Communism in Poland can trace its origins to the late 19th century: the Marxist First Proletariat party was founded in 1882. Rosa Luxemburg (1871–1919) of the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (Socjaldemokracja Królestwa Polskiego i Litwy, SDKPiL) party and the publicist Stanisław Brzozowski (1878–1911) were important early Polish Marxists.

During the interwar period in the Second Polish Republic, some socialists formed the Communist Party of Poland (Komunistyczna Partia Polski, KPP). Most of the KPP's leaders and activists perished in the Soviet Union during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge in the 1930s, and the party was abolished by the Communist International (Comintern) in 1938.

Second World War
In 1939, World War II began and Poland was conquered by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. The government of the Polish Republic went into exile. In 1942, Polish communists backed by the Soviet Union in German-occupied Poland established a new Polish communist party, the Polish Workers' Party (Polska Partia Robotnicza, PPR). Władysław Gomułka soon became its leader. In the Soviet Union, Stalin and Wanda Wasilewska created the Union of Polish Patriots as a communist organization under Soviet control. As Germany was being defeated, the Polish communist minority cooperated with the Soviet Union, in opposition to the Polish government-in-exile, to establish a Polish socialist state subordinate to the Soviet Union. This led to the creation of the Polish People's Republic. The Polish Workers' Party merged with the Polish Socialist Party (Polska Partia Socjalistyczna, PPS), to form the Polish United Workers' Party (Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza, PZPR), which ruled Poland until 1989. In post-World War II Poland, the communists initially enjoyed significant popular support due to the land reform, a mass scale rebuilding program, and progressive social policies. The popular support eroded because of repressions, economic difficulties, and the lack of freedoms, but the PZPR was kept in power for four decades under Soviet influence.

Post-war years (1945-1950)
Near the end of World War 2 in 1944, the PPR under the command of the USSR started its program of Polonization with approval from the United States and UK due to changes in its borders; ceding territories in its east in exchange for formerly German lands in the west. Beginning with the expulsion of minorities to neighboring countries such as Belarus, by the time of the war's end in 1945 and the ascendancy of Władysław Gomułka to General-Secretary of the PPR, it had begun cementing its tenuous power by exuding an ethno-nationalist ethos to unite a homogenizing Poland against threats to the country, i.e. minorities such as Germans.

This all came with the support of the Catholic Church. The then-Primate of Poland August Hlond actively worked to push Germans out of positions within the church and the newly acquired land in tandem with the Party, but asserted its autonomy when it held a Mass in 1945 attracting up to four million people. This independence also allowed the Church to establish its own institutions such as schools, but also enabled it to undermine the state by supporting anti-PPR organizations. After the 1947 Polish parliamentary election, the PPR felt secure enough to begin targeting its only major rival for control within the country, imprisoning eighty-one priests in 1948 and seizing church properties two years later.

Post-Stalin
Poland was one of the first Warsaw Pact countries to abandon the totalitarianism of Stalin's regime, in part due to the stronger nationalist ideas present within it. Krushchev emphasized the continued role of communism - but in a new, revitalized form - whereas Gomulka's government established their position as being one serving the interests of Poland.

With Krushchev now serving as leader of the USSR, having delivered his secret speech in 1956, anti-Stalinist ideas began to spread as resentment boiled over into the first of several protests in Poznań at the Stalin Factory (ZiSPO). Its workers and many residents of the city all marched towards the city center on June 28 in expression of their many grievances such as wage cuts, demanding to meet with party leaders - leaders who did not show up. Further incensing the crowd, they stormed the prison and seized its weapons as well as freeing many inmates before descending upon the radio station. The Politburo approved action by Marshal Rokossovsky to send 10,000 troops in to quell the revolt, resulting in 73 deaths as order was restored to the city. Unrest still lingered within a population desperate for reform, leading the PPR to elevate Gomułka as the new leader to assuage the population.

During this period, some Polish academics and philosophers, including Leszek Kołakowski, Tadeusz Kotarbiński, Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz, and Stanisław Ossowski, tried to develop a form of "Polish Marxism", as part of the revisionist Marxist movement. These efforts to create a bridge between Poland's history and Marxist ideology were mildly successful, especially in comparison to similar attempts elsewhere in the Eastern Bloc. But they were stifled by the regime's unwillingness to risk stepping too far in the reformist direction.

Pope John Paul II and Solidarity (1979-1989)
On June 2, 1979, then Pope John Paul II began his pilgrimage to his native country of Poland seeking to reinvigorate faith in the country after decades of encouraged atheism by the Soviet government. Beginning in Warsaw, John Paul II made frequent connections to Polish identity and the Catholic faith which had been intertwined for essentially all of the country's history, reminding Poles that they were, at their core, a very spiritual people. The Solidarity protests at the Lenin Shipyard in Gdansk reflected this with religious imagery prevalent throughout, such as pictures of the pope on display. John Paul II's pilgrimage led to a revitalization of religious and nationalist fervor within the country, two aspects which formed the backbone of Solidarity.

On August 7, 1980, crane operator Anna Walentynowicz was fired for supporting trade unions which, aside from the party-approved ones, were illegal. Lech Wałęsa incited a strike amongst Walentynowicz's coworkers in response one week later, and presented their manifesto "Twenty-one Demands" on August 17, 1980. While mostly focusing on the rights of trade unions and their members, it also included demands for the recognition of the right to free speech and other reforms for liberalization, forming the roots for what would become the Solidarity movement. Though it signed the Gdansk Agreement with the PPR, legalizing its status as an independent trade union, and reached 10 million members by 1981, the government imposed martial law that same year on December 12 in an attempt to crush the rapidly growing anti-communist movement. The following year saw several thousand civilians arrested including Wałęsa himself as crackdowns seemed to push Solidarity further underground, but when John Paul II made another visit to Poland in 1983, whose presence fueled another wave of fervor for the distinctly Catholic union, martial law was lifted in July as Wałęsa earned the Nobel Peace Prize in October.

Gorbachev became the new General Secretary of the USSR in 1985 and introduced his reforms of glasnost and perestroika, encouraging reform within the Warsaw Pact, especially Poland. A new generation of young people who had not borne witness to the brutal crackdown on Solidarity was also coming of age but still held much anti-communist sentiment, as exemplified by the Freedom and Peace Movement (WiP): a pacifist movement born from student organizers in 1980 who opposed the nuclear arms race and championed human rights, independence and self-determination. It was students like these who helped revive Solidarity, and by 1988 the PPR was willing to compromise with its leadership with Wałęsa by entering discussions rather than utilizing the armed forces in order to stop the strikes. This would eventually result in the Round Table talks in February 1989, where after two months a compromise was hammered out, re-legalizing Solidarity, creating a new free senate, and opening 35% of the seats in the Sejm to outside parties. On the day of the elections on June 4, Solidarity won almost every single senate seat available. Realizing how much power this new opposition had, another compromise was formed where the PPR would provide a president, General Jaruzelski, and Solidarity would provide the prime minister, Tadeusz Mazowiecki, as an agreement which the Kremlin would agree to. By the next year when presidential elections were held however, Jaruzelski was soundly defeated by Wałęsa, establishing Poland's first non-communist government in roughly 45 years. This landmark event would lead to the subsequent removal of the regimes in the other Warsaw Pact countries, eventually culminating in the dissolution of the USSR and Gorbachev's resignation in 1991.

Third Polish Republic
In post-1989 democratic Poland, declared communists have had a minimal impact on the political and economical life of the country and are ostracized. However, former communists, including members of the Politburo of the PZPR, remained active on the political scene after the transition to liberal democracy. Some were democratically elected to top national leadership positions (e.g. Aleksander Kwaśniewski, who was a two-term president of the Polish Republic). Their center-left party, the Democratic Left Alliance (Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej, SLD), was one of the major political parties in Poland and was represented in the Sejm (Polish national parliament) until 2015.

See also

Solidarity (Polish trade union)
Polish People's Republic
Anarchism in Poland

References

 Keith John Lepak, Prelude to Solidarity, Columbia University Press, 1988, , p.19+

Further reading
 Chmielewska, K., Mrozik, A., & Wołowiec, G. (Eds.). (2021). Reassessing Communism: Concepts, Culture, and Society in Poland 1944–1989. Central European University Press.

External links
Polish Philosophy Page: The Marxist Trend, at the Internet Archive

History of Poland (1795–1918)
Second Polish Republic
Poland in World War II
Polish People's Republic

Communism in Poland


North Dome is a granite dome in Yosemite National Park, California. It is the southernmost summit of Indian Ridge,  north of Washington Column and the Royal Arches on the northeastern wall of Yosemite Valley. It can be reached by trail from the Tioga Pass Road, or by going up the Yosemite Falls trail and heading east. It can also be reached from Mirror Lakes by the Snow Creek Falls trail going north around Indian Rock and then south again on the Tioga Pass Road trail. The South Face is precipitous.

References

Granite domes of Yosemite National Park
Mountains of Mariposa County, California
Hills of California

North Dome


is a mecha anime series, directed by Yasuchika Nagaoka and Eiichi Satō, and produced by Aniplex and Satelight. It premiered in Japan from April 3, 2007 on TV Tokyo. Bandai Visual USA originally held the license, but was never released before they shutdown. Maiden Japan have rescued the license and plan to release it in North America by 2018.

Storyline
In A.D. 2031, humans are enjoying a prosperous existence until strange life forms called Hadeans appear. They suddenly begin to multiply and assault the human population. As a countermeasure, mankind organizes the N.I.D.F. (Neo International Defense Force) to investigate the Hadeans and protect themselves.

A fighter pilot, Aiba Shu, begins to become involved in the battle against the life-forms. Rurika Yuno, one of Earth's foremost scientists, investigates the Hadeans and hears rumors about the "Book of the Dead." What is the secret of this book, and what relation does it have to the Hadeans?

Now, the fight for mankind's survival begins.

Plot
The Story begins with the wreckage of a cruise ship in the Pacific Ocean. A young Iburi Kyouka is stranded on a rock. A few years later, a research team is sent to the Pacific Ocean in search of The Book of the Dead. After Yuno finds out that the Book of the Dead is somewhere close by, the Hadeans begin their attack on the planet. Swarms of Beezlebugs form into batches and then large monsters (Hadeans) appear. Aiba Shu who was in custody gets released and is ordered to work with his team to eliminate the Hadeans. Yuno and Nanao find the Book of the Dead and is caught by Kyouka's private agents. Aiba's Viper becomes unusable due to the Beezlebugs and if forced to eject his armor. He gets beaten by a ground Hadean and dies when Yuno reaches him. Yuno becomes upset and stabs Aiba with the Book of the Dead.

Cast
Daisuke Ono as Shū Aiba
Nana Mizuki as Yuno Rukina
Katsuyuki Konishi as Masaki
Kenji Nomura as Roki Demon
Marina Inoue as Ton Kirī
Aya Endo as Noa Rukina
Akeno Watanabe as Iera Hamon
Ryoka Yuzuki as Rei
Saori Yumiba as Kyōka Iburi
Satomi Akesaka as Varda
Shinji Kawada as Aguri Io
Yuka Iguchi as Vaire
Yuko Kaida as Itsuki Sasara
Yuichi Nakamura as Syuu Nanao
 Akiko as Kazuki
Eiji Miyashita as Nasser (ep 6)
Haruka Tomatsu as Mayura (ep 1)
Mai Kadowaki as Lyla (ep 6)
Mikako Takahashi as Miki
Natsuki Mori as Lalah (ep 6)
Reiko Sasakawa as Sharon (ep 6)
Shintaro Asanuma as Ueno
Susumu Akagi as Haji (ep 6)
Takashi Oohara as Abd (ep 6)
Tarô Yamaguchi as Ral (ep 6)
Tsuguo Mogami as Malcolm (ep 6)

Theme music

Opening theme
"Toki wo Koete (時空を超えて)" by II MIX⊿DELTA (eps 2-21)
"A Runner At Daybreak" by II MIX⊿DELTA (ep 22-26)

Ending theme
"Toki wo Koete (時空を超えて)" by II MIX⊿DELTA (ep 1)
"Kimi ga Iru Kagiri (君がいる限り)" by Stephanie  (eps 2-18)
"because of you" by Stephanie (eps 19-26)

References

External links
 Kiss Dum Official Site

Adventure anime and manga
Anime with original screenplays
Maiden Japan
Mecha anime and manga
Satelight

Engage Planet Kiss Dum


Henry Browne (1804–1875) was an English classical and biblical scholar.

Early years
Browne was the son of the Rev. Henry John Browne, rector of Crownthorpe, Norfolk. He was educated at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, where he was Bell Scholar in 1823. He graduated B.A. in 1826, and M.A. in 1830.

Career
From 1842 to 1847 he was principal of the theological college, Chichester. On 9 December 1842 he was collated to the prebendal stall of Waltham in Chichester Cathedral, and in 1843 he was appointed examining chaplain to the bishop of Chichester. In 1854 he was preferred to the parish of Pevensey in the same diocese. Here he remained until his death, 19 June 1875.

Publications
Besides editions and translations of the classics, Browne applied himself chiefly to the elucidation of sacred chronology. His published works are:
Ordo Sæculorum (1844), a treatise on the chronology of Holy Scripture.' The argument is mainly on the same lines as Henry Fynes Clinton's. Contemporary knowledge of oriental archæology is brought to bear on biblical statements.
Examination of the Ancient Egyptian Chronographies, begun in 1852 in Thomas Kerchever Arnold's Theological Critic.
Remarks on Mr. Greswell's "Fasti Catholici" (1852). Negative criticism of the conclusions of Edward Greswell.
He translated for the Library of the Fathers seventeen short treatises of Augustine of Hippo with Charles Lewis Cornish, and also Augustine's Homilies on the Gospel and First Epistle of St. John (from 1838).
Several volumes of Greek and Latin classics for Arnold's School and College Series (from 1851).
A translation of Johan Nicolai Madvig's Greek Syntax (1847).
A Handbook of Hebrew Antiquities (1851).
An English-Greek Lexicon, with Rädersdorf (1856).
Hierogrammata (1848). The aim is to show that Egyptian discoveries do not invalidate the Mosaic account.
He was also the author of several articles in the final edition (1862–66) of John Kitto's Cyclopædia of Biblical Literature.

References

External links

1804 births
1875 deaths
British biblical scholars
Principals of Chichester Theological College
Anglican biblical scholars
People from Pevensey

Henry Browne (scholar)


Hannah Riddell (1855–1932) was an English woman who devoted her life to the care of patients with leprosy in Japan.

Life

Early life and her determination
Hannah Riddell was born in 1855 in Barnet, then a village to the North of London. Her father was a sergeant in the Army who was engaged in the training of the local militia.

In 1877 the family moved to Mumbles in South Wales, and Hannah and her mother started a private school. The school was a success for some time but in 1889 it went into bankruptcy. Hannah's next job was as a superintendent for the YWCA in Liverpool. In 1890 she was selected by the Church Missionary Society (CMS) as a missionary to Japan. She arrived in Japan in 1891 and was transferred to Kumamoto, Kyūshū.

At Honmyoji, the most popular temple in Kumamoto, she witnessed leprosy patients begging for mercy and made up her mind to dedicate her life to their care.

The Kaishun Hospital
Hannah successfully approached influential people such as leaders of the CMS, university professors, industrialists and statesmen, and, later, the imperial family of Japan. She created a close circle of supporters such as Grace Nott, one of the five missionaries who had come to Japan with her, and Professors Honda and Kanazawa. Founding a hospital was an extremely difficult task, but Kaishun Hospital (known in English as the Kumamoto Hospital of the Resurrection of Hope) was opened on 12 November 1895. Negotiations with the CMS were laborious, but in 1900 Hannah won control of the hospital, simultaneously quitting the CMS. She devoted the rest of her life to fund-raising for the hospital. Professors Honda and Kanazawa helped with obtaining the land for it.

The start of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904 brought a great financial crisis. English donors, fearing trouble because of the fleet of Russian warships approaching Japan, immediately stopped sending money to Japan. However, Marquis Okuma, who had donated many cherry and maple trees for the grounds of the hospital, joined with Viscount Shibusawa to invite many officials and prominent persons to the Bankers' Club in Tokyo to listen to Hannah Riddell's appeal. At the meeting Professor Kanazawa spoke for Riddell to the effect that Kaishun Hospital was a good hospital worth supporting, since Riddell was independent of the CMS. As a direct effect of the meeting Riddell's financial troubles ended.

Japan's first leprosy prevention law was promulgated in 1907. In 1914 Riddell wrote in a long letter to Marquis Okuma: "I think the expenses of the government policy would not cost more than a single gunboat and the yearly expenses could well be met by a tax of about one sen (one hundredth of one yen) on every person in the land. The gain to Japan and to the humanity would be immeasurable."

Further work in Kusatsu, Okinawa and Kumamoto
Hannah Riddell was interested in missionary work independent of the CMS. She sent missionaries to Kusatsu, a hot spring resort where lepers gathered. Later Mary Cornwall Legh, another English Anglican missionary, did substantial work there. She also sent Keisai Aoki, who was a patient and a Christian, to Okinawa, where, notwithstanding great difficulties, he succeeded in building a shelter, leading to the establishment of Okinawa Airakuen Leprosy Sanatorium.

Although fundraising was delayed by the outbreak of the Great War in Europe, in 1924 a Japanese-style Anglican church was completed in the grounds of the Kaishun Hospital. Formally consecrated by Bishop of Kyushu, Arthur Lea on 24 June, the church was characterized by a long wheelchair ramp imported from England.

In 1918 Riddell established the first scientific research laboratory in Japan for the study of leprosy.

Ada Wright
Ada Wright, Hannah Riddell's niece, came to Japan in 1896 and joined her in managing her work for lepers. After Riddell's death in 1932 Wright became the director of the Kaishun Hospital. In 1940, however, she was questioned by police over her possession of a short-wave radio and on 3 February 1941, the closure of the hospital was suddenly declared, and patients were transferred to the Kyushu Sanatorium (Kikuchi Keifuen). In April Ada Wright escaped to Australia. She came back to Japan in June 1948 and died in 1950. The ashes of both Hannah Riddell and Ada Wright were buried in the hospital grounds.

Riddell's sex segregation policy of leprosy patients
Leprosy is a chronic disease caused by mycobacterium leprae. An effective therapy was discovered in 1941 by Faget, after Riddell's death. Traditionally Japan and Japanese leprologists at that time adopted a segregation policy, but Riddell's thinking was unique. She firmly believed that the only way to stamp out leprosy in Japan was by segregation of the sexes, and she always insisted on it. She was against male and female patients even becoming friendly. Kensuke Mitsuda, a noted leprologist, commented that Riddell believed that what ended leprosy in England in the Middle Ages was the legal abolition of cohabitation of the sexes. The patients at the Kaishun Hospital accepted her segregation, but they could visit their families when indicated.

Literary contribution
Riddell, collaborating with Fanny B. Greene, M. F. Kirby and others, translated Iwaya's Fairy Tales of Old Japan (1903), the English version of 's Nihon mukashi banashi. Iwaya himself and other bibliographies credit Tsuda Ume[ko] as another collaborator.

See also
History of Kumamoto Prefecture
Leprosy in Japan

Notes

References

 Hannah Riddell, An Englishwoman in Japan. Julia Boyd. Charles E. Tuttle, 1996.
 Hannah Riddell. Jingo Tobimatsu. Riddell-Wright Memorial Society, 1993 (reprinted), 1937 (by Kaishun Hospital, original version).
 Yuukarino Minoru wo Machite, the Life of Riddell and Wright. edited by Mamoru Uchida, Riddell-Wright Home for the Aged. 1976. in Japanese.
 Hansen's disease in Japan: a brief history. Kikuchi I. Int J Dermatol 1997,36:629–633.

External links

English Anglican missionaries
Anglican missionaries in Japan
Female Christian missionaries
Japanese leper hospital administrators
Leprosy nurses and caregivers
People from Chipping Barnet
1855 births
1932 deaths
Leprosy in Japan
People from Kumamoto
British expatriates in Japan
Christian medical missionaries

Hannah Riddell


Henning Kronstam (June 29, 1934 – May 28, 1995) was a famous Danish ballet dancer, ballet master and company director.

Life and career
Born in Copenhagen, Denmark, he began training with the Royal Danish Ballet at the age of nine. He later joined the company as an apprentice at the age of sixteen and was promoted to solo dancer at the age of twenty one.

Kronstam dominated the Royal Danish Ballet's repertory for more than two decades, dancing over 120 roles, many of which were created, such as the role of Romeo in Sir Frederick Ashton's Romeo and Juliet (1955), the Husband in John Cranko's Secrets (1956), Nilas in Birgit Cullberg's Moon Reindeer (1958), and the Prince in Flemming Flindt's  The Nutcracker (1971).

He succeeded Flemming Flindt as ballet master of the Royal Danish Ballet in 1978 and was responsible for the planning and direction of the 1979 Bournonville Festival as well as for restoring Bournonville, and classical ballet generally, to the center of the company's repertory. He also was a noted teacher and coach. He retired as balletmaster in 1985 but continued to stage and rehearse ballets until 1994. He died suddenly, May 28, 1995, of a pulmonary embolism.

References

External links
bournonville.com
kronstam.com

Danish male ballet dancers
Ballet masters
1934 births
1995 deaths
Royal Danish Ballet dancers

Henning Kronstam


Gurmit Singh Dhak (8 September 1978 – 16 October 2010) was a Canadian gangster who served as the co-boss of the Dhak-Duhre group in Vancouver.

Gangster
Dhak was born in and grew up on the West Side Dunbar area of Vancouver. His parents were Indian immigrants from the Punjab who ran a laundromat. Dhak had become a gangster in grade 8 when he had been greatly impressed by Raymond "Ray" Man Yen Chan of the Lotus gang. Chan owned a red Porsche Carrera and recruited Dhak to work for him as a drug dealer, promising that he would have his choice of girlfriends and a luxury sports car like his own if he worked for him. Dhak proved to be a successful drug dealer and by the time he was in high school, he owned the luxury automobile of his dreams and made enough money to buy his parents a house in Surrey. Dhak also found that as Chan promised him that being a gangster had him very attractive to women. Constable Douglas Spencer of the Vancouver Police Department described Dhak: "He was never disrespectful. He would shoot the breeze...You couldn't imagine that he was a stone-cold killer. Huge drug dealer". Spencer told Kim Bolan, the crime correspondent of The Vancouver Sun newspaper: "His attitude was make money, not war. He was old school. He was well-respected. He didn't cross people. He just wanted to make money. He was an anomaly, really. None of them are like that now."

In February 1999, Dhak assisted with helping one of his associates kill a 19-year-old rival, Doan Minh Vu. Dhak lowered his window of the car to allow the shooter to open fire. Kenny Cuong Manh Nguyen, the man who killed Vu outside of Madison's nightclub in Vancouver was convicted of second-degree murder. As part of the investigation of the incident, the police found that Dhak had in his possession a gun that had been used in a gang-related shooting in December 1998. In April 2003, Dhak was convicted in a plea bargain of manslaughter for Vu's killing and was sentenced to 7 years in prison.

In May 2003, Chan was murdered, being found shot dead in an industrial park in Richmond. Chan's murder came as a great shock to Dhak and brought home to him the dangers of the gangster lifestyle. While in prison, Dhak contacted Spencer who remembered: "He told me to go talk to his little brother. He tried to get his brother out of it. He said, 'I'm in too far. I have too enemies'". Dhak was released on parole in 2004. After his release, Spencer met him to warn that a hit squad from Mara Salvatrucha had arrived in Vancouver with the aim of killing him. Dhak told Spencer: "I know. Thanks for telling me, Doug. They've been here for two weeks".

In 2005, Dhak's Lexus SUV was shot up in front of the Uranus Lounge strip-club on East Broadway in Vancouver. Dhak refused to answer any questions about the shooting and was arrested after he threatened to kill one of the investigating officers. On 8 September 2007, while celebrating a birthday party at the posh Quattro on Fourth restaurant in Kitsilano, two masked gunmen marched up to the window and opened fire at the table where Dhak was sitting. Both Dhak and his 21-year-old girlfriend were wounded in the shooting and had to be taken to the hospital. As usual, Dhak refused to answer any questions from the police about the shooting in Kitsilano. Dhak allied himself with the Duhre brothers to form the Dhak-Duhre organization. The three Duhre brothers were Sandip "Dip" Singh Duhre, Balraj Singh Duhre and Paul Singh Duhre.  The Duhre brothers had once been part of the Punjabi mafia and worked for Bindy Johal in the 1990s.

Turn against gangsterism
In his last year of his life, Dhak turned against the gangster lifestyle. Dhak contacted the Odd Squad (the youth engagement unit) of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police about making an anti-gang video for high school students. In a video made in June 2010, Dhak stated the swaggering, macho aggression of the gangsters hid a deep insecurity as he stated that to live the life of a gangster was to live in fear, never knowing when someone would try to kill him and never knowing who to trust. Dhak stated: "...if I could turn back time, I would never do it again. Every day I've got to look over my shoulder; I've got to worry about my family, I've got to worry about, like, if I jump out of my car, am I going to get shot? Or, you know, I could be walking in the mall and walking out and getting shot. I don't know...Oh, I want to get out. But it's too late now to get out. I have too many enemies". Dhak stated: "Deep down inside you are scared. You have got to think every day when you wake up in the morning, 'is this going to be my last day that I am living?'" Dhak ended the video by pleading for high school students not to join gangs, warning that no-one would want to live his lifestyle.

Murder
On 16 October 2010, Dhak's prescience about his imminent demise was proved correct when he was murdered with his corpse being found in his BMW automobile in the parking lot of the Metrotown Mall in Burnaby. The cause of Dhak's death was being shot in the face. Bolan wrote in 2018: "Dhak's execution was the flashpoint for a near decade-long war that has raged across the province and left many dead and wounded in its wake. Few of those behind the violence have been held to account."

Suhhveer "Sukh" Dhak, the younger brother of Gurmit, believed that the Wolfpack Alliance gang and that two Wolfpack leaders Larry Amero and Jonathan Bacon in particular were the ones responsible for his brother's murder. At about 2:45 pm on 14 August 2011, a white Porsche Cayenne carrying six people was leaving the parking lot of the Delta Grand Hotel in Kelowna, when a group of four masked gunmen carrying AK-47 assault rifles opened fire. The gunmen fired at least 30 shots into the Cayenne, killing Jonathan Bacon, wounding Amero, and leaving a 21-year waitress, Leah Hadden-Watts, a quadriplegic as she took a bullet straight through her neck, severing her spinal cord. On 19 November 2012, Suhhveer "Sukh" Dhak and his bodyguard Thomas Mantel were murdered in Vancouver. Since 29 June 2021, Amero and another Wolfpack leader Rabih "Robby" Alkhalil have been on trial in Vancouver for the murders of Sandip Duhre and Suhhveer Dhak with the Crown alleging the two hired the hitman Dean Michael Wiwchar to kill Dhak and Duhre.

Books

References

1978 births
2010 deaths
2010 murders in Canada
21st-century Canadian criminals
Canadian crime bosses
Canadian male criminals
Canadian murder victims
Criminals from British Columbia
Deaths by firearm in British Columbia
Indo-Canadian organized crime
Male murder victims
Murdered Canadian gangsters
Organized crime in Vancouver
People murdered by Canadian organized crime
People murdered in British Columbia

Gurmit Singh Dhak


Plagioclase is a series of tectosilicate (framework silicate) minerals within the feldspar group. Rather than referring to a particular mineral with a specific chemical composition, plagioclase is a continuous solid solution series, more properly known as the plagioclase feldspar series.  This was first shown by the German mineralogist Johann Friedrich Christian Hessel (1796–1872) in 1826.  The series ranges from albite to anorthite endmembers (with respective compositions NaAlSi3O8 to CaAl2Si2O8), where sodium and calcium atoms can substitute for each other in the mineral's crystal lattice structure. Plagioclase in hand samples is often identified by its polysynthetic crystal twinning or "record-groove" effect.

Plagioclase is a major constituent mineral in Earth's crust and is consequently an important diagnostic tool in petrology for identifying the composition, origin and evolution of igneous rocks. Plagioclase is also a major constituent of rock in the highlands of the Moon. Analysis of thermal emission spectra from the surface of Mars suggests that plagioclase is the most abundant mineral in the crust of Mars.

Its name comes , in reference to its two cleavage angles.

Properties
Plagioclase is the most common and abundant mineral group in the Earth's crust. Part of the feldspar family of minerals, it is abundant in igneous and metamorphic rock, and it is also common as a detrital mineral in sedimentary rock. It is not a single mineral, but is a solid solution of two end members, albite or sodium feldspar () and anorthite or calcium feldspar (). These can be present in plagioclase in any proportion from pure anorthite to pure albite. The composition of plagioclase can thus be written as  where x ranges from 0 for pure albite to 1 for pure anorthite. This solid solution series is known as the plagioclase series. The composition of a particular sample of plagioclase is customarily expressed as the mol% of anorthite in the sample. For example, plagioclase that is 40 mol% anorthite would be described as An40 plagioclase.

The ability of albite and anorthite to form solid solutions in any proportions at elevated temperature reflects the ease with which calcium and aluminium can substitute for sodium and silicon in the plagioclase crystal structure. Although a calcium ion has a charge of +2, versus +1 for a sodium ion, the two ions have very nearly the same effective radius. The difference in charge is accommodated by the coupled substitution of aluminium (charge +3) for silicon (charge +4), both of which can occupy tetrahedral sites (surrounded by four oxygen ions). This contrasts with potassium, which has the same charge as sodium, but is a significantly larger ion. As a result of the size and charge difference between potassium and calcium, there is a very wide miscibility gap between anorthite and potassium feldspar, (), the third common rock-forming feldspar end member. Potassium feldspar does form a solid solution series with albite, due to the identical charges of sodium and potassium ions, which is known as the alkali feldspar series. Thus, almost all feldspar found on Earth is either plagioclase or alkali feldspar, with the two series overlapping for pure albite. When a plagioclase composition is described by its anorthite mol% (such as An40 in the previous example) it is assumed that the remainder is albite, with only a minor component of potassium feldspar.

Plagioclase of any composition shares many basic physical characteristics, while other characteristics vary smoothly with composition. The Mohs hardness of all plagioclase species is 6 to 6.5, and cleavage is perfect on [001] and good on [010], with the cleavage planes meeting at an angle of 93 to 94 degrees. It is from this slightly oblique cleavage angle that plagioclase gets its name, Ancient Greek  ( 'oblique') +  ( 'fracture'). The name was introduced by August Breithaupt in 1847. There is also a poor cleavage on [110] rarely seen in hand samples.

The luster is vitreous to pearly and the diaphaneity is transparent to translucent. The tenacity is brittle, and the fracture is uneven or conchoidal, but the fracture is rarely observed due to the strong tendency of the mineral to cleave instead. At low temperature, the crystal structure belongs to the triclinic system, space group P Well-formed crystals are rare and are most commonly sodic in composition. Well-shaped samples are instead typically cleavage fragments. Well-formed crystals are typically bladed or tabular parallel to [010].

Plagioclase is usually white to greyish-white in color, with a slight tendency for more calcium-rich samples to be darker. Impurities can infrequently tint the mineral greenish, yellowish, or flesh-red. Ferric iron (Fe3+) gives a pale yellow color in plagioclase feldspar from Lake County, Oregon. The specific gravity increases smoothly with calcium content, from 2.62 for pure albite to 2.76 for pure anorthite, and this can provide a useful estimate of composition if measured accurately. The index of refraction likewise varies smoothly from 1.53 to 1.58, and, if measured carefully, this also gives a useful composition estimate.

Plagioclase almost universally shows a characteristic polysynthetic twinning that produces twinning striations on [010]. These striations allow plagioclase to be distinguished from alkali feldspar. Plagioclase often also displays Carlsbad, Baveno, and Manebach Law twinning.

Plagioclase series members
The composition of a plagioclase feldspar is typically denoted by its overall fraction of anorthite (%An) or albite (%Ab). There are several named plagioclase feldspars that fall between albite and anorthite in the series. The following table shows their compositions in terms of constituent anorthite and albite percentages.

The distinction between these minerals cannot easily be made in the field. The composition can be roughly determined by specific gravity, but accurate measurement requires chemical or optical tests. The composition in a crushed grain mount can be obtained by the Tsuboi method, which yields an accurate measurement of the minimum refractive index that in turn gives an accurate composition. In thin section, the composition can be determined by either the Michel Lévy or Carlsbad-albite methods. The former relies on accurate measure of minimum index of refraction, while the latter relies on measuring the extinction angle under a  polarizing microscope. The extinction angle is an optical characteristic and varies with the albite fraction (%Ab).

Endmembers

Anorthite was named by Gustav Rose in 1823 from Greek  ('not') +  ('straight'), literally 'oblique', referring to its triclinic crystallization. Anorthite is a comparatively rare mineral but occurs in the basic plutonic rocks of some orogenic calc-alkaline suites.
Albite is named from the Latin , in reference to its unusually pure white color. The name was first applied by Johan Gottlieb Gahn and Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1815. It is a relatively common and important rock-making mineral associated with the more silica-rich rock types, in hydrothermal veins, with greenschist facies metamorphic rocks, and in pegmatite dikes, often as the variety cleavelandite and associated with rarer minerals like tourmaline and beryl.

Intermediate members
The intermediate members of the plagioclase group are very similar to each other and normally cannot be distinguished except by their optical properties. The specific gravity in each member (albite 2.62) increases 0.02 per 10% increase in anorthite (2.75).

Bytownite, named after the former name for Ottawa, Ontario, Canada—Bytown— is a rare mineral occasionally found in more basic rocks.

Labradorite is the characteristic feldspar of the more basic rock types such as gabbro or basalt. Labradorite frequently shows an iridescent display of colors due to light refracting within the lamellae of the crystal. It is named after Labrador, where it is a constituent of the intrusive igneous rock anorthosite which is composed almost entirely of plagioclase. A variety of labradorite known as spectrolite is found in Finland.
Andesine is a characteristic mineral of rocks such as diorite which contain a moderate amount of silica and related volcanics such as andesite.
Oligoclase is common in granite and monzonite. The name oligoclase is derived from the Greek  ('small, slight') +  ('fracture'), in reference to the fact that its cleavage angle differs significantly from 90°. The term was first used by Breithaupt in 1826. Sunstone is mainly oligoclase (sometimes albite) with flakes of hematite.

Petrogenesis

Plagioclase is the primary aluminium-bearing mineral in mafic rocks formed at low pressure. It is normally the first and most abundant feldspar to crystallize from a cooling primitive magma. Anorthite has a much higher melting point than albite, and, as a result, calcium-rich plagioclase is the first to crystallize. The plagioclase becomes more enriched in sodium as the temperature drops, forming Bowen's continuous reaction series. However, the composition with which plagioclase crystallizes also depends on the other components of the melt, so it is not by itself a reliable thermometer.

The liquidus of plagioclase (the temperature at which the plagioclase first begins to crystallize) is about  for olivine basalt, with a composition of 50.5 wt% silica;  in andesite with a silica content of 60.7 wt%; and  in dacite with a silica content of 69.9 wt%. These values are for dry magma. The liquidus is greatly lowered by the addition of water, and much more for plagioclase than for mafic minerals. The eutectic (minimum melting mixture) for a mixture of anorthite and diopside shifts from 40 wt% anorthite to 78 wt% anorthite as the water vapor pressure goes from 1 bar to 10 kbar. The presence of water also shifts the composition of the crystallizing plagioclase towards anorthite. The eutectic for this wet mixture drops to about .

Crystallizing plagioclase is always richer in anorthite than the melt from which it crystallizes. This plagioclase effect causes the residual melt to be enriched in sodium and silicon and depleted in aluminium and calcium. However, the simultaneous crystallization of mafic minerals not containing aluminium can partially offset the depletion in aluminium. In volcanic rock, the crystallized plagioclase incorporates most of the potassium in the melt as a trace element.

New plagioclase crystals nucleate only with difficulty, and diffusion is very slow within the solid crystals. As a result, as a magma cools, increasingly sodium-rich plagioclase is usually crystallized onto the rims of existing plagioclase crystals, which retain their more calcium-rich cores. This results in compositional zoning of plagioclase in igneous rocks. In rare cases, plagioclase shows reverse zoning, with a more calcium-rich rim on a more sodium-rich core. Plagioclase also sometimes shows oscillatory zoning, with the zones fluctuating between sodium-rich and calcium-rich compositions, though this is usually superimposed on an overall normal zoning trend.

Classification of igneous rocks
Plagioclase is very important for the classification of crystalline igneous rocks. Generally, the more silica is present in the rock, the fewer the mafic minerals, and the more sodium-rich the plagioclase. Alkali feldspar appears as the silica content becomes high. Under the QAPF classification, plagioclase is one of the three key minerals, along with quartz and alkali feldspar, used to make the initial classification of the rock type. Low-silica igneous rocks are further divided into dioritic rocks having sodium-rich plagioclase (An<50) and gabbroic rocks having calcium-rich plagioclase (An>50). Anorthosite is an intrusive rock composed of at least 90% plagioclase.

Albite is an end member of both the alkali and plagioclase series. However, it is included in the alkali feldspar fraction of the rock in the QAPF classification.

In metamorphic rocks
Plagioclase is also common in metamorphic rock. Plagioclase tends to be albite in low-grade metamorphic rock, while oligoclase to andesine are more common in  medium- to high-grade metamorphic rock. Metacarbonate rock sometimes contains fairly pure anorthite.

In sedimentary rocks
Feldspar makes up between 10 and 20 percent of the framework grains in typical sandstones. Alkali feldspar is usually more abundant than plagioclase in sandstone because Alkali feldspars are more resistant to chemical weathering and more stable, but sandstone derived from volcanic rock contains more plagioclase. Plagioclase weathers relatively rapidly to clay minerals such as smectite.

At the Mohorovičić discontinuity
The Mohorovičić discontinuity, which defines the boundary between the Earth's crust and the upper mantle, is thought to be the depth where feldspar disappears from the rock. While plagioclase is the most important aluminium-bearing mineral in the crust, it breaks down at the high pressure of the upper mantle, with the aluminium tending to be incorporated into clinopyroxene as Tschermak's molecule () or in jadeite . At still higher pressure, the aluminium is incorporated into garnet.

Exsolution

At very high temperatures, plagioclase forms a solid solution with potassium feldspar, but this becomes highly unstable on cooling. The plagioclase separates from the potassium feldspar, a process called exsolution. The resulting rock, in which fine streaks of plagioclase (lamellae) are present in potassium feldspar, is called perthite.

The solid solution between anorthite and albite remains stable to lower temperatures, but ultimately becomes unstable as the rock approaches ambient surface temperatures. The resulting exsolution results in very fine lamellar and other intergrowths, normally detected only by sophisticated means. However, exsolution in the andesite to labradorite compositional range sometimes produces lamellae with thicknesses comparable to the wavelength of visible light. This acts like a diffraction grating, causing the labradorite to show the beautiful play of colors known as chatoyance.

Uses
In addition to its importance to geologists in classifying igneous rocks, plagioclase finds practical use as construction aggregate, as dimension stone, and in powdered form as a filler in paint, plastics, and rubber. Sodium-rich plagioclase finds use in the manufacture of glass and ceramics.

Anorthosite could someday be important as a source of aluminium.

See also

 Hypersolvus
 List of minerals
 Planetary differentiation
 Subsolvus

References

External links

Sodium minerals
Aluminium minerals
Calcium minerals
Tectosilicates
Feldspar
Triclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 2

de:Feldspat#Plagioklase

Plagioclase


Spencer Charles Dryden (April 7, 1938 – January 11, 2005) was an American musician. He is best known as a drummer for Jefferson Airplane and New Riders of the Purple Sage. He also played with the Dinosaurs and the Ashes (later known as the Peanut Butter Conspiracy). He was added into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996.

Dryden was born in New York City. His father was actor and director Wheeler Dryden. He was also a nephew of British actor Charlie Chaplin. He was married three times and had three sons.

On January 11, 2005, Dryden died from metastasized colon cancer in Petaluma, California. He was 66.

References

1938 births
2005 deaths
American rock drummers
Cancer deaths in California
Deaths from colorectal cancer

Spencer Dryden


Civility may denote orderly behavior and politeness. Historically, civility also meant training in the humanities.

Etymology

Late Middle English: from Old French , from Latin , from  "relating to citizens" (see civil). In early use, the term denoted the state of being a citizen and hence good citizenship or orderly behavior. The sense "politeness" arose in the mid-16th century.

Developmental model

Adolf G. Gundersen and Suzanne Goodney Lea developed a civility model grounded in empirical data that "stresses the notion that civility is a sequence, not a single thing or set of things". The model conceives of civility as a continuum or scale consisting of increasingly demanding traits ranging from "indifference" to "commentary", "conversation", "co-exploration" and, from there, to "habituation". According to the authors, such a developmental model has several advantages, not least of which is that it allows civility to be viewed as something everyone can get better at.

Empathy in civility
Many experts say civility goes beyond good manners and listening attentively, but includes sharing our own beliefs and values with others through some type of engagement with the intent of sincere respect towards one another. This also requires a willingness and open mindedness to having our opinions and biases challenged by others who share different and perhaps unique points of view.

Experts say that our ability to act with civility is connected with our ability to understand our own emotions, because understanding our feelings helps us to recognize how we are feeling in real-time and give us a greater ability to have empathy for others. Furthermore, understanding our feelings can help us to evaluate the things that trigger us emotionally and therefore become more aware of how we will possibly react and feel in certain situations. By taking the time to understand our thoughts and emotions in these situations, this practice can lead to self-recognition and acceptance of how similar situations may affect others, including those that may share a unique perspective.

Rev. Dr. Sharon Styles-Anderson established Emotional Civility Day, March 6. Emotional Civility, a concept developed by Dr. Anderson, helps the world recognize that there is a connection between the way we feel and the way we interact with others.

Lack of civility

Incivility is the opposite of civility—a lack of civility. Verbal or physical attacks on others, cyber bullying, rudeness, religious intolerance, discrimination, and vandalism are some of the acts that are generally considered uncivil. Incivility is an issue on the global stage. Social media and the web give people the ability to freely exchange ideas, but this has not come without consequences.

Politicians in the U.S. frequently say that they encounter a lack of civility in their workplace, and have disregarded it as unfortunate aspect of politics. But polls indicate that "going negative" can help candidates win elections. During the 2016 presidential campaign, candidate Donald Trump regularly called his rivals "stupid, incompetent, and losers".

Recognizing that people harassing others online has become a problem and can have negative consequences for businesses, many companies stepped up to create more awareness and initiatives to help. Intel in collaboration with organizations such as the Born This Way Foundation and Vox Media initiated "Hack Harassment" aimed to increase awareness of online harassment and anti-harassment technologies.  the Data & Society/CiPHR Measuring Cyberabuse poll indicated that nearly 70% of people between the ages of 15 and 29 are harassed or abused online. Although there are tactics to block cyber-bullying, such as censorship and banning users from accessing a site, it does not correct the underlying issues on what causes it. 75% of technology professionals believe a universal code of online conduct would also help curb online harassment.

On April 22, 2016, The Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research at the University of Chicago released a report citing that 74 percent of Americans think manners and behavior have declined in the United States. In this study they discovered that people in most cases can agree with what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior. They found that 8 out of 10 Americans find jokes made based on race, gender, or sexuality are considered inappropriate, but only a small number of people own up to making these types of jokes. The report suggests that nearly half of all Americans aged 18–29 find it acceptable to use their cell phones in a restaurant, while fewer than 22 percent of people over the age of 60 agree.

Movements to foster civility

Worldwide
In October 2019, the United Nations announced that the World Civility Index would be a part of their Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The new Sustainable Development Goals initiative serves as the updated global targets that were set forth initially in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) of 2000 to 2015. Under the Sustainable Development Goals initiatives, the United Nations identified seventeen core challenges that have an interconnected part in achieving a more sustainable future for all. The World Civility Index is designed to be implemented as a tool for employers and organizations around the world to create a system of consistent measurements of soft skills that are related to civility. Other global organizations, like the Worldwide Civility Council, also aim to centralize civility resources and tools, such as the Civility Scorecard and Masonic Family Civility Project, in order to help promote civility and assist various civility organizations around the world. One of the core ideas promoted by the United Nation's goal on achieving worldwide civility is having a universal system for measuring civility, because setting a standard of measurement helps to more accurately measure levels of civility. Furthermore, having meaningful measurements will help in creating more effective and efficient training to assist people in acquiring the soft skills needed, like civility, in the modern workplace and foreseeable future.

In 2020, the Worldwide Civility Council launched the Certified Civil initiative to recognize the commitment to civil behavior and communication by individuals, organizations, and groups around the world, which also includes but is not limited to businesses, publications, websites, and social media sites. A Certified Civil designation can only be awarded based on a demonstrated ability to act and foster civility. At the core of the civility certification process are several commitments, including advocating for dignity and respect in all dealings, listening to create constructive dialogues, speaking in a manner that reflects respect, ensuring all public content is within bounds defined by the Certified Civil standards, displaying the Certified Civil logo, and maintaining good standing through continuous certification.

In the United States

Opinion polls

A 2010 Allegheny College poll found that nearly all Americans (95 percent) believe civility is important in politics.

In a 2012 poll conducted by Weber Shandwick, 65% of Americans reported an increase in incivility due to a weakened U.S. economy during the Great Recession. Almost 50% of those Americans indicated they have removed themselves from participating in politics because of fear of incivility or bullying. Of the 1000 people surveyed, a follow-up study revealed that 86% of those people reported being subjected to incivility. In this report, part of an annual follow-up research report in January 2016 sharing findings on attitudes and sentiment about civility, 95% of Americans believe that incivility is a very visible issue, while 74% recognized that civility in general had declined during the past few years. Over 90% of voters claimed that the presidential candidates' attitudes and civil behavior would play a significant role in their voting decision in the upcoming 2016 election.

In poll conducted by Georgetown University in 2019, 88% of Americans polled expressed concern and frustration about uncivil and rude behavior of many politicians. 87% said they are tired of leaders compromising their values and ideals, while 80% of those same Americans want both "compromise and common ground" as well as leaders who "will stand up for the other side".

In the legal profession
Penn State University conducted a study on perceptions of the legal profession and its relation to civility. They found that general opinion pointed to a drop in civility within the legal profession. To counteract demeaning and unprofessional behavior, there have been several initiatives put in place by state bar associations. However, the legal profession is not the only industry that has adopted civility standards. Many other companies and organizations across several industries have adopted civility standards that also help to increase workplace civility.

In schools
Numerous universities in the U.S., such as the University of Colorado, the University of Missouri, University of California Davis, Johns Hopkins University, University of Wisconsin, Rutgers University, American University, and California State University San Marcos have created programs designed to foster and define what civility means on their campuses. The Center on Civility & Democratic Engagement at University of California, Berkeley's Goldman School of Public Policy recognizes that public dialogue often lacks civility and focuses on preparing leaders to successfully engage people of diverse perspectives in finding solutions for pressing public policy issues. Some colleges, such as the Arizona State University, offer an undergraduate certificate in Civil Communication. Other universities, such as Kansas State University, developed programs in dialogue and deliberation which involve codes of behavior that foster constructive, civil discourse. Although many colleges have adopted programs to foster civility efforts, there are still many colleges and universities, including many of the Ivy League schools, that do not have or list no visible place online about any civility initiatives, codes or standards.

In the community
Numerous community groups have formed in the U.S. to restore constructive civility in the public space. The Civility Toolkit with approximately 300 civility tools aggregated by the Civility Center provides access to resources regarding civility to help restore civility in society. Many of these groups are members of the National Coalition for Dialogue and Deliberation.

Arnett and Arneson define civility as "a metaphor that points to the importance of public respect in interpersonal interaction." The difference between tolerating someone and respecting them is that toleration does not imply respect, but respect requires understanding of another person's perspective. Having social intelligence or "Social IQ" impacts our ability to empathize with people, and realize all people are human and that if respect or common ground cannot be met that we strive for at least toleration in order to be civil.

In Psychology Today, Price-Mitchell describes civility as a personal attitude that acknowledges other humans' rights to live and coexist together in a manner that does not harm others. The psychology of civility indicates awareness, ability to control one's passions, as well as have a deeper understanding of others. This may suggest that civility goes beyond mere toleration, but may imply a mutual co-existence and respect for humankind.

In the academic journal Philosophy & Public Affairs, Calhoun delineates civility as an element of dialogue that sheds light on "basic moral attitudes of respect, tolerance, and considerateness". Calhoun considers civility to be one of the moral virtues that can differ from what is socially acceptable, since what is socially acceptable is not always morally correct.

In the Washington Post, Peter Wehner, author and former deputy director of speechwriting for President George W. Bush, expressed three central points on how civility makes society function and noble. The first of these points illustrates that civility is what holds our families, communities, conversations, and establishments together. Civility enables civic cohesion and eliminates excuses for invective conversations or conflict. Wehner's second point suggests that civility is also an expression of a work of divine art and respect for all human beings. In some ways this mirrors the words written in the United States Declaration of Independence on Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness in that all people are worthy of the  inherent and unalienable respect of human dignity. The third point made by Wehner is that civility is an expression of epistemological humility where truth is not relative, but suggests that truth can cover a more widely spread understanding than what is preconceived or imagined.

The Smithsonian coordinated with Olúfémi O. Táíwò, assistant professor of political philosophy and ethics at Georgetown University, to discuss the important role that civility has played in the pursuit of social justice. The presentation outlined that civility seemed to have declined in recent years by increasing political and social polarization coupled with simplistic mass communication systems. Additionally, Táíwò examines social norms, like the formal female adult address of calling a woman "Ms.", as well as emerging norms of social etiquette that could encourage people to think and ask others about their pronouns. Hosting community events around civility can lead to interesting conversations and can broaden perspectives, and as Táíwò points out, civility will continue to play an important role in how justice for all will be shaped in the future.

Masons and Civility
The Freemasons and members of the Masonic family have had a long history of fostering civil dialogue and building civil societies. Masonic Lodges represent a peaceful assembly of people that are of different places of origin, languages, backgrounds, and beliefs. The principles and tenets of Freemasonry aim to promote and restore civility in the United States and around the globe. In 2015, Grand Master Charvonia of the Grand Lodge of California declared May 25, 2015 to be the "Champion Civility Month", which encouraged Freemasons throughout California to make an effort to bring more civility into their local lodges and community. Additionally, Freemasons from around the world have been working to repair civility through the Masonic Family Civility Project. This Civility Project was built to help raise awareness of civility, by providing social conversations, civility resources, multimedia education, and information for anyone to access.

From April 30 to May 1 of 2019, an Urgency of Civility Conference was hosted in Washington D.C. at the George Washington Masonic National Memorial. Civility experts convened to discuss civility in arenas of government, education, media, community, and the workplace. During the conference, Congressman Emanuel Cleaver II made a presentation in recognition of Mrs. Virginia Forni and her late husband, Dr. P.M. Forni, for their efforts on the Johns Hopkins Civility Initiative. Advocates of civility shared their thoughts, ideas, and efforts to promote civility in various sectors. Attendees worked together to form action items required to help further civility initiatives, including innovative thinking, engaging the community, and maintaining steadfast persistence.

In the workplace

Studies and polls from 2014 indicate that Americans find workplace incivility to be a growing problem that has a negative impact on them and their duties at work. One study suggests 60% of employees think that their co-workers' irritating habits have negatively affected them at their job. In the same study, 40% reported that they are looking for another job opportunity because of a negative co-worker. These studies suggest that incivility in the workplace dampens productivity and has an adverse effect on an organization's bottom line. This data does not account for how many people encounter workplace incivility and are not sure what they can do about it. Furthermore, it does not take into consideration how many of these workplaces have civility tools or initiatives.

Various organizations, including the United States government, have taken steps to prevent incivility at work. One strategy is addressing sexual harassment cases, which the US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) defines as unlawful in all states. This involves preventing gender-based mistreatment during employment or hiring. Harassment encompasses "sexual harassment" as well as workplace bullying, cyberbullying, and threats. Although sexual harassment's illegality is widely accepted, it gained significant attention in the U.S. starting in 1964. In the past, unclear legal boundaries resulted in more people experiencing unwanted behavior due to legal ambiguity. The term's clearer definition has enhanced workplace protection, but individuals need to actively contribute by speaking up and reporting incidents.

Organizational Behavior

Human Resource managers are aware of the effects of social behavior in the workplace. Inappropriate workplace behavior has led HR personnel to pay more attention to problems arising from incivility, bullying, and abusive supervision within organizations. Research concluded that incivility can have a negative impact of organizational behavior, including: decreased satisfaction, reduced job performance, increased perceptions of injustice, increased depression, and can lead to employees to experience psychological withdrawal.

Organizations are improving their workplaces by reducing incident rates and limiting liability. Some companies offer employees civility training specifically geared to foster civility by facilitating conversations about it. Research indicates that civility training shows a positive increase in respect, job satisfaction, and overall trust, while effects of incivility, cynicism, and employee absenteeism decreased. The results suggest civility training can improve the workplace climate, foster a culture of positive behaviors, and minimize workplace issues.

In Canada

In July 2012, the President of the Federation of Law Societies of Canada addressed civility at the 5th Biennial International Legal Ethics Conference. In 2012, the Law Society of Upper Canada decided that Joe Groia was guilty of incivility to opposing counsel during his successful defense of John Felderhof on Insider trading and securities charges. On the same case, the Supreme Court of Canada confirmed the decision of Bar of Quebec that Giles Dore was guilty of professional misconduct because of an uncivil letter he wrote to a judge. This high-profile case brought a lot of attention to the legal definition of the word civility, and what it means to be civil in the legal profession. It has since defined a broader set of rules of what is legally considered civil in the court of law in Canada.

Since the Groia case, The Law Society of Upper Canada launched several initiatives to guard against incivility in the Canadian legal profession. To enforce its stance on civility in the Canadian legal system, they issued verbal warnings to lawyers who are not civil with judges and other lawyers. The counter argument against civility measures is that the new guidelines may inhibit their ability to defend their clients. Since laws and rules are often open to interpretation, some lawyers consider it a conflict of interest to be civil with their opponents as they do not believe there is any way to accomplish their goals while remaining civil.

In January 2017, the B.C. & Yukon Freemasons in Canada stated civility was like The Golden Rule: "treating others as you would want them to treat you". This statement was in part to a recent civility initiative.

In New Zealand

At a recent address with Gisborne's top businesswomen in early 2016, Lara Meyer, an adviser to the Australian Government, cited incivility in the workplace has cost New Zealand approximately  a year. Noting that Australia is also losing out about  a year due to a lack of workplace civility. There could potentially be more loss that is unaccounted for in New Zealand businesses, as the cost of rudeness could be holding them back from working together more politely and agreeably.

In Hungary
Civil Összefogás Fórum (Civil Cooperation Forum), founded on April 5, 2009, is a kind of umbrella organisation for numerous community groups throughout Hungary.

Famous Quotes on Civility
 "So let us begin anew—remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof. Let us never negotiate out of fear. But let us never fear to negotiate." ―John F. Kennedy
 "Civility does not here mean the mere outward gentleness of speech cultivated for the occasion, but an inborn gentleness and desire to do the opponent good." ―Mohandas K. Gandhi
 "Civility costs nothing and buys you everything" ―Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
 "If a man continually blusters, if he lacks civility, a big stick will not save him from trouble, and neither will speaking softly avail, if back of the softness there does not lie strength, power." ―Theodore Roosevelt
 "Civility also requires relearning how to disagree without being disagreeable... surely you can question my policies without questioning my faith." ―Barack Obama

See also

References

Further reading

External links

Etiquette
Habits
Popular culture

Civility


Sigurd Bernardus Angenent (born 1960) is a Dutch-born mathematician and professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Angenent works on partial differential equations and dynamical systems, with his recent research focusing on heat equation and diffusion equation. The Angenent torus and Angenent ovals are special solutions to the mean curvature flow published by Angenent in 1992; the Angenent torus remains self-similar as it collapses to a point under the flow, and the Angenent ovals are the only compact convex ancient solutions other than circles for the curve-shortening flow.

Angenent was raised in Haarlem, the Netherlands. He obtained his PhD in Mathematics from Leiden University in 1986. In 1996 Angenent became a correspondent of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.

At the University of Wisconsin–Madison he is director of the Undergraduate Mathematics Program. After becoming frustrated with high prices of textbooks and poor quality he wrote and made available his own notes for all classes.

References

External links
 Profile at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
 Profile at University of Wisconsin–Madison

1960 births
Living people
20th-century Dutch mathematicians
21st-century Dutch mathematicians
Dynamical systems theorists
Leiden University alumni
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Scientists from Haarlem
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty

Sigurd Angenent


Bruce Mather (born May 9, 1939) is a Canadian composer, pianist, and writer who is particularly known for his contributions to contemporary classical music.

Career
One of the most notable composers of microtonal music, he was awarded the Jules Léger Prize twice, first in 1979 for his Musique pour Champigny and again in 1993 for Yquem. Some of his other awards include the Composers, Authors and Publishers Association of Canada's Micheline Coulombe Saint-Marcoux prize in 1987 for Barbaresco and the Serge Garant Prize from the Émile Nelligan Foundation in 2000.

Mather is an associate of the Canadian Music Centre and a member of the Canadian League of Composers. As a writer he has contributed works to numerous musical journals and publications, including authoring the articles on Serge Garant, François Morel, and Gilles Tremblay in the Dictionary of Contemporary Music. He has taught on the music faculties of the University of Toronto (1964–1966), the University of Montreal (1970–1973), the Paris Conservatoire (1978–1979) and McGill University (1966–2001). His notable pupils include, Marc Patch, Peter Allen, John Burke, Paul Crawford, Jacques Desjardins, José Evangelista, Anthony Genge, Richard Hunt, Denis Lorrain, John Oliver, François Rose, Ronald Bruce Smith, Donald Steven, and Alexander Tilley.

As a pianist Mather has displayed a strong commitment to performing new music by himself and by other contemporary composers. He has performed in many major performance venues and music festivals, often appearing with his wife, pianist Pierrette LePage, in duo-piano works. The husband and wife team have also partnered on several recordings. He served as director of the Société de musique contemporaine du Québec from 1966–1981 and later served as treasurer.

Education
Born in Toronto, Mather began composing music as a young child. At the age of 10 he won a prize in the 1949 Composers, Authors and Publishers Association of Canada composition competition. In 1952 he entered The Royal Conservatory of Music where he studied piano with Alberto Guerrero, Earle Moss, and Alexander Uninsky and music theory and composition with Godfrey Ridout, Oskar Morawetz, and John Weinzweig. In 1957 he matriculated to the University of Toronto where he earned a Bachelor of Music degree in 1959.

Mather attended the Aspen Music Festival and School in the summers of 1957 and 1958 through a scholarship provided by the Women's Musical Club of Toronto and the Beta Sigma Phi International Sorority. While there Alexander Uninsky introduced the young composer to Darius Milhaud and Milhaud quickly became one of his more important mentors. He continued to study with Milhaud and with Simone Plé-Caussade, Lazare Lévy, and Olivier Messiaen at the Paris Conservatoire from 1959-1961. In 1964 he received a Master of Music from Stanford University where he was a pupil of Leland Smith and Roy Harris, and in 1967 he earned a Doctor of Music from the University of Toronto.

Music
Mather is a composer of orchestral, chamber, vocal, and piano works. A disciple of Ivan Wyschnegradsky, his music often employs microtonal scales. Though he was distrustful towards microtonal music since he heard Alois Haba's Music, his meeting with Wyschnegradsky in the seventies was crucial for his aesthetic and his use of microtonal scales. As a pianist, he and his pianist wife, Pierret Mather, have performed many of Wyschnegradsky's pieces.

In his composition he still uses the famous Wyschnegrasky's principle of non-octavic spaces. He wrote many works using this technique and notably his Poème du délire ("Poem of Delirium") a tribute to Alexander Scriabin (as a reference to his famous Poem of Ecstasy and Poem of Fire), an influential figure for him and Wyschnegradsky. His compositions are also strongly influenced by his love of poetry and wine.

Works

Stage
La princesse blanche (opera), 2 sopranos, baritone, bass, small orchestra (16 players), 1993

Orchestral
Concerto, piano, small orchestra, 1958;
Elegy, alto saxophone, string orchestra, 1959 (also arranged for alto saxophone, piano);
Symphonic Ode, 1964;
Orchestral Piece 1967, large orchestra, 1966–67;
Ombres, 1967;
Music for Vancouver, small orchestra (16-17 players), 1969;
Musique pour Rouen, 12 strings, 1971;
Musigny, large orchestra (89 players), 1980;
Scherzo, small orchestra (18 players), 1987–88;
Dialogue pour Trio Basso et Orchestre, viola, cello, double bass, orchestra, 1988;
Tallbrem Variations, 5 percussion, orchestra, 1994;
Quarts de Chaume, string orchestra, 1998

Chamber music
Sonata, violin, piano, 1957;
Elegy, alto saxophone, piano, 1959 (arrangement of work for alto saxophone, string orchestra);
Étude, clarinet, 1962;
Music for Organ, Horn and Gongs, 1973;
Mandola, mandolin, piano, 1974;
Eine kleine Bläsermusik, flute, oboe, clarinet, French horn, bassoon, 1975;
Clos de Vougeot, 4 percussion, 1977;
Ausone:
Version A, flute, 1979;
Version B, flute, 2 harps, 1979;
Version C, flute, 2 harps, 2 guitars, 2 violins, 2 violas, 2 celli, 1979;
Coulée de serrant, harp, piano, 1980;
Sassicaia, clarinet, piano, 1981; Gattinara, viola, percussion, 1982;
Elegy, flute (+ alto flute), cello, piano, percussion, 1983;
Barbaresco, viola, cello, double bass, 1984;
Clos d'audignac, marimba, 3 percussion, 1984;
Senorio de Sarria, 2 guitars (tuned a quarter-tone apart), 1985;
Vouvray, oboe, harp, 1986;
Viola Duet, 2 violas, 1987;
Vega Sicilia, guitar, ensemble (harp, viola, cello, marimba), 1989;
Yquem, 4 pianos, 4 ondes Martenot, 1991;
Romance, bassoon, synthesizer, 1992;
Standing Wave, clarinet, cello, piano, percussion, 1994;
Advanced Harmony, wind ensemble, 1995;
Quintette, clarinet, string quartet, 1995;
Duo basso, bass flute, bass oboe, 1996;
Quatre Études, cimbalom, marimba, 1996;
Tempranillo, specially-tuned guitar, 1997;
Hoya de Cadenas, alto flute, quarter-tone guitar, 1997;
Doisy Daëne, flute, piano, 1997;
Quinta da Camarate, specially-tuned guitar, 1998;
Violin Duet, 2 violins, 1998;
Bourgueil, clarinet, violin, cello, piano, percussion, 1999;
Quintet for Saxophones and Piano, 1999;
Sancerre, harp, harpsichord, 1999;
Four Études, 6 percussion, 2001
In memoriam Bengt Hambraeus, theorbo, 2001
Trio, violin, cello, piano, 2002
Deux Pièces pour Ondes Martenot et piano en seizièmes de ton, sixteenth-tone piano, Ondes Martenot, 2004
65 Takte für Robert Aitken, 2 flutes, 2004
Music for San Francisco, cello, ensemble (oboe, French horn, specially-tuned harp, violin, viola, piano), 2005
For Amie Watson, vibraphone, tubular bells, 13 cowbells (1 player), 2006

Choral
Lament for Pasiphaë, soprano, baritone, small mixed chorus, orchestra, 1962;
Counting the Beats, soprano, baritone, small mixed chorus, orchestra, 1962;
La lune mince… (text by Paul Valéry), divided mixed chorus, 1965;
Two Stanford Songs, mixed chorus, 1988

Vocal
Two Songs, bass-baritone, orchestra, 1956;
Venice, soprano, clarinet, cello, piano, 1957;
Lost Love, soprano, string orchestra, 1958;
The Finding of Love, soprano, string orchestra, 1958;
Cycle Rilke, tenor, guitar, 1959;
The Song of Blodeuwedd, baritone, orchestra (harp, piano, timpani, percussion, strings), 1961;
Sick Love, soprano, orchestra, 1961;
Orphée (text by Paul Valéry), soprano, piano, percussion, 1963;
Madrigal I (text by Hector de Saint-Denys Garneau), soprano, alto, flute, harp, mandolin, violin, cello, 1967;
Madrigal II (text by Hector de Saint-Denys Garneau), soprano, alto, flute, harp, violin, viola, cello, 1968;
Madrigal III (text by Hector de Saint-Denys Garneau), alto, harp, piano, marimba, 1971;
Madrigal V (text by Hector de Saint-Denys Garneau), soprano, alto, small orchestra (17 players), 1973, revised 1980;
Au château de Pompairain, mezzo-soprano, orchestra, 1976;
Musique pour Champigny, soprano, mezzo-soprano, alto, B-flat clarinet, French horn, harp, piano, percussion, 1976 (Winner, Jules *Léger Prize for New Chamber Music, 1979); Les grandes fontaines (text by Anne Hébert), soprano, piano, 1981;
Un cri qui durerait la mer (text by Marie France Rose), bass-baritone, piano, 1985;
Travaux de nuit, baritone, piano, 1990 (also arranged for baritone, orchestra, 1990);
Des laines de lumière (text by Gatien Lapointe), bass-baritone, 2 quarter-tone pianos, 1996;
La voix d'oiseau, coloratura soprano, piano, 1998;
Trois Poèmes de Gatien Lapointe, voice, piano, 1998;
Onze Poèmes pour la main gauche, soprano, piano, 2000

Piano
Smaragdin, 1960;
Like Snow, 1960;
Mystras, 1962;
Fantasy, 1964;
Sonata, 2 pianos, 1969–70;
In memoriam Alexander Uninsky, 1974;
Régime 11, Type A, 2 pianos (tuned a quarter-tone apart), 1978;
Poème du délire, 3 specially-tuned pianos, 1982;
Hommage à Carrillo, sixteenth-tone piano, 1996;
D'après un cri, 1996;
Régime 17, third-tone piano, 1997;
Eight Études, sixteenth-tone piano, 2000
In memoriam Gordon Sheppard, sixteenth-tone piano, 2 pianos (tuned a quarter-tone apart), 2006
Hommage à Wyschnegradsky, 2009

Organ
Six Études, 1982;
Études Nos. 7-8, 1993
Ardennes, 2002
Cinq Pièces faciles, organ 4 hands, 2002

Harpsichord
Saumur, quarter-tone harpsichord, 1990

Electroacoustic
Madrigal IV (text by Hector de Saint-Denys Garneau), soprano, flute, piano, tape, 1972;
Barolo, cello, tape, 1977;
Aux victimes de la guerre de Vendée (1793), French horn, 2 pianos, tape, 1990

External links
 Text by Mather explaining his music and his history(fr)

References

1939 births
Living people
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
Academic staff of the Conservatoire de Paris
Aspen Music Festival and School alumni
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
Canadian classical composers
Canadian male classical composers
Jules Léger Prize for New Chamber Music winners
Academic staff of McGill University
Microtonal musicians
Musicians from Toronto
Canadian opera composers
The Royal Conservatory of Music alumni
Stanford University alumni
Academic staff of the Université de Montréal
University of Toronto alumni
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
20th-century Canadian composers
Pupils of Darius Milhaud

Bruce Mather


Foxfire Mountain is in Sevierville, Tennessee, United States in the foothills of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Foxfire Mountain occupies an area known as Pearl Valley near Dunne's Creek. The area known as Foxfire Mountain is a 150-acre parcel of land that is rich in history.

History

One of the many stories about Foxfire Mountain is how the mountain got its name. According to local lore, In the days before park rangers patrolled the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, local settlers had to protect the natural beauty of the land by regulating the growth of under-brush. Dead undergrowth that amasses over the years is a potential forest fire hazard. To prevent such calamities settlers had controlled burns by burning off the under-brush in a confined area. Early settlers had an ingenious method to burn off the unwanted undergrowth. They would capture a fox and tie a rag to his tail which had been soaked in oil which was an expensive commodity in those early years. Settlers were thrifty in their use of oil. They would set the rag on fire and the frightened fox would run around frantically dragging the flaming rag behind him setting the undergrowth on fire as he ran along. Eventually he would ignite the undergrowth that needed to be burned off and the string that attached the fox to the rag would burn off. The Fox would then scurry away and the settlers would tend t the burning undergrowth.;
Foxfire Mountain was originally inhabited by the Cherokee. Artifacts, such as arrow heads, found in the area date back 10,000 years. The Cherokee planted corn on the mountain and hunted bear, deer, turkey and turtles. The creation of ironworks in East Tennessee in 1809 paved the way for mining in Sevier County. Iron was discovered on Foxfire Mountain in 1820. With the help of the Cherokee the iron was mined and the Native American workers were paid with the silver byproduct of the mining operation. The Cherokee miners usually hid their silver in the mine for safe keeping. In 1838, the Cherokee were forced to relocate to Oklahoma is what is known as "the Trail of Tears." The Cherokee were forced out of East Tennessee and Foxfire Mountain. many never recovered the silver they had stashed in the mine. After the departure of the Cherokee, Isaac Love and his sons created a partnership with the Shields Iron Co. to continue mining at Foxfire Mountain.;

In the 1860s, during the Civil War, the Confederate Army had a camp at the bend in the river near the base of Foxfire Mountain. The natural resources in the area and access to iron, sulfur and saltpetre made Foxfire Mountain strategic to the creation of much needed war materials.  As the war encroached into Tennessee, Union soldiers were reported in the area near Foxfire. One afternoon a local man, William Thomas, was killed near his home by a Union soldier. They reportedly believed Thomas was a Confederate sympathizer providing food and supplies to Southern forces. In reality, he was a moonshiner hauling ingredients for his liquor to his still which was hidden in the crevices of the old iron mine.

In the late 1800s the property was purchased by Judge Benjamin Owens who was known locally as the hanging judge. Owens was rumored to have hanged criminals from an oak tree in Richardson's Cove Road along Dunn Creek. The cemetery where Owens is buried, along with his son and 20 unnamed  others is being preserved by the current owners of the property. Owens' picture hangs in the Sevier County Courthouse.

In 1902, Wilson and Eva Thomas, descendants of William Thomas, acquired the property for farming as small iron mines were unprofitable and new mining technology favored larger mines. One afternoon, Wilson was hiking with his daughter around the abandoned mine when the young girl fell in. Although her injuries were minor, Wilson decided to destroy the mine by blasting it with dynamite causing it to collapse, thus forever burying the silver that had been hidden there by the Cherokee decades earlier. For seven generations the Thomas family farmed and operated a blacksmith shop at Foxfire Mountain.

In 1998, Marc and Marion Postlewaite bought the Foxfire Farm from Earl Thomas to raise Hereford cattle. Their Herefords were sold as breeding stock to other ranchers who wanted to improve their gene pool. In 2007, the southeast was gripped by the worst drought since 1946, with feed prices escalating to unprecedented proportions, the Postlewaites sold the cattle and made the decision to sell the land. Then, in a serendipitous turn of events, the Postlewaites went on vacation in Alaska where Marc went zip lining for the first time in his life.

After the zip line adventure Postlewaite returned to Foxfire Mountain where he took his farm off the market and decided to open an adventure park.

Facilities
Today Foxfire Mountain is a  adventure park that features two zip line courses including the highest zip line in the south. This particular zip line, known as "Goliath" hangs 475 feet above the ground.  The property has a 60-foot climbing wall, which is the highest in Tennessee, a rope obstacle course, a free fall, bear crawler tours, hiking trails and the longest suspension bridge in the United States. Foxfire Mountain was featured in a book entitled "The History of Eastern Sevier County" that was published by Arcadia Books on June 29, 2015. Several pictures of the park's construction as well as the history of the mountain was discussed in the book. The book was written by local journalist Michael Williams.

References
 "Make a Wish, Grant a Wish."
 The Mountain Press, May 8, 2014
 The Knoxville News Sentinel, May 4, 2014
 The History of Eastern Sevier County, published by Arcadia Publishing June, 29, 2015, written by Michael Williams. Pages 13, 81-84.

External links

Landforms of Sevier County, Tennessee
Mountains of Tennessee
Tourist attractions in Sevier County, Tennessee
Adventure parks
Buildings and structures in Sevier County, Tennessee

Foxfire Mountain Themed Adventure Park