Citation impact or citation rate is a measure of how many times an academic journal article or book or author is cited by other articles, books or authors.
Citation counts are interpreted as measures of the impact or influence of academic work and have given rise to the field of bibliometrics or scientometrics, specializing in the study of patterns of academic impact through citation analysis. The importance of journals can be measured by the average citation rate,
the ratio of number of citations to number articles published within a given time period and in a given index, such as the journal impact factor or the citescore. It is used by academic institutions in decisions about academic tenure, promotion and hiring, and hence also used by authors in deciding which journal to publish in. Citation-like measures are also used in other fields that do ranking, such as Google's PageRank algorithm, software metrics, college and university rankings, and business performance indicators.

Article-level

One of the most basic citation metrics is how often an article was cited in other articles, books, or other sources (such as theses). Citation rates are heavily dependent on the discipline and the number of people working in that area. For instance, many more scientists work in neuroscience than in mathematics, and neuroscientists publish more papers than mathematicians, hence neuroscience papers are much more often cited than papers in mathematics. Similarly, review papers are more often cited than regular research papers because they summarize results from many papers. This may also be the reason why papers with shorter titles get more citations, given that they are usually covering a broader area.

Most-cited papers
The most-cited paper in history is a paper by Oliver Lowry describing an assay to measure the concentration of proteins. By 2014 it had accumulated more than 305,000 citations. The 10 most cited papers all had more than 40,000 citations. To reach the top-100 papers required 12,119 citations by 2014. Of Thomson Reuter's Web of Science database with more than 58 million items only 14,499 papers (~0.026%) had more than 1,000 citations in 2014.

Journal-level

The simplest journal-level metric is the journal impact factor (JIF), the average number of citations that articles published by a journal in the previous two years have received in the current year, as calculated by Clarivate. Other companies report similar metrics, such as the CiteScore (CS), based on Scopus.

However, very high JIF or CS are often based on a small number of very highly cited papers. For instance, most papers in Nature (impact factor 38.1, 2016) were only cited 10 or 20 times during the reference year (see figure). Journals with a lower impact (e.g. PLOS ONE, impact factor 3.1) publish many papers that are cited 0 to 5 times but few highly cited articles.

Journal-level metrics are often misinterpreted as a measure for journal quality or article quality. However, the use of non-article-level metrics to determine the impact of a single article is statistically invalid.  Moreover, studies of methodological quality and reliability have found that "reliability of published research works in several fields may be decreasing with increasing journal rank", contrary to widespread expectations.

Citation distribution is skewed for journals because a very small number of articles are driving the vast majority of citations; therefore, some journals have stopped publicizing their impact factor, e.g. the journals of the American Society for Microbiology.
Citation counts follow mostly a lognormal distribution, except for the long tail, which is better fit by a power law.

Other journal-level metrics include the Eigenfactor, and the SCImago Journal Rank.

Author-level

Total citations, or average citation count per article, can be reported for an individual author or researcher. Many other measures have been proposed, beyond simple citation counts, to better quantify an individual scholar's citation impact. The best-known measures include the h-index and the g-index. Each measure has advantages and disadvantages, spanning from bias to discipline-dependence and limitations of the citation data source. Counting the number of citations per paper is also employed to identify the authors of citation classics.

Citations are distributed highly unequally among researchers. In a study based on the Web of Science database across 118 scientific disciplines, the top 1% most-cited authors accounted for 21% of all citations. Between 2000 and 2015, the proportion of citations that went to this elite group grew from 14% to 21%. The highest concentrations of 'citation elite' researchers were in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Switzerland and Belgium. 70% of the authors in the Web of Science database have fewer than 5 publications, so that the most-cited authors among the 4 million included in this study constitute a tiny fraction.

Alternatives

An alternative approach to measure a scholar's impact relies on usage data, such as number of downloads from publishers and analyzing citation performance, often at article level.

As early as 2004, the BMJ published the number of views for its articles, which was found to be somewhat correlated to citations. In 2008 the Journal of Medical Internet Research began publishing views and Tweets. These "tweetations" proved to be a good indicator of highly cited articles, leading the author to propose a "Twimpact factor", which is the number of Tweets it receives in the first seven days of publication, as well as a Twindex, which is the rank percentile of an article's Twimpact factor.

In response to growing concerns over the inappropriate use of journal impact factors in evaluating scientific outputs and scientists themselves, , Imperial College London, PLOS, eLife, EMBO Journal, The Royal Society, Nature and Science proposed citation distributions metrics as alternative to impact factors.

Open Access publications

Open access (OA) publications are accessible without cost to readers, hence they would be expected to be cited more frequently. Some experimental and observational studies have found that articles published in OA journals do not receive more citations, on average, than those published in subscription journals; other studies have found that they do.

The evidence that author-self-archived ("green") OA articles are cited more than non-OA articles is somewhat stronger than the evidence that ("gold") OA journals are cited more than non-OA journals. Two reasons for this are that many of the top-cited journals today are still only hybrid OA (author has the option to pay for gold) and many pure author-pays OA journals today are either of low quality or downright fraudulent "predatory journals," preying on authors' eagerness to publish-or-perish, thereby lowering the average citation counts of OA journals.

Recent developments

An important recent development in research on citation impact is the discovery of universality, or citation impact patterns that hold across different disciplines in the sciences, social sciences, and humanities. For example, it has been shown that the number of citations received by a publication, once properly rescaled by its average across articles published in the same discipline and in the same year, follows a universal log-normal distribution that is the same in every discipline. This finding has suggested a universal citation impact measure that extends the h-index by properly rescaling citation counts and resorting publications, however the computation of such a universal measure requires the collection of extensive citation data and statistics for every discipline and year. Social crowdsourcing tools such as Scholarometer have been proposed to address this need. Kaur et al. proposed a statistical method to evaluate the universality of citation impact metrics, i.e., their capability to compare impact fairly across fields. Their analysis identifies universal impact metrics, such as the field-normalized h-index.

Research suggests the impact of an article can be, partly, explained by superficial factors and not only by the scientific merits of an article. Field-dependent factors are usually listed as an issue to be tackled not only when comparison across disciplines are made, but also when different fields of research of one discipline are being compared. For instance in Medicine among other factors the number of authors, the number of references, the article length, and the presence of a colon in the title influence the impact. Whilst in Sociology the number of references, the article length, and title length are among the factors. Also it is found that scholars engage in ethically questionable behavior in order to inflate the number of citations articles receive.

Automated citation indexing has changed the nature of citation analysis research, allowing millions of citations to be analyzed for large scale patterns and knowledge discovery. The first example of automated citation indexing was CiteSeer, later to be followed by Google Scholar. More recently, advanced models for a dynamic analysis of citation aging have been proposed. The latter model is even used as a predictive tool for determining the citations that might be obtained at any time of the lifetime of a corpus of publications.

Some researchers also propose that the journal citation rate on Wikipedia, next to the traditional citation index, "may be a good indicator of the work's impact in the field of psychology."

According to Mario Biagioli: "All metrics of scientific evaluation are bound to be abused. Goodhart's law [...] states that when a feature of the economy is picked as an indicator of the economy, then it inexorably ceases to function as that indicator because people start to game it."

See also
Mathematical Citation Quotient

References

Further reading

External links

Research and development
Academic publishing
Citation metrics

Citation impact


Sophisticated Soul is the eighth album issued by Motown girl-group The Marvelettes. It is the first album to feature Ann Bogan who replaced Gladys Horton in 1967 (although Horton's voice is featured on a few of the tracks), and most of the lead vocals are by Wanda Young. Like many Motown albums produced in the late 1960s, Sophisticated Soul featured backing from The Andantes, Motown's premier backing group, on certain tracks, others feature Bogan and Katherine Anderson.

Overview
Since Holland-Dozier-Holland had left the Motown label in 1967, the studio artists had turned to in-house producers such as the team of Ashford & Simpson as well as Frank Wilson. This album was considered to promote a new style for The Marvelettes with Wanda Young fronting the group, and moving them to a style closer to that of fellow Motown girl-group The Supremes. The material consists of singles "My Baby Must Be a Magician" featuring Melvin Franklin of The Temptations, Ashford & Simpson's "Destination: Anywhere", "You're the One", and "Here I Am Baby". Also on the record is "I'm Gonna Hold On as Long as I Can", which was a modest hit featuring Bogan on lead vocals, and "What's Easy for Two Is So Hard for One", the B-side to "Destination: Anywhere", which charted but proved to be unsuccessful

Track listing
All songs written and produced by William "Smokey" Robinson unless noted otherwise.

Side 1
"My Baby Must Be a Magician"
"Destination: Anywhere" (Nickolas Ashford, Valerie Simpson)
"I'm Gonna Hold on as Long as I Can" (Frank Wilson, Lena Manns)
"Here I Am Baby"
"You're the One for Me Bobby"
"Reachin' for Something I Can't Have" (James Dean, Cato Weatherspoon, William Weatherspoon)

Side 2
"Your Love Can Save Me" (Nickolas Ashford, Valerie Simpson)
"You're the One"
"Don't Make Hurting Me a Habit" (James Jay Barnes, James Dean, William Weatherspoon)
"What's Easy for Two Is So Hard for One"
"The Stranger" (Ivy Jo Hunter)
"Someway, Somehow" (Richard Morris, Sylvia Moy)

Personnel
Wanda Young - lead vocals, except on "I'm Gonna Hold On as Long as I Can"
Katherine Anderson - backing vocals (side 2, tracks 1-3, and 5)
Ann Bogan - backing vocals (side 2, tracks 5), lead vocals on "I'm Gonna Hold On as Long as I Can"
Gladys Horton - backing vocals (side 2, tracks 1-3)
The Andantes - backing vocals (side 1, tracks 1, 3–6; side 2, tracks 1-4, 6)
Melvin Franklin - spoken intro on "My Baby Must Be a Magician"
Smokey Robinson - producer
Ashford & Simpson - producers, backing vocals on "Destination: Anywhere"
The Funk Brothers - instrumentation
Marv Tarplin - guitar

Singles history
 "You're the One" (#48 U.S. Pop) (#20 U.S. R&B)
 "My Baby Must Be a Magician" (#17 U.S Pop; #8 U.S. R&B)
 "Here I Am Baby" (#44 U.S. Pop) (#14 U.S. R&B)
 "Destination: Anywhere" (#63 U.S. Pop) (#23 U.S. R&B)
 "What's Easy for Two Is So Hard for One" (B-side of "Destination: Anywhere") (#114 U.S. Pop)
 "I'm Gonna Hold On as Long as I Can" (#76 U.S. Pop)

References

1968 albums
The Marvelettes albums
Albums produced by Smokey Robinson
Albums produced by Ashford & Simpson
Albums recorded at Hitsville U.S.A.
Tamla Records albums

Sophisticated Soul


Mimesis: Night of the Living Dead (also Mimesis) is a 2011 American horror film directed by Douglas Schulze, written by Joshua Wagner and Schulze, and starring Allen Maldonado, Lauren Mae Shafer, Taylor Piedmonte, and David G.B. Brown.

Plot
A farmer and his wife are attacked in their remote home by what appears to be zombies. At a horror convention, filmmaker Alfonso Betz is onstage discussing media being blamed for real-life violence. Russell and Duane listen in the audience, but Duane is disinterested and talks over the speaker. In the cafeteria later, Russell and Duane are invited to a private party by a seductive goth girl.

Russell and Duane go to a secluded farmhouse for the party, along with other horror fans. The partiers drink keg beer and get to know each other before seemingly passing out.

Russell awakens with a girl named Karen in a cemetery, dressed as two leads from "Night of the Living Dead" and without a memory of how they got there. A zombie approaches and bites Russell's throat while Karen runs away. She finds Duane, who has just awoken inside of a truck. She takes refuge in the farmhouse and tells Duane what happened. Disbelieving, Duane looks for Russell and then carries him back to the farmhouse after seeing the zombie. Karen hears voices coming from a vent leading to the house's basement. Duane explores the top floor and finds a room where all modern technology has been stored. The rest of the house is made to look like it is the 1960s. Duane also finds the dead bodies of the farmer and his wife.

Duane decides to take Russell to a hospital in the truck but retreats to the house after three zombies approach. Duane has to leave Russell outside and the zombies tear him apart.

In the basement, Duane finds Karl with his wife and daughter, as well as Keith and Judith. The group discusses their situation and what to do next. Keith points out that they are unwitting participants in a recreation of "Night of the Living Dead."

The original movie plays on an old television set in one of the rooms. Karl wants to take the truck and escape, but the group overrules him. Duane sneaks out from a top floor window and makes a run to the shed out back for tools. He kills one of the zombies by stabbing garden shears into its throat. Duane returns to the house. Keith adds that it is a good thing that Karl did not take the truck because it blows up in the movie.

Karl sneaks outside to hotwire the truck anyway. The rest of the group screams for him to stop, but he blows himself up.

Zombies enter the home. Most of the survivors retreat to the basement. A female zombie bites the leg of Karl's wife before Keith stabs her through the back with the shears. Keith puts a pitchfork through the face of a clown zombie. Duane wrestles with another zombie before Keith chases him upstairs.

Upstairs, Keith finds another survivor named Owen. Duane believes he is out of place because he is not a character from the movie. Owen reveals that he was one of the zombies but had a change of heart. The zombies are actually psychopaths that are playing a role-playing game to live out a horror movie instead of simply watching one. They are using metal teeth to bite their victims. A zombie surprises them and kills Owen while the others escape.

In the basement, Keith and Duane pull a necklace off the clown zombie's corpse and realize Judith has the same necklace. She says that she did not know what was going to happen. She was only paid to lure people to the party. Keith throws her outside where the zombies chase her.

Duane thinks Judith should be rescued. Keith objects and the two of them fight. Karen smashes the TV so that they will stop. Duane goes after Judith.

Judith hides in a car but two zombies capture her. She is brought to a basement where Alfonso Betz is also a prisoner. The zombies plan to stage a murder-suicide so that the film director will be blamed for the massacre as if he broke from reality and went insane. Betz rails against his captors before the lead zombie shoots him through the head.

Keith goes upstairs to retrieve the shears from a zombie's body. He finds a cell phone on the body with footage of his girlfriend seen at the party being murdered. Another zombie records him as Keith squats over the body. Owen is still alive and grabs Keith. Another zombie comes and stabs Keith while streaming it on his phone to the other zombies. The lead zombie complains that the behavior is inconsistent with a Romero zombie.

Duane makes it to the basement and kills the zombie who was about to put an axe into Judith. The two remaining zombies go to the farmhouse. Karen tries to pitchfork one of them but the tool is wrestled away from her. While attacking the little girl, the mother puts a tool through the head of one zombie. Karen points a gun at the other zombie as Duane and Judith reenter. The lead zombie gives an unremorseful speech before Judith approaches him with a kiss and then uses the metal teeth to bite his throat. Duane then shoots him. A news interview with a police officer wraps up the events.

Cast
 Allen Maldonado as Duane
 Lauren Mae Shafer as Judith
 Taylor Piedmonte as Russell
 David G.B. Brown as Keith
 Jana Grazer as Karen
 Gavin Grazer as Karl
 Courtney Gains as Gordon
 Sid Haig as Alfonso Betz

Production
Director Douglas Shulze conceived the idea for the film after attending horror conventions and seeing costumed fans who took their in-character roleplaying too far.  The film is not meant as a remake; instead, Schulze wanted to address themes of obsessed fans.

Release
Mimesis: Night of the Living Dead premiered at the Blue Water Film Festival on October 7, 2011.  Sid Haig attended the event.

Anchor Bay Entertainment released it on home video on February 12, 2013.

Reception
Dennis Harvey of Variety wrote that the film is "just sporadically scary, yet the plot's twists and turns keep viewers hooked."  Rod Lott of the Oklahoma Gazette called it a pointless, shoddy remake of Night of the Living Dead.  Steve Barton of Dread Central rated it 3/5 stars and called it "a movie with an excellent premise that's executed in the most standard of ways."  Adam Tyner of DVD Talk rated it 3/5 stars and called it "an uneven but surprisingly effective homage".  Patrick Naugle of DVD Verdict called it "a movie with a semi-interesting plot but uninspired execution."

References

External links

2011 films
2011 horror films
American zombie films
American independent films
Living Dead films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films

Mimesis: Night of the Living Dead


The Report of the Committee on Company Law Amendment (1945) Cm 6659, known best as the "Cohen Report" for short, was a company law reform committee appointed by the United Kingdom Coalition Government, during the Second World War. It was chaired by Lord Cohen.

Background
The Committee was appointed in June 1943 by Hugh Dalton, who later became Chancellor of the Exchequer.

Recommendations
This report recommended that shareholders be given a greater degree of control over directors, and led to CA 1948 s 184, then CA 1985 s 303, now CA 2006 s 168
This also recommended that payments to directors on retirement should be subject to company approval (para 92, then CA 1947, then s 192 CA 1948).
p 47 said 'the suggestion that managing directors are paid excessive sums is, as a rule, unfounded' but recommended disclosure of aggregate compensation of directors as a group, including payment for outside services.
p 50 expressed concern about directors buying and selling shares with inside knowledge of the company, but merely recommended publicity (cf s 16 Securities Exchange Act, s 17 Public Utility Holding Company Act)
p 51 recommended loans to directors be prohibited, except where companies are in the loan making business
p 50 rejects the suggestion that interested directors could vote on transactions in which they are interested, as being impracticable
It recommended abolition of the ultra vires rule, so every company has the capacity of a normal individual (this was done by the Companies Act 1989, now in CA 2006 s 40)
It proposed that the Board of Trade would be given power to litigate on behalf of shareholders across the country
para 126, twenty one days for annual meetings and meetings with special resolutions pending, fourteen days for others.

See also
UK company law

Notes

References
E Merrick Dodd, 'Review: Report of the Committee on Company Law Amendment' (1945) 58(8) Harvard Law Review 1258

External links
Full text of the Cohen Report on takeovers.gov.au

United Kingdom company law
1945 in British law
Reports of the United Kingdom government


Giuseppe Bertello (born 1 October 1942) is an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church, a cardinal since 2012, who was President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State and President of the Governorate of Vatican City State from October 2011 to October 2021. He worked in the diplomatic service of the Holy See from 1971 to 2011; became an archbishop in 1987; held appointments as Nuncio to several countries, including Rwanda, Mexico, and Italy; and was the Holy See's representative to a number of international organizations.

Early life

Bertello was ordained a priest on 29 June 1966 by Bishop Albino Mensa. He earned a licence in pastoral theology and a doctorate in canon law. He went on to attend the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy where he studied diplomacy.

Diplomatic service
He entered the diplomatic service of the Holy See in 1971, and worked until 1973 in the nunciature to the Sudan, which was also the apostolic delegation for the Red Sea region. From 1973 to 1976, he was secretary at the nunciature to Turkey, becoming a Chaplain of His Holiness on 9 February 1976. He was secretary in the nunciature to Venezuela from 1976 to 1981, and served with the rank of auditor in the Office of the Organization of the United Nations in Geneva from 1981 to 1987. In 1987, he headed the delegation of observers of the Holy See to the Conference of Foreign Ministers of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries in Pyongyang, North Korea, where he was the first Catholic priest to visit the small Catholic community of that country, isolated since the Korean War.

On 17 October 1987, Pope John Paul II named him Titular Archbishop of Urbs Salvia and appointed him Apostolic Nuncio to Ghana, Togo and Benin. He was consecrated on 28 November by Cardinal Agostino Casaroli, with Bishops Albino Mensa and Luigi Bettazzi as the principal co-consecrators. On 12 January 1990, he was transferred to Rwanda, where he supported human rights organizations and encouraged Catholic bishops to unite as forceful advocates for ending civil war. He remained at his post and traveled into dangerous regions to bear witness to the Tutsi Genocide in 1994. In March 1995, John Paul II appointed him Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the United Nations in Geneva from 1997, with the same role at the World Trade Organization. Upon his appointment Bertello negotiated the status of the Holy See as permanent observer in the World Trade Organization, becoming its first representative that year.

On 27 December 2000, John Paul named him Apostolic Nuncio to Mexico. On 30 July 2002, he received the Pope arriving on an apostolic visit in the country for the canonisation of Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin. On 11 January 2006, Bertello was appointed Apostolic Nuncio to Italy and the Republic of San Marino by Pope Benedict XVI.

In 2007, Bertello was awarded the Grand Cross of the Mexican Order of the Aztec Eagle and on 4 October 2008 he was awarded the Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic.

Curial work

On 3 September 2011, Pope Benedict XVI appointed Bertello President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State and President of the Governorate of Vatican City State, effective 1 October 2011, his 69th birthday. On 6 January 2012, Pope Benedict announced that Bertello would be made a cardinal. He was created Cardinal-Deacon of Santi Vito, Modesto e Crescenzia on 18 February. On 21 April Benedict appointed him to a five-year term as a member of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, the Congregation for Bishops, and the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace.

He was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2013 papal conclave that elected Pope Francis.

On 13 April 2013 he was appointed to the Council of Cardinal Advisers established by Francis to advise him in devising a plan for restructuring the Roman Curia. Francis made him a member of the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See on 10 November 2014 and a member of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints on 3 December 2016. Francis also renewed his appointment at the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State to 2021.

On 15 October 2020, Pope Francis renewed his term on the Council of Cardinal Advisers.

On 8 September 2021, Pope Francis appointed Bishop Fernando Vérgez Alzaga to succeed Bertello as President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State and President of the Governorate of Vatican City State, effective 1 October 2021, his 79th birthday.

On 4 March 2022, he was elevated to the rank of cardinal priest.

References

External links

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1942 births
20th-century Italian Roman Catholic titular archbishops
21st-century Italian cardinals
Apostolic Nuncios to Benin
Apostolic Nuncios to Ghana
Apostolic Nuncios to Italy
Apostolic Nuncios to Mexico
Apostolic Nuncios to Rwanda
Apostolic Nuncios to San Marino
Apostolic Nuncios to Togo
Cardinals created by Pope Benedict XVI
Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy alumni
Presidents of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Living people
Members of the Congregation for Bishops
Members of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples

Giuseppe Bertello


Maurine Dallas Watkins (July 27, 1896 – August 10, 1969) was an American playwright and screenwriter. Early in her career, she briefly worked as a journalist covering the courthouse beat for the Chicago Tribune.  This experience gave her the material for her most famous piece of work, the stage play, Chicago (1926), which was eventually adapted into the 1975 Broadway musical of the same name, which was then made into a film in 2002 that won six Academy Awards, including Best Picture.

Watkins was born in Kentucky and grew up in Indiana.  She graduated with honors from Butler University and headed to Radcliffe, where she received training as a dramatist. She left Radcliffe and was in advertising in Chicago in the early 1920s.  She then landed a job as a reporter before returning to university at what became Yale Drama School and play-writing success. Watkins went on to write screenplays in Hollywood, eventually retiring to Florida.

Early life and career
Watkins was born in Louisville, Kentucky, or possibly Lexington, Kentucky. She was born on July 27,however, her birth certificate does not exist in Kentucky state records and several different years have been suggested. Watkins' father was a minister and she an only child. Her family moved to Crawfordsville, Indiana and at age 11 she received local notice for putting on a play she wrote, "Hearts of Gold", which made $45 for charity. At Crawfordsville High School she started a newspaper and was active in clubs.  She attended a total of five colleges (including Hamilton College (Kentucky), Transylvania University, Butler College (Indianapolis), and Radcliffe College). While at Butler, Watkins joined the Gamma chapter of Kappa Alpha Theta Women's Fraternity and was initiated in 1919.

That year, she graduated first in her class from Butler, and then moved on to Radcliffe in Massachusetts to pursue graduate studies in Greek.However, her plans changed after she applied for and was accepted into English Professor George Pierce Baker's playwriting workshop at Harvard University. Baker encouraged writing students to seek experience in the larger world and may have recommended newspaper reporting. Watkins left Radcliffe before completing a degree, moved to Chicago and first worked in advertising for Standard Oil.  While working for Standard Oil, she entertained ideas of working as a playwright. In early 1924, she instead landed a job as a reporter with the Chicago Tribune.

For the Tribune, where Watkins worked for eight months, she covered the murders and the subsequent trials of Belva Gaertner, a twice-divorced cabaret singer, and Beulah Sheriff Annan. Watkins focused on the farcical, cynical, and sensational aspects of the two cases, the press and public interest, and the legal proceedings. She highlighted two attractive "jazz babies" claiming to have been corrupted by men and liquor. She characterized Annan as "beauty of the cell block" and Gaertner as "most stylish of Murderess Row."  She competed with other female journalists, such as Ione Quinby, for exclusive scoops on sensational crime stories. Gartner and Annan, after months of press coverage in Chicago's seven daily papers, were found not guilty in separate trials; Watkins believed they were guilty.

Watkins published about 50 stories during her time at the paper, in addition to crime and courts, she was sent to cover funerals, wrote on women's style, and she profiled leaders of the women's pacifist movement.   Watkins also briefly reported on the noted Leopold and Loeb kidnapping and murder case, whose sensational qualities quickly overshadowed the coverage of the Belva Gaertner verdict.

Soon after, she returned to school to study again under Baker, who had moved to Yale University, to help start the Yale School of Drama. As a class assignment in his famous 47 Workshop course, she wrote a thinly fictionalized account of the two murders. She first called it The Brave Little Woman, then Chicago, or Play Ball (first copyrighted version: pre-production manuscript), and finally Chicago (second copyrighted version: post-production script). Beulah Annan became "Roxie Hart"; Belva Gaertner, "Velma"; Albert Annan, "Amos Hart"; and the two lawyers, William Scott Stewart and W.W. O'Brien, were combined into the composite character "Billy Flynn". Watkins' rival reporters, who were far more sympathetic to the women's causes, were parodied as "Mary Sunshine," the easily manipulated reporter who later turns into Velma and Roxie's vaudeville manager.

Director Sam Forrest was replaced by George Abbott at the request of Jeanne Eagels (Roxie Hart); but Eagels quit the show within a few days, and Francine Larrimore replaced her. Chicago opened on Broadway on 30 December 1926 (though the run is listed as 1927). The play ran for a respectable 172 performances, then toured for two years (with a then-unknown Clark Gable appearing as Amos Hart in a Los Angeles production ). A silent film version in 1927 was produced and supervised by Cecil B. DeMille and starred former Mack Sennett "bathing beauty" Phyllis Haver as Roxie Hart. It was adapted as Roxie Hart in 1942 with Ginger Rogers in the title role. This 1942 film version eliminated all the murderesses except the unnamed Velma Kelly, and the stage and screen musical versions eliminated Jake, Babe, and several other characters.

Watkins wrote about 20 plays, but Chicago was her most successful. She moved to Hollywood to write screenplays, including the 1936 comedy Libeled Lady. The film featured William Powell, Myrna Loy, Jean Harlow, and Spencer Tracy. Her play and screenwriting, coupled with investments, made her a millionaire, and she traveled the world.

Later life
Her public career ended around the time her father died in 1941. Watkins left Hollywood and moved to Florida, close to her elderly mother. She was a lifelong Christian and spent much of her fortune of over $2,300,000 founding contests and chairs in Greek and Bible studies at some 20 universities, including Princeton.

In the 1960s, Watkins was approached by Bob Fosse, who sought the rights to Chicago for a musical adaptation, but she resisted his offers. Following her death from lung cancer in 1969, C. R. Leonard, a trust officer at the Florida National Bank in Jacksonville, handled Watkins' estate and negotiated sale of rights to her play. He later stated that at the time a major heir from the playwright's family informed him that Maurine believed that her newspaper articles had "gained sympathy" for Beulah Annan and that "over the years [she] became disturbed that she had assisted in getting an acquittal for a murderer."

After the much delayed sale of these rights, Fosse was able to move ahead with development of Chicago: A Musical Vaudeville with a score by John Kander and Fred Ebb. It was first produced in 1975, revived in 1997, and filmed in 2002. By the time of the 50th anniversary of Watkins death, Chicago had become a $2 billion franchise.

Filmography
 Chicago (film, 1927); Chicago (play, 1926)
 Up the River (1930) (story)
 Doctors' Wives (1931)
 Play Girl (1932)
 The Strange Love of Molly Louvain (1932) (play Tinsel Girl)
 No Man of Her Own (1932)
 Child of Manhattan (1933)
 Hello, Sister! (1933) (uncredited)
 The Story of Temple Drake (1933) (uncredited)
 Professional Sweetheart (1933)
 Search for Beauty (1934)
 Strictly Dynamite (1934) (story)
 A Wicked Woman (1934) (dialogue)
 Libeled Lady (1936)
 Up the River (remake, 1938) (story)
 I Love You Again (1940) (story)
 Roxie Hart (1942)
 Easy to Wed (1946)
 Chicago (2002) (film)

Notes

References

Further reading
Thomas H. Pauly (Ed.): Chicago: With the Chicago Tribune Articles that Inspired It. Southern Illinois University 1997. ,

External links
 Judith Ann Schiff, "How Yale begat Chicago," Yale Alumni Magazine, May/June 2012.'
 "Maurine Dallas Watkins: Sob Sisters, Pretty Demons, and All That Jazz", Indiana Historical Bureau
 http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1997-07-16/features/9707160264_1_chicago-tribune-newsroom-maurine-watkins-feminine-perspective
 Maurine Watkins Papers. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

1890s births
Year of birth uncertain
1969 deaths
Writers from Chicago
Crawfordsville High School alumni
Butler University alumni
Radcliffe College alumni
20th-century American women journalists
Journalists from Kentucky
Writers from Louisville, Kentucky
Kentucky women writers
American women screenwriters
Chicago Tribune people
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American screenwriters
20th-century American journalists

Maurine Dallas Watkins


Overweight is the condition of a person when they have more fat in their body than is healthy.

Overweight means the person's body is too heavy. To find out if a person is overweight, you can calculate their body mass index. People with a BMI of 25 or more are overweight. Anything above 30 is obese (very overweight). Overweight used to be a BMI of 27 or more. In 1998 this changed.

Being overweight is associated with health problems such as Type 2 diabetes. Obesity is associated with greater health problems than overweight. In 2006  Adams et al. estimated that the risk of death increases by 20 to 40 percent among overweight people. Some people think that being overweight is not as unhealthy as is commonly thought. A 2013 review of 97 PubMed articles with a sample size of 2.88 million found that overweight is associated with significantly lower all-cause mortality (death) than 'normal' weight. Body fat contains energy that the body can use to heal when it is sick.
51.3% of overweight adults are metabolically healthy. Metabolically healthy overweight women are no more likely to die or have a heart attack or stroke than metabolically healthy normal weight women.

Doctors often tell overweight people that losing weight would be good for their health. People usually try to lose weight by eating less. This is called 'dieting'. They may exercise too.
Dieting is often ineffective. 41% of dieters weigh more four to five years after the end of the diet than before it began.

Some people might use herbal teas, powders and pills to help to lower their mass.

Animals can also be overweight.

Overweight is not just associated with bad health. People think that being overweight means that a person is lazy or bad. Overweight people are often treated badly by other people for because of this. This is called fatphobia.

More than 2 billion adults are overweight in the world. The amount of overweight people is increasing.

Notes

Obesity
Physiques

Overweight


Wireless USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a short-range, high-bandwidth wireless radio communication protocol created by the Wireless USB Promoter Group which intended to increase the availability of general USB-based technologies. It is unrelated to Wi-Fi, and different from the Cypress WirelessUSB offerings. It was maintained by the WiMedia Alliance which ceased operations in 2009. Wireless USB is sometimes abbreviated as WUSB, although the USB Implementers Forum discouraged this practice and instead prefers to call the technology Certified Wireless USB to distinguish it from the competing UWB standard.

Wireless USB was based on the WiMedia Alliance's Ultra-WideBand (UWB) common radio platform, which is capable of sending 480 Mbit/s at distances up to  and 110 Mbit/s at up to . It was designed to operate in the 3.1 to 10.6 GHz frequency range, although local regulatory policies may restrict the legal operating range in some countries.

The standard is now obsolete, and no new hardware has been produced for many years.

Support for the standard was deprecated in Linux 5.4 and removed in Linux 5.7

Overview
The rationale for this specification was the overwhelming success of USB as a base for peripherals everywhere: cited reasons include extreme ease of use and low cost, which allow the existence of a ubiquitous bidirectional, fast port architecture. The definition of Ultra-WideBand (UWB) matches the capabilities and transfer rates of USB very closely (from 1.5 and 12 Mbit/s up to 480 Mbit/s for USB 2.0) and makes for a natural wireless extension of USB in the short range (3 meters, up to 10 at a reduced rate of 110 Mbit/s). Still, there was no physical bus to power the peripherals any more, and the absence of wires means that some properties that are usually taken for granted in USB systems need to be achieved by other means.

The goal of the specification was to preserve the functional model of USB, based on intelligent hosts and behaviorally simple devices, while allowing it to operate in a wireless environment and keeping security on a par with the levels offered by traditional wired systems. It also seeks to be comparably power-efficient. To accomplish this, it uses an existing standard which defines a suitable physical layer and medium access control, through which the desired performance can be met, and it adds to it a convergence layer to merge both architectural efforts.

W-USB was defined as a bus, albeit logical and not physical, which can simultaneously connect a host with a number of peripherals. The host divides the available bandwidth through a time-division multiple access (TDMA) strategy. It maintains the ability of USB to safely manage devices on the fly. Hosts can communicate with devices up to 10 meters away.

Uses
Wireless USB was used in game controllers, printers, scanners, digital cameras, portable media players, hard disk drives and USB flash drives.  It was also suitable for transferring parallel video streams, using USB over ultra-wideband protocols.

Development
The Wireless USB Promoter Group was formed in February 2004 to define the Wireless USB protocol. The group consisted of Agere Systems (now merged with LSI Corporation), Hewlett-Packard, Intel, Microsoft, NEC Corporation, Philips Semiconductors, and Samsung.

In May 2005, the Wireless USB Promoter Group announced version 1.0 of the Wireless USB specification.

In June 2006, five companies showed the first multi-vendor interoperability demonstration of Wireless USB. A laptop with an Intel host adapter using an Alereon PHY was used to transfer high definition video from a Philips wireless semiconductor with a Staccato Communications PHY, all using Microsoft Windows XP drivers developed for Wireless USB.

In October 2006 the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approved a Host Wire Adapter (HWA) and Device Wire Adapter (DWA) wireless USB products from WiQuest Communications for both outdoor and indoor use. The first retail product was shipped by IOGEAR using Alereon, Intel and NEC silicon in mid-2007. Around the same time, Belkin, Dell, Lenovo and D-Link began shipping products that incorporated WiQuest technology. These products included embedded cards in the notebook PCs or adapters for those PCs that do not currently include Wireless USB. In 2008, a new Wireless USB Docking Station from Kensington was made available through Dell. This product was unique as it was the first product on the market to support video and graphics over a USB connection, by using DisplayLink USB graphics technology. Kensington released a Wireless USB universal docking station in August, 2008 for wireless connectivity between a notebook PC and an external monitor, speakers, and existing wired USB peripherals. Imation announced Q4 2008 availability of a new external Wireless HDD.

On March 16, 2009, the WiMedia Alliance announced transfer agreements for the WiMedia ultra-wideband (UWB) specifications. WiMedia transferred specifications, to the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), Wireless USB Promoter Group and the USB Implementers Forum. After the technology transfer the WiMedia Alliance ceased operations. In October 2009, the Bluetooth Special Interest Group dropped development of UWB as part of the alternative MAC/PHY, Bluetooth 3.0/High Speed technology. A small, but significant, number of former WiMedia members had not and would not sign up to the necessary agreements for the intellectual property transfer. The Bluetooth group then turned its attention from UWB to 60 GHz.

On September 29, 2010, version 1.1 of the Wireless USB specification was announced. It delivered several backwards-compatible improvements: UWB upper band support for frequencies 6 GHz and above, improved power management and consumption, and support for NFC and proximity based association.

Protocol architecture
 As mentioned, the USB model is preserved, and generally minor adjustments made to fit the specific needs of a wireless system. The changes are as follows, from top to bottom:

 The function layer only suffers minor changes to increase efficiency and support isochronism.
 The device layer includes wireless-oriented security and device management features.
 The bus layer does not change its functionality, but is substantially adapted for efficiency and security on wireless networks.

Changes to USB
The replacement of copper wires in the bus layer introduces ambiguity in the actual state of host-device connections and, even more importantly, potentially exposes communications fully to any other device within the propagation range, whereas they were reasonably secure over the wire. Hence an explicit secure relationship must be established. For this, the bus and device layers incorporate the necessary resources for use by the function layer. Every W-USB transmission is encrypted by the bus layer without impairing layer-to-layer horizontal communication.

The bus follows a TDMA-based polling approach supervised by the host. A transfer is formed by three parts: token, data and handshake. For efficiency reasons, several tokens containing timing information for the devices can be grouped into one, thus forming transaction groups. Flow control and packet sizes are adjusted for power efficiency, while respecting the high-level pipe model of communication between source and destination.

Even preserving the USB model typical error rates in wireless media require modifications in the mechanisms used to achieve said model: among others, data handshakes and buffering.

UWB defines both PHY and MAC layers, which need to be integrated in the W-USB model. In particular, MAC is joined with the logical link control (LLC) sublayer to form the link layer, responsible for encryption/decryption, PHY error management and synchronization, while PHY itself covers the correctness of headers, not payloads.

The MAC layer is particularly relevant to W-USB. It uses superframes divided in 256 time slots, the first of which are dedicated to the transfer of beaconing information. Slots can further be allocated to meet the necessities of clusters of devices, also identified by MMC's (see below). A host maintains one or more W-USB communication channels and is fully aware of the MAC layer, whereas a device only needs to use the defined W-USB interface to communicate through existing channels.

There are three degrees of MAC consciousness in devices. The highest of these corresponds to a self-beaconing device, which is able to perform beaconing on its own. The following degree represents directed-beaconing devices, which are unaware of MAC frames and have limited beaconing capabilities, depending on the host to detect and beacon for nearby devices. Lastly there are non-beaconing devices, which have a very limited ability to transmit and receive; on the other hand, devices which are undetectable by the host can not be affected by these devices, nor can affect them.

Thus, non-beaconing devices can only operate in very close vicinity to the host. Directed- and self-beaconing devices must be able to identify their hidden neighbors, which they do by emitting beacons. On their end, hosts manage global timers with the precision the physical medium requires (20 ppm). Channel time is sent within MMC's, and it is used for slot allocation, so it is important that hosts perform accurate beaconing. Devices may as well beacon reservation declarations.

The superframe includes device notification time slots for asynchronous transfers initiated by the devices (which do not use pipes, but instead tap the bus layer directly); the host dynamically assigns slots as needed. Besides these, W-USB transactions between the host and endpoints are carried out as in USB.

Data transport architecture
Transactions use TDMA microscheduling while adhering to USB semantics. A split-transaction protocol is used to allow multiple transactions to be carried out simultaneously. This is related to the transaction group concept, which consists of a microscheduled management command (MMC) and allocated time slots for the execution of its associated workload.

Wireless data transfers tend to incur in very significant overheads; to mitigate this W-USB replaces these with the burst mode data phase, which groups one or more data packets which reducing packet delimiters and separation gaps, in contrast with the USB rule of one data packet per transaction. The extent to which this practice is applied can be adjusted, resulting in a varying degree of equity between competing devices.

The specification defines four particular data transfer types; their identifying features are summarized here.

 Bulk transfers tap the channel as bandwidth is available. Delivery is guaranteed, but neither transfer rate nor latency are, though the host can attempt to leverage pending transfers or endpoints. They are used for high-volume transfers exhibiting a sharp time-varying behavior. They use unidirectional pipes.
 Interrupt transfers serve short transactions which demand high reliability and low latency. Maximum service period is guaranteed, as are a number of retries during said period.
 Isochronous transfers provide guaranteed transfer rates and bounded latency for transmission attempts, as well as on-average constant data rate (although dependent on the medium, usually comparable to the rates achievable by wired USB). There is also at least one guaranteed retry during the service period, and it supports additional reliability against error bursts by adding delay to the stream according to buffering capacity; payload sizes can be adjusted. Still, it may eventually be necessary to discard the oldest data in the buffers (the receiver can be informed of the amount of information discarded while the channel is not usable). Hosts will only discard data if the presentation time for a packet expires.
 Control transfers are the same as in USB 2.0. The system uses a best-effort policy, but software may restrict channel access and available bandwidth for devices.
Power management can also affect data transport, since devices may control their power use at their discretion. The fact that the communications protocol is based on TDMA means that both host and devices know exactly when their presence is not required, and can use this to enter power saving modes. Devices may turn off their radios transparently to the host while maintaining their connections. They can also turn off over extended periods of time if they previously notify the host, as they will ignore all communications from said host. Eventually, the device will trigger the wakeup procedure and check for pending work.

In turn, the host will usually turn its radio off when it is not needed. If it decides to stop the channel, be in temporarily or to enter hibernation or shutdown states, it must notify the devices before it can do so.

Compatibility options for older hardware
The WUSB architecture allows up to 127 devices to connect directly to a host. Because there are no wires or ports, there is no longer a need for hubs.

However, to facilitate migration from wired to wireless, WUSB introduced a new Device Wire Adapter (DWA) class. Sometimes referred to as a "WUSB hub", a DWA allows existing USB 2.0 devices to be used wirelessly with a WUSB host.

WUSB host capability can be added to existing PCs through the use of a Host Wire Adapter (HWA). The HWA is a USB 2.0 device that attaches externally to a desktop or laptop's USB port or internally to a laptop's MiniCard interface.

WUSB also supports dual-role devices (DRDs), which in addition to being a WUSB device, can function as a host with limited capabilities. For example, a digital camera could act as a device when connected to a computer and as a host when transferring pictures directly to a printer.

Connectivity
 W-USB can form true USB systems, formed by a host, devices and interconnection support. It implements the USB hub-spoke model, in which up to 127 wireless devices can form point-to-point links (spokes) with the host (the hub). The host controller is unique in the system and is usually embedded in a working computer, though it could be connected to it through a simple USB connection, possibly wireless as well. Such a topology is similar to a star network (but all communications are strictly point-to-point, never between devices).

In order to allow common wired USB devices to be connected, the specification defines device wire adapters. Likewise, hosts connect to W-USB systems through use of a host wire adapter. Even though the physical layer is based on Ultra-WideBand, W-USB devices have a fully compliant USB interface. The physical layer may support a wide range of transfer rates, of which three are defined as mandatorily supported: 53.3, 106.7 and 200 Mbit/s, all other possible UWB rates being optional for devices (hosts must support them all).

W-USB devices are categorized in the same way as traditional USB. Because of the existence of wire adapters, traditional USB hubs are not needed. A device supports one or more communication pipes to the host, and allocates endpoint 0 for the USB control pipe. Device type information is available through this pipe.

Connections with the host are created by means of an establishment message sent at some point. Both host and device can then proceed to authenticate using their unique keys; if the process succeeds, the host assigns a unique USB address to the device, after which the device becomes visible to the USB protocol. Because the connectivity model allows for on-the-fly, unannounced disconnection, connections must always remain active. Aside from host- or device-forced disconnections, long inactivity periods may trigger the same termination mechanisms.

In addition, W-USB hosts have other responsibilities which go beyond those of a wired host; namely, their MAC sublayer is responsible for supervising the suitability of device MAC layers. If needed, this requires assisting them in their beaconing duties and processing the beaconing data that could be sent to them. Furthermore, the UWB radio and associated bandwidth may be shared with other entities, and the host must make sure that the defined policies are satisfied; according to shared use (which may be coordinated to avoid interference) it will be able to offer full or partial functionality.

Relation to ultra-wideband
UWB is a general term for radio communication using pulses of energy which spread emitted Radio Frequency energy over 500 MHz+ of spectrum or exceeding 20% fractional bandwidth within the frequency range of 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz as defined by the FCC ruling issued for UWB in February 2002. UWB is not specific to WiMedia or any other company or group and there are in fact a number of groups and companies developing UWB technology totally unrelated to WiMedia. WUSB was a protocol promulgated by the USB Implementers Forum that used WiMedia's UWB radio platform. Other protocols that announced their intention to use WiMedia's UWB radio platform included Bluetooth and the WiMedia Logical Link Control Protocol.

Wireless USB vs. 60 GHz
A few issues differentiate Wireless USB from other proposed/competing standards that utilize 60 GHz band like WiGig:

 Line of sight
 At 60 GHz, radio communication is blocked by any intervening object, which implies the need for open line of sight. Wireless USB was based on the Ultra-WideBand (UWB) platform, which operates in the 3.1 to 10.6 GHz frequency range, and thus can pass through intervening bodies.
 Mobility
 The 60 GHz technology was appealing to the wireless video market because it was supposed to deliver multi-gigabit-speed wireless communications. In order to support such heavy demands, the underlying MAC layer should have been able to process this huge amount of data. For these requirements, the 60 GHz-based products needed higher power consumption, and more electronics, which are less suitable for mobile units or devices.

Comparison of digital RF systems

Security
Robustness is one of the main concerns upon which the specification is built, and as such resource management and connection/disconnection of devices becomes even more important than in wired USB. Packet loss and corruption are dealt with through timeouts as well as hardware buffering, guaranteed retries (as mentioned in the description of transfer models) and other flow control methods. If synchronism policies cannot be maintained, errors can be handled either by hardware or software (retries, maximum number of retries failure, failure recovery decisions and so on).

The W-USB host tries to mitigate the unreliability of wireless mediums (a 10% error rate is considered acceptable for 1 kB packets; in wired media this value is usually around 10−9) maintaining counters and statistics for each device and possible requesting information from them. It can also access and modify the transmit power control functions of each device, as well as change transmission parameters such as data payload size and bandwidth adjustments.

The focus is always on providing quality of service comparable to that of traditional USB. Wires offer a very high level of security (given a typical trusted working environment), so standard USB does not deal with it, even though it does not hinder its applicability or implementability; W-USB manages security explicitly, but instead of harnessing the base of UWB it designs a model which is valid for USB in general. Because of this, it must be added to the common USB device control plane.

For communication to exist, secure relationships must be established. These must have a defined purpose and restrict membership to the group, which serves as the base of trust to carry out the desired work. Within a wired systems, data transfers imply a controlled physical connection; this translates into the wireless domain through the concept of ownership: the user grants trust to the devices, which in turn prove this trust to others (interacting in so-called ceremonies) in order to form the desired associations. The USB address identifier is a token of the owner's trust. Applications may require other bases of trust not directly supported by this USB-specific model, in which case they can be implemented on top of the core USB stack.

Even more, trust needs to be maintained, otherwise it will expire. After receiving the group key of a cluster, a device must keep the connection alive by at least confirming its presence within each trust timeout boundary, which is set to four seconds. If it does not succeed at keeping up with this requirement, reauthentication is demanded.

Following the natural asymmetry of USB, the host initiates all processes (except signaling), security being no exception. Security requests are made to devices to find their security capabilities, after which the appropriate devices can be chosen. The standard, symmetric encryption method is AES-128 with CCM, though Public key encryption may be used for initial authentication (namely, only the sending of the initial CCM key), provided that the achieved security level is comparable (in practice by using 3072-bit RSA and SHA-256 for hashing).

Note that there is a difference between master keys and session keys. Master keys are long-lived and usually work as a shared secret or a means to distribute session keys, which in turn do not outlive the connection for which they were created and usually serve as the functional encryption/decryption mechanism. A specific header field indicates which of the possible keys is to be used. It is also important to note that replay prevention mechanisms require the keeping of counters which are updated on valid receptions. The range of these counters further limits the life of session keys.

Competitors
Other forms of USB over wireless exist, such as those based on the competing direct sequence ultra-wideband technology by Cable-Free USB. The same was also true for other radio frequency based wire replacement systems which could carry USB. The result was that the name Certified Wireless USB was adopted to allow consumers to identify which products would be adherent to the standard and would support the correct protocol and data rates.

There was also USB over IP, which may have used IP-based networking to transfer USB traffic wirelessly. For example, with proper drivers the host side may have used 802.11a/b/g/n/ac Wi-Fi (or wired Ethernet) to communicate with the device.

Media Agnostic USB
, Media Agnostic USB (MA USB) is a specification being developed by the USB Implementers Forum. It is intended to enable communication using the Universal Serial Bus (USB) protocol to be performed over a wide range of physical communication media, including WiFi and WiGig wireless networks. The protocol is being developed from the base of the Wi-Fi Alliance's previous WiGig Serial Extension specification.

Media Agnostic USB is distinct from, and should not be confused with, previous wireless USB protocols such as Certified Wireless USB.

See also

 Bluetooth
 DASH7
 Wibree
 WirelessHD
 Zigbee
 IEEE 802.15.4
 List of device bandwidths
 TransferJet
 USB
 USB Implementers Forum
 Ultra-WideBand

References

External links

 Specifications:
 USB 1.0
 USB 2.0
 Wireless USB Promoter Group
 Certified Wireless USB products at USB IF
 WiMedia Alliance
 Latest WiMedia Regulatory Status Chart
 Articles:
Challenges of Migrating to Wireless USB
 5 Steps to Wireless USB Quality Assurance

USB
Radio technology
Wi-Fi

Wireless USB


Legislative Affairs Office (LAO; Simplified Chinese: 法制办公室 Pinyin: Fǎzhì Bàngōngshì) was an administrative office within the State Council of the People's Republic of China which assisted the premier in providing legal advice and administrative laws to govern the behaviour of government departments. This included litigation, legal reconsideration, compensation, punishment, license, administrative charges and execution.
The office was managed by a director who ranks at the same level as a cabinet minister. The office was abolished and integrated to the Ministry of Justice in 2018.

History
The administrative office was originally established as the Bureau of Legislative Affairs of the state council in 1954. In 1959, the office was dissolved and a new body called the General Office was established to carry out similar functions. The General Office had two departments reporting to it: the Legislative Affairs Bureau and the Economic Legislation Research Center.

In 1986, the General Office was abolished and the two sub-agencies reporting to it were  merged to form the Bureau of Legislative Affairs under the State Council. In 1988, the BLA was defined as a functional institution under the oversight of the State Council. In 1998, the Legislative Affairs Office superseded the BLA and became the legal affairs department of the Chinese central government.

Administrative structure
The office is organised into the following departments.
Department of General Affairs (Department of Research)
Department of Politics, Labour and Social Security
Department of Education, Science, Culture and Public Health
Department of Fiscal and Financial Affairs
Department of Industry, Communications and Commerce
Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection
Department of Coordination on Government Legal Affairs (Department of Codification)
Department of Translation and Foreign Affairs
Information Center
Administration Service Center
China Legal Publishing House

References

External links
Legislative Affairs Office Official Website

Government agencies of China
Legal organizations based in China
1998 establishments in China
Government agencies established in 1998
State Council of the People's Republic of China
Organizations based in Beijing

Legislative Affairs Office


The Tyszowce Confederation (in Polish Konfederacja tyszowiecka) was set up by the Polish army under the command of Great Crown Hetman Stanisław Rewera Potocki and Field Crown Hetman Stanisław Lanckoroński 29 December 1655 in Tyszowce, east of Zamość. It was the turning point of the war of Poland with Sweden during The Deluge. The Polish Catholic army was offended by the Swedish siege of Jasna Góra monastery and proclaimed a national uprising against the Swedish.

References

External links
Act of the Tyszowce Confederation in Polish and English translation: http://polishfreedom.pl/en/document/act-of-the-tyszowce-confederation

Second Northern War
Polish confederations
1655 in Europe
1655 in Sweden

Tyszowce Confederation


Martin France (born 1964) is one of the top jazz drummers in the UK. He has recorded on over 100 albums and is a Professor at the Royal Academy of Music in London. He is sponsored by Paiste cymbals

Career
France began performing at the age of twelve with singers in Working Men's clubs and organ trios in Manchester, England. After moving to London in 1983, he began his recording career for ECM. He has been active for many years as a studio musician in London, performing on recording sessions for European and American films and television . He is involved in composing music for KPM/EMI in London which has been used for worldwide TV and commercial broadcast.

His use of electronic and sequenced drums and percussion has resulted in performances and recording sessions for many musicians. He released two albums with his band Spin Marvel. They performed at Cheltenham Jazz Festival in the UK with the line up featuring Nils-Petter Molvaer and John Paul Jones of Led Zeppelin. He is a regular performer with NDR Big Band in Hamburg.

He has been invited to perform with the ASKO Ensemble, BBC Big Band, BBC Concert Orchestra, BBC National Orchestra of Wales, BBC Philharmonic, Bergen Big Band, Britten Sinfonia, DR Big Band, Duisburg Philharmonic, hr-Bigband, Royal Liverpool Philharmonic, City of London Sinfonia, London Sinfonietta, London Symphony Orchestra, Luxembourg Philharmonic Orchestra, MDR Leipzig Radio Symphony Orchestra, Royal Scottish National Orchestra, and WDR Symphony Orchestra Cologne.

He has worked with Eivind Aarset, Leo Abrahams, Arild Andersen, Victor Bailey, Django Bates, David Binney, Liane Carroll, Elvis Costello, Palle Danielsson, John Dankworth, Sidsel Endresen, Paul Englishby, Mark Feldman, Mike Gibbs, Arve Henriksen, Charles Hazlewood, Dave Holland, Marc Johnson, John Paul Jones, Anders Jormin, Lee Konitz, Joe Lovano, Joanna MacGregor, Charlie Mariano, Claire Martin, Bob Mintzer, Nils Petter Molvær, Evan Parker, Jason Rebello, Adam Rogers, Maria Schneider, Gwilym Simcock, J. Peter Schwalm, John Surman, Steve Swallow, June Tabor, Ralph Towner, Stephen Warbeck, Bugge Wesseltoft, Kenny Wheeler, Norma Winstone, and Yazz Ahmed.

References

External links
 Official website
 All About Jazz article
 Spin Marvel article
 Zildjian article
 Sound on Sound: software sampling
 Jazzwise bio
 Interview with Martin France
 BBC Masterclass with Martin France

1964 births
English jazz drummers
Living people
British male drummers
Musicians from Kent
People from Rainham, Kent
British male jazz musicians
Delightful Precipice members
Human Chain members
ECM Records artists
Edition Records artists
Basho Records artists

Martin France


Maggie Norris is an American fashion designer.

Early life and education
Maggie Norris was born in New Orleans, and attended the School of the New Orleans Museum of Art in New Orleans, Louisiana. She then moved to New York City to attend Parsons School of Design and the Art Students League.

Career
After her graduation, she was recruited by Ralph Lauren as Creative Designer, and she quickly ascended the corporate ladder to become Senior Design Director, in charge of the Women's Collection. There, she oversaw all the Women's ready-to-wear and accessory collections and was in charge of seeking out inspiration for the overall direction of the line.

In 1998, Norris left Ralph Lauren and moved to Europe to work as Chief Designer for Mondi womenswear.

In 2000, Norris returned to the United States and founded Maggie Norris Couture in New York City. In 2003, she joined the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA).

Maggie Norris Couture creations have been featured in publications such as Vogue, Vanity Fair, W, Elle, and The New York Times, among many others.

Norris's custom-made creations have been worn by various celebrities and socialites, among whom are Nicole Kidman, Naomi Watts, Keisha Omilana, Jennifer Aniston, Alicia Keys, Halle Berry, Sharon Stone, Beyoncé Knowles, Diane Keaton, Anna Getty, Somers Farkas and Michelle Obama.

Exhibitions
In 2006, Norris's work was featured in the "Love and War" Exhibition at the Fashion Institute of Technology Museum. That same year, Maggie Norris appeared in the "New York Society" Exhibition of the Museum of the City of New York.

In 2007, her work was included in the Victoria & Albert Museum's "New York Fashion Now" Exhibition and corresponding book entitled "New York Fashion" by Sonnet Stanfill.

In 2008, Norris co-organized the "Tableaux" Exhibition at the New York Plaza Hotel, in collaboration with Aman & Carson Interiors.

In February 2010, Maggie Norris Couture co-presented the exhibition "An Evening of New York Couture" at the Verdura Salon, in collaboration with Verdura and Aman & Carson Interiors. Maggie Norris Couture dressed Sarah Bradford and Princess Keisha Omilana of Ipetu-Ijesha for this occasion.

Events
In addition to hosting fashion shows, Norris also acts as an event organizer.

In 2006, Maggie Norris Couture hosted the event called "1950s New York" at the Café Carlyle, in collaboration with Boucheron Bijoux and Grace Hightower De Niro, to benefit "Operation Smile". This event was an homage to legendary pianist Bobby Short.

In 2008, Maggie Norris Couture has also been celebrated by esteemed American painter Nelson Shanks in a portrait of Keira Chaplin wearing the "Katarina" Corset, a portrait soon to be hung at the National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC.

Publications (books and TV)

In 2006, the Norris's "Caron" Gown was featured in Valerie Steele's book entitled "The Black Dress".

Sonnet Stanfill's book, "New York Fashion" describes Norris as being part of a new generation of "talented, young New York-based designers [who] have earned considerable commercial and critical success."
That same year, Norris was featured in CBS Sunday Morning in connection with the "Dangerous Liaisons: Fashion and Furniture in the 18th Century" Exhibition of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

In 2008, Lauren Ezersky covered the Maggie Norris Couture event "The Night They Invented Champagne", directed by Andrew Le Pera  for the program "Behind the Velvet Ropes". In 2010, Maggie Norris Couture was also the subject of a program covered by Lauren Ezersky on Better TV.

References

External links
 Official website
 Maggie Norris Couture on Facebook
 Maggie Norris on Twitter
 Maggie Norris Couture on Panache Privée
 Maggie Norris Couture in the New York Social Diary

Living people
American fashion designers
American women fashion designers
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women

Maggie Norris


Thakurmar Jhuli (; Grandmother's Bag [of tales]) is a collection of Bengali folk tales and fairy tales. The author Dakshinaranjan Mitra Majumder collected some folktales of Bengali and published some of them under the name of "Thakurmar Jhuli" in 1907 (1314 of Bengali calendar). The Nobel-Laureate, Rabindranath Tagore wrote the introduction to the anthology. Since then, it has become iconic in Bengali children's literature, becoming a household name in West Bengal and Bangladesh over the years.

Certain characters and stories like "Lalkamal-Nilkamal", "Buddhu-Bhutum" and "Byangoma-Byangomi", have gained legendary status. Hundreds of editions of this book have been published from Bangladesh and West Bengal since the original publication.

Publishing background
Rabindranath Tagore notes in his introduction to Thakurmar Jhuli, that there was a dire need for folk literature of Bengal to be revived because the only such works available to the reading public of the time were European fairytales and their translations. He expressed the need for a swadeshi or indigenous folk literature that would remind the people of Bengal of their rich oral traditions. This would be a method of contending the cultural imperialism of the British.
Dakshinaranjan recounts the memories of listening to fairytales told by his mother as well as his aunt, in his own introduction to Thakurmar Jhuli. Dakshinaranjan's aunt, Rajlakkhi Debi had given him the duty of visiting the villages in their zamindari. He travelled and listened to Bengali folktales and fairytales being narrated by the village elders. These folk stories were mostly collected from Mymensingh district region of Bangladesh. He recorded this material with a phonograph that he carried, and listened to the recordings repeatedly, imbibing the style. However, he found no publisher initially, and had set up a press to self-publish the first book that would be a compilation of the stories he developed from the recorded tales. At this juncture, Dinesh Chandra Sen, impressed by the manuscript, arranged for it to be published by Bhattacharya and Sons, a renowned publisher of the time. Within a week, three thousand copies were sold. Several illustrations for the collection were also drawn by the author. His drawings were turned into lithographs for printing.

Contents

The book fourteen stories, divided into three sections- "Dudher Sagor" (Sea of Milk), "Rooptarashi" (Scary Form), and "Chyang Byang" (Fish-Frog). The final section "Shona Ghumalo" (Cutie Sleeps) contains three poems. Apart from this, some other poems act as introductions to the collection as a whole, and to each section.

Character types and tropes
The first section, Dudher Sagor, contains the very popular stories Kalabati Rajkanya ('Princess Kalabati'), Ghumonto Puri ('The Sleeping Town'), Saat Bhai Champa ('Seven Champa Brothers') and Kiranmala, among others. The former is known elsewhere as "Buddhu Bhutum". These stories, like others in the collection, depict characters who initially suffer a series of misfortunes, display admirable personal qualities, like courage, kindness and wit, and eventually rise to great fortune.

The second section, "Rooptarashi", contains what is probably the most popular story from this iconic volume, "Lalkamal Neelkamal". These stories usually depict human protagonists encountering other creatures like rakkhoshes, magical snakes, and the like. A rakkhosh, or a Rakshasa, is a race of beings from Hindu mythology, who are known from magical abilities, shapeshifting as well as eating humans, sometimes. The birds with human faces, Byangoma and Byangomi, are also encountered in "Lalkamal Neelkamal".

The third section, "Chyang Byang" deals with miscellaneous stories, and features some feats by the proverbial "" (Fox Pandit).

Language

In his introduction, Tagore noted that Dakhshinaranjan has successfully put into writing, the linguistic flavour of traditional oral tales. The poems read as collages of references to Bengali culture and folklore motifs.

Translations
 Tales My Grandmother Told Me (2005). English. Translation by Rina Pritish Nandy.
 Tales from Thakurmar Jhuli: Twelve Stories from Bengal. Oxford University Press, 2012. .

Film and television
Saat Bhai Champa (1978). Indian Bengali-language film directed by Chitrasathi.
Arun Barun O Kiranmala (1979). Indian fantasy film directed by Barun Kabasi.
Thakumar Jhuli, an Indian animated television series which aired on Zee Bangla in the 2000s.
Kiranmala, an Indian fantasy television series based on some stories of Thakurmar Jhuli, which aired on Star Jalsha channel from 2014 to 2016.
Buddhu Bhutum (2017). Indian fantasy drama film directed by Nitish Roy.
Saat Bhai Champa, an Indian Bengali-language fantasy television series that aired on Zee Bangla from 2017 to 2019.
Thakurmar Jhuli, an Indian anthology television series that aired on Star Jalsha in 2019.

In other media
Audio tapes and CDs.
Puppet-theatres.
Children's radio shows narrating the stories with the help of child artistes.
Children book publications.

Legacy
The four initial folktale anthologies of Mitra Majumdar are titled after a grandparent, who represents the bygone era and thereby embodies cultural heritage. In the contemporary context, written and digital recordings of these fables seem to have replaced the earlier oral tradition, but Thakurmar Jhuli remains a compilation that is not limited to children alone, and over the years has found tremendous response among the adults. It is a veritable treasure of Bengali literature.

References

Further reading

  Accessed 18 May 2023.

Bengali-language literature
Collections of fairy tales
Asian fairy tales
Bangladeshi literature
Indian fairy tales
Indian folklore
Indian literature
Indian legends
20th-century Indian books
Indian short story collections
Fantasy anthologies

Thakurmar Jhuli


2 World Trade Center (2 WTC; also known as 200 Greenwich Street) is a planned skyscraper as part of the World Trade Center complex in Manhattan, New York City. It will replace the original 2 World Trade Center, which was completed in 1972 and subsequently destroyed during the September 11 attacks in 2001, and it will occupy the position of the original 5 World Trade Center. The foundation work was completed in 2013, though no construction has taken place since.

Original building (1973–2001)

When completed in 1973, 2 World Trade Center (the South Tower) became the second tallest building in the World – behind its twin, 1 World Trade Center. The South Tower's rooftop observation deck was  high and its indoor observation deck was  high. The World Trade Center towers held the height record only briefly; the Sears Tower in Chicago, finished in , reached  at the rooftop. Throughout its existence, however, the South Tower had more floors (at 110) than any other building. This number was not surpassed until the completion of the  Burj Khalifa, which opened in 2010.

Of the 110 stories, eight were set aside for technical services in mechanical floors (floors 7/8, 41/42, 75/76, and 108/109), which were four two-floor areas that evenly spaced up the building. All the remaining floors were free for open-plan offices. Each floor of the towers had  of space for occupancy. The original Two World Trade Center had 95 express and local elevators. The tower had  of office space.

Initially conceived as a complex dedicated to companies and organizations directly taking part in "world trade", the South Tower, along with 1 World Trade Center (also known as the North Tower) at first failed to attract the expected clientele. During the early years, various governmental organizations became key tenants of the World Trade Center towers including the State of New York. It was not until the 1980s that the city's perilous financial state eased, after which an increasing number of private companies – mostly financial firms tied to Wall Street — became tenants. During the 1990s, approximately 500 companies had offices in the complex including many financial companies such as Morgan Stanley, Aon, Salomon Brothers and the Port Authority itself. The basement concourse of the World Trade Center included The Mall at the World Trade Center, along with a PATH station.

Electrical service to the towers was supplied by Consolidated Edison (ConEd) at 13,800 volts. This service passed through the World Trade Center Primary Distribution Center (PDC) and sent up through the core of the building to electrical substations located on the mechanical floors. The substations stepped down the 13,800 primary voltage to 480/277 volt secondary service, and then further down to 208/120 volt general power and lighting service. The complex also was served by emergency generators located in the sub-levels of the towers and on the roof of 5 WTC.

The 110th floor of 1 World Trade Center (the North Tower) housed radio and television transmission equipment; access to the roof of 1 WTC was controlled from the WTC Operations Control Center (OCC) located in the B1 level of 2 WTC.

At 9:03 a.m. EDT on September 11, 2001, five terrorists crashed United Airlines Flight 175 into the southern face of the South Tower. Three buildings in the World Trade Center complex, including 2 WTC, collapsed due to fire-induced structural failure. The light construction and hollow nature of the structures allowed the jet fuel to penetrate far inside the towers, igniting many large fires simultaneously over a wide area of the impacted floors.  The fuel from the planes burned at most for a few minutes, but the contents of the buildings burned over the next hour to hour and a half.

The fires might not have been as centrally positioned, nor as intense, had traditionally heavy high-rise construction been standing in the way of the aircraft. Debris and fuel would likely have remained mostly outside the buildings or concentrated in more peripheral areas away from the building cores, which would then not have become unique failure points.  In this scenario, the towers might have stood far longer, perhaps indefinitely. The fires were hot enough to weaken the columns and cause floors to sag, pulling perimeter columns inward and reducing their ability to support the mass of the building above. The South Tower collapsed at 9:59 a.m. after burning for 56 minutes in the fire caused by the impact of United Airlines Flight 175 and the explosion of its fuel.

New building

The new 82-story building, if erected, will have an architectural and roof height of . This height is similar to that of the original South Tower, which carried the same address.  If and when completed, the building would likely become the 5th tallest in the city when measured by roof height.

Site redevelopment
Larry Silverstein had leased the original World Trade Center from the PANYNJ in July 2001. His company Silverstein Properties continued to pay rent on the site even after the September 11 attacks. In the months following the attacks, architects and urban planning experts held meetings and forums to discuss ideas for rebuilding the site. The architect Daniel Libeskind won a competition to design the master plan for the new World Trade Center in February 2003. The master plan included five towers, a  9/11 memorial, and a transportation hub. By July 2004, the 65-story 2 World Trade Center was being proposed for the northeast corner of the site. The plans were delayed due to disputes over who would redevelop the five towers. The PANYNJ and Silverstein ultimately reached an agreement in 2006. Silverstein Properties ceded the rights to develop 1 and 5 WTC in exchange for financing with Liberty Bonds for 2, 3, and 4 WTC.

British architect Norman Foster of Foster and Partners was hired to design the new 2 World Trade Center, on the northeastern part of the World Trade Center site at 200 Greenwich Street, in May 2006. Meanwhile, Richard Rogers and Fumihiko Maki were selected as the architects for 3 and 4 World Trade Center, respectively. The plans for 2, 3, and 4 World Trade Center were announced in September 2006. 2 World Trade Center would be a 78-story,  building, rising to a pinnacle with four diamonds. The building would have contained  of retail space in its base; four trading floors; and  of offices across 60 stories. The lowest stories of 2 World Trade Center and several neighboring buildings would be part of a rebuilt Westfield World Trade Center Mall.

In Foster and Partners' original design, the structural engineer for the building was WSP Cantor Seinuk. The four diamonds on the roof would have sloped down toward the memorial, indicating the sites of the original towers on the skyline. The tower was designed to resemble a diamond, with cross bracing and indentations breaking up each elevation of the facade. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey said that Foster's design "incorporates WTC master planner Daniel Libeskind's 'wedge of light' concept, and will cast no shadow on the memorial park on September 11."

Construction

Excavation for 200 Greenwich Street commenced in 2008, at which point the building was scheduled to be completed sometime between 2011 and 2016. By May 2009, the Port Authority was seeking to reduce the size of 2 and 3 WTC and postpone the construction of 5 WTC, citing the Great Recession and disagreements with Silverstein. The developer had requested that the Port Authority fund two of the towers, but the agency wanted to take control of the 3 WTC site and was willing to provide funding for only one tower. New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg attempted to mediate the dispute with little success. In July 2009, Silverstein wrote a letter to the development's stakeholders, recommending that the dispute go to arbitration. Silverstein officially requested arbitration the next month. He requested that the Port Authority pay $2.7 billion in damages. An arbitration panel ruled in January 2010 that the agency did not owe him any damages. However, the panel also voided a clause that would have forced Silverstein to hand over the towers to Port Authority if they were not completed by 2014.

As part of the arbitration process, Silverstein requested a $2.6 billion tax-free bond issue for the redevelopment of the World Trade Center site. The New York state government approved the bond issue in December 2009, though the construction of 2 and 3 WTC remained on hold. In February 2010, Silverstein proposed constructing 3 WTC and delaying plans for 2 WTC, a move that was expected to save $262 million in the short term. The next month, the PANYNJ and the city and state governments of New York agreed to fund $600 million for 3 WTC's construction after Silverstein had found tenants for at least  of the space. Silverstein would build the first five stories by 2013 if he were unable to finance the project and lease the office space. PANYNJ board members from New Jersey acquiesced to the deal with Silverstein, but only on the condition that the agency also fund a reconstruction of the Bayonne Bridge.

Tower 2 foundation work began on June 1, 2010, but construction was halted in August 2012. The street-level foundation was finished by November 2012 and construction of everything up to street level was completed in mid-2013. The rest of the building, however, has yet to be built unless tenants for Tower 2 could be found. Larry Silverstein said in a 2019 interview that he was considering building the tower without a signed tenant. He stated, "For all intents and purposes, it wouldn't be a bad idea to start on Tower 2 because it won't be finished until about 2022, 2023."

Redesigns

Bjarke Ingels Group

On June 9, 2015, Wired magazine reported that Two World Trade Center would be redesigned by Bjarke Ingels of Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG), and be built by 2021. The bottom half of the new design would have been leased out to 21st Century Fox and News Corp until they decided against leaving their current headquarters.

Bjarke Ingels Group began redesigning 2 World Trade Center in May 2015, upon the requests of the property's developer Silverstein Properties and its possible future media tenants. The project's redesign was warranted since financial firms had since migrated away from the Financial District, making leasing out the new buildings a struggle and further prolonging the World Trade Center's redevelopment. Financial firms were the intended occupants for Foster and Partners' 2 World Trade Center, and the original proposal's sky lobby design was not attractive to media tenants, who have been the leading tenants of the new WTC towers and were expected to occupy BIG's redesigned building.

This design featured a cantilevering structure viewed from a northern perspective, but a terraced structure from an eastern perspective. From the south and west, the building's profile was vertically straight, but appeared to be leaning slightly toward One World Trade Center because of the cantilevering design. In an interview, Bjarke Ingels described the concept of the redesign as such: "Two World Trade is almost like a vertical village of bespoke buildings within the building, that also can be seen as a single tower. It actually has an inclination towards One World Trade Center, so the two towers – even though they're not twinning – by having a mutual relationship, the space between them is parallel, although at an incline." The tower had also been described to integrate Tribeca with the Financial District, as the design's cantilevers and terraces resembled the modern architecture known of the neighborhood.

The first three floors of the  office building, including the ground level, would have featured about  of retail space. The tower would have been the second–tallest skyscraper on the World Trade Center site, following One World Trade Center.

Return to Foster and Partners
After the pulling out of News Corp and 21st Century Fox, the future of the site became uncertain, with calls for the tower's design to be reverted to its original incarnation. In a press interview, site developer Larry Silverstein signaled that both the Foster and BIG site plans were under consideration, and that a choice between the two would be made by a future prospective tenant. In February 2019, Silverstein suggested in an interview that construction may soon begin "on spec", or without an anchor tenant, given the strong economy and leasing progress made on neighboring towers. In January 2020, Silverstein announced that he and Norman Foster were working together to update Foster's original design, and that it would be "significantly modified to be more reflective of contemporary needs and taste". Renderings of a redesigned Foster and Partners design were published in early 2022.

Possible tenants

In 2013, Citigroup had shortlisted the tower as one of three potential locations for its headquarters for when its lease on 399 Park Avenue expired in 2017. The company eventually chose nearby 388 Greenwich Street, however: a building that it already had under lease.

Silverstein has faced considerable difficulty in persuading tenants to lease floor space in Two World Trade Center. Most commonly, businesses ultimately decide against doing so because of the costs of moving in, but others prefer their current locations in Midtown Manhattan despite the leases sometimes being more costly, since Midtown Manhattan offers easier access to the Upper East Side, North Jersey, Long Island, Westchester, and Connecticut. Silverstein has tried to appeal to the Downtown's proximity to nearby Brooklyn, the residence of many technology and media companies' employees. At present, prospective companies either are too large to be housed adequately in 2 World Trade Center (such as Facebook or Google), or conclude it would save money to remain where they are (such as News Corp and Fox Corporation).

Bloomberg Business reported on June 2, 2015, that News Corp and 21st Century Fox, both owned by Rupert Murdoch, had signed a non-binding agreement with the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey to create a joint headquarters at Two World Trade Center. Silverstein said, "A decision by 21st Century Fox and News Corp. to move to the new World Trade Center would cap a seismic shift that has taken place in Lower Manhattan over the past decade. This isn't your grandfather's Wall Street." The change of lead architects, from Norman Foster to Bjarke Ingels, was dependent on the Murdoch companies' relocations to the site; a redesign was deemed necessary given the different requirements for TV studios as opposed to financial companies, the assumed major tenants for the Foster design. Ingels's design would be kept at the same height as Foster's, but it was unclear how the redesign would conflict with the below-grade work already completed, which conformed to the original building design. On January 15, 2016, it was reported that the two companies had decided against moving into 2 World Trade Center, instead keeping their current headquarters on the Avenue of the Americas. They had concluded that "given the scale of investment in a relocation of this size, that  our resources would be better directed elsewhere."

In September 2017, Deutsche Bank was considering relocating their U.S. headquarters to 2 WTC, signing on as anchor tenant once their lease expires at their current location along nearby 60 Wall Street. However, in May 2018, it was announced the bank was instead relocating to Time Warner Center at Columbus Circle.

See also

List of tallest buildings in New York City

References

External links

, WTC.com
Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG) page on the new design for Two World Trade Center

2010 architecture
Bjarke Ingels buildings
Buildings and structures destroyed in the September 11 attacks
Buildings and structures under construction in the United States
Foster and Partners buildings
Proposed buildings and structures in New York City
Proposed skyscrapers in the United States
Skyscraper office buildings in Manhattan
World Trade Center

2 World Trade Center


Moray is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland, UK. It lies in the northeast of the country and borders the council areas of the Highlands and Aberdeenshire. It takes its name after the much larger Province of Moray. Before 1996, it was a district of the Grampian region.

Moray