credible allegations of sexual assault by Marvin Sharp, who became a USAG coach in 2010. Sharp was charged in 2015 with three counts of child molestation and four counts of sexual misconduct with a minor; he died by suicide in prison.

At least four complaints were made against Georgia coach William McCabe, but USAG did not report the allegations to the police. One gym owner had warned that McCabe "should be locked in a cage before someone is raped". McCabe continued coaching for seven years until one gymnast's mother went to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) with emails that he sent to her 11-year-old daughter. McCabe was charged with molesting gymnasts, secretly videotaping girls changing clothes, and posting their nude images on the Internet. He pleaded guilty and is serving a 30-year sentence.

A judge released over 5,600 pages of court records in the McCabe case after Marisa Kwiatkowski from the Indianapolis Star requested the documents. These documents show how USAG responded to sexual misconduct allegations made against coaches from 1996 to 2006. The released documents included a letter which says a USAG regional chair spoke to the organization's president in support of allowing a convicted sex offender to keep his membership. Other documents include sexual abuse complaints that were filed against 54 coaches. The documents revealed that some of these coaches were not banned from the sport even after being convicted of the crimes. USAG has since said that it has banned 37 of the 54 coaches.

In a deposition, USAG President Steve Penny said: "To the best of my knowledge, there's no duty to report if you are—if you are a third-party to some allegation...You know, that lies with the person who has first-hand knowledge." Penny resigned in March 2017.

In 2016, Olympic team doctor Larry Nassar was arrested on charges of sex abuse and possession of child pornography. Multiple victims of sexual abuse have filed lawsuits against USAG and other parties. Nassar was a licensed osteopathic physician and the national team sports-medicine doctor for USAG. He ran a clinic and gymnastics club at MSU, where he was a faculty member. USAG fired Nassar in 2015 "after learning of athlete concerns".

Sexual abuse allegations
In September 2016, The Indianapolis Star reported that Rachael Denhollander was one of two former gymnasts who had made accusations of sexual abuse against Nassar. Following those criminal complaints, MSU reassigned Nassar from his clinical and teaching duties and fired him later that month. Since then, over 250 women and girls have accused Nassar of sexually abusing them; many of them were minors at the time of the crimes.

According to those reports, Nassar committed sexual assaults during medical examinations and purported treatments. The molestations ranged from his inserting a finger into the gymnasts' vaginas and anuses to fondling their breasts and genitalia. These were criminal acts regardless of consent since the victims were minors. Nassar initially denied the charges, claiming that he was performing legitimate medical procedures. In February 2017, three former gymnasts—Jeanette Antolin, Jessica Howard, and Jamie Dantzscher—gave an interview with 60 Minutes in which they accused Nassar of sexually abusing them. The gymnasts also alleged that the "emotionally abusive environment" at the national team training camps run by Béla and Márta Károlyi at the Karolyi Ranch near Huntsville, Texas, gave Nassar an opportunity to take advantage of the gymnasts and made them afraid to speak up about the abuse. Rachael Denhollander, one of the first women to publicly accuse Nassar, said in court in May 2017 that Nassar sexually abused her on five doctor's visits in 2000 when she was 15 years old.

Olympic gold medalist McKayla Maroney, using the #MeToo hashtag on Twitter, stated that Nassar repeatedly molested her, starting in 2008 when she was 13 years old and continuing until she retired from the sport in 2016. Maroney filed a lawsuit against Nassar, MSU, the U.S. Olympic Committee (USOC), and USAG. The lawsuit accused USAG of covering up the sexual abuse by paying Maroney a $1.25-million settlement that required her to sign a non-disclosure agreement.

During a 60 Minutes interview, Olympic gold medalist Aly Raisman also accused Nassar of sexually abusing her when she was 15 years old. Gabby Douglas subsequently drew criticism from her Olympic teammate Simone Biles and others for sending a tweet ("...dressing in a provocative/sexual way incites the wrong crowd...") that they interpreted as criticizing Raisman and of "victim-shaming". Douglas later apologized for the tweet and said she was also a victim of Nassar's abuse.

Former national team member Maggie Nichols accused Nassar of abusing her and documented the ways he "groomed" her by connecting with her on Facebook and complimenting her appearance on numerous occasions. It was also reported that it was Nichols' coach, Sarah Jantzi, who first reported Nassar to USAG on June 17, 2015, after overhearing Nichols talk to other gymnasts, later revealed to be Raisman and Alyssa Baumann, about Nassar's behavior. Simone Biles came forward shortly after with firsthand accounts of how she too had been sexually abused by Nassar. Jordyn Wieber made a statement at Nassar's court sentencing in which she also accused Nassar of sexually abusing her during her time at USAG. On May 1, 2018, former national team member Sabrina Vega also accused Nassar of sexual abuse, claiming she was abused hundreds of times, beginning when she was 12. In August 2018, UCLA gymnasts and 2012 and 2016 Olympians Kyla Ross and Madison Kocian came forward as victims of Nassar. The following month, Alabama Crimson Tide gymnasts Bailie Key and Amanda Jetter also came forward with accusations against Nassar. In October, Tasha Schwikert, a member of the 2000 US Olympics team, came forward as a victim and claimed that Steve Penny pressed her to publicly support USAG at the height of the Nassar scandal. In November, Florida Gators gymnasts Kennedy Baker and Baumann made public allegations against Nassar; Baker said she was abused during the 2012 Olympic Trials.

Criminal proceedings

Larry Nassar

In November 2016, Nassar was charged with sexual assault of a child. Michigan attorney general Bill Schuette stated that the assaults began when the victim was 6 years old in 1998 and lasted until 2005. He pleaded not guilty to three charges of first-degree criminal sexual conduct against a minor during his first court appearance.

The following month, Nassar was indicted on federal child pornography charges. According to the FBI, over 37,000 images and videos of child pornography were seized from Nassar's home, including a GoPro video of Nassar allegedly molesting girls in a swimming pool. Some of the material was found on a hard drive and disks that Nassar discarded in his trash bin outside his home. Nassar pleaded guilty to three federal child pornography charges on July 11, 2017, and was given three consecutive 20-year prison sentences by U.S. District Judge Janet T. Neff on December 7, 2017.

On November 15, 2017, it was reported that Nassar pleaded guilty to counts of sexual assault in Ingham County (which contains most of East Lansing, the home city for Michigan State) and Eaton County in Michigan. At the time, he faced a total of 22 charges, 15 in Ingham and 7 in Eaton. Among the allegations was that under the guise of providing legitimate treatment, he molested 7 girls at his home and at a clinic on the MSU campus. It also stated that Nassar would enter a guilty plea in Ingham County on November 22 and would then plead guilty in Eaton County on November 29 and would serve at least 25 years in prison for these crimes. Others who reported assaults by Nassar to the police were permitted to make victim impact statements during his sentencing hearing.

During his appearance before Judge Rosemarie Aquilina in Ingham County Circuit Court, and under the terms of his plea agreement, Nassar pleaded guilty to seven counts of criminal sexual conduct charges with a minimum sentence of 25 to 40 years in prison. Three of the victims were under the age of 13 and three ranged in age from 13 to 15. Nassar issued a short statement in which he apologized and said that he was hopeful the community could move forward:
"For all those involved, I'm so horribly sorry that this was like a match that turned into a forest fire out of control. I have no animosity toward anyone. I just want healing. [...] We need to move forward in a sense of growth and healing and I pray [for] that [...]."

More than 150 women made impact statements during Nassar's week-long sentencing hearing before the former doctor was sentenced on January 24, 2018, to state prison for 40 to 175 years. During his federal sentencing, Judge Neff had previously ordered that any state prison term run consecutive with Nassar's federal sentence. Judge Aquilina quoted a letter that Nassar had sent her prior to sentencing, in which he blamed his accusers. She described him as a dangerous individual who showed little remorse and said that she "signed [his] death warrant".

During his Eaton County Circuit Court appearance, Nassar pleaded guilty to engaging in sexual misconduct with three children under the age of 16. On February 5, 2018, Judge Janet Cunningham sentenced Nassar to an additional 40 to 125 years in state prison. This sentence will run consecutive to Nassar's federal sentence but concurrent to his previous state sentence from Ingham County.

It was reported in January 2018 that one of Nassar's victims filed a police report to the Meridian Township Police Department in 2004 but the police decided to not press charges against Nassar because of a PowerPoint presentation he gave to them that claimed that he was doing legitimate medical treatment.

Steve Penny
On October 17, 2018, former USAG CEO Steve Penny was arrested on charges of evidence tampering in the Nassar case—specifically, of removing related documents from the Karolyi Ranch gymnastics training facility in Texas. On October 29, 2018, Penny entered a plea of not guilty.  In April 2022, prosecutors dropped the charges against Penny.

Lou Anna Simon
On November 20, 2018, former MSU president Lou Anna Simon was charged with two felonies and two misdemeanor counts for lying to the police. She was accused of falsely telling investigators she did not know the nature of a Title IX complaint against Nassar in 2014. Each felony charge carries a possible sentence of four years in prison.

On October 29, 2019, Eaton County District Court Judge Julie Reincke ruled there was sufficient evidence to bind Simon over for trial in Eaton County circuit court.

On May 13, 2020, Eaton County Judge John Maurer dismissed the charges against Simon. The Michigan Attorney General's Office said it planned to appeal.

Kathie Klages
In August 2018, Kathie Klages, a former MSU gymnastics coach, was charged with one felony count and one misdemeanor count of lying to the police about her early knowledge of sexual abuse allegations against Nassar. Her trial began in February 2020. She was found guilty on two counts of lying to the police and faced up to four years in prison. Her sentencing was set for April 18, 2020, then rescheduled to July 15, then once again delayed by a water main break near the courthouse. On August 4, Klages was sentenced to 90 days in jail and 18 months of probation. On December 21, 2021, the Michigan Court of Appeals overturned Klages' conviction after determining that her false statement was "inconsequential, rather than material" to the criminal investigation of whether a MSU employee was complicit or not in allowing Nassar to prey on young athletes. Her case was dismissed in November 2022, legally clearing her after she served 90 days in jail and eight months of probation.

John Geddert
On February 25, 2021, John Geddert, the head coach of the 2012 US Women's Olympic Gymnastics Team, was charged with multiple felonies including 20 counts of human trafficking and forced labor, one count of first-degree sexual assault, one count of second-degree sexual assault, racketeering, and lying to a police officer. Geddert died by suicide shortly after his charges were announced.

Response and impact

USAG and USOC
As the Indianapolis Star was preparing to publish its 2016 investigation, the organization issued a statement: "Nothing is more important to USA Gymnastics, the Board of Directors and CEO Steve Penny than protecting athletes, which requires sustained vigilance by everyone—coaches, athletes, parents, administrators and officials. We are saddened when any athlete has been harmed in the course of his or her gymnastics career".

The USAG also said that it required criminal background checks for all of its coaches. The Star's investigation, however, found that "some coaches are fired at gym after gym without being tracked or flagged by USA Gymnastics, or losing their membership with the organization". It also found that top executives at USAG had routinely dismissed sexual abuse allegations against coaches and failed to alert authorities.

Asked about Nassar in February 2017, USAG said that its executives first learned of an athlete's concern about him in June 2015. They said they conducted an internal investigation, and the following month fired Nassar and reported him to the FBI.

Many criticized USAG's leaders for their handling of the allegations against Nassar, including U.S. senators who said the organization should have reported him to law enforcement more quickly. In March 2017, Juliet Macur of The New York Times criticized USAG executives for skipping the 2017 congressional hearing on protecting young athletes from sexual abuse, and noted that the organization had not apologized for its role in the scandal. In March 2017, USAG president Steve Penny resigned amid accusations of negligence and calls for his dismissal. Two-time Olympian Aly Raisman said the severance package given to Penny, reportedly $1 million, could have been used to help the affected athletes.

In June 2017, an investigator hired by USAG to review its policies and practices issued a report. USAG subsequently announced various changes, including a requirement that all USAG members report any suspected sexual misconduct to appropriate authorities and the US Center for SafeSport.

By year's end, the scandal had cost USAG several of its largest corporate sponsors, including Procter & Gamble, Kellogg's, Under Armour, The Hershey Company, and AT&T. Procter & Gamble was the name sponsor of the National Championships for five seasons, AT&T had sponsored the American Cup since 2011, and Kellogg's sponsored a series of nationwide tours. Marketing revenues that year had accounted for about 35 percent of USAG annual revenues, or about $9.4 million.

In January 2018, USAG cut ties with several coaches and gyms that had employed Nassar. One was John Geddert, team coach of the 2012 London Olympic team and personal coach of Jordyn Wieber. Geddert operated two gyms that employed Nassar, including Twistars, one of the locations where gymnasts reported being abused by Nassar. Gymnasts had also accused Geddert of being abusive and dismissive of their injuries. One gymnast said Geddert had thrown her onto the low bar hard enough to tear the muscles in her stomach and end her career. They have said that Geddert's abuse left them vulnerable to Nassar's manipulation. Geddart retired soon after his suspension. That same month, USAG officially cut ties with Karolyi Ranch, the former national training center for the national team and a site where Nassar sexually assaulted many gymnasts. Within weeks, the Karolyi Ranch website announced that the facility had closed.

On January 22, 2018, three members of the USAG board of directors resigned.

After Nassar's sentencing on January 24, 2018, the USOC published an open letter calling for the resignations of the other members of the USAG board, lest the USOC decertify the USAG. The USOC also announced that it was launching an investigation into the scandal. All remaining USAG board members resigned on January 31.

Two days later, the Wall Street Journal reported that USOC leaders, who had previously claimed that they had learned of abuse claims in 2016, had actually heard the allegations the previous year. The Journal reported that in July 2015, USOC Chief Executive Scott Blackmun had been told by Penny that an investigation uncovered possible criminal behavior by Nassar against Olympic athletes, and that two months later, Penny had detailed the allegations against Nassar to USOC's head of security. Blackmun resigned on February 28, 2018.

On February 2, Valeri Liukin resigned as national team coordinator.

On February 28, Raisman filed a lawsuit against USAG and the USOC, claiming both organizations "knew or should have known" about the ongoing abuse. On May 1, former national team member Sabrina Vega sued USAG, the USOC, and Béla and Márta Károlyi, claiming they ignored signs about Nassar's behavior or should have known he posed a risk to the gymnasts he treated.

On September 4, USAG CEO and President Kerry Perry resigned after USOC CEO Sarah Hirshland called for a change in USAG leadership and the US Elite Coaches Association called for a vote of no confidence in Perry. On October 12, Mary Bono was appointed USAG's interim president and CEO. Bono resigned four days later after many people, including Raisman and Biles, criticized her ties to her former law firm, Faegre Baker Daniels, which had helped cover up Nassar's crimes.

On November 5, 2018, the USOC announced that it was starting the process to decertify USAG as the national governing body for gymnastics in the United States. One month later, USAG filed for bankruptcy.

On January 30, the U.S. Olympic & Paralympic Committee (USOC became USOPC in June 2019) proposed to settle all claims related to its coverup of sexual assaults by paying claimants a total of $215 million, about half of what Michigan State University had paid to settle similar lawsuits. The proposal would have barred future lawsuits prevent further investigation into the coverup. On February 29, 2020, gymnasts Biles and Raisman expressed anger over the proposal.

On December 13, 2021, it was reported that the USOPC, USAG, and Nassar's victims had reached a $380-million settlement. The number of victims abused by Nassar was confirmed to be more than 500. This was the first time that the USOPC admitted direct responsibility for the scandal. Its leaders agreed to share the costs and responsibility with USAG in order to help the gymnastics organization emerge from bankruptcy and preserve its certification atop U.S. gymnastics. While insurers of USAG and the USOPC would pay for most of the damages, the USOPC agreed to directly pay $34 million and lend $6 million to USAG so they could pay damages.

MSU
MSU said that it first received a complaint against Nassar in 2014. A Title IX investigation into the complaint found no violation of policy and Nassar was allowed to continue treating patients under certain agreed-upon restrictions, as stipulated by MSU College of Osteopathic Medicine Dean William Strampel. However, no monitoring was instituted. After allegations against Nassar were reported by The Indianapolis Star in September 2016, Nassar was fired by Michigan State for violating the 2014 agreement.

By 2017, the university faced lawsuits from 144 local and MSU athletes who said they were sexually assaulted by Larry Nassar.

MSU gymnastics coach Kathie Klages was suspended on February 13, 2017, and retired the next day. According to court documents, Klages was reportedly aware of allegations against Nassar as early as 1997. She was accused of dismissing the complaints and pressuring gymnasts to stay silent about them.

On December 12, 2017, Strampel resigned as dean and went on medical leave as faculty. After mediation ended in the civil lawsuits, MSU's board of trustees voted to establish a $10-million fund to reimburse Nassar's victims for counseling services. MSU President Lou Anna Simon also apologized to the Nassar victims and donated her just-approved raise to the Roy J. and Lou Anna K. Simon Scholarship fund.

During Nassar's sentencing in January 2018, eight former MSU athletes, including those from the gymnastics, softball, volleyball, rowing, and track and field programs, accused MSU staff of dismissing their sexual abuse complaints against Nassar.

On January 23, 2018, the National Collegiate Athletic Association opened an investigation into the university's handling of sexual abuse allegations against Nassar. On January 24, 2018, the Michigan House of Representatives voted overwhelmingly for a non-binding resolution sponsored by Rep. Adam Zemke that called for the university's Board of Trustees to fire President Lou Anna Simon if she did not resign. Simon resigned later that day. Two days later, MSU athletic director Mark Hollis retired.

In 2018, several other state and federal agencies investigated Michigan State's involvement, including the Michigan Attorney General's office and the US Department of Education.

As a result of the Michigan Attorney General's investigation, in March 2018, Strampel, who oversaw Nassar's clinic while dean of the College of Osteopathic Medicine, was arrested and charged with felony misconduct in office and criminal sexual conduct for allegedly groping a student and storing nude photos on his computer. Strampel also possessed a video of the pelvic floor manipulation procedure that Larry Nassar had created as a training video. The video may constitute evidence of an assault, and the investigation is continuing. On June 9, 2018, six current or former Michigan State employees linked to Nassar became the subjects of an investigation by Michigan's Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs.

On May 16, 2018, MSU and Nassar's victims reached a $500-million settlement.

On September 5, 2019, Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos announced that MSU would be fined $4.5 million for violating the Clery Act, which involves accurate disclosure and open access to crime statistics and crime prevention policies in colleges and universities that receive federal dollars, after two separate investigations from the Education Department's office of Federal Student Aid (FSA) and Office for Civil Rights (OCR). This was the largest Clery Act fine ever.

Congress
Congress responded to the sexual abuse claims made against Nassar and also to claims made against personnel who were involved with USA Swimming and USA Taekwondo.

On March 28, 2017, the Senate Judiciary Committee held a hearing about the bill. Former gymnasts Dominique Moceanu, Jamie Dantzscher, and Jessica Howard testified. Rick Adams, chief of Paralympic sports for the USOC and head of organizational development for the NGBs, said at the hearing, "We do take responsibility, and we apologize to any young athlete who has ever faced abuse." USAG officials declined requests to testify at the hearing.

Later that year, a bipartisan group of U.S. senators, including Sens. Dianne Feinstein, John Thune, and others, introduced a bill to require national governing body members overseeing Olympic sports to immediately report sexual assault allegations to law enforcement or to child-welfare agencies designated by the U.S. Department of Justice. The bill amended the Ted Stevens Olympic and Amateur Sports Act, under the Commerce Committee's jurisdiction, to expand the purposes of USOC to promote a safe environment in sports that is free from abuse. Dubbed the Protecting Young Victims from Sexual Abuse and Safe Sport Authorization Act of 2017, a bipartisan bill sponsored by Senators Feinstein and John Thune and others, it was agreed to in the House of Representatives on January 29, 2018, in the Senate on January 30, 2018, and became law on February 14, 2018, when it was signed by President Donald J. Trump.

Among other things, the law directs the creation of a body to ensure that aspiring U.S. Olympic athletes can report allegations of abuse to an independent and non-conflicted entity for investigation and resolution, and to make sure that all national governing bodies follow the strictest standards for child abuse prevention and detection. The U.S. Center for SafeSport was duly created in 2017. It has exclusive jurisdiction over allegations of sexual misconduct and can impose sanctions up to lifetime banning of a person from involvement in all Olympic sports. It also collates a central database of disciplinary cases across all sporting disciplines.

FBI failure to investigate and false statements
The FBI failed to launch formal investigations into allegations that Nassar was abusing gymnasts; when asked about this, certain FBI officials lied and tried to cover up their failures, according to a report released in July 2021 by the Office of the Inspector General of the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ IG). As USA Today put it, "For more than a year, complaints to the FBI went unanswered and Nassar continued treating—and raping—gymnasts at MSU, a high school in Michigan, and a gymnastics club in Michigan."

In 2015, USAG president Stephen Penny told local FBI agents in Indianapolis that three gymnasts said they were assaulted by Nassar. The FBI did not open a formal investigation or inform federal or state authorities in Michigan. In 2016, FBI agents in Los Angeles began a sexual tourism investigation against Nassar and interviewed several victims but also didn't alert Michigan authorities.

Between the time the FBI was told of Nassar's abuses and his arrest by MSU police in fall 2016, he abused more athletes—estimates range from at least 70, according to the DOJ IG report; and 120, according to Nassar's victims.

The report said that FBI agent William Jay Abbott had failed to act on the gymnasts' allegations, and later lied about doing so. The report further alleged that USAG's Penny had discussed finding Abbott a job at USA Gymnastics, while telling Abbott his concerns about the bad publicity that would be generated by the scandal.

Two months after the DOD IG report was released in July 2021, gymnasts Maroney, Biles, Nichols, and Raisman testified to the U.S. Senate that FBI agents had mishandled their allegations against Nassar, that the agents had lied about their reports, and that they had spread misinformation about the botched investigation. Maroney testified that she was met with silence by an FBI agent after telling the agent of Nassar's "molestations in extreme detail". She said that the FBI falsified her statement and that the agents involved should be indicted; she also criticized Deputy Attorney General Lisa Monaco for not appearing at the hearing. Raisman testified that the FBI made her feel her "abuse didn't count" and "[I]t was like serving innocent children up to a pedophile on a silver platter." FBI Director Christopher Wray testified after the gymnasts, telling them that he was "deeply and profoundly sorry that so many people let you down over and over again".

In April and June 2022, 103 victims of Nassar sued the FBI for a total of $1.13 billion under the Federal Tort Claims Act for the FBI's false statements and inaction. In May 2022, the Department of Justice refused to arrest any FBI agent that was involved in the failure to investigate for 14 months.

Other
The victims received ESPN's Arthur Ashe Courage Award in 2018.

Nichols, the first to have reported Nassar, received the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Inspiration Award for 2019.

See also
 Athlete A and At the Heart of Gold – two documentaries about the Larry Nassar scandal.
 Penn State child sex abuse scandal
 Baylor University sexual assault scandal
 2015 University of Louisville basketball sex scandal
 Ohio State University abuse scandal
 Sexual abuse in primary and secondary schools
 Abuse in gymnastics

External links

 Report: "Report of the Independent Investigation: The Constellation of Factors Underlying Larry Nassar's Abuse of Athletes", Joan McPhee and James P. Dowden of Ropes & Gray (December 10, 2018)
 Report: "Investigation and Review of the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Handling of Allegations of Sexual Abuse by Former USA Gymnastics Physician Lawrence Gerard Nassar", Inspector General of the U.S. Department of Justice (July 2021)

References

2016 crimes in the United States
2016 scandals
2017 crimes in the United States
2017 scandals
Child abuse incidents and cases
Child sexual abuse in the United States
History of gymnastics in the United States
Incidents of violence against girls
Incidents of violence against women
Michigan State University
Sex scandals in the United States
Sexual abuse cover-ups
Sexual assaults in the United States
Sexual harassment in the United States
Sexual misconduct allegations
Sports controversies
Sports scandals in the United States
Violence against women in the United States
Sexual assault in sports

USA Gymnastics sex abuse scandal


Help! I'm A Fish (; also known as A Fish Tale) is a 2000 traditionally animated science fantasy musical film directed by Stefan Fjeldmark, Greg Manwaring and Michael Hegner, and written by Stefan Fjeldmark, Karsten Kiilerich, John Stefan Olsen and Tracy J. Brown. It stars the voices of Alan Rickman, Terry Jones and a then-unknown Aaron Paul.

It was released on 6 October 2000 in Denmark, 10 August 2001 in the United Kingdom, and 5 September 2006 in the United States. Danish teen-pop girl group Little Trees performed the title track, "Help! I'm a Fish (Little Yellow Fish)", which was released as a single in the UK. Fellow Danish girl group Creamy also recorded a version of the song. The Belgian girl group K3 also recorded a Dutch version of the song for the movie. Animation production was split between A. Film Production in Denmark, Munich Animation in Germany and Terraglyph Interactive Studios in Dublin, Ireland.

Plot

Fly is an impulsive 12-year-old boy living with his younger sister Stella and parents Lisa and Bill. When their parents go out for the night, Fly and Stella are babysat by their aunt Anna and her son Chuck, a cautious, overweight genetics prodigy, and Fly and Stella's cousin. When Anna falls asleep, the children sneak out to go fishing. Caught in a high tide, they stumble across the boathouse of Professor MacKrill, an eccentric but kindly marine biologist. Reasoning that climate change will melt the polar icecaps to produce marine transgression within the next century, MacKrill reveals he has developed a potion to transform humans into marine animals, along with an antidote to reverse the process.

Mistaking it for lemonade, Stella drinks the potion and turns into a starfish, which Fly unknowingly throws out the window into the sea. Chuck discovers the mistake after finding Stella's transformation caught on camera. The trio set out to find Stella, but their boat sank in a storm. Fly and Chuck drink the potion, becoming a California flying fish and a moon jellyfish. Bill and Lisa return home to find Anna frantic with worry. Noticing that Fly's fishing equipment is gone, Bill, Lisa, and Anna head to the beach to search for them but find only Fly's rollerblades. The adults fear the worst until Professor MacKrill, having survived the storm, arrives and shows them the video of Stella's transformation.

Underwater, the leaking antidote attracts a lemon shark and a pilot fish. They consume it, gaining intelligence and anthropomorphic appearances. The pilot fish names himself Joe and uses the antidote to create a civilisation of intelligent fish, intending to launch a revolution against humanity whilst The Shark becomes his dim-witted subordinate.

Fly, Chuck, and Stella reunite, accompanied by Sasha, a seahorse whom Stella adopts. They must find the antidote within forty-eight hours, or their transformations will be permanent. The trio swims to Joe's domain, a sunken oil tanker, where Fly tries to steal the antidote. They are caught and interrogated by Joe about their intent and origins. He demands that they manufacture more of the antidote, or the Shark will eat them. The children are imprisoned and guarded by an aggressive, militaristic king crab. Sasha frees the children, who manage to escape.

The children decide their only hope to become human again is to duplicate the antidote's formula, gathering ingredients from around the ocean. Just as they complete the potion, Joe and his army appear and corner them. In a stand-off, Joe drinks the last of the original antidote, transforming his fins into hands. The children try to escape, but Fly gets wounded by the Crab, who drinks the new antidote and declares himself King Crab. At the same time, MacKrill and Bill pass over in a makeshift boat powered by a water pump. The pump causes an underwater typhoon, sucking up the army. The Shark eats the King Crab but is incapacitated when he is sucked head-first into the pump.

Chuck remembers that MacKrill has another vial of the antidote in his laboratory. Formulating a plan, Chuck plans to carry Fly and Stella through dangerous seawater intake pipes back to the lab. However, Stella has to leave Sasha behind as the journey could kill her. The children flood MacKrill's laboratory to reach the potion, but Joe follows, stealing it. Fly pursues Joe into the pipes, tricking him into repeatedly drinking from the potion by challenging his intellect, causing Joe to eventually mutate into a deformed humanoid and drown.

Fly drags the antidote back into the lab, Chuck uncorking it just as Lisa and Anna open the door to the flooded lab. Chuck and Stella become human once more, reuniting with their parents and MacKrill. After a few tense moments in which a stuffed fish is mistaken for Fly's body, the human Fly emerges from one of the lab's pipes with a broken leg. Some time afterwards, the family and MacKrill spend some time together on the beach. Sasha appears, so Chuck and MacKrill transform her into an actual horse, who Stella rides around joyfully.

Cast

Production and music

On 4 October 1997, Stefan Fjeldmark (who is the film's writer), Michael Hegner and Greg Manwaring were hired and set to direct Help! I'm a Fish also known as A Fish Tale. Karsten Kiilerich, John Stefan Olsen and Tracy J. Brown wrote the script for the film. Anders Mastrup and Russell Boland produced the film for release in 2000. On 9 March 1998, it was announced that Jeff Pace, Sebastian Jessen, Michelle Westerson, Pil Neja, Alessandro Juliani, Aaron Paul, Morten Kernn Nielsen, Terry Jones, Søren Sætter-Lassen, Alan Rickman, Nis Bank-Mikkelsen, David Bateson, Dick Kaysø, Louise Fribo, Ulf Pilgaard, John Payne, Peter Gantzler, Teryl Rothery, Paprika Steen, Pauline Newstone, Ghita Nørby, Richard Newman and Zlatko Buric joined the film. On April 12, 1999, it was announced that Søren Hyldgaard would compose the music for the film. In 1996, a pilot trailer was completed, which has resurfaced on the Internet. The environment and object designs, animation, plot, character names, voices and designs are noticeably different from how they would eventually appear in the finished film.

Development and storyboarding of the film were completed in Denmark. Production then moved to Germany and Ireland for the final phases of animation, lighting, colour and production to maximise tax credits offered to foreign film projects in Germany and Ireland. The film's soundtrack contains "Help! I'm a Fish (Little Yellow Fish)" performed by Little Trees, "Agloubablou" performed by Cartoons, "Ocean of Emotion" performed by Meja, "People Lovin Me" performed by Lou Bega, "Ocean Love/Ton Amour Ocean" performed by Anggun, "Close Your Eyes" performed by Patricia Kaas, "Interlude" performed by Terry Jones, "Fishtastic" performed by Terry Jones and "Intelligence" performed by Alan Rickman.

Release
The film was released theatrically on 6 October 2000 by HanWay Films and Nordisk Film and was released on DVD and VHS on 6 January 2003 by Movie Star. In the UK, the English dub of the film was released in 2003. In North America, the English dub of the film was released in 2006 by Genius Products and in 2007 by Alliance Atlantis.

Box office
The film grossed $5.6 million in Denmark against an approximate $18 million budget.

Awards
Help! I'm a Fish won a Children's Jury Award for Feature Film or Video – Animation in the 2000 Chicago International Children's Film Festival.

Soundtrack

 Help! I'm a Fish (Little Yellow Fish) – Little Trees
 Do You Believe in Magic? – Loona
 Wooble Dee Bubble – Cartoons
 People Lovin' Me – Lou Bega
 Funky Sharks – Shaka feat. Sko
 Mother Nature – Little Trees
 Interlude (Professor) – Terry Jones
 Fishtastic – Terry Jones
 Ocean Love – Eddi Reader
 Close Your Eyes – Patricia Kaas
 Interlude (Jelly Fish) – Jeff Pace & Alessandro Juliani
 Suddenly – Solveig
 Ocean Of Emotion – Meja
 Intelligence – Alan Rickman
 Interlude (Goodbye) – Michelle Westerson
 Barracuda – Zindy featuring Pablo

Legacy
The film's stars Aaron Paul and Alan Rickman would later co-star again in the 2015 film Eye In The Sky, released shortly after Rickman's death. Paul expressed his regret that despite working with Rickman on Help! I'm A Fish and Eye in the Sky, they never got the chance to meet.

References

External links

2000 films
2000 animated films
Animated musical films
2000s children's fantasy films
Danish animated films
Danish independent films
English-language Danish films
English-language German films
English-language Irish films
HanWay Films films
Films about shapeshifting
Films set in Copenhagen
Animated films set in Denmark
Films set in the Atlantic Ocean
Animated films about fish
2000s children's comedy films
Films about sharks
Children's drama films
Animated drama films
Fictional fish
German animated comedy films
Sea adventure films
2000 comedy films
2000s children's animated films

Help! I'm a Fish


Erwin Dold (16 November 1919, in Wagensteig, part of the community of Buchenbach – 11 September 2012, in Buchenbach) was a fighter pilot in the Luftwaffe, despite the fact that he was not a Nazi Party member, then sergeant-major in the Luftwaffe ground staff, Commandant of the Concentration Camp Dautmergen, and director of the lumber company Dold Holzwerke in Buchenbach.

Early life
Dold was born in Wagensteig in the Black Forest region of southern Germany in 1919 and was connected to his family's lumber mill from his earliest years. The outbreak of World War II prevented him from officially joining the company and instead he was trained as a fighter pilot in the German air force, seeing action in France, Romania and Russia before being shot down over Crimea. He was seriously wounded and transferred to the ground staff in Freiburg im Breisgau after his recovery.

Soon after this he was transferred as commander to the concentration camp Haslach in the Kinzigtal and after its closure in the autumn of 1944 to the concentration camp in Dautmergen, one of the sub-camps of the Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp. Its main purpose was the mining of oil shale, gained under grossly inhumane conditions.

Commandant at Dautmergen
The catastrophic situation of the inmates appalled the 24-year-old officer; the barracks stood on a swampy field and had no floor. The mortality rate, primarily from Typhus and Paratyphus stood at up to 50 dead per day. At Dold's request a sanitary inspection commission was called in to examine the hygienic and medical facilities, resulting in the transfer of the commandant.

On 7 March 1945 Dold himself became the camp commandant. He distinguished himself through his humane conduct, saw to it that prisoners received clothing and food and improved the hygiene conditions. In adventurous sorties, he managed to procure food with the help of a small groups of prisoners he had organised to help him, and with the financial assistance of his father, who ran the family firm. When ordered by the Gestapo to organise a firing squad for the execution of 23 Soviet officers between 5 and 7 April 1945, he refused to do so. That same month the camp was evacuated, few remaining prisoners were liberated by the French army.

Dold gave himself up voluntarily to the French occupation army and was interned with 24 other defendants accused of crimes against humanity. On 1 February 1947, on the basis of witness testimony by prisoners, he was acquitted as the sole concentration camp commandant on the grounds of "proven innocence."

Post-war years
After the war, he joined his father's company, which he later took over. For over 40 years he remained silent about the events of the war until in 1990, he spoke to Dr Thomas Seiterich. A year later a documentary movie was made for German television by Manfred Bannenberg.

On 8 November 2002 Erwin Dold was made citizen of honour of Buchenbach.

In preparation for the film "Himmel und Erde" by Christian Schumacher with the French actor Gérard Depardieu situated in Schömberg he was able give sound advice for the film script. He is played in the film by Matthias Schweighöfer.

On 11 September 2012 he died in his home town at the age of 92.

Literature
 Yveline Pendaries, Les Procès de Rastatt (1946-1954). Le jugement des crimes de guerre en zone française d'occupation en Allemagne, Peter Lang, 1995, p. 189.
 Thomas Seiterich-Kreuzkamp: Der Fall Erwin Dold. In: Michael Kißener (Ed.): Widerstand gegen die Judenverfolgung. Universitätsverlag Konstanz, Konstanz 1996, , S. 261–283.
 Edwin Ernst Weber: Opfer des Unrechts: Stigmatisierung, Verfolgung und Vernichtung von Gegnern durch die NS-Gewaltherrschaft an Fallbeispielen aus Oberschwaben. Thorbecke 2009, .

Film
  Manfred Bannenberg: Der KZ-Kommandant. Die ungewöhnliche Geschichte des Erwin Dold, Dokumentarfilm, Deutschland 1991.
 Christian Schumacher: Himmel und Erde, Deutschland 2012, mit Matthias Schweighöfer, Anna-Maria Mühe und Gérard Depardieu

Notes

Nazi concentration camp commandants
Businesspeople from Baden-Württemberg
German Air Force personnel
1919 births
2012 deaths
People from Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald

Erwin Dold


FC Britannia Posen was a German association football club from the City of Posen, in the German Reich. The short-lived club was established sometime within the first decade of the 20th century and lost in 1920 under the Polish rule.

History
Britannia joined the top-flight regional Südostdeutscher Fußballverband (SOFV, en:Southeast German Football Association) as the league grew to include Posen in 1909. The club made just a single appearance in the playoffs in 1912–13 when they were eliminated 1:0 in the qualifying round to Preußen Breslau. The following season the team lost the district Niederschlesien final 3:4 to DSV Posen.

Football competitions in many parts of Germany were disrupted between 1914 and 1918 by World War I. The country was in disorder following its defeat in the conflict and an uprising succeeded in restoring an independent Polish republic built around Poznań, which was the historic center of the country.

Competition in the SOFV was greatly reduced, but was resumed in the 1919–20 season. Play in the Posen district circuit collapsed and they did not send a representative to the regional playoffs. Britannia was one of many German football clubs in the area that was lost at the time.

Honours
Posen Football Championship

 Champions: 1912–13

References

 Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv historical German domestic league tables

Defunct football clubs in Germany
Defunct football clubs in former German territories
Association football clubs established in 1905
History of Poznań
Football clubs in Poznań
1905 establishments in Germany

Britannia Posen


Derby Theatre is a theatre in Derby. It is in the Intu Derby shopping centre. It used to be known as the Derby Playhouse. It was owned and run by Derby Playhouse Ltd from its opening in 1975 until 2008, when the company ceased operating. The theatre reopened in 2009 as the Derby Theatre under the ownership of the University of Derby. The university use it as a professional and learning theatre. It has a 531 seat main auditorium and a 110-seat studio theatre.

History
For details of the pre-2009 productions, its building and its original owners, see Derby Playhouse

The Derby Playhouse closed in 2008. The theatre was reopened in October 2009 as the Derby Theatre under the ownership of the University of Derby. The first two productions were by the Derby Gilbert & Sullivan Company who performed The Gondoliers and The Mikado.

The University of Derby originally operated the venue in partnership with Derby LIVE, the city council's performing arts programme. The theatre being used for both visiting professional companies and as a learning and community theatre. This partnership came to end in March 2012. The University continued to operate the theatre with the support of the Arts Council England.
From May 2012, Derby Theatre received £923,000 from the Arts Council England to support a three year Learning Theatre Pilot programme. The University gave up to £500,000 per year from its Arts fund.

The theatre held a fundraising campaign to help with restoration costs. The main auditorium seating and carpets were refurbished in August 2012.
The old Arts College and Metro Cinema building on Green Lane was restored. It is an historic building owned by the University of Derby. It was adapted for the theatre's use. It has spaces for rehearsals, prop storage, and the wardrobe department. In December 2012, it was opened by the theatre's newly appointed Artistic Director, Sarah Brigham; general manager, Gary Johnson; and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Derby, John Coyne.

In November 2013, the Esmée Fairbairn Foundation awarded a grant of £164,000 to the theatre. This was to support the development of its work as a learning theatre and to focus on supporting emerging artists, developing creative skills and working with community groups.

Management
From its opening in 2009, former actor, Gary Johnson, was the Derby Theatre's general manager. He left in November 2015.
In January 2013, Sarah Brigham became the theatre's first resident Artistic Director. Brigham later became both Chief Executive and Artistic Director.

Productions
In 2012, the first season of works included Yes, Prime Minister, Funny Peculiar, Horrible Histories and a co-production of The Butterfly Lion in association with New Perspectives Theatre Company and Curve Theatre.
Autumn 2012 productions included Radio Times, Three Men in a Boat, Driving Miss Daisy and The Haunting, a musical theatre adaptation of Charlotte's Web in conjunction with The Birmingham Stage Company.

The 2013 season featured productions of The Pitmen Painters, James and the Giant Peach and a new touring production of Birdsong. Since its re-opening, the theatre has staged an annual children's classic during the Christmas season.

In May 2013, the first production commissioned and produced by the theatre under the artistic directorship of Sarah Brigham was Lee Hall's Cooking with Elvis, directed by Mark Babych.
In September 2013, The first show directed by Sarah Brigham was Kes. It featured former Skins actor Sam Jackson in his first stage role. Visiting productions included Go Back for Murder and September in the Ratn and a co-production with the Mercury Theatre, Colchester of The Opinion Makers by Brian Mitchell and Joseph Nixon.

In December 2013, the theatre teamed up with Birmingham Stage Company again to produce Horrible Histories Horrible Christmas, directed by Phil Clark. The author Terry Deary attended the first preview performance and launched the Derby citywide Plus One scheme.

Awards
In November 2013, the theatre was recognised for its partnership with the University of Derby by winning the Excellence and Innovation in the Arts award at the 2013 THE Awards.

Blanche McIntyre won the award for Best Director for The Seagull,  a co-production with Headlong,  Nuffield, Southampton and  Derby Theatre at the UK Theatre Awards 2013.

References

Other websites
Official website

Derby Theatre


Peter Pan Goes Wrong is a comedy play by Henry Lewis, Jonathan Sayer, and Henry Shields of the Mischief Theatre company, creators of The Play That Goes Wrong (2012).

Premise
The fictitious Cornley Polytechnic Drama Society attempts to stage a production of the 1904 J. M. Barrie play Peter and Wendy, which is repeatedly ruined by the amateurism and personal rivalries of the cast and crew.

Production history

London
The play made its premiere at the Pleasance Theatre in London in December 2013 before touring the UK in 2014. The production transferred to the West End in London at the Apollo Theatre for a Christmas season run in 2015, running from 4 December 2015 to 26 February 2016. It featured the original cast of The Play That Goes Wrong reprising their cast and crew characters from the original production, with the addition of Daisy Waterstone as Robert's niece Lucy.

It returned to the Apollo Theatre the following year for another Christmas season run from 21 October 2016 to 29 January 2017, making it the third show running in the West End from the Mischief Theatre Company after The Play That Goes Wrong and The Comedy About A Bank Robbery.

Great Ormond Street Hospital Children's Charity benefited from royalties of the play, in accordance to the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 which granted them a right to royalty in perpetuity from adaptations of the story of Peter Pan on stage, publication and film in the UK.

UK Tour
It was announced in April 2019 that the show would embark on a UK Tour starting in October 2019 at The Everyman Theatre in Cheltenham before visiting Cardiff, Cambridge, Brighton, Salford and stopping in London at the Alexandra Palace for a Christmas run from 13 December 2019 till 5 January 2020.

North American Premiere
It was announced in January 2022 that the show would have its North American premiere starting 8 September 2022 at The Citadel Theatre in Edmonton, Alberta with an all Canadian cast. The show ran from 26 February - 20 March 2022.

It was then announced in August 2022 the show would play at The Arts Club Theatre Company in Vancouver, Canada with the same cast. The show ran from 8 September - 16 October 2022.

Broadway
It was announced on 5 January 2023 that the show would transfer to Broadway at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre for a limited sixteen-and-a-half weeks beginning 17 March 2023, with an opening night set for 19 April 2023, featuring the majority of the original cast. On 3 April 2023 it was announced that Neil Patrick Harris would be joining the cast for a limited engagement.  On 8 June 2023, it was announced Ellie Kemper would join the cast for a limited engagement.

After the conclusion of its limited engagement, the production had its West Coast premiere in Los Angeles, California at the Ahmanson Theatre for another limited five weeks, once again featuring the majority of the original Mischief cast. Performances began 8 August, 2023 with an opening night of 11 August and special guest Bradley Whitford as the Narrator until 20 August. On 30 August, Daniel Dae Kim took over as the Narrator until 10 September. On 25 August a one-week extension was announced with Neil Patrick Harris returning to the role of Francis until its official closing night of 17 September, 2023.

Television special
The play was adapted into a one-hour television special which was broadcast on 31 December 2016 on BBC One, guest-starring David Suchet as the narrator, and featuring the original cast, with the exception of Rob Falconer. It was filmed in front of a live audience at dock10 studios and featured additional footage of other BBC television sets being accidentally invaded.

Roles and principal casts

Casts

Replacements

Broadway (2023)
Francis Beaumont: Neil Patrick Harris
Narrator: Ellie Kemper
Dennis Tyde: Bartley Booz (Previews)
Los Angeles (2023)

 Narrator: Bradley Whitford, Daniel Dae Kim, Neil Patrick Harris

Characters
Trevor Watson, Peter Pan's head technician
Chris Bean, Peter Pan's director and also plays Mr. Darling and Captain Hook
Robert Grove, Peter Pan's assistant director and also plays Nana, the Shadow, and Gentleman Starkey
Max Bennett, plays Michael Darling and the Crocodile
Francis Beaumont, plays the Narrator and Cecco
Sandra Wilkinson, plays Wendy Darling
Dennis Tyde, plays John Darling and Smee
Annie Twilloil, plays Liza, Mrs. Darling, Tinker Bell, and Curly
Jill, a technician and EMT
Jonathan Harris, plays Peter Pan
Lucy Grove, plays Tootles and is Robert's niece

Awards and nominations

Original London production

BBC Broadcast

Original Broadway Production

Reception
Peter Pan Goes Wrong received positive reviews, including WhatsOnStage.com rating it five out of five stars.

The original West End run was nominated for the 2016 Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Comedy but lost to Nell Gwynn.

See also
 The Play That Goes Wrong
 The Comedy About a Bank Robbery
 Noises Off

References

External links

Plays based on Peter Pan
West End plays
2013 plays
Sequel plays
Mischief Theatre

Peter Pan Goes Wrong


Korean Democratic Party (, Hanja: ) was an early political party in Korea. Its abbreviation was KDP (, ). The party was founded in September 1945, in Seoul. The name was based on the United States Democratic Party. Its politics were conservative, economy liberalism and curture nationalism. In August 1948, it lost the elections for South Korea's first government. It formed the opposition party instead.

The first leader of the KDP was Song Jin-wu, but he was killed by extremist nationalists, in December 1945. The second leader was Chang Deok-su, who had studied politics in Europe and the United States. He was also killed by extremism nationalists, on 2 December 1947. The third leader was Kim Seong-su, a founding member. He was chairman of the Korean University.

Korean Democratic Party merged with the Great Korean People's Party in February 1949. They named the new party Democratic Peoples Party. In 1955, the Democratic Peoples Party was renamed the Democratic Party.

References
 Korea Democratic Party
 Korea Democratic Party
 Democratic Peoples Party
 Korea Democratic Party

Political parties in South Korea

Korean Democratic Party


Look to Your Heart is an album by American singer Frank Sinatra, released in 1959 but recorded between 1953 and 1955.

This is the third Capitol collection of Sinatra singles and B-sides with Nelson Riddle, following 1956's This Is Sinatra! and 1958's This Is Sinatra Volume 2. It includes three songs from the 1955 musical version of Our Town.

There have been two official Capitol/EMI CD releases of the album: In 1995 within the 3-LPs-on-2-CDs UK package, This is Frank Sinatra, 1953–1957, and within The Capitol Years 21 disc box set. There is also an unofficial compact disc release of this album on the Hallmark label, released in 2010.  With the exception of "Our Town" (which was originally released on a 1956 EP), all of the tracks also appear on the box set The Complete Capitol Singles Collection.

Track listing
"Look to Your Heart" (Sammy Cahn, Jimmy Van Heusen) – 3:10
"Anytime, Anywhere" (Imogen Carpenter, Lenny Adelson) – 2:45
"Not as a Stranger" (Van Heusen, Buddy Kaye) – 2:47
"Our Town" (Cahn, Van Heusen) – 3:16
"You, My Love" (Van Heusen, Mack Gordon) – 2:56
"Same Old Saturday Night" (Frank Reardon, Cahn) – 2:31
"Fairy Tale" (Jay Livingston, Dick Stanford) – 2:59
"The Impatient Years" (Cahn, Van Heusen) – 3:14
"I Could Have Told You" (Carl Sigman, Van Heusen) – 3:18
"When I Stop Loving You" (George Cates, Alan Copeland, Mort Greene) – 2:56
"If I Had Three Wishes" (Claude Baum, Lew Spence) – 2:56
"I'm Gonna Live Till I Die" (Al Hoffman, Walter Kent, Mann Curtis) – 1:54

Personnel
 Frank Sinatra – Vocals
 Nelson Riddle – Arranger, Conductor

References

Frank Sinatra compilation albums
Capitol Records compilation albums
1959 compilation albums
Albums arranged by Nelson Riddle
Albums conducted by Nelson Riddle

Look to Your Heart (Frank Sinatra album)


One-room schools, or schoolhouses, were commonplace throughout rural portions of various countries, including Prussia, Norway, Sweden, the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Spain. In most rural and small town schools, all of the students met in a single room. There, a single teacher taught academic basics to several grade levels of elementary-age children. While in many areas one-room schools are no longer used, some remain in developing nations and rural or remote areas where scarce students and/or teachers complicate organizing the educational process differently.

In the United States, the concept of a "little red schoolhouse" is a stirring one, and historic one-room schoolhouses have widely been preserved and are celebrated as symbols of frontier values and of local and national development.  When necessary, the schools were enlarged or replaced with two-room schools. More than 200 are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.  In Norway, by contrast, one-room schools were viewed more as impositions upon conservative farming areas, and, while a number survive in open-air museums, not a single one is listed on the Norwegian equivalent to the NRHP.

Prussia

Prussia was among the first countries in the world to introduce a tax-funded and generally compulsory primary education for either boys and girls. In comparison, compulsory schooling in France or Great Britain was not successfully enacted until the 1880s. The state-sponsored system was introduced in the late 18th century and has had a widespread influence ever since. The first Prussian schools were simple one-room schools, but by 1773 Friedrich Eberhard von Rochow had already set up a model school with primary education in two separate age-grouped classes.

Ireland

In Ireland, free primary education was mandated in 1831, prompting the establishment of many single-teacher National Schools across rural areas, most initially using a room in an existing building.  By the 1890s there was a school in every parish.  Most extant one- and two-room school buildings date from the decades after 1891 when primary education became compulsory.  Most of those still in use today have been extended following merger with neighbouring schools.  Since 2002, any state-funded school with at least 10 pupils is entitled to at least 2 teachers; the 21 schools which fell below this threshold are located on offshore islands. In recent decades, an increasing number of schools have been founded for parents not content with the National School system.  These include Gaelscoileanna (which teach through Irish rather than English) and multi-denominational schools (most Irish schools are controlled by one or other of the main Christian churches). Although such schools eventually become eligible for state funding, they usually begin with a single teacher in a room or prefabricated building.

United States

One-room schools were used only in rural areas. As late as 1930 half of the nation's school children lived in rural areas. About 65 per cent of the nation's school buildings were one-room, and they were attended by 30% of the rural students.  Consolidation rapidly reduced their numbers in the 1920s and 1930s. They had a place in popular folklore, with one fondly recalling a, "little house, on a little ground, with a little equipment, where a little teacher at a little salary, for a little while, teaches little children little things." A less romantic view by sociologist Newell Sims reported on the majority of rural schools of all sizes in the 1930s:The utter inadequacy of the majority is the striking feature of rural school buildings. They are poorly situated, often without any grounds, or, with grounds that are grassless, treeless and beautyless. As structures they are poorly planned, poorly lighted, poorly heated, poorly seated, poorly equipped or virtually unequipped either for comfort or education, and poorly kept. Drinking water is not usually supplied. Sanitary arrangements and toilet facilities are as likely to be entirely lacking as to be provided in even a half-way decent manner.

Teachers in one-room schools were usually daughters of nearby farmers. They were recent graduates and spent a couple of years teaching before they quit to get married.  The teachers were poorly prepared and needed to coach children of all ages/grades within one room. Their main role is well-described by a student from Kentucky in the 1940s:The teachers that taught in the one room, rural schools were very special people. During the winter months they would get to the school early to get a fire started in the potbelly stove, so the building would be warm for the students. On many occasions they would prepare a hot, noon meal on top of the stove, usually consisting of soup or stew of some kind. They took care of their students like a new mother hen would care for her newly hatched chicks; always looking out for their health and welfare.

A typical school day was 9 a.m. to 4 p.m., with morning and afternoon recesses of 15 minutes each and an hour period for lunch. "The older students were given the responsibility of bringing in water, carrying in coal or wood for the stove. The younger students would be given responsibilities according to their size and gender such as cleaning the black board (chalkboard), taking the erasers outside for dusting plus other duties that they were capable of doing."

Transportation for children who lived too far to walk was often provided by horse-drawn kid hack or sulky, which could only travel a limited distance in a reasonable amount of time each morning and evening, or students might ride a horse, these being put out to pasture in an adjoining paddock during the day. In more recent times, students rode bicycles.

Southern students and teachers most often walked to and from school; a three-mile journey was not uncommon. Due to the poor quality of roads, automobiles were not frequently used.

The vast majority of one-room schools have been torn down; a few were converted for other purposes.  However, in a handful of rural communities, such as Mennonites and Amish, one-room or two-room schools survived longer.   As of 2005, almost 400 one-rooms schools still operate in the United States.

Octagonal schoolhouses

There are several historic one-room schoolhouses in the United States that were built in the shape of an octagon, instead of the more traditional rectangular style. Most are located in the northeastern part of the country and some have been restored and placed on the National Register of Historic Places.

The following octagonal schoolhouses still stand:

 Sheldon Jackson School; Sitka, Alaska
 Octagonal Schoolhouse; Cowgill's Corner, Delaware
 Birmingham School; Chester County, Pennsylvania
 Charter Oak Schoolhouse; Schuline, Illinois
 Watkins Mill Schoolhouse; Lawson, Missouri
 Modern Times School; Brentwood, New York

 Eight Square Schoolhouse; Dryden, New York
 Octagonal Schoolhouse; Essex, New York
 Octagon Stone Schoolhouse; Canaan, Pennsylvania
 Sodom Schoolhouse; Montandon, Pennsylvania
 Hood Octagonal School; Newtown Township, Pennsylvania
 Diamond Rock Schoolhouse; Tredyffrin Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania
 Wrightstown Octagonal Schoolhouse; Wrightstown, Pennsylvania

Teacher's residence

The teacher's residence, or teacherage, was often attached to the school, or very close by, so that a male teacher's wife and family were an integral part of the management and support system for the school. Single, female teachers were more often billeted or boarded with a local family to provide for social norms requiring social supervision of single females.

Consolidation
Motorized school buses in the 1920s made longer distances possible, and one-room schools were soon consolidated in most portions of the United States into multiple classroom schools where classes could be held separately for various grade levels. Gradually, one-room school houses were replaced. Most one-room schools had been replaced by larger schools by World War II except in the most rural areas. However, they are still found in remote parts of Alaska where villages have a small population.

Preservation: buildings and cultural

In Calvert County, Maryland, Port Republic School Number 7 closed its doors in 1932 and sat unused for over 40 years. Then, in 1976 the Calvert Retired Teachers Association, looking for a Bicentennial Year project, decided to restore the one-room schoolhouse. On July 24, 1977, after months of hard work by teachers and community volunteers, the old school bell rang out once more, and the little one-room school house, filled with its memories and memorabilia, was ready for visitors. It is now one of the county's tourist attractions. A similar project was done in Queen Anne's County, Maryland, by retired Teachers and Community Volunteers.  The restored schoolhouse is located in front of Queen Anne's County High School. In Iowa, over 125 small one-room school houses have been turned into local museums. The buildings in some places found new purpose as homes.

In Harrisburg, Nebraska, Flowerfield School serves as a living museum, and fourth-graders within the Nebraska panhandle spend a day at Flowerfield going through an average school day in 1888. The students have the opportunity to experience both log and sod versions of the house, writing with quill pens, and a trip to the nearby museum, where they learn about other aspects of life in 1888.

In Vandalia, Indiana, the Vandalia District # 2 one-room schoolhouse served Owen County's Lafayette Township students in grades 1 – 8 from the time it was completed in 1868 until it closed in 1951. The building, restored by a group of volunteers in 1976, is presently maintained and preserved by the Vandalia Community Preservation Association.

The One Room School House Project of Southwestern College in Winfield, Kansas, includes listings and information on some 880 schools throughout the state and nation. The information, pictures, and stories included in this site have been collected and sent to the project by researchers and historians from across America.

Gallery

See also

 Little Red Schoolhouse
 A-b-c-darian, the youngest students in a one-room school
 Blab school
 Micro-schooling
 Ranch school
 Ungraded school

References

Further reading
 Cochrane, Jean. The One-Room School in Canada (1981). summary

 Fuller, Wayne E. One-Room Schools of the Middle West: An Illustrated History (1994) summary
 Leight, Robert L., and Alice D. Rinehart. "Revisiting Americana: One-room school in retrospect." The Educational Forum 56#2 (1992) pp. 133-151 online
 Montell, William Lynwood. Tales from Kentucky one-room school teachers (University Press of Kentucky, 2011) online.

 Parsley, Danette, and Rhonda Barton. "The myth of the little red schoolhouse: Challenges and opportunities for rural school improvement." Peabody Journal of Education 90.2 (2015): 191-193. link

 Sims, Newell Leroy. Elements Of Rural Sociology (3rd ed. 1940)  online

 Sloane, Eric. The little red schoolhouse (Courier, 2012) online.
 Theobald, Paul. "Country school curriculum and governance: The one-room school experience in the nineteenth-century Midwest." American journal of education 101.2 (1993): 116-139.

External links

Audio Interview with 1920 student in 1820 1-room schoolhouse in E. Fishkill, NY (55 min.)
One Room School Houses in the Ottawa Valley
CSAA a National One-Room Schoolhouse Support Organization
One Room School House Project of Southwestern College
University of Northern Iowa - One-room School Museum

School types
History of education

One-room school


Joaquim Sapinho (born 1965 at Sabugal, Portugal) is a Portuguese film director. Founder of production company Rosa Filmes, he is considered to be part of The School of Reis film family.

Career
Joaquim Sapinho was a student at the Portuguese National Film School (Escola Superior de Teatro e Cinema), where he was a student of António Reis, Paulo Rocha and Alberto Seixas Santos, and where he is nowadays a professor of directing for cinema.

He started as a documentarist for television, before directing his first feature. In 1995, with his first picture, Haircut, he gave us a rare glimpse of the Portuguese youth of the 90's, being nominated for the Golden Leopard at the Locarno Film Festival.

Working also as a producer and screenwriter, Sapinho is the founder and owner of the independent production company Rosa Filmes, which brought to light other directors as João Pedro Rodrigues and Manuela Viegas.

In 1999, the film Gloria, written by him and the director Manuela Viegas, was in competition at the Berlinale.

In 2003, Sapinho released The Policewoman, his second feature, a story of a mother and her son based on the idea that in the modern times some women might no longer remember what it means to be a mother. It was at the official selection of the Berlin International Film Festival.

In 2005, Sapinho released Bosnia Diaries. Shot in 1996 and 1998, taking almost ten years to complete, it is a cinematic diary documentary about his experiences in Bosnia during and after the Yugoslav Wars. It had ir's world premiere at the Pusan International Film Festival.

In 2011, after working for ten years – most of them simultaneously in Bosnia Diaries and in it – Sapinho completes his fourth feature, This Side of Resurrection, which had its world premiere at the official selection of the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival.

Filmography as a director
 2011 – This Side of Resurrection (Deste Lado da Ressurreição)
 2005 – Bosnia Diaries (Diários da Bósnia)
 2003 – The Policewoman (Mulher Polícia)
 1995 – Haircut (Corte de Cabelo)
 1988 – At Waterside (À Beira-Bar) (short film)

Rosa Filmes' Filmography
 2011 – This Side of Resurrection (Portuguese: Deste Lado da Ressurreição). Directed by Joaquim Sapinho
 2011 – What's New About Love? (Portuguese: O Que Há De Novo No Amor?). Directed by Mónica Santana Baptista, Hugo Martins, Rui Santos, Tiago Nunes, Hugo Alves and Patrícia Raposo.
 2009 – To Die Like a Man (Portuguese: Morrer como um homem). Directed by João Pedro Rodrigues
 2008 – 4 Hearts (Portuguese: 4 Copas). Directed Manuel Mozos
 2005 – Bosnia Diaries (Portuguese: Diários da Bósnia). Directed by Joaquim Sapinho
 2005 – Two Drifters (Portuguese: Odete). Directed by João Pedro Rodrigues
 2003 – The Policewoman (Portuguese: A Mulher Polícia). Directed by Joaquim Sapinho
 2000 – The Phantom (Portuguese: O Fantasma). Directed by João Pedro Rodrigues
 1999 – Mercy (Portuguese: Mal). Directed by Alberto Seixas Santos
 1999 – Gloria (Portuguese: Glória). Directed by Manuela Viegas
 1999 – Jorge Molder. Directed by José Neves
 1998 – A Trip to Expo (Portuguese: Viagem à Expo). Directed by João Pedro Rodrigues
 1998 – José Cardoso Pires Logbook (Portuguese: José Cardoso Pires – Diário de Bordo). Directed by Manuel Mozos
 1997 – This is my Home (Portuguese: Esta é a Minha Casa). Directed by João Pedro Rodrigues
 1997 – Happy Birthday! (Portuguese: Parabéns!). Directed by João Pedro Rodrigues
 1997 – Portuguese Cinema? (Portuguese: Cinema Português?). Directed Manuel Mozos
 1995 – Haircut (Portuguese: Corte de Cabelo). Directed by Joaquim Sapinho
 1995 – Cinéma, de notre temps: Shohei Imamura – Le libre penseur. Directed by Paulo Rocha
 1994 – Julião Sarmento. Directed by Joaquim Sapinho
 1994 – Lisbon in Film (Portuguese: Lisboa no Cinema). Directed Manuel Mozos
 1993 – Mr. Portugal in Tokushima (Portuguese: Portugaru San – O Sr. Portugal em Tokushima. Directed by Paulo Rocha

References

External links

Joaquim Sapinho at MUBI.

1965 births
Living people
People from Sabugal
Portuguese film directors
Film theorists
Lisbon Theatre and Film School alumni

Joaquim Sapinho


Éric Jacques Levisalles, stagename Eric Lévi (Paris, 1955) is a French rock musician and film composer.

In 1975, Eric Lévi founded the hard rock band Shakin' Street with Fabienne Shine, which would release the two albums Vampire Rock and Solid as a Rock. Shakin' Street briefly toured with AC/DC and the Blue Öyster Cult before disbanding in 1981. He then moved to New York, and back to Paris in 1992.

Later on in his career, Eric Lévi wrote the musical score to several films, including L'Opération Corned-beef the comedy Les Visiteurs which was an international success and one of the highest-grossing films of all time in France, and La Vengeance d'une Blonde. Levi wrote the end-credit song People And Places for La Vengeance d'une Blonde with Philip Bailey and Roxanne Seeman. People And Places was recorded by Dee Dee Bridgewater and Philip Bailey for the film soundtrack. It was released as a single and on the soundtrack album as a single, club mix, and instrumental version.

Lévi is best known for the musical project Era, and for inventing the Latin-sounding words of these songs. Era's self-titled debut album in 1997 was commercially successful, becoming the most exported French album with over 6 million copies sold. A sequel, Era 2 was released in 2000, followed by Era: The Mass in 2003. The trilogy is characterized by a mixture of rock, synth, and pseudo-Latin Gregorian chant.

References

External links
 Official Era Site
 Official Shakin' Street site
 Alternative Forum of Era & News

 About Eric Levi including picture and full name
 An investigation into ERA music
 Bio and contemporary image
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kHufRFdyl0I

1955 births
Living people
French musicians
French expatriates in England

Eric Lévi


Ferdinand William Cavendish-Bentinck, 8th Duke of Portland  (4 July 1889 – 13 December 1980) was a British peer and grandson of George Cavendish-Bentinck.

The son of Frederick W. Cavendish-Bentinck and Ruth Cavendish-Bentinck, grandson of George Cavendish-Bentinck, and great-grandson of Major General Lord Frederick Cavendish-Bentinck, fourth son of the 3rd Duke of Portland, the young Cavendish-Bentinck was educated at Eton and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, passing out in 1910. He was commissioned into the 60th Rifles and was posted to Malta and British India before seeing active service in the European theatre of the First World War, which left him severely wounded.

He then took up a posting as assistant adjutant at the Royal Military College. After the war, his main sphere of activity was in East Africa, where he served as Private Secretary to the Governor of Uganda (1925–1927), Chairman of the Agricultural Production and Settlement Board for Kenya (1939–1945), Timber Controller for East Africa (1940–1945), Member of the Government of Kenya for Agriculture and Natural Resources (1945–1955), and Speaker of the Kenya Legislative Council (1955–1960). He was a Delegate to the Delhi Conference of 1940.

He became the heir presumptive of his third cousin, William Cavendish-Bentinck, 7th Duke of Portland, after the deaths of the latter's brother Lord (Francis) Morven Dallas Cavendish-Bentinck (1900-1950) and half-uncle Charles Cavendish-Bentinck (1868-1956). The previous duke's lands came to stay with the descendants of the 7th Duke and never passed to the distantly related 8th Duke in 1977.

In the early 20th century the usual tail male arrangement of the entailed largest landholdings became deprecated by powerful estates as it tended to leave noble daughters with little. The 6th Duke, before dying in 1943 broke the entails and set up a trust which saw as his son the future 7th Duke left no son Welbeck Abbey and other large holdings would go to his granddaughters in turn including Lady Anne Cavendish-Bentinck.

No viable family court case could ensue as the fee tail was abolished as a recognised entity in the abstract (in law) under the Law of Property Act 1925 and any remote, entailed beneficiaries could be disinherited under the Settled Land Acts. The new Duke of Portland continued to live in Nairobi.

Queen Elizabeth II shared an ancestor, in the 3rd Duke of Portland, through her maternal grandmother, Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck, and was thus a third cousin, once removed of the 8th Duke of Portland.

Family
In 1912, he married Wentworth Frances (d 1964), daughter of William James Hope-Johnston. They divorced in 1950 without issue.

In 1950, he married Gwyneth Ethel (d 1986), daughter of John Lesley Edwards and widow of Colonel David A.J. Bowie. Again, this marriage produced no issue.

He was succeeded by his younger brother, Victor Cavendish-Bentinck, as the 9th Duke upon his death.

Arms

References

Portland, Ferdinand William Cavendish-Bentinck, 8th Duke of
Portland, Ferdinand William Cavendish-Bentinck, 8th Duke of
Portland, Ferdinand William Cavendish-Bentinck, 8th Duke of
Portland, Ferdinand William Cavendish-Bentinck, 8th Duke of
108
F
English people of Dutch descent
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
British emigrants to British Kenya
Members of the Legislative Council of Kenya

Ferdinand Cavendish-Bentinck, 8th Duke of Portland


Francis Anthony Nixon (December 3, 1878 – September 4, 1956) was an American businessman and the father of U.S. president Richard Nixon.

Early life
Nixon was born in Elk Township, Vinton County, Ohio, the son of Samuel Brady Nixon, who was from Smith Township, Washington County, Pennsylvania, and Sarah Ann (née Wadsworth), a native of Hocking Township, Fairfield County, Ohio.  Nixon's family ancestry included colonial Pennsylvania Quakers. He was raised Methodist, however, but converted to Quakerism when he married Hannah Milhous.

Sarah Nixon died in January 1888, leading Francis to live with an uncle during his father's struggle to avoid poverty and to cope with the loss of Sarah. After Francis' father remarried, Francis moved away. Biographer Jonathan Aitken cited Francis' disliking of his new stepmother as his reason for leaving. Nixon proceeded to have multiple jobs during the next fourteen years.

Throughout his youth, Nixon idealized U.S. Presidents Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Jackson. Biographer Stephen E. Ambrose wrote that Nixon ceased favoring the Democratic Party by the age of 17. During the campaign for the 1896 United States presidential election, Nixon had an encounter with presidential candidate William McKinley, who asked him how he was going to vote, Nixon replying, "Republican, of course!" Ambrose cited the encounter as completing Nixon's switch to favoring the Republican Party.

Career
Nixon relocated to California at the end of the century after having been frostbitten working as a motorman in an open streetcar in Columbus, Ohio. After working as a farmhand and oil field roustabout, he attempted to cultivate lemons outside Los Angeles. Francis' son Richard also tested the waters of the citrus business. Shortly after graduating from law school, Richard founded the Citra-Frost Company which attempted to produce and sell frozen orange juice. Richard aimed to follow in his father's footsteps, successfully raising capital from a number of investors for the fledgling enterprise. Richard, a future president of the United States, paid his dues with the company and did much of the grunt work. In addition to his administrative responsibilities as president of the Citra-Frost Company, he was also responsible for cutting and squeezing the oranges to make the juice. This work did not eventually pay off as the company went bankrupt after just 18 months.

After his son Richard was born, Nixon abandoned the lemon grove, and the family relocated to the Quaker community of Whittier, California. Nixon worked the family business, a store that sold groceries and Atlantic Richfield gasoline, but the family remained impoverished. Nixon's life was marked by the deaths of two of his sons, Arthur and Harold, from tuberculosis. He has been described as a "restless, frustrated, and angry man, a mean-spirited person who psychologically abused his five sons and sometimes beat them." However, Richard always spoke well of his parents. He often spoke lovingly of his mother as a "Quaker saint", and began his memoirs with the words "I was born in a house my father built". Writer Jessamyn West, a cousin of the Nixons, was in Frank's Sunday school class for some time. She later described him as "a fiery persuasive teacher", and wrote that Frank Nixon's version of the social gospel made her favor socialism.

By the time of his later adulthood, Nixon often discussed his political opinions with strangers, his son Don remembering his father as being willing to debate anyone he encountered in the family market and having an intolerance of Democrats. Nixon voted for Woodrow Wilson in the 1916 United States presidential election, Warren G. Harding in the 1920 presidential election, Robert Lafollette in the  1924 presidential election, Herbert Hoover in both the 1928 and 1932 presidential elections, and Franklin Roosevelt in the 1936 election. Aitken described these as erratic voting habits that displayed changing political loyalties in the early life of his son Richard.

After his son Arthur's death in 1925, Nixon frequently pondered and was haunted by the possibility of God allowing the death as a form of punishment directed toward him, his actions afterward being never again to open the family store on Sundays and having the family listen to sermons every evening. Nixon favored Robert P. Shuler, Billy Sunday, and Aimee Semple McPherson, taking his sons once a week to hear either Shuler or McPherson at Trinity Methodist Church.

In 1938, Francis' son Richard met Pat Ryan, who Frank reportedly developed a "playful relationship" with and spared the same criticisms he had given his children.

During the controversy concerning Richard's alleged improprieties relating to a fund established by his backers to reimburse him for his political expenses, Frank was "reduced to sobs" in hearing of the story and angered by his son's taking of any funds.

The elder Nixons cared for their granddaughters Julie and Patricia while Vice President Nixon was involved with activities relating to the 1956 Republican National Convention. Francis experienced a ruptured abdominal artery in the latter part of the month from which he was not expected to recover, resulting in the vice president curtailing his public appearances to tend to his father, who advocated that his son return to San Francisco and work with the convention; Vice President Nixon refused. On September 3, Nixon was visited by Richard, who he told upon the latter leaving, "Good night Dick, but I don't think I'll be here in the morning." The next day, Francis Nixon died, his funeral being carried out three days later at the East Whittier Friends Meeting House.

Personal life
On June 25, 1908, he married Hannah Milhous. Together, they had five sons:
Harold Samuel Nixon (June 1, 1909 – March 7, 1933)
Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994)
Francis Donald Nixon (November 23, 1914 – June 27, 1987)
Arthur Burdg Nixon (May 26, 1918 – August 10, 1925)
Edward Calvert Nixon (May 3, 1930 – February 27, 2019)
Nixon died on September 4, 1956, in La Habra, California, U.S.

In popular culture
He was played by actor Tom Bower in Oliver Stone's movie Nixon.

References

External links
 Nixon Fun Facts via Nixon Foundation

1878 births
1956 deaths
People from Whittier, California
People from Vinton County, Ohio
Nixon family
Businesspeople from California
Fathers of presidents of the United States
Fathers of vice presidents of the United States
Converts to Quakerism from Methodism
American Quakers
20th-century Quakers
Businesspeople from Ohio
Burials at Rose Hills Memorial Park
Farmers from California
Citrus farmers

Francis A. Nixon


Baylisascaris is a genus of roundworms that infect more than fifty animal species.

Life cycle
Baylisascaris eggs are passed in feces and become active within a month. They can remain viable in the environment for years, withstanding heat and cold. Animals become infested either by swallowing the eggs or eating another animal infested with Baylisascaris.

Disease progression
After an animal swallows the eggs, the microscopic larvae hatch in the intestine and invade the intestinal wall. If they are in their definitive host they develop for several weeks, then enter the intestinal lumen, mature, mate, and produce eggs, which are carried out in the fecal stream. If the larvae are in a paratenic host, they break into the bloodstream and enter various organs, particularly the central nervous system.
A great deal of damage occurs wherever the larva try to make a home. In response to the attack, the body attempts to destroy it by walling it off or killing it. The larva moves rapidly to escape, seeking out the liver, eyes, spinal cord or brain. Occasionally they can be found in the heart, lungs, and other organs. Eventually the larva dies and is reabsorbed by the body. In very small species such as mice, it might take only one or two larvae in the brain to be fatal. If the larva does not cause significant damage in vital organs, then the victim will show no signs of disease. On the other hand, if it causes behavioral changes by destroying parts of the brain, the host becomes easier prey, bringing the larva into the intestine of a new host.

Clinical signs in humans
 Skin irritations from larvae migrating within the skin.
 Respiratory discomfort, liver enlargement, and fever due to reaction to larvae migration.
 Eye and brain tissue damage due to the random migration of the larvae.
 Nausea, a lethargic feeling, incoordination and loss of eyesight.
 Severe neurological signs including imbalance, circling and abnormal behavior, caused by extensive tissue damage due to larval migration through the brain, eventually seizures and coma.

Treatment
While deworming can rid the intestine of adult Baylisascaris, no treatment has been shown to alleviate illness caused by migrating larvae. Despite lack of larvicidal effects, albendazole (20–40 mg/kg/d for 1–4 weeks) has been used to treat many cases.

Baylisascaris species
Each Baylisascaris species has a host species that it uses to reproduce. The eggs appear in the host species' feces. They can then be ingested by, and infest, a variety of other animals (including humans) that serve as paratenic hosts.

Baylisascaris species include:
 Baylisascaris procyonis (of raccoons)
 Baylisascaris melis (of European badgers)
 Baylisascaris transfuga (of bears)
 Baylisascaris columnaris (of skunks and American badgers)
 Baylisascaris devosi (of fishers and martens)
 Baylisascaris laevis (of marmots)
 Baylisascaris schroederi (of giant pandas)
 Baylisascaris potosis (of kinkajous)

Baylisascaris procyonis
Baylisascaris procyonis is found in the intestines of raccoons in North America, Japan and Germany. It infests 68 to 82% of some raccoon populations, according to the House Rabbit Society. According to the Michigan Department of Natural Resources, nearly 100 percent of raccoons in the Midwestern US are infected. This parasite can be extremely harmful or deadly to humans.

Baylisascaris columnaris

Skunks carry Baylisascaris columnaris, a similar species to B. procyonis. Many pet skunks have died from this parasite. According to several skunk experts, many baby skunks from skunk farms have B. columnaris present in their bodies. The exact proportion of skunks that are infested is unknown. Since the worms are often at too early a stage in development to begin shedding eggs into the feces, a fecal test may not detect the parasite, and the pet should be pre-emptively treated with dewormers antiparasitacides.

Baylisascaris eggs are highly resistant to decontamination procedures because of their dense shell and sticky surface. They can survive hot or freezing weather and certain chemicals, remaining viable for several years. Bleach can prevent the eggs from sticking, but will not ensure destruction. According to Parasitism in Companion Animals by Olympic Veterinary Hospital, hand washing is an important countermeasure against ingestion, and decontamination of other surfaces is accomplished by thoroughly flaming with a propane torch or treating with lye. Other forms of high heat such as boiling water or steam will accomplish the same result. Children are more likely to be infected than adults because of their tendency towards pica, particularly geophagy. In spite of the numerous raccoons living in close contact with humans, less than 30 serious infections of humans by Baylisascaris had been reported by 2012; but it is thought that some cases are misdiagnosed as other infections or are never identified.

See also
 List of parasites (human)

References

External links
 Old Rabbit Paralysis Part III: Baylisascaris Procyonis House Rabbit Society
 Baylisascaris procyonis in Dogs, D. D. Bowman, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Mar. 11, 2000.
 Information on Parasites in Skunks by Matt Bolek, Diagnostic Parasitologist (link via InternetArchive, as original page no longer valid).
 Parasitism in Companion Animals by Olympic Veterinary Hospital.
 Baylisascaris procyonis: An Emerging Helminthic Zoonosis, Centers for Disease Control.

Parasitic diseases
Animal diseases
Parasitic nematodes of animals
Parasitic nematodes of humans
Ascaridida
Zoonoses
Secernentea genera
Rare infectious diseases

Baylisascaris


Niccolò Paganini (27 October 1782 – 27 May 1840) was an Italian composer and violin player. He is believed to be one of the greatest violinists who ever lived. He is known for 24 Caprices for Solo Violin.

Biography
Paganini was born October 27, 1782 in Genoa (in modern Italy). He started the violin at age seven and took private lessons from local violinists. Paganini repeatedly outperformed his teachers such that he always had to search for new ones. He would pick up the guitar, but rarely played the guitar in public. He would start giving concerts around Italy around 1800. For many years, Paganini performed primarily in regions surrounding his hometown.

In 1813, he performed at the La Scala in Milan and gained more attention beyond local regions. He receives Order of the Golden Spur from Pope Leo VII in 1827. Between 1828 and 1831 he toured cities in present-day Germany, Poland and Czech Republic and many other large cities across Europe. This tour spread his fame beyond Italy.

Paganini was the perfect virtuoso during his time although many other violinists slowly approach and some appear to be as virtuosic as him too. He was said to be a show off during his time and many wanted to challenge his violin skills. Paganini once broke all of the strings on his violin except the G-string and played a piece just on one string to show how good he was. He intonated the violin in a different way to sound different. He was the master of violin technique and invented many new techniques such as ricochet bowing, flying staccato, and left hand pizzicato.

He met and became friends with Gioachino Rossini and Hector Berlioz. Paganini was also good friends with Franz Liszt, a similarly magnificent virtuoso. Liszt admired Paganini. In his teenage years he watched Paganini playing, and determined to be a virtuoso as Paganini in piano.

Despite his success, Paganini was frequently sick and the concert tours did not help his health. In 1834, he gave up his concert tours. He would later be employed by Marie Louise I and be in charge of the court orchestra. He tried to open a Casino in Paris, but failed. He died from internal hemorrhaging in 1840 in Nice, France.

Instruments
Paganini played violins by Giuseppe Guarneri. One was called Il Cannone Guarnerius ("The Cannon of Guarnieri"). Other violins and instruments connected to him include Stradivari. They include the Paganini-Desaint 1680 Stradivari, the Le Brun 1712 Stradivari, the Hubay 1726 Stradivari, the Mendelssohn 1731 Stradivari violas and the Ladenburg 1736 Stradivari cellos. Other Italian instrument names connected to him are Amati, Goffriller and Bertolotti.

Compositions
He primarily wrote for violin which he then performed. His most famous work is 24 Caprices for Solo Violin, Op. 1. They are études dealing with different violin skills. Other notable works by Paganini include Violin Concertos No. 1 & 2, Moses Fantasy, Centone di Sonate, Vol. 1, Le Streghe, Op. 8, Caprice d'Adieu, Op. 68, Ghiribizzi, Variations on 'God Save the King', Op. 9 and Moto Perpetuo.

Other websites
 Viola in music – Niccolò Paganini
 Free Family Tree

1782 births
1840 deaths
19th-century Italian composers
Musicians from Genoa
Romantic composers
Italian violinists

Niccolò Paganini