The Plymouth to Yealmpton Branch was a Great Western Railway single track branch railway line in Devon, England, that ran from Plymstock to  . The line was planned as part of a route to Modbury, but the scheme was cut back to Yealmpton; it opened in 1898, and the passenger train service ran from , but road competition led to declining usage and the passenger service was withdrawn in 1930.

During heavy air raids in 1941 many Plymouth workers preferred to find accommodation outside the city, and in 1941 the passenger service was reinstated, transferring to Plymouth Friary as the terminal. This service ceased in 1947 and the goods service on the line finished in 1960.

Background

The broad gauge group of companies, called the Associated Companies, had early on established main line primacy in the Plymouth area, the South Devon Railway having reached the city in 1849. The rival London and South Western Railway (LSWR) had long had ambitions to reach the city, and its trains first entered Plymouth in 1876. However this was not entirely satisfactory, as the trains had to run over the South Devon Railway's Tavistock line for the final approach to Plymouth, and work started on an independent line in 1887, through the medium of a friendly company, the Plymouth, Devonport and South Western Junction Railway.

Seeing that it was now in sight of establishing itself in the city, the LSWR planned a large Plymouth terminal, which became Plymouth Friary station and goods depot, and it acquired a moribund mineral line, the Plymouth and Dartmoor Railway (P&DR), and through it obtained an Act of Parliament authorising the Turnchapel Branch.

The Associated Companies had by this time amalgamated and become the Great Western Railway (GWR), and these competing developments were alarming to it. Now a South Hams Railway, branching from the Turnchapel branch and running through Yealmpton to Modbury, was authorised by Act of 22 June 1888. The GWR feared its extension to Torbay and Exeter, areas it considered to be its own.

However aggressive rivalry was modified to collaboration, and by Act of 1894 the South Hams line was modified, the rights for the portion as far as Yealmpton being transferred to the GWR, the LSWR retaining the section beyond, and mutual running powers being applied.

Construction
The contractor appointed was Lucas and Aird. Work on the line started in late December 1895; there was a ceremonial inauguration on 15 January 1898, and the public opening took place on 17 January 1898. As well as the branch line from Plymstock Junction LSWR to Yealmpton, a short spur was built connecting Mount Gould Junction to Cattewater Junction; the trains travelled over the LSWR Turnchapel Branch line for a short distance, including the crossing of the Laira.

The line was inspected by Lieutenant Colonel Sir Horatio Arthur Yorke, Chief Inspector of Railways, Board of Trade who reported that everything was satisfactory on 7 December 1897

Route
Passenger trains to  from  turned at Lipson Junction to Mount Gould Junction, diverging there to Cattewater Junction, where the trains joined the LSWR (nominally P&DR) Turnchapel Branch to cross the Laira by Laira Bridge. At Plymstock the Yealmpton branch diverged east from the Turnchapel line, the passenger station being in the fork of the junction. The short section from Mount Gould Junction to Cattewater Junction was built specially for the Yealmpton service; it was 29 chains (580 m) in length and was called Plymouth no. 2 Loop.

The branch, which was 6 miles 38 chains (10.42 km) in length, was single track between Plymstock and Yealmpton. Its direction ran broadly east with a southward swoop at Brixton Road, with stations at Billacombe, Elburton Cross, Brixton Road, Steer Point, and the terminus at Yealmpton. The line climbed steeply from Plymstock to Billacombe, with a ruling gradient of 1 in 68; from Billacombe it fell again at 1 in 60 for a mile and a half. Then the line was broadly level, with a short climb at 1 in 60 on the approach to Yealmpton. Passengers at  could use steamers running between the quay at Steer Point and Newton Ferrers.

There was an important quarry and stone crushing plant at Billacombe, which despatched stone by rail. Although it was the terminus of the line, Yealmpton station was still configured as a through station because the proposal had been to build a railway to Modbury,  away.

Operation
The line was now simply a GWR branch line; passenger trains ran from the GWR Plymouth terminus at Millbay. In 1898 the working timetable showed four return passenger trains on the branch, the first into Plymouth arriving at Millbay at 08:35. Trains called at Elburton only "if required". By 1913 there were nine return passenger journeys as well as a late Saturday train, and three Sunday trips; all were worked by railmotor. The first GWR-operated motor bus service in the area was instituted from Yealmpton to Modbury, the originally projected terminus, from 2 May 1904.

The route was initially popular, particularly in the Plymouth urban area when railmotor trains operated the passenger service, providing a relatively frequent service at convenient stopping points as residential development took place on the periphery of the city. By 1905 it was decided to open a new stopping place, Mount Gould and Tothill Halt, located on the Mount Gould Junction to Cattewater Junction loop, considered to be part of the Yealmpton line. The halt opened on 2 October 1905, and the line here was double track so there were two platforms; it was described by the Inspecting Officer as being "a new stopping place for motor cars" (i.e. the railmotors). However it proved less attractive than anticipated, and it was closed on 1 February 1918.

The line between Plymstock and Yealmpton was at first worked as a single section by electric train staff. Plymstock was a LSWR signalbox. Brixton Road later had a signal box, from 1905, breaking the branch into two sections, but it was closed in 1924 or 1925. When the passenger service was withdrawn in 1930, the signalling was converted to one engine in steam and Yealmpton box was abolished.

By the 1920s competition from motor buses had substantially reduced passenger numbers. The decline was so severe that passenger services were withdrawn from 7 July 1930, with goods traffic only continuing. Steer Point and Elburton Cross stations were demolished, and the remaining stations were rented.

However, during the two summers following closure to passengers, the GWR experimented with a Saturday train service, in 1931 and 1932.

Second World War
During World War II Plymouth suffered an exceptional volume of bombing attacks during the Plymouth blitz, and many workers in essential industries wished to take lodgings in communities outside the city. To accommodate this need, unadvertised workmen's trains were introduced on the branch from 21 July 1941. The Millbay terminus in Plymouth had already suffered from bombing and it had been closed to passengers, so this service used Plymouth, North Road station (the present-day Plymouth station) as its terminus. However, there were problems with congestion at that station, and from 3 November 1941 the service was transferred to operate from the LSWR (by now the Southern Railway)  Plymouth Friary terminus. The rolling stock was GWR. The services consisted of eight return railmotor trips, the first inward train arriving at  at 08:32.

Restoration of the passenger service in 1941 led to provision of electric train token signalling; an intermediate instrument was provided at Brixton Road to recess goods trains there, and a two lever ground frame was provided at Yealmpton. After the second closure, the signalling reverted to one engine in steam on 11 October 1952.

Closure
The passenger services ceased on 6 October 1947, from which date goods trains only ran on the line; it closed completely on 29 February 1960.

See also
 Railways in Plymouth

References

External links
The station and line today

Closed railway lines in South West England
Rail transport in Devon
Railway lines opened in 1898
Transport in Devon
Plymouth, Devon

Plymouth to Yealmpton Branch


Eli Thayer (June 11, 1819 – April 15, 1899) was an educator, reformer, legislator and founder of the New England Emigrant Aid Company. He was instrumental in the politics of Kansas during the period known as Bleeding Kansas. When Congress passed the Kansas–Nebraska Act in 1854, the question of whether Kansas would become a slave-state or free state was left to the voters of Kansas. pro-slavery supporters, abolitionists and free-staters all rushed to settle in the Kansas Territory. All were trying to gain power so as to determine the status of slavery in Kansas. Thayer is best known for his work in the New England Emigrant Aid Company. Their purpose was to rush as many Free-Staters as possible to settle in Kansas. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1857 to 1861. After serving in Congress Thayer became a businessman. Thayer died in Worcester, Massachusetts on April 15, 1899.

Early life and education
Thayer was born in Mendon, Massachusetts on June 11, 1819. He attended the local public school, then Bellingham High School. He attended the Academy of Amherst and in 1840 graduated from Worcester Academy. In 1845 he graduated from Brown University as salutatorian. Thayer returned to his college preparatory school, Worcester Academy, to teach.

He was soon promoted to headmaster. From 1847 through 1849, Thayer was the principal of the academy. In 1849 he left Worcester Academy to found a women's college, Oread College (now Oread Institute).

Political career
Thayer had been admitted to the Massachusetts Bar Association, but never practiced law. He was an alderman in Worcester from 1852 to 1853. He was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1853 and 1854. While there he devised and obtained a charter for the New England Emigrant Aid Company. The purpose of the company was to finance people from New England to settle in Kansas. Under the popular sovereignty doctrine they could vote it free of slavery if and when it became a state. Thayer received a percentage of all the money collected by the company.

Thayer was elected as a Republican to the U.S. House of Representatives where he served two terms (March 4, 1857-March 3, 1861). He was an unsuccessful candidate for election to Congress in 1872.

Bleeding Kansas
Thayer and his New England Emigrant Aid Company played a key role in the border war on the Kansas-Missouri border that became known as Bleeding Kansas. The term was coined by Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune. It described the violence happening in the Kansas territory during the mid to late 1850s.

The Missouri Compromise of 1820 was an agreement that slavery to be banned from the Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36 degrees 30' north (also known as the Missouri Compromise Line), except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri. It admitted Missouri as a slave state to please the South and it also admitted Maine as a free state to please the North. When the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed in 1854, it reversed the Missouri Compromise and caused a wave of resentment in the North. Northerners believed it would cause Missourians to cross the border into the Kansas Territory and take all the good land leaving nothing for northern settlers. Northerners were pessimistic about the slavery issue. The President, his Cabinet, both Houses of Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States were all pro-slavery. It was considered almost certain that slavery would dominate the United States.

Thayer promoted the idea of "business antislavery". The idea behind Thayer's Emigrant Aid Company was to level the playing field with the southern pro-slavery advocates. The company was chartered under the laws of Massachusetts for the purpose of "assisting emigrants to settle in the West." Thayer's idea worked to both settle New Englanders in Kansas to prevent slavery and to remove the surplus of New Englanders and Immigrants. The plan was for settlers to start new businesses that would profit the company. The towns of Lawrence, Topeka, Manhattan and Osawatomie, Kansas were all settled by or with help from the Emigrant Aid Company. Thayer realized there was more money available in the North than in the South. By forming the Company he felt settlers would be well rewarded with the "comforts of civilization". The company would be well rewarded with a good dividend on their investments. It was a win-win situation. He thought once Kansas was free, their attentions could be turned south and colonize it in a similar manner. By investing in the Company it would be the "snort of the steam engine instead of the crack of the blacksnake (whip)". Thayer's slogan became "Saw-mills and Liberty!" and was widely proclaimed in the New England press. Between 1854 and 1856, Thayer's Company sent about 2,000 emigrants to Kansas Territory. By May 1857 many members of the Company felt it had reached its goals in Kansas. Thayer began other projects. He helped found the free labor colony of Ceredo, Virginia (now West Virginia). But after John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry many investors and potential settlers were scared away. The outbreak of the Civil War ended the project.

In the North, Thayer was credited with helping to make Kansas a slave-free state. He was also called a villain by others for having caused the bloodshed and violence that followed sending immigrants to Kansas. In the South, the company was often called "Eli Thayer & Co.," and a price was placed on Thayer's head in more than one place. In Missouri and the South, Thayer was charged with the "crime" of making Kansas a free state. In 1887, Thayer wrote a book A History of the Kansas Crusade: Its Friends and Its Foes where he claimed a good deal of the credit for Kansas becoming free of slavery.

References

Other websites
 Eli Thayer papers; Kansas Historical Society
 Eli Thayer, A History of the Kansas Crusade: Its Friends and Its Foes (full text)

1819 births
1899 deaths
Bleeding Kansas
United States representatives from Massachusetts
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Educators from Massachusetts

Eli Thayer


Hume City Football Club is a semi-professional Australian football club based in Broadmeadows, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria. Established by the local Turkish Australian community, the club competes in the National Premier Leagues Victoria.

The club, known by the local Turkish Australian community as Anadoluspor, is the most successful Turkish Australian-backed football club in Australia.

Hume City has senior men's, women's and junior boys and girls teams, all based out of John Ilhan Memorial Reserve.

History
The club was established as Holland Park Football Club in 1979 by Cengiz Binyazar, Halit Kirdar and Abdullah Saglam. The club officially registered with the Victorian Soccer Federation in 1979, with Emin Aslan holding the position of president in its inaugural season.

In 1993, the club decided on a change of direction and to take the club to higher places, out of the amateur divisions. The first step was the move to Reddish Reserve and to rename the club North Coburg Soccer Club. The club took on many more juniors. North Coburg achieved promotion from State League 4 in 1996, finishing the season in second place, and promoted again from State League 3 in 1999, finishing third. In the club's first ever season in Victorian State League Division 2 Nth-West it finished in fourth place, narrowly missing out on a promotion playoff place. In 2001, the club made the finals series after placing 3rd in the league but didn't win the playoff. In 2002, after coming close the previous two season, the club achieved promotion from State League 2 N/W to State League 1, the highest level the club had ever reached. The club achieved four successive mid-table finishes in State League 1.

In 2006, the club was known as Coburg United Soccer Club and played its home matches at Knights Stadium in North Sunshine, Victoria. North Coburg achieved promotion in 2007 after a 2nd-place finish to reach the Victorian Premier League for the first time in the club's history. The achievement marked a meteoric rise by the club, achieving four promotions in eleven years to go from State League 4 to the top division. After making it into the Premier League in 2007, the club was almost relegated if it wasn't for a 93rd-minute header by one of its local heroes Tansel Başer against Frankston Pines.

The club was renamed to Hume City Football Club in 2009, when they moved to their new facilities at Broadmeadows Valley Park, in the City of Hume. A huge occasion was marked in 2014 when Hume officially opened up its new $12m facilities which included three grass pitches, a "3G" pitch, a state-of-the-art grandstand and modern clubrooms and changeroom facilities. The club underwent yet another re-brand in 2015, changing their logo "for a new identity, to represent the club's past, present and future".

Hume managed a 6th-placed finish in 2014, the first season of the newly formed 14 team National Premier Leagues Victoria, what was former known as the Victorian Premier League.

In 2015, Hume qualified for the reintroduced finals series after a 5th-placed finish. City went on to beat Melbourne Knights on penalties in the elimination final, after goalkeeper Chris Oldfield saved all four of Knights' penalties in the penalty shootout. The club then lost to eventual winners Bentleigh Greens. That same season, Hume went on an impressive FFA Cup run. They drew Queensland NPL side Brisbane Strikers in the Round of 32 and looked set to bow out, but managed a 91st-minute equaliser and went on to win 4–3 in extra time. The Broadmeadows side then drew New South Wales' Sydney Olympic, another former NSL club, in the Round of 16 and won 3–1 in front of over 1,500 people at the ABD Stadium. In the quarter finals, the Club defeated fellow NPL Victoria side Oakleigh Cannons 3–2, with a 118th-minute winner from Marcus Schroen, in front of 1,504 people at ABD Stadium. The club then played defending A-League champions Melbourne Victory, but went down 3–0 to the premiers and champions of Australia. 6,575 people attended the fixture in what was City's highest ever attendance for a home fixture.

In the off-season, Anadolu were dealt blows when midfielder Schroen left for NPL rivals South Melbourne and winger Jai Ingham signed for A-League side Melbourne Victory. Hume qualified for the 2016 FFA Cup, drawing NPL NSW 2 side Marconi Stallions at home. In July 2016, Hume announced that head coach Lupce Acevski departed the club "by my mutual consent". Then technical director Dean Hennessy took over as caretaker coach for the rest of the 2016 season. In the FFA Cup clash, Marconi took the lead in extra time. Hume, upholding their reputation in the Cup as "comeback kings", equalised in the 117th minute, eventually winning the clash in a penalty shoot-out. In the Round of 16, Hume again drew Melbourne Victory. Besart Berisha's first half penalty decided the fixture in front of 2,866 people, the largest ever crowd at ABD Stadium. Hume City finished 6th in the league, losing 3–0 to South Melbourne in the Elimination Final.

After the 2016 season, the senior squad went through major change, re-signing just five players from the previous season. Hume made a coaching change in May 2017, with Ufuk Kubilayhan appointed to take over from David Chick. Hume qualified for the 2017 FFA Cup , but lost in the Round of 32 to Bentleigh. In the league, Hume finished in 8th place, after Nick Hegarty became player-coach in July.

Hume City finished in 11th place in 2018, also losing 2–1 to Richmond SC in the FFA Cup qualifying rounds, Richmond competing in State League Division 1, two divisions below Hume.

Hume City won the 2019 Dockerty Cup with a 1–0 win over Melbourne Knights FC. The trophy was Hume's first Dockerty Cup win and first piece of major silverware in the club's history.

Current squad

Women
Hume City entered a women's team in the Football Federation Victoria Women's State League 4 North competition in 2017, the fifth and bottom tier of women's football in the state. In its first year in the competition, City won the league winning every single one of its 18 games, finishing with a goal differential of +186, conceding just five goals all year. Ebru Hasan scored 93 goals.

The following season, Hume City won a second straight championship and promotion, winning the Women's State League 3 West with three games to spare, by winning 15 consecutive games in the league. In a sign of their dominance, Hume won three games by 13 goals, one by 12 and one by 11. On 10 August 2018, Hume dropped its first game since entering the Victorian state league system when it lost 4–0 to St Albans Saints SC.

Honours

Victorian Amateur League Division 2 (1): 1981
Victorian Provisional League Division 4 (1): 1982
Victorian Metropolitan League Division 4 (1): 1988
Dockerty Cup (1): 2019
Source:

External links
Official website
Hume City FC Teams
Football Federation Victoria (Official website)

References

National Premier Leagues clubs
Soccer clubs in Melbourne
Victorian Premier League teams
Turkish association football clubs outside Turkey
Association football clubs established in 1979
1979 establishments in Australia
Diaspora sports clubs in Australia
Sport in the City of Hume
Turkish-Australian culture

Hume City FC


Nesting is a parish in the Shetland Islands, Scotland. It includes a part of the east Shetland Mainland, measuring about , along the seaboard from Gletness to Lunna Ness, and also the island of Whalsay and the Out Skerries. The coast is deeply indented by voes and headlands. The arable land comprises only about , the remainder being mostly open moorland. The total area is given as . This includes the ancient parish of Lunnasting in the North and the island parish of Whalsay to the east, which were added to Nesting in 1891. Before that, the ancient parishes of North Nesting and South Nesting were merged.

The parish church, St Ola's Kirk, stands approximately  north of Lerwick near the war memorial at Brettabister.

Nesting is divided into a north and south districts. The population in 1958 was 1549.

Settlements in Nesting include:
 Benston (South Nesting)
 Billister (North Nesting)
 Brettabister (North Nesting)
 Catfirth (South Nesting)
 Dury (North Nesting)
 Freester (South Nesting)
 Gletness (South Nesting), including North and South Isles of Gletness
 Kirkabister (North Nesting)
 Laxfirth (North Nesting)
 Skellister (South Nesting)

The main village of Whalsay is Symbister and there are several notable Neolithic sites on the island, including Benie Hoose, the Standing Stones of Yoxie, and the Pettigarths Field Cairns.

Notable residents

James Stout Angus was from Nesting.
Alexander Levie born and raised here.

References
This article incorporates text from - Wilson, Rev. John The Gazetteer of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1882) Published by W. & A.K. Johnstone

External links
 Nesting & Lunnasting Community Council

Parishes of Shetland
Thing (assembly)
Whalsay
Mainland, Shetland

Nesting, Shetland


Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar (about 1043 – 1099 AD), known as El Cid, was a Castilian nobleman. He was a military leader in medieval Spain. After his death, he became the hero in a mediaeval Spanish poem, El Cantar de mio Cid.

Exiled from the court, El Cid went on to command a Moorish force. After the Christian defeat, El Cid was recalled to service. He took command of a combined Christian and Moorish army. He used this army to create his own fiefdom in Valencia. He was a brave general that lead his country to victory. El Cid was born in Vivar, also known as Castillona de Bivar. The Muslims gave him the nickname "El Cid" from the Spanish Arabic word al-sid, meaning "lord."

El Cid was brought up at the court of King Ferdinand the Great and served Ferdinand's son, Sancho II of León and Castile. He rose to become the commander and royal standard-bearer of Castile when Sancho became king in 1065.

Sancho wanted to reunite all the three parts of his dead father's kingdom.  Rodrigo lead the Castilian military campaigns against Sancho's brothers, Alfonso VI of León and García II of Galicia, as well as in the Muslim kingdoms in Al-Andalus. Sancho was murdered in 1072.

Working for Alfonso
After his brother's death, Alfonso returned from exile attempting to claim his dead brothers throne. El Cid then swore Alfonso to the throne and named him King.

Although, Alfonso feared that El Cid would not prove loyal, but with no proof. In 1074, El Cid married Alfonso's niece, Jimena. Some believe the marriage was encouraged by Alfonso to bring El Cid under his watchful eye. Alfonso never gave El Cid a chance to make a better name for himself in the military, and kept him from becoming famous.

El Cid soon became fed up, and in 1081, without Alfonso's permission, he invaded the city of Toledo.

This made Alfonso very mad, and his advisors told him that El Cid had tried to betray him by attacking the city without his permission, false information. Alfonso then banished him from the Kingdom  of Castile.

Later life
El Cid then worked as a paid, professional soldier for the Muslim king of Saragossa. During the time that had past, El Cid defeated Christian attacks and continued to make himself better known and more famous as a general. This caused other kings and generals to fear that El Cid would overtake them with his power.

In October 1086, Alfonso had a battle with the Almoravids. They attacked each other at Sagrajas, where Alfonso was defeated. The loss made Alfonso reconsider banishing El Cid. Alfonso called him back, hoping El Cid could defeat the Almoravids. However, the trust issues led the two men to go their separate ways yet again. The Alfonso and El Cid were meet together with their armies, but they failed to because of miscommunication. People convinced King Alfonso that El Cid had planned to not show up, and let Alfonso and his army be defeated. Once again, Alfonso exiled El Cid.
El Cid and his small army left, and invaded land in eastern Spain. Four years later, he ruled a large, wealthy territory. Its capital was Valencia.

He ruled well, allowing Muslims and Christians to mingle. King Alfonso begged for El Cid's help in his ongoing battle with the Almoravids. Meanwhile, the kingdom El Cid had worked so hard to build was falling apart from Muslim revolts. El Cid went back to Valencia and returned the city to peace.

El Cid continued to conquer many cities before his death on July 10, 1099 in Valencia. El Cid's life story inspired many playwrights and poems.

References

1043 births
1099 deaths
Spanish generals

El Cid


Jane Harvey (born Phyllis Taff, January 6, 1925 – August 15, 2013) was an American jazz singer, known for recording several tracks with famous musicians such as Duke Ellington and Benny Goodman during the 1940s.

Phyllis Taft was born on January 6, 1925, in Jersey City, New Jersey. She auditioned for Barney Josephson, who offered her an opportunity to perform at his Greenwich Village's nightclub, Café Society. Prior to performing, Taft changed her name to Jane Harvey.

In 1946, she joined Desi Arnaz's Orchestra, until she left in 1958 to raise her son, Bob Thiele Jr. She also entertained at military bases overseas with Bob Hope. During the late 1950s, she joined Duke Ellington's Orchestra. Around the time of her death, she performed locally, all over the Los Angeles area.

She was married to record producer Bob Thiele and had two children, her son Robert and a daughter. She later married William King.

Harvey died of cancer at her home in Los Angeles on August 15, 2013.

References

External links

 Martin Chilton, "Marian McPartland and Jane Harvey: Jazz pioneers - Jazz world mourns the loss of two trailblazing women stars", The Telegraph, August 22, 2013.

American jazz singers
1925 births
2013 deaths
Musicians from Jersey City, New Jersey
Deaths from cancer

Jane Harvey


Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center is a U.S. Department of Transportation facility located in McLean, Virginia. The center carries out research studies and was renamed after Francis Turner in 1983. It had been known as the Fairbank Highway Research Station for Herbert S. Fairbank, an official at FHWA's predecessor, the Bureau of Public Roads. It is located adjacent to the Central Intelligence Agency headquarters.

History of TFHRC
 1938: Congress responded to a growing public need for dedicated highway research by acquiring 235.3 hectares (581 acres) of land in McLean, VA, for a roadway research facility.
 1941: The beginning of World War II interrupted building construction at the research facility.
 1950: After the war, funding was limited, and it was not until 1950 that the two original buildings, built on 17.8 hectares (44 acres) of the original purchase, were ready for occupancy. The Bureau of Public Roads moved to the McLean site, which was named the Langley Research Station.
 1960s: In 1963, the site was renamed the Fairbank Highway Research Station, honoring Herbert S. Fairbank, the former Deputy Commissioner of Research for the Bureau of Public Roads (1944 to 1955). Land from the original site was transferred to the Central Intelligence Agency, the National Park Service, and the State of Virginia. Extensive modifications over the years improved the facilities but could not meet the growing needs of the national highway research and development program. Plans for expansion began in 1967.
 1980s: In 1980, construction began on a third building. Completed in 1983, this building was dedicated to Francis C. Turner, the first Administrator of the Federal Highway Administration to serve his entire career with the agency, and the research station was renamed the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. The Turner Building provides 7,432 square meters (80,000 square feet) of laboratory, office, and support service space.
 TFHRC now has more than 24 indoor and outdoor laboratories and support facilities. Approximately 300 Federal employees, onsite contract employees, and students are currently engaged in or supporting transportation research at TFHRC.

References

External links

United States Department of Transportation agencies
McLean, Virginia

Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center


B. Mitchel Reed (June 10, 1926 – March 16, 1983) was a successful and popular American disc Jockey on both Top 40 and album-oriented rock radio stations, working in New York and Los Angeles during his 25-year career.

The incorrect alternate spelling as B. Mitchell Reed is often used in The Los Angeles Times and elsewhere.

Career
Born Burton Mitchel Goldberg in Brooklyn, New York, Reed held a B.S. degree in journalism and an M.A. in political science at the University of Illinois. After serving in the U.S. Air Force, he entered the world of radio while teaching political science at his alma mater.

Reed hosted the all-night Birdland Jazz Show at WOV (AM) in New York in 1956. A year later, he landed a job at AM station  KFWB in Los Angeles, playing jazz and calling himself "The Boy on the Couch." On January 2, 1958, KFWB became a pioneering Top 40 station known as "Color Radio/Channel 98," and the DJs  were known as "The Seven Swinging Gentlemen." The lineup included Bruce Hayes, Al Jarvis, Joe Yocam, Elliot Field, Bill Ballance, Ted Quillin, and Gene Weed. Reed held the 6-9 P.M. time slot. Under Program Director Chuck Blore, KFWB became the number-one radio station in LA.

He was known as "The Fastest Tongue in the West," for the speed in which he spoke to his audience. He left KFWB for WMCA in his home state of New York on February 7, 1963. He soon became part of a team of disc jockeys known as "The Good Guys," among them Jack Spector, a fellow alum from Boys High School in Brooklyn who had graduated two years ahead of him.

Reed went to London, England in pursuit of a band making headlines in hopes of breaking them in New York. The band was none other than The Beatles. His persistence paid off as it led to advance record pressings and exclusive interviews. This helped usher in "Beatlemania" in early 1964.

By 1965, Reed decided to return to Los Angeles. His last show at WMCA was on March 20 of that year. Thousands of his fans cheered him at the airport upon his departure. Many fans who were thrilled of his return greeted him when he arrived in LA. This ushered in his second stint at KFWB and The Wide Wide Weird World of BMR.

After attending the Monterey Pop Festival in the Summer of Love, June 1967, Reed realized he wanted to go in another direction music-wise. He met with San Francisco-based DJ Tom Donahue over the frustrations of AM radio's music restrictions. Donahue was Program Director for the FM "underground radio" station, KMPX (FM). With no such similar music station in L.A., Reed left KFWB and, with Donahue, founded the new progressive rock (radio format), or "underground radio", at KPPC-FM in Pasadena. Both KMPX and KPPC achieved more success than anticipated due to the popularity of this new AOR (album-oriented rock)  programming, which was in defiant opposition to the then current Top 40 AM radio format and its limitations. However, both stations ran into a conflict with their respective owners, thus resulting in a DJ strike, ("strike action"). After the strike ended in June 1968, Donahue persuaded station owner Metromedia to take on the AOR format at KMET (FM)-Los Angeles. In 1968, Reed programmed what would become one of the first 24-hour automated music stations. It would go live in the summer of 1969. He left KMET for one year in 1971 to work at KRLA. He returned to KMET in 1972 where he worked until 1978. Reed then went to work at KLOS from 1979 until 1982. KMET (the "Mighty Met") had a nearly 20-year run as one of L.A.'s top album rock outlets ultimately losing its decades-long ratings war with its cross-town FM rival, KLOS.

In 2014, Reed was inducted into the Rock Radio Hall of Fame in the "Legends of Rock Radio-Programming" category for his work at KPPC and KMET.

Death
In 1978, Reed underwent coronary bypass surgery. He would leave KMET for KLOS (FM) in 1979. His lingering heart condition caught up with him on March 16, 1983. He died in his West Los Angeles home at the age of 56.

References

External links
WMCA air check (10/12/63)
 LARadio.com.
 B. Mitchel Reed bio.
 WMCA: Fabulous 57.
 B. Mitchell Reed discography at Discogs.

American radio DJs
Radio personalities from Los Angeles
Radio personalities from New York City
Musicians from Brooklyn
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign College of Media alumni
1926 births
1983 deaths
20th-century American musicians

B. Mitchel Reed


Erno Paasilinna (14 March 1935, in Petsamo – 30 September 2000, in Tampere) was a Finnish writer and journalist. He received several literary prizes, the most notable being the Finlandia Prize in 1984 for his collection of essays Yksinäisyys ja uhma ("Loneliness and Defiance"). His works have been translated into Estonian, Hungarian, Swedish, Norwegian, Russian and Latvian.

Erno Paasilinna has been titled the "national cynic laureate" and "official state critic" due to his uncompromising views and lack of admiration for his human fellows. His incisive analysis of power and the powerful shook the fundaments of Finnish society, but were widely recognized to be impartial, swiping those ideologically close to his heart as heavily as those whose ideology was diametrically opposed to his own.

The writers Reino, Mauri and Arto Paasilinna are his brothers.

References

1935 births
2000 deaths
People from Pechengsky District
People from Tampere
Finnish writers
Recipients of the Eino Leino Prize
Finlandia Prize winners

Erno Paasilinna


was a leading academic in the Kaitokudo academy tradition of scholarship. He was the younger son of Nakai Shuan (1758 d.), one of the Kaitokudo's two founding leaders, and was influenced by his teacher and mentor Goi Ranju. His intellectualised way of being led to continued engagement with but physical separation from the Kaitokudo. Much is made of his demeanor reflecting his.

Often stated as analogous to his floating calligraphic style Riken was vastly different in demeanour to his brother Nakai Chikuzan, although their underlying epistemologies, beliefs and degree of tenacious individualism were similar. They both furthered the work of Goi Ranju and consolidating previous thought around the Kaitokudo school, bringing a level of prestige to the academy.

Like his brother Chikuzan, Riken wholeheartedly denounced Ogyū Sorai and contended that all people have potential, to the extent that "even" commoners could become scholars, while he also denounced religion and superstition. However, Riken's particular strain of the dismissal of dreams, and the unverifiable led him to dabble in astronomy, most notably with Asada Goryu.

Riken's scholarship was far broader and is often perceived to transcend the specific question of reconciling the virtue of merchants with contemporary perceptions of merchants.

Legacy

Nakai Riken wrote extensive commentaries on the three of the four books  Analects, Doctrine of the mean and Mencius. He rejected other works as unreliable dreams, largely due to their unverifiability. In these works, he dismissed the book of changes, the book on Songs and the book of history as unreliable, and further the book of rites and the spring and autumn annals as unreliable or of authorship different from the received interpretation.

However, his lasting legacy was in reaching a point of contradiction between the demand for verifiability in the Kaitokudo school and the reliance on the reading of text as history.

The influence of Nakai Riken, as well as Nakai Chikuzan and other contemporary moral philosophers outside the mainstream of Neo-confucianism, shingaku and Buddhism can be seen most immediately and concisely in the work of Yamagata Banto. It is said that Chikuzan has ongoing and great influence on his thought, but that Riken was more heavily involved in the final push toward publication of Yamagata's work yume no shiro .

List of publications
『華胥国物語』
『四茅議』(恤刑茅議・均田茅議・攘斥茅議・浚河茅議)
『通語』
『有間星』
『遺草合巻』
『越俎弄筆』
『華胥国新暦』
『顕微鏡記』
『史記雕題』
『中庸錯簡説』
『中庸懐徳堂定本』
『中庸断』
『中庸雕題』
『中庸雕題略』
『中庸天楽楼定本』
『中庸逢原』
『詩雕題』
『毛詩雕題附言』
『論語雕題』
『論語雕題略』
『論語逢原』
『荘子雕題』
『孟子雕題』
『孟子雕題略』

References

1732 births
1817 deaths
19th-century Japanese philosophers
Japanese academics
Japanese atheists
18th-century Japanese philosophers
Japanese writers of the Edo period
Scholars of ancient Chinese philosophy

Nakai Riken


Michael Gordon Skinner (born ), also known as Mickey, Mick, and Mike, is a former English rugby union player who played at flanker for Harlequins, Blackheath and . His nickname was "Mick the Munch" because of his propensity to inflict bone-shaking tackles on the opposition.  He was born in Newcastle-Upon-Tyne. He attended Walbottle Grammar School.

Career
Skinner is world-renowned for "The Tackle", his hit on Marc Cecillon in England's 1991 Rugby World Cup quarter final against  in Paris.  The match, which England won 19–10, was one of the most brutal in World Cup history.

Prior to making his England debut Skinner was required as a late addition to the England squad for the inaugural World Cup in 1987.  The R.F.U. however could not locate him which prompted an appeal from Desmond Lynam live on the BBC's Grandstand programme for Skinner to get in touch as his services were required.

During his career Skinner won a total of 21 caps for England. He made his England debut on 16 January 1988 in England's 10–9 defeat to France in Paris during the Five Nations. His final game for England was on 7 March 1992 against  at Twickenham as part of the Five Nations tournament.

In 1994, Skinner helped unveil a commemorative plaque to mark the founding of the Blackheath Football Club in 1858.

Retirement
Since leaving the game, Skinner has worked as a media pundit and became famous amongst fans for his interesting choices of waistcoat. He also featured in a video in which he introduces some of rugby's best tackles. He is an active supporter of Wooden Spoon charity.

Personal life
He has a daughter, Emily Skinner, who was born on 4 July 1995.
He also has three sons: Max, and Zak and Barnie who are twins.

References

1958 births
Living people
English rugby union players
England international rugby union players
Harlequin F.C. players
Rugby union players from Newcastle upon Tyne
Rugby union flankers
Kent County RFU players
1991 Rugby World Cup players

Michael Skinner (rugby union)


In mathematical physics, spacetime algebra (STA) is a name for the Clifford algebra Cl1,3(R), or equivalently the geometric algebra . According to David Hestenes, spacetime algebra can be particularly closely associated with the geometry of special relativity and relativistic spacetime.

It is a vector space that allows not only vectors, but also bivectors (directed quantities associated with particular planes, such as areas, or rotations) or blades (quantities associated with particular hyper-volumes) to be combined, as well as rotated, reflected, or Lorentz boosted.  It is also the natural parent algebra of spinors in special relativity.  These properties allow many of the most important equations in physics to be expressed in particularly simple forms, and can be very helpful towards a more geometric understanding of their meanings.

Structure
The spacetime algebra may be built up from an orthogonal basis of one time-like vector  and three space-like vectors, , with the multiplication rule

where  is the Minkowski metric with signature .

Thus, , , otherwise .

The basis vectors  share these properties with the Dirac matrices, but no explicit matrix representation need be used in STA.

This generates a basis of one scalar , four vectors , six bivectors , four pseudovectors  and one pseudoscalar , where .

The spacetime algebra also contains a non-trivial sub-algebra containing only the even grade elements, i.e. scalars, bivectors, and pseudoscalars. In the even sub-algebra, scalars and pseudoscalars both commute with all elements, and act like complex numbers. However, the pseudoscalar anticommutes with all odd-grade elements of the spacetime algebra, corresponding to the fact that under parity transformations, vectors and pseudovectors become negated.

Reciprocal frame
Associated with the orthogonal basis  is the reciprocal basis  for
, satisfying the relation

These reciprocal frame vectors differ only by a sign, with , and  for .

A vector may be represented in either upper or lower index coordinates  with summation over , according to the Einstein notation, where the coordinates may be extracted by taking dot products with the basis vectors or their reciprocals.

Like in tensor calculus, a change of index position can be achieved using the metric and the use of index gymnastics:

Multivector division
The spacetime algebra is not a division algebra, because it contains idempotent elements  and nonzero zero divisors: .  These can be interpreted as projectors onto the light-cone and orthogonality relations for such projectors, respectively.  But in some cases it is possible to divide one multivector quantity by another, and make sense of the result: so, for example, a directed area divided by a vector in the same plane gives another vector, orthogonal to the first.

Spacetime gradient

The spacetime gradient, like the gradient in a Euclidean space, is defined such that the directional derivative relationship is satisfied:

This requires the definition of the gradient to be

Written out explicitly with , these partials are

Spacetime split

In spacetime algebra, a spacetime split is a projection from four-dimensional space into (3+1)-dimensional space in a chosen reference frame by means of the following two operations:
 a collapse of the chosen time axis, yielding a 3D space spanned by bivectors, equivalent to the standard 3D basis vectors in the algebra of physical space and
 a projection of the 4D space onto the chosen time axis, yielding a 1D space of scalars, representing the scalar time.
This is achieved by pre- or post-multiplication by a timelike basis vector , which serves to split a four vector into a scalar timelike and a bivector spacelike component, in the reference frame co-moving with . With  we have

As these bivectors  square to unity, they serve as a spatial basis.  Utilizing the Pauli matrix notation, these are written .  Spatial vectors in STA are denoted in boldface; then with  and , the -spacetime split , and its reverse  are:

However, the above formulas only work in the Minkowski metric with signature (+ - - -). For forms of the spacetime split that work in either signature, alternate definitions in which  and  must be used.

Lorentz transformations

To rotate a vector  in geometric algebra, the following formula is used:
,
where  is the angle to rotate by, and  is the normalized bivector representing the plane of rotation so that .

For a given spacelike bivector, , so Euler's formula applies, giving the rotation
.

For a given timelike bivector, , so a "rotation through time" uses the analogous equation for the split-complex numbers:
.
Interpreting this equation, it is easy to see that these rotations along the time direction are simply hyperbolic rotations. These are equivalent to Lorentz boosts in special relativity.

Both of these transformations are known as Lorentz transformations, and the combined set of all of them is the Lorentz group. To transform an object in STA from any basis (corresponding to a reference frame) to another, one or more of these transformations must be used.

Classical electromagnetism

The Faraday Bivector
In STA, the electric field and magnetic field can be unified into a single bivector field, known as the Faraday Bivector, equivalent to the Faraday tensor. It is defined as

where  and  are the usual electric and magnetic fields, and  is the STA pseudoscalar. Alternatively, expanding  in terms of components,  is defined that

The separate  and  fields are recovered from  using

The  term represents a given reference frame, and as such, using different reference frames will result in apparently different relative fields, exactly as in standard special relativity.

Since the Faraday Bivector is relativistically invariant, further information can be found in its square, giving two new Lorentz-invariant quantities, one scalar, and one pseudoscalar:

The scalar part corresponds to the Lagrangian density for the electromagnetic field, and the pseudoscalar part is a less-often seen Lorentz invariant.

Maxwell's Equation

Maxwell's equations can be formulated using spacetime algebra, in a simpler form than can be done with standard vector calculus. Similarly to the above field bivector, the electric charge density and current density can be unified into a single spacetime vector, equivalent to a four-vector. As such, the spacetime current  is given by

where the components  are the components of the classical 3-dimensional current density. When combining these quantities in this way, it makes it particularly clear that the classical charge density is nothing more than a current travelling in the timelike direction given by .

Combining the electromagnetic field and current density together with the spacetime gradient as defined earlier, we can combine all four of Maxwell's equations into a single equation in spacetime algebra.

The fact that these quantities are all covariant objects in the spacetime algebra automatically guarantees Lorentz covariance of the equation, which is much easier to show than when separated into four separate equations.

In this form, it is also much simpler to prove certain properties of Maxwell's equations, such as the conservation of charge. Using the fact that for any bivector field, the divergence of its spacetime gradient is , one can perform the following manipulation:

This equation has the clear meaning that the divergence of the current density is zero, i.e. the total charge and current density over time is conserved.

Also, the right-hand side, being the product of a vector and a bivector, could have a pseudovector part, which would describe magnetic monopoles. Experiment suggests that these do not exist, which makes the equation somewhat asymmetric.

Lorentz Force

The form of the Lorentz force on a charged particle can also be considerably simplified using spacetime algebra.

Potential Formulation

In the standard vector calculus formulation, two potential functions are used: the electric scalar potential, and the magnetic vector potential. Using the tools of STA, these two objects are combined into a single vector field , analogous to the electromagnetic four-potential in tensor calculus. In STA, it is defined as

where  is the scalar potential, and  are the components of the magnetic potential. As defined, this field has SI units of webers per meter (V⋅s⋅m−1).

The electromagnetic field can also be expressed in terms of this potential field, using

However, this definition is not unique. For any twice-differentiable scalar function , the potential given by

will also give the same  as the original, due to the fact that

This phenomenon is called gauge freedom. The process of choosing a suitable function  to make a given problem simplest is known as gauge fixing. However, in relativistic electrodynamics, the Lorenz condition is often imposed, where .

To reformulate the STA Maxwell equation in terms of the potential ,  is first replaced with the above definition.

Substituting in this result, one arrives at the potential formulation of electromagnetism in STA:

Lagrangian formulation

Analogously to the tensor calculus formalism, the potential formulation in STA naturally leads to an appropriate Lagrangian density.

The multivector-valued Euler-Lagrange equations for the field can be derived, and being loose with the mathematical rigour of taking the partial derivative with respect to something that is not a scalar, the relevant equations become

To begin to re-derive the potential equation from this form, it is simplest to work in the Lorenz gauge, setting

This process can be done regardless of the chosen gauge, but this makes the resulting process considerably clearer. Due to the structure of the geometric product, using this condition results in .

After substituting in , the same equation of motion as above for the potential field  is easily obtained.

The Pauli equation

Spacetime algebra allows the description of the Pauli particle in terms of a real theory in place of a matrix theory. The matrix theory description of the Pauli particle is:

where  is a spinor,  is the imaginary unit with no geometric interpretation,  are the Pauli matrices (with the 'hat' notation indicating that  is a matrix operator and not an element in the geometric algebra), and  is the Schrödinger Hamiltonian. In the spacetime algebra the Pauli particle is described by the real Pauli–Schrödinger equation:

where now  is the unit pseudoscalar , and  and  are elements of the geometric algebra, with  an even multi-vector;  is again the Schrödinger Hamiltonian. Hestenes refers to this as the real Pauli–Schrödinger theory to emphasize that this theory reduces to the Schrödinger theory if the term that includes the magnetic field is dropped. This equation is more suited for the algebra of physical space, as nothing essential to the spacetime algebra appears in this equation.

The Dirac Equation

Spacetime algebra enables a description of the Dirac particle in terms of a real theory in place of a matrix theory. The matrix theory description of the Dirac particle is:

where  are the Dirac matrices. In the spacetime algebra, following Hestenes' derivation, the Dirac particle is described by the equation:

Here,  is the spinor field,  and  are elements of the geometric algebra,  is the electromagnetic four-potential, and  is the spacetime vector derivative. This allows the same mathematical operator to describe the equations of motion for both electromagnetism and quantum mechanics, leading to a much simpler unification of the two.

Dirac spinors

The relativistic quantum wavefunction is sometimes expressed as a spinor field, i.e.

where  is a bivector, and

where, according to its derivation by David Hestenes,  is an even multivector-valued function on spacetime,  is a unimodular spinor (or "rotor"), and  and  are scalar-valued functions. In this construction, the components of  can be directly corresponded with the components of a Dirac spinor, which can be easily checked by the fact that both have 8 scalar degrees of freedom.

This equation is interpreted as connecting spin with the imaginary pseudoscalar.  is viewed as a Lorentz rotation which a frame of vectors  into another frame of vectors  by the operation , where the tilde symbol indicates the reverse (the reverse is often also denoted by the dagger symbol, see also Rotations in geometric algebra).

This has been extended to provide a framework for locally varying vector- and scalar-valued observables and support for the Zitterbewegung interpretation of quantum mechanics originally proposed by Schrödinger.

Hestenes has compared his expression for  with Feynman's expression for it in the path integral formulation:

where  is the classical action along the -path.

Physical observables

The current density from the field can be expressed by

U(1) gauge symmetry
The Dirac equation is symmetric under some global phase shift given by some constant phase shift . Performing the transformation , where  is the charge of the field and  is the unit pseudoscalar, the Dirac equation as shown above remains unchanged.

However, all physical observables from the equation are invariant under a stronger localized phase symmetry, where the phase shift can vary by an arbitrary amount over space. The localized phase shift is given by the scalar function , and the transformation is given by

Where the fact that the transformation commutes with  comes from the fact that  decomposes into a scalar and pseudoscalar part, which both commute with elements of the even sub-algebra.

However, when using this stronger symmetry in the Dirac equation, the spacetime derivative  transforms into

using the product rule and chain rule. Since the transformed derivative does not have the same form as the original (i.e. it has an extra term that explicitly depends on the phase), the derivative prevents the equation from being locally phase invariant.

To fix this problem, one can introduce a gauge field , which will be defined to transform in a way to remove the local phase dependency in the equation. If one defines the gauge field to transform under the same arbitrary phase shift  as , and this is precisely where the  interaction term comes from.

At first, it may be unclear as to what this abstract gauge field actually represents, since it seems to have no observable effect other than changing the phase of the wave function. But when examining the consequences of its introduction, it becomes apparent that  is simply the electromagnetic four-potential, and that the constant  is simply the charge of the given particle in the field. As such, forcing the Dirac equation to be phase-invariant allows it to describe the electromagnetic interaction as a bonus.

Similar gauge fields exist in STA for the gauge transformations that govern the electroweak interaction, and the strong interaction, which has lead some to begin reformulating the standard model in this framework.

General relativity

A new formulation of general relativity

Lasenby, Doran, and Gull of Cambridge University have proposed a new formulation of gravity, termed gauge theory gravity (GTG), wherein spacetime algebra is used to induce curvature on Minkowski space while admitting a gauge symmetry under "arbitrary smooth remapping of events onto spacetime" (Lasenby, et al.); a nontrivial derivation then leads to the geodesic equation,

and the covariant derivative

where  is the connection associated with the gravitational potential, and  is an external interaction such as an electromagnetic field.

The theory shows some promise for the treatment of black holes, as its form of the Schwarzschild solution does not break down at singularities; most of the results of general relativity have been mathematically reproduced, and the relativistic formulation of classical electrodynamics has been extended to quantum mechanics and the Dirac equation.

See also
 Geometric algebra
 Dirac algebra
 Maxwell's equations
 Dirac equation
 General relativity

References

External links
 Imaginary numbers are not real – the geometric algebra of spacetime, a tutorial introduction to the ideas of geometric algebra, by S. Gull, A. Lasenby, C. Doran
 Physical Applications of Geometric Algebra course-notes, see especially part 2.
 Cambridge University Geometric Algebra group
 Geometric Calculus research and development

Geometric algebra
Clifford algebras
Minkowski spacetime
Mathematical physics

Spacetime algebra


Castoreum is the liquid released from the castor sacs of the beaver. It is a yellowish liquid. It is mixed together with the beaver's urine. It is used to mark territory. Both male and female beavers have two castor sacs. They have two glands in two empty spaces under the skin. They are between the pelvis and the base of the tail. The castor sacs are not glands.

Today, castoreum is used to trap animals. It is used also to make perfumes. It is also used as a drug.

Uses

Castoreum in perfume
Castoreum is used in perfume-making. It is used to describe the solution from the alcohol-tinted and dried beaver castor. Dried beaver castor sacs are aged for two or more years. They are aged to soften. They are also aged for their harshness to vanish. In the science of perfume, castoreum is mainly used as a smell for leather. It is often used with other ingredients. There are some classic perfumes that use castor. They are Emeraude, Coty Chanel Cuir de Russie, Magie Noire, Lancôme Caractère, Hechter Madame, Carven, Givenchy III, Shalimar, and many "leather" perfumes.

Castoreum in medicine
Modern use of castoreum is rare in medicine. However, the dried pair of castors may still be worth more than the beaver's fur. Castoreum appeared in medicine until the 1700s. It was used to treat many different sicknesses. Some of the sicknesses it helped treat are headache, fever, and hysteria. The Romans believed the smells made by burning castoreum could bring about an abortion. Paracelsus thought it could be used in the treatment of seizures. Medieval beekeepers used it to make more honey.

Other uses
Castoreum is also used to add to the flavor and smell of cigarettes.

References

Other websites
 The International Perfume Museum: Castoreum
 http://www.hyraceum.com

Chemicals

Castoreum


Carol Elaine Anderson (born June 17, 1959) is an American academic. She is the Charles Howard Candler professor of African American Studies at Emory University. Her research focuses on public policy with regard to race, justice, and equality.

In 2023, she was elected to the American Philosophical Society.

Education
Anderson earned bachelor's and master's degrees at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio in 1981 and 1983, respectively. She earned a PhD in history from Ohio State University in 1995. She was awarded a fellowship to study at Harvard University in 2005, where she worked on her book, Bourgeois Radicals: The NAACP and the Struggle for Colonial Liberation, 1941–1960.

Career
Anderson worked as an associate professor of history at the University of Missouri in Columbia. She was awarded a fellowship for teaching excellence in 2001. In 2009, Anderson joined the faculty of the African American Studies department at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia.

In an op-ed for The Washington Post in 2014, Anderson argued that the unrest following the 2014 Ferguson shooting was a manifestation of "white rage", or white backlash against African American advancement. The column was one of the most-read articles of the year, receiving thousands of comments, and Anderson was offered a book contract. The resulting book, White Rage: The Unspoken Truth of Our Racial Divide, expanded on the history of anti-black racism and retaliation in the United States.

White Rage became a New York Times Best Seller, and was listed as a notable book of 2016 by The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Boston Globe, and the Chicago Review of Books. White Rage was also listed by The New York Times as an Editors' Choice, and won the 2016 National Book Critics Circle Award for Criticism.

Anderson has discussed the historical context of voter suppression in relation to alleged intimidation of minority voters during the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election. She has also claimed that "white rage" was the reason for the election of Donald Trump.

Anderson has protested against human rights abuses of farm workers in Florida, in alliance with the Coalition of Immokalee Workers (CIW). She joined the CIW in calling for the supermarket chain Publix to join the Fair Food Program in response.

Anderson was a member of the Historical Advisory Committee of the U.S. Department of State.  She is on the Board of Directors of the National Economic & Social Rights Initiative (NESRI).

Anderson is featured in the 2019 documentary After Selma, directed by Loki Mulholland, where she describes the history and current state of voter suppression in the United States.

Anderson was named the American Academy of Political and Social Science's 2021 W. E. B. Dubois Fellow.

Selected publications

Selected awards and recognition
 2003 – Gustavus Myers Outstanding Book Award, Eyes Off the Prize
 2004 – Myrna F. Bernath Book Award, Eyes Off the Prize
 2016 – Politico 50
 2016 – Winner, National Book Critics Circle Award for Criticism, White Rage

References

Further reading

External links

20th-century American historians
21st-century American historians
Historians of African Americans
African-American historians
American women historians
American women academics
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
African-American non-fiction writers
University of Missouri faculty
Emory University faculty
Miami University alumni
Ohio State University Graduate School alumni
1959 births
Living people
20th-century African-American women writers
20th-century African-American writers
21st-century African-American women writers
21st-century African-American writers
21st-century African-American academics
21st-century American academics
Members of the American Philosophical Society

Carol Anderson


Stephen Lawrence Winwood (born 12 May 1948) is an English musician, singer and songwriter whose genres include blue-eyed soul, rhythm and blues, blues rock, and pop rock. Though primarily a guitarist, keyboard player, and vocalist prominent for his distinctive, soulful high tenor voice, Winwood plays other instruments proficiently, including drums, mandolin, bass, and saxophone.

Winwood achieved fame during the 1960s and 1970s as an integral member of three major bands: the Spencer Davis Group (1964–1967), Traffic (1967–1969 and 1970–1974) and Blind Faith (1969). During the 1980s, his solo career flourished and he had a number of hit singles, including "While You See a Chance" (1980) from the album Arc of a Diver and "Valerie" (1982) from Talking Back to the Night ("Valerie" became a hit when it was re-released with a remix from Winwood's 1987 compilation album Chronicles). His 1986 album Back in the High Life marked his career zenith, with hit singles including "Back in the High Life Again", "The Finer Things", and the US Billboard Hot 100 number one hit "Higher Love". He found the top of the Hot 100 again with "Roll With It" (1988) from the album of the same name, with "Holding On" also charting highly the same year. Although his hit singles ceased after the 1980s, he continued to release new albums up to 2008, when Nine Lives, his latest album, was released.

In 2004, Winwood was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Traffic. He has won two Grammy Awards and an Ivor Novello Award, and has been honored as BMI Icon. In 2008, Rolling Stone ranked Winwood number 33 on its list of 100 Greatest Singers of All Time.

Early life
Winwood was born on 12 May 1948 in Handsworth, Birmingham. His father Lawrence, a foundryman by trade, was a semi-professional musician, playing mainly the saxophone and clarinet. Steve Winwood began playing piano at the age of four while interested in swing and Dixieland jazz, and soon started playing drums and guitar. He was also a choirboy at St. John's Church of England, Perry Barr. The family moved from Handsworth to Atlantic Road Kingstanding Birmingham, where Winwood attended the Great Barr School, one of the first comprehensive schools. He also attended the Birmingham and Midland Institute of Music to develop his skills as a pianist, but did not complete his course. During this time, he befriended future Fleetwood Mac member Christine McVie.

At eight years of age, Winwood first performed with his father and elder brother Muff in the Ron Atkinson band. Muff Winwood later recalled that when Steve began playing regularly with him and his father in licensed pubs and clubs, the piano had to be turned with its back to the audience to try to hide him because he was so obviously underage.

Career

Early years
While still a pupil at Great Barr School, Winwood was a part of the Birmingham blues rock scene, playing the Hammond C-3 organ and guitar, backing blues and rock legends such as Muddy Waters, John Lee Hooker, Howlin' Wolf, B.B. King, Chuck Berry, and Bo Diddley on their United Kingdom tours, the custom at that time being for US singers to travel solo and be backed by pick-up bands. At this time, Winwood was living on Atlantic Road in Great Barr, close to the Birmingham music halls where he played. Winwood modelled his singing after Ray Charles.

The Spencer Davis Group

At age 14, Winwood (then known as "Stevie" Winwood) became singer and keyboardist of the Spencer Davis Group, with his older brother Muff on bass, Spencer Davis on guitar and Pete York on drums. Davis had been impressed by the Winwood brothers after he saw them performing as the Muffy Wood Jazz Band at the Golden Eagle in Birmingham. The Spencer Davis Group made their debut at the Eagle and subsequently had a Monday-night residency there. Winwood's distinctive high tenor singing voice and vocal style drew comparisons to Ray Charles.

In 1964, the Spencer Davis Group signed their first recording contract with Island Records. Producer and founder Chris Blackwell later said of Winwood, "He was really the cornerstone of Island Records. He's a musical genius and because he was with Island all the other talent really wanted to be with Island." The group's first single "Dimples" was released 10 days after Winwood's 16th birthday. The group had two UK No. 1 singles in late 1965 and early 1966 with "Keep on Running" and "Somebody Help Me"; the money from this success allowed Winwood to buy his own Hammond organ. Winwood co-wrote the band's breakthrough hits in America, "Gimme Some Lovin'" and "I'm a Man", both of which went Top 10 in the US and UK in late 1966 and early 1967. Winwood left the Spencer Davis Group in April 1967.

Traffic and Blind Faith
Winwood met drummer Jim Capaldi, guitarist Dave Mason, and multi-instrumentalist Chris Wood when they jammed together at The Elbow Room, a club in Aston, Birmingham. After Winwood left the Spencer Davis Group in April 1967, the quartet formed Traffic. Soon thereafter, they rented a cottage near the rural village of Aston Tirrold, Berkshire (now Oxfordshire), to write and rehearse new music. This allowed them to escape the city and develop their music.

Early in Traffic's formation, Winwood and Capaldi formed a songwriting partnership, with Winwood writing music to match Capaldi's lyrics. This partnership was the source of most of Traffic's material, including popular songs such as "Paper Sun", "No Face, No Name, No Number", "Dear Mr. Fantasy" and "The Low Spark of High-Heeled Boys", and outlived the band, producing several songs for Winwood and Capaldi's solo albums. Over the band's history, Winwood performed the majority of their lead vocals, keyboard instruments, and guitars (the latter more so after Mason's departure in 1968). Traffic disbanded in early 1969 after two albums, Mr. Fantasy (1967) and Traffic (1968), with a third album, Last Exit, being issued later that year.

Following Traffic's split, Winwood formed the supergroup Blind Faith, along with former Cream members Eric Clapton (guitar) and Ginger Baker (drums), and former Family member Ric Grech (bass). The band was short-lived, producing only one album (which reached No. 1 in both the UK and US), owing to Clapton's greater interest in Blind Faith's opening act, Delaney & Bonnie & Friends; Clapton left the band at the tour's completion, bringing Blind Faith to an end.

In 1970, Winwood went into the studio to begin work on a solo album, tentatively titled Mad Shadows. However, Winwood ended up calling in his former Traffic bandmates Jim Capaldi and Chris Wood to help, with the recording resulting in a Traffic reunion album John Barleycorn Must Die. Traffic would continue for another five albums, Welcome to the Canteen (1971), The Low Spark of High Heeled Boys (1971), Shoot Out at the Fantasy Factory (1973), On the Road (1973) and When the Eagle Flies (1974). Weariness with the grind of touring and recording prompted Winwood to break up Traffic in 1974 and retire to session work for several years.

Other 1960s and 1970s work
In 1966, three years before Blind Faith, Winwood guested with Eric Clapton as part of the temporary group Eric Clapton and the Powerhouse. Three tracks were recorded and released on the 1966 various artists compilation album, What's Shakin'. In 1968, Winwood was recruited by Jimi Hendrix to play organ for "Voodoo Chile" on the Electric Ladyland album.

Following the end of Blind Faith, Winwood and Ric Grech continued working with Ginger Baker, as part of Ginger Baker's Air Force, who also featured Winwood's Traffic bandmate Chris Wood. Winwood played on their self-titled first album, released in 1970.

In 1972, Winwood recorded the part of Captain Walker in the highly successful orchestral version of the Who's Tommy. He recorded a 1973 album with Remi Kabaka and Abdul Lasisi Amao, as Third World, Aiye-Keta. Later, after the unrelated reggae group Third World had formed, the album was re-released and identified by the band members' names. In 1976, Winwood provided vocals and keyboards on Go, a concept album by Japanese composer Stomu Yamashta. That same year, Winwood also played guitar on the Fania All Stars' Delicate and Jumpy record and performed as a guest with the band in their only UK appearance, a sold-out concert at the Lyceum Theatre, London.

Under pressure from Island Records, Winwood released his self-titled first solo album in 1977.

Solo career success
In 1980, Winwood released his second solo album Arc of a Diver, which included his first solo hit, "While You See a Chance". This was followed by Talking Back to the Night in 1982, which featured the song "Valerie", which would eventually become a hit single upon re-release in 1987. Both Arc of a Diver and Talking Back to the Night were recorded at his home in Gloucestershire with Winwood playing all instruments.

In 1986, Winwood travelled to New York City for his next album project. There, he enlisted the help of a coterie of stars to record Back in the High Life. The album went triple platinum in the US, with its first single "Higher Love" reaching number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 and earning Winwood Grammy Awards for Record of the Year and Best Male Pop Vocal Performance. He embarked on an extensive tour of North America in support of the album, and at the end of the tour, he divorced Nicole Weir in England then settled in the Nashville area with his new American wife, Eugenia Crafton.

With the exception of 1969's Blind Faith, Winwood had been with Island Records since the Spencer Davies Group's first single in 1964. However, at the peak of his commercial success, Winwood moved to Virgin Records and released the albums Roll with It (1988) and Refugees of the Heart (1990). Roll with It and its title track hit No. 1 on the US album and singles charts in the summer of 1988.

Traffic reunion and subsequent work

In 1994, Winwood and Jim Capaldi reformed as Traffic for the album Far from Home. Despite lacking a significant hit, it broke the top 40 in both the UK and US. The band toured that year, which included a performance at the Woodstock '94 Festival. That same year, Winwood appeared on the A Tribute To Curtis Mayfield CD, recording Mayfield's "It's All Right".

In 1995, Winwood released "Reach for the Light" for the animated film Balto. Winwood's final Virgin album, Junction Seven, was released in 1997, reaching the UK top 40. Later that year, he toured the US, and sang with Chaka Khan at the VH-1 Honors.

In 1998, Winwood joined Tito Puente, Arturo Sandoval, Ed Calle, and other musicians to form the band "Latin Crossings" for a European tour, after which they split without making any recordings. Winwood also appeared in the film Blues Brothers 2000, as a member of the Louisiana Gator Boys, appearing on stage with Isaac Hayes, Eric Clapton, and KoKo Taylor at the battle of the bands competition.

In 2003, Winwood released a new studio album, About Time, on his new record label, Wincraft Music. In 2004, Eric Prydz sampled Winwood's 1982 song "Valerie" for the song "Call on Me". After hearing an early version, Winwood not only gave permission to use his song, he re-recorded the samples for Prydz to use. The remix spent five weeks at No. 1 on the UK singles chart.

In 2005, Winwood's Soundstage Performances DVD was released. That same year, he appeared on Grammy Award winner Ashley Cleveland's album Men and Angels Say, a mix of rock, blues, and country arrangements of well-known hymns, including "I Need Thee Every Hour", which featured a vocal duet and organ performance. On her 2006 record Back to Basics, Christina Aguilera featured Winwood (using the piano and organ instrumentation from the John Barleycorn Must Die track "Glad") on her song "Makes Me Wanna Pray".

In May 2007, Winwood performed in support of the Countryside Alliance, an organisation opposed to the Hunting Act 2004, in a concert at Highclere Castle, joining fellow rock artists Eric Clapton, Bryan Ferry, Steve Harley, and Kenney Jones. In July 2007, Winwood performed with Clapton in the latter's Crossroads Guitar Festival. Among the songs they played were "Presence of the Lord" and "Can't Find My Way Home" from their Blind Faith days, with Winwood playing several guitar leads during a six-song set. The two continued their collaboration with three sold-out nights at Madison Square Garden in New York City in February 2008.

 Winwood's next studio album Nine Lives was released in 2008. Nine Lives opened at No. 12 on the Billboard 200 album chart, his highest US debut ever. On 19 February 2008, Winwood and Clapton released a collaborative EP through iTunes titled Dirty City. Clapton and Winwood released a CD and DVD of their Madison Square Garden shows and then toured together in the summer of 2009. On 19 February 2008, Winwood and Clapton released a collaborative EP through iTunes titled Dirty City. Clapton and Winwood released an album and DVD of their Madison Square Garden shows and then toured together in the summer of 2009.

In 2008, Winwood was awarded an honorary doctorate from the Berklee College of Music to add to his honorary degree from Aston University, Birmingham. On 28 March 2012 Winwood was one of Roger Daltrey's special guest stars for "An Evening with Roger Daltrey and Friends" gig, in aid of the Teenage Cancer Trust at the Royal Albert Hall.

In 2013, Winwood toured North America with Rod Stewart as part of the "Live the Life" tour. In 2014, Winwood toured North America with Tom Petty & the Heartbreakers.

On 17 February 2020, Winwood participated in "A Tribute to Ginger Baker", which took place at Eventim Apollo Hammersmith in London. Other participants were Ron Wood, Roger Waters, and Eric Clapton. The concert was held in honour of Ginger Baker, his former band member in Blind Faith, who had died the previous year.

On 7 May 2023, Winwood performed as part of the Coronation Concert at Windsor Castle, where he sang "Higher Love" backed by virtual choirs from the Commonwealth realms.

Legacy
Winwood was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Traffic in 2004. In 2005, Winwood was honoured as a BMI Icon at the annual BMI London Awards for his "enduring influence on generations of music makers." In 2008, Rolling Stone ranked Winwood No. 33 on its list of 100 Greatest Singers of All Time. Winwood has won two Grammy Awards. He was nominated twice for a Brit Award for Best British Male Artist: 1988 and 1989. In 2011, he received the Ivor Novello Award from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors for Outstanding Song Collection.

Personal life
Between 1978 and 1986, Winwood was married to Nicole Weir (d. 2005), who had contributed background vocals to some of his early solo work. The two married at Cheltenham Register Office.

Winwood's primary residence is a 300-year-old manor house in the Cotswolds, England, where he also has a recording studio. Winwood also has a home in Nashville, Tennessee, with his wife, Eugenia Crafton, a Trenton, Tennessee native whom he married in 1987. They have four children.

In 2011, Winwood's eldest daughter, Mary Clare, wedded businessman Ben Elliot, who later was Co-Chairman of the Conservative Party between July 2019 and September 2022. The couple have two sons. Winwood's daughter Lilly is a singer; she was featured with him performing a duet of his song "Higher Love" in a Hershey commercial. She was the opening act and was backing singer on multiple songs during her father's 2018 Greatest Hits Live tour.

Discography

Solo

Steve Winwood (1977)
Arc of a Diver (1980)
Talking Back to the Night (1982)
Back in the High Life (1986)
Roll with It (1988)
Refugees of the Heart (1990)
Junction Seven (1997)
About Time (2003)
Nine Lives (2008)
Greatest Hits Live (2017)

Spencer Davis Group
Their First LP (1965)
The Second Album (1966)
Autumn '66 (1966)

Traffic
Mr. Fantasy (1967)
Traffic (1968)
Last Exit (1969)
John Barleycorn Must Die (1970)
Welcome to the Canteen (1971)
The Low Spark of High Heeled Boys (1971)
Shoot Out at the Fantasy Factory (1973)
On the Road (1973)
When the Eagle Flies (1974)
Far from Home (1994)

Blind Faith
Blind Faith (1969)

Eric Clapton/Steve Winwood
Live from Madison Square Garden (2009)

Ginger Baker's Air Force
Ginger Baker's Air Force (1970)

Third World
Aiye-Keta (1973)

Go
Go (1976)
Go Live from Paris (1976)

Session work
 The Jimi Hendrix Experience – Electric Ladyland, 1968
 Joe Cocker – "With a Little Help from My Friends", 1968
 BB King – B.B. King in London, 1971
 McDonald and Giles – McDonald and Giles, 1971 - organ, and piano solo on "Turnham Green"
 Jimi Hendrix – The Cry of Love, 1971
 Howlin' Wolf – The London Howlin' Wolf Sessions, 1971 - organ and piano
 Shawn Phillips – Faces, 1972 – Organ on Parisien Plight II
 London Symphony Orchestra – Tommy – As Performed by the London Symphony Orchestra & Chamber Choir, 1972
 Jim Capaldi – Oh How We Danced, 1972
 Eddie Harris – E.H. in the U.K. (Atlantic), 1973 With Chris Squire, Alan White and Tony Kaye
 Lou Reed – Berlin, 1973
 John Martyn – Inside Out, 1973
 Jim Capaldi – Whale Meat Again, 1974
 Robert Palmer – Sneakin' Sally Through the Alley, 1974
 Vivian Stanshall – Men Opening Umbrellas Ahead, 1974
 Jim Capaldi – Short Cut Draw Blood, 1975
 Jade Warrior – Waves, 1975
 Toots & the Maytals – Reggae Got Soul, 1976
 Sandy Denny – Rendezvous, 1977
 John Martyn – One World, 1977
 Pierre Moerlen's Gong – Downwind, 1978
 Vivian Stanshall – Sir Henry at Rawlinson End, 1978
 Jim Capaldi – Daughter of the Night, 1978
 George Harrison – George Harrison, 1979
 Marianne Faithfull – Broken English, 1979
 Jim Capaldi – The Sweet Smell of... Success, 1980
 Jim Capaldi – Let the Thunder Cry, 1981
 Marianne Faithfull – Dangerous Acquaintances, 1981
 Jim Capaldi – Fierce Heart, 1983
 David Gilmour – About Face, 1984
 Christine McVie – Christine McVie, 1984
 Billy Joel – The Bridge, 1986
 Dave Mason – Two Hearts, 1987
 Talk Talk – The Colour of Spring, 1986
 Jim Capaldi – Some Come Running, 1988
 Jimmy Buffett – "My Barracuda", 1988
 Phil Collins – ...But Seriously, 1989
 Soulsister – Heat, 1990
 Davy Spillane – A Place Among the Stones, 1994
 Paul Weller – Stanley Road, 1995
 Kathy Troccoli – Corner of Eden, 1998
 Eric Clapton – Back Home, 2005
 Eric Clapton – Clapton, 2010
 Slash – Hey Joe Rock N' Roll Hall of Fame, 2010
 Miranda Lambert – Four the Record, 2011
 Eric Clapton – Old Sock, 2013
 Gov't Mule – Shout!, 2013
 Bettye LaVette – LaVette!, 2023

References

External links

 Official website
 Albums that Winwood guested on and/or produced
 Steve Winwood & Eric Clapton live@ Bucharest (review)

1948 births
British Christians
Living people
English keyboardists
English male singer-songwriters
English male guitarists
English record producers
English rock guitarists
English organists
English male songwriters
Columbia Records artists
Island Records artists
Virgin Records artists
Blind Faith members
Ginger Baker's Air Force members
Traffic (band) members
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Birmingham, West Midlands
British rhythm and blues boom musicians
British soft rock musicians
People from Great Barr
People from Handsworth, West Midlands
People from Aston Tirrold
The Spencer Davis Group members
Eric Clapton and the Powerhouse members

Steve Winwood


The Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary is a former Church of England church in East Lydford, Somerset, England. Designed by Benjamin Ferrey, it was built in 1864–66 and made redundant in 1989. The church, now in private ownership, is a Grade II listed building.

History
The Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary was built to replace an earlier medieval church serving East Lydford, which was dedicated to St Peter. By the middle of the 19th-century, it had become dilapidated and was considered inadequate and uncomfortable. Furthermore, the church's location by the river made it prone to flooding; in the winter of 1863, heavy rain fell during a service and the congregation had to be taken home by cart as the surrounding fields became too flooded to navigate on foot.

The rector of the parish, Rev. John James Moss, offered to build a new church at his sole expense, as a memorial to his late wife, Louisa Mary Anne, who died in 1863. A meeting of 22 September 1864 saw the offer unanimously accepted, and the foundation stone was laid by Lieutenant-General Sir Edward Cust, the father of Mrs. Moss, on 5 October 1864. The chosen site for the new church was on a plot of land owned by Rev. Moss and more central to the village.

The church was designed by Benjamin Ferrey of London and built by Mr. Davis of Langport for a cost of £2,000. It was consecrated by the Bishop of Bath and Wells, the Right Rev. Robert Eden, on 11 April 1866.

The church was later closed in 1987 and declared redundant on 1 January 1989. By 1987, the church was only used for a monthly service and on other special occasions. In addition to requiring repairs estimated to cost £35,000, much of the local congregation favoured the Church of St Peter at Lydford-on-Fosse.

The church was at risk of demolition in 1989 and sold to a private owner in 1993. It was placed on Mendip District Council's Historic Buildings at Risk register that year. The 2011 register considered the building to have possible "structural problems", with an "immediate risk of further rapid deterioration".

Architecture
The Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary is built of Keinton stone, with Doulting stone dressings and tile roofs, in the Early English style. It was designed to accommodate 100 persons and made up of a three-bay nave, chancel, south porch and north tower. The space under the tower served as a vestry and organ loft. The top of the tower is octagonal and has a spire standing at a height of 100 feet, topped with an ornamental cross and gilded weathercock. The nave was paved with encaustic tiles from Maw & Co and the open roof made from stained deal.

Internal fittings included the church's seating of stained deal and an oak pulpit which was transferred from the old church. The chancel stalls and reading desk were made from oak, while the font of Caen stone was gifted by Captain and Mrs. Chas Egerton in memory of their two infant children. The stained glass window at the east end was supplied by Heydon of London. Most of the church's fittings were moved upon closure to St Peter's at Lydford-on-Fosse.

References

Churches in Somerset
Former churches in Somerset
Grade II listed churches in Somerset
Church of England church buildings in Mendip District
Grade II listed buildings in Mendip District

Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary, East Lydford


PaperBackSwap (PBS) is a book swapping website which was founded in 2004.  The purpose of PaperBackSwap is to use the Internet to facilitate the parity trading of books among members in the United States using a credit based system for swapping.  The club also operates sister websites SwapaDVD and SwapaCD to facilitate parity trading of DVDs and CDs, respectively.

History

PaperBackSwap was founded in 2004 by Richard Pickering, a former economics student, and his friend, Robert Swarthout. Sister websites SwapaCD and SwapaDVD were founded in 2008.

Operation
A credit system is used to enable members to trade books for credits and credits for books.  Credits may either be purchased, or they may be earned by mailing books which have been requested.  Consequently, a member need not seek another member who desires a parity trade; credits are the medium of exchange.  Both paperback and hardback books may be traded, as well as audiobooks.  Within the PBS system the value of any bound book is one credit, and the value of an audio book is two credits.

Pickering patented several embodiments of the program with the US Patent Office involving the swapping process of books, CDs and DVDs. Pickering continues to run the company to date. However, members often complain about the site being slow to load, constantly down, and nearly unusable on a phone. There is common sentiment among the members that if they are paying a membership fee, the site should be upgraded to work

Other complaints include deactivation of accounts based on unclear guidelines and selectively enforced rules about late shipments or unmailed CDs, including accounts with cash or credit balances that go unredeemed or unrefunded upon closure.

References

External links

 www.swapacd.com
 www.swapadvd.com

Book swapping
American book websites
Internet forums
Internet properties established in 2004

PaperBackSwap


Fort Barrington (previously Goat Hill Fort, Cripplegate Battery, and Queen's Battery) is a historic military fort in Antigua and Barbuda. It is located on Goat Hill in St. John's, Antigua, at the western entrance to St. John's Harbor. The fort was built in 1779, and was named for Admiral Samuel Barrington. Remains of the fort include a circular battery, small magazine, and barracks.

History
In the 17th century, the British built a battery on Goat Hill in St. John's. Sitting at the most southwestern point of St. John's Harbor, the battery's location was ideal for protecting the harbor's entrance as well as the anchorage outside the harbor. The battery was attacked multiple times, and in the 18th century it was often described as being in disrepair. It was abandoned after Queen Anne's War.

In 1779, a new fort was built at the location of the previous battery. Its purpose was to assist Fort James (located at the harbor's opposite entrance) with protecting St. John's Harbor. The fort was completed under the administration of General William Mathew Burt, who was governor of the Leeward Islands from 1776 to 1781. It served as a major fortification for the British during the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812.

The fort's previous names were Goat Hill Fort, Cripplegate Battery, and Queen's Battery. It was renamed Fort Barrington for the British royal navy admiral Samuel Barrington. Barrington was commander in chief of the Leeward Islands station during the time of the fort's construction.

References

Forts
St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda
Buildings and structures in St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda
1700s establishments in the Caribbean
Forts in Antigua and Barbuda

Fort Barrington, Antigua and Barbuda


Don Starkell (December 7, 1932 – January 28, 2012) was a Canadian adventurer, diarist and author, perhaps best known for his achievements in canoeing.

Born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, he had a difficult childhood including an abusive father, four and a half years in an orphanage, and later with a foster family in North Kildonan. He took up canoeing in his teens and at age 17 was named Most Outstanding Novice at the Kildonan Canoe Club. He competed professionally as a canoeist, winning 10 out of 12 races that he entered. In 1967, he was a member of the Manitoba team that competed in the Expo 67 Centennial Voyageur Canoe Pageant race from Rocky Mountain House, Alberta to Montreal, Quebec. The team won the race after a gruelling effort lasting 104 days. Starkell suffered serious burns to his legs, as well as smoke inhalation when a fire broke out in his house in Winnipeg in March, 2010.

Paddle to the Amazon
On June 1, 1980, he and his two sons, Dana and Jeff Starkell, set out on an epic canoe journey from Winnipeg to Belem, Brazil. The trip followed the Red River to its headwaters south of Fargo, North Dakota. From there the canoeists portaged to the Minnesota River and then continued down the Mississippi River to the Intracoastal Waterway at Larose, Louisiana. They followed the Waterway south to Port Isabel, Texas, where they entered the actual Gulf of Mexico, and then skirted the coast of Mexico to Veracruz where they spent three and a half months (November 1980 to mid February 1981) to recover from the journey to date, a journey that had been—and would continue to be—fraught with difficulty. By this time, Jeff Starkell decided to abandon the adventure and Donald and Dana continued on alone.

They paddled along the rest of Mexico and Central America to South America. Off the Guajira Peninsula in Colombia they were beset by modern pirates but escaped. They almost died on the Gulf of Coro, Venezuela after being trapped on a sandbar by strong headwinds as their food supplies ran out. Eventually, on October 14, 1981 they made land at Port of Spain, Trinidad, where they recuperated for six weeks.

On New Years Day, 1982, they set off from Port of Spain and three days later crossed the Columbus Channel to Venezuela. There, at Pedernales, they entered the delta of the Orinoco River. Over the next two months they paddled virtually the entire length of the Orinoco to Tama Tama where they entered the Casiquiare canal, the only natural canal in the world. Via this route they reached the Rio Negro and then the Amazon River at Manaus, Brazil. From Manaus, they paddled downriver to the Atlantic coast. The journey ended at Belem on May 2, 1982.

In 1986, the names of Don Starkell and his son Dana were entered into the Guinness Book of World Records for having completed the longest canoe journey ever, a distance of .

He was inducted into the Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame in 2006 in recognition of his all round athletic excellence.

Paddle to the Arctic
In 1990, Starkell sought to trace the Northwest Passage by kayak. Though comparatively short—at 3,000 miles—the trip was more difficult due to the cold weather. It lasted three years and had to be terminated just thirty miles short of its planned completion point at Tuktoyaktuk, due to the onset of winter and frostbite. Starkell lost the tops of his fingers and some of his toes. "When I did the Arctic trip, I gave absolutely everything I had and that was success," he said.

Publications
 Don Starkell, edited by Charles Wilkins, Paddle to the Amazon, Toronto: McLelland and Stewart, 1987
 Don Starkell, Paddle to the Arctic, Toronto: McLelland and Stewart, 1995
 Victoria Jason, Kabloona in the Yellow Kayak: One Women's Journey Through the Northwest Passage,  Turnstone Press Limited, 1996. (Account by one of the participants in the Arctic journey)

References

External links
 Paddle to the Amazon web site: "The Documentary"
 All About Canoes: "Interview with Don Starkell"
 Excerpts from his books
Don Starkell's biography at Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame and Museum
 Dana Starkell
 "National Public Radio: 'Only a Game, Oct. 6, 2017: World Record Canoe Trip' (segment begins at 17:54)

1932 births
2012 deaths
Canadian diarists
Canadian male canoeists
Sportspeople from Winnipeg
Writers from Winnipeg

Don Starkell