James Carmichael Renick (December 8, 1948 – January 3, 2021) was an American academic, who served as Chancellor of University of Michigan–Dearborn and North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University. Renick served also as the Provost and Vice President for Academic Affairs at Jackson State University in Jackson Mississippi. He resigned this position on October 5, 2015.

Career
Early in his career, Renick was the founding educational chair of the Executive Fellows program at the University of South Florida, in addition to serving as director of the public administration program. He would also hold faculty positions at the University of West Florida and George Mason University before being named the fourth Chancellor of the University of Michigan–Dearborn in 1993.

While at the University of Michigan-Dearborn, Renick's main initiatives were to improve the relationship between the university and the local community, in addition to solidifying external support for the university, and expanding the uses of information technology to enhance teaching and learning. Under Renick's leadership, university's enrollment increased to record highs, new degree programs were introduced, and $25 million was gained through a university wide capital campaign. The university was also able to secure funds from the State of Michigan for the construction of four major new facilities for the School of Engineering, the College of Business, the Center for Corporate and Professional Development, and the College of Arts, Sciences, and Letters.

On July 15, 1999, Renick assumed the office of Chancellor of North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University. On April 20, 2000, he was installed as the ninth chancellor of the university. During the Renick administration, the university experienced record enrollment, new campus infrastructure added to the physical plant, in addition to the establishing of a $100 million capital campaign.

Renick would leave North Carolina A&T in 2006 to take the Vice President position at the American Council on Education. After his departure from the university, Renick, along with university program manager Anna Anita Huff, were accused of misusing in excess of $500,000 in grant money provided by Pepsi and The Office of Naval Research. According to an audit performed, $380,000 of funds from Pepsi were allocated to Renick's discretionary fund due to a misunderstanding of the vending policy. The results of the audit showed that the funds, which although used inappropriately, were in fact used for the good of the university; therefore neither Huff nor Renick were found to be in violation of any laws.

Awards
 Received the Exemplary Award for Public Service
 The University of Michigan President's Medallion
 Who's Who in Black America

Personal life
Renick was a native of Rockford, Illinois and received his bachelor's degree from Central State University in 1970. Renick would then go on to receive a Master of Social Work from the University of Kansas in 1972, and a Doctor of philosophy degree in government/public administration from Florida State University in 1980. Renick was married to Peggy O. Gadsden of Pensacola Florida. They had one daughter, Karinda, who is a graduate of her father's alma mater. In 2014 Renick was initiated as a Prince Hall Freemason in T.C. Almore#242 F&AM PHA in Jackson, MS. He died on January 3, 2021, from Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) at the age of 72.

References

2021 deaths
Deaths from motor neuron disease
Neurological disease deaths in North Carolina
People from Rockford, Illinois
Florida State University alumni
Central State University alumni
Central Michigan University alumni
University of Michigan faculty
North Carolina A&T State University leaders
1948 births

James C. Renick


The iPhone is a series of smartphones made by Apple Inc since 2007. It is a mobile phone, meaning that it makes calls and sends text messages without wires. There are many types of iPhones, such as the main models and others, such as the mini or pro editions.

The iPhone can access the Internet as well, either using a cellular network or over Wi-Fi. Like an iPod, it can play music and videos that have been downloaded from the Internet directly, or which have been put on it by connecting it to a personal computer.

The iPhone doesn't have as many buttons as other phones, such as those made by companies like Motorola and Nokia. Instead, it had a touch screen that covers much of the front of the phone. People control the phone by touching the screen.

All iPhones run on a mobile operating system which Apple calls "iOS". A new version of iOS comes out every year, each having more features than the one before. Each new iPhone comes with the latest version of iOS, and older iPhones usually also get a software update to the latest version.

Models

There have been ten types of iPhone models.

The first iPhone, iPhone 2G was released on June 29, 2007. In the first month on sale (Jul 2007), it sold 2.315 million units. On July 11, 2008, the iPhone 3G was released which, hence the name, got upgraded with 3G wireless internet. On June 17, 2009, Apple released the iPhone 3GS which featured a compass and a 3.2-megapixel video camera.

On June 24, 2010, a new version of the iPhone, the iPhone 4, was released. It has the forward camera included, which is placed on the screen and allows taking self-portraits. This camera is less advanced than the back camera, but can be used for video-telephone, where the members of the talking can see each other on the screen. Additionally, it has an updated operating system that allows quicker navigation of all the features. This operating system is called IOS. The iPhone 4 also has more pixels (326 ppi; 960×640) on the screen than previous version of the iPhone.

A minor upgrade to the iPhone 4 was the iPhone 4S. It came on October 14, 2011, and had a new feature called Siri, which is a voice activation system. Additionally, it is able to record videos in 1080p resolution, which is 2.25× times higher than 720p, so that each still frame from the video contains more details. This makes it possible to see smaller items on the footage in a sharper, clearer way. Additionally, it allows zooming into the video to see more details.

The iPhone 5 was released on September 21, 2012. On September 10, 2013, two new iPhones called the 5C and 5S were announced. They were released on September 20, 2013. The iPhone 5S has a new unlocking system called Touch ID which reads your fingerprint. The iPhone 5C is a cheaper model of the iPhone 5S which is also the first iPhone available in different colors that aren't black and white.

The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus were released on September 19, 2014. They both have bigger screens than the iPhone 5, measuring at 4.7 inches and 5.5 inches, respectively.

A new iPhone has come out each year since 2016.

The Apple iPhone 15 Series Launching on September 15, 2023. Apple is planning to introduce updated AirPods at the event that include a USB-C charging port in order to match the new iPhones.

Jailbreaking

Some people "jailbreak" their iPhones to allow them to do more things. Apple does not allow many of these changes. In hopes of discouraging this, Apple voids the warranty when an iPhone is "unlocked" or "jailbroken." Though in August 2011 jailbreaking was declared legal.

Apps

Apple made a Software Development Kit for the iPhone, which lets people make their own software for it. However, the software cannot be sold without Apple's permission. The software that is made is sold at the App Store. More than a million apps are available to buy.

Emergency alerts
Another feature that is being added to almost every iPhone in the world is an Emergency Alert notification system. For most countries, the standard Emergency warning signal will sound in an event of a worldwide disaster. It consists of  of 853hz and 960hz sine waves which will signal in a pattern.

References

Other websites
 Apple iPhone - Official website

Messaging

IPhone


Paramount Pictures is an American film production and distribution company. It is the oldest movie studio in the United States. It has been in existence since 1912. Paramount is owned by media conglomerate Paramount Global. Paramount is one of the Big Five movie studios.

History
Paramount Pictures Inc. can trace its beginnings to the creation in May, 1912 of the Famous Players Film Company. Organized in 1914 by a Utah theater owner, W. W. Hodkinson, Paramount Pictures was the first successful nationwide distributor. Until this time, movies were sold on a statewide or regional basis. This was inefficient and costly to producers.

In 1916, Adolph Zukor created a three-way merger of his Famous Players Film Company, Jesse L. Lasky's Lasky Feature Play Company, and Paramount. The new company was called Famous Players-Lasky and grew quickly. Lasky ran the production side. Hiram Abrams was in charge of distribution and Zukor handled the business side of the company.

In 1927, Famous Players-Lasky took on the name Paramount-Famous Lasky Corporation. Three years later, because of the importance of the Publix theater chain, it was later known as Paramount-Publix Corporation. The company went into bankruptcy in 1933. When the company emerged from bankruptcy, it was known as Paramount Pictures, Inc.

Paramount Pictures had been an early supporter of television. It created stations in 1939 in Los Angeles (later to become KTLA) and Chicago's WBKB.

Paramount's successful run of lightweight pictures in the 1980s and 1990s created hits like Flashdance, the Friday the 13th series; Raiders of the Lost Ark, Beverly Hills Cop and the Star Trek features.

In 1993, entertainment conglomerate Viacom bought Paramount.

Paramount is the last major movie studio located in Hollywood. Other studios such as Warner Bros. and Columbia Pictures moved to other neighborhoods in Los Angeles.

On December 11, 2005, Paramount said it had purchased DreamWorks SKG in a deal worth $1.6 billion. On February 1, 2006, the studio announced that the DreamWorks acquisition was completed.

In March 2010, Paramount started Insurge Pictures, a low-budget label. In 2019, Paramount bought 49 percent of Miramax Films.

List of movies
 Smile (2022)
 Scream VI (2023)
 Instant Family (2018)
 Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny (2023)
 Scream (2022)
 Sonic the Hedgehog 2 (2022)
 Dora and the Lost City of Gold (2019)
 Dungeons & Dragons: Honor Among Thieves (2023)
 Cilford The Big Red Dog (2021)
 Puss in Boots (2011)
 Monsters vs. Aliens (2009)
 Mission: Impossible – Dead Recokoning Part One (2023)
 The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out On Water (2015)
 Transformers: Rise of the Beasts (2023)
 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutant Mayhem (2023)
 Sherlock Gnomes (2018)
 Paw Patrol: The Movie (2021)
 Wonder Park (2019)

Movie studios

DreamWorks (1996-2010; live-action movies)
Nickelodeon Movies (1998-present)
Miramax Films (2019-present)

Other websites
 Official website
 Paramount Pictures on IMDB.com
 Insurge Pictures

Viacom
Companies based in Los Angeles
1912 establishments in California
American movie studios

Paramount Pictures


The Girls () is a 1968 Swedish drama film directed by Mai Zetterling, starring Bibi Andersson, Harriet Andersson and Gunnel Lindblom. It is a feminist reinvention of the ancient Greek play Lysistrata by Aristophanes, and revolves around a theatre group who set up the play.

In 1996 a documentary on the making of the film, Lines From the Heart, was made by director Christina Olofson.

Plot
Liz, Marianne, and Gunilla are three actresses who have been hired to perform in a touring production of Lysistrata. Each woman faces challenges leaving their homes in order to tour. Marianne has left her married boyfriend and finds it difficult to leave her toddler in the hands of babysitters as she goes on tour. Liz's husband is having an affair and wants her to leave while Gunilla, a mother of four young children, is urged not to leave by her husband who wants her to stay at home to help with the children.

Along the tour they are met with polite indifference as audience members either fail to grasp the meaning of the play or are bored by it. After one performance Liz asks members of the audience to stay behind to discuss the meaning of the play but when she tries to speak to them of the importance of women they do not react and a male member of the company acts as if it is just a continuation of the play and ushers her offstage. Liz's stunt attracts attention from the press but as Liz is not able to identify any one incident that led to her outburst they are dismissive of it. Later all three of the leads go out to dinner and talk over the problem of no one relating to the play wondering if perhaps it would be better if they held a woman only show. At dinner they are bothered by several men and when they turn down the men's advances the men become hostile and only leave after Marianne threatens them.

On the road, a friend of Liz's husband urges her to come home on behalf of her husband, saying he needs a wife to properly support him and his work. Liz argues that she is tired of putting her husband first but her husband's friend argues that her husband's work is more important than hers. She stays on till the end of the play.

The tour finishes and the women return home feeling as though they while no one is willing to change they have at least made people more aware of the misery of their lives. At a party celebrating the end of the play Liz tells the company that she wants to get a divorce.

Cast
 Bibi Andersson as Liz
 Harriet Andersson as Marianne
 Gunnel Lindblom as Gunilla
 Gunnar Björnstrand as Hugo
 Erland Josephson as Carl
 Frank Sundström as the doctor
 Åke Lindström as Bengt
 Stig Engström as Thommy
 Ulf Palme as director

Release and reception
The film premiered in Sweden on 16 September 1968 through Sandrew Film & Teater. In 2012, the film was voted one of the 25 best Swedish films of all time.

References

External links

1968 drama films
1968 films
1960s feminist films
1960s female buddy films
Films directed by Mai Zetterling
Swedish drama films
1960s Swedish-language films
Films based on Lysistrata
1960s Swedish films

The Girls (1968 film)


"The Survivors" is the third episode of the third season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, the 51st episode overall, first broadcast on October 9, 1989.

Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet crew of the Federation starship Enterprise-D.  In this episode, the Enterprise reaches a Federation colony where all but 2 of the 11,000 inhabitants have been killed by a mysterious attacker. The two survivors, Kevin and Rishon Uxbridge, an elderly couple (played by John Anderson and Anne Haney), refuse assistance and do not want to be rescued. The crew of the Enterprise must determine why only two survivors remain on an otherwise obliterated planet.

Plot
The Federation starship Enterprise-D, under the command of Captain Jean-Luc Picard, responds to a distress call from a Federation colony on Delta Rana IV and discovers the planet to be devastated and devoid of life, save for a patch of land containing a house and vegetation. Transporting to the surface, the away team meets the human occupants of the house, Kevin and Rishon Uxbridge, who claim to have witnessed the attack that destroyed the colony, but are unaware that they are the only survivors.  The team, finding nothing of interest save for a small music box, insists that the Uxbridges return to the Enterprise for safety, but they refuse. Aboard the Enterprise, Counselor Troi begins to hear the music from the music box in her mind constantly, each repetition slightly louder than the last, which eventually reduces her to screaming hysterics. Dr. Crusher is forced to place her in an induced coma.

An unknown spacecraft appears and attacks the Enterprise, then flees. The Enterprise gives chase but is unable to overtake the spaceship; eventually Captain Picard orders the Enterprise to return to the planet. Picard transports to the surface personally; Kevin suggests they were spared because they are pacifists. Upon the away team's return, the spaceship appears in orbit again, but Picard orders the Enterprise to leave the system first, believing that the crew is being toyed with.

Returning to the planet again, Picard transports to the surface to plead with the Uxbridges to leave with him. After being refused again, Picard tells them the Enterprise will remain to protect them as long as they live, and returns to the ship. The alien spaceship appears again and destroys the Uxbridges' home. Picard orders an attack on the craft, and unlike the previous encounters, easily destroys it. Playing on a suspicion, Picard has the Enterprise move to a higher orbit; after a short time, the Uxbridges' home reappears.

Picard orders the Uxbridges beamed up to the Enterprise and confronts Kevin with his suspicions: Kevin and Rishon's house was destroyed in the attack and Rishon was killed, but Kevin, who is not human, has recreated them both, and created the alien warship to dissuade the Enterprise from investigating. Kevin admits the truth, and the illusory Rishon disappears. He removes the torturous music that he had placed in Troi's mind to prevent her from telepathically identifying him.

Kevin reveals that he is a Douwd, an immortal energy being with vast powers, who fell in love with Rishon and settled with her on Rana IV. When the planet was attacked by an aggressive, destructive species called the Husnock, he refused to join the fight in accordance with his species' pacifism. Rishon, however, died defending the colony. Stricken with grief, Kevin lashed out with his vast powers and wiped out the entire Husnock species—over 15 billion. Horrified by his crime, he chose self-exile to the planet, creating the replicas of Rishon and their house to spend the rest of eternity. Picard states that they are not qualified to be his judge, having no laws to fit the magnitude of his crime. The Enterprise leaves Kevin and his illusion in peace. Picard later opines in his log that a being as powerful as Kevin is best left alone.

Reception
In Cleveland.com's ranking of the 25 of the greatest episodes of Star Trek prior to Star Trek: Discovery, this episode, "Survivors" was ranked as the 24th best of Star Trek.

Releases
On March 21, 1995 "The Survivors" and "Who Watches the Watchers" were released on LaserDisc in the United States.

This was released in Japan on LaserDisc on July 5, 1996, in the half season set Log. 5: Third Season Part.1 by CIC Video. This included episodes up to  "A Matter of Perspective" on 12-inch double sided optical discs. The video was in NTSC format with both English and Japanese audio tracks.

The episode was released with Star Trek: The Next Generation season three DVD box set, released in the United States on July 2, 2002. This had 26 episodes of Season 3 on seven discs, with a Dolby Digital 5.1 audio track. It was released in high-definition Blu-ray in the United States on April 30, 2013.

References

 Star Trek: The Next Generation DVD set, Vol. 3, Disc 1, Selection 3.

External links

 "The Survivors" rewatch by Keith R.A. DeCandido
 "The Survivors" rewatch by Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club

Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 3) episodes
1989 American television episodes
Fictional characters with immortality
Genocide in fiction
Television episodes about mass murder
Television episodes directed by Les Landau

it:Specie di Star Trek: The Next Generation#Douwd

The Survivors (Star Trek: The Next Generation)


Jonathan "Jono" Harry Coleman  (29 February 1956 – 9 July 2021), was an English-born television presenter, radio announcer, writer, comedian, and advertorial spokesperson. He was known for his career in his native country and Australia.

Early life
Coleman was born in Hackney, east London, in 1956. His family moved to Australia, where his career began. He had Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry.

Career

Television and radio
Coleman's broadcasting career started in the late 1970s in Australia, when he was chosen as a member of the reporting team for the popular afternoon children's TV magazine show Simon Townsend's Wonder World, created and hosted by journalist Simon Townsend.

This was followed by several years as a DJ and presenter on the ABC's youth radio network Triple J, including a stint as co-host (with Ian Rogerson) on the popular Sunday afternoon comedy program Off The Record, a programme that featured the talents of comedy group The J-Team, which included comedians Lance Curtis, Adam Bowen, and Angela Webber.

In 1983, Coleman starred in the Australian movie Midnite Spares alongside well known Australian actors Max Cullen and Gia Carides.

The following year, Coleman and Ian 'Dano' Rogerson moved to Triple M, where they took the show to the number 1 position. That same year, Coleman released an album titled Jonathan Coleman's Polka Project. A single from that release, "Busy Bleeding", under the pseudonym Wide Boy Youth, peaked at number 53 on the ARIA Charts (at the time, compiled using the Kent Music Report).

In 1988, Coleman had a part in the Australian movie Young Einstein. The same year, Coleman and Rogers began hosting a new music television programme on The Seven Network. Saturday Morning Live was broadcast from Sydney, nationally from 9 am to 12:30 pm every Saturday morning. The programme was a mixture of music videos, live performances, interviews with musicians and performers, location items, and comedy performances (usually in character as Jono & Dano). The show was immediately popular, and soon became the most watched music programme on Australian television.

For the second season of Saturday Morning Live in 1989, the producers decided to expand on the comedy aspect, and introduced a cast of comedic performers to work alongside Coleman and Rogerson. The new format was not successful, and in mid-1989 the comedy component was dropped, and the emphasis on music (in particular live performances) was re-established. To appeal to a younger demographic, two young actors from the Seven Network teen drama Home and Away were recruited onto the show. Emily Symons and Mat Stevenson co-hosted the new Saturday Morning Live as well as presenting occasional location reports.

Just as the programme was re-establishing its audience, and the ratings were improving, the Seven Network suddenly axed Saturday Morning Live in December 1989. This would be the last time Jono & Dano worked together as a double act on television.

From 1990 to 1991, Coleman returned to the UK to host the late night show Jonathan Coleman's Swing Shift on The Power Station, BSB's music channel. The show was cancelled after only one year, as The Power Station was shut down due to Sky's merger with BSB.

In 1992, Coleman worked as an announcer and sidekick on the Lifetime game show Born Lucky hosted by former one-time Wheel of Fortune host and Entertainment Tonight reporter Bob Goen.

Coleman also appeared on the British television programmes Food & Drink, Noel's House Party, Swing Shift, Hit the Road, Celebrity Fit Club, Celebrities Under Pressure, I'm Famous and Frightened!, and Have I Been Here Before?. He also provided the voice of the narrator for the children's show The Koala Brothers.

In 1996, Coleman appeared in an episode of the ITV sitcom Is It Legal? as a DJ on the fictional station Hounslow FM.

UK radio
Coleman's UK radio career began at BBC GLR in 1990, before moving to Virgin Radio in May 1993, presenting the Sunday – Thursday evening show from 7–10pm. In July 1993, he co-presented the breakfast show alongside Russ Williams, where he remained until October 1997, moving to the drivetime show upon Chris Evans' arrival at the station.

Coleman was fired from Virgin Radio in early 1998, and moved to London's Heart 106.2, presenting the breakfast show. He co-hosted the show with Harriet Scott from mid-2002.

In early 2005, despite his breakfast show contributing to Heart 106.2 becoming the most listened to commercial radio station in London, he was axed, moving to sister station LBC 97.3, where for a short time he took over the weekend mid-morning show from 10 am – 1 pm.

On 25 July 2005, Coleman took over the 3–5pm afternoon show on BBC London 94.9 and from 17 October 2005, he took over the breakfast show from Danny Baker, co-presenting with JoAnne Good. By January 2007, he had left BBC London and the UK to be near his 81-year-old mother Sylvia, in Sydney, Australia.

Coleman also had a daily weekday slot with presenter Russ Williams on FIX Radio, a radio station for tradespeople in the UK.

Return to Australia
Following his return to Australia, Coleman hosted the drive time radio slot 4–7pm across Australia on the "Classic Hits' network (part of Australian Radio Network) and regional stations from 2007 to 2011. The show was initially known as The Jonathan Coleman Experience, a show he hosted with RocKwiz presenter Julia Zemiro. In 2009, he reunited with Rogerson and presented The Jono & Dano Show, taking the show to the number 2 drive time slot on FM radio in Sydney and Melbourne.

Coleman also became a regular reporter for Channel Seven's morning news program Sunrise, for which he had previously appeared presenting entertainment news from London. His regular segment was reviewing movies, and he also presented entertainment news for Mornings with Kerri-Anne on the Nine Network.

Coleman appeared regularly for many international television crossovers from the United Kingdom for Australian television. He also wrote for several UK publications, including the column "Coleman's Bowls" for Punch magazine, and contributed to the national Daily Star newspaper, OK! magazine and London's Evening Standard newspaper.

Coleman provided voice-overs and narrations for many products both in Australia and internationally, for companies such as Tooheys, Foster's, Qantas, the Australian Tourist Commission, and BBC TV, as well as in-flight programs for Qantas, Air New Zealand and Britannia.

He was the voice of the award-winning Australian 1970s and 80s music radio programme My Generation from 2004 to 2010, heard on the Australian Radio Network stations Gold 104 (Melbourne), WS-FM (Sydney), 4KQ (Brisbane), Mix 102.3 FM (Adelaide), Mix 106.3 FM (Canberra), and more than 100 other radio stations throughout Australia.

In 2007, he filmed a cameo for the long-running Australian soap opera Neighbours, in which he was one of the witnesses at Karl and Susan Kennedy's wedding.

Coleman latterly worked at Network Ten, presenting news and entertainment reports. He also presented advertorials on the station's morning TV programme Studio 10.

Suspension from Sunrise
On 2 August 2007, Coleman was suspended indefinitely from Sunrise for revealing the supposed ending to the novel Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows on air. He later said that he had not read the book, and the Seven Network released a statement regarding his actions. Sunrise announced that their viewers would decide whether he would be fired. He kept his job with 70% of the vote.

Honours
Coleman was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia in 2015  for services to broadcast media and the community. He worked with the School for the Deaf and Blind, Carers' Australia, Radio for the Print Handicapped, the Schizophrenia Research Institute and latterly the Movember Foundation.

Personal life and death
Coleman lived in North London from 1990 until his return to Australia in 2006. He resided in Sydney until his death on 9 July 2021, aged 65, from prostate cancer. He was married to Margot Fitzpatrick, and had two children, Emily and Oscar.

Discography

Studio albums

Singles

References

External links
Official Website
Jonathon Coleman at Harry M. Miller
How a jolly expat and $600m are set to change our image – Sydney Morning Herald, 4 April 2004
London Evening Standard Article on leaving Heart
Jonathan Coleman temporarily dumped by Seven's Sunrise program after revealing the ending of the final Harry Potter book

1956 births
2021 deaths
Australian radio personalities
English radio personalities
Australian television personalities
Virgin Radio (UK)
British comedy writers
Australian comedy writers
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia
English emigrants to Australia
People from Hackney, London
Deaths from prostate cancer
Deaths from cancer in New South Wales

Jonathan Coleman (presenter)


Puttur is a town in India. It is in the Dakshina Kannada district of Karnataka state. It is 52 km away from the district headquarters, Mangalore. People there speak Tulu and Kannada. This place consist of many notable visiting spots like Shri Mahathobara Mahalingeshwara Temple, Shri Panchamukhi Hanuman Temple Hanumagiri, Viramada mane water park, Camco chocolate factory , etc. This place is famous for its heritage and monuments . Puttur has Karnataka's 2nd largest Bus stand.

Popular Places to Shop:
Sanjeev Shetty etc.

Popular Places to eat:
Street food:Mangal stores
Bakery: Popular, Celebrations etc.
fine dine : Palara etc.

Cities in Karnataka

Puttur, Karnataka


Edward Lionel Terry (6 January 1873 – 20 August 1952) was an English white supremacist and murderer, incarcerated in psychiatric institutions after murdering a Chinese immigrant, Joe Kum Yung, in Wellington, New Zealand in 1905.

Life before New Zealand

Edward Lionel Terry was born in Sandwich, Kent in 1873. He was the son of Edward Terry and Frances Terry (nee Thompson). His father was a prosperous corn merchant in Kent, and later managed Pall Mall Real Estate. He was educated at Merton College in Wimbledon.

He worked initially for the West Indies Gold Mining Corporation in London, and joined the Royal Regiment Artillery in 1892. After his father secured his discharge in 1895, he became involved in successive itinerant occupations in South Africa, the United States, Canada and Australia.

He travelled to the West Indies and climbed Mount Pelee in Martinique before it erupted, and spent weeks exploring the interior of Dominica, producing the first map of it. He served in a mounted police brigade in Bulawayo, Rhodesia, fighting against the Matabele in the Second Matabele War, taking part in fifteen engagements and being wounded twice. He took part in the ill-fated Jameson Raid, on 29 December 1895.

In Canada he served as the secretary of a miner's union, and was outraged at how the Premier of British Columbia, James Dunsmuir, who was also a mine owner, hired Chinese labour for low wages in preference to Caucasians.

He was also upset by the mine owners of South Africa importing Chinese coolies to work for low wages ahead of Caucasians.

He was strongly in favour of the white working class of the British Empire and believed the British government, capitalists and Jewish financiers were destroying the Empire's future by using the working class like slaves, and also hiring non-white labour.

Terry departed Canada for Australia via Hawaii, and after some time there moved to New Zealand.

New Zealand: 1903-1905

In New Zealand, Terry first worked for the Department of Lands and Survey in Auckland, before he tried to establish a horticultural market garden north of there. In 1903, he worked as a Taihape bush feller, north of Palmerston North and Feilding, before recommencing employment with the Department of Lands and Survey as a surveyor, based in Mangonui, Northland in 1905.

The murder of Joe Kum Yung in 1905

Terry wrote letters and poems to various publications espousing his views on labour, capitalism, the empire and race. He wrote and privately published The Shadow while in New Zealand. A copy of the original is in the State Library of Victoria in Australia. This text called on King Edward VII to defend his empire against the capitalists and against Chinese and East Asian immigration.

From June 1905 he undertook a 900 km trek from Mangonui to Wellington, distributing copies of The Shadow as he went. Once he reached the nation's capital in September of that year he attempted to convince New Zealand's parliament to ban any further Chinese and East Asian immigration to New Zealand, but failed to do so.

On 24 September 1905, Terry shot Joe (possibly Zhou) Kum Yung, a Chinese immigrant, in Haining Street, Wellington. Yung died later of injuries. According to John Dunmore, Yung was an elderly Canton Chinese gold prospector, aged 70, who had a pronounced limp as a result of a past mining accident. Terry selected Yung as his victim due to this infirmity. Yung appears to have been destitute, given his lack of luck on the declining goldfields, and yearned to return to his native Canton.

Although police had no leads on the murder, Terry submitted himself to the authorities the following day saying: "I have come to tell you that I am the man who shot the Chinaman in the Chinese quarters of the city last evening. I take an interest in alien immigration and I took this means of bringing it under the public notice."

The New Zealand Supreme Court convicted him of murder on 21 November 1905. Originally, he was sentenced to death, but the sentence was commuted to life incarceration within New Zealand psychiatric institutions. Over the next 47 years Terry was imprisoned in Christchurch's Sunnyside, Dunedin's Seacliff Lunatic Asylum and Lyttelton Prison. He was later diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. This did not prevent some New Zealanders circulating a petition for mitigation of his sentence, albeit the local Chinese community circulated a counter-petition in response. A 1911 petition on Terry's behalf claimed that he'd committed the crime, which "arose from an excess of patriotic zeal," out of impulse, which was "the result of over-anxious thought on the subject of race pollution."

Psychiatric incarceration: 1905-1952

Terry absconded from Sunnyside twice, in 1909 and 1914. Under Seacliff administrator Truby King, he seemed to recover slightly from his mental illness, and was allowed to produce more poetry, paint and undertake horticulture. Over time, he developed messianic religious delusions and later assaulted a doctor who attempted to administer an anti-typhoid injection in 1940, whereupon he was returned to solitary confinement. Terry died in 1952 from a stroke, aged 79.

Posthumous interest

There has been some posthumous interest in Terry's life and times, which has led to some poetry about his offending, and a biography in the late 1970s. Terry has received a capsule biography in the online Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, and a further section in the recently published Wild Cards: Eccentric Characters From New Zealand's Past (2006). Not all of this interest has been scholarly in tone, as the neofascist New Zealand Nationalist Workers Party republished copies of The Shadow for their own anti-immigrant racist purposes in the eighties.

Terry and his trial in the Supreme Court feature in the early part of Alison Wong's novel, As the Earth Turns Silver, published by Penguin in 2009.

The story of Terry's victim, Joe Kum Yung, is told in How to Be Dead in a Year of Snakes, a book of poems by Wellington poet Chris Tse.

Biography

Lionel Terry: The Shadow: Auckland: Wilson & Horton Printers: 1905.
Lionel Terry: The Shadow: Lionel Terry and The Yellow Peril: Lower Hutt: Nationalist Workers Party: 1984.
Lionel Terry: The Shadow: Lionel Terry and the Yellow Peril: Wellington: Realist Press: nd, 1984-1989?

Works About Terry:

John Dunmore. "The Defender of Racial Purity: Lionel Terry" (p. 129-135) in Wild Cards: Eccentric Characters from New Zealand's Past. Auckland: New Holland. 2006.
Robert Solway. Murder at Thirteen Haining Street. Wellington: Stewart Lawrence. 1948.
Frank Tod. The Making of A Madman. Dunedin: Otago Foundation. 1977.
C.A.Treadwell. Notable New Zealand Trials. New Plymouth. 1936.

References

1873 births
1952 deaths
1905 murders in New Zealand
Anti-Chinese sentiment in Oceania
Anti-Asian sentiment in Oceania
British white supremacists
English emigrants to New Zealand
English assassins
English people convicted of murder
English prisoners sentenced to death
New Zealand people convicted of murder
New Zealand people who died in prison custody
New Zealand prisoners sentenced to death
Prisoners sentenced to death by New Zealand
Prisoners who died in New Zealand detention
People convicted of murder by New Zealand
People from Sandwich, Kent
White supremacist assassins
White supremacy in New Zealand

Lionel Terry


Alton Wayne Roberts (April 6, 1938 – September 11, 1999) was an American murderer and white supremacist. Roberts, a member of the White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, was convicted for his role in the 1964 Freedom Summer murders. He was the one who fatally shot two of the victims, CORE civil rights activists Michael Schwerner and Andrew Goodman. Roberts also shot the third activist, James Chaney, but it is debated by some that it was another accomplice, James Jordan, who had killed him. Jordan had identified Roberts as Chaney's killer. In 1967, he was charged and convicted of depriving the slain activists of their civil rights.

Early life
Alton Wayne Roberts, who went by Wayne for most of his life, was born and raised in Meridian, Mississippi. He was the second youngest child of Clyde Cuthell Roberts and Eula Juanita Quinnelly, and grew up with three brothers, Lee, Lyod, and Raymond.  Roberts played football during high school.

Roberts, then 26 years old, owned a bar and was worked as a window salesman and a mobile home salesman, at the time of the murders. He previously served in the U.S. Marine Corps, from which he was dishonorably discharged for drunkenness and absence without leave. He was married to Linda Walker and had no children.

Freedom Summer murders

In the afternoon of June 21, 1964, Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner arrived at Longdale to inspect a burned out black church in Neshoba County, which had been attacked and vandalised by the local chapter of the KKK. They left Longdale around 3 p.m. They were to be in Meridian by 4 p.m. that day. The fastest route to Meridian was through Philadelphia. At the fork of Beacon & Main Street their station wagon sustained a flat tire. It is possible that a shot was fired at the station wagon's tire. Sheriff Lawrence A. Rainey's home was near the Beacon and Main Street fork. Deputy Cecil Price soon arrived and escorted them to the county jail. Price released the trio as soon as the longest day of the year became night which was about 10 p.m. The three were last seen heading south in their Ford station wagon along Highway 19 toward Meridian.

Two Mississippi Highway Patrol men waited at Pilgrim's Gas Station not far from Philadelphia's city limits. The trio was likely deterred from using a phone at the station. They drove past the station and continued toward Meridian.

Lynch mob

The lynch mob, in Horace D. Barnette's and Billy W. Posey's cars, was drinking while arguing who would kill the three men. Eventually Philadelphia Police Officer Other N. Burkes drove up to Barnette's car and told the mob that "they're going on 19 toward Meridian. Follow them!" After a quick rendezvous with Philadelphia Police Officer Richard Willis, Price was in pursuit of the three civil rights workers. Posey's Chevrolet carried Jerry M. Sharpe, Jimmy L. Townsend, and Alton W. Roberts. Horace Barnette had a two-toned blue Ford Fairlane sedan. In Horace's car were James Jordan, Jimmy K. Arledge, Jimmy Snowden, Roberts, and Posey. Posey's car apparently had carburetor problems and broke down on the side of the road. Sharpe and Townsend were ordered to stay with the car and get it running again. Price eventually caught the CORE station wagon heading west toward Union, Mississippi, on state highway 492.

Soon the three civil rights workers would be escorted north on Highway 19 to secluded Rock Cut Road where they would be executed at the hands of Roberts and Jordan.

When they arrived, Roberts reportedly pulled Schwerner out of the car, pointing a gun at his chest. "Are you that nigger lover?" Roberts asked, his left hand on Schwerner's shoulder. "Sir, I know just how you feel," Schwerner replied. Roberts then shot him in the heart and then grabbed Goodman, shooting him in the chest near his right shoulder. Chaney ran, but Roberts along with other Klansmen were able to shoot him dead before he could run any farther. Roberts fired into Chaney's lower back and his head. Prosecutors said that Roberts fired two of the three bullets found in Chaney's body. After the murders James Jordan was accused of saying "well, you didn't leave me nothing but a nigger, but at least I killed me a nigger."

Conviction

On December 4, 1964, The Federal Bureau of Investigation arrested several men for engineering a conspiracy to injure, oppress, threaten, and intimidate Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner.  Roberts was one of many rounded up that day.

Roberts was indicted on February 28, 1967. He went to federal trial in Meridian on October 7 of that same year; 13 days later, he was convicted.  At the sentencing hearing on December 29, 1967, Judge William Harold Cox sentenced Roberts to 10 years in federal prison.  Roberts served no more than six years in McNeil Island Corrections Center, and was free on appeal bond.

Assault of Laurens Pierce
Roberts gained national recognition on January 27, 1965, for getting into a fight with CBS cameraman Laurens Pierce outside the federal courthouse in Meridian where he was on trial at the time. Roberts had grabbed Pierce's camera as he was taking pictures of him, which escalated when Roberts punched Pierce during the struggle. Jack Thornell took photos of Roberts beating up the reporter, with the incident becoming widely circulated in the U.S. press the next day. In 1968, Roberts filed a diversity suit against Pierce, alleging that he had been the one to initiate the altercation, which ultimately did not go to court.

Aftermath
According to People, Roberts was running a "seedy after-hours bar" in 1989. The bar was located on Virginia Drive in Meridian, Mississippi.

He died on September 11, 1999.

See also

 Samuel Bowers
 Olen Lovell Burrage
 Edgar Ray Killen
 Cecil Price
 Lawrence A. Rainey
 Jimmy Snowden
 Herman Tucker
 Civil Rights Movement
United States v. Price

References

External links

1938 births
1999 deaths
American white supremacist assassins
American Ku Klux Klan members convicted of murder
People from Meridian, Mississippi
Criminals from Mississippi
Military personnel from Mississippi
United States Marine Corps personnel
People convicted of depriving others of their civil rights
People convicted of murder by the United States federal government

Alton Wayne Roberts


Ignacy Schiper (November 9, 1884 – early July 1943) was a Galician-born Jewish Polish historian and political activist. He was murdered in the Holocaust.

Life
Schiper was born on November 9, 1884 in Tarnów, Galicia, Austria-Hungary, the son of Mojzesz Schiper.

Schiper studied at a religious elementary school and yeshiva until he was sixteen along with a Polish public school and high school. He then studied law at Jagiellonian University in Kraków from 1905 to 1906 and at the University of Vienna in Vienna from 1905 to 1906. He received a Juris Doctor degree in Kraków in 1907. He was a member of the Vienna Institute for Social Sciences. He contributed to various magazines in Polish, Russian, German, Hebrew, and Yiddish on topics related to Polish Jewish history. He also wrote monographs on great Jewish personalities in Poland and old Polish synagogues. He specialized in the history of the Jewish theater and its art since ancient times. A number of his works appeared in book form. Believing that the study of Jewish spiritual history and its leaders was exhausted, he focused on secular studies like economics and popular culture.

Schiper was an organizer of the first youth group in Western Galicia. He joined Poale Zion in 1903 and soon became one of its leaders as a central committee member and editor of the party organ. During World War I, he enlisted as a private and rose to be a judge advocate by his last year of service. He was elected to the Polish Sejm in 1919 and was active on a number of committees. He initially served as a representative of Poale Zion, although he broke with doctrine Marxism and joined the General Zionists. He was again elected to the Sejm in 1922 and served there until 1927. He never held a regular university post, but he lectured on Jewish economic history at the Institute for Jewish Studies (which was founded in 1927 in Warsaw). He was a frequent contributor to Yiddish and Polish Jewish dailies and monthlies. He served on the YIVO Historical Section, directed the Jewish Academic Home that housed Jewish university students in Warsaw, and headed the Keren Hayesod Palestine Fund in Poland starting in 1935.

Following the German invasion of Poland, Schiper was actively involved with the Jewish Self-Help Society (Żydowska Samopomoc Społeczna) in the Warsaw Ghetto. He participated in meetings of the Oyneg Shabbos project led by Emanuel Ringelblum. He was employed by the Warsaw Jewish Council's official archive and continued his research and writings. He opposed armed resistance in 1942 and favored helping select individuals escape to the Aryan side. He was ultimately seized from a bunker during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and sent to Majdanek, where he was murdered in early July 1943.

References

1884 births
1943 deaths
Jews from Galicia (Eastern Europe)
People from Tarnów
Jagiellonian University alumni
University of Vienna alumni
19th-century Polish Jews
Polish Jews who died in the Holocaust
Warsaw Ghetto inmates
Jewish Polish politicians
Jewish Polish writers
Jewish historians
20th-century Polish historians
20th-century Polish politicians
Members of the Legislative Sejm of the Second Polish Republic
Members of the Sejm of the Second Polish Republic (1922–1927)
People who died in Majdanek concentration camp
Politicians who died in Nazi concentration camps
Polish people who died in Nazi concentration camps

Ignacy Schiper


Council Tax is a local taxation system used in England, Scotland and Wales. It started in 1993 when Poll tax was stopped.

Every home is put into a band (A to H)  in England and Scotland or (A to I) in Wales depending on the value of it. It is collected by the local authority.  There is only one band for homes valued (in 1991) above £320,000 in England.

If only 1 person lives there they only have to pay 75% of the tax.

Some homes and some people do not have to pay.

References

Public services in the United Kingdom
Taxation

Council Tax


Tommi Anton Parzinger (1903–1981) was a German furniture designer and painter. Born in Munich in 1903, he later moved to New York City in 1932, starting his first company in 1939. He had begun by designing for Manhattan style-setter Rena Rosenthal. His works were collected by famous clients, including Billy Baldwin, Marilyn Monroe, and a number of high-fashion New York families. Parzinger's last showroom, on East 57th Street, was closed not long after his death in 1981. His focus turned to Expressionist painting during the final 15 years of his life, no longer working on designing furniture.

The company Parzinger had created, Parzinger Originals, was given to his friend Donald Cameron. Pat Palumbo, the owner of the gallery that sold Parzinger's pieces, worked with Cameron after Parzinger's death on reproductions of his work based on his original working sketches.

Career
Parzinger first came to the United States from Bavaria in 1935. He then started his own company that focused on designing original types of household silverware. Most of the silverware he made in the company was custom, "hand-hammering" them from sheet metal. A 1939 LIFE article stated that his silverware was unique in its "light, graceful feeling and fine etched decoration". The article went on to state that Parzinger, at the time, was recognized as the "most creative original designer of silverware in the United States".

During this same time period, Parzinger also began working on building furniture and accessories to go with the pieces. His furniture then went on exhibition at the 1939 New York World's Fair. The main years of his company saw Parzinger developing a new furniture line every year, which usually consisted of 12 to 30 items, with a number of them being custom designs, even though they were sold commercially as well.

Style
Parzinger's works were titled "high-style modernism", which represented a "more idiosyncratic, rarefied midcentury design". Most of the pieces he created were custom-built for large studios, with Parzinger using "cosmopolitan-looking designs, involving costly, craft-intensive materials and processes like brass work and lacquer".

References

External links
 Tommi Parzinger at the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum
 Heir of Refinement

1903 births
1981 deaths
Artists from Munich
German furniture designers
Emigrants from the Weimar Republic to the United States
Artists from New York City

Tommi Parzinger


Georg Simon Ohm (, ; 16 March 1789 – 6 July 1854) was a German physicist and mathematician. As a school teacher, Ohm began his research with the new electrochemical cell, invented by Italian scientist Alessandro Volta. Using equipment of his own creation, Ohm found that there is a direct proportionality between the potential difference (voltage) applied across a conductor and the resultant electric current. This relation is called Ohm's law, and the ohm, the unit of electrical resistance, is named after him.

Biography

Early life
Georg Simon Ohm was born into a Protestant family in Erlangen, Brandenburg-Bayreuth (then part of the Holy Roman Empire), son to locksmith Johann Wolfgang Ohm, and Maria Elizabeth Beck, daughter of a tailor in Erlangen. Although his parents had not been formally educated, Ohm's father was a respected man who had educated himself to a high level and was able to give his sons an excellent education through his own teachings. Of the seven children of the family only three survived to adulthood: Georg Simon, his younger brother Martin, who later became a well-known mathematician, and his sister Elizabeth Barbara. His mother died when he was ten.

From early childhood, Georg and Martin were taught by their father who brought them to a high standard in mathematics, physics, chemistry and philosophy. Georg Simon attended Erlangen Gymnasium from age eleven to fifteen where he received little in the area of scientific training, which sharply contrasted with the inspired instruction that both Georg and Martin received from their father. This characteristic made the Ohms bear a resemblance to the Bernoulli family, as noted by Karl Christian von Langsdorf, a professor at the University of Erlangen.

Life in university

Georg Ohm's father, concerned that his son was wasting his educational opportunity, sent Ohm to Switzerland. There in September 1806 Ohm accepted a position as a mathematics teacher in a school in Gottstadt bei Nidau.

Karl Christian von Langsdorf left the University of Erlangen in early 1809 to take up a post in the University of Heidelberg. Ohm wanted to  restart his mathematical studies with Langsdorf in Heidelberg. Langsdorf, however, advised Ohm to pursue mathematical studies on his own, and suggested that Ohm read works of Euler, Laplace and Lacroix. Rather reluctantly Ohm took his advice but he left his teaching post in Gottstatt Monastery in March 1809 to become a private tutor in Neuchâtel. For two years he carried out his duties as a tutor while he followed Langsdorf's advice and continued his private study of mathematics. Then in April 1811 he returned to the University of Erlangen.

Teaching career

Ohm's own studies prepared him for his doctorate which he received from the University of Erlangen on October 25, 1811. He immediately joined the faculty there as a lecturer in mathematics but left after three semesters because of unpromising prospects. He could not survive on his salary as a lecturer. The Bavarian government offered him a post as a teacher of mathematics and physics at a poor quality school in Bamberg which Ohm accepted in January 1813. Unhappy with his job, Georg began writing an elementary textbook on geometry as a way to prove his abilities. That school was closed in February 1816. The Bavarian government then sent Ohm to an overcrowded school in Bamberg to help out with the teaching of mathematics.

After his assignment in Bamberg, Ohm sent his completed manuscript to King Wilhelm III of Prussia. The King was satisfied with Ohm's book, and offered Ohm a position at the Jesuit Gymnasium of Cologne on 11 September 1817. This school had a reputation for good science education and Ohm was required to teach physics in addition to mathematics. The physics laboratory was well equipped, allowing Ohm to begin experiments in physics. As the son of a locksmith, Ohm had some practical experience with mechanical devices.

Ohm published  (The Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically) in 1827. Ohm's college did not appreciate his work and Ohm resigned from his position. He then made an application to, and was employed by, the Polytechnic School of Nuremberg. Ohm arrived at the Polytechnic School of Nuremberg in 1833, and in 1852 he became a professor of experimental physics at the University of Munich.

In 1849, Ohm published  (Molecular Physics). In the preface of this work he stated he hoped to write a second and third volume "and if God gives me length of days for it, a fourth". However, on finding that an original discovery recorded in it was being anticipated by a Swedish scientist he did not publish it, stating: "The episode has given a fresh and deep sense for my mind to the saying 'Man proposes, and God disposes'. The project that gave the first impetus to my inquiry has been dissipated into mist, and a new one, undesigned by me, has been accomplished in its place."

Ohm died in Munich in 1854, and is buried in the Alter Südfriedhof. A collection of his family letters would be compiled in a German book, which shows that he used to sign some of his letters with the expression "Gott befohlen, G S Ohm," meaning "Commended to God".

Discovery of Ohm's law

Ohm's law first appeared in the famous book  (The Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically) (1827) in which he gave his complete theory of electricity. In this work, he stated his law for electromotive force acting between the extremities of any part of a circuit is the product of the strength of the current, and the resistance of that part of the circuit.

The book begins with the mathematical background necessary for an understanding of the rest of the work. While his work greatly influenced the theory and applications of current electricity, it was coldly received at that time. Ohm presents his theory as one of contiguous action, a theory which opposed the concept of action at a distance. Ohm believed that the communication of electricity occurred between "contiguous particles" which is the term he himself used. The paper is concerned with this idea, and in particular with illustrating the differences in this scientific approach of Ohm's and the approaches of Joseph Fourier and Claude-Louis Navier.

A study of the conceptual framework used by Ohm in producing Ohm's law has been presented by Thomas Archibald. The work of Ohm marked the early beginning of the subject of circuit theory, although this did not become an important field until the end of the century.

Ohm's acoustic law

Ohm's acoustic law, sometimes called the acoustic phase law or simply Ohm's law, states that a musical sound is perceived by the ear as a set of a number of constituent pure harmonic tones.  It is well known to be not quite true.

Study and publications

His first paper in 1825 examined the decrease in the electromagnetic force produced by a wire as the length of the wire increased. In 1826, he gave a description of conduction in circuits modelled on Fourier's study of heat conduction. This paper continued Ohm's deduction of results from experimental evidence and, particularly in the second, he was able to propose laws which went a long way to explaining results of others working on galvanic electricity. The most important was his pamphlet published in Berlin in 1827, with the title Die galvanische Kette mathematisch bearbeitet. This work, the germ of which had appeared during the two preceding years in the journals of Schweigger and Poggendorff, has exerted an important influence on the development of the theory and applications of electric current.  Ohm's name has been incorporated in the terminology of electrical science in Ohm's Law (which he first published in Die galvanische Kette...), the proportionality of current and voltage in a resistor, and adopted as the SI unit of resistance, the ohm (symbol Ω).

Although Ohm's work strongly influenced theory, at first it was received with little enthusiasm. However, his work was eventually recognized by the Royal Society with its award of the Copley Medal in 1841. He became a foreign member of the Royal Society in 1842, and in 1845 he became a full member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities. At some extent, Charles Wheatstone drew attention to the definitions which Ohm had introduced in the field of physics.

Works

English translation:

  [First half], 1852 — via Munich Digitization Center
  [Second half], 1853 — via Google Books

  [Volume 1 General Physics], 1854 — via Google Books
  [Volume 2 Special Physics], 1854 — via Google Books

See also
 Ohm (unit)

Notes

References

External links

1789 births
1854 deaths
People from Erlangen
19th-century German physicists
German Protestants
Recipients of the Copley Medal
People associated with electricity
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg alumni
Burials at the Alter Südfriedhof
Foreign Members of the Royal Society

Georg Ohm


Henry H. Black (February 9, 1929 – August 24, 2012) was a United States Marine who served as the 7th Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps from 1975 to 1977.

Early life
Henry Black was born in Imperial, Pennsylvania, on February 9, 1929. A high school graduate of Findley High School in 1947, he enlisted in the United States Marine Corps on April 12, 1948, and underwent recruit training at the Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, South Carolina. He was assigned to the 2nd Marine Division at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina after completing boot camp and served with Company C, 1st Battalion 8th Marines, and later, with Headquarters and Service Company, 1st Battalion 6th Marines.

Military career
Ordered to Korea in 1950, Black joined Company H, 3rd Battalion 1st Marines, 1st Marine Division as the commanding officer's driver. As a private first class, he was awarded the Silver Star and Bronze Star for heroic actions at the Chosin Reservoir. His brother, Albert H. Black, also served in this campaign with him.

Black returned to the United States in May 1951, and was assigned a member of the security force at Marine Barracks, Dahlgren, Virginia. He completed Recruiters School at Parris Island in July 1953, and was assigned as the Noncommissioned Officer-in-Charge, Recruiting Substation, Allentown, Pennsylvania.

Black served as a Platoon Commander of a heavy machine gun platoon with 1st Battalion 9th Marines, 3rd Marine Division in the Western Pacific area from August 1956 to November 1957 when he was ordered to Parris Island to attend Drill Instructor School. Upon completion of the course, he served consecutively as a junior drill instructor, a senior drill instructor, and finally, as a chief drill instructor in the Recruit Training Regiment.

In August 1960 Black was transferred to Wheeling, West Virginia, where he served as Noncommissioned Officer-in-Charge of the Recruiting Substation for the next four years. He served as a Company First Sergeant with Company D, 1st Battalion, 8th Marine Regiment, 2nd Marine Division from August 1964 to November 1965, and landed with the Marines sent to the Dominican Republic during that period.

Ordered to South Vietnam in January 1966, Black served as First Sergeant of Company A, 1st Battalion 1st Marines, 1st Marine Division until February 1967. He was then assigned as First Sergeant of Casual Company, and later, as Sergeant Major, Headquarters Battalion, Marine Corps Development and Education Command, Quantico. Black began his second Vietnam tour in June 1969, serving as Sergeant Major of the 2nd Battalion 7th Marines, 1st Marine Division. He was awarded his second and third Bronze Star Medals during his tour.

Returning to the United States in April 1970, Black was assigned as Sergeant Major of the Recruiting Station in Richmond, Virginia. He remained in that billet until August 1972, when he was transferred to Bremerton, Washington, as Sergeant Major of the Marine Barracks there.

Black was ordered to Iwakuni, Japan, in November 1973, as Sergeant Major of the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing until November 1974, when he returned to the Marine Corps Development and Education Command as Sergeant Major of that command until his selection as Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps. Black assumed the post of 7th Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps on June 1, 1975.

Later life

Black died at his home in Fredericksburg, Virginia, on August 24, 2012.

Awards and honors
Black's military decorations include:

Silver Star citation
Citation:

The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Silver Star to Corporal Henry H. Black (MCSN: 667269), United States Marine Corps, for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity while serving as a Jeep Driver of Headquarters and Service Company, Third Battalion, First Marines, FIRST Marine Division (Reinforced), during operations against enemy aggressor forces in Korea on 28 November 1950. Observing that a 60-mm. mortar section was rapidly exhausting its supply of ammunition during a fierce attack against his company's positions by numerically superior enemy forces, Corporal Black accompanied by a fellow Marine voluntarily completed two trips to the company ammunition dump, which had been overrun by the enemy, and returning on foot on each occasion, brought back mortar ammunition in the face of a continued enemy barrage of small arms, machine gun and mortar fire. Risking his life again, he led his companion through the enemy penetration, obtained a jeep and trailer, assisted in loading the vehicles with ammunition and boldly drove through the intense fire to his company command post. By his daring initiative, aggressive determination and courageous efforts in the face of extreme peril, Corporal Black contributed materially to the successful repulse of the attackers and upheld the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.

References

External links

Official Marine Corps biography

1929 births
Recipients of the Silver Star
Sergeants Major of the Marine Corps
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Vietnam War
2012 deaths

Henry H. Black


Tobias William Frazier, Sr. (1892–1975) was a full-blood Choctaw Indian who was a member of the famous fourteen Choctaw Code Talkers.  The Code Talkers pioneered the use of American Indian languages as military code during war.  Their initial exploits took place during World War I, and were repeated by other Native American tribes during World War II.  They are referred to collectively as Code Talkers.

Frazier, in addition to his contribution to American history as a Choctaw Code Talker, also personifies the Choctaws' success in accommodating the changes brought about by Oklahoma's statehood, following the dissolution of their self-governing republic.

The Frazier Family
After their arrival in the Indian Territory via the Trail of Tears, the Frazier family became leaders in Choctaw government and society. Tobias Frazier's grandfather, Robert, was elected a county judge of Cedar County, Choctaw Nation. Choctaw jurisprudence would be familiar to today's court officials, except for the role played by the judge: in the Choctaw Nation he was always a visible and influential leader of society.

Tobias Frazier's father, Reason J. Frazier, was a county ranger, or member of the "Lighthorse" serving Cedar County. Lighthorsemen were lawmen, and charged with keeping the peace.

Starting in 1832 Choctaw authorities, in mapping and laying out their new nation, created an orderly system of regional districts and counties, drawing their borders to conform to generally recognizable geographic landmarks. A prominent waterway known as Frazier Creek formed the boundary between Towson County and Cedar County. The creek took its name from the Frazier family.  Frazier Creek is in northeastern Choctaw County and southeastern Pushmataha County in Oklahoma.

Fraziers have always been keen observer of Choctaw politics and government.  Thirty years after the dissolution of Choctaw government one was still able to describe its political and legal system in intimate detail.  "I think that we had the best laws in the country, and it would be better if we had the same laws now in the state," he proclaimed with pride in 1937.

The life of Tobias Frazier
Tobias Frazier was born in 1892 in Sulphur Springs, Indian Territory, the county seat of what was then known as Cedar County, Choctaw Nation, in the Indian Territory. The territory later joined Oklahoma Territory in forming the state of Oklahoma in 1907.

Frazier attended Armstrong Academy, a school for Choctaw boys operated by the Choctaw Nation. While a student there he participated in the football team. Near the end of his life, when asked by a newspaper reporter what position he played on the team, he laughed and said "Anything but quarterback".

Upon the outbreak of World War I, Frazier enlisted in the U.S. Army and was later assigned to the 36th Division in France, where he served as a sergeant in the division's headquarters intelligence unit.

While serving in France the 36th Division found that German troops were able to intercept its communications. In addition, they were able to decrypt the military codes used by American forces. This enabled the Germans to successfully stymie and thwart American movements.

Several Choctaw Indians served in the 142nd Regiment of the 36th Division, and with the support of a commanding officer proposed using the Choctaw language as a military code.

The Choctaw Code Talkers

Frazier and seven other Choctaw soldiers in the 142nd Regiment, noting the American army's communications predicament, devised, tested and deployed an innovative experiment, which entailed speaking in Choctaw while using a field telephone.  Choctaws were placed in each company of soldiers to send or transmit information using their language as code. Runners were also employed to extend the system as necessary.  Six additional Choctaws from other units were also brought to bear, for a total of fourteen code talkers.

The Germans heard the Choctaw language for the first time on October 26, 1918 during a "delicate" American withdrawal of two companies of the 2nd Battalion from Chufilly to Chardeny. The movement was successful.

"The enemy's complete surprise is evidence that he could not decipher the messages," the Americans' commanding officer observed. A captured German officer later confirmed they were "completely confused by the Indian language and gained no benefit whatsoever" from their wiretaps.

No Choctaw word or phrase existed to describe "machine gun". Frazier and his Choctaw colleagues improvised successfully, using Choctaw words for "big gun" to describe "artillery" and "little gun shoot fast" for "machine gun". "The results were very gratifying," their commanding officer observed.

One of Frazier's colleagues was Joseph Oklahombi–whose surname means "man killer" in the Choctaw language–Oklahoma's most decorated war veteran.  His medals are on display in the Oklahoma Historical Society.

Frazier, Oklahombi, and their fellow Choctaw Code Talkers were honored posthumously by the Choctaw Nation, which in 1986 presented each the Choctaw Medal of Honor.  France followed suit in 1989, awarding them the Fifth Republic's "Chevalier de l'Ordre National du Merite" (Knight of the National Order of Merit). The award is the highest that France may bestow.  Frazier was also awarded the Purple Heart.

Post-war Observations
"Code Talker" is a phrase coined during or after World War II.  It did not exist during World War I, and Tobias Frazier was never known to refer to himself as one.  In later years he described his wartime activities to family members as "talking on the radio", or field telephone.

Frazier was proud of the Choctaw language, his native tongue.  He spoke it at home as a first language and was proud of its role in breaking the Germans' Hindenberg Line during the war.

Nonetheless, the Choctaw language did not have a future, he noted with sadness.  The language will be "dead" in the not-too-distant future, after which it will exist only in books, he told a newspaper reporter in 1966.

"My niece, for instance, who attends Rattan school, will have no need for the old tribal language," he told the reporter with surprising prescience. "Why should she learn it?"

Frazier, who died in 1975, is buried in the cemetery at Rattan, Oklahoma.  Bill Frazier Road in Rattan is named for Frazier's son, who also served in the U.S. military.

The Frazier Legacy
The unique contributions made by the Frazier family continues through the present generation.  Tobias Frazier's granddaughter, Beth Frazier Lawless, a school teacher in Rattan, Oklahoma, initiated a student research project in 1999 with international ramifications.

Ms. Lawless's students investigated the crashes during World War II of Royal Air Force pilots in the Kiamichi Mountains, erecting the AT6 Monument in their honor.  Over 1,000 attended the dedication ceremony, many from Great Britain.  The ceremony was covered live by the BBC, American television networks, and newspapers.  It was attended by military officials of the United Kingdom and New Zealand, both of whom came from their countries' embassies in Washington, D.C., and by Britain's vice consul to the United States.

References

1892 births
1975 deaths
Choctaw code talkers
Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma people
People of Indian Territory
People from Pushmataha County, Oklahoma
United States Army personnel of World War I
20th-century Native Americans

Tobias W. Frazier


William Thomas Ebery (31 August 1925 – 10 May 2017) was an Australian politician.

He was born at Castlemaine, the son of grazier Francis Hamilton Ebery. He was a farmer and grazier in the Castlemaine area. On 17 February 1951 he married Anne Lorraine Evans; they had two children. In 1962 he joined the Liberal Party, becoming president of his local Newstead branch in 1973. In that year he was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly as the member for Midlands. With the abolition of his seat ahead of the 1985 state election, he unsuccessfully sought preselection for Bendigo East before ultimately contesting the Legislative Council seat of North Western, losing to the sitting National Party member.

References

1925 births
2017 deaths
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Victoria
Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly

Bill Ebery


In the field of personality psychology, Machiavellianism is a personality trait characterized by interpersonal manipulation, indifference to morality, lack of empathy, and a strategic focus on self-interest. Psychologists Richard Christie and Florence Geis named the trait after Niccolò Machiavelli, as they used edited and truncated statements inspired by his works to study variations in human behaviors. Their Mach IV test, a 20-question, Likert-scale personality survey, became the standard self-assessment tool and scale of the Machiavellianism construct. Those who score high on the scale (High Machs) are more likely to have a high level of deceitfulness and a cynical, unemotional temperament.

It is one of the dark triad traits, along with the subclinical versions of narcissism and psychopathy.

Core features
In developing the construct studying manipulators, Christie theorized that they would possess the following characteristics:

1. A relative lack of affect in interpersonal relationships: Manipulators do not empathize with their victims. The more empathy one has, Christie says, the less likely one will manipulate a person to do their bidding.

2. A lack of concern for conventional morality: Christie asserts that the manipulator is not concerned with the morality of behaviors such as lying and cheating.

3. A lack of gross psychopathology (mental illness): Christie states that manipulators usually have an instrumentalist view of the world, which shows a lack of psychosis or other mental impairments.

4. Low ideological commitment: Manipulators prefer to focus on getting things done pragmatically rather than focus on ideological allegiances. Christie states that while manipulators are to be found in organizations of differing ideals, they are more likely to be involved in tactics that achieve individual ends than inflexible idealistic ones.

Five Factor Model
Under the recently devised Five-Factor Model of Machiavellianism, three characteristics underlie the construct:
 Antagonism: manipulativeness, cynicism, selfishness, callousness, and arrogance.
 Planfulness: deliberation and orderliness.
 Agency: achievement-striving, assertiveness, self-confidence, emotional invulnerability, activity and competence.

Origin of the construct

Inspiration from Machiavelli
In the early 16th century, Niccolò Machiavelli wrote several works on politics, including The Prince and The Discourses on Livy. These works were to bring Machiavelli everlasting fame, as they provided controversial statements regarding how monarchs should conduct themselves, such as deceiving enemies, and breaking pacts. In the 1960s, Richard Christie and Florence L. Geis wanted to study the thought processes and actions of those who manipulate others, such as political ideologues and religious extremists. Christie was inspired by Machiavelli's writings, so he and his colleagues developed a test using a selection of statements, including truncated and edited sentences from Machiavelli's works as test items, naming the construct "Machiavellianism" after him.  They wanted to assess whether or not those who were in agreement with the statements would behave differently than others who disagreed, specifically in regards to manipulative actions. They published their results in their book, titled "Studies in Machiavellianism".

Though Christie named the trait after Machiavelli, he makes clear that he used sentences from Machiavelli's works only as a sort of litmus test to study deceptive and manipulative behavior, and that he is not concerned with their historical or philosophical significance, stating specifically that:

  Historians disagree as to whether Machiavelli was a cynic who wrote political satire, a patriot, or the first modern political scientist. The present concern is not with Machiavelli as an historic figure, but as the source of ideas about those who manipulate others.

Mach IV
Their Mach IV test, a 20-question, Likert-scale personality survey, became the standard self-assessment tool of the Machiavellianism construct. Using their scale, Christie and Geis conducted multiple experimental tests that showed that the interpersonal strategies and behavior of "high Machs" and "low Machs" differ. Those who score highly on the scale are classified as high Machs, while those who score low are classified as low Machs. People scoring high on the scale (high Machs) tend to endorse manipulative statements, and behave accordingly, contrary to those who score lowly (low Machs). People scoring high on the scale (high Machs) tend to endorse statements such as, "Never tell anyone the real reason you did something unless it is useful to do so," (No. 1) but not ones like, "Most people are basically good and kind" (No. 4), "There is no excuse for lying to someone else" (No. 7) or "Most people who get ahead in the world lead clean, moral lives" (No. 11) Their basic results have been widely replicated. Measured on the Mach IV scale, males score, on average, slightly higher on Machiavellianism than females.

The Mach IV test influenced the creation of assessment called the Dirty Dozen, which contains 12 items, and the Short Dark Triad, composed of 27 items.

Causes

Genetic and environmental
Several behavioral genetics studies on the dark triad have shown that Machiavellianism has both significantly genetic and environmental influences. One of the studies noted that while Machiavellianism is heritable to a substantial degree, it can also be influenced by the shared-environment (i.e. sibling groups) slightly more than narcissism and psychopathy. Other traits associated with machiavellianism are influenced by genetics as well, as one study notes that "The co-occurrence of alexithymia and Machiavellianism was most heavily influenced by genetic factors, and to a lesser but significant extent by non-shared environmental factors." Machiavellianism is also heavily correlated with primary psychopathy which is itself strongly heritable. A study on the "core" of dark triad traits also emphasized that the residual traits of Machiavellianism had "significant genetic components". One particular study found a gene responsible for dopamine reception was positively associated with individuals who scored high on the MACH IV, but it is unclear what specific mechanisms cause this effect.

The environmental causes (such as shared, and non-shared environment) that contribute to the development of machiavellianism were childhood maltreatment and neglect, social reinforcement of manipulative behaviors from an early age, and poor family functioning. One study even stated that "the etiology of Machiavellianism, similarly to the development of a dismissing-avoidant pattern, partly originates from childhood experiences obtained in relationships with unexpressive, less understanding, highly punitive or restrictive caregivers".

Machiavellianism in children
Ever since the creation of the construct in the 1960s, there has been extensive research on Machiavellianism in young children and adolescents, via a measure dubbed the "Kiddie Mach" test. The first study was done in 1966 as a part of Dorothea Braginsky's doctoral dissertation, with the subjects being as young as 10 years old. Studies have shown that traits of Machiavellianism and other dark triad traits were already present in adolescents aged 11–17. Deceptive behaviors by children even as young as 3 were also investigated heavily.  Peer reports suggest that children higher in Machiavellianism exhibit behaviors such as using both prosocial and coercive strategies based on how much is to be gained in a situation, and they tend to manipulate indirectly. Children who score highly on the Machiavellianism scale tend to be more successful in manipulation, do it more frequently, and are judged as better at manipulation than those who score lower. Parental levels of Machiavellianism seem to have a slight effect on the child's own level. Machiavellianism levels in fathers was positively correlated with the Machiavellianism levels of their children, but the mother's level had no significant effect. One study concluded that "parental Machiavellianism is a predictor and perhaps a cause of children's Machiavellian beliefs and their manipulative success". Machiavellianism is also correlated with childhood aggression, especially concerning the control of social hierarchies. One study found a trend upwards with respect to Machiavellianism from late childhood to adolescence, when levels of Machiavellianism are thought to peak. From adolescence throughout adulthood there is a significant and steady downward trend with regard to levels of Machiavellianism, until the age of 65 where an overall lifetime minimum is reached.

Peer ratings of Machiavellian children are inconsistent, with some researchers reporting that Machiavellian children are rated as popular, and some reporting that they are less well liked by peers.

Dark Triad

In 1998, John McHoskey, William Worzel, and Christopher Szyarto proposed that narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy are more or less interchangeable in normal samples. Delroy L. Paulhus and McHoskey debated these perspectives at an American Psychological Association conference, inspiring a body of research that continues to grow in the published literature. Delroy Paulhus and Kevin Williams found enough differences between the traits to suggest that they were distinct despite their similarities, thus the concept of a "triad" of offensive personality traits was conceptualized. There has been research on Machiavellianism using various dark triad measures, including the Short Dark Triad (SD3), and the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen test.

Psychopathy
Many psychologists consider Machiavellianism to be essentially indistinguishable from psychopathy, as they both share manipulative tendencies and cold callousness as their primary attributes. According to John McHoskey, the MACH-IV test is merely "a global measure of psychopathy in noninstitutionalized populations". Both psychopaths and Machiavellians score low on conscientiousness and agreeableness, and they often are dismissive of social norms and ethics. On the Psychopathic Personality Inventory, created by Scott Lilienfeld and Brian Andrews, there is even a subscale similarly named "Machiavellian Egocentricity". The subscale is said to assess "ruthless attitudes in interpersonal functioning".

Many other psychologists state that while Machiavellianism and psychopathy overlap heavily, there is much evidence to suggest that they are distinct personality constructs. Psychologists who stress the differences between Machiavellianism and psychopathy state that psychopaths differ from individuals high in Machiavellianism in that they are impulsive, tend to be reckless, and they lack long term planning skills. Delroy Paulhus and others have stated that this difference between the two traits is often underappreciated. High Machs have been described as "master manipulators" and far better at manipulation than psychopaths and narcissists.

Narcissism

Individuals high in Machiavellianism and narcissism both manipulate to improve their reputations, and how they appear to others. Individuals high in the two traits do this as a form of self aggrandizement to help their chances of success in a given situation. Machiavellianism scores were positively associated with aspects of narcissism such as entitlement and exploitativeness, and inversely associated with adaptive narcissistic tendencies, like self-sufficiency. Studies have also shown that Machiavellians are more realistic about their character, while narcissists are less realistic about theirs. Compared to High Machs, narcissists are less malevolent and show a more socially positive personality. They also have higher levels of self-rated happiness.

White collar crime

Research has shown that individuals high in Machiavellianism may be more willing to engage in white collar crimes. Delroy Paulhus has stated that Machiavellianism is the main trait for con artists, and not psychopathy, stating that:

Although direct research on this topic is difficult, it seems clear that malevolent stockbrokers such as Bernie Madoff do not qualify as psychopaths: They are corporate Machiavellians who use deliberate, strategic procedures for exploiting others. A genuine psychopath, even at the subclinical level, lacks the self-control to orchestrate the schemes of a shrewd stockbroker.

DSM: Trait, not disorder

Machiavellianism has never been considered a disorder, nor has it been referenced in any version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. It has been treated as strictly a personality construct. It is primarily studied by personality psychologists, as it is a non-clinical personality style.

Relations with other personality traits

Big Five

Mach-IV scores are negatively correlated with agreeableness (r = −0.47) and conscientiousness (r = −0.34), two dimensions of the "big five" personality model (NEO-PI-R). The FFMI corrects for this by including aspects of high conscientiousness in the scale (e.g. order, deliberation). Additionally, Machiavellianism correlates more highly with the honesty-humility dimension of the six-factor HEXACO model than with any of the big five dimensions. Machiavellianism has also been located within the interpersonal circumplex, which consists of the two independent dimensions of agency and communion. Agency refers to the motivation to succeed and to individuate the self, whereas communion refers to the motivation to merge with others and to support group interests. Machiavellianism lies in the quadrant of the circumplex defined by high agency and low communion. Machiavellianism has been found to lie diagonally opposite from a circumplex construct called self-construal, a tendency to prefer communion over agency. This suggests that people high in Machiavellianism do not simply wish to achieve, they wish to do so at the expense of (or at least without regard to) others.

Hot and cold empathy
There are two distinct types of empathy which people use to relate to each other which are referred to as hot and cold empathy.
Cold empathy refers to the understanding of how others might react to one's actions or a certain event.
Hot empathy refers to the emotional reaction others might have to the emotions of another person.
People high in Machiavellianism tend to have a better understanding of cold empathy and do not feel hot empathy which explains why they seem cold and uncaring. Some studies have suggested that Machiavellians are deficient only at the level of affective empathy (sharing of emotions), whereas their cognitive empathy is intact, even high. Another study suggested that high Machs are deficient at both kinds  of empathy. Studies also assert that high Machs don't feel guilt over the consequences of their manipulations. High Machs are less likely to be altruistic, and they are less likely to be concerned with the problems of others.

Alexithymia
Alexithymia is considered a key trait correlated heavily with Machiavellianism. It is the lack of awareness of one's own emotions as well as the emotions of others. When tested, healthy alexithymic individuals have been found to obtain high Machiavellianism scores. This was not surprising to researchers, seeing as one of the core traits of Machiavellianism is unemotionality, similar to what alexithymics experience.

Motivation
A 1992 review described the motivation of those high on the Machiavellianism scale as related to cold selfishness and pure instrumentality, and those high on the trait were assumed to pursue their motives (e.g. sex, achievement, sociality) in duplicitous ways. More recent research on the motivations of high Machs compared to low Machs found that they gave high priority to money, power, and competition and relatively low priority to community building, self-love, and family commitment. High Machs admitted to focusing on unmitigated achievement and winning at any cost.

The research on behaviors which high Machs engage in suggest that they are willing to achieve their goals by bending and breaking rules, cheating, and stealing. People high in Machiavellianism are able to easily switch between working with others to taking advantage of others to achieve their goals, and they are more willing to do things others see as terrible or immoral.

Mental abilities
Due to their skill at interpersonal manipulation, there has often been an assumption that high Machs possess superior intelligence, or ability to understand other people in social situations. Recent research provides some support for this assumption. However, other research has established that Machiavellianism is unrelated to IQ.

Furthermore, studies on emotional intelligence have found that high Machiavellianism is usually associated with low emotional intelligence as assessed by both performance and questionnaire measures. Both emotional empathy and emotion recognition have been shown to have negative correlations with Machiavellianism. Additionally, research has shown that Machiavellianism is unrelated to a more advanced theory of mind, that is, the ability to anticipate what others are thinking in social situations. However, some studies have suggested the contrary viewpoint that high Machiavellianism is associated with excellent theory of mind skills.

When it comes to manipulation, individuals high in Machiavellianism may, according to Bereczkei, "have certain cognitive and social skills that enable them to properly adapt to the challenges of environmental circumstances". They also are incredibly perceptive to the presence of others, and feign altruism to enhance their reputation.

Social relationships

The effects that one's level of Machiavellianism has on a person's socialization and interpersonal relationships, such as friendships and romantic relationships, has been studied extensively. High Machs are more than likely to choose better quality friends, as they can guess better who is a good person and thus more pliable for manipulation. Machiavellianism was also correlated with withdrawal and avoidance in romantic relationships. Individuals high in all dark triad traits find it easy to end relationships, and tend to prefer short-term relationships over long term ones. Women higher on machiavellianism tend to go on dates not for sexual reasons but for free food, a phenomenon known as a "foodie call". Because a lack of empathy and affect with regards to others is one of the main features of Machiavellianism, individuals high on the trait tend to act in a utilitarian, self interested manner,  prefer emotionally detached relationships, and are not concerned with the other person's needs. High machs report lower relationship satisfaction than those lower on the scale.
Though there has been research on the potential "attractiveness" of the dark triad traits, out of all of the traits in the dark triad, Machiavellianism was the least attractive to the opposite sex. One of the studies concluded that "The third DT trait, Machiavellianism, was significantly negatively associated with being chosen and mate appeal for STR [short term relationships] in women." Another study claimed that this was because high Machs tend to be way less extroverted than narcissists and psychopaths, and that "it is possible that individuals do not like cynical, manipulative, aggressive, remorseless, and duplicitous people such as Machiavellians and psychopaths".

In the workplace

Machiavellianism is also studied by organizational psychologists, especially those who study manipulative behaviors in workplace settings. Workplace behaviors associated with this concept include flattery, deceit, coercion, and the abuse of others through one's position of leadership. These behaviors in the workplace are ultimately done to advance personal interests.
Research has shown that one's level of Machiavellianism can be a major factor in  situations where workplace manipulation is involved because this trait can have an effect on the ability for an individual to "fit" into a highly political work environment. Research has found individuals with Dark Triad traits are drawn to entrepreneurship. Certain qualities found in the Dark Triad are similar to traits needed for effective entrepreneurship, such as  confidence, charisma and risk taking.

Career advancement
Individuals high in machiavellianism tend to gravitate towards particular careers, especially those that require a high degree of competitiveness needed to succeed. High Machs are ambitious enough to cut corners and use aggressive means if it is necessary to get ahead in their careers. One study found that "Machiavellianism was positively related to leadership position and career satisfaction". Individuals high in machiavellian traits are especially drawn to leadership and management positions, which became an important subject in the primary literature. Sales careers also attract dark triad individuals, with one study stating that they are "prevalent" in the industry. One study noted that those who possess machiavellian traits "are more productive but received lower overall managerial ratings", and that "Machiavellianism may in certain circumstances, be somewhat advantageous for long-term sales performance." Machiavellianism was also associated with the use of "hard" (i.e. aggressive and hostile behavior) and "soft" (i.e. joking/kidding, offering compliments) tactics in the workforce.

Dimensions of the MACH scale

Although there have been a myriad of proposed factor structures, two dimensions emerge most consistently within factor-analytic research – differentiating Machiavellian views from behaviors. Although many posit that the Mach IV scale is unable to reliably capture the two dimensions, a 10-item subset of the scale known as the "two-dimensional Mach IV" (TDM-V), reproduces the views and tactics dimensions across countries, genders, sample types, and scale category length. The "Views" dimension appears to capture the neurotic, narcissistic, pessimistic, and distrustful aspects of Machiavellianism, while the "Tactics" component captures the more unconscientious, self-serving, and deceitful behavioral aspects. More recently, in response to criticisms of the Mach-IV, researchers developed the Five-Factor Machiavellianism Inventory (FFMI), which attempts to include concepts (like being calculated and planful) that are not adequately captured by the Mach-IV.

Scale Evaluation
Psychologist John Rauthmann and others have stated that, while the MACH-IV is "a generally reliable and valid scale", it has its shortcomings. These include the response styles of the test takers, the varying factor structures, and " insufficient content and construct validity". The researchers developed their own scale instead to study Machiavellianism multidimensionally instead of unidimensionally to prevent the construct from becoming hard to study effectively. Psychologist Jason Dahling and others have created another measure of Machiavellianism, dubbed the Machiavellian Personality Scale (or MPS for short).

Game theory
In 2002, the Machiavellianism scale of Christie and Geis was applied by behavioral game theorists Anna Gunnthorsdottir, Kevin McCabe and Vernon L. Smith in their search for explanations for the spread of observed behavior in experimental games, in particular individual choices which do not correspond to assumptions of material self-interest captured by the standard Nash equilibrium prediction. It was found that in a trust game, those with high Mach-IV scores tended to follow Homo economicus equilibrium strategies while those with low Mach-IV scores tended to deviate from the equilibrium, and instead made choices that reflected widely accepted moral standards and social preferences.

A study done by David Wilson and other researchers noted that while High Machs tend to defect from their groups, they are also unlikely to succeed in the long term simply by manipulating others, and that some cooperation is necessary for further success and to avoid a situation in  which they are retaliated against.

See also
Amorality
Dark Triad Dirty Dozen
Light triad
Social dominance orientation

References

Further reading

 Christie, R., & Geis, F. L. (2013). Studies in machiavellianism. Academic Press.
 Jones, Daniel N., and Delroy L. Paulhus. "Machiavellianism." (2009).
 Fehr, B., & Samsom, D. (2013). The construct of machiavellianism: tvventy years later. Advances in personality assessment, 9, 77.
 Paulhus, Delroy L., and Kevin M. Williams. "The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy." Journal of research in personality 36.6 (2002): 556-563.
 Furnham, Adrian, Steven C. Richards, and Delroy L. Paulhus. "The Dark Triad of personality: A 10-year review." Social and personality psychology compass 7.3 (2013): 199-216.
 Lyons, M. (2019). The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy in everyday life. Academic Press.
 Bereczkei, Tamás. Machiavellianism: The psychology of manipulation. Routledge, 2017.

External links
Interactive MACH IV test on the Open-Source Psychometrics Project
Meet the Machiavellians article in Psychology Today
All existing literature related to Machiavellianism on Google Scholar

Dark triad

Personality
Psychological manipulation

Machiavellianism (psychology)