A lathe is a type of machine used to shape things.  Various kinds of work such as woodturning, metalworking, metal spinning, spin welding and glassworking use lathes.  A lathe works by turning an object on an axis and applying a tool to shape it.  Most lathes turn the workpiece on a horizontal axis; the potter's wheel uses a vertical axis.  There are various types of lathe machine but horizontal lathes are used widely.

CNC (Computer numerical control) lathes can perform the same jobs more accurately than manual lathes.  Lathes work by using accessories such as cutting tools and rests.

Examples of objects that can be made using a lathe are, candlestick holders, gun barrels, cue sticks and baseball bats.

Wood lathes
The lathe is driven by a motor that rotates a blank of wood between two centres – the fork centre and the centre – that hold it in place. The machine rotates the wood and the user uses a variety of chisels to shape the wood by moving the chisels along a tool rest.

Tools
Lathes feature the following kinds of tools: -

 Gouge – scooped in shaped and is used for removing material and rough cutting of the material
 Parting – used for creating inserts, notches or grooves in the workpiece
 Scraper – used to smooth the shape before finishing. These can be either square or round
 Skew – used to create more detailed shapes and grooves

Metal lathes
A metal lathe is like the wood lathe in the type of shapes it can produce but for designed to work on metals. Due to the material the machine is more controlled. The machine is driven by motor that rotates a blank of metal on chuck. The machine rotates the metal and cutting tool moves in different directions to shape metal.

How metal lathes work
Types of processes involved in metal lathe manufacturing: -

 Facing off – this when the end of a metal bar is cut level so the end is flat
 Parallel – this when the cutting tool cuts parallel to the centre to reduce the outside diameter
 Chamfer – this is when the cutting tool cuts an angle or taper
 Parting – this is when the cutting tool cuts a notch or groove or can completely cut through the work piece to separate it from the rest

Referenes

Machines
Tools

Lathe


Henry of Segusio, usually called Hostiensis, (c. 1200 – 6 or 7 November 1271) was an Italian canonist of the thirteenth century, born at Susa (Segusio), in the ancient Diocese of Turin. He died at Lyon.

Life

He undertook the study of Roman law and canon law at Bologna, where he seems to have taught Canon Law, and to have taken his degree utriusque juris. He taught canon law at Paris, and spent some time in England, whence King Henry III sent him on a mission to Innocent IV.

Later he became Provost of the Cathedral Chapter of  Antibes, and chaplain to the pope. He was promoted to the See of Sisteron in 1244, afterwards to the Archdiocese of Embrun in 1250. In 1259 he replaced the captured Filippo da Pistoia as papal legate in Lombardy. He became Cardinal Bishop of Ostia and Velletri on 22 May 1262, whence his name Hostiensis.

His health forced him to leave the conclave of 1268-1271, though he remained at Viterbo. He was not present at the compromise election of Tedaldo Visconti on 1 September 1271, after the vacancy in the Holy See of two years and nine months. Nonetheless, the other cardinals immediately sought out Cardinal Enrico and obtained his consent to the election. In his room, he wrote his Last Will and Testament on 29 October 1271.

Works

As a canonist Hostiensis had a great reputation. His works are:

Lectura in Decretales Gregorii IX (Strasburg, 1512; Paris, 1512), a work begun at Paris but continued during his whole life;
Summa super titulis Decretalium (Strasburg, 1512; Cologne, 1612; Venice, 1605), also known as Summa archiepiscopi or Summa aurea; written while he was Archbishop of Embrun, a work on Roman and canon law, which won for its author the title Monarcha juris, lumen lucidissimum Decretorum. One portion of this work, the Summa, sive tractatus de poenitentia et remissionibus was very popular. It was written between 1250 and 1261.

Lectura in Decretales Innocentii IV, which was never edited.

A work on feudal law has also been attributed to him, but without foundation.

Hostiensis on papal plenitudo potestatis

For Hostiensis the law as well as all political authority were derived from God.  Because of this all princes "exercised authority by divine mandate."  Civil law was divine because the emperors who created that law were placed in authority by God.  Despite this, however, civil law was inferior to canon law.

The reason for this is that the pope's authority was even closer to the divine than that of secular princes.  Because the pope was the vicar of God he acted on God's authority, from which he (the pope) derived his own authority.  Thus, whenever the pope acted de iure he acted as God.  Therefore, canon law, since it was promulgated by the pope, was established by God.  This is because canon law was based on the Bible , and God had given his vicar, the pope, the authority to interpret that text. Thus canon law was divine not because it came directly from God, but because of the end it sought (the spiritual well-being of Christians) and because of the dignity of the Pope, from which the canon law emanated.

Hostiensis believed that while the pope should follow positive law he was not bound by it.  Thus the pope could not be tried for any crime, except that of heresy, in which case "the pope could be subject to the 'ecclesia' (the Church)." For any other violation of law the pope could be judged by no one save God.  Further, except in the event that a mortal sin would result, the pope was to be obeyed in everything he commanded, including violations of positive law, since the pope was above that law.  The only exception to this was if the pope's command violated the conscience of the one being commanded, in which case the one being commanded should not obey.

Similarly, Hostiensis believed that the pope could grant exemptions even from divine law ("mandates of the Apostles and rules of the Old Testament"), so long as that exemption did not lead to a mortal sin, violate the faith, subvert the faith, or endanger the salvation of souls.  The pope had great authority indeed, he could even "change squares into circles.

According to Hostiensis the pope was imbued with the authority of the two swords (Lk 22:36-38), interpreted as spiritual and temporal power.  The spiritual was superior to the temporal in the following three aspects:  "in dignity, for the spirit is greater and more honourable than the body; in time, for it was earlier; and in power, for it not only institutes the temporal power but also has the authority to judge it, while the Pope cannot be judged by any man, except in cases of heresy."  The pope entrusted temporal authority to the emperors but retained the right to reclaim that authority "in virtue of the 'plenitudo potestatis' which he possesses as the vicar of Christ."  Indeed, the temporal power of the pope was so complete that Hostiensis considered it a mortal sin for a temporal ruler to disobey the pope in temporal matters.

This view of papal authority in temporal matters also applied to the kingdoms of non-Christians.  For Hostiensis all sovereignty had been taken away from non-Christians and transferred to the faithful when Christ came into the world.  "This translation of power was first made to the person of Christ who combined the functions of priesthood and kingship, and this sacerdotal and kingly power was then transferred to the popes."  Non-Christians were thus subject to Christians but could maintain sovereignty over their lands so long as they recognized the church as superior.  If non-believers failed to recognize the lordship of the Church, however, sovereignty could be taken away from them by the pope and transferred to Christian rulers.

Hostiensis' influence lasted well into the seventeenth century. His thought played an especially central role in Spanish theories of empire during the age of discovery.  Both Juan Lopez de Palacios Rubios and Fray Matias de Paz, who were recruited by King Ferdinand of Spain in 1512 to help legitimate Spanish title over the New World, based their justifications of Spanish sovereignty over the New World on Hostiensis' ideas on papal temporal sovereignty.

In literature

He is mentioned in the Paradise (12.82-85) of Dante's Divine Comedy.

See also
 Hierocracy (medieval)
 Plenitudo potestatis

Notes

References
Carlyle, R.W. & A.J.  A History of Medieval Political Theory in the West: Vol. 5, The Political Theory of the Thirteenth Century.  London: William Blackwood & Sons LTD (1928).
 Didier, N. (1953) "Henri de Suse: évêque de Sisteron (1244-1250)," in: Revue historique de droit français et étranger XXXI (1953), pp. 244–270, 409-429.

McCready, William D.,  'Papal Plenitudo Potestatis and the Source of Temporal Authority in Late Medieval Papal Hierocratic Theory',  Speculum, vol. 48 (1973). (This work is not cited in the text above but provides a good overview of the idea of plenitudo potestatis.)
Parry, J.H.  The Spanish Theory of Empire in the Sixteenth Century.  London: Cambridge University Press (1940)
Pennington, Kenneth.  Popes, Canonists and Texts, 1150-1550.  Brookfield, VT: Variorum (1993)
Pennington, Kenneth.  The Prince and the Law, 1200-1600.  Los Angeles, University of California Press (1993)
Rivera Damas, Arturo.  Pensamiento Politico de Hostiensis: Estudio Juridico-Historico Sobre las Relaciones Entre el Sacerdocio y el Imperio en los Escritos de Enrique de Susa.  Zurich (1964)

Ullmann, Walter.  Medieval Papalism: The Political Theories of the Medieval Canonists.  London: Methuen & Co. LTD (1949).

External links
Henricus de Segusio (Hostiensis), Ken Pennington, The Catholic University of America.

1200s births
1271 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Italian beatified people
13th-century Italian cardinals
Cardinal-bishops of Ostia
Bishops of Embrun
Bishops of Sisteron
Canon law jurists
13th-century venerated Christians
13th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops
People from the Province of Turin
13th-century Italian jurists
13th-century writers in Latin
Cardinals created by Pope Urban IV
13th-century French Roman Catholic bishops

Henry of Segusio


Adam Stanisław Szejnfeld (; born 13 November 1958) is a Polish politician. He was elected to the Sejm on 25 September 2005, getting 26,568 votes in 38 Piła district as a candidate from the Civic Platform list.

Life and career
In the 80's he was a social and union activist, a member of the underground group "Solidarity". He was interned in Gębarzewo and Wronki prisons. Later, he co-founded the Citizens' Committee, and was a private entrepreneur and an activist in the local government.

In the years 1990-1998 he served as a councilor and mayor of the town and municipality of Szamocin. He was vice-president of the Convention of Regional Mayors and vice-president of the Association of Pila, as well as the "Greater Centre for Education and Local Government Studies". Adam Szejnfeld was active in sports, winning multiple medals and performing various roles in basketball games. He was also the President of the sports club "Sokół".

In 1997 he graduated from the Faculty of Law of the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań.

In 1997-2007, he held the position of the third term on behalf of Freedom Union, and the fourth and the fifth terms of office on behalf of the Civic Platform. In parliament he served as President of the Parliamentary Commission of Economy and Vice-President of the Parliamentary Committee on Small and Medium Enterprises. He was also a member of the Board of Tourism at the Ministry of Economy, many years chairman of the Wielkopolska Trade Program for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises and a member of the Chapter President's Award of Commerce, and a member of the Council for the Protection of Labour. In parliamentary elections in 2007, he was elected for the fourth time and received 57,343 votes in the district of Pila. In 20 November 2007 he was appointed as Secretary of State in the Ministry of Economy. On 7 October 2009 he resigned, and was formally canceled on 20 October that year. In the elections to the Sejm in 2011 he successfully ran for re-election, and received 45, 764 votes.

He was a member of the Civic Democratic Action Movement, and the Democratic Poland and Freedon Union. Since 2001 he identifies with  the Civic Platform party. As a deputy PO he was spokesman for the economy. He is a member of the Convention of the State Higher Vocational School in Pila, as well as many non-governmental organizations such as the National Association of Reliable Businesses, the Polish Business Roundtable Club, the Chamber of Commerce of Pila. Holds is also the honorary president of the premier volleyball club VKS "Joker".

In July 2014, he was elected a member of the European Parliament. He lost his seat in the 2019 election.

In the 2023 Polish parliamentary election, he was elected to the Senate of Poland in District 88.

See also
Members of Polish Sejm 2005-2007

References

External links
Adam Szejnfeld – parliamentary page – includes declarations of interest, voting record, and transcripts of speeches.

1958 births
Living people
Politicians from Kalisz
Members of the Polish Sejm 2005–2007
Members of the Polish Sejm 1997–2001
Members of the Polish Sejm 2001–2005
MEPs for Poland 2014–2019
Members of the Polish Sejm 2007–2011
Civic Platform politicians
Civic Platform MEPs
Members of the Senate of Poland 2019–2023
Members of the Senate of Poland 2023–2027
People from Szamocin
Mayors of places in Poland
Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań alumni

Adam Szejnfeld


Nick Luscombe (born 30 January 1966) is a British radio DJ, having presented various self-selected new music shows since 1999 for the likes of XFM, BBC 6 Music, BBC World Service, Tokyo FM, Inter FM, NME Radio, Samurai FM and Resonance FM.

His Flomotion radio show has been broadcast every week on FM radio since 2000 hosted on Mixcloud since 2013. He has presented BBC Radio 3's Late Junction programme since 2010.

So far during his career Luscombe has worked at London's Institute of Contemporary Arts as Director of Music, at the BBC as a radio producer and at iTunes where he oversaw the editorial for all of Apple's Pan European music stores. He co-founded Musicity in 2010 and is the A&R Consultant at Nonclassical.

He is from Plymouth, south Devon

References

1966 births
Living people
British radio DJs

Nick Luscombe


Erskine is an unincorporated community in Sherman County, in the U.S. state of Oregon. It lies between Moro and Grass Valley along Erskine Road, west of U.S. Route 97.

Erskine at various times was known by other names: Erskineville, Erskine Springs, and Millra. An Erskineville post office was established here in 1882; Abiel Erskine was the first postmaster. The Columbia Southern Railway called the place Erskineville in 1900 when it built its line through this community, but the Union Pacific later shortened that to Erskine. The Erskineville post office closed in 1907. Erskine is the name that appears on maps in the 21st century.

References

Former populated places in Sherman County, Oregon
Unincorporated communities in Sherman County, Oregon
Unincorporated communities in Oregon

Erskine, Oregon


Daniel Fry Miller (October 4, 1814 – December 9, 1895), a pioneer lawyer, was briefly a U.S. Representative from Iowa's 1st congressional district. He is the only person in Iowa history to successfully nullify a congressional election (and thereby force a re-vote, which he won but with little time left in the term).

Born in Cumberland, Maryland, Miller moved with his parents to Wayne County, Ohio, in 1816.
After attending the public schools, he taught for several years. Next, he engaged in newspaper work in Wooster, Ohio.
In 1830, he moved to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where he was employed as a clerk in stores.
After studying law, he was admitted to the bar in 1839 and commenced practice in what is now Fort Madison, Iowa, then in Iowa Territory.
In 1840, he served as member of Iowa's territorial house of representatives.

In 1848, the Whig Party nominated Miller to run against incumbent Democratic Congressman William H. Thompson. Thompson was declared the winner by the state's election canvassers, but Miller accused Thompson of absconding with the voting rolls from the election.  The U.S. House resolved the contest over two years after it occurred, by deciding that neither Thompson nor Miller was entitled to the seat. That decision forced a special election, which Miller won. Thus, from December 20, 1850, to March 3, 1851, he was the First District's duly elected member of the Thirty-first Congress.

Following his brief service in Washington, he resumed the practice of law.
In 1856 he served as presidential elector on the Republican ticket. Because Republican frontiersman John C. Fremont had carried Iowa, Miller became an official elector and his vote for Fremont was counted in the electoral college.  He served as mayor of Fort Madison in 1859, before moving to nearby Keokuk, Iowa, where he continued the practice of law. He was an unsuccessful candidate for election as judge of the Iowa Supreme Court in 1860, losing to George G. Wright, who would serve an additional ten years on the Court and eventually serve one full term in the U.S. Senate.

Miller was elected mayor of Keokuk, in 1873. He served as a member of the Iowa House of Representatives in 1894.
He retired from active practice in 1895 and moved to Omaha, Nebraska, where he died on December 9, 1895. He was interred in Oakland Cemetery, in Keokuk.

References

1814 births
1895 deaths
Members of the Iowa Territorial Legislature
Members of the Iowa House of Representatives
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Iowa
Mayors of places in Iowa
Iowa Whigs
Lawyers from Cumberland, Maryland
People from Wooster, Ohio
Iowa lawyers
People from Keokuk, Iowa
Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Iowa Republicans
19th-century American politicians
Educators from Ohio
19th-century American lawyers
19th-century American educators
Politicians from Cumberland, Maryland

Daniel F. Miller


Monsoon is a 2015 Indian Bollywood romantic drama film produced by Mahendra Dhariwal and Jitender Gulati and directed by Suzad Iqbal Khan. The film stars Srishti Sharma, Sudhanshu, Shawar Ali, Vijay Singh and Raja Gulati. The film was given an A certificate, due to bold scenes. It was released on 20 February 2015. Although the film emerged as a box office disaster, it did well in the C centres where it was targeted. The story of the film is loosely based on an Italian romantic drama film Malèna.

Plot
It is a story of coming of age of a teen, a 15 yr old boy falls in love with a 28 yr old married woman, whose husband (a forest officer) dies while he is on duty. The boy starts to lust for the girl, besides also developing a feeling of love for her. But the evils of the society don't want the girl to live respectfully. The film revolves around the dreams and fantasies of the teen and the way he protects the woman from the evil society.

Cast
Srishti Sharma
Sudhanshu
Shawar Ali
Vijay Singh
Raja Gulati

Censor rating

The film went for censor formalities on 18 February 2015, and got an A certificate, due to its highly explicit sexual content, along with 13 cuts ordered in kisses, masturbation, cleavage exposures etc., by the Board.

Box office

The film collected  1 crore 80 lakhs at the Indian box office.

References

External links

2010s Hindi-language films

Monsoon (2015 film)


Siemens-Schuckert (or Siemens-Schuckertwerke) was a German electrical engineering company headquartered in Berlin, Erlangen and Nuremberg that was incorporated into the Siemens AG in 1966.

Siemens Schuckert was founded in 1903 when Siemens & Halske acquired Schuckertwerke. Subsequently, Siemens & Halske specialized in communications engineering and Siemens-Schuckert in power engineering and pneumatic instrumentation. During World War I Siemens-Schuckert also produced aircraft. It took over manufacturing of the renowned Protos vehicles in 1908. In World War II, the company had a factory producing aircraft and other parts at Monowitz near Auschwitz. There was a workers camp near the factory known as Bobrek concentration camp.

The Siemens Schuckert logo consisted of an S with a smaller S superimposed on the middle with the smaller S rotated left by 45 degrees. The logo was used into the late 1960s, when both companies merged with the Siemens-Reiniger-Werke AG to form the present-day Siemens AG.

Aircraft
Siemens-Schuckert built a number of designs in World War I and inter-war era. They also produced aircraft engines under the Siemens-Halske brand, which evolved into their major product line after the end of World War I. The company reorganized as Brandenburgische Motorenwerke, or simply Bramo, in 1936, and were later purchased in 1939 by BMW to become BMW Flugmotorenbau.

WW I
Siemens-Schuckert designed a number of heavy bombers early in World War I, building a run of seven Riesenflugzeug. Intended to be used in the strategic role in long duration flights, the SSW R-series had three 150 h.p Benz Bz.III engines in the cabin driving two propellers connected to a common gear-box through a combination leather-cone and centrifugal-key clutch in SSW R.I to the SSW R.VII models (the SSW R.VIII utilized four engines). In the case of engine failure, which was extremely common at the time, the bomber could continue flying on two engines while the third was repaired by the in-flight mechanic. Two transmission shafts transferred the power from the gear-box to propeller gear-boxes mounted on the wing struts. Although there were some problems with the clutch system, the gear-box proved to be reliable when properly maintained. The SSW R.1 through the SSW R.VII designs were noted for their distinctive forked fuselage. Several of these aircraft (SSW R.V through the SSW R.VII) fought on the Eastern Front. Although interesting in concept, the cost of these and the R-types from other companies was so great that the air force eventually abandoned the concept until more practical designs arrived later in the war.

The first fighter designed at the works was the Siemens-Schuckert E.I which appeared in mid 1915, and which was the first aircraft to be powered by the Siemens-Halske Sh.I, a new rotary, developed by Siemens-Schuckert, in which the cylinders and the crankshaft rotated in opposite directions. A small number of production machines were supplied to various Feldflieger Abteilung to supplement supplies of the Fokker and Pfalz monoplane fighters used at the time mainly for escort work. The prototype SSW E.II, powered by the inline Argus AsII, crashed in June 1916, killing Franz Steffen, one of the designers of the SSW R types. By early 1916 the first generation of German monoplane fighters were outclassed by the Nieuport 11 and the Nieuport 17 which very quickly followed it; and Siemens-Schuckert were supplied with a captured Nieuport 17 to "study". The resulting SSW D.I was powered by the Siemens-Halske Sh.I, but was otherwise a fairly literal copy of the Nieuport 17. This aircraft was the first Siemens-Schuckert fighter to be ordered in quantity, but by the time it became available in numbers (well into 1917) it was outclassed by contemporary Albatros fighters.

Development of the Sh.I engine resulted in the eleven-cylinder, 160 hp Sh.III, perhaps one of the most advanced rotary engine designs of the war. The D.I fighter also formed the basis for a series of original designs, which by the end of 1917 had reached a peak in the Siemens-Schuckert D.III, which went into limited production in early 1918, and found use in home defense units as an interceptor, due to its outstanding rate of climb. Further modifications improved its handling and performance to produce the Siemens-Schuckert D.IV. Several offshoots of the design included triplanes and a parasol monoplane, but none saw production.

Inter-War Production
With the end of the war production of the D.IV continued, mainly for sales to Switzerland who flew them into the late 1920s. With the signing of the Treaty of Versailles the next year all aircraft production in Germany was shut down. Siemens-Schuckert immediately disappeared, but Siemens-Halske continued sales of the Sh.III and started development of smaller engines for the civilian market. By the mid-1920s their rotary engines were no longer in vogue, but "non-turning" versions of the same basic mechanicals led to a series of 7-cylinder radial engines, the Sh.10 through Sh.14A, delivering up to 150 hp in the 14A. The Sh.14A became a best-seller in the trainer market, and over 15,000 of all the versions were eventually built.

Siemens-Halske no longer had any competitive engines for the larger end of the market, and to address this they negotiated a license in 1929 to produce the 9-cylinder Bristol Jupiter IV. Minor changes for the German market led to the Sh.20 and Sh.21. Following the evolution of their smaller Sh.14's, the engine was then bored out to produce the 900 hp design, the Sh.22. In 1933 new engine naming was introduced by the RLM, and this design became the Sh.322, when Siemens was given the 300-block of numbers. The Sh.322 design had reliability problems and never became popular.

Bramo
The company reorganized as Bramo in 1936, and continued development of what was now their own large engine. Modifying the Sh.322 with the addition of fuel injection and a new supercharger led to the Bramo 323 Fafnir, which entered production in 1937. Although rather outdated in terms of design, by this time the engine had matured into a highly reliable powerplant despite its comparatively poor fuel economy, and 5,500 were produced until the lines shut down in 1944.

BMW – WW II
In design terms the 323 was basically a dead-end with little growth potential. By the start of the war its 1,000 hp was already at the low end of the performance scale, and use was limited to transports and bombers. In order to build a 1,500 hp-class engine Bramo started development of a two-row version of the engine as the Bramo 329, mirroring similar developments at BMW who were trying to scale up their Pratt & Whitney Hornet into the two-row BMW 139. Design of both engines was well advanced in 1939 when BMW bought Bramo, and cancelled work on the 329 to concentrate on what would become the excellent BMW 801.

World War II

Realizing the two-row radial development was a risky proposition; Bramo engineers had also started developing axial-flow jet engines in 1938. They were awarded a development contract to continue work on two designs, which would later become the 109-002 and 109-003 when the RLM officially started supporting jet development. The -002 used an advanced contra-rotating compressor for added efficiency, while the -003 used a simpler compressor/stator system that remains in use in modern designs today. The -002 proved to be too complex and work on it soon ended, but the -003 showed definite promise and eventually became the BMW 003.

Monowitz
The company had a work camp near Monowitz producing parts for the aircraft, and known as Bobrek concentration camp. It employed ostarbeiter slave workers as well as Auschwitz prisoners in its factory. The main factory to which Brobrek was attached was a site designed to make synthetic rubber and gasoline, and it was owned by IG Farben, one of the largest chemical combines in Germany during the war. It was one of numerous Auschwitz sub-camps established by large German companies to supply armaments to the armed forces, and other companies included  Krupp, Rheinmetal and AEG. They were all making not just small side arms such as pistols and machine guns but also large weapons like artillery as well as U-boat and aircraft parts.

List of products

Aircraft
 Siemens-Schuckert D.I
 Siemens-Schuckert D.II
 Siemens-Schuckert D.III
 Siemens-Schuckert D.IV
 Siemens-Schuckert D.VI
 Siemens-Schuckert Dr.II
 Siemens-Schuckert DDr.I
 Siemens-Schuckert E.I
 Siemens-Schuckert R.I
 Siemens-Schuckert R.II
 Siemens-Schuckert R.III
 Siemens-Schuckert R.IV
 Siemens-Schuckert R.V
 Siemens-Schuckert R.VI
 Siemens-Schuckert R.VII
 Siemens-Schuckert R.VIII
 Siemens-Schuckert Forssman

Engines
 Siemens-Halske Sh.I
 Siemens-Halske Sh.II
 Siemens-Halske Sh.III
 Siemens-Halske Sh 4
 Siemens-Halske Sh 5
 Siemens-Halske Sh 6
 Siemens-Halske Sh 11
 Siemens-Halske Sh 12
 Siemens-Halske Sh 13
 Siemens-Halske Sh 14
 Siemens-Halske Sh 15
 Siemens-Bramo Sh 20
 Siemens-Bramo Sh 21
 Siemens Bramo SAM 22B
 Siemens Bramo 314
 Siemens Bramo 322
 Siemens Bramo 323 Fafnir
 Siemens Bramo 109-003

Trains
 Siemens-Schuckert Orenstein & Koppel

Notes

References

External links

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Germany
Defunct aircraft engine manufacturers of Germany
Siemens
Technology companies established in 1903
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1966
Manufacturing companies established in 1903
1966 disestablishments in West Germany
1966 mergers and acquisitions
German companies established in 1903

Siemens-Schuckert


The Flash is a 2023 American superhero film based on the DC Comics character of the same name. Produced by Warner Bros. Pictures, DC Studios, Double Dream, and the Disco Factory, and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures, it is the 13th installment in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU). The film was directed by Andy Muschietti from a screenplay by Christina Hodson, based on a story by Joby Harold and the writing team of John Francis Daley and Jonathan Goldstein. It stars Ezra Miller as Barry Allen / The Flash alongside Sasha Calle, Michael Shannon, Ron Livingston, Maribel Verdú, Kiersey Clemons, Antje Traue, and Michael Keaton. In the film, Barry travels back in time to prevent his mother's death, which brings unintended consequences.

Development of a film based on the Flash began in the late 1980s, with multiple writers and directors attached to the project through 2014. The film was then redeveloped as a part of the DCEU, with Miller cast as the title character. Multiple directors were attached to the film over the following years, with Seth Grahame-Smith, Rick Famuyiwa, and the duo of Daley and Goldstein all departing the project over creative differences. Muschietti and Hodson joined the film in July 2019, and pre-production began in January 2020. The film is influenced by the comic book storyline Flashpoint (2011), featuring other DC characters, such as Calle's Supergirl and both Ben Affleck's and Keaton's versions of Batman. Principal photography took place from April to October 2021 at Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden and on location around the United Kingdom.

The Flash premiered at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles, on June 12, 2023, and was released in the United States on June 16, following multiple delays caused by director changes, the COVID-19 pandemic, post-production setbacks, and controversies surrounding Miller. The film received mixed reviews from critics, who praised its humor, action sequences, and the performances, but criticized the third act and visual effects. The film has grossed $270.6 million worldwide, becoming one of the biggest box-office bombs of all time, with projections of a $200 million loss for Warner Bros.

Plot
After helping Bruce Wayne / Batman and Diana Prince / Wonder Woman stop a robbery in Gotham City, Barry Allen revisits his childhood home, where he lived with his parents Nora and Henry, before Henry's wrongful imprisonment for Nora's murder. On the day of her death, Nora sent Henry to the grocery store for a can of tomatoes that she forgot to buy, leaving her alone in the kitchen, resulting in her being killed by an unidentified assailant. Overcome by emotions, Barry accidentally uses the Speed Force to form a "Chronobowl" and travel back in time earlier in the day. Despite Bruce's warnings of time travel's unintended consequences, Barry time travels and places the can of tomatoes in Nora's cart at the store, so that his father will not have to leave the house. As he returns to the present, Barry is knocked out of the Chronobowl by an unknown speedster and ends up in a 2013 where Nora is alive. He encounters his parents, his past self, and realizes this is the day he originally obtained his powers.

In order to make sure his past self gains superpowers, the two Barrys go to the Central City Police Department, where Barry re-enacts the event for 2013-Barry to be struck by lightning. Both end up getting struck by the lightning, giving 2013-Barry powers, but causing Barry to lose his own. As Barry struggles to train 2013-Barry on properly using his powers, they learn that General Zod is preparing to invade Earth. In an effort to fight Zod, the Barrys attempt to assemble the Justice League but are unsuccessful; in their timeline, they cannot locate Diana, Victor Stone has not gained his abilities yet, and Arthur Curry was never born. They travel to Wayne Manor, hoping to find Bruce, but instead find an alternate variant who has long retired. Bruce theorizes that using time travel to alter history affects events both prior to and after the alteration. They convince Bruce to return as Batman and help them find Kal-El / Superman.

The Barrys and Batman locate a Kryptonian pod discovered in Siberia. Upon arrival, they instead find Kal-El's cousin, Kara Zor-El, imprisoned in the facility. They rescue Kara and return to Wayne mansion. Barry enlists Bruce's help to regain his power once more. The first two attempts fail, prompting Kara to fly Barry into a storm, where he regains his powers. Kara and Batman join the Barrys to fight Zod and his forces. During the battle, Kara learns that Zod had intercepted Kal-El's escape pod and killed him in the process of extracting the Codex needed to repopulate the Kryptonian species. The Codex is actually within Kara. Zod subdues and kills her, then extracts the Codex from her blood; meanwhile, Batman sacrifices himself in an unsuccessful attempt to destroy Zod's ship.

The Barrys repeatedly time travel to save Batman and Kara but keep failing. Barry realizes that this sequence of events cannot be changed, but 2013-Barry keeps trying. As 2013-Barry travels, the multiverse starts to implode. The unknown speedster who initially knocked Barry out of the Speed Force returns and is revealed to be an older, future version of 2013-Barry who still believes he can defeat Zod and save his Earth. He becomes angry when Barry reveals his intention to reverse the changes he made to the timeline by letting Nora die. The elder 2013-Barry attempts to kill Barry, but instead impales young 2013-Barry, who sacrifices himself to save Barry and wipe his future self from the timeline.

Barry reverts the timeline and comes to terms with his mother's death; however, he subtly alters the past by moving the tomato cans to a higher shelf. Returning to the present day, Barry attends Henry's court hearing, where the security footage now reveals Henry looking up to grab the tomato can, allowing for his exoneration. After returning to the present, Barry is contacted by Bruce, whose appearance has changed once again as a result of the timeline alteration.

Cast

 Ezra Miller as Barry Allen / The Flash:A police forensic investigator from Central City and member of the Justice League who can move at superhuman speeds using the Speed Force. Miller described Barry as multi-dimensional, with human flaws. Miller also portrays an alternate younger version of Barry from 2013, and a dark, corrupted older version of the same Barry. Ian Loh portrays a young Barry in flashbacks, and Ed Wade, who is Miller's acting double, physically portrays 2013-Barry in scenes featuring both versions of the character.
 Sasha Calle as Kara Zor-El / Supergirl: A powerful Kryptonian who possesses powers, abilities, and a costume similar to her cousin, Kal-El / Clark Kent / Superman. Calle is the first Latina actress to portray Supergirl.
 Michael Shannon as General Zod:A Kryptonian general who possesses the same powers as Superman and was killed by him in Man of Steel (2013). This version hails from an alternate timeline, where Kara landed on Earth instead of Kal-El. Shannon received Man of Steel director Zack Snyder's blessing to reprise his role, after initially being hesitant to do so given the troubled history between Snyder and Warner Bros. regarding his later DCEU productions.
 Ron Livingston as Henry Allen:Barry's father who was wrongfully convicted of his wife's murder. Livingston replaces Billy Crudup, who previously portrayed the character in Justice League (2017) and its director's cut Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021).
 Maribel Verdú as Nora Allen: Barry's mother who was killed in his youth.
 Kiersey Clemons as Iris West: A journalist for the Picture News and love interest for Barry.
 Antje Traue as Faora-Ul: General Zod's second-in-command, who was sent to the Phantom Zone at the end of Man of Steel. This version hails from an alternate timeline, where Kara landed on Earth instead of Kal-El.
 Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne / Batman:A wealthy socialite from Gotham City who moonlights as a crimefighting vigilante. This version of Wayne is a variation of the DCEU character portrayed by Ben Affleck, as a result of Barry's tampering with the timeline. Keaton previously played the character in the films Batman (1989) and Batman Returns (1992).
 Affleck appears, uncredited, as the original version of Bruce Wayne / Batman from Barry's timeline and the leader of the Justice League, reprising his role from past DCEU appearances. Director Andy Muschietti said the character has a substantial emotional impact on the film through his relationship with Barry, in part because their mothers were both killed. Affleck said his scenes in the film were his favorite as the character and a "nice finish" for his time as Batman. He added that he felt that the five minutes of his scenes in the film were the first time he "really understood the character" and figured out how to play him.
 George Clooney appears, uncredited, as a variation of Bruce Wayne, replacing Affleck's version in the ending; Clooney previously portrayed the character in Batman & Robin (1997).

Also reprising their respective DCEU roles are Jeremy Irons as Alfred Pennyworth, Temuera Morrison as an alternate version of Tom Curry from 2013-Barry's timeline, Gal Gadot (uncredited) as Diana Prince / Wonder Woman, and Jason Momoa (uncredited) as Arthur Curry / Aquaman. Additionally, Saoirse-Monica Jackson and Rudy Mancuso respectively portray Patty Spivot and Albert Desmond, Barry's co-workers, whilst Sanjeev Bhaskar appears as Barry's boss, David Singh. Luke Brandon Field portrays Al Falcone, the leader of a terrorist crew who robs Gotham General Hospital in the beginning of the film. Nikolaj Coster-Waldau appears uncredited as a man whom 2013-Barry steals a piece of pizza from, and director Andy Muschietti makes a cameo appearance as a reporter Barry steals a hot dog from in the present day. Karl Collins appears as Henry Allen's lawyer.

The DCEU version of Superman also appears through the use of computer-generated imagery (CGI) using Henry Cavill's likeness; Cavill had filmed additional scenes as the character for the film, but they were removed during post-production. Jai Courtney appears as Digger Harkness / Captain Boomerang in a similar CGI sequence in the film. Nicolas Cage makes a cameo appearance as an alternate version of Superman, after he previously voiced the character in the unrelated animated film Teen Titans Go! To the Movies (2018); he was originally cast as Superman in Tim Burton's unproduced film Superman Lives. Cage shot his scenes through volumetric capture and CGI was used to deage him. Through the use of artificial intelligence and deepfaking, previous incarnations of Superman, Batman, and Supergirl appear during the "Speed Force" sequence, including Christopher Reeve as Superman from the 1978–1987 Superman films, Helen Slater as Supergirl from Supergirl (1984), Adam West as Batman from the 1966 film and television series, and George Reeves as his version of Superman from Superman and the Mole Men (1951) and Adventures of Superman (1952–1958), through the use of archive footage. Archival recordings of Cesar Romero and Jack Nicholson as their versions of Joker from the 1960s series and 1989 film, respectively, along with Eartha Kitt's Catwoman from the 1960s series, are also featured. The character Jay Garrick also appears through the use of CGI; his likeness was based on Jason Ballantine, one of the film's editors.

Production

Development

Early attempts
Development on a film based on the DC character the Flash began in the late 1980s when Warner Bros. Pictures hired comic book writer Jeph Loeb to write a screenplay. Warner Bros. hired David S. Goyer to write, direct, and produce a new version of The Flash in December 2004 after he impressed them with his script for Batman Begins (2005). Goyer approached Ryan Reynolds to portray Wally West / The Flash after working with him on the Marvel Comics-based film Blade: Trinity (2004) and intended to have the character Barry Allen appear in a supporting role. Goyer was influenced for the film's tone by Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy and the Flash comic book runs by Mike Baron, Mark Waid and Geoff Johns. By early February 2007, Goyer left the project over creative differences with the studio, and Shawn Levy was hired to direct and oversee the writing of a new draft written by Chris Brancato, which used elements from Goyer's script. Later that month, Warner Bros. announced the development of a Justice League film, with Michelle and Kieran Mulroney writing the screenplay. George Miller signed on to direct the film, titled Justice League: Mortal, in September, with Adam Brody cast as the Flash. It was envisioned as the start of a franchise with planned sequels and spin-offs, including the Flash film.

Levy left The Flash in October 2007 because of scheduling conflicts with Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian (2009). David Dobkin took over as director and began developing the film as a spin-off from Justice League: Mortal, with a focus on Wally West. Craig Wright was writing a script for the film the next month, before Justice League: Mortal was canceled and Warner Bros. set a 2008 release for The Flash. Further development was delayed by the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike. Charles Roven joined the project as a producer by July 2009, with Geoff Johns consulting and writing a film treatment that Dan Mazeau adapted into a screenplay. In October, Roven said the studio was not confident enough in their take to green-light the film, though Mazeau disputed this and said the film was moving forward as planned. In June 2010, Green Lantern (2011) writers Greg Berlanti, Michael Green, and Marc Guggenheim were hired to write a new treatment for The Flash based on a recent comics run by Johns that featured Barry Allen.

DC Extended Universe

Warner Bros. was planning a new shared universe of films based on DC by July 2013 and had tentative plans to release a Flash film in 2016. In October 2014, Warner Bros. and DC Films announced a slate of planned projects as part of the new DC Extended Universe (DCEU). The Flash was set for release on March 23, 2018, with Ezra Miller set to star in the film as Barry Allen / The Flash; Miller first made cameo appearances in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) and Suicide Squad (2016), starred in the team-up film Justice League (2017), and briefly appeared in the Arrowverse crossover event "Crisis on Infinite Earths" (2019–20), which acknowledged a wider DC Multiverse, and in the first season of the series Peacemaker (2022–present). Warner Bros. offered James Wan the choice of directing a movie about either Aquaman or the Flash, and he ultimately chose to make Aquaman (2018). By April 2015, Phil Lord and Christopher Miller were writing a story treatment for the Flash film with the possibility of directing it. After they decided to direct Solo: A Star Wars Story (2018) instead, Seth Grahame-Smith entered negotiations to write and direct the film based on Lord and Christopher Miller's treatment in October 2015. Grahame-Smith was set to make his directorial debut with the film, with Roven producing and Deborah and Zack Snyder executive producing. In February 2016, the film's release date was moved forward to March 16, 2018. Grahame-Smith left the project that April, citing creative differences. Warner Bros. chose to retain his script, and he was still expected to be involved in the project moving forward, while Lord and Christopher Miller were also still involved as producers. A search for a replacement director began immediately.

Rick Famuyiwa was hired to take over as director in June 2016, with Warner Bros. feeling that Famuyiwa's vision for the film would resonate with younger audiences and also be compatible with Grahame-Smith's existing script. Filming was expected to begin later in 2016 and was not believed to be delayed by the director change. Famuyiwa's top choice to portray the film's female lead, Iris West, was Kiersey Clemons, whom he had worked with on Dope (2015). Rita Ora and Lucy Boynton were also in the running for the role, but Clemons was cast as the character at the end of July. At that time, Warner Bros. gave the film's release date to Tomb Raider (2018), leaving The Flash without a release date. In August, Ray Fisher was set to appear in the film, reprising his role as Victor Stone / Cyborg from Batman v Superman and Justice League. Famuyiwa completed a revision of the script a month later, when Gal Gadot was set to reprise her role as Diana Prince / Wonder Woman from Batman v Superman, Wonder Woman (2017), and Justice League and Billy Crudup was in negotiations to portray Barry's father, Henry Allen. Clemons and Crudup both filmed cameo appearances for Justice League after being cast in The Flash. Pre-production began by October ahead of a filming start in March 2017, scheduled before another commitment that Ezra Miller had in July. At the end of October, Famuyiwa left the project after not being able to "come together creatively" with the studio, which disagreed with the more mature direction that Famuyiwa wanted to take the film.

The film was put on hold while the studio searched for a new director and Ezra Miller prepared to film Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald (2018). During that time, Warner Bros. decided to take the film in a new direction, and in January 2017, Joby Harold was hired to do a page-one rewrite of the script. He handed in a draft by May, when the studio's top choices to direct were Robert Zemeckis and Matthew Vaughn. Both had expressed interest in the project but had potential scheduling issues that could prevent them from taking it on. Raimi, Marc Webb, and Jordan Peele had already turned down offers to direct the film, as did Ben Affleck, who portrayed Bruce Wayne / Batman in previous DCEU films. At the July 2017 San Diego Comic-Con, the film was announced with the new title Flashpoint, based on the comic book of the same title in which Allen travels back in time to save his mother's life and accidentally creates an alternate time line. Dan Mazeau contributed to the script during this time. Johns confirmed in November that the Flashpoint concept would allow the film to tell a unique story about Batman, with the comic book storyline exploring a time line where Thomas Wayne is Batman; Jeffrey Dean Morgan expressed interest in reprising his role as Thomas Wayne from Batman v Superman.

In January 2018, the filmmaking duo John Francis Daley and Jonathan Goldstein entered negotiations to write and direct the film after the studio chose not to wait for Zemeckis's schedule to be free. Daley and Goldstein were confirmed as directors in March, and the film's title reverted to The Flash the next month. Filming was expected to begin in Atlanta in February 2019, but Ezra Miller's commitments to Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore (2022) delayed filming again. The Flash was aiming for a 2021 release at that point. In mid-March 2019, Ezra Miller was revealed to be writing a new version of the film's script with comic book writer Grant Morrison. They disagreed with the lighthearted approach to the film that Daley and Goldstein were taking, though that was Warner Bros.' preferred direction for it. The new script could be submitted to the studio by the end of the month, and if the studio did not like Miller and Morrison's take, there was potential for the actor to leave the film; Miller's holding deal to star in the film was expected to end in May.

Morrison later said that Miller had not been happy with the prior scripts and approached Morrison with their ideas, and the pair were given two weeks by Warner Bros. to write the script in Scotland. Morrison described their script as "a Flash story", which they felt was a more science-fiction story similar to Back to the Future (1985), but said that the studio wanted to explore the multiverse and other DC characters with the film instead. Morrison also denied reports that Miller wanted the film to have a dark tone and said their script had dark aspects related to the Flashpoint story. The studio rejected Miller and Morrison's script in May but asked Miller to remain as star of the film. Daley and Goldstein left the project in July, and Warner Bros. chose Christina Hodson to write a new screenplay for the film after writing its DC film Birds of Prey (2020). Andy Muschietti entered negotiations to direct the film, with his sister Barbara set to produce alongside Michael Disco. A January 2020 pre-production start was expected. The involvement of Andy Muschietti and Hodson was confirmed in November 2019, and filming was expected to begin in 2021 after Ezra Miller finished filming The Secrets of Dumbledore. A month later, Warner Bros. scheduled The Flash for release on July 1, 2022.

Pre-production

Andy Muschietti said in January 2020 that the film would still adapt elements of the Flashpoint comic book storyline but that it would be telling a different version of that story. Muschietti later elaborated that he was requested to adapt the storyline by Warner Bros., but recognized it as a great story due to employing time travel to include Barry Allen's origin story and Batman, though Muschietti personally feels that his film is more suspenseful than the comic due to making a more emotional experience whereas the original comic's structure is more like Jacob's Ladder (1990). In April 2020, the film's release was moved forward to June 3, 2022, when Warner Bros. shifted its schedule because of the COVID-19 pandemic. That June, Michael Keaton entered early negotiations to reprise his role as Bruce Wayne / Batman from Tim Burton's Batman (1989) and Batman Returns (1992). Fisher discussed his role as Cyborg in the film with Muschietti that month before Warner Bros. set a two-week shoot for Fisher to film what was referred to as a cameo appearance alongside other Justice League actors. Fisher said the studio only offered to pay him a fraction of his traditional salary for reprising the role.

In August, Keaton was confirmed to be appearing in the film, and Affleck agreed to reprise his version of Batman. Muschietti explained that the film would be introducing the idea of the multiverse to general audiences by including multiple versions of characters and acknowledging past film franchises based on DC as alternate universes. It was important for Muschietti to include Affleck in the film since his version of Batman is the "baseline" for the DCEU, and he felt the introduction of Keaton's Batman would not work as well without first seeing the Flash's relationship with Affleck's Batman. Affleck chose to return, after saying he had retired from the character, because he would have a smaller role in the film.

During the virtual DC FanDome event "Explore the Multiverse" in September 2020, Barbara Muschietti said the film would feature many characters from the DC Universe and the Flash would serve as the bridge between them and their different time lines. She added that the film would be used to restart the continuity of the DCEU without disregarding the events of the prior films. Crudup, who left the film during the changes in directors, entered negotiations to rejoin the project a month later. Clemons's involvement was uncertain at that point. The film's release was pushed back to November 4, 2022, by further pandemic-related delays, and filming was set to begin in March 2021 in London. Warner Bros. had written Cyborg out of the film by January 2021 after Fisher refused to work on any project that DC Films president Walter Hamada was involved in. Fisher said this was due to Hamada's handling of an investigation into the on-set behavior of Justice League replacement director, Joss Whedon. The role of Cyborg was not expected to be recast.

Andy and Barbara Muschietti arrived in the United Kingdom to prepare for production, with filming set to begin in April at Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden, after Ezra Miller finished on The Secrets of Dumbledore. In February, construction for sets at Leavesden Studios had begun, Crudup was confirmed to be returning, and Sasha Calle was cast as Supergirl. Calle was chosen from a group of more than 425 actresses that also included Bruna Marquezine. All auditions for the role, as well as chemistry tests with Ezra Miller, took place over Zoom.

In March 2021, Clemons signed a new deal to star as Iris West in the film after her role in Justice League was cut (though the cameo was restored in the 2021 director's cut, Zack Snyder's Justice League). Maribel Verdú was cast to portray Barry Allen's mother, Nora Allen, but Crudup was forced to drop out of the film because of scheduling conflicts with his series The Morning Show. The role of Henry Allen was expected to be recast. At the end of March, Keaton said he had received an older version of the script but had not yet read it and would have to read the latest draft before deciding if he could commit to the film. He also cited the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom as a concern for his involvement, as well as balancing his other commitments.

Shortly after, Ron Livingston was cast to replace Crudup as Henry Allen, with Ian Loh cast as a young Barry Allen and Saoirse-Monica Jackson and Rudy Mancuso joining in undisclosed roles. Before filming began, Keaton was confirmed to be starring in the film, with Andy Muschietti believing Keaton's decision to join The Flash was due to the script that he had been sent. Muschietti said Keaton felt honored to play Batman again. The Muschiettis formed a production company, Double Dream, to co-produce the film, and Marianne Jenkins was revealed as an executive producer. Fisher said it would be a "bummer" if the situation surrounding his involvement in the film were not resolved and said he would return to the role of Cyborg for the film if Warner Bros. were to make amends with him.

Filming
Principal photography began on April 19, 2021, at Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden, in England, under the working title Baby Shower. Henry Braham served as cinematographer after previously working on DC's The Suicide Squad (2021). In early May, filming took place at Burghley House in Stamford, Lincolnshire, which doubled for Wayne Manor. In mid-June, Ezra Miller, Clemons, Keaton, and Calle filmed scenes at St Paul's Cathedral in London, with the surrounding locations designed to portray Central City. Filming was also set to occur later that month in Edinburgh and Glasgow—doubling for Gotham City—for scenes with Affleck and Keaton. In late July, filming continued in Glasgow at Ingram Street, George Square, John Street, and Cochrane Street and involved several vehicles, while filming with the Batmobile occurred in George Square. On July 29, filming was halted after a camera operator on a motorcycle shooting behind the Batcycle on Renfield Street collided with it near West George Street. The operator was injured but not "seriously hurt". In August, Braham said the film was "technically complex" despite not being based in reality and called the concept of featuring the different generations of comic books in it fantastic. In early September, Luke Brandon Field said he had joined the cast. Filming wrapped on October 18, 2021.

Post-production
In December 2021, Michael Shannon and Antje Traue were revealed to be reprising their roles from Man of Steel (2013) as General Zod and Faora-Ul, respectively. Former codirectors of the film Francis Daley and Goldstein were also confirmed to be receiving story credit for the film alongside Hodson. Temuera Morrison, who portrays Aquaman's father, Tom Curry, in Aquaman and Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom (2023), was reported to be in the film in February 2022. In March, Warner Bros. adjusted its release schedule due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the workload of visual effects vendors. The Flash was moved to June 23, 2023, to provide more time for VFX work to be completed; The Flash had around 2,500 visual effects shots. The following month, the final writing credits were revealed: Hodson received screenplay credit; Daley, Goldstein, and Harold received screen story credit; and off-screen credit for additional writing material went to Rebecca Drysdale, Famuyiwa, Grahame-Smith, Johns, Lord, Christopher Miller, Ezra Miller, Morrison, and co-writer Adam Sztykiel. In May, Deadline Hollywood reported that an unspecified "high-profile" comic book film that would be released in 2023 had its script recently submitted to the Writers Guild of America (WGA), having a total of 45 writers involved in it throughout its development. Some commentators believed that the film was The Flash, due to its lengthy development process. Miller later participated in "regularly scheduled additional photography" in mid-2022.

Following several controversial incidents and arrests involving Miller throughout 2022, the newly formed parent company of Warner Bros. Pictures, Warner Bros. Discovery (WBD), considered various options for the film after previously hoping delaying its release would help avoid controversy. In August, WB was considering three options: providing Miller an interview explaining their behavior and do limited press for the film should they choose to accept professional help, being released as planned; exclude Miller from all press of the film and recast their character in future projects should they choose to reject professional help; or cancel the film as a "last resort" if the situation with further deteriorated. The latter was considered an "unprecedented move" due to its large budget, though it would have come after WBD already canceled the nearly complete $90 million film Batgirl that was being produced for the streaming service HBO Max. WBD was not considering recasting Miller's role in the film due to them portraying multiple characters and appearing in nearly every scene. It was also considered to be "key" for the studio's future DCEU plans and had been received well during test screenings despite Miller's legal troubles. WBD CEO David Zaslav reiterating that The Flash received positive responses from the studio, and that they were committed to releasing it in theaters. Miller released a public apology through their representative soon afterward and announced they were seeking professional treatment for "complex mental health issues". Soon after, Miller and their agent met with Michael De Luca and Pamela Abdy, the co-chairpersons and co-CEOs of Warner Bros. Pictures Group, to apologize for their behavior, while VFX was expected to be completed by the end of the year. Machliss later stated that the film was the first to use new technology to feature different versions of an actor on-screen. Barbara Muschietti also rejected reports alleging the film would potentially be canceled due to Miller's actions.

In December 2022, the film's release date was moved forward to June 16 following positive test screenings, while The Hollywood Reporter reported that Henry Cavill and Jason Momoa were set to make cameo appearances as Superman and Aquaman, respectively, and that Cavill had filmed his role in September. WBD was reportedly debating on retaining the cameos depending on their future plans, as they had not yet been finalized since The Flash did not yet achieve a picture lock. Cavill's cameo, along with one Gal Gadot filmed as Wonder Woman, was soon reported to have been cut after DC Studios chose not to move forward with sequels to Man of Steel and Wonder Woman 1984 (2020). Cavill was paid $250,000 for his cameo. In March 2023, Affleck revealed that he filmed a scene with Gadot, who appeared at an in-progress cut of the film screened at CinemaCon the following month. The following month, Muschietti revealed some of the planned cameos that did not make the final film, including Lynda Carter's Wonder Woman from the television series Wonder Woman (1975–1979), Marlon Brando's Jor-El from Superman (1978), Burgess Meredith's Penguin and Cesar Romero's Joker from the series Batman (1966–1968) and Grant Gustin's Barry Allen of the Arrowverse continuity (2013–2023). The finished film contains a cameo of Adam West's Batman from the Batman show; the cameo was nearly cut, but Muschietti wanted to include it due to the personal attachment he and his sister felt to the show. Jay Garrick, another cameo featured in the film, was based on Jason Ballantine, one of the film's editors.

Paul Machliss and Ballantine serve as the film's editors, with Ballantine having previously worked on Andy Muschietti's films It (2017) and It Chapter Two (2019). Muschietti's initial cut of the film was around four hours long. The visual effects were provided by DNEG, Scanline VFX, and WetaFX, with John "DJ" Desjardin serving as the visual effects supervisor after previously doing so for several DCEU films.

Revisions to the ending
The ending for the film, which features George Clooney reprising his role as an alternate Bruce Wayne due to Barry's actions, changed multiple times during post-production due to the constant change of leadership at Warner Bros in 2022. The original ending shot for the film, conceived by then-heads of DC Films Toby Emmerich and Walter Hamada, featured Keaton's Batman, as well as Calle's Supergirl continue existing in the new timeline but erase Cavill and Affleck's roles of Superman and Batman respectively from the DCEU continuity. It was intended to set up a sequel and culminate in a film based around the Crisis on Infinite Earths (1985) storyline, despite The CW already having done its adaptation in 2019, which included the DCEU in its continuity. It was also intended to set up the then-in-development Batgirl prior to its cancellation, as Keaton was set to reprise his role in that film.

Following the merger of WarnerMedia and Discovery Inc. in 2022 and the removal of Emmerich and Hamada, executives Michael DeLuca and Pamela Abdy took over. They decided to keep Cavill within the DCEU and reshot the ending – Cavill filmed his scenes alongside his cameo for Black Adam (2022) in September; Gadot also filmed a scene for this ending. The scene was meant to have generated interest for the planned Man of Steel sequel and third Wonder Woman film, before both were canceled. In November, James Gunn and Peter Safran became the new leaders of DC Studios, who planned to conceive the new DC Universe (DCU) as a soft reboot of the DCEU. As a result, Cavill would no longer reprise his role and his scene was cut, while the ending was again reworked without Calle, Keaton and Gadot's characters, and the final ending with Clooney was shot in January 2023, which was kept secret until the film's release.

Music

Benjamin Wallfisch was set to compose the film's score by April 2021 after previously working with Muschietti on It (2017) and It Chapter Two (2019). Wallfisch also previously wrote the score for DC's Shazam! (2019). By late August 2022, Wallfisch was set to begin a scoring session at Abbey Road Studios in London. Throughout the film, Wallfisch references Danny Elfman's themes from Batman (1989) and Batman Returns (1992) due to Michael Keaton's appearance in the film as his incarnation of Batman.

Marketing
Miller debuted the first footage from the film at the virtual DC FanDome event in October 2021. They said there was not enough footage available to make a full trailer or teaser, but William Hughes at The A.V. Club felt the footage could comfortably be categorized as a teaser. He said being able to see it was proof of the film actually being made after its long and troubled production history. Polygon Matt Patches and io9 James Whitbrook both highlighted the footage as the beginning of the DC multiverse on film, with its hints at Keaton's version of Batman and the reveal that Miller would portray multiple versions of Barry Allen. In February 2022, more footage was released as part of a teaser for Warner Bros.' 2022 slate of DC films, which also included The Batman, Black Adam, and Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom (before The Flash and Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom were delayed to 2023). A new trailer was shown at Warner Bros.' CinemaCon panel in April 2022 and was noted by attendees for Keaton's Batman reusing the line "You wanna get nuts? Let's get nuts" from Batman.

DC published a three-issue prequel comic book limited series titled The Flash: The Fastest Man Alive, written by Kenny Porter with art by Ricardo López Ortiz, Juan Ferreyra, and Jason Howard. Three issues of the comic series were released. It is set after the events of Justice League and depicts Batman training the Flash and the Flash's early days as he attempts to defeat the supervillains Girder, Tar Pit, and the Top. The first trailer for The Flash was shown during Super Bowl LVII on February 12, 2023, before playing in theaters ahead of Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania. The trailer had the most engagement on social media, outpacing other trailers that were shown in the likes of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 and Transformers: Rise of the Beasts, with RelishMix reporting the trailer gained 97.4M views within a 24-hour period. Many commentators highlighted Keaton's reprisal as Batman and Calle's role as Supergirl, and also noted the de-emphasized focus on Miller's Flash following their controversies. Charles Pulliam-Moore of The Verge particularly felt that "it's the other heroes they're [the Flash] going to be allying with who are likely to steal the show", and felt that Supergirl and Keaton's Batman were being posited as the film's "World's Finest", and expressed enthusiasm for Supergirl's role in the story. Alli Rosenbloom from CNN also praised Keaton's appearance, highlighting the usage of Danny Elfman's score from Batman, while Collier Jennings from Collider felt that trailer "certainly is working to sell the image that the wait was worth it".

In April 2023, Warner Bros. Discovery's Global Consumer Products division and DC unveiled a series of merchandise to coincide with the release of the film, including toys produced by Mattel, Funko, Spin Master, and McFarlane Toys, costumes by Rubies, and Puma shoes. It was also announced that a visual companion would accompany the film's release, titled The Flash: The Official Visual Companion: The Scarlet Speedster from Page to Screen, written by Richard Lotowcyz and published by Insight Editions. An in-progress cut of the film was screened at CinemaCon on April 25, 2023. Executive officers had approximated that WB had spent over $14 million to promote the film via TV spots and trailers during the 2023 NBA playoff. A second trailer and poster were released online the same day. Joshua Rivera at Polygon noted the trailer focused heavily on Keaton's Batman, including starting and ending with him, and felt it leaned into nostalgia, while David Crow of Den of Geek compared the trailer's tone and Batcave design to that of Christopher Nolan's The Dark Knight Trilogy (2005–2012). The final trailer was revealed on May 22, 2023, along with a new poster exclusive to the Chinese market. The trailer, set to Pink Floyd's "Time", confirmed the appearance of Jeremy Irons, reprising his DCEU role as Alfred Pennyworth.

Warner Bros. had difficulty marketing the film due to Miller's legal issues. As such, WB focused on marketing the "film itself", according to The Hollywood Reporter's Borys Kit and Aaron Couch, rather than focusing on Miller; during press conferences, WB opted to sideline Miller and pivoted towards director Andy Muschietti, producer Barbara Muschietti, and Sasha Calle to promote the film. The studio also made intensive efforts to highlight Keaton's role as Batman in order to introduce nostalgia, though Kit and Couch felt the results were mixed, as they opined some felt it was derivative of Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021). Additionally, the studio provided advanced screenings to various figures, including Tom Cruise and Stephen King, to improve discourse surrounding the film, while WBD CEO David Zaslav and DC Studios co-CEO and co-chairman James Gunn touted it as "among the greatest superhero movies of all time". Various insiders felt the marketing campaign was unconventional, who had felt WB was setting very high expectations for the film. As such, Miller ultimately attended the film's premiere for photos only and would not be interviewed.

Shortly after the film's release, a six-part Apple podcast that was intended to be a companion piece towards the film was announced. The podcast, titled The Flash: Escape the Midnight Circus, stars Max Greenfield as the voice of Barry Allen / The Flash. It was later established as a canonical continuation of the film, with the events of the podcast being set a few years after the film's ending. The series is set to be included with the movie's physical home media release.

Release
The Flash premiered on June 12, 2023, at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles. It was released by Warner Bros. Pictures in the United States on June 16, 2023. The film was initially scheduled for release on March 23, 2018, when Warner Bros. first announced its slate of DCEU films, before it was moved to March 16. In July 2016, this release date was given to Tomb Raider, and The Flash was not given another release date until the hiring of Andy Muschietti in July 2019, after which the film was slated for release on July 1, 2022. It was then moved up to June 3, 2022, before being delayed to November 4, 2022, after Warner Bros. shifted its release schedule because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Warner Bros. again adjusted the release date to June 23, 2023, in view of the impact of the pandemic on the workload of visual effects vendors before moving it forward a week to June 16, 2023, after positive test screenings.

Home media
The Flash was released on digital download by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment on July 18, 2023, released on the streaming service Max on August 25, and Ultra HD Blu-ray, Blu-ray and DVD on August 29, 2023.

Non-fungible token
On July 15, 2023, it was announced that The Flash would also be released on the non-fungible token (NFT) Eluvio blockchain the same day as its digital release, making it the first new-release film to be released in a blockchain.

Reception

Box office
The Flash grossed $108.1 million in the United States and Canada, and $162.5 million in other territories, for a worldwide gross of $270.6 million. Following its lackluster opening weekend, the film is considered one of the biggest box-office bombs of all time, with expected losses for Warner Bros. to be as much as $200 million.

In the United States and Canada, The Flash was released alongside Elemental and The Blackening, and was initially projected to gross $68–85 million from 4,234 theaters in its opening weekend. It was also expected to gross $85–95 million internationally, for a global opening of $155–165 million. However, after making $24.1 million on its first day (including from $9.7 million Thursday night previews), weekend estimates were lowered to $60 million. It went on to have a $55 million domestic opening, with an additional $75 million from international markets, for a worldwide debut of $130 million. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the film debuted atop the box office with £4.2 million ($5.4 million). Several publications labeled the film a box office bomb, with The Hollywood Reporter calling it "snubbed" and /Film saying that the hype "proved to be hot air" following poor box-office returns. The poor box-office opening was attributed to various controversies surrounding Ezra Miller, mixed word-of-mouth, competition from Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, early hype being "unwarranted", the imminent DCU reboot, decline of the superhero movie genre (being labeled "superhero fatigue"), and middling critical reviews. The film retained IMAX screens and other premium formats into the next weekend, which could have provided some padding from what was expected to be a steep box-office decline from its opening weekend. In its second weekend, the film dropped 72% to $15.1 million, the third-largest sophomore drop ever for a superhero film, behind Morbius (2022) and Steel (1997). In its third weekend, the film dropped another 65% to $5.2 million, losing 1,538 theaters and finishing in eighth place in the process.

Critical response
The Flash received mixed reviews from critics. Early reviews for the film generally praised the humor, action sequences, and the performances, but criticized the third act and visual effects. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 63% based on 382 reviews, with an average rating of 6.3/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "The Flash is funny, fittingly fast-paced, and overall ranks as one of the best DC movies in recent years." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 55 out of 100 based on 55 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale, tied with Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) as the lowest grade for a DCEU film, while PostTrak reported 77% of filmgoers gave it a positive score, with 59% saying they would definitely recommend it.

Rolling Stone David Fear said that "there are in-jokes and references to how this timeline differs from ours, along with Easter eggs, some cat's-out-the-bag cameos courtesy of a crisis on infinite earths, and a few secrets that are best kept as secrets. There are also action sequences that look more like video-game cut-scenes than blockbuster set pieces, and a post-credits bit that couldn't be more useless or grating. Superhero movies gonna superhero-movie. Even the superior ones." Joshua Yehl of IGN gave the film a 7 out of 10, stating: "The Flash is an ambitious superhero movie that largely pulls off its tale of two worlds, two Flashes, and two Batmans. The superhero fan service is strong with this one – perhaps too strong at times – but it never fully overshadows Barry Allen's genuinely tragic and heartfelt story of grief. Though the visual effects aren't always the best and the third act is a bit overwhelming, strong performances and a refreshing earnestness keep The Flash on track and running circles around many of the recent DC Universe movies. If this is the truly last stop on the Snyderverse express, then it's a respectable way to go out." Robert Kojder of Flickering Myth gave the film a negative review, writing "Whereas Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse tackles origin stories and trauma from refreshing angles, the narrative here goes along with genre clichés that have made these stories tiresome. Ezra Miller is the only decent aspect The Flash has going for it, and I shudder to think how awful the movie would be without them. They are stuck with the impossible task of finding and conveying substance within nostalgia bait that fails every other character and the bigger-picture narrative."

James Berardinelli, film critic for ReelViews, awarded the film 2.5 out of 4, stars writing, "Merely another in a string of lackluster big screen blockbusters." He also criticized the film for its nostalgic pandering and plot contrivance. David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter said "If The Flash ultimately proves uneven, its wobbly climactic showdown far less interesting than the more character-driven buildup, the story's core of a young man struggling to reconcile with the loss of his mother carries it through. Miller effectively layers that vein of melancholy beneath both the smart-aleck brashness of 18-year-old Barry and the rueful introspection of his older self." Reviewing the film for RogerEbert.com, Matt Zoller Seitz gave the film two and a half out of four stars, writing: "One of the most spectacular and frustrating mixed bags of the superhero blockbuster era, The Flash is simultaneously thoughtful and clueless, challenging and pandering. It features some of the best digital FX work I've seen and some of the worst."

The film was the subject of controversy over the ethics of its use of digital imagery to recreate the likenesses of deceased actors. In an interview with GamesRadar, director Andy Muschietti said when it came to these cameos, there was "total freedom". Jack King from GQ expressed concerns that the use of actors such as Christopher Reeve and Adam West was "the next step in the normalisation of a queasy, questionable trend in Hollywood, one in which actors are brought back from the grave using new computer techniques."

Accolades
The Flash received a nomination for Best Teaser at the 2022 Golden Trailer Awards.

Future
By October 2022, a script for a sequel had been written by David Leslie Johnson-McGoldrick, who wrote the Aquaman films, in the event The Flash performed well. The script reportedly included Keaton's Batman and Calle's Supergirl. Warner Bros. was not expected to retain Miller for future films because of the actor's controversies and legal issues, although some Warner Bros. executives were open to continuing with Miller by January 2023, since they began treatment. Later that month, DC Studios co-CEOs James Gunn and Peter Safran said there was potential for Miller to reprise their role in the new franchise, the DC Universe (DCU), but a decision on the character had not been made.

Gunn confirmed that The Flash would reset the continuity of the DCEU and, alongside Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom, would lead into the DCU's first film, Superman: Legacy (2025). Andy Muschietti said in May 2023 that if he and Barbara Muschietti were involved in a sequel, they would have Miller return, believing that there was not another actor who could portray this iteration of the character the same as Miller did. In June, he also said he would love to feature Eobard Thawne / Reverse-Flash as an antagonist for the sequel, while confirming that the character was responsible for Nora's death in this movie. In the same month, it was reported that a sequel could happen if the film managed to come close to the box-office revenue of The Batman (2022). However, in October 2023, Variety reported that no actors cast in DCEU films directed by Zack Snyder would be reprising their respective roles in the DCU going forward, including Ezra Miller as The Flash, effectively ending any chances of a sequel happening.

Notes

References

External links

2020s American films
2020s English-language films
2020s superhero films
2023 science fiction action films
Alien invasions in films
American fantasy films
American science fiction action films
American superhero films
Casting controversies in film
DC Extended Universe films
Films about miscarriage of justice
Films about mother–son relationships
Films about murder
Films about parallel universes
Films about time travel
Films directed by Andy Muschietti
Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic
Films scored by Benjamin Wallfisch
Films set in 2004
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Films shot at Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden
Films shot in Cambridgeshire
Films shot in Edinburgh
Films shot in Glasgow
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Films with screenplays by Christina Hodson
Flash (comics) in other media
Matricide in fiction
Science fiction crossover films
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Non-fungible tokens

The Flash (film)


The Ash Street Historic District Cambridge, Massachusetts is a residential historic district on Ash Street and Ash Street Place between Brattle and Mount Auburn Streets in Cambridge, Massachusetts, off Brattle Street just west of Harvard Square.  The district consists of ten well-preserved houses, most of which were built between 1850 and 1890.  The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

Description and history
Ash Street is located on the western edge of Harvard Square, extending south from Brattle Street to Memorial Drive.  The Ash Street Historic District is located on the northern half of the road, between Brattle and Mount Auburn Streets, including Ash Street Place, a short stub extending eastward.  It directly abuts the Old Cambridge Historic District, which lies to the north.

Properties on Ash Street are densely built on small lots.  The district includes five houses on Ash Street, four with Mount Auburn Street addresses (located at the four corners of the junction), and one on Ash Street Place.  Eight were built between 1850 and 1890, and are stylistically diverse.  The oldest house in the district is the 1828 Henry Nowell House at 19 Ash Street; it was originally located on Brattle Street, and was moved to its present location in 1858.

The oldest house to be built in the district is an 1848 Gothic Revival cottage at 6 Ash Street Place; the only 20th-century building in the district is the 1941 house of architect Philip Johnson at 9 Ash Street.  This house was designed and built while Johnson was studying at Harvard, and is one of the city's earliest International Style buildings.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Cambridge, Massachusetts

References

Historic districts in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Neighborhoods in Cambridge, Massachusetts
Harvard Square
National Register of Historic Places in Cambridge, Massachusetts
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts

Ash Street Historic District


Alfred Gadenne  (31 January 1946 in Luingne – 11 September 2017 in Luingne) was a Belgian politician. He was a member of the Centre démocrate humaniste and Mayor of Mouscron in Hainaut from 2006 until his death in September 2017.

Gadenne was found dead on 11 September 2017 at the age of 71 after having his throat slashed at a graveyard close to his home in Mouscron. Local news report a suspect had handed himself in to police. The suspect is an 18 years inhabitant of Mouscron. He murdered Gadenne because his father (a fireman) had committed suicide after being fired by Gadenne.

Gadenne was an alderman of Mouscron from 1982 to 2006.

He was also a member of the Parliament of Wallonia and the Parliament of the French Community from 2009 to 2014.

References

1946 births
2017 deaths
Belgian mayors
Centre démocrate humaniste politicians
Murder victims
Parti social-chrétien politicians
People from Hainaut (province)
Walloon politicians

Alfred Gadenne