Saint Leonard Catholic Church is a Roman Catholic church in the city of Madison, in the state of Nebraska in the Midwestern United States.  Built in 1913, it has been described as "an outstanding example of the Romanesque Revival style of architecture."

St. Leonard's parish, named after Saint Leonard of Port Maurice, was organized in 1879.  A wood-frame church was built in 1881 on the outskirts of Madison, and moved into the city in 1898.  In 1902, the basement of the current church was built, and the congregation moved into it, converting the old church to a school.  When funds allowed, the basement was extended, and the current brick church completed in 1913.

In 1989, the church, its 1912 rectory, and the rectory's garage were listed in the National Register of Historic Places, as the work of noted Nebraska architect Jacob M. Nachtigall.  A pupil of Thomas Rogers Kimball, Nachtigall designed a number of Catholic churches and other buildings in the state, several of which are also listed in the National Register.

History
The first white settlers to occupy the site of Madison were a party led by Henry Mitchell Barnes, who settled near the junction of Union and Taylor Creeks in 1867.  Growth of the new settlement was rapid; in particular, there was an influx of German families from Wisconsin.  The town of Madison was officially platted by Barnes in 1870 or 1871.  In 1875, it became the county seat of Madison County, and in 1876 it was incorporated.  The Union Pacific Railroad reached Madison in 1879; by 1880, the town had a population of about 300.

The first Christian services held in Madison were Presbyterian, taking place in Barnes's and other homes.  A Presbyterian congregation was organized in 1870, and a church built in 1872.  A Methodist circuit encompassing Madison and Antelope counties was organized in 1871; a parsonage was built in Madison ca. 1875, and a church begun in 1877.  A Lutheran congregation may have formed in Madison in about 1875, although early records are incomplete; the congregation was initially served by the pastor of a Lutheran church in Green Garden Precinct, located about seven miles () southwest of Madison.  It was formally organized in 1885, and a church built in Madison in 1887.

The first Catholic settlers in Madison County homesteaded near present-day Battle Creek, northwest of Madison, in the late 1860s.  In 1874, they organized a parish; in 1874–75, they built St. Patrick's Church, the county's first Catholic church.  In 1877, they wrote to Bishop James O'Connor of the Diocese of Omaha, asking that a priest be assigned to visit the church at intervals until a permanent priest could be assigned to the parish; in apparent response to this, Franciscan missionaries based in Columbus were given the responsibility of providing for Madison County.

1879–1900

In 1879, a group of Catholic residents of the Madison area met to plan the building of a church.  At the meeting, a total of $426.75 was subscribed; additional contributions of $322.86 were obtained from citizens of Madison.  In January 1880, the church's trustees spent $100 for five acres () on a hill at the southeastern edge of town.  In the spring, a party of parishioners drove their ox teams to Wisner, about  northeast of Madison, for the first load of lumber for the new church.  The  frame structure, with a capacity of 100, was completed in November 1881; the total cost was $957.61, leaving $208.00 owed to the carpenter.  The new church was dedicated to St. Leonard of Port Maurice, an 18th-century Franciscan priest, preacher, ascetic, and writer venerated as the patron saint of parish missions.

In 1882, a parcel of land southeast of the church was purchased for a cemetery; a one-year-old child buried in September of that year became its first occupant.  The cemetery was fenced in 1883.  In 1884, the church was enlarged: a sacristy and a room for the priest were added to the east end, and a steeple to the west end.

As Madison's population grew, the church became too small for the expanding congregation.  In addition, its location outside of the city was inconvenient for many parishioners.  In 1898, a tract of land inside Madison was bought.  Rather than building a new church at the time, the parish elected to move the old one to the new site.  The church was moved in two parts; when it was reconstructed, another section was added between them, increasing the building's seating capacity to 180.  The church on the new site was dedicated in November 1898.

1900–1913

In the early 20th century, the parish decided that the old church should be remodelled into a school and a convent for the teachers, and that a new church should be built.  Brother Leonard Darscheid, a Franciscan architect, drew up plans for a church; but financial constraints precluded its construction.  Instead, a temporary basement church was built just west of the old church building.  It is not known whether the design of the basement used Darscheid's plans.  Construction of the basement church began in July 1902, services were held there beginning in September 1902, and it was dedicated in February 1903.

The school opened in September 1903, with two classrooms staffed by two members of the Sisters of the Presentation of Dubuque, Iowa.  66 students were enrolled, including a number of non-Catholics, owing to overcrowding in the public schools.  To make more space available, a basement was dug in 1904.  In 1910, a third classroom was added.

In 1910, the Franciscans turned the management of the parish over to the Diocese of Omaha.  In October of that year, Edward S. Muenich became the first diocesan pastor of St. Leonard's.

Muenich embarked upon an extensive building campaign, for which he retained Omaha architect Jacob M. Nachtigall.  Born in Germany in 1874, Nachtigall had immigrated to the United States with his family in 1883.  Initially working as a laborer in Omaha, he had served as a draftsman for that city's 1898 Trans-Mississippi and International Exposition.  He had then worked as a draftsman for Omaha architect Thomas Rogers Kimball from 1900 to 1908; during this time, Kimball had designed the city's St. Cecilia's Cathedral.  In 1909, Nachtigall had opened his own architectural office.

In 1911, a two-story eight-room brick rectory designed by Nachtigall was begun; it was completed and furnished in 1912, at a cost of $10,374.  In the fall of 1912, the church basement was extended by over 50 percent.

1913–1946

In 1913, a Romanesque Revival church designed by Nachtigall was built on the existing basement.  The cornerstone was laid and construction begun in May; the church was completed by the end of November, and formally dedicated on December 4.  The cost of construction was about $75,000.  While the church was under construction, Catholic services were held in Madison's armory.

The new church had a seating capacity of 700.  In its  tower was a clock with four six-foot () dials, and a peal of three bells, contributed by the citizens of Madison; beside summoning the parishioners to Mass, these rang the quarter-hours, marking time for the residents of the city and the surrounding rural areas.

While the urban United States experienced an economic boom during the 1920s, the agricultural sector of the country experienced a depression.  Disruption of European agriculture by World War I had produced high prices for farm commodities, and it had been thought that Europe's recovery would be slow and that the high prices would persist.  This gave rise to a bubble in farmland prices, which burst when the rapid postwar recovery of European agriculture drove commodity prices down again.  At the same time, increasing mechanization reduced the need for farm labor, pushing agricultural wages downward and rural unemployment upward.  Madison and St. Leonard's parish suffered from this agricultural depression and from the Great Depression of the 1930s.  During this time, the parish's population remained more or less stable: in 1918, it consisted of 440 individuals; in 1929, 452.

In 1926, the parish was forced to close its school, since the Presentation Sisters were no longer able to staff it.  The school re-opened in 1931, with 60 pupils taught by Missionary Benedictine Sisters based in Norfolk.

The onset of World War II once again brought prosperity to rural Nebraska, and it persisted into the 1950s.  St. Leonard's paid off its remaining debt, held a mortgage-burning ceremony in 1946, and began raising funds for a new school.

1946–present

The cornerstone for a new school was laid in November 1953.  A property adjoining the new school site was bought, and the house standing upon it converted to a convent for the nuns staffing the school.  The new building was completed and opened for classes in August 1954; the old school, which had begun life as the first St. Leonard's Church, was demolished that fall, and its site became a parking lot.

The Benedictine Sisters withdrew from the school in 1978, prompting the closing of the seventh and eighth grades.  The school continued to offer grades 1–6, taught by three lay instructors.

Beginning in the early 1990s, Madison experienced a large influx of Hispanics.  In 1990, Madison County's population was 2% Hispanic; by 2010, the number had increased to 13%.  In the city of Madison, whose single largest employer was a meatpacking plant with over 1000 employees, operated by IBP and then by Tyson Foods, the increase was far greater:
the Hispanic fraction of the population rose from less than 1% in 1980 to 48.8% in 2010, as the Spanish-speaking population increased and the white non-Hispanic population fell.  By 2011, an estimated two-thirds of St. Leonard's parishioners were Hispanic.  Beginning in 1991, the archdiocese assigned Spanish-speaking priests to the parish, and both English- and Spanish-language services were offered.

The centennial of the church building was celebrated in December 2013, at a bilingual Mass conducted by Elden Curtiss, archbishop emeritus of the Archdiocese of Omaha.

Architecture

In 1989, three of the parish's buildings—the church, the rectory, and the rectory's garage—were added to the National Register of Historic Places, as the work of distinguished Nebraska architect Jacob M. Nachtigall.  Beside St. Leonard's, Nachtigall designed a number of other notable buildings in Nebraska, many of them Catholic; these include St. Mary of the Assumption Church in Dwight (1914), St. Anthony's Church in Cedar Rapids (1919), St. Bonaventure's Church in Raeville (1919), Immaculate Conception Church in Omaha (1926), and Father Flanagan's House at Boys Town (1927).

Church

The church is oriented east–west, with the main entrance facing westward.  It is just over  long from east to west;  wide from north to south.  The walls are made of mosaic gray pressed brick trimmed with Bedford stone, rising from a rock-faced limestone foundation, and are about  high.  The peak of the roof is about  above ground level.

At the west end of the church, a  belltower rises above the main entrance.  The tower is topped with a copper dome, capped with a cross.  It contains three bells, weighing .  The tower's clock has four six-foot () dials.  Below the tower, a flight of seventeen steps ascends to the church's main entrance, via a set of double doors through a semicircular archway.

The church's north and south walls are supported by a series of buttresses.  Seven windows run along each wall.  A line of brick corbels runs along the walls below the eaves.  Near the east end of the church, a short transept extends a short distance outward.  At the church's east end, beyond the transept, is a semicircular apse with a conical roof, topped with a six-paned conical skylight.

Interior

The interior plan of the church consists of a nave, a short transept, and a semicircular apse.  At the west end of the nave is a narthex. At the center of this is a vestibule leading to the church's main entrance; at the church's northwest corner is a reconciliation room, formerly a baptistry; at the southwest corner is a short passage from which a staircase descends to the basement and another rises to the choir loft.  In the loft is the church's organ, a tracker model manufactured by the Hinners Organ Company in 1879; the organ was not originally built for St. Leonard's.

The nave measures  between the entrance and the communion rail.  An aisle passes down its center; narrower aisles follow the north and south walls.  Two rows of seven circular columns run along the nave.  The columns are made of wood, plastered to conceal the material, and decorated with Corinthian capitals.  The rib-vaulted ceiling rises  above the floor.  Fourteen stained-glass windows, depicting scenes from the life of Christ, occupy the nave's walls.  The  windows were produced by the Muenich Art Studio of Chicago.  Between the windows are sculpted stations of the cross.  In three spandrels above columns on each side are fresco paintings.

Two marble steps rise from the nave to the chancel. At the top of the steps is a hand-carved white wood communion rail, decorated with miniature onyx columns and topped with marble.

At the northwest and southwest corners of the chancel are two side altars: to the north, a Marian altar; to the south, an altar of St. Joseph.  The original image on the Marian altar depicts Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception; more recently, an image of Our Lady of Guadalupe has been added.  The St. Joseph altar includes a bone relic of St. Leonard of Port Maurice.

On the Gospel side of the chancel is a large hand-carved wood pulpit, decorated with carved figures of the four Evangelists.

The chancel is dominated by the high altar, which stands over  tall, and which cost its donors $2,080 in 1913.  Like the communion rail, the side altars, and the pulpit, it is made of hand-carved wood decorated with small onyx columns.  At the base is a relief sculpture of the Last Supper; above that is a marble altar table.  The tabernacle is just above that; to either side is a sculpted angel, kneeling to the tabernacle and holding the sanctuary lamps.  Above the tabernacle is a sculpted Crucifixion of Jesus, with the Virgin Mary and the apostle John on either side of the cross.  In separate niches on either side of the crucifixion scene are statues of St. Boniface and St. Patrick, representing the German and Irish ethnicity of the parish in the early 20th century.  Above their niches are figures of angels blowing trumpets; at the top of the altar is a statue of St. Leonard.

On the half-domed ceiling of the apse is a large oil-painted mural depicting a scene in Heaven.  In the center, God the Father and Jesus are enthroned on a cloud; a stained-glass skylight at the top of the dome depicting the Holy Spirit completes the Trinity.  Flanking the Father and Son are the Virgin Mary and John the Baptist.  Below the cloud is Satan in torment.  At the left and right of the scene is an assemblage of 18 Catholic saints and 10 angels.

Beside the fourteen large windows in the nave, there are 25 stained-glass windows in the church, depicting saints and symbols of the Catholic Church.  These include St. Cecilia, patron saint of the Archdiocese of Omaha, and a pair of windows depicting St. Boniface and St. Patrick.

In the 1989 form nominating it for the National Register of Historic Places, it was noted that the church had undergone only minor alterations, including an interior redecoration in 1964, the replacement of roof slates with asphalt shingles in 1977, and the addition of a concrete ramp for access by the handicapped in 1986.

Rectory

The rectory, located just south of the church, was designed in Neoclassical style, with Romanesque Revival elements.  It is a rectangular house measuring  wide by  long, with eight rooms in two stories.  Like the church, it is made of mosaic gray brick.

An open porch occupies the whole of the west frontage, facing the street, and wraps around to cover half of the south side.  The portico is supported by circular columns with Doric capitals.  At the base of the porch is brick latticework.  There is a small enclosed porch with a doorway on the east side.

There are three rowlock arches above all of the windows on the first floor.  One of the west-facing windows on the second floor has two rowlock arches above it; the other second-floor windows are rectangular.  There are two circular window openings in the attic, one facing west and the other south.

The rectory has a sloping roof with overhanging eaves and wood cornices.  On the south wall is a tympanum, filled in with siding.

Garage

The original rectory garage is located southeast of the rectory.  It is a rectangular structure facing westward, measuring  north to south, and  east to west.  The interior is a single room.

The front (west side) of the garage is made of the same mosaic gray brick that was used for the construction of the church and the rectory.  The north and south walls are both made of two different materials: the western two-thirds of them is red brick, possibly from the brickyard that once operated in Madison; the easternmost third is plastered with a layer of cement, painted red to match the bricks.  The rear (east) wall is also plastered with red cement.  It is speculated that the garage was either lengthened to fit a longer car, or that the eastern third had to be rebuilt; the building's hip roof shows no signs of having been lengthened.

The garage has two doors and two windows.  Both the doors and windows have two rowlock brick arches over them.  The car entrance is on the west side; a passage door is on the north side.  A clear-glass window with 16 panes is on the east side.  On the west side, north of the car entrance, is a window with beveled lead-glass panes, which appear clear from the outside but red from inside the building.  It has been speculated that this window was part of the parish's first church.

Notes

References
125 Years of Memories: 1867-1992, Madison, Nebraska.  No author's name or publisher provided.  Published 1993.
Ebers, Jill and Bill Callahan (2001).     Retrieved 2011-10-17.
Hagedorn, Eugene, O.F.M (1931).  The Franciscans in Nebraska.  No publication information provided; title page describes book as "A Diamond Jubilee Gift to the Citizens of Columbus, Nebraska".
Henry, Helen (1989).      Retrieved 2011-10-17.
Scoville, C. H. (1892).  History of the Elkhorn Valley, Nebraska.  Chicago: National Publishing Company.  Digitized version retrieved via FamilySearch.org, 2014-04-01.

External links
St. Leonard parish website
More photos of St. Leonard's complex at Wikimedia Commons

Churches in Madison County, Nebraska
Churches in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Omaha
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1913
Romanesque Revival church buildings in Nebraska
Clergy houses in the United States
Houses completed in 1912
Neoclassical architecture in Nebraska
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Nebraska
1879 establishments in Nebraska
National Register of Historic Places in Madison County, Nebraska
Madison, Nebraska
20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States
Roman Catholic churches in Nebraska
Neoclassical church buildings in the United States

Saint Leonard Catholic Church (Madison, Nebraska)


Sir Reginald Crawford (died 17 February 1307) was a Scottish knight who took part in the Wars of Scottish Independence.

On 14 May 1296, the English administration appointed him as Sheriff of Ayr Sheriff of Ayr by the English administration.  In June 1297, he was one of several Scots nobles who did a deal where the English released them to fight against Andrew Moray.  This suggests that he may have participated in the revolt in early 1297, which ended in the capitulation at Irvine.

He supported Robert the Bruce and was captured during the Battle of Loch Ryan in February 1307. He was executed by hanging in Carlisle, England.

He may have been related to Ronald Crawford, who was hanged at the Barns of Ayr, but this issue is surrounded by uncertainty and later legend.

References

History of the Shire of Renfrew, George Crawfurd, Glasgow, 1710.
The Life and Heroick Actions of the Renoun'd Sir William Wallace, General and Governor of Scotland, Blind Harry (Blin Hary or Henry the Minstrel), original personal manuscript, c. 1475.
Blind Harry's Wallace,  William Hamilton of Gilbertfield, original publication 1722, Luath Press, Edinburgh, 1998, .

1307 deaths
Scottish people of the Wars of Scottish Independence
Executed Scottish people
People executed under the Plantagenets
People from Ayr
Scottish sheriffs
13th-century Scottish judges
Scottish knights
Reginald
14th-century Scottish judges

Reginald Crawford (died 1307)


The Chali, the Latinized form of Khaloi or Chaloi (Χάλοι), were identified by Ptolemy in his Geography as a Germanic tribe in Jutland. Nearly all of the Germanic tribes identified by Ptolemy have left traces of their existence beyond their mention in Geography, such as through medieval traditions or place names, however, no such traces have been identified for the Chali.

Citations

Sources

See also
List of Germanic peoples

Early Germanic peoples

Chali


Corpus separatum, a Latin term meaning "separated body", refers to the status of the City of Fiume (modern Rijeka, Croatia) while given a special legal and political status different from its environment under the rule of the Kingdom of Hungary. Formally known as City of Fiume and its District (), it was instituted by Empress Maria Theresa in 1779, determining the semi-autonomous status of Fiume within the Habsburg monarchy until the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918.

Origins
Maria Theresa, with her sovereign decision of 2 October 1776, gave up possession of Fiume, which for a long time was administered with the adjacent hereditary Inner Austrian fiefs of the Habsburgs within the Holy Roman Empire, and gave it to the Kingdom of Hungary, of which she was also queen, with a view of fostering trade. Since Hungary proper was some  away, the city was initially annexed to the Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia, whose territory began east of the city walls. Croatia was ruled in personal union with Hungary since 1102, and with it formed the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen.

Two and a half years later, Maria Theresa, in her capacity as Queen of Hungary, by a royal rescript dated 23 April 1779, made the City of Fiume directly subject to the Hungarian Crown as a corpus separatum (that is, not as a part of Croatia, which was in a personal union with Hungary). Since Fiume had to serve a similar function for Hungary as Trieste did for the Habsburg lands, the Hungarian estates (and probably the Queen) wanted to grant the City a similar degree of institutional autonomy to that already enjoyed by Trieste. According to Maria Theresa's rescript, Fiume was created a corpus separatum - that is, a political body with greater autonomy than a Free imperial city or a Hungarian county, and a territory comparable to the other partes adnexae constituting the Crown of St Stephen. The city's position was thus comparable to those of the regna: as Trieste was considered to be a crown land of the Austrian hereditary lands (Erblande), so Fiume was considered to be a pars adnexa to the crown.

After the royal rescript of 23 April 1779, the stage was set for all the political confrontations that were to happen in Fiume for more than a century and a half. In a sense, it can be said that all history that followed was a long footnote on how to interpret the two acts of 1776 and 1779. The act presented a precedent for the Hungarian constitutional praxis, since it was the first time that a part of the Holy Roman Empire (and a hereditary fief of the Habsburgs) was given to the Hungarian-Croatian kingdom. Therefore, since the Croatian and Hungarian estates had widely diverging interests with respect to Fiume, they produced very different interpretations of the rescript. The Croatians refused to accept the Hungarian reading of the document - they denied that the City could have been excluded from the surrounding territory, that was already framed into a comitatus.

During the Napoleonic Wars, the city was briefly part of the Illyrian Provinces, ending its status as corpus separatum. Fiume returned to the Hungarian Crown in 1822; after the Revolution of 1848 and the enactment of the Austrian March Constitution, the city was included in the autonomous Croatian kingdom as a seat of a comitatus with no special autonomy.

Croatian–Hungarian Agreement
In 1868, following the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 which created Austria-Hungary, Croatia was allowed to negotiate its own settlement with Hungary. The final Croatian–Hungarian Settlement left the possession of Fiume unsettled, pending future negotiations according to article 66, as it appeared in the Croatian version, while in the Hungarian version Fiume was declared a Corpus separatum directly connected to the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen and therefore not falling within the domain of Croatian autonomy within the kingdom, but within the domain of the joint Hungarian parliament and government. Understandably, each parliament signed its respective treaty, but when the two versions went to Emperor Franz Joseph I for signing, a piece of paper (the Kriptic) containing a Croatian translation of the Hungarian claim to Fiume had been pasted over the Croatian version. The settlement was defined as provisory. For a definitive settlement, an agreement from Hungary, Croatia and Fiume was necessary and was never achieved up to the dissolution of Austria-Hungary in October 1918.

Corpus separatum (1870–1918)
The administration of the Corpus separatum was settled with the Statute given on 17 April 1872 by the Hungarian Minister of the Interior. At the top of Fiume and its district () there was the Governor appointed directly from the King after a proposal from the Hungarian Prime Minister. The Governor of Fiume was entitled to membership in the House of Magnates. The municipal self-rule was entrusted to a Rappresentanza of 56 members whose mandate lasted 6 years. The citizens had the right to elect their representative at the House of Representatives. From 1896 onwards the Hungarian Government reduced the scope of municipal autonomy that was practically ended by 1913.

Fiume and the district administered as a Corpus separatum had a total area of 21 km² and comprised the City and three villages:

Cosala (Italian) or Kozala (Croatian)
Drenova (Italian and  Croatian)
Plasse (Italian) or Plase (Croatian)

After 1918

The territory of Fiume after the end of World War I was involved in a series of events that, after various military occupations (the longest lasting was the one led by Gabriele D'Annunzio, also called the Italian Regency of Carnaro), saw the creation of an ephemeral successor entity in the Free State of Fiume.

The Free State existed officially 4 years, before it was militarily occupied and eventually annexed to the Kingdom of Italy as part of the Province of Fiume in 1924, annexation that marked the end of the historic Fiuman autonomy.

Demographics
In 1900, the corpus separatum had a population of 38,955 people and by 1910, the population increased to 49,608. According to the census taken by the Italian National Council of Fiume () in December 1918 after Italian army captured the city of Fiume, following the World War I the population dropped to 45,885. It had the following composition identified by association with linguistic communities:

According to the census of 1900, the county was composed of the following religious communities:

Total:

 Roman Catholic: 36,104 (92.7%)
 Jewish: 1,172 (3.0%)
 Greek Orthodox: 703 (1.8%)
 Calvinist: 423 (1.1%)
 Lutheran: 261 (0.7%)
 Greek Catholic: 73 (0.2%)
 Unitarian: 11 (0.0%)
 Other or unknown: 208 (0.5%)

According to the census of 1910, the county was composed of the following religious communities:

Total:

 Roman Catholic: 45,130 (90.61%)
 Jewish: 1,696 (3.41%)
 Calvinist: 1,123 (2.25%)
 Greek Orthodox: 995 (2.0%)
 Greek Catholic: 467 (0.94%)
 Lutheran: 311 (0.62%)
 Unitarian: 16 (0.03%)
 Other or unknown: 68 (0.14%)

Gallery

See also
 List of governors and heads of state of Fiume
 History of Rijeka

Notes and references

Lands of the Kingdom of Hungary (1867–1918)
Croatia under Habsburg rule
History of Rijeka
Fiume
Former countries

Corpus separatum (Fiume)


Mr. Idol () is a 2011 South Korean film written and directed by Ra Hee-chan. Ra called it, "a movie that captures young people's dreams through music."

Ji Hyun-woo, Jay Park, Jang Seo-won and Randy Kim play four young men who come from different walks of life to form an idol band, united by their love of music. Though musically talented, they are far from mass-produced pop material, and the movie portrays their rigorous training process under a producer (Park Ye-jin). But a powerful figure in the music industry (Kim Su-ro) tries to interfere with their rise to superstardom.

Plot
Oh Goo-joo was once a famous producer, but she left the music industry after one of her idol group members died in an accident. One day, she encounters Lee Yoo-jin who was kicked out of an agency called Star Music after years of training to become a singer. Goo-joo believes Yoo-jin could be a star and produces an idol group called Mr. Children. Its members include: the leader Yoo-jin who cares only about singing; dancer Ji-oh who is the one and only person possessing an idol-like air in the band; vocalist Hyun who used to run a karaoke; and rapper Ricky who learned Korean through rapping. They go through intense training under Oh Goo-joo.

Soon, the band attracts public attention, and their fans increase exponentially. They become the most famous rookies in K-pop in 2011. But Sa Hee-moon, the Korean music industry tycoon who heads Star Music, regards Mr. Children as a real pain in the neck, and tries everything to make the band break up. Just seven days before the K-pop Festival, Star Music uploads an old video of Yoo-jin in which he shared his disparaging view of K-pop music. The video spreads and rumblings of disbanding are heard. Can Mr. Children survive in this cutthroat music industry and become the idols of the nation?

Cast
Park Ye-jin - Oh Goo-joo
Ji Hyun-woo - Lee Yoo-jin
Kim Su-ro - Sa Hee-moon
Im Won-hee - Park Sang-sik
Jay Park - Ji-oh
Jang Seo-won - Hyun-yi
Randy Kim - Ricky
Ko Chang-seok - Han Jong-tak
Jang Young-nam - Lee Mi-ri
Joo Jin-mo - Yoo-jin's father
Lee Seung-ha - Soo-hyun
Ahn Seo-hyun - Han Eun-seo
Lee Jae-yong  - Director Hwang
Lee Cheol-min - chief guide
Lee Young-yi - Ricky's mother
Goo Seung-hyun - Han Eun-gi
Lee Sang-hoon - Rebel Without a Cause bassist
Chun Sung-hoon - Rebel Without a Cause drummer
Kim Min-sang - Rebel Without a Cause guitarist
Park Ji-yeon - Hyun-yi's wife
Nam Sang-ran - tarot cafe owner
Han Ye-rin - bad high school student 2
Lee Jin-hee - Reporter Lee
Park Yoon-ho - Reporter Park
Park Chul-min - broadcast station chief producer (cameo)
Nam Gyu-ri - Mi-oh (cameo)
Lee Hyun-jin - Kim Ji-hoon
U-KISS - Wonder Boys (cameo)
Lee Han-wi - Hong Gil-dong (cameo)
Bang Yong-guk - himself (cameo)
Kim Him-chan - himself (cameo)
Brave Girls - themselves (cameo)
Chocolat - themselves (cameo)

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20130602115838/http://idol2011.kr/

South Korean drama films
2011 films
2010s South Korean films

Mr. Idol


Derogation (Latin derogatio) is the relaxation or exemption from of a rule of law. This is as opposed to a repeal or ending of a law.  The term is used in both civil law and common law.  It is sometimes used, loosely, to mean abrogation. For example in the legal maxim: Lex posterior derogat priori which means a more recent law may overrule an earlier law. Derogation is different from dispensation (an exception to a law) in that it applies to the law. A dispensation applies to specific people who are affected by the law.

In terms of European Union legislation, a derogation can also imply that a member state delays putting into effect a part of an European Union regulation (etc.) into their own legal system. This can be for a period of time such as five years. Or that a member state has decided not to enforce a specific provision in a treaty due to internal circumstances (typically a state of emergency).

Related pages
 Repeal
 Implied repeal
 Canon law

References

Other websites
 Catholic Encyclopedia Derogation

Law
Legal terms

Derogation


Defender of the Faith (Latin: Fidei Defensor) is a title belonging to the leader of the Church of England. It was originally conferred upon King Henry VIII of England by Pope Leo X on 11 October 1521 as a reward for the king having written a pamphlet in defense of the sacraments against Martin Luther (Declaration of the Seven Sacraments Against Martin Luther).  King James V of Scotland received a similar title from Pope Paul III.

When Henry broke with the Roman Catholic Church, Pope Paul III took the title away. It was returned to the king by Parliament in 1544. The abbreviation Fid. Def. or the letters F.D. have appeared on British coinage from the time of George I. Defender of the Faith is a title still carried by British monarchs.

References

Titles
British royalty
Protestant Reformation

Defender of the Faith


Lacey Davenport is a fictional character in Garry Trudeau's comic strip Doonesbury. She is often said to be based on Millicent Fenwick, a Republican member of Congress from New Jersey, although Trudeau has denied this link.

She and Dick Davenport, her husband, were first introduced as attendees at a Walden College Alumni Reunion in 1974. The two had been "living in sin" for decades, and finally decided to get married. Lacey later became a major character when she ran as the Republican candidate for a seat in the United States House of Representatives in the mid-1970s, serving a district comprising the San Francisco Bay Area. Her opponents in the election were Virginia "Ginny" Slade, who ran as an independent, and the incumbent, Congressman Ventura, the Democratic nominee.

For a while the race was close, but with Lacey and Ginny fighting over votes, their mutual opponent (whom they both found to be highly immoral) was unifying his support and coming out ahead. Deciding that anything was better than having him win, and that Lacey was more qualified than herself, Ginny dropped out of the race and supported Lacey, who won.  Lacey was challenged again for her seat in Congress in 1986 by Clyde, who had been Ginny's boyfriend, and later her husband. Davenport won re-election.

Dick Davenport, a bird watcher, died in 1986 due to a massive coronary brought on by observing the possibly extinct Bachman's warbler, managing to snap a photo before collapsing. This death scene has been noted as a particularly memorable one.

In many ways, Lacey represented Trudeau's idea of a perfect politician. Although she was a member of the Republican Party, and was fiscally quite conservative, she was nevertheless a very liberal character at heart. Although she was very wealthy and traveled in the highest social circles, Lacey's devotion to her constituents was unbreakable. In some ways, she seemed naive to how dishonest her colleagues in Congress could be. In 1990, she announced she was resigning over the Savings and Loan crisis, in order to set an example. Instead of following her lead, most assumed she was dying. Only after the elections that same year did Lacey return to Congress, winning the election as a write-in candidate.

The personal loyalty she inspired was demonstrated in other ways as well. Joanie Caucus went to work for her after graduation and stayed in her employ for many years, even though she was a die hard Democrat.  After a discussion with Joanie, Lacey retired from Congress in 1997 after serving many years. By this time she was suffering from Alzheimer's disease, and could scarcely remember any recent events.
She mistook a homeless woman, Alice P. Schwarzman, for her late sister Pearl, and ended up willing all her money to her.

Lacey herself died in 1998.  Lacey's spirit was collected by her late husband, and he led her to heaven. Since then she has made sporadic ghostly appearances.

References

Davenport, Lacey
Davenport, Lacey
Davenport, Lacey
Comics characters introduced in 1974
Fictional ghosts

Lacey Davenport


Captain Marvel is the name of many fictional superheroes. They appear in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Most of these versions exist in the Marvel Universe.

Cast
In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, Captain Marvel is Carol Danvers, portrayed by Brie Larson in Captain Marvel, Avengers: Endgame (both 2019), Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings (2021), and the Disney+ television series Ms. Marvel (2022). Brie Larson will reprise her role in the sequel The Marvels (2023). Mckenna Grace portrayed a young Carol in Captain Marvel.

Marvel Comics superheroes

Captain Marvel (Marvel Comics)


L'Opération Corned Beef is a French film directed by Jean-Marie Poiré. It was filmed during the summer of 1990 and released on 6 February 1991.

It was the fifth collaboration between screenwriters Jean-Marie Poiré and Christian Clavier. The film also brought actors Christian Clavier and Jean Reno together, before their appearance in Les Visiteurs.

Synopsis

The film begins in Bogotá, Colombia. Captain Philippe Boulier, called 'Le Squale' (The Shark) (Jean Reno), is monitoring the actions of Augusto Zargas (André Schmit), a former Argentinian colonel and current arms dealer.

To track his movements, the French secret service (DGSE) hides a microphone in the engagement ring of Marie-Laurence Granianski (Valérie Lemercier), an interpreter for the consul general, one of Zargas' associates (Marc de Jonge).

Ms. Granianski wants to take a few days off to celebrate her wedding anniversary with her husband, Jean-Jacques (Christian Clavier). 'Le Squale' tries to sabotage the couple's relationship by tempting the husband with a beautiful woman, so that Ms. Granianski will cancel her wedding anniversary and remain at the consulate.

'Le Squale' does not know that the agent they send is actually his own fiancé, Isabelle (Isabelle Renauld). However, in the end, Jean-Jacques Granianski, an average Frenchman and corporate psychologist, resists the secret agent.

Technical details

 Title: L'Opération Corned Beef
 Director: Jean-Marie Poiré
 Assistant director: Alain-Michel Blanc, Paul Gueu and Simon Lelouch
 Screenplay and script: Christian Clavier, Jean-Marie Poiré
 Sets: Hugues Tissandier
 Costumes: Sophie Marcou
 Director of photography: Jean-Yves Le Mener
 Sound: Pierre Charles Lenoir
 Music: Eric Lévi
 Editing: Catherine Kelber
 Casting director: Françoise Menidrey
 Producer: Alain Terzian
 Production companies: Gaumont, Alpilles productions, Amigo productions, Alter Films, TF1 Films Production
 Country: France
 Language: French (with some dialogue in Spanish and German)
 Format: colour – 35mm – CinemaScope
 Length: 105 minutes
 Genre: Comedy, Action, Adventure
 Release dates:
 France: 6 February 1991
 Germany: 13 June 1991
 Hungary: 21 February 1992 (titled Marhakonzerv akció)
 Spain: 11 March 1994 (titled Operación Chuleta de Ternera)
 Japan: 5 March 1997 (direct-to-video)

Cast

 Christian Clavier: Jean-Jacques Granianski
 Jean Reno: Captain Philippe Boulier called "le Squale" ('the shark'), agent of the DGSE.
 Valérie Lemercier: Marie-Laurence Granianski
 Isabelle Renauld: Lieutenant Isabelle Fourreau
 Mireille Rufel: Aspirant Monique Garcia
 Jacques François: General Masse, of the DGSE.
 Francis Coffinet: Georges Favart, coworker of Boulier at the DGSE.
 Marc de Jonge: Horst Burger, the Austrian consul.
 Jacques Dacqmine: General Moulin, of the DST.
 Raymond Gérôme: Ghislain Chauffereau, the father-in-law of Jean-Jacques Granianski.
 Dimitri Rougeul: Geoffroy, one of Granianski's two sons.
 Jacques Sereys: Defence Minister
 André Schmit: Argentinian colonel Augusto Zargas
 Philippe Laudenbach: Minister of Home Affairs
 Jean-Marie Cornille: Adjoint-general secretary Froment, who walks François Mitterrand's dog.
 Yves Barsacq: The president's butler
 Dan Simkovitch: 2nd class Delphine Granger
 Jean-Pierre Clami: Traveller that Boulier prevents from leaving the toilets at the airport.
 Luc Barney: Singer who performs the song Robin des Bois (Robin Hood) at the Élysée Palace
 Didier Gustin: President François Mitterrand (voice)
 Unknown: François Mitterrand, from the back.
 Unknown: Helmut Kohl, from the back.
 Jean-Marie Poiré: A client at the cafeteria of the gas station (cameo).

Production

Genesis and development
Christian Clavier and Jean-Marie Poiré pitched the film to producer Alain Terzian over dinner one evening. He was enthusiastic, but unsure about the title. He suggested renaming the film Le Squale (after the main character), but the authors preferred to retain the original title.

Jean-Marie Poiré had great difficulty getting the project started because of his recent failure with Mes meilleurs copains.

Casting

Gérard Depardieu was initially asked to play "Le Squale", but he refused. He nevertheless shot Les Anges gardiens with Jean-Marie Poiré and Christian Clavier four years later. Other actors were considered, such as Daniel Auteuil (who was shooting Lacenaire (film)|Lacenaire), Thierry Lhermitte, Gérard Lanvin, Pierre Arditi, and Bernard Giraudeau. It was Marie-Anne Chazel, companion of Christian Clavier, who suggested Jean Reno for the role of "Le Squale".

Producer Alain Terzian, in an interview with Première, narrated the hiring of Jean Reno:

Jean-Marie Poiré had great faith in this duo, which mixed the generations of Le Splendid with Christian Clavier and The Big Blue with Jean Reno.

Catherine Jacob had to turn down the part of Marie-Laurence Granianski because she was already cast in Merci la vie, directed by Bertrand Blier. Ironically, she received a César Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress alongside Valérie Lemercier who was cast as Marie-Laurence Granianski. Carole Bouquet was also approached for the role. It was Françoise Menidrey, a casting director, who suggested that Jean-Marie Poiré and Alain Terzian see a performance of the play Un fil à la patte at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal and pay attention to one of the supporting actresses, Valérie Lemercier: Poiré and Terzian "laughed their head off" during the play and she was hired for the film.

This film marks the first collaboration of the quartet Poiré–Clavier–Reno–Lemercier, who were reunited in Les Visiteurs two years later, in 1993.

Many young actresses auditioned for the role of Isabelle Fourreau. Poiré finally chose Isabelle Renauld, who was at the beginning of her career.

To represent the President of the Republic, a character only seen from behind in the film, a "casting of skulls" was made to find an actor whose head looked closest to that of François Mitterrand.

Shooting

Stunts
Initially, the scenes taking place aboard the Citroën BX had to be made on a voiture travelling, a common filming technique where the actor pretends to drive the vehicle. However, in these conditions, the travelling car can only roll at low speed and this posed problems during the shooting of the scene on the national road, where the BX is supposed to roll at 140 km/h. Because the car was travelling slowly, they were overtaken by trucks that honked at them or flashed their lights, which made the filming impossible. Jean Reno himself made the decision to actually drive the BX 140 km/h on the national, among the flow of normal traffic, with a remote camera attached to the hood of the car and the sound recording equipment installed in the trunk. Also, with Jean Reno performing some "simple" stunts at the wheel of the BX, Christian Clavier's fears, as a passenger, were very real.

Cars

The film honors the Citroën range of the moment, where several contemporary models of the brand appear throughout this comedy (AX, BX, XM, CX EVASION Ambulance, C 25). All cars were loaned by Citroën:

 The Citroën BX Jean-Jacques Granianski (Christian Clavier) is a BX 16 TGS model 1990 Red Delage color. For the purposes of the film, no less than six BXs were used: a new BX with 2,000 km on the clock was used for "calm" scenes and on-board shots and, for the eventful or waterfall scenes, five other older cars have been made up to look like new. The car appears in the scene in the sunflower field and the BX used for this sequence is older because its interior is brown while it is gray in the new BX.
 The Citroën XM of General Masse (Jacques François) - that is offered to Jean-Jacques Granianski (Christian Clavier) at the end of the film, in compensation for the destruction of his BX brand new by the Squale (Jean Reno) - is an XM V6 finish "Ambiance" model 1990, pearl gray metallic varnished color. There was a small mistake in the shooting: during the first scene with this XM, where the Squale and General Masse start a conversation, the passenger seat and the passenger door panel of the car are velvet gray, unlike the driver's seat which is black leather.
 The van Citroën C25 of General Moulin (Jacques Dacqmine) is a C25E Combi Comfort model 1987, metallic Satellite Gray color varnished.

Filming locations
The scenes supposed to take place in Colombia were shot in Mexico. During one scene, the Mexican flag is visible on a building.

The Saviem SM 7 truck of occupational medicine, which acts as a "submarine" for DGSE agents, is parked in front of 74 avenue d'Iéna at Paris, in the 16th arrondissement, near the Arc de Triomphe. On his arrival to visit his wife Marie-Laurence (Valérie Lemercier) at the Consulate, Jean-Jacques Granianski (Christian Clavier) parks his Citroën BX in front of 74 avenue de Jena. The consulate is located opposite rue Auguste-Vacquerie.

When Le Squale (Jean Reno) returned to Paris by plane from Colombia, he landed at Orly West Airport. Later in the film, in this airport Le Squale accompanies Graninski for a weekend in Venice with Maryline.

The scenes where the Citroën BX rolls on the national road with Jean Reno and Christian Clavier on board take place on Route nationale 12 between the villages of Cherisy and Houdan.

The scenes taking place at the home of the Granianski are supposed to happen at Dreux, at the fictional address "24 avenue du Paris, residence Pompadour". In reality, the shooting took place on Allée des Terres Neuves in Croissy-sur-Seine.

The scene where the old lady enters the portal of a hospice was shot in Theuville, in the Val-d'Oise.

The Citroën XM of General Masse (Jacques François) is parked in the underground parking George V, Avenue George V in Paris 8th arrondissement. When Le Squale (Jean Reno) and Aspirant Garcia (Mireille Rufel) return to Paris after the explosion of the Granianski BX, and after abandoning it in the middle of the countryside, they park the SEAT Marbella level 41 avenue George V, at the time before Bank Hervé (now replaced by an Armani store). In the background, there is a poster of the film Bienvenue à bord!, a French film by Jean-Louis Leconte with Pierre Richard and Martin Lamotte, released in September 1990. Scenes are then shot at the Hotel Prince de Galles.

For the end of the film, many scenes were shot in the Parc Astérix and on its parking lot. A particular scene takes place on the aquatic attraction named at the time "The Descent of the Styx".

Dubbing

Didier Gustin, at that time little known, imitates François Mitterrand and Helmut Kohl in a short scene, as they appear only from the back.

Music
Music for the film was composed by Eric Lévi, former member - and founder - of the group Shakin' Street, whose song "Solid As Rock", written by Fabienne Shine, appears in the film. The main song of the film, "Passion For War / Love", was written by R. Stone and Éric Lévi and sung by Joan Paladin (Joan Peltz).

The album containing the music from the film, titled simply Bande Originale du Film L'Opération Corned-Beef, was released the same year as the film.

 Credits
{{Track listing
| title =
| total_length =
| all_writing = Eric Lévi
| title1 = Taxi Ride in Bogota (1st version)'
| length1 = 02:21
| title2 = La Veuve en noir
| length2 = 00:45
| title3 = No Deal
| length3 = 04:02
| title4 = Passion For War / Love
| note4 = sung by Joan Paladin
| length4 = 03:44
| title5 = Suspens
| length5 = 00:38
| title6 = Down Under
| length6 = 01:02
| title7 = Zargas
| length7 = 00:36
| title8 = Night Bite
| length8 = 00:50
| title9 = I Love Kisses
| note9 = with Frederick Rousseau
| length9 = 00:45
| title10 = I Love Kisses (instrumental version)
| note10 = with Frederick Rousseau
| length10 = 00:44
| title11 = Coney Island
| length11 = 00:36
| title12 = La Clef d'Herman
| note12 =
| length12 = 01:40
| title13 = Bad Girl
| length13 = 00:19
| title14 = The Big Fall
| length14 = 00:48
| title15 = Zargas' Landing
| length15 = 00:25
| title16 = Zargas' Fallin
| length16 = 00:38
| title17 = Zargas' Parade
| length17 = 01:00
| title18 = Black Escort 1
| length18 = 00:23
| title19 = Black Escort 2
| length19 = 00:19
| title20 = Hang On
| length20 = 01:14
| title21 = Game's Over
| length21 = 00:46
| title22 = Passion For War / Love (instrumental version)
| extra22 =
| length22 = 03:49
| title23 = Taxi Ride in Bogota (2nd version)| length23 = 02:11
| title24 = Solid As Rock
| note24 = Shakin' Street
| length24 = 04:12
}}

 Release
 Promotion
The trailer shows images from the film accompanied by a voice-over from Jean Reno (playing the role of Le Squale), sending an audio message to "My Dear Georges":

 Reception
Valérie Lemercier's performance was nominated for the César Award for Best Supporting Actress in the 17th César Awards. She did not win the César but two years later received it for her dual role in Les Visiteurs, Jean-Marie Poiré's next film.

 Box office L'Opération Corned Beef was placed 15th in the box-office of France in 1991, with  admissions.

 Awards
 Nomination
 Césars 1992: César Award for Best Supporting Actress for Valérie Lemercier

 Around the film
 The scene at the beginning of the film where "Le Squale" negotiates with cocaine bag traffickers is a parody of advertising for Jacques Vabre's El Gringo café.
 The response "La dernière fois, avec l'opération Bateau coulé, on a été décodé très vite", pronounced by Jacques François, is an allusion to the Rainbow Warrior affair.
 The Colombian trafficker is pursued by the Shining Path, which is Peruvian, not Colombian.
 When Granianski visits his parents-in-law, Jean Reno and Dimitri Rougeul (Geoffroy, the son of Granianski) meet for a short time: they will meet again in 1994 to dub the film The Lion King in French as the roles of Mufasa and his son Simba.
 In Spain, following the success of the following film by Jean-Marie Poiré, Les Visiteurs, Operation Corned-Beef'', which had not been released in this country, was released in cinemas in 1994, i.e. 3 years after the French release.
 Eight years after the release of the film, which unravels at Parc Astérix, Christian Clavier will play the role of Asterix in the film Asterix and Obelix Against Caesar.
 The nationality of Consul Burger is not specified. However, because he speaks German, the red and white color of the flag fluttering on the facade of the consulate, and the Tyrolean uniforms of the staff, it is easy to assume that he is the Austrian consul. The portrait of Kurt Waldheim, former Austrian President, is present in his office.

Notes

References

See also

 Directorate-General for External Security
 Direction de la surveillance du territoire

External links

French spy comedy films
Films directed by Jean-Marie Poiré
Films set in Colombia
Films set in Paris
Films shot in Mexico
François Mitterrand
Gaumont Film Company films

L'Opération Corned-Beef


The Flute Concerto by Robert Simpson was composed in 1989 and dedicated to Susan Milan, the flautist who commissioned the work and gave its premiere in May 1992 at the Malvern Festival with the City of London Sinfonia conducted by Richard Hickox.

Form
The work is in one movement with a running time of approximately twenty-five minutes. The orchestra used by Simpson is a small one, with seven woodwind players, two horns, timpani and strings. The work can broadly be divided into three distinct parts:

1. Allegretto
In a 6/8 meter, the work begins with a phrase from muted first violins that forms the basis of the entire work. The shape given out by the sequence of intervals present in A - B - C - D - D - D - B - C - D is developed throughout the entire one movement structure. The flute enters several bars later with a variation on this phrase with light accompaniment from the orchestra, often consisting of just a single line with the dynamic level remaining at pianissimo for a considerable period of time. After several minutes a climax is reached, leading into a brief secondary part of the Allegretto where the tempo remains the same but the meter is changed to common time. Gradually the music becomes more agitated before breaking away into the following section, Allegro non troppo.

2. Allegro non troppo
A one-in-a-bar scherzo, it begins softly with strings before the flute enters, accompanied by chamber-like subdued textures from the orchestra. The soloist has dialogue with both the woodwinds and the timpani during this section, giving the impression of dry wit. This section too climaxes near its end, before ending softly and mysteriously, leading into the final Adagio.

3. Adagio
The strings introduce the Adagio, its mood contemplative and introspective (reminiscent of some of the slow string writing in Simpson's Ninth Symphony and later string quartets). The flute and woodwinds take over this theme in turn. After a passage accompanied by divided cellos, the work reaches its final, extended climax as the flautist is instructed to sit with the string soloists for the very final part of the piece where the conductor is required to sit out. The last five minutes are essentially chamber music - the flute and string soloists forming a quintet, closing peacefully.

Notes

Simpson, Robert
Compositions by Robert Simpson
1989 compositions

Flute Concerto (Simpson)


The Mensenvereniging Wolbodo was founded in 1959 as the PSK (Parochiele Studenten Kring) by 17 students, who were Catholic, but did not want to join the Catholic student society Virgiel. In 1960 the name was changed to Sanctus Wolbodo or in Dutch "Sint Wolbodo", referring both to the saint who supposedly is the patron saint of students and to its Catholic nature.

History
The connection with the church was broken in 1967 after a happening with Japanese artist Yayoi Kusama in which the first body painting in the Netherlands took place. In the period 1964-1968 regular jazz performances were organized by Novum Jazz, which attracted an artistic and progressive crowd to Wolbodo.

Whereas for most student societies the membership ends with the finishing of the study (whether the student has graduated or not) at a certain point in time Wolbodo decided that one should be able to be a member whenever one thought of Wolbodo as a place to feel at home.

Influenced by changing attitudes in the 1970s, Wolbodo started calling itself a people society (mensenvereniging) instead of student society and dropped the St in front of the name. Nowadays most people prefer to write it as Menschen Vereeniging, the same words, written in pre-WWII Dutch.

Although Wolbodo isn't a student only society, there is still a strong connection to the Delft University of Technology and Delft student life.

In 2010 Wolbodo had about 80 members.

Structure
In contrast to most student societies that are highly hierarchically structured, Wolbodo is horizontally structured. This is a preciously cultivated form of anarchy within the society. The only form of organisation within the society is the presence of a board.

Residence
Wolbodo's residence is a building located at the Verwersdijk in Delft and is called Novum (new). The main area of this building is the parlor, which can hold up to 100 individuals in the bar. Novum is the property of a foundation, Intra Muros (between walls), better known as IM. The foundation also provides for the necessary maintenance of the building.

Activities
 Wolbodo has three subsocieties; Carrus Plicatus, for those who love folding campers, Ornatus Caput, for those who love silly hats and Wolga, the rowing subsociety which has its own subsociety Olga, for women.
 OWEE; Ontvangst WEEk, Dutch for Incoming Week, a week of festivities for new students at the beginning of the college year.
 Food; Wolbodo serves dinner on Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays for members and non-members.
 Wine tasting evenings every first Thursday of the month.
 Beer tasting evenings with special and novelty beers every last Thursday of the month.
 On Sunday it is movienight.
 Wolpop is an external organisation which aims to support upcoming artists by organizing a festival, called Wolpop, every year. While Wolpop is independent of Wolbodo, most boardmembers of Wolpop are also Wolbodo members.

References

External links
 Wolbodo homepage - The truth about Wolbodo
 Wolpop homepage - The Wolpop festival homepage

Student societies in the Netherlands
Delft University of Technology

Menschen Vereeniging Wolbodo


A public company is a company whose ownership is organized via shares of stock which are intended to be freely traded on a stock exchange or in over-the-counter markets. A public (publicly traded) company can be listed on a stock exchange (listed company), which facilitates the trade of shares, or not (unlisted public company). In some jurisdictions, public companies over a certain size must be listed on an exchange. In most cases, public companies are private enterprises in the private sector, and "public" emphasizes their reporting and trading on the public markets.

Public companies are formed within the legal systems of particular states, and therefore have associations and formal designations which are distinct and separate in the polity in which they reside. In the United States, for example, a public company is usually a type of corporation (though a corporation need not be a public company), in the United Kingdom it is usually a public limited company (plc), in France a "" (SA), and in Germany an  (AG). While the general idea of a public company may be similar, differences are meaningful, and are at the core of international law disputes with regard to industry and trade.

Securities
Usually, the securities of a publicly traded company are owned by many investors while the shares of a privately held company are owned by relatively few shareholders. A company with many shareholders is not necessarily a publicly traded company. Conversely, a publicly traded company typically (but not necessarily) has many shareholders. In the United States, in some instances, companies with over 500 shareholders may be required to report under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; companies that report under the 1934 Act are generally deemed public companies.

Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages
Public companies possess some advantages over privately held businesses.

 Publicly traded companies are able to raise funds and capital through the sale (in the primary or secondary market) of shares of stock. This is the reason publicly traded corporations are important; prior to their existence, it was very difficult to obtain large amounts of capital for private enterprises, as significant capital could only come from a smaller set of wealthy investors or banks willing to risk typically large investments. The profit on stock is gained in form of dividend or capital gain to the holders.
 The financial media, analysts, and the public are able to access additional information about the business, since the business is commonly legally bound, and naturally motivated (so as to secure further capital), to publicly disseminate information regarding the financial status and future of the company to its many shareholders and the government.
 Because many people have a vested interest in the company's success, the company may be more popular or recognizable than a private company.
 The initial shareholders of the company are able to share risk by selling shares to the public. If one were to hold a 100% share of the company, they would have to pay all of the business's debt; however, if an individual were to hold a 50% share, they would only need to pay 50% of the debt. This increases asset liquidity and the company does not need to depend on funding from a bank. For example, in 2013 Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg owned 29.3% of the company's class A shares, which gave him enough voting power to control the business, while allowing Facebook to raise capital from, and distribute risk to, the remaining shareholders. Facebook was a privately held company prior to its initial public offering in 2012.
 If some shares are given to managers or other employees, potential conflicts of interest between employees and shareholders (an instance of principal–agent problem) will be remitted. As an example, in many tech companies, entry-level software engineers are given stock in the company upon being hired (thus they become shareholders). Therefore, the engineers have a vested interest in the company succeeding financially, and are incentivized to work harder and more diligently to ensure that success.
 Public companies by their fiduciary duty are legally forbidden from taking an action that may decrease the stock price or failing to take any action that may increase it. Perpetual growth is the goal of every public company.

Disadvantages
Many stock exchanges require that publicly traded companies have their accounts regularly audited by outside auditors, and then publish the accounts to their shareholders. Besides the cost, this may make useful information available to competitors. Various other annual and quarterly reports are also required by law. In the United States, the Sarbanes–Oxley Act imposes additional requirements. The requirement for audited books is not imposed by the exchange known as OTC Pink. The shares may be maliciously held by outside shareholders and the original founders or owners may lose benefits and control. The principal–agent problem, or the agency problem is a key weakness of public companies. The separation of a company's ownership and control is especially prevalent in such countries as the UK and the US.

Stockholders
In the United States, the Securities and Exchange Commission requires that firms whose stock is traded publicly report their major shareholders each year. The reports identify all institutional shareholders (primarily, firms owning stock in other companies), all company officials who own shares in their firm, and any individual or institution owning more than 5% of the firm's stock.

General trend
For many years, newly created companies were privately held but held initial public offering to become publicly traded company or to be acquired by another company if they became larger and more profitable or had promising prospects. More  infrequently, some companies—such as investment banking firm Goldman Sachs and logistics services provider United Parcel Service (UPS)—chose to remain privately held for a long period of time after maturity into a profitable company.

However, from 1997 to 2012, the number of corporations publicly traded on American stock exchanges dropped 45%. According to one observer (Gerald F. Davis), "public corporations have become less concentrated, less integrated, less interconnected at the top, shorter lived, less remunerative for average investors, and less prevalent since the turn of the 21st century". Davis argues that technological changes such as the decline in price and increasing power, quality and flexibility of computer numerical control machines and newer digitally enabled tools such as 3D printing will lead to smaller and more local organization of production.

Privatization
In corporate privatization, more often called "going private", a group of private investors or another company that is privately held can buy out the shareholders of a public company, taking the company off the public markets. This is typically done through a leveraged buyout and occurs when the buyers believe the securities have been undervalued by investors. In some cases, public companies that are in severe financial distress may also approach a private company or companies to take over ownership and management of the company. One way of doing this would be to make a rights issue designed to enable the new investor to acquire a supermajority. With a super-majority, the company could then be relisted, i.e. privatized.

Alternatively, a publicly traded company may be purchased by one or more other publicly traded companies, with the target company becoming either a subsidiary or joint venture of the purchaser(s), or ceasing to exist as a separate entity, its former shareholders receiving compensation in the form of either cash, shares in the purchasing company or a combination of both. When the compensation is primarily shares then the deal is often considered a merger. Subsidiaries and joint ventures can also be created de novo—this often happens in the financial sector. Subsidiaries and joint ventures of publicly traded companies are not generally considered to be privately held companies (even though they themselves are not publicly traded) and are generally subject to the same reporting requirements as publicly traded companies. Finally, shares in subsidiaries and joint ventures can be (re)-offered to the public at any time—firms that are sold in this manner are called spin-outs.

Most industrialized jurisdictions have enacted laws and regulations that detail the steps that prospective owners (public or private) must undertake if they wish to take over a publicly traded corporation. This often entails the would-be buyer(s) making a formal offer for each share of the company to shareholders.

Trading and valuation
The shares of a publicly traded company are often traded on a stock exchange. The value or "size" of a company is called its market capitalization, a term which is often shortened to "market cap". This is calculated as the number of shares outstanding (as opposed to authorized but not necessarily issued) times the price per share. For example, a company with two million shares outstanding and a price per share of US$40 has a market capitalization of US$80 million. However, a company's market capitalization should not be confused with the fair market value of the company as a whole since the price per share are influenced by other factors such as the volume of shares traded.  Low trading volume can cause artificially low prices for securities, due to investors being apprehensive of investing in a company they perceive as possibly lacking liquidity.

For example, if all shareholders were to simultaneously try to sell their shares in the open market, this would immediately create downward pressure on the price for which the share is traded unless there were an equal number of buyers willing to purchase the security at the price the sellers demand. So, sellers would have to either reduce their price or choose not to sell. Thus, the number of trades in a given period of time, commonly referred to as the "volume" is important when determining how well a company's market capitalization reflects true fair market value of the company as a whole. The higher the volume, the more the fair market value of the company is likely to be reflected by its market capitalization.

Another example of the impact of volume on the accuracy of market capitalization is when a company has little or no trading activity and the market price is simply the price at which the most recent trade took place, which could be days or weeks ago. This occurs when there are no buyers willing to purchase the securities at the price being offered by the sellers and there are no sellers willing to sell at the price the buyers are willing to pay. While this is rare when the company is traded on a major stock exchange, it is not uncommon when shares are traded over-the-counter (OTC). Since individual buyers and sellers need to incorporate news about the company into their purchasing decisions, a security with an imbalance of buyers or sellers may not feel the full effect of recent news.

See also

 Forbes Global 2000
 Government agency
 Non-departmental public body
 plc, public company under UK legislation
 Stock exchange cooperative
 Statutory corporation
 Publicly unlisted company
 Regulatory agency
 Statutory authority
 Statutory corporation
 Success trap
 United Kingdom company law

Notes

References

Types of business entity

Public company


mey refer tae:

Places
 Chiba, Chiba, caipital ceety o Chiba Prefectur, Japan
 Chiba Prefectur, a sub-naitional jurisdiction in the Greater Tokyo Aurie on the eastren coast o Honshū Island, Japan
 Chiba Station, a train station in Chiba, Chiba
 Chiba Castle, a castle in Kumamoto, Japan

Fowk
 Akira Chiba, preses o The Pokémon Company
 Chiba Ginko, a gymnast at the 1964 Simmer Olympics
 Kaori Chiba (born 1981), Japanese field hockey player
 Kazuo Chiba (born 1940), Japanese Aikido teacher
 Keiko Chiba (born 1948), Japanese Meenister o Juistice
 Reiko Chiba (born 1975), Japanese actress
 Ryohei Chiba (born 1984), Japanese sangster
 Saeko Chiba (born 1977), Japanese vyce actress
 Saïd Chiba (born 1970), Moroccan fitbawer
 Shigetane Chiba, a Japanese military commander
 Shigeru Chiba (born 1954; kent as Masaharu Maeda), Japanese vyce actor
 Chiba Shusaku Narimasa (1794–1856), foonder o the Hokushin Itto schuil o swuirdsmanship
 Sonny Chiba (1939–2021; kent as Shin'ichi Chiba an aw), Japanese actor
 Susumu Chiba (born 1970), Japanese vyce actor
 Teisuke Chiba (1917–1965), photographer
 Tetsuya Chiba (born 1939), Japanese manga airtist
 Chiba clan, a Japanese clan
 Tsunetane Chiba, a Japanese military commander

Fiction
 Mamoru Chiba (kent as Darien Shields an aw), the anerlie major male character frae the Sailor Moon anime an manga series
 Atsuko Chiba, main character o the 2006 film Paprika
 Kirino Chiba (千葉 紀梨乃), a fictional character frae anime Bamboo Blade

Institution
 Chiba University, a naitional varsity in the ceety o Chiba

Technology
 Chiba Engine, a server-based ingine, written in Java

Japanese-leid surnames

Chiba


Solomon Gai (1600 – August, 1638) was an Italian scholar and hebraist. He was born and died in Mantua.

Gai is chiefly known as the correspondent and friend of Johannes Buxtorf II. In a letter which he wrote to Buxtorf from Mantua on November 6, 1637, Gai declared that he had emigrated to Botzen, a town in the South Tyrol, where he had become the tutor of the two sons of a rich man named Jacob Moravia. He studied German at Botzen, and after a stay of five years and a half returned to Mantua.

Buxtorf's Latin translation of the "Moreh" won Gai's admiration. Attributing the translation to Buxtorf the Elder, Gai wrote a letter expressing admiration for the father. Buxtorf explained to Gai that he himself was the translator, and sent him a copy of his dissertation "Diatribe" as a present. Gai wrote another letter to Buxtorf in Latin with a Hebrew introduction drawing his attention to works of which Buxtorf was unaware. Buxtorf subsequently commissioned Gai to purchase Hebrew books for him. Gai insisted particularly on obtaining Buxtorf's lexicons, as he planned to write a lexicon in collaboration with a cleric to whom he was giving Hebrew lessons.

References

1600 births
1638 deaths
Italian Hebraists
Writers from Mantua
Jewish lexicographers
17th-century Italian Jews

Solomon Gai


Lionel Lewin Carter MC (6 October 1890 – 30 Marcy 1968) was an Australian politician.

Born in Williamstown, Victoria, to Irish-born grocer Thomas Frederick Carter and Emily Jane Knight, he moved to Perth with his family in 1896 and was educated locally and at Perth Technical College. He tried many careers, working as a clerk, blacksmith, steam-hammer driver, optician and trainee chemist before studying theology. He enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force on 7 August 1915; on 21 November of that year he married Amy Edith Norman at Albany. He served on the Western Front with the 48th Battalion, earning his promotion to captain in April 1917 and winning the Military Cross after being the last man to withdraw after an enemy attack near Zonnebeke in Belgium on 12 October. He lost his right eye near Dernancourt in April 1918 and was sent home to Australia. In 1921 he was elected to the Western Australian Legislative Assembly as the Nationalist member for Leederville, but he was defeated in 1924. In 1929 he was appointed executive secretary of the Western Australian Employers Federation, a position he held until 1949. After almost ten years running a motor company at Bunbury he was hired to direct the Western Australian Trade Bureau. He died at Claremont in 1968.

References

1890 births
1968 deaths
Nationalist Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Western Australia
Members of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly
Recipients of the Military Cross
Politicians from Perth, Western Australia
Australian Army soldiers
Australian military personnel of World War I
20th-century Australian politicians
Military personnel from Western Australia

Lionel Carter


California in the American Civil War was involved in sending gold east, recruiting volunteer soldiers to replace regular army forces in the Western United States and in maintaining and building numerous camps and fortifications. The State of California did not send its units east, but many citizens traveled east and joined the Union Army. California's Volunteers also conducted many operations against the Native American peoples within the state and in the other Western territories of the Departments of the Pacific and New Mexico.

Following the Gold Rush, California was settled primarily by Midwestern and Southern farmers, miners and businessmen. Democrats dominated the state from its foundation. Southern Democrats were sympathetic to the Confederate States of America who seceded, but they were a minority group in the state. California businessmen played a significant role in Californian politics through their control of mines, shipping, finance, and the Republican Party. But they were a minority party until the secession crisis.

From statehood to the Civil War
When California was admitted as a state under the Compromise of 1850, Californians had already decided it was to be a free state. The constitutional convention of 1849 unanimously abolished slavery. As a result, Southerners in Congress voted against admission in 1850 while Northerners pushed it through, pointing to its population of 93,000 and its vast wealth in gold. Northern California, which was dominated by mining, shipping, and commercial elites of San Francisco, favored becoming a state. In the United States presidential election, 1856, California gave its electoral votes to the winner, James Buchanan.

Southern California's attempts at secession
Following California's admission to the Union, Californios and pro-slavery Southerners in lightly populated, rural Southern California attempted three times in the 1850s to achieve a separate statehood or territorial status. The last attempt, the Pico Act of 1859, was passed by the California State Legislature. It was signed by the State governor John B. Weller and approved overwhelmingly by voters in the proposed Territory of Colorado. The proposal was sent to Washington, D.C. with a strong advocate in Senator Milton Latham. However the secession crisis following the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 led to the proposal never coming to a vote.

In 1860 Lincoln won 38,733 popular votes, only 32% of the total. But it was enough to win all four of California's electoral votes.

California volunteers called up
On July 24, 1861, the Secretary of War called on the Governor of California for enlisted volunteer to guard the overland mail route from Carson City to Salt Lake City. They were also to guard Fort Laramie. The initial call was for five companies of cavalry plus one regiment of Infantry. On August 14,  four more regiments of infantry and one regiment of cavalry were requested. They were to report to General Edwin Vose Sumner. These volunteers replaced the regular troops transferred to the east before the end of 1861. California would have to protect itself using its own manpower during the Civil War.

The fight for California
Both the Union and the Confederacy wanted California's gold. Ulysses S. Grant once said "I do not know what we would do in this great national emergency if it were not for the gold sent from California." The Confederates also needed ports that were not being blockaded by the Union Navy. If they could get control of Southern California it would give them the ports it badly needed. Southern California had a number of Southerners who moved to California during the Gold Rush. While they were a minority, they wanted Southern California to secede from the Union and join the Confederate states. At the time, Northern California was very pro-Union. A number of pro-Confederate groups were organized in Southern California. These included the Los Angeles Mounted Rifles and chapters of the Knights of the Golden Circle, a secret pro-slavery organization.

The pro-Union state militias and Union forces used a number of forts and camps in California. One of the best known is Alcatraz Island. Before it was a federal prison, it was a prisoner of war camp for Confederate prisoners. The last army fort still standing is the Drum Barracks. It was the headquarters of the Union Army in Southern California and the Arizona Territory.

References

19th century in California

California in the American Civil War


The marmosets are a group of New World monkeys.
There are 22 marmoset species in four genera. All are in the biological family Callitrichidae. The term marmoset is also used in reference to the Goeldi's marmoset, Callimico goeldii, which is closely related.

Most marmosets are about  long. Compared to other monkeys, they have some primitive features. They have claws rather than nails, they lack wisdom teeth, and their brain layout seems to be relatively primitive. Their body temperature is unusually variable, changing by up to 4 °C (7 °F) in a day.  Marmosets are native to South America and have been found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay and Peru. They have also been spotted in Central America.

Marmosets have germline chimerism. This is not known to occur in nature in any primates except this family.

Marmosets are highly active, living in the upper canopy of forest trees, and feeding on insects, fruit and leaves.  They have long lower incisors, which allow them to chew holes in tree trunks and branches to harvest the gum inside; some species are specialised feeders on gum.

Marmosets live in family groups of three to 15. There are one or two breeding females, an unrelated male, offspring and other family members and unrelated individuals. Their mating systems are highly variable and include monogamy, polygyny and occasionally polyandry.

References

Marmoset


Hazel was a single panel comic strip by Ted Key that appeared for many years in the last pages of The Saturday Evening Post, beginning in 1943. She was a maid for the well to do Baxter family. In the early 1960s, she was played by Shirley Booth in a television sitcom series with Don Defore, Whitney Blake, and Bobby Buntrock as the Baxters. In 1977, Key received the National Cartoonists Society Newspaper Panel Award for Hazel.

American comic strips

Hazel (comics)


Some people lie and lie. While others risk the chance to be angrier at them to have trust. Trust is a trait this is earned. It can be powerful. But you can lose it easily.

Trust may refer to:

In personal relations (social sciences):
 Trust (social sciences): the feeling of being sure someone or something can be relied upon

Law
 Trust law, where money or property is owned and managed on behalf of another
 Escrow, where a thing is held in trust until conditions are fulfilled

Finance
 Trust company, a financial institution offering banking, investment and estate administration services
 Massachusetts business trust, a business created under trust law
 Investment trust, a company that invests in other companies or properties

Business and legal
 Trust law
 Charitable trust
 Massachusetts business trust
 Investment trust
 Land trust
 Trust company
 Trust (business)

Music

Bands
 Trust Company (band)

Related pages
 Trustee
 Trustor
 Trusteeship
 Trustworthiness
 Trusted third party
 Trust, but verify

Trust


Axel Springer SE () is a German multinational mass media company, that specializes in both electronic publishing and print media. The company is organized as a  (SE) publishing house and is one of the largest mass media publishers in the European Union, with numerous multimedia news brands, such as Bild, , and Fakt.

The company generated total revenues of about €3.3 billion and an EBITDA of €559 million in the financial year 2015. Digital-media activities contribute more than 60% to its revenues and nearly 70% to its EBITDA. Axel Springer SE's activities are divided into three segments: paid models, marketing models, and classified ad models. Since 2020, it has been majority-owned by the US private-equity firm KKR. Headquartered in Berlin, Germany, the company (including subsidiaries, joint ventures, and licensing) operates in more than 40 countries.

The company was started in 1946/1947 by journalist Axel Springer. Mathias Döpfner became its CEO in 2002. The Axel Springer company, the largest publishing house in Europe, controls the largest share of the German market for daily newspapers; 23.6%, largely because its flagship tabloid Bild is the  highest-circulation newspaper in Europe with a daily readership exceeding 12 million. Upon its acquisition of Politico in 2021 and of Business Insider in 2015, Axel Springer SE extended a policy that all employees must support a free-market economy, a  united Europe, and Israel's right to exist.

Newspapers, magazines, online offerings
The media offerings of Axel Springer SE are clustered in: current news, autos, sports, computers and consumer electronics, as well as lifestyle.

Selection of publications
 , the intellectual flagship of the company
 Bild, tabloid with the largest circulation in Europe
 Auto Bild, automobile magazine with the largest circulation in Europe
 Audio Video Foto Bild, magazine for consumer electronics
 Computer Bild, published in nine countries, is Europe's best-selling computer magazine
 Sport Bild, published in many countries, is Europe's largest sport magazine
 Auto.cz, the largest Czech internet car portal including RoadLook.tv, starting in Slovakia and Poland as well
 Fakt, the largest daily tabloid in Poland
 B.Z., local newspaper
 Watchmi, a personalized TV content discovery system
 Musikexpress, a monthly music magazine
 the German edition of the magazine Rolling Stone
 Transfermarkt, a football statistics website
 Business Insider, a business, celebrity and technology news website
 Insider, a social media-based lifestyle publication
 upday, a news aggregator app
 Politico,  political newspaper, acquired by Axel Springer in October 2021.
 Politico Europe, European version of Politico
 Protocol, tech journalism publication acquired alongside Politico

In addition, the company is active in the online editorial and marketing business with its shares in aufeminin.com, Awin, and buy.at, and owns several online classified advertising platforms such as the career site StepStone [de], the real estate marketing portal immonet, various coupon portals, including Sparheld.de Germany and Reduc.fr in France and price comparison platform idealo. It is also a significant investor in the American digital media company Group Nine Media.

History

1940s

In 1946, publisher Hinrich Springer (age 66) and his son Axel Springer (age 34) established the limited company Axel Springer Verlag GmbH. That year saw the launch of the Nordwestdeutsche Hefte and the radio and TV magazine Hörzu.

In 1948, the evening newspaper Hamburger Abendblatt was launched, the first daily newspaper created by Axel Springer.

1950s

The year 1952 saw the launch of the popular daily newspaper Bild. The paper was based on the British tabloid Daily Mirror, and peaked at circulation of 5 million in the 1980s.

In 1953, Axel Springer Verlag bought the publishing house Die Welt, including the daily paper  and the Sunday paper Welt am Sonntag.

In 1956, the company headquarters in Hamburg was built.

Then in 1959, the company acquired the a holding in Ullstein AG, which owned Berlin newspapers Berliner Morgenpost and B.Z. and the Ullstein book-publishing business.

1960s

The official opening of the Berlin headquarters took place in 1966. Hamburg remained an important site.

After the attack on the student leader Rudi Dutschke on 11 April 1968, the APO (Extra-Parliamentary Opposition) began acts of violence against the company. The APO had a history of animosity with the Springer Group's allegedly biased coverage of the student movement. For instance, in the wake of the shooting of Benno Ohnesorg by the police at a student demonstration against the Shah, one Springer paper reported that "what happened yesterday in Berlin had nothing to do with politics …. It was criminal in the most sickening way." In fact, Ohnesorg, who had never attended a demonstration before, had been shot in the back while trying to leave the demonstration.

1970s
The years 1972 and 1973 saw the building of the offset-printing plant in Essen-Kettwig.

1980s

1984 witnessed the official opening of the offset printing facility in Ahrensburg near Hamburg.

In 1985, 49% of the company was offered for public subscription. Later that year Axel Springer died. Control was passed to his widow Friede Springer.

In 1986, the first licensed edition of Auto Bild came out, in Italy. Other licensed editions and joint venture publications later appeared in twenty European countries, Indonesia and Thailand.

1990s
In 1993, there was the official opening of the offset printing works in Berlin-Spandau.

In May 1999, Axel Springer bought a 51% majority stake in the American television production company GRB Entertainment, but was later divested in 2002.

2000–present

In 2001, Axel Springer and T-Online established a joint subsidiary Bild.de/T-Online AG. A year later in 2002, the launch of immonet.de took place, and Mathias Doepfner, former editor-in-chief of Die Welt, became CEO of Axel Springer AG. Then in 2003, the name was changed to Axel Springer AG.

In 2009, Axel Springer AG acquired affiliate marketers Zanox and Digital Window as well as StepStone ASA. In 2010 a $635.7 million offer by Axel for leading French real estate website operator seloger.com caused seloger shares to rise as much as 32%, the most since it went public. Within 3 days Axel increased its offer 15.6% to $735 million after shareholders rejected the deal.

In 2012, Axel Springer formed a joint venture (Axel Springer Digital Classified) with global growth equity firm General Atlantic. The company also bought TotalJobs in the UK from Reed Elsevier that year.

In 2013, Springer sold its regional newspapers, women's magazines, and television magazines to Funke Mediengruppe for €920 million That same year, Publications Grand Public, a French magazine publisher owned by Springer, was sold to Reworld Media.

In 2015, Axel Springer AG purchased Business Insider, a business, celebrity and technology news website, in a deal that valued Business Insider at $442 million. On 8 December of the same year, Axel Springer increased its share in Axel Springer Digital Classifieds GmbH from 70 per cent to 85 per cent and was granted a purchase option to acquire the remaining 15 per cent from General Atlantic. On 9 December, Axel Springer exercised the option, acquiring the additional 15% from General Atlantic in exchange for shares of Axel Springer, leaving the growth equity firm with 8.3% holding in the company.

In 2020, Friede Springer transferred $1.5 billion of Axel Springer shares to CEO Mathias Doepfner, effectively making him heir of the media group. Doepfner now has control of 44% of the voting rights.

In October 2021, the firm announced that it had completed the acquisition of Politico for over $1 billion, after announcing its intention to do so in late August 2021. Axel Springer's Chief Executive Mathias Döpfner said that Politico staff would need to adhere to Axel Springer's principles, including support for a united Europe, "reconciliation between Germans and Jews," Israel's right to exist and a free-market economy, and that staff who disagree with the principles "should not work for Axel Springer, very clearly".

In October 2021, an article in The New York Times reported accusations of sexual misconduct, sexual discrimination and questionable business practices at Axel Springer SE. A day later, the publisher fired the editor-in-chief of Bild.

Criticism

Pro-American editorial bias and alleged ties to US intelligence agencies
According to German scholar Gudrun Kruip of the Stiftung Bundespräsident-Theodor-Heuss-Haus, Axel Springer SE and its subsidiaries spread a strongly pro-American view in which criticism of US foreign policy is largely absent. In an interview with The Nation, two former CIA officers alleged that Axel Springer received $7 million from the CIA to support American geopolitical interests with his publishing house. Springer reportedly agreed and began guiding the editorial bias towards supporting US foreign policy. Although no conclusive evidence has come to light, Kruip considers the CIA officers' allegations credible since Springer, according to his own autobiography, had no money to actually fund the publishing house when it was founded, and it was thus unlikely that he could finance its rapid ascent without "money from the outside". As of 2021, the Axel Springer SE names "solidarity with the libertarian values of the United States of America" as one of its core principles on its own website. Many scholars and independent observers allege a "subservience to American geopolitical interests" of the publishing house and its subsidiaries to this day. According to Foreign Policy, Axel Springer SE "has a decades-long record of bending journalistic ethics for right-wing causes."

Accusations of editorial interference in Poland
In 2017,  was accused of editorial interference, when the head of the joint venture Mark Dekan wrote a letter to the company's Polish employees in which he disparaged the head of the conservative Law and Justice political party, calling the Polish politician Jaroslaw Kaczynski a "loser" for opposing the candidacy of Donald Tusk as President of the European Council, stating that "...we should never forget about the basic values that we represent... Here is the moment where free media, such as ours must be active. We speak for the ideas of... a United Europe." In the letter, Dekan also raised his concerns that European integration was least supported by the youngest generation of Poles and vowed to take appropriate action, suggesting "Let's tell them what to do to stay in the fast lane and not end in the parking lot."

Abuse of power and sexual harassment
In March 2021, Der Spiegel reported accusations that the editor of Bild, Julian Reichelt, had promoted several young female employees in exchange for sex and sought to buy their silence before dismissing them. This was followed up by a similar report in the New York Times in October 2021. Both reported that Axel Springer had investigated and dismissed the complaints against Reichelt, and had proceeded to suppress reporting of the controversy by other outlets. CEO Mathias Doepfner was reportedly also keen to support Reichelt on account of the latter's strong right wing political leanings. Later the same month, Axel Springer reversed course and dismissed Reichelt.

Competitors

Major competitors in the German publishing market include Bauer Media Group, Bertelsmann, Hubert Burda Media, and Holtzbrinck. On a global scale, some of the key competitors of Axel Springer include other large multinational media companies such as News Corporation, Time Warner, and The New York Times Company. These companies operate in a variety of different media sectors, including print, television, and digital, and are all major players in the global media industry. In addition to traditional media companies, Axel Springer also competes with a number of digital media platforms and companies, such as Google, Facebook, and Apple, which have become increasingly influential in the media industry in recent years. These companies have disrupted the traditional media business model by offering new ways for people to access news and information, and have posed a significant challenge to traditional media companies like Axel Springer.

See also
Media concentration
Protests of 1968

References

External links

 Values
 Unsere Essentials (in German)

Pan-European media companies
Mass media companies
Publishing companies established in 1946
Newspaper companies of Germany
Companies based in Berlin
Companies formerly listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange
Kohlberg Kravis Roberts companies
1946 establishments in Germany

Axel Springer SE


Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA; trade name Carbomer) is a polymer with the formula (CH2-CHCO2H)n. It is a derivative of acrylic acid (CH2=CHCO2H).  In addition to the homopolymers, a variety of copolymers and crosslinked polymers, and partially deprotonated derivatives thereof are known and of commercial value. In a water solution at neutral pH, PAA is an anionic polymer, i.e., many of the side chains of PAA lose their protons and acquire a negative charge. Partially or wholly deprotonated PAAs are polyelectrolytes, with the ability to absorb and retain water and swell to many times their original volume.  These properties – acid-base and water-attracting – are the bases of many applications.

Synthesis

PAA is produced by free radical polymerization. Initiators include potassium persulfate and AIBN.

Polyacrylic acid is a polyolefin. It can be viewed as polyethylene with carboxylic acid (CO2H) substituents on alternating carbons. Owing to these groups, alternating carbon atoms in the backbone are stereogenic (colloquially: chiral). For this reason, acrylic acid exists in atactic, syndiotactic, and isotactic forms, although this aspect is rarely discussed.  The polymerization is initiated with radicals and is assumed to be stereorandom. Crosslinking can be introduced in many ways.

Production
About 1,600,000,000 kg were produced in 2008.

Structure and derivatives
Polyacrylic acid is a weak anionic polyelectrolyte, whose degree of ionisation is dependent on solution pH. In its non-ionised form at low pHs, PAA may associate with various non-ionic polymers (such as polyethylene oxide, poly-N-vinyl pyrrolidone, polyacrylamide, and some cellulose ethers) and form hydrogen-bonded interpolymer complexes. In aqueous solutions PAA can also form polycomplexes with oppositely charged polymers such as chitosan, surfactants, and drug molecules (for example, streptomycin).

Physical properties
Dry PAAs are sold as white, fluffy powders. In the dry powder form, the positively charged sodium ions are bound to the polyacrylate, however in aqueous solutions the sodium ions can dissociate. The presence of many metal cations allows the polymer to absorb a high amount of water.

Applications

Absorbent
PAA is widely used in dispersants and since the molecular weight has a significant impact on the rheological properties and dispersion capacity, and hence applications. The dominant application for PAA is as a superabsorbent. About 25% of PAA is used for detergents and dispersants.

Polyacrylic acid and its derivatives (particularly sodium polyacrylate) are used in disposable diapers. Acrylic acid is also the main component of Superabsorbent Polymers (SAPs), cross-linked polyacrylates that can absorb and retain more than 100 times of their own weight in liquid.  The US Food and Drug Administration authorised the use of SAPs in packaging with indirect food contact.

Cleaning
Detergents often contain copolymers of acrylic acid that assist in sequestering dirt. Cross-linked polyacrylic acid has also been used in the processing of household products, including floor cleaners.
PAA may inactivate the antiseptic chlorhexidine gluconate.

Biocompatible materials
The neutralized polyacrylic acid gels are suitable biocompatible matrices for medical applications such as gels for skin care products.  PAA films can be deposited on orthopaedic implants to protect them from corrosion. Crosslinked hydrogels of PAA and gelatin have also been used as medical glue.

Paints and cosmetics
Other applications involve paints and cosmetics. They stabilize suspended solid in liquids, prevent emulsions from separating, and control the consistency in flow of cosmetics. Carbomer codes (910, 934, 940, 941, and 934P) are an indication of molecular weight and the specific components of the polymer. For many applications PAAs are used in form of alkali metal or ammonium salts, e.g. sodium polyacrylate.

Emerging applications
Hydrogels derived from PAA have attracted much study for use as bandages and aids for wound healing.

Drilling fluid and metal quenching

A few reports were made on PAA use as deflocculant (so called alkaline polyacrylates) for oil drilling industry.

It was also reported to be used for metal quenching in metalworking (see Sodium polyacrylate).

References

Acrylate polymers
Cosmetics chemicals
Polyelectrolytes
Polymers

Polyacrylic acid