National Life Stories is an independent charitable trust and limited company (registered as the 'National Life Story Collection') based within the British Library Oral History section, whose key focus and expertise is oral history fieldwork.  Since 1987 National Life Stories (NLS) has initiated a series of innovative interviewing projects funded almost entirely from sponsorship, charitable and individual donations.

Each NLS project is archived at the British Library and comprises recorded in-depth interviews, plus content summaries and (if funds allow) transcripts to assist users.  Alongside the British Library's oral history collections, which stretch back to the beginning of the twentieth century, NLS recordings form a unique and invaluable record of people's lives in Britain today.

History
The proposal for NLS was first developed by Paul Thompson and Asa Briggs in 1985-6.  The project for a 'National Life Story Collection' had a number of distinct features; it was to be a 'life story' project intending to collect full autobiographical material including both written autobiographies as well as recorded 'oral history'.  And it was intended to 'record first-hand experiences of as wide a cross-section of present-day society as possible' combining recordings with both elites (who at that time had been largely neglected by British oral historians) and a cross-section of ordinary men and women.

During 1986 Thompson and Briggs recruited a distinguished body of trustees, including Baroness Ewart-Biggs, Penelope Lively, Austin Mitchell, Sir Russell Johnson MP, Robert Blake, Elizabeth Longford, Professor Peter Laslett, Professor John Saville and Jack Jones (trade unionist).  Advisors included Melvyn Bragg.  Other important early trustees included the property developer Jack Rose and the first Treasurer, Peter Hands.  With Lord Briggs as Chairman and Paul Thompson as Director, an inaugural meeting of the National Life Story Collection (NLS) as a company was held on 11 November 1986, and registration as a charity was obtained in October 1987.

Initial endowment funding for NLS came from Paul Thompson's gift of a Henry Moore sculpture (Working Model For Draped Seated Woman: Figure On Steps), which was sold in 1987, as well as donations from the Wingate Foundation and the Nuffield Foundation.

NLS gained the early support of Dr Christopher Roads, Director of the National Sound Archive (1983 - 1992) and in return for archiving interviews, NLS was given a free office in the National Sound Archive (then at Exhibition Road, London), materials and technical support.  The appointment of a Curator in Oral History, whose role would be to work closely with the National Life Story Collection, was made in late 1988 (Dr Rob Perks, who took over from Thompson as NLS Director in 1995). The first projects established (all in 1988) were City Lives, The Living Memory of the Jewish Community and Leaders of National Life.  Artists' Lives, established in 1990, is the longest running continuous project, with more than 350 interviews.  In 2005 National Life Stories was adopted as a trading name.

Interviewing methodology
NLS was initially conceived to have two spheres of activity.  One sphere was the creation of a 'Life Story Archive' of manuscript autobiographies.   However, the main focus was always to be the creation of a 'National Biography in Sound', a collection of recorded and transcribed interviews of two kinds; the first was 'autobiographical interviews with leading British men and women in all fields - politics, industry, administration, the professions, culture or religion'; and interviews with systematic representatives of ordinary citizens, beginning with a national cross-section of all classes and regions, and then concentrating on particular groups in special need of being recorded.  All NLS projects were to follow the in-depth life story approach, starting with family background and childhood, and moving on to education, work and leisure and the community.   This methodology has continued to be followed for projects, and each NLS interview normally averages 8 to 15 hours in length.

Oral History Programme
Early projects
The first NLS project was Leaders of National Life which began in 1988 and which is still added to occasionally.  The project aimed to 'record autobiographical interviews with leading British men and women covering their life experience as a whole' with subjects selected from all fields – including politics, industry, administration, the professions, culture or religion – in order to achieve a balance.  The project specifically aimed to collect interviews with those life stories had not been recorded or published.

As well as the Leaders of National Life project, which was funded from NLS's core funds, NLS sought to undertake 'Special Collections' with funding sought from professional associations, industry and other institutions - this is the model which has been used ever since.  One of the first of these projects was City Lives, which also began in 1988.  It was led by Paul Thompson (with particularly important help from Sir Nicholas Goodison) and later by Cathy Courtney.  City Lives was funded entirely from within the City, mostly from smaller donations, but including an especially important grant from the Esmée Fairbairn Foundation.  This project resulted in a unique collection of nearly 150 in-depth interviews of the financial elite of the City of London.  The project culminated in an exhibition of memorabilia and photographic portraits of City interviewees at the Bank of England Museum, and in the publication of the book City Lives: The Changing Voices of British Finance (Methuen, 1996, ), edited by Cathy Courtney with an introduction by Paul Thompson. A follow-up project, focusing specifically on Barings Bank (An Oral History of Barings) began in 2009 in partnership with the Baring Archive.

Another 'Special Collection', also begun in 1988, was The Living Memory of the Jewish Community (which ran until 1999); the project was led by Jennifer Wingate and received donations from Lord Young and the Clore Foundation.  Although the original concept was broader, the project quickly focused its aims on the recording of Jewish Holocaust survivors in Britain, which at that time had been neglected.  This project (helped with funding secured through Martin Paisner and the Edith and Ferdinand Porjes Charitable Trust) culminated with the publication of an educational pack, Voices of the Holocaust (British Library, 1994) edited by Carrie Supple and Rob Perks; the educational pack later became an online web resource on the British Library website, Voices of the Holocaust.

Visual arts and crafts
NLS has shown a strong emphasis on recording those involved in the visual arts and in design in general, from architects to theatre designers.  The first project to concentrate on the arts was Artists' Lives, which began in 1990 with crucial seed money for five initial interviews provided by the Henry Moore Foundation.  The project, which by 2011 had over 300 interviews, is directed by Cathy Courtney and is run in collaboration with Tate.  Artists' Lives has concentrated on painters (through grants especially from the Linbury Trust, the Elephant Trust, the Pilgrim Trust, the Paul Hamlyn Foundation and the Arts Council England) and sculptors (with key support from the Henry Moore Foundation).  A smaller proportion of interviews have been carried out with 'art professionals' (with support from the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation).  The project had had a number of published outputs including the CDs The Sculptor Speaks: Extracts From Recordings With Post-War British Sculptors and Connecting Lines: Artists Talk About Drawing (which is also available online via the British Library's website.  Some of the interviews with no access restrictions are available online to those within UK Higher Education via the British Library Sounds website.  In addition, all of the open interviews, with no access restrictions, are available to researchers at Tate Archive.  Recordings sponsored by the Henry Moore Foundation are available at the Henry Moore Institute; recordings sponsored by the Fleming Collection are available via the National Gallery of Scotland archive, and those sponsored by the Yale Center for British Art are available through their archives.

Architects' Lives began in 1990 and at 2011 had interviewed more than 100 architects.  Crafts Lives began in 1999 and, at 2011 has interviewed over 100 studio crafts practitioners including glass artists, textile artists and furniture makers.  Interviews from Architects' Lives and Crafts Lives are available via the British Library Sounds website.  Other NLS projects concentrating on visual arts and design (but which are no longer in-progress) include An Oral History of British Fashion (2002 – 2007); and An Oral History of British Theatre Design (2005 – 2008).  A project recording the life stories of British Photographers (An Oral History of British Photography) is carried out by the British Library's Oral History section; some of the interviews with no access restrictions are available online to those within UK Higher Education via the British Library Sounds website.

Industry and utilities
NLS has always strived to capture the life stories of those involved in industry.  The original idea was for a project on 'Industrial Lives', to collect life story interviews from top industrial management from the 1950s onwards, in both public and private industries.  However, instead of one large project more industry-specific projects emerged.  The first of many projects to focus on British utility companies was Lives in Steel (1991 – 1992), which was funded by the General Division of British Steel through the support of David Grieves.  This project resulted in the recording of 90 interviews by Alan Dein of former and current staff at all levels of the industry from directors to manual workers.  In 1999 another project focusing on British industry, Lives in the Oil Industry, began, a partnership with the University of Aberdeen, running until 2004.  The project resulted in an archive of interviews with 177 people involved in all sectors of the industry; a number of BBC Radio 4 Archive Hours have used material from the archive.  The most recent project to focus on the British utility industries is An Oral History of the Water Industry, which began in 2009 with sponsorship from Cambridge Water, Northumbria Water, Scottish Water, Southern Water, Wessex Water and Yorkshire Water.

The largest project to focus on one industrial sector was Food: From Source to Salespoint, which ran between 1995 and 2007 and resulted in an archive of over 202 interviews.  The project covered many aspects of the UK food industry, from production through to consumption, and interviewed farmers, butchers, supermarket workers, food technologists and retailers, amongst others.  It received sponsorship from a number of the livery companies as well as UK food manufacturers.  A supplementary set of recordings with Chefs, funded by Sir John Craven, began 2009, and Tesco funded their own oral history project (but conducted by NLS) between 2003 – 2007 (Tesco: An Oral History).  An Oral History of the Wine Trade (2003 – 2005), was funded by the Vintners' Company and the Institute of Masters of Wine, and gathered a further forty interviews.

Businesses and corporationsv
National Life Stories has worked in partnership with a number of individual businesses and corporations to collect oral histories with employees from all levels of a corporation.  An Oral History of Barings, a project in partnership with the Baring Archive, includes interviews with employees from all levels of the bank, including messengers, secretaries, and one of the bank's first female senior executives.  Other corporate-specific projects have been undertaken with the brand consultancy Wolff Olins (An Oral History of Wolff Olins), the Royal Mail Group and The British Postal Museum & Archive (An Oral History of the Post Office) and with Tesco (Tesco: An Oral History).

Writing and publishing

Book Trade Lives, which was led by Martyn Goff and which received generous funding from the Unwin Foundation, ran between 1997 and 2006.   The project interviewed nearly 120 of those involved in bookselling from the 1920s through the twentieth century, including secretaries, sales managers, editors and publishers' representatives, and specialists in production and design. A CD featuring extracts from the project titled Book Trade Lives was published by The British Library in 2002 and over 80 interviews from Book Trade Lives were used in The British Book Trade: An Oral History (British Library, 2008 and 2010), edited by the project interviewer Sue Bradley.   A complementary project, Authors' Lives began in 2007, and includes life story interviews with novelists, poets, biographers, historians and children's writers.  The Writing Life: Authors Speak, a CD containing edited extracts from the collection was published in 2011.  An Oral History of British Press ran between 1994 and 2006, and collected the life stories of key press and newspaper figures.

Science
In 2009 NLS received funding from the Arcadia Fund and the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 for a new project (Oral History of British Science).  The project has collected over 100 audio interviews, each 8 to 15 hours in length, with scientists, engineers and others linked with science and technology in Britain, as well as shorter on-location video recordings, over two themed strands: Made in Britain and A Changing Planet. In 2013 National Life Stories began a new oral history project titled 'Inspiring Scientists: Diversity in British Science', in partnership with the Royal Society Diversity Programme.  Interviewees range from Professors to PhD students and the focus on science is wide, covering academia, big industry and individual entrepreneurship. Many of the interviews recorded for the projects are available in full on British Library Sounds, while the Voices of Science web resource provides curated access to audio and video highlights from the interviews organised by theme, discipline and interviewee.

Other projects
The Fawcett Collection was a project supported by The Women's Library, which ran between 1990 and 1992, collecting.  Rebecca Abrams' book, Woman in a Man's World (Methuen, 1993, ) was based on this collection.

Pioneers in Charity and Social Welfare (2004 – present) was initiated with funding from the J. Paul Getty Jnr Charitable Trust, and comprises interviews with key (and often unsung) individuals connected to social welfare, social policy and charity work.

A national cross-section
The attempt to record a 'national cross-section' of life stories of ordinary men and women has been approached in a number of different ways.  The first was through a life story competition.  In 1991 NLS received a pilot grant from the Literature section of the Arts Council of England to develop the National Life Story Awards as an independent written and audio autobiographical competition; additional funding was received from the European Community Year of Older People and ITV Telethon.  The project was especially well-publicised on both radio and television, and the ambitious official launch included Lord Soper, Baroness Blackstone and Glenda Jackson.   There were nearly 950 entries, of which 710 were written and 217 recorded (fifteen in video); twenty entries reached the final shortlist all of which highlighted a striking range of social background.  The judges for the final round were Asa Briggs, Penelope Lively, Ann Paul, Rob Perks and Paul Thompson (oral historian), and the awards ceremony at the Barbican in September 1994 was compared by Melvyn Bragg, one of NLS's long-standing Advisors.

A second initiative for a national 'memory bank' was first discussed in 1996 and an application was made to the Millennium Commission.  Eventually a joint scheme (1998 – 2000), with the British Library leading with NLS as a partner along with the BBC, resulted in The Century Speaks: Millennium Oral History Project, archived at the British Library as The Millennium Memory Bank.

Full list of projects
 City Lives: 1988–present
 Leaders of National Life: 1988 – present
 The Living Memory of the Jewish Community: 1988 – 1999 [187 interviews]
 Artists Lives: 1990 – present
 NLS: General: 1990 – present
 The Fawcett Collection: 1992 – 1994 [14 interviews]
 Lives in Steel: 1991 – 1992 [88 interviews]
 The National Life Story Awards: 1993 – 1994
 Holocaust Survivors Centre Interviews: 1993 – 2014 [154 interviews]
 An Oral History of the British Press: 1994 – 2006 [19 interviews]
 Legal Lives: 1995 - 2014 [11 interviews]
 Food: From Source to Salespoint: 1995 – 2007 [202 interviews]
 Book Trade Lives: 1997 – 2006 [119 interviews]
 Crafts Lives: 1999 – present
 Lives in the Oil Industry: 2000 – 2004 [177 interviews]
 An Oral History of the Post Office: 2001 – 2003 [116 interviews]
 An Oral History of Wolff Olins: 2001 – 2003 [40 interviews]
 An Oral History of British Fashion: 2002 – 2011 [17 interviews]
 Tesco: An Oral History: 2003 – 2007 [37 interviews]
 An Oral History of the Wine Trade: 2003 – 2004 [40 interviews]
 Pioneers in Charity and Social Welfare: 2004 – present
 An Oral History of British Theatre Design: 2005 – 2008 [33 interviews]
 Authors' Lives: 2007 – present
 Chefs: 2009 – 2012 [13 interviews] [part of the Food: From Source to Salespoint project]
 An Oral History of the Water Industry: 2009 – 2012 [30 interviews]
 An Oral History of Barings: 2009 – 2013 [34 interviews]
 An Oral History of British Science: 2009 – present
 An Oral History of the Electricity Supply Industry in the UK: 2012–present

Access
All NLS interviews and projects are catalogued on the British Library Sound & Moving Image catalogue.  Researchers can listen to interviews onsite at the British Library at St Pancras and Boston Spa, either by making an appointment with the Listening & Viewing Service or, if the interview is available digitally, via the SoundServer service.   Some NLS interviews (from Artist' Lives, Architects' Lives, The Living Memory of the Jewish Community, Millennium Memory Bank and An Oral History of British Science) are available via the British Library Sounds website.

Updates on NLS projects are available through the National Life Stories Annual Reports and also through the British Library's Sound and Vision blog and, specifically for Oral History of British Science, the History of Science blog.

Trustees past and present

Chairman
 Asa Briggs (1987 – 1995)
 Martyn Goff (1995 – 2003)
 Sir Nicholas Goodison (2003 - 2015)
 Dame Jenny Abramsky (2015–present)

Director
 Paul Thompson (oral historian) (Founder, Director 1987 – 1995)
 Robert Perks (Associate Director 1987 – 1995, Director 1995 – 2021)
 Mary Stewart (Director 2021–Present)

Treasurer
 Peter Hands (1987 – 1994)
 Dr Stephen Peretz-Brown (1994 – 1995)
 Eric de Bellaigue (1995 – 2005)
 Bob Boas (2005 – present)

Current Trustees

 Dame Jenny Abramsky (2015–present)
 Professor Jon Agar (2017–present)
 Professor Fareda Banda (2022–present)
 Bob Boas (1995–present)
 Professor Nelarine Cornelius (2021–present)
 Dr Andrew Flinn (2018–present)
 Amanda Game (2017–present)
 Bill Knight OBE (2011–present)
 Dr Robert Perks (1998–present)
 Dr Jo Reilly (2012–present)
 Mary Stewart (2021–present)
 Paul Thompson (oral historian) (1987–present)
 Dr Janet Topp Fargion (2020–present)

Former Trustees

 Eric de Bellaigue (1996 – 2005)
 Asa Briggs (1987 – 2004)
 Prof. Mary Chamberlain (1992 – 2004)
 Sir John Craven (2000 - )
 Elyse Dodgson (1988 - 2001)
 Jane Ewart-Biggs (1988 – died 1992)
 Mark Fisher (1993 – 2003)
 Roger Gavin (2009 - 2022)
 Martyn Goff OBE (1992 – 2004)
 Sir Nicholas Goodison (2000 - 2015)
 Dundas Hamilton (1988 – 1994)
 Peter Hands (1987 – 1994)
 Peter Hennessy (2013 - )
 Steve Howard (2007 – 2009)
 Crispin Jewitt (1994 – 2007)
 Sharon Johnson (2005 – 2007)
 Russell Johnston (1900 – 1992)
 Lesley Knox (2013 - 2016)
 Peter Laslett (1988 – 1991)
 Penelope Lively (1989 - 2013)
 Dr Scot McKendrick (2011 - 2014)
 Stephen Peretz-Brown (1994 - died 1996)
 James Quinn (1988 – 1991)
 Richard Ranft (2015– 2020)
 Waheeb Rizk (1990 – 1994)
 Christopher Roads (1987 – 1992)
 Jack Rose (1987 – 1996)
 John Saville (1988 – 1991)
 Prof. Dorothy Sheridan MBE (1994 - 2017)
 Sir Harry Solomon (2005 - 2013)
 Jonathan Taylor (academic) (1997 – 2008)
 Hodson Thornber (2017– 2020)
 Rayner Unwin (1998 - died 2000)
 Caroline Waldegrave (2005 - 2012)
 David Webster (2005 - 2015)

See also
 National Sound Archive
 British Library
 National memory

References

Oral history
British Library
1987 establishments in England
Organizations established in 1987

National Life Stories


Moscow University for the Humanities () is an accredited privately operated institution for higher education located in Moscow, Russia.  It is a member of the International Association of Universities.

The university has six faculties.  It serves more than 5,000 students at a time.

The institution traces its history back to the Central Komsomol School, created by the Soviet Union in 1944.  It became the Higher Komsomol School in 1969. In 1990, it became the "Institute of Youth", and in September 1991, shortly before the end of the Soviet Union, it became an independent private school.  In 2000, it was given the status of "academy" and renamed the Moscow Humanitarian and Social Academy.  Finally, in 2003, it became a university.

Since 1994, the head of the university has been Igor Ilinskiy, who published a history of the university in 2005.

References

External links
Official website

Universities in Moscow
Education in the Soviet Union

Moscow University for the Humanities


Ezra Thayre (also spelled Thayer) (October 14, 1791 – September 6, 1862) was an early convert and leader in the Latter Day Saint movement.

Personal life
Ezra Thayre was born in Randolph, Vermont, to Ezra and Charlotte French Thayre.  Thayre was a builder of bridges, dams, and mills in the Palmyra, New York area in the 1820s.  In 1810 Thayre married Polly Wells and they had one child.  After the 1822 death of Wells, Thayre then married Relief Wales and they had five children.

Conversion to The Church of Jesus Christ of Later Day Saints
Thayre was an early convert to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, being baptized by Parley P. Pratt on October 10, 1830 after he heard Joseph and Hyrum Smith speak about the Book of Mormon.

Shortly after Thayre's baptism, Smith received a revelation that directed Thayre and Northrop Sweet to "open ye your ears and hearken to the voice of the Lord your God, whose word is quick and powerful, sharper than a two-edged sword, to the dividing asunder of the joints and marrow, soul and spirit; and is a discerner of the thoughts and intents of the heart ".

Church service
On June 6, 1831, Joseph Smith received a revelation instructing Thayre to depart on a mission to Missouri with Thomas B. Marsh. In preparation for this, Thayre was ordained an elder in the church by Lyman Wight. However, due to a disagreement about property that arose among Thayre and some of the Latter Day Saints living in Thompson, Ohio, Thayre was not prepared to leave when Marsh was ready. A revelation to Smith revoked the mission call to Thayre, assigned Marsh a new companion, and instructed Thayre to "repent of his pride, and of his selfishness". Later in 1832, Thayre did serve a mission to New York with Marsh.

In 1834, Thayre joined Zion's Camp, a group of Latter Day Saints that traveled from Ohio to assist some members of the church in Missouri. However, on June 21, 1834, Thayre contracted cholera, which quickly spread to many of the other Saints in Zion's Camp. However, Thayre went on to make a full recovery.

On March 1, 1835, Thayre was ordained a seventy in the church. However, on May 2, 1835, Thayre's priesthood was suspended after an unspecified complaint of misbehavior filed by Oliver Granger. A disciplinary council was held, and Thayre was eventually restored to full fellowship in the church. In 1838, Thayre became a member of the Adam-ondi-Ahman stake high council. In 1839, he moved with the majority of Latter Day Saints to Nauvoo, Illinois.

In 1844, shortly after being made a member of the Council of Fifty, Thayre departed on a mission with Jedediah M. Grant, George A. Smith and Wilford Woodruff to [[Joseph Smith 1844 presidential campaign
|campaign for Joseph Smith as President of the United States]].

Death of Joseph Smith
After the death of Joseph Smith in June 1844, Thayre was part of the minority of Latter Day Saints who refused to follow the leadership of Brigham Young and the Quorum of the Twelve. When the majority of Saints departed Nauvoo for the Salt Lake Valley, Thayer remained behind in Nauvoo. In 1849, Thayre moved to Michigan. Affiliated briefly with James J. Strang at Voree, Walworth Co., Wisconsin, but soon returned to New York where he was rebaptized into the LDS Church in September 1854.
He became a member of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints in at Galien, Berrien Co., Michigan on August 24, 1860.

Death and confusion
The date of Thayre's death has had some conflicting accounts. Some sources report that he died in 1856 in Massachusetts, but these reports conflict with RLDS Church records that report him being baptized in 1860. Genealogical confusion has also resulted because Thayre's father was also named Ezra, but unlike the junior Thayre, he usually spelled his name Thayer. Other sources report Thayre's birthplace as being Randolph, Massachusetts instead of Randolph, Vermont.

The Joseph Smith Papers Project, citing a record of Ontwa Township cemeteries, gives Thayre's death date as September 6, 1862.

Notes

References
Joseph Smith (B.H. Roberts ed.) 1902. History of the Church.

External links

1791 births
1862 deaths
American Latter Day Saint leaders
American Latter Day Saint missionaries
American members of the Community of Christ
Converts to Mormonism
Danites
Doctrine and Covenants people
Latter Day Saint missionaries in the United States
People from Nauvoo, Illinois
People from Palmyra, New York
People from Randolph, Vermont
Religious leaders from Vermont

Ezra Thayre


& Juliet is a 2019 coming-of-age jukebox musical featuring the music of Swedish pop songwriter Max Martin, with a book by David West Read. The story focuses on a "what if" scenario, where Juliet does not die at the end of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.

& Juliet premiered at the Manchester Opera House in September 2019, before transferring to the West End in November 2019. At the 2020 Laurence Olivier Awards, & Juliet received 9 nominations and won 3 awards, including Best Actress in a Musical for Miriam-Teak Lee in the title role. The West End production also received a record-breaking 13 nominations at the 2020 WhatsOnStage Awards, ultimately winning 6 awards.

Synopsis

Act One
William Shakespeare is introduced by the cast at his first production of Romeo and Juliet, who then welcomes the audience to his newest play ("Larger than Life"). Shakespeare then also introduces his wife, Anne Hathaway, who is visiting from Stratford-upon-Avon to see the play. She suggests he change the ending, wondering what would have happened if Juliet did not kill herself, much to Shakespeare's displeasure ("I Want It That Way"). Nevertheless, Shakespeare allows his wife to explain her idea for the play, which begins with Juliet waking up to find Romeo dead ("...Baby One More Time").

At Romeo's funeral, Juliet finds out that Romeo had many other relationships, with both men and women ("Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely") and, upon learning of their forbidden relationship, Juliet's parents decide they will send her to a convent. May, Juliet's non-binary friend, and Angelique, her nurse, come to her rescue, while Anne writes herself into the play as 'April', another of Juliet's friends. The four of them decide to take a road trip to Paris ("Domino"). Anne writes Shakespeare into her story as a carriage driver, as the trip to Paris begins ("Show Me Love").

Once in France, they attend a ball which is intended as a party for Francois. His father, Lance, tells him he must either marry or join the army, even though Francois does not wish to pursue either option. Meanwhile, Juliet, Angelique, May, and April sneak into the party ("Blow"). Francois notices their arrival, but does not mind that they crashed his party. May reveals to Juliet that they suffer from gendered concepts such as gender-specific bathrooms and gendered languages, like the French language ("I'm Not a Girl, Not Yet a Woman"). Francois and Juliet begin to bond about their stifled lives and shared experiences ("Overprotected"). Francois finds himself attracted to Juliet, and they dance together ("Confident").

Angelique and Lance spend the night together, and it is revealed that she was formerly the nurse to his children. Lance asks her to stay, while Angelique wants to continue to look after Juliet ("Teenage Dream/Break Free"). Juliet wakes up next to Francois, who proposes, causing Juliet to agonise about her previous relationship with Romeo ("Oops!... I Did It Again"). When her parents arrive to take her to the convent, she quickly accepts Francois' proposal, before discovering Angelique and Lance's previous relationship. Anne challenges Shakespeare for making Juliet get married again, and complains that he never writes about happy marriages.

Deciding that he needs to introduce a conflict or a plot twist to Anne's version of the play, Shakespeare has Francois and May meet again. After the two share a sudden kiss, they both feel conflicted ("I Kissed a Girl"). Making things even more complicated, Shakespeare intends to bring Romeo back from the dead, despite Anne's protests. Romeo arrives and declares his return, saying that he has come back for his wife ("It's My Life").

Act Two
Romeo finds Juliet, forgives her for not killing herself, and wants to go back to being married to her ("Love Me Like You Do"). Juliet reveals to Romeo her engagement with Francois ("Since U Been Gone"). Shakespeare is frustrated with Anne that Juliet did not listen to Romeo's side of events. Anne counters that this is important to her and that she feels Shakespeare cares more about his plays than his family. Angered, Anne breaks Shakespeare's quill, meaning that neither of them can make any further changes to the story.

May grows angry at Francois for ignoring his feelings for them and for still planning on marrying Juliet ("Whataya Want From Me"), while Juliet complains to May that Romeo lied to her. Francois grows worried, as he hasn't told Juliet about his feelings for May.

Romeo and Juliet meet up again, where Romeo reflects that he only ever felt valued for his looks and that Juliet made him want to be a better person ("One More Try"). Despite their recent bonding, Juliet remains unsure of her feelings towards Romeo ("Problem/Can't Feel My Face"). Francois' brother (in fact Shakespeare in disguise) invites Romeo to join the family band, who will play at Juliet and Francois' wedding. Angelique, in the meantime, proposes to Lance.

Anne discovers that Juliet is still in love with Romeo and recounts her own romance with Shakespeare ("That's the Way It Is"). At the wedding, Shakespeare, May, Francois, Lance and Romeo perform ("Everybody"). Francois begins to read his vows to Juliet ("As Long as You Love Me"). However, both Juliet and Francois change their minds about getting married, with Francois confessing his feelings for May ("It's Gonna Be Me"). This prompts Romeo to again confess his love to Juliet while her parents insist she returns to Verona with them, stating that they know what's best for her, which Juliet refutes ("Stronger").

Lance apologizes to Francois and accepts his and May's relationship ("Shape of My Heart"). Angelique reassures Juliet that she will never leave her ("Fuckin' Perfect"), but Juliet insists Angelique goes with Lance, before deciding to be confident and take charge of her own destiny ("Roar").

Shakespeare complains that Anne ruined his play, and that he only brought back Romeo to give Juliet the happy ending he thought Anne wanted. Anne refutes this, saying she wants Juliet to be able to make her own choices. Realizing he has hurt Anne, Shakespeare apologizes ("I Want It That Way – Reprise").

Shakespeare and Anne agree there does not need to be a conclusive ending, rather a new beginning. Romeo apologizes to Juliet and they decide to go on a first date, Angelique and Lance get married, and Francois and May begin a relationship.

Because he wants everyone to go home happy, Shakespeare and the company perform ("Can't Stop the Feeling!").

Cast and characters

Notable Cast Replacements
West End (2019–2023)
Angelique/Nurse: Keala Settle

Musical numbers
& Juliet is a jukebox musical and featured existing music co-written by Max Martin, except for the new original song "One More Try", performed on the cast recording by Jessie J.

Productions

Manchester (2019)
& Juliet premiered at the Manchester Opera House, running from 10 September to 12 October 2019. The cast starred Miriam-Teak Lee as Juliet. The rest of the cast included Oliver Tompsett as Shakespeare, Cassidy Janson as Anne/April, Melanie La Barrie as Angelique the Nurse, David Bedella as Lance, Jordan Luke Gage as Romeo, Arun Blair-Mangat as May and Tim Mahendran as Francois.

West End (2019–2023)

The show premiered in the West End at the Shaftesbury Theatre on 2 November 2019, in previews, ahead of an official opening on 20 November 2019. All of the cast from the Manchester run of the show transferred for the West End engagement, directed by Luke Sheppard.

In 2020, the show was nominated for 9 Olivier Awards, winning 3 awards. Miriam-Teak Lee won Best Actress in a Musical for her role as Juliet, Cassidy Janson won Best Actress in a Supporting Role for her role as Anne / April, and David Bedella won Best Actor in a Supporting Role for his role as Lance.

On 16 March 2020, the show suspended production due to the COVID-19 pandemic. & Juliet resumed performances on 24 September 2021. All of the main cast returned to the show, with the exception of Blair-Mangat, whose role as May was taken over by Alex Thomas-Smith.

On 26 March 2022, La Barrie, Bedella, and Gage departed & Juliet. The role of Nurse/Angelique was played by Keala Settle, in her West End debut, from 29 March until 18 June 2022. In February 2022, it was announced that Julius D'Silva was cast as Lance and Tom Francis was cast as Romeo.

The West End production closed on 25 March 2023.

Toronto (2022)
& Juliet had a pre-Broadway engagement at the Princess of Wales Theatre in Toronto, Canada. The North American premiere was originally scheduled to open in February 2021, but was postponed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. It opened on 22 June 2022, and ran through 14 August 2022.

On 6 May 2022, the cast was announced. It starred Lorna Courtney as Juliet, with Stark Sands as Shakespeare, Betsy Wolfe as Anne/April, Melanie La Barrie reprising her role as Angelique the Nurse, Paulo Szot as Lance, Ben Jackson Walker as Romeo, Justin David Sullivan as May, and Philippe Arroyo as Francois.

Broadway (2022)

In August 2021, it was announced that & Juliet will transfer to Broadway following a pre-Broadway engagement in Toronto. All of the cast from the pre-Broadway engagement transferred to Broadway production. & Juliet opened on Broadway at the Stephen Sondheim Theatre, with previews on 28 October 2022 ahead of an official opening on 17 November 2022. The producers on Broadway are Max Martin, Tim Headington, Theresa Steele Page, Jenny Petersson, Martin Dodd, Eva Price, Lukasz Gottwald, 42nd.club (Phil Kenny, Tom McGrath and Marc Hershberg), Independent Presenters Network, Jack Lane, Library Company, Shellback, Shivhans Pictures, Sing Out, Louise!, Kim Szarzynski, Taylor/Riegler, Tenenbaum/Keyes, Barry Weiss and John Gore Organization. On 2 May 2023, the production received 9 Tony Award nominations, including Best Musical.

Melbourne (2023)
In May 2022, it was announced that & Juliet would make its Australian premiere at the Regent Theatre in February 2023.

On 29 November 2022, the Australian cast was announced. It stars Lorinda May Merrypor as Juliet, with Rob Mills as Shakespeare, Amy Lehpamer as Anne/April, Casey Donovan as Angelique the Nurse, Hayden Tee as Lance, Blake Appelqvist as Romeo, Jesse Dutlow as May, and Yashith Fernando as Francois.

Closing on 29 July 2023, the show is set to run at Singapore's Sands Theatre in Marina Bay in September.

Singaporean and Australian Tour (2023–2024)
In April 2023 it was announced that following the closure of the Melbourne production, the Australian cast would tour to Singapore in September 2023, for the show's Asian premiere. The show premiered on 21 September, at the Sands Theatre in Marina Bay, and will close on 15 October 2023.

On 17 August 2023, it was announced that the show would tour to the Crown Theatre in Perth and will premiere on 30 December 2023.

On 23 August 2023, & Juliet announced that Sydney would be the second city on the Australian tour and that the show will premiere at the Sydney Lyric on 24 February 2023.

Planned UK tour (2024)
Following its closure in the West End, it was announced that the show will tour the UK in 2024. Dates, casting, and cities are still to be announced.

Planned North American tour (2024)
In April 2023, it was announced that the show will launch a North American national tour in Fall 2024. The tour is scheduled to have engagements in Los Angeles, Washington, DC, Charlotte, and San Francisco with more cities, casting, and dates to be announced at a later date.

Reception
& Juliet's West End run, which began officially in 20 November 2019, opened with generally mixed reviews. This was due to its lack of themes and its general shallowness. However, there was a lot of praise put upon the cast and crew. The music, utilizing the full discography of Max Martin, was identified as the show's "saving grace." It was also praised for its representation of a non-binary character.

& Juliet had mixed reviews upon its Broadway release 17 November 2022. Some praised its high energy and its easy and fun tone, calling it a "breath of fresh air" for the general populace during the tumultuous time which it was released in. It was also praised for the diverse casting and its sense of humour. However, others critiqued the immaturity of the politics and the lack of clear foundation, as well as critiquing the spectacle as feeling like it was "overcompensating."

& Juliet opened to good reviews in Melbourne, citing the excellent performances and the music as the show's strengths, while claiming that the script was a bit lacking in its writing, as it was mostly used for jokes in between the songs.

Awards

Original West End production

2022 Broadway production

See also
 Once Upon a One More Time - a similar jukebox musical that modernizes fairy tales to the songs of Britney Spears.
 Bat Out of Hell: The Musical - rock musical based on the songs of Jim Steinman, with music, lyrics, and book by Steinman himself.
 I Should Be So Lucky - upcoming jukebox musical based on the songs of Stock Aitken Waterman.

References

External links

2019 musicals
West End musicals
Jukebox musicals
Plays and musicals based on Romeo and Juliet
Cultural depictions of William Shakespeare
LGBT-related musicals
Works suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic

& Juliet


A strone, gaw, gote, sheuch, stank, trink, channel or syver, is a howe rinnin alang side a gate calculate tae gaither rainwatter flowin alang the gate an diverts it intae a cundie. Whaur a cribstane is present, a strone micht semply be formed by the convergence o the road surface an the vertical face o the pavement; ense, a dedicate strone surface made o concrete micht be present. A strone lichtens the amoont o watter gaitherin on a street, allouin gangers tae pass athoot walkin throu dubs an lowdenin the chance o hydroplanin by road vehicles.

No aw gates haes strones, an thay are maist aften fund in areas o a ceety that hae heich ganger traffec.  In past centuries whan urban streets daedna necessar hae sanitary sewers, strones war made deep eneuch tae serve.

Road infrastructur
Watter management

Strone


Thomas Ross House (born April 29, 1947) is a former left-handed relief pitcher in Major League Baseball, as well as an author and a pitching coach.

Baseball career

Player
House pitched at Nogales High School (La Puente, California) and the University of Southern California, before the Atlanta Braves selected him with the 48th overall pick of the 1967 draft's secondary phase, as part of the draft's third round. He had passed up an earlier chance to turn pro two years before, when the Chicago Cubs used the 201st overall pick to take him in the 11th round of the June draft's main phase.

Advancing quickly through the Braves' system, House made his major league debut on June 23, 1971, pitching one inning in relief of Pat Jarvis in the seventh inning of a 6–3 loss to the Montreal Expos. Relying mainly on a curveball and a screwball, House was an important part of the Braves' bullpen in the mid-1970s. His best season was 1974, when he pitched 102⅔ innings, all in relief, with a 1.93 earned run average (ERA) and a 0.98 walks plus hits per inning pitched (WHIP) ratio. His 38 games finished ranked seventh in the National League, and his 11 saves were good for fifth. House also ranked among the league leaders in those categories in 1975, when his 45 games finished ranked third, and his 11 saves placed tenth.

House was traded from the Braves to the Boston Red Sox for Roger Moret on December 12, 1975. At the time, the Red Sox had a surplus of starting pitchers and needed more bullpen depth. After he spent 1976 in Boston, the Red Sox sold his contract to the Seattle Mariners, an expansion team, early in the 1977 season. House concluded his major league career after two seasons with the Mariners in 1977 and 1978. He retired with 29 wins, 23 losses, 34 saves, and a 3.79 ERA in 536 major league innings.

Coach
After his retirement as a player, House became a pitching coach.  In addition to Bachelor of Science in marketing and Master of Business Administration degrees from USC, House holds a Ph.D. in sports psychology from U.S. International University (now Alliant International University). Early in his career, he employed what were thought of as unusual methods at the time, but have since been adopted by the baseball community at large such as having pitchers under his tutelage throw a football.

House became the pitching coach for the Texas Rangers in 1985, during which time he was notable for his work with Nolan Ryan. During Ryan's induction into the Baseball Hall of Fame on July 25, 1999, he credited House as a positive influence on his career, saying:

While I was [with the Rangers] I was very fortunate to have a pitching coach by the name of Tom House. And Tom and I are of the same age and Tom is a coach that is always on the cutting edge. And I really enjoyed our association together and he would always come up with new training techniques that we would try and see how they would work in to my routine. And because of our friendship and Tom pushing me, I think I got in the best shape of my life during the years that I was with the Rangers.

House has also worked as a coach for the Houston Astros, San Diego Padres, Chunichi Dragons, and Chiba Lotte Marines. He is an advisor with the American Sports Medicine Institute, and is the co-founder of the National Pitching Association.  Through the NPA, he runs a series of camps and clinics for athletes, and markets a series of instructional videos for young baseball players.  House has also written or co-written nineteen instructional books on baseball, as well as an autobiography.

In 1998, the American Baseball Coaches Association presented House with a lifetime achievement award.

House served as pitching coach for the USC Trojans from 2008-2011, when he retired from coaching.

In 2008, House worked as a consultant and pitching coach for the reality program The Million Dollar Arm.  In this capacity, he trained two young Indian prospects, Rinku Singh and Dinesh Patel over a period of seven months.  At the end of that time he had raised the velocity of both prospects' fastballs to major league levels, and the two signed professional baseball contracts with the Pittsburgh Pirates' organization.  The story of The Million Dollar Arm is dramatized in the Disney movie of the same name.

Recently, House has worked with several NFL quarterbacks, including, Dak Prescott, Drew Brees, Tom Brady, Alex Smith, Carson Palmer, Cody Kessler, Matt Cassel, Jared Goff, Marcus Mariota, Andrew Luck, Jimmy Garoppolo, Carson Wentz, Terrelle Pryor, Tim Tebow, Andy Dalton, Blake Bortles, Matt Ryan, and Mac Jones.

Historical legacy

Coaching legacy
House has been called the "father of modern pitching mechanics," and a "professor of throwing." House was one of the first to blend scientific based pitching study into methodologies for pitchers. He has led elite coaching to become scientific instead of guesswork. He has developed a model that is focused on quantifying the movement in each athlete's motion, then using drills and exercises to maximize accuracy and velocity and minimize strain on player's bodies.

House has been one of the first to adopt "Neurophysiology," by pairing his mechanics and motion analysis with functional fitness to address an athlete's functional strength inefficiencies, sleep and nutrition to recover faster, and data driven mental and emotional assessment to uncover how athletes deal with the stress and anxiety of competition.

Steroids
House has admitted to using anabolic steroids in the 1970s making him one of the earliest players to admit to using performance-enhancing drugs.  In an interview with the San Francisco Chronicle, he described his use of steroids as "a failed experiment", although he increased from around 190 pounds to around 220 while using them.  He viewed the experience as a failure since the extra muscle did not enhance his substandard 82-MPH fastball, while the drugs contributed to knee problems, eventually necessitating a total of seven operations.  He claims to have stopped using them after learning in college classes during the off-season about the potential long-term effects of steroid use.

House has stated that "six or seven" pitchers on every major league staff in the 1970s were "fiddling" with steroids or human growth hormone.  He attributes players' willingness to experiment with performance-enhancing substances to the permissiveness of the drug culture of the 1960s, and he believes that steroid use has declined in major league baseball since the 1970s, as players have become more aware of the potential long-term drawbacks.

Aaron's home run
House and Hank Aaron were both members of the Braves in 1974, the season when Aaron broke Babe Ruth's record for career home runs.  Aaron hit the record-setting 715th home run in the fourth inning of a game against the Los Angeles Dodgers, on April 8, 1974, against pitcher Al Downing.  The ball landed in the Braves' bullpen in left-center field, where it was caught on the fly by House.  Bill Buckner, then the Dodgers' left fielder, climbed to the top of the fence and begged House for the ball.  The game stopped to celebrate the achievement, and after sprinting to the infield, House presented the ball to Aaron at home plate. His only payment was a TV given by a local store.

In popular culture
House was portrayed by Bill Paxton in the Disney film Million Dollar Arm.

Partial bibliography
The Winning Pitcher: Baseball's Top Pitchers Demonstrate What it Takes to Be an Ace, NTC Publishing Group, 1988.  .
Jock's Itch: The Fast-Track Private World of the Professional Ballplayer, NTC Publishing Group, 1989.  .
Diamond Appraised: A World-Class Theorist and a Major League Coach Square off on Timeless Topics in the Game of Baseball, Simon & Schuster, 1989.  .  (With Craig R. Wright.)
Nolan Ryan's Pitcher's Bible: The Ultimate Guide to Power, Precision and Long-Term Performance, Simon & Schuster, 1991.  . (With Nolan Ryan and Jim Rosenthal.)
Play Ball: The New Baseball Basics for Youth Coaches, Parents, and Kids, West Publishing Company, 1993.  .  (With Coop DeRenne, Thomas W. Harris, and Barton Buxton.)
Power Baseball, West Publishing Company, 1993.  .  (With Coop DeRenne and Thomas W. Harris.)
Pitching Edge, Human Kinetics Publishers, 1994.  .
Fit to Pitch, Human Kinetics Publishers, 1996.  . (With Randy Johnson.)
Stronger Arms and Upper Body, Human Kinetics Publishers, 2000.  .
The Picture Perfect Pitcher, Coaches Choice Books, 2003.  .  (With Paul Reddick.)
The Art and Science of Pitching, Coaches Choice Books, 2006.  . (With Gary Heil and Steve Johnson.)

References

External links

Tom House's Official website
Pura Pelota (Venezuelan League)

1947 births
Living people
Arizona Instructional League Braves players
Atlanta Braves players
Baseball players from Seattle
Boston Red Sox players
Caracas Metropolitanos players
Kinston Eagles players
Las Vegas Stars (baseball) players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball pitching coaches
Richmond Braves players
Seattle Mariners players
Shreveport Braves players
Texas Rangers coaches
Tiburones de La Guaira players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
USC Trojans baseball players
Alaska Goldpanners of Fairbanks players
United States International University alumni

Tom House


Blunt trauma, also known as blunt force trauma or non-penetrating trauma, describes a physical trauma due to a forceful impact without penetration of the body's surface. Blunt trauma stands in contrast with penetrating trauma, which occurs when an object pierces the skin, enters body tissue, and creates an open wound. Blunt trauma occurs due to direct physical trauma or impactful force to a body part. Such incidents often occur with road traffic collisions, assaults, sports-related injuries, and are notably common among the elderly who experience falls.

Blunt trauma can lead to a wide range of injuries including contusions, concussions, abrasions, lacerations, internal or external hemorrhages, and bone fractures. The severity of these injuries depends on factors such as the force of the impact, the area of the body affected, and underlying comorbidities of the affected individual. In some cases, blunt force trauma can be life-threatening and may require immediate medical attention. Blunt trauma to the head and/or severe blood loss are the most likely causes of death due to blunt force traumatic injury.

Classification

Blunt abdominal trauma

Blunt abdominal trauma (BAT) represents 75% of all blunt trauma and is the most common example of this injury. 75% of BAT occurs in motor vehicle crashes, in which rapid deceleration may propel the driver into the steering wheel, dashboard, or seatbelt, causing contusions in less serious cases, or rupture of internal organs from briefly increased intraluminal pressure in the more serious, depending on the force applied. Initially, there may be few indications that serious internal abdominal injury has occurred, making assessment more challenging and requiring a high degree of clinical suspicion.

There are two basic physical mechanisms at play with the potential of injury to intra-abdominal organs: compression and deceleration. The former occurs from a direct blow, such as a punch, or compression against a non-yielding object such as a seat belt or steering column. This force may deform a hollow organ, increasing its intraluminal or internal pressure and possibly lead to rupture.

Deceleration, on the other hand, causes stretching and shearing at the points where mobile contents in the abdomen, like bowel, are anchored. This can cause tearing of the mesentery of the bowel and injury to the blood vessels that travel within the mesentery. Classic examples of these mechanisms are a hepatic tear along the ligamentum teres and injuries to the renal arteries.

When blunt abdominal trauma is complicated by 'internal injury,' the liver and spleen (see blunt splenic trauma) are most frequently involved, followed by the small intestine.

In rare cases, this injury has been attributed to medical techniques such as the Heimlich maneuver, attempts at CPR and manual thrusts to clear an airway. Although these are rare examples, it has been suggested that they are caused by applying excessive pressure when performing these life-saving techniques. Finally, the occurrence of splenic rupture with mild blunt abdominal trauma in those recovering from infectious mononucleosis or 'mono' is well reported.

Blunt abdominal trauma in sports

The supervised environment in which most sports injuries occur allows for mild deviations from the traditional trauma treatment algorithms, such as ATLS, due to the greater precision in identifying the mechanism of injury. The priority in assessing blunt trauma in sports injuries is separating contusions and musculo-tendinous injuries from injuries to solid organs and the gut and recognizing potential for developing blood loss, and reacting accordingly. Blunt injuries to the kidney from helmets, shoulder pads, and knees are described in American football, association football, martial arts, and all-terrain vehicle crashes.

Blunt thoracic trauma
The term blunt thoracic trauma, or, more informally, blunt chest injury, encompasses a variety of injuries to the chest. Broadly, this also includes damage caused by direct blunt force (such as a fist or a bat in an assault), acceleration or deceleration (such as that from a rear-end automotive crash), shear force (a combination of acceleration and deceleration), compression (such as a heavy object falling on a person), and blasts (such as an explosion of some sort). Common signs and symptoms include something as simple as bruising, but occasionally as complicated as hypoxia, ventilation-perfusion mismatch, hypovolemia, and reduced cardiac output due to the way the thoracic organs may have been affected. Blunt thoracic trauma is not always visible from the outside and such internal injuries may not show signs or symptoms at the time the trauma initially occurs or even until hours after. A high degree of clinical suspicion may sometimes be required to identify such injuries, a CT scan may prove useful in such instances. Those experiencing more obvious complications from a blunt chest injury will likely undergo a focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) which can reliably detect a significant amount of blood around the heart or in the lung by using a special machine that visualizes sound waves sent through the body. Only 10–15% of thoracic traumas require surgery, but they can have serious impacts on the heart, lungs, and great vessels.

The most immediate life-threatening injuries that may occur include tension pneumothorax, open pneumothorax, hemothorax, flail chest, cardiac tamponade, and airway obstruction/rupture.

The injuries may necessitate a procedure, most commonly the insertion of an intercostal drain, or chest tube. This tube is typically installed because it helps restore a certain balance in pressures (usually due to misplaced air or surrounding blood) that are impeding the lungs' ability to inflate and thus exchange vital gases that allow the body to function. A less common procedure that may be employed is a pericardiocentesis which by removing blood surrounding the heart, permits the heart to regain some ability to appropriately pump blood. In certain dire circumstances an emergent thoracotomy may be employed.

Blunt cranial trauma

The primary clinical concern with blunt trauma to the head is damage to the brain, although other structures, including the skull, face, orbits, and neck are also at risk. Following assessment of the patient's airway, circulation, and breathing, a cervical collar may be placed if there is suspicion of trauma to the neck. Evaluation of blunt trauma to the head continues with the secondary survey for evidence of cranial trauma, including bruises, contusions, lacerations, and abrasions. In addition to noting external injury, a comprehensive neurologic exam is typically performed to assess for damage to the brain. Depending on the mechanism of injury and examination, a CT scan of the skull and brain may be ordered. This is typically done to assess for blood within the skull, or fracture of the skull bones.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality and is most commonly caused by falls, motor vehicle crashes, sports- and work-related injuries, and assaults. It is the most common cause of death in patients under the age of 25. TBI is graded from mild to severe, with greater severity correlating with increased morbidity and mortality.

Most patients with more severe traumatic brain injury have of a combination of intracranial injuries, which can include diffuse axonal injury, cerebral contusions, and intracranial bleeding, including subarachnoid hemorrhage, subdural hematoma, epidural hematoma, and intraparenchymal hemorrhage. The recovery of brain function following a traumatic injury is highly variable and depends upon the specific intracranial injuries that occur, however there is significant correlation between the severity of the initial insult as well as the level of neurologic function during the initial assessment and the level of lasting neurologic deficits. Initial treatment may be targeted at reducing the intracranial pressure if there is concern for swelling or bleeding within this skull, which may require surgery such as a hemicraniectomy, in which part of the skull is removed.

Blunt trauma to extremities

Injury to extremities (like arms, legs, hands, feet) is extremely common. Falls are the most common etiology, making up as much as 30% of upper and 60% of lower extremity injuries. The most common mechanism for solely upper extremity injuries is machine operation or tool use. Work related accidents and vehicle crashes are also common causes. The injured extremity is examined for four major functional components which include soft tissues, nerves, vessels, and bones. Vessels are examined for expanding hematoma, bruit, distal pulse exam, and signs/symptoms of ischemia, essentially asking, "Does blood seem to be getting through the injured area in a way that enough is getting to the parts past the injury?" When it is not obvious that the answer is "yes", an injured extremity index or ankle-brachial index may be used to help guide whether further evaluation with computed tomography arteriography. This uses a special scanner and a substance that makes it easier to examine the vessels in finer detail than what the human hand can feel or the human eye can see. Soft tissue damage can lead to rhabdomyolysis (a rapid breakdown of injured muscle that can overwhelm the kidneys) or may potentially develop compartment syndrome (when pressure builds up in muscle compartments damages the nerves and vessels in the same compartment). Bones are evaluated with plain film x-ray or computed tomography if deformity (misshapen), bruising, or joint laxity (looser or more flexible than usual) are observed. Neurologic evaluation involves testing of the major nerve functions of the axillary, radial, and median nerves in the upper extremity as well as the femoral, sciatic, deep peroneal, and tibial nerves in the lower extremity. Surgical treatment may be necessary depending on the extent of injury and involved structures, but many are managed nonoperatively.

Blunt pelvic trauma
The most common causes of blunt pelvic trauma are motor vehicle crashes and multiple-story falls, and thus pelvic injuries are commonly associated with additional traumatic injuries in other locations. In the pelvis specifically, the structures at risk include the pelvic bones, the proximal femur, major blood vessels such as the iliac arteries, the urinary tract, reproductive organs, and the rectum.

One of the primary concerns is the risk of pelvic fracture, which itself is associated with a myriad of complications including bleeding, damage to the urethra and bladder, and nerve damage. If pelvic trauma is suspected, emergency medical services personnel may place a pelvic binder on patients to stabilize the patient's pelvis and prevent further damage to these structures while patients are transported to a hospital. During the evaluation of trauma patients in an emergency department, the stability of the pelvis is typically assessed by the healthcare provider to determine whether fracture may have occurred. Providers may then decide to order imaging such as an X-ray or CT scan to detect fractures; however, if there is concern for life-threatening bleeding, patients should receive an X-ray of the pelvis. Following initial treatment of the patient, fractures may need to be treated surgically if significant, while some minor fractures may heal without requiring surgery.

A life-threatening concern is hemorrhage, which may result from damage to the aorta, iliac arteries or veins in the pelvis. The majority of bleeding due to pelvic trauma is due to injury to the veins. Fluid (often blood) may be detected in the pelvis via ultrasound during the FAST scan that is often performed following traumatic injuries. Should a patient appear hemodynamically unstable in the absence of obvious blood on the FAST scan, there may be concern for bleeding into the retroperitoneal space, known as retroperitoneal hematoma. Stopping the bleeding may require endovascular intervention or surgery, depending on the location and severity.

Blunt cardiac trauma
Blunt cardiac trauma, also known as Blunt Cardiac Injury (BCI), encompasses a spectrum of cardiac injuries resulting from blunt force trauma to the chest. While BCIs necessitate a substantial amount of force to occur because the heart is well-protected by the rib cage and sternum, the majority of patients are asymptomatic. Clinical presentations may range from minor, clinically insignificant changes to heart beat or may progress to severe cardiac failure and death. Often times, chest wall injuries are seen in conjunction with BCI, which confounds the presence of chest pain experienced by most patients. To evaluate the spectrum of cardiac injury, the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) organ injury scale may be used to aid in determining the extent of the injury (see Evaluation and Diagnosis below). BCI may be broken down into pericardial injury, valvular injuries, coronary artery injuries, cardiac chamber rupture, and myocardial contusion.

Evaluation and diagnosis
In most settings, the initial evaluation and stabilization of traumatic injury follows the same general principles of identifying and treating immediately life-threatening injuries. In the US, the American College of Surgeons publishes the Advanced Trauma Life Support guidelines, which provide a step-by-step approach to the initial assessment, stabilization, diagnostic reasoning, and treatment of traumatic injuries that codifies this general principle. The assessment typically begins by ensuring that the subject's airway is open and competent, that breathing is unlabored, and that circulation—i.e. pulses that can be felt—is present.  This is sometimes described as the "A, B, C's"—Airway, Breathing, and Circulation—and is the first step in any resuscitation or triage.  Then, the history of the accident or injury is amplified with any medical, dietary (timing of last oral intake) and history, from whatever sources such as family, friends, previous treating physicians that might be available.  This method is sometimes given the mnemonic "SAMPLE".  The amount of time spent on diagnosis should be minimized and expedited by a combination of clinical assessment and appropriate use of technology, such as diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL), or bedside ultrasound examination (FAST) before proceeding to laparotomy if required.  If time and the patient's stability permits, CT examination may be carried out if available. Its advantages include superior definition of the injury, leading to grading of the injury and sometimes the confidence to avoid or postpone surgery.  Its disadvantages include the time taken to acquire images, although this gets shorter with each generation of scanners, and the removal of the patient from the immediate view of the emergency or surgical staff. Many providers use the aid of an algorithm such as the ATLS guidelines to determine which images to obtain following the initial assessment. These algorithms take into account the mechanism of injury, physical examination, and patient's vital signs to determine whether patients should have imaging or proceed directly to surgery.

Recently, criteria have been defined that might allow patients with blunt abdominal trauma to be discharged safely without further evaluation.  The characteristics of such patients include:

 absence of intoxication
 no evidence of lowered blood pressure or raised pulse rate
 no abdominal pain or tenderness
 no blood in the urine.

To be considered low risk, patients would need to meet all low-risk criteria.

Treatment
When blunt trauma is significant enough to require evaluation by a healthcare provider, treatment is typically aimed at treating life-threatening injuries, such as maintaining the patient's airway and preventing ongoing blood loss. Patients who have suffered blunt trauma and meet specific triage criteria have shown improved outcomes when they are cared for in a trauma center. The management of patients with blunt force trauma necessitates the collaboration of an interpersonal healthcare team, which may include but is not limited to; a trauma surgeon, emergency department physician, anesthesiologist, and emergency and trauma nursing staff.

Treatment of abdominal trauma
In cases of blunt abdominal injury, the most frequent damage occurs in the small intestines, and in severe situations, this can result in small intestine perforation. Perforation of the small or large intestines is a serious concern due to the tremendous infections potential. In these cases, it is essential to perform exploratory surgery to assess the internal damage, drain infected fluid in the abdomen, and clean the wound with saline. Prophylactic antibiotics are often necessary. In the case of multiple holes or significant damage to the blood supply of the intestines, the affected segment of tissue may need to be removed entirely.

Treatment of blunt cranial trauma
The treatment of blunt cranial trauma is dependent on the extent of the injury. A discussion between the patient and healthcare professions will take place in order to carefully assess the patient's condition and determine the best approach for treatment. When considering the management of cranial trauma, it is crucial to ensure that the patient can breathe effectively. Effective breathing can be monitored using the patient's blood oxygen content via a pulse oximeter. The goal is to maintain greater than 90% oxygen saturation in the blood. If the patient cannot maintain appropriate blood oxygen levels on their own, mechanical ventilation may be indicated. Mechanical ventilation will add oxygen and remove carbon dioxide in the blood. It is also critically important to avoid low blood pressure in the setting of traumatic brain injuries. Studies have demonstrated improved outcomes in patients with systolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 120mmHg. Lastly, healthcare professionals should conduct consecutive neurological examinations to allow for early identification of elevated intracranial pressure, and subsequent implementation of  interventions to improve blood flow and reduce stress to the body. Of note, patients taking anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy during the time of blunt cranial trauma should undergo rapid reversal of anticoagulating agents.

Treatment of blunt thoracic trauma
Nine out of ten patients with thoracic trauma can be treated effectively without a surgical operation. If surgery is indicated, there are numerous options available. A comprehensive discussion between the patient and the surgeon will take place to carefully evaluate the best approach, tailored to the patient's specific condition and injury. Conservative measures such as maintaining a clear and open airway, oxygen support, tube thoracostomy, and volume resuscitation are often given to manage blunt thoracic trauma. Often times, pain control is the most basic and effective treatment approach because the presence of severe pain may lead to impairment of proper breathing, further exacerbating impaired lungs. Pain management in thoracic trauma patients improves ability to breath properly on their own, encourages excretion of pulmonary secretions, and decreases aggravation of inflammation and low oxygen levels in the blood. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids, or regional pain management methods, such as local anesthetic, can be used for pain control.

Epidemiology
Worldwide, a significant cause of disability and death in people under the age of 35 is trauma, of which most are due to blunt trauma.

References

Injuries
Medical emergencies
Causes of death
Trauma types

es:Contusión
it:Contusione

Blunt trauma


Sohawa is one of the tehsils (administrative sub-divisions) of Jhelum District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is in the northwestern part of the district. One sign of Sohawa is the toll plaza by the name of 'Tarakki' on the Grand Trunk Road. The main bazaar of Sohawa brings people from nearby villages.

Tehsils of  Jhelum District

Sohawa Tehsil


Bara Kaman is the unfinished mausoleum of Ali Adil Shah II in Bijapur, Karnataka in India.

Ali Adil Shah of the Adil Shahi dynasty wanted to build a mausoleum of unmatched architectural quality. It was planned that twelve arches would be placed vertically as well as horizontally surrounding the tomb of Ali Adil Shah. However, for unknown reasons the work on the structure was left incomplete: only two arches were raised vertically. Rumour has it that the construction of the mausoleum was stopped because once completed its shadow would touch the Gol Gombaz. Nowadays the remains of the twelve horizontally placed arches can still be seen.

The site is managed by the Archaeological Survey of India.

The Bara Kaman was built in 1672AD, by Ali Adil Shah II, and was supposed to be the burial mausoleum for the king and his wives. Bara Kaman has the tombs of Ali Adil Shah II, his wife Chand Bibi, his mistresses and his daughters.

The architect of Bara Kaman was Malik Sandal. The structure has raised walls in concentric arches. After the arches were erected, the inner arches were toppled, leaving only the outermost arch. No cement was used, instead iron rings were used to hold the stones together.

References

Tombs in Karnataka
Unfinished buildings and structures
Buildings and structures in Bijapur district
Tourist attractions in Bijapur district

Bara Kaman


Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon (Portuguese: Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas) is a lagoon in the district of Lagoa in the Zona Sul (South Zone) area of Rio de Janeiro. The lagoon is connected to the Atlantic Ocean, allowing sea water to enter by a canal along the edge of a park locally known as Jardim de Alah.

Islands

Piraquê Island on the western edge houses the Departamento Esportivo do Clube Naval (Sport Department of the Naval Club).
Caiçaras Island on the southern edge houses the Caiçaras Club (pt), where water skiers tested for the 2007 Pan American Games.

History

Although it receives its waters from diverse river tributaries from the surrounding hillsides, among those that stand out is the river Rio dos Macacos (today channelized), which introduces contaminated water. The water of the lagoon comes from the damming of an opening to the sea caused by successive build-ups of earth. This separates it from the Atlantic Ocean, except for the Canal do Jardim de Alah.

Initially inhabited by the Tamoios Indians who dominated the lagoon, such as Piraguá ("Still Water") or Sacopenapan ("Path of the Herons"). The arrival of the Portuguese colonizer, Dr António Salema (1575-1578), who was at the time also the Governor and Captain General of the Captaincy of Rio de Janeiro, intended to install a sugar mill on the banks of the lagoon. To free himself of the undesirable presence of the native Indians he spread clothes that had been worn by people sick with smallpox along the banks of the lagoon intending to kill the Indians.  Such was the sugar cane plantation and the building of the "Engenho d'El-Rey" ("The King's Mill"), where today's Centro de Recepção aos Visitantes do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro (the Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden Visitors' Reception Center) operates.

These lands were once acquired by Salema from the town councilor, Amorim Soares, causing the lagoon to be called "Lagoa de Amorim Soares" (Amorim Soares Lagoon). With his expulsion from the city in 1609 the land was sold to his son-in-law, Sebastião Fagundes Varela, with the consequent name change to "Lagoa do Fagundes" (Fagundes' Lagoon).  That landowner, by way of acquisition and invasion, increased the size of his landholdings in the region, in such as way that around 1620 he owned all the land from today's neighborhoods of Humaitá to Leblon.

In 1702, his great granddaughter, Petronilha Fagundes, then 35 years old, married the young Portuguese Cavalry official, Rodrigo de Freitas de Carvalho—then only 18 years old — which lends his name to the lagoon. A widower, Rodrigo de Freitas de Carvalho returned to Portugal in 1717 and died there in 1748.

The region stayed in the hands of the tenants without great fanfare until the beginning of the 19th century. Then, in 1808, the Portuguese Royal Family arrived during the transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil. The Prince Regent appropriated the Engenho da Lagoa (Lagoon Mill) to build a powder factory and construct the Real Horto Botânico (Royal Botanical Garden) — today's Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden).

During the 19th century many diverse solutions were thought of for the problem of stagnated water — until, in 1922, the Repartição de Saneamento das Zonas Rurais (Bureau of Rural Sanitation) presented a project to "... clean up and beautify the Capital for the Independence Centennial festivities". That project involved dredging a canal to reconnect the lagoon to the sea, and deepening the land bar. The soil removed to build the canal formed the island of Caiçara, within the lagoon, site of Caiçaras Club (pt).

In a short time, embankments formed on its edges, which gradually reduced its surface area, providing land for the Jockey Club Brasileiro, the Jardim de Alah, and the sport seat of the Clube Naval on the island of Piraquê. The dredged channel is now called the Jardim de Alah Channel. The lagoon today represents one of the principal tourist attractions of the capital of Rio de Janeiro.

It is also known as "The Heart of Rio de Janeiro". The Lagoa neighborhood named after the Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas. It is an upper middle-class neighborhood and it has one of the largest human development indexes in the country. Part of the lagoon is landfill that occurred in the middle of the 20th century. Many hills, such as Catacumba, Praia do Pinto, and others, occupied the area around the lagoon.  For many years they housed more than fifty thousand people.  However, because of poor construction quality and safety risks, after more than twenty years on the hillsides the mayor expelled all of the inhabitants and "tore down" the hills, burying a large part of the city. The inhabitants left for the suburbs and started to live in housing. Apartment buildings and parks were built in the place of the hillsides .

With 2.4 million square meters (0.93 square miles) of surface area, aquatic sports such as rowing or simply biking happen around its reflecting water. It is home to a rowing stadium (Estádio de Remo da Lagoa), a paved biking path of 7.5 kilometers (more than 4.5 miles), diverse leisure equipment, and food kiosks that offer regional and international gastronomy items. Some of the most important sports clubs in the city are by the lagoon:

Clube de Regatas do Flamengo
Jóquei Clube Brasileiro
Clube Naval Piraquê na ilha do Piraquê
Paissandu Atlético Clube
Caiçaras Club (pt)
Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama (nautical seat)
Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas (nautical seat)

The lagoon is surrounded by the districts of Ipanema, Leblon, Gávea, Jardim Botânico, Copacabana, Botafogo, and Humaitá. It attracts quite a number of visitors during the Christmas holidays because of its famous and gigantic Christmas Tree, which is built over a floating platform that moves around the lagoon. The Eva Klabin Foundation is located on the banks of the lagoon. The lagoon will host canoe sprint and rowing events for the 2016 Summer Olympics, and rowing events for the 2016 Summer Paralympics.

Rowing Stadium

The Rowing Stadium of the Lagoon is a sports venue near Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas on the lagoon.
The rowing, canoe flatwater and water ski competitions took place there during the 2007 Pan American Games. Spectators were able to watch from the renewed Rowing Stadium (Estádio de Remo) and all along the bike lane around the Lake.  The rowing and sprint canoeing events of the 2016 Summer Olympics also took place in the Lagoon.

Pollution
The lagoon has several environmental problems, including water as well as land pollution. Currently, a private company is sponsoring a project to depollute the lagoon, but this will not be quick or simple. There is a concern about the health risks for athletes during the 2016 Summer Olympics and 2016 Summer Paralympics. In 2015, thirteen American paddlers had stomach problems after a competition in the lagoon, which was considered a test event for the Olympics; they suffered from vomiting and diarrhea. Further, it is recognized that there is not sufficient time to clean the lagoon effectively for the Olympics.

References

External links

Rio 2007 Games website

Lagoons of Brazil
Geography of Rio de Janeiro (city)
Venues of the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic canoeing venues
Olympic rowing venues
Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro
Landforms of Rio de Janeiro (state)
National heritage sites of Rio de Janeiro (state)

Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon


An automobile (or car) is a land vehicle used to carry passengers. Automobiles usually have four wheels, and an engine or motor to make them move.

Name
The word "automobile" comes from the Greek prefix "αυτό" (self) and the Latin word "mobilis" (moving). This name means "self-moving", as cars run on their own power and do not need horses or other power from outside to move.

Types of automobiles
Automobiles are made in different shapes and sizes, for people with different needs. Here are some common types.

 A convertible is an automobile with a roof that can be opened or taken off for an open-air drive. Sportier convertibles are called roadsters.
 A hatchback is a smaller automobile with a cargo area that uses the same space as the cabin (instead of a separate trunk like in a sedan or coupé). They combine the sportiness of coupés and sedans with the storage space of SUVs.
 A station wagon (estate car in British English) is a hatchback-like automobile that has a less sloped rear window and more space for passengers and luggage.
 A pickup truck is a truck with a separate cabin and cargo area on a ladder frame. The cargo area is called the "bed".
 A sedan (saloon in British English) is an automobile with a sloped rear window and separate trunk that has four doors.
 A coupé (coupe in American English) is like a sedan, but usually only has two doors and is seen as sportier than a sedan.
 An SUV (sport utility vehicle) is a rugged automobile that has a combined passenger and cargo area (like in hatchbacks, minivans, station wagons, and passenger vans, and towing heavy trailers like pickup trucks). SUVs are very popular due to their usefulness.
 A van is a big box-shaped automobile meant for carrying plenty of passengers or cargo. There are many different sizes of vans, such as minivans, which are made for families.

Energy
To make an automobile move, it must have energy to turn the wheels.  This energy might be chemical energy in gasoline or electrical energy in a battery. How quickly the engine or motor can send the energy to the wheels, and how much energy is sent, is called the power of the motor. The power of an automobile is usually measured in kilowatts or horsepower.

Gasoline
As of 2019, most automobile burn a fuel to make an internal combustion engine (sometimes called a "motor") run. The power from the engine then goes to the wheels through a transmission, which has a set of gears that can make the automobile go faster or slower. The most common fuel is petrol, which is called "gasoline" or "gas" in American English.

Gasoline is a fossil fuel because it comes from ferns and other plants which lived millions of years ago. Over the  millions of years, they turned into oil. This was drilled up from inside the Earth, and turned into fuel by chemical changes. Old gasoline-powered automobiles are noisy and their exhaust makes city air dirty, which can make people ill. But automobiles made after the mid-2010s are cleaner.

Burning gasoline, like any kind of fossil fuel, makes carbon dioxide, which makes global warming. Since 2017, fewer gasoline powered automobiles are being made. Some places will not allow gasoline-powered automobiles in future, like Amsterdam in 2030.

Batteries

The cleanest automobiles are electric vehicles. They are usually plugged into a power outlet or a charging station and store electricity in a battery at the bottom of the automobile. The electricity then drives an electric motor, which turns the wheels. Some electric automobiles have 2 motors: one at the front, and one at the back. A few have 4 motors (one for each wheel).

Other sources of energy
Some automobiles burn diesel fuel, which is used in big trucks and buses, and a few use wood gas. In some countries, such as Brazil and Sweden, a mixture of ethanol and gasoline, called "gasohol" in Brazil and "E85" in Sweden, is used as automobile fuel. Other fuels include propane, natural gas, compressed air, and ethanol (which comes from plants). There are automobiles designed to run on more than one type of fuel — these are called "flex-fuel" and are rare.

A few automobiles generate electricity from hydrogen fuel cells (like the Honda Clarity). As of 2019, most of the hydrogen that people use comes from burning fossil fuels, but scientists and engineers are trying to make hydrogen from renewable energy a lot cheaper and easier to use.Some automobiles even use solar cells for their electricity, but they are not very practical. There is a competition every year where people try to design a automobile that can last the longest and go the farthest on solar energy alone.

There is also a type of automobile that uses both an engine and an electric motor. This is called a hybrid electric vehicle; an example is the Toyota Prius.

Regenerative brakes
All automobiles have brakes which work by friction to stop the automobile quickly in an emergency or stop it rolling when parked. Electric automobiles also have regenerative brakes, which slow the automobile by turning the energy in its movement back into electricity, like an electric motor working the opposite way. So regenerative means the electricity is generated again.

History

The earliest recorded automobiles were actually steam engines attached to wagons in the late 18th century. The steam engines were heavy, making these wagons slow and hard to control. Better and faster steam automobiles became common late in the 19th century.

Some automobiles in the early 20th century were powered by electricity. They were slow and heavy and went out of use until the idea came back later in the century.

The internal combustion engine changed the way many automobiles were powered. The engine used either gasoline, diesel, or kerosene to work. When the fuel is exploded in a cylinder it pushes the piston down and turns the wheels.

Although many people tried to make a good automobile that would work and sell well, people say that Karl Benz invented the modern automobile. He used a four-stroke type of internal combustion engine to power his Benz Patent-Motorwagen in 1886. He began to make many automobiles in a factory and sell them in Germany in 1888.

In North America, the first modern automobile was made by brothers Charles and J. Frank Duryea in Springfield, Massachusetts. The Duryea brothers' automobile also won the first-ever car race in 1895, competing against automobiles made by Benz. The race was in Chicago, Illinois, and 53 miles long. The Duryeas then began making the first automobiles for everyday use in 1896. That year, they made 13 automobiles by hand in Springfield, Massachusetts.

Benz may have invented the first modern automobile, and the Duryeas the first automobile to be sold, but Henry Ford sold the most automobiles to the most people. In 1910 he began making and selling his Model T, which was a huge success. Many people could afford this automobile, not just the rich, because Ford used mass production. This meant he made many Model Ts in a short time in a factory. People say that the Model T is the automobile that "put America on wheels". The Model T was the most popular automobile of the time because it was cheap but it was still a good quality automobile that ordinary people could own.

Since then, many different kinds of automobiles have been designed and built, from minivans to sports cars. In the 1950s, the United States made and used more automobiles than all the rest of the world. Fifty years later, China became the largest maker and user of automobiles.

Advantages

Automobiles are faster than walking or riding a bike if you are going a long way. They can carry more than one person and a large amount of luggage. Depending on local public transport quality, they can also be faster and far more convenient than using buses, bicycles or passenger trains, and can often go where public transport cannot. 4-wheel drive "off road" vehicles are particularly good at reaching places difficult for other wheeled transport due to bad roads or harsh terrain. However, they cost more and burn more fuel, and there are many places even they cannot go.

Most automobiles enclose people and cargo in a closed compartment with a roof, doors and windows, thus giving protection from weather. Modern automobiles give further protection in case of collisions, as they have added safety features such as seat belts, airbags, crumple zones and side-impact protection that would be expensive or impossible on two-wheeled or light 3-wheeled vehicles, or most buses.

With regular check ups and service, automobiles can last a very long time. In some countries like Australia, people have to get their automobile checked by authorized mechanics regularly by law to confirm that their automobile is safe to drive. They can go to an automobile mechanic to get their automobile checked or have a mobile mechanic come to them to repair their automobile.

Disadvantages
Buying and running a automobile needs a lot of money, especially for newer good-quality automobiles.  There are things to pay for — the automobile itself, fuel, parts (for example, tyres), maintenance, repairs, insurance to cover the cost of crashes or theft, parking charges, and toll roads and any taxes or licensing fees charged by the government.

When automobiles crash, they can become damaged and hurt people, and the life of a person is more important than keeping a automobile from damage.  When too many automobiles try to go the same way, traffic congestion slows them all. Automobiles can cause air pollution if too many are used in a small area like a city, and the combined pollution of the world's automobiles is partly to blame for climate change. Many places where people live close together have public transportation such as buses, passenger trains, trams and subways. These can help people go more quickly and cheaply than by automobile when traffic jams are a problem. Some of these problems can be made smaller, for example by carpooling, which is putting many people together in one automobile.

Traffic congestion and accidents can be dangerous to other road users, for example people riding bicycles or walking, especially in an old town built when automobiles were few.  Some 20th century towns are designed for automobiles as the main transport.  This can cause other problems, such as even more pollution and traffic, as few, if any, people walk. Communities are divided and separated by big roads.  Pedestrians are in danger where there are too few foot bridges, small road bridges or other special crossings.

References

Automobile


The reactive empirical bond-order (REBO) model is a function for calculating the potential energy of covalent bonds and the interatomic force. In this model, the total potential energy of system is a sum of nearest-neighbour pair interactions which depend not only on the distance between atoms but also on their local atomic environment. A parametrized bond order function was used to describe chemical pair bonded interactions.

The early formulation and parametrization of REBO for carbon systems was done by Tersoff in 1988, based on works of Abell. The Tersoff's model could describe single, double and triple bond energies in carbon structures such as in hydrocarbons and diamonds. A significant step was taken by Brenner in 1990. He extended Tersoff's potential function to radical and conjugated hydrocarbon bonds by introducing two additional terms into the bond order function.

Compared to classical first-principle and semi-empirical approaches, the REBO model is less time-consuming, since only the 1st- and 2nd-nearest-neighbour interactions were considered. This advantage of computational efficiency is especially helpful for large-scale atomic simulations (from 1000 to 1000000 atoms). In recent years, the REBO model has been widely used in the studies concerning mechanical and thermal properties of carbon nanotubes.

Despite numerous successful applications of the first-generation REBO potential function, its several drawbacks have been reported. e.g. its form is too restrictive to simultaneously fit equilibrium distances, energies, and force constants for all types of C-C bonds, the possibility of modeling processes involving energetic atomic collisions is limited because both Morse-type terms go to finite values when the atomic distance decreases, and the neglect of a separate pi bond contribution leads to problems with the overbinding of radicals and a poor treatment of conjugacy.

To overcome these drawbacks, an extension of Brenner's potential was proposed by Stuart et al. It is called the adaptive intermolecular reactive bond order (AIREBO) potential, in which both the repulsive and attractive pair interaction functions in REBO function are modified to fit bond properties, and the long-range atomic interactions and single bond torsional interactions are included. The AIREBO model has been used in recent studies using numerical simulations.

References

Chemical physics
Chemical bonding

Reactive empirical bond order


Terrence Stubbs (born March 25, 1980 in Manassas, Virginia) is a former Arena Football League defensive back for the Los Angeles Avengers.

High School Years
Stubbs attended Oscar F. Smith High School in Chesapeake, Virginia and was a student and a letterman in football. In football, he won All-City and an All-District honors as a wide receiver.

College years
Stubbs attended Temple University, and was a good student and a letterman in football. In football, he finished his career with 65 receptions for 893 yards (13.74 yards per rec. avg.) and two touchdowns.

External links
Los Angeles Avengers' player profile
AFL stats

1980 births
Living people
Players of American football from Chesapeake, Virginia
People from Manassas, Virginia
Sportspeople from Prince William County, Virginia
American football defensive backs
American football wide receivers
Temple Owls football players
New York Jets players
Berlin Thunder players
Los Angeles Avengers players

Terrence Stubbs


Mabel Cáceres or Mabel Cáceres Calderón is a Peruvian journalist, and the founder and editor-in-chief of El Búho (The Owl). She received the 2016 Courage in Journalism Award from the International Women's Media Foundation.

In 1999, Cáceres was the director of a local TV channel owned by a university, when the government of Peru's president Fujimori suspended the channel for a year. Cáceres, along with a group of intellectuals, journalists, and friends, started El Búho as a weekly newspaper.

Life

Mabel Cáceres studied journalism, communication, and related programs at the Catholic University of Santa María in Arequipa, Peru from 1984 to 1990. In 1997, she received a master's degree in Communication and Media Studies from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru in Lima, Peru.

Career

In 1989 Cáceres went to work for Correo newspaper. In 1991 she worked with the newspaper Arequipa al Día. From 1992 to 1999 she was the general director of the Proyecto TV UNSA at the Universidad Nacional de San Agustín.  From 2006 to 2011 she was the director of the political-cultural television program "Contrastes" on Channel 53, TV MUNDO, in Arequipa.  In 2000 she became the director of El Búho in Arequipa, in partnership with the poet Alonso Ruiz Rosas and writer Ody Gonzales. Together they started El Búho as a weekly newspaper.

Cáceres has been sued for defamation 16 times, and has won all the lawsuits. Some of the editors received sentences, but they were overturned by the Supreme Court. The Press and Society Institute (IPYS) provides for El Búho's legal defense because it considers that the complaints against the weekly are an attack on freedom of the press and democracy.

Money was always a problem.  Because the magazine is often critical of the local mining company, Cerro Verde, as well as the regional government, they do not put ads in the magazine. In 2001 El Búho stopped publication for a month because they could not pay the bills. A grant from an international agency kept them going until 2011, when they had to cut back from weekly to a magazine format.  El Búho TV was broadcast on the Viva TV channel in Arequipa, until pressures from politicians and advertisers took it off the air. Today the program continues on a YouTube channel.

Awards
 100 Information Heroes by Reporters Sans Frontières (2016)
 Courage in Jouranlism Award (2016)

Other websites
 Mabel Cáceres @mabel_elbuho on Twitter
 El Búho

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Peruvian journalists
Peruvian activists

Mabel Cáceres


Assimilation can mean:

 Assimilation (linguistics), in studying language, the way a sound in a word becomes closer to a neighboring sound.
 Assimilation (biology), changing a nutrient into the fluid or solid substance of the body, through digestion and absorption.
 Cultural assimilation, the way a smaller group of people gradually copies the customs and attitudes of the larger culture around it.  For cultural assimilation of Native Americans in the United States, see Americanization (of Native Americans).
 Assimilation (Star Trek), the way the fictional Star Trek Borg race brings a being into their group structure
 The Zerg method of evolving, also called infest(ing)
 Media and ethnicity
 Accommodation in Jean Piaget's theory of loserness
 In psychoanalysis, when conscious and unconscious contents penetrate one another
 In computer science, the changing of anti-virus software to find a new virus
 In typesetting, the amount that a typeface can make mirror images and other similarities between letters

Assimilation


Cooper Tire & Rubber Company () is a United States based company. They design, manufacture, marketing and sales replacement automobile and truck tires. With their subsidiaries they produce medium truck, motorcycle and racing tires. Their headquarters is in Findlay, Ohio. Cooper Tire has 60 facilities located around the world.

Cooper also owns the UK Avon Tyres brand, which also produces tires for motorcycles, road cars, and for motor racing.

History

The beginning for Cooper Tire was the M and M Company. M and M was formed by two brothers-in-law in Akron, Ohio in 1914. M and M made tire repair materials. M and M was bought by the Giant Tire and Rubber Company and moved to Findlay, Ohio. The site is still occupied by Cooper Tire and is next to The Cooper Corporation facilities. The Cooper name came from Ira J. Cooper in 1919. He formed a company to manufacture new tires. The Cooper Corporation, the M and M Company, and The Falls Rubber company merged in 1930 to form the Master Tire and Rubber Company.

During World War II the Master Tire and Rubber built military equipment, such as  pontoons, waterproof bags, life jackets, and, tires. The company received the Army-Navy 'E' Award for excellence. The name was changed to Cooper Tire and Rubber Company in 1946.

Cooper Tire began a 51% owned joined venture with Shandong Chengshan Tire Co in 2006. They will produce truck and passenger car tires for Chinese and export markets. Cooper Tires is the second largest United States based tire company, after Goodyear.

Tire brands

Cooper Tires
Cooper Tires produces Cooper branded tires for passenger cars, light trucks, sport utility vehicles and commercial trucks.

Avon Rubber PLC
In 1997, the tyre business of Avon Rubber PLC of Melksham, Wiltshire, in the United Kingdom was sold to Cooper Tire. The Cooper Tire site remains a major employer in central Melksham.

Other brands
In addition to Avon, Cooper Tire manufactures tires under the brand names Dean, Mastercraft and Starfire.

Motorsports and sponsorships

Cooper Tire became the official tire of the A1 Grand Prix for the series' initial 2005-06 season. Cooper was under contract to produce tires for the series championship until 2007-08. Cooper Tire became the official tire of the Champ Car Atlantic Championship in 2007. Cooper Tire became the official tire of USF2000 National Championship and the IMSA Prototype Lites series (formerly IMSA Lites) in 2010.

Drifting involvement
Cooper is heavily involved in the sport of drifting by supplying tires to several drifters in both the Need for Speed Formula D Drift series and Canadian Drift series.

Management and company personnel
Cooper employs 13,311 employees. Roy V. Armes is Chairman, President, and CEO.

References

Other websites
Cooper Tire & Rubber Company official website
Talalai v. Cooper Tire List of Brand Names
Avon Tyres official website
Avon Tyres Motorsport official website

Companies based in Ohio
Automobiles
1926 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Ohio

Cooper Tire & Rubber Company