Sorel Etrog,  (August 29, 1933 February 26, 2014) was a Romanian-born Israeli-Canadian artist, writer, and philosopher best known for his work as a sculptor. He specialized in modern art works and contemporary sculpture. Etrog's works explore his first-hand experience of the Second World War; the renewal of sculptural traditions in modern art, such as the use of bronze as a medium; and the opposition between the mechanical and the organic. One of Canada's leading artists in the 1960s, Etrog contributed to the country's growing interest in sculpture.

Life
Born in Iaşi, Romania, in 1933, Etrog's formal art training began in 1945. In 1950, his family immigrated to Israel, where beginning in 1953 he studied at the Institute of Painting and Sculpture in Tel Aviv. His first solo exhibition in Tel Aviv in 1958 earned him a scholarship at the Brooklyn Museum of Art in New York City (1958-1963).  In 1959, a meeting with Toronto art collector Samuel Zacks led to Etrog's first Canadian solo exhibition, at Gallery Moos in Toronto. Leaving New York for Toronto in 1963, Etrog became a Canadian citizen. After moving to Florence in 1965, he began casting his sculptures at the Michelucci Foundry, in Pistoia, and would continue to do so for the rest of his career. During this time, Etrog frequently visited his family in Israel. On one of his trips he met his future wife, Lika Behar, a fashion designer, who moved to Florence to live with him. However, a car accident that left Etrog badly injured led him and Behar to leave Florence in 1967 and move to Toronto, where they married.

Career
Since the late 1950s, Etrog's work has been exhibited extensively in solo and group exhibitions across Canada and internationally.

Etrog's work is represented in major capitals and cities all over the world. He received several important commissions, including those for Expo 67, Montreal; SunLife Centre, Toronto; Windsor Sculpture Garden, Windsor, Ontario; Los Angeles County Museum of Art; and Olympic Park in Seoul, South Korea. His commission for the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, entitled Powersoul, is his largest work. In 1966, works by Etrog, along with those of Alex Colville and Yves Gaucher, represented Canada at the Venice Biennale. In 1968 Etrog was commissioned to design the Canadian Film Award that was originally named the "Etrog" and later renamed the "Genie".

Etrog is also known for his writings and published plays, poetry and non-fiction. Of his many collaborations, the most acclaimed are his book illustrations for Eugène Ionesco and Samuel Beckett in the late 1960s. Etrog and Marshall McLuhan collaborated on the publication Spiral, drawn from Etrog's film of the same title which was broadcast on CBC television in 1975.

Numerous reviews, articles, monographs and catalogue texts have been written about Etrog, including Pierre Restany's comprehensive textbook published by Prestel 2001. A major exhibition of Etrog's paintings and drawings of the 1960s was exhibited in March 2008 at Buschlen Mowatt Gallery, Vancouver. The Art Gallery of Ontario presented a major retrospective of Etrog's work in 2013, which coincided with his eightieth birthday.

From August 2021 to May 2022, Art Windsor Essex showcased Etrog's history of graphic work (drawings, paintings, prints) in their exhibition, Links as Bones: Sorel Etrog and the Fragile Body.

Death and legacy
Sorel Etrog died on February 26, 2014, aged 80. Since his death, Sorel Etrog's legacy and collection are officially managed by The Estate of Sorel Etrog. The Jay & Barbara Hennick Family Wellness Centre at the Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, includes close to 100 artworks by Sorel Etrog as part of its health and well-being intervention program.

Works

Honours
 Member of the Order of Canada, 1994
 Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, Government of France, 1996
 Royal Canadian Academy of Arts

References

Bibliography

 Mikulinsky, Alma. Sorel Etrog: Life & Work [online publication]. Toronto: Art Canada Institute, 2019. .

External links

 The official web site of The Estate of Sorel Etrog
 "Meeting of the Minds" by Dr. Alma Mikulinsky, published online by the Art Canada Institute

 Sorel Etrog  at Gallery Moos Toronto
 "Etrog", Artnet
 Sorel Etrog at the Tate Gallery

1933 births
2014 deaths
20th-century Romanian sculptors
21st-century sculptors
Jewish Canadian artists
Jewish Canadian writers
Jewish sculptors
Canadian sculptors
Members of the Order of Canada
Naturalized citizens of Canada
Genie Awards
Romanian Jews
Romanian emigrants to Israel
Canadian people of Romanian-Jewish descent
Romanian emigrants to Canada
Israeli emigrants to Canada
Artists from Iași
Artists from Toronto
Writers from Toronto
Members of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts
Canadian contemporary artists

Sorel Etrog


Toronto's 100 Years is a book by Jesse Edgar Middleton, published by Toronto's Centennial Committee in 1934. Set in a modern typeface, it contains 82 inside illustrations and numerous advertisements for Toronto businesses.

The book begins with the founding of Toronto on the banks of the Lake Ontario's north shore by Colonel John Graves Simcoe in 1793. It goes on to detail its subsequent rise into one of Canada's largest cities.

The book uses American English, much as Toronto's Globe newspaper did, despite the federal government's usage of British English (in actuality Canadian English), since Confederation.

Contents
The sections are titled "A Glance at the Beginning", "The Folks Who Built Toronto", "Domestic Life", "Political Life", "Municipal Life", "Parks and Services", "Educational Life", "Commerce and Industry", "Professional Life", "Military Affairs", "Artistic Life", "Sporting Life", "Church Life", "The Great Commissions" and "An Epilogue".

Other chapters include an overview of Toronto's first extensive industry, a hide-tanning factory opened by Jesse Ketchum in 1812, which began a march of industry which now totals over 100 manufacturers within the Toronto area.

The Epilogue, or Appendix, is made up of several articles, such as "The Order of a Service of Thanksgiving and Prayer, March 5th, 1934", "City Council 1934", and "Centennial Committees".

References
 Jesse Edgar Middleton, Toronto's 100 Years. Toronto, ON: The Corporation of the City of Toronto, 1934.

1934 non-fiction books
20th-century history books
History books about Toronto
Centennial anniversaries

Toronto's 100 Years


Hippolytus may refer to:

People
Hippolytus (Greek myth), several people
Hippolytus of Rome (c. 170–c. 235), Christian writer and saint
Hippolytus of Thebes (fl. 7th/8th century), Byzantine chronographer
Hippolytus (archbishop of Gniezno) (died c. 1027)
Hippolytus, Bishop of Vác (died after 1157), Hungarian prelate

Literary works based on the Greek myth
 Hippolytus (play), a tragedy by Euripides
 Phaedra (Seneca), sometimes known as Hippolytus, play by Seneca the Younger
 A character in Jean Racine's play Phèdre

Other
 Hippolytus and Aricia by Jean-Philippe Rameau
 Hippolytus a Greek non profit organisation for the preservation and cultural promotion of the Skyros Pony.
 Hippolytus, a misspelling used for Hippolyte (crustacean), a genus of shrimp

Hippolytus


The South Egremont Village Historic District encompasses most of the village of South Egremont, Massachusetts, a well-preserved village whose architecture has seen relatively little alteration since the 1840s.  It is located along Massachusetts Route 23 in the plains east of the Taconic Mountains.  The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

Description and history
Egremont was first settled beginning in the late 1730s, and was incorporated in 1761.  The south village, located in a plain east of the Taconic Mountains, developed early as an agricultural village, with the waters of Karner Brook providing power for a sawmill in 1780.  The village received an economic boost when the state of Massachusetts built a turnpike (now Massachusetts Route 23) through the area in 1801.  This helped the village develop as a stopping point for travelers, and encouraged several small industries, most notably the manufacture of shoes and carriage axles, to develop along Karner Brook.  In 1832 the Mt. Everett Academy opened in the village as the town's first secondary school; its surviving Greek Revival building is one of the finest of the type in the village, and later also served as the town hall and library. The village was economically stable in the second half of the 19th century, and declined economically in the early 20th century.  Its fortunes were revived in the 1930s as a tourist destination by Hugh Smiley, who founded Olde Egremont as a vehicle to preserve the village's mid-19th century streetscape.

The historic district extends along Massachusetts Route 23 from its western junction with Massachusetts Route 41 in the west to its junction with the Sheffield-Egremont Road in the east, including a few buildings on adjacent roadways.  This street alignment is roughly that of the 1801 turnpike, and is remarkably faithful to its appearance in 1844.  On a map produced in that year there were 55 buildings, of which 44 are still standing, with only five subsequent additions to the village.  In addition to the academy building, prominent buildings include the Egremont Village Inn (1780; moved 1801 to be closer to the turnpike), the 1832-33 Congregational church, whose horse sheds also survive nearby, the 1825 South Egremont Store, and the South Egremont Village School (1880), one of the last one-room schoolhouses in continuous operation in the United States. Of the district's historic industries, only the mill pond, dam and raceway survive at the western end of the village.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Berkshire County, Massachusetts

References

Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Berkshire County, Massachusetts
Egremont, Massachusetts


Pushpanjali (Sanskrit:पुष्पाञ्जलि, literally folded hands full of flowers) is an offering of flowers to Hindu deities.

Pushpanjali is the offering of flowers to Hindu Gods and Goddesses. Pushpanjali is the combination of two words, Pushpam and Anjali. In Sanskrit, Pushpam means flower and Anjali means offering with folded hands. This dance is devoted to Nataraja, the lord of the dance.

Pushpanjali is the first dance in a Bharatnatyam performance. It is the salutation to Lord Nataraja, the Guru, the musicians, and the audience.

The dancer holds flowers to offer prayers to the  Trinity of Gods, goddesses, ashta dikpalakas, and scholars in dance.

Puja (Hinduism)
Elements of a Bharatanatyam performance

Pushpanjali


Arden Hayes (born January 30, 2008) is an American child prodigy from Southern California. He became known at age 5 for his knowledge of American geopolitics, reciting Abraham Lincoln's "Gettysburg Address", and being able to identify the countries of the world and name the capitals of each. In 2019 his name was still used as an example in the discussion about what makes a child a genius.

His interest in American presidents was sparked by Arden's learning that he shares a birthday with former United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

On May 4, 2013, Arden was featured in an article and video in the Los Angeles Times. This spurred many additional newspaper articles and blogs and Arden appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live! on July 2, 2013, to demonstrate his knowledge regarding U.S. presidents. On November 5, 2013, Arden again appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live!, and displayed his knowledge of the nations of the world and their capitals and rejected a Sony Xperia Tablet Z because he was already planning to get an iPad for Christmas. He appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live! for the third time on April 2, 2014, and showed his interest and knowledge about chemical elements in the periodic table. He appeared on the show again on November 23, 2015, when he won a shut-out victory against the cast of Star Wars: The Force Awakens in a Star Wars trivia contest.

References

External links
Arden Hayes on Facebook
Arden Hayes on Twitter

People from California
Living people
2008 births

Arden Hayes


18-Crown-6 is an organic compound with the formula [C2H4O]6 and the IUPAC name of 1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacyclooctadecane.  It is a white, hygroscopic crystalline solid with a low melting point. Like other crown ethers, 18-crown-6 functions as a ligand for some metal cations with a particular affinity for potassium cations (binding constant in methanol: 106 M−1).  The point group of 18-crown-6 is S6. The dipole moment of 18-crown-6 varies in different solvent and under different temperature. Under 25 °C, the dipole moment of 18-crown-6 is  in cyclohexane and  in benzene. The synthesis of the crown ethers led to the awarding of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Charles J. Pedersen.

Synthesis
This compound is prepared by a modified Williamson ether synthesis in the presence of a templating cation:(CH2OCH2CH2Cl)2  +   (CH2OCH2CH2OH)2  +  2 KOH   →   (CH2CH2O)6  +  2 KCl  +  2 H2O

It can be also prepared by the oligomerization of ethylene oxide. It can be purified by distillation, where its tendency to supercool becomes evident. 18-Crown-6 can also be purified by recrystallisation from hot acetonitrile.  It initially forms an insoluble solvate. Rigorously dry material can be made by dissolving the compound in THF followed by the addition of NaK to give [K(18-crown-6)]Na, an alkalide salt.

Crystallographic analysis reveals a relatively flat molecule but one where the oxygen centres are not oriented in the idealized 6-fold symmetric geometry usually shown.  The molecule undergoes significant conformational change upon complexation.

Reactions

18-Crown-6 has a high affinity for the hydronium ion H3O+, as it can fit inside the crown ether.  Thus, reaction of 18-crown-6 with strong acids gives the cation [H3O.18-crown-6]+. For example, interaction of 18-crown-6 with HCl gas in toluene with a little moisture gives an ionic liquid layer with the composition , from which the solid [H3O.18-crown-6]+[HCl2]- can be isolated on standing.  Reaction of the ionic liquid layer with two molar equivalents of water gives the crystalline product (H5O2)[H3O.18-crown-6]Cl2.

Applications

18-Crown-6 binds to a variety of small cations, using all six oxygens as donor atoms. Crown ethers can be used in the laboratory as phase transfer catalysts. Salts which are normally insoluble in organic solvents are made soluble by crown ether. For example, potassium permanganate dissolves in benzene in the presence of 18-crown-6, giving the so-called "purple benzene", which can be used to oxidize diverse organic compounds.

Various substitution reactions are also accelerated in the presence of 18-crown-6, which suppresses ion-pairing. The anions thereby become naked nucleophiles. For example, using 18-crown-6, potassium acetate is a more powerful nucleophile in organic solvents:

[K(18-crown-6)+]OAc−  +  C6H5CH2Cl    →    C6H5CH2OAc  +  [K(18-crown-6)+]Cl−

The first electride salt to be examined with X-ray crystallography, [Cs(18-crown-6)2]+·e−, was synthesized in 1983. This highly air- and moisture-sensitive solid has a sandwich molecular structure, where the electron is trapped within nearly spherical lattice cavities. However, the shortest electron-electron distance is too long (8.68 Å) to make this material a conductor of electricity.

References

External links
 Sigma Aldrich chemical profile

Crown ethers
Macrocycles

18-Crown-6


Gaian Variations is an environmental oratorio by classical composer Nathan Currier, an abruptly terminated premiere of which took place at Avery Fisher Hall, Lincoln Center, New York on April 21, 2004.

The work is about the Gaia hypothesis of James Lovelock. Currier spent several years writing the large work; he felt that the urgency of climate change made raising awareness of Gaia theory important, and since the failed premiere has given talks on climate change for Al Gore's The Climate Project. When two institutions involved in the premiere, the Brooklyn Philharmonic and Earth Day Network, failed to raise the funds needed, Currier used personal funds to prevent its cancellation.

During the premiere, the Brooklyn Philharmonic orchestra suddenly stopped in the midst of the performance. The orchestra claimed it was headed into overtime, although Currier has disputed that in a lawsuit filed over the event. Allan Kozinn, at the time music critic for the New York Times said that the composer "seemed unable to end the work," claimed that the texts were "pseudoscientific," and harshly criticized the composition. Prominent American composer John Corigliano, also a board member of the Brooklyn Philharmonic, said on the other hand that Gaian Variations was "Just beautiful. Very, very skilled work, and very inspired too." Currier was given a pro bono lawyer through Volunteer Lawyers for the Arts shortly after the performance. The Executive Vice President and Director of the Hess Oil Company,  J. Barclay Collins II, also a client of the same firm and chairman of the Board of the Brooklyn Philharmonic, complained to the law firm, and Currier lost legal representation. On the New York Times Arts Beat Blog, Collins (who retired in January 2010 from the multi-billion dollar company) was also quoted as saying that Currier's lawsuit was "totally without merit." Starting in 2008 Currier was represented by Alex T. Roshuk, and the case was filed against the orchestra in Supreme Court of the State of New York, Kings County, in 2009.

An archival website about Gaian Variations and its premiere, gaianvariations.com, still exists. in the book Back to Darwin: A Richer Account of Evolution, by John B. Cobb (Eerdmans, 2008), Currier's Gaian Variations was discussed.  In noting how a Gaia-oriented view might be beginning to spread around the world, Cobb wrote that, "The very existence of the new oratorio by Nathan Currier supports my hope."

References

External links
 Nathan Currier website
 http://www.gaianvariations.com/

Compositions by Nathan Currier
2004 oratorios
Oratorios
2004 controversies
Environmentalism in the United States

Gaian Variations


The roots of a plant is the part that is usually buried in the soil. Roots are usually always under the soil, though–sometimes roots can be above the ground. This is called an aerial root.

Also, stems can sometimes be under the soil (potatoes, for example). Roots do not have leaves, and are different from stems inside.

Plants need their roots especially for three reasons: The roots take water and nutrients, a sort of food, from the soil. They also often store this food. And they fix the plants to the ground.

However, most plant roots do not work at their best unless they have help from fungi. The symbiosis between roots and fungus is known as mycorrhiza.

There are two sorts of root systems:
 the taproot system: there is one very big root that goes down into the ground, and many smaller roots that come out of it
 the diffuse root system: there are many roots that go in all directions

Some roots go very deep into the ground. One root that was found in Arizona, USA, was 60 m below the surface.

Roots are also very strong. Some tree roots can destroy stones.  Roots are not green because the cells have no chlorophyll.

Root growth
Roots grow through the whole life of the plant. They grow longer from the tip, adding cells to the end of each root. The root adds cells to their tips, and they grow fatter as they add cells around their tube-like bodies.

At the tip of each root, there is a small group of tough, dead, hard cells called the root cap. The root cap is the strongest part of the root tip, and its job is to push its way through the dirt to look for moisture and nutrients and protect the plant.

Aerial roots

Roots are usually found underground, but in some cases this is not so. In the rainforest, the air is warm and humid (it has a lot of water). Some rainforest plants, known as epiphytes, grow right on trees. Their roots hang down in the air or running into the moss growing on the trees. Many aerial roots, are used to receive water and nutrient intake directly from the air, from fog, dew or humid air.

Some trees have roots that are above the ground and underground. Mangrove trees have aerial roots (roots which come up into the air). They exchange gases with the atmosphere, just as leaves do. They are an adaptation to the poor level of oxygen in the waterlogged soil of the mangrove swamp.

The banyan tree has a root system that is underground, but it also has roots that start in its branches and grow down towards the ground. These roots not only take in water and nutrients from the soil, but they also help to support the long branches of the banyan tree. Because of this extra support, banyan tree branches can be really long. A banyantree in Lahaina, Maui, which was planted in 1873 by a man named William Owen Smith, has branches that are so long that this single tree covers a full square block in the city.

Much about aerial roots is still unknown.

Root systems
There are two main kinds of roots systems: taproot systems and fibrous root systems. A taproot system has one thick main root growing down from the plant's stem, and lots of smaller secondary roots branching off from this. A taproot system is usually deeper than it is wide. Often, we eat taproots, like carrots and turnips.

A fibrous root system has lots of roots growing in many directions. There is not one main root. A fibrous root system is usually wider than deep.

Root pumping
It has been usually assumed that in regular (non-aerial) terrestrial roots, the nutrients are pumped in together with the water, and that water is pumped into the roots by osmosis. Recent studies in large trees such as the Giant Sequoia, showed, that much of the pumping power, after initial growth, is received by hydraulic suction, due to transpiration - water evaporation from the leaves, in addition to the strong capillary action in the plant's branching xylem in the stem and leaves.

References

Basic English 850 words
Plant anatomy

Root


Archive 81 is an American horror streaming television series. It was developed by Rebecca Sonnenshine, written by Paul Harris Boardman and executive produced by Sonnenshine, Boardman, and James Wan. The series is based on the podcast of the same name, about researchers cataloging the video archive of a missing filmmaker. It stars Mamoudou Athie and Dina Shihabi in leading roles. The series was released on January 14, 2022 on Netflix.

Cast

Main
 Mamoudou Athie as Daniel "Dan" Turner
 Dina Shihabi as Melody Pendras
 Evan Jonigkeit as Samuel Spare
 Julia Chan as Anabelle Cho
 Ariana Neal as Jessica "Jess" Lewis
 Matt McGorry as Mark Higgins
 Martin Donovan as Virgil Davenport

Guest starring
 Charlie Hudson III as Steve Turner
 Kate Eastman as Tamara Stefano
 Eden Marryshow as John Smith

Co-starring
 Trayce Malachi as Young Dan Turner
 Jaxon Rose Moore as Emily Turner
 Anaya Farrell as Karen
 Shay Guthrie as Callie
 Rosie Koster as Agnes

2022 American television series debuts

Archive 81


Javier Corcobado (born 30 July 1963) is a musician, letterist, poet and novelist. He was born in Frankfurt, Germany, the son of a couple of Spanish immigrants, and was raised in Madrid, Spain.

Biography
He is also known as "El Duque del ruido" (The Duke of Noise) and he has been named by critics as the "Príncipe del underground" (Prince of the underground) in Spain. In the early '80s, he began his musical career, with underground bands like 429 Engaños, with which he recorded an album of very poor sound quality. After that he recorded the Mar otra vez album, which was his first LP. Mar otra vez is now considered a cult record in Spain, as well as in Mexico.

Discography

No he olvidado cómo jugar embarrado/ La fiesta del diablo y el cerdo [mini Lp] (1985)
Abrrr [Mar otra vez Vs Aviador Dro] (1986)
Edades de óxido(1986)
De belleza/Sex Machine [Single](1986)
Algún pâté venenoso (1987)
Miércoles cercano al infierno [Maxisingle] (1987)
Demonios tus ojos (1988)
Corazón roto en 2000 pedazos [Single] (1988)
Agrio Beso(1989)
Poemas (1989)
Desde tu herida [Single] (1989)
Puerta de amor [Single] (1990)
Tormenta de tormento (1991)
Suceso [Ep](1991)
Ritmo de sangre (1993)
Boleros enfermos de amor vol.1 (1993)
Arco iris de lágrimas (1995)
Parole [Ep] (1995)
Boleros enfermos de amor vol.2 (1996)
Diminuto cielo (1996)
Corcobator (1999)
Una época de grabaciones accidentales (Recopilación) (2002)
Fotografiando al corazón (2003)
Editor de sueños (2006)
Canciones Insolubles (1989 - 2006)(Recopilación) (2007)
A Nadie (2009)
Luna que se quiebra sobre la tiniebla de mi soledad (2011)
Te estoy queriendo tanto [Ep] (2012)

References

Spanish musicians
Living people
German male musicians
1963 births
Spanish male musicians

Javier Corcobado


The Platonick Lovers is a Caroline era stage play which blends the genres of tragicomedy, satire, and comedy of manners. It was written by Sir William Davenant and first printed in 1636. The play can be regarded as one of the more subtle and successful satires in the English language: Davenant managed to ridicule the obsession of his employer without losing his job.

The play was licensed for performance by Sir Henry Herbert, the Master of the Revels, on Nov. 16, 1635, and was acted by the King's Men at the Blackfriars Theatre. It was first published in quarto in 1636 by the bookseller Richard Meighen. Davenant dedicated the play to his patron Henry Jermyn. A second edition followed in 1665, in which The Platonick Lovers is paired with Davenant's comedy The Wits.

The play contains the first instance of the phrase "Platonic love" recorded in written English (in the 1636 first edition), although the concept itself had existed in English society for some time.

The Platonick Lovers has been called a "minor masterpiece" of satire. Davenant sought and attained the patronage of Henrietta Maria, the queen consort of King Charles I. Henrietta Maria had revived the medieval tradition of courtly love which had been popular at the French court, where she had grown up.  Davenant wrote several works in honor of the Queen, most notably the final masques staged at the Stuart Court, from The Temple of Love (1635) through Luminalia (1638) and Salmacida Spolia (1640). The Platonick Lovers is thought to have been written either at her orders or on her request. In his prologue, Davenant wrote that the title of his play might be above the heads of the common people, but that the Court would appreciate it.

...the Title needs must cause
From the indulgent Court, a kind applause,
Since there hee learn't it first, and had command
T'interpret what hee scarce doth understand.

Yet Davenant subtly manages "to expose the snobbery of Platonic love" and to poke fun at its pretensions.

Theander and Eurithea, the title characters, originally feel only courtly, intellectual love for each other. It is not until Theander is given medicine to "cure" him of his chastity that he sees women as existing primarily as objects meant solely for men's desire. At that point, the "unnatural" courtly and intellectual love between equals turns to "natural" physical love between a controlling man and his submissive wife.

This bounty had been excellent, when you
Had privilege to give, or to deny; but now
Your charter's out of date, and mine
Begins to rule: the Priest attends below
To celebrate our Nuptiall rites, which is
The happy houre that doth advance
The husband's government; come, to the Chappell, Love.

Theander and Eurithea's high-flown love is also contrasted with the physical love between Phylomont and Ariola, brother to Eurithea and sister to Theander respectively. Davenant shows how (at least at the beginning of the play) Theander and Eurithea are free to kiss and to touch, as their idealized love does not tempt them, but that Phylomont and Ariola, whose love is more physical, must remain physically chaste before their wedding.

The play was one of Davenant's major successes, and was frequently revived. Its satire appears never to have registered on the author's patron: The Platonick Lovers was one of Henrietta Maria's favorite plays as late as the 1660s.

Notes

Sources
 Broom, Wendell W. An old-spelling critical edition of William Davenant's The platonic[k] lovers by Sir William D'Avenant. New York: Garland Press, 1987. .
 Logan, Terence P., and Denzell S. Smith, eds. The Later Jacobean and Caroline Dramatists: A Survey and Bibliography of Recent Studies in English Renaissance Drama. Lincoln, NE, University of Nebraska Press, 1978.
 MacGuire, Nancy Klein. Regicide and Restoration: English Tragicomedy 1660–1671. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992.

External links
 Platonism in English Poetry - discusses The Platonick Lovers
 "New Sects of Love": Neoplatonism and Constructions of Gender in Davenant's The Temple of Love and The Platonick Lovers by Lesel Dawson of the University of Bristol

English Renaissance plays
1635 plays
Plays by William Davenant
Henrietta Maria of France

The Platonick Lovers


Sport is an important part of Australia that dates back to the early colonial period. Australian rules football, rugby league, rugby union, association football,  cricket and tennis are among the earliest organised sports in Australia.  Sport has shaped the Australian national identity through events such as the Melbourne Cup and the America's Cup. Australia also holds the record for the largest attendance at a Rugby Union match with almost 110,000 spectators watching the Wallabies play the All Blacks in 2000.

There are a number of professional sport leagues in Australia, including the Australian Football League (AFL) and AFL Women's (Australian rules football), National Rugby League (NRL) and NRL Women's (rugby league), Super Rugby Pacific (Australia/New Zealand) (Rugby Union), the National Basketball League and the Women's National Basketball League, A-League Men and A-League Women (soccer), the Australian Baseball League (baseball), the Big Bash League (cricket), Women's Big Bash League (cricket), The Ashes (cricket) and Sheffield Shield (cricket), Suncorp Super Netball and the Supercars Championship (touring car racing). Attendance for the AFL in 2019 attracted more than 7.5 million people to games, while the NRL draws just over 3 million people in a single season.

Historically, rugby league and rugby union football codes have been more popular than Australian rules football in New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory and Queensland, whereas Australian rules football has been more popular in Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, Northern Territory and Western Australia.

Major professional sports leagues in Australia are similar to major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada in that they are closed leagues that do not practice promotion and relegation, unlike sports leagues in Europe and Latin America.

Australia boasts 7 former world number one squash players, along with a history of success in the Commonwealth Games.

The media plays an important part in Australia's sporting landscape, with many sporting events televised or broadcast on radio. The government has anti-siphoning laws to protect free-to-air stations. Beyond televising live events, there are many sport-related television and radio programs, as well as several magazine publications dedicated to sport. Australian sport has also been the subject of Australian-made films such as The Club, Australian Rules, The Final Winter and Footy Legends.

As a nation, Australia has competed in many international events, including the Olympics and Paralympics. The country has also twice hosted the Summer Olympics in Melbourne (1956) and Sydney (2000), as well as the Commonwealth Games on five occasions. A third Olympics will be held in Brisbane in 2032, and a sixth Commonwealth Games across rural Victoria state in 2026.

The city of Melbourne is famous for its major sports events and has been described as the 'sporting capital of the world',  and one of its stadiums, the Melbourne Cricket Ground, is considered the home of Australian rules football and one of the world's premier Cricket grounds. After the United States, which is regarded as the greatest sports nation in the world, Australia is considered one of the best sports nations in the world.

History

Sport came to Australia in 1810 when the first athletics tournament was held; soon after cricket, horse racing and sailing clubs and competitions started. Australia's lower classes would play sports on public holidays, with the upper classes playing more regularly on Saturdays. Sydney was the early hub of sport in the colony. Early forms of football were played there by 1829. Early sport in Australia was played along class lines. In 1835, the British Parliament banned blood sports except fox hunting in a law that was implemented in Australia; this was not taken well in the country as it was seen as an attack on the working classes. By the late 1830s, horse racing was established in New South Wales and other parts of the country, and enjoyed support across class lines. Gambling was part of sport from the time horse racing became an established sport in the colony. Horse racing was also happening in Melbourne at Batman's Hill in 1838, with the first race meeting in Victoria taking place in 1840. Cricket was also underway with the Melbourne Cricket Club founded in 1838. Sport was being used during the 1830s, 1840s and 1850s as a form of social integration across classes. Victorian rules football (later known as Australian rules) was codified in 1859. Australian football clubs still around in the current Australian Football League were founded by 1858. Originally formed as the South Australian Football Association on 30 April 1877, the SANFL (South Australian National Football League) is the oldest surviving football league of any code in Australia.  The Melbourne Cricket Ground, Australia's largest sporting arena, opened in 1853.  The Melbourne Cup was first run in 1861. A rugby union team was established at the University of Sydney in 1864. Regular sport did not begin to be played in South Australia, Tasmania and Western Australia until the late 1860s and early 1870s.

The first Australian cricket team to go on tour internationally did so in 1868. The Australian side was an all Aboriginal one and toured England where they played 47 games, where they won 14 games, drew 19 and lost 14.Australia's adoption of sport as a national pastime was so comprehensive that Anthony Trollope remarked in his book, Australia, published in 1870, "The English passion for the amusements which are technically called 'sports', is not a national necessity with the Americans, whereas with the Australians it is almost as much so as home."

The first team formally organised soccer team was formed in Sydney in 1880 and was named the Wanderers. Sport was receiving coverage in Australian newspapers by 1876 when a sculling race in England was reported in the Sydney Morning Herald. In 1877, Australia played in the first Test Cricket match against England. In 1882, The Ashes were started following the victory of the Australia national cricket team over England. Field hockey teams for men and women were established by 1890. The Sheffield Shield cricket competition was first held in 1891 with New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia participating in the inaugural competition. The remaining states would not participate until much later, with Queensland first participating in 1926–27, Western Australia in 1947–48 and Tasmania in 1982–83.   In 1897 the Victorian Football League, which later became the AFL the Australian Football League, was founded after breaking away from the Victorian Football Association.

The first badminton competition in Australia was played in 1900. The first ice hockey game was played in Melbourne on 12 July 1906 between a local Melbourne team and a team from the crew of the visiting US warship .

Motor racing began in the first years of federation with motorcycle racing beginning at the Sydney Cricket Ground in 1901 with automobile motorsport following in 1904 at Aspendale Racecourse in Melbourne. A dedicated race track was added to Aspendale's horse racing track in 1906, although it fell into disuse almost immediately.

Rugby league has been the overwhelmingly dominant rugby code in Australia since 1908 (this position remains unchallenged to this day). When Messenger and the All Golds returned from Great Britain in 1908, they helped the new clubs adapt to the rules of rugby league prior to the inaugural 1908 NSWRFL season. The Queensland Rugby Football League also formed early in 1908 by seven rugby players who were dissatisfied with the administration of the Queensland Rugby Union. The Australia national rugby union team had their first international test against New Zealand in 1903, and first international tour in 1908, earning their nickname of the Wallabies after two British journalists used it to refer to the team. The team won gold at the 1908 Summer Olympics; however the majority of the squad joined rugby league clubs upon returning to Australia.

Women represented Australia for the first time at the Olympics in 1912. Surfing came to Australia by 1915 with the first surf life saving competition being held that year. Les Darcy began his boxing career in 1915, with some of his later fights taking place at Sydney Stadium. The following year, an American promoter encouraged Darcy to go to the United States at a time when Australia was actively recruiting young men for the armed services. Controversy resulted and Darcy died at the age of 21 in the United States. When his body was returned to Australia, 100,000 people attended his Sydney funeral. Darcy would remain significant to Australians into the 2000s, when Kevin Rudd mentioned his story.

In 1922, a committee in Australia investigated the benefits of physical education for girls. They came up with several recommendations regarding what sports were and were not appropriate for girls to play based on the level of fitness required. It was determined that for some individual girls that for medical reasons, the girls should probably not be allowed to participate in tennis, netball, lacrosse, golf, hockey, and cricket. Football was completely medically inappropriate for girls to play. It was medically appropriate for all girls to be able to participate in, so long as they were not done in an overly competitive manner, swimming, rowing, cycling and horseback riding. Dick Eve won Australia's first Olympic diving gold medal in 1924.  In 1924 the Australian Rugby League Board of Control, later to be known as the Australian Rugby League, was formed to administer the national team (the Kangaroos), and later as the national governing body for the sport of Rugby league. In 1928 the team also adopted the national colours of green and gold for the first time, having previously used blue and maroon, making the Kangaroos the third national sporting body to do so after cricket (from 1899) and the Australian Olympic team (from 1908). Netball Australia was founded in 1927 as the All Australia Women's Basket Ball Association.

During the 1930s, the playing of sport on Sunday was banned in most of the country outside South Australia. The Bodyline cricket series between Australia and England took place in 1932–33. The English side were determined to win and employed physical intimidation against Australia to ensure victory. The bowling style used by the team known as body-line bowling was devised by Douglas Jardine with advice from Frank Foster in England ahead of the series in order to defeat Australian batsman Donald Bradman. Going into the start of the series, Bill Voce told the media "If we don't beat you, we'll knock your bloody heads off." The style of play was such that the Australians contemplated cancelling the series after the Adelaide test.

Following a successful Australian racing career, the race horse Phar Lap went to the United States where he died. There were many conspiracy theories at the time and later that suggested people in the United States poisoned the horse to prevent him from winning.

Australian women's sports had an advantage over many other women's sport organisations around the world in the period after World War II. Women's sports organisations had largely remained intact and were holding competitions during the war period. This structure survived in the post war period. Women's sport were not hurt because of food rationing, petrol rationing, population disbursement, and other issues facing post-war Europe. In September 1949, Australian Canoeing was founded as the Australian Canoe Federation.

By the 1960s, Australia had an international identity as a sport-obsessed country, an identity which was embraced inside the country. This was so well known that in a 1962 edition of Sports Illustrated, Australia was named the most sports-obsessed country in the world. In 1967, Australia hosted the second World Netball Championships in Perth. That same year, South Australia became the last state to lift its ban on the playing of sports on Sunday.

Starting in the early 1970s, Australian sport underwent a paradigm shift with sponsorship becoming one of the fundamental drivers of earnings for Australian sport on amateur and professional levels. By the mid-1980s, the need for the ability to acquire sponsorship dollars in sport was so great that job applicants for sport administrator positions were expected to be able to demonstrate an ability to get it.

During the 1970s, Australia was being routinely defeated in major international competitions as Eastern Bloc countries enjoyed strong government support for sport. The Liberal governments at the time were opposed to similar intervention in Australia's sporting system as they felt it would be government intrusion into an important component of Australian life. In the 1974 elections, several Australian sporting competitors endorsed the Liberal party in advertisements that ran on television. Competitors involved included Ron Barassi, NSWRL player Johnny Raper and horse trainer Tommie Smith. That year, the Australian team qualified for the 1974 FIFA World Cup, the first successful qualification to the FIFA World Cup in the country's history after failing to qualify to the 1966 and 1970 tournaments. It would prove to be the only appearance for the Australian team for more than three decades.

The regional football code divide in Australia was still present in the 1980s, with rugby league football being the dominant code in Queensland, ACT and New South Wales while Australian rules football dominated in the rest of the country. When codes went outside of their traditional geographic home, they had little success in gaining new fans and participants. The Australian Institute of Sport was founded in 1981. In the lead up to and during the 1982 Commonwealth Games, the police were called upon to stop protests by Aboriginal land rights activists who staged protests timed with the event in order to politicise the event. Australia had competitors in the America's Cup yacht race for a number of years. Going into the 1983 race, the Australian media was not that interested in the race as they expected a similar result and in the media lead-up to the event, made it out to be a race for rich people. This lack of interest continued throughout the early races. Near the end, when Australia finally appeared poised to win it, millions of Australians turned on their television to watch the Australia II win the competition. That year, the Liberals used Australian tennis star John Newcombe and race car drivers Peter Brock and Alan Jones in their political advertising. Athletes would again be used, this time by the Labor Party, in the 1989 elections. During the 1980s, Australian soccer players began to start playing regularly in overseas professional leagues, with the most successful player of the decade being Craig Johnston who scored a goal in the 1986 FA Cup Final for Liverpool. During the 1980s, the federal government created a number of sport programs including Aussie Sports and Active Australia. The Australia women's national field hockey team began their run as one of the top teams in the world in 1985, a place they would hold until 2000.

In 1990, the Victorian Football League changed its name to the Australian Football League. During the 1990s, soccer in Australia faced a challenge in attracting youth players because of the ethnic nature of the sport at the highest levels of national competition. The sport's governing body made an effort to make the game less ethnically oriented. At the same time, rival football codes were intentionally trying to bring in ethnic participants in order to expand their youth playing base. Doping became a concern during the 1980s and more active steps were taken to combat it in Australia in the early 1990s. In 1990, the Australian Sports Drug Agency Act 1990 was passed and took control of doping test away from the Australian Sport Commission and put it into the hands of an independent doping control agency as of 17 February 1991.

In 2006, Melbourne hosted the 2006 Commonwealth Games. Later that year, the Australian team competed in the 2006 FIFA World Cup, their second FIFA World Cup appearance after 32 years of failing to qualify for the tournament.

In 2012, the Australian Rugby League Commission was formed, bringing to an end the involvement of News Limited in the administration of Rugby League and the media companies' conflict of interests in the sport, finally concluding the fall-out from the Super League war in the 1990s. From 2008 until 2013, the Australian thoroughbred mare Black Caviar was undefeated for her entire 25-race career, a record not equaled in over 100 years. Notable wins include the 2012 Diamond Jubilee Stakes, as well as being named the top sprinter from 2010 to 2012 in the World Thoroughbred Racehorse Rankings and entering the Australian Racing Hall of Fame while still in training. Another thoroughbred mare, Winx, though not finishing unbeaten for her career, surpassed Black Caviar's record for consecutive wins by winning the last 33 races of her career, a streak running from May 2015 to April 2019. She also entered the Hall of Fame while in training, and set a world record for most Group 1 wins with 25. Among her wins were four consecutive Cox Plates.

Organisation

The organisation of sport in Australia has been largely determined by its Federal system of government – Australian Government and six states and two territories governments and local governments.

State and Territory governments have a department with responsibility for sport and recreation. These departments provide assistance to state sports organisations, develop and manage sporting facilities, provide financial assistance for major sporting events and develop policies to assist sports across their state or territory.  Each Australian State and Territory has established its own institute/academy of sport – ACT Academy of Sport (established 1989), New South Wales Institute of Sport (1996), Northern Territory Institute of Sport (1996), Queensland Academy of Sport (1991), South Australian Sports Institute (1982), Tasmanian Institute of Sport (1985), Victorian Institute of Sport (1990) and Western Australian Institute of Sport (1984).

There are 560 local councils across Australia. Local governments generally focus on the provision of facilities such as swimming pools, sporting fields, stadiums and tennis courts.

Government involvement in sport up until the 1970s was fairly limited with local governments playing a major role through the provision of sporting facilities. However, this changed over the next two decades with an Australian Bureau of Statistics survey in 2001–2002 finding that approximately $2 billion was spent on sport by three levels of government – 10 per cent from the Australian Government, 40 per cent from state and territory governments, and the remaining 50 per cent from local government. State, territory and local government spending was predominantly directed to facilities and their upkeep.  In 1973, the Recreation Minister's Council was established to provide a forum for Australian Government and State and Territory Minister's responsible for sport and recreation to discuss matters of interest. With government's taking an increased involvement in sport, it became the Sport and Recreation Minister's Council. More recently is referred to as Meeting of Sport and Recreation Ministers.  The Meeting is assisted by the Committee of Australian Sport and Recreation Officials (CASRO) previously called the Standing Committee on Sport and Recreation (SCORS). The Meeting works cooperatively on issues such as match fixing, sport participation and water safety. In 2011, Minister's signed the National Sport and Active Recreation Policy Framework. The framework "provides a mechanism for the achievement of national goals for sport and active recreation, sets out agreed roles and responsibilities of governments and their expectations of sport and active recreation partners."  In 1993, National Elite Sports Council was established to provide a forum for communication, issues management and national program coordination across the high performance in Australia. It includes representatives from AIS, State Institute /Academies, Australian Olympic Committee, Australian Paralympic Committee, and the Australian Commonwealth Games Association.
In 2011, National Institute System Intergovernmental Agreement provides "guidance on how the sector will operate, with a principal focus on the delivery of the high performance plans of national sporting organisations."

The Australian government provided small amounts of funding in the 1950s and 1960s through the support of the National Fitness Council and international sporting teams such as the Australian Olympic team. The Australian Government's serious involvement and investment into sport came with it establishing the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) in 1981. AIS was set up to improve Australia's performances in international sport which had started to decline in the 1960s and 1970s culminating in Australia winning no gold medals at the 1976 Montreal Olympics. In 1985, the Australian Sports Commission (ASC) was established to improve the Australian Government's administration of sport in terms of funding, participation and elite sport. The 1989 Senate Inquiry into drugs in sport resulted in the establishment of the Australian Sport Drug Agency  (now called Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority (ASADA)) in 1990 to manage Australia's anti-doping program.

Participation

The highest rates of participation for Australian sport and recreation are informal, non-organised sports with bike riding, skateboarding, rollerblading or riding a scooter topping the list of activities for children, with 66% of all boys bike riding and 55.9% of all boys skateboarding, rollerblading or riding a scooter in 2009 and 2010. Girls also participated in these activities at high rates with 54.4% of them doing bike riding and 42.4% skateboarding, rollerblading or riding a scooter. Other sports popular for Australian girls include dancing, which had 26.3% participation, swimming with 19.8% participation and netball at 17%. For boys, the other popular sports for participation included soccer with a rate of participation of 19.9%, swimming with a participation rate of 17.2%, Australian rules at 16%.

Participation rates for adults in Australia were much lower than that of Australian children. For adult women in Australia, the number one sport activity they participate in is walking with 30% having done this in 2009 and 2010. The second most popular form of exercise and sport was Aerobics/fitness/gym with a rate of 16.7%. The third most popular for adult women was swimming and diving with 8.4%. For men, the most popular sport activity was also walking with a participation rate of 15.6%. This was followed by Aerobics/fitness/gym with 11.2%. The third most popular sport for adult males was cycling/BMXing with a participation rate of 8.2%.

There are 34,000 athletes, officials and coaches currently registered with the Athletics Australia. A 2007 estimate claimed that Australian football had 615,549 participants, Basketball has become one of the most popular participation sports in Australia. In Victoria, and Melbourne, particularly, it has more participants than any other sport. Australia's warm climate and long coastline of sandy beaches and rolling waves provide ideal conditions for water sports such as swimming. The majority of Australians live in cities or towns on or near the coast, and so beaches are a place that millions of Australians visit regularly.

According to the National Cricket Census, a record 1,650,030 people played Cricket across Australia in 2018–19. Women participation also reached record figures in  growing to 496,484 players.

Amateur sport
Amateur sport in Australia follows a corporate management system, with the national tier composed of national sport organisations that support and fund elite sport development. These organisations include the Australian Institute of Sport and the Australian Sports Commission. Below them is the state level, which includes state sporting organisations, state institute of sport and state departments of sport. The last level is district/regional associations and local clubs and community sports along with local government. At the national level, the national sport organisations govern most sports in Australia, with over 120 different national sports organisation overseeing sport in Australia. The role of government in this structure is important as government funding for most sport in Australia comes from the national government, state and territory governments, and local governments. In the late 1990s, government support for sport was double that of public non-financial corporations.

Amateur sport was transformed in Australia in the 1980s with the creation of the AIS Australian Institute of Sport. The institute, formally opened by Malcolm Fraser in 1981, was designed to make Australian amateur sport at major world competitions, like the Olympics, competitive with the rest of the world and increase the number of medals won by the country. A few years later, in 1984, the Australian Sports Commission was created to better address the distribution of funds to support sport. It had a budget of A$109 million in 2000. By 2009, the Australian Sports Commission had a budget of A$150 million, up from A$5 million when it first was created.

Amateur sport has been able to draw large audiences. In the 1950s, 120,000 fans would go to the MCG to watch major athletics events.

Australian amateur sport has dealt with financial problems. In the 2000s, Athletics Australia was facing duel problems of financial problems and failure for the sport to consistently medal at major international sporting events compared to other sports and their representative organisations like Swimming Australia and Rowing Australia.

National Leagues

Major Leagues

Other Significant National Leagues

Spectators
Australian sport fans have historically attended events in large numbers, dating back to the country's early history. An early football game played in Melbourne in 1858 had 2,000 spectators. By 1897, tens of thousands of spectators attended an early Australian rules football match at a time when top level soccer matches in England would draw six thousand fans. A finals match between the Carlton Football Club and Collingwood in 1938 drew 96,834 fans. In 1909, at a time when rugby union had not yet become professionalised, 52,000 people in Sydney attended a game between New South Wales and New Zealand. The spectators accounted for 10% of the total population of Sydney at the time. 60,922 fans attended the 1943 NSWRFL Grand Final between Norths and Newtown, and 78,056 attended the 1965 Grand Final between Souths and the then 9-time champion St George,
although estimates including those who climbed onto roofs and over the perimeter fence put the actual crowd as high as 200,000.  A world record was set for cricket attendance on 30 December 1932 when 63,993 fans watched England take on Australia at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. In 2010, the National Rugby League's premiership set its record for regular season attendance, with 3,490,778 attending across the season, at an average of 17,367 people at each match.

Total average game attendance for the Australian Football League and the National Rugby League increased between 1970 and 2000, with the AFL going from an average attendance of 24,344 people per match in 1970 to 27,325 by 1980 to 25,238 in 1990 and 34,094 by 2000. The National Rugby League had an average per game attendance of 11,990 in 1970, saw a decrease in 1980 to 10,860 but increased to 12,073 by 1990 and improved on that to 14,043 by 2000. Founded later, the National Basketball League had an average per game attendance of 1,158 in 1985, increased this to 4,551 by 1990, and kept attendance steady with 4,636 average fans per game in 2000.

In March 1999, 104,000 fans attended a double header match in the National Rugby League at Stadium Australia four days after the venue formally opened. In 2000, during the soccer gold medal match between Cameroon and Spain, 114,000 fans watched the game live inside Stadium Australia. In the 2006–07 season, the A-League Melbourne Victory averaged 27,728 people to their home matches throughout the season. The 2009–10 regular season was considerably lower.

In 2019, the Australian Football League achieved its highest total attendance for any season of 7,594,302, a record for the competition, at an average attendance of 36,687 for each match.

The Big Bash League (BBL) was established in 2011. The first season attracted an average of 18,021 spectators per match. In the 2014–15 season, the average attendance for each match was 23,590 with the Adelaide Strikers attracting a record average home crowd of 36,023 spectators each game. The 2015 Cricket World Cup final was played in front of 93,013 spectators, a record crowd for a day of cricket in Australia. BBL in its sixth season in 2016–17, drew an average crowd in excess of 30,000 for the first time in history, with overall count crossing 1 million for 35 matches.

Sports media
Media coverage of Australian sport and athletes predates 1876. The first all Australian sport publication, The Referee, was first published in 1886 in Sydney. The major newspapers for sport coverage in the country include the Sydney Morning Herald, The Courier Mail, the Herald Sun and The West Australian.

There is a long history of television coverage of sports in Australia. From 1957 to 2001, the Seven Network was the network for the Australian Football League. The only year that Seven was not the network for the league was in 1987 when the AFL was on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). An exclusive deal was agreed upon by Seven in 1976 for a five-year deal worth A$3 million.

World Series Cricket was a break away professional cricket competition staged between 1977 and 1979 and organised by Kerry Packer for his TV network, Nine. The matches ran in opposition to international cricket. It drastically changed the nature of cricket and its influence continues to be felt today.

Not all sports have had favourable deals with networks. The first television offer for the National Basketball League was worth A$1 in an offered made by Seven that the league accepted. The deal made by Ten Network to the New South Wales Rugby League was worth considerably more, worth A$48 million for a five-year deal that also included broadcasting rights for the State of Origin and the Australia national rugby league team. This deal was terminated early because the network could not afford to pay out.

The 1967 NSWRFL season's grand final became the first football grand final of any code to be televised live in Australia. The Nine Network had paid $5,000 for the broadcasting rights.

SBS and FoxSports are two of the most important television networks in Australia in terms of covering all Australian sports, not just the popular professional leagues. Administrators for less popular spectator sports, such as basketball and netball, believe that getting additional television and newspaper coverage is fundamental for the growth and success of their sports going forward.

Anti-siphoning laws in Australia regulate the media companies' access to significant sporting events. In 1992, when the country experienced growth in paid-subscription media, the Parliament of Australia enacted the Broadcasting Services Act that gave free-to-air broadcasters preferential access to acquire broadcasting rights to sporting events. The anti-siphoning list is a list of major sporting events that the Parliament of Australia has decided must be available for all Australians to see free of charge and cannot be "siphoned off" to pay TV where people are forced to pay to see them. The current anti-siphoning list came into effect in 2006 and expires 31 December 2010. The Minister for Communications can add or remove events from the list at his discretion. There are currently ten sports on the anti-siphoning list plus the Olympic and Commonwealth Games. Events on the anti-siphoning list are delisted 12 weeks before they start to ensure pay TV broadcasters have reasonable access to listed events, if free-to-air broadcasters decide not to purchase the broadcast rights for a particular event. Any rights to listed sporting events that are not acquired by free-to-air broadcasters are available to pay TV. For multi-round events where it is simply not possible for free-to-air networks to broadcast all matches within the event (e.g. the Australian Open) complementary coverage is available on pay television. The Federal Government is obliged by legislation to conduct a review of the list before the end of 2009. The current anti-siphoning list requires showing listed sports on the broadcaster's main channel.

Rugby league, which includes NRL, State of Origin and national team matches, had the highest aggregate television ratings of any sport in 2022 (also 2009 and 2010.) Also, in a world first, the Nine Network broadcast free-to-air the first match of the 2010 State of Origin series live in 3D in New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria. It has consistently been the most watched sport in the country over the last decade in terms of television ratings and is currently the most popular sport in Australia as at 2022.

Rugby union is currently aired on numerous Nine Entertainment platforms, including Channel 9, 9Gem, and Stan Sport, as part of a A$100 million deal starting in 2021. Super Rugby games are broadcast on 9Gem every Saturday, while all other games are available on Stan Sport. Within a year of the deal starting, the Super Rugby Final had increased its ratings by 13-fold to 1.3 million, with Wallabies International games also experiencing growth.

Cricket Australia announced an unprecedented $590 million deal with free-to-air television networks Nine and Ten in 2013 to broadcast the sport – a 118 per cent increase on the previous five-year contract.

BBL games are currently broadcast in Australia by the free-to-air Network Ten. In 2013 Ten paid $100 million for BBL rights over five years, marking the channel's first foray in elite cricket coverage. Fox Sports had previously covered the Big Bash League.

Network Ten's BBL coverage has become a regular feature of Australian summers and last season attracted an average audience of more than 943,000 people nationally in 2014–15 season, including a peak audience of 1.9 million viewers for the final between the Perth Scorchers and Sydney Sixers.

There are a number of Australian sport films. They include The Club. The film was based on a play produced in 1977, in Melbourne. It has been in the senior English syllabi for four Australian states for many years. The film was written by David Williamson, directed by Bruce Beresford and starring John Howard, Jack Thompson, Graham Kennedy and Frank Wilson. Another Australian sport film is The Final Winter, released in 2007. It was directed by Brian Andrews and Jane Forrest and produced by Anthony Coffee, and Michelle Russell, while independently produced it is being distributed by Paramount Pictures. It was written by Matt Nable who also starred as the lead role 'Grub' Henderson. The film, which earned praise from critics, focuses around Grub who is the captain of the Newtown Jets football team in the early 1980s and his determination to stand for what rugby league traditionally stood for while dealing with his own identity crisis. Other Australian sport films include Australian Rules and Footy Legends.

Sport is popular on the radio. This Sporting Life was a culturally iconic Triple J radio comedy program created by actor-writer comedians John Doyle and Greig Pickhaver, who performed as their characters Roy and HG. Broadcast from 1986 to 2008, it was one of the longest-running, most popular and most successful radio comedy programs of the post-television era in Australia. It was the longest-running show in Triple J's programming history and commanded a large and dedicated nationwide audience throughout its 22-year run. 2KY is a commercial radio station based in Sydney, broadcasting throughout New South Wales and Canberra on a network of over 140 narrowcast transmitters as well as the main 1017 AM frequency in Sydney. 2KY broadcasts live commentary of thoroughbred, harness and greyhound racing. Over 1500 races are covered each week, including the pre and post race form and TAB betting information.

There are a number of Australian sport magazines. One is the AFL Record. The magazine is published in a sports magazine style format. Eight different versions, one for each game, are published for each weekly round, 60,000 copies in total, and Roy Morgan Research estimates that the Record has a weekly readership of over 200,000. As of 2009, the week's records are published and are able to be viewed in an online magazine format. Another Australian sporting magazine is Australia's Surfing Life, a monthly magazine about surfing published in Australia. It features articles about surf trips in Australia and overseas, surfing technique, board design and wetsuits. The magazine was founded in 1985.

International competitions

Australian representative teams participate in many international competitions, such as the Olympics, Commonwealth Games, Cricket World Cup, Rugby World Cup, Rugby League World Cup, FIFA World Cup, the Basketball World Cup for both men's and women's, Netball World Cup, World Baseball Classic and the Hockey World Cup.

The Australian national cricket team have participated in every edition of the Cricket World Cup. Australia have been very successful in the event, winning the tournament five times, the record number.

The Australian national rugby league team have also participated in every edition of the Rugby League World Cup. Australia have been very successful in the event, winning the tournament a record 12 times.

The Australian national rugby union team have participated in every Rugby World Cup. Australia have been very successful in the tournament, winning it two times despite it not being the most popular sport in Australia.

Australia's women have repeatedly won at the highest level. The Australian national netball team have won the Netball World Cup a record 11 times.  The Australian women's national cricket team have won the Women's Cricket World Cup a record five times. The Australian women's national field hockey team have won the gold medal at the Olympics and the Women's Hockey World Cup three and two times respectively.

The Australia women's national basketball team, known as the Opals, regularly compete well against the world elite at the FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup, having won the event in 2006, finished second in 2018 and finished third three times, and at the Summer Olympics Basketball Tournament, where they have won silver medals three times and bronze medals twice.

The Australia national soccer team, nicknamed the Socceroos, have appeared at the FIFA World Cup in 1974, 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018 and 2022. At the 2006 World Cup, the Socceroos surprised many by reaching the Round of 16, losing 1–0 in injury time to the eventual champions, Italy. At the 2022 World Cup, an unfancied Socceroos team again advanced to the knockout stage after winning 2 of 3 group stage matches, including a 1–0 upset victory against Denmark. In the round of 16 they were defeated 1–2 by eventual champions Argentina. They also hold the unusual distinction of having won continental soccer championships of two confederations – Oceania's OFC Nations Cup four times between 1980 and 2004 and, after moving to the Asian Football Confederation in 2005, the AFC Asian Cup in 2015. The Australia women's national soccer team, the Matildas, have appeared in all FIFA Women's World Cups except the first in 1991. They have advanced past the group stage in each of the last four editions of the competition (2007, 2011, 2015 and 2019), losing in the quarter-finals in the first three of these editions and the round of 16 in 2019. In 2015, they became the first senior Australian national team of either sex to win a World Cup knockout stage match, specifically in the round of 16, newly instituted for the Women's World Cup in that year. The Matildas have also enjoyed success at the AFC Women's Asian Cup, advancing at least to the semi-finals in all five competitions since joining the AFC in 2006 and winning in 2010. Australia co-hosted the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup alongside New Zealand, finishing with a best-ever fourth place result.

Australia are the most successful side at the Underwater Hockey World Championships, winning 25 titles including 11 men's elite championships and 8 women's elite championships.

Australia has also hosted a number of major international sporting events, including the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2000 Summer Olympics. The country also regularly hosts a major tennis Grand Slam event, the Australian Open, an FIA Formula One World Championship round (Australian Grand Prix), motorcycle MotoGP round (Australian motorcycle Grand Prix), as well as rounds of the Superbike World Championship, World Rally Championship alongside major domestically created, internationally recognised events including the Melbourne Cup and the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race.

Australia has hosted the 1992 Cricket World Cup and the 2015 Cricket World Cup along with New Zealand. The 2015 Cricket World Cup generated more than A$1.1 billion in direct spending, created the equivalent of 8,320 full-time jobs, and had a total of 2 million bed nights across the two host countries. Australia has also hosted the 2003 Rugby World Cup, with the event generating around A$1 billion in economic activity while bringing in 2 million visitors to the country.

The 1868 Aboriginal cricket tour of England was the first tour by any sports team from Australia.

Olympics

The Olympic movement in Australia started out during the 1900s and 1910s. The first organisations for the Olympics in Australia came out of the athletics governance system and resulted in the creation of state based Olympic committees. The first national governing body for Australian Olympics was created in 1914 and was a joint effort with New Zealand though New Zealand was a less than able partner. The movement in Australia then stagnated as a result of the Great War. The New Zealand and Australian organisation was disbanded and an Australian only national organisation was founded in 1920 called the Australian Olympic Federation. The early goals of the organisation were to ratify team selection and to fundraise to assist Olympians in paying for their travel to compete at the Games. By the 1980s, the organisation had issues on the international level as the IOC wanted them to re-structure; until this time, the organisation followed governance models similar to that of other Australian sporting organisations with a federated model of governance. Changes were made the organisation ended up with an executive board with a president, two vice presidents, a secretary general and a 14-member executive board which had 10 elected members, 4 IOC members and 2 members of the Athlete's Commission.

Australia has hosted the Olympics twice, in 1956 in Melbourne and in 2000 in Sydney. These were the first Games hosted in the southern hemisphere. Brisbane will host the 2032 Summer Games.

Australia has been influential in the Olympic movement, with four Australian representatives who are members of the International Olympic Committee.

The government has provided monetary support for the Olympics. In the lead up to the 1924 Games, they provided 3,000 pounds and in 1936 provided 2,000 pounds. This support was seen as a way of supporting national identity, but no formal system existed for the funding wider sport at the time.

The 1956 Games were the first time Australia had an Equestrian competitor when Victorian Ernie Barker competed. Australia has generally been a world power in Olympic swimming since the 1956 Melbourne Olympics: swimmers like Shane Gould, Dawn Fraser, Ian Thorpe, Kieren Perkins and Ariarne Titmus have taken multiple gold medals.

Australia performed relatively poorly at the 1976 Summer Olympics. This upset the nation as it challenged a fundamental part of Australian identity. The following Olympics, the 1980 Summer Olympics, some Australian sports sat out as part of a boycott and the country earned only nine medals, two of them gold, in Moscow. To prevent a recurrence of this, the Australian Institute of Sport was created to help improve Australia's medal tally at the Games.

Channel Seven had exclusive Australian free-to-air, pay television, online and mobile telephone broadcast rights to the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. The live telecast of the 2008 Summer Olympics was shared by the Seven Network and SBS Television. Seven broadcast the opening and closing ceremonies and mainstream sports, including swimming, athletics, rowing, cycling, and gymnastics. In contrast, SBS TV provided complementary coverage focused on long-form events such as soccer, road cycling, volleyball, and table tennis.

Paralympics

Australia has attended every Summer Paralympics and hosted the 2000 Sydney Games. Australia sent a delegation of 170 athletes to compete at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, and a team of 11 competitors to compete in two disciplines at the 2010 Winter Paralympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. A team of 161 members was sent to the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London.

Commonwealth Games

Australians take the Commonwealth Games seriously because, on one level of national thinking, the event offers the country an opportunity to prove they are superior to the "original country", the United Kingdom. By the 1938 British Empire Games, Australia's combined medal total was already greater than that of the Home Nations tallies combined. Australia would go on to beat England in total medals at the Commonwealth Games in 1950, 1962, 1970, 1974 and 1982. This rivalry with England continued to be an important component of the games up until the mid 2010s. Since then the importance of the Commonwealth Games has declined in the minds of the Australian public, due to the decreasing relevance of the Commonwealth in Australia as well as the perceived lack of competition. The Olympics Games has now become the primary way for Australians to measure themselves against the world.

Events
January
 Brisbane International
 Sydney International
 Hobart International
 Hopman Cup
 Australian Open

February - August
 Super Rugby Season
March - August
 Super Netball Season
March - September
 NRL Season
 AFL Season
March - November

 Supercars Championship

June
 A-League Grand Final

June - July
 State of Origin series (rugby league)
July - October

 NRL Women's Season

August - November

 AFL Women's Season

September
 AFL Grand Final

September - February
 One-Day Cup
September - March

 Sheffield Shield
 Women's National Cricket League

October
 NRL Grand Final

October - November
 WBBL Season

October - January
 WNBL Season

October - March
 NBL Season

October - April
 A-League Men Season

November
 Australian Open, Golf

November - February
 ABL Season
December - January

 BBL Season

See also
 Concussions in Australian sport

By demographic
 Women's sport in Australia
 Sport in rural and regional Australia
 Disabled sport in Australia

By social and cultural context

 Australian national sports team nicknames
 Aussie Aussie Aussie, Oi Oi Oi
 Indigenous Australians#Recreation and sport
 List of sports museums and halls of fame in Australia
 List of international sports events in Australia
 List of Australian sports controversies
 List of Australian sports songs
 List of Australian sports films

By sport

 1916 Pioneer Exhibition Game
 Athletics in Australia
 Baseball in Australia
 Basketball in Australia
 Castelling in Australia
 Cricket in Australia
 Hockey in Australia
 List of Australian equestrians
 Golf in Australia
 Motorsport in Australia
 Rugby league in Australia
 Rugby union in Australia
 Soccer in Australia
 Surfing in Australia
 Tennis in Australia
 Winter sport in Australia

References

Bibliography

External links

 Australian Sports Commission
 Australian Institute of Sport

Sport in Australia


The Robertson Islands or Robertsons Islands are a group of islands extending 6 km southward of the south-eastern extremity of Coronation Island in the South Orkney Islands of Antarctica. They were discovered and roughly charted by Captains George Powell and Nathaniel Palmer in December 1821 and named by James Weddell in 1823.

Important Bird Area
The northern islands of the group (those north of Atriceps Island), including Matthews, Coffer, Steepholm and Skilling Islands with their associated islets and skerries, have been identified as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because they support substantial breeding colonies, totalling about 35,000 pairs, of chinstrap penguins. Snow petrels also breed in the area of the Divide – the narrow channel separating Matthews from Coronation Island at the northern limit of the IBA.

See also
 List of Antarctic and Subantarctic islands

References

Islands of the South Orkney Islands
Important Bird Areas of Antarctica
Seabird colonies
Penguin colonies

Robertson Islands


Southside railway station, Glasgow, Scotland, was an early passenger terminal situated in the Gorbals area of the city.
The station opened on 29 September 1848, for trains operated by the Glasgow, Barrhead and Neilston Direct Railway, which a short time later was absorbed by the Caledonian Railway.

From 1849, until the opening of Glasgow Central station in 1879, the station was used as a terminal for the Caledonian Railway's Lanarkshire services on its route to Carlisle which is now part of the West Coast Main Line.

From September 1877 Southside station was replaced by Gorbals station for trains on the Barrhead branch line to the new St Enoch station, which had opened nearly a year earlier.
A viaduct was constructed to carry the extended Barrhead line towards a new bridge at Cathcart Road, north-east of Southside station.

Architecture
Contemporary plans show that trains arrived at the two-storey station at platforms accessed from stairways at street level.
The station had five tracks entering it, with four passenger platforms. The additional track between the platforms was used for the storage of rolling stock.
This pattern was also used for the tracks entering Glasgow's other principal railway terminal south of the Clyde, at Bridge Street, which also had five tracks and four platforms.

External links
Photographs, maps and plans of disused stations in Gorbals

Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1848
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1879
Disused railway stations in Glasgow
Former Caledonian Railway stations
William Tite railway stations
Gorbals

Southside railway station


Mark Drabenstott is a vice-president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City and the director of the Center for the Study of Rural America (CSRA). Drabenstott is also chair of the National Policy Association's Food and Agriculture Committee and a director of the National Bureau of Economic Research at Harvard University.

Employment History

Drabenstott joined the bank in 1981 and became a vice-president in 1990. He became director of the CSRA in 1998.

He has served as an advisor for the World Bank and has testified before Congress on at least 10 occasions.

Writings by Mark Drabenstott

 Rural America in a New Century was an October 1999 report by Mark Drabenstott, for the Center for the Study of Rural America's newsletter The Main Street Economist.

In the introduction the report notes that the farm economy is in a deep slump and that there are major economic challenges facing rural communities within the U.S. The second section is titled, "A new farm crisis?" and argues that it is important that the government expands its assistance to rural communities. The article also questions whether concentrated and corporatized agriculture will be beneficial to the majority of rural communities and states, "Agricultural policy no longer cures rural ills."

  "Rethinking Federal Policy for Regional Economic Development"

American bankers
Living people
Harvard University staff
Year of birth missing (living people)
American economists

Mark Drabenstott


The Jedediah Smith Memorial Trail (or American River Bike Trail) is a paved multi-use pathway that runs between the confluence of the Sacramento River with the American River, just north of downtown Sacramento, California, and Beal's Point at Folsom Lake, north of Folsom. The trail is  long, and is used as a major recreational destination, as well as a commuter artery for cyclists.  The trail is considered one of the longest paved purpose-built bike trails in the country.  The trail is maintained by the County of Sacramento and is painted with mile markers placed at every half-mile increment.

History

In the early 19th century, the famous fur trapper Jedediah Smith explored the area east of Sacramento, between the settlement at the confluence now known as Old Sacramento, and Folsom. The area follows the course of the American River, and is rich in a diversity of wildlife. In the late 19th century, the trail was marked out by a prototype cycling organization, The Capital City Wheelmen, but was soon abandoned as a viable commuter artery with the onset of automobiles in the early 20th century. The trail fell into disrepair until it was reexamined as a transportation route by cyclists in the 1970s, when the pathway was paved.  A section of the trail was later added that runs along the south side of Lake Natoma and into downtown Folsom.

The trail is used by approximately 5 million people annually.

Notable landmarks and attractions

The trail passes several places of interest between Sacramento and Folsom. The recreational areas of Discovery Park, Sutter's Landing Park (the point at which John Sutter, founder of Sacramento and notable area entrepreneur, first arrived), the Guy West Bridge (a scaled down reproduction of San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge), California State University, Sacramento (or, more commonly, Sacramento State), William B. Pond Recreation Area, River Bend Park, the Fair Oaks walking bridge, the Nimbus Fish Hatchery, Lake Natoma and Folsom Lake.

The trail runs through various parks and untouched areas, inhabited by a variety of animals. Throughout the trail, animals such as deer, western rattlesnakes, and woodpeckers can be found amongst others. As of 2020, coyotes are becoming more common along the trail, and are increasingly acclimated to the presence of people.

References

External links

Google map showing the trail
http://www.arpf.org/
http://railstotrails.us/ca-american-river-bike-trail.html
http://activities.wildernet.com/pages/area.cfm?areaid=CASAJS&cu_id=157
https://web.archive.org/web/20060901151326/http://www.saccycle.com/bikewaymaps/map6.htm

Bike paths in California
Hiking trails in California
American River (California)
Protected areas of Sacramento County, California
Transportation in Sacramento County, California
National Recreation Trails in California

Jedediah Smith Memorial Trail


Hydrogels are three-dimensional polymeric networks filled with water. The water content can reach as high as 90-99% depending on the polymer concentration. It contains polymers that are attracted to water, they swell and hold large amounts of water while maintaining their structure due to chemical or physical cross-linking of individual polymer chains. The physical cross-linked hydrogels are easily pulled and relaxed, like a rubber band. The chemically cross-linked hydrogels avoid deformation. The behaviour of hydrogels is typically viscoelastic which is associated with the water and the movement of polymer networks in fluids. Similar to other polymers, there are natural and man-made hydrogels. The man-made hydrogels are also known as synthetic, this allows the hydrogels to have a longer service life, hold more water, and have greater strength.

There are many types of hydrogels. The most common ones are pH-sensitive hydrogels, which respond to pH changes in the environment. Temperature-sensitive hydrogels, which are affected by how hot or cold the environment is. Electro-sensitive hydrogels, which either shrink or expand when an electric field is applied. Lastly, the light-responsive hydrogels respond to light.

In many ways hydrogels are similar to our bodies because the human body is made out of mainly water and matrix materials that are surrounded by cells. This is why hydrogels can be used in tissue engineering. Hydrogels are filled with water so they mimic tissue environments, this means they are optimal to deliver cells and repair damaged tissue.

Polymers

Hydrogel


The Navy and Army Illustrated was an illustrated glossy journal or magazine that covered historical and contemporary military matters from 1895 to 1915.

First published in 1895 by George Newnes, The Navy and Army Illustrated described itself as 'A Magazine Descriptive and Illustrative of Everyday Life in the Defensive Services of the British Empire'. The first series, published between 1895 and 1903, was edited by Commander Charles Napier Robinson. Originally published fortnightly and priced at 6d, its publication was later increased to weekly. From 1903 it amalgamated with The King, another magazine from the same publishing house and was renamed The King and His Navy and Army following which much of the military content was dropped and by 1905 interest in the magazine was fading. It was relaunched in 1906 and again in August 1914 with the outbreak of World War I when it was republished in a new series and reverted to its original title.

The magazine was aimed at a wide audience - 'all who are interested in the welfare of the British Empire and those who had friends or relatives in the service of the Queen' - and profusely illustrated with photographs and artwork in black and white, of battleships, historic military events such as battles, military parades, officers and men in elaborate uniforms and soldiers and sailors going about their duties, set against a backdrop of the home barracks such as Aldershot contrasted with settings from the far flung and exotic British Empire. For many young men who sought a life of travel and adventure the magazine was a subtle means of recruitment into the pre-WWI British armed forces, encouraging them to serve 'Queen or King and Country'.

While much of the periodical's content concerned the might and majesty of the Royal Navy and British Army occasionally more human experiences were covered such as the story of the brave young sailor 1st Class Boy C. R. Field who in a posed photograph taken on board the training ship Impregnable in 1897 proudly wears the bronze Brave Conduct Medal awarded to him by the Royal Humane Society for his unsuccessful attempt to rescue a drowning comrade who had fallen overboard one night.  Without thought for his own personal safety Field had leapt into the stormy sea but soon got into difficulty himself leading to both being rescued by a boat.

It is presumed that publication ended sometime during 1915 as no volumes after that year are held in any of the national libraries.

References

External links
Article on The Navy and Army Illustrated - The Genealogist, 13 January 2017

Magazines established in 1895
1895 establishments in England
1915 disestablishments in England
Publications disestablished in 1915
Weekly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Defunct magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines published in London
Magazines disestablished in 1915
Victorian era
George Newnes Ltd magazines

The Navy and Army Illustrated


Wilfrid John Joseph Sheed (27 December 1930 – 19 January 2011) was an English-born American novelist and essayist.

Biography
Sheed was born in London, to Frank Sheed and Maisie Ward, prominent Roman Catholic publishers (Sheed & Ward) in the United Kingdom and the United States during the mid-20th century. Wilfrid Sheed spent his childhood in both England and the United States before attending Downside School and Lincoln College, Oxford where he earned BA (1954) and MA (1957) degrees.

Sheed's first novel, A Middle Class Education (1961 ; earlier in the UK), was based on his experiences at Oxford. His biography Frank and Maisie was about his parents' literary establishment and intellectual world. He wrote satirical novels about journalism and memoirs in his later years. His book on American popular music, entitled The House that George Built with a little help from Irving, Cole and a Crew of about Fifty was published in 2008.

Garrison Keillor commented in a review of the book:

Golden Age of American Song has been saluted and high-faluted in books and wept over repeatedly, but "The House That George Built" is a big rich stew of an homage that makes you want to listen to Gershwin and Berlin and Porter and Arlen all over again ... Sheed's jazzy prose is a joy to read. It goes catapulting along, digressing like mad, never pedantic, a little frantic, which is just right: the jazz song, like all true art, is a flight from depression, indifference, the cold blank stare, the earnest clammy touch.

Family
Sheed was a great-great-grandson of William Ward (cricketer) and of Henry Fitzalan-Howard, 14th Duke of Norfolk and Augusta Mary Minna Catherine Lyons; a great-grandson of William George Ward; a grandson of Wilfrid Philip Ward; a nephew of Father Leo Ward, a missioner in Japan; the son of Maisie Ward and Frank Sheed, the co-founders of Sheed & Ward; and the brother of the translator, Rosemary Sheed.  Among Sheed's more remote ancestors was John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk.

He married Maria Bullitt Darlington in 1957 and they had three children; the marriage ended in divorce in 1967. He remarried in 1972 to cookbook author Miriam Ungerer. At his death he was survived by his second wife, three children, a sister, two stepdaughters and four grandchildren.

The English writer and journalist Gilbert Keith Chesterton was his godfather.

Death
He died on 19 January 2011, aged 80, from urosepsis in Great Barrington, Massachusetts.

Published works
 A Middle Class Education. 1961.
 The Hack. 1963.
 Square's Progress. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1965.
 Office Politics. 1966.
 The Blacking Factory. 1968.
 Max Jamison. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1970.
 The Morning After: Selected essays and reviews. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1971. .
 People Will Always Be Kind. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1973. .
 Three Mobs: Labor, church, and Mafia. New York: Sheed & Ward, 1974. .
  Muhammad Ali: A Portrait in Words and Photographs. Orion Publishing Group. 1975.
 The Good Word & Other Words. New York: Dutton, 1978. .
 Transatlantic Blues  New York: Dutton, 1978. .
 Clare Boothe Luce. New York: Dutton, 1982. .
 Frank and Maisie: A memoir with parents. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985. .
 The Boys of Winter: A novel. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1987. .
 Essays in Disguise. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990. .
 Baseball and Lesser Sports. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1991. .
 My Life as a Fan. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993. .
 In Love with Daylight: A memoir of recovery. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995. .
 The House that George Built with a little help from Irving, Cole and a Crew of about Fifty. New York: Random House, 2007 .

Further reading
 Frank Sheed (1974), The Church and I, Garden City, NY:  Doubleday.
 Maisie Ward (1963), Unfinished Business, New York:  Sheed & Ward.
 Maisie Ward (1973), To and Fro on the Earth:  A Sequel to an Autobiography, New York:  Sheed & Ward.

Awards and honours
 1967 finalist, National Book Award for Fiction, for his novel Office Politics
 1987 Grammy Award for Best Album Notes for his liner notes for The Voice – The Columbia Years 1943–1952, performed by Frank Sinatra.

References

External links

Writer's Almanac
Seattle Public Library's online catalog

1930 births
2011 deaths
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
20th-century English novelists
21st-century English novelists
Alumni of Lincoln College, Oxford
American male novelists
British emigrants to the United States
English essayists
English Roman Catholics
Grammy Award winners
Novelists from London
People educated at Downside School
American male essayists
English male novelists
20th-century American essayists
21st-century American essayists
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
English male non-fiction writers

Wilfrid Sheed


The Garage is a 2006 American independent film written and directed by Carl Thibault.

Plot
A mechanic at his father's garage during the late 1970s, Matt dreams about leaving his small town existence and pursuing grander ambitions. But strong feelings for a new girlfriend and deep family ties may prevent Matt's ultimate escape, despite pressure from best friend Schultz to take off immediately.

Production
The film was shot from October 18, 2004 to October 10, 2005 in Lockhart, Martindale, Red Rock, Richland and Uhland, Texas and Los Angeles, California.

Critical reception
It was shown at over 85 film festivals where it won 20 awards including the Slate Award for Best Director and Best Picture at the California Independent Film Festival.

References

External links

2006 films
2006 independent films
American independent films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

The Garage (2006 film)


Sabina is a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) that applies to the extra virgin olive oil produced in the Sabina region. This area approximately covers the territory originally occupied by the ancient Sabines tribe in the Province of Rome and the Province of Rieti. It is considered to be the first Italian PDO to gain the status, later being followed by Aprutino Pescarese, Brisighella, Collina di Brindisi and Canino.

Production area: Sabina

The production area of the PDO extra virgin olive oil is mainly in two provinces, Rieti and Rome, and follows the borders of the ancient Sabine territory. Techniques used to produce the oil are almost the same as in pre-Roman times with necessary technological innovations. For the production of the extra virgin olive oil Sabina, the soil and the mild climate are of fundamental importance.

Municipalities in the Province of Rieti

The following municipalities within the Province of Rieti are areas of production of Sabina:
Cantalupo in Sabina, Casaprota, Casperia, Castelnuovo di Farfa, Collevecchio, Configni, Cottanello, Fara Sabina, Forano, Frasso Sabino, Magliano Sabina, Mompeo, Montasola, Montebuono, Monteleone Sabino, Montenero Sabino,
Montopoli in Sabina, Poggio Catino, Poggio Mirteto, Poggio Moiano, Poggio Nativo, Poggio San Lorenzo, Roccantica, Salisano, Scandriglia, Selci, Stimigliano, Tarano, Toffia, Torricella, Torri in Sabina, Vacone.

Municipalities in the Province of Rome

In the Province of Rome:
Guidonia Montecelio, Fonte Nuova, Marcellina, Mentana, Monteflavio, Montelibretti, Monterotondo, Montorio Romano, Moricone, Nerola, Palombara Sabina, Sant'Angelo Romano, San Polo dei Cavalieri (località Caprareccia e territorio non oltre i 475 metri di altitudine), Roma (parzialmente il territorio del Nord-Est).

Cultivar and organoleptic traits

Cultivar

The characterizing cultivar are:
 Carboncella
 Leccino
 Raja

 Frantoio
 Moraiolo
 Olivastrone
 Salviana
 Olivago and Rosciola

Organoleptic traits

Organoleptic traits:
 color: yellow - green with golden nuances.
 aroma: fruity;
 taste: fruity, velvet, uniform, aromatic, sweet, bitter and piquant for the just  pressed oils;
 panel test: median in fruity > 0 e median of defect = 0;
 maximum acidity in total expressed in oleic acid, in weight, not exceeding grams 0,6 per 100 grams of oil;
 number of peroxides 14 Meq0 2 /kg.;
 minimum oleic acid 68%.

See also

Appellation
Country of origin
European Union Common Agricultural Policy
Genericized trademark
Geographical indication
Italian cuisine
Italian wines
List of geographical designations for spirit drinks in the European Union
List of Italian cheeses
List of Italian DOC wines
List of Italian DOCG wines
List of Italian products with protected designation of origin
Olive oil regulation and adulteration
Olive oil
Protected Geographical Status
Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions (QWPSR)

References

External links
 Sabina D.O.P.
 Strada dell'olio Sabina
 Lazio Region, Agriculture
 Lazio Region, Tourism

Italian products with protected designation of origin
Olive oil

Sabina (oil)


Luigi Carlo Farini (October 22, 1812 - August 1, 1866) was an Italian physician, statesman and historian. Farini was born at Russi, now in the province of Ravenna. He graduated with a degree in medicine in 1832 at the University of Bologna. Later he worked as a physician, researching intermittent fevers and rabies.

Farini was initially a republican and a supporter of Giuseppe Mazzini. Later he became a monarchist and member of the "Historic Right". In 1851 he was, for a few months, Minister of Education of the Kingdom of Sardinia in the government led by Massimo D'Azeglio.

He was dictator pro tempore of Emilia from July 20, 1859 to March 13, 1860. He had the same role in Romagna from November 9, 1859. Farini was appointed President of the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom of Italy in the December 8, 1862. However, he was struck by a nervous disease that would take him to madness. During the Polish uprising of January 1863, he threatened the king Victor Emmanuel II with a knife. This was because he wanted to force him to declare war against the Russian Empire. As a result of this act, he was commitmed to the asylu of Novalese, a small town near Turin. Farini died at Genoa in poverty in 1866.

References

1812 births
1866 deaths
People from Emilia-Romagna
Prime Ministers of Italy

Luigi Carlo Farini