Sesbania drummondii, known as poisonbean, rattlebox and rattlebush, is a medium-sized perennial shrub in the legume family Fabaceae. It is native to the southeastern United States, from Texas east to Florida.

These woody-based shrubs grow from  tall. It is usually much branched in the upper portion. Branches are thin and widely spreading. The medium green leaves are alternate, deciduous, and pinnately compound. There are typically 12-24 leaflets, and occasionally as many as 60 are found. Each leaflet is oblong shaped and  long. The orange-yellow, pea-like flowers occur in a drooping raceme on a long stem. They are often found with red lining. The seed pods are four-sided, four-winged, and about  long. The peas rattle inside, giving this plant its common name of Rattlebush. Inside the pods, the seeds are separated by transverse partitions.

These plants flower from May to October, usually retaining many of the seed pods, which remain attached until the plant dies back to ground level for the winter.

This plant prefers moist soils of ditches and frequently-inundated meadows, as well as depressions and the open edges of lakes, ponds and streams.

The seeds are poisonous, containing the toxin sesbanimide. Animals raised with the plant learn to avoid it because of the foul taste of the green and flowering plants. However, naive cattle, goats or sheep placed on pastures containing dried plants in late fall and winter are frequently poisoned. Sick animals often die within 24 hours.

This species is named in honor of the Scottish-born naturalist Thomas Drummond (1793-1835). Other common names include sennabean and Drummond sesbania.

References

 Rattlebox
 Tveten, Gloria & Tveten, John. Wildflowers of Houston and Southeast Texas. University of Texas Press, Austin (1993).
 Ajilvsgi, Geyata. Wildflowers of Texas Shearer Publishing, Fredericksburg, Texas. Revised edition (2003).

Faboideae
Flora of the Southeastern United States
Flora without expected TNC conservation status

Sesbania drummondii


Elbert Sidney Brigham (October 19, 1877 – July 5, 1962) was a U.S. Representative from Vermont.

Biography
Brigham was born in St. Albans, Franklin County, Vermont, son of Sanford J. Brigham and Sarah J. (Bronson) Brigham, and was a descendant of Thomas Brigham and Edmund Rice, early immigrants to Massachusetts Bay Colony. Brigham attended the grade schools, and graduated from St. Albans High School in 1898 and from Middlebury (Vermont) College in 1903. He married Anna S. Hazen, daughter of Stephen Hazen and Harriet (Congdon) Hazen, on October 2, 1906, at Saint Albans, Vermont.

Career
Brigham engaged in farming and the breeding of dairy cattle during his whole lifetime. He was the first farmer with 100-cow herd to average more than 600 pounds of butterfat in one year.

He was Auditor for the town of St. Albans in 1911 and 1912, and state commissioner of agriculture from 1913 to 1924. He was a member of the National Agricultural Advisory Committee and of the United States Food Administration, Washington, D.C., in 1918.  As well as being a Trustee of Middlebury College 1922-1960, he served as director on the National Life Insurance Company in 1925.
Brigham was elected as a Republican to the Sixty-ninth, Seventieth, and Seventy-first Congresses, and served from March 4, 1925, to March 3, 1931. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1930.

A member of Reconstruction Finance Corporation in 1932, Brigham then served as chairman of Vermont Advisory Banking Board from 1933 to 1936. He was president of National Life Insurance Company, Montpelier, Vermont, from 1937 to 1948, succeeding Fred A. Howland. He was also president of Franklin County Savings Bank and Trust Company, St. Albans, Vermont from 1944 to 1957 and chairman of the board from 1957 to 1962.

Death
Brigham died in St. Albans City, Vermont, on July 5, 1962. He is interred at St. Albans Bay Cemetery, St. Albans Town, Vermont.

References

External links

Govtrack US Congress
The Political Graveyard

1877 births
1962 deaths
Middlebury College alumni
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Vermont

Elbert S. Brigham


Company of Heroes is a 2013 American direct-to-video war thriller film directed by Don Michael Paul. The screenplay was co-written by Danny Bilson and Paul De Meo. It was loosely based on the video game of the same name. De Meo would later write Company of Heroes 2.

Plot
With the Germans apparently near defeat in the latter part of World War II, a squad of American soldiers from the 2nd Infantry Division on a routine mission near Elsenborn in the Belgian Ardennes encounter a surprisingly strong German tank destroyer and infantry force.  After a fierce firefight, the Americans escape and try to make their way back to their own lines to report the German surge.  En route, they stumble across a German experimental site, still smoldering with flames from some devastating event.

They come across an American OSS agent suffering from horrific burn wounds, and learn that the Germans are close to development of a super-bomb which will enable them to turn the tide of war and achieve victory. The OSS agent, knowing that he is near death, asks the soldiers to complete his mission: to find the bomb; disable it; and extract the scientist developing it, who wishes to defect. With their sergeant and other NCOs dead, the youngest of the soldiers, Nate Burrows Jr. and the more experienced Dean Ransom (a cook who had been demoted from Lieutenant after the D-Day landings) lead them deep into Nazi territory. There, they are joined by escaped British airman Brent Willoughby and Red Army soldier Ivan Puzharsky. Discovered and pursued, the Allies make a series of hair-breadth escapes from vastly superior numbers of well-armed Nazi soldiers and finally make contact with a woman named Kestrel, their link to the atomic bomb and to the scientist Dr. Luca Gruenewald.

In the end, the squad manages to escape the Nazi facility as the Allied bombers decimate the place. Ivan escaped with the documents of Gruenewald's research. The squad, Doctor Gruenenwald and Kestrel safely reach Allied-controlled territory. Nate and his squad are briefed by his superiors that they will not receive any recognitions or rewards and they must keep the secret of their mission in order to keep the secrets of the atomic bomb.

Cast

Reception
Aaron Peck at home entertainment website High-Def Digest gave the film three stars and said: "It's a decent little DTV movie about World War II, but it isn't able to crawl out of the self-made trench of its  budget".

References

External links

2013 films
2013 direct-to-video films
Live-action films based on video games
American World War II films
Company of Heroes
Films set in Belgium
Films shot in Bulgaria
Films directed by Don Michael Paul
Films scored by Frederik Wiedmann
Ardennes in fiction
Films about Nazi Germany
Films set in Thuringia
World War II films based on actual events
2010s American films

Company of Heroes (film)


Alexander John Gregory,  (born 11 March 1984) is an English former representative rower. He is a six-time world champion and a two-time Olympic gold medallist at 2012 and 2016 in the Coxless four.

Education
Alex Gregory was educated at the Richard Pate School in Cheltenham, then Bredon Hill Middle School, a comprehensive school in Ashton under Hill, Worcestershire, followed by Prince Henry's High School in Evesham. He later attended the University of Reading in Berkshire from which he graduated in 2006.

Career
Born in Cheltenham, Gregory gained his first GB vest in 2004 at the World Rowing U23 Championships in Poland, finishing 11th in the quad. At the World U23 Championships in 2005 he was 4th in the double and 8th in the single the following year. He has been a full member of the men's squad since his graduation from university. Gregory is also a member of the Leander Club, of which he was Captain.

He was selected for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games as a reserve, having narrowly missed out on qualifying the men's quad for the Games.

Gregory won the pair at the GB Rowing Senior Trials in his first season in 'sweep'.  He established his place in the new GB four during the 2009 World Cup Series winning two golds and a bronze to take the overall 2009 title.  He was the 'rookie' in the boat, racing with three experienced Olympians, all medallists from Beijing.

At the 2009 World Rowing Championships the four's main rivals were the Australian silver medal four from Beijing who had stayed together to avenge the GB victory at the Olympics.  GB won the gold medal, almost two seconds ahead of Australia with Slovenia in third.

At the 2011 World Rowing Championships in Bled, Slovenia, Gregory raced in the men's four with crewmates Matt Langridge, Richard Egington and Tom James, winning a gold medal ahead of Greece in second and Australia in third.

At the 2012 GB Rowing Team Senior Trials held in March at Eton Dorney, Gregory and crew mate Alex Partridge came second in the men's pair.

Pete Reed, Tom James and Andrew Triggs Hodge, who won gold in the four in Beijing, were all selected along with Gregory for the Olympic season. The four went on to win the 2012 London Olympic Games gold medal in the Coxless four at Eton Dorney.

He competed at the 2013 World Rowing Championships in Chungju, where he won a gold medal as part of the eight
and the following year he competed at the 2014 World Rowing Championships in Bosbaan, Amsterdam, where he won a gold medal as part of the coxless four with Moe Sbihi, George Nash and Andrew Triggs Hodge. One year later he was part of the British team that topped the medal table at the 2015 World Rowing Championships at Lac d'Aiguebelette in France, where he won a gold medal as part of the eight with Matt Gotrel, Constantine Louloudis, Pete Reed, Paul Bennett, Moe Sbihi, George Nash, Will Satch and Phelan Hill.

Honours
In August 2012, to celebrate his gold medal at London 2012, post boxes were painted gold in his home town of Cheltenham.

Gregory was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2013 New Year Honours for services to rowing.

On 20 November 2015, Gregory was named as "Olympic Athlete of the Year" at the GB Rowing Teams awards.

See also
 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics gold post boxes
 Great Britain at the 2012 Summer Olympics

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
English male rowers
British male rowers
Sportspeople from Cheltenham
Rowers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
English Olympic medallists
Olympic rowers for Great Britain
Alumni of the University of Reading
Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain
Olympic medalists in rowing
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Members of Leander Club
World Rowing Championships medalists for Great Britain
European Rowing Championships medalists

Alex Gregory


CNET (short for "Computer Network") is an American media website that publishes reviews, news, articles, blogs, podcasts, and videos on technology and consumer electronics globally. CNET originally produced content for radio and television in addition to its website before applying new media distribution methods through its internet television network, CNET Video, and its podcast and blog networks.

Founded in 1992 by Halsey Minor and Shelby Bonnie, it was the flagship brand of CNET Networks and became a brand of CBS Interactive through that unit's acquisition of CNET Networks in 2008. It has been owned by Red Ventures since October 30, 2020.

Other than English, CNET's region- and language-specific editions include Chinese, French, German, Japanese, Korean, and Spanish.

History

Origins

After leaving PepsiCo, Halsey Minor and Shelby Bonnie launched c/net, a 24-hour cable network about computers and technology in 1992.
With help from Fox Network co-founder Kevin Wendle and former Disney creative associate Dan Baker, CNET produced four pilot television programs about computers, technology, and the Internet. CNET TV was composed of CNET Central, The Web, and The New Edge. CNET Central was created first and aired in syndication in the United States on the USA Network. Later, it began airing on USA's sister network Sci-Fi Channel along with The Web and The New Edge. These were later followed by TV.com in 1996. Media personality Ryan Seacrest first came to national prominence at CNET, as the host of The New Edge and doing various voice-over work for CNET.

CNET online launched in June 1995. CNET, Inc., the site's owner, had its initial public offering (IPO) in July 1996. In 1998, CNET, Inc. was sued by Snap Technologies, operators of the education service CollegeEdge, for trademark infringement relating to CNET, Inc.'s ownership of the domain name Snap.com, due to Snap Technologies already owning a trademark on its name.

CNET produced another television technology news program called News.com that aired on CNBC beginning in 1999. From 2001 to 2003, it operated CNET Radio on the Clear Channel-owned KNEW (910) in the San Francisco Bay Area, WBPS (890) in Boston, and XM Satellite Radio. CNET Radio offered technology-themed programming. After failing to attract a sufficient audience, CNET Radio ceased operating in January 2003 due to financial losses.

Acquisitions and expansions
In July 1999, CNET, Inc. acquired the Swiss-based company GDT, later renamed to CNET Channel. In 1998, CNET, Inc. granted the right to Asiacontent.com to set up CNET Asia and the operation was brought back in December 2000. In January 2000, the same time CNET, Inc. became CNET Networks, it acquired comparison shopping site mySimon for $736 million. In October 2000, CNET Networks acquired ZDNET for approximately $1.6 billion. In January 2001, Ziff Davis reached an agreement with CNET Networks to regain the URLs lost in the 2000 sale of Ziff Davis to SoftBank, a publicly traded Japanese media and technology company. In April 2001, CNET acquired TechRepublic, which provides content for IT professionals from Gartner, for $23 million in cash and stock. In May 2002, CNET Networks acquired Smartshop, an automated product catalog and feature comparison technology company, for an undisclosed amount.

On July 14, 2004, CNET Networks announced that it would acquire photography website Webshots for $70 million ($60 million in cash, $10 million in deferred consideration), completing the acquisition that same month. In October 2007, it sold Webshots to American Greetings for $45 million. In August 2005, CNET Networks acquired Metacritic, a review aggregation website, for an undisclosed amount.

In 2005, Google representatives refused to be interviewed by all CNET reporters for a year after CNET published Google's CEO Eric Schmidt's salary and named the neighborhood where he lives, as well as some of his hobbies and political donations. All the information had been gleaned from Google searches.

On October 10, 2006, Shelby Bonnie resigned as chairman and CEO, in addition to two other executives, as a result of a stock options backdating scandal that occurred between 1996 and 2003. This would also cause the firm to restate its financial earnings over 1996 to 2003 for over $105 million in resulting expenses. The Securities and Exchange Commission later dropped an investigation into the practice. Neil Ashe was named as the new CEO.

In December 2006, James Kim, an editor at CNET, died in the Oregon wilderness. CNET hosted a memorial show and podcasts dedicated to him.

On March 1, 2007, CNET announced the public launch of BNET, a website targeted towards business managers. BNET had been running under beta status since 2005.

CBS Corporation ownership
On May 15, 2008, it was announced that CBS Corporation would buy CNET Networks for US$ 1.8 billion. On June 30, 2008, the acquisition was completed. Former CNET Networks properties were managed under CBS Interactive at the time. CBS Interactive acquired many domain names originally created by CNET Networks, including download.com, downloads.com, upload.com, news.com, search.com, TV.com, mp3.com, chat.com, computers.com, shopper.com, com.com, and cnet.com. It also held radio.com until CBS Radio was sold to Entercom in 2017.

In 2011, CNET and CBS Interactive were sued by a coalition of artists (led by FilmOn founder Alki David) for copyright infringement by promoting the download of LimeWire, a popular peer to peer downloading software. Although the original suit was voluntarily dropped by Alki David, he vowed to sue at a later date to bring "expanded" action against CBS Interactive. In November 2011, another lawsuit against CBS Interactive was introduced, claiming that CNET and CBS Interactive knowingly distributed LimeWire, the file sharing software.

On September 19, 2013 CBS Interactive launched a Spanish language sister site under the name CNET en Español. It focuses on topics of relevance primarily to Spanish-speaking technology enthusiasts. The site offered a "new perspective" on technology and is under the leadership of managing editor Gabriel Sama. The site not only offered news and tutorials, but also had a robust reviews section that it was led by Juan Garzon. After Red Ventures' acquisition, the company announced the closing of CNET en Español on November 11, 2020, leaving the largest tech site in Spanish in the US out of the market.

In March 2014, CNET refreshed its site by merging with CNET UK and vowing to merge all editions of the agency into a unified agency. This merge brought many changes, foremost of which would be a new user interface and the renaming of CNET TV as CNET Video.

Red Ventures ownership
On September 2020, Red Ventures announced that it would acquire CNET from ViacomCBS for $500 million. The transaction was completed on October 30, 2020.

In November 2022, CNET began publishing articles written with artificial intelligence and edited by humans. CNET received criticism for failing to disclose that it was using a machine to write articles. CNET conducted a review of these articles in January 2023 after many were found to contain serious errors and plagiarized material. In February 2023, The Verge alleged that "editorial firewalls have been repeatedly breached", with CNET reporters were being pushed by Red Ventures to give more favourable coverage to advertisers and pressured to work on sponsored content.

In August 2023, CNET had deleted thousands of old articles from their website, in an effort to raise the search engine optimization rankings on Google Search. Gizmodo reports that CNET undergoes a deprecation process for older articles; all of CNET's to-be deleted articles are recreated for themselves, and CNET creates a copy of these articles to Wayback Machine before getting deleted on CNET's website themselves, and the writers alerted 10 days in advance during the process. According to Gizmodo, Google stated that the practice of deleting articles for the purposes of raising search engine optimization is not a good practice.

Websites

CNET Networks
Former websites by CNET Networks in 2009:
 CNET.com, CNET Taiwan, CNET.co.uk, CNET Channel, CNET.de, CNET AU, CNET Asia, CNET Japan, CNET Gadget
 ZDNet.com, ZDNet UK, ZDNet AU, ZDNet.fr, ZDNet DE, ZDNet China, ZDNet Korea
 TechRepublic (2001–2021)
 Silicon.com (2002–2012)
 atlarge.com
 mySimon.com (2008–)
 Webshots (2004–2007)
 GameSpot (–2022)
 MP3.com (2003–2020)

Networks websites:
 News.com
 Download.com
 Builder

CNET Networks France websites:
 businessMOBILE.fr
 News.fr
 Gamekult (2007–2014)
 Arts-Culinaires.com
 Recettes-de-Cuisine.com
 Cuisine-Noel.com
 MusicSPOT.fr

CNET Networks Japan websites:
 GameSpot Japan
 Tetsudo.com

Gamecenter
CNET launched a website to cover video games, CNET Gamecenter, in the middle of 1996. According to the San Francisco Chronicle, it was "one of the first Web sites devoted to computer gaming news". It became a leading game-focused website; in 1999, PC Magazine named it one of the hundred-best websites in any field, alongside competitors IGN and GameSpot. According to Gamecenter head Michael Brown, the site received between 50,000 and 75,000 daily visitors by late 2000. In May 2000, CNET founded the Gamecenter Alliance network to bring Gamecenter and four partner websites, including Inside Mac Games, under one banner. Nielsen//NetRatings ranked Gamecenter the sixth-most-popular gaming website in the United States by mid-2000.

On July 19, 2000, CNET, Inc. made public its plan to buy Ziff-Davis and its ZDNet Internet business for $1.6 billion. Because ZDNet had partnered with SpotMedia—parent company of GameSpot—in late 1996, the acquisition brought both GameSpot and Gamecenter under CNET, Inc.'s ownership. Later that year, The New York Times described the two publications as the "Time and Newsweek of gaming sites". The paper reported that Gamecenter "seem[ed] to be thriving" amid the dot-com crash, with its revenue distributed across online advertising and an affiliate sales program with CNET's Game Shopper website, launched in late 1999.

Following an almost $400 million loss at CNET as a result of the dot-com crash, the company ended the Gamecenter Alliance network in January 2001. On February 7, Gamecenter itself was closed in a redundancy reduction effort, as GameSpot was the more successful of the two sites. Around 190 jobs were cut from CNET during this period, including "at least 20" at Gamecenter, according to the San Francisco Chronicle. Discussing the situation, Tom Bramwell of Eurogamer reported, "It is thought [...] that very few if any of the website's staff will move sideways into jobs at GameSpot, now the company's other gaming asset." The Washington Post later noted that Gamecenter was among the "popular video-game news sites" to close in 2001, alongside Daily Radar.

Hopper controversy

In January 2013, CNET named Dish Network's "Hopper with Sling" digital video recorder as a nominee for the CES "Best in Show" award (which is decided by CNET on behalf of its organizers), and named it the winner in a vote by the site's staff. However, CBS abruptly disqualified the Hopper, and vetoed the results because the company was in active litigation with Dish Network. CNET also announced that it could no longer review any product or service provided by companies that CBS are in litigation with (which also includes Aereo). The new vote subsequently gave the Best in Show award to the Razer Edge tablet instead.

Dish Network's CEO Joe Clayton said that the company was "saddened that CNET's staff is being denied its editorial independence because of CBS' heavy-handed tactics." On January 14, 2013, editor-in-chief Lindsey Turrentine addressed the situation, stating that CNET's staff were in an "impossible" situation due to the conflict of interest posed by the situation, and promised that she would do everything within her power to prevent a similar incident from occurring again. The conflict also prompted one CNET senior writer, Greg Sandoval, to resign.

The decision also drew the ire of staff from the Consumer Electronics Association, the organizers of CES; CEO Gary J. Shapiro criticized the decision in a USA Today op-ed column and a statement by the CEA, stating that "making television easier to watch is not against the law. It is simply pro-innovation and pro-consumer." Shapiro felt that the decision also hurt the confidence of CNET's readers and staff, "destroying its reputation for editorial integrity in an attempt to eliminate a new market competitor." As a result of the controversy and fearing damage to the show's brand, the CEA announced on January 31, 2013 that CNET will no longer decide the CES Best in Show award winner due to the interference of CBS (the position has been offered to other technology publications), and the "Best in Show" award was jointly awarded to both the Hopper with Sling and Razer Edge.

Malware in downloads

With a catalog of more than 400,000 titles, the Downloads section of the website allows users to download popular software. CNET's download.com provides Windows, Macintosh, and mobile software for download. CNET claims that this software is free of spyware, but independent sources have confirmed that this is not the case. While Download.com is overall a safe place to download programs, precautions should be taken before downloading from the site, as some downloads do contain malware.

See also
 ZDNet
TechCrunch
TechRadar
Wired

References

External links

American technology news websites
Webby Award winners
Former CBS Interactive websites
Download websites
Internet properties established in 1994
2008 mergers and acquisitions
2020 mergers and acquisitions
Red Ventures

CNET


Canosa vases, also known as "Magenta wares," are a type of funerary pottery belonging to ancient Apulian vase painting. They were produced between 350 and 300 BC and designed exclusively for funerary use.

The distinguishing feature of Canosa vases are the water-soluble paints, which aren't always fired onto the body, leaving the colors susceptible to damage. The pigments most commonly used on these funerary wares are blue, black, light purple, pink, and white. The heavy use of pink on many of these ceramics is how they got the nickname Magenta Wares. These would have been added to the pottery by adding white slip onto the ware and then adding the pigments on top.

Popular shapes included volute kraters, kantharoi, oinochoai and askoi. A common motif were female figures, standing on a small pedestal. Additionally decoration included applied plastic winged heads, gorgons and similar motifs. The paintings often depicted Nike, chariots, battle scenes, naiskoi and winged female figures. The main find locations of such vessels are Canosa (after which the vases are now named), Arpi and Ordona.

See also
 Ancient Greek funerary vases

References

Bibliography
 Rolf Hurschmann: Canosiner Vasen, in: Der Neue Pauly 2 (1997), Col. 965f.

External links

Ancient Greek vase-painting styles
Canosa di Puglia

Canosa vases


The Mount Glorious day frog (Taudactylus diurnus), also known as Mount Glorious torrent frog and southern day frog, is an extinct species of frog native to south-east Queensland. It has not been recorded in the wild since 1979.

Description
Mount Glorious day frogs varied in size, ranging from 22.0-30.6 mm in length. Males generally ranged from 22.0-27.2 mm long, while females were slightly larger, ranging from 23.3-30.6 mm. The dorsal skin had a grey or brown tone with dark spots or streaks, and was mostly smooth, with some granular texture. The abdominal skin was a creamy white or bluish-grey, with occasional grey spots.

Taxonomy
Closest living relatives of the Mount Glorious day frog are the Sharp snouted day frog (Taudactylus acutirostris), the Eungella torrent frog (Taudactylus eungellensis), the Eungella tinker frog (Taudactylus liemi), the Kroombit tinker frog (Taudactylus pleione), and the Northern tinker frog (Taudactylus rheophilus).

Habitat and distribution
Taudactylus diurnus is native to Australia, and was found in the Blackall, Conondale, and D'Aguilar Ranges. The species resided in the altitudinal range of 350 to 800 meters above sea level. The Mount Glorious day frog vanished from the D'Aguilar Range in 1975, followed by its disappearance from the Blackall Range in 1978 and lastly from the Conondale Range in early 1979.

D'Aguilar Range, Conondale Range, and Kondalilla Falls still remain protected habitats within the Australian National Parks system, although no new evidence of the frog has been found.

The species occupied montane rain forests, specifically in long-lasting and temporary streams on gravel, clay, sand and usually areas with rocky soil substrate. It was also found in exposed areas, gorges, and dense wet areas with a lot of vegetation.

Ecology
The Mount Glorious day frog was most active during the day, becoming less and less active toward the evening. As it was found primarily along streams, it rarely moved far away from such wet environments, and it frequently had to enter the water. This included swimming often or submerging itself in the water from time to time for rehydration. At night, when the frogs were less active, they could be seen moving throughout cool rock crevices and staying in moist parts of their environment like under debris, along the water's edge, and around damp vegetation.

Reproduction
The species bred in warm weather after or during heavy rain from late October to May, with a January to March peak. The female deposited 24-36 eggs in gelatinous clumps under rocks or branches in the water; tadpoles could be found throughout the year. Males and females participated in amplexus mating behavior.

Diet
The Mount Glorious day frog fed primarily on small invertebrates along the forest floor. These include flat-bodied crustaceans, winged insects, butterfly or moth larvae, and other small insects along streams.

Extinction
Taudactylus diurnus was first described by Australian zoologists Straughan and Lee in 1966. The frog was abundant in the south eastern Queensland in the early 1970s but then rapidly began to decline. In a period of about 3 to 4 years, the frog was considered to be endangered, having disappeared from D'Aguilar Range around 1975 and Blackall Range around 1978. The species has not been spotted since approximately 1979. In 1994, the Groombridge Scientific Journal declared the species to be endangered, which was followed up in 1996 with the IUCN Redlist declaring the species to be critically endangered. Efforts to relocate the species continued up until 2004, when the IUCN Redlist officially declared the species extinct due to a lack of evidence of their existence in the wild for roughly 25 years.

Causes of extinction
One of the threats to the Mount Glorious day frog was the contamination of water with mud by feral pigs. Feral pigs made the water muddy making it difficult for the frogs to reproduce and develop. In addition, feral pigs also preyed on the frogs. Changes in the flow of stream water, the spread of invasive species, and the spread of chytridiomycosis have also been implicated in the disappearance of the species. A connection has been made between the frog's extinction and the presence of the invasive plant species Lantana camara and Ageratina riparia.

References

Further reading
Frogs Australia Network

Nature Conservation Act endangered biota
Taudactylus
Amphibians described in 1966
Endemic fauna of Australia
Amphibian extinctions since 1500
Species endangered by invasive species
Species made extinct by human activities
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Frogs of Australia

Mount Glorious day frog


Knutsford services is a motorway service station on the M6 in Cheshire, England.

History

Opened in 1963, Knutsford was one of the country's first motorway service stations. As with many services of the time, there are two sites located on either side of the carriageway, linked by a bridge which features a restaurant and shop. The services are owned by Moto.

The service station has a very short exit slip road, close to the A556 exit slip road on the north-bound side of the M6. Slow moving vehicles are often forced to pull into the main carriageway at slow speeds. The station played a pivotal role in comedian Rhod Gilbert's special Rhod Gilbert and the Award-Winning Mince Pie.

The Cheshire Police Motorway Unit has one of its bases here, situated on the southbound side.

Incidents
In June 2019, four bikers were stabbed at Knutsford Services, which led to the M6 northbound being closed off for some time between junctions 18 and 19.

Location
The services are located near Knutsford, between junctions 18 and 19 of the M6.

References

External links

 Moto Official Site - Knutsford
 Motorway Services Trivia Website - Knutsford
 Motorway Services Online - Knutsford

1963 establishments in England
M6 motorway service stations
Moto motorway service stations
Transport in Cheshire
Buildings and structures in Cheshire

Knutsford Services


Chasmodes saburrae, the Florida blenny, is a species of combtooth blenny found in the western central Atlantic Ocean, around the coast of the United States.

Description
The Florida blenny is a small fish growing to a maximum length of  but a more typical length is . The single, continuous  dorsal fin has about six spines and nineteen soft rays. The anal fin has eighteen or nineteen rays. The colour of this fish is a mottled or speckled brown. The sexes differ in that the female has the first anal spine reduced in size. In the breeding season, territorial males have enlarged anal spines with associated fleshy lobes and longitudinal folds of skin. These males also grow larger than the females, have pale longitudinal markings, an iridescent blue spot at the front of the dorsal fin, an orange streak running backwards from the blue spot and orange colouring on the gills and throat.

Distribution and habitat
This blenny is native to waters less than  deep in the southeastern United States and the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Its range extends from New Smyrna Beach, Florida around the coast to the Chandeleur Islands of Louisiana; the range includes the Indian River Lagoon, the Florida Keys and the Mississippi Delta. It is a demersal fish and often found around mangroves and over rocky reefs.

Ecology
The Florida blenny is an omnivore but the diet varies with size. Although all sizes of fish feed on copepods, the smaller fish mostly feed on prey found in mid water. Larger fish often feed on or near the seabed, with detritus and plant material being added to their diet, as well as polychaete worms, molluscs, shrimps, other crustaceans and fish eggs. The Florida blenny is probably eaten by other fish and by large invertebrates.

This blenny is not a shoaling fish and the male is territorial during the breeding season, which lasts from about March to October. A male will mate with several females and all these will deposit their eggs in the same location. Places chosen for this include the empty shells of the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) and rigid pen shell (Atrina rigida), rock crevices, sponges or discarded cans; in one case, 11,000 eggs were found in a single can. The male guards the eggs for the three weeks or so before they hatch, while the females produce further batches of eggs at intervals during the breeding season. The larvae are pelagic and feed on zooplankton, before settling to the seabed after about three weeks when they are  long.

References

Florida blenny
Fauna of the Southeastern United States
Florida blenny
Taxa named by David Starr Jordan
Taxa named by Charles Henry Gilbert

Chasmodes saburrae


Isydore Hlynka (February 17, 1909 – May 18, 1983) was a Canadian biochemist, and Ukrainian Canadian community leader. He was born in the village of Denysiw, near Ternopil. He came to Canada at age one in 1910 with his parents, who homesteaded near Delph, Alberta, north of Vegreville.

Education
Hlynka finished his elementary schooling in a one-room school house, which was located in a corner of his father's farm. He attended high school in Edmonton. He received Bachelor's and Master's degrees in chemistry from the University of Alberta. He then attended the California Institute of Technology and received his PhD in biochemistry in 1939.

Career
Hlynka worked in Ottawa, Ontario from 1939 to 1947.  In 1947, Dr. Hlynka took a position at the Grain Research Laboratory in Winnipeg, Manitoba where he lived for the rest of his life. He published over a hundred refereed journal papers, mainly on biochemistry applied to wheat, and bread quality. For his research, he was the first winner of the Brabender Award (1967) for the application of rheology in milling and baking, and was a winner of the Osborne Gold Medal in Cereal Chemistry (1976). The American Association of Cereal Chemists, Rheology Section, in which Dr. Hlynka was active, named the Isydore Hlynka Best Student Paper Award in his honor. While at the Grain Research Laboratory in Winnipeg, he supervised postdoctoral students and visiting scientists from many countries, including Japan, the United Kingdom, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and the Netherlands. He was the editor/author of one book on cereal chemistry, entitled "Wheat, Chemistry and Technology." For years, this book was a standard reference (and was translated into the Russian language and used in the Soviet Union).

Dr. Hlynka was active in the Ukrainian Canadian community. His brother, Anthony Hlynka, was the second Member of Parliament of Ukrainian ancestry in the House of Commons of Canada (Vegreville, 1940–1949). Dr. Hlynka wrote many of the commentaries which appeared in the Ukrainian Canadian Committee national bulletin in the 1950s.

Dr. Hlynka was a pioneer in the concept of multiculturalism in Canada. In 1963, he wrote and presented the Ukrainian Canadian Committee's submission to the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism in Ottawa. His submission was the first of any non-British, non-French ethnic group. Dr. Hlynka argued that Canada was in fact multilingual and multicultural, with two main working languages – Quebec's working language being mainly French, and the rest of Canada having English as a working language. His presentation received major news coverage across Canada and set the tone for all other ethnic groups to follow. In succeeding years, Dr. Hlynka wrote many articles and gave many speeches on the subject of multiculturalism. From 1971-1983, he wrote a weekly English language newspaper column for Winnipeg-based Ukrainsky Holos (The Ukrainian Voice), with the title "Behind the Official Languages Curtain", under the pseudonym Ivan Harmata. Selections from that column were published in book form with the title "The Other Canadians." Simultaneously with the newspaper column, Dr. Hlynka had a Ukrainian language weekly commentary on radio station CKJS in Winnipeg, on the same topics.

Dr. Hlynka was the founding president of the Ukrainian Canadian Foundation of Taras Shevchenko. From its inception in 1963, he was president for its first fifteen years. Dr. Hlynka was an executive member of the Board of Directors of St. Andrew's College (Winnipeg). He was an executive member of the National Presidium of Ukrainian Canadian Committee. He was active with the Ukrainian Cultural and Educational Centre in Winnipeg and with the Ukrainian Canadian Professional and Business Association.

Published works

Awards and honours
Carl Wilhelm Brabender Award in Rheology (1967). Presented by the American Association of Cereal Chemists to an outstanding worker in applied rheology. Hlynka was the first recipient.
Osborne Gold Medal in Cereal Chemistry. The Thomas Burr Osborne Medal is awarded by the AACC to an individual whose research in cereal chemistry has contributed significantly to the progress of the science.
Honorary Doctorate of Science from the University of Manitoba (1976)
Canadian Centennial Medal (1967)
Shevchenko Medal (1968) from the Ukrainian Canadian Committee
Osvita Foundation Honouree (posthumously, 1984). The Osvita Foundation promotes the Ukrainian English bilingual program in Manitoba.
Ukrainian Canadian Congress' 100 most prominent Ukrainian Canadians of the Past Century Award (1992)

References

Bibliography

Footnotes

External links
 Brabender Award
 Osborne Gold Medal
 Isydore Hlynka Best Student Paper Award
 University of Manitoba Honorary Degrees
 Reflections and reminiscences: Ukrainians in Canada, 1892-1992, by Michael Ewanchuk. Winnipeg. 1995.
 Ukrainian Canadian Foundation of Taras Shevchenko
 Osvita Foundation Honouree

1909 births
1983 deaths
Canadian biochemists
Rheologists
Canadian people of Ukrainian descent
People from Lamont County
Multiculturalism in Canada

Isydore Hlynka


Nancy Keesing  (7 September 1923 – 19 January 1993) was an Australian poet, writer, editor and promoter of Australian literature.

Early life
Nancy Keesing was born in Sydney, Australia and attended school at Sydney Church of England Girls' Grammar School (SCEGGS) and the Frensham School (Mittagong). During WW2 she worked as a naval account clerk on Garden Island in Sydney Harbour. After the war she enrolled in social sciences at the University of Sydney, and then worked as a social worker at the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children, Camperdown (1947–1951).

Literary career
From about 1952 she worked full-time as a writer and researcher with The Bulletin magazine. She mainly worked with Douglas Stewart, particularly to research and collect historical Australian songs and bush ballads.

She was active in a number of literary associations, most notably the Australian Society of Authors. She edited the ASA journal The Australian Author from 1971 to 1974. She was chair of the Literature Board, Australia Council, 1974–1977. She was also active in the English Association and the Australian Jewish Historical Society. She became a council member of the Kuring-gai College of Advanced Education.

Her literary career covered several fields, including poetry, literary criticism, editing, children's novels and biography. One of her most well known works is Shalom, a collection of Australian Jewish stories. She wrote or edited 26 volumes. She wrote two memoirs: Garden Island People, about her work on Garden Island, and Riding the Elephant, mainly about her literary career.

Personal life
She married Dr Mark Hertzberg, a chemical engineer with CSR, and they had two children. They lived next to Kylie Tennant and her family for 20 years in Hunters Hill.

Awards and legacy
Keesing was made a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in the 1979 Australian Day Honours for service to literature.

The annual Nancy Keesing Fellowship was founded by her husband in her honour. It is for research on aspects of Australian life and culture using the resources and archives of the State Library of New South Wales.

Bibliography

Poetry

Fiction

Non-fiction

References

External links
 2 poems
 Nancy Keesing Fellowship
 Children Poem

1923 births
1993 deaths
Australian memoirists
Jewish Australian writers
Australian women memoirists
Australian women poets
20th-century Australian women writers
20th-century Australian poets
Jewish women writers
Members of the Order of Australia
University of Sydney alumni
People educated at Frensham School
20th-century memoirists

Nancy Keesing


Anquell McCollum (born 1973) is an American college basketball assistant coach for Fayetteville State University. McCollum previously coached college and high school basketball, and as a professional player he competed in numerous countries during a four-year career between 1996 and 2000. His collegiate career at Western Carolina University was also successful, as he was named the Southern Conference Player of the Year in 1996.

Early life
A native of Fayetteville, North Carolina, McCollum attended his hometown's E. E. Smith High School. In a game played on March 5, 1992, he set a then-state record with 24 three-point field goal attempts, which was later broken in 2004. Of the 24 attempts, McCollum made 11, which was also a state record at the time.

College and professional careers
McCollum played for the Western Carolina Catamounts between 1992–93 and 1995–96. As a freshman he secured a Southern Conference (SoCon) All-Freshmen Team selection. Between his sophomore and senior seasons, McCollum earned three All-SoCon tournament selections, was a two-time First Team All-SoCon player, and in 1995–96 he was named both the conference player of the year as well as the conference tournament's MVP. That season, McCollum averaged 25 points per game (ranked fifth nationally) and led the Catamounts to one of the most historic seasons in school history. Western Carolina began the 1995–96 season with a 3–10 overall record, but rattled off 11 wins in their final 13 games to clinch the Southern Conference South Division title with a 10–4 conference record; that was the school's first-ever SoCon basketball title. The Catamounts then went on to win all three SoCon Tournament games, including a win over Davidson, who at the time was on a 19-game winning streak. By winning the 1996 SoCon Tournament (of which McCollum was named MVP), Western Carolina clinched its first NCAA tournament berth. In the 1996 NCAA tournament, Western Carolina nearly became the first #16-seed to defeat a #1-seed when they narrowly lost to Purdue 73–71 in the opening round.

Following his collegiate career, McCollum did not get selected in the 1996 NBA draft. He instead played professionally overseas, spending time in five different countries in four years before returning home to play in the United States Basketball League – his final stop before retiring. McCollum played in France (1996–97), Venezuela (1997–99), Colombia (1998), Hong Kong (1998), and the Dominican Republic (2000) during his tenure.

Coaching career
After returning to the United States in 2000, he returned to Western Carolina University to finish attaining his degree in Computer Information Systems. Between 2000 and 2004, and aside from obtaining his degree, McCollum worked as a middle school computer skills teacher and then as an assistant director of admissions for Western Carolina. In 2004–05 he became an official assistant coach for the men's basketball team at his alma mater, a position he held for 14 seasons. In 2018–19 he spent one season as the head coach for Freedom Christian Academy in Fayetteville, North Carolina. The next year, he accepted an assistant coaching position at Fayetteville State University.

References

External links
Western Carolina coach profile

1973 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Colombia
American expatriate basketball people in the Dominican Republic
American expatriate basketball people in France
American expatriate basketball people in Hong Kong
American expatriate basketball people in Venezuela
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from North Carolina
Basketball players from North Carolina
Hermine Nantes Basket players
High school basketball coaches in North Carolina
Fayetteville State Broncos basketball coaches
Schoolteachers from North Carolina
Shooting guards
Sportspeople from Fayetteville, North Carolina
Western Carolina Catamounts men's basketball coaches
Western Carolina Catamounts men's basketball players

Anquell McCollum


The Beautiful Country is a 2004 drama film set in 1990. It is directed by Hans Petter Moland and starring Damien Nguyen, Nick Nolte, Bai Ling, Chau Thi Kim Xuan, Tim Roth, Anh Thu, Temuera Morrison and John Hussey.  The screenplay was written by Sabina Murray, from a story by Murray and Terrence Malick (under the pseudonym Lingard Jervey)

Plot summary
The film tells the story of Binh, a Vietnamese Amerasian boy who is often referred to as a "bui doi" (a derogatory term which has come to refer to a Vietnamese-born child fathered by an American soldier during the Vietnam War). After a life of prejudice and servitude, Binh decides to leave his tiny Vietnamese village and search for his mother in Saigon. Binh finds his mother, Mai, and discovers he has a younger brother, energetic and precocious Tam.  Mai is employed by Mrs. Hoa, the cruel mistress of a great house. After getting a job at the house with his mother, Binh discovers that she is sexually harassed constantly by Mrs. Hoa's son.

While dusting with his mother, Binh lifts a red glass statue of Buddha, a precious family heirloom, to allow his mother to dust. As Binh lifts the statue to see it glow in the sun, the mistress walks in and charges Binh, calling him a thief. As Binh tries to keep the Buddha safe in his arms, the mistress slips on a wet patch of the floor, falling to her death. Binh and his mother quickly escape the house back to their apartment. They frantically pack the belongings of Binh and Tam. His mother gives them American money, the address of Binh's American father, and passage on a boat.

Binh and Tam both make it onto a boat bound for the United States, but a storm knocks them off course and instead takes them to Malaysia. Stuck in a refugee camp, Binh and Tam adapt to their new circumstances and meet Ling, a Chinese prostitute whose passage to America was also detoured to Malaysia. Binh and Ling seem to develop feelings for each other, kissing after Ling sings a ballad in Mandarin and dances for him.

Ling had been selling sexual favors for some time (though she dreams of a life as a singer) and had managed to buy herself, Binh, and Tam's way out of the refugee complex and onto a barge captained by the British Captain Oh. During the voyage Binh, Ling, and Tam suffer shortages of food and fresh water. A gambling game (two contenders shout off American brand names in succession) threatens the other passengers by unfairly winning their food, water, and money. Several people succumb to the conditions, as does little Tam. A heartbroken Binh and Ling give him a funeral at sea.

The immigrants finally reach the United States, but are quickly rushed into transport trucks, bound for Chinatown in New York City. Binh works at a Chinese restaurant as a delivery boy and Ling works in a Chinatown cabaret, though she still keeps prostitution as her main source of income. Ling eventually meets a wealthy businessman to support her. Binh's feelings for Ling go unanswered. Binh sends a letter explaining Tam's death to his mother, along with all the money he had saved thus far.

Binh finds out (over a poker game with his friends) that Vietnamese children born to American fathers are allowed free airplane passage to the United States and granted citizenship. Angry because he didn't have to lose his brother, he promptly leaves his job and hitch hikes toward Houston, Texas, meeting amputee Vietnam War veterans and a Hispanic family along the way. Upon reaching the address Binh finds a woman, his father's ex-wife. His father had relocated after their divorce, working as a handyman at a ranch in Sweetwater, Texas. Binh is finally confronted with his father, blinded after opening a crate filled with explosives he thought was beer during the war. While Binh doesn't confess that he's his son, his father realizes it and the film ends with Binh and his father talking and getting to know each other as he cuts his father's hair.

Cast
 Damien Nguyen as Binh
 Nick Nolte as Steve
 Tim Roth as Captain Oh
 Bai Ling as Ling
 Temuera Morrison as Snakehead
 Thi Kim Xuan Chau as Mai
 Dang Quoc Thinh Tran as Tam
 Arthur J. Nascarella as Griff

Reception

Box office
The Beautiful Country grossed $878,325 around the world from a budget of approximately $6 million.

Critical response
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 78% based on 76 reviews, with an average rating of 6.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The plight of Asian refugees is sensitively rendered, and the movie builds, with the help of Nolte, to a wrenchingly poignant conclusion." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 64 out of 100, based on 23 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

See also
Amerasian
Bui doi

References

External links

Review - The New York Times.
Review - San Francisco Chronicle

2004 films
2004 in Vietnam
English-language Vietnamese films
Vietnamese drama films
Films about Vietnamese Americans
Sony Pictures Classics films
Films directed by Hans Petter Moland
Films scored by Zbigniew Preisner
Films set in Malaysia
Films set in the United States
Films set in Vietnam
Films shot in Vietnam
Films set in 1990
Literature by Asian-American women
Asian-American drama films
2000s American films

The Beautiful Country


Saul Aaron Kripke (; 13 Kasım 1940 - 15 Eylül 2022) Princeton Üniversitesi'nden emekli Amerikalı filozof ve mantıkçı. Rockefeller Üniversitesi ve Princeton Üniversitesi'nde dersler verdi. Emekli olduktan sonra, 2003'ten itibaren New York Şehir Üniversitesi'nde öğretim görevlisi oldu. Model mantığın anlambilimine büyük katkılar yaptı. 1960'larda önemli yayınlar çıkardı. İsimlendirme ve Gereklilik adlı kitabı en önemli çalışması olarak bilinir. Ludwig Wittgenstein'ın Felsefi Soruşturmalar adlı eserindeki önermelerinden ilham alarak  dilbilimsel anlama şüphecilikle yaklaştı. Wittgenstein ve dilbilim hakkında yayınları vardır.

15 Eylül 2022 tarihinde 81 yaşında hayatını kaybetti.

Yayınları

Kitapları

 1980. Naming and Necessity. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-59845-8 and reprints 1972.
 1982. Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language: an Elementary Exposition. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-95401-7. Sets out his interpretation of Wittgenstein aka Kripkenstein.
 Toplu Makaleleri, Cilt 1, Oxford Üniversitesi Yayınları'nda yakında yayınlanacak.[2]

Türkçeye Çevrilmiş Yapıtları
 Adlandırma ve Zorunluluk, Litera Yayıncılık, 2005
 Wittgenstein Kurallar ve Özel Dil, Litera Yayıncılık, 2007

Makaleleri
 1959. "A Completeness Theorem in Modal Logic", Journal of Symbolic Logic 24(1):1–14.
 1959. "Distinguished Constituents" (abstract), The Journal of Symbolic Logic, 24(4):323.
 1959. "Semantical Analysis of Modal Logic" (abstract), The Journal of Symbolic Logic, 24(4):323-324.
 1959. "The Problem of Entailment" (abstract), The Journal of Symbolic Logic, 24(4):324.
 1962. "'Flexible' Predicates of Formal Number Theory," Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, 13(4):647-650.
 1962. "The Undecidability of Monadic Modal Quantification Theory", Zeitschrift für Mathematische Logik und Grundlagen der Mathematik 8:113–116
 1963. "Semantical Considerations on Modal Logic", Acta Philosophica Fennica 16:83–94
 1963. "Semantical Analysis of Modal Logic I: Normal Modal Propositional Calculi", Zeitschrift für Mathematische Logik und Grundlagen der Mathematik 9:67–96
 1964. "Transfinite Recursions on Admissible Ordinals, I" (abstract), The Journal of Symbolic Logic, Vol. 29, No. 3, p. 162.
 1964. "Transfinite Recursions on Admissible Ordinals, II" (abstract), The Journal of Symbolic Logic, Vol. 29, No. 3, p. 162.
 1964. "Admissible Ordinals and the Analytic Hierarchy" (abstract), The Journal of Symbolic Logic, Vol. 29, No. 3, p. 162.
 1965. "Semantical Analysis of Intuitionistic Logic I", In Formal Systems and Recursive Functions, edited by M. Dummett and J. N. Crossley. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co.
 1965. "Semantical Analysis of Modal Logic II: Non-Normal Modal Propositional Calculi", In The Theory of Models, edited by J. W. Addison, L. Henkin and A. Tarski. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co.
 1967. Research Announcement: "Deduction-preserving 'Recursive Isomorphisms' between Theories" (with Marian Boykan Pour-El), Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 73:145-148.
 1967. "An Extension of a Theorem of Gaifman-Hales-Solovay," Fundamenta Mathematicae, Vol. 61, pp. 29–32.
 1967. "Transfinite Recursion, Constructible Sets, and Analogues of Cardinals," Summaries of Talks Prepared in Connection with the Summer Institute on Axiomatic Set Theory, American Mathematical Society, U.C.L.A., pp. IV-0-1 - IV-0-12.
 1967. "On the Application of Boolean-Valued Models to Solutions of Problems in Boolean Algebra," in Summaries of Talks Prepared in Connection with the Summer Institute on Axiomatic Set Theory, American Mathematical Society, U.C.L.A. (1967), pp. IV-T-1 through IV-T-7.
 1967. "Deduction-preserving 'Recursive Isomorphisms' between Theories" (with Marian Boykan Pour-El), Fundamenta Mathematicae 61:141-163.
 1971. "Identity and Necessity", In Identity and Individuation, edited by M. K. Munitz. New York: New York University Press.
 1972 (1980). "Naming and Necessity", In Semantics of Natural Language, edited by D. Davidson and G. Harman. Dordrecht; Boston: Reidel. Sets out the causal theory of reference.
 1975. "Outline of a Theory of Truth", Journal of Philosophy 72:690–716. Sets his theory of truth (against Alfred Tarski), where an object language can contain its own truth predicate.
 1976. "Is There a Problem about Substitutional Quantification?", In Truth and Meaning: Essays in Semantics, edited by Gareth Evans and John McDowell. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
 1976. "A Theory of Truth I. Preliminary Report," abstract, Journal of Symbolic Logic, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 556.
 1976. "A Theory of Truth II. Preliminary Report," abstract, Journal of Symbolic Logic, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 556–557.
 1977. "Speaker's Reference and Semantic Reference", Midwest Studies in Philosophy 2:255–276.
 1979. "A Puzzle about Belief", In Meaning and Use, edited by A. Margalit. Dordrecht and Boston: Reidel.
 1982. "Nonstandard Models of Peano Arithmetic" (with S. Kochen), in Logic and Algorithmics: International Symposium Held in Honor of Ernst Specker, H. Lauchli (ed.), University of Geneva: 277-295.
 1986. "A Problem in the Theory of Reference: the Linguistic Division of Labor and the Social Character of Naming," Philosophy and Culture (Proceedings of the XVIIth World Congress of Philosophy), Montreal, Editions Montmorency: 241-247.
 1992. "Summary: Individual Concepts: Their Logic, Philosophy, and Some of Their Uses." Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association 66: 70-73
 2005. "Russell's Notion of Scope", Mind 114:1005–1037
 2008. "Frege's Theory of Sense and Reference: Some Exegetical Notes," Theoria 74:181-218
 2009. "Presupposition and Anaphora: Remarks on the formulation of the projection problem," Linguistic Inquiry 40(3):367-386.
 2009. "The Collapse of the Hilbert Program," (Abstract) Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 15(2):229-231.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 CUNY Graduate Center Philosophy Department faculty page
 The Saul Kripke Center, at the CUNY Graduate Center
 Saul Kripke, Genius Logician A short, non-technical interview by Andreas Saugstad, February 25, 2001.
 The conference in honor of Kripke's sixty-fifth birthday with a video of his speech "The First Person", January 25-26, 2006
 Video of his talk "From Church's Thesis to the First Order Algorithm Theorem," June 13, 2006.
 Podcast of his talk "Unrestricted Exportation and Some Morals for the Philosophy of Language," May 21, 2008.
 London Review of Books article by Jerry Fodor discussing Kripke's work
 Celebrating CUNY's Genius Philosopher, by Gary Shapiro, January 27, 2006, in The New York Sun.
 information from 'Philosophy Professor' website
 A New York Times article about his 65th birthday

1940 doğumlular
2022 yılında ölenler
20. yüzyıl filozofları
21. yüzyıl filozofları
Amerikalı filozoflar
Harvard Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Yahudi filozoflar
Fulbright Programında öğrenim görenler
Rolf Schock Ödülü sahipleri

Saul Kripke


The ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010 Conceptual Model of Architecture Description defines the term architecture framework within systems engineering and software development as:

"An architecture framework establishes a common practice for creating, interpreting, analyzing and using architecture descriptions within a particular domain of application or stakeholder community. Examples of Architecture Frameworks: MODAF, TOGAF, Kruchten's 4+1 view model, RM-ODP."

Especially the domain within a company or other organization is covered by enterprise architecture frameworks.

The Survey of Architecture Frameworks lists some of the available architecture frameworks.

References

Software architecture
Enterprise architecture

Architecture framework


Austin Edmund Quigley (born December 31, 1942) is the former Dean of Columbia College of Columbia University, Lucy G. Moses Professor, and Brander Matthews Professor of Dramatic Literature at Columbia University,  in New York City, and the recipient of the 2008 Alexander Hamilton Medal, Columbia College's highest honor.  He is also a member of the Oscar Hammerstein II Center for Theatre Studies and of the Columbia University Doctoral Program Subcommittee on Theatre, has served on the editorial boards of Modern Drama, New Literary History, The Pinter Review, and the University of Michigan Press book series Theater: Theory/Text/Performance.

Personal history and education
Austin E. Quigley was born the second of five children, to school teachers Edmund and Marguerita Quigley, on December 31, 1942, in Northumberland, in Northern England, and later moved to the area of Newcastle.  He earned a B.A. in English literature at the University of Nottingham in 1967, a M.A. in Modern Linguistics at Birmingham University, in 1969, and, after moving to the United States in 1969, a Ph.D. in English and Comparative Literature and Literary Theory at the University of California, Santa Cruz, in 1971, where he was the recipient of a Danforth Fellowship.  In 1975, a revised version of his doctoral dissertation, "The Dynamics of Dialogue: A Study of the Plays of Harold Pinter", was published by Princeton University Press as his first book, The Pinter Problem.

Before he became an academic, Quigley's "first ambition was a career in professional soccer, and he played as a teenager for the junior team of one of England's premier clubs, Newcastle United," and also played "varsity soccer for Nottingham University and while a student there was selected to represent the county of Nottinghamshire."

He is married to Patricia D. Denison, a senior lecturer in English at Barnard College; they have four daughters, Laura Brugger, Rebecca Cooper, Caroline Adler, and Catherine Quigley, and live in New York City.

Academic career
Quigley's first teaching position was at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, in Amherst, Massachusetts, where he worked for two years before moving to the University of Virginia, where he chaired the English department before leaving to become H. Gordon Garbedian Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Columbia University in 1990. He also held visiting appointments at the University of Geneva, in Switzerland; the University of Konstanz, in Germany; and the University of Nottingham, in England.

In addition to helping to found the undergraduate major in Drama and Theatre at Columbia University and Barnard College, he also reconstructed and renewed "the Ph.D. and M.F.A. programs in theater."  He became associate director of the Columbia University Oscar Hammerstein II Center for Theatre Studies in 1992 and chairman of the Lionel Trilling Seminars in 1993.

At the end of the 2008–09 academic year, after a term of 14 years, Quigley plans to resign from his posts as Dean of Columbia College and Lucy G. Moses Professor; beginning in academic year 2009–10, he will "continue to teach at Columbia and conduct research as the Brander Matthews Professor of Dramatic Literature and also will serve as special adviser to the president [of Columbia University] for undergraduate education."

His scholarly and critical specialities explore "the nature and status of explanatory frameworks in literary studies, and his work has focused on the interface between literary and linguistic theory and modern philosophy of language," the plays of Harold Pinter, and related topics in modern drama and theatre.  When he became Dean of Columbia College in 1995, he had completed writing Theoretical Inquiry: Language, Linguistics, and Literary Studies, in which "he explores the capacity of theory to clarify the unexpected rather than confirm the presupposed," which was published by Yale University Press in 2004.

Selected bibliography
Articles and parts of books
"Creativity and Commitment in Trevor Griffith's Comedians".  Modern Drama 24 (1981):  404–23.
"The Dumb Waiter: Undermining the Tacit Dimension".  Modern Drama 21 (1978): 1–11.
"Pinter, Politics and Postmodernism (I)". 7–27 in The Cambridge Companion to Harold Pinter.  Ed. and introd. Peter Raby.  Cambridge, Eng., and New York: Cambridge UP, 2001.   (10).   (13).

Books
The Modern Stage and Other Worlds. New York: Methuen, 1985. 221–52.  (10).  (13).
The Pinter Problem.  Princeton: Princeton UP, 1975.  (10).   (13).
Theoretical Inquiry: Language, Linguistics, and Literature.  New Haven: Yale UP, 2004.  (10).   (13).

References

Sources
"Austin E. Quigley".  2008 Alexander Hamilton Medal honoree  biography.  Alumni News.  Columbia College of Columbia University.  Web.  7 Feb. 2009.
Merritt, Susan Hollis.  "The Making of The Pinter Problem" 157–64.  Chapter 7: "Some Other Language Games: Linguistic Parlays and Parleys".  137–70 in Pinter in Play: Critical Strategies and the Plays of Harold Pinter. 1990.  Durham, NC, and London: Duke UP, 1995.   (10).   (13).
Palladino, Lisa, and Ethan Rouen.  "Dean Austin Quigley Presented with Hamilton Medal".  Columbia College Today, Features.  Columbia University, January/February 2009.   Web. 6 Feb. 2009.

External links
Austin E. Quigley – Faculty Profile at Columbia University Department of English & Comparative Literature.
Austin E. Quigley – Faculty Profile in the Columbia University Doctoral Program Subcommittee on Theatre.

Living people
Columbia University faculty
Alumni of the University of Nottingham
1942 births
Alumni of the University of Birmingham

Austin E. Quigley


Denis Vasiliyevich Vetchinov (; 28 June 1976 – 9 August 2008) was a Russian Ground Forces major killed in action during the 2008 South Ossetia war and posthumously awarded Russia's highest military award, Hero of the Russian Federation, for his role in the conflict. In film August Eighth Vetchinov became a prototype of captain Ilya played by Khasan Baroyev.

Biography
Born 23 June 1976 in Stepnogorsk (now Kazakhstan), he graduated from the Omsk Officers' Academy in 1999. He participated in the Second Chechen War.

Death

On 9 August 2008, the second day of Russian involvement in the Battle of Tskhinvali, a column of Russian vehicles with a few journalists and 58th Army commander Anatoly Khrulyov onboard was ambushed by Georgian special forces in the outskirts of Tskhinvali. Khrulyov was wounded in the ensuing firefight. Allegedly Vetchinov, armed with a trophy Georgian machine gun, organised defence but was wounded in both legs. He continued firing at the enemy and killed a Georgian soldier. Vetchinov kept covering fire until he was hit in the head by Georgian fire. He died on the way to hospital. On 15 August Denis Vetchinov was posthumously awarded the Hero of the Russian Federation golden star "for courage and heroism while fulfilling his duty in the North Caucasus region". He is survived by his wife and little daughter.

References

1976 births
2008 deaths
People from Akmola Region
Heroes of the Russian Federation
Russian military personnel killed in action
Military personnel killed in the Russo-Georgian War

Denis Vetchinov


Harlow is a town and local government district located in the west of Essex, England. Founded as a new town, it is situated on the border with Hertfordshire and London, Harlow occupies a large area of land on the south bank of the upper Stort Valley, which has been made navigable through other towns and features a canal section near its watermill.

Old Harlow is a historic village founded by the early medieval age and most of its high street buildings are early Victorian and residential, mostly protected by one of the Conservation Areas in the district. In Old Harlow is a field named Harlowbury, a de-settled monastic area which has the remains of a chapel, a scheduled ancient monument. The M11 motorway passes through to the east of the town. Harlow has its own commercial and leisure economy. It is also an outer part of the London commuter belt and employment centre of the M11 corridor which includes Cambridge and London Stansted Airport to the north.

At the time of the 2011 Census, Harlow's population was recorded at 81,944 and its district had the third-highest proportion of social housing in England, 26.9%, a legacy of the 1947 commitment to re-house blitzed London families after World War II and provide a percentage of homes for other needy families who cannot afford market rents.

Etymology

There is some dispute as to where the place name Harlow derives from. One theory is that it derives from the Anglo-Saxon words 'here' and 'hlaw', meaning "army hill", probably to be identified with Mulberry Hill, which was used as the moot or meeting place for the district.

The other theory is that it derives from the words 'here' and 'hearg', meaning "temple hill/mound", probably to be identified with an Iron Age burial mound, later a Roman temple site on River Way.

History

Early history
The earliest deposits are of a Mesolithic (circa 10,000 BC) hunting camp excavated by Davey in Northbrooks in the 1970s (Unpublished) closely followed by the large and unexcavated deposits of Neolithic flint beside Gilden Way. These deposits are mostly known because of the large numbers of surface-bound, worked flint. Substantial amounts of worked flint suggest an organised working of flint in the area. Large amounts of debitage litter the area and tools found include axe heads, hammers, blades, dowels and other boring tools and multipurpose flints such as scrapers. An organised field walk in the late 1990s by Bartlett (unpublished) indicates that most of the area, some 80 hectares, produced worked flint from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age with a smattering of Mesolithic. This indicates organised industry existed from 5000 BC to 2000 BC. The deposits are so large and dispersed that any major archaeological work in the area will have to take this into consideration before any ground work is started. Harlow was in Roman times the site of a small town (around Harlow Mill railway station) with a substantial stone built temple.

Later history

The entry in the Norman Domesday Book reads: Herlaua: St Edmunds Abbey before and after 1066; Geoffrey from Count Eustace; Thorgils from Eudo the Steward; Richard from Ranulf, brother of Ilger. Mill, 7 beehives, 8 cobs, 43 cattle, 3 foals. The mill is now a 300-year-old listed building and restaurant.

The original village, mentioned in the Domesday Book, developed as a typical rural community around what is now known as Old Harlow, with many of its buildings still standing. This includes for instance the Grade II listed St Mary's Church in Churchgate Street.  Its former Chapel is in a ruinous state in a field which was once the Harlowbury Abbey part of Old Harlow, is Grade I listed and is a scheduled ancient monument.

Kingsmoor House on Paringdon Road is a Grade II* listed building and dates from the 18th century. It was built as a gentleman's residence and owned by local families including the Risden, Houblon and Todhunter families. It was later used as a private school and council offices before falling derelict. It has since been restored and converted into residential apartments.

The New Town
Harlow was designated a new town on 25 March 1947. It was one of several new towns built under the New Towns Act of 1946, passed after World War II to ease overcrowding in London and the surrounding areas due to the devastation caused by the bombing during the Blitz. Other post-war new towns included Basildon, Stevenage and Hemel Hempstead. The master plan for Harlow was drawn up in 1947 by Sir Frederick Gibberd. The town was planned from the outset and was designed to respect the existing landscape. Sylvia Crowe, the landscape architect, worked on Harlow New Town between 1948 and 1958. A number of landscape wedges - which later became known as Green Wedges - were designed to cut through the town and separate the neighbourhoods of the town. The development incorporated the market town of Harlow, now a neighbourhood known as Old Harlow, and the villages of Great Parndon, Latton, Tye Green, Potter Street, Churchgate Street, Little Parndon, and Netteswell. Each of the town's neighbourhoods is self-supporting with its own shopping precincts, community facilities and pubs. Gibberd invited many of the country's leading post-war architects to design buildings in the town, including Philip Powell and Hidalgo Moya, Leonard Manasseh, Michael Neylan, E C P Monson, William Crabtree, Maxwell Fry, Jane Drew, Graham Dawbarn, H. T. Cadbury-Brown and Gerard Goalen. Goalen designed his first church in the town, Our Lady of Fatima, which is a Grade II* listed building.

Harlow has one of the most extensive cycle track networks in the country, connecting all areas of the town to the town centre and industrial areas.  The cycle network is composed mostly of the original old town roads. The town's authorities built Britain's first pedestrian precinct, and first modern-style residential tower block, The Lawn, constructed in 1951; it is now a Grade II listed building. Gibberd's tromp-l'oeil terrace in Orchard Croft and Dawbarn's maisonette blocks at Pennymead are also notable, as is Michael Neylan's pioneering development at Bishopsfield. The first neighbourhood, Mark Hall, is a conservation area. From 1894 to 1955 the Harlow parish formed part of the Epping Rural District of Essex. From 1955 to 1974, Harlow was an urban district. On 1 April 1974 the parish and urban district was abolished and it became an unparished area.

The town centre, and many of its neighbourhood shopping facilities have undergone major redevelopment, along with many of the town's original buildings. Subsequently, many of the original town buildings, including most of its health centres, the Staple Tye shopping centre and many industrial units have been rebuilt. Gibberd's original town hall, a landmark in the town built in 1958, was demolished and replaced by a new civic centre and The Water Gardens shopping area in the 2000s.

Redevelopment

Since becoming a new town, Harlow has undergone several stages of expansion, the first of which was the "mini expansion" that was created by the building of the Sumners and Katherines estates in the mid-to-late seventies to the west of the existing town. Since then Harlow has further expanded with the Church Langley estate completed in 2005, and its newest neighbourhood Newhall has completed the first stage of its development, with the second stage underway in 2013. The Harlow Gateway Scheme, also completed, first involved the relocation of the Harlow Football Stadium & the building of a new hotel, apartments and a restaurant adjacent to Harlow Town railway station. Phase 2 of this scheme involved the construction of 530 eco-homes on the former sports centre site and the building of the Harlow Leizurezone adjacent to the town's college in the early 2010s.

Other major developments under consideration include both a northern and southern bypass of the town, and significant expansion to the north, following the completed expansion to the east. The Harlow North plans, currently awaiting permission, involve an extension of the town across the floodplains on the town's northern border, into neighbouring Hertfordshire. The plan was supported by former MP Bill Rammell, all three political groups on Harlow Council, and the East of England Regional Assembly. It is opposed by Hertfordshire County Council, East Herts Council, Mark Prisk, MP for Hertford and Stortford in whose constituency the development would be, and all the parishes concerned. The opposition is coordinated by a local group based in neighbouring East Hertfordshire. An attempt to have Harlow North designated an "Eco Town" was rejected by the Minister for Housing, Caroline Flint MP, in April 2008.

The south of the town centre also underwent major regeneration, with the new Civic Centre being built and the town's famous Water Gardens being redeveloped in the 2000s, a landscape listed by English Heritage. Despite this development, the main shopping area of the town has been stagnating for some time, not helped by the closure of two of the Harvey Centre's anchor tenants - these being BHS and M&S.

In 2004 Harlow businessman Mo Ghadami won his High Court case to block a multimillion-pound extension of the town's Harvey Centre. The Iranian-born entrepreneur, who presented his case in person, persuaded Mr Justice Richards to quash Harlow DC's grant of planning permission for the development. In his judgment he backed Mr Ghadami's claim of 'apparent bias or predetermination' in the decision, as a result of the continued participation of Michael Garnett, the chairman of the planning committee, in the planning process after he had attempted in telephone calls to persuade Mr Ghadami to consent to the scheme.

In 2011 the government announced the creation of an enterprise zone in the town. Harlow Enterprise Zone consists of two separate sites under development, at Templefields and London Road, with the London Road site divided into north and south business parks.

Permitted development (office to residential) flats
A government policy to allow developers to convert office space to residential has led to a proliferation of new 'rabbit hutch'-sized flats, which are then let to London-borough waiting-list families. These are erected under permitted development rights which mean the local authority cannot refuse planning permission.

Environment

A major feature of Harlow New Town is its green spaces; over one third of the district is parkland or fields containing public footpaths. One of the original design features of Gibberd's masterplan is the Green Wedges in the town, designed to provide open space for wildlife and recreation and to separate neighbourhoods. 23% of the district is designated as Green Wedge. The Green Wedges are protected from inappropriate development, through the Local Plan.

The town is entirely surrounded by Green Belt land, a land designation which originated in London to prevent the city sprawling, and 21% of the district is allocated as Green Belt. The National Planning Policy Framework states that one of the purposes of Green Belt land is to protect unrestricted sprawl from large built-up areas.

Harlow Town Park, at a size of 71.6-hectares (just under 1 km2), is one of the largest urban parks in the country. The multi-functional park has been used for recreation and enjoyment for over 50 years.  This park is in the centre Netteswell ward and is between the town centre and the railway station, both of which are within walking distance of the park, which is a natural thoroughfare from the station to the town centre.

There are only 12 parks with significant post-war element on the English Heritage 'Register of Parks'. With these Harlow is seen as one of the first examples of a civic scheme to marry the modern science of town and country planning.

Economy
Harlow was originally expected to provide a majority of employment opportunities in manufacturing, with two major developments of The Pinnacles and Templefields providing the biggest employers in the region; as with the rest of the country, this manufacturing base has declined and Harlow has had to adjust.

The original manufacturing took the form of a biscuit factory, on the Pinnacles. Owned and run as a co-op, it provided employment to the town for over 50 years, before closing in 2002. It has since been demolished and the site now has small industrial units. At its peak, the factory employed over 500 people.

Raytheon and GlaxoSmithKline both have large premises within the town.
In July 2017 Public Health England had bought the vacant site from GSK (GlaxoSmithKline) hoping to move altogether 2,745 jobs there, of which about 500 are from Porton Down.

Nortel had a large site on the eastern edge of the town, acquired when STC was bought in 1991, and it was here that Charles K. Kao developed optical fibre data transmission. Nortel still has a presence, but it is much reduced. The site now is host to electronics,
education and housing companies
One of Europe's leading online golf stores, Onlinegolf, is based in Harlow.

Unemployment is frequently around 10%, higher than the national average in the UK. Harlow also has a large number of people in social housing, almost 30% of dwellings being housing association and local authority owned, and many more privately rented.

Governance

There are two tiers of local government covering Harlow, at district and county level: Harlow Council and Essex County Council. The district council is based at the Civic Centre at the Water Gardens in the town centre.

The Member of Parliament (MP) for Harlow since the 2010 general election is Conservative Robert Halfon. He defeated Labour's Phil Waite, his predecessor being Bill Rammell, who had been the MP since the 1997 election, but had only held the seat at the 2005 general election by a majority of 97 votes.

Transport

Railway
Harlow is served by two railway stations: Harlow Town and Harlow Mill; both are served by trains between London Liverpool Street and Cambridge. There is also a bus service to Epping tube station, which is on London Underground's Central Line.

In 2021, Harlow District Council proposed extending the Central line from its eastern terminus at Epping to Harlow. It argued this would reduce travel times to Epping and London, and help with efforts add 19,000 new homes to the town and expand the population to 130,000. However, no funding has been allocated for this proposed extension.

Road
Harlow can be accessed from junctions 7 and 7a of the M11 motorway, which runs from London to Cambridge; this places it within a short distance of Stansted Airport, the A120 to Braintree, and the orbital M25 motorway. The M11 motorway was planned originally to run to the west of Harlow, not to the east as it does today. Having planned for one of the two big industrial estates to be built to the west of the town for easy motorway access, Sir Fredrick Gibberd was appalled when the motorway was eventually built to the east of the town instead, describing it as "just about the most monstrous thing to ever happen to me as a planner" during a 1982 interview. Running through the town is the A414, a major road between Hemel Hempstead and Maldon; it links the town with the A10 to the west. Another major road running from Harlow is the A1184, which leads to the nearby town of Bishop's Stortford.

Air
Bishop's Stortford is the closest large town to Stansted Airport, though Harlow is only 10 miles from this major transport hub and therefore provides several hundred airport employees. The airport operator withdrew a planning application for a second runway after the General Election of 2010, when all major political parties opposed it.

Bus

Harlow bus station provides a focal point for the town's extensive bus network and serves as a regional hub for the local area, with operators such as Arriva (Herts and Essex) and Central Connect. On top of the prime routes from Harlow to Stansted Airport, there are links to many other local towns and villages such as Chelmsford, Epping and Bishop's Stortford. The 724 bus, operated by Arriva Shires & Essex, provides a service between Harlow and Heathrow Airport via Hertford and Watford.

Harlow First Avenue Multi-Modal Corridor

Essex County Council was involved in development to Harlow's First Avenue, which was intended to reduce congestion and create better transport connections between the Newhall housing developments. The scheme was implemented in two phases, each phase focusing on developing First Avenue on either side of Howard Way. Phase two had an estimated cost of £4.4 million and was due to be completed in early 2010, phase one is already complete and is listed as having had £3.6 million of funding from the Community Infrastructure Fund (CIF). The scheme includes construction of a shared use cycleway and development to the bus service along First Avenue and into the Newhall development site where 'high quality bus' services between Harlow town centre and Harlow Town railway station are listed as part of the intentions of the development.

Healthcare
Harlow is served by the NHS Princess Alexandra Hospital, situated on the edge of The High, which is the main Town Centre area of Harlow. This hospital has a 24-hour Accident & Emergency and Urgent Care Centre.

Education
Harlow contains seven state-funded secondary schools:

Stewards Academy
Mark Hall Academy
St Mark's West Essex Catholic School
Burnt Mill Academy
 Passmores Academy
 Sir Frederick Gibberd College
BMAT STEM Academy

St. Nicholas School is a private school in the town while Harlow College provides sixth form and further education and St Mark's West Essex Catholic School and BMAT STEM Academy also provide sixth form education.

Brays Grove Community School and Specialist Arts College closed down in June 2008 due to decreasing pupil numbers over a number of years. Following the schools closure, the site was demolished and redeveloped into a £23 million state of the art Academy which Passmores School and Technology College relocated to in September 2011 opening as Passmores Academy.

In the 1980s a further two secondary schools were closed, Latton Bush (now a commercial centre and recreational centre) and Netteswell (now forms part of the Harlow College Campus) is a major further educational centre, covering GCSEs, A-Levels, and many vocational subjects including Hair and Beauty Therapy, Construction, Mechanics, ICT, and a new centre for engineering recently opened. The college is currently under major regeneration and is due to open a new university centre in partnership with Anglia Ruskin University, covering mostly Foundation degrees in a variety of subjects relevant to local employers' needs.

An international campus of Memorial University of Newfoundland is located in Old Harlow.

Sir Frederick Gibberd College
Named after the prominent architect associated with Harlow, Sir Frederick Gibberd College opened in 2019. Built (to a design by HLM Architects) by Caledonian Modular from 198 prefabricated modules, the school was forced to close in August 2023 due to concerns about structural irregularities. The DfE blamed poor workmanship for the structural issues; the school had not been built in accordance with its original architectural design. HLM said the firm had raised concerns with Caledonian's approach to the technical delivery of the designs, both for Sir Frederick Gibberd College and for Haygrove School in Bridgwater; "Unable to resolve our differences, we parted company with Caledonian and the projects were delivered by others."

Sport and leisure

Cricket
Harlow Town Cricket Club was formed in 1960 as Stort Cricket Club and plays at Ash Tree Field. The club plays in division 2 of the Shepherd Neame Essex League, runs a junior section that play in the West Essex District Cricket Board League and has a girls team which play other girls teams in the county.

Harlow Town Cricket Club's Pavilion recently underwent a six figure refurbishment to promote women's and disabled cricket in Harlow and the whole of Essex. Essex County Cricket Club Ladies and disability sections use the club as well as the England disability teams.

Harlow has four cricket clubs. Harlow Cricket Club play in Division 3 of the Shepherd Neame Essex League and is based in Old Harlow. The club runs a junior section that play in the West Essex District Cricket Board League. Netteswell and Burnt Mill Cricket Club are based at Harlow Cricket Club, they are a social team that was founded around 1889. Near neighbours Potter Street and Church Langley Cricket Club play in the Herts and Essex League.

Football
The town's football club Harlow Town F.C. play in the Isthmian League South Central Division, having been relegated from the Premier Division in the 2018–19 season.

The club is best known for its extended run in the 1979-80 FA Cup, where they reached the Fourth Round of the competition. This included wins against established Football League sides Southend United and most famously a 1–0 win over Leicester City in a replay, having drawn 1–1 at Filbert Street. Harlow were eventually eliminated by Watford, narrowly losing 4–3.

The club built a new stadium in 2006 at Barrows Farm, now named The Harlow Arena, with the old Harlow Sports Centre being converted into housing.

Les Smith, a Harlow resident, represented Great Britain at the 1992 Barcelona Paralympic Games. Les became one of the first disabled people to become a qualified football coach in 1993.

Greyhound racing
The Harlow Greyhound Stadium has been at its present site for over 20 years and has regular race meetings each week as well as hosting other sporting events.

Rugby Union
Harlow Rugby Football Club moved from Ram Gorse near The Pinnacles to a new location in mid 2017 located on  Howard Way, Latton Bush, Harlow. The former site of the club has been turned into a housing estate affectionately called Ram Gorse Park. The first team plays in the London and South East Division IIl North East league. Currently, the training grounds are located near Pennymead.

Other sports facilities
The town has a leisure facility named the Harlow Leisurezone, built in the late 2000s next to Harlow College as part of the Gateway Project, which replaced the old Harlow Sports Centre, opened in 1960.

In the 2010s, investments have included its skate-park next to Burnt Mill Academy. The project has been funded by the investment of over £300,000, largely from Harlow Council with £57,500 from Sport England. The park is floodlit. The 650sq metre park is made from concrete, and has a bowl as well as a street course which contains quarter pipes, flat banks, rails and steps.

Art and culture

Harlow is the home to a major collection of public sculptures (over 100 in total) by artists such as Auguste Rodin, Henry Moore, Barbara Hepworth, Gerda Rubinstein and Ralph Brown. Many of these are owned by the Harlow Art Trust, an organisation set up in 1953 by the lead architect of Harlow Frederick Gibberd. Gibberd had idealistic notions of the New Town as a place where people who might not normally have access to art could enjoy great sculptures by great artists on every street corner. Consequently, almost all of Harlow's sculpture collection is in the open air, in shopping centres, housing estates and parks around the town.

In 2009 Harlow Council voted to celebrate Harlow's collection of sculpture by branding Harlow as 'Harlow Sculpture Town – The World's First Sculpture Town'. Harlow Sculpture Town began as an initiative from Harlow Art Trust, presenting itself as 'Sculpture Town', in a similar way to Hay-on-Wye's presentation of itself as Booktown.

As part of the 'Sculpture Town' branding, Harlow is also home to the Gibberd Garden, the former home of Frederick and Patricia Gibberd, which is a managed twentieth-century garden, and home to some of the Gibberd's private sculpture collection. The Gibberd Gallery, in the Civic Centre, contains a collection of twentieth-century watercolours and temporary exhibitions.

Harlow's Playhouse Theatre is in the town, which hosts shows and live comedy throughout the year and is the home to local community Arts group "Livewire Theatre" which has provided free arts access to young people since 2001.

Harlow has a local museum, which hold exhibitions and which contains artefacts on Harlow's historic past, charting the story of the town through the ages. Harlow Museum is in Muskham Road, and is set within the grounds of a sixteenth-century manor building with walled gardens. The museum is run in conjunction with the Essex Records Office (ERO) which holds family history archives in the search room. Admission to the museum is currently free, but visitors are encouraged to make a donation to ensure future maintenance of services.

The Town of Harlow and Harlow New Town are cited in the song "Get 'Em Out by Friday", by progressive rock group Genesis, on their 1972 album Foxtrot.

Harlow was home to The Square, named one of the Top 10 Small Venues in the UK by NME, but the venue was closed due to re-development of the site, and was demolished in 2018.

Media
Harlow is within the BBC London and ITV London region. Television signals are received from Crystal Palace TV transmitter, BBC East and ITV Anglia can also be received from the Sandy Heath TV transmitter.

Local radio stations are BBC Essex on 95.3 FM, Heart East (formerly Ten-17) on 101.7 FM, and Harlow Hospital Radio which broadcast to hospital patients at the Princess Alexandra Hospital in the town.

Local newspapers are Harlow Guardian in print and Your Harlow that publishes online.

People from Harlow

Twin towns
  Havířov, Czech Republic
  Prague 15, Czech Republic
  Vélizy-Villacoublay, France
  Stavanger, Norway
  Tingalpa, Australia

Arms

References

External links

 Visit Harlow – a website from Harlow District Council
 Harlow Enterprise Zone

Towns in Essex
Planned communities in England
Non-metropolitan districts of Essex
New towns started in the 1940s
Unparished areas in Essex
Former civil parishes in Essex

Harlow


Francis La Flesche (1857-1932) was one of the first early indigenous anthropologists and the first professional Native American ethnologist. He was a member of the Omaha Tribe. He was an informant for the ethnographer and linguist James Owen Dorsey, who was getting information on the Omaha. He also worked closely with Alice Fletcher as her interpreter and fellow researcher of Omaha culture. After working with Fletcher, he published his works on the Omaha and Osage Tribes with the Smithsonian.

Background
Francis was the child of the Chief Principle Joseph La Flesche and an Omaha woman named Tainne. His father was of Ponca Indian and French descent; his mother was full Omof aha. His father pushed white culture onto him, but he was pulled towards the Omaha culture and knew how to read, write, and speak the language.

Education
La Flesche attended the Presbyterian Mission school on the reservation until it closed in 1869. After the school closed, he continued his English language education by reading the bible out loud to his father. Later in life, while working at the Smithsonian Institution, he got two degrees, a bachelor's degree in law from National University in 1892 and a master's degree in 1893.

Anthropological Career
La Flesche's first job in the field was as an interpreter and informant for James Owen Dorsey of the Bureau of American Ethnography. For that year, Dorsey was there in 1878; La Flesche helped Dorsey record Omaha's culture and caused him to become interested in recording Omaha's songs and instruments.

In 1879, Francis traveled east with his sister Susette, the Ponca chief Standing Bear, and the Omaha journalist Thomas H. Tibbles for Indian Land Reform. After this trip, he took a job as a clerk at the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Washington, D.C. During his time there; he met Alice Fletcher. La Flesche started working closely as her interpreter. Later he turned into a partner in ethnography, and she even adopted him as her son. Together they recorded, sorted, and put together over 30 years of work on the Omaha Tribe into a complete publication known as The Omaha Tribe.

After this work together, he was sent to work at the Bureau of American Ethnology. There they sent him to Oklahoma to study with the Osage Tribe. He recorded the songs, chants, and music of the Osage people and wrote reports on them during his time at the bureau. Those recordings are still available to listen to today. La Flesche worked at the bureau until 1928 when he retired and moved back to Nebraska to live with his family.

Legacy and Honors
La Flesche was a member of the Washington Academy of Sciences. He also got an honorary doctorate from the University of Nebraska. Francis La Flesche died in 1932 on the Omaha Reservation in Nebraska. La Flesche helped record and document important parts of the Osage and Omaha Tribes Culture for other anthropologists and community members to look back on for research and good memories.

Publications
Francis produced many famous works. Two with Alice Fletcher, known as A Study of Omaha Music (1893) and The Omaha Tribe (1911). Some of his own works known as The Middle Five: Indian Boys at School (1900), an autobiography about his time at the mission boarding school, a play called Da-o-ma (1912), that was never truly published, Who was the Medicine Man? (1904), A Dictionary of the Osage Language, and his most famous work The Osage Tribe(1922-1930) published in four separate volumes of the Bureau of American Ethnology annual reports.

References
"Biographies of Plains Indians: Francis La Flesche - 1857-1932." Biographies of Plains Indians: Francis La Flesche - 1857-1932 - American Indian Relief Council Is Now Northern Plains Reservation Aid, Northern Plains Reservation Aid, http://www.nativepartnership.org/site/PageServer?pagename=airc_bio_francislaflesche.
"Francis La Flesche (1857-1932)." The Library of Congress, 1985, https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200196221/.
Mark, Joan. "Francis La Flesche: The American Indian as Anthropologist." Isis 73.4 (1982): 497-510.

Anthropologists

Francis La Flesche


Tutile is a black or reddish-brown mineral made of titanium dioxide, typically occurring as needle-like crystals.

The main uses for rutile are the manufacture of refractory ceramic, as a pigment, and for the production of titanium metal. Finely powdered rutile is a brilliant white pigment and is used in paints, plastics, paper, foods, and other applications that call for a bright white color.

Minerals

Rutile


Mxolisi Sandile Oliver Nxasana was the National Director of Public Prosecutions (NDPP) in South Africa, the head of the National Prosecuting Authority. In August 2013 he was appointed NDPP by President Jacob Zuma effective from 1 October 2013. After a protracted enquiry into his fitness to hold office, Nxasana agreed to step down from his position as NDPP on 31 May 2015, effective from 1 June 2015.

Nxasana has a MA in Philosophy from the University of Durban-Westville, a B.Proc degree from the University of Zululand and completed his LLB qualification at the University of the Witwatersrand in 1995. Prior to his appointment as NDPP, he was a practising attorney in KwaZulu-Natal.

Despite delays in being issued security clearance for the NDPP position, Nxasana maintained that he was fit for the office. His security clearance was eventually denied for failing to disclose that in 1985 he had been tried on a murder charge, of which he was acquitted on grounds of self-defence. He did however declare two convictions for assault. On 5 July 2014, President Zuma announced an inquiry to determine whether Nxasana was fit and proper to hold office in terms of section 12(6)(a)(iv) of the National Prosecuting Authority Act, 1998.

In December 2017, a court ruled that the termination of Nxasana's contract as NDPP had been invalid, and that he had to repay a R17 million payment he received on leaving the post. It was held that Nxasana should have known the payout was unlawful.

Legal experience
Nxasana's legal experience includes:
 1994–1996: Joined Ngubane & Partners in Durban as a candidate attorney and served articles of clerkship
 1997: Admitted as attorney of the High Court of South Africa
 2001: Appointed member of the Board of Control for the School for Legal Practice, Durban
 2007: Served as a member of the focus working group responsible for the drafting of the Legal Services Charter
 2007: Appointed member of a KwaZulu-Natal Department of Health Tribunal, to investigate the circumstances that led to a strike by nurses
 2011–2012: Appointed President of the KwaZulu-Natal Law Society
 2012: Appointed Chairperson of the Durban branch of the South African Black Lawyers Association

References

20th-century South African lawyers
University of Durban-Westville alumni
University of Zululand alumni
University of the Witwatersrand alumni
21st-century South African lawyers
South African prosecutors

Mxolisi Nxasana