Vernon Johnson Mwaanga (born 1944) is a Zambian diplomat and politician.

Life
Born near Choma, Mwaanga studied political science and international relations in the United Kingdom. In October 1964 he became Zambia's first diplomat, as deputy high commissioner in London. He was ambassador to Moscow in 1965, before returning to Zambia for two years, handling negotiations with Rhodesia as the president's permanent secretary. From 1966 to January 1972 Mwangaa was ambassador to the United Nations. In 1972 he was appointed editor of the Times of Zambia. From 1973 to 1975 he was Minister of Foreign Affairs. During his tenure as foreign affairs minister for the Kenneth Kaunda regime, he played a key role in Zambian relations with the United States. Partly because of his diplomatic efforts, Kaunda was invited to the White House for important talks with Gerald Ford in April 1975. Furthermore, it was Mwaanga who first invited U.S. secretary of state Henry Kissinger to come to Zambia, which Kissinger ended up doing several times in 1976 to deliver a landmark speech and participate in discussions regarding the Rhodesian conflict.

In 1976 Mwaanga left politics for the private sector. In 1980 he became chairman of the new Zambian subsidiary of the Bank of Credit and Commerce International. As chairman of the Zambia Industrial and Commercial Association (ZINCOM), a consortium of entrepreneurs, he published criticisms of the government.  Arrested on charges involving the alleged smuggling of Mandrax in 1985, he resigned the chairmanship of BCCI-Zambia, although the charges were never proven and he was released without trial in April 1986.

Mwaanga was a founding member of the Movement for Multi-Party Democracy, and after the party's victory in the 1991 elections served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1991 to 1994. He was Minister of Information from 1999 to 2002. After the 2006 elections he was reinstated as Minister of Information until his resignation in April 2007 over video footage showing him supporting breach-of-contract claims being made by a Congolese governor against the Zambian government.

Chronology
 1944 - Born, June 25
 1964 - Deputy High Commissioner
 1965 - Ambassador to the Soviet Union
 1968 - Ambassador to the United Nations
 1973 - Minister of Foreign Affairs (Zambia)
 1976 - Left politics

Books
An Extraordinary Life, Multimedia Publications, 1982. No ISBN
The Other Society : A Detainee's Diary, Fleetfoot Pub. Co., c1986. No ISBN
The Long Sunset : My Reflections, Fleetfoot Pub. Co., 2008.

References

1939 births
Living people
Zambian diplomats
Permanent Representatives of Zambia to the United Nations
Ambassadors of Zambia to the Soviet Union
Movement for Multi-Party Democracy politicians
Foreign Ministers of Zambia
Members of the National Assembly of Zambia
Information and Broadcasting Services ministers of Zambia

Vernon Mwaanga


ICBM is an acronym. It stands for Intercontinental Ballistic Missile. It is a missile that can travel so far that it be used from one continent to another. The missile is primarily designed for nuclear weapons delivery. The missile is guided, which means it can be controlled to hit a target, usually by an inertial guidance system.  The missile carries a warhead, which is usually a nuclear weapon but it can also be a chemical or biological weapon.  ICBMs can be launched from silos in the ground or underwater from submarines.  Some can be launched from large ground vehicles.

References

Missiles

Intercontinental ballistic missile


Shuja-ud-Daula (b.  – d. ) was the Subedar and Nawab of Oudh and the Vizier of Delhi from 5 October 1754 to 26 January 1775.

Early life
Shuja-ud-Daula was the son of the Mughal Grand Vizier Safdarjung chosen by Ahmad Shah Bahadur. Unlike his father Shuja-ud-Daula was known from an early age for his abilities to synthesize his subordinates, this skill would eventually cause him to emerge as the chosen Grand Vizier by Shah Alam II.

Shuja-ud-Daula was a giant man.

Shuja-ud-Daula is also known to have assisted the Alivardi Khan on various occasions when the territories of the Nawab of Bengal, were being ravaged by Raghoji I Bhonsle and his Marathas. Thus Shuja-ud-Daula is known to have been a very respected figure among the servicemen of Alivardi Khan.

Nawab of Awadh

After the death of his father the Mughal Grand Vizier Safdarjung in the year 1753, Shuja-ud-Daula was recognized as the next Nawab by the Mughal Emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur.

Shuja-ud-Daula despised Imad-ul-Mulk, an ally of the Marathas of the Maratha Empire whose regime emerged after the Battle of Sikandarabad with the support of the Sadashivrao Bhau. Imad-ul-Mulk blinded Ahmad Shah Bahadur and placed Alamgir II on the Mughal imperial throne. Alamgir II and his son Prince Ali Gauhar, were often persecuted by Imad-ul-Mulk because they refused to abandon their peaceful terms with Ahmad Shah Durrani, they also demanded the resignation of Imad-ul-Mulk mainly due to his relations with the Marathas.

Shuja-ud-Daulah's household cavalry was composed of the Sheikhzadi, much of whom belonged to the Qidwai clan, who claimed descent from the Bani Israil. Clan-groups such as the Sayyids of Bilgram, Kara-Manikpur, Sheikhs of Kakori, and the Sayyids of Barha served as court officers and soldiers. The most vigilant of Shuja-ud-Daulah's commander, Naval Rai's troops were his contingent of the Barah Sayyids, while the Bilgramis were of the same stock. These clans had not taken any profession other than a soldier or an officer. Shuja-ud-Daulah's father had maintained a contingent of 20,000 "Mughal" cavalry, who were mainly Hindustanis, many who were chiefly from the Jadibal district in Kashmir, who had imitated the Qizilbash in dress and spoke the Persian language. The state also saw a large migration of Kashmiri Shi'as to the Shi'a kingdom of Awadh, both to escape persecution and to secure courtly patronage. This was especially the case with men from the district of Jadibal in Kashmir, who were all Shias, who looked to the state as the sword-arm of the Shi'as in India.

Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire

Prince Ali Gauhar fled from Delhi when he realized a conspiracy that would eventually lead to the murder of the Mughal Emperor Alamgir II. Shuja-ud-Daula welcomed and protected Prince Ali Gauhar, who then declared himself Shah Alam II and officially recognized Shuja-ud-Daula as the Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire. Together they challenged the usurper Shah Jahan III, who was placed on the Mughal imperial throne by Sadashivrao Bhau and his forces, which plundered much of the Mughal Empire.

Shah Alam II was then advised to lead an expedition that would attempt to retake the eastern regions of the Mughal Empire from Mir Jafar who was supported by the British East India Company. While Shuja-ud-Daula, Najib-ul-Daula and Mirza Jawan Bakht allied themselves with Ahmad Shah Durrani and assisted his forces during the Second Battle of Sikandarabad in the year 1760 and later led a Mughal Army of 43,000 during the Third Battle of Panipat.

Third Battle of Panipat

After escaping from Delhi due to the murder of his father the Mughal Emperor Alamgir II, the young Prince Ali Gauhar was well received by Shuja-ud-Daula. The Nawab of Awadh and the newly appointed Mughal Grand Vizier Shuja-ud-Daula assured Prince Ali Gauhar that he and Najib-ud-Daula would initiate a struggle that would overthrow the Maratha Empire if Prince Ali Gauhar would lead what remained of the Mughal Army against the expanding British East India Company in Bengal.

Shuja's decision about whom to join as an ally in the Third Battle of Panipat was one of the decisive factors that determined the outcome of the war as lack of food due to the Afghans cutting the supply lines of Marathas was one of the reasons that the Marathas could not sustain the day-long battle. Their forces were weak due to starvation and were also fighting facing the sun.

Shuja was not very sure about whose side should he take before the Third Battle of Panipat. The Marathas were still further south then and it would have taken them considerable time to reach Shuja's province. In spite of this, his mother was of the opinion that he should join the Marathas as they had helped his father previously on numerous occasions. However, in the end, Shuja decided to join Ahmad Shah Durrani.

As the chosen Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire, Shuja-ud-Daula commanded a sizeable army of Mughal Sepoy, who cut off the supplies of the Marathas and even defeated them in pitched confrontations during the Third Battle of Panipat and dispatched the Maratha leader Sadashivrao Bhau.

Abdali wrote to Shuja-ud-Daulah:
"It is now incontestably known that the addressee is a native of those parts, but that forsaking the conversation and manners of his native land , he has incorporated himself with the inhabitants of Hindustan. Whatever has come to pass, is altogether right. Whatever has been has been; the future will, by the favour of God, be fortunate.

Battle of Buxar
Shuja is also known for his role in the Battle of Buxar, a battle that was no less definite in Indian history. He along with the forces of Mughal emperor Shah Alam II & Mir Qasim ruler of Bengal were defeated by the British forces in one of the key battles in the history of British East India company.

Allahabad Treaty
He again fought the British with the help of Marathas at Kara Jahanabad and was defeated. On 16 August 1765 AD he signed the Treaty of Allahabad, which said that Kora and Allahabad district would go to Company and the Company would get 5 million rupees from Awadh. The British would be allowed free trade in Awadh and would help each other in case of war with other powers, which was a very shrewd political move by the Company.

To pay for the protection of British forces and assistance in war, Awadh gave up first the fort of Chunar, then districts of Benaras, Ghazipur and finally Allahabad.

Death and burial

Shuja-ud-Daula died on 26 January 1775 in Faizabad, the then capital of Awadh, and was buried in the same city. His burial place is a tomb and known as Gulab Bari (Rose Garden).

Personal life
Shuja-ud-Daula's Turkic and Iranian Persian Twelver Shia Muslim royal family ruling the Oudh (Awadh) state in India obtained their eunuchs (khwajasarais) through subduing Hindu kings rebellions. Jawahir Ali was a eunuch of Oudh state who was born a Hindu. The Rajas of Khairabad rebelled since they refused to pay taxes to the Twelver Shia district administrator Nawab Muhammad Ali Khan so Nawab Muhammad Ali defeated the Hindus in battle  The castrated Hindu boys were converted to Twelver Shia Islam and given Muslim names after being enslaved and then educated. The Twelver Shia Turkic Nawab of Oudh Shuja-ud-Daula (a descendant of the Turkic Twelver Shia Qara Qoyunlu dynasty through his father Safdar Jang) made Nawab Muhammad Ali Khan give his eunuchs including Jawahir Ali to him. Jawahir Ali (Joahir Ali) served as nazir eunuch to Bahu Begum (Bahu Begam, Bahoo Begum or Buhoo Begum) (Begum Amanat-uz Zahra Bano), the Iranian Persian wife of the Turkic Twelver Shia ruler of Oudh, Shuja-ud-Daula. Bahu Begum owned multiple eunuchs, all of them of Indian Hindu background. One of them was born a eunuch with defective genital and sold to the Nawab by his family, Darab Ali Khan and he was a general agent of Bahu Begam after Jawahir Ali. Jawahir Ali was the first general agent of Bahu Begam.

Bahu Begam's estates were managed by Javahir 'Ali Khan. The Twelver Shia cleric Mawlavi Muhammad Munir who came to Faizabad and was there during a riot in 1779 between Sufi pirs and physicians against Twelver Shia clerics. Muhammad Munir was paid a stipend and backed up by Javahir Ali. Javahir Ali sent soldiers to support the Twelver scholars against the physicians. The Twelver Shia Usuli ulama were also supported by Javahir Ali when they implemented Friday prayers 7 years after the riots. Javahir paid 20 people to make people attend the 5 mandatory prayers and Friday prayer during the winter and rainy season. Bahu Begum was of Persian Iranian descent. The British East India Company under Warren Hastings tortured the eunuchs Bahar Ali and Jawahir Ali after they arrested Bahu Begum in 1781 in order to force them to give their treasure over.

Jawahir Ali Khan ordered 2 fellow eunuchs belonging to Bahu Begum, Sa'adat and Basharat to assist the Qadi (Qazi) at Ali Beg Khan mosque. Due to cold weather, the eunuch minister Darab Ali Khan tried to stop Bahu Begam from reciting Fatiha at Imam Husain's tazia during Muharram but she went regardless and got a fever and cold.

Bahu Begum only allowed Jawahir to enter when she was on her Sedan Chair speaking before British East India Company representative Mr. Lumsden in Lucknow. Darab Ali Khan came from the Salone district, Rusulabad. Jawahir was interred in an imambarah made out of wood after he died in 1799 in Faizabad. Bahu Begum had another favourite eunuch, Tehsin Ali Khan who died on 27 August 1818. He constructed a mosque and owned a Serai. Bahu Begum's name was Amanat-uz Zahra and her eunuch Jawahar Ali Khan built an Imambara in Faizabad. Bahu Begam was the younger sister of Mirza Muhammad

As there is a full account given of Jawahir 'Ali Ķbán in connection with Faizábád, there is no need to speak of him here. Having filled the office of the Nazárat on earth for thirty-four years after the death of Nusrat 'Ali ķhán, he was summoned in 1214 A.H. [1799 A.D.), to superintend the huris of Firdaus, and hastened. to Paradise. Then the lucrative appointments which he had vacated were conferred on Muhammad Dáráb. Ali Ķbán. Although Jawahir . 'Ali Khán had thrice the dignity and opulence of his father,* for his authority extended from the mountain of Butwal on the north to the banks of the Ganges on the south, and he had more than 10,000 horse and foot, and had personal property greater than all the other eunuchs of Faizábád had been able to collect in their whole lives, yet he was never known to utter an arrogant or haughty word, and never assumed any manner or a form of speech which savoured of pride or arrogance. As he had evinced from his early boyhood a taste for literature, he was constantly engaged in reading, and when any literary discussion took place, he used to leave the most urgent business to go and share its advantages. In his early years he was fond of Arabic, and becoming proficient in etymology, syntax, and logic, he entered on the study of Şadra; but owing to his tours and journeys, which he had to make to Lucknow each year and sometimes to the mountain of Butwal, he was unable to make further progress.

He was an able expositor of the ambiguities of Persian poetry. Enigmas and riddles were solved in gatherings around him. Above all, he was especially fond of historical works. He read from beginning to end the Sháhnáma, Hamla-i-Haidarí, the Masnavís of Jalálu'ddín Rúmi, Ma'ariju'nnabuwat, Rauzatu'ssafa, Habibu'ssiyar, Shahjabánnáma, Akbarnáma, Taimúrnáma, Táriķh Farishta, and every other book on which he could lay his hands. The duty of reading these aloud to him was imposed on me. He used to listen to them from sunset until midnight. I heard many narratives and tales while thus privileged with the enjoyment of his society. He always sought the company of scholars, poets, and men of science. He is dead and gone.

* The relation of an old eunuch to a younger one as guru and chelá (priest and novice) is often referred to in this work. When a eunuch adopted another they were spoken of as father and son. This is the relation here alluded to, Jawábir 'Ali being looked on as the adopted son of Nusrat 'Ali, whom he succeeded. Muhammad Faiz Bakhsh, "Memoirs of Delhi and Faizábád: Being a Translation of the Táríḳh Farahbaḳhsh of Muhammad Faiz Baḳhsh from the Original Persian, Volume 1", pages iv-v.

Yusuf Ali Khan and Ambar Ali Khan were 2 other eunuch boys who were raised with Jawahir Ali Khan. Ambar Ali Khan was taken prisoner in the same battle as Jawahir Ali Khan when the Twelver Shia Commissioner Muhammad Ali Khan defeated the Hindu Rajputs of Khairabad (Sitapur) and castrated the Hindu boys. Jawahir Ali Khan used white clothing for Mewatis, black clothing for irregulars and livery in mango green for household troops (Sahib Khanis) when he ordered his servants and soldiers to parade in Lucknow while he was administrator. Jawahir Ali patronized intellectuals and culture as well as engaging in horsemanship and archery practice every day. He did not wear ornate, expensive or elaborate clothing and did not do extravagant grooming, since as a high ranking eunuch (khwajasarai) his mistress did not need to flaunt her wealth through him. Jawahir Ali Khan cone had 1,000 servants shout "Din, Din" while raising banners and wearing white robes after taking off their black robes. One of his officials was Akhund Ahmad. Jawahir Ali had a dispute with his mistress Bahu Begum when he was blocking a road once and she sent a eunuch to tell him to stop it.

In popular culture
 In the 1994 Hindi TV series The Great Maratha, Shuja's character was portrayed by Benjamin Gilani.
 In the 2019 Bollywood film Panipat, Shuja-ud-Daula is portrayed by Kunal Kapoor.

References

Further reading
Shuja-ud-Daulah – Vol. I, II (1754–1765) by Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava

External links

1732 births
People from Lucknow
Nawabs of Awadh
1775 deaths
Indian Shia Muslims
Indian people of Iranian descent
18th-century Iranian people
Indian royalty

Shuja-ud-Daula


Eastbridge is a village in the English county of Suffolk. It is located approximately  north of Leiston,  from the North Sea in the parish of Theberton, immediately south of the Minsmere RSPB reserve. It borders the Minsmere River which cuts through an area of drained and undrained wetland known as the Minsmere Level.

Eastbridge Windpump, which stood on the Minsmere Level marshes, is preserved at the Museum of East Anglian Life in Stowmarket. The marshes are also the site of the remains of the medieval chapel of St Mary which stands on the original site of Leiston Abbey. The chapel ruins date from the 12th-century and include a World War II pill box which was built into the walls to protect against invasion. The site is a scheduled monument.

Located in Eastbridge is the Eels Foot Inn, an ale-house dating as far back as 1533 which obtained a full license to sell alcohol in 1950. Because of its proximity to the sea, the pub was a favourite stop of travellers, drovers and smugglers. The pub is the main feature of the small village. It is associated with folk music, and hosts a weekly gathering in which people sing songs and play folk tunes.

References

External links

Villages in Suffolk
Suffolk Coastal

Eastbridge


Giuseppe Giaccardo (13 June 1896 - 24 January 1948) was an Italian Roman Catholic priest and a professed member of the Society of Saint Paul that Giacomo Alberione established. Giaccardo became the latter's closest aide and confidant and was involved in promoting the congregation and the Pauline charism. His profession into the order saw him assume the religious name of "Timoteo".

He became a Servant of God on 10 December 1964 under Pope Paul VI when the sainthood process commenced. Pope John Paul II declared him to be Venerable in 1985 and beatified Giaccardo on 22 October 1989; his liturgical feast is assigned for 22 October.

Life
Giuseppe Giaccardo was born in Cuneo on 13 June 1896 to the farmers Stefano Giaccardo and Maria Cagna as the eldest of five children. Giaccardo was given the names of "Giuseppe Domenico Vincenzo" when he was baptized. He was ill to the point of near-death at the age of six months which resulted in a miraculous cure after his parents turned to the intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

As a child he had a little statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary on a ledge in his room and he also served as a Mass server. He was known for his docile nature and for his ardent devotion to the Blessed Mother.

Giaccardo met the priest Giacomo Alberione as a child at the age of twelve. It was Alberione who heard Giaccardo's first confession and was impressed with the latter's spirit and devotion to the sacraments. In 1908 the priest invited Giaccardo to go with him to Alba to start his studies to become a priest. He studied for the priesthood in Alba from the age of twelve - after entering on 17 October 1908 - due to the support of Alberione (the latter also taught there).

On 22 January 1915 he was drafted and assigned to the 2nd Company of Health in Alexandria but was discharged on 7 January 1916 due to oligemia (anemia). In his journal in 1916 he said: "I want to become a saint. Transform me into You".

He was aged thirteen when he entered the Paulines - that Alberione established - and in 1917 asked the Bishop of Alba for permission to leave his studies to join Alberione to which the bishop was reluctant to approve. On 4 September 1917 he assumed the religious name of "Timoteo". The Bishop of Alba later allowed Giaccardo to resume his studies not long after this. Giaccardo received ordination to the priesthood on 19 October 1919 from the Bishop of Alba Giuseppe Francesco Re; he was allowed to be ordained sooner than his classmates so that his mother - on her deathbed with cancer - could see his ordination. In 1919 he was made the Vice-Superior and the Treasurer of the Paulines. He made his religious vows in 1920. Alberione would go on to call Giaccardo "the most faithful of the faithful" while fellow Paulines would refer to him as "Signor Maestro. On 12 November 1920 he graduated in theological studies in Genoa with honours.

On 6 January 1926 he was sent to Rome on Alberione's wishes to establish the institute's first house; he arrived on 15 January 1926 with a mere 3000 lire and would later come into contact with the Benedictine Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster. Giaccardo mediated matters between Alberione and Pope Pius XI in relation to the approval of the congregation after meeting the pope in 1926 and with Cardinal Camillo Laurenti on 13 July 1926. Giaccardo was present in Rome for the convocation and celebration of the 1933-1934 Holy Year of Redemption.

He returned to Alba in 1936 as the director of the mother-house and dedicated himself to the cultural and spiritual formation of the Sisters Disciples of the Divine Master - Alberione's new Pauline institute. He was recalled to Rome in 1946 to serve as the Vicar General of the institute there. He contributed to Alberione's new religious congregation - also of the Pauline charism - which was established on 3 April 1947 in the Church of Saint Paul in Alba on the occasion of the Last Supper.

In the latter half of 1947 he began to feel ill; November 1947 saw him go to several Pauline houses for inspection. Doctor Tommaso Teodoli diagnosed him with leukemia and Giaccardo began to tell others of his failing health. He celebrated his final Mass on the morning of 12 January 1948 - the same morning that Pope Pius XII approved the Sisters Disciples of the Divine Master. Alberione gave him the Viaticum before his death.

Giaccardo died on the eve of the Feast of the Conversion of Saint Paul due to leukaemia. Cardinal Schuster wrote - on 25 January 1948 - of the profound loss he felt in the death of Giaccardo. His funeral was celebrated on 26 January 1948 in which the homilist was Alberione. He was buried in the Basilica di Santa Maria Regina degli Apostoli alla Montagnola.

Beatification

The beatification process commenced in the Diocese of Rome in an informative process that commenced on 8 June 1955 and finished its business on 19 June 1957 after having collated documentation and witness testimonies - including one from Alberione himself. The first of two smaller processes opened in Alba on 7 June 1955 and concluded on 6 November 1956. Theologians also collected his writings and approved them as being in line with the magisterium of the faith.

The formal introduction to the cause on 10 December 1964 - under Pope Paul VI - granted the posthumous title of Servant of God upon the late priest. An apostolic process was later opened on 20 May 1965 and concluded its work on 26 October 1967 while the second and final of the smaller processes opened in Alba on 22 July 1965 and closed on 13 October 1967. The Congregation of Rites validated these four processes in Rome on 19 December 1969.

In 1979 - one decade later - the postulation submitted the Positio to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints for their assessment. On 9 May 1985 he was declared to be Venerable after Pope John Paul II recognized his life of heroic virtue.

The miracle required for his beatification was investigated in the Italian diocese of its origin and received the validation of the C.C.S. in Rome on 27 May 1988. The medical board voted in favor of the miracle on 9 November 1988 while the theologians did likewise on 3 February 1989. The pope voiced his approval on 13 May 1989 and presided over the beatification of Giaccardo on 22 October 1989.

The current postulator assigned to the cause is José Antonio Pérez Sánchez.

References

External links
Hagiography Circle

1896 births
1948 deaths
20th-century venerated Christians
Beatifications by Pope John Paul II
Deaths from leukemia
Italian beatified people
Pauline Family
People from Cuneo
Venerated Catholics by Pope John Paul II
20th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests

Giuseppe Giaccardo


Lieutenant-Colonel Crispin Nicholas Black  (born 1960) is an intelligence consultant and commentator on terrorism and intelligence, after a previous career as a British Army officer.  He is a veteran of the Falklands War and is retained by the BBC as an expert on terrorism. He was previously an Associate Fellow at Chatham House.

Education
Black was educated at Harrow School, the University of London and at St John's College, Cambridge, followed by the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst.

Military career
On 11 April 1981, Black was commissioned into the Welsh Guards as a second lieutenant. He commanded a platoon in the Falklands War of 1982, surviving the bombing of RFA Sir Galahad, and was promoted lieutenant on 25 January 1984, captain on 11 October 1987, and major on 30 September 1991. He had three tours of Northern Ireland, where one of his roles was as an intelligence officer in Republican West Belfast, and he also served with the British Army of the Rhine and the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus. After attending the Staff College, Black specialised in intelligence. In the 1997 New Year Honours, he was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire for his Defence Intelligence Staff work in connection with the break-up of Yugoslavia.

Black was promoted lieutenant colonel on 30 June 2000. He was on intelligence duty on the night of 11–12 September 2001, and retired the service on 1 July 2002, his last posting being a secondment to the Cabinet Office as an intelligence adviser to the Prime Minister, the Joint Intelligence Committee and COBR (Cabinet Office Briefing Room).

In the early 1990s, he and his Welsh Guards were the subject of a BBC television documentary by Molly Dineen called In the Company of Men. In the course of that, Black said that if John Birt (then Director-General of the BBC) had been a member of his regiment, he would have had him sacked, and one commentator described him as the "suavely telegenic star" of the documentary.

Author and journalist
Black is a frequent contributor to major British newspapers on terrorism and intelligence matters, including The Daily Telegraph, The Guardian, and The Independent.

In July 2004, Black wrote of the 2003 invasion of Iraq that George W. Bush and Tony Blair had "cooked the intelligence books on both sides of the Atlantic". He has been critical of all three major British political parties on Afghanistan, writing in 2010 "The Iraq War was a two-party stitch-up between the Labour government and an eager Conservative opposition. This time round on Afghanistan it's a three-party stitch-up." He has also suggested that the outcome in Afghanistan remains a gamble and questioned whether politicians with no military experience should be left to take such decisions.

His 2006 book 7-7 The London Bombs – What Went Wrong? examines the intelligence and other failures leading up to the 7 July 2005 bombings in London. On that subject, he has commented "MI5 director general Jonathan Evans's persistent unwillingness to accept that his agency could have thwarted the 7/7 bombers if they had been more on the ball shows the petulance of a losing football manager".

Lecturer
Black has degrees from the universities of London and Cambridge, where he spent a year at St John's College on a defence fellowship, and has lectured at both.

2010 general election
At the UK general election of 2010, Black stood unsuccessfully as an Independent candidate in South West Wiltshire.

Private life
Black is married with two daughters.

Works
7-7: What Went Wrong (Gibson Square Books, 2006)
The Falklands Intercept: MI5, Surete, CIA (Gibson Square Books, 2013)
The Paris Trap: A Daniel Jacot Spy Mystery (Gibson Square Books, 2017)
Too Thin for a Shroud ((Gibson Square Books, 2023)

Notes

1960 births
People educated at Harrow School
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
British Army personnel of the Falklands War
English male journalists
Living people
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst
Welsh Guards officers
Chatham House people

Crispin Black


A catkin or ament is a slim, cylindrical flower cluster (a spike), with inconspicuous or no petals, usually wind-pollinated (anemophilous) but sometimes insect-pollinated (as in Salix). They contain many, usually unisexual flowers, arranged closely along a central stem that is often drooping. They are found in many plant families, including Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Moraceae, and Salicaceae.

Occurrence
Catkin-bearing plants include many trees or shrubs such as birch, willow, aspen, hickory, sweet chestnut, and sweetfern (Comptonia).

In many of these plants, only the male flowers form catkins, and the female flowers are single (hazel, oak), a cone (alder), or other types (mulberry). Such as Corylus jacquemontii has male catkins and also female spikes.
In other plants (such as poplar), both male and female flowers are borne in catkins. Such as Populus alba has male catkins which are grey and the female catkins are greyish-green.

While the blooming months for catkins may vary due to factors such as climate change, the following are some general timeframes: Hazel catkins bloom from January to March, alder catkins from February to March, silver birch catkins from March to May, oak catkins from April to May, and white willow catkins from April to May.

In Britain, catkins can be seen in January or February, when many trees are bare for winter. They can even occur in December.

Evolution
For some time, catkins were believed to be a key synapomorphy among the proposed Hamamelididae, also known as Amentiferae (i.e., literally plants bearing aments). Based on molecular phylogeny work, it is now believed that Hamamelididae is a polyphyletic group. This suggests that the catkin flower arrangement has arisen at least twice independently by convergent evolution, in Fagales and in Salicaceae. Such a convergent evolution raises questions about what the ancestral inflorescence characters might be and how catkins did evolve in these two lineages.

Etymology

The word catkin is a loanword from the Middle Dutch katteken, meaning "kitten" (compare also German Kätzchen). This name is due either to the resemblance of the lengthy sorts of catkins to a kitten's tail, or to the fine fur found on some catkins. Ament is from the Latin amentum, meaning "thong" or "strap".

Gallery

References

Plant morphology

Catkin


The Central Street Historic District of Narragansett, Rhode Island is a historic district on both sides of Central Street from Fifth Avenue to Boon Street in Narragansett.  It encompasses a collection of well-preserved summer houses built for the most part between 1880 and the 1920s, as well as the traditional civic core of the town.  The area is characterized by smaller wood-frame homes, generally either 1-1/2 or  stories in height, set on small lots.  It includes three church buildings (some still in use for religious purposes), all of which were built between 1870 and 1900, and the former Fifth Avenue School, which now serves as Narragansett's town hall.

The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington County, Rhode Island

References

Historic districts in Washington County, Rhode Island
Narragansett, Rhode Island
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island

Central Street Historic District (Narragansett, Rhode Island)


William Terry (April 10, 1942 – March 13, 1999) was a Canadian professional wrestler, known by his ring name Kurt Von Hess, who competed in North American and international promotions during the 1970s and 1980s, including International Wrestling Enterprise, Maple Leaf Wrestling and Stampede Wrestling. A regular tag team partner of Karl Von Schotz, the two were one of the most hated "heels" in the Detroit-area while competing in the National Wrestling Alliance during the early 1970s.

Professional wrestling career
Making his debut in 1966, Terry began wrestling in Pittsburgh for Studio Wrestling and later the World Wide Wrestling Federation. In September 1968, he made his debut in Toronto for promoter Frank Tunney's Maple Leaf Wrestling as "Big" Bill Terry. After a brief stint in World Class Championship Wrestling in late 1968, In 1970 Terry shaved his head, sold his Orange Crush distributor business and became Kurt Von Hess. Working for Pedro Morales' NWF out of Buffalo, NY and the Ohio towns. In 1970 Terry's tag team partner was Don "The Executioner" Lewin. Terry and Lewin went on to win the NWF Tag Team Titles defeating Eric The Red and Bruce Swayze  A month later Bobo Brazil and Chief Whiteowl retained the title.

On December 3, 1971 Terry won the coveted Stampede North American Heavyweight Championship defeating Bob Lueck in 1971. Eventually losing the title to Tor Kamata in February 18, 1972 in Calgary, Alberta.  He left the territory to work in Montreal, QC for The Rougeau's.

John Anson had arrived from Calgary later that year, the two began teaming together as Kurt Von Hess and Karl Von Schotz and soon rose to the top of the tag team division defeating Jacques Rougeau and Gino Brito for the Provincial Tag Team Championship in May 1972. Losing the title briefly in September they regained the title defeating Carlos Colon and Jose Rivera.  It was during this time Terry took a chair shot from Jaques Rougeau and his eyeball popped out.  Luckily a doctor was in the dressing room and saved his eye.

Often headlining events at Maple Leaf Gardens between October 1972 and September 1973, they would also wrestle in Detroit for promoter Ed Farhat defeating Ben Justice and The Stomper for the NWA World Tag Team Championship on December 9, 1972.

Losing the tag team titles to Fred Curry and Tony Marino later that month, they would feud with Curry and Marino for the tag team titles during throughout early 1973 and won the NWA World Tag Team Championship three more times from them until losing the titles to Tony Marino and Bobo Brazil in early 1974. Winning the NWF World Tag Team Championship in May, the two would remain tag team champions until the promotions close later that year. He and Von Shotz held the title a record 5 times.

While touring New Japan Pro-Wrestling, he and Von Schotz won the NWA North American Tag Team Championship defeating Johnny Powers and Pat Patterson before losing the titles to Antonio Inoki and Seiji Sakaguchi in Los Angeles, California on August 16, 1974.

Splitting up with Anson in 1974, he would remain in Detroit winning the NWA Tag Team Championship once more with Kurt Von Brauner defeating The Islanders (Afa and Sika) in Toledo, Ohio on December 19, 1975.

Losing the tag team titles to Chris Colt and Count Drummer in March 1976, Terry moved to IWA Wrestling that spring to North Carolina.  He teamed up with Karl Von Stroheim to capture the IWA Tag team titles defeating Johnny Powers and The Mighty Igor.

Terry moved on to NWA All-Star Wrestling in the fall where he teamed with John Quinn to win the NWA Canadian Tag Team Championship in 1976. He and Quinn also won the International Wrestling Enterprise World Tag Team Championship defeating Animal Hamaguchi and Isamu Teranishi in Yokohama, Japan on March 25, 1977. The following night at Sumo Hall in Tokyo, he and Quinn lost the titles to Animal Hamaguchi and Isamu Teranishi in a two out of three falls match. Terry would score the first fall pinning Animal Hamaguchi, however he and Von Hess forfeited the second fall via disqualification allowing Hamaguchi to pin Von Hess for the third pinfall.

August 1977 Terry headed West back to Stu Hart's Stampede Wrestling briefly before moving on to All Star Wrestling.  Terry and John Quinn tag teamed together defeating Afa and Sika Anoai in Vancouver late that year.  They lost the titles to Don Leo Jonathan and Dutch Savage.

Terry ventured in 1977 to southeastern United States feuding with The Wrestling Pro over the NWA Gulf Coast Heavyweight Championship.  Which Terry captured twice.   Losing the title to Ken Lucas in Mobile, Alabama on July 26, 1977.

In 1978, he and Seigfried Stanke defeated Steven Little Bear & Ray Candy for the NWA Louisiana Tag team Championship before losing the tag team titles to Terry Latham & Ricky Fields.

In late 1978 Terry moved to Georgia Championship Wrestling for 6 months before returning to Gulf Coast Wrestling that summer of 1979.  Terry went under a hood as Assassin #2 teaming up with Randy Colley as Assassin #1.  They continued an on tv war against Afa and Sika Anoai.  The pair left the territory for Jerry Jarrett's promotion in November.  In December they won The Southern Tag Team Titles defeating Hector Guerrero and Steve Regal.  They went on to hold the titles four times before splitting up in April 1980.

Briefly teaming in the Memphis area with King Kong Bundy, Masao Ito, Eddie Gilbert, Phil Hickerson, Randy Collins as well as facing Dutch Mantel and Tojo Yamamoto during the early 1980s, Terry would also continue wrestling in Toronto and, in January 1984, he substituted for Buzz Sawyer in bloody dog-collar match against Roddy Piper.

Briefly teaming in the Memphis area with King Kong Bundy, Masao Ito, Eddie Gilbert, Phil Hickerson as well as facing Randy Savage, Dutch Mantel and Tojo Yamamoto during the mid 1980's,Terry worked for WWF for a short period and well as smaller promotions in the South.

Retirement and death
After suffering problems with his kidneys, he was forced to retire in 1989. In 1991 he had complete kidney failure and would remain on a dialysis machine for six years before an organ donor was available.  He underwent an operation to receive a new kidney in  April 1996.

He was able to reconnect with some of his wrestling colleagues and friends in June of 1996 where Terry was honoured as a wrestling legend at The Wrestling Legends I show in honour of Ilio DePaulo.  This was the last sporting event at The Buffalo Auditorium.  Alumni of wrestling including Lou Thesz, Angelo Mosca, Dory Funk Jr.  Man's many other legends.  After being so ill he had the enjoyment of being around his brothers one more time.  This reunion continued three more years.

Unfortunately Terry died suddenly from a heart attack at his West Hamilton home on March 13, 1999.He was 56 years old.

On July 10, 2017, Terry's wife Catherine died from a heart attack.She was 71 years old.

His daughter Paige honours his legacy and career and is a lifetime member of The Cauliflower Alley Club.

Championships and accomplishments
Big Time Wrestling
NWA World Tag Team Championship (Detroit version) (5 times) - with Karl Von Schotz (1 time)- with Karl Von Brauner
Gulf Coast Championship Wrestling
NWA Gulf Coast Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
International Wrestling Enterprise
IWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Karl Von Stroheim
Lutte Internationale
Provincial Tag Team Championship (2 times) - with Karl Von Schotz
National Wrestling Alliance1
NWA North American Tag Team Championship (Los Angeles/Japan version) (1 time) - with Karl Von Schotz
Southwest Sports, Inc. / NWA Big Time Wrestling
NWA Brass Knuckles Championship (Texas version) (1 time)
NWA All-Star Wrestling
NWA Canadian Tag Team Championship (Vancouver version) (1 time) - with John Quinn
NWA Tri-State
NWA Louisiana Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Seigfried Stanke
NWA Hollywood Wrestling
NWA Americas Tag Team Championship (1 time) with Otto Von Heller
National Wrestling Federation
NWF World Tag Team Championship (2 times) - with Eric the Red and Karl Von Schotz (1)
International Wrestling Association
IWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Karl Von Stroheim
Stampede Wrestling
Stampede North American Heavyweight Championship (1 time) 1971-72
Stampede Wrestling Hall of Fame

Jerry Jarrett Promotions

Won the Southern Tag Team Championship (4 times) as Assassin #1 and #2.

Notes

1Records aren't clear as to which NWA affiliated promotion they were wrestling in at the time when they held the title.

References

External links

1942 births
1999 deaths
20th-century professional wrestlers
Canadian male professional wrestlers
Faux German professional wrestlers
Professional wrestlers from Hamilton, Ontario
Stampede Wrestling alumni
NWF World Tag Team Champions
WCWA Brass Knuckles Champions
Stampede Wrestling North American Heavyweight Champions
NWA Americas Tag Team Champions
NWA North American Tag Team Champions (Los Angeles/Japan version)
NWA World Tag Team Champions (Detroit version)

Kurt Von Hess


R. C. Hiremath (kannada:ಆರ್.ಸಿ.ಹಿರೇಮಠ 15 January 1920 Kuradagi, Gadag, Karnataka, India – 3 November 1998 Dharwad, Karnataka, India) was a professor of Kannada and the Vice-Chancellor of Karnataka University, Dharwar after A. S. Adke. Hiremath was the president of the 59th Kannada Sahitya Sammelana. He was a founding member the Dravidian Linguistics Association and the director of International School of Dravidian Linguistics (ISDL) in Trivandrum. His work ranges from creative and critical work to several editorial publications.

Early life and career
After losing his father at an early age and the loss of his mother's eyesight, R. C. Hiremath faced grave difficulties and was forced to provide for his family. He however completed his early education with great distinction and received a M.A. (Bombay University 1945) and PhD (Karnatak University 1955) in Kannada. He started his career as a professor of Kannada at Basaveshwar College, Bagalkot. He soon joined the emerging department of Kannada in Karnatak University, Dharwad as a reader, and went on to build a full-fledged Institute of Kannada studies. In recognition of his contribution to the institute, the institute was named after Dr. Hiremath posthumously. He and his team at the institute gathered an extensive collection of rare manuscripts and conducted research. This effort resulted in publication of several important Kannada works especially in the field of Vachana Sahitya.

Hiremath had post-doctoral training in Modern Linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley, USA on a Rockefeller Foundation senior fellowship for a period of 3 years. He was later instrumental in setting up the study of Linguistics at Karnatak University and participated in several Dravidian Linguistics conferences.

Administrative career
During his illustrious academic career at Karnatak University, Dr. Hiremath also took interest in several non-academic activities as a member of various committees including the syndicate and academic council. In 1974, he was called upon to fill in as the acting Vice-Chancellor when the incumbent Smt. Jayalakshammani could not perform her duties due to illness. He was later confirmed as the Vice-Chancellor from 1 May 1975 to 30 April 1978. During his tenure, the university celebrated its Silver Jubilee and flourished with significant investment in infrastructure. The establishment of the Music Department and the Yoga studies stand out among his unique achievements during his tenure as Vice-Chancellor. In the music department, he organised some of the most renowned exponents of the Hindustani Classical Music under one umbrella under the leadership of Padma Vibhushan Pandit Mallikarjun Mansur.

References

Further reading
 Hiremath's views on Buddhism in North Karnataka
https://www.vedicbooks.net/buddhism-karnataka-p-15777.html
 Hiremath listed in who's who of Indian writers
 Kannada article on Dr. R. C. Hiremath
 Another link for the above article
 Dr. Hiremath on Lingayat Religion
 Dr. Hiremath listed as one of prominent Lingayats
  Dr. Hiremath referenced in :'Revolution of the Mystics: On the Social Aspects of Vīraśaivism By Jan Peter Schouten'
 Dr. Hiremath's publications listed as references in 'Religion and Social System of the Vīraśaiva Community By Danesh A. Chekki'
 Dr. Hiremath's publications listed as references in 'The Origins of Vīraśaiva Sects: A Typological Analysis of Ritual and ... edited by R. Blake Michael'
Dr. Hiremath's 'Shunyasampadane' referenced in:
 1) The Alchemical Body: Siddha Traditions in Medieval India By David Gordon White
 2) Encyclopedia of Hinduism edited by Denise Cush, Catherine Robinson, Michael York
 3) The Many Colors of Hinduism: A Thematic-historical Introduction, By Carl Olso
 Dr. Hiremath's work in Folk Literature referenced in 'Folktales Told Around the World edited by Richard Mercer Dorson'

Indian academic administrators
Kannada-language writers
1920 births
Kannada people
1998 deaths
20th-century Indian linguists
Academic staff of Karnatak University
Heads of universities and colleges in India

R. C. Hiremath


In the Polish system of local administration, a dzielnica  (Polish plural dzielnice) is an administrative subdivision or quarter of a city or town. A dzielnica may have its own elected council (rada dzielnicy, or dzielnica council), and those of Warsaw each have their own mayor (burmistrz). Like the  and sołectwo, a dzielnica is an auxiliary unit (jednostka pomocnicza) of a gmina. These units are created by decision of the gmina council, and do not have legal personality in their own right.

The subsidiary units of many towns and cities are called osiedles rather than dzielnice, although it is also possible for osiedles to exist within a dzielnica. Numbers and sizes of dzielnice vary significantly between cities. Warsaw has 18 dzielnice, as does Kraków; Gdańsk has 34, Gdynia 22, Lublin 27, Katowice 22 and Szczecin 4. Some cities are no longer formally divided into dzielnice, although formerly existing dzielnice continue to be referred to as such and serve as areas of jurisdiction for administrative offices. Łódź, Wrocław and Poznań are each divided into five districts of this type.

The word dzielnica is also used informally in Polish to refer to any distinct part of a town or city. Historically it can also refer to a region of the country, in particular any of the five principalities into which Poland was divided following the death of Bolesław III Wrymouth in 1138; see Testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth.

References
Polish Act of 8 March 1990 on gmina self-government, as amended (in Polish)

Administrative divisions of Poland
Types of administrative division
Quarters (urban subdivision)

Dzielnica


Flat, straight-edged shapes (like triangles) or 3D ones (like pyramids) have only a finite number of symmetries - ways to reflect or rotate it where it looks the same. In contrast, the affine symmetric group is a way to mathematically describe all the symmetries possible when an infinitely large flat surface is covered by triangular tiles. As with many subjects in mathematics, it can also be thought of in a number ways: for example, it also describes the symmetries of the infinitely long number line, or the possible arrangements of all whole numbers (..., −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, ...) with certain repetitive patterns. As a result, studying the affine symmetric group extends the study of symmetries of polyhedra or of groups of permutations to the infinite case. It also connects several topics in mathematics that were originally studied for independent reasons, ranging from complex reflection groups to juggling sequences.

Geometry
Symmetry
Abstract algebra

Affine symmetric group


A fan game is a video game that is created by fans of a certain topic or IP. They are usually based on one, or in some cases several, video game entries or franchises. Many fan games attempt to clone or remake the original game's design, gameplay, and characters, but it is equally common for fans to develop a unique game using another as a template. Though the quality of fan games has always varied, recent advances in computer technology and in available tools, e.g. through open source software, have made creating high-quality games easier. Fan games can be seen as user-generated content, as part of the retrogaming phenomena, and as expression of the remix culture.

Development
Fan games are either developed as standalone games with their own engines, or as modifications to existing games that piggyback on the other's engines. Each approach has different advantages, as standalone games are generally accessible to larger audiences but may often be more difficult or time-consuming to develop.

Standalone games

Fan games are often developed using pre-existing tools and game engines. The Unity engine and Adobe Flash allow fans to develop standalone games, as with other programs such as GameMaker, Construct, RPG Maker, or any of the Clickteam products (such as The Games Factory and Multimedia Fusion 2).

Fan game developers often select and use free and open source game engines (such as OGRE, Crystal Space, DarkPlaces, and Spring) to help fans create games without the cost of licensing a commercial alternative. These engines may be altered and redesigned within the terms of their open source license and often cost significantly less than commercial options, but do not always allow developers to easily create high-end visual effects without additional effort.

It is also possible for fans to develop original game engines from scratch using a programming language such as C++, although doing so takes much more time and technical ability than modifying an existing game; an example is the Spring Engine which started as fan-made Total Annihilation game.

Modifications to existing games

Fan games are sometimes developed as a modification to an existing game, using features and software provided by many game engines. Mods usually are not allowed to modify the original story and game graphics, but rather extend the current content that was provided by the original developer. Modding an existing game is often cheaper than developing a fan game from scratch.

Because of the complexity of developing an entirely new game, fan games are often made using pre-existing tools that either came with the original game, or are readily available elsewhere. Certain games, such as Unreal Tournament 2004 and Neverwinter Nights, come with map-editing and scripting tools to allow fans to develop mods using the engine provided with the original game. Games such as Doom are old enough (end-of-life) that their source code has been released, allowing radical changes to take place; more examples in the List of commercial video games with available source code.

Another form of modding comes from editing the ROM images of older games, such as SNES games. Programs such as Lunar Magic enable a user to modify the existing data in the ROM image and change levels, character graphics, or any other aspect the program allows. While normally played on emulators, these newly edited ROM images could theoretically be used in conjunction with a flash drive to actually create cartridges for the older system, allowing the modified ROM images to run on the original hardware. A notable recent example of such a fan game is The Legend of Zelda: Parallel Worlds which was hailed by reviewers as a remarkable unofficial sequel to A Link to the Past. Other notable examples include Legend of Zelda: Curse from the Outskirts, Blaster Master: Pimp Your Ride, and Super Mario World - The Second Reality Project 2.

Famous fan mods (for example, Counter-Strike, Day of Defeat, and Pirates, Vikings and Knights II) may even be adopted by the game developer (in all the mentioned cases, Valve) and made into an official addition to the existing game (Half-Life).

Development challenges

Despite the good intentions and dedication of fan game-makers, development of many fan games ended in abandonment. Notwithstanding the legal issues faced by these fans-turned-developers (see Legal issues), numerous development challenges are faced by individuals when attempting to develop any sort of game from start to finish. These failures are often related to the lack of development experience, time, resources, money, interest, skillsets, and other factors. It is unclear what proportion of fan games attempted are never successfully created and released.

Legal issues

Challenges
Because fan games are developed with a relatively low budget, a fan game is rarely available on a console system; licensing fees are too prohibitive. However, unlicensed fan games have occasionally made it onto consoles with a significant homebrew scene, such as the Atari 2600, the NES, SNES, the Game Boy line, Sony's PlayStation, PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable, and many others.

Suppression and cease and desist
Some companies shut down fan games as copyright infringements. Original copyright holders can order a cease and desist upon fan game projects, as by definition fan games are unauthorized uses of copyrighted property. Many fan games go as far as taking music and graphics directly from the original games.

A notable case in late 2005 involved Vivendi Universal shutting down a King's Quest fan project, King's Quest IX: Every Cloak Has a Silver Lining. It was to be an unofficial sequel granting closure to the series, which had its last release in 1998. After a letter-writing campaign and fan protests, Vivendi reversed its decision and gave permission for the game to be made. As part of the negotiations, the developers were required to remove "King's Quest" from the title. Conversely, fan protests for the shutting down of Chrono Resurrection (a remake demo of Chrono Trigger) in 2004 have yielded no result on Square Enix's action to block the project.

Nintendo is notorious for its strict protection of its intellectual property (IP) and has shut down many notable fan games, including an HD remake of Super Mario 64, AM2R, and No Mario's Sky. Nintendo has also taken down various Pokémon fan games such as "Pokenet" and "Pokémon Uranium".

A Spyro the Dragon fan game, Spyro: Myths Awaken, was shut down by Activision (the current owners of the Spyro IP) in September 2018 and later became Zera: Myths Awaken with all Activision-owned content being replaced by original content. After this legal action, other fan-made games like Spyro 2: Spring Savanna stopped the development. Previously in 2007, legal action was also taken by Activision against an open source software named Piano Hero by sending a cease and desist letter, which resulted in a name change to Synthesia.

In 2021, a lawsuit was filed by Rockstar Games' parent company Take-Two Interactive against the authors of re3 and reVC, which were reverse engineering projects for the games Grand Theft Auto III and Grand Theft Auto: Vice City that allowed the games to be played on contemporary platforms such as the Nintendo Switch. Take-Two asserted that they "are well aware that they do not possess the right to copy, adapt, or distribute derivative GTA source code, or the audiovisual elements of the games, and that doing so constitutes copyright infringement", and also alleging that the project has caused "irreparable harm" to the company.

In the same year, Osmany Gomez developed a game called "I Am Batman" using the Unreal Engine 5 engine, using the characters Batman, Joker and Penguin from Tim Burton's duology. In May 2021, the developer posted a video of a demo version of the game on his YouTube channel, but two days later Warner Brothers blocked his video. Gomez does not want to sue the film studio and therefore the project was closed.

Capcom suspended a fan's remake of Code Veronica and the original Resident Evil on copyright grounds.

Endorsement and turning a blind eye
Other times, companies have endorsed fan games. For example, Capcom has featured Peter Sjöstrand's Mega Man 2.5D fan game in their community site more than once. However, Capcom Senior Vice President Christian Svennson has stated that, while they legally can't sanction fan games, they won't proactively go after them either. In 2012, Capcom took Seo Zong Hui's Street Fighter X Mega Man and funded it, promoting it from a simple fan game to an officially licensed freeware Mega Man game.

In 2008, Christian Whitehead created his own game engine, known as the Retro Engine, for use in the Sonic the Hedgehog fan game Retro Sonic. Whitehead developed a proof-of-concept prototype of Sonic the Hedgehog CD running on the Retro Engine and pitched it to Sega. Sega gave their approval, and a full remake running on Whitehead's engine was released two years later. Whitehead later worked with fellow fan-programmer Simon Thomley to develop mobile remakes of Sonic the Hedgehog and Sonic the Hedgehog 2, and ultimately directed an all-new Sonic the Hedgehog title, Sonic Mania, with a development team made up of individuals noted for their work in the Sonic the Hedgehog fan community. Mania would also be used as the basis for Sonic Superstars.

Skywind is a fan remastering of The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind (2002) in the game engine of The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim. The original game developers, Bethesda Softworks, have given project volunteers their approval. The remastering team involves over 70 volunteers in artist, composer, designer, developer, and voice acting roles. In November 2014, the team reported to have finished half of the remaster's environment, over 10,000 new dialogue lines, and three hours of series-inspired soundtrack.

In April 2017, Mig Perez and Jeffrey Montoya released Castlevania: The Lecarde Chronicles 2. The game features all new assets and a new soundtrack, as well as new voice acting from actors who appeared in the official Castlevania series, such as Douglas Rye who played Dracula in Curse of Darkness and Robert Belgrade who played Alucard in Symphony of the Night. Konami allowed the game to be released with the contingency that the game remains non-profit.

See also
Fan labor
Homebrew (video games)
Dōjin soft
Game development
Game Maker
Microsoft XNA
M.U.G.E.N
XGameStation
Enterbrain's game suites
RPG Maker
Fighter Maker
Sim RPG Maker

References

Video game culture
 Fangame
Unofficial adaptations
Custom firmware

Video game development

Fan game


SpVgg Potsdam was a German association football club from the city of Potsdam, Brandenburg. Founded in 1903 as Sportclub Jugendkraft Nowawes the club was active until the end of World War II when it was disbanded by occupying Allied authorities. A successor side emerged in Soviet-occupied East Germany after the war.

History
The original club was established in Nowawes, a settlement which would become first part of Babelsberg and then of Potsdam. In 1919, following World War I, SC Jungendkraft merged with Fußball-Club Fortuna 1905 Nowawes to form Sportverein 03 Nowawes. German football was re-organized in 1933 under the Third Reich into sixteen top-flight divisions known as Gauligen. Following a second-place finish in a 1935 promotion playoff, SV was promoted to the Gauliga Berlin-Brandenburg, but struggled through three seasons there until being relegated in 1938.

On 1 April 1938 the club became SV 03 Neubabelsberg when their home village adopted a new name. In August 1939 they merged with FC Sportfreunde Potsdam to become Sportvereinigung Potsdam. The team finished poorly in a promotion playoff in 1940 and did not re-join top flight competition until 1943, earning a third-place finish in 1943–44. Play in the Gauliga Berlin-Brandenburg came to an end part way through the 1944–45 season as Allied forces rolled through Germany.

Postwar play in East Germany
The disbanded club was re-formed in 1948 as SG Karl Marx Babelsberg by its one-time membership and on 1 August 1949 they were joined by SG Drewitz which had been established 4 December 1948. On 6 December 1950, they were renamed BSG Motor Babelsberg which went on to become SV Babelsberg 03 in late 1991 in a re-unified Germany.

References

Grüne, Hardy (2001). Vereinslexikon. Kassel: AGON Sportverlag
Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv historical German domestic league tables (in German)

Defunct football clubs in Germany
Defunct football clubs in Brandenburg
Association football clubs established in 1903
Association football clubs disestablished in 1945
Sport in Potsdam
1903 establishments in Germany
1945 disestablishments in Germany

SpVgg Potsdam


Electranet is a proposed smart electric grid which would allow people to sell electricity into the grid without any artificial caps. It was proposed in an op-ed article Al Gore wrote in a "My Turn" column for Newsweek in 2006.

Like the internet, which widely distributed information, the Electranet would allow homeowners and small businesses to operate small generating power facilities and contribute to local and regional energy needs by selling power into the grid at a rate that is determined by free market forces. Like the internet, which led to a surge of productivity, the Electranet's distributed generation model is hoped to lead to innovative power generation through alternative sources and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. Electranet advocates predict that as more people participate in the Electranet, the cost of electricity will continue to go down until it becomes free.

In a 2006 speech to NYU, Al Gore advocated deploying an Electranet as one way to reduce global warming, as well as reduce the cost of energy, by dropping the barriers to entry for average citizens to actively participate in the business of harnessing and distributing power. Al Gore frequently notes that "a lot of energy is all around us. Instead of having the sun bake us in the summer, why not gather that energy", he asks. "Why not collect from road surfaces, roofs, any painted surfaces and more?"

Al Gore has also said that "once there is a convenient way to sell energy into the grid, not only will homeowners be compelled to hop onto the grid and supply energy, but there will also be a brand new market to develop and then sell all sorts of energy gathering devices and technologies, such as solar paint, solar fabrics, thin films for windows, micro windmills, and more."

Al Gore mentioned the Electranet idea in his congressional Global Warming Testimony on March 21, 2007.

Electranet advocates predict that just like data on the internet, energy itself, including what is necessary for electric cars, will continue to be more economical as more people get onto the smart grid and supply power, and as more and more efficient technologies are developed for gathering the abundant energy around us. It is reasonable to imagine a day when there is no actual cost for driving, per mile, for energy, because of the abundance of energy coming from the Electranet.

See also

Grid-tied electrical system
Post scarcity
Vehicle-to-grid

References

Electric power distribution
Electric power transmission systems
Smart grid

Electranet


Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos (born Rafael Frühbeck; 15 September 1933 – 11 June 2014) was a Spanish conductor and composer. Frühbeck was born in Burgos, Spain to a family of German ancestry.  He first took up conducting while on military service in the Spanish Army before graduating from the Hochschule für Musik in Munich. Frühbeck was principal conductor of various orchestras around the world, starting with the Bilbao Symphony Orchestra from 1958 to 1962, then moving on to the Spanish National Orchestra, Yomiuri Nippon Symphony Orchestra of Tokyo and many others. Throughout his career Frühbeck de Burgos recorded on a number of labels. He was a member of the Academy of Fine Arts and History Institución Fernán González. His honours include the 2011 Conductor of the Year award from Musical America.

Early life
Born in Burgos, Spain, Frühbeck came from a family of German ancestry. His father had been wounded in World War I, and during his employment after the war for the Spanish section of a German company, decided to settle in Spain in order to reduce the need to travel. He then sent for his fiancée in Germany, and the couple reunited in Spain. Frühbeck's mother introduced him to the violin, and he had become concertmaster of the local orchestra by age 14. As a youth, he continued violin studies, along with piano, and composition, at the conservatories of Bilbao and Madrid. He first took up conducting while on military service in the Spanish Army. He graduated summa cum laude from the Hochschule für Musik in Munich in conducting and won the Richard Strauss Prize.

Career
Frühbeck was principal conductor of the Bilbao Symphony Orchestra from 1958 to 1962. During this time, the orchestra's manager persuaded Frühbeck to use a name that would more clearly indicate his Spanish identity. He subsequently took the professional surname Frühbeck de Burgos as his artist's name, to include the name of his birth city. He served as principal conductor of the Spanish National Orchestra from 1962 to 1978.

Outside Spain, Frühbeck de Burgos served as Generalmusikdirektor of the Düsseldorf Symphony Orchestra (1966–1971), music director of the Rundfunkorchester Berlin, the Deutsche Oper Berlin, artistic director of the Montreal Symphony Orchestra and chief conductor of the Vienna Symphony. He also was principal guest conductor for various orchestras in Europe, Japan, and the United States, including the National Symphony Orchestra of Washington, DC, from 1980 to 1988. He made his American debut with the Philadelphia Orchestra in February 1969. From 1980 to 1983, he was principal conductor of the Yomiuri Nippon Symphony Orchestra of Tokyo.

From 2001 to 2007, Frühbeck de Burgos was principal conductor of the RAI National Symphony Orchestra. He was music director of the Dresden Philharmonic from 2004 to 2011. In January 2011, the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra announced the appointment of Frühbeck de Burgos as the Creative Director of its Masterworks Series of concerts, starting with the 2011–12 season. He held the post for two seasons, from 2011 to 2013.

Later life
In February 2011, the Danish National Symphony Orchestra announced the appointment of Frühbeck de Burgos as its principal conductor, as of the 2012–2013 season, with an initial contract of three years through 2015. However, on 4 June 2014, he resigned as chief conductor of the orchestra, with immediate effect. In parallel, Frühbeck de Burgos announced his retirement from conducting and that he had cancer. His final concert as a conductor had been in Washington, DC on 14 March 2014, with the National Symphony Orchestra.

Frühbeck de Burgos died on 11 June 2014 in Pamplona, Spain. He was buried in his home town of Burgos. He was survived by his wife, María del Carmen Martínez de Frühbeck, whom he married in 1959, and his two children, Rafael Frühbeck Martínez and Gema Frühbeck Martínez.

Recognition
Frühbeck de Burgos recorded on a number of labels, where his recordings include Felix Mendelssohn's Elijah, Paulus the Mozart Requiem, Carl Orff's Carmina Burana, and Georges Bizet's Carmen. He was known as well for his recording of the complete works of Manuel de Falla and a series of complete zarzuela recordings. Frühbeck orchestrated a suite from Isaac Albéniz's Suite española and conducted the New Philharmonia Orchestra in a commercial recording of this arrangement. His work in contemporary music included conducting the world premiere production of Gian Carlo Menotti's opera Goya. He was a member of the Academy of Fine Arts and History Institución Fernán González. His honours include the 2011 Conductor of the Year award from Musical America.

References

External links

 Columbia Artists Management biography of Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos
 El Asere.com page on Frühbeck de Burgos

  from La vida breve of Manuel de Falla, performed by dancer Nuria Pomares and the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra with Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos conducting, in Tel Aviv, 6 June 2009
 Institución Fernán González, "Miembros de la Institución Fernán González"
 Profile, zarzuela.net

1933 births
2014 deaths
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
20th-century conductors (music)
21st-century conductors (music)
Deaths from cancer in Spain
Musicians from Castile and León
University of Music and Performing Arts Munich alumni
Madrid Royal Conservatory alumni
Music directors (opera)
People from Burgos
Spanish classical composers
Spanish male classical composers
Spanish conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
Spanish people of German descent
20th-century Spanish musicians
20th-century Spanish male musicians
21st-century male musicians

Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos


The vice president of the Republic of Liberia is the second-highest executive official in Liberia, and one of only two elected executive offices along with the president. The vice president is elected on the same ticket with the president to a six-year term. In the event of the death, resignation or removal of the president, the vice president ascends to the presidency, and holds the position for the remainder of their predecessor's term. The vice president also serves as the president of the Senate and may cast a vote in the event of a tie. The current vice president is Jewel Taylor, serving under president George Weah. She began her term on January 22, 2018.

Qualifications
Article 52 of the Constitution lays out the qualifications for candidates for vice president. To be eligible for office under the current Constitution, a vice presidential candidate must:
be a natural born citizen of Liberia;
be at least thirty-five years old;
own real property valued at least $25,000;
have resided in Liberia for at least ten years.

Additionally, the vice president may not reside in the same county as the president.

Succession
Under Article 63(b), the vice president ascends to the presidency in the event of president's death, resignation, impeachment, or when the president is declared incapable of carrying out the duties of the office. In the event of ascension, the vice president serves as president for the remainder of their predecessor's term, though this period is not considered a term for the purposes of term limits to the presidency. According to Article 63(a), should the president-elect die or become otherwise incapacitated before his or her inauguration, the vice president-elect is sworn in as president in their place, though a term of this nature does constitute a term for the purposes of determining term limits.

To date, five vice presidents have ascended to the presidency, either due to the president's death, resignation, or removal from office: James Skivring Smith, Alfred Francis Russell, William D. Coleman, William Tolbert, and Moses Blah.

There have been twelve vacancies in the office, the first of which occurred between October 26, 1871 and January 1, 1872; after the ascension of James Skivring Smith to the office of president. The most recent vacancy was between August 11, 2003 and January 16, 2006; after the ascension of Moses Blah to the office of president and prior to the election of Joseph Boakai.

List of officeholders
Political parties

Other factions

Timeline

See also
 Lists of office-holders
 List of current vice presidents

Notes

References

Government of Liberia
Liberia, Vice-Presidents of
Liberia, Vice-President
Liberia
Liberia politics-related lists

Vice President of Liberia


Discovery is the act of detecting something new, or something previously unrecognized as meaningful. Concerning sciences and academic disciplines, discovery is the observation of new phenomena, new actions, or new events and providing new reasoning to explain the knowledge gathered through such observations with previously acquired knowledge from abstract thought and everyday experiences. A discovery may sometimes be based on earlier discoveries, collaborations, or ideas. Some discoveries represent a radical breakthrough in knowledge or technology.

New discoveries are acquired through various senses and are usually assimilated, merging with pre-existing knowledge and actions. Questioning is a major form of human thought and interpersonal communication, and plays a key role in discovery. Discoveries are often made due to questions. Some discoveries lead to the invention of objects, processes, or techniques. A discovery may sometimes be based on earlier discoveries, collaborations or ideas, and the process of discovery requires at least the awareness that an existing concept or method can be modified or transformed. However, some discoveries also represent a radical breakthrough in knowledge.

Science
Within scientific disciplines, discovery is the observation of new phenomena, actions, or events which help explain the knowledge gathered through previously acquired scientific evidence. In science, exploration is one of three purposes of research, the other two being description and explanation. Discovery is made by providing observational evidence and attempts to develop an initial, rough understanding of some phenomenon.

Discovery within the field of particle physics has an accepted definition for what constitutes a discovery: a five-sigma level of certainty. Such a level defines statistically how unlikely it is that an experimental result is due to chance. The combination of a five-sigma level of certainty, and independent confirmation by other experiments, turn findings into accepted discoveries.

Education

Within the field of education, discovery occurs through observations. These observations are common and come in various forms. Observations can occur as observations of students done by the teacher or observations of teachers done by other professionals. Student observations help teachers identify where the students are developmentally and cognitively in the realm of their studies. Teacher observations are used by administrators to hold teachers accountable as they stay on target with their learning goals and treat the students with respect.

Observations of students completed by teachers
Teachers observe students throughout the day in the classroom. These observations can be informal or formal. Teachers often use checklists, anecdotal notes, videos, interviews, written work or assessments, etc. By completing these observations, teachers can evaluate at what 'level' the student is understanding the lessons. Observations allow teachers to make the necessary adaptations for the students in the classroom. These observations can also provide the foundation for strong relationships between teachers and students. When students have these relationships, they feel safer, more comfortable in the classroom and are more willing and eager to learn. Through observations teachers discover the most developmentally appropriate practices to implement in their classrooms. These encourage and promote healthier learning styles and positive classroom atmospheres.

Observations of teachers completed by other professionals
There are a set of standards set in the education system by government officials. Teachers are responsible for following these academic standards as a guideline for developmentally appropriate instruction. In addition to following those academic goals, teachers are also observed by administrators to ensure positive classroom environments. One of the tools that teachers could use is the Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS) tool. After using this tool, "over 150 research studies prove that students in classrooms with high-CLASS scores have better academic and social outcomes." The tool itself is known for encouraging positive classroom environments, regard for the students' perspectives, behavior management skills, quality of feedback, and language modeling. The administrators rate each of the ten categories on a scale of one to seven. One being the lowest score and seven being the highest score that the teacher may receive.

Exploration
Western culture has used the term "discovery" in their histories to lay claims over lands and people as "discovery" through discovery doctrines and subtly emphasize the importance of "exploration" in the history of the world, such as in the "Age of Discovery", the New World and any frontierist endeavour even into space as the "New Frontier".
In the course of this discovery, it has been used to describe the first incursions of peoples from one culture into the geographical and cultural environment of others. However, calling it "discovery" has been rejected by many indigenous peoples, from whose perspective it was not a discovery but a first contact, and consider the term "discovery" to perpetuate colonialism, as for the discovery doctrine and frontierist concepts like terra nullius.

Discovery and the age of discovery have been alternatively, particularly regionally, referred to through the terms contact, Age of Contact or Contact Period.

See also

 Bold hypothesis
 :Category:Discoverers
 :Category:Lists of inventions or discoveries
 Creativity techniques
 Contact zone
 List of German inventions and discoveries
 List of multiple discoveries
 Logology (science)
 Multiple discovery
 Revelation
 Rights of nature
 Role of chance in scientific discoveries
 Scientific priority
 Serendipity
 Timeline of scientific discoveries

References

Specific references

General references

  (preprint)

External links
 A Science Odyssey: People and discoveries from PBS.
 TED-Education video - How simple ideas lead to scientific discoveries.
 A Guide to Inventions and Discoveries: From Adrenaline to the Zipper from Infoplease.

Learning
Observation
Cognition

Discovery (observation)


Hubertus (Huib) van Hove (13 May 1814, in The Hague – 14 November 1865? Antwerp) was a Dutch painter, the son of Bartholomeus van Hove (1790–1880) and a teacher of some artists who became members of the Hague School.

Hubertus or Huib van Hove was taught painting not only by his father, but also by Hendrik van de Sande Bakhuyzen. In his father's studio, he worked with Johannes Bosboom and together they worked on the pieces of scenery that Bartholomeus van Hove created for the Royal Theatre in The Hague.

Hubertus started as a landscape painter, but his best work was not in that style. His love of color and bright light was best displayed in his doorkijkjes, or domestic vistas, in the style of Pieter de Hooch.  These were views of outdoor light seen through an interior, a room or kitchen situated between the street door and an inner yard. Teyler's Museum possesses an excellent specimen in The Knitter, a picture which is of a lively composition and shows an inclination for a stronger and fresher coloring than prevailed in Van Hove's day.

Among his pupils were Jacob Maris, Christoffel Bisschop, Johannes Anthonie Balthasar Stroebel, Maurits Leon (1838–1865) and Hendricus Johannes Scheeres (1823–1864), who continued his master's teaching in his Armourer and Linen-shop and who enjoyed the appreciation of his brother artists.

Sources
Marius, Gerharda Hermina, Dutch Painters of the 19th Century, The Antique Collectors' Club, Woodbridge, Suffolk
Hove, Huib van (Bz) at the Netherlands Institute for Art History.

External links

Examples of his works.
More examples of his work.
Dutch Art in the Nineteenth Century/The Forerunners of the Hague School.

19th-century Dutch painters
Dutch male painters
1814 births
1865 deaths
Painters from The Hague
19th-century Dutch male artists

Hubertus van Hove


Subsidiary alliance is a system developed by the East India Company by Lord Wellesley. It solved the problem of ruling a nation which is under the rule of a king.

Some of the rules of the subsidiary alliance were:
 An Indian ruler entering into a subsidiary alliance with the British had to accept British forces in his  territory and also agreed to pay for their maintenance.

 Such a ruler would not form an alliance with any other power, nor would he declare war against any power without the permission of the British.
 The ruler would not employ any Europeans other than the British, and if he were already doing so, he would dismiss them.
 In case of a conflict with any other state, the British would decide what to do, and he would accept their solution.
 The ruler would acknowledge the East India Company as the power in India.
 In return for the ruler accepting its conditions, the Company undertook to protect the state from external dangers and internal disorders.
 If the Indian rulers failed to make the payments required by the alliance, then part of their territory was to be taken away as a penalty.
Under this doctrine, Indian rulers under British protection surrendered the control of their foreign affairs to the British. Most disbanded their native armies, instead maintaining British troops within their states to protect them from attack. As British power grew, in most parts of India this became increasingly unlikely. The system also allowed the British to maintain their army at the expense of local rulers.

British India

Subsidiary alliance


Ian Stephens is an artist, living in North Queensland, Australia.

Ian Stephens was born in the Gippsland region of Victoria and began drawing and painting at an early age. In 1971, Ian relocated to Melbourne to study fine art and painting techniques at the Victorian Artists Society. He completed advanced art courses and attained a Diploma of Commercial Art. In addition to this experience, Ian broadened his artistic knowledge by travelling Australia and the world.

Ian won the Royal Over-Seas League in 1976. His winning painting was sent to London to represent Australia in a Commonwealth exhibition opened by Queen Elizabeth II. The painting received High Commendation by the judges from the Royal Academy of Arts.

In 1992, Ian relocated to North Queensland to fulfil a lifelong ambition of living in the tropics. He enjoyed incorporating his new environment into his diverse range of landscapes.

References

External links
Ian Stephens Official Website

Living people
Australian painters
Year of birth missing (living people)

Ian Stephens (artist)


The Bay of Bengal is a bay in the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean, west of the Malay Peninsula and east of India. It looks like a triangle. It is called the "Bay of Bengal", because to the north are the Indian state of West Bengal and the country of Bangladesh. It is an extended part of the Indian Ocean, but part of the sea landed on part of Bangladesh. It has four sea ports on part of Bangladesh. The Bay of Bengal was named in the history of Bangladesh.

References

Bays
Geography of Asia
Indian Ocean

Bay of Bengal


Ernst Rudolf Jaakson (11 August 1905, Riga, Livonia (then Russian Empire) – 4 September 1998, New York, United States) was an Estonian diplomat whose contribution was to maintain Estonia's legal continuity with his uninterrupted diplomatic service for 69 years.

Education
Jaakson studied economics at the University of Latvia in Riga, and law at the University of Tartu. He later graduated from Columbia University in New York with a degree in economics.

Diplomatic career
In 1919, Jaakson began work in the legation of the newly independent Estonia in Riga. In 1928, he started work in the Information Division of the Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 1929-1932, Jaakson worked as the secretary of the Estonian honorary consul in San Francisco. In 1932, he was assigned to the Estonian Consulate General in New York.

When the Soviet Union occupied Estonia in 1940 and again in 1944, the United States and other democratic nations invoked the Stimson Doctrine, did not recognize the legality of Soviet annexation of Estonia, and continued to recognize the diplomatic representatives of the Republic of Estonia. In 1965, when his predecessor, Johannes Kaiv, died, Jaakson became the consul in charge of the legation. Thus, he was the chief diplomatic representative of Estonia in the United States until Estonia regained independence in 1991.

In 1969, he issued a statement for Estonia to the Apollo 11 goodwill messages. Throughout much of the 1980s, Jaakson, as the longest-serving foreign diplomatic representative to the United States, held the position of "unofficial" Dean of the Diplomatic Corps. During the long years of the Soviet occupation when the Baltic states' representatives in the West were often the object of curiosity or humorous dismissal, Jaakson commanded near-universal respect, and he did so not peremptorily but by his personal authority.

In 1991, Jaakson was appointed Estonia's ambassador to the United States and Estonia's permanent representative to the United Nations. From 1993, Jaakson continued his work as the Estonian consul general in New York.

Autobiography
In 1995, Ernst Jaakson's autobiographical book Eestile (For Estonia) was published, which deals not only with his life, but also gives a very good overview of the diplomatic developments which took place over the years. He died in New York in 1998, at the age of 93. He worked in the Estonian Foreign Service for 79 years and served as a diplomat for 69 years.

References

1905 births
1998 deaths
Diplomats from Riga
People from Kreis Riga
Ambassadors of Estonia to the United States
Permanent Representatives of Estonia to the United Nations
Baltic diplomatic missions
University of Tartu alumni
University of Latvia alumni
Recipients of the Order of the National Coat of Arms, 1st Class
Recipients of the Order of the White Star, 5th Class
Columbia University alumni

Ernst Jaakson


Tristan and Iseult is a children's novel by Rosemary Sutcliff and was first published in 1971.  A re-telling of the ancient legend, it received the Boston-Globe Horn Book Award in 1972, and was runner-up for the 1972 Carnegie Medal.

It is set primarily in Cornwall, and is Sutcliff's retelling of the Tristan and Iseult legend.  Sutcliff tells the story again in an almost identical manner, albeit greatly shortened, in a chapter of her later Arthurian novel The Sword and the Circle (1981).

Plot summary
Tristan is depicted as a prince of Lothian, whose father, King Rivalin married the sister of Mark of Cornwall, making Tristan the nephew of King Mark.  Tristan's mother is shown as dying in his childbirth, and his name as being from the Latin root word trista, reflecting the sadness of Rivalin at the loss of his wife.

He journeys to the Kingdom of Cornwall in effort to prove himself, and enters the service of King Mark without revealing his identity.  After defeating the Irish champion Morholt, Tristan's identity is revealed, and his position as Champion of Cornwall solidified.  Having been wounded by the poisoned blade of Morholt, Tristan wastes away, eventually being set adrift in a boat by his own choice.  He lands on the shores of Ireland, and his healed by the skills of Iseult of Ireland, although without actually meeting her.

Upon returning to Cornwall, he is involved in a move to have King Mark marry.  Tristan is sent on a quest to find a bride for the king, and winds up once again in Ireland.  Tristan defeats a dragon, is once again healed by Iseult, and though given her hand in marriage as reward, promises to bring her back to Cornwall as bride for his Uncle.  These events are shown in light of bringing peace to an ongoing war between the two kingdoms.  Tristan and Iseult are stranded on a distant shore for a few days, delaying their return to Cornwall, and cementing their own love for each other, despite the commitments of circumstances.  Sutcliff herself states that she intentionally left out the love potion as something 'artificial'.

Upon returning to Cornwall, Iseult is wedded to King Mark. She and Tristan both seek to behave honorably by maintaining a distance between themselves.  They eventually end up having a clandestine relationship, and are caught by King Mark.  After various conflicts, Tristan is banished from Cornwall, and travels to Brittany, entering the service of King Hoel of Brittany.  Tristan befriends Hoel's son Kahedin, and is married to Hoel's daughter, Iseult of the White Hands.  The relationship is never consummated, with Tristan pining away for Iseult of Ireland.  Kahedin is killed by the husband of his own original love, after a successful visit aided by Tristan.  Tristan is once again sorely wounded, and sends for Iseult of Ireland to come and heal him.  The returning ship is to unfurl white sails if it returns with her, and black sails if not, much like the story of Theseus returning to his father.  Iseult of the White Hands lies to Tristan out of jealousy, saying that the sails are black, and he dies.  Iseult of Ireland finds him dead, and dies by his side.  They are buried together back in Cornwall, with a hazel tree growing from his heart and a honeysuckle from hers, intertwining above their graves.

As in many of her novels, Sutcliff depicts these ancient and legendary stories in a realistic fashion.  She also focuses on the themes of individuals bound by obligation, also using the visual balance between the dark haired Tristan and the blonde haired Iseult.

References

External links

 Official website with more on book and author

1971 British novels
Novel
British children's novels
Novels by Rosemary Sutcliff
Novels set in Cornwall
The Bodley Head books
1971 children's books
Modern Arthurian fiction
Arthurian literature in English

Tristan and Iseult (novel)


A domino effect accident is an accident in which a primary undesired event sequentially or simultaneously triggers one or more secondary undesired events in nearby equipment or facilities, leading to secondary accidents more severe than the primary event. Thus, a domino effect accident is actually a chain of multiple events, which can be likened to a falling row of dominoes. The term knock-on accident is also used.

Domino effect accidents are an important process safety issue affecting process plants where significant amounts of hazardous materials are stored, transported, and processed. Losses of containment that result in fires or explosions can escalate to nearby equipment, due to thermal radiation, blast overpressure or other mechanisms, thus potentially causing further fires, explosions, or toxic gas clouds.

Characteristics of domino effect accidents
The consequences of the domino effects of an accident are often more severe than the primary event. Escalation is caused by the physical effects induced by the primary event, which are referred to as escalation vectors. Domino effect accidents mainly consist of three elements: the primary scenario, the escalation vectors, and one or more secondary accidents.

Primary scenarios
The primary scenarios include various types of fire (flash fire, pool fire, jet fire, fireball, boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE), unconfined vapor cloud explosion (UVCE), confined explosion (CE), and mechanical explosion (ME). Normally, there is only one primary event, such as a tank fire in a gasoline storage farm. However, if the process is triggered by intentional attacks or natural disasters, multi-primary events may apply. In that case, it can be very difficult to prevent the escalation of domino effects due to the synergistic effects caused by multiple hazardous events. For example, an earthquake may lead to multiple equipment failures in a process plant, which can in turn cause further accidents.

Escalation vectors
The escalation vectors are the hazardous effects caused by the primary scenarios. The escalation vectors of pool fires, jet fires, and fireballs is thermal radiation and fire impingement. For BLEVE, ME, and VCE it is blast overpressure and fragment projection. Fire-induced domino effects are time-dependent (because the affected equipment has a certain time-to-failure), while explosion-induced domino effects are not related to time, as the failure of the affected equipment will occur instantaneously.

Single and multiple secondary accidents
If the primary scenario successfully escalates to other installations nearby, one or more secondary events occur. Escalation from the primary event to the secondary event is called the first-level escalation, while escalation from secondary event to a potential tertiary event is called second-level escalation, and so on. When lower-level event triggers multiple higher-level events, these are called parallel effects. A higher-level event caused by multiple lower-level events is a case of synergistic effects. Time-dependent escalation vectors from different sources and acting at different times may result in a synergic effect over a secondary target; this is called superimposed effects.

Types

Intentional and unintentional domino effect accidents
According to whether the primary event is deliberate or not, domino effect accidents can be divided into unintentional and intentional. The primary events of unintentional domino effects are caused by accidental events (e.g., corrosion, human errors, and leakage) or natural hazards (e.g., earthquake, lightning, floods). Intentional domino effects are cause by deliberate attacks such as acts of terrorism and sabotage.

Fire-induced and explosion-induced domino effect accidents
According to the physical nature of the primary event, domino effects can be divided into fire-induced and explosion-induced. According to some sources, toxic release may also directly induce domino effects via the movement of toxic gases, e.g., if poisoning induces plant operators to errors that result in secondary accidents.

Internal and external domino effect accidents
In a chemical cluster or a process plant industrial park, there are multiple hazardous materials sites located next to each other. An accident occurring in a site may escalate to the neighboring plants. Internal domino effect accidents are those accidents that occur within a plant, while external ones are those escalating to outside the primary plant boundaries. Preventing external domino effect accidents is especially complex, as these require managing the hazard across multiple companies. Encouraging the cooperation between different neighboring companies within a cluster of sites is essential for the management of domino effect hazards.

Examples
The consequences of domino effect accidents can be much more severe than the primary events. Past process industry catastrophes that involved domino effects significantly greater than the initiating event are the San Juanico disaster, the Buncefield fire, the 2009 Jaipur fire, the 2009 Cataño oil refinery fire, the 2019 Xiangshui chemical plant explosion, etc. For example, at the 2019 Xiangshui chemical plant explosion, which led to more than 78 deaths and 617 injuries, many facilities near the chemical plant where the accident started were damaged.

Prevention and mitigation measures
Management of domino effects hazards focuses on one or more of three aspects: reduction of the likelihood of occurrence of the primary event; preventing the escalation of the primary event; mitigating the escalation of the primary event. The engineered and administrative safety barriers used in this context can be active, passive, or procedural and emergency measures.

Active protection measures
Active protection measures are those needing power and/or external activation to trigger their protection action. They can be used to suppress fire, such as water/foam deluge, and isolate process units, such as emergency shutdown (ESD) systems. An active protection measure usually consists of three elements: (i) a detection system, (ii) a treatment system, and (iii) an actuation system. In order to ensure the performance of active protection measures, all the above three elements should be effective.

Passive protection measures
No external activation is needed for passive protection measures. As a result, passive protection measures are generally more reliable than active ones. Fireproofing is a commonly-used passive protection measure used to insulate pressure vessels from heat radiation induced by external fire. Passive fire protection increases the time-to-failure of vessels, providing more time for emergency response actions to extinguish the fire. Pressure relief valves are another example of passive protection measure.

Procedural and emergency measures
Procedures are administrative barriers for escalation prevention. Emergency measures are also administrative in nature and focus on emergency response, both within the primary site and the surrounding ones. Emergency response procedures in process plants play an important role in protecting employees, installations, and other civilians nearby. In terms of domino effects, an emergency response such as firefighting can effectively prevent the escalation of accidents by reducing heat radiation and isolating undamaged vessels. Emergency response actions require a certain time to be initiated, and emergency resources are typically limited; optimizing emergency procedures and emergency resource allocation is essential for the prevention and mitigation of domino effects.

References

Accidents
Causality
Process safety

Domino effect accident