The Marsha Stern Talmudical Academy, also known as Yeshiva University High School for Boys (YUHSB), MTA (Manhattan Talmudical Academy) or TMSTA, is a Modern Orthodox Jewish day school (or yeshiva) and the boys' prep school of Yeshiva University (YU) in the Washington Heights neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan. It is the brother school to the Samuel H. Wang Yeshiva University High School for Girls.

History

The Talmudical Academy (TA), as it was originally called, was founded in 1916 by Rabbi Dr. Bernard Revel. He had become president of the institution that was to become Yeshiva University a year earlier, in 1915, when the "Rabbinical College of America" (a short-lived name) had been formed from the merger of two older schools, an elementary school founded in 1886 and a rabbinical seminary founded in 1896.

TA was the first academic Jewish high school in America, and the first to have a dual curriculum, now standard in Jewish schools, of Judaic and secular studies. It was originally located on the Lower East Side, and moved to Washington Heights with the rest of Yeshiva in the late 1920s. The building originally planned for the High School alone was shared with the other schools of the University for many years before the campus expanded; today, that building is almost entirely occupied by the High School, and the other buildings of the University's main campus (including a dormitory for college students) surround it.

TA was later joined by a brother school, the Brooklyn Talmudical Academy ("BTA"), founded in the 1940s. Two girls' high schools were founded as well, Central Yeshiva High School in Brooklyn in the 1950s and a Manhattan school in the 1960s.

In 1967, the Brooklyn school moved to a joint campus created by repurposing the historical Vitagraph Studios in the Midwood section of Brooklyn.  In the 1970s, they were closed and merged into their Manhattan counterparts.  In the 1980s, the girls' school was merged into a Queens school. The latter is now called "Samuel H. Wang Yeshiva University High School for Girls" (or simply "Wang"), but is still commonly referred to as "Central," while the boys' school, since the 1970s, has been known as "The Marsha Stern Talmudical Academy- Yeshiva University High School for Boys" (or simply "TMSTA" or, more recently, "MSTA" and now, "MTA"), but is still commonly referred to as "MTA." Principals of the school included the founding principal, Shelley Safire, and Rabbis David Weinbach (1973-1987), Mordechai Spiegelman (1987-1991), George Finkelstein (1991-1995), Michael Taubes (1995-1999 and 2011-2016), Michael Hecht (1999-2005), Mark Gottlieb and Yaakov Sklar (2005-2011), and Josh Kahn (2016-2023). After the resignation of former Head of School Rabbi Joshua Kahn, Rabbi Shimon Schenker was appointed Menahel of the Yeshiva (school).

The school's enrollment peaked during the 1960s and 1970s, when relatively few competitor schools existed. However, with the growth of competing institutions, enrollment declined, and by 1999, Rabbi Dr. Norman Lamm, President of Yeshiva University, wanted to close the high school down. When word of the closure leaked out, Rabbi Michael Taubes, MTA's principal at that time, together with senior instructor, Rabbi Yitzchok Cohen, led a student protest and recitation of Psalms in front of the YU's main building at that time, Furst Hall. Although the protest led to Rabbi Taubes' dismissal, and eventually to the dismissal of Cohen as well (both became instructors in other divisions of Yeshiva University, and Rabbi Taubes in 2008 became a teacher at the high school and became principal again in 2011), their action is credited with swaying Rabbi Lamm to keep the school open.

Rabbi Michael Hecht, who had been teaching at the school for many years and also served as a Dean in Yeshiva College, became Dean of MTA. In September 2005, Rabbi Mark Gottlieb assumed the role of Head of School. In February 2011, Rabbi Mark Gottlieb announced that he would be stepping down as Head of School/Menahel at the culmination of the 2010-2011 academic year. His successor was former principal Rabbi Michael Taubes, who took over as Head of School (now also known by the Hebrew title of Rosh HaYeshiva at the start of the 2011-2012 academic year. In March 2016, it was announced that the school's next leader would be Rabbi Joshua Kahn. Rabbi Kahn began his tenure in July 2016. In the 2022/2023 school year, Rabbi Kahn announced his resignation as Head of School. Rabbi Shimon Schenker was promoted to Menahel and Rabbi Daniel Konigsberg was promoted to Associate Principal.

Sexual Misconduct Allegations

In December 2012, a scandal developed alleging widespread sexual misconduct by two high ranking male faculty members and perpetrated on multiple male students. The alleged misconduct, which occurred during the 1970s and 1980s, was claimed to have been known about, but ignored, by the highest levels of administration at the high school and at Yeshiva University. The current president of Yeshiva University issued a statement stating that the university will examine the allegations. The Jewish Week uncovered a story, further alleging knowledge of the inappropriate behavior by the university. The story alleges that the door to one of the abuser's offices was removed, possibly, to prevent a private environment where further misconduct could continue. The lawsuit against Yeshiva University was dismissed before trial in January 2014 by a federal judge who stated that the statute of limitations had expired.  However, when New York State passed its new Child Victims Act in 2019, the suit was refiled by 38 former students.

Beit Midrash Katan
In the '06-'07 school year, MTA (also known as Mesivta D'Yeshivas Rabbeinu Yitzchak Elchanan) started an advanced Talmud Shiur for the top 12th grade students called the Beis Medrash Katan, dedicated in memory of Julius Wrubel. The Beis Medrash Katan, commonly referred to as "BMK," has more hours for Torah study. The purpose of the program is to give the school's top Talmud students a feel for a real beit midrash, which many of the students will be enrolled in the following year and possibly many more. The Beis Medrash Katan also encourages its students to develop habits of "budding Talmidei Chachamim."  The Rebbe who teaches and supervises the Beis Medrash Katan is Rabbi Tanchum Cohen. In 2011-2012 Rabbi Michael Hecht joined the BMK staff, until his retirement in June 2014.

Student activities

There are many extracurricular activities and clubs. For sports, these include Varsity and Junior Varsity basketball, hockey, and wrestling, baseball, softball, and soccer teams. In other areas, there are College Bowl, Torah Bowl, Mock Trial, Model UN, Model Congress, Chess, SABR, Debate, MTAhackers, a 3d printing club, a Math team, as well as the Business and Finance Club. The Chess team won the Yeshiva League Chess Championship in both 2017 and 2018. The school has 2 robotics teams that participate in the FIRST Tech Challenge (teams 5361 and 13475).

The students publish a number of publications including The Polis (multidisciplinary academic journal), The Academy News (school newspaper), Shema Koleinu (weekly Dvar Torah newsletter), Yagdil Torah (Torah essay journal),  HaTzioni (Zionist publication), Pearls of Wisdom (book of students' literary works and, as of 2011, artwork), and the Elchanite (yearbook).

The school organizes international trips for students. In 2004, a group of students spent Shavuot in Belarus in coordination with YUSSR. In 2005, the HaTzioni club, in cooperation with the Palau Mission to the United Nations, arranged a trip for its members to Palau to show the Jewish community's gratitude for Palau's support of Israel.

Notable alumni

Shalom Auslander, author, Foreskin's Lament: A Memoir
Robert J. Avrech, (BTA), screenwriter, The Devil's Arithmetic
Rabbi Dr. Ari Berman, (MTA, Class of 1987), current president, Yeshiva University
Gerald Blidstein, (1956), winner of the Israel Prize and former Ben-Gurion University of the Negev professor
Rabbi Herbert Bomzer, (1945), former Rabbi
Michael Broyde, Emory University School of Law professor
Rabbi Ephraim Buchwald, (1963), founder and president, National Jewish Outreach Program
Rabbi Nachman Bulman, (1942), former Rabbi
Rabbi Hyman Chanover, former Rabbi
Rabbi Zevulun Charlop, (1947), Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary dean emiritus
Samuel J. Danishefsky, chemist and professor, Columbia University and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
Rabbi Avishai David, (1967), Rosh Yeshiva at Yeshivat Torat Shraga
Alan Dershowitz, (BTA), lawyer, author, and Harvard Law School professor
Rabbi Yechiel Eckstein, (1968), founder and former president, International Fellowship of Christians and Jews
Herb Edelman, (1959), actor, The Golden Girls
Rabbi Shimon Eider, (BTA class of 1956), former Rabbi
Michael Eisenberg, 1989, American-Israeli businessman, venture capitalist, and author
Dr. Hillel Furstenberg, (1951), Israeli mathematician and winner of the Israel Prize and Abel Prize
Julius Genachowski, former chairman, Federal Communications Commission
Rabbi Menachem Genack, (1965), Orthodox Union Kosher chief executive officer
Rabbi Mordechai Gifter (1933), former Rosh Yeshiva of Telshe yeshiva in Cleveland
Elon Gold, (MTA, Class of 1988), actor
Rabbi Dr. Irving Greenberg, (BTA class of 1949), scholar and author
Jason Greenblatt, (MTA, Class of 1985), executive vice president and chief legal officer of The Trump Organization
Rabbi David Hollander, (1945), Rabbi
Rabbi Howard Jachter, Rabbi
Rabbi Eli Jacobs, Rabbi in Yeshivas Sha'ar Yoshuv and motivational speaker
Richard Joel, (1968), former president, Yeshiva University
Dr. Alan Kadish, president, Touro University System
Rabbi Meir Kahane, (BTA class of 1949), founder, Jewish Defense League, and former Israeli Knesset member.
Dr. Joseph Kaminetsky, Rabbi and first director, Torah Umesorah
Max Kampelman (1937), American diplomat, Presidential Medal of Freedom awardee
Rabbi Ephraim Kanarfogel, (1973), scholar of medieval Jewish history and rabbinic literature, and expert in Jewish law
Bernard Lander (1933), founder and first president, Touro College
Howard L. Lasher, politician
Stan Kasten, (1969), president, Los Angeles Dodgers, former president of the Atlanta Braves, Atlanta Hawks, Atlanta Thrashers, and Washington Nationals
Yossi Klein Halevi, (BTA class of 1971), author and journalist
Rabbi Dr. Yehuda (Leo) Levi, (1942), author, of scholarly works on Jewish Studies and Optics
Prof. Nat Lewin, (1953), lawyer
Ralph Lauren, American fashion designer and business executive (did not graduate from MTA but attended the school for two years)
Rabbi Raphael Marcus, (1968), Rabbi in Toronto
Bill Mazer (1937), radio and television personality
Rabbi Moses Mescheloff, (Class of 1926), Rabbi
Rabbi Avigdor Miller, Rabbi
Avi Muchnick (MTA, Class of 1997), founder, Aviary
Macy Nulman, Cantor
Velvel Pasternak (1951), authority on Jewish Music
Chaim Potok, (1946), author
Rabbi Steven Pruzansky, Rabbi in New Jersey
Eli Rozenberg (2012), majority shareholder of El Al airline
Rabbi Emanuel Rackman, (class of 1927), Rabbi and president, Bar-Ilan University
Rabbi Dr. Aaron Rakeffet-Rothkoff, (1955), scholar, author, and teacher
Rabbi Yona Reiss, dean, Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary
Rabbi Shlomo Riskin, (BTA class of 1956), founder, Lincoln Square Synagogue and Chief Rabbi, Efrat
Yair Rosenberg, (2006), journalist
Rabbi Itamar Rosensweig, Rabbi
Dr. Fred Rosner (1951), Jewish Law and medicine expert
Rabbi Hershel Schachter, (1958), Rosh Yeshiva and Rabbinic authority
Mordechai Shapiro, singer and entertainer
Rabbi Ben-Tzion Spitz, Chief Rabbi of Uruguay
Rabbi Pinchas Stolper
Daniel E. Straus (BTA), business executive
Rabbi Moshe Dovid Tendler, Rosh Yeshiva and authority on Jewish medical ethics
Prof. Eli Turkel, (1961), Tel Aviv University mathematics professor
Stanley M. Wagner, Rabbi
Rabbi Jeremy Wieder (1988), Rosh Yeshiva
Prof. Steven Winter (1970)
Prof. Yosef H. Yerushalmi, (1948), Jewish historian and Columbia University professor of Jewish history
Dov S. Zakheim, (BTA class of 1966), former U.S. Under Secretary of Defense
Zvi Zeitlin, (1939), classical violinist
Jonathan Zizmor, (1962), dermatologist
Efraim Zuroff, (MTA, 1966), historian and Nazi hunter

References

External links
Some Historic MSTA photos
MSTA yearbooks beginning in 1923
The Polis archives
Shema Koleinu archives

Educational institutions established in 1916
Private high schools in Manhattan
Yeshiva University
University-affiliated schools in the United States
Boys' schools in New York City
Orthodox Jewish educational institutions
Modern Orthodox Jewish day schools in the United States
1916 establishments in New York City

Marsha Stern Talmudical Academy


Yangon () also known as Rangoon, is the largest city in Myanmar. It was also the capital city until 2006. The city is by a river called Hlaingthayar, and is close to the sea. Yangon has more than 4 million people living there.

History
Yangon was founded as Dagon in the 6th century AD by the Mons, who ruled Lower Burma at that time. Dagon was a small fishing village centered about the Shwedagon Pagoda. In 1755, King Alaungpaya conquered Dagon and renamed it "Yangon". The British captured Yangon during the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26) but returned it to Burma after the war. The city was destroyed by a fire in 1841.

The British took Yangon and all of Lower Burma in the Second Anglo-Burmese War of 1852, and then changed Yangon into the most important city of British Burma. The British constructed a new city on a grid plan on delta land. It was bound to the east by the Pazundaung Creek and to the south and west by the Yangon River. Yangon became the capital of all British Burma after the British had captured Upper Burma in the Third Anglo-Burmese War of 1885. By the 1890s Yangon's increasing population and commerce gave birth to prosperous residential suburbs to the north of Royal Lake (Kandawgyi) and Inya Lake. The British also established hospitals including Rangoon General Hospital and colleges including Rangoon University.
Colonial Yangon, with its spacious parks and lakes and mix of modern buildings and traditional wooden architecture, was known as "the garden city of the East." By the early 20th century, Yangon had public services and infrastructure on par with London.

Before World War II, about 55% of Yangon's population of 500,000 was Indian or South Asian, and only about a third was Bamar (Burman). Karens, the Chinese, the Anglo-Burmese and others made up the rest.

After World War I, Yangon became the center of Burmese independence movement. The leftist Rangoon University students led the way. Three nationwide strikes against the British Empire in 1920, 1936 and 1938 began in Yangon. Yangon was under Japan's occupation (1942–45), and was heavily damaged during World War II. Yangon became the capital of Union of Burma on 4 January 1948 when the country regained independence from the British Empire.

Gallery

References

Cities in Myanmar
Former national capitals

Yangon


The Treaty of Granada, also known as the Surrender of Granada or simply the Capitulations, was signed and ratified on November 25, 1491, between Boabdil, the sultan of Granada, and Ferdinand and Isabella, the King and Queen of Castile, León, Aragon and Sicily. It ended the Granada War, which had started in 1482 and culminated in the siege and battle of Granada, which began in spring 1491.

The treaty provided a short truce, followed by the relinquishment in January 1492 of the sovereignty of the Muslim Emirate of Granada (founded in the 13th century) to Catholic Spain. The treaty guaranteed a set of rights to the Moors, Muslim inhabitants, including religious tolerance and fair treatment in return for their surrender and capitulation. The Capitulations granted native Jews in the surrendered territories the choice of either converting to Christianity or migrating to North Africa within three years. That was subsequently superseded by the Alhambra Decree of 1492, which forced all Jews in Spain to choose between conversion or expulsion.

Terms

The capitulation of 1492 contained sixty-seven articles among which were the following:
 That both great and small should be perfectly secure in their persons, families and properties.
 That they should be allowed to continue in their dwellings and residences, whether in the city, the suburbs or any other part of the country.
 That their laws should be preserved as they were before, and that no none should judge them except by those same laws.
 That their mosques and the religious endowments appertaining to them should remain as they were in the times of Islam.
 That no Christian should enter the house of a Muslim or insult him in any way.
 That no Christian or Jew holding public offices by the appointment of the late Sultan should be allowed to exercise his functions or rule over them.
 That all Muslim captives taken during the siege of Granada, from whatever part of the country they might have come, but especially the nobles and chiefs mentioned in the agreement should be liberated.
 That such Muslim captives as might have escaped from their Christians masters and taken refuge in Granada should not be surrendered, but the Sultan should be bound to pay the price of such captives to their owners.
 That all those who might choose to cross over to Africa should be allowed to take their departure within a certain time and be conveyed thither in the king's ships, and without any pecuniary tax being imposed on them beyond the mere charge for passage, and
 That after the expiration of that time no Muslim should be hindered from departing provided he paid, in addition to the price of his passage, the tithe of whatever property he might carry along with him.
 That no one should be prosecuted and punished for the crime of another man.
 That the Christians who had embraced Islam should not be compelled to relinquish it and adopt their former creed.
 That any Muslim wishing to become a Christian should be allowed some days to consider the step he was about to take, after which he was to be questioned by both a Muslim and a Christian judge concerning his intended change and if, after that examination, he still refused to return to Islam, he should be permitted to follow his own inclination.
 That no Muslim should be prosecuted for the death of a Christian slain during the siege and that no restitution of property taken during the war should be enforced.
 That no Muslim should be subject to have Christian soldiers billeted upon him or be transported to provinces of this kingdom against his will.
 That no increase should be made to the usual imposts but that on the contrary all oppressive taxes lately imposed should be immediately suppressed.
 That no Christian should be allowed to peep over the wall or into the house of a Muslim or enter a mosque.
 That any Muslim choosing to travel or reside among the Christians should be perfectly secure in his person and property.
 That no badge or distinctive mark be put upon them, as was done with the Jews and Mudejares.
 That no muezzin should be interrupted in the act of calling the people to prayer and no Muslim molested either in the performance of his daily devotions or in the observance of his fast or in any other religious ceremony, but if a Christian should be found laughing at them, he should be punished for it.
 That the Muslims should be exempted from all taxation for a certain number of years.
 That the Lord of Rome, the Pope, should be requested to give his assent to the above conditions, and sign the treaty himself. [This request by the Moorish side was not carried out.]

Implementation and breakdown

Initially, the Catholic conquerors implemented and reinforced the generous terms of the treaty. A joint municipal council was established in Granada, and the Muslims were allowed to elect their own representatives. Despite pressure from the Spanish clergy, Ferdinand chose a laissez-faire policy towards the Muslims, in the hope that interaction with Catholics would make them "understand the error" of their faith and abandon it. Hernando de Talavera, a friar of converso origins known for his moderation and piety, was appointed as the archbishop of Granada. He was known for his preference of preaching based on "Catholic reasoning", as opposed to "punishments and lashes". When Ferdinand and Isabella visited the city in the summer of 1499, they were greeted by enthusiastic crowd, including Muslims.

At the same time, Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, the archbishop of Toledo, arrived in Granada and began working alongside Talavera. Cisneros disliked Talavera's approach, and began sending uncooperative Muslims, especially the noblemen, to prison where they were treated harshly until they agreed to convert. Emboldened by the increase in conversions, Cisneros intensified the efforts and in December 1499 he told Pope Alexander VI that three thousand Muslims converted in a single day. Cisneros' own church council warned that these methods might be a breach of the Treaty, and 16th-century hagiographer Álvar Gómez de Castro described the approach as "methods that were not correct".

In December 1499, amid the increasingly forced conversions and triggered by an incident involving an attempt by the authorities to reconvert a Muslim woman who had converted from Christianity, the population of Albayzín, the Muslim quarter of Granada, began an open and armed revolt. Talavera and Captain-General Tendilla resolved the situation by negotiating with the Muslims. Meanwhile, Cisneros was summoned to the court in Seville to account for his actions. He convinced the Catholic monarchs to issue a collective pardons on the rebels on the condition that they converted to Christianity. Consequently, the whole city of Granada nominally became Christian, and the treaty began to unravel.

See also
 List of treaties
 Reconquista
 Morisco Revolt
 Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula

Notes

References

 Early Modern Spain: A Documentary History, ed. Jon Cowans, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003. pp. 15–19 Conditions
 In Spanish, the original source is Historia de la Rebellión y Castigo de los Moriscos del Reino de Granada by Luis del Mármol Carvajal.
 See also El Reino Nazarí de Granada by Cristobal Torrez Delgado and Los Moriscos del Reino de Granada by Julio Caro Barrata.

Granada
1490s treaties
Granada (1491)
Peace treaties of Spain
Granada (1491)
Granada (1491)
History of Granada
Ferdinand II of Aragon
Isabella I of Castile
Treaties of the Emirate of Granada
1491 in Spain
15th century in Aragon
15th century in Castile
1491

Treaty of Granada (1491)


Schönbusch is a historic park and Schloss near the town of Aschaffenburg in the Franconia region of Bavaria, Germany. The park was designed in the late 18th century as an English landscape garden for an Archbishop of Mainz. Various Neoclassical buildings, including the Schloss are scattered across the park. It is open to the public.

Geography
Schönbusch lies in a loop of the river Main, south-west of the town centre of Aschaffenburg in the Regierungsbezirk of Lower Franconia. The park's area is around 160 hectares. It is bordered in the north by the Bundesstrasse 26, across which is the Stadtteil (borough) of Aschaffenburg- and the port of Aschaffenburg. To the west lies Stockstadt am Main. To the east and south, Schönbusch borders , another borough of Aschaffenburg.

History
The area making up today's park was previously a deer park of the Archbishops of Mainz, whose secondary residence was at Aschaffenburg. In 1775, work began on transforming the deer park into an English landscape garden, based on the ideas of Wilhelm von Sickingen, minister to Archbishop Friedrich Karl Joseph von Erthal. It was thus one of the earliest examples of this style of park in southern Germany. A document from 1776 refers to the area as Schönbusch for the first time. It was formerly known as Nilkheimer Wäldchen.

In the 1780s, Friedrich Ludwig von Sckell, court gardener at Schwetzingen and a leading garden designer of his time, was appointed to complete the garden.

The Schloss, originally known as Kurfürstlicher Pavillon ("electoral pavilion"), was built in Neoclassic style from 1778 to 1782 following plans by court architect . It was placed to be aligned along a visual axis to Schloss Johannisburg. The palace features ten state rooms with Louis-XVI-style furniture.

Other features were added to the park in the 1780s. Among them are the "Red Bridge", the "Philosopher's House", the "Temple of Friendship", shepherds' houses and a small village, a dining pavillon as well as artificial hills with a viewing tower and the "Devil's Bridge".

As early as 1783, a set of regulations (Parkordnung) allowed public access to the park (save for a small private garden reserved for the Archbishop). When the Archbishop was not in residence even the Schloss was open to visits. In 1789, the Rote Brücke ("Red Bridge") was built to allow the road from Aschaffenburg to Darmstadt (today's Bundesstrasse 26) to pass over an artificial creek (in 1934, the bridge was moved to its current location just inside the park).

In 1792/93, the French occupied Mainz and forced the Archbishop to flee to his secondary residence in Aschaffenburg. In 1796, French troops reached the town for the first time. It was occupied several times over the course of the next few years. During this period, Schönbusch suffered from neglect, no further extensions took place. When von Erthal died in 1802, his successor as Archbishop of Mainz was Karl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg. He ruled the short-lived Principality of Aschaffenburg and Grand Duchy of Frankfurt. , apprentice gardener at Schönbusch, was sent by von Dahlberg to Frankfurt to oversee the conversion of the city's bastions into parks in 1806 and again after the French destroyed them in 1813. In 1814, Aschaffenburg passed to the Kingdom of Bavaria. Schönbusch thus became a royal park. After 1816, the crown prince and later king Ludwig I of Bavaria often summered in Aschaffenburg, living with his family at Schloss Johannisburg and Schönbusch.

The maze was added in the 19th century (before 1829), as were some other buildings in the park like the stables. A first beer garden opened around 1900 and was replaced with a newer building in 1933.

Restoration work of the structures took place in 1930-32 and again after 1950. The Schloss was renovated in 1964-9 and 1981–91.

Today

Today, park and palace are administered by the Bayerische Verwaltung der staatlichen Schlösser, Gärten und Seen. Access to the Schloss is possible by guided tours. The former kitchen building now houses an exhibition called Alles scheint Natur on the history of the park. There are also two restaurants.

References

Further reading

 Jost Albert, Werner Helmberger: Der Landschaftsgarten Schönbusch bei Aschaffenburg. (German) Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft, Worms 1999,  (Beiträge zur Gartengeschichte und Gartendenkmalpflege 1).
 Ulrich Ertl: Die Gehölze des Schönbusch. (German) Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein, Aschaffenburg 2001 (Nachrichten des Naturwissenschaftlichen Museum Aschaffenburg 105, ).
 Volker Hannwacker: Friedrich Ludwig von Sckell. Der Begründer des Landschaftsgartens in Deutschland. (German) Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, Stuttgart 1992, , p. 25–33.
 Werner Helmberger, Jost Albert (Bearb.): Schloß und Park Schönbusch, Aschaffenburg. Amtlicher Führer. (German) 2. überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Bayerische Schlösserverwaltung, München 2010, .

Buildings and structures in Aschaffenburg
Castles in Bavaria
Museums in Bavaria
Registered historic buildings and monuments in Bavaria
Episcopal palaces in Germany
Continental gardens in the English Landscape Garden style
Gardens in Bavaria
Historic house museums in Germany
Buildings and structures completed in 1782
1782 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
Royal residences in Bavaria

Schönbusch (Aschaffenburg)


In calculus, integration by substitution is a method of evaluating an antiderivative or a definite integral by applying a change of variables. It is the integral counterpart of the chain rule for differentiation. For a definite integral, it can be shown as follows:

Where   such that .

Steps

 Let a variable equal part of the integrand, so that its derivative will cancel with the other part of the integrand
 Apply the substitution
 Evaluate the integral in terms of the new variable

Definite integral example
Consider the integral

Let  to obtain  and . In this case, the  variable is not present, so the 1/3 can be factored out of the integrand. Since the integral is now in terms of , the bounds of integration (1 and 3 in this case), must be plugged in to the substitution u=3x. So the new bounds of integration are 3 and 9 to obtain,

The antiderivative of  may also be found using integration by substitution and ends up being .

Calculus

Integration by substitution


The Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty are a group of burial sites in Seoul, South Korea.  Some of them are in other parts of WHICH Province.  They were built for the rulers of the Joseon Dynasty and their families.  They were named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2009.

The tombs show Confucian philosophy.  The location of each tomb was chosen carefully.  Most tombs have a hillside behind them and face a body of water.  Many of them have mountains visible in the background.  Many of the tombs have statues, burial mounds, shrines for ancestor worship and buildings for guards and groundskeepers.

The oldest tomb was built in 1408 and the newest in 1966.

Archaeology

Unlike royal tombs in many other parts of the world, the Joseon Royal Tombs have not been robbed by grave robbers.  Whenever archaeologists examined a grave, they found the dead man or woman still had a crown, gold, jewels, or other valuable grave goods.  As far as scholars can tell, the only people to ever dig up Joseon Royal Tombs were modern archaeologists, starting in 1930 during the Japanese occupation of Korea.  That team was careful to treat the tomb with respect so that the people of Korea would not become angry.  Scholars know which king or queen was buried in some tombs and do not know which king or queen was buried in other tombs.  Archaeologists only dig up tombs whose owner is not known.

References

Buildings and structures in Seoul
World Heritage Sites in South Korea

Royal Tombs of the Joseon dynasty


The 1933 French Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race which was run on 11 June 1933, in Montlhéry, France. Organized by the French Automobile Club, it was XXVII running of the Grand Prix de l'Automobile Club de France. The race, which was held over 40 laps, was won by the Italian driver Giuseppe Campari in a privately entered Maserati. It was to be Campari's final victory, as he was killed just three months later at Monza. Philippe Étancelin and George Eyston, both in privateer Alfa Romeos, finished in second and third, respectively.

Background
In an attempt to attract more entrants, the Automobile Club de France (ACF) changed the event's registration fees and prize money. Registration fees had previously been 2,000–3,000 francs (F), but were reduced to just 100 F for the 1933 race. Prizes of 100,000 F, 50,000 F and 20,000 F were offered to the first three finishers, while there were also bonus prizes for drivers who had completed 10, 20 or 30 laps. The magnitude of the bonuses were dependent on a driver's average speed (3,000 F for 125 km/h, 2,000 F for 115 km/h, 1,000 F for 105 km/h).

Problems with the grandstand at Montlhéry placed the event's staging in jeopardy. Repairs, estimated at 500,000–800,000 F, needed to be carried out before the race could take place.

The race was also affected by the absence of a number of notable drivers. Frédéric Toselli, Louis Trintignant (brother of the future Formula One driver Maurice), and Guy Bouriat, all of whom had entered the French Grand Prix, had all been killed at previous events in May. In addition, Rudolf Caracciola was still recovering his broken thigh, an injury which had been incurred at Monaco, while Tim Birkin was ill with blood poisoning after being burnt at Tripoli. On top of that, the works Bugatti team—including drivers Achille Varzi, Albert Divo, William Grover-Williams and René Dreyfus—were forced to pull out of the event because their cars were not ready.

Report
Tazio Nuvolari's participation in the race was in doubt when his car was damaged during Saturday practice. It is thought that his Scuderia Ferrari teammate, Baconin Borzacchini, allowed Nuvolari to swap the cars that were assigned to them, meaning that Nuvolari took the #10 Alfa, while Borzacchini was now due to drive car #14 (which had a broken blower shaft). Just ten minutes before the start of the race, the team's mechanics pushed Borzacchini's car (#14) off the grid, putting Piero Taruffi's #38 Alfa in its place. As such, Taruffi was able to start three rows further forward than he otherwise would have.

Nuvolari, from fifth on the grid, took the lead early on, while Campari followed eight seconds behind, after having made up nine positions on lap one. Taruffi and Zehender from the third row of the grid, were in third and fourth, respectively, followed by Chiron and Étancelin, who had both made significant gains in the early stages. Chiron and Étancelin both overtook the Maserati of Zehender during lap two, and two laps later, the pair also passed Taruffi, who had been deliberately holding them up. After four laps, Nuvolari and Campari were still in front, while Chiron was up to third, ahead of Philippe Étancelin, while Taruffi and Zehender were not far behind. Both Nuvolari and Chiron pitted after six laps, although neither lasted long after rejoining the race, leaving Campari in first place, with a lead of over half a minute over Taruffi and Étancelin after eight laps. Campari made a pitstop after thirteen laps, handing the lead briefly to Étancelin, before the Frenchman was overtaken by Taruffi. After sixteen laps, Campari was approximately half a minute behind, but by the end of the nineteenth lap he had retaken the lead. At half distance, Campari led from Taruffi, with Sommer and Étancelin in third and fourth, respectively. Soon after, Taruffi pulled into the pits, and his car eventually rejoined the race, now driven by Nuvolari, who after twenty-four laps was in fourth place, behind Campari, Étancelin and Moll. Nuvolari was promoted into third when Moll made a lengthy pitstop, while Eyston was up to fourth. On lap twenty-six, Nuvolari was once again forced to retire, leaving just six cars in the race. Another pitstop for Campari allowed Étancelin to take a half-minute lead, although, by lap thirty-six, the gap had been reduced to just three seconds. However, when rain began to fall, Campari took to the pits once again to change tyres, increasing his deficit to Étancelin to a full minute. With one lap remaining, the gap had been reduced to 23.2 seconds. With Étancelin unable to change gears, Campari was able to take the lead, and shortly after, the win, which was his final victory, and Maserati's first in a Grande Épreuve. Étancelin took second, ahead of Eyston in his Alfa Romeo. Sommer, Moll and Villars were final cars to finish.

Entries

Starting grid

Classification

Race

Notes:
 Campari's Maserati was push-started during a pit stop, which was technically a breach of Article 187 of the regulations. As such, Campari's win was protested after the race, but the Sporting Commissioners upheld the result, penalising him only with a 1000 F fine.

References

External links

French Grand Prix
French Grand Prix
Grand Prix

1933 French Grand Prix