Eski Yurt (, , ) — a historical settlement in South West Crimea, presently a historical quarter in the western part of Bakhchisaray. Its name derives from the Crimean Tatar language terms for "old settlement" or "old headquarter" and "felt tent".

History
In the times of the Golden Horde Eski Yurt was a large, possibly urban settlement lying on an ancient trade route connecting the seaports of Chersonesos and Calamita with the interiors of the Crimean Peninsula. The large size of the settlement may be proved by the size of its main cemetery Qırq Azizler (14th-15th centuries; now completely destroyed) which was the oldest and the largest one of all Muslim cemeteries known in the western half of the Crimea. Eski Yurt retained its significance after the rise of the Crimean Khanate, which achieved independence from the Golden Horde in 1441. Along with a fortified mountain stronghold named Qırq Yer and laying a mile to the east Eski Yurt might be used as the main residence of the first Crimean khans after they moved their court from Solhat town in the eastern part of the Crimean Peninsula to the South West, where Eski Yurt is situated.
Eventually, after the new Crimean capital Bakhchisaray had been founded in 1532, Eski Yurt lost its economic and administrative status (and apparently received its later name of "Old Settlement"; the original name remains unknown). Nevertheless, up to the beginning of the 20th century Eski Yurt was still considered by the Crimean Tatars as one of the most important Muslim religious centers in the Crimea due to the sanctuary of Malik Ashtar which existed there.

Aziz of Malik Ashtar in Eski Yurt
The Aziz ("sanctuary") of Malik Ashtar was located in the central part of Eski Yurt. It was a large Muslim cemetery whose main object was the "maqam" (symbolical tomb) of Malik al-Ashtar en-Nahai (618-658), a companion of khalif Ali Ibn Abi Talib (618-657), actually buried in Cairo, Egypt. Similar "maqam" attributed to Malik Ashtar is situated also in Diyarbakır, Turkey.
The Crimean Tatar tales portray Malik Ashtar as a dragon fighter and the brave warrior, who was the first to spread Islam in Crimea. According to the legends, he was wounded to the death in a battle with giants and died in Eski Yurt. Long time after, the legends say, his grave was discovered in a miraculous way by dervishes of the Nakshbandi (or Mevlevi) order, who established the shrine of his name. The Crimean Tatars believed that those bitten by snakes may obtain healing visiting the Aziz of Malik Ashtar and praying there.
The shrine was surrounded by a large Muslim cemetery with hundreds of engravements arranged in common graves, underground stone vaults and in mausoleums. As narrative sources state, the cemetery was a place to bury noble people including some of the Crimean Tatar rulers from the Giray dynasty. The mosque at Aziz, besides being a common prayer house, was also used as a "tekiye" for the dervishes who practiced their mystical rituals and prayer dances inside it.

The Muslim religious center in Eski Yurt attracted a lot of visitors and existed till the 1920s when the Soviet regime closed it along with many other shrines and temples of different faiths.

The current state
In 1948, after the Deportation of Crimean Tatars, Eski Yurt village (along with practically all other Crimean towns and villages bearing non-Russian names) was renamed to "Podgorodnyeye" (Подгороднее). Eventually Podgorodnyeye was incorporated into the urban area of Bakhchisaray town. The area of the old settlement hides underground the ruins of the medieval town, covered with cottages, while the central square of the Aziz shrine was used as a market. After the repatriation of the Crimean Tatars had started in the late 1980s many Crimean Tatar activists and organizations demanded the removal of the market from the holy place. In 2004 a project to establish a museum at the site of Aziz had been worked out by The Bakhchisaray Historical and Cultural Preserve. In 2006 the market had been finally moved to a new place, opening the way to The Bakhchisaray Historical and Cultural Preserve to run their project of creating the new museum.

Remaining historical buildings

 Mausoleum of Bey Yude Sultan, the mother of Muhammed Şah Bey (14th-15th centuries).
 Mausoleum of Ahmed Bey (a building of the 14th or 15th century, called after the name from a gravestone found by its walls).
 Mausoleum of Mehmed Bey (16th century).
 Mausoleum of Mehmed II Giray - a family shrine of the Crimean Tatar ruling dynasty. According to narrative sources, three Crimean khans were buried inside it: Mehmed II Giray (died 1584), Saadet II Giray (died 1588), Mehmed III Giray (died 1629).
 A smaller minaret, often mistakenly called a minbar (15th-17th centuries).

References

External links

 O. Haiworonski, "An Overview of the Mediaeval Crimean Tatar Settlement of Eski Yurt", EJOS, VII (2005), No. 1, 1-11.
 Website by Oleksa Haiworonski on the Vanished Town of Eski Yurt - in Russian; including the full library of [scarce] sources' mentions on Eski Yurt.

Crimean Tatars
Crimean Khanate
History of Crimea
Former municipalities
Bakhchysarai

Eski Yurt


Oswald Jeffrey Smith (November 8, 1889 – January 25, 1986) was a Canadian pastor, author, and missions advocate. He founded The Peoples Church in Toronto in 1928.

Smith attended the Toronto Bible Training School, the Manitoba Presbyterian College in Winnipeg, and the McCormick Seminary in Chicago. Smith was ordained as a minister of the Presbyterian Church of Canada in 1918. However, he resigned from the Presbyterian Church, set up his own church in Toronto, which merged with a small Christian and Missionary Alliance congregation in 1921. In 1928, he started another independent church in Toronto, the Peoples Church. Using his base in Toronto for fundraising, he traveled the world to recruit missionaries.

Over the course of eighty years he preached more than 12,000 sermons in 80 countries, wrote thirty-five books (with translations into 128 languages), as well as 1,200 poems, of which 100 have been set to music, including "Deeper and Deeper" (first line "Into the heart of Jesus").

Paul B. Smith was the son of Oswald J. Smith, and Senior Pastor of The Peoples Church from 1959–1994.

Early years
Smith was born on November 8, 1889 near Odessa, Ontario, as the eldest of the ten children of Benjamin and Alice Smith. His early years were troubled by ill health and a delicate constitution. He was once out of school for two whole years after a bout of pneumonia. He said, "It was generally accepted that I hadn't many more days on this earth." In spite of dire predictions, he did survive frightening illnesses and grew into a young manhood. On January 28, 1906, during a Torrey Crusade in Toronto, Smith committed his life to the Lord and from that time, his burning desire to preach the gospel became the focus of his life. Smith said, "I know as sure as I'm alive, I must preach the gospel. There's nothing else in the world for me."

Because of his early dedication to spreading the gospel, Smith offered himself several times for missionary service but his frail health prevented his acceptance. Deeply disappointed, he set about gaining more training and experience.

In 1908 he visited the lumber camps, the scattered settlements and Indian villages in the far interior of British Columbia (B.C.) and served as home missionary in other frontier areas of Canada. The hardships he encountered gave him a deep compassion for missionaries and this appreciation showed in his lifelong understanding of their difficulties.

During the summer of 1913 he ministered as a home missionary in Cawood, Kentucky where "God saw fit to give him many souls." It was during that time of service, far from home, that he wrote his "three fold dedication:"

 I will think no thought, speak no word, and do no deed unworthy of a follower of Jesus Christ.
 I will give my life for service in any part of the world and in any capacity God wills that I should labour.
 I shall endeavour to do God's will from moment to moment as He reveals it to me.

He prepared for further ministry by study. In 1912 he graduated from Toronto Bible college and in 1915 from McCormick Seminary in Chicago. As part of his ordination service by the Chicago Presbytery, Smith's song "Deeper and Deeper" was sung.

Missionary vision
Smith, who was considered too frail to be a missionary made a commitment: "If I can't go myself, I will send someone else."

Since no opportunity opened for foreign service, Smith began to see that he could evangelize others who might go in his stead. He was gaining confidence as a speaker; he had spoken at numerous youth meetings and during his Chicago years had served effectively as student pastor in two different Presbyterian churches. as assistant pastor at Rev. Morrow's Dale Presbyterian church, he prayed and believed for revival. It was at this time that he wrote "A Revival Hymn" that has remained popular during the years. Even in those early years the evangelization of the world was the supreme challenge of his life. "Missionary work does not belong to any one organization, it is the work of the whole church," he maintained.

Oswald J. Smith and Daisy Billings were married on September 12, 1916 at Dale Presbyterian Church where she was a deaconess and he the assistant pastor. Daisy was considered the gracious and generous helpmate who made possible Smith's dedicated life. She was the one who "held the ropes," "tarried by the stuff," sublimating her career to his. In later years, when their children were grown, she often joined Smith on his travels until her death in 1972.

Smith said "intercessory prayer is not only the highest form of Christian service, but also the hardest kind of work." He believed in having a regular time and place for prayer and paced as he prayed to prevent distractions. Every decision of his life was guided by prayer. More than anything he wanted to be used of God. He prayed, "Lord, use me..." "What must I do?" He prayed to be a victorious, Spirit-filled man of prayer, a surrendered man of the word, and of one purpose.

From the Bible, Smith found the qualifications which he lists in his book "The Man God Uses." Prayer was a major component. In the book Smith says, "Prevailing prayer, prayer of travail such as Jesus knew, will lead to God being glorified in your ministry."

Church planting

Besides his work in Toronto, Vancouver, and a year as Superintendent of the Alliance Church in Canada, Smith left for Los Angeles in 1927 as minister of the Gospel Tabernacle, another Alliance church.

In 1928 he felt strongly that his call was to Toronto and the family drove back the 3000 miles in a new Nash car. Smith explained: "I knew I wasn't in the right place...I wanted to serve God, and serve Him in the place He would have me. It's that simple."

Several buildings and locations followed as his vision of an interdenominational church dedicated to missions and worship developed. In 1930 the then Toronto Gospel Tabernacle was located at 42 Gerrard Street East in the former St. James Square Presbyterian Church. In 1933, Smith named the work "The Peoples Church" and in 1934 the congregation moved to 100 Bloor Street East where they remained until the move to Sheppard Avenue in 1962 where the work continued.

Smith's travels and ministries multiplied. During his life he made 21 world tours promoting evangelism and world missions. One of the results of his visit to the Baltic countries was the establishment of a Bible School in Riga for the express purpose of training local missionaries. Their success in evangelizing their own people proved to him their value.  While leading his expanding congregation in a program supporting over 500 workers worldwide, Smith was instrumental in challenging others to follow his example.

Champion of the Faith
Smith considered training and education for the ministry essential. He himself read and was influenced by many prominent Protestants: Wesley, Luther, Spurgeon, Moody, Finney, and Brainerd, the "man of prayer." Others, in turn, were encouraged by him and his single-minded focus.

When Smith died on January 25, 1986, the accolades poured in. For example, Billy Graham said:

"I've lost a dear friend, the man who had more impact on my life than any other - a great preacher, a great songwriter, a man who stands equal with Moody and Torrey. As a Missionary Statesman he stands alone. There was no equal."

Also, the Revell Company said:

"There is fire in his bones. Those who have heard him have seen fire in his heart, his eyes, his speech - a fire which has lept out to set them afire."

Literature
Throughout his life, Smith believed greatly in the printed page. He was the author of 35 books, printed in many languages. These books, such as "Passion for Souls," "The Man God Uses," and "The Enduement of Power" have changed lives and encouraged thousands of readers. Billy Graham said, "His books have been used of the Holy Spirit to sear into the very depths of my soul and have had a tremendous influence on my personal life."

As an editor, Smith published a magazine for 50 years. He also wrote innumerable pamphlets and tracts. On one occasion, Smith said that he may have "accomplished more by" his "books than any other way."

Emphases
Music always played a major role in Smith's ministry and the continuing program of The Peoples Church. One of Smith's first moves when starting a new work was to have a capable music director so that a choir and orchestra would balance the program of evangelistic preaching. Smith felt that the music would not only be a form of worship in itself but set the tone for the service and encourage the speakers. Furthermore, Smith wrote 1200 hymns, poems, and gospel songs.

Smith's emphasis on faith included his approach to financial giving, "The Faith Promise Offering." He felt that most Christians would respond to a promise between themselves and God. They would be asked to make it in complete dependency that God would undertake. He was known for saying, "Cash isn't needed. In dependence upon God, I will endeavour to give. No one will ask you for it - it's between you and God." Then he would call to sing "Step Out in Faith" as the money envelopes poured in with financial gifts. Sacrificial giving was encouraged as well as early habits of giving something regularly, no matter how small. Second or third gifts were called envelopes of repentance. Smith was also known for saying, "I know people who have two pairs of shoes!" People often "gave up" something to give to world missions.

Last years
Smith resigned as minister of the Peoples Church in favor of his son Paul on January 1, 1959; however, he retained the position of Minister of Missions and remained actively involved in church work.  He died on January 25, 1986.

See also
 Fundamentalist Christianity#In_Canada

Further reading
 The official biography is Fire in His Bones, by Lois Neely.
 David R. Elliott, "Knowing No Borders: Canadian Contributions to American Fundamentalism," in George A. Rawlyk and Mark A. Noll, eds., Amazing Grace: Evangelicalism in Australia, Britain, Canada, and the United States (1993).

Works
Give Ye Them To Eat, Chicago: Russian Missionary Society (1918)
Voice of Hope, Toronto: Evangelical Publishers (1919)
Thou Art The Man, Toronto: Evangelical Publishers (1919)
Songs in the Night, Toronto: Alliance Tabernacle (1922)
The Baptism with the Holy Spirit, New York: Christian Alliance Pub. Co. (1925)
From Death to Life, New York: Christian Alliance Pub. Co. (1925)
The Revival We Need, New York: Christian Alliance Pub. Co. (1925)
Back to the Pentecost, New York: Christian Alliance Pub. Co. (1926)
Working With God, Toronto: Tabernacle Publishers (1926)
Is the Antichrist at Hand?, Toronto: Tabernacle Publishers (1926)
The Spirit-Filled Life, New York: Christian Alliance Pub. Co. (1927)
The Great Physician, New York: Christian Alliance Pub. Co. (1927)
Under a Pirate Flag and Other Stories, Chicago: Worldwide Christian Couriers (1928)
The Man God Uses, New York: Christian Alliance Pub. Co. (1932)
The Enduement of Power, London: Marshall, Morgan & Scott (1933)
The Work God Blesses, London: Marshall, Morgan & Scott (1934)
The Clouds are Lifting, London: Marshall, Morgan & Scott (1936)
The Marvels of Grace, London, Marshall, Morgan & Scott (1945)
The Challenge of Life, London: Marshall, Morgan & Scott (1946)
The Voice of Prophecy, London: Marshall, Morgan & Scott (1948)
The Gospel We Preach, London, Marshall, Morgan & Scott (1949)
The Passion for Souls, London: Marshall, Morgan & Scott (1950)
The Country I Love Best, London: Marshall, Morgan & Scott (1951)
The Battle for Truth, London: Marshall, Morhan & Scott (1953)
The Consuming Fire, London: Marshall, Morgan & Scott (1954)
The Day of Salvation, London, Marshall, Morgan & Scott (1955)
The Things We Know, London: Marshall, Morgan & Scott (1957)
The Challenge of Missions, London: Marshall, Morgan & Scott (1959)
The Cry of the World, London: Marshall, Morgan & Scott (1959)
The Tales of the Mission Field

References

External links

 The People's Church
 Free Audio Sermons
 More Free Audio Sermons

1889 births
1986 deaths
Canadian clergy
Canadian non-fiction writers
Canadian evangelicals
Tyndale University College and Seminary alumni
20th-century non-fiction writers

Oswald J. Smith


The Reformed Dutch Church of Claverack is located on New York State Route 9H at the north end of the hamlet of Claverack, New York, United States. It is a brick church built in the mid-18th century and renovated and expanded twice in the 19th, reaching its present form in 1879. The congregation was founded in 1716.

It is the oldest institutional building in Columbia County. In 2001 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, along with several of its other buildings and cemetery. The dead buried there include one of George Washington's aides and a former speaker of the state assembly.

Property

The church complex is on a  parcel of land on the east side of Route 9H, roughly  north of its junction with routes 23 and 23B in the center of Claverack. It is on a small rise about  from the road, sheltered by mature trees around a paved driveway and parking lot. The surrounding area is rural to the north and residential, with large lots, to the south. In that direction, on the same side of Route 9H, is the George Felpel House, also on the Register.

There are three buildings, a garage, parsonage and the Christian Education Center, to its south. The cemetery, which takes up most of the property, is to the north with a small stone shed in the middle. All the buildings on the property except the Christian Education Center, and the cemetery, are considered contributing resources to the National Register listing.

Church

Exterior

The one-story church building is faced in brick laid in English bond on a stone foundation with steeply pitched gambrel roof with boxed cornice and long lower slopes flared at the bottom. The main block is  with a two-stage, four-story centrally located tower on the south (front) elevation. Near the rear are two small wings on either side that serve as a transept. Both have entrances. The north has a projection for the apse. Two small exterior chimneys rise on this side.

On the south facade, the tower is joined to the main block by a three-bay pedimented gabled projecting front section. The tower's double paneled door, and the similar doors with segmental arches flanking it on the projection, are the church's main entrances. Its brick is laid in common bond. Three louvered round-arched openings are on each story of the south face of the tower. Openings that once existed on three sides of the fourth story have been visibly bricked over. A deep cornice supports the square belfry, where paired fluted Doric columns flanking rusticated round-arched openings support a domed roof with tall finial.

The east and west elevations have three tall rounded-arch windows apiece south of the transept wings, flanked by louvered wood blinds. The west further has the numerals "1767" above the windows, in brick painted to look like iron. The north side has two windows similar to those on the other elevations in each wing, and two small oval windows in the gable.

Interior
From the tower entrance, a vestibule with stairs up either side of the tower leads to another pair of double doors, which open into the barrel-vaulted sanctuary. It is finished primarily in white plaster on lath with simple woodwork trim. Two aisles allow access to the pews, with paneled ends, curved tops and paneled doors. Along both sides are balconies supported by decorative cast iron columns.

At the north end is the raised pulpit, in a niche between paired pilasters below a semi-circular pediment. The stairs to the choir loft have S-curved newels at either end. The wooden Gothic Revival case for the church's original pipe organ is along the loft's south wall.

Outbuildings

Immediately to the southeast of the church is the Christian Education Center. It is a two-story brick building in the Colonial Revival style with a gabled roof and a small entrance wing on its southwest. While it is sympathetic to the church, it is of modern construction and therefore non-contributing.

About  to the south, across two parking lots, is the parsonage. It is a three-bay, two-story frame house sided in vinyl with a pedimented front gable and single-bay entrance porch on the northern bay with square piers. The western two bays on the north and south have one-story gabled wings, and there is a two-story porch on the east. Brick chimneys rise from the north end of the north wing and the middle of the south elevation.

Inside, there is an open fireplace in the basement and a hand pump by the door. The interior has not been altered save for the addition of a powder room on the first floor. The exterior windows have been replaced with similarly designed modern counterparts.

To its northeast is a small frame garage with a hipped roof. It was built in the early 20th century, and is considered contributing. The only other contributing outbuilding is a small stone shed in the middle of the cemetery,  north of the church. It, too, was built at the beginning of the 20th century.

Cemetery

The cemetery takes up  of the church's overall property. It is mostly located to the north, but comes down to the east and west of the church. It is laid out in a grid pattern, with narrow grassy unpaved roads offering access should a vehicle be needed.

Gravestones date from the 18th century to the present, with some particularly well-executed marble headstones from the early 19th century. To the immediate West of the church are some stone vaults built into the rise.

Significant burials

Gen. Samuel Blachley Webb (1753–1807). Led a militia company from Wethersfield, Connecticut, that saw action at Bunker Hill. He became one of George Washington's aides-de-camp for six months, then went into combat again, at Long Island, White Plains and Trenton, getting wounded at the latter two engagements. He was captured by the British in December 1777, exchanged a year later, and settled in Claverack after the war.
Jacob Rutsen Van Rensselaer, (1767–1835). A prominent Federalist elected to nine terms in the State Assembly, serving as that body's speaker in his last. Left that position to commanded locally raised troops which guarded New York City during the War of 1812. After the end of the war served as New York's Secretary of State and later an influential delegate to the state's 1821 constitutional convention.
Harriet Livingston Dale (1785–1826). Robert Fulton's widow moved to England after his death. After hers, her body was returned to Claverack for burial.

History

The church's history can be divided into three eras. From its founding until the years just before the Revolution, the church was a congregation in search of a permanent building. Over the next century of its existence, it developed that building from a simple brick church into the complex structure it is today. Since then it has perfected and maintained that structure.

1716–1767: The early years

Claverack's church, among the first Dutch Reformed Churches organized in the Hudson Valley, began in 1716 as one preaching station on a circuit that ranged from Claverack Landing on the Hudson River (now the city of Hudson) in the west to Hillsdale in the east. In 1727 the first church was built, near what is today the First Columbia County Courthouse.

Palatine German settlers in the region began to swell the congregation's ranks, and within four decades a new church was needed. Stephen van Rensselaer deeded the current parcel to the church in February 1767; by November of that year a local builder named Solomon Strong had completed the church and it was dedicated for use. Van Rensselaer family tradition holds that the bricks were imported from the Netherlands by Hendrick van Rensselaer; however this is unlikely as a kiln was at the time located less than a mile (1.6 km) away, and the bricks in the church match those of other local structures known to have been built of bricks baked at that kiln.

The original church was a much smaller building. It only consisted of the southernmost 30 feet (10 m) of the present structure without the projecting front pedimented gable or tower. A receipt in church records suggests there was a small wooden steeple and bell.

1768–1879: Growth and development

Within a decade of the new church's construction, the congregation got its most influential pastor. At the beginning of the Revolution, John Gabriel Gebhard had fled first New York City, then Kingston following the British burning of the city in October 1777. He took refuge in Claverack and became the church's pastor.

With the war still on, he initiated the founding and construction of Washington Seminary on the property to the south of the church in 1779. Later, it became known as Claverack College, educating Martin van Buren, Stephen Crane and Margaret Sanger before closing in 1902, by which time it was known as Hudson River Institute.

The year after the college was founded, the first change was made to the church when doors were put on the pews to help retain warmth from the foot stoves worshippers brought in the winter months. In 1810, the church installed a tin stove so that worshippers would no longer have to bring them. Six years later, in 1816, the church had begun to grow again and realized it needed more space. Expansions over the next decade added the present north section and wings onto the old church, with exits to the cemetery at the rear. Inside, the balconies, choir loft and iron columns were added, and the walls replastered. The pews were rearranged into their present layout. Finally, in 1828, the bell tower was added in memory of Gebhard, who had died the previous year after 50 years as pastor.

The parsonage was designed and built in 1844, the first significant building on the church property besides the church itself. Ten years after that, the church's interior was redone. The north end was extended again, the floor was lowered, and walls and floors refinished. The pews were rearranged again so that they all faced the north end, and the choir loft built there (a planned gallery at that end was dropped).

In the next decade, the church's musical needs were attended to. The first organ was installed in 1867, to be replaced by a pipe organ five years later. Seven years later, in 1879, the  bell, cast by the Meneely Bell Foundry in West Troy (now Watervliet), was installed. This is considered the last historically significant change to the church building.

1880–present: Balancing history and growth

The other two contributing buildings were added around the same time, at the turn of the next century. A garage was built for the parsonage, and a stone shed in the cemetery. Sometime in the new century, modern central heating was installed. After the closure of Claverack College in 1902, its bell was installed at the foot of the church's driveway. It is not considered a contributing resource.

Mid-20th century actions start with the installation of electric lights, designed to look like older oil lamps with glass chimneys, in 1930. A decade later, in 1940, the organ was reconditioned. The sanctuary was carpeted in 1955. An electric toggle switch to ring the bell was installed in 1958, and a new Allen electric organ complemented it the following year.

In 1967, the church erected another building on the property, the Christian Education Center. An architecturally sympathetic building just to the southeast of the main church, it is used for the church offices and many activities, such as Sunday school and meetings, typical of a fellowship hall. A new organ was dedicated in the church in April 2000. Since then there have been no other changes to the property.

The church today

The church's beliefs conform to the Apostles' Creed": "We believe in the trinity – God the Father, his Son Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit. The lessons on which we strive to live our lives are found in the Holy Scripture – the Bible, the final authority for our beliefs." It describes its purpose as "'to proclaim the Good News of God's Grace' and strive to increase the love of God in our midst and throughout the world." It has roughly 200 members, and is part of the Columbia-Greene Synod of the Reformed Church in America's Albany Classis. A monthly newsletter, The Fisherman, keeps congregants informed.

In addition to Sunday services and school, it offers Bible study for adults, confirmation classes and a youth group. It is a sponsoring church of Camp Fowler, a Christian summer camp in the southern Adirondacks, and hosts local meetings of community groups like the Boy and Girl Scouts as well as Alcoholics Anonymous.

Its handbell and vocal choirs perform in the community as well as at services. The church supports several prominent regional charities, including Habitat for Humanity, the Salvation Army and the AIDS Council of Northeastern New York. It has sponsored Reformed Church missionaries in Albania, Taiwan and Mississippi.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Columbia County, New York

References

External links
Church website

Reformed Church in America churches in New York (state)
Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Protestant Reformed cemeteries
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Religious organizations established in the 1710s
Reformed Church in America churches
Former Dutch Reformed churches in New York (state)
1716 establishments in the Province of New York
Churches completed in 1767
Claverack, New York
Churches in Columbia County, New York
Cemeteries in Columbia County, New York
1767 establishments in the Province of New York
18th-century churches in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Columbia County, New York

Reformed Dutch Church of Claverack


Bastian Clevé (born 1 January 1950, in Munich), is a German filmmaker and producer. He is Professor and Head of the Film Production-Department at the Film Academy Baden-Wuerttemberg in Ludwigsburg, Germany.

Biography
Clevé grew up in Hamburg. After a two-year stint as sound-assistant at the TV-studios in Munich he studied Visual Communication in Hamburg at the Hochschule für bildende Künste Hamburg (University of Fine Arts of Hamburg) where he continued filmmaking. In 1975/76 he was awarded a one-year scholarship by the German Academic Exchange Service DAAD to study at the San Francisco Art Institute. He was touring with his experimental short films throughout the continent. After a brief return to Germany he relocated to Los Angeles in 1979 where he worked as a freelance writer, director and producer.

In 1991 he returned to Germany to become Professor and Head of the Department for "Film Production and the Business of Entertainment" at the newly established Film Academy Baden-Wuerttemberg, in charge of the training program and the curriculum for motion-picture- and TV-producers. Clevé wrote and edited more than two dozens books on filmmaking and film production. He is married with a daughter.

Work
Clevé started personal filmmaking in 1969 with short-films progressing into feature-lengths works. He sustained his efforts by winning awards and by touring and lecturing extensively throughout the world. Upon moving to Los Angeles he focused on the commercial side of filmmaking by picking up the craft of producing. He continued both his artistic and commercial filmmaking later on throughout his professorship in Germany.

His first DVD entitled Journeys contains Schau ins Land, Nachtwache, Lichtblick, Die Reise, Empor, Nach Bluff and Fatehpur Sikri.

Filmography
The focus of Clevé's artistic filmmaking lies in the manipulation of real-live imagery using sophisticated in-camera-editing and optical printing.

Short films
1971	Pariser Traum / Rève Parisien
1974	Götterdämmerung
1975	Schau ins Land
 Seelig
 Nachtwache
Lichtblick
1977	Über den Flammenbaum
Die Reise
Empor
Nach Bluff
1978	Amerika: Neben anderem: Rodeo
 Szenische Übersicht
 Parade für die Unabhängigkeit
 Am Wegerand
1979	Tollhaus
1980	Raga
 Oscar
 Sehen ist Glauben
 Labyrinth
 Fatehpur Sikri
 East I
 East II
 Transit
1981	Puzzles
 Zenith
 Tollhaus II
1982	Der mystische Augenblick
 Kaskaden
 Echo
1983	Pool
 Motion Picture
 Descanso
 Winterlandschaft
1986	Kyrie

Feature-length films
1978	San Francisco Zephyr
 Der Deutschlandfahrer
1980	Exit Sunset Boulevard
1981	Holi
1983	Der Sheriff aus Altona
1986	Das blinde Glück
1988	Die Reise aus dem 23.Jahrhundert
1992	Winterreise im Jahre 1
2001	So weit die Füße tragen (a.k.a. As Far as My Feet Will Carry Me)
2005	Klang der Ewigkeit (a.k.a. Sound of Eternity)

Commercial filmmaking
Clevé's commercial filmmaking as a writer/director/producer has been for TV and as producer/production-manager/line-producer for German and American third party projects (Bagdad Café''') or other contracted work. He has worked and produced throughout the world.Lumigraph	Oskar Fischinger – Life and WorkDie Familie Oppermann			Melodie einer Stadt: CaracasMelodie einer Stadt: BogotaMelodie einer Stadt: Saõ Paulo	Melodie einer Stadt: Vancouver Melodie einer Stadt: Quebec City	Die experimentellen Filme des Bastian ClevéMelodie einer Stadt: Buenos AiresMelodie einer Stadt: Rio de JaneiroMelodie einer Stadt: Mexiko	Out of Rosenheim (a.k.a. Bagdad Café)
Nightchildren
Die verklärte Nacht

Honors and awards (selection)
Lichtblick				BMI-Award 1976
Empor				German Film Award 1978
Am Wegerand			German Film Award 1979
San Francisco Zephyr	 	French Film-Critic's Award, Hyères Filmfestival 78
Der Deutschlandfahrer		BMI-Shortfilm-Award   1978
Exit Sunset Boulevard		BMI-Screenplay-Award 1978
Das blinde Glück			BMI-Screenplay-Award 1985
Sound of Eternity			HD Fest DEFFY-Award 2006

Books (selection)
1989	The Art of Personal Filmmaking
1994	Film Production Management
 Interview: Philipp Glass
1997	1.Akademiekreis Production Value
 Development/Stoffentwicklung
 Cashing In – Chancen und Risisken privater Filmfinanzierungsfonds
 Wege zum Geld
 Drehen in Deutschland – Shooting in Germany
1998	Investoren im Visier
 Von der Idee zum Film
1999	Film Production  Management
2005	Gib niemals auf – Filmökonomie in der Praxis

References

External links

Study programs at Filmakademie
Soweit die Füsse tragen
Klang der Ewigkeit
DAAD Alumni
Interview

Film directors from Munich
Living people
1950 births
University of Fine Arts of Hamburg alumni

Bastian Clevé


The Illusionist  is a 1983 novel written by English author Anita Mason. The novel follows the story of Simon Magus, mentioned in Acts of the Apostles (8:9-24) as a magician, set in the first years of the Christian Church. It follows Magus' quest for power through magic, and contrasts that the power struggles between the apostles Paul, Peter and James who each have a different vision of what Jesus had stood for, and wish their perspective to dominate the Christian church.

Plot
The novel is set in the Holy Land some years after the death of Christ. Its principal character is Simon Magus, a magician forced to live on his wits who travels from town to town, accompanied by his slave-boy Demetrius. In one town he encounters a sect whose members have the ability to heal, but whose philosophy infuriates him. Intrigued by the sect, he accepts baptism but, after a dispute with their leader, Kepha (Saint Peter), he finds he can no longer work his magic. He abandons Demetrius, and lives as a beggar. After befriending a prostitute named Helen, he develops a dualist philosophy based upon sex and transgression of the law. He begins his performances of magic again, and eventually travels to Rome, where he is obliged to perform before Nero in competition with Kepha.

Reception

Awards
Nominated for the Man Booker Prize for Best Novel in 1983.

Reviews
The Kirkus review says the plot is not gripping, but "the characters do embody some of the diverse spiritual currents of the era in a clear and lively fashion"

References

External links
 FantasticFiction.com: The Illusionist

1983 novels
Christian novels
novels set in the 1st century
novels based on the Bible

The Illusionist (Mason novel)


Ring 2, or Ringvejen, is the outermost ring road surrounding the city of Aarhus in Denmark.

Geography
Ring 2 bounds the outer neighborhoods of the central urban area. It is part of the Danish national road network and is numbered O2, the letter 'O' denoting it is a ring road. The total length of the road is about 14.5 km.

Ring 2 is composed of 6 stretches of road, from Ringvej Syd in the South in Viby to Vejlby Ringvej in the North in Vejlby and Risskov.  Ringvej Syd, the southernmost section of the ring road, is connected to the rest of Ring 2 via a small 1.4 km stretch of Skanderborgvej. Other than the small connecting stretch, the long intercity motorway of Skanderborgvej is not a part of Ring 2.

History
Ideas and plans for construction of another ring road around Aarhus began in the 1930s, before the first ring road of Ring 1 was even finished. Construction of Ring 2 commenced in the 1950s but was then put on hold for decades, due to uncertainty of other nearby traffic projects, until it was finally finished in 1987.

As in many other cities of Denmark, the residential areas around Ring 2 in Aarhus, has been under urban renewal since the beginning of the new millennium.

See also
 Ring 1 (Aarhus)

References

External links

Ring roads in Denmark
Transport in Aarhus
Infrastructure in Aarhus

Ring 2 (Aarhus)


The USRA standard locomotives and railroad cars were designed by the United States Railroad Administration, the nationalized rail system of the United States during World War I.  1,870 steam locomotives and over 100,000 railroad cars were built to these designs during the USRA's tenure. The locomotive designs in particular were the nearest the American railroads and locomotive builders ever got to standard locomotive types, and after the USRA was dissolved in 1920 many of the designs were duplicated in number, 3,251 copies being constructed overall.  The last steam locomotive built for a Class I railroad in the United States, an 0-8-0 built by the Norfolk and Western Railway in 1953, was a USRA design.  A total of 97 railroads used USRA or USRA-derived locomotives.

Steam locomotive types
The USRA developed designs for 0-6-0 and 0-8-0 switcher locomotives, 2-6-6-2 and 2-8-8-2 Mallet locomotives, and both light and heavy versions of the 2-8-2, 2-10-2, 4-6-2, and 4-8-2 types.  The light versions were designed with an axle load of 54,000 lb (24,500 kg) permitting usage on the vast majority of railroads, while the heavy versions were designed to a maximum axle load of 60,000 lb (27,200 kg) for lines with more heavily constructed track.

The U.S.R.A. also distributed 2-10-0 Decapods of Russian design to railroads under its control.

USRA 0-6-0
255 of the USRA 0-6-0 design were built, as well as a great many copies.

USRA 0-8-0
175 of the USRA 0-8-0 design were built, and it was copied extensively thereafter.

USRA Light 2-8-2 "Mikado"
614 of the USRA Light Mikado type were constructed, making it the most populous USRA type.

USRA Heavy 2-8-2 "Mikado"
233 of the USRA Heavy Mikados were built.

USRA Light 2-10-2 "Santa Fe"
94 USRA Light Santa Fe locomotives were constructed.

USRA Heavy 2-10-2 "Santa Fe"
175 USRA Heavy Santa Fe locomotives were built.

USRA Light 4-6-2 "Pacific"
106 USRA Light Pacifics were constructed.

USRA Heavy 4-6-2 "Pacific"
20 USRA Heavy Pacifics were built.

USRA Light 4-8-2 "Mountain"
47 of the USRA Light Mountain type were built.

USRA Heavy 4-8-2 "Mountain"
15 USRA Heavy Mountains were constructed.

2-6-6-2
30 of the USRA 2-6-6-2 type were built.

2-8-8-2
106 of the USRA 2-8-8-2 locomotives were constructed.  The Norfolk and Western Railway, in particular, continued building this type after the USRA period, developing and modernising it over time, as its Class Y.  A N&W Y6B was the last conventional freight-hauling steam locomotive built in the United States.

Freight cars
As part of the USRA, two common boxcar designs were developed:  a single sheathed car and a double sheathed car.  When the USRA boxcars were being designed there wasn't an industry consensus on which was better, so both were built.  Freight car design was still in flux in the early part of the 20th century.  As John White points out in The American Freight Car, most cars were really composites, not completely wood or steel, and even after steel cars had become the norm, wood had its uses and advantages.  Still, steel underframes had come to replace wood underframes, but as metallurgy improved, there were new designs developed that took advantage of the improved technology.  USRA double sheathed boxcars had a fishbelly underframe while the USRA single sheathed cars did not.
In general, double sheathed boxcars are like girder bridges, so all the support needs to come from the frame.  Those cars need a stronger frame, hence the fishbelly underframe.   Single sheathed cars are like truss bridges, with the metal side bracing acting as the main structural support for the "bridge."  While some engineers did not trust the steel bracing to support a single sheathed car and ordered fishbelly frames for strength, others valued the savings in weight and ordered cars with simpler frames like the USRA SS design.

References

Rolling stock of the United States

USRA standard


The Regional Arts & Culture Council (RACC) is an organization that administers arts grants in Multnomah, Washington, and Clackamas Counties that also do advocacy in the Portland metropolitan area in Oregon, United States. It evolved from the city's Metropolitan Arts Commission agency in the 1990s. In 1995, the Metropolitan Arts Commission became the RACC as an independent non-profit organization.

Mission and beneficiaries
The mission of the organization is to integrate arts and culture in all aspects of community life through vision, leadership and service. RACC is funded by the City of Portland, Multnomah, Clackamas, Washington counties, Metro, the Oregon Arts Commission, and several private donors. It provides programs and offers grants to artists and arts organizations throughout the region. RACC also manages the 1.33-percent-for-art program for Multnomah County, and the 2%-for-art program for the City of Portland. The City of Portland paid $228,000 for the Portlandia, statue in 1985 which was installed atop the Portland Building.

RACC funds a variety of not-for-profit, publicly accessible arts activities in the region. From the five "majors" (Oregon Ballet Theatre, Oregon Symphony, Portland Art Museum, Portland Center Stage, and Portland Opera) to smaller and emerging groups like Oregon Children's Theatre, Literary Arts, Portland Institute for Contemporary Art (PICA), PlayWrite, and Write Around Portland, RACC funding provides approximately 1 to 5% of most local arts organizations' total budgets. RACC also funds a number of individual artists each year.

RACC provides resources for artists through its website and several newsletters (both printed and electronic). RACC provides several technical assistance programs, including workshops for artists, and convenes public forums and other meetings to discuss important arts and culture issues in the community. In 2004, RACC launched a workplace giving program for arts and culture called Work for Art to raise additional funds for local arts organizations.  The agency launched a public-private initiative as a gap filler for schools lacking art teachers called The Right Brain Initiative at an expense to the district of $15 per child.

Budget and funding
The organization receives funding from the city budget, but unlike a city bureau, it is governed by its own private governing board. In 2018, Portland Mayor Ted Wheeler and then commissioner Nick Fish asked the city auditor's office to investigate if RACC was meeting its contractual obligations with the city. The city's senior management auditor Jenny Scott reported "The city has no clear goals for arts and culture." Scott described the situation as "there's little oversight at the city of how RACC spends its money."

Operations
The executive director of RACC is A. Madison Cario. Former executive directors have included Eloise Damrosch, Bill Bulick, Mike Pippi, and David Hudson. RACC is managed by a board of directors of approximately 25 persons, with a staff of approximately 40.

In 2020, RACC laid off 15 staff to better address the goal and streamline the organization. The administration of Right Brain Initiative was moved to Young Audiences of Oregon and Southwest Washington during this change.

References

External links
 RACC.org
 Oregon Arts Commission
 Oregon Arts Watch

 *

1995 establishments in Oregon
Arts councils of the United States
Arts organizations established in 1995
Culture of Portland, Oregon
Organizations based in Portland, Oregon

Regional Arts & Culture Council


Pharmacotherapy, also known as pharmacological therapy or drug therapy, is defined as medical treatment that utilizes one or more pharmaceutical drugs to improve on-going symptoms (symptomatic relief), treat the underlying condition, or act as a prevention for other diseases (prophylaxis).

It can be distinguished from therapy using surgery (surgical therapy), radiation (radiation therapy), movement (physical therapy), or other modes. Among physicians, sometimes the term medical therapy refers specifically to pharmacotherapy as opposed to surgical or other therapy; for example, in oncology, medical oncology is thus distinguished from surgical oncology.

Today's pharmacological therapy has evolved from a long history of medication use, and it has changed most rapidly in the last century due to advancements in drug discovery. The therapy is administered and adjusted by healthcare professionals according to the evidence-based guidelines and the patient's health condition. Personalized medicine also plays a crucial role in pharmacological therapy. Personalized medicine, or precision medicine, takes account of the patient's genetic variation, liver function, kidney function, etc, to provide a tailor-made treatment for a patient. In pharmacological therapy, pharmacists will also consider medication compliance. Medication compliance, or medication adherence, is defined as the degree to which the patient follows the therapy that is recommended by the healthcare professionals.

History

From natural compounds to pharmaceutical drugs
The use of medicinal substances can be traced back to 4000 BC in the Sumer civilization. Healers at the time (called apothecaries), for example, understood the application of opium for pain relief. The history of natural remedies can also be found in other cultures, including traditional Chinese medicine in China and Ayurvedic medicine in India, which are still in use nowadays. Dioscorides, a 1st -century Greek surgeon, described more than six hundred animals, plants, and their derivatives in his medical botany, which remained the most influential pharmacopeia for fourteen hundred years. Besides substances derived from living organisms, metals, including copper, mercury, and antimony, were also used as medical therapies. They were said to cure various diseases during the late Renaissance. In 1657, tartar emetic, which is an antimony compound, was credited with curing Louis XIV of typhoid fever. The drug was also administered intravenously for the treatment of schistosomiasis in the 20th century. However, due to the concern over acute and chronic antimony poisoning, the role of tartar emetic as an antischistosomal agent was gradually replaced after the advent of praziquantel.

Other than using natural products, humans also learned to compound medicine by themselves. The first pharmaceutical text was found on clay tablets from the Mesopotamians, who lived around 2100 BC. Later in the 2nd century AD, compounding was formally introduced by Galen as "a process of mixing two or more medicines to meet the individual needs of a patient". Initially, compounding was only done by individual pharmacists, but in the post-World War II period, pharmaceutical manufacturers surged in number and took over the role of making medicine. Meanwhile, there was a marked increase in pharmaceutical research, which led to a growing number of new drugs. Most drug discovery milestones were made in the last hundred years, from antibiotics to biologics, contributing to the foundation of current pharmacological therapy.

Drug discovery

Most drugs were discovered by empirical means, including observation, accident, and trial and error. One famous example is the discovery of penicillin, the first antibiotic in the world. The substance was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928 after a combination of unanticipated events occurred in his laboratory during his summer vacation. The Penicillium mold on the petri dish was believed to secrete a substance (later named "penicillin") that inhibited bacterial growth. Large pharmaceutical companies then started to establish their microbiological departments and search for new antibiotics. The screening program for antimicrobial compounds also led to the discovery of drugs with other pharmacological properties, such as immunosuppressants like Cyclosporin A.The discovery of penicillin was a serendipitous (i.e. chance) discovery. Another, more advanced approach to drug discovery is rational drug design. The method is underpinned by an understanding of the biological targets of the drugs, including enzymes, receptors, and other proteins. In the late 19th century, Paul Ehrlich observed the selective affinity of dyes for different tissues and proposed the existence of chemoreceptors in our bodies. Receptors were believed to be the specific binding sites for drugs. The drug-receptor recognition was described as a key-and-lock interplay by Emil Fischer in the early 1890s. It was later found that the receptors can either be stimulated or inhibited by chemotherapeutic agents to attain the desired physiological response. Once the ligand interacting with the target macromolecule is identified, drug candidates can be designed and optimized based on the structure-activity relationship. Nowadays, artificial intelligence is employed in drug design to predict drug-protein interactions, drug activity, the 3D configuration of proteins, etc.

Evidence-based medicine
Evidence-based medicine is defined as deploying the best current scientific evidence that is available to give the best treatment and make the best decision effectively and efficiently. Clinical guidelines are developed based on scientific evidence; for example, the ACC/AHA guidelines (for cardiovascular diseases), the GOLD guidelines (for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), the GINA guidelines (for asthma), etc. They convert and classify the evidence using a systematic method, aiming to provide care with quality. The guidelines cannot substitute clinical judgment, as they cannot meet all the circumstances. Healthcare professionals can use the clinical guidelines as references or evidence to support their clinical judgement when prescribing therapy to patients.

Example: Clinical Guideline for controlling blood pressure (hypertension)

If there is an Asian male patient who is 40 years old and has recently been diagnosed with high blood pressure (with a blood pressure of 140/90) and without any other chronic diseases (comorbidities), such as type-2 diabetes, gout, benign prostatic hyperplasia, etc. His estimated 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease is 15%.

According to the NICE 2019 Hypertension guideline, the healthcare professional can consider starting anti-hypertensive therapy after a discussion with the patient. The first-line therapy will be either an Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor (ACEi) or an Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) (if the patient cannot tolerate ACEi). If the blood pressure of the patient is not well controlled, the healthcare professionals can consider adding a calcium channel blocker (CCB) or a Thiazide-like diuretic to the previous therapy, i,e, ACEi or ARBs with a CCB or a thiazide-like diuretic.

Personalized medicine

Every patient has their own body condition, for example, kidney function, liver function, genetic variations, medical history, etc. These are all the factors that should be considered by healthcare professionals before giving any pharmacological therapy. Most importantly, the advancing technology in genetics guides us to have more insight into the linkage between health and genes. In pharmacological therapy, two areas of study are evolving: pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics. Age will affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs, and hence the efficacy of the therapy. The effect of age causes deterioration of organ function, like liver function and kidney function. Pharmacokinetics is the study of drugs' effects on absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. Pharmacodynamics is the study of drugs' effects on our body and their mechanisms.

Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics
Pharmacogenetics is defined as the study of inherited genes causing different drug metabolisms that vary from each other, such as the rate of metabolism and metabolites. Pharmacogenomics is defined as the study of associating the drug response with one's gene. Both terms are similar in nature, so they are used interchangeably.

Multiple alleles can contribute together to a change in response to a drug by expressing a different form of an enzyme that responds differently than the normal ones. The different forms of enzymes (phenotypes) include ultra-rapid metabolizers, moderate metabolizers, no-enzyme activity, etc. The genetic variations can also be used to match the particular adverse drug reaction in order to prevent the patient from suffering the unfavorable outcomes. The genetic make-up can affect the pharmacokinetics.

Example: Azathioprine Therapy
Azathioprine is an immunomodulator for inflammatory bowel disease, for instance. Its metabolite relies on two different enzymes (TPMT and NUDT15) to eliminate its effect on our body during its metabolism. If the patient has the phenotype of the enzymes that metabolize it poorly, i.e., the poor metabolizer, more toxic metabolites are accumulated in the body. Thus, the patient has a greater risk of the related side-effect. The side effect causes the adjustment of dosage or switching to another drug.

Example: Omalizumab Therapy
Omalizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody for the treatment of various allergic diseases, including asthma, urticaria, and allergic rhinitis. It targets the immunoglobulin E (IgE) in human body, which plays an important role in allergic reactions. The efficacy of omalizumab may vary among patients. To identify responders to omalizumab, the level of several biomarkers can be measured, including serum eosinophils, fractional exhaled nitric oxide, and serum IgE. For instance, patients with higher baseline eosinophil counts are likely to respond better to omalizumab therapy.

Medication compliance
Medication compliance is defined as the degree to which the patient follows the therapy that is recommended by healthcare professionals. There are  direct and indirect methods to evaluate compliance. Direct method refers to the measurement that the healthcare professionals observed  or measure the patient's drug-taking behavior. Indirect method refers to the healthcare professionals do not observe or measure the drug-taking behavior of the patient but use the other source of information to evaluate the compliance.

The direct method includes measurement of drug (or the corresponding metabolite) concentration, while the indirect method includes pill counting and the self-report from the patient. The direct method is more time-consuming, more expensive, more invasive, but it is more accurate. The indirect method has a lower accuracy but is easier to administer to the patient. If the patient fails to comply with treatment, for example, by not taking the medication according to the instructions, it leads to risk and a poor treatment outcome.

Example: Tuberculosis treatment
For tuberculosis patients, directly observed therapy is still part of the treatment. This is to increase medication compliance. This is to prevent treatment failure, relapse, and transmission in the community. Apart from the traditional direct observed therapy (DOT), there is another method proposed to try increasing medication compliance. Video-observed therapy (VOT) is one of the methods. It has some advantages and disadvantages. It reduces the cost of healthcare and the travel costs for the patient. The downside of the intervention is the need for quality control training as it would be hard to confirm the patient's adherence.

Role of Pharmacists
Pharmacists are experts in pharmacotherapy and are responsible for ensuring the safe, appropriate, and economical use of pharmaceutical drugs. The skills required to function as a pharmacist require knowledge, training and experience in biomedical, pharmaceutical and clinical sciences. Pharmacology is the science that aims to continually improve pharmacotherapy. The pharmaceutical industry and academia use basic science, applied science, and translational science to create new pharmaceutical drugs.

As pharmacotherapy specialists and pharmacists have responsibility for direct patient care, often functioning as a member of a multidisciplinary team, and acting as the primary source of drug-related information for other healthcare professionals. A pharmacotherapy specialist is an individual who is specialized in administering and prescribing medication, and requires extensive academic knowledge in pharmacotherapy.

In the US, a pharmacist can gain Board Certification in the area of pharmacotherapy upon fulfilling eligibility requirements and passing a certification examination. While pharmacists provide valuable information about medications for patients and healthcare professionals, they are not typically considered covered pharmacotherapy providers by insurance companies.

See also

ATC codes Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
Chemotherapy
Classification of Pharmaco-Therapeutic Referrals CPR∫
Family medicine
General practice
Health care
 History of pharmacy
ICD-10 International Classification of Diseases
ICPC-2 PLUS
International Classification of Primary Care ICPC-2
List of pharmaceutical companies
Neuromodulation
Pharmaceutical care
Pharmaceutical drug
Pharmacist
Primary care
Referral (medicine)
Therapy

References

Clinical pharmacology

Pharmacotherapy


Relations between the Catholic Church and Islam deals with the current attitude of the Catholic Church towards Islam, as well as the attitude of Islam towards the Catholic Church and Catholics, and notable changes in the relationship since the 20th century.

In the 7th century text Concerning Heresy, Saint John of Damascus named Islam as Christological heresy, referring to it as the "heresy of the Ishmaelites" (see medieval Christian views on Muhammad). The position remained popular in Christian circles well into the 20th century, with Hilaire Belloc terming it "the great and enduring heresy of Mohammed."

Medieval

Due to geographical proximity, most of the early Christian critiques of Islam were associated with Eastern Christians. The Koran was not translated from Arabic into the Latin language until the 12th century, when the English Catholic priest Robert of Ketton made the Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete translation (Robert was active in the Diocese of Pamplona, not far removed from the Arabic-speakers in the Iberian Peninsula). This translation was made at the behest of Peter the Venerable, while he was at the Benedictine Cluny Abbey in France, as part of a project to refute its teachings and aid in the conversion of Muslims to Catholic Christianity. The text describes Muhammed as a precursor to the Antichrist and the successor of Arius, a famous Christian heretic. This remained the standard document in the Catholic West until a more complete translation and critique was completed by Fr. Ludovico Maracci in 1698. Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa in the interim authored Cribatio Alcorani (Critical Study of the Koran) during the 1460s under the reign of Pope Pius II, at a time when tensions with the Ottoman Empire were heightened and Pope Pius II wrote Mehmed II a letter, attempting to convince him to convert to the Catholic faith.

Second Vatican Council

The question of Islam was not on the agenda when Nostra aetate was first drafted, or at the opening of the Second Vatican Council. The document was originally intended to be just about Rabbinic Judaism but as the Council was underway become a statement on Non-Christian religions. Due to the ongoing Arab–Israeli conflict, the document garnered the political attention of several Arab, majority Muslim countries such as Egypt, Lebanon, Syria and Iraq. The Arab lobby, led by Egypt, often acted in concert with Eastern Catholics and conservative Latin Church Catholics who wanted the document to be pulled from the council, accusing it of being part of a Zionist conspiracy. Their opponents included the American Jewish lobby, including the American Jewish Committee, B'nai B'rith and the World Jewish Congress, who had the collaboration of most American Cardinals and liberal Latin Church Catholics. By the time of the Second Session of the Council in 1963 reservations began to be raised by bishops of the Middle East about the inclusion of the Jewish issue question. The position was taken that either the question will not be raised at all, or if it were raised, some mention of the Muslims should be made. Melkite patriarch Maximos IV was among those pushing for this latter position.

Early in 1964 Cardinal Bea notified Cardinal Cicognani, President of the Council's Coordinating Commission, that the Council fathers wanted the Council to say something about the monotheistic religions, and in particular about Islam. The subject, however, was deemed to be outside the competence of Bea's Secretariat for the Promotion of Christian Unity. Bea expressed willingness to "select some competent people and with them to draw up a draft" to be presented to the Coordinating Commission. At a meeting of the Coordinating Commission on 16–17 April Cicognani acknowledged that it would be necessary to speak of the Muslims.

The period between the first and second sessions saw the change of pontiff from Pope John XXIII to Pope Paul VI, who had been a member of the circle (the Badaliya) of the Islamologist Louis Massignon. Pope Paul VI chose to follow the path recommended by Maximos IV and he therefore established commissions to introduce what would become paragraphs on the Muslims in two different documents, one of them being Nostra aetate, paragraph three, the other being Lumen gentium, paragraph 16: both statements are very similar and overlap.

The text of the final draft bore traces of Massignon's influence. The reference to Mary, for example, resulted from the intervention of Monsignor Descuffi, the Latin archbishop of Smyrna with whom Massignon collaborated in reviving the cult of Mary at Smyrna. The commendation of Muslim prayer may reflect the influence of the Badaliya. In Lumen gentium, the Second Vatican Council declares that the plan of salvation also includes Muslims, due to their professed monotheism.

See also
 List of converts to Catholicism from Islam
 Catholic Church in the Middle East
 Catholic Church and Judaism
 Christianity and Judaism

References

External links
 https://www.thecatholicthing.org/2016/11/01/is-there-an-official-catholic-position-on-islam/
 http://www.ncregister.com/blog/guest-blogger/i-grew-up-as-a-muslimbut-then-rome-called#.WdIqjGi0NPb

Catholicism and Islam
Christianity and Islam
History of the Catholic Church
History of Islam

Catholic Church and Islam


Stane Kavčič (30 October 1919 – 27 March 1987) was a Slovenian communist politician within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

He joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia in 1941 and participated in the Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation. Within the Socialist Republic of Slovenia, he was vice president of the presidium of the People's Assembly (1949–1950), vice president (1951–1956) and president (1967–1972) of the executive council, the latter post being the equivalent of prime minister. Economic reform had been initiated in 1965, and while in office, he continued liberal policies of regional development, expansion of the tertiary sector of the economy, an increase in exports and openness toward the West. Scandals that marked his administration included the 1968 Ciril Žebot scandal, the 1969 Road Scandal and the 1971 scandal of the 25 delegates. In autumn 1971, party conservatives began organizing a purge of liberals from Slovenia's institutions. Kavčič was forced to resign the following year and was excluded from public life until his death in Ljubljana.

Notes

1919 births
1987 deaths
Slovenian people of World War II
Yugoslav Partisans members
League of Communists of Slovenia politicians
Presidents of the Executive Council of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia
Yugoslav communists
Members of the Presidency of the 9th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Members of the Central Committee of the 6th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Members of the Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Members of the Central Committee of the 8th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia

Stane Kavčič


Frisby Henderson McCullough (March 8, 1828 – August 8, 1862) was a Confederate States Army soldier in the American Civil War, executed on the orders of Union Colonel (later General) John McNeil after the Battle of Kirksville.

Early years
Born in New Castle County, Delaware, to James and Delia (Pennington) McCullough, he moved with his parents to Marion County, Missouri at the age of 12. McCullough went to California during the 1849 Gold Rush and remained there for 5 years. On November 26, 1856, he married Eloise Randolph in Marion County. They became the parents of three children, including a son who went on to practice law in Edina, Missouri.

Military career
At the outbreak of the war, McCullough joined the Confederate forces under General Thomas Green. He took part in the Battle of Lexington, before being sent by General Sterling Price to recruit in northeastern Missouri with Joseph C. Porter in the spring of 1862.

During the guerrilla campaign in Northeast Missouri in the summer of 1862, McCullough sought unsuccessfully to persuade Colonel Porter to restrict himself to recruiting and not engage the Union forces. According to one of his men, Joseph Mudd (see references), this was because McCullough feared the retaliation Federal forces would inflict upon civilian Southern sympathizers. The observation may accurately reflect McCullough's character, which is universally praised, but it is colored by the author's Confederate perspective. Prior to the engagement at Kirksville, McCullough again urged Porter to decline battle and send his raw recruits to Arkansas for training and equipping behind Confederate lines. Porter refused and McCullough proposed that Porter at least wait in the cornfields outside of town, instead of fighting in the village itself. Again, his advice was ignored.

Capture and execution
After Porter's disastrous defeat at Kirksville, McCullough became ill. Declining Porter's offer of escort, he rode alone towards Edina to recover and continue recruiting. He was discovered by Federal troops and surrendered.

McCullough requested to be sent to Palmyra, rather than to Kirksville, possibly because he had already heard of the executions of prisoners there, but the request was denied. Although he had been treated well in Edina, according to eyewitnesses he was paraded up and down the streets of Kirksville to jeering crowds. He was accused of lacking a military commission, of fighting on his own authority — that is, of being a bushwhacker— and of persuading parolees to return to Confederate service.

A drumhead court-martial was convened on Friday, August 8, by Lt. Col. W.F. Schaffer of Merrill's Horse. McCullough stated that he had been elected second in command of the regiment of Colonel Cyrus Franklin, but had not yet received his commission. He had also previously held the rank of lieutenant colonel in the Missouri State Guard, but that commission had long since expired. McCullough was found guilty and sentenced to be shot. The officer who read the death sentence did so with tears.

McCullough made two requests before his execution: that he be allowed to write a letter to his wife, and for permission to give the firing squad orders to fire.  Both were granted.  After being taken west of Kirksville to be executed, he gave the order to the firing squad "What I have done, I have done as a principle of right. Aim at the heart. Fire!"  Of the first volley, only one shot hit McCullough, and he survived.  He requested for his leg, which had been pinned under him, to be straightened, and was then executed via pistol shots.  McCullough's final words were "May God forgive you this cold-blooded murder."

Union Colonel McNeil wrote: "Col. McCullough was tried […] under order No. 2 of General Halleck and Nos. 8 and 18, of General Schofield. He had no commission except a printed paper authorizing 'the bearer' to recruit for the Confederate Army. He was found guilty of bushwhacking, or of being a guerilla. He was a brave fellow, and a splendid specimen of manhood. I would have gladly spared him had my duty permitted. As it was, he suffered the fate that would have fallen to you or to me if we had been found recruiting inside the Confederate lines. He met a soldier's death, as became a soldier."

The intensely pro-Union Palmyra Courier was restrained in its criticism of McCullough: "We have known him personally since he was a boy. He was ever, as a citizen, a high-toned gentleman – really a noble specimen of a man. Brave as a lion, no danger could intimidate him. We doubt whether the rebel ranks contain a more honorable man than he was. Yet his judgment led him to commit the fatal error of taking up arms against his country. He has been one of the most active and vigilant rebels in the Northeast Missouri [sic]. Honorable as he was, however, as a gentleman, he justly merited the fate he received, as a rebel, in unlawful and barbarous warfare against the authorities of the land. Had he engaged in the service of his country with the zeal he evinced against it, he would doubtless have risen to a high position of honor and renown."
He was interred at the Ashbury Methodist Church South of Steffenville Mo.  The church is no longer there but the cemetery still exists today.

Evaluation
While there may have been some technicalities as to McCullough's commission, he was in fact wearing a Confederate officer's uniform when captured and was acting under orders from General Price. Reaction to his execution was generally negative. It was viewed by many as neither necessary nor just, and may have done more to galvanize pro-Southern sympathies than to discourage activities of the type McCullough was charged with.

References

Attribution

External links
Frisby McCullough, Missouri bushwhacker, ExecutedToday.com

1828 births
1862 deaths
American guerrillas killed in action
Bushwhackers
People from New Castle County, Delaware
Confederate States Army officers
Confederates executed by the United States military
Confederate States Army personnel who were court-martialed
Confederate States of America military personnel killed in the American Civil War
Deaths by firearm in Missouri
Executed people from Delaware
People of Missouri in the American Civil War
People from Marion County, Missouri
People executed by the United States military by firing squad

Frisby McCullough


Julio Jiménez Rueda (April 10, 1896 – June 25, 1960) was a Mexican lawyer, writer, playwright and diplomat.

Biography
Jiménez Rueda studied at the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria, and graduated in law at the Universidad Nacional de México (later UNAM) in 1919. Later on, he was appointed as the director of the Escuela Nacional de Arte Teatral of UNAM. He completed a doctoral degree of philosophy and literature in 1935. As a diplomat, he served in Montevideo in 1920, and afterwards in Buenos Aires until 1922. Back in Mexico he was the director of the General Archive of the Nation, and later president of the Centro Mexicano de Escritores. In 1923 he promoted the creation of the Municipal Theater, fostered the creation of the Unión de Autores Dramáticos (Dramatic Writers' Union), and participated in the Teatro Ulises movement. He became a corresponding member of the Academia Mexicana de la Lengua on August 7, 1935, and of the Academia Mexicana de la Historia in 1954. He directed the Faculty of Philosophy and Literature of the UNAM, where he taught Spanish literature for many years. He also was co-founder of the Instituto Internacional de Literatura Iberoamericana (IILI).

Works
 Cuentos y diálogos, 1918
 Sor Adoración del Divino Verbo, 1923
 Lo que ella no pudo prever, 1923
 Moisn. Historia de judaizantes e inquisidores, 1924
 La silueta de humo, 1928
 Resúmenes de literatura mexicana (essay), 1928
 Juan Ruiz de Alarcón (essay), 1934
 La desventura del Conde Kadski, 1935
 Vidas reales que parecen imaginarias
 Don Pedro Moya de Contreras, primer inquisidor de México (essay), 1944
 Herejías y supersticiones de la Nueva España (essay),1946
 Novelas coloniales, 1947
 El humanismo, el barroco y la contrarreforma en el México virreinal, 1951
 El doctor Francisco Castillo Nájera, 1954
 Historia de la cultura en México, el mundo prehispánico, 1957
 Literatura mexicana del siglo XIX

External links

References

20th-century Mexican male writers
Mexican diplomats
Mexican dramatists and playwrights
National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni
Academic staff of the National Autonomous University of Mexico
1896 births
1960 deaths
20th-century Mexican dramatists and playwrights

Julio Jiménez Rueda


Douglas James Smith (29 May 1873 – 16 August 1949) was an English first-class cricketer and umpire. He played for Somerset and Worcestershire, as well as appearing for Glamorgan, not at the time a first-class county, in the Minor Counties Championship. He also umpired one Test match.

Born in Batley, Yorkshire, Smith made his debut in May 1896, for Somerset against Gloucestershire at Bristol, but made only 8 and 0. He then had a relatively good period, his next three games (six innings) yielding 175 runs and including his only two half-centuries: 62 against Middlesex at Lord's and 54 against Sussex at Hove. His form then fell away and 12 further innings that year produced only 164 more runs. The 1896 season also saw his only bowling in first-class cricket, though he took no wickets. Smith played seven games in the middle of the 1897 season, and two more the following summer, but enjoyed no success at all, recording just 97 runs in 17 innings.

His next first-class game was not until 1901, when he turned out for Worcestershire against Hampshire at Worcester, making 3 and 10. He played a handful more games for the county over the next few years, but did nothing of note other than to make his only first-class stumping. This came in his very last first-class game, against Lancashire in 1904, when in the absence of Worcestershire's usual keeper (George Gaukrodger) he played behind the stumps and accounted for Lancashire's own keeper, William Findlay.

Smith played on for Glamorgan at minor-county level for a number of years, making 69 against Dorset in 1907. Three years later he once more filled in as wicket-keeper, playing against Worcestershire in a friendly match, and stumped Arthur Conway. (This match was, however, more memorable for Worcestershire slow left-armer's John Cuffe's extraordinary first-innings figures of 9–5.)

He stood as an umpire six times in first-class cricket, including replacing Alfred Atfield for the fifth Test between South Africa and England at St George's Park, Port Elizabeth in 1913–14. His other games as umpire were three in the Currie Cup in 1908–09, one on Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC)'s tour in 1909–10 and one final Currie Cup match as late as 1925–26, when he was 52 years old.

Smith died in South Africa, in Grahamstown, Cape Province at the age of 76.

Two of his relatives played first-class cricket. His brother William also played for Somerset in the 1890s, while his father John had played for Lancashire and Yorkshire  in the 1860s.

External links

1873 births
1949 deaths
English cricketers
Somerset cricketers
Worcestershire cricketers
English Test cricket umpires
Cricketers from Batley
Glamorgan cricketers

Douglas James Smith


Sascha Panknin (born March 19, 1967) is a German musician, songwriter and record producer, and a founding member and bassist of the band disjam.

His 5000 Records label has released artists such as TGFA, Deja-Move, Superpulse, James Newton Adams and the compilation series Brazil 5000.

He has also played on German chart-topper albums of Die Fantastischen Vier and Fettes Brot, and has collaborated with UK artists Lemn Sissay, (Dr.) Robert Howard and Martin Glover.

He is also a member of the bands James Newton Adams and Superpulse.

References

1967 births
Living people

Sascha Panknin


Jeffrey A. Taylor is the former interim United States Attorney for the District of Columbia. He is a graduate of Stanford University and Harvard Law School.

Career
Prior to his work in Washington, DC, Jeffrey Taylor served as an Assistant U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of California from 1995–1999.  From 1999 to 2002, Mr. Taylor served as majority counsel on the Senate Judiciary Committee where he advised Chairman Orrin Hatch and drafted provisions of the USA PATRIOT Act.

Before his appointment as U.S. Attorney, Mr. Taylor served as Counselor to Attorneys General John Ashcroft and Alberto Gonzales from 2002 to 2006 where he oversaw law enforcement operations by U.S. attorneys.  He was appointed interim U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia by Alberto Gonzales on September 22, 2006 and was sworn in seven days later; interim U.S. attorneys do not need to be confirmed by the Senate.  Interim U.S. attorneys have no term limit, as a result of an amendment to the law governing interim attorneys included in the USA Patriot Reauthorization Act of 2005; formerly interim appointees had a 120-day term limit, and could be re-appointed (without term limit) at the end of the 120-day term by the  chief judge of the district court. On May 28, 2009, Taylor announced his resignation. It has been reported that he will join Ernst & Young.

U.S. Attorneys controversy

Mr. Taylor's position came under heightened interest in March 2007 during the dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy.  On March 20, 2007, President Bush declared in a press conference that White House staff would not testify under oath on the matter if subpoenaed by Congress. One who ignores a Congressional subpoena can be held in contempt of Congress, but the D.C. U.S. Attorney must convene a grand jury to start the prosecution of this crime.

Under , once either the House or the Senate issues a citation for contempt of Congress, it is referred to the U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia, "whose duty it shall be to bring the matter before the grand jury for its action." It is unclear (as of March 20, 2007) whether Mr. Taylor would fulfill this duty to convene a grand jury, or resist Congress at the direction of Bush or Gonzales.

References

Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy
Stanford University alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
United States Department of Justice lawyers
United States Attorneys for the District of Columbia
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Jeffrey A. Taylor


A Romance of Old Baghdad is a 1922 British silent drama film directed by Kenelm Foss and starring Matheson Lang, Manora Thew and Roy Travers. It is an adaptation of the novel Miss Haroun al Rashid by Jessie Douglas Kerruish. In nineteenth century Mesopotamia a series of romantic entanglements ensue. The Hollywood actress Evelyn Brent was originally intended to star but did not ultimately appear in the finished film.

Cast
 Matheson Lang as Prince Omar
 Manora Thew as Sourna
 Roy Travers as Harvey P. Wilbur
 Henry Victor as Horne Jerningham
 George Bellamy as General Walters
 Barbara Everest as Mrs Jocelyn
 A. Harding Steerman as Mr Jocelyn
 Douglas Munro as Abdul Bey
 Clyne Dacia as Rathia
 George Foley as Kadi
 Rolf Leslie as Haji
 Victor McLaglen as Miski
 Jack Minister as Piers Blessington
 Lorna Rathbone as Evelyn Jerningham
 Beatie Olna Travers as Salti

References

Bibliography
 Kear, Lynn & King, James. Evelyn Brent: The Life and Films of Hollywood's Lady Crook. McFarland & Co, 2009.

External links

1922 films
1922 romantic drama films
1920s historical romance films
British romantic drama films
British silent feature films
Films based on British novels
Films directed by Kenelm Foss
Films set in Baghdad
British black-and-white films
British historical romance films
1920s British films
Silent romantic drama films
Silent historical romance films

A Romance of Old Baghdad


Mark Jay Mirsky (born 1939 in Boston, Massachusetts) is an American writer and professor of English at City College of New York.

Work
Mirsky's first three novels (Thou Worm Jacob, Proceedings of the Rabble, and Blue Hill Avenue) present a humorous and scathing portrait of the Jewish community of and around Blue Hill Avenue in Dorchester. He also published a pair of novellas under the name The Secret Table. The first story, "Dorchester, Home and Garden," deals with a man who returns to the burnt-out Jewish district on Blue Hill Avenue, and the second, "Onan's Child", is a retelling of the biblical story of Onan.

Mirsky's later, more experimental, works include The Red Adam, a novel written in the form of a "discovered" document unearthed in a Massachusetts library sometime in the 1940s. Mirsky also wrote several books of nonfiction including My Search for the Messiah: Studies and Wanderings in Israel and America and The Absent Shakespeare. His latest book, Dante, Eros, and Kabbalah, is a combination of literary criticism, Jewish mysticism and personal narrative.

Mirsky has also edited, and wrote the introduction for, Diaries: Robert Musil 1899-1942, and published several works and articles in The Partisan Review, New Directions Annual, The Boston Sunday Globe, and The New York Times Book Review. He is currently the editor of Fiction, a literary magazine at City College which he founded in 1972 with Donald Barthelme and Max Frisch.

One of Mirsky's plays, Mother Hubbard's Cupboard, was performed as part of the 2007 New York International Fringe Festival.

Bibliography
 Thou Worm Jacob (1967), Macmillan.
 Proceedings of the Rabble (1970), The Bobbs-Merrill Company.
 Blue Hill Avenue (1972), The Bobbs-Merrill Company.
 The Secret Table (1975), NY Fiction Collective.
 My Search for the Messiah: Studies and Wanderings in Israel and America (1977), Macmillan .
 The Red Adam (1990), Sun & Moon Press.
 The Absent Shakespeare (2002), Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
 Dante, Eros and Kabbalah (2003), Syracuse University Press.
 Puddingstone: Franklin Park (2014), self-published on Amazon.
 A Mother's Steps: A Meditation on Silence (2016), self-published on Amazon.

References

External links
Fiction Literary Magazine
Mark Mirsky about 9/11
Interview about Dante, Eros and Kabbalah - at The Brooklyn Rail.
Review of Mother Hubbard's Cupboard - at NY Theatre.

Living people
20th-century American novelists
American male novelists
American academics of English literature
City College of New York faculty
1939 births
Jewish American novelists
American male short story writers
20th-century American short story writers
20th-century American male writers
Novelists from New York (state)
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers
21st-century American Jews

Mark Jay Mirsky


Peter Alexis Shukoff (born August 15, 1979), best known as his stage name Nice Peter or Bluesocks, is an American musician, rapper and Internet personality. A self-described "Comic/Guitar Hero", he is best known for the comedy on his YouTube channel, Nice Peter, and especially for the comedic series Epic Rap Battles of History  which he co-created with Lloyd "EpicLLOYD" Ahlquist . As of June 8, 2016, NicePeter has over 2.6 million YouTube subscribers. The day after hitting one million subscribers, the video game channel G4 crowned Nice Peter the King of Dot Comedy on Attack of the Show. His two channels, Nice Peter and ERB (Epic Rap Battles of History), have a total of over 17 million subscribers and 4 billion views as of February 2019. He also has a third channel that he uses for vlogs and "Monday Shows", a show that he uploads on either Mondays or Tuesdays consisting of different segments including "Viewer Mail", "Twitter Question Time", and "Ask a Giraffe". They have been featured on the Huffington Post, Billboard.com, Forbes and the January 2012 issue of Wired.

Life and career
Shukoff was born in Rochester, New York to a Russian father and an American mother. He has 2 sisters. As a child, Shukoff would often Irish dance for his class. Shukoff graduated from the School of the Arts in 1997 and attended Fredonia State University, where he majored in education and history. He originally planned on becoming a history teacher, but the plan did not work out. He later became a birthday party magician. Shukoff learned to play guitar before he had finished school, but spent a time pursuing a comedic career. Shukoff later moved to Chicago. He began playing live in bars and comedy clubs in the area where he met Lloyd Ahlquist, his future partner.

Shukoff has explained that although he was initially more active on social media, his social media usage decreased as he felt it was artificial. He explains that his baldness helped him realize this.

Career

Epic Rap Battles of History is a comedic music video series created by Peter Shukoff and Lloyd Ahlquist. Ahlquist and Shukoff met at a house party in Chicago organized by an improv group that Ahlquist was a part of. The series features historical and popular fictional and real-life figures battling each other through the medium of rap. Battles have included "Darth Vader vs. Adolf Hitler", "Abraham Lincoln vs. Chuck Norris", and "Miley Cyrus vs. Joan of Arc". Some episodes use characters that are fictional, whether it be television or movie characters, as seen in "Rick Grimes vs. Walter White". Others use comic book characters, as seen in "Goku vs. Superman". Episodes typically consist of Nice Peter and EpicLLOYD rapping against each other in character, but sometimes feature guest stars in addition to or replacing Shukoff and Ahlquist. Occasionally, the pair appear in non-speaking background roles, as in the episodes "Cleopatra vs. Marilyn Monroe", "Gandhi vs. Martin Luther King Jr.", "Miley Cyrus vs. Joan of Arc", and "Michael Jordan vs. Muhammad Ali". Shukoff and Ahlquist also contributed a rap battle to the film The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water and performed it with Matt Berry. Shukoff also made a cameo appearance as a surfer dude in the film. He also did additional voices for film The Mitchells vs. The Machines.

Personal life
Shukoff announced that he had married in 2018. He has two children, a daughter born in 2018 and a son born in 2020. They live in Culver City, California.

Awards and nominations

Filmography

References

External links

 Nice Peter on YouTube
 Nice Peter on Twitter
 Nice Peter on Facebook

Nice Peter
Nice Peter
Nice Peter
Nice Peter
Nice Peter
Nice Peter
Nice Peter
Nice Peter
Nice Peter
Nice Peter
Nice Peter
Nice Peter
Nice Peter
Nice Peter
Nice Peter
Nice Peter

Nice Peter


A crossfire is a military term for the siting of weapons so that their arcs of fire overlap.

Crossfire may also refer to:

Comics and manga
Crossfire (Eclipse Comics), a hero in the DNAgents universe
Crossfire (comics), a supervillain in the Marvel Comics fictional Marvel Universe
Crossfire (Batman: Gotham Knight)
Crossfire (manga), a series by Kouta Hirano

Film
 Crossfire (film), 1947 film noir starring Robert Mitchum
 Crossfire (2023 film), 2023 action film
 Cross Fire (film), a 1933 Western film

Gaming
Crossfire (board game), a board game created by the Milton Bradley Company in 1971
Crossfire (miniatures game), a tabletop wargaming system (1996)
Crossfire (1981 video game), a 1981 video game created by Jay Sullivan
Super Airwolf (1991 video game), localized in the US as Cross Fire
Crossfire (1992 video game), an open source multiplayer online computer role-playing game developed in 1992
Crossfire (series), a video game series created by Smilegate
Crossfire (2007 video game), an online multiplayer first-person shooter game first released in 2007
Mobile Suit Gundam: Crossfire, a PlayStation 3 launch title
Sid Meier's Alien Crossfire, an expansion pack for Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri

Literature
Crossfire (novel), a 1998 novel by Miyuki Miyabe
Crossfire (2007 novel), a novel by ex-SAS soldier Andy McNab
Cross Fire (novel), a novel by James Patterson
Crossfire, the fifth book in the Noughts & Crosses novel series by Malorie Blackman
Crossfire, a series of novels by Sylvia Day
Crossfire: The Plot that Killed Kennedy, a 1989 work by Jim Marrs

Music

Albums
Cross Fire (Music Revelation Ensemble album), 1997 album from James Blood Ulmer's Music Revelation Ensemble
Cross Fire (Spinners album), 1984 album from American soul vocal group The Spinners

Bands
Crossfire (band), an Australian jazz fusion ensemble
CrossFire (folk band), a French folk rock and blues duo
The Crossfires, a surf instrumental band that later became The Turtles

Songs
"Crossfire" (Brandon Flowers song), 2010
"Crossfire", a song by 311 from Voyager, 2019
"Crossfire", a song by The Bellamy Brothers, 1977
"Crossfire", a song by Die Krupps from II - The Final Option, 1993
"Crossfire", a song by Jethro Tull from A, 1980
"Crossfire", a song by Scorpions from Love at First Sting, 1984
"Crossfire", a song by Stephen from Sincerely, 2015
"Crossfire", a song by Stevie Ray Vaughan from In Step, 1989
"The Crossfire", a song by Polaris from Fatalism, 2023

Television
Crossfire (Canadian TV program), a 1955 Canadian current affairs television program that aired on CBC
Crossfire (American TV program), a 1982-2005 and 2013-2014 nightly American current events debate television program that aired on CNN.
Crossfire (British TV programme), a 1984–2004 UK current affairs programme that aired on Grampian Television (STV)
Crossfire (British TV series), a 2022 UK thriller, written by Louise Doughty
"Crossfire" (Castle), the final episode of Castle
"Crossfire" (Homeland), an episode from the first season of Showtime series Homeland
"Crossfire" (Smallville episode), from the ninth season of the TV series
"Crossfire" (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine), an episode from the fourth season of the television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
"Crossfire" (Supergirl), a season 2 episode of the TV series
XFire (TV series), a UK reality/TV game show (pronounced Crossfire)

Other uses
AMD CrossFire, AMD's method for connecting video cards
Chrysler Crossfire, an automobile, model years 2004-2008
Crossfire (G.I. Joe), a radio-controlled G.I. Joe vehicle
Public forum debate, also known as crossfire debate
cross-fire, a method of locomotion for an animal
Crossfire (Bangladesh), extrajudicial killings by law enforcement agencies in Bangladesh
CrossFire, a cross-platform crossword puzzle construction software by Beekeeper Labs
Washington Crossfire, an amateur soccer team based near Seattle, Washington, U.S.

See also
 Xfire (disambiguation)

Crossfire (disambiguation)


Leon Constantine Romero (born 29 December 1974) is an American cricketer. A right-handed batsman, right-arm medium pace bowler and occasional wicket-keeper, he played two One Day Internationals (ODIs) for the United States national cricket team in the 2004 ICC Champions Trophy, having previously played first-class and List A cricket for Trinidad & Tobago.

Biography

Trinidad & Tobago career

Born in New York in 1974, Leon Romero first played cricket in Trinidad and Tobago. He played for the Trinidad & Tobago Under-19 team in 1994, and played several matches for North and East Trinidad against South and Central Trinidad between 1996 and 2000.

He made his first-class debut in January 1999, playing in the Busta Cup against Guyana. He played further matches against the Windward Islands, Jamaica and Barbados that season, and played a match against India A later in the year.

He played twice in the 2000 Busta Cup, against the Leeward Islands and the Windward Islands and made his List A debut later in the year, playing in the Red Stripe Bowl against Barbados, Jamaica and Canada. He played against Guyana and West Indies B in the 2001 Busta Cup, before his career in Trinidad finished in 2002 with a match for North Trinidad against South Trinidad.

International career

Romero first played for the US in 2004. His first match for them, and his final first-class match, was an ICC Intercontinental Cup match against Canada in Fort Lauderdale. He made his ODI debut later in the year, playing against New Zealand and Australia in the ICC Champions Trophy in England. He took the wicket of Hamish Marshall in the New Zealand match, his only wicket in first-class or List A cricket.

He last played for the US in the 2005 ICC Trophy in Ireland. After warm-up matches against the Northern Cricket Union President's XI and Namibia, he played three matches in the tournament proper against Denmark, Bermuda and Oman.

References

1974 births
Living people
Cricketers from New York City
United States One Day International cricketers
Trinidad and Tobago cricketers
American emigrants to Trinidad and Tobago
American cricketers
American people of Trinidad and Tobago descent

Leon Romero