Carol A. Breckenridge (1942–2009) was an American anthropologist and associate professor of history at the New School for Social Research, author of many books and articles on colonialism and the political economy of ritual; state, polity, and religion in South India; society and aesthetics in India since 1850; culture theory; and cosmopolitan cultural forms. In 1988 Breckenridge and fellow founding editor Arjun Appadurai started Public Culture, a field-defining academic journal in the areas of globalization and transnational cultural studies.

Breckenridge received her Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1976 and formerly taught in the Department of South Asian Languages and Civilizations at the University of Chicago. She died of cancer on October 4, 2009. Her husband is the anthropologist Arjun Appadurai.

Recent publications
(Co-edited with Peter van der Veer) Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993)
(Editor) Consuming Modernity: Public Culture in a South Asian World (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995)
(with Arjun Appadurai), "Public Modernity in India," in Consuming Modernity: Public Culture in a South Asian World, C.A. Breckenridge (Editor), Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.
The Aesthetics and Politics of Colonial Collecting: India at World Fairs, Comparative Studies in Society and History, Spring 1989, 195–216.

Notes

External links
Public Culture

2009 deaths
Anthropology educators
The New School faculty
University of Chicago faculty
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
1942 births
20th-century American anthropologists

Carol Breckenridge


Downtown Vancouver is the central business district and the city centre neighbourhood of Vancouver, Canada, on the northwestern shore of the Burrard Peninsula in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia. It occupies most of the north shore of the False Creek inlet, which cuts into the Burrard Peninsula creating the Downtown Peninsula, where the West End neighbourhood and Stanley Park are also located.

Along with West End, Stanley Park and the nearby Downtown Eastside, Downtown makes up Central Vancouver, one of the city's three main areas (the others being East Side and West Side).

With a disproportionately high amount of residential towers for a central business district in a geographically constrained area, Downtown Vancouver is one of the densest areas in the country.

Geography

The Downtown area is generally considered to be bounded by Burrard Inlet to the north, West End to the west, Granville Island/Fairview and Mount Pleasant across the False Creek to the south, and Downtown Eastside and Strathcona to the east and southeast. Most unofficial sources also include West End and Stanley Park into Downtown (the so-called "Downtown Peninsula"), but the City of Vancouver officially defines them as separate neighbourhoods.

Besides the readily identifiable office towers of the financial and central business districts, Downtown Vancouver also includes residential neighbourhoods in the form of high-rise apartments and condominiums in Yaletown and Coal Harbour, and other Downtown neighbourhoods include the Granville Mall and Entertainment District, Downtown South, Gastown, Chinatown and Japantown.

Notable sub-neighbourhoods
Yaletown is the heritage area of Downtown, located along False Creek and the seawall. Formerly home to the Vancouver's warehouses, the area has been revitalized with commercial and residential developments, and is now home to an upper middle class with a mix of condominiums and apartments.
Coal Harbour is the Vancouver's former port area. Like Yaletown, the area has been redeveloped for residences and some business, and is now home to high-income residents.
Gastown is another heritage area of the city, and some streets are still cobblestone. Tourist shops are found near the notable Gastown Steam Clock. The area is mixed with lower- and middle class residents living in apartments, condos and lofts.
Chinatown is where many Chinese immigrants established their homes and businesses when they first moved to Vancouver. Residential areas are home to low-income residents in apartments. There are some warehouses still located in the area.
Crosstown is a roughly four-block area at the eastern edge of Chinatown, east of Yaletown and south of Gastown, connecting these three neighbourhoods. It is a compact, high-density neighborhood including high-end heritage buildings (include the historic Sun Tower), a row of heritage high-rise boutique loft conversions along Beatty Street, and nine mixed-use residential condos towers, all with easy access to major amenities of Downtown either by foot, SkyTrain or SeaBus.  As one of the fastest-growing area of Downtown with an influx of new investments and businesses, the neighbourhood offers parks, traditional restaurants, coffee/tea shops, outdoor markets, clothing and many more retail shops.
Japantown was an old neighbourhood located east of Gastown, that once had a concentration of Japanese immigrants. It ceased to be a distinctly ethnic Japanese area during World War II when Japanese Canadians were interned and had their properties permanently confiscated by the King government, and although some Japanese returned after the war, the community never revived to the original state. As the Japantown ceased to exist, the area is now often marketed as Railtown by real estate developers due to the proximity of the West Coast Express railways.

Demographics

Architecture

The downtown area includes most of the remaining historic buildings and many of the larger notable buildings in the region. All but one of Vancouver's tallest buildings are located within Downtown Vancouver, the one being Marine Gateway North located next to Marine Drive station.

Sports
There are two major sporting facilities in the downtown core, Rogers Arena (formerly GM Place) and BC Place Stadium. The NHL's Vancouver Canucks play at Rogers Arena, while the CFL's BC Lions and the MLS's Vancouver Whitecaps FC use the neighbouring BC Place Stadium. SkyTrain Stadium-Chinatown station provides easy rapid transit access to the district.

Transportation

The presence of water on three sides limits access to downtown Vancouver. There are four major bridges: the Lions Gate Bridge, connecting to the North Shore municipalities and the Trans Canada Highway, and the Burrard Street Bridge, Cambie Street Bridge, and Granville Street Bridge, which provide access to the commercial and residential areas south of False Creek.

The historic Waterfront station is the principal transit hub for the downtown core. There are six subway stations located in downtown Vancouver running on two SkyTrain lines: the Expo Line and Canada Line. The Expo Line travels from Waterfront station at the foot of the central harbor and through Dunsmuir Tunnel to the east. The Canada Line travels from Waterfront station and tunnels south under Granville Street and Davie Street, linking downtown to central Richmond and Vancouver International Airport. SeaBus is a passenger-only ferry that connects from Waterfront station to the North Shore in 10–12 minutes. The West Coast Express commuter rail system travels from Waterfront station to the eastern suburbs and exurbs. The West Coast Express travels from Waterfront to Moody Centre, Coquitlam Central, Port Coquitlam, Pitt Meadows, Maple Meadows Station, Port Haney and Mission City as its terminus station Terminals are also available near Waterfront station for float planes and helicopters.

Most north-south Vancouver bus routes serve Downtown Vancouver, in addition to suburban routes from the North Shore and Burnaby. The bus rapid transit line 98 B-Line had eight stops in the downtown core, primarily along Seymour Street and Burrard Street. This service was replaced on August 17, 2009, by SkyTrain's Canada Line. The 95 B-Line started service in December 2016 in conjunction with the opening of the Evergreen Extension, connecting downtown to Simon Fraser University along Hastings Street.

There are two private passenger water taxi operators (False Creek Ferries and The Aquabus), providing service between several downtown neighbourhoods, False Creek, and Granville Island.

The city is planning to extend the downtown streetcar from its current route of Granville Island to the Main Street SkyTrain station, with future plans extending it to Chinatown and then to Stanley Park.

Notes

References

External links

 City of Vancouver - Downtown
 Downtown page, Vancouver Then and Now website, comparisons of old photos with modern locations

Vancouver
Economy of Vancouver
Geography of Vancouver
Neighbourhoods in Vancouver

Downtown Vancouver


Ари адаҟьа азкызаара ахцәажәарахь:
 Алахәылацәа иззыԥштәым ринцидентқәеи, иааҟәымҵуа иӷәӷәоу ахымҩаԥгашьа рыпроблемақәеи;
 Иузымыӡбуа аиҿагыларақәа;
 Агәам дуқәа аԥҵаҩцәа

Spam

Hello. The creations of Special:Contribs/2600:1700:1E0:6B2F:4C18:7B7A:738A:5DBB should be deleted as the pages are essentially empty and provide no useful information. The person behind this IP, and many other IPs, go to small wikis to create such pages to boost Special:Stats.  pinging admin for comment. Minorax (обсуждение) 08:21, 3 ажьырныҳәамза 2022 (UTC)
Moving this topic to its respective section.
My opinion on this is conflicted. It is true that these pages contain no useful content, on the other hand this can be corrected anytime.--Fraxinus.cs (обсуждение) 09:38, 3 ажьырныҳәамза 2022 (UTC)
Well I do agree that information can be added as time passes. However, these pages were created 2 years ago with no one else editing them (not counting another spammer and users reverting the edits). Minorax (обсуждение) 10:56, 3 ажьырныҳәамза 2022 (UTC)

Good day and Happy New Year! I remember this articles. As new creating articles I approved it because it was same which I made with another years before. So I want to inform you that I again approving this articles for nowadays. In the future this kind of articles will help us build "year article" according same standard. So to delete it with my opinion is not correct.— Surprizi (обсуждение) 04:49, 4 ажьырныҳәамза 2022 (UTC)

Авикипеиа:Афорум/Апроблематә лахәылацәа


The G33 (or the Friends of Special Products in agriculture) is a coalition of developing countries, established prior to the 2003 Cancun ministerial conference, that have coordinated during the Doha Round of World Trade Organization negotiations, specifically in regard to agriculture.

Dominated by India, the group has "defensive" concerns regarding agriculture in relation to World Trade Organization negotiations, and seeks to limit the degree of market opening required of developing countries.

While rich governments can afford to heavily subsidize their agriculture, predatory dumping can undermine a poorer country's agricultural economy. Developing countries aim to balance power through tariffs, in order to manage their own food security, stabilize the livelihoods of their farming populations, and to strengthen rural development.

The group has advocated the creation of a "special products" exemption, which would allow developing countries to exempt certain products from tariff exemptions, and also a "special safeguard mechanism" which would permit tariff increases in response to import surges.

Members
Despite the name, there are currently 48 member nations.

References

Trade blocs
G20
Economic country classifications
Late modern economic history
Countries by international organization
Investment
International development

G33 (developing countries)


A personal defense weapon (PDW) is usually defined as a light, compact and easy to use firearm. However the definition varies depending on context and who you ask. Many will still say it is a short-barreled rifle (SBR). These are regulated in the United States by the ATF. Many SBRs have "selective fire" (you can switch between semi-automatic or fully automatic fire).

The United States Department of Homeland Security defines a personal defense weapon as an M4 carbine (or a Colt AR-15 civilian semi-automatic rifle). Some governments' definition of PDWs includes handguns. An example is the Czech Republic. It has proposed a constitutional amendment which would allow its citizens to own and keep PDWs as a way to discourage terrorists. Regardless, a PDW is usually agreed upon as being somewhere between a submachine gun and an assault rifle.

History
In the 1980s, the term was used for troops in tight, confined environments. They needed a compact automatic weapon that could defeat body armor. It was designed for troops in tanks, military trucks and those operating from aircraft including pilots. The majority of soldiers do not take part in an infantry battle. Their jobs are usually to support the infantry. Their main role is not winning a fight, but often to escape an ambush. In other situations they may assist the infantry. PDWs are also used by bodyguards as they can be hidden under a jacket but still allowed good firepower. PDWs tend to be shorter range weapons.

The term evolved as concealed carry became more popular, especially in places like the United States. Certain states in the United States make carrying a firearm for personal defense relatively easy while others make it more difficult. Also, quite a few other countries allow concealed carry, to various degrees. Pistols, especially compact models, are very popular self defense weapons today.  Also, there are now a number of pistols available in rifle calibers.

Alternative self-defense weapons
In places where a firearm cannot be carried or the person chooses not to carry a firearm, there are other weapons they can carry. Common items such as a credit card, car keys, a pen or even a scarf can be effective self defense weapons. Because of the popularity of self defense, there are also specially designed non-lethal weapons designed not to look like weapons.

References

Other websites
 Self Defense Weapons (Non Lethal?); YouTube
 Firearms Facts: Personal Defense Weapons; YouTube

Firearms

Personal defense weapon


The Spiritual Baptist faith is a religion created by persons of African ancestry in the plantations they came to in the former British West Indies countries predominantly in the islands of a Grenada, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Tobago and the Virgin Islands. It is syncretic Afro-Caribbean religion that combines elements of the many varied traditional African religions brought by the enslaved populations combined with Christianity. Spiritual Baptists consider themselves to be Christians.

The Baptist faith has a different beginning in the nation of Trinidad, as unlike the spiritual baptist tradition in the other countries where the religion developed in the plantations where the enslaved were sent, the religion in Trinidad was brought into the country by the Merikins, former American slaves who were recruited by the British to fight, as the Corps of Colonial Marines, against the Americans during the War of 1812. After the end of the war, these ex-slaves were settled in Trinidad, to the east of the Mission of Savannah Grande (now known as Princes Town) in six villages, since then called the Company Villages.

These American settlers brought with them the Baptist faith of the Second Great Awakening combined with, in the case of those from Georgia, the Gullah culture. With the coming of missionaries of the Baptist Missionary Society from Great Britain, the Baptist faith in the Company Villages was much affected, but despite the ensuing schism between the so-called London Baptists and the rest, the Baptist congregations of the Company Villages, even including those with Gullah origins, retained so little visible African influence in their practice that John Hackshaw was able to give a different view of the Baptists in the north of the country:

The faith expanded to Barbados in 1957 as the Sons of God Apostolic Spiritual Baptists movement. It now ranks as one of two indigenous religions in the country, the other being the Rastafari religion. Archbishop Granville Williams, who was born in Barbados, lived for 16 years in Trinidad and Tobago, where he witnessed the local Spiritual Baptists. Becoming enthusiastic about the Trinidadian movement, he asserted that he had seen a vision and heard the voice of God. Upon returning to Barbados he held the first open-air meeting in Oistins, Christ Church. Due to a well received response in Barbados, he quickly established the Jerusalem Apostolic Spiritual Baptist Church in Ealing Grove. This church was quickly followed by Zion at Richmond Gap. As of 1999 the following in Barbados had reached around 1,900 and the Jerusalem church had been rebuilt to seat 3,000.

Name
The local name of the Spiritual Baptist in Trinidad are called the Shouters which derives from the characteristic practice of the religion. Followers are very vocal in singing, praying, and preaching. However, shouter is seen as a derogatory term and the term spiritual is preferred due to the practice of invoking the Holy Spirit during worship.

 Spiritual Baptists in St Vincent are locally called the shakers due to their practice of invoking the Holy Spirit during their praise and worship. Vincentian Baptists are also known colloquially as 'Converted', speaking to them being converted to Christianity during slavery.

Religious focus
The activities of the Spiritual Baptists in Trinidad and Tobago were prohibited in 1917 by the Shouter Prohibition Ordinance, which was eventually repealed in 1951. The late opposition parliamentarian Ashford Sinanan moved to repeal the ordinance under the PNM government and was successful. Today Spiritual Baptists can practise their religion freely. The United National Congress granted them a national holiday and also gave them land on which to establish their headquarters.

Typical attire
The colours of the headdress or clothes vary and represent the 'spiritual cities', the saints with which the individual most relates, or various qualities of belief.

Males
Men can wear a headwrap however the very top of the head is usually left uncovered. Men tend to wear a gown or short cassocks. Persons of higher rank (Shepherds, Reverends, Bishops, etc.) can wear a surplice over the gown.

Females
 Headtie – As mentioned in the Bible at , the dress, the apron, and cords, sashes, and or a belt as given in the Faith and are revealed as the individual increases knowledge along their spiritual journey.

Holiday
In 1996 the Government of Trinidad and Tobago granted a public holiday to the Spiritual Baptist faith, to be celebrated on 30 March, called Spiritual Baptist/Shouter Liberation Day, in memory of the struggle and in recognition of the repeal of the prohibition law. Trinidad and Tobago is the only country that celebrates a public holiday for the Spiritual Baptist faith.

Shango Baptists
Shango Baptists was created in Trinidad and only practiced in Trinidad. It has no relation to the spiritual baptist religion. Shango is the practice of the Trinidad Orisha religion. In Trinidad, Orisha is also called Shango, and the term "Shango Baptist" is sometimes used to describe worshipers who are involved with both Spiritual Baptism and Orisha/Shango. The term "Shango Baptist" has come to have negative connotations for some worshippers of both Spiritual Baptism and Orisha/Shango, who argue that those who say "Shango Baptist" conflate the two religions, when in fact they are completely separate religions. As some have said, "There is no thing as Shango Baptist. Shango is Shango. Baptist is Baptist". Others say that Shango Baptists simply "wear two hats"; their mixture of "Baptist and Orisha practices" is a result of similar oppression by colonial authorities in Trinidad.

In practice, the Trinidad Orisha religion is not connected with the Spiritual Baptisms. Orisha worship services are not similar to and not held at the same locations as Spiritual Baptist churches.

Places of worship of Spiritual Baptist

Grenada
 Children Of The Light Spiritual Baptist International Archdiocese Inc. (La Sagesse St. David's)
 Mt. Paran S.B. Church (Grand Anse Vally)
 Faith Deliverance S.B. Church (Woodlands)
 Mt. Calvary S.B. Church (River Road)
 Mt. Olive S.B. Church (Prospect)
 Mt. Zion S.B. Church (Mt. Rodney)
 Rock In The Weary Land S.B. Church (Coals Gap)
 St Ann's Mystical Healing Chapel (Marigot, St John)

Barbados
 The Cathedral Church of Jerusalem – Ealing Grove, Christ Church
 Beulah Temple – Bishops, St. Lucy
 Zion Apostolic Temple – Richmond Gap, St. Michael
 Jeremiah Spiritual Baptist Church, Enterprise Main Road, Christ Church

Canada
 Sacred Heart Spiritual Baptist Church in Montreal, Quebec
 The Shouters National Evangelical Spiritual Baptist Faith International Centre (NESBF) in Toronto, Ontario
 St. Theresa's Well of Life Spiritual Baptist Tabernacle Inc
 The Council of Spiritual Baptist Elders of Canada

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 Mt. Olivet S.B. Church, (Layou)
 St, Bethel S.B. Church, (Mt. Carmel)
 St. Joseph S.B. Church
 St. Mary's S.B. Church

Trinidad and Tobago
 Mt Prizgar Spiritual Baptist Church, Lp#1103 E.M.Rd, Manzanilla
 Holy Faith Spiritual Baptist Tabernacle
 Faith International Baptist Convention
 St. Benedict Baptist Church, La Romaine
 St. Peter's House of Prayer, Morvan
 Mt Prizgar Spiritual Baptist Angels of God Archdiocese, Manzanilla

United States
 Ark of the Covenant Spiritual Baptist Church – Dorchester, Boston, Massachusetts
 Angels of the New Jerusalem S.B.C. – Baltimore, Maryland
 Bethlehem Church – Brooklyn, New York City, New York
 House of Esther Divine Ministries S.B.C; Brooklyn, New York City, New York
Spirit Divine House of Melchizedek International S.C.Inc. Brooklyn New York
 Mt. Pisgah S.B.C – Dorchester, Boston, Massachusetts
 Pillar of Fire Church – Dorchester, Boston, Massachusetts
 Sacred Heart of Jesus International S.B.C. – Washington, D.C.
 Scarlet Cord Cathedral – New Bedford, Massachusetts
 St. John's S.B.C – Brooklyn, New York City, New York
 St. Catherine #2 S.B.C. – Brooklyn, New York City, New York
 United Congregation El Behel – Brooklyn, New York City, New York
 Zion Apostolic S.B.C – Hyde Park, Boston, Massachusetts
Rock of Ages Spiritual Baptist Church(Lithonia Georgia)Panola Road

United Kingdom
 Mt Moriah S.B.C. London (UK)
 Melchisedec S.B.C. London (UK)

See also
 Orisha
 Pentecostalism#Baptism with the Holy Spirit
 Religion in Trinidad and Tobago

References

Further reading
 Spiritual Baptist Liberation Day, Trinidad and Tobago National Library and Information System Authority (NALIS).
 Glazier, Stephen D. (ed.), Encyclopedia of African and African-American Religions, Routledge, 2001.
 Shepherd, King. 5 Aug 2014. The Rituals & Rudiments of the Spiritual Baptist Church - The Apostle of Faith, Interview, Youtube.com
 Duncan, Carol B. This Spot of Ground: the Spiritual Baptists in Toronto. Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2008.
 Gall, Timothy L. (ed). Worldmark Encyclopedia of Culture & Daily Life: Vol. 2 - Americas. Cleveland, Ohio: Eastword Publications Development (1998); pp. 76–77.
 Glazier, Stephen D. Marching the Pilgrims Home: Leadership and Decision-Making in an Afro Baptist Faith Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1983.
 Glazier, Stephen D. 1999. "The Noise of Astonishment: Spiritual Baptist Music in Context", in John W. Pulis (ed.), Religion, Diaspora, and Cultural Identity: A Reader in the  Anglophone Caribbean, New York and Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach, pp. 277–294.
 Glazier, Stephen D. 1996. "Changes in the Spiritual Baptist Religion, 1976-1990", in Manfred Kremser (ed.), Ay BoBo: Afro-Caribbean Cults: Identity and Resistance. Teil 1: Kulte. Wien: Institut fur Volkerkunde der Universitat Wien, pp. 107–114.
 Glazier, Stephen D. 1993. "Responding to the Anthropologist: When the Spiritual Baptists of Trinidad Read What I Write About Them", in Caroline B. Brettell (ed.), When They Read What We  Write: The Politics of Ethnography. New York: Bergin and Garvey, pp. 37–48.
 Keeney, Bradford. Shakers of St. Vincent. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Ringing Rocks Press, 2002.
 Scott, Caroline 1999. Insight Guide Barbados. Discovery Channel and Insight Guides; fourth edition, Singapore, p. 85, .
 Zane, Wallace W. 1999. Journeys to the Spiritual Lands: the Natural History of a West Indian Religion. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

External links
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 West Indian United Spiritual Baptist Sacred Order
 Spiritual Baptist Foundation of Trinidad and Tobago
 Spiritual Baptists in Trinidad and Tobago
 Cult Music of Trinidad - a 1961 album of music by the Shango and Spiritual Baptist followers in Trinidad. Free downloadable liner notes and music clips
 Spiritual Baptist Music of Trinidad 1981 - album and free downloadable liner notes and music clips

Afro-American religion
Indigenous Christianity
Christian new religious movements
Christianity and religious syncretism
Baptist denominations in North America
Religious organisations based in Trinidad and Tobago

Spiritual Baptist


The Jerwood Foundation's sculpture collection was a collection of 20th and 21st century sculptures. They were displayed at Ragley Hall in Warwickshire, England. Most of the collection was sold in 2012 at Sotheby's and can no longer be seen at Ragley Hall.

From its beginning in 1999, Jerwood Sculpture displayed large sculptures in natural environments. It was established by the Jerwood Foundation, a major UK funder of arts, education and science.

Alongside works by artists of international reputation such as Dame Elisabeth Frink R.A., Lynn Chadwick R.A., Kenneth Armitage R.A., Michael Ayrton and Antony Gormley R.A., Peter Randall-Page, the Jerwood Sculpture collection included works by emerging artists who had won the Jerwood Sculpture Prize.

References

Sculpture gardens, trails and parks in the United Kingdom
Tourist attractions in Warwickshire
Culture in Warwickshire
Art museums and galleries in Warwickshire


Walter R. Stahel (born June 5, 1946) is a Swiss architect, graduating from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich in 1971. He has been influential in developing the field of sustainability, by advocating 'service-life extension of goods - reuse, refill, reprogram, repair, remanufacture, upgrade technologically' philosophies as they apply to industrialised economies. He co-founded the Product Life Institute in Geneva, Switzerland,  a consultancy devoted to developing sustainable strategies and policies, after receiving recognition for his prize winning paper 'The Product Life Factor' in 1982. His ideas and those of similar theorists led to what is now known as the circular economy in which industry adopts the reuse and service-life extension of goods as a strategy of waste prevention, regional job creation and resource efficiency in order to decouple wealth from resource consumption, that is to dematerialise the industrial economy. The circular economy has been adopted by the state-owned-and-run China Coal industry as a guiding philosophy. In the 1990s, Stahel extended this vision to selling goods as services as the most efficient strategy of the circular economy. He described this approach in his 2006 book The Performance Economy, with a second enlarged edition in 2010 which contains 300 examples and case studies. he currently works closely with the Ellen MacArthur Foundation on further promoting his ideas with economic actors.

In 2005, Stahel was nominated as member of the "Consumer Commission" of Ministerprasident (PM) Oettinger, head of the Government of Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany, and heads its section on sustainable development. In 2007 he was appointed to the editorial board of the Chinese Journal of Population, Resources and Environment. Stahel has been serving in a number of functions for the European Commission. From 1988 to 2014, he was head of risk management research of The Geneva Association, a think tank of the world insurance industry.

In 2005, Stahel was nominated visiting professor at the Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences of the University of Surrey at Guildford. On 1 November 2012, he was awarded an honorary degree award of Doctor of the University (DUniv) by the same university. Later in November 2012, Stahel was nominated Full Member of the Club of Rome, based in Winterthur. In 2016, he was nominated as the first visiting professor of Institut EDDEC (Environnement, Développement Durable et Economie Circulaire), a joint academic institution of Université, HEC and Polytechnique de Montréal. On 3 May 2016, he was awarded a doctorate honoris causa by the Université de Montréal.

Since 2015, Stahel has been active as keynote speaker, author and mentor.
In 2020, Stahel was nominated senior research fellow at the Circular Economy Research Centre of the École des Ponts Business School in Paris.

Substituting manpower for energy, 1976

While employing somewhat jargon-laden and difficult economic language, Stahel and Genevieve Reday's 1976 report Potential for Substitution Manpower for Energy for  Commission of the European Communities (today the European Commission) essentially put the argument of extending the service-life of buildings and such goods as cars and highlighted the waste inherent of disposing of old products Instead of repairing them. The report was published in 1982 as a book 'Jobs for Tomorrow, the Potential for Substituting Manpower for Energy'.

The Product-Life Factor, 1982

In 1982, Stahel won a Mitchell Prize for his paper "The Product-Life Factor" describing the closed loop economy, now referred to as the circular economy. Stahel's paper suggested extension of the use-life of goods was a sensible point at which to start a gradual transition towards a sustainable society. He argued extending product-life optimizes the total life-span of goods and reduces depletion of natural resources and consequently waste.

The Product Life Institute, 1982

Also in 1982 Stahel, with Giarini, founded the Product-Life Institute to develop practical strategies for economic growth with lower resource consumption. The Product-Life Institute is a not-for-profit organization in Geneva, Switzerland. The Institute promotes what has become known as the loop or circular economy, the key attributes being product-life extension, long-life goods, reconditioning activities and therefore waste minimisation. The Institute argues a  sustainable economy and society recognizes the primacy of ecosystem services provided by the natural environment. This position inherently opposes any form of pollution.

The Limits to Certainty, 1989

The Limits to Certainty by Orio Giarini and Walter R. Stahel is a 1989 follow-up to a report published by the Club of Rome in 1980, Dialogue on Wealth and Welfare, in which it was proposed the generally recognised limits to growth such as finite raw materials were the limits of a specific type of economic growth, a linear rather than circular industrial economy. Stahel advocates making a better use of resources during the utilization of goods and proposes a new type of economic growth taking into account ecological factors. Updates in the 1993 edition arise mainly from work done at the Product Life Institute founded by Orio Giarini and Walter R. Stahel in Geneva in 1982.

The Geneva Association, 1986 to 2014

Since 1986, Stahel has been in charge of The Geneva Association's Research Programme on Risk Management and responsible for the M.O.R.E. seminar series (Managing Risk in the Economy). In 2012 he was Vice-Secretary General and Director of risk management research, Visiting Professor at the Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey; and Guest Lecturer at Tohoku University, Japan, on business models for sustainable development.  In June 2008, Stahel took charge of The Geneva Association's Climate Change and Insurance Project. End of December 2014, Stahel retired from the Geneva Association to focus on his activities promoting the Circular Economy and Performance Economy, through lectures and publications, as Director of the Product-Life Institute, Geneva.

Publications

Publications include The Performance Economy, 2006, published by Palgrave Macmillan, London (a second revised and enlarged edition was published in March 2010), The Limits to Certainty, Facing Risk in the New Service Economy, 1989/92, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (co-author Orio Giarini); a number of book chapters in edited volumes and several research reports available on the websites of both The Geneva Association and The Product Life Institute.

In 2019, he published The circular Economy: A user's guide by Routledge , translated into Italian, Spanish, Norwegian, Romanian. .

See also
 Cradle to Cradle
 Sustainability
 Regenerative (design)
 Industrial ecology

Notes and references

External links
Product-Life Institute
Cradle to Cradle - the emergence of the term
 Mitchell Prize Paper:
 The Performance Economy:
 The emergence of the modern circular economy:

Living people
Swiss architects
Sustainability advocates
Club of Rome members
1946 births

Walter R. Stahel


The White Liars is a one-act play by Peter Shaffer, first performed in 1967 originally titled White Lies.

It is often performed with another of Shaffer's one-act plays, Black Comedy, to form the double-bill of The White Liars and Black Comedy.

The White Liars revolves around Sophie Lemberg, an eccentric and disillusioned fortune teller (who imagines herself to be a baroness of the Holy Roman Empire) living in a decaying seaside resort, and the two young men—Tom, the lead singer in a rock band, and Frank, his business manager—who consult her.  It soon becomes clear that their lives are much stranger than the fiction Sophie tries to create in her magic ball.

Development
Shaffer wrote White Lies to precede the 1967 Broadway production of his farce Black Comedy, presented by Alexander H. Cohen at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre. But Shaffer was dissatisfied with the piece. As he put it in his Preface to his 1982 Collected Plays, "The dramatic pulse was too low, and the work came out a little mechanically."

When the double bill was subsequently produced in London at the Lyric Theatre directed by Peter Wood, Shaffer rewrote the play extensively and retitled it The White Liars. Shaffer was happier with this version, but as he put it, "it was marred by an offstage tape representing the voice of Sophie's Greek lover."

It was not until the play's third incarnation in 1976 at the Shaw Theatre in London directed by Paul Giovanni that Shaffer was satisfied with it. Sophie's Greek lover was written out of the story entirely, and Tom and Frank underwent extreme changes from their original characters.

Production history
For the production history of The White Liars, see the production history for Black Comedy.

References

External links

 The White Liars at Samuel French, Inc.

1967 plays
Broadway plays

The White Liars


Nguyễn Biểu () (1350 - 1413)was a prominent figure in Vietnamese history, serving as the Home Minister (Hau Tran). He was born in Bình Hòa, Chi La, Nghệ An, and later moved to Yên Hồ, Đức Thọ, Hà Tĩnh (formerly part of Nghệ Tĩnh) city.

Biography
Nguyễn Biểu studied under the Thai teacher and served as the money censor under Trần Thi Điển. In 1413, during the Chongqing Optical period, Minister Minh Truong Phu attacked Nghe An, and King Quang Trung retreated to Hoa Chau. Nguyễn Biểu was sent to negotiate with Truong Phu. To test his courage, Truong Phu presented him with a plate of boiled human heads and shouted at him. Nguyễn Biểu remained calm, ate the meal with dignity, and responded with a poem. This angered Truong Phu, who ordered him to be tied to the wrong Lam bridge and drowned in the rising tide. Nghe Tinh People's Domain established shrines to worship him as "That Great."

Notable works
Nguyễn Biểu authored several poems, including "Human Head Feast." In 1413, during the conflict with the Ming army, King Trùng Quang retreated to Hóa Châu and sent Nguyễn Biểu to meet Trương Phụ in an attempt to reconcile and buy time for Đặng Dung and Nguyễn Cảnh Dị to gather their forces. During the meal, Truong Phu served Nguyen Bieu a boiled human head on a tray as a threat. However, Nguyễn Biểu's expression showed enjoyment while consuming the "northern troop head." Furthermore, he composed a poem titled "Human Head Feast" during the meal.

Quang Trung faced a challenge regarding his poetic painting porcelain.
An additional copy of the work was made by the collective of Hoàng in Nghệ Tĩnh.

Death
Nguyễn Biểu passed away in 1413 at the age of 63 after an illness.

Temple of Nguyễn Biểu

Following the victory over Ming's army, King Le Thai To constructed the Nguyễn Biểu temple in Nội Diên (now located in Yên Hồ Commune, Đức Thọ District). He honored Nguyễn Biểu by naming him as the king of onus.

During the reign of King Le Thanh Tong, a temple dedicated to Nguyễn Biểu was built in Bình Hồ. Unfortunately, by the end of the 18th century, the temple was destroyed by fire.

In 1869, the local people undertook the restoration of the temple.

In 1968, the lower zone of the temple and the roof of the middle zone were destroyed by a bomb from the US army. The temple has been subject to theft on several occasions, resulting in the loss of two wooden statues.

The Nguyễn Biểu temple was officially recognized as a national historical monument in 1991. Over the years, the temple has undergone several renovations, with the state restoring the middle zone in 2007.

1350 births
1413 deaths
Vietnamese government officials
15th-century Vietnamese diplomats

Nguyễn Biểu


Western New England University is a private university in Springfield, Massachusetts. Academic programs are provided through its College of Arts and Sciences, College of Business, College of Engineering, School of Law, and College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences.

In recognition of its master's and doctoral programs, the institution officially changed its name from Western New England College to Western New England University on July 1, 2011. This marked the return of "university" to the school's name, exactly 60 years after separating from Northeastern University.  It had long been classified as a university.

History
The Springfield Division of Northeastern College, known as Springfield-Northeastern, was established in 1919. Evening classes, held in the YMCA building on Chestnut Street in Springfield for students studying part-time, were offered in law, business, and accounting. In 1922, the school's
first 13 students were awarded the degree of Bachelor of Commercial Science. The first seven law graduates were recognized in 1923.

In 1951 the Springfield Division of Northeastern University became Western New England College. The college was chartered on July 17, 1951. On April 26, 1956,  for the current Wilbraham Road campus were purchased. In that same year the first day program was started; it was in engineering, with 53 students enrolled. The first building, originally known as East Building and later renamed Emerson Hall in recognition of the college's first trustee chairman, opened in 1959.

The college's charter was expanded in 1959 to permit the college to grant the bachelor's degree in any field of business administration, science, engineering, education, and law, and certain master's degrees. The charter was expanded in 2005 to include the LL.M. in Estate Planning and Elder Law, and again in 2008 with the inclusion of the Ph.D. in Behavior Analysis.

The School of Arts and Sciences was established in 1967, and the college received accreditation as a general purpose institution in 1972.

The 1960s through the 1990s saw the college's academic programs expanding, its student body growing, and the addition of a number of buildings, including the D'Amour Library, the Blake Law Center, the St. Germain Campus Center, the Alumni Healthful Living Center, and the LaRiviere Living and Learning Center. In 2001, the Evergreen Village townhouses opened for seniors. The Kevin S. Delbridge Welcome Center, which houses the admissions offices, opened in 2002. In 2003, Commonwealth Hall and the Golden Bear Stadium opened. The George Trelease Memorial Baseball Park was completed in 2004. In 2006, the $1.9 million expansion to the D'Amour Library was completed. In 2008 and 2009, respectively, the college expanded and renovated the Blake Law Center and built Southwood Hall. In 2010, the $40 million Center for the Sciences and Pharmacy was completed. Herman Hall underwent an $8 million renovation in 2012.

The university's  campus serves as home to undergraduate, graduate, doctoral, pharmaceutical, and law students from throughout the United States and abroad. Undergraduate and graduate programs are offered in the Colleges of Arts and Sciences, Business, Engineering, Pharmacy, and at the School of Law. In 2010, the College of Pharmacy was established, and the institution was granted a change to its charter that permits it to offer the degree of Doctor of Pharmacy. Western New England University has 45,000 alumni around the world.

On July 1, 2011, Western New England College officially became Western New England University. The Massachusetts Board of Higher Education approved the name change in March 2011. The Schools of Arts and Sciences, Business, Engineering, and Pharmacy became the Colleges of Arts and Sciences, Business, Engineering, and Pharmacy. The School of Law retained its name.

Affiliations
Western New England University is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education. Business programs are accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business, engineering programs are accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, and social work programs are accredited by the Council on Social Work Education. The School of Law is accredited by the American Bar Association and is a member of the Association of American Law Schools. Teacher education programs have been approved by the Massachusetts Board of Education and are part of the Interstate Certification Compact. Western New England University is also a member of the Association of American Colleges, the National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities, and the Association of Independent Colleges and Universities of Massachusetts.

Student life
For the 2021–2022 academic year, enrollment at Western New England University was 3,674 students. Full-time undergraduate enrollment totaled 2,522 students; approximately 58 percent are male students and 42 percent female. Law enrollment was 395 students, and part-time undergraduate, graduate studies and adult learners, pharmacy, and occupational therapy enrollment totaled 731.

Notable persons

Alumni
Western New England University has 43,000 alumni who live and work around the world. The Western New England University School of Law has more than 7,000 alumni, while the MBA and MSA programs have nearly 6,000 alumni. The general University alumni magazine used to be called The Communicator. The School of Law alumni magazine is called Perspectives. A new magazine launched in 2019 called WNE: The Magazine of Western New England University.

Notable alumni
 John Joseph Bell, Air Force officer and member of the Virginia House of Delegates
 Nicholas Boldyga - member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives (served 2011–present)
 Thomas G. Bowman JD - American political aide and retired Marine Corps Colonel who served as the United States Deputy Secretary of Veterans Affairs from August 10, 2017, to June 15, 2018
 Stephen Buoniconti JD'95 - former member of the Massachusetts Senate (served 2005–2011) and former member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives (served 2001 - 2004).
 Lawrence F. Cafero JD'81 - member of Connecticut House of Representatives and Republican House Leader.
 Gale D. Candaras  JD'82 - member of the Massachusetts Senate (served 2007–present) and former member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives (served 1996 - 2006).
 Michael A. Christ JD'02 - former Deputy Majority Leader of Connecticut House of Representatives.
 Cheryl A. Coakley-Rivera JD'95, member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives (served 1999–present).
 Michael Charles Green JD'86 - District Attorney for Monroe County, New York
 Curt Hawkins - WWE Wrestler (Did not graduate)
 Anthony Katagas - Academy Award-winning producer of 12 Years A Slave.
 Daniel F. Keenan JD - former member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives (served 1995–2007)
 John Kissel JD'84 - member of the Connecticut State Senate.
 Michael Mori JD'94 - U.S. Marine Corps lawyer.
 Thomas S. Moorman Jr. MBA'72 - served as Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force.
 Tim Murray JD'94 - former Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts and former Mayor of Worcester, Massachusetts.
 Larry O'Brien '42 - Chairman of the Democratic National Committee during the Watergate break-in, former National Basketball Association Commissioner, and former U.S. Postmaster General (then a Cabinet position). O'Brien was campaign manager for John F. Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, Hubert Humphrey, George McGovern, and Foster Furcolo.  Namesake of the Smithsonian Institution's O'Brien Gallery in Washington, DC and the Lawrence O'Brien Award.
 Thomas Petrolati - member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives (served 1987–present)
 Angelo Puppolo JD'01 - member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives (served 2007–present) and former City Councilor in the city of Springfield, Massachusetts
 Joseph Rallo JD'76 - president of Angelo State University.
Regina Rush-Kittle MS'97 - past deputy commissioner, Connecticut State Division of Emergency Management and Homeland Security
 Rodney Smith - bronze medal winner in the 68-kg division of the Greco-Roman wrestling competition at the 1992 Olympic Games and also competed in the 1996 Olympic Games
 Thomas L. Stevenson JD'77 - former member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (served 1997–2006)
 John E. Sweeney JD'91 - former member of the U.S. House of Representatives from upstate New York and noted conservative legislator
 Tommy Tallarico - video game music composer and musician
 Joseph Wagner - former member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives (served 1991 – 2023)

Notable faculty and staff
 Pearl Abraham - assistant professor of English and an American novelist, essayist, and short story writer who has written four novels: The Romance Reader, Giving Up America, The Seventh Beggar, and American Taliban
 Anthony S. Caprio - president emeritus of Western New England University and a French language scholar
 Charles Clason - former dean of the School of Law, former member of the House of Representatives from Massachusetts from 1937 to 1949, and namesake of the School of Law's Clason Speaker Series
 Julie Croteau - former baseball assistant coach after she was the first woman to play men's NCAA baseball at St. Mary's College of Maryland
 Stephen Danbusky - former men's soccer assistant coach and former professional soccer player
 Jean Marie Higiro - associate professor of communication and former director of the Rwandan Information Office (ORINFOR), a government corporation that run Radio Rwanda, Rwandan Television and state controlled media in the Republic of Rwanda
 Tom Hull - associate professor of mathematics and expert in the mathematics of paper folding
 Chris Iijima - former professor and Asian American folksinger, educator and legal scholar
Linda Jones - professor of materials science and engineering
 Barbara Lenk - trustee and associate justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court
 Joan Mahoney - former dean of the School of Law and former dean of Wayne State University Law School
 Michael Meeropol - former economics professor, eldest son of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, and the author of SURRENDER: How the Clinton Administration Completed the Reagan Revolution
 Robert Meeropol former anthropology professor from 1971 to 1973 and son of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
 Richard Muhlberger - former professor of art history, former vice-director of New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art, and an American art critic.  Also author of numerous art titles including:  What makes a Rembrandt a Rembrandt?, What makes a Raphael a Raphael?, What makes a Bruegel a Bruegel?, What makes a Degas a Degas?, Bible in Art: The Old Testament, Bible in Art: The New Testament, and Charles Webster Hawthorne: Paintings and Watercolors.
 Anibál Nieves - former head wrestling coach and wrestler representing Puerto Rico in the 1992 and 1996 Olympics and two-time silver medalist at the Pan American Games

Notes

References

External links
Official website
Official athletics website

Universities and colleges in Springfield, Massachusetts
Universities and colleges established in 1919
1919 establishments in Massachusetts
Northeastern University
Private universities and colleges in Massachusetts

Western New England University


Beyond the Sixth Seal is a side-project band of Mike McKenzie and Greg Weeks of The Red Chord. They were formed as a thrash metal band in the suburbs of Boston in 1998 and released a few demos. In the summer of 2000, bassist Adam Wentworth (The Red Chord) joined up with BTSS to record their debut EP A Homicide Divine in early 2001.

After a European tour and a series of shows in the United States, writing for the full length began. Earth And Sphere was written during a major line-up change, as Adam moved to guitar and the band saw the exit of Rob Devlin (guitar) and Lawrence Kwong (vocals). Beyond the Sixth Seal continued the album writing process while searching for suitable replacements. The first to join was Matt Woods (American Nightmare) on bass, followed shortly after by Mike McKenzie (also of The Red Chord) on vocals. The album was released in 2002 on German label Lifeforce Records and Beyond the Sixth Seal disbanded the following year in 2003.

In 2006, the band has reformed as a studio project and is currently signed to Metal Blade Records. A rough demo of a new song appears on their Myspace page.

Members
Brendan Roche - drums (1998-2003, 2006–)
Mike "Gunface" McKenzie - vocals, guitar (2001-2003, 2006-)
Greg Weeks - bass (2003, 2006-)

Former members
 Ross McCue - guitar
Justin Chapel - guitar (1998-2003)
Rob Devlin - guitar (1998-2001)
 Lawrence Kwong - vocals (1998-2001)
Adam Wentworth - bass (2000-2001) guitar (2001-2003)
 Matt Woods - bass (2001-2003)

Discography
Albums
2002: Earth and Sphere (Lifeforce Records)
2007: The Resurrection of Everything Tough (Metal Blade Records)

EPs
2001: A Homicide Divine (Voice of Life Records)

Demos
1999: Genocide Empire
2000: The White Demo
2002: Knives & Guns

References

External links

 [ Beyond the Sixth Seal] at AllMusic
 Lifeforce Records

Heavy metal musical groups from Massachusetts
American melodic death metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 1998
Musical groups disestablished in 2003
Musical groups reestablished in 2006
Black Market Activities artists
Metal Blade Records artists
American musical trios
1998 establishments in Massachusetts

Beyond the Sixth Seal


Prevention through design (PtD), also called safety by design usually in Europe, is the concept of applying methods to minimize occupational hazards early in the design process, with an emphasis on optimizing employee health and safety throughout the life cycle of materials and processes.  It is a concept and movement that encourages construction or product designers to "design out" health and safety risks during design development. The process also encourages the various stakeholders within a construction project to be collaborative and share the responsibilities of workers' safety evenly. The concept supports the view that along with quality, programme and cost; safety is determined during the design stage. It increases the cost-effectiveness of enhancements to occupational safety and health.

Compared to traditional forms of hazard control, PtD possesses a proactive nature whereas other safety measures are reactive to incidences that occur within construction projects. This method for reducing workplace safety risks lessens workers' reliance on personal protective equipment, which is the least effective of the hierarchy of hazard control.

Background
Each year in the U.S., 55,000 people die from work-related injuries and diseases, 294,000 are made sick, and 3.8 million are injured. The annual direct and indirect costs have been estimated to range from $128 billion to $155 billion. For U.S. industries such as construction, even though construction personnel account for only 5% of the total U.S. workforce, they are responsible for nearly 20% of all workplace fatalities. Recent studies in Australia indicate that design is a significant contributor to 37% of work-related fatalities; therefore, the successful implementation of prevention through design concepts can have substantial impacts on worker health and safety.

A safer workplace can be created by removing hazards and reducing worker risks to an appropriate level "at the source," or as early in the life cycle of products or workplaces as possible.
Designing, redesigning and retrofitting new and current work environments, systems, tools, facilities, equipment, machinery, goods, chemicals, work processes, and work organization. Improving the working climate by incorporating preventive approaches into all designs that have an effect on employees and those on the premises.
The strategic plan lays out the objectives for implementing the PtD Plan for the National Initiative successfully.

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in the United States is a major contributor and promoter of PtD policy and guidelines. NIOSH considers PtD to be "the most effective and reliable type" of prevention of occupational injuries. A core tenet of PtD philosophy the concept of addressing workplace hazards using methods at the top of the Hierarchy of Controls, namely elimination and substitution.

Within Europe, construction designers are legally bound to design out risks during design development to reduce hazards in the construction and end use phases via the Mobile Worksite Directive (also known as CDM regulations in the UK). The concept supports this legal requirement.  Some Notified Bodies provide testing and design verification services to ensure compliance with the safety standards defined in regulation codes such as the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.  Many non-governmental organizations have been established to support this aim, principally in the UK, Australia and the United States.

History
While engineering, as a rule, factors human safety into the design process, a modern appraisal of specific links to design and workers' safety can be seen in efforts beginning in the 1800s.  Trends included the widespread implementation of guards for machinery, controls for elevators, and boiler safety practices. This was followed by enhanced design for ventilation, enclosures, system monitors, lockout/tagout controls, and hearing protectors. More recently, there has been the development of chemical process safety, ergonomically engineered tools, chairs, and work stations, lifting devices, retractable needles, latex-free gloves, and a parade of other safety devices and processes.

In 2007, the US National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety began its National Initiative on Prevention through Design with the goal of promoting prevention through design philosophy, practice, and policy.

Goal
The PtD National Initiative's goal is to avoid or mitigate occupational accidents, diseases, deaths, and exposures by incorporating prevention factors into all designs that impact people in the workplace. This is accomplished by eliminating hazards and reducing worker risks to an acceptable level "at the source," or as early in the life cycle of items or workplaces as possible.
Designing, redesigning, and retrofitting new and existing work premises, structures, tools, facilities, equipment, machinery, products, substances, work processes, and work organization.

Integration
Prevention through design represents a shift in approach for on-the-job safety. It involves evaluating potential risks associated with processes, structures, equipment, and tools. It takes into consideration the construction, maintenance, decommissioning, and disposal or recycling of waste material.

The idea of redesigning job tasks and work environments has begun to gain momentum in business and government as a cost-effective means to enhance occupational safety and health. Many U.S. companies openly support PtD concepts and have developed management practices to implement them. Other countries are actively promoting PtD concepts as well. The United Kingdom began requiring construction companies, project owners, and architects to address safety and health during the design phase of projects in 1994. Australia developed the Australian National OHS Strategy 2002–2012, which set "eliminating hazards at the design stage" as one of five national priorities. As a result, the Australian Safety and Compensation Council (ASCC) developed the Safe Design National Strategy and Action Plans for Australia encompassing a wide range of design areas.

In the US

Government
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is a large contributor to prevention through design efforts in the United States. Several NIOSH initiatives and guidelines directly or indirectly advocate for PtD practices. Through NIOSH efforts, the U.S. Green Building Council posted new PtD credits available for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification for construction. Additionally, they provide a wide variety of educational and guidance materials on the topic of PtD The NIOSH "Buy Quiet" initiative uses elements of prevention through design to encourage companies to buy quieter machinery, thereby reducing occupational hearing loss for their workers.

The Prevention through Design (PtD) Initiative of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health  collaborates with business, labor, trade unions, professional organizations, and academia. The curriculum focuses on "designing out" workplace hazards and threats in order to avoid sickness, injury, and death. Encourage technical accreditation bodies to include PtD in their evaluations to educate and encourage others to use PtD goals and processes in collaborative design and renovation of facilities, work processes, equipment, and resources.

Priorities of this initiative include:
 attempting to make business executives aware of the cost-cutting potential of PtD,
 produce succinct, actionable PtD guides and checklists for small companies, their insurers, and the publishers of local government codebooks,
 increase PtD practice by disseminating case studies of real-world PtD solutions and empowering stakeholders to implement and share them, and * encourage businesses, trade unions, governments, academic institutions, and consensus standards organizations to use PtD in policy revisions.

On the International Stage

United Kingdoms
Within the United Kingdom (U.K.), PtD has been legally required for those in the construction industry since March 31, 1995. At the time of implementation, the fatality rate within the U.K. construction industry was 10 fatalities per 100,000 workers. In 2021, the fatality rate has been reduced to 1.62 fatalities per 100,000 workers. Although it cannot be established that PtD is the sole facilitator of this reduction in construction fatalities, it does show that since its enactment, fatalities have dropped substantially. Since its establishment in 1995, the UK government has periodically updated the legislation with the 2015 version of The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations placing even greater emphasis on the role that principal designers should play in injury and fatality prevention during the design phase of a project.

Australia
In Australia, the Work Health and Safety Act of 2011 was passed which included elements that laid out the legal responsibilities of employers, designers, and other stakeholders within construction projects to take the necessary steps to ensure that safety is prioritized through all phases of the construction process. In practice, what this has looked like is Australian state governments such as Queensland, South Australia, and Western Australia mandating design professionals to create a strategy for safety considerations throughout the construction process. The plan has to include pre-construction considerations, how safety can be evaluated, and providing details of how safety will be controlled once the physical construction process begins. Even before the Work Health and Safety Act of 2011, since 1998, any construction project that was valued over AU$3 million was subject to this requirement.

Singapore
In Singapore, the government's Workplace Safety and Health Council pioneered a Design for Safety (Dfs) mark which would allow the Singaporean government to recognize construction projects that were completed with safety in mind. Receiving the Dfs mark for safety considerations is analogous to a building receiving a LEED certification for featuring aspects of sustainability and carbon footprint reduction.

Barriers to PtD Implementation

Education
Even though PtD is not a new concept and has shown to be associated with reductions in injuries and fatalities across various construction industries on the international stage, it is still not a core feature of various engineering and architectural schools' curriculum. This can compromise designers' ability to consider safety in real-world applications since they have had limited education on the concept of safety let alone PtD.

See also

References

Sources

</ref>

External links

 Prevention through Design
 The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
 Society of Manufacturing Engineers
 Australian Safety and Compensation Council
 Safety and Health Awareness for Preventive Engineering (SHAPE) program
 Whole Building Design approach
 Project Minerva and Minerva Canada
 Design for Construction Safety
 NIOSH Buy Quiet Topic Page

Further reading
 MacCollum, David V. Construction Safety Engineering Principles Designing and Managing Safer Job Sites (1st ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. .
 Brauer, Roger L. Safety and Health for Engineers (2nd ed.). Wiley-Interscience. .

Occupational safety and health
Safety engineering
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Occupational health psychology

Prevention through design


Bernd Fischer (18 December 1936 – 13 August 2020) was a German mathematician.

He is best known for his contributions to the classification of finite simple groups, and discovered several of the sporadic groups. He introduced 3-transposition groups and constructed the three Fischer groups, predicted the existence of the baby monster and monster groups, and described and computed the character table of the baby monster.

He did his PhD in 1963 at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main under the direction of Reinhold Baer.

Career
Fischer went to Goethe University in Frankfurt to study mathematics under Baer in the early 60s, receiving his PhD in 1963. He later moved to the Bielefeld University, where he became head of mathematical sciences.

In 1970, he classified the almost-simple groups generated by 3-transpositions. In the process, he discovered three new sporadic groups, which were later called the Fischer groups. His proof that the classification was complete was known but not published in a single narrative until Aschbacher published an elementary introduction of 3-transposition groups in 1996.

By loosening some of the conditions on his classification, in 1973 he predicted the existence of two larger sporadic simple groups: a {3,4}-transposition group, now known as the baby monster group, and a {3,4,5,6}-transposition group now known as the monster group or the Fischer-Griess Monster.  These would turn out to be the two largest sporadic groups that could exist. Robert Griess independently discovered the Monster group and published a description in 1976.

Fischer went on to compute the character table for both monsters, in collaboration with Donald Livingstone and Michael Thorne. Leon and Sims first produced a construction of the baby monster in 1977, and Griess produced one for the monster in 1980.

Personal life
Fischer was raised in Bad Endbach.  He later moved to North Rhine-Westphalia, where he died in August, 2020.

Notes

20th-century German mathematicians
1936 births
2020 deaths

Bernd Fischer (mathematician)


Sombrerillito Creek is a small stream of water located in Webb County, Texas which runs through Laredo, Texas. The creek is formed 13 miles north of Laredo and runs southwest for 16 miles until connecting to the Rio Grande. Sombrerillito Creek was dammed in northwest Laredo to form Sombrerillito Creek Lake, the third largest lake in Laredo. The terrain surrounding the creek is mostly clay and sandy loams. The vegetation surrounding the creek is mostly made up of mesquite, cacti, chaparral, hardwoods and grasses. Sombrerillito Creek crosses one major highway in Laredo, Texas among them are: Farm to Market Road 1472.

Coordinates
 Source:  Webb County, Texas
 Mouth:  Rio Grande at Laredo, Texas

See also
 List of rivers of Texas
 List of tributaries of the Rio Grande

References

Tributaries of the Rio Grande
Geography of Laredo, Texas
Rivers of Texas

Sombrerillito Creek


The Akin Free Library on Quaker Hill is a historic eclectic late Victorian stone building in the hamlet of Quaker Hill, town of Pawling, Dutchess County, New York, USA, listed in the National Register of Historic Places as a historic place of local significance since 1991.

The Akin Free Library was a gift from the Quaker Albert J. Akin (1803–1903), founder of the Bank of Pawling and the Mizzentop Hotel on Quaker Hill. The building was designed by the architect John A. Wood and constructed between 1898 and 1908.  It is a 2½-story, T-plan, stone building on a raised basement with an engaged three-story central clock tower and rear annex.  The building features an entrance portico, bracketed sheet copper cornice, and standing seam copper roof.  Its design is Victorian eclectic.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.

The library itself is located on the first floor of the building. Among others, its holdings of several thousand books contain books of local interest and by local authors, a children's section, and newspaper collections.

Museums
The Historical Society Museum occupies the second floor of the building.  Its collections include objects pertaining to the local history such as period and Quaker clothing, tools and artwork, bowling pins from the Mizzentop Hotel, and the service window from the old Quaker Hill Post Office.

The lower floor of the building houses the Olive Gunnison Natural History Museum, which displays about 200 mounted birds, rocks and minerals, as well as a shrunken human head.

External links
online article by the Historical Society of Quaker Hill and Pawling
travel article in the New York Times
online travel article on Pawling
web page on the bird collection of the Gunnison Natural History Museum

References

Libraries on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Private libraries in the United States
Museums in Dutchess County, New York
Natural history museums in New York (state)
History museums in New York (state)
Library buildings completed in 1908
Pawling, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Dutchess County, New York
1908 establishments in New York (state)

Akin Free Library


Streptococcus pyogenes is a species of Gram-positive, aerotolerant bacteria in the genus Streptococcus.  These bacteria are extracellular, and made up of non-motile and non-sporing cocci (round cells) that tend to link in chains. They are clinically important for humans, as they are an infrequent, but usually pathogenic, part of the skin microbiota that can cause Group A streptococcal infection.  S. pyogenes  is the predominant species harboring the Lancefield group A antigen, and is often called group A Streptococcus (GAS).  However, both Streptococcus dysgalactiae and the Streptococcus anginosus group can possess group A antigen as well.  Group A streptococci, when grown on blood agar, typically produce small (2–3 mm) zones of beta-hemolysis, a complete destruction of red blood cells. The name group A (beta-hemolytic) Streptococcus (GABHS) is thus also used.

The species name is derived from Greek words meaning 'a chain' () of berries ( [Latinized from ]) and pus ()-forming (genes), since a number of infections caused by the bacterium produce pus.  The main criterion for differentiation between Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. is the catalase test.  Staphylococci are catalase positive whereas streptococci are catalase-negative.  S. pyogenes can be cultured on fresh blood agar plates. The PYR test allows for the differentiation of Streptococcus pyogenes from other morphologically similar beta-hemolytic streptococci (including S. dysgalactiae subsp. esquismilis) as S. pyogenes will produce a positive test result.

An estimated 700 million GAS infections occur worldwide each year. While the overall mortality rate for these infections is less than 0.1%, over 650,000 of the cases are severe and invasive, and these cases have a mortality rate of 25%. Early recognition and treatment are critical; diagnostic failure can result in sepsis and death.

Epidemiology

S. pyogenes typically colonizes the throat, genital mucosa, rectum, and skin. Of healthy individuals, 1% to 5% have throat, vaginal, or rectal carriage. In healthy children, such carriage rate varies from 2 to 17%. There are four methods for the transmission of this bacterium: inhalation of respiratory droplets, skin contact, contact with objects, surface, or dust that is contaminated with bacteria or, less commonly, transmission through food. Such bacteria can cause a variety of diseases such as streptococcal pharyngitis, rheumatic fever, rheumatic heart disease, and scarlet fever. Although pharyngitis is mostly viral in origin, about 15 to 30% of all pharyngitis cases in children are caused by GAS; meanwhile, 5 to 20% of pharyngitis in adults are streptococcal. The number of pharyngitis cases is higher in children than in adults due to exposures in schools, nurseries, and as a consequence of lower host immunity. Cases of Streptococcal pharyngitis occur more frequently in later winter to early spring in seasonal countries due to many people rebreathing the same indoor air. Disease cases are the lowest during autumn.

The MT1 (metabolic type 1) clone is frequently associated with invasive Streptococcus pyogenes infections among developed countries. The incidence and mortality of S. pyogenes was high during the pre-penicillin era, but had already started to fall prior to the widespread availability of penicillin. Therefore, environmental factors do play a role in the S. pyogenes infection. Incidence of S. pyogenes is 2 to 4 per 100,000 population in developed countries and 12 to 83 per 100,000 population in developing countries. S. pyogenes infection is more frequently found in men than women, with highest rates in the elderly, followed by infants. In people with risk factors such as heart disease, diabetes, malignancy, blunt trauma, surgical incision, virus respiratory infection, including influenza, S. pyogenes infection happens in 17 to 25% of all cases. GAS secondary infection usually happens within one week of the diagnosis of influenza infection. In 14 to 16% of childhood S. pyogenes infections, there is a prior chickenpox infection. Such S. pyogenes infection in children usually manifests as severe soft tissue infection with onset 4 to 12 days from the chickenpox diagnosis. There is also 40 to 60 times increase in risk of S. pyogenes infection within the first two weeks of chickenpox infection in children. However, 20 to 30% of S. pyogenes infection does occur in adults with no identifiable risk factors. The incidence is higher in children (50 to 80% of S. pyogenes infection) with no known risk factors. The rates of scarlet fever in UK was usually 4 in 100,000 population, however, in 2014, the rates had risen to 49 per 100,000 population. Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease (RHD) usually occurs at 2 to 3 weeks after the throat infection, which is more common among the impoverished people in developing countries. From 1967 to 1996, the global mean incidence of rheumatic fever and RHD was 19 per 100,000 with the highest incidence at 51 per 100,000.

Maternal S. pyogenes infection usually happens in late pregnancy; at more than 30 weeks of gestation to four weeks postpartum, which accounts for 2 to 4% of all the S. pyogenes infections. This represents 20 to 100 times increase in risk for S. pyogenes infections. Clinical manifestations are: pneumonia, septic arthritis, necrotizing fasciitis, and genital tract sepsis. According to a study done by Queen Charlotte's hospital in London during the 1930s, the vagina was not the common source of such infection. On the contrary, maternal throat infection and close contacts with carriers were the more common sites for maternal S. pyogenes infection.

Bacteriology

Serotyping

In 1928, Rebecca Lancefield published a method for serotyping S. pyogenes based on its cell-wall polysaccharide, a virulence factor displayed on its surface. Later, in 1946, Lancefield described the serologic classification of S. pyogenes isolates based on their surface T-antigen.  Four of the 20 T-antigens have been revealed to be pili, which are used by bacteria to attach to host cells. As of 2016, a total of 120 M proteins are identified. These M proteins are encoded by 234 types emm gene with greater than 1,200 alleles.

Lysogeny

All strains of S. pyogenes are polylysogenized, in that they carry one or more bacteriophage on their genomes. Some of the 'phages may be defective, but in some cases active 'phage may compensate for defects in others. In general, the genome of S. pyogenes strains isolated during disease are >90% identical, they differ by the 'phage they carry.

Virulence factors

S. pyogenes has several virulence factors that enable it to attach to host tissues, evade the immune response, and spread by penetrating host tissue layers.  A carbohydrate-based bacterial capsule composed of hyaluronic acid surrounds the bacterium, protecting it from phagocytosis by neutrophils. In addition, the capsule and several factors embedded in the cell wall, including M protein, lipoteichoic acid, and protein F (SfbI) facilitate attachment to various host cells.  M protein also inhibits opsonization by the alternative complement pathway by binding to host complement regulators.  The M protein found on some serotypes is also able to prevent opsonization by binding to fibrinogen.  However, the M protein is also the weakest point in this pathogen's defense, as antibodies produced by the immune system against M protein target the bacteria for engulfment by phagocytes.  M proteins are unique to each strain, and identification can be used clinically to confirm the strain causing an infection.

Genome
The genomes of different strains were sequenced (genome size is 1.8–1.9 Mbp) encoding about 1700-1900 proteins (1700 in strain NZ131, 1865 in strain MGAS5005). Complete genome sequences of the type strain of S. pyogenes (NCTC 8198T = CCUG 4207T) are available in DNA Data Bank of Japan, European Nucleotide Archive, and GenBank under the accession numbers LN831034 and CP028841.

Biofilm formation
Biofilms are a way for S. pyogenes, as well as other bacterial cells, to communicate with each other. In the biofilm gene expression for multiple purposes (such as defending against the host immune system) is controlled via quorum sensing.
One of the biofilm forming pathways in GAS is the Rgg2/3 pathway. It regulates SHP's (short hydrophobic peptides) that are quorum sensing pheromones a.k.a. autoinducers. The SHP's are translated to an immature form of the pheromone and must undergo processing, first by a metalloprotease enzyme inside the cell and then in the extracellular space, to reach their mature active form. The mode of transportation out of the cell and the extracellular processing factor(s) are still unknown. The mature SHP pheromone can then be taken into nearby cells and the cell it originated from via a transmembrane protein, oligopeptide permease.
In the cytosol the pheromones have two functions in the Rgg2/3 pathway. Firstly, they inhibit the activity of Rgg3 which is a transcriptional regulator repressing SHP production. Secondly, they bind another transcriptional regulator, Rgg2, that increases the production of SHP's, having an antagonistic effect to Rgg3. SHP's activating their own transcriptional activator creates a positive feedback loop, which is common for the production for quorum sensing peptides. It enables the rapid production of the pheromones in large quantities. The production of SHP's increases biofilm biogenesis.
It has been suggested that GAS switches between biofilm formation and degradation by utilizing pathways with opposing effects. Whilst Rgg2/3 pathway increases biofilm, the RopB pathway disrupts it. RopB is another Rgg-like protein (Rgg1) that directly activates SpeB (Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B), a cysteine protease that acts as a virulence factor. In the absence of this pathway, biofilm formation is enhanced, possibly due to the lack of the protease degrading pheromones or other Rgg2/3 pathway counteracting effects.

Disease

S. pyogenes is the cause of many human diseases, ranging from mild superficial skin infections to life-threatening systemic diseases. Infections typically begin in the throat or skin. The most striking sign is a strawberry-like rash. Examples of mild S. pyogenes infections include pharyngitis (strep throat) and localized skin infection (impetigo).  Erysipelas and cellulitis are characterized by multiplication and lateral spread of S. pyogenes in deep layers of the skin. S. pyogenes invasion and multiplication in the fascia can lead to necrotizing fasciitis, a life-threatening condition which requires prompt surgical intervention to reduce morbidity and mortality. The bacterium is found in neonatal infections.

Infections due to certain strains of S. pyogenes can be associated with the release of bacterial toxins. Throat infections associated with release of certain toxins lead to scarlet fever.  Other toxigenic S. pyogenes infections may lead to streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, which can be life-threatening.

S. pyogenes can also cause disease in the form of post-infectious "non-pyogenic" (not associated with local bacterial multiplication and pus formation) syndromes. These autoimmune-mediated complications follow a small percentage of infections and include rheumatic fever and acute post-infectious glomerulonephritis. Both conditions appear several weeks following the initial streptococcal infection.  Rheumatic fever is characterized by inflammation of the joints and/or heart following an episode of streptococcal pharyngitis.  Acute glomerulonephritis, inflammation of the renal glomerulus, can follow streptococcal pharyngitis or skin infection.

This bacterium remains acutely sensitive to penicillin. Failure of treatment with penicillin is generally attributed to other local commensal organisms producing β-lactamase, or failure to achieve adequate tissue levels in the pharynx.  Certain strains have developed resistance to macrolides, tetracyclines, and clindamycin.

Vaccine
There is a polyvalent inactivated vaccine against several types of Streptococcus including S. pyogenes called " vacuna antipiogena polivalente BIOL" it is recommended an administration in a series of 5 weeks. Two weekly applications are made at intervals of 2 to 4 days. The vaccine is produced by the  Instituto Biológico Argentino.

There is another potential vaccine being developed; the vaccine candidate peptide is called StreptInCor.

Applications

Bionanotechnology
Many S. pyogenes proteins have unique properties, which have been harnessed in recent years to produce a highly specific "superglue" and a route to enhance the effectiveness of antibody therapy.

Genome editing
The CRISPR system from this organism that is used to recognize and destroy DNA from invading viruses, thus stopping the infection, was appropriated in 2012 for use as a genome-editing tool that could potentially alter any piece of DNA and later RNA.

See also
 Friedrich Fehleisen
 Friedrich Julius Rosenbach
 Friedrich Loeffler
 Frederick Twort

References

Further reading

  (corresponding summary article)

External links
 Type strain of Streptococcus pyogenes at BacDive -  the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
 Nature-Inspired CRISPR Enzyme Discoveries Vastly Expand Genome Editing . On: SciTechDaily. June 16, 2020. Source: Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Streptococcaceae
Gram-positive bacteria
Pathogenic bacteria
Scarlet fever
Tonsil disorders
Bacteria described in 1884

Streptococcus pyogenes


Biolex Therapeutics was a biotechnology firm in the Research Triangle of North Carolina which was founded in 1997 and raised $190 million from investors.  It filed for  Chapter 7 bankruptcy on July 5, 2012.

The company focused on expression of difficult-to-synthesize recombinant proteins in its LEX platform, which used Lemna, a duckweed.  The duckweeds are a family of small aquatic plants that can be grown in sterile culture.  Biolex developed recombinant DNA technology for efficiently producing pharmaceutical proteins in Lemna.  Therapeutic glycosylated proteins, including monoclonal antibodies and interferon (IFN-alpha2b) have been produced using the LEX platform.

Biolex acquired Epicyte Pharmaceutical Inc. on May 6, 2004, and acquired the LemnaGene SA of Lyon, France in 2005. Biolex was a privately held company, originally backed by Quaker BioVentures, The Trelys Funds, and Polaris Venture Partners.  The term "plantibody" is trademarked by Biolex.  In May 2012 Biolex announced that it sold the LEX System to Synthon, a Netherlands-based specialty pharmaceutical company. The sale included two preclinical biologics made with the LEX System, BLX-301, a humanized and glyco-optimized anti-CD20 antibody for non-Hodgkin's B-cell lymphoma and other B-cell malignancies and BLX-155, a direct-acting thrombolytic.  The financial terms of the sale were not disclosed.

References

External links
 Official site
 Background information on production of therapeutic proteins in 'Lemna'

Biotechnology companies of the United States
Defunct pharmaceutical companies of the United States
Life sciences industry
Biotechnology companies established in 1997
Biotechnology companies disestablished in 2012
Pharmaceutical companies disestablished in 2012
1997 establishments in North Carolina
2012 disestablishments in North Carolina

Biolex


The Chronica Boemorum (Chronicle of the Czechs, or Bohemians) is the first Latin chronicle in which the history of the Czech lands has been consistently and relatively fully described. It was written in 1119–1125 by Cosmas of Prague.

The manuscript includes information about historical events in Czech land from ancient times to the first quarter of the 12th century. At the same time, the Chronicle is not limited to Czech national historiography, also revealing the relationship between various European states during the 10th–12th centuries.

The author of the chronicle had been known as the dean of the chapter of St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague Cosmas of Prague. Being a valuable historical source, especially as it relates to events whose contemporary was Cosmas, the Czech Chronicle in many respects set the direction for the subsequent development of the Czech annals. The chronicler worked on the chronicle until his death in 1125. Despite of some inaccuracies and a vivid expression of the author's own position, the scientific level is high for that era and the importance of the events described in it put Cosmas of Prague into one of the most significant chroniclers of medieval Europe.

The Chronica was continued by various, collectively called Cosmas's continuators, down to 1300.

Literature

References

External links
Chronica Boemorum — the chronicle accessible on-line at Monumenta Germaniae Historica

12th-century books
Latin chronicles
Czech chronicles
Czech manuscripts

Chronica Boemorum


Aputula is a remote Aboriginal community in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is south of Alice Springs, near the border with South Australia. It is  east of the Stuart Highway. About 250 people live there. They are Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara, Luritja, and Lower Southern Arrernte people. The Finke River passes nearby the town, but it is dry for most of the year, except during floods.

The town was called Finke until the 1980s. It began as a trading stop on the Central Australian Railway. Local Aborigines traded dingo scalps, artefacts and tools for European goods. In the 1950s and 1960s, White farmers set up cattle stations around the town. Most of the Europeans left Finke when the railway line was moved westwards in the late 1970s. This was done because the track was damaged during huge floods in 1973 and 1974, so it was moved away from the river. The Aboriginal people living in the town did not move, and the town came to be known as Aputula. The name comes from a place called Putula near the town, which used to be the site of a water soak. Putula is an Arrernte word. Arrernte people used to get their water there, before the white people and the railway line came to the area.

Aputula holds the record of having the hottest day ever recorded in the Northern Territory— on 1 and 2 January 1960.

References

Indigenous Australian communities
Towns in the Northern Territory
Pitjantjatjara

Aputula


Carl Heinrich Max Freybe (September 26, 1886 (Stettin) – September 8, 1982 (Bielefeld))  was a German politician (business party) and official of the Association of Butchers.

Life and work

Youth and World War I (1886 to 1918)
Freybe was born the son of a butcher. He attended the Schiller High School in Stettin to Grade 7. From 1902 to 1904, he completed an apprenticeship as a butcher. From 1907 to 1908 he served on the West Pomeranian 38th Field Artillery Regiment. In 1910 he passed the certification test, then worked as a butcher with his father in Stettin. In 1912 he started his own business, and was married the same year.

From August 1914, Freybe served in World War I, and was commissioned as a lieutenant in the reserves. He was awarded Iron Cross medals (1st and 2nd class).

Weimar and Nazi era (1919 to 1945)
After World War I, Freybe was a member of the German Mittelstand (Middle Class Party). In the May 1928 Reichstag election, Freybe was elected a representative for Pomerania, a seat which he held for two legislative periods, until July 1932. He worked particularly hard for the interests of his own profession, but also worked for the interests of manual trades in general and the industrial middle class.

Freybe also worked for craft and trade organizations. He was chairman of the German Butchers Association for Pomerania in 1928 as well as head of the Stettin Butchers' Guild from 1928 to 1935. In 1934 he was appointed "Honorary Master of (all) Trades in Pomerania".

In the Second World War Freybe served as an officer in various capacities. His wife was killed in August 1944 during an air raid on Stettin.  The Freybe family home, built in 1891 and containing Freybe's company offices, was also destroyed.

Post-War Period
After Stettin became part of Poland in 1945, Freybe started a new business in Hanover.
In addition, Freybe worked for the German Butchers Association, of which he became the deputy chairman in 1950. In 1978, the Butchers Association created the Carl Freybe Medal, awarded every three years.

Carl Freybe later joined the FDP, running unsuccessfully in the Lower Saxony slate of candidates in the 1953 national election.  In 1957 he became the chairman of the Union of German Middle Class Parties. As chairman, he ran unsuccessfully as the lead candidate in the 1957 national election.

Publications
 I saw Canada. Report on a journey from the Atlantic to the Pacific. 1954.
 The technology in the meat industry. 1962.

References
 Eckhard Wendt: Stettiner Lebensbilder. Publications of the Historical Commission for Pomerania, Series V, Band 40. Böhlau Verlag, Köln Weimar Wien 2004, , pp. 159–160.

External links

 Carl Freybe in the files of the Reich Chancellery

1886 births
1982 deaths
Politicians from Szczecin
Politicians from the Province of Pomerania
Reich Party of the German Middle Class politicians
Free Democratic Party (Germany) politicians
Members of the Reichstag 1928–1930
Members of the Reichstag 1930–1932
German butchers
German military personnel of World War I
German military personnel of World War II
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class

Carl Freybe