The European perch (Perca fluviatilis), also known as the common perch, redfin perch, big-scaled redfin, English perch, Euro perch, Eurasian perch, Eurasian river perch, Hatch, poor man's rockfish or in Anglophone parts of Europe, simply the perch, is a predatory freshwater fish native to Europe and North Asia. It is the type species of the genus Perca.

The perch is a popular game fish for recreational anglers, and has been widely introduced beyond its native Eurasian habitats into Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. Known locally simply as "redfins", they have caused substantial damage to native fish populations in Australia and have been proclaimed a noxious species in New South Wales.

Taxonomy
The first scientific description of the river perch was made by Peter Artedi in 1730. He defined the basic morphological signs of this species after studying perch from Swedish lakes. Artedi described its features, counting the fin rays scales and vertebrae of the typical perch.

In 1758, Carl Linnaeus named it Perca fluviatilis. His description was based on Artedi's research.

Because of their similar appearance and ability to cross-breed, the yellow perch (Perca flavescens) has sometimes been classified as a subspecies of the European perch, in which case its trinomial name would be Perca fluviatilis flavescens.

Description

European perch are greenish with red pelvic, anal and caudal fins. They have five to eight dark vertical bars on their sides. When the perch grows larger, a hump grows between its head and dorsal fin.

European perch can vary greatly in size between bodies of water. They can live for up to 22 years, and older perch are often much larger than average; the maximum recorded length is . The British record is , but they grow larger in mainland Europe than in Britain. As of May 2016, the official all tackle world record recognised by the International Game Fish Association (IGFA) stands at  for a Finnish fish caught September 4, 2010. In January 2010 a perch with a weight of  was caught in the river Meuse, Netherlands. Due to the low salinity levels of the Baltic Sea, especially around the Finnish archipelago and Bothnian Sea, many freshwater fish live and thrive there. Perch especially are in abundance and grow to a considerable size due to the diet of Baltic herring.

Distribution and habitat
The range of the European perch covers fresh water basins all over Europe, excluding the Iberian peninsula. Their range is known to reach the Kolyma River in Siberia to the east. It is also common in some of the brackish waters of the Baltic Sea.

The European perch lives in slow-flowing rivers, deep lakes and ponds. It tends to avoid cold or fast-flowing waters but some specimens penetrate waters of these type, although they do not breed in this habitat. They are most abundant in relatively shallow lakes and lakes with deep light penetration, and less abundant in deep lakes and those with low light penetration.

Introduction outside of Europe
European perch has been widely introduced, with reported adverse ecological impact after introduction. In Australia, the species is implicated in the decline of the now-endangered native fish, the Macquarie perch.

Behaviour and reproduction
The European perch is carnivorous, with juveniles feeding on zooplankton, bottom invertebrate fauna and other perch fry, while adults feed on both invertebrates and fish, mainly sticklebacks, perch, roach and minnows. Perch start eating other fish when they become fingerlings at a size of around .

Male perch become sexually mature at between one and two years of age, females between two and four. In the Northern Hemisphere they spawn between February and July. Males reach spawning areas ahead of females, and court mates by chasing through underwater vegetation. During reproduction, the female lays a white ribbon of eggs up to one meter long, which is deposited on water plants or on the branches of trees or shrubs immersed in the water. There has been speculation, but only anecdotal evidence, that eggs stick to the legs of wading birds and are then transferred to other waters.

The eggs hatch after a period of 8 to 16 days. The larvae are  long on hatching, and live in open water where they feed on plankton. Juveniles migrate to areas nearer the shore and bottom during their first summer.

Diseases and parasites
Cucullanus elegans is a species of parasitic nematode. It is an endoparasite of the European perch. Juvenile perch are commonly infected by Camallanus lacustris (Nematoda), Proteocephalus percae, Bothriocephalus claviceps, Glanitaenia osculata, Triaenophorus nodulosus (all Cestoda) and Acanthocephalus lucii (Acanthocephala).

Predators
The European perch is a frequent prey of many fish-eating predators such as the Western osprey (Pandion haliaetus), great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) and common kingfisher (Alcedo atthis), and it is an important item in the diet of the globally threatened Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus). Other non-avian predators include the northern pike (Esox lucius) and the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra).

Relationship with humans

Fishing

European perch is fished for food and as game. Its flesh is described as good eating, with a white, firm, flaky texture and well flavoured. According to FAO statistics, 28,920 tonnes were caught in 2013. Largest perch fishing countries were Russia, (15,242 tonnes), Finland (7,666 tonnes), Estonia (2,144 t), Poland (1,121 t) and Kazakhstan (1,103 t).

Baits for perch include baitfishes (e.g. minnows, goldfish), weather loaches, pieces of raw squid or pieces of raw fish (mackerel, bluey, jack mackerel, sardine), or brandling, red, marsh, and lob worms, maggots, shrimp (Caridina, Neocaridina, Palaemon, Macrobrachium) and peeled crayfish tails. The tackles needed are fine but strong.

Artificial lures are also effective, particularly for medium-sized perch. It is possible to fly fish for perch using artificial flies tied for the purpose. Often, the flies required are "streamers" or bait-fish imitations and use flash, colour and movement to entice a take from the perch.

Perch in culture

The European perch is Finland's national fish.

It is also pictured in emblems of several European towns and municipalities, such as Bad Buchau, Gröningen and Schönberg, Plön.

The raw fish item in the game Factorio is a plush toy of the European perch.

See also
Nanbanzuke

References

External links

  Redfin Perch – Perca fluviatilis

Perch
Fish of the Baltic Sea
Freshwater fish of Europe
Fish of Asia
Fish of Russia
National symbols of Finland
Fish described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

European perch


The Elham Valley is a chalk valley carved by the River Nailbourne situated in the North Downs in East Kent. The valley is named after the settlement of Elham. Other settlements in the valley include Etchinghill, Lyminge, Barham, Kingston, Bishopsbourne and Bridge.

Located in the upper slopes of the valley are a number of examples of unimproved chalk downland such as Baldock Downs and Park Gate Down. At Bishopsbourne and North Lyminge there are examples of traditional sheep-grazed pasture and water meadow.

Elham Valley Way
The Elham Valley Way, a  recreational walking route passes through the valley. The route starts at Hythe and finishes at Canterbury Cathedral. It utilises much of the erstwhile route of the Elham Valley Railway, constructed in the 19th century and connecting Folkestone and Canterbury. This was closed in 1947, although a railway museum is located at Peene, immediately north of the Channel Tunnel station.

External links
 Elham Valley Website
 Walking Pages - Elham Valley Way
 The Elham Valley Railway Museum
 The Mediaeval Churches of the Elham Valley

Valleys of Kent
Folkestone and Hythe District

Elham Valley


In mathematics, an eigenplane is a two-dimensional invariant subspace in a given vector space. By analogy with the term eigenvector for a vector which, when operated on by a linear operator is another vector which is a scalar multiple of itself, the term eigenplane can be used to describe a two-dimensional plane (a 2-plane), such that the operation of a linear operator on a vector in the 2-plane always yields another vector in the same 2-plane.

A particular case that has been studied is that in which the linear operator is an isometry M of the hypersphere (written S3) represented within four-dimensional Euclidean space:

where s and t are four-dimensional column vectors and Λθ is a two-dimensional eigenrotation within the eigenplane.

In the usual eigenvector problem, there is freedom to multiply an eigenvector by an arbitrary scalar; in this case there is freedom to multiply by an arbitrary non-zero rotation.

This case is potentially physically interesting in the case that the shape of the universe is a multiply connected 3-manifold, since finding the angles of the eigenrotations of a candidate isometry for topological lensing is a way to falsify such hypotheses.

See also
 Bivector
 Plane of rotation

External links
possible relevance of eigenplanes in cosmology
GNU GPL software for calculating eigenplanes
Proof constructed by J M Shelley 2017
Linear algebra

Eigenplane


Cynthia Solomon is an American computer scientist known for her work in popularizing computer science for students. She is a pioneer in the fields of computer science, and educational computing. While working as a researcher at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Solomon took it upon herself to understand and program in the programming language Lisp. As she began learning this language, she realized the need for a programming language that was more accessible and understandable for children. Throughout her research studies in education, Solomon worked full-time as a computer teacher in elementary and secondary schools. Her work has mainly focused on research on human-computer interaction and children as designers. While working at Bolt, Beranek and Newman, she worked with Wally Feurzeig and Seymour Papert, to create the first programming language for children, named Logo. The language was created to teach concepts of programming related to Lisp. Solomon has attained many accomplishments in her life such as being the vice president of R&D for Logo Computer Systems, Inc., when Apple Logo was developed and was the Director of the Atari Cambridge Research Laboratory. Solomon worked on the program committee of Constructing Modern Knowledge and the Marvin Minsky Institute for Artificial Intelligence in 2016. Further, she has published many writings based on research in the field of child education and technology in the classroom. Solomon has conducted workshops in elementary schools, high schools, and colleges regarding academic research and writing. She continues to contribute to the field by speaking at conferences and working with the One Laptop per Child Foundation.

Education
Solomon received her Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) in history at Radcliffe College in the early 1960s. Subsequently, she studied at Boston University where she received her Master of Science (M.S.) in computer science in 1976. She then received her Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in education at Harvard University in 1985. Intermittently while completing her schooling, Solomon worked for several years as a researcher with Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert at MIT and later at Bolt, Beranek and Newman.

Accomplishments
After receiving her B.A. at Radcliffe College, Solomon taught at Milton Academy in Milton, Massachusetts for seven years. She also became the Technology Integration Coordinator at Monsignor Haddad Middle School in Needham, Massachusetts. Then, in the 1980s, Massachusetts Institute of Technology hired Solomon to lead the Atari Cambridge Research Laboratory due to her success in developing Logo. Solomon maintained a long relationship working with the MIT Media Lab and the One Laptop per Child Foundation. Solomon is still a leading worker for the foundation and directed the creation of educational materials for it. She continued teaching, consulting, and her scholarship while working with several esteemed research labs and foundations.

Logo, children's programming language
Together with Seymour Papert and Wally Feurzeig, Cynthia designed the Logo computer programming language in 1967. This language was for children to experiment with words, solve math problems, make-up stories, and create their own games. Logo is widely known for its use of turtle graphics, in which commands for movement and drawing produced line graphics, either on screen or with a small robot called a turtle. In the 1970s, a new development of Logo was introduced allowing the program to be viewed in multiple colors. The language was created to teach concepts of programming related to Lisp, a functional programming language. Later, Logo also enabled what Papert called "body-syntonic reasoning", where students could understand, predict and reason about the turtle's motion by imagining what they would do if they were the turtle. There are substantial differences among the many dialects of Logo, and the situation is confused by the regular appearance of turtle graphics programs that call themselves Logo.

Contributions to child education
Solomon began to develop Logo after coming to the realization that children needed a programming language of their own. Solomon directed the creation of educational materials for the One Laptop per Child Foundation, and her doctoral research at Harvard led to the publication of the critical book, Computer Environments for Children: A Reflection on Theories of Learning and Education. This book explores the opportunities and challenges presented regarding having computers in learning environments. Focused specifically on elementary school mathematics, Solomon discusses the role of computers in innovative learning theories. Solomon is also the co-author of Designing Multimedia Environments for Children, with Allison Druin. Along with many other research projects and writings contributing to the knowledge of children's learning environments in conjunction with technology.

Solomon is still teaching, mainly using the Snap! based jigsaw programming Turtlestich

Writings

 Twenty Things to Do with a Computer (1971). Papert, Seymour, and Solomon, Cynthia. http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/5836
 Leading a Child to a Computer Culture. ACM SIGCUE Outlook. (1976). Solomon, Cynthia.
 Teaching young children to program in a LOGO turtle computer culture. ACM Sigcue Outlook (1978). Solomon, Cynthia.

 Logo Power (1984). Solomon, Cynthia.

 Designing educational computer environment for children. (1995). Druin, Allison & Solomon, Cynthia.
 Designing Multimedia Environments for Children (1996). Druin, Allison and Solomon, Cynthia.
Inventive Minds, Marvin Minsky on Education (2009). Edited by Cynthia Solomon and Xiao Xiao
 Culture Audits: Supporting Organizational Success (2004). Solomon, Cynthia.
 Select a Performance Management System (Infoline ASTD) (2009). Solomon, Cynthia.
 The BBN-LISP System. 85. (1966). Bobrow, Daniel & L. Darley, D & L. Murphy, Daniel & Solomon, Cynthia & Teitelman, Warren.
 Designing multimedia environments for children (2018). Druin, Allison & Solomon, Cynthia.

Honors
In 2016, Solomon won the National Center for Women & Information Technology (NCWIT) Pioneer Award. Solomon received a Lifetime Achievement Award at Constructionism 2016. She introduced the Seymour Papert memorial lecture at CrossRoads 2018, and facilitated conversation about new uses for the program in education and to a new demographic of users.

References

Living people
People from Somerville, Massachusetts
American women computer scientists
American computer scientists
Place of birth missing (living people)
Computer science educators
Atari people
Programming language designers
Artificial intelligence researchers
Radcliffe College alumni
Boston University alumni
Apple Inc. employees
Harvard Graduate School of Education alumni
MIT Media Lab people
1938 births
21st-century American women

Cynthia Solomon


George Pitt (c. 1663–1735), of Strathfield Saye, Hampshire, was a British landowner and Tory politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1694 and 1727.

Early life

Pitt was the eldest son of George Pitt of Strathfield Saye and his wife  Jane Savage, eldest daughter of John Savage, 2nd Earl Rivers MP. He matriculated at Wadham College, Oxford on 26 March 1680, aged 16.  He married  by licence dated 14 March 1691, Lucy Lowe, widow of Laurence Lowe of Shaftesbury and daughter of Thomas Pile of Baverstock, Wiltshire. and Shroton, Dorset and the marriage led to the acquisition for his son of the reversion to the Dorset estates of Thomas Freke. He succeeded his father in 1694 and inherited landed wealth, estimated at between £10,000 and £12,000 a year, including Strathfieldsaye, the estates of Wareham priory, with the advowsons of three of the town's churches, which gave a strong electoral influence there, and valuable collieries in north Durham, which his father had acquired in 1686.

In 1692, Pitt was involved in a tavern quarrel, in which, 'o'ercome with wine and loyalty', he killed one John Hoyle of the Inner Temple, a controversial figure described by one contemporary as 'an atheist, a sodomite . . . and a blasphemer'. The young Pitt had been offended by his 'scurrilous' references to the monarchy. Pitt fled the scene but was soon arrested, and was convicted of manslaughter later in the year. Although he obtained an almost immediate pardon,  there remained  the chance of a retrial as late as 1696.   Pitt was slow  in making his presence felt in the Commons, and avoided  facing electoral contests, which may be as a consequence of this episode.

Pitt's wife died on 17 November 1697 and he made a second marriage by 1700, to Lora Grey, daughter of Audley Grey of Kingston Marwood, in Stinsford, Dorset, who  brought him even more property in  Dorset. For many years he was closely associated with his kinsman, Governor Thomas Pitt, who entrusted him with 'paternal authority' over his children in 1706 and with the custody of the famous Pitt diamond in 1710.

Political career
Pitt was returned as  Member of Parliament for Stockbridge at a by-election on 23 November 1694. He canvassed at Wareham at the 1695 general election, but may not have gone to a poll. He reached an agreement with Thomas Erle the other patron at Wareham, not to oppose each other's interest, and in 1698 he was elected MP for Wareham.  He was classed as a supporter of the Country. He was returned again at Wareham in the two general elections of 1701, and was listed with the Tories by Robert Harley. On 26 February 1702 he voted for the motion vindicating the Commons' proceedings over the impeachments of the ousted Whig ministers. In 1702 he became Freeman of Portsmouth and became Tory MP for Hampshire at the 1702 English general election, when he was also returned at Wareham. From this Parliament onwards the name 'Mr Pitt' occurs frequently in the parliamentary record, but there were by this time several members of the Pitt family in Parliament and  attributions are speculative.  At the 1705 English general election he avoided a contest at Hampshire and was returned at Wareham, where he replaced a Whig, Sir Edward Ernle.  He voted against the Court candidate in the division on the Speaker on 25 October 1705, in favour of the Tory candidate, William Bromley, who  had previously  piloted through a private bill concerning his son's inheritance. He was returned again as MP for Wareham at the 1708, and voted against Dr Sacheverell's impeachment in 1710.

Pitt became a Freeman of  Southampton in 1710 and at the 1710 British general election, he felt confident to stand for Hampshire again, and was returned as Tory MP at the top of the poll, keeping his seat at Wareham as insurance. On  25 November 1710, he seconded the motion nominating his friend William Bromley as Speaker.  In December 1710, he moved for the appropriation of the entire yield of the land tax to the support of the navy, but the idea was rejected by the Court interest combined with the Whigs. Pitt was listed as one of the 'worthy patriots' who exposed the mismanagements of the previous ministry, and was a member of the October Club. In December 1711 he did not join 'Governor' Pitt in voting with the Whigs in the crisis over the peace. He was involved in the establishment of the South Sea Company, becoming  a director of the Company from 1711 to 1718  and a Commissioner for  taking subscriptions to the Company in 1711. By the following April he was a leader of the March Club, being in the chair at an early meeting of the club. With the rest of the family, he opposed the French commerce bill on 18 June 1713.  At the 1713 British general election he withdrew again to Wareham where he was returned. He voted on 18 March 1714 against the expulsion of Richard Steele. He was classed as a 'whimsical Whig' in this Parliament.

At the 1715 British general election, Pitt was returned for Wareham and Hampshire  and chose to sit for Hampshire, leaving Wareham for his son George. As a Tory, he voted against the Administration in all recorded divisions, and refused to sign the loyal association in December 1715. By 1716 he was a Commissioner for building 50 new churches. In 1722, he was returned by Robert Pitt for Old Sarum at a by-election on 30 May 1726 and did not stand again at the 1727 British general election.

Death and legacy

Pitt died on 28 February 1735 and was buried at St Mary's, Stratfield Saye. He had four sons and five daughters by his second marriage. His son George inherited Strathfield Saye.

References

1663 births
1735 deaths
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
British MPs 1710–1713
British MPs 1713–1715
British MPs 1715–1722
British MPs 1722–1727
British MPs 1727–1734
George

George Pitt (died 1735)


Apache SystemDS (Previously, Apache SystemML) is an open source ML system for the end-to-end data science lifecycle.

SystemDS's distinguishing characteristics are:

 Algorithm customizability via R-like and Python-like languages.
 Multiple execution modes, including Standalone, Spark Batch, Spark MLContext, Hadoop Batch, and JMLC.
 Automatic optimization based on data and cluster characteristics to ensure both efficiency and scalability.

History
SystemML was created in 2010 by researchers at the IBM Almaden Research Center led by IBM Fellow Shivakumar Vaithyanathan. It was observed that data scientists would write machine learning algorithms in languages such as R and Python for small data. When it came time to scale to big data, a systems programmer would be needed to scale the algorithm in a language such as Scala. This process typically involved days or weeks per iteration, and errors would occur translating the algorithms to operate on big data. SystemML seeks to simplify this process. A primary goal of SystemML is to automatically scale an algorithm written in an R-like or Python-like language to operate on big data, generating the same answer without the error-prone, multi-iterative translation approach.

On June 15, 2015, at the Spark Summit in San Francisco, Beth Smith, General Manager of IBM Analytics, announced that IBM was open-sourcing SystemML as part of IBM's major commitment to Apache Spark and Spark-related projects. SystemML became publicly available on GitHub on August 27, 2015 and became an Apache Incubator project on November 2, 2015. On May 17, 2017, the Apache Software Foundation Board approved the graduation of Apache SystemML as an Apache Top Level Project.

Key technologies
The following are some of the technologies built into the SystemDS engine.

 Compressed Linear Algebra for Large Scale Machine Learning
 Declarative Machine Learning Language

Examples

Principal Component Analysis
The following code snippet does the Principal component analysis of input matrix  , which returns the  and the .# PCA.dml
# Refer: https://github.com/apache/systemds/blob/master/scripts/algorithms/PCA.dml#L61

N = nrow(A);
D = ncol(A);

# perform z-scoring (centering and scaling)
A = scale(A, center==1, scale==1);

# co-variance matrix
mu = colSums(A)/N;
C = (t(A) %*% A)/(N-1) - (N/(N-1))*t(mu) %*% mu;

# compute eigen vectors and values
[evalues, evectors] = eigen(C);

Invocation script
spark-submit SystemDS.jar -f PCA.dml -nvargs INPUT=INPUT_DIR/pca-1000x1000 \
  OUTPUT=OUTPUT_DIR/pca-1000x1000-model PROJDATA=1 CENTER=1 SCALE=1

Database functions
DBSCAN clustering algorithm with Euclidean distance.X = rand(rows=1780, cols=180, min=1, max=20)
[indices, model] = dbscan(X = X, eps = 2.5, minPts = 360)

Improvements
SystemDS 2.0.0 is the first major release under the new name. This release contains a major refactoring, a few major features, a large number of improvements and fixes, and some experimental features to better support the end-to-end data science lifecycle. In addition to that, this release also removes several features that are not up date and outdated.

 New mechanism for DML-bodied (script-level) builtin functions, and a wealth of new built-in functions for data preprocessing including data cleaning, augmentation and feature engineering techniques, new ML algorithms, and model debugging.
 Several methods for data cleaning have been implemented including multiple imputations with multivariate imputation by chained equations (MICE) and other techniques, SMOTE, an oversampling technique for class imbalance, forward and backward NA filling, cleaning using schema and length information, support for outlier detection using standard deviation and inter-quartile range, and functional dependency discovery.
 A complete framework for lineage tracing and reuse including support for loop deduplication, full and partial reuse, compiler assisted reuse, several new rewrites to facilitate reuse.
 New federated runtime backend including support for federated matrices and frames, federated builtins (transform-encode, decode etc.).
 Refactor compression package and add functionalities including quantization for lossy compression, binary cell operations, left matrix multiplication. [experimental]
 New python bindings with supports for several builtins, matrix operations, federated tensors and lineage traces.
 Cuda implementation of cumulative aggregate operators (cumsum, cumprod etc.)
 New model debugging technique with slice finder.
 New tensor data model (basic tensors of different value types, data tensors with schema) [experimental]
 Cloud deployment scripts for AWS and scripts to set up and start federated operations.
 Performance improvements with parallel sort, gpu cum agg, append cbind etc.
 Various compiler and runtime improvements including new and improved rewrites, reduced Spark context creation, new eval framework, list operations, updated native kernel libraries to name a few.
 New data reader/writer for json frames and support for sql as a data source.
 Miscellaneous improvements: improved documentation, better testing, run/release scripts, improved packaging, Docker container for systemds, support for lambda expressions, bug fixes.
 Removed MapReduce compiler and runtime backend, pydml parser, Java-UDF framework, script-level debugger.
 Deprecated ./scripts/algorithms, as those algorithms gradually will be part of SystemDS builtins.

Contributions
Apache SystemDS welcomes contributions in code, question and answer, community building, or spreading the word. The contributor guide is available at https://github.com/apache/systemds/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md

See also
Comparison of deep learning software

References

External links
Apache SystemML website
IBM Research - SystemML
Q & A with Shiv Vaithyanathan, Creator of SystemML and IBM Fellow
A Universal Translator for Big Data and Machine Learning
SystemML: Declarative Machine Learning at Scale presentation by Fred Reiss
SystemML: Declarative Machine Learning on MapReduce
Hybrid Parallelization Strategies for Large-Scale Machine Learning in SystemML
SystemML's Optimizer: Plan Generation for Large-Scale Machine Learning Programs
IBM's SystemML machine learning system becomes Apache Incubator project
IBM donates machine learning tech to Apache Spark open source community
IBM's SystemML Moves Forward as Apache Incubator Project

Cluster computing
Data mining and machine learning software
Hadoop
SystemML
Software using the Apache license
Java platform
Big data products
2015 software

Apache SystemDS


The Banana Framework Agreement (BFA) outlines regulations on the treatment, sharing, and production of bananas and other various banana related activities. It was concluded in 1993 between the European Union and Costa Rica, Colombia, Nicaragua and Venezuela, following a dispute in the framework of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) on the EU's banana import regime (this dispute sometimes referred to as "the Banana Wars").

Five Latin American countries (Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Venezuela) had forwarded a complaint against the EU's banana import regime in 1993, stating that it violated fundamental GATT principles. The panel established in the GATT framework confirmed this view, but its report was not adopted, as the required unanimity was prevented by the EU and countries belonging to the group of ACP states, who were receiving preferential treatment under the EU's importation regime. In the following year negotiations were held, after which four of the five complaining parties concluded the BFA with the EU, which granted them specific shares of the bound tariff quota they were subject to when exporting bananas to the EU.

On 9 June 2010, the EU and Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru and Venezuela entered into the Geneva Agreement on Trade in Bananas, which agreed a scale of diminishing tariffs on EU fresh banana imports applicable from 2009 until 1 January 2017 and extinguished all continuing disputes between the EU and these nations, referred to as the "Latin American MFN ('most favoured nation') banana suppliers".

References

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
Import
Bananas
Agreements
1993 in international relations
Treaties entered into by the European Union

Banana Framework Agreement


The Fourth Ward School is an historic 4-story mansard-roofed former public school building located at 537 South "C" Street in Virginia City, Nevada. Designed in 1876 by architect C. M. Bennett in the Second Empire style of architecture, it originally held over 1000 students in grades 1 though 9 divided into three departments: primary (grades 1 though 4); second grammar (grades 5 though 7) and high school (grades 8 and 9).  Grades 10 through 12 were added by 1909. It graduated its last class in 1936, after which its students were moved to a new school built by the Works Progress Administration.

The building then fell into disrepair and remained closed until 1986 when it was reopened as the Historic Fourth Ward School Museum.  The museum features exhibits of city history, 19th-century education, Mark Twain's life, area mining and a letter printing press.

The Fourth Ward School is a contributing property in the Virginia City Historic District which was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.

References

External links
Official website
Historic Marker Data Base listing for Fourth Ward School

Buildings and structures in Virginia City, Nevada
1876 establishments in Nevada
School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Nevada
Education museums in the United States
History museums in Nevada
Museums in Virginia City, Nevada
Historic American Buildings Survey in Nevada
Historic district contributing properties in Nevada
National Register of Historic Places in Storey County, Nevada
Neoclassical architecture in Nevada
Second Empire architecture in Nevada
Works Progress Administration in Nevada

Fourth Ward School (Virginia City, Nevada)


Forestiera segregata is a species of flowering plant in the olive family known by the common names Florida privet, Florida swampprivet, and southern privet. It is native to the Bahamas, the Greater Antilles, including Puerto Rico and the Cayman Islands, the Lesser Antilles, including Anguilla, and Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina in the United States.

This plant is a shrub or small tree growing up to three to seven meters tall. The gray or brownish twigs have lenticels. The leaves are widely lance-shaped, oval, or spatula-shaped with narrowed bases. They are up to 5 to 7 centimeters long. The plant is evergreen or deciduous. The flowers are small and greenish yellow in color. They are pollinated by insects. The fruit is a black or bluish drupe up to a centimeter long. It stains cloth and skin and is bad-tasting.

There are two varieties of this species: the more common var. segregata and the less common var. pinetorum, which occurs in Florida, Georgia, and the Bahamas.

This species is used in cultivation as a hedge which is easily clipped into shape.

References

External links

segregata
Flora of the Southeastern United States
Flora of the Caribbean

Forestiera segregata


Kathi Goertzen (April 30, 1958 – August 13, 2012) was a longtime co-news anchor of Seattle ABC affiliate KOMO-TV along with Dan Lewis (the 6PM edition) and also the 5PM edition with Eric Johnson. She joined KOMO in June 1980, after the eruption of Mount St. Helens and did many special newscasts thereafter, including the fall of the Berlin Wall (she was the first local American TV news reporter to do so).

Before KOMO

Kathi Goertzen was born in Seattle on April 30, 1958. She graduated from Queen Anne High School and had initially set out to be a veterinarian. However, she changed her career goals after witnessing a dog necropsy, and then aspired to become a journalist, enrolling at Washington State University. Kathi Goertzen graduated in 1980 from WSU with a Bachelor of Arts degree in communications from the Edward R. Murrow School of Communication. She was a member of the Omega chapter of Alpha Chi Omega sorority, and served as an anchor/reporter for the student-produced newscast at KWSU-TV. She also interned as a beat reporter at KREM-TV in Spokane.

Career with KOMO

After joining KOMO-TV in 1980, she became a regular reporter. After one year, in 1981, she became a general assignment reporter, then in 1982, she took weekend news anchoring duties from anchor Kerry Brock. In 1984, she became co-anchor for the weeknight editions of KOMO 4 News with Jim Harriott. When the Berlin Wall fell, Goertzen was the first local American news reporter to report live from the scene at Brandenburg Gate in West Berlin. In 2005, Goertzen and co-anchor Dan Lewis became the longest-running network affiliate news team in the United States west of the Mississippi River.

Absences from KOMO
In 1989, she took a three-month maternity leave upon the birth of her first daughter, Alexa, and another maternity leave again in 1995 after her second daughter, Andrea, was born.

On December 1, 1998, KOMO announced that Goertzen had been suffering from a type of meningioma, a noncancerous tumor that grows on the brain stem that affects speech and the ability to swallow. The announcement led to many longtime KOMO viewers pouring out support, wishing for a speedy recovery. Treatment went quickly for the first occurrence, and she returned to KOMO News on January 3, 1999.  When she returned to the program, her co-anchor, Dan Lewis, said, "Kathi, don't ever leave me like that again."

The tumor recurred in 2005, resulting in Goertzen announcing a leave of absence on September 16.  Because the tumor was located near nerves that are vital to speech, it could not be removed completely. Goertzen announced on April 2, 2008 that she would be undergoing a third surgery to remove the tumor. The surgery "went better than expected" on April 3, and after spending several months on an experimental chemotherapy drug used to fight kidney cancer (with high levels of success), it was announced on August 14 that Goertzen would resume anchor duties alongside Dan Lewis on September 2, 2008.

A little more than two weeks following her return to KOMO, Goertzen announced that the tumor had grown back yet again, and that she would undergo her fourth operation to have the tumor removed. Her announcement topped all the evening newscasts, with longtime news anchor Dan Lewis leading the 11 PM newscast.

After a number of surgeries to remove the tumor, and five months off television, Goertzen returned to KOMO-TV on Monday, February 16, 2009. The surgeries had partially paralyzed the right side of her face, resulting in difficulty blinking her right eye. As a result of her surgeries, she wore glasses off air; in her 29-year history with KOMO-TV, she had never worn them on-air. Her return to broadcasting the evening news was met with scores of "Welcome back, Kathi!" remarks by fellow KOMO colleagues and KOMO viewers.

On February 2, 2011, Goertzen again underwent surgery to remove parts of the tumor that continued to grow. The various treatments had damaged her facial nerve, which partially debilitated one side of her face. During a surgery that lasted ten hours, doctors reported that they were going to be more aggressive and remove the entire tumor. Her doctors had hoped that this would be Kathi's last surgery. The creation of a support page on Facebook for Kathi had amassed over 72,000 fans as of July 29, 2012.

On January 26, 2012, Kathi posted on her Facebook page: "Doctor saw some tumor growth so wants to do surgery...again! Will keep you posted when. Really appreciate your good thoughts and prayers. As one of my FB friends wrote, "There's no room for fear and faith in this house!" Dread, maybe. :)"

Community involvement
Kathi Goertzen served on the WSU Foundation Board of Trustees from 1994 to 2000. She was also a Board Member of the YWCA of Seattle-King County.

Personal life
Goertzen married Rick Jewett, a KOMO-TV account executive (formerly a sales executive, and previously a KOMO photographer), in 1993.  Goertzen had two daughters, Alexa and Andrea.

Death
Kathi Goertzen died on August 13, 2012, of pneumonia, a complication of her long battle with recurring meningiomas.

References

External links
Official Biography on KOMO-TV's Website

1958 births
2012 deaths
American television journalists
American women television journalists
Daytime Emmy Award winners
Deaths from pneumonia in Washington (state)
Television anchors from Seattle
21st-century American women

Kathi Goertzen


At the Japan-ROK Summit Meeting held in October 2001, then Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi and then President Kim Dae Jung agreed on creating a team of experts regarding Japan and Korea's relationship in history.
In May 2002, Japan and South Korea brought together expert historians from both nations in order to "promoting mutual understanding concerning accurate facts and recognition of history." Initially, multiple experts from each country would compile and translate multiple sources for validity and accuracy. "The experts of Japan and the ROK have conducted joint research through a number of period-specific working groups: ancient history, medieval and modern history, and modern and contemporary history."

As the research progressed multiple disagreements were slowly being resolved toward accurate facts by both historians. Two very important points one of which was resolved was 4th century Japanese history and modern history.

Resolved 4th century
Both Japan and South Korea agreed that Japan's interpretation of the 4th century was incorrect. The term Imna Japanese Headquarters never used in the 4th century.
The Korea-Japan Joint History Research Committee failed to establish common interpretations of several sensitive historical events. However, both sides agreed that a disputed Japanese government office said to have been established in the sixth century exist, but the name is not Imna Japanese Headquarters (:ja:任那日本府 in Japan). Even though expert historians from both nations agreed on the accuracy of this data, they could not require Japanese history text books to use the correct information. "Cho Kwang, the Korean head of the research committee, said it will ask the Japanese government to request that textbook publishers remove sections about the Imna headquarters. But the historians' recommendations cannot be enforced, as they are not legally binding." This conclusion, has huge implications on the Kofun period for Japan as well in addition to the Gosashi tomb.

Temporary Halting of the research project
In 2005, the project was halted due to the Japanese government's refusal to use the research in Japanese school text books. "After conducting research for three years since 2002, scholars of the two countries announced their first report on three categories - ancient, medieval, and modern times. At that time, Seoul demanded that the research institute's findings be reflected in the textbooks of the two nations, but Japan rejected this request." Japan's refusal to use the research findings of the joint historians in Japanese schools cause South Korea to wonder why they were spending so much money researching history which wasn't going to be used in Japan. This event caused South Korea to halt the project in 2005.

Revival of the Joint research project
In 2007, both nations decided to revive the joint history project and further research is still under way. Whether Japan and South Korea will be able to resolve their differences still remains to be seen. The current disputes on the project are mainly about interpretations of Japan's occupation of Korea and World War II. "The committee's final report Tuesday from a second round of the joint study underscored the deep gaps over how the countries view their recent history and what should or should not be included in their textbooks."

External links
 Japan–South Korea Joint History Research Project
 Report1(2002-2005) in Japanese / Korean
 Report2(2007-2010) in Japanese / Korean

References

Japan–South Korea relations
Historiography of Korea
Historiography of Japan


The Fitton Baronetcy, of Gawsworth in the County of Chester, was a title in the Baronetage of England. It was created on 2 October 1617 by James I for Sir Edward Fitton, of Gawsworth Hall, Gawsworth, Cheshire, 1572-1619. The Fitton family were settled in Gawsworth from about the 13th century. The first Baronet's ancestors included Sir Edward Fitton (1500–1553), High Sheriff of Cheshire in 1544 and Sir Edward Fitton (1527–1579), Treasurer of Ireland and President of Connaught. His father Sir Edward Fitton (1548–1606) was an unsuccessful colonist of Munster. His sister, Mary Fitton, was Maid of Honour to Elizabeth I.

The second Baronet, High Sheriff in 1633, was an officer in the service of Charles II and was briefly Governor of Bristol following that city's fall during the English Civil War. The baronetcy became extinct on his death in 1643. He left his estate by his will of 1641 to his Irish cousin William Fitton of Awne (Awrice), County Limerick, (grandson of Sir Edward Fitton, Treasurer of Ireland) to the exclusion of his seven sisters and their husbands. The will was disputed and lengthy legal proceedings followed involving Alexander Fitton, Lord Chancellor of Ireland (son of William) and Charles Gerard, 1st Baron Gerard, son of Penelope Fitton, eldest daughter of the first Baronet. Settlement of the lawsuit in 1663 passed the estate to Gerard, who was later created Earl of Macclesfield.

Fitton baronets, of Gawsworth (1617)

Sir Edward Fitton, 1st Baronet (1572–1619)
Sir Edward Fitton, 2nd Baronet (1603–1643)

References

Extinct baronetcies in the Baronetage of England

Fitton baronets


Hirābai Barodekar (1905 – 1989) was an Indian Hindustāni classical music singer, of Kirana gharana. She was disciple of Ustād Abdul Wahid Khān.

Early life and background
Hirabai was born as Champākali to Kirānā Gharānā master Ustād Abdul Karim Khān and Tārābāi Māne. Tarabai was the daughter of Sardār Māruti Rāo Māne, a brother of princely Barodā state's "Rajmātā" during the middle of the 19th century. Abdul Karim Khan was the court musician in Baroda when Tarabai was young, and he taught her music. The two fell in love and decided to get married; but Tarabai's parents disapproved of the alliance, and the couple had to leave the state (along with Abdul Karim's brother, Ustād Abdul Haq Khān). The couple moved to Bombay (Mumbai), and had two sons: Suresh or Abdul Rehmān, and Krishnā; and three daughters: Champākali,  Gulāb, and Sakinā or Chhotutāi. In their adult lives, the five respectively became known as Sureshbābu Māne, Krishnarāo Māne, Hirābāi Badodekar (called Champu-tai by close friends), Kamalābāi Badodekar, and Sarswatibāi Rāne.

She had her initial training from her brother Sureshbabu Mane and later training from the doyen of Kirana Gharana, Ustād Abdul Wahid Khān, who was a cousin of her father, Ustad Abdul Karim Khan. (In 1922, Hirabai's parents had parted company; thus Hirabai received only limited musical lessons from her father.)

She often performed along with her younger sister, Saraswati Rane.

Singing career
Hirabai appeared in her first public performance under patronage of Kesarbai Kerkar at the age of 15.

She was an expert in Khyāl, Thumri, Marāthi Nātya Sangeet, and Bhajan. She is credited with having popularised Hindustāni Classical Music among the masses. She was a pioneer of concerts by women artists in India. She was the first female artist to introduce ticketed concerts in India. Her rendition of 'Taar Sa' was very popular and became her hallmark. She made Kirana gharana more popular and rich.

Hirabai acted in several movies, including "Suvarna Mandir", "Pratibhā", "Janābāi", and "Municipality". She also started a music school, "Nutan Sangeet Vidyālaya", to teach music to girls. The school staged several plays.

Hirabai became a recording artist very early in her career. (Her 78 rpm recordings have been re-released on cassettes by RPG in their Classical Gold series). She was titled as "Gaanhira" (a singing diamond).

Honours
Hirabai's work in Hindustani music fetched her many prestigious accolades. She was awarded with the Sangeet Nātak Akādemi Award in 1965 and the Padma Bhushan Award in 1970. She was also awarded Vishnudas Bhave Award for her contribution to theater.

She was chosen to sing the national song, Vande Mataram, from the Red Fort in India's capital Delhi on the day India received its independence from the British Raj (15 August 1947). She visited China and the East African countries as a part of an Indian delegation in 1953.

She was titled "Gaan kokila" (Nightingale of India) by Sarojini Naidu. An annual music festival is held in Mumbai by her disciple Prabha Atre by the name Sureshbabu – Hirabai Smruti Sangeet Samaroh since 1992, which has become one of the major festivals of music in the country.

Family
She was married to Manikrao Gandhi-Barodekar. Her grandson Nishikant Barodekar is a tabla player, a student of Zakir Hussain.

References

External links
 Hirabai Barodekar at Lastfm

1905 births
1989 deaths
Hindustani singers
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts
Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award
Place of death missing
Kirana gharana
20th-century Indian singers
Women Hindustani musicians
20th-century Indian women singers
Indian women classical singers
20th-century Khyal singers

Hirabai Barodekar


Diana Burrell (born 25 October 1948) is an English composer. She was born in Norwich, Norfolk. She went to Norwich High School for Girls and then studied music at the University of Cambridge. She started her career as a viola player, but soon became well known for her compositions was able to be a full-time composer.

Her first big orchestral piece was called Landscape (1988). It describes the wild, windswept countryside. It won an Encore Award from the Royal Philharmonic Society and BBC Radio 3. Another orchestral work has a long title in German: Das Meer so gross und weit ist da wimmelts ohne Zahlgrosse kleine Tiere (The sea is so big and wide and swarming with numerous little animals). It describes the sounds and the atmosphere of the sea.

Burrell has written other orchestral works including concertos for viola, flute and clarinet, an opera The Albatross (1997), lots of choral works and chamber music. She likes modern architecture and her music sometimes shows this in the way it is shaped. She has also written music for young people such as Lights and Shadows (1989) which includes children's choir, recorder group and lots of percussion.

Burrell teaches at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama and is artistic director of Spitalfields Festival in London. She lives in East London.

References

Other websites
 United Music Publishers official website for Diana Burrell

English composers
People from Norwich
1948 births
Living people
20th-century British composers
21st-century British composers
20th-century English musicians
21st-century English musicians
Violists

Diana Burrell


Johann Heinrich Lahmann (30 March 1860 – 1 June 1905) was a German physician who was a pioneer of naturopathic medicine. He was a native of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen.

He earned his medical doctorate at the University of Heidelberg, and after graduation became a general practitioner in Stuttgart. On 1 January 1888, he opened a sanatorium called the "Physiatric Sanatorium" at Weißer Hirsch, outside of Dresden. This institution would eventually become well-known internationally.

Lahmann was influenced by the methods used by Vincenz Priessnitz (1799-1851) and Johann Schroth (1798-1856), both pioneers in the field of alternative medicine. He eventually turned away from traditional medicine, and was disdainful of drugs and unnatural medications. Lahmann stressed the importance of diet, exercise and fresh air, and was an ardent practitioner of physiotherapy and hydrotherapy.

Lahmann recommended a vegetarian diet of fruits, vegetables, nuts, whole grain bread and dairy products, and believed in limiting one's intake of table salt and liquor. He developed five separate diets for his patients, which included food for diabetics, food for the overweight, as well as a strictly vegetarian diet. In his 1891 book, Diätetische Blutentmischung als Grundursache der Krankheiten, he argued that diseases were ultimately caused by a poor diet, and therefore a proper diet was needed to prevent illness. He was also one of the first physicians to recognize the importance of minerals in an individual's diet, feeling that many foods were mineral deficient.

Lahmann was an advocate of animal rights, refusing to use them in laboratory experiments. He also advocated loose-fitting clothing for all his patients, and recommended both sauna and open-air bathing.

Selected written works
 Das Luftbad als Heil- und Abhärtungsmittel, 1898
 Die Diätetische Blutentmischung als Grundursache der Krankheiten, 1891
 Die Kohlensäurestauung in unserem Körper - die wichtigste allgemeine Krankheitsursache, 1905

References

 Parts of this article are based on a translation of an equivalent article at the German Wikipedia, whose sources include Lahmann, Heinrich biography @ NDB/ADB Deutsche Biographie.
 38th IVU World Vegetarian Congress Dresden, Germany

External links

1860 births
1905 deaths
19th-century German physicians
German general practitioners
German physiotherapists
Physicians from Bremen (city)
Diet food advocates
Naturopaths
People from the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen

Heinrich Lahmann


News1, also known by its former name, News First Class (NFC), is an Israeli news website concentrating on investigative journalism. The website was established by investigative reporter Yoav Yitzhak, who is the chief editor and contributing journalist.

In 2011, Yitzhak returned to his former employer Maariv when the two signed an agreement in which the print newspaper will publish Yitzhak's investigative reporting.

References

External links

Israeli news websites

News1


William Jauderell was an archer in the English armies in Wales of Edward, the Black Prince in the 14th century.

A descendant of Peter Jauderel, a soldier who had helped King Edward conquer Wales in the late 13th century, William Jauderell held estates in Cheshire and Macclesfield Forest registered in 1351, although he originally came from Yeardsley, in Derbyshire.  His son Roger Joudrell would later fight at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415, and was buried in the church of St James, Taxal, also in Derbyshire, where his grave is marked by a large plaque honouring William and others from the family.

On 16 December 1355, the Black Prince gave him leave to travel to England by means of a pass which his family keeps as an heirloom today.  The translated modern text reads, Know all that we, the Prince of Wales, have given leave on the day of the date of this instrument, to William Jauderel, one of our archers, to go to England. In witness of this we have caused our seal to be placed on this bill. Given at Bordeaux 16 December, in the year of grace 1355.

After travelling to England, Jauderell went back overseas, presumably to France where the Battle of Poitiers took place in September 1356, and he was recorded returning to England in 1356 when he was awarded two oak trees to repair his home at Whaley Bridge in Derbyshire, taken from Macclesfield Forest.

The name evolved from Jauderel to Jauderell to Joudrell, and from the late 15th century onwards, has been Jodrell. The name lives on in the site of the iconic Jodrell Bank Observatory in Cheshire.

See also
 Jodrell Bank

References
Hardy, Robert The Longbow: A Social and Military History Patrick Stephens Publishing 1992

English soldiers
British male archers
14th-century English military personnel
Year of death missing
Year of birth missing
People from Whaley Bridge

William Jauderell


St Kilda Football Club (nicknamed The Saints) is an Australian rules football club. They play in the Australian Football League. The club first played in 1873. Their home ground is the Marvel Stadium in Melbourne. Their current captain is Jarryn Geary and their current coach is Brett Ratten. They wear a guernsey that is red, white and black, in vertical stripes.

History
The first mention of a football team in St Kilda was made in 1859. The current club was started in 1873. It was based on the South Yarra Football Club which had closed the year before. The club colours were formed when the red and white of the South Yarra Football Club merged with the black and white of the new St. Kilda Football Club. The first guernsey worn by the club was red and black striped horizontally, with a white neckerchief. The club joined the new Victorian Football League in 1897, and lost its first 48 games. Their home ground was the Junction Oval, in the Melbourne suburb of St. Kilda. In 1964, the team moved from St Kilda to Moorabbin, where they now train.

The team won their first and only premiership in 1966, beating Collingwood. In recent years they have been more competitive, playing in the 1997 Grand Final, losing to Adelaide.  Between 2004 and 2011, St. Kilda established a period of dominance, playing in all but the 2007 finals series, and playing in the Preliminary Finals in 2004, 2005, 2008, 2009 and 2010. In 2009, St. Kilda went the first 19 games of the season without being beaten, only to lose to Geelong in the Grand Final by 12 points. In 2010 they played in the Grand Final and drew with Collingwood. A moment etched in the memories of St. Kilda supporters was the moment Stephen Milne opted to let the ball bounce through for a behind in the dying minutes, when he had the opportunity to secure St. Kilda's second premiership with a goal. They were defeated in a replay the next week. They have also placed last on the ladder 26 times since their establishment, the most of any team.

St. Kilda has featured a number of star players, with 10 Brownlow Medalists, including Ian Stewart and Robert Harvey, who won the award twice. In 1987, Tony Lockett won the Brownlow Medal as well as the Coleman Medal kicking 117 goals.

Medalists
St Kilda Brownlow Medalists:

 Colin Watson, 1925
 Brian Gleeson, 1957
 Neil Roberts, 1958
 Verdun Howell, 1959
 Ian Stewart, 1965, 1966
 Ross Smith, 1967
 Tony Lockett, 1987
 Robert Harvey, 1997, 1998

St Kilda Coleman Medalists:

 Charlie Baker, 1925 (30 goals)
 Bill Mohr, 1936 (101 goals)
 Bill Young, 1956 (56 goals)
 Tony Lockett, 1987 (117 goals), 1991 (118 goals)
 Fraser Gehrig, 2004 (90 goals), 2005 (74 goals)

Club song
Oh when the Saints, go marching in,
Oh when the Saints go marching in,
Oh how I want to be with St Kilda.
When the Saints go marching in.

Oh when the Saints, go marching in,
Oh when the Saints go marching in,
Oh how I want to be with St Kilda.
When the Saints go marching in.

References

Other websites
 St Kilda Football Club website

Australian Football League

St Kilda Football Club


The norm of reciprocity requires that people repay in kind what others have done for them. It can be understood as the expectation that people will respond to each other by returning benefits for benefits, and with either indifference or hostility to harms. The social norm of reciprocity may take different forms in different areas of social life, or in different societies. This is distinct from related ideas such as gratitude, the Golden Rule, or mutual goodwill. See reciprocity (social and political philosophy) for an analysis of the concepts involved.

The norm of reciprocity mirrors the concept of reciprocal altruism in evolutionary biology. However, evolutionary theory and therefore sociobiology was not well-received by mainstream psychologists. This led to reciprocal altruism being studied instead under a new social-psychological concept: the norm of reciprocity. Reciprocal altruism has been applied to various species, including humans, while mainstream psychologists use the norm of reciprocity only to explain humans.

A norm of reciprocity motivates, creates, sustains, and regulates the cooperative behavior required for self-sustaining social organizations. It limits the damage done by unscrupulous people, and contributes to social system stability. For more details, see the discussions in tit for tat and reciprocity (social psychology). The power and ubiquity of the norm of reciprocity can be used against the unwary, however, and is the basis for the success of many malicious confidence games, advertising and marketing campaigns, and varieties of propaganda in which a small gift of some kind is proffered with the expectation of producing in the recipient an eagerness to reciprocate (by purchasing a product, making a donation, or becoming more receptive to a line of argument).

For some legal scholars, reciprocity underpins international law "and the law of war specifically". Until well after World War II ended in 1945, the norm of reciprocity provided a justification for conduct in armed conflict. British jurist Hersch Lauterpacht noted in 1953 that "it is impossible to visualize the conduct of hostilities in which one side would be bound by rules of warfare without benefiting from them and the other side would benefit from rules of warfare without being bound by them."

Positive and negative
The norm of reciprocity has positive and negative aspects.

A positive norm of reciprocity is "the embedded obligations created by exchanges of benefits or favours among individuals. The recipient feels indebted to the favour or benefit giver until he/she repays". The positive reciprocity norm is a common social expectation in which a person who helps another person can expect positive feedback whether in the form of a gift, a compliment, a loan, a job reference, etc. In social psychology, positive reciprocity refers to responding to a positive action with another positive action (rewarding kind actions). This norm is so powerful, it may allow the initial giver to ask for something in return for what was given rather than having to wait for a voluntary reciprocal act. In some cases a person does not have to ask, because an expectation to return the favor is already implied. Reciprocity also works at the level of liking; We like people who help us, and dislike those who ask for help but never return it. Such disapproval is often enough to make people comply with the norm of reciprocity.

"A negative norm of reciprocity represents the means by which individuals act against unfavourable treatments, and functions to keep balance in social systems". In contrast to the positive reciprocity norm, the negative reciprocity norm emphasizes the return of unfavourable treatment as an appropriate response to a misdeed. The principle of this norm serves as a powerful deterrent for violent or symbolic mistreatment. Harming others invites anger and revenge; people receiving negative treatment are likely to retaliate angrily. People with a propensity towards anger may more strongly endorse the negative reciprocity norm as a justification for consummating their hostility by punishing the instigator of mistreatment. In one study, most college students believed that criminal punishment should be determined by the seriousness of the crime rather than by punishment's effectiveness in preventing similar crimes.

There are contrasting ways to differentiate negative and positive norms of reciprocity. "In contrast to a positive norm of reciprocity Gouldner (1960) also suggested a negative norm of reciprocity or sentiments of retaliation where the emphasis is placed not on the return of benefits but on the return of injuries". So the norm may be characterized primarily in either a positive or negative way. However "both positive and negative norms or reciprocity serve as starting mechanisms as well as stabilizing functions in that they help initiate and maintain equitable interpersonal exchanges in human evolution".

Sustainable Healthy Relationships (R-Model)
The R-Model was developed by Andrew Millward-Boyton as a theory sustainable healthy relationships with reciprocal elements at its core. The theory explains the need for reciprocity is necessary for the relationship to be sustainable and health. without reciprocity the relationship is considered less sustainable and less healthy. R-Model proposes the need for balance and alignment in a relationship, and with balance there can be even growth in the relationship.

Because reciprocation is essential for maintaining sustainable, healthy relationships. Reciprocation means that both parties in the relationship are giving freely. The reciprocal elements that are given freely, are offered without the expectation of reciprocation.

Whilst balance is required for health and sustainability, the R-Model theory proposes the need for "connected autonomy" and a focus on health, an example of how the R-Model could be used is to understand the nature of "tit for tat" games, and use the R_Model to break the cycle of "tit for tat" which requires conscious effort, self-awareness, and a commitment to improving the quality of your relationships. It often involves choosing compassion, consideration, and co-constructive communication over reactive and retaliatory behavior.

When used as a diagnostic tool, the R-Model offers a profound awareness of how withholding reciprocity as a form of punishment within a relationship can be inherently destructive. In the intricate web of human relationships, reciprocity plays a fundamental role in nurturing trust and maintaining equilibrium. When one party chooses to withhold reciprocity in response to perceived slights or transgressions, it sets off a chain reaction of negativity, eroding the very foundations (Vital-Base) of the relationship. This withholding not only perpetuates a cycle of resentment (Victim) and retaliation (Viciousness) but also obstructs Vitality being channeled into the co-constructive communication necessary for resolving conflicts and fostering growth. By highlighting the destructive nature of this behavior, the R-Model underscores the importance of Communication, Compassion, and constructive responses as alternatives to the detrimental path of negative reciprocity. It encourages individuals to recognise that withholding reciprocity often exacts a heavy toll on the well-being of a relationship, ultimately hindering its potential for mutual growth and connection.

The R-Model is a Biopsychosocial model, a class of trans-disciplinary models which look at the interconnection between biology, psychology, and socio-environmental factors. It was first developed to understand the nature of relationship in the environment and discipline of group therapy. The initial model was influenced by works from Eric Berne, John Bowlby and George Kohlrieser.

Private and public

Private reciprocation
The norm of reciprocity is usually internalised. In addition, all major ethical and religious traditions include reciprocity as a rule of moral behaviour—from Jesus ("As you would that men should do to you, do ye also to them likewise." to Confucius ("What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others."). The moral character of the norm may encourage the sense that following it is an imperative rather than a choice, and failing to reciprocate should create feelings of self-reproach and guilt.

Public reciprocation
Another way to understand how the norm of reciprocity works is to understand that the initial favour and the following repayment unfold in a public way. The social rewards of sticking to the norm and the costs of breaching it are profound. People deny continued group membership to others who breach the norm.

The norm of reciprocity stipulates that the amount of the return to a favour is "roughly the same" as what had been received. Such idea of equivalence takes two forms;
 Heteromorphic reciprocity  Things exchanged can be totally different, but they are equal in value, as defined by the stakeholders in the situation.
 Homeomorphic reciprocity  Exchanges are identical in form, either with regard to the things exchanged or to the situations under which they are exchanged. Historically, the most significant expression of homeomorphic reciprocity is in the negative reciprocity norms; in retaliation, the focus is not on the return of benefits, but on the return of injuries.

However, Mark A. Whatley and colleagues found that people will give more favors, like a higher donation, if .

Significance to social system stability
Favours given are not immediately repaid; returning of favours may take a long time. The intervening time period is governed by the norm of reciprocity in two manners.
 The stakeholder is assembling, mobilizing, or liquidating resources or assets so as to make a suitable repayment.
 It is a time period in which the relevant party should not do harm to people who have given them benefits; such people are morally constrained to demonstrate gratitude towards or maintain peace with their benefactors. As such, outstanding obligations can thus contribute to the stabilising of social systems by encouraging mutually beneficial exchange and cooperative behaviours.

The merely "rough equivalence" of repayment suggests an important system-stabilising function. It introduces an element of ambiguity as to whether the indebtedness has been repaid fully, thus creating uncertainty about who the indebted parties are. The comparative indeterminancy then serves as a type of all-purpose moral cement; it keeps us mindful of our behaviours and induces cooperative action.

The norm of reciprocity also contributes to social stability even when there is a well-developed system of specific status duties. Status duties shape behavior as the status occupant believes them to be binding; they are expected to faithfully fulfill their responsibilities. Nonetheless, the general norm of reciprocity offers another source of motivation and moral sanction for conforming with specific status obligations. If other people have been fulfilling their status responsibilities to you, you then have a second-order obligation to fulfill your status responsibilities to them as well. The feeling of gratitude reinforces that of rectitude and contributes to conformity, thus social stability.

In organizational research
Perceived organizational support (POS) and perceived psychological contract violation (PPCV) are the two most common measures of the reciprocity norm in organizational research.

POS is the degree to which employees' believe that their organization values their contributions and cares about their well-being. It is the organization's contribution to a positive reciprocity dynamic with employees, as employees tend to perform better as a way to pay back POS.

PPCV is a construct that regards employees' feelings of disappointment (ranging from minor frustration to betrayal) arising from their belief that their organization has broken its work-related promises. It is the organization's contribution to a negative reciprocity dynamic, as employees tend to perform more poorly to pay back PPCV.

David R. Hekman and colleagues found that professional employees, such as doctors and lawyers, are most likely to repay POS with better performance when they have high levels of organizational identification combined with low levels of professional identification. Professional employees are most forgiving of PPCV when they have high levels of organizational identification combined with low levels of professional identification.

The norms of reciprocity in interactions among employees underlie Adam Grant's distinction between "giver cultures" and "taker cultures" as two end-points of a scale, with "matcher cultures" in between.

In evolutionary psychology

Evolutionary psychologists have used the norm of reciprocity to explain altruism by emphasizing our expectations that "helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future." The human desire to reciprocate kindness and to cooperate for survival value has enabled our continued existence in a hostile world. Thus, the norm of reciprocity ultimately has survival value. As this norm derives from our evolutionary history, adherence to it constitutes "natural" behavior whose neglect might cause a degree of dissonance. The norm of reciprocity is found in evolutionary psychology as reciprocal altruism, a concept coined by evolutionary biologist Robert Trivers. The rise of sociobiology was not well received by mainstream psychologists, and so reciprocal altruism was reinvented under the term "norm of reciprocity" in psychology. Study of the norm of reciprocity is arguably less scientifically advanced than that of reciprocal altruism, judging from the degree of research underneath the name "reciprocal altruism" as opposed to the name "norm of reciprocity".

In developmental psychology

Developmental psychologists have studied the norm of reciprocity and the development of this norm in children. Psychologists have found that children begin to show reciprocal behavior around the age of two, when they observe the behavior of others and begin to have their own relationships with peers.

One way that psychologists have been able to study the norm of reciprocity in children is by observing and experimenting on their toy sharing behaviour. Kristina R. Olson and Elizabeth S. Spelke conducted an experiment in which they used dolls to represent family members and friends and gave the child various items to distribute to the dolls after a series of situations were explained to the child. These situations represented private and public reciprocity and gave the child the choice of which dolls to share the items with. An example of a situation involves one of the dolls sharing with the rest of them. Olson and Spelke found that children will give to family and friends more than strangers, repay those who shared with them, and reward those who share with others, even if they do not receive the item.

Psychologists Ken J. Rotenberg and Luanne Mann also explored the development of the reciprocity norm of self-disclosure and its functions in children's attraction to peers. The findings indicated that the norm of reciprocity is involved in attraction to peers only by sixth grade; children in that cohort showed such an effect by reporting greater affection towards others who reciprocated the same amount of intimacy than those whose intimacy level deviated from the initiator's. According to Youniss's theory of social development, children's friendship during the early part of middle childhood (5–8 years) is based upon reciprocity of behaviour that suggests a "tit-for-tat" rule of exchange and interaction. During the later part of middle childhood (9–11 years) and beyond, children's friendship is based on the reciprocity of behaviour that suggests a mutually cooperative principle of exchange as well as an appreciation of reciprocity.

Studies
A study of 116 MBA students in the United States completed a series of self perception questions, which included the measure of the relational-self orientation, and then, six weeks later, completed a work relationship exercise during a class session. "In the exercise, participants read a vignette in which they were asked to imagine that they were the focal person in a reward allocation scenario at work." They were then told that they worked hard on the project together with a colleague, and made the same sort of effort and contribution to the project. Their supervisor then agreed to give them a $1000 reward. They were then given the following options on how to divide the money:
(A) Your colleague will make a proposal as to how the money should be divided.
(B) If you accept the proposal, then you will get what the colleague proposed to you. However, if you reject it, then the money will return to the company for future reward considerations.
The results were positively and negatively skewed: If the two persons were close friends or colleagues the acceptance rate was 62% if the offer was 20% of the 1000 dollars, and 100% if the offer was 80% of the money. If the colleagues were distant then the rates were 20% for 20% of the money and 77% for 80% of the money.

See also

Notes

Further reading

 Axelrod, Robert. The Evolution of Cooperation. Revised edition. New York: Basic Books, 2006.
 Becker, Lawrence C. (1986) Reciprocity. London and New York: Routledge. (Paperback,1990) Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
 Blau, Peter M. Exchange and Power in Social Life.  New York: John Wiley, 1964.  Reprinted, with a new introduction, New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1986.
 Gill, Christopher. Postlethwaite, Norman. Seaford, Richard (Eds.): Reciprocity in Ancient Greece. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press 1998. .
 Pratkanis, A. & Aronson, E. (2001). The Age of Propaganda: The Everyday Use and Abuse of Persuasion. New York, NY: Owl Books. .

Advertising
Interpersonal relationships
Ethical principles
Moral psychology

Norm of reciprocity


Pipervika is a neighborhood in the borough Sentrum in Oslo, Norway. It is located between the Oslofjord, Akershus Fortress and The City Hall Square. Today the term Pipervika is primarily used for the bay between the fortress and Aker Brygge. This was formerly commonly known as Piperviksbukta. It is part of the Fjord City urban renewal project.

The name
The first element is assumed to refer to the brigade music's pipers (flutists) who were located in the area, the last element is the finite form of vik f 'bay, inlet'. But the Norse name of the bay was Gyljandi, and this name is derived from the verb gylja 'howl, huut' (probably referring to the windy conditions in the bay). The name Pipervika ('the piping bay') could therefore be some kind of translation from Norse to Danish in the 17th century. (The verb pipe in Scandinavian in often used to describe the sound of strong wind.)

Neighbourhoods of Oslo

Oslofjord
Fjord City

Pipervika


Max Thurn (27 October 1897 – 22 July 1969) was a German conductor who was known particularly for his work as a choral conductor. He was the director of the choir of the Hamburg State Opera and of the NDR Chor, and was a co-founder of the boys' choir of the broadcaster Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR).

Career
Thurn was the choral conductor of the Hamburgische Staatsoper from 1946 to 1965. His productions included Mozart's Die Entführung aus dem Serail in 1954, with Teresa Stich-Randall and Rudolf Schock in leading roles.

He founded the choir of the broadcaster Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk (NWDR, later NDR) on 1 May 1946, after accepting 55 singers from more than 2,000 applications. He conducted the choir in Hamburg while Otto Franze conducted the choir in Cologne, until NDR and WDR split in 1955.

From 1953 he conducted for the NDR a series of Bach cantatas,
 with members of the NDR Chor, members of the NDR Sinfonieorchester, and renowned soloists such as Margot Guilleaume, Hans-Joachim Rotzsch, Erich Wenk, Lotte Wolf-Matthäus and Ursula Zollenkopf. The repertory of the choir included also operettas such as Die Fledermaus by Johann Strauss. Thurn prepared the NWDR Chor Hamburg for the posthumous premiere of Arnold Schoenberg's unfinished opera Moses und Aron at the Musikhalle Hamburg on 12 March 1954.

Some of his radio productions were later issued on record and CD, such as in 1953 Puccini's Tosca with Rudolf Schock. Thurn prepared in 1953 the choir of the NWDR for Wagner's Lohengrin, with soloists Maud Cunitz, Schock, Margarete Klose, Josef Metternich and Gottlob Frick, conducted by Wilhelm Schüchter. In 1956, Thurn prepared the choir for a performance for the opening of the 77th Deutscher Katholikentag in Cologne from 29 August to 2 September, aired from the Funkhaus in Cologne. The Requiem by Hector Berlioz was performed by Nicolai Gedda, the radio choirs and the Kölner Rundfunk-Sinfonie-Orchester, conducted by Dimitri Mitropoulos. In 1965, he prepared the NDR Chor for a live recording of Isang Yun's Om mani padme hum (1964), with the Rundfunkorchester des NDR Hannover conducted by Francis Travis.

In 1960, Thurn and Horst Sellentin founded the boys' choir of the NDR, later called . In Thurn's last concert with the NDR Chor before his retirement in 1965, he conducted a cappella music from Josquin des Prez to Krzysztof Penderecki's Stabat Mater.

Selected recordings
Recordings of operas for which he prepared the choir are held by the German National Library:
 Wagner: Lohengrin, Cologne Opera
 Kurt Weill: Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny, Frankfurt Opera
 Verdi: La traviata, Hamburg Opera
 Auber: Fra Diavolo
 Puccini Tosca
 Verdi: Die Macht des Schicksals

Bibliography
 Wilhelm Kosch: Deutsches Theater-Lexikon. Biographisches und bibliographisches Handbuch.'' Klagenfurt: Kleinmayr, 1953–1998.

References

External links

German choral conductors
German male conductors (music)
1897 births
1969 deaths
20th-century German conductors (music)
20th-century German male musicians
Burials at the Ohlsdorf Cemetery

Max Thurn


Guddal is a village in Fjaler Municipality in Vestland county, Norway.  The village is located about  southeast of the village of Flekke, in the Guddalen valley.  The village of Vadheim (in Høyanger Municipality) lies about  to the southeast of Guddal.  The village is the site of Guddal Church, which serves the whole valley.  The local economy is centered on agriculture and forestry.

References

Villages in Vestland
Fjaler

Guddal


Elachista titanella is a moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found in the central Caucasus Mountains in Russia.

The length of the forewings is 5–6 mm. The wing pattern is variable, ranging from almost unicolorous pale ochreous to brownish grey. In darker specimens, the broad pale fascia and blurred tornal and costal spots are discernible. The costal spot is found beyond the tornal spot.

References

titanella
Moths described in 1994
Moths of Europe

Elachista titanella


The Texas cichlid (Herichthys cyanoguttatus), also known as the Rio Grande cichlid, is a freshwater fish of the cichlid family, and the only cichlid species that is native to the United States.  It is found in the lower Rio Grande drainage in Texas near Brownsville and northeastern Mexico.

Description
Herichthys cyanoguttatus can grow to be over  and are differentiated by their distinctive characteristics and specific habitat needs. This cichlid is recognized by its cream and turquoise spots. Adult males also develop a nuchal hump on their head. This cichlid also prefers the water temperature to be between   and are negatively affected by rapid changes in temperature.

Taxonomy
The Texas cichlid was originally part of the genus Cichlasoma until that group was restricted to South American cichlids. The species has been transferred to the genus Herichthys, which is described as cichlids that
 "share a color pattern of short vertical bars and black spots posteriorly from the middle of the side, and a unique breeding color pattern in which the dorsal half of the entire head and anterior flank region turns a pale grayish color in contrast to black or dark gray adjacent areas, or the entire body turns pale."

Mating and parental habits

Mating pairs
The cichlid is known for its complex reproductive behavior with a long parental care period. The mating habits of the cichlid are tied to the monogamous nature of the fish. The competitive pairs always consist of a larger male and a smaller female. These pairs travel long distances between the months of March and August to mate and aggressively defend their mating sites against other pairs of cichlids.

Spawning sites
Prior to spawning, a site, generally consisting of rocks in water less than 30 cm deep, is chosen by both parents and cleaned by nipping the surface. No individual cichlid appears to maintain territory prior to mating. After a territory is selected and cleaned, the eggs are deposited.

Egg stage
Females release between 1-5 eggs at a time. Males then go to the eggs and excrete a seminal fluid onto the egg. This process is repeated until around 2,000 eggs have been distributed. During the egg stage, both parents alternate in the parental tasks, though males spend more time patrolling territory and females spend more time actively attending to the offspring by fanning the eggs. At certain intervals, the female cichlid stops fanning the eggs and begins nipping at them. The eggs then hatch into wrigglers with yolk sacks which are absorbed after one week and the wrigglers become free-swimming fry.

After hatching
The fry form a small group that slowly moves around the territory with the parents stationed in the middle.  Both parents defend this small territory against intruders. At all stages, the female violently chases the intruders more often and faster than the male parent.  It is very rare that both cichlid parents either leave or remain with their young. Typically, the roles are exchanged, but this exchange becomes less frequent during the fry stage as both parents tend to stay with the young.

Diet
The cichlid has an omnivorous diet that consists of vegetable matter or detritus, often feasting on plants, insects, and smaller fish as well as fish eggs. The cichlid, in certain situations, can also be described as an "opportunistic carnivore", feeding on small vertebrates and invertebrates, including small frogs and water snakes. The cichlid is a "deliberate hunter" and it depends on the camouflage of its skin in order to sneak up on its prey.

As an invasive fish
The Texas cichlid has several qualities that contribute to its success as an invasive species. The cichlid is not greatly affected by high-energy wave events, nor pollution from outfall canals. These cichlids also have very high tolerance for salt water and high salinities that would normally act as barriers to the entrance of invasive fish.

The cichlid can disrupt the food web with their flexible diet, which can shift depending on what fish are around it. They are aggressive whether they are holding territory or not. This aggression can inhibit growth and reproduction of native species and the effects can be far-reaching. The cichlid also drives other fish into open areas, which lowers the population count of the other species through incidental predation. The cichlid is a pioneer species that paves the way for other fish to invade, which has occurred in Six Mile Creek, Florida, and in the upper San Antonio River, Texas. The actual effects of the cichlid on the environment are, at this point, unknown.

Florida
In Florida, the success of the fish has been limited to artificial canals. It is unknown how the fish first got into Florida, but it is believed that the fish was introduced in Florida from Texas stocks in 1941 by a private individual. Other theories are that fish farms were flooded and the result was that this fish escaped.

Louisiana
In Louisiana, the fish has slowly taken over the waters of New Orleans. The fish has a high salinity tolerance (up to 8 ppt), but it is likely that this is caused by the interbreeding of this fish and the related lowland cichlid (Herichthys carpintis), which makes it an ideal invader for the brackish conditions of southern Louisiana. It is believed that this fish has entered into the New Orleans area through multiple aquarium releases in central Jefferson Parish in 1989. Since the fish has a short mating cycle, it did not take long for the fish to make its way through the canal system and into Lake Pontchartrain. Pump stations and Lake Pontchartrain aided to the spreading of the fish into other canals.

Herichthys cyanoguttatus has been present in natural and degraded habitats of the Greater New Orleans Metropolitan Area for at least 20 years. The first time it was ever recorded that the cichlid had been caught in New Orleans was on 17 June 1996. In May 1998, 23 fish were caught in a Jefferson Parish canal. Between 2006 and 2007, the number of cichlids increased significantly in sites such as Pontchartrain Lagoon, Bayou Metairie, and Marconi Lagoon. The effect of the invasive fish in the area is as of now, uncertain, but many studies have been done to figure out what exactly is going on.

Some of these studies have shown that this cichlid has spread into Bayou St. John and City Park. The cichlid acts aggressively toward native Largemouth bass, Western mosquitofish, sailfin mollies, and blue crabs. This aggressiveness can occur in the form of tail beating and mouth wrestling. The fish also appears to cause reproductive failure of sheepshead minnows.

The Texas cichlid was largely unaffected by abiotic events like Hurricanes Katrina and Rita because of its high tolerance for salt-water intake. In fact, these hurricanes actually helped the fish to take over the bayous of New Orleans. When the park flooded during Katrina, it helped the cichlid to spread.

In Bayou St. John, the cichlid threatens to overwhelm native species and ruin the efforts of the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries to restore the historical fishery of Bayou St. John.  Because the fish competes with native fish for shallow mating sites, it reduces the chances of the diverse fishery ever being fully recovered.

The fish has already eliminated several smaller fish in this bayou, including killifish and sheepshead minnows. In fact, if the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries did not routinely re-stock several midsized species, it is likely that the cichlid would have eliminated these fish too. Because of this, there is even a competition at the  to catch the most cichlids. According to a fisherman Joe Adams, who participates in the competition,
 "They will eat just about anything ... I know one guy who catches them with French fries ... pieces of a hot dog and pieces of canned corn."

Despite these efforts, there is practically no chance of eradicating this fish from New Orleans' waters, mainly because of its quick mating cycle.

As a sportfish and foodfish
Texas cichlids have been deliberately and accidentally introduced into the wild throughout the subtropical southern United States from Texas to Florida (where water temperatures rarely dip below , where they have flourished, and are often caught incidentally when fishing for sunfish and other panfish.

Most anglers outside South and Central Texas do not recognize the fish and they are released, however these fish are considered invasives and should be destroyed if caught outside their natural range. They are regularly targeted in both South Texas, where they are known as "Rio Grande cichlid" and Northern Mexico, where they are known as "Mojarra de Norte". Lake Guerrero, Tamaulipas, is recognized for its excellent largemouth bass fishing (another often-invasive species); there, the locals consider the Texas cichlid to be the best eating fish in the lake.

Texas cichlids taste is similar to commercially raised tilapia, an African cichlid species to which they are distantly related.

The fish is caught on light tackle with small hooks (#4 to #8) like that used for other panfish, with live crickets making excellent bait, however they will strike a wide variety of baits. They fight similarly to bluegill sunfish, making tight circles and then darting off in a broadsided run. Average size of adult fish in the wild is 5–6 inches, and 1 pounds, with 2 pounds not being uncommon.

As an aquarium fish

The Texas cichlid is commonly found in the aquarium trade and became relatively popular in the 1980s with cichlid enthusiasts because of its iridescent blue and green markings.

The "green Texas cichlid" commonly seen in pet stores is another species, Herichthys carpintis, whose range does not actually extend as far as Texas. The "red Texas cichlid" is not a genuine Texas cichlid but rather a common cross-genus hybrid of Herichthys and Amphilophus parents. The common names come from the physical similarity to Herichthys cyanoguttatus.

See also
List of freshwater aquarium fish species

References

Other sources

Herichthys
Cichlid fish of North America
Freshwater fish of Mexico
Freshwater fish of the United States
Fauna of the Rio Grande valleys
Natural history of Tamaulipas
Natural history of Texas
Fish described in 1854
Taxa named by Spencer Fullerton Baird
Taxa named by Charles Frédéric Girard

Texas cichlid


Ayatollah Abdul Aziz al-Hakim ( ; ; 1952 – 26 August 2009) was an Iraqi theologian and politician and the leader of SCIRI, the largest political party in the Iraqi National Assembly.

He was a member of the U.S.-appointed Iraqi Governing Council and served as its president in December 2003. Brother of the Shia leader Mohammed Baqir al-Hakim, he replaced him as leader of the Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq when Mohammed Baqir was assassinated in August 2003 in Najaf.

He was born in 1953, the son of Grand Ayatollah Muhsin Al-Hakim, the spiritual leader of the world's Shi'a from 1955-1970. He played a leading role in the Safar Intifada in 1977 and was imprisoned in 1972, 1977 and 1979. He went into exile in Iran in 1980, where he was a founder member in 1982 of SCIRI and headed their military wing, the Badr Brigade. He the top candidate listed for the United Iraqi Coalition during the first Iraqi legislative election of January 2005 but has not sought a government post because the Alliance had decided not to include theologians in the government.

Sources
 Background

1953 births
2009 deaths
Iraqi politicians

Abdul Aziz al-Hakim


Robert W. McCarley, MD, (1937–2017) was Chair and Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School and the VA Boston Healthcare System.  He is also Director of the Laboratory of Neuroscience located at the Brockton VA Medical Center and the McLean Hospital.  McClarley was a prominent researcher in the field of sleep and dreaming as well as schizophrenia.

McCarley graduated from Harvard College in 1959 and Harvard Medical School in 1964.  During his residency at Massachusetts Mental Health Center, he studied with J. Allan Hobson.  In 1977, Hobson and McCarley developed the activation synthesis theory of dreaming that said that dreams do not have meanings and are the result of the brain attempting to make sense of random neuronal firing in the cortex. McCarley has extensively studied the brainstem mechanisms that control REM sleep.  Additionally, he has studied the buildup of adenosine in the basal forebrain following sleep deprivation.

In the area of schizophrenia, McCarley has studied brain abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia.  McCarley and Martha Shenton published a classic paper in 1992 that described a relationship in a reduction in the volume of the left superior temporal gyrus and thought disorder in patients with schizophrenia.

McCarley has been presented with many awards for his research.  In 1998, he received William S. Middleton Award which is the highest honor awarded to a VA biomedical research scientist.  He has also been presented awards from the Sleep Research Society, American Psychiatric Association, and American Academy of Sleep Medicine.

In 2007, McCarley was ranked as the ninth most cited author in the field of schizophrenia research over the past decade. McCarley has published around 300 research articles and several books and book chapters such as Brain Control of Wakefulness and Sleep.

References

External links
An ESSAY with Dr. Robert McCarley
Faculty Profile, Harvard Medical School

1937 births
2017 deaths
American psychiatrists
Sleep researchers
Harvard Medical School faculty
Harvard Medical School alumni
People from Mayfield, Kentucky
Harvard College alumni
McLean Hospital physicians

Robert McCarley


John Flower (14 Oct 1793 – 29 Nov 1861) was an English landscape and architectural artist known to locals as "the Leicester artist".

Flower was born in Leicester, the son of John Flower, a wool comber, and his wife Mary, whose family had for generations owned the Castle Mill on the River Soar. The family became reduced in circumstances after the early death of his father and in 1806 he was apprenticed to a framework knitter, Benjamin Withers.

However, Flower's talent for drawing was noticed by a local doctor who gave him art lessons, and he was eventually taken under the wing of Mary Linwood (a local schoolmistress and celebrated seamstress) who arranged for him to study art in London with Peter de Wint for a year.

On returning to Leicester he became a professional art teacher and landscape artist. In 1813, he married Francis Clark - they had 3 children, but only one, Elizabeth (b. 10 Nov 1816), survived to adulthood. By 1819, he was a member of the Unitarian church. He lived at several addresses in Leicester, eventually moving, in 1851, to a substantial house in Upper Regent Street (now 100 and 102 Regent Road) designed by himself and architect Henry Goddard. He remained there for the rest of his life.

Flower died in 1861 at his home in Leicester. There is now a blue plaque on the wall commemorating his residency there. He is buried in Welford Road Cemetery.

Work
Early in his career Flower drew and painted in Leicester and Leicestershire, but later worked further afield in neighbouring counties and north Wales. He worked in oils, watercolour, pencil and wash, and is mainly known for his landscapes and drawings of buildings. His art, particularly his book of Lithographs, "Views of Ancient Buildings in the Town and County of Leicester" (1826) is an important historical record of Leicester and Leicestershire as it looked in the early 19th century.

A number of Flower's works are in Leicester's New Walk Museum & Art Gallery, and the William Salt Library in Staffordshire but many are also in private collections making it difficult to compile an exhaustive catalogue.

Notes

Flower, John. Views of Ancient Buildings in the Town and County of Leicester (Leicester, 1826).

1793 births
1861 deaths
19th-century English painters
English male painters
Landscape artists
English watercolourists
Artists from Leicester
Textile workers
Burials at Welford Road Cemetery
19th-century English male artists

John Flower (artist)


Frederic Lloyd, OBE (1 July 1918 – 27 July 1995), was an English theatre manager.  Most notably, Lloyd was the General Manager of the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company from 1951 until its closure in 1982.

Biography
Lloyd was born into an ecclesiastical family near Oxford, England. During the Second World War he worked with the Council for the Encouragement of Music and the Arts, the precursor of the Arts Council.

In 1951 he was a director of the Festival of Britain, and in September of that year he was appointed General Manager of the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company and of the Savoy Theatre, in succession to Alfred Nightingale. In addition to his D'Oyly Carte duties, Lloyd was a member of the council of management of the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and played an important part in saving the orchestra's tour of America in 1963 at a critical time in the RPO's fortunes.  From 1961 to 1982, Lloyd was also secretary of the D'Oyly Carte Opera Trust. In 1966 he was elected President of the Theatrical Managers' Association.

With D'Oyly Carte's closure, Lloyd retired from theatre management, although he continued to sit on numerous committees. He was chairman of the governors of the Royal Academy of Music, 1980–83, and trustee and chairman of the general committee of the Garrick Club, 1976-84.  He wrote articles on Elgar and Beethoven, and he collaborated with Robin Wilson on an official history of the D'Oyly Carte Company in 1984.

On his retirement, he moved from his London home in St John's Wood to the village of Strathpeffer, Scotland, near Inverness, where he became a lay-preacher at his local church.  His wife Valerie died in 1991. They had two sons.

Lloyd died in Inverness at age 77.

Notes

References
Reid, Charles (1968). Malcolm Sargent: a biography. London: Hamish Hamilton Ltd.
Rollins, Cyril; R. John Witts (1961). The D'Oyly Carte Opera Company in Gilbert and Sullivan Operas. London: Michael Joseph.
Wilson, Robin; Frederic Lloyd (1984). Gilbert & Sullivan: The D'Oyly Carte Years - The Official Picture History. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Opera in the United Kingdom
English theatre managers and producers
People associated with Gilbert and Sullivan
1918 births
1995 deaths
20th-century English businesspeople

Frederic Lloyd