The Shovelhead engine is a motorcycle engine that was produced by Harley-Davidson from 1966 to 1984, built as a successor to the previous Panhead engine. When the engine was first produced, the Shovelhead had a shallower combustion chamber, larger valve drop for both intake and exhaust, better porting, and stronger valves and pistons. This gave the new engine an extra 10 horsepower, along with a different appearance. The engine gained the nickname "Shovelhead" because its rocker covers look a little bit like an upside-down coal shovel. While the engine did have problems, it gave Harley-Davidson a 26% sales increase during the early part of its timeline.

History
The Shovelhead engine was created as the previous Panhead engine was becoming obsolete, with many Harley-Davidson owners demanding more power to compete with the more modern motorcycles. Throughout the Shovelhead's run, the engine had many different changes made to it to improve power, cooling and oil consumption. The engines had only 10 fins for cooling, which caused them to run hot. Another problem was that oil would pool in the cylinder heads, causing it to leak into the valves and burn oil. Another problem was that oil would pool in the crankcase rather than being pumped, causing the engine to overheat and seriously harm performance. Oil leakage and consumption became such a problem with the bikes, many owners reported losing as much as a quart of oil every 500 miles. In fact, Harley Davidson owner's manuals and shop manuals of the day specified that normal oil consumption varied from 250 to 500 miles per quart. Much of this was due to the 1940's technology whereby the old stock Bohnalite pistons were fitted with single-piece oil scraper rings.  Excessive heat in some motors also caused serious problems. With the adoption of unleaded fuels in the American market, the non-hardened valve seats of the vintage Shovelhead could wear excessively and require service. Some detractors of the Shovelhead would say things like the motors would often last only between 500 and 5,000 miles. On the other hand, simply replacing the one-piece oil scraper rings with slightly later 3-piece versions and changing out the valve seats with hardened seats would result in oil consumption and head longevity on par with the succeeding Evolution engines.  With Harley-Davidson trying to fix the engine rather than research and develop, they fell far behind the competition of the cheaper and more reliable Japanese bikes taking control over the market.

As a way to try to combat their financial struggles, the company merged with the American Machine and Foundry (known as AMF) hoping to gain help from their struggles. After AMF took control, the merged company started to make attempts at improving the engine with their own funds. In 1970, the alternator was redesigned for less strain, hidden behind a new and redesigned side case. The carburetors were changed to Zenith-Bendix, improving flow and power that started to gain a better image for the engine. However, in 1974, the engine started to show many more problems. With the United States involved in the 1973 oil crisis, gasoline had a much lower octane and consistency that severely hurt the engine's performance. Engine knock became a large problem; causing overheating that led to blown gaskets and damaged head bolts. AMF tried to combat this by producing more units in 1976 despite the engine's problems, which ended up leading to a damaged employee reputation, along with seriously declined quality in their units. After realizing they would need some serious improvement to fix their current situation, they produced some updates in 1978 to the engine that consisted of a larger displacement, and steel struts cast into the pistons to prevent them from expanding from the heat. However, the changes were not enough for the declining quality of American fuel at the time. Valves and guides were prone to problems, along with more overheating, detonation, and oil consumption.

Another problem that arose in 1979 was that the motors were fitted with electronic ignition units, which were prone to failure. Many owners would swap the units for an older point-ignition system for reliability. The larger compression ratio on the newer engines was still a serious problem, due to the low fuel quality and octane. With many Shovelhead owners having to turn towards aftermarket parts to keep the bike running properly, Harley-Davidson realized they would have to start developing a new engine. Towards the end of the Shovelhead's production, Harley-Davidson made numerous modifications in an attempt to keep the engine usable for production. Belt drive was added to their motorcycles in 1980 to prevent the oil leakage from the enclosed chain, along with a 5-speed transmission and rubber motor mounts to help reduce vibration. In 1981, Harley Davidson purchased AMF's share of the company back, adding a new oil pump, improved valve guides, and lowering the compression to help the engines run on the lower quality gasoline in the United States. The engine was produced until 1984, where the Evolution engine, which had aluminum heads and barrels, began to take over on most models. The engine could still be found in certain models such as the FLH in 1985, but was shortly replaced by the succeeding Evolution engine.

Usage
The Shovelhead engine was ultimately fitted to all of Harley-Davidson's big twin motorcycles throughout its production. The motors were first met with controversy due to the Shovelhead's weight and ground clearance. Because of this steering and weaving became a new issue that arose with motorcycles fitted with the engine. To bring more models into production, the FX Super Glide was released in 1971 with a "chopper" look that was ultimately an FLH with a Sportster front. This brought the motorcycle scene at the time to a broader audience and improved sales for the company. The FLH was also available with an Electra-glide package, which was used as a police engine for the motorcycles. It allowed the engines to turn over for a longer period while idling, along with having an electric start. Because of the added weight of the larger engine on motorcycles with the Electra-glide package, the bikes were faster and more powerful at the trade off of being much harder to maneuver. Due to the police package being a rarity, it is highly sought after by collectors. Today, the engines are commonly used by classic motorcycle enthusiasts for restoration projects due to the engine's simple transmission, high torque, and smooth powerband.

See also
 Harley-Davidson engine timeline
 Harley-Davidson Motorcycle Company
 List of Harley-Davidson Motorcycles

References

Harley-Davidson engines

Harley-Davidson Shovelhead engine


Llyn Idwal is a small lake (approximately 800 m by 300 m, or 28 acres) that lies within Cwm Idwal in the Glyderau mountains of Snowdonia.

It is named after Prince Idwal Foel, a grandson of Rhodri Mawr, one of the ancient Kings of Wales. Legend states that the king's unfortunate offspring was murdered by being drowned in the lake. In fact Idwal Foel died in battle against the Saxons in 942 and an alternate version claims that he was cremated beside the lake, as was the burial custom for Celtic nobility.

A number of small streams flow into Llyn Idwal from around Cwm Idwal. One small river flows out and joins the Afon Ogwen river at Pont Pen-y-Benglog near Ogwen Cottage, immediately above the Rhaeadr Ogwen waterfall.

Paths
The lake is easily accessible on foot via a 900-metre long stone-paved path from Ogwen Cottage on the main A5 road. Another path encircles the lake. Two paths lead from opposite sides of the lake to the top of the ridge close to the Twll Du (Devil's Kitchen), but these paths become rather steep in places. They lead to Glyder Fach and Glyder Fawr.

There is a small pebble beach at the northwest edge of Llyn Idwal which is occasionally used by visitors for recreation, including bathing in the summer months. As a mountain lake, the waters can be cold and care should be taken by swimmers not to go out beyond their depths.

The lake lies wholly within Gwynedd County, although the eastern edge forms the boundary between the counties of Gwynedd and Conwy.

References

External links

www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Llyn Idwal and surrounding area

Capel Curig
Llandygai
Idwal
Tourism in Conwy County Borough
Idwal
Tourism in Gwynedd
Idwal
Tourism in Snowdonia
Ramsar sites in Wales

Llyn Idwal


Eddie Sinclair (5 May 1937 – January 2005) was a Scottish professional snooker player.

Career
Sinclair turned professional in 1979 at the relatively advanced age of 42, reaching a high ranking of 26th in 1982 and holding that position for two years. He won the 1980 and 1982 editions of the Scottish Professional Championship, beating Chris Ross 11–6 in the former and Ian Black 11–7 in the latter, and reached the final in 1983 and 1985, losing to Murdo MacLeod 11-9 and 10–2.

Sinclair enjoyed his best performance in a ranking event at the 1982 Professional Players Tournament, where he beat the veteran Fred Davis 5–2 and Jim Meadowcroft 5–3 before being defeated 5–3 by Terry Griffiths in the last 16. He also appeared in the last 32 of seven ranking tournaments, and reached the semi-final of the 1987 Scottish Professional Championship, losing this time to Jim Donnelly 6–4.

By 1987, Sinclair had fallen out of the top 64 in the world rankings, and his decline continued in the following six years. He played in his final event, ranked 220th, against Gerard Greene in qualifying for the 1993 Benson & Hedges Championship, losing the match 5–4 and his professional status immediately thereafter.

Personal life
Having had no involvement with professional snooker since his retirement, Sinclair died in January 2005, aged 67.

References

Scottish snooker players
1937 births
2005 deaths
Snooker players from Glasgow

Eddie Sinclair


The wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) is a North American passerine bird in the family Turdidae and is the only species placed in the genus Hylocichla. It is closely related to other thrushes such as the American robin and is widely distributed across North America, wintering in Central America and southern Mexico. The wood thrush is the official bird of the District of Columbia.

The wood thrush is a medium-sized thrush, with brown upper parts with mottled brown and white underparts. The male and female are similar in appearance. The song of the male is often cited as being the most beautiful in North America.

The wood thrush is an omnivore, and feeds preferentially on soil invertebrates and larvae, but will also eat fruits. In the summer, it feeds on insects continuously in order to meet daily metabolic needs. It is solitary, but sometimes forms mixed-species flocks. The wood thrush defends a territory that ranges in size from . The wood thrush is monogamous, and its breeding season begins in the spring; about 50% of all mated pairs are able to raise two broods, ranging in size from two to four chicks.

Taxonomy
The wood thrush was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with the thrushes in the genus Turdus and coined the binomial name Turdus mustelinus. Gmelin based his account on the "Tawny thrush" that had been described in 1785 by the Welsh naturalist Thomas Pennant in his book Arctic Zoology. Pennant specified the locality as the province of New York. The wood thrush is now the only species placed in the genus Hylocichla that was introduced in 1864 by the American naturalist Spencer Baird. The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised. The generic name is a translation of its common name, derived from the Greek words hyle/ύλη "woodland" and cichle/κιχλη "thrush" or "fieldfare". The specific name comes from the Latin mustela "weasel".

This thrush is closely related to the other typical American thrushes of the genus Catharus, and is sometimes merged into that genus. It has been considered close to the long-distance migrant species of that genus, as opposed to the generally resident nightingale-thrushes, but this appears to be erroneous. The wood thrush also appears to be fairly closely related to the large Turdus thrushes, such as the American robin.
"Wood thrush" is the official name given to this species by the International Ornithologists' Union (IOC).

Description
The adult wood thrush is  long, with a wingspan of  and a body mass of . Among standard measurements, the wing chord is , the bill is  and the tarsus is . It is distinctly larger than the Catharus thrushes with which the species is often sympatric but slightly smaller than the common American robin. The longest known lifespan for a wood thrush in the wild is 8 years, 11 months. The crown, nape, and upper back are cinnamon-brown, while the back wings, and tail are a slightly duller brown. The breast and belly are white with large dark brown spots on the breast, sides, and flanks. It has white eye rings and pink legs. Other brownish thrushes have finer spotting on the breast. The juvenile looks similar to adults, but has additional spots on the back, neck, and wing coverts. The male and female are similar in size and plumage.

Vocalization
The wood thrush has been reported to have one of the most beautiful songs of North American birds. American naturalist Henry David Thoreau wrote:

Whenever a man hears it he is young, and Nature is in her spring; wherever he hears it, it is a new world and a free country, and the gates of Heaven are not shut against him.

While the female is not known to sing, the male has a unique song that has three parts. The first subsong component is often inaudible unless the listener is close, and consists of two to six short, low-pitched notes such as bup, bup, bup. The middle part is a loud phrase often written ee-oh-lay, and the third part is a ventriloquial, trill-like phrase of non-harmonic pairs of notes given rapidly and simultaneously.

The male is able to sing two notes at once, which gives its song an ethereal, flute-like quality. Each individual bird has its own repertoire based on combinations of variations of the three parts. Songs are often repeated in order. The bup, bup, bup phrase is also sometimes used as a call, which is louder and at a greater frequency when the bird is agitated. The wood thrush also use a tut, tut to signal agitation. The nocturnal flight call is an emphatic buzzing heeh.

Distribution and habitat
The wood thrush's breeding range extends from Manitoba, Ontario and Nova Scotia in southern Canada to northern Florida and from the Atlantic coast to the Missouri River and the eastern Great Plains. It migrates to southern Mexico through to Panama in Central America in the winter, mostly in the lowlands along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. It generally arrives on the U.S. Gulf Coast during the first week of April. Fall migration usually begins in mid-August and continues through mid-September. Migration takes place at night, allowing them to find their direction from the stars and orient themselves by detecting the Earth's magnetic field.

The wood thrush prefers deciduous and mixed forests for breeding. It prefers late-successional, upland mesic forests with a moderately-dense shrub layer. It favors areas with running water, moist ground, and high understorey cover. The breeding habitat generally includes trees taller than , a fairly open forest floor, moist soil, and leaf litter, with substrate moisture more important than either canopy cover or access to running water. The wood thrush can breed in habitat patches as small as , but it runs the risk of higher predation and nest parasitism. The wood thrush's breeding range has expanded northward, displacing the veery and hermit thrush in some locations. In recent times, as a result of fragmentation of forests, it has been increasingly exposed to
nest parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds, as well as loss of habitat in the winter range.

Conservation status
The wood thrush has become a symbol of the decline of Neotropical songbirds of eastern North America, having declined by approximately 50% since 1966. Along with many other species, this thrush faces threats both to its North American breeding grounds and Central American wintering grounds. Forest fragmentation in North American forests has resulted in both increased nest predation and increased cowbird parasitism, significantly reducing their reproductive success. A study by the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology was the first large-scale analysis that linked acid rain to this thrush's decline. Continued destruction of primary forest in Central America eliminated preferred wood thrush wintering habitats, likely forcing the birds to choose secondary habitats where mortality rates are higher. In spite of this, the wood thrush is considered to be Least Concern.

Vagrancy
The wood thrush has been recorded twice as a vagrant in Europe, in Iceland at Kvísker in Öræfi East Skaftafellssýsla by Björnsson Hálfdán on 23 October 1967 and on Wingletang Down, St Agnes, Isles of Scilly, England on 7 October 1987.

Behavior

The wood thrush is primarily solitary, but occasionally forms mixed-species flocks in the winter. Its breeding territory ranges from  in size, and are used for nesting, gathering nest materials, and foraging. Some wood thrushes also defend a feeding territory in the winter. Territorial interactions are usually settled without physical contact, but in high-intensity encounters or nest defense, physical interactions with the feet or bill have been observed. Defense behaviors in response to nest predators include wing flicks, tail flicks, and raising the crest, sometimes escalating to dives and strikes.

This species has also been observed displaying a behavior known as "anting." Anting occurs when a bird picks up a single ant or group of ants and rubs them on its feathers. The purpose of this behavior is unknown, but it is thought that the birds may be able to acquire defensive secretions from the ants possibly used for some medicinal purposes, or that it simply supplements the birds' own preen oil.

Diet
Soil invertebrates and larvae make up most of the wood thrush's omnivorous diet, but it will also eat fruits in the late summer, fall, and late winter. It occasionally feeds on arboreal insects, snails, and small salamanders. The young are fed insects and some fruit. After breeding and before migration, the wood thrush will switch from insects to fruits with high lipid levels. In the summer, low fruit consumption and lipid reserves require the bird to feed on insects continuously in order to meet its metabolic needs.

The wood thrush forages mainly on the forest floor, flipping leaves over with its bills to reveal insects. It can be observed hopping around in leaf litter and on semi-bare ground under the forest canopy. Fruits are swallowed whole.

Predation
Eggs and chicks are vulnerable to chipmunks, raccoons, blue jays, American crows, black rat snakes, brown-headed cowbirds, common grackles, southern flying squirrels, gray squirrels, least weasels, white-footed mice, domestic cats, great horned owls, and sharp-shinned hawks. Adults are primarily taken by hawks and owls.

Reproduction

Wood thrushes are monogamous. Breeding pairs form in mid-April to early-May, and usually last throughout the breeding season. Most thrushes find a new mate each year, and mate guarding and extra-pair copulations have not been observed in this species.

Some male wood thrushes arrive at the breeding grounds several days before the earliest females while other males arrive at the same time as the females, establishing territories ranging in size from 0.08 to 0.8 hectares (one-fifth of an acre to two acres). The female typically leads silent circular flights  from the ground, with the male chasing. Six or more flights generally take place in succession. The pairs will perch together and feed each other in between flights. The male begins to sing at dawn and dusk a few days after arriving at breeding grounds. Early in the breeding season, the male sings from high perches in the tallest trees, but as the season progresses, it sings somewhat shorter and less elaborate songs from lower perches. Each day's singing begins and is most intense just before sunrise. The male may sing throughout the day but especially at dusk. The song season is usually over by the end of July.

Typically, the female chooses the nest site and builds the nest. However, there has been some indication that the male is able to influence the selection of the nest site by perching nearby and singing. Usually, though, the female chooses whether or not to accept or reject the nest site suggested by the male. The nest is usually sited in a dense patch of vegetation in a tree or shrub that provides concealment and shade. It is usually made of dead grasses, stems, and leaves, and lined with mud, and placed in a fork at a horizontal branch. The nest is not reused. Usually, two broods are attempted, although three to four separate nests may be built before a pair succeeds. Two to four pale blue eggs are laid at the rate of one per day. The eggs are incubated by the female only for 11 to 14 days, with the average being 13 days. Like all passerines, the chicks are altricial at hatching, mostly naked with closed eyes. The female broods the chicks during the first four days after hatching. Both parents feed the nestlings and remove fecal sacs from the nest. The chicks fledge 12–15 days after hatching, but the parents continue to feed them until they become independent and leave the parents' territory at 21–31 days old.

The young wood thrush is able to begin breeding the next summer. Most females lay their first eggs in mid-May, but older females may begin laying sooner. Pairs usually attempt to rear a second brood no later than late July, with the last of the young fledging around mid-August. About half of all wood thrush pairs successfully raise two broods.

References

External links

Description – USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
Species account – Cornell Lab of Ornithology

"Is Acid Rain Killing Off Wood Thrushes?" – Nationalgeographic.com

wood thrush
Native birds of Eastern Canada
Native birds of the Eastern United States
Symbols of the District of Columbia
wood thrush
wood thrush

Wood thrush


Prof. Dr. Adnan Koucher (Arabic:   عدنان كوجر  )  is an Iraqi scholar.

Adnan Koucher was born and grew up in Mosul, Iraq. After obtaining B.Sc. degree from the Faculty of Agriculture & Forestry at the  University of Mosul,  he went to the UK and obtained MSc degree in Rural Social Development from the University of Reading in 1984.

Career
For several years he worked as a lecturer in the Faculty of Agriculture at the  University of Salahaddin in Arbil, Iraq. In 1996, he left Iraq for the Netherlands and joined  the Third World Centre at the University of Nijmegen as a Research Fellow in development studies. His research  resulted in obtaining a Ph.D. degree in Social Sciences from the University of Radboud-Nijmegen.

In 1999 he began his work as a Director of Research at Hogeschool Van Hall Larenstein until 2004 when he became in charge of the Master Studies Programme of International Agriculture at Larenstein university, now part of the Wageningen University and Research Centre.
His interest in initiating academic collaboration with academic institutions in Arab countries resulted in a joint MSc course in International Agriculture with the University of Cairo in Egypt as well as professional training courses in GIS with the Royal Jordanian Geographic Centre in Jordan.

He participated in various development projects in Asia and Africa. His interest in the issues of globalisation, governance and NGO's is reflected in his contribution to several scientific conferences worldwide.

Works
He is the author of State and Society: The Question of Agrarian Change in Iraq 1921-1991  ()

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People from Mosul

Alumni of the University of Reading
Radboud University Nijmegen alumni
Academic staff of Wageningen University and Research
University of Mosul alumni

Adnan Koucher


Baldr Bullet: Equilibrium is an Action game, developed by TGL and published by Alchemist, which was released in Japan in October 25, 2007.

Plot & story
Sometime in the near future, the South American rain forest serves as the backdrop of a war between two factions - those who support the Baldr governing technology and those who don't. To ensure that the skirmishes and conflicts don't expand, the BS-OSA or Baldr System - Observation Structure Army is set up to police the region. Inside the Army is a special unit known as SERR14 (Observation Structure Army South American Experimental Riot Regiment the 14th) which is comprised of elite soldiers and operatives such as Sergey Kirkland and Dullahan Cuningham.

An era in which the world is managed by the computer network "Baldr system". There was a long and insidious war between the system-believing baldist and the dangerous anti-baldist. The story begins when a young officer is assigned to the 14th Experimental Launch Regiment for South America of the Baldr System Surveillance Army "BS-OSA", which was established as a shock absorbing material for both parties.

Gameplay
The game progresses in two modes: an adventure mode in which the text is read and the development is decided according to the options, and a battle mode in which the robot weapon HAWS is operated to fight.

HAWS has a wide variety of weapons, and you can select 12 types of weapons, 3 for each of the 4 types of attack methods: long-range, short-range, dash, and short dash. This combination of equipment allows for a variety of continuous attacks, but if the heat gauge that rises with each attack is full, you will not be able to use your weapon and you will have to wait for the gauge to decrease. By using the equipment in battle, you can get the benefits of improving power, reducing the amount of heat gauge rise, and developing new weapons.

Character voice
The cast is in the order of PC remake version / PS2 from the left

Sergei Kirkland

Voice: None / Hidemitsu Shimizu

The main character of this work. A competent non-commissioned officer assigned to BS-OSA and SERR14 from the Russian Special Forces, he will belong to the D Battalion Special Mobile Squadron / HAWS Platoon. He had a strong anti-Baldist father and grew up in such a family style, but he is non-political. I am devoting myself to hacking such as customization on the software side. The aircraft is HAWS-MG, which is the basic type of humanoid weapon.

Rebecca Prusienko

Voice: Miru / Kanako Sakai

Professional military personnel with a strong volunteer spirit. She is a so-called honor student type woman who believes that she will become a human being all over the world by doing her best and devotes herself to her duties. He has a bright and energetic personality. The aircraft is an agile HAWS-BT (Horse Betty).

Faye Marina

Voice: Konami Ohnami / Yuko Miyamura

A fierce man who is good at fighting, he mechanizes the whole body except for a part of the brain. He hates terrorists and the Baldr system, and indirectly throws himself into an organization that is hostile to the Baldr system. The aircraft is a heavyweight HAWS-LC (Hose Lucy).

Yoo Young Ha

Voice: Ichigo Momoi / Naomi Shindo

In addition to transporting HAWS carriers to the battle zone, he started HAWS and was in charge of repairing and refueling damaged areas. He is the heart of the HAWS platoon and the mechanized platoon, and is called "Ofukurosan" with respect by HAWS riders. He doesn't want to be called that, but he doesn't seem to be crazy. It seems that he has no special feelings about the Baldr system. I am on good terms with Theresia.

Aso Natsume

Voice: Yu Ochi / Haruko Momoi

He has a deep knowledge of cybernetics and cybernetics, is in charge of maintenance of Faye, and is also a professional in cybernetics and the mental care derived from it. He is also familiar with old anime and manga. Manipulate the Osaka dialect. It does not show any overt hostility to the Baldr system, but it seems that it is planning something.

Theresia Anissina

Voice: Momoka Shizuno / Kaori Nazuka

A girl who seems to be a civilian who appears in the base. He often takes care of flowers behind the dormitory and has become a mascot for everyone. Brigadier General Lena Buttiliskaya is called "Mama".

Kana Abitbol

Voice: An Kasuga / Houko Kuwashima

A mysterious girl of unknown affiliation. Basic conversation is done by gestures. He is also modest in his remarks and lacks independence.

Dullahan Cunningham

Voice: Koji Ishii / Joji Nakata

A genuine military man, a HAWS rider who is in the high rank category. He is also a legendary figure who showed superhuman activity in the Port Island conflict. The aircraft is HAWS-MG.

Stephen Bernandez

Voice: TAGOSAKU / / Tomoichi Toriyama

A genius hacker with a PhD in the field of mathematics and electronics. I prefer to use the language form used in "a region" of NET before the old century.

Sortia Windy

Voice: GUNTA / Ami Higasayama

A corporal who infiltrates the enemy's camp deeply on any battlefield, gets information and returns safely, so he is nicknamed "Undeath". Contrary to his excellence, he has a weak personality and reports while crying halfway.

Lena Buttilis Kaya

Voice: Yuki-Lin / Kikuko Inoue

He is the commander of the SERR14 regiment and is a brigadier general. It's so cold and dignified that you can't think of a strange-aged woman.

Xiao Marie McNamara

Voice: Sakuya / Asami Sanada

A secretary who was seconded from HAWS development company Jahanam, not a military personnel. Leader of three daughters.

Henna Prakash

Voice: Karen Kusano / Momoko Saito

A petite child of three clerical daughters.

Serena Gerdi

Voice: Ren Minazuki / Fumie Mizusawa

A gentle child of three clerical daughters.

Rosa O'Brien

Voice: Miki Takakura / Miki Ito

Psychological stability room manager. She is dressed like a church sister, but denies being called that. In this era, the significance of religion has diminished due to the benefits of the Baldr system, and there seems to be something to think about such a trend.

Yuha Thezerak

Voice: Mai Sato / Megumi Toyoguchi

Army surgeon. Being a young woman, Sergei initially thought she was a nurse.

Anti-personnel landmines

Voice: Kanako Sakai

PS2 version only appeared.

Staff
Original picture: Seiji Kikuchi

PC remake version theme song: Emphatic -REVELLION-

Lyrics / Composition / Arrangement: a.k.a.dRESS (ave; new)

Song: ave; new feat.C; LINE
PS2 version theme song: R, G, B ...

Lyrics / Composition / Song: Haruko Momoi
Movie: Kagetsusha
Planning / Production: Caricature

Manga
Published in "Dengeki G's Festival! COMIC" vol.1-2 with the title of PS2 version "Bald Bullet Ecribrium". The drawing is Go Yabuki.

It is a short story of two episodes, and as of 2010, it is not included in the book.

Trivia
"Bald Bullet Radiobrium" is a boy alchemist and Otoizumi from September 5, 2007 to 200? A radio program that was distributed until the date.

Personality

Hidemitsu Shimizu (role of Sergei Kirkland)

Kanako Sakai (Rebecca Prusienko / Interpersonal land mine)

Tomoichi Toriyama (role of Stephan Bernandez)

Other websites
http://www.web-giga.com/
http://www.alchemist-net.co.jp/

Adventure games
2007 video games
PlayStation 2 games
2000 video games
2006 video games
Japan exclusive video games
PlayStation 2-only games

Baldr Bullet: Equilibrium


21 Guns was an American melodic hard rock band formed in the early 1990s by Thin Lizzy guitarist Scott Gorham, bass guitarist Leif Johanson and drummer Mike Sturgis who met through their work with Tom Galley's and Wilfried Rimensberger's Phenomena. At the time the band was fronted by vocalist Tommy La Verdi, formerly of the band A440. A440 enjoyed moderate success with songs such as "Method to my Madness" and "Flair for the Dramatic". La Verdi was replaced for the second album by former Sons of Angels singer Hans-Olav Solli. The band was dissolved in 2000. Gorham and Johanson were reported to have joined forces again in 2008 and started to work on a new album and plan some concerts but the idea appears to have sunk without trace, with Gorham playing with Black Star Riders as of 2013.

They released two studio albums.

Albums
Salute (1992)
Nothing's Real (1997)
Demo-lition (2002)

References

Glam metal musical groups from California
Hard rock musical groups from California

21 Guns (band)


Merlin Jay Olsen (; September 15, 1940 – March 11, 2010) was an American football player, announcer, and actor. For his entire 15-year professional football career he was a defensive tackle with the Los Angeles Rams in the National Football League (NFL).  He was selected to play in the Pro Bowl 14 times — every year but his last. The only other football players to have matched or exceeded that number are the former offensive lineman Bruce Matthews, the former tight end Tony Gonzalez, the former quarterback Peyton Manning, and former quarterback Tom Brady, who is the only NFL player to have played more times in the Pro Bowl, with 15 selections.

In 1961, Olsen received the Outland Trophy, awarded to as the best lineman of the year in college football. He is a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame and the College Football Hall of Fame. As an actor, he portrayed farmer Jonathan Garvey on Little House on the Prairie. After leaving that series, he starred in his own NBC drama, Father Murphy.

Early life
Merlin Olsen was born in Logan, Utah, where his parents, Merle Barrus and Lynn Jay Olsen, graduated from Utah State University (USU) and began their careers. His father was a professor at the university while his mother had graduated in elementary education. Merlin was the second of nine siblings and the first-born son. The family opened their home to host, feed, sleep, or tutor anyone in the neighborhood; during the winter, Merle would lay wood over the entrance of the house so that ice skaters from the local park could walk in.

Merlin pursued athletics in high school but was cut from the basketball team while in grade 9, told by the coach that athletics wasn't for him and that he should take up the arts. Later, Olsen turned down a football scholarship to Stanford University to play for USU. Classmate Ross Peterson described him as a "natural, big, strong leader ... he could have been successful at anything". His brothers Phil and Orrin also played football.

Education
Olsen attended Utah State University where he became a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity, and was a three-year letterman in football as a defensive tackle. He graduated from the College of Business and Social Sciences at USU with a bachelor's degree in finance in 1962 and a master's degree in economics in 1971. He later received an honorary doctorate degree in business from the Huntsman School.

In football, as a senior, he was a consensus All-American selection and was the winner of the Outland Trophy. After Olsen's junior year in 1960, he was also named All-American by the Football Writers Association of America and Newspaper Enterprise Association. He was also All-Conference in both 1960 and 1961. Olsen and Utah State were in the 1960 Sun Bowl, losing to New Mexico State, 20–13. Led by Olsen, the Aggie defense held the New Mexico State Aggies to just 44 rushing yards on 32 carries.

The Aggie defense Olsen anchored as a senior gave up an average of 50.8 rushing yards (which led the nation), 88.6 passing yards, and 139.4 total yards which all still stand as school records for defense. The 1961 Aggie defense gave up an average 7.8 points a game, which is second in team history behind Olsen's 1960 team, which allowed 6.5 points per game. Additionally, the Aggie defense held four opponents to less than 100 total yards. One, the University of Idaho, was held to a school-record 23 total yards, with the Aggies winning 69–0.

The Aggies, not known as a national power football program, finished 10th in both the AP and UPI post-season polls, the only time that has occurred in school history. The Aggies had a combined 18–3–1 record during Olsen's junior and senior seasons under coach John Ralston and were conference champions those two seasons as well.

He was a member of the Utah State University chapter of the Sigma Chi fraternity, which has an annual Merlin Olsen Day of Service named in his honor where brothers are encouraged to give back to their communities.

Awards and honors
Olsen played in the East-West Shrine Game in 1961 and in 2003 was voted to the game's Hall of Fame. He also played in the Hula Bowl after his senior season and was voted MVP of the game.

Olsen is a member of the State of Utah's Sports Hall of Fame, the Utah State University Sports Hall of Fame and USU's All-Century Football Team. In 2000, he was selected by Sports Illustrated as one of the State of Utah's Top 50 Athletes of the Century. He was voted to the All-Academic All-America Hall of Fame in 1988. In 1969, he was voted to the Newspaper Enterprise Association All-Time All-America team with collegiate greats such as Bronko Nagurski, Red Grange, Jim Thorpe, and O. J. Simpson, among others.

In 2008, Olsen was named to the 75th Anniversary All-Sun Bowl Team to commemorate the Sun Bowl Association's Diamond Anniversary.

Utah State University announced the intention to name its football field after Olsen during a ceremony in Logan during halftime of the USU-St. Mary's basketball game on December 5, 2009.

Olsen was also a three-time academic All-American at Utah State and graduated summa cum laude in 1962 with a degree in finance.

Career

Professional football
After college, Olsen had offers from both the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League and the Denver Broncos of the rival American Football League. He chose the security of the NFL and signed with the Rams. Olsen's first contract was for around $50,000 for two years, plus a signing bonus. It was 1962, and the average football player salary at the time was around $12,000 a year. He was the first USU Aggie to be drafted in the 1st round of the NFL draft.

Olsen played professionally (1962–1976) for the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League.  A leading defensive star of his era, he missed only two games in his 15-season NFL career. He was named the NFL's Rookie of the Year in 1962 and was First-team All-Pro in 1964, and 1966 through 1970. He was voted Second-team All-Pro in 1965, 1973 and 1974.

Olsen almost ended up on offense, but was later moved to the defensive line after a few experiments in practice. Soon he became part of one of the best front fours in NFL history. Deacon Jones, Rosey Grier, and Lamar Lundy joined Olsen on the defensive line in 1963 that was nicknamed "The Fearsome Foursome". He was named the AP NFL Defensive Player of the Week for week 12 in 1965. Olsen scored his first touchdown in that game.

Throughout the 1960s, this quartet terrorized opposing offenses. Olsen's play helped the Rams to the playoffs in 1967 and 1969. He was voted the club's Outstanding Defensive Lineman from 1967 to 1970 by the Los Angeles Rams Alumni. In week 14, 1967, Olsen and the rest of the Fearsome Foursome were named the AP NFL Defensive Players of the Week for their performance against the Baltimore Colts. In the 1970s, Olsen continued his dominant play at defensive tackle and his 11 sacks in 1972 were second on the team. After week 8 in 1972, Olsen was named the Associated Press NFL Defensive Player of the Week for the third time in his career.

The Rams won the NFC West crown in 1973 through 1976 thanks in part to the play of Olsen. They ranked first in the NFL in run defense in 1973 and 1974 and finished second in sacking opposing passers both years. In 1973 Olsen was voted the NFLPA NFC Defensive Lineman of the Year and the next season, 1974, he was the recipient of Bert Bell Award as the NFL MVP as voted by the Maxwell Club. Olsen accepted the award "on behalf of all who toil in the NFL trenches".

Merlin and two of his brothers, Phil and Orrin, played in the NFL; Merlin and Phil playing together for the Rams from 1971 to 1974. Their nephew Hans, son of their brother Clark, also played professional football. In 1975 and 1976, the Rams defense finished second in the NFL against the run while ranking in the top five in sacking opposing quarterbacks and compiling a 22-5-1 record over those two seasons.

Olsen's last game was the NFC Championship game in 1976 at Bloomington, Minnesota. The Vikings took advantage on a freak play early in the game. A blocked field goal returned 90 yards for a touchdown shocked the Rams in the first quarter. The defense was later victimized by a couple of big plays by the Vikings. The Rams came up short, losing 24–13, bringing the storied career of the Rams' finest defensive tackle to an end.

Olsen made the Pro Bowl a then-record 14 times, missing it only in his final year. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1982 in his first year of eligibility; he selected his college position coach Tony Knap as his presenter. In 1999, Olsen was ranked 25th on The Sporting News''' list of the 100 Greatest Football Players.

 Entertainment
Olsen enjoyed continued success after the NFL as a broadcaster, actor, and businessman.

Olsen served as a television color commentator, teaming mostly with Dick Enberg on NBC's coverage of the AFC during the late 1970s and almost all of the 1980s. He and Enberg also teamed for four Super Bowls (XV, XVII, XX and XXIII), as well as nine Rose Bowls from 1980 to 1988. Olsen also worked Super Bowl XIII in 1979 with Curt Gowdy and John Brodie (Enberg was then serving as pre-game/halftime/post-game host). In 1989, Olsen was replaced by Bill Walsh as NBC's lead NFL color commentator. For the 1989 season, Olsen worked with Charlie Jones on NBC's broadcasts. In 1990 and 1991, he moved to CBS Sports doing NFL games with Dick Stockton.

Olsen developed a successful career as an actor. He appeared as the character Little George in the John Wayne movie, The Undefeated, with Rams teammate Roman Gabriel, in 1969.

In 1970, he appeared once on Petticoat Junction, playing mountaineer Merlin Fergus in the episode "With This Ring".

When Little House on the Prairie actor Victor French left to star in his own comedy Carter Country in 1977, Olsen was tapped to play Michael Landon's new sidekick Jonathan Garvey for several years. One memorable quote from his character's son Andy Garvey, "My pa doesn't know anything about football!" came when Andy's friends suggested that Jonathan coach their football team.

Olsen played the starring role of John Michael Murphy in the 1981-83 NBC television drama series Father Murphy.

In the Highway to Heaven episode 2.12 ("The Good Doctor"), the main character, Alex, tells Mark Gordon (Victor French) that "All I could see was the flowers and the beard.  I thought you were Merlin Olsen." This is an inside joke since Olsen, Landon, and French were in the TV series Little House on the Prairie  earlier in their careers.

Olsen's last acting work was in the short-lived 1988 TV series Aaron's Way''.

Olsen was also the commercial spokesman for FTD Florists for many years. A part-time resident of the Coachella Valley, Olsen was the longtime radio and television spokesman for Palm Desert-based El Paseo Bank.

Olsen also appeared in many Sigma Chi fraternity promotional campaigns; he and his brother Phil were Life Loyal Sigs, Significant Sigs (given to members for distinguishing acts outside the fraternity), and  members of the Order of Constantine (given for service to the Fraternity). Olsen donated one of his cleats, which were bronzed, to be used during the annual football rivalry between two Las Vegas high schools, Eldorado High School and Chaparral High School, which both opened in 1973. Each year, Olsen presented the "trophy" in the ceremony at the rivalry game.

Olsen often co-hosted the Children's Miracle Network telethons, a humanitarian organization founded in 1983 by Marie Osmond and John Schneider.

Awards
He was named the Walter Camp Man of the Year in 1982 and Athlete of the Century for the state of Utah. During halftime of a basketball game between Utah State, Olsen's alma mater, and Saint Mary's on December 5, 2009, Utah State University announced that the playing surface inside Romney Stadium, home stadium for the university's football program, would be named Merlin Olsen Field in Olsen's honor. Because of Olsen's illness, Utah State decided not to wait until the 2010 football season to hold the ceremony; he was able to attend the game, but did not speak. A sculpture of Olsen was unveiled in a plaza south of the stadium during an official dedication ceremony in Fall 2010.

In 1979, Olsen was inducted into the Utah Sports Hall of Fame.

In 1980, Olsen was inducted into the National College Football Hall of Fame.

In 1998, Olsen was inducted into the Utah Tourism Hall of Fame.

Olsen was voted to the California Sports Hall of Fame Class of 2010, along with Bill Walton, Dwight Stones, and Jim Otto, among others.

In 1983, Olsen served as Grand Marshal of the Rose Parade.

Personal life
On March 30, 1962, Olsen married Susan Wakley, a fellow USU student. They had three children: Kelly, Jill, and Nathan.
Olsen was a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a resident of San Marino, California.

Olsen was diagnosed with peritoneal mesothelioma in 2009, and underwent three courses of chemotherapy. In December 2009, he filed a lawsuit against 25 defendants including NBC Studios, NBC Universal, 20th Century Fox, Georgia Pacific, Sherwin-Williams, and Lennox Corp. for allegedly exposing him to the asbestos which he claimed had caused his cancer.

Olsen died on March 11, 2010, at City of Hope National Medical Center in Duarte, California, at age 69.

Olsen is buried at San Gabriel Cemetery in San Gabriel, California.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1940 births
2010 deaths
20th-century American male actors
American football defensive tackles
American male television actors
American people of Danish descent
College football announcers
Canadian Football League announcers
Los Angeles Rams players
National Football League announcers
Utah State Aggies football players
All-American college football players
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
National Conference Pro Bowl players
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
Western Conference Pro Bowl players
Sportspeople from Los Angeles County, California
Sportspeople from Logan, Utah
Players of American football from Utah
Male actors from Utah
American Latter Day Saints
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from mesothelioma
National Football League players with retired numbers

Merlin Olsen


Anna Dmitriyevna Nagornyuk (; born 10 January 1996) is a Russian ice dancer who competed for Uzbekistan with Viktor Kovalenko until mid-2013. Together, they placed 10th at the 2013 World Junior Championships.

Career
Nagornyuk began competing internationally with Viktor Kovalenko for Uzbekistan in the 2011–2012 season, appearing on both the junior and senior levels. They competed on the 2011–12 ISU Junior Grand Prix series and then made their senior international debut at the 2012 Four Continents where they placed 8th. Nagornyuk and Kovalenko finished 12th at the 2012 World Junior Championships and were then scheduled to compete on the senior level at the 2012 World Championships. Although Nagornyuk was granted her visa a week earlier, Kovalenko received his on the morning of 26 March, the same day they were scheduled to compete in the preliminary round. They arrived in Nice, France, half an hour before they were due to compete and reached the arena ten minutes before competing, but were able to qualify for the short dance.

In the 2012–13 season, Nagornyuk and Kovalenko placed 10th at both the Four Continents Championships and World Junior Championships. They parted ways at the end of the season.

Programs
(with Kovalenko)

Competitive highlights
(with Kovalenko)

References

External links

Uzbekistani female ice dancers
Russian female ice dancers
1996 births
Living people
Figure skaters from Moscow

Anna Nagornyuk


Lemar R. Parrish (born December 13, 1947) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive back in the National Football League for the Cincinnati Bengals (1970–1977), Washington Redskins (1978–1982), and Buffalo Bills (1982). He played college football for the Lincoln Blue Tigers.

Early life
Parrish played football and graduated from John F. Kennedy High School in Riviera Beach, Florida.

College career
He played college football for Lincoln University of Missouri in Jefferson City, Missouri. He was a running back and a four-year letter-winner from 1966 to 1969. In 1969, he set the school's record for longest punt return when he returned a punt 95 yards for a touchdown against Southwest Missouri State University. He also set school records for most punt return yards in a game (129 yards on three returns) and highest average per punt return in that game (43 yards per return). That year, Parrish averaged 16.8 yards per punt return. That, and his career average of 15.5 yards per return, are still school records. He was named All-American in 1969.

Professional career

Cincinnati Bengals
After graduating college, he was selected by the Bengals in the seventh round of the 1970 NFL Draft. Parrish immediately made an impact, not just as a defensive back but also as a kick returner on special teams.

In his 1970 rookie season, Parrish recorded five interceptions, one fumble recovery, 194 yards returning punts, 482 yards returning kickoffs, and scored two touchdowns (one kickoff return and one blocked field goal return). His 482 kickoff return yards came on just 16 returns, a whopping 30.1 yards per return average.

In 1974, Parrish set a franchise record with an NFL-leading 18.8 yards per punt return average (18 returns for 338 yards). In his eight seasons with the Bengals, Parrish was selected to the Pro Bowl six times (1970, 1971, 1974–1977).

After the 1977 season, Parrish got into a contract dispute with the Bengals, and was traded to the Redskins.

Parrish left the Bengals as the team's all-time leader in touchdowns scored by "return or recovery" with 13 (four on punt returns, four on interception returns, three on fumble returns, one on a kickoff return, and one on a blocked field goal return). He was also the only player in franchise history ever to score two "return or recovery" touchdowns in a single game, a feat he accomplished three times.

In a 1970 game against the Bills, he scored touchdowns on a 95-yard kickoff return and an 83-yard blocked field goal return. In a 1972 game against the Houston Oilers, he scored touchdowns on interception returns of 25 and 33 yards. In a 1974 game against Washington, he scored touchdowns on a 93-yard punt return and 47-yard fumble return.

Parrish also left as the Bengals' all-time leader in punt return yards with 1,201, and held the franchise record for punt return yards in a season with 338 in 1974.

Washington Redskins
With the Redskins, Parrish was no longer used as a kick returner, but he still made a big impact, recording nine interceptions in his first year with them, and seven the year after that. He made the Pro Bowl two more times with Washington, in 1979 and 1980. Parrish played with Redskins until 1981.

Buffalo Bills
Parrish spent his final season with Bills before retiring in 1982.

Legacy
In his thirteen NFL seasons, Parrish recorded 47 interceptions for 462 yards, thirteen fumble recoveries for 65 return yards, 131 punt returns for 1,205 yards, 61 kickoffs for 1,504 yards, and thirteen touchdowns. He is one of twenty defensive backs to be selected to eight Pro Bowls.

Personal life
After retiring in 1982, Parrish struggled with a drug addiction, but checked into a Tennessee rehab clinic in 1986 and managed to overcome it and turn his life around.

He later returned to his alma mater, Lincoln University of Missouri, and earned a bachelor's degree in physical education with a minor in psychology. Parrish eventually served as head coach of the Blue Tigers football team from 2004 to 2009.

In 2012, he was inducted into the Lincoln University athletic hall of fame.

References

1947 births
Living people
American football cornerbacks
American football return specialists
Buffalo Bills players
Cincinnati Bengals players
Lincoln Blue Tigers football coaches
Lincoln Blue Tigers football players
Washington Redskins players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
People from Riviera Beach, Florida
Players of American football from West Palm Beach, Florida
African-American coaches of American football
African-American players of American football
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople

Lemar Parrish


An intransitive or non-transitive game is a term sometimes used for a (zero-sum) game in which pairwise competitions between the strategies contain a cycle. If strategy A beats strategy B, B beats C, and C beats A, then the binary relation "to beat" is intransitive, since transitivity would require that A beat C. The terms "transitive game" or "intransitive game" are not used in game theory, however.

A prototypical example of an intransitive game is the game rock, paper, scissors. In probabilistic games like Penney's game, the violation of transitivity results in a more subtle way, and is often presented as a probability paradox.

Examples
 Rock, paper, scissors
 Penney's game
 Intransitive dice
 Fire Emblem.  The video game franchise that popularized intransitive cycles in unit weapons: Swords and Magic beats Axes and Bows, Axes and Bows beat Lances and Knives, and Lances and Knives beat Swords and magic

See also
 Stochastic transitivity

References

Game theory game classes

Intransitive game


Terra do Meio Ecological Station () is an ecological station (ESEC) in the state of Pará, Brazil.

Location

The Terra do Meio Ecological Station has an area of .
It covers parts of the municipalities of Altamira and São Félix do Xingu in the state of Pará.
The station covers parts of the lowlands and the residual plateau of the southern Amazon.
It lies between the Xingu River and its tributary the Iriri River, which runs through the station from south to north.
The Iriri rises in the Serra do Cachimbo and flows for  before joining the Xingu.
The rivers vary greatly in volume depending on the season, and in the dry season include waterfalls, rocks and rapids.

The ESEC borders the  Serra do Pardo National Park to the southeast.
The proposed South Amazon Ecological Corridor would link the ESEC to other protected areas and indigenous territories in the region.

Environment

The Terra do Meio Ecological Station is in the Amazon biome.
Temperatures range from  with an average of .
Average annual rainfall is .
During the dry season from May to November there is elevated risk of natural or man-made fires.
Soils are generally poor in nutrients.
76% of the unit is covered by open submontane rainforest with lianas, and 18.4% is covered by open submontane rainforest with emergent canopy. Smaller areas hold dense submontane rainforest with uniform canopy, open submontane rainforest with palm trees and dense alluvial rainforest.

Birds

Migratory birds that pass through the ecological station include osprey (Pandion haliaetus), spotted sandpiper (Actitis macularius), purple martin (Progne subis), sand martin (Riparia riparia) and barn swallow (Hirundo rustica).
Endemic birds include  white-crested guan (Penelope pileata),  red-throated piping guan (Pipile cujubi), dark-winged trumpeter (Psophia viridis), blue-necked jacamar (Galbula cyanicollis), rufous-necked puffbird (Malacoptila rufa), red-necked aracari (Pteroglossus bitorquatus), Gould's toucanet (Selenidera gouldii), Sclater's antwren (Myrmotherula sclateri), band-tailed antbird (Hypocnemoides maculicauda), Amazonian antpitta (Hylopezus berlepschi) and Amazonian barred woodcreeper (Dendrocolaptes certhia).

Conservation

The Terra do Meio Ecological Station was created by decree on 17 February 2005, and is administered by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation.
Protected species in the park include the white-cheeked spider monkey (Ateles marginatus).
The ecological station is classed as IUCN protected area category Ia (strict nature reserve).
The purpose is to conserve nature and support scientific research.
The conservation unit is supported by the Amazon Region Protected Areas Program.

The management plan for the ecological station was published on 23 December 2015.
The authors had to deal with the issue of land speculators, settlers and 15 families of traditional inhabitants.
The traditional families, with their valuable knowledge, were allowed to stay in an "intensive use zone" and were integrated into management of the area.
The objective of the zone was to maintain the natural environment with little human impact, provide places for developing awareness programs, environmental education and research. It allowed for houses, gardens, and limited extraction of resources, mostly for personal use, according to traditional practices.

The ecological station is in a region that contains 12 sustainable use conservation areas and 6 fully protected areas.
The fully protected areas, which cover , are the Amazônia, Jamanxim, Rio Novo and Serra do Pardo national parks, the Nascentes da Serra do Cachimbo Biological Reserve and the Terra do Meio Ecological Station.
The sustainable use areas include the Tapajós environmental protection area and the Altamira, Amaná, Jamanxim, Trairão, Itaituba I, Itaituba II and Tapajós national forests, covering a total of .

Notes

Sources

External links

Ecological stations of Brazil
Protected areas of Pará
Protected areas established in 2005
2005 establishments in Brazil

Terra do Meio Ecological Station


Scott Peter Andrew Brown (born 26 April 1985) is an English former football player who is now the goalkeeping coach at  club Rotherham United.

Brown spent the early part of his career with Wolverhampton Wanderers, Welshpool Town and Bristol City, before making his debut in the English Football League with Cheltenham Town in January 2006. He established himself as the club's first-choice goalkeeper by the 2008–09 season and stayed with Cheltenham until May 2014, playing a total of 282 games for the club, including an appearance at Wembley Stadium in the 2012 League Two play-off final, which ended in a 2–0 defeat to Crewe Alexandra. He was voted as Cheltenham Town's Player of the Year for the 2012–13 season. He signed with Aberdeen in May 2014 and helped the club to finish as runners-up in the Scottish Premiership in both the 2014–15 and 2015–16 campaigns. He joined Wycombe Wanderers in July 2016 but initially failed to win a first-team place and instead spent time on loan at Eastleigh and Cheltenham Town. He then was an ever-present as Wycombe won promotion out of EFL League Two at the end of the 2017–18 season. He signed with Port Vale in May 2018 and went on to win the club's Player of the Year award for the 2018–19 season. He spent three seasons at Port Vale without missing a league game and then joined Exeter City as a player-coach in June 2021. He joined the backroom staff at Rotherham United the following year.

Early and personal life
Brown was born and raised in Wolverhampton; his mother, Liz, was a former England squash player and his father was a professional tennis coach. He has a brother, Ashley, and a sister, Liz. His father, Pete, died on 18 May 2014 following a battle with Parkinson's disease. Brown visits his father's grave every week. Brown's son, Max, was born on 23 May 2014, five days after Pete's death.

Playing career

Early career
Brown was playing for Bilbrook Juniors when he was scouted by Birmingham City, but left Birmingham City when they closed their Academy in 1996. A Wolverhampton Wanderers supporter, he was with the club's youth academy between the ages of 12 and 18, but never played a first-team game for Wolves before manager Dave Jones allowed him to leave on a free transfer to Welsh Premier League side Welshpool Town in summer 2003. Wolves had strong young goalkeeping talent on the books in the form of Carl Ikeme and Wayne Hennessey. During his time in Welshpool Brown worked at Ron Flowers Sports. After being recommended by former Wolves Academy goalkeeper coach Mike Stowell, he went on to have a six-month spell with Bristol City without making a first-team appearance.

Cheltenham Town
Brown joined Cheltenham Town after being signed by management team John Ward and Keith Downing, who had been on the coaching staff at Molineux. He made his senior debut on 7 January 2006, in a 2–2 draw with Chester City at Whaddon Road in the Third Round of the FA Cup. He made his debut in League Two three days later in a 1–1 draw at Barnet. He did not feature in the rest of the 2005–06 campaign and was an unused substitute in the play-off final as Cheltenham secured a place in League One with a 1–0 victory over Grimsby Town at the Millennium Stadium. He initially served as understudy to Shane Higgs, filling in for 11 games as Higgs picked up some injuries in the 2006–07 season, his assured performances helping the "Robins" to avoid relegation out of League One. He did not feature in the 2007–08 season but still was signed to a new two-year contract.

He was transfer-listed by new manager Martin Allen in October 2008, but was promoted to first choice goalkeeper the following month after Higgs moved away on loan. He made 40 appearances across the 2008–09 season but could not prevent the club from suffering relegation back into League Two. He was given the number 1 shirt for the 2009–10 season following the departure of Higgs, and made 44 appearances as Cheltenham finished just one place and four points above relegation into non-League. He played all 50 games of the 2010–11 season, helping the club to improve to a 17th-place finish despite a heavy 8–1 defeat at Crewe Alexandra later in the campaign. However he found appearances in the 2011–12 season more difficult to come by after the loan signing of future England international, Jack Butland. Brown returned to the starting eleven after Butland was recalled by Birmingham on 16 April. Cheltenham secured a play-off place with a sixth-place finish and Brown went on to play in the play-off final at Wembley Stadium, where a 2–0 defeat to Crewe Alexandra saw Town remain in League Two.

Brown was voted Cheltenham's Player of the Year for the 2012–13 season by the club's supporters, whilst the playing squad also voted him Players' Player of the Season. He was also twice named on the League Two team of the week, for keeping clean sheets against York City and Barnet. He was an ever-present in league and cup competitions across the 54 game campaign as Cheltenham again secured a play-off place, this time losing out 2–0 on aggregate to Northampton Town at the semi-final stage. He played 49 of the club's 50 games of the 2013–14 season as Cheltenham dropped to 17th-position. In April 2014 he publicly criticised two unnamed players after a defeat against Rochdale, who admitted to manager Mark Yates in training, that they had not been trying. He was offered a new contract at the end of the 2013–14 season but decided to find a new club away from the area after the death of his father.

Aberdeen
On 28 May 2014, Brown signed with Scottish Premiership club Aberdeen, stating that "I couldn't turn the opportunity down to be involved at a club like Aberdeen and to work with [manager] Derek McInnes and [goalkeeping coach] Jim Leighton on a full-time basis". He made his club debut in a 4–0 win over Livingston at Pittodrie Stadium in a Scottish League Cup tie on 23 September. He also kept a clean sheet on his first league appearance on 24 October, as Aberdeen recorded a 1–0 victory over Motherwell. His instatement as first choice goalkeeper coincided with an excellent run of form for Aberdeen; his eight clean-sheets in a row was part of a winning run that took them to the top of the table in January. However, lapses in important defeats in the League Cup semi-final and in a top-of-the-table match against Celtic, which effectively ended Aberdeen's trophy chances, led to Jamie Langfield taking over in goal. Brown took the starting place back for the final eight matches of the 2014–15 season as Aberdeen comfortably achieved UEFA Europa League qualification with a second-place finish.

Brown did not feature in the first half of the 2015–16 season due to the form of Liverpool loanee Danny Ward, and instead had to wait until Ward returned to Anfield in January before he could make the first of his 13 appearances that campaign. Despite being preferred to loanee Adam Collin in the second half of the season, he was released in May 2016. He was named as the club's Community Supporter of the Year after putting himself forward as AFC Community Trust Player Ambassador and giving up his free time to support dementia-related charity causes.

Wycombe Wanderers
On 26 July 2016, Brown signed a two-year deal with League Two side Wycombe Wanderers after impressing manager Gareth Ainsworth on a trial basis. However he picked up an injury on the opening day of the 2016–17 season and was unable to dislodge Chelsea loanee Jamal Blackman from the starting eleven after returning to fitness. On 21 November, he joined National League side Eastleigh on a short-term loan. He spent a month at Ten Acres as manager Ronnie Moore needed cover for regular custodian Ryan Clarke, who had injured his elbow. Back at Wycombe he covered two games for the injured Blackman in December, who was returned to the starting eleven upon his recovery.

On 9 January 2017, Brown re-joined his former club Cheltenham Town on loan until the end of the 2016–17 season, with the club now lying in the League Two relegation zone. He won a place on the EFL team of the week for his "outstanding" performance in a 0–0 draw at Crewe Alexandra on 28 January. He featured 21 times as Town posted a 21st-place finish, avoiding relegation out of the English Football League by two places and four points; during his time there he managed to go on a run of four consecutive clean sheets, which included a penalty save and man of the match performance against Leyton Orient. He came close to signing with Cheltenham permanently but the deal fell through after manager Gary Johnson refused to pay the nominal fee of £5,000.

With Blackman back at Chelsea, Brown established himself as Wycombe's number one and was an ever-present during the 2017–18 campaign as they secured promotion out of League Two in third-place. His departure from Adams Park was announced in May 2018 after he chose to leave the club in search of a move closer to his family in Wolverhampton.

Port Vale
On 14 May 2018, Brown signed a two-year contract with League Two side Port Vale, a club recommended to him by Gareth Ainsworth. Manager Neil Aspin stated that Brown's experience would help with organising the Vale's young defenders on the pitch. He started the 2018–19 season in good form, which he credited to his settled home life and the goalkeeping coaching of Ronnie Sinclair. Speaking in January though he said that the state of the Vale Park pitch was "unacceptable for a professional football club in League Two". On 9 March, he saved a first-half penalty from Mansfield Town's Nicky Ajose to inspire a 2–1 win, in what was John Askey's first victory as "Valiants" boss. He went on to save a Kieran Agard penalty at Milton Keynes Dons on 20 April – his fifth penalty save of the campaign – and then saved the striker's shot from the rebound to help secure a 1–1 draw. He won all four of the club's Player of the Year awards for the 2018–19 season after keeping a total of 16 clean sheets in a struggling team and signed a one-year contract extension in May.

He was named on the EFL team of the week after keeping a clean sheet in a 1–0 win over local rivals Crewe Alexandra at Gresty Road on 2 November. The following month local newspaper The Sentinel named him as Port Vale's best goalkeeper of the 2010s following a public vote; he finished with 44% of the votes, ahead of Chris Neal (30%) and Jak Alnwick (26%). He made 45 appearances during the 2019–20 season, with Jonny Maddison standing in for just one EFL Trophy game.

He was named on the League Two team of the week after keeping a clean sheet in a 1–0 win over Salford City on 17 October 2020. In March 2021, he publicly criticised the club's recruitment policy, saying that it was "nowhere near good enough". In the club's next game he would make an "awful mistake" to concede the opening goal as Vale were beaten 3–2 at Cheltenham Town, and would also make it onto the scoresheet with an own goal. Brown was named as Community Champion at the club's end of season awards. However he was not retained by new manager Darrell Clarke after his contract expired despite not missing a league game in his three seasons at the club. Brown said his release was a "massive shock" but that he "absolutely loved" his time at the club.

Exeter City
On 9 June 2021, Brown agreed a two-year deal to join Exeter City as a player-coach, becoming Matt Taylor's second signing of the summer. He sat on the bench as cover for Cameron Dawson in the first half of the 2021–22 season, though stated he did not want to block the progress of the club's young goalkeepers. He played one game in the 2021–22 season, and was an unused substitute on the final day of the campaign as a 1–0 defeat to former club Port Vale at St James Park cost Exeter the league title.

Coaching career
Upon joining Exeter City in June 2021, he took up the vacant role of goalkeeping coach alongside his playing role. He followed Matt Taylor to join the backroom staff at Rotherham United in November 2022.

Career statistics

Honours
Individual
Cheltenham Town F.C. Player of the Year: 2012–13
Port Vale F.C. Player of the Year: 2018–19

Cheltenham Town
League Two play-offs: 2006

Aberdeen
Scottish Premiership runner-up: 2014–15 & 2015–16

Wycombe Wanderers
EFL League Two third-place promotion: 2017–18

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Footballers from Wolverhampton
Men's association football goalkeepers
English men's footballers
Birmingham City F.C. players
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
Welshpool Town F.C. players
Bristol City F.C. players
Cheltenham Town F.C. players
Aberdeen F.C. players
Wycombe Wanderers F.C. players
Eastleigh F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Exeter City F.C. players
Cymru Premier players
English Football League players
Scottish Professional Football League players
Exeter City F.C. non-playing staff
Rotherham United F.C. non-playing staff

Scott Brown (footballer, born April 1985)


An injunction is a court order that either commands or prevents a party from doing a specific act.

US law
Injunctions can be temporary or permanent. A restraining order and a preliminary injunction are examples of temporary injunctions. Either may be issued early in a lawsuit to prevent either party from doing anything that might unfairly influence the outcome of the litigation. A permanent injunction is usually issued after a case is settled. It enforces the final decision of the court.

Australian apprehended violence orders
In the state of New South Wales, an apprehended violence order (AVO) may be issued against a person from whom another person fears violence. They can be issued to prevent physical abuse, harassment or stalking. Any person who violates an AVO may be charged with a criminal offence.

UK injunctions and super-injunctions
While the United Kingdom has injunctions much the same as other countries they also have super-injunctions. This is an injunction (sometimes called a gag-order) that prevents journalists from writing anything about a court case. It also prevents them from reporting that the injunction itself has been issued. If any injunction in the UK prevents details of the order from being known it is also called a super-injunction.

Anti-suit injunctions
In common law countries anti-suit injunctions are court orders used to prevent a court or tribunal from assuming jurisdiction or taking over an ongoing lawsuit. An anti-suit injunction may also be used to prevent a party from filing a second lawsuit in another jurisdiction at the same time as the first case.

Related pages
 Burden of proof
 Civil litigation
 Equity (law)
 Equity court
 Lawsuit
 Peace bond
 Anti-social behaviour order

References

Legal terms

Injunction


The 5Y3 is a medium-power directly heated full-wave rectifier vacuum tube introduced by RCA in 1935.  It has found wide use in tube radios and early guitar amplifiers (of the Fender Champ type).  It is virtually identical, electrically, to the older four-pin type 80 tube, but with an octal base. 5Y3G, 5Y3GT, and 5Y3WGTA are variants with essentially the same specification; the 6087 is similar and a plug-in replacement, but with indirectly heated cathode.

RCA and other manufacturers later introduced many similar 5V rectifier tubes of both higher and lower current and voltage rating, including the 5V3, 5W3, 5X3, 5Z3, 5U4, 5Z4, GZ32, and GZ34.

As for a suitable replacement, the 5Y4G has same specifications as the 5Y3G but with a different pin out.

Sovtek in Russia manufacture a 5Y3GT with similar specifications, but indirectly heated, and with higher maximum current at 140 instead of 120 mA.

See also
List of vacuum tubes

References

External links
 5Y3GT (General Electric datasheet)
 5Y3GT 5Y4G 80 (Tung-Sol datasheet)
 5Y3G 5Y3GT (RCA datasheet)
 5Y3GT (Sovtek datasheet),

Vacuum tubes
Guitar amplification tubes

5Y3


was a Japanese businessman and the son of Toyoda Loom Works founder Sakichi Toyoda. His decision to change Toyoda's focus from automatic loom manufacture into automobile manufacturing created what would become Toyota Motor Corporation.

Toyoda Loom Works and Toyota Motor Corporation
Kiichiro Toyoda persuaded his father, who was responsible as head of the family business, to invest in the expansion of Toyoda Loom Works into a concept automobiles division, which was considered a risk to the family business at the time. Shortly before Sakichi Toyoda died, he encouraged his son to follow his dream and pursue automobile manufacturing — Kiichiro would solidify the mechanical prowess the family had experienced inventing steam, oil, and electric looms, and would develop and institute what eventually became the global powerhouse of modern fame today, Toyota Motor Corporation. He would also institute the spelling of the automobile company away from the family name to famously garner good luck.

Toyoda would never know the success that would come to him as he resigned from the company he developed in 1950 in reaction to flagging sales and profitability. He died two years later; his contemporaries would call him "Japan's Thomas Edison". In 1957, his cousin and confidant Eiji Toyoda, would follow him as head of Toyota Motor Corporation, and build the late Toyoda's successful expansion into a world-class conglomeration of engineering and the launch of Japan's most prominent luxury brand, Lexus.

Early life

Childhood
Toyoda was born on June 11, 1894, in Yamaguchi in the village of Yoshitsu in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan (currently Yamaguchi, Kosai, Shizuoka), the eldest son of Sakichi Toyoda and Tami Sahara.

Before Kiichiro was born, Sakichi stayed in Toyohashi. At the time, Sakichi came to Yoshitsumachi to give a name to Kiichiro. However, after Sakichi named Kiichiro, he soon returned to Toyohashi. Also, less than two months after his mother, Tami, gave birth to him, she left him and her husband. She did so because she was sick of her husband, who, in her eyes, was too preoccupied with industrial inventions to pay any attention to their family life. Therefore, Kiichiro was raised in Yoshitsu village by his grandparents. At the age of three, Kiichiro moved to what is now Higashi-ku, Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, where Sakichi lived. In terms of education, Kiichiro entered Kyodo Kanji Ordinary Elementary School and then changed to Takadake Ordinary Elementary School (currently Nagoya Municipal Higashisakura Elementary School). After that, he entered Aichi Normal School Elementary School (currently Aichi University of Education Nagoya Elementary School), Meirin Junior High School (currently Aichi Prefectural Meiwa High School), and Second High School. In 1920, he graduated from the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, at Tokyo Imperial University. After graduation, he remained in Tokyo Imperial University at the Faculty of Law for about seven months until March 1921. Kiichiro excelled at his studies.

After graduating university
After graduating, Toyoda returned to his hometown, Nagoya, and joined Toyota Boshoku, which was founded by his father, Sakichi, in 1918 (Sakichi served as company president since then). From July 1921 to February 1922, Kiichirō visited San Francisco, London, Oldham (a large town in Greater Manchester, England), etc. to learn about the spinning and weaving industry and then returned from Marseille via Shanghai. After he returned to Japan, in December 1922, he married Hatako Iida, the daughter of the Takashimaya department store chain co-founder, Shinshichi Iida. In 1926, Kiichiro established Toyota Industries Corporation and became its managing director. Also, he became interested in automatic looms, so he set up a pilot plant in Kariya, Aichi to start development for them even though his father, Sakichi, disagreed. He traveled to Europe and America from September 1929 to April 1930, and thought that the automobile industry, which was in its infancy at that time, would greatly develop in the future. Therefore, in 1933, an automobile manufacturing department (later the automobile department) was newly established in Toyota Industries Corporation. In 1936, it was designated as a licensed company under the Automotive Manufacturing Act. In 1937, it became independent as Toyota Motor Corporation. Kiichirō became the vice president the same year (the president was Rizaburo Toyoda). In 1941, Kiichiro took office as president. At the height of the Pacific theater of World War II, the Toyoda family would be affected on both family business and home fronts. His children's education would be delayed by civil ramifications, and his business would be compelled to manufacture trucks for the Imperial Japanese Army. The family firms would be spared destruction in the days before the Japanese government's surrender.

Expanding to automotive industry
He is a key figure in paving the way for the Japanese automobile industry, and without him, today's Japanese automobile industry might have been less developed. The automobile industry plays a very important role in supporting the Japanese economy. The number of automobiles produced in Japan dramatically increased from 70,000 to 11.4 million between 1955 and 1980, and in 1980 exceeded the number of automobiles produced by the United States. In addition, the ratio of overseas exports of Japanese automobiles was 55% in 1985.

Kiichiro is said to have opened the path for the Japanese automobile industry, and he is credited for creating from scratch domestic cars that were superior to foreign cars. The differences between Japan and the United States in the automobile industry during World War II were quite large. In the early 1930s, Kiichiro proceeded with the development toward the domestic production of automobiles. In 1933, Toyota Industries Corporation set up an automobile department and began full-scale development of automobiles. However, the development of the car did not proceed smoothly. For instance, no one had experience in automobile manufacturing, so he gathered those who had experience in automobile manufacturing from across Japan. Also, it took six months to manufacture the engine. Then, in May 1935, the first A1 passenger car was finally completed. After that, it produced AA passenger cars that improved the A1 type and GA trucks that improved the G1 type. Moreover, Toyota Industries Corporation was designated with the Nissan Motor Company in September as a licensed company under the Automotive Manufacturing Act. However, Kiichiro was worried that being selected as the licensed company would lead to the loss of the competitiveness of the automobile industry and it would cause the destruction of the Japanese automobile industry. In 1937, Toyota Motor Corporation was established and Kiichiro was elected as vice president. Kiichiro's management was very good for mainly two reasons. First, He controlled and made the operation simpler to produce more cars on a shoestring. Specifically, to clarify the internal organization, the company was divided into seven divisions, and the purpose and jurisdiction of each division were clearly decided. Second, he reduced the risk of mass-produced cars by being involved not only in mass-produced cars but also in the manufacture of specialty cars. In November 1938, the Koromo Factory was established, and it worked hard to manufacture automobiles. However, the problems of automobile quality and cost arose, and the management was put into a critical situation. To overcome this situation, Kiichiro solved those problems by taking prompt action and in-house manufacturing of automobile parts. In 1941, Kiichiro became president of Toyota Motor Industry.

Toyota Motor Corporation and war

Wartime

During Sino-Japanese War
Toyota Motor Corporation had restricted its activities due to the war. In 1937, the second Sino-Japanese War broke out and it caused great challenges to the Japanese automobile industry including Toyota Motor Corporation. Following the end of the war, the Japanese government restricted automobile production in favor of products for the military, making the production and purchase of passenger cars difficult. In 1938, the National General Mobilization Law was enacted to maximize the use of human and physical resources. This law required Toyota Motor Corporation to provide trucks to the military and munitions industries with priority. In addition, the production of passenger cars was restricted and small passenger car production ceased to increase the production of military trucks.

Starting in 1939, automobile industries had to obtain permission from the Minister of Commerce and Industry to sell passenger cars. Even after that, control was further strengthened. In 1940, Toyota Motor Corporation and Nissan were reinforced control for selling large trucks and buses by the Japanese government, so the control made customers buy these trucks and buses personally. Those who wished to purchase were approved by a long procedure. To be specific, they applied for purchase at a dealer with permission of local police officers, next, obtained a survey from the dealer, and then, applying for a vehicle dispatch to the manufacturer was required. However, the possibility of accepting general orders has become extremely low.

During World War II
This situation became worse after the entry into World War II. Toyota Motor Corporation was designated as a munitions company in 1944, and strict control continued. Kiichiro must have had very unsatisfactory days during this period about not being permitted to make passenger cars. However, even during this time, Kiichiro concentrated on thinking about technical problems. He believed that the automobile business would definitely serve post-war Japan and continued to explore the technical issues despite such difficult times.

Postwar

Under occupation and Kiichiro's actions
Japan accepted the Potsdam Declaration on August 14, 1945, which brought the war to an end on the following day, 15th in Japan. Postwar Japan was occupied by GHQ (General Headquarters). In terms of the automobile industry, GHQ did not allow a Japanese automobile company to make passenger cars except for trucks. Like this, Kiichiro still faced difficult problems. However, he did not lose in this hard situation. He took a leading place and took many actions for the restoration of the Japanese automotive industry. First, in November 1945, he established an umbrella organization for the automotive industry (自動車統括団体) initiatively and he became the chairman of the organization. In the following year, he negotiated with GHQ by himself, and made GHQ admit that the new organization was different from the one of the wartime. Kiichiro also invited representatives of distribution companies nationwide to Koromo. He gave speeches about policy changes at Toyota Motor Corporation and proceeded with talks for the recovery of the automobile industry. His forceful speeches impressed the representatives. These actions show how much he was passionate about the car and the automobile industry and justified him acting on the behalf of the automobile industry. In addition, after the war, many dealers of each company were released from control and became independent. Some of these dealers' companies restarted as Toyota dealerships and were able to back to the prewar company. This shows how much he was trusted as the president of Toyota Motor Corporation by the owners of the dealerships. In fact, Kiichiro valued relationship with dealerships, so he usually communicated with people directly and dealt with problems as soon as possible if they suggested.

Hard situation
However, producing and selling cars was still difficult. Raw materials and parts were not immediately available in the poor period after the war, and it was harder to obtain cheap and high-quality genuine parts than before. The production of trucks did not reach the monthly production goal of 500 cars. In 1945, the annual production volume was 3275 units, and in the following year, 5821 units. Although the production of passenger cars was prohibited, research for passenger cars was allowed by the GHQ. Also, as a part of the occupation policy, the automobile company was contracted to repair United States military vehicles in Japan, which was a good opportunity for Toyota employees, including Kiichiro, to learn more about the structure of American cars. They analized and absorbed the advanced parts of American cars, and then used them as a reference for the development of their own passenger car. Kiichiro kept working hard to develop the Japanese automobile industry, even under the adverse circumstances of the postwar period.

Passenger car production resumes
Kiichiro continued to put a great deal of effort into passenger cars in terms of research, manufacturing and selling. In June 1947, GHQ approved the production of up to 300 passenger cars under 1500 cc per year, so he started to work on passenger car production from this day officially. In October 1947, the first Japanese passenger car after the war, the SA model with an S engine, was released and was nicknamed "Toyopet." However, there were mainly two problems during this period. First, these passenger cars did not sell at all. This car was highly evaluated in the automobile industry at the time, but during that time, there were not many customs for the common people to buy a car for a drive. Therefore, the passenger car was sold only 197 units during the five years since it released, even though 12,796 trucks were sold over the same period. Second problem was that the production facilities were not good. There were many machines that had been used for many years and were not well maintained, so Kiichiro was worried about whether the cars of Toyota Motor Corporation could beat foreign cars. Moreover, if Toyota Motor Company couldn't complete a car that would be better and cheaper than a foreign car in a few years and that Japanese people would be willing to buy, Kiichiro was thinking about working with a foreign car manufacturer. From the description, it is clear that Kiichiro aimed to make passenger cars for Japanese with cheap and high quality, and make Japanese happy.

Dodge Line recession

Causes and influences
The automobile industry was hit hard by the recession caused by the 1949 Dodge Line. Toyota Motor Corporation slowed the collection of sales proceeds due to the effects of inflation control and the setting of a single exchange rate. The reason why the inflation broke out in Japan was that the Japanese government spent a great deal of money to support soldiers returning to Japan and withdrawals from overseas and then, increased currency. From the background, GHQ decided to set a single exchange rate of 360 yen per dollar to stabilize the Japanese economy. Due to the influence of recession, demand for automobiles declined furthermore. In addition, the price of materials for cars was risen, and cash management was deteriorated considerably. This was how the management of the company was deteriorated significantly. In response to this, Kiichiro went out to sell together with the executives and went to collect accounts receivable. Furthermore, he made his best effort to save money for materials, but there was a limit, and in the end, there was a deficit of 22 million yen every month. Due to Dodge Line recession, over 8000 companies went bankrupt during the year of 1949.

Avoiding dismissal of employees
In August 1949, the company finally proposed to cut 10% of wages and cut retirement pay in half. As a result, the company promised not to dismiss employees, instead of accepting a 10% wage reduction. Under this circumstance, the other car companies laid down their workforce. For example, at Nihon Denso (currently Denso), which was established in December 1949, a labor dispute arose over personnel rearrangement. On March 31, 1950, four months after its establishment, Nihon Denso announced a company restructuring plan that included personnel reduction of 473 people. Under such situation, the reason why Kiichiro did not perform personnel reduction was that he experienced the employment problem at Toyota Industries Corporation during the Showa Depression in 1930, so decided that such a situation would never occur again.  Moreover, the advance into the automobile business was also a measure to prevent the recurrence of employment problems due to business diversification. Therefore, He absolutely tried to avoid personnel reduction. Kiichiro visited the banks in the city every day to get finance account. After all, no financial institution provided the funds for company. However, Shotaro Kamiya, who was a managing director of sales, persistently requested the financing provision from Sogo Takanashi who was a branch manager of the Bank of Japan, Nagoya Branch. After that, finally, the syndicate consisting of 24 banks was established through the placement of the Bank of Japan. Toyota Motor Company could get 188.2 million yen in loans, subject to Toyota's reconstruction plan formulation. In this way, Kiichiro overcame the bankruptcy crisis of 1949.

Labor dispute
Despite the strong promotion of management rationalization measures, the company's business performance never recovered. The reason is, on October 25, 1949, GHQ issued a "Memorandum on the total removal of restrictions on the production and sale of automobiles". As a result, the production and sale of automobiles became free in principle, but about the supply of production materials, the allocation and distribution system by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry remained, and the prices of materials and automobiles remained regulated. Moreover, while the controlled prices of materials were gradually raised thereafter, while the controlled prices of automobiles remained unchanged until April 1950, the profitability of the automobile business remained extremely difficult. Not only Toyota Motor Corporation but also Nissan Motor Corporation and Isuzu Motors Corporation deteriorated in business performance. For the four and a half months from November 16, 1949, to March 31, 1950, the loss was 76.52 million yen, so Toyota Labor Union judged that the personnel cut was inevitable, and a quasi-fighting system was established in March of the same year. Since then, labor-management negotiations have intensified into long-standing disputes. Under such tension, Kiichiro, who was originally hypertensive, became ill, so negotiations with the labor union were handled by the management army instead of Kiichiro. However, On April 22, 1950, the company announced that it would carry out 1,600 voluntary retirements to the labor union. On the other hand, since the company had promised not to lay off its personnel, the union naturally became furious and continued with extreme strikes. The strikes continued daily for about two months after the declaration, which caused production in April and May to drop 70% from its previous average. Since the company would be destroyed as it is, on June 5, 1950, Kiichiro announced that he would resign as the president to take on this series of responsibilities. By his retirement, the strike ended finally. Everyone was shocked by Kiichiro's resignation, and the union also had a respect for Kiichiro.

Retirement and death
After retiring from the role of president, he created a laboratory at his home in Okamoto, Setagaya, Tokyo, and worked every day to design a small helicopter. On March 27, 1952, Toyoda died after suffering a fall resulting from a cerebral hemorrhage caused by chronic disease. He was 57 years old.

Family tree

References

External links

1894 births
1952 deaths
Japanese automotive pioneers
Kiichiro
Toyota people
University of Tokyo alumni
People from Aichi Prefecture
Japanese Buddhists
Japanese founders of automobile manufacturers
20th-century Japanese businesspeople

Kiichiro Toyoda