Mary Steichen Calderone (born Mary Rose Steichen; July 1, 1904 – October 24, 1998) was an American physician, author, public speaker, and public health advocate for reproductive rights and sex education. Known as the "mother of sex education" as well as the "grande dame of sex education",  Calderone played a significant role in the promotion in the advancement of reproductive rights and sex education in the United States. Her notable achievements included her involvement in efforts to reevaluate and reform abortion laws in the U.S., pushing for the integration of birth control into mainstream medical practices, and transforming sex education from a vague, morally focused approach to a scientifically informed and comprehensive framework.

In 1953, Mary Calderone became the first female medical director of Planned Parenthood. During her tenure, the organization started advocating for reform in abortion laws. Under her leadership, Planned Parenthood organized a national conference of medical professionals on the subject in 1955, known as "AAbortion in the United States." This conference marked the first instance of physicians and professionals advocating for the reform of abortion laws, contributing significantly to the creation of a movement for the reform of abortion laws in the U.S.

In 1960, after the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first oral contraceptive,  Calderone lobbied the American Medical Association (AMA) to endorse contraception as standard medical practice. After a four-year effort, she successfully reversed the AMA's policy against providing birth control information to patients, helping to integrate birth control into mainstream American medicine.

Shifting her focus toward sex education, Calderone left Planned Parenthood in 1964 to establish and serve as the Executive Director of SIECUS (Sex Information and Education Council of the United States). During her time at SIECUS, she delivered lectures across the United States, addressing various audiences, including high school and college students, parents, educators, religious leaders, and professional groups, on the topic of sex education. She retired from SIECUS in 1982 at the age of 78.

Throughout the latter half of her life,  Calderone authored numerous publications advocating open dialogue and access to information for all age groups. Her extensive work with popularizing sex education has often been likened to Margaret Sanger's campaign for birth control.

Early life and family

Mary Calderone was born in New York, New York on July 1, 1904, as Mary Rose Steichen, the first child of Edward Steichen, a renowned Luxembourgish-American photographer and artist, and his first wife, Clara Emma Smith, an American singer. Following her birth, the Steichen family relocated to Paris, France, and then later to Voulangis, France, a small farming village approximately 32 km east of Paris. Her younger sister, Charlotte "Kate" Rodina Steichen, was born in Paris on May 27, 1908.

While in Voulangis, the family frequently received visits from various artists and colleagues of Edward Steichen, including Constantin Brâncuși, Auguste Rodin, Isadora Duncan, Paul Cézanne, Henri Matisse, and Pablo Picasso. Biographer Jeffrey Moran suggests that Mary's upbringing in a bohemian environment, with her well-known father, her uncle, the poet Carl Sandburg, and Quaker background played a role in shaping her liberal perspective on sex and her passionate nature. For instance, at the age of six, she expressed her opinions about Constantin Brâncuși's sculptures, particularly his horizontal-headed bird pieces, which she believed would hinder the birds from singing. Brâncuși subsequently adjusted his artistic approach.

When the First World War began in 1914, the family fled to New York. Calderone's parents separated soon after and sent Mary to live in New York City at the home of their friends,  Dr. Leopold and Elizabeth Stieglitz, brother and sister-in-law of Steichen's friend and photography colleague, Alfred Stieglitz. Calderone's interest in medicine began as she accompanied Leonard Stieglitz on his hospital rounds.

While in New York, Calderone attended the Brearley School for her secondary education. She then matriculated at Vassar College, earning her B.A. in Chemistry in 1925. Initially, she pursued a career in theater and studied at the American Laboratory Theatre for three years. Notably, she served as the model for the figures on the Pratt Institute flagpole, a bronze sculpture created by her uncle, Willard Dryden Paddock, and erected in 1926 to commemorate the soldiers who served in World War I.

In 1926, Calderone married actor W. Lon Martin and had two daughters, Nell (1926) and Linda (1928). With her marriage declining, she abandoned her acting career and divorced in 1933. Tragically, in 1935, her eight-year-old daughter Nell succumbed to pneumonia, which, along with her unrealized acting aspirations and divorce, led Calderone into a period of depression. After an in-depth series of aptitude tests at the Johnson O'Connor Research Foundation in New York, at age 30, she decided to return to education and pursue a career in medicine.

She earned her M.D. degree from the University of Rochester medical school in 1939 and later obtained her M.P.H. from Columbia University in 1942. For her field study at Columbia, Calderone worked as a health officer-in-training at Lower East Side District Health Center in New York City, where she met  Frank A. Calderone, whom she married in 1941. Frank Calderone served as the head of the Lower East Side District Health Center, and after serving as the first deputy health commissioner of New York City from 1943 to 1946, became a leading figure in the World Health Organization (WHO) during its formative years. The Calderone Prize, the most prestigious prize in the field of public health, is named after him. The couple had two daughters, Francesca (1943) and Maria (1946).

Career

Planned Parenthood
Calderone served as a physician in the Great Neck, New York public school system from 1949 to 1953. Her work in this role gained her recognition in public health circles, as she attended the American Public Health Association's annual conferences during a time when female public health professionals and physicians were relatively rare. In 1953, William Vogt, the National Director of the controversial Planned Parenthood Federation of America, offered  Calderone the position of Medical Director. Despite being advised by her public health colleagues that taking the job would be "professional suicide", Calderone accepted the position with the hope of legitimizing family planning in the fields of medicine and public health.

Calderone's 11-year tenure at Planned Parenthood was marked by several significant contributions. In 1955, she organized "Abortion in the United States", a national conference of medical professionals that instigated the movement to legalize abortion. This was the first instance of physicians and other professionals advocating reform of the laws that criminalized abortion, and it played a key role in creating a movement for the reform of abortion laws in the U.S. The conference, which had no advanced publicity at the time, resulted in a book, Abortion in the United States, which was published in 1958 to critical acclaim and remains a classic in its field. According to historian Ellen S. More, "[i]n many ways the book was a milestone. Not only did it reveal a deep commitment among respected medical practitioners and scholars to treat abortion and contraception as subjects of legitimate research, but... because the book included a summary of the laws in every state pertaining to abortion, it became a reference for legal scholars and policy activists, not only physicians."

Calderone's efforts also played a role in changing Planned Parenthood's approach to abortion. Before her involvement, the organization and its founder, Margaret Sanger, had avoided addressing the controversial subject of abortion, focusing instead on promoting birth control as a means to prevent unwanted pregnancies. Today, Planned Parenthood is the largest single provider of reproductive health services and the largest single provider of abortion in the United States.

Furthermore, Calderone worked as a liaison between Planned Parenthood and the public health establishment to advocate for the mainstream integration of birth control into American medicine. She successfully lobbied professional medical groups such as the American Public Health Association (APHA) and the American Medical Association (AMA) to endorse contraception as a standard medical practice. In 1959, the APHA issued a public statement endorsing family planning as part of routine medical care, emphasizing the importance of individual choice. Her most significant success came in 1964 when she persuaded the more conservative AMA to overturn its long-standing policy against providing birth control information to patients and to endorse contraception as part of standard medical practice.

During her tenure at Planned Parenthood,  Calderone authored various articles for both popular and professional publications, as well as books such as Release from Sexual Tensions (1960) and Manual of Contraceptive Practice (1964), which was a pioneering medical text.

SIECUS
Calderone's office at Planned Parenthood received a steady stream of letters from individuals seeking information not just about the physical aspects of sex but broader topics related to human sexuality. This influx of inquiries led Calderone to a realization that sexuality encompassed more than just genitality, and that sex education was inadequate in American society.  She believed her work should extend beyond pregnancy prevention and that simply providing contraceptives was insufficient. Consequently, in 1964, Calderone left her position at Planned Parenthood and founded SIECUS (the Sex Information and Education Council of the United States), the nation's first and only single-issue advocacy group dedicated to promoting comprehensive sex education.

Driven by Calderone's dynamic nationwide lectures and guided by its mission statement, which aimed to establish human sexuality as a health-related subject, SIECUS played a pivotal role as an umbrella organization for school administrators, sex educators, physicians, social activists, and parents seeking resources for sexuality education.  Calderone soon became a household name and "a magnet for publicity [as] articles in Seventeen, Look, McCall's, Life Magazine, Parade, Playboy, and other popular magazines profiled her life and analyzed her arguments, [while] her appearances on TV shows such as the Dick Cavett Show and Sixty Minutes reached millions of viewers."

Attacks
While Calderone gained significant recognition for her positive approach to sex education, she also faced criticism. Her assertion that sex education should start in kindergarten, with age-appropriate lessons on topics like basic anatomy and consent, provoked opposition from right-wing politicians and religious conservative groups like Mothers Organized for Moral Stability (MOMS) and the John Birch Society, who spent an estimated $40 million on a smear campaign to discredit her.

In 1968, the Christian Crusade's Billy James Hargis and Gordon V. Drake targeted SIECUS and Calderone in the infamous Is the School House the Proper Place to Teach Raw Sex? pamphlet, as well as other similar fearmongering publications, making unfounded claims that the organization aimed to undermine Christian morality, promote promiscuity, and corrupt children. The pamphlet, which included deliberate misquotations and fabrications of events, also alleged that sex education is part of a "giant Communist conspiracy." Soon after, SIECUS and  Calderone became targets of a nationwide smear campaign, with Calderone's speaking appearances drawing picket lines and protests from ultra-conservative groups who followed her across the country.

From 1968 to 1971, Congressman John Rarick of Louisiana read a series of denunciations of sex education, featuring Mary Calderone and SIECUS, into the Congressional Record. Rarick's testimony emphasized insinuations of SIECUS's ties to a global communist conspiracy. He wrote, "Through the promotion of pornography, drug use and the 'New Morality,' the will to resist the International Communist Conspiracy is being weakened... the downgrading of the influence of the family and religion play right into the hands of the Communists."

By the mid-1970s, these attacks weakened  Calderone's influence, and SIECUS's funding and resources began to dwindle. In 1978, she stepped down as the Executive Director but remained as President. Nevertheless, Calderone's commitment to sex education with a positive and morally neutral approach persisted, expanding the focus beyond the physical act of sex to address topics like puberty, consent, and sexism.

Contrary to her opponents' portrayal of her as an "aging sexual libertine," Calderone, a practicing Quaker and grandmother, held personal convictions that did not align with the sexual revolution of the late 1960s. While she was adamant about sexual freedom, she personally believed that sex should be reserved for marriage and that the highest expression of sexuality was within a permanent, monogamous bond.

After enduring years of vehement attacks and death threats from extremist groups, Calderone retired from SIECUS in 1982 at the age of 78.

Later career
Between 1982 and 1988, Calderone served as an adjunct professor in human sexuality at New York University. She authored several books on sex education, including The Family Book About Sexuality (1981; with Eric W. Johnson) and Talking with Your Child About Sex: Questions and Answers for Children from Birth to Puberty (1982; with James W. Ramey). She continued to be a frequent and popular lecturer and was the recipient of numerous professional and humanitarian awards.

Death
Calderone was a resident of Kendal at Longwood, a Quaker continuing care retirement community in Kennett Square, Pennsylvania. She died in the skilled nursing facility there on October 24, 1998. She was 94.

Awards and honors
Calderone has received numerous awards and honors both posthumously and over the course of her life.

 Browning Award for Prevention of Diseases, American Public Health Association
 Elizabeth Blackwell Award for Distinguished Services to Humanity, Hobart and William Smith Colleges
 Lifetime Achievement Award from the Schlesinger Library of Radcliffe/Harvard College
 The Award for Human Service from the Mental Health Association of New York
 Humanist of the Year from the American Humanist Association (1974)
 Margaret Sanger Award from Planned Parenthood Federation of America (1980)
 National Women's Hall of Fame inductee (1998)

Honorary degrees

 D.Med. Science (honorary), Women's Medical College (now Drexel University College of Medicine), 1967.
 Doctor of Humane Letters (honorary), Newark State College (now Kean University), 1971.
 Doctor of Humane Letters (honorary), Dickinson College, 1981.
 Doctor of Humane Letters (honorary), Jersey City State College (now New Jersey City University), 1982.
 Doctor of Science (honorary), Adelphi University, 1971.
 Doctor of Science (honorary), Worcester Foundation Experimental Biology (now University of Massachusetts Medical School), 1974.
 Doctor of Science (honorary), Brandeis University, 1975.
 Doctor of Science (honorary), Haverford College, 1978.
 Doctor of Science (honorary), Columbia University, 1985.
 Doctor of Laws (honorary), Kenyon College, 1972.
 Ped.D. (honorary), Hofstra University, 1978.
 Doctor of Humanities (honorary), Bucknell University, 1982.

Selected works and publications

See also

References

External links
Papers, 1904–1971. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.

1904 births
1998 deaths
American feminists
American humanists
American people of Luxembourgian descent
American abortion-rights activists
American Quakers
Sex education advocates
Vassar College alumni
University of Rochester alumni
Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health alumni
American public health doctors
20th-century American women physicians
20th-century American physicians
Brearley School alumni
Quaker feminists
20th-century Quakers
Women public health doctors

Mary Calderone


St Hilda's Church is the Church in Wales (Anglican) parish church of Griffithstown in Torfaen in south-east Wales.

The church stands on the corner of Kemys Street and Sunnybank Road (formerly Church Road). It is dedicated to Saint Hilda, Abbess of Whitby and was built in 1888 in Early English style and consists of chancel, nave and southern porch. There is a vicarage, built later than the church itself, adjacent to the church on Sunnybank Road. The first vicar was Rev Mr James Dunn was also chaplain of the Union Workhouse on Coedygric Road (now County Hospital) and an alumnus of University of Wales, Lampeter. The present vicar (in 2011) is The Reverend P A Golledge (D:2000 P:2001)

The church meets the needs of Anglican worship in Griffithstown but also the wider community including Pontypool.

Church in Wales church buildings
Churches in Torfaen
Churches completed in 1888
Pontypool

St Hilda's Church, Griffithstown


Flame cleaning, also known as flame gouging, is the process of cleaning a structural steel surface by passing an intensely hot oxyacetylene flame over it. Mill scale and rust are removed by the reducing effect of the flame and the action of the heat, leaving the surface in a condition suitable for wire brushing and painting.

Overview

There are many uses for flame cleaning rather than just to remove rust and mill scale. It is also used as a removal tool for paints, bad welds, burrs, mechanical wear (scraping, cuts, gouges and more) along with other surface imperfections.
The process of flame cleaning is not anything new and does not require any extra equipment than what would be found in a typical metal shop. It is just an oxygen-fuel torch that is used parallel with the surface to melt and blow off any blemishes that the operator wants to eliminate. Shown in the adjacent diagram, the surface is blasted with the oxygen-fuel torch across the surface versus the orthodox use of the flame as a cutting or gouging tool. Though the equipment is the same, the flame used in cleaning is drastically reduced to prevent excess removal of the surface. Various kinds of fuel can be run with the oxygen, for example acetylene.

Various surfaces can be cleaned using this process. The oxy-flame can work on assorted surface qualities and remove some of the hardest to clean substances such as lubricants and grease. Ceramics, steel constructions, offshore systems and even concrete elements can all be cleaned. Although the function of cleaning can be thoroughly accomplished, the general aesthetic look is damaged due to the burn marks by the oxy-flame. The surface is then ready for further processing such as painting, grinding or any other further operation.

See also
Air carbon arc cutting

References

Metalworking
Cleaning methods

Flame cleaning


James Winston Morris (born 1949) is an American Islamic theologian, currently a professor in the Department of Theology at Boston College. Before teaching at Boston College, he held the Sharjah Chair of Islamic Studies at the University of Exeter.

Biography and Academic background
He received a BA in Civilizational Studies from the University of Chicago in 1971, and a Ph.D. in Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations from Harvard University in 1980, for a thesis "Ibn Masarra: A Reconsideration of the Primary Sources". He also studied at the University of Strasbourg, the American University in Cairo, the  Iranian Academy of Philosophy, and the Center for the Study of Civilizations, Tehran. He taught at the Princeton University, Oberlin College, Temple University, and the Institute of Ismaili Studies in Paris and London. He has been a visiting professor at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (Paris), University of Malaya, and University of Sarajevo. He specialized in medieval Islamic philosophy, especially in the philosophy of Ibn 'Arabī.

Publications

Books
Ostad Elahi on Spirituality in Everyday Life. Kuala Lumpur: Centre for Civilizational Dialogue, University of Malaya, 2009.
From Ethics and Devotion to Spiritual Realization: Ibn 'Arabī on 'What Is Indispensable For the Spiritual Seeker''', Monograph, pp. viii + 37. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaysia, Centre for Cilisational Dialogue, 2007.Knowing the Spirit, by Nûr Alî-Shâh Elâhi, translated by James Morris ( [S.l.]: State university of New York press, 2007.The Reflective Heart: Discovering Spiritual Intelligence in Ibn Arabi's 'Meccan Illuminations'. Louisville, KY: Fons Vitae of Kentucky, Inc, 2005. OCLC 535507748Orientations: Islamic Thought in a World Civilization. Sarajevo: El-Kalem, 2001 and Cambridge : Archetype, 2004.The Wisdom of the Throne: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Mulla Sadra. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1981.
Review, Journal of the American Oriental Society Oct. - Dec. 1983, vol. 103, no. 4, p. 767-768
Review,  Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1983, vol. 46, no. 1, p. 149-

 Articles
"The Spiritual Ascension: Ibn ʿArabī and the Miʿrāj Part I" Journal of the American Oriental Society, Oct. - Dec. 1987, vol. 107, no. 4, p. 629-652
"The Spiritual Ascension: Ibn ʿArabī and the Miʿrāj Part II" Journal of the American Oriental Society, Jan. - Mar. 1988, vol. 108, no. 1, p. 63-77
"Ibn ʿArabi and His Interpreters Part II: Influences and Interpretations" Journal of the American Oriental Society,'' Oct. - Dec. 1986, vol. 106, no. 4, p. 733-756
Mulla Sadrā's Conception of the Barzakh and the Emerging Science of Spirituality: The Process of Realization (tahqīq).  In Islam-West Philosophical Dialogue (Papers Presented at the First World Congress on Mulla Sadra), Tehran, SIPRI Institute, 2005, vol. X, pp. 93–103.

References

External links
Official web page at Boston College
Personal website

Living people
1949 births
University of Chicago alumni
Iranologists
American historians of religion
Harvard University alumni

James Winston Morris


Hudson Gurney (19 January 1775 – 9 November 1864) was an English antiquary and verse-writer, also known as a politician. He was a member of the Gurney family.

Life
Gurney was born at Norwich on 19 January 1775, the eldest son of Richard Gurney of Keswick Hall, Norfolk, by his first wife, Agatha, daughter of David Barclay of Youngsbury, Hertfordshire; Anna Gurney was his sister. He was educated by his grandfather Barclay, by Thomas Young, and by John Hodgkin. He inherited a fortune from his father in 1811. In early life he travelled on the continent with his friend George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen.

Gurney was briefly M.P. for Shaftesbury from 1812 to 1813, the election being voided on petition. In March 1816, he was elected M.P. for Newtown, Isle of Wight, sitting in five successive parliaments until 1832. He served much on committees.

He was appointed High Sheriff of Norfolk for 1835–36. He was elected fellow of the Society of Antiquaries on 12 March 1818, and was vice-president from 1822 to 1846. He contributed to the society many hundreds of pounds for the publication of Anglo-Saxon works. He was also a Fellow of the Royal Society (elected 15 January 1818), a member of the British Archæological Association from 1843, vice-president of the Norfolk and Norwich Archæological Society and a supporter of the Norwich Museum and Literary Institute.

Gurney lived at Keswick Hall and in St. James's Square, London, where he saw much society till the last twenty years of his life, when he suffered from ill-health. He died at Keswick Hall on 9 November 1864, and was buried in Intwood churchyard, near Norwich. He was the head of the Norfolk family of the Gurneys, and his fortune was inherited mostly by John Henry Gurney.

Gurney is described as having a habit of questioning everything: "he seemed never to agree with you"; but he was kind, liberal, and hospitable. He married in 1809 Margaret (d. 1855), daughter of Robert Barclay, M.P., of Ury, Kincardineshire. They had no children. Gurney's portrait (when about 20) was painted by Opie, and also, about 1840, by Briggs.

Works
His first publication was a privately printed English History and Chronology in Rhyme. In 1799 he published Cupid and Psyche, an imitation in verse of the Golden Ass of Apuleius (also 1800, 1801, and in Bohn's Classical Library, Apuleius). He also published Heads of Ancient History, (1814); Memoir of Thomas Young, M.D., (1831) Letter to Dawson Turner on Norwich and the Venta Icenorum (Norwich, 1847); and "Orlando Furioso" (1843), a verse translation, written in 1808, of parts of the poem. He also wrote for the Archæologia, mainly on English antiquities, in vols. xviii. (on the Bayeux Tapestry), xx–xxii. xxiv. xxv. and xxx. He purchased from the widow of Samuel Woodward all his manuscripts, drawings, and books on Norfolk topography, and printed for Mrs. Woodward's benefit the Norfolk Topographer's Manual and the History of Norwich Castle.

He possessed a library of from ten to fifteen thousand volumes, in every one of which he used to boast he had read. He left some diaries, which were not to be published for fifty years.

Legacy
Between 1822 and 1830 he had presented to the British Museum Henry Jermyn's manuscript collections for the history of Suffolk; the seal of Ethelwald, bishop of Dunwich; and Roman tesselated pavements from Carthage.

References

Attribution

1775 births
1864 deaths
18th-century English people
People from Keswick, South Norfolk
English antiquarians
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
UK MPs 1812–1818
UK MPs 1818–1820
UK MPs 1820–1826
UK MPs 1826–1830
UK MPs 1830–1831
UK MPs 1831–1832
Fellows of the Royal Society
18th-century English writers
18th-century English male writers
19th-century English writers
High Sheriffs of Norfolk
Hudson
Politicians from Norwich
19th-century English politicians

Hudson Gurney


Nilmar Honorato da Silva (born 14 July 1984), commonly known as Nilmar, is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a striker.

He won club and personal honours with Internacional and Corinthians in Brazil, and also played in France for Lyon and in Spain for Villarreal. He also had several short spells in the Middle East towards the end of his career.

Nilmar made his international debut for Brazil in 2003, and scored 9 goals in 24 appearances. He was part of their squad that won the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup and represented his nation at the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

Club career

Internacional
After coming through the Internacional youth teams, Nilmar was promoted to the main squad in 2002, and appeared regularly during his two-seasons.

Lyon
Nilmar was signed for Lyon in summer 2004, initially as cover for fellow Brazilian forward Giovane Élber. He signed with a clause in his contract that stated that he could be loaned back to Internacional once Élber was fit.

Nilmar made an impressive start during his stint at Lyon, scoring two debut goals as a substitute against Rennes. He did not score any more goals in the Ligue 1 that season.

Corinthians
With the impending signing of Fred, Lyon chose to loan Nilmar out, this time to Corinthians in his native Brazil. They were somewhat forced to do this in order to stay within the limit of non-EU players.

As well as this law, Lyon already had four established forwards, namely Fred, Sylvain Wiltord, Milan Baroš, and Sidney Govou, and, despite his good performances with Corinthians, Nilmar was ultimately sold to the South American club, for €10 million. At Corinthians, the young striker hit the target on his debut against São Paulo FC, with almost his first touch of the ball and he continued to impress fans and critics alike throughout his first season. His skill, speed, and mazy dribbles helped win him a place in the Brazilian League all-star team for the 2005 season.

Return to Internacional
On 17 August 2007, the Justiça do Trabalho (literally "court of employment") cancelled Nilmar's contract because Corinthians and third-party owner MSI owed the player €2 million. Nilmar was consequently available to sign for any club for free, while Corinthians must still pay the transfer debt of €8million they owed to Lyon for Nilmar's original transfer in 2006. Eventually Corinthians agreed to pay Lyon €6.5 million for the overdue portion of the transfer debt in December 2007. after losing the case in the Court of Arbitration for Sport and FIFA Players' Status Committee.

In the following month, Nilmar returned to Internacional for undisclosed fee to Corinthians and third-party owners., despite the interest of several major clubs in Europe and Brazil. It was reported that Inter partnered with D.I.S. to sign 50% economic rights for €3 million. Internacional had sold 20% economic rights for R$5.46 million to unknown parties in 2007. He made his new debut for the Porto Alegre team on 4 November 2007, when Inter beat CR Vasco da Gama 2–1. He was chosen as the Man of the Match.

In January 2008, he scored an impressive goal against Internazionale of Italy in the Dubai Cup final, which helped his side win the game. In the summer of 2008, Palermo offered €15 million, with a bonus of up to €3 million. This was rejected, however, and activated the clause that Internacional bought 20% economic rights from Nilmar for reported €2.4 million, with other parties retained 50% economic rights.

In December 2008, he scored the winning goal in the Copa Sudamericana final match, giving Internacional the title. It was the first time that the Copa Sudamericana was won by a Brazilian club.

Villarreal
In July 2009, Nilmar returned to Europe, signing for Spain's Villarreal CF for an estimated €10 million fee. He built up a prolific strike partnership with Italy international Giuseppe Rossi, which he likened to his title-winning alliance with Carlos Tevez at Corinthians.

On 17 September 2009, Nilmar scored the winning goal in the Europa League group stage clash against Bulgarian side Levski Sofia.

On 10 March 2011, he netted twice (including a last-minute goal) to help his team to a 3–2 away win against German club Bayer Leverkusen in the first leg of a last 16-round match of the Europa League. He again netted twice against Twente which his side won 5–1 at home.

Al Rayyan
On 15 July 2012, Qatar Stars League side Al Rayyan announced that they signed Nilmar on a four-year deal, ahead of undergoing a medical.

He was loaned to Lekhwiya for one game on 31 December so that he could take part in the club's friendly match against PSG on 2 January 2013. He was selected as a cover for Sebastián Soria who was training with the Qatar national team for the upcoming Asian Cup.

On 6 August 2013, he declared to Arabic news network Al Jazeera that he was looking to terminate his loan at Lekhwiya and return to Al Rayyan following a training ground bust up with Lekhwiya first team coach Oliver Rumbold.

El Jaish / Second return to Internacional
On 24 January 2014, Nilmar signed for El Jaish. On 16 September, already as a free agent, he returned to Internacional for a third spell, signing until December 2017.

Al-Nasr
On 30 July 2015, Nilmar moved to Al-Nasr for two seasons. After scoring 11 league goals in his first season, he was separated from the first team.

Santos
On 10 July 2017, Nilmar signed a contract with Santos until December 2018, after being released by Al-Nasr. In September, after just 39 minutes of action in two appearances, his contract was suspended with the player alleging "personal reasons"; it was later revealed that he was suffering with depression.

On 13 December 2017, Nilmar cut ties with Santos, after appearing in just two matches.

International career

Nilmar made his international debut for Brazil in 2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup match against Mexico on 13 July 2003. He appeared three times in the tournament as Brazil was defeated by Mexico in the final. Although Brazil chose to send Brazil under-23 team to the tournament, all the international appearances in the tournament are recognized by FIFA as full international caps. His first international goal came against Haiti on 18 August 2004, as Brazil won 6–0.

After four years out of the national team, on 29 August 2008, Nilmar was recalled by coach Dunga as a replacement for the injured Rafael Sóbis for World Cup qualifiers against Chile and Bolivia. On 21 May 2009, he was selected in Brazil squad for the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup in South Africa. He made one substitute appearance in the tournament as Brazil went on to win the competition.

On 9 September 2009, he scored a hat-trick for Brazil in a 4–2 win against Chile. On 14 November 2009, Nilmar scored the only goal of the match with a header in a friendly against England. He then scored again in a second friendly match on 17 November 2009 against Oman. He was a member of the Brazil squad that took part at the 2010 FIFA World Cup, hosted by South Africa, appearing as a substitute. He scored Brazil's third goal in a friendly match on 7 October 2010 against Iran.

Personal life
Nilmar is married to Laura Guimarães.

Career statistics

Club

International

Scores and results list Brazil's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Nilmar goal.

Honours
Internacional
Campeonato Gaúcho: 2003, 2004, 2008, 2009, 2015
Copa Sudamericana: 2008

Lyon
Ligue 1: 2004–05
Trophée des Champions: 2005

Corinthians
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A: 2005

Al-Rayyan
Qatar Emir Cup: 2013
Qatari Super Cup: 2012

Brazil
FIFA Confederations Cup: 2009

Brazil U20
FIFA World Youth Championship: 2003

Individual
Campeonato Paulista top scorer: 2006
Copa Sudamericana top scorer: 2008
Bola de Prata: 2008

References

External links

2010 FIFA World Cup profile

UAEFA profile

1984 births
Living people
People from Bandeirantes
Brazilian men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Sport Club Internacional players
Sport Club Corinthians Paulista players
Santos FC players
Ligue 1 players
Olympique Lyonnais players
La Liga players
Villarreal CF players
Qatar Stars League players
Al-Rayyan SC players
El Jaish SC players
UAE Pro League players
Al-Nasr SC (Dubai) players
Brazil men's under-20 international footballers
Brazil men's international footballers
2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
2009 FIFA Confederations Cup players
FIFA Confederations Cup-winning players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in Qatar
Expatriate men's footballers in the United Arab Emirates
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in France
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Qatar
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates
Footballers from Paraná (state)
Copa Sudamericana-winning players

Nilmar


Kyu Sung Woo (; born 1941) is a South Korean architect and principal of the architectural design firm, Kyu Sung Woo Architects, Inc. The firm's projects include many built and proposed works in the United States and South Korea.

Biography

Kyu Sung Woo was born in Seoul, South Korea. After receiving a Bachelor of Science and Master of Science in Architectural Engineering at Seoul National University, he went to the United States in 1967. He then studied at Columbia University, where he received a Master of Architecture (1968) and Harvard University, where he received a Master of Architecture in Urban Design (1970). He founded Kyu Sung Woo Architects, Inc. in 1990 after working in various design and consulting positions around the US. In 2008, Woo received the South Korea's Ho-Am Prize in the Arts. He is a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects.

Architectural style

The frequent use of simplified rectilinear forms and volumes in Woo's works tie him to the modernist movement. Additionally, several aspects of his style are often drawn from his cultural experience living in both South Korea and The United States. Hong-bin Kang, a fellow South Korean architect, remarked that, "It is meaningless to ask if Woo is a 'Korean' architect or an 'American' architect: for he is neither, and at the same time, both… He does not try to sell 'oriental' qualities to the American architectural community, nor does he attempt to introduce the latest in Western architecture to Koreans." Evidence of these two cultural influences can be seen in Woo's Putnam Mountain House, which features pitched New England–style roofs along with large sliding glass doors, similar to the screen doors that would lead to outdoor courtyards in traditional Korean homes.
Furthermore, Woo often articulates his design philosophy in terms of how the necessities of a building's site should shape its appearance and organization. In discussing the Whanki Museum, Woo stated, "… I tried to consider how to conform the museum's existence as a public building to the scale of its neighborhood, its topography, and its natural environment."

Projects
Woo's works include varying scales of buildings, from small homes to mass residential complexes and institutional buildings.

Olympic Village Housing – Seoul
While working at Woo & Williams (later to become Kyu Sung Woo Architects, Inc.), Woo entered an international competition in 1985 to design a housing village for the athletes and reporters of the 24th Olympic Games in Seoul. Woo's design was selected and completed in 1988.
The complex, which is located south of the city, includes 5,540 housing units and supporting facilities. It is arranged in a fan shape, with residential units radiating from a U-shaped galleria and public plaza. The buildings conform to a bowl-shaped landscape, with the residential towers increasing in height as they move outwards from the central plaza. Throughout the course of the Games, 13,000 athletes and 7,000 journalists were housed in the complex.
Following the Olympic Games, the complex was repurposed into a permanent urban community. This community includes a subway station, three schools, and religious, cultural, recreational, and retail facilities.

Whanki Museum

The Whanki Museum is a museum/exhibition complex located in the Buam Dong Valley in Seoul. The building was constructed in 1992 in commemoration of the contemporary Korean painter, Kim Whanki. The, complex occupies two blocks, one of which houses the works of Kim Whanki, while the other contains a temporary art exhibition space, a cafeteria, and a shop. The compound is arranged to follow the east–west axis of the valley.
The central hall of the museum building serves as the unifying space in Woo's design. The 8 meter-tall cube-shaped space is partially underground and divided in order to create display space for paintings on the bottom walls. The top walls are carved away into columns, revealing a stairwell that encompasses the space. The hall is lit directly using artificial light and a central skylight and indirectly through the adjacent mezzanine.
In designing the Museum, Woo described his desired connection between Kim's art and his own architecture, "In exhibition spaces, the architectural experience should be subordinate to that of the art. Here and elsewhere, however, architecture does not have to play a passive role. The process of absorbing art is a collective and continuous experience that occurs throughout a museum, an intense activity that needs intervals of rest. Occasional connections with nature and the context, activated by the architecture of a museum, can enhance one's experience of a work of art and make one's appreciation of both more relevant and rich."

10 Akron Street

10 Akron Street is a LEED Gold certified residence hall on the Harvard University campus in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The building is situated on the banks of the Charles River and at the foot of a 22-story residential tower, Peabody Terrace, designed by Josep Lluis Sert (an architect whom Woo had studied under at Harvard).
The residence hall is a 115,000-square-foot building that is U-shaped in plan. It was constructed in 2008 around a courtyard garden designed by Michael Van Valkenburgh. Due to the building's highly public location at the entrance of campus, Woo aimed to reconcile the scale and massing of the building with those of the surrounding communities and views.
On the design of 10 Akron Street, Woo remarked, "I wanted this building to relate to and complement Peabody Terrace both in massing and scale. These two projects, however, are designed 50 years apart and are reflections of their own time. Innovation was the essence of Peabody Terrace for housing typology, construction, technology, and aesthetics; while Akron housing was an attempt to retain tradition and innovation within the given changing conditions of the city and campus."

Other notable projects
 Asian Culture Complex – Gwangju, South Korea
 Village Residence Halls – Brandeis University
 Heller School – Brandeis University
 Putney Mountain House – Putney, Vermont
 Stone Cloud – Seoul
 Nerman Museum for Contemporary Art – Overland Park, Kansas
 Woo Residence – Cambridge, Massachusetts
 Residence Hall – Massachusetts College of Art, Boston
 International Village – Northeastern University, Boston
 Behrakis Health Sciences Center – Northeastern University
 Arts of Korea Gallery – Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
 Student Housing – Bennington College, Vermont
 Keum Jung Sports Park – Busan, South Korea
 Observatory Commons – Cambridge, Massachusetts

References

Additional references
"Architecture." Nerman Museum of Contemporary Art. Johnson Community College. Web. 21 Mar. 2011.
Hanley, William. "Newsmaker: Kyu Sung Woo." Architectural Record. Aug. 2008. Web. 21 Mar. 2012.
"The Korean Treasure House." The Architectural Review CCVI.1230 (1999): 76–77. Print.
"Timber Supplement - Halls of Residence, Vermont, USA - Kyu Sung Woo." The Architectural Review CCXIV.1281 (2003): 93. Print.

South Korean architects
American people of Korean descent
Artists from Seoul
Seoul National University alumni
Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation alumni
Harvard Graduate School of Design alumni
Living people
1941 births
Recipients of the Ho-Am Prize in the Arts

Kyu Sung Woo


The Dissertatio de arte combinatoria ("Dissertation on the Art of Combinations" or "On the Combinatorial Art") is an early work by Gottfried Leibniz published in 1666 in Leipzig. It is an extended version of his first doctoral dissertation, written before the author had seriously undertaken the study of mathematics. The booklet was reissued without Leibniz' consent in 1690, which prompted him to publish a brief explanatory notice in the Acta Eruditorum. During the following years he repeatedly expressed regrets about its being circulated as he considered it immature. Nevertheless it was a very original work and it provided the author the first glimpse of fame among the scholars of his time.

Summary
The main idea behind the text is that of an alphabet of human thought, which is attributed to Descartes. All concepts are nothing but combinations of a relatively small number of simple concepts, just as words are combinations of letters. All truths may be expressed as appropriate combinations of concepts, which can in turn be decomposed into simple ideas, rendering
the analysis much easier. Therefore, this alphabet would provide a logic of invention, opposed to that of demonstration which was known so far. Since all sentences are composed of a subject and a predicate, one might

 Find all the predicates which are appropriate to a given subject, or
 Find all the subjects which are convenient to a given predicate.

For this, Leibniz was inspired in the Ars Magna of Ramon Llull, although he criticized this author because of the arbitrariness of his categories indexing.

Leibniz discusses in this work some combinatorial concepts. He had read Clavius' comments to Sacrobosco's De sphaera mundi, and some other contemporary works. He introduced the term variationes ordinis for the permutations, combinationes for the combinations of two elements, con3nationes (shorthand for conternationes) for those of three elements, etc. His general term for combinations was complexions. He found the formula

which he thought was original.

The first examples of use of his ars combinatoria are taken from law, the musical registry of an organ, and the Aristotelian theory of generation of elements from the four primary qualities. But philosophical applications are of greater importance. He cites the idea of Thomas Hobbes that all reasoning is just a computation.

The most careful example is taken from geometry, from where we shall give some definitions. He introduces the Class I concepts, which are primitive.

Class I 1 point, 2 space, 3 included, [...] 9 parts, 10 total, [...] 14 number, 15 various [...]

Class II contains simple combinations.

Class II.1 Quantity is 14 των 9

Where των means "of the" (from ). Thus, "Quantity" is the number of the parts. Class III contains the con3nationes:

Class III.1 Interval is 2.3.10

Thus, "Interval" is the space included in total. Of course, concepts deriving from former classes may also be defined.

Class IV.1 Line is 1/3 των 2

Where 1/3 means the first concept of class III. Thus, a "line" is the interval of (between) points.

Leibniz compares his  system to the Chinese and Egyptian languages, although he did not really understand them at this point. For him, this is a first step towards the Characteristica Universalis, the perfect language which would provide a direct representation of ideas along with a calculus for the philosophical reasoning.

As a preface, the work begins with a proof of the existence of God, cast in geometrical form, and based on the argument from motion.

Notes

References
E. J. Aiton, Leibniz: A Biography. Hilger, Bristol, 1985. .

External links
 De Arte Combinatoria, the original Latin-language text
 Partial English translation
 Partial German translation

Combinatorics
Philosophy of language literature
1666 books
Works by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
17th-century Latin books

De Arte Combinatoria


The Grégoire is a luxury car produced from 1950 to 1954 by the French automaker Hotchkiss. Only about 247 were produced, with serial numbers 500 to 747.

The Grégoire was a modern-looking four-door saloon. Reportedly as a response to disappointing sales for the saloon, special-bodied coach-built coupé and cabriolet versions also appeared at the 1952 Paris Motor Show, including a streamlined Grégoire-based coupé with an eye-catching 'panoramic' rear window bodied by the coachbuilder Henri Chapron.

For more than thirty years, each new Hotchkiss had represented a gentle evolution from the previous model. With the Grégoire the company made a radical bid to create a new generation of cars. The car carried the name of its designer, Jean-Albert Grégoire, a man who had made his name in the 1930s as a car designer, with experience in designing front-wheel-drive cars, and a man who had spent much time during the war working on the application of aluminium to car production. Directly after the war, with European demand for war planes abruptly curtailed, the recently developed aluminium industry found opportunities in the more radical designs coming out of the automotive sector, and the Hotchkiss Grégoire was notable for its lightweight chassis, which incorporated much aluminium. The car also featured a new 2180 cc horizontal boxer water-cooled four-cylinder engine capable of delivering a claimed 70 or, from 1952, 75 HP. The flat-four engine permitted a low bonnet/hood line but was fitted well forward which enforced an extensive front overhang. The gear box was a four-speed unit with synchromesh on the upper three ratios and overdrive on the fourth.

The Grégoire's commercial performance was affected by the company's 30-year record of producing worthy but conservative saloons. High development costs had to be amortised over the number of cars sold, and the low sales level led to a high retail price which, in turn, depressed sales further. By 1952 the Grégoire was retailing for twice the price of the similarly sized six-cylinder Citroën Traction 15CV. An additional challenge came from government taxation policies during the early 1950s in the French market, which heavily penalised larger cars. At the 1952 Paris Motor Show, it was obvious that several French luxury auto-makers like Delahaye clearly were in trouble. It was noted that for the Grégoire, despite its upmarket aspirations, the company was only able to distribute a very skimpy brochure, provided without any colour pictures. By 1953 output had slowed and only about 40 were produced, and by the time production ceased towards the end of that year, only 247 Hotchkiss Grégoires had been built; of these 235 had been four-door saloons.

References

 This entry is based on the Italian Wikipedia entry concerning the same car.

External links
page about Grégoire in histomobile-website
page about Grégoire in autoweek-website

Gregoire
Sedans
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Cars introduced in 1950
Cars powered by boxer engines

Hotchkiss Grégoire


A hican is a tree resulting from a cross between a pecan and some other type of hickory (members of the genus Carya) - or the nut from such a hybrid tree.

Such crosses often occur naturally while most such hybrids produce unfilled nuts or have other serious flaws. Some have desirable qualities from both species and are propagated commercially for nut production. Their properties vary greatly with the particular ancestral species of hickory. Some produce very desirable nuts with a flavor said to be similar to the better types of hickory nuts (not all hickories produce palatable nuts) but far easier to shell.

Varieties
An older hican variety, 'James' (C. illinoiensis X C. laciniosa), from Missouri, was propagated and sold by a national nursery, giving it wide distribution.  Unfortunately, it has been an erratic producer in most locations.  One of the best-tasting hican nuts is the 'Burton', which is round and thin in shape.

References

External links
*Hican information

Edible nuts and seeds
Hybrid fruit
Carya

Hican


The Chapel of St Mary () is a medieval chapel located in Bir Miftuħ, limits of Gudja, Malta.

History
The Chapel of St Mary was built some time in the fifteenth-century, most probably in around 1430.

In 1436, the chapel was mentioned as one of the 12 existing parishes by Bishop Senatore de Mello; it is believed to have existed long before that. It was not in the village centre, but mainly covered the areas of Gudja, Ħal Kirkop, Ħal Safi, Mqabba, Ħal Tarxien, Ħal Luqa, Ħal Farruġ and Birżebbuġa.

The chapel stands freely and has a rectangular plan which measures about eleven by fourteen metres. Having said that, it was originally built in the shape of a cross. In 1512, the rear end of the chapel was demolished and the stones were used in the construction of the present church. It also had six doors though only two remain. The church served as parish church until 1676 when the present church was built. A belfry was added in the 16th century.

On the arrival of the Knights of St John, a captain was appointed to defend the area of Bir Miftuħ. In 1565, during the Great Siege of Malta, the church was desecrated by the invading Turks. It is said that in order to preserve the treasures of the church, including the bells, from the invaders, the people buried them in the tombs of the church.

The church was visited by the Apostolic Deligate Monsignor Pietro Dusina in 1575 who found it well equipped for divine services. In 1655, the people of Gudja decided to build a new church in the centre of the village. Everything was transferred to the new church once it had been built in 1676.

In 1830, Bettina Muscat Cassia D'Aurel restored this church. On April 9, 1942 the church ceiling collapsed as a result of an air raid during World War II. The church was again restored by the parish priest of Gudja. Unfortunately, the church was abandoned until 1970 when it was handed over to the national trust Din l-Art Ħelwa. In 1973, the trust, sponsored by the Malta International Airport, started restoring this church. During the restoration, frescos were discovered above the front door. A new pavement was installed. Restoration was finished in 2004.

Present Day
Today the church is in good condition. Din l-Art Ħelwa is curator to the church and opens it on the first Sunday of each month from 9.00 am till 12.00 pm.

The chapel is listed on the National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands.

Interior
The altar painting dates from the 16th century. It is painted on wood and depicts the Eternal Father holding a crucifix surrounded by angels. Under the crucifix there is the Virgin Mary holding baby Jesus with St Peter and St Paul. The church has one altar which was consecrated on March 26, 1591.

Frescos
Frescos from the 16th century were uncovered between 1978 and 1980. Frescos covering the inside western wall were discovered under six layers of lime. Only parts of the frescos remain though it is clear that the topic is the Last Judgment divided into three tiers of figures.

The upper tier shows the Apostles and Mary with Christ in the centre. Various saints and figures are portrayed below this tier. The second tier shows the condemned taken into the fires of hell by demons with horns, tails and webbed feet. On the left side, one can make out the wing of an angel and the back of one of the faithful being drawn towards God and the Virgin Mary. The expulsion of Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden is depicted in the lower tier. On the north wall, there is a fresco of a woman, in a costume typical of the 16th century, holding a lily in one hand and pointing to the main altar painting with the other.

See also

Culture of Malta
History of Malta
List of Churches in Malta
Religion in Malta

References

15th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Malta
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1430
Medieval Maltese architecture
Roman Catholic chapels in Malta
Medieval churches
Gudja
National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands
Limestone churches in Malta

St Mary's Chapel, Bir Miftuħ


Michaël Loïc Blanc (born 1974) is a French national who was convicted of drug trafficking in Indonesia after 3.8 kilograms of hashish was found in his diving gear when he attempted to re-enter Bali, Indonesia, in December 1999.

Sentenced to life imprisonment, he served 14 years in Cipinang prison, Jakarta. His case, which has been compared to imprisoned Australian tourist Schapelle Corby, received media coverage by both the French and Indonesian press, and was featured on prime time news shows Sept à huit and Tout le monde en parle in France.

Early life and arrest
The youngest of three children, Michael Blanc was born in 1974 to Jean-Claude Blanc and Hélène Le Touzey in Bonneville in the department of Haute-Savoie in southeastern France. Leaving France in 1993, Blanc travelled to Senegal and later spent time in the Caribbean, Greece, India, Malaysia and Thailand working at various times as a chef and interior decorator during the 1990s.

Blanc had been living in Bali for a year when, after returning from a trip to India, he was detained by immigration officials at Ngurah Rai Airport on December 26, 1999. A bag in his possession containing two diving tanks was inspected after having gone through an X-ray machine. Blanc gave his consent to have his luggage checked by police dogs. Drilling open the tanks, officials found a total of 189 rolls and 178 tablets of hashish, weighing 3.8 kilograms, in the diving tanks.

Interviewed by investigators of the Directorate General of Customs, Blanc denied any knowledge of the drugs claiming the diving tanks belonged to an acquaintance named Philip, a Frenchman of Israeli descent who lived in Paris. Having met at a café in Seminyak, Bali, the two travelled to India and, on their return to Bali, Philip had disappeared after they had arrived at the airport. However, during the interview, Blanc was unable to provide sufficient evidence to satisfactorily identify Philip.

Trial and conviction
Arrested by the Denpasar police, Blanc was held in their detention center where he met with his lawyer Dwi Surya Adibudi SH. The French Honorary Consul in Bali contacted his family and, in August 2000, his mother Hélène was granted a leave of absence from her accounting job and flew to Bali to attend her son's trial.

During the trial, Blanc's lawyer argued that there had been a breach of procedure by airport officials. He pointed out that Blanc was not searched in the same room as the evidence in question, and was not provided a French-speaking interpreter during his interview with officials. Blanc had also asked police to check the tanks for fingerprints; however, they had failed to comply with his request.

While prosecutors had called for the death penalty in this case, the Denpasar court found Blanc guilty of drug trafficking and sentenced him to life in prison on November 16, 2000. He was imprisoned in Kerobokan Prison on Bali, then was transferred to Madiun, East Java and finally jailed in Cipinang, Jakarta, Indonesia.

Appeal and public outcry
Immediately after the conviction, both Adibudi and the prosecution unsuccessfully appealed the judge's decision to the Denpasar Appellate Court.

Hélène Le Touzey continued to campaign for her son's release and appealed to the Indonesian Supreme Court. Blanc's conviction was upheld and, in addition, he was fined an $70,000 on June 14, 2001. During the appeal, a French government official had told Le Touzey that it would cost her between ₣ 800,000 and ₣ 1,000,000 (roughly $203,000–$254,000) to secure a reduced sentence for Blanc; however, she refused to pay.

The French Foreign Ministry made diplomatic requests for Blanc's extradition and, in January 2005, French President Jacques Chirac asked Indonesian Foreign Minister Hassan Wirajuda about the possibility of moving Blanc to a French prison while Hassan was speaking at a hearing with the House of Representatives' Commission I. His sentence was reduced to 20 years in 2008.

Release and parole
On 20 January 2014 Blanc was freed and paroled from the prison but stayed in Indonesia until his final release date of 21 July 2018, as stipulated in his parole agreement. He subsequently returned to France.

References

External links
www.michael-blanc.com "Free Michel Blanc" website
www.positiveegregores.com About Michael Blanc and Florence Cassez,

1974 births
Living people
French prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Indonesia
French people imprisoned abroad
France–Indonesia relations
Inmates of Kerobokan Prison
French cannabis traffickers
Cannabis in Indonesia

Michaël Blanc


Charles Coffey (late 17th century – 13 May 1745) was an Irish playwright, opera librettist and arranger of music from Westmeath.

Following the initial failure of his ballad opera The Beggar's Wedding (Dublin, Smock Alley Theatre, 24 March 1729) - a work capitalising on the success of John Gay's The Beggar's Opera (1728) - he moved to London, where the work opened at the Haymarket on 29 May 1729. In an abbreviated form as Phebe, or The Beggar's Wedding it became highly successful, although it was not to be heard in Dublin before 1754. His fifth ballad opera, The Devil to Pay, or The Wives Metamorphos'd (1731) became the most successful ballad opera of the 18th century after The Beggar's Opera. A German translation as Der Teufel ist los, oder Die verwandelten Weiber (Berlin, 24 January 1743) strongly influenced the development of the German Singspiel.

Coffey died in London and was buried in the St Clement Danes.

Works
 A Wife and No Wife (play) (Dublin, 1724)
 The Beggar's Wedding (ballad opera) (1729)
 Southwark Fair, or The Sheep-Shearing (ballad opera) (1729)
 Female Parson, or The Beau in the Suds (balled opera) (1730)
 The Devil to Pay, or The Wives Metamorphos'd, a ballad opera written with John Mottley, based on Thomas Jevon's The Devil of a Wife (1731)
 The Boarding-School, or The Sham Captain (ballad opera based on Thomas d'Urfey's Love for Money, or, The Boarding-School) (1733)
 The Merry Cobler, or The Second Part of The Devil to Pay (ballad opera) (1735)
 The Devil Upon Two Sticks, or The Country Beau (ballad opera) (1745)

Bibliography
 Joseph Knight: "Charles Coffey", in Dictionary of National Biography vol. 11 (London, 1887)
 W. J. Lawrence: "Early Irish Ballad Opera and Comic Opera", in: The Musical Quarterly 8 (1922), pp. 397–412
 Peter Kavanagh: The Irish Theatre from the Earliest Period up to the Present Day (Tralee, 1946)
 Walter H. Rubsamen: "Mr. Seedo, Ballad Opera and the Singspiel", in: M. Querol (ed.): Festschrift Higinio Anglès vol. 2 (Barcelona, 1958–61), pp. 775–809.
 Frank Ll. Harrison: "Charles Coffey and Swift's Description of an Irish Feast", in: Swift Studies 1 (1986), pp. 32–8.
 B. H. van Boer: "The Devil to Pay, the Comic War, and the Emergence of the German Singspiel", in: Journal of Musicological Research 8 (1988), pp. 119–39.
 Aloys Fleischmann (ed.): Sources of Irish Traditional Music c.1600-1855 (New York, 1998).

References

External links

 libraryireland.com

Year of birth missing
1745 deaths
18th-century Irish male musicians
18th-century Irish classical composers
18th-century Irish dramatists and playwrights
Irish expatriates in the United Kingdom
Irish male classical composers
Irish male dramatists and playwrights
Irish music arrangers
Writers from County Westmeath
Musicians from County Westmeath

Charles Coffey


The Harp in the South is the debut novel by New Zealand-born Australian author Ruth Park. Published in 1948, it portrays the life of a Catholic Irish Australian family living in the Sydney suburb of Surry Hills, which was at that time an inner city slum.

Publication History
The Harp in the South was published, initially, in the Sydney Morning Herald in twelve daily instalments, beginning on 4 January 1947, after winning a competition run by that newspaper. The prize was £2,000, and there were 175 entries.

It was controversial, with readers writing to the newspaper, on the basis of the synopsis, even before the serialisation started. Delia Falconer writes that The Herald published "forty-three responses, a symposium, and a daily tally of pro and con letters (sixty-eight for; fifty-four against)". It was published in book form in 1948 by Angus & Robertson, who baulked at the novel but "had to honour a 'gentleman's agreement' to publish the winner".

Nonetheless, it has become a classic and has never been out of print.

Characters
Hughie Darcy:
Married to Margaret Darcy. Hughie often becomes drunk after work and his best friend is Patrick Diamond, even though Patrick is Protestant and he is Catholic. He is the father of Rowena and Dolour.  Hughie wants to get out of Surry Hills and back to the bush but he has a family to support so is trapped.
Margaret "Mumma" Darcy:
Mother of Rowena and Dolour, mother-in-law of Charlie Rothe. She is a devout Catholic and although generally accepting, sometimes fights with Patrick Diamond (their lodger) over his religious beliefs.
Rowena "Roie" Darcy:
Married to Charlie Rothe, they have one child, Moira, known as "Motty". In her youth, she was courted by Tommy Mendel, but after sleeping with her, he disappeared. Roie secretly works at two jobs to save enough for an abortion when she discovers she is expecting Tommy's baby, but at the last minute cannot go through with it. On her way home, she is attacked and savagely beaten by a group of sailors and loses the  baby.
Charlie Rothe:
Charlie is assumed to be part Aboriginal although he does not know his parents as he was taken away as a baby and put in a home. He is married to Rowena Darcy whom he met when her younger sister, Dolour took part in a radio quiz show,  "Junior Information Please".  Roie was feeling sick and he helped her outside for air. Charlie knows there is no racial prejudice with Roie but Margaret does not accept him at first and Dolour is angry with him for stealing Roie from her.
Dolour Darcy:
Dolour is the youngest in her family. A very bright girl, she aspires to get a good education and escape from Surry Hills. She is aunty to "Motty" Roie's child and good friends with elderly Chinese greengrocer, Lick Jimmy.
Patrick Diamond:
The Darcy's fervent Protestant lodger. Every St. Patrick's day, he gets drunk and verbally abuses Mrs. Darcy. When he suffers a stroke, Lick Jimmy performs an emergency 'bleed' by cutting open a vein to ease the pressure. Pat was unaware of this, as he had passed out because Hughie, also drunk, had hit him.
Miss Sheily:
Mother to disabled Johnny Sheily, she constantly abuses him. When he is knocked down and killed she seems relieved rather than upset. Later, Roie sees her flagellating herself and crying Johnny's name. She marries a Swedish man named Gunnarson.

Sequel and prequel
In 1949, Ruth Park published Poor Man's Orange as a sequel to The Harp in the South. A prequel, Missus, was published in 1985.

Adaptations

1949 stage adaptation
See The Harp in the South (play)

1951 Radio Adaptation
See The Harp in the South (radio serial).

1964 British TV version
See The Harp in the South (British TV play)

1986 and 1987 miniseries
The Harp in the South and its sequel Poor Man's Orange were adapted into TV miniseries, the former in 1986, the latter in 1987.

The Harp in the South and Poor Man's Orange have been released by Roadshow Entertainment as a 3-DVD package.

Cast

2014 stage script adaptation
In 2013 & 2014 G.bod Theatre in association with NIDA Independent, developed a new adaptation of Ruth Park's original novel. This was the first adaptation approved by Ruth Park's estate since 1949. An invited audience saw the development in progress, at NIDA, in both 2013 and 2014. The adaptation has yet to be staged.

2018 stage adaptation
Kate Mulvany adapted The Harp in the South, its prequel and sequel into a six-hour play over two-parts. It was first produced by the Sydney Theatre Company at the Roslyn Packer Theatre from August 2018, directed by Kip Williams.

References

External links

Harp in the South at Australian Screen Online

1948 Australian novels
1980s Australian television miniseries
Network 10 original programming
Period television series
Novels set in Sydney
Novels by Ruth Park
Surry Hills, New South Wales
Irish-Australian culture
1948 debut novels
Angus & Robertson books

The Harp in the South


Charles Sidney Hirsch (March 30, 1937 – April 8, 2016) was an American forensic pathologist who served as the Chief Medical Examiner of New York City from 1989 until 2013. He oversaw the identification of victims from the World Trade Center attacks in 2001.

Biography
Hirsch graduated with a B.S. degree in 1958 with high distinction from the University of Illinois, Urbana. He attended the University of Illinois College of Medicine campus in Chicago, Illinois, and received his M.D. in 1962. Hirsch was recognized with the Distinguished Alumnus Award by his medical school, delivering the commencement address at the school's 2003 graduation ceremonies.

Hirsch was a forensic pathologist in Baltimore, Maryland in 1966 and 1967. He served in Cuyahoga County, Ohio (which includes Cleveland) as deputy coroner from 1969 to 1979 and in Hamilton County, Ohio (which includes Cincinnati) from 1979 to 1985 as director of forensic pathology. He had been the Chief Medical Examiner of Suffolk County, New York, an office that performed an average of 15,000 autopsies per year since 1985. In April 1988, a special panel unanimously recommended that Hirsch be chosen to fill the vacancy in the New York City Medical Examiner's Office, to succeed Dr. Elliot M. Gross, who had been dismissed by the Mayor of New York City Ed Koch in October 1987.

September 11, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Center
As head of the New York City Medical Examiners Office, Hirsch and six aides went to establish a temporary morgue for the victims of the September 11, 2001, attacks at the World Trade Center. When the North Tower collapsed, two members of the team were severely injured and Hirsch was thrown to the ground and bruised over much of his body, and left covered with dust over his entire body. Emptying the pulverized concrete from his pockets that day, Hirsch realized that many of the victims would have suffered a similar fate and been "rendered into dust". The Chief Medical Examiner's office has been responsible for the identification of the 20,000 body parts recovered at the site, and has used DNA and other medical technology to identify the individuals and to notify their families.

After the 2006 death from respiratory disease of James Zadroga, a New York City Police Department Detective who had spent 450 hours as a rescue worker at Ground Zero, the Ocean County, New Jersey medical examiner's office, conducted an autopsy in April 2006 and reported that "It is felt with a reasonable degree of medical certainty that the cause of death in this case was directly related to the 9/11 incident" making Zadroga, 34 years old at the time of his death, the first 9/11 responder whose death was directly linked with toxic Ground Zero substances. An autopsy conducted by Hirsch in October 2007 found that Zadroga's death was not related to his time at Ground Zero, with Hirsch and another medical examiner signing a statement that "It is our unequivocal opinion, with certainty beyond doubt, that the foreign material in your son's lungs did not get there as the result of inhaling dust at the World Trade Center or elsewhere." Hirsch concluded that Zadroga died from self-injection of prescription drugs, with Hirsch finding severe scarring in his lungs that he determined was caused by cellulose and talc granulomas and stating (through a spokesperson) that "The lung disease he had was a consequence of injecting prescription drugs". Officials from the Chief Medical Examiner's office met with the Zadroga family to present his findings. A third opinion obtained by Zadroga's family later that month from Dr. Michael Baden, chief forensic pathologist of the New York State Police (and former New York City Medical Examiner), backed the original claim of WTC dust responsibility, citing the presence of glass fibers in Zadroga's lungs that could not be related to injecting drugs. The Daily News criticized Hirsch in a November 2007 editorial, stating that the results blaming the death on drug use "libeled the memory of Detective James Zadroga" and that Hirsch had "committed a gross injustice that no apology can ever set right".

As part of a March 2007 filing by families of 9/11 victims who want to conduct additional searches for remains, a letter from Hirsch signed in 2003 was included stating that cremated human remains, resulting from the initial fires when the towers were hit and the continuing flames in the pit, were included in the debris taken to the Fresh Kills Landfill, and that he believed it was "virtually certain that at least some human tissue is mixed with the dirt at the Staten Island landfill."

Retirement and death
Hirsch announced his retirement on February 6, 2013, after 23 years as New York City's chief medical examiner.

Hirsch died in Westwood, New Jersey, on April 8, 2016, from unspecified complications of several illnesses.

References

1937 births
2016 deaths
American forensic pathologists
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign alumni
Chief Medical Examiners of the City of New York
University of Illinois College of Medicine alumni

Charles Hirsch


FC Marek () is a Bulgarian football club based in Dupnitsa, currently playing in the Second League, the second level of the Bulgarian football league system. It was founded in 1947 following the unification of four local clubs. Home matches take place at Bonchuk Stadium, where Marek famously defeated Bayern Munich in 1977. Bonchuk stadium has a capacity of 16,000. The team last played top-flight football during the 2014–15 season.

Marek's greatest achievement is winning the 1978 Bulgarian Cup.

Honours
 Domestic
First League:
 Third place (2): 1948, 1977

Second League:
 Winners (1): 2014

Bulgarian Cup:
 Winners (1): 1978

History

Early history (1919–1947)
The people of Dupnitsa watched football being played for the first time by foreign troops stationed in the city during World War I. Over the next several years, four clubs were founded in the city: Slavia, Levski, ZHSK, and Athletic. In 1923, these clubs participated in the formation of the Southwest Football League and, between 1935 and 1944, they frequently took part in the finals of the national tournaments. By 1944, each of the four had their own stadium.

Marek (1947–1970)

In 1947, Slavia, Levski, ZHSK, and Athletic decided to merge into one club, which was named Marek, after the nickname of Stanke Dimitrov, a local hero of the Bulgarian Communist Party. Marek is an abbreviation for Marxism, Antifascist, Revolutionary, Emigrant, Communist.

In 1948, Marek became a part of the newly created first division, the Bulgarian A PFG, finishing eighth out of ten clubs in season 1948–49. The club was relegated to 2nd division, B PFG, in 1950. Marek subsequently won promotions to the Bulgarian A PFG in 1952 and 1956, followed by immediate relegation to B PFG the following seasons, 1953 and 1957, respectively. During these years, Marek's greatest achievement was 5th place in the Bulgarian A PFG during the 1960–61 season. The team's coach at that time was Lyuben Petrov. Up until the mid-1970s, Marek bounced back and forth between the first and second divisions of Bulgarian football.

Success in Bulgaria and Europe (1975–1981)

The most notable successes for Marek came in the late 1970s and early 1980s when the club finished third in the league in 1977 and won the cup in 1978, defeating overwhelming favorites CSKA Sofia 1:0 in front of 75,000 spectators at the Vasil Levski National Stadium in Sofia.

During the 1976–77 season, Marek defeated CSKA twice, home and away, with the scores 2:1 and 3:1. That season, the club led the league for several rounds and at the end the team fought tooth and nail with Slavia Sofia for the third place in the table. Marek won the decisive game against Slavia in Dupnitsa by the score of 1:0, finishing 3rd and earning an entry into the 1977–78 UEFA Cup. This is Marek's best finish to date in the top flight of Bulgarian football.

In this period the team also played in Europe: UEFA Cup, Cup Winners' Cup, and Intertoto Cup. Victories include games  against Bayern (a 2–0 victory), against Ferencváros of Hungary (a 3–0 victory), and against Aberdeen of Scotland (a 3–2 victory), then led by coach Alex Ferguson. The return leg in Scotland was tied 0–0 until late in the game, when substitute Gordon Strachan scored a goal and led his team to a 3–0 victory.

The club also competed in the 1980 Intertoto Cup against IFK Göteborg (2–3, 1–4) – a team that won the UEFA Cup just a year later;B 93 Copenhagen (2–0, 2–3), and Austria Salzburg (4–2, 2–2) to finish second in the group. The following season Marek once again competed in the Intertoto Cup-against Stuttgarter Kickers (0–1, 0–2), Viking (1–2, 0–3), and Willem II (0–1, 1–4) and finished last in its group.

Stadium and fans:
The team is known for its loyal supporters and the local stadium "Bonchuk Stadium" is infamous for being a difficult place for visiting teams. "Bonchuk Stadium" holds 16,050 people. The town of Dupnitsa was known as the "city on wheels", because thousands of loyal Marek fans would follow the team at away games to remote parts of Bulgaria.

Famous players:
Among the most famous players of Marek are Kiril Milanov, Dimitar Isakov, Nikolay "Shultz" Krastev, Sasho Pargov, Ivan and Ventzi Petrov, Stoyan Stoyanov (a goalkeeper), Asen Tomov, and Dimitre Dimitrov-Miki. The coach associated with the successes of Marek is Yanko Dinkov.

Recent history (2001–2010)

In 1983, Marek was relegated to B PFG and then the third division of Bulgarian football. After over a decade of playing in the lower divisions, in 2001 Marek returned triumphantly to the Bulgarian A PFG.

As a participant in the Intertoto Cup, Marek tied 1–1 the German Bundesliga club VfL Wolfsburg in 2003, but lost away from home the second leg, 0–2, and was eliminated from the tournament. The team finished 7th at the conclusion of the 2003–04 season, 9th at the end of the 2004–05 season, 11th after the 2005–06 season, and 12th at the end of the 2006–07 football season of the Bulgarian premier division, Bulgarian A PFG (out of 16 teams). In 2006–07, Marek secured its place in the Bulgarian top division for the next season with a 1–0 home win over the powerhouse CSKA Sofia.

During the 2007–08 season, Marek was plagued by injuries of key players, several coaching changes and a not-so-well covered conflict between the senior players of the club: Angelo and Yanek Kyuchukov and the club president, Yordan Andreev. Further, the team sold their best and most talented player, Enyo Krastovchev, to Levski Sofia.
As a result, the team finished in last place, 16th, with only 5 wins in 30 games, in the Bulgarian A PFG, and was relegated to B PFG for the 2008–09 season.

Before the start of the 2008–09 season in B PFG, the team held its pre-season training in France in an attempt by the club President Andreev to compile a team made up exclusively of young foreign players. The team even had a Portuguese coach for the first few games of the season. The regular season started disastrously for Marek. After several consecutive losses, the Portuguese coach was fired, and all but one of the foreign players left the club.

Marek barely survived the 2008–09 season in B PFG, finishing 14th out of 16 teams, winning only 7 out of 30 regular season games, scoring 29 and conceding 48 goals.

During the 2009–10 season in B PFG, the team was coached by Velin Kostadinov and player-manager Angelo Kyuchukov. The team found more consistency and finished comfortably in 10th place with 41 points.

A New Beginning (2010–)
The Bulgarian Football Federation denied Marek the license to compete in B Group for the 2010–11 season due to the team's financial debts. Thus, the club had to start over and compete at the lowest level of Bulgarian football, in the regional amateur league, Zona Rila. The team's new coach became Ivaylo Pargov, a former player for the team.

During the 2010–11 season, Marek dominated the local amateur division and after winning all but one of its regular season games, thus earning a playoff game against Belasitsa Petrich for the right to play in the third division, V AFG. The play-off game was tied after 90 minutes, 1–1, and Belasitsa went on to win on penalties.

Despite the lost playoff and the prospect of spending a second season in the regional amateur league, a number of third division teams declined participation prior to the upcoming 2011–12 season due to financial insolvency. Thus, Marek was administratively promoted to the third division, for the 2011–12 season.

During the 2012–13 season, Marek finished first in the Southwest V AFG and earned automatic promotion to the Bulgarian Second Division, B PFG

Marek surprised its numerous fans with a fantastic 2013–14 season in the Second Division, dominating its opponents and securing promotion to A PFG with four games to go, this returning to the top level after a six-year absence.

The return to A PFG proved difficult as Marek finished the 2014–2015 season in 11th place out of 12 teams, and the team was relegated. Marek won only six games the entire season, vs. Haskovo three times, at Cherno More and vs. Slavia Sofia.

After the conclusion of the 2014–2015 season, Marek did not receive a professional license from the Bulgarian Football Federation due to unpaid financial obligations to government institutions, and the team was relegated to the amateur divisions.

Subsequently, Marek was fined by the Bulgarian Football Federation due to "suspicion" of match fixing and the club ownership decided to dissolve the existing club and register a new FC Marek 1915, which started competing from the lowest level of football in Bulgaria, 4th regional division, during the 2015–2016 season.

Following an undefeated season, and navigating through two rounds of playoffs, Marek earned a promotion to the 3rd division for season 2016–17.

After several years in the third division, Marek returned to the Second League for season 2021–2022. Despite a brave effort, Marek did not manage to secure safety in the second level, suffering immediate relegation. The team had a chance to stay in the second tier up until the penultimate round.

Marek returned to the Second League after just one season in the third level, comfortably finishing in first place in the Southwest Third League promotion group.

Marek in Europe

UEFA cup

Cup Winners' Cup

Intertoto Cup
{|class="wikitable"
|-bgcolor="#efefef"
! Year
! Stage
! Match
! Results
|-
|1980
|align=right|group
|align=left|Marek Dupnitsa –  IFK Göteborg
|align=right|2–3, 1–4
|-
|1980
|align=right|group
|align=left|Marek Dupnitsa –  Austria Salzburg
|align=right|4–2, 2–2
|-
|1980
|align=right|group
|align=left|Marek Dupnitsa –  B 93 Copenhagen
|align=right|2–0, 2–3
|-
|1981
|align=right|group
|align=left|Marek Dupnitsa –  Stuttgarter Kickers
|align=right|0–1, 0–2
|-
|1981
|align=right|group
|align=left|Marek Dupnitsa –  Viking
|align=right|1–2, 0–3
|-
|1981
|align=right|group
|align=left|Marek Dupnitsa –  Willem II
|align=right|0–1, 1–4
|-
|2002
|align=right|1/32
|align=left|Marek Dupnitsa –  Caersws FC
|align=right|2–0, 1–1
|-
|2002
|align=right|1/16
|align=left| FC Ashdod – Marek Dupnitsa
|align=right|1–1, 0–1
|-
|2002
|align=right|1/8
|align=left|Marek Dupnitsa –  Slaven Belupo
|align=right|0–3, 1–3
|-
|2003
|align=right|1/32
|align=left| Videoton – Marek Dupnitsa
|align=right|2–2, 1–1
|-
|2003
|align=right|1/16
|align=left|Marek Dupnitsa –  VfL Wolfsburg
|align=right|1–1, 0–2
|-
|2004
|align=right| 1/32
|align=left|Marek Dupnitsa –  FC Dila Gori
|align=right|0–0, 2–0
|-
|2004
|align=right|1/16
|align=left| Genk – Marek Dupnitsa
|align=right|2–1, 0–0
|-
|}

League positions

Current squad
As of 1 August 2023

For recent transfers, see Transfers summer 2023.

Notable players

References

Marek
Marek

1915 establishments in Bulgaria

FC Marek Dupnitsa


Man Mohan Sharma,  (born May 1, 1937) is an Indian chemical engineer. He was educated at Jodhpur, Mumbai, and Cambridge. At age 27, he was appointed Professor of Chemical Engineering in the Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai. He later went on to become the Director of UDCT, the first chemical engineering professor to do so from UDCT.

In 1990, he became the first Indian engineer to be elected as a Fellow of Royal Society, UK. He was awarded the Padma Bhushan (1987) and the Padma Vibhushan (2001) by the President of India. he has also been awarded the Leverhulme Medal of the Royal Society, the S.S. Bhatnagar Prize in Engineering Sciences (1973), FICCI Award (1981), the Vishwakarma medal of the Indian National Science Academy (1985), G.M. Modi Award (1991), Meghnad Saha Medal (1994), and an honorary Doctor of Science degree from Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi (2001).

Education
Sharma obtained Bachelor of Chemical Engineering (1958) from UDCT and subsequently MSc (Tech) in 1960. He obtained PhD (Chemical Engineering) (1964) at Cambridge University with Peter Danckwerts. In 1964, he returned to India as Professor at the University of Bombay, and later became Director of the University Department of Chemical Technology (UDCT) (now the Institute of Chemical Technology). He served as Professor for 33 years at UDCT, along with 8 years as Director of this institute.

Academic career
Sharma made contributions to chemical engineering science and technology. His studies on Bronsted based catalysis in CO2 hydration (published in the Transactions of Faraday Society) and subsequently kinetics of COS absorption in aqueous amines and alkanolamines brought out linear free energy relationship between CO2 and COS absorption in solutions of amines and alkanolamines. He has contributed extensively on the role of microphases in multiple reactions which he pioneered. He also became an independent Editor of Chemical Engineering Science at a young age. He taught different subjects in chemical engineering and encouraged his doctoral students, from the very beginning, to publish independently their work in renowned journals.

Under his stewardship, UDCT was granted autonomy by the UGC and the Institute increased the number of PhD graduates.

Awards
Sharma is a recipient of a number of prestigious academic honours and awards including the 1977 Moulton Medal of the Institution of Chemical Engineers, and is himself commemorated in the M M Sharma Medal awarded by the same institution for outstanding research contributions.

He won the Leverhulme Medal of the Royal Society "for his work on the dynamics of multi-phase chemical reactions in industrial processes". He was awarded the Padma Vibhushan (in 2001), and Padma Bhushan (in 1987) by the President of India. He was INSA President (1989–90). He is a Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore, Honorary Fellow of the National Academy of Sciences (India), Allahabad, Fellow of the Royal Society, London. Subsequently, he was elected Honorary Fellow by the Royal Academy of Engineering and is Foreign Associate of the US National Academy of Engineering.

He has been honoured by several universities including IITs by honorary doctorates.

Further reading

References

External links

1937 births
Living people
Indian chemical engineers
Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in science & engineering
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering
Rajasthani people
Fellows of the Royal Society
Engineers from Rajasthan
University of Mumbai alumni
Institute of Chemical Technology alumni
People from Jodhpur
Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences
20th-century Indian engineers
Fellows of The National Academy of Sciences, India
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Engineering
Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science

Man Mohan Sharma


Aakash Gupta is an Indian Comedian, actor, YouTuber and theatre artist. He was the co-winner of the second season of the stand-up comedy competition television series Comicstaan. He is trained in performing arts and sketch comedy.

Early life
Born and raised in Delhi, Gupta did his schooling at Sumermal Jain Public School. Gupta attended Delhi University graduating with a Bachelor in Commerce with Honours. He was first exposed to the theatre in college and where he was well known as a performer. He performed in several streets and stage plays in his college and also various other college fests such as Mood Indigo (IIT Bombay, IIT Delhi). In his final year, Gupta was the president of Natuve- The theatre society of Shaheed Bhagat Singh College. After graduation Gupta worked as an audit associate with KPMG for one year, while doing theatre on weekends with different groups in Delhi.

Early career
Gupta eventually chose to quit his corporate job and to focus on learning different forms of theatre, while keeping up his work in comedy and improv. In 2014, he did an internship at Radio Mantra. Gupta further explored acting by undertaking professional training in Red Nose Clowning & Commedia dell'arte from Indian and German acting teachers.

After leaving KPMG, Gupta developed an interest in improv comedy and joined a comedy improv collective in Delhi in 2014 called Cueless Improv under the guidance of Varoon Anand, Delhi's experienced improv trainer. Gupta continued learning improvised comedy and did multiple improv shows for two years with the group. In 2014, he began pursuing a career in stand-up comedy after performing at an open mic at Akshara Theatre in Delhi.

Aakash finally released his first stand up video on YouTube in 2017 after three years of doing stand up. This video was recorded in the Mumbai venue, The Habitat (formerly known as Tuning Fork).

Stand-up
Gupta began pursuing a career in stand-up comedy after performing various improv shows. Gupta's national comedy tours began after the success of his first two stand-up videos titled: Train Journeys & Honeymoon Trips and Relationships, Clubbing & Cocktails with his Stand up solo titled Bhai Khush Raha Kar (Brother Stay Happy).

In 2018, Delhi Metro video released became a worldwide viral sensation and has been the highest watched video on the channel till date. When Aakash auditioned for Comicstaan 2 which aired on Amazon Prime Video he quickly become a popular contestant amongst audiences. He consistently received the highest scores in most episodes. His unique sketch comedic style landed him in the grand finale of the show and he ended up being the co-winner of Season 2 along with Samay Raina. After his new found fame from Comicstaan, Aakash started doing multiple shows across India and filled up auditoriums and college gigs.
Gupta in 2019

YouTube
Aakash released a new stand-up video titled Dogs followed by Sarojini Nagar which again became trending on YouTube. Sarojini Nagar was one of the first Indian stand-up videos to trend at #1 on YouTube. Most overseas fans of Aakash discovered him on YouTube, as well. This helped him cross 1 million subscribers on YouTube. He received his Youtube Silver Play Button on 11 September 2018 and his Youtube Gold Play Button on 22 July 2020. In 2022, he realised a stand up video Paan, which trended #2 on YouTube in less than 12 hours after release.

OTT Work
Gupta was a part of a comedy reality show on Amazon Prime video titled LOL: Hasse Toh Phasse along with Sunil Grover, Gaurav Gera, Kusha Kapila, Mallika Dua, Cyrus Broacha and more. In 2021, he appeared in the first season of Netflix's Comedy Premium League (CPL), carrying out debates and roasts. Gupta teamed up with Kenny Sebastian, Kaneez Surka, Prashasti Singh and they called themselves The Gharelu Gilehris (Homely Squirrels). Later in May 2021, he wrote, directed, and acted in sketches for the newly launched AVOD platform Amazon Mini TV. In 2022, Gupta played a lead role in the web series Couple Goals S3 which premiered on Amazon Mini TV.

Personal life
Aakash keeps his personal life private on social media. He got married in October 2021. The wedding was attended by many famous comics and content creators. Stand up comedian, Gaurav Kapoor made a highly viewed vlog about the wedding.

Filmography

References

External links

Living people
Indian comedians
Indian stand-up comedians
Indian YouTubers
Comedy YouTubers
Indian male comedians
1993 births

Aakash Gupta


Sun Beau (1925 – c.1943) was an American Thoroughbred Champion Hall of Fame racehorse.

Background
Sun Beau was sired by Sun Briar. His damsire was Fair Play, who sired Man o' War.

Racing career
Racing as a two-year-old in 1927, Sun Beau developed slowly, winning only once in four starts. Trained by Charles W. Carroll, at age three,  he finished 11th in the 1928 Kentucky Derby and 5th in the Preakness Stakes under jockey John Craigmyle. However, Sun Beau began to show improvement and wound up the season with eight wins. At age four, the colt set a record for a 1¼ mile race while winning the first of three consecutive Hawthorne Gold Cup Handicaps at Hawthorne Race Course near Chicago. Several more important victories earned him the first of three straight U.S. Champion Older Male Horse titles.  At the end of his racing career, Sun Beau's total earnings were $376,744.

Sun Beau continued to race at ages five and six, winning nine races in each year, the most of any year he had raced. He retired as the all-time leader in race earnings. During his five-year career, he had eight trainers.

Stud record
Sun Beau was sent to stud duty at his owner's Remlik Farm near Urbanna, Virginia. He sired few stakes winners, none of which achieved his level of success. The last of his progeny was born in 1944. He died in 1943.

Honors
In 1996, Sun Beau was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame.

References

1925 racehorse births
1943 racehorse deaths
Thoroughbred family 4-r
Racehorses bred in Virginia
Racehorses trained in the United States
Horse racing track record setters
United States Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame inductees

Sun Beau