Connie Hansen (born 29 May 1964) is a noted Danish Paralympian. She competed in athletics at the Summer Paralympics three times, in 1984, 1988 and 1992, and won a total of nine gold medals, four silvers, and one bronze. She was inducted to the Paralympic Hall of Fame in 2008.

In the years 1988-94 she was often ranked highly on the "Athlete of the Year" list, the leading Danish television and sports newspaper ranking list, and served as one of the "key actors"  in the 1992 Barcelona Paralympics' movie, "Into the Light".

Honours/Awards:
1992 "Female athlete of the Year" by Danish National Olympic Organizations.
1992 "Athlete of the year" by the Danish Sports Organisation for Disabled.
1992 "Athlete of the Year, Runner Up – 2. place" voted by the biggest Danish newspaper
1988 "Female Athlete of the Year" by Danish Television.
1988 "Sports Award" of Ministry of Culture.

In 1991, she started a company designing and producing running frames and other gait devices. Though her and many others' efforts, frame running has developed to be one of the fastest growing parasports, and an amazing physically and mentally challenging sport for a wide group of the most challenged athletes. A signal to IPC about the importance of standing up for their roots and values of Para Sport. Today, frame running is seen as a discipline within Paraathletics and stands close to be included on the Paralympic program.

The company BY CONNIEHANSEN still owned and run by Connie Hansen personal is engaging themselves with rehabilitation centers, dealers and sports/disability organizations in many countries worldwide to strengthen the sport RaceRunning and encourage an active & inclusive lifestyle.

References

External links

1964 births
Living people
Paralympic athletes for Denmark
Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Paralympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Paralympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic gold medalists for Denmark
Paralympic silver medalists for Denmark
Paralympic bronze medalists for Denmark
Wheelchair racers at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Wheelchair racers at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Wheelchair racers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Female wheelchair racers
Paralympic wheelchair racers
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Paralympics
Danish wheelchair racers
Paralympic medalists in athletics (track and field)

Connie Hansen


Sislej Xhafa (born 1970 in Peja, Kosovo) is an Kosovar contemporary artist, based in New York.

In a Hatje Cantz Verlag monograph about the artist, art critic Guido Molinari writes "The condition of relentless traveler, throughout the West and beyond, allows Sislej Xhafa to keep in constant touch with current social, economic and aesthetic shifts and pour these back into his own works. The relationship between him and these international mutations is void of any rhetoric or politically correct solutions. It takes shape, rather, through the development of complex, but mainly light, conceptual strategies. Approaching humor at times, by means of a clear-cut point of view reversal or unexpected elaboration on a simple stereotype, the work offers an insight into the core of social unease without triggering rejection mechanisms. Xhafa's aim, indeed, is to give our minds tiny rushes of energy, without the deadlock of excess shock value."

He is represented by Galleria Continua, San Gimignano / Beijing / Le Moulin.

Exhibitions

Xhafa has exhibited widely, including:

 Italian Pavilion of the 55th Venice Biennale Vice Versa Venice Biennale, Venice, Italy
 21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art, Kanazawa Borderline: Collection Exhibition II, Kanazawa, Japan (2013)
 MADRE Museum of Contemporary Art Donna Reggina Still Untitled, Naples, Italy (2012)
 François Pinault Foundation The World Belongs to You, Palazzo Grassi, Venice, Italy
 Hardau City Park Y, Zürich, Switzerland
 The Power Plant Rearview Mirror, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (2011)
 PRISM Misericordia, West Hollywood, California, United States
 MAXXI Spazio. Dalle collezioni di arte e architettura, Rome, Italy
 Il Museo Privato. La passione per l'arte contemporanea nelle collezioni bergamasche GAMeC, Bergamo, Italy
 Röda Sten 2705 Baci… Göteborg (2010), MART Rovereto; Museo di Arte Moderna e Contemporanea di Trento e Rovereto, Language and Experimentations
 PAC Padiglione d'Arte Contemporanea, Milano Ibrido. Genetica delle forme
 DEPO Indefinite Destinations, Istanbul, Turkey
 MADRE Barock, Naples, Italy (2009)
 Havana Biennial, Havana, Cuba
 Modern Art Oxford Transmission Interrupted, Oxford, England
 Gwangju Biennale, Gwangju, South Korea
 Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit Business As Usual, Detroit, Michigan, United States
 Schirn Kunsthalle Frankfurt All-Inclusive. A Tourist World, Frankfurt, Germany (2008)
 Istanbul Museum of Modern Art Time Present, Time Past, Istanbul, Turkey
 Göteborg International Biennial for Contemporary Art Rethinking Dissent, Gothenburg, Sweden
 Mori Art Museum All About Laughter Humor in Contemporary Art, Tokyo, Japan (2007)
 PERFORMA05 performance biennial, New York (2005)
 I Bienal de Arte Contemporáneo de Sevilla, Fundación BIACS, La alegria de mis sueños, Monasterio la Cartuja de Santa María de las Cuervas, Seville, Spain
 The Renaissance Society,  New Video, New Europe, Chicago, Illinois, United States
 Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
 Tate Modern, London, England
 Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
 North Dakota Museum of Art, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States
 Fundació 'la Caixa' la Sala Montcada, Barcelona, Spain
 Haifa Museum of Art, Haifa, Israel (2004)
 Palais de Tokyo, Paris, France (2003)
 Gwangju Biennale, Pause, Gwangju, South Korea (2002)
 Istanbul Biennial, Egofugal, Istanbul, Turkey
 Stedelijk Museum voor Actuele Kunst (S.M.A.K.), Casino, Ghent, Belgium
 PS1, Uniform, Queens, New York City, New York, United States (2001)
 Manifesta III, Ljubljana, Slovenia
 Stedelijk Museum voor Actuele Kunst (S.M.A.K.), Over the Edges, Ghent, Belgium (2000)
 Venice Biennale (1997, 1999 and 2005)

Awards
 Hardau City Park Y, Zürich; Supported by City of Zürich, ZHDK and IFCAR 2009-2011
  "Axis of Silence"  in collaboration with Contemporary Art Fund of the City and Canton of Geneva (Fmac and FCAC) Plaine de Plainpalais; Geneva 2008
 Fondazione Pistoletto, Biella 2001
 Fondazione Querini Stampalia, Premio Querini- Furla per l'Arte, Venice 2000
 Onufri National Gallery, Tirana 1999

Notes

References
"Biennale 2013: Sislej Xhafa", Vogue Italia.
"Italian Pavilion in the 55th International Art Exposition of the Venice Biennale - Vice versa -  The Exhibition Project", 1F mediaproject
Urs Steiner, Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 2 July 2012.
Adi Kälin, Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 24 September 2011.
http://www.albinfo.ch/sq/node/81790
"The most expensive key I've ever owned opens the doors to a world of trash (not that I'm complaining)", Time Out Istanbul, June 12, 2012.
http://www.darsmagazine.it/gormley-buren-xhafa-galleria-continua/
http://artforum.com/picks/section=eu&mode=past#picks31076
http://frieze-magazin.de/archiv/kritik/sislej-xhafa/?lang=en
http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/zuerich/stadt/Wie-ein-Kosovare-Zuerich-bereichern-will/story/28637795

Smith, Roberta, "Performance Art Gets Its Biennial", The New York Times, November 4, 2005.
Povoledo, Elisabetta, "Contemporary work has unlikely home", The New York Times, February 21, 2006.
GENOCCHIO, BENJAMIN. The New York Times, August 3, 2007. "Theater of Cruelty"
The Free Library by Farlex. Artforum International, May 1, 2001. Openings Sislej Xhafa.
Povoledo, Elisabetta, "Contemporary work has unlikely home", International Herald Tribune, Tuesday, February 21, 2006.

External links

http://www.phaidon.com/store/art/cream-3-9780714843117/
http://www.artbook.com/catalog--art--monographs--xhafa--sislej.html
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0268/is_9_39/ai_75914284/
http://www.mocadetroit.org/past-exhibitions.html
http://www.sternberg-press.com/index.php?pageId=1222

http://www.theartnewspaper.com/articles/Silvio-set-in-sand/20209
 "Axis of Silence" one of the 13 luminous installations of the Neon Parallax public art project on the Plaine of Plainpalais, Geneva.

1970 births
20th-century sculptors
21st-century sculptors
American people of Albanian descent
Artists from Brooklyn
Kosovo Albanians
Living people
People from Peja
Postmodern artists
Albanian artists
Video artists

Sislej Xhafa


USS Denebola (AF-56) was a  acquired by the U.S. Navy. She was built as SS Hibbing Victory  as a type VC2-S-AP2 Victory ship built by Oregon Shipbuilding Corporation of Portland, Oregon, under a Maritime Commission. The Maritime Administration cargo ship was the 113th ship built. Its keel was laid on 2 May 1944. The ship was christened on 30 June 1944. She was built at the Oregon Shipbuilding yards in just 59 days, under the Emergency Shipbuilding program for World War II. The 10,600-ton ship was constructed for the Maritime Commission. She was operated by the (Pacific-Atlantic SS Company under the United States Merchant Marine act for the War Shipping Administration. The other two ships in her class were  and .  USS Denebolas task was to carry stores, refrigerated items, and equipment to ships in the fleet, and to remote stations and staging areas.

The second ship to be named Denebola by the Navy, AF-56 was launched 10 June 1944 as Hibbing Victory by Oregon Shipbuilding Co., Portland, Oregon; sponsored by Miss J. A. Bush; transferred to the Navy 1 May 1952; converted at New York Naval Shipyard; and commissioned 20 January 1954.

Hibbing Victory
For World War II,  hull MCV 113, she was owned by the War Shipping Administration and operated by the Pacific-Atlantic Steamship Company. Hibbing Victory served in the Pacific Theater of Operations during the last few months of World War II in the Pacific War. She took supplies to help in the capture and occupation of Southern Palau Islands from 6 September 1944 to 14 October 1944. Next she took supplies for the assault and occupation of Okinawa Island from 10 May 1945 to 27 May 1945. On  3 July 1946 her operator changed to the Seas Shipping Company of New York. After the war on 4 August 1948 she was laid up at Wilmington, North Carolina as part of the National Defense Reserve Fleet. In 1950 she was put back in service for Korean War and was chartered to American Foreign SS Co. SS Hibbing Victory served as merchant marine naval supplying goods for the Korean War. She help move the 140th Medium Tank Battalion. About 75 percent of the personnel taking to Korean from the Korean War came by the merchant marine. SS Pratt Victory transported goods, mail, food and other supplies. About 90 percent of the cargo was moved by merchant marine naval to the war zone. SS Hibbing Victory made trip between 18 November 1950 and 23 December 1952 helping American forces engaged against in South Korea.

Denebola operations

From the completion of her shakedown through June 1960 Denebola alternated eight tours of duty with the U.S. 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean with local operations out of Norfolk, Virginia. In addition she participated in NATO exercises in 1957 and 1958 and carried stores to the Caribbean. She served as plane guard for President Dwight D. Eisenhower's plane and on his return from the NATO conference at Paris, in 1957, and during her 1958 Mediterranean tour she replenished ships patrolling off Beirut in the aftermath of the Lebanon crisis. She was among the ships deployed during the Cuban Missile Crises. She was also in the Mediterranean during the June 1967 Arab-Israeli Six Day War, and replenished U.S. Navy ships on standby alert during that conflict.

Decommissioning

Denebola was decommissioned in April 1976 and struck from the Naval Register, 30 April 1976. Final Disposition: sold for scrapping, 1 December 1976, by the Defense Reutilization and Marketing Service.

Military awards and honors

Her crew was eligible for the following medals and commendations:
 Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation
 National Defense Service Medal (2)
 Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal (1-Cuba, 1-Lebanon)
 World War II "Battle Stars" for action at the capture-occupation of Southern Palau Islands.

References

External links
 NavSource Online: Service Ship Photo Archive - AF-56 Denebola

Victory ships
Ships built in Portland, Oregon
1944 ships
World War II merchant ships of the United States
Denebola-class stores ships

USS Denebola (AF-56)


Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) are a species of reptiles which look like lizards. However, they are the only surviving member of an order of reptiles which flourished 200 million years ago.

There is now only the genus Sphenodon, with two species of Tuatara. Both are endemic to (only live in) New Zealand. Lizards and snakes are the closest living relatives of the tuatara.

Tuatara are green-brown, and measure up to 80 cm from head to the end of their tail. They have a spiny crest along the back: the Maori word tuatara refers to this.
The crest is more pronounced in males. Tuatara are special in many ways. One of these is the pattern of their teeth. They have two rows of teeth in the upper jaw overlap one row on the lower jaw. This is unique among living species.

Sense organs

Third 'eye'
Tuatara are also unusual because they have a third 'eye'. They have two normal eyes. The third eye is on top of their head, in between their other eyes. It does not see like a normal eye. The parietal eye, as it is called, is only visible in hatchlings. They have a translucent patch at the top centre of the skull. After four to six months this becomes covered with opaque scales and pigment.

The function of the parietal eye is unknown, but it may be useful in absorbing ultraviolet rays to manufacture vitamin D. It may also do other things. Of all living tetrapods, the parietal eye is most obvious in this animal. The parietal eye is part of the pineal system. The animal's pineal gland secretes melatonin at night. Some salamanders use their pineal body to perceive polarised light, which helps navigation. Unlike lizards they have no eardrums or external male sexual organ.

Hearing
Tuataras do not have ears, but they can hear. They have a number of unique features in their skeleton (bones), some of them shared through common descent with fish.

Endangered species
The tuatara has been classified as an endangered species since 1895. The second species, S. guntheri, was not discovered until 1989.

Tuatara, like many of New Zealand's native animals, are threatened by habitat loss and the introduced Polynesian Rat Rattus exulans. They were extinct on the mainland, with the remaining populations confined to 32 offshore islands, until the first mainland release into the heavily fenced and monitored Karori Wildlife Sanctuary in 2005.

References

Scaled reptiles
Living fossils
Animals of New Zealand

Tuatara


Batwoman is a name used by several characters of DC Comics, both in mainstream continuity and Elseworlds. The best known Batwomen are Kathy Kane and Kate Kane, while several original incarnations have appeared in adapted media.

History
 The first Batwoman, Kathy Kane, debuted during the Silver Age of Comics within the "pre-crisis" mainstream DC Universe.
 The 1996 limited series Kingdom Come by Mark Waid and Alex Ross presents a Batwoman portrayed as a Batman admirer from Jack Kirby's Fourth World. Her costume mixed Kirby-esque elements with those of the original costume. The character rode a giant bat-winged dog named Ace.
 Batman: Dark Knight Dynasty (1997) features Vice-President  who becomes Batwoman to stop Vandal Savage. Wayne discovers a conspiracy against her family after investigating the last thirteen generations of the Wayne family.
 JLA: The Nail (1998) by Alan Davis features Selina Kyle adopting a Batwoman costume based on the costume worn by Kathy Kane. The 2004 sequel, JLA: Another Nail, features her fashioning her own Batwoman persona.
 Superman/Batman #24 (November 2005) presents a world where the genders of the characters are reversed with Helena Wayne as Batwoman. DC later placed this alternate reality as "Earth 11" in the post-Infinite Crisis multiverse.

 Kate Kane as Batwoman debuted in 2006 in the series 52.
 In the Teen Titans storyline "Titans Tomorrow" (2005), Bette Kane is Batwoman, and wears a costume similar to Kathy's pre-Crisis one. In the follow-up storyline, "Titans of Tomorrow... Today!" (2007), Bette Kane remains Flamebird and former Batgirl Cassandra Cain becomes Batwoman.
 In DC Comics Bombshells, which take place in an alternate history version of World War II, there are three versions of the character outside of Kate Kane:
 Madame Katherine Webb, a member of the Kane family and the aunt to both Kate and Bette, is the Headmistress of Pinkney Orphanage. She was left in charge of the orphanage by Kate before she left Gotham. Headmistress Webb is a xenophobic woman, who uses the orphans to make robots to protect the country from foreigners, whom she characterizes as evil. She is later defeated by a team of Batgirls, including Bette, who come to the orphanage to save the orphans.
 Kathleen "Kathy" Duquesne, an auto mechanic and the leader of a team of Batgirls, who protect the city during Batwoman's absence. Along with Kathy, the team includes Nell Little, Harper Row and later on Alysia Yeoh and Bette Kane. Upon meeting Bette, Kathy immediately recognizes her as a baseball player and later figures out her real identity as well as her connection to Batwoman but promises to keep it a secret. The Batgirls save the orphans of Pinkney Orphanage from the devious Headmistress and later expand their team, welcoming Tim Drake, Cullen Row and Felicity Smoak, and creating a Bat family.
 Sonia Alcana appears as an officer of Gotham City Police Department, partnered with Crispus Allen and working with Maggie Sawyer to aid Batwoman into her fight against crime in the city.
 In the 2019 Young Justice series, Stephanie Brown is the Batwoman of Earth-3.

In other media

Television
 A loose adaptation of Batwoman appears in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode "The Criss Cross Conspiracy!", voiced by Vanessa Marshall. This version is visually based on the Kathy Kane incarnation, but is depicted as series original character  / The Bat Lady, thrill-seeking heiress to the Moldoff Circus fortune and a trained circus acrobat whose crime-fighting style endangers bystanders. After being publicly unmasked and humiliated by the Riddler years prior, she is forced to give up her crime-fighting lifestyle before seeking revenge in the present by encouraging Felix Faust to give her a spell to switch her and Batman's bodies, allowing her to get closer to the Riddler without the police coming after her. After she fails, Batman rescues her and convinces Faust to switch them back before she quietly turns herself in to the police. Series director Ben Jones confirmed that the decision to rename the character was brought about after DC Comics voiced concerns about this depiction of the character having a negative impact on the new Batwoman comic book series, the first issue of which launched less than a month after the episode's initial air date.
 The Kate Kane incarnation of Batwoman appears in a self-titled TV series, portrayed by Ruby Rose in the first season and Wallis Day in the second. Additionally, Kane's successor and series original character Ryan Wilder also appears in the series, portrayed by Javicia Leslie.

Film
An original incarnation of Batwoman appears in Batman: Mystery of the Batwoman, voiced by Kyra Sedgwick. This version is an identity used by three people: GCPD Detective  (voiced by Elisa Gabrielli), Wayne Tech employee Dr. Roxanne "Rocky" Ballantine (voiced by Kelly Ripa), and Kathleen "Kathy" Duquesne (voiced by Kimberly Brooks), who all hold grudges against the Penguin and Rupert Thorne as well as Carlton Duquesne, a gangster in the crime bosses' employ and Kathy's father. Alcana, Ballantine, and Kathy pooled their resources and skills together to seek revenge while taking turns operating as Batwoman to draw suspicion away from each other, with all three using lethal force to achieve their goals. In the DVD and Blu-ray special features, the producers explained that DC did not want the filmmakers to use Kate Kane in a family-friendly film due to the violence associated with her character.

See also
 Batgirl
 Robin
 Huntress

References

Articles about multiple fictional characters
Batman characters code names
DC Comics female superheroes
Characters created by Bob Kane
Characters created by Edmond Hamilton
Characters created by Geoff Johns
Characters created by Grant Morrison
Characters created by Greg Rucka
Characters created by Keith Giffen
Characters created by Mark Waid
Characters created by Sheldon Moldoff

Female soldier and warrior characters in comics
Vigilante characters in comics

Batwoman


Produced water is a term used in the oil industry or geothermal industry to describe water that is produced as a byproduct during the extraction of oil and natural gas, or used as a medium for heat extraction. Water that is produced along with the hydrocarbons is generally brackish and saline water in nature. Oil and gas reservoirs often have water as well as hydrocarbons, sometimes in a zone that lies under the hydrocarbons, and sometimes in the same zone with the oil and gas. In geothermal plays, the produced water is usually hot. It contains steam with dissolved solutes and gases, providing important information on the geological, chemical, and hydrological characteristics of geothermal systems.
Oil wells sometimes produce large volumes of water with the oil, while gas wells tend to produce water in smaller proportions.

As an oilfield becomes old, its natural drive to produce hydrocarbons decreases leading to the decline in the production. To achieve maximum oil recovery, waterflooding is often implemented, in which water is injected into the reservoirs to help force the oil to the production wells. In the offshore areas, sea water is used. In the onshore installations the injected water is obtained from river, treated produced water or from the underground. Injected water is treated with many chemicals to make it suitable for injection. The injected water eventually reaches the production wells, and so in the later stages of water flooding, the produced water proportion ("cut") of the total production increases.

Water quality
The water composition ranges widely from well to well and even over the life of the same well.  Much produced water is brine, and most formations result in total dissolved solids too high for beneficial reuse. In oil fields, almost all produced water contains oil and suspended solids.  Some produced water contains heavy metals and traces of naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM), which over time deposits radioactive scale in the piping at the well. Metals found in produced water include zinc, lead, manganese, iron, and barium. In geothermal fields, produced waters are classified into 3 chemical types: HCO3-Ca⋅Mg, HCO3-Na and SO4⋅Cl-Na. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1987 and 1999 indicates that during drilling and operations, additives may be used to reduce solid deposition on equipment and casings. Water produced from underground formations for geothermal electric power generation often exceeds primary and secondary drinking water standards for total dissolved solids, fluoride, chloride, and sulfate.

Water management

Water is required for both traditional geothermal systems and EGS throughout the life cycle of a power plant. For traditional projects, the water available at the resource is typically used for energy generation during plant operations.

Historically, produced water was disposed of in large evaporation ponds. However, this has become an increasingly unacceptable disposal method from both environmental and social perspectives.  Produced water is considered  industrial waste.

The broad management options for re-use are direct injection, environmentally acceptable direct-use of untreated water, or treatment to a government-issued standard before disposal or supply to users. Treatment requirements vary throughout the world. In the United States, these standards are issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for underground injection and discharges to surface waters. Although beneficial reuse for drinking water and agriculture have been researched, the industry has not adopted these measures due to cost, water availability, and social acceptance.

Gravity separators, hydrocyclones, plate coalescers, dissolved gas flotation, and nut shell filters are some of the technologies used in treating wastes from produced water.

Radioactivity
The use of produced water for road deicing has been criticized as unsafe.

In January 2020, Rolling Stone magazine published an extensive report about radioactivity content in produced water and its effects on workers and communities across the United States. It was reported that brine sampled from a plant in Ohio was tested in a University of Pittsburgh laboratory and registered radium levels above 3,500 pCi/L. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission requires industrial discharges to remain below 60 pCi/L for each of the most common isotopes of radium, radium-226 and radium-228.

See also
 Industrial waste water treatment
 Oil–water separator

References

Petroleum production
Water pollution
Natural gas

Produced water


Karl Ferdinand von Gräfe, (8 March 1787 – 4 July 1840, was a German surgeon from Warsaw.

He was the father of ophthalmologist Albrecht von Graefe (1828–1870) and grandfather of politician Albrecht von Graefe (1868-1933).

Biography
Gräfe studied medicine at Halle and Leipzig, and after obtaining his licence from Leipzig, he was in 1807 appointed a private physician to Duke Alexius of Anhalt-Bernburg. In 1811, he became a professor of surgery and director of the ophthalmological institute at the University of Berlin. His lectures at the University of Berlin attracted students from all parts of Europe. During the Sixth Coalition against Napoleon, he was a superintendent of military hospitals.

When peace was concluded in 1815, Gräfe resumed his professorial duties. He was also appointed physician to the general staff of the Prussian army, and he became a director of the Friedrich Wilhelm Institute and of the Medico-Chirurgical Academy (Charité).

Gräfe died suddenly at Hanover, where he had been called to operate on the eyes of the crown prince. His grave is preserved in the Protestant Friedhof II der Jerusalems- und Neuen Kirchengemeinde (Cemetery No. II of the congregations of Jerusalem's Church and New Church) in Berlin-Kreuzberg, south of Hallesches Tor.

He was a pioneer of plastic and reconstructive surgery, and a founder of German rhinoplastic surgery. He developed his own techniques in regards to rhinoplasty, being modifications of the Italian methods of Gasparo Tagliacozzi (1545–1599) as well as Indian surgical practices from long ago. He also made contributions towards the development of cleft palate repair, and was a pioneer of eyelid surgery, coining the term "blepharoplasty" in 1818. He is also reputed to have carried out the first reported clitoridectomy in the Western Europe, which was done on a teenage girl regarded as an "imbecile" who was masturbating.

Works
The following are his principal works:
 Normen für die Ablösung größerer Gliedmaßen (Berlin, 1812) – Standards for the removal of larger limbs.
 Rhinoplastik (1818) – Rhinoplasty.
 Neue Beiträge zur Kunst, Teile des Angesichts organisch zu ersetzen (1821).
 Die epidemisch-kontagiose Augenblennorrhoe Ägyptens in den europäischen Befreiungsheeren (1824) – The epidemic involving ophthalmic blennorrhea in Egypt affecting the European liberation armies.
 Jahresberichte ber das klinisch-chirurgisch-augenarztliche Institut der Universität zu Berlin (1817-1834) – Annual reports on the clinical-surgical-ophthalmology institute at the University of Berlin.
With Philipp Franz von Walther, he edited the Journal für Chirurgie und Augenheilkunde.

Notes

References

Attribution:

Further reading

 -Online Research Guide and Journal on the History of Plastic Surgery

1787 births
1840 deaths
German surgeons
German untitled nobility
Physicians from Warsaw
University of Halle alumni
Leipzig University alumni
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin

Karl Ferdinand von Gräfe


Potosí is a city in Bolivia. In 2012, about 175.000 people lived there. Potosí is near the mountain Cerro Rico, which has silver deposits.  In the 17th century, the city grew rich by mining these deposits. At the time, it was one of the biggest cities in the world. Today, the city still depends on the deposits of silver and tin in the mountain. The city lies on the Altiplano, a steppe-like plain. It is at an altitude of  to  above sea level, which makes it one of the highest metropolises in the world.

Cities in Bolivia
Potosí Department

Potosí


Bernard Roger Tapie (; 26 January 1943 – 3 October 2021) was a French businessman, politician and occasional actor, singer, and TV host. He was Minister of City Affairs in the government of Pierre Bérégovoy.

Life and career

Tapie was born in Paris. He was a businessman who specialized in recovering bankrupt companies, among which Adidas is the most famous (he owned Adidas from 1990 to 1993); and owner of sports teams: his cycling team La Vie Claire won the Tour de France twice – in 1985 and 1986 – and his football club Olympique de Marseille won the French championship four times in a row, and the Champions League in 1993.

La Vie Claire, one of Tapie's former businesses, is a chain of health product stores. It sponsored one of the strongest cycling teams of all time, La Vie Claire, which was founded after the 1983 European cycling season, when multiple Tour de France winner Bernard Hinault had acrimoniously broken away from the Renault–Elf–Gitane team that featured Hinault's much younger and newly crowned French Tour de France winner, Laurent Fignon.

La Vie Claire was formed by Hinault after Hinault had experienced a falling-out with his long-time and highly successful team manager from Renault–Elf, Cyrille Guimard, in respect to which of the two French riders (and previously loyal team-mates) would lead the team in 1984 after Fignon's 1983 victory, a race in which Hinault had been unable to participate, due to tendonitis of his knee that had flared up during the 1983 Vuelta a España (Tour of Spain) that had been raced little over a month earlier and which Hinault had won.

Following Hinault from the all-powerful Renault–Elf team to the newly formed La Vie Claire squad was Greg LeMond, who would himself end up winning three Tours de France with three different teams. Hinault and LeMond would soon win successive Tours with the La Vie Claire team after leaving Renault–Elf–Gitane, while both Fignon and Guimard would never win another Tour de France, as a cyclist and directeur sportif respectively, after 1984 (the closest that the two came to winning the Tour de France again was in 1989, when Lemond defeated their enduring alliance by a mere 8 seconds in the time-trial that was held on the final day of that Tour, which is still the closest ever winning margin in over 100 editions of the Tour and which closely followed Fignon's win that year in the Giro d'Italia, or Tour of Italy).

Hinault had already formed a strong collective of primarily French riders almost immediately after his breakaway from Renault–Elf and Guimard, and before he had even secured the much-needed financial backing for his team from someone like Bernard Tapie.

From 1986 to 1994, he was the president of the Olympique de Marseille football club, which became champions of France five times in a row (from 1989 to 1993) and won the 1992–93 UEFA Champions League.

In 1985, he bought the sailing ship Club Mediterrannee from the wife of disappeared French navigator Alain Colas. The boat was transported to Marseille, where Tapie had his football team, and restored for two years. It was renamed Phocea and was at that time the longest sailing ship in the world (). Tapie took command of it with a new crew in 1988 and broke the world record for crossing the Atlantic Ocean.

In 2021, Tapie and his wife were severely beaten in a home invasion robbery.

Controversies
In 1993, the same year that Olympique de Marseille won the Champions League, he was accused of fixing the match between his club and minor club Valenciennes; the motivation seemed to be that he could thus save his best players for important matches and not waste their energy.

His club was stripped of its French league championship, though not of the Champions League title, and later suffered a forced relegation to the second division because of this match-fixing suspicion.

In 1994, Tapie was under criminal investigation for complicity of corruption and witness tampering. After a high-profile case against public prosecutor Éric de Montgolfier, he was sentenced in 1995 by the Court of Appeals of Douai to two years in prison, including 8 months non-suspended and three years of deprivation of his civic rights.

From 1993 to 2008 there was a long legal battle between Tapie and the Crédit Lyonnais bank (state-owned bank). Crédit Lyonnais had defrauded Tapie in 1993 and 1994 when it sold Adidas on his behalf to Robert Louis-Dreyfus, apparently by arranging a larger sale with Dreyfus without Tapie's knowledge.

A 600-million-franc (90-million-Euro) sum was granted in 1995 by the French justice system, and after an appeal from Crédit Lyonnais the Appeal Court increased the sanction to 150 million Euros in 2005. This ruling was partially dismissed in Cassation.
In 2008 a special judicial panel ruled that Tapie should receive compensation of €404 million from the French Ministry of Finance, headed by Christine Lagarde. She decided not to challenge the ruling. On 3 December 2015, a French court ruled that Tapie should return this compensation with interest. A few days later, the Court of Justice of the Republic ordered that Lagarde should stand trial for negligence.

On 19 December 2016, Lagarde was convicted of negligence; however, the conviction was not deemed a criminal record and Lagarde was not sentenced to any punishment.
In 2012, the new French government held by the socialists announced they would challenge in courts the Arbitrage sentence ruled in favor of Tapie under the presidency of Nicolas Sarkozy. After four years of new trials, the Arbitrage was canceled on the basis of a "suspected fraud" in the nomination and impartiality of one of the three judges who ruled in favor of Tapie.

In 2019, a criminal case was conducted against Tapie and the suspected judge concluded there was no fraud and the arbitrage was fully legal. The French authorities, supervised by the French government, appealed this decision. After 26 years of proceedings, this legal battle was still ongoing at the time of Tapie's death in 2021.

Acquisitions
Tapie made his fortune in the late 1970s and 1980s by acquiring bankrupt companies. The first companies that he purchased were paper companies Duverger and Diguet-Denis. Later came larger companies such as Leclanché Wonder – a large producer of batteries. He later sold this company to Ucar.

In 1990, Tapie purchased Adidas for nearly 1.6 billion francs. He took up a loan syndicated with a banking pool with a majority of foreign banks (German and Japanese banks for the main part), and in minority from French backers, in particular with the SdBO, the subsidiary of Crédit Lyonnais group hidden for several years.

The AGF, the UAP and Crédit Lyonnais entered the capital of the sporting brand.
Adidas was nearly bankrupt when Tapie took it over.
His five-year plan saved the company, the major change being the marketing with the recruiting of Bob Strasser (former Chief of Design from Nike), and the change of image of the brand (the logo for example was changed, from the lotus flower to the more modern (and still current logo) three stripes triangle).
Manufacturing was largely moved to Asia, and the distribution network was completely redesigned.

In 1995, Adidas was listed on the Stock Exchange for a valuation of 11 billion francs, nearly six times the price paid by Robert to Tapie to acquire it.
He subsequently had a number of legal difficulties associated with the sale of the company, conducted by the French state-owned Crédit Lyonnais, which was subsequently sanctioned for lack of loyalty (by not informing Tapie he could sell the company at a much higher price than Crédit Lyonnais declared) and for breaching the obligation not to buy the company themselves. (Crédit Lyonnais used offshore companies to buy Adidas on their behalf but without declaring it.)

The Tapie group, through Bernard Tapie's son Laurent Tapie, who had created a successful company in the sportsbetting business that he sold in 2008 to Partouche Group (n.1 casino Group in Europe at that time), also tried to dabble in the online poker world when Laurent Tapie tried to acquire Full Tilt Poker. However, they were unable to negotiate a successful deal with the United States Department of Justice, and the deal fell through.

Media
In 1995, Tapie turned to artistic endeavors because he was unable to pursue his previous interests: he was personally bankrupt and therefore unable to pursue business ventures, he was declared ineligible to run for political office, and he was banned from football. The first thing he turned to was film. He starred, together with Fabrice Luchini, in Claude Lelouch's 1996 movie Hommes, femmes, mode d'emploi (Men, Women: A User's Manual).

In 1998, he collaborated on a song written by Doc Gynéco, "C'est beau la vie."

In 2000, he made his debut as a theater actor, receiving great reviews from French critics for his re-enactment of Jack Nicholson's role of Randle McMurphy in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.

In 2001, a documentary titled Who is Bernard Tapie? was produced by American filmmaker Marina Zenovich.

From 2001 to 2005, Tapie acted in theater plays and appeared in the French TV series Valence as a police chief.

In 2018, Tapie was diagnosed with double cancer (stomach and esophagus). He was later treated in France and in Belgium, partially with experimental treatments.

In 2023, Netflix released the biographical limited series Class Act.

Death
In the morning of 3 October 2021, his family announced that he had died at the age of 78. Tapie had been suffering from stomach cancer for several years.

President Emmanuel Macron expressed his condolences to Tapie's family in a statement, saying he and his wife "have been touched by the news of the death of Bernard Tapie, whose ambition, energy and enthusiasm were a source of inspiration for generations of French people".

OM said in a statement, "Olympique de Marseille learned with deep sadness of the passing of Bernard Tapie. He will leave a great void in the hearts of the Marseillais and will forever remain in the legend of the club".

See also
Mouna Ayoub
Phocéa

References

External links

 Integral arbitration decision in the Tapie's case 2008
 affairetapie.info
 Bernard Tapie hearing about the Adidas case arbitration
 Jean Peyrelevade (former president of Crédit Lyonnais) hearing about the Adidas case arbitration
 Hervé Causse's analysis

1943 births
2021 deaths
20th-century French businesspeople
20th-century French male actors
21st-century French male actors
Adidas people
Businesspeople from Paris
Deaths from cancer in France
Deaths from stomach cancer
Deputies of the 10th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 9th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Government ministers of France
Male actors from Paris
Musicians from Paris
Olympique de Marseille chairmen
Politicians from Paris
Radical Party of the Left politicians
Sportspeople from Paris
French actor-politicians

Bernard Tapie


A sausage sandwich is a sandwich containing cooked sausage. It may consist of an oblong bread roll such as a baguette or ciabatta roll, and sliced or whole links of sausage, such as hot or sweet Italian sausage, Polish sausage, German sausage (knackwurst, weisswurst, bratwurst, bockwurst), North African merguez, andouille or chorizo. Popular toppings include mustard, brown sauce, ketchup, BBQ sauce, steak sauce, peppers, onions, sauerkraut, chili, and salsa.

United Kingdom
In the UK, sausage sandwiches ("sausage sarnie" or "butty" in English slang, or "piece 'n' sausage" in Scottish English) can typically be found in British cafes and roadside food stalls.

Although a breakfast favourite, it may be purchased and consumed at any time of the day. Popular combinations are sausage and bacon, sausage and egg, sausage and fried onions, and sausage and tomato.

Sausages are often served in a bread roll or hot dog bun, especially at barbecues. In the North East they are often served in a stottie cake.

In Scotland, a Lorne sausage may be substituted and is usually served in a morning roll or bap.

Ireland

In Ireland, large amounts of Ketchup may be added in order to enhance the flavour of the sandwich, however other sauces may also be used.

Australia and New Zealand

In Australia and New Zealand, a variety is frequently sold at school fetes and other fundraising activities. The sausage is cooked on a barbecue grill in an outdoor area and served with grilled onions on a single, folded slice of bread with tomato or barbecue sauce. The activity is commonly known as a "sausage sizzle". As well as fetes, fundraisers and markets, in recent years it has become common for "sausage sizzles" to be regularly held outside major retailers on weekends (often for charitable causes) such as Bunnings, The Warehouse or Harvey Norman. Sausage sizzles organised by community groups are also common at election polling places, where sausage sandwiches are colloquially known as "democracy sausages".

In the majority of states of Australia, such as New South Wales, Queensland, Western Australia and Tasmania, the sausages sold in a single piece of bread at a sausage sizzle are known as 'sausage sandwiches'. However, elsewhere, such as Victoria and South Australia, these are known as 'sausage in bread' and a sausage sandwich refers to a sandwich made with two slices of bread, a chopped up sausage (often cold), and tomato sauce or chutney.

South Africa
In South Africa, a common variety is known as a boerewors roll or, colloquially, a "boerie". Similar to the Oceanic variety, the sausage is cooked on a braai (barbecue) grill, and usually served with grilled onions on a hot dog-style bread roll with tomato ketchup or barbecue sauce, chutney or sweet chili sauce.

United States

In the United States, sausage sandwiches are widely popular. One variety, colloquially known as a hot dog, is particularly popular, especially at sporting events, carnivals, beaches, and fairs. They are also sold in many delis as well as food stands on street corners of large cities. Many American hot dog vendors also serve Polish, Italian, Mexican, and German (e.g. bratwurst) sausage sandwiches in addition to their regular fare.

Sausage sandwiches that come on toast, a bagel, an English muffin, a biscuit, or kaiser roll are generally referred to as breakfast sandwiches.

Germany

A sausage sandwich called Drei im Weckla (literally three in a bun; also spelled Drei im Weggla) has three Nürnberger Rostbratwürste, as the snack's name implies, and mustard in a sliced bread roll.

See also

 Bacon butty
 Breakfast roll
 Choripán
 Submarine sandwich
 Steak sandwich
 Maxwell Street Polish
 List of sandwiches

References

American sandwiches
British sandwiches

Sausage sandwich


Rasiah Ranjith Leon (born February 6, 1968) is a Sri Lankan-Norwegian entrepreneur who, with Ratheesan Yoganathan and Baskaran Kandiah, is best known as the co-founder of Lebara Group where he still is a Director and one of the controlling shareholders. Rasiah R. Leon holds a BSc degree in physics. Rasiah Ranjith Leon was born in Jaffna, Northern Province, Sri Lanka.

Career
In Sri Lanka Rasiah R Leon founded Pentag Asia Group at the age of 21, growing it to a successful company with more than 500 employees. Upon arriving in Norway and getting political asylum he start working as a cleaner and later as a sorter at the Norwegian Post. Starting first part-time as a seller for the calling card company Telesenter Scandinavia, he rapidly raised to the position of Sales Director for Norway.

In 2001, he made friends with two other Tamil colleagues, Ratheesan Yoganathan and Baskaran Kandiah, who eventually became his business partners creating Lebara Group.

Business
In 2001, Rasiah Leon, Baskaran Kandiah and Ratheesan Yoganathan founded the Lebara Group, a company which they still own and operate successfully. The three partners have later ventured into other business areas with their mutually owned LBR Investments BV which again mainly invest in hotels and property.

Rasiah Leon's ownership in Lebara Group BV and LBR Investments BV is organised through the Norwegian investment company, Leon Holding AS.

Charity
Rasiah Ranjith Leon, along with co-founders Ratheesan Yoganathan and Baskaran Kandiah started Lebara Foundation, a charitable venture in 2005, formally established in 2008. Lebara Foundation is currently involved in charitable projects helping vulnerable children and displaced communities in 13 countries on all continents. His next big ambition is to expand Lebara Foundation further. To fund continued development, he plans to donate half his wealth to the foundation. RBS has been asked to run a review, which it is hoped will lead to a sale at around £650m.

References
Article in Norwegian magazine Utrop
Article in Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten
Article in Norwegian newspaper Aften

Sri Lankan emigrants to Norway
Refugees in Norway
1968 births
Living people
Sri Lankan Tamil businesspeople

Rasiah Ranjith Leon


Arne Hyttnes (born 29 June 1950) is a Norwegian banker.

He hails from Lesjaskog, and graduated from the Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration with the siv.øk. degree in 1975. He started his career in Arthur Andersen & Co in 1975, and was then hired in Den norske Creditbank in 1976. He was the bank's regional director in Oslo in the 1980s. The bank was bought by Bergen Bank which was bought by Den norske Bank. In the latter company he became regional director in Innlandet, based in Gjøvik. In 1997 he was appointed as the managing director of the Norwegian Industrial and Regional Development Fund. He remained here until 2002, when he was hired as managing director in the Norwegian Savings Banks Association. In late 2009 he was selected to double as managing director of the new organization Finance Norway. He is also the manager for the Norwegian Banks' Guarantee Fund.

He still resides in Gjøvik.

References

1950 births
Living people
People from Lesja
Norwegian School of Economics alumni
Norwegian bankers
Directors of government agencies of Norway
Norwegian chief executives
Innovation Norway people

Arne Hyttnes


Vernon Carrington (November 1, 1936 – March 22, 2005), also known as the prophet Gad, founded the Twelve Tribes of Israel branch of the Rastafari movement in 1968.

Carrington was born in Kingston, Jamaica.

To his many followers across Jamaica and the world he was known as the Prophet Gad. Members of the Twelve Tribes of Israel view Carrington as a prophet who began the repatriation of Rastafari to Africa, the homeland. He was a member of The Ethiopian World Federation, founded by Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia. Carrington's branch (charter 15) became The Twelve Tribes Of Israel, setting up at 83 Hope Road, Jamaica.

Carrington also played in a jam band back home. The band was called "The Twelve Vibes of Israel". It was reported that his band would practice for days at a time with soothsayer lyrics and Rastafarian rhythm.

References

Jamaican Rastafarians
1936 births
2005 deaths
Prophets

Vernon Carrington


John B. Wood (December 7, 1827 – January 28, 1884) was a 19th-century American journalist from Lebanon, Maine. At various times he
was employed by The New York Times, the New York Tribune, The Sun, the New York Herald, and the New York Evening News. He was educated at the Kennebunk Academy until he was sixteen. He entered a printing office where he learned to set type prior to working for several newspapers in Maine and New Hampshire. When he was eighteen Wood journeyed from New York City to Washington, DC to attend the inauguration of President James Knox Polk.

Career as a journalist
In 1847 he established a newspaper, the Thursday Sketcher, in Great Falls, New Hampshire. He ran the newspaper for four years before coming to New York City to report for a number of papers. He set type for the New York Times, a task which was more profitable in this era than reporting. He stayed for four years before he joined the composing room of the New York Tribune. Shifting to the proof-room of the Tribune, Wood was presented with the task of "deciphering the hieroglyphics of Horace Greeley." After several years he left this position to become a full-time correspondent of The Sacramento Union. Following the conclusion of the American Civil War Wood became a reporter for the New York Times and afterward became head of the New York Evening News. He left this post to assume the role of assistant city editor and later night editor of the New York Tribune.

Wood left the Tribune in 1869 to become night editor of The Sun when Charles A. Dana and Isaac W. England took control of the newspaper. He earned a reputation for skilled journalism during his twelve-year tenure at The Sun. With limitations on space he displayed a talent for eliminating unnecessary words and became known as "The Great American Condenser." On weekends Wood served as city editor of the Sunday Mercury. In 1881 he moved from The Sun to the New York Herald to work as a reporter. He was unhappy in this position and left it to become proprietor of the St. Louis Chronicle in St. Louis, Missouri.  His final employment was editing the "Sunbeam" column in The Sun.

Personal life and appearance
Wood was a member of the New York Press Club and served as its president in 1878 and 1879. He was a Freemason and was a member of
Typographical Union No. 6, of which he was president for several terms. His appearance was "benignant." He was squarely built with broad shoulders and a deep chest. His head was large with a broad forehead and bushy hair sprinkled with gray. Wood had a long white, wavy beard.
He resided at No. 67 East Tenth Street in New York City.

Death
Wood died following a fall from a bulkhead between North River Piers No. 3 and 4 at 12:20 a.m. on January 28, 1884. He fell a distance of twelve feet, breaking through the ice and sinking to his arms. His fall was witnessed by a man on a canal boat who shouted "Man overboard!" He was taken unconscious by policeman to a bar on West Street and died within fifteen minutes of being taken from the water.
He is buried in the Press Club lot in Cypress Hills Cemetery.

References

Journalists from Maine
Burials at Cypress Hills Cemetery
People from Lebanon, Maine
1827 births
1884 deaths
19th-century American journalists
American male journalists
19th-century American male writers

John B. Wood


John Edward Hawkins, CBE (September 14, 1910 – July 18, 1973) was an English actor who worked on stage and in film from the 1930s until the 1970s. One of the most popular British film stars of the 1950s, he was known for his portrayal of military men.

Career
Hawkins was born at 45 Lyndhurst Road, Wood Green, in what is now Haringey, London, the son of a builder. He was educated at Wood Green's Trinity County Grammar School, where, aged eight, he joined the school choir.

By the age of ten Hawkins had joined the local operatic society, and made his stage debut in Patience by Gilbert and Sullivan. His parents enrolled him in the Italia Conti Academy and whilst he was studying there he made his London stage debut, when aged thirteen, playing the Elf King in Where the Rainbow Ends at the Holborn Empire on Boxing Day, December 1923, a production that also included the young Noël Coward. The following year aged 14 he played the page in a production of Saint Joan by George Bernard Shaw. Five years later he was in a production of Beau Geste alongside Laurence Olivier.

He appeared on Broadway in Journey's End by the age of 18.

1930s
In the 1930s Hawkins's focus was on the stage. He worked in the companies of Sybil Thorndike, John Gielgud and Basil Dean. His performances included Port Said by Emlyn Williams (1931), Below the Surface by HL Stoker and LS Hunt (1932), Red Triangle by Val Gielgud (1932), Service by CI Anthony, for director Basil Dean (1933), One of Us by Frank Howard, As You Like It by William Shakespeare (1933) and Iron Flowers by Cecil Lewis (1933, with Jessica Tandy his wife).

He started appearing in films, including a number of "quota quickies" as well as more prestigious productions. His appearances included Birds of Prey (1930), The Lodger (1932) (starring Ivor Novello), The Good Companions (1933), The Lost Chord (1933), I Lived with You (1933), The Jewel (1933), A Shot in the Dark (1933) and Autumn Crocus (1934).

In 1932 he was in a radio production of Hamlet with John Gielgud and Robert Donat and the following year he was in Danger.

He was also in Death at Broadcasting House (1934), Lorna Doone (1934) and Peg of Old Drury (1935).

Stage roles included While Parents Sleep (1932) by Anthony Kimmins, Iron Mistress (1934) by Arthur Macrae; then an open air Shakespeare festival – As You Like It (1934) (with Anna Neagle), Twelfth Night (1934), Comedy of Errors (1934). Some of these productions were done on radio. The Maitlands by Ronald Mackenzie (1934) was for John Gielgud's company. He was Horatio to Gielgud's Hamlet (1934). He also appeared in Accidentally Yours by Clifford Grey (1935), The World Waits by Clifford Hummel (1935), Coincidence by Bryce Robertson (1935) and The Frog (1935).

Films in the late 1930s included Beauty and the Barge (1937), The Frog (1937) (which Hawkins played on stage), Who Goes Next? (1938), A Royal Divorce (1938), Murder Will Out (1939) and The Flying Squad (1940).

Theatre appearances included A Winter's Tale (1937), Autumn by Margaret Kennedy and Gregory Ratoff (1937, with Flora Robson for Basil Dean), The King's Breakfast by Rita Welman and Maurice Marks (1937–38), No More Music by Rosamund Lehman (1938), Can We Tell? by Robert Gore Brown (1938), Traitors Gate by Norma Stuart (1938) and Dear Octopus by Dodie Smith (1938–39).

Second World War
Having attended an Officer Cadet Training Unit, he was commissioned into the Royal Welch Fusiliers, British Army, as a second lieutenant on 8 March 1941. On 22 January 1944, he transferred to the Expeditionary Force Institutes in the rank of lieutenant. He served with ENSA in India and Southeast Asia. He relinquished his commission as a lieutenant (substantive) on 11 October 1946, and was granted the honorary rank of colonel.

During his military service, he made The Next of Kin (1942) for Ealing Studios.

Post-war career
Hawkins left the army in July 1946. Two weeks later he appeared on stage in The Apple Cart at £10 a week. The following year he starred in Othello, to a mixed reception.

Hawkins's wife became pregnant and he became concerned about his future. He decided to accept a contract with Sir Alexander Korda for three years at £50 a week. Hawkins had been recommended to Korda by the latter's production executive, Bill Bryden, who was married to Elizabeth Allen, who had worked with Hawkins.

The association began badly when Hawkins was cast in Korda's notorious flop Bonnie Prince Charlie (1948) as Lord George Murray. However he followed it with a good role in the successful, highly acclaimed The Fallen Idol (1948) for Carol Reed. Also acclaimed was The Small Back Room (1949), for Powell and Pressburger; he impressed as the villain in State Secret (1950), for Sidney Gilliat with Douglas Fairbanks Jr.

He was recruited by 20th Century Fox to support Tyrone Power and Orson Welles in the expensive epic The Black Rose (1950). He made another with Powell and Pressburger for Korda, The Elusive Pimpernel (1950), playing the prince of Wales.

Hawkins played the lead in The Adventurers (1951), shot in South Africa, then had a good role in another Hollywood-financed film shot in Britain, No Highway in the Sky (1951), with James Stewart. It was followed by a British thriller with Ralph Richardson, Home at Seven (1952).

In the spring of 1951 he went to Broadway and played Mercutio in a production of Romeo and Juliet with Olivia de Havilland.

Stardom
Hawkins became a star with the release of three successful films in which he played stern but sympathetic authority figures: Angels One Five (1951), as an RAF officer during the war; The Planter's Wife (1952), as a rubber planter combating communists in the Malayan Emergency (with Claudette Colbert); and Mandy (1952), the headmaster of a school for the deaf. All films ranked among the top ten most popular films at the British box office in 1952 and British exhibitors voted him the fourth most popular British star at the local box office.

Hawkins consolidated his new status with The Cruel Sea (1953), playing a driven naval officer in World War II. Sir Michael Balcon said: "Even before the script was written, we knew it had to be Jack Hawkins. If he hadn't been free to play the part, then there wouldn't have been a film." The Cruel Sea was the most successful film of the year and saw Hawkins voted the most popular star in Britain regardless of nationality.

According to his Guardian obituary, he "exemplified for many cinemagoers the stiff upper lip tradition prevalent in post-war British films. His craggy looks and authoritative bearing were used to good effect whatever branch of the services he represented."

Malta Story (1953) was another military story, with Hawkins as an RAF officer in the Siege of Malta during the war. It too was a hit, the ninth most popular film in Britain in 1953.

He had a guest role in Twice Upon a Time (1953) for Emeric Pressburger. He followed this with two mildly popular dramas – The Intruder (1953) and Front Page Story (1954).

The Seekers (1954) was partly shot in New Zealand and cast Hawkins in a rare romantic role. "My film wives to date usually stay home and knit, or else have conveniently died before the film starts," he said. It was followed by The Prisoner (1955), an unconventional drama, playing the shrewd interrogator in an authoritarian country who gets a respected priest (played by Alec Guinness) to discredit himself. None of these films was commercially successful but Hawkins was still voted the fifth biggest star at the British box office for 1954, and the most popular British one. "It's an enviable position, I know", said Hawkins. "But I have to be more careful now about the parts I choose, and it's hard not to offend people. Everyone thinks his own script is the best."

He turned down the role of Colonel Carne in The Glorious Gloucesters for Warwick Films and Captain Cook for a project for the Rank organisation; neither movie was made.

"I'm tired of playing decent fellows", he said in a 1954 interview, "with stiff upper lip and even stiffer morals. I'm going to kill them off before they kill me as an actor. And I want stories written for me, not rejects intended for other fellows... I just inherit them from other people. Often, I find they've left the name of the actor originally suggested for the role. Always the same old names ... Errol Flynn, Gregory Peck ... five or six others. Before the script reaches them, somebody remembers me – especially if it's one of those infernally nice characters."

International star
Hawkins got his wish when he received a Hollywood offer to play a pharaoh for Howard Hawks in Land of the Pharaohs (1955).

He returned home to make an Ealing comedy, Touch and Go (1955), which was not particularly popular. He was more comfortably cast as a police officer in The Long Arm (1956) and a test pilot in The Man in the Sky (1957). He was an insurance investigator in Sidney Gilliat's Fortune Is a Woman (1957).

Hawkins's career received a major boost when given the third lead in The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957), supporting William Holden and Alec Guinness. This was a massive hit and highly acclaimed.

He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1958.

Hawkins played the lead role in a film for John Ford, Gideon's Day (USA title: Gideon of Scotland Yard) (1958), playing a police officer. He had a good role as a double agent in a war film, The Two-Headed Spy (1958) then was given another third lead in a Hollywood blockbuster Ben-Hur (1959), playing the Roman admiral who befriends Charlton Heston. It was even more successful than Bridge on the River Kwai.

He appeared as one of The Four Just Men (1959) in the Sapphire Films TV series for ITV. He also played the lead in a version of The Fallen Idol for American TV.

In reality, Hawkins was politically liberal, and an emotional man, in sharp contrast to his conservative screen image. One of his favourite films, the heist film The League of Gentlemen (1960), was considered quite groundbreaking for its time in its references to sex. The film was popular at the British box office, and gave Hawkins his final lead role.

However, though initially sought for the role of a gay barrister in Victim, he turned it down fearing that it might conflict with his masculine image. The role was eventually played by Dirk Bogarde. There was some talk he would play Captain Bligh in the remake of Mutiny on the Bounty (1962) but Trevor Howard ended up playing the role.

Decline as star
A three-packet-a-day chain smoker, Hawkins began experiencing voice problems in the late 1950s; unbeknownst to the public, he had undergone cobalt treatment in 1959 for what was then described as a secondary condition of the larynx, but which was probably cancer.

Hawkins became worried about his voice and was concerned he would lose it. This caused him to take almost any work that was available. "I had to be realistic and take as much money as I could get while the going was good", he said.

This may explain why he took the part of General Cornwallis in a European epic, La Fayette (1961). He was third lead to Shirley MacLaine and Laurence Harvey in Two Loves (1961), and supported Rosalind Russell in Five Finger Exercise (1962).

"There are not all that number of mature leading men around", he said in a 1961 interview. "There seems to be a generation missing. I think people quit going into the acting profession. A lot of them drifted out during the war. And then when the war was over it was difficult for them to get back into the theatre."

He was in another big hit in Lawrence of Arabia (1962), as General Allenby. Rampage (1963) was less distinguished, but Zulu (1964) gave him a good role as an alcoholic priest; it was, however, clearly a supporting part, and Hawkins's days as a star seemed to be over.

He had supporting parts in The Third Secret (1964), Guns at Batasi (1964) and Lord Jim (1965). Masquerade (1965) gave him a lead opposite Cliff Robertson. He made some appearances on US TV: "To Bury Caesar" with Pamela Brown in 1963 and "Back to Back" for The Bob Hope Theatre. He also appeared in Judith (1966), and The Poppy Is Also a Flower (1966).

Illness
In December 1965, Hawkins was diagnosed with throat cancer. His entire larynx was removed in January 1966. In March of that year he appeared at a royal screening of Born Free attended by the Queen and received a standing ovation.

Thereafter his performances were dubbed, often (with Hawkins's approval) by Robert Rietti or Charles Gray. Hawkins continued to smoke after losing his voice. In private, he used a mechanical larynx to aid his speech.

In 1967 it was reported that he would direct Peter O'Toole in St Patrick's Battalion in Mexico but the film was not made.

Instead he resumed his acting career, with his voice dubbed and dialogue kept to a minimum: Shalako (1968) and Great Catherine (1968). In Oh! What a Lovely War (1969), playing Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria, he had no lines at all. He had an operation to restore his voice in 1968. It did not work; Hawkins could talk but only in a croaking voice.

"The fact that producers are still offering me work is a source of much gratitude to me", he said in 1969. "I flatter myself that when they cast me in a part it's me Jack Hawkins they want and not the person who was once Jack Hawkins... if you know what I mean. And I'm perfectly honest with anyone who hires me. I tell them exactly what they're letting themselves in for."

Some rare comedies followed: Monte Carlo or Bust (1969), Twinky (1970), The Adventures of Gerard (1970). There was more typical fare: Waterloo (1970), Jane Eyre (1970), The Beloved (1971), When Eight Bells Toll (1971), Nicholas and Alexandra (1971) and Kidnapped (1971).

The Last Lion (1972), shot in South Africa, offered him a rare lead. It was followed by Young Winston (1972), Escape to the Sun (1972), Theatre of Blood (1973) and Tales That Witness Madness (1973).

Hawkins also produced the film adaptation of Peter Barnes's The Ruling Class (1972), with Peter O'Toole and Alastair Sim.

Personal life
Hawkins married actress Jessica Tandy in 1932, and the couple divorced in 1940. Together, they had one daughter, Susan Hawkins (b. 1934). In 1947, Hawkins married former actress Doreen Lawrence (1919–2013), and they remained married until his death in 1973. Together they had three children, Caroline (b. 1955), Andrew, and Nicholas.

Death
In May 1973, Hawkins had an experimental operation on his throat to insert an artificial voice box. He started hemorrhaging and was admitted to St Stephen's Hospital, Fulham Road, London in June, forcing him to drop out of The Tamarind Seed (1974), in which Hawkins was to have played a Russian general. He died on July 18, 1973, of a secondary hemorrhage. He was 62.

His final appearance was in the television miniseries QB VII. His autobiography, Anything For a Quiet Life, was published after his death. He was cremated and his ashes interred at Golders Green Crematorium in north London.

Filmography

Birds of Prey (1930) as Alfred
The Lodger (1932) as John Martin
The Good Companions (1933) as Albert
The Lost Chord (1933) as Sr. Jim Selby
I Lived with You (1933) as Mort
The Jewel (1933) as Peter Roberts
A Shot in the Dark (1933) as Norman Paull
Autumn Crocus (1934) as Alaric
Death at Broadcasting House (1934) as Herbert Evans
Lorna Doone (1934) as Member of the Court (uncredited)
Peg of Old Drury (1935) as Michael O'Taffe
Beauty and the Barge (1937) as Lt. Seton Boyne
The Frog (1937) as Capt. Gordon
Who Goes Next? (1938) as Capt. Beck
A Royal Divorce (1938) as Capt. Charles
Murder Will Out (1939) as Stamp
The Flying Squad (1940) as Mark McGill
The Next of Kin (1942) as Brigade Major Harcourt
The Fallen Idol (1948) as Detective Ames
Bonnie Prince Charlie (1948) as Lord George Murray
The Small Back Room (1949) as R. B. Waring
State Secret (1950) as Colonel Galcon
The Black Rose (1950) as Tristram Griffen
The Elusive Pimpernel (1950) as Prince of Wales / Footpad attacking Lord Anthony
The Adventurers (1951) as Pieter Brandt
No Highway in the Sky (1951) as Dennis Scott
Home at Seven (1952) as Dr. Sparling
Angels One Five (1952) as Group Capt. 'Tiger' Small
Mandy (1952) as Dick Searle
The Planter's Wife (1952) as Jim Frazer
The Cruel Sea (1953) as Ericson
Malta Story (1953) as Air Vice Marshal Frank
Twice Upon a Time (1953) as Dr. Mathews
The Intruder (1953) as Wolf Merton
Front Page Story (1954) as Grant
The Seekers (1954) as Phillip Wayne
The Prisoner (1955) as the Interrogator
Land of the Pharaohs (1955) as Pharaoh Khufu
Touch and Go (1955) as Jim Fletcher
The Long Arm (1956) as Detective-Superintendent Tom Halliday
The Man in the Sky (1957) as John Mitchell
Fortune Is a Woman (1957) as Oliver Branwell
The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957) as Major Warden
Gideon's Day (USA title: Gideon of Scotland Yard) (1958) as DCI George Gideon
The Two-Headed Spy (1958) as Gen. Alex Schottland
Ben-Hur (1959) as Quintus Arrius
The League of Gentlemen (1960) as Col. Norman Hyde
Lafayette (1961) as General Cornwallis
Two Loves (1961) as William W.J. Abercrombie
Five Finger Exercise (1962) as Stanley Harrington
Lawrence of Arabia (1962) as General Edmund Allenby
Rampage (1963) as Otto Abbot
Zulu (1964) as Otto Witt
The Third Secret (1964) as Sir Frederick Belline
Guns at Batasi (1964) as Colonel Deal
Lord Jim (1965) as Marlow
Masquerade (1965) as Colonel Drexel
Judith (1966) as Major Lawton
The Poppy Is Also a Flower (1966) as General Bahar
Stalked (short) (1968) as the Man
Shalako (1968) as Sir Charles Daggett
Great Catherine (1968) as the British Ambassador
Oh! What a Lovely War (1969) as Emperor Franz Josef
Monte Carlo or Bust (1969) as Count Levinovitch
Twinky (1970) as Judge Millington-Draper
The Adventures of Gerard (1970) as Marshal Millefleurs
Waterloo (1970) as General Sir Thomas Picton
Jane Eyre (1970) as Mr. Brocklehurst
The Beloved (1971) as Father Nicholas
When Eight Bells Toll (1971) as Sir Anthony Skouras
Nicholas and Alexandra (1971) as Count Vladimir
Kidnapped (1971) as Captain Hoseason
The Last Lion (1972) as Ryk Mannering
Young Winston (1972) as Mr. Welldon
Escape to the Sun (1972) as Baburin
Theatre of Blood (1973) as Solomon Psaltery
Tales That Witness Madness (1973) as Dr. Nicholas

British box office ranking
During the 1950s, British exhibitors consistently voted Hawkins one of the most popular local stars in the country in the annual poll conducted by the Motion Picture Herald:
1952 – 4th most popular British star
1953 – most popular international star
1954 – 5th most popular international star, most popular British star
1955 – 6th most popular British star
1956 – 2nd most popular British star
1957 – 9th most popular British star
1958 – 9th most popular British star

References

External links

 British Cinema Greats Page

1910 births
1973 deaths
English male film actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
Alumni of the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts
British Army personnel of World War II
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
People from Wood Green
Royal Welch Fusiliers officers
Golders Green Crematorium
20th-century English male actors
Entertainments National Service Association personnel

Jack Hawkins


Pack burro racing is a sport in Colorado, Arizona, California, and New Mexico that is rooted in the various western state's mining histories. In the early days of the mining industry in Colorado, miners would take donkeys (burros in Spanish) through the mountains of Colorado while prospecting. Because the burros were carrying supplies, the miners could not ride the animals and so they would walk, leading the donkey. Burro races are held throughout small towns in Colorado, Arizona, California, and New Mexico to commemorate the miners and their burros. In 2012, pack burro racing was recognized as the official "summer heritage sport" in Colorado.

Legend holds that the races trace back to an incident in which two miners, finding gold at the same location simultaneously, raced each other to the claims office. Because the burros were too small or loaded to carry their owners, the miners were forced to run, leading the burros.

Format

In a typical burro race, a runner and a burro travel a prescribed course together, with the runner leading the burro on a rope. Riding the burro is not allowed, though the human may carry the burro. The burro must be on a lead rope, which is limited to . Runners must maintain control of their animals at all times. Burros were formerly required to carry a pack saddle with 33 pounds (15 kilograms) of traditional mining gear, which must include a pick, gold pan, and shovel. The weight requirement has since been lifted, however, the mining paraphernalia of a pick, gold pan, and shovel are still required to be carried on the pack saddle or in panniers. Runners may also include other gear in their pack saddles, such as windbreakers, water, food, etc. Cruelty to the burro is prohibited and racing officials may have burros examined by a veterinarian after the race.

Competition
Like horse racing, burro racing has its own "Triple Crown," consisting of three races.

Fairplay
The Fairplay race is  and counts as an ultra-marathon. It takes place in late July as part of Fairplay's Burro Days town festival. The race begins on the main street and goes to the top of Mosquito Pass.

Leadville
The Leadville race is 22 miles. It takes place the first full weekend of August, typically a week after the Fairplay race, as part of the Leadville's Boom Days city festival. The race goes to the top of Mosquito Pass, then comes back into town through the California Gulch Mining District, past the site of Oro City.

Buena Vista
The Buena Vista race is 12 miles. It typically takes place a week after the Leadville race as part of Buena Vista's Gold Rush Days festival.

Other races
In addition to the Colorado Triple Crown Races, other mining towns throughout Colorado are adding burro races to their event schedule, usually as part of an existing town festival. Towns include:
 Georgetown, Colorado
 Cripple Creek, Colorado
 Idaho Springs, Colorado
 Creede, Colorado
 Victor, Colorado
 Frederick, Colorado

Outside Colorado, versions of this sport have historically been enjoyed in other states going back to the 1950s in Big Bear, CA with the Old Miners Days Burro Race; and in the 1960s in Beatty, NV which hosted their annual Burro Race using a ready supply of wild burros from the historic Bullfrog Mining District. In Arizona the Lion's Club in Apache Junction conducted their own burro races starting in 1958. These races lasted a few years before going on a hiatus and coming back in 2021.

Nowadays, the excitement generated by Colorado's enthusiastic embrace of the sport is now beginning to fuel an interest in other western states. In 2019, Superior, AZ celebrated its own mining and burro history with the Arizona inaugural Superior Burro Run (now titled the BRAY Superior Jackass Dash). Since returning burro racing to Arizona the sport has taken off within the state. The towns and ranches of the Arizona races include:

 Superior, Arizona
 Apache Junction, Arizona
 Sonoita, Arizona
 Black Canyon City, Arizona
 Tombstone, Arizona
 Sandam Ranch, Arizona

In 2020, organizers in both California and New Mexico hosted their own versions of the event with inaugural races in both states that have since flourished and continued annually. The towns that host these races are:

 Inyokern, California
 Cerrillos, New Mexico

Notable competitors
 Curtis Imrie, three time world champion

References

External links
 Western Pack Burro Ass
 Burros Rock Arizona & Yonder
 New Mexico Pack Burros
 California Breakfast Burritos

Racing
Sports in Colorado
Donkeys
Colorado culture
Novelty running

Pack burro racing


Rockhurst University is a private Jesuit university in Kansas City, Missouri. Founded in 1910 as Rockhurst College, Rockhurst University is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission. It enrolled 2,980 students in 2019.

History
In 1909, Fr. Michael Dowling, S.J.,  the founder of Rockhurst, purchased  of land at 53rd Street and Troost Avenue in Kansas City, Missouri for $50,000.  Rockhurst was chartered by the state as Rockhurst College in August 1910.  It included the Academy of Rockhurst College, an institution of secondary education which became Rockhurst High School in 1923, though the two remained under a single corporate umbrella until the high school moved onto its own campus in 1962.

Sedgwick Hall was constructed in 1914, allowing the opening of high school classes, and college classes began in 1917, all held within the same building. The first Rockhurst University students were all taught by Alphonse Schwitalla. The first class graduated in 1921.  In 1939, Rockhurst was granted accreditation by the North Central Association. In 1969, all divisions of Rockhurst became coeducational. Its name change to Rockhurst University became official on July 1, 1999. In October 2006, Rockhurst officially installed its fourteenth president, Thomas Curran, a Catholic priest and the school's first non-Jesuit president. In May 2015, Curran took his finals vows to become a Jesuit. Rockhurst and Research College of Nursing jointly announced in 2018 that they were ending their partnership. In 2020, Saint Luke's College of Health Sciences merged with Rockhurst University to form the Saint Luke's College of Nursing and Health Sciences at Rockhurst University.

Service education
Rockhurst University adheres to a traditional Ignatian philosophy of educating students not only in academics, but in leadership and service as well. The university stresses a values and ethics based education with an emphasis on lifelong learning.  Graduates from Rockhurst University receive two transcripts: one for academics and another for community service.  97% of all students participate in community service, and every year students complete over 25,000 hours of service to the Kansas City area and worldwide community. Before classes even begin in the fall, the freshmen class joins with upperclassmen and university Regents for the Finucane Service Project as part of the Orientation program.  Over 550 people participated in the Finucane project last fall, logging over 1,200 hours of service in a two-hour period. The university sponsors numerous annual service trips within the United States, as well as in Guatemala, Belize, Ecuador, Honduras, Mexico, El Salvador, The Bahamas and other developing countries.

In recognition of its dedication to community service programs, including the number of people who participate in service and the number of service-learning courses, Rockhurst was recognized on the 2008 President's Higher Education Community Service Honor Roll with Distinction, among only 127 schools in the country and one of nine Jesuit schools to receive that honor. Rockhurst has continued to receive this distinction every year since 2007.

In addition to the service completed by its student body, Rockhurst has been recognized as a university by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching with the foundation's community engagement classification for its ongoing engagement with its neighborhood and the Kansas City community.  Rockhurst was first school in the Kansas City area to receive this honor.

Campus

Rockhurst sits on a  campus located in Kansas City's cultural district, a short distance from the popular shopping and dining center, Country Club Plaza, and just across Troost Avenue from the neighboring University of Missouri–Kansas City.

Housing
The campus is home to three residence halls and the Townhouse Village, offering housing for interested students, as well as university-owned houses on two streets adjacent to campus. McGee Hall typically houses only freshmen women, while Corcoran Hall houses primarily freshmen men. Xavier-Loyola Hall is a co-ed residence hall for upper-class students, mainly consisting of sophomores and juniors, with male and female students living in separate wings. The Townhouse Village houses upper-class students in apartment-style living, with a full kitchen, dining room, living room, and two or three bedrooms. Upper-class students can also apply to live in university-owned houses on residential streets adjacent to campus, giving them the opportunity to live more independently. These houses are deemed "on-campus" and hold groups of 3 to 6 residents.

The quad
The main area of campus, including all classroom buildings, surrounds the quad with the monumental Rockhurst bell tower and adjacent pergola flanking one end. In 2007 the quad has been renamed the Kinerk Commons by the university, in honor of Edward Kinerk, the thirteenth president of the university. The recently renovated Conway Hall is home to the Helzberg School of Management, the university finance office, and university computer services. Sedgwick Hall contains classrooms and faculty offices as well as the Mabee Theatre, where the university's players have put on four productions each year. The Greenlease Library holds the school's volumes of reference books and periodicals. The science center, built in 1996, holds the science classrooms and labs, as well as the doctoral program in physical therapy and doctoral program in occupational therapy. VanAckeren Hall holds the education department, the learning center (open to all students for free tutoring and writing help), and career services, which helps students find jobs and internships across the Midwest. Massman Hall is the center of the campus, both physically and organizationally. The admissions, business, student development, and administrative offices are all in Massman, as well as the cafeteria, the student pub, a coffee shop, Mabee Chapel, a fully equipped fitness and workout facility, and the Rock Room, which is a 24-hour recreational lounge for students.

A major addition to the Rockhurst campus was Arrupe Hall, opening in August 2015, a classroom and faculty office building which includes a 500-seat auditorium. It features versatile classrooms accommodating modern teaching methods and technologies and has a variety of small gathering spaces along the corridors to facilitate sharing and friendship among the students. It was also built with a view to energy conservation and openness to natural light. Its name honors the vision of Jesuit Superior General Pedro Arrupe who coined the term "men and women for others" that has become integral to Jesuit education, and who "called the Society to the service of faith and the promotion of justice. His call clearly resonates with the message from (Jesuit) Pope Francis."

Athletic facilities
The campus has several athletic facilities, including the soccer stadium, recently renovated with new grass-like turf, a baseball stadium, softball field, and a tennis complex. The Mason-Halpin Fieldhouse holds the basketball and volleyball court, and the adjacent Convocation Center contains a multipurpose court and racquetball courts. The Magis Activity Center, built in 2019, houses workout facilities for students and faculty.

Religious worship facilities
The Campus Ministry Center (CMC) is located in a house adjacent to campus. The CMC is used by the many Campus Ministry programs for their weekly meetings and activities, including the Christian Life Communities (CLCs), student-led faith sharing and reflection groups. Within Massman Hall is the Mabee Chapel, where daily mass is held each school day, and where student devotional prayer and praise-and-worship groups meet weekly. Across the street from campus is St. Francis Xavier Church, a Jesuit parish church, used by the university for student masses every Sunday evening.

Community center
The Rockhurst University Community Center is located at 54th and Troost, where children's literacy programs, community programs, and the RU College Bound high school tutoring program all are held. The Community Center serves as a physical link between the university and the surrounding neighborhood.

Academics

Rockhurst University offers over fifty graduate and undergraduate programs, serving over 3,000 students annually. The core undergraduate curriculum is designed to shape students into leaders who are engaged in the world around them in whatever path they choose, and the graduate programs aim to prepare professional leaders with a hands-on curriculum, nationally recognized faculty and flexible schedules. Rockhurst University operates under one president, but has the following schools with their own deans or directors: College of Arts and Sciences, College of Business, Influence, and Information Analysis, and Saint Luke's College of Nursing and Health Sciences.

In 2018, U.S. News & World Report ranked Rockhurst University as the 11th best institution among Midwest regional universities, up from No. 15 in previous years. The Helzberg School of Management earned several top accolades, including the school's undergraduate management program listed at No. 11 (tied with the University of Notre Dame), and the undergraduate quantitative analysis program listed at No. 9 (one spot behind the University of Michigan).

Campus ministry

Rockhurst University's campus ministry offers many opportunities for students and staff to live out the school's Catholic, Jesuit tradition.  They offer daily mass in the Mabee Chapel every weekday at noon, as well as a student mass every Sunday at 6:00 pm at St. Francis Xavier Parish. Campus ministry also offers RCIA to any interested students.

Christian Life Communities (CLCs) are student-led faith-sharing and reflection groups that meet for an hour each week as small groups. Unity, a gay-straight alliance that meets weekly for prayer, support and service, is open to students of all faith traditions and sexual orientations. Voices for Justice is a student-led social justice group that explores the justice implications of Christianity and raises awareness of social justice issues on campus and beyond. People for People is a group of students exploring issues relating to the respect for life.

The Campus Ministry Center (CMC) is a house located just off-campus across Rockhurst Road from Conway Hall. Christian Life Communities, Voices for Justice,  Unity, and People for People all hold their meetings in the CMC, and Campus Ministry offers several social activities in the CMC during the school year.

Retreats
Campus Ministry runs several different retreat programs during the academic year. The Frosh Getaway, offered annually on a September weekend, is an opportunity for freshmen, led by sophomore leaders, to get to know their new classmates and to adjust to college life with a fun stress-free weekend. The Retreat on the Rock is designed as a college adaptation of Kairos-style retreats. The Fifth Week Retreat is intended as a follow-up to Kairos, Search, TEC, Retreat on the Rock, or similar style retreats, offering ample time for personal reflection and group discussion. The Busy Persons Retreat, offered annually in the spring, is an opportunity for spiritual guidance and reflection within the context and schedule demands of daily college life. The SuperNatural Christian's retreat is a six-day backpacking retreat in upper Michigan's Sylvania Wilderness Tract. This retreat is offered biannually along with the Lumberjack Service Retreat, which offers students the chance to travel to Michigan's Keweenaw Peninsula (specifically the town of Hancock) and chop wood for elderly residents of the area.

Athletics
Rockhurst University is home to the Hawks, the university's athletic program.  After a generation in the NAIA, Rockhurst University joined NCAA Division II in 1999, as a founder of the Heartland Conference.  In 2005 it moved to the Great Lakes Valley Conference.  In July 2009 the Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association (MIAA) rejected a proposal for Rockhurst to join the conference to compete with geographically closer teams. The MIAA said at that moment it currently did not want to expand beyond 12 teams.

Rockhurst has 15 varsity athletic teams, including men's and women's basketball, cross country, soccer, golf, lacrosse and tennis, men's baseball, women's softball, and women's volleyball. The school also offers two club sports: tennis and the Spirit Squad, composed of the Dance Team and the coed cheerleading squad.  It is a popular joke around campus that the Rockhurst University football team has remained undefeated since 1949 (the year that the team was dissolved).

The university will add seven NCAA sports in the coming years. First, in the 2023–24 school year, swimming & diving, plus indoor and outdoor track & field, will be added for both sexes. All of these sports are already sponsored by the GLVC. Then, in 2024–25, men's volleyball will be added. That team will be a de facto NCAA Division I program; the NCAA holds a combined championship for Divisions I and II, and scholarship limits are identical between the two divisions. In addition to the new varsity sports, competitive cheerleading and dance teams will be added in 2023–24.

The Rockhurst men's soccer team competed in the NAIA from 1973 to 1997, Rockhurst played in 17 national tournaments, advanced to the Final Four 10 times, and finished national runner-up four times in 1973, 1976, 1979, and 1997. Since joining the NCAA in 1998, the soccer team has played in 19 national tournaments, advancing to the Final Four 3 times (2013, 2015, and 2016).

In 2013, Rockhurst University added three varsity athletic teams: men's and women's lacrosse and women's cross country.

There is also an intramurals program on campus, with many students participating in a 30-event program throughout the school year.

National rankings
Since becoming an NCAA Division II member institution in 1998, Rockhurst men's soccer has finished in the final Top 25 Poll 10 times, and since 2011, the Hawks have finished in the top 10 each season. Men's soccer finished #3 in the nation in 2015 and 2016.

Men's soccer coach Tony Tocco has coached for 46 seasons and led the team to 13 Final Four appearances. At the end of the 2016 season, Tocco's 680 career victories ranks second in men's college soccer history, three fewer than Ohio Wesleyan head coach Jay Martin.

Following the 2007–2008 school year, Rockhurst was recognized by the National Soccer Coaches Association of America as one of 67 colleges and universities in the nation (among all NCAA and NAIA divisions) to have both men's and women's soccer teams receive the NSCAA Team Academic Award.  To receive the award, a team must achieve a grade point average of 3.0 or higher. The women's soccer team achieved a 3.62 GPA, ranking them #4 in the nation.

Rockhurst University alumnus, Kyle Miller (class of 2011), recently signed with the MLS Sporting Kansas City soccer team in Kansas City, Kansas, for the 2012 season.

Student activities
Rockhurst students participate in many diverse activities throughout the school year both on campus and within the wider community.  Some general campus organizations include:

 Active Minds
 Alpha Phi Omega (APO) service fraternity
 American Humanics Student Association (AHSA)
 Art Club
 Biology Club
 Black Student Union (BSU)
 Cheerleading/Dance Team
 Chorus
 Commuter Club
 Delta Sigma Pi (Deltasig) professional business fraternity
 Education Club
 English Club (Walter J. Ong Society for Literary Study)
 Fellowship of Christian Athletes (FCA)
 French Club
 Hawks for Life
 Hockey Club
 International Students Club
 Lacrosse Club
 Math & Physics Club
 PEERS (Positively Educating Each Rockhurst Student)

 Phi Delta Epsilon (Pre-Medical Fraternity)
 Players
 Pre-Law Club
 Pre-Medical Club
 Pre-Physical Therapy/Occupational Therapy Club (Pre- PT/OT)
 Psychology Club
 RAKERS (Random Acts of Kindness Sharers)
 The Rock Yearbook
 Rockhurst Organization of Collegiate Women (ROCW)
 Rockhurst Republicans
 Running Club
 The Rockhurst Sentinel Newspaper
 Student Activities Board
 Society for the Advancement of Pre-Medical Studies
 Student Occupational Therapy Association (SOTA)
 Student Organization of Latinos (SOL)
 Student Senate
 UNITY
 VOICES for JUSTICE (VOICES)

Rockhurst has several academic honorary societies (membership by invitation only):

 Alpha Psi Omega (Theatre)
 Alpha Sigma Nu (Jesuit)
 Beta Beta Beta (Biology)
 Kappa Delta Pi (Education)
 Phi Alpha Theta (History)
 Phi Lambda Upsilon (Chemistry)
 Phi Sigma Tau (Philosophy)

 Pi Delta Phi (French)
 Psi Chi (Psychology)
 Sigma Delta Pi Hispanic Honor Society (Hispanic)
 Sigma Tau Delta (English)
 Sigma Theta Tau (Nursing)
 Theta Alpha Kappa (Theology)

Greek life
Rockhurst's Greek life consists of five fraternities and four sororities (totaling over 30% of the undergraduate population):

Fraternities
 Alpha Delta Gamma (Zeta Chapter)
 Pi Kappa Alpha (Kappa Epsilon Chapter)
 Sigma Alpha Epsilon (Missouri Delta Chapter)
 Tau Kappa Epsilon (Kappa Nu Colony)
 Beta Theta Pi (Rockhurst Colony)
Sororities
 Gamma Phi Beta (Eta Iota Chapter)
 Alpha Sigma Alpha (Zeta Eta Chapter)
 Theta Phi Alpha(Gamma Nu Chapter)
 Zeta Tau Alpha (Kappa Eta Chapter)

Notable alumni

 Hector Barreto Jr., B.S.B.A., 21st Administrator of the U.S. Small Business Administration
 Tom Dempsey, restaurateur, current Republican State Senator
 Wild Bill Elliott, B-Western star best known for playing Red Ryder
 Tommy Frevert, American football player
 Diego Gutierrez, '05, midfielder for the Major League Soccer team Chicago Fire
 Tommy Heinemann, '09, forward for the USL First Division (USL-1) team Charleston Battery
 Herbert Harris, B.A. '48, former member of the United States House of Representatives
 Sly James, B.A. '80, Kansas City mayor
 Mark Lamping, B.A., former President of the St. Louis Cardinals baseball team, now CEO of the Meadowlands Stadium Company
 Phillip H. Muller, Permanent Representative of the Republic of the Marshall Islands to the United Nations
 Walter Ong, S.J., B.A. '33, philosopher
 G. Joseph Pierron, '68, American judge serving on the Kansas Court of Appeals.
 Bill Reardon, B.A. '63, former Kansas State Representative
 Joe Reardon, '90, 27th Mayor of the City of Kansas City, Kansas
 Michael P. Ryan, Marine Major general
 Joseph P. Teasdale, former Governor of Missouri
 Denny Thum, '74, former President of the National Football League's Kansas City Chiefs.
 Josh Tols, baseball pitcher
 Joseph J. Urusemal, '76, sixth President of the Federated States of Micronesia
 George Wendt, B.A., actor best known for his portrayal of "Norm" on the sitcom Cheers

Gallery

See also
 List of Jesuit sites
 History of education in Missouri

References

Further reading
 Brennan, Sean "The Little School on the Hill: The Founding of Rockhurst College." Missouri Historical Review 96#1 (October 2001): 32-45. online

External links

Roman Catholic Diocese of Kansas City–Saint Joseph
Universities and colleges established in 1910
Jesuit universities and colleges in the United States
Universities and colleges in Kansas City, Missouri
1910 establishments in Missouri
Private universities and colleges in Missouri
Catholic universities and colleges in Missouri
Universities and colleges accredited by the Higher Learning Commission

Rockhurst University


The Bucksport Railroad Station is a historic railroad station on Main Street in Bucksport, Maine.   The station was built in 1874 by the European and North American Railway, and is one of a small number of surviving rural railroad stations in Maine.  It is now home to the Bucksport Historical Society Museum.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.

Description and history
The station is a rectangular wood frame structure, 1-1/2 stories in height, with a gable roof that has extended eaves and gables supported by knee brackets.  The exterior is sheathed in clapboards, and the building rests on a granite foundation.  The long southern facade originally faced a railroad platform, and is organized into seven bays.  The leftmost (western) bay provided a window for the ticket office, the next four bays housed windows and a door for the passenger waiting area, and the last two bays housed a window and a wide door for the freight area.  The northern facade, facing Main Street, is similarly arranged, except the ticket office door is in the bay furthest west.  The narrow ends of the building both have three windows, two in the first level and one in the half story.

The European and North American Railway (E&NR) was founded in 1851 with the objective of providing rail service between Portland, Maine and Canso, Nova Scotia as a means of shortening sea travel times between North America and Europe, and to facilitate the movement of goods between the various colonies of British North America (now Canada).  The principal line intended to provide this service ran via Bangor, and the company in the early 1870s built a narrow-gauge spur line to Bucksport in response to a local petition.  This station was built in 1874 to serve this line.  The E&NR failed a few years later, and the route was locally operated until it was consolidated into the Maine Central Railroad in 1884.  The station is now home to the Bucksport Historical Society, which has offices and a museum on the premises.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hancock County, Maine

References

External links
 Maine Memory Network: Bucksport Historical Society

Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1874
Museums in Hancock County, Maine
History museums in Maine
Buildings and structures in Bucksport, Maine
National Register of Historic Places in Hancock County, Maine
Transportation buildings and structures in Hancock County, Maine
Former railway stations in Maine
Former Maine Central Railroad stations

Bucksport station


The Dry Creek Valley AVA is an American Viticultural Area in Sonoma County, California, located northwest of the town of Healdsburg.  The valley is formed by Dry Creek, a tributary of the Russian River, and is approximately  long and  wide.  The appellation benefits from the proximity of the Lake Sonoma reservoir for irrigation in this relatively dry area.

History

At the turn of the 20th century, Dry Creek Valley was one of California's most prominent producers of Zinfandel.  During Prohibition, much of the valley was converted to plum, pear, and prune trees, and much of the fruit was processed by Sunsweet Growers in Healdsburg.  Since the resurgence of wine grape production in the 1970s, Cabernet Sauvignon and Zinfandel have become the most planted varieties, and Dry Creek Valley AVA has become one of the state's top Zinfandel producers.  Sauvignon blanc has become the most important white grape varietal produced in the valley.

Wineries
Over 50 wineries are resident in Dry Creek Valley AVA, and over 160 wineries produce wines that bear a Dry Creek Valley AVA designation.  Dry Creek Valley AVA is home to the majority of the Sonoma vineyards of E & J Gallo Winery, who established winery facilities in the valley in the early 1990s.

See also
 Sonoma County wine
 Wine Country (California)

References

External links

American Viticultural Areas
American Viticultural Areas of the San Francisco Bay Area
Geography of Sonoma County, California
1983 establishments in California

Dry Creek Valley AVA