Reinbert de Leeuw (8 September 1938 – 14 February 2020) was a Dutch conductor, pianist and composer. He was born in Amsterdam.

In 1974, he founded the Schönberg Ensemble. They mainly focused on performing works by the Second Viennese School. He composed the piece Etude (1983–1985) for the strings of the ensemble.

De Leeuw regularly conducted the Netherlands' major orchestras and ensembles, including the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, New Sinfonietta Amsterdam, Residentie Orchestra The Hague and ensembles such as the Netherlands Chamber Choir, the ASKO, the Netherlands Wind Ensemble, and the orchestras of the Dutch Public Radio.

In the 1995–96 season, he was the centre point of the 'Carte Blanche' series in the Concertgebouw Amsterdam.

He was involved in the organization of the series 'Contemporaries' at the Concertgebouw Amsterdam.

References

1938 births
2020 deaths
21st-century Dutch composers
20th-century Dutch composers
Dutch conductors
Dutch pianists
Musicians from Amsterdam

Reinbert de Leeuw


Appalachian English is a dialect of the English language. It is spoken in the Appalachian Mountains region. Research suggests it is one of the most unique dialects in the United States.

Since the 1930s, a lot of research has been done to figure out where the dialect came from. One theory is that the dialect is a remnant of Elizabethan (or Shakespearean) English that had been preserved by the region's isolation. Another theory suggests that the dialect developed out of the Scots-Irish and Anglo-Scottish border dialects brought to the region by some of its earliest British Isles settlers, who were from the border of Scotland and England.

Recent research suggests that Appalachian English developed as a uniquely American dialect as early settlers adapted English to their unfamiliar frontier environment. This is supported by many similarities between the Appalachian dialect and Colonial American English.

References

American English
Appalachian Mountains

Appalachian English


Fergie Duhamel (born Stacy Ann Ferguson; March 27, 1975) is an American singer, songwriter, fashion designer, television host, and former dancer. She is a former member of the kids' TV series Kids Incorporated, and the girl group Wild Orchid. Ferguson was also a co-host of the TV series Great Pretenders. She was also in the movie Nine. She was a vocalist for the hip hop group The Black Eyed Peas and is a solo artist. She released her debut solo album, The Dutchess, in 2006. Her second solo album, Double Dutchess, was released in 2017 through her own label, Dutchess.

She has achieved three number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100: "London Bridge", "Glamorous", and "Big Girls Don't Cry".

Early life
Ferguson was born in Hacienda Heights, California. She is the daughter of devout Roman Catholic school teachers Theresa Ann (née Gore) and Jon Patrick Ferguson. Her ancestry includes Irish, Scottish, English, Mexican (from a great-grandmother) and Native American. She was raised Roman Catholic. She attended Mesa Robles Middle School and Glen A. Wilson High School. She was a cheerleader, straight-A student and spelling bee champion, as well as a Girl Scout.

Her great-great-great-grandfather John Ribton was the Archdeacon of Achonry. Her great-great-granduncle John Ellard Gore was an astronomer.

Singing career
She has a contralto vocal range.

In 2018, at the NBA All-Star Game, Fergie sang a jazz/swing version of "The Star-Spangled Banner". Critics panned her performance, but she apologized and claimed she was trying a new style.

Personal life
On January 10, 2009, she married actor Josh Duhamel. Fergie and Duhamel are both Catholic. Their son, Axl Jack Duhamel, was born on August 29, 2013. In 2017, Fergie announced that she and Duhamel were divorcing.

In 2017, Fergie left the hip hop group the Black Eyed Peas to focus on her solo career.

Discography
 The Dutchess (2006)
 Double Dutchess (2017)

Notes

References

Other websites
 Official website

Black Eyed Peas members
Actors from Los Angeles County, California
American movie actors
American R&B singers
American pop singers
American hip hop singers
American blue-eyed soul singers
American soul singers
American dance musicians
American rappers
Rappers from California
Singer-songwriters from California
American television actors
American voice actors
1975 births
Living people
People from Whittier, California
Rappers

Fergie


Grand Port () is a district of Mauritius, situated in the east of the island. The name means "large port" in French. The district has an area of 260.3 km2 and the population estimate was at 112,997 as of 31 December 2015.

History

Grand Port is named after the village of 'Old Grand Port' which saw the first Dutch landing and the first port of the island. It is centered on the town of Mahébourg on the coast, inside the Grand Port Bay. Built by the Dutch and later taken over by the French, the town is a reminder of the colonial past of the island.

In 1810, a French squadron of frigates achieved an ultimately futile naval victory over a comparable British squadron at the Battle of Grand Port, near the Île de la Passe.

Places of interest

The district's most well known and popular beaches is Blue Bay, one of the finest bathing spots on the island surrounded by a semicircle of filao trees. Situated on the southeast coast, not far from Mahébourg, Blue Bay offers a fine stretch of white sandy beach, and a deep, clear, light-blue bathing pool. There is also scope for yachting and windsurfing. Many structures in the district reflect the colonial past of the district.

Just north of Mahebourg, Vallée de Ferney contains indigenous forests and a range of endangered plants and animals. Off the coast, Ile aux Aigrettes is a small island where the original ecosystems of Mauritius have been to some degree rehabilitated. The bay of Grand-bay also known as Mahebourg bay itself offers a relatively well preserved underwater flora and fauna which makes it an ideal snorkeling site.

Places
The Grand Port District include different regions; however, some regions are further divided into different suburbs. Midlands and Seizième Mille village council areas are geographically in Plaines Wilhems district and have thus not been included in the places found in Grand Port. However, the residents do vote in local elections for the Grand Port District council.
Note that the statistics do not take into account that Camp Carol was created out of Trois Boutiques and that Trois Boutiques was renamed Trois Boutiques (Union Vale) in 2011 following the new Local Government Act. The islands only airport of Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport is located in the Grand Port District.

Places by population

Gallery

See also

List of places in Mauritius

References

Districts of Mauritius
1666 establishments in the Dutch Empire

Grand Port District


A tenth was used to divide the former American Province of West Jersey into smaller administrative divisions. Despite seemingly related names, tenths are not directly related to hundreds, other than both being administrative divisions.

History
West Jersey was first divided into ten shares when Edward Byllynge and John Fenwick sold parts of their shares to others in order to defray debts. Byllynge, William Penn, Gawen Lawrie and Nicholas Lucas retained nine tenths of the province, with Fenwick retaining one tenth. Fenwick's tenth would eventually evolve into Salem County.

Tenths were formally established by the Lords Proprietors of West New Jersey under "The Concessions and Agreements of the Proprietors, Freeholders and Inhabitants of the Province of West New Jersey, in America", approved March 3, 1676/77, which provided for "dividing all the lands of the said Province, as be already taken up, or by themselves shall be taken up and contracted for with the natives; and the said lands so taken up and contracted for, to divide into one hundred parts, as occasion shall require; that is to say, for every quantity of land that they shall from time to time lay out to be planted and settled upon, they shall first for expedition divide the same into ten equal parts or shares".

In February 1681 "The Methods of the Commissioners for settling and regulation of Lands" directed that each tenth was to contain 64,000 acres, and to "have their proportion of front to the river Delaware". Only five of the tenths were actually organized.

Government

County Jurisdiction
Courts were established in 1681 at Salem and Burlington; the former to have jurisdiction over the Salem Tenth and the latter over the remaining nine tenths. A court was established at Gloucester in 1686 and had jurisdiction within the Third and Fourth Tenths. Three counties would appear to have been formalized before 1692 when the fourth, Cape May, was incorporated.

Legislative Constituencies
The Concessions and Agreements provided for the election of a General Free Assembly; each tenth was a multi-member constituency electing a potential of ten members, although in practice this was limited to the settled and organized tenths. This was further codified by legislation approved in May 1682. This apportionment would remain, in modified form, after the establishment of counties and up until the surrender of the proprietary charter in 1702.

Local Government
Tenths also functioned as units of local government. Chapter 44 of the Concessions and Agreements authorized the Assembly, " to sub-divide the said province into hundreds, proprieties, or such other divisions and distinctions, as they shall think fit". As early as 1682, constables were designated for the First, Second and Third Tenths. The following year, road maintenance was assigned to the tenths; the legislation directing "that the courts shall and may appoint such and so many overseers within their respective liberties, to repair and amend, and maintain the said highways, as they shall judge needful". The authority to lay out highways was enumerated in 1684, with commissioners appointed for the First, Second, Third and Salem tenths. Legislation enacted at the same session required the tenths to raise taxes for making and repairing bridges and highways, as well as for a number of expenses of the Province. For this purpose, each tenth was to nominate six assessors and two tax collectors.

Abandonment
The system of tenths was gradually abandoned in favor of townships.

Salem Tenth, which had from the beginning taken a more independent approach than the others, was subdivided into five townships or precincts as early as the mid-1670s, namely, East Fenwick, Elsinburgh, Monmouth, West Fenwick and the town of Salem.

Burlington County, encompassing the First and Second Tenths, established eight "constablries" in 1688, being Chester or Cropwell, Chesterfield, Eversham, Mansfield, Northampton, Nottingham, Springfield, and Wellingborrow. The Town of Burlington had been authorized in 1677 under the Concessions and Agreements.

Gloucester County, which encompassed the Third and Fourth Tenths, in 1695 established the townships of Deptford, Gloucester, Greenwich, Newton and Waterford. These joined Gloucestertown, which had been formed by the Burlington Court in 1685.

List of Tenths in West New Jersey
First Tenth or Yorkshire Tenth was settled by Quakers from Yorkshire about 1676 and initially included land along the Delaware River between Assunpink Creek and Rancocas Creek. It was divided into Chesterfield, Mansfield and Nottingham townships, and part of Burlington Township.
Second Tenth or London Tenth was settled by Quakers from southern England, also about 1676 and included land between Rancocas and Pennsauken Creeks. Settlers in the First and Second tenths chose the site of Burlington as a mutual settlement and redrew the boundary between the two tenths to follow High Street, thence the present southerly boundary of Springfield Township. The Second Tenth became the townships of Chester, Eversham, Northampton and Wellingborrow, and part of Burlington Township.
Third Tenth or Irish Tenth, lying along the Delaware between Pennsauken and Big Timber Creeks, was settled in 1682 by William Bates and other Quakers from Ireland. It would later be divided into Waterford, Newton, Gloucester and Gloucestertown townships.
Fourth Tenth, between Big Timber and Oldmans Creeks, contained some Swedish settlements, but did not participate in the government of West Jersey until 1685. It was partitioned into Deptford and Greenwich townships.
Salem Tenth consisted of land between Oldmans and Back Creeks. Settled in 1675, it became the nucleus of Salem County.
Six Lower Tenths referred to the sparsely settled Fourth and Sixth through Tenth Tenths. After the organization of the Fourth Tenth, the term Other 5 Tenths below referred to the Sixth through Tenth Tenths, which were never organized as separate entities and never delineated by individual boundaries. The only recorded activity within this territory was the November 25, 1685 appointment of Caleb Carman as justice of the peace in Cape May.

See also
 Hundred (administrative division)
 Riding (division)
 Tithing
 Newton Colony, New Jersey

References

External links
The Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundaries: 1606-1968
"The Grants, Concessions and Original Constitutions of the Province of New Jersey", Aaron Leaming and Jacob Spicer; W. Bradford, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1758
West Jersey History Project

Types of administrative division
Burlington County, New Jersey
Cape May County, New Jersey
Gloucester County, New Jersey
Salem County, New Jersey
Local government in New Jersey

Tenth (administrative division)


Door Kickers is a real-time tactics video game developed and published by Romanian indie studio KillHouse Games. The game was released for Microsoft Windows on October 20, 2014, and later for iOS and Android on June 24, 2015 and September 4, 2015 respectively. A Nintendo Switch version was released on December 26, 2020, published by QubicGames. In Door Kickers, the player commands the SWAT team of the fictional Nowhere City Police Department, leading them against the city's violent criminals and terrorists.

A spinoff action side-scroller, Door Kickers: Action Squad, was released in 2017. A direct sequel with more faithful gameplay, Door Kickers 2: Task Force North, was released in 2020.

Gameplay

Door Kickers combines elements of strategy games and tactical shooters. The game is played from a 2D top-down perspective, providing a full view of each level and allowing for full control of the playable characters.

Gameplay is divided into three phases: deployment, planning, and engagement. In deployment, the player is given a basic overview of the level, selecting the SWAT troopers they wish to use and placing them in preset deployment positions. In planning, the game is paused, and the player is directed to plan the individual movements and actions of each trooper; the extent to which the player does this is entirely up to them, and players may freely plan basic entry, map the team's actions through the entire level, or even skip planning entirely. In engagement, the game is unpaused, and the troopers follow their assigned pathing and actions; the player can still draw paths during the engagement stage, and can switch between engagement and planning at any time.

Each trooper's pathing is created by drawing a line from a trooper (or pathing circle) to another location in the level. White circles denote positioning (such as specifically facing in a certain direction), while blue circles denote actions (such as breaching doors, throwing grenades, or collecting evidence). Orange icons on pathing circles or troopers denote a hold order, where the trooper will hold a position or refrain from an action either until visible enemies are neutralized or no longer within their field of vision, or until ordered to continue by the player (done by clicking them or, if assigned to one, activating one of four "go orders"). Most level elements and enemies are concealed by a translucent blue or solid black fog of war effect that is removed when a trooper's field of vision passes through it.

Some missions include sniper support, offered by an unseen police sniper, that can target and instantly kill any enemy visible from their end of the screen.

Team management and equipment

The player manages a SWAT team of ten troopers, who can have their classes, weapons, armor, utilities, gear, and character customized. Each class has a unique variety of weapons, each of which have stats that cater to particular situations and playstyles. As the team completes missions they will level up, both as a team and individually, improving their individual skills in accuracy, reaction time, and action speed. Stars earned from completing missions can be spent on new weapons and equipment, while doctrine points earned from leveling up the team can be used to improve their overall tactics and efficiency with certain weapon types.

There are five available classes that can be assigned to troopers: Pointman, fast and quick but lacking a primary weapon slot, only armed with handguns; Assaulter, basic and all-rounded, armed with rifles and submachine guns; Breacher, specializing in breaching and close-quarters combat, armed with shotguns; Stealth, able to stealthily flank and kill enemies with suppressed weapons, but otherwise just a weaker Assaulter; and Shield, carrying a ballistic shield able to block bullets, but also very slow, unable to carry equipment or utilities, and only armed with handguns.

Equipment includes flashbangs that stun those in their detonation radius, stinger grenades that can kill or daze depending on proximity, breaching charges that destroy any door but can kill those on the other side, lockpick machines that hasten lockpicking, and tasers that can be used to non-lethally arrest suspects. Utilities include spy cameras to peek through doors without opening them, sledgehammers to quickly breach reinforced doors, bolt cutters to break locks and gates, and breaching kits that combine both but greatly decrease mobility. Body armor improves survivability for specific sides of the trooper's body at the cost of mobility.

Campaigns and missions
Door Kickers features six main campaigns, each with a certain number of missions and a loose plot involving the NCPD's efforts to stop a criminal organization or defeat terrorists. Single missions are missions not tied to a campaign and can be completed at the player's own leisure. Each mission has a rating of three stars, awarded to the player based on the methods they used to complete the mission.

In campaigns, any sustained casualties are kept until completion (so if a trooper is injured, they will remain injured for that playthrough). If a trooper is killed in a campaign, they are permanently lost, with their stats and rank reset and their character changed. Single missions lack this mechanic, meaning troopers killed in a single mission will be retained.

Door Kickers features a level editor and full modding support, allowing players to create their own levels and download other user-created levels or mods through the Steam Workshop. There is also a level generator, though the maps and options available are very limited.

There are eight mission varieties: "Clear Hostiles", where all enemies in the level must be neutralized; "Hostage Rescue", similar to Clear Hostiles but featuring rescuable civilian hostages; "Bomb Defusal", where a time bomb must be defused before it can detonate; "Stop Execution", essentially Hostage Rescue but with enemies that can execute hostages if not stopped within a certain time frame; "Protect the VIP", where a controllable VIP must be protected from enemy assassins; "Arrest Warrant", where a wanted suspect must be apprehended; "Dope Raid", where evidence must be recovered before suspects can destroy them; and "Robbery in Progress", where robbers must be stopped before they can reach an escape point.

Reception
Door Kickers was positively received by critics. Rock Paper Shotgun stated "Door Kickers is a smashing top-down tactical masterclass, with enough missions to shake a nightstick at, randomised enemy placements to add further variety, and a bundled level editor allows devious designers to create their own maps and missions … Door Kickers is a complete package of planning, panicking and policing." Indie Statik proclaimed that "...It's a thing of beauty and manages to capture the planning and satisfying execution of more complex strategy games, as well as the gung-ho and the popping-off of growly man in military shooters. ... It's probably the best man-shootery game I've played in years." In a Giant Bomb Quick Look, Matt Rorie praised it and said he enjoyed the game.

Rock Paper Shotgun awarded Door Kickers their Best Tactics of 2014 award.

Sequels and spin-offs

Door Kickers: Action Squad
Door Kickers: Action Squad is a spinoff of Door Kickers, created on behalf of KillHouse Games by another studio, pixelshard. The game was first teased on August 1, 2017 in a comic on the KHG website. A day later, an official trailer was released. The game was shown at the 2017 Game Developer's Conference. Action Squad was released on early access on November 20, 2017. Full release was on September 10, 2018 for Windows PCs. It received console ports to Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One on October 28, 2019. A port for the iOS was released on April 2, 2020. The game received generally positive reviews.

Door Kickers: Action Squad strays from the series' traditional top-down gameplay in favor of a less-serious side-scrolling action game, featuring characters loosely based on the classes from Door Kickers.

Door Kickers 2: Task Force North
Door Kickers 2: Task Force North, a direct sequel to Door Kickers, was released through Steam Early Access on November 3, 2020. While the game was initially planned for a Q4 2016 release, the game received substantial delays and was trapped in development hell for several years. An official release trailer debuted on February 4, 2020, teasing a Q2 2020 release date; however, this too was pushed back several months.

Door Kickers 2 departs from the law enforcement setting of the first game and is set in the fictional Middle Eastern country of Nowheraki, following special forces and paramilitary operations against terrorists in said region, led by the US Army Rangers of the 75th Ranger Regiment, CIA SAC Special Operations Group operators, and the Nowheraki SWAT militia.

Door Kickers 2 features improved weapon variety, equipment, AI, and various new gameplay features in a 3D environment. Many features that were criticized in Door Kickers were improved in the sequel, such as the stealth mechanics. Like the first game, Door Kickers 2 features a level editor and full modding support, allowing players to create their own levels and download content made by other players; however, only levels are available on the Steam Workshop, while all other mods are only available on Nexus Mods.

References

External links

2014 video games
Real-time strategy video games
Android (operating system) games
Indie games
IOS games
Linux games
Video games about police officers
Video games developed in Romania
Windows games
Nintendo Switch games
Cooperative video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
QubicGames games

Door Kickers


The Second Battle of Lamia was fought in 209 BC between the forces of Philip V of Macedon and Pyrrhias, a general of the Aetolian League. Pyrrhias was once again aided by Pergamene forces and Roman advisors but again he was defeated. His side suffered heavy casualties.

Background
In the spring of 210 BC, Laevinus again sailed from Corcyra with his fleet, and with the Aetolians, captured Phocian Anticyra. Rome enslaved the inhabitants and Aetolia took possession of the town.

Although there was some fear of Rome and concern with her methods, the coalition arrayed against Philip continued to grow. As allowed for by the treaty, Pergamon, Elis and Messenia, followed by Sparta, all agreed to join the alliance against Macedon. The Roman fleet, together with the Pergamene fleet, controlled the sea, and Macedon and her allies were threatened on land by the rest of the coalition. The Roman strategy of encumbering Philip with a war among Greeks in Greece was succeeding, so much so that when Laevinus went to Rome to take up his consulship, he was able to report that the legion deployed against Philip could be safely withdrawn.

However, the Eleans, Messenians and Spartans remained passive throughout 210 BC, and Philip continued to make advances. He invested and took Echinus, using extensive siege works, having beaten back an attempt to relieve the town by the Aetolian strategos Dorimachus and the Roman fleet, now commanded by the proconsul Publius Sulpicius Galba. Moving west Philip probably also took Phalara the port city of Lamia, in the Maliac Gulf. Sulpicius and Dorimachus took Aegina, an island in the Saronic Gulf, which the Aetolians sold to Attalus, the Pergamene king, for thirty talents, and which he was to use as his base of operations against Macedon in the Aegean Sea.

In the spring of 209 BC, Philip received requests for help from his ally the Achaean League in the Peloponnesus who were being attacked by Sparta and the Aetolians. He also heard that Attalus had been elected one of the two supreme commanders of the Aetolian League, and rumours that he intended to crossover the Aegean from Asia Minor. It was due to this that King Philip decided to march south into Greece. In the First Battle of Lamia the Aetolian league suffered almost 1,000 casualties.

References

Bibliography

Livy, From the Founding of the City, Rev. Canon Roberts (translator), Ernest Rhys (Ed.); (1905) London: J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd.
Polybius, Histories, Evelyn S. Shuckburgh (translator); London, New York. Macmillan (1889); Reprint Bloomington (1962).

200s BC conflicts
209 BC
Battles of Philip V of Macedon
Battles involving Pergamon
First Macedonian War
History of Lamia (city)
Lamia
Lamia

Second Battle of Lamia


Hemisphere Dancer was singer/songwriter Jimmy Buffett's personal seaplane. A Grumman HU-16 Albatross flying boat, former U.S. Navy Bureau Number (BuNo) 137928 and civil registration number N928J.  The aircraft is central to the action in Buffett's best-selling memoir A Pirate Looks at 50.

History

This aircraft began life on August 22, 1955, as a long range search and rescue platform for the U.S. Navy.  The largest member of the Grumman "waterfowl" series of amphibious airplanes, the Albatross remained in service with the U.S. Navy until the mid-1970s. After it remained inactive for a number of years, Buffett purchased the aircraft in the 1990s and restored it.

"Jamaica Mistaica"

This is the plane Buffett was flying during the incident recounted in the song "Jamaica Mistaica" on the album Banana Wind. While in Jamaica on January 16, 1996, Buffett's plane was shot at by Jamaican police. The Hemisphere Dancer was carrying Buffett, U2's lead singer Bono, his wife Ali, their children Jordan and Eve, and Island Records founder Chris Blackwell. Police suspected it was smuggling drugs. No one was hurt, although there were a few bullet holes in the plane.

A Pirate Looks at 50
After making a number of other trips around the Caribbean with it, Buffett set off on a tour of the Caribbean, Central, and South America, in celebration of his 50th birthday.  Accompanying him were his wife, son, youngest daughter, and some hired pilots to lighten the workload.  Despite numerous efforts at obtaining the requisite clearances and permissions, the Hemisphere Dancer was only allowed to make a water landing once during the month-long odyssey.  This action is chronicled in Buffett's autobiographical travelogue A Pirate Looks at 50, which was an immediate #1 best seller.

Current status

Since publication of A Pirate Looks at 50, the Hemisphere Dancer has become an icon of Parrothead culture, being featured on clothing, Jimmy Buffett's Margaritaville restaurant menus, and as the namesake of drinks and garnishes at Margaritaville and Cheeseburger in Paradise Restaurants. It has made numerous visits to general aviation fly-ins such as the Sun 'n Fun and EAA AirVenture Oshkosh exhibitions.

In 2003, Buffett retired the aircraft from active flying service. It is now featured as an outdoor bar and seating area at Buffett's Margaritaville at Universal Orlando Resort's CityWalk in Orlando, Florida.

References

Individual aircraft
Jimmy Buffett
Seaplanes
Universal Orlando

Hemisphere Dancer


Paddock Wood Brewing Co. is a brewery in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.

History
Paddock Wood was founded in 1995 as a mail order brewing supply business providing grain, yeast and other brewing supplies to the homebrewing market. In 2000, the business expanded to include brewing kits made in house to which customers would add yeast and complete the fermentation process at home.

In 2004, Paddock Wood Brewing Co entered into negotiations with the provincial regulatory body, the Saskatchewan Liquor and Gaming Authority, in an attempt to change a standing policy that restricted the licensing of microbreweries to premises where the beer was also consumed. In the same year the province changed the regulation allowing Paddock Wood Brewing Co to transition from a supplies business to a licensed microbrewery.

Production and distribution
In 2011, Paddock Wood produced approximately 3,000 hectolitres of beer, equivalent to 500,000 bottles, an increase of 2650 hectolitres over 2007. CEO Steve Cavan has stated that the brewery attempts to adhere as closely to the German purity law for beer production as possible; Paddock Wood does not use rice, corn or added chemicals.

Paddock Wood ships draught beer and bottled products to restaurants and stores throughout Saskatchewan.

Awards
 Gold Domestic Ale at Calgary Beer Fest 2010 for Loki IPA.
 Silver Domestic Lager at Calgary Beer Fest 2011 for Black Cat.
 Bronze Domestic Ale at Calgary Beer Fest 2011 for Imperial Stout.
 Gold Stout, Porter, or Black at Calgary Beer Fest 2012 for London Porter.
 Bronze Rookie of the Year at Calgary Beer Fest 2012 for Red Hammer.

The Woods Alehouse
Paddock Wood acquired a space and permits for a tap house in down town Saskatoon, Saskatchewan

References

External links
Official website

Beer brewing companies based in Saskatchewan
Companies based in Saskatoon
Cuisine of Saskatchewan

Paddock Wood Brewing Company


"Me Against The Music" is a 2003 single. It is by pop music singer Britney Spears. It is also the first one from the album In the Zone in October 2003. It features American singer and entertainer Madonna.

Background
"Me Against The Music" is different from any previous singles released by Spears in a number of ways. For one, this became her first to have co-writing and co-producing credits from herself (along with many others, inlcuding Madonna whom is also featured on vocals for the song). Secondly, this is truly her first single away from the bubble-gum pop and security of producer Max Martin; It is even more independent than her previous tracks produced by The Neptunes in that this song takes in multiple talents and collaborations, and not just those of a single team.

Chart success
After a long run of US flops, "Me Against the Music" became Spears' first single since 2001's "I'm A Slave 4 U". That was to achieve considerable success (possibly due to the presence of Madonna). While a modest top 40 hit on the Billboard Hot 100, the song became a huge dance success. It topped both the Hot Dance Music/Club Play and Hot Dance Singles Sales charts. The track also went top 20 on both the Top 40 Mainstream and Top 40 Tracks charts.

Internationally, the song was a massive hit. It peaked at #2 in both the UK and Canada and #1 in Australia.

2003 songs
Britney Spears songs
Madonna (entertainer) songs
Dance-pop songs

Me Against the Music


A large number of canals were built in Cheshire, England, during the early phases of the Industrial Revolution to transport goods and raw materials.  This resulted in a significant canal network which is now enjoyed by holiday-makers, anglers, walkers, and others.

Routes of navigable canals

Bridgewater Canal

The Bridgewater Canal runs from Preston Brook, near Runcorn, to Leigh in Greater Manchester. The original section of the canal starts at Castlefield Basin in Manchester city centre where it joins the Rochdale Canal. The canal runs west from Manchester for about , where it splits into two parts at "Waters Meeting" junction. It then passes Hulme Lock, an unused connection to the River Irwell and the Manchester Ship Canal, and a new lock at Pomona which accesses the Ship Canal.

From Waters Meeting, the original part of the canal passes over the Manchester Ship Canal on the Barton Swing Aqueduct at Salford and travels about  to Leigh, where it makes an end-on connection with the Leeds and Liverpool Canal.

The other part of the canal travels about  south-west to Runcorn, passing through the towns of Sale and Lymm, and to the south of central Warrington. At Preston Brook, the canal connects with the Trent and Mersey Canal.

Trent and Mersey Canal

The Trent and Mersey Canal links the River Trent at Derwent Mouth (in Derbyshire) to the River Mersey. The second connection is made via the Bridgewater Canal, which it joins at Preston Brook in Cheshire. Although mileposts measure the distance to Preston Brook and Shardlow, Derwent Mouth is a mile or so beyond Shardlow.

Peak Forest Canal

The Peak Forest Canal runs from a junction with the Ashton Canal at the southern end of the Tame Aqueduct at Dukinfield through Newton, Hyde, Woodley, Bredbury, Romiley, Marple, Strines, Disley, New Mills, Furness Vale, and Bridgemont. It terminates at Bugsworth Basin, and there is a short branch at Bridgemont to Whaley Bridge. This canal is just over  long.

At Marple, the canal crosses Marple Aqueduct and then rises through 16 locks and makes a junction at Top Lock with the Macclesfield Canal.

Wardle Canal

The Wardle Canal is located in Middlewich, Cheshire, and connects the Trent and Mersey Canal to the Shropshire Union Canal (Middlewich branch). It is the shortest canal in the UK, at approximately  long, and terminates with a single lock (known as Wardle lock).

Macclesfield Canal

The Macclesfield Canal runs  from Marple Junction where it joins the Peak Forest Canal, southwards (through Bollington, Macclesfield, and Congleton), to a junction with the Trent and Mersey Canal near Kidsgrove.

Shropshire Union Canal

The Shropshire Union Canal links Wolverhampton (and the Birmingham Canal Navigations) with the River Mersey.

History

The Bridgewater Canal is often considered to be the first true canal in Britain. However, the Sankey Canal also has good claim to that title.  Although the Sankey Canal was originally contained within the old county of Lancashire, the transfer of Warrington and Widnes to Cheshire means that it now lies partly in the county.  Preston Brook also lies in Cheshire, south of the River Mersey.

Opening dates
Where possible, opening dates for the entire length have been used.  Otherwise the date indicates when the Act of Parliament was granted.

 1721 – River Weaver (canalised)
 1757 – Sankey Brook Navigation – Engineer Henry Berry and William Taylor,
 1761 – Bridgewater Canal – Engineer James Brindley
 1772 – Chester Canal
 1777 – Trent and Mersey Canal – Engineer James Brindley
 1796 – Ashton Canal
 1800 – Peak Forest Canal – Engineer Benjamin Outram and Thomas Brown
 1804 – Rochdale Canal
 1829 – Wardle Canal
 1831 – Macclesfield Canal
 1835 – Shropshire Union Canal – Engineer Thomas Telford and others
 1894 – Manchester Ship Canal – Engineers Edward Leader Williams

List of canals in Cheshire
The following is an incomplete list of canals (or navigable rivers) which pass (at least in part) through Cheshire:

 Trent and Mersey Canal
 Shropshire Union Canal
 Macclesfield Canal
 Ellesmere Canal
 Llangollen Canal
 Chester Canal
 Manchester Ship Canal
 River Weaver
 Rochdale Canal
 Ashton Canal
 Peak Forest Canal
 Bridgewater Canal
 Cheshire Ring
 Wardle Canal

Structures found on canals

 Anderton Boat Lift
 Red Bull Aqueduct
 Marple Lock Flight

The Cheshire Ring

The Cheshire Ring is a popular canal cruise which includes six of the canals in Cheshire.  Because it takes approximately a week to complete, it is suited to narrowboat holidays which  start and return to the same location.  The route has 92 locks and is  long. It is  popular because it offers a contrast between the city centre of Manchester, views of the Peak District, and the Cheshire Plain.

See also

Geography of England
Transport in England
Transport in the United Kingdom
History of the British canal system

References

Transport in Cheshire

Canals in Cheshire


គោលនយោបាយសាធារណៈ' () is the principled guide to action taken by the administrative អង្គនីតិប្រតិបិត្តនៃរដ្ឋ with regard to a class of issues in a manner consistent with law and institutional customs. In general, the foundation is the pertinent national and substantial constitutional law and implementing legislation such as the US Federal code. Further substrates include both judicial interpretations and regulations which are generally authorized by legislation.

Other scholars define it as a system of "courses of action, regulatory measures, laws, and funding priorities concerning a given topic promulgated by a governmental entity or its representatives."  Public policy is commonly embodied "in constitutions, legislative acts, and judicial decisions."

នៅក្នុងសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក, this concept refers not only to the result of policies, but more broadly to the decision-making and analysis of governmental decisions. As an academic discipline, public policy is studied by professors and students at public policy schools of major universities throughout the country.  The U.S. professional association of public policy practitioners, researchers, scholars, and students is the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.

ឯកសារយោង

គោលនយោបាយសាធារណៈ


HMS Begonia was a  that served in the Royal Navy during World War II. In 1942 she was lent to the United States Navy and commissioned as USS Impulse. Returned to the Royal Navy in 1945, Begonia was stricken and sold into merchant service. She was wrecked off the coast of Spain in 1970.

Service history
The ship was built at Cook, Welton & Gemmell, of Beverley, England, as part of the 1939 Programme for the Royal Navy. One of the earliest Flower-class corvettes, she was ordered on 25 July 1939, laid down 13 March 1940 and launched on 18 September 1940. She was commissioned into the Royal Navy on 3 March 1941. She then served as a convoy escort.

Royal Navy
After working up, Begonia was assigned to the Western Approaches Escort Force for service as a convoy escort. In this role Begonia was engaged in all the duties performed by escort ships; protecting convoys, searching for and attacking U-boats which attacked ships in convoy, and rescuing survivors.

During this period she fought in several convoy battles. In July 1941 Begonia was part of the force escorting OG 69, which saw seven ships sunk and one U-boat damaged off the coast of Portugal. In September 1941 Begonia was with HG 73, which lost nine ships and an escort in a ten-day running battle.
During her twelve months service in the Battle of the Atlantic Begonia escorted 15 Atlantic and 8 Gibraltar convoys, assisting in the safe passage of over 800 ships, though some were subsequently lost. One of a group of corvettes transferred to the U.S. Navy under reverse Lend-Lease, she was commissioned as USS Impulse in March 1942.

US Navy
She was commissioned as USS Impulse at London on 16 March 1942. Impulse departed from Lisahally, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland, on 15 April 1942 as a convoy escort. Upon arrival at New York on 4 May, the ship steamed to Norfolk, Virginia, and began regular operations as a coastal escort ship from Norfolk to Key West. Impulse returned to New York on 25 August 1942 for duty protecting the important supply line between that port and Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. For the next three years she made repeated escort voyages to and from Cuba, effectively helping to counter the German U-boat menace.

Impulse arrived at Boston on 6 July 1945 for return to the Royal Navy. She departed on 1 August and arrived Harwich, England, on 15 August. Decommissioned on 22 August 1945, the corvette was returned to the Royal Navy.

Fate
The vessel was sold into civilian service on 22 July 1946, becoming the mercantile Begonlock. Resold in 1949 and renamed Fundiciones Molinao, the ship was renamed Astiluzu in 1951 and Rio Mero in 1956. She was wrecked off Punta de los Entinas, Spain, on 21 January 1970.

References

Notes

Books

Hague, Arnold : The Allied Convoy System 1939–1945 (2000)  (Canada) .  (UK)

Links
  HMS Begonia at uboat.net
  USS Impulse at uboat.net
  USS Impulse at DANFS

External links

Flower-class corvettes of the Royal Navy
Temptress-class gunboats
1940 ships

HMS Begonia (K66)


Giovanni Cavalcanti (1444–1509) was an Italian poet from Florence, a member of the Platonic Academy of Florence that met in the Villa Medici at Careggi under the guidance of Marsilio Ficino. Ficino and Cavalcanti were particular friends: Giovanni Cavalcanti lived for many years with Ficino at his villa, and Marsilio dedicated his essay De amore (1484) to Cavalcanti, who had urged him to compose it. Ficino introduced the concept of "Platonic love" and addressed many letters to his Giovanni amico mio perfettisimo ("Giovanni my most perfect friend").

References

1444 births
1509 deaths
Writers from Florence
Italian poets
Italian male poets

Giovanni Cavalcanti (poet)


José Carlos de Brito e Cunha, known as J. Carlos, (July 18, 1884 — October 2, 1950) was a Brazilian cartoonist, illustrator and graphic designer. J. Carlos also did sculpture, wrote vaudeville plays, wrote lyrics for samba and was a major talent in Brazilian Art Deco graphic design.

Biography

Carlos was born and died in Rio de Janeiro.  His first work, a drawing of a newcomer, was published in 1902 in the magazine Tagarela. He soon became a regular contributor to the magazine and within less than a year, designed a cover. He collaborated in design and illustration in all the major publications of Brazil from the 1900s until the late 1940s, including O Malho, O Tico Tico, Fon-Fon!, Careta, A Cigarra, Vida Moderna, Para Todos, Eu Sei Tudo, Revista da Semana, and O Cruzeiro.

His oeuvre is estimated to be more than 100,000 illustrations, with a varied range of fictionalized personages and Brazilian popular figures of the time. From a quintessential Brazilian archetype comic strip, the whimsical little black girl named Lamparina, and other curious cariocas type, to middle class characters and famed politics and society people, nobody in the Brazilian conscious mind escaped J.Carlos elegant line of perception.

In the 1930s, J. Carlos was the first Brazilian to draw Mickey Mouse; he drew the character in covers and advertisements in the magazine O Tico Tico.

In 1941, Walt Disney visited Brazil. Disney was impressed with the style of J. Carlos and asked him to work in Hollywood. The illustrator declined, but sent Disney a drawing of a parrot that inspired the creation of José Carioca.

In 1950, while discussing his friend's, João de Barro, known as Braguinha, upcoming record cover illustration, J. Carlos suffered a brain stroke and died two days later. In the October issue of the magazine O Careta's, J. Carlos' last contribution was much sought after.

References

Bibliography

 Zuenir Ventura / Cássio Loredano: O Rio de J.Carlos (J.Carlos' Rio), Lacerda publisher, 1998.
 Cássio Loredano: O Bonde e a Linha (The Streetcar and the Wire), Capivara publisher, 2003.
 Herman Lima: História da Caricatura no Brasil: Vol. 3 (Brazilian caricature's history: 3rd Volume), José Olympio Editora publisher, Rio de Janeiro, 1963.
 Julieta Sobral: J. Carlos, designer, in Rafael Cardoso publisher. O design brasileiro antes do design: aspectos da história gráfica 1860-1960 (Brazilian design before Design: graphic's history facets), editora Cosac Naify, 2005.

External links
Biography at Lambiek's Comiclopedia (focuses on his comics work)
JotaCarlos.org

1884 births
1950 deaths
Brazilian cartoonists
Brazilian comics artists
Brazilian lyricists
Brazilian illustrators
Brazilian graphic designers
Brazilian sculptors
20th-century Brazilian dramatists and playwrights
Artists from Rio de Janeiro (city)
Brazilian male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Brazilian male writers
Brazilian caricaturists

J. Carlos


is Japanese singer-songwriter Ua's seventh single, released on February 21, 1997. It was used in Kanebō cosmetics T'Estimo II commercials.

"Amai Unmei" is Ua's best-selling single. It debuted with 43,920 units sold at #18 on the Oricon Weekly Singles Chart and later peaked at #10, becoming first top 10 entry and highest charting single. Despite the success of the single, "Amai Unmei" was not included in Ua's second album "Ametora". It was included for the first time in an album on Ua's first compilation Illuminate: The Very Best Songs. In 1998, an English-language version was recorded by the then-duo Double for their single "For Me".

"Amai Unmei" features a cover of Chiga Kahoru's 1969 hit "Mayonaka no Guitar".

Track listing

CD

Vinyl

Charts, certifications and sales

References

External links
 SPEEDSTAR RECORDS | UA 「甘い運命」

1997 singles
Ua (singer) songs
1997 songs

Amai Unmei


Baby's Day Out is a 1994 American adventure comedy film directed by Patrick Read Johnson and written by John Hughes, who also produced the film. It stars Joe Mantegna, Lara Flynn Boyle, Joe Pantoliano, and Brian Haley.

Plot
Posing as children's photographers, three crooks named Edgar Mausey, Victor Riley, and Norbert LeBlaw scheme their way into a mansion to kidnap an infant named Bink. Their hostage proves quite resourceful, however, escaping their hideout and making his way into downtown Chicago. Now the con men have to find their abductee, who believes that in order to return home he must reenact scenes from his favorite storybook, including trips to the zoo and a construction site.

Cast
 Adam Robert Worton and Jacob Joseph Worton as Bennington Austin "Bink" Cotwell IV
 Verne Troyer as Bink's stunt double
 Joe Mantegna as Edgar "Eddie" Mauser
 Brian Haley as Victor "Veeko" Riley
 Joe Pantoliano as Norbert "Norby" LeBlaw
 Lara Flynn Boyle as Laraine Cotwell, Bink's mom
 Matthew Glave as Bennington Austin "Bing" Cotwell III, Bink's dad
 Cynthia Nixon as Gilbertine
 Fred Thompson as FBI Agent Dale Grissom
 John Neville as Mr. Andrews
 Robin Baber as Fat Lady
 Trevor Dalton as Norm
 Eddie Bracken as Old Soldier
 Dawn Maxey as Teenage Employee
 Anna Thomson as Mrs. McCray
 John Alexander as Gorilla
 Neil Flynn as Cop in the park

American movies

Baby's Day Out


Dorothy Otnow Lewis is an American psychiatrist and author who has been an expert witness at a number of high-profile cases.

She specializes in the study of violent individuals and people with dissociative identity disorder (DID), formerly known as multiple personality disorder. Lewis has worked with death row inmates as well as other prison inmates convicted for crimes of passion and violence, and was the director of the DID clinic at Bellevue Hospital, associated with New York University in New York City. She is a professor of psychiatry at Yale and New York University and is the author of Guilty by Reason of Insanity, a book she wrote based on research done in collaboration with neurologist Jonathan Pincus.

Education and personal life
Lewis is a graduate of the Ethical Culture Fieldston School, Radcliffe College and Yale University School of Medicine. She has stated in one of her books she originally went to medical school intending to become a psychoanalyst.

She was married to Melvin Lewis, a child psychiatrist and professor at Yale, who died in 2007. She has two children.

Research
During her research Lewis concluded that most, if not all, of the inmates she worked with had been abused as children or had experienced or witnessed potentially traumatic events, including violence. She found that in most cases both the accused and the family members have been reluctant to discuss the abuse that happened in the past; in many cases she concluded that the inmates had blocked out the memories. In some cases she was able to find testimony to this abuse as well as corroborating evidence. The corroborating evidence often included scars said to be from the abuse, as well as hospital and criminal records potentially related to abuse. In many cases, the hospital records of the abuse were attributed to other causes, often accidents; the explanations often did not match the injuries according to Lewis, however. She also found that the parents of these children often had the same problems as the children and concluded that they taught their behavior to the children. She argued that they often relied on excessive force to discipline their children and used it inconsistently, and that in many cases the children who received the strictest discipline became the most violent. In some cases these children found that if they told other adults about the abuse, which in some cases was very extreme, they found that adults didn't believe them because the stories were too bizarre.

However, other experts, such as forensic psychologist Barbara R. Kirwin, question Lewis' uses of small samples without control groups, and her own findings indicate a far lower estimate of how many murderers were abused as children.

Lewis in fact focused on several possible antecedents of violence, and summed up her conclusions in 1998: "What brain damage does is it increases emotional lability, impulsiveness, poor judgment. But most brain-damaged people are not violent. And psychoses, even paranoia ... even paranoid schizophrenia does not usually create violence. Most people with this disorder are not violent. And probably abuse alone does not create a grotesquely violent individual. However, when you put these together brain dysfunction, a tendency to paranoia and early on-going horrendous abuse and violence, you get a recipe for violence." Lewis has also highlighted the role of extremes of mood such as major depression and mania or even hypomania (including swings between them as found in the bipolar spectrum, previously known as manic depressive psychosis), and dissociative identity states (formerly multiple personality disorder, that Lewis originally doubted the existence of).

Trial work
Lewis has assessed and/or testified for the defense on several high-profile criminal cases, including Mark David Chapman, Joel Rifkin, David Wilson (Louisiana) and Marie Moore (New Jersey), Joseph Paul Franklin, Ted Bundy and Arthur Shawcross.She most recently testified as an expert witness for the defense in CO vs. Leticia Stauch in May 2023. Her testimony mainly benefitted the prosecution, however. The jury did not find her testimony to be credible and Ms. Stauch was found guilty on all four charges.

In the Shawcross case Lewis was the subject of some controversy. The first defense psychiatrist had concluded there was no insanity defense feasible for Shawcross, but Lewis reported diagnoses of post-traumatic stress disorder, dissociative identity disorder, brain damage, and psychomotor epilepsy. However, the prosecution took her case apart and it appeared that she had obtained some of her interview material from Shawcross by hypnosis, conducted without proper procedures for protecting against leading questions and false memories. In turn Lewis criticized the defense team for failing to obtain further brain studies to verify diagnoses of epilepsy and brain damage.  She questioned the ethics of a prominent neurologist who was sent a brain scan by the defense and who ended up using the brain scan to testify for the prosecution. While Lewis stated that her long-term colleague Pincus found evidence of a temporal lobe cyst, frontal lobe scarring and electroencephalogram spiking, other neurologists found no evidence of abnormal ECG readings or any witnessed seizure, and concluded his neurology was within normal limits. Over the course of the trial Lewis became the focus of some public ridicule for her rambling style, and afterwards some of the jurors said she had damaged the defense case.  Lewis has proposed a conspiracy theory to explain why she may have been deliberately undermined, based on the prosecutor sharing the same rare name as a former CIA operative and the possibility that her questioning of Shawcross's army days might have risked revealing he had been put through MKUltra-type brainwashing experiments.

Lewis was also hired by the defense for the Washington Beltway Sniper John Allen Muhammad and assessed his mental state. Her report concluded that he had psychotic schizo-affective disorder and had brain dysfunction. Lewis, along with a New York Times journalist who reported an interview with her prior to Muhammad's capture, has been criticized by the head of the American Psychiatric Association and National Alliance on Mental Illness for having asserted that the man is "clearly psychotic" and probably manic. Lewis defended her media work and referred to another article that said she was one of the few to have gotten it right; however, for that Newsweek article she was quoted: "He may be talking nonsense, but that doesn't mean he's delusional."

Views on justice and death penalty

Lewis is skeptical of the death penalty, but not necessarily the sentencing of inmates to life in order to protect the public. Neither Lewis nor Pincus believe the death penalty works as a deterrent. Lewis believes that the quest for justice often leads many prosecutors, judges, jurors to overlook things that could be considered mitigating circumstances. She believes that this leads to overlooking the root causes of crime and prevents long-term solutions that will help reduce child abuse and prevent more abused children from becoming killers.

Play plagiarism accusation

In 2004 Lewis alleged that British playwright Bryony Lavery's hit Broadway play Frozen, particularly the character of 'Agnetha', a psychiatrist sent to evaluate a serial killer, was based on thematic similarities with her book Guilty by Reason of Insanity and verbatim extracts from a New Yorker article about her by Malcolm Gladwell. Lewis hired a lawyer and began preparing for a lawsuit, including getting Gladwell to sign his copyright over to her for her case. The story was covered internationally in 2004 and Lavery states it has damaged her career. However, Gladwell himself has since said he was not comfortable signing over his copyright to Lewis (and did change his mind) and, while understanding that she was upset, suggests that the legal accusations were fueled by a lack of appreciation of the creative arts.

Movie

In 2020 Lewis' work on the psychology of murders was portrayed in the documentary film Crazy, Not Insane by Alex Gibney.

Books

Delinquency and psychopathology (with David A. Balla), 1976
Vulnerabilities to Delinquency, 1981
Guilty by Reason of Insanity, 1998

References

Living people
American forensic psychiatrists
Yale University faculty
American women academics
American women psychiatrists
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women

Dorothy Otnow Lewis


A Cat Abroad is the second short novel by Peter Gethers that documents his life with his cat Norton, a Scottish Fold. It was preceded by The Cat Who Went to Paris and followed by The Cat Who'll Live Forever: The Final Adventures of Norton, the Perfect Cat, and His Imperfect Human. A Cat Abroad documents Gether's and Norton's time living in a foreign country and describes not only their relationship and experiences but also the intricacies and difficulties of living in a small hamlet in a foreign country.

Scottish Fold
1993 American novels
American autobiographical novels
Novels about cats
American memoirs

A Cat Abroad


Raunds Town F.C. is a football club based at Raunds, Northamptonshire, England. The play in the . They were FA Vase semi-finalists in 1994–95.

History
Raunds Town was founded in 1946. There had been other teams with "Raunds" in the title as long ago as 1896–97, but at a meeting in the town's Temperance Hall in May 1946 a new amalgamated club was formed. The club is nicknamed "The Shopmates" in reference to the local boot and shoe industry, which was largely workshop-based.

In 1950 the Shopmates joined the United Counties League (formerly the Northamptonshire League), playing in the Second Division. They did not set the league on fire, and after switching between the divisions settled in Division One after the former first division was redesignated the Premier Division. A season in Division Two in 1979–80 seemed to wake them up: after the division was disbanded at the end of that season, the Shopmates returned to Division One and were promoted as champions in 1982–83.

Raunds Town embarked upon an ambitious programme. Having played at Greenhouse Field for two years at the start, they moved to The Berristers for thirty-three seasons and in 1991 they moved to Kiln Park. The stadium adjacent to the A45 was designed to host football at a higher level. The Shopmates' on-field performance matched this munificence. In 1992–93 they won at Northwich Victoria 2–0 to eliminate their hosts from the FA Cup in the Second Qualifying Round, thus far the only time a UCL club has eliminated Conference opposition from the competition. In 1994–95 the Shopmates lost the FA Vase semi-final against Arlesey Town having led 3–0 after the first (home) leg. The following season they were eliminated in the quarter-final by Bristol club Mangotsfield United. In 2006–07 the Shopmates eliminated Isthmian League side Enfield from the FA Cup by way of a 2–1 away win, gaining revenge for a reverse in the same competition at their hands eight seasons before.

Meanwhile, in the United Counties League, the leadership of manager Keith Burt led an assault on the top of the table. Having lost out on the championship on goal difference in 1994–95, Raunds seized the title the following season. They were duly promoted to the Southern League, where they took their place in the Midland Division. However, they suffered from their geographical location close to the boundary between the divisions and in 1998–99, the Shopmates were shifted to the Southern Division, which was renamed the Eastern Division the following season. This had financial implications, not least the cost of travelling, and for two seasons Raunds Town struggled. Manager Keith Burt resigned, and the club had little option but to apply for re-admission to the United Counties League at the end of 1999–2000.

In the 2012–13 season, Raunds Town were managed by Stuart Brown. 2013-14 saw the arrival of co-managers James Le Masurier and Scott Manning. At the end of the 2020–21 season the club were transferred to Division One of the Spartan South Midlands League.

Staff Positions
  Joint Managers: Luke Aridegbe/Dean McBride
 Head Coach: Matt Carr
 First Team Coach: Stíofan Emery
 Reserve Team Manager: Matt O`Connor
 U18 Manager: Steve Whitney/Eddie Mcgoldrick/Wayne Bellamy

Honours
United Counties League Premier Division
Runners-up 1991–92, 1994–95
United Counties League Division One
Champions 1982–83

Records
FA Cup
Fourth Qualifying Round 1998–99
FA Trophy
Third Round 1998–99
FA Vase
Semi-finals 1994–95

References

External links

Football clubs in England
Football clubs in Northamptonshire
Association football clubs established in 1946
United Counties League
Southern Football League clubs
1946 establishments in England
Raunds
Spartan South Midlands Football League

Raunds Town F.C.


José Antonio Conde y García (28 October 1766–12 June 1820) was a Spanish Orientalist and historian of Al-Andalus period. His Anacreon (1791) obtained him a post in the royal library in 1795. He also published several paraphrases of Greek classics. These were followed in 1799 by an edition of the Arabic text of Muhammad al-Idrisi's Description of Spain, with notes and a translation. As an afrancesado, he fled Spain in 1813, but returned a year later and was eventually reinstated to his honors.  His magnum opus,  the three-volume Historia de la Dominación de los Árabes en España, was published after his death.

Career

Conde was educated at the university of Alcalá. He published a translation of the works of the Greek poet Anacreon in 1795. In 1796–1797, he published paraphrases from Theocritus, Bion, Moschus, Sappho and Meleager. In 1799, these were followed by an edition of the Arabic text of Muhammad al-Idrisi's Description of Spain, with notes and a translation, making him among the first modern western historians to translate an important Arabic text. Conde became a member of the Spanish Academy in 1802. He succeeded Tomás Antonio Sánchez de Uribe to the so-called G seat. Conde was a member also of Academy of Sciences and Letters of Berlin.

In 1804, Conde was accepted to membership of the Royal Academy of History, but his appointment as interpreter to Joseph Bonaparte and his being an afrancesado (French sympathizer) led to his expulsion from  both the Academy of History and the Spanish Academy in 1814. He escaped to France in 1813, but returned a year later.  He was not permitted to reside at Madrid until 1816. Two years later he was re-elected to his former seats by both academies.

Conde died in poverty on the 12 June 1820. George Ticknor, American Hispanist at Harvard University and several Spanish friends Leandro Fernández de Moratín, Francisco Martínez de la Rosa and Agustín Argüelles paid his funeral expenses.

Personal information

Conde born at La Peraleja, Cuenca, in present-day Spain on 28 October 1766. He married a 20-year-old cousin of Leandro Fernández de Moratin, who died in childbirth in September 1817.

Legacy

His major work, Historia de la Dominación de los Árabes en España, was published in 1820–1821. He completed only the first volume before his death. Juan Tineo compiled volumes two and three from Conde's manuscript. This work was translated into German (1824–1825), French (1825) and English (1854). Although it has since been superseded by other works, Conde's work stimulated others in the same field and in the context of time it was considered a valuable work.

Another of Conde's works was his translation and annotation of Thekr al Andalus taleef Sherif Aledris / Descripción de España de Xerif Aledris, conocido por El Nubiense, first published in Madrid by the Imprenta Real in 1799.

References

  MANZANARES DE CIRRE, Manuela, Arabistas españoles del siglo XIX  Instituto Hispano-Arabe de Cultura, Madrid, 1 vol in 8º, 221 pp. (1972).
  CORDOBA, J. Mª,  PÉREZ DIE, Mª C. (Eds.), La aventura española en Oriente (1166-2006). Viajeros, museos y estudiosos en la historia del redescubrimiento del Oriente Próximo Antiguo, Madrid, Dirección General de Bellas Artes y Bienes Culturales, (2006).

19th-century Spanish historians
Afrancesados
1766 births
1820 deaths
Spanish orientalists
Members of the Royal Spanish Academy
Scholars of al-Andalus history
20th-century Spanish historians

José Antonio Conde


The Ligurian Independentist Movement () was a regional political party in Italy.

It was founded in Genoa on 14 January 2001 by a group of citizens, some of them from the Ligurian Lega Nord, belonging to different social classes. Their intent is to recognize the rights to independence from Italian Republic of the populations living in the territory of the former Republic of Genoa. Such Republic became the Ligurian Republic in 1797, it was incorporated in French Empire by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1805, and finally it was annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia after Congress of Vienna in 1815.

The movement considers that the annexation of the Republic (reconstituted for a brief period in the 1815) to the Kingdom of Sardinia is illegal. In fact, such cancellation would be made without any ratification by the lawful outgoing government, and the following annexation would occur in the absence of any pronouncement of the population, unlike the subsequent annexations of territories that led to the formation of the Kingdom of Italy, sanctioned by popular vote.

Characteristics and purposes of the movement
The movement declared itself cross-party because it considered independence a value of all the people, without care of the party in which everyone can identify.

The movement did not define itself secessionist, because it did not recognize the legitimacy of the annexation to the Kingdom of Sardinia before, and Kingdom of Italy. According to this assumption, Liguria would keep the right to its independence. The claim is based on the principle that the rights of peoples are inalienable and on the following reasons:
 Annexation to House of Savoy, attested by the Congress of Vienna in late 1814, and became operational on January 7, 1815, would be in breach of same purpose for which it was called the Congress (restore sovereignties existed prior to the year 1797) and with the firm opposition of the legitimate and sovereign government of the Republic of Genoa;
 This illegality would not have been remedied by any plebiscite of annexation, neither to the Kingdom of Sardinia nor to the Kingdom of Italy. Plebiscites, however, were made to vote in the other Italian regions.

Independent Liguria suggested by the movement should be a Federal Republic, which would ensure the maximum autonomy to all Ligurian communities, on the model of the Swiss Confederation.

The area concerned to the independence instance is the territory of the former Republic of Genoa, which includes the current Liguria and the lands, called Oltregiogo Ligure that have been assigned to the Province of Alessandria and Piedmont by Rattazzi Law in 1859 and the island of Capraia assigned to the Province of Livorno as a result of the Royal Decree No. 2111 dated 15 November 1925. Ligurian people is intended as consisting not on ethnic or birth base, but by all people who choose to live in the lands of Liguria.

The four core values that the movement aims to support are: democracy, non-violence, pacifism, solidarity. Additional values inspiring the movement are:
 Centrality and importance of work.
 Solidarity and protection of the weakest.
 Absolute separation between Church and civil power.
 Religious tolerance and ostracism to any fundamentalism.
 Republican government.
 Ligurian internal system federalist, light and with little bureaucracy.
 Supervision on the work of the ruling class
 Political organization based on the rejection of tyranny.

Activities
The main activity of the movement was the promotion of traditions, especially cultural and historical, of the Ligurian territory and exploitation of specific features, particularly language, of its community. Furthermore, movement was working with local institutions (Region, Provinces, Municipalities) for their recognition of inalienable Liguria's rights, and for issues related to daily battles and about the territory.

The movement uses various means to show its activities and achievements, such as leaflets, mailing list and propaganda activities by groups of volunteers.

Among the results: the naming of a square of Genoa dedicated to the former Republic of Genoa, and the posting of a plaque on the monument to Vittorio Emanuele II, which explains the role that the king had during the Revolt of Genoa in 1849.

External links

Political parties in Liguria
Separatism in Italy
2001 establishments in Italy
Political parties established in 2001

Ligurian Independentist Movement


Ajax mey refer tae:

Mythology
 Ajax (meethology), son o Telamon, ruler o Salamis an a hero in the Trojan War, kent as "Ajax the Great" an aw
 Ajax the Lesser, son o Oileus, ruler o Locris an the leader o the Locrian contingent during the Trojan War

Fowk
 Ajax (missionary), Arian missionary who convertit the Suevi tae Christianity (c. 466)
 Ajax, pen name o Australie naitur writer Sidney William Jackson

Information technology
 Ajax (programmin) (Asynchronous JavaScript an XML), a technique uised in wab application development
 Ajax framework, a framework for the Ajax technique
 Ajax (floppy disk controller), a floppy disk controller fitted tae the Atari STE

Sports

Fitbaa
 AFC Ajax, a fitbaa club frae Amsterdam, the Netherlands – the best-kent fitbaa club named Ajax
 Aias Salamina F.C., a fitbaa club based in Salamina, Greece birthplace o Ajax the Telamonian
 Ajax Cape Town FC, a Sooth African fitbaa club
 Ajax de Ouenzé, a Congolese fitbaa club
 Ajax Futebol Clube, a Brazilian fitbaa club
 Ajax Kenitra, a Moroccan futsal (indoor fitbaa) club
 Ajax Orlando Prospects, kent as Ajax Americae an aw, an American soccer team frae Orlando, Florida
 Ajax Sportman Combinatie (ASC), a cricket an fitbaa club in Leiden, The Netherlands
 FC Ajax Lasnamäe, an Estonian fitbaa club
 Rabat Ajax F.C., a Maltese fitbaa club
 Unión Ájax, a fitbaa club in Trujillo, Honduras

Haundbaw
 Ajax Heroes, a Dens haundbaw team

Racin
 Ajax (horse) (b. 1901), a French Champion racehorse
 Ajax II (b. 1934), an Australie Champion racehorse

Vehicles
 Ajax (1906 automobile), Aigner, Swisserland
 Ajax (1913 automobile), Briscoe, Fraunce
 Ajax (1914 automobile), Seattle, Washington, U.S.
 Ajax (1921 automobile), prototype, U.S.
 Ajax (American automobile), Nash Motors, 1925–1926, U.S.
 HMS Ajax, several ships o the Royal Navy
 USS Ajax, several ships o the United States Navy
 Ajax (locomotive), an 0-4-2 steam locomotive purchased bi the Emperor Ferdinand Northren Railway in 1841, believed tae be the auldest preserved steam locomotive on the European mainland
 Ajax, ane o the aicht South Devon Railway Dido class steam locomotives, in service 1860–1884
 Ajax, a LMS Royal Scot Class express locomotive, in service 1927–1962
 Ayaks, a Soviet tap secret aerospacecraft project
 Nike Ajax, an American anti-aircraft missile

Leeteratur an feection
 Ajax (Sophocles), a play bi the auncient Greek tragedian Sophocles
 Ajax (Disney), a feectional company (the Disney equivalent o Looney Tunes' Acme Corporation)
 Ajax Duckman, a chairacter in the animatit televeesion series Duckman
 Martian Manhunter, a comic superhero, cried Ajax in Brazil an Portugal
 Ajax (comics), the name o twa feectional chairacters frae the Marvel Universe
 Ajak, a Marvel Comics chairacter, a member o the Eternals, whiles kent as "Ajax the Greater"
 Ajax, a chairacter in the 1979 film The Warriors
 Ajax, ony o several feectional businesses uised as a humour device in the radio comedy skits o Hudson & Landry

Music
 Ajax (baund), an electronic baund frae New York Ceety
 Ajax (DJ), an Australian electro mashup DJ
 Ajax Records (Quebec) (1921–1926), a North American record company
 A-Jax (baund), a Sooth Korean boy baund
 AjaX, keybuirdist for The Pop Culture Suicides

Videogemmes
 A Jax, an arcade gemme

Places
 Ajax, Louisiana, Unitit States, an unincorporatit community in Natchitoches Parish
 Ajax, Ontario, a toun in Canadae
 Ajax GO Station, a station in the GO Transit network locatit in the toun
 Ajax High School, a public heich schuil locatit in the toun
 Ajax, Utah, a ghost toun
Ajax, West Virginia
 Aspen Moontain (Colorado), Unitit States, kent as Ajax Moontain an aw
 Kanichee Mine, Temagami, Ontario, Canadae, kent as Ajax Mine an aw

Ither
 Ajax (cleanser), a brand o cleanin products.
 Operation Ajax, the 1953 Iranian coup d'état
AJAX furnace, teep o open hearth furnace

Ajax


Doria Loyce Ragland (born September 2, 1956) is an American social worker, former makeup artist, and a yoga instructor. She is the mother of Meghan Markle.

Early life

Doria Ragland was born in Cleveland, Ohio, to Jeanette Arnold (1929–2000), a nurse, and her second husband, Alvin Azell Ragland (1929–2011). Ragland married lighting director Thomas Markle Sr. on 23 December 1979. Their daughter Meghan was born in 1981. The couple divorced when their daughter was two years old. They permanently, officially divorced in 1987. Ragland has accompanied Meghan to public events and attended her wedding to Prince Harry in 2018.

1956 births
Living people
People from Cleveland

Doria Ragland


Jason Bradley Thompson (born October 13, 1974) is an American artist, author, comics creator, critic, and editor. He is best known for his Eisner-nominated book Manga: The Complete Guide, his graphic novel interpretation of H. P. Lovecraft's DreamQuest of Unknown Kadath and Other Stories, and his Dungeons and Dragons adventure walkthrough maps published by Wizards of the Coast on their website as well in books such as Waterdeep Dragon Heist.

Life and career
Jason Thompson was born in San Francisco, California, on October 13, 1974, and lived in Healdsburg, California, for most of his childhood and adolescence. He began drawing and writing in the 1980s. He first became an anime and manga fan in 1991, joining his college's anime club at University of California, San Diego while studying English and creative writing and art. Thompson graduated in 1995 at the age of 20.

In the late 1990s, Thompson self-published some comics, including 1997's The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath, which he regards as his 'first real comic'.

In 1996, Thompson began a career as an editor at Viz Media. Thompson worked there for 14 years (10 as senior editor, 4 freelance) editing the English-language edition of over 30 manga series including Naruto (the bestselling manga in the US), Dragon Ball, Yu-Gi-Oh!, Fullmetal Alchemist, Shaman King, One Piece, JoJo's Bizarre Adventure, Hana-Kimi, Uzumaki, Street Fighter, and others.

He also launched two national magazines,  Shonen Jump and Game On! USA.

Thompson created his own webcomic, The Stiff (2001 onwards), which he describes as a "manga-influenced romantic comedy" and "a horrendous, gruesome horror story", influenced by indie American comics and Japanese horror manga. It was planned to be 1000 pages long, and was published on Girlamatic between 2003 and 2006 as one of their launch titles.

In 2003, Thompson's comic adaptation of The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath was adapted into a feature-length film that used artwork from Jason Thompson's comic series, as well as original artwork by Thompson. It premiered on October 11, 2003, at the H. P. Lovecraft Film Festival and was later released on DVD.

As of 2007, Thompson wrote for Otaku USA.

Thompson is the author of Manga: The Complete Guide (Del Rey, 2007), which he conceived in 2000.  As an appendix to Manga: The Complete Guide, he posted daily reviews of manga on Suvudu.com, beginning in November 2009 for a year.

He made a cameo appearance in Hiro Mashima's Fairy Tail.

Thompson is the creator of the graphic novel, King of RPGs with Victor Hao, which he describes as a fusion between shōnen manga and tabletop roleplaying games.  It was released in January 2010. He had previously submitted a pilot of the series to Tokyopop's Rising Stars of Manga competition, but later decided to take the concept to Del Rey, who matched him with artist Victor Hao. Volume Two was released on May 24, 2011, and made it to The New York Times best seller list.

In 2009, Thompson was the artist of The Legend of Bold Riley: The Serpent in the Belly, part of a series written by Leia Weathington. It is available online, and was also published in print in 2012 by Northwest Press.

In November 2011, Thompson successfully raised money on Kickstarter for a hardcover release of the graphic novel The Dream Quest of Unknown Kadath and Other Stories, featuring his 122-page Kadath story (made from 1997-1999), as well as three other stories from the Dreamlands series: The Strange High House in the Mist (a comic adaptation of the eponymous story, made from June 2009 to January 2011), The White Ship, and Celephais (made from March–September 2011). Books began shipping to supporters in March 2012, and can be currently bought through Thompson's website and other locations.

Thompson also ran the "House of 1000 Manga" column on Anime News Network alongside Shaenon K. Garrity, which he initially started to write about lesser-known manga that he discovered around his home.

Bibliography
Manga: The Complete Guide (Del Rey, 2007)

References

External links

1974 births
Living people
Anime and manga critics
American webcomic creators
Writers from San Francisco
People from Healdsburg, California

Jason Thompson (writer)


The Pintupi Nine were a group of nine Pintupi people who remained unaware of European colonisation of Australia and lived a traditional desert-dwelling life in Australia's Gibson Desert until 1984, when they made contact with their relatives near Kiwirrkurra. They are sometimes also referred to as "the lost tribe". The group were hailed as "the last nomads" in the international press when they left their nomadic life in October 1984.

History
The group roamed between waterholes near Lake Mackay, near the Western Australia-Northern Territory border, wearing hairstring belts and armed with  wooden spears and spear throwers, and intricately carved boomerangs. Their diet was dominated by goanna and rabbit as well as bush food native plants. The group was a family, consisting of two co-wives (Nanyanu and Papalanyanu) and seven children. There were four brothers (Warlimpirrnga, Walala, Tamlik, and Piyiti) and three sisters (Yalti, Yikultji and Takariya). The children were all in their teens, although their exact ages were not known; the mothers were in their late 30s.

On the death of the father – husband of the two wives – the group travelled south to where they thought their relatives might be, as they had seen "smokes" in that direction. They encountered two campers from Kiwirrkura but due to a misunderstanding involving a shotgun they fled back north while the campers returned to the community and alerted others who then travelled back with them to find the group. The community members quickly realised that the group were relatives who had been left behind in the desert twenty years earlier, when many had travelled into the missions nearer Alice Springs. The community members travelled by vehicle to where the group were last seen and then tracked them for some time before finding them. After making contact and establishing their relationships, the Pintupi nine were invited to come and live at Kiwirrkura, where most of them still reside.

The Pintupi-speaking trackers told them there was plenty of food, and water that came out of pipes; Yalti has said that this concept astounded them. Medical examination revealed that the Tjapaltjarri clan (as they are also known) were "in beautiful condition. Not an ounce of fat, well proportioned, strong, fit, healthy". At Kiwirrkura, near Kintore, they met with other members of their extended family.

In 1986, Piyiti returned to the desert. Warlimpirrnga, Walala and Tamlik (now known as "Thomas") have gained international recognition in the art world as the Tjapaltjarri Brothers. The three sisters, Yalti, Yikultji and Takariya, are also well-known Aboriginal artists whose works can be seen on exhibition and purchased from a number of art dealers. One of the mothers has died; the other has settled with the three sisters in Kiwirrkurra.

See also
Bindibu expedition
Ishi
Warri and Yatungka

References

"The End of an Era" The Sunday Times (Western Australia), 4 February 2007, pp 14–17

External links
Aboriginal art website
Takariya Napaltjarri's artist page at the Aboriginal Art Store
Photo on Newspix - Nine Pintupi speakers who made national headlines on their first contact with white Australia. (NPX396927 - 31 October 1984)
Colliding worlds: first contact in the western desert, 1932-1984. National Museum of Australia reCollections journal, vol. 1 no. 2, September 2006

Australian Aboriginal culture
Australian folklore
History of Indigenous Australians
History of Western Australia
Indigenous Australians from Western Australia
People from Goldfields-Esperance
Pintupi
Uncontacted peoples

Pintupi Nine


The Kyrgyz people are a Turkic ethnic people living in Central Asia and China. Kyrgyzstan is their home country. Most of them are Sunni Muslims.

What does their name mean
It comes from the Turkic word kyrk which means "forty". Kyrgyz means "a collection of forty tribes".

It also means "imperishable", "inextinguishable" and "immortal".

The hero Manas unified 40 tribes against the Khitans. The History of Yuan (written 1370) says there were 40 women born on a steppe.

Their name is also spelt Kirgiz (in China). In Kyrgyz, it is кыргыз / قىرعىز.

Where are they from

They come from Southern Siberia since at least 201 BC. They descend from the Yenisei Kyrgyz. The Yenisei Kyrgyz lived in the upper Yenisey River valley, central Siberia. The earliest Kyrgyz were also related to the Sakas (Scythians), Wusun, Dingling, Mongols and Xiongnu.

History
They first appear in Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian (109 - 91 BC, Han dynasty, China). They were called Gekun (, ) or Jiankun ().

During the 2nd century the Yenisei Kyrgyz were part of the Xiongnu (Huns), Tiele, Rouran, and Xianbei. Later between the 5 - 10 c, the Yenisei Kyrgyz were part of the Göktürk and Uyghur Khaganates.

In 840, the Kyrgyz allied with the Tang dynasty to defeat the Uyghur Khaganate (Mongolia). The Kyrgyz qaghan (king) killed the Uyghur qaghan and rescued Princess Taihe. They moved to Jeti-su and spread south to the Tian Shan mountains and Xinjiang. The Kyrgyz then lived peacefully around Central Asia and Xinjiang, as vassals to the Tang.

The Tanghuiyao (8–10 c) called them Tsze-gu (Kirgut) and Xiajiasi. According to Tang records Xiajia could mean "yellow head and red face". That's what the Uyghurs called the Kyrgyz. Their tamga (tribe symbol) is identical to the modern day Kyrgyz tamga.

In the 10 - 12 c, the Kara-Khanid and then Western Liao invaded the area. In the 13th century the Mongol Empire unified everybody. Genghis Khan's first son Jochi occupied Kyrgyzstan.

They were part of the Chagatai Khanate and ruled by other Turkic people. In 1685 the Oirat (Dzungar, Mongolic) ruled them.

Russia then took over, Modern Kyrgyzstan declared independence in 1991.

By the 16th century they lived in Siberia, Xinjiang, Tian Shan, Pamir-Alay, Middle Asia, Urals, Kazakhstan, etc. In China, the term Kyrgyz also refers to the oldest Turkic tribes that lived there (the Tiele and Yeniseian Kyrgyz).

Genes: they look East Asian
Genetic shows that Kyrgyz have mostly East Eurasian. In Tajikstan, East Eurasian ancestry is one half to two-thirds.

During the Tang Dynasty, they were described with "red hair and green eyes", while those with dark hair and dark eyes descended from the Chinese.

The Kyrgyz were fair-skinned, green- or blue-eyed and red-haired people with East Asian features.

Religion
Nowadays Kyrgyz are mostly Muslims of the Hanafi Sunni school.

But they were originally shamanist. Arab traders travelled along the Silk Road and arrived by the 8th century. But the Kyrgyz were not immediately converted. The Persian text Hudud al-'alam, said that the Kyrgyz "venerate the Fire and burn the dead".

Islam spread during the Mongol empire and following Chagatai Khanate.

By the 18th century the Kyrgyz were converted by the Khanate of Kokand (a vassal of the Qing dynasty).

Some Kyrgyz-Chinese practice Tibetan Buddhism.

Chinese-Kyrgyz

The Kyrgyz-Chinese are one of the 56 ethnic groups of China. There are more than 145,000 Kyrgyz livinng in China. They are known as Kē'ěrkèzī zú (). They live mainly in Xinjiang.

In the 19th century, the Russians conquered Kyrgyz land and drove many to China. The Kyrgyz had a better life in China than in Russia. The Russians fought against the Muslim nomadic Kyrgyz. But because there were so many Chinese-Kyrgyz, the Russians stopped because they did not want to fight against the Chinese. The Muslim Kyrgyz were sure that in any upcoming conflict, China would defeat Russia.

Some are called the "Fuyu Kyrgyz". They are Yenisei Kirghiz (Khakas people) people. In the 17th c, the Dzungar khanate moved them from the Yenisei river to Dzungaria. In the 18th c, the Qing dynasty then defeated Dzungaria and moved them to Manchuria. They now live in Wujiazi Village, Fuyu County, Heilongjiang.  Their language is related to the Khakas language (the Fuyü Gïrgïs dialect).

Language

They speak a Turkic language. It used to be written in Turkic old script. In Kyrgyzstan, it is written with the Cyrillic alphabet. In China it is written with an Arabic script. President Atambaev of Kyrgyzstan said switching from Cyrillic to Latin (like Kazakhstan had) may hurt communication with Kyrgyz people in Russia.

Sources

Ethnic groups in Asia

Kyrgyz people


William Jack Baumol (February 26, 1922 – May 4, 2017) was an American economist. He was a professor of economics at New York University, Academic Director of the Berkley Center for Entrepreneurship and Innovation, and Professor Emeritus at Princeton University. He was a prolific author of more than eighty books and several hundred journal articles. He is the namesake of the Baumol effect.

Baumol wrote extensively about labor market and other economic factors that affect the economy. He also made significant contributions to the theory of entrepreneurship and the history of economic thought. He is among the most influential economists in the world according to IDEAS/RePEc. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1971, the American Philosophical Society in 1977, and the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1987.

Baumol was considered a candidate for the Nobel Prize in Economics for 2003,
and Thomson Reuters cited him as a potential recipient in 2014, but he died without receiving the prize.

Early life
Baumol was born in the South Bronx. His parents, Solomon and Lillian, were both immigrants from Eastern Europe.

Baumol studied at the City College of New York and was awarded his bachelor's degree in 1942. After college, he served in the U.S. Army in World War II and later worked for the Department of Agriculture as an economist.

Education

He was initially denied entry to the doctoral studies at the London School of Economics and was instead admitted to the Master's program. After witnessing his debating skills at Lord Lionel Robbins' seminars, he was within weeks switched to the doctoral program and also admitted to the faculty as an Assistant Lecturer.

Teaching

While a professor at Princeton University he supervised some graduate students who would eventually become very well-known economists, including Burton Malkiel, William G. Bowen, and Harold Tafler Shapiro.

Research

Among his better-known contributions are the theory of contestable markets, the Baumol-Tobin model of transactions demand for money, Baumol's cost disease, which discusses the rising costs associated with service industries, Baumol's sales revenue maximization model and Pigou taxes. His research on environmental economics recognized the fundamental role of non-convexities in causing market failures.

William Baumol also contributed to the transformation of the field of finance, and published contributions to the areas of efficiency of capital markets, portfolio theory, and capital budgeting.

Entrepreneurship
The place of the disruptive innovations and innovative entrepreneurs in traditional economic theory (which describes many efficiency-based ratios assuming uniform outputs) presents theoretic quandaries. Baumol contributed greatly to this area of economic theory. The 2006 Annual Meetings of the American Economic Association held a special session in his name, and honoring his many years of work in the field of entrepreneurship and innovation, where 12 papers on entrepreneurship were presented.

The Baumol Research Centre for Entrepreneurship Studies at Zhejiang Gongshang University is named after William Baumol.

In 2003, Baumol received the Global Award for Entrepreneurship Research "[f]or his persistent effort to give the entrepreneur a key role in mainstream economic theory, for his theoretical and empirical studies of the nature of entrepreneurship, and for his analysis of the importance of institutions and incentives for the allocation of entrepreneurship."

The British news magazine, The Economist published an article about William Baumol and his lifelong work to develop a place in economic theory for the entrepreneur (March 11, 2006, pp 68), much of which owes its genesis to Joseph Schumpeter. They note that traditional microeconomic theory normally holds a place for 'prices' and 'firms' but not for that (seemingly) important engine of innovation, the entrepreneur. Baumol is given credit for helping to remedy this shortcoming: "Thanks to Mr. Baumol's own painstaking efforts, economists now have a bit more room for entrepreneurs in their theories."

William Baumol's book, The Microtheory of Innovative Entrepreneurship is the first formal theoretical analysis of the role of innovative entrepreneurs.

Textbooks
Baumol wrote several textbooks in economics, including an introductory textbook with Alan Blinder titled Macroeconomics: Principles and Policy. His economics textbook on operations research was internationally well-received:

In the 1960s and 1970s, nearly every economics department offered a course in operations research methods in economics, and the usual textbook used was Economic Theory and Operations Analysis by W. J. Baumol. An entire generation of economics students was familiar with this book ....

Professional and philanthropic interests
Baumol was a trustee of Economists for Peace and Security. Baumol was known for his interests in the economics of art, including the economics of the performing arts.

Death
Baumol died on May 4, 2017, at the age of 95.

Major publications

 "Community Indifference", 1946, RES
 "A Community Indifference Map: A construction", 1949, RES.
 "A Formalization of Mr. Harrod's Model", 1949, EJ.
 "The Analogy between Producer and Consumer Equilibrium Analysis", with Helen Makower, 1950, Economica.
 Economic Dynamics, with R. Turvey, 1951.
 "The Transaction Demand for Cash: An inventory-theoretic approach", 1952, QJE.
 "The Classical Monetary Theory: The outcome of the discussion", with G.S. Becker, 1952, Economica.
 Welfare Economics and the Theory of the State, 1952.
 "Firms with Limited Money Capital", 1953, Kyklos.
 Economic Processes and Policies, with L.V. Chandler, 1954.
 "More on the Multiplier Effect of a Balanced Budget", with M.H. Peston, 1955, AER.
 "Acceleration without Magnification", 1956, AER.
 "Variety in Retailing", with E.A. Ide, 1956 Management Science.
 "Speculation, Profitability and Stability", 1957, REStat.
 "Activity Analysis in One Lesson", 1958, AER.
 "On the Theory of Oligopoly", 1958, Economica.
 "Topology of Second Order Linear Difference Equations with Constant Coefficients", 1958, Econometrica.
 "The Cardinal Utility which is Ordinal", 1958, EJ.
 Business Behavior, Value and Growth, 1959.
 "Integer Programming and Pricing", with R.E. Gomory, 1960, Econometrica.
 Economic Theory and Operations Analysis, 1961.
 "What Can Economic Theory Contribute to Managerial Economics?", 1961, AER.
 "Pitfalls in Contracyclical Policies: Some tools and results", 1961, REStat.
 "The Theory of Expansion of the Firm", 1962, AER.
 "Stocks, Flows and Monetary Theory", 1962, QJE.
 "An Expected Gain-Confidence Limit Criterion for Portfolio Selection", 1963, Management Science.
 "Rules of Thumb and Optimally Imperfect Decisions", with R. E. Quandt, 1964, American Economic Review, 54, p. 23–46
 "Decomposition, Pricing for Decentralization and External Economics", with T.Fabian, 1964, Management Science.
 "On the Performing Arts: the anatomy of their economic problems", with W.G. Bowen, 1965, AER.
 "Investment and Discount Rates Under Capital Rationing", with R.E.Quandt, 1965, EJ.
 "Informed Judgement, Rigorous Theory and Public Policy", 1965, Southern EJ.
 The Stock Market and Economic Efficiency, 1965.
 Performing Arts: the economic dilemma, 1966.
 "The Ricardo Effect in Point-Input, Point-Output Case", 1966, Essays in Mathematical Economics in Honor of Oskar Morgenstern.
 "Macroeconomics of Unbalanced Growth: The anatomy of urban crisis", 1967, AER.
 "Calculation of Optimal Product and Retailer Characteristics", 1967, JPE.
 "The Firm's Optimal Debt-Equity Combination and the Cost of Capital", with B.G. Malkiel, 1967, QJE.
 "Error Produced by Linearization in Mathematical Programming", with R. Bushnell, 1967, Econometrica.
 "The Dual of Nonlinear Programming and its Economic Interpretation", with M.L.Balinski, 1968, RES.
 "Entrepreneurship in Economic Theory", 1968, May, American Economic Review
 "On the Social Rate of Discount", 1968, AER.
 "On the Discount Rate for Public Projects", 1969, Analysis and Evaluation of Public Expenditures.
 "Input Choices and Rate-of-Return Regulation: An overview of the discussion", with A.K.Klevorick, 1970, Bell JE.
 "Optimal Departures from Marginal Cost Pricing", with D.F. Bradford, 1970, AER.
 "The Economics of Athenian Drama", 1971, QJE.
 Environmental protection, International Spillovers and Trade, 1971.
 "On the Economics of the Theatre in Renaissance London" with Mary Oates, 1972, Swedish JE.
 "The Dynamics of Urban Problems and its Policy Implications", 1972, in Preston and Corry, editors, Essays in Honor of Lord Robbins.
 "Taxation and the Control of Externalities", 1972, AER.
 "Detrimental Externalities and Non-Convexity of the Production Set", with D.F. Bradford, 1972, Economica.
 "The Transformation of Values: What Marx 'Really' Meant", 1974, JEL.
 The Theory of Environmental Policy, with W.E.Oates, 1975.
 Economics, Environmental Policy and Quality of Life, with W.E.Oates and S.A. Batey Blackman 1979.
 Contestable Markets and the Theory of Industry Structure, with J.C. Panzar and R.D. Wilig, 1982
 "Contestable Markets: An Uprising in the Theory of Industry Structure", 1982, "AER".
 Microtheory: Applications and origins, 1986
 Superfairness: Application and theory, with D. Fischer, 1986
 "The Optimal Cash Balance Proposition: Maurice Allais' Priority", with J. Tobin, 1989, JEL
 Productivity and American Leadership: The long view, with S.A. Batey Blackman and E.N. Wolff, 1989.
 Entrepreneurship: Productive, Unproductive and Destructive, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 98(3), pp. 893–921, 1990
 Perfect Markets and Easy Virtue: Business ethics and the invisible hand, with S.A. Batey Blackman, 1992
 Entrepreneurship, Management and the Structure of Profit, 1993.
 The Free Market Innovation Machine: Analyzing the Growth Miracle of Capitalism, 2002.
 Good Capitalism, Bad Capitalism, and the Economics of Growth and Prosperity, co-authored with Robert Litan and Carl J. Schramm, 2007
 The Cost Disease: Why Computers get Cheaper and Health Care Doesn't, 2012 https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300198157/cost-disease

Positions and awards

 William Baumol was President of the American Economic Association for 1981.
 1953 Fellow, Econometric Society
 1957–58 Guggenheim Fellow
 1960–70 Trustee, Rider College
 1965 Honorary LL.D, Rider College (Trustee Emeritus)
 1965–66 Ford Faculty Fellowship
 1970 Honorary Fellow, London School of Economics
 1971 Honorary Doctorate, Stockholm School of Economics
 1973 Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters, Knox College
 1973 Honorary Doctorate, University of Basel
 1975 John R. Commons Award, Omicron Delta Epsilon
 1975 Townsend Harris Medal, Alumni Association of the City College of New York
 1982 Distinguished Fellow, American Economic Association
 1984 Distinguished Member, Economic Association of Puerto Rico
 1986 Winner, Assoc. of American Publishers Award for Best Book in Business, Management and Economics, Superfairness: Applications and Theory
 1987 Recipient, Frank E. Seidman Distinguished Award in Political Economy
 1988 Joseph Douglas Green 1895 Professor of Economics, Princeton University
 1989 Winner, Assoc. of Am. Publishers Annual Awards for Excellence in Publishing, Honorable Mention in Social Sciences, Productivity and American Leadership: The Long View
 1992 Recipient, First Senior Scholar in the Arts and Sciences Award, New York University
 1996 Honorary Degree, University of Limburg, Maastricht, Netherlands
 1996 Honorary Professorship, University of Belgrano, Buenos Aires, Argentina
 1999, Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters, Princeton University
 2003 Winner of the Global Award for Entrepreneurship Research, the Swedish Entrepreneurship Forum (Entreprenörskapsforum), the Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN) and the Swedish Agency for Economic and Regional Growth (Tillväxtverket), Stockholm, Sweden

See also
 Baumol–Tobin model
 Baumol's cost disease

References

External links

 Baumol home page
 Entrepreneurship: Productive, Unproductive, and Destructive
 The discrimination of blacks has increased the number of jazz composers – An interview with Baumol published in the Czech weekly Respekt and daily Blisty in 2003

1922 births
2017 deaths
Innovation economists
Writers from New York City
Economists from New York (state)
20th-century American economists
21st-century American economists
Environmental economists
Historians of economic thought
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the Econometric Society
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Cultural economists
Cultural economics
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Microeconomists
New York University faculty
Neo-Keynesian economists
Presidents of the American Economic Association
Distinguished Fellows of the American Economic Association
United States Army personnel of World War II
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy
Members of the American Philosophical Society

William Baumol


Julius Jacobus van de Sande Bakhuyzen (18 June 1835, in The Hague – 21 October 1925, in The Hague) was a Dutch etcher and painter in the Hague School. He was a member of a number of artists' associations, such as Arti et Amicitiae and Pulchri Studio.

Biography
Julius took his first art lessons from his father, Hendrik van de Sande Bakhuyzen, who was a painter. Julius studied at the Royal Academy of Art in The Hague. In 1871 he won the royal medal at an exhibition in Amsterdam with his painting 'Pond in the Hague Forest'. From 1875 he spent most summers in Drenthe, often with his sister Gerardine, who also painted.  His works include mainly landscapes, with trees often playing a prominent role.

Public collections
 Rijksmuseum Amsterdam

Literature
 Bodt, S. de (1997) De Haagse School in Drenthe. Zwolle: Uitgeverij Waanders.
 Liefde-van Brakel, T. de (1997) Hendrikus, Gerardine en Julius van de Sande Bakhuyzen: Een Haagse schildersfamilie uit de negentiende eeuw. Zwolle.

References

External links

  More works at mutualart.com

1835 births
1925 deaths
19th-century Dutch painters
Dutch male painters
Hague School
Painters from The Hague
20th-century Dutch painters
19th-century Dutch male artists
20th-century Dutch male artists

Julius van de Sande Bakhuyzen