Alice Dye (February 19, 1927 – February 1, 2019) was an American amateur golfer and golf course designer known as the "First Lady" of golf architecture in the United States.

Biography
Born Alice Holliday O'Neal in Indianapolis, Indiana, she began playing golf at a young age as a result of her father's influence, winning eleven Indianapolis Women's City titles. She graduated from Shortridge High School, and in 1946 won the first of her nine Indiana Women's Golf Association Amateur Championships. While a student at Rollins College in Winter Park, Florida, she was captain of the golf team. At college she met Paul "Pete" Dye, Jr. following his discharge from World War II military service. She graduated in 1948 with a B.S. degree.

In early 1950 after Alice's graduation, she and Pete Dye were married. The couple partnered to form Dye Designs, a firm specializing in golf-course designs. The firm became so successful in creating over 100 golf courses over the world. Their marriage produced two sons, Perry and P.B. (Paul Burke), as well as one of the top design teams of American golf courses, famous for their design of the TPC at Sawgrass (it was Alice who came up with the idea of the Island Green, the signature 17th hole at Sawgrass' Stadium Course) and for being the first firm in America to introduce design elements for golf courses used in Scotland. She became the first woman president of the American Society of Golf Course Architects, and the first to serve as an independent director of Professional Golfers' Association of America (PGA). Another of Alice's significant contributions was shortening the yardage for women in the golf designs, making them more accessible to the players.

She won the 1968 North and South Women's Amateur and was a member of the 1970 United States Curtis Cup team. Dye won the 1978 and 1979 U.S. Senior Women's Amateur as well as two Canadian Women's Senior Championships.

She was a member of the USGA Women's Committee, the LPGA Advisory Council and a member of the Board of Directors of the Women's Western Amateur who honored her with their Woman of Distinction Award. She and her husband established a golf training program at Purdue University.

Alice Dye was inducted into the Indiana Golf  Hall of Fame in 1976 and in 2004 was voted the PGA's First Lady of Golf Award.  She collaborated on the book "From Birdies to Bunkers: Discover How Golf Can Bring Love, Humor and Success into Your Life" with Mark Shaw that was published in 2004 with a foreword by Nancy Lopez.

Alice Dye died at the age of 91 years old in Gulf Stream, Florida.

Some of the golf courses designed by Alice Dye:
 TPC at Sawgrass – Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida
 Crooked Stick Golf Club – Indianapolis, Indiana
 Whistling Straits – Kohler, Wisconsin
 PGA West – Palm Springs (La Quinta), California
 Kiawah Island Golf Resort (Ocean Course) – Kiawah Island, South Carolina

Tournament wins
1968 North and South Women's Amateur
1978 U.S. Senior Women's Amateur
1979 U.S. Senior Women's Amateur
1983 Canadian Women's Senior Championship
1984 Canadian Women's Senior Championship

Team appearances
Amateur
Curtis Cup (representing the United States): 1970 (winners)

References

External links
American Society of Golf Course Architects profile

American female golfers
Amateur golfers
Rollins Tars women's golfers
Golf course architects
Golfers from Indiana
American women sportswriters
American women non-fiction writers
Sportspeople from Indianapolis
People from Carmel, Indiana
1927 births
2019 deaths

Alice Dye


Jatong Silim Sambian (born November 1928) is a Ghanaian politician and a teacher. He represented the Bunkprugu constituency in the Northern Region as a member of the first parliament of the second republic of Ghana under the membership of the ruling Progress Party.

Early life and education
Jatong Silim Sambian is an indigene of  Northern Region of Ghana where he was born in November 1928. He is an alumnus of Tamale Middle Boarding School. He also held a Teachers' Training Certificate.

Political career
Sambian was elected  into the Parliament  after emerging winner of his polls in the 1969 Ghanaian parliamentary election as member of the first parliament of the second republic of Ghana on the ticket of the Progress Party (PP). He was sworn into office on 1 October 1969 and left office on 13 January 1972 after the parliament was dissolved. He was succeeded by John Laar Nurokina of the People's National Party (PNP) who represented the constituency after winning in the 1979 Ghanaian general election.

Personal life
Sambian is a Christian.

References

1928 births
Ghanaian MPs 1969–1972
Progress Party (Ghana) politicians
People from Northern Region (Ghana)
Ghanaian Christians
Ghanaian educators
Living people

Jatong Silim Sambian


In mathematical logic, an effective Polish space is a complete separable metric space that has a computable presentation. Such spaces are studied in effective descriptive set theory and in constructive analysis.  In particular, standard examples of Polish spaces such as the  real line, the Cantor set and the Baire space are all effective Polish spaces.

Definition

An effective Polish space is a complete separable metric space X with metric d such that there is a countable dense set C = (c0, c1,...) that makes the following two relations on  computable (Moschovakis 2009:96-7):

References

Yiannis N. Moschovakis, 2009, Descriptive Set Theory, 2nd edition, American Mathematical Society.

Computable analysis
Effective descriptive set theory
Computability theory

Effective Polish space


jBPM (Java Business Process Model) is an open-source workflow engine written in Java that can execute business processes described in BPMN 2.0 (or its own process definition language jPDL in earlier versions). jBPM is a toolkit for building business applications to help automate business processes and decisions. It's sponsored by Red Hat, part of the JBoss community and closely related to the Drools and OptaPlanner projects in the KIE group. It is released under the ASL (or LGPL in earlier versions) by the JBoss company.

Overview
In essence, jBPM takes graphical process descriptions as input.  A process is composed of tasks that are connected with sequence flows.  Processes represent an execution flow.   The graphical diagram (flow chart) of a process is used as the basis for the communication between non-technical users and developers.

Each execution of a process definition is called a "process instance". jBPM manages the process instances. Some activities are automatic like sending an e-mail or invoking a service. Some activities act as wait states, like for example human tasks or waiting for an external service to return results. jBPM will manage and persist the state of the process instances at all times.

jBPM is based on the Process Virtual Machine (PVM) which is the JBoss community's foundation to support multiple process languages natively. The JBoss community currently focuses on using the BPMN 2.0 specification for defining business processes.

jBPM also provides various tools, both for developers (Eclipse) and end users (web-based) to create, deploy, execute and manage business processes throughout their life cycle.

Capabilities
jBPM originates from BPM (Business Process Management) but it has evolved to enable users to pick their own path in business automation. It provides various capabilities that simplify and externalize business logic into reusable assets such as cases, processes, decision tables and more.

 Business processes (BPMN 2.0)
 Case management (BPMN 2.0 and CMMN)
 Decision management (DMN)
 Business rules (DRL)
 Business optimisation (Solver)

jBPM can be used as a standalone service or embedded in custom service. It does not mandate any of the frameworks to be used, it can be successfully used in

 Traditional JEE applications - war/ear deployments
 SpringBoot or Thorntail (formerly known as WildFly Swarm) - uberjar deployments
 Standalone java programs

Additionally the jBPM offers open source business process execution and management capabilities, including:

 An embeddable, lightweight process engine in Java, supporting native BPMN 2.0 execution
 BPMN 2.0 process modeling, both in Eclipse (developers) and web-based (business users)
 Process authoring, collaboration, monitoring and management through the jBPM console
 An web-based authoring environment capable of managing the many assets that compose a business project, including BPMN models, Rules, Forms, Data Objects and more.
 Human interaction using an independent WS-HT human task service
 Strong and powerful integration with business rules and event processing
 Pluggable persistence and transactions based on JPA / JTA.
 History logging (for querying / monitoring / analysis).

History
jBPM version 5.0 was the result of a merge of the jBPM project with Drools Flow, a sub-project of the Drools system.  Therefore, as of version 5, it also includes powerful business rules and event integration, and support for more advanced, flexible business processes.

See also

 List of JBoss software, other JBoss software
 Business process management
 Decision Model and Notation
 CMMN
 BPMN 2.0
 Drools

References

External links

Workflow applications
Red Hat software
Java enterprise platform
Java (programming language) libraries
Cross-platform software

JBPM


Phrynosomimus is an extinct genus of iguanian lizard from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia belonging to the extinct family Priscagamidae. The type species Phrynosomimus asper was named in 1996. Fossils have been found in the Barun Goyot and Djadochta formations and include several complete skulls. Phrynosomimus has a short, triangular skull with bony spikes projecting from the back, stemming from the squamosal and parietal bones. These spikes give it a similar appearance to the modern horned lizard Phrynosoma and inspire its name, which means "Phrynosoma mimic." Like other priscagamids it has an acrodont dentition, meaning that its teeth grow from the margins of the jaws rather than their inner surfaces, as is the case for the pleurodont dentitions of most lizards.

References

Cretaceous lizards
Santonian life
Campanian life
Late Cretaceous lepidosaurs of Asia
Fossils of Mongolia
Fossil taxa described in 1996

Phrynosomimus


The Channel Islands' Co-operative Society is a long-established consumer co-operative with stores in the Channel Islands. Its head office is located in Saint Helier in Jersey.

In the year ending 13 January 2019, Channel Islands Co-op recorded sales of £183.6m (£174.5m 2017/18) and a profit after tax of £940k (£745k 2017/18). The Society was able to pay its members a 4% dividend (4% 2017/18) as a share of profits, with the total reported member benefits amounting to £7.97m, inclusive of Dividend, Dividend stamps, travel vouchers and share interest. The Society had a £5.8m (£6.8m 2017/18) pension deficit. Society membership was 128,350 in 2019, slightly up on the 126,751 figure in 2018.

History

The Jersey Co-operative Society was formed in 1919 and the Guernsey Co-operative Society followed in 1947. Both predecessors were supported by a CWS supervisory committee, which meant their accounts were liable to UK taxation. Growing objection to this persuaded the CWS to propose a merger which led to the incorporation of the Channel Islands' Society in 1955.

In August 2013, it was announced that the company's two Channel Island Homemaker warehouses would be closed, and replaced with a single warehouse in the UK.

Activities

The society operates twelve grocery stores in Jersey and ten in Guernsey, the largest of which are called Grand Marche, the stores with a petrol forecourt trade as En Route and the convenience stores trading as Locale, all of which charge the same retail prices. In addition the society operates Travelmaker, funeral care, member services through its post office network, 'Pharmacy Locale and Medical Care businesses. Membership is open to all residents of the Channel Islands when they open a share account for £1, with members receiving a share of the profits in the form of dividends.

The Channel Islands' Co-operative Society is a UK-registered industrial and provident society, a member of the Co-operative Union in the United Kingdom, the Co-operative Retail Trading Group, the Co-operative Travel Trading Group and a corporate member of The Co-operative Group (formerly Co-operative Wholesale Society), the largest consumer co-operative in the world.

See also

 British co-operative movement
 Credit unions in the United Kingdom

References

External links
 The Channel Islands Co-operative Society

Retail companies established in 1919
Business services companies established in 1919
Companies of the Channel Islands
1919 establishments in Jersey
Food retailers of Jersey
Furniture retailers of Jersey
Co-operatives in the United Kingdom
Consumers' cooperatives

Channel Islands Co-operative Society


Taylor Heights is a neighborhood in northeast Baltimore. The neighborhood contains only a few homes because Parkwood Cemetery takes up much of the neighborhood. A major road in the neighborhood is Taylor Avenue, which runs from Overlea in the east to Towson in the west, at which point it becomes Goucher Boulevard/Hillen Road.

The neighborhood is the most northeastern part of Baltimore.

Neighborhoods in Baltimore
Northeast Baltimore

Taylor Heights, Baltimore


Billy Hayes Track is a track and field stadium located on the campus of Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana. It is named after former Hoosier coach Earl C. "Billy" Hayes, who led the Hoosiers cross country team to 3 national titles. He also coached the indoor and outdoor track teams to a combined 5 Big Ten titles, coached 7 IU athletes to the Olympics, and was crucial in helping create the National Collegiate Cross Country Coaches Association.

Features
Billy Hayes Track features a Polytan surface. This surface was installed prior to the 2010 outdoor track season.  In addition to the surface, the track features 4 long jump and triple jump pits, 8 pole vault boxes, 2 shot put rings, 2 javelin runways, and 2 cages for discus and hammer throw. The track also includes 2 sprinting straightaways for competition depending on the direction of the wind. The facility contains 3200 permanent seats stretching from the start of the front straightaway all the way down into the first turn.  In addition, 3000 temporary bleacher seats can be installed around the track for bigger meets such as NCAA championship meets and the IHSAA state meet. New lights were installed in 2004 and new pole vault and high jump standards, new hurdles, and a new discus cage were introduced prior to the 2011 NCAA regional meet.

Meets
Billy Hayes track has hosted many important meets.  It hosted the NCAA national outdoor championships in 1997 and hosted the NCAA regional meet in 2005 and 2011.  Since 2004, Hayes Track has hosted the IHSAA state finals every year.  In 2012, along with hosting 2 college meets on April 21–22 and May 4 and the IHSAA meet on June 1 and June 2, Hayes Track will be hosting the USA Junior National championships, which will be held June 15 and 16 and feature the fastest youth track athletes in the country.

References

Sports venues in Indiana

Billy Hayes Track


North East Delhi is one of the eleven administrative districts of Delhi, India. The District was established in 1997.

North East Delhi borders Yamuna River on the west, Ghaziabad District to the north and east, East Delhi to the south, and North Delhi to the west across the Yamuna. This area is densely populated with very slow development as compared to other districts. No development took place here even during Commonwealth Games makeover of other districts of Delhi. For public transport people are totally dependent upon overloaded sharing Autos. Half of the roads are covered by street hawkers. Exits connecting this place districts (Shastri Park and Wazirabad) with other parts are fully choked in peak hours.

Demographics
According to the 2011 census, North East Delhi had a population of 2,241,624, roughly equal to the nation of Latvia, or the United States state of New Mexico. This gives it a ranking of 202nd in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of  . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 26.78%. North East Delhi has a sex ratio of 886 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 83.09%.

References

Other websites
North East Delhi official website
East Delhi Information Portal

Districts of Delhi

North East Delhi


There have been various attempts at the classification of demons within the contexts of classical mythology, demonology, occultism, and Renaissance magic. These classifications may be for purposes of traditional medicine, exorcisms, ceremonial magic, witch-hunts, lessons in morality, folklore, religious ritual, or combinations thereof. Classifications might be according to astrological connections, elemental forms, noble titles, or parallels to the angelic hierarchy; or by association with particular sins, diseases, and other calamities; or by what angel or saint opposes them.

Many of the authors of such classifications identified as Christian, though Christians authors are not the only ones who have written on the subject.

Classification by domain

The Testament of Solomon

The Testament of Solomon is a pseudepigraphical work, purportedly written by King Solomon, in which the author mostly describes particular demons whom he enslaved to help build the temple, the questions he put to them about their deeds and how they could be thwarted, and their answers, which provide a kind of self-help manual against demonic activity. The date is very dubious, though it is considered the oldest surviving work particularly concerned with individual demons. It was used as the basis for several other goetic grimoires, including the Ars Goetia.

Psellus' classification
Michael Psellus prepared the influential De operatione dæmonum (On the Operation of Demons) in the 11th century, with a taxonomy dividing demons into six types: Leliurium (Igneous), Aërial, Marine (Aqueous), Terrestrial (Earthly), Subterranean, and Lucifugous (Heliophobic). The work of Psellus would inspire many other later demonic classifications, from various occult authors to the witch hunting manual by Francesco Maria Guazzo.

Lanterne of Light
In 1409–1410 The Lanterne of Light (an anonymous English Lollard tract often attributed to John Wycliffe) provided a classification system based on the seven deadly sins, known as the "seven deadly devils" or "seven princes of Hell", with each demon tempting people by means of those sins, as follows:

This list was later used in the works of John Taylor, the Water Poet. Later writers, such as Peter Binsfeld, assigned different demons to the respective sins and should not be confused with this list. The two classification systems are shown side-by-side below:

Spina's classification
Alphonso de Spina, in 1467, prepared a classification of demons based on several criteria:
 Demons of fate
 Incubi and succubi
 Wandering groups or armies of demons can include multiple regions in hell
 Familiars
 Drudes
 Cambions and other demons that are born from the union of a demon with a human being.
 Liar and mischievous demons
 Demons that attack the saints are rogue demons
 Demons that try to induce old women to attend Witches' Sabbaths
This classification is somewhat capricious and it is difficult to find a criterion for it. It seems that Spina was inspired by several legends and stories. The drudes belong to German folklore. Familiars, goblins, and other mischievous demons belong to the folklore of most European countries.

The belief in incubi and succubi (and their ability to procreate) seem to have inspired the sixth category, but it could also have been inspired in the Talmudic legend of demons having sexual intercourse with mortal women and men (see also Mastema).

The visions of tempting demons that some early (and not so early) saints had, perhaps inspired the eighth category (e.g. the visions of Anthony the Great).

The idea of old women attending Sabbaths was common during the European Middle Ages and Renaissance, and Spina mentioned it before the .

Agrippa's classification
In De occulta philosophia (1509-1510), Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa proposed several classifications for demons, based on numeric scales, like his whole Cosmology. Francis Barrett, in his book The Magus (1801), adopted this classification of demons..

Scale of unity
 One prince of rebellion, of angels, and darkness:
 Lucifer

Scale of binary
 Two chiefs of the devils:
 Behemoth
 Leviathan

Scale of ternary
 Three furies:
 Alecto
 Megera
 Ctesiphon

 Three infernal judges:
 Minos
 Aeacus
 Rhadamanthus

Scale of quaternary
 Four Princes of devils in the elements:
 Samael: Fire
 Azazel: Air
 Azrael: Water
 Mahazael: Earth

 Four Princes of spirits, upon the four angles of the world
 : East
 Paymon: West
 Egyn: North
 Amaymon: South

Despite listing these separately, Agrippa mentions that these groups are identical, making the first as the Hebrew equivalent of the names of the latter.
The same four demons appear in the Semiphoras and Schemhamforas.

Scale of six
 Six authors of all calamities:
 Acteus
 Megalesius
 Ormenus
 Lycus
 Nicon
 Mimon

Scale of novenary
 Nine princes ruling over nine orders of devils (with biblical references):
 Beelzebub: False Gods ()
 Python: Spirits of Lying ()
 Belial: Instruments of iniquity and wrath (, , , , )
 Asmodeus: Revengers of Wickedness
 Satan: Deluders or Imitators of miracles ()
 Merihem: Aerial Powers ()
 Abaddon: Furies - sowing mischief
 Astaroth: Calumniators - inquisitors and accusers
 Mammon: evil genies - tempters and ensnarers

Binsfeld's classification
As part of his 1589 Treatise on Confessions by Evildoers and Witches, German theologian Peter Binsfeld prepared a classification of demons known as the Princes of Hell. Like the Lanterne of Light, Binsfeld used the seven deadly sins as a basis, though the two schemes differ in various ways.
 Lucifer: pride
 Mammon: greed
 Asmodeus: lust
 Leviathan: envy
 Beelzebub: gluttony
 Satan: wrath
 Belphegor: sloth
 Baal: fear

King James classification

King James' dissertation titled Daemonologie was first published in 1597, several years before the first publication of the King James Authorized Version of the Bible. Its three short books are in the form of a philosophical dialogue, making arguments and comparisons between magic, sorcery, and witchcraft. Within them, James classified demons into four sections:
 Lemures or Spectra: Spirits that trouble houses or solitary places
 Obsession: Spirits that follow upon certain people to outwardly trouble them at various times of the day
 Possession: Spirits that enter inwardly into a person to trouble them
 Fairies: Spirits that prophesy, consort, and transport

His classification was not based on separate demonic entities with their names, ranks, or titles, but rather categorized them based on four methods used by any given devil to cause mischief or torment on a living individual or a corpse. The purpose was to relay the belief that spirits caused maladies and that magic was possible only through demonic influence. He further quotes previous authors who state that each devil has the ability to appear in diverse shapes or forms for varying arrays of purposes as well. In his description of them, he relates that demons are under the direct supervision of God and are unable to act without permission, further illustrating how demonic forces are used as a "Rod of Correction" when men stray from the will of God and may be commissioned by witches, or magicians to conduct acts of ill will against others but will ultimately only conduct works that will end in the further glorification of God despite their attempts to do otherwise.

Michaëlis's classification
In 1613 the Dominican prior and French inquisitor, Sébastien Michaëlis wrote a book, Admirable History, which included a classification of demons as it was told to him by the demon Berith when he was exorcising a nun, according to the author. This classification is based on the Pseudo-Dionysian hierarchies, according to the sins the devil tempts one to commit, and includes the demons' adversaries (who suffered that temptation without falling).

First hierarchy
The first hierarchy includes angels that were Seraphim, Cherubim, and Thrones:
 Beelzebub was a prince of the Seraphim, just below Lucifer. Beelzebub, along with Lucifer and Leviathan, were the first three angels to fall. He tempts men with pride and is opposed by St. Francis.
 Leviathan was also a prince of the Seraphim who tempts people to give into heresy, and is opposed by St. Peter.
 Asmodeus was also a prince of the Seraphim, burning with desire to tempt men into wantonness. He is opposed by St. John the Baptist.
 Berith was a prince of the Cherubim. He tempts men to commit homicide, and to be quarrelsome, contentious, and blasphemous. He is opposed by St. Barnabas.
 Astaroth was a prince of Thrones, who tempts men to be lazy and is opposed by St. Bartholomew.
 Verrine was also a prince of Thrones, just below Astaroth. He tempts men with impatience and is opposed by St. Dominic.
 Gressil was the third prince of Thrones, who tempts men with impurity and is opposed by St. Bernard.
 Soneillon was the fourth prince of Thrones, who tempts men to hate and is opposed by St. Stephen.

Second hierarchy
The second hierarchy includes Powers, Dominions, and Virtues:
 Carreau was a prince of Powers. He tempts men with hardness of heart and is opposed by St. Vincent.
 Carnivale was also a prince of Powers. He tempts men to obscenity and shamelessness, and is opposed by John the Evangelist.
 Oeillet was a prince of Dominions. He tempts men to break the vow of poverty and is opposed by St. Martin .
 Rosier was the second in the order of Dominions. He tempts men against sexual purity and is opposed by St. Basil.
 Belias was the prince of Virtues. He tempts men with arrogance and women to be vain, raise wanton children, and gossip during mass. He is opposed by St. Francis de Paul.

Third hierarchy
The third hierarchy Principalities, Archangels, and Angels:
 Verrier was the prince of Principalities. He tempts men against the vow of obedience and is opposed by St. Bernard.
 Olivier was the prince of the Archangels. He tempts men with cruelty and mercilessness toward the poor and is opposed by St. Lawrence, patron saint of the poor.
 Iuvart was the prince of Angels. At the time of Michaelis's writing, Iuvart was believed to have possessed a young novice nun of the Ursulines, Madeleine Demandols de La Palud, from whom it was exorcised.

Many of the names and ranks of these demons appear in the Sabbath litanies of witches, according to Jules Garinet's Histoire de la magie en France, and Collin de Plancy's Dictionnaire Infernal.

Classification by office
In the study of demonology, many spirits are classified by office, rank, or titles which theologians believe were once held in heaven before the fall, or which they currently hold in their infernal dwelling. These offices are usually elaborated in several grimoires which determines their authority in hell or abilities. Demons categorized by office are often depicted in a militant hierarchy, in which a general may hold command over some designated legion for a specialized function which they may trouble men. Other theologians have determined the classification of a spirit's office depending on the times or locations which they roam the Earth.

The Book of Abramelin
The Book of Abramelin, possibly written in the 14th or 15th century, lists four princes of the demons: Lucifer, Leviathan, Satan and Belial. There are also eight sub-princes: Astaroth, Magoth, Asmodee, Beelzebub, , Paimon, Ariton (Egin) and Amaymon. Under the rule of these there are many lesser demons.

Le Livre des Esperitz

Written in the 15th or 16th century, this grimoire was a likely source for Wierus hierarchy of demons, but while Wierus mentions 69 demons, Le Livre des Esperitz has only 46. Wierus omitted, however, the four demons of the cardinal points: , Ponymon, Amaymon and Equi (see Agrippa's classification) and the three great governors of all the other demons: Lucifer, Beelzebub and Satan.

The Munich Manual of Demonic Magic

Written in the 15th century, this manual includes a list of eleven demons.

Fasciculus Rerum Germanicarum
Written in 1494, this grimoire contains a list of 37 demons.

Le Dragon Rouge (or Grand Grimoire)

Like many works of mystical nature, Le Dragon Rouge (or the Red Dragon) claims to come from Solomon and his priests and is said to be published in 1517 by Alibeck the Egyptian. However, it was most likely written in France in the 18th century.

The grimoire details the different hosts of hell and their powers, describing how to enter a pact with them to attain the magicians' goals. The demons of hell are classified by three different tiers from Generals to Officers.

Pseudomonarchia Daemonum

Pseudomonarchia Daemonum, by Johann Weyer, is a grimoire that contains a list of demons and the appropriate hours and rituals to conjure them in the name of God, Jesus and the Holy Ghost (simpler than those cited by The Lesser Key of Solomon below).

This book was written around 1583, and lists sixty-nine demons. The demons Vassago, Seir, Dantalion and Andromalius are not listed in this book. Pseudomonarchia Daemonum does not attribute seals to the demons.

The Lesser Key of Solomon

The Lesser Key of Solomon or Lemegeton Clavicula Salomonis is an anonymous 17th century grimoire, and one of the most popular books of demonology. The Lesser Key of Solomon contains detailed descriptions of spirits and the conjurations needed to invoke and oblige them to do the will of the conjurer (referred to as the "exorcist"). It details the protective signs and rituals to be performed, the actions necessary to prevent the spirits from gaining control, the preparations prior to the invocations, and instructions on how to make the necessary instruments for the execution of these rituals.

The author of The Lesser Key of Solomon copied Pseudomonarchia Daemonum almost completely, but added demons' descriptions, their seals and details.

The Ars Goetia

Ars Goetia is the first section of The Lesser Key of Solomon, containing descriptions of the seventy-two demons that King Solomon is said to have evoked and confined in a bronze vessel sealed by magic symbols, and that he obliged to work for him.

The Ars Goetia assigns a rank and a title of nobility to each member of the infernal hierarchy, and gives the demons "signs they have to pay allegiance to", or seals.

Dictionnaire Infernal

The Dictionnaire Infernal () is a book on demonology, organised in hellish hierarchies. It was written by Jacques Collin de Plancy and first published in 1818. There were several editions of the book, but perhaps the most famous is the edition of 1863, in which sixty-nine illustrations were added to the book. These illustrations are drawings that depict the descriptions of the appearance of a number of demons. Many of these images were later used in S. L. MacGregor Mathers's edition of The Lesser Key of Solomon though some of the images were removed.

The book was first published in 1818 and then divided into two volumes, with six reprints and many changes between 1818 and 1863. This book attempts to provide an account of all the knowledge concerning superstitions and demonology.

CollindePlancy presented a hierarchy of demons based in modern European courts:
 Princes and dignitaries: Beelzebub, supreme chief of the empire of hell, founder of the order of the Fly. Satan, prince dethroned and chief of the opposition party. Eurynome, prince of death, Grand Cross of the order of the Fly. Moloch, prince of the country of tears, Grand Cross of the order. Pluton, Prince of Fire, also Grand Cross of the order and governor of the regions in flames. Pan, prince of incubi and Lilith, princess of succubi. Leonard, the great lord of the Sabbath, Knight of the Fly. Balberith, great pontiff, lord of alliances. Proserpina, , princess of evil spirits.
 Ministers of the Office: Adrammelech, Grand Chancellor and Grand Cross of the Order of the Fly. Ashtaroth, general treasurer, Knight of the Fly. Nergal, chief of the secret police. Baal, commander in chief of the armies of Hell, Grand Cross of the Order of the Fly. Leviathan, Grand Admiral, Knight of the Fly.
 Ambassadors: Belfegor, Ambassador of France. Mammon, of England. Belial, of Italy. Rimmon, of Russia. Tammuz, of Spain. Hutgin, of Turkey. Martinet, of Switzerland.
 Justice: Lucifer, chief of (in)justice, Knight of the Fly. Alastor, executor of his sentences.
 House of the princes: Verdelet, master of ceremonies. Succorbenoth, chief of the eunuchs of the seraglio. Chamos, Grand Chambelain, Knight of the Fly. Melchom, payer treasurer. Nisroch, chief of the kitchen. Behemoth, chief cupbearer. Dagon, grand pantler. Mullin, first valet.
 Secret expenses: Kobal, director of theaters. Asmodeus, superintendent of the gambling houses. Nybbas, grand buffoon. Antichrist, charlatan and necromancer.

Alexis-Vincent-Charles Berbiguier used some of these names and ranks for the demons who tormented him, in his autobiographical work Les farfadets ou Tous les démons ne sont pas de l'autre monde (1821).

The Satanic Bible

LaVey utilized the symbolism of the Four Crown Princes of Hell in The Satanic Bible, with each chapter of the book being named after each Prince. The Book of Satan: The Infernal Diatribe, The Book of Lucifer: The Enlightenment, The Book of Belial: Mastery of the Earth, and The Book of Leviathan: The Raging Sea. This association was inspired by the demonic hierarchy from The Book of the Sacred Magic of Abra-Melin the Mage.
 Satan (Hebrew) "Lord of the Inferno":
The adversary, representing opposition, the element of fire, the direction of the south, and the Sigil of Baphomet during ritual.
 Lucifer (Latin) "The Morning Star":
The bringer of light, representing pride and enlightenment, the element of air, the direction of the east, and candles during ritual.
 Belial (Hebrew) "Without a Master":
The baseness of the earth, independence and self-sufficiency, the element of earth, the direction of the north, and the sword during ritual.
 Leviathan (Hebrew) "Serpent of the Abyss":
The great dragon, representing primal secrecy, the element of water, the direction of the west, and the chalice during ritual.

See also
 Archdemon
 Archangel
 Christian demonology
 Exorcism
 Hierarchy of angels
 List of theological demons

Notes

References

Further reading

Demons

Classification of demons


Fatherland is a 1992 alternative history detective novel by English writer and journalist Robert Harris. Set in a universe in which Nazi Germany won World War II, the story's protagonist is an officer of the Kripo, the criminal police, who is investigating the murder of a Nazi government official who participated at the Wannsee Conference. A plot is thus discovered to eliminate all of those who attended the conference, to help improve German relations with the United States.

The novel subverts some of the conventions of the detective novel. It begins with a murder and diligent police detective investigating and eventually solving it. However, since the murderer is highly placed in the Nazi regime, solving the mystery does not result in the detective pursuing and arresting the murderer. The contrary occurs: the murderer pursuing and arresting the detective.

The novel was an immediate best-seller in the UK and has sold over three million copies and been translated into 25 languages.

Plot
The novel opens in Nazi Germany in April 1964 during the week leading up to the 75th birthday of Adolf Hitler, Detective Xavier March is an investigator working for the Kriminalpolizei (Kripo), as he investigates the suspicious death of a high-ranking Nazi, Josef Bühler, in the Havel on the outskirts of Berlin. As March uncovers more details, he realises that he is caught up in a political scandal involving senior Nazi Party officials, who are apparently being systematically murdered under staged circumstances. As soon as the body is identified, the Gestapo claims jurisdiction and orders the Kripo to close its investigation.

March meets with Charlotte 'Charlie' Maguire, an American journalist. Both are determined to investigate the case and travel to Zürich to investigate the private Swiss bank account of one of the murdered officials. They find no papers but only stolen treasure and return empty handed. Ultimately, they uncover the truth behind the staged murders: Reinhard Heydrich, the head of the SS, has ordered the Gestapo to eliminate the remaining officials who planned the Final Solution (of which few Germans are aware) at the Wannsee Conference in January 1942. The elimination is being hurried to safeguard an upcoming meeting of Hitler and US President Joseph P. Kennedy Sr., by ensuring that the fate of the missing Jews can never be revealed. Maguire heads for neutral Switzerland and hopes to expose the evidence of the extermination to the world. March, however, is denounced by his ten-year-old son and apprehended by the Gestapo.

In the cellars of Gestapo headquarters at Prinz-Albrecht-Straße, March is tortured but does not reveal Maguire's location. Odilo Globocnik boasts that Auschwitz and the other camps have been totally razed and that March will never know the truth for certain. Kripo Chief Arthur Nebe stages a rescue with the intention of tracking March as he meets with Maguire at their rendezvous in Waldshut-Tiengen, on the Swiss-German border. March realises what is happening, heads for Auschwitz and leads the authorities in the wrong direction.

The Gestapo catches up with March at the unmarked site of the camp near Auschwitz. Knowing that Maguire had enough time to cross the border into Switzerland, March searches for some sign that the camp existed. As Gestapo agents close in on him in a helicopter, March uncovers bricks in the undergrowth. Satisfied, he pulls out his gun and continues to walk towards the birch woods.

Characters

Fictional
 Xavier March: A detective in the Kriminalpolizei with the concurrent honorary rank of Sturmbannführer (Major) in the SS, March (nicknamed "Zavi" by his friends) is a 42-year-old divorcé living in Berlin. He has one son, Pili (Paul), who lives with March's ex-wife, Klara. March commanded a U-boat in World War II and was decorated for bravery and promoted. He married his nurse after the war, but the marriage steadily deteriorated afterward. His military service helped him rise through the police ranks to detective. By 1964, however, he is secretly under Gestapo surveillance since it correctly perceives him to have an intense dislike of the Nazi regime. For example, March refuses to donate to the 'winter-relief', shows "insufficient enthusiasm" for his son's involvement in the Jungvolk, has rebuffed all incentives to join the Nazi Party, tells "jokes about the Party" and, worst of all, has shown some curiosity about what happened to a Jewish family that used to live in his present apartment.
 Charlotte "Charlie" Maguire: A 25-year-old American journalist, Maguire has been assigned to Berlin by the fictional news service World European Features. Midway through the novel, she and March fall in love and begin a relationship. Maguire comes from a prominent Irish-American political family but is something of a renegade. The daughter of a US State Department official and German actress who left with him before the war, Maguire speaks fluent German without an accent.
 Hermann Jost: A 19-year-old cadet in an SS academy, Jost was out running when he discovered the corpse that triggered March's investigation. March is certain that Jost witnessed more than he is willing to disclose and at first believes him to be covering up a homosexual relationship with a fellow cadet, which (in Germany) is punishable by internment in a concentration camp. March, however, persuades Jost to admit the truth: Jost witnessed the dumping of the body and recognized SS General Odilo Globocnik at the scene. To deny March his key witness, Globocnik arranges Jost's transfer 'east' for 'special training'.
 Paul "Pili" March: The ten-year-old son of March, Pili lives with his mother and her partner in the suburbs of Berlin. Pili is a fully-indoctrinated member of the Jungvolk, the junior section of the Hitler Youth for boys between 10 and 14. Later in the novel, Pili denounces his father to the Gestapo, all the while unaware of what it will really do to him.
 Max Jaeger: March's friend and Kripo partner, Jaeger is 50; lives with his wife, Hannelore, and four daughters in Berlin; and is disinclined to question 'the system'. At the end of the novel, he drives the getaway car that rescues March, but it is revealed that he had been informing against March since before the novel began and that March's "rescue" was arranged by the Gestapo as a ruse to find Maguire.
 Walther Fiebes: A detective working in VB3, the Kripo's sexual crimes division, along the corridor from March's office, Fiebes is a man with a deeply prurient nature and relishes his work investigating sexual crimes, including rape, adultery and interracial relationships between "Aryan" people and their Slavic servants.
 Rudolf "Rudi" Halder: March's friend and a crewman on his U-boat, Rudi is now a historian working at the immense Reich Central Archives and helping to compile an official history of the Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS on the Eastern Front.
 Karl Krebs: An officer in the Gestapo, Krebs is an example of the younger, university-trained SS-men hated by Globocnik.

Based on historical figures
Harris, in the Author's notes of the novel, explains that many characters are based on the real people with the same names and that the biographical details are accurate until 1942. Afterward, the narrative is fictional. The following descriptions follow what is in the novel.
 Odilo Globocnik: An aging Obergruppenführer in the Gestapo and right-hand man of Reichsführer-SS Reinhard Heydrich, nicknamed "Globus". He is a principal antagonist of the book who is personally responsible for the assassinations of the Wannsee officials. After March's apprehension by the Gestapo, Globus takes over March's interrogation and administers several brutal beatings.
 Arthur Nebe: The chief of the Kripo and Oberstgruppenführer, Nebe is an old man in 1964 and has a sumptuous office in Berlin. Initially appearing to support March's investigation for political reasons, despite the Gestapo's involvement, Nebe ultimately weaves a ruse to March to make him reveal the whereabouts of the evidence after meeting with Heydrich several times.
 Josef Bühler: A former secretary and deputy governor to the Nazi-controlled General Government in Kraków, retired in 1951 after losing his leg in a partisan attack. The discovery of his dead body is the starting point of the novel.
 Wilhelm Stuckart: A Nazi Party lawyer, official and retired state secretary in the German Interior Ministry. At the beginning of the novel he has already died the day before Bühler.
 Martin Luther: An advisor to Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop until retirement, and last surviving participant of the Wannsee Conference.
 Reinhard Heydrich: The current head of the SS and considered a likely successor to Hitler, Heydrich is a principal antagonist of the book although he never appears in person. He ordered the assassinations of the Wannsee officials to eradicate all first-hand evidence of the Final Solution.

Others mentioned
In each case, the description after the name describes how the characters appear in the novel, again by following reality until 1942.
 Adolf Hitler: The elderly and increasingly-reclusive Führer of the Greater German Reich, since the end of the war, Hitler has toned down his image by eschewing his uniform in favour of civilian clothing. His speeches are now at a rate that is calm, rather than furious.
 Heinrich Himmler: Dying in a plane crash in 1962, Himmler was succeeded as Reichsführer-SS by Heydrich.
 Hermann Göring: Died in 1951, years before the book storyline, of an undisclosed illness. Berlin's international airport is named after him, and his estate of Carinhall is a museum.
 Joseph Goebbels: still alive in 1964 and remaining Minister of Propaganda.
 Hanna Reitsch: Germany's leading aviatrix. A statue of her made of melted-down Spitfire and Lancaster aircraft stands in front of Berlin's international airport.
 Winston Churchill: The former British Prime Minister, Churchill fled the country upon Britain's peace agreement with the Reich and now lives in Canada.
 Elizabeth II: Living in Canada like Winston Churchill, she claims the throne from her uncle.
 Edward VIII: Originally reigned as the King of the United Kingdom until his abdication in 1936. He was reinstalled as King (with his wife, Wallis Simpson, becoming Queen) following the Axis victory in Europe.
 Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.: The President of the United States, he is mentioned as standing for re-election.
 The Beatles are also referenced, though not by name. Their recent appearances in Hamburg and their great popularity with young Germans have been condemned in the German press.

The people in the book who are named as attending the Wannsee Conference all did so in real life. Some are central to the plot, but the others had already died before the events of the novel.

Backstory

Alternative World War II history

Throughout the novel, Harris gradually explains, in a fictional backstory, the developments that allowed Germany to prevail in World War II. The author explains in the Author's notes that except for the backstories of the fictitious characters, the narrative describes reality up to 1942, after which it is fictional. A significant early point of divergence is that Heydrich survived the assassination attempt by Czechoslovak fighters in May 1942 (he was killed in reality) and later became head of the SS. The Nazi offensives on the Eastern Front ultimately pushed back the Soviet forces, with the Case Blue operation succeeding in capturing the Caucasus and cutting the Red Army off from its petroleum reserves by 1943. The Nazis also found that the Enigma machine code had been broken, recalling the entire U-boat fleet for a time to discontinue its use. A subsequent massive U-boat campaign against Britain then succeeded in starving the British into surrender by 1944.

In the novel Princess Elizabeth and the Prime Minister Winston Churchill fled into exile in Canada. Elizabeth now claims the throne from her uncle Edward VIII, who regained the British throne soon afterwards, with Wallis Simpson as his queen. The US defeated Japan and used nuclear weapons, as in real life. Germany in return fired a non-nuclear "V-3" missile to explode in the skies over New York City to demonstrate its ability to attack the Continental United States with long-range missiles. Thus, after a peace treaty in 1946, the US and Germany are the novel's two superpower opponents in a Cold War.

There is a reference to a brutal regime having taken power in China, though its ideology and leader are never stated.

Alternative postwar history
The fictional backstory describes how, after victory is achieved, Germany reorganises Europe east of Poland into Reichskommissariats. After the Treaty of Rome is signed, both Western Europe and Northern Europe are corralled into a trade bloc, the European Community (EC). By 1964, the United States and the Greater German Reich are involved in a Cold War.

The action of the novel takes place from 14 to 20 April 1964, as Germany prepares for Hitler's 75th birthday celebrations, which are to take place on the latter date. A visit by US President Joseph P. Kennedy is planned as part of a gradual détente between the United States and Germany. The Holocaust has been officially explained away as merely the relocation of the Jews 'east', where infastructure and communications remain far more primitive than in central Europe.

Many in 1960s Germany suspect the government to have eliminated the Jews, but are generally too unconcerned about the event or too afraid of the authorities to say or to do anything. The outside world is aware of the Holocaust, but some doubt has been sown thanks to educated German diplomats offering various explanations for any proof or witnesses that have escaped German territory. Kennedy, however, remains neutral to avoid further damaging relations and refers only to vague "human rights violations" that he wishes to investigate when he visits Berlin.

Greater German Reich and international politics
The first few pages of the novel feature two maps: one of the city centre of Berlin and another of the extent of the massively-expanded Greater German Reich, which stretches from Alsace-Lorraine ("Westmark") in the west to the Ural Mountains and lower Caucasus in the east.

The Reich has retained Austria (now called "Ostmark"), Slovenia, the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and Luxembourg (now called "Moselland"). In the east, most of Poland is still ruled as a colony as the General Government, and the former Soviet territories west of the Urals have been divided into four Reichkommissariats:
 Ostland (Belarus and the Baltic states)
 Ukraine, including Odessa, the Generalkommissariat Taurida (Southern Ukraine) and the Crimea, now called Gotenland
 Muscovy (from Moscow to the Urals)
 Caucasus.
Also mentioned is a German naval base in Trondheim, Norway, where the Reich's nuclear submarines are based. Berlin is a city with a population of ten million inhabitants. It is the largest city in the German Reich and the capital of Germany and has been extensively redeveloped by Albert Speer.

A greatly-reduced Soviet rump state— presumably composed of Siberia, the Russian Far East and Central Asia—still exists, with its capital in Omsk. The US covertly supplies it with weapons and funds, which allow the Soviets to tie down German forces in the Urals. Although German propaganda plays down the war on the Eastern Front, the war there is taking its toll.

The countries of western and northern Europe have formed the European Community (EC), a pro-German economic bloc with its parliament located in Berlin. It is made up of Portugal, Spain, France, Ireland, the United Kingdom, Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland. The EC countries, despite being nominally free nations under their own governments and leaders, are politically subordinate to Germany in all but name. This is symbolized by the German flag flown over the Berlin headquarters being twice as large as those of the other member states. The Balkan states remain independent outside of the EC, but are still subject to German diktats. These include Croatia, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria and Serbia.

The Reich had initially planned to annex Switzerland, but because of Cold War tensions, Switzerland became a convenient neutral spot for diplomacy and for American and German intelligence agents to spy on each other. It is one of the last states in Europe with a foreign policy that is independent of Berlin.

The United States is locked in a Cold War with Germany. Since the end of WWII, both superpowers have developed nuclear and space technologies. The United States is said not to have participated in the Olympic Games since 1936, but is expected to return in 1964. The stalemate between Germany and the United States seems to overshadow international relations. New German buildings are constructed with mandatory bomb shelters, and the Reichsarchiv claims to have been built to withstand a direct missile hit.

Nazi society
German foreign policy concentrates on ending the Cold War. Hitler has taken some steps to soften his image over the years and now usually wears civilian clothes, instead of the party uniform. Nonetheless, no substantive changes have taken place in the regime's basic character. The Reichstag Fire Decree and the Enabling Act of 1933, the legal basis for Hitler's dictatorship, remain in effect, and the press, radio and television are all tightly controlled.

The bedrock of Nazi ideology is still the policy of blaming subversive and minority groups for Germany's economic and social problems. Christianity is still permitted in the German Reich, but the Gestapo keeps record of all who attend church services. Homosexuals are sent to labour camps, and Judaism is totally suppressed. Propaganda has previously depicted the United States to be corrupt, degenerate and poor. However, the imminent diplomatic meeting between Hitler and Kennedy forces German propaganda to shift to a more positive image of the United States and its people.

Despite its ideological and moral decline, Germany maintains a high standard of living, having built an empire at the expense of the rest of Europe. European satellite states export high-quality consumer goods to Germany (noted imports are domestic electronics from Britain) and also provide services, such as an SS academy in Oxford and imported domestic staff. Hitler's personal tastes in art and music remain the norm for German society.

Military service remains compulsory, as Germany is still at war with a rump Soviet Union east of the Urals. As the first generation of Nazi leaders who founded the party and came to power alongside Hitler begins to die off, Nazi officials are increasingly well-educated technocrats in the mould of Albert Speer. The police force (the Orpo, or uniformed police, and the Kripo, or criminal investigation bureau) is integrated with the SS, with police officers having honorary SS ranks.

According to the main characters, however, German society in the early 1960s is becoming more and more rebellious. The younger generation has no memory of the instability that paved the way for Hitler's rise to power. American and British cultural influence and growing pacifism have taken hold among German youth. Jazz music is still popular, and the German government claims to have come up with a version which is free from "Negroid influence". In spite of the general repression, the Beatles' real-life Hamburg engagements occur in the novel and have already been denounced in the state-controlled press. Germany is periodically attacked by resistance terrorists, with officials assassinated and civilian airliners bombed in-flight. Universities are centres of student dissent, with opposition movements such as the White Rose being once again active.

Nazi organisations such as Kraft durch Freude still exist and fulfill their original roles such as providing holidays to resort areas under German control. German citizens are still encouraged to contribute to the Winterhilfswerk. A sprawling transport network covers the entire Reich, including a vast autobahn and railway network in the manner of the real-life proposed Breitspurbahn system, which carries immense trains.

Technology
The level of technology in the novel's 1960s is much the same as in real life. The German military uses jet aircraft, nuclear submarines, and aircraft carriers; civilian technology has also advanced considerably. Jet airliners, televisions, coffee machines and photocopiers are used in Germany. The use of photocopiers is restricted to track their use in case they are utilized by dissidents.

Both the United States and Germany appear to have sophisticated space technology. Germany's space program is based at the old rocket-testing facility at Peenemünde, on the Baltic coast. The extent of space exploration is not specified, but a conversation between March and Maguire suggests that Germany is justified in boasting about being ahead of the US in the Space Race.

Critical evaluations
The British scholar Nancy Browne noted the similarities between the ending of Fatherland and that of Ernest Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls: "Both novels end with the protagonist about to embark on a single-handed armed confrontation with a large number of Fascists or Nazis, of whose outcome there can be no doubt - but the reader does not witness the moment of his presumed death.... Like Hemingway's Robert Jordan, Xavier March is facing this last moment with an exhilaration born of having no further doubts and dilemmas, no more crucial decisions which need to be made, nothing but going through on his chosen course and dying in a just cause. And like Jordan, in sacrificing himself March is ensuring the safe escape of the woman he loves".

The review by The Guardian, written by John Mullan, noted that Harris had acknowledged a debt to Len Deighton's SS-GB (1978), an earlier postwar alternative or "counter-factual" history, which was set in Great Britain in late 1941 after the (fictional) British surrender. Part 2 of the review stated that Harris's "invention of a nightmarish alternative history is... compelling".

In other media

Film

A TV film of the book was made in 1994 by HBO, starring Rutger Hauer as March and Miranda Richardson as Maguire for which she received a Golden Globe Award in 1995 for Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for TV. Rutger Hauer's performance was also nominated, as well as the film itself. The film also received an Emmy nomination in 1995 for Special Visual Effects.

In January 2009 German movie company UFA planned another film adaption of the novel. By March 2012, Dennis Gansel and Matthias Pachte had teamed up to write the screenplay, with Gansel as a candidate for director.

Radio
The novel was serialised on BBC radio, starring Anton Lesser as March and Angeline Ball as Charlie Maguire. It was dramatised, produced and directed by John Dryden and was first broadcast on 9 July 1997. The ending is changed slightly to allow for the limitations of the medium: the entire Auschwitz camp is discovered in an abandoned state, and Maguire's passage into Switzerland is confirmed to have occurred.

Audiobook
The unabridged audiobook version of the novel was released by Random House Audio in 1993, read by Werner Klemperer, a refugee from Nazi Germany  who is best remembered for his two-time Emmy Award-winning role of bumbling Colonel Klink on the 1960s TV series Hogan's Heroes.

Release details
 1992, UK, Hutchinson (), Pub date 7 May 1992, hardback (First edition)
 1992, USA, Random House (), Pub date June 1992, hardback (First USA edition)
 1993, UK, Arrow (), Pub date 12 May 1993, paperback
 2012, 20th Anniversary edition, UK, Arrow (), Pub date 26 April 2012, paperback
The novel is in seven parts, each consisting of several chapters. The first six parts describe the fictitious events of Tuesday, 14 April, to Sunday, 19 April 1964, and are named after the individual days. The last part, Führertag is set on Hitler's 75th birthday, on Monday, 20 April 1964.

Notes

See also
 Hypothetical Axis victory in World War II
 The Man in the High Castle

References

Citations

Works cited
  Although this cited edition is an omnibus volume of two novels, the page numbering is apparently the same as in the earlier single editions. The 2012 edition is numbered differently.

External links

 John Mullan, Fatherland by Robert Harris, The Guardian, 30 March 2012
 Graeme Shimmin, Fatherland by Robert Harris: Book Review
 Evelyn Robinson, Review: Fatherland by Robert Harris, Alternate History Weekly Update, 20 November 2012

1992 British novels
Dystopian novels
British novels adapted into films
Alternate Nazi Germany novels
Novels by Robert Harris
1992 science fiction novels
British thriller novels
British detective novels
Fiction set in 1964
Novels set in the 1960s
British novels adapted into television shows
Detective novels
English novels
Hutchinson (publisher) books
Novels set in Berlin
Cultural depictions of George VI
Cultural depictions of Elizabeth II
Cultural depictions of Winston Churchill
Cultural depictions of Adolf Hitler
Cultural depictions of Joseph Goebbels
Science fiction novels adapted into films
Cultural depictions of Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson

Fatherland (novel)


Odo II (or Eudes II; died 1144) was the bishop of Beauvais from 1133 until his death.

Odo was a close friend of Abbot Suger of Saint-Denis and he attended the dedication of the new Abbey of Saint-Denis in 1140, and may have attended the consecration in 1144. Through his close connexion to Suger he may have acquired the handsomely illustrated coronation ordo (liturgy) that was discovered in Beauvais Cathedral in the sixteenth century and is now Latin manuscript (lat.) 14192 in the Bibliothèque nationale.

Notes

Sources

1144 deaths
Bishops of Beauvais
Year of birth missing

Odo II of Beauvais


Roystonea is a genus of eleven species of monoecious palms, native to the Neotropics, in the Caribbean, the adjacent coasts of Florida in the United States, Mexico, Central America and northern South America. Commonly known as the royal palms, the genus was named after Roy Stone, a U.S. Army engineer. It contains some of the most recognizable and commonly cultivated palms of tropical and subtropical regions.

Description

Roystonea is a genus of large, unarmed, single-stemmed palms with pinnate leaves. The large stature and striking appearance of a Roystonea palm makes it a notable aspect of the landscape. The stems, which were compared to stone columns by Louis and Elizabeth Agassiz in 1868, are smooth and columnar, although the trunks of R. altissima and R. maisiana are more slender than those of typical royal palms. Stems often are swollen and bulging along portions of their length, which may reflect years where growing conditions were better or worse than average. Leaf scars are often prominent along the stem, especially in young, rapidly growing individuals. Stem color ranges from gray-white to gray-brown except in R. violacea, which have violet-brown or mauve stems. Royal palm, R. oleracea, reaches heights of , but most species are in the  range. The largest Royal palm is located in Floresta Estadual Edmundo Navarro de Andrade in Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil with 42.4 m and was discovered by Vincent Ferh and Mauro Galetti

Roystonea leaves consist of a sheathing leaf base, a petiole, and a rachis. The leaf base forms a distinctive green sheath around the uppermost portion of the trunk. Known as the crownshaft, this sheath extends  down the trunk. The petiole connects the lead base with the rachis. Zona only reported petiole lengths for three of the 10 species, ranging from . The rachis is pinnately divided and ranges from  long. The leaf segments themselves range in length from  in R. altissima up to as much as  in R. lenis. They are arranged in two or three planes along the rachis. Many authors have reported that the leaves R. oleracea are arranged in a single plane, but American botanist Scott Zona reported that this is not the case.

These plants have the ability to easily release their leaves in strong winds, a supposed adaption serving to prevent toppling during hurricanes. Inflorescences occur beneath the crownshaft, emerging from a narrow, horn-shaped bract. The flowers on the branched panicles are usually white, unisexual, and contain both sexes. The fruit is an oblong or globose drupe  long and deep purple when ripe. Some species so closely resemble one another that scientific differentiation is by inflorescence detail; flower size, colour, etc.

Taxonomy
Roystonea is placed in the subfamily Arecoideae and the tribe Roystoneae, which only contains Roystonea. The placement of Roystonea within the Arecoideae is uncertain; a phylogeny based on plastid DNA failed to resolve the position of the genus within the Arecoideae. As of 2008, there appear to be no molecular phylogenetic studies of Roystonea. One species is known only from two fossilized flowers preserved in Dominican amber which were described in 2002.

Species
Accepted species:

Distribution
Roystonea has a circum-Caribbean distribution which ranges from southern Florida in the north, to southern Mexico, Honduras and Nicaragua in the east and Venezuela and Colombia in the south. Species are found throughout the Caribbean, although only Jamaica and Hispaniola (with two native species) and Cuba (with five native species) have more than one native species. A few species are planted in Tunisia as well.

Uses
Royal palms are widely planted for decorative purposes throughout their native region, and elsewhere in the tropics and subtropics. They are considered by many to be the most beautiful palm in the world. Royal palms are very fond of water and thrive on supplemental irrigation. They also do better in a soil with much humus.

Though mainly a decorative plant, royal palms do have some minor agricultural uses. The heart of the palm is used to make salad in some parts of the Caribbean, and its seeds can be used as substitutes for coffee beans. Royal palm seeds were widely used in Cuba to feed pigs at least up to the 1940s and 1950s. The meat of pigs raised with royal palm seeds was said to be the very best. The lard obtained from pigs fattened or raised with royal palm seeds was said to exhibit a grainy texture, and by inference, to have been the best lard to consume. The seeds generally were obtained by men who specialized in climbing the royal palms using a set of two ropes looped around the stem, with two loops around the climber's legs to support himself. Once the climber reached the seed clumps, he would tie the clumps that were mature, cut them, and let them down by a rope supported from other seed clumps.

References

External links

 Kew Palms Checklist: Roystonea
 Flora of North America: Roystonea

Arecaceae genera
Neotropical realm flora
National symbols of Haiti

Roystonea


The Sifang Art Museum previously known as 4Cube Museum of Contemporary Art is a museum in Nanjing, in Jiangsu province in China. It is a non-profit private multi-functional institution dedicated to the exhibition, preservation, research and education of contemporary art and architecture.
In 2013 it opened its new premises designed and built by American architect Steven Holl. The new premises feature a 3000-square metre flexible exhibition area, as well as a tea-house and a residency for the curator. It forms part of the Chinese International Practical Exhibition of Architecture (CIPEA).

References

External links
 Official website
 Nanjing Museum of Art and Architecture

Art museums and galleries in China
Museums in Nanjing
Modern art museums in China
Art museums established in 2010
Steven Holl buildings
Contemporary art galleries in China
2010 establishments in China

Sifang Art Museum


Algarkirk ( ) is a village and civil parish in the Borough of Boston in Lincolnshire, England. It is situated  south-south-west from Boston and near the A16 road. It has a population of 406, falling to 386 at the 2011 census. An alternative village spelling is 'Algakirk'.

History
Before the Roman conquest the area was home to the Coritani; after Roman departure it became part of the Anglo Saxon kingdom of Mercia. Algarkirk has been claimed to be named after Ælfgar, Earl of Mercia, a son of Lady Godiva; he is reputedly buried in the graveyard of the parish church of St Peter and St Paul. The "kirk" element of the name comes from the Old English "circe" meaning church, which was later replaced by the Old Norse "kirk".

The 9th-century church itself is Early English and Norman with a double-aisle transept and a font of Purbeck marble. Under the tower are kneeling brass effigies of Nicholas Robertson (d. 1498), Merchant of the Staple of Calais, and his two wives Alice and Isabella. In 1492, he and Isabella glazed the church clerestorey. The church was heavily restored in 1851.

Hitherto, the parish had formed part of Boston Rural District, in the Parts of Holland. Holland was one of the three divisions (formally known as parts) of the traditional county of Lincolnshire. Since the Local Government Act of 1888, Holland had been, in most respects, a county in itself until the creation of Lincolnshire County Council in April 1974 by the combination of Holland, Lindsey (except for those areas transferred to Humberside) and Kesteven County Councils.

The Algarkirk Woad mill closed down after the 1932 crop. The mill owner was Mr George Nussey Snr.

Demography
The population was recorded as 386 in the 2011 Census, a drop from 406 on the 2001 Census.

Geography
The village was once served by Algarkirk and Sutterton railway station on the now-closed line connecting Boston and Spalding. The A16 has been rebuilt on the former railway, so Algarkirk village lies between this and the old road, now the B1397. The Boston-Algarkirk Diversion opened in October 1991. The village primary school, the Fourfields school, is shared with Sutterton.

The village lies hard against the parish boundary with Sutterton, so that the two parish churches are six or seven hundred metres apart. While most of the parishes in Holland are more or less long and narrow so as to include both saltmarsh and fen, this was originally achieved in Algarkirk by having a detached fen about 12 kilometres away, in Holland Fen. This is now part of Amber Hill parish and ward.

It constitutes part of Five Villages electoral ward, one of eighteen rural wards in the borough, each comprising one or more parishes.

References

Further reading
"Peculiarities of a Vicar - A Remarkable Interview" paperspast.natlib.govt.nz - Hawera & Normanby Star p. 3; 16 February 1907. Retrieved 25 April 2011

External links

Villages in Lincolnshire
Civil parishes in Lincolnshire
Borough of Boston

Algarkirk


Lawrence Francis Bretta  (January 12, 1928 – September 2, 2006) was a Massachusetts businessman and politician who served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives and as the Mayor of Somerville, Massachusetts. He was regional director of the General Service Administration until his resignation in February, 1984 while under investigation on corruption charges.  He pleaded guilty to a federal indictment alleging solicitation and acceptance of bribes on connection with the location of a federal Social Security office in the Mystic Mall in Chelsea, Massachusetts and was sentenced to four years in prison. He was released in 1988.

Notes

1928 births
2006 deaths
Mayors of Somerville, Massachusetts
Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
20th-century American politicians

Lawrence F. Bretta


For the Scottish international footballer see Kris Commons

Christopher John Commons (born 9 December 1950) is a retired long jumper from Australia, who represented his country in the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal.

Commons won silver medals in the 1974 and 1978 Commonwealth Games during his career. A four-time national champion in the men's long jump (1973–1976), he held the Australian Residential Long Jump Record of 8.08 metres. He won the Pacific Conference Games in 1977 and was second in the event in 1973.

Commons was ranked sixth in the world by the magazine Track & Field News in 1975. He received the Athlete of the Year award from the Athletics International organisation for the 1974–5 season.

As a young athlete, Commons was the Australian Junior Champion (under 19 years of age) in the triple jump for three consecutive years (1967-9).

His brothers, Don Commons (triple jump) and David Commons, were also notable athletes.

References

External links
 Australian Athletics Historical Results
 Commonwealth Games Medallists - Men
 Track & Field News All-Time World Rankings
 Athletics International Award Winners
 Pacific Conference Games Medallists

1950 births
Living people
Australian male long jumpers
Athletes (track and field) at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1978 Commonwealth Games
Olympic athletes for Australia
Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Australia
20th-century Australian people
21st-century Australian people
Medallists at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 1978 Commonwealth Games
Place of birth missing (living people)

Chris Commons


Merrill Hall, located at Main and Academy Streets in Farmington, Maine, is the oldest building on the campus of the University of Maine at Farmington. It was designed by George M. Coombs of Lewiston and built in 1898, replacing the school's original 1864 building, but includes an ell dating to 1888.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.  It currently houses administrative offices of the university.

Architecture and history
Merrill Hall is set on a rise facing Farmington's Main Street to the west, just south of the town's central business district.  It is a Romanesque Revival building 2-1/2 stories in height, constructed of brick with granite and wood trim.  Its main facade is asymmetrically arranged, with a low round tower to the right, and a taller square tower to the left, the latter topped by a belfry and octagonal bellcast roof.  The main entrance lies between them sheltered by a deep porch with three round arches.  To the rear of the building is an attached 2-1/2 story brick ell, which predates the construction of the main block.

The University of Maine at Farmington was established as the "Western State Normal School" in 1864 as the state's first publicly funded normal school.  It was originally housed in the old wood-frame Farmington Academy building, to which the present rear ell was added in 1888.  Demand for space and the deteriorating condition of the old academy building prompted its demolition in 1897, followed by the construction of the main building in 1898.  The architect was George M. Coombs of Lewiston, a prominent architect who also designed many buildings in downtown Farmingtion and elsewhere in Maine.

The normal school was formally merged into the University of Maine system in 1971.  Merrill Hall now houses space for the performing and visual arts.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Franklin County, Maine

References

School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
Romanesque Revival architecture in Maine
Buildings and structures completed in 1888
Buildings and structures in Franklin County, Maine
University of Maine at Farmington
National Register of Historic Places in Franklin County, Maine
Historic district contributing properties in Maine
1888 establishments in Maine

Merrill Hall


Thulla  (Thulla Christina Wamberg; born 6 September 1963) is a Danish folk/pop and jazz singer.

Autodidact in music, words, images and sound, mainly influenced, as she states, by Tom Waits, Leonard Cohen, Marilyn Monroe and Björk. She had several great Jazz musicians from Denmark in her bands, the Thulla's Organic Orchestra (Ben Besiakov, (p), Dan Hemmer (ho), Hugo Rasmussen (b), Frands Rifbjerg (d), Lisbeth Diers (perc),  and 2005 the Thullabandulla Band (Dan Hemmer (keys), Guffi Pallesen (b), Rune Harder Olesen (perc). The songs are mainly her own compositions and lyrics, mixed with international standards. Her newest band Thulla's Merry-go-round (2017), count Marie Louise Schmidt (Vox Continental, harmonica, keys), Eva Malling (bass) and on the album: Poul Achton (dr). Live on drums/perc: Jesper Uno.

Thulla was born in Copenhagen, and has a bachelor of Danish Literature from KUA, 1990. She received the National Arts Foundation's 2-year music-grant in 2000, and has also received a grant from the State Art Foundation. She toured all over Denmark with "Thulla's Organic Orchestra" as well as "Thullabandulla Band", and performed at Beijings Jazz Festival 2008. Participated in portraits on DR2, DR1, TV2 and Channel 4.
She Composed the soundtrack for Greenland scientist John Andersen's "Around Greenland", 2009.

Contributed as a singer and composer to other projects, including Universal Funk - Later Black Lillies.
Chiefeditor of the Composers' Association DJBFA's member magazine KOMPOST 2008-2012.

Thulla's first album was released in 1999. Her records are sold in Denmark as in Germany, Japan and Portugal.

Discography

Albums

 Thulla. StarHouse 1999
 The Spirit of Yesterday. Cope Records (LeiCom) 2001
 Double up, please. Cope Records (LeiCom) 2002
 Evergreen Machine. Cope Records (LeiCom) 2003
 The Spirit of Yesterday. Cope Records (LeiCom)
 Thullabandulla Band: Life is a Car. Cope Records (LeiCom) 2005
 Retro Sisters & Schwanzen Sänger Knaben. Focus Recording. Thulla C. Wamberg, Ninna Milner Juel & Schwanzen Sänger Knaben. 2007
 Bleu: Blue City. Cope Records Thulla & Alain Apaloo. 2008
 The Spirit of Ice (QvintusArt) 2009
 7 Shortcuts to Change (LifeChangingListening Thulla & cellist Halina Wigocka Wamberg. 2010)
 Thulla's Merry-go-round: Colony Collapse Disorder (MusikGalaxen 2017)

Singles

 Twilight Mood Thulla/Ninna Milner, 2003
 Make Music not War jazzmusicians pro peace, 2003 - with Thulla and Povl Dissing
 Thulla vs Pörder & Hinkola Rebellious Angel, 2004

Books
•  The Evil Stepmother - Myth or Reality. Fischer & Schou, 1996

Theater
Composer/sounddesigner/actor at the following performances by author and dramatist Michael Svennevig:

• Ørkenshow. Teatret ved Sorte Hest, 2008

• HEGN. About a Refugee's Life and Dreams in Denmark. Teatret ved Sorte Hest, 2008

• The Silence spoke. Apostel Kirke, Vesterbro. 2009

• Handle me Life. Apostel Kirke, Vesterbro. 2011

• Festival of Theater, Træstubben, Vesterbro Naturværksted. 2014

• With Stine Bitsch-Larsen / Festival of Stories & Life Stories, Bethania Home, Frederiksberg. 2016

• Mainartist together with Mika Filborne through the festival Coffee - Yes please! in 3 districts of Copenhagen

• Composer/sound designer at My School Yard, Teatret Riddersalen, Frederiksberg in cooperation with Nyelandsvejens skole.

Trailers
Dreams & Visions, 2013

With'n without Jewelry, 2016

SwanWings, 2016

Coffee, Yes Please! 2017

About writer Stig Dalager, 2017

References

External links
 Thulla's homepage

1968 births
Living people
Danish women singers
Danish jazz singers
English-language singers from Denmark

Thulla


Latin Lover is a joint telenovela production between Venevisión (Venezuela), Iguana Producciones (Peru), and Playboy Entertainment Group (United States). It centers around the production of a fictional telenovela (a novela-within-the-novela, also translated as "Latin Lover"), and follows the lives (mainly the sex lives) of the actors and production staff involved in the show, as well as other tangential characters. The show features a large main cast of at least 23 credited performers.

Each episode features a number of softcore pornographic and simulated sexy scenes, commonly including full frontal and rear nudity, though rarely showing either male or female genitalia.

As of July 6, 2008, Latin Lover is broadcast in Canada by Telelatino, dubbed into English. A new series called Latin Lover 2: Beauty & Ambition (Bellas y ambiciosas) premiered on Telelatino Network in Spring 2009.

Premise
The plot generally revolves around the character Rafael Carballo, the director of the "Latin Lover" novela. Rafael is portrayed as an attractive man whom women often find difficult to resist. He is often equally incapable of declining the sexual advances of the scheming, seductive women involved in the novela and the production company behind it. This often gets him into trouble; particularly with his longtime girlfriend Viviana - daughter of Mariana and Samuel Ventura Moreira. Samuel is the powerful owner of Canal Internacional, which produces the novela. Samuel also has an affair with Bárbara - a seductress who is secretly after Samuel's position, and devises many plots to further that goal.

A major story arc early in the series is Rafael's search for the actress that will star in the novela. Several actresses fight over the role, including Renata and Valeria. However, an unexpected candidate emerges in Claudia Fuentes, a waitress whose aunt prepares lunch at the novela's studio. Claudia does not even want the job; she is in love with Omar, a mechanic, but finds that he is too controlling for her.

After a video of Rafael sleeping with Renata is leaked to the press, Viviana leaves him, and he is forced to resign from the novela. Viviana decides to begin working for the station herself, in preparation for taking over from her father. Bárbara is also reinstated at Canal, and after offering the job to Silvana, who threatens to organize a strike if Rafael isn't reinstated, she decides to direct the novela herself. However, after Bárbara is caught sleeping with an actor on the set, Viviana puts her personal problems aside and suggests her father rehire Rafael.

Meanwhile, Samuel ends his affair with Bárbara after he meets Débora Bacigallupo - a young actress whose controlling mother forces her to seduce Samuel in order to gain a role in the novela. Samuel falls in love with her and pursues her affections; but she instead has feelings for Fabian, a stuntman-turned-actor. An unknown assailant begins stalking, kidnapping, and raping the novela's actresses.

Cast

References

External links

Erotic television series
2000s Peruvian television series
2001 Peruvian television series debuts
2002 Peruvian television series endings
Spanish-language telenovelas
2001 telenovelas
Peruvian telenovelas
Venevisión telenovelas

Latin Lover (TV series)


Edvard Eilert Christie (10 August 1773 – 14 August 1831) was a Norwegian businessperson and politician.

He was a son of postmaster and merchant in Christianssund, Johann Koren Christie (1745–1823). He was a nephew of Werner Hosewinckel Christie and a brother of noted politician Wilhelm Frimann Koren Christie. He was the father of writer Johan Koren Christie, and also an uncle of physicist Hartvig Caspar Christie, politician Hans Langsted Christie and architect Christian Christie, and a granduncle of agricultural teacher Werner Hosewinckel Christie.

Edvard Eilert Christie is best known for serving one term in the Parliament of Norway, being elected in 1824 from the constituency Christianssund og Molde. He was a merchant there, and also a customs officer. He died in 1831.

References

1773 births
1831 deaths
Norwegian businesspeople
Members of the Storting
Møre og Romsdal politicians
Politicians from Kristiansund
Norwegian people of Scottish descent

Edvard Eilert Christie


Jorja Fox (born July 7, 1968) is an American actress. She first came to prominence with a recurring role in the NBC medical drama ER (Emergency Room) as Dr. Maggie Doyle from 1996 to 1999. This was followed by another critical success in the recurring role of Secret Service Agent Gina Toscano in the NBC political drama The West Wing in 2000. She played Sara Sidle in the CBS police procedural crime-drama CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, both as a regular (2000–2007, 2010–2015) and recurring (2008–2010) cast member. She reprised the role in the sequel CSI: Vegas, which premiered on October 6, 2021.

Early life
Fox was born in New York City to Montreal-born parents Edward and Marilyn Fox and is of French-Canadian, Belgian and Irish descent. She was raised on a narrow barrier island in Melbourne Beach, Florida. She has an older brother, Jeff. She describes herself as being overweight while growing up, with a prominent gap between her teeth. By her 20s, she observed that neither her wisdom teeth nor braces had appreciably helped (although wisdom teeth are no longer considered as causing crowding of the anterior teeth), and Fox said "forget it."

After attending Melbourne High School for two years, she began a modeling career after winning a local contest. She subsequently enrolled as a drama student at the Lee Strasberg Institute in New York City, under the tutelage of actor William Hickey.

Career
Fox had minor roles in films and television series, including the opening scene of a 1993 episode of the NBC legal drama Law & Order. Fox's big break was a recurring role in the third, fourth and fifth seasons (1996–99) of the NBC medical drama ER. She played Dr. Maggie Doyle, a lesbian, no-nonsense and vegetarian emergency intern.

Fox appeared in "The Puppy Episode Part 2", the April 30, 1997 episode of the sitcom Ellen, in which that series' main character came out as gay.

From 1999 to 2000, she had a recurring role as Secret Service Agent Gina Toscano in the first and second seasons of the NBC political drama The West Wing.

Fox has appeared in the films Velocity Trap and Food for the Heart and she also briefly appeared in Memento, playing the main character's wife in flashback footage.

CSI
In 2000, she gained a regular role on the CBS police procedural drama CSI: Crime Scene Investigation as Sara Sidle, a Las Vegas forensic scientist.

She and her CSI: Crime Scene Investigation co-star George Eads were fired from the show in 2004. Fox had allegedly failed to submit a letter to CBS confirming that she would be on time for shooting. The disputes were resolved in just over a week, and the two were rehired by CBS, but neither Fox or Eads' salary was raised, in spite of other cast members receiving raises. It was also reported that of the two, Fox was approached first to resume her contract with CSI, but she refused until Eads was rehired as well.

On April 18, 2007, TV Guide began reporting that Fox might not be returning for the eighth season of CSI, having not yet signed a new contract. The seventh season finale turned out to be a cliffhanger involving her character, Sara Sidle. The New York Post reported that Fox did not show up to film the finale because of ongoing issues over her employment. Neither CBS nor Jorja's agent confirmed the allegations.

In September 2007, after rumors emerged about Fox's departure from the show, an online forum called "Your Tax Dollars at Work", started a campaign to keep Sara Sidle on CSI; the campaign (called Dollars for Sense) includes mailing the show's producers a dollar so as to keep Fox on the show. With the help of donations, the campaign also organized plane flyovers over the Universal Studios lot in California where CSI is filmed. The banners read "Keep Jorja Fox on CBS". On October 15, 2007, Fox told Entertainment Weekly that she left CSI, saying that she wanted a break "from the commitment of a weekly television series." Fox requested that the money collected during the "Dollars for Sense" campaign be donated to CASA, an organization dedicated to aiding foster children.  On November 15, 2007, the episode "Goodbye and Good Luck" marked the character's final regular appearance in an episode of CSI until the show entered its tenth season.

In May 2008, Fox returned for CSI'''s ninth season as a guest star. After coming back for the first, second, and fifth episodes, she returned for William Petersen's last episode as the star ("One To Go") in the last scene, when Gil Grissom (Petersen) turns up in the jungle, surprising Sara, and in the episode finish wherein the two shared a passionate kiss.

In the summer of 2009, CBS announced that Fox would be returning to CSI. Fox was initially scheduled to appear in the tenth season premiere ("Family Affair," which aired September 24, 2009) and four additional episodes. However, executive producer Carol Mendelsohn confirmed that Fox's stay had been made "more permanent" and her role extended indefinitely. By July 2011, Fox was confirmed as a full-time, regular cast member again on CSI for the twelfth season, but she was added back to the opening credits for the eleventh season. She remained in the main cast until the show ended after the fifteenth season in September 2015.

After CSI
After leaving CSI in 2007, Fox produced the musical Stay Forever: The Life and Music of Dusty Springfield starring Kirsten Holly Smith, about the tension between the public image and private life of bisexual musician Dusty Springfield, which played at the Renberg Theatre in the Los Angeles Gay and Lesbian Center.

Fox guest-starred in the Lifetime sitcom Drop Dead Diva. The episode, which aired on August 16, 2009, had her playing a soccer mom with a criminal past. She also did a modeling shoot for Green With Glamour. Fox is the co-founder of Honeypot Productions, an independent avant-garde theatre company in Los Angeles that has produced five original plays. Her friend and HoneyPot co-founder Heather Reid wrote Dear Bernard, which Fox helped produce.

Fox is a musician; she plays guitar (badly, she says) and has a drum kit. She sings and writes songs, most notably the song "Lullabye" for the movie Traveling Companion as well as the song "Satellite," which she published on her official web site. Fox and her CSI co-star Marg Helgenberger sang "Stand by Me" as a duet at the fourth annual benefit called "What A Pair 4—A Celebration of Women's Duets" to benefit breast cancer research at the John Wayne Cancer Institute. It was held Sunday June 11, 2006, at the Wiltern/LG Theatre.

Activism and politics
Fox is a supporter of the Human Rights Campaign and has been a dedicated vegetarian since the age of 19, working with PETA to help promote vegetarianism and also working with ADI to bring light to the suffering of animals in circuses. She has a purse named after her by the Montréal company Matt & Nat, which designs vegan purses. Fox attended and read at the Los Angeles book launch of Karen Dawn's Thanking The Monkey, and was seen on Access Hollywood discussing how being vegetarian helps the environment. In 2008, Fox volunteered her time to film a Public Service Announcement for the New York–based non-profit Orangutan Outreach, which supports Borneo Orangutan Survival and other projects aimed at ensuring the orangutan's continued survival. The 30-second clip was shown on Animal Planet during the award-winning series Orangutan Island''.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

Awards and nominations

References

External links

 Access Hollywood Thanking the Monkey Book Launch Video

20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Florida
Actresses from New York City
American film actresses
American musical theatre actresses
American people of Belgian descent
American people of French-Canadian descent
American people of Irish descent
American television actresses
Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute alumni
Living people
Melbourne High School alumni
People from Melbourne Beach, Florida
Singers from Florida
Singers from New York City
1968 births

Jorja Fox


The Bhundu Boys were a Zimbabwean band that played a mixture of chimurenga music with American rock and roll, disco, country, and pop influences.  Their style became known as jit, and is quite popular across Africa, with some international success, and has influenced later groups like Nehoreka and Mokoomba. British world music DJ Andy Kershaw said that at the height of their magical powers they were "...the single most natural, effortless, catchy pop band I've ever heard"; the BBC's John Peel famously broke down in tears the first time he saw the band perform live.

The name came from bhundu (meaning "bush" or "jungle"), in reference to the young boys who used to aid the nationalist guerrilla fighters in the 1970s war against the white minority government of what was then Rhodesia. Lead singer Biggie Tembo (Biggie Rodwell Tembo Marasha) was a Bhundu boy.

History

Beginnings
The Bhundu Boys recorded their first 7" vinyl single (Une Shuwa Here) at Shed Studios in Harare in August 1982, as part of the Studio's drive to sponsor more local music. They were one of a number of more adventurous bands that had not been contracted by the two record labels. Shed Studios was owned by Steve Roskilly and Martin Norris with engineering by Roskilly, Norris and house drummer, Bothwell Nyamhondera. They signed a formal 3 year recording contract with the studio in February 1983. A single was released on Shed Studio's own Rugare Label  almost every month, so as to build up a momentum and strong following. Between 1982 and 1986, The Bhundu Boys thus reached the top of the Zimbabwean music scene, with four number one hits ("Baba Munini Francis", "Wenhamo Haaneti", "Hatisitose", and "Tsvimbodzemoto").

Success in the UK
They attracted the attention of Owen Elias and his colleague, musician Champion Doug Veitch, who released an EP by the band in the UK under licence from Shed Studios in 1985. This attracted the attention of DJ's John Peel and Andy Kershaw who promoted the band on BBC Radio. In September 1985 the Studio gave notice to extend the contract for a further 3 years and the band continued to record. Given the attention of Peel and Kershaw, under further licence from Shed Studios, their first UK album, Shabhini, was released on the Discafrique label in 1986. This was a compilation of music already released in Zimbabwe.

The band travelled to UK in 1986 for a live tour organised by Elias, and Scottish graphic artist Gordon Muir became their manager. After touring the UK for a year, basing themselves initially in Hawick, Scotland with Muir and travelling relentlessly, the band appeared to be on the brink of a major commercial breakthrough. They were feted by Eric Clapton and Elvis Costello and Madonna asked them to be her support act at Wembley Stadium in 1987.

In October 1986, just as the band's second UK album Tsvimbodzemoto was about to be released in UK, on the Discafrique label by Elias, they met with Roskilly and requested that their Shed Studios contract be terminated early as manager Muir wanted to sign them to Warner Bros. Records. This was a monumental blow to the Studios and to Roskilly their erstwhile producer, in particular. It was however agreed that the contract would be nullified in return for all rights associated with existing Shed recordings, being assigned to Shed Studios in perpetuity. In practice, Shed Studios continued to pay writer's publishing royalties. Controversially, much of their £80,000 advance from WEA was spent buying a house in Kensal Rise, West London that as of 2006 was still a source of dispute. The band played in North America, Australia and Hong Kong. But the first WEA album True Jit, produced by Robin Millar, was considered too far a jump in style from their original Shed Studios' recordings (produced by Steve Roskilly) and was unfavourably received.

Downfall and breakup
The band began a long period of further live appearances, releasing other independent CDs, but started to fall apart. They were dropped from WEA after the commercial failure of their second album on the label. Leader Biggie Tembo achieved some celebrity on TV and in the press, which irritated the rest of the band, especially guitarist Rise Kagona, and Tembo was asked to leave the band in 1990 following an altercation at Harare airport. The band continued but without the writing and vocal talents of Tembo, the band never again produced the same reception by the music press or by the public.

Three members died of complications from AIDS: David Mankaba (d. 1991), his replacement Shepherd Munyama (d. 1992) and Shakespear Kangwena (d. 1993).

Tembo tried a comeback by collaborating with a Bristol band, Startled Insects, without success. Returning to Zimbabwe in the early 1990s, he tried to self-produce some more music at Shed Studios including two albums (Baba of Jit and Out of Africa), neither of which were properly released or published. Tembo became ill with depression, became a practising Christian, eventually hanging himself in a psychiatric hospital in 1995, where he had been sectioned for violent outbursts.

Meanwhile, the band soldiered on, recording two more albums. Muir left their management in difficult circumstances as the band's income dried up. In 1996 he sold the band's house in Mortimer Road, Kensal Rise, as part of winding up the band's assets, with surviving band members reporting they received almost nothing from the deal; they suspect that Muir had actually used the band's money to buy it in the first place, using their Warner advance without permission. Muir has countered that there were no profits to divide up. The band finally called it quits in 2000 after bassist Washington Kavhai was jailed in the UK on an aggravated assault conviction.

In 2001, Shed Studios issued a compilation album of all the Bhundu Boys recordings made in Zimbabwe, entitled The Shed Sessions, for release in UK on a double CD, under licence to Gordon Muir.

Current whereabouts
Guitarist Rise Kagona is divorced and currently lives in Scotland. He has written a short account of the band's history. He plays in Rise Kagona and the Jit Jive Band, who frequently perform in northern England and Scotland. He co-wrote and sang on "She Told You So" on Ben Avison's 2013 Good Day Mr. Magpie album. He has also played with Doug Veitch, recording an album, Tanzwa Nekutambura, in 2007.

Kuda Matimba lived in London as of 2007, playing with Harare, a group he started in 2005 together with Kenny Chitsvatsva. He had lost contact with Rise Kagona.

Moyo Tembo, son of Biggie Tembo, formed a group called The Chinhoyi Superstars, who released their debut single "Woiteyiko".

Biggie Tembo Jr., a second son of Biggie Tembo, has followed in his father's footsteps and released his debut album, Rwendo, in 2010. He was convicted of assault against a woman in 2015.

Discography
Shed Studios release in Zimbabwe - Engineered Bothwell Nyamhondera
Une Shuwa Here (Rugare, 1982)
Kuroja Chete (Rugare, 1983)

Shed Studios release in Zimbabwe - Produced and engineered Stephen Roskilly
Kumbirayi (Rugare, 1983)
Zvichatinetsa (Rugare, 1983)
Pachedu (Rugare, 1983)
Chekudya Chose (Rugare, 1983)
Nhai Mukoma (Rugare, 1983)
Hupenyu Hwangu (Rugare, 1983)
Faka Puresha (Rugare, 1984)
Wakandiparadzisa Musha (Rugare 1984)
Shabhini (Rugare 1984)
Ziva Kwawakabva (Rugare 1984)
Ndipo Mari Yangu (Rugare 1984)
Wakasikitei Satani (Rugare 1984)
Dai Ndakaziva (Rugare, 1984)
Wehamo Haaneti (Rugare, 1984)
Zvandinetsa (Rugare, 1984)
Pendeke (Rugare 1984)
Hatisitose (Rugare 1984)
Vakaparei (Rugare, 1984)
Baba Munini Francis (Rugare, 1984)
Wafungeyiko (Rugare 1984)
Tsvimbodzemoto (Rugare 1985)
Manhenga (Rugare 1985)
Simbimbino (Rugare 1985)
Kupedza Muto (Rugare 1985)
Chimanimani (Rugare 1985)
Zvandinetsa (Rugare 1986)
Muchihwa (Rugare 1986)

Discafrique release in UK under licence from Shed Studios
Shabini (DiscAfrique, Afril02, 1986)
Tsvimbodzemoto  (DiscAfrique, Afrilp03, 1987)
Warner Brothers release i UK
True Jit (WEA 242203-2, 1987)
Pamberi  (WEA, 1989)
Independent releases in UK
Live at King Tut's Wah Wah Hut (DiscAfrique, Afrilp007, 1990)
Friends on the Road  (Cooking Vinyl, 1993) Featuring: Latin Quarter and Hank Wangford
Muchiyedza  (Cooking Vinyl 1997)
Gordon Muir release in UK under licence from Shed Studios
The Shed Sessions  (Sadza,  2001)
Contributing artist
The Rough Guide to the Music of Zimbabwe (World Music Network, 1996)

Personnel
Kenny Chitsvatsva - drums, backing vocals
David Mankaba - bass guitar, backing vocals
Rise Kagona - guitar, backing vocals
Biggie Tembo - guitar, lead vocals
Shakespear ("Shakie") Kangwena - keyboard, backing vocals
Shepherd Munyama, bass guitar, replaced David Mankaba
Washington Kavhai, bass guitar, vocals, replaced Shepherd
Kuda Matimba, keyboard, vocals, replaced Shakie

References

External links

Bhundu Boys Recordings
Biography
Bhundu Boys:The Lost Boys

Zimbabwean musical groups
English people of Zimbabwean descent
Island Records artists

Bhundu Boys