Gretsch Drums is a division of American musical instrument manufacturer Gretsch. The company was founded in Brooklyn, New York, in 1883. Gretsch drum kits have been used by many notable drummers including Max Roach, Tony Williams, Art Blakey, Vinnie Colaiuta, Mark Guiliana, Phil Collins, Charlie Watts, Taylor Hawkins, Mitch Mitchell and Steve Ferrone.

Gretsch Drums manufactures and commercialises drum kits and hardware.

History
Gretsch was founded by Friedrich Gretsch, a German immigrant who opened his own musical instrument shop on 128 Middleton Street in Brooklyn, New York in 1883. The operation moved to South 4th Street in 1894. After Friedrich's sudden death in 1895, his enterprising son, Fred Gretsch Sr., took over the business as a teenager. He expanded the business, adding Gretsch Building #1 at 109 South 5th Street in 1903, Gretsch Building #2 at 104–114 South 4th Street in 1910, and a new ten-story Gretsch Building #4 at 60 Broadway Street in 1916. The company ultimately owned or operated six properties in the immediate area, including a warehouse on Dunham Place. Gretsch Building #4 was owned by the Gretsch family until 1999, at which time it was sold and redeveloped into luxury condominiums.

Fred Gretsch Sr. handed over the family business to his son, Fred Gretsch Jr., after retiring in 1942. Soon after taking over, Fred Jr. left to serve in WWII as a Navy commander, leaving the business in the hands of his younger brother, William Walter "Bill" Gretsch. Bill Gretsch died in 1948 and the company was again run by Fred Jr.

Both guitars and drums were manufactured at 60 Broadway until the mid-1960s, at which time drum production was consolidated at 109 South 5th Street so that guitar production could be expanded.

Fred Gretsch Jr. ran the company until 1967 when Gretsch was sold to Baldwin Piano Co. In 1969 Baldwin moved Gretsch instrument manufacturing operations from Brooklyn to a plant in DeQueen, Arkansas.

In 1985 Gretsch was bought back by a member of the Gretsch family, Fred W. Gretsch, the son of the late William "Bill" Gretsch and great-grandson of original company founder Friedrich Gretsch. At that time drum production was relocated to Ridgeland, South Carolina, where it remains today.

In the late 1980s, Gretsch bought the remnants of the Slingerland Drum Company, which was later sold to Gibson, with Gretsch retaining the Leedy brand which had been part of the Slingerland purchase.

In 2000, Gretsch entered into an agreement with Kaman Music which granted them exclusive rights to manufacture Gretsch USA Custom and Signature drums. They also purchased the majority of the equipment used to make Gretsch drums.

In January 2015, the Lombardi Family announced that Drum Workshop had become the exclusive manufacturer and worldwide distributor of Gretsch Drums. Lombardi stressed that the factory in Ridgeland would remain open and that the Gretsch Family still owned the company.  And in 2017, Hal Leonard joined the Gretsch Drums Team as the exclusive US distributor of the Renown, Catalina, and Energy series drums.

Gretsch's Custom & Signature Series drums continue to be manufactured in Ridgeland, South Carolina, to this day.

See also
 Gretsch
 List of drum makers

References

External links

 About Gretsch Drums

Companies based in South Carolina
Percussion instrument manufacturing companies
Music instrument endorsement lists
Musical instrument manufacturing companies of the United States

Gretsch Drums


INFORUM is a division of the Commonwealth Club of California that hosts panel discussions, debates, and social events for people in their 20s and 30s in the San Francisco Bay Area. With a current membership of over 1,500, it is the largest such organization on the West Coast and one of the largest in the country.

INFORUM began in 2002 with a mission to involve young professionals in the Bay Area in the arenas of politics, the arts, the environment, business, technology, and culture. Known for its innovative panels, INFORUM hosts discussions with nationally and internationally known experts on the kinds of issues facing people in their 20s and 30s such as the state of music, polarized America, soldiers returning from Iraq, and the role of social networking in contemporary culture.

Speakers have included Mark Zuckerberg, Kim Kardashian, Cornel West, Sal Khan, Talib Kweli, Instagram founders Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger, Arianna Huffington and Freakonomics authors Stephen Dubner and Steven Levitt.

The San Francisco Chronicle named INFORUM the best lecture series in the Bay Area in 2006, and the now-defunct San Francisco Bay Guardian called INFORUM "the best brainiac bonanza ... for those wanting to cram more thinking under their caps". In 2015, San Francisco Magazine named INFORUM the best speaker series in San Francisco. In 2003, the Los Angeles Times referred to INFORUM as a "presidential forum and singles hangout".

INFORUM also presents the 21st Century Visionary Award to individuals who embody the values of the INFORUM generation. Awardees have included Spike Lee, King Abdullah II of Jordan, Chad Hurley, and Steve Chen, the founders of YouTube, Sal Khan, Van Jones and Marissa Mayer.

References

External links

 Upcoming Events
 2002 article on INFORUM, San Francisco Chronicle

Organizations based in San Francisco

Inforum of the Commonwealth Club


The A-Rosa Aqua is a German river cruise ship, cruising in the Rhine – Main – Moselle basin. The ship was built by Neptun Werft GmbH at their shipyard in Warnemünde, Germany, and entered service in July 2009.  Her sister ships are A-Rosa Brava and A-Rosa Viva. Her home port is currently Rostock.

Features
The ship has two restaurants, lounge and two bars, Finnish sauna and resting area.

See also
 List of river cruise ships

References

External links

 A-Rosa Aqua Position and itinerary

2009 ships
River cruise ships

A-Rosa Aqua


John Pulteney (before 1668 – 2 May 1726), of St James's, Westminster and Harefield, Middlesex, was an English lawyer and Whig politician who sat in the English and British House of Commons from 1695 to 1710.

Early life
Pulteney was the son of Sir William Pulteney, and his wife Grace Corbet, daughter of Sir John Corbet, 1st Baronet, of Stoke, Shropshire. He was educated at Westminster School under Dr Busby. He married before 1674 Lucy Colville of Northamptonshire. He was admitted at Inner Temple in 1676 and matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford in 1677. He was called to the Bar in 1682.

Career
Pulteney was nominated as deputy-lieutenant of Middlesex in 1689. He had no previous experience in the higher levels of government when he was appointed by Lord Shrewsbury as under-secretary of the Southern Department in 1689, holding the post to June 1690. He was then appointed under-secretary of the Northern Department from December 1690 to March 1692. When Lord Sydney became one of the lord's justices in Ireland, in October 1690, he named Pulteney as their secretary from October to December 1690. Pulteney accompanied Sydney on the Flanders campaign with the king in the summer of 1691. In March 1692, Sydney took office as lord lieutenant of Ireland, nominated Pulteney one of his secretaries, and secured for him the place as clerk of the council in Ireland at £400 p.a. for life. Pulteney was returned as an MP in the Parliament of Ireland from 1692 to 1693. He also served Lord Sydney at the Board of Ordnance from March 1692 to March 1693. Lord Sydney left the lord lieutenancy in March 1693, and Pulteney was almost immediately reappointed in March to his former post as under-secretary of the northern department, which he held to 1695. In 1694 he was a Commissioner for the Million Act.

At the 1695 English general election Pulteney was returned unopposed as Whig Member of Parliament for Hastings, as nominee of Lord Sydney who was now Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports. Pulteney signed the Association promptly and voted in March with the Court for fixing the price of guineas at 22 shillings. He was appointed registrar to the Commissioners for forfeited estates for the year 1696 to 1697. He took an active part in the attainder of Sir John Fenwick in November 1696. At the 1698 English general election, he retained his seat at Hastings in a contest. He spoke and voted against the third reading of the disbanding bill on 18 January 1699. In February 1701 he was promoted to the more remunerative ordnance office of clerk of the deliveries with an annual salary of almost £1,000. He was returned again at the two general elections of 1701. At the 1702 English general election he was returned unopposed again for Hastings. He lost his place at the ordnance office in 1703. After the 1705 English general election, when he was returned again for Hastings, he voted for the Court candidate for Speaker on 25 October 1705. He supported the Court on the 'place clause' in the Regency bill on 18 January 1706. In 1707, he was one of the moderate Whigs appointed to the Board of Trade, with a salary of £1,000 a year. He was returned as a Whig at the 1708 British general election. He took part in proceedings relating to the African trade early in 1709. He voted for the naturalization of the Palatines in 1709 and supported the introduction of a new Africa bill on 18 February 1710. He also voted for the impeachment of Dr Sacheverell. He was defeated at the 1710 British general election butretained his place a Lord of Trade until 1711.

In 1700, Pulteney and Peter Gott funded the building of Hastings Town Hall.

In 1714, Pulteney was appointed as a Commissioner of the Board of Customs with a salary of £1,000 to 1722, and from 1715, was a member of the Commission for Building Fifty New Churches. He stood again for Hastings at the 1722 British general election, supported by the Duke of Newcastle, but lost by a single vote. He was compensated by the incoming Townshend–Walpole ministry with the post of surveyor-general of crown lands.

Death and legacy
Pulteney died on 23 May 1726. By his wife Lucy, he was father to Daniel Pulteney, whose granddaughter Laura also became Countess of Bath. He was uncle to William Pulteney, later Earl of Bath.

References

1726 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
People from Hastings
Place of birth missing
English MPs 1695–1698
English MPs 1698–1700
English MPs 1701
English MPs 1701–1702
English MPs 1702–1705
English MPs 1705–1707
British MPs 1707–1708
British MPs 1708–1710
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies

John Pulteney


Sir Arnold Wienholt Hodson  (12 February 1881 – 26 May 1944) was a British colonial administrator who was Governor in turn of the Falkland Islands, Sierra Leone and the Gold Coast.

Background

Hodson was born in Bovey Tracey, Devonshire, in 1881, the eldest son of Algernon Hodson and Sarah Wienholt.
He was educated at Felsted.
Hodson was in Central Queensland 1900 to 1902 and was part of the Queensland Contingent for South Africa in 1902. He served in the Transvaal from 1902 to 1904.
From 1904 until 1912 he was in the Bechuanaland Protectorate Police Force. His duties as a policeman and magistrate took him into the most remote parts of the territory, one of his missions being the Damaraland frontier at the time of the Herero and Nama Wars in German South-West Africa. He was also much involved in trying to reconcile conflicts between tribal chiefs. His several political missions cover a most important period of the history of Botswana.

One of his journeys, in 1906, was made in the company of Sir Ralph Williams, Resident Commissioner, and was from Serowe to Livingstone and the Victoria Falls via Lake Ngami. Four years later Hodson organised a hunting trip for British High Commissioner Selborne, from Pandamatenga to Selous' old camp on the Mabebe Flats and on to the Chobe.
Hodson then went on to Somaliland (1912–14). He served as Consul in Southern Abbysinia from 1914 to 1923, then as Consul in South West Abbysinia from 1923 to 1926.

Colonial governor

Hodson was Governor of the Falkland Islands (1926–30). During his tenure, a mountain - Mount Hodson (56°42'S, 27°13'W), the summit of Visokoi Island in the South Sandwich Islands - was named after him.

The most notable achievement of Hodson's reign as governor of the Falkland Islands was the development of radio communications within and beyond the islands. Working with the BBC, he connected the islands to the imperial broadcasting network. He also established a radio station in the islands. When he later moved to Sierra Leone and the Gold Coast, he continued work on his visions of establishing effective communication lines between various parts of the British Empire.

From 1930 to 1934 he was Governor of Sierra Leone, where he was known as the "Sunshine Governor" and was responsible for the creation of the Sierra Leone Broadcasting Service, which launched on 7 May 1934.  He encouraged African participation in government and had Sierra Leone "natives" trained to do jobs that had previously been reserved for bureaucrats who were imported into the colony from Britain. That same year he was knighted.
Finally, he was Governor of the Gold Coast (now Ghana) 1934-41, and was the impetus behind the introduction of the Gold Coast Broadcasting System (now Ghana Broadcasting Corporation).

Hodson married Elizabeth Charlotte Sarah Hay, daughter of Major Malcolm Vivian Hay, in 1928. They had two daughters, Rosemary and Elizabeth. He died on 26 May 1944 in New York City, aged 63.

Selected bibliography

Arnold Hodson was the author of a number of books, including:

Trekking the Great Thirst: Travel and Sport in the Kalahari Desert. London: T.F. Unwin, 1912.
An Elementary and Practical Grammar of the Galla or Oromo Language. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1922.
Seven Years in Southern Abyssinia. [London]: T.F. Unwin, 1927.
Where Lion Reign: an account of lion hunting and exploration in South West Abyssinia. London: Skeffington and Son Ltd, 1929.

Hodson also wrote a play called The Downfall of Zachariah Fee, or "The Troubles of Santa Claus".

References

External links

1881 births
1944 deaths
Governors of the Falkland Islands
Governors of the Gold Coast (British colony)
Governors of Sierra Leone
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George

Arnold Hodson


Decision quality (DQ) is the quality of a decision at the moment the decision is made, regardless of its outcome.  Decision quality concepts permit the assurance of both effectiveness and efficiency in analyzing decision problems.  In that sense, decision quality can be seen as an extension to decision analysis.  Decision quality also describes the process that leads to a high-quality decision.  Properly implemented, the DQ process enables capturing maximum value in uncertain and complex scenarios.

Decision and outcome
Fundamental to all decision quality concepts is the distinction between the decision and its outcome. They are different because of the uncertainties when making a choice—a high-quality decision can still result in a poor outcome, and vice versa. In the face of uncertainty, the decision maker only has control over the decision, but no control over the outcome of external circumstances. Consequently, the outcome of a decision does not allow an assessment of its quality. A decision has quality at the time it is made, which is not changed by hindsight. Concepts of decision quality focus on measuring and improving the quality of the decision at the time it is being made.

Elements
The confidence a decision maker has in its choice, and related to it the commitment a decision maker has to act upon that choice, depends on the quality of the decision at the time of making the decision. A high-quality decision is characterized by the following elements:
 A useful frame
 Feasible and diverse alternatives
 Meaningful and reliable information
 Clear values, preferences, and trade-offs
 Logically sound reasoning
 Commitment to action

Quality in decision making requires quality in each of the elements listed above, and the overall quality of the decision is limited by the weakest element. Decision quality is achieved when for each element the cost to obtain additional information or insight to improve its quality exceeds the added value.

A variety of specific tools and processes exist to improve the quality of each element.

Framing
The first element to achieve decision quality is framing. Having the appropriate frame ensures the right decision problem is addressed. Quality in framing is achieved when the decision makers have alignment on purpose, perspective, and scope of the decision problem to be solved. It means the right people will work the right problem the right way.

Options
A decision cannot be better than the best available alternative (or option if there is more than one). A wide variety of approaches, tools, and methods exist to generate high quality options, ranging from systematic search approaches to identify options to approaches that aim to creatively synthesize options. Quality in options is achieved by applying a suitable options generation process, where the process itself leads to a variety of feasible and diverse options, which are hybrid solutions of originally considered options that combine their best features, and where for each options an understanding of its implementation exists.

Information
The quality of a decision depends on the quality of the information to inform the decision. Quality in information is achieved when the information is meaningful and reliable, is based on appropriate data and judgment, reflects properly all uncertainties, biases, intangibles, and interdependencies, and the limits to the information are known. A wide variety of tools exist to improve the quality of the information used in the decision problem.

Values and trade-offs
Quality in this element requires the identification of the right decision criteria and the definition of trade-off rules among them. This necessitates at first the identification of all key stakeholders, and what each of them values. Quality in this element of decision quality is characterized by transparent value metrics, a clear line of sight of the primary metric, and explicit trade-off rules between key metrics.

Sound reasoning
This element is the domain of decision analysis, which aims to produce insight. Decision analysis provides the logic and analytic tools to find the best choice in a complex situation and should serve as a guide to facilitate the conversation about the decision. A wide variety of tools, ranging from decision trees, over hierarchies to complex network models is available to match the decision problem. Quality in this element is achieved when the value and uncertainty of each alternative are understood, and the best choice is clear.

Commitment to action
The quality of a decision also depends on the commitment to act upon the choice that is made. Quality in this element is achieved by involving all key decision-makers and stakeholders in an effective and efficient decision-making process. At the end of the process, quality is characterized by buy-in across all stakeholders and an organization that is ready to take action and commit resources.

History and industry implementation
Decision quality concepts were first developed in 1964, building on developments in statistical decision theory and game theory by Professor Howard Raiffa of Harvard University, and dynamic probabilistic systems by Professor Ronald A. Howard of Stanford University. The First implementation of DA/DQ concepts in a professional application is documented in Prof. Howard's paper "Decision Analysis: Applied Decision Theory." published in 1966. Since then, decision analysis tools and decision quality concepts have been adopted by many corporations to guide and improve their decisions.  Starting in 2014, the Society of Decision Professionals is recognizing organizations that made DQ a core competency across the entire organization with the Raiffa-Howard Award, presented annually.  Beyond organization-wide implementation, decision quality concepts can also be applied on multi-company projects.

See also
Decision analysis
Decision engineering
Decision model
Decision theory
Decision tree
Decision support
Influence diagram

References

External links
 Society of Decision Professionals, the professional society supporting decision professionals as the advisors of choice when facing important, complex decisions.
 Decision Analysis , a journal of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
 Decision Analysis Affinity Group, DAAG, has merged with and become the annual conference of the Society of Decision Professionals. Formed as an informal group of DA practitioners, DAAG was started in 1995 by Tom Spradlin, John Palmer, and David Skinner.

Decision analysis

Decision quality


A yett is a pheesical hinderance that can be opent or closed for tae hinder or allou  fowk or craiturs tae gang intae or oot o a space inby waws, or a fence, or thay micht be juist decorative.

Lairger yetts can be uised for a hail biggin, sic as a castle or fortifee'd toun, or the actual doors that blocks entry throu. The day mony yetts is opent by an automatit yett operator.

Fortification (airchitectural elements)
Doors
Gairden featurs

Yett


The Nokia 9 PureView is a Nokia-branded flagship penta-camera smartphone developed by HMD Global. It was introduced at the 2019 Mobile World Congress (MWC) in Barcelona, Spain as a successor to the Nokia 8 Sirocco. It alludes to Nokia's previous camera-centric PureView devices, which ended with the Lumia 950 and 950 XL. Like most of HMD's Nokia smartphones of the time, the 9 PureView is part of the Android One program.

Specifications

Hardware and Design
Key upgrades over the Nokia 8 Sirocco include a faster Snapdragon 845 chip and Adreno 630 GPU, a taller 6" 18:9 screen with HDR10 support, a higher resolution HDR selfie camera that can now record in 4K, more LTE bands, faster wireless charging, an in-display fingerprint scanner, and a slightly larger battery capacity. Storage and RAM are unchanged, with a single 128 GB/6 GB configuration. At the rear, a multi-camera setup is featured in a honeycomb-like arrangement with a dual-LED flash and time-of-flight sensor offset to the left and right respectively, and a hole for the microphone above. Externally, the 9 keeps the glass/metal construction of the Sirocco, but it shelves the Sirocco's stainless steel chassis in favor of 6000 series aluminum.

Cameras
The 9 PureView uses a penta-camera system with Zeiss optics, 2 of which are RGB sensors and 3 of which are monochromatic sensors. All 5 lenses are identical 12 MP f/1.8 units (Sony Exmor RS IMX 386). HDR is supported, but the device lacks phase-detection autofocus and optical image stabilization. When a picture is taken, each camera takes a separate image, then the images are combined and processed by a digital signal processor. Pictures can be taken in both JPEG and RAW formats and can be edited afterwards through Adobe Lightroom, which can be installed during setup. Additionally, the 9 has a Pro mode which simulates DSLR settings. A feature called Depth Map captures more than 1200 layers of depth data. Depth Map is enabled by the time-of-flight sensor and only works with JPEG and RGB photos. At the front, a 20 MP sensor is present with HDR.

Software
The Nokia 9 ships with Android One's version of Android 9 Pie pre-installed. In December 2019, HMD began to release Android 10 for the 9 PureView. In late 2021, Nokia announced cancelling all plans of ever upgrading it to Android 11 and beyond, and offered a discount for another Nokia smartphone instead to customers.

Reception
PC Magazine concluded that the 9 "could be the right smartphone for shutterbugs, but there are better options for everyone else". Praise was directed towards the design, display and software; Tom's Guide and Digital Trends felt that the RAW-Lightroom integration provided users with significantly more control over photographs. The in-display fingerprint scanner and battery life were both criticized in addition to the loudspeaker's sound quality. Reviewers also noted that the image processing was slow and were disappointed that a camera-oriented phone lacked an SD card slot, especially considering the size of RAW image files. The usage of an older Snapdragon 845 chip also drew some criticism initially as its competitors were using the newer Snapdragon 855 chip.

The 9 PureView received an overall score of 85 from DxOMark (matching that of Apple's iPhone 7 and LG's V30), with a photo score of 88 and a video score of 80. DxOMark remarked that "[W]ith the possible exception of its Bokeh capability, the Nokia 9 PureView doesn't deliver either a photo or video performance on a par with other current model phones in its premium price range."

In February 2020, the 9 PureView won a Good Design Award 2019.

References

9 PureView
Mobile phones introduced in 2019
Mobile phones with multiple rear cameras
Mobile phones with 4K video recording
Discontinued smartphones
PureView

Nokia 9 PureView


The Artistic-Cultural Collection of the Governmental Palaces of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, aims to document, preserve and divulge circa 3,500 works of art of great artistic and cultural significance, which belong to the state's heritage. These works of art are located in the historical buildings of the Palácio dos Bandeirantes (Bandeirantes Palace, which is the  seat of the government of São Paulo and the governor's official residence), the Palácio do Horto (Horto Palace, the summer residence), in the city of São Paulo, and the Palácio Boa Vista (Boa Vista Palace, the winter residence), in Campos do Jordão.

The first pieces of the collection were acquired in the late Sixties, praising specially Brazilian art paintings, Baroque imagery, and artistic furniture, eclectic styles of chinaware, silver works and ornamental objects. Since then, new acquisitions have been made either by contests or donations.

The Artistic-Cultural Collection of the Paulist Palaces, as an institution that preserves the public heritage, promotes the public access to works of art of significant importance to the History of Brazilian art through exhibitions of paintings, sculptures, drafts, prints and objects. By doing this, the Collection intends to widen the production of artistic knowledge, promoting workshops with artists, guided tours, seminars and lectures on the exhibitions' themes.

Some works of art in the Collection

External links
Internet site of the Artistic-Cultural Collection of the Paulist Palaces, in English and Portuguese

Museums in São Paulo
Art museums and galleries in Brazil
Campos do Jordão


Kenneth William "Ken" Hechler (September 20, 1914 – December 10, 2016) was an American politician. A member of the Democratic Party, he represented West Virginia in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1959 to 1977. Hechler was the West Virginia Secretary of State from 1985 to 2001. He was currently the oldest living person to have served in the United States Congress.

Early life
Hechler was born in Roslyn, New York on September 20, 1914. He studied at Swarthmore College and later attended Columbia University.

Career
Hechler faced a close race for the first (and as it turned out, only) time in 1972. Following the 1970 Census, West Virginia's population was low. The state legislature merged Hechler's district with most of the old 5th District, comprising several coal-mining counties around Bluefield and Beckley.

The 5th had been represented by Democrat James Kee of Bluefield since 1965, and members of his family had held the district continuously since 1933. On paper, the new district favored Kee, who retained 65 percent of his former territory. However, Hechler routed him in the Democratic primary by almost 26 points and easily won reelection in November. He was reelected in 1974 after being unopposed in the primary and general election.

Later career
In 1976, he entered a multi-candidate primary for governor, but lost that statewide race by a large margin. In 1984 he ran for West Virginia Secretary of State and won. He was re-elected in 1988, 1992, and 1996. n 1990, he again ran, in the middle of his Secretarial term, for his old Congressional seat, but was defeated by Rahall in the primary. In 2004 he ran yet again for his old post as Secretary of State. This time, he won the Democratic primary by a plurality, but lost the general election to Republican Betty Ireland.

Personal life
Since 2004, Hechler has campaigned against mountaintop removal mining. On June 23, 2009, Hechler, then aged 94, participated in a protest near mountaintop removal mining sites in the West Virginia coalfields in the Coal River Valley along with others. He was one of 29 protesters arrested for trespass.

Hechler died under hospice care in Romney, West Virginia on December 10, 2016 from a stroke, aged 102.

References

Other websites
Ken Hechler  official site
Ken Hechler for West Virginia  official campaign site
Oral History Interview with Ken Hechler, Harry S. Truman Library & Museum, November 29, 1985 by Niel M. Johnson
 Ken Hechler 99th birthday

1914 births
2016 deaths
American centenarians
Columbia University alumni
Episcopalians
Deaths from stroke
United States representatives from West Virginia
Democratic Party (United States) politicians

Ken Hechler


The Mumford River is an  river in south-central Massachusetts. It is a tributary of the Blackstone River.

The river rises from its headwaters in Sutton and Douglas at Manchaug Pond and flows east in a meandering path through a series of ponds (Manchaug, Stevens, Gilboa, Lackey, Whitins, just west of Whitinsville), and joins the Blackstone River in Uxbridge.

The river was named for a hunter, named Mumford, at Mendon, who drowned in this river in the 17th century. This occurred before the towns through which this river flows were formed from Mendon. These towns include Douglas, Sutton, Northbridge, and Uxbridge. Mendon was first settled in 1660. This river was a source of water power for a number of mills and factories in America's earliest industrialization, in the historic Blackstone Valley. The Whitin Machine Works grew up at Whitinsville on the Mumford River, and was once the largest manufacturer of textile machines in the world. The Linwood Mill and the Crown and Eagle Mill at North Uxbridge also grew up on the Mumford, as did the historic Capron Mill at Uxbridge, and the Winfield Shuster Mill in East Douglas.

See also
List of rivers of Massachusetts

References

External links

 Manchaug Pond's Official Website: the Lake, the Association and the Foundation

Rivers of Worcester County, Massachusetts
Rivers of Massachusetts
Tributaries of Providence River

Mumford River


"All Night Long" is a song by a four-piece version of hip-hop group Blazin' Squad, released as a single on June 10, 2006.

Background
In May 2006, it was announced that Rocky-B, Reepa, Spike-E and Melo-D were going to reform, and perform as a four-piece version of Blazin' Squad. They also announced they were to release a new album under new record label, Peach Records. Under Peach Records, they released their first single since reforming, "All Night Long", in June 2006. The single was very popular on underground music channels, but did not receive a lot of mainstream airplay. As such, the single peaked at #54 on the UK Singles Chart, which resulted in their record deal being scrapped and a further disbandment. The track was not included on any of the group's albums until the release of their Greatest Hits compilation in June 2009.

Music video
The music video for "All Night Long" did not premiere until August 2006, two months after the release of the single, at a total length of two-minutes and fifty-seconds. The video is very similar to the video for the group's previous single "We Just Be Dreamin'". It features the four band members performing the song around a swimming pool, surrounded by a gaggle of girls dressed in bikinis and other sexy outfits. The music video received airplay on Starz and Channel AKA, but was never placed on rotation by MTV.

Track listing
 Digital EP
 "All Night Long" (Radio Edit) - 3:02
 "Whoa!" - 2:56
 "All Night Long" (Si Hulbert's Funkin' Great Mix) - 3:15
 "All Night Long" (Platinum Hit The Floor Remix) - 3:40

 UK CD #1
 "All Night Long" (Radio Edit) - 3:02
 "Whoa!" - 2:56

 UK CD #2
 "All Night Long" (Radio Edit) - 3:02
 "All Night Long" (Si Hulbert's Funkin' Great Mix) - 3:15
 "All Night Long" (Platinum Hit The Floor Remix) - 3:40
 "All Night Long" (Video) - 3:02

Charts

References

Blazin' Squad songs
2006 singles
2006 songs
Songs written by Christian Ballard (songwriter)

All Night Long (Blazin' Squad song)


The Paris Club () is a group of officials from major creditor countries. Their role is to find solutions to the payment difficulties of debtor countries.

The Paris Club was created gradually from 1956, when the first negotiation between Argentina and its public creditors took place in Paris. The Paris Club treats public claims (that is to say, those due by governments of debtor countries and by the private sector), guaranteed by the public sector to Paris Club members. A similar process occurs for public debt held by private creditors in the London Club, which was organized in 1970 on the model of the Paris Club as an group of  banks meet to renegotiate the debt they hold on debtors.

Political organizations

Paris Club


A ring galaxy is a kind of galaxy that has a ring shape. Hoag's Object and NGC 1291 are two examples. The ring is made up of many massive, young blue stars, which are extremely bright. The middle of the galaxy contains far less luminous matter.

Some astronomers believe that ring galaxies are formed when a smaller galaxy passes through the center of a larger galaxy. Because galaxies are mostly made up of empty space, a collision rarely happens between stars. However, the gravitational disruptions could cause a wave of star formation to move through the larger galaxy. Other astronomers think that rings are formed around some galaxies when an accretion disc is formed. Star formation would then result from the shocks and compressions in the newly formed disc.

References

Ring galaxy


Barthélémy-François Chardigny (1757-1813) was a French sculptor. He designed public sculptures in Marseille.

Early life
Barthélémy-François Chardigny was born on September 4, 1757, in Rouen, France. He learned sculpture under Augustin Pajou.

Career
Chardigny was a sculptor. He won the Prix de Rome in sculpture in 1782.

Chardigny moved to Aix-en-Provence to design sculptures for the Palace of Justice in 1784. He designed marble sculptures of King René and King Henry IV, a sculpture of the Greek mythology figure Venus, two fountains, a large sculpture with three figures, and another sculpture named Despotisme renversé. However, they were removed during the French Revolution, and moved to the Ecole Centrale (then in Aix and later moved to Marseille) in 1802.

Chardigny moved to Marseille, where he was commissioned a statue representing Liberty for the townhall in 1798. He subsequently designed the same statue for many townhalls. Meanwhile, he was commissioned other public sculptures by the city of Marseille. For example, he designed the fountain on the Place des Capucines, then known as the place des fainéants; it was later dismantled and replaced with another fountain designed by Dominique Fossati, although the basin remains Chardigny's. Meanwhile, Chardigny became a member of the Académie de Marseille in 1800.

Chardigny moved to Paris in 1808, where he designed sculptures of Juno and Jupiter in the Louvre Palace.

Personal life, death and legacy
Chardigny married and had a son, Pierre Joseph Chardigny, in 1794. He died on March 3, 1813, in Paris. Eight of his sculptures are in the permanent collection of the Musée des beaux-arts de Marseille, while more sculptures are held at the Musée Granet in Aix-en-Provence.

References

1757 births
1813 deaths
Artists from Rouen
Sculptors from Marseille
French male sculptors
18th-century French sculptors
19th-century French sculptors
19th-century French male artists
18th-century French male artists

Barthélémy-François Chardigny


Hassan is one of the 31 districts of Karnataka, India. The district headquarter is Hassan. It was carved out from Mysore district in the year 1866, during the Commissioner's Rule of Mysore (1831-81).

Hassan District contains 8 taluks with their respective headquarters in Hassan, Arsikere, Channarayapatna, Belur, Holenarasipura, Sakleshpur, Alur and Arkalgud.

Governance
Current Member of Parliament from Hassan is Prajwal Revanna who is also one of the youngest Lok Sabha members and is grandson of former Prime Minister of India H. D. Deve Gowda.
The Current Member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly is Swaroop Prakash.

History
Hassan district was the seat of the Hoysala Empire which at its peak ruled large parts of south India from Belur as its early capital and Halebidu as its later capital during the period 1000–1334 CE.

The district is named Hassan after the Hindu Goddess "Haasanamba", the goddess and presiding deity of the town. The history of Hassan district is essentially the history of two of the well known dynasties that have ruled Karnataka, the Western Ganga Dynasty of Talkad (350–999 CE) and the Hoysala Empire (1000–1334 CE). In the 15th and 16th centuries, the Vijayanagar kings patronised Chennakesava of Belur as their family deity. It was also ruled by Adilshahis of Bijapur and Mughal Empire after decline of the Vijayanagar. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Hassan became a land of contention between the Keladi Nayakas of Shimoga and the Mysore Kingdom. It finally merged as an independent Mysore kingdom.

Modern

During the 14th century, invasions by the Sultanate of Delhi weakened the Hoysala state, and the district became part of the Vijayanagara Empire. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the Vijayanagar kings patronised Chennakesava of Belur as their family deity. It was also ruled by Adilshahis of Bijapur and Mughal Empire after decline of the Vijayanagar. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Hassan became a land of contention between the Keladi Nayakas of Shimoga and the Mysore Kingdom. In 1648 the Mysore rulers built Channarayapatna fort by treaty with the sultans of Bijapur. A peace treaty was concluded between the Mysore and Keladi rulers in 1694.  The district remained part of the Mysore Kingdom at the conclusion of the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War in 1799.

Hassan District and its current boundaries date to the 1860s, when the Mysore Kingdom was organized into 8 districts, and the districts further divided into taluks. The district had a population of 518,987 in the 1871 census. A famine from 1876 to 1878 reduced the population to 428,344 by 1881. The population was 511,975 in 1891, and 568,919 in 1901. The 1901 census recorded 541,531 Hindus, 16,668 Muslims, 5035 Animists, 3795 Christians, 1874 Jains, and 16 others. The district had 14 towns, and 2546 villages.

Reserve forests were established in the 19th century, and covered an area of 185 square miles in the district. The forests, with their area in square miles, were: Kempuhole Ghat (16), Kaganeri Ghati (2), Kabbinale Ghat (23), Bisale Ghat (23), Vijayapur (5), Hirikalgudda (92), Doddabetta (3), Burdalbore (3), Hagare (3), Byaba (2), Sige-gudda (8), Baisur (1), Mallappan-betta (1), and Vantigudda (1). The state established five sandalwood forests, totaling three square miles: Kemmanbore (232 acres), Gubbi (428 acres), Gadagere (554 acres), Gubbi (1000 acres), and Nakalgud (185 acres).

After India's independence in 1947, Mysore Kingdom became Mysore State, which was renamed Karnataka state in 1973.

List of famous temples in Hassan
 Chennakesava Temple, Belur
 Hoysaleswara Temple, Halebidu
 Gommateshwara Statue, Shravanabelagola
 Hasanamba Temple, Hassan
 Nageshvara-Chennakeshava Temple, Mosale
 Ishvara Temple, Arsikere

Geography

Lying between 12° 13´ and 13° 33´ North latitudes and 75° 33´ and 76°38´ East longitude, Hassan district has a total area of 6826.15 km2.
The geography is mixed with the malnad or mountainous region to the west and south west called Bisle Ghat and the maidan or plains regions in the north, south and east. There are some areas of degraded forest ranges in central portion of the district.

The district is surrounded by Chikmagalur District to the north, Tumkur District to the east, Mandya District to the south east, Mysore to the south, Kodagu District to the south west and Dakshina Kannada district to the west.

Hassan and Belur stand around  and  above sea level, respectively.

Most of the district lies in the watershed of the Hemavathi River, a tributary of the Kaveri River. The general level of Hassan district slopes with the course of the Hemavati, from the peaks of the Western Ghats downwards to the southeast. The chief tributary of the Hemavathi is the Yagachi River, which flows southward from Belur taluk to join the Hemavathi near Gorur. In 1981 the Hemavathi Dam was completed near Gorur, downstream from the confluence with the Yagachi, creating a reservoir of 8000 hectares. The Hemavathi passes through Holenarsipur taluk in a southerly direction and joins with the Kaveri near Hampapura in Mysore district, close to the border of Hassan district. The Kaveri flows through the southernmost part of the District.

Western portions of the district are drained by the headwaters of the Netravati River, which flows northwestward to empty into the Arabian Sea. Portions of Arsikere taluk in the northeast are drained by the Hagari River, a tributary of the Tungabhadra River. The basins of the Kaveri and Tungabhadra are separated by a range of low granitic hills extending through Belur, Hassan, and Arsikere taluks.

The Bisle Ghat, or Bisale Ghat, is a portion of the Western Ghats range in the western part of the district. Main peaks include Jenukallu betta, Sakleshpura (), the highest peak in the district, Murkangudda (), and Devarbetta (). Pushpagiri (1,712 meters), lies immediately southwest in Kodagu and district. Bisle, Kagneri, Kanchankumari reserve forests cover portions the Bisle Ghat, and adjoin Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary in Kodagu.

Rainfall
Hassan district is located on  the leeward side of Western Ghats, thus receives less rainfall than coastal Karnataka. The district comes under three river basins: Netravathi, Kaveri and Vedavathi (Krishna river). In 2022, the district received an average annual rainfall of , of which, Hethur hobli in Sakleshpura taluk received the maximum downpour of  and Arsikere hobli received , the lowest in the district.

Administrative divisions
Hassan District is administratively divided into eight talukas (Panchayat blocks): Alur, Arkalgud, Arsikere, Belur, Channarayapatna, Hassan, Holenarasipura (H.N. Pura) and Sakleshpur, and 258 panchayat villages.

Villages

Gubbi, Holenarasipura

Demographics

According to the 2011 census Hassan district has a population of 1,776,421, roughly equal to the nation of The Gambia or the US state of Nebraska. This gives it a ranking of 270th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of  . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was  3.17%. Hassan has a sex ratio of 1005 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 75.89%. 21.21% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 19.42% and 1.82% of the population respectively.

At the time of the 2011 census, 87.04% of the population spoke Kannada, 6.16% Urdu, 1.96% Telugu, 1.22% Tulu and 0.91% Tamil as their first language.

Transport

Air
There is no operational airport in the city. The nearest airport is Mysore airport and the nearest international airport is Kempegowda International Airport. Hassan Airport is an airport under construction 10 kilometer east of the city, near the Boovanahalli village. The project was first rejected by the State government in 2012. It was again revived in 2021 with a budget of Rs 175 crore and will be taken up by the UDAN scheme. Government of India has granted the approval for setting up of 15 Greenfield airports in the country on May 12, 2015. Among 15 Airports Hassan Also approved for Greenfield Airport.

Road
The Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation operates buses connecting Hassan district with other parts of Karnataka as well as neighbouring states. Two divisions of KSRTC, Hassan and Chikmagalur, maintain a total of 9 bus depots (6 by Hassan division, rest 3 by Chikkamagaluru division) in the district, with two being in Hassan city. Major National Highways that pass through the district are NH-75 (Bengaluru - Mangaluru), NH-73 (Mangaluru - Tumakuru), (and its subsidiary NH-373 Bilikere - Belur) and NH-69 (Honnavara - Chittor).

Rail
Hassan comes under the South Western Railway zone of the Indian Railways. Hassan Junction railway station connects it to the rest of the country through the Indian Railways

Map gallery

Education
 Government Engineering College, Hassan
 Rajeev Institute of Technology
 Kendriya Vidyalaya
 Malnad College of Engineering
 St. Joseph's College, Hassan
 Podar International School, Hassan

Notable people
 H. D. Deve Gowda, 11th Prime Minister of India
 Gorur Ramaswamy Iyengar, Renowned Kannada writer
 S. L. Bhyrappa, writer
Raja Rao, Indian-American writer
 H. C. Srikantaiah, Former Minister and Member of Parliament
 Javagal Srinath, cricketer
T. N. Balakrishna, Indian actor
 Dheerendra Gopal, film actor
 Doddanna, film actor
 Yash, Kannada film actor
 Jai Jagadish, Indian actor
 Sharan, film actor
 Chitra Shenoy, Indian actress
Nikhil Kumar, Indian actor and politician
 Prajwal Revanna, Indian politician
 David Johnson, Ranji player
 Dhananjay, film actor
 M. G. Srinivas, actor and director
 G. R. Gopinath, founder of Air Deccan
 H. D. Revanna, politician
 H. D. Kumaraswamy, Former Chief Minister, Karnataka
H. S. Prakash, Indian politician
 Narayana Gowda, Karnataka Rakshana Vedike state president
 Chandan Shetty, Kannada rapper
 Nanditha, Indian singer
 Veera Ballala II, Hoysala king
 Veera Ballala III, Hoysala king
 Vishnuvardhana, Hoysala king
 Chavundaraya, Indian military commander and architect
 Singarasa, Chieftain
Harihara, Kannada poet and writer

 Milana Nagaraj, Kannada film actress
 Vasishta N. Simha, film actor
 Prathap Simha, politician
 C. N. Manjunath, Cardiologist and the Director of the Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research
 Achyuth Kumar, Indian film actor
 A. S. Kiran Kumar, Indian space scientist and former chairman of the ISRO
Chetan Baboor, Indian table tennis player
Suhas Lalinakere Yathiraj,IAS and Para-Badminton player
Shashank Subramanyam, Indian musician
 J. Anoop Seelin, Indian music composer and playback singer
Arathi, Indian actress
K. S. Ashwath, Indian actor
Gudibande Poornima, poet & novelist
S. K. Ramachandra Rao, Indian author
R. Shamasastry, Sanskrit scholar
 Satchidanandendra Saraswati, monk-scholar
 K. Pattabhi Jois, Indian yoga guru
 Rudrapatnam Brothers, Indian carnatic musicians
 R. K. Padmanabha, Indian Carnatic music  vocalist
 R. K. Srikantan, vocalist
Rathnamala Prakash, Indian singer
Prithviraj, Kannada actor
Vijaya Dabbe, Indian writer, feminist, scholar
Girisha Nagarajegowda, Paralympic athlete
H. K. Narayana, Singer and music composer
 Nisha Ravikrishnan, Television actress

See also
 Haanagal
 Manjarabad Fort, a star fort from 1792
 Shravanabelagola
 Sakleshpur
 Mangalore
 Belur
 Halebidu

Notes

References
 Kamath, Suryanath U. (2001). A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC, Bangalore (reprinted 2002),

External links

 Official website

Districts of Karnataka

Hassan district


夏尔·阿尔贝·戈巴(,;),瑞士法律博士和政治家。

戈巴曾担任瑞士联邦委员会主席、国际议会联盟大会主席、国际和平局局长,获1902年诺贝尔和平奖。

Charles Albert Gobat (21 May 1843 – 16 March 1914) was a 瑞士 律師, educational administrator, and 政治人物 who jointly received the 诺贝尔和平奖 with 埃利·迪科门 in 1902 for their leadership of the 国际和平局.

Birth and education
Gobat was born on 21 May 1843 at 特拉姆朗, 瑞士. He was the son of a Protestant pastor and the nephew of Samuel Gobat, a missionary who became bishop of Jerusalem. He was educated at the  巴塞尔大学, 海德堡大学, 伯尔尼大学, and 巴黎大学. He received his doctorate in law, summa cum laude, from the 海德堡大学 in 1867.

Career in law and politics
After completing his Ph.D, Gobat began his practicing law in Bern and also lectured on French civil law at Bern University. He then opened an office in Delémont in the canton of Bern, which soon became the leading legal firm of the district.

After practicing law for fifteen years, he became involved in politics and education. In 1882, he was appointed superintendent of public instruction for the canton of Bern, a position he held for thirty years. He was a progressive in educational philosophy and he made many important reforms in the education system. He reformed the system of primary training, obtained increased budgetary support to improve the teacher-pupil ratio, supported the study of living languages, and provided pupils with an alternative to the traditionally narrow classical education by establishing curricula in vocational & professional training.

He won acclaim for his erudite République de Berne et la France pendant les guerres de religion, which was published in 1891 and also widespread recognition for A People's History of Switzerland, which was published in 1900.

He also pursued a career in politics. He was elected to many important positions. He was elected to the Grand Council of Bern in 1882. From 1884 to 1890, he was a member of the Council of States of Switzerland and from 1890 until his death in 1914, he was a member of the National Council, the other chamber of the central Swiss legislative body. In both politics and education, he was a liberal reformer. In 1902, he sponsored several legislation which applied the principle of arbitration to commercial treaties.
Gobat worked with the 各国议会联盟, which was founded by 兰德尔·克里默, the winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1903, in 1889. In 1892 he became the president of the union's fourth conference, which was held in Bern and which founded the Bureau Interparlementaire. He served as general secretary of the bureau, an information office dealing with peace movements, international conciliation, and communication among national parliamentary bodies. The third conference of the union, held in Rome in 1891, established the 国际和平局, of which Gobat was director when it was awarded the Nobel peace prize in 1910.

Later years
In 1902, Gobat jointly received the 诺贝尔和平奖 in 1902 with 埃利·迪科门 for their leadership of the 国际和平局.

After the death of Élie Ducommun in 1906, Gobat took over the direction of the 国际和平局.

Gobat died on 16 March 1914 in 伯尔尼, 瑞士. While attending meeting of the peace conference at Bern, he arose as if to speak but collapsed, dying about an hour later.

外部鏈接和參考
 including the Nobel Lecture, July 18, 1906 The Development of the Hague Conventions of July 29, 1899

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夏尔·阿尔贝·戈巴


Gallardosaurus is a genus of pliosaurid plesiosaur from the Caribbean seaway. It contains the single species Gallardosaurus iturraldei. Gallardosaurus was found in middle-late Oxfordian-age (Late Jurassic) rocks of the Jagua Formation of western Cuba. Gallardosaurus is believed to be evolutionarily connected to Peloneustes, a pliosaurid commonly found in the Oxfordian-aged sediment.

History and etymology

Oxfordian-age reptiles have been found in Cuba since the first half of the 20th century, but most have not received wide recognition because publications were not widely disseminated. In 1996, Dr. Manuel Iturralde-Vinent and Mark Norell initially mentioned specimen MNHNCu P3005, a partial skull and mandible with a few cervical vertebrae, as resembling that of the species Pliosaurus ferox. The specimen had been discovered in 1946 by Cuban farmer Juan Gallardo about  east of Viñales, Pinar del Río, northwestern Cuba. However, it was not prepared when Iturralde-Vinent and Norell saw it and a full description was not made. After preparation, Zulma Gasparini and Iturralde-Vinent assigned the specimen to the genus Peloneustes in 2006, but it was later determined that the specimen was that of a new genus. In 2009, MNHNCu P3005 was described as a separate genus, Gallardosaurus.

The generic name is derived from the specimen MNHNCu P3005's discoverer, Juan Gallardo, who together with Juanito Gallardo is credited with discovering most of the Oxfordian reptiles in Cuba. The species name G. itturraldei is derived from the name of the geotectonist and paleontologist Dr. Manuel Iturralde Vinent.

MNHNCu P3005 was found in a concretion in dark shale, within the Jagua Vieja Member of the Jagua Formation. It is preserved three-dimensionally with slight deformation. The tip of the snout and the posterior ends of the lower jaw are absent. The skull was broad and not tall, with long pointed teeth. The lack of fusion in some of the vertebrae suggests the individual was not fully grown when it died.

Classification

Gallardosaurus was a pliosaurid, a member of the family Pliosauridae, a group of short-necked reptiles that lived during the Mesozoic Era. Other members of the group include Hauffiosaurus, Kronosaurus, Peloneustes, Liopleurodon, Brachauchenius, and Pliosaurus.

Paleobiology and paleoecology
G. iturraldei would probably have seasonally migrated across the Caribbean Seaway, and would have preyed mostly on nectonic fish that dwelt in the region in which it existed. Also known from the Jagua Vieja Member are ichthyosaurs, the marine turtle Notoemys oxfordiensis, and the plesiosauroid Vinialesaurus caroli. The water depth was shallow, perhaps  deep, and oysters and algae colonized the sea bottom. Fragmentary remains of plants, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs arrived from nearby coastal areas.

See also

 2009 in paleontology
 List of plesiosaur genera
 Timeline of plesiosaur research

References

Jurassic plesiosaurs of North America
Late Jurassic plesiosaurs
Oxfordian life
Late Jurassic reptiles of North America
Jurassic Cuba
Fossils of Cuba
Fossil taxa described in 2009
Taxa named by Zulma Brandoni de Gasparini
Sauropterygian genera

Gallardosaurus


Veluthampi Dalawa is a 1962 Malayalam-language historical drama film based on the life of Velu Thampi Dalawa, the Dewan of Travancore during the first decade of 19th century, was one of the first to rebel against the British East India Company's supremacy. The film, directed by G. Viswanath and written by Jagathy N. K. Achary was shot in Newton Studios. Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair, Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair, Prem Nawas, Adoor Bhasi, G. K. Pillai, Ragini, Ambika Sukumaran and Sukumari portrayed prominent roles. The dances were choreographed by Chinni and Sampath along with Kalamandalam Madhavan. The film was a box office success.

Plot
The story begins during the tyrannical regime of Jayanthan Namboodiri, the 'Dalawa' of Travancore. The country was plagued by corruption and mismanagement at all levels. Veluthampi, who was in royal service, succeeded in exposing the tyranny of Jayanthan Namboodiri and rose to the position of Dalawa. Jayanthan Namboodiri's ears were cut as punishment, and he was banished from Travancore.

Veluthampi resorted to harsh punishments in order to improve the law and order of the kingdom. His overbearing conduct created resentment among his colleagues. The corrupt revenue officer Mallan Pillai was punished and terminated from service. The powerful cabinet official Kunju Neelan Pillai and his group were supporters of the British East India Company. They leaked the defence secrets of the country to the Resident British Officer Macaulay. Veluthampi was vigilant and, in his landmark 'Kundara Proclamation' urged the people to fight against the British. This made him popular among the states of Cochin and Kozhikode, and they offered their support to him in his fight against the British.

Jagadambika was in love with Veluthampi and supported him in his plans against the British. She entered Macaulay's bungalow in disguise and managed to recover the defence files, but was shot dead. Before she died, Jagadambika handed over the files to Veluthampi. He took an oath to drive away the British from the country.

The British succeeded in invading and bringing under their control several towns and villages surrounding Thiruvananthapuram. Veluthampi requested the king to release more arms and ammunition, including rifles, to fight against the British. Kunju Neelan Pillai alleged that it was Veluthampi who provoked the British against Travancore. The king believes the allegation, and Veluthampi quit his post as Dalawa. After conducting the marriage of his niece Seethalakshmi and Unni Namboodiri, Veluthampi left to take refuge in the sanctum sanctorum of Mannadi Temple along with his brother Padmanabhan Thampi. The British surrounded the temple, but Veluthampi killed himself before they could enter; Padmanabhan decapitated Veluthampi.

Cast

 Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair as Veluthampi Dalawa
 Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair as Jayanthan Namboodiri
 Ragini as Jagadambika
 Adoor Bhasi as Mallan Pillai
 Ambika Sukumaran as Seethalakshmi
 Prem Nawas as Unni Namboodiri
 G. K. Pillai as Kunju Neelan Pillai
 Satyapal as Macaulay
 Bahadoor as Peter, Macauly's butler
 Sukumari as Janaki
 Aranmula Ponnamma
 N. N. Pillai
 T. R. Omana as Rahael
 Kedamangalam Sadanandan
 Parthasarathy
 R. N. Nambiar
 A. R. Kizhuthally
 Panjabi as Subha Iyyer
 Velayudhan Nair
 Simhalan
 P. A. Thomas as Mathew Tharakan
 Wahab Kashmiri

Soundtrack
The music was composed by V. Dakshinamoorthy and Parthasarathy and lyrics were written by Abhayadev. The tracks "Innu Nalla Laakkaa", "Viral Onnillenkilum", "Enthinu Moham", and "Kaathu Kolka Njangale" were popular during those times.

Legacy
The film's success and the performance of Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair as Veluthampi Dalawa prompted Udaya Studio and director Kunchacko to cast him as Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja in their historical film Pazhassi Raja (1964), but it did not perform well at the box office.

References

External links
 The Hindu article

1960s Malayalam-language films
1960s heist films
1960s historical films
Indian black-and-white films
Indian heist films
Films set in the British Raj
Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram
Films shot in Kollam
Films shot in Alappuzha
Films shot in Kochi
Films shot in Kozhikode
1962 films
Kalarippayattu films
History of India on film
History of Kerala on film
Indian historical films

Veluthambi Dalawa (film)


South Korea has one time zone, Korea Standard Time (UTC+09:00), which is abbreviated KST. South Korea currently does not observe daylight saving time.

From May 8 to October 9 in 1988, daylight saving time was tested to better accommodate the calendar of competitions held during the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul.

History
In 1434, inventor Jang Yeong-sil developed Korea's first automatic water clock, which King Sejong adapted as Korea's standard timekeeper. It is likely that Koreans used water clocks to keep time prior to this invention, but no concrete records of them exist. In 1437, Jang Yeong-sil, with Jeong Cho, created a bowl-shaped sundial called the angbu ilgu (Hangul: 앙부일구), which King Sejong had placed in public so anyone could use it.

Geographically, the western parts of Korea, including the South Korean capital city, Seoul, are UTC+08:00. In 1908, the Korean Empire adopted a standard time, UTC+08:30. In 1912, during the Japanese occupation of Korea, the Governor-General of Korea changed standard time to UTC+09:00 to align with Japan Standard Time. However, in 1954, the South Korean government under President Syngman Rhee reverted the standard time to UTC+08:30. Then in 1961, under the military government of President Park Chung-hee, the standard time was changed back to UTC+09:00 once again.

In order to accommodate American television viewers, South Korea observed daylight saving time (UTC+10:00) when Seoul hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics. The one-hour time change meant that many daytime events could be broadcast live from South Korea when it was prime time on the U.S. east coast.

North Korea also uses Korea Standard Time. From August 2015 to May 2018, North Korea changed its time zone to UTC+08:30, a time zone known as Pyongyang Standard Time, but the change was reverted to promote Korean unity.

IANA time zone database
The IANA time zone database contains one zone for South Korea in the file zone.tab, named Asia/Seoul.

References

South Korea

Time in South Korea


Narushima Ryūhoku (成島柳北, 1837–1884) was a Japanese author and scholar born in Asakusa. His given name was Korehiro (惟弘). The Narushima family were okujusha (奥儒者), or Confucian tutors to the Tokugawa shōguns, who were also involved in editing the Tokugawa jikki (德川實紀) and other historical annals, including the Nochikagami (後鑑). Ryuhoku participated in these editing projects as a young man.

From tutoring shōguns to satire
He served as tutor to the shoguns Tokugawa Iesada and Iemochi but was, according to some theories, dismissed because he wrote a poem critical of the fact that his recommendations had not been adopted. At that time he took up Western studies. During the Keiō period (1866–68) he served in the shogun's cavalry and also briefly as Minister of Foreign Affairs. After the Meiji Restoration, he took up a position with the Higashi Honganji Temple, which sponsored a tour for him and four other men to Europe and the United States in 1872–73.

Soon after his return to Japan, Ryuhoku became the editor of the Chōya Shinbun (朝野新聞), and also founded the literary journal Kagetsu shinshi (花月新誌). In 1876, he was imprisoned for four months when he ran afoul of the Meiji government's press laws. After his release, he published an essay entitled "Gokunaibanashi" (ごく内ばなし). He had a very critical attitude towards the great functionaries of Satsuma and Chōshū, who although vassals of the former shogunate, were then acting pretentiously in their new roles as leaders of the Meiji government. In protest, he declared that "I will become a useless person between natures," and started to write satire.

Ryuhoku's most famous work is Ryūkyō Shinshi (柳橋新誌), or "New Chronicles of Yanagibashi", the first volume of which he began writing in 1859, and the second volume of which he began writing in 1871. The work concerns the world of the pleasure quarters of Yanagibashi, humorously depicting cultural shifts from the Edo period to the Meiji period. Kōsei Nichijō (航西日乗), or "Diary of a Journey to the West", is the travelogue he wrote during his journey to Europe and the United States in 1872–73.

See also
Gaikoku bugyō – Narushima was one

References
Fraleigh, Matthew. Plucking Chrysanthemums: Narushima Ryūhoku and Sinitic Literary Traditions in Modern Japan. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Asia Center, 2016.
Fraleigh, Matthew. "Introduction." In New Chronicles of Yanagibashi and Diary of a Journey to the West: Narushima Ryūhoku Reports From Home and Abroad. Ithaca, NY: Cornell East Asia Series, 2010.
Fraleigh, Matthew. "Introduction" to "Super Secret Tales From the Slammer." https://ceas.sites.uchicago.edu/sites/ceas.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/Sibley/Gokunaibanashi%20Introduction.pdf

Further reading

External links
Narushima Ryuhoku on National Diet Library database
Super Secret Tales from the Slammer

1837 births
1884 deaths
Japanese writers
Japanese essayists
Japanese Confucianists
Hatamoto
People from Taitō
Writers from Tokyo

Narushima Ryūhoku


The House of Commons Qualification Act 1838 (1 & 2 Vict. c. 48) was an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom, signed into law on 27 July 1838.

It repealed the Qualification of Members of House of Commons Act 1759 and the Parliament Act 1710.

The Act provided that no person would be capable of being elected as a member of the House of Commons for any county, unless he possessed an estate, or other income, of the clear annual value of £600 over and above any encumbrances. The same provision applied to members for cities or boroughs, and the Cinque Ports, except that in these cases the income needed only be £300 per annum.

Candidates at elections were, if required, to declare to the returning officer (or a commissioner or a justice) that they possessed such estate; this would be certified under a penalty of £100 for a false declaration. If the declaration was found to be false on the advice of an informer, then they would obtain half the penalty.

Every member was to deliver a statement of qualification to the table of the House of Commons and make such a declaration before they could take their seat or vote; a false declaration would make them guilty of a misdemeanour.

If the member took his seat, or voted, before complying with the provisions of this Act, then his election would be considered void. The Act did not extend to the members for university constituencies, or to the eldest sons of peers.

References
The British almanac of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, for the year 1839. The Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, London, 1839.

1838 in British law
United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1838
Election law in the United Kingdom
Election legislation
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning the House of Commons

House of Commons Qualification Act 1838


Henry Williams Dwight (February 26, 1788 – February 21, 1845) was a lawyer and politician who became U.S. Representative from Massachusetts.

Life
Born February 26, 1788 in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, his father was also named Henry Williams Dwight  (1757–1804) and mother was Abigail Welles (1763–1840). His grandfather was Joseph Dwight (1703–1765), and mother traced her ancestry to Thomas Welles (1590–1659).
Dwight was a trustee of Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts from 1829-1837.
He was admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1809 and practiced in Stockbridge.
During the War of 1812 Dwight served as aide-de-camp with the rank of colonel on the staff of General Whiton, and kept the title colonel for the rest of his life.
He served as member of the Massachusetts State house of representatives in 1818.

Dwight was elected as a Federalist to the Seventeenth Congress starting on March 4, 1821.
He was reelected as an Adams-Clay Federalist to the Eighteenth Congress.

Dwight was elected as an Adams candidate to the Nineteenth and Twentieth Congresses.
Dwight was reelected as an Anti-Jacksonian to the Twenty-first Congress until March 3, 1831.
He was not a candidate for renomination in 1830 to the Twenty-second Congress.
He was again a member of the State house of representatives in 1834.

He received an honorary degree from William College, and as a trustee nominated Mark Hopkins as a replacement professor in 1830.
He bred purebred sheep, horses, and cattle. He married Frances Fowler (1797–after 1874) on November 10, 1824. They had one daughter who died young, and two sons. Henry Williams Dwight, 3rd was born September 23, 1825, and died May 16, 1861.
James Fowler Dwight was born January 30, 1830, joined the Union Army in the American Civil War and rose to rank of colonel.
Dwight died in New York City on February 21, 1845.
He was interred in Stockbridge Cemetery, Stockbridge, Massachusetts.

See also
 New England Dwight family

References

1788 births
1845 deaths
People from Stockbridge, Massachusetts
United States Army officers
Federalist Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts
Massachusetts National Republicans
Williams College alumni
National Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
19th-century American politicians
Military personnel from Massachusetts

Henry W. Dwight


Urethral intercourse or coitus per urethram is sexual penetration of the female urethra by an object such as a penis or a finger.  It is not to be confused with urethral sounding, the act of inserting a specialized medical tool into the urethra (for both males and females) as a form of sexual or fetishistic activity.

The untrained insertion of foreign bodies into the urethra carries a significant risk that subsequent medical attention may be required.  Documented cases of urethral intercourse appear to have occurred between heterosexual couples;  a survey of the global medical literature available in 1965 reported accounts of thirteen separate cases. By 2014, 26 cases had been documented in the medical literature, many in people with Müllerian dysgenesis who were engaging in urethral intercourse unknowingly. However, the stretching of the urethra required by this form of intercourse has also reportedly resulted in a complete and permanent loss of urethral sphincter control (urinary incontinence); furthermore such intercourse presents a very high risk of bladder infection to the receptive partner. It can also lead to permanent dilation of the urethra and incontinence during intercourse. Presenting symptoms of unintentional urethral intercourse include primary infertility, dyspareunia (pain during intercourse), and incontinence. More serious consequences include evisceration via the urethra and bladder rupture.

See also
 Urethral sounding

References

External links

Sexual acts
Human sexuality
Urethra
Pediatric gynecology
Sexual fetishism

Urethral intercourse


"Mars and Beyond" is an episode of Disneyland which aired on December 4, 1957. It was directed by Ward Kimball and narrated by Paul Frees. This episode discusses the possibility of life on other planets, especially Mars. The show was also released in theaters in 1957.

Plot
The film begins with an introduction by Walt Disney and his robot friend Garco, providing a brief overview of the episode. The overview starts with an animated presentation about mankind seeking to understand the world in which he lives, first noticing patterns in the stars, and developing certain beliefs regarding the celestial bodies. Theories from scientists and philosophers are discussed, including Ptolemy's inaccurate, but formerly-accepted geocentrism-related theories, as well as those of Copernicus's accurate and, now, confirmed heliocentric model. Life on other planets is considered, soon focusing on Mars. Ideas from science-fiction authors H.G. Wells and Edgar Rice Burroughs are brought to life with more colorful animation, and, as done before, science fiction comics of the time are parodied. This segment also features Kimball's comic tone and a cameo appearance by Donald Duck.

Later on, the program adopts a serious tone as it profiles each of the planets in the Solar System, explaining what would happen if a human were to live on each of them. The program claims that, whereas most of the planets are either too cold or too hot for life as we know it, life on Mars could almost be normal. This importance becomes the main focus of the rest of the film. Dr. E.C. Slipher then discusses the possibility of life currently on Mars. An extended sequence speculates at what the conditions on Mars might be like given sufficient water: cannibalistic plants, a trilobite-like creature which eats the dust left behind by dust storms, silicon-based lifeforms which rely solely on minerals for nutrition, leaving behind amazing and strange if ephemeral formations, and a slew of predators, including one that has radial symmetry and magnifies the Sun's rays to burn its hapless prey, and another which stuns with ultrasonics.

The program wraps up with what a trip to Mars would entail for a space crew and its vessels. Contributor/spacecraft designer Ernst Stuhlinger (accompanied by Wernher von Braun) presents his design and details regarding a unique umbrella-shaped Mars Ship: The top portion would be a revolving outer quarters ring providing artificial gravity for the crew of 20 under 'parasol' coolant tubes. At the other end, a sodium-potassium reactor would provide power to the midsection electric/ion drive. Attached upright would be a chemically-fueled winged tail-lander. The mission shown involves six Mars Ships with top speeds up to  that take a 400-day spiral course to Mars. There, a crew would spend 412 days on the surface before returning to Earth.

Additional releases
An educational film titled Cosmic Capers was edited out of this episode in 1979. It was shorter than the original and ran 18 minutes.

In 2003, with the cooperation of Disney, a 35mm five-minute excerpt from Mars and Beyond was restored and presented in Don Hertzfeldt's Animation Show theatrical tour.

Two clips from the episode are shown as part of a movie loop at the Sci-Fi Dine-In Theater Restaurant at Disney's Hollywood Studios, with the clips being the introduction with Garco and the science fiction parody.

Home media
The episode was released on May 18, 2004 on Walt Disney Treasures: Tomorrow Land.

It was added to Disney+ in June 2020.

See also
"Man Will Conquer Space Soon!"

References

External links

Walt Disney anthology television series episodes
1957 American television episodes
Space advocacy
Television episodes directed by Ward Kimball
Wernher von Braun

Mars and Beyond


Ernst Klimt (3 January 1864 in Vienna – 9 December 1892 in Vienna) was an Austrian history painter and decorative painter. He was a younger brother of the better-known artist Gustav Klimt.

Biography
He was the third of seven children born to the gold engraver, Ernst Klimt (1834–1892), originally from Bohemia, and was raised under very modest circumstances.

In 1877, aged only thirteen, he became a student at the University of Applied Arts, where his older brother, Gustav, had been studying for a year. They were both students of the decorative painter and engraver, Ferdinand Laufberger, and would become his assistants on several projects. He also introduced them to Hans Makart, who employed them for what is now known as the "", celebrating the silver anniversary of Emperor Franz Joseph I and his wife, Elisabeth.

After Laufberger's death, in 1881 he, Gustav, and their friend from school, Franz Matsch, founded the "Künstler-Compagnie" and, two years later, opened their own studio. Among other things, their company created curtains and ceiling paintings for theaters in Reichenberg, Karlsbad and Fiume. They also produced ceiling paintings for the Hermesvilla and frescoes for the stairwell of the new Burgtheater. In 1890, they helped complete paintings in the staircase of the Kunsthistorisches Museum, which had been left unfinished by Makart, several years before. Ernst's largest solo commissions were at Mondsee Castle and Peleș Castle in Romania.

In 1891, he married Helene Flöge (1871-1936), the sister of Gustav's friend, Emilie Flöge, and they had a daughter; also named Helene.

He died unexpectedly, from an inflammation of the pericardium. Gustav took care of his wife and daughter and completed his unfinished paintings. His company was officially dissolved, but Gustav maintained professional contact with Matsch until 1900. He was interred at the , next to his father, who had died only a few months earlier.

Sources

 Alfred Weidinger, Agnes Husslein-Arco: Gustav Klimt und die Künstler-Compagnie. Belvedere, Vienna 2007,
 Alfred Weidinger: "Gedanken über die Gebrüder Klimt und die viktorianische Malerei." In: Schlafende Schönheit. Belvedere, Vienna 2010, .

External links

 Entry for Ernst Klimt on the Union List of Artist Names

19th-century painters of historical subjects
19th-century Austrian painters
19th-century male artists
Austrian male painters
Artists from Vienna
Austrian people of Czech descent
1864 births
1892 deaths
Ernst
Gustav Klimt
Painters from Austria-Hungary

Ernst Klimt


Orange flower water, or orange blossom water, is a clear aromatic by-product of the distillation of fresh bitter-orange blossoms for their essential oil.

Uses
This essential water has traditionally been used as an aromatizer in many Mediterranean  traditional dessert dishes, such as in France for the gibassier and pompe à l'huile or in Spain for the Roscón de Reyes (King cake), or in Italy for the pastiera, or the Samsa in Tunisia or in Moroccan coffee, but has more recently found its way into other cuisines. For example, orange flower water is used in Europe to flavor madeleines, in Mexico to flavor little wedding cakes and Pan de muerto, and in the United States to make orange blossom scones and marshmallows. Orange flower water is also used as an ingredient in some cocktails, such as the Ramos Gin Fizz. In Malta and many North African as well as Middle Eastern countries, orange blossom water is widely used as medicine for stomach ache and given to small children as well as adults.

Orange flower water has been a traditional ingredient used often in North African as well as in Middle Eastern cooking. In Arab variants of baklava, orange blossom water is often mixed with the sweet syrup for flavor. Orange blossoms are believed to be used in this manner because they are seen as the traditional bridal flower and, therefore, symbolize purity (white, small and delicate). It is also added to plain water in the Middle East to mask high mineral content and other unpleasant flavors (for example, those arising from storage in a qulla (), a type of clay jug that keeps water cool in a manner similar to the zeer); some add the fragrance irrespective of the taste of the plain water.

Orange blossom water serves two purposes in the Maghreb: one usage is as a perfume or freshener, usually given to guests to wash their hands upon entering the host house or before drinking tea. It is put in a special silver or metal container, recognizable in the typical Maghrebi tea set. This old custom is fading away. It is still common in Algerian cuisine, Tunisian cuisine, and Moroccan cuisine, especially as an ingredient for traditional sweets and sometimes to aromatize drinks such as coffee.
In Argentina, which borrows a lot of culinary traditions from Italy, agua de azahar is used to add a particular aroma and flavor to pan dulce, the traditional panettone prepared during year end celebrations.

Names
In Greece and Cyprus orange blossom water is called anthonero () while in Malta it is known as .

In the Levant, orange blossom water is known as may zahr (), in Morocco ilma zhar () and in Algeria and Tunisia ma zhar (), in the North African dialects meaning "orange blossom water", in contrast to may ward () or ilma ward (), which is rose blossom water.

See also
Neroli
Orange (fruit)
Rose water

References

External links

Food ingredients
Herbal distillates
Mediterranean cuisine
Orange production

Orange flower water


James Barr  (20 March 1924 – 14 October 2006) was a Scottish Old Testament scholar, known for his critique of the notion that the vocabulary and structure of the Hebrew language may reflect a particular theological mindset. At the University of Oxford, he was the Oriel Professor of the Interpretation of Holy Scripture from 1976 to 1978, and the Regius Professor of Hebrew from 1978 to 1989.

Biography
Born in Glasgow, Scotland (although one obituary claims he was born in Edinburgh on 20 March 1924), educated at Daniel Stewart's college in Edinburgh and the University of Edinburgh, Barr was ordained to the ministry of the Church of Scotland in 1951. He held professorships in New College in the University of Edinburgh, University of Manchester, in Princeton Theological Seminary and at Vanderbilt University in the United States. He was Oriel Professor of the Interpretation of Holy Scripture at Oxford from 1976 to 1978 and Regius Professor of Hebrew from 1978 to 1989.

Following service in World War II in the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy where he was a pilot of torpedo bombers and took part in air-sea rescue missions, he studied at Edinburgh University, obtaining a first-class honours degree (Scottish MA) in Classics (1948) and the BD with Distinction in Old Testament (1951). After ordination (1951) and service as minister in the Church of Scotland in Tiberias, Israel (1951–53), during which time he acquired fluency in modern Hebrew and Arabic, he was appointed Professor of New Testament in the Presbyterian College, Montreal (1953–55). Then he was appointed Professor of Old Testament Language, Literature & Theology in Edinburgh University (New College, 1955–61). He then moved to the US as Professor of Old Testament in Princeton Theological Seminary (1961–65), followed by appointments in the University of Manchester (1965–76) as Professor Semitic Languages and Literatures, and in Oxford University, initially as Oriel Professor of the Interpretation of Holy Scripture (1976–78) and then as Regius Professor of Hebrew (1978–89). After his retirement from Oxford, he was appointed Professor of Hebrew Bible in Vanderbilt University (1989–98).

Barr received many honours.  He served as president of the Society for Old Testament Study (1973) and of the British Association for Jewish Studies (1978), and was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1993. He was a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters from 1977.

Biblical scholarship and theology
His The Semantics of Biblical Language (1961), in which he criticised the tendency of many scholars to rely on linguistically flawed arguments, such as arguments from etymology or based upon misconceptions about the relation between Hebrew thought and language was very influential. Much of the critique was built upon the work of French linguist Ferdinand de Saussure. In turn, Barr's student Moisés Silva built on Barr's work in Biblical Words and Their Meaning (1983). In another important study, Comparative Philology and the Text of the Old Testament (1968), he criticised the tendency to ascribe meanings to difficult Hebrew words based on words in other Semitic languages (e.g., Ugaritic). This study has been described as having "put comparative Semitic philology on a new and firmer footing." He edited Journal of Semitic Studies 1965–76, and served as editor of the Oxford Hebrew Dictionary project.

He was also an outspoken critic of conservative evangelicalism, which he attacked in his 1977 book Fundamentalism. In particular he criticised evangelical scholars such as J. I. Packer for affirming the doctrine of scriptural inerrancy, the teaching that the Bible is without error. Barr's other works about fundamentalism include The Scope and Authority of the Bible (1980) and Escaping Fundamentalism (1984).  He was often invited to appear in BBC religious programming.

Personal life
Barr married Jane Hepburn in 1950 and had two sons and a daughter. He was the grandson of the minister and politician James Barr. He died in Claremont, California, on 14 October 2006, aged 82.

Selected works
1961: The Semantics of Biblical Language
1968: Comparative Philology and the Text of the Old Testament
1973: The Bible in the Modern World
1977: Fundamentalism
1980: The Scope and Authority of the Bible
1984: Escaping from Fundamentalism (titled Beyond Fundamentalism in the United States)
1989: The Variable Spellings of the Hebrew Bible (Schweich Lectures for 1986) Oxford: for the British Academy by the Oxford University Press
1992: Biblical Faith and Natural Theology (Gifford Lectures for 1990–91) Oxford: Clarendon Press ; online
1999: The Concept of Biblical Theology: an Old Testament perspective
2004: he contributed the article "Of Metaphysics and Polynesian Navigation" to the anthology Seeing God Everywhere (World Wisdom)
2005: History and Ideology in the Old Testament: biblical studies at the end of a millennium
2013: Bible and Interpretation: The Collected Essays of James Barr, Volumes I-III. Oxford University Press,

References

External links
 Statement from Vanderbilt University on Barr's death
Times obituary

1924 births
2006 deaths
British biblical scholars
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh School of Divinity
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Academics of the Victoria University of Manchester
Fellows of Oriel College, Oxford
Fellows of the British Academy
Fleet Air Arm aviators
Writers from Glasgow
Scottish Christian theologians
20th-century Ministers of the Church of Scotland
Vanderbilt University faculty
Christian Hebraists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Old Testament scholars
Academic journal editors
People educated at Stewart's Melville College
Oriel and Laing Professors of the Interpretation of Holy Scripture
Regius Professors of Hebrew (University of Oxford)
Fellows of Christ Church, Oxford
Fleet Air Arm personnel of World War II
British expatriate academics in the United States
Clergy from Glasgow
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Members of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities
Presidents of the Society for Old Testament Study
Scottish expatriates in the United States

James Barr (biblical scholar)


WDAF-FM (106.5 MHz) is a commercial radio station licensed to Liberty, Missouri, and serving the Kansas City metropolitan area. Owned by Audacy, Inc., the station airs a country music radio format, branded as "106-5 The Wolf."  Studios and offices are located on Squibb Road in Mission, Kansas.

WDAF-FM has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 100,000 watts.  The transmitter is located on Wallace Avenue in east Kansas City, Missouri, near Interstate 435.  WDAF-FM broadcasts in the HD Radio format; its HD2 subchannel carries co-owned sports radio station KCSP.

History

Early years
106.5 FM signed on the air on May 8, 1978, as KFIX-FM, the FM counterpart to KFIX (1140 AM, now KCXL), and was owned by Investments, Inc.  KFIX-FM aired an Adult Top 40 format, with news updates from the NBC Radio Network. Prior to the official sign-on, test transmissions carried the call sign KSAB (standing for "Strauss-Abernathy Broadcasting").

SW Radio Enterprises took over in 1979, flipping the format on November 19, changing call letters to KSAS, branded as "SAS ". KSAS was a progressive rock station, in contrast to the more mainstream album rock format of top rock station KYYS (now KCKC). Golden East Broadcasting bought the station in March 1982.

In March 1983, the station decided to take KYYS head-on, flipping to album rock, and changing the call letters to KKCI. The station used the name "106 KCI," a reference to the Kansas City International Airport. Longtime Kansas City DJ Randy Miller made his first market appearance at KKCI. Transcolumbia bought the station in 1985.

On January 10, 1986, after failing to compete against KYYS, KKCI went off the air. Three weeks later, the station signed back on and flipped to a soft adult contemporary format, branded as "K-Lite," and changing the call letters to KLTY. KLTY tried to compete in a crowded AC field. In November 1987, Olympia Broadcasting bought the station.

KXXR
On July 29, 1988, at 2 p.m., after stunting for three days with a loop of "Kansas City" by The Beatles, KLTY flipped back to album rock, changing call letters to KXXR. Scout Broadcasting, subsidiary of Olympia, owned the station around the time of the flip. The first song under the new rock format (and also the song that ultimately ended the format nearly two years later) was "Roll With It" by Steve Winwood. The format, dubbed "Today's Rock and Roll", was a combination of rock-friendly CHR hits, hard rock and modern rock.

However, like the first time with the format, the second attempt as a rock station could not compete with KYYS. At 4 p.m. on June 15, 1990, KXXR flipped to a Rhythmic Contemporary format, branded as "X-106." The first song on "X" was "Me So Horny" by 2 Live Crew. Capitol Broadcasting bought the station on March 15, 1991, for $2.6 million. By June 1991, the station moved towards a more mainstream Top 40 direction and rebranded to using their call letters once again.

Due to low ratings, the station was about to change formats to country, but Capitol decided to change course: Country-formatted KCFM (107.3 FM), owned by Meyer Communications, offered to swap frequencies. On February 16, 1992, at Midnight, after playing "2 Legit 2 Quit" by MC Hammer, the frequency swap between the two stations took place, with KXXR moving to 107.3 FM, and KCFM's country format moving to 106.5.

First country era
After the frequency swap, 106.5 FM stunted with all-Garth Brooks music for 16 days, then changed its call sign to KKCJ (instituted on March 9) and moniker to "CJ-106". ("CJ" stood for "Country Junction".) Capitol continued to own the station, while Sconnix, which owned country music rival KFKF, entered into a local marketing agreement (LMA) to run KKCJ as well. KKCJ was meant to be a younger-audience complement to KFKF, which targeted a more middle-aged audience. At first, KKCJ aired programming from the Satellite Music Network's "Country Coast to Coast" format, based in Dallas; on March 29, 1993, KKCJ began airing local programming. However, the station could not compete against WDAF and KBEQ (which flipped from Top 40 in February 1993). In addition, Sconnix's LMA with KKCJ would end as EZ Communications purchased both KFKF and KBEQ, with a stipulation that KKCJ would change formats to avoid competition.

Smooth jazz
On March 10, 1995, at Midnight, after Heritage Media bought KKCJ, the station began stunting with simulcasts of KFKF and KBEQ, then a loop of liners redirecting listeners to both stations, before transitioning to all-polka and Hootie & The Blowfish music on March 20. The station also interspersed modern rock music during the stunting. On March 30, at 10 a.m., the station flipped to a smooth jazz format, branded as "106.5 The City." The first song on "The City" was "Smooth Operator" by Sade. On April 21, the station changed call letters to KCIY, to better fit the "City" moniker.

Sinclair Broadcast Group bought the station in 1997, with Entercom taking over in 2000. KCIY became the top soft music station in the market around this time. However, it came at the expense of co-owned KUDL, which aired a mainstream adult contemporary format.

Second country era
In the summer of 2003, Entercom announced it would start a sports talk format on 610 AM. This came after the signing of rival WHB sports hosts Jason Whitlock, Bill Maas, and Tim Grunhard. To make room for the new sports station, longtime country station "61 Country" would be moved to an FM frequency.

After a lengthy decision over which radio station to put the AM's country format (which involved sister station KRBZ almost being killed off for it, only to have an executive order issued by Entercom corporate management in response to overwhelming listener turnout halting that), it was announced that KCIY would flip back to country. At Noon on August 10, 2003, after a 6-hour farewell show (and playing "Neither One of Us" by Gladys Knight & the Pips), WDAF began simulcasting on both 610 AM and 106.5 FM, for a one-month period until the sports talk format on 610 AM finally debuted on September 10. The new "Country 106.5 WDAF" initially featured the same longtime personalities of "61 Country" and a mostly gold-based country playlist. The WDAF call letters were officially moved over to 106.5 FM on August 22.  (There had been a previous WDAF-FM in Kansas City from 1961 to 1974, at 102.1 MHz, now KCKC.)

On January 10, 2007, WDAF-FM rebranded as "106.5 the Wolf." WDAF-FM continues in Kansas City's three-way country radio station battle, along with KFKF and KBEQ, both owned by Steel City Media. With the change to "The Wolf," the station shifted to a modern country format, which targeted younger listeners. Most of the longtime "61 Country" DJs were gone by that point.

On December 5, 2019, it was announced that WDAF-FM would become the flagship radio station of the Kansas City Chiefs with the start of the 2020 season, directly off their win in Super Bowl LIV, after the expiration of a 30-year deal with Cumulus Media's KCFX (101.1). Sister station KCSP carries wrap-around coaches and players programming and also simulcasts select games. The Audacy app carries coverage of the game on desktops/laptops only.

See also
 WDAF (AM)
 Entercom

References

External links

"Missouri Goes in for Wireless" by A. B. Macdonald, The Country Gentleman, May 27, 1922, pages 12, 16.</ref>

Country radio stations in the United States
µ
Radio stations established in 1978
1978 establishments in Missouri
Audacy, Inc. radio stations

WDAF-FM


Henry Effingham Eccles (December 31, 1898, Bayside, New York – May 14, 1986, Needham, Massachusetts) was a rear admiral in the United States Navy and  a major figure at the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island, from the late 1940s through the 1970s, as a thinker and writer on naval logistics and military theory.

Early life and education
The son of an Episcopal priest, the Reverend George Warrington Eccles, and his wife Lydia Lawrence, he was initially educated privately at home by his parents and later sent to Trinity School in New York City, before enrolling as an undergraduate at Columbia University. After one year at Columbia, he entered the U.S. Naval Academy, graduating with the class of 1922.

Naval career
After his first assignments to battleships, Eccles attended Submarine School and served in two submarines before being ordered to Columbia University, where he earned a Master of Science degree in mechanical engineering in 1930. He commanded two submarines, then served as engineer and repair officer at the Submarine Base at New London, Connecticut; then served for nearly three years as engineer in the heavy cruiser  and two years in the Design Construction Division of the Bureau of Engineering in the Navy Department, Washington, D.C. In 1940, he was ordered to command the destroyer  on the Asiatic Station, based in the Philippines.  He was in command when the Japanese simultaneously attacked Pearl Harbor as well as American and British positions in Southeast Asia on December 7, 1941.  He and his ship participated in the battle of Badung Strait, and shortly after, while assigned to the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDA), the battle of the Java Sea. Wounded in action, Eccles was later awarded the Navy Cross, the Silver Star, and The Netherlands Order of the Bronze Lion.

After recovering from his wounds, Eccles served in the Base Maintenance Division in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations in 1942-43, where he helped to coordinate logistics planning for all advanced bases. After attending the command course at the Naval War College, he was promoted to captain and assigned for the final two years of the war to be the Director of the Advance Base Section, Service Force at the headquarters of the U.S. Pacific Fleet in Hawaii.  In this key position, Eccles coordinated the planning, construction, and support of advance bases in the Central Pacific, a critical aspect of the American island-hopping strategy in the war against Japan.  For his service in this capacity, he received the Legion of Merit.

Immediately after the conclusion of the war, the Navy Department assigned Eccles to the Joint Operations Review Board, a group of officers from all services assigned to evaluate joint operations during World War II.  From that posting, he went on to command the battleship . In 1947, the President of the Naval War College, then Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, selected Eccles to be the first Chairman of the College's newly established Logistics Department, an area that Spruance and others felt had been neglected in professional naval thinking during the period between the two world wars.  While in that position from 1947 to 1951, Eccles wrote his first book, Operational Naval Logistics (1950), a manual for the United States Navy that was a pioneering work on the fundamentals of his subject.  He left the Naval War College in 1951 with orders to be Assistant Chief of Staff for Logistics to the Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Naval Forces, Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean (CINCNELM) with headquarters in London and, simultaneously, Assistant Chief of Staff for Logistics, to NATO's Commander-in-Chief, Allied Forces Southern Europe (CINCSOUTH), with headquarters in Naples, Italy.

Retirement Years
Eccles retired from active duty in the Navy on June 30, 1952, and was promoted to rear admiral on the retired list. Returning to his home in Newport, Rhode Island, he was closely associated with the Naval War College, where he served unofficially as a confidante and advisor to successive presidents of the College as well as an instructor for elective courses on military theory, principles of logistics, and international relations.  During this period, he was also a stimulating force for the Naval War College faculty and wrote several major works. When he left Newport in 1985 to enter a retirement home in Needham, Massachusetts, the Naval War College honored him by naming its library in his honor. Henry Eccles died in Needham a year later on May 14, 1986.

Awards

Published works
Operational Naval Logistics (1950)
Logistics in the National Defense (1959, 1981, 1997)
Military Concepts and Philosophy (1965)
Military Power in a Free Society (1979)

References

 Eveleyn Cherpak, Register of the Henry E. Eccles Papers (Newport: Naval War College, Naval Historical Collection, 1988)

External links
Oral History by Rear Admiral Henry E. Eccles
Reminiscences of Mrs Isabel Eccles

  To the Java Sea: Selections from the Diary, Letters, and Reports of Henry E. Eccles, 1940-42

1898 births
1986 deaths
Military personnel from Queens, New York
United States Naval Academy alumni
Naval War College alumni
Naval War College faculty
United States Navy rear admirals
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Silver Star
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Bronze Lion

Henry E. Eccles


Ashton is an unincorporated community in Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. The commercial center of Ashton lies at the junction of Route 108 (Ashton Road) and New Hampshire Avenue (Route 650). The etymology of Ashton is unclear, as some longtime residents claim that it comes from reference to a large ash tree that stood at the junction of routes 108 and 650. Others have stated that it is a portmanteau of the names of two Thomas family homes, Ashland and Clifton, each located one mile from the junction.

The United States Census Bureau combines Ashton with the nearby community of Sandy Spring to form the census-designated place of Ashton-Sandy Spring, and all census data are tabulated for this combined entity.

Development

The "Ashton Master Plan" (1998)  contains a vision "to preserve the character of Sandy Spring/Ashton as an historic rural community." However, this goal is in conflict with the trend towards development of the area. The plan itself notes that "reliance on a zoning strategy that permitted large-lot, low-density development pattern and clustering around the village centers has not been as effective in maintaining the rural character, as originally envisioned." In 2020, significant development efforts have begun pursuant to the Ashton Village Center Sector Plan.

Several projects are underway: (see Development Projects in Montgomery County, MD)
 CVS Ashton (2014) - complete
 Ashton Market (2019) - in progress
 Olive Branch Community Church - in progress

References

Unincorporated communities in Maryland
Unincorporated communities in Montgomery County, Maryland
Neighborhoods of Silver Spring, Maryland

Ashton, Maryland