Zinf is a free audio player for Unix-like and Windows operating systems. Zinf is released under the GNU General Public License.

Zinf is a continuation of the FreeAmp project and uses the same source code.

Technical features
Zinf can play sound files in MP3, Vorbis, and WAV formats, among others.  It supports skins and is part of the MusicBrainz network. The player features an optimized version of the Xing MPEG decoder, a powerful music browser and playlist editor, and a built in download manager which supports downloading files from sites using the RMP (RealJukebox) download process.  Zinf was also notable for handling all audio files based on their metadata (Author, Album, Song Title), and hiding more-technical details like actual locations and file names (but these features are now standard in many players).

Naming
Zinf is a recursive acronym that stands for "Zinf Is Not FreeAmp!"  Use of the name FreeAmp had to be discontinued due to trademark issues, as "AMP" is a trademark of PlayMedia Systems, Inc.

History/Funding
The FreeAmp project was originally funded by EMusic, who paid the salaries of 3 developers working on the player.  Later, Relatable joined EMusic to help support continued development.

In January 2001, after 2 years of funding the project EMusic pulled their support, and subsequently fired the developers. The Zinf project was unable to find another sponsor, and development slowed greatly.  The most recent release was made in early 2004.  As of 2008, nearly all development of Zinf has ceased.

Adoption
Once a popular open-source Linux audio player, it has now been largely surpassed by newcomers such as Audacious, Amarok, Exaile, Banshee and (more recently) Songbird. This is largely because Zinf has not seen an official new release since early 2004, and many new features that are now standard in rival players have not been implemented; such as cover art and lyric support.

In 2010 the zinf.com website was bought by a domain squatter for the purpose of capitalizing on the site's traffic for monetary gains. A new link called "QnA" and "Ads" are now visible on the zinf.com website that is a redirect to the squatter's site.

References

External links

Audio player software that uses GTK
Free software programmed in C++
Cross-platform software
Free audio software
Free media players
Linux media players
Windows media players
2002 software

Zinf


James Stewart Bain (19 December 1947 – 23 January 2016) was a Scottish musician, best known for playing bass guitar in the bands Rainbow and Dio. He also worked with Kate Bush and Thin Lizzy frontman Phil Lynott, co-writing on his solo albums.

Early life

Bain was born in Newtonmore, Badenoch and Strathspey, Highland, and played in several provincial amateur bands as a young teen. His parents and younger brothers relocated to Vancouver. By this point, he was playing professionally in Street Noise. However, he did join his family for a brief stay in Canada. Before returning to Scotland, getting his band Harlot and then hitting the London music scene, Bain joined Harlot in early 1974, after turning down a job with The Babys.

Career

Early career
Bain was asked to join Rainbow after Ritchie Blackmore had watched him performing at The Marquee in London. He recorded the studio album Rising with them and played on their following world tour. While on the tour, he played on Rainbow's first live album, On Stage. In January 1977, Bain was sacked from the band. He then toured Europe with John Cale.

Wild Horses

In 1978, Bain formed a band called Wild Horses. Jimmy was the lead vocalist, songwriter, as well as bassist for the band, which also included ex-Thin Lizzy guitarist Brian Robertson, drummer Clive Edwards (Pat Travers, Uli Jon Roth's Electric Sun) and guitarist Neil Carter (who went on to UFO and Gary Moore). Wild Horses released two albums on EMI in Europe, Wild Horses (1980) and Stand Your Ground (1981), the latter featuring John Lockton (ex-The Next Band) in place of Carter, before Robertson and Edwards both left in June 1981. Robertson joined Motörhead the following year while Edwards joined former Whitesnake guitarist Bernie Marsden's S.O.S.

Bain regrouped Wild Horses as a five-piece with ex-Lautrec members Reuben Archer (vocals) and Laurence Archer (guitar), and The Next Band's Frank Noon (drums), but they disbanded shortly after. Jimmy then worked with the former Family main-man Roger Chapman, Roy Harper, Gary Moore, and Kate Bush (on 1982's The Dreaming).

Bain co-wrote with his close friend Phil Lynott for the Lizzy man's two solo albums. A keyboard player as well as a bassist, he toured the material playing keyboards with Lynott's band. Their song, "Old Town" was re-recorded by The Corrs in 1999, and became a big hit worldwide.

He was secretly brought in by the German hard rockers Scorpions to play bass guitar on their 1984 album Love at First Sting. The leader of the band, rhythm guitarist Rudolf Schenker, wanted him to join the Scorpions as full-time bassist, but their management wanted to keep the line-up German, so Francis Buchholz was brought back and Bain's bass tracks were deleted.

Dio

In late 1982, Bain linked up again with ex-Rainbow vocalist Ronnie James Dio for the band Dio. A central figure within Dio, Bain co-wrote "Rainbow in the Dark", "Holy Diver" and two additional songs which appear on their 1983 released first album, Holy Diver. Bain co-wrote several other songs for the following albums, The Last in Line (1984), Sacred Heart (1985), Intermission (1986), Dream Evil (1987) and Killing the Dragon (2002).

In the mid-1980s, when the entertainment community became active in drawing attention to world charities, Bain founded Hear 'n Aid, a foundation in which he could involve the rock community to help eliminate world hunger. He also co-wrote the song, "Stars," with Vivian Campbell and Ronnie James Dio, which became the Heavy Rock world's answer to "We Are The World". "Stars" provided a major contribution to the famine relief charity appeal. Bain donated all of his shares of the proceeds to one of his favourite charities, Children of the Night.

In autumn 1989, Bain formed a band with vocalist Mandy Lion called World War III, but after their 1990 eponymous debut album, the band floundered. Bain's solo project The Key utilised a far more melodic and commercial approach. Guitarist on the project was Tracy G, borrowed from Dio's band, who was also the guitarist for World War III. Ronnie James Dio's concept project Magica (2000) saw Bain's return to the Dio lineup, and he played on the albums Magica and Killing the Dragon.

In 2005, Bain again joined forces with former Black Sabbath and Dio drummer, Vinny Appice, for two projects, The Hollywood All Starz and 3 Legged Dogg. While the Hollywood All Starz performed live concerts featuring greatest hits sets of the individual members, (Carlos Cavazo of Quiet Riot was another notable member of the band), 3 Legged Dogg produced a well received album of original material. In an interview with journalist, David Lee Wilson, Bain lamented Appice's eventual choice to leave both these groups so that he could tour with Ronnie James Dio in the Black Sabbath offshoot, Heaven and Hell.

Later career

Bain toured with Hollywood Allstarz, a supergroup featuring a number of 1980s metal stars. The group has included former members of Giuffria, Quiet Riot, and Lynch Mob. The band Last in Line was put together in 2013 comprising Bain, Viv Campbell, Vinny Appice, Claude Schnell and Andrew Freeman. That line-up (excluding singer Freeman) were the original songwriters and performers on the early classic Dio albums, and so intended to play gigs and to perform those songs.  Bain was in court-mandated rehabilitation during the recording sessions for their album Heavy Crown with a curfew that ordered that he return daily before 10 p.m.

Personal life
In 1979, Bain married Lady Sophia Crichton-Stuart, daughter of John Crichton-Stuart, 6th Marquess of Bute. They had one daughter, Samantha Ella Bain, born in 1981 (for whom Phil Lynott and John Sykes' song "Samantha" was written).

Death
On 23 January 2016, Jimmy Bain died while in his cabin on Def Leppard's "Hysteria on the High Seas" cruise. He was due to perform on the cruise with his group Last In Line the following day. The performance did not go ahead, and band members informed fans on the cruise that he had been battling pneumonia for some time. The cause of death was determined to be lung cancer. Bain had not been diagnosed with cancer and was aware only of his pneumonia. He is interred in Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills), not far from his bandmate Ronnie James Dio.

Discography

With Rainbow
 Rising (1976)
 On Stage (1977)
 Live in Germany (1990, recorded September 1976)

With Mike Montgomery
 Solo (1976)

With David Kubinec
 Some Things Never Change (1978)

With Thin Lizzy
 Black Rose: A Rock Legend (1979)

With Phil Lynott
Solo in Soho (1980)
The Philip Lynott Album (1982)

With Kate Bush
The Dreaming (1982)

With Wild Horses
 Wild Horses (1980)
 Stand Your Ground (1981)

With Gary Moore
 Dirty Fingers (1983)

With Dio
 Holy Diver (1983)
 The Last in Line (1984)
 Sacred Heart (1985)
 Intermission (1986)
 Dream Evil (1987)
 Magica (2000)
 Killing the Dragon (2002)

With World War III
 World War III (1991)

With 3 Legged Dogg
 Frozen Summer (2006)

With Last in Line
 Heavy Crown (2016)

References

External links

1947 births
2016 deaths
People from Badenoch and Strathspey
Scottish heavy metal bass guitarists
Scottish bass guitarists
Rainbow (rock band) members
Wild Horses (British band) members
Dio (band) members
The Gary Moore Band members
Scottish male songwriters
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
Deaths from lung cancer in Florida
People who died at sea

Jimmy Bain


Paul Hamburger (3 September 1920, Vienna – 11 April 2004, London) was a British pianist, accompanist, chamber musician, and scholar.

Paul Hamburger was born in Vienna in 1920, and studied at the Vienna State Academy before emigrating to England in 1939. In 1941, he received a scholarship to attend the Royal College of Music, London, studying with Frank Merrick, Gordon Jacob and Ralph Vaughan Williams, and he obtained his ARCM. From 1945, he started on a career as an accompanist, chamber musician and teacher, and was associated in concerts and on disc with many distinguished singers and instrumentalists, including Dame Janet Baker, Elisabeth Söderström, Max Rostal and Pierre Fournier. He performed both in Britain and abroad, including Germany, Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands, France and Belgium. Malcolm Arnold dedicated his Concerto for Piano Duet and Strings, op. 32 of 1951 to Hamburger and his piano duet partner, the composer pianist Helen Pyke.

Hamburger worked as coach for the English Chamber Group, preparing for the television performance of Benjamin Britten's The Turn of the Screw and touring with the company. He was also coach at Glyndebourne Opera, working on Fidelio, Alceste, The Rake's Progress, Arlecchino, many Rossini operas and all the Mozart operas. He coached the singers in Erich Leinsdorf's recording of Die Walküre with Birgit Nilsson. For twelve years, he held the post of official accompanist at the BBC, and was later the BBC producer responsible for the "Artists of the Younger Generation" series.

Hamburger taught singers and accompanists at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, London, and gave masterclasses and annual seminars in England, Scotland, Ireland, Germany, Austria, Sweden and Finland. His literary works include an edition of Mozart Lieder (Oxford University Press), contributions to books on Mozart songs, Mahler's Wunderhorn songs, Chopin and Britten, and translations, notably of Bruno Walter and Alfred Brendel.

He was a Fellow of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, an Honorary Member of the Royal Academy, London, and was awarded the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art in 1991, which was upgraded to 1st class in 2000.

References

1920 births
2004 deaths
Musicians from Vienna
Austrian emigrants to the United Kingdom
British classical pianists
Classical accompanists
Associates of the Royal College of Music
University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna alumni
People associated with the Guildhall School of Music and Drama
Recipients of the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century English musicians
Austrian classical pianists
Male classical pianists
British male pianists
20th-century British male musicians
BBC television producers

Paul Hamburger


The Guild of St. Stephen or Archconfraternity Guild of St. Stephen is an international organization of altar servers.

History
The Guild of St. Stephen was founded in 1904 by Father Hamilton McDonald when he formed a society of altar servers at the Convent of the Sacred Heart (now Woldingham School) in London. In 1905, Pope Pius X, gave his approbation to the canonical establishment of the Guild at Westminster Cathedral.

In 1906, the Sacred Congregation of Rites made the guild an Archconfraternity, enabling all the parish branches to be linked with it. In 1934, the Guild spread, leading to Pope Pius XI's enabling of all Guilds throughout the British Commonwealth to be affiliated with the Archconfraternity at Westminster. The Guild is primarily under the patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary, as well as that of St. Stephen (the Protomartyr, after whom the Guild was named), St. Thomas More, and St. Pius X.

Purpose
The purpose of the Guild of St. Stephen is "to encourage, positively and practically, the highest standards of serving at the Church's liturgy and so contribute to the whole community's participation in a more fruitful worship of God, to provide altar servers with a greater understanding of what they are doing so that they may serve with increasing reverence and prayerfulness and thereby be led to a deepening response to their vocation in life, and
to unite servers of different parishes and dioceses for their mutual support and encouragement."

Medals
Upon enrollment into the Guild, the server is presented with the Guild Medal, which is made of bronze and is worn around the neck, hanging from a red cord. The medal's meaning is twofold: firstly, that the parish priest, or local director of the Guild, has decided this particular server is eligible and worthy to be admitted to the Guild. Secondly, the server accepts and wears the medal as a sign of commitment to serve regularly as well as possible.

The letters "XP" are in the center of the medal, being the first two letters of the name "Christ" in Greek. At the top is the crown of victory given by God to everyone who overcomes evil, especially those who die for him. At the bottom are palm branches, traditional signs of martyrs who died for Christ. The motto of the Guild, "Cvi Servire Regnare Est," which means "To Serve is to Reign," is located around the edge of the front of the medal. The Latin words "Sancti Stephani Archi Soldalitas," or "Archconfraternity of Saint Stephen," are located around the edge on the back.

The material of the medal varies depending on how long a server has been a member of the Guild: The Bronze Medal is that which is given to a server upon enrollment; The Silver Medal, after 10 years of serving. The Silver Medal of Merit, is given after 20 years of serving, and the Gold Medal, after 50 years.

Other medals of the Guild include the Wooden Cross (which is used by some parishes for Altar Servers who have started serving prior to their enrollment), the Centenary Medal, which was commissioned for the centenary of the Guild in 2004, and the Gold Medal of Merit, which is granted to a server after 50 years of serving not necessarily all as a member of the guild.

Organization
The Guild of St. Stephen is led by the Superior General of the Archconfraternity, the Archbishop of Westminster. The National Director, appointed by the Archbishop, reports directly to the former. A lay Central Council, consisting of a President, Vice-President, Secretary, Treasurer and other members, assists in the running of the Guild. The Central Council is responsible for running the business side of the Guild and currently has members from Westminster, Lancaster, Brentwood, Southwark, Birmingham and Liverpool diocese's. Each year the Guild of St Stephen arranges events including a National Mass alternating from Westminster Cathedral and other Cathedrals around the country, and a guild dinner.

Many diocesan bishops appoint a Priest Director of the Guild for their own diocese and together these form a National Council of Priest Directors, which is an advisory body to the National Director. Some dioceses have organised their own local Lay Councils to assist the Diocesan Director in furthering the work of the Guild e.g. Brentwood Diocese.

The Guild may be erected in any parish with the permission of the bishop of the diocese and shall then be affiliated to the Archconfraternity at Westminster Cathedral. Thus, in each parish, while maintaining its objects and keeping the rules of the Archconfraternity, the Guild can be independent in its constitution and organisation.

Membership
Membership of the Guild is open to any server, regardless of age, who can serve Mass, and has shown a wish to live up to the objects and standards of the Guild.

Servers must be given adequate training and reach the necessary standard before being admitted to the sanctuary. They should then should serve satisfactorily for a minimum of six months before being enrolled as a member of the Guild. The parish priest, or the local director of the Guild, decides whether a candidate is eligible and worthy of admission to the Guild, and is empowered to perform the ceremony of enrollment and invest the server with the Guild medal.

Members of the Guild of St. Stephen are bound to follow various rules, including:
Serving at the altar with reverence, understanding and regularity and with due attention to personal cleanliness and tidiness;
Saying short prayers in preparation for and in thanksgiving after, serving Mass;
Observing silence in the sacristy and great reverence in the sanctuary;
Reciting the Prayer of the Guild of St. Stephen every day.

References

External links
 Guild Website
 Brentwood Guild of St Stephen Website
 Nottingham Guild of St Stephen Website

Catholic lay organisations
Guilds
1904 establishments in England

Guild of St. Stephen


was a Japanese sculptor and essayist, who lived for many years in Paris. He had a wide circle of friends in the literary world, and his daughter was once married to Ryūichi Tamura.

Biography
Takata was born in Kashima District, Ishikawa, in what is now part of the city of Nanao, where his father was a lawyer. The family relocated to Fukui in 1903. Takata showed an interest in the arts from middle school, and at the age of 18 moved to Tokyo, where he met Takamura Koun, Kishida Ryusei, Shishi Bunroku, Ozaki Kihachi, Motokichi Takahashi, Shigeo Iwanami and others. In 1919, he enrolled in the Tokyo University of Foreign Studies intending to study the Italian language, but dropped out in 1921. It was around this time that his attention turned towards sculpture.

In 1922, Takata completed a translation of Ascanio Condivi's Biography of Michaelangelo, and had it published by Iwanami Shoten. In 1925, he moved to a Communist commune outside of Tokyo, where he lived for three years raising goats. With the government suppression of Communists and known Communist sympathizers in 1928 under the Peace Preservation Laws, he was briefly arrested. It was also around this time that he made an acquaintance with Mushanokoji Saneatsu, Tetsuzō Tanikawa, Chūya Nakahara, Hideo Kobayashi, Shōhei Ōoka, Shigeharu Nakano, and Ryuzaburo Umehara.

In 1931, leaving his wife and four child behind, Takata moved to Paris, France, where he studied the sculptures of Auguste Rodin, Aristide Maillol, and Antoine Bourdelle, exchanged correspondence with Romain Rolland, and even made a sketch of Mahatma Gandhi. Takata refused to return to Japan as scheduled, and remained in Paris for the next 27 years. His circle of acquaintances included Paul Signac, Émile Chartier, Charles Vildrac, Georges Duhamel, Jules Romains, Georges Rouault, and Jean Cocteau and partially supported himself by sending their works to Japan.

In 1937, Takata started a mimeographed newsletter for Japanese expatriates in Paris. He also started the Paris Japanese Artists Association. After the German invasion of France in 1940, he was hired by the Mainichi Shimbun as a special correspondent.

In 1944, by order of Japanese ambassador to Germany, Hiroshi Oshima, along with all other Japanese resident in Paris, he was evacuated to Berlin to escape the advancing Allied armies.  At the fall of Berlin, he was captured by the Soviet Union, and held in a prisoner of war camp for 18 months, until he was repatriated back to Japan in late 1946.

From 1948 to 1957, Takata served as the official Japanese representative to the Cannes Film Festival, returning to France to love. From 1949, he was also a correspondent for the Yomiuri Shimbun.

From autumn 1957, Takata returned to live in Tokyo, and served as chairman of the Japan PEN International, and on the board of the Japan Artists Association, and also taught at the Tokyo University of the Arts. He retired in 1966, and moved to Inamuragasaki, Kamakura in 1967, but returned again to visit Paris from 1967-1970. Takata died in 1987.

References
Kato, Shuichi. A Sheep's Song: A Writer's Reminiscences of Japan and the World. University of California Press (1999).

External links
Kamakura City home page (Japanese)
Higashimatsuyama City home page (Japanese)
Takasaka Sculpture Promenade (Sculptures of Hiroatsu Takata) (Japanese)

1900 births
1987 deaths
Japanese sculptors
People from Ishikawa Prefecture
Japanese expatriates in France
Japanese translators
20th-century translators
20th-century Japanese sculptors
19th-century sculptors

Hiroatsu Takata


Frederick Edmund Meredith  (January 16, 1862 – September 23, 1941) was a Canadian lawyer and businessman. He was the 8th Chancellor of Bishop's University; President of the Mount Royal Club; Bâtonnier of the Bar of Montreal; President of the Montreal Victorias for three of their Stanley Cup championships in the late 1890s, and Chief Counsel to the CPR at the inquest into the sinking of RMS Empress of Ireland.

The F.E. Meredith Memorial Prize is a scholarship given to students graduating in an English program with the best written English at Bishop's University.

Early life

Born at Quebec City, F.E. Meredith was the youngest son of Chief Justice Sir William Collis Meredith of Quebec and his wife, Sophia Naters Holmes (1820–1898), grand-daughter of William Holmes. One of his godfathers was his father's first cousin, Sir Richard Graves MacDonnell, and the other was his uncle, Edmund Allen Meredith, for whom he was given his middle name. Edmund Meredith was also uncle and godfather to Sir Augustus Meredith Nanton, with whom Meredith would later sit with on the board of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Meredith's father was a first cousin of John Walsingham Cooke Meredith, the father of the Eight London Merediths who included among them Sir Vincent Meredith and Charles Meredith, both close friends and business associates. He was educated at Bishop's College School. Following a year in France, he returned to Canada to read law at Bishop's University (B.A., M.A.), and Université Laval (LL.B., LL.L., LL.M., LL.D.). He was called to the Bar of Quebec in 1884, commencing his career as a barrister specializing in corporate law in the firm of Abbott & Badgeley at Montreal.

Legal and Business Career

In 1898, Meredith and his two closest friends from Laval, Charles Sandwith Campbell and James Bryce Allan (1861–1945) K.C. (brother of his cousins wife, Lady Vincent Meredith), took over from the ageing Sir John Abbott and William Badgley to become the firm's new senior partners. Since the departure of his father from Montreal to Quebec City in 1849, the law firm of Abbott (who had articled under his father) and Badgley had become the most influential in the city, which was then the financial capital of Canada. The firm's major clients included Canadian Pacific Railway, the Bank of Montreal, the Hudson's Bay Company, the Allan Line, the Bank of British North America, Molson Bank, Dominion Textile, Hugh Allan's Merchant's Bank and the Ritz-Carlton Hotel. Campbell, Meredith & Allan continued the firm's dominance, acting as lawyers to the majority of the residents of the Golden Square Mile. Today the firm is known as Borden Ladner Gervais.

Created a Queen's Counsel in 1899, Meredith became Syndic of the Bar of Montreal in 1904/05; Councillor and Trustee of the Montreal Bar Association; Delegate of the Montreal Bar to the General Council of the Province, along with another close friend, Aime Geoffrion, 1906. In 1907, he was elected Bâtonnier of the Bar of Montreal, and in an address in this capacity before the Empire Club of Canada, he stressed the need for more justices in the Superior Court and declared his opposition to the proposed abolition of the Admiralty Court. He was the Solicitor to the Shipping Federation of Canada in the early 1900s, and represented his client company, the CPR, as their Chief Consul at the investigation into the sinking of the RMS Empress of Ireland, presided over by Lord Mersey. In 1930, Meredith and Sir Edward Beatty were received at the White House by President Herbert Hoover. Privy Council cases took him often to England, and he twice turned down offers to become a judge, preferring to maintain the business connections he held with many of his client companies.

His personal popularity, derived from graciousness of manner and sincerity of feeling, coupled with his intimate association with many of Canada's larger business concerns made him a desirable addition to the boards of a number of the country's foremost corporations including: the Bank of Montreal; Royal Trust Company; Canadian Pacific Railway; Canadian Pacific Steamships; Standard Life of Edinburgh; Royal Securities Corporation; The National Steel Car Corporation; Canadian Cottons Ltd.; Lake Superior Corporation; National Liverpool Insurance Company (England); Montreal & General Investor Ltd.; The Banker's Trust Company and the Liverpool, London & Globe Insurance Company in England. When the National City Company of New York City had a subsidiary in Montreal, Meredith was chosen as a member of the advisory board.

Bishop's and Université Laval

His interest in various educational and cultural undertakings was well known, particularly in the progress and welfare of Bishops University, where he led the successful financial campaign of 1924. As an advocate to many of the country's largest corporations, along with his family connections and strength of character, Meredith wielded a very considerable influence in Quebec. In 1926, he succeeded his brother-in-law's first cousin, John Hamilton, becoming the 8th chancellor of Bishop's, a position he held until 1932. Principal Arthur McGreer later stated that all the substantial financial gifts from 1924 onwards had in some cases been entirely, and in most cases largely, due to Meredith. The F.E. Meredith Prize at Bishop's was endowed after his death by his son, W.C.J. Meredith, awarded annually to the student with the best written English graduating from an English course. Fred Meredith also donated the Meredith Cup which is still competed for annually between the golfers of the college. In 1904, Université Laval conferred on him the degree of Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) honoris causa. To commemorate the event, Meredith instituted a scholarship payable each year to the graduating student of the law faculty who obtained the highest marks. He and his two former business partners, Charles Sandwith Campbell and James Bryce Allan, also endowed the Prix Jette, awarded annually to the best student in civil law at their shared alma mater, Université Laval.

Family

In 1903, Meredith married Anne Madeleine VanKoughnet (1863–1945), daughter of Mathew Robert VanKoughnet (1824–1874) of Toronto and Cornwall; Barrister and Bencher of the Law Society of Upper Canada. Her father practised law with his brother, The Hon. Philip Michael Matthew Scott VanKoughnet, later Chancellor of Upper Canada, and together they acquired the largest legal practice brought together in Upper Canada. Mrs Meredith's mother, Elizabeth Hagerman Macaulay (1826–1899), was a daughter of George Macaulay (1796-1828) of Bath, Upper Canada, and a niece of John Simcoe Macaulay, Sir James Buchanan Macaulay, Christopher Alexander Hagerman and John Solomon Cartwright. Mrs Meredith was the widow of Francis Wolferstan Thomas, by whom she had three children. From 1903, he lived at a house designed for him by Robert Findlay on Pine Avenue in Montreal's Golden Square Mile. He also variously kept rooms at the Ritz Carlton, Mount Royal Club and University Club. Meredith and his wife 'mutually consented to separate' in 1913, leaving one son, William Campbell James Meredith, who married the youngest daughter of Louis de Lotbiniere-Harwood.

Mrs. Meredith had served with Lady Vincent Meredith as a Governor of the Montreal Maternity Hospital. When she separated from her husband in 1913, she moved to England, living in Knightsbridge, London. During World War I she served with the Canadian Red Cross at the Moor Park Convalescent Home for Canadian Officers, in Devon. In 1942, Mrs. Meredith went to stay with her daughter Shearme and her husband, Lt.-Col. John Lionel Philips, at their home Abbey Cwmhir Hall. During her stay she fell ill and three years later she died there, July 27, 1945. A funeral service was held for her at Penybont, where there is a bench in the churchyard to her memory. She was survived by her four children and two of her sisters, Mrs. Frank Wolff May of Montreal and Lady Casimir Cartwright van Straubenzee of London.

Private life

Meredith had been a noted sportsman. Playing Rackets, he was a Dominion finalist on one occasion and frequently represented Canada in competitions against the United States. In 1897 he won the championship of the Montreal Rackets Club, and was the runner-up in 1898. As a young man he'd also played ice hockey, and he was elected the honorary president of the Montreal Victorias when they won the Stanley Cup in 1895, 1896 and 1897. He later sponsored an ice hockey team for the office boys in his firm, and amateur golf competitions. He raced with the old Montreal Jockey Club, took flying lessons in Winnipeg and fox hunted with relatives in England, Ireland, and with the Montreal Hunt. He played tennis into his seventies, notably in John Wilson McConnell's group, and at the Mount Royal Tennis Club. He was Chairman of the Montreal Shakespeare Club and a generous donator to Martha Allan's Montreal Repertory Theatre. At university he developed a keen interest in photography, and at one stage considered an apprenticeship with William Notman. He belonged to many sporting and social clubs in Montreal and served as President of three of them: the Mount Royal Club, the Montreal Racquet Club and the University Club. In England, he belonged to the St James's Club, Travellers Club, Marlborough and British Empire clubs.

Obituary

F.E. Meredith was well remembered for his dry sense of humour and was frequently described as "the most colourful and prominent figure" on the Bar of Montreal and "one of the most eminent personalities not only in the Quebec Bar but in the whole of Canada". Arnold Heeney especially recalled the generosity of F.E. Meredith, "that grand old dandy... who would quite often have me home with him for lunch, and test me with the largest, strongest martinis I had ever known". Horst Oertel wrote An Appreciation to his friend that was published in The Times of London in 1941,

Meredith died shortly before his eightieth birthday ('birthdays are not the kind of thing one wants to commemorate' he once said), after an illness of several weeks. He died at his home on Pine Avenue in the Golden Square Mile shortly after eleven o'clock of that morning, predominantly of old age. Meredith's funeral was one of the largest ever seen in Montreal, and out of respect the practice division of the courts were closed for the day. The city's legal and business communities turned out in full force, and both were represented among his pall-bearers who included Sir Edward Beatty, Sir Montagu Allan, Sir Herbert Holt and Chief Justice R.A.E. Greenshields. He was buried in the Meredith plot at Mount Royal Cemetery, Montreal, next to his cousins, Sir Vincent Meredith and Charles Meredith and their respective wives.

See also
List of Bishop's College School alumni

References

Further reading
The History of McMaster Meighen

Associated Articles
 Election to the Directorate of the Bank of Montreal, 1923
 Bishop's Convocation Speeches, Montreal Gazette, May 21, 1929
 Bishop's College Closing Ceremony is Notable Event, Montreal Gazette, June 17, 1932
 Hundreds at Rites for F.E. Meredith, Montreal Gazette, September 26, 1941
 Seeing God The Banker Worth 35 Bucks to Him, Ottawa Citizen, November 25, 1953
Mr Corderre is Again Syndic, 1908
 English-Canadian Leadership Has Faded Since '50s, Montreal Gazette, April 1, 1976
 The Libel Suit of George of Wales Comes to Trial: Eminent Counsel Engaged in the Effort to Punish the Montreal Correspondent who sent out Dispatches about the Prince (1891)
 Jockey Club Bill, 1909
 Honored by Bishop's University, Montreal Gazette, June 21, 1930
 Female Heroism, The Quebec Daily Telegraph, August 29, 1885
 Accident to Quebecers - Two of Sir Wm. Meredith's Sons Injured By A Runaway, The Quebec Saturday Budget, August 28, 1886
 McGill University Archives, Montreal

Photographs
 F.E. Meredith presents Mayor Médéric Martin of Montreal with a key to one of the new Campbell Parks, 1926
 F.E. Meredith (1862-1941), 1894
 One of Meredith's early photographs, showing his father at his desk at home, c.1890
 Meredith in fancy dress for the Castanet Club Ball, 1886
 Frederick E. Meredith dressed as Napoleon, 1897
 Portrait of Frederick Edmund Meredith, Chancellor of Bishop's University
 Meredith (centre right) with the Stanley Cup winning Montreal Victorias, 1894-95
 Meredith (centre right) with the Stanley Cup winning Montreal Victorias, 1895-96
 Meredith (seated centre) with the Stanley Cup winning Montreal Victorias, 1896-97
 Meredith, Batonnier of the Montreal Bar, 1907

1862 births
1941 deaths
Canadian lawyers
Lawyers from Montreal
Businesspeople from Quebec
Université Laval alumni
Bishop's University alumni
Canadian King's Counsel
Burials at Mount Royal Cemetery
Bishop's College School alumni

Frederick Edmund Meredith


Joel Parker (November 24, 1816January 2, 1888) was an American attorney and Democratic Party politician who served two non-consecutive terms as the 20th governor of New Jersey from 1863 to 1866 and 1872 to 1875. As a Democratic governor during the American Civil War, Parker was one of the leading critics of the Abraham Lincoln administration's domestic and military policy, though he was generally a supporter of the Union war effort. In 1868 and 1876, he was nominated for President of the United States as a favorite son by New Jersey's party delegation.

Early life and family
Joel Parker was born on November 24, 1816, near Freehold Township, New Jersey to Charles and Sarah (Coward) Parker. His father was a member of the New Jersey Legislature for several years, and served one term as state treasurer. After his father's appointment as Treasurer, the family moved to Trenton. In 1833, his father became cashier of the Mechanics' and Manufacturers' Bank of Trenton and Joel was sent to Monmouth to tend the family's recently purchased farm.

Joel graduated from the College of New Jersey (now known as Princeton University) in the class of 1839. After graduation, he worked in the law office of Henry W. Green, who later became chief justice and chancellor of the New Jersey courts. Parker was admitted to the bar in 1842 and opened a legal practice in Freehold.

Early political career
Parker became active in Democratic Party politics in Freehold, campaigning for Martin Van Buren in 1840 and James K. Polk in 1844.

In 1847, he was elected to the General Assembly as a Democrat. Though the legislature had a Whig majority, Parker was able to secure passage of a tax reform package in 1850 which equalized taxation by taxing personal as well as real property.

In 1851, Parker did not run for re-election to the Assembly but was appointed prosecutor of the pleas for Monmouth County (the equivalent of a modern County Prosecutor), in which office he served for five years. In 1857, he was elected Brigadier General in command of the Monmouth and Ocean Brigade of the New Jersey militia. He continued to be active in politics and served as a New Jersey presidential elector for Stephen A. Douglas in 1860.

At the onset of the American Civil War, New Jersey Governor Charles Smith Olden appointed Parker Major General of the New Jersey militia.

Governor of New Jersey

First term (1863–66)
In 1862, the Democratic Party of New Jersey nominated Parker for governor over Mayor of Newark Moses Bigelow. He ran as a "War Democrat" who supported a military solution to the American Civil War rather than accommodation of the Confederacy. He defeated Marcus Lawrence Ward by the largest margin in New Jersey history up to that time.

In his inaugural address in 1863, Parker affirmed that he viewed secession as a "political heresy" but affirmed the doctrine of state sovereignty over all matters not constitutionally delegated to the federal government. He further attributed the outbreak of war to "a minority of fanatical and ultra men in each section," and defended the war insofar as necessary to "defend and maintain the supremacy of the Constitution and preserve the Union." To that end, he was highly critical of the Lincoln administration for curtailing civil liberties in the name of the war effort, castigating Lincoln for suspending habeas corpus, the Emancipation Proclamation, and expanding his war powers generally. He pledged to counteract the Lincoln administration to protect civil liberties to whatever extent possible through his powers as Governor. In May 1863, Parker condemned the arrest, trial and deportation of Copperhead Clement Vallandigham, saying the measures "were arbitrary and illegal acts. The whole proceeding was wrong in principle and dangerous in its tendency."

During Parker's first term, the anti-war Copperhead faction came to dominate the state legislature and passed "peace resolutions" which condemned the Lincoln administration along Parker's terms but additionally called on the federal government to appoint commissioners to negotiate a peace agreement. Despite reservations, Parker signed the resolutions on March 24, 1863. Because a peace agreement would end the war and allow the South to remain outside the Union, Republicans nationwide condemned them as nothing less than an endorsement of secession.

Despite his signature of the resolutions, Parker remained a supporter of the Union war effort generally. During Robert E. Lee's invasion of Pennsylvania in the summer of 1863, Governor Parker raised and supplied several organized regiments of New Jersey volunteers to protect that state, for which he was thanked by President Lincoln and Pennsylvania Governor Andrew G. Curtin. In November, Parker attended the ceremonies dedicating the Soldiers' National Cemetery at which Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address.

Though he raised volunteer regiments, Parker was resistant to an effort to conscript New Jerseyans into the war. Through 1863, he met the state's military quotas through the use of bounties. When a levy of 12,000 men was made on New Jersey in 1864, to make good a supposed deficiency in her former quotas, he obtained from President Lincoln the withdrawal of the order. In his first annual address, he criticized the Emancipation Proclamation but agreed with Lincoln that it was the duty of state authorities to "furnish the men necessary to destroy the armed power of the rebellion."

In 1864, Parker opposed federal efforts to establish a railway through the state between New York City and Philadelphia, which would have undermined the state monopoly New Jersey had granted to the Camden & Amboy Railroad. The bill incorporating the new federal line died in the United States Senate.

Parker's criticisms of the Lincoln administration reached their peak in August 1864, when he delivered a speech in his native Freehold calling for a peaceful settlement of the war. While he continued to supply the necessary troops to repel Confederate invasions of the Union, Parker now blamed Republicans for obstructing efforts to end the war and continued to criticize efforts to abolish slavery, including the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which he found inferior to gradual emancipation by the states. In his final annual address, Parker opposed black suffrage and called for "speedy resumption of the relations of all the States with the federal government" by the abolition of the Reconstruction governments, which he condemned as illegal.

Parker established a method of settlement of the war debt so that not a bond of the state of New Jersey was sold below par, and at the close of the war in 1865 there was a surplus of $200,000 in the state treasury.

He strongly favored amnesty toward those that had actively supported the Confederacy in the Civil War.

After leaving office in 1866, he returned to his legal practice in Freehold.

Second term (1872–75)
In 1871, Parker was elected to a second term in office, making him the first governor to win a second popular election. In his second term, he continued to criticize Reconstruction policies and express support for state sovereignty. Without the ongoing war, his second term focused more heavily on domestic policy, including corruption in state government. During his second term, the legislature passed more bills than in during previous administration. Among them was a general regulation of railroads.

Parker also secured passage for a package of amendments to the state constitution, the first since its ratification in 1844. They included salary adjustments and an oath for legislators, guarantees for free education, prohibition on the passage of certain special or local laws, and a line-item veto in appropriation bills.

Parker was an active supporter of the planned Centennial Exhibition to be held in Philadelphia in 1876.

Post-governorship
Parker's preferred successor, Joseph D. Bedle, was elected in 1874. Bedle named Parker as Attorney General of New Jersey in 1875. In 1880, Governor George B. McClellan appointed Parker to the New Jersey Supreme Court, where he served until 1888. He served as a presidential elector again in 1876 for Samuel Tilden.

He was a leading figure in the establishment of the monument to the Battle of Monmouth in Freehold.

Presidential candidate
He was the "favorite son" candidate supported by New Jersey electors at the Democratic National Conventions in 1868, 1876, and 1880. In 1868, the New Jersey delegation cast their full vote for him in every ballot for the presidential nomination.

Personal life
Parker married Maria Mott-Gummere in 1843 and the couple had two sons and a daughter.

Death and legacy
After serving as governor, Parker returned to the practice of law. He died on January 2, 1888, in Philadelphia. He was buried in Maplewood Cemetery in Freehold Township.

Legacy
In 1878, R. M. Stults dedicated the Battle Monument Waltz to Gov. Parker.

See also
List of governors of New Jersey

References

External links

New Jersey State Library
New Jersey Governor Joel Parker, National Governors Association
Political Graveyard information for Joel Parker
Dead Governors of New Jersey bio for Joel Parker

1816 births
1888 deaths
Democratic Party governors of New Jersey
New Jersey Attorneys General
Justices of the Supreme Court of New Jersey
People of New Jersey in the American Civil War
Candidates in the 1868 United States presidential election
People from Freehold Township, New Jersey
Politicians from Monmouth County, New Jersey
Princeton University alumni
American Protestants
Union (American Civil War) state governors
Democratic Party members of the New Jersey General Assembly
Lawrenceville School alumni
Burials at Maplewood Cemetery, Freehold, New Jersey
19th-century American judges
19th-century American lawyers
19th-century American politicians

Joel Parker (politician)


Oviedo ( ) is a city in Seminole County, Florida, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 33,342, representing an increase of 7,026 (26.7%) from the 26,316 counted in the 2000 Census. It is part of the Orlando–Kissimmee–Sanford Metropolitan Statistical Area. Oviedo is known for its historic houses and buildings, as well as its population of chickens that roam the downtown area. Although the city has historically been rural, in recent years it has had an influx of new developments to support its rapid growth, due to its proximity to the University of Central Florida and the Central Florida Research Park.

History
Up through the early 19th century, the area encompassing Oviedo was sparsely populated save for a few Seminoles and African-American Freemen who associated with the Seminole tribe, known as Black Seminoles, in what was then Spanish Florida.  The Seminole tribe had larger clusters of population in other areas of Central Florida, such as nearby Lake Jesup.

The population remained sparse until after the American Civil War, when people devastated by war started moving South to begin a new life.  One mile to the southeast side of Lake Jesup, a small hamlet of settlers established the "Lake Jesup Settlement" in 1875. Letters from that era showcased a difficult life for the Florida Cracker settlers: cooking outdoors with wood stoves, sleeping under mosquito nets, and burning rags to keep the insects away. Wildlife was plentiful, however. Initially, this settlement had around 40 families, but quickly evolved into a thriving trading port.  The settlement was named "Oviedo" by Andrew Aulin when the first post office was established to honor the state's Spanish heritage.

In the late 1870s, individuals living a few miles south of Lake Jesup needed an easily accessible post office in the Florida back country. Andrew Aulin, an early settler and shop-owner, decided to file paperwork for a post office, and in his first site location report, needed a name that was different from any other post office in Florida. Aulin liked having a Spanish name, "to honor the Spanish heritage of the state," and decided to name his post office location "Oviedo" after the city of Oviedo in northern Spain (the capital city of the Principality of Asturias) and the University of Oviedo. Some say he visited the university, while others say he just liked the sound of it, but most agree that he likely pronounced the name correctly  rather than the Americanized way of .  A recent campaign advocates for honoring Aulin's original concept for the town's moniker by returning to the correct Spanish pronunciation ).

Several people played a prominent role in establishing Oviedo's history.  George Powell was an early settler who ran a large tract of land, referred to as the "Powell Settlement", which today encompasses most of the northern part of the city—including the downtown area. One of Powell's sons, Lewis Powell, (alias Lewis Payne), became infamous for being John Wilkes Booth's primary accomplice in the plot to assassinate President Abraham Lincoln.

George Powell's friend, Henry Foster, was instrumental in transforming Oviedo's citrus and celery industry from obscurity to prominence by giving Oviedo reliable transportation to deliver its goods.  He paid for a railway link to Oviedo and founded the Lake Jesup Steamboat Company. Agriculture was Oviedo's primary industry all the way through the 1940s. Foster was also responsible for establishing the Lake Charm area as a resort to entice visitors from the North to vacation in the winter.  Foster encouraged settlers to begin attending regular church services on a site of the "Powell Settlement" that would become the First Methodist Church of Oviedo.

A citrus-grower named Butler Boston is also credited for helping establish Oviedo's citrus economy by successfully grafting tangerine budwood to grow tangerines, as well as budding the succulent Temple orange from Jamaica to several Oviedo fields.  Butler Boston was the son of a doctor, Alexander Atkinson, who had fathered Butler, along with several others with freed black women on his family's plantation. Atkinson moved to Oviedo in 1871 with the 12-year-old Butler to both set up a medical practice and buy a farm.  Atkinson gave the land to his son after a freeze when he moved back to Georgia.  Boston was so successful that he was hired to bud other Oviedo fields. He became a spokesman for the large black community in the area, and was especially devoted to improving their educational opportunities, and served as a local school trustee.  He was also an accomplished bricklayer and oversaw the planning and construction of a new building for the Antioch Baptist Church.   His legacy is noted today throughout Oviedo, in sites such as Boston Street, Boston Alley, Boston Cemetery, Boston Hill and Butler Boston Court. His home site is where Canterbury Retreat and Conference Center is located. Its centerpiece is Lake Gem, named by the Boston family for a close family member.

Andrew Duda Sr., a Slovak immigrant, established a farm in nearby Slavia in the early 20th century.  He left after failing to produce successful crops, but saved up money and returned in 1926 to try again. The second time, he was extraordinarily successful and his farm survived even through the Great Depression. In fact, in 1939, he was able to build St. Luke's Lutheran Church, which has since expanded into a large Lutheran community. The Duda family started a sod division in the 1970s that has since flourished and continues today. The west entrance of Oviedo cuts straight through the sod farm.

Oviedo experienced a major growth spurt during the boom years of the 1920s, and new buildings and banks were built on the main street of downtown, named "Broadway". Some of these buildings still remain, along with the complex of buildings surrounding the Nelson and Co. packing house, which was the center of Oviedo's agricultural industry for decades. This agricultural complex eventually shut down for good during the 1980s after a series of winter freezes.  At that time, commercial development had already replaced agriculture as Oviedo's main industry.

Oviedo made the transition from a rural hamlet, to a town, and then, in 1967, became a city through a special referendum. Five miles south of Oviedo, in 1963, residents learned about the impending building of a "space university" in the Orlando Morning Sentinel.  Many faculty and staff members of Florida Technological University (now the University of Central Florida) moved into Oviedo, and new businesses and industry soon followed. The adjacent Central Florida Research Park, originally established in 1978, has since become the largest research park in Florida.  This has resulted in an exploding population with many new developments in recent years.  As the city has grown, its animals have remained a part of the city's character.  Although hogs can no longer be seen walking free, chickens and roosters continue to roam the downtown area and have become an Oviedo attraction.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 40.0 km (15.4 mi2).  of it is land and  of it (2.07%) is water. Oviedo is located about 20 minutes from downtown Orlando, Florida, by highway (SR 417 and SR 408). The Econlockhatchee River runs through the east part of the city, and a tributary, the Little Econlockhatchee River, runs through the southern part of the city.

Weather events

2004 hurricane season
In August 2004, the northwestern side of Hurricane Charley passed directly over Oviedo while still a category 2 storm. More than half the city, as well as much of the surrounding unincorporated areas, had no power for five to seven days. School was not in session county-wide for one full school week. The damages ranged from toppled oaks to destroyed homes. The worst damage was in Palm Valley, a mobile home retirement community less than a mile from UCF. Charley's damage in Oviedo is considered to be the worst in Seminole County history. Barely a month later, hurricanes Frances and Jeanne further battered the area resulting in additional damage and power outages, but they did not reach the level of Charley's fury.

Tropical Storm Fay
Tropical Storm Fay was stationary over Oviedo for days during 2008 with high winds, heavy rains, and flooded roads.

Hurricane Ian
Hurricane Ian caused widespread damage across Florida in 2022, and Oviedo was one of the many cities impacted. The city's lakes and the Little Econ River flooded, and entire streets in several neighborhoods were submerged.

Demographics

2010 and 2020 census

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 40,059 people, 13,054 households, and 10,790 families residing in the city.

As of 2017, the population was spread out, with 25.9% under the age of 18 and 9.8% over the age of 65. The city was 51.4% female. The median income for a household in the city was $84,916, and the per capita income was $32,834. About 7.0% of the population was below the poverty line. Of adults twenty-five years or older, 95.4% graduated from high school, and 43.9% held a bachelor's degree.

As of the 2010 United States census, there were 33,342 people, 9,908 households, and 8,415 families residing in the city.

In 2010, there were 9,908 households, out of which 46.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.4% were married couples living together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 3.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.99 and the average family size was 3.28.

Arts and culture

Historic downtown
Most of the buildings in the downtown historic area were constructed between the end of the 19th and early 20th century.  The Nelson and Company Historic District, the R.W. Estes Celery Company Precooler Historic District, the First Methodist Church of Oviedo, and several houses in Oviedo are listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The nearby Oviedo Mall features murals of historic areas along with pictures of early European and African-American settlers in the area.

State Road 434, which cuts through downtown Oviedo, is currently being widened and several buildings have been demolished.  The Oviedo Preservation Project has been tasked with photographing and documenting the buildings for posterity.

An African-American Oviedo pioneer named Mathew Powell established the Antioch Missionary Baptist Church in April 1875.

Although not located in the downtown area, the historic Lake Charm settlement is nearby. This settlement, established by Henry Foster in the 1860s, became one of the first resorts in Florida. It lasted as a resort until the 1890s.  Several winter homes built during that era still stand today.

New developments
In 2015, the city of Oviedo dedicated a brand new downtown development just south of the current "old downtown" along Oviedo Boulevard. The new town center, named "Oviedo on the Park", is a mixed use development with townhouses, apartment homes, restaurants, and retail.  It is centered around the new Center Lake Park  with a man-made lake, large amphitheater, playground and veterans tribute.

The Oviedo Mall is a single-story indoor mall with a movie theater built in 1998.

Attractions
The "Oviedo Lights" is a local roadside attraction.

"The Rising" is an annual walk past ten historic sites, featuring food and entertainment.

Library
The East Branch of the Seminole County Public Library System is located in Oviedo on Division Street. The library is open 7 days a week except for certain holidays. This location provides curbside pick-up, 3D printing, free access to the Internet, meeting rooms available for reservation, and children, teen, and adult programs.

Parks and recreation
Oviedo's Gym and Aquatic Center features a waterslide, water park, and pool. Riverside Park contains a pool, tennis courts and skate park.

Black Hammock Adventures is a complex that offers airboat rides and a display of live gators. Lukas Butterfly Encounter is also located in Oviedo.  The Pinball Lounge, located in the Oviedo Bowling Center, has the largest concentration of pinball machines in the state.

Media
The Seminole Voice and The Seminole Chronicle (publication ceased in July 2014) are both print newspapers that cover Seminole County news, with a focus on the Winter Springs, Oviedo, and Chuluota areas of the county. The Oviedo Voice has covered Oviedo since 1993. The Oviedo Citizen is an online publication that has been covering Oviedo news since August 2008.

Infrastructure
Oviedo Medical Center, a 64-bed hospital and emergency room, opened in 2017.

Notable people

 Jenny (Barringer) Simpson, professional runner and Olympic medalist, current American record holder in steeplechase
 Mark Bellhorn, professional baseball player
 Denée Benton, Broadway actress/singer
 Blake Bortles, Retired NFL quarterback
 Ryan Carpenter, professional hockey player for the New York Rangers
 Kayli Carter, actress
 Alwyn Cashe, US Army, posthumously awarded the Silver Star and Medal of Honor for valor in Iraq
 Talia Joy Castellano, thirteen-year-old Internet celebrity, died from neuroblastoma and preleukemia
 Jeff Driskel, Houston Texans quarterback
 Zach Eflin, professional baseball player for the Tampa Bay Rays
 Randy Fontanez, professional baseball player
 Stuart Fullerton, entomologist, founder of the "Bug Closet" at the University of Central Florida
 Hal King, Major League Baseball player
 Robert T. Kuhn, past president of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod
 Chaunte Lowe, Olympic medalist high jumper
 Theodore Mead, horticulturalist and naturalist
 Tomas Nido, Baseball Catcher for the New York Mets.
 Peter Pritchard, zoologist and founder of the Chelonian Research Institute
 Tom Rhodes, comedian and actor
 Kayla Sims, Youtube creater, The Sims streamer
 Monty Sopp, professional wrestler under the ring names Billy Gunn and "The Outlaw"
 Shin-Tson Wu, optical physicist and pioneer of liquid crystal displays

References

External links

Cities in Seminole County, Florida
Econlockhatchee River
Greater Orlando
Cities in Florida
Populated places established in 1925

Oviedo, Florida


Ruby on Rails (simplified as Rails) is a server-side web application framework written in Ruby under the MIT License. Rails is a model–view–controller (MVC) framework, providing default structures for a database, a web service, and web pages. It encourages and facilitates the use of web standards such as JSON or XML for data transfer and HTML, CSS and JavaScript for user interfacing. In addition to MVC, Rails emphasizes the use of other well-known software engineering patterns and paradigms, including convention over configuration (CoC), don't repeat yourself (DRY), and the active record pattern.

Ruby on Rails' emergence in 2005 greatly influenced web app development, through innovative features such as seamless database table creations, migrations, and scaffolding of views to enable rapid application development. Ruby on Rails' influence on other web frameworks remains apparent today, with many frameworks in other languages borrowing its ideas, including Django in Python; Catalyst in Perl; Laravel, CakePHP and Yii  in PHP; Grails in Groovy; Phoenix in Elixir; Play in Scala; and Sails.js in Node.js.

Well-known sites that use Ruby on Rails include Airbnb, Crunchbase, Dribbble, GitHub, Twitch and Shopify.

History
David Heinemeier Hansson extracted Ruby on Rails from his work on the project management tool Basecamp at the web application company 37signals. Hansson first released Rails as open source in July 2004, but did not share commit rights to the project until February 2005.  In August 2006, the framework reached a milestone when Apple announced that it would ship Ruby on Rails with Mac OS X v10.5 "Leopard", which was released in October 2007.

Rails version 2.3 was released on March 15, 2009, with major new developments in templates, engines, Rack and nested model forms. Templates enable the developer to generate a skeleton application with custom gems and configurations. Engines give developers the ability to reuse application pieces complete with routes, view paths and models. The Rack web server interface and Metal allow one to write optimized pieces of code that route around Action Controller.

On December 23, 2008, Merb, another web application framework, was launched, and Ruby on Rails announced it would work with the Merb project to bring "the best ideas of Merb" into Rails 3, ending the "unnecessary duplication" across both communities. Merb was merged with Rails as part of the Rails 3.0 release.

Rails 3.1 was released on August 31, 2011, featuring Reversible Database Migrations, Asset Pipeline, Streaming, jQuery as default JavaScript library and newly introduced CoffeeScript and Sass into the stack.

Rails 3.2 was released on January 20, 2012 with a faster development mode and routing engine (also known as Journey engine), Automatic Query Explain and Tagged Logging. Rails 3.2.x is the last version that supports Ruby 1.8.7. Rails 3.2.12 supports Ruby 2.0.

Rails 4.0 was released on June 25, 2013, introducing Russian Doll Caching, Turbolinks, Live Streaming as well as making Active Resource, Active Record Observer and other components optional by splitting them as gems.

Rails 4.1 was released on April 8, 2014, introducing Spring, Variants, Enums, Mailer previews, and secrets.yml.

Rails 4.2 was released on December 19, 2014, introducing Active Job, asynchronous emails, Adequate Record, Web Console, and foreign keys.

Rails 5.0 was released on June 30, 2016, introducing Action Cable, API mode, and Turbolinks 5.

Rails 184.108.40.206 was released on August 10, 2016, with Exclusive use of rails CLI over Rake and support for Ruby version 2.2.2 and above.

Rails 5.1 was released on April 27, 2017, introducing JavaScript integration changes (management of JavaScript dependencies from NPM via Yarn, optional compilation of JavaScript using Webpack, and a rewrite of Rails UJS to use vanilla JavaScript instead of depending on jQuery), system tests using Capybara, encrypted secrets, parameterized mailers, direct & resolved routes, and a unified form_with helper replacing the form_tag/form_for helpers.

Rails 5.2 was released on April 9, 2018, introducing new features that include ActiveStorage, built-in Redis Cache Store, updated Rails Credentials and a new DSL that allows for configuring a Content Security Policy for an application.

Rails 5.2.2 was released on December 4, 2018, introducing numerous bug fixes and several logic improvements.

Rails 6.0 was released on August 16, 2019, making Webpack default, adding mailbox routing, a default online rich-text editor, parallel testing, multiple database support, mailer routing and a new autoloader.

Rails 6.1 was released on December 9, 2020, adding per-database connection switching, horizontal database sharding, eager loading of all associations, Delegated Types as an alternative to single-table inheritance, asynchronous deletion of associations, error objects, and other improvements and bug fixes.

Rails 7.0 was released on December 15, 2021, replacing Node.js and Webpack with import maps for JavaScript management by default, replacing Turbolinks with a combination of Turbo and Stimulus, adding at-work encryption into Active Record, using Zeitwerk exclusively for code loading, and more.

Rails 7.1 was released on October 5, 2023, Dockerfiles support using Kamal in order to deploy your application, authentication improvements, and now including support for bun.

Technical overview
Ruby on Rails evolves radically from release to release exploring the use of new technologies and adopting new standards on the Internet. Some features are very stable in Ruby on Rails while some are replaced in favour of new techniques.

Model-view-controller pattern
The model–view–controller (MVC) pattern is the fundamental structure to organize application programming.

In a default configuration, a model in the Ruby on Rails framework maps to a table in a database and to a Ruby file. For example, a model class User will usually be defined in the file 'user.rb' in the app/models directory, and linked to the table 'users' in the database. While developers are free to ignore this convention and choose differing names for their models, files, and database table, this is not common practice and is usually discouraged in accordance with the "convention-over-configuration" philosophy.

A controller is a server-side component of Rails that responds to external requests from the web server to the application, by determining which view file to render. The controller may also have to query one or more models for information and pass these on to the view. For example, in an airline reservation system, a controller implementing a flight-search function would need to query a model representing individual flights to find flights matching the search, and might also need to query models representing airports and airlines to find related secondary data. The controller might then pass some subset of the flight data to the corresponding view, which would contain a mixture of static HTML and logic that use the flight data to create an HTML document containing a table with one row per flight. A controller may provide one or more actions. In Ruby on Rails, an action is typically a basic unit that describes how to respond to a specific external web-browser request. Also, note that the controller/action will be accessible for external web requests only if a corresponding route is mapped to it. Rails encourages developers to use RESTful routes, which include actions such as create, new, edit, update, destroy, show, and index. These mappings of incoming requests/routes to controller actions can be easily set up in the routes.rb configuration file.

A view in the default configuration of Rails is an erb file, which is evaluated and converted to HTML at run-time. Alternatively, many other templating systems can be used for views.

Ruby on Rails includes tools that make common development tasks easier "out-of-the-box", such as scaffolding that can automatically construct some of the models and views needed for a basic website. Also included are WEBrick, a simple Ruby web server that is distributed with Ruby, and Rake, a build system, distributed as a gem. Together with Ruby on Rails, these tools provide a basic development environment.

HTTP Servers
Ruby on Rails is most commonly not connected to the Internet directly, but through some front-end web server. Mongrel was generally preferred over WEBrick in the early days, but it can also run on Lighttpd, Apache, Cherokee, Hiawatha, Nginx (either as a module – Phusion Passenger for example – or via CGI, FastCGI or mod ruby), and many others. From 2008 onward, Passenger replaced Mongrel as the most-used web server for Ruby on Rails. Ruby is also supported natively on IBM i.

JavaScript
Ruby on Rails is also noteworthy for its extensive use of the JavaScript libraries Prototype and Script.aculo.us for scripting Ajax actions. Ruby on Rails initially utilized lightweight SOAP for web services; this was later replaced by RESTful web services. Ruby on Rails 3.0 separates the markup of the page (which defines the structure of the page) from scripting (which determines functionality or logic of the page).

Web Services
Since version 2.0, Ruby on Rails offers both HTML and XML as standard output formats. The latter is the facility for RESTful web services.

CSS
Rails 3.1 introduced Sass as standard CSS templating.

Template
By default, the server uses Embedded Ruby in the HTML views, with files having an html.erb extension.  Rails supports swapping-in alternative templating languages, such as HAML and Mustache.

Ruby versions
Ruby on Rails 3.0 has been designed to work with Ruby 1.8.7, Ruby 1.9.2, and JRuby 1.5.2+; earlier versions are not supported.

Ruby on Rails 3.2 is the last series of releases that support Ruby 1.8.7.

Framework structure
Ruby on Rails is separated into various packages, namely ActiveRecord (an object-relational mapping system for database access), Action Pack, Active Support and Action Mailer. Prior to version 2.0, Ruby on Rails also included the Action Web Service package that is now replaced by Active Resource. Apart from standard packages, developers can make plugins to extend existing packages. Earlier Rails supported plugins within their own custom framework; version 3.2 deprecates these in favor of standard Ruby "gems".

Deployment
Ruby on Rails is often installed using RubyGems, a package manager which is included with current versions of Ruby. Many free Unix-like systems also support installation of Ruby on Rails and its dependencies through their native package management system.

Ruby on Rails is typically deployed with a database server such as MySQL or PostgreSQL, and a web server such as Apache running the Phusion Passenger module.

Philosophy and design
Ruby on Rails is intended to emphasize Convention over Configuration (CoC), and the Don't Repeat Yourself (DRY) principle.

The Rails Doctrine is an enduring enabler that guides the philosophy, design, and implementation of the Ruby on Rails framework.

"Convention over Configuration" means a developer only needs to specify unconventional aspects of the application. For example, if there is a class Sale in the model, the corresponding table in the database is called sales by default. It is only if one deviates from this convention, such as calling the table "products sold", that the developer needs to write code regarding these names. Generally, Ruby on Rails conventions lead to less code and less repetition.

"Don't repeat yourself" means that information is located in a single, unambiguous place. For example, using the ActiveRecord module of Rails, the developer does not need to specify database column names in class definitions. Instead, Ruby on Rails can retrieve this information from the database based on the class name.

"Fat models, skinny controllers" means that most of the application logic should be placed within the model while leaving the controller as light as possible.

HTML Over The Wire (Hotwire),
Conceptual compression, and robust security mark Rails 7.0's approach to the One person framework.

Trademarks
In March 2007, David Heinemeier Hansson applied to register three Ruby on Rails-related  trademarks with the USPTO. These applications concern the phrase "RUBY ON RAILS", the word "RAILS", and the official Rails logo. In the summer of 2007, Hansson denied the publisher Apress permission to use the Ruby on Rails logo on the cover of a new Ruby on Rails book written by some authoritative community members. The episode gave rise to a polite protest in the Ruby on Rails community. In response to this criticism, Hansson replied:
I only grant promotional use [of the Rails logo] for products I'm directly involved with. Such as books that I've been part of the development process for or conferences where I have a say in the execution. I would most definitely seek to enforce all the trademarks of Rails.
The trademark of the logo was cancelled on October 25, 2019.

Reception

Scalability
In earlier days, Rails running on Matz's Ruby Interpreter (the de facto reference interpreter for Ruby) had been criticized for issues with scalability. These critics often mentioned various Twitter outages in 2007 and 2008, which spurred Twitter's partial transition to Scala (which runs on the Java Virtual Machine) for their queueing system and other middleware. The user interface aspects of the site continued to run Ruby on Rails until 2011 when it was replaced due to concerns over performance. On the other hand, many Rails business application developers relied on system architecture design, including choices of database engine, cache configuration, and servers, to tackle scalability issues. The original author of Rails, David Heinemeier Hansson, criticized Twitter, saying that their problems scaling were the consequences of their own poor architectural decisions and not the fault of Rails. According to Hansson, blaming Rails for their troubles while making no contributions to the framework is ungrateful and unjust.

In 2011, Gartner Research noted that despite criticisms and comparisons to Java, many high-profile consumer web firms are using Ruby on Rails to build scalable web applications. Some of the largest sites running Ruby on Rails include Airbnb, Cookpad, GitHub, GitLab, Scribd, Shopify, and Basecamp. As of January 2016, it is estimated that more than 1.2 million web sites are running Ruby on Rails.

Security
In March 2012, security researcher Egor Homakov discovered a mass assignment vulnerability that allowed certain Rails applications to be remotely exploited, and demonstrated it by non-maliciously hacking GitHub after his earlier attempts at responsible disclosure were dismissed.

On September 24, 2013, a session cookie persistence security flaw was reported in Ruby on Rails. In a default configuration, the entire session hash is stored within a session cookie known as CookieStore, allowing any authenticated session possessing the session cookie to log in as the target user at any time in the future. As a workaround, administrators are advised to configure cookies to be stored on the server using mechanisms such as ActiveRecordStore.

Researchers Daniel Jackson and Joseph Near developed a data debugger they called "Space" that can analyze the data access of a Rails program and determine if the program properly adheres to rules regarding access restrictions. On April 15, 2016, Near reported that an analysis of 50 popular Web applications using Space uncovered 23 previously unknown security flaws.

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

 Guides
 API

2004 software
Free computer libraries
Free software programmed in Ruby
Software using the MIT license
Web 2.0
Web frameworks

Ruby on Rails


Babusar Pass or Babusar Top (Urdu: درہ بابوسر) (elevation ) is a mountain pass in Pakistan at the north of the 150 km (93 miles) long Kaghan Valley, connecting it via the Thak Nala with Chilas on the Karakoram Highway (KKH). It is the highest point in Kaghan Valley that can be easily accessed by cars.

The Babusar Pass connects Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with Gilgit-Baltistan. It is one of the most dangerous routes in Pakistan. Every year, many deaths happen here due to the mountainous slopes, which are among the most dangerous in the world. The most common reason for death is the brake failure of cars due to inexperience. Babusar Top was originally known as Babur Top, originating from the fact that the Mughal emperor Babur used to pass through this area in the early 16th century. Nowadays however, it is commonly referred to as Babusar Top.

Climate
The Kaghan Valley is at its best during summer (from May to September). In May, the maximum temperature is 11 °C (52 °F) and the minimum temperature is 3 °C (37 °F). From the middle of July up to the end of September the road beyond Naran is open right up to the Babusar Pass. However, movement is restricted during the monsoon and winter seasons. The Kaghan area can be accessed by road via the cities of Islamabad or Peshawar.

Geography
The mountain ranges which enter the Mansehra District from Kashmir are the offshoots of the great Himalayan system. In the Kaghan Valley, the mountain system is the highest of the area including the Babusar Top. This range flanks the right bank of the Kunhar River, and contains a peak called Malika Parbat, which is over 17,000 feet high, and is the highest in the valley.

On the mountains the grasslands are also found where Gujjars and other nomads migrate during the summer for grazing by their sheep, goats and other animals. On the north side, there are mountains which are the extension of the same mountain system as that of the Kaghan mountains. This range diverges from the eastern side at Musa ka Musalla, a peak at an elevation of around 13,500 feet, which skirts the north end of the Bhogarmang and Konsh valleys, and sends down a spur to divide the two. Here also, like Kaghan, thick forests are naturally present, especially on the higher slopes. However, due to extensive exploitation, the thick forests are now usually found in the unapproachable areas.

See also
 Khunjerab Pass
 Burzil Pass
 Khyber Pass
 Sazeen

References

Diamer District
Mountain passes of Gilgit-Baltistan
Mansehra District
Mountain passes of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Babusar Pass


Bishop Thomas Joseph Power BA (Lon) MA (Lon) (1830–1893) was an Irish Roman Catholic Bishop. He was born near New Ross, County Wexford, Ireland, on 10 December 1830 to  Martin Power, a publican, and Catherine Sutton.
He attended St. Patrick's Tullow, County Carlow, and then Carlow College (1843-1853). At the time Carlow students could sit exams for degrees from the University of London and he was awarded a BA in 1850. He went on to study for a MA. He completed his studies in the Irish College in Rome (1853-1855) and was ordained a priest there by Archbishop Paul Cullen, and returned to Dublin to serve.
From 1859 to 1870 he served as President of Clonliffe College.

In 1870 in Rome again this time by Cardinal Cullen he was ordained the 6th Bishop of St. John's, Newfoundland. In Newfoundland he was responsible for many developments such as the building of St. Patrick's Church, bringing the Irish Christian Brothers and the setting up of orphanages.

He died in St. John's on 4 December 1893 and was succeeded by Bishop Michael Francis Howley.

References

1830 births
1893 deaths
Christian clergy from County Wexford
Alumni of Carlow College
Alumni of the University of London
19th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Canada
19th-century Irish Roman Catholic priests
Roman Catholic bishops of St. John's, Newfoundland

Thomas Joseph Power


Metrosideros polymorpha, the ōhia lehua, is a species of flowering evergreen tree in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae, that is endemic to the six largest islands of Hawaii. It is a member of the diverse Metrosideros genus, which are widespread over the southwest Pacific. It is the state tree of Hawai'i.

It is a highly variable tree, being  tall in favorable situations, and a much smaller prostrate shrub when growing in boggy soils or directly on basalt. It produces a brilliant display of flowers, made up of a mass of stamens, which can range from fiery red to yellow. Many native Hawaiian traditions refer to the tree and the forests it forms as sacred to Pele, the volcano goddess, and to Laka, the goddess of hula. Ōhia trees grow easily on lava, and are usually the first plants to grow on new lava flows.

Metrosideros polymorpha is commonly called a lehua tree, or an ōhia lehua, or simply an ōhia; all are correct, although ōhia is also used to refer to the tomato as well as certain varieties of sugarcane and taro. There is a widespread but mistaken notion that the Hawaiian word ōhia only refers to the tree and that the word lehua only refers to its flowers.

Distribution
Metrosideros polymorpha is the most common native tree in the Hawaiian Islands, tolerating a wide range of soil conditions, temperature, and rainfall. It grows from sea level right up to the tree line at elevations of  and is commonly found in moist and dry forests, high shrublands, and is a colonizer of recent lava flows. It is relatively slow growing. Dominant in cloud forests above , the tree is also common in seasonally wet forests, where it may be dominant or form mixtures with the native Acacia koa.

Habitat

Metrosideros polymorpha may occur as a tall tree or a prostrate shrub, and everything in between. Preferred soils are acidic to neutral (pH 3.6-7.4) and either a Histosol, Mollisol, Podsol, Oxisol, Ultisol, or Alfisol. Rainfall of  per year is favored, but ōhia can grow in dry forests that receive as little as  or bogs that get more than  of rain.

On moist, deep soils, ōhia grows to  high. Specimens reaching  high are on record. The trunk varies in form. In some trees, it is straight and smooth; in others, it is twisted and prominently fluted. Trees growing in forests often have stilt roots, having germinated on logs or the stems of fallen hāpuu (Cibotium tree ferns), which have long decayed away when the tree has reached maturity. Some trees have fibrous aerial roots to gather moisture. At high elevations, and in areas with poor soils or little rainfall, shrub forms are the norm. Flowers are usually bright to medium red but orange-red, salmon, pink, yellow, or orange forms are also found. The flowers appear in clusters on the terminal ends of the branches. Masses of stamens extend from the flower and give the blossoms their characteristic pom-pom shape. The stomata of the leaves are able to close up in the presence of harmful gases, which gives it an advantage over many non-native trees.

Uses

The reddish brown heartwood of M. polymorpha is very hard, fine textured, and has a specific gravity of 0.7 . In native Hawaiian society, it is used in house and heiau construction, as well as to make papa kui ai (poi boards), weapons, tool handles, hohoa  (round kapa beaters), and kii (statues and idols). Although the trunk of ōhia is not used to make the kaele (hull) of waa (outrigger canoes), it was used for their nohona waa (seats), pale (gunwales), and pola (decking). Wae (spreaders) were made from the curved stilt roots of ōhia. Pā (fencing) was made from the wood due to its availability; kauila (Colubrina oppositifolia or Alphitonia ponderosa), more durable woods when in contact with soil, was rarer. As the wood burns hot and cleanly, it is excellent wahie (firewood). The lehua (flowers) and  liko lehua (leaf buds) are used in making lei. The flowers were used medicinally to treat pain experienced during childbirth.

Ōhia lehua is one of the few honey plants that is native to the Hawaiian Islands.

Similar species
There are about 50 species in the genus Metrosideros in Southeast Asia and the Pacific and as well one species in South Africa.  The Hawaiian Islands are home to five species of Metrosideros that are endemic to the islands, meaning they are found nowhere else in the world. These are: Metrosideros polymorpha, M. macropus, M. rugosa, M. tremuloides, and M. waialealae. The species are readily distinguished from one another by the characteristics of their leaves.

Metrosideros kermadecensis, from the Kermadec Islands north of New Zealand, has recently become naturalized on Maui and may become a pest species. Several cultivars of M. excelsa, the pohutukawa tree of New Zealand, have been sometimes planted as ornamentals in Hawaii but are not reported to have naturalized. Metrosideros polymorpha was originally classified as a variety of M. collina, native to Rarotonga, Tahiti, and other islands of Polynesia, but now is generally accepted as a distinct Hawaiian endemic species.

Conservation

Metrosideros polymorpha forests in Hawaii have been invaded by myriad alien species. In the wet forests these include the strawberry guava (Psidium littorale), albizia (Falcataria moluccana), and "purple plague" (Miconia calvescens). In drier areas, problematic invaders include faya tree (Myrica faya) and Christmasberry (Schinus terebinthifolius). Alien grasses such as meadow ricegrass (Ehrharta stipoides) may form an understory that prevents or inhibits natural regeneration of the forests. In drier areas, M. polymorpha has to compete with silk oak (Grevillea robusta) and fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum).

Rapid ʻōhiʻa death

More recently, a strain of fungus initially identified as Ceratocystis fimbriata has attacked the ʻōhiʻa forests of the Big Island, causing rapid ʻōhiʻa death. The disease gets this name because healthy trees appear to die within a few days to a few weeks. While ōhia itself remains extremely abundant, some species that depend on it such as the akekee (Loxops caeruleirostris) and longhorn beetles in the genus Plagithmysus have become endangered due to forest areas shrinking.

In April 2018, the cause of rapid ʻōhiʻa death was identified as two species of Ceratocystis previously unknown to science: C. huliohia and C. lukuohia. By May 2018, infected ʻōhiʻa trees were found on the island of Kauai, prompting requests that members of the public limit transportation of ʻōhiʻa products within the island.

In 2022, to assist in slowing, and hopefully ending, Rapid ʻōhiʻa Death, the ʻōhiʻa became the state tree of Hawaii thanks to a bill signed into law by Governor David Ige.

Etymology
It is a common misconception that the word ōhia is used to refer to the tree and that the word lehua refers only to its flowers. The Hawaiian Dictionary describes lehua with these words:
 "The flower of the ōhia tree ... also the tree itself" .
Thus endorsing the common practice of referring to Metrosideros polymorpha as a lehua tree, or as an ōhia lehua, or simply an ōhia.

The genus name Metrosideros is derived from the Greek words metra, meaning 'heartwood', and sideron, meaning 'iron', and refers to the hard wood of the trees in this genus.  The specific epithet polymorpha, meaning 'many forms', is very appropriate, since individuals of this species exhibit many different morphologies and inhabit a broad range of ecological situations.  The Hawaiian language word ōhia is thought to have been derived from the ancestral Proto-Oceanic word, *kafika.  Throughout Oceania, there are many similar-sounding words that were also derived from the same ancestral protoform and, in most cases, they are names for the "mountain apple", or "Malay apple" tree, Syzygium malaccense. In the Hawaiian Islands, however, the word ōhia is not only used to refer to Syzygium malaccense, but also to other species of Syzygium and Metrosideros that occur there.

The derivation of the word lehua is more obscure, and while there are many opinions regarding its origin, there has been, to date, no historical linguistic study of the word to provide convincing evidence for any particular etymology.

Mythology
In Hawaiian mythology, Ōhia and Lehua were two young lovers. The volcano goddess Pele fell in love with the handsome Ōhia and approached him, but he turned down her advances. In a fit of jealousy, Pele transformed Ōhia into a tree. Lehua was devastated by this transformation and out of pity the other gods turned her into a flower and placed her upon the ōhia tree. Other versions say that Pele felt remorseful but was unable to reverse the change, so she turned Lehua into a flower herself. It is said that when a lehua flower is plucked from an ōhia tree, the sky will fill with rain representing the separated lovers' tears.

References

Sources

External links

polymorpha
Endemic flora of Hawaii
Trees of Hawaii
Biota of Hawaii (island)
Biota of Kauai
Biota of Lanai
Biota of Maui
Biota of Molokai
Biota of Oahu
Flora without expected TNC conservation status

Metrosideros polymorpha


Zarouchleika or Zarouchlaiika (), official name Glafkos, is a large suburb with a population of approximately 50,000 residents, located about 3 km south from the city centre of Patras, Greece. The main streets of Zarouchleika are the coastal road Akti Dymaion and Antheias Street. The OSE's railway from Patras to Pyrgos passes west of Zarouchleika.

History

The first inhabitants of the area were families that came from Zarouchla near Akrata, hence the name. It became an independent community in 1912. It was renamed to Glafkos (after the river Glafkos) in 1928, and in 1961, it became part of the metropolitan city of Patras.

Neighborhoods in Patras

Zarouchleika


"Stormur" (Icelandic for "Storm") is a song written and recorded by Icelandic post-rock band Sigur Rós for their seventh studio album Kveikur. It appears as the fifth track on the album. The song was released on September 9, 2013 to UK mainstream radio as a promotional single from Kveikur.

Usage in media
"Stormur" has so far been used once in commercial media. The song was used in a commercial for the 2013 iTunes Festival, a month-long music festival which took place at The Roundhouse in London from September 2 to October 1, 2013. Sigur Rós themselves performed at the festival on September 3, 2013 as the second headline act of the festival, with the performance being streamed live worldwide, and available to replay for free on the iTunes Store.

Music video
An interactive music video for "Stormur" was debuted by the band on August 5, 2013. The interactive video invited fans of the band on online photo-sharing, video-sharing and social networking service Instagram to submit videos, made through Instagram, to be featured in an interactive "ever-evolving" and "always altering" fan-made music video for "Stormur".  Fans can create and upload any video, and add the hashtag "#stormur" to enter the cycle of constantly updated loops for the video to play. As of current, the project is still in operation, and the video itself has not yet closed production.

The video itself featured numerous Instagram videos from various users that are randomly generated into the video, with two clips being shown each time. With the clips being randomly generated, there is no singular music video for "Stormur", as the video will generate a brand new set of user-submitted videos if the video is replayed, thus creating a unique music video for each person who views the same video.

Track listing

Personnel
Adapted from the Kveikur liner notes.

Sigur Rós
Jón Þór Birgisson – vocals, guitar
Georg Hólm – bass
Orri Páll Dýrason – drums

Additional musicians
Eiríkur Orri Ólafsson – brass arrangement
Daníel Bjarnason – string arrangement
Sigrún Jónsdóttir – brass
Eiríkur Orri Ólafsson – brass
Bergrún Snæbjörnsdóttir – brass
Borgar Magnason – strings
Margrét Árnadóttir – strings
Pálína Árnadóttir – strings
Una Sveinbjarnardóttir – strings
Þórunn Ósk Marinósdóttir – strings

Additional personnel
Ted Jensen – mastering
Rich Costey – mixing
Alex Somers – mixing, recording
Elisabeth Carlsson – assistant mixing
Eric Isip – assistant mixing
Chris Kasych – assistant mixing
Laura Sisk – assistant mixing
Birgir Jón Birgisson – recording
Valgeir Sigurdsson – recording (strings)

Release history

References

Sigur Rós songs
2013 singles
Songs written by Jónsi
Songs written by Orri Páll Dýrason
Songs written by Georg Hólm
2013 songs
XL Recordings singles

Stormur


The 1977 Soviet Constitution was the final constitution of the USSR in effect from 1977 until the Soviet Union was dissolved in 1991. It was also called the Constitution of Developed Socialism because the preamble to the 1977 Soviet Constitution says The aim of the dictatorship of the proletariat having been fulfilled, the Soviet State has become the state of the whole people, representing everyone, not just the workers and peasants alone The 1977 Constitution also led to some decentralization of powers from the central Soviet Communist Party to the governments underneath it. This constitution began to allow limited private enterprise, and loosened the hours citizens were required to work at state enterprises,  especially during the reign of Mikhail Gorbachev.
After Dissolution of USSR, Russia still used the 1977 Soviet Constitution until a new Constitution was adopted after 1993 crisis

1977
History of the Soviet Union
Constitutions of the Soviet Union

1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union


Jakob Weidemann (14 June 1923 – 19 December 2001) was a Norwegian artist. Jakob Weidemann is regarded as one of Norway's more important artists of post-war Modernism.  Weidemann's work Storfuglen letter (1959) was selected as one of the twelve most important Norwegian artworks by Morgenbladet.

Biography
Weidemann was born at Steinkjer in Nord-Trøndelag, Norway.  He was the son of Osvald Weidemann (1902–1965) and Therese Margrethe Opdahl (1905–1990). He
was born out of wedlock and spent the first years of childhood with his mother's parents at Steinkjer.   His mother was married in 1930 to Einar Johansen (1907–1982) who was life insurance inspector and later art dealer. Weidemann moved to Oslo at age 11 to live with his mother and step-father. In 1939, the family moved to Bergen. He was educated under Eivind Lundboe at the Bergen Art School (Bergen Kunsthåndverkskole) (1939), trained with artist Ole B. Eyde in Bergen (1940–41) and studied at the Norwegian National Academy of Fine Arts in Oslo under Axel Revold and Søren Onsager (1941–42). He was awarded a Government travel allowance in 1952 and received the Conrad Mohr's legacy in 1955. He conducted study trips to Copenhagen in 1946; Paris in 1949; Italy in 1955; and the Netherlands in 1958.

His first solo exhibition was at Paus Knudsens Kunsthandel in 1942. Weidemann joined the Norwegian resistance movement during the Occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, was arrested but escaped to Sweden in 1944. While there he was the victim of an accident in which an explosive charge blew up in such a way that he was blinded. He regained his sight, but then only in the left eye. The experience of being blind may have been decisive for the direction his art was later to take – towards an explosion of color and light.

Jacob Weidemann pioneered abstract painting in Norway in the decades following the Second World War. His first exhibition at Blomqvist's Fine Art (Blomqvists kunsthandel) in Oslo during 1946 was his breakthrough. Weidemann is considered to have become one of the more influential artists within Norwegian modernism in the 1950s. After some experimentation with different styles in the 1940s and 1950, Weidemann finally settled in what can be called expressive, lyrically abstract art. Abstract expressionism with nature as inspiration and basis became characteristic of work by Weidemann.

Awards
Anders Jahre cultural prize (Anders Jahres kulturpris) - 1994

Notable exhibitions
In addition to regular exhibitions in galleries such as Galerie Ariel (1963–1988) in France, Jakob Weidemann's work was shown in a number of notable exhibition festivals and galleries. During his lifetime, Weidemann's works were twice shown at Bergen International Festival and was featured at the Venice Biennale in 1967. Kunstnernes Hus in Oslo displayed his 'forest floor' series (skogbunnbilder) in 1961.

Present collections
The National Museum of Art (Nasjonalmusset) in Oslo owns over thirty of his paintings including  Brytningstid (1968), Epleblomst (1973), Blomster i sne (1973) and Inntrykk fra naturen(1982). Additionally the museum has on display a number of his etchings dating from the 1940s and 1950s.

The National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design (Museet for Samtidskunst) in Oslo owns a collection of his works; among them the two early works Interior and Self-portrait from 1942, and an important work dated to the early 1950s – The United Nations, inspired by the artist Arne Ekeland.

Henie Onstad Art Center (Henie Onstad Kunstsenter) at Høvikodden in Bærum, Norway owns several important works by Weidemann, among others The Capercaillie flyr av and the monumental works of the 1960s,   Veien til Jerusalem, The Crown of Thorns, Tåke" i Gethsemane  and Hommage à El Greco. A typical work dated to his later years – Blue Rage – is also at Høvikodden.

The Stenersen Museum (Stenersenmuseet) in Oslo owns several early and important works by Weidemann, such as Studio Interior, Insane, Flag-raising/Liberation, Partisan, The Seaman's Widow, The Steelworker, Petrushka, and Steinskulpturen. The collection was gifted by Rolf Stenersen to the Municipality of Oslo. The Astrup Fearnley Museum in Oslo also owns one important Weidemann; The Apple-tree and the Rainbow from 1964.

Ringebu Vicarage at Ringebu Stave Church displays a selection from the collection owned by Lillehammer Art Museum (Lillehammer kunstmuseum) every summer.

Weidemann was also commissioned for a number of permanent installations, such as the stained glass in Steinkjer Church (1965), Mai inside the concert hall at Maihaugen in Lillehammer (1967), Alf Bjerckes Fabrikker in Alnabru (1960); Norsk Hydro headquarters building in Oslo (1960–1961), Alfaset Chapel in Oslo (1971) and the M/S Royal Viking Sea (1973).

Personal life
In 1954 he married journalist Anne Marie Frøisland (1921-2010). In 1968, the artist moved with his wife to Ringsveen Farm in Lillehammer. In 1999, Anne and Jakob Weidemann founded a foundation (Stiftelsen Ringsveen) to provide young artists annual scholarships. Weidemann also donated his property to the foundation which administers the farm. In keeping with Weidemann's express wish, it is now a place where young artists can live and work.

Selected works
Selvportrett - 1942 (National Museum of Art, Oslo)
Atelierinteriør- 1945 (Stenersen Museum, Oslo)
 Komposisjon - 1945 (National Museum of Art, Oslo)
Storfuglen letter- 1959 (Henie-Onstad Art Center, Bærum)
Klovner - 	1963 (National Museum of Art, Oslo)
Tornekronen- 1965 (National Museum of Art, Oslo)
Veien til Jerusalem- 1965 (Henie-Onstad Art Center, Bærum)
Tåke i Getsemane- 1965 (Henie-Onstad Art Center, Bærum)
Inntrykk fra naturen - 1981–82 (National Museum of Art, Oslo)

References

Other sources
 Opdahl, John S. (2007) Liss-Jakob Weidemann fra Påssåbyn (eget forlag)
 Hellandsjø, Karin (2003) Jakob Weidemann : storfuglen i norsk kunst (Oslo: Schibsted Forlag)
 Koefoed, Holger (1998) Portrett i ord : Jakob Weidemann(Oslo: Labyrinth Press)
 Egeland, Erik (1998)  Jakob Weidemann : portrett av en norsk modernist (Oslo: J. M. Stenersens Forlag)

External links
Jakob Weidemann Collection at the National Museum of Art, Oslo

1923 births
2001 deaths
People from Steinkjer
Oslo National Academy of the Arts alumni
Norwegian resistance members
Abstract expressionist artists
20th-century Norwegian painters
Norwegian male painters
Norwegian contemporary artists
20th-century Norwegian male artists
21st-century Norwegian male artists

Jakob Weidemann