Fergus John McCann (born 26 February 1941) is a Scottish–Canadian businessman and entrepreneur.

Biography
McCann's wealth stemmed initially from a golf vacation company, based in Montreal and Phoenix. He is best known for his involvement in Celtic F.C., the football club based in Glasgow. In 1972, he obtained the satellite television rights to broadcast the Celtic v Internazionale 1971–72 European Cup semi-final in 1972 in Toronto.

McCann acquired a 51% controlling stake in the Celtic Football and Athletic Company Ltd. in 1994 for £9.5m, after it became clear that the club was facing bankruptcy. Acting as a guarantor for the club's £7 million debt, he injected additional finance, floated the club on the London Stock Exchange as a public limited company, Celtic plc, to raise capital from a share issue, and oversaw an extensive redevelopment of Celtic Park. He raised £14m in a share issue, and that contributed to funding the rebuilding work of the team and the stadium. By the end, Celtic had 53,000 season ticket holders.

What some perceived as McCann's abrasive manner, coupled with his preoccupation with building a sustainable infrastructure for the club off the field rather than a title-winning one on it, prompted sustained criticism during much of his tenure. Although credited with rescuing the club from imminent bankruptcy, McCann stated at the outset that he would stay for only five years, with the objectives of placing the club on a firmer business footing and returning the league championship to Celtic Park. The latter goal was met, halting Glasgow rivals Rangers in their quest for a record-breaking ten consecutive league titles.

In 1999, McCann sold his shares, leaving Irish entrepreneur Dermot Desmond as the largest shareholder, with a 19.8% holding. As his successors, McCann appointed Allan MacDonald as Chief Executive and Frank O'Callaghan as chairman. McCann offered an interest-free payment plan to encourage individuals, rather than financial institutions, to purchase shares. The result was that small shareholders – principally supporters of the club – owned 63% of the stock at the time of McCann's departure. McCann personally profited in a significant way from the sale of the bulk of his shareholding. Since leaving Glasgow in 1999 he has maintained his routine of purchasing four season tickets every year.

McCann's role in wrestling control of Celtic from its unpopular long-time owners and averting the apparent threat of bankruptcy, coupled with his subsequent record in developing the club, prompted a reappraisal of his tenure.  Some years after leaving Celtic, he came to enjoy popularity among many or most Celtic supporters that was often absent during his time as the club's chairman.

McCann returned to North America where he founded LimoLiner, a company running luxury bus services between Boston and Manhattan. He retired from his role in the company in 2014.

See also
History of Celtic F.C.

References

External links
Celtic F.C

Living people
Canadian businesspeople
Celtic F.C. directors and chairmen
Chairmen and investors of football clubs in Scotland
Scottish emigrants to Canada
1942 births
People from Croy

Fergus McCann


Union Congregational Church and Parsonage, built in 1886, is a historic church located at 110 Bennett Street in Buffalo, Wyoming.  It was the first church built in Buffalo, and one of the first two churches established in the northern part of the Wyoming Territory.

Early history
In December 1883, the Reverend Addison Blanchard, superintendent of missions for the Colorado and Wyoming Congregational Church, visited Buffalo.  He spent three weeks preaching, and visiting almost every family in town.  He found that there were a few families who wanted to participate in a "union church" on the "simple basis of pure Christianity in which minor differences of opinion and forms should be tolerated...."

In February 1884, Buffalo's first resident pastor, Revenend George C. Rock of Philadelphia arrived, and he preached during the next eight months.  On October 13, 1884, Superintendent Blanchard organized the Union Congregational Church of Buffalo, with ten founding members.  The congregation met for services in the log schoolhouse located at what is now 138 North Main Street.  However, they purchased some land from Mrs. Juliet Hart, and began to plan for their own building.

Church building
The plans for the new church were drawn up by Thomas Hutton in 1885.  Hutton was also hired to do the grading, build the foundation, and oversee the construction by the contractor, S. Sherrill.  The church was built during the summer and fall of 1886, and was ready for occupancy on December 12, 1886.  The cost of the building was $2469.87.

The National Register nomination includes a description of the building:

"Situated on the top of a steep hill, the church was a plain, gable-roofed, rectangular, frame structure about 26 x 29 feet, with the length running north south.  The exterior finish was unusually narrow beveled siding (less than three inches weather exposure) which is preserved on the present church. On the south end of the building was an entry hall with a three-sided truncated hip roof. This entry ran the width of the building and was about 10 feet wide. There were two pairs of tall six-paned windows on the west, south, and east sides of the church, a main door on the south in the center of the entry hall/and a small belfry on the south end of the gable roof. The builders added some decoration in the exposed rafters which were carved and pierced and backed by a dentate-carved board, still visible today on the east side of the church.

Expansion
The church building was expanded in 1911 and 1912.  A basement was dug on the lower slope of the hill to the west, and the church building was moved onto the new basement.  The basement was 14 feet wider than the sanctuary, so it was possible to add another 14 feet to the room above.  The gable roof over the addition runs west from the north–south alignment of the original roof.  The north–south gable roof was extended to cover the entry hall, and the door to the building was moved to the east end of the entry hall.  The two gables formed an angle where a belfry tower was built to a height of about two feet above the roofs.  The square tower provides an entry to the basement, and a stairway to the church above.  The basement, which opens out to the west, has space for meetings and social activities along with Sunday School classes.

In 1913, the stained glass windows were added to the sanctuary.  A fire in 1922 damaged the interior of the first floor, and destroyed the large stained glass window on the west side of the sanctuary.  All of the other windows are original.  Two other rooms were added north of the sanctuary in 1938 and 1958.  In 1974, the exterior of the basement walls were faces with sandstone flagstones from an outcrop about 60 miles southwest of Buffalo.

Parsonage
The parsonage, built in 1910, is built on a level with the west side of the basement of the church.  It is a frame structure with a gable roof and tall paired windows.  There is a shed-like roof on the south side of the parsonage.  Originally, it must have looked like a small replica of the church.

References

Congregational churches in Wyoming
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Wyoming
Buildings and structures in Buffalo, Wyoming
National Register of Historic Places in Johnson County, Wyoming


A Hot stick is a tool used by Utility Workers (known as Linemen or Linesmen) dealing with high voltage electricity.  It is an insulated pole made usually from Fiberglass, measuring anywhere from 5ft-10ft, up to about 40ft in length.  It can have different tools attached to the end of it, making it possible to do everything from tightening bolts and nuts, through to testing voltage or removing and replacing fuses.

Hot sticks are usually used when the installation being worked on is live, or "hot".  Most electrical work on High Voltage networks is done whilst the power is still active, making equipment like this a very important piece for safety purposes.  Working "hot" saves electricity users from being disconnected while routine maintenance is taking place.

Safety

Hot stick


The Ashley Montagu Resolution refers to the petition to the World Court to end the genital modification and mutilation of children worldwide.

Endorsement of the petition also includes the 1989 Universal Declaration on Circumcision, Excision, and Incision which holds that medically unnecessary surgical circumcisions, excisions and incisions on male and female genitals constitute an act of cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment within the terms of Article 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

The original endorsers include Nobel Laureate in Physiology and Medicine Francis Crick and National Organization of Circumcision Information Resource Centers founder Marilyn Milos. The petition has also been signed by at least two Nobel Prize winners and Jonas Salk.

See also
 Ashley Montagu
 Genital integrity

External links
 'The Ashley Montagu Resolution'

Genital modification and mutilation
Human rights instruments

Ashley Montagu Resolution


Royden Loewen (born 26 October 1954 in Steinbach, Manitoba, Canada) is a retired Canadian History Professor and Chair in Mennonite Studies at the University of Winnipeg. As a prominent historian in the field of Mennonite history, his book about the Mennonite Communities 1850-1930 is a leading publication about the emigration waves from south Russia to Canada.

Education and career
Loewen was born in Steinbach, Manitoba, the son of Dave Loewen, a poultry and wheat farmer and chairman of the Steinbach Credit Union and Gertie Loewen, a homemaker and mother to six children. Loewen grew up in nearby Blumenort, where he attended elementary school, before attending high school at Steinbach Christian High School, and college at Mennonite Brethren Bible College where he earned his university degrees and a Fulbright scholarship at the University of Chicago. He taught Junior and High School at Fisher River Cree Nation in Manitoba's Interlake district and Canadian history at the University of Manitoba. From 1996 to 2020, he held the Chair in Mennonite Studies at the University of Winnipeg.

Loewen visited Mennonite settlements in Bolivia several times for a book on anti-modernity in Canada and Latin America. He was involved in the two-year project Seven Points on Earth, funded by the Canadian Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, where he visited seven Mennonite farm villages around the world with graduate students from around the world, exploring the environmental history of villages in Java, Siberia, Friesland, Bulawayo, Santa Cruz departmento (Bolivia), Kansas and Manitoba.

Loewen lives in Winnipeg with his wife Mary Ann, who teaches academic writing at the University of Winnipeg. He retired in 2020, and was replaced by Dr. Ben Nobbs-Thiessen as the new Chair in Mennonite Studies.

Bibliography
Mennonite Farmers: A Global History of Place and Sustainability University of Manitoba Press, 2021
Horse and Buggy Genius: Listening to Mennonites Contest the Modern World University of Manitoba Press, 2016
Village Among Nations: 'Canadian' Mennonites in a Transnational World, 1916-2006. University of Toronto Press, 2013
Seeking Places of Peace: North America; A Global Mennonite History. Good Books, 2012, co-authored by Steven Nolt
Immigrants in Prairie Cities: A History. University of Toronto Press, 2009, co-authored with Gerald Friesen (winner of the 2010 CHA Clio Prize for Prairie Canada)
Diaspora in the Countryside: Two Mennonite Communities in Mid-20th Century North America. University of Illinois Press and University of Toronto Press, 2006
Hidden Worlds: Revisiting the Mennonite Migrants of the 1870s. University of Manitoba Press and Newton, Bethel College, 2001 (finalist for the Margaret McWilliams book prize)
From the Inside Out: The Rural Worlds of Mennonite Diarists, 1863-1929. University of Manitoba Press, 1999
Family, Church and Market: A Mennonite Community in the Old and the New Worlds, 1850-1930. University Illinois Press and University Toronto Press, 1993 (winner of the 1995 AHA/CHA Albert Corey Prize)
Blumenort: A Mennonite Community in Transition, 1874-1983. Blumenort Mennonite Historical Society, 1983 (finalist for the Margaret McWilliams Book Prize)

Academic reviews of Loewen's works
Seeking Places of Peace: Global Mennonite History Series, North America. Journal of Mennonite Studies. 2013, Vol. 31, p233-235. 3p. Historical Period: ca 1601 to 2012.
Immigrants in Prairie Cities: Ethnic Diversity in Twentieth-Century Canada.  Journal of International Migration & Integration. Aug 2012, Vol. 13 Issue 3, p399-400. 2p. Historical Period: 1901 to 2000. DOI: 10.1007/s12134-011-0204-6.
Immigrants in Prairie Cities: Ethnic Diversity in Twentieth-Century Canada.  H-Net Reviews in the Humanities & Social Sciences. Nov 2011, p1-4. 4p. Historical Period: ca 1910 to ca 2000
Diaspora in the Countryside: Two Mennonite Communities and Mid-Twentieth-Century Rural Disjuncture.  American Historical Review. Jun 2009, Vol. 114 Issue 3, p728-729. 2p. Historical Period: ca 1890 to 1950.
Diaspora in the Countryside: Two Mennonite Communities and Mid-Twentieth Century Rural Disjuncture.  Social History/Histoire Sociale. May 2008, Vol. 41 Issue 81, p293-295. 3p. Historical Period: 1930 to 1989.
Diaspora in the Countryside: Two Mennonite Communities and Mid-Twentieth-Century Rural Disjuncture.  Canadian Historical Review. Sep 2008, Vol. 89 Issue 3, p439-441. 3p. Historical Period: 1930 to 1989
Hidden Worlds, Revisiting the Mennonite Migrants of the 1870s (Book).  Journal of American Ethnic History. Fall 2003, Vol. 23 Issue 1, p124-125. 2p. Historical Period: 1870 to 1879.
Hidden Worlds (Book). Western Historical Quarterly. Summer2003, Vol. 34 Issue 2, p237. 2p. Historical Period: 1870 to 1879.
Family, Church and Market: A Mennonite Community in the Old and the New Worlds, 1850-1930.  Social History/Histoire Sociale. Nov96, Vol. 29 Issue 58, p509-512. 4p. Historical Period: 1850 to 1930.

External links
Royden Loewen's vita at University of Winnipeg

References

1954 births
Living people
University of Chicago alumni
Canadian Mennonites
Mennonite writers
20th-century Canadian historians
Writers from Steinbach, Manitoba
Anabaptism
21st-century Canadian historians
Academics in Manitoba
Academic staff of University of Winnipeg

Royden Loewen


Adinath Temple is a temple dedicated to the Hindu God Adi Nath - another name for Shiva. It is on the summit of a hill, on Maheshkhali Island, off the coast of Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. The temple is famous for the fair held once a year at the foot of the hill. The fair lasts thirteen days and draws thousands of Hindus from across Bangladesh.

Hindu temples in Bangladesh

Adinath Temple, Maheshkhali


Vadamadurai is a panchayat town in Madurai Region at Dindigul district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

Etymology
Vadamadurai is located in 17 Kilometre from Dindigul, on the way to Trichy NH-45. Vadamadurai is a developing town in Dindigul district. The queen named Rani mangammal from Vijayanagar empire was once in this place and built the temples around here. A well which was named for her is situated in the Trichy road of this panchayat town.

The name Vadamadurai is derived from the Tamil word vadakku meaning north. Vada - Madurai thus means north of Madurai; the reason why this village was named this is because the Temple City Madurai has a Kallazhagar festival in its (Vishnu Temple) 'Soundara Raja Perumal Temple', that is also celebrated in the temple of the same lord in Vadamadurai. The significance here is that only these two places in the whole of Tamil Nadu have such a temple with such a festival. The festival runs for 15 days, Aadi Therottam, Muthupallaku and Mattuthavani are important events in the festival. Nearly 18 village Panchayat people are participating every year. 'Mattu Thavani' (it means marketplace) selling bullock and cow during the festival time.  Now it is not celebrating because there is not sufficient space and the space was occupied by buildings.

Another festival is very important for 18 village panchayats of Vadamadurai (i.e.) 'Mariyamman Temple Festival' is a fifteen-day festival. The important events are 'Pookkuzhi', 'Theechatti', and 'Molappari'. During the 'Pookuzhi' around 18 village panchayat people are gathered and get down in pookuzhi (collection of wood burning in one big place). And 'Meenakshi Sundareswarar, Kaaliyamman, Muthaalamman and Ayyappan temples are major ones.Now currently panchayat chairman Mrs.Nirubarani ganesan. Nearby villages are Seelapadiyankalam, A.V. Patty, Thennampatti, Tumalakundu, Seethapati, Udayampatti. EB office is located just nearer to the NH45.

See also
 Vadamadurai Assembly Constituency
 Manamadurai
 Madurai

References

Cities and towns in Dindigul district

Vadamadurai


တၞံခပြုင် (Sterculia foetida) ဂှ် ဒှ်တၞံဆု ဂကူဆုၜတ်တ် ဇၞော် သမၠုင် စဵုကဵု ၃၅ မဳတာ (၁၁၅ ပေ) စိုပ်မာန်ရ။  တၞံဆုဝွံ နကဵုဘာသာအင်္ဂလိက် ကော်ဒၟံင် ယၟုနာနာ မပ္တံကဵု  bastard poon tree, java olive tree, hazel sterculia, wild almond tree, ကေုာံ skunk tree။ တၞံခပြုင် ဝွံ လုပ်လၟိဟ်ဗဳဇ Sterculia မဂွံအဓိပ္ပါယ် ပသ ရ။ ပ္ဍဲကဵု အရေဝ်မန် "ကော ညံင် ကဴခပြုင် (ဟရုင်)၊ ဆုင် ခ္ဍင် ပသ ခ္ဍင်" မဂွံအဓိပ္ပါယ် ညးမဒှ် ကောဇၞော်ဂှ် စိုတ်ပရေအ် ဓဝ်ဆာန်ဍူ လတူဒေအ်တအ် ဟွံမဲရ။

လက်သန်
The branches of Sterculia foetida are arranged in whorls; they spread horizontally. The tree's bark is smooth and grey. The leaves are placed at the end of branchlets; they have 125–230 mm long petioles; the blades are palmately compound, containing 7-9 leaflets. The leaflets are elliptical, 100–170 mm long, and shortly petioluled  The petioles are the source of the foul smell of the plant.   The flowers are arranged in panicles, 100–150 mm long. The green or purple flowers are large and unisexual as the tree is dioecious (male and female flowers are found on different trees). The pollens are oval in shape, approximately 40 microns in length. The calyx is dull orange and is divided into five sepals, each one 10-13 mm long. The fruit consists of four to five follicles, each follicle generally containing 10-15 seeds. The follicles are scarlet when ripe.
In India, flowers appear in March, and the leaves appear between March and April. At Hyderabad (India), flowering was observed in September-October (2015) with ripened fruits on the top part and young green fruits at the lower branches. The fruit is ripe in February (11 months after the flowers appeared).

လွပ်
The oil of Sterculia foetida has been found to be comparable to sunflower, soybean, and grapeseed oils for the use of biofuels. Sterculia foetida oil contains cyclopropene fatty acids (CPFA) such as 8,9 methylene-heptadec-8-enoic acid (malvalic acid) and 9,10-methylene-ocadec-9-enoic acid (sterculic acid). The flash point, iodine value, free fatty acid count, phosphorus content, cloud point, pour point, viscosity at 40 °C, oxidative stability at 110 °C, density, and trace metal count are all within ASTM and EN specifications.

Evidence suggests that the seeds of Sterculia foetida are edible, but purgative, and should be roasted prior to eating. At least one review indicates that CPFA such as sterculic acid are carcinogenic, co-carcinogenic, and have medical and other effects on animals; according to this review, "CPFA in food is dangerous to human health".

ဂမ္စာဲ
Sterculia foetida has been found in many areas, including India, Taiwan, Indochina, the Philippines (where it is known as kalumpang), United States (Hawaii), Indonesia, Ghana, Australia, Mozambique, and Togo.

ဗီုရုပ်ဂမၠိုင်

နိဿဲ

ရုက္ခဗေဒ
BEHM

ခပြုင်


Slow Days () is a 2006 black and white Croatian indie film. Set in the Croatian capital Zagreb and its satellite town, Velika Gorica, it follows the lives of over twenty individuals. It was directed, written, and edited over a period of three years by the young Matija Kluković and starred, among others, Višnja Pešić, Filip Šuster, Marija Kohn, Petra Težak, and Nina Benović.

In Croatia, the film received critical acclaim for its independent style of film-making, terrific cast of non-actors combined with professional actors, and black and white cinematography by Bojana Burnać, the first female cinematographer in Croatian film history. It won the Golden Pram award at Zagreb Film Festival and internationally premiered at the International Film Festival Rotterdam in 2007.

References

External links
 Official web site

2006 films
Croatian drama films
Films set in Zagreb

Slow Days


Young Justice is a fictional DC Comics superhero team of teenaged heroes.

Establishment
The team was formed in 1998. This was when DC's usual teen hero group, the Teen Titans, had become adults and changed their name to the Titans. Like the original Teen Titans, Young Justice was centered on three teen heroes: Superboy, Robin, and Impulse, but grew to encompass most teenaged heroes in the DC Universe.

Disestablishment
In the 2003 mini-series Titans/Young Justice: Graduation Day, both groups disbanded. Members of each formed two new teams of Teen Titans and Outsiders.

Revival
The series was revived in 2019 under the Wonder Comics imprint for teen readers, reuniting most of the original core cast.

DC Comics

Young Justice


Fort Madhogarh is located in Madhogarh Village, 42 km from Jaipur off the Jaipur - Agra highway (NH 11). Fort Madhogarh was built by Madho Singh Ji nearly 400 years ago and renovated and converted into a heritage hotel by Thakur Bhawani Singh Ji in July 2000.

History
Maharaja Sawai Ram Singh II was married in Madhogarh family and gave Madhogarh  as a hereditary estate to Thakur Pratap Singh Ji a Rajput of Bhati clan. Fort Madhogarh is  400-year-old property build by Madho Singh who belongs to a Rajput of  Kachava Clan

In 2000, it was converted into a heritage hotel by the family of Thakur Bhawani Singh.

A historic fort linked to battle of Marathas in 1787. Overlooking the Tunga battlefield and a Rajasthani village inhabited by communities of artisans, it relieves the luxuries of yore in the restored and renovated apartments, including the Pratap Mahal suíte, which was once occupied by Maharaja Pratap Singh while leading the campaign, and deodhi phoola mahal

References

 Heritage Hotel in Jaipur Homepage of Fort Madhogarh

Hotels in Rajasthan
Heritage hotels in India
Madhogarh

Fort Madhogarh


Confederación Obrera Ibero Americana was a short-lived Ibero-American trade union confederation, formed by the International Federation of Trade Unions at a meeting in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1928. Participants at the founding conference were the Confederación Obrera Argentina and pro-government trade unionists from Venezuela, Uruguay, Cuba and Spain.

References

Inter-American trade union federations
International Federation of Trade Unions
Trade unions established in 1928

Confederación Obrera Ibero Americana


"Big River" is a song written and originally recorded by Johnny Cash.  Released as a single by Sun Records in 1958, it went as high as #4 on the Billboard country music charts and stayed on the charts for 14 weeks.

The song tells a story of a chase of a lost love along the course of Mississippi River from St. Paul, Minnesota to New Orleans, Louisiana.

Background
A verse omitted from the original recording was later performed during Johnny Cash's live performances. A demo recording from the Sun sessions featuring the omitted verse also exists and has been released on numerous Sun compilations.

Chart performance

Cover versions
Ian Tyson (of Ian and Sylvia) included a spirited version of Big River on the duo's Lovin' Sound album released in 1967, with David Rae on lead guitar.
The Grateful Dead played a cover version of this song 396 times from 1965-1995. It appears on many of their concert recordings, such as Dick's Picks Volume 1 (Grateful Dead Records).
Colin Linden recorded a version included in the 2003 tribute album, Johnny's Blues: A Tribute To Johnny Cash (Northern Blues).
Trick Pony recorded a version of Big River with Johnny Cash and Waylon Jennings on their debut album.
Hank Williams Jr. covered this song on his 1970 album Singing My Songs - Johnny Cash, which contained exclusively covers of Johnny Cash songs.
The Secret Sisters recorded a version of the song in 2011, with Jack White playing backing guitar.
Bob Dylan and The Band recorded two takes of the song in 1967 during The Basement Tapes sessions. They were officially released November 4, 2014 on The Bootleg Series Vol. 11: The Basement Tapes Complete.
Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash also recorded a version of the song together at the 1969 Dylan-Cash sessions. This version was officially released November 1, 2019 on The Bootleg Series Vol. 15: Travelin' Thru, 1967–1969.
Johnny Cash was featured in a cover performed by The Highwaymen, a country supergroup featuring Cash, Willie Nelson, Waylon Jennings and Kris Kristofferson. This cover is slightly more upbeat, skewing to "Outlaw Country," and featured the verse Cash omitted when he first recorded the song for Sun (Jennings sang the verse on the studio recording and in live performances, which allowed each member of the group to sing a verse).
Tim Armstrong covered the song in 2012 during his Guitar Center session.
Rosanne Cash recorded a cover of the song on her 1980 album Right or Wrong.
Beat Farmers recorded a raucous cover of the song on their 1987 album The Pursuit of Happiness.
Johnny Rivers on the album Memphis Sun Recordings.
Gene Summers included the song on his "Country Song Roundup" album in 2018.
Infamous Stringdusters recorded a cover of the song on their 2015 Undercover album.
Tim Buckley recorded an extended-length improvisational cover in 1968 that appears on the 2-CD set "Live at The Electric Theater Co. Chicago, 1968".
Bill Monroe performed a version that appears on the compilation album, Down for Double, released November 2018.

References

1958 singles
Johnny Cash songs
Grateful Dead songs
Songs written by Johnny Cash
Rock-and-roll songs
Rockabilly songs
Song recordings produced by Sam Phillips
Song recordings produced by Jack Clement
Sun Records singles
The Highwaymen (country supergroup) songs
Gene Summers songs
1958 songs
Songs about the Mississippi River

Big River (Johnny Cash song)


Samir Abu Eisheh (born 1960) () is the former Planning Minister of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA). He served in the Palestinian Tenth Government and Eleventh (National Unity) Government (2006–2007) as an expert in planning. He graduated from the Pennsylvania State University with a PhD in civil engineering. Abu Eisheh also served as a consultant to several Palestinian institutions including the Planning Ministry as well as several other institutions locally and internationally before being the Minister of Planning. He also spent some time as a visiting professor in a number of US and European universities. He is the publisher of more than seventy research studies and articles on civil engineering and planning.

References

Living people
Finance ministers of the Palestinian National Authority
Government ministers of the Palestinian National Authority
1960 births
Hamas members
Palestinian politicians

Samir Abu Eisheh


Dr. Juan R. Cruz, Ph.D. (born January 5, 1946) is a Puerto Rican scientist who played a very important role in the design and development of the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) parachute.

Life
Cruz was born and raised in Puerto Rico. He has a Ph.D. from Virginia Tech, and a Bachelor of Science from MIT university. Both of his degrees are in aerospace engineering. When he was at MIT he was involved with the Monarch and Daedalus human powered airplane teams.

Work
Cruz is a senior aerospace engineer in the Exploration Systems Engineering Branch at the NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. He was responsible on the development of entry, descent and landing (EDL) systems for robotic and human missions in space. He was a member of the highly successful Mars Exploration Rover (MER) project that placed two rovers (machines) on the surface of Mars in 2004. The project was focused on the parachute that he designed.

According to Cruz, "There are challenges to testing these parachutes because we can not test it at exactly the right conditions. Earth's atmosphere is the one we have to work with and the Martian atmosphere, air in Mars, is very different, so you have to make adjustments in how you test the parachute".

Cruz is also a member of the Phoenix (Mars 2007), Mars Science Laboratory (Mars 2009), and Crew Exploration Vehicle EDL teams. He was a part of a lot of research on missions to Mars, including robotic airplanes

1946 births
Living people
Puerto Rican engineers

Juan R. Cruz


Burn Hall Srinagar or Burn Hall School Srinagar or sometimes New Burn Hall School, Srinagar is an English-style public school in Srinagar, Kashmir. It was originally established at Baramula, nearby, in the early 1930s by British missionaries. In 1947, India and Pakistan obtained freedom from the British Raj and split up; and at the time, the school also divided into two branches. The original school, shifted from Baramula to Srinagar where it still exists. On the other hand, a branch that was opened as the 'Burn Hall School' in Abbottabad, Pakistan,  was taken over by the Pakistan Army. That is now called Army Burn Hall College.

Schools in India
Srinagar
1930s establishments in India

Burn Hall Srinagar


Aromatherapy is based on the use of aromatic materials, including essential oils and other aroma compounds, with claims for improving psychological well-being. It is offered as a complementary therapy or as a form of alternative medicine. Fragrances used in aromatherapy are not approved as prescription drugs in the United States.

People may use blends of essential oils as topical application, massage, inhalation, or water immersion. There is no good medical evidence that aromatherapy can either prevent, treat or cure any disease. There is disputed evidence that it may be effective in combating postoperative nausea and vomiting.

History

The use of essential oils for therapeutic, spiritual, hygienic and ritualistic purposes goes back to ancient civilizations including the Indians, Chinese, Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans who used them in cosmetics, perfumes and drugs. Oils were used for aesthetic pleasure and in the beauty industry. They were a luxury item and a means of payment. It was believed the essential oils increased the shelf life of wine and improved the taste of food.

Oils are described by Dioscorides, along with beliefs of the time regarding their healing properties, in his De Materia Medica, written in the first century. Distilled cedarwood oil was used by the ancient Egyptians, and the process of distilling essential oils like rose essence was refined by the 11th century Persian scholar Ibn Sina. Hildegard of Bingen used distilled lavender oil for medicinal treatments in the 12th century, and by the 15th century, oils were commonly distilled from various plant sources.

In the era of modern medicine, the naming of this treatment first appeared in print in 1937 in a French book on the subject: Aromathérapie: Les Huiles Essentielles, Hormones Végétales by René-Maurice Gattefossé, a chemist. An English version was published in 1993.

A French surgeon, Jean Valnet, pioneered the supposed medicinal uses of essential oils, which he used as antiseptics in the treatment of wounded soldiers during World War II.

Choice and purchase

Aromatherapy products, and essential oils, in particular, may be regulated differently depending on their intended use. A product that is marketed with a therapeutic use in the US is regulated by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA); a product with a cosmetic use must meet safety requirements, regardless of their source. The US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) regulates any aromatherapy advertising claims.

There are no standards for determining the quality of essential oils in the United States; while the term "therapeutic grade" is in use, it does not have a regulatory meaning.

Analysis using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry has been used to identify bioactive compounds in essential oils. These techniques are able to measure the levels of components to a few parts per billion. This does not make it possible to determine whether each component is natural or whether a poor oil has been "improved" by the addition of synthetic aromachemicals but the latter is often signalled by the minor impurities present. For example, linalool made in plants will be accompanied by a small amount of hydro-linalool whilst synthetic linalool has traces of dihydro-linalool.

Effectiveness
There is no good medical evidence that aromatherapy can prevent or cure any disease. In 2015, the Australian Government's Department of Health published the results of a review of alternative therapies that sought to determine if any were suitable for being covered by health insurance; aromatherapy was one of 17 therapies evaluated for which no clear evidence of effectiveness was found.

Evidence for the efficacy of aromatherapy in treating medical conditions is poor, with a particular lack of studies employing rigorous methodology. A number of systematic reviews have studied the clinical effectiveness of aromatherapy in respect to pain management in labor, the treatment of post-operative nausea and vomiting, managing challenging behaviors in people suffering from dementia and symptom relief in cancer. However, some studies have come to the conclusion that while it does improve the patient's mood, there is no conclusive evidence on how it works with pain management.

According to the National Cancer Institute, no studies of aromatherapy in cancer treatment have been published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal. Results are mixed for other studies. Some showed improved sleep, anxiety, mood, nausea, and pain while others showed no change in symptoms.

Safety concerns

Aromatherapy carries a number of risks of adverse effects and with this in consideration, combined with the lack of evidence of its therapeutic benefit, makes the practice of questionable worth.

Many studies exploring the concerns that essential oils are highly concentrated and can irritate the skin when used in undiluted form often referred to as neat application. Therefore, they are normally diluted with a carrier oil for topical application such as jojoba oil, olive oil, sweet almond oil or coconut oil. Phototoxic reactions may occur with many cold pressed citrus peel oils such as lemon or lime.

Many essential oils have chemical components that are sensitisers (meaning that they will, after a number of uses, cause reactions on the skin and more so in the rest of the body). All cosmetic products and ingredients must meet the same safety requirement, regardless of their source.Chemical composition of essential oils could be affected by herbicides if the original plants are cultivated versus wild-harvested. Some oils can be toxic to some domestic animals, with cats being particularly prone.

Most oils can be toxic to humans as well. A report of three cases documented gynecomastia in prepubertal boys who were exposed to topical lavender and tea tree oils. The Aromatherapy Trade Council of the UK issued a rebuttal.

Another article published by a different research group also documented three cases of gynecomastia in prepubertal boys who were exposed to topical lavender oil. Persistent exposure to lavender products may be associated with premature breast development in girls and "that chemicals in lavender oil and tea tree oil are potential endocrine disruptors with varying effects on receptors for two hormones – estrogen and androgen".

Essential oils can be toxic when ingested or absorbed internally. Doses as low as 2 ml have been reported to cause clinically significant symptoms and severe poisoning can occur after ingestion of as little as 4 ml. A few reported cases of toxic reactions like liver damage and seizures have occurred after ingestion of sage, hyssop, thuja and cedar oils. Accidental ingestion may happen when oils are not kept out of reach of children. As with any bioactive substance, an essential oil that may be safe for the general public could still pose hazards for pregnant and lactating women.

Oils both ingested and applied to the skin can potentially have negative interactions with conventional medicine. For example, the topical use of methyl salicylate-heavy oils like wintergreen may cause bleeding in users taking the anticoagulant warfarin.

In late 2021, an aromatherapy spray was recalled after it was found to be contaminated with Burkholderia pseudomallei, the bacteria that causes melioidosis, which led to four cases of the disease and two deaths.

See also
 Aromachologist
 List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments
 Olfactory system
 Miasma theory

References

External links

 Aromatherapy and Essential Oils – health professional
 patient PDQ (Physician Data Query) summaries from the National Cancer Institute

Herbalism
Mind–body interventions
Fringe science
Alternative medicine

Aromatherapy


Council of Nine can refer to:

In Greek mythology
In Greek mythology, when Prometheus gave Fire to mankind, he infuriated Zeus, so to punish Prometheus, Zeus had him chained to a rock and every day an eagle came down and ate his liver. Because he was immortal, the liver grew back and the eagle returned to do the same to him the next day. To punish mankind, Zeus and eight other deities gathered to form the Council of Nine. The council members were Aphrodite, Apollo, Athena, Demeter, Hephaestus, Hera, Hermes, Poseidon and Zeus.

Together this council created Pandora, and sent her, as a gift, to  Epimetheus. Epimetheus was also given Pandora's Box, and told to never open it. Curiosity got the better of Pandora and she opened the box, releasing all of the misfortunes of Mankind.

In the Church of Satan

The council that governs the Church of Satan call themselves the Council of Nine.

In music

"Council of Nine" is a dark ambient musical project by Maximillian Olivier released on the Cryo Chamber label.

In politics

The Republic of Siena in Italy was ruled by the Council of Nine during the early Renaissance. Its members were changed every two months.

In fiction
In C. J. Cherryh's Alliance-Union universe, the "Council of Nine" is a branch of the government of Union.  Each Councillor is elected by and represents one of the nine constituent occupational Bureaus: Science, Defense, Trade, State, Citizens, Information, Industry, Internal Affairs and Finance.
In the "Imaginationland Episode II" and "Imaginationland Episode III" episodes of South Park, Imaginationland was led by a "Council of Nine" composed of Aslan, Gandalf, Glinda the Good Witch, Jesus, Luke Skywalker, Morpheus, Popeye, Wonder Woman, and Zeus.
In Robert Jordan's The Wheel of Time series, the "Council of Nine" is one of the governing bodies of the Kingdom of Illian.

In role-playing games
In the role-playing game Mage: the Ascension, the "Council of Nine" is the highest authority of The Traditions, an alliance of secret societies. Each tradition appoints one representative, usually one of the highest masters of that Tradition, to a seat on the Council.

Notes

Greek deities

Council of Nine


Dick Duerrstein is an American painter of Disney Fine Art, who worked as the Creative Director for the Walt Disney Company's Consumer Products Division for more than 2 decades.

Biography

Like most artists, Dick Duerrstein found his calling early in life.  He remembers that his "mother's shopping list always included a note to buy [him] another ream of white paper to draw on."

After graduating from the Art Center College of Design in Pasadena, California, Duerrstein took a job at the Walt Disney Company, where he soon worked his way up the ladder and became the Creative Director for the company's Consumer Products Division.  It was here that he was able to work and study alongside many iconic Disney animators, including Ward Kimball (a member of Disney's Nine Old Men, creator of Dumbo, the Mad Hatter, the Cheshire Cat and Jiminy Cricket) and Chuck Jones (creator of Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies).

After 22 years at Disney, Duerrstein left to pursue a career in Disney Fine Art.  He comments on this decision in the July 2007 issue of Art Business News: "I got a wild hair to start doing characters in more artistic ways.  It was difficult in the beginning because there wasn't any framework for doing this kind of work commercially."  Nearly 10 years after making this decision, Duerrstein has succeeded in becoming one of the most collected painters of Disney Fine Art.

Style

Having such a long history designing a wide variety of projects at Disney has given Dick a heightened sense of design, which is apparent in his fine art pieces.

In homage to the original character construction, Dick first draws the figure onto canvas using a light blue line, exactly like an animator would do.  After this, he begins to layer the thick hues of oil and acrylic paint on top, yet he still lets the original blue line peek through.  This allows each piece to still remain true to the original creator's concept while allowing for Duerrstein's trademark energy and movement to come through.

References

External links
Artist's Official Disney Fine Art Site

20th-century American painters
American male painters
21st-century American painters
Living people
Art Center College of Design alumni
Artists from Pasadena, California
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century American male artists

Dick Duerrstein


British NVC community MG13 (Agrostis stolonifera - Alopecurus geniculatus grassland) is one of the mesotrophic grassland communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of three types of mesotrophic grassland classified as grass-dominated inundation communities.

This community is widely distributed. There are no subcommunities.

Community composition

The following constant species are found in this community:
 Creeping Bent (Agrostis stolonifera)
 Marsh Foxtail (Alopecurus geniculatus)

No rare species are associated with this community.

Distribution

This community is widely distributed throughout the British lowlands, with the most extensive stands in eastern England.

References

 Rodwell, J. S. (1992) British Plant Communities Volume 3 - Grasslands and montane communities  (hardback),  (paperback)

MG13

British NVC community MG13


West Point is a cape and an unincorporated community located in the southwestern corner of Prince Edward Island, Canada.

West Point Lighthouse, a square tapered tower, was built in 1875 by the federal Department of Marine. The West Point Lighthouse Inn, Museum and Restaurant was established in 1984. The West Point Development Corporation, a non-profit organization, maintains the lighthouse as a navigational aid beacon, although the living quarters of the lighthouse are now used as a unique country inn and museum.

This lighthouse was first lit on May 21, 1876.

Cedar Dunes Provincial Park is located at West Point and provides a supervised public beach for swimming.

West Point is not the westernmost extreme point of Prince Edward Island; that is West Cape, several kilometres to the north and slightly west.

Part of the very large West Cape Wind Farm is located in West Point.

Notable People
George Curry (Wild Bunch) George Sutherland Currie (March 20, 1871 – April 17, 1900), also known as George "Flat-Nose" Curry, was a Canadian-American robber of the American Old West.  Curry was a mentor to Harvey Logan, who would adopt the surname Curry, and the two robbed banks together before both became members of Butch Cassidy's Wild Bunch.  Curry was killed by a sheriff while rustling in Grand County, Utah..

References

Communities in Prince County, Prince Edward Island
Headlands of Prince Edward Island

West Point, Prince Edward Island


The London Lesbian and Gay Centre was a lesbian and gay community centre located at 67–69 Cowcross Street, London.  It was established in 1985 by the Greater London Council (GLC), which donated three-quarters of a million pounds to its establishment.

In 1984 The GLC published Changing The World – a charter of gay rights and supported a number of open meetings in the council chamber of County Hall during that summer. These resulted in the creation of a working group to create one of the few LGBT community centres in the UK, after Edinburgh Gay Centre which opened in 1974, Manchester Gay Centre on Bloom Street (1981) and the Birmingham Lesbian and Gay Community Centre which had opened in 1976. The group included Brian Kennedy, Revd Richard Kirker, Helen Carr, Helen Jenkins, Alison Wheeler, Jaci Quennell, Jennifer Wilson and Lisa Power amongst many others.

Building
After looking at many buildings, the working group located a disused former meat warehouse near Smithfield market in Farringdon which could be suitably converted and this was purchased by the GLC. It opened unofficially in December 1984, with plans to include club/performance space, cooking and dining space, a bookshop, a daycare room, a lounge and meeting room, a media resource centre, offices and other meeting spaces. Plans were drawn up to convert the building to community use, with a club / theatre space in the basement, a bar and café on the ground floor with outdoor patio, and facilities for printing and photography on the first floor run by the Technical Resources Collective and who printed the Centre's monthly diary (alongside) and other leaflets. The second floor was designated as women only space and the third (top) floor was converted to offices for the Centre management team, with some rooms being leased to other organisations, such as PACE. All areas of the building had full disabled access via a small passenger lift serving all floors, a larger (formerly goods) lift serving all except the top floor, and a ramp at the rear between the café-bar and the courtyard area, which overlooked the train and tube tracks. Many LGBT organisations were allowed to use the centre for postal purposes, such as Presente, the Lesbian and gay solidarity group for Nicaragua. Many others used the meeting rooms for regular groups.

As London's first non-commercial gay venue the LLGC suffered from problems with volunteers, political infighting and general mismanagement due to staff turnover. With the abolition of the GLC in 1986 ownership of the building was transferred to the London Residuary Body. Although the centre's management team kept the building in operation for another five years, mounting losses, including a robbery of several thousand pounds from the safe which insurers refused to cover because no force had apparently been used, resulted in its closure and subsequent sale.

Events

In June 1985, London's Lesbian Strength march ended at the centre for the first time and a week later a special all-day event for the Lesbian and Gay Pride Parade was held.

The discussion/support group 'New Beginnings' also met at 8 pm on Saturday nights at The Centre in the mid – late 1980s. This group was facilitated by a volunteer couple (John and Terry) and approximately 20 people who were in the early stages of 'coming out' attended each week. Participants would start with a discussion upstairs, and then come back downstairs for a drink at the bar. The dates and times that the group met in August and September 1986 can be seen on the Programme of Events at the LLG&C for August/September 1986 that are included on this page.

Controversies

One important controversy in the centre's history was over whether to allow SM lesbians to use the centre. Arguments in favour included sexual freedom and the right of people to identify as SM; arguments against included that SM was oppressive, that lesbian mothers should not have to expose their children to it, and that SM practitioners wore Nazi clothing and thus were offensive and anti-Semitic. Disagreement also existed over whether to ban bisexual groups, as some lesbians felt that bisexual men might harass them. The groups were banned for five years. As the booking for the second national Bisexual conference had been accepted "in error" by the Centre, it was allowed to be held there in April 1985. The centre's members voted to overturn the bans on BDSM and bisexual groups in June that year.

In 1988, East Sussex County Council banned a National Youth Bureau publication, listing voluntary work opportunities for young people, from distribution in its schools, as six of the listings were for gay and lesbian organisations. Particularly controversial was the LLGC listing, which sought volunteers with a "positive attitude to their sexuality." J.A. Carter, Lewes County Education Officer, noted that the advertisement "seem[ed] to promote homosexuality."

See also

List of LGBT community centres
London LGBTQ+ Community Centre
The Outside Project

References

LGBT history in the United Kingdom
Former buildings and structures in the City of London
1980s in London
1990s in London
1985 establishments in England
1991 disestablishments in England
Former LGBT community centres
LGBT culture in London

London Lesbian and Gay Centre


Paul Woodrow Chrisman (born August 23, 1949), better known by his stage name Woody Paul, is an American singer, fiddler, and composer, best known for his work with the Western swing musical and comedy group Riders in the Sky. With the Riders, he is billed as "Woody Paul — King of the Cowboy Fiddlers". He was inducted into the National Fiddler Hall of Fame in 2012 and is "known in the music industry for being proficient and innovative across many musical genres including western, jazz, bluegrass, old-time, and Celtic." He has won two Grammy Awards with his band.

Biography

Early life
Chrisman began playing fiddle when he was 11 years old. He played with Sam McGee and others regularly at the Grand Ole Opry in the mid-sixties. He is also extremely adept at lariat tricks. He attended Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, and has a Ph.D. in theoretical plasma physics from MIT, where he wrote his thesis, "Inertial, Viscous, and Finite-Beta Effects in a Resistive, Time Dependent Tokamak Discharge", Thesis Nuc. Eng. 1976, PhD, supervised by James E. McCune. He returned to Nashville and began playing recording sessions and recorded and toured with Loggins & Messina.

Riders In The Sky
In 1978, Chrisman approached the Riders (then consisting of just Douglas B. Green and Fred LaBour) backstage after a show and inquired about joining the group. Shortly before Chrisman approached the Riders, Williams "Bill" Collins had just left the group, so Green and LaBour were already looking for a replacement member, and Chrisman seemed like the perfect fit. Chrisman's first show with the Riders was at the 1978 Kentucky State Fair. As of 2023, Chrisman is still with the Riders.

Songwriting
Prior to joining the Riders, Chrisman had already written "Blue Bonnet Lady" and "Cowboy Song" (both of which would be featured on the Riders' first album, Three on the Trail). Chrisman also wrote "So Long, Saddle Pals", what many would consider the Riders' equivalent of "Happy Trails".

Notable filmography

Television

Film

References

External links
 Riders in the Sky website

American country fiddlers
Living people
1949 births

Woody Paul


Hywel ap Edwin (died 1044) was king of Deheubarth in south Wales from 1033 to 1043.

Hywel was the son of Edwin ap Einion and great-grandson of Hywel Dda. When the previous king, Rhydderch ap Iestyn, who had usurped the throne, died in 1033 Hywel became king of Deheubarth, sharing the realm with his brother Maredudd. Hywel and Maredudd's rule did not go unchallenged as the sons of Rhydderch fought in a battle against them in 1034 at Irathwy. Though sources do not name the victors it seems as though Hywel and Maredudd were victorious as they remained in power.

On Maredudd's death in 1035, Hywel became sole king. He came under increasing pressure from Viking raids and from Gruffydd ap Llywelyn who had already seized the throne of Gwynedd. In 1042 Hywel won a victory over a host of Viking marauders near Carmarthen but that year or in 1043 he was driven out of his kingdom by Gruffydd, who also took Hywel's wife (unnamed) as his own. He returned in 1044 with the aid of an Irish fleet to try to regain his kingdom, but Gruffydd defeated them in a battle near the mouth of the River Towy, in which Hywel was killed.

Hywel's nephew, Maredudd ab Owain ab Edwin, succeeded to the throne when Gruffydd died in 1063.

Sources
John Edward Lloyd A history of Wales from the earliest times to the Edwardian conquest (Longmans, Green & Co.)
 Dictionary of Welsh Biography

1044 deaths
Monarchs of Deheubarth
Medieval Welsh killed in battle
11th-century Welsh monarchs
Year of birth unknown
Monarchs killed in action

Hywel ab Edwin


Deltex Medical Group is a medical technology company based in Chichester that produces blood monitoring and fluid management equipment for use in surgical operations.

It has sold 3000  of its main product, the ultrasound probe CardioQ-ODM, which measures the rate of blood flow from the heart. The company claims that it has been shown to reduce postoperative complications and reduce length of hospital stay. According to the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence it could save £1000 per operation and could be used on more than 800,000 patients a year. As it is inserted into the gullet, it reduces the risk of infection that comes with monitoring using a tube inserted through a vein into the heart. Each probe costs about £100.

It secured approval from the NHS Supply Chain in 2012 after a tender process, to sell cardiac output monitoring equipment to the NHS in England, meaning that individual NHS trusts did not have to go through a tender process. In November 2016 an NHS hospital bought six, the largest order since 2014. The cash crisis affecting the NHS has meant that few machines have been bought.

In 2011 the firm said that clinical awareness of optimising vascular fluids among surgery patients in the USA "remains some way behind the UK and continental Europe".

Sir Duncan Nichol is a director of the firm.

References

Medical technology companies of the United Kingdom
Companies based in West Sussex

Deltex Medical Group


The Ayr and Maybole Junction Railway (A&MJR) was a railway in Ayrshire, Scotland that provided services between Ayr and Maybole. It opened in 1856 and was seen as a link in providing a through line between Glasgow and Portpatrick, then the ferry port for the north of Ireland.

Although a short line it succeeded in achieving profitability, eventually being absorbed on generous terms by the Glasgow and South Western Railway.

The line is still in use today as part of the Glasgow South Western Line.

History

False starts
The Glasgow, Paisley, Kilmarnock and Ayr Railway (GPK&AR) was opened as far as Ayr in 1840, but its Ayr station was on the north bank of the River Ayr. (The GPK&AR was a predecessor company of the Glasgow and South Western Railway.) At this early date, thought was given to reaching Portpatrick, which was the port for a short sea route ferry service to Donaghadee in the north of Ireland.

For a time the GPK&AR had other priorities, but during the frenzy of railway schemes that arose in 1845, a Glasgow and Belfast Union Railway (G&BUR) was promoted; it was supported by the  GPK&AR, and its parliamentary costs were partly funded by that company.

Portpatrick seemed to be an important destination for a line, although there was much wild and difficult territory to be crossed to get there: in the same year the British and Irish Union Railway (B&IUR), an independent concern, was proposed to run from Dumfries via Castle Douglas to Portpatrick.

The G&BUR was to run by way of Patna, and a third line was proposed to cross the wild country of Galloway, the Ayrshire and Galloway Railway (A&GR); it would form a junction with the G&BUR at Smithston, near Patna,  and run through Dalmellington to Castle Douglas, there linking with the British and Irish Union Railway.

The frenzy of railway schemes lasted for a while but then the bubble burst in 1846, and ambitious and expensive proposals found that they could not get the financial support they needed. The B&IUR announced that it was not proceeding on 21 April 1846, and the A&GR scheme was cut back drastically, to run from Smithston to Dalmellington only, a tiny fraction of its intended extent. It was to have running powers over the G&BUR to reach Ayr.

The G&BUR was authorised in the face of grave financial difficulty, and when the shareholders considered the reality of the situation, the decision was taken not to proceed with construction, and the expensively-won powers were allowed to lapse.

The A&GR scheme had been heavily cut back in Parliament, and with the G&BUR now dormant, it was unable to connect to Ayr, so the promoters  put forward a revised scheme in the next Parliamentary session. It won approval and the Ayrshire and Galloway (Smithstown & Dalmellington) Railway received the Royal Assent on 8 June 1847. It would connect with the GPK&AR at Falkland Junction, a short distance  north of their terminal station on the north shore of the River Ayr.

The Glasgow and South Western Railway
In October 1850 the GPK&AR merged with another company and the Glasgow and South Western Railway (G&SWR) was created. The new concern had pressing problems elsewhere, but was happy to encourage local initiatives to promote new lines. The lure of reaching Portpatrick remained, and at the end of 1852 the prospectus for an Ayr, Maybole and Girvan Railway was published. Although it was supported by the G&SWR, this scheme too failed to attract sufficient support, and it came to nothing.

Yet another truncated scheme was presented to Parliament in the 1854 session, and this time it was authorised: the Ayr and  Maybole Junction Railway was incorporated on 10 July 1854. Capital was to be £33,000 for the line of 5¾ miles (9.3 km). The line was to diverge from the (as yet unbuilt) Ayr and Dalmellington line at Dalrymple Junction. The G&SWR was authorised to work the line for 35% of gross receipts for a period of five years, thereafter at a rate to be determined by arbitration. The charge for working the line was considered low by some GS&WR shareholders.

Actual subscription for shares was disappointing, and the G&SWR was obliged to subscribe £10,000 to the scheme.

Opening at last
The line opened to goods trains on 15 September 1856, but the Inspecting Officer was not satisfied with the ballasting, and opening to passengers was accordingly delayed until 13 October 1856.

In 1863 the working arrangement between the owning company and the GS&WR was due to expire. Much work remained to be done in completing the stations, and the A&MJR had been paying its shareholders handsome dividends but had failed to generate capital to complete the works. An impasse arose over the renewal of the working arrangement, and negotiations to absorb the A&MJR into the G&SWR also failed. The negotiations dragged on and the G&SWR agreed a "perpetual working agreement" with a sliding scale of charges between 39% and 45% of gross receipts. The G&SWR may have been motivated to concede better terms by the fear that the Caledonian Railway might step in. The new terms were ratified by Act of Parliament of 13 July 1863. The A&MJR chairman was Rigby Wason, and his tenacity is credited with getting good terms for his company.

Reaching Stranraer
When the company was originally promoted, a direct rail connection between Glasgow and Portpatrick was contemplated; the A&MJR saw itself as a link in that chain. In the event the harbour at Portpatrick was not developed as had been thought, although Stranraer took over as the dominant ferry port. The Portpatrick Railway had expended its meagre resources in reaching Portpatrick from Dumfries, but Rigby Wason launched an attack on the PR for failing to build a line northwards from Stranraer, as he considered had been promised. The word "fraud" was used.

The Portpatrick Railway had no funds to build such a line, but the idea remained as an objective. The gap was closed by two nominally independent companies.

The Maybole and Girvan Railway opened its line on 24 May 1860. The A&MJR terminus at Maybole was at Redbrae, and it was unsuitable for conversion to a through station, so the M&GR by-passed it, building a new through station further west. The old terminus served as a goods yard. The M&GR company succumbed to absorption into the G&SWR in 1865.

The wild territory between Girvan and Stranraer took longer to traverse; the Girvan and Portpatrick Junction Railway opened its line across challenging terrain in 1877. It joined the Portpatrick Railway at Challoch Junction, entering Stranraer over that company's line. It was always in financial difficulties, and however desirable it was to have a direct line between Glasgow and Stranraer, the income generated hardly paid for the outgoings. After an unsuccessful capital reconstruction the line was sold to the G&SWR in 1892.

Absorbed by the G&SWR
The A&MJR had  long held out for better terms if absorption by the G&SWR was to take place. A guaranteed 5% on capital had been rejected, and in 1871 terms were finally agreed. An Act of 29 June 1871 confirmed the absorption of the A&MJR, which had effectively taken place on 1 February 1871. The terms were a remarkable guaranteed 7%. The G&SWR Vice Chairman was asked to explain the generous terms at the Extraordinary General Meeting called to ratify the deal, and he replied that "we could not get it for less".

In 1911 the company was finally dissolved and vested in the G&SWR, the 7% dividend guarantee being sustained.

The present day
The Ayr and Maybole Junction line continues in use at the present (2014) as part of the line between Ayr and Stranraer. Passenger services are operated under the brand Glasgow South Western Line. The original Maybole terminus has long been closed.

Topography
The Ayr and Maybole Junction Railway line opened to passenger traffic on 13 October 1856.

The line diverged from the Ayr and Dalmellington line at Dalrymple Junction; from that date there was a station immediately south of the junction, serving both lines, named Maybole Junction, but it closed on 1 December 1859.

The next station was Dalrymple, followed by Cassillis. Both those stations closed to passengers on 6 December 1954.

The Maybole terminus closed to passengers on 24 May 1860 when the Girvan line opened; it remained in use as a goods depot until closure in 1965.

Connections to other lines

 Ayr and Dalmellington Railway at Dalrymple Junction
 Maybole and Girvan Railway at Maybole

References

Sources

External links
 Railscot on Ayr and Maybole Railway

Glasgow and South Western Railway
Pre-grouping British railway companies
Early Scottish railway companies
Railway companies established in 1854
Railway lines opened in 1856
Railway companies disestablished in 1871
British companies established in 1854
British companies disestablished in 1871

Ayr and Maybole Junction Railway


François Sevez (22 October 1891 – 29 February 1948) was a French general during World War II. Sevez was present at the German surrender in Reims, and signed the German Instrument of Surrender as the official witness.

Military career
At the end of the First World War Sevez had attained the rank of captain, and received the Légion d'honneur in 1918 after being wounded seven times.

During the early part of the Second World War, he fought in Belgium. Captured and held prisoner, he was repatriated in 1941 and was named the Chief of Staff to General Juin. He fought in the Tunisian campaign as a brigadier general in 1942, and took command of the 4th Moroccan Mountain Division in September 1943, participating in the Italian campaign as well as the liberation of Alsace in 1944. In October 1944, he joined General de Monsabert as a commander of the French Army reserve destined to occupy Germany.

In Reims, on 7 May 1945, acting in his capacity as deputy to General Alphonse Juin, he signed the German Instrument of Surrender as the official witness, in the presence of General Alfred Jodl and General Walter B. Smith, the chief of staff of U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Death
Sevez died following a hunting accident near Offenburg, hit by another hunter's bullet that had ricocheted off the thick skin of a wild boar. He was buried temporarily in a chapel in Baden-Baden.

References

1891 births
1948 deaths
French military personnel of World War I
French military personnel of World War II
Accidental deaths in Germany
Deaths by firearm in Germany
Hunting accident deaths
Military personnel from Chambéry
Firearm accident victims

François Sevez


Taylor & Hubbard was an engineering company founded in Leicester, specialising in the production of railway cranes. They later moving to Kent Street, Humberstone Road, Leicester, in approximately 1900 which gave them access to the railway siding.
The company was founded in 1896 and up to the 1960s made steam cranes for railway companies in both the UK and around the world, mainly in the British Empire.  By the 1960s they were making diesel-electric cranes for British Railways and hydraulic cranes for the Admiralty. Their cranes were used on oil tankers, and they sold dockside cranes for the Thames Conservancy.

Taylor & Hubbard were taken over in the early 1960s by F. H. Lloyd & Co., Ltd, and in the late 1960s or early 1970s the Leicester site was closed and the work moved to the West Midlands. Early 70's? I visited the Taylor Hubbard foundry as a toolmaking apprentice in 1977

Tim Bodington, a resident from Leicester reports the following information: "My grandfather William Cowell Taylor sold the company to F.H.Lloyd & Co in 1964. I remember well his telling me that the tax he paid was 19/11 on the last £ he earned so what was the point? He had employed 200 people and many of them were recent immigrants mainly from Mepore in Pakistan. I went round the works in 1963 and saw the steel parts being moulded in sand, the steel was handpoured. Grandfather made all of his model cranes in original Meccano models with wooden coverings and I still have some of those Meccano parts. W.C. Taylor died in February 1982." Tim Boddington 23022017.

References

Engineering companies of England
Manufacturing companies based in Leicester
19th-century establishments in England
Manufacturing companies established in the 19th century
Companies disestablished in the 1960s
Defunct companies of England
Crane manufacturers

Taylor & Hubbard


A middle-market newspaper caters to readers who like entertainment as well as coverage of important news events. Such newspapers are the middle segment of a continuum of journalistic seriousness – upper-market or "quality" newspapers generally cover hard news, and down-market newspapers favour sensationalist stories.

The United Kingdom's two national middle-market papers are the Daily Mail and the Daily Express, distinguishable by their black-top masthead (both use the tabloid paper size), as opposed to the red-top mastheads of down-market tabloids. There was also formerly Today, published from 1986 to 1995.

USA Today and the Times of India are other typical middle-market broadsheet newspapers, headquartered in the United States and India, respectively. A daily supplement devoted to coverage of Page 3 events is a salient feature of such newspapers in India.

References

Newspapers

Middle-market newspaper


Indocetus is a protocetid early whale known from the late early Eocene (Lutetian, ) Harudi Formation (, paleocoordinates ) in Kutch, India.

The holotype of  is a partial skull in two pieces with the frontal shield and the right occiput and auditory bulla preserved.

 described postcranial remains from the Sulaiman Range, Punjab, Pakistan, and attributed them to Indocetus.  , however, withdrew this assignment and instead attributed this postcranial material to Remingtonocetus because of similarities to the then newly discovered remingtonocetid Dalanistes, including a longer neck and fused sacral vertebral elements.
This leaves Indocetus without postcranial remains, but undescribed material (as of 1998) from Kutch most likely include some that can be attributed to Indocetus.  Furthermore, Rodhocetus, also from Sulaiman, is very similar to Indocetus and it is possible that these genera are synonyms.

Indocetus is known from a partial skull, two endocasts, a right tympanic, and a right maxilla; all from the Harudi Formation.  Indocetus has prominent protocones on the molars, distinguishing it from Protocetus, Eocetus, Babiacetus, and Georgiacetus.  P1 is single-rooted like Rodhocetus.  The tympanic bulla is more narrow than in Protocetus and Georgiacetus.

The endocasts included dental material, including alveoli and the bases of cheek teeth but not the crowns.  P3–4 are three-rooted and probably had protocones.  The molars are smaller than the premolars and decrease from M1 to M3.  M1 and M2 have large protocone lobs.

Notes

References

Protocetidae
Fossil taxa described in 1975
Prehistoric cetacean genera
Extinct mammals of Asia

Indocetus


The Canal Zone tree frog  (Boana rufitela) is a frog that lives in Ecuador, Nicaragua, and Panama.

This tree frog is green or blue-green when it is an adult.  When it is a young frog, it is green or yellow-green.  The webbing between its toes is red.  It has a round nose.  Some frogs have stripes from the nose down the side of the body.

The adult male frog is 39 to 49 mm long from nose to rear end.  The adult female frog is 46 to 55 mm long from nose to rear end.  The adult male frog has spines on its front feet.  Scientists think this is so male frogs can fight each other.

This frog hides during the day and looks for food at night.  Human beings do not usually see this frog.  Instead we hear the male frogs singing.  This frog lays eggs in swamps inside forests.

References

Frogs of South America

Canal Zone tree frog


Beer in Africa, especially lager, is produced commercially in most African countries, and indigenous people also make varieties of beer. Beer is served in various locales, from neighbourhood shebeens to upscale bars. Many countries have standardized beer bottle sizes, which are cleaned and re-used, so when buying beer at a store, people often must pay a deposit on the bottle and the price of the beer. An alternative to glass-bottle beers is local beer sold in tetra-pak style paper cartons.

South Africa consumes the most beer of any African country, with an average of 60 liters per person annually.

Indigenous beers
Traditional beer brewing is a common practice among Africans in rural areas. Varieties and types of beer depend on local customs and resources. Among beers brewed locally are ginger beers and honey beers.

United National Breweries, amongst others, produces Johannesburg beer, and the popular, if stigmatized, Chibuku beer is popular throughout Southern African countries.

In South Africa and Botswana, sorghum malt is an important ingredient. Elsewhere, maize is the primary ingredient, and the beer is more commonly known as opaque beer.

Central Africa

Cameroon
The most popular brands are Castel and 33 Export, and in larger cities, Beaufort, Beaufort Lite, Mützig Lager, Guinness, Guinness Foreign Extra Stout, and Guinness Smooth can be found. Local brews include palm wine in the southern part of the country and millet beer called bil-bil in the north.

Congo (Brazzaville)
Ngok is a popular beer only available in Congo, which makes it a popular choice to sneak across the border to DRC. Its logo is a crocodile.

Congo (DRC)
Most beers in Congo (DRC) are brewed by Heineken, with the most popular being Primus.

Gabon

Régab is the most widely distributed domestically brewed beer in Gabon.

Eastern Africa

Ethiopia
(Also see Beer in Ethiopia)

Beer has been widely consumed in Ethiopia for a while, and as a result, the country enjoys a variety of beer brands. The most popular of these brands is St. George Beer (named after the country's patron saint), the country's oldest brewery, established in 1922. More recently, introducing foreign beer brands like Heineken has created a lot of competition in the market, increasing investment in the farming sector. This influx of capital has led the country to be more self-sufficient in such areas as malt production. Heineken's parent company acquired and rebranded many traditional Ethiopian brands including Meta, Harar, and Bedele.

Some of the best Ethiopian brands include:
 Meta (ሜታ ቢራ)
 Bedele (በደሌ ቢራ)
 Dashen (ዳሽን ቢራ)
 Habesha (ሐበሻ ቢራ)
 Harar (ሐረር ቢራ)
 Walia Beer (ዋልያ ቢራ)
 Raya Beer (ራያ ቢራ)
 St. George Beer (ቅዱስ ጊዮርጊስ ቢራ)

Eritrea
Golden Star, brewed by the Golden Star Brewery, is the unique beer in Eritrea after the closing of Asmara Brewery (ex Melotti), which had been brewing beer since the colonial era.

Kenya

Tusker, brewed by Kenya Breweries Limited, is Kenya's most popular beer. Popularly known as "Keroro" beer, Tusker is a source of Kenyan pride highlighted in the late 1990s when East African Breweries waged a marketing war against Castle Breweries, a subsidiary of international brewing giant SABMiller. In this media campaign, Castle, which had constructed a multimillion-dollar brewery in the industrial town of Thika, was depicted as foreign and uncommitted to Kenya. The prolonged marketing wars ended in 2002 when the two brewers reached a settlement in which they divided the beer market in East Africa among themselves. Castle agreed to exit Kenya, and EABL decided to leave the Tanzanian market to the SABMiller subsidiary.

Tanzania

Beer (known as pombe in Swahili) is an integral part of Tanzanian society, and local brands hold a strong sense of national pride and economic value. Tanzania is the sixth-largest per-capita consumer of beer in Africa.
Over 90% of beer consumption is of homemade-style brews; however the most recognizable bottled brands include:

Kilimanjaro Premium Lager (4.5%)
Serengeti Premium Lager (5.5%)
Ndovu Premium Malt (4.8%)
Uhuru Peak Lager (5.8%)
safari lager
Eagle
Chibuku

Rwanda
Rwanda has Primus Beer. Another brand is Virunga. Urwagwa is a beer made from fermented banana juice and sorghum flour.

Uganda
A southern Uganda beer is Nile Special, produced in and distributed from Jinja, the source of the Nile at Lake Victoria.
Club, Bell Lager, Eagle (the local beer made using sorghum), Guinness, and Tusker are others.

Northern Africa

Egypt

The leading local brand is called Stella (not to be confused with the Belgian Stella Artois). Other brands on the market include Meister, Luxor and Sakara, and the non-alcoholic Birell and Desperados.

Morocco

Tunisia
Some breweries or microbreweries operate in Tunisia. The largest is Celtia, located in Tunis.

Southern Africa
Chibuku Shake Shake, so-called by the need to shake the carton before drinking it, is a commercial umqombothi brewed by Chibuku and remains a popular beer in Botswana, Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Malawi. Chibuku Shake Shake is made from a mix of sorghum and maize. In Zimbabwe, it is known as "scud". It is sold in paper cartons or brown plastic containers with a wide blue lid. It is thought to be a drink for lower-class people. This thick brown millet beer costs less than a dollar and is shaken vigorously before drinking it because of its thick layer of sediment collected on the bottom of the carton. It has a robust yeast flavor that a lemony tang offsets. Standard practice is to slurp any remaining sediment at the bottom of the container.

Botswana
Kgalagadi Breweries Limited, a subsidiary of SAB Miller, produces St Louis. The traditional St Louis Special Light has a 3.5% v/v alcohol content. Due to the popularity of the St Louis brand, KBL has recently introduced an alcohol-free St Louis 24 at 0% v/v and St Louis Premium Export lager 4.5% v/v. St Louis Lager and St Louis Export have been awarded a Silver Quality Award at the coveted World Quality Selections (2012), organized by Monde Selection.

Madagascar
Three Horses beer is the national beer in Madagascar. Brasserie Star brews it. It is colloquially called "THB" (In French te-ash-be).

Malawi
Malawi has its own Carlsberg brewery. Officially opened on 14 December 1968, Carlsberg Malawi Brewery Limited (CMBL) was the first Carlsberg brewery outside Denmark. Its brands include Green, a stout lager; Elephant, a strong lager; and Kuche Kuche, Malawi's traditional beer (Mowa Wathu Wathu).

Mauritius
Phoenix Beverages (formerly Mauritius Breweries) produce a local lager called Phoenix Beer; one premium lager known as Gister (4.8%); two strong lagers - Phoenix Special Brew (6.5%) and Blue Marlin (6.0%); and a pale lager called Stella Pils. They are also licensed to brew Guinness (of the Foreign Extra Stout variety) and Warsteiner since 2003 (as of 2015, Warsteiner is no longer produced). They also brew Three Horses beer for export to Madagascar under license.

Recently, Universal Breweries Ltd has begun operating. They produce a local lager-style beer called Black Eagle and a strong lager called Black Eagle Xtra (7.0%). Universal Breweries was defunct in 2008, bought by Stag Beverages in 2009, and itself went defunct in 2014.

In 2012, Flying Dodo Brewing Company opened the first craft brewery on the island.

Mozambique
Mozambique produces two of the most-awarded beers in Africa: Laurentina Clara, a pale lager, and Laurentina Preta, a dark lager. Manica is a pale lager, and 2M (pronounced doish-emi), produced by the same brewery (CdM), is also popular. Laurentina is now exported to South Africa and the United Kingdom.

Namibia
Namibia Breweries, the country's largest brewery, offers mainly lagers and a lager Draught (Hansa) on tap that is popularly served in every Restaurant. Other popular bottled beers are Tafel Lager, Windhoek Lager, and Windhoek Light. Windhoek is the country's capital.

South Africa

Of South African beers, Castle Lager is the most famous, although South Africa produces a variety of brands that are exported. South African Breweries became the world's second-largest beer producer after acquiring Miller Breweries from USA as a wholly-owned subsidiary of SABMiller.

Zambia
Zambia's leading beer is Mosi Lager, made by Zambian Breweries, named after the indigenous name for Victoria Falls (Mosi Oa Tunya). The products of South African Breweries' Castle are also found in most places in Zambia.

Zimbabwe
Zambezi is Zimbabwe's national beer, brewed by Delta Corporation on Manchester Road, Harare. It is made from malt, maize, hops, and water and is 4.7% abv. Other major beers include Bohlingers, Eagle and South African Breweries' Carling Black Label, Lion Lager, and Castle Lager.

Western Africa

Benin
La Béninoise is the national beer of Benin. Locally brewed millet beer, known as tchouk, is popular in the northern regions. When beer fails, there is Sodabe, boxed wine, and plastic sachets of whiskey.

Burkina Faso
The most common beers in Burkina Faso are Brakina and So.B.Bra. Both beers are produced by the Castel Group. In 2017 the first craft brewery, Brasserie Artisanale De Ouagadougou, started to sell IPAs, porters, and other ales—some with locally grown sorghum. The second microbrewery opened in 2017 and sells imported Belgian and crafted Belgian-styled beers. There is also a small influx of beers from the Ouagadougou region, especially from Togo and Ghana.

Cape Verde
In Cape Verde, the leading brand is the national Strela beer and the Portuguese Super Bock import.

Gambia

Gambia has Julbrew, brewed by Banjul Breweries Ltd.

Ghana
Ghana's most famous brands are Star Beer and Club Premium Lager. Ghana is home to a local craft brewery, Django Brothers, brewing international-style beers such as the Django IPA, Django Weiss, and Django Lager.

Guinea
Guiluxe, a favorite of expatriate Peace Corps volunteers, is the only known locally brewed beer in Guinea.

Liberia
Monrovia Breweries domestically brews club beer.

Niger
Niger has Biere Niger, Flag in small bottles, and Grand Flag in large bottles.

Nigeria
Nigeria produces a version of Guinness Foreign Extra Stout that uses sorghum.
A ban on imports of barley malt imposed in 1990 forced brewers to find ways to produce beer with locally available sorghum and maize. The Nigerian version is distinct from other Guinness FES's found worldwide.

Nigerian Breweries brews under license Star, Gulder, Heineken, and several local beer brands, both ales and stouts. Mopa Breweries, Ltd. produces the popular One Lager.

Intafact Beverages Limited with a single brewery in Onitsha brews Hero Lager, Castle Milk Stout, and non-alcoholic beverages such as Grand Malt and Beta Malt.

International Breweries plc in Ilesa brew Trophy Lager, Trophy Black, and BETAMALT.

Sierra Leone
Star Beer is the most widely distributed domestically brewed beer by Sierra Leone Brewery Limited.

Togo
Eku Bavaria and Awooyo are two brands in Togo. Flag and Castel are also widely available.

See also

Beer and breweries by region

References

External links
 Banjul Brewery, The Gambia
 Carlsberg Malawi
 South African Beer

Alcohol in Africa

Beer in Africa


Aut - Tool

Aut - mhonnge Inglez bhaxen Tool ani Portugez bhaxen Instrumento

A tool is any physical item that can be used to achieve a goal, especially if the item is not consumed in the process. Informally the word is also used to describe a procedure or process with a specific purpose. Tool use by humans dates back millions of years, and other animals are also known to employ simple tools.

Polleiat
Tool

Konknni
Konkani-Inglez Utravoll/Xobdkox
Romi panam

Aut - Tool


Janice Ellen Clements is vice dean for faculty at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and the Mary Wallace Stanton Professor of Faculty Affairs. She is a professor in the departments of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Neurology, and Pathology, and has a joint appointment in molecular biology and genetics. Her molecular biology and virology research examines lentiviruses and how they cause neurological diseases.

Training and career
Clements earned a PhD in biochemistry from the University of Maryland. She pursued post-doctoral work at Johns Hopkins during the 1970s, working first with Bernard Weiss and then with Opendra "Bill" Narayan and Richard T. Johnson. Along with Diane Griffin and others, Clements was one of several trainees of Johnson who went on to notable academic careers at Johns Hopkins.

Clements became a faculty member at Johns Hopkins in 1978 as an assistant professor in the Department of Neurology and became a full professor in 1990, the 24th woman to achieve this rank at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. Clements joined the Division of Comparative Medicine in 1988 and headed its retrovirus laboratory from 1992. Clements successfully convinced the school to elevate the division to department-level status, and in 2002 became the first director of the new department, later renamed the Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology.

In 2000, Clements was appointed vice dean for the School of Medicine, taking over the duties of Catherine D. DeAngelis, who had left Johns Hopkins to become the first woman editor-in-chief of the Journal of the American Medical Association.

Clements stepped down as director of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology in 2008. She was succeeded by Chris Zink, a longtime colleague of Clements.

Research
Clements has conducted and led research into numerous viruses, concentrating on the animal lentiviruses. Lentiviruses are a complex type of retroviruses, and include the human immunodeficiency viruses HIV-1 and HIV-2. Clements was the first to characterize the complex genome of the lentiviruses, describing the genomic structure of visna virus, a lentivirus of sheep. She performed similar work with caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV), a closely related virus of goats.

With the discovery of AIDS and its cause, HIV, Clements' work took on a new dimension of relevance. In 1985, she published an article with HIV co-discoverer Robert Gallo and others describing the relationship of HIV to visna virus. This article helped to establish HIV as a lentivirus, not a leukemia virus as was originally thought. At the time, the origin of HIV was unknown, and Clements' work presented the possibility that HIV could have been transferred to humans from animals. Later, it was found that simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) strains from chimpanzee and monkey hosts were the likely progenitors of HIV.

In addition to her work with visna and CAEV, Clements has conducted extensive research into SIV and HIV. Clements and her laboratory have published over 160 scientific articles. Alongside collaborators including Chris Zink, Joseph L. Mankowski, and Kenneth Witwer, Clements has investigated the innate immune response to retrovirus infection in an animal model of HIV encephalitis. Her recent work includes the use of minocycline, a common antibiotic often used against acne, to protect against viral encephalitis and slow viral replication. With Zink, Mankowski and HIV researchers Joel Blankson and Bob Siliciano, Clements has also developed a model of highly active antiretroviral therapy to study viral reservoirs: where HIV conceals itself in the body.

Advocacy
Clements has advocated and fostered the creation of opportunities and supportive environments for women in academia. She is a member of the steering committee of the Johns Hopkins Women's Leadership Council.

In 2005, the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine celebrated the promotion of the 100th woman to the rank of full professor in a ceremony organized by Clements and others at Johns Hopkins. The event was entitled "The Legacy of Mary Elizabeth Garrett, 100 Women Professors at Johns Hopkins Medicine" to honor the woman whose financial gift allowed the school of medicine to begin its first cohort of medical students in 1893. Garrett herself had stressed the importance of equal opportunity in medical education, specifying that the school must allow women and men alike to seek admission and "prizes, dignities or honor that are awarded by competitive examination, or regarded as rewards of merit."

References

American women biologists
American academic administrators
American virologists
Living people
University of Maryland, College Park alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Women academic administrators
American women academics
21st-century American women

Janice E. Clements


The Souain corporals affair (; ) was an incident where four corporals in the French Army were shot by firing squad as an example to the rest of their companies during the First World War. The executions, which occurred in the vicinity of Souain on 17 March 1915, are considered to be the most egregious and most publicized military injustice during World War I in France. The events inspired the 1935 anti-war novel Paths of Glory by Humphrey Cobb, later adapted for film by Stanley Kubrick.

Background
In March 1915, units of the French Army holding a section of the Western Front through Champagne had seen no tangible results despite two months of fighting. After two recent unsuccessful attacks, the 21st Company of the 336th Infantry Regiment (part of the 60th Infantry Division) was ordered by Général de division Géraud Réveilhac to retake positions captured by the Germans north of the village of Souain in the Marne. A bayonet assault would begin at 5 am on March 10 against a stretch of enemy trenches that was heavily defended by machine guns and barbed wire. Several unsuccessful attacks had already left this part of No Man's Land strewn with French dead.

However, on the morning of the planned assault, a preceding artillery barrage dropped shells on the French trenches instead of the German lines. That also ploughed up the ground over which the assault troops were ordered to cross.

When the first wave of troops started "going over the top," most became casualties of the undamaged enemy machine guns. The remaining soldiers of 21st Company, who were both exhausted after days of front line duty (in 1915, French Army troop rotation was much slower than later in the war) and demoralized by failure, refused to leave their trenches. On hearing that the troops were refusing to attack, General Réveilhac ordered his divisional artillery to bombard their positions to force them out of their trenches. The divisions's commanding artillery officer, Colonel Raoul Berube, refused to obey without a written order, but Réveilhac did not issue one.

With the failure of the assault he had ordered, Réveilhac demanded that action be taken against the soldiers of the 21st company. Its company commander, Captain Equilbey, was ordered to produce a list of names that included six corporals and 18 enlisted men chosen from the two youngest members in every squad.

On March 15, Réveilhac announced that all 24 men would be court-martialed as an example to the others.

Court-martial
The trial was based on the interpretation of the French Army's Code of Military Regulations, which was implemented on September 6, 1914:
...discipline being the main strength of armies, it is important for every superior to receive subordinates' entire obedience and submission at all times.
The code also established war-time tribunals that employed a panel of three judges who would decide the case. No appeal of the decision was allowed. Sentences were carried out very quickly, usually the day after the judgement. Such courts martial were abolished on April 24, 1916.

On March 16, 1915, the tribunal was convened under the auspices of the 60th Infantry Division. General Réveilhac opened the case by stating it was about his troops' "refusal to leap out of the trenches," but Corporal Théophile Maupas, one of the defendants, refuted the claim: "anyone there had the choice of being killed by the shells from our side or by the fire of the German machine gunners." Nevertheless, the verdict of the tribunal was to sentence all 24 defendants to death.

However, the 18 enlisted men received a stay of execution on the grounds that they were arbitrarily chosen from the ranks, and two corporals, named Gosselin and Lorin, were shown clemency because they had not heard the order to attack. Only four corporals, three from Manche and the fourth from Brittany, did not have their death sentences commuted:

Louis Victor François Girard, aged 28, born October 2, 1886, in Blainville, clockmaker, living in Paris, 17th arrondissement, married, one child
Lucien Auguste Pierre Raphaël Lechat, aged 23, born April 22, 1891, in Ferré, Ille-et-Vilaine, waiter in a cafe in Vitré, single
Louis Albert Lefoulon, aged 30, born August 17, 1884, in Condé-sur-Vire, Manche, railway worker, living with a partner, one child
Théophile Maupas, aged 40, born June 3, 1874, in Montgardon, Manche, worked in the town hall in Chefresne, married, two children.

In early afternoon, the next day, the four men were executed by firing squad in front of the 336th Infantry Regiment. Two hours after the executions, the French High Command commuted their death sentences to forced labour.

Posthumous pardon

In April 1915, Blanche Maupas, the widow of Théophile Maupas, contacted the League of Human Rights (La Ligue des droits de l'Homme ) about the execution of her husband. She then began a two-decade-long fight to have her husband's and other men's convictions annulled. On April 11, 1920 France's Ministry of Justice refused to review the case. On March 26, 1922 and April 21, 1926, a folder concerning the Souain corporals was rejected by France's Court of Cassation. Despite these setbacks, Blanche Maupas created the "Maupas Committee" (Comité Maupas) which became the  Comité national pour la réhabilitation des victimes de guerre (National Committee for the rehabilitation of war victims) in 1928.

Eulalie Lechat, the sister of Corporal Lucien Lechat, also established a committee in 1923 with the help of the League of Human Rights. Her brother was re-interred in a cemetery at Le Ferré, Brittany on October 16, 1924. Together Maupas and Lechat hosted and organized meetings throughout France. They also got stories in the regional and national press. Many supporters were from the associations for war veterans. Protests were held outside the Chamber of Deputies in the Luxembourg Palace, Paris asking for posthumous pardons for the Corporals of Souain.

Eventually on March 3, 1934, almost 19 years after they were shot, a judge at the Cour spéciale de justice (Special Court of Justice) agreed to exonerate the four corporals. He concluded that the order had been "impracticable" and the "sacrifice" exceeded "the limits of human strength". Therefore, with "some doubt on the willingness [...] to commit disobedience for which they were convicted, they can not be held criminally responsible ". The Special courts, which - for parity - had benches made up of both judges and veterans representatives, had been established in 1932 to re-examine the decisions and sentences made by the French military's wartime tribunals.

Following the decision, the families of the executed men received a symbolic franc in respect of damages. However, the main outcome was that the four men had been exonerated. Their families could also claim their pension rights.

Legacy
The events inspired the 1935 anti-war novel Paths of Glory by Humphrey Cobb, which was the basis of the 1957 American film of the same name by Stanley Kubrick. A made-for-television movie titled Blanche Maupas, directed by Patrick Jamain, was released in 2009. French actress Romane Bohringer played the title character.

In 1925, a monument was erected in memory of the Corporals of Souain inside Sartilly cemetery, where Théophile Maupas was re-interred in 1923. On December 1, 2007, a monument to the Corporals of Souain was unveiled in Suippes in Marne. Streets in Villeurbanne and Bréhal are named in Maupas's honour. A school in Sartilly has been named Théophile Maupas since 1998.

Bibliography

France in World War I
1915 deaths
People executed by France by firing squad
French Third Republic
Military discipline and World War I
Events that led to courts-martial
French Army personnel who were court-martialed
Controversies in France
Military scandals

Souain corporals affair


Dariusz Karłowicz (born 1964) is a Polish philosopher, university lecturer, columnist, and a book publisher.
The president of the St. Nicolas Foundation (Fundacja Świętego Mikołaja) which is an NGO involved in charitable, educational, and scientific activity.
An Editor-in-chief of the Polish philosophical magazine "Political Theology" ("Teologia Polityczna") which analyzes the connections and relationships between philosophy, religion, and politics.
Lecturer in political philosophy at the War Studies University in Warsaw.
Co-author of a weekly television program "Trzeci Punkt Widzenia" on the channel TVP Kultura (on the public television).
A regular columnist in the weekly Sieci (one of the largest weekly magazines in Poland).
A member of the policy council for the magazine First Things – the Polish edition (2006-2008),
The author of books and articles.
The winner of the Andrzej Kijowski Prize for the book "Koniec snu Konstantyna" (2005).
Was awarded by the Order of Polonia Restituta for charity work (2012).

Books translated into English:

 The Archparadox of Death. Martyrdom as a philosophical category, Polish edition published by Znak, Kraków 2000, and by Fronda, Warszawa 2007, English edition published by Peter Lang, Frankfurt 2016.
 Socrates and Other Saints, published by Fronda, Warszawa 2005, English edition published by Cascade Books, Wipf and Stock Publishers, Eugene, Oregon 2017.

References

1964 births
Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw alumni
Living people
21st-century Polish philosophers

Dariusz Karłowicz


Northumberland () is the northrenmaist ceremonial county an a unitary destrict in the North East o Ingland.  It borders Cumbria tae the wast, Coonty Durham to the sooth an Tyne an Wear tae the sooth east, as well as haein a border wi the Scots Borders cooncil aurie tae the north, an a North Sea coastline o ootstaundin natural beauty. Syne 1981, the coonty council haes been locatit in Morpeth, situated in the east o the coonty.

As the kinrick o Northumbrie unner King Edwin, the region's heestorical bundaries stretched frae the Humber in the sooth tae the Forth in the north.  The historic boondaries o the coonty cover a different aurie, includin Newcastle upon Tyne, the traditional coonty toun, as well as Tynemouth an ither settlements in North Tyneside, auries admeenistered bi Tyne an Wear syne 1974 unner the Local Government Act 1972. The historic bundaries o the coonty are sometimes taken tae exclude Islandshire, Bedlingtonshire an Norhamshire (collectively North Durham), exclaves o Coonty Durham which wur incorporatit intae Northumberland in 1844.

Being on the border o Ingland an Scotland, Northumberland haes been the steid o mony battles.  The coonty is notit for its undeveloped landscape o heich moorland, a favourite wi landscape painters, an nou lairgely protectit as a National Park. Northumberland is the maist spairsely populatit coonty in Ingland, wi anerlie 62 fowk per square kilometre.

Northumberland's coonty flower is the Bloody Cranesbill (Geranium sanguineum) an her affiliated Royal Navy ship is her namesake, .

See an aw
 Northumbrie byleid

Northumberland