"Hat Trick" is the 17th episode of the American fairy tale/drama television series Once Upon a Time, which aired in the United States on ABC on March 25, 2012.

The series takes place in the fictional seaside town of Storybrooke, Maine, in which the residents are actually characters from various fairy tales that were transported to the "real world" town by a powerful curse. This episode centers on Jefferson (Sebastian Stan) and his fairytale counterpart, the Mad Hatter.

It was co-written by David H. Goodman and Vladimir Cvetko, while Ralph Hemecker directed the episode.

Plot

Opening sequence
Large mushrooms are seen in the forest.

In Storybrooke
Mr. Gold (Robert Carlyle) and Sheriff Emma Swan (Jennifer Morrison) return to the sheriff's office to see Henry Mills (Jared S. Gilmore) sitting there. He quietly congratulates Emma on helping Mary Margaret Blanchard (Ginnifer Goodwin) escape, but Emma does not know what he is talking about. Mr. Gold tells Emma that Mary Margaret is no longer in her jail cell. Emma states that if it is discovered that Mary Margaret escaped, proving her innocence would be impossible and sets out to find her. Mr. Gold reminds Emma that her future is in jeopardy if she is found helping Mary Margaret. She tells him that she would rather lose her job than her friend. As Emma is driving through the woods, she nearly hits a man (Sebastian Stan). She apologizes and when she notices he is limping, she offers to drive him home. He takes up her offer and introduces himself as Jefferson. At his mansion, he gives her a map to aid her in her search and brings her tea. However, the tea makes her dizzy, and he drags her to the couch so she could rest. She notices that he is no longer limping. He admits that she caught him, revealing he poisoned the tea, and she loses consciousness.

Emma wakes up bound and gagged on the couch. She crushes her teacup and uses the pieces to free herself. While sneaking around the mansion, she sees Jefferson sharpening scissors, then accidentally steps on a loose floorboard. She hides in the nearest room and finds Mary Margaret also bound and gagged. She frees Mary Margaret, who tells her that she was running through the woods and was captured by Jefferson. She explains that she found a key in her cell and used it to escape. The pair try to leave the mansion, but they are caught by Jefferson who is armed with Emma's gun. He orders Emma to tie Mary Margaret back up and gag her and tells her that he has a task for her. In the next room, he seats her at a table with a hat and some tools and tells her to make him a hat. He reveals that he remembers life in the Enchanted Forest and that he is aware of the curse. He tells her that he lived trapped in the mansion for twenty-eight years, stuck doing the same things every day. He knows that Emma refuses to believe in the curse or acknowledge the facts about Storybrooke. He orders her to make him a magical hat, and only she can do it as she brought magic to Storybrooke. He tells her he is The Mad Hatter, but he tells her that he is named Jefferson. She calls him insane for believing she has magic and for believing in magic at all. He replies that everyone wants a magical solution to their problem and everyone refuses to believe in magic. When she tries to tell him that the real world does not have magic, he scoffs and tells her that there are many worlds and some have magic, some do not, and some need it. He refuses to let her and Mary Margaret go free until Emma makes a working, magical hat. When she asks what will happen if the hat works, he answers that he will go home.

Later, Emma becomes frustrated and demands to know why she is doing this. Jefferson shows her a telescope pointed at the house of a little girl. He tells her that the little girl is his daughter Grace, who is named Paige in Storybrooke. He explains that he is cursed to remember life in the Enchanted Forest and know that he does not belong in this world. He is tortured to watch Grace live a happy life with a new father. Emma asks why he does not simply reach out to her, but he says that he is not cruel enough to destroy Grace's reality and inflict on her the same awareness he has. He explains that it is hard enough to live in a land where you do not belong, but knowing it, holding conflicting realities in your head will drive anybody mad. He wants to take her home to the world where he and Grace once lived so that they can be together and she can remember who he is. Emma tells him that she knows what it is like to be separated from a child and tells him that it feels like going crazy. He tells her that he is not crazy. Emma says that if he is right, Mary Margaret is her mother and states that she would like to believe that more than anything in the world. She agrees to try and believe in magic and make his hat work. However, when his back is turned, she hits him with the telescope and frees Mary Margaret. Jefferson catches up to Emma and attacks her. While they are fighting, Emma notices a scar around his neck. Mary Margaret hits him with a croquet mallet and kicks him out the window. When Mary Margaret and Emma look down, only the hat Emma made remains.
Emma finds her car and her keys outside. Mary Margaret expects to be taken back to prison, but Emma allows her to decide. When Mary Margaret does not understand, Emma explains that Mary Margaret is the only family Emma has and says that it would be better to face the trial together rather than alone. Mary Margaret willingly goes back to her cell.

Hours later, Mayor Regina Mills (Parrilla) finds that Emma's car is not parked outside the sheriff's office. However, she discovers that Mary Margaret is in her cell. Mr. Gold tells Regina that his client is not seeing any visitors. As they walk out together, Regina angrily asks him why Mary Margaret has returned. He replies that Emma must be more resourceful than they had hoped she would be. Regina tells him that she only planted the key upon his suggestion and that she made a deal with him because she wanted results for herself. He assures Regina that she will get those results. Meanwhile, Emma visits Henry at his school before classes start. Paige walks by and greets Henry, prompting Emma to ask to see Henry's storybook. She finds pictures of Jefferson and his daughter Grace inside.

In the characters' past
In the Enchanted Forest, Jefferson (Stan) is frantically running through the woods and ducks behind a tree. However, he is found a moment later by his daughter, Grace (Alissa Skovbye); they are playing hide-and-seek. They happily go off to find mushrooms to sell at the market. But when they return home, they see that the carriage of the Evil Queen (Lana Parrilla) is waiting outside. Jefferson tells the frightened Grace to hide in the woods until the Queen is gone. He enters the house to find the Queen. She wants one last favor from Jefferson, offering Grace luxury for the rest of her life as a reward after Jefferson's accomplishing a deed. He refuses, stating that his job cost Grace her mother and he will not allow her to lose her father as well. He finally tells the Queen that there is nothing more important than family. The Queen agrees, and leaves.

At the market the next day, Grace sets her heart on a stuffed white rabbit as it will be perfect for her tea parties. Jefferson is unable to afford the price of one silver, but tries to convince the elderly merchant to accept his eight coppers. The merchant refuses. Grace assures Jefferson that she does not need it and they leave. The merchant goes to the back of her cart, where the Magic Mirror (Giancarlo Esposito) states that she is truly cruel. The merchant is revealed to be the Evil Queen. Back at home, Jefferson has sewn a rabbit for Grace. She is delighted and adds it to her tea party guests. Jefferson is clearly troubled. He asks Grace to spend the rest of the day with the neighbors as he has work to do. She wants to go with him as she likes to work with him in the forest, but he tells her he is not going to the forest. She realizes that his work is related to the Queen's visit and she begs him to change his mind. He says that he wants her to have everything she needs. She replies that she only needs him and asks him to stay. He refuses, but promises to be home in time for the next tea party. After Grace is gone, Jefferson takes a large hat box out of his trunk.

Jefferson brings his box to the Queen and has her promise that his daughter will want for nothing after he retrieves what she has lost. After she agrees, he takes a top hat out of the hat box and sets it on the floor. He spins it and the hat continues spinning until it grows into an enormous spinning portal. The Queen and Jefferson jump into it and land in a room full of different doors. He leads the Queen to a mirror. Before they step through, he explains that the hat has a rule: the number of people who go into a door must be the same number as those who come out. The two of them go through the mirror. They step into a land with very tall grass and giant mushrooms. They pass an enormous blue caterpillar smoking a hookah. It asks who they are and blows smoke rings into their faces. Jefferson coughs and mutters that he hates Wonderland. The pair come upon the Queen of Hearts's hedge maze where the Evil Queen wishes to go to the building in the center. Jefferson refuses out of fear of the Queen of Hearts, but the Evil Queen reminds him that he cannot leave without her. He cautions that the hedges eat whatever comes too close, but she burns a straight path to the building with magic. The Evil Queen takes a small box from the building, causing guards to appear. They are able to narrowly escape.

She and Jefferson hurry back to the mirror, but the Evil Queen stops to take a piece of the mushroom. She places the piece into the box, and her father Henry (Tony Perez) appears out of the box. Jefferson is horrified. He realizes that the Queen knew about the hat's rule and did not tell him that her father was abducted by the Queen of Hearts for leverage on purpose. Because there are now three people, one of them cannot leave Wonderland. The Evil Queen freezes Jefferson's feet to the path, and he begs her to let him go back to his daughter. She tells him that if he cared for Grace, he would have never left her. The Evil Queen and Henry walk through the mirror and leave Jefferson behind staring at the mirror in a daze as guards drag him away.

Jefferson is presented to the Queen of Hearts (Jennifer Koenig). She knows that he helped the Evil Queen and has her aide the Knave of Hearts (Paul McGillion) ask how they got into Wonderland. He says that he will tell her only after he is allowed to go home to his daughter. The Queen of Hearts orders him beheaded, and he is decapitated, though to his horrified surprise he remains alive. He is told that if he wants his head reattached, he must answer the question. He tells the Queen of Hearts about his hat. When asked about the hat's whereabouts, he says that the Evil Queen took it. The Queen of Hearts tells him that if he only requires the magical hat to return home, he only has to make another. However, he replies that he cannot: a hat without magic is just a hat and will not work. The Queen of Hearts tells him that his task is to get a hat to work.

Afterwards, he is seen in a large room filled with millions of failed hats, making yet another hat and frantically muttering to himself to get it to work; it is apparent he has gone mad (hence the name) over the separation from his daughter.

Production
"Hat Trick" was co-written by Vladimir Cvetko and co-executive producer David H. Goodman, while Silk Stalkings veteran, Ralph Hemecker, served as director for the episode. The Who's Roger Daltrey made an uncredited cameo appearance as the voice of the hookah-smoking caterpillar (that only says "Who...Are...You?").

This episode was the first of several for actor Sebastian Stan, as his character, Jefferson, recurred in two more episodes during season one. Producers stated that there was a possibility for him to return in season two, but that was before Stan became a series regular on the upcoming limited run USA drama Political Animals. Stan would eventually return in the second season.

The episode was included in Reawakened: A Once Upon a Time Tale – a novelization of the first season – which was published by Hyperion Books in 2013.

Reception

Ratings
The episode's ratings and viewership was up slightly, but continued to remain steady, scoring an 18-49 rating of 2.9/8 and was watched by 8.82 million viewers, as well as winning its timeslot.

In Canada, the episode finished in nineteenth place for the week with an estimated 1.337 million viewers, an increase from the 1.254 million of the previous episode.

References

External links

2012 American television episodes
Once Upon a Time (season 1) episodes
Television shows based on Alice in Wonderland
Television episodes directed by Ralph Hemecker

Hat Trick (Once Upon a Time)


Walter Kirk Stratton Jr. (born August 2, 1950) is an American film and television actor born in Front Royal, Virginia. He portrayed Lt. Lawrence Casey in the American television series Black Sheep Squadron . Stratton also played the recurring role of Cmdr. Ted Lindsey in 14 episodes of the American legal drama television series JAG.

Stratton played the role of Lawrence "Larry" Stanton III in three episodes of the science fiction television series Quantum Leap from 1992. He also starred in the comedy-drama television series Tequila and Bonetti. Stratton guest-starred in television programs including The Love Boat; The Rockford Files; Airwolf; The Incredible Hulk; The A-Team; Battlestar Galactica; The Rookies; Murder, She Wrote; Tales of the Gold Monkey; Magnum, P.I.; Lou Grant and Hill Street Blues. He also appeared in a few films.

Television

References

External links

Rotten Tomatoes profile

1950 births
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
Living people
Male actors from Virginia
People from Front Royal, Virginia

W. K. Stratton (actor)


Zadie Smith (27.10. 1975.-) je engleska romansijerka jamajčanskog porijekla. Dosad je napisala tri romana. Od 2004. je udana za književnika Nicka Lairda.

Djela

Kratke priče
 Mirrored Box (objavljena u The May Anthology of Oxford and Cambridge Short Stories 1995)
 The Newspaper Man (objavljena u The May Anthology of Oxford and Cambridge Short Stories 1996)
 Mrs. Begum's Son and the Private Tutor. (objavljena u The May Anthology of Oxford and Cambridge Short Stories 1997)
 Picnic, Lightning. (objavljena The May Anthology of Oxford and Cambridge Short Stories 1997=
 Stuart. objavljena u The New Yorker Winter Fiction Issue 1999.
 The Girl with Bangs. objavljena u Timothy McSweeney's Quarterly Concern, Issue 6, 2001
 The Trials of Finch. objavljena u The New Yorker Winter Fiction Issue 2002.
 Martha, Martha. objavljena u Granta 81: Best of Young British Novelists 2003
 Hanwell in Hell. objavljena u The New Yorker 27.9. 2004.
 Hanwell Senior. objavljena u The New Yorker 14.5. 2007.

Romani

 White Teeth (2000), adaptiran u TV-miniseriju 2002.
 The Autograph Man (2002)
 On Beauty (2005)

Zbirke
 Piece of Flesh (2001)

Eseji i ostalo
 "On the Road: American Writers and Their Hair".
Essay written to be read aloud at Neal Pollack's Timothy McSweeney's Festival of Literature, Theater, and Music, 2001.
 "We proceed in Iraq as hypocrites and cowards - and the world knows it". In: The Guardian, 27th February, 2003.
Political essay on war in Iraq.
 "The divine Ms H". In: The Guardian, 1st July, 2003.
Essay on Katharine Hepburn for the film features section of The Guardian.
 "The Limited Circle is Pure". In: The New Republic, 3rd November 2003.
An article written by Zadie Smith on Franz Kafka, for a 2005 reissue of The Trial, for which she also wrote a foreword.
 "Love, Actually". In: The Guardian, 1st November 2003
Article on EM Forster, based on a lecture given the Gielgud Theatre in London on October 22, 2003.
 Doodle from the Guardian Hay festival 2004
 "You Are In Paradise". In: The New Yorker, 14th June, 2004.
Essay on the topic of Holidays
 "Shades of Greene". In: The Guardian, 18th September, 2004
Introduction to the centenary edition of The Quiet American by Graham Greene.
 "The Zen of Eminem" . In: Vibe, 2005.
An article on the rap star Eminem for the American magazine on urban music and culture Vibe.
 "We are family" In: The Guardian, 4th March, 2005
Interview with Zadie Smith and brother Doc Brown
 "Nature's Work of Art" . In: The Guardian G2 section, 15th September 2005.
An article on Greta Garbo.

 "Fail better". In: The Guardian, 13th January 2007

 "What does soulful mean?" An article on Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God. In: The Guardian, 1st September 2007.

Vanjske veze
 Some information about the author, with contact e-mail address
 Glossary for a closer look at "White Teeth" and links to interviews online
 Review of White Teeth in the Guardian, a controversial approach and critic, but nevertheless interesting.
 Article in the Guardian on the TV adaptation of White Teeth
 An A-Z by Zadie Smith  (an amusing small collection of thoughts and bits from Zadie Smith)
 Season's Readings - Writers and guest critics recommend their favourites, from bestsellers to the undeservedly obscure In this article is a short paragraph with Zadie Smith's reading recommendations of 2004.
 Girl Wonder: The life so far of multiracial literary sensation Zadie Smith.
 Only Connect: From White Teeth to the ivory tower.
 Zadie Smith's Culture Warriors
 She's young, black, British - and the first publishing sensation of the millennium
 Assessing literary 'it' girl, Zadie Smith
 Zadie Smith & Gary Shteyngart at McNally Robinson
 "A Thing of Beauty?" , a review of On Beauty in The Oxonian Review of Books
 "White Knees" , an essay on Smith's body of work by Wyatt Mason in the October 2005 issue of Harper's Magazine.

Engleski pisci

Zadie Smith


"Work It Out" is a song by American DJ and Producer, Karizma (musician). It was released on April 24, 2017 by Lumberjacks In Hell as the lead single from the album The Deadpool EP.

The song immediately became a hit played by International DJs at most of the summer dance music events and festivals, is well received by dancers and in the fashion industry being, is featured in the fashion shows.
It was also well received by music critics, many of whom complimented its sample of the Gospel classic "Jesus Can Work It Out", which was recorded by several artists and choirs, but the most popular version was recorded by Dr. Charles G. Hayes and the Cosmopolitan Church of Prayer Choir.

In November 2017, the song was chosen for global digital and tv campaigns for Google Chromebook.
The song was highlighted as the second top Shazam'd songs from commercials for the week of November 6–12 by Clio.com showcasing the power of pairing the right tune with the right ad, ranking higher than Taylor Swift's "Look What You Made Me Do".

Commercial
The song was chosen for global digital and tv campaigns for Google Chromebook.

References

External links

2017 songs

Work It Out (Karizma song)


Paleoethnobotany (also spelled palaeoethnobotany), or archaeobotany, is the study of past human-plant interactions through the recovery and analysis of ancient plant remains. Both terms are synonymous, though paleoethnobotany (from the Greek words palaios [παλαιός] meaning ancient, ethnos [έθνος] meaning race or ethnicity, and votano [βότανο] meaning plants) is generally used in North America and acknowledges the contribution that ethnographic studies have made towards our current understanding of ancient plant exploitation practices, while the term archaeobotany (from the Greek words archaios [αρχαίος] meaning ancient and votano) is preferred in Europe and emphasizes the discipline's role within archaeology.

As a field of study, paleoethnobotany is a subfield of environmental archaeology. It involves the investigation of both ancient environments and human activities related to those environments, as well as an understanding of how the two co-evolved. Plant remains recovered from ancient sediments within the landscape or at archaeological sites serve as the primary evidence for various research avenues within paleoethnobotany, such as the origins of plant domestication, the development of agriculture, paleoenvironmental reconstructions, subsistence strategies, paleodiets, economic structures, and more.

Paleoethnobotanical studies are divided into two categories: those concerning the Old World (Eurasia and Africa) and those that pertain to the New World (the Americas). While this division has an inherent geographical distinction to it, it also reflects the differences in the flora of the two separate areas. For example, maize only occurs in the New World, while olives only occur in the Old World. Within this broad division, paleoethnobotanists tend to further focus their studies on specific regions, such as the Near East or the Mediterranean, since regional differences in the types of recovered plant remains also exist.

Macrobotanical vs. microbotanical remains

Plant remains recovered from ancient sediments or archaeological sites are generally referred to as either 'macrobotanicals' or 'microbotanicals.'

Macrobotanical remains are vegetative parts of plants, such as seeds, leaves, stems and chaff, as well as wood and charcoal that can either be observed with the naked eye or the with the use of a low-powered microscope.

Microbotanical remains consist of microscopic parts or components of plants, such as pollen grains, phytoliths and starch granules, that require the use of a high-powered microscope in order to see them.

The study of seeds, wood/charcoal, pollen, phytoliths and starches all require separate training, as slightly different techniques are employed for their processing and analysis. Paleoethnobotanists generally specialize in the study of a single type of macrobotanical or microbotanical remain, though they are familiar with the study of other types and can sometimes even specialize in more than one.

History
The state of Paleoethnobotany as a discipline today stems from a long history of development that spans more than two hundred years. Its current form is the product of steady progression by all aspects of the field, including methodology, analysis and research.

Initial work
The study of ancient plant remains began in the 19th century as a result of chance encounters with desiccated and waterlogged material at archaeological sites. In Europe, the first analyses of plant macrofossils were conducted by the botanist C. Kunth (1826) on desiccated remains from Egyptian tombs and O. Heer (1866) on waterlogged specimens from lakeside villages in Switzerland, after which point archaeological plant remains became of interest and continued to be periodically studied from different European countries until the mid-20th century. In North America, the first analysis of plant remains occurred slightly later and did not generate the same interest in this type of archaeological evidence until the 1930s when Gilmore (1931) and Jones (1936) analysed desiccated material from rock shelters in the American Southwest. All these early studies, in both Europe and North America, largely focused on the simple identification of the plant remains in order to produce a list of the recovered taxa.

Establishment of the field
During the 1950s and 1960s, Paleoethnobotany gained significant recognition as a field of archaeological research with two significant events: the publication of the Star Carr excavations in the UK and the recovery of plant material from archaeological sites in the Near East. Both convinced the archaeological community of the importance of studying plant remains by demonstrating their potential contribution to the discipline; the former produced a detailed paleoenvironmental reconstruction that was integral to the archaeological interpretation of the site and the latter yielded the first evidence for plant domestication, which allowed for a fuller understanding of the archaeological record. Thereafter, the recovery and analysis of plant remains received greater attention as a part of archaeological investigations. In 1968, the International Work Group for Palaeoethnobotany (IWGP) was founded.

Expansion and growth
With the rise of Processual archaeology, the field of Paleoethnobotany began to grow significantly. The implementation in the 1970s of a new recovery method, called flotation, allowed archaeologists to begin systematically searching for plant macrofossils at every type of archaeological site. As a result, there was a sudden influx of material for archaeobotanical study, as carbonized and mineralized plant remains were becoming readily recovered from archaeological contexts. Increased emphasis on scientific analyses also renewed interest in the study of plant microbotanicals, such as phytoliths (1970s) and starches (1980s), while later advances in computational technology during the 1990s facilitated the application of software programs as tools for quantitative analysis. The 1980s and 1990s also saw the publication of several seminal volumes about Paleoethnobotany that demonstrated the sound theoretical framework in which the discipline operates. And finally, the popularization of Post-Processual archaeology in the 1990s, helped broaden the range of research topics addressed by paleoethnobotanists, for example 'food-related gender roles'.

Current state of the field
Paleoethnobotany is a discipline that is ever evolving, even up to the present day. Since the 1990s, the field has continued to gain a better understanding of the processes responsible for creating plant assemblages in the archaeological record and to refine its analytical and methodological approaches accordingly. For example, current studies have become much more interdisciplinary, utilizing various lines of investigation in order to gain a fuller picture of the past plant economies. Research avenues also continue to explore new topics pertaining to ancient human-plant interactions, such as the potential use of plant remains in relation to their mnemonic or sensory properties. Interest in plant remains surged in the 2000s alongside the improvement of stable isotope analysis and its application to archaeology, including the potential to illuminate the intensity of agricultural labour, resilience, and long-term social and economic changes.

Archaeobotany had not been used extensively in Australia until recently. In 2018 a study of the Karnatukul site in the Little Sandy Desert of Western Australia showed evidence of continuous human habitation for around 50,000 years, by analysing wattle and other plant items.

Modes of preservation
As organic matter, plant remains generally decay over time due to microbial activity. In order to be recovered in the archaeological record, therefore, plant material must be subject to specific environmental conditions or cultural contexts that prevent their natural degradation. Plant macrofossils recovered as paleoenvironmental, or archaeological specimens result from four main modes of preservation:

 Carbonized (Charred): Plant remains can survive in the archaeological record when they have been converted into charcoal through exposure to fire under low-oxygen conditions. Charred organic material is more resistant to deterioration, since it is only susceptible to chemical breakdown, which takes a long time (Weiner 2010). Due to the essential use of fire for many anthropogenic activities, carbonized remains constitute the most common type of plant macrofossil recovered from archaeological sites. This mode of preservation, however, tends to be biased towards plant remains that come into direct contact with fire for cooking or fuel purposes, as well as those that are more robust, such as cereal grains and nut shells.
 Waterlogged: Preservation of plant material can also occur when it is deposited in permanently wet, anoxic conditions, because the absence of oxygen prohibits microbial activity. This mode of preservation can occur in deep archaeological features, such as wells, and in lakebed or riverbed sediments adjacent to settlements. A wide range of plant remains are usually preserved as waterlogged material, including seeds, fruit stones, nutshells, leaves, straw and other vegetative matter.
 Desiccated: Another mode by which plant material can be preserved is desiccation, which only occurs in very arid environments, such as deserts, where the absence of water limits decomposition of organic matter. Desiccated plant remains are a rarer recovery, but an incredibly important source of archaeological information, since all types of plant remains can survive, even very delicate vegetative attributes, such as onion skins and crocus stigmas (saffron), as well as woven textiles, bunches of flowers and entire fruits.
 Mineralized: Plant material can also preserve in the archaeological record when its soft organic tissues are completely replaced by inorganic minerals. There are two types of mineralization processes. The first, 'biomineralization,' occurs when certain plant remains, such as the fruits of Celtis sp. (hackberry) or nutlets of the Boraginaceae family, naturally produce increased amounts of calcium carbonate or silica throughout their growth, resulting in calcified or silicified specimens. The second, 'replacement mineralization,' occurs when plant remains absorb precipitating minerals present in the sediment or organic matter in which they are buried. This mode of preservation by mineralization only occurs under specific depositional conditions, usually involving a high presence of phosphate. Mineralized plant remains, therefore, are most commonly recovered from middens and latrine pits – contexts which often yield plant remains that have passed through the digestive track, such as spices, grape pips and fig seeds. The mineralization of plant material can also occur when remains are deposited alongside metal artefacts, especially those made of bronze or iron. In this circumstance, the soft organic tissues are replaced by the leaching of corrosion products that form over time on the metal objects.

In addition to the above-mentioned modes of preservation, plant remains can also be occasionally preserved in a frozen state or as impressions. The former occurs quite rarely, but a famous example comes from Ötzi, the 5,500 year old mummy found frozen in the French Alps, whose stomach contents revealed the plant and meat components of his last meal. The latter occurs more regularly, though plant impressions do not actually preserve the macrobotanical remains themselves, but rather their negative imprints in pliable materials like clay, mudbrick or plaster. Impressions often result from the deliberate employment of plant material for decorative or technological purposes (such as the use of leaves to create patterning on ceramics or the use of chaff as temper in the construction of mudbricks), however, they can also derive from accidental inclusions. Identification of plant impressions is achieved by creating a silicone cast of the imprints and studying them under the microscope.

Recovery methods
In order to study ancient plant macrobotanical material, Paleoethnobotanists employ a variety of recovery strategies that involve different sampling and processing techniques depending on the kind of research questions they are addressing, the type of plant macrofossils they are expecting to recover and the location from which they are taking samples.

Sampling
In general, there are four different types of sampling methods that can be used for the recovery of plant macrofossils from an archaeological site:

 Full Coverage sampling: involves taking at least one sample from all contexts and features
 Judgement sampling: entails the sampling of only areas and features most likely to yield ancient plant remains, such as a hearth
 Random sampling: consists of taking random samples either arbitrarily or via a grid system
 Systematic sampling: involves taking samples at set intervals during excavation

Each sampling method has its own pros and cons and for this reason, paleoethnobotanists sometimes implement more than one sampling method at a single site. In general, Systematic or Full Coverage sampling is always recommended whenever possible. The practicalities of excavation, however, and/or the type of archaeological site under investigation sometimes limit their use and Judgment sampling tends to occur more often than not.

Aside from sampling methods, there are also different types of samples that can be collected, for which the standard, recommended sample size is ~20L for dry sites and 1-5L for waterlogged sites.

 Point/Spot samples: consist of sediment collected only from a particular location
 Pinch samples: consist of small amounts of sediment that are collected from across the whole context and combined in one bag
 Column samples: consist of sediment collected from the different stratigraphic layers of a column of sediment that was deliberately left unexcavated

These different types of samples again serve different research aims. For example, Point/Spot samples can reveal the spatial differentiation of food-related activities, Pinch samples are representative of all activities associated with a specific context, and Column samples can show change or variation or time.

The sampling methods and types of samples used for the recovery of microbotanical remains (namely, pollen, phytoliths, and starches) follows virtually the same practices as outline above, with only some minor differences. First, the required sample size is much smaller: ~50g (a couple of tablespoons) of sediment for each type of microfossil analysis. Secondly, artefacts, such as stone tools and ceramics, can also be sampled for microbotanicals. And third, control samples from unexcavated areas in and around the site should always be collected for analytical purposes.

Processing
There are several different techniques for the processing of sediment samples. The technique a paleoethnobotanist chooses depends entirely upon the type of plant macrobotanical remains they expect to recover.

 Dry Screening involves pouring sediment samples through a nest of sieves, usually ranging from 5–0.5 mm. This processing technique is often employed as a means of recovering desiccated plant remains, since the use of water can weaken or damage this type of macrofossil and even accelerate its decomposition.
 Wet Screening is most often used for waterlogged contexts. It follows the same basic principle as dry screening, expect water is gently sprayed onto the sediment once it has been pour into the nest of sieves in order to help it break up and pass down through the various mesh sizes.

 The Wash-Over technique was developed in the UK as an effective way of processing waterlogged samples. The sediment is poured into a bucket with water and gently agitated by hand. When the sediment has effectively broken up and the organic matter is suspended, all the contents from the bucket, expect for the heavy inorganic matter at the bottom, is carefully poured out onto a 300μ mesh. The bucket is then emptied and the organic matter carefully rinsed from the mesh back into the bucket. More water is added before the contents are again poured out through a nest of sieves.

 Flotation is the most common processing technique employed for the recovery of carbonized plant remains. It uses water as a mechanism for separating charred and organic material from the sediment matrix, by capitalizing on their buoyancy properties.  When a sediment sample is slowly added to agitated water, the stones, sand, shells and other heavy material within the sediment sink to the bottom (heavy fraction or heavy residue), while the charred and organic material, which is less dense, float to the surface (light fraction or flot). This floating material can either be scooped off or spilled over into a fine-mesh sieve (usually ~300 μm). Both the heavy and light fractions are then left to dry before being examined for archaeological remains. Plant macrofossils are mostly contained within the light fraction, though some denser specimens, such as pulses or mineralized grape endosperms, are also sometimes found in the heavy fraction. Thus, each fraction must be sorted to extract all plant material. A microscope is used in order to aid the sorting of the light fractions, while heavy fractions are sorted with the naked eye. Flotation can be undertaken manually with buckets or by machine-assistance, which circulates the water through a series of tanks by means of a pump. Small-scale, manual flotation can also be used in the laboratory on waterlogged samples.

Microbotanical remains (namely, pollen, phytoliths and starches) require completely different processing procedures in order to extract specimens from the sediment matrix. These procedures can be quite expensive, as they involve various chemical solutions, and are always carried out in the laboratory.

Analysis
Analysis is the key step in paleoethnobotanical studies that makes the interpretation of ancient plant remains possible. The quality of identifications and the use of different quantification methods are essential factors that influence the depth and breadth of interpretative results.

Identification

Plant macrofossils are analysed under a low-powered stereomicroscope. The morphological features of different specimens, such as size, shape and surface decoration, are compared with images of modern plant material in identification literature, such as seed atlases, as well as real examples of modern plant material from reference collections, in order to make identifications. Based on the type of macrofossils and their level of preservation, identifications are made to various taxonomic levels, mostly family, genus and species. These taxonomic levels reflect varying degrees of identification specificity: families comprise big groups of similar type plants; genera make up smaller groups of more closely related plants within each family, and species consist of the different individual plants within each genus. Poor preservation, however, may require the creation of broader identification categories, such as 'nutshell' or 'cereal grain', while extremely good preservation and/or the application of analytical technology, such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) or Morphometric Analysis, may allow even more precise identification down to subspecies or variety level

Desiccated and waterlogged macrofossils often have a very similar appearance with modern plant material, since their modes of preservation do not directly affect the remains. As a result, fragile seed features, such as anthers or wings, and occasionally even colour, can be preserved, allowing for very precise identifications of this material. The high temperatures involved in the carbonization of plant remains, however, can sometimes cause the damage to or loss of plant macrofossil features. The analysis of charred plant material, therefore, often includes several family- or genus-level identifications, as well as some specimen categories. Mineralized plant macrofossils can range in preservation from detailed copies to rough casts depending on depositional conditions and the kind of replacing mineral. This type of macrofossil can easily be mistaken for stones by the untrained eye.

Microbotanical remains follow the same identification principles, but require a high-powered (greater magnification) microscope with transmitted or polarized lighting. Starch and phytolith identifications are also subject to limitations, in terms of taxonomical specificity, based on the state of current reference material for comparison and considerable overlap in specimen morphologies.

Quantification

After identification, paleoethnobotanists provide absolute counts for all plant macrofossils recovered in each individual sample. These counts constitute the raw analytical data and serve as the basis for any further quantitative methods that may be applied. Initially, paleoethnobotanical studies mostly involved a qualitative assessment of the plant remains at an archaeological site (presence and absence), but the application of simple statistical methods (non-multivariate) followed shortly thereafter. The use of more complex statistics (multivariate), however, is a more recent development. In general, simple statistics allow for observations concerning specimen values across space and over time, while more complex statistics facilitate the recognition of patterning within an assemblage, as well as the presentation of large datasets. The application of different statistical techniques depends on the quantity of material available. Complex statistics require the recovery of a large number of specimens (usually around 150 from each sample involved in this type of quantitative analysis), whereas simple statistics can be applied regardless of the amount of recovered specimens – though obviously, the more specimens, the more effective the results.

The quantification of microbotanical remains differs slightly from that of macrobotanical remains, mostly due to the high numbers of microbotanical specimens that are usually present in samples. As a result, relative/percentage occurrence sums are usually employed in the quantification of microbotanical remains instead of absolute taxa counts.

Research results
The work done in Paleoethnobotany is constantly furthering over understanding of ancient plant exploitation practices. The results are disseminated in digital archives, archaeological excavation reports and at academic conferences, as well as in books and journals related to archaeology, anthropology, plant history, paleoecology, and social sciences. In addition to the use of plants as food, such as paleodiet, subsistence strategies and agriculture, Paleoethnobotany has illuminated many other ancient uses for plants (some examples provided below, though there are many more):

 Production of bread/pastry in the widest sense
 Production of beverages
 Extraction of oils and dyes
 Agricultural regimes (irrigation, manuring, and sowing)
 Economic practices (production, storage, and trade)
 Building materials
 Fuel
 Symbolic use in ritual activities

See also

References

Bibliography

 Twiss, K.C. 2019. The Archaeology of Food. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108670159
 Kristen J.G. 1997. People, Plants, and Landscapes: Studies in Paleoethnobotany. Alabama: University of Alabama Press. .
 Miksicek, C.H.1987. "Formation Processes of the Archaeobotanical Record." In M.B.Schiffer (ed.). Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 10. New York: Academic Press, 211–247. .

External links
International Associations
Association of Environmental Archaeology (AEA)
International Work Group for Palaeoethnobotany (IWGP)

Journals
Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, exclusively publishing archaeobotanical/palaeoethnobotanical research, official publishing organ of the IWGP
Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
Environmental Archaeology
Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica (IANSA)

Various knowledge resources
ArchBotLit, Kiel University
Digital Plant Atlas, Groningen University
Integrated Archaeobotanical Research Project (IAR), originally hosted at the University of Sheffield
Terry B. Ball, "Phytolith Literature Review"
Steve Archer, "About Phytoliths"
Alwynne B. Beaudoin, "The Dung File"

Anthropology
Archaeological sub-disciplines
Branches of botany
Ethnobotany

Paleoethnobotany


Narre Warren is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 38 km southeast of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Casey local government area. Narre Warren recorded a population of 27,689 at the 2021 census.

Narre Warren has a population density of over 2000 people per square kilometre. Narre Warren has its own railway station, located on Webb Street, and has its own shopping centre, Westfield Fountain Gate, Australia's second largest shopping centre by area after Malvern East's Chadstone Shopping Centre. The biggest secondary school in Narre Warren is Fountain Gate Secondary College.

History

The original Main Street is some distance from present-day central Narre Warren, beside the railway line, causing development to occur away from the original settlement, and the building in which the general store also served as the post office, still exists as a local landmark, established 1857.
Narre Warren Post Office, located on what is now Heatherton Road, opened on 21 January 1869. In 1900 it was renamed Narre Warren North, and Narre Warren Railway Station Post Office (open since 1886) was renamed Narre Warren. The locale of Webb Street is named after Sydney James Webb, founder of a newsagency there.

Demographics

The most common ancestries in Narre Warren were Australian 21.9%, English 20.6%, Irish 5.1%, Scottish 5.1% and Indian 3.6%.
62.7% of people were born in Australia. The most common foreign countries of birth were India 3.6%, England 3.2%, Sri Lanka 2.7%, Afghanistan 1.9% and New Zealand 1.9%.
The most common responses for religion were Catholic 28.8%, No Religion 19.6%, Anglican 10.9%, Islam 5.6% and Buddhism 3.9%.
66.7% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Dari 10%, Sinhalese 1.9%, Arabic 1.5%, Spanish 1.4% and Hindi 1.3%.

Residential development

Over the years Narre Warren has grown from a semi-rural residential town to become a part of a major growth corridor in the southeast of Melbourne.

In recent years, a multitude of new housing developments have seen Narre Warren expand to such an extent that it now adjoins neighbouring suburbs such as Berwick.

Education

Schools in Narre Warren include Harkaway Hills College, Lysterfield Lake College, Narre Warren North Primary School, Oatlands Primary School, Maramba Primary School, Don Bosco Primary School, Mary Mackillop Primary School, Fountain Gate Secondary College, Alkira Secondary College, Fountain Gate Primary School, Dandenong Valley Special School and Fleetwood Primary School (formerly known as Hallam Valley Primary School), Narre Warren South P-12 College and Waverley Christian College – Narre Warren South Campus. Narre Warren Station Primary School was closed at the end of 2001 and moved to Narre Warren South (to suit the change in growth areas) where it became Hillsmeade Primary School.  There is also a large community education centre, Narre Community Learning Centre Inc., located in Malcolm Court.

Community facilities

Kim Cang Temple, a Vietnamese Buddhist temple, is located in the suburb.

 The Narre Warren Football Club plays in the Outer East Football Netball League. It was formed in 1953 as Narre Hallam Football Club to serve Narre Warren and Hallam, and was a founding member of the South West Gippsland Football League in 1954. The club won premierships in 1957 and 1973. It was also runners-up in 1956, 1970, 1971, 1972 and 1981. In 1989 the club renamed itself the Narre Warren Football Club.

In 2004 Casey Panthers Soccer Team was founded with the home ground being Prospect Hill Reserve. The senior team compete in State League 5 competition. In 2022 the u17a team nicknamed the invincibles won the South East A grade and State A grade competitions and also the prestigious Polonia and Altona cups without losing a game. This was the only occurrence of this quadruple in Victorian soccer history.

Retail and civic development

Westfield Fountain Gate (named after one of the earlier subdivisions) is at the heart of the main commercial precinct in Narre Warren. It is one of the largest shopping centres in Australia, housing many of Australia's major retailers. The centre has been made famous by the popular Australian television show Kath & Kim, parts of which were also filmed at Westfield Southland.

There is also a local shopping strip around the railway station in Webb Street. The shopping strip includes stores such as bakeries, beauticians and a small supermarket.

The civic precinct is located outside the boundary of Westfield, and includes the City of Casey municipal offices, Narre Warren Library and the Casey ARC (Aquatic and Recreation Centre). This precinct has recently finished a $300 million redevelopment by the Casey Council, an entertainment precinct by the name of Bunjil Place.

See also
 City of Berwick – Narre Warren was previously within this former local government area.

References

Suburbs of Melbourne

Narre Warren, Victoria


Garrison Guitars was a guitar manufacturing company originally founded by Chris Griffiths in Canada in 1999. The company became a subsidiary of Gibson in 2007, and its plant was closed in 2010. During its existence, Garrison manufactured electric and acoustic guitars.

History

Chris Griffiths established "Garrison Guitars" in St. John's, the capital city of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, in 1999.

In early 2001, Garrison Guitars opened an acoustic guitar manufacturing company in Canada tooled with the latest robotics, laser cutting, CNC milling, and UV finishing. The 20,000 square foot factory produced orders for distribution in North America, Australia, United Kingdom, Norway, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, China, Japan and Canada.

Garrison Guitars and its founder won awards for innovation, business planning, export growth, leadership and entrepreneurship. Garrison Guitars was awarded a "Golden Axe Award" for Best Value by Harmony Central in 2000. Founder Chris Griffiths was also awarded the Manning Innovation Award in 2003.

Garrison Guitars were crafted using innovations including the Griffiths Active Bracing System, a revolutionary method of guitar construction that took over six years to perfect. The single unit brace combined all the acoustic guitar's top braces into a single unit to allow for resonance to have an uninterrupted path of travel throughout the instrument and provided enhanced structural stability.

Offering a range of instruments at all price points, Garrison's "G"-Series featured all solid woods, hard-shell cases, bolt-on necks, and UV-finishes in a variety of wood combinations. The "G"-series also included the full GAB system combining front and back braces, kerfing, and neck and end blocks. The "G"-series were crafted in Canada. The "AG" Series was an affordable line using the patented bracing system technology only for the top, with more traditional back/side bracing and kerfing. The "AG" series were "designed in Canada, made in China".

The company also manufactured all solid wood mandolins and mandolas in its Canada factory.

On July 3, 2007, Gibson Guitar Corporation announced its acquisition of Garrison Guitars.
The acquisition was to "further Gibson's expansion in the acoustic guitar market offering a new series of Gibson brand acoustic guitars aimed at the median price point" and converted to produce the short-lived Gibson "Songmaker"-Series.

Gibson did not carry forward with the GABS in their Songmaker series, and ended production around 2010, closing down the Garrison factory in Canada, taking along with it the GABS technology.

References

Guitar manufacturing companies
Musical instrument manufacturing companies of Canada
Canadian companies disestablished in 2010
Canadian companies established in 1999
Companies based in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
2007 mergers and acquisitions

Garrison Guitars


An  Ilú or Ilu is the Yoruba name for a type of Brazilian wooden folk drum,  found characteristically in the northern provinces of  Pernambuco and Ceará.

It has a cylindrical shape with skins at the top and bottom of it, normally being played with hands. It is mostly used in religious rituals, coming usually in three sizes, curved or flat-shaped. This make these drums sound slightly different from each other, and to allow performers to play on a standing position. They are built on a cross-shaped base.

The same term was earlier used for double-headed barrel-shaped drums, a similar drum from  southern Brazil is known as a Tambu.

References

Drums
Brazilian musical instruments

Ilu (drum)


Sri Ramakrishna Darshanam is a 2012 Tamil-language biographical film based on the life and philosophy of 19th century Bengali mystic saint Ramakrishna. The film was directed by G N Dass produced by G.N.D. Vision International Private Limited. The film had screened in Chennai before being shared 17 August as a part of the 150th anniversary of the birth of Swami Vivekananda.

Synopsis

The film attempts to cover the entire eventful life of Ramakrishna. It starts with the birth of Ramakrishna (Gadadhar Chattopadhyay) at Kamarpukur, Hooghly and his childhood, but mainly focuses on his spiritual development. Young Gadadhar rejects conventional education system, stops going to school and spends most of the time in studying Indian mythological scriptures such as Ramayana, Mahabharata, Puranas. He also starts meditating.

In the youth, he comes to Calcutta (now the city is known as Kolkata) and gets appointed as the priest of Dakshineswar Kali Temple. Very soon he starts ignoring his responsibilities in the temple and starts concentrating mainly on spiritual practices. He goes to the nearby forest and meditates for days.

Finally Ramakrishna attains fulfilment in his sadhana and becomes popular as the mystic saint of Dakshineswar. Many people come to him to learn about spirituality and Bhakti Yoga. He meets Narendranath Datta too whom he prepares to dedicate himself for the welfare of humanity. Ramakrishna develops throat cancer, but he continues to preach and attend his devotees, neglecting his health till his death.

Cast
 Vicnesh as Ramakrishna as a child
 Sashikumar as Ramakrishna
 Delhi Ganesh
 Ravindranath
 Suraj
 Lakshmi
 Uma

Production
The film was directed and produced by G N Dass, a 74-year-old Singaporean, under his banner  G.N.D. Vision International Private Limited. Dass stated the film "is not a commercial movie" and that "a film covering the entire life of Sri Ramakrishna, right from his childhood, was never made before" and that's why they decided to make this movie to spread the vision and teachings of Ramakrishna.

Release
The film released in Tamil (original) and Hindi language (dubbed) on 17 August 2012 and was shown in Singapore and India. The film was released as a part of the 150th anniversary of the birth of Swami Vivekananda and marked the anniversary celebration in Singapore.

On 24 November 2012 the film was screened at University Cultural Center in Singapore where Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore Tharman Shanmugaratnam watched the film.

Reception

The film was released as a part of the 150th anniversary of the birth of Swami Vivekananda and marked the anniversary celebration in Singapore.
Upon release the film received mixed and mainly positive reviews. Indian newspaper The Times of India rated the movie 3 out of 5 stars and commented the film was interesting, though the director had nothing new to offer. They told the acting in the film was satisfactory and Sashikumar's acting was "okay". They concluded their review with "if what you are looking to get a brief account of the mystic's life, this one is eminently recommended.".

References

Citations

Sources

2012 films
2010s Tamil-language films
Indian biographical films
Singaporean drama films

Sri Ramakrishna Darshanam


The Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton (TREND) is a research center which focuses on tissue regeneration and is partnered with the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation, Air Force Research Laboratory, and Ethicon Endo-Surgery. The center is located in Dayton, Ohio. The center has around 20 employees and funding for research comes 70 percent federal, 20 percent industry, 10 percent foundations or nonprofit organizations.

References

External links
 Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton

University of Dayton
Healthcare in Dayton, Ohio


Maia Chiburdanidze (; born 17 January 1961) is a Georgian chess grandmaster, and the seventh Women's World Chess Champion. She is the only chess player in history who has won nine Chess Olympiads. Maia is one of the very few women who has won a top-class grandmaster tournament. Chiburdanidze's FIDE Elo rating in the January 2010 list is 2514, and she is still the 11th highest rated female player in the world.

Maia Chiburdanidze was born in Kutaisi, Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, USSR and started playing chess around the age of eight. She became the USSR girls' champion in 1976 and a year later she won the Soviet women's title. In 1977 she was awarded the title of Woman Grandmaster.

Women's World Champion (1978–91)
Chiburdanidze  finished 2nd in the Tbilisi Women's Interzonal (1976), thereby qualifying for the 1977 candidates matches. She advanced through to the Candidates Final, where she beat Alla Kushnir by 7½–6½ to set up a world title match in Pitsunda, Georgia, against Nona Gaprindashvili, the reigning women's world champion. Chiburdanidze defeated Gaprindashvili by 8½–6½. Then 17, she was and still is the youngest to win the Women's World Chess Championship.

She successfully defended her title four times.  In 1981 she drew a tough match 8–8 against Nana Alexandria, in Tbilisi, but kept the title as Champion. Three years later she played Irina Levitina in Volgograd, Russia and won convincingly by 8–5. The next defense came against Elena Akhmilovskaya in Sofia in 1986, and Chiburdanidze won the match by 8½–5½. In 1988 she retained her title again by narrowly winning a match in Telavi, Georgia against Nana Ioseliani by 8½–7½.

She was awarded the grandmaster title in 1984.p70 She was the second woman, after Gaprindashvili, to be awarded the title.

Losing the title
Xie Jun of China won the right to challenge for the world championship in February 1991. Chiburdanidze lost her crown to the young Chinese player in Manila by 8½–6½. Her reign was the third longest, at 14 years, behind only that of the first women's champion, Vera Menchik, who reigned for 17 years from 1927 until her death in 1944, and that of Gaprindashvili's 16 years.

She has attempted to regain the world title but, with the rise of the Chinese women and the formidable Polgár sisters, this has not proved possible.

Other chess achievements
Chiburdanidze, like many of the top women players, is not impressed with 'women's chess' in general, and she prefers to play chess with men. She has played extensively in men's tournaments around the world and her best form was seen in the 1980s and early 1990s. She was 1st in tournaments at New Delhi (1984) and Banja Luka (1985) and equal third at the very strong Bilbao 1987. In the next decade she finished 1st at Belgrade (1992), Vienna (1993) and Lippstadt (1995).

She was a key member of the USSR team that dominated the women's Olympiads of the 1980s. When Georgia achieved independence from the Soviet Union in 1990, she played board 1 for the new Georgian national team that won four gold medals, in 1992, 1994, 1996 and 2008.

She also played in the European Team Championships of 1997 when Georgia won the gold medal. In the 2008 Dresden Olympiad, she played on board 1 for Georgia, which won the gold medal (1st place). She won the gold medal for best performance.

Related pages
 List of World Chess Champions#Women's World Champions

References

Other websites

1961 births
Living people
Chess grandmasters
Sportspeople from Tbilisi

Maia Chiburdanidze


William Heddle Nash (14 June 189414 August 1961) was an English lyric tenor who appeared in opera and oratorio. He made numerous recordings that are still available on CD reissues.

Nash's voice was of the light tenor class known as "tenore di grazia".  The critic J. B. Steane referred to him as "the English lyric tenor par excellence, without equal then or now." He appeared in tenor roles in operas by Mozart, Verdi, Wagner and Puccini among others, at the Royal Opera House, and the Glyndebourne Festival. His operatic career lasted from 1924 to 1958.

As a concert singer, Nash was known for his performances in oratorio, and in particular in the title role of Elgar's The Dream of Gerontius, making the first gramophone recording of the work, in 1945.

Biography

Early years
Nash was born in the South London district of Deptford on 14 June 1894, the son of William Nash, master builder, and his wife, Harriet Emma née Carr. The family was musical, and listening at home to a gramophone record by Enrico Caruso prompted Nash to apply for a scholarship at the Blackheath Conservatoire of Music. He was accepted, but a week later World War I broke out. Nash joined the army, serving in France, Salonika, Egypt and Palestine.

The Blackheath scholarship was held open until after the war; Nash took it up on his return. He had some experience of concert and oratorio work, and then he accepted an offer to sing with Podrecca and Feodora's Italian Marionettes. Unseen, standing in the orchestra pit of the Scala and Coliseum theatres, he sang the tenor roles in many Italian operas while on the stages the puppets mimed the action. After the London season, the marionette company secured a contract to appear in New York; Nash went with them. On his return to London a friend advanced the money for him to study in Milan with Giuseppe Borgatti. On 7 April 1923 Nash married Florence Emily Violet Pearce, daughter of a sign manufacturer. They had two sons, John Dennis Heddle Nash (1926-1994), who became an operatic baritone, and David L Heddle Nash (b. 1930).

While studying with Borgatti, Nash made his operatic debut in 1924 at the Teatro Carcano in Milan, when he replaced an indisposed tenor in the role of Almaviva in Rossini's Il barbiere di Siviglia. It was a notable success. After singing at Turin, Bologna and Genoa, Nash returned to England with his wife in 1925. He had developed an Italianate style of singing that remained with him: it was said of him that he sang everything as though it were by Verdi.

Opera in England
On his return to London Nash was engaged by the Old Vic Company under Lilian Baylis to sing tenor roles in English. His first part for the company was the Duke in Rigoletto. His success was instantaneous. The Musical Times said that it was a pleasure to welcome a very beautiful tenor voice, praised his clarity of diction, and predicted that Nash would be one of the eminent lyric tenors of the future. At the Old Vic he appeared as Tonio in The Daughter of the Regiment, in the title role in Faust, as Pinkerton in Madama Butterfly and as Tamino in The Magic Flute. At the end of the Old Vic season he joined the British National Opera Company, going on tour with the company after a short London season. His roles included Almaviva, Fenton in Falstaff, Turiddu in Cavalleria rusticana, Roméo in Roméo et Juliette, Des Grieux in Manon and David in Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg.

In 1929, Nash made his debut at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden as Don Ottavio in Don Giovanni in the company's International Season. He sang leading tenor roles in Italian and French operas at Covent Garden until World War II, including Almaviva, Pinkerton, Faust, Roméo, Rodolfo in La bohème, Eisenstein in Die Fledermaus, Rinuccio in Gianni Schicchi, and Pedrillo in Die Entführung aus dem Serail. The critic Alan Blyth called Nash the leading British lyric tenor of the 20th century, and considered him "ideal casting for the heroes of French 19th-century Romantic opera." Nash had a repertoire of twenty-four operas, and sang fluently in English, French, German and Italian. He was proud of being the first Englishman to sing David in Die Meistersinger in the International Season at Covent Garden.

In the first Glyndebourne season, in 1934, Nash played Basilio in Le nozze di Figaro at the inaugural performance, Pedrillo, and Ferrando in Così fan tutte. He sang these three roles every year until 1938, adding Ottavio in Don Giovanni in 1937. The critic Richard Capell wrote, "Hardly another tenor of his time has sung Mozart with such elegance and at the same time such a minstrel-like effect of spontaneity." Nash also sang in lighter musical stage works, appearing in Carl Millöcker's The Dubarry in 1932, and Edward German's Merrie England in 1945.

During the war Nash toured with the Carl Rosa Opera Company, often singing opposite the Australian soprano Joan Hammond. His roles included Faust, Pinkerton and Rodolfo. After the Royal Opera House reopened following its wartime closure, Nash sang Des Grieux and David. His last appearance at Covent Garden was in Die Meistersinger in April 1948. He continued to appear on stage until July 1958, when he reprised a character role that he had created a year earlier, Dr Manette in Arthur Benjamin's A Tale of Two Cities at Sadler's Wells. The Musical Times called it "a most moving performance".

Oratorio and later career
Nash's career was not restricted to opera; he gave many song recitals, made radio broadcasts and performed in concerts and oratorio productions all over Britain. In 1931, he was chosen by Sir Edward Elgar to sing the title role in The Dream of Gerontius, in a performance conducted by Elgar himself. Henceforth, Nash was closely associated with the part, singing it at every Three Choirs Festival from 1934 to 1950. The critic Sir Neville Cardus considered him the greatest of all exponents of the part. Nash's 1945 recording of Gerontius with Malcolm Sargent is still regarded by many critics as unsurpassed.

Nash sang regularly in Messiah, and other oratorios. In 1938, he was one of the 16 singers chosen by Ralph Vaughan Williams to perform his Serenade to Music, composed as a tribute to Sir Henry Wood. The work was recorded soon afterwards, with the same 16 singers. This historic performance can be heard on CD re-issues.<ref>Aschenbach, Andrew, "The Sublime Serenade," Gramophone, July 2008, p. 42</ref>

In his later years, Nash was appointed professor of singing at the Royal College of Music. He sang in his last Messiah a few months before his death from lung cancer on 14 August 1961. On his tombstone in Chislehurst Cemetery are carved the opening words of part two of The Dream of Gerontius: "I went to sleep and now I am refreshed."

 Recordings
Many of Nash's recordings have been reissued on compact disc. He made his first recordings for Columbia Records during the late 1920s and early 1930s. These were mostly of operatic titles, including arias from The Magic Flute, Don Giovanni, Il barbiere di Siviglia, Lehár's Friederike, Jeptha, L'elisir d'amore and Rigoletto, plus a number of English songs and ballads. His 1932 Columbia recording of the serenade from Bizet's La jolie fille de Perth, sung in English, became a best-seller, making a little-known item of music extremely popular in his homeland. In 1927, he participated in the recording of complete English-language versions of Leoncavallo's Pagliacci and Mascagni's Cavalleria rusticana with the forces of the British National Opera. In 1935, he recorded a complete Act IV of Puccini's La bohème conducted by Beecham. Nash was the tenor in Beecham's first LP recording of Messiah, issued in 1953. The Gramophone wrote, "Those who are apt to remember him as an essentially lyrical tenor should turn up his "Sound an Alarm" from Judas Maccabaeus, which is nothing if not robust."

Further reading

Biographies
 Allen, Eleanor (2010) Heddle Nash: Singing Against the Tide". Jubilee House Press.

References

External links
Heddle Nash: Singing Against The Tide – Biography
 History of the Tenor / Heddle Nash / Sound Clips and Narration
Biography for Heddle Nash at IMDb
William Heddle Nash, English tenor, 1894 – 1961 at cantabile-subito.de/Tenors

1894 births
1961 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Academics of the Royal College of Music
English operatic tenors
People from Deptford
Musicians from Kent
20th-century British  male opera singers

Heddle Nash


A Glasgow smile (also known as a Glasgow grin, Anna grin Cheshire grin or Chelsea smile) is a nickname for the result of cutting a victim's face from the edges of the mouth to the ears.  The cut – and the scars it leaves – form an extension of what resembles a smile. Sometimes further to hurt or even kill the victim, he or she would then be stabbed or kicked, most notably in the stomach (or in case of kicking, the groin), so that the face would be ripped apart when the victim screamed.  Mutilation of this kind is commonly inflicted with a utility knife.

Torture

Glasgow smile


Christopher Willcock (born 1947) is an Australian Jesuit priest and composer of liturgical music.

Life
Willcock studied music at the Sydney Conservatorium of Music (graduated 1974) and was ordained to the priesthood in 1977. He then pursued doctoral studies in sacramental and liturgical theology at the Institut Catholique de Paris. In 1998, he won the University of Melbourne's Albert H. Maggs Composition Award.

Collaborating with cartoonist and artist Michael Leunig, Willcock won the 2006 Classical Music Award for Choral or Vocal Work of the Year with excerpts from his work titled Southern Star (his cycle of nine Christmas carols composed in collaboration with Leunig). The carols are composed for 4-part adult voices, or 3-part children's voices and are accompanied by harp - reminiscent of Benjamin Britten's A Ceremony of Carols. Other major works have been performed by the Tallis Scholars (May 2000) and the Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra (December 1998).

In 2006 he was the St Thomas More Chair of Jesuit Studies at the University of Western Australia. He also gave the annual Slattery Lecture for the School of Philosophy and Theology at the University of Notre Dame Australia.

In 2004 he was appointed by the Melbourne Chorale as their first composer-in-residence and that year they performed two new a cappella pieces, Etiquette with Angels (a setting of a poem by another Australian Jesuit, Andrew Bullen) and his Latin setting of Psalm 50, Miserere (considered Psalm 51 in some versions of the Bible). The Melbourne Chorale also performed his John Shaw Neilson Triptych in late July 2004.

Sacred music
 Akhmatova Requiem for soprano solo, strings and percussion is a poem cycle by the great 20th-century Russian poet, Anna Akhmatova (1889-1966),
 Etiquette with Angels
 Gospel Bestiary; commissioned for the Tallis Scholars, this is a poem by Andrew Bullen SJ set to music by Willcock.
 Miserere; a setting of the Latin psalm 50
 Missa Messina
 Songs of Prayer
 Psalms for Feasts and Seasons
 In the Peace of Christ, a collection of music for the funeral rites; and
 collections published by Oregon Catholic Press: God Here Among Us, In Remembrance of You, Your Kingdom Come, Sing We Now of Christmas, and Psalms for the Journey.

Secular and concert music
 John Shaw Neilson Triptych for a cappella choir
 Five Days Old, composed for choir and orchestra
 The Frilled Lizard for viola and harp
 Gallopping Goliards composed for solo double bass
 Lines from Little Gidding for choir and organ
 Friday 3.30 for choir and string orchestra
 Plaint over Dili for oboe and harpsichord
 New Song in an Ancient Land

Notes

References
 Willcock on Australian Composer biography
 details on the United faculty of theology website

External links
 Willcock biography (archived)
 Jesuit Theological College (archived)

1947 births
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
APRA Award winners
Australian classical composers
Australian Jesuits
Australian male classical composers
Living people
Sydney Conservatorium of Music alumni
Winners of the Albert H. Maggs Composition Award
20th-century Australian male musicians
20th-century Australian musicians
21st-century Australian male musicians
21st-century Australian musicians

Christopher Willcock


Final Fantasy X-2 is a fantasy role-playing video game released for the PlayStation 2 in 2003. It was made by Square Enix. It is a direct sequel to the game Final Fantasy X, the first direct sequel in the Final Fantasy series.

Final Fantasy 10.5
Final Fantasy 10.5
PlayStation 2 games

Final Fantasy X-2


Saskatchewan River fur trade The Saskatchewan River was one of the two main axes of Canadian expansion west of Lake Winnipeg. The other and more important one was northwest to the Athabasca Country. For background see Canadian canoe routes (early). The main trade route followed the North Saskatchewan River and Saskatchewan River, which were just south of the forested beaver country. The South Saskatchewan River was a prairie river with few furs.

Overview
The Saskatchewan River was a natural highway for furs going east and trade goods going west. The forests to the north provided beaver pelts. The grassland to the south provided buffalo for food and pemmican to feed to voyageurs in the food-poor country to the north. Pemmican was often more important than beaver. Most was sent downriver to Cumberland House, Saskatchewan, before being sent northward, but from 1790 some was sent via a relatively short overland route to the Green Lake, Saskatchewan and on to the Athabasca Country.

The Saskatchewan has no significant portages between the rapids at Rocky Mountain House and its mouth at Lake Winnipeg. Eastbound canoes with that winter's catch had the advantage of the spring meltwater. Westbound trade goods in the summer and fall had to deal with low water and there was significant use of poling and tracking on the upper river. The Hudson's Bay Company built the first proto-York boat on the river at Manchester House in 1788, but the North West Company seems to have preferred north canoes. In the La Montee country west of Prince Albert, "bosses" would borrow horses and go buffalo hunting to feed the regular voyageurs who had to stay in their canoes and continue rowing upstream. When speed was required one could ride horseback parallel to the river. Around 1825 a horse track was cut from Fort Assiniboine, Alberta on the Athabasca River to Edmonton. (The easiest route from the Pacific was through Athabasca Pass to the Athabasca River. The shortcut meant a straighter route and the use of York boats. The Athabasca River route was indirect and required smaller north canoes for the numerous portages.) From the 1870s the slaughter of buffalo, smallpox and the appearance of settlers disrupted Native life. In 1876 an ox-cart road was built from Fort Carlton north to Green Lake. In the mid-1800s, The  Carlton Trail, running along the north bank of the Saskatchewan River, was gradually developed connecting Winnipeg (Red River) to Edmonton.
The first steamboat on the river was the Northcote in 1874.
In 1905 the Canadian Northern Railway, following the route of the old Carleton Trail, reached Edmonton from Winnipeg.

The boreal forest region to the north was inhabited by Cree who had migrated northwest as middlemen in the fur trade and, in the early and middle 19th century, Saulteaux. Immediately south were the Plains Cree and Assiniboines with the Nakoda (Stoney) near the mountains. To the south were the Gens du large or Plains Indians or First Nations:
Gros Ventre in Saskatchewan,
Blackfeet in Alberta and
Piegan Blackfeet near the Rocky Mountains. Across the mountains were Kootenays.

Since the Cree and Saulteaux had beaver-skins to trade and the plains Natives had little more than buffalo and wolf skins, the northern peoples got most of the guns. They used them to expand south. This made the plains Natives hostile to the traders since they seemed to be allies of the more northern tribes.

Further, many of the voyageurs were part-Cree and knew the language. The trading posts were too well fortified to be easily attacked and were only destroyed when the traders were away. The only exception was Fort Pitt in 1885 which by then no longer had a stockade. In the east the Gros Ventres destroyed South Branch House and Manchester House in 1793–94. In the west the Blackfeet often damaged the fur trade. They did not trade where there were many Cree and tried to keep the Kootenays from getting guns. Fort Sturgeon was burnt in 1780 and Rocky Mountain House in 1860. Fort Pitt and Fort Carlton were burnt during the North-West Rebellion in 1885. (Carlton was accidentally burned down as it was being evacuated in 1885.)

Exploration
1691:Henry Kelsey reached the lower Saskatchewan from Hudson Bay.
1731-1743: Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye pushed west from Lake Superior.
1739: Louis-Joseph Gaultier de La Vérendrye was somewhere on the lower Saskatchewan.
1741: Fort Bourbon at the mouth of the Saskatchewan and Fort Paskoya on west side of Cedar Lake.
1753: Fort de la Corne about 20 miles below the Forks.
1755: Anthony Henday, after almost reaching the Rocky Mountains from Hudson Bay, returned down the North Saskatchewan from near Edmonton.
1759: With the conquest trade collapses. It takes the English about 15 years to restore it.
1768: James Findlay at Nipawin.
1774: HBC builds Cumberland House, Saskatchewan downstream from Fort de la Corne. ('first' HBC inland post and gateway to Lake Athabasca.) English "Pedlars" from Montreal below the Forks.
1776: North Saskatchewan reached at Fort Sturgeon.
1781: Cold Lake House (NWC).
1786: Manchester House.
1789: Angus Shaw of the North West Company built a post on the northwest shore of Moose Lake (Alberta) called Fort  or Shaw House.
1792: First post in Alberta on the North Saskatchewan River in Alberta at Buckingham House (fur-trade post).
1795: Fort Edmonton at present-day Fort Saskatchewan
1799: Rocky Mountain House.
1807: David Thompson crossed the Rocky Mountains at Howse Pass.

Map and table

Most of the posts lasted less than ten years because the area became depleted of beaver and because the wooden stockades tended to rot. The major or permanent posts on the North Saskatchewan River were Cumberland House, Fort Pitt, Fort Carlton, Edmonton and Rocky Mountain House. Especially in the east there were a number of minor temporary posts that left few or no records. Until 1811, fur traders affiliated with the NWC and HBC maintained very amicable relations to the extent that the rival posts were often enclosed within the same palisades for mutual protections. After 1811, however, competition between the HBC and the NWC became increasingly intense (Blondal et al. 2008). .

In the table below locations are given by longitude and approximate straight-line distance from the post or landmark to the east. The straight-line distance from Lake Winnipeg to Howse pass is about 1,200 km or 750 miles. For Pedlars see Pedlar (fur trade). For the XY Company see North West Company#Organizational history.

References

Sources
Arthur Morton (1939), A History of the Canadian West.
Elizabeth Browne Losey (1999). Let Them be Remembered:The Story of the Fur Trade Forts. New York: Vantage Press.
Myrna Kostash (2005), Reading the River: A Traveller's Companion to the North Saskatchewan River.
Blöndal, A., J.P. Foster, S. Graham, Y. Kjorlien, A. K. Peach and M. Porter. 2008. Alberta Fur Trade Post Pre-Field Inventory and Assessment, Volume I: Fur Trade Post Inventory. Manuscript on file, Historic Resources Management Branch, Alberta Culture. Edmonton, Alberta.

Economy of Manitoba
Economy of Saskatchewan
Economy of Alberta
North Saskatchewan River
Saskatchewan River
Fur trade
Economic history of Canada

Saskatchewan River fur trade


Fountain of the Centaurs is a fountain located on the grounds of the Missouri State Capitol in Jefferson City, Missouri, north of the Capitol building.

Description
The fountain consists of two separate components, the granite pool containing the bronze centaurs and other figures by Adolph Alexander Weinman and the Signing of the Louisiana Purchase Agreement, a large high relief by Karl Bitter.  Both were dedicated in 1927.

Although the mythical beings in the fountain are labeled as "centaurs" they are in fact "ichthyocentaurs". This is because the lower portion of their bodies are sea serpents rather than horses.  Each of the centaurs is portrayed in a struggle with some sort of creature of the waters.  They both are surrounded by playful sea urchins who spray water on them.

Signing of the Treaty

After being named director of sculpture for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition of 1904, Bitter contributed several pieces to the array of sculpture at the event.  Since it was all made of staff and thus perusable and "swept into the dust bins of time," only his relief showing the signing of the Louisiana Purchase by Robert R. Livingston, James Monroe and "the amiable" François Barbé-Marbois was saved. Following the close of the fair, Bitter was employed to make "improvements in a score of delicate details" of the work and it was cast in bronze and placed in the Jefferson Memorial in St. Louis.  Bitter was comfortable with the proposed changes and made them, "without any special thumbscrew to my conscience"  A decade later, the Missouri Capitol Decoration Committee received permission from Bitter's widow to make another bronze casting of the work and place it in Jefferson City.

The relief is used on a US Postal stamp commemorating the 150th anniversary of the event.

References

Buildings and structures in Jefferson City, Missouri
Monuments and memorials in Missouri
Tourist attractions in Jefferson City, Missouri
1924 sculptures
Outdoor sculptures in Missouri
Nude sculptures in the United States
Statues of presidents of the United States
Sculptures of fish in the United States
Works by Adolph Weinman
Louisiana Purchase
Animal sculptures in the United States

Fountain of the Centaurs


Golmaal 3 (eng: Mayhem 3) is a 2010 Indian Indian Hindi-language action comedy movie that is the third film in the Golmaal franchise. It stars Ajay Devgn, Arshad Warsi, and Kareena Kapoor in lead roles. It was released on 5 November 2010, while Diwali Festival was there in India. It is the sequel to Golmaal Returns. This movie was a great comedy, people laughed while seeing the movie. This was one of the best movies of Rohit Shetty. The film's storyline was partially inspired from Basu Chatterjee's 1978 film Khatta Meetha which itself was based on the 1968 film Yours, Mine and Ours. A sequel to the film titled Golmaal Again was released in 2017.

Plot
The story follows an elderly bus driver, Pritam, whose three good-for-nothing sons Madhav; The group leader, Laxman; The poetic idiot and Lucky; The innocent mute have took loans from various moneylenders, also from a don named Raghu, and they earn money by corrupt methods like selling fake question papers to students etc.

On the other hand, Geeta lives with her two sons, Gopal; The strong but kind man who breaks fingers of those people who show him finger and Laxman; The stammerer. They also live with their business partner Dabbu and a girl named Chintu, along with her dog Facebook. They own a water sports stall in Goa, by taking money from Vasooli Bhai. Gopal has crush on Dabbu, but never shows it. Also, Vasooli is a lover of Chintu.

Three Robbers, Pappi, Daga and Teja are in run from the police, as they have stolen the Queen's necklace. They end up in Goa. Pappi, who suffers from short term memory loss, hides the necklace in Pritam's house and forgets about it.

Then, after taking money from Pappi, Madhav, Lucky and Laxman also open a water sports stall in just front of Gopal's stall, from where the rivalry between the two groups begins. They destroy each other's water sports business, and also cracker's business, which both of them opened after being destroyed their water sports business.

Pritam, goes to Geeta's house to sort out the problem, but is surprised to see Geeta. It is revealed that they were college lovers, who were seperated and met in Goa a long time after that, when they got old. It is also revealed that they are not their sons, but are orphans. However, their sons do not know about this. Dabbu overhears their conversation, and decides to get them both married, by telling lies to their sons that their brothers are very little.

On the marriage day, they came to know the truth that their enemies are now brothers, so they get violent on each other, and started chasing Dabbu. Dabbu somehow manages to slip away.

Pritam, in fear that Raghu will come once to take his money, so he shifts along with his children to Geeta's house. The five then start living in one house, filled with non-stop laughs and mayhem, as five try many tricks on each other

On Dabbu's birthday, when everyone (except Gopal) goes to a mall, Raghu comes along with his goons to take money violently. During the fight that followed, Gopal makes a surprise entry to take revange of hitting her mother during this fight. He hits everyone and at last, Raghu and his goons are defeated. Afterwards, the brother groups get angry towards each other.

Suddenly, Lucky overhears Dabbu talking with their parents in anger about their fight, and he comes to know that he is an orphan. He tells everyone, crying, about their fate. Although no one believes him, Dabbu confirms him. Then, they vow that they will be friendly like brothers and will not let their parents know that they know that they are orphans.

Together, with Vasooli's and Pappi's money, they open a family toy shop, when during inaugration, Pappi remembers where he had kept the necklace, and starts chasing all of them to their house.

In the house, Dabbu fools him by saying that the necklace is with Dhande. Pappi says cuss words to Dhande. Dhande, who was an inspector, comes with his constable Gandhari to arrest Pappi. Then, as per the locarion told by Pappi, Pritam brings the necklace and gives it to the inspector. The necklace was of 3 crore, and they all get 10% in reward.

In the end, Pritam and Geeta go for honeymoon, while all the five started fighting again on an argument, with Dabbu and Rohit Shetty stopping them.

Cast

 Ajay Devgn as Gopal
 Arshad Warsi as Madhav
 Kareena Kapoor as Dabbu
 Tusshar Kapoor as Lucky
 Shreyass Talpade as Laxman
 Kunal Khemu as Laxman
 Mithun Chakraborty as Pritam aka Pappu
 Ratna Pathak Shah as Geeta aka Guddi
 Ashwini Kaleswaskar as Chintu
 Mukesh Tiwari as Vasooli Bhai
 Johny Lever as Pappi
 Sanjay Mishra as Daga
 Vrijesh Hirjee as Teja
 Murali Sharma as Inspector Dhande
 Vijay Patkar as Constable Gandhari
 Rohit Shetty as Rohit Shetty (cameo appereance in the last scene)

References

2010 comedy movies
2010s action comedy movies
2010s Indian movies

Golmaal 3


Doina eremnogramma is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by John Frederick Gates Clarke in 1978. It is found in Chile.

The wingspan is 28–31 mm. The forewings are cinereous. From the base of the wing, between veins 11 and 12, a fuscous line extends to almost the middle of the costa and between veins 9 and 10 and 10 and 11, short fuscous streaks are found. Similar but ill-defined lines are found between other veins and from the apical third of the costa, around the apex and along the termen to the tornus, is a series of 11 fuscous streaks. In the cell, a fuscous longitudinal streak and a greyish-fuscous shade are found and there is a short fuscous streak on the fold at about two-fifths. The apical two-fifths of the wing are lightly infuscated. The hindwings are sordid white, lightly infuscated and sparsely irrorated with small greyish-fuscous scales.

References

Moths described in 1978
Doina (moth)
Endemic fauna of Chile

Doina eremnogramma


The ancient site at Kot Diji () was the forerunner of the Indus Civilization. The people of this site lived about 3000 BC. The remains consist of two parts; the citadel area on high ground, and the outer area.

Kot Diji is located about 22 kilometres south of Khairpur in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. The site is at the foot of the hills.  There a fort (Kot Diji Fort) was built around 1790 by the Talpur ruler of Upper Sindh, Mir Suhrab, who ruled from 1783 to 1830. This fort built on the ridge of a steep narrow hill is well preserved.

Recent developments
Today, Kot Diji is on the way to becoming a more developed area. It has broadband and Wi-Fi internet connections, and all the cellular network service providers are active in the area. Many private and government schools, teaching in English, Urdu, and Hindi, are in Kot Diji.  A new shopping centre called "Khazana" has also been built in the city.

Other websites
Kot Diji Fort Latest Pictures *

Archaeological sites in Pakistan

Kot Diji


Álvaro de Albornoz y Liminiana (June 13, 1879, Asturias – October 22, 1954, Mexico) was a Spanish lawyer, writer, and one of the founders of the Second Republic of Spain.

Early life
He began his early studies in his native town of Luarca, then he went to the University of Oviedo to study law. During his university years he experienced the excitement of the Republican Party in Oviedo which was very common in the intellectual circles at that time. Some of his professors were Leopoldo Alas "Clarín" and Adolfo Álvarez Buylla, a knowledgeable Marxist and founder of the Sociology Seminary at the Faculty's Library. After Oviedo, Albornoz continued to Madrid where he was influenced by Francisco Giner de los Ríos and the "Institución Libre de Enseñanza." Throughout these years, his social and political beliefs were shaped and reinforced.

He then returned to Luarca, where in 1899 he and Amalia Salas were married. April 29, 1900, in Luarca, the couple's first child, Maria de la Concepción ("Concha") was born. The next year came "Alvarito," their son. Albornoz practiced law for ten years. He became more active with socialist activities and wrote for the "La Aurora Social," a political newspaper in Asturias. In 1909, he became a member of Lerroux's Radical Republican Party. He was elected to the Spanish parliament in 1910. Following the 1914 elections, Albornoz left politics and the Radical Republican Party to practice law and spend more time writing.

Political Career and the Second Spanish Republic
In 1929, when in the "Cárcel Modelo of Madrid" Albornoz would found, along with Marcelino Domingo, the new Radical Socialist Republican Party.

In 1930, after the "Pact of San Sebastian," Albornoz was arrested, imprisoned, and court martialed for Treason by the Supreme Court of War and Navy. His assigned defense attorney was Victoria Kent, the first woman to pass the Spanish bar. Albornoz was acquitted of all charges.

Albornoz was a member of the elected Spanish Second Republic, and, after the king fled Spain, a member of the Provisional Revolutionary Committee of 1930, and chairman of the constitutional draft committee," As the first president of the "Tribunal de Garantías Constitucionales," he eventually assumed responsibility for some of the reforms authorized by the new progressive constitution—–included the dissolution of the Jesuit Fraternal order, secular divorce, suppression of the State budget for the "cult and cleric," and other provisions relating to the installation of a secular government. He also served as Minister of Justice and Minister of Public Works.

July 27, 1936, he was named the Spanish Second Republica's Ambassador to Paris. By September, he was replaced and faced with returning to a Spain inflamed by Civil War.

Life in Exile
In 1939, Albornoz, Salas, and daughter Concha de Albornoz emigrated to Havana, Cuba; and finally to Mexico City. His son Alvarito, Alavarito's wife Maria Araceli, and their son later joined them.

In exile, Albornoz Alvaro continued his representation for the Spanish Second Republic and with the Mexico City community of Spanish exiles. He was a member of Spanish Republican Action. He also helped found the Ateneo Salmerón. He served on the committee of the Spanish Junta de Liberation, representing the Republican Left party, working closely with Indalecio Prieto. He continued to travel and advocate on behalf of the duly elected government of Spain. May 11, 1940, he was named President of the Republic of Spain in Exile (till June 27, 1945). He was also named Prime Minister from 1947 to 1951, two consecutive terms.

He corresponded with people in France and the United States. He attended a United Nations conference representing the Second Spanish Republic government. But Franco—supported by the Church and Industry—was ensconced and Albornoz's work on behalf of the duly elected government came to no avail.

Albornoz died October 22, 1954, in Mexico City.

Family

Albornoz's nephew (son of his sister) was Severo Ochoa the winner of the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Arthur Kornberg.

He was also the grand-uncle and god-father of Aurora de Albornoz, celebrated poet and literary critic.

Works
La Instrucción, el ahorro y la moralidad de las clases trabajadoras (1900)
No liras, lanzas (1903)
Individualismo y socialismo (1908)
Ideario radical (1913)
El partido republicano (1918)
El temperamento español, la democracia y la libertad (1921)
La tragedia del estado español (1925)
La Democracia (1925)
Intelectuales y hombres de acción (1927)
La Libertad (1927)
El gran collar de la justicia (1930)
El gobierno de los caudillos militares (1930)
La política religiosa de la República (1935)
Al servicio de la República. De la Unión Republicana al Frente Popular. Criterios de Gobierno (1936)
Páginas del destierro (1941).
Semblanzas españolas (1954)

References
 García Delgado, J.L: La II República española: el primer bienio. Madrid, 1987.
 García Voltá, G: España en la encrucijada. ¿La Constitución de 1931, fórmula de convivencia?. Barcelona, 1987.
 Huertas, E: La política cultural de la Segunda República española. Madrid, 1988.
 Payne, S: La primera democracia española. La II República 1931-1936. Barcelona, 1995.

External links
 Jesus Mella, "Un Jacobian in the Form of Álvaro Albornoz," blog, internet web cite, Sept. 2013
 Portal Fuenterrebollo, XXVI: "Founders of the Second Republic," civic blog cite

1879 births
1954 deaths
People from Valdés, Asturias
Radical Republican Party politicians
Radical Socialist Republican Party politicians
Republican Left (Spain) politicians
Justice ministers of Spain
Members of the Congress of Deputies of the Spanish Restoration
Members of the Congress of Deputies of the Second Spanish Republic
Politicians from Asturias
Spanish people of the Spanish Civil War (Republican faction)
Exiles of the Spanish Civil War in Mexico
University of Oviedo alumni
Exiled Spanish politicians
Government ministers during the Second Spanish Republic

Álvaro de Albornoz


Queen's Tower is a house in Sheffield, lying on Park Grange Road in the Norfolk Park area of the city.  It was designed by Woodhead & Hurst for Samuel Roberts, a local cutler, as a tribute to Mary, Queen of Scots, and completed in 1839.

The two-storey building is in a Tudor style, with battlements and several turrets.  Its grounds were designed by Robert Marnock and incorporated walls and a window from Manor Lodge, where Mary had been imprisoned.

On completion, Roberts gave the Tower to his son as a wedding present.  He enlarged the structure in the 1860s.  His descendants, who lived in the Tower for several generations, included Samuel Roberts, the Member of Parliament for Sheffield Ecclesall, and his son, also Samuel Roberts, and also a politician.

The Tower was converted to flats in 2004.

References

Houses in Sheffield
Houses completed in 1839
Grade II listed buildings in Sheffield

Queen's Tower, Sheffield


Gene Sharp (January 21, 1928 – January 28, 2018) was an American political scientist, writer and activist. He was the founder of the Albert Einstein Institution, a non-profit organization dedicated to the study of nonviolent action. He was a retired professor of political science at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth. He was known for his writings on nonviolent struggle.

Sharp was born in North Baltimore, Ohio. He studied at Ohio State University and at Oxford University.

Unofficial sources have claimed that Sharp was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 2015, and had been nominated three times, in 2009, 2012 and 2013.

Sharp was widely thought to be the favorite for the 2012 Nobel Peace Prize award. In 2011 he was awarded the El-Hibri Peace Education Prize. In 2012 he was a recipient of the Right Livelihood Award as well as the Distinguished Lifetime Democracy Award.

Sharp died on January 28, 2018 at home in Boston, Massachusetts, exactly 1 week after his 90th birthday.

References

1928 births
2018 deaths
American political scientists
American political writers
American political activists
Educators from Ohio
Writers from Ohio

Gene Sharp