Piglio is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Frosinone in the Italian region Lazio, located about  east of Rome and about  northwest of Frosinone, offering a panoramic view on the valleys of the Sacco and Aniene rivers.

History
It has been identified with the ancient Roman Capitulum, a Hernican town. Its area was the seat of several Roman patrician towns.

In 1088 it is mentioned as Castrum Pileum; according to a legend, the name would stem from the Latin pileum, the helmet of Roman general Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus. In that period it depended from the bishop of Anagni and, from the late 12th century, it was first a fief of the De Pileo and then of the De Antiochia families. In 1347 it was captured by Cola di Rienzo and, from the late 14th century, it was under the Colonna family, who held it until 1816. In 1656 the town was decimated by plague.

Piglio became part of the newly formed Kingdom of Italy in 1870. During World War II, it was bombed by Allied planes, which destroyed about 30 percent of the edifices.

Main sights
Colonna Castle, probably dating to the early 11th century. The lower part, better preserved, is from the 14th century.
Church of Santa Maria Maggiore (13th century), destroyed in 1944 and remade in Baroque style afterwards.
Church of San Rocco, with a 15th-century fresco of Madonna, St. Lawrence and Saints.
Church of St. Lawrence, remade in 1773 and again in 1954.

References

External links
 Official website

Cities and towns in Lazio

Piglio


Alexander Lamb Cullen,   (30 April 1920 – 27 December 2013) was a British electrical engineer.

Career and research
Cullen served as the Head of Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering at University College London where he held the Pender Chair, from 1967 to 1980. In 1988 he published his book Modern Radio Science and a biography of Harold Barlow.

Awards and honours
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1977 and awarded their Royal Medal in 1984 in recognition of his many distinguished contributions to microwave engineering, both theoretical and experimental, and in particular for research on microwave antennae. The same year he was awarded the Faraday Medal of the Institute of Electrical Engineers. He also the same year delivered the Clifford Paterson Lecture to the Royal Society on "Microwaves: the art and the science". He was appointed Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1960.

References

Royal Medal winners
English electrical engineers
Academics of University College London
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Fellows of the Royal Society
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
2013 deaths
1920 births

Alexander Lamb Cullen


Gareth James Chilcott (born 20 November 1956 in Bristol) is a former rugby union player, who played at prop for Bath and England.

He made his England debut against Australia in 1984. He toured with the British Lions in Australia in 1989, together with Andy Robinson and Jeremy Guscott.

He acted in the revived stage play Up 'n' Under which was set around a rugby league sevens tournament.

Chilcott is also a Bristol City supporter and goes to many home and away games.

He appeared in a rugby special of Come Dine with Me with Martin Offiah, Victor Ubogu, and Kyran Bracken which was shown in September 2011.

In 2012, Chilcott established Venatour, a sports travel company based in Cheltenham. He also hosts a regular online opinion show, Cooch's Corner, featuring opinion and rugby guests.

Charitable work
He is an active Honorary President of the rugby charity Wooden Spoon in Somerset, improving the lives of disadvantaged children and young people in Britain and Ireland.

He is also an ambassador for SOS International Rugby Board Kit Aid. SOS/IRB Kit Aid is a "green" rugby project that gives less-advantaged children around the world a chance to play and develop rugby in emerging nations through the collection and distribution of unused/unwanted recycled rugby kit from the UK and Ireland.

References

External links
SOS IRB Kit Aid
Profile at Bath Rugby "Hall of Fame"

1956 births
Living people
Bath Rugby players
British & Irish Lions rugby union players from England
England international rugby union players
English rugby union players
Rugby union players from Bristol
Rugby union props
1987 Rugby World Cup players

Gareth Chilcott


"Chicago" is the thirty-eighth episode of the American television series Prison Break and is the sixteenth episode of its second season. It was written by Nick Santora and Matt Olmstead, and directed by Jesse Bochco. The episode first aired on February 5, 2007, making it the first episode to be aired during the February sweeps in the United States. It attained an average of 10.1 million viewers, which is the highest recorded audience for the second season.

The premise of this episode covers Michael Scofield and Lincoln Burrows' journey to Chicago with Sara Tancredi and Paul Kellerman. Other subplots include that of Agent Mahone, Bellick, T-Bag, C-Note and Haywire. In regard to the casting for this particular episode, regular cast member Amaury Nolasco (who plays Sucre) does not appear.

Plot
At an Evansville, Indiana train station, Sara Tancredi (Sarah Wayne Callies) reunites with Michael Scofield (Wentworth Miller) and the two embrace. Sara also greets Michael's brother, Lincoln Burrows (Dominic Purcell) but also finds Paul Kellerman (Paul Adelstein) with them as he secretly converses with President Caroline Reynolds (Patricia Wettig) by mobile phone from around a corner. Michael strangles Kellerman while Lincoln holds him down, after finding out that Kellerman had tried to kill Sara. When they let go of him, Kellerman tells the group that he recognizes Sara's key as being from a private cigar club in Chicago, Illinois.

Kellerman successfully deceives the train conductor by explaining that Michael is a fugitive, and he needs an empty train to transport him to Chicago. In the meantime, Lincoln thanks Sara for helping them and assures her that Kellerman is a temporary ally. On the train, Sara is struggling with flashbacks of her ordeal with Kellerman. After noticing that Lincoln was asleep, Sara sends Michael away on a fool's errand to get water for her. Once he leaves, she gets behind Kellerman and attempts to strangle him with a cord from her sweatshirt; a makeshift garrote. Lincoln and Michael stop her and save Kellerman.

Wanting to be alone, Sara stays in the train car restroom. Kellerman calls the President, who promises him a job as "Chief of Staff". Michael enters the bathroom and talks to Sara. She asks him if he really believes they can "get it all back" and he replies that he has faith, and that it's kept him going the whole time. Sara says that she's motivated by justice for her father and her feelings for Michael. They kiss but are interrupted by a police rail block.

After running through the police rail block, the group of four has apparently jumped off the train. A police force chases the group, until their path is blocked by a helicopter. The group turns out to be the conductor and others, who explained that the real group of fugitives told them to jump off the train at gunpoint, to keep running, and not to look back. As Michael, Lincoln, Sara, and Kellerman leave the train without incident, Kellerman finds a car, and is again contacted by the president. Kellerman asks her what they did during his 35th birthday. When the voice on the other line cannot answer the question, Kellerman realizes that she is not actually the President. He says, "Hey. Whoever this is ... tell Bill Kim that he just screwed up ... big-time."

In Chicago, Kellerman offers to go to the cigar club with the key as he is not a "wanted fugitive". Michael and Sara go together instead. As they enter the club, Michael admits his feelings for Sara.

In Ness City, Kansas, T-Bag (Robert Knepper) forces his hostages, Susan Hollander (K. K. Dodds) and her children, to pretend that they are a family. A neighbour, Patty, arrives at the Hollander household. When Susan's son, Zach, attempts to take Patty aside to explain that they're being held hostage, T-Bag silently threatens Zach with his gun. Wary of their neighbours, T-Bag forces the Hollander family to leave the house with him.

In Benson, Minnesota, C-Note (Rockmond Dunbar) is at a diner with his daughter, Dede, where she is unable to digest her food and vomits in the bathroom. As C-Note prepares to leave the diner, an armed robber enters and attempts to rob the customers. C-Note attempts to defuse the situation by telling the hostages to stay in one corner and give the robber their money. After the diner robber acquires the money, he tries to take a young woman with him as the police approaches. C-Note saves the woman and in return for his good deed, the hostages help C-Note and Dede escape when the police arrived.

At the Federal Bureau of Investigation Chicago Field Office, Agent Wheeler (Jason Davis) reports to Agent Alexander Mahone (William Fichtner) that Haywire has killed a man in Wisconsin. When Mahone says to let the Madison, Wisconsin FBI office handle Haywire and to continue focusing on the brothers, Wheeler tells him that he will report back to the headquarters. Agent William Kim (Reggie Lee) phones Mahone and orders him to kill Haywire because he was Scofield's cellmate and there's no telling what he may know about the conspiracy.

Mahone returns to Fox River State Penitentiary where he tells Brad Bellick (Wade Williams) that since the prosecution violated his rights, the murder charge will be dropped upon a Habeas corpus hearing. However, in order for that to happen, Mahone wants his help to track down the fugitives like a "junkyard dog". Bellick complies. After Bellick is released from prison, he is given a car, a file with his name on it, along with a firearm and a badge.

On an Algoma, Wisconsin shore, Haywire (Silas Weir Mitchell) tries to make his escape on his makeshift boat with his border collie. Bellick arrives in Algoma and interrogates Sasha. After finding out where Haywire is, Bellick reports to Mahone. Bellick heads to the location and as he closes in on him, Haywire climbs up a silo. Mahone arrives and is angry at a surprised Bellick for not stopping a large crowd from gathering to watch Haywire climb up the silo. Mahone climbs up the silo to meet Haywire. Due to the crowd, he has to devise an alternative plan to kill Haywire. He decides to talk with him. After sympathizing with his situation, he ends up giving Haywire some subtle prodding to make him think there is only one way out. Mahone stands back as Haywire jumps to his death in dramatic slow motion.

Production details
The episode was filmed in downtown Greenville, Texas and in areas near Greenville. Although the filming was scheduled to begin on December 13, 2006, it was delayed to December 15, 2006. The action sequence, which involved the train crashing into police cars, was also delayed to January 8, 2007 and was filmed in an area just north of Greenville.

Music
The song that was used to link the scene where T-Bag leaves Ness City with the Hollanders and the following scene with C-Note in the diner is "Give Me Just a Little More Time". Towards the end of the episode where Haywire falls to his death, the song playing is "Home" by Alexi Murdoch. Another Murdoch song, "Orange Sky", was played during the Prison Break episode "English, Fitz, or Percy".

Reception
Prison Break continued to be placed second in the Monday 8:00pm timeslot behind NBC's Deal or No Deal in total viewers and the key demographic of adults 18-49. This episode achieved a 6.4% household rating and a 9% household share with an average of 10.1 million viewers, which is the highest recorded audience so far for the second season.

Despite obtaining one of the series' highest recorded audience, the episode received moderate responses from some critics. A critic from UGO, Troy Rogers, gave "Chicago" a B grade, saying that "some aspects of the show are starting to feel tired". Similarly, Craig Blanchard of the San Diego Union-Tribune also gave the episode a B grade. Although Blanchard complimented on the characterization of Kellerman, describing him as "the man with a bottomless bag of tricks", he also commented on the character of Bellick, saying that "it's only a matter of time before Bellick is back to his role as a bottom-feeder. Talk about a riches-to-rags-to-riches story. He's even got a badge now." Peter Brown from IFMagazine gave the episode a B+ grade, saying, "The serve of the week wasn't as good as some of previous twists with the train jumpers but still continues a nice little tactic of giving the viewers something each week that stays true to what made this series good." The episode received an overall rating of 9.2/10 from IGN'''s Ahsan Haque, who commented that "this episode continues the trend of bombarding viewers with extremely fast-paced and self-contained storylines for an ever-dwindling cast of characters".

Jeff Commings of Arizona Daily Star commented on the various subplots of the episode and says, "That's more action than I see in a year, but probably not as much as Jack Bauer sees in an hour. Yes, it stretches credibility, but it still has some great moments." Jeff of TV Fodder reviewed the episode and also commented on the action sequence, stating, "The train escape was brilliant I think. Scofield is back in the driver's seat and running the show." On the other hand, Entertainment Weekly'''s Kate Sullivan described the protagonists' trip to Chicago as "sketchy". Sullivan also noted that the episode contained the "moment fans have been waiting for — perhaps more than the escape, more than the moment when the whole conspiracy will blow up — was Sara and Michael's reunion".

References

External links

Prison Break episodes
2007 American television episodes

Chicago (Prison Break)


Abdel Moneim Mustafa Hussein (عبدالمنعم مصطفى حسين) (born 1952) is a former Sudanese football player and manager, and the technical director for Confederation of African Football (CAF) since 2003. He played from 1973 to 1983 in Al Ahly SC and was nicknamed Qarn Shatta.
As a player:

1970-1972: Al Tahrir (Sudan)

1973-1983: Al Ahly (Egypt)

As a coach:

1983-2003: Al Ahly (Egypt) - all age groups while first team was from 92 to 95.

A respected and hard-working player, Abdel Moneim Hussein, known as "Shatta", has gone on to become one of key figures in the development and study of football in Africa. The Football Development Director for the Confederation of African Football, he first started coaching the game after retiring as a player from Egyptian giants Ah Ahly in 1984. He played during the seventies and early eighties as a defensive midfielder and won the Egyptian league championship and Egyptian Cup over 10 times, as well as the African Champions League. He was also selected as the best defensive midfielder in Egypt during the seventies.

He showed great promise working with the youth teams of the club from the U-10s up and assisted various first team coaches at the time. He led the senior team from 1993 to 1995, winning the Egyptian Champions League and Egyptian Cup, as well as the Arab Championship Cup.

Hussein has since become a student of the game, going through coaching courses in Egypt, England and Romania and getting elite licenses from CAF and FIFA. He worked as an assistant to FIFA Instructor Detmer Kramer in Egypt collaborating with the Egyptian FA in 1992-1994 before becoming a FIFA instructor himself.

Since 1993, Hussein has been the Technical Director for CAF, conducting courses for coaches and leading the licensing system for the confederation. He is in charge of the CAF Technical Study Group for the CAF Africa Cup of Nations and other competitions, and he has been at many tournaments for FIFA's Technical Study Group. He is also responsible for the development of refereeing, futsal and women's football in Africa.

Born in Sudan but based in Egypt since 1973, he finished his university studies as an electronic engineer in 1979 from Cairo University. Hussein helped launch the licensing system for African coaches, and his career as an engineer helped him use multimedia materials and facilitate DVDs and audiovisual materials to all technical departments of all member associations.

References

External links
Abdel Moneim Hussein prelude - fifa.com

1952 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Khartoum
Sudanese men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Men's association football forwards
Al Ahly SC players
Sudanese expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Egypt
Sudanese football managers
Egyptian Premier League players

Abdel Moneim Hussein


Kirby's Dream Land 3 is a platform game developed by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. Starring Kirby, it is the fifth installment in the Kirby series and the third game under the Kirby's Dream Land name. Although the first game was largely unrelated, Dream Land 3 features many similar characters to Dream Land 2. Dream Land 3 was followed by Kirby 64: The Crystal Shards in 2000.

Kirby's Dream Land 3 was the last SNES game published by Nintendo in North America. Problems with the game's PAL conversion prevented it from being released in Europe and Australia for many years; it was eventually released for the Virtual Console in those regions in the form of an import from North America on July 24, 2009, for the Wii and on July 25, 2013, for the Wii U. The game was re-released on the Virtual Console in North America on January 5, 2009, for the Wii and on May 8, 2013, for the Wii U and in Japan on April 28, 2009, for the Wii and on May 8, 2013, for the Wii U. It was also included as part of the 2012 Wii compilation Kirby's Dream Collection and the Nintendo Switch Online SNES game service.

Plot
On a peaceful day on Planet Popstar, Kirby is enjoying fishing with his friend Gooey. Suddenly, a mysterious dark cloud begins to loom over the sky, breaking Popstar's rings in the process and reaching over the distant corners of the world. Coo quickly tells Kirby that Popstar is in trouble, and they soon set off to protect the world once again.

Two endings exist for the game, based on whether the player has collected all the Heart Stars. If the player has not collected all the stars, Kirby and his friends fight King Dedede, who is possessed by Dark Matter. Once Dedede is defeated once, Dark Matter begins to reveal himself, and Kirby must fight Dedede for a second consecutive time. After Dark Matter is defeated, Kirby and Gooey set off on the journey home, only to pause hesitantly at several points along the way. At the end of the credits, the camera pans up to focus on a huge, shadowed orb with one massive red eye. This mysterious figure is Zero, the ultimate leader of the Dark Matter Army.

If the player has collected all the stars, the player proceeds to fight Dedede as normal. However, Dark Matter then emerges and flies into the atmosphere, with Kirby in hot pursuit, armed with a weapon called the Love-Love Stick, assembled from all the Heart Stars he collected during his journey. After a climactic battle with Dark Matter, Zero himself emerges, leading to a long and difficult battle. After Zero is defeated, peace is finally restored to the universe.

Gameplay

Kirby's Dream Land 3 is a traditional platformer Kirby game; the player controls Kirby, whose objective is to get to the end of each stage. Kirby is able to walk, swim, and fly throughout a variety of levels, using several of his Animal Friends and Copy Abilities to avoid and defeat obstacles and enemies that lie in his path. Kirby's moveset includes the inhale, Star Spit, Air Gun, and floating. Using inhale, Kirby can absorb a number of enemies, often gaining their abilities in turn. These abilities can be used as weapons then. Additionally, some parts of the game world require a certain ability to be accessed, such as blocks that can only be destroyed by the ability displayed on them.

Zero is the game's secret and true final boss; defeating him is key in achieving the best ending. Zero takes the form of a giant eye with a red iris, and is responsible for leading the Dark Matter invasion of Dreamland. Zero is famous for being a rare example of graphic violence in a first-party Nintendo game – Zero fights Kirby by opening cuts on his sclera and shooting blood out of the cuts at him, as well as summoning small Dark Matters to use as projectiles. When his health is drastically weakened, his iris would rip out from the rest of his body, with blood flying everywhere as it does so. The ruined body, complete with a vicious gash to its front from where the eye burst out trails away, and the final phase of the fight begins, which involves Zero ramming Kirby to injure him. Although he is eventually defeated, Zero reappears in Kirby 64: The Crystal Shards as '02' (pronounced zero two), still retaining his ability to spit blood and his motif as a giant eye. As a reference to his previous fight with Kirby, 02 wears two large plasters on the top of his 'head', covering the wound left from his iris bursting out of his body.

Kirby's allies
At any time during play, Kirby can summon Gooey—a blue, long-tongued blob first seen in Dream Land 2. Doing so costs Kirby two hit points. When controlled by the computer or also a second human player, Gooey's abilities are similar to Kirby's: He can swallow enemies using his long tongue, then either spit them out or copy their abilities to a limited extent. Gooey's tongue is also capable of obtaining items similar to Kirby's inhale, though it is also capable of grabbing stars, which Kirby would need to touch in order to obtain. Kirby can also inhale Gooey and swallow him, reclaiming his two hit points.

In addition to Gooey, Kirby can team up with anyone of his six other Animal Friends, three of which were introduced in the previous game in the series. This friend mechanic allows Kirby to be ridden, carried, or rolled, enabling new team-based abilities, as well as variations of Kirby's copy abilities. The friends Kirby can team up with are:
 Rick the Hamster, who can only jump once but can stomp on enemies, run faster, doesn't slide on ice and can scale walls.
 Coo the Owl, who can fly quickly (even against strong gusts of wind) and can let Kirby inhale in mid-air.
 Kine the Ocean sunfish, who can only jump once but can stomp on enemies, swim more efficiently in water (even against strong currents), and can let Kirby inhale underwater.
 Nago the Calico cat, who can stomp on enemies and triple-jump.
 Pitch the Bird, who has more versatile copy ability variants than the other Animal Friends, but cannot fly against strong winds like Coo can and is much more limited in flying due to his small size, only being able to fly like how Kirby can float.
 ChuChu the Octopus, who can only float for a limited time before gradually descending, but is able to cling to and walk across ceilings and can grab items with her tentacles (identically to Gooey's tongue; in both cases, this function is only usable without ability as it replaces Kirby's inhale ability).

Numerous puzzles in the game make use of the Animal Friends' different gameplay styles, and usually require the player to master them in order to be completed. For example, one mission that has Kirby escort Rick to the end of the level features numerous high walls to scale and large gaps bridged by enemies to stomp on, and another mission makes Kirby use the Clean ability with Pitch to water some flowers. In many other cases, however, the Animal Friends serve as a supplement to the gameplay with the purpose of aiding the player. Additionally, each world features one Heart Star mission requiring that Kirby escort an Animal Friend to an acquaintance of theirs at the end of the level.

Development
Kirby's Dream Land 3 uses a mode of the SNES termed "pseudo high-resolution" (which allows for color blending between two adjacent pixels) to blend dithered sprites.

The cartridge includes an SA-1 coprocessor chip.

Reception

Kirby's Dream Land 3 received mixed to positive reception from both critics and fans. GameRankings gave the SNES version an aggregated score of 66.25% based on four reviews. IGN gave Dream Land 3 a fairly positive review of the Virtual Console re-release, "It's not Super Star. But once you get past that, you can appreciate Dream Land 3 for what it is -- a direct, numbered follow-up to the series that started on the Game Boy." Nintendo Life initially gave the game a 6 out of 10, criticizing the lack of difficulty but praising the stylized graphics. However, a different reviewer for the same website gave the Virtual Console re-release a 7 out of 10, calling Dream Land 3 a "lovable gaming experience" and a "worthy sequel." IGN ranked the game 62nd on their "Top 100 SNES Games of All Time."

Notes

References

External links
 Kirby's Dream Land 3 Profile – Nintendo (Archive)
 Kirby's Dream Land 3 at MobyGames
 Kirby's Dream Land 3 at IGN

1997 video games
Alien invasions in video games
Cooperative video games
HAL Laboratory games
Kirby (series) platform games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Nintendo Switch Online games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games scored by Jun Ishikawa
Video games set on fictional planets
Virtual Console games for Wii U
Virtual Console games for Wii

Kirby's Dream Land 3


Derek Shaw is an English businessman, who is a former chair of English football club, Preston North End and former managing director of Blackburn Rovers. He is the owner of Ribble Valley Shelving Limited.

Background
A lifelong Preston North End fan, Shaw became involved in the club through shirt sponsorship in the early 1990s. He became a board member in 1994, then Deputy chairman in 1997, before taking over as Acting chairman in 2001 after the resignation of Bryan Gray at the club's Annual general meeting. This position was made permanent in August 2002.

In August 2007, Shaw announced that he would not be standing for re-election as a director at the club's AGM later that year. However, after no "serious contenders"  came forward, Shaw agreed to continue as chairman.

It was announced on 21 June 2010 that Shaw was to be replaced by Maurice Lindsay as chairman of Preston North End. but as of September 2011 he still remained on the board.

On 28 June 2012 it was announced that Shaw had been appointed as managing director of Blackburn Rovers.

As reported in English Press on 4 April 2013, Shaw was removed from his post as M.D. of Blackburn Rovers and put on "Gardening Leave".  A statement from the official Blackburn Rovers website 9 April 2013 states "the owners would like to state that there is no investigation into this matter with regard to managing director Derek Shaw who continues to have their complete backing and support."

On 2 February 2016 Shaw left Blackburn Rovers.

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
English football chairmen and investors
Preston North End F.C.

Derek Shaw (businessman)


Eriksgata (i.e. "Erik's Road") was the tour traditionally taken in the Middle Ages by a newly-elected Swedish king through the important provinces of the realm to have his election confirmed by the local assemblies. The actual election took place at the Stone of Mora in Uppland and participation was originally restricted to the people in Uppland or Svealand, hence the need for having the election confirmed by the other regions. The Eriksgata gradually lost its influence when representatives from almost all parts of Sweden participated in the election at the stone of Mora from the 14th century. After 1544, the Swedish King was no longer elected, and instead inherited his throne. This meant that the Eriksgata thereafter had only symbolic importance. The last King to travel the Eriksgata according to the old law was Charles IX (1604-1611). Later Kings of Sweden have made visits to Swedish provinces and called them an "Eriksgata", but those visits have no resemblance to the old medieval tradition.

The earliest reference of an Eriksgata is probably from Saxo Grammaticus who c. 1200 wrote about the struggle for the Swedish crown in the 1120s in his Gesta Danorum. But the tradition is probably much older than that.

The Eriksgata journey was not without risks since there is at least one example of a King being killed during his Eriksgata. This is the incident from the 1120s recorded by Saxo Grammaticus and also in an appendix to the Västgöta law. According to these sources, the newly elected King Ragnvald Knaphövde carelessly decided not to take along the customary hostages from prominent local families while travelling through Västergötland, even though a rival candidate for the throne had gained support in the province. According to Västgötalagen Ragnvald's decision was taken as an insult to the people of Västergötland, since it showed that he did not fear them, and they killed him in Karlepitt (an unknown location in Västergötland).

External links

 Kulturarv Östergötland "Heritage Östergötland"

Elective monarchy
Medieval Sweden
Swedish monarchy

Eriksgata


Michael Pfaff (born May 17, 1980), also known as Tortilla Man, is an American musician, best known as one of the two current percussionists of heavy metal band Slipknot. He was also a member of the alternative rock band Dirty Little Rabbits as their keyboardist with then future Slipknot bandmate Shawn Crahan.

Career

Dirty Little Rabbits
Pfaff has been a lifelong friend of Slipknot bandmate Sid Wilson, who introduced him to Shawn Crahan in 2007. The two quickly hit it off where they formed a band together called Dirty Little Rabbits where he was the band's pianist. The band released two extended play's Breeding (2007) and Simon (2009) before releasing their debut and only eponymous album in 2010, before splitting up in 2012.

Slipknot
Following the dismissal of longtime Slipknot percussionist Chris Fehn in March 2019 due to him filing a lawsuit against the band, Pfaff was quickly contacted by Crahan while working on his day job about potentially replacing Fehn, which he accepted. He took over percussion duties, joining the band shortly before the filming of the music video for "Unsainted", the lead single off of their sixth studio album We Are Not Your Kind, released on 9 August 2019. Due to the appearance of his mask resembling a tortilla, Pfaff was quickly nicknamed "Tortilla Man" by fans and was known primarily by this title until the band finally revealed his identity in March 2022. Initially brought in as a touring member, Pfaff became an official full-time member of the band when they all went into the studio to record the seventh studio album The End, So Far. Pfaff sustained an ankle injury while performing on the band's 2022 European Tour.

Personal life
Pfaff attended New England Conservatory of Music in Boston, Massachusetts and received a masters degree in music. He attended Lawrence University, in Appleton, Wisconsin, for his undergraduate degree, also in music. He also has a wife and they have one child together.

Discography

Slipknot

 The End, So Far (2022)

Dirty Little Rabbits

 Breeding (2007)
 Simon (2009)
 Dirty Little Rabbits (2010)

References

American heavy metal drummers
American heavy metal singers
American male singers
Dirty Little Rabbits members
Living people
Nu metal drummers
Musicians from Des Moines, Iowa
Roadrunner Records artists
Slipknot (band) members
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
1980 births

Michael Pfaff


In mathematics, a window function is a special function that can be applied to a signal, as it occurs in digital signal processing. A window function has a value of zero outside the domain which is of interest, and a non-zero value inside this domain. When multiplied with the signal (function), the result will be zero outside the domain of interest, and non-zero inside it - it will only leave the "window". The simplest possible window function is rectangular: It is 1 inside the domain of interest, and zero everywhere else. It is named Dirichlet window (after Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet).  Many window functions are symmetric around the center (which is often in the middle of the interval). They will amplify or weaken the signal in certain positions,

Digital signal processing

Window function


Vanja Sutlić (18 February 1925 – 15 December 1989) was a Croatian philosopher. He was regarded as the father of the Heideggerian philosophy in Yugoslavia and its successor states, especially in Croatia and Slovenia.

He was born in Karlovac, Yugoslavia. He graduated from philosophy at the University of Zagreb, where he also obtained his PhD. In, he was hired as an assistant professor at the University, but in 1952 he was removed by the Yugoslav Communist authorities and forcibly transferred to Nova Gradiška. Already in 1953, he could return to Zagreb, continuing his teaching position. Between 1956 and 1964, he taught at the University of Sarajevo. Between 1964 until his death, he worked as a professor at the Faculty of Political Sciences of the University of Zagreb. He died in Zagreb in 1989.

Sutlić's main philosophical preoccupation was the thought of the German philosopher Martin Heidegger. Through Hedeggerian phenomenology, Sutlić engaged in reflections on the modern epoch, which he frequently referred to as "the world of Work". In dialogue with the philosophies of Karl Marx and Friedrich Nietzsche, he reflected on the meaning of modern nihilism, and the possibilities of its overcoming.

Sutlić's thought influenced several Yugoslav philosophers, including the Slovenes Ivo Urbančič, Veljko Rus and Tine Hribar, and the Serb Mihailo Đurić.

His son, also called Vanja Sutlić, is a film director and former chairman of the Croatian Radiotelevision.

Major works
Bit i suvremenost (Being and Modernity, 1967)
Praksa rada kao znanstvena povijest (The Praxis of Work as History of Science, 1974)
Kao čitati Heideggera (How to Read Heidegger, 1988)
Uvod u povijesno mišljenje (Introduction into Historical Thought, published posthumously in 1994)

References

Croatian philosophers
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb alumni
Academic staff of the University of Zagreb
Academic staff of the University of Sarajevo
People from Karlovac
Phenomenologists
1925 births
1989 deaths
Burials at Mirogoj Cemetery
Heidegger scholars

Vanja Sutlić


The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) is a source of epidemiologic information on the incidence and survival rates of cancer in the United States.

The Program
SEER collects and publishes cancer incidence and survival data from population-based cancer registries covering approximately 34.6% of the population of the United States. SEER coverage includes 30.0% of African Americans, 44% of Hispanics, 49.3% of American Indians and Alaska Natives, 57.5% of Asians, and 68.5% of Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders. The SEER Program registries routinely collect data on patient demographics, primary tumor site, tumor morphology and stage at diagnosis, first course of treatment, and follow-up for vital status. The SEER Program is the only comprehensive source of population-based information in the United States that includes stage of cancer at the time of diagnosis and patient survival data.

History
SEER began collecting data on cancer cases on January 1, 1973, in the states of Connecticut, Iowa, New Mexico, Utah, Hawaii, and the metropolitan areas of Detroit and San Francisco-Oakland. By 2001 the program included information on major population centers in Georgia, Washington, Louisiana, New Jersey, Puerto Rico, Alaska, California, Kentucky. This includes specific Native American populations in Arizona, Alaskan Natives, and Hispanic populations in California.

National Cancer Institute funds for the program are combined with funding from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) through the National Program of Cancer Registries and with funding from the involved states.

NCI staff work with the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries (NAACCR) to guide all state registries to achieve data content and compatibility acceptable for pooling data and improving national estimates. The SEER team is developing computer applications to unify cancer registration systems and to analyze and disseminate population-based data. Use of surveillance data for research is being improved through Web-based access to the data and analytic tools, and linking with other national data sources. For example, a web-based tool for public health officials and policy makers, State Cancer Profiles, provides a user-friendly interface for finding cancer statistics for specific states and counties.

Quality control has been an integral part of SEER since its inception. Every year, studies are conducted in SEER areas to evaluate the quality and completeness of the data being reported.

References

External links
 Official website

Cancer research


Freelan Oscar Stanley (1849 – 1940), was an American educator, inventor and manufacturer. He left teaching to join his twin brother Francis Edgar Stanley in the photographic dry plate business. After selling the business, the two brothers invented and manufactured the Stanley Steamer car. They were pioneers in the use of steam engines to power cars.

Early life

Freelan O. Stanley  and his twin brother Francis E. Stanley were born on 1 June 1849 in Kingsfield, Maine. Their parents were Solomon and Apphia (French) Stanley. Solomon Stanley was both a farmer and a teacher. Freelan and his brother Francis graduated from Farmington State Normal School in Farmington, Maine. The school is now the University of Maine at Farmington. Freelan became a teacher and taught at Andover, Lisbon and Farmington, Maine. He later became principal of the high school at Mechanic Falls, Maine. In 1876 he met and married Flora Tileston.

In 1885 he and his twin brother left their jobs and started a company to make photographic plates for photographers.  they sold their shop four years later when they moved to Watertown, Massachusetts. They started another photographic plate business, but sold it to Eastman Kodak in 1904. The photographic plate business had made both brothers very wealthy.

The Stanley Steamer

In 1896 Freelan and his brother Francis visited the Brockton County Fair. They saw a steam car and decided to build one themselves. In 1897 the two brothers began making steam-powered cars. Their steam cars had a much lighter boiler and a lighter steam engine than the rest. They were soon making about 200 cars a year. In 1899 they purchased a bicycle factory in Watertown and began building their cars. They then sold their car company to John B. Walker and Amzi L. Barber for $250,000 USD. With it they sold the rights to their car designs. The sale had a clause that the two Stanley brothers could not build and sell cars for two years. The Stanley brothers broke the clause and had to give their new design to the company Walker and Barber formed, the Locomobile Company of America. In 1901 Francis and Freelan Stanley formed a new car company, the Stanley Motor Carriage Company.

The cars they produced, called Stanley Steamers, had many advantages. The cost was $650. That was $300 less than the cost of a Ford Model T. The cars were very quiet and only made hissing sounds from the boiler. They had no transmission because there was no need to change gears as there was with gasoline-powered cars. Their cars began making news. In 1899, Freelan and his wife Flora drove one of these cars to the top of Mount Washington in New Hampshire, the highest peak in the northeastern United States. The ascent took more than two hours and was notable as being the first time a car had climbed the  long Mount Washington Carriage Road.  In 1906 a Stanley Steamer broke the land speed record at 127 miles per hour on a beach in Florida.

Later years

In business, the twins looked exactly alike and dressed the same. They even trimmed their beards the same. People they worked with said the only way to tell them apart was each had a different reaction when you told him a joke. As other car companies moved from steam to gasoline power, their Stanley Steamer became the most popular steam powered car. As the internal combustion engine designs improved, however, steam and electric cars lost much of their popularity. Finally, the numbers of cars sold went down to less than 600 a year in 1918. That year the Stanley brothers sold the company to Prescott Warren, a Chicago businessman. both brothers retired. A few months later, while he was driving home from a trip to Maine, Francis' car ran off the road. Francis was driving a new 1918 Model 735 Stanley Steamer. He died in the accident, July 21, 1918.

In 1903 Freelan came down with tuberculosis and was given less than a year to live. He and his wife Flora came to Colorado to try to improve his health. The couple fell in love with Estes Park, Colorado. Stanley's health began to improve and in 1906 he began building a large hotel. The site had spectacular views of Rocky Mountain National Park. He opened his hotel in 1909. It had luxuries (for that time) of telephones, electricity and indoor plumbing. He had a fleet of Stanley Steamers to bring guests to his hotel, named The Stanley Hotel. The Stanley Hotel was the inspiration behind Stephen King's book The Shining. King wrote much of the book while he was a guest in room 217. Other famous guests of the hotel include Theodore Roosevelt, Molly Brown and the Emperor of Japan.

Stanley made a number of contributions to Estes Park. He built a hydroelectric plant to provide electricity to the town. He gave land for parks, a fairground and he improved roads in the area. He spent every summer in Estes Park for 37 years. He died on October 2, 1940 at age 91.

References

Other websites
 Stanley; The Most Successful Steam Car of all Time
 June 1, 1849: Stanley Twins Steam Into History
 The Stanley Hotel; Haunted Hotel & History

American inventors
1849 births
1940 deaths
Businesspeople from Maine
Educators from Maine

Freelan Oscar Stanley


Church visible is a term of Christian theology and ecclesiology referring to the visible community of Christian believers on Earth, as opposed to the Church invisible or Church triumphant, constituted by the fellowship of saints and the company of the elect.

In ecclesiology, the Church visible has many names, such as Kingdom of God, Disciples of Christ and People of God. St. Ignatius of Antioch was one of the first Christian authors to write about the subject, insisting that the Church visible was centered on the Bishop and the Eucharist or Last Supper.

In early Christianity, anti-Gnostic writers such as Irenaeus, or anti-Novatian writers like Cyprian of Carthage, would often focus on the visible Church in order to oppose various opinions deemed heretical. It was in this context that the expression Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus came about, which heavily insisted on the non-distinction between the visible and invisible Church.

References

Ecclesiology
Christian terminology

Church visible


A cummerbund is a broad waist sash, usually pleated, which is often worn with single-breasted dinner jackets (or tuxedos). The cummerbund was adopted by British military officers in colonial India, where they saw it worn by sepoys (Indian soldiers) of the British Indian Army. It was adopted as an alternative to the waistcoat, and later spread to civilian use. The modern use of the cummerbund to Europeans and North Americans is as a component of the traditional black tie Western dress code.

Etymology
The word cummerbund is the Anglicized form of Hindustani kamarband (Hindustani: कमरबंद; ), which is in turn from Persian (). It entered English vocabulary in 1616 from India. It is a combination of the words kamar meaning 'waist' and band meaning 'strap' or 'lacing'. The 'waist-band' was a sash accessory worn by Indian men for many occasions.

The word cummerband (see below), and less commonly the German spelling  (a Germanized spelling variation of the English word), are often used synonymously with cummerbund in English.

Description
The form of the cummerbund is a wide band around the waist, and its origin as part of black tie determined the acceptable colours.  It was adopted as civilian dress, beginning as a largely summer option with informal dinner jackets, such as Burmese fawn and white, it was restricted to the narrow range of colours which accompany black tie. These were predominantly black, sometimes midnight blue to match the trousers, and occasionally maroon (the normal hue for coloured accessories).  The pleats face up because they were originally used to hold ticket stubs and similar items, explaining the slang name 'crumb-catcher'. However, the cummerbunds worn as part of the US Army Blue Mess and Blue Evening Mess uniforms are worn with the pleats down, as prescribed by Army Regulation 670–1 Chapter 24 Section 10(b).  The US Navy Uniform Regulations NAVPERS 15665 stipulate the cummerbund be worn with the pleats up for the Navy Dinner Dress Jacket.  The contemporary use of the cummerbund is purely aesthetic, providing a transition between the shirt and the waistband. The fastening is a ribbon around the back, tied or held shut by a buckle or velcro.

In contemporary use, it is now common to see coloured bow ties and cummerbunds, often matching, but this is considered non-traditional. They have also expanded in less formal situations into use with components of white tie, particularly by musicians, who sometimes wear a white cummerbund instead of the traditional piqué waistcoat.

Military cummerbunds
Most units of the French Army of Africa wore cummerbunds of two different colours: blue for the European soldiers of the Zouaves and Chasseurs d'Afrique; and red for the native Spahis and Tirailleurs. Some modern French regiments with a colonial history origin, still retain cummerbunds as part of their full dress uniform (notably the French Foreign Legion and the Spahis).

Similar to the cummerbund, a cummerband is an accessory to the dress uniform used in several modern South Asian armies, including the Indian Army, the Pakistan Army and the Bangladesh Army. It is generally worn during ceremonial parades and dinners. The colour or combination of colours varies widely according to regiment or corps.

Unlike the civilian cummerbund, a leather belt is worn above this cloth piece and one end hangs free displaying an ornamental fringe.

Athletic cummerbunds
During the 19th and early 20th centuries, cotton cummerbunds were commonly worn by athletes participating in gymnastic and/or combat sport training and competition.

Cummerbunds in scuba diving
A cummerbund is also an informal word used in scuba diving to mean a wide waistband either on a buoyancy control device designed to provide more comfort to the user than a standard waistband and usually made of a stout fabric backed with velcro fastenings, or on a two-piece dry suit where a flexible rubber waistband helps to maintain a watertight seal between the jacket and the pants of the suit.

In women dresses
In some cases cummerbund can be worn as an element of an evening dress.

See also
 Obi (sash)#Men's obi
 Obi (martial arts)

References

Indian English idioms
Belts (clothing)
Fashion accessories
Sportswear
Semi-formal wear

he:אבנט

Cummerbund


The House of Lords Act 1999 (c. 34) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that reformed the House of Lords, one of the chambers of Parliament. The Act was given Royal Assent on 11 November 1999. For centuries, the House of Lords had included several hundred members who inherited their seats (hereditary peers); the Act removed such a right. However, as part of a compromise, the Act did permit ninety-two hereditary peers to remain in the House on an interim basis. Another ten were created life peers to enable them to remain in the House.

The Act decreased the membership of the House from 1,330 in October 1999 to 669 in March 2000. As another result of the Act, the majority of the Lords were now life peers, whose numbers had been gradually increasing since the Life Peerages Act 1958. As of June 2023, there were  members of the House of Lords, of whom  were senior Church of England bishops, whose representation in the House is governed by the Bishoprics Act 1878.

Background
Prior to the 16th century, the Lords was the more powerful of the two houses of Parliament. A series of developments, including such moments of crisis as the English Civil War, gradually shifted the political control of England, first from the Crown to the House of Lords and then to the House of Commons. The rising wealth of the Commons eventually allowed it to wage two civil wars, dethrone two kings, and gradually reduce the power of the Lords. Prior to the House of Lords Act 1999, the power of the Lords had been diminished by the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 which stripped the Lords of the ability to block, or veto, adoption of most bills; at most it could delay bills for one year. Furthermore, the Commons has absolute power when it comes to money bills.

After eighteen years of Conservative government, the Labour party led by Tony Blair won a landslide victory at the 1997 general election, inflicting the biggest defeat for the Conservatives since 1832. The Labour Party had for years endorsed abolition of the House of Lords in its election platforms, though since 1992 this had changed to a policy of reforming the House instead of such a drastic constitutional change.

During the 20th century, Liberal and Labour governments proposed many bills that were opposed by the House of Lords, which had been dominated by Conservatives since the 1890s, leading to some delay and, where proposed before elections, their dropping from the legislative agenda. In the first year of the Blair government, the Lords passed back Government bills 38 times. The rejection considered the most contentious was that of the European Elections Bill, against which the Lords voted five times. Blair stated that the Conservatives were using the hereditary peers to "frustrate" and "overturn the will of the democratically elected House of Commons". Here Blair found an opportunity to implement one of Labour's campaign promises, reforming the Lords.

On 24 November 1998, in opening the second session of Parliament, the Queen delivered her annual Speech from the Throne; the Speech is written for her by the ruling party and outlines that party's legislative agenda for the forthcoming year. In it, she stated that her Government (i.e. the ruling Labour Party) would pursue a reform of the House of Lords. These remarks were followed by shouts of "Hear! Hear!" from supportive Labour Members of Parliament, which led to similar shouts of "Shame! Shame!" from Conservative peers; such outbursts were unprecedented, for the Queen's Speech is with few exceptions heard by a silent Parliament.

Bill

The House of Lords Bill was expected to face a tough fight in the House of Lords. Several Lords threatened to disrupt the Government's other bills if they continued with the plan to abolish the hereditaries' right to sit in the House of Lords. The Michael Onslow, 7th Earl of Onslow, for instance, said, "I'm happy to force a division on each and every clause of the Scotland Bill. Each division takes 20 minutes and there are more than 270 clauses."

Stuart Randall, Baron Randall of St Budeaux put forward the idea of phasing out the hereditary peers by disqualifying their heirs.

Margaret Jay, Baroness Jay of Paddington reminded the House that under the Salisbury Convention they could not block the bill.

In order to convince some peers to vote for reform, Tony Blair announced that he would compromise by allowing a number of hereditary peers to remain in the House of Lords on an interim basis. On 2 December 1998, the Conservative Leader of the Opposition, William Hague, rose in the House of Commons to attack Blair's plans. He suggested that Blair's changes indicated his lack of principles, claiming that Blair wanted to turn the House of Lords into a "House of Cronies". Hague further suggested that the Conservative Party would never agree to such constitutional reforms that were "based on no comprehensive plan or principle." Hague's remarks backfired when Blair revealed that the Conservative Party in the House of Lords, rather than oppose his reforms, would definitely support them, and that he had done a secret deal with the Conservative leader in the House of Lords, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Viscount Cranborne. Hague immediately removed Cranborne from office, but, in protest, several Conservative Lords who held front-bench positions resigned.

On 19 January 1999, the Leader of the House of Commons, Margaret Beckett, introduced the House of Lords Bill into the House of Commons. The House of Commons passed the bill by a vote of 340 to 132 on 16 March. The next day it was presented to the House of Lords, where debate on the bill was far longer. One significant amendment made to the Bill was the so-called Weatherill Amendment, named after Bernard Weatherill, Lord Weatherill, the former Speaker of the House of Commons. The Weatherill Amendment put into place the deal agreed to by the Prime Minister and Viscount Cranborne, and allowed 92 hereditary peers to remain members of the House of Lords.

Several controversies relating to the technicalities of the bill were brought up in the House of Lords. One issue regarded the language used in clauses 1 to 7, which was described by Patrick Mayhew, Lord Mayhew of Twysden as "uncertain in its effects and would leave the position of most hereditary Peers uncertain if the Bill was enacted." A second issue was related to the Acts of Union 1707 uniting Scotland and England into the Kingdom of Great Britain. After lengthy debates, both matters were referred to the House of Lords Committee on Privileges.

Under the Acts of Union 1707, Scottish Lords would be entitled to elect 16 representative peers to sit on their Lordships' behalf in the House of Lords. In 1963, the Peerage Act was passed, allowing all Scottish peers to sit in the House, not just 16 of them. It was felt that removing all Scottish representation would breach the Articles. The Government, however, responded that the Articles did envisage a change in the election of representative peers. It was argued that some portions of the Treaty were entrenched, while others were not. For instance, Scotland and England were united "forever," the Scottish Court of Session was to "remain in all time coming within Scotland as it is now constituted," and the establishment of the Church of Scotland was "effectually and unalterably secured." However, it was suggested, the election of Scottish representative peers was not entrenched, and therefore could be amended. Furthermore, the Government argued that Parliament was entirely sovereign and supreme, and could at its will change the Articles of Union. For example, the Treaty of Union joining Great Britain and Ireland required that the two nations be united "forever". Nonetheless, in 1922, by an Act of Parliament, most of Ireland was made independent as the Irish Free State. Thus, even entrenched clauses were argued to be open to amendment by the authority of Parliament. The Committee agreed and reported to the House on 20 October 1999 that the Bill was indeed lawful in this regard.

After the Committee's first and second reports were considered, the Lords passed the bill 221 to 81 on 26 October 1999. During the session, Charles Beauclerk, Earl of Burford, son of the Duke of St Albans, launched a protest at the constitutional implications of the bill while standing on the Woolsack, and was ejected from the chamber. Once the Lords settled the differences between their version of the bill and the Commons version, the Bill received Royal Assent on 11 November 1999 and became an Act of Parliament. The Act came into force the same day.

Membership of the House of Lords
The House of Lords Act 1999 first provides that "No-one shall be a member of the House of Lords by virtue of a hereditary peerage." (The Act treats the Principality of Wales and the Earldom of Chester as hereditary peerages, though those titles, granted normally to the heir apparent, are not technically hereditary.) The Act then provides that 92 peers, including the Earl Marshal, the Lord Great Chamberlain and 90 other peers elected in accordance with the Standing Orders of the House, would be excepted from the exclusion of hereditary peers, and that after the first session of the next Parliament, whenever one of those seats fell vacant, the Lords would have to proceed to a by-election. The Act also provided that a hereditary peer would be entitled to vote in elections for, and sit in, the House of Commons, unless he or she was a member of the House of Lords. Previously, hereditary peers had been constitutionally disqualified from being electors to, or members of, the House of Commons. The first hereditary peer to gain a seat in the Commons under this provision was John Thurso.

The Act prevents even hereditary peers who are the first to hold their titles from sitting automatically in the House of Lords. But the Government gave life peerages (the titles of which are indicated in parentheses) to all three living non-royal hereditary peers of first creation, (Low, Erroll and Pakenham were the only living non-royal hereditary peers of first creation as of November 1999, see the lists of hereditary peerages) and also offered life peerages to the royal peers (of whom only the Earl of Snowdon accepted):

William Whitelaw, 1st Viscount Whitelaw, died on 1 July 1999; had he lived he would have been eligible as a former Leader of the House of Lords 1983–1988 and as a first holder of his hereditary peerage.

Additionally, life peerages were created for all former living Leaders of the House of Lords who were hereditary peers (Quintin Hogg already held a life peerage since 1970):

The following hereditary peers who had been created life peers remained in the House after the Act was passed, they were:

Life peerages were also offered to members of the royal family with new hereditary peerages, but were declined, as this would have meant they would continue to hold seats in the reformed House of Lords: Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh; Charles, Prince of Wales; Prince Andrew, Duke of York; and Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex.

First election to the House of Lords

Before the granting of Royal Assent, the Lords had adopted a Standing Order making provision for the election of those hereditary peers who would remain members of the House under section 2 of the Act. The Order provided that there be elected:
 two peers by the Labour hereditary peers
 three peers by the Liberal Democrat hereditary peers
 28 peers by the Crossbench hereditary peers
 42 peers by the Conservative hereditary peers
 15 peers, ready to serve as Deputy Speakers and in other offices, by the whole House of Lords

The elections for officers of the House were held on 27 and 28 October 1999, while those for peers elected by party were held on 3 and 4 November; the results were proclaimed to the House on 29 October and 5 November. Voters were required to rank candidates in order of preference for the number of seats available, with the candidates receiving the greatest number of votes, without regard to the ranking on the ballots, so in effect block voting, declared elected. Only if there were ties would the ranking be examined. Thereafter, until November 2002, if a vacancy occurred, the next-highest placed unsuccessful candidate in the original election would fill the seat. Following the deaths of the Earl of Carnarvon in 2000 and Baroness Wharton in 2001, Lord Cobbold and Lord Chorley became eligible to take their repective seats in the House.

Subsequent by-elections

Since November 2002, by-elections have been held to fill vacancies. Two by-elections were held in 2003, one in 2004, four in 2005, one in each of 2007, 2008 and 2009, two in 2010, four in 2011, two in 2013, four in 2014, six in 2015, two in 2016, two in 2017, three in 2018, two in 2019, five in 2021, six in 2022, and one in 2023. Voting is by preferential voting, with peers ranking the candidates in order of preference. As many or as few preferences as desired may be indicated. To win the election, a peer must receive at least one half of the available votes. If no candidate receives this number of first preference votes, the candidate with the fewest first preference votes is eliminated, with each of their votes being redistributed according to the second preference marked on the ballot (see Instant-runoff voting). The process is continued until one candidate receives at least one half of the remaining votes.

Subsequent reform proposals

Labour proposals to remove remaining hereditary peers (until 2009)
The Labour Government expected eventually to present a bill for a second stage of House of Lords reform based on Lord Steel's earlier bills, which aimed to remove the remaining 92 hereditary peers; the history of such attempts between 1997 and 2009 is set out in a report in The Guardian. Proposals called The House of Lords: Reform were published by order of the House on 1 January 2007, with a foreword by Jack Straw. In 2009, Labour introduced the Constitutional Reform and Governance Bill, which would have ended the by-elections to fill vacancies for hereditary peers, thereby removing them through attrition. However, these elements were dropped from the bill entirely, along with other clauses relating to the expulsion and resignation of peers from the House of Lords.

2012 coalition bill electing all Lords and halving their number

The coalition government of David Cameron (Conservatives) and Nick Clegg (Liberal Democrats), inaugurated in 2010, had plans to reform the House of Lords by making it mostly elected and slashing its size. Deputy Prime Minister and Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg spearheaded the push to bring in the changes. The government wanted four-fifths of members of a reformed House of Lords to be elected. They would have served 15-year terms of office, after which they could not run for re-election. The number of peers was to be almost halved, from 826 to 450. The chamber would have kept the title of House of Lords, after names like Senate and Reformed House were rejected. Peers were each to represent a specific region of the United Kingdom, as constituted for the election of Members of the European Parliament. One-third of seats would have been filled by elections held every five years. Of the remaining 90 members, 12—rather than the current 26—would have been Church of England bishops. The remainder were to continue to be appointed, and all hereditary peers were to be removed. The government had scheduled passage of its bill for the spring of 2013, and the elections were to have taken place in 2015, but the effort stalled when in July 2012, 91 Conservatives in the Commons rebelled against the government in a vote on how to timetable the House of Lords Reform Bill. In August 2012, the coalition's plans were dropped.

2014 and 2015 reform acts
The House of Lords Reform Act 2014 allowed peers to retire or resign, to be expelled for serious criminal offences, or to be removed for non-attendance during a whole session. The Act came out of a concern with the size of the chamber;  a year later, in May 2015 membership stood at 787 with an additional 31 on a leave of absence. It was presented by Dan Byles and based on earlier bills which Lord Steel had attempted to pass through parliament. The House of Lords (Expulsion and Suspension) Act 2015 authorised the House of Lords to expel or suspend a member for serious misconduct; expelled members are permanently barred from returning to the House. Unlike the 2014 Act, members did not have to have been sentenced to at least a year's imprisonment in order to be expelled for misconduct. The Act was introduced by Baroness Hayman to address the "narrow" circumstances for expulsion set out in the 2014 Act.

2016 bill to phase out hereditary peers
An amendment to the 1999 Act was proposed by Labour peer Lord Grocott to abolish by-elections, but was filibustered in 2016 by Conservative hereditary peer Lord Trefgarne.

See also
 Reform of the House of Lords
 Roll of the Peerage
 List of hereditary peers elected under the House of Lords Act 1999
 List of hereditary peers removed under the House of Lords Act 1999

References

Further reading
Digital reproduction of the Original Act on the Parliamentary Archives catalogue

External links
 Home Office document from the Constitutional Unit Annex B lists the hereditary peers who lost their seats.

United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1999
Constitutional laws of the United Kingdom
House of Lords 1999
Political history of the United Kingdom
November 1999 events in the United Kingdom

House of Lords Act 1999


Misha Aster is a Canadian producer, director, writer and educator specialising in opera and classical music.

Biography
Born in Hamilton, Ontario in 1978, Aster studied violin at the Royal Conservatory of Music in Toronto, and history, politics, dramaturgy and musicology at McGill University, the London School of Economics, King's College London, the Moscow Art Theatre School, Berlin's Free University and at Harvard University, where he also held a teaching fellowship. He has taught opera and drama at the University of Victoria and Concordia University (Canada) and directed numerous theatre and opera productions on both sides of the Atlantic, including Carmen and Wozzeck in Canada, Cosi fan tutte (Czech Republic), Falstaff (Netherlands), Madama Butterfly (Austria) and Krenek's Dark Waters at the Konzerthaus in Berlin.

From 2004–06 Aster served as Staff Director at the Tiroler Landestheater in Innsbruck, Austria. He has also worked at Vancouver Opera, Teatro la Fenice in Venice, l'Opéra National du Rhin, the Deutsche Oper Berlin, and at important festivals in Italy, Austria, and the Netherlands, collaborating with directors such as Robert Carsen, Tim Albery, Brigitte Fassbaender, François Rochaix and Götz Friedrich and conductors Kenneth Montgomery, Yves Abel and Martin Fischer-Dieskau.

As a consultant and associate producer, Aster has cooperated with Eikon Media, TeamWorX Productions, Klassikwerkstatt, and the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Together with pianist, Michael Abramovich, he directed Ensemble Alkan and produced the concert series 'Im buntesten Chaos – das Jüdische in  der Musik' at Berlin's Jewish Museum. He has worked as a dramaturg at the American Repertory Theatre in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and as project manager with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, at the Berlin State Opera and at Kronberg Academy, near Frankfurt. Misha Aster works a Producer/A&R Consultant for the recording label Deutsche Grammophon and is Director of Programs at the Gustavo Dudamel Foundation. In 2018, he joined the Vancouver Symphony as Vice-President, Artistic Planning and Production.

Books
Aster's book, The Reich's Orchestra: the Berlin Philharmonic 1933–45 was published by Siedler Verlag/Random House, Germany in 2007 and has since been translated into six languages. A history of Berlin's Staatsoper Unter den Linden 1918–1991, including a foreword by Daniel Barenboim, was published by Siedler Verlag/Random House, Germany in Fall 2017. A frequent contributor to The Walrus, The Independent and Die Zeit (Germany), among others, Aster has presented lectures on music and media, history, and politics at the University of Cologne, Staatsoper Unter den Linden, the Gasteig (Munich), the Mariinsky Theater (St. Petersburg) and at London's Wiener Library.

References

1978 births
Living people
Canadian musicologists
Canadian non-fiction writers
Writers from Hamilton, Ontario

Misha Aster


Samuel Hirsch Margulies (1858 – March 12, 1922) was an Orthodox rabbi and scholar. He was born in Berezhany, western Ukraine (then mainly Polish speaking town with mixed Polish, Ukrainian and Jewish population in the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria of the Austro-Hungarian Empire), and studied at the Breslau Jewish Theological Seminary and at the universities of Breslau and Leipzig, in Germany. He was rabbi in Hamburg (1885–1887), district rabbi of Hesse-Nassau, Germany, (1887–1890) and in 1890 was appointed chief rabbi of Florence, Italy. In 1899 he became principal of Italy's only rabbinical seminary, the Collegio Rabbinico Italiano when it transferred from Rome to Florence. Margulies was a powerful spiritual force in Italy and trained many of its religious leaders. He founded and edited Rivista Israelitica, the learned journal published by the Seminary. His scholarly publications included an edition of Rabbi Saadiah's Arabic translation of the Psalms.

Impact on Italian Jewry
As rector of Italian Rabbinical Seminary (where he had been the Rabbi for more than three decades) Samuel Hirsch Margulies left a strong footprint on the life and culture of Italian Jews. Margulies was of Polish (East Galicia, current western Ukraine) origin. As rabbi of Florence (from 1890) he managed to become the leader of all Italian Jewry. He became the  spiritual leader in all the spheres of civic life, on account of his deep Judaic knowledge, organisational abilities and personal favourite pursuits in the  subjects of spirit and heart. Thanks to him the indifferent religious life of  Italian Jews started to be a live artery filled with strong native Jewish traditions  and culture. He initiated the centralized unification of all Jewish communities that resulted in creation of a new Collegio Rabbinico Italiano in Florence. This seminary produced an array of young Rabbis, who started the spiritual renaissance of Italian Jewry.

One of his students, rabbi Umberto Cassuto, went on to teach in Italian universities, and in the wake of the Italian racial laws, accepted an invitation to chair the department of Biblical studies for Hebrew University of Jerusalem, becoming a notable scholar of Hebrew and Ugaritic literature and Italian history

Bibliography
 MARGULIES, Samuel Hirsch. Saadi al-Fajűmî's arabische Psalmenübersetzung ... Pp. iv, 51 [26]. Breslau: Druck von Grass, Barth und comp., 1884.

References

External links
 Personality of the Week: Samuel Hirsch-Margulies
 The Virtual Jewish History Tour - Florence

1858 births
1922 deaths
Clergy from Florence
Rabbis from Galicia (Eastern Europe)
19th-century Italian rabbis
20th-century Italian rabbis

Samuel Hirsch Margulies


The Scarlet Letter: A Romance is a work of historical fiction by American author Nathaniel Hawthorne, published in 1850. Set in the Puritan Massachusetts Bay Colony during the years 1642 to 1649, the novel tells the story of Hester Prynne, who conceives a daughter with a man to whom she is not married and then struggles to create a new life of repentance and dignity. As punishment, she must wear a scarlet letter 'A' (for "adultery"). Containing a number of religious and historic allusions, the book explores themes of legalism, sin and guilt.

The Scarlet Letter was one of the first mass-produced books in the United States. It was popular when first published and is considered a classic work of American literature. The novel has inspired numerous film, television, and stage adaptations. Critics have described The Scarlet Letter as a masterwork, and novelist D. H. Lawrence called it a "perfect work of the American imagination".

Plot

In Puritan Boston, Massachusetts, a crowd gathers to witness the punishment of Hester Prynne, a young woman who has given birth to a baby of unknown paternity. Her sentence requires her to stand on the scaffold for three hours, exposed to public humiliation, and to wear a scarlet "A" for the rest of her life. As Hester approaches the scaffold, many of the women in the crowd are angered by her beauty and quiet dignity. When commanded with coerce, to admit and name the father of her child, Hester refuses.

As Hester looks out over the crowd, she notices a small, misshapen man and recognizes him as her long-lost husband, who had been presumed lost at sea. When the husband sees Hester's shame, he asks a man in the crowd about her and is told the story of his wife's pregnancy. He angrily exclaims that the child's father should also be punished for his immoral act and vows to find the man. He chooses a new name, Roger Chillingworth, to aid him in his plan.

The Reverend John Wilson and the minister of Hester's church, Arthur Dimmesdale, question her, but she refuses to name her lover. After she returns to her prison cell, the jailer brings in Chillingworth, now a physician, to calm Hester and her child with his roots and herbs. He and Hester have an open conversation regarding their marriage and the fact that they were both in the wrong. Chillingworth demands to know who fathered Hester's child, but Hester refuses to divulge that information. He accepts Hester's refusal, stating that he will find out the man's identity anyway. Chillingworth threatens to destroy the father of Hester's child if Hester ever reveals the fact that Chillingworth is her husband. Hester agrees to Chillingworth's terms, although she suspects she will regret it.

Following her release from prison, Hester settles in a cottage at the edge of town and earns a meager living with her needlework, which is of extraordinary quality. She lives a quiet, somber life with her daughter, Pearl, and performs acts of charity for the poor. She is troubled by her daughter's unusual fascination with the scarlet "A". The shunning of Hester also extends to Pearl, who has no playmates or friends except her mother. As she grows older, Pearl becomes capricious and unruly. Her conduct starts rumours, and the church members suggest Pearl be taken away from Hester. Hester, hearing rumours that she may lose Pearl, goes to speak to Governor Bellingham and ministers Wilson and Dimmesdale. Hester appeals to Dimmesdale in desperation, and the minister persuades the governor to let Pearl remain in Hester's care.

Because Dimmesdale's health has begun to fail, the townspeople are happy to have Chillingworth, the newly arrived physician, take up lodgings with their beloved minister. In close contact with Dimmesdale, Chillingworth begins to suspect that the minister's illness is the result of unconfessed guilt. He applies psychological pressure to the minister because he suspects Dimmesdale is Pearl's father. One evening, pulling the sleeping Dimmesdale's vestment aside, Chillingworth sees a symbol that represents his shame on the minister's pale chest.

Tormented by his guilty conscience, Dimmesdale goes to the square where Hester was punished years earlier. Climbing the scaffold in the dead of night, he admits his guilt but cannot find the courage to do so publicly in the light of day. Hester, shocked by Dimmesdale's deterioration, decides to obtain a release from her vow of silence to her husband.

Hester meets Dimmesdale in the forest and tells him of her husband and his desire for revenge. She convinces Dimmesdale to leave Boston in secret on a ship to Europe where they can start life anew. Inspired by this plan, the minister seems to gain energy.

On Election Day, Dimmesdale gives one of his most inspired sermons. As the procession leaves the church, however, Dimmesdale climbs upon the scaffold, confesses his sin, and dies in Hester's arms. Later, most witnesses swear that they saw a stigma in the form of a scarlet "A" upon his chest, although some deny this statement. Chillingworth loses his vengeance and dies within a year, leaving Pearl a substantial inheritance both in New England as well as in Europe. Hester and Pearl soon after disappear from the area for a time, apparently travelling to Europe.

After several years, Hester returns to her cottage without Pearl and resumes wearing the scarlet letter. When she dies, she is buried near the grave of Dimmesdale, and they share a simple slate tombstone engraved with an epitaph described as: "On a field, sable, the letter A, gules" ("On a black background, the letter A in red").

Major theme

Elmer Kennedy-Andrews remarks that Hawthorne in "The Custom-house" sets the context for his story and "tells us about 'romance', which is his preferred generic term to describe The Scarlet Letter, as his subtitle for the book – 'A Romance' – would indicate." In this introduction, Hawthorne describes a space between materialism and "dreaminess" that he calls "a neutral territory, somewhere between the real world and fairy-land, where the Actual and the Imaginary may meet, and each imbues itself with nature of the other". This combination of "dreaminess" and realism gave the author space to explore major themes.

Other themes

The experience of Prynne and Dimmesdale recalls the story of Adam and Eve because, in both cases, sin results in expulsion and suffering. But it also results in knowledge – specifically, in knowledge of what it means to be immoral. For Prynne, the Scarlet Letter is a physical manifestation of her sin and reminder of her painful solitude. She contemplates casting it off to obtain her freedom from an oppressive society and a checkered past as well as the absence of God. Because the society excludes her, she considers the possibility that many of the traditions upheld by the Puritan culture are untrue and are not designed to bring her happiness.

As for Dimmesdale, the "cheating minister", his sin gives him "sympathies so intimate with the sinful brotherhood of mankind" "that his chest vibrate[s] in unison with theirs." His eloquent and powerful sermons derive from this sense of empathy. The Dimmesdale narrative is quite in keeping with the oldest and most fully authorized principles in Christian thought. His "fall" is a descent from apparent grace to his own damnation; he appears to begin in purity but he ends in corruption. The subtlety is that the minister's belief is his own cheating, convincing himself at every stage of his spiritual pilgrimage that he is saved.

Throughout the work, the nature images contrast with the stark darkness of the Puritans and their systems. A rose bush's beauty forms a striking contrast to all that surrounds it. Later, the beautifully embroidered scarlet "A" is held out in part as an invitation to find "some sweet moral blossom" in the ensuing, tragic tale and in part as an image that "the deep heart of nature" (perhaps God) may look more kindly on the errant Prynne and her child than her Puritan neighbors do.

Chillingworth's misshapen body reflects (or symbolizes) the anger in his soul, just as Dimmesdale's illness reveals his inner turmoil. The outward man reflects the condition of the heart. This observation is thought to have been inspired by the deterioration of Edgar Allan Poe, whom Hawthorne "much admired".

Another theme is the extreme legalism of the Puritans and how Prynne chose not to conform to their rules and beliefs. Prynne was rejected by the villagers even though she spent her life doing what she could to help the sick and the poor. Because she was shunned, she spent her life mostly in solitude and did not attend church. Instead, she retreated into her own mind and her own thinking. Her thoughts began to stretch and go beyond what would be considered by the Puritans as safe. She still saw her sin, but she began to look on it differently than the villagers did. Prynne began to believe that a person's earthly sins do not necessarily condemn them. She even went so far as to tell Dimmesdale that their sin had been paid for by their daily penance and that their sin would not prevent them from reaching heaven.

Prynne was alienated from Puritan society, both in her physical life and spiritual life. When Dimmesdale died, she knew she had to move on because she could no longer conform to the Puritans' strictness. Her thinking was free from Puritan religious bounds and she had established her own moral standards and beliefs.

Publication history

It was long held that Hawthorne originally planned The Scarlet Letter to be a shorter novelette, part of a collection named Old Time Legends, and that his publisher, James T. Fields, convinced him to expand the work to a full-length novel. This is not true: Fields persuaded Hawthorne to publish The Scarlet Letter alone (along with the earlier-completed "Custom House" essay) but he had nothing to do with the length of the story. Hawthorne's wife Sophia later challenged Fields' claims a little inexactly: "he has made the absurd boast that he was the sole cause of the Scarlet Letter being published!" She noted that her husband's friend Edwin Percy Whipple, a critic, approached Fields to consider its publication. The manuscript was written at the Peter Edgerley House in Salem, Massachusetts, still standing as a private residence at 14 Mall Street. It was the last Salem home where the Hawthorne family lived.

The Scarlet Letter was first published in the spring of 1850 by Ticknor and Fields, beginning Hawthorne's most lucrative period. When he delivered the final pages to Fields in February 1850, Hawthorne said that "some portions of the book are powerfully written" but doubted it would be popular. In fact, the book was an instant best-seller, though, over fourteen years, it brought its author only $1,500. Its initial publication brought wide protest from natives of Salem, who did not approve of how Hawthorne had depicted them in his introduction "The Custom-House". A 2,500-copy second edition included a preface by Hawthorne dated March 30, 1850, that stated he had decided to reprint his Introduction "without the change of a word... The only remarkable features of the sketch are its frank and genuine good-humor ... As to enmity, or ill-feeling of any kind, personal or political, he utterly disclaims such motives".

The Scarlet Letter was also one of the first mass-produced books in America. In the mid-nineteenth century, bookbinders of home-grown literature typically hand-made their books and sold them in small quantities. The first mechanized printing of The Scarlet Letter, 2,500 volumes, sold out within ten days, and was widely read and discussed to an extent not much experienced in the young country up until that time.

A signed first edition, first printing of Scarlet Letter from March 1850 published by Ticknor, Reed and Fields sells for $22,500. Unsigned, the retail price is $12,500.

Critical response
On its publication, critic Evert Augustus Duyckinck, a friend of Hawthorne's, said he preferred the author's Washington Irving-like tales. Another friend, critic Edwin Percy Whipple, objected to the novel's "morbid intensity" with dense psychological details, writing that the book "is therefore apt to become, like Hawthorne, too painfully anatomical in his exhibition of them". English writer Mary Anne Evans writing as "George Eliot", called The Scarlet Letter, along with Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's 1855 book-length poem The Song of Hiawatha, the "two most indigenous and masterly productions in American literature". Most literary critics praised the book but religious leaders took issue with the novel's subject matter. Orestes Brownson alleged that Hawthorne did not understand Christianity, confession, and remorse. A review in The Church Review and Ecclesiastical Register concluded the author "perpetrates bad morals."

On the other hand, 20th-century writer D. H. Lawrence said that there could not be a more perfect work of the American imagination than The Scarlet Letter. Henry James once said of the novel, "It is beautiful, admirable, extraordinary; it has in the highest degree that merit which I have spoken of as the mark of Hawthorne's best things—an indefinable purity and lightness of conception...One can often return to it; it supports familiarity and has the inexhaustible charm and mystery of great works of art."

Allusions
The following are historical and Biblical references that appear in The Scarlet Letter.
 Anne Hutchinson, mentioned in Chapter 1, "The Prison Door", was a religious dissenter (1591–1643). In the 1630s she was excommunicated by the Puritans and exiled from Boston, and moved to Rhode Island.
 Ann Hibbins, who historically was executed for witchcraft in Boston in 1656, is depicted in The Scarlet Letter as a witch who tries to tempt Prynne to the practice of witchcraft.
 Richard Bellingham (c. 1592–1672), who historically was the governor of Massachusetts and deputy governor at the time of Hibbins's execution, was depicted in The Scarlet Letter as the brother of Ann Hibbins.
 Martin Luther (1483–1545) was a leader of the Protestant Reformation in Germany.
 Increase Mather (1639–1723), a powerful leader of the early Massachusetts Bay Colony. He was a Puritan minister involved with the government of the colony, and also the Salem Witch Trials.
 Sir Thomas Overbury and Dr. Forman were the subjects of an adultery scandal in 1615 in England. Dr. Forman was charged with trying to poison his adulterous wife and her lover. Overbury was a friend of the lover and was perhaps poisoned.
 John Winthrop (1588–1649), second governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
 King's Chapel Burying Ground, mentioned in the final paragraph, exists; the Elizabeth Pain gravestone is traditionally considered an inspiration for the protagonists' grave.
 The story of King David and Bathsheba is depicted in the tapestry in Mr. Dimmesdale's room (chapter 9). (See II Samuel 11–12 for the Biblical story.)
 John Eliot (c. 1604–1690) was a Puritan missionary to the American Indians whom some called "the apostle to the Indians". He is referred to as "the Apostle Eliot" whom Dimmesdale has gone to visit at the beginning of Chapter 16, "A Forest Walk".

Symbols
The following are symbols that are embedded in The Scarlet Letter:
 The Scarlet Letter "A": In the beginning of the novel, Hester's letter "A" is a representation of her sin and adultery. However, as time progresses, the meaning of the letter changed. To some, it now meant "able". The novel states, "The letter was the symbol of her calling. Such helpfulness was found in her—so much power to do, and power to sympathize—that many people refused to interpret the scarlet A by its original signification. They said that it meant Able, so strong was Hester Prynne, with a woman's strength".
 Meteor: The meteor shaped as an A serves as another symbol in the book. To Reverend Dimmesdale, the meteor is a sign from God. God is revealing Dimmesdale's sin to everyone, and Dimmesdale is ridden with guilt. However, others perceived the letter to be the symbol of an angel.
 Dimmesdale's name: Dimmesdale's name itself also holds symbolism. His name contains the root word "dim", which evokes faintness, weakness, and gloom and represents Dimmesdale's constant state since the commission of his sin.
 Pearl: Pearl is the embodiment of her parents' sin and passion. She is a constant reminder of the sin from which her mother cannot escape. It is mentioned she "was the scarlet letter in another form; the scarlet letter endowed in life".
 Rosebush: The rosebush is mentioned twice within the course of the story. It is first viewed as nature's way of offering beauty to those who leave and enter the prison, as well as providing a glimmer of hope to those who inhabit it. The rosebush is perceived as a symbol of brightness in a story filled with human sorrow.
 The Scaffold: The scaffold is mentioned three times throughout the novel. It can be viewed as separating the book into its beginning, middle, and end. It symbolizes shame, revelation of sin, and guilt, for it is the location where Hester received her scarlet letter as punishment and where Dimmesdale experienced his revelation through the meteor.

Adaptations and influence

The Scarlet Letter has inspired numerous film, television, and stage adaptations, and plot elements have influenced several novels, musical works, and screen productions.

Stage
The Scarlet Letter appeared as a stage play as early as February 24, 1858, when an adaptation by George L. Aiken opened at Barnum's American Museum. George C. Howard and his wife starred as Dimmesdale and Hester.

Twentieth century American composer Marjorie Rusche's opera The Scarlet Letter is based on Hawthorne's work.

Film
The story has been adapted to film multiple times, typically using the same title as the novel. The first film adaptation was a 1908 short film. This lost silent film was directed by Sidney Olcott from a screenplay by Gene Gauntier, who also starred as Hester. The oldest surviving film adaptation is a The Scarlet Letter (1911 film) directed by Joseph W. Smiley and George Loane Tucker, with Lucille Young as Hester and King Baggot as Dimmesdale. The film has been subsequently adapted in 1926 (dir. Victor Sjöström), 1934 (dir. Robert G. Vignola), 1973 (dir. Wim Wenders), as television miniseries in 1979, another film in 1995 (dir. by Roland Joffé) and the novel also partially inspired Easy A (dir. by Will Gluck) from a screenplay by Bert V. Royal and starring Emma Stone.

See also

Badge of shame
Boston in fiction
Colonial history of the United States
Illegitimacy in fiction
Whore of Babylon
Angel and Apostle, a 2005 novel about the same characters

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Boonyaprasop, Marina. Hawthorne's Wilderness: Nature and Puritanism in Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter and "Young Goodman Brown" (Anchor Academic Publishing, 2013).
 Brodhead, Richard H. Hawthorne, Melville, and the Novel. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1973.
 Brown, Gillian. "'Hawthorne, Inheritance, and Women's Property", Studies in the Novel 23.1 (Spring 1991): 107–18.
 Cañadas, Ivan. "A New Source for the Title and Some Themes in The Scarlet Letter. Nathaniel Hawthorne Review 32.1 (Spring 2006): 43–51.
 Gartner, Matthew. "The Scarlet Letter and the Book of Esther: Scriptural Letter and Narrative Life". Studies in American Fiction 23.2 (Fall 1995): 131–51.

 Korobkin, Laura Haft. "The Scarlet Letter of the Law: Hawthorne and Criminal Justice". Novel: A Forum on Fiction 30.2 (Winter 1997): 193–217.

 Newberry, Frederick. "Tradition and Disinheritance in The Scarlet Letter. ESQ: A journal of the American Renaissance 23 (1977), 1–26; repr. in: The Scarlet Letter. W. W. Norton, 1988: pp. 231–48.
 Reid, Alfred S. Sir Thomas Overbury's Vision (1616) and Other English Sources of Nathaniel Hawthorne's 'The Scarlet Letter. Gainesville, FL: Scholar's Facsimiles and Reprints, 1957.
 Reid, Bethany. "Narrative of the Captivity and Redemption of Roger Prynne: Rereading The Scarlet Letter. Studies in the Novel 33.3 (Fall 2001): 247–67.
 Ryskamp, Charles. "The New England Sources of The Scarlet Letter. American Literature 31 (1959): 257–72; repr. in: The Scarlet Letter, 3rd ed. Norton, 1988: 191–204.
 Savoy, Eric. Filial Duty': Reading the Patriarchal Body in 'The Custom House. Studies in the Novel 25.4 (Winter 1993): 397–427.
 Sohn, Jeonghee. Rereading Hawthorne's Romance: The Problematics of Happy Endings. American Studies Monograph Series, 26. Seoul: American Studies Institute, Seoul National University, 2001; 2002.
 Stewart, Randall (ed.) The American Notebooks of Nathaniel Hawthorne: Based upon the Original Manuscripts in the Piermont Morgan Library. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1932.
 Waggoner, Hyatt H. Hawthorne: A Critical Study, 3rd ed. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1971.

External links

 "Critical Commentary Related to Female Characters in The Scarlet Letter—Hawthorne in Salem Website
 Excerpts from the opera The Scarlet Letter by Fredric Kroll at YouTube

1850 American novels
Adultery in novels
American historical novels
American novels adapted into films
American novels adapted into plays
Novels adapted into operas
American novels adapted into television shows
Novels by Nathaniel Hawthorne
Novels set in Boston
Novels set in the 1630s
Novels set in the 1640s
Novels set in the American colonial era

The Scarlet Letter


Hypatima lactifera is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1913. It is found in Assam, India.

The wingspan is about 14 mm. The forewings are chocolate brown, becoming deeper towards the costa and apex. There is an ochreous-whitish patch on the base of the costa, including a small dark brown spot on the base of the costa, and a black subcostal dot near the base. There is also a streak of ochreous-white suffusion along the dorsum from the base to the tornus. The stigmata are represented by undefined blackish dashes, the plical rather before the first discal, preceded by a blackish dot on the fold. A black dot is found on the tornus and there is some irregular pale grey irroration (sprinkling) on the apical third, as well as a black dash resting on the termen beneath the apex. The hindwings are grey, thinly scaled and iridescent anteriorly, and with the veins and termen darker.

References

Hypatima
Taxa named by Edward Meyrick
Moths described in 1913

Hypatima lactifera


Mitchell David Drummond (born 15 February 1994) is a New Zealand rugby union player who currently plays as a halfback for  in the Bunnings NPC and the  in the Super Rugby competition.

Early career

Born and raised in Nelson in the South Island of New Zealand, Drummond attended Nelson College where he captained their top side. During his school years, he represented his province at both rugby and cricket before focusing solely on rugby after graduation.   After many years in the  youth structures, he moved to Christchurch and joined the  Rugby Academy in 2013.

Senior career
Drummond was first named in Canterbury's 2013 ITM Cup squad where the then 19 year old largely served as back up to the more experienced Andy Ellis and Willi Heinz. He managed only 1 appearance during the campaign, as a substitute against , however Ellis' departure for Japan in 2014 saw him get far more game time in rotation with Heinz.   He played 10 games during the season, 5 of which came from the start and scored 7 points as Canterbury were disappointingly knocked out in the ITM Cup semi finals by local rivals, .

Willi Heinz's departure for Gloucester in 2015, left the 21 year old Drummond as Canterbury's undisputed first choice in the number 9 jersey. He went on to play all 12 of Canterbury's games during their 2015 title winning season which culminated with a 25-23 victory over  in the final. 2016 saw a reversal of fortunes for him as a broken leg picked up in training resulted in him playing only the first three games of the year as his side marched to their 8th provincial title in 9 seasons.

Super Rugby

After just one provincial appearance for Canterbury, Drummond was selected in the  squad ahead of the 2014 season.   Unsurprisingly, his first season at Super Rugby level saw him sit behind his experienced Canterbury teammates, Ellis and Heinz, in the queue for the starting halfback role and like his debut provincial season, he had to make do with a solitary substitute appearance, this time against the Melbourne Rebels.

Building on from his learning experiences in 2014, Drummond was far more of a regular in 2015. Willi Heinz was ruled out of the entire season through injury and Drummond largely served as back up to Andy Ellis, playing 15 times, including 7 starts and scoring 2 tries as the Crusaders finished in 7th place on the log, just outside the play off places. 2016 again saw him act as back up to the experienced Ellis, who was in his final season with the franchise. Drummond scored an impressive 4 tries in 13 games of which he started 5 as the Crusaders reached the competition's quarter finals before losing out 42-25 to the  in Johannesburg.   He was retained in the squad for the 2017 season where he would face competition from new arrival from the , Bryn Hall for a place in the starting lineup.

International

Drummond made the New Zealand Barbarians secondary schools team in 2012 and was also a member of the New Zealand Under-20 which finished 3rd in the 2014 IRB Junior World Championship in his home country, scoring 2 tries in 4 matches during the tournament.

Drummond was selected for the Barbarians in 2017, coming off the bench against New Zealand. Drummond and some other Barbarians representatives joined New Zealand's squad following the match, with Drummond making his debut for the All Blacks only 10 days later replacing the departing Tawera Kerr-Barlow with 10 minutes left. The All Blacks won against the French side, 28-23 and Drummond was one of five debutants that day, all of whom had represented the Barbarians against their new team mates the week prior.

A year on from his international debut, Drummond was re called to the All Blacks, as a member of Steve Hansen's 51 man squad, travelling to the Northern Hemisphere for the 2018 end-of-year tour. As a member of the wider training squad, Drummond remained in Japan after the first choice team travelled to Europe. He played his first test for New Zealand during the wider training squad's time in Japan, replacing fellow rookie, Te Toiroa Tahuriorangi, 59 minutes into the test against Japan, on 3 November 2018. The All Blacks won the test by 69-31, with Drummond being one of eight players, including his Crusaders team mates, George Bridge and Brett Cameron, making their test debut for New Zealand.

References

External links

1994 births
Living people
New Zealand rugby union players
Rugby union scrum-halves
Canterbury rugby union players
Crusaders (rugby union) players
People educated at Nelson College
Rugby union players from Nelson, New Zealand
New Zealand international rugby union players

Mitchell Drummond