The Mount St. Joseph Academy is a historic former school building at 1 Hamilton Heights Drive in West Hartford, Connecticut.  It is a four- and five-story brick and stone structure with Colonial Revival styling, designed by Hartford architect John J. Dwyer and built in 1905-08.  It was operated by the Sisters of Mercy as a Roman Catholic school for girls, reaching a maximum enrollment of 565 in 1958.  The school closed due to declining enrollment in 1978. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 22, 1983.  In 1996 the building was renovated for use as an assisted living facility, which presently (2013) is operated as Atria Hamilton Heights

Description and history
The former Mount St. Joseph Academy stands on a landscaped hilltop at the southwest junction of Fern Street and Hamilton Avenue in eastern West Hartford.  It is a large masonry structure four and five stories in height, with Georgian Revival styling.  Its exterior is finished mainly in red brick, with limestone and buff brick used in the trim. It is laid out in an E shape, with the main spine of the E oriented north-south, and the legs of the E extending westward.  The front facade faces east, and is divided into five sections, with a central projecting entry with gabled pediment and half-round columned portico, and slightly projecting end wings.  The interior central lobby spaces have retained original features and finishes despite conversion of the premises from a school to assisted living.

The academy building was built in 1905-08, and is one of the major works of Hartford architect John J. Dwyer.  It was built for the Sisters of Mercy, a Roman Catholic order, as a boarding school for girls.  The order was founded in 1831 in Dublin, Ireland, and had established itself in Hartford in 1852.  It promptly opened a school for girls, which moved to larger quarters on Farmington Avenue in 1874 and was then given the name Mount St. Joseph Seminary.  Again needing a larger space in the early 20th century, the Sisters had this facility constructed.  Originally designed with more expensive materials (including granite and marble), both the size of the building and its material costs were reduced to fit the Sisters' $300,000 budget.  The school operated until 1978, when it closed due to declining enrollment.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in West Hartford, Connecticut

References

National Register of Historic Places in Hartford County, Connecticut
Colonial Revival architecture in Connecticut
School buildings completed in 1905
Buildings and structures in West Hartford, Connecticut
1905 establishments in Connecticut

Mount St. Joseph Academy (West Hartford, Connecticut)


Igor Ursenco  (born 9 February 1971) is a Moldovan-born Romanian poet, fiction writer, screenwriter, culturologist, pedagogue, political analyst, and polyglot translator.

Igor Ursenco is the matrilineal descendant from Northern Bessarabian dynasty of scholar Marcu Văluță, director of the interwar publication Moldovan Thought. In late October 2012 he was appointed to organise the Romanian Cultural Institute in Kyiv as a Deputy Coordinator.

As a catalyst of pneumatic motion of the text, Igor Ursenco is known also as a polyvalent author and the promoter of critical integrative method theo-e-retikon. Igor Ursenco has adopted since his debut book the artistic celebration of the spiritual alterity.

Ursenco is a sporadic contributor to the literature and culture e-zines EgoPhobia and Europe's Times and Unknown Waters, and the scientific journal Metaliteratura published by the Moldavian Academy of Sciences and the Faculty of Philology at Ion Creanga University. In 2016, he received a PhD in Letters Magna cum laude .

Works

Poetry

• exFaustiv, Integral Publishing House, Bucharest, October 2020;

• Poetically incorrect, Rafet Publishing House, Ramnicu Sarat, 2015, The Contest Poetry Winner, Editura Rafet;

• The Flying Spaghetti Monster (thriller poems), Tracus Arte Publishing House, Bucharest, 2012;

• apoptosium (a recital for a regnum not classified yet), Franc Tireur USA Publishing House, New York, USA, 2010 – nominated by boomlit.com among "The Books of 2010" and included in The Long List of the "Observator cultural"/ Cultural Observer Awards, in "Poetry" section;

• The Clause of the Most Favored Maramures and Basarabia Contemporary Poetry (International Lyrical Anthology, Limes Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca, 2010;

• "Logos", My Father : My Mother "Imago", Heterotypic genealogy in archetypal texts, Limes Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca, 2009

Prose

• Moldavian Kaïros (a thriller novel), Blumenthal Publishing House, Bucharest, 2012;

• A Zero Degree Alert in the Current Romanian Short Prose, Herg Benet Publishers Publishing House, Bucharest, 2011;

• S.T.E.P. (short stories), Herg Benet Publishers Publishing House, Bucharest, 2011

Transcultural Essays

• EgoBesTiaR (trans-cultural essays), Herg Benet Publishers Publishing House, Bucharest, 2011;

• Teo-e-retikon (Trans-Cultural Essays & Meta-Semantic Glosses), Eikon Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca, 2009, awarded by Maramures County Council and the Baia Mare Mayoralty with the distinction of "The Books of 2009 – section: essays"

Film scripts and plays

• The Akashic Retina (film scripts and plays), Mega Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca, 2009

Published texts foreign languages (English, Spanish, Hungarian)

•   Red Room Writers Community

•   The Caterpillar Chronicles online Literary Journal

•   The Fwriction Review online Literary Journal

•   Ego Phobia online Literary Journal

•   International Hungarian PEN Club Multilingual Anthology (Pécs Writers Camp - 2012)

•   Arte Poetica, Album Nocturno

Miscellaneous

• Distributed Actor in the Jeff Goldblum & Greta Scacchi starring movie One of the Hollywood Ten (Madrid, 2000)

• Finalist of the Folk Music Festival "Yellow Quince" the first edition (Chisinau, 1990)

Affiliations

 Member of the P.E.N. Club Romania (2013)
 Writers' Union of Romania (2012)
 Writers' Union of Republic of Moldova (2010)
Liceo Poetico de Benidorm (Alicante, Spain)
Opera scrisa.ro

External links
Poetry Quote Samples
Goodreads Page

Romanian essayists
Romanian literary critics
21st-century Romanian novelists
Romanian male novelists
21st-century Romanian poets
Romanian male poets
Romanian male short story writers
Romanian short story writers
Romanian translators
Postmodern writers
Male essayists
21st-century short story writers
21st-century essayists
1971 births
Living people
21st-century male writers
21st-century translators

Igor Ursenco


Elizabeth A. Grosz (born 1952 in Sydney, Australia) is an Australian philosopher, feminist theorist, and professor working in the U.S. She is Jean Fox O'Barr Women's Studies Professor at Duke University. She has written on 20th-century French philosophers Jacques Lacan, Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, Luce Irigaray and Gilles Deleuze, as well as on gender, sexuality, temporality, and Darwinian evolutionary theory.

Biography
In 1981, Grosz received her PhD from the Department of General Philosophy at the University of Sydney, where she was a lecturer from 1978 to 1991. She moved to Monash University in 1992. From 1999 to 2001, she was professor of Comparative Literature and English at the State University of New York at Buffalo. She taught at Rutgers University in the Department of Women's and Gender Studies from 2002 until becoming professor of Women's Studies and Literature at Duke in 2012.

Books
 Sexual Subversions: Three French Feminists (1989)
 Jacques Lacan: A Feminist Introduction (1990)
 Volatile Bodies: Toward a Corporeal Feminism (1994)
 Space, Time and Perversion: Essays on the Politics of Bodies (1995)
 Architecture from the Outside: Essays on Virtual and Real Space (2001)
 The Nick of Time: Politics, evolution, and the untimely (2004)
 Time Travels: Feminism, nature, power (2005)
 Chaos, Territory, Art: Deleuze and the Framing of the Earth (2008)
 Becoming Undone: Darwinian Reflections on Life, Politics and Art (2011)
 The Incorporeal: Ontology, Ethics, and the Limits of Materialism (2017)

References

External links
 An Older Biography and Bibliography
 Interview
 Interview by Heather Davis in NMP23

1952 births
Living people
Duke University faculty
Academic staff of Monash University
University at Buffalo faculty
Rutgers University faculty
Feminist theorists
Feminist philosophers
Continental philosophers

Elizabeth Grosz


Wheaton College is a private liberal arts college in Norton, Massachusetts. Wheaton was founded in 1834 as a female seminary. The trustees officially changed the name of the Wheaton Female Seminary to Wheaton College in 1912 after receiving a college charter from the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. It remained one of the oldest institutions of higher education for women in the United States until men began to be admitted in 1988. It enrolls 1,669 undergraduate students.

History
In 1834, Eliza Wheaton Strong, the daughter of Judge Laban Wheaton, died at the age of thirty-nine. Eliza Baylies Chapin Wheaton, the judge's daughter-in-law and a founder of the Trinitarian Congregational Church of Norton, persuaded him to memorialize his daughter by founding a female seminary.

The family called upon noted women's educator Mary Lyon for assistance in establishing the seminary. Lyon created the first curriculum with the goal that it be equal in quality to those of men's colleges. She also provided the first principal, Eunice Caldwell. Wheaton Female Seminary opened in Norton, Massachusetts on 22 April 1835, with 50 students and three teachers.

Lyon and Caldwell left Wheaton to open Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in 1837 (now Mount Holyoke College). After their departure, Wheaton endured a period of fluctuating enrollment and frequent changes in leadership until 1850, when Caroline Cutler Metcalf was recruited as the new principal.  Metcalf made the hiring of outstanding faculty her top priority, bringing in educators who encouraged students to discuss ideas rather than to memorize facts. The most notable additions to the faculty were Lucy Larcom, who introduced the study of English Literature and founded the student literary magazine The Rushlight; and Mary Jane Cragin, who used innovative techniques to teach geometry and made mathematics the favorite study of many students.

Metcalf retired in 1876. A. Ellen Stanton, a teacher of French since 1871, served as principal from 1880 to 1897. She led the seminary during a difficult time, when it faced competition from increasing numbers of public high schools and colleges granting bachelor's degrees to women.

In 1897, at the suggestion of Eliza Baylies Wheaton, the trustees hired the Reverend Samuel Valentine Cole as the seminary's first male president. Preparing to seek a charter as a four-year college, Cole began a program of revitalization that included expanding and strengthening the curriculum, increasing the number and quality of the faculty, and adding six new buildings.

The Commonwealth of Massachusetts granted Wheaton a college charter in 1912, and the trustees changed the name of the school to Wheaton College. The Student Government Association was organized to represent the "consensus of opinion of the whole student body", and to encourage individual responsibility, integrity, and self-government. Wheaton received authorization to establish a chapter of Phi Beta Kappa in 1932, twenty years after achieving college status.

Cole died unexpectedly in 1925 after a brief illness. During his career as president, Cole oversaw the expansion of the campus from three to 27 buildings, the growth of enrollment from 50 to 414, and the establishment of an endowment. On the campus, Cole Memorial Chapel is named after him. Its approximate geographical coordinates are: .

The Reverend John Edgar Park, who became president in 1926, continued Cole's building program, and saw the college through the Great Depression, the celebration of its centennial in 1935 and World War II. He retired in 1944, and was succeeded by Dartmouth College Professor of History Alexander Howard Meneely. During his tenure, the trustees voted to expand the size of the college from 525 to 800 to 1000 students, and construction of "new campus" began in 1957.

Meneely died in 1961 after a long illness and was succeeded in 1962 by William C.H. Prentice, a psychology professor and administrator at Swarthmore College. In the early 1960s, Wheaton successfully completed its first endowment campaign. The development of new campus continued, and student enrollment grew to 1,200. Wheaton students and faculty joined in nationwide campus protests against United States actions in Indochina in 1970.

In 1975, Wheaton inaugurated its first woman president, Alice Frey Emerson, dean of students at the University of Pennsylvania. During her tenure, Wheaton achieved national recognition as a pioneer in the development of a gender-balanced curriculum. Emerson would go on to receive the Valeria Knapp Award from The College Club of Boston in 1987 for establishing the Global Awareness Program at Wheaton College. Wheaton celebrated its Sesquicentennial in 1984/85 with a year-long series of symposia, concerts, dance performances, art and history exhibits, and an endowment and capital campaign. In 1987, the trustees voted to admit men to Wheaton. The first coeducational class was enrolled in September 1988.

Dale Rogers Marshall, Academic Dean at Wellesley College, was inaugurated as Wheaton's sixth president in 1992. She led the college in "The Campaign for Wheaton", to build endowed and current funds for faculty development, student scholarships, and academic programs and facilities. Enrollment growth encouraged the construction of the first new residence halls since 1964 (Gebbie, Keefe and Beard residence halls), the improvement of classroom buildings and the renovation and expansion of the college's arts' facilities.

Wheaton's Board of Trustees appointed Ronald A. Crutcher as the seventh president of the college on March 23, 2004. Crutcher came to Wheaton from Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, where he served as provost and executive vice president for academic affairs and professor of music. During his tenure, he ran the most successful funding campaigns in Wheaton's history, funding the new $37M Mars Science Center, more than $53M in new scholarship endowments, as well as new athletic facilities, faculty-mentored research, and career services.[1]

Wheaton's most recent president, Dennis M. Hanno, was appointed in 2014 and served until 2021. His emphasis was on accentuating Wheaton's emphasis on diversity and a student-centered approach to education. He advocated and implemented programs to apply liberal arts teachings to social entrepreneurship and making the world a better place. One of his initiatives offers a full scholarship to one refugee student each year, with preference for students from countries subject to immigration restrictions proposed by Donald Trump in 2016.

Wheaton's current president is Michele Whelan.

Presidents
The following is a list of Wheaton College presidents with the years of their presidential tenures.

 Rev. Dr. Samuel Valentine Cole (1912–1925)
 George Thomas Smart, Acting President (1925–1926)
 Rev. Dr. John Edgar Park (1926–1944)
 A. Howard Meneely (1944–1961)
 Elizabeth Stoffregen May, Acting President (1961–1962)
 William Courtney Hamilton Prentice (1962–1975)
 Alice Frey Emerson (1975–1991)
 Hannah Goldberg, Acting President (1991–1992)
 Dale Rogers Marshall (1992–2004)
 Ronald Crutcher (2004–2014)
 Dennis M. Hanno (2014–2021)
 Michaele Whelan (2022–present)

Academics
Wheaton offers a liberal arts education leading to a Bachelor of Arts degree in more than 100 majors and minors. Students are permitted to work with faculty members to design self-declared majors. Wheaton College is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education. The most popular majors, based on 2021 graduates, were:
Business Administration and Management (53)
Psychology (47)
Biology/Biological Sciences (29)
Neuroscience (26)
Film/Cinema/Media Studies (20)
Political Science and Government (19)
Computer Science (18)
English Language & Literature (18)

Foundations courses focus on writing, quantitative analysis, foreign language study and non-Western perspectives. In their first semester at Wheaton, all freshmen take a First Year Seminar in which they explore contemporary issues and gain academic skills needed for college-level study. The major concentration and elective courses are also central to the Wheaton Compass Curriculum, which culminates in a senior capstone experience—a thesis, research project, seminar or creative project.

Partnerships with other schools
The course selection is extended further through the college's cross-registration programs with Brown University and nine local colleges involved in SACHEM (Southeastern Association for Cooperation in Higher Education in Massachusetts). Wheaton also offers dual-degree programs, enabling its undergraduates to begin graduate-level study in studio art, communications, engineering, business, theology and optometry.

Among several study abroad opportunities unique to Wheaton is its partnership with Royal Thimphu College in Bhutan.

Interdisciplinary study
Students must take either three linked courses or two sets of two-course connections. These courses are intended to encourage students to explore and think beyond their primary academic interests. For instance, the connection entitled "Communication through Art and Mathematics" links Arts 298 (Graphic Design I) with Math 127 (Advertising Math). Although students may complete one of the numerous pre-designed connections, students are encouraged to consider proposing their own.

In 2014, the college won a $500,000 grant from the Sherman Fairchild Foundation to fund the IMAGINE Network, "an interdisciplinary, campus-wide collaboratory connecting spaces, people, resources and ideas." While much of that grant was used in development of new interdisciplinary facilities, it also supports several interdisciplinary research groups each semester, and supports students and faculty in developing the next generation of liberal arts curriculum.

Hands-on learning
Wheaton's Semester in the City program places students in internships around Boston where they work while taking two related courses for the duration of the semester, to offer a more real-world living-working-learning experience. Wheaton guarantees funding for students pursuing unpaid extracurricular experiences, including internships, research, or any suitable experiential learning opportunity. The Wheaton Institute for the Interdisciplinary Humanities (WIIH) develops and exposes programming exploring liberal arts education's weight in the ever-changing and increasingly complex "real world."

Much of this emphasis was initiated by college president Dennis M. Hanno, who took some inspiration from Babson College, where he was a Senior Vice President and Provost. One of his primary efforts in this area is WIN, short for Wheaton Innovates, which prepares students to launch social enterprises, applying liberal arts skill sets to create social change. That's included a new partnership with MassChallenge to partner students with startups, and led to a $10M commitment by the Diana Davis Spencer Foundation to continue expansion of social entrepreneurship programs starting in 2018.

Arts
In 2003, the Evelyn Danzig Haas '39 Visiting Artists Program was initiated; the program brings writers, musicians, actors, directors, dancers and artists to campus for short-term residencies to share their work through lectures, master classes, concerts and exhibitions. Arts in the City complements the visiting artists program by taking students and faculty members on trips to Boston, Providence and elsewhere to explore the arts and cultural offerings of the region.

Wheaton also has an extensive Permanent Collection of artworks which are often implemented in classes and student projects, including in some innovative learning experiences, like a semi-annual student-curated exhibition and student-driven provenance research.

College galleries often exhibit work from the Permanent Collection, but also notable visiting artist. During the 2016–2017 school year, there was a student-curated show, a show of student work, and an installation by Judy Pfaff.

Scholarships and fellowships
Wheaton prioritizes scholarships and fellowships both at the college and for its alumni. In 2016, Wheaton ranked tenth in its number of Fulbright scholars and was recognized as a top producer for 11 consecutive years. Since 2000, Wheaton students have received over 200 external scholarships, including 3 Rhodes Scholarships.

Wheaton itself provides substantial scholarships opportunities for current and prospective students. From 2004 to 2014, Wheaton added $53M in scholarships for students, and guarantees funding for internships and experiential learning opportunities. Support for the most academically curious students extends beyond financial funding to include the cohort-based May Fellows program and the Beard Hall living-learning community.

Wheaton also has a chapter of the Phi Beta Kappa Honor Society.

Campus

Architecture
Austin House, designed by The Architects Collaborative, sits at the edge of campus and serves as housing for guest speakers, artists, etc. It won Architectural Records "House of the Year" in 1962, and remains an important example of mid-century modernism.

In 1938, Wheaton sponsored a competition to build a new arts center, cosponsored by Museum of Modern Art and Architectural Forum. They fielded proposals from some of the most famous architects of that era, including Louis Kahn and Walter Gropius, the latter of which took second prize. First prize went to two relatively unknown architects, Caleb Hornbostel and Richard Bennett, and while never actually built, accelerated the college's embrace of modernist architecture. In 1962, Watson Fine Arts was finally built in the Brutalist International Style.

Student living

Wheaton students live in a variety of ways. There are 18 traditional residence halls; some, like Meadows and Beard, were built in the 2000s, while others date back to the late 1800s. Most have single and double rooms, with two buildings dedicated to suites of 3-6 people.

There's also a rich history of "Theme Houses," bringing together a number of students with shared interests or purpose. In the 2017–2018 year, there were 17 theme houses on campus. They range from Farm House, which is an active farm, to the United World College Davis House, to the Feminist Perspective House.

Recent facilities developments

Wheaton's 2014 Sherman Fairchild Foundation grant supported development of a network of interdisciplinary creative spaces around campus, including a Makerspace called Lab 213 (housing 3D printers, Laser cutters, five-axis CNC milling equipment, electronics workspace), the HATCH Lab (digital classroom with virtual reality and eye tracking tools for digital humanities), and a Fiberspace (with digital jacquard loom, sewing machines, and other fibers and textiles tools).

Also included in that network are Arts spaces like the Wheaton Sculpture Studio (wood and metal working, ceramics, molding and casting, etc.), WCCS Student-run recording studio, Machine Shop for precision fabrication, and an experimental theater and dance studio.

In 2011, Wheaton completed its new Mars Science Center, a Gold LEED certified building housing the majority of the schools science classrooms and research (including greenhouses and observatory). It's also connected by underground passages to the old science center and library.

In 2000, Wheaton also expanded its Arts facilities.

The school has been pursuing infrastructure projects outside academics, too. In 2016, Wheaton renovated its dining halls, including Emerson Dining Hall, the Hood Cafe, and the Davis Spencer Cafe. They also rebuilt Chase Dining Hall. The next year, they erected solar panels on the roof of the old science center and in fields nearby.

Athletics

Wheaton fields 21 varsity NCAA Division III teams, nine for men and 12 for women, in addition to 14 club sports programs and a variety of intramural activities.

Reputation
In 2018, The Wall Street Journal and Times Higher Education ranked Wheaton among the Top 40 U.S. Colleges for liberal arts. For 2015, U.S. News & World Report ranked it 69th in Best National Liberal Arts Colleges, and top 50 by high school counselor rankings. Kiplinger notes Wheaton as a "Best Value School", and College Raptor and College Recruiter independently identify Wheaton as a "hidden gem." The Princeton Review also recognizes Wheaton as a standout Northeastern college, one of the 373 best colleges in the United States and among the Top 200 Colleges That Pay You Back. Since 2000, over 250 prestigious scholarships have gone to Wheaton students, including 3 Rhodes Scholarships. In 2011 Newsweek/The Daily Beast placed Wheaton at number 19 of 25 in their "Braniacs" schools ranking.

Niche ranked Wheaton sixth for most liberal colleges in 2018, and the college does generally have a reputation for liberalism. College leadership has spoken out at numerous occasions against the Trump presidency, in favor of remaining signed on to the Paris Climate Accord and establishing a scholarship for refugees adversely affected by Trump's immigration policies. The school is not to be confused with the much more conservative Wheaton College (Illinois), and college leadership has at times publicly denounced the other institution's regressive stances and actions to make that clear.

Publications and media
 Wheaton Magazine: College magazine
 The Wheaton Wire: Weekly student newspaper
 Nike: college yearbook
 Rushlight: Student arts & literary magazine since 1855
 Babe Lincoln: semesterly magazine
 The Underwire: Alternative/underground newspaper (2005-2006)
 WCCS: free-format student-run radio station

Films
The following films have been filmed, at least in part, on the Wheaton campus or feature Wheaton students.

 Soul Man (1986)
 Metropolitan (1990)
 Prozac Nation (2001)
 Legally Blonde (2001)
 Mona Lisa Smile (2003)
 Professor Marston and the Wonder Women (2017)
 Don't Look Up (2021)
 Challengers (2024)

Notable alumni

See also
 Female seminary
 Women's education in the United States

References

External links

1834 establishments in Massachusetts
Educational institutions established in 1834
Female seminaries in the United States
Former women's universities and colleges in the United States
Liberal arts colleges in Massachusetts
Norton, Massachusetts
Private universities and colleges in Massachusetts
Universities and colleges in Bristol County, Massachusetts

Wheaton College (Massachusetts)


Flap steak, or flap meat (IMPS/NAMP 1185A, UNECE 2203) is a  beef steak cut from the obliquus internus abdominis muscle of the bottom sirloin. It is generally very thin, fibrous and chewy, but flavorful, and often confused with both skirt steak and hanger steak.

It is very common in France as bavette and other countries such as Brazil (fraldinha), Argentina, and Uruguay. The cut is often mistranslated as "flank steak".

Use
Flap meat is a thin, fibrous and chewy cut, that is marinated, cooked at high temperature to no more than rare and then cut thinly across the grain. In many areas, flap steak is ground for hamburger or sausage meat, but in some parts of New England it is cut into serving-sized pieces (or smaller) and called "steak tips".  It has seen increasing acceptance from some bistro owners serving steaks, as it is less expensive than other cuts, (tenderloin, shortloin, and ribeye in particular) and, if prepared correctly, is enjoyed by cost-conscious diners.

Flap steak is popular in Mexican cuisine, where it is made into carne asada.  It is typically marinated in citrus juice and Mexican spices, then grilled hot until charred on the outside, then diced or sliced thin and used in tacos, tortas, fajitas, and other dishes calling for thin beef steak.

See also
 Flank steak
 Hanger steak
 Skirt steak
 Tri-tip

References

Cuts of beef

Flap steak


The Delaware Corporate and Commercial Litigation Blog serves as a free public resource for the latest developments in Delaware corporate and commercial law by providing summaries of key corporate and commercial court decisions from the Delaware Court of Chancery and Delaware Supreme Court.  In addition to links to the actual opinions of the court, it provides links to commentary by leading scholars from around the United States on Delaware corporate law and alternative business entities.

This law blog is listed on the Harvard Law School Corporate Governance blog on their blogroll. Its reports have been mentioned several times by The Wall Street Journal online as one of the top national daily law blog stories.  It was selected as a "top blog" by LexisNexis.

See also
Delaware Journal of Corporate Law
Delaware Supreme Court
Delaware Court of Chancery
Delaware General Corporation Law.

References

External links

Delaware law
American legal websites


"Young Bloods" is a song by the Los Angeles-based punk rock band The Bronx, released as the first single from their 2008 album The Bronx.

While the album was released by Original Signal Records and the band's own White Drugs label, the singles for all of their albums have been released exclusively in the United Kingdom, through Wichita Recordings. The single was released on 7-inch vinyl and limited to 1,500 copies. The B-side song, "Lab Rats", is an outtake from the album's recording sessions. The cover artwork was designed by guitarist Joby J. Ford.

The music video for "Young Bloods" was directed by French visual artist Lokiss. Mike Piscitelli had directed four of the band's five previous music videos, but was unable to work on "Young Bloods" due to being on a project in Africa. The video shows lucha libre-style wrestlers practicing and sparring in a room. It failed a Harding Test for broadcast in the United Kingdom due to numerous flashes and strobes which could potentially cause seizures in viewers. The band posted the results of the test to their website, noting that "of course we don't wish this upon anyone and feel a bit weird posting something like this. But - the interesting fact is no other broadcast has failed as miserably as our video."

Track listing

CD version

Vinyl version

Personnel

Band
 Matt Caughthran – lead vocals
 Joby J. Ford – guitar, backing vocals, artwork and design
 Ken Horne – guitar, backing vocals
 Brad Magers – bass guitar, backing vocals
 Jorma Vik – drums

Production
 Dave Schiffman – producer, recording, mixing engineer
 Howie Weinberg – mastering

See also
The Bronx discography

References

The Bronx (band) songs
2009 singles
2008 songs

Young Bloods (song)


Ceriani, formerly Arces, was an Italian company that designed and fabricated motorcycle frames and suspensions. The company was founded by Arturo Ceriani in 1951. Arces is an acronym derived from Arturo Ceriani S.r.l.

In the European motorcycle industry, it was common for many smaller parts companies to exist, each responsible for creating individual parts to later be assembled into a complete motorcycle.  Within a few years of its creation, Ceriani's company was able to successfully make a name for itself by manufacturing components noted for their quality and vision.

In 1964, under the leadership of Arturo's son Enrico Ceriani, the companies operations were expanded. Enrico accelerated the expansion by moving the company to a new and more modern plant in Samarate. From 1964 the company was known within the industry as ARCES (an acronym of ARturo CEriani Samarate) but the brand identity was maintained and the company continued to be known as Ceriani by consumers.

A central development in the new plant was the creation of a team that was dedicated to studying and designing new solutions for the suspension systems and frames of competition motorcycles.

In the late 1960s, Ceriani began to produce an innovative new type of fork slider made of a light alloy for use in competition and a revolutionary type of telescopic hydraulic suspension that was originally used on motocross bikes but was later applied to street motorcycles.

The demand for the new suspension was so high that ARCES output had doubled compared to the year before.  The new technology exploded onto the market and by 1972 Ceriani had sold 100,000 suspension units, 30,000 to competition motorcycles and 70,000 to consumer street bikes.

In the late 1970s, Ceriani experienced a rapid and unexpected decline during the overall crisis in the European manufacturing sector due to increased demand that stressed the capabilities of smaller companies. Other companies were able to successfully adapt and fill the niche of competition motorcycle parts manufacturing that was left vacant by Ceriani's inability to effectively meet rising demand.

Ceriani was not able to recover to the changing market and their plant closed down in 1980. The prestigious Ceriani brand name was bought in 1997 by Italian motorcycle parts maker Paioli.

Notes

See also

List of Italian companies
List of motorcycle suspension manufacturers

Automotive motorsports and performance companies
Auto parts suppliers of Italy
Companies based in Lombardy
Defunct manufacturing companies of Italy
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1951
Italian companies established in 1951
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1980
1980 disestablishments in Italy
Italian brands
Motorcycle parts manufacturers

Ceriani


Helga Township is a township in Hubbard County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 1,109 at the 2000 census.

Helga Township was given the name of one of the first white children born within its borders.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , of which  is land and  (6.93%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,109 people, 384 households, and 324 families residing in the township.  The population density was .  There were 430 housing units at an average density of .  The racial makeup of the township was 95.67% White, 2.71% Native American, 0.45% Asian, and 1.17% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.72% of the population.

There were 384 households, out of which 41.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 76.8% were married couples living together, 4.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 15.6% were non-families. 13.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.89 and the average family size was 3.15.

In the township the population was spread out, with 29.5% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 26.1% from 45 to 64, and 7.3% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.8 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108.5 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $46,645, and the median income for a family was $50,000. Males had a median income of $33,333 versus $21,726 for females. The per capita income for the township was $19,410.  About 3.8% of families and 5.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.0% of those under age 18 and 2.5% of those age 65 or over.

References

External links
Helga Township

Townships in Hubbard County, Minnesota
Townships in Minnesota

Helga Township, Hubbard County, Minnesota


Richard Docherty (1899–1979) was a Catholic priest who established the mission at Port Keats, now known as Wadeye in the Northern Territory of Australia.

Timeline
In 1899, Docherty was born in Urwin, Western Australia. 28 years later, in 1927, he was  ordained as a priest, Missionaries of the Sacred Heart (M.S.C.). A year later, he moved to Darwin, and then to Werntek Nganayi 7 years later, in 1935. 4 years after this, in 1939, he moved to Wadeye, where he stayed for 19 years, his longest place of residence since being ordained. In 1958, he moved to the city of Sydney, over 2500 miles away, where he stayed for a year before moving to Hammond Island, a small island in the Torres Strait between Australia and Papua New Guinea. He remained here for 9 years, before returning to the town of Darwin in 1968. 4 years later, he moved south to Daly River. In 1978, he was awarded the Order of Australia, becoming a Member of the Order of Australia. He died the following year, while visiting Perth, and was buried in Wadeye.

References

1899 births
1979 deaths
Roman Catholic missionaries in Australia
People from the Northern Territory
Members of the Order of Australia
Missionaries of the Sacred Heart
Australian Roman Catholic missionaries
20th-century Australian Roman Catholic priests
Catholic Church in the Northern Territory

Richard Docherty


United Nations Security Council resolution 867, adopted unanimously on 23 September 1993, after recalling resolutions 841 (1993), 861 (1993) and 862 (1993) on the situation in Haiti, the council reiterated its position of protecting international peace and stability and established the United Nations Mission in Haiti (UNMIH).

The council received a proposal from the Government of Haiti concerning the creation of a new police force and in modernising the Haitian armed forces. On 3 July 1993, the President of Haiti and the commander of the army of the country signed an agreement to return the country to peace and stability, and which addressed the issues of the police and military. In this respect, the council supported the efforts to implement that agreement.

Acting on a recommendation by the Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali, the council authorised the establishment of UNMIH for an initial period of six months, subject to the proviso that it would be extended beyond the seventy-five days upon a review by the council on whether progress had been made. The mission itself would consist of up to 567 police and 700 military observers, including 60 military instructors. The observers will accompany the Haitian police and train and observe their operations, while the soldiers were responsible for the modernisation of the army and following roles:

(a) providing non-combat training;
(b) the military construction unit would work with the Haitian military to implement projects from the secretary-general's report such as military barracks and infrastructure.

The intention of the secretary-general to place the mission under the oversight of his special representative and the Organization of American States (OAS), which also oversaw the International Civilian Mission, was welcomed. Haiti was asked to provide security and freedom of movement to United Nations personnel, urging the conclusion of a Status of Mission agreement. At the same time, the groups in the country were called upon to renounce violence.

The secretary-general was requested to seek financing of the mission by way of a trust fund and contributions from Member States for the police and military components of UNMIH. Resolution 867 concluded by further asking him to report back by 10 December 1993 and 25 January 1994 on developments in Haiti.

See also
 History of Haiti
 List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 801 to 900 (1993–1994)

References

External links

Text of the Resolution at undocs.org

 0867
1993 in Haiti
 0867
September 1993 events

United Nations Security Council Resolution 867


Occupational lung diseases comprise a broad group of diseases, including occupational asthma, industrial bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchiolitis obliterans, inhalation injury, interstitial lung diseases (such as pneumoconiosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, lung fibrosis), infections, lung cancer and mesothelioma. These can be caused directly or due to immunological response to an exposure to a variety of dusts, chemicals, proteins or organisms. Occupational cases of interstitial lung disease may be misdiagnosed as COPD, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, or a myriad of other diseases; leading to a delay in identification of the causative agent.

Types of occupational lung diseases

Asthma

Asthma is a respiratory disease that can begin or worsen due to exposure at work and is characterized by episodic narrowing of the respiratory tract. Occupational asthma has a variety of causes, including sensitization to a specific substance, causing an allergic response; or a reaction to an irritant that is inhaled in the workplace. Exposure to various substances can also worsen pre-existing asthma. People who work in isocyanate manufacturing, who use latex gloves, or who work in an indoor office environment are at higher risk for occupational asthma than the average US worker. Approximately 2 million people in the US have occupational asthma.

Bronchiolitis obliterans

Bronchiolitis obliterans, also known as constrictive bronchiolitis or obliterative bronchiolitis is a respiratory disease caused by injury to the smallest airways, called bronchioles. It has been reported to occur from exposure to inhaled toxins and gases including sulfur mustard gas, nitrogen oxides, diacetyl (used in many food and beverage flavorings), 2,3-pentanedione, fly ash and fiberglass.

COPD

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a respiratory disease that can encompass chronic bronchitis and/or emphysema. 15% of the cases of COPD in the United States can be attributed to occupational exposure, including exposure to silica and coal dust. People who work in mining, construction, manufacturing (specifically textiles, rubber, plastic, and leather), building, and utilities are at higher risk for COPD than the average US worker.

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP; also called allergic alveolitis, bagpipe lung, or extrinsic allergic alveolitis, EAA) is an inflammation of the alveoli within the lung caused by hypersensitivity to inhaled organic dusts.

Lung cancer

Numerous categories of ionizing radiation, chemicals and mixtures, occupational exposures, metals, dust and fibers have been linked to occurrence of lung cancer.

Mesothelioma

Mesothelioma is a cancer of the mesothelium, part of which is the pleura, the lining of the lungs. Mesothelioma is caused by exposure to asbestos.

Pneumoconiosis

Pneumoconiosis are occupational lung diseases that are caused due to accumulation of dust in the lungs and body's reaction to its presence. Most common pneumoconiosis are silicosis, coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP), and asbestosis. Other examples include minerals (such kaolin, talc, mica), beryllium lung disease, hard metal disease and silicon carbide pneumoconiosis.

Smoke Inhalation
 Inhaling smoke and other byproducts of combustion can cause pulmonary injury. A third of all burn victims admitted to a hospital are affected by pulmonary injury from inhaling smoke and fatality from inhalation injuries is higher than burn injuries - mortality exceeds 50% for burn victims with severe burn and inhalation injury. Tissue oxygenation is significantly affected and thermal injury to the upper airways, lower airways, and lung parenchyma occurs.

Poor tissue oxygenation is a life-threatening conditions and results from inhaling carbon monoxide, cyanide, a gas mixtures devoid of  oxygen, or from an imbalance between alveolar ventilation and blood supply.

Carbon monoxide is a colorless and odorless gas, which can interfere with and impede respiration. Oxygen's tendency to bind with hemoglobin is 250 times less than carbon monoxide, severely reducing the quantity of circulating oxygen and limiting tissue oxygenation in carbon monoxide poisoning. Exposure can be deliberate (suicidal) or accidental and can come from automobile exhaust pipes, inhaling smoke during a fire accident, and poorly vented gas heaters, generators, and other appliances.

Cyanide is inhaled into the lungs in gaseous form – as hydrogen cyanide. Cyanide can also be diffused through the skin or ingested. Rapid infusion of high-dose cyanide cause cyanide poisoning. It is produced when nitroprusside is broken down into its constituents. It inhibits cells from properly utilizing oxygen by disrupting cytochrome oxidase, and can be more damaging to the brain and heart.

Cyanide is a highly toxic chemical often used in industries and in laboratories. Finger nail glue remover products contain acetonitrile and its metabolic break down produces cyanide. In some plants such as in pits of apricots, cyanide can be found as glycosides can synthesize cyanide. Smoking cigarettes is a major avenue of exposure.

Pulmonary Aspiration Syndromes
 Deglutition is the main cause for minute food and fluid to get aspirated into the lungs. Impaired consciousness and esophageal disorders can cause deglutition.

Acute Aspiration of Gastric Content (Mendelson Syndrome): pulmonary response to aspirated content depend on the quantity and constituent of aspirated gastric content. Chemical pneumonitis is severe if aspirated content is acidic and aspirated gastric acid – pH less than 2.5 – can inflame bronchial epithelium and cause bronchiolitis, hemorrhagen, and pulmonary edema.

Chronic Aspiration of Gastric Contents: disorders of the larynx and the esophagus are major causes of chronic aspiration of gastric content – achalasia, esophageal stricture, systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), esophageal carcinoma, esophagitis, and gastro-esophageal reflux. Pulmonary aspiration can result when the lower intestinal sphincter relax and spill out gastric content into the esophagus.

Smoking, consuming alcohol or caffeine, and the drug theophylline used in asthma patients are known to cause lower intestinal sphincter relaxation. Gastro-esophageal reflux and chronic aspiration are associated with few pulmonary disorders: asthma, chronic cough, bronchiectasis, and pulmonary fibrosis.

Difficulty swallowing, ageing, dental problems impeding proper chewing, consuming alcohol, and taking sedatives cause café coronary, obstruction of the upper airways by food particles.

Retaining an Aspirated Foreign Body: poor clearance of aspirated material out of the tracheobronchial tree can result in acute and chronic conditions including atelectasis, post obstructive hyperinflation, acute and recurrent pneumonia, bronchiectasis, and lung abscesses. Retained aspirated foreign body can sometimes get misdiagnosed as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or lung cancer

Aspirating an Inert Material: aspirating large inert material coupled with an impaired cough can cause asphyxia

Hydrocarbon Pneumonitis: secondary aspiration following vomiting ingested petroleum products – gasoline, kerosene, furniture polish, and other petroleum products used around home environment – can injure lungs and result in hydrocarbon pneumonitis

Lipoid Pneumonia: is a chronic disorder common among older people who have difficulty swallowing, with aspiration of oily material - mineral oil, cod liver oil, and oily nose drops - as its mains cause

Occupational environmental exposure

Arsenic
Arsenic is classified as an IARC Group 1 carcinogen and is a cause of lung cancer. Workers can be exposed to arsenic through work with some pesticides or in copper smelting.

Asbestos

Asbestos is a mineral which was extensively used in the United States to fireproof buildings and textiles, among other items, in the 1950s-1980s. Workers are frequently exposed to asbestos during demolition and renovation work, which can cause asbestosis and/or mesothelioma. Asbestos exposure can also cause pleural effusion, diffuse pleural fibrosis, pleural plaques, and non-mesothelioma lung cancer. Smoking greatly increases the lung cancer risk of asbestos exposure.

Residents and workers of asbestos mining centers such as the town of Asbest, Russia experience dangerous exposure to asbestos and asbestos dust.

BCME

BCME (Bis(chloromethyl) ether) is associated with small cell lung cancer in workers who have been exposed. Exposure can occur via direct manufacture of BCME or its presence as a byproduct.

Beryllium

Beryllium is classified as an IARC Group 1 carcinogen and can also cause interstitial lung disease. Manufacturing workers, dental technicians, machinists, jewelers, plumbers, electricians, precious metal reclamation workers, and welders are at risk for beryllium exposure.

Cadmium
Cadmium is classified as an IARC Group 1 carcinogen and it is a cause of several cancers, including lung cancer. Workers can be exposed to cadmium through welding, zinc smelting, copper smelting, lead smelting, electroplating, battery manufacture, plastics manufacture, and in alloying.

Chromium
Chromium is classified as an IARC Group 1 carcinogen and is linked to lung cancer. Workers can be exposed to chromium via welding, steel manufacturing, pigment/dye manufacturing, and electroplating.

Coal dust

Exposure to coal dust is the cause of coalworker's pneumoconiosis, also called "black lung disease", is an interstitial lung disease caused by long-term exposure (over 10 years) to coal dust. Symptoms include shortness of breath and lowered pulmonary function. It can be fatal when advanced. Between 1970 and 1974, prevalence of CWP among US coal miners who had worked over 25 years was 32%; the same group saw a prevalence of 9% in 2005–2006. It can also exacerbate or cause COPD.

Diesel exhaust
Diesel exhaust contains a variety of gaseous and particulate chemicals, including soot, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and other known carcinogens.

Flock

Flocking is the technique of adding small pieces of nylon or other material to a backing, usually a textile, to create a contrasting texture. Inhalation of flock can cause flock worker's lung.

Indium lung
Indium lung is an interstitial lung disease caused by occupational exposure to indium tin oxide.

Nanoparticles
The high surface area to volume ratio of nanoparticles may make them an inhalation hazard for workers exposed to them. This is a topic of ongoing research as of 2015.

Nickel
Nickel is classified by the IARC as a Group 1 carcinogen; nickel compound exposure is associated with nasal cancer as well as lung cancer. Workers may be exposed to nickel in machining/grinding industry, nickel extraction/production, welding, and electroplating.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), fused-ring chemicals formed during the combustion of fossil fuels, are metabolized by the cytochrome P450 complex to highly reactive carbocations, which can mutate DNA and cause cancer. Workers may be exposed to PAHs while working in a foundry, in the roofing industry, or due to environmental tobacco smoke.

Silica

Exposure to silica can cause Silicosis, which is a fibrosing interstitial lung disease caused by inhaling fine particles of silica, most commonly in the form of quartz or cristobalite. Short-term exposures of large amounts of silica or long-term (10 years or more) exposure of lower levels of silica can cause silicosis. In 1968, more than 1060 US workers died of silicosis; this number fell to 170 by 2005.

Besides causing silicosis, inhalation of silica can cause or exacerbate COPD. It can also impair lung function in general and cause cancer by oxidation damage. It is classified as a "known human carcinogen" (Group 1 carcinogen) by the IARC. Exposure is common for people working in tunneling, quarrying, construction, sandblasting, roadway repair, mining, and foundry work.

Silo-filler's disease
Silo-filler's disease (not to be confused with farmer's lung, associated with inhalation of biologic dusts) results from inhalation of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) gas from fresh silage. The presentation is variable depending on level of exposure. Often the gas penetrates throughout the lung and if severe can manifest as a form of acute respiratory distress syndrome, such as significant pulmonary edema, hyalinized alveolar membranes, congestion and other respiratory illnesses.

Tobacco smoke

Tobacco smoke is a known carcinogen. Workers in the hospitality industry may be exposed to tobacco smoke in the workplace, especially in environments like casinos and bars/restaurants.

Infectious exposure

Influenza
Health care professionals are at risk of occupational influenza exposure; during a pandemic influenza, anyone in a close environment is at risk, including those in an office environment.

Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is a lung disease endemic in many parts of the world. Health care professionals and prison guards are at high risk for occupational exposure to tuberculosis, since they work with populations with high rates of the disease.

Others

World Trade Center lung
World Trade Center lung is a cluster of diseases caused by exposure to fallout at Ground Zero of the September 11 attacks in 2001. These diseases include asthma, asthmatic bronchitis, terminal airways disease, sarcoidosis, and acute eosinophilic pneumonia.

Examples
 Pneumoconiosis
 Asbestosis
 Baritosis
 Bauxite fibrosis
 Berylliosis
 Caplan's syndrome
 Chalicosis
 Coalworker's pneumoconiosis (black lung)
 Siderosis
 Silicosis
 Byssinosis
 Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
 Bagassosis
 Bird fancier's lung
 Farmer's lung

References

Lung disorders

Occupational lung disease


Symbol is a studio album by Japanese electronica artist Susumu Yokota, released in 2004. This album is distinctive from others in his discography by being primarily composed of samples from classical orchestral pieces, such as Tchaikovsky's Nutcracker Suite and Saint-Saëns's Carnival of the Animals, as well as more modern compositions by John Cage and Meredith Monk. The cover art is a detail from the 1896 painting Hylas and the Nymphs by John William Waterhouse.

Track listing

Notes

External links

Susumu Yokota albums
2005 albums

Symbol (album)


A topic map is a standard for the representation and interchange of knowledge, with an emphasis on the findability of information. Topic maps were originally developed in the late 1990s as a way to represent back-of-the-book index structures so that multiple indexes from different sources could be merged. However, the developers quickly realized that with a little additional generalization, they could create a meta-model with potentially far wider application. The ISO/IEC standard is formally known as ISO/IEC 13250:2003.

A topic map represents information using
 topics, representing any concept, from people, countries, and organizations to software modules, individual files, and events,
 associations, representing hypergraph relationships between topics, and
 occurrences, representing information resources relevant to a particular topic.

Topic maps are similar to concept maps and mind maps in many respects, though only topic maps are ISO standards. Topic maps are a form of semantic web technology similar to RDF.

Ontology and merging
Topics, associations, and occurrences can all be typed, where the types must be defined by the one or more creators of the topic map(s). The definitions of allowed types is known as the ontology of the topic map.

Topic maps explicitly support the concept of merging of identity between multiple topics or topic maps. Furthermore, because ontologies are topic maps themselves, they can also be merged thus allowing for the automated integration of information from diverse sources into a coherent new topic map. Features such as subject identifiers (URIs given to topics) and PSIs (published subject indicators) are used to control merging between differing taxonomies. Scoping on names provides a way to organise the various names given to a particular topic by different sources.

Current standard
The work standardizing topic maps (ISO/IEC 13250) took place under the umbrella of the ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 34/WG 3 committee (ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1, Subcommittee 34, Working Group 3 – Document description and processing languages – Information Association).  However, WG3 was disbanded and maintenance of ISO/IEC 13250 was assigned to WG8.

The topic maps (ISO/IEC 13250) reference model and data model standards are defined independent of any specific serialization or syntax.
 TMRM  Topic Maps – Reference Model
 TMDM  Topic Maps – Data Model

Data format
The specification is summarized in the abstract as follows: "This specification provides a model and grammar for representing the structure of information resources used to define topics, and the associations (relationships) between topics. Names, resources, and relationships are said to be characteristics of abstract subjects, which are called topics. Topics have their characteristics within scopes: i.e. the limited contexts within which the names and resources are regarded as their name, resource, and relationship characteristics. One or more interrelated documents employing this grammar is called a topic map."

XML serialization formats
 In 2000, Topic Maps was defined in an XML syntax XTM. This is now commonly known as "XTM 1.0" and is still in fairly common use.
 The ISO standards committee published an updated XML syntax in 2006, XTM 2.0 which is increasingly in use today.
Note that XTM 1.0 predates and therefore is not compatible with the more recent versions of the (ISO/IEC 13250) standard.

Other formats
Other proposed or standardized serialization formats include:
 CXTM – Canonical XML Topic Maps format (canonicalization of topic maps)
 CTM – a Compact Topic Maps Notation (not based on XML)
 GTM – a Graphical Topic Maps Notation

The above standards are all recently proposed or defined as part of ISO/IEC 13250. As described below, there are also other, serialization formats such as LTM, AsTMa= that have not been put forward as standards.

Linear topic map notation (LTM) serves as a kind of shorthand for writing topic maps in plain text editors. This is useful for writing short personal topic maps or exchanging partial topic maps by email. The format can be converted to XTM.

There is another format called AsTMa which serves a similar purpose. When writing topic maps manually it is much more compact, but of course can be converted to XTM. Alternatively, it can be used directly with the Perl Module TM (which also supports LTM).

The data formats of XTM and LTM are similar to the W3C standards for RDF/XML or the older N3 notation.

Related standards

Topic Maps API
A de facto API standard called Common Topic Maps Application Programming Interface (TMAPI) was published in April 2004 and is supported by many Topic Maps implementations or vendors:
 TMAPI – Common Topic Maps Application Programming Interface
 TMAPI 2.0 – Topic Maps Application Programming Interface (v2.0)

Query standard
In normal use it is often desirable to have a way to arbitrarily query the data within a particular Topic Maps store. Many implementations provide a syntax by which this can be achieved (somewhat like 'SQL for Topic Maps') but the syntax tends to vary a lot between different implementations.  With this in mind, work has gone into defining a standardized syntax for querying topic maps:
 ISO 18048: TMQL – Topic Maps Query Language

Constraint standards
It can also be desirable to define a set of constraints that can be used to guarantee or check the semantic validity of topic maps data for a particular domain. (Somewhat like database constraints for topic maps). Constraints can be used to define things like 'every document needs an author' or 'all managers must be human'. There are often implementation specific ways of achieving these goals, but work has gone into defining a standardized constraint language as follows:
 ISO 19756: TMCL – Topic Maps Constraint Language

TMCL is functionally similar to RDF Schema with Web Ontology Language (OWL).

Earlier standards
The "Topic Maps" concept has existed for a long time. The HyTime standard was proposed as far back as 1992 (or earlier?). Earlier versions of ISO 13250 (than the current revision) also exist. More information about such standards can be found at the ISO Topic Maps site.

RDF relationship
Some work has been undertaken to provide interoperability between the W3C's RDF/OWL/SPARQL family of semantic web standards and the ISO's family of Topic Maps standards though the two have slightly different goals.

The semantic expressive power of Topic Maps is, in many ways, equivalent to that of RDF, but the major differences are that Topic Maps (i) provide a higher level of semantic abstraction (providing a template of topics, associations and occurrences, while RDF only provides a template of two arguments linked by one relationship) and (hence) (ii) allow n-ary relationships (hypergraphs) between any number of nodes, while RDF is limited to triplets.

See also
 Knowledge graph
 Semantic interoperability
 Topincs a commercial proprietary topic maps editor
 Unified Modeling Language (UML)

References

Further reading
 Lutz Maicher and Jack Park: Charting the Topic Maps Research and Applications Landscape, Springer,
 Jack Park and Sam Hunting: XML Topic Maps: Creating and Using Topic Maps for the Web, Addison-Wesley,  (in bibMap)

External links

 Information portal about Topic Maps
 An Introduction to Topic Maps at Microsoft Docs
 Topic Maps Lab

Knowledge representation languages
Technical communication
ISO standards
IEC standards
Diagrams
Semantic relations

Topic map


The Strange Mr. Gregory is a 1945 American horror film, directed by Phil Rosen. It stars Edmund Lowe, Jean Rogers, and Don Douglas, and was released on November 14, 1945.

Plot
Mr. Gregory (Edmund Lowe) is a famous but reclusive magician. Through secret study over several years, he has developed certain occult powers. Under the right circumstances, he can influence the thoughts of others. He also can put his body into a kind of suspended animation to give the appearance that he is dead.

Amateur magician John Randall (Don Douglas) is a great admirer of Mr. Gregory and makes an effort to meet and befriend him. Mr. Gregory, however, quickly becomes obsessed with Randall's beautiful wife, Ellen (Jean Rogers). He concocts an elaborate scheme to fake his own murder, frame Randall for the crime and win Ellen for himself. At first his plot seems to work perfectly, but he arouses the suspicions of some people he had expected to fool.

Cast list
 Edmund Lowe as Mr. Gregory aka Lane Talbot
 Jean Rogers as Ellen Randall
 Don Douglas as John Randall
 Marjorie Hoshelle as Sheila Edwards
 Jonathan Hale as Blair
 Frank Reicher as Riker
 Robert Emmett Keane as District attorney
 Frank Mayo as Inspector Hoskins
 Fred Kelsey as Detective Lefert
 Anita Turner as the maid

References

External links

Films directed by Phil Rosen
1945 horror films
1945 films
American supernatural horror films
Monogram Pictures films
American black-and-white films
1940s American films

The Strange Mr. Gregory


The Outside (1917) is the shortest play by Susan Glaspell. It is a play in one act. She uses symbolism to convey the emptiness of Mrs. Patrick's life on the outside. Glaspell uses the imagery of the station and the areas beyond to show that Mrs. Patrick is keeping herself away from the things she once knew. Glaspell's use of symbolism aides the characters onstage as well as the audience in realizing the situation the women are facing.

The play was first performed by the Provincetown Players at the Playwrights' Theatre, December 28, 1917. It was revived in 1997 and 2008 by the Orange Tree Theatre in Richmond, London. The Outside was directed by Svetlana Dimcovic in 2008, a graduate of the trainee director bursary at the Orange Tree Theatre 2001-2002.

Characters
 Captain, of 'The Bars' Life-Saving Station
 Bradford, a Life-Saver
 Tony, a Portuguese Life-Saver
 Mrs. Patrick, who lives in the abandoned Station
 Allie Mayo, who works for her

Plot
The plot centers on two women, Mrs. Patrick and Allie Mayo, who have exiled themselves from the world because of emotional pain caused by their husbands. Allie Mayo has refused to say an "unnecessary word" since the death of her husband. Mrs. Patrick has returned to the place that she and her husband used to visit and had talked of buying to bury the things that hurt her. The main action of the play takes place in an abandoned life-saving station that Mrs. Patrick has recently bought, on the cape, in Provincetown, Massachusetts. Three men, Bradford, Tony, and the Captain, fight to save a man who has drowned at their old station, now the house of Mrs. Patrick. The men have brought the victim to this place because of convenience, since the body was found only forty feet from the house, and out of habit, since they used to work from this location. At the end, it is Allie who tries to save Mrs. Patrick from the life that she wants.

References

External links
 The Outside at Project Gutenberg

Sources
Ben-Zvi, Linda. Susan Glaspell: Her Life and Times. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Gainor, J. Ellen. Susan Glaspell in Context: American Theatre, Culture, and Politics, 1915-48. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan P, 2001.
Glaspell, Susan. Plays. Trifles Ed. C.W.E. Bigsby. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
Waterman, Arthur E. Susan Glaspell. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1966.

1917 plays
Plays by Susan Glaspell

The Outside


Ralph Hedley (31 December 1848 – 14 June 1913) was a realist painter, woodcarver and illustrator, best known for his paintings portraying scenes of everyday life in the North East of England.

Biography

Born in Gilling West near Richmond, North Yorkshire, Ralph and his parents Richard and Anne Hedley moved to Newcastle upon Tyne around 1850, on the wave of industrial opportunity. Aged about 13, he was apprenticed to Thomas Tweedy in his carving workshops, simultaneously studying art and design at the 'Government school' in Newcastle, and attending evening classes at the Life School under William Bell Scott. At the age of 14 he was awarded a bronze medal by government's Department of Art and Science.

After concluding his apprenticeship, Hedley established a successful woodcarving business, whilst also producing lithographs for the local press and taking every opportunity to work as an artist.  He had the first of many paintings, The Newsboy, accepted for exhibition at the Royal Academy in 1879.  Joining with Henry Hetherington Emmerson and Robert Jobling, they founded the Bewick Club which encouraged and exhibited the work of the local artists of the North East, staging the first exhibition in 1884.

Examples of his wood carving work can be found in The Cathedral Church of St Nicholas, Newcastle, where, between 1882 and 1889, he and his workshop carved the choir and rood screen for the scheme by architect Robert James Johnson (1832–1892),  commissioned when the Diocese of Newcastle was founded and Newcastle upon Tyne became a City. Other carving work can be seen in St Andrew's Church, Newcastle upon Tyne and many other North Eastern churches.

Career

He was a member of the Royal Society of British Artists, and had more than fifty of his paintings displayed at the Royal Academy between 1879 and 1904.   He became President of the Bewick Club and was Vice-President of the South Shields Art Club.

Today, Hedley's paintings are appreciated for the record they provide of everyday life in Tyneside in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Even at the time of Hedley's death in June 1913, the Newcastle Daily Chronicle recognised the value of his work, arguing that "What Burns did for the peasantry of Scotland with his pen, Ralph Hedley with his brush and palette had done for the Northumberland miner and labouring man."

A number of Hedley's works, including Cat in a Cottage Window, Last in Market and 'Going Home' are known throughout the world, many of them reproduced as popular prints. In March 2004, The Tournament, depicting a group of boys having a piggy-back fight, sold for £44,000 - a record for a Hedley painting at auction.

Hedley is the amongst the most recent Newcastle figures to be honoured by the city's Commemorative Plaque Scheme. The plaque was unveiled by the Lord Mayor, Councillor George Douglas, on Monday 29 November 2004, at 19 Belle Grove Terrace in Spital Tongues, where Hedley lived from 1885 until his death in 1913. The property now forms part of the Belle Grove public house. Guests attending the unveiling included relatives of Hedley, and Julie Milne, the curator of the Laing Art Gallery. The Laing holds one of the largest bodies of Hedley's work, including 41 oil paintings and three watercolours, and a major exhibition devoted to Hedley in 1990. A book on Hedley's life and times was published in association with that exhibition.

As part of the Festival of the North East, 2013, an exhibition of his work held in local public collections was shown at the Shipley Art Gallery, Gateshead, and a small group of works from private and public collections was shown at the Hartlepool Art Gallery.

To mark the centenary of his death, Ralph Hedley was honoured by a choral evensong held at The Cathedral Church of St Nicholas on 14 June 2013, conducted by the Dean, the Very Revd Christopher Dalliston, and with the Newcastle Cathedral Choir.

See also
List of British artists

References

External links

1848 births
1913 deaths
19th-century English painters
English male painters
20th-century English painters
Landscape artists
Artists from Newcastle upon Tyne
British Realist painters
People from Richmond, North Yorkshire
Members of the Royal Society of British Artists
20th-century English male artists
19th-century English male artists

Ralph Hedley


Mediacoach is a proprietary video motion analysis tool developed by Spanish media company, Mediapro, for the 42 football clubs of the Liga de Fútbol Profesional.

The stadium-based software uses 16 cameras placed all around the stadium to carry out post-match analysis of player movement. Each system cost €400,000 to install.

Alternate meaning
A media coach is person who gives feedback and instruction to someone who going to be interviewed by the media. The goal of media coaching is to improve the coaching recipient's content, branding and delivery. If the person being coached is going to be interviewed on television perhaps his or her clothing and other aspects of their physical appearance may also receive recommendation for change by the media coach. People running for elected positions such as president of the United States may get a speech coach or media coach to help them improve the way they are perceived via various media outlets. Book authors, corporate officers and corporate spokespersons may also hire a media coach.

References

Film and video technology
La Liga

Media Coach


Joan of Taranto (died March 1323) was Queen of Armenia by marriage to Oshin, King of Armenia. As daughter of Philip I, Prince of Taranto, she was a member of the Capetian House of Anjou.

Life
Joan was daughter of Philip I, Prince of Taranto, and his first wife Thamar Angelina Komnene.

Joan's parents did not have a good relationship: Philip suspected Thamar of acting in her family's interests over his during the two-year conflict that raged between the Capetian House of Anjou and Epirus, despite the fact that she had pawned the remainder of her jewellery to help him pay for the military effort. Distrustful of Thamar, Philip decided to divorce her and in 1309 accused her of having committed adultery. She was forced into confessing that she had had sexual relationships with at least forty of the lords of his court, and that she had formed a particular relationship with Bartolomeo Siginulfo, the Grand Chamberlain of Taranto. Thamar became an outcast, probably never seeing her children again, she either became a nun or was imprisoned by Philip. In either case she died not long afterwards in 1311.

Shortly following her mother's death, Joan acquired a stepmother in Catherine of Valois, who Philip married in July 1313. From this marriage Joan acquired five half-siblings, including Philip II, Prince of Taranto.

Queen
In February 1316, Joan married her first husband, Oshin, King of Armenia. Joan was Oshin's third wife, from his first marriage he had had a son Leo. From this marriage she adopted the name Eirene. The couple were only married for four years.

Upon his death, on 20 July 1320, Oshin was succeeded by his minor son Leo (sometimes referred to as Leo V). It was believed that Oshin was poisoned.

Soon after Oshin's death, his cousin Oshin of Korikos became regent. He wished to make himself and his family more secure in Armenia. Steps were taken to make this happen; Oshin married Joan, who was forced into the marriage. Oshin married his daughter Alice off to Joan's stepson Leo. Oshin was also probably responsible for the deaths of King Oshin's sister Isabella and two of her sons, in order to remove rival claimants.

Joan died in March 1323, she was outlived by her ill-fated second husband.

Six years after Joan's death, Leo reached majority, he took revenge on his regent. Joan's husband and brother-in-law Constantine, Constable of Armenia and Lord of Lampron, and Leo's wife Alice were all murdered on the king's orders, the head of Oshin being sent to the Ilkhan and of Constantine to Al-Nasr Muhammad.

Issue
In her first marriage she had one child:
George (1317 – after 1323), died young

Oshin and Joan had one daughter:
Maria who consecutively married two Armenian Kings of Cilicia, Constantine V and Constantine VI. She had issue.

References

Sources

|-

1323 deaths
Queens consort of Armenia
House of Anjou-Taranto
Year of birth unknown
Hethumid dynasty
13th-century Armenian women
13th-century Armenian people
14th-century Armenian women
14th-century Armenian people

Joan of Taranto


Count Andrzej Artur Zamoyski (2 April 1800 – 29 October 1874) was a Polish  nobleman, landowner and political and economic activist.

Zamoyski organized meetings of landowners (Klemensowczycy) at his Klemensów estate in the Polish Congress Poland. In 1842 he became co-publisher of the Rocznik Gospodarstwa Krajowego (Polish Farming Annual). In 1848 he founded the Steam Navigation Company and thereafter monopolized transport on the Vistula River. He also initiated the building of steamships and barges. He was the founder and chairman of an Agricultural Society.

Zamoyski was an opponent of Aleksander Wielopolski and a principal figure in the Biali (Whites) political faction. Exiled in September 1863, he settled in France, becoming part of the Polish Great Emigration. In 1872 he was inducted into the Polish Academy of Learning.

See also
List of Poles

1800 births
1874 deaths
Polish politicians
19th-century Polish businesspeople
Andrzej Artur

Andrzej Artur Zamoyski


Paraphilic infantilism, also known as autonepiophilia and adult baby, is a sexual fetish that involves role-playing a regression to an infant-like state. Paraphilic infantilism is a form of ageplay. People who practice paraphilic infantilism are often colloquially referred to (by themselves and others) as "adult babies", or "ABs".

Behaviors may include things such as wearing childish clothes, wearing or using diapers, cuddling with stuffed animals, drinking from a bottle or sucking on a pacifier, and (when done with others) engaging in gentle and nurturing experiences,  baby talk, or BDSM power dynamics involving masochism, coercion, punishment or humiliation.

Paraphilic infantilism is often associated with diaper fetishism, a separate but related kink in which people derive sexual pleasure from themselves or others wearing or using diapers, without necessarily involving any form of ageplay. People with a diaper fetish are often informally called "diaper lovers", or "DLs". In practice, these strict labels do not always reflect the true diversity of sexual expression. As such, when considered together, paraphilic infantilism and diaper fetishism form a spectrum of behaviors that are often colloquially referred to under the umbrella term "adult baby/diaper lover", or "AB/DL" (also spelled "ABDL").

Like other sexual fetishes (paraphilias), there is no single recognized cause for paraphilic infantilism and little research has been done on the subject. A variety of theories have been proposed for fetish development, including unique lovemaps, imprinting or altered erotic targets, though there is no scientific consensus. Paraphilic infantilism may be linked to masochism, urolagnia, garment fetishes or other kinks, however it is not to be confused with pedophilia, as people with this fetish are not normally attracted to children and do not normally seek them as sexual partners.

A variety of organizations exist to discuss infantilism or meet with other practitioners throughout the world.

Characteristics and practices

Paraphilic infantilists (usually colloquially called "adult babies" or "ABs") are people who derive sexual pleasure and/or emotional comfort from imagining themselves as, and pretending to be, children. It is a specific form of ageplay and, more broadly, sexual role-play, that can be practiced alone or with consenting adult partners. As a paraphilia (a fetish or kink), paraphilic infantilism may represent an atypical sexual interest but is not usually associated with any psychological disorder or poor mental health, and adult baby play can be considered a conscious and valid act of sexual expression. In addition, some people participate in adult baby play purely for the positive feeling and emotional comfort associated with childhood and being cared for; to what degree (if at all) eroticism plays a role depends heavily on the participants and context.

Whether performed solo or with others, one large part of paraphilic infantilism is dressing in childish clothes (diapers, onesies, bodysuits, overalls or shortalls, rompers, plastic pants, and other clothing with cute patterns, bright colors and child-like design elements) and adorning oneself with childish accessories (pacifiers, baby bottles, stuffed animals, toys, stickers or temporary tattoos, nursery-style furniture, etc.). As such, depending on the person it may  or may not be associated with a variety of garment and object fetishes, like diaper fetishism.

Another large part of adult baby expression is behaving like a child or engaging in childish activities. This may include crawling or sitting on the floor and playing with toys or games, drawing in coloring books, consuming food or drinks associated with childhood (juiceboxes, chicken nuggets, gummy candies, etc.), breastfeeding, using ("wetting" or "messing") diapers or other clothes and being changed, reading or watching children's entertainment, taking naps or cuddling (with partners or stuffed toys), engaging in baby talk, etc.

When engaging in paraphilic infantilism with partners, various dynamics are possible and participants may take up a variety of different roles, including one or more participants acting as "littles" (adult babies), while others may function as "caregivers" (or "CGs") or "switches" (people whose role may change during or between scenes). This relatively common dynamic is generally referred to as "caregiver/little", or "CG/L". After consent, rules and play roles are established, the interaction between the little and their partner(s) can take on different forms depending on the desires of the people involved and the nature of the scene. During more nurturing scenes, the little may be cared for or comforted by their caregiver (for example, being cuddled, fed, having their diapers changed, etc.) In this case, the adult baby may want only gentle or comforting treatment, based on the desire to be cared for or to "surrender the responsibilities of adult life".  In other types scenes, the presence of BDSM dynamics might involve being talked down to, being denied adult treatment, activities or facilities (for example, toileting restrictions), as well as scolded, spanked or chastised for misbehaving, acting out, having wet or dirtied their diapers, etc. In this latter instance the mode of arousal is at least partially masochistic. The people involved in the role-play may prefer one type of scene over another, or might enjoy taking part in different types of scenes.

Adult baby play may also involve masturbation or sexual intercourse between consenting adult partners. However, some may choose not to engage in conventional sexual activities (either because it detracts from their ability to role-play being in a baby-like state, or because their interest in paraphilic infantilism is non-sexual and motivated by feelings of comfort or being cared for). Like many other fetishes, the erotic pleasure derived solely from paraphilic infantilism may partially or completely replace the need for conventional sex in reaching orgasm, though it depends on the individual and their level of sexual interest.

Prevalence
Meaningful information on the incidence or prevalence of any paraphilias is lacking due to the private (and often taboo) nature of such practices. Similarly, it has been observed that adult baby play is often a closeted activity and it is not yet well documented in medical literature.

In one study of AB/DL website participants, 93% of the sample was male (assigned male at birth, excluding transgender individuals). 58% of the men and 34% of the women were heterosexual. Males on average first became interested in AB/DL at age 11, and started practicing it at the age of 13, compared to the ages of 12 and 16 for females, respectively. The most frequent activities were wearing diapers, wetting, and using other baby items. 87% of the men and 91% of the women reported that their AB/DL had not caused any significant problems or distress.

It also reported that 9% of Yahoo groups devoted to "fetishes" dealt with paraphilic infantilism, which was high in relation to other fetishes. If exceptional behaviors do not cause functional impairment, personal distress or distress to others, or have legal implications they can escape the purview of psychiatric awareness and knowledge. Additionally, infantilists may not consider themselves as suffering from a medical condition and may not want to change their behavior, a common occurrence among individuals with paraphilias. Individuals with paraphilic infantilism may seek therapy only for other issues, or be encouraged or coerced to seek treatment pertaining directly to the paraphilia itself if discovered by others. Given these issues the potential of anonymous internet surveys for data collection on infantilist communities has been noted.

The same study, however, noted that males became interested in paraphilic infantilism earlier than females, at age 11 rather than 12, and also began to act on their interests earlier, at 13 rather than 16. It also found that while most males interested in paraphilic infantilism were primarily heterosexual (58%), most females were primarily bisexual (43%). 34% of women were primarily heterosexual. Although both men and women varied in terms of education, only 66% of men and 39% of women earned more than $25,000 a year.

Relation to other behaviors
Infantilism is a diffuse phenomenon and different authorities have taken varied approaches to the question of its medical and sexological classification.

Diaper fetishism

Strictly speaking, people with a diaper fetish are aroused by the idea of wearing diapers as an adult, and may not participate in any form of ageplay. Practically speaking, there can be a great deal of variation and overlap between paraphilic infantilists and diaper fetishists, and the term "AB/DL" can be used as a catch-all term which includes a broad spectrum of related kinks and behaviors. As diapers are a commonly used a prop for "adult baby" role-play, diaper fetishism may be considered a potential component of paraphilic infantilism.

John Money distinguished between paraphilic infantilism (or autonepiophilia) and paraphilic diaper-wearing, stating that the latter is a paraphilic fetish that manifests as an erotic attraction to an article of clothing while the former is a non-fetishistic paraphilia directed at a change of status in terms of age identity.

BDSM

In some cases, paraphilic infantilism can involve elements of BDSM. For example, the pseudo-forced used of childish clothing and/or diapers as a way of establishing a power dynamic of dominance and submission, as well as for scenes involving punishment and humiliation.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) states that along with other behaviors, sexual masochists "...may have a desire to be treated as a helpless infant and clothed in diapers ('infantilism')" and this association is repeated by others. Masochism appears to be particularly important for female infantilists.

Psychologists D. Richard Laws and William O'Donohue state that "Although infantilism is classified as a sexual masochism in the DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR, it is questionable whether the criteria for sexual masochism are always met.  For example, if the infantile role playing does not involve feelings of humiliation and suffering, then the diagnosis of sexual masochism would not be appropriate and a diagnosis of infantilism as a paraphilia [not otherwise specified] is warranted."  Sexologist John Money, in his book Lovemaps describes paraphilic infantilism as a possible "...adjunctive to masochistic discipline and humiliation."  Sexologist William B. Arndt considers paraphilic infantilism to combine forms of fetishism, transvestism and masochism.  Wilhelm Stekel considered sado-masochistic practices to be variant behavior arising from psychosexual infantilism.

A potential connection between paraphilic infantilism and sadomasochism has been noted in the Polish publication, Przegląd Seksuologiczny. Research results within the publication indicated that 28% of those paraphilic infantilists surveyed reported an interest in BDSM.

Cross-dressing

Some adult babies may also engage in cross-dressing by wearing clothes which are stereotypically associated with the opposite gender. This subset of the AB community is typically made up of males dressing in "feminine" styles of clothing. (This specific behavior is often referred to as being a "sissy baby".)

People who are attracted to masochistic forms of infantilism may participate in forcible cross-dressing.

Pedophilia

Paraphilic infantilism is  to be confused or conflated with pedophilia, as "adult babies" (adults who engage in paraphilic infantilism) are only . People with this fetish are not attracted to children and do not seek them as sexual partners, and paraphilic infantilism is not related to pedophilia or any form of child sexual abuse. To that point, sexologist Gloria Brame states that "...infantilists who recognize and accept their sexuality - and its possible roots in infantile trauma - tend to be acutely protective of real children."

In 1993, sexologists Ray Blanchard and Kurt Freund published and discussed a series of case studies involving paraphilic infantilists and noted a distinction between them and pedophiles. Pedophiles are sexually attracted to children and desire for a child sexual partner. In contrast, paraphilic infantilists merely imagine and role-play themselves as a child (usually by adopting the objects and mannerisms of childhood) to increase the power difference between themselves and their preferred adult sexual partners with whom they acted out masochistic fantasies.

Others
In the limited number of extant medical case reports some clinicians have attempted to explain the behaviors associated with infantilism in terms of obsessive compulsive disorder, as "a concurrent cluster of symptoms found in a variety of psychiatric disorders."  Psychiatrist Jay Feierman considers infantilism a form of chronophilia in which the infantilist desires a sexual partner of the same biological age, but their own "sexuoerotic age" does not match his or her own biological age (i.e. the adult infantilist wishes an adult sexual partner who treats them as a baby).  A 2011 letter to the editor in the Archives of Sexual Behavior reviewed several case studies and noted a common history of sexual abuse.

Psychological origins
Research on the etiology of paraphilias in general is minimal and as of 2008 had essentially come to a standstill; it is not clear whether the development of paraphilic infantilism shares a common cause with other paraphilias. A 2003 case report by psychiatrists Jennifer Pate and Glen Goddard found little research on the topic.

To date no broad-based scientific studies have been made on the cause, incidence and general impact of paraphilic infantilism on society at large. This may be due to both the rarity of the practice and because few paraphilic infantilists appear to seek professional mental health counseling pertaining directly to the paraphilia. A mental health evaluation of an 80 year old paraphillic infantilist whose paraphilia may have been related to a head injury at the age of six concluded that treatment was unwarranted.

Criminologists Stephen and Ronald Holmes believe that while there is no simple answer to the origins of infantilism, the practices may involve an element of stress reduction similar to that of transvestism. These criminologists state that this paraphilia is not inherently a crime in and of itself, and specifically differ it from child sex abuse.

An online survey conducted in 2020 indicates that "adults with ABDL showed the presence of anxious traits and recollections of parental rejection during childhood."

Lovemap theory
John Money developed the theory of a lovemap, "a developmental representation or template in the mind and in the brain depicting the idealized lover and the idealized program of sexual and erotic activity projected in imagery or actually engaged in".

Money thought that the lovemap was normally fully developed by the age of 8, serving as a kind of sexual template through to the end of one's adult life. Money believed all paraphilias were caused by the formation of abnormal lovemaps during the preadolescent years and that such abnormal lovemaps can be formed by any number of contributing factors or stressors during this developmental period. Money also coined the term "autonepiophilia" meaning a "diaperism" or diaper fetishism in 1984 to describe the condition. Nepon is Greek for infant.

Imprinting theory
It has been hypothesized that, among other possible causes, sexual templates are established by a process akin to imprinting where lack of availability of female genitals during a critical period of development causes the imprinting mechanism to instead associate with the nearest visual or olfactory approximation. In the case of infantilism, the discipline of the mother or wearing diapers may create associations between pain, humiliation and sexuality.

Similarly, authors Zack Cernovsky and Yves Bureau hypothesize that erotic fixation to diapers may parallel a study conducted by Harry Harlow in which he deprived infant monkeys of their natural mothers and gave them an artificial mother made of wire and another made of cloth; the monkeys were more likely to spend more time with the mothers made of cloth.

Erotic location target error theory
An additional theory is that infantilism is an erotic identity disorder where the erotic fantasy is centered on the self rather than on a sexual partner and results from an erotic targeting location error where the erotic target was children yet becomes inverted. According to this model, proposed by Ray Blanchard and Kurt Freund in 1993, infantilism is a sexual attraction to the idea of the self being a child. However, this theory has also been criticized for being a "slippery slope" which "pathologizes nonstandard sexual expression".

History
The first public event for adult babies was "Baby Week", occurring in San Francisco in the early 1990s. Subsequently, the internet became a major forum, with numerous websites offering books, magazines, audio and video tapes and related paraphernalia, as well as a 24-hour hotline.  Paraphilic infantilism has appeared as an alternative lifestyle in numerous Western countries including the United States, England, Germany and Australia.

The organization "Diaper Pail Friends" was established in San Francisco, growing to approximately 3,000 members in 1995 through magazine articles, books, talk shows and the Internet.  The organization was studied in 1995 by a group of sexologists, though the results were not published.  In 2001, the New York organization "Still in Diapers" was founded for diaper fetishists. In 2008, the Diaper Pail Friends had expanded to a national organization and claimed a membership of 15,000.

In 2016, Tykables opened the first wholly dedicated paraphilic infantilism physical retail store in Mount Prospect, Illinois, with controversy from the local community. The store owner believes it helps to break the stigma about the community.

Historical terminology and definitions
The original definition of "infantilism" meant the persistence of childlike traits in adults and, medically, the failure of an adult to attain sexual maturity. While "sexual infantilism" has also been used medically as a synonym for delayed puberty.

Similarly, the term "psychosexual infantilism" was first used in Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development to refer to individuals who had not matured through his hypothesized stages.

Psychologist Wilhelm Stekel later used the term "psychosexual infantilism" as a category (similar to how paraphilia is used today), which would have included paraphilic infantilism and other fetishes, as well as sexual orientations.

John Money used the term "nepiophilia" to describe attraction to diaper-wearing babies. He described infantilism as "autonepiophilia," in which the individual desires to be and to impersonate a baby and does not desire an infant as a sexual partner.

In 2003, Dr. Jennifer Pate and Dr. Glen Gabbard, coined the term "adult baby syndrome" (inspired by an episode of the medical television drama ER) to describe an extreme case of infantilism, which may have been on the level of what is currently considered a "paraphilic disorder" as defined by the DSM-5.

Today, the term "paraphilic infantilism" can be considered the official psychological term for the fetish, while the term "adult baby" is used colloquially. Another term, "AB/DL" (also written "ABDL"), is commonly used as a broad, non-specific, and inclusive shorthand for the wider community of people with "adult baby" fetish, diaper fetish, or various other associated interests. The exact origins of the nicknames "adult baby" and "AB/DL" are difficult to determine, but there is evidence to suggest that these names have been in kink community for decades.

See also

 Sexual roleplay
 Ageplay
 BDSM
 Diaper fetishism
 Erotic lactation

Notes

References

Further reading

Paraphilias
Sexual fetishism
Sexuality and age
ABDL

fr:Autonepiophilie

Paraphilic infantilism