Geoffrey Lancaster  (born 20 August 1954) is an Australian classical pianist and conductor. Born in Sydney, he was raised in Dubbo, New South Wales before moving to Canberra.  He attended the Canberra School of Music where he studied piano with Larry Sitsky. He also studied at the Sydney Conservatorium of Music, graduating with a Doctor of Philosophy, and also completed a master's degree at the University of Tasmania. In 1984, he moved to Amsterdam to study fortepiano with Stanley Hoogland at the Royal Conservatory of The Hague. In 1996 he was a professor at the Royal College of Music in London, following which he worked at the School of Music at the University of Western Australia. He was a professor of the ANU School of Music from 2000 until 2012. Now based in Perth, he is Professor of the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts at Edith Cowan University.

Life and career
Lancaster is an expert in historical performance practice of the works of Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven and has appeared as concerto soloist and conductor with all of the major Australian orchestras including the symphony orchestras of Queensland, Melbourne, Sydney and Tasmania, the Australian Chamber Orchestra, as well as the Tafelmusik Baroque Orchestra, Toronto. He has toured Germany, Switzerland, China and Japan as soloist with leading international orchestras including the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra, Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra, Gürzenich Orchestra of Cologne, New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, and the Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra. He also tours Australia for Musica Viva Australia. He has worked extensively with the German conductor Markus Stenz, as well as with Bruno Weil, Sir Charles Mackerras, Gustav Leonhardt, and Nikolaus Harnoncourt.

Lancaster also works with smaller orchestras including the Canberra Symphony Orchestra and La Cetra Barockorchester Basel as both soloist and conductor.  He is artistic director of the Ensemble of the Classic Era.

Geoffrey Lancaster is also a professor of music and teaches 18th Century Performance Practice, piano, harpsichord and fortepiano. From 1999 to 2009 he taught at the Australian National Academy of Music, University of Melbourne. He was Head of the Keyboard Department at the Australian National University, and a member of the ANU Academic Board.  He continues his research and teaching at the UWA School of Music and the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts and as a member of the Academic Board of Edith Cowan University.  He also teaches at the Schola Cantorum Basiliensis.

Recordings
Geoffrey Lancaster has recorded 51 CDs with major labels including the Sony Classical label, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Tall Poppies, and Supraphon.

Awards and recognition
Geoffrey Lancaster has received many significant awards. In 1986, he won the 23rd Festival of Flanders International Mozart Fortepiano Competition in Belgium, becoming the first Australian to win a major international keyboard competition.

In 1993, Geoffrey Lancaster was awarded the $240,000 four-year Australian Artists Creative Fellowship by Paul Keating and the Australia Council for his outstanding artistic contribution to the nation.

In 2000, Lancaster was awarded the "H. C. Coombs Creative Arts Fellowship" at the Australian National University.
In 2006, in recognition of his inspirational role as musician and mentor, Geoffrey was named Australian of the Year for the Australian Capital Territory, as part of the National Australia Day Awards.  He also received the University of Tasmania Distinguished Alumni Award, for service to the community.  He was appointed Honorary Professor of the University of Tasmania in 2007, and elected a Fellow of the Australian College of Educators (FACE). He is an Honorary Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities.
In recognition of his contribution to the arts and music education, he was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia in 2006. He was promoted to Officer of the Order of Australia in the 2022 Australia Day Honours for "distinguished service to the arts, particularly music, through education, performance, research and philanthropy".

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987.

!
|-
| 1992
| Fortepiano
|rowspan="4" | Best Classical Album
|
|rowspan="4" |
|-
| 1993
| Mozart Sonatas for Fortepiano
|
|-
| 2002
| Haydn: Keyboard Sonatas Volume 1
|
|-
| 2010
| Haydn: Complete Keyboard Sonatas, Vol. 1
|
|-

References

External links
 WAAPA site
 Australian of the Year site

Australian classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Australian fortepianists
ARIA Award winners
Australian conductors (music)
Officers of the Order of Australia
1954 births
Living people
Australian performers of early music
Australian harpsichordists
Sydney Conservatorium of Music alumni
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
Academic staff of Schola Cantorum Basiliensis
Australian LGBT musicians
LGBT classical musicians
Royal Conservatory of The Hague alumni
21st-century conductors (music)
21st-century classical pianists
Academic staff of the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts
21st-century Australian male musicians
21st-century Australian musicians

Geoffrey Lancaster


Gene were a British rock band that rose to prominence in the mid-1990s. Formed in 1993, they were categorized by the UK music press as a Britpop band and often drew comparisons to the Smiths because of similarities to Morrissey in the demeanor and lyrical style of lead singer Martin Rossiter. Gene's music was influenced by the Jam, the Smiths, the Style Council and the Clash.

History

The Go Hole and Sp!n
Gene's origins lie in a previous band which was first called The Go Hole, named after a fictional "Beat" club in John Clellon Holmes' novel Go. They released Flight of Angels on Big Pop in 1987. They later renamed Sp!n when they became a four-piece. The band was formed in 1987 by Lee Clark (vocals/guitar) and Darryl James Walton (bass). However, their collaboration was short-lived as Walton was soon replaced by John Mason on bass, with Matt James (Wrigley) joining soon afterwards on drums. Walton would take the role of band manager from this point on.  Their first single, recorded in the same studios as The Ruts' "In a Rut", appeared on Walton's Big Pop Record label. A John Peel session fuelled their early success, where they mixed with the music and artistic community in Camberwell mingling with members of The House of Love, My White Bedroom, and Vic Reeves and Bob Mortimer. Walton would organize and negotiate many of the group's gigs, contracts and press especially later when they were a four-piece.  After 18 months Clark, Mason and James invited John's brother Steve Mason to play lead/rhythm guitar and thereby freeing Clark to focus on vocals.

Two singles, "Scratches (In the Sand)" and "Let's Pretend" were released in 1990 and 1991 respectively as an album had been recorded with Stephen Street as producer. Then, Sp!n were involved in a road accident. John Mason suffered a serious head injury and went into an 11-day coma. Walton was also hurt. The day prior to the accident, Clark had offered his resignation in a letter to the rest of the band, due to his dissatisfaction with the way that Walton, and their record label Foundation, were guiding its course. "The final straw for me," stated Clark, "was calling the Sp!n album In Motion - a play on word-association which was so naff, that it beggared belief."  A further EP, titled Hot Blood, was released in late 1991. The music press ceased to portray the band as new and vibrant, instead substituting headlines of road crashes and injuries, necessitating an overhaul of the band.

John Mason, disappointed with the music business and his ideals of The Clash, Crass and independence overlooked for the limited vision of those caught up in legal wrangling, went on to become a writer. Clark briefly recorded demos with Andrew "Snake" Newton, who had been the live sound engineer for Sp!n, then gave up music to become a primary school teacher. Clark felt he was increasingly too old to become a rock star and decided to play and record only in his own bedroom and indeed returned to this after a hiatus of about ten years.

Wanting to continue together in a band, Steve Mason and James recruited bass player Kevin Miles, who had a long association with the band. After seeing Watford-based Welshman Martin Rossiter cross the floor of a club, Mason approached him and they began to talk. Their meeting ended with Rossiter handing out his business card ("Martin Rossiter: Soothsayer to the Stars") and Mason asking Rossiter if he would like to audition with the band. Rossiter appeared on Sp!n's last demos as "Martin T. Falls" (a nod to the Mancunian band The Fall) shortly before the band decided to adopt the name Gene.

Breakthrough
By the time NME journalists Keith Cameron and Roy Wilkinson encountered Gene, the band had already gained some live experience and written several songs. Cameron and Wilkinson were impressed enough to form independent record label Costermonger with the sole purpose of promoting Gene to a wider audience.  Their double A-sided debut single "For The Dead" / "Child's Body" was released on Costermonger in May 1994. The single received a great deal of attention from the music press: Select named it "Single Of The Month", whilst NME made it their "Single of the Week".

The limited edition of 1,994 copies sold out in two days. Numerous live shows followed. Gene's performance in support of Pulp at London's The Forum was hailed by the NME as/a breakthrough performance. "Gene have just played third on the bill and willed the crowd into treating them like headliners who are very, very big indeed", said NME. "He [Martin] has made people love him, and now he's loving every minute of it."

With Gene already developing a devoted fan following, a new single was planned to consolidate their popularity. The second single, a triple A-side consisting of "Be My Light Be My Guide", "This Is Not My Crime" and "I Can't Help Myself" was released on 1 August 1994 via Costermonger. Melody Maker awarded "Be My Light Be My Guide" its "Single Of The Week".

Popular success
After achieving the top spot in the UK indie chart and number 54 in the UK Singles Chart, the band played their first UK headlining tour, that included a show at London's Paradise Club which sold out immediately, with 800 people in the venue. The plaudits had not gone unnoticed by the big record companies and Gene eventually signed a deal with Polydor Records. For many observers, this was to prove a turning point for the band. After a successful appearance at the Reading Festival, the band released their third single "Sleep Well Tonight", just prior to embarking on a large national tour, preceded by several sold-out French dates.

Featuring strongly in both critics and readers end of year polls, Gene were the recipients of the inaugural NME Brat Award for 'Best New Act', and as such played at the sold out Brat Award ceremony at the London Astoria. They adorned the covers of both the NME and Melody Maker, who voted them their 'Brightest Hope' for 1995. Their fourth single, "Haunted By You", became the band's second Top 40 hit (reaching number 32), whilst their debut LP Olympian reached number 8 in the UK Albums Chart following a plethora of excellent reviews. The album also gained Gene their first silver disc, recording sales of over 70,000 in the UK alone, and when the final single from the album was released ("Olympian"), it went into the Top 20 of the UK Singles Chart.

The summer and autumn of 1995 were spent touring the world, including a well-received performance at Glastonbury Festival, headlining Reading Festival, a tour of Japan and Europe and then a foray into the US. With Christmas looming, the band entered the studio again for pre-production on their new album, scheduled for release the following year. 1996 began with a remixed "For the Dead" which subsequently became Gene's biggest hit (peaking at number 14 in the Top 40), leading to their debut appearance on Top of the Pops. To See The Lights, an LP of rarities, live tracks, radio sessions and acoustic versions of singles, was released in January and reached the number 11 spot in the album chart. A national tour was undertaken during most of the same month, culminating in two sell-out London shows at Shepherd's Bush Empire and the Astoria.

In anticipation of their second studio LP, October 1996 saw the release of "Fighting Fit", an up-tempo rock song which reached number 22. The start of 1997 heralded the release of "We Could Be Kings", another epic rock song which again proved to be popular, reaching number 18. The LP Drawn to The Deep End (1997), takes its name from a "Fighting Fit" B-side, and it revealed a lavish production replete with strings, far more prominent guitar solos from Mason, and a rather warbling vocal affectation from Rossiter. The album showed some measure of musical development from the band, which was reflected by the inclusion of a keyboardist in their live shows (Grand Drive's Julian Wilson [1996-98, 2004], former Style Council keyboardist Mick Talbot [1999-2001], Marcus Brown [2001], and Angie Pollack [2003-2004]), and the fact that Rossiter was starting to master the art of singing live whilst playing the keyboard for some songs. Lyrically speaking, the dominating themes of the album were loneliness and deep yearning. Indeed, Rossiter was in the depths of depression during the making of the album and the songs resulting from this period remain some of the band's most powerful work. Drawn to the Deep End was another critical success, with Q magazine awarding it four stars. Like its predecessor, the album entered the top 10 of the album chart, and subsequent singles, "Where Are They Now?" and "Speak to Me Someone" both made the top 40, at 22 and 30 respectively.

Arguably the defining moment of the band's career came in March 1997, when they played with a full orchestra to a sell-out audience at the Royal Albert Hall. Transmitted on Radio 1, the event was commemorated by the release of two live EPs in tandem with the last two singles from Drawn to the Deep End. They also played in Hong Kong that year as part of the festivities of the UK's ceding the island back into Chinese hands.

By late 1997, Rossiter in particular had gained some press attention in his newfound status as a minor celebrity. He had already appeared as a guest on Never Mind the Buzzcocks and various articles speculated on his sexuality (much to Rossiter's bemusement. As he told Sorted magazine: "I've never hidden the fact that I've slept on both sides of the bed and people find that very odd that I was quite happy to say 'yeah, I'm bisexual and it doesn't really matter.") He also hit the headlines due to a war of words between Rossiter and comedian Paul Kaye which culminated in Rossiter headbutting Kaye in a nightclub.

Revelations and leaving Polydor
1998 served as a fallow year for the band, used for writing new material as well as a few low-key shows and events such as Radio 1's Sound City. In fact, the most newsworthy article about Gene during that year was of Martin Rossiter's 'drastic' change in image. Gone were the suit jackets with white shirts and the floppy side-parted hair, in favour of the mod-like Fred Perry polo shirts, jeans and a very short haircut. The new look was to be reflective of the band's rockier forthcoming studio LP, Revelations. On their return from relative wilderness, it appeared that Gene had lost a lot of their prestige during their year out of the limelight, and were no longer the golden boys of the indie scene.  First off the LP, released in February 1999, was a Jam-like political single called "As Good As it Gets", which entered the charts at number 23 to lukewarm reviews. Revelations was released that March to very mixed reviews; the NME awarded it 5/10, concluding that the album was "pretty thin on the ground".

Revelations carries some political songs, such as the aforementioned "As Good As it Gets", "The British Disease" and "Mayday". Rossiter, who had an occasional political spot on BBC Radio Five Live, launched a vitriolic critique of New Labour's first term in office. The album charted disappointingly at number 23, and the second single from the album, "Fill Her Up", charted at number 37 that April. Despite a successful and comprehensive tour around the country, again selling out many venues, as well as making a successful appearance at the Reading Festival of that year, Gene and Polydor parted ways. The band felt somewhat undermined by their label's lack of support and failure to market the album adequately. As Rossiter explained: "Only when we got to Gretna Green did we realize that Polydor had disembarked at Crewe." Whilst the band made the best of Revelations''' raw, live sound during the album's promotion, as well as the fact that the recording of the album took less than a month to complete (the marketing literature said it was in order to best convey the energy apparent from their live shows), after the split they claimed that they could have made it a better album had they been given more time by their label.

Artistic freedom and Libertine
Despite the lack of the support of a major record label, Gene spent a good portion of 2000 touring the world, which climaxed in a sell-out tour of the US. One of their shows, at the Los Angeles venue Troubadour, was broadcast over the internet in what was then a record-breaking webcast, screened to at least 60,000 people worldwide. Only two months after the recording of that show, Gene released Rising for Sunset, a live album recorded from that Troubadour show. The webcast and album were promoted with a pioneering international internet-only campaign resulting in 40k units sold upon its universal release. As well as rehearsing the band's hits, they released two new tracks, "Rising For Sunset" and "Somewhere in the World"; promising songs that bode well for their next studio LP and marking a return to the romance of their more popular tracks.

That album, entitled Libertine, was released in October 2001 on Gene's own label, 'Sub Rosa Records'.

Split
Despite further successful live shows in subsequent years including a set at the Morrissey-curated Royal Festival Hall Meltdown Festival in June 2004, Gene opted for an amicable split later that year. Gene's last live performance was on 16 December 2004 at the London Astoria.

The band members have all continued to work in music. Roy Wilkinson went on to manage the band then known as British Sea Power, while Snake Newton went on to mix an assortment of acts including Duran Duran, Sugababes, Pet Shop Boys and Snow Patrol.

In the third week of January 2008, all four members of Gene briefly took to the stage again for their ex-manager Jerry Smith's 50th birthday party. They performed five songs at the 100 Club in London: "Be My Light, Be My Guide", "For The Dead", "Where Are They Now?", "London, Can You Wait?" and "Olympian".

Reissues
In January 2014, all four studio albums plus To See the Lights were reissued in double disc deluxe editions containing extra materials (demos, out-takes, radio versions and live). Drummer Matt James discussed the re-releases and the history of the band with UK music website The Mouth Magazine.

In 2020 a box-set Gene: The Albums was released, compiling the previous 2014 re-issues plus live album Rising For Sunset into a single 8-disc or 9-CD package. An abridged double album entitled Yours For The Taking - the best of Gene was released simultaneously, at a more accessible price point.

Discography
Studio albums
 1995 Olympian - UK No. 8
 1997 Drawn to the Deep End - No. 8
 1999 Revelations - No. 25
 2001 Libertine - No. 92

Live album
 2000 Rising for Sunset - No. 118

Compilation albums
 1996 To See the Lights - No. 11
 2001 As Good As It Gets: The Best Of 2006 The Collection 2006 The John Peel Sessions 2020 Gene: The Albums 2020 Yours For The Taking - the best of Gene''

Singles
 1994 "For the Dead" / "Child's Body" UK - No. 86
 1994 "Be My Light, Be My Guide" / "This Is Not My Crime" / "I Can't Help Myself" - No. 54
 1994 "Sleep Well Tonight" / "Sick, Sober And Sorry" / "Her Fifteen Years" - No. 36
 1995 "Haunted by You" / "Do You Want To Hear It From Me" / "How Much For Love" - No. 32
 1995 "Be My Light, Be My Guide" / "I Can't Help Myself"
 1995 "Olympian" / "I Can't Decide If She Really Loves Me" / "To See The Lights" - No. 18
 1995 "Still Can't Find the Phone" / "I Can't Decide If She Really Loves Me" / "Don't Let Me Down" (Germany)
 1996 "For the Dead" / "Child's Body" / "Sick, Sober & Sorry (Live - Helter Skelter 6/7/95)" (re-issue) - No. 14
 1996 "Fighting Fit" / "Drawn To The Deep End" / "Autumn Stone" - No. 22
 1997 "We Could Be Kings" / "Dolce & Gabbana Or Nowt" / "Wasteland" - No. 17
 1997 "Where Are They Now?" / "Cast Out In The Seventies" / "Nightswimming" - No. 22
 1997 "Speak to Me Someone" / "As The Bruises Fade" / "The Ship Song" - No. 30
 1999 "As Good As It Gets" / "Toasting The Union" / "Man On Earth" - No. 23
 1999 "Fill Her Up" / "Pass On To Me" / " Touched By The Hand Of Havoc " - No. 36
 2001 "Is It Over?" / "Supermarket Bombscare" / "Little Diamond" / "Who Said This Was The End?" - did not chart
 2001 "Does He Have a Name?" / "From Georgia To Osaka" / "Welcome To Dover" / "With Love In Mind" / "Does He Have A Name?" (promo)
 2004 "Let Me Move On" / "Is It Over?" / "With Love In Mind" / "If I'm A Friend" - No. 69

References

External links
 Gene: Why We Split, from BBC 6 Music
 Live review of Gene gig in Portsmouth

Britpop groups
English alternative rock groups
Musical groups established in 1993
Musical groups disestablished in 2004

Gene (band)


Holly Wilson (née Montag) (born September 15, 1983) is an American founder and CEO of an addiction rehabilitation center for women, and former television personality and actress. After moving to Los Angeles, California in 2008, Montag developed a supporting position on the reality television series The Hills, on which her younger sister Heidi Montag was a primary cast member. In 2009, she replaced Heidi and Heidi's husband Spencer Pratt on the second season of the American version of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!, both of whom had quit after generating controversy on the series. Holly placed sixth on the show.

Early life and education
Montag was born in Silver Spring, Maryland. When she was four years old, her family moved to Crested Butte, Colorado.

After her parents were divorced, Montag's mother married Tim Egelhoff and they had a son, Sky. The Egelhoffs owned The Timberline restaurant in Crested Butte for twenty-one years until its closing in 2010.

Her father Bill Montag remarried to Terri O'Hara. Montag's step-brother Eric O'Hara died in 2008 after falling from an icy roof.

In 2002, she attended the University of Colorado Boulder on an academic scholarship and graduated with a bachelor's degree in film studies.

Montag moved to Los Angeles in 2008 to pursue a career in acting, writing and directing.

Career

Television
In 2009, Montag was a contestant on the reality series I'm a Celebrity…Get Me out of Here! as a replacement for her sister Heidi Montag and brother-in-law Spencer Pratt.

Stage
In 2008, Montag appeared in the small stage production of Fame in Los Angeles. She began pursuing a career as a comedian in early 2010.

Personal life
Montag married Richie Wilson in September 2014. They live in Boulder, Colorado. Montag is the founder and CEO of Women's Recovery, a women's drug and alcohol rehabilitation center in Colorado.

Montag and Wilson have one child, Isaiah Hawk Wilson born May 3, 2015.

References

External links

1983 births
21st-century American comedians
Female models from Maryland
Living people
Participants in American reality television series
The Hills (TV series)
People from Gunnison County, Colorado
University of Colorado alumni
American women comedians
American people of German descent
21st-century American women

Holly Montag


Matt Spanos (born December 31, 1984) is a former Canadian and American football guard. He played college football at Southern California.

Early years
Spanos graduated from Corona High School where he played on the defensive line as well.

College career
Spanos played all thirteen games as a redshirt sophomore. He would have started in 2006 as an offensive tackle but was academically ineligible.

Spanos started nearly every game (he only missed the first three due to an injury) at center He was selected for the Pacific-10 Conference honorable mention team.

Professional career

Pre-draft
He was invited to the 2008 NFL Combine.

Miami Dolphins
He signed a free agent contract with the National Football League's Miami Dolphins on May 19, 2008. However, he was waived by the Dolphins during final cuts on August 30 and spent the season out of football.

Dallas Cowboys
Spanos was signed to a future contract by the Dallas Cowboys on January 12, 2009. He was waived on July 2, 2009.

San Francisco 49ers
Spanos was signed by the San Francisco 49ers on July 31, 2009. He was later released by the team on September 5, 2009

Hamilton Tiger-Cats
On October 20, 2009, Spanos was signed by the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League, and added to their practice roster. He was released on June 24, 2010.

References

External links
USC Trojans bio

Players of American football from Corona, California
American football offensive guards
American football centers
USC Trojans football players
Miami Dolphins players
Dallas Cowboys players
San Francisco 49ers players
1984 births
Living people
Arizona Rattlers players
Omaha Nighthawks players
Sacramento Mountain Lions players
San Jose SaberCats players
Orlando Predators players
Los Angeles Kiss players

Matt Spanos


A noise weighting is a specific amplitude-vs.-frequency characteristic that is designed to allow subjectively valid measurement of noise. It emphasises the parts of the spectrum that are most important.

Usually, noise means audible noise, in audio systems, broadcast systems or telephone circuits. In this case the weighting is sometimes referred to as Psophometric weighting, though this term is best avoided because, although strictly a general term, the word Psophometric is sometimes assumed to refer to a particular weighting used in telecommunications.

A major use of noise weighting is in the measurement of residual noise in audio equipment, usually present as hiss or hum in quiet moments of programme material. The purpose of weighting here is to emphasise the parts of the audible spectrum that our ears perceive most readily, and attenuate the parts that contribute less to our perception of loudness, in order to get a measured figure that correlates well with subjective effect.

The ITU-R 468 noise weighting was devised specifically for this purpose, and is widely used in broadcasting, especially in the UK and Europe. A-weighting is also used, especially in the United States, though this is only really valid for the measurement of tones, not noise, and is widely incorporated into sound level meters.

In telecommunication, noise weightings are used by agencies concerned with public telephone service, and various standard curves are based on the characteristics of specific commercial telephone instruments, representing successive stages of technological development. The coding of commercial apparatus appears in the nomenclature of certain weightings. The same weighting nomenclature and units are used in military versions of commercial noise measuring sets.

Telecommunication measurements are made in lines terminated either by the measuring set or an instrument of the relevant class.

See also
A-weighting
ITU-R 468 noise weighting
Equal-loudness contour
Noise pollution
Weighting filter
Psophometric weighting

References

Noise

Audio engineering
Sound
Acoustics

Noise weighting


Adenocarpus ombriosus is a species of flowering plant in the Faboideae subfamily that is endemic to El Hierro of the Canary Islands, where it can be found on the elevation of  and .

Population
In 2004 there were only 339 individuals that existed. Eight of those were found in El Salvador, one in Hoya de Arinés, 290 in Hoya de Fileba and another 40 in Jinámar province. As of 2007 the population decreased by 2 in El Salvador but increased by 2 in Jinámar. Meanwhile, the population of Adenocarpus ombriosus in Hoya de Arinés gone to zero, and in Hoya de Fileba it was decreased by almost a half (141 individuals).

References

Genisteae
Flora of Africa
Endemic flora of the Canary Islands

Adenocarpus ombriosus


Werner Kuhn is a professor of Geographic Information Science at University of California, Santa Barbara. He served as the Director of the UCSB Center for Spatial Studies, and is one of the founding members of the Vespucci Initiative for Advancing Geographic Information Science, organizing annual summer schools and specialist meetings.

Biography
Between 1991 and 1996, Prof. Dr. Kuhn was an assistant professor in the Department of Geoinformation at the Technical University Vienna in Austria where he worked in the group of Prof. Andrew U. Frank. Before, Kuhn was a post-doctoral researcher at the US National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA) at the University of Maine, USA. He got his doctorate in 1989 from ETH Zurich, Switzerland in Surveying Engineering with a thesis on sketch-based geometric modeling,  and his Venia Legendi (Habilitation) in Geographic Information Science from the Technical University Vienna in 1995.

Scientific community
Dr. Kuhn was an elected member of the Council of AGILE (Association of Geographic Information Laboratories in Europe, from 1998 to 2002), the international member of the Research Management Committee of the Canadian GEOIDE network (from 2001 to 2003), the Technical Director Europe of the Open GIS Consortium (from 1998 to 2001), and an Austrian delegate to CEN TC 287 on Geographic Information (from 1992 to 1995).  Dr. Kuhn is a co-founder of the COSIT conference series. He is a member of several editorial boards of peer reviewed international journals, such as the Semantic Web journal (SWJ), Applied Ontology (AO), Spatial Cognition and Computation (SCC), the International Journal of Spatial Data Infrastructures Research (IJSDIR) and the Journal of Spatial Information Science (JOSIS).

Further reading

External links
 Kuhn's webpage at University of California, Santa Barbara
 Kuhn's webpage at University of Muenster, Germany
 Werner Kuhn at Google Scholar

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
University of California, Santa Barbara faculty
Geographic information scientists

Werner Kuhn (professor)


The Declaration of Arbroath is a declaration of Scottish independence, made in 1320. It was a letter sent to Pope John XXII, dated 6 April 1320. The declaration confirmed Scotland's status as a independent, sovereign state and defended Scotland's right to use military action when unjustly attacked. The letter was signed at Arbroath by eight earls and thirty-one barons.

Background

When King Alexander III of Scotland died in 1286, his heir was his granddaughter Margaret, Maid of Norway. In 1289, King Edward I of England negotiated to have his son, Edward II of England become her husband and share the crown of Scotland.  But Margaret died on her way from Norway to Scotland in 1290. This began a period in Scotland called the First Interregnum (1290–1292). Scotland was without a monarch. Edward I stepped in to choose who would be king from among the candidates who had any claim to the throne. He chose John of Scotland. But, Edward treated the Scottish king badly. When King John tried to break free, Edward put him in prison, then allowed him to live in France. In 1296 Edward invaded Scotland with his army to take everything for himself. Scotland remained without a king until 1306 when Robert the Bruce declared himself king of Scotland defying Edward I. Just before doing this, Robert the Bruce had been involved in a dispute with John Comyn. The two met before the altar in Greyfriars Church in Dumfries in 1306 and a fight broke out. John Comyn was killed and Robert the Bruce was crowned king three weeks later at Scone. Accused of murdering Comyn, the Bruce was excommunicated by the Pope. During the wars that followed, the Scots won a major battle at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. In 1317 the pope called for a two year truce, which Scotland ignored. For failing to listen to him, he excommunicated all of Scotland.

Overview

The Declaration was part of a larger plan to show the Pope and others that Scotland was an independent kingdom and had a right to rule itself. The English king Edward I had written to the pope before confirming his right to rule Scotland. For his part, the pope refused to accept Robert the Bruce as King of the Scots.

Dated April 1320, the Declaration of Arbroath was a letter to Pope John XXII at Avignon from fifty leading men of Scotland. There were 39 names, (eight Scottish earls and thirty one barons), who signed the document with their seals. On strips on the bottom of the letter are seals and names of eleven more who signed. Bernard Linton, Chancellor of Scotland and Abbot of Arbroath is believed to be the author. It was written at the monastery of Arbroath in Scotland.

The letter began by reminding the pope of Scotland's conversion to Christianity by Saint Andrew. That under the protection of the church, Scotland had lived in peace until King Edward I of England pretended to be their friend. He then invaded their country while it was without a king. The letter then told of the hardships they faced under English rule. Showing their resolution the letter stated:

Immediate effect

The pope was impressed by the declaration and with the promise by the Scottish barons to support the pope's crusade. He encouraged Edward II to make peace with the Scots. The pope sent two delegates. The French king also wanted to see peace between England and Scotland and he sent two delegates. Peace talks went on until 1321 without the English recognizing Scottish independence.

The English convinced the pope it was the fault of the Scottish that there was no progress. The pope issued six rulings against the Scots stating all invaders of England would be excommunicated and re-issued the excommunication against Robert the Bruce.

Finally in October 1328 a peace treaty was agreed to between Scotland and England. Edward III gave up all claims on Scotland. The interdict on Scotland and the excommunication of its king were finally removed. The second part of the treaty agreed that the son of Robert the Bruce, David II of Scotland and the sister of Edward III of England would marry. The wedding took place on 12 July of 1338 when David II, then four years old married Joan of the Tower, aged six, at the church at Berwick, Scotland.

In 1998 The United States Congress resolved that the US Declaration of Independence has been modeled on the Declaration of Arbroath. It was further resolved that April 6th was from that day on officially National Tartan Day in commemoration of that famous document.

Related pages
 Declaration of Independence
 List of signatories of the Declaration of Arbroath

Notes

References

Other websites

 Declaration of Arbroath  on National Archives of Scotland website (includes full Latin text and English translation)
 National Tartan Day April 6 commemorates the signing of the Declaration of Arbroath in 1320

Arbroath
National liberation movements
1320
14th century in Scotland

Declaration of Arbroath


Ren-Chang Ching (; 15 February 1898 – 22 July 1986), courtesy name Zinong, was a Chinese botanist who specialised in ferns.

Life and work
Ren-Chang Ching was a Chinese botanist and pteridologist who made significant collections of plants from Mongolia to Yunnan. He was born in Wujin, Jiangsu, and studied botany and forestry at the University of Nanjing. On graduating in 1925 he taught at Southeastern University and from 1927 was Head of the Botany Section, Nanjing Museum. Here he switched his focus from trees to pteridophytes, which thereafter became his speciality. At this time, there were no experts on Chinese ferns in China and no single fern specimen was correctly identified in the small herbarium just started in Beijing. Ching started to correspond with pteridologists in the West (H. Christ, C. Christensen, W.R. Maxon and E.B. Copeland), thereby creating a basic library on Asiatic ferns for reference. In addition he started to make extensive collections of ferns, particularly from the provinces south of the Yangtze, but he knew he needed to see the type specimens in western herbaria.

Learning western languages so he could access the many Chinese herbarium specimens held in western institutions, Ching visited Europe following the Fifth International Botanical Congress in 1930. In Copenhagen, he consulted the fern expert  Carl Christensen, and then worked at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, for more than a year. He again visited Copenhagen in 1932 and then Vienna, Prague and other European herbaria before returning to China later that year, where he joined the Fan Memorial Institute of Biology (later Academia Sinica), Beijing.  in 1933, Ching was one those who founded the Chinese Botanical Society, and soon afterwards founded the Mountain Lu Botanical Garden in Jiujiang.

When the Japanese invaded China in 1937, Ching fled to Kunming (Yunnan Province), where, working at Yunnan University, he helped to found the Lijiang Botanical Station, where he was director until 1945. Ching remained in Yunnan until 1949, when he returned to Beijing to head the Taxonomic Section in the Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, where his energies were largely focussed on education and forestry. However, his interest in ferns continued for the rest of his life, with him finally publishing more than 140 papers and books on them.  Major works were Icones Filicum Sinicarum (1930-1958) and the series Studies of Chinese Ferns. He was also the principal author of the fern treatments in Flora Republicae Popularis Sinicae.

(This section is essentially a rewrite of the corresponding JSTOR article.)

Some plants he authored
(In the Adiantaceae)
Adiantum annamense Ching—Acta Phytotax. Sin. 6: 315. 1957.
Adiantum breviserratum (Ching) Ching & Y.X.Lin—Acta Phytotax. Sin. 18(1): 104. 1980
Adiantum capillus-veneris L. f. dissectum (M.Martens & Galeotti) Ching—Acta Phytotax. Sin. 6: 344. 1957
Adiantum capillus-veneris L. f. fissum (Christ) Ching—Acta Phytotax. Sin. 6: 343. 1957
Adiantum chienii Ching—Sinensia 1: 50. 1930
Adiantum davidii var. longispinum Ching—Acta Phytotax. Sin. 6: 333. 1957

Sources
R.C. Ching and Z.H. Wang, 1982, "A Brief Report on the Progress of Pteridological Research in China", American Fern Journal, 72(1): 1-2
K.S. Shing (ed. A.C. Jermy and A.M. Paul), 1988, "Ching Ren Chang 1898-1986: A Bibliography", Taxon, 37(2): 409-416.
Brummitt, R.K. & Powell, C.E., Authors Pl. Names (1992): 118; Chaudhri, M.N., Vegter, H.I. & de Bary, H.A., Index Herb. Coll. I-L (1972): 452; Lanjouw, J. & Stafleu, F.A., Index Herb. Coll. A-D (1954): 125, 166; Vegter, H.I., Index Herb. Coll. T-Z (1988): 1045;

References

External links
JSTOR Global Plants: Ren-Chang Ching

1898 births
1986 deaths
20th-century Chinese botanists
Chinese taxonomists
University of Nanking alumni
Biologists from Jiangsu
Scientists from Changzhou

Ren-Chang Ching


The Loved One: An Anglo-American Tragedy  (1948) is a short satirical novel by British novelist Evelyn Waugh about the funeral business in Los Angeles, the British expatriate community in Hollywood, and the film industry.

Conception
The Loved One was written as a result of Evelyn Waugh's trip to Hollywood in February and March 1947. MGM was interested in adapting Waugh's novel Brideshead Revisited (1945). Waugh had written that, "I should not think six Americans will understand it" and was baffled and  even angered by its popularity in America, referring to it as "my humiliating success in [the] U.S.A."

Waugh had no intention of allowing MGM to adapt Brideshead Revisited, but allowed the film studio to bring him and his wife to California and pay him $2000 a week during negotiations. MGM was offering $140,000 if he granted them the film rights, but Waugh was careful to ensure that the weekly stipend was paid regardless of the results of the negotiation.  Waugh was negotiating with MGM producer Leon Gordon, a British playwright and screenwriter, and British screenwriter Keith Winter, whom Waugh had previously known in Europe, who was to write the adaptation. Waugh complained that Winter "sees Brideshead purely as a love story", and that no one at MGM was able to grasp the "theological implication" of the novel. MGM abandoned its pursuit of the novel after Waugh explained to Gordon "what Brideshead was about", and he seemed to "lose heart", citing aspects highlighted by the censor.

In Hollywood, Waugh enjoyed meeting Charlie Chaplin and Walt Disney ("the two artists of the place") but complained about the accommodations, the quality of food and the lack of wine at meals, the relaxed dress and informal manners, and the small talk of service workers – "the exact opposite of the English custom by which the upper classes are expected to ask personal questions of the lower". His trip to Hollywood was successful, however, in a literary way. He wrote "I found a deep mine of literary gold in the cemetery of Forest Lawn and the work of the morticians and intend to get to work immediately on a novelette staged there."  Forest Lawn's founder, Dr. Hubert Eaton, and his staff gave Waugh tours of the facility and introduced him to their field. Waugh also had a copy of Eaton's book, Embalming Techniques, which Waugh annotated with marginalia. As Waugh felt that the eschatological or apocalyptic implications he had intended in Brideshead Revisited had escaped many American readers, he was determined to highlight eschatological aspects of American society in The Loved One.

Plot
Sir Ambrose Abercrombie visits housemates Dennis Barlow and Sir Francis Hinsley to express his concern about Barlow's new job and how it reflects on the British enclave in Hollywood, which is also taken as an announcement of Barlow's impending exclusion from British society. Barlow reports to his job at the Happier Hunting Ground, a pet cemetery and funeral service, and picks up a couple's dead Sealyham Terrier.

Because of the difficulty he is having rebranding actress Juanita del Pablo as an Irish starlet (having previously rebranded Baby Aaronson as del Pablo), Hinsley is sent to work from home. After his secretary stops showing up, he ventures to Megalopolitan Studios and finds a man named Lorenzo Medici in his office. After working his way through the bureaucracy he finds he has been unceremoniously fired. In the next scene, Abercrombie and other British expatriates are discussing Hinsley's suicide and the funeral arrangements.

Barlow, given the task of making Hinsley's funeral arrangements, visits Whispering Glades. There he is transfixed by the cosmetician Aimée Thanatogenos, though he has yet to learn her name.

Barlow continues with the funeral arrangements while Hinsley's body arrives at Whispering Glades and is tended to by Thanatogenos and the senior mortician Mr. Joyboy.

Barlow visits Whispering Glades seeking inspiration for Hinsley's funeral ode. While touring a British-themed section of the cemetery, he meets Thanatogenos and begins his courtship of her when she learns he is a poet.

Six weeks later, Thanatogenos is torn between her very different affections for Barlow and Joyboy. She writes to the advice columnist "The Guru Brahmin" for advice. Joyboy invites her over for dinner and she meets his mother.

The office of the Guru Brahmin consists of "two gloomy men and a bright young secretary".  Tasked with responding to Thanatogenos' letters is Mr. Slump, a grim drunk who advises that she marry Joyboy. She instead decides to marry Barlow.

Joyboy learns that the poems which Barlow has been using to woo Thanatogenos are not his own, and arranges that Thanatogenos, who still does not know Barlow works for a pet cemetery, attend the funeral of his mother's parrot at the Happier Hunting Ground.

Sometime after Thanatogenos' discovery of Barlow's deceptions, Barlow reads the announcement of her engagement to Joyboy. Barlow meets her and she is again torn between the two men. She tracks down Mr. Slump to seek the advice of the Guru Brahmin and finds him, via telephone, in a bar after he has been fired. Slump tells her to jump off a building. She commits suicide by injecting herself with embalming fluid in Joyboy's workroom at Whispering Glades.

Joyboy discovers Thanatogenos' body and seeks assistance from Barlow. Then Barlow meets Abercrombie, who, fearing Barlow's plans to become a non-sectarian funeral pastor will further damage the image of the British enclave, pays his return passage to England. Joyboy returns, unaware of Barlow's impending departure, and in exchange for all his savings, Barlow says he will leave town so it will appear that he ran away with Thanatogenos. After cremating the body, Barlow registers Joyboy for the Happier Hunting Ground annual postcard service so every year Joyboy will receive a card reading "Your little Aimée is wagging her tail in heaven tonight, thinking of you."

Characters
Dennis Barlow, a celebrated 28-year-old British poet who is brought to Hollywood to write a script for a film biography of Percy Bysshe Shelley. He is fired from his job and, as the novel opens, he is working for the Happier Hunting Ground, a funeral service for pets. He frequently quotes lines of poetry in his speech and writing, especially when he is wooing Aimée Thanatogenos, whom he allows to believe he is the author of those lines. The sources include Alfred Tennyson, Edgar Allan Poe, and others. One quotation, from the poet Richard Middleton, was not publicly identified until 1981, 33 years after the publication of The Loved One.

Aimée Thanatogenos, a cosmetician at Whispering Glades. She was named after evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson. Her first name is French for "loved one" while her last name is Greek for "born of death". Waugh describes her eyes as "greenish and remote, with a rich glint of lunacy."

Mr. Joyboy, senior mortician at Whispering Glades. His trademark is a beaming smile he leaves on the faces of embalmed bodies. He lives with his mother, Mrs. Joyboy, and is dominated by her.

Sir Francis Hinsley, Barlow's Hollywood housemate. In his youth, Hinsley authored the widely acclaimed novel A Free Man Greets the Dawn, but has long since abandoned writing. Former chief scriptwriter for Megalopolitan Pictures, as the novel opens he works for their publicity department and is struggling with rebranding an actress named Juanita del Pablo into an Irish starlet. He is fired from Megalopolitan and hangs himself.

Sir Ambrose Abercrombie, a distinguished British actor and leader of the British enclave in Hollywood, is primarily concerned to maintain the image of his country in the eyes of Hollywood. It is believed that he is based on actor Sir C. Aubrey Smith.

Publication and reception
Waugh began writing The Loved One in May 1947.  After initial "very slow" going, he finished the first draft in early July and completed the novel in September. It was published in its entirety by Cyril Connolly in the February 1948 issue of Horizon.  (Hinsley is described reading a copy of Horizon in the opening chapter of The Loved One.) It was enthusiastically greeted by readers who thought Waugh had returned to early form with this short comic novel.

The novel was successfully published in America as well, though Waugh had feared lawsuits so much that he employed his friend Lord Stanley of Alderley to add a codicil to his will instructing that he be buried at Forest Lawn. Waugh also claimed that American morticians would refuse to service his body should he die in the US.  The novel was well-reviewed, however, and sales were good.

The New Yorker, though, refused to publish the novel because they thought the themes of the novel had already been well-handled by American authors, such as S. J. Perelman, Sinclair Lewis, and Nathanael West, the latter of whom had written two novels on themes (Hollywood studios and advice columnists) Waugh tackled in The Loved One. The magazine wrote "The freshest part of Mr. Waugh's story is the part which refers to the English in Hollywood, and we wish, wistfully, that he had concerned himself more exclusively with that theme."

Allusions in other works
Tom Paxton mentions The Loved One, along with Jessica Mitford's book The American Way of Death, as one of the inspirations for his satirical song "Forest Lawn".

The 1985 Doctor Who serial Revelation of the Daleks is loosely based on the plot of the novel.

Film adaptation

The book was adapted in 1965 by Terry Southern and Christopher Isherwood into a film of the same title, which features, while adding to the novel's plot with new characters and scenes, many in-joke cameos and familiar California filming locations such as the Greystone Mansion. Isherwood himself can be glimpsed within the film as one of 'Uncle Frank's' mourners.

References

External links

1948 British novels
British satirical novels
Novels by Evelyn Waugh
British novels adapted into films
Hollywood novels
Funeral homes in fiction
Fiction about suicide
Little, Brown and Company books
Chapman & Hall books

The Loved One (book)


Boric acid is an acid of Boron.  Its salts are called Borates.  Boric acid is used as a disinfectant. It can also be used as a preservative, it has the E number 284. Boric acid is a by-product of the production of certain forms of glass, porcelain and vitreous enamel. It is also used as a Flame retardant. Dissolved in water, it acts as a neutron absorber in nuclear power plants.

Boric acid is toxic. Damage is done from absorbing or ingesting about 50 mg, per kg of body weight.

Boric acid is one of the chemicals on the REACH list of the European Union. In 2010, the European Chemicals Agency listed it as a Substance of very high concern. Boric acid causes birth defects; it is a teratogen. This is also true for mixtures that contain boric acid in a concentration of at least 5.5%.

Acids
Boron compounds

Boric acid


The Żaglowiec Group (Polish: Zgrupowanie Żaglowiec) (Sailing-ship Group) - a group of conspiracy military units of Armia Krajowa in the Sub-district II of Żoliborz in Żoliborz of Warsaw during the German occupation of Poland. They fought in the Warsaw Uprising in 1944.

Organisation
Commander - captain Marian Kamiński pseudonym "Żaglowiec":
201st platoon - commanded by sec. lieutenant Eugeniusz Piotrowski pseudonym "Gama",
202nd platoon - commanded by sec. lieutenant Tadeusz Magier pseudonym "Żytomirski",
204th platoon - commanded by lieutenant Wacław Wysocki pseudonym "Piotr",
205th platoon - commanded by officer cadet Michał Churło pseudonym "Vis",
206th platoon - commanded by sec. lieutenant Witold Jabłonowski pseudonym "Marek",
207th platoon - commanded by lieutenant Henryk Czerwiec pseudonym "Jaskulski",
208th platoon - commanded by sec. lieutenant Edward Bonarowski pseudonym "Ostromir",
209th platoon - commanded by sec. lieutenant Józef Krzywnicki pseudonym "Prawdzic".

Course of combat in the Warsaw Uprising 1944
The group waged fights in Żoliborz: of the Warsaw Citadel, Forty Traugutta (Traugutt's Forts), Plac Inwalidów and Żoliborz Oficerski (Officers' Żoliborz).

A significant effort of "Żaglowiec Group" were two unsuccessful night attacks on the Warsaw Gdańsk Station done in the night from 20 to 21 August, during an attempt of military units from Kampinos forest to fight their way to relieve the falling Warsaw Old Town.

Human losses of the group amounted to 24% of killed and 21% wounded.

See also
 Żubr Group
 Żmija Group
 Żniwiarz Group
 Żyrafa Group
 Żbik Group

References

Units and formations of the Home Army
Warsaw Uprising

Żaglowiec Group


A trade restriction is an artificial restriction on the trade of goods and/or services between two or more countries. It is the byproduct of protectionism. However, the term is controversial because what one part may see as a trade restriction another may see as a way to protect consumers from inferior, harmful or dangerous products.

Examples

German purity laws: Beer
Germany required the production of beer to adhere to its purity law. The law, originally implemented in Bavaria in 1516 and eventually becoming law for newly unified Germany in 1871, made many foreign beers unable to be sold in Germany as "beer". This law was struck down in 1987 by the European Court of Justice, but is still voluntarily followed by many German breweries.

US motor vehicle headlamps
Rectangular headlamps were promoted in the United States where round lamps were required until 1975. By 1979, the majority of new cars now had the rectangular headlamps. Again, the US permitted only two standardized sizes of rectangular sealed-beam lamp: A system of two 200 mm x 142 mm high/low beam units corresponding to the existing 7" round format, or a system of four 165 mm x 100 mm units (two high/low and two high-beam) corresponding to the existing  round format.

In 1968, the US Department of Transportation outlawed any decorative or protective element in front of the headlamps if the headlamps are switched on. Glass-covered headlamps, like those used on the Jaguar E-Type, the pre-1968 VW Beetle, the Porsche 356, the Citroën DS and Ferrari Daytona, now had to be equipped with uncovered headlamps for the US market, further altering the look of European models sold in the United States. The change meant that vehicles designed for solid aerodynamic performance could not achieve it for the US market.

In 1984, the department changed the rule to allow replaceable-bulb headlamps of nonstandard shapes. However, some automaker could equip a vehicle with the same type of headlamps in the US as in the rest of the world. US headlamp standards are governed by Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 108, which is incompatible with the UNECE standards, used in most of the rest of the world. Canada has its own headlamp standards that are similar to the US standard but allows UNECE-compliant headlamps. Headlamps were used in cars but also for traffic violation stops.

References

Non-tariff barriers to trade
Protectionism

Trade restriction


Chapet () is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France, about 16 km east of Mantes-la-Jolie. It is on the Normandy motorway (A13).

The commune's neighbours are Verneuil-sur-Seine to the northeast, to the east is Vernouillet, with Morainvilliers to the southeast, Ecquevilly to the southwest,  and to the northwest is Les Mureaux.

It is a largely rural and agricultural community; the land is divided mainly between arable crops (cereals, oilseed rape) with some woods and forest.

The parish church of Saint-Denis dates from the 12th century. The bell-tower was added in 1859.

See also
Communes of the Yvelines department

References

Communes of Yvelines

Chapet


James v. United States, 550 U.S. 192 (2007), is a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that held that attempted burglary could serve as a predicate felony under the federal Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA), which provided that a person convicted of being a felon in possession of a firearm with three prior convictions for either serious drug offenses or violent felonies must be sentenced to a mandatory minimum 15-year prison term.

Background
Alphonso James pleaded guilty to one count of being a felon in possession of a firearm and admitted having three prior felony convictions, including one for attempted burglary of a dwelling under Florida law. The Government argued for the mandatory 15-year sentence available under the Armed Career Criminal Act because the attempted burglary count is a "violent felony" under the ACCA.  The district court and the Eleventh Circuit agreed.  James asked the U.S. Supreme Court to review the case, and it agreed to do so.

Majority opinion

The statutory scheme

Under the Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA),

In the case of a person who [is convicted of being a felon in possession of a firearm] and has three previous convictions by any court... for a violent felony or a serious drug offense, or both, committed on occasions different from one another, such person shall be... imprisoned not less than fifteen years.

A "violent felony" is

any crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year, or any act of juvenile delinquency involving the use or carrying of a firearm, knife, or destructive device that would be punishable by imprisonment for such term if committed by an adult, that—
 has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another; or
 is burglary, arson, or extortion, involves use of explosives, or otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of  physical injury to another.

At the time of James's crime, Florida law defined "burglary" as "entering or remaining in a structure or a conveyance with the intent to commit an offense therein, unless the premises are at the time open to the public or the defendant is licensed or invited to enter or remain."  Florida law also defined an "attempt" as requiring the defendant to commit "any act toward the commission of" the target offense.

The attempted burglary did not qualify under the first prong of the definition of "violent felony", since it did not involve the use of force against any person.  And it was not any of the enumerated offenses in the second prong—it was not robbery or extortion, and it did not involve the use of explosives.  Attempted burglary did not satisfy the categorical definition of burglary set forth in Taylor v. United States, , because it did not involve an actual entry into or remaining in a building.  (If it did, it would not be attempted burglary; the crime of burglary would be complete.)

The question in this case was therefore very narrow:  Was attempted burglary a crime that "otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another"?

Attempt is not categorically excluded
James first argued that no attempt crime at all could qualify as posing a serious potential risk of injury.  Because the first prong of the definition included the word "attempt", if Congress had meant for the catch-all provision in the second prong to include attempts it would have said so expressly.  But the Court pointed out that the second prong had a catchall prong, whereas the first did not, and thus it was necessary to determine which crimes fit inside that catchall group.  An expansive phrasing could not be specific and limited.

James also argued that, by the statutory canon of ejusdem generis, the catchall phrase should be read to include only completed crimes because the other crimes listed were completed crimes.  This was not so, the Court reasoned, because the category of crimes involving explosives was not limited to completed crimes.  "In any event, the most relevant common attribute of the enumerated offenses of burglary, arson, extortion, and explosives is not 'completion'.  Rather, it is that all of these offenses, while not technically crimes against the person, nevertheless create significant risks of bodily injury or confrontation that might result in bodily injury".  The broad residual provision was meant to sweep up other crimes that, like burglary, arson, extortion, and explosives offenses, posed a serious risk of physical injury to others.

Legislative history
When Congress was debating in 1984 the bill that became ACCA, it considered expressly including attempt as a predicate offense that would trigger the 15-year sentence.  But when it ultimately passed the bill in 1986, Congress had dropped the word "attempt", opting to define "violent felony" as either "robbery or burglary, or both".  The Court did not find this history probative, because Congress intended to expand the predicate crimes in its 1986 enactment, and it used broad language in order to achieve this goal.

Attempted burglary under the residual clause
The Court next considered the crucial question—whether attempted burglary, as defined by Florida law, involved conduct that presented a serious risk of physical injury to another person.  Under the categorical approach of Taylor, the Court could only look to the elements of the crime to answer the question.  Although, on the face of Florida's attempt statute, it appeared that "any act toward the commission" of the burglary would render the defendant guilty of attempted burglary, the Florida Supreme Court had narrowed the scope of the statute to require that the defendant take some "overt act directed toward entering or remaining in a structure or conveyance".  "The main risk of burglary arises not from the simple physical act of wrongfully entering onto another's property, but rather from the face-to-face confrontation between the burglar and a third party—whether an occupant, a police officer, or a bystander—who comes to investigate.  That is, the risk arises not from the completion of the burglary, but from the possibility that an innocent person might appear while the crime is in progress".  Viewed from this perspective, the only difference between completed burglary and attempted burglary under Florida law was the fact that, in an attempted burglary, the would-be burglar was caught before entering the building he sought to invade.

To be sure, some attempted burglaries might not pose a realistic risk of confrontation to anyone, as when the target of the attempted burglary was an unoccupied building.  But the definition of "violent felony" in ACCA was couched in terms of probabilities, and those probabilities had to be measured against the probability of harm entailed in a completed burglary, because that crime was explicitly included in the definition of "violent felony".  And in any event, the categorical approach of Taylor does not require that every conceivable factual pattern covered by a statute must present a serious risk of physical injury before the offense is a "violent felony".  It is enough that the conduct described by the elements of the offense would, in the ordinary case, present a serious risk of injury.

Dissenting opinions

Justice Scalia's dissent
Justice Scalia, joined by Justice Stevens and Justice Ginsburg, faulted the Court's opinion for failing to "provide guidance concrete enough to ensure that the ACCA residual provision will be applied with an acceptable degree of consistency by the hundreds of district judges that impose sentences every day".  How should these judges know whether burglary, arson, or extortion is the most analogous to the crime of which the defendant had been previously convicted?  What if none of these three was most analogous, as would be the case for a prior conviction for driving under the influence?  Such vagueness could not be tolerated, Scalia argued.

Scalia argued that a better way to determine whether a prior conviction qualified as a "crime of violence" under the residual provision would be to see whether it posed at least as much risk of injury as the enumerated crime that posed the least such risk.  That crime could not be arson or the explosives crime, and so Scalia was left with burglary or extortion.  In Taylor the Court ruled that "burglary" in the ACCA's definition of "violent felony" had a generic meaning—unlawful or unprivileged entry into or remaining in a building or structure with the intent to commit a crime.  Scalia posited a generic definition of extortion:  obtaining something of value from another with his consent induced by the wrongful use or threatened use of force.  As between the two, burglary posed less of an inherent risk of harm because it did not, by definition, in its generic sense, involve the use of force.  "The burglar may be prepared to flee at the first sign of human presence", after all.

Having concluded that burglary was the least dangerous of the four crimes, Scalia contended that attempted burglary was less risky than completed burglary.  By definition, in a completed burglary, the burglar has entered the building, where the closer proximity of prowler and victim increases the likelihood that injury will result from any confrontation between the two.  "The so-called 'confrontation' the Court envisions between a would-be burglar and a third party while the burglar is still outside the home is likely to consist of nothing more than the occupant's yelling 'Who's there?' from his window, and the burglar's running away".  The danger posed by burglary arises from the fact that the burglar has entered the building, and thus attempted burglary is categorically less dangerous than completed burglary.

Justice Thomas's dissent
Justice Thomas reiterated his view that the Sixth Amendment required a jury to determine the facts of the prior convictions that supported the ACCA sentence beyond a reasonable doubt.

Case law
Past case law about attempt or impossibility include People v. Lee Kong (Cal., 1892), State v. Mitchell (Mo., 1902) and United States v. Thomas (U.S.C.M.A, 1962).

External links

  Transcript of oral argument
  Brief of petitioner James
  Brief of the Government
  Opinion of the 11th Circuit

United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court
2007 in United States case law
Void for vagueness case law
Armed Career Criminal Act case law
Attempt

James v. United States (2007)


A Thousand Miles to Freedom: My Escape from North Korea (French: Corée du Nord: 9 ans pour fuir l'enfer, ) is a 2012 memoir by Eunsun Kim, with Sébastien Falletti. It was translated into English by David Tian in 2015.

The English-language version was first released on 21 July 2015 and was available on Amazon, at Barnes and Nobles, and many other bookstores. Immediately upon release, it was ranked #1 in several categories on Amazon, including New Releases, South Korean History, and others.

The book was originally written in French, and subsequently translated to Norwegian and Korean. David Tian translated the book from French to English, not from Korean to English, as many media outlets have assumed.

Eunsun Kim, whose story the memoir recounts, says that there were parts of her life that remain a little difficult to talk about, and hence she left them out of her memoir.

References

2012 non-fiction books
Books about North Korea
St. Martin's Press books

A Thousand Miles to Freedom


Erythronium helenae is a species of flowering plant in the lily family which is known by the common names Pacific fawn lily and St. Helena fawn lily. It is endemic to the coastal mountains north of the San Francisco Bay Area in California. It is named for the local peak Mount Saint Helena, forming the point where Napa, Sonoma and Lake Counties meet. It grows on the slopes of the mountain at elevations of 500–1200 m, often on serpentine soils.

Erythronium helenae grows from a bulb 3 to 5 centimeters wide and produces two wide leaves up to 20 centimeters long which are green mottled with brown or white. It produces erect stalks up to 30 centimeters tall, each bearing one to three flowers. The flower has white tepals with yellowish bases 3 or 4 centimeters long. The tepals develop pink or purple streaks or mottling as they age. The flower has yellow stamens with large yellow anthers.

References

External links
Erythronium helenae — Calphotos Photo gallery

helenae
Endemic flora of California
Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
Plants described in 1933
Flora without expected TNC conservation status

Erythronium helenae


A European windstorm is an extratropical cyclone that affects Europe. They are normally caused by areas of low atmospheric pressure that move across the North Atlantic towards northwestern Europe. They are most common in the winter months. Low pressure areas are common over the North Atlantic. They sometimes start as nor'easters off the New England coast. They usually move past the north coasts of the British Isles to the Norwegian Sea. When they move south, they can affect almost any country in Europe. These most often affect Britain, Ireland, Norway, the Faroe Islands and Iceland. They can affect any country in central, northern and western Europe.

These storms cause economic damage of €1.9 billion each year. They cause insurance costs of €1.4 billion yearly (1990–1998). Only US hurricanes cause more insurance costs of all natural disasters.

References

Disasters in Europe
Severe weather

European windstorm


Franciscus Josephus Henricus "Frans" Künen (17 April 1930 – 23 November 2011) was a Dutch long-distance runner. He competed in the marathon at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome and finished in 36th place. He held the Dutch records in the 10,000 m from 1956 to 1958 and in the Marathon from 1960 to 1969.

Künen started training in running at age 20, while working as a sports instructor at the Dutch Air Force. In 1956, he set a national record in the 10,000 m and won a national cross-country title. Later he became national champion in the 10,000 m (1959, 1961) and marathon (1960). The 1960 title was his first attempt at marathon, and it set a new national record. Internationally, Künen competed in country matches and International Military Championships, winning the 5,000 m in 1956. His best achievement at the International Cross Country Championships (forerunner of the World Championships) was 21st place in 1957.

References

1930 births
2011 deaths
Dutch male long-distance runners
Dutch male marathon runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for the Netherlands
Sportspeople from Breda
20th-century Dutch people

Frans Künen


Bernarda Pera ( ; ; born 3 December 1994) is a Croatian-American professional tennis player. Pera has won two singles titles and one doubles title on the WTA Tour, along with nine singles and eight doubles titles on the ITF Circuit. She achieved career-high rankings of world No. 27 in singles on June 12, 2023, and No. 35 in doubles on February 21, 2022. Before March 2013, Pera represented her country of birth, Croatia.

Early life
Bernarda was born in a Croatian-Dalmatian Italian family. In addition to English, she speaks Croatian. When she was 16, her father, who is a U.S. citizen, moved their family to the United States for the benefit of her budding tennis career. They settled in New Jersey, where friends and relatives already were living. Pera has been in a relationship with Croatian basketball player Kristijan Krajina since 2018.

Career

2014: WTA debut
She made her WTA Tour debut at the 2014 US Open, having been handed a wildcard into the doubles draw, partnering with Tornado Alicia Black.

2018: Australian Open debut and third round, top 100 debut
She made her Grand Slam singles debut at the Australian Open, where she received entry as a lucky loser, after Margarita Gasparyan withdrew from the tournament. She defeated Anna Blinkova in the first round. In the second round, Pera knocked out ninth seed Johanna Konta. In the third round, she was beaten by Barbora Strýcová.

2020: Top 60 debut in singles
Pera started her 2020 season at the Brisbane International where she lost in the first round of qualifying to Marta Kostyuk. Coming through qualifying at the first edition of the Adelaide International, she beat Barbora Strýcová in the first round and was defeated in the second by sixth seed Aryna Sabalenka. At the Australian Open, she lost in the first round to 29th seed Elena Rybakina.

Making it through qualifying in Doha, Pera was defeated in the second round by third seed and 2017 champion, Karolína Plíšková. Seeded third at the Indian Wells Challenger, she lost in the third round to 13th seed Misaki Doi. The WTA Tour cancelled tournaments from March through July due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

When the WTA resumed tournament play in August, Pera competed at the Lexington Challenger where she was eliminated in the first round by top seed Serena Williams. At the Cincinnati Open, she was defeated in the second round by 16th seed Dayana Yastremska. At the US Open, she reached the second round defeating Zarina Diyas before losing to 15th seed Maria Sakkari.

In Rome at the Italian Open, Pera was defeated in the first round by Svetlana Kuznetsova. At the Internationaux de Strasbourg, she lost in the first round to Kateřina Siniaková. She suffered a second-round loss at Roland Garros by the hands of 25th seed and compatriot, Amanda Anisimova.

At the first edition of the Ostrava Open, Pera lost in the first round of qualifying to Tereza Martincová. Seeded eighth at the Linz Open, she was defeated in the first round by Aliaksandra Sasnovich.

Pera ended the year ranked 61.

2021: Major semifinal & top 50 in doubles
Pera kicked off her 2021 season at the first edition of the Abu Dhabi Open where she beat 16th seed, Donna Vekić, in the first round before she lost to Sara Sorribes Tormo. At the first edition of the Gippsland Trophy, she was defeated in the second round by fifth seed Johanna Konta. At the Australian Open, she eliminated 23rd seed and 2016 champion, Angelique Kerber, in the first round. In the second, she fell to Zarina Diyas. In Adelaide, she lost in the first round of qualifying to Storm Sanders.

In March, Pera played at the Dubai Tennis Championships where she was defeated in the first round by Anastasija Sevastova. At Miami, she lost in round one to Sara Sorribes Tormo.

Starting into the clay-court season at the Charleston Open, Pera fell in the first round to Alizé Cornet. At Istanbul, she faced third seed Veronika Kudermetova in the first round; after pushing her to three sets, she ended up losing the match. Getting past qualifying at the Madrid Open, she was defeated in the second round by eighth seed Belinda Bencic. Making it through the qualifying rounds in Rome, she lost her second-round encounter against 12th seed Garbiñe Muguruza. Competing at the first edition of the Emilia-Romagna Open, she was defeated in the first round by seventh seed Sorribes Tormo. At the French Open, she took top seed and 2019 champion, Ashleigh Barty, to three sets but ended up losing her first-round match. In doubles, she and Magda Linette reached semifinals in which they lost to second seeds Barbora Krejčíková and Kateřina Siniaková.

Getting past qualifying at Eastbourne, Pera was defeated in the first round by top seed and 2018 finalist, Aryna Sabalenka. At Wimbledon, she lost in the first round to Nao Hibino.

After Wimbledon, Pera played at the Hamburg European Open. Seeded seventh, she was defeated in the second round by Ysaline Bonaventure. Seeded third at the Budapest Grand Prix, she lost in the second round to eventual finalist, Anhelina Kalinina.

In August, Pera traveled to Montreal to play the Canadian Open where she was defeated in the first round of qualifying by Harriet Dart. In doubles at the same tournament, she reached her first WTA 1000 semifinal with Magda Linette.

At the Cincinnati Open, she lost in the second round to eventual finalist Jil Teichmann. Before the final Grand Slam championship of the year, she competed at the first edition of the Cleveland Open where she was defeated in the first round by fifth seed Nadia Podoroska. At the US Open, she lost her first-round match to Tamara Zidanšek.

2022: First WTA Tour titles, career-high rankings - top 35 in doubles, top 50 in singles
Pera won her first WTA Tour title in doubles, at the Melbourne Summer Set 2, alongside Kateřina Siniaková. As a result, she reached world No. 35 in doubles on 21 February 2022.

Coming into the Budapest Grand Prix, Pera had only won two out of seven main-draw matches in 2022, was on a five-match losing streak, and had to play in qualifying once again due to being ranked No. 130 in the world. However, she defeated Marina Bassols Ribera, fifth seed Aliaksandra Sasnovich, Elisabetta Cocciaretto, and ninth seed Anna Bondár to reach her first WTA Tour singles final in her career as a qualifier. She then defeated Aleksandra Krunić to win her maiden WTA tournament singles title. As a result, she returned to the top 100 in the singles rankings.

She reached a second consecutive final at the Hamburg European Open by beating the defending champion Elena-Gabriela Ruse, and Joanne Züger, Kateřina Siniaková, and Maryna Zanevska. She then defeated top seed and world No. 2, Anett Kontaveit, in the final, for her second career top-10 win and her second WTA singles title, stretching her winning streak to 12 matches and 24 consecutive sets. Pera also became the first American woman to win multiple clay-court titles in the same season since Serena Williams won five in 2013. With this result, she climbed to a new career-high singles ranking of No. 54.
On 26 August, she reached semifinals of Cleveland where she lost to Liudmila Samsonova, in straight sets. Along the way, she defeated Barbora Krejčíková and Sofia Kenin, both former winners of major titles.

She finished the year ranked No. 44 in the singles rankings, a career-high year-end.

2023: French Open fourth round, top 30 in singles
At the 2023 Australian Open, she reached the third round for the second time at this major and in her career. As a result, she climbed to world No. 37 on 20 March 2023.

At the French Open, she reached the fourth round of a major for the first time, defeating Anett Kontaveit, 22nd seed Donna Vekić and Elisabetta Cocciaretto. As a result, she reached the top 30 in the rankings.

Pera failed to defend her titles in Budapest and Hamburg, falling to Diana Shnaider in both tournaments in the first round and quarterfinals, respectively.

Performance timelines

Only main-draw results in WTA Tour, Grand Slam tournaments, Fed Cup/Billie Jean King Cup, United Cup, Hopman Cup and Olympic Games are included in win–loss records.

Singles
Current after the 2023 US Open.

Doubles
Current after the 2023 Australian Open.

WTA Tour finals

Singles: 2 (2 titles)

Doubles: 1 (1 title)

WTA Challenger finals

Singles: 2 (2 runner-ups)

ITF Circuit finals

Singles: 20 (9 titles, 11 runner–ups)

Doubles: 15 (8 titles, 7 runner–ups)

Head-to-head records

Record against top 10 players
Pera's record against players who have been ranked in the top 10. Active players are in boldface.

Top 10 wins

Longest winning streak

16-match win streak (2022)

Notes

References

External links

1994 births
Living people
Croatian emigrants to the United States
Croatian female tennis players
American female tennis players
Croatian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
American expatriate sportspeople in Spain
American people of Italian descent
Dalmatian Italians
People with acquired American citizenship
Sportspeople from Zadar
21st-century American women

Bernarda Pera


The 2010 Cauquenes earthquake  was an earthquake that happened off the coast of Maule region of Chile, near Cauquenes, on February 27, 2010, at 3:34 local time (6:34 UTC). It is said to have lasted between ten and thirty seconds. At first, its magnitude was reported to be between 8.3 and 8.5 on the Moment magnitude scale, but this was later corrected upwards, to be at 8.8 of that scale. It was the strongest earthquake in Chile since the magnitude 9.5 1960 Valdivia earthquake, and the strongest earthquake worldwide since the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.

The epicenter of the earthquake was offshore from the Maule Region, approximately 8 km west of Curanipe and 115 km north-northeast of Chile's second largest city, Concepción. Also, the epicenter is less than 20 km due east from that of the 1960 Valdivia earthquake. Other cities exposed to Mercalli intensity scale intensity VIII (Destructive) shaking were Arauco, Lota and Constitución.

The earthquake was also felt in the Chilean capital Santiago as well as in some Argentinean cities. Tsunami warnings were issued in 53 countries. Michelle Bachelet, President of Chile, declared a "state of catastrophe". She also confirmed the deaths of at least 795 people.

Chile was hit by another earthquake in March 11, 2010, with epicenter in the coastern town of Pichilemu, Province of Cardenal Caro, almost 200 kilometers from Santiago de Chile. It was MW 6,9 in the Richter scale.

References

2010 in Chile
Earthquakes in Chile
2010 earthquakes
February 2010 events
2010s disasters in South America

2010 Chile earthquake


Elections to the Legislative Assembly were held for the first and only time in Portuguese Guinea in March 1973.

Background
A fifteen-member Legislative Council had been established in Portuguese Guinea in 1963. Most members were nominated by colonial authorities or business groups. A minority of its members were elected, but only a small proportion of the colony's population met the literacy and tax-paying requirements to register as a voter.

On 2 May 1972 the Portuguese National Assembly passed the Organic Law for the Overseas Territories, which provided for greater autonomy for overseas territories. The Legislative Council was converted into a Legislative Assembly, with number of members increased to 17, of which five were to be elected by direct suffrage.

In late 1972 the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) held indirect elections to a National Assembly in the eleven regions of the territory that it controlled, with voting not taking place in the four still controlled by Portuguese forces.

Results
Due to the restrictive conditions on registering to vote and more than half the country being under the control of the PAIGC, there were only 7,824 registered voters, less than 3% of the adult population.

The elections were carried out on a non-party basis, with 6,995 people casting votes, giving a voter turnout of 89.4%.

References

Legislative
Portuguese Guinea
Parliamentary elections in Guinea-Bissau
Non-partisan elections
Election and referendum articles with incomplete results
Portuguese Guinea

1973 Portuguese Guinea Legislative Assembly election


Naturelink Aviation, also known as Naturelink Charter, was an airline from South Africa, which offered corporate and private charter flights, as well as worldwide aircraft lease services. The company was based at Wonderboom Airport in Pretoria.

History
Naturelink Aviation was founded in 1997 by Chris Briers. In mid-2004, 60 percent of the shares were acquired by Safair, through Imperial Holdings. As Naturelink operated charter flights to possibly unsafe regions like Iraq or Afghanistan, the company participated in the testing of CAMPS, a countermeasure against portable anti-aircraft missiles developed by Saab.

In September 2008, Naturelink was purchased by Runway Assets Management. Another change of ownership happened in 2010 through the acquisition by National Airways Corporation. Subsequently, Naturelink's fleet and operations were gradually merged into the Lanseria-based company. By mid-2011, this transition had been completed, and the Naturelink brand was shut down.

Fleet
The fleet of eight Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia that formed the backbone of the Naturelink fleet were transferred to National Airways upon takeover. Over the years, Naturelink also operated the larger aircraft types Boeing 727, 737-200, Douglas DC-3 and DC-9, as well as smaller airplanes like Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante, Cessna 208, PAC 750XL or Socata TBM.

Accidents
 On 1 October 2004, a Naturelink Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante (registered ZS-OWO) crashed when, during take-off from Douala International Airport in Cameroon, control was lost following an engine failure. The airplane was destroyed, but the four occupants survived the accident.

References

External links
2008 Naturelink Aviation marketing video, hosted by YouTube.

Companies based in the City of Tshwane
Defunct airlines of South Africa
Organisations based in Pretoria
Airlines established in 1997
Airlines disestablished in 2011
1997 establishments in South Africa
2011 disestablishments in South Africa

Naturelink Aviation


CKWW (580 AM) is a Canadian radio station in Windsor, Ontario. It is owned by Bell Media and airs an oldies format targeted to the Windsor/Detroit market. Most of the playlist is made up of hits from the 1950s, 60s and 70s. The studios and offices are on Ouellette Avenue in Windsor.

CKWW's transmitter is on Concession Road 4N in Amherstburg, Ontario. The station is powered at 500 watts, using a directional antenna to protect other Canadian and U.S. stations broadcasting on 580 AM. CKWW streams its programming live on its website and the iHeartRadio platform.

History
The original applicant for the CKWW licence was Royce Frith (later to be a Canadian Senator). But Frith sold the station to Geoff Stirling before it went to air. The station was launched by Stirling on March 29, 1964, signing on the air on March 30, 1964.

Initially CKWW featured a middle of the road (MOR) or "good music" format with a heavy news and information commitment, making it the Windsor equivalent of Detroit's WJR. The morning host was Norm Aldred, with news delivered by Stan Switzer and sports with Al Shaver (who was also the station manager). Other disc jockeys included Ron Burgoyne in the afternoons and Richard "Dick" Gasparini hosting an all-night program called "Music 'til Dawn," at one point totally sponsored by a well-known tobacco company. Popular recording artists featured on a regular basis included Frank Sinatra, George Shearing, Peggy Lee, Andy Williams, Nat King Cole, The Four Freshmen and Barbra Streisand.

In 1967, sister station CKWW-FM was launched (later CJOM and now CIMX-FM). Stirling sold the stations in 1984, and the station dropped its MOR music programming to adopt a news/talk format in 1989.

In February 1993, CHUM Limited acquired CKLW and CKLW-FM as well. CKLW (by then a "Music of Your Life" adult standards station) and CKWW swapped formats on March 1 of that year, with CKLW becoming the news/talk outlet and CKWW adopting the adult standards format.

As an oldies station
In 2005, CKWW changed its on-air moniker from 580 Memories to AM 580 Motor City Favorites. It dropped all jingles and added more uptempo hits from the 1960s through 1990s plus some adult contemporary chart recurrents while dropping most of its pre-1960 titles, in an attempt to appeal to a younger audience. The change in the music proved largely unpopular with fans of the old standards format.

In October 2006, in response to 104.3 WOMC eliminating the word "oldies" from its on-air positioning, CKWW revamped its playlist once more to focus primarily on music from the late 1950s through the late 1970s while dropping all post-1980 material. CKWW now plays many of the oldies hits originally heard during the Top 40 era of CKLW, then known as The Big 8. Although still known as AM 580, Motor City Favorites, the station returned jingles to its on-air presentation and added the taglines "Great Fun! Great Oldies!" and "All Oldies, All the Time" to its slogans.

AM 580 plays up its connections to Windsor/Detroit's Top 40 radio past on the air, as the station's top-of-the-hour identification mentions that the station "broadcasts from the legendary studios of "The Big 8" (at 1640 Ouellette Avenue in Windsor) and also features the widely recognized instrumental signature tunes from CKLW's glory years.

In 2007 CKWW along with the other CHUM stations were sold to CTVglobemedia. In 2011, CTVglobemedia was acquired by Bell Media.

In June 2012, CKWW began airing the syndicated American Top 40 - The 70s with Casey Kasem from 7-10 p.m. on Sundays and Tuesdays, but scaled it back in mid-2013 to a once-weekly broadcast in the Sunday evening time slot. Other weekend specialty programming includes Breakfast with The Beatles, Money Matters, Elvis Only!, Shake, Rattle, Showtime and the Sunday Oldies Show. In the spring of 2020, The Roger Ashby Oldies Show was added to the weekly program list, airing on Saturday mornings. In addition, CKWW also has Back to the 70's with host M.G. Kelly, airing on Saturday nights; Live from the 60s rebroadcasts with the Real Don Steele, airing on Friday nights; and Breakfast With the Beatles with host Dennis Mitchell, airing on Sunday mornings.

On June 14, 2023, as part of a mass corporate restructuring at Bell Media, the company shut down six of their AM radio stations nationwide, and announced their intention to sell three others, including CKWW.

See also
Media in Detroit

References

External links
AM 580, Motor City Favorites

Radio-Locator Information for CKWW-AM

KWW
KWW
KWW
Radio stations established in 1964
1964 establishments in Ontario

CKWW


Nathaniel Walter Barnardiston (November 29, 1858 - August 18, 1919) is a British major general during World War I and commanded the South Wales Borderers, along with the 2nd Battalion and the 36th Sikhs during the Siege of Tsingtao in 1914.

Biography
Barnardiston (1858-1919) was born at The Ryes in Little Henny, Essex in 1858. He was the son of Colonel Nathaniel Barnardiston, veteran of the Crimean War, and his wife Lady Florence Barnardiston (née Legge). He had three brothers and five sisters.

After a private education and attendance at Merton College, Oxford, he joined the 77th (East Middlesex) Regiment of Foot (The Duke of Cambridge's Own) in 1878, serving as adjutant of the 2nd Battalion between 1882 and 1886. He was made captain in 1885 and three years later graduated from the Staff College. Barnardiston served as aide de camp to the governor of Bermuda between 1889 and 1892 and, on returning home, married Sarah Hall. Their daughter Joan was born five years later.

Promoted to major, he then served as Deputy Assistant Adjutant General of the Eastern District (1894-97) before joining the Intelligence Division at the War Office (1898-1901); here he wrote guidebooks on both the Belgian and French armies. This posting was interrupted by active service with 2nd Battalion The Duke of Cambridge's Own (Middlesex Regiment) during the Second Boer War (1899-1902). He then served as military attache to Brussels, The Hague and the Scandinavian Courts (1902-06), being promoted to lieutenant-colonel in 1904.

Barnardiston was Assistant Commandant at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst from 1906 until 1910. Promoted to colonel, he then became assistant director of Military Training. He was made a major-general in 1914. Following his exploits in China, Barnardiston later commanded the 39th Division during 1915-16, before being made Chief of the British Military Mission to Portugal (1916-19).

Major-General Barnardiston died on August 18, 1919 at Felixstowe Cottage Hospital. He was buried at St Mary's church in Great Henny, Essex.

Awards
 Order of the Rising Sun 2nd Class
 Order of Osmanieh
 Order of the Dannebrog
 Order of the Sword
 Order of Leopold
 Order of St. Olav

1858 births
1919 deaths
British military personnel of World War I

Nathaniel Walter Barnardiston


The Punisher ('Francis " Frank " Castle, born Castiglione) is a fictional character. He appears in American comic books published by the Marvel Comics.

The Punisher (whose real name is Frank Castle) is a vigilante who uses unorthodox methods like murder, torture, and kidnapping in his crusade against crime. His family was murdered in New York City's Central Park after witnessing a mafia assassination. Frank Castle then turned into the "Punisher", a man who vowed to kill criminals, terrorists and gangsters of all kinds. Castle also wears a kevlar costume with the peculiar design of a human skull in his chest, of which, according to Castle himself, acts both as a distraction and a tool of intimidation, as it would draw the attention of criminals in that direction, and instead of aiming at his head, they would shoot his costume, which he wore with a rather solid armor beneath. In addition, his skull symbol has psychologically affected many of the criminals he faced off.

Creation
The character was created by writer Gerry Conway and artists John Romita Sr. and Ross Andru. The Punisher made his first appearance in The Amazing Spider-Man #129 (cover-dated February 1974). He was first depicted as an assassin and adversary of the superhero Spider-Man.

Portrayal
In feature films, Dolph Lundgren portrayed the character in the 1989 movie The Punisher. Then Thomas Jane did in the 2004 movie The Punisher, and Ray Stevenson in 2008's Punisher: War Zone.

Jon Bernthal portrayed the character in the second season of Daredevil and the spin-off The Punisher, set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU).

Marvel Comics characters
Fictional American people

Punisher


The Arkansas darter (Etheostoma cragini) is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is endemic to the United States where it is found in Kansas, Arkansas, Missouri, Colorado, and Oklahoma.

Description
The Arkansas darter has an olive-brown dorsal surface spotted with fine black markings, and a yellowish-white underside except that in males during the breeding season, the belly turns bright orange.  It has a blackish wedge-shaped blotch beneath its eye and there are 12 to 14 dark stripes along the sides. This species reaches a maximum size of .

Distribution
The Arkansas darter, despite its name, is primarily found in Kansas. However, its range encompasses the Arkansas River drainage system and this extends into eastern Colorado, southwestern Missouri, northeastern Arkansas and north-central Oklahoma, as well.

Behavior
The Arkansas darter moves up and down stream by as much as several kilometers in accordance with varying water flows. It feeds on small insects and their larvae and sometimes consumes plant material such as seeds. It reaches sexual maturity at about a year and spawns during the spring and summer. The eggs are laid in shallow water on gravel bottoms in open areas or among organic debris accumulations.

Status
The IUCN lists the Arkansas darter as being Near Threatened. It has a limited distribution and threats to this species include the lowering of the water level in streams resulting from groundwater pumping in the western part of its range, and potential development pressures in the eastern part. Drought can also cause water levels to fall and runoff from feed lots may cause pollution.

References

Arkansas darter
Endemic fish of the United States
Fish of the Eastern United States
Fish of the Western United States
Freshwater fish of the United States
Arkansas darter
Taxa named by Charles Henry Gilbert
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Arkansas darter


Swamibagh Temple is a prominent Hindu temple of the Vaishnav culture in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. There are many temples and an ashram managed by ISKCON, of which Swamibagh temple in Bangladesh is prominent. Every year the annual Jagannath Rath Yatra starts from here and proceeds till the Dhakeshwari National Temple.

References

Hindu temples in Dhaka
20th-century Hindu temples

Swami Bagh Temple


Juraj IV Zrinski  () (13 April 1549 – Vép by Szombathely, 4 May 1603) was a Croatian count, a member of the Zrinski noble family, and royal Master of the treasury from 1567 until his death in 1603.

Life

He was the son of Croatian Ban (viceroy) Nikola IV Zrinski (*1508 - †1566.), the hero of Szigetvar, and his wife Katarina Zrinski née Frankopan (married 1543, died 1561), a Croatian countess.

From his father he inherited a large number of estates, among which was the Međimurje County, the northernmost part of Croatia, with the large and strongly fortified Čakovec castle. He succeeded his father at the royal position of the Master of the treasury in the Kingdom of Hungary and Croatia, which held until his death.

In the time of growing and spreading Protestantism, Zrinski accepted it and adducted the Lutheran pastors to replace the Catholic priests in Croatian parishes, which caused indignation and revolt of the people. On the other hand, his contribution was the introduction of book printing into northern Croatia. In the early 1570s he invited an Austrian printer and grafic expert named Rudolf Hoffhalter to found a printing office in Nedelišće, a village next to Čakovec. Many publications were printed there in the next couple of years (probably until 1586), among which was the famous juristic book Decretum tripartitum of the publisher Ivanuš Pergošić, the first book ever in Croatian Kajkavian dialect, printed in 1574.

Like his ancestors and descendants, Zrinski took part in battles against the Ottomans, who conquered most of Croatia, and he often carried out the sudden attacks to the hinterland of the enemy in order to slow down or stop them from further conquests.

On 29 May 1579 he granted privileges to the inhabitants of the Čakovec fortress and its suburbs. This was the starting point for Čakovec to become a free market town and the date is celebrated today as Čakovec City Day.

Juraj IV Zrinski was married twice with ladies from Arco family of Tyrol and Stubenberg family of Styria, with whom he had four children. His sons Nikola VI and Juraj V (future Croatian Ban) succeeded him when he died in 1603. He was buried in Pauline monastery of Sveta Jelena (St. Helen) near Čakovec, next to the grave where the head of his famous father had been buried 37 years before.

See also

 Skrad castle

References

External links

 https://web.archive.org/web/20110722172929/http://www.tzm.hr/article.php?g=42
 http://bib.irb.hr/prikazi-rad?&rad=173056
Drawing of Juraj IV Zrinski on a horse

1549 births
1603 deaths
Juraj 4
Croatian military personnel in Austrian armies
Counts of Croatia
History of Čakovec
Croatian Lutherans
Masters of the treasury (Kingdom of Hungary)
16th-century Croatian people
17th-century Croatian people
16th-century Croatian military personnel
17th-century Croatian military personnel
16th-century Croatian nobility

Juraj IV Zrinski