Anthony Benjamin (29 March 1931 – 17 February 2002) FRSA, RE was an English painter, sculptor and printmaker. Referred to as a 'polymathic artist' by critic Rosemary Simmons when writing about his work for the Borderline Images By Anthony Benjamin show at The Graffiti Gallery in 1979.

Summary

Benjamin was born in England on 29 March 1931. He began his study at Southall Technical College in 1947 as an engineering draughtsman and was accepted into Regent Street Polytechnic, now known as the University of Westminster (1950–1954). After his first year at Regent Street, Anthony travelled to Paris and studied for three months with Fernand Léger (1951). After graduating, while working and travelling between St. Ives and Paris, he was awarded a one-year French Government Fellowship for painting and printmaking, studying at Atelier 17 with WS Hayter in Paris (1958–1959). Following his time with WS Hayter, he was awarded an Italian Government Fellowship in Anticoli Corrado near Rome (1960–1961). Between 1961 and 1973 Anthony lectured and taught in the United Kingdom (Ealing, Ipswitch, Winchester, Ravensbourne, Colchester, and St. Martin's School of Art), the United States (California State College) and in Canada (University of Calgary, York University). He returned to London in 1974 and in 1986 moved to Norfolk. Anthony was a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (FRSA) and a member of the Royal Society of Painter-Printmakers (RE). He died in London on 17 February 2002.

Biography
Born in Boarhunt, Hampshire he endured a difficult childhood, due to an unstable family life and being a wartime London evacuee. He claimed to have attended at least 12 different schools, learning little except self-defence in the many playgrounds he had to cross. He did not lose his interest in fighting and he took up boxing, eventually becoming a professional fairground fighter.

Leaving school in 1947 he took up an apprenticeship as an engineering draughtsman at the firm of Bell Punch, in Hayes, Middlesex. Anthony had an aptitude for careful drawing, as well as an appreciation and understanding of the logical principals of three-dimensional construction, but the lack of creative possibilities frustrated him.  He dropped out of the apprenticeship in 1949 and was accepted on the sculpture program at the Regent Street Polytechnic. Unhappy with the academic restrictions prevailing in the department at the time and going against convention, he applied colour to a carving he was working on. When told to remove the paint or face expulsion from the department, he decided to leave, but he retained his deep interest in sculpture.

Benjamin's talent had been recognised by a senior member of staff, Norman Blamey, who was a fine draughtsman and teacher. Blamey accepted the rebellious student into the painting department, where soon Benjamin produced some accomplished paintings.  Using a restricted, almost monochromatic palette, his subject matter featured the surroundings of the dark basement flat he shared with fellow student and partner, Stella, whom he drew and painted many times. As well as portraits of his neighbours, 'Bill and Nellie''' he also painted some exotic London Pearly Kings and Queens. At the end of the term, he travelled to Paris where he studied drawing with Fernand Léger for 3 months.

On graduating from college in 1954, his paintings were accepted for exhibition by Helen Lesore, the hardline, Social Realist director of the Beaux Arts Gallery, the London home of the kitchen-sink artists. However, when he started using a broader range of colour and looser brushwork, including elements of abstraction, he was told by Lesore to toe the line or leave the gallery. Once again, faced with established restrictions, he chose to leave, rather than compromise his freedom to explore the possibilities of extending his creativity in new directions. He served time in Prison as a Conscientious Objector, not just against military service, he was opposed to all forms of conscription.

He moved to St. Ives, using a legacy from his mother, to buy a small cottage that had belonged to the sculptor, Sven Berlin. St. Ives had been dominated by the influence of Ben Nicholson and Barbara Hepworth but by 1956 the "Middle Generation" of Peter Lanyon, Patrick Heron, Bryan Wynter and Terry Frost were becoming well established in Britain and were soon to be known in New York City.  He accepted Peter Lanyon's suggestion to join the Newlyn Society of Artists and had his first one-man exhibition there in 1958. His work, inspired by the Cornish light, land and seascape led him to a new understanding of tone and temper. Henry Moore encouraged him, Francis Bacon gave him canvasses, and working within this rich atmosphere, Benjamin produced work which became more expansive and colourful, and gradually more abstract in concept sliding into Abstract Expressionism.

Benjamin, became friends with the eloquent Scots poet, Sidney Graham, who lived in the Coastguard Cottage at Gurnard's Head.  When in 1959 he was awarded a coveted French Government Bourse to study etching at S W Hayter's, renown Atelier 17 in Paris, (where some revolutionary new techniques of plate making and colour printing were being explored) he took with him a copy of the recently published collection of Graham's poems titled The Night Fishing. This work became the inspiration for a suite of etchings which Anthony named An Homage to the Night Fishing. These fresh, colourful etchings have the energy of Tachist paintings. The Bourse Committee, very impressed with the work, extended Anthony's study time by a month, so he could finish his work. Some test proofs were printed at the time, but the plates were not editioned somehow they were misplaced during a studio move and not found again until the late 1990s when Anthony's nephew and printer, Simon Marsh discovered them, still wrapped in a French newspaper. Partial editions were then printed. They were shown in an Exhibition curated by Chris Stephens, about Sidney Graham and his artist friends. The suite of innovative prints is now in the Tate Britain Collection.

Anthony was awarded an Italian Travel Study Scholarship in 1960. He was profoundly moved by the art of the Early Renaissance that he saw in the museums, palaces and cathedrals. He was struck by the use of repeated flat geometrical shapes in many works, particularly by the strong impact and visual rhythm set up by the rows of saint's halos in Duccio's 'Madonna in Majesty' in the Siena Duomo.  When he returned to London in mid-1961 this rediscovery of defined, flat shapes, shallow but articulate space and much more vibrant colour informed his new painting. Full of renewed energy as a result of his Italian experiences, he painted prolifically and exhibited widely. He had several one-man shows at the Grabowski Gallery in South Kensington, as well as at St. Catherine's College in Oxford and Belfast University.

The Ealing School of Art: Groundcourse
He started teaching with Roy Ascott on the controversial Groundcourse at Ealing Art College in West London. This was a groundbreaking experiment in radical creative education, starting afresh from 'the ground up ...  throwing out the old preconceptions'. Benjamin, Ascott and the other staff and most of the students were alight with new creative energy and enthusiasm, but the old guard staff and the more conservative authorities were alarmed by what they saw as a dangerous spirit of anarchy. The traditional hierarchical system ("Teachers teach the rules, students follow the rules") was set aside, ignored or trampled on. Pete Townshend was a student on this course. In his autobiography Who I Am'' he refers to the profound influence that this new approach to creativity had on his life and his approach to music. It also had an influence on Benjamin.

The revolutionary Course was not granted the new Diploma in Art and Design (DipAD) so the staff took up an offer to try the new approach outside London at the College of Art in Ipswich. One of the new students was Brian Eno. They were all on the same rebellious wavelength. They quickly became friends and soon started engaging in wide-ranging conversations about the broader nature of all creativity, not just in the visual arts, also about music and 'everything' else as well.

About this time Benjamin was starting to experiment with a new approach to 3-dimensional works. He did not want to follow the conventional sculptural approach of carving and modelling figure like shapes from the usual materials, stone, wood, clay, etc. He admired Henry Moore's work, but he did not want to follow in his footprints. The work was beautiful, but it was stuck firmly in the traditional figurative past. Moore's figures had big holes in them, but they were still Figures.

Benjamin intended to make 'sculpture' that was more relevant to the exciting modern fast-moving, a transient world that was opening up at the time in London. He wanted to use modern materials, coloured plastic, fibreglass, polished metal, stainless steel and bronze.  Intense glowing colour and reflections; amorphous and ambiguous shapes he wanted to create works that crossed the conventional boundaries.  He also started making series of silkscreen prints that used the same vibrant colours and similar shapes as the sculpture.

Working with Nancy Patterson, a Canadian artist and industrial model maker, they started making maquettes for larger pieces, using both the opaque and the transparent, fluorescent coloured Perspex.  Intense heat was used to bend the shiny, expensive and unforgiving material into undulating ribbons that flowed off the rectangular 'bases' that were fixed to the walls. The reflections danced and enchanted viewers. Roland Penrose, director of the ICA, was very supportive and arranged to have the work, which included related paintings shown there in 1966. Norbert Lynton, Dennis Bowen, David Bindman and others wrote enthusiastic reviews. Photographers loved the work. Theatrical celebrity photographer Lewis Morley took some wonderful photos of the work as well as many innovative portraits of Benjamin. Similar shows were held soon after at the Oxford Museum of Modern Art and at the Winchester Contemporary Art Society. Pieces were also shown at the Gimpel Fils Gallery in Davies Street and a show arranged for the new Gimpel & Weizenhoffer Gallery on Madison Avenue in New York.

When Benjamin moved on in 1965 to teach at Winchester College of Art, he managed to convince the reluctant but adventurous head of the college, sculptor Heinz Henges, to accept Eno on the Diploma in Painting Course, although as the authorities later observed when discussing the 'Eno Problem': "Eno was not a Painter, and had no intention of becoming one." He did eventually receive a Diploma for Painting although he never made any actually 'paintings'. He was interested in painting soundscapes, not landscapes.  He and Anthony remained in contact.

In the early 1970s, Eno, as a member of Roxy Music, started developing music using synthesisers.  After a long and enthusiastic conversation about the new possibilities, Anthony was inspired to make some screen prints that paralleled visually the effects that Eno produced with electronics.  Working in partnership with master silkscreen printer, Kevin Harris, the suite of six images they named Roxy Bias was the produced by a complicated method of interchangeable stencils and endless colour proofing. The titles, Ringing Filter, Butterfly Echo, Inverse Echo, Erase Function, Multi–Mode Jitter, all came from the realm of electronic music. The images effectively demonstrated Benjamin's visionary conception and Harris's patience and incredible skill.  Together, they achieved a remarkable partnership. The colours and images vibrated and danced on the surfaces, a visual and joyful equivalent of music creating "maximum visual aggression".  The suite was very successful and won several major graphic prizes the first at the San Paulo Biennale in 1974.

In the late 1990s, after several years of working only in pencil and graphite, Benjamin started painting again in colour on large canvasses inspired by frequent visits to Marrakech, where he became immersed in colour and surrounded by music.

Benjamin was certainly enjoying himself fully when he was working on these late paintings, completely engaged and immersed in the act of painting and bursting with new ideas. He was also revisiting and developing the spatial and colour concepts, and the connection to musical ideas that he had first explored in the 1970s in the Roxy Bias Screen prints, establishing surface rhythms by the use of repeated geometrical shapes that he had discovered in the early Italian Renaissance paintings and used in his own work in the 1960s. He was also using the skill and precision he had learned as an engineering draughtsman at Bell Punch in Hayes Middlesex.

Selected solo exhibitions
 1958 – Paintings & Drawings – Newlyn Art Gallery Newlyn UK
 1960 – Obelisk Gallery, London, UK
 1964 – Paintings – Queen's University Belfast Northern Ireland
 1964 – St. Catherine's College Oxford UK
 1965 – Artist's Prints – Institute of Contemporary Arts ICA London UK
 1966 – Sculpture, Painting, Graphics & Drawing – ICA London UK
 1966 – Paintings – Central Street Gallery Sydney Australia
 1967 – Sculpture, Painting, Graphics & Drawing – Museum of Modern Art Oxford
 1967 – New Works – Winchester Contemporary Art Society UK
 1969 – New Prints – Gimpel & Weitzenhoffer New York USA
 1969 – Sculpture, Painting & Drawing – Comsky Gallery Los Angeles USA
 1970 – Sculpture – Gimpel & Weitzenhoffer New York USA
 1974 – Graphic Work – Foundation Sonja Henei Neils Museum of Modern Art Norway
 1976 – Sculpture & Drawing – Gimpel Fils London UK
 1979 – Graphic Work – Graffiti Gallery Hjo Sweden
 1980 – Borderline Images & Other Work – Rhok Gallery Brussels Belgium
 1981 – Works on Paper – Den Internasjonale Kustuke Ringerikes Norway
 1982 – Sculpture – Atlanta Georgia USA
 1985 – Sculpture & Graphics – Galerie Aeblegaarden Denmark
 1987 – Sculpture & Wallhangings – Art Expo New York USA
 1990 – New Works on Paper – Gimpel Fils London UK
 1992 – A Selection from an Amsterdam Diary – Chelsea Arts Club UK
 1994 – Recent Drawings – Rhok Institut Brussels Belgium
 1999 – Paintings and Etchings – Tate St Ives UK
 2000 – New Works – Elm Hill Contemporary Art Norwich UK
 2002 – A Selection of Works – Belgrave Gallery St Ives UK

Selected public and corporate collections
 Aberdeen Art Gallery UK
 Albright Knox Gallery USA
 Arts Council of Great Britain UK
 Art Gallery of New South Wales Australia
 Art Gallery of Western Australia
 Birmingham City Art Gallery UK
 British Council UK
 Canada Council Art Bank Canada
 Confederation Art Gallery Canada
 Contemporary Art Society UK
 Department of External Affairs Canada
 Essex County Council UK
 Glasgow Museum & Art Gallery UK
 Joseph H Hirschorn Collection USA
 Kestner-Gesellschaft Hanover Germany
 Kirklees Museum Services UK
 Laing Art Gallery UK
 Leeds City Art Gallery UK
 Manchester City Art Gallery
 Museum of Contemporary Art Nagaoka Japan
 Museum of Contemporary Art Skopje Yugoslavia
 Museum of Modern Art New York USA
 National Museum of Art Cracow Poland
 National Museum of Art Warsaw Poland
 Norwich Castle Museum UK
 Reading Art Gallery & Museum UK
 Sheffield City Art Gallery
 Southampton City Art Gallery UK
 Tate Gallery London UK
 University of Calgary Canada
 University of Leicester UK
 University of Liverpool UK
 University of London UK
 University of Manchester UK
 University of Manitoba Canada
 University of Sussex UK
 University of Warwick UK
 Usher Art Gallery Lincoln UK
 Wakefield City Art Gallery UK
 York University UK

Anthony Benjamin's work is held in corporate collections around the world including Rank Xerox UK, U.S. Steele USA, J Walter Thompson UK, Grindlay's Bank UAE, Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce Canada, and NKR Sweden.

See also
 Ealing Art College
 List of St. Ives artists

References

External links

 Erskine, Hall & Coe Gallery
 Obituary in The Guardian
 Obituary in The Independent
 Works by Benjamin in the Tate collection
 British Council Visual Arts Collection – Anthony Benjamin

 Gimpel Fils Gallery – Anthony Benjamin sculptures

20th-century English painters
English male painters
21st-century English painters
21st-century English male artists
St Ives artists
Abstract expressionist artists
Modern painters
1931 births
2002 deaths
English printmakers
Male
British male sculptors
20th-century English male artists

Anthony Benjamin


Patrick Murphy (January 15, 1823 – December 1, 1896) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War and a recipient of the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions at the Battle of Mobile Bay. A native of Ireland, Murphy began his seafaring career as a teenager aboard merchant ships in the North Atlantic and served for two years in the Royal Navy. He joined the U.S. Navy after settling in Erie, Pennsylvania, and sailed the Great Lakes as a petty officer on . During the American Civil War, he served aboard  and distinguished himself in the action at Mobile Bay. He returned to Erie and USS Michigan after the war, continuing on that ship for twenty more years until retiring as a warrant officer.

Early years
Murphy was born on January 15, 1823, in Waterford, Ireland, the son of produce dealer James Murphy (1786–1861) and his wife Ellen Murphy (née Mansfield). He had four siblings: James, Mary, John, and William. At age 14 he began a three-year term as a boy seaman aboard merchant ships sailing to North America. He then joined the Royal Navy, serving two years on the Great Lakes on board .

U.S. Navy service
In 1842, Murphy settled in Erie, Pennsylvania, where he helped outfit the newly built ship Michigan. When the ship was commissioned into the U.S. Navy as  on September 26, 1844, Murphy followed it into the service. He sailed aboard Michigan as a quartermaster for three years, then two years as a captain of the hold, and was subsequently promoted to quarter gunner, boatswain's mate, and, in 1861, acting master's mate. Later in 1861 he left Michigan and joined Admiral David Dixon Porter's fleet as an acting ensign, serving for eight months until illness forced him to return home to Erie for three months of recuperation.

Upon regaining his health, Murphy traveled to New York City and joined  as a boatswain's mate, for service in the American Civil War. At the Battle of Mobile Bay on August 5, 1864, he "performed his duties with skill and courage" despite heavy fire. For this action, he was awarded the Medal of Honor three years later, on October 3, 1867. He later achieved the rank of chief boatswain's mate.

Murphy's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
Served as boatswain's mate on board the U.S.S. Metacomet, during action against rebel forts and gunboats and with the ram Tennessee in Mobile Bay, 5 August 1864. Despite damage to his ship and the loss of several men on board as enemy fire raked her decks, Murphy performed his duties with skill and courage throughout a furious 2-hour battle which resulted in the surrender of the rebel ram Tennessee and in the damaging and destruction of batteries at Fort Morgan.

After the end of the war, Murphy returned to Erie and rejoined USS Michigan in 1865, serving as quartermaster and pilot. He was appointed to the warrant officer rank of boatswain on January 28, 1882, which he held until his retirement in 1885.

Personal life
On December 26, 1845, Murphy married Bridget Calligee of Erie. The couple had two sons: James, who became an actor, and William P., who died in infancy. From 1853 to 1857, Murphy owned and commanded the schooner William Adair in the freight trade. He was a member of the Catholic Church and the Union veterans' organization the Grand Army of the Republic. In addition to his home on East Sixth Street, he owned several other properties in Erie. He died on December 1, 1896, at age 73.

References

External links

1823 births
1896 deaths
Military personnel from Waterford (city)
Irish sailors in the Royal Navy
Irish emigrants to the United States
Irish sailors in the United States Navy
People from Erie, Pennsylvania
People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
Union Navy sailors
Union Navy officers
Irish-born Medal of Honor recipients
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor
19th-century Irish military personnel

Patrick Murphy (Medal of Honor)


Aaron A. Wyn (May 22, 1898 – November 3, 1967), born Aaron Weinstein, was an American publisher.

Wyn's father was Jacob Weinstein, born in 1864 in Russia. His mother, Rebecca Weinstein, was born in 1865 in Russia. The Weinsteins married in 1883 in Russia and had four children, two of whom died young. The family came to America in 1891, where Jacob worked as a cigar packer. Six more children were born in New York City. Jacob became a naturalized alien citizen in 1913.

After graduating in June 1916 from public high school in the Bronx, Aaron took on the name "Aaron A. Wyn, and it was under this name that he enrolled as a Freshman at City College of New York (C.C.N.Y.) in the fall of 1916.

Wyn did not finish college, but in 1919 he got work as a proof reader in the printing industry. By 1930 he was editing pulp magazines for Harold Hersey's Magazine Publishers, in associates with Warren A. Angel. When Hersey departed the company in the summer of 1929, Wyn, after a brief interlude from Harold S. Goldsmith, took charge of the company. Hersey's swastika logo was dropped to be replaced by an ace of spades playing card symbol.

Wyn's company took on the brand names Ace Magazines, Periodical House, and A. A. Wyn's Magazine Publishers. Assisted by his wife, Rose Schiffman Wyn, whom he had married in 1926, he produced titles such as Detective-Dragnet (later changed to Ten Detective Aces), Western Trails, Secret Agent X, and Love Fiction Monthly.

Wyn also published comics between 1940 and 1956 under the Ace Comics name. Some of these were edited by Rose Wyn. Titles included Super-Mystery Comics, Four Favorites, Crime Must Pay the Penalty, and Baffling Mysteries.

Wyn branched out into book publishing in 1945. He founded Ace Books, which specialized in genre paperback books, in 1952.

Wyn was famous for paying his authors as little as he could get away with, which prompted David McDaniel to encode a comment on Wyn into one of his The Man from U.N.C.L.E. novelizations, The Monster Wheel Affair. The first letters of each chapter's title in the book's table of contents, when lined up, spell out "A.A. Wyn is a tightwad".

Wyn remained an observant Jew all of his life. In 1966 he contributed $50,000 to the New York Federation of Reformed Synagogues in support of a Counseling Center for Teenage Drug Addicts.

References

External links
 http://www.pulpartists.com/Wyn.html
 Heitland, Jon. (1987). The Man From U.N.C.L.E. Book: The Behind-The-Scenes Story of a Television Classic.  New York: St. Martin's Press. .
 Tuck, Donald H. (1978). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Volume 2, 471, Chicago: Advent: Publishers, Inc. .

American pulp magazine publishers (people)
American paperback book publishers (people)
1898 births
1967 deaths

A. A. Wyn


Colonel Sir Anthony Coningham Sterling KCB (1805 – 1 March 1871) was a British Army officer and historian, author of The Highland Brigade in the Crimea.

Life
Sterling, eldest son of Captain Edward Sterling, by Hester, daughter of John Coningham of Derry, was born at Dundalk in 1805. John Sterling, the man of letters, was a younger brother.

After keeping some terms at Trinity College, Cambridge, he was on 18 February 1826 gazetted ensign in the 24th Foot. From 21 March 1834 to 5 December 1843 he was a captain in the 73rd Foot, and was then placed on half-pay.
He was on active service during the Crimean campaign of 1854–5, first as brigade major of the Highland brigade and afterwards as assistant adjutant-general to the Highland division, including the battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkerman, and the siege of Sebastopol. He received the medal with four clasps, the order of the Legion of Honour, the Turkish medal, and the fourth class of the Medjidie.

On 17 October 1857 he sold his commission, retiring with the rank of colonel; but during 1858–1859 he was again employed as military secretary to Sir Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde, in the suppression of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, and received a medal with clasp. In 1861 Lord Clyde accused Sterling of wilfully neglecting to insert the name of Colonel Pakenham in a list of persons recommended for reward by the bestowal of the KCB at the close of the mutiny. This led to many letters, which are given in Correspondence concerning Charges made by Lord Clyde against Sir Anthony Sterling, March 1861 (privately printed 1863). He was gazetted CB on 5 July 1855, and KCB on 21 July 1860.

He died at 3 South Place, Knightsbridge, London, on 1 March 1871, having married in 1829 Charlotte, daughter of Major-General Joseph Baird; she died on 10 April 1863.

Works
Sterling was the author of:
Russia under Nicholas I, a translation, 1841
Letters from the Army in the Crimea, written by a Staff Officer, 1857
The Story of the Highland Brigade in the Crimea, founded on Letters written during 1854, 1855, and 1856 by Lieut.-Col. A. Sterling, a Staff Officer who was there, 1895.

References

Attribution

Sources

External links

 Sterling Family Papers. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.

1805 births
1871 deaths
People from Dundalk
Irish soldiers in the British Army
South Wales Borderers officers
Black Watch officers
British Army personnel of the Crimean War
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
19th-century British historians
British male writers
Military personnel from County Louth
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge

Anthony Coningham Sterling


F3: Fun and Frustration is a 2022 Indian Telugu-language romantic comedy movie.

Production
It is written and directed by Anil Ravipudi. It is a standalone sequel to the 2019 movie F2: Fun and Frustration, the second movie in the Fun and Frustration series, and it is produced by Sri Venkateswara Creations. It stars Venkatesh, Varun Tej, Tamannaah, and Mehreen Pirzada, who reprise their roles from the previous movie. It features music composed by Devi Sri Prasad. Dil Raju announced F2's sequel F3 following its success in February 2019. Principal photography of the movie began in December 2020 and completed in January 2021. The movie was shot in Hyderabad. The production and release of F3 were delayed multiple times by the COVID-19 pandemic. The movie was finally theatrically released on 27 May 2022. A sequel titled F4 is also in development and is expected to be released in 2023 or 2024.

Plot
Venky, who works as an agent at a Regional Transport Office in Hyderabad, struggles to meet his ends. His friend Varun Yadav, an orphan, schemes various plans to make money. Venky has night blindness and Varun stutters, however, Venky hides his disability from everyone. Venky, along with his friend, loses a lot of their money after investing in Harika's family restaurant. In a search for money, Varun mistakes Honey (Harika's sister) for a rich woman and plans to marry her. Venky agrees to fund Varun's plan, failing to recognize Honey due to his night blindness.

Venky and Varun take a huge amount of loan from Pala Baby by pledging their property. After spending lakhs of rupees by giving expensive gifts and cash to Honey, they realize their mistake while Harika's family lose all their money in shares. Pala Baby, who worships women, drops his plans to waive off the loan after realizing the guile methods of Harika's family. They all reach the police station to settle their issue. However, CI Nagaraju, an honest policeman who is on the brink of losing his job, hatches a plan to raid his commissioner's house with them to steal the illegally acquired cash and diamonds. They successfully execute their plan and hide the valuables in the boot of a scrap car. While doing so, they also rescue a kidnapped girl.

The following morning, they confess their robbery to the commissioner out of fear. However, the car goes missing and the commissioner threatens their life if they fail to return the stolen amount. When Venky, Varun, Harika and Nagaraju are about to commit suicide, they receive news that billionaire Anand Sharma was looking for his prodigal son.

They all reach his place in Vizianagaram. Venky, Varun, Harika (in a male disguise), and a junior artist hired by Nagaraju present themselves as Anand's son. Unsure of who the right person is, Anand lets everyone stay in his palace. They scheme against each other and utterly fail to impress Anand. All the contenders endure the toughest of the tests given by Anand. As a final effort, Anand announces that whoever brings his F3 toy factory to profits shall be declared as his heir.

Putting their differences aside, all the contenders team up together to create a new kind of toy in order to achieve profit. They develop a set of interactive toys by merchandising popular Telugu film characters, namely, Baahubali, Gabbar Singh, Ajay Krishna, Veera Raghava, Chitti Babu and Pushpa. The sales skyrocket and the factory earns a bumper profit. They together elect Varun and present him to Anand as his rightful heir. Anand, however, reveals that his son died by suicide several years ago after earning money by fraudulent means. Since they have rescued his granddaughter, Anand gave them an opportunity to prove themselves and offers them the profit they earned. Venky, Varun and others realize their mistakes and give up the money.

Later, Anand is kidnapped by his subordidates who demand a ransom of  crore. Venky, Varun and others arrive at the place but they are attacked by the goons. Initially, they try to confuse them but when the plan fails, Venky dresses up as Narappa while Varun as Vakeel Saab and thrash the goons together. When they are trying to leave, the police arrive and arrest everyone. Meanwhile, the thief who stole the car reveals to the commissioner that he sold all the diamonds at a cheap rate mistaking them as regular gemstones. He later gets elected as an MLA with the support of his buyers, and the commissioner who is ousted out of his job joins him as an assistant.

Cast

 Venkatesh as Venky
 Varun Tej as Varun Yadav
 Tamannaah as Harika
 Mehreen Pirzada as Honey
 Rajendra Prasad as C.I. Nagaraju
 Murali Sharma as Anand Prasad
 Sunil as Katthi Seenu
 Sonal Chauhan as American girl
 Ali as Pala Baby
 Sampath Raj as Commissioner Dileep Chandra
 Tulasi as Venky's step mother
 Goparaju Ramana as Venky's father
 Sathvik Varma as Venky's step brother
 Satya as the thief
 Pragathi as Padma, mother of Harika and Honey
 Pradeep Kondiparthi as father of Harika and Honey
 Y. Vijaya as the maternal grandmother of Harika and Honey
 Annapoorna as the paternal grandmother of Harika and Honey
 Vennela Kishore as Junior Artist, Gudivada Gurunatham's son
 Raghu Babu as Venky's companion
 Srikanth Iyengar as Sharma, Anand Prasad's assistant
 Prudhvi Raj as Palace Incharge
 Tanikella Bharani as Police officer
 Gundu Sudarshan as Land owner
 Rajitha as Land Owner's wife
 Vasu Inturi as Honey's driver
 Rajendran as Gudivada Gurunatham
 Srinivasa Reddy as goon's henchmen
 Divya Sripada as Vishal Mitthal's daughter
 Getup Srinu as Bull Chittibabu's breeder
 Duvvasi Mohan as Bull Chittibabu's breeder
 Pooja Hegde as herself (cameo appearance in the song "Life Ante Itta Vundaala")
 Anil Ravipudi as himself (cameo appearance)

References

2020s Indian movies
Telugu-language movies
2022 movies

F3 (movie)


Lovemore Moyo (born 29 January 1965) is a Zimbabwean politician who was Speaker of the House of Assembly of Zimbabwe from 2008 to 2013. He was the National Chairman of the Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai (MDC-T) party led by Morgan Tsvangirai from 2006 to 2018.

Political career
Moyo joined the Zimbabwe African People's Union during the Rhodesian Bush War. He was based in Zambia until 1980. He later joined a political pressure group called Open Forum. He is a founding member of the Forum Party of Zimbabwe. He later founded a political and cultural pressure group Imbavane Yamahlabezulu.

In 1999 Moyo became a founding member of the MDC. He was elected Secretary of the Matabeleland South Provincial Executive and also a National Council Member. In June 2000 he was elected as the member of parliament for Matobo Constituency in Matabeleland South Province. He was a member of the Portfolio Committee on Education, Sport and Culture and on Public Accounts Committee.

In the March 2005 parliamentary election, Moyo was re-elected to represent the same constituency and continued to serve on the Parliamentary Portfolio Committee on Education, Sport and Culture and on Public Accounts. He is also a member of the SADC Parliamentary Forum (SADC PF).

Speaker of the House of Assembly
In 2006, Moyo succeeded Isaac Matongo as National Chairman of the MDC. In the March 2008 parliamentary election, Moyo was re-elected to the House of Assembly as an MDC-Tsvangirai candidate from Matobo North constituency. He received 3,503 votes, defeating Kotsho Dube of ZANU-PF, who received 3,102 votes. When Parliament first met for its new term on 25 August 2008, Moyo was elected as Speaker of Parliament, receiving 110 out of 208 votes in the House of Assembly in a secret ballot. Moyo reportedly received 99 votes from MDC-Tsvangirai faction MPs, seven votes from MDC-Mutambara faction MPs, and four votes from ZANU-PF MPs. ZANU-PF did not present a candidate against Moyo and instead supported Paul Themba Nyathi of the Movement for Democratic Change faction led by Arthur Mutambara.

Following his election as Speaker, Moyo predicted that Parliament would henceforth be a meaningful check on the executive, which would need to "find ways of negotiating with the legislature in order to put through programs". Although he pledged that he would be neutral in presiding over the House of Assembly, he also suggested that he would not set aside the MDC position that Robert Mugabe's re-election in the 2008 presidential election was illegitimate.

References

1965 births
Living people
Speakers of the National Assembly of Zimbabwe
Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai politicians

Lovemore Moyo


Nathalie Nordnes (born 22 November 1984, in Bergen) is a Norwegian singer.  She released her first album on Virgin Records in 2003, and her fourth album in November 2011. Most of her recorded output is sung in English.

Her debut album Hush Hush with guitarist Mads Berven was released in 2003, which included a duet ("Good Times") with Sondre Lerche, whom she had dated.  A video was produced for "Only Because."  The album spent 19 weeks on the Norwegian charts, rising to number 8, and achieved gold status.

Hush Hush was followed by Join Me In The Park in 2005, which included the single "Cars and Boys".  It spent two weeks on the Norwegian charts, reaching number 16.

These first two albums were produced by Hans Petter Gundersen and Kato Ådland.  Gunderson first started working with Nordnes when she was 14, and introduced her to Eirik Johansen at EMI, the parent owner of Virgin Records, which led to her record contract.

Nordnes subsequently parted ways with her record label and released Letters in 2009 on her own label, Oliver Records.  The album was recorded in Italy and produced by Rob Ellis.

Nordnes' fourth album N.N. was released in November 2011. Prior to the album release, the single America was released, with a video filmed in Bergen and New York City that debuted in early October 2011.

Discography
2003: Hush Hush (Virgin Records)
2005: Join Me In The Park (Virgin Records)
2009: Letters (Oliver Records / Bonnier Amigo)
2011: N.N. (Oliver Records)

References

External links

Official Facebook page
Nathalie Nordnes on Myspace

English-language singers from Norway
Living people
1984 births
Musicians from Bergen
21st-century Norwegian singers
21st-century Norwegian women singers

Nathalie Nordnes


Roger Black (born November 24, 1975) is an American insult comedian, actor, voice actor, animator, writer and producer known for his character Yucko the Clown.

Yucko first became a guest on The Howard Stern Show by carrying a Howard Stern sign onto the field during a major league baseball game. At the height of the D.C. sniper attacks in 2002, Roger, dressed as Yucko the Clown, carried a target as he pumped gas at various gas stations around the D.C. area. He later became a regular guest, appearing in the studio and eventually competing and becoming a finalist in the Get John's Job contest.

He is also known for starring in The DAMN! Show along with fellow writer Waco O'Guin and the MTV2 series Stankervision, which included sketches from The DAMN! Show and ran for one season of eight episodes.

O'Guin and Black's animated comedy series Brickleberry, executive-produced by Daniel Tosh, premiered on September 25, 2012, on Comedy Central. The series was canceled in January 2015 and ended in April of that year.

In 2018, Black and O'Guin created the Netflix animated series Paradise PD and in 2022 both worked together to create Farzar, also a Netflix adult animation series.

References

External links

Living people
American stand-up comedians
American male voice actors
1975 births

Roger Black (actor)


Carnival Diablo the Ultimate Sideshow is a travelling sideshow operating primarily in Spencerville, Ontario, Canada. Performances by the troupe follow a traditional Ten-in-One format featuring such acts as fire-eating, sword swallowing and a human blockhead, with show times lasting two and a half hours. Carnival Diablo opened on April Fools' Day 1992 by Scott McClelland, whose family goes back three generations in the carnival and side show business. Shows have been performed across Canada, including shows at The Calgary Stampede, Edmonton's Klondike Days (now K-Days,) Regina's Buffalo Days, and the Canadian Tulip Festival. In 2008 and 2009, Carnival Diablo was a featured act at Carnivàle Lune Bleue, a dedicated revival of a 1930s old-time carnival located in Ottawa, Ontario.

History

Scott McClelland's grandfather, Nicholas Paul Lewchuk, had run and operated Canada's largest travelling sideshow from 1920 through 1968. Starting as a performance show with acts ranging from sword swallowing to an on stage seance, Professor N. P. Lewchuk's Travelling Shows grew to include rides and live animals. Nicholas, whose fascination with magic led to the birth of the sideshow, performed many mental acts himself, with his wife Anastasia acting as the show sword swallower. Starting in 1968, Nicholas Lewchuk maintained the shows as a stationary attraction, until 1987.

Starting early in life, Scott began apprenticing under his grandfather at the age of 13. Scott produced a Vaudeville Show called, Prof. Crookshank's Travelling Medicine Show in 1978 and performed it yearly at the Calgary Stampede, Edmonton's Klondike Days and Regina's Buffalo Days until 1985. He then toured the show to theatres until 1991. Scott was involved with two of Canada's largest haunted attractions. The first, 'The Caine Manor' built in 1981, was where Scott learned the ropes under horror special effects artist Charles Porlier. The second, 'The Black Castle', was a two story horror attraction that featured a thirty-minute journey from beginning to end. It was at this time that Scott began producing a Magic Torture Show featuring black magic illusions such as the Guillotine and a flaming Sword Cabinet. In keeping with the horror theme, these shows were performed by Scott in full zombie costume and makeup.

With the development of a working stage act, Scott invented Carnival Diablo as the Ultimate Sideshow, and began touring Canada in 1992. The act featured special effects combined with real feats and performances. Performers in Carnival Diablo's history have included Strongmen, Grindergirls, Human Pincushions, Sword Swallowers and Bug Eaters. The success of Carnival Diablo has led to appearances on television as well as a cameo appearance by Scott McClelland in the film Wolf Girl.

In the summer of 2010, Carnival Diablo was featured in the "Historical Building" at the Ottawa SuperEx. They had a large exhibit that presented the history of Professor N. P. Lewchuk's Travelling Shows, an exhibit dedicated to "The Machines of Death," and their World of Wonders. Their exhibits placed 3rd overall for "Best Attraction."  Scott also gave nightly lectures on the history of sideshow, as well as his experience as a showman.

Today

In recent years, Carnival Diablo has evolved from a stage show embodying the look and feel of a 19th-century Victorian sideshow to a performance tinged with a more sinister and otherworldly subtext. Today, the Sideshow features various performers fulfilling the Ten-in-One act.

Nikolai Diablo Leading the show, Scott McClelland eats razor blades, drinks boiling water, pierces his tongue with a hook and plays Russian Roulette with a nine-inch construction spike, among other amazing feats.

Ophelia A young Gothic Lolita who dances on broken glass, and lies on a bed of nails, allowing a cinder block to be crushed on her chest.

Volos A demon from Hell who impales himself with needles sharpened to a deadly point, sets an animal leg-hold trap off with his own bare hand, and dines on crickets and worms.

Attractions

Along with the sideshow performances that Carnival Diablo has become famous for, Scott McClelland has created several attractions that have been put on display at several venues, most notably at carnivals such as the Red River Ex, the Calgary Stampede and the Canadian National Exhibition.

Carnival Diablo - The Strangest Show Unearthed  A Big Top Circus Tent Show that embodies the Mystery and Wonder of Carnival Diablo's Sordid World.

The World of Wonders Houses an assortment of strange and obscure objects, promising such marvels as 'The Mummified Prospector', 'The Killer Dummy' and much, much more.

Anastasia the Living Mermaid Hidden away under a carnival tent is a Living Mermaid ready to interact with anyone from within the confines of her tank of water.

The Missing Link The frozen remains of the missing link between Neanderthals and Homosapiens, complete with an archival documentary.

The Paranormal Show: Wunderkammer Scott McClelland is a Parapsychologist and a harbinger of lost secrets, together you will take a journey down the rabbit hole as he explores the weird and exotic world of the Supernatural. Join Scott as he opens the doors to his Wunderkammer, a 17th Century Cabinet of Wonders.

References

External links

Sideshows
Recurring events established in 1992

Carnival Diablo


Charles I or Karl I (, ; 17 August 18871 April 1922) was Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary (as Charles IV, ), King of Croatia, King of Bohemia (as Charles III, ), and the last of the monarchs belonging to the House of Habsburg-Lorraine to rule over Austria-Hungary. The son of Archduke Otto of Austria and Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony, Charles became heir presumptive of Emperor Franz Joseph when his uncle Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated in 1914. In 1911, he married Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma. He is venerated in the Catholic Church, having been beatified by Pope John Paul II on 3 October 2004, and is known to the Catholic Church as Blessed Karl of Austria.

Charles succeeded to the thrones in November 1916 following the death of his grand-uncle, Franz Joseph. He began secret negotiations with the Allies, hoping to peacefully end the First World War but was unsuccessful. Despite Charles's efforts to preserve the empire by returning it to federalism and by championing Austro-Slavism, Austria-Hungary hurtled into disintegration: Czechoslovakia and the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs were proclaimed, and Hungary broke monarchic ties to Austria by the end of October 1918. Following the Armistice of 11 November 1918, Charles "renounced any participation" in government affairs, but did not abdicate. However, the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed the following day, and in April 1919 the National Assembly formally dethroned the Habsburgs and banished Charles from German-Austria for life.

Charles spent the early part of his exile in Switzerland. He spent the remaining years of his life attempting to restore the monarchy. He made two attempts to reclaim the Hungarian throne in 1921; but failed due to the opposition of Hungary's Calvinist regent Admiral Miklós Horthy. Charles was exiled for a second time to the Portuguese island of Madeira, where he soon fell ill and died of respiratory failure in 1922.

Early life

Charles was born on 17 August 1887, in the Castle of Persenbeug, in Lower Austria. His parents were Archduke Otto Franz of Austria and Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony. At the time, his grand-uncle Franz Joseph reigned as Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary. Upon the death of Crown Prince Rudolph in 1889, the Emperor's brother, Archduke Karl Ludwig, Charles' grandfather, was next in line to the Austro-Hungarian throne. However, his death in 1896 from typhoid made his eldest son, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the new heir presumptive.

Archduke Charles was raised a devout Catholic. He spent his early years wherever his father's regiment happened to be stationed; later on, he lived in Vienna and Reichenau an der Rax. He was privately educated, but, contrary to the custom ruling in the imperial family, he attended a public gymnasium (the Schottengymnasium) for the sake of demonstrations in scientific subjects. On the conclusion of his studies at the gymnasium, he entered the army, spending the years from 1906 to 1908 as an officer chiefly in Prague, where he studied Law and Political Science concurrently with his military duties.

In 1907, he was declared of age, and Prince Zdenko von Lobkowitz was appointed as his chamberlain. During the next few years, he carried out his military duties in various Bohemian garrison towns. Charles's relations with his grand-uncle were not intimate, and those with his uncle Franz Ferdinand were not cordial, with the differences between their wives increasing the existing tension between them. For these reasons, Charles, up to the time of the assassination of his uncle in 1914, obtained no insight into affairs of state, but led the life of a prince not destined for a high political position.

Marriage

In 1911, Charles married Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma. They had met as children but did not see one another for almost ten years, as each pursued their education. In 1909, his dragoon regiment was stationed at Brandýs nad Labem in Bohemia, from where he visited his aunt at Franzensbad.

It was during one of these visits that Charles and Zita became reacquainted. Due to Franz Ferdinand's morganatic marriage in 1900, his children were excluded from the succession. As a result, the Emperor pressured Charles to marry. Zita not only shared Charles's devout Catholicism, but also an impeccable royal lineage. Zita later recalled:

Archduke Charles traveled to Villa Pianore, the Italian winter residence of Zita's parents, and asked for her hand; on 13 June 1911, their engagement was announced at the Austrian court. Charles and Zita were married at the Bourbon-Parma castle of Schwarzau in Austria on 21 October 1911. Charles's grand-uncle, the 81-year-old Emperor Franz Joseph, attended the wedding. He was relieved to see the second-in-line to the throne in a suitable marriage, and was in good spirits, even leading the toast at the wedding breakfast. Archduchess Zita soon conceived a son, and Otto was born 20 November 1912. Seven more children followed in the next decade.

Heir presumptive
Charles (his father having died in 1906) became heir presumptive after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (his uncle) in Sarajevo in 1914, the event which precipitated World War I. Only at this time did the old Emperor take steps to initiate the heir-presumptive to his crown in affairs of state. But the outbreak of World War I interfered with this political education. Charles spent his time during the first phase of the war at headquarters at Teschen, but exercised no military influence.

Charles then became a Feldmarschall (Field Marshal) in the Austro-Hungarian Army. In the spring of 1916, in connection with the offensive against Italy, he was entrusted with the command of the XX. Corps, whose affections the heir-presumptive to the throne won by his affability and friendliness. The offensive, after a successful start, soon came to a standstill. Shortly afterwards, Charles went to the eastern front as commander of Army Group Archduke Karl operating against the Russians and Romanians.

Reign

Charles succeeded to the thrones on 21 November 1916 upon the death of his grand-uncle, Emperor Franz Joseph. On 2 December 1916, he assumed the title of Supreme Commander of the Austro-Hungarian Army, succeeding Archduke Friedrich. His coronation as King of Hungary occurred on 30 December. In 1917, Charles secretly entered into peace negotiations with France. He employed his brother-in-law, Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma, an officer in the Belgian Army, as intermediary. However, the Allies insisted on Austrian recognition of Italian claims to territory and Charles refused, so no progress was made. Foreign minister Graf Czernin was only interested in negotiating a general peace which would include Germany; Charles himself went much further in suggesting his willingness to make a separate peace. When news of the overture leaked in April 1918, Charles denied involvement until French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau published letters signed by him. This led to Czernin's resignation, forcing Austria-Hungary to give Berlin full control of its armed forces, factories, and railways.

The Austro-Hungarian Empire was wrecked by inner turmoil in the final years of the war, with escalating tension between ethnic groups. As part of his Fourteen Points, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson demanded that the Empire allow for autonomy and self-determination of its peoples. In response, Charles agreed to reconvene the Imperial Parliament and allow for the creation of a confederation with each national group exercising self-governance. However, the ethnic groups fought for full autonomy as separate nations, as they were now determined to become independent from Vienna at the earliest possible moment.

The new foreign minister Baron Istvan Burián asked for an armistice on 14 October based on the Fourteen Points, and two days later Charles issued a proclamation that radically changed the nature of the Austrian state. The Poles were granted full independence with the purpose of joining their ethnic brethren in Russia and Germany in what was to become the Second Polish Republic. The rest of the Austrian lands were transformed into a federal union composed of four parts: German, Czech, South Slav, and Ukrainian. Each of the four parts was to be governed by a federal council, and Trieste was to have a special status. However, U.S. Secretary of State Robert Lansing replied four days later that the Allies were committed to the political independence of the Czechs, Slovaks and South Slavs, and that autonomy inside the Empire was no longer enough. In fact, a Czechoslovak provisional government had joined the Allies on 14 October, and the South Slav national council declared an independent South Slav state on 29 October 1918.

Trialism and Croatia
From the beginning of his reign, Charles l favored the creation of a third Croatian political entity in the Empire, in addition to Austria and Hungary. In his Croatian coronation oath in 1916, he recognized the union of the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia with Rijeka and during his short reign supported trialist suggestions from the Croatian Sabor and Ban; however, the suggestions were always vetoed by the Hungarian Parliament, which did not want to share power with other nations. After Emperor Charles's manifesto of 14 October 1918 was rejected by the declaration of the National Council in Zagreb, President of the Croatian pro-monarchy political party Pure Party of Rights Dr.  with other parliament members and generals went to visit the emperor on 21 October 1918 in Bad Ischl, where the emperor agreed and signed the trialist manifesto under the proposed terms set by the delegation, on the condition that the Hungarian part does the same since he swore an oath on the integrity of the Hungarian crown. The delegation went the next day to Budapest where it presented the manifesto to Hungarian officials and Council of Ministers who signed the manifesto and released the king from his oath, creating a third Croatian political entity (Zvonimir's kingdom). After the signing, two parades were held in Zagreb, one for the ending of the K.u.K. monarchy, which was held in front of the Croatian National Theater, and another one for saving the trialist monarchy. The last vote for the support of the trialist reorganization of the empire was, however, too late. On 29 October 1918, the Croatian Sabor (parliament) ended the union and all ties with Hungary and Austria, proclaimed the unification of all Croatian lands and entered the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. The curiosity is that no act of Sabor dethroned King Charles IV, nor did it acknowledge the entering in a state union with Serbia, which is today mentioned in the preamble of the Constitution of Croatia.

The Lansing note effectively ended any efforts to keep the Empire together. One by one, the nationalities proclaimed their independence; even before the note the national councils had been acting more like provisional governments. Charles's political future became uncertain.  On 31 October, Hungary officially ended the personal union between Austria and Hungary. Nothing remained of Charles's realm except the predominantly German-speaking Danubian and Alpine provinces, and he was challenged even there by the German Austrian State Council. His last Austrian prime minister, Heinrich Lammasch, advised him that he was in an impossible situation, and his best course was to temporarily give up his right to exercise sovereign power.

Proclamations of November 1918

On the day of the Armistice of 11 November 1918, Charles issued a carefully worded proclamation in which he recognized the Austrian people's right to determine the form of the state and "relinquish[ed] every participation in the administration of the State." He also released his officials from their oath of loyalty to him. On the same day, the Imperial Family left Schönbrunn Palace and moved to , east of Vienna. On 13 November, following a visit with Hungarian magnates, Charles issued a similar proclamation—the Eckartsau Proclamation—for Hungary.

Although it has widely been cited as an "abdication", the word itself was never used in either proclamation. Indeed, he deliberately avoided using the word abdication in the hope that the people of either Austria or Hungary would vote to recall him. Privately, Charles left no doubt that he believed himself to be the rightful emperor. He wrote to Friedrich Gustav Cardinal Piffl, the Archbishop of Vienna:

Instead, on 12 November, the day after he issued his proclamation, the independent Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed, followed by the proclamation of the First Hungarian Republic on 16 November. An uneasy truce-like situation ensued and persisted until 23 to 24 March 1919, when Charles left for Switzerland, escorted by the commander of the small British guard detachment at Eckartsau, Lieutenant Colonel Edward Lisle Strutt.

As the imperial train left Austria on 24 March, Charles issued another proclamation in which he confirmed his claim of sovereignty, declaring that:

The newly established republican government of Austria was not aware of this "Manifesto of Feldkirch" at this time—it had been dispatched only to King Alfonso XIII of Spain and to Pope Benedict XV through diplomatic channels—and politicians in power were irritated by the Emperor's departure without explicit abdication.

The Austrian Parliament responded on 3 April with the Habsburg Law, which dethroned and banished the Habsburgs. Charles was barred from ever returning to Austria. Other male Habsburgs could only return if they renounced all intentions of reclaiming the defunct throne and accepted the status of ordinary citizens. Another law passed on the same day abolished all nobility in Austria. In Switzerland, Charles and his family briefly took residence at Castle Wartegg near Rorschach at Lake Constance, and later moved to Château de Prangins at Lake Geneva on 20 May.

Attempts to reclaim throne of Hungary

Following the restoration of the Kingdom of Hungary, encouraged by Hungarian royalists ("legitimists"), Charles sought twice in 1921 to reclaim the throne of Hungary, but failed largely because Hungary's regent, Admiral Miklós Horthy (the last commander of the Imperial and Royal Navy), refused to support Charles's restoration. Horthy's action was declared "treasonous" by royalists. Critics suggest that Horthy's actions were more firmly grounded in political reality than those of Charles and his supporters. Indeed, neighbouring countries had threatened to invade Hungary if Charles tried to regain the throne. Charles however, had come to an agreement with the French prime minister and foreign minister Aristide Briand (who had supported Charles' peace efforts in 1917) regarding a Habsburg restoration in Hungary, which meant no invasion would have occurred. In the event of the attempt failing, Briand would deny all involvement, which he indeed did during both attempts. Later in 1921, the Hungarian parliament formally nullified the Pragmatic Sanction, an act that effectively dethroned the Habsburgs in Hungary.

Exile in Madeira, Portugal, and death

After the second failed attempt at restoration in Hungary, Charles and his pregnant wife Zita were arrested by the Hungarian authorities and imprisoned in Tihany Abbey. On 1 November 1921 they were transported down the Danube aboard the gunboat HMS Glowworm, across the Black Sea on the cruiser , and on 19 November 1921 they arrived at their final exile, the isolated, heavily guarded Portuguese island of Madeira.

The couple and their children, who joined them on 2 February 1922, lived first at Funchal at the Villa Vittoria, next to Reid's Hotel, and later moved to a modest residence in Quinta do Monte.

Charles never left Madeira. On 9 March 1922 he caught a cold in town, which developed into bronchitis and progressed to severe pneumonia. Having suffered two heart attacks, he died of respiratory failure on 1 April, in the presence of his wife (who was pregnant with their eighth child) and nine-year-old former Crown Prince Otto, remaining conscious almost until his last moments. His last words to his wife were "I love you so much." He was 34 years old. His remains except for his heart are still on the island, resting in state in a chapel devoted to the Emperor in the Portuguese Church of Our Lady of the Mount, in spite of several attempts to move them to the Habsburg Crypt in Vienna. His heart and the heart of his wife are entombed in Muri Abbey, Switzerland.

Legacy

Historians have been mixed in their evaluations of Charles and his reign. In the interwar period, he was celebrated in Austria as a military hero. When Nazi Germany took over it made his memory into that of a traitor. For decades after 1945, both popular and academic interest practically disappeared, but attention has slowly returned.

Helmut Rumpler, the head of the Habsburg commission of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, described Charles as "a dilettante, far too weak for the challenges facing him, out of his depth, and not really a politician." Others have seen Charles as a brave and honourable figure who tried to stop the war in which his Empire was drowning.
Anatole France, the French novelist, stated:
This war without end is criminal. What is abominable is that they do not want to end it. No, they do not want. Do not try to tell me that there was no way to end it. Emperor Charles offered peace; he is the only decent man to have appeared in this war, and he was not listened to. There was, through him, a chance that could have been seized... Clemenceau called the emperor a "rotten conscience," it's ignoble. Emperor Charles sincerely wanted peace, and therefore was despised by the whole world. [...] A king of France, yes a king, would have had pity on our poor, exhausted, bloodlet nation. However democracy is without a heart and without entrails. When serving the powers of money, it is pitiless and inhuman.

Paul von Hindenburg, the German commander in chief, commented in his memoirs:He tried to compensate for the evaporation of the ethical power which emperor Franz Joseph had represented by offering völkisch reconciliation. Even as he dealt with elements who were sworn to the goal of destroying his empire he believed that his acts of political grace would affect their conscience. These attempts were totally futile; those people had long ago lined up with our common enemies, and were far from being deterred.

Beatification

Catholic Church leaders have praised Charles for putting his Christian faith first in making political decisions, and for his role as a peacemaker during the war, especially after 1917.

The cause or campaign for his canonization began in Vienna in 1949. On 25 April 1951, the cause was transferred to Rome, and Charles was declared "servant of God", the first step in the process. At the beginning of the cause for canonization in 1972 his tomb was opened and his body was discovered to be incorrupt.

On 14 April 2003, the Vatican's Congregation for the Causes of Saints, in the presence of Pope John Paul II, promulgated Charles of Austria's "heroic virtues". Charles thereby acquired the title "venerable". On 21 December 2003, the Congregation certified, on the basis of three expert medical opinions, that a miracle in 1960 occurred through the intercession of Charles. The miracle attributed to Charles was the scientifically inexplicable healing of the Polish-born Brazilian Sister Maria Zita Gradowska of the Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul. Sister Maria Zita had suffered from pains in her legs since her youth, and later on would suffer from problems with her venous circulation and swellings, for which she was repeatedly treated over the years, but her health issues would not go away for good. In 1957 she became the Mother Superior of Santa Cruz Hospital in Canoinhas, but the pains in her right leg also gradually became worse. By the end of 1960 she was unable to leave her bed. Despite wanting to resign her position as Mother Superior because of this, she was unable to, as there was an insufficient number of sisters.

Around this time, another sister, who was an assistant of Sister Maria Zita, received printed leaflets about the life of Emperor Karl, which included prayers for his beatification. Naturally, Sister Maria Zita was also informed, however, as she did not care much for the Habsburg dynasty, she did not do anything with this information. She told the other sisters that her bedridden state and the coming absence of another sister worried her, and she was again advised to ask for the intercession of the Emperor, but she did not plan on doing so. That evening however, when lying in bed, she was unable to sleep because of the excruciating pain in her right leg. It is then that she decided to say a prayer of intercession and promised to start the next day with a novena to beg for the grace of beatification for the Servant of God. After praying, she did not feel the pain anymore and was able to easily fall asleep. From then on she was able to resume her duties as Mother Superior and would not suffer from any health problems with her legs for the rest of her life.

Pope John Paul II declared Charles "Blessed" in a beatification ceremony in St. Peter's Square on 3 October 2004. The Pope also declared 21 October, the date of Charles's marriage in 1911 to Princess Zita, to be Charles's feast day. At the ceremony, the Pope stated:

The main points of Pope Benedict XV's peace plan were: (1) the moral force of right ... be substituted for the material force of arms, (2) there must be simultaneous and reciprocal diminution of armaments, (3) a mechanism for international arbitration must be established, (4) true liberty and common rights over the sea should exist, (5) there should be a renunciation of war indemnities, (6) occupied territories should be evacuated, and (7) there should be an examination of rival claims. The best outcome to the war, according to Pope Benedict XV, was an immediate restoration of the status quo without reparations or any form of forced demands.  Although the plan seemed unattainable due to the severity of the war thus far, it appealed to Charles, perhaps as a way to fulfill and preserve his role as Catholic Emperor of Austria and Apostolic King of Hungary. The beatification nevertheless raised controversy over the mistaken claim that Charles authorised the use of poison gas by the Austro-Hungarian Army during World War I. The Emperor actually forbade its use.

Pope John Paul II, who was born Karol Józef Wojtyła, was named after Karl. During a private audience with Archduke Rudolf (Karl's son), his sons and their families and Empress Zita (whom the Pope addressed as ''his Empress'' and bowed his head before) he told them the following:

From the beginning, Emperor Charles conceived of his office as a holy service to his people. His chief concern was to follow the Christian vocation to holiness also in his political actions. For this reason, his thoughts turned to social assistance.

On 31 January 2008, after a 16-month investigation, a Church tribunal recognized a second miracle attributed to Charles I. A "devout Baptist" from Orlando, Florida was allegedly cured after several recent converts to Roman Catholicism in Louisiana prayed for Charles's intercession.

In 2011, the League of Prayers for the promotion of Charles's cause set up a website, and Cardinal Christoph Schönborn of Vienna has sponsored the cause. One of Charles's granddaughters, Princess Maria-Anna Galitzine, has been a prominent figure in the campaign for sainthood.

Quotes

 "Now, we must help each other to get to Heaven." Addressing Empress Zita on 22 October 1911, the day after their wedding.
 "I am an officer with all my body and soul, but I do not see how anyone who sees his dearest relations leaving for the front can love war." Addressing Empress Zita after the outbreak of World War I.
 "I have done my duty, as I came here to do. As crowned King, I not only have a right, I also have a duty. I must uphold the right, the dignity and honor of the Crown.... For me, this is not something light. With the last breath of my life I must take the path of duty. Whatever I regret, Our Lord and Savior has led me." Addressing Cardinal János Csernoch after the defeat of his attempt to regain the Hungarian throne in 1921.
 "I must suffer like this so my people will come together again." Spoken in Madeira, during his last illness.
 "I can't go on much longer... Thy will be done... Yes... Yes... As you will it... Jesus!" Reciting his last words while contemplating a crucifix held by Empress Zita.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles
 17 August 1887 – 28 June 1914: His Imperial and Royal Highness Archduke Charles of Austria, Royal Prince of Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia
 28 June 1914 – 21 November 1916: His Imperial and Royal Highness The Archduke of Austria-Este
 21 November 1916 – 3 April 1919: His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty The Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of Hungary and Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia

Honours

Postage stamp
On 30 December 1916, Hungary issued a postage stamp featuring Charles as part of a series commemorating his coronation.

Children
Charles and Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma had eight children together.

Ancestry

See also
 List of heirs to the Austrian throne

Notes

Further reading

 G. Brook-Shepherd, The Last Empress: The Life & Times of Zita of Austria-Hungary, 1892–1989, 1991. .
 Coulombe, Charles, Blessed Charles of Austria: A Holy Emperor and His Legacy, (TAN Books, 2020).
 Hopwood, Robert F. "The Conflict between Count Czernin and Emperor Charles in 1918." Austrian History Yearbook 4 (1968): 28–43.
 Mason, John W. The Dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, 1867-1918 (Routledge, 2014).
 Valiani, Leo. The End of Austria-Hungary (London: Secker & Warburg, 1973).
 Wawro, Geoffrey. A Mad Catastrophe: The Outbreak of World War I and the Collapse of the Habsburg Empire (2015).
  Bernhard A. Macek, Kaiser Karl I. Der letzte Kaiser Österreichs. Ein biografischer Bilderbogen, Sutton Erfurt, 2012. .
  Flavia Foradini, Otto d'Asburgo. L'ultimo atto di una dinastia, mgs press, Trieste: 2004. .

External links

 Blessed Emperor Charles League of Prayers
 Robert Rill: Charles I, Emperor of Austria, in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.

1887 births
1922 deaths
20th-century emperors of Austria
20th-century archdukes of Austria
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
20th-century venerated Christians
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Austrian beatified people
Austrian exiles
Austrian expatriates in Portugal
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Beatifications by Pope John Paul II
Burials in Madeira Island
Burials in Switzerland
Charles University alumni
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Grand Crosses of the Military Order of Max Joseph
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House of Habsburg-Lorraine
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People from Persenbeug-Gottsdorf
Roman Catholic royal saints
Recipients of the Order of Franz Joseph
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)
Recipients of the Order of Bravery, 2nd class
Venerated Catholics by Pope John Paul II
Austrian monarchists
Deaths from pneumonia in Portugal
Deaths from respiratory failure
Dethroned monarchs
Habsburg monarchs of Bohemia
Kings of Hungary
Kings of Croatia
Monarchs of Galicia and Lodomeria
Royalty of Austria-Hungary

Charles I of Austria


Zeka Laplaine (born 1960), sometimes credited as José Laplaine, is a director and actor from Ilebo in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The child of a Portuguese father and Congolese mother, he moved to Europe when he was 18. His 1996 short film Le Clandestin was featured at the 2010 Amakula International Film Festival in Uganda. He portrayed a cowboy alongside Danny Glover in Death in Timbuktu, a film within a film in the Council of Europe Film Award-winning film, Bamako. Laplaine is a member of France's "Guilde Africaine des Realisateurs et Producteurs".

Laplaine's first short film was Le Clandestin, which he wrote, directed and acted in (playing a policeman in charge of a container dock in Lisbon). A French production set in Portugal, Le Clandestin examines African emigration and questions the dream of Europe as a "Northern Paradise" for immigrants.

Filmography

Actor

References

Sources

Bibliography

External links

Democratic Republic of the Congo film directors
1960 births
Living people

Zeka Laplaine


Edward Reno Fullerton (April 7, 1931 – May 28, 2015) was an American football halfback and defensive back. He was selected in the fourth round of the 1953 NFL Draft and played one season in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Maryland Terrapins at the University of Maryland.

Playing career
Fullerton graduated from West View High School in Pittsburgh in 1949. He attended college at the University of Maryland where he played football from 1950 to 1951.

In the 1952 Sugar Bowl, billed by The Washington Post as the second "game of the century", 3rd-ranked Maryland faced "General" Robert Neyland's 1st-ranked Tennessee Volunteers. Fullerton scored the first touchdown of the game by rushing into the end zone to cap a 56-yard drive. Soon after, Maryland quarterback Jack Scarbath pitched to Fullerton who then threw a six-yard pass to Bob Shemonski for another touchdown. In the fourth quarter, Fullerton returned an interception 46 yards for another touchdown. Today, that pick-six is the second-longest return allowed by Tennessee in a bowl game, the first-longest being by another Terrapin, Curome Cox in the 2002 Peach Bowl.

In 1952, Fullerton rushed for a career-high of 107 yards against in-state rival Navy.

He was selected in the fourth round of the 1953 NFL Draft by the San Francisco 49ers (46th overall). Fullerton instead went on to play for the Pittsburgh Steelers. He played one game in 1953, but compiled no statistics.

After the NFL, he served in the United States Air Force as a lieutenant for two years in which he played and coached football at Bolling Air Force Base. Upon his discharge from the Air Force in January 1956, he was hired at as an assistant coach his alma mater by Tommy Mont. He served as an assistant coach there from February 1956 to 1958. As of 2001, he was living in his hometown of Pittsburgh.

He died on May 28, 2015, in McCandless, Pennsylvania.

References

1931 births
2015 deaths
Players of American football from Pittsburgh
Maryland Terrapins football players
American football halfbacks
American football defensive backs
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Maryland Terrapins football coaches
United States Air Force officers
American military sports players

Ed Fullerton


IEEE 1675-2008 was a standard for broadband over power lines developed by the IEEE Standards Association.  It provided electric utility companies with a comprehensive standard for safely installing hardware required for Internet access capabilities over their power lines.

The standard was published 7 January 2008. The IEEE 1901 standard was another related attempt published in 2011.

See also

Power-line communication

External links

 IEEE P1675 Official site

IEEE standards

IEEE 1675-2008


A coracle is a small, rounded, lightweight boat of the sort traditionally used in Wales, and also in parts of the West Country and in Ireland, particularly the River Boyne, and in Scotland, particularly the River Spey. The word is also used of similar boats found in India, Vietnam, Iraq, and Tibet. The word coracle is an English spelling of the original Welsh , cognate with Irish and Scottish Gaelic , and is recorded in English text as early as the sixteenth century. Other historical English spellings include corougle, corracle, curricle and coricle.

Structure

The structure is made of a framework of split and interwoven willow rods, tied with willow bark. The outer layer was originally an animal skin such as horse or bullock hide (corium), with a thin layer of tar to waterproof it; today replaced by tarred calico, canvas, or fibreglass. The Vietnamese/Asian version of the coracle is made of interwoven bamboo and made water proof by using resin and coconut oil. Oval in shape and very similar to half a walnut shell, the coracle has a keel-less flat bottom to evenly spread the load across the structure and to reduce the required depth of water; often to only a few inches. This structure helps to make the boat more maneuverable and less likely to snag when used on narrow and/or shallow slow-running waterways.

Each coracle is tailored to the local river conditions. In general there is one design per river, but this is not always the case. The Teifi coracle, for instance, is flat-bottomed, as it is designed to negotiate shallow rapids, common on the river in the summer, while the Carmarthen coracle is rounder and deeper, because it is used in tidal waters on the Tywi, where there are no rapids. Teifi coracles are made from locally harvested wood: willow for the laths (body of the boat), hazel for the weave ( in Welsh. Tywi coracles have been made from sawn ash for a long time. The working boats tend to be made from fibreglass these days. Teifi coracles use no nails, relying on the interweaving of the laths for structural coherence, whilst the Carmarthen ones use copper nails and no interweaving.

They are an effective fishing vessel because, when powered by a skilled person, they hardly disturb the water or the fish, and they can be easily manoeuvred with one arm, while the other arm tends to the net; two coracles to a net. The coracle is propelled by means of a broad-bladed paddle, which traditionally varies in design between different rivers. It is used in a sculling action, the blade describing a figure-of-eight pattern in the water. The paddle is used towards the front of the coracle, pulling the boat forward, with the paddler facing in the direction of travel.

The Welsh Coracle is intended to be carried on the back; Welsh saying is  (load of a man is his coracle).

History

Designed for use in swiftly flowing streams, the coracle has been in use in the British Isles for millennia, having been noted by Julius Caesar in his invasion of Britain in the mid first century BC, and used in his military campaigns in Spain. Remains interpreted as a possible coracle were found in an Early Bronze Age grave at Barns Farm near Dalgety Bay, and others have been described, from Corbridge and from near North Ferriby.

Where coracle fishing is performed by two coraclers the net is stretched across the river between the two coracles.  The coraclers will paddle one handed, dragging the net in the other, and draw the net downstream. When a fish is caught, each hauls up an end of the net until the two boats are brought to touch, and the fish is then secured, using a priest (or knocker – a small block of wood) to stun the fish.

A new tax was introduced in 1863 on the commercial capture of migratory fish in Wales; this led to a decline in the number of coracles. During the 1930s, the government decided to begin revoking the licences of commercial fisher families on the death of the main licensees. It took some years for this plan to be completed but eventually led to a more significant decline in the number of craft.

In the 1920s and 30s James Hornell visited hundreds of rivers in the British Isles to talk with remaining coracle makers and users. He documented the tradition in his book British Coracles and the Curraghs of Ireland (The Society for Nautical Research, 1938) containing drawings, diagrams and construction details gleaned from regular makers.

Current Status
Coracles are now seen regularly only in tourist areas of West Wales, and irregularly in Shropshire on the River Severn. A public house in Sundorne, Shrewsbury called "The Coracle" has a pub sign featuring a man using a coracle on a river. The Welsh rivers Teifi and Tywi are the most common places to find coracles in Wales. On the Teifi they are most frequently seen between Cenarth, and Cilgerran and the village of Llechryd.

In 1974, a Welsh coracle piloted by Bernard Thomas (c. 1923–2014) of Llechryd crossed the English Channel to France in  hours. The journey was undertaken to support a claim that Bull Boats of the Mandan Indians of North Dakota in the US could have been copied from coracles introduced by Prince Madog in the 12th century.

For many years until 1979, Shrewsbury coracle maker Fred Davies achieved some notability amongst football fans; he would sit in his coracle during Shrewsbury Town FC home matches at Gay Meadow, and retrieve stray balls from the River Severn. Although Davies died in 1994, his story is still associated with the club.

The Coracle Society
The Coracle Society is a UK-based organisation was founded in 1990 by its former president, Sir Peter Badge (1921–2020). The five founding aims of the Society were:
To promote the knowledge of coracles, curraghs and allied craft, their making and use, and also their study and collection,
To take all reasonable steps to support the continuance of fishing involving the use of coracles and to encourage the holding of coracle regattas, races and the like,
To publish a newsletter as a means of communication between all those interested in coracles,
To use its best endeavours to obtain supplies of materials for the construction of coracles, and
To promote demonstrations, courses, exhibitions, discussions and lectures relating to coracles.

The current president of the Society is Irving Finkel, Assistant Keeper in the Department of the Middle East at the British Museum, who is known for decoding a cuneiform tablet detailing Noah's Ark – the description of which resembles a very large coracle. The current Society chairperson is Jude Pilgrim, a committee member of the Heritage Lottery Fund. She recently played an instrumental part in setting up the Ironbridge Coracle Trust, formed to save the Eustace Rogers coracle hut in Ironbridge from demolition.

There are many Society members across the country who demonstrate at events and/or run coracle building courses, helping meet the Society's founding aims. A list of some of this year's events can be found on the official Coracle Society website.

The Society was present at the 2005 Shrewsbury River Festival, where they displayed various coracles on the River Severn. There is also an annual coracle regatta held in Ironbridge on the August Bank Holiday Monday every year. Organised by the Green Wood Centre until 2014 and the Ironbridge Coracle Trust from 2015, it is run on an informal basis whereby anyone with a coracle can take part in the event. Each year new entrants come with coracles made on the Bank Holiday weekend at the Green Wood Centre.

Members of the Society support the annual world championship coracle races in Shrewsbury, which raises funds in support of Macmillan Cancer Support.

In 2010, the Society celebrated its 20th anniversary with a number of events, including a morning of talks at the National Coracle Centre in Cenarth. In 2015, the Society celebrated its 25th anniversary at its founding home of St Fagans National History Museum. Events included a talk from Irving Finkel about his experiences decoding the Noah tablet and making the accompanying Channel 4 documentary. The Society also supported the return of coracles and coracle regattas to Welshpool in 2015.

Safety
The design of the coracle makes it an unstable craft. Because it sits "on" the water, rather than "in" it, the vessel can easily be carried by currents and the wind. The Coracle Society has published guidelines for safely using coracles.

Similar craft

The oldest instructions yet found for construction of a coracle are contained in precise directions on a four-thousand-year-old cuneiform tablet supposedly dictated by the Mesopotamian god Enki to Atra-Hasis on how to build a round "ark". The tablet is about 2,250 years older than previously discovered accounts of flood myths, none of which contain such details. These instructions depict a vessel that is today known as a  (), or Iraqi coracle.

Many scholars believe that the basket that baby Moses was cast adrift in on the Nile (in Exodus 2:3) was in fact a coracle or quffa, based on the similarity of that passage to Neo-Assyrian legends depicting infants cast adrift on rivers in .

The Irish  (also  or ) is a similar, but larger, vessel still in use today. Curachs were also used in the west of Scotland:

The currachs in the River Spey were particularly similar to Welsh coracles. Other related craft include:

 India –
 Iraq –  or
 Native American societies – bull boat
 Tibet – ku-dru and kowas
 Vietnam –  or

Indian coracle
Indian coracles ( ; , , , , 'crab') are commonly found on the rivers Kaveri and Tungabhadra in Southern India. Coracles are light, bowl-shaped boats with a frame of woven grasses, reeds or saplings covered with hides. Indian coracles are considered to have been in existence since prehistoric times, and are a major tourist attraction at the Hogenakkal falls on the Kaveri river. Although these boats were originally designed for general transport, they have recently been used mostly for giving tourists rides.

Types
The coracles found in the Hogenakkal are of two types, which differ mainly in size. The smaller ones are about 6.2 feet (1.9 metres) in diameter, and are used primarily for fishing. The larger ones, which measure up to 8.4 feet (2.6 metres) in diameter, are used for tourists.

Design
Indian coracles are either saucer or bowl shaped and circular, with the greatest diameter across the mouth. The circular coracles in Iraq are very similar, but they have convexly curved sides, and thus the mouth is not the widest part. Indian coracles are on average about 7.3 feet (2.24 metres) in diameter, but can still hold eight people at a time. Other kinds of coracles usually can only hold one person. Indian coracles, and coracles in general, are made of bamboo and take about a day to build, given all the necessary materials. The bottoms of the boats are covered in hides, sometimes with sheets of plastic, or sometimes the bottom is tarred in order to make them waterproof. In modern times, a sheet of LDPE plastic is often embedded between two layers of bamboo. Coracles are steered and propelled using a single paddle from the front of the boat in the direction of travel, making them unique.

Construction
The boats are made primarily from bamboo. The first step in construction is a basic framework woven from bamboo sticks. Then the bottom is further reinforced with the addition of more bamboo sticks, making the boat's base sturdy. Once the bottom is structurally sound, the lowest points of the sides are defined by a circumferential band of three flat strips of bamboo woven into the existing lattice. The sides of the boat are then made with 20 to 30 adjacent strips of bamboo. Finally this framework is again strengthened by lightweight bamboo, making sure that the sides are not heavier than the base.

The boats had earlier been waterproofed by using hides of animals, but these days plastic sheets are used for this purpose as they are cheaper as well as easily available. The waterproofing is further enhanced by a layer of tar, a feature which is common in most contemporary coracles.

Local names
 , sometimes spelt  – Tamil
  or  – Kannada
  in Telugu
  in Malayalam

Iraqi coracle

Iraqi coracles, called  or  (), have been used as ferries, lighters, fishing vessels, and water taxis on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers since at least the 9th century BC. They share details with the myriad types of coracle used across Eurasia. Modern  can be up to 18 feet (5.5 m) in diameter and carry four to five tons. Modern  are of similar size and construction as their ancient counterparts, with both being made from woven bundles of reeds or basketry waterproofed with bitumen.

Vietnamese coracle
The Vietnamese battle coracle, called  or , dated back to the 10th century, is traditionally believed to have been created by a general named Tran Ung Long to be used in battles. However, thuyen thung were probably strongly developed during the French colonial period when the colonialists imposed high taxes on seafaring, local fishermen built coracles to avoid the regulations on boats.

See also
 Currach
 Fishing coracle
 Kuphar
 Kayak
 Umiak

References

External links

The official website of The Coracle Society
BBC Legacies – Coracles article
World of Boats (EISCA) Collection ~ Parisal from Tamil Nadu, Southern India
Historical note from the Coracle Society of Wales
Brief history and design principles

Indigenous boats
History of Wales
Transport in Wales
History of Shropshire
River Severn
Celtic culture

Coracle


The Bray Place in Louisville, Kentucky refers to the early farmstead and home built in 1796 by Major Samuel E. Bray and his wife, Nancy Lyle Bray from Virginia. The  was granted by Thomas Jefferson (through William Fleming) to Bray as payment for serving in the Revolutionary War and surveying what was then Virginia. It was bordered by what is now Bardstown Road, Goldsmith Lane and Hikes Lane.  The original neighbors were Edward Hikes, Andrew Hikes, and John & Lucy Speed who were parents of Joshua & James Speed. Abraham Lincoln visited the area in August, 1841 for 3 weeks after breaking his engagement with Mary Todd due to her parents' disapproval of the match.  The visit to Farmington and the neighboring Bray family restored his happiness and was known to be one of the happiest times of his life.

The property is listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

Building details
The two-story home is of the same architectural style (Federal) as nearby Farmington Historic Home which was built a few years later in 1815 (and has the same setback from Bardstown Road).

The house and land have seen several changes over their lifetime. A front addition to reorient the house to face Bardstown Road was created in 1820. A front porch was added in 1890. A back porch conversion from a laundry room and servant's quarters into a structure to house the latest invention (an automobile) was made in 1914. The sun-room built off the original south-facing front door was added in 1920. Parts of the property were parceled off and sold due to pressure for suburban growth after World War II.  Seneca High School and Goldsmith Elementary School were built on parcels from the farm in the 1950s. More land was sold off due to demand from the ever-growing suburbs and it was eventually reduced to roughly 2 and a half acres to create a remnant green space in its suburban context.  A rain garden, extensive landscaping, along with structural improvements and cosmetic enhancements were made in 2007–2008.

Since Samuel Bray the house has also seen several changes in ownership: Milton Smith (President of L&N RR)and his wife Anna in 1885; George Scoggan (1888) who turned it into a horse farm which produced several Ky Derby contestants and a Derby winner ("Lookout" in 1893); the MODYS family (1977) who had connections to Farmington & placed the home on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980; the Sanders family (1996) who helped it become a Bellarmine Showcase Home; and Cynthia Cooke (2007) who made many improvements to the land and house and turned it into Bashford Manor Bed and Breakfast (www.bashfordmanor.com).

It is on the National Register of Historic Places.

This home is one of the oldest surviving residences within the Louisville City limits.  The structure consists of 3 sections of various construction dates which combine to create a very unusual and aesthetic architectural work.  It is a significant element of the community both architecturally and historically.

The original Bray dwelling was a two-story, 3 bay brick Federal structure with an asymmetric façade built c1796. The staircase in this section leads to the attic.  The front door faced Beargrass Creek to the south, now leading into a 1920 sun-room addition. The main block of the house oriented to face Bardstown Road is a Federal I type structure.  The construction date of this section is 1820, funded by the original Samuel Bray family.  It is typical of the Federal farmhouse, with a five bay, symmetrical façade and a hall-parlor plan.  The one story front porch was added c1890 by the George Scoggan family, who transformed the farm in 1888 to a horse farm/stable and thoroughbred training facility. The Victorian-style addition of c1890 is the back 1-story 3 room addition, connected on the east wall of the original structure. All parts of the house contain most of their original features, included presses that flank the fireplaces in the original section of the house.

Ownership
Samuel Bray died c1845.  He was a merchant and land investor, farmer and legislator, serving in 1820 on the Kentucky State Legislature.

The property went to his unmarried daughter, Nancy Chenoweth Bray, who held the farm until her death in the last months of the Civil War, February, 1865.  The Farm was requisitioned as a Union encampment part of that time. Photos of civil war carvings on a huge old tree found on the property are featured in Mary Garry and Irma Raque's upcoming area history book.

Nancy Bray's sister, Evalina Bray, married Dr. Samuel Shipp, and inherited the property in 1865, to raise their family here until selling it to neighbor Milton Smith, President of the L&N Railroad, and wife, Annette in 1885.

In 1888, the Smiths sold the farm to George Scoggan in whose family it remained until 1977.  George produced many Derby contenders including the famous first winner of the Futurity in 1888, Proctor Knott,  the 2:1 Derby favorite of 1889...  "the best bred horse in America".

A visit by Jesse James brother, Frank James, on Derby Eve 1889 to this home altered the race outcome to his advantage.  Records indicate his influence on the jockey to throw the race in favor of 10:1 odds horse, Spokane.  James bet $5000 to win on Spokane.  The track also bet this method, while the populace bet on Proctor Knott.  It was the largest attendance to date and the fastest track to date.  Proctor Knott was false started twice to race an eighth mile down the track and back, then after the race began, was run against the outside rail when Spokane ran the inside rail to win by only a nose.

George Scoggan's daughter, Mary, married Alonzo Jones in 1893, a year before George died, and the couple raised five children at the house.

Modern times
Several neighboring historic homes were razed after World War II for commercial and residential development, particularly in the 1970s. Betty and Robert Modys bought it in 1977 and placed it on the National Register of Historic Places in August, 1980 (Betty was the Director of Farmington, historic home of the Speed Family, north-west neighbors of the Bray Family). The home was thus saved from post war developers who could have placed 14 homes around it. This property is the last of the area's horse farm manor houses and is protected and sustainable now as a fashionable Bed & Breakfast.

The Modys Family sold to the Sanders in 1996, who opened the home as the Bellarmine University Women's Council Show House that year.  They recently sold the home (November 2007) to educator and preservationist, Cynthia Cooke.

The Bray Family history research is still underway.  Letters written extensively in the 1830s are on file in the Filson Club and more information is sought, especially location of the horse and family grave yards, the surveys discovered in the attic and family photos and stories.

See also
 List of attractions and events in the Louisville metropolitan area
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Jefferson County, Kentucky

References

http://www.bashfordmanor.com
https://web.archive.org/web/20071022150921/http://hellolouisville.com/HistoricPlaces.Cfm
The Filson Club, Louisville, Ky

Hall and parlor houses
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky
Federal architecture in Kentucky
Houses completed in 1796
Houses in Louisville, Kentucky
1796 establishments in Kentucky
National Register of Historic Places in Louisville, Kentucky
18th-century buildings and structures in Louisville, Kentucky

Bray Place


The San Juan Marriott Resort & Stellaris Casino is a hotel and casino located on the beach in Condado, San Juan, Puerto Rico. It is operated by Marriott International.

History

The hotel was designed by architects Osvaldo L. Toro and Miguel Ferrer and opened on October 4, 1963 as the Puerto Rico-Sheraton Hotel. Directly on the beach in Condado, it boasted an Olympic-sized swimming pool.  Sheraton sold the property to the San Juan Dupont Plaza Corp. of Delaware in 1979 and it was renamed the Dupont Plaza Hotel.

On December 31, 1986, the Dupont Plaza was the site of the second deadliest hotel fire in U.S. history, started by disgruntled employees in the middle of a labor/salary dispute. The fire claimed 97 lives and left 140 people injured. The San Juan Dupont Plaza Corp renovated the hotel in 1988, at a cost of $9 million, and renamed it the Palm Hotel and Casino. A reopening was announced for early 1989, but it was cancelled on December 19, 1988, when the Puerto Rican government refused to grant the hotel an operating permit, because the owners had only installed sprinklers in the hotel's first three floors, and not throughout the entire building.

A massive federal trial over the fire began in San Juan on March 15, 1989. It was one of the largest personal damages trials in US history up to that point, with $1.7 billion sought by 2,300 plaintiffs from 250 defendants, including a maze of corporations and subsidiaries involved in the property's ownership. AIG, a lead insurance underwriter supplying coverage for the blaze, ended up acquiring title to the shuttered hotel in June 1989, as part of the settlement of claims arising from the fire.

In October 1992, AIG announced plans to completely renovate the hotel at a cost of $130 million and rebrand it as a Marriott. The hotel reopened on February 16, 1995, as the San Juan Marriott Resort & Casino. It was later renamed slightly, becoming the San Juan Marriott Resort & Stellaris Casino. AIG sold the hotel to Rockwood Capital in August 2011 for $133 million. Rockwood Capital resold it in May 2017 to an unnamed Chinese buyer for $184 million.

Facilities
The San Juan Marriott has 525 hotel rooms and a casino. In addition, the hotel has 8 meeting rooms with a total of  of meeting space.

See also

 List of hotels in Puerto Rico

References

External links

 Official Site

1963 establishments in Puerto Rico
Condado (Santurce)
Hotels in San Juan, Puerto Rico
Casinos in Puerto Rico
Hotel buildings completed in 1963
Hotels established in 1963
Hotels established in 1995
Casino hotels
Sheraton hotels


Memorial Day is a national holiday in the United States. It is also a state holiday in many states. The holiday honors troops who have died in past wars like World War I and the Korean War. It was founded by U.S. Army General John A. Logan, who fought in the Civil War and the Mexican–American War.

Memorial Day was first held in 1865 after the American Civil War. It was called Decoration Day at that time. The holiday was first called Memorial Day in 1882, and became a federal holiday in 1967. On June 28, 1968, the United States Congress made a law that said that the official Memorial Day holiday is May 30, but that Memorial Day was to be observed by federal employees as a paid holiday on the last Monday in May.

Memorial Day is thought of by many Americans as being the start of summer.

Memorial Day