Shelburne is a town located in southwestern Nova Scotia, Canada.

History
Shelburne lies at the southwest corner of Nova Scotia, at roughly the same latitude as Portland, Maine, in the United States. The Mi'kmaq call the large and well-sheltered harbour Logumkeegan or Sogumkeagum.

The first settlers arrived in the Shelburne region around 13,000 years ago. The Mi'kmaq First Nations travelled by canoe along the Roseway River, setting up encampments along the shores in summer. Mi'kmaq residents referred to Shelburne's sheltered harbour as Logumkeegan or Sogumkeagum. Prior to the arrival of Europeans in the 1500s, the territory of Mi'kma'ki was divided into seven districts, each led by a District Chief.

The displacement of the Nova Scotia's Mi'kmaq communities consists of a long and painful history including the introduction of European diseases in the 1500s, the occupation of unceded land, as well as removal of Indigenous children from their homes in the 20th century through the Sixties Scoop and Residential School program. Nova Scotia eventually set aside 26,000 acres as reserve land owned by the Canadian Government.

Indigenous communities continue to inhabit Shelburne and surrounding communities, and the Acadia First Nation has opened a sub-office office in Shelburne to serve off-reserve members in this region.

When European settlers arrived in Shelburne, they followed Indigenous Mi'kmaq routes to fish, hunt and trap. Initial foreign explorers included fishermen from Spain, Portugal, and France. Following the arrival of Samuel de Champlain, French settlers began to arrive in Nova Scotia between 1632 and 1653, with some forming the fishing settlement of Port Razoir in Shelburne. Ownership of these Acadian colonies moved between French and English rule until the War of Spanish Succession ended in 1713, turning Nova Scotian Acadians over to the British.

Following the Acadians' repeated refusal to fight the French, the British Governor and Nova Scotia council began to deport the Acadians of Grand Pre and Port Royal in 1755. Some families took refuge in the Cape Sable region (comprising Yarmouth and Shelburne) until this community, too, was sent into exile between 1756 and 1759.

During this period, homes and communities were destroyed and burned, and Acadian families were separated and forcibly moved throughout the American colonies or into Europe. Many of Shelburne County's Acadian residents landed in Massachusetts, and throughout the Grand Derangement some were imprisoned, some died at sea, others fled to Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, or sought shelter with Nova Scotia's Mi'kmaq communities. By 1764, small groups of Acadians were allowed to return-and most reside today within the Maritimes.

In 1783, 10,000 enslaved persons (a fifth of the United States' black population) fought alongside British soldiers in the American Revolution-promised freedom in return. Departing from New York, many Loyalists relocated to Nova Scotia at the end of the war, with 5,000 arriving in Shelburne Harbour in the first wave. About 1,500 Black Loyalists settled in Shelburne County and Birchtown, to the west, became the largest community of free black people anywhere in North America. Upon arrival, Black Loyalists waited for land grants from the British authorities that were delayed, smaller, and in worse locations than their white counterparts. Many Black Loyalists were forced into indentured servitude, little different from the conditions they had escaped; some were kidnapped and sold back into slavery further south.

By 1784, the population of Port Roseway (now the Town of Shelburne) reached 10,000-larger than Halifax or Montreal, and housing some of New York's wealthiest families. With this growth, industries began to develop including cod and whale fishing, and lumber and timber trades. But tensions were soon on the upswing, with Nova Scotian slave owners feeling threatened by the presence of these freed Black Loyalists, and white refugees frustrated at trying to compete for work, unwilling to accept such low compensations.

On July 26, 1784, a mob of white Loyalists settlers stormed the home of a black preacher in Shelburne armed with hooks and chains stolen from harboured ships, inciting North America's first race riot. Only one person was ever charged in connection with these riots, and the event is considered reflective of the broader racist prejudices encountered by Black Loyalists throughout Nova Scotia for the years to come.

In 1786 the first ship was built on Shelburne's harbour. Commissary Island (once holding rations dispensed to Loyalists) and Black's Brook became shipyards, leading the way for many other builders. In the 19th century, the river was repurposed for log driving, with temporary dams constructed along the stream. This wealth didn't last long though, and the Shelburne economy quickly began to decline.

Many Black Loyalists settled elsewhere across the province, and in 1791, at least half of Birchtown's residents agreed to depart for a new colony in Sierra Leone. The agricultural prospects in Shelburne were weak, and transportation links to the rest of the province were limited, leading to an eventual decline. By the 1820s, the population of Shelburne declined to 300.

Another period of immigration began in 1818 when a mass of Welsh immigrants founded the first Welsh settlement in Canada, along the west side of the river in what is now Welshtown.

Shelburne was incorporated as a town in 1907. Shelburne's historic waterfront has attracted film productions, with many remaining buildings dating back to the 18th and 19th centuries, including the Shelburne County Museum, Christ Church, and Ross-Thomson House. Fishing is still a primary industry in the Town of Shelburne, and other local industries include lumber, fish processing, barrel manufacturing, granite monuments, and marine supplies. While ship building is no longer a major employer, visitors can visit the J C Williams Dory Shop to witness construction methods of the late 19th century.

Port Razoir, Cape/Port Roseway, Shelburne
The first Europeans to make a settlement on these shores were the French Acadians. They set up a small fishing settlement known as Port Razoir in the late 17th century, named after the harbour's resemblance to an open razor. Early European settlers had small subsistence farms, but most of the inhabitants' income from that time to the present has been derived from the sea. The Acadian fishing settlement was abandoned after repeated raids from New England colonists during Queen Anne's War in 1705, in which five Acadians were taken prisoner, and again in 1708.<ref>[http://www.gov.ns.ca/nsarm/virtual/places/page.asp?ID=618 "Shelburne", Place Names of Nova Scotia Nova Scotia Archives and Records Management, p. 618]</ref>

On May 14, 1715, New England naval commander Cyprian Southack attempted to create a permanent fishing station at a place he named "Cape Roseway" (now known as Shelburne). Shortly after he set up a base, in July 1715 the Mi'kmaq raided the station and burned it to the ground. In response, Southack led a raid on Canso, Nova Scotia (1718) and encouraged Governor Phillips to fortify Canso.

New England fishermen knew Shelburne as "Port Roseway" and frequently used the outer harbour for seasonal shelter and repairs. Pirate Ned Low raided the New England fishing fleet at Shelburne Harbour in 1723, capturing 13 ships and taking Philip Ashton captive. After the forced expulsion of the Acadians in 1755, there were no European settlers for several decades. Alexander McNutt attempted to start a settlement in 1765 but was not successful.

 American Revolution
In the spring of 1783, more than 5,000 settlers arrived on the shores of Shelburne Harbour from New York and the Middle Colonies of the Thirteen Colonies. These settlers were Loyalists (referred to later in Canada as United Empire Loyalists), Anglo-American colonists who had opposed the Revolution and remained loyal to Britain. The Crown offered them free land, tools, and provisions as compensation to lure them to settle in this relatively undeveloped area. Four hundred families associated to form a town at Port Roseway, which Governor John Parr renamed Shelburne later that year, after Lord Shelburne, the British prime minister. This group was led by the Port Roseway Associates, who had formed while still in New York and petitioned Governor Parr for the land.

The Black Loyalists, a large group of enslaved African Americans who escaped their masters to British lines and were promised freedom, were evacuated and transported by British forces to Shelburne Harbour at the same time. They founded Birchtown to the west of Shelburne. It became North America's largest free black settlement. But the Black Loyalists had to endure long waits before receiving land, were granted less than the whites, and faced discrimination from other colonists, including some who had even taken enslaved people with them to Canada. In July 1784 some of the white Loyalists conducted the Shelburne Riots against the African Americans.

In the fall of 1783, a second wave of settlers arrived in Shelburne. The community was settled by Loyalists soldiers of the Duke of Cumberland's Regiment. By 1784, the population of this new community is estimated to have been 17,000, making it the fourth-largest city in North America. But, initial hopes were short-lived; the settlement suffered from a lack of viable agricultural land, poor inland transportation links, and too few pioneers who knew how to develop frontier property. These problems curtailed its economic growth. The population fell sharply by the 1790s, leaving many abandoned buildings. However, the remaining residents gradually developed the harbour potential as a fishing and shipbuilding centre.

In 1792 more than 1,000 Black Loyalists from across Nova Scotia accepted a British offer to resettle in Freetown (current Sierra Leone), a newly founded British colony in West Africa. They became the core of an ethnic group that became known as Krios (for Creoles), which included numerous black poor of London (many of them also African Americans resettled after the American Revolution), formerly enslaved persons resettled from Jamaica, and persons liberated from illegal trading ships after Britain and the United States prohibited the Atlantic slave trade.

Shipbuilding

Shipbuilding is a historically significant industry in the area. The first vessel launched at Shelburne was the 181-ton Roseway, built for MacLean and Bogle in 1786. Commissary Island, now a peninsula, was the area from which supplies of flour, pork, and salt were dispensed to the Loyalists by the Commissary General, Mr. Brinley. Later, this area became the shipyard of Joseph McGill. The Cox family also built their own ships and conducted extensive international trade. The former MacKay shipyard was located in Shelburne at Black's Brook. Donald McKay, famous in the United States for the clippers which he built at Boston, began his shipbuilding career in Shelburne. He was born at Jordan Falls in 1810 and left the area at the age of 16 to apprentice in New York. Led by master shipbuilders such as Amos Pentz and James Havelock Harding, Shelburne shipyards built many fishing schooners in the banks fishing era, as well as a notable research yacht inspired by fishing schooners, the schooner Blue Dolphin in 1926.

In May 1945, following Germany's surrender, U-889 surrendered to the Royal Canadian Navy at Shelburne, Nova Scotia.

Buildings
Many of Shelburne's buildings date back to Loyalist times. The Shelburne County Museum is a restored home built in 1787 by David Nairn, a cooper from Scotland. The present-day Christ Church (Anglican) is on the site of the original building of the same name, which was designed by Loyalist Isaac Hildreth and consecrated by Bishop Charles Inglis in 1790. The original structure was destroyed by fire in 1971. Tottie's Store is thought to have been built by John Tottie about the year 1800. At each corner of the intersection of Water Street and George Street, sit dwellings that were built in 1783.

In 1787, government distribution of provisions to the new settlers was terminated. As the settlement was not yet self-supporting, many settlers put their houses up for sale or abandoned them. They left for England, New Brunswick, Upper Canada, and the United States. About half the population of African Americans left, many going to the new colony of Freetown in West Africa (now Sierra Leone). By the 1820s, the population of Shelburne had dwindled to about 300.

Present day
Shelburne was incorporated as a town on April 4, 1907. Some descendants of the first-generation immigrant Loyalists still live in the area today.

Fishing remains the primary industry with approximately 9.5 million pounds of fish passing through the port annually. Other economic activities include tourism, aquaculture, fish processing, and the manufacture of barrels, granite monuments, and marine supplies.

In late 2011, Irving was awarded the largest-ever government shipbuilding contract, valued at approximately $35 billion. This is chiefly for work at their Halifax Shipyard, but some work is expected to be done at the Shelburne yard over the 30-year term of the contract.

Cooke Aquaculture chose Shelburne as a site for a salmon farming operation. Plans are to increase the number of farms in the area to eight or more and construct a fish processing plant employing 350 people. In February 2012, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency quarantined one site due to a suspected outbreak of infectious salmon anemia (ISA).

The area is served by a weekly newspaper, The Tri-County Vanguard out of Yarmouth, a large online news operation, radio stations east and west of the town and CBC radio from Halifax, and the regional version of The Chronicle Herald.

Previous local newspapers included The Coast Guard, published in a building at the same intersection where newspapers were to have been published starting in 1784. Prior ones include the General Advertiser, the Port Roseway Gazetteer and Shelburne Advertiser, and the American Gazette.

Climate
Shelburne has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) that is similar to many locations in southern Nova Scotia and coastal locations of northern New England. Due to its coastal location and the moderating influence of the Atlantic Ocean, Shelburne's climate is relatively temperate without major extremes in temperature. Winters are wet and cold, with snow, freezing rain, and rain frequent from mid-December to the end of March. Despite this, average Maximum temperatures averages above  every month of the year, unusual for any location in Eastern Canada. Snow is common in the winter months; however, it rarely accumulates on the ground for extended periods of time. Snowstorms often change through freezing rain and then rain, thus melting accumulated snow. Following a winter storm, the air often turns clear but cold. Spring is cool and frequently damp, while summer features heavy morning fogs in June and early July, usually followed by clear, warm days until the end of September. Autumn weather features pleasant days and cool nights, which can extend well into November. Due to the moderating influence of the Atlantic Ocean, autumn weather can often extend into late November or early December. Snowfall that lies on the ground is uncommon until January and Shelburne are susceptible to strong coastal storms called Nor'easters, which bring heavy rains, pounding surf and damaging winds. These can occur from mid-autumn to spring. Shelburne is also susceptible to hurricanes, which can occasionally affect the area from August to October.

 Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Shelburne had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

Environmental hazards
In 1946 the Morvan Road Landfill was established in the Patterson's Division of the Town of Shelburne, in direct proximity to the African Nova Scotian community living in the south-end of town. The roots of these communities were established after the 1776 American Revolutionary War which forced the relocation and settlement of Black Loyalists to Canadian lands. The placement of this landfill in direct proximity to minority communities represents an issue of environmental racism, especially when these communities face disproportionate effects to these hazards and have less political power to fight against the issue.

The landfill was used for various types of waste including industrial, medical, and residential. The burning of waste over decades created ample amounts of air pollution which were breathed in by surrounding communities, raising major health concerns. This directly affected the quality of life for these communities as the burning of the waste gave off wretched smells causing the inability to breathe, unable to go outside, needing to change their clothes multiple times, and unable to perform daily acts. Considering the waste dump was uphill of residential homes, run-off from waste would contaminate water resources used by the community. This again raised concerns regarding the health of citizens, questions surrounding increased carcinogens, and cancerous death rates within the community.

The Environmental Noxiousness, Racial Inequities & Community Health Project (the ENRICH Project), conducted research within the community to display that waste dumps are disproportionately located in African Nova Scotian and Miꞌkmaq communities throughout Nova Scotia. They found evidence that these communities suffer from increased rates of cancer, respiratory illnesses, and other chronic diseases. The collaboration of the ENRICH Project with local communities sparked ideas of creating a grassroots movement amongst community members. They founded the South End Environmental Injustice Society (SEED), a nonprofit community initiative that represents a response to establishment of the landfill near the African Nova Scotian and low-income community in Shelburne.

SEED allowed members of the community to express their concerns regarding the Morvan Road Landfill, forming partnerships to address these issues. Further raising awareness about health concerns, they conducted research to determine the link between cancer rates within the African Nova Scotian communities in the south end. Their community map discovered the higher prevalence of cancer amongst African men in comparison to the general community, pushing them to discover why the proximity impacts both physical and mental health concerns. SEED collaborated with the ENRICH project to conduct research on the water quality, in search of contaminants that might explain the increased cancer rates. This collaboration not only provided statistical evidence but allowed their voices to be heard at a government level. After the completion of inspections in June 2016, they closed the dump to waste outside of community disposal. SEED, along with other community members, continued their efforts after concern of the landfill still affecting community health, eventually leading to the closure of the landfill in December 2016.

This has since moved toward combating "environmental racism" in Canada as a whole, leading to the establishment of Bill C-230.

Film production

In 1992, Dock Street was the location for the filming of Mary Silliman's War, based on the life of Mary Silliman and depicting Fairfield, Connecticut, during the American Revolution. In 1994, Dock Street was the location of the film The Scarlet Letter, based on Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel about Puritan New England in the mid-17th century. Some of the buildings on Dock Street still retain the grey-tone paint finishes used for the film.

Other movies made in Shelburne have been Virginia's Run and Wilby Wonderful. In 2008 an old naval station in the Shelburne area was sold to a group who planned to make more movies at a sound stage located on the station; they sold the complex for other purposes. In 2009, filming for portions of the two-part TV miniseries, Moby Dick, was carried out in Shelburne. A recreation of the Whaleman's Chapel was constructed on the waterfront and the Spouter's Inn constructed as a set in Cox's Warehouse. The series stars William Hurt as Ahab, Gillian Anderson as his wife Elizabeth, Ethan Hawke as Starbuck and Donald Sutherland as Father Mappel.

In 2014 filming for The Book of Negroes occurred on historic Dock Street, with Shelburne being featured as itself. Parts of the 2019 documentary There's Something in the Water'' were filmed in Shelburne.

Public library
Located at 17 Glasgow Street in Shelburne, the McKay Memorial Library is one of the larger branches of the Western Counties Regional Library. It joined the Western Counties Regional Library on June 5, 1969, but it did not have a physical location in Shelburne until the first branch opened on February 15, 1970. The branch relocated to its present site on July 21, 1989.

Parks
The Islands Provincial Park is located nearby in the Municipality of the District of Shelburne.

Notable people
Jody Holden, beach volleyball player
Gideon White, politician and captain in the Duke of Cumberland's Regiment

See also
 List of municipalities in Nova Scotia

References

External links

Communities in Shelburne County, Nova Scotia
Towns in Nova Scotia
Populated coastal places in Canada
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia

Shelburne, Nova Scotia


Sir John Bates Thurston  (31 January 1836 – 7 February 1897) was a British colonial official who served Fiji in a variety of capacities, including Premier of the Kingdom of Viti (before the islands were ceded to the United Kingdom) and later as colonial Governor.

Early life
Thurston was born on 31 January 1836 in London, England, where he received an elementary education before pursuing a nautical career in 1850. In 1855 he became the first officer, but shortly afterwards was struck down by cholera and was sent to Australia to recover. He became a sheep farmer with a friend, but in 1862 the farm was destroyed by a flood.  In 1864, he joined a botany expedition to the South Sea Islands and was wrecked off the coast of Samoa, where he was stranded for eighteen months, before being rescued and brought to Fiji.

Political life in Fiji
Shortly after his arrival in Fiji, he was employed by the British Consulate. In 1869 he became acting Consul for Fiji and Tonga.

In June 1871, Thurston, then Britain's honorary consul, forged a "marriage of convenience" between the Bauan chief Seru Epenisa Cakobau and the British settlers.  He persuaded the Fijian chiefs to surrender the independence of their fiefdoms and accept a constitutional monarchy with Cakobau as  acclaimed King, but with real power in the hands of a cabinet and legislature dominated by settlers. The arrangement was not particularly successful. Within months, government overspending had led to the accumulation of an unmanageable debt which led to economic and social unrest.

In 1872, Thurston approached the British government, at Cakobau's request, with an offer to cede the islands to the United Kingdom. (A previous offer almost two decades earlier had been turned down).  The British were much more inclined to annexe Fiji now than they had been previously. The murder of Bishop John Patteson of the Melanesian Mission at Nukapu in the Reef Islands had provoked public outrage, which was compounded by the massacre by crew members of more than 150 Fijians on board the brig Carl.

Two British commissioners were sent to Fiji to investigate the possibility of an annexation. The negotiations were concluded with Thurston himself acting as Premier, from 23 March to 10 October 1874, when Cakobau and his fellow-chiefs formally ceded the archipelago to the United Kingdom.

Thurston later served as Colonial Secretary. In this capacity, he persuaded the Colonial Sugar Refining Company to extend its operations into Fiji by providing it with  of land to establish its plantations.

1879 Thurston became the secretary to the High Commissioner.

In February 1888, Thurston became Governor of Fiji, a position he held until he died on 7 February 1897.

Botanical contributions
Thurston was also responsible for the establishment of Suva Botanical Gardens, later named Thurston Gardens in his honour. Thurston's Palm (Pritchardia thurstonii) is named after him.

Personal life

He married, first, about 1866, a French lady, Madame Marie de Lavalatte (died 14 December 1881); secondly, on 14 January 1883, Amelia, daughter of John Berry of Albury, New South Wales, who, with three sons and two daughters, survived him. The British government granted Lady Thurston a civil list pension in consideration of her husband's services, and the government of Fiji a pension of 50l. to each of the five children during minority.

In 1895 Thurston's health gave way, and he returned to England on leave. Returning to his post in 1896, he died at sea on S.S. Burrumbeet 7 February 1897, between Sydney and Melbourne. Sir John Bates Thurston is buried in Melbourne General Cemetery and his grave site has its upkeep paid by the Fijian Government. He was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1880, and Knight Commander of that same order in 1887; he was a fellow of the Linnean and Geographical societies.

References

 New York Times – article on John Thurston's Death
 Probert Encyclopedia on John Bates Thurston

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1836 births
1897 deaths
Governors of Fiji
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Politicians from London
Premiers of Viti
British sailors
Diplomats from London
High Commissioners for the Western Pacific
Politicians from Levuka
Politicians from Suva
Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society
Colonial Secretaries of Fiji
Burials at Melbourne General Cemetery
People who died at sea

John Bates Thurston


Jevel Demikovski (March 27, 1922 – February 4, 2007), known professionally as Jules Olitski, was an American painter, printmaker, and sculptor.

Early life
Olitski was born Jevel Demikovsky in Snovsk, in Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (now Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine), a few months after his father, a commissar, was executed by the Soviet government. He emigrated to the United States in 1923 with his mother and grandmother and settled in Brooklyn. His grandmother cared for him while his mother worked to support the family. In 1926 his mother married Hyman Olitsky (note "y" ending), a widower with two sons. A daughter was born in 1930.

Education
Olitski showed an aptitude for drawing and by 1935 was taking occasional art classes in Manhattan. He attended public schools in New York, winning an art prize upon his graduation from high school. At an exhibit of the work of some of the great masters at the New York World's Fair in 1939 he was very impressed by Rembrandt's portraits. Subsequently he won a scholarship to study art at Pratt Institute and was admitted to the National Academy of Design in New York. His education continued at Beaux Arts Institute in New York from 1940-42.

After discharge from the Army in 1945, Olitski married and stayed with Leo and Alma Gershenson in Asheville, NC.  After some time, following Leo's advice, he traveled to Mexico.  He later returned to New York, and then in the late 40s went to Paris on the G.I. Bill where he studied at the Ossip Zadkine School and the Académie de la Grande Chaumière, both in Paris. In Paris he saw the European modern masters and engaged in a severe self-analysis, which involved painting while blindfolded to remove himself from all of his customary habits and facility. In 1951 in Paris Olitski presented his first one-man show.

Having returned to New York in 1951, Olitski received his B.A. in 1952 and his M.A. in 1954 in Art Education, both from New York University

Career
Olitski had his first one-person show at Galerie Huit, Paris in 1951.  He returned to New York, reacting against the color and imagery of his Paris works, he began to paint monochromatic pictures with empty centers. He divorced and began exhibiting in group shows, and by 1956 was remarried and had joined the faculty of C. W. Post College on Long Island. In 1958 he had his first New York one-person show, at the Zodiac Room of the Alexander Iolas Gallery, and met Clement Greenberg, who exhibited Olitski's paintings in a large solo show at French & Company in May 1959.

In 1960 Olitski abruptly moved away from the heavily encrusted abstract surfaces he had evolved and began to stain the canvas with large areas of thin, brightly colored dyes. These were shown at a second French & Co. exhibit, in April 1961, and he was asked to join the Poindexter Gallery, where he had several exhibitions. Thereafter he exhibited in numerous venues, won a prize at the Carnegie International and began to be collected by museums.

By 1965 Olitski had evolved a radically innovative technique of laying down atmospheric blankets of colored spray on the canvas, marked at first by barely discernible straight-edged value changes near the edge of the picture and later by acrylic paint dragged along portions of the edge. He exhibited internationally in the late 1960s and was selected as one of four artists to represent the United States at the Venice Biennale in 1966. In 1969 he was invited to exhibit large, aluminum, spray-painted sculptures at the Metropolitan Museum of Art becoming the first living American artist to be given a one-person exhibition there.

He taught at Bennington College from 1963 to 1967.

In the 1970s Olitski returned to the thick impasto surfaces which characterized his work in the 50s but with innovative techniques that took advantage of the newly improved polymer and gel acrylic mediums. In 1994 he was elected into the National Academy of Design.

His late works from 2001 through January 2007 are characterized by intensely colored orbs that can evoke landscape or skyscape. As Norman L. Kleeblat states in his essay in the catalog that accompanies the exhibition Jules Olitski-The Late Paintings-A Celebration, at Knoedler and Company Nov 2007-Jan 2008. "The intensity of Olitski's colors can feel jarring when each colored area is observed separately.  But the artist is a master of unlikely clashes of intense and artificial-looking colors recalling Delacroix.".

Olitski had over 150 one-person exhibitions in his lifetime and is represented in museums worldwide. He has received honorary doctorates from the University of Hartford, Keene State College, and Southern New Hampshire University.
The Estate of Jules Olitski is represented by YaresArt.

Personal life
Olitski lived and worked in studios in New Hampshire and Florida and exhibited regularly until his death from cancer in 2007, aged 84.

Family

1945. Marries Gladys Katz. They have one daughter, Eve. Div. circa 1955.

1956. Marries Andrea Hill Pearce. They have one daughter, Lauren. Div. circa 1974.

1980. Marries Joan C. Gorby (aka Kristina).

References
Jules Olitski, catalog for the exhibition at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston,1973. Introduction by Kenworth Moffett; Chronology by Elinor L. Woron
Jules Olitski, by Kenworth Moffett. pub. by Harry N. Abrams, New York, 1981, monograph, 242 pages
Jules Olitski, Catalog for the retrospective exhibition at the Buschlen-Mowatt Gallery, Vancouver, BC, 1989, Preface by Barrie Mowatt, Introduction by Clement Greenberg, Essays by Jules Olitski.
Jules Olitski, The New Hampshire Exhibits, Autumn, 2003. Edited by Lauren Poster, pub. Jan 2005 by Four Forty, Marlboro VT 96 pages 115 color plates.  Essay "Paths" by Jim Walsh and DVD interview for The Front Porch NH Public Radio with John Walters
A Culmination of Contradictions:  Jules Olitski's Last Decade" by Norman L. Kleeblatt, The Susan and Elihu Rose Chief Curator at The Jewish Museum, excerpt from essay "Jules Olitski The Late Paintings A Celebration" Nov 8, 2007-Jan 5, 2008 Knoedler & Company, New York

Criticism
 January 28, 2021 review New York Times art critic, Roberta Smith writes "The artist's earliest Color Field paintings, with their indomitable colors, austere compositions and wild pictorial spaces, are among the movement's signal achievements. "The Great Beginning of Jules Olitski"
Roberta Smith, New York Times
January 28, 2021
"Karen Wilkin writes in The New Criterion, January, 2021 "Olitski is...one of the most radical and innovative abstract painters of the recent past." Jules Olitski in New York" Karen Wilkin, New Criterion]
 ArtsEditor.com, feature article 11-19-2013 "Superb Irrelevance: Experiencing Jules Olitski's Late Works"
 Swedish art critic Ulf Linde mentions Olitski as an example of "visual muzak" in the interview text Om det genant enkla (Eng: About that which is awkwardly simple)
New York Times art critic Roberta Smith says in her October 14, 2005 review that Olitski is "...an artist who, if he hasn't quite come full circle, has always combined a penchant for flash and visual drama with a keen interest in the physicality of paint, whether thin, as in his stained and spray-painted abstractions of the 1960s, or thick", accessed online November 26, 2007

References

External links
Official Website
The New York Times Obituary, February 5, 2007.
Jules Olitski, Reflections on Masterpieces

1922 births
2007 deaths
Abstract expressionist artists
Abstract painters
20th-century American painters
American male painters
21st-century American painters
21st-century American male artists
United States Army personnel of World War II
Painters from New York City
Soviet emigrants to the United States
Jewish painters
Jewish American artists
Modern painters
Artists from New Hampshire
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Ukrainian Jews
Pratt Institute alumni
Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development alumni
20th-century American printmakers
C.W. Post College faculty
Bennington College faculty
Beaux-Arts Institute of Design (New York City) alumni
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews
20th-century American male artists

Jules Olitski


Flipping is a term used in economics. It is used mainly in the United States to describe buying something and quickly reselling (or "flipping") it for profit. It can apply to any asset but is often applied to real estate and initial public offerings (IPOs).

Real estate

Real estate is bought and sold every day. The seller arranges for a realtor to advertise and sell their property. The realtor charges between 4 and 7 percent of the selling price as a commission. The sale is conducted between the owner of the property or house, and the buyer who wants to purchase it.

Flipping is used by real estate investors to describe someone purchasing a property then selling it quickly for a profit. Usually the investor will pay for improvements to make the property more attractive. The investor must have the money to buy the house and pay for the improvements. Realtors neither buy the house or resell it (although a realtor can also be a flipper). They simply broker the sale.

Flipping involves a good deal of risk for investors. They must know the value of a property and not pay too much. They have to be careful not to invest too much in improvements. Very often run-down properties or foreclosures are sold at auctions. The buyer may not be able to inspect the property before buying it. This can lead to additional costs to fix problems that could not be seen. A property needs to sell quickly or there is no quick return on their money.

There are also many risks for buyers of flipped homes.

IPOs

Initial public offerings are when a private company sells shares of stock to the public for the first time (called going public). Flipping is buying stocks and selling within the first 2 to 3 days after the company went public. The hope is the price will go up rapidly. Underwriters want investors want to hold onto stocks. They may blacklist investors who flip too many stocks even though it is legal.

Other forms

In the United Kingdom the term is used to describe Members of Parliament switching their 'second home' between several houses. This was to maximize their taxpayer funded allowances.

References

Other websites

 Tax consequences of flipping real estate
 Can you flip a house for profit in this market?
Real estate
Commerce

Flipping


The 1925 Charlevoix–Kamouraska earthquake struck northeastern North America on February 28, reaching 6.2 on the moment magnitude scale. It was one of the most powerful measured in Canada in the 20th century, with a maximum perceived intensity of VIII (Severe) on the Mercalli intensity scale at its epicentre in the area of Charlevoix-Kamouraska along the Saint Lawrence River near île aux Lièvres and not greater than VI (Strong) in the United States.  The quake was felt in Quebec City, Shawinigan, Montreal, as far south as Virginia, and as far west as the Mississippi River.

Damage
It caused damage in three separate areas. The first had extreme damage constricted to a narrow belt  long on both shores of the Saint Lawrence River near the epicentre. In this area, damage at the villages of Baie-Saint-Paul, Saint-Urbain, Les Éboulements, Pointe-au-Pic, La Malbaie, Tadoussac and the other nearby villages of Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatière, Saint-Pacôme, Rivière-Ouelle, Saint-Philippe, Saint-Denis, and Saint-Pascal on the south shore, was mostly related to the magnitude of the earthquake itself, and to some extent by the deep grainy soil on which many of the destroyed buildings were built. The two other damaged areas were Quebec City and in the Trois-Rivières – Shawinigan area, where the destruction was more extensive, not so much due to the strength of the earthquake, but rather to the uneven nature of the landscape.

Aftermath
A total of 55 aftershocks were recorded, which lasted for weeks, ranging from magnitude 5 to 2. Over the years, several studies were published on the 1925 Charlevoix–Kamouraska earthquake, some as recently as 1999. A foreshock occurred in the St. Lawrence valley the prior year on September 30. It was rated at 6.1 and was felt from Rockland, Ontario to Portland, Maine.

See also
Charlevoix Seismic Zone
List of earthquakes in 1925
List of earthquakes in Canada
List of earthquakes in the United States

References

Bibliography

External links

1925 earthquakes
1925 in Quebec
1925 Charlevoix-Kamouraska
1925 Charlevoix-Kamouraska
February 1925 events

1925 Charlevoix–Kamouraska earthquake


Garden angelica (Angelica archangelica; syn. Archangelica officinalis Hoffm., Archangelica officinalis var. himalaica C.B.Clarke, Angelica sativa Mill.) is a biennial plant from the umbelliferous family Apiaceae. Other English names are Holy Ghost, Wild Celery, and Norwegian angelica.

People can eat the stem and roots.  It looks very similar to some poisonous species (Conium, Heracleum, and others).  Because of this it is important to know for certain it is garden angelica before eating it.

During its first year it only grows leaves.  The flowers blossom in July.  There are many small flowers that are yellowish or greenish in colour.

It grows wild in Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Greenland, the Faroe Islands and Iceland, mostly in the northern parts of the countries.

From the 10th century on, angelica was grown as a vegetable and medicinal plant.  It is used to flavour liqueurs or aquavits, omelettes, trout and jam. The long bright green stems are also candied and used as decoration.

References

Other websites
 GRIN: Angelica archangelica

Apiaceae

Garden angelica


Adrian Carnegie Slade  (born 25 May 1936), is a British Liberal Democrat politician and advertising agency founder.

He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he became President of the Footlights, and famously recruited Peter Cook to the society.

He was a Liberal Party parliamentary candidate in the 1960s and 1970s,
contesting Putney in 1966, February 1974 and October 1974. He stood as an SDP–Liberal Alliance candidate in Wimbledon in 1987.
He scored an upset win in the 1981 elections to the Greater London Council (GLC), winning the Richmond seat from the Conservatives by just 115 votes. He became Leader of the SDP–Liberal Alliance group on the GLC, and remained so until the GLC's dissolution in 1986.

He served as the last President of the Liberal Party, from 1987 to 1988, conducting its merger negotiations with the SDP.  He was vice-president of the Liberal Democrats 1988–89.

He is also known within Liberal Party circles as a pianist and singer, talents which he shared with his brother Julian Slade. There is a third brother, Sir Christopher Slade (Lord Justice of Appeal, 1982–91) and a sister.

He has two children, Nicola and Rupert, with his wife Sue.

References

1936 births
Living people
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Members of the Greater London Council
Liberal Democrats (UK) politicians
Presidents of the Liberal Party (UK)
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge

Adrian Slade


In mathematics, a quasisimple group (also known as a covering group) is a group that is a perfect central extension E of a simple group S.  In other words, there is a short exact sequence

such that , where  denotes the center of E and [ , ] denotes the commutator.

Equivalently, a group is quasisimple if it is equal to its commutator subgroup and its inner automorphism group Inn(G) (its quotient by its center) is simple (and it follows Inn(G) must be non-abelian simple, as inner automorphism groups are never non-trivial cyclic). All non-abelian simple groups are quasisimple.

The subnormal quasisimple subgroups of a group control the structure of a finite insoluble group in much the same way as the minimal normal subgroups of a finite soluble group do, and so are given a name, component.

The subgroup generated by the subnormal quasisimple subgroups is called the layer, and along with the minimal normal soluble subgroups generates a subgroup called the generalized Fitting subgroup.

The quasisimple groups are often studied alongside the simple groups and groups related to their automorphism groups, the almost simple groups.  The representation theory of the quasisimple groups is nearly identical to the projective representation theory of the simple groups.

Examples
The covering groups of the alternating groups are quasisimple but not simple, for

See also
 Almost simple group
 Schur multiplier
 Semisimple group

References

External links
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/QuasisimpleGroup.html

Notes

Properties of groups

Quasisimple group


The Grand Opera House is an opera house located at the corner of 8th and Iowa Streets in Dubuque, Iowa that was built in 1890.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

It was deemed important as a "national treasure".  The theatre has the largest of all stages ever in Dubuque, and is Dubuque's only surviving opera house.  It is architecturally important as an early Richardsonian Romanesque building in Dubuque and as a salient work of Chicago architect Willoughby James Edbrooke.  It is Edbrooke's only surviving opera house, and he used its design in his design portfolio that won him the position of Supervising Architect of the U.S. Treasury Department in 1891.  Its design is said to be "representative of Edbrooke's smooth exterior wall interpretation of the Richardsonian Romanesque style."  It is also historically important from its association with high-quality theatre in Dubuque during 1890-1928.  The theater has been preserved with great historic integrity and, in 2002, was being restored for continuing use in live stage entertainment.  Its history is extremely well documented.

In 2015 performance events at the theater marked its 125th anniversary.

History

Early years
The Grand Opera House was built in 1889 and 1890.  The Grand Opera House, Inc. was established by William Lester Bradley, Sr. and five other people in 1890 to operate this and other theaters in Dubuque.  The opera house would cost $65,000 to build.  At the time of its construction, the Grand Opera House was the largest theater to be built in Dubuque.  It had a seating capacity of 1,100 and a huge stage that measured  from front to back.  Initially the opera house was connected by a tunnel to a house next door in which people changed costumes.

Originally the opening night performance was scheduled to occur on August 15, 1890 until it was realized that August 15 was also the Holy Day of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary.  At that point opening night was rescheduled to August 14.  Approximately 800 people paid five dollars to view the Hess Opera Company production of Carmen - a French opera by Georges Bizet.

For the next 40 years there were over 2,600 live productions shown at the Grand.  Henry Fonda, Ethel Barrymore, George Cohan, Sarah Bernhard, and Lillian Russell were among the more famous people to have performed at the Grand.  A number of years later Fonda would fondly remember his time playing at the Grand, and expressed gratitude that the Grand was still present.  One of the most elaborate productions was that of Ben-Hur, which was complete with horses and chariots on stage.  The theater showed a profit for 22 out of its first 28 years; the six unprofitable years being the result of capital improvements.

Movies

In 1915 movies were shown at the Grand for the first time.  The $15,488 profit that first year was three times that of the Grand's traditional theater productions.  In 1928 the Grand had its last live performance for many years when a production of the Merry Wives of Windsor was performed at the Grand.  The Grand was then renovated in 1930 into a movie theater.  The second balcony and box seats were removed and the orchestra pit was covered over.  The semi-circular stage was straightened.  A big screen and new projector was added to the theater.

When the Grand was converted into a movie theater, most of the movie theaters were located in downtown Dubuque.  By 1972 it was the only surviving downtown movie theater when it was sold to Richard Davis of Des Moines.  In 1976 Davis sold the theater to the Dubinsky Brothers.  The Grand continued to show movies for several more years.

Return of Live Theater
By the closing years of the 20th century, the Barn Community Theater had purchased the vacant and much-deteriorated Grand Opera House.  This marked the end of the Grand's days as a movie theater.  In 1986 a production of "Tintypes" was shown at the theater.  This marked the first time in over 57 years that a live production was shown at the Grand.

In recent years the Grand Opera House has undergone a number of renovations.  This included the restoration of the original facade was accomplished by removing the marquee and metal siding that was placed over it in the 1960s.  The interior of the theater was renovated as well.

References

External links
Grand Opera House Website

Music venues completed in 1890
Buildings and structures in Dubuque, Iowa
Economy of Dubuque, Iowa
Romanesque Revival architecture in Iowa
Theatres in Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Dubuque, Iowa
Tourist attractions in Dubuque, Iowa
Theatres completed in 1890
Opera houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa

Grand Opera House (Dubuque, Iowa)


Plymouth Congregational Church of Lawrence, Kansas is church that was created in 1854, months after the Territory of Kansas was opened to settlement. The present-day church building was built in 1870, and it is on the National Register of Historic Places.

The architect was John G. Haskell. He designed the Kansas State Capitol.

History

The Territory of Kansas was opened to settlement by the Kansas–Nebraska Act on May 30, 1854. Reverend Samuel Y. Lum of Middletown, New York was sent by the American Home Missionary Society to create a church in the Kansas Territory. This would become the first church in the entire territory. Before he came, sermons were given by laymen. The first service of Plymouth Congregational Church was held by Lum on October 1, 1854 in a mudbrick boarding house. Settlers who had come from New England came to the service.

Reverend Richard Cordley became a pastor in 1857. This was when the people moved into its first permanent building, called the "Stone Church." Though the building was not completed until 1862. Cordley was an abolitionist and was a free-stater. During the American Civil War, some members were killed by pro-Confederate soldiers in the Lawrence Massacre of 1863. Cordley's home was burned, but the church building was not hurt.

The Brick Church

The present-day building, also called "The Brick Church," was designed by architect John G. Haskell. Haskell also worked on other churches, schools, and the Kansas State Courthouse. Construction started in 1868. It was finished in May 1870. it costed $45,000. The windows were made in England. Services have been held regularly in the building since 1870.

The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 2, 2009. The building's architectural style is described as a Victorian-era church building with Gothic and Romanesque Revival characteristics.

Famous members
 Alan Mulally – The president of the Ford Motor Company said Rev. Dale Turner was "a mentor and an inspiration."

References

Other websites
 Plymouth Congregational Church website
 The Lawrence Massacre by Richard Cordley, D.D. (1865)
 A History of Lawrence, Kansas by Richard Cordley, D.D. (1895)
 Pioneer Days in Kansas by Richard Cordley, D.D. (1903)

1854 establishments in Kansas Territory
Churches in the United States
Buildings and structures in Lawrence, Kansas
Lawrence, Kansas
National Register of Historic Places in Douglas County, Kansas

Plymouth Congregational Church (Lawrence, Kansas)


"Svegliarsi la mattina" (en: To Wake up in the Morning) is a pop song by Italian duo Zero Assoluto, released as the second single from the album, Appena prima di partire, on February 28, 2006.

The Zero Assoluto performed this song at the Sanremo Music Festival 2006 and, in the Evening of Duets, the group was joined by Niccolò Fabi. Their performance enabled them to reach #2 in the "Group" category.

The single become the best selling single in Italy in 2006 and was certified Gold in the country.

Track list
Svegliarsi la mattina
Semplicemente
Svegliarsi la mattina (music video)
Semplicemente (music video)

Music video
The "Svegliarsi la mattina" music video was shot in Rome by director Cosimo Alema, on an idea of Matteo Maffucci and Thomas De Gasperi. The video features guest appearances by Danilo Pao and Enrico Sognato, the "Scendi" producers. The music video reached #1 on Nielsen Music Control.

2006 singles
Zero Assoluto songs
Number-one singles in Italy
Sanremo Music Festival songs

Svegliarsi la mattina


A whip is a long strand of leather or other fabric with a hard handle. When a person shakes a whip fast, it makes a loud "crack" sound, because it has broken the sound barrier. It is used for directing or hitting animals or people. Some whips are made for corporal punishment.

Basic English 850 words
Tools

Whip


Sir Adrian Peter Bird,  (born 3 July 1947) is a British geneticist and Buchanan Professor of Genetics at the University of Edinburgh. Bird has spent much of his academic career in Edinburgh, from receiving his PhD in 1970 to working at the MRC Mammalian Genome Unit and later serving as director of the Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology. His research focuses on understanding DNA methylation and CpG islands, and their role in diseases such as Rett syndrome.

Education and early life
Bird was born in Rowley Regis near Wolverhampton, England, but from age 4 lived in the town of Kidderminster, near Birmingham. He attended a grammar school in Hartlebury, achieving grades CCD for his A-level results. Whilst at school, Bird played cricket and hockey for a local team. Bird received his PhD from the University of Edinburgh in 1970 for research supervised by Max Birnstiel, following undergraduate study of Biochemistry at the University of Sussex.

Career and research
Following his PhD, Bird went on to postdoctoral research positions, first at Yale University with Joseph G. Gall, and then at the University of Zurich before returning to Edinburgh in 1975 to work at the MRC Mammalian Genome Unit, where he would stay for 11 years. It was here that Bird, along with Edwin Southern, mapped the methylation status of CpG dinucleotides along ribosomal RNA in the African clawed frog. From 1987 to 1990 Bird continued his research at the Research Institute of Molecular Pathology in Vienna.

In 1990, Adrian Bird became Buchanan Professor of Genetics at the University of Edinburgh. He helped create the Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, also in Edinburgh, and served as its director from 1999 until 2011, when he was succeeded by David Tollervey. From 2000 to 2010, he was also a governor of the Wellcome Trust, serving as deputy chairman during the latter three years.

Bird is a trustee of the charitable organisation Cancer Research UK and of the Rett Syndrome Research Trust. He also serves as a Governance Board Member of the Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre.

Bird's research has focused on CpG islands and their associated binding-factor MeCP2. He led the team which first identified CpG islands—originally named "HpaII tiny fragments"—in vertebrate genomes. These are short genomic regions with a high density of CpG dinucleotides, and are commonly found in an unmethylated state within or nearby to an active gene's promoter.

Bird's group discovered that the MeCP2 protein binds specifically to methylated CpG sites, and further that disruption of this interaction causes the autism spectrum disorder Rett syndrome. The Bird lab also implicated nuclear receptor co-repressor 1 as an important binding partner in the MeCP2/methyl-CpG interaction.

In 2007, the Bird laboratory published a paper in the journal Science describing a proof-of-principle that the murine equivalent of Rett syndrome could be successfully reversed in laboratory mice. This was accomplished by reintroducing a functional MeCP2 gene and proved successful even when the condition was at an advanced stage, hinting at the possibility of a gene therapy approach to curing the human disease in the future.

Awards and honours
Bird was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1989, his nomination  read:

Bird was awarded the Gabor Medal in 1999 "in recognition of his pioneering work in the study of global mechanisms by which transcription of the mammalian genome is regulated and for his exploration into the molecular basis of fundamental biological mechanisms, particularly his development of ways of analysing methylation patterns of eukaryotic DNA using endonucleases and the discovery of and continued research into a new class of DNA sequences found in all vertebrates". He received the Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine in the same year, and was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the Queen's Birthday Honours in 2005.

In 2011, he was a recipient of the Gairdner Foundation International Award,  "for his pioneering discoveries on DNA methylation and its role in gene expression." The following year Bird won the 2012 GlaxoSmithKline Prize.  In 2013, he was named a Thomson Reuters Citation Laureate and received the 2013 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in Biomedicine "for his discoveries in the field of epigenetics".

In 2013, Bird was tipped as a potential winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for "fundamental discoveries concerning DNA methylation and gene expression" though the prize later went to James Rothman, Randy Schekman and Thomas C. Südhof.

He was knighted in the 2014 New Year Honours for services to science.

In 2016, he was elected as a foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences and received the Shaw Prize together with Huda Y. Zoghbi.  In 2017 he received the Charles Rudolphe Brupbacher Prize.

He was awarded the Buchanan Medal of the Royal Society in 2018 for his medical discoveries, and elected a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences (FMedSci) in 2001. In 2020 he was awarded the Brain Prize.

Personal life
Adrian Bird is married to fellow geneticist Cathy Abbott and has four children. At age 66, Bird was quoted as having no plans to retire, saying "we [the research group] are still funded well and our work is still published in journals and as long as that continues, so will I."

References

1947 births
Living people
British geneticists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom)
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Alumni of the University of Sussex
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Knights Bachelor

Adrian Bird


The Last Moments of Michel Lepeletier, The Death of Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau or Lepeletier on his Deathbed was a 1793 painting by the French artist Jacques-Louis David.

Now lost, it showed député Louis-Michel Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau on his deathbed following his assassination for voting in favour of the execution of Louis XVI and formed a diptych with The Death of Marat for the meeting hall of the National Convention. Those two paintings and The Death of Young Bara formed a series devoted to martyrs of the French Revolution.

It was removed in 1795 and entrusted to the artist, who still owned it on his death in Brussels. It was then sold by his family to the subject's daughter Louise Suzanne de Mortefontaine. After that sale it disappeared and most probably Louise destroyed it and as many engravings after it as possible in order to erase any trace of her father's part in the Revolution. It is only known through a drawing by Anatole Desvosge and an engraving by Tardieu which partially escaped destruction.

See also
 List of paintings by Jacques-Louis David

Sources
Aristide Déy, Histoire de la ville et du comté de Saint-Fargeau, Perriquet et Rouillé, 1856

1793 paintings
Paintings by Jacques-Louis David
Lost paintings
Paintings about death
Cultural depictions of French men
Cultural depictions of politicians

The Last Moments of Michel Lepeletier


Beemer is a village in Cuming County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 678 at the 2010 census.

Geography
Beemer is located on the table lands adjoining the Elkhorn River bottoms, 84 miles from Omaha and nine miles northwest of West Point, near the geographic center of Cuming County where Nebraska Link 20A meets U.S. Route 275.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all land.

History

Early settlement

The first settlers of European descent arrived in the Beemer area by prairie schooner in 1864, seeking land under the Homestead Act.  The new inhabitants built dugouts, sod houses, and, eventually, log cabins. The earliest settlers in Beemer Township included M. Brayrerton, George Graham, Joseph S. Emley, Robert Fehlmann, Dr. H.H. Howe, Howard Howe, James and Michael  McNamara, Judge Newburn, the Rabe family, W.S. Schneald, William Sharp and two sons Martin and Silas, Casper Schifferns, David Simons, Wm. A. Smith, J.E. Spencer, Benjamin Ewing, John Wagaoner, Henry White, James Wilson, and William Witte.

The first school in Beemer Township was taught by Mrs. William Sharp in 1867 in her log cabin, a short distance to the northwest of where Beemer is now located.

West of Beemer, a small stream called Rock Creek flows into the south side of the Elkhorn River.  In 1865, August Lambrecht built a water-driven grain and flour mill on the creek about  from the river.  Lambrecht's mill, combined with the creek and with favorable agricultural conditions, attracted a small concentration of settlers; the area was known as "Rock Creek", after the stream.

In 1871, the tracks of the Fremont, Elkhorn and Missouri Valley Railroad, which followed the Elkhorn upstream from Fremont, reached Wisner; the line reached Norfolk in 1879. As the railway was extended, water stops were needed at  intervals to support the steam locomotives. The railroad stops were also served by telegraphs for the purpose of administering and controlling the railroad as well as business development of the telegraphs. The telegraph station at the water stop located at the site of present-day Beemer was named after the nearest significant settlement, Rock Creek, and used the call letters "R C".  So, for the next fifteen years, two locations, several miles apart and on opposite sides of the Elkhorn, were referred to as 'Rock Creek': one was the area around the Rock Creek stream near Lambrecht's mill and the other the area around the railway water stop and telegraph station.

Forming a village

In 1885, Allen D. Beemer, George Canfield, and K.C. Morehouse laid out lots to the north of the Rock Creek water stop and platted a village to be known as Rock Creek, as filed in the county seat of West Point on May 26, 1885.  Mr. Beemer built the first rail depot building, and led the drive to build a wooden bridge across the Elkhorn.  His efforts on behalf of the area were rewarded in 1886, when Congressman Edward K. Valentine secured a post office for the settlement, naming it the Beemer Post Office.  On July 15, 1886, in response to a petition of 54 residents, a village named Beemer was incorporated with Harry Delmont, W.D. Gibbon, John M. Barber, F.J. Fitzgerald, and Niels Hansen the village trustees.  In that year Mr. Beemer founded a newspaper, the Beemer Times; and the rail company changed the name of the station from Rock Creek to Beemer, although its telegraph call signs remained "R C" (for "Rock Creek") until the depot closed in 1963.

Beemer's first century, 1886 - 1986

The first century was marked by spurious growth and numerous initiatives to develop Beemer.  The Beemer Times, founded by A.D. Beemer around 1 March 1886, chronicled the times, the progress, the achievements, the disasters, and the dilemmas that faced early Beemer.  The paper assailed ills like the muddy streets, the lack of sidewalks, and the excessive number of taverns; and it reported on more favorable developments like improvements to the schooling, new commercial enterprises, and major modernizations such as waterworks, electrification, road improvements, and telephone systems.

Churches

Five churches were established in Beemer during this era. The Methodist Episcopal Church was built at the northeast corner of Fifth and Beemer Streets and dedicated September 5, 1886. In 1904, it moved to a new building on the northwest corner of Third and Fraisier streets. The first St. John's Lutheran Church building, with a  steeple, was built on the southeast corner of Third and Lambrecht streets and dedicated July 2, 1893. The Congregational Church at the northeast corner of Third and Canfield streets was dedicated January 14, 1900.
The Holy Cross Roman Catholic Church, at the southwest corner of Sixth and Frasier streets, was dedicated on September 20, 1914. The Mennonite Church at the southwest corner of Sherman and Fourth streets was dedicated on March 15, 1959.

Schools
The first Beemer Public School was held in a small frame building located on the northeast corner of Third and Beemer Streets. By 1886, in order to support its 32 enrolled pupils, a two-room, frame building was built on the southwest corner of Fifth and Beemer Streets. The names of absent or tardy students were duly reported in the Beemer Times. In 1892, voters approved $10,000 in bonds for a modern two-story brick school. The school officers, F.J. Fitzgerald, A.D. Beemer, and Charles Decker reported an enrollment of 210 pupils.  The building was erected on the north side of Third Street between Blaine and Harrison Streets (approximately where a 1964 addition to the school was eventually built). In 1917, the village passed another bond issue for a new school building on the northeast corner of Third and Blaine Streets. The new building was used for the graduation ceremonies in May 1918; the older, adjacent building was torn down that summer. The 1918 building would continue to be used until 2008.

Railroad Service

The tracks of the Fremont. Elkhorn & Missouri Valley Railroad arrived in Beemer in 1871.  This route was laid from Fremont to reach the Black Hills of South Dakota.  The Chicago & North Western took over in 1903.  By the mid-1970s, the freight traffic volumes began mildly declining.  C&NW ended railroad service in the spring of 1982, after flooding damaged many sections of the track & abandonment was applied for.  The tracks were removed just a few years later.

Demographics

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 678 people, 291 households, and 172 families residing in the village. The population density was . There were 321 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 92.0% White, 0.4% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 5.6% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.7% of the population.

There were 291 households, of which 23.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.5% were married couples living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 1.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.9% were non-families. 35.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.85.

The median age in Beemer was 52 years. 21.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 18.3% were from 25 to 44; 21.5% were from 45 to 64; and 34.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 47.2% male and 52.8% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 773 people, 298 households, and 196 families residing in the village. The population density was . There were 315 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 95.47% White, 0.39% Native American, 0.39% Asian, 2.98% from other races, and 0.78% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.62% of the population.

There were 298 households, out of which 29.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.4% were married couples living together, 5.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.2% were non-families. 31.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.08.

The median age in Beemer was 43 years, with 24.7% of the population under the age of 18, 6.6% aged 18 to 24, 22.6% from 25 to 44, 19.5% from 45 to 64, and 26.5% 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females, there were 87.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.3 males.

As of 2000, the median income for a household in the village was $30,938, and the median income for a family was $36,429. Males had a median income of $26,842 versus $16,806 for females. The per capita income for the village was $14,653. About 4.5% of families and 7.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.2% of those under age 18 and 8.8% of those age 65 or over.

Infrastructure

Facilities
Nearly 100 percent of Beemer's neighborhood streets are paved and complete with storm sewage systems. The village property includes a village office building, a fire station, the town park,  a dance hall, and a library.   The village operates its own works system in the eastern outskirts of town and a sewage treatment plant located close to the nearby Elkhorn River. Power and telecommunications services are provided by regional companies.

Recreational facilities include the school gymnasium, the Beemer park which is complete with tennis courts and picnic areas, and the nearby Indian Trails Country Club, an 18-hole course on the bluffs of the Elkhorn River colloquially known as the 'Beemer Golf Course'.  Senior citizens are entertained at the Senior Citizen Center collocated with Post 159 of the American Legion.

Schools
The Beemer elementary school, located in Beemer, is part of the West Point-Beemer Public School system. The district's high school is located about 10 miles from Beemer.

Notable people
 William E. Galbraith – National Commander of the American Legion 1967-1968
 Mel Harder, baseball player and manager
 Karl Hubenthal, cartoonist

References

External links
 Google Map of Beemer

Villages in Cuming County, Nebraska
Villages in Nebraska

Beemer, Nebraska


Hubert du Plessis (7 June 1922 – 12 March 2011) was a South African composer, pianist, and professor of music whose career spanned several decades. Along with Arnold van Wyk and Stefans Grové, du Plessis was one of the foremost South African composers of the 20th century.

Biography
Hubert du Plessis was born to an Afrikaner family on a farm called Groenrivier in Malmesbury in the Western Cape on 7 June 1922. A musical prodigy from a young age, he began writing his own piano compositions by the time he was seven years old. In 1940 he enrolled in Stellenbosch University, becoming the first student at the university to graduate with a Bachelor of Music degree.

In 1943 he briefly worked for the South African Broadcasting Company in Cape Town, but soon after accepted a position with the department of music at Rhodes University, where he became a lecturer. From 1951 to 1954, he studied at the Royal Academy of Music in London, and upon his return to South Africa he accepted a teaching position at Stellenbosch University, quickly becoming senior lecturer of the music department. In 1963 he was honored for his musical contributions by the South African Academy of Science and Art (commonly known as Die Akademie).

Du Plessis' compositions were varied and included both choral and instrumental pieces. He is noted for his contributions to both South African chamber music and orchestral music. Initially opposed to the idea, du Plessis included Afrikaans folk music in some of his later compositions. In the 1960s, he composed some nationalist works, which were endorsed by the National Party government, which he actively supported. He attributed his nationalistic music to a "growing consciousness" of his Afrikaner heritage, and therefore was not opposed to his music being used for political purposes.

Despite the strict laws against homosexuality in Apartheid South Africa, du Plessis was spared public disgrace and legal troubles by the government, and lived unashamedly as an outspoken and openly gay man. He appeared in front of the South African Parliament to campaign against tightening of anti-homosexuality laws in the late 1960s.

He died at his home in Stellenbosch on 12 March 2011 at the age of 88.

Works by genre

Piano
 Vier klavierstukke, op. 1, 1944-1945 (1. Prelude, 2. Studie, 3. Elegie, 4. Dans)
 Ses minature, op. 3, 1945-1949
 Sonate no.1, op. 8, 1952
 Sonate vir klavierduet, op. 10, 1954 "Composed for H. Ferguson and D. Matthews"
 Cunctipotens genitor Deus, fantasie oor 'n 11de-eeuse organum, 1956
 Prelude, fuga en postludium, op. 17, 1958
 Sewe preludes, op. 18, 1964
 Inspiré par mes chats, suite, op. 27.  (1. Déplotarion sur la mort de Dodo, 2. L'allégresse et la sagesse de Josquin, 3. Les petits pas amoureux de Tristan, 4. La tendresse d'Isolde, 5. Gaspard et sa souris, pas de deux, 6. Tombeau de Joséphine)
 Vier klavierstukke, op. 28 in opdrag van UNISA, 1964 (1. Hommage à Fauré, 2. Hommage à Ravel, 3. Hommage à Chopin, 4. Hommage à François Couperin)
 When I was a child-Toe ek 'n kind was, suite, op. 33, 1972 (1. Speeldoos, 2. Die tjellis, 3. Vleivolk, 4. Klawerliefde, 5. Rivierdroom, 6. Die skool sluit, 7. Kaleidoskoop, 8. Naggeluide)
 Sonate no. 2, op. 40, in opdrag van SAMRO, 1974-1975.
 Tien klavierwerke vir kinders en jongmense, op. 41, 1975 (Afd. I (vir kinders): 1. Heimwee van 'n Amerikaanse teddiebeer, 2. Angus en oom Koos maak maats, 3. Wispelturige Wilhelmina, 4. Ouboet en Kleinboet voel olik, 5. In die pretpark Afd. II (vir jongmense): 6. Hartseerwals, 7. Kwêla, 8. Mars, 9. Studie, 10. Scherzo)

Harp
 Variasies op 'n volkswysie, vir harpsolo, op. 31, 1967-1968

Chamber music
 Strykkwartet, op. 13, 1957
 Trio vir klavier, viool en tjello, op. 20, for the SABC, 1957-1960
 Drie stukke vir fluit en klavier, op. 25, 1962-1963 (1. Sarabande, 2. Wals, 3. Wiegelied)
 Vier antieke danse vir fluit en klavesimbel, op. 35 (1. Siciliano, 2. Tambourin, 3. Sarabande, 4. Gigue)
 Sonate vir altviool en klavier, op. 43, 1977

Orchestral
 Simfonie in a, op. 14, 1953-1954
 Musiek by drie skilderye van Henri Rousseau, op. 24, for the SABC, 1962 (1. Un soir de carnaval, 2. Pour fêter le bébé, 3. Le rêve)
 Die Stem van Suid-Afrika, for the SABC, 1960
 Vallée d'Obermann (Liszt) 1961
 Drie outas het in die haai Karoo, for the SABC, 1973

Other music
 Huberta the hippo (hoorbeeld deur Cecil Jubber), 1960
 Periandos van Korinte (Opperman), 1972

References

1922 births
2011 deaths
20th-century classical composers
Afrikaner nationalists
South African composers
South African male composers
LGBT classical composers
South African LGBT composers
Gay composers
White South African people
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Music
Male classical composers
20th-century male musicians
Stellenbosch University alumni
South African expatriates in the United Kingdom

Hubert du Plessis


Croatia Records is the largest record label in Croatia, based in Zagreb.

Summary
Croatia Records d.d. is a company led by Želimir Babogredac, an important sound engineer. It releases mostly (but not all) mainstream music, and it has had many popular Croatian musicians of many music genres such as Dražen Zečić, Arsen Dedić, Mišo Kovač, Josipa Lisac, Goran Bare, Teška industrija, Thompson, Maksim Mrvica, Crvena jabuka, Jelena Rozga, Novi fosili, Opća opasnost, Rade Šerbedžija, Jacques Houdek, Parni valjak, Leteći odred, Mladen Grdović, Dino Dvornik, Dino Merlin, Hari Rončević, Adastra, Radojka Šverko, Klapa Sveti Florijan, Giuliano, Dječaci, Mate Bulić, Disciplin a Kitschme, Srebrna krila, Divlje jagode, Bosutski bećari, Indexi, Sinan Alimanović, Lu Jakelić, Mia Dimšić, Mia Negovetić, Nina Donelli and others. Today, Croatia Records claims to have a 70% share of the Croatian music market and has 30 record stores. Being a successor of Jugoton, from which it gained a very large audio and video collection, Croatia Records is also active in re-releasing numerous digitally remastered former Yugoslav pop and rock titles. During the global retro trend, the company decided to re-introduce gramophone records as well.

History

The company that is today Croatia Records was founded in 1947 in Zagreb, the capital of the then-People's Republic of Croatia under the name Jugoton, a publicly owned company which was the largest record label and chain record store in the former SFR Yugoslavia. Jugoton signed many popular Yugoslav artists such as: Indexi, Bijelo Dugme, Električni Orgazam, Haustor, Idoli and Leb i Sol, and also many popular foreign stars for the Yugoslav market including: Elvis Presley, The Beatles, Rolling Stones, Madonna, U2, David Bowie, Queen, Deep Purple, Pink Floyd, Iron Maiden, Kraftwerk, Depeche Mode etc. The company also owned a chain of record shops across Yugoslavia. Many Yugoslav entries in the Eurovision Song Contest were signed with Jugoton, like the 1989 winners Riva.

Croatian independence
After the change from socialist state to parliamentary democracy in 1989, the question of Croatia's independence from Yugoslavia was raised. In 1991, shortly before the declaration of Croatian independence and the breakup of Yugoslavia, the company's name Jugoton, a portmanteau word of Jugoslavija (Yugoslavia) and tone, was changed to Croatia Records. Parallelly, the major labels in Serbia and Slovenia such as PGP RTB and ZKP RTLJ were renamed to PGP-RTS and ZKP RTVS. The company was now owned by the independent Republic of Croatia, but since socialism had ended, it was sold off to private owners. Since the year of 2000, Croatia Records is ran by professionals from the music industry who are in the partnership company called AUTOR d.o.o. (limited company). In 2001, the musician Miroslav Škoro became the leader of Croatia Records, until his resignation in 2006.

Croatia Records Music Publishing

Croatia Records Music Publishing (CRMP d.o.o.) is a company owned by Croatia Records d.d. that works in the managing of rules for the use of copyrighted music and its digital sale.

Founded in 1947 as part of Jugoton, today Croatia Records Music Publishing is its own company. Croatia Records Music Publishing has the largest catalog of Croatian songs and the largest catalog of master recordings made in the last 40 years of the most famous Croatian singers such as Arsen Dedić, Đorđe Novković, Damir Urban, Nenad Ninčević, Zlatan Stipišić - Gibonni, Zdenko Runjić.

Controversy
Often, the company was a target of public complaint on various issues.

Croatia Records has been the object of an issue raised by singer Branimir Štulić over royalty rights. Štulić claims that the royalties of songs by former rock band Azra, of which he was the lead singer in the 1980s, and which was then managed by Jugoton. Štulić has named a sum of 12 million Euros that he thinks Croatia Records owes him, but he has not tried to take legal action to claim it. Želimir Babogredac said in response that Croatia Records has all the legal rights to release titles by Štulić and Azra, as the company is a direct successor of Jugoton, whom these artists were signed for. He also said that the sum Štulić claims is too large. However, he added that Croatia Records is proud to have the very popular Štulić in the list of its artists and that he may receive a payment from the sale of audio CDs only if he joins the Croatian Composers' Society - .

Related pages
 Suzy Records
 Menart Records
 Music of Croatia
 Croatian popular music
 List of record labels

References

Other websites
 Croatia Records Official site

 Croatia Records at Facebook
 Croatian Roots Music  - Roots music edition of Croatia Records
  - Distributor for the United States and Canada
 Croatia Records at Discogs

Croatian record labels
Zagreb
1924 establishments
Companies of Croatia

Croatia Records


Apocalypse is the self-titled debut album by the Brazilian progressive rock band founded by Eloy Fritsch and friends to participate in a student festival in 1983, though with a different lineup. The trio of musicians signed with Acit Records in 1990 and traveled to Porto Alegre to record their first release. The material on Apocalypse was written mostly by keyboardist Fritsch. Fritsch's songs were generally longer and more elaborate and featured mystical lyrics which reflected his interest in science fiction, cosmos and nature. At the time of their first self-titled LP release, they interrupted the traffic in their town's main street and gave a concert for over 2,000 people.

Track listing
All tracks by Eloy Fritsch except where noted.

 "Eu Brilho em Você" – 3:06
 "Luzes da Vida" – 3:26
 "Sozinho, perdido dentro de mim" (Chico Casara, Fritsch) – 4:08
 "Caçador de Máquinas" – 3:02
 "Sentinela" – 4:37
 "Lavender" (Derek William Dick, Mark Kelly, Ian Mosley, Steve Rothery, Pete Trewavas) – 2:38
 "Miragem" – 4:20
 "Momentos perdidos" (Casara, Chico Fasoli, Fritsch) – 3:00
 "Virada do Século" – 2:30
 "Só você" (Casara, Fritsch) – 3:05
 "Sombra do meu ser" – 5:05

Personnel
 Eloy Fritsch – Electronic keyboards, vocoder, piano.
 Chico Fasoli – drums, percussion
 Chico Casara – lead vocal, bass guitar

External links
 [ AllMusic.com: Biography]

1991 debut albums
Apocalypse (band) albums

Apocalypse (Apocalypse album)


Contempt is an intense feeling of disrespect and dislike.  It is related to feelings of resentment, jealousy  and bitterness.

Contempt may also mean:
 Contempt of court
 Contempt of Congress
 Contempt of Parliament
 Contempt (movie), known as Le Mépris in its original French, a movie by Jean-Luc Godard
Contempt (album), an album by futurepop band Assemblage 23
Contempt Breeds Contamination, a song by the thrash metal band Trivium

Contempt


The Assumption of Mary Cathedral  () is a Romanian Orthodox church in Baia Mare, Romania.

The cornerstone was laid in 1905, the building completed in 1911. In 1930, the church became the cathedral of the new Romanian Catholic Diocese of Maramureș. When the Greek-Catholic Church was outlawed by the communist regime in 1948, the cathedral became a Romanian Orthodox parish. It continues to be used as such, which has led to legal disputes.

References

Former Greek-Catholic churches in Romania
Former cathedrals in Romania
Buildings and structures in Baia Mare
Romanian Orthodox churches in Romania
1911 establishments in Romania

Assumption of Mary Cathedral, Baia Mare


Askeaton (, Waterfall of Géitine, also historically spelt Askettin) is a town in County Limerick, Ireland. The town is built on the banks of the River Deel which flows into the Shannon Estuary 3 km to the north. Askeaton is on the N69 road between Limerick and Tralee; it is 25 km west of Limerick and 8 km north of Rathkeale.

Among the historic structures in the town are a castle dating from 1199 and a Franciscan friary dating from 1389. The castle was abandoned to the English in 1580 – its walls blown up by the fleeing defenders – after the fall of Carrigafoyle Castle during the Desmond Rebellions. Askeaton was a constituency in the Irish House of Commons represented by two members until the dissolution of the parliament in 1801.

Desmond Castle

The focal point of the town is Desmond Castle, which stands in the center of the town on a rocky island on the river Deel. A castle has been located at Askeaton since 1199, when it was given to Hamo de Valoignes, the Justiciary of Ireland between 1197 and 1199. In the Annals of Inisfallen, William de Burgo is recorded as having been granted the castle and estates by Domnall Mór Ua Briain, King of Thomond.

In 1348, Maurice FitzGerald, 1st Earl of Desmond paid 40 shillings for the barony of Lystifti. The building that stands today dates from that time. The Earls of Desmond were to become a powerful presence in Munster, of whom it was said that they had become "more Irish than the Irish themselves" – they lived like Irish clan chiefs, following the Brehon Law, dressed in the Irish manner, spoke Munster Irish, played Irish traditional music and Gaelic games, rode and hunted, and offered hospitality to poets in return for praise poetry.

The family had generations of clan warfare against the Clan MacCarthy to the south in Cork and Kerry and against their mortal Hiberno-Norman enemies, the House of Butler Earls of Ormond.

The earliest written reference to the castle appears in Leabhar nan Ceart, in English The Book of Rights, compiled in the 15th century, in which the fort of Gephtine is mentioned as being reserved to the King of Cashel.

The Earls of Desmond, the FitzGeralds, held possession of the castle for over 200 years; it was the centre of their power, and they ruled Munster from it. The tragic Gerald FitzGerald, 14th Earl of Desmond, had a powerful stronghold at Askeaton in 1559.

The English launched a policy of total war and scorched earth upon the Irish clans who rebelled across the whole Munster. Gerald, known as "The Rebel Earl", was at first very popular among his followers, but as the atrocities of the Tudor army caused mass starvation throughout the region, the clans of Munster gradually abandoned the Earl's banner. Fleeing with a few retainers, on 11 November 1583 he was murdered by Moriarty of Castledrum, at Glenagenty, five miles east of Tralee at Bóthar an Iarlaigh.

Sir Nicholas Malby unsuccessfully attacked the castle in 1579.

During the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, Askeaton Castle was occupied by Lieutenant Patrick Purcell of the confederate Catholics. The Roundheads saw Askeaton as a threat while it was under Catholic control. It was destroyed in 1652 by New Model Army Captain Daniel Axtell, who also hanged Lt. Patrick Purcell. The Lord Justice Sir William Pelham subsequently took possession. It was the end of the FitzGerald reign over Askeaton and Munster.

The castle was transferred to the ownership of the English crown under Captain Edward Berkley.

Franciscan Friary

Gerald FitzGerald, 3rd Earl of Desmond is said still to sleep in a cave waiting to ride back on his silver-shod steed in Ireland's time of ultimate need, founded Askeaton Abbey in about 1389. It has cloisters with 12 arches on each side, an east window, mediaeval carvings, and a chapter room that is the final resting place of the martyrs Bishop Patrick O'Healy and Fr Conn O'Rourke.

On 9 October 1579, after failing to take Askeaton Castle, the English commander Sir Nicholas Malby attacked the town and burned the friary, killing most of the friars, some in a gruesome fashion, and wrecked the ancestral tombs of the Desmonds, in a mean-spirited attack to take revenge on the earl in his impenetrable fortress. Monks returned to the friary only in 1627 but the community did not reach its former numbers until 1642. The community again abandoned the site in 1648 when Cromwell's forces neared Askeaton, and did not return until the 1650s. The friary permanently closed in 1740.

St Mary's Church

The present Catholic church was built in 1851, after the previous building near the Franciscan friary was totally destroyed by fire in 1847. It is built of local limestone and has stained glass windows. The window to the right of the transept shows the resurrection of Christ, and that on the left his ascension into heaven. In the centre of the nave are windows showing St Patrick receiving the two daughters of King Laoire, the King of Ireland, into the church, and Jesus with children, and over the main door of the church a window shows the Virgin Mary. Over the door is a statue of the Pieta.

The Church of Ireland also has a church in the town, St Mary's, with a clergyman resident in Rathkeale.

Hellfire Club

East of the castle is the remains of the Hellfire Club, an almost intact redbrick building built in 1740 (the same year the monks abandoned the nearby friary).

This bizarre secret society was founded in Dublin in 1735 by the Earl of Rosse, first Grand Master of the Irish Freemasons. It is one of two in Ireland (the other is outside Dublin). The Hellfire Clubs, throughout Ireland and Britain, were 18th-century clubs where rich men gathered to drink, gamble, and allegedly have mock crucifixions and homosexual orgies.

Lurid rumours around Hellfire Clubs included visits by the devil and human sacrifice. These clubs popularised the combination of whiskey, butter and cream mulled by a red-hot poker known as "scaltheen". The club closed down by 1800. The façade of the building collapsed in the 1990s.

Community hall

In the late 1940s and early 1950s, the community organisation Muintir na Tíre built a community hall for the parish. Built in a time of economic depression, it was constructed with the voluntary labour of local people. It became a focal point in the social life of the town, used for dances, concerts and bingo. It replaced the library (which was too small) as a dance hall. It was also used as a national school while the new building was being built in 1962/63, and as a church when masses were held there during the 1977 refurbishment of St Mary's Catholic church.

Transport
The railway line that passes through the now closed Askeaton railway station was built by the former Limerick and Foynes Railway Company from 1856 to 1858, with the station opening on 12 May 1857. The Limerick–Foynes railway line had stations at Patrickswell, Kilgobbin, Adare, Ballingrane Junction (Rathkeale) and Askeaton. The railway line to Foynes passes north of the town, but Askeaton railway station was closed to passenger traffic on 4 February 1963 and freight on 2 December 1974, when the station closed.

Trains for Foynes continued to pass through Askeaton until the line effectively lost all its freight services in 2000. In an interview on Limerick's Live 95fm on 18 April 2011, Kay McGuinness, chair of Shannon Foynes Port Company, said that they were confident that the rail link could be reopened. A subsequent campaign by the residents of Station Road focused on preventing Iarnród Éireann from removing the railway gates at the station.

There are plans to reopen the line on time for 2027 Ryder Cup.

Sport and culture

Askeaton GAA is a Gaelic Athletic Association club based in the village. Munster football championship games, known as Páirc na nGael, were held on the club's pitch in 1970 and between 1987 and 1991.

Askeaton Contemporary Arts is an artists' residency programme that has taken place in Askeaton each summer since 2006.

See also
 Askeaton (Parliament of Ireland constituency)
 List of towns and villages in Ireland
 Killeen Cowpark, located 5 km east

References

External links
Information on the friary (archived 2004)
Desmond Castle entry in thestandingstone.ie
Askeaton Ballysteen Parish

Towns and villages in County Limerick
Former boroughs in the Republic of Ireland

Askeaton


Meetha Lal Mehta (25 December 1938 – 7 December 2014) was an Indian civil servant, a former Chief Secretary to the Government of Rajasthan and the founder chairman of Rajasthan Mission on Livelihoods (RMoL), a joint initiative by the Government of Rajasthan and UNDP for upgrading the livelihoods of the poorer sections of the people of the state. The Government of India honoured him in 2015 with the award of Padma Shri, the fourth highest Indian civilian award.

Biography
Meetha Lal Mehta, born 1939, did his early college studies at the National Defence College in New Delhi from where he graduated in Physics and secured his master's degree from Rajasthan University. He continued his higher education at the University of London to obtain a post graduate diploma from in urbanization. Later, he entered Indian Administrative Service and became the Chief Secretary to the Government of Rajasthan. He served the state as the Chief Secretary during the ministry of Bhairon Singh Shekhawat from 2 February 1994 to 31 December 1997.

On his retirement from the civil service, Mehta became the chairman of Rajasthan Mission on Livelihoods (RMoL), a state sponsored initiative, partly funded by UNDP, for the betterment of the lives of the financially compromised people of Rajasthan. Under the aegis of this program, Mehta was known to have introduced many schemes, such as Apna Rickshaw Apne Naam Yojna, where the rickshaw pullers of the state were assisted to own their own vehicle. The project also arranged for redesigning their vehicle for better performance. He served as the additional secretary of the Ministry of Home Affairs in Rajasthan, as the director of National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) and as the chairman of three state bodies such as the Compensation Committee, the Nomination and Remuneration Committee and the Audit Committee. He was the head of many state public undertakings like Rajasthan State Mines and Minerals (RSSM), Rajasthan State Co-operative Bank (RSCB), Rajasthan State Warehousing Corporation (RSWC), Spin Fed and Rajasthan knowledge Corporation Limited (RKCL). He was also a board member of the Reserve Bank of India and Prasar Bharati and a director of Vaibhav Global, a private enterprise doing business as an online retailer of fashion jewellery and lifestyle accessories till his death.

Mehta is a recipient of several awards such as Indira Gandhi Priyadarshni Vriksha Mitra Award (1986), Acharya Jai Mal Gyan Award (1988), Mewar Gaurav Award (1994) and Chanakya Award (2010). He died, aged 75, on 7 December 2014 at a private hospital in Mumbai, following the complications from a heart attack suffered a month earlier. The Government of India included him in the 2015 Republic Day honours list, posthumously, for the civilian award of Padma Shri.

See also

 Reserve Bank of India
 National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
 Indian Administrative Service
 National Defence College
 Rajasthan University
 University of London

References

External links

Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work
1939 births
2014 deaths
Social workers from Rajasthan
Indian Administrative Service officers

Meetha Lal Mehta


The Mortgage Forgiveness Debt Relief Act of 2007 was introduced in the United States Congress on September 25, 2007, and signed into law by President George W. Bush on December 20, 2007. This act offers relief to homeowners who would have owed taxes on forgiven mortgage debt after facing foreclosure. The act extends such relief for three years, applying to debts discharged in calendar years 2007 through 2009. With the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, this tax relief was extended another three years, covering debts discharged through calendar year 2012. The relief was further extended until January 1, 2014, at Section 202 of the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012.

This tax relief has been renewed each year since. The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 renewed it for all of the tax year 2017 and offered a wide range of individual and business tax benefits that had expired at the end of 2016, including the "exclusion from gross income of discharge of qualified principal residence indebtedness (often, foreclosure-related debt forgiveness), claimed on Form 982."

In the eyes of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), housing debt that is forgiven or written off is the same as income. If the law expires, forgiven mortgage debt will be taxable. The same applies to foreclosures and to loan modifications in which principal is reduced.

Once the lender writes off the debt, it will report the amount to the IRS. Homeowners should expect to receive Form 1099-C, Cancellation of Debt showing the cancelled debt amount.

All taxpayers, including those who qualify for the exemption, will get the form in the mail if they had debt cancelled. Those who qualify for the exclusion will be required to file Form 982 with their taxes for that year. The exemption applies only to debt related to a primary residence. Mortgages on vacation and rental properties are not exempt under the act. Homeowners who did cash out refinancing and used the money for any other purpose than fixing up their house could still be required to report the forgiven debt as income.

However, after the signing of the Mortgage Forgiveness Act of 2007, amendments have been made to remove such tax liability and allow the borrower and lender to work freely together to find a common solution that is beneficial to both parties. This protection is limited to primary residences—rental properties are ineligible for relief—so consultation with a tax advisor is necessary to ensure that a borrower qualifies. The amount of excluded forgiven mortgage debt is limited to $2 million per year.

Cancellation-of-debt income

If money is borrowed and the lender later cancels or forgives the outstanding loan balance, the cancelled amount may need to be reported as income by the borrower. At the time of borrowing, the loan proceeds did not have to be reported as income because there was an obligation to repay the lender. Forgiving that obligation makes those loan proceeds income. The lender is usually required to report the amount of the cancelled debt to the borrower and the IRS on a Form 1099-C, Cancellation of Debt.

Cancelled mortgage debts are not always taxed by the IRS. There are some occasions when the borrower is exempted from paying any tax on the forgiven mortgage loan amount. Some of the exceptions are as follows:

 Qualified principal residence indebtedness – This exception has been offered under the Mortgage Debt Relief Act of 2007 and it is valid on most of the mortgage borrowers.
 Insolvency – An insolvent borrower whose mortgage debt has been forgiven may not be obligated to pay taxes on all or part of the cancelled debt. Insolvency will only be considered when the borrower's total debt exceeds the market value of the assets.
 Bankruptcy – All debts discharged under a certain bankruptcy are regarded as non-taxable income.
 Non-recourse loans – In case of non-recourse loans, lenders repossess the property signed as collateral by the borrower as a remedy to resolve the loan repayment default. However, lenders are barred from pursuing their borrowers for the repayment of the loan money in the event of a default. Once a property has been foreclosed, the forgiven non-recourse loan will not be considered as cancelled debt. But, that may attract other taxes.
 Some farm debts – If a borrower's source of income for the past three years was through farming, and the borrower has incurred debt due to its direct operation, and the lender is an agency or a person who is a regular lender, then the cancelled debt will not attract any taxes.

References

External links
"Fact Sheet: The Mortgage Forgiveness Debt Relief Act of 2007 "
"PUBLIC LAW 110–142—DEC. 20, 2007"
"The Mortgage Forgiveness Debt Relief Act and Debt Cancellation"
"Clock ticking on forgiven-debt tax break"
"Mortgage Debt Relief Act of 2007"
http://taxprof.typepad.com/files/h.r.-8.pdf

Mortgage industry of the United States
Mortgage legislation
Acts of the 110th United States Congress
Foreclosure
Taxation in the United States


Andrea Monticelli (1640 - 1716) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period. He was also known as the Pittore da San Damiano for living and having his studio next to this church in Bologna.

Biography
He was born in Bologna and learned to paint quadratura from Agostino Metelli and Matteo Borbone. He gained fame for painting still life and landscapes. He traveled through France, Savoy, and Florence. His brother Giacomo and son Teodoro were also painters. Giacomo Antonio Mannini was one of his pupils.

References

1640 births
1716 deaths
17th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
18th-century Italian painters
Painters from Bologna
Italian Baroque painters
18th-century Italian male artists

Andrea Monticelli