The Last Olympian is a fantasy-adventure novel based on Greek mythology by Rick Riordan published on May 5, 2009. It is the fifth and final installment in the Percy Jackson & the Olympians series and serves as the direct sequel to The Battle of the Labyrinth. There is a statement at the end of the book referencing the close of "the first Camp Half-Blood series," indicating that there might be more to follow. The Last Olympian revolves around the demigod Perseus Jackson as he leads his friends in a last stand to protect Mount Olympus. The book received many positive reviews.

Synopsis

Plot summary

Percy Jackson, his friends, and the Olympians fight in a war resembling the original war between the Greek gods and the Titans and in a final battle with the powerful Titan, Kronos. Many fight for Olympus, including the Hunters of Artemis, dryads, satyrs, naiads, and tree nymphs, Chiron's centaur cousins the Party Ponies, and the hellhound Mrs. O'Leary. They must defend Mt. Olympus from Kronos' huge army consisting of rogue half-bloods, dracaena, Hyperboreans, Laestrygonians, drakon, Hyperion, telekhines, Typhon, and hellhounds.

It is revealed that Luke had bathed in the River Styx, thus becoming nearly invincible (much like Achilles). Seeking to defeat Kronos, Percy does the same, with some encouragement from Nico. It is also revealed how Nico's mother died, and that the Oracle's foretelling of her death led to Hades cursing the Oracle. Due to this, when Luke's mother attempts to become the Oracle, she loses her mind and is given glimpses of Luke's future. Rachel, a mortal who can see through the Mist, tells Percy that he is not the hero of the Great Prophecy and that it will influence his choice when he turns 16.

Percy and Luke (who is possessed by Kronos) battle at the top of Mount Olympus in the throne room. Luke is shocked back into his normal self when Annabeth reminds him of his promise that he would never harm her. The 'cursed blade' of the prophecy was the knife that Luke gave to Annabeth when he promises her that they are family. The Great Prophecy hinges on Percy's decision to give Luke the dagger rather than kill him. Luke commits suicide by stabbing himself in his mortal point when Kronos takes over his body, becoming the hero of the prophecy and ending the war on Percy's 16th birthday.

The gods grant Percy, Grover, Annabeth, and Tyson rewards at the conclusion of their quest. Tyson becomes the General of the Cyclops army and is gifted a new weapon, a "stick." Grover is granted a place on the Council of Cloven Elders and becomes a new Lord of the Wild. Annabeth's wish to become an architect is fulfilled as she is tasked to design and rebuild Olympus. Percy, refusing godhood for himself, forces the gods to swear on the River Styx that they will recognize all of their children by the time they turn 13 and that they will end the pact of the Big Three, in which Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades were barred from fathering demigod offspring. He also requires cabins for Hades and the minor gods to be built at Camp Half-Blood, and that they set Calypso free of her curse. Rachel becomes the new Oracle of Delphi and speaks the next Great Prophecy. Percy and Annabeth share a kiss, after which Clarisse La Rue and their other surviving friends dunk them in the lake, where they share another kiss, this time underwater.

Major characters

 Percy Jackson: Protagonist, a 16-year-old demigod son of Poseidon.
 Annabeth Chase: Percy's friend, a 16-year-old demigod daughter of Athena.
 Luke Castellan: Antagonist, a demigod son of Hermes, inhabited by Kronos.
 Tyson the Cyclops: Percy's half brother
 Rachel Elizabeth Dare: Percy's friend, a mortal girl who can see through the mist
 Thalia Grace: daughter of Zeus and best friends with Percy, Annabeth, and Grover
 Charles Beckendorf: Percy's friend, Hephaestus counselor
 Silena Beauregard: Beckendorf's Girlfriend
 Cronus/Kronos: The king of the Titans and the lord of time

Critical reception
The Last Olympian received overwhelmingly positive reviews. Publishers Weekly wrote "...fans will not be disappointed" and remarked "As the capstone to this beloved series, this story satisfies." They praised Percy's "brave leadership" and said that "the final clash would keep a Hollywood special effects team busy for years." Booklist'''s starred review commented that "...Riordan's imagination soars in the climactic battle scenes" but said that he manages to "bring the whole series to a satisfying close in the down-to-earth conclusion." It also received starred reviews from Kirkus.

Audiobooks
The unabridged audiobook version of The Last Olympian'' is read by Jesse Bernstein.  It was released on May 12, 2009, by Random House/Listening Library. It is 10 hours and 50 minutes long.

Sequel Series
Riordan wrote a sequel called The Lost Hero as the first book in a new series called The Heroes of Olympus

References

2009 books
Percy Jackson and the Olympians

The Last Olympian


A performance, in performing arts, generally comprises an event in which one group of people (the performer or performers) behave in a particular way for another group of people (the audience).

In dance a group of people will usually go on stage to perform for the audience.

Performing arts

Performance


Anne Holmes Redding (born October 22, 1951) is a former Episcopal priest, who was defrocked in April 2009 for having become a Muslim in March 2006. She grew up in Cheyney, Pennsylvania. Her father, Louis L. Redding, was a prominent civil rights lawyer in Delaware.

Redding identifies with both faiths "100 percent", explaining that this is possible in the same way that she can be both an African American and a woman. Her remarks have evoked excitement and controversy among both the Episcopal and Muslim communities. She continues to worship in the Episcopal Church, as well as with Al-Islam Center of Seattle.

Redding was placed under pastoral direction by Geralyn Wolf of the Episcopal Diocese of Rhode Island, which has disciplinary authority over her, in July 2007. Following the 15 months of pastoral direction and six months of inhibition, Redding was deposed ("defrocked") by Wolf on April 1, 2009, one week after her 25th ordination anniversary.

Redding is a graduate of Brown University (AB, 1976), the General Theological Seminary (M Div, 1983), and Union Theological Seminary (PhD, 1999). She has taught at Pacific Lutheran University, Payne Theological Seminary, and the Interdenominational Theological Center, among other institutions. At the time she became a Muslim, she was Director of Faith Formation and Renewal at St. Mark's Episcopal Cathedral, Seattle, where she continued to work until she was laid off (along with two colleagues) in March 2007. She was visiting assistant professor at the School of Theology and Ministry at Seattle University from September 2007 through June 2008.

Redding has continued to speak, preach, teach, and write since the convergence of Islam and Christianity in her faith and practice. Venues include Riverside Church in New York City, Oberlin College in Ohio, the Claremont School of Theology in California, and the Center for Spiritual Living, St. Stephen's Episcopal Church, Seattle First Baptist Church, and Westside Unitarian Church in Seattle. She is the co-author, with Jamal Rahman and Katheen Schmitt Elias, of Out of Darkness Into Light: Spiritual Guidance in the Quran with Reflections from Christian and Jewish Sources (Morehouse Publishing, 2009).

References

External links
 http://www.religioustolerance.org/bemultfaith1.htm

Converts to Islam
American Episcopal clergy
1951 births
Living people
African-American Muslims
Brown University alumni
General Theological Seminary alumni
Union Theological Seminary (New York City) alumni
Pacific Lutheran University faculty
Interdenominational Theological Center faculty
Seattle University faculty

Ann Holmes Redding


Robert Shirley (born 9 June 1980) is an Australian rules footballer who played for the Adelaide Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). He also played for the Woodville-West Torrens Football Club in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL). Shirley was known as one of the best taggers in the AFL.

AFL career

Originally drafted from Woodville-West Torrens with pick 67 in the 1999 AFL Draft, Shirley played 21 games in his first three seasons at the highest level before being delisted at the end of the 2002 AFL season. Despite rumoured interest from Carlton, Shirley was immediately redrafted by the Crows with pick 53 in the 2002 AFL Draft and placed on the club's rookie list.

Shirley won a shock recall in round 12 of the next season after Simon Goodwin broke his wrist, and he did well enough to play every game for the remainder of the season. This included a noteworthy shutdown of future Brownlow Medallist Chris Judd in the Crows' Elimination Final victory over the West Coast Eagles. "It's funny how the game turns around pretty quickly," Shirley noted after the game. "A few months ago I wasn't really close to getting a game. In the second half of the season I've been lucky enough to stay in the side. It's week-by-week for me and I don't take it any further than that."

Shirley was reminded of the fickleness of form when he was dropped after the Crows' abysmal first-up loss to the Kangaroos in round 1, 2004. He was recalled in round 9, however, and played every game for the remainder of the season.

The 2005 AFL season proved a watershed year for Shirley as he became the club's primary tagger following the decision by Tyson Stenglein to return home to Perth at the end of 2004. Beginning with another personal victory over Judd in round 1 Shirley went from strength to strength, missing only one game in the team's unexpected rise to the Minor Premiership and subsequent exit at the Preliminary Final stage. His good form was acknowledged with the Coaches' Award at the club's Club Champion Award ceremony.

In 2006 Shirley began to develop his ballwinning skills, averaging 16 disposals per game and leading the club in Hard Ball Gets with 75 for the year.  He also continued to be a reliable tagger for the club, finishing third in the club's tackle count with 85.

By 2007 Shirley had added another dimension to his game, registering eight 20-plus disposal games including a career high 30 touches against the Brisbane Lions in Round 21. He still remained one of the club's most prolific tacklers, achieving a personal best of 10 tackles in Adelaide's Elimination Final loss to Hawthorn Football Club. and placing third in the club's tackle count. At the conclusion of Round 5 Shirley won the AFL Army Award for the most courageous act of that week's matches, for his last-ditch spoil going back with the flight of the ball deep into the last quarter of the Crows' 1-point loss to Fremantle. At season's end Shirley's hard work was acknowledged with his second AFC Coach's Award.

From Shirley's recall to the side in 2004 to the last game of the 2008 AFL season, he missed only five games, four of which were through injury. However, in 2009, a new-look Adelaide outfit had no place for Shirley. Dropped for the first few games of the season, Shirley did return in round 11 but could not hold his place on a consistent basis and was in and out of the side, as quicker and more attacking players such as Michael Doughty and Nathan van Berlo were favoured in negating roles. Shirley was the highest profile player of five delisted by the club at the end of the season.

The Gold Coast Suns were considering selecting Shirley, but the 29-year-old midfielder decided to accept a lucrative contract from the Ainslie Football Club, rather than play with the Gold Coast.

Shirley returned to the Woodville-West Torrens Football Club for the 2012 SANFL season.

References
Notes

External links

Robert Shirley's profile

1980 births
Living people
Adelaide Football Club players
Woodville-West Torrens Football Club players
Ainslie Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from Adelaide

Robert Shirley (footballer)


Kedai minum adalah sebuah tempat bisnis dimana orang-orang berkumpul untuk meminum minuman beralkohol dan menyajikan makanan. Dalam kebanyakan kasus, tempat tersebut dikunjungi para penjelajah yang sedang menginap.

Referensi

Daftar pustaka

 Blocker, Jack S. (ed.) Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History: An International Encyclopedia (2 vol 2003)
 Cherrington, Ernest, (ed.) Standard Encyclopaedia of the Alcohol Problem 6 volumes (1925–1930), comprehensive international coverage to late 1920s
 Gately, Iain Drink: A Cultural History of Alcohol (2008). .
 Heath, Dwight B. International Handbook on Alcohol and Culture (1995), 27 countries in late 20th century
 Phillips, Rod. Alcohol: A History (U. of North Carolina Press, 2014)

Eropa
 Bennett, Judith M. Ale, Beer, and Brewsters in England: Women's Work in a Changing World, 1300-1600 (Oxford University Press, 1996)
 Brennan, Thomas. Public Drinking and Popular Culture in Eighteenth Century Paris (1988),
 Clark, Peter. The English Alehouse: A Social History, 1200–1800 (1983).
 Unger, Richard W. Beer in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance (U of Pennsylvania Press, 2004)

Amerika Utara

 Conroy, David W. In Public Houses: Drink and the Revolution of Authority in Colonial Massachusetts (1995)
 Duis, Perry.  The saloon: public drinking in Chicago and Boston, 1880–1920? (1975) 416 pages; wide-ranging scholarly history excerpt and text search
 Earle, Alice Morse. Stage-coach and tavern days (1922), heavily illustrated full text online at Google
 Gottlieb, David. "The Neighborhood Tavern and the Cocktail Lounge a Study of Class Differences." American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 62, No. 6 (May, 1957), pp. 559–562 in JSTOR, Chicago in 1950s
 Gusfield, Joseph R. "Passage To Play: Rituals of Drinking Time in American Society," in Constructive Drinking: Perspectives on Drink from Anthropology, ed. Mary Douglas (1987), 73–90.
 Heron, Craig. Booze: A Distilled History (2003), on Canada
 Kingsdale, Jon M. "The 'Poor Man's Club': Social Functions of the Urban Working-Class Saloon," American Quarterly, Vol. 25, No. 4 (Oct., 1973), pp. 472–489 in JSTOR
 Lemasters, E. E. Blue-Collar Aristocrats: Life-Styles at a Working Class Tavern. (1975) in Wisconsin in the 1970s.
 Lender, Mark Edward, and James Kirby Martin. Drinking in America: A History (1982).
 McBurney, Margaret and Byers, Mary. Tavern in the Town: Early Inns and Taverns of Ontario. (1987). 259 pp.
 Mancall, Peter C. "'The Art Of Getting Drunk' in Colonial Massachusetts." Reviews in American History 1996 24(3): 383–388. 0048–7511 in Project MUSE
 Meacham, Sarah Hand. "Keeping the Trade: The Persistence of Tavernkeeping among Middling Women in Colonial Virginia," Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal, Volume 3, Number 1, Spring 2005, pp. 140–163 in Project MUSE
 Murphy, Kevin C. "Public Virtue, Public Vices: On Republicanism and the Tavern" (thesis Columbia University 2009) online edition
 Powers, Madelon. Faces along the Bar: Lore and Order in the Workingman's Saloon, 1870–1920 (1998)
 Rice, Kim. Early American Taverns: For the Entertainment of Friends and Strangers (1983)
 Roberts, Julia. In Mixed Company: Taverns and Public Life in Upper Canada (UBC Press, 2008). 228 pp.
 Rorabaugh, William J. The Alcoholic Republic: An American Tradition (1979)
 Rothbart, Ron. "The Ethnic Saloon as a Form of Immigrant Enterprise," International Migration Review, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Summer, 1993), pp. 332–358 in JSTOR, study of coal towns in 19c Pennsylvania
 Salinger, Sharon V. Taverns and Drinking in Early America (2002)
 Struzinski, Steven. "The Tavern in Colonial America," The Gettysburg Historical Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1 (2002), pp. 29–38. ISSN 2327-3917. Full text.
 Thompson, Peter. Rum Punch and Revolution: Taverngoing and Public Life in Eighteenth-Century Philadelphia (1999)

Bacaan tambahan
 Historic Taverns of Boston by Gavin R. Nathan

Pranala luar

Jenis tempat minum

Kedai minum


Area code 414 is a telephone area code of the North American Numbering Plan for the area around and including the city of Milwaukee in the state of Wisconsin.

The area code was created in October 1947, along with area code 715, as one of the two original area codes assigned to Wisconsin. The numbering plan area (NPA) originally included most of the southern and northeastern parts of Wisconsin, stretching from Lake Michigan to the Minnesota and Iowa borders. 715, then as now, covered the remaining northwestern part.

The numbering plan area was first split in 1955, when much of the western portion, including Madison, received area code 608. This configuration remained in place until July 26, 1997, when the northern half of NPA 414, including Green Bay and the Fox River Valley, became numbering plan area 920.

The creation of 920 was intended as a long-term solution, but within a year 414 was close to exhaustion once again due to the proliferation of cell phones and pagers. In 1998, the North American Numbering Plan Administration assigned area code 262 as a second area code for southeastern Wisconsin. The initial proposal called for 262 to be an overlay for the 414 territory.  However, overlays were a new concept at the time, and met with considerable resistance due to the requirement for ten-digit dialing. As a result, effective September 25, 1999, the new area code was implemented as a geographic split, with nearly all of the old 414 territory outside of Milwaukee County transferring to 262.

Today, area code 414 covers all of Milwaukee County, including the city of Milwaukee. It also serves slivers of Waukesha County, including portions of Muskego and Brookfield, as well as the industrial "Ambrosia triangle" which is within the Milwaukee city limits. The Milwaukee portion of Washington County, mostly an industrial area, also stayed in 414 after the split.

Milwaukee is the center of one of the largest toll-free calling zones in the country. No long-distance charges are applied from one portion of the 414 territory to another; portions of the 262 territory, such as Racine, Waukesha, and Menomonee Falls, are a local call to and from Milwaukee as well. Despite the Milwaukee area's continued growth, 414 is nowhere near exhaustion. The latest projections did not list an exhaust date for 414, meaning that the Milwaukee area will not need another area code for at least 30 years.

Prior to October 2021, area code 414 had telephone numbers assigned for the central office code 988. In 2020, 988 was designated nationwide as a dialing code for the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, which created a conflict for exchanges that permit seven-digit dialing. This area code was therefore scheduled to transition to ten-digit dialing by October 24, 2021.

In popular culture
The area code gained infamy in 1983, when a gang of six Milwaukee-area teenagers, calling themselves The 414s, broke into several high-profile computer systems across the United States and Canada.

The City of Milwaukee officially started celebrating Milwaukee Day in 2009. It is celebrated on April 14, or "4/14", in honor of Milwaukee's area code. When the Milwaukee Brewers have a home game on the day at American Family Field, many of the tickets are priced at $4.14 in honor of the day to encourage attendance during April, when the season starts and games outside Opening Day outside rivalries are less attended. Due to the 2022 Major League Baseball season being delayed due to a lockout, that year's home opener against the rival St. Louis Cardinals occurred on April 14 (though with a reduced allocation of $4.14-priced tickets), and the game's first pitch was thrown at 4:14 p.m. Central.

The Milwaukee Bucks' new arena, Fiserv Forum, was nicknamed the "Four-One-Forum" by fans in an homage to the area code.

See also
 List of NANP area codes

References

External links

414
414
Telecommunications-related introductions in 1947

Area code 414


The eastern red bat (Lasiurus borealis) is a type of microbat in the family Vespertilionidae. Eastern red bats are found across eastern North America. It has also been seen in Bermuda.

Description
The color of the fur of males is brick or rusty red. The color of the fur of females is a bit more frosted shade of red. It weighs 7–13 g (0.25–0.46 oz). It is 109 mm (4.3 in) long. Its ears are short and rounded. Its wings are long and pointed. Its tail is 52.7 mm (2.07 in) long.

Distribution
The eastern red bat is found throughout eastern North America and Bermuda. It is found east of the Continental Divide, including southern Canada and northeastern Mexico. In the winter, it is found in the southeastern United States and northeastern Mexico, and mainly lives in coastal areas. In the spring and summer, it can be found in the Great Lakes region and the Great Plains region.

Feeding
Eastern red bats are insectivorous. They mainly eat moths. But, they also eat other insects. They eat many pests, like spongy moths, tent caterpillar moths, Cydia moths, Acrobasis moths, cutworm moths, and coneworm moths.

Reproduction
Eastern red bat breeding season starts in the autumn. Many males can mate with one female. Pups are born in the summer. Eastern red bats usually give birth to three pups. Eastern red bat pups learn to fly when they are a month old. After learning how to fly they are weaned. Even after the pups have learned how to fly, they stay with their mother for a short time before staying by themselves.

References

Bats
Mammals of North America

Eastern red bat


The Subaru R2 wis announced in Japan on December 8, 2003, an the R2 name wis inspired bi the Subaru R-2, the kei caur model that wis produced atween 1969 tae 1972.

The R2's exterior reflects influence frae Andreas Zapatinas, who workt at Alfa Romeo afore movin tae Subaru. The R2 is the first production Subaru tae sport a new family leuk, includin the aviation-inspired "spread wings grille"  that is an aa uised bi Tribeca an Impreza

The R2's exterior dimensions are lairgely similar tae its predecessor, the Subaru Pleo, but unlike the squarish Pleo, the R2 is deliberately roondit, less space efficient form.

Three variations o the 4-cylinder, 658 cc ingine are available:
 SOHC
 DOHC AVCS (variable valve timin)
 DOHC with superchairger an intercooler (R2 STi)

Unlike ither Subaru models which uised Boxer ingine, the R2 chooses tae uise inline ingine.

The two lower ingines are available wi either a manual transmission or a CVT. The superchairged ingine is coupled tae a sportshift version o the CVT ("7 speed iCVT"). Baith front wheel drive an aw wheel drive are available.

Initially, the R2 wis available in 11 colors an 3 trim levels (ane for each ingine variation).

On Januar 4, 2005, the Subaru R1 wis introduced, a 2-door version o the R2 wi a shorter body an wheelbase.

In 2006, the R2 got a facelift that is similar design tae Subaru Legacy's grille, removin Tribeca-style front grille.

The Subaru R2 is an' a' a playable secret caur in Wangan Midnight Maximum Tune.

The R2 wis discontinued in Mairch 2010.

References

R2
Kei caurs
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
Aw-wheel-drive vehicles
Vehicles wi CVT transmission
Vehicles introduced in 2003

Subaru R2


The Alfred Jewel is a small piece of Anglo-Saxon goldsmith's work made of enamel and quartz enclosed in gold. It was discovered in 1693, in North Petherton, Somerset, England, and is now one of the most popular exhibits at the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford. It is named after King Alfred, a famous king of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex.

Jewelry
Anglo-Saxons

Alfred Jewel


The Watertower is a 1994 young adult's picture book written by Australian author Gary Crew and illustrated by Steven Woolman.  The story, which takes place in a small rural town called Preston, is about two teenagers exploring a sinister watertower on Shooter's Hill.  The illustrations for the watertower use a combination of chalk and pencil on black paper, and acrylic paint on textured board. The text is simple, while the complex illustrations create an eerie atmosphere, most notably with the recurring theme of the watertower symbol.

The book follows the codes and conventions of a subgenre of science fiction, known as gothic science fiction. It involves a "pleasing hobo sort of terror" related to gothic tradition but also has references to technology corrupting life. This is represented through the use of satellites.

Awards

 Won - CBCA Children's Book of the Year Award: Picture Book (1995)
 Won - Books I Love Best Yearly: Read Australia Award (1995)

References

External links
Plot summary and literary assessment, Lifetime Literacy

1994 children's books
Australian picture books
Science fiction picture books
Australian children's books
Novels by Gary Crew
BILBY Award-winning works

The Watertower


The Radical Cause (, LCR), stylized as La Causa Я, is a minor left-wing political party in Venezuela, and today part of the Venezuelan opposition to president Nicolás Maduro.

At its peak in the early 1990s, the party came within touching distance of winning the 1993 presidential elections. However, the party split in 1997 when a number of members left to form Patria Para Todos, now part of the pro-government Great Patriotic Pole (GPP) electoral alliance. LCR has now lost much of its national profile, but retains some influence in its home region of Guayana.

History

Early history
LCR was founded in 1971 by :es:Alfredo Maneiro, an intellectual and former guerrilla who had been expelled from the Communist Party of Venezuela. The new revolutionary socialist party grew quickly, benefiting from the collapse of the Communist Party.

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the party focused on organizing factory workers in the Guayana region of Bolivar state through the so-called Matanceros Movement, as well as workers on the west side of Caracas, Catia, Caracas and Catia. The party gained control of the leadership of the SUTISS metalworkers' union at SIDOR, the largest steel company in Venezuela.

Maneiro's premature death, caused by a heart attack in 1982, left the party's leadership in the hands of the young labor activists he had trained.

Electoral challenges
With the 1989 introduction of elections for local and regional offices, LCR had its first opportunity to compete electorally with a chance of success. In December 1988, LCR sent three deputies to the Venezuelan Chamber of Deputies. In 1989, one of LCR's leaders, Andrés Velásquez, became the first Venezuelan elected governor who did not belong to either of the two major political parties (Accion Democratica and COPEI), winning the Bolívar governorship on the LCR ticket.

In the 1992 local elections, Aristóbulo Istúriz was elected mayor of Caracas for LCR, where he initiated processes of citizen participation which, although canceled after his term ended in 1995, would later influence the Bolivarian Revolution.

In the 1993 presidential elections, the party nominated Andrés Velásquez as its candidate. Velásquez finished in fourth place with 22%, according to the official results, close to winning candidate Rafael Caldera's 30.5%. However, Velásquez and his party alleged that electoral fraud had taken place and that he had actually come in second place.

Francisco Arias Cárdenas, one of the main co-conspirators in Hugo Chávez's 1992 coup attempt, later joined LCR and was elected Governor of Zulia State.

Split
In 1997, the party split into two factions, a radical faction led by Pablo Medina, Aristóbulo Istúriz and Alí Rodríguez Araque and a moderate faction led by Andrés Velásquez. The radical faction, which was favored by a majority of party members, left to found a new party Patria Para Todos (PPT) and went on to support Hugo Chávez's candidacy for the presidency the following year.

After losing a majority of its members, LCR's influence was diminished. It retained its name, moderated its radical ideology, and later went into opposition to the Chávez government. The party remained strongly opposed to the Chávez government, joining the Coordinadora Democrática in 2002, supporting Manuel Rosales in the 2006 presidential elections, and opposing the 2007 proposed constitutional reform.

The party won four seats in the 2000 Venezuelan general election, but lost them all four years later. In the 2008 Venezuelan regional elections, held on November 23, Andrés Velásquez narrowly failed in his bid to win the Bolívar State governorship once again, due to splits within the opposition. LCR's Victor Fuenmayor was elected mayor of the state's second largest city, Ciudad Bolívar, the party's best result in the election. The party earned less than 1% of the nationwide vote for the various governorships.

External links
 La Causa Я website
 La Causa Я Twitter

Further reading

References
https://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/giga/jpla/article/view/732

1971 establishments in Venezuela
Political parties established in 1971
Political parties in Venezuela
Socialist parties in Venezuela
Radical parties

Radical Cause


Pig's ear, as food for human consumption, is the cooked ear of pig.  It is found in several cuisines around the world.

Human consumption

Bulgarian cuisine
In Bulgaria, a pig's ear is used as an appetizer for beer or wine. It is first boiled and then grilled with lemon, soy sauce, salt, and ground pepper.

Chinese cuisine

General
In Chinese cuisine, pig's ear is often an appetizer or a side dish, called 豬耳朵 (pinyin: zhū ěr duo, "pig's ear"), often abbreviated to 豬耳 (pinyin: zhū ěr). In some regions, pig's ears are known as 层层脆 (ceng ceng cui, literally "layers of crunch"). It can be first boiled or stewed, and then sliced thin, served with soy sauce, or spiced with chili paste. When cooked, the outer texture is gelatinous, akin to tofu, and the center cartilage is crunchy. Pig's ear can be eaten warm or cold.

Cantonese cuisine
In Cantonese cuisine, it is another ingredient used in lou mei. The emphasis is on using all edible parts of the pig. Pig's ears (and lou mei in general) are not considered as delicacies.

Filipino cuisine
In the Philippines, the dish known as Sisig may sometimes use pig ears together with the animal's tail and cheeks as part of its ingredients.

Lithuanian cuisine
Pig's ear, known in Lithuania as kiaulės ausis, is served either smoked and cut into thin strips as a beer snack, or boiled whole and served as the main dish with horseradish and fresh vegetables or pickles.

Okinawan cuisine

In Okinawan cuisine, the pig's ear is called mimigaa (ミミガー). It is prepared by boiling or pickling and is served with vinegar or in the form of sashimi (sliced raw meat). The entirety of the pig's face is also eaten in Okinawa, where it is known as chiragaa (チラガー).

Spanish cuisine
In Spanish cuisine, pig's ear is served fried or grilled as Oreja de Cerdo, one of the tapas snacks, or boiled in many variants of stew and cocido.

Portuguese cuisine
In Portuguese cuisine, pig's ear is served boiled and then roasted, with garlic and fresh coriander as Orelha de Porco de Coentrada.

Thai cuisine

In Thai cuisine, pig's ears are used for many different dishes, amongst others in the northern Thai dish called chin som mok (fermented sliced pig's ears grilled in a banana leaf) and in yam hu mu (a Thai salad made with sliced, boiled pig's ears).

United States cuisine
Pig's ears are a part of the soul food cuisine, which originated among African-Americans in the southern United States.

"Pig's ears" is also a regional colloquial name for a boiled pastry.  A dough similar to pie crust is rolled out and then cut into large circles (typically 3-inches in diameter).  A sweet fruit filling, or a savoury cheese filling, is placed in the centre.  The pastry is folded over and then sealed with the tines of a fork.  The "pig's ears" are boiled until they are done, and eaten while they are warm.  They can also be "finished" after boiling by baking, deep frying or pan frying; often with powdered sugar sprinkled over them.

Livermush is a pork product that is common in Western North Carolina prepared using pig livers, pig's ears and snouts, cornmeal and spices.

Vietnamese cuisine
In Vietnamese cuisine, pig's ear is thinly sliced and mixed with roasted, finely-ground rice flour. It can either be eaten on its own or wrapped with herbs in rice paper, served with Vietnamese dipping sauce.

Dog treats
In some countries, pig's ears are used as dog treats and are commonly available from pet shops.

References

External links

 Okinawan regional cooking
 How About Some Pickled Pig's Ear or Goat Soup?

Pork dishes
Offal
Cuisine of the Southern United States
Cantonese cuisine
Japanese cuisine
Okinawan cuisine
Filipino cuisine
Spanish cuisine
Portuguese cuisine
Lithuanian cuisine
Bulgarian cuisine
Thai cuisine
Vietnamese cuisine
Soul food

Pig's ear (food)


Ukrainian cuisine is the collection of the various cooking traditions of the people of Ukraine, one of the largest and most populous European countries. It is heavily influenced by the rich dark soil (chornozem) from which its ingredients come, and often involves many components. Traditional Ukrainian dishes often experience a complex heating process – "at first they are fried or boiled, and then stewed or baked. This is the most distinctive feature of Ukrainian cuisine".

The national dish of Ukraine is red borscht, a well-known beet soup, of which many varieties exist. However, varenyky (boiled dumplings similar to pierogi) and a type of cabbage roll known as holubtsi are also national favourites, and are a common meal in traditional Ukrainian restaurants. These dishes indicate the regional similarities within Eastern European cuisine.

The cuisine emphasizes the importance of wheat in particular, and grain in general, as the country is often referred to as the "breadbasket of Europe". The majority of Ukrainian dishes descend from ancient peasant dishes based on plentiful grain resources such as rye, as well as staple vegetables such as potato, cabbages, mushrooms and beetroots. Ukrainian dishes incorporate both traditional Slavic techniques as well as other European techniques, a byproduct of years of foreign jurisdiction and influence. As there has been a significant Ukrainian diaspora over several centuries (for example, over a million Canadians have Ukrainian heritage), the cuisine is represented in European countries and those further afield, particularly Argentina, Brazil, and the United States.

Soups

 Chervonyi borshch (red borscht; usually simply called borshch) is a vegetable soup made out of beets, cabbage, potatoes, tomatoes, carrots, onions, garlic, dill. There are about 30 varieties of Ukrainian borscht. It may include meat or fish.
 Zelenyi borshch (green borscht) or shchavlevyi borshch (sorrel soup): water or broth based soup with sorrel and various vegetables, served with chopped hard-boiled egg and sour cream. It is to be noted the word "borscht" is not implying beet's presence.
 Hrechanyi sup: soup made with buckweat, vegetables, and sometimes meat.
 Kapusniak: soup made with pork, salo, cabbage, beans, and served with smetana (sour cream).
 Rosolnyk: soup with pickled cucumbers.
 Solianka: thick, spicy and sour soup made with meat, fish or mushrooms and various vegetables and pickles.
 Yushka: clear soup; the most common variety - rybna yushka (fish yushka) is made from various types of fish such as carp, bream, wels catfish, or even ruffe. Another common variety is hrybna yushka (clear mushroom soup).

Salads and appetizers

 Brynza or bryndza: white cow or sheep cheese from the Carpathians.
 Kovbasa: various kinds of smoked or boiled pork, beef or chicken sausage. One specific variety is krovyanka, the blood sausage.
 Salo: cured fatback. Usually served sliced, with pieces of bread, onion, and horseradish or hot mustard sauce. It may also be fried (shkvarky), or even boiled.
 Kavyar or ikra: caviar, served on top of buttered slices of bread.
 Kholodets: aspic (studenets) made with meat or fish (zalyvna ryba).
 Olivier: salad made out of cooked and chopped potatoes, dill pickles, boiled chopped eggs, cooked and chopped chicken or ham, chopped onions, peas, mixed with mayonnaise.
 Vinehret: salad with cooked and shredded beets, sauerkraut, cooked and chopped potatoes, onions, and carrots, sometimes pickles mixed with some sunflower oil and salt.

Bread and grain

Bread and wheat products are important to Ukrainian cuisine. The country has been considered one of the traditional "breadbaskets" of the world. Decorations on the top can be elaborate for celebrations.
 Babka: Easter bread, usually a sweet dough with raisins and other dried fruit. It is usually baked in a tall, cylindrical form.
 Bublyk: ring-shaped bread roll made from dough that has been boiled before baking. It is similar to bagel, but usually somewhat bigger and with a wider hole.
 Kolach: ring-shaped bread typically served at Christmas and funerals. The dough is braided, often with three strands representing the Holy Trinity. The braid is then shaped into a circle (circle = kolo in Ukrainian) representing the circle of life and family.
 Korovai: a round, braided bread, similar to the kolach. It is most often baked for weddings and its top decorated with birds and periwinkle.
 Palianytsia: regular baked bread (famously difficult to pronounce for non-Ukrainian speakers).
 Savory pampushky: soft, fluffy bread portions, or deep-fried pieces of dough, topped with garlic butter.
 Paska: traditional rich pastry.

Main courses

 Banush: a cornmeal stew.
 Deruny: potato pancakes, usually served with sour cream.
 Fish (ryba): fried in egg and flour; cooked in oven with mushrooms, cheese, and lemon; marinaded, dried or smoked variety.
 Holubtsi: cabbage leaves, or sometimes vine leaves (fresh or preserved) rolled with rice or millet filling that may contain meat (minced beef or bacon), baked in oil and caramelized onions and may contain as a baking sauce tomato soup, cream or sour cream, bacon drippings or roasted with bacon strips on top.
 Huliash: refers to stew in general, or specifically Zakarpattian variety of Hungarian goulash.
 Kasha: porridge, usually made out of buckwheat, wheat, barley, rye, millet, rice, oat, or corn. One specific variety is kasha hrechana zi shkvarkamy (buckwheat cereal with fried pork rinds and onion).
 Kartoplianyky: fried balls of potato mash with flour and eggs; may have a filling.
 Kotlety or sichenyky (cutlets, meatballs): minced meat or fish mixed with onions, raw eggs, breadcrumbs or bread, and sometimes garlic and milk, fried in oil and sometimes rolled in breadcrumbs.
 Kotleta po-kyivsky: Kyiv-style chicken cutlet filled with butter and fresh herbs.
 Kruchenyky or zavyvantsi: pork or beef rolls with various stuffing: mushrooms, onions, eggs, cheese, prunes, sauerkraut, carrots, etc.
 Mlyntsi: thin pancakes, similar to French crêpes. Stuffed mlyntsi are called nalysnyky, and they are usually filled with quark, meat, cabbage, or fruits, and served with sour cream.
 Potato (kartoplia, also dialectally barabolia, bulba, krumplia, mandeburka): young or peeled, served with butter, sour cream, dill; a more exclusive variety includes raw egg. May be boiled, fried, baked, or mashed.
 Pyrizhky: baked buns stuffed with different fillings, such as ground meat, liver, eggs, rice, onions, fried cabbage or sauerkraut, quark, cherries etc.
 Pyrih: a big pie with various fillings.
 Roast meat (pechenia): pork, veal, beef or lamb roast.
 Smazhenyna: fried meat.
 Stuffed duck or goose with apples.
 Varenyky: dumplings made with fillings such as mashed potatoes and fried onions, boiled ground meat and fried onions, liver and fried onions, fried cabbage with fried onions, quark, cherries, and strawberries. Served with sour cream and butter or sugar, when filled with fruits.

Desserts

 Kutia: traditional Christmas dish, made of poppy seeds, wheat, nuts, honey, and delicacies.
 Kyiv cake: creamy dessert consisting of two layers of meringue with hazelnuts and a buttercream filling.
 Molozyvo: dish made by baking a beestings and egg mixture.
 Sweet pampushky: sweet dough similar to doughnut holes. Frequently tossed with sugar. Traditionally filled with rose preserve, but can also be filled with poppy seed or other sweet fillings.
 Pinnyk: berry mousse.
 Ptashyne moloko (literally: bird's milk): milk soufflé with chocolate coating.
 Syrnyky: fried quark fritters, sometimes with raisins, served with sour cream, jam (varennya), honey or apple sauce.
 Tort: many varieties of cakes, from moist to puffy, most typical ones being Kyivskyi, Prazhskyi, and Trufelnyi. They are frequently made without flour, instead using ground walnuts or almonds.
 Varennia: a whole fruit preserve  made by cooking berries and other fruits in sugar syrup.
 Vatrushka: pastry with sweet quark filling.
 Verhuny: crispy deep-fried pastry, similar to angel wings.
 Zhele: (plural and singular): jellied fruits, like cherries, pears, etc.

Beverages

Alcoholic
 Horilka (горілка): strong spirit of industrial production or its home-made equivalent –  (самогон or moonshine) is also popular, including with infusions of fruit, spices, herbs or hot peppers. One of the most exotic is flavoured with honey and red pepper.
 Beer (пиво, ): the largest producers of beer are Obolon, Lvivske, Chernihivske, Slavutych, Sarmat, and Rogan, which partly export their products.
 Wine (вино, ): from Europe and Ukraine (particularly from Crimea), mostly sweet. See Ukrainian wine.
 Mead (мед, , or медуха, ): a fermented alcoholic beverage made from honey, water, and yeast. Its flavour depends on the plants frequented by the honeybees, the length of time and method of aging, and the specific strain of yeast used. Its alcohol content will vary from maker to maker depending on the method of production.
  (наливка): a homemade wine made from cherries, raspberries, gooseberries, bilberries, blackberries, plums, blackthorns or other berries. Berries were put into a sulija (a big glass bottle), some sugar was added. After the berries fermented, the liquid was separated from the berries, and put into corked bottles. The berries were used to make  (baked or fried pastry). The wine has about 15% of alcohol.

Non-alcoholic

 Mineral water: well-known brands are Truskavetska, Morshynska, and Myrhorodska. They usually come strongly carbonated.
 Kompot (компот): a sweet beverage made of dried or fresh fruits or berries boiled in water.
 Uzvar (узвар): a specific type of kompot made of dried fruit, usually apples, pears, and/or prunes. Traditionally served on Christmas.
 Kysil (кисіль): a kompot that is thickened with potato starch.
 Kvas (квас): a sweet-and-sour sparkling beverage brewed from yeast, sugar, and dried rye bread.
 Kefir (кефір): milk fermented by both yeast and lactobacillus bacteria, that has a similar taste to yogurt. Homemade kefir may contain a slight amount of alcohol.
 Pryazhene moloko (пряжене молоко): baked milk, a milk product that has a creamy colour and a light caramel flavour. It is made by simmering milk on low heat for at least eight hours.
 Ryazhanka (ряжанка): fermented baked milk.
 Syta (сита): water with honey.

See also

 Culinary arts
 Mushroom picking in Slavic culture
 Twelve-dish Christmas Eve supper
 Cuisine of Odesa
 Olha Franko

References

Further reading
 UCWL Cook Book. Ukrainian Traditional and Favourite Recipes. — Yorkton : The Ukrainian Catholic Women's League, 1970. — 111 p.
 Artiukh, Lidia 1977, Ukrainska Narodna Kulinaria [Ukrainian Folk Cuisine], Naukova Dumka, Kyiv
 Artiukh, Lidia 2001, Ukrainian Cuisine and Folk Traditions, Baltija-Druk, Kyiv
 Corona, Annette 2012, The New Ukrainian Cookbook, Hippocrene Books, New York
 Faryna, Natalka (ed.) 1976, Ukrainian Canadiana, Ukrainian Women's Association of Canada, Edmonton
 Stechishin, Savella 1959, Traditional Ukrainian Cookery, Trident Press, Winnipeg
 Stechishin, Savella 2007, "Traditional Foods" Encyclopedia of Ukraine (Retrieved 2007-08-10)
 Tracz, Orysia 2015, First Star I See Tonight, Mazepa Publications Zhuravli, Winnipeg
 Ukrainian Food, Ukrainian International Directory
 Ukrainian Women's Association of Canada, Daughters of Ukraine Branch 1984, Ukrainian Daughters' Cookbook, Centax of Canada, Winnipeg
 Yakovenko, Svitlana 2013, Taste of Ukraine: Rustic Cuisine from the Heart of Ukraine, Sova Books, Sydney
 Yakovenko, Svitlana 2016, Ukrainian Christmas Eve Supper: Traditional village recipes for Sviata Vecheria, Sova Books, Sydney (e-format edition)
Ukrainian Traditional Food: Tasty, Fun, with a Twinkle!. — Best Kyiv Guide: March 30, 2020 p.

Cuisine

Ukrainian cuisine


Wells Cathedral is an Anglican church in Wells, Somerset, England. It is the seat of the Bishop of Bath and Wells. Its construction started in 1170 and the Cathedral was dedicated in 1239.

Wells Cathedral has been described as "the most poetic of the English Cathedrals".
Much of the structure is in Early English architecture. Many mouldings look almost like sculptures. The carved capitals are done in a foliate style known as "stiff leaf". This adds to their lively view. The eastern end has kept much original glass, which is rare in England. The exterior has a splendid Early English façade (~front) and a large central tower.

The first church was established on the site in 705. Construction of the present building began in the 10th century under Anglo-Saxon rule, but was later transformed under the Normans. It was largely complete at the time of its dedication in 1239. It has been expanded and renovated several times since then and has been designated by English Heritage as a grade I listed building.

History of the building

Early years
The first church was established here in 705 AD. It was dedicated to Saint Andrew. The only remains of this first church are some excavated foundations which can be seen in the cloisters. The baptismal font in the south transept is the oldest surviving part of the cathedral which is dated to c.700 AD.

Two centuries later, the seat of the diocese was shifted to Wells from Sherborne. The first Bishop of Wells was Athelm (circa 909), who crowned King Athelstan. Athelm and his nephew Saint Dunstan both became Archbishops of Canterbury. It was also around this time that Wells Cathedral School was founded.

Present structure

The present structure was begun under the direction of Bishop Reginald de Bohun, who died in 1184.
Wells Cathedral dates mainly from the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries; the nave and transept are masterpieces of Early English architecture. It was largely complete at the time of its dedication in 1239.

The bishop responsible for the construction was Jocelyn de Wells, one of the bishops at the signing of Magna Carta. Jocelyn's buildings included the Bishop's Palace, a choristers' school, a grammar school, a hospital for travellers and a chapel. He also built a manor at Wookey, near Wells. The master mason associated with Jocelyn was Elias of Dereham (died 1246). Jocelyn lived to see the church dedicated but, despite much lobbying of Rome, died in 1242. Cathedral status was granted in 1245. Masons continued with the enrichment of the West Front until about 1260.

King John was excommunicated between 1209 and 1213. During this time, work on the cathedral was suspended. In this period, building methods advanced so that bigger blocks of masonry could be moved and put into the walls. The effect of this advance can be seen on the walls of the cathedral; at a point in the building's walls, the blocks of stone increase in size.

By the time the building was finished, including the Chapter House (1306),
it already seemed too small for the developing liturgy, in particular the increasingly grand processions. A new spate of building was therefore started by Bishop John Drokensford. He heightened the central tower and began a dramatic eight-sided Lady chapel at the far east end, finished by 1326. Thomas of Whitney was the master mason.

Bishop Ralph of Shrewsbury followed. He continued the eastward extension of the quire. He also built Vicars' Close and the Vicars' Hall, to give the men of the choir a secure place to live and dine, away from the town with all its temptations.
He enjoyed an uneasy relationship with the citizens of Wells, partly because of his imposition of taxes. He surrounded his palace with crenellated walls and a moat and drawbridge. The Palace was now a castle.

The appointment of William Wynford as master mason in 1365 marked another period of activity. He was one of the foremost architects of his time and, apart from Wells, was engaged in work for the king at Windsor and at New College, Oxford University and Winchester Cathedral. Under Bishop John Harewell, he built the south-west tower of the West Front and designed the north west, which was built to match in the early 15th century. Inside the building he filled in the early English lancet windows with delicate tracery.

In the fourteenth century, the central piers (upright supports) of the crossing (where the building forms a cross) started sinking under the weight of the crossing tower. 'Scissor arches' were inserted to brace and stabilize the piers as a unit. The building was now complete, and it looked much as it does today.

Images

References

Anglican cathedrals in England
Buildings and structures in Somerset
12th-century buildings and structures

Wells Cathedral


The Uses and gratifications theory is a theory by Blumer and Katz. It states that different people watch television and movies for different reasons.

There may be somebody who will watch a romantic comedy so that they can put themselves in the shoes of the characters and feel love. Somebody may watch Breaking Bad so that they can join in with social conversation relating to that topic. It may be said that you would watch a television for escapism so that you forget the stress or normal life.

Psychology

Uses and gratifications theory


Pinky is a 1949 American drama film directed by Elia Kazan and produced by Darryl F. Zanuck. The screenplay was adapted by Philip Dunne and Dudley Nichols based on Cid Ricketts Sumner's 1946 novel Quality. It stars Jeanne Crain as the title character, a young light-skinned black woman who passes for white. It also stars Ethel Barrymore, Ethel Waters and William Lundigan.

Pinky was released in the United States on September 29, 1949 by 20th Century-Fox. It generated considerable controversy because of its subject of race relations and the casting of Crain to play a black woman. It was nonetheless a critical and commercial success, and earned Crain, Barrymore and Waters Academy Award nominations.

Plot

Pinky Johnson returns to the South to visit Dicey, the illiterate black laundress grandmother who raised her. Pinky confesses to Dicey that she passed for white while studying to be a nurse in the North. She had also fallen in love with a white man, Dr. Thomas Adams, who knows nothing about her black heritage.

Pinky is harassed by racist local law enforcement while attempting to reclaim money owed to her grandmother. Two white men try to sexually assault her. Dr. Canady, a black physician, asks Pinky to train black nursing students, but Pinky plans to return to the North.

Dicey asks Pinky to stay temporarily to care for her ailing, elderly white friend and neighbor Miss Em. Pinky has always disliked Miss Em and considers her another of the many bigots in the area. Pinky relents and agrees to tend Miss Em after learning that when Dicey had pneumonia, Miss Em cared for her. Pinky nurses the strong-willed Miss Em, but does not hide her resentment. However, as they spend time together, she grows to like and respect her patient.

Miss Em bequeaths Pinky her stately house and property when she dies, but greedy relative Melba Wooley challenges the will. Everyone advises Pinky that she has no chance of winning, but she begs Miss Em's old friend Judge Walker, who is nearing retirement, to defend her in court. With great reluctance, he agrees to take the case. Pinky washes clothes by hand when her grandmother is sick in order to pay court expenses. At the trial, despite hostile white spectators and the absence of the only defense witness, presiding judge Shoreham unexpectedly rules in Pinky's favor. When Pinky thanks her attorney, he coldly informs her that justice was served, but not the interests of the community.

Tom, who has arrived from the North after tracking Pinky down, wants her to sell the inherited property, resume her masquerade as a white woman, marry him and leave the South, but she refuses, firmly believing that Miss Em intended her to use the house and property for some purpose, and Tom leaves. Pinky establishes a clinic and nursery school on the property.

Cast

 Jeanne Crain as Patricia "Pinky" Johnson
 Ethel Barrymore as Miss Em
 Ethel Waters as Dicey Johnson
 William Lundigan as Dr. Thomas "Tom" Adams
 Basil Ruysdael as Judge Walker
 Kenny Washington as Dr. Canady
 Nina Mae McKinney as Rozelia
 Griff Barnett as Dr. Joe McGill
 Frederick O'Neal as Jake Walters
 Evelyn Varden as Melba Wooley
 Raymond Greenleaf as Judge Shoreham
 Juanita Moore as Nurse
 Arthur Hunnicutt as Police Chief (uncredited)
 Harry Tenbrook as Townsman (uncredited)

Production
John Ford was originally hired to direct the film but was replaced after one week because producer Darryl F. Zanuck was unhappy with the dailies.

Both Lena Horne and Dorothy Dandridge were interested in playing the role of Pinky. In the end, Jeanne Crain was chosen. Elia Kazan, who assumed directing duties when John Ford was fired, was unhappy with the casting choice, and later said, "Jeanne Crain was a sweet girl, but she was like a Sunday school teacher. I did my best with her, but she didn't have any fire. The only good thing about her was that it went so far in the direction of no temperament that you felt Pinky was floating through all of her experiences without reacting to them, which is what 'passing' is."

Banning and Supreme Court ruling
Pinky enjoyed wide success in the southern United States, but was banned by the city of Marshall, Texas, for its subject matter. In Marshall, W. L. Gelling managed the segregated Paramount Theater, where blacks were restricted to the balcony. Gelling booked Pinky for exhibition in February 1950, a year in which the First Amendment did not protect movies, subsequent to Mutual Film Corporation v. Industrial Commission of Ohio (1915).

Marshall's city commission "reactivated" the Board of Censors, established by a 1921 ordinance, and designated five members who demanded the submission of the picture for approval. They disapproved its showing, stating that it was "prejudicial to the best interests of the citizens of the City of Marshall." Gelling exhibited the film anyway and was charged with a misdemeanor. Three board members testified that they objected to the picture because it depicted a white man retaining his love for a woman after learning that she was a Negro, a white man kissing and embracing a Negro woman and two white ruffians assaulting Pinky after she tells them that she is colored.

Gelling was convicted and fined $200. He appealed the conviction to the U.S. Supreme Court. In the case of W. L. Gelling v. State of Texas 343 U.S. 960 (1952), the Court then overturned Gelling's conviction based on the free-speech protections given to movies in the recently decided case of Joseph Burstyn, Inc v. Wilson (1952).

In a concurring opinion, Justice William O. Douglas wrote that the Marshall city ordinance was unconstitutional as it represented prior restraint on free speech. "The evil of prior restraint, condemned...by Burstyn v. Wilson, 343 U.S. 495, 72 S.Ct. 777, in the case of motion pictures, is present here in flagrant form. If a board of censors can tell the American people what it is in their best interests to see or to read or to hear...then thought is regimented, authority substituted for liberty, and the great purpose of the First Amendment to keep uncontrolled the freedom of expression defeated." In his own concurring opinion, Justice Felix Frankfurter wrote, "This ordinance offends the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment on the score of indefiniteness."

Box-office performance
Pinky was 20th Century-Fox's second-most-successful film of 1949 (after I Was a Male War Bride) and the year's sixth-highest-grossing.

Awards and nominations

See also

1949 in film
List of black Academy Award winners and nominees
List of movies with more than one Academy Award nomination in the same category

References

External links

1949 films
1949 drama films
1940s English-language films
20th Century Fox films
American black-and-white films
American drama films
Films about race and ethnicity
Films about racism
Films about interracial romance
Films based on American novels
Films directed by Elia Kazan
Films produced by Darryl F. Zanuck
Films scored by Alfred Newman
Films with screenplays by Dudley Nichols
Films with screenplays by Philip Dunne
1940s American films

Pinky (film)


Władysław Edward Kronenberg (June 27, 1848 in Warsaw – April 16, 1892 in Cannes), Polish engineer, industrialist and composer of Jewish origin.

Władysław Edward Kronenberg was born as the son of a banker Leopold Stanisław Kronenberg (1812-1878) and Ernestine Rosalie Leo (1827-1893), daughter of Leopold August Leo. He had five siblings: Stanisław Leopold, Leopold Julian, Tekla Julia, Marię Różę, and Różę Marię Karolinę. His parents were both from families of Jewish origin, but were baptized in the Evangelical Reformed church, and brought up their children as such, including Wladyslaw.

He graduated from the Ecole Centrale in Paris. After returning to Poland, he became a member of the Warsaw-Tiraspol and Vistula railroads. He was the founder and publisher of the Warsaw Technical Review .

In 1883 in a village near Częstochowa he began the construction of a textile factory, which was soon after sold to the Austrian company Hielle and Ditrich, due to lack of profitability of the project. Finally, the factory under the name "Błeszno" was launched in 1885 and before the First World War was one of the biggest factories in the Kingdom of Poland.

After the failure in the construction of factories near Czestochowa, he abandoned industrial activity and settled in Paris, where he became a composer. He worked mostly on patriotic songs. In 1881, he founded the Warsaw Music Society and was its president until 1885.

He was married to Małgorzatą Łucją Chevreau (b. 1859), with whom he had a daughter Marię Władysławę (1882-1914), the wife of Józef Rajmund Anny Maria, Count de Maistre.

He died at Cannes and was buried in the cemetery of the Evangelical Reformed in Warsaw. The Warsaw Charity Society was left 250,000 rubles in his will.

References

 Juliusz Sętowski: Cmentarz ewangelicko-augsburski w Częstochowie. Przewodnik biograficzny. Częstochowa: Muzeum Częstochowskie, 2006, s. 18-19. .
 Kazimierz Reychman: Szkice genealogiczne, Serja I. Warszawa: Hoesick F., 1936, s. 111-115.

1848 births
1892 deaths
Businesspeople from Warsaw
Polish people of Jewish descent
Polish composers

Władysław Edward Kronenberg


Upper Battlefield is a small village in Shropshire, England.

It lies on the A49 just north of Battlefield. The Welsh Marches railway line runs through the village, and it lies in the parish of Astley.

Recent developments between the village and the town of Shrewsbury have almost merged the two settlements. Upon the recent completion of the new service station and livestock market site at the Battlefield Roundabout, there is only a small field separating the town and Upper Battlefield.

External links

Villages in Shropshire

Upper Battlefield, Shropshire


The Bnei Shimon Regional Council (, Mo'atza Azorit Bnei Shim'on, lit. Regional Council 'Sons of Shimon'), is a regional council in the northern Negev in the south of Israel. Most of its territory lies north of Beersheba and the rest bounds Beersheba on the west and east sides as well. The eastern border of this territory straddles the Green Line. It is named after the tribe of Shimon which had been allotted this region according to the Book of Joshua (19:1-9).

There are 13 communities, including seven kibbutzim, four moshavim, and two new rural towns. Four of the communities (three kibbutzim and one moshav) were established in the founding of the '11 points in the Negev' in 1946. The rest of the kibbutzim and moshavim were set up after the establishment of the State of Israel.

Settlements
Kibbutzim
 Beit Kama (1949)
 Dvir
 Hatzerim (1946)
 Kramim
 Lahav
 Mishmar HaNegev (1946)
 Shoval (1946)
 Shomria (1985/2006) - former kibbutz that was modified for settlement of former Gush Katif refugees.
Moshavim
 Brosh
 Nevatim (1946)
 Taashur
 Tidhar
Community village
 Giv'ot Bar

Institutions
The following institutions operate within the boundaries of the Bnei Shimon Regional Council:
Adanim, a youth village
Duda'im, a waste treatment centre, located on Route 25 near the HaNasi Junction
Duda'im Environmental Protection Visitors Center
Joe Alon Center, a Bedouin cultural museum
Mevo'ot HaNegev, the regional high school, located in Shoval
Nitzanei HaNegev Regional Elementary School, located in Beit Kama
Yuvaly HaNegev Regional Elementary School, located in Giv'ot Bar

External links
Official website (Hebrew)

Regional councils in Israel
1951 establishments in Israel

Bnei Shimon Regional Council


Salvatore Scala (1944 – December 30, 2008), also known as "Fat Sal" and "Uncle Sal", was a New York mobster who became a caporegime in the Gambino crime family.

Scala was born in Fort Lee, New Jersey, to first-generation immigrants from Scala, Italy. Scala was married to Grace Ann Lino, the sister of Gambino mobster Edward Lino and the paternal cousin of Bonanno crime family mobster Frank Lino. Scala was a nephew of Genovese crime family mob associates Carmine and Francis Consalvo, and a maternal cousin of DeCavalcante crime family mobster Louis Consalvo.

In 1983, Scala was arrested for heroin trafficking, but the case was dropped. A close associate of John Gotti, Scala was a suspect in the 1985 murders of Gambino boss Paul Castellano and underboss Thomas Bilotti that brought Gotti to power. However, Scala was never charged in conjunction with either murder. In 1999, Scala was promoted to the rank of capo and oversaw a crew of ten made men and associates.

On May 18, 2001, Scala was convicted of extorting money from the owner of Cherry's Video, an adult entertainment store on Long Island. Part of the evidence included an undercover video of a Gambino soldier visiting the store. The judge sentenced Scala to 63 months in federal prison. In March 2007, Scala was convicted of tax evasion and of extorting $2.5 million from Manhattan's V.I.P. Club, an adult entertainment venue. Scala was sentenced to 72 months in prison.

On December 30, 2008, Scala died in federal prison in Butner, North Carolina, from liver cancer. He had requested early release on compassionate grounds, but was denied.

References

Further reading
 Davis, John H. Mafia Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Gambino Crime Family. New York: HarperCollins, 1993.

External links
 New York Sun: Judge Gives Ailing Capo Sympathy, Little Else  by Jerry Capeci
 John Gotti: The Last Mafia Icon  by Allen May

1944 births
2008 deaths
American people who died in prison custody
American people convicted of tax crimes
Gambino crime family
American gangsters of Italian descent
Prisoners who died in United States federal government detention

Salvatore Scala


The clavicle, or collarbone, is a long bone that is part of the shoulder. It connects the arm to the main part of the body. It is a support for the scapula bone and helps the arm to hang freely. This allows the arm to have a lot of movement. The clavicle is made from sponge-like bone, called cancellous bone, and is covered with a hard shell of bone. Most mammals and many other land vertebrates have clavicles.

Clavicle is a formal scientific term. Normally we use the term collarbone, both in everyday speech and literary fiction.

Other websites
 Image of the clavicle

Bones
Torso

Clavicle


John Jabez Edwin Paisley Mayall (17 September 1813 near Oldham, Lancashire – 6 March 1901 in Southwick, West Sussex) was an English photographer who in 1860 took the first carte-de-visite photographs of Queen Victoria. He is most well known for his 1875 portrait of Karl Marx.

Born into a Baptist family on 17 September 1813, at Chamber Hall, near Oldham in the county of Lancashire, his birth name was registered as Jabez Meal. He was the son of John and Elizabeth Meal.

North America
Mayall moved to Philadelphia in late 1841 or early 1842, and first practiced as a photographer at 140 Chestnut Street as a until 1846.

Fine art photography
Gernsheim describes Mayall as "the earliest exponent of fine art photography," in advance of Oscar Rejlander and Julia-Margaret Cameron, on the basis of his production in Philadelphia of ten daguerreotype in 1845 to illustrate The Lord's Prayer and his later, larger (24" x 15"; 61cm x 38 cm) "daguerreotype pictures to illustrate poetry and sentiment." These were shown in 1851 at the Great Exhibition; The Soldier's Dream, The Venerable Bede blessing a child, and Bacchus and Ariadne. However, he was discouraged by the judgement of The Athenaeum: "To us these pictures seem a mistake. At best, we can only hope to get a mere naturalistic rendering. Ideality is unattainable–and imagination supplanted by the presence of fact." Not even Prince Albert's encouragement could dissuade Mayall from ceasing his pursuit of photography as art. A year after exhibiting at the Crystal Palace he limited remarks to the verisimilitude, rather than the artistry, of the daguerreotype;Viewed through an ordinary magnifying-glass, the resemblance of the portrait is perfectly staggering–the features stand forth as though moulded in wax–not a blemish escapes, nor is a beauty lost [ ... ] All hail to the fertile genius of man! Independently of the wonders of daguerreotyping, there is something very benign and gratifying in its application –the memory of the absent or the dead is faithfully treasured in the possession of one of these beautiful little specimens.Nevertheless, his royal portraits were described as "very beautiful specimens of the photographic art," and when in Brighton from 1864, Mayall advertised himself as "Artist and Photographer", and a notice in his studio read: "sitters are requested to place themselves as much as possible in the hands of the artist."

His photograph of Sergeant Thomas Dawson and his daughter, the former of which lost an arm in battle, is considered one of the most important photographs ever taken.

Return to England
Mayall arrived in London from America in 1846, and by August 1848 had placed advertisements describing himself as "Mr. Mayall of Philadelphia, United States." Mayall called his studio/gallery the "American Daguerreotype Institution".

Portraits of eminent people
Mayall's daguerreotype portrait of Charles Dickens was made between 1853 and 1855, and auctioned with a reserve of £30,000 by Christies in May 2001.

In May 1860, Mayall made a number of portraits of the Royal Family. He was given permission to publish the portraits of the Royal Family as a set of cartes-de-visite. In August 1860, the cartes were released in the form of a Royal Album, consisting of 14 small portraits of Queen Victoria, Prince Albert and their children. The Royal Album was an immediate success, and hundreds of thousands were sold as Britons began collecting carte de visite portraits of famous people, a fad which Gernsheim credits to the popularity of Mayall's royal portraits.

Another series of royal portraits by Mayall was published in 1861 and when Prince Albert succumbed to typhoid fever in December 1861, his death created an enormous demand for his portrait. The Photographic News later reported that within one week of his death "no less than 70,000 of his carte de visite were ordered from Marion & Co." By the end of the decade, Marion & Co, had paid Mayall £35,000 for his portraits of the Royal Family which established the carte de visite (cdv) as his most popular portrait format, of which the Mayall establishment produced over half a million cartes a year, which helped him secure an annual income of £12,000.

Brighton
Mayall left his eldest son Edwin to run his London studios and moved down to Brighton with his wife and two younger sons. On 18 July 1864, he opened his new photographic portrait studio at 90-91 Kings Road, close to the recently built Grand Hotel. In an announcement placed in the pages of the Brighton Examiner, he stated that he had "spared neither pains nor expertise in preparing, for the accommodation of the nobility and gentry resident at or visiting Brighton, one of the most efficient studios ever built." Although he addressed his comments particularly to the "nobility and gentry", Mayall admitted that he was "not unmindful of the fact . . . that moderate charges are as necessary as general excellence to ensure extensive public patronage." Mayall charged £1.1s for a set of 12 carte de visite portraits and £5.5s for his "highly finished" coloured portrait photographs.

In 1880 he transferred his business to Bond Street, London.

Mayall the innovator
As a daguerreotype artist, Mayall considered himself to be a pioneer and inventor,  He introduced new techniques and novelties into the art of photography.

Personal life
On 19 February 1869 his son, John Junior, became the first person to cycle from London to Brighton. The Times reported his sixteen-hour ride, "An Extraordinary Velocipede Feat"  the following day.

Mayall's wife Eliza died in Brighton in 1870. The following year, on 14 December 1871 at St George's Bloomsbury, he married Celia Victoria Hooper (1838-1922), widow of timber merchant Henry Morgan Hooper and daughter of surgeon William Gardner. This marriage produced three further children: Elsie Lena (born 1872), Oswald (born 1874) and Sibyl (born 1876).

Mayall was declared bankrupt in September 1885 with liabilities of £22,916 12s. Id., to creditors in the form of mortgages on various freehold properties, which he was unable to rent or sell without a loss, and also shares in the Albert Palace Company, and in the ship Brighton, which he valued at £600. The failure of his business was  attributed in part to the cost of fitting his premises in Bond street with electricity. In April 1888 his business was bought out for £34,000 by H. S. King and the Artistic Works Association Ltd. through which he became Managing Director of Mayall and Company on a 5-year contract and a fixed salary.

Mayall died three years later, aged 88, on 6 March 1901 at Southwick, West Sussex. He was buried on 19 March 1901 at Lancing, West Sussex.

Cultural references
Scenes of Mayall taking painter J.M.W.Turner's daguerreotype portrait, alone and together with his companion Mrs. Booth, appear in the film Mr. Turner.

Gallery

Publications

 Mayall J. E. 1867. Mayall's Celebrities of the London Stage : A Series of Photographic Portraits in Character. London: Messrs. A. Marion Son.

References

External links

British portrait photographers
1813 births
1901 deaths
People from Oldham
19th-century English photographers
Photographers from Yorkshire
People from Southwick, West Sussex

John Jabez Edwin Mayall


Rani Bharani Thirunal Parvathi Bayi (born 1850) was a junior Rani of Travancore as known as ' Attingal Elaya Rani ' Her consort was Kilimanoor Kerala Varma Koyi Thampuran. Parvathi Bayi was born in 1850 as the daughter of Bharani Thirunal Amma Thampuran of Utsava Madom Palace in Mavelikara.

Adoption
In the year 1857, the problem facing Maharajah Uthram Thirunal Marthanda Varma of Travancore was of severe gravity. His  sister Maharani Gowri Rugmnini Bayi's daughter Rani Pooradam Thirunal Lakshmi Bayi had died 11 days after giving birth to a Prince Moolam Thirunal. Pooradom Thirunal Lakshmi Bayi had an elder son, Hastham Thirunal. As in the past cases, adoption would be the only recourse for the perpetuation of the royal line and the Maharajah wrote thus to the Paramount Power. In the month of November 1857 the adoption was sanctioned by the Paramount power and the two girls were adopted into the royal family and installed as the Senior and Junior Ranis of Attingal from Mavelikara Uthsava Madom Palace.

As Junior Rani, Marriage
After adoption in 1857, Rani Lakshmi Bayi (age 8) had been installed as Attingal Maharani (Queen of Travancore) and her sister Rani Parvathi Bayi became Junior Rani (Attingal Elaya Rani) at the age of six. After two years in 1859 the Maharajah Uthram Thirunal Marthanda Varma decided to get the Ranies married and three young suitors were presented to them. One of them was Kerala Varma of Changanassery, Lakshmipuram Palace the grandnephew of the Raja Raja Varma Koil Thampuran. The second was Kerala Varma from Kilimanoor Palace while the third was a Ravi Varma, also from Kilimanoor Palace. Rani Parvathi Bayi chose the Kerala Varma Koil Thampuran from Kilimanoor Palace and her elder sister Rani Lakshmi Bayi had selected the Kerala Varma of Changanassery Palace. Raja Ravi Varma was married to Bhageerathi Thampuratti from Mavelikara Uthsava Madom Palace.

References

Women from the Kingdom of Travancore
People from the Kingdom of Travancore
Indian princesses
People from Thiruvananthapuram
Travancore royal family
19th-century Indian women
19th-century Indian people
Women from Kerala
19th-century Indian royalty

Bharani Thirunal Parvathi Bayi


Bimmen is a hamlet in the German municipality of Kleve, North Rhine-Westphalia.

Bimmen is low-lying. It borders on the Netherlands in the west and on the Rhine River in the north.

About 170 people are living there.

The Klever Straße is connecting Bimmen with neighbouring Dutch village of Millingen aan de Rijn.

Other websites
 Bimmen on the Kleve Website

Villages in North Rhine-Westphalia

Bimmen


(John) Trevor Stuart FRS (born 29 January 1929) is a mathematician and senior research investigator at Imperial College London working in theoretical fluid mechanics, hydrodynamic stability of fluid flows and nonlinear partial differential equations.

Education
Stuart was educated Gateway Grammar School, Leicester and Imperial College of Science and Technology, London where he was awarded a Bachelor of Science degree in 1949 and a PhD in 1953.

Career
Stuart joined the Aeronautics Division of the National Research Laboratory, returning to join the staff of Imperial College after a few years. He was appointed professor of theoretical fluid mechanics in 1966 and was head of the Department of Mathematics from 1974 to 1979 and 1983 to 1986. He was Dean of the Royal College of Science from 1990 to 1993. He is currently emeritus professor at Imperial.

Research
Stuart is known for his work on nonlinear waves in the onset of turbulence in fluids. He also extended the work of Lord Rayleigh with research into steady streaming in unsteady viscous flows at high Reynolds numbers.

Awards
Stuart was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1974 and awarded the Otto Laporte Award in 1985 and the Senior Whitehead Prize in 1984. He also holds honorary Doctor of Science degrees from Brown University and the University of East Anglia. He is current editor of the Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society.

References

1929 births
Living people
20th-century British mathematicians
21st-century British mathematicians
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fluid dynamicists
Deans of the Royal College of Science

John Trevor Stuart


The Prince Regent and Mitchell River Important Bird Area is a 7333 km2 tract of land comprising several contiguous protected areas in the north-west Kimberley region of northern Western Australia.  It includes the Mitchell Plateau.

Description
The site consists of the Prince Regent, the Mitchell River and Lawley River National Parks, and the Camp Creek and Laterite Conservation Parks.  The climate is monsoonal; the average annual rainfall of over 1200 mm is the highest in the north-west Kimberley, sustaining the richest patches of rainforest in the region.  Because it has not been stocked with cattle, which damage woodland habitats, riverine vegetation and alluvial flats, it carries relatively high densities of key bird species.  Much of the country is rugged, constituted of Wunaamin Miliwundi sandstones.  The Mitchell Plateau is a bauxitic laterite plateau with Livistona palm forests.  On the coast there are substantial areas of mangroves.

Threats
Threats to the area's biodiversity come from uncontrolled bushfires, feral animals (especially cats), and increasing numbers of wild cattle.

Birds
The site has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because it supports the largest known population of the western subspecies of the partridge pigeon as well as chestnut rails, white-quilled rock-pigeons and rainbow pittas.  It contains most of the world populations of black grasswrens and Kimberley honeyeaters.  It also supports several species restricted to tropical savanna habitats, chestnut-backed buttonquails, varied lorikeets, northern rosellas, white-gaped, yellow-tinted, bar-breasted and banded honeyeaters, silver-crowned friarbirds, sandstone shrike-thrushes, white-browed robins, canary white-eyes, masked and long-tailed finches.

Other animals
The area is one of only two in Australia that retains a largely intact mammal fauna.  It contains populations of golden bandicoots, golden-backed tree rats, scaly-tailed possums, monjons and Kimberley rock rats.  The rich herpetofauna found in the many small rainforest patches includes endemic reptiles such as the rough-scaled python.  There are several species of camaenid land snails.

References

Kimberley (Western Australia)
Important Bird Areas of Western Australia
Kimberley tropical savanna


Abel Nguéndé Goumba (; 18 September 1926 – 11 May 2009) was a Central African politician. During the late 1950s, he headed the government in the period prior to independence from France, and following independence he was an unsuccessful candidate for President of the Central African Republic four times (1981, 1993, 1999, and 2005). Goumba, who was President of the Patriotic Front for Progress (FPP) political party, served under President François Bozizé as Prime Minister from March 2003 to December 2003 and then as Vice President of the Central African Republic from December 2003 to March 2005. Subsequently, he was appointed to the official post of Ombudsman.

Early life
He was born in 1926 in Grimari, Ouaka Prefecture in the Oubangi-Chari French colony, which is now the Central African Republic. He was a qualified medical doctor and member of the medical faculty in Bangui.

Entry into politics
While the country was still a French colony, Goumba was Vice-President of the Government Council from May 1957 to July 1958, President of the Government Council from July 1958 to December 1958, and was briefly Prime Minister in an acting capacity in April 1959, following the death of Barthélemy Boganda in a plane crash. He was defeated in a political power struggle by David Dacko in 1959 and then became a minor opposition party leader. He was in exile in France from 1960 until 1980. He worked for the World Health Organization in Rwanda and then Benin during the 1970s; while in Rwanda, he met his wife, Anne-Marie. Even after his return to the Central African Republic, he was occasionally arrested for political activity. He feuded with all of Central African Republic's presidents until 2003 and was declared by them to be a national traitor.

1990s
Goumba had a reputation for honesty and integrity. He stressed the importance of governing without corruption. In the 1981 presidential election, which was won by Dacko (who was nevertheless ousted only a few months later), Goumba took less than 2% of the vote, but in the 1993 presidential election he achieved his best result, coming in second place but being defeated by Ange-Félix Patassé in a run-off, in which Goumba took about 46% of the vote. In 1999 he did poorly by comparison, taking only about 6% of the vote and placing fourth, behind Patassé, André Kolingba, and Dacko.

Under Bozizé
After Bozizé seized power on 15 March 2003, ousting Patassé, he appointed Goumba as Prime Minister on 23 March. His government was formed on 31 March 2003; in its composition it was viewed as a compromise between Bozizé and Goumba, with a number of military allies and relatives of Bozizé receiving key posts while other posts went to associates and allies of various political leaders and to independent figures regarded as competent. Goumba kept the portfolio of Minister of Finance himself. The National Transitional Council (CNT) rejected Goumba's proposed programme of general policy on 5 November 2003, saying that the government's objectives, along with the methods of implementing those objectives, were not sufficiently defined in the programme. He had planned to submit a revised programme on 12 December 2003, but on 11 December, Bozizé dismissed him as Prime Minister. On the next day Célestin Gaombalet was named to replace him; Goumba was appointed as Vice-President instead.

2005 candidacy
He was a presidential candidate for the fourth time in the election held on 13 March 2005. Goumba was not expected to win; he received sixth place and 2.51% of the vote. He was one of the five candidates initially approved by the transitional constitutional court on 30 December 2004; seven other candidates were excluded, although six of them were later allowed to run.

On 14 March 2005, the day after the election, members of the Collective of Political Parties of the Opposition (CPPO), including Goumba, signed a petition in which they alleged that fraud had occurred. On 15 March, before the election results became available, Bozizé dismissed Goumba from the Vice-Presidency and the position was abolished. According to presidential spokesman Alain-George Ngatoua, this was because the constitution adopted in December 2004 did not provide for a Vice-President, and the dismissal was unrelated to the quality of Goumba's work; Ngatoua said that Bozizé thanked Goumba for facilitating the transitional process through his "wisdom and courage". Goumba expressed disgust at the manner of his dismissal; he said that he had received no notification of the dismissal and found out about it when it was reported on state radio. Goumba's view was that transitional institutions, including the Vice-Presidency, were supposed to be maintained until the installation of an elected government.

Goumba ran for a seat from Kouango in the 2005 parliamentary election, held concurrently with the presidential election, but was defeated; his wife Anne-Marie won a seat, however.

Retirement
Goumba's son, Alexandre was elected to succeed him as President of his party, Patriotic Front for Progress (FPP), on 5 March 2006, after the elder Goumba was appointed to the official post of Ombudsman. As Ombudsman, he called for the government to negotiate with a rebel group after it captured Birao on 30 October 2006.

He presented the first volume of his memoirs, covering the period from 1956 to 1959, on 14 January 2007.

Goumba died at age 82 on 11 May 2009 at a clinic in Bangui after being taken to hospital the previous evening.

References

1926 births
2009 deaths
Finance ministers of the Central African Republic
Ombudsmen
Patriotic Front for Progress politicians
People from Ouaka
People of French Equatorial Africa
Prime Ministers of the Central African Republic
Vice presidents of the Central African Republic

Abel Goumba


The Battle of Pruszcz Gdański took place near Pruszcz Gdański (Praust) in late August 1460, during the Thirteen Years' War. A detachment of the Teutonic Knights, sent from Chojnice (Konitz), clashed with forces of the city of Gdańsk (Danzig), which supported Polish King Kazimierz Jagiellończyk. The Gdańsk troops, taken by surprise by better trained Knights, were defeated. The city itself was not captured, but after this success, the Knights began a campaign in Pomerelia, capturing such towns, as Lębork (Lauenburg), Bytów (Butow), Świecie (Schwetz), Łeba and Puck (Putzig).

1460 in Europe
Conflicts in 1460
Pruszcz

Battle of Pruszcz Gdański


The Britt Music & Arts Festival is a non-profit performing arts festival located in Jacksonville, Oregon. Since its creation it has been among the premier performing arts festivals in the Northwest, and has managed to attract high-profile and local acts in music for decades. Britt also sponsors a number of educational programs through its educational arm The Britt Institute. Its main mission is, "to invite audiences and artists to celebrate the joy of live performance, the power of community and the magic of the Britt Experience."

History
The idea for Britt originated in 1963, when Portland conductor John Trudeau and several friends visiting southern Oregon in search of a place to start a summer music festival. The former hillside estate of Jacksonville pioneer Peter Britt was perfect, with its natural acoustics and scenic views of the valley in the distance. The beauty of the valley further motivated them to start something, and that summer a plywood stage was built. A local orchestra provided the only music until 1978, when the current pavilion was constructed. From there the festival continued to grow to include more seats and attract national attention, with high-profile artists frequently performing.

Performances take place in the Britt Park, which is owned by Jackson County, but is under long-term lease to Britt.

Location
Most Britt Festivals' performances take place in Jacksonville, Oregon at the Britt Pavilion.

References

External links
 Britt Festivals Official Site

Music festivals in Oregon
Tourist attractions in Jackson County, Oregon
Jacksonville, Oregon
1963 establishments in Oregon
Annual events in Oregon

Britt Festival


Archer Creek, a northern tributary of the Parramatta River, is a creek west of Sydney Harbour, located in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It joins the Parramatta River at Meadowbank Park, Meadowbank.

Ecology
The source of the creek is in the suburb of Eastwood. The Archer Creek catchment area is .

The catchment is bounded by Hughes Avenue, Fitzgerald Road, Marsden Road, Brush Farm, Brush Road, Bellevue Avenue and Adelaide Street. The catchment straddles the boundary between Parramatta and Ryde councils. The catchment rises along the high ridgeline near Brush Farm Park and passes through a number of incised valleys until it reaches the flatter floodplain areas near the Parramatta River. The catchment is well developed. The upper areas are residential with extensive parklands along the creeklines. The flatter areas below Victoria Road contain several large industrial areas, as well as extensive parklands and the Ryde-Parramatta Golf Course.

History
Isaac Archer was granted  through which this watercourse runs. Isaac Archer was a private in Captain Campbell's company of marines and he received his grant of land from Governor Phillip in 1792.

See also
 Charity Creek, Meadowbank
 Smalls Creek, Meadowbank

References

Creeks and canals of Sydney

Archer Creek


Amy R. Reibman is an American electrical engineer known for her work on video quality, transport, and analysis. She is a professor of electrical and computer engineering at Purdue University.

Education and career
Reibman's parents were an engineer and a computer programmer, and she became interested in computing while still in elementary school. After starting her undergraduate education in mechanical engineering at a different university, she became an electrical engineering student at Duke University, where she earned a bachelor's degree in 1983, master's degree in 1984, and Ph.D. in 1987.

After joining the Princeton University faculty as an assistant professor, she moved to AT&T Labs Research. She worked at AT&T for 23 years, and was named a Distinguished Member of the Technical Staff and Lead Inventive Scientist there, before returning to academia as a professor at Purdue.

Recognition
Reibman was named a Fellow of the IEEE in 2005, "for contributions to the transport of video over networks".
Reibman was elected to fellow status of the National Academy of Inventors in December, 2022.

References

External links
Home page

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American electrical engineers
American women engineers
Duke University alumni
Princeton University faculty
Scientists at Bell Labs
Purdue University faculty
Fellow Members of the IEEE
21st-century American women

Amy Reibman