Dame Norma Redfearn  (Born February 1938) is a Labour politician currently serving as the directly-elected Mayor of North Tyneside.

Early life
Redfearn was born in Wallsend. The daughter of a shipyard worker, she graduated with a BPhil from Newcastle University.

Teaching career
Redfearn had a 30-year career in primary and secondary education. After a variety of teaching jobs, she left Wharrier Street Juniors in June 1986, where she was deputy head, to head West Walker Primary School, east of Newcastle upon Tyne. She stayed there until July 2000. In June 1989 the school won an award from the Royal Institute of British Architects for its playground design, presented to Redfearn and a pupil by Charles III. then the Prince of Wales. In 1997, she became the first headteacher to receive the prize for Public Management Leadership from the Office for Public Management.

North Tyneside Council
Redfearn was elected to North Tyneside Council as a councillor for Riverside ward in 2004 where she served until her election as mayor. After the election of John Harrison as the Mayor of North Tyneside in 2005, Redfearn served as the Cabinet Member for Children and Young People on North Tyneside Council. She held the position until 2009 when Harrison lost his re-election campaign. During her time as Cabinet Member for Children and Young People she is credited with introducing breakfast clubs for children across the borough.

Following Harrison's defeat to Conservative Linda Arkley, Redfearn sought the nomination to become Labour's candidate for Mayor. In February 2012 she was formally selected as Labour's candidate for Mayor, defeating former Mayor Cllr John Harrison, former Deputy Mayor and then Leader of North Tyneside Labour Group Cllr Jim Allan, Cllr Ian Grayson, and Cllr Lesley Spillard. Redfearn would go on to defeat the Conservative incumbent Linda Arkley.

She was first elected as Mayor of North Tyneside on 2 May 2013, winning 55.35% of the votes cast on a turnout of 32.07% and re-elected again on 4 May 2017, defeating the Conservative candidate, Stewart Hay, with an increased majority. She was re-elected for a third term on 6 May 2021.

In May 2018, Redfearn reshuffled her cabinet dismissing the former Mayor Harrison, among others, and bringing in new members including councillors Carl Johnson, Sarah Day, Steve Cox and Peter Earley. She made no changes to her Cabinet in 2019 or 2020.

In 2020, Redfearn publicly announced that she would be seeking a historic third term as Elected Mayor of North Tyneside. Redfearn said the said she counts the multi-million pound regeneration of Whitley Bay and The Spanish City as one of the things she has been proudest of during her second term in office. During Redfearn's second term, children's services in North Tyneside were rated 'outstanding' by Ofsted, the Council declared a Climate Emergency, and Forest Hall town centre receive major investment. As of 2017, Redfearn lives in North Shields.

Already Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE), Redfearn was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2023 New Year Honours for political and public service.

North of Tyne Combined Authority
Redfearn was an ardent supporter of regional devolution and was one of the leading voices behind the creation of the North of Tyne Combined Authority. As a result, she was appointed Interim Mayor of the North of Tyne until an election took place, a role she held simultaneously with her post as Elected Mayor of North Tyneside. Following the 2019 North of Tyne mayoral election, Redfearn was appointed Deputy Mayor of North of the Tyne and the Cabinet member for Housing and Land by new North of Tyne Mayor Jamie Driscoll.

References

Alumni of Newcastle University
Labour Party (UK) councillors
Women mayors of places in England
Mayors of the Metropolitan Borough of North Tyneside
Labour Party (UK) mayors
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Living people
People from Wallsend
Politicians from Tyne and Wear
Women councillors in England
1938 births

Norma Redfearn


The Reko Diq Mine is a planned mining operation, located near Reko Diq  town in Chagai District, Baluchistan, Pakistan. Reko Diq represents one of the largest copper and gold reserves in the world having estimated reserves of 5.9 billion tonnes of ore grading 0.41% copper and gold reserves amounting to 41.5 million oz, and a mining life of at least 40 years.

The Reko Diq area is part of the Tethyan Magmatic Arc, extending through central and southeast Europe ( Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece) Turkey, Iran and Pakistan through the Himalayan region into Myanmar, Malaysia, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. It contains wealth of large copper-gold ore deposits of varying grades.

The eastern and central sections of the belt are well recognized hosting world class mineralization such as Grasberg, Batu Hijau in Indonesia, Ok Tedi in Papua New Guinea and Sar Cheshmeh in Iran. Whereas in the eastern Europe it hosts world class porphyry/epithermal cluster of Bor, Majdanpek in Serbia and more recent developments include Skouries and Olympias Greece, and Çöpler in Turkey.

Reko Diq area is one of many eroded remnant volcanic centers in the Chagai volcanic chain of mountains which runs in an east–west line across Balochistan between the Quetta-Taftan Line railway and the border with Afghanistan. TCC has identified a large, low-grade copper-gold resource at Reko Diq.

In January 2023, Bristow and the Chief Minister of Balochistan signed a memorandum of agreement which specified the timetable for the disbursement of committed funds to the province, including advance royalties and social development funds, ensuring that the people of Balochistan start earning benefits from the project well before the mine goes into production, including releasing the first advance payment of $3mn to the Government of Balochistan.

During peak construction by the Toronto based Barrick Gold mining company, the project is expected to employ 7,500 people and once in production it will create 4,000 long-term jobs during the expected 40-year life of the mine. The production is expected to begin in 2028.

Reko Diq Resources

The Antofagasta PLC controlled by majority shareholders Chile's Luksic Group holds a 50% interest in Tethyan Copper Company Limited ("Tethyan"), its joint venture with Barrick Gold Corporation ("Barrick"). Tethyan is seeking to develop the Reko Diq copper-gold deposit in the Chagai Hills District of the province of Balochistan in south-west Pakistan. Tethyan has held a 75% interest in an exploration licence encompassing the Reko Diq deposit, with the Government of Balochistan (the provincial authority) holding the remaining 25% interest, resulting in an effective interest for the Antofagasta group of 37.5%.

The mineral resource at Reko Diq is estimated at 5.9 billion tonnes with an average copper grade of 0.41% and an average gold grade of 0.22 g/tonne. The Group's 37.5% attributable share of this resource amounts to 2.2 billion tonnes.

Reko Diq Dispute

Tethyan completed the feasibility study in respect of the project and submitted this to the Government of Balochistan in August 2010. On 15 February 2011, Tethyan submitted an application to the Government of Balochistan in accordance with the Balochistan Mineral Rules for a mining lease. On 15 November 2011, Tethyan was notified by the Government of Balochistan that the Government had rejected its application for a mining lease. Tethyan has commenced two international arbitrations in order to protect its legal rights. Tethyan was victorious in the arbitration proceedings.

The ICSID tribunal had taken up the dispute between Pakistan and the TCC after the latter claimed $8.5bn when the mining authority of Balochistan rejected its application for a multi-million dollar mining lease in the province in 2011. According to details available on Tethyan's website, the Reko Diq Mining Project was to build and operate a world-class copper-gold open-pit mine at a cost of about $3.3 billion. The company says its 1998 agreement with the Balochistan government entitled it to the mining lease, subject only to routine government requirements. The project stalled in November 2011 after the application was rejected. Pakistani officials say the mining lease was terminated by the government because it was secured in a non-transparent manner. By then, the company had invested $220 million in Reko Diq.

The Australian mining company sought help from the World Bank arbitration tribunal in 2012, and it ruled against Pakistan in 2017, rejecting an earlier decision by the Supreme Court of Pakistan. The tribunal opted to use a formula for calculating damages for the canceled lease based on the assumed profits Tethyan might have earned from the mine over 56 years. In July 2019, the tribunal slapped a whopping $5.97 billion award against Pakistan for denying the mining lease to the Australian company. The award, of nearly $6 billion, including the damages award and interest, is equal to about two percent of Pakistan's GDP. Immediately thereafter, the TCC had commenced proceedings for the enforcement of the award. In November 2019, Pakistan had challenged the award and initiated proceedings seeking its annulment. In March 2021, the Auditor General of Pakistan (AGP) office announced that it had filed a request on November 8, 2019, for the annulment of the award rendered by the ICSID on July 12, 2019. Alongside the plea for annulment, Pakistan had also requested a provisional stay on the enforcement of the award issued against the country on November 18, 2019. Pakistan was granted the provisional stay upon initiating annulment proceedings after which a hearing to confirm the stay order took place over 'video link' in April this year. On September 16, 2020, the tribunal finally ruled in favour of Pakistan, confirming the stay on the enforcement of the award. The ICSID is still considering Pakistan's appeal against the penalty over its decision to cancel the Reko Diq mining lease for the TTC and a final hearing will take place in May 2021.

The deposit at Reko Diq is a large low-grade copper porphyry, with total mineral resources of 5.9 billion tons of ore with an average copper grade of 0.41% and gold grade of  0.22 g/ton. From this, the economically mineable portion of the deposit has been calculated at 2.2 billion tons, with an average copper grade of 0.53% and gold grade of 0.30 g/ton, with an annual production estimated at 200,000 tons of copper and 250,000 ounces of gold contained in 600,000 tons of concentrate.

According to the extensive technical financial studies undertaken, in order to secure optimal 'economies of scale' efficiencies, and lower mining and processing costs, a large scale, state of the art mining and processing unit is required at Reko Diq.

References

Mines in Pakistan
Gold mines in Pakistan
Copper mines in Pakistan
Chagai District
[[Category:Mining in Balochistan, likeme

Reko Diq Mine


Clear and Present Danger is a 1994 American spy movie. The movie is about agents in the CIA, FBI and murder around Washington, D.C. and Colombia involving the Cali drug cartel and corrupt powerful American politicians and bureaucrats. Harrison Ford plays Jack Ryan, who has become the Director of the CIA. Anne Archer plays his wife Cathy Ryan. Thora Birch plays his daughter Sally Ryan. Other actors who play in the movie include James Earl Jones, Willem Dafoe, Harris Yulin and James Cromwell.

This movie was released August 3, 1994. The run time is 141 minutes. Its reviews were excellent. It made a lot of money at the box office.

It is the sequel of the 1992 movie Patriot Games.

Other websites

1994 crime movies
1994 drama movies
1994 action movies
1990s sequel movies
1990s spy movies
American action movies
American crime drama movies
American sequel movies
American spy movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies about terrorism
Murder in movies
Movies about drugs
Movies set in the 1980s
Movies set in Washington, D.C.
Movies set in Virginia
Movies set in Colombia
Movies directed by Phillip Noyce

Clear and Present Danger


Goodmayes is a district in North East London, England. It is a suburban development in the London Borough of Redbridge and forms part of the Ilford post town, situated approximately two miles to the east of Ilford town centre. Historically part of Essex, it was part of the Municipal Borough of Ilford until 1965 when it was incorporated into Greater London.

References

Areas of London
London Borough of Redbridge

Goodmayes


Gregor Ian Maiden (born 22 July 1979) is a Scottish cricketer who has played first-class, One-Day International and List A cricket for Scotland. He has also played List A and T20 cricket for Lancashire.

Maiden was born in Glasgow and attended Hutchesons' Grammar School, before going on to study at Loughborough University along with fellow Scotland cricketers Fraser Watts and Simon Smith. After three years, he graduated with a 2.1 honours degree in Sports Science.

A frontline batter and off-spin bowler, Gregor had a nomadic club career, having spells with several clubs in the West of Scotland and a brief stint at Lancashire (he suffered a cruciate ligament injury shortly after signing for them), until in 2004 he signed for the popular Grange club in Edinburgh, where he has played since.

In his only List A appearance for Lancashire CCC, in 2003 vs India 'A', his stand of 130 (Maiden scored 62) alongside Chris Schofield created a List A World Record for the Highest 9th Wicket Partnership.  The record has since been beaten by Chris Read and Andrew Harris in 2006.

Gregor can also lay claim to being a genuine all-rounder, as in 2005 he became one of few players in the history of the game to have batted, bowled and kept wicket for his country when he took the gloves for a crucial ICC Intercontinental Cup clash. In the final season of his international career, during 2011, Maiden was Scotland's first choice wicketkeeper in CB40 and ODI matches.

After his cricketing career, Maiden worked in the banking sector in Edinburgh.

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
Scottish cricketers
Scotland One Day International cricketers
Scotland Twenty20 International cricketers
Alumni of Loughborough University
Lancashire cricketers
Cricketers from Edinburgh
Cricketers from Glasgow

Gregor Maiden


Tipularia discolor, the crippled cranefly or crane-fly orchid, is a perennial terrestrial woodland orchid, a member of the family Orchidaceae.  It is the only species of the genus Tipularia found in North America. It occurs in the southeastern United States from Texas to Florida, the range extending north into the Ohio Valley and along the Appalachians as far north as the Catskills. There are also isolated populations in Massachusetts and in the Great Lakes region.

Tipularia discolor grows a single leaf in September that disappears in the spring. The leaf top is green, often with dark purple spots. The leaf underside is a striking purple color. The flower blooms in mid-July to late August. The roots are a connected series of edible corms. They are starchy and almost potato-like.

The plant is pollinated by noctuid moths, by means of flowers which incline slightly to the right or left, so the pollinaria can attach to one of the moth's compound eyes. The details of the inflorescence can be seen in a video recorded in State Botanical Gardens in Athens, GA
.

Crane-fly orchids are endangered, threatened, or rare in several states.

References

External links

discolor
Orchids of the United States

Tipularia discolor


Rudolf Dittrich (25 April 1861 – 16 January 1919) was an Austrian musician. He is noted for his role in bringing western music to Japan during the late 19th century.

Biography
Dittrich was born in Biala, Galicia (modern Bielsko-Biała, Poland). He attended the Vienna Conservatory, where he specialized in violin, piano, organ, and music composition. His teachers included Anton Bruckner, who later became one of his sponsors.

In November 1886, Dittrich married a singer named Petronella Josefine Leopoldine Lammer (15 September 1860 - 4 January 1891).

Dittrich was hired by the Meiji government of Japan as a foreign advisor on a three-year contract and arrived in Tokyo in 1888 as the first Art Director of the Tokyo School of Music (now the Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music). Dittrich and his wife both worked at the school, and also gave performances at the Rokumeikan. Dittrich was fluent in English, and also taught his students English conversation along with violin, piano, organ, theory, and composition. However, he was known as a very severe teacher, and at one point his students marched out on strike against him. However, many of his students went on to distinguished careers.

Near the end of Dittrich's first term in 1891, his wife died from a pulmonary embolism. Furthermore, the school faced financial difficulties as the government withdrew its support to divert funds for the upcoming First Sino-Japanese War. In spite of his school's difficulties, Dittrich's contract was renewed in 1891 for another three-year period.

Sometime in 1891 or 1892, Dittrich formed a relationship with a Japanese shamisen performer and instructor, Mori Kiku, with whom he had a son out of wedlock named Otto Mori. Mori Kiku also assisted Dittrich in translating the lyrics and transposing the music for the Japanese songs which appeared in his 1894 and 1895 publications.

Dittrich left Japan one month before the expiration of his contract in August 1894, abandoning his common-law family, but leaving provisions to provide financial support for his son, who later became a professional violinist. His grandson was the movie actor Jun Negami.

After returning to Vienna in 1894, Dittrich had to struggle to find a position. In the first years after his return he performed as a chamber music violinist and violist. In 1901, he was appointed as one of three Habsburg court organists, succeeding his mentor Anton Bruckner. In 1906 Dittrich became a professor at the Vienna Conservatory, and wrote for the organ in the Musikverein auditorium, where the Vienna Philharmonic plays its New Year's concerts.

On 10 July 1900 Dittrich married his second wife, Katharina Kriegle, who bore him two sons.

Dittrich collapsed while performing in a concert on 18 October 1916, and never fully recovered. He died in Vienna on 16 January 1919.

Publications
After returning to Europe in 1894, Dittrich published two collections consisting of piano arrangements of traditional Japanese songs.

 Nippon Gakufu ("Six Japanese Popular Songs collected and arranged for the Pianoforte"), Breitkopf and Härtel, Leipzig, 1894.
 Nippon Gakufu, Second Series ("Ten Japanese Songs collected and arranged for the Pianoforte"), Breitkopf and Härtel, Leipzig, 1895.

References

Links

1861 births
1919 deaths
People from Austrian Silesia
Expatriates in Japan
Foreign advisors to the government in Meiji-period Japan
Academic staff of the University of Tokyo
Austrian male musicians
Austrian male composers
20th-century Austrian musicians
20th-century Austrian male musicians
Expatriates from Austria-Hungary
Musicians from Austria-Hungary

Rudolf Dittrich


The Watsons is an abandoned novel by Jane Austen, probably begun about 1803. There have been a number of arguments advanced as to why she did not complete it, and other authors have since attempted the task. A continuation by Austen's niece was published in 1850. The manuscript fragment itself was published in 1871. Further completions and adaptations of the story have continued to the present day.

History
Jane Austen began work on an untitled novel about 1803, while she was living in Bath, and probably abandoned it after her father's death in January 1805. It had no formal chapter divisions and was approximately 7,500 words long. The fragment was given the title of The Watsons and published in 1871 by the novelist's nephew, James Edward Austen-Leigh (1798–1874), in the revised and augmented edition of his A Memoir of Jane Austen.

The original manuscript covered eighty pages, now divided between the Morgan Library & Museum, New York, and the Bodleian Library, Oxford. On Jane Austen's death the manuscript was inherited by her sister Cassandra, and then passed to other family relations until it was divided up in 1915. The smaller part was later acquired by the Morgan Library in 1925 and the remaining larger portion went through various hands until it was bought by the Bodleian in 2011. There are erasures and corrections to the manuscript and in three cases there were substantial revisions written on small pieces of paper and pinned in place over the cancelled portions.

Synopsis
The timeframe of the completed fragment covers about a fortnight, and serves to introduce the main characters. Mr Watson is a widowed and ailing clergyman with two sons and four daughters. The youngest daughter, Emma, the heroine of the story, has been brought up by a wealthy aunt and is consequently better educated and more refined than her sisters. But after her aunt contracted a foolish second marriage, Emma has been obliged to return to her father's house. There she is chagrined by the crude and reckless husband-hunting of two of her sisters, Penelope and Margaret. One particular focus for them is Tom Musgrave, who had paid attention to all of the sisters in the past. This Emma learns from her more responsible and kindly eldest sister Elizabeth.

Living near the Watsons are the Osbornes, a great titled family. Emma attracts some notice from the young and awkward Lord Osborne while attending a ball in the nearby town. An act of kindness on her part also acquaints her with Mrs Blake, who introduces Emma to her brother, Mr Howard, vicar to the parish church near Osborne Castle. A few days later Margaret returns home, having been away on a protracted visit to her brother Robert in Croydon. With her come her brother and his overbearing and snobbish wife. When they leave, Emma declines an invitation to accompany them back.

Here the story breaks off, but Edward Austen-Leigh's Memoir provides a hint of how it was to continue:

When the author's sister, Cassandra, showed the manuscript of this work to some of her nieces, she also told them something of the intended story; for with this dear sister – though, I believe, with no one else – Jane seems to have talked freely of any work that she might have in hand. Mr Watson was soon to die; and Emma to become dependent for a home on her narrow-minded sister-in-law and brother. She was to decline an offer of marriage from Lord Osborne, and much of the interest of the tale was to arise from [the dowager] Lady Osborne's love for Mr Howard, and his counter affection for Emma, whom he was finally to marry.

Critical commentary
In a talk at the Bodleian Library following the acquisition of its part of the manuscript, Professor Kathryn Sutherland described the novel as being about one sixth of the length of Austen's published novels and as marking a turning point in her writing. Here she leaves behind her parodies of earlier authors for a more naturalistic plot. "The Watsons is an experiment in turning fiction into life and life into fiction" and a "repository of classic Austen ingredients". The latter includes particularly the theme of being an outsider within the family and the consequent search for belonging. The talk also raised the possibility that Austen's fragment might really have been meant as a novella.

That final point takes up an earlier claim that the work was nearer completion than assumed in that it "comprises the complete history of the heroine's movement from a position of social exclusion to one of inclusion". Such an argument, however, was merely one more addition to the many theories as to why Jane Austen had never completed the fragment. An earlier article by Joseph Wiesenfarth disagreed with the speculation that the novel was unfinished because of the unhappy associations for the author of the time it was written and that it covered a theme too close to her own circumstances. Furthermore, in reviewing the theory that the plot had been rewritten as Emma, Wiesenfarth advanced the counter-argument that The Watsons was "a pre-text – a text that comes before other texts". He felt that situations first foreshadowed there were eventually reworked with more skill in novels that Austen had already begun, such as Pride and Prejudice, or would write later, so that "it would be redundant to use them again in a completed version" of The Watsons.

Continuations
Dissatisfaction that the fragment's promising beginning was not brought to fulfilment eventually resulted in attempts to finish the novel. Some of the earliest of these were authored by descendants of the Austen family itself. In 1850, Jane's niece Catherine Hubback adapted the plot into a three-volume novel under the title The Younger Sister. The initial chapters were based on Jane's fragmentary story, which was known to family members but had not yet been published. The writing, however, was not word for word from the manuscript and in the development of the story some names were changed and new characters and episodes introduced, as well as long moralising passages and a good deal of descriptive detail. The continuation is recognisably Victorian in its themes and attitudes to social class. Possibly the new focus on the economics of the penniless heroine's situation could not have been adequately treated until this later date. In the opinion of Jane Austen's great-nephew, William Austen-Leigh (1843–1921), his aunt may have become aware of the difficulty "of having placed her heroine too low, in a position of poverty and obscurity…and therefore, like a singer who has begun on too low a note, she discontinued the strain."

Mrs Hubback's novel differs importantly from later continuations of The Watsons, in that it was not presented as a continuation when it appeared in 1850. That fact would not become apparent until Jane Austen's earlier fragment was first published in 1871, although Mrs Hubback's relationship with her is made clear by the dedication at the start: "To the memory of her aunt, the late Jane Austen, this work is affectionately inscribed by the authoress who, though too young to have known her personally, was from childhood taught to esteem her virtues, and admire her talents." Moreover, it is not until the opening paragraphs of Chapter 2, following a digression on the style of ball-dresses over the centuries, that Mrs Hubback announces the period in which her novel is set. It is "sixty years ago", at which time "the liveliest fancy would have never pictured an English ball such as we now see it.". With these clues, the reader is guided to expect a pastiche of an Austen novel, a Regency era situation described from the point of view of mid-Victorian times.

No more continuations of The Watsons appeared until some fifty years after Austen-Leigh had published Jane Austen's manuscript. Then came The Watsons – A Fragment by Jane Austen & Concluded by L. Oulton, published in 1923 and prefaced by Austen-Leigh's original introduction of 1871, as if to give it authenticity. The American edition went further in suggesting that the continuation had family sanction by claiming that Miss Oulton "has carried out her task so successfully that the reader will share with the members of the Austen family, to whom she showed her work, an inability to recognize the place where she took up the story from her distinguished predecessor". A contemporary reviewer for The Spectator certainly noticed, however, commenting that "soon after she has taken up the tale, we become aware that all the rich reality has faded out of it and from being, as it were, a perfect little Dresden group, it has shrunk to a two-dimensional drawing", for all that the author "is often successful in hitting off Miss Austen's style and intonation".

Another family response followed five years later with the publication of The Watsons, by Jane Austen. Completed in accordance with her intentions by Edith, the granddaughter of Catherine Hubback, and her husband Francis Brown. The aim, according to the book's introduction, had been to "disentangle Jane's story from that of her niece", although a dependence on The Younger Sister remained. Mrs Hubback's novel was quarried yet again in 1977 by David Hopkinson (1914–2002), the husband of Diana Hubback – a niece of Edith Brown. This relationship was coyly concealed on publication under the title The Watsons by Jane Austen and Another. A postscript surveyed the history of the family continuations and criticised the Brown version which "so greatly compressed the plot's development that it did less than justice to Jane's own work when all it yielded was so perfunctory a conclusion". Nevertheless, believing that Catherine Hubback had absorbed from family members "an accurate picture of the author's intentions", he too kept his version close to Catherine's original wording and incorporated all of Jane Austen's fragment at its start. What are curtailed are all the digressions that Mrs Hubback had added to give her novel context and the subplots that maintained its momentum.

A further continuation came from John Coates (1912–1963), a writer with no family connection but who had earlier written a time-travel novel, Here Today (1949), featuring a man who claimed to have wooed Jane Austen. His The Watsons: Jane Austen's fragment continued and completed appeared from British and American publishers in 1958. In his postscript (pages 314–18) he admitted to having rewritten the original fragment in order to develop the characters differently, including renaming Emma Watson as Emily. He also pointed out that the tempo of Jane Austen's contribution had been "leisurely…It is the start of a long book, not of a short one. Yet it comprises a half of [Ms] Oulton's book and almost half of the Browns' book." In his own book that proportion is reduced to less than a quarter of the total length. As a result of giving himself this extra leg-room, his version of the story has been judged "more successful in capturing the feel of early 19th-century society than many of the other sequels, but [is] probably much lighter and cheerier than Austen had originally intended the book to turn out".

Since then, as part of the burgeoning new genre of "Austenesque fiction", Joan Aiken has written sequels to several Jane Austen novels, among them her Emma Watson: The Watsons Completed (1996). New continuations also include The Watsons by Merryn Williams in 2005; the self-published The Watsons, by Jane Austen and Another Lady by Helen Baker in 2008; the religiously-themed The Watsons Revisited by Eucharista Ward in 2012;  and The Watsons by Jane Austen, completed by Jennifer Bettiol in 2012. Yet another continuation was written by Irish author Rose Servitova, whose earlier The Longbourn Letters (2017) had been dependent on the world of Pride and Prejudice. Her new work, A Completing of The Watsons (2019), won the Bronze prize in the Self-Publishing Review Book Awards.

Adaptations
As well as continuations of the original novel, a number of other authors have contributed new novels, and adaptations in other formats. Among these are the two 'Watsons novels' described as "inspired by Jane Austen" and written by Ann Mychal. The first, Emma and Elizabeth (2014), according to its back cover, "blends passages from the original fragment into the narrative, creating a unique story which is faithful to Jane Austen's style and subject matter". Its sequel, Brinshore (2015), is set two decades later and brings together characters and situations from both The Watsons and Sanditon.

In The Jane Austen Project (2017) by Kathleen A. Flynn, the manuscript of the novel is made the subject of a time-travel quest. Austen is supposed there to have completed The Watsons but then destroyed it, so two researchers from the future travel back to her time in an attempt to retrieve it.

In another adaptation (that reverses the direction of the time-travel) a metatheatrical intrusion from the present day occurs in Laura Wade's play The Watsons, a dramatisation of the unfinished novel. It has Laura, the dramatist, (played by an actor) walking onstage as the original, naturalistic story breaks off. There then follows a protracted discussion between the dramatist and the rebellious characters about how the plot should continue.

See also
 List of most expensive books and manuscripts

References

Further reading

External links

 Jane Austen Information Page

Novels by Jane Austen
Unfinished novels
Unfinished literature completed by others
Novels set in Surrey
Novels about nobility
Novels published posthumously

The Watsons


Henry Hughes (1829–1862) was an American lawyer, sociologist, state senator, and Confederate Colonel from Mississippi. He developed the economic notion of warrantism and supported the re-establishment of the African slave trade.

Life and career

Early life
Hughes was born on April 17, 1829, in Port Gibson, Mississippi. His father was Captain Benjamin Hughes (1789-1842) and his mother, Nancy Brashear (1797-1875).  His parents were originally from Kentucky.

Hughes graduated from Oakland College in 1847. He studied Law in Port Gibson with John B. Thrasher and in New Orleans, Louisiana, with Thomas Jefferson Durant. He continued his studies in Paris, France, where he took classes in architecture, social science, anatomy, chemistry, and moral philosophy. Hughes also became a follower of the sociologist Auguste Comte. He was also influenced by Francis Bacon, Thomas Carlyle, Charles Fourier, John Locke, Jeremy Bentham, and John Stuart Mill.

Career
Returning to Port Gibson, Mississippi, Hughes started practising law.

Hughes was one of the first Americans to use the term "sociology" in a book title with his Treatise on Sociology, Theoretical and Practical, the other being George Fitzhugh's Sociology for the South. He argued that the economic system of the South was superior to that of the North.

Hughes developed the economic notion of 'warrantism,' with the owner being the "warrantor" and the worker being the "warrantee". The notion implied a strong, central government, whereby all were required to work, whether they were warrantors or warrantees. The state would take precedence over individuals, and duty over personal freedom. Hughes argued that the ownership of other human beings was absurd, saying "Men cannot be owned." Both masters and slaves were "servants of the social order", as critic Jeffrey P. Sklansky explains. Furthermore, he argued that warrantees could be threatened with punishment to make sure they would work; warrantors would be self-motivated to work to maintain their position. He rejected Edmund Burke's ideas about laissez faire capitalism.

Hughes was elected a Fellow of the New Orleans Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1853. He then served in the Mississippi State Senate in 1857. During his term, he supported the re-establishment of the African slave trade with the South.

Hughes published articles in Mississippi newspapers about the slave trade in his 1857-1858 series entitled 'Reopening the Slave Trade: A Series by St Henry.'. He also published articles about giving more status to African slaves, as "dutiful slaves". Additionally, Hughes suggested repatriating blacks slaves and replacing them with imported new African warrantees, who would learn the duty of work from their birth to serve the state as opposed to slavery.

According to literary critic Michael Wainwright, Hughes believed in the mythology of the Southern aristocracy as descendants of Anglo-Saxons with "Germanic heredity" and "North and Celtic inheritance". He believed segregation between blacks and whites was mandatory to preserve this heritage, arguing that social interaction would inevitably lead to sexual intercourse. Moreover, he wrote that Native Americans would have to be exterminated due to their "wild" ways. Hughes' worldview has been described as fascist in its rejection of liberal values and modernization of slavery.

During the American Civil War of 1861-1865, Hughes served as Colonel in the Mississippi Twelfth Regiment and the Army of Northern Virginia of the Confederate States Army.

Death
Hughes died of rheumatism on October 3, 1862, at his home in Port Gibson, Mississippi.

Legacy
Hughes' ideas influenced counter-Reconstruction efforts in the South after the Civil War. His Treatise on Sociology was used as a textbook in the American South until the 1890s.

According to scholars Stanford M. Lyman and Arthur J. Vidich, his ideas were also echoed by Joseph Le Conte in California, shortly after the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Indeed, Le Conte used Hughes's ideas to implement the management of former Mexican-owned farms called "latifundias", now the largest farms in California. In keeping with Hughes's ideas, Californian farm owners hired non-Anglo Saxon workers to work on their farms, such as Chinese, Japanese, East Indian, Filipino and Mexican immigrants, in order to find the most productive and most docile workers. This echoed Hughes's notion of the.d'utiful slaves, or warrantee.

Later, Hughes's ideas influenced President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Keynesian public policy, by demanding that the state ensured all citizens would be working. Hughes's ideas have also been compared to those of Lawrence Mead in terms of requiring the poor to work.

Works
Treatise on Sociology, Theoretical and Practical (Philadelphia: Lippincott, Gramco and Co., 1854).
State Liberties: Or, the Right to African Contract Labor. (Port Gibson: Office of the Southern Reveille, 1858).
Selected Writings of Henry Hughes: Antebellum Southerner, Slavocrat, Sociologist, edited by Stanford M. Lyman (Jackson, Mississippi, 1985).

References
Notes

Further reading
Douglas Ambrose. Henry Hughes and Proslavery Thought in the Old South. (Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, 1996).
H. G. Duncan and W. L. Duncan. 'Henry Hughes, Sociologist of the Old South'. Sociology and Social Research, 21 (1937):244-258.
William D. Moore.The Life and Works of Col. Henry Hughes. (Mobile, Alabama, 1863).

1829 births
1862 deaths
People from Port Gibson, Mississippi
American sociologists
Mississippi state senators
Confederate States Army officers
Confederate States of America military personnel killed in the American Civil War
Proslavery activists killed in the American Civil War
People of Mississippi in the American Civil War
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American lawyers
Deaths from musculoskeletal disorders

Henry Hughes (sociologist)


Western Thrace, or Greek Thrace, is a geographical region of Greece. Administratively, it is part of the Periphery of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace. It is located in the northeastern part of Greece and borders the region of Macedonia in the west, the River Evros in the east, the Aegean Sea in the south, and the Rhodope Mountains in the north. Thrace is divided into three regional units, which atre former prefectures: Xanthi, Rhodope, and Evros.

A major Muslim minority lives here, including Turkish, Pomak, and Xoraxane Roma because they were not expelled by the population exchange between Greece and Turkey.

References

Geography of Europe

Western Thrace


At the Stage Door, also known by its working title Women of Conquest, is a 1921 silent American romantic drama film directed by Christy Cabanne. It stars Billie Dove, Huntley Gordon, and Miriam Battista, and was released on December 11, 1921. The film gives a glimpse into the behind-the-scenes reality of life in the New York theater, as seen by a small town girl trying to make it in the big city. The picture received mixed reviews. This was Dove's first time on film, having moved over from the Ziegfeld Follies.

Plot
Mary Matthews is the elder sister of Helen, who is the favorite of their widowed mother. Growing up, she continually has to accede to Helen's wants and preferences. However, when the selfish Helen steals Mary's fiancé, Mary leaves home to try and make a life in New York City. She gets a part as a chorus girl in a Broadway production, but refuses to give in to the wanton lifestyle so prevalent among the other dancers. One night she is being pursued by the stage manager to join the gang in going out to one of their parties, but she keeps refusing. The stage manager becomes more and more aggressive, until he is on the verge of forcing her to accompany him. Mary is saved by the intervention of Philip Pierce, the heir of a socially prominent family, who punches out the stage manager.

The two become friends, and there is a growing attraction. However, at the insistence of his friends, who feel that "all chorus girls are alike", Philip makes a dishonorable proposition to her. Afterwards he realizes his mistake and apologizes, and the two reignite their mutual attraction. He eventually proposes to her, and tells her that the following evening he will meet her and present her with an engagement ring.

However, he fails to show up at the rendezvous, and in the papers the next morning there is an announcement of his engagement to a wealthy socialite. Mary is crushed. That night, despondent over being let down once again, she is on the verge of giving in and accompanying "the gang" on one of their licentious evenings out.  Philip arrives just in time to prevent her from making a mistake.  He explains that he missed the rendezvous because he indeed went to see his fiancée, who had arrived home unexpectedly from Europe. But he went to see her to break off their engagement, so that he could marry Mary. Unfortunately, Philip's mother jumped the gun on the wedding announcement. The two are reconciled and are married.

Cast list

 Frances Hess as Helen Mathews
 Elizabeth North as Helen Mathews, later
 Miriam Battista as Mary Mathews
 Billie Dove as Mary Mathews, later
 Margaret Foster as Mrs. Mathews
 William Collier Jr. as Arthur Bates
 Carlton Griffin as George Andrews (credited as C. Elliott Griffin)
 Myrtle Maughan as Grace Mortimer
 Charles Craig as John Brooks
 Vivia Ogden as Mrs. Reade (credited as Viva Ogden)
 Billy Quirk as Harold Reade
 Huntley Gordon as Philip Pierce
 Katherine Spencer as Alice Vincent
 Doris Eaton as Betty

Production
Having left the Ziegfeld Follies shortly before, this was Billie Dove's film debut. Most of the film was shot on several sets at Robertson-Cole's West 61st Street studio in New York City, while several scenes were shot on location inside the Park Theatre, as well as outside of its stage door. The working title of the film was Women of Conquest. During filming in November, dozens of members of the press were invited on set to watch the shooting of one of the scenes. One scene shot on location in the Park Theatre included the use of over 600 extras as audience members. The film was released on December 11, 1921.

Reception
Exhibitors Herald gave the picture a positive review, calling it "A rapidly moving and interesting story of a small town girl who has to give up everything for her more favored sister, and her adventures and misadventures after becoming a chorus girl." They called it one of Cabanne's best films, and praised the overall casting of the movie. They highlighted Billie Dove's acting as "brilliant", and also were impressed with Miriam Battista.  They were less impressed by the cinematography, which they described as simply adequate. Variety, on the other hand, was less impressed with the picture, while finding the photography "exceptionally good." They felt the picture was over-melodramatic, and the ending somewhat farcical, lowering the overall quality of the entire film. They felt the supporting cast was adequate, but they were impressed with the comedic talents of Doris Eaton. Motion Picture News took the opposite view, holding that Cabanne's vision of New York theater life had "... all the piquancy of theatrical life to fascinate the picture public, and it has also wholesome and at times gripping drama, and plenty of human interest drama." They felt that Cabanne did not give the stereotypical picture of backstage life, but a more realistic interpretation. They felt that the cast was "well-nigh perfect" in their performances, particularly highlighting the work of Billie Dove, stating "... an actress with exactly the wistful, appealing expression needed for such a part." Their overall impression was that the film was a "delightful, absorbing story of theatrical life."

References

External links

Films directed by Christy Cabanne
Film Booking Offices of America films
American silent feature films
1921 romantic drama films
1921 films
1920s American films
Silent American romantic drama films

At the Stage Door


David Rain (2 May 1961 – 15 December 2015), known by his pen name Tom Arden,  was a British science fiction and fantasy writer. He was born in Australia. His main work is the five volume Orokon saga, as well as the novels Shadow Black, The Translation of Bastian Test and the Doctor Who novella Nightdreamers.

Arden was born in 1961 and grew up in Mount Gambier, South Australia. He wrote his first unpublished novel, Moon Escape at the age of seven and later studied English at the University of Adelaide, graduating with First Class Honours. Arden completed his Ph.D. thesis on Clarissa, the epic tale by 18th-century novelist Samuel Richardson.

In 1990, he moved to the United Kingdom, living in Northern Ireland and England. He lectured in English at Queen's University of Belfast for seven years. Since 2003, he lectured creative writing at Middlesex University, London.

Death
Arden died of cancer on 15 December 2015.

Bibliography

The Orokon
 The Harlequin's Dance (1997)
 The King and Queen of Swords (1998)
 Sultan of the Moon and Stars (1999)
 Sisterhood of the Blue Storm (2000)
 Empress of the Endless Dream (2001)

Other novels
 Shadow Black (2002) – gothic mystery
 The Translation of Bastian Test (2005) – science fiction
 As David Rain: The Heat of the Sun (2012)
 As David Rain: Volcano Street (2014)

Other writings
 Nightdreamers (original novella) based on the television series Doctor Who.
 Short stories for UK publication Interzone: "The Indigenes" (IZ 136), "The Volvax Immersion" (IZ 143).
 Articles have been published in the British Fantasy Society magazine Prism.

References

External links
 Official Website

1961 births
2015 deaths
Australian science fiction writers
Australian fantasy writers
British science fiction writers
British fantasy writers
Deaths from cancer in England
20th-century pseudonymous writers
21st-century pseudonymous writers
University of Adelaide alumni
Academics of Queen's University Belfast
Academics of Middlesex University

Tom Arden


An ice cream cone, poke or cornet is a dry, cone-shaped pastry used to hold ice cream. It is usually made of a wafer similar in texture to a waffle. Ice cream cones let you eat without a bowl or a spoon. Different types of ice cream cones include wafer (or cake) cones, waffle cones, and sugar cones.

cone

Ice cream cone


A digital sensor is an electronic or electrochemical sensor, where data is digitally converted and transmitted. Sensors are often used for analytical measurements, e.g. the measurement of chemical and physical properties of liquids. Examples of measured parameters are pH value, conductivity, oxygen, redox potentials. Such measurements are used in the industrialized world and give vital input for process control.

Analog sensors were used in the past, but digital sensors have come to dominate in the age of microprocessors. The differences between the two types, and the reasons for the development of digital sensors are discussed:

General aspects
Digital sensors are the modern successors of analog sensors. Digital sensors replace analog sensors stepwise, because they overcome the traditional drawbacks of analog sensor systems (cf chapter 3 –which book?)

History
Electronic and electrochemical sensors are typically one part of a measuring chain. A measuring chain comprises the sensor itself, a cable, and a transmitter.
In the traditional analog systems, the sensor converts the measuring parameter (e.g. pH value) into an analog electrical signal. This analog electrical signal is connected to a transmitter via a cable. The transmitter transforms the electrical signal into a readable form (display, current outputs, bus data transmission, etc.).

The sensor and the cable often are not connected permanently, but through electrical connectors.
This classical design with connectors and transmission of small currents through a cable has four main drawbacks:

1) Humidity and corrosion of the connector falsify the signal.

2) The cable must be shielded and of very high quality to prevent the measuring signal from being altered by electromagnetic noise.

3) The sensor cannot be calibrated or adjusted until installation, because the influence of the cable (length, resistance, impedance) cannot be neglected.

4) The cable length is limited.

Use and design
Digital sensors have been developed to overcome the traditional disadvantages of analog sensors.
Digital sensors are widely used in water and industrial processes. They measure parameters such as pH, redox potential, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, ammonium, nitrate, SAC, turbidity.
A digital sensor system consists of the sensor itself, a cable, and a transmitter. The differences with analog sensor systems are:

a) The sensor has an electronic chip. The measuring signal is directly converted into a digital signal inside the sensor. The data transmission through the cable is also digital. This digital data transmission is unaffected by cable length, cable resistance or impedance, and is not influenced by electromagnetic noise. Standard cables can be used.

b) The connection between sensor and cable can be contactless and done by inductive coupling. Humidity and related corrosion is no longer an issue. Alternative fibre optic cables may also be an option for long or electromagnetically hostile connections

c) The sensor can be calibrated apart from the system.

See also
 Image sensor

References

(German language, titles translated to English)
H. Galster: pH-Messung (pH Measurement), 1990, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH,
C.H. Hamann, W. Vielstich: Elektrochemie I (Electrochemistry I), 1975, Verlag Chemie,
Schröter / Lautenschläger / Bibrack: Taschenbuch der Chemie (Pocketbook of Chemistry), 2001, Verlag Harri Deutsch,
U. Tietze, Ch. Schenk: Halbleiter-Schaltungstechnik (Semiconductor Circuit Technology), 2010, Springer Verlag,

Sensors
Digital technology

Digital sensor


Elena Fidatov, sometimes known as Elena Fidatof, (born 24 July 1960) is a former Romanian middle- and long-distance runner who competed in track, road, and cross country running competitions. In a period spanning 1984 to 2002, she competed at IAAF World Cross Country Championships on thirteen occasions, making her one of the most frequent participants at the event. She is a two-time Olympian for Romania, having represented her country at the 1992 and 1996 Summer Olympics.

She ran on the track at the IAAF World Championships in Athletics on three occasions, competing in events from 1500 metres to 5000 metres. She was integral to a number of team medal performances for Romania at the World Cross Country event and also the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships. Individually, she won a bronze and a silver medal at the European Cross Country Championships in 1994 and 1997, respectively. Her later career was marred by doping incidents; she was reprieved of a failed test in 1996 but received a two-year ban from the sport in 1998 after testing positive for the anabolic steroid nandrolone.

Career
Born in Tulcea, Romania, Elena Fidatov-Moruzov made her international debut at the 1984 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, reaching the top 40 in the women's long race. She was much improved at the 1985 World Cross Country event and her tenth-place finish helped the Romanian women, led by Fiţa Lovin, to the team bronze medal. She was third at the Balkan Cross Country Championships that year and succeeded her compatriot Mariana Chirila to the title the following season. Fidatov came ninth in the long race at the 1986 IAAF World Cross Country Championships. She did not compete internationally in the late 1980s.

Fidatov took the Balkan Cross Country title for a second time in 1990, but managed only 60th place on the world stage. That same year she was fifth over 1500 metres at the 1990 European Athletics Championships. Her focus began to turn to track running and she competed in the 1500 m finals at both the 1991 World Championships in Athletics and the 1992 Barcelona Olympics. She doubled up for the 1993 World Championships in Athletics, running in both the 1500 m and 3000 metres, although she failed to progress from the heats stage in either discipline. Her performances did earn her a place in the 3000 m at the 1993 IAAF Grand Prix Final, where she finished sixth. She also improved in the World Cross Country Championships over this period, coming 25th and 26th in the 1992 and 1993 editions, respectively.

With no major track events for prepare for in 1994, her major outing of the year was at the 1994 European Cross Country Championships, where she took the bronze medal and led Romania to the team title with Chirila and Margareta Keszeg. She also made her debut at the 1994 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships, where she was fifth and easily took the team title alongside medallists Iulia Negura and Anuța Cătună. Fidatov competed in world-level events on the road, track and grass in the 1995 season, beginning with 23rd place and a team bronze at the 1995 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, tenth in the 5000 metres final at the 1995 World Championships in Athletics, and culminating in a team gold medal for her sixth-place finish at the 1995 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships.

Her 1996 season started with controversy as she failed a doping test in South Africa for a banned diuretic. However, she escaped punishment as a panel accepted that she had used the substance to treat her kidney pain. She retained her World Cross bronze in 1996, in a Romanian team led by an emerging Gabriela Szabo. Her second Olympic appearance, representing Romania in the 5000 m at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics in August, saw her claim a career best finish in a global track final by coming seventh overall. The following month, she was selected for the marathon relay at the 1996 IAAF World Road Relay Championships and the team (including Iulia Ionescu, Chirila, Lelia Deselnecu, Negura and Luminita Gogârlea) finished as runners-up behind the Ethiopian women.

She had a highly successful cross country season in 1997, taking a series of high-profile circuit wins including the Antrim International Cross Country, Cross Zornotza, Cross de San Sebastián, Cross Internacional de Itálica, Eurocross,  and Almond Blossom Cross Country. These performances helped rank her in second place on that year's IAAF World Cross Challenge, behind winner Gete Wami. The thirty-six-year-old also had one of her highest placings at the 1997 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, coming twelfth in the women's long race. She ended the year with a silver medal at the 1997 European Cross Country Championships, leading Romania to second place in the team rankings.

She failed a doping control test at the 1998 Cross Zornotza after nandrolone was detected in her system, an infraction which led to a two-year ban from the sport. She did not stop her training during this period and received clearance from the IAAF to take part in the 2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships. She managed 46th in the short race but only 68th place in the long race that year. She competed twice more at the event, taking 13th in the short race in 2001 (leading Romania to the bronze) and finishing 41st in 2002. These performances brought her total number of career appearances at the competition to thirteen.

In 2000, at the age of 40, she ran the 5,000 metres on the track in 15:20.59 to win the Romanian National Championships.  The time is the current W40 Masters World Record in the event.

See also
List of doping cases in athletics

References

External links

Living people
1960 births
People from Tulcea
Romanian female middle-distance runners
Romanian female long-distance runners
Olympic athletes for Romania
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Romanian sportspeople in doping cases
Doping cases in athletics
World record holders in masters athletics
Sportspeople from Tulcea County

Elena Fidatov


Leandro César Zdero (Born January 18, 1971) is an Argentine architect and politician belonging to the Radical Civic Union and Juntos por el Cambio who currently serves as provincial deputy and elected governor of the Chaco Province.

Early life and career
He was born on January 18, 1971, he completed his secondary studies at the Nuestra Señora de Fátima Institute in Quitilipi and then studied architecture at the National University of the Northeast, graduating there in 1995.

He began his political career at the University and joined the Radical Civic Union with which he became a provincial deputy between 2005 and 2009. After his time in the legislative chamber he was summoned by the mayor of Resistencia, Aída Ayala , to perform different positions at the municipal level. He first served as government secretary and after two years served as chief of staff until the end of Ayala's term.

In 2015 he was the candidate of the Vamos Chaco front and tried to retain the mayor of Resistencia, but in September of that year, Governor Jorge Capitanich won the elections for mayor of the Chaco capital with 49.78%, beating Leandro Zdero, who It achieved 46.73. In this way, Peronism won the mayor's office after 12 years of radical governments.

With the arrival of Mauricio Macri to the national government, Zdero was summoned to be the regional head of Anses in its Northeast section. He took office in March 2016 and served in that position until his resignation in 2017 to become a provincial deputy.

In 2017 Zdero was one of the six provincial deputies who managed to obtain Cambiemos in the province.

In 2019, he ran as a candidate for mayor of Resistencia, competing against the ruling party's candidate Gustavo Martínez. On that occasion, Zdero came out on the Chaco Somos Todos front, the local version of Together for Change, and achieved 34% of the support of the capital's residents, but he was not enough to be elected since Martínez obtained 41% of the votes.

In 2021, Leandro was a candidate to renew his seat as a provincial deputy and achieved it after obtaining a total of 41.91% of the votes on the list of deputies, enough to obtain seven seats, one less than the ruling party, which achieved eight. He is currently second vice president of the Chamber.

2023
In 2023, he presented himself as a candidate for governor of Chaco for the Together for Change front, internally facing Juan Carlos Polini, national deputy of the UCR and in alliance with former governor Roy Abelardo Nikisch, whom he led as a candidate for mayor. Zdero won the election on June 18, 2023 with a total of 121,970 votes, surpassing Polini's 103,508, and the sum of their votes exceeded the number of votes obtained by Jorge Capitanich's ruling party. For this election, Zdero had the support of both presidential representatives of Juntos, such as Horacio Rodríguez Larreta and Patricia Bullrich. He also declared that Chaco was marked by a lot of darkness, in reference to the case of Cecilia Strzyzowski allegedly murdered by the Sena Family, directly linked to Governor Capitanich.

2023 Governor of Chaco
In the 2023 Chaco provincial elections, he was elected with 46.39%, defeating Governor Jorge Capitanich. With this victory, radicalism returns to govern Chaco after 16 years.

Argentine politicians
Argentine architects
Living people
1971 births
Chaco Province

Leandro Zdero


James Lindgren (born 1952) is a professor of law at Northwestern University. Born in 1952 in Rockford, Illinois, Lindgren graduated from Yale College (1974, cum laude) and the University of Chicago Law School (1977), where he was an editor of the University of Chicago Law Review. He received his Ph.D. in Sociology from the University of Chicago in 2009.

After two years of private practice in estate planning and litigation in Chicago, Lindgren became a Project Director at the American Bar Foundation, a think tank specializing in Law & Society. Before coming to the Northwestern faculty in 1996, Lindgren taught at several law schools, including the Universities of Connecticut, Virginia, Texas, and Chicago, and Chicago Kent College of Law.  Lindgren has published in most major law reviews, including the Yale Law Journal and the Harvard, Columbia, Stanford, California, Northwestern, Georgetown, UCLA, University of Pennsylvania, and University of Chicago Law Reviews.

Lindgren's work spans a broad range of fields, though the majority of his recent work involves empirical research, public opinion, viewpoint diversity, estates, probate, aging, or retirement.  His articles, Counting Guns in Early America and Fall from Grace, both of which involve detailed analyses of the physical culture of early America as revealed in probate records, are among the most downloaded law review articles ever published.  His historical and doctrinal work on extortion was adopted by the Supreme Court in United States v. Evans (1992), which held that bribery behavior could be punished as extortion under the federal Hobbs Act. Lindgren is a cofounder of the Section on Scholarship of the Association of American Law Schools and a former chair of its Section on Social Science and the Law.

Lindgren was a leading critic and investigator of charges of scholarly impropriety against pro-gun-control scholar Michael Bellesiles, who eventually resigned
and had his Bancroft Prize rescinded.
Later he investigated charges about a single-sentence claim in anti-gun-control scholar John Lott's book, More Guns, Less Crime, concluding that Lott's behavior was "troubling".

Lindgren blogs at the weblog The Volokh Conspiracy, where he primarily blogs about politics from a libertarian perspective.

Lindgren has long supported abortion rights and legally recognizing same-sex marriages.

James Lindgren's work on extortion laws was cited by the United States Supreme Court in Evans v. United States, 504 U.S. 255  where the Court said "[a]s we explained above, our construction of the statute is informed by the common law tradition from which the term of art was drawn and understood. We hold today that the Government need only show that a public official has obtained a payment to which he was not entitled, knowing that the payment was made in return for official acts."

References

External links
Northwestern website
Fall From Grace: Arming America and the Bellesiles Scandal, Yale Law Journal (2002) − the final version of the 56-page review documenting problems with Arming America, at SSRN
Counting Guns in Early America, Wm. & Mary Law Review (2002) at SSRN
The Volokh Conspiracy, a group weblog to which Lindgren contributes

1952 births
Living people
Writers from Rockford, Illinois
Yale College alumni
University of Chicago Law School alumni
Northwestern University faculty
American bloggers
American legal scholars

James Lindgren


John Woods Duke (July 30, 1899 – October 26, 1984) was an American composer and pianist born in Cumberland, Maryland. He is best known for his large output of art songs.

Biography
John Woods Duke was the oldest child in a large musical family. After teaching him to read music at an early age and starting him on piano lessons at age 11, Duke's mother (a talented singer herself) enrolled him in the Cumberland, MD Allegheny Academy. By age 16 he had won a three-year scholarship to the Peabody Conservatory in Baltimore.

While at Peabody, Duke studied composition and theory under Gustav Strube and piano with Harold Randolph (whose own tutors had included Hans von Bülow, Clara Schumann, and Franz Liszt). He graduated in 1918, and, in the midst of wartime, volunteered his services to the Student Army Training Corps at Columbia University.

Duke stayed in New York City after the war. He debuted as a concert pianist in Aeolian Hall and wrote his first art song. Within a few years he began playing as a soloist with the New York Philharmonic. He married Dorothy Macon, with whom he had two children and who collaborated with him as a librettist on several art songs.

In 1923, Duke accepted a position on the music faculty at Smith College in Northampton, MA. He gained a full professorship at Smith in 1936, and remained at the institution until 1967 when he received the Peabody Alumni Association Award for Distinguished Service in the field of music following his retirement. His prodigious output of art songs continued, including such well-known pieces as "I've Dreamed of Sunsets" and "Lullabye". Pursuing compositional studies, Duke took a year's sabbatical in 1929 to work with Nadia Boulanger in Paris and Artur Schnabel in Berlin. Returning to the United States, he spent a summer at the Yaddo artists' colony in Saratoga Springs, NY.

Professor Duke's lectures, particularly those on his own work (which would eventually total approximately 260 art songs) became very popular. His pieces were later selected for inclusion in such classic anthologies as Music for the Voice by Sergius Kagen and The Singer's Repertoire by Berton Coffin.

Although Duke's work covered a wide range of styles, it showed the particular influence of 19th-century German Lieder. Like those who influenced him, Duke had a passion for setting poems in his native language to music. Though he himself trained in piano, John Duke wrote almost all of his compositions for voice. When asked why, the composer replied, "I think it is because of my belief that vocal utterance is the basis of music's mystery."

References

Further reading
 American Bass, Donald Gramm, notably sang John Duke's settings of Edwin Arlington Robinson narrative poems, Three Poems by Edwin Arlington Robinson: Richard Cory, Luke Havergal, Miniver Cheevy.
Compton, Earl Wilson. 1974. A Singer's Guide to the Songs of John Duke. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms.
 PBS.org

1899 births
1984 deaths
American male classical composers
American classical composers
20th-century classical composers
People from Cumberland, Maryland
Musicians from Maryland
Peabody Institute alumni
Smith College faculty
20th-century American pianists
20th-century American composers
American male pianists
20th-century American male musicians

John Woods Duke


The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger - The Journey Begins is a five-issue comic book limited series published by Marvel Comics. It is the sixth comic book miniseries based on Stephen King's The Dark Tower series of novels. It is plotted by Robin Furth, scripted by Peter David, and illustrated by Richard Isanove and Sean Phillips. Stephen King is the Creative and Executive Director of the project. The first issue was published on May 19, 2010.

Publication dates
Issue #1: May 19, 2010
Issue #2: June 16, 2010
Issue #3: July 21, 2010
Issue #4: August 18, 2010
Issue #5: September 22, 2010

Plot
The Man in Black is fleeing across the Desert and challenges Roland to catch him.

In pursuit of the Man in Black Roland first encounters an old man who gives Roland a compass.  Later Roland stumbles onto a dwelling owned by a man named Brown.  Brown informs Roland that the Man in Black did pass through, but Brown cannot say how long ago it was because time has become difficult to determine. Roland stays the night with Brown, but is unsure if Brown is real or an enchantment created by the Man in Black.  Roland agrees to tell Brown part of his story starting with Jericho Hill.

After John Farson's victory at Jericho Hill the bodies of the gunslingers are being placed on pyre.  Roland, thought to be dead, regains consciousness and escapes the pyre by knocking out a drunken guard.  Vowing to take revenge for the death of his friend, Roland is surprised to see Aileen is still alive.

Together the two escape the enemy camp, but Aileen refuses to continue the fight against Farson as she believes her wounds are still mortal.  Roland promises to take her back to the ruins of Gilead so she can be buried in her family crypt.

Dragging Aileen back to Gilead on a gurney Roland stumbles onto a merchant's wagon that had been attacked.  The only survivor of the attack is a billy-bumbler.  The billy-bumbler, which is capable of some speech, says its master was killed by "Not-Men".

Later that night Roland is attacked by these Not-Men who have the ability to turn invisible.  Roland is rescued by the billy-bumbler and is able to defeat the Not-Men but Aileen is hit by a dart tipped with poison and dies.

Roland and the bumbler (Billy) reach the ruins of Gilead and Roland places Aileen's body in her Uncle Cort's coffin.  While investigating the ruins further, Roland and Billy stumble onto a pack of slow mutants attacking a family of billy-bumblers.  Roland defends the bumblers by helping kill all the mutants.  After the battle Roland encounters the ghost of Hax

Hax was Gilead's former cook who was hanged years ago for plotting to poison children for John Farson.   Roland flashes back to his adolescences and his first experience with death.  Roland and Cuthbert had overheard Hax plan to poison children and reported the treachery to Roland's father.  Hax was hung because of Roland's accusations.  Hax's ghost expresses regret for what his past.

While touring more of the ruins of Gilead, Roland begins to think of all those he has lost over the years when Martin (the Man in Black) appears.  Roland attempts to shoot Martin, but the bullets are blocked by magic.  Martin claims to be able to help Roland to reach the Dark Tower.  Martin vanishes, and Roland begins his quest to find him, believing Martin is his best resource for finding the Tower.

Weeks later Roland and Billy come to the fortified city of Kingstown.  A public hanging of a Not-man is scheduled.  While waiting for the hanging Roland believes he sees the long dead Susan, but loses her in the crowd.  As the Not-man is being hung, Roland overhears a second Not-Man and attempts to capture him for the townsfolk.

After failing to catch the Not-Man Roland enters a tavern and is served by the girl that looks exactly like Susan Delgado.  The girl's name is in fact "Susan" but not the one Roland used to know. Susan tells Roland that Not-Men have been stealing women, many of them her friends, ever since Farson's men came through the territory looking for weapons.

Later that night Susan herself is taken by the Not-Men.  Roland promises to prevent history from repeating itself and goes after Susan.  Billy leads Roland to the Not-Men's lair by following Susan's scent.  There Roland learns the Not-Men use technology to turn invisible.  Several women are being held against their will with restraining collars.

Roland manages to free the girls, who help him kill most of the now visible Not-Men.  Using his sense of smell Billy is able to help track many of the still invisible Not-Men.  The last surviving Not-Man takes Susan hostage and uses her as a human shield.  Billy attacks this Not-Man, but is thrown against a tree limb and impaled.  Roland shoots the last Not-man and Billy dies from his wound soon after.

With the death of another friend, Roland only spends a single night with Susan before moving on to his next quest.  In the present Roland informs Brown that anyone close to him dies.  However Roland also admits to feeling better after telling his story.  Having finished his story Roland continues his search for the Man in Black.

Collected editions
The entire five-issue run of The Journey Begins was collected into a hardcover edition, released by Marvel on January 25, 2011 (). A paperback edition was later released on November 14, 2012 (). The series was also included in the hardcover release of The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger Omnibus on September 3, 2014 ().

See also
The Dark Tower (comics)

References

External links

Dark Tower Official Site

2010 comics debuts
Gunslinger - Journey Begins, The


Cancer Council Queensland is Queensland's foremost anti-cancer organisation. It is an independent, community-based charity and is not government funded. Cancer Council aims to reduce the impact of cancer—particularly the suffering it causes—and ultimately to eliminate the disease, by raising funds to advance cancer research; improve cancer treatment; support people with cancer, their family and friends; and increase community awareness of cancer, its prevention and early detection.  Cancer Council Queensland is a member of The Cancer Council Australia.

Cancer Council Queensland is the largest non-government provider of cancer research funds in the state. It has a dedicated research centre, the Viertel Centre for Research in Cancer Control, which includes an Epidemiology Unit, a Psycho-Oncology Research Unit, and the Queensland Cancer Registry.

Fundraising
Because it does not receive government funding, Cancer Council Queensland receives donations from the Queensland public, through bequests and fundraising events. Cancer Council Queensland works within Cancer Council Australia and alongside other states and territories to run a variety of fundraising events, such as:
Australia's Biggest Morning Tea
Relay For Life
Daffodil Day
Call To Arms
Girls Night In
The Star Gold Coast

Other fundraisers include the Challenge for Cancer, Dress Down Day and Clip for Cancer.

History
Cancer Council Queensland was established in 1961 as the Queensland Cancer Fund. Its original purpose was to purchase medical equipment for the Queensland Radium Institute, a part of the state health department.
On 1 May 2007, the Queensland Cancer Fund was renamed to Cancer Council Queensland and adopted the daffodil, the international symbol of hope, as its logo. It replaced the caduceus, a staff with an entwined snake, which was its original logo.
The name change more closely aligned the organisation with other states and territories of Australia, all of which have an anti-cancer organisation named Cancer Council, all of which are members of Cancer Council Australia.

See also
Australian Melanoma Research Foundation

References

External links
Official site

Cancer organisations based in Australia
Health charities in Australia
Medical and health organisations based in Queensland

Cancer Council Queensland


Matiari () is the capital city of Matiari District, Sindh, Pakistan,

This was founded by the kazmi Syed Family which migrated from Herat  Afghanistan to first Hala kundi and then Matiari, they bought major agricultural lands here and made it into a big town

It is said that the name matiari was given to this place because the settlers used to place water coolers made of clay said "MAT" in sindhi on the roadside for the travellers to have water from them and with time the name became "MATT WARI" TO "MATIARI",  some also said that it is said matiari because the syeds that shifted to this area lived in a nearby town for a short while which was named MATALO so this placed started being called MATALAN WARA and finally became matiari later on many of the syed families shifted to other places of this district too such as BHANOTH and many lived kept living in matiari

Matiari District comprises of 3 talukas Matiari, Hala, New saeedabad,

Matiari is 25 kms away from Hyderabad.

Cities in Sindh
Matiari District

Matiari


Macadam is a type of road construction pioneered by Scottish engineer John Loudon McAdam around 1820, in which crushed stone is placed in shallow, convex layers and compacted thoroughly. A binding layer of stone dust (crushed stone from the original material) may form; it may also, after rolling, be covered with a cement or bituminous binder to keep dust and stones together. The method simplified what had been considered state-of-the-art at that point.

Predecessors

Pierre-Marie-Jérôme Trésaguet
Pierre-Marie-Jérôme Trésaguet is sometimes considered the first person to bring post-Roman science to road building. A Frenchman from an engineering family, he worked paving roads in Paris from 1757 to 1764. As chief engineer of road construction of Limoges, he had opportunity to develop a better and cheaper method of road construction. In 1775, Tresaguet became engineer-general and presented his answer for road improvement in France, which soon became standard practice there.

Trésaguet had recommended a roadway consisting of three layers of stones laid on a crowned subgrade with side ditches for drainage. The first two layers consisted of angular hand-broken aggregate, maximum size , to a depth of about . The third layer was about  thick with a maximum aggregate size of . This top level surface permitted a smoother shape and protected the larger stones in the road structure from iron wheels and horse hooves. To keep the running surface level with the countryside, this road was put in a trench, which created drainage problems. These problems were addressed by changes that included digging deep side ditches, making the surface as solid as possible, and constructing the road with a difference in elevation (height) between the two edges, that difference being referred to interchangeably as the road's camber or cross slope.

Thomas Telford

Thomas Telford, born in Dumfriesshire, Scotland, was a surveyor and engineer who applied Tresaguet's road building theories. In 1801 Telford worked for the Commission of Highland Roads and Bridges. He became director of the Holyhead Road Commission between 1815 and 1830. Telford extended Tresaguet's theories but emphasized high-quality stone. He recognized that some of the road problems of the French could be avoided by using cubical stone blocks.

Telford used roughly  partially shaped paving stones (pitchers), with a slight flat face on the bottom surface. He turned the other faces more vertically than Tresaguet's method. The longest edge was arranged crossways to the traffic direction, and the joints were broken in the method of conventional brickwork but with the smallest faces of the pitcher forming the upper and lower surfaces.

Broken stone was wedged into the spaces between the tapered perpendicular faces to provide the layer with good lateral control. Telford kept the natural formation level and used masons to camber the upper surface of the blocks. He placed a  layer of stone no bigger than  on top of the rock foundation. To finish the road surface he covered the stones with a mixture of gravel and broken stone. This structure came to be known as "Telford pitching." Telford's road depended on a resistant structure to prevent water from collecting and corroding the strength of the pavement. Telford raised the pavement structure above ground level whenever possible.

Where the structure could not be raised, Telford drained the area surrounding the roadside. Previous road builders in Britain ignored drainage problems and Telford's rediscovery of drainage principles was a major contribution to road construction. Notably, around the same time, John Metcalf strongly advocated that drainage was in fact an important factor in road construction and astonished colleagues by building dry roads even through marshland. He accomplished this by incorporating a layer of brushwood and heather.

Advent of macadam

John McAdam
John Loudon McAdam was born in Ayr, Scotland, in 1756. In 1787, he became a trustee of the Ayrshire Turnpike in the Scottish Lowlands and during the next seven years his hobby became an obsession. He moved to Bristol, England, in 1802 and became a Commissioner for Paving in 1806. On 15 January 1816, he was elected surveyor general of roads for the Bristol turnpike trust and was responsible for 149 miles of road. He then put his ideas about road construction into practice, the first 'macadamised' stretch of road being Marsh Road at Ashton Gate, Bristol. He also began to actively propagate his ideas in two booklets called Remarks (or Observations) on the Present System of Roadmaking, (which ran nine editions between 1816 and 1827) and A Practical Essay on the Scientific Repair and Preservation of Public Roads, published in 1819.

McAdam's methods

McAdam's method was simpler yet more effective at protecting roadways: he discovered that massive foundations of rock upon rock were unnecessary and asserted that native soil alone would support the road and traffic upon it, as long as it was covered by a road crust that would protect the soil underneath from water and wear.

Unlike Telford and other road builders of the time, McAdam laid his roads almost level. His  road required a rise of only  from the edges to the centre. Cambering and elevation of the road above the water table enabled rain water to run off into ditches on either side.

Size of stones was central to the McAdam's road building theory. The lower  road thickness was restricted to stones no larger than . The upper  layer of stones was limited to stones  in diameter; these were checked by supervisors who carried scales. A workman could check the stone size himself by seeing if the stone would fit into his mouth. The importance of the 2 cm stone size was that the stones needed to be much smaller than the  width of the iron carriage wheels that travelled on the road.

McAdam believed that the "proper method" of breaking stones for utility and rapidity was accomplished by people sitting down and using small hammers, breaking the stones so that none of them was larger than  in weight. He also wrote that the quality of the road would depend on how carefully the stones were spread on the surface over a sizeable space, one shovelful at a time.

McAdam directed that no substance that would absorb water and affect the road by frost should be incorporated into the road. Neither was anything to be laid on the clean stone to bind the road. The action of the road traffic would cause the broken stone to combine with its own angles, merging into a level, solid surface that would withstand weather or traffic.

Through his road-building experience, McAdam had learned that a layer of broken angular stones would act as a solid mass and would not require the large stone layer previously used to build roads. Keeping the surface stones smaller than the wheel width made a good running surface for traffic. The small surface stones also provided low stress on the road, so long as it could be kept reasonably dry.

First macadam in North America
The first macadam road built in the United States was constructed between Hagerstown and Boonsboro, Maryland, and was named at the time Boonsborough Turnpike Road. This was the last section of unimproved road between Baltimore on the Chesapeake Bay to Wheeling on the Ohio River. Stagecoaches traveling the Hagerstown to Boonsboro road in the winter took 5 to 7 hours to cover the  stretch. This road was completed in 1823, using McAdam's road techniques, except that the finished road was compacted with a cast iron roller instead of relying on road traffic for compaction. The second American road built using McAdam principles was the Cumberland Road which was  long and was completed in 1830 after five years of work.

McAdam's influence
McAdam's renown is his effective and economical construction, which was a great improvement over the methods used by his generation. He emphasized that roads could be constructed for any kind of traffic, and he helped to alleviate the resentment travelers felt toward increasing traffic on the roads. His legacy lies in his advocacy of effective road maintenance and management. He advocated a central road authority with trained professional officials who could be paid a salary that would keep them from corruption. These professionals could give their entire time to these duties and be held responsible for their actions.

Water-bound macadam
McAdam's road building technology was applied to roads by other engineers. One of these engineers was Richard Edgeworth, who filled the gaps between the surface stones with a mixture of stone dust and water, providing a smoother surface for the increased traffic using the roads. This basic method of construction is sometimes known as water-bound macadam. Although this method required a great deal of manual labour, it resulted in a strong and free-draining pavement. Roads constructed in this manner were described as "macadamized."

Tar-bound macadam

With the advent of motor vehicles, dust became a serious problem on macadam roads. The area of low air pressure created under fast-moving vehicles sucked dust from the road surface, creating dust clouds and a gradual unraveling of the road material. This problem was approached by spraying tar on the surface to create tar-bound macadam. In 1902 a Swiss doctor, Ernest Guglielminetti, came upon the idea of using tar from Monaco's gasworks for binding the dust. Later a mixture of coal tar and ironworks slag, patented by Edgar Purnell Hooley as tarmac, was introduced.

A more durable road surface (modern mixed asphalt pavement), sometimes referred to in the U.S. as blacktop, was introduced in the 1920s. Instead of laying the stone and sand aggregates on the road and then spraying the top surface with binding material, in the asphalt paving method the aggregates are thoroughly mixed with the binding material and the mixture is laid all together. While macadam roads have now been resurfaced in most developed countries, some are preserved along stretches of roads such as the United States' National Road.

Because of the historic use of macadam as a road surface, roads in some parts of the United States (such as parts of Pennsylvania) are often referred to as macadam, even though they might be made of asphalt or concrete. Similarly, the term "tarmac" is sometimes colloquially applied to asphalt roads or aircraft runways.

See also
 History of road transport

References

Further reading

External links

 McAdam's publications as available at Internet Archive

Asphalt
Pavement engineering
Scottish inventions
Industrial Revolution

Macadam


Guido Westerwelle (27 December 1961 – 18 March 2016) was a German politician.  He was Foreign Minister and Vice-Chancellor of Germany.

Westerwelle was born in Bad Honnef, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

He was an attorney before he became a politician. From 1994 to 2001 he was secretary general of the German liberal party, the Freie Demokratische Partei (FDP). In 2001 he became the leader of the party.

Westerwelle was also the leader of the FDP parliamentary group and from 1999 to 2005 head of the opposition in the German Bundestag.

In June 2014, he announced that he had acute myeloid leukemia. He died of the disease on 18 March 2016 in Cologne, Germany at the age of 54.

He was openly gay and was in a civil partnership with sports manager Michael Mronz.

References

1961 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in Germany
Deaths from acute myeloid leukemia
Disease-related deaths in North Rhine-Westphalia
Gay men
German lawyers
German LGBT people
Government ministers of Germany
LGBT lawyers
LGBT politicians
Politicians from North Rhine-Westphalia
Politicians of the Free Democratic Party of Germany
Vice Chancellors of Germany

Guido Westerwelle


(1945–8 September 2012) was a Turkish reporter detained for thirty-two months between 1993-1997 by the Turkish government for his reporting on the Kurdish–Turkish conflict, a case The New York Times called "emblematic" of the Turkish press's struggle for press freedom in the 1990s.

Background
Yurtçu began his journalistic career in 1966 as a reporter at the Ekspres. Over the next twenty-five years, he worked at another half-dozen papers as a reporter or columnist, including , , , , , , , and . At  in 1971,  published a series of articles on the torture of political prisoners, bringing him national recognition. In 1975, he was made an honorary member to the National Writers' Union of Turkey.

At the time of his imprisonment,  was serving as the editor of  (English: "Free Agenda"). The paper was particularly known for its extensive coverage of the ongoing conflict between the Turkish Armed Forces and the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), a Kurdish guerrilla army, which was being downplayed by mainstream Turkish media. During Yurtçu's tenure as editor, the paper's circulation grew to more than 100,000, a record for an independent Turkish paper.

1993 arrest and imprisonment
In 1993, the Turkish government arrested Yurtçu, stating that the reporting of Özgür Gündem violated Articles 6, 7, and 8 of its Anti-Terror Law and Article 312 of its Penal Code. Yurtçu had not personally written the articles in question—only served as the paper's editor—and noted following his imprisonment that "Nobody in the world has been sentenced to so many years in prison for articles others have written". He was found guilty of the charges and sentenced to fifteen years' imprisonment, and after his December 1994 appeal was rejected, he began serving his sentence. The court also ordered Özgür Gündem shut down.

The New York-based Committee to Protect Journalists soon selected Yurtçu as an "emblematic case" for Turkish press freedom, at a time when Turkey had more imprisoned journalists than any other nation. Former journalist hostage Terry A. Anderson led the CPJ's campaign to free Yurtçu, hoping to win his freedom first as a "concession" and then use it as leverage to press for the freedom of other imprisoned Turkish journalists.

Reporters Without Borders also campaigned for his release, asking European journalists to adopt Yurtçu through their "godfather" system. One of these, a reporter from the French newspaper Le Figaro, was critical of the reaction of other Turkish media to Yurtçu's detention, stating that:

Turkish journalists lag behind their Western counterparts in expressing their support for Yurtcu… If it hadn't been for the [Reporters Without Borders] campaign, no one would be interested in his case."

On 14 August 1997, the Turkish parliament unanimously passed a limited amnesty for Yurtçu and several other jailed editors. Yurtçu was released from Sanjay prison the following day. Upon leaving prison, Yurtçu was given a bouquet of flowers by the prison prosecutor.

International recognition
During Yurtçu's imprisonment, Amnesty International designated him a prisoner of conscience. In 1996, The Committee to Protect Journalists awarded him an International Press Freedom Award, "an annual recognition of courageous journalism". Reporters Without Borders awarded him the Reporters Without Borders/Fondation de France Prize the same year.

In 2000, Yurtçu was a finalist to be selected as Turkey's representative for the International Press Institute's 50 World Press Freedom Heroes of the past half-century. Though the committee eventually selected Milliyet editor Abdi İpekçi, committee member Raymond Louw later described the choice between İpekçi and Yurtçu as causing "much heartburn".

See also
Censorship in Turkey

References

Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by Turkey
Turkish editors
Turkish journalists
Cumhuriyet people
Turkish prisoners and detainees
1945 births
2012 deaths

Ocak Işık Yurtçu


Hurworth Grange Community Centre is a building in the village of Hurworth-on-Tees, Durham, England. Built in 1875, it has had a long and varied history, from private residence of a wealthy Quaker banking family to its modern-day use as a community centre.

History

Hurworth Grange was constructed in Hurworth-on-Tees by Alfred Waterhouse, commissioned by Alfred Backhouse as a wedding gift for his nephew, James Edward Backhouse. The building is a large brick Victorian mansion that at one time boasted of a lovely rock garden created by the famous Backhouse nursery of Yorkshire.

Over the years the house changed hands, being used as a residence by the Rogerson family and then later the Spielman family. During World War II Jewish refugees were housed at Hurworth Grange and a military installation was set up in its grounds. In 1956 Brothers Hospitallers of St. John of God purchased Hurworth Grange to use as a Juniorate School. In 1967 the Juniorate School was closed and Hurworth Grange was purchased by the local Parish Council for use as a community centre.

Hauntings

Regular patrons of the Hurworth Grange Community Centre have reported various types of paranormal activity occurring. In early 2005 Anomalous Phenomena Investigations (API), of Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, England, run by founders Colin & Cindy Nunn and Chris & Jo Carnegie, were granted exclusive privileges to investigate the alleged hauntings. In August 2006 the BBC North East and Cumbria crew filmed the team conducting an investigation at Hurworth Grange. The show aired on 30 October 2006 and was presented by Anna Nolan. API continues to conduct regular investigations at Hurworth Grange, with future plans to publish a book about their findings.

External links
Official Hurworth Grange Website
Hurworth Community Website
Anomalous Phenomena Investigations Website

Alfred Waterhouse buildings
Community centres in England

Hurworth Grange Community Centre


Turtle Creek is a  tributary of the Little Miami River in Turtlecreek Township, Warren County, Ohio, which takes its name from this creek. Turtle Creek is named for Chief Little Turtle, of the Miami Indian Tribe Turtle Creek is a tributary within the Little Miami and Ohio River watersheds.

Turtle Creek starts from the western plateau above the Little Miami River between Fort Ancient and Oregonia and flows westward through the city of Lebanon, with forks roughly following Wilmington and Oregonia Roads. West of Lebanon it turns south and empties into the Little Miami River at South Lebanon. A North Fork of Turtle Creek begins north of State Route 122 and roughly follows State Route 48 south, joining the main creek in downtown Lebanon.

Named tributaries include Reeders Run, Swamp Run, and Dry Run creeks. Reeders Run flows roughly from State Route 123 south of Red Lion and along Markey Rd, entering Turtle Creek west of Lebanon. Swamp Run flows from an area south of Lebanon Correctional Institution, and enters Turtle Creek near the intersection of Columbia Road and Turtlecreek Road between Lebanon and South Lebanon. Dry Run follows Interstate 71 southward and enters Turtle Creek near the center of South Lebanon very close the mouth of Turtle Creek at the Little Miami River.

Location

Mouth: Confluence with the Little Miami River at South Lebanon
Origin: Warren County east of Lebanon

History
Water from Turtle Creek was once used to feed the upper section of the Warren County Canal which started at Lebanon and connected to the Miami and Erie Canal in Middletown. An earth dam was once constructed on the turtle Creek near Lebanon, creating a  reservoir to supply water to the canal.

Early settler Henry Taylor operated a grist mill on the creek in Lebanon in from about 1796 to 1803. It was one of the first mills in Warren County. It was later sold and abandoned due to limited flow of water in the dry months.

See also
List of rivers of Ohio

References

Rivers of Ohio
Tributaries of the Ohio River
Rivers of Warren County, Ohio

Turtle Creek (Little Miami River tributary)


Ultraviolence or Ultra-violence may refer to:

 A term used in the Anthony Burgess novel A Clockwork Orange and the Stanley Kubrick film of the same name

Music
 Ultraviolence (band) an industrial/techno band headed by Johnny Violent, AKA Jonathan Casey

Albums
 Ultraviolence (album), a 2014 album by Lana Del Rey
 The Ultra-Violence, the 1987 debut album by thrash metal band Death Angel

Songs
 "Ultraviolence" (song), a 2014 single by Lana Del Rey
 "Ultra-Violence", a song by Lower Class Brats from their 1998 album Rather Be Hated Than Ignored
 "Ultraviolence", a song by New Order from their 1983 album Power, Corruption & Lies
 "Ultraviolence/Screaming", a medley of songs by Scream from their 1983 album Still Screaming
 "Ultraviolence", a song by Heartsrevolution released in 2008
 "The Ultraviolence", a song by Joe Stump from his 1993 album Guitar Dominance!
 "Ultra-Violence", a song by Mickey Avalon from his upcoming 2020 album Speak of the Devil

Entertainment
 Ultraviolence (film), a 2022 Colombian film directed by Marco Vélez Esquivia
 Ultraviolence, a hardcore wrestling style in Combat Zone Wrestling
 Ultra-violence, is the second hardest difficulty mode in the 1993 video game Doom, and the third hardest difficulty mode in the 2016 video game Doom

Ultraviolence


Kurama, most commonly known as the Nine-Tailed Fox, Nine-Tails for short, is the fox demon spirit sealed inside of the fictional character Naruto. Kurama was one of the tailed beasts shown in the anime and manga Naruto. After being sealed inside Naruto, Kurama tries to hold its cynical perspective about the world, but with alongside Naruto's insistence on treating it nicely and with respect, it overturns its hatred and deliberately strives to use it's huge power for the world's redemption.

Naruto characters

Kurama (Naruto)


Nicolas V was pope of the Roman Catholic Church, from 1447, to his death, in 1455. His real namw was Tommaso Parentucelli. He was born on 15. November 1397, and died  24. March 1455). His father was a doctor, and he was the first humanist pope. Some of his successes were the resignation of Amadeus VIII., who was an Anti-pope, in 1449. He made a Papal Bull, called Dum diversas. In it, he autohrized Afonso V of Portugal to to conquer the lands of the non-believers, to chase their inhabitants away, to subjugate them, and to put them into a state of slavery. This legitimized Colonialism. There was also the Fall of Constantinople, in 1453, which ended the Eastern Roman Empire.

Popes
1397 births
1455 deaths

Pope Nicolas V