Lacy Janson (born February 20, 1983) is an American track and field athlete who specialized in the pole vault. She was the 2010 USA indoor champion in the event and represented her country at the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships. At college level, she won both an outdoor and an indoor NCAA title for Florida State University.

Career
Born in Norfolk, Virginia, she attended Cardinal Mooney High School in Sarasota, Florida. She was the 2001 United States high school champion in the pole vault and went on to win the gold medal at the Pan American Junior Championships in Athletics that year. She was the 2002 USA Junior Champion in the pole vault and reached the final of the 2002 World Junior Championships in Athletics, although she failed to record a height in the last round.

She joined Florida State University in 2002 and, representing the FSU Seminoles, she won NCAA All-American honours indoors and out that year. She also broke the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) pole vault records at the indoor and outdoor championships. Janson repeated the ACC double in 2003 and took her first major college title at the NCAA Women's Indoor Track and Field Championship. She gained two further NCAA All-American honours in 2004 and 2005. In her final year at FSU she was the runner-up at the NCAA Indoor meet and became the 2006 ACC Outdoor champion with a personal record vault of 4.58 meters. She won the NCAA Outdoor title later that season, defeating Chelsea Johnson on countback.

Upon graduation, she began to compete as a professional and in her first year she was the runner-up at the 2007 USA Indoor Track and Field Championships and won the bronze medal at the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships. She improved her best that year to 4.60 m, which ranked her as the second best American in the discipline that year after Jenn Stuczynski. Janson had less success the following year, finishing just outside the medal at the indoor nationals and placing tenth at the 2008 Olympic Trials.

Her progress stalled in the 2009 season – she was eighth at the USA Outdoors and her best that year came at the Sparkassen Cup in February, where she cleared 4.50 m. In spite of this, the following year proved to be a big step forward in her career. She took her first national title in 2010, winning at the USA Indoor Championships. She also cleared a new career best height of 4.66 m in February that year at the Tyson Invitational – a mark which ranked her in the top ten women vaulters that year. This led to her making her global debut at the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships. Her first appearance was disappointing, however, as she took three attempts at 4.35 m but missed all three and finished in last place. She competed on the 2010 IAAF Diamond League circuit and her best outdoor performance that year came at the Herculis meeting, where she finished third.

In 2011, she won at the Adidas Grand Prix in New York and placed third nationally at the 2011 USA Championships. This gained her a place on the team for the 2011 World Championships, but she did not get past the qualifying stage.

In 2012, she qualified for the USA Olympic team and competed in the London Olympic Games, finishing in 15th place in the qualifying round and therefore not progressing further.

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
American female pole vaulters
Florida State Seminoles women's track and field athletes
Sportspeople from Norfolk, Virginia
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic track and field athletes for the United States
USA Indoor Track and Field Championships winners

Lacy Janson


Herman Schneider (1872 – March 28, 1939), engineer, architect, and educator, was the main founder of cooperative education in the United States and president of the University of Cincinnati.

Biography
While at Lehigh University at the beginning of the 20th century, he concluded that the traditional classroom was insufficient for technical students.  Schneider observed that several of the more successful Lehigh graduates had worked to earn money before graduation.  Gathering data through interviews of employers and graduates, he devised the framework for cooperative education (1901).  About that time, Carnegie Technical School, now Carnegie Mellon University, opened and thereby minimized the need for Schneider's co-op plan in the region around Lehigh University.  However, in 1903 the University of Cincinnati appointed Schneider to their faculty, and later, in 1906, allowed him an experimental year to implement his plan.  Following that year, the University of Cincinnati gave him full permission for the co-op program.

His idea was that industry had the best equipment, and that it was very expensive for the University of Cincinnati to purchase equipment that would quickly become outdated. Further, there was the expense of maintaining the building. He surmised that it would take four or more years for a student trained in engineering to become familiar with an employer's needs. Then there was industrial, mechanical and civil engineering.

Schneider, beginning from the rank of assistant professor, rose through the rank of dean of engineering (1906–1928) to become president (1929–32) of the University of Cincinnati, based largely upon the strength of the co-op program.  Throughout his career, he was an advocate for the co-op framework.  His thirty years of service to the University of Cincinnati are partly credited for that institution's worldwide fame.

Cincinnati's example was soon followed by  Northeastern University  using co-op in their engineering program, in 1922 extending it to the College of Business Administration and other new colleges.  By 1919, Antioch College had adapted the co-op practices to their liberal arts curricula, for which reason many called co-op the "Antioch Plan".

In 1926, Dean Schneider invited those interested in forming an Association of Co-operative Colleges (ACC) to the University of Cincinnati for the first convention.  The idea took hold, and was followed by three more annual conventions.  In 1929, the Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education, now called American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE), formed the Division of Cooperative Engineering Education, incorporating the membership of the ACC.
Also in 1926 the General Motors Institute (GMI) was opened following this model to train new General Motors hires. This school was later renamed Kettering University.

In 1965, The Cooperative Education and Internship Association (CEIA) created "The Dean Herman Schneider Award" in honor of the contributions made by Dean Schneider in cooperative education.  The award is given annually to an outstanding educator from faculty or administration.

Schneider was unable to get those at the University of Pittsburgh to accept his ideas, for he was only an assistant professor. He wrote an article about cooperative engineering, which Charles William Dabney, who was recently appointed University President read. Concurrently Schneider came to Dabney, and wanted to earn a masters or a PhD in order that people would listen to him. Dabney had come from Tennessee, and he had a similar idea that wanted to propose in the Ag School. He was impressed with Schneider's depth of thinking and told him that he did not need additional degrees, he simply needed to be Dean. Thus, he asked Schneider to be patient, for there would soon be a position open. Shortly, the original dean resigned, and Schneider was appointed in his place.

The value was that the engineering school, which had entered into cooperative arrangements with what was to become Milicron, and several other tool and die shops, would hire these men, teach them to use the equipment and then try to design better equipment. For their work they were paid, but the school now could teach twice as many students—giving them the mathematics, drawing, physics, etc., that they would need, and then they would go out and work x months and implement their ideas. The industries liked this because they got engineers upon graduation who could start immediately in solving their problems. Further, they knew that these men would probably keep working on the problem that they had uncovered while they were working at their shops, for which they didn't have to pay—the latter was not advertised, but could be predicted if one picked people who had an engineering mind. Cincinnati had a large number of men trained in Germany, who also were able to design or improve machines. Cincinnati was in the business of making the machine that would make the machine.

Schneider worked hard at his deanship, but Frederick Charles Hicks succeeded Dabney when he left in 1920. A number of similar efforts in fields that would benefit from practical combined with academic work—now called internships—were presented to Schneider. When Hicks left, there was considerable angst. Hicks had been dean of Commerce (Business) and they understood each other's goals. After some persuasion, Schneider became the interim President of the University, reluctantly, be he set to doing the same kind of forward thinking that he had done with Engineering. Times were harder, and the University did not pay very much. Several men looked at the job but saw it as a municipal university, not very highly ranked, and left. Therefore, Schneider finally took the job and was president of the University for several years.

He died on March 28, 1939, in Cincinnati, Ohio, at 67 years old.

References

The story of Schneider's ascendancy to the Deanship comes from the unpublished autobiography of Charles William Dabney, which is available for reading in the Archies and Rare Books Library at Blegen Hall. The story of the politics and travails of higher order academic politics is contained in the typed minutes of the Board of Directors of the University.

Further reading

External links
Theosophy, Vol. 43, No. 5, March, 1955 (Pages 218-225) Intuitive Educators: Herman Schneider 1872--1939.
More About Dean Herman Schneider at University of Cincinnati College of Engineering
He Was Ever Co-Optimistic: Herman Schneider, Co-op's Founder

1872 births
1939 deaths
American engineers
University of Cincinnati faculty
Presidents of the University of Cincinnati
Lehigh University alumni
20th-century American architects
19th-century American architects

Herman Schneider


Dame Sheila Margaret Imelda Quinn, DBE, FRCN, RGN, RM, RNT (September 16, 1920–December 8, 2016), was a British nurse and fellow of the Royal College of Nursing. She was president of the Royal College of Nursing (RCN) from 1982 to 1986. She was awarded an RCN Fellowship (FRCN) in 1978.

Born in Blackpool, England on September 16, 1920, she was educated at the Convent of the Holy Child, Jesus (Layton Hill Convent, Blackpool), now known as St Mary's Catholic High School (Blackpool).

International work and honours
From 1961 to 1970, Quinn served on the administrative staff of the International Council of Nurses (ICN), of which she was executive director from 1967 to 1970. She was an ICN representative to the International Labour Organization.

She also acted as a consultant to the World Health Organization. Throughout her career, she was chief nursing officer (CNO) to the Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, regional nursing officer (RNO) for the Wessex Regional Health Authority, and chief nursing advisor for the British Red Cross.

She was appointed Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (CBE) and later elevated to Dame Commander (DBE) by Queen Elizabeth II. In 1993, the ICN awarded her the Christiane Reimann Prize, which is given every four years for outstanding contribution to the profession. Dame Sheila contributed significantly to the Problem Solving for Better Health (PSBH) program at the Dreyfus Health Foundation (DHF) since 1995.

She helped found The Brendoncare Foundation for Total Care of the Elderly in the mid-1980s.

The Quinn Centre, which was named in her honour, was established in 2002 to respond to the training and information needs of the domiciliary care sector.

Death
She died on December 8, 2016 at the age of 96 at Southampton General hospital.

References

1920 births
2016 deaths
English nurses
British nursing administrators
British people of Irish descent
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
People from Blackpool
Fellows of the Royal College of Nursing
Presidents of the Royal College of Nursing
British nurses

Sheila Quinn


IATF 16949:2016 is a technical specification aimed at the development of a quality management system which provides for continual improvement, emphasizing defect prevention and the reduction of variation and waste in the automotive industry supply chain and assembly process. It is based on the ISO 9001 standard and the first edition was published in June 1999 as ISO/TS 16949:1999. IATF 16949:2016 replaced ISO/TS 16949 in October 2016.

The standard was prepared by the International Automotive Task Force (IATF) and the "Technical Committee" of ISO. It harmonises the country-specific regulations of quality management systems.

About 30 percent of the more than 100 existing motorcar manufacturers follow the requirements of the norm but especially the large Asian manufacturers have differentiated and have their own requirements for the quality management systems of their corporate group and their suppliers.

IATF 16949 applies to the design/development, production and, when relevant, installation and servicing of automotive-related products.

The requirements are intended to be applied throughout the supply chain. For the first time vehicle assembly plants will be encouraged to seek IATF 16949 [certification].

Historical background
Many suppliers (OEMs) were asked by the car manufacturers to build and certify their quality management system according to the rules and regulations of their own country organizations, such as:
 VDA (Germany)
 AIAG (North America)
 AVSQ (Italy)
 FIEV (France)
 SMMT (UK)

But due to this regulation a supplier needed to provide two different certificates for Daimler and Chrysler (VDA 6.1 for Germany and QS 9000 America), even though the supplier delivered only to a single company. These complexities accelerated the need for harmonization.

Contents of the specification
The aim of the standard is to improve the system and process quality to increase customer satisfaction, to identify problems and risks in the production process and supply chain, to eliminate their causes and to examine and take corrective and preventive measures for their effectiveness. The focus is not on the discovery, but on the avoidance of errors.

The ten main chapters of the standards are:
 Chapter 1: Scope
 Chapter 2: Normative References
 Chapter 3: Terms and Definitions
 Chapter 4: Context of the Organization
 Chapter 5: Leadership
 Chapter 6: Planning
 Chapter 7: Support Includes Resources (personnel, infrastructure, equipment), Competence, Communication and Documented Information (record retention, engineering specifications)
 Chapter 8: Operation Includes Requirements, Design & Development, Control of Production and Release of Products & Services
 Chapter 9: Performance Evaluation
 Chapter 10: Improvement

The process-oriented approach to business processes that is addressed in the ISO 9001:2015 is the base of the standard. It looks at the business processes in a process environment in which there are interactions and interfaces that need to be recognized, mapped and controlled by the quality management system. Additionally the gateways to the exterior (to sub-suppliers, customers and to remote locations) are defined. The Standard distinguishes between customer-oriented processes, supporting processes and management processes. This process-oriented approach is intended to improve the overview of the whole process. This is not an isolated process, but a combination of all interacting business processes which affect the quality performance of a firm.

A key requirement of IATF 16949:2016 is the fulfillment of customer-specific requirements, set up by the automotive manufacturer in addition to the quality management system of their suppliers. This may have decisively contributed to the worldwide recognition of the IATF standard by many manufacturers.

Certification
The IATF 16949 standard can be applied throughout the supply chain in the automotive industry. Certification takes place on the basis of the certification rules issued by the International Automotive Task Force (IATF). The certificate is valid for three years and must be confirmed annually (as a minimum) by an IATF certified auditor (3rd Party Auditor) of an IATF recognized certification body. Re-certification is required at the expiry of the three-year period. Certification pursuant to IATF 16949 is intended to build up or enforce the confidence of a (potential) customer towards the system and process quality of a (potential) supplier. Today, a supplier without a valid certificate has little chance of supplying a Tier 1 supplier and certainly no chance of supplying a car manufacturer with standard parts, if indeed that OEM is a participating member of the IATF (most Japan OEM are members of JAMA and not members of the IATF).

Certification bodies include:
 ENCONA (Germany)
 ENCONA (United States)
 ENCONA (Taiwan)
 ENCONA (South Africa)
 TÜV Rheinland (Germany)
 BSI Group (UK)
 Bureau Veritas (France)
 DNV GL (Norway)
 DQS (Germany)
 EAGLE Certification Group (USA)
IFCE (NORTHERN IRELAND)
 SAI Global (Australia)
 SGS S.A. (Switzerland)
 TÜV NORD (Germany)
 TÜV SÜD (Germany)
 United Registrar of Systems (UK)

References

External links
 ISO/TS 16949:2009 Quality management systems—Particular requirements for the application of ISO 9001:2008 for automotive production and relevant service part organizations

16949
Automotive industry
Quality control
Automotive standards

IATF 16949


Whist is a classic English trick-taking card game which was widely played in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Whist is played by four players. They play in two partnerships with the partners sitting opposite each other. Players cut or draw cards to determine partners, with the two highest playing against the two lowest. The players then cut for deal. Unlike contract bridge, there is no bidding process. Trumps are decided by cutting a deck of cards. Therefore the game can be played by people who know nothing about modern bridge bidding.

Although the rules are simple, there is scope for scientific play. Originally it was a gambling game played in clubs and coffee houses.

History
Whist is a descendant of the 16th century game of trump or ruff. The game takes its name from the 17th century whist (or wist, or whisk) meaning quiet, silent, attentive, which is the root of the modern wistful.

Whist is first described by Charles Cotton in his The Compleat Gamester, published in London in 1674. It appears again in Seymour's Court Gamester of 1719, and we know that whist was played in some coffee houses in London. About 1728, a group led by the first Lord Folkestone played in Crown's coffee house in Bedford Row, London. They began to develop its potential as a partnership game.

Edmond Hoyle tutored wealthy young gentlemen in the game and published A Short Treatise on the Game of Whist in 1742. It became the standard text and rules for the game for the next hundred years and helped the game become fashionable. There are over 150 editions of this little book.

In the 1890s, a variant known as bridge-whist became popular. It evolved in stages to become  auction bridge, and finally contract bridge in the late 1920s.

The traditional game of whist is still played at social events called whist drives.

Rules and etiquette
The rules are how it is played; the etiquette is how the players should behave.

A standard 52-card pack is used. The cards in each suit rank from highest to lowest: A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2. Whist is played by four players, who play in two partnerships with the partners sitting opposite each other. Players cut or draw cards to determine partners, with the two highest playing against the two lowest. The players then cut for deal.

It is against the etiquette to comment on the cards in any way. One may not comment upon the hand one was dealt nor about one's good fortune or bad fortune.

The play of the cards
Many basic ideas in card-play were discovered by whist players, and survive today in contract bridge. An example is the finesse. This is an attempt to win a trick with a card lower than your best. For example: holding AQ73 in the South hand, the partnership lacks the K. North leads a low card, next hand plays low and South plays the Q. If it wins, an extra trick has been made.

Signalling between partners by means of the card-play was well understood and used. Examples are: leading the top card in a sequence, such as K from KQJx, and also leading 4th highest from any suit (which implies you hold one or two top honours in that suit). In 1834 Lord Henry Bentinck invented the "high-low" signal, which encourages partner to continue the suit. Some advanced ideas were known. Alexandre Deschapelles (17801847), a French genius at both cards and chess, invented a play now known as the Deschapelles coup. It is the sacrifice of a high-ranking card to get entry to partner's hand.

Duplicate whist
The technique of running events where all players sitting in the same direction play the same cards was invented for whist. A duplicate whist drive has placings N/S and placings E/W. Modern movements for contract bridge events are developments of that duplicate whist system.

The basic movement was invented by John T. Mitchell, a Scot who moved to the U.S. He invented the boards which hold the cards, and the movement for whist drives, in the 1890s. In the basic Mitchell movement all N/S pairs sit, while E/W pairs move one table up each round. When they move, boards go down one table. The effect of this is to divide the tournament into two halves, but later movements can avoid this. By allowing many pairs to play the same set of boards, tournament whist was invented. The idea, with variations, is still used today for bridge tournaments.

References

Daniels, David 1980. The golden age of contract bridge. NY: Stein & Day. ISBN 0-8128-2576-4. The first three chapters of this book are a history of whist, and its development into bridge-whist and auction bridge.
Butler, William Mill 2017 [reprint of 1st ed 1897] The Whist Reference Book: wherein information is presented concerning the noble game, in all its aspects, after the manner of a cyclopedia, dictionary, and digest all combined in one. Fb&C Ltd. ISBN 0265589975, 9780265589977

Card games

Whist


Adam Frederick Helmer ( 1754 – April 9, 1830), also known as John Adam Frederick Helmer and Hans Adam Friedrich Helmer, was an American Revolutionary War hero among those of the Mohawk Valley and surrounding regions of New York State. He was made nationally famous by Walter D. Edmonds' popular 1936 novel Drums Along the Mohawk with its depiction of "Adam Helmer's Run" of September 16, 1778, to warn the people of German Flatts of the approach of Joseph Brant and his company of Indians and Tories.

Background
Adam Helmer was born in German Flatts, New York, to Maria Barbara Kast, and George Friedrich Helmer, who was born on June 9, 1706, in Neustadt an der Weinstrasse a city in the Rhineland-Palatinate region in southwestern Germany. G.F. Helmer emigrated to America sometime before 1710 and eventually settled in one of the numerous Palatine farming communities on the south side of the Mohawk River in central New York.

As late as 1774, this Palatine district and others in the area widely supported British control, but with the death of the powerful loyalist Mohawk Valley landowner Sir William Johnson and news of the Declaration of Rights by the Continental Congress, anti-British sentiments began to surface and a Tryon County Committee of Safety was organized. This and the news of Continental Army resistance at the Battle of Lexington and Concord encouraged the remaining Johnson family and other loyalists to fortify their properties and to recruit Iroquois to side with the British. This in turn prompted the colonists in 1775 to organize a militia under the command of Colonel Nicholas Herkimer. Early the next year, Herkimer aided General Philip Schuyler who was sent by Congress to disarm the Loyalists. Many of the loyalists and sympathizing Iroquois led by William Johnson's son Sir John Johnson escaped to Canada where they began to organize to take back their Mohawk Valley holdings.

During the summer of 1776 Colonel Herkimer allowed his regular militia to return to their farms; however, about one out of every fifteen soldiers, including Lieutenant Adam Helmer, was assigned to ranger duty. Helmer was assigned as a scout in Captain John Breadbake's company.

Battle of Oriskany
In the summer of 1777, Herkimer, by then a brigadier general in the provincial militia, was warned by friendly Oneidas of the impending siege of Fort Stanwix (known to the Americans as Fort Schuyler) by British Lieutenant Colonel Barry St. Leger. General Herkimer ordered Tryon County militia to assemble at Fort Dayton to go to the aid of Colonel Peter Gansevoort at Fort Stanwix. G.F. Helmer and Adam Helmer's brother Johan Fredrich Helmer, as part of the Tryon County militia were called up. Herkimer sent three scouts, Captain Hans Mark Demuth, Hans Yost Folts, and Lieutenant Adam Helmer to Fort Stanwix to relay the news to Colonel Gansevoort. Pressured by his subordinate commanders on August 6, General Herkimer reluctantly and prematurely set out to attack St. Leger's army. While passing through a ravine, they were ambushed by British regulars, Tories, and Indians under the command of Joseph Brant and John Butler, thus starting what would become known as the Battle of Oriskany, Adam Helmer lost his brother, Capt. Johann Friedrich Helmer, in the battle and another, Lt. George Frederick Helmer II, was seriously wounded.

Helmer, the fittest of the three scouts, reached Fort Stanwix with the message ahead of the other two, having traversed swampy terrain and floated down river when a severe storm flooded his route. News of the Oriskany battle arrived shortly after Helmer's did, and Ganesvoort ordered an attack on the British encampments. Some combination of the weather and Gansevoort's attack contributed to the retreat of the British from the Oriskany battlefield back to their camps surrounding the fort. In any case, Herkimer's troops were able to escape to await reinforcements. Herkimer himself was wounded in the fight, returned to his home and died soon after. Gansevoort refused to submit to the siege, and the British withdrew from the area with the news that Benedict Arnold had arrived at Fort Dayton with reinforcements.

Adam Helmer's run
In September 1778, Lt. Helmer and eight scouts under his command were sent to the Unadilla River Valley to spy on Joseph Brant's company of Indians and Tories who were encamped at Unadilla near the confluence of the Unadilla and Susquehanna Rivers. It was feared that Brant would send a raiding party north to the Mohawk Valley during the harvest season to forcefully obtain stores for the winter ahead. When Helmer's scouts reached Edmeston Manor, the farm of Percifer Carr, just north of what is now South Edmeston, they were attacked by a large group of Brant's men, apparently part of the feared raiding party on its way north. Several of the scouts were killed, but Helmer managed to escape.

Helmer took off running to the north-east, through the hills, toward Schuyler Lake and then north to Andrustown (near present-day Jordanville, New York) where he warned his sister's family of the impending raid and obtained fresh footwear. He also warned settlers at Columbia and Petrie's Corners, most of whom then fled to safety at Fort Dayton. When Helmer arrived at the fort, severely torn up from his run, he told Colonel Peter Bellinger, the commander of the fort, that he had counted at least 200 of the attackers en route to the valley.  (see Attack on German Flatts (1778)). The straight-line distance from Carr's farm to Fort Dayton is about thirty miles, and Helmer's winding and hilly route was far from straight. It was said that Helmer then slept for 36 hours straight. During his sleep, on September 17, 1778, the farms of the area were destroyed by Brant's raid. The total loss of property in the raid was reported as: 63 houses, 59 barns, full of grain, 3 grist mills, 235 horses, 229 horned cattle, 279 sheep, and 93 oxen. Only two men were reported killed in the attack, one by refusing to leave his home when warned.

Three days later Helmer led another group of militia back to the Carr farm on the Unadilla, discovered the bodies of three of his scouts, and buried them at that site. The fate of the other five scouts is not known.

Helmer also served in the New York State Levies under Colonel Lewis DuBois.

Personal
Helmer married Anna Bellinger (1757–1841) and sired ten children: Frederick (1777), Margaret (1778), Anna (1781), Adam (1783), Peter (1786), Elizabeth (1788), Catharine (1790), David (179?), Maria Barbara (1795), and Eve (1800).

Adam Helmer died on April 9, 1830, in the town of Brutus in Cayuga County, New York.

Helmer in novel and film
Adam Helmer was an important but fictionalized character in Edmonds' novel, Drums Along the Mohawk. Although Helmer's military actions were generally portrayed with accuracy, including his famous run, Edmonds' description of his person varies from historic description. The book pictures Helmer as a large, unschooled, bachelor womanizer with long blonde hair, while historic descriptions indicate he was a lean , married farmer, seeming to have more in common with the book's main character, Gil Martin.

In John Ford's 1939 film adaptation of the novel, Helmer is portrayed by Ward Bond as "Adam Hartman". Helmer's run was omitted from the film and replaced with a run by Gil to get reinforcements from the nearest fort. The run is the heroic highpoint of the film.

References

Adam Helmer's Famous Run by Mildred R. Staunton
Adam Helmer's Incredible Run, A Story for Young Readers by Dorothy Loyte Blackman
Adam Helmer, 1754-1830, Ranger, messenger by Gregory F. Ketcham
Battles of the United States by Sea and Land (Ch. 21) by Henry B. Dawson, 1858
The Gazetteer and Business Directory of Herkimer County, N.Y. 1869-70

1754 births
1830 deaths
American people of German descent
New York (state) militiamen in the American Revolution
People from Brutus, New York
People from German Flatts, New York

Adam Helmer


Fort Charlotte in the centre of Lerwick, Shetland, is an artillery fort, roughly five sided, with bastions on each of three landward corners, and half-bastions on the corners of the seaward face.

History
The first incarnation of the fort was built between 1652 and 1653 during the First Anglo-Dutch War. Little is known of the original structure and no trace of it has been found.

The second structure was built on the same site by Robert Mylne under the orders of Charles II at the start of the Second Anglo-Dutch War in 1665 at a cost of £28,000. It held off a Dutch fleet in 1667 which thought it was far more heavily manned and gunned than it actually was. In fact, the walls were unfinished and there were few guns. At the end of the war it was slighted when the government decided not to station a garrison in Lerwick, and it was unmanned when the Dutch burnt it in 1673 during the Third Anglo-Dutch War.

It was rebuilt in its current form in 1781 and named after Queen Charlotte, the wife of George III, but has never seen service during hostilities since then. It housed a garrison during the Napoleonic Wars and was later a base for the Royal Naval Reserve. From 1837 to 1875 it was used as the town jail and courthouse and later a custom house and a coastguard station.

Due to land reclamation and subsequently erected docks and buildings in front of the fort, it no longer dominates the shoreline and buildings in close proximity means the overall shape can only be seen from the air.

Modern use
Today Fort Charlotte is managed by Historic Environment Scotland, and is the base for Shetland's Army Reserves.

References

External links

Fort Charlotte - Information at Historic Scotland

Buildings and structures completed in 1653
Buildings and structures completed in 1665
Category A listed buildings in Shetland
Charlotte
Charlotte
Historic Scotland properties in Shetland
Buildings and structures in Shetland
Custom houses in the United Kingdom
17th century in Scotland
Lerwick
1653 establishments in Scotland

Fort Charlotte, Shetland


Blinkers, sometimes known as blinders, are a piece of horse tack that prevent the horse seeing to the rear and, in some cases, to the side.

Description

Blinkers are usually made of leather or plastic cups placed on either side of a horse's eyes - attached either to a bridle or to an independent hood. Blinkers that have a peep hole cut in the back of the cup are known as visors.
Many racehorse trainers believe that blinkers keep horses focused on what is in front, encouraging them to pay attention to the race rather than to distractions such as crowds. Additionally,  driving horses commonly wear blinkers to keep them from being distracted or spooked, especially on crowded city streets. Most equestrian disciplines, other than racing and  harness competition, do not permit the use of blinkers at any time, under penalty of elimination. In racing, blinkers are usually seen attached to a synthetic hood placed under the bridle. In driving, they are attached to the bridle's cheekpieces.

Winkers and pacifiers

Sometimes, a "set of winkers" can refer to blinders, but winkers may also refer to a related item of tack, usually fleece tubes, that are placed on the cheekpieces of a bridle and work similarly to a shadow roll to limit a horse's range of rear vision. They do not restrict the horse's view as much as blinkers do.

In Australian thoroughbred horse racing, winkers, (fleece rolls that are placed around the bridle cheek straps) may be used. Also used in Australian racing are "pacifiers," which are a blinker-style hood with mesh eye-covers, thought by some to calm horses. They may be banned from use on wet days as they may clog up with mud.

British blinder
In the United Kingdom, a bag or cloth blindfold put over the head of a difficult horse while it is being handled (for example loaded into starting gates or mounted) is called a blinder.

Metaphorical use
Both "blinker" and "blinder" are also used metaphorically to refer to people with an overly narrow focus or inability to see the larger picture. The term can be seen as implying "a limitation or obstruction to sight or discernment".

See also
Blinders (poultry)
Bridle
Equine vision
Glossary of Australian and New Zealand punting
Horse harness

References

Further reading
Saddlery and Harness Making" Edited by Paul N. Hasluck
Winker Styles: https://web.archive.org/web/20120209093955/http://www.asteriskhorsecollars.com.au/winkers.htm

Headgear (horse)
Horse harness
Horse racing terminology

Blinkers (horse tack)


Mudi is a dog breed. It is used a lot for herding. The Mudi protects and guards without being too aggressive or hostile. This breed is intelligent, loyal, and agile.  This dog can be found in Hungary, Finland, and rarely in Europe, United States, and Canada.

Health
Health problems that have been seen in the Mudi include epilepsy, hip dysplasia, cataracts, elbow dysplasia and patellar luxation. These health issues can cause weakness in legs or difficulty getting up.

Care and maintenance
Frequently brushing a Mudi helps keep it clean from all its herding jobs. Most Mudis don't need a bath more than a few times a year. Before a bath, cut or comb out any mat in the Mudi's coat. Mudi puppies between 8-12 weeks old need to be fed four small meals a day. Mudi pups 6 months to a year old need to be fed 2 larger meals a day.

Finances
The average Mudi pup costs around $2000. Maintenance costs about $2800.

Appearance
A Mudi dog weighs about . It is  tall. It has medium, curly hair. The color can be black, white, fawn, brown, or ash.

References

Dog breeds originating in Hungary
Rare dog breeds
FCI breeds

Mudi


The Night Climbers of Cambridge is a book, written under the pseudonym "Whipplesnaith", about nocturnal climbing on the colleges and town buildings of Cambridge, England, in the 1930s. The book remains popular among Cambridge University students and the 1930s and 1950s editions can be hard to find. It is often credited with popularising and inspiring the first generation of urban explorers and night climbers.

History
After extensive research, it was revealed that "Whipplesnaith" is a pseudonym for Noël Howard Symington, who feared retribution for his work. Eric Waddams, a choral scholar at Kings, who either took or featured in most of the photographs, was a contributor. There was also a third unknown contributor.

The book was originally published in October 1937 by Chatto and Windus and proved popular. The book was revised in November 1937 and reprinted in 1952 and 1953, selling out each time. The second edition contains a reordered selection of photographs and a missing diagram explaining the escape from the roof of the Marks and Spencer, as well as other useful information on night climbing.

The book was sought after, especially in Cambridge itself where it was regarded as one of few "guidebooks" to the routes onto the roofs of the town's ancient buildings. Famous climbs documented in the book are the King's College and St John's College chapels and the "Senate House leap" across Senate House Passage between Gonville and Caius College and the Senate House. The Night Climbers of Cambridge is often credited with inspiring the next generation of urban explorers and spawned many University of Cambridge legends and traditions. Since its publication several climbs of King's College Chapel have been completed.

A new authorised edition was published on 26 October 2007 by Oleander Press, Cambridge, to mark the 70th anniversary of the original edition. The new edition includes images digitally remastered from the original negatives, and has proved popular among Oxbridge students and urban explorers.

Similar projects
In addition to The Night Climbers of Cambridge, an omnibus edition of The Roof Climber's Guide to Trinity was published on 11 July 2011 by Oleander Press. Its introduction contains further details about Symington and his book. In addition it included not before seen information on night-climbing and urban exploring in Cambridge and the surrounding towns, villages and country houses.  The Roof Climber's Guide to Trinity has remained popular, though it is easier to find in bookshops than the original Night Climbers.

Given its sometimes clandestine nature, some Cambridge students have described The Night Climbers of Cambridge as a modern day Marauder's Map of Harry Potter fame. In 2014, a team of Cambridge engineers designed an online app called the "Cambridge Marauders Map", which allowed friends to view their movements within the colleges of Cambridge and identify potential hazards. The Marauders Map app included many climbing and urban exploring features taken from The Night Climbers of Cambridge. The app is no longer publicly available.

Legacy
Symington stood for Harborough in  1950 as an independent Mosleyite candidate, receiving 273 votes. In 1958 he published the book Return to Responsibility: A New Concept of the Case for Fascism in the Post-War World.

Eric Waddams was head of music at Elizabeth College, Guernsey in the 1950s and 1960s.

The Night Climbers of Cambridge is repeatedly referred to in The Bad Quarto, a mystery novel by Jill Paton Walsh. Her novel mentions a supposed additional chapter regarding night climbing in St Agatha's College, the fictional Cambridge setting for most of Walsh's stories about Imogen Quy, college nurse at St Agatha's. Night climbing plays a central role in The Bad Quarto, along with a production of the 1603 quarto version of Hamlet.

See also
Buildering
Geoffrey Winthrop Young
Ivo Stourton
Nick Raynsford
The Night Climbers of Oxford

References

External links
Night Climbing in Cambridge,  Cambridge University Caving Club journal, 1983
Students risked their lives to scale the night time heights, Cambridge News, 24 April 2007
Nocturnal missions, The Times, 10 June 2007
Confessions of a night climber, The Times, 2 November 2007
A stegophilic view of Cambridge spires, The Daily Telegraph, 29 December 2007
Urban climbing, 1930s style, The Guardian, 21 May. 2009
 The shadowy climbers bbc.co.uk

1937 books
Books about Cambridge
Culture of the University of Cambridge
Climbing books
Works published under a pseudonym
Chatto & Windus books
Urban climbers

The Night Climbers of Cambridge


Andrew Martin is a British computer scientist at the University of Oxford, England, where he is Professor of Systems Security, Director of the Centre for Doctoral Training in Cyber Security  (2013-2023) and deputy director and lecturer in Software Engineering Programme.
He is a member of the Oxford University Department of Computer Science.

Education
He obtained BA in Mathematics and Computation (1986–1989) and  DPhil in Machine-Assisted Theorem Proving for Software Engineering (1991–1994) from the University of Oxford.

Career
After his first degree, he joined Praxis High Integrity Systems, Bath as Industrial Software Engineer. After his DPhil, he became Research Fellow at the Software Verification Research Centre in the University of Queensland in Australia. Before taking up his current post in 1999, he was briefly a lecturer in the University of Southampton.

Publications
Martin's publications cover software engineering, security, trusted computing in general and formal methods in particular

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
English computer scientists
British computer scientists
Academic staff of the University of Queensland
Academics of the University of Southampton
Members of the Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford
Fellows of Kellogg College, Oxford
Formal methods people

Andrew Martin (computer scientist)


The Red Queen: Sex and the Evolution of Human Nature is a popular science book by Matt Ridley exploring the evolutionary psychology of sexual selection.  The Red Queen was one of seven books shortlisted for the 1994 Rhône-Poulenc Prize (now known as the Royal Society Prizes for Science Books), that was eventually won by Steve Jones' The Language of the Genes. The title is in reference to the Red Queen hypothesis in evolutionary biology.

Ridley argues that few, if any, aspects of human nature can be understood apart from sex, since human nature is a product of evolution, driven by sexual reproduction in the case of sexual selection in human evolution.

Summary
The book begins with an evolutionary account of sex itself, defending the theory that sex flourishes, despite its energetic costs, primarily because a sexually mixed heritage confers to offspring a defensive "head start" against parasites received from and originally adapted to the maternal host environment.

Toward the end of the book Ridley argues that human intelligence is largely a result of sexual selection. He argues that human intelligence far outstrips any survivalist demands that would have been placed on our hominid ancestors, and analogizes human intelligence to the peacock's tail, a trait widely believed to be the result of sexual selection.  Human intelligence, he suggests, is used primarily to attract mates through prodigious displays of wit, charm, inventiveness, and individuality.  This view of Intelligence is treated at length in Geoffrey Miller's The Mating Mind: How Sexual Choice Shaped the Evolution of Human Nature (2001).

See also
The Rational Optimist: How Prosperity Evolves

References

External links
Matt Ridley on Sex and Evolution at PBS

1993 non-fiction books
Books by Matt Ridley
Popular science books
Books about evolution
Viking Press books


A sloboda (, ; ) was a type of settlement in the history of Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. The name is derived from the early Slavic word for "freedom" and may be loosely translated as "free settlement".

History
In the history of Russia, a sloboda was a settlement or a town district of people free of the power of boyars. Often these were settlements of tradesmen and artisans, and were named according to their trade:  ямская слобода (yamshchiks'  sloboda: ), smiths' sloboda, etc.

Often a sloboda was a colonization-type settlement in sparsely populated lands, particularly by Cossacks in Cossack Hetmanate, see "Sloboda Ukraine". Initially, the settlers of such sloboda were freed from various taxes and levies for various reasons, hence the name. Freedom from taxes was an incentive for colonization.

By the first half of the 18th century, this privilege was abolished, and slobodas became ordinary villages, shtetls, townlets, suburbs.

Some slobodas were suburban settlements, right behind the city wall. Many of them were subsequently incorporated into cities, and the corresponding toponyms indicate their origin.

The Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary relates that by the end of the 19th century a sloboda was a large village with more than one church, a marketplace, and volost administration, or a village-type settlement of industrial character, where the peasants have little involvement in agriculture.

The term is preserved in names of various settlements and city quarters. Some settlements were named just thus: "Sloboda", "Slobodka" (diminutive form), "Slabodka", "Slobidka" (Ukrainian).

Similar settlements existed in Wallachia and Moldavia, called slobozie or slobozia. The latter term is also the name of the capital city of Ialomița County, Slobozia, in modern Romania.

See also
Wola (settlement), a similar concept in Polish history
Lhota, a similar concept in Czech history
Royal free city

References

Types of populated places
Cossack Hetmanate
Geography of Russia
Geography of Romania
Geographic history of Ukraine

Sloboda


Harold D. (Howdy) Koontz (May 19, 1909 - February 11, 1984) was an American organizational theorist, professor of business management at the University of California, Los Angeles and a consultant for many of America's largest business organizations. Koontz co-authored the book Principles of Management with Cyril J. O'Donnell; the book has sold around two million copies and has been translated into 15 languages.

Biography
Koontz was born in 1909 in Findlay, Ohio, to Joseph Darius and Harriett (Dillinger) Koontz. He obtained his A.B. from Oberlin College, his MBA from Northwestern University in 1931, and his PhD from Yale University in 1935.

Koontz had started his academic career as instructor in business administration at Duke University in the year 1933–34. The next year, 1934–35, he was instructor in accounting and transparency at the University of Toledo. After his graduation in 1935 he was assistant professor in economics at Colgate University until 1942.

In World War II he served as a chief of traffic at the War Production Board in Washington from 1942 to 1944. Afterwards he moved into industry to become assistant to the president director of planning at Trans World Airlines from 1945 to 1948. After another two years as director commercial sales at Consolidated Vultee Aircraft Corporation, he returned to the academic world. In 1950 he was appointed professor of business management at the University of California, Los Angeles, where in 1962 he became Mead Johnson professor of management.

Koontz was awarded the Mead Johnson award in 1962; the USAF Air Force University award in 1971; the Taylor Key award in 1974; and the Fort Findlay award in 1975. Koontz died at age 75 on February 11, 1984, after suffering from arthritis.

Koontz's approach to management was "human relations". His best known advice is "manage-men-t", where "t" stands for tactfully.

Management Definition by H. Koontz " Management is an art of getting things done through and with the people in formally organized group."

Selected publications
 Harold D. Koontz, Edgar S. Furniss. Government Control of Business. 1941; 2013.
 Harold Koontz and Cyril O'Donnell. Principles of management; An analysis of managerial functions. 1955; 1968; 1972; 1976.
 Harold Koontz and R. W Gable. Public Control of Private Enterprise, 1956.
 Harold Koontz. Readings in Management, 1959.
 Harold Koontz. Requirements for Basic and Professional Education for Management, 1964.
 Harold Koontz. Management; A Book of Readings, 4th edit., 1976.
 Koontz, Harold, Cyril O'donnell, and John Halff. Management: A systems and contingency analysis of managerial functions. 1976.
 Koontz, Harold, Cyril O'Donnell, and Heinz Weihrich. Essentials of management. McGraw-Hill, 1986; Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2010.
 Weihrich, Heinz, and Harold Koontz. Management: A global perspective. Tata McGraw-Hill, 2005.

Articles, a selection
 Harold Koontz, "The Management Theory Jungle," Journal of the Academy of Management, 4 (December 1961), pp. 174–188.
 Harold Koontz, "The Management Theory Jungle Revisited," Academy of Management Review 5 (April 1980), pp. 175–187.

References

External links

 Harold D. Koontz, President (1963), aom.org

1909 births
1984 deaths
American business theorists
American consultants
20th-century American educators
Oberlin College alumni
Northwestern University alumni
Yale University alumni
Duke University faculty
University of Toledo faculty
Colgate University faculty
UCLA Anderson School of Management faculty
People from Findlay, Ohio

Harold Koontz


In Norse mythology, Geri and Freki (Old Norse: "the ravenous" and "greedy one") are two wolves who are said to accompany the god Odin. The two are most often seen at Odin's side when he is in Valhalla, feasting with the warriors who dwell in its numerous halls. They are said to devour those who would present false information to or otherwise lie to Odin.

Norse mythology
Fictional animals

Geri and Freki


Upp was a British rock-jazz fusion band, active in the 1970s. The group was originally going to be called 3 UPP, and consisted of Stephen Amazing (bass guitar), Andy Clark (keyboards) and Jim Copley (drums). David Bunce (guitar) joined on guitar for the second album.

Stephen Amazing, aka Steve Fields prior to his career in Clark Hutchinson in his teenage years, used to play bass guitar in a band called 'The Kinetics', and also, at times, in another band called 'The Abstracts'. Some photographs showing Fields in the Kinetics can be seen at Bill Chewter's Facebook page at .

Jim Copley has spoken of the genesis of the band; "Three months of rehearsing almost everyday, Jeff Beck came down to the studio to play with David Bowie who was doing his Hammersmith Odeon farewell concert in 1973. Jeff was with a friend of my dad's and he heard the band through the wall and we were doing James Brown and very funky stuff. He kicked the door open and he came in and we stopped 'cause it was Jeff Beck and he said 'please carry on, I love it, I love it!'. The band was heavily influenced by other acts like Otis Redding, Sly & The Family Stone, Stevie Wonder and Donny Hathaway.

The group were signed to CBS in 1974 They also supported Beck, Bogert & Appice at The Rainbow on 26th January 1974. and the debut album, Upp, was released in 1975. Jeff Beck produced and also played guitars on this LP, although there was no mention of him playing in the liner notes. Upp released its next album a year later, titled This Way Upp. Beck again produced this album and played guitar solos on "Dance Your Troubles Away" and "Don't Want Nothing to Change." This album was recorded at CBS Studios, London.

The group backed Beck on the 1970s BBC One special Five Faces of Guitar, which also featured Julian Bream. They played two songs, which were "Get Down in the Dirt" and Beck's arrangement of The Beatles' song "She's a Woman", with an interview about Beck's instrumentation as an intermission between the two.

A BBC radio recording was broadcast on BBC Radio 1 circa 1976.

The group's track "Give It to You" contains one of the popular breakbeats of all time, and is featured in the Ultimate Breaks and Beats  series.

Discography
Upp (1975), Epic/CBS Records
This Way Upp (1976), Epic/CBS Records
Get Down in the Dirt: The Complete Upp (2005) Castle Music—compilation album

References

External links

British jazz ensembles
British rock music groups
British jazz-rock groups

Upp (band)


Convivencia (, "living together") is an academic term, proposed by the Spanish philologist Américo Castro, regarding the period of Spanish history from the Muslim Umayyad conquest of Hispania in the early eighth century until the expulsion of the Jews in 1492. It claims that in the different Moorish Iberian kingdoms, the Muslims, Christians and Jews lived in relative peace. According to this interpretation of history, this period of religious diversity differs from later Spanish and Portuguese history when—as a result of expulsions and forced conversions—Catholicism became the sole religion in the Iberian Peninsula.

However, some voices have challenged the historicity of the above view of intercultural harmony, depicting it as a myth, and claiming that it is a "politically correct" anachronism. According to The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages, "Critics charge that [the term 'convivencia'] too often describes an idealized view of multi-faith harmony and symbiosis, while supporters retort that such a characterization is a distortion of the complex interactions they seek to understand."

Cultural meaning
Convivencia often refers to the interplay of cultural ideas between the three religious groups and ideas of religious tolerance. James Carroll invokes this concept and indicates that it played an important role in bringing the classics of Greek philosophy to Europe, with translations from Greek to Arabic to Hebrew and Latin. Jerrilynn Dodds references this concept in the spatial orientation seen in architecture that draws on building styles seen in synagogues and mosques.

An example of Convivencia was Córdoba, Andalusia in Al-Andalus, in the ninth and tenth centuries. Córdoba was "one of the most important cities in the history of the world." In it, "Christians and Jews were involved in the Royal Court and the intellectual life of the city." María Rosa Menocal,  Sterling Professor of Humanities at Yale University, further describes the libraries of Córdoba as "a significant benchmark of overall social (not just scholarly) well being, since they represented a near-perfect crossroads of the material and the intellectual."

James L. Heft, the Alton Brooks Professor of Religion at USC, describes Convivencia as one of the "rare periods in history" when the three religions did not either keep "their distance from one another, or were in conflict." During most of their co-existing history, they have been "ignorant about each other" or "attacked each other."

Historical context

The period of Islamic rule in the Iberian Peninsula began in the early eighth century when Arab invaders took political control over the Iberian Peninsula, calling it al-Andalus. With the death of ruler Al-Hakam II in 976, the Caliphate began to dissolve and fragmented into six large states and a number of smaller ones. Al-Andalus was briefly consolidated again by Muslim invaders and reformists, the Almoravids and the Almohads, in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. The Christian kingdoms progressively expanded south taking over Muslim territory in what is historiographically known as the Reconquista, effectively confining al-Andalus to the southern Emirate of Granada, ruled by the Nasrid dynasty from 1231 to 1492.

End of the Convivencia

The Almohad Muslim dynasty forced Christians and Jews to convert, and forced Muslims into their interpretation of the faith. Among those who chose exile rather than conversion or death was the Jewish philosopher Maimonides.

While the Reconquista was ongoing, Muslims and Jews who came under Christian control were allowed to practise their religion to some degree. This ended in the late 15th century with the fall of Granada in 1492. Even before this event, the Spanish Inquisition had been established in 1478. In 1492, with the Alhambra decree, those Jews who had not converted to Catholicism were expelled. Many Jews settled in Portugal, where they were expelled in 1497.

Following a failed revolt in Granada in 1499, the Muslims in Granada and in the Crown of Castile were forced to convert, face death, or be expelled. This happened as the treaty assuring religious freedom at the time of Granada's surrender in 1492 was seen as voided by the rebellion. Between 1500 and 1502 all remaining Muslims of Granada and Castile were converted. In 1525, Muslims in Aragon were similarly forced to convert. The Muslim communities who converted became known as Moriscos. Still they were suspected by the old Christians of being crypto-Muslims and so between 1609 and 1614 their entire population of 300,000 was forcibly expelled. All these expulsions and conversions resulted in Catholic Christianity becoming the sole sanctioned religion in the Iberian Peninsula.

As Anna Akasoy has summarized in a review article, Menocal "argues that the narrow-minded forces that brought about its end were external", both from the North African Muslim Almoravids and Almohads, and Christian northerners.

Major groups
 Moors (Muslims in Al-Andalus)
 Morisco (Muslim converts to Catholism)
 Mozarab (Christians in Al-Andalus)
 Mudéjar (Muslims in Christendom)
 Muwallad (Christian converts to Islam)
 Sephardim (Jews in Iberia)

Debate
The idea of convivencia has had supporters and detractors from the time Castro first proposed it.  Hussein Fancy has summarized the underlying assumptions on both sides of the debate: "The convivencia debates were never about political ideologies or partisan politics, as they are often construed, but rather," as Ryan Szpiech has argued, "about fundamental and unresolved methodological and philosophical issues. While Castro appealed to philosophical interpretivism, [Claudio] Sánchez-Albornoz appealed to scientific positivism."

David Nirenberg challenged the significance of the age of "convivencia," claiming that far from a "peaceful convivencia" his own work "demonstrates that violence was a central and systemic aspect of the coexistence of majority and minority in medieval Spain, and even suggests that coexistence was in part predicated on such violence".

Some critics of the concept of Convivencia point to the execution of the Martyrs of Córdoba during the 850s as a challenge.

Mark Cohen, professor of Near Eastern studies at Princeton University, in his Under Crescent and Cross, calls the idealized interfaith utopia a myth that was first promulgated by Jewish historians such as Heinrich Graetz in the 19th century as a rebuke to Christian countries for their treatment of Jews. This myth was met with what Cohen calls the "counter-myth" of the "neo-lachrymose conception of Jewish-Arab history" by Bat Yeor and others, which also "cannot be maintained in the light of historical reality". Cohen aims to present a correction to both these "myths".

The Spanish medievalist  wrote that the concept of convivencia has no support in the historical record ["el concepto de convivencia no tiene ninguna apoyatura histórica"]. He further states that there is scarcely any information available on the Jewish and Christian communities during the Caliphate of Cordoba, and that this may come as a shock in view of the huge clout of the convivencia meme ["... quizá pueda resultar chocante teniendo en cuenta el enorme peso del tópico convivencial."] According to Manzano, Castro's conception "was never converted into a specific and well-documented treatment of al-Andalus, perhaps because Castro never succeeded in finding in the Arabist bibliography materials suitable for incorporation into his interpretation."

Aaron Hughes adds that "contemporary ecumenicists appeal to the 'Golden Age' of tolerance" in the 10th and 11th centuries in Córdoba under Muslim rule, but, for the most part, they are not interested in what actually happened among the Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Rather, they mention "tolerance", a concept that "would have had little or no meaning" at that time.

See also

Al-Andalus (Moorish-governed Iberia)
Pablo Alvaro (a Jewish convert to Catholicism)
Bishop Bodo  (a Catholic convert to Judaism)
Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain
Islamic Golden Age
Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula
Muslim conquests

Sources and further reading
Ariel, Yaakov: "Was there a Golden Age of Christian-Jewish Relations?" Presentation at a Conference at Boston College, April 2010.
Catlos, Brian. The Victors and the Vanquished • Christians and Muslims of Catalonia and Aragon, 1050–1300, 2004. .
Esperanza Alfonso, Islamic culture through Jewish eyes : al-Andalus from the tenth to twelfth century ; 2007, .
Fernández-Morera, Darío : "The Myth of the Andalusian Paradise" ; in: the Intercollegiate Review, Fall 2006, pp. 23–31.
Mann, Vivian B., Glick, Thomas F., Dodds, & Jerrilynn Denise, Convivencia: Jews, Muslims, and Christians in Medieval Spain. G. Braziller, 1992. .
O'Shea, Stephen. Sea of Faith: Islam and Christianity in the Medieval Mediterranean World. Walker & Company, 2006. .
Pick, Lucy. Conflict and Coexistence: Archbishop Rodrigo and the Muslims and Jews of Medieval Spain. Oxbow Books, 2004. .
María Rosa Menocal, Ornament of the World • How Muslims, Jews, and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain, 2003. .
Boum, Aomar. The Performance of Convivencia: Communities of Tolerance and the Reification of Toleration. Religion Compass 6/3 (2012): 174–184, 10.1111/j.1749-8171.2012.00342.x

References

External links
Sarah-Mae Thomas. The Convivencia in Islamic Spain July - August 2013
Rageh Omaar An Islamic History of Europe. Video documentary of 90 minutes for BBC Four, 2005.
Catherine Bott. Convivencia. Music CD of Spanish and Moorish songs from the period.
Convivencia. International research project.
Cities of Light is a 6 min video about collaboration between Spanish Jewish, Muslim and Christian scientists in 12th century Spain. It features the works of Maimonides (Jewish philosopher) and Averroes (Muslim philosopher).

Religion in al-Andalus
History of al-Andalus
Jewish Spanish history
Historiography of Spain
Islam and other religions
Religious pluralism

Convivencia


Milnesand is an unincorporated community in southern Roosevelt County, in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of New Mexico. The village is located approximately 35 miles south of Portales on New Mexico State Road 206. Milnesand is located on the Llano Estacado, a mesa that covers a large area in eastern New Mexico and west Texas.

The area around Milnesand has had a relatively low human population density in recent centuries due to the lack of perennial water across most of the Llano Estacado. The region likely supported a greater abundance of wildlife and game for indigenous people during wetter periods, as evidenced by Pleistocene era bison kill sites. The Milnesand Point (11,000 - 9,000 B.P.) is a Paleo-Indian projectile point that was first formally described from a site along Sulphur Draw near Milnesand. Native American tribes that inhabited the area included the Comanche and Apache. In the early 18th century, the Comanches expanded their territory into the Llano Estacado, displacing the Apaches who had previously lived there.

Milnesand was home to the High Plains Lesser Prairie-Chicken Festival which was held annually from 2002 to 2012. The town has earned the nickname "Prairie-chicken Capital of New Mexico" because of the abundance of lesser prairie-chickens that inhabit the shinnery oak prairie, which typifies much of the surrounding habitat. As such, Milnesand has been a regional hub for lesser prairie-chicken research and conservation.

References

Unincorporated communities in Roosevelt County, New Mexico
Unincorporated communities in New Mexico

Milnesand, New Mexico


Nathan of Gaza (; 1643–1680) or Nathan Benjamin ben Elisha Hayyim haLevi Ashkenazi or Ghazzati) was a theologian and author born in Jerusalem. After his marriage in 1663 he moved to Gaza, where he became famous as a prophet for the Jewish messiah claimant Sabbatai Zevi.

Biography

Nathan of Gaza was born in Jerusalem around 1643-1644; he died on Friday, January 11, 1680 in Macedonia. Although he grew up in Jerusalem, his parents were not born in Ottoman Syria. On the contrary, they had emigrated from Poland or Germany.

His father, Elisha Hayyim ben Jacob, was a distinguished rabbinic intellectual who served as an envoy of Jerusalem collecting donations for impoverished Jews. During his travels he would distribute kabbalistic works which he had obtained in Jerusalem. Upon settling in Ottoman Palestine, Elisha Hayyim ben Jacob took on the surname "Ashkenazi" as a means of differentiating his family and himself from the largely Sephardic inhabitants of the Ottoman province. He died in Morocco in 1673.

Prior to his father's death, Nathan of Gaza began studying Talmud and Kabbalah under Jacob Hagiz. The relationship between these two would continue for many years. In fact, Nathan of Gaza would spend a majority of his life – up until about 1664 – with his teacher at a rabbinic college. During this academic period, documents were written that described his interest in and persistence towards academic work. It is said that he was "…an extremely gifted student, of quick apprehension and a brilliant intellect. His talents…[were] noteworthy for their rare combination of intellectual power and capacity for profound thinking with imagination and strong emotional sensitivity…" At the age of nineteen or twenty, he married the daughter of an affluent Jew named Samuel Lissabona. The nuptials were believed to have taken place before the end of the year 1663, when he joined his wife's family in Gaza. There, he was able to focus considerably on his religious studies.

It is upon moving to the area of Gaza that Nathan of Gaza began to take up a more in-depth study of Kabbalah. Only upon delving into the mysterious realm of Jewish mysticism did he begin to embark on mystical experiences. An example of such a transformative incident can be seen with his prophetic awakening, which he describes in a letter written in 1673:

This vision lasted approximately twenty-four hours and was said to have had a powerful impact on his overall perception of reality as well as his entire self. While the revelation was overpowering and transformative, it was the only visual moment where Nathan of Gaza felt that he was a true prophet. Nevertheless, in addition to his physical and mental alteration, there was another important component to the vision: Nathan of Gaza believed that a man by the name of Sabbatai Zevi was the messiah. This strong belief in Sabbatai Zevi as the next leader of the Jewish people marked the initiation of the first Sabbatean believer, Nathan of Gaza. It also constituted the beginning of the Sabbatean movement itself.

Nathan of Gaza's prophecy about Sabbatai Zevi was not his only mental visualization. On the contrary, as the years passed, he would have many other visions, all of which would aid his movement and promote the belief in Sabbatai Zevi. His second vision came on the evening of the Shavuot festival in the spring of 1665. Nathan of Gaza was said to have undergone a spiritual possession by a maggid, or a divine spirit. At the moment of this spiritual takeover, he was described as dancing wildly and emitting a special kind of odor. This smell is described in the Zohar and is believed to be associated with the scent of the Garden of Eden as well as of the prophet Elisha and Rabbi Isaac Luria.

While the vision itself is significantly different from that of the prophetic awakening, it does contain several similarities. One of the parallels is that of transformation. Like the prophetic awakening, as soon as the maggidic possession ended, Nathan of Gaza underwent a kind of alteration. Unlike the first vision, this change was not physical or mental. On the contrary, it was one that involved the perception of Nathan of Gaza by the Jewish community. He became viewed by others as a prophet and as a spiritual "doctor". The public's acknowledgement of Nathan of Gaza as a mystic and as a seer in particular allowed there to be later on an immediate acceptance of Sabbatai Zevi as the next messiah. In general, it is the use of prophecies that plays a central role in this particular movement. The numerous predictions made by Nathan of Gaza and Sabbatai Zevi himself caused a significant part of the contemporary Jewish community to become Sabbatean followers.

As previously mentioned, Nathan of Gaza envisioned Sabbatai Zevi as the next messiah for the Jewish people. However, Sabbatai Zevi's acceptance of this messianic role was not instantaneous. His first encounter with Nathan of Gaza was not about his position as the next Jewish savior, but rather as a patient to a doctor. At the time, Nathan of Gaza was becoming well known as a spiritual physician. Sabbatai Zevi visited him in hopes of curing him from an illness that he had contracted. (Gershom Scholem later believed that Sabbatai Zevi suffered from a psychological condition he identified as "manic-depressive psychosis", today normally called "bipolar disorder".) Instead of trying to aid him with his psychological sickness, Nathan of Gaza divulged to Sabbatai Zevi his prophetic vision. Initially, when "…Nathan addressed him as the messiah, 'he laughed at him and said, 'I had it [the messianic vocation], but have sent it away.' '"  It was only through intense discussion and much persuasion that he was able to sway Sabbatai Zevi into accepting his messianic mission. Then, in May 1665, Sabbatai Zevi made the decision that would place Nathan of Gaza and himself in the public sphere forever. He exposed himself to the world as the true savior.

In December 1665, Sabbatai Zevi and Nathan of Gaza parted ways. Sabbatai Zevi embarked on a journey to Turkey where he would begin to advocate his newfound position as the Jewish savior. They would not see each other again until after Sabbatai Zevi's later conversion to Islam. Thus, from the fall of 1665 until the summer of 1666, the two worked arduously on the next stage of their movement–convincing the world that Sabbatai Zevi was the messiah.

Seeing that the rabbis of Jerusalem were very hostile to the Sabbatean movement, Nathan proclaimed Gaza to be henceforth the holy city. He first spread about the Messiah's fame by sending circulars from Palestine to the most important communities in Europe. Then he visited several of the chief cities in Europe, Africa, and India, and finally returned to Palestine. Even after Sabbatai Zevi's apostasy Nathan did not desert his cause; but, thinking it unsafe to remain in Palestine any longer, he made preparations to go to Smyrna. The rabbis, seeing that the credulous were confirmed anew in their belief, excommunicated all the Sabbatians, and particularly Nathan (Dec 9, 1666), warning everybody against harboring or even approaching him. After a stay of a few months at Smyrna he went (end of April, 1667) to Adrianople, where, in spite of his written promise that he would remain quiet, he continued his agitation. He urged the Sabbatians of Adrianople to proclaim their adhesion to the cause by abolishing the fasts of the 17th of Tammuz and the 9th of Ab.

Travels through Europe

Again excommunicated at Adrianople, he went with a few followers to Thessaloniki. There he met with scant welcome, but had more success in the communities of Chios and Corfu. From Corfu he went to Venice (March, 1668), where the rabbinate and the council of the city compelled him to give them a written confession that all his prophecies were the production of his imagination. The confession was published, whereupon Abraham ha-Yakini, the originator of the Sabbatian movement, wrote Nathan a letter in which he sympathized with him over his persecution and expressed his indignation at the acts of the Venetian rabbinate.

The Venetian Jews then induced Nathan to set out for Livorno, where the Jewish population was known to be inimical to him. They sent an escort with him, ostensibly as a mark of honor, but in reality to prevent him from going elsewhere. He divined their motives in sending him to Livorno, however, and, succeeding in eluding his escort, proceeded to Rome. In spite of his disguise he was recognized there, and was banished from the city. He then went to Livorno voluntarily, and even there made converts to his cause. From Livorno he returned to Adrianople, and seems to have spent the remainder of his days in travel.

Works

One of the ways in which Nathan of Gaza was able to persuade the Jewish community about Sabbatai Zevi and Sabbateanism was through his writings. He composed a variety of letters and other written documents that promoted an entirely new kind of theology, one that merged the current notions of Kabbalah (of the time) with elements of Lurianic mysticism, a subject that he studied when he was younger. In addition to creating a "new type" of mysticism, he also composed a document entitled Derush ha-Tanninim ("Treatise on Dragons"; published by Scholem in be-Iqvot Mashiah [Jerusalem, 1944]). This article stressed the notion of a "New Law" in which the old positive and negative commandments of the Torah were eliminated. This became the basis for what Gershom Scholem later referred to as "Sabbatean antinomianism."

Not only did Nathan of Gaza publish documents that advocated for a change and a removal of the Jewish laws and commandments, but he also composed a variety of other texts that discussed concepts entirely different from these unorthodoxies. For example, he wrote Hadrat Kodesh (Constantinople, 1735), a Kabbalistic commentary on the Book of Genesis, particularly on the aspect of creation. Several years later, Nathan of Gaza published Ozar Nehmad (Venice, 1738), a supplement to the Hadrat Kodesh. In addition to these contributions, he was mistakenly believed to be the author of the Hemdat Yamim, a guidebook for the performance of ritual practices as well as prayers. As evident from these alternative spiritual manuscripts, Nathan of Gaza was not solely a devout Sabbatean follower and believer; he was one who strived to provide an alternative perspective and understanding to the Jewish faith.

He also wrote Peri 'EtzHadar, prayers for the 15th of Shebat (ib. 1753), and Tiqqun Qeri'ah, an ascetic work according to Sabbatian doctrines (Amsterdam, 1666). His account of his travels was translated into German by Moritz Horschetzky and published in Orient, Lit. ix. 170-172, 299-301.

Overall, the documents that Nathan of Gaza produced and presented were both positively and negatively received by the Jewish community. Some of the rabbis in Jerusalem, for example, were divided over the ideas that Nathan of Gaza wrote. A number of them felt that these written records were sacrilegious; they defied the basic tenets of the Jewish faith. Nevertheless, the composition of these texts provided for a further platform in which Sabbatai Zevi and Nathan of Gaza could promote their Sabbatean ideologies.

Death
On Friday, January 11, 1680 in Üsküp, Ottoman Empire (now Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia), Nathan of Gaza died. According to another version he died in Sofia, Ottoman Empire (now Sofia, Republic of Bulgaria) but his body was transferred to Üsküp and buried here. It is presumed also, he could have died traveling from Sofia to Üsküp. It is understood that upon arriving into Üsküp that day, he immediately requested that several gravediggers construct his grave. He told these men that he was about to expire and wanted to be prepared so that in the instance of his death, his burial could occur prior to the start of the Sabbath. Then, as he predicted, "'[w]hile he was still in [a] rabbi's house he fell down and died, and the members of the congregation buried him with great honor.'" While the death of the prophet was a tragic event for his followers, his burial place was a pilgrimage site after his death, but it would not become a permanent pilgrimage site, since it survived only until World War II, when it was destroyed.

References

Further reading
 Goldish, Matt. The Sabbatean Prophets. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2004.
 Scholem, Gershom. Sabbatai Sevi: The Mystical Messiah. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1973.
 Cengiz Sisman, "The Burden of Silence: Sabbatai Sevi and the Evolution of the Ottoman-Turkish Donmes", New York: Oxford University Press, 2015.

1643 births
1680 deaths
17th-century apocalypticists
Angelic visionaries
Ashkenazi Jews from Ottoman Palestine
Jewish mysticism
People from Gaza City
People from Jerusalem
Sabbateans
Prophets

Nathan of Gaza


Monstera deliciosa is a  species of the genus Monstera, which is commonly found in tropical Central America. The term deliciosa in the species name means delicious, and refers to the edible fruit of the plant. The plant is a vine (a climbing plant).  Originally, the plant was found the Mexican states of Oaxaca, Veracruz, and Chiapas. It also grows in Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Panama.

It is also commonly grown as a houseplant. Wild plants can now also be found in the Southern United States (mainly Florida), Malaysia, India, Australia and the western part of the Mediterranean basin (Portugal, Morocco, and Madeira).

In the wild, there seem to be at least two forms: One has larger leaves, and looks more like a bush, the other has smaller ones, and resembles a vine.

Araceae
Vines

Monstera deliciosa


St. Anne Church is a historic church at 58 Church Street in Berlin, New Hampshire, United States.  It is the church for Good Shepherd Parish within the Roman Catholic Diocese of Manchester. St. Anne Parish was founded in 1867, and was Berlin's first Roman Catholic congregation. It was merged with Guardian Angel Parish, St. Joseph Parish, and St. Kieran Parish in 2000 to form Good Shepherd Parish. Its building, constructed in 1900, is an important local example of Romanesque architecture, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

Architecture and history
St. Anne's stands north of Berlin's central business district at the northeast corner of Pleasant and Church streets. It is a roughly rectangular red brick structure, with a long gabled roof and towers flanking the south-facing front facade. The towers are identical in their lower levels, with tall round-arch windows at the lower level and smaller round-arch windows at a higher level. Their corners have brick quoining, and rise to a corbelled brick cornice, above which the treatments differ. The left tower has an open square belfry with round-arch openings, and is topped by a steeple; the right tower is topped by a truncated steeple topped by a statue of Saint Anne. The interior of the building is richly decorated with carved wood and plaster ornamentation.

St. Anne's was established in 1867, and was the first Roman Catholic congregation in the community. Its first church, a wood-frame structure, was built in 1882. In 1899 it was moved and adapted for use as a parish school. The present church was designed in 1900 by Archibald I. Lawrence, a local architect. It was built by M. H. Roy, a contractor from Lewiston, Maine; the identities of the artisans who created its interior are not known. By the 1970s Berlin's Roman Catholic congregations had grown to four, with St. Anne's principally serving its French-American population. The parishes were merged in 2000.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Coos County, New Hampshire

References

External links
St. Anne Church of the Good Shepherd Parish at Berlin New Hampshire History

Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in New Hampshire
Roman Catholic churches in New Hampshire
Churches in Coös County, New Hampshire
Churches in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Manchester
National Register of Historic Places in Coös County, New Hampshire
Churches in Berlin, New Hampshire

St. Anne Church (Berlin, New Hampshire)


Z-DOS is a discontinued OEM version of Microsoft's MS-DOS specifically adapted to run on the hardware of the Zenith Z-100 personal computer.

Overview
The Z-100 used a 8086-family microprocessor, (the Intel 8088), but otherwise had a completely different internal architecture from the IBM PC.

At the time Microsoft's MS-DOS wasn't specifically geared to any specific hardware platform, but could be tailored to run on most any system as long as it used a 8086-compatible microprocessor, a situation completely like with the popular CP/M systems of the time, which typically used a 8080-compatible (8080, 8085 and Z80 among others) microprocessor. In order to achieve this, MS-DOS, like CP/M, relied on a platform-specific (DOS-)BIOS, which had to be written for the target machine, so that the hardware-independent DOS kernel could run on it. Beside IBM's OEM version of MS-DOS released as PC DOS there were dozens of other OEM versions of MS-DOS geared to a specific non-IBM-compatible OEM hardware—among them Zenith's Z-DOS. Only later, when almost 100% IBM-compatible clones became the norm, "MS-DOS" became the generic version which could run on most of them. This generic version of MS-DOS, however, could not run on the older non-IBM-compatible machines like the Z-100.

See also
 DOS API
 Towns OS – an MS-DOS adaptation by Fujitsu for FM Towns
 List of DOS commands
 Timeline of DOS operating systems

References

Disk operating systems
Discontinued Microsoft operating systems
DOS variants
Floppy disk-based operating systems

Z-DOS


Amber Sainsbury (born 28 August 1978) is a New Zealand actress, philanthropist, and producer. She starred in the Sky One series Hex (2005). She is a founder of the charity Dramatic Need.

Biography
Sainsbury attended St Cuthbert's College, Auckland. She trained at the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art in London.

In 2005, Sainsbury starred in the first series of Sky One UK series Hex as Roxanne Davenport. She also appeared in Coronation Street, The Bill, Trevor's World of Sport, A Touch of Frost, the BBC's 'Fairytales' series, and the films Channelling Baby and The Ferryman.

After filming 30 Days of Night with Josh Hartnett in South Africa, Sainsbury left acting in 2007 to found the African-based arts charity Dramatic Need, of which she is a trustee. Sainsbury invited Academy Award-winning film director Danny Boyle as well as the Shakespearian actor Sir Antony Sher to join the board of trustees. Notable supporters of the charity include the bands Coldplay and Supergrass, actors Hartnett and David Walliams, and supermodel and photographer Helena Christensen.

Sainsbury was a contributor to the 2009 Commonwealth Ministers Reference Book alongside then British Prime Minister's wife Sarah Jane Brown on the arts in education . She was a keynote speaker on the role of arts in development at the British Arts Council's Creative Partnerships Conference in 2009 and has spoken at Oxfam and the South African High Commission in London on the subject. In March 2009 Sainsbury was voted one of the year's Inspirational Women by British Vogue. In 2010 and 2015, she produced The Children's Monologues at the Old Vic Theatre and the Royal Court Theatre.

In 2010, Sainsbury took British citizenship. She continued to teach drama workshops in Africa on conflict resolution and gender issues. On 10 September 2011, Sainsbury married filmmaker Jamie Campbell on the island of Paxos in Greece.

Sainsbury graduated from the University of Auckland in 2012 with a dual degree in History and Italian language. She then pursued a Master in Psychology and Neuroscience at King's College London. She joined the production company Left Bank Pictures as an executive producer.

Filmography

Film
 1999 - Channelling Baby
 2004 - The Purifiers
 2005 - The Poseidon Adventure
 2006 - The Ferryman
 2007 - 30 Days of Night

Television
 1995 - Plainclothes
 2002 - The Bill
 2002 - Coronation Street
 2003 - Trevor's World of Sport
 2004 - A Touch of Frost
 2005 - Hex
 2008 - Fairy Tales

References

External links

Living people
1978 births
Alumni of King's College London
Alumni of the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art
British film actresses
British television actresses
New Zealand expatriates in England
New Zealand expatriates in South Africa
New Zealand people of British descent
New Zealand philanthropists
New Zealand theatre people
People educated at St Cuthbert's College, Auckland
University of Auckland alumni

Amber Sainsbury


Justin Matthew Turner (born November 23, 1984) is an American professional baseball infielder and designated hitter for the Boston Red Sox of Major League Baseball (MLB). He has previously played in MLB for the Baltimore Orioles, New York Mets, and Los Angeles Dodgers.

Turner played college baseball for the Cal State Fullerton Titans. He was selected in the seventh round of the 2006 MLB draft by the Cincinnati Reds, and made his major league debut in 2009. With the Dodgers, Turner was an All-Star in 2017, and won the 2017 National League Championship Series Most Valuable Player Award. He won the 2020 World Series with the Dodgers.

Early life
Justin Turner was born in Long Beach, California, to John and Betsy Turner. He has one younger sister.

Turner attended Mayfair High School in Lakewood, California, earning three-time All-Suburban first team honors as a shortstop and second baseman. He hit .514 in league play as a senior, earning most valuable player honors en route to a league title.

He attended California State University, Fullerton, where he majored in kinesiology and played college baseball for the Titans. He earned freshman All-American honors from Baseball America in 2003 after quickly taking over as the starting second baseman. He was named to the 2003 College World Series all-tournament team as a shortstop. During the CWS, Turner was hit in the face by a fastball after going 3-for-3 including a home run. The next year, Cal State Fullerton won a two-game final over Texas in the 2004 College World Series. In 2005, he played collegiate summer baseball in the Cape Cod Baseball League for the Yarmouth-Dennis Red Sox.

Turner was selected in the 29th round of the 2005 Major League Baseball draft by the New York Yankees, but he did not sign. He was selected in the seventh round (204th overall) of the 2006 Major League Baseball draft by the Cincinnati Reds, receiving a $50,000 bonus upon signing with the organization.

Professional career

Cincinnati Reds

Turner reported to the Reds' Rookie League affiliate, the Billings Mustangs, where he saw time at all four infield positions and in the outfield, finishing the season with a team-leading .338 batting average and a .921 OPS. He was promoted to Double-A Chattanooga within two years, finishing the 2008 season, at age 23, with a .289 average and a .792 OPS at that level.

Baltimore Orioles
On December 9, 2008, during the Winter Meetings, Turner was traded, along with utility player Ryan Freel and infielder Brandon Waring to the Baltimore Orioles, in return for catcher Ramón Hernández. He was invited to spring training as a non-roster invitee; upon its conclusion, he was assigned to Triple-A Norfolk for the 2009 season. Playing mostly second and third base, he finished the year with a .300 average and a .749 OPS.

The Orioles purchased Turner's contract on September 8, 2009. He made his major league debut that day at Fenway Park, pinch hitting for Melvin Mora and finishing the game at third base. Three days later, Turner got his first major league hit, at Yankee Stadium, a single to center field off Michael Dunn. He finished the season 3–18, having appeared in 12 games, three of them starts (all at third base).

Turner was invited to spring training as a member of the 40-man roster, but was demoted to Norfolk at the end of camp. However, on April 12, 2010, the Orioles placed starting second baseman Brian Roberts on the 15-day injured list and recalled Turner from Norfolk. On May 21, 2010, Turner was designated for assignment by the Baltimore Orioles. In 17 games with the Orioles, he hit .111 (three hits in 27 at-bats).

New York Mets

On May 25, 2010, Turner was claimed off waivers from the Orioles by the New York Mets and optioned to Triple-A Buffalo. On June 16, Turner was called up to the Mets, with Nick Evans being sent down to Buffalo.

After designating Brad Emaus for assignment on April 19, 2011, the Mets called Turner back up. He hit his first major league home run against the Houston Astros on May 15, 2011, off Aneury Rodriguez. A three-run home run, it capped off a five-RBI day for Turner. On May 21, in a Subway Series game at Yankee Stadium, Turner collected an RBI in his seventh consecutive game, setting a Mets rookie record for most consecutive games with an RBI. With this record and other impressive stats, Turner was named the NL Rookie of the Month for May 2011. He was the first Met to win the award since its creation in 2001.

In 2012, the Mets converted him to an all-around utility infielder but on May 6, 2012, when shortstop Ruben Tejada went on the injured list, Turner began platooning at shortstop with Jordany Valdespin until Tejada returned.

After the 2013 season, Turner was non-tendered by the Mets, making him a free agent. In 301 games with the Mets over four seasons, he hit .265.

Los Angeles Dodgers

Following his release from the Mets, Turner had not yet found a new employer when Los Angeles Dodgers bench coach Tim Wallach saw Turner hitting at a Cal State Fullerton Alumni game. Turner signed a minor league contract with the Dodgers on February 5, 2014, with an invitation to spring training. His contract was purchased by the Dodgers on March 16 and he was added to the Major League roster.

2014
Turner had a breakout season in 2014, playing 109 games due to his versatility and injuries to both Hanley Ramírez and Juan Uribe. Turner led the team with a .340 batting average, hitting seven home runs with 43 RBI in 288 at bats.

2015
On January 16, 2015, Turner signed a one-year, $2.5 million contract with the Dodgers, avoiding salary arbitration. He became the starting third baseman for much of the 2015 season and hit .294 with a career high 16 homers and 60 RBI.

In the 2015 National League Division Series against his former team, the Mets, Turner led the Dodgers with 10 hits in 19 ABs for a .526 average, with an LDS record six of those hits being doubles. The Dodgers, however, went on to lose the series. After the post-season, he underwent arthroscopic surgery on his left knee. He signed a new one year, $5.1 million, contract with the Dodgers in order to avoid salary arbitration in January 2016.

2016

In 2016, Turner played in a career-high 151 games, and also had career highs in home runs (27) and RBI (90), while batting .275. He had six hits (including a home run) in 15 at-bats in the 2016 National League Division Series, but struggled in the 2016 National League Championship Series, hitting only .200.

2017: NLCS MVP and First all-star appearance

On December 23, 2016, the Dodgers signed Turner to a four-year contract valued at $64 million. Turner started the 2017 season batting .379 before going on the injured list with a strained right hamstring, which kept him out of action from May 18 through June 9. On July 6, he won the All-Star Final Vote, earning a spot in the 2017 Major League Baseball All-Star Game with 20.8 million votes, a Final Vote record. Turner finished the season with a .322 batting average, a .415 on-base percentage, 21 home runs, and 71 RBI, finishing third in the NL in batting average and second in on-base percentage. In the 2017 NLDS, he had six hits in 13 at-bats (.462 average), including a winning home run in the ninth inning of Game 2 against the Chicago Cubs. Turner and Chris Taylor were selected as the co-MVPs of the 2017 National League Championship Series, where he batted .333 with two home runs and seven RBI. However, in the 2017 World Series, he had only four hits in 25 at-bats, for a .160 average as the Dodgers lost to the Houston Astros in seven games. Turner broke Dusty Baker's franchise record for most RBI in a single post-season when he drove in his 14th run in Game One of the World Series.

2018
Turner was hit by a pitch on his left wrist during a spring training game on March 19, 2018. He suffered a non-displaced fracture, which did not require surgery but put him on the injured list to begin the season. Turner did not rejoin the Dodgers until May 15. Turner also missed time following the All-Star break, but rebounded in August and September. He was voted the National League Player of the Month for August after batting .402 (39-for-97) with 22 runs, 11 doubles, one triple, six home runs, 20 RBIs and a stolen base across 25 August games. On September 4, 2018, Turner was named the Los Angeles Dodgers' 2018 nominee for the Roberto Clemente Award, an annual award given to the player who "best exemplifies the game of baseball, sportsmanship, and community involvement." In 202 at-bats after the All-Star break, Turner hit .356 with a 1.066 OPS, 24 doubles and nine home runs. Turner would finish the season with a .312 batting average, 14 home runs and 52 RBIs. Turner's hot streak continued in the 2018 NLDS, where he reached base in nine of 18 plate appearances. He went on to hit .333 (8-for-24) in the 2018 World Series, which his team lost to the Boston Red Sox.

2019
Turner hit a career-high three home runs and drove in six runs against the Atlanta Braves on May 8 in a 9–0 win. On June 14, he hit his 100th career home run, off  Kyle Hendricks, in a 5–3 win against the Chicago Cubs.

For the season, Turner batted .290/.372/.509 with 27 home runs and 67 RBIs. On defense in 2019, he had -3 Defensive Runs Saved (DRS), the 13th-lowest among the 17 qualifying third basemen.

2020: World Series championship
The 2020 season was delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic, shortening the season to only 60 games. On Opening Day, Turner was hit with a pitch for the 73rd time as a Dodger, tying the franchise record set by Zack Wheat. He broke that record on August 5 in San Diego. He was hampered during the season by a hamstring strain that caused him to miss two weeks of the shortened season.

Turner played in 42 games for the Dodgers, hitting .307/.400/.460 with four homers and 23 RBIs. He was voted by his teammates as the winner of the Roy Campanella Award, the first three-time winner in franchise history. Turner was hitless in eight at-bats in the first round playoff series. In the third game of the 2020 National League Division Series, Turner moved past Steve Garvey for the most playoff hits in Dodgers franchise history with his 64th. He had two hits and two RBI in 10 at-bats in the series. Turner had seven hits, including a home run, in 25 at-bats in the 2020 National League Championship Series and advanced to play in his third World Series.

In the 2020 World Series, against the Tampa Bay Rays, Turner had eight hits (including two home runs) in 25 at-bats as the Dodgers won the championship. During the eighth inning of Game 6, he was pulled from the game because he had tested positive for COVID-19, before returning to the field to take the official celebratory photo with his teammates and staff, in violation of MLB protocols, leading to criticism from many in the media. Turner apologized for his actions a few days later.

2021: Second all-star appearance
On February 19, 2021, Turner re-signed with the Dodgers on a two-year, $34 million contract, with a $14 million option for a third year.

On August 29, 2021, Turner made his pitching debut in the ninth inning of the Dodgers' 5–0 loss to the Colorado Rockies.  He threw 10 pitches (his fastest was 76 mph) for all three outs, gave up no runs, and exited the game to a standing ovation.  In 2021, Turner played in 151 games with a .278 batting average, 27 home runs and 87 RBI. Turner struggled in the postseason, with only four hits in 38 at-bats (one home run) in the Wild Card, NLDS and NLCS. He strained his hamstring while running to first base in Game 4 of the NLCS and was ruled out of appearing in any future playoff games in 2021.

2022
In 2022, Turner split his time between third base and designated hitter, appearing in 128 games and batting .278 with 13 homers and 81 RBIs. He had the slowest sprint speed of any major league third baseman, at 25.0 feet per second. On November 10, the Dodgers declined his $16 million option for the 2023 season, making him a free agent.

Boston Red Sox
On January 6, 2023, Turner signed a contract with the Boston Red Sox for the 2023 season, along with a player option for 2024. In 146 games, he hit .276 with 23 home runs and 96 Runs Batted In.

Personal life
Turner married longtime girlfriend Kourtney Pogue in December 2017. His wedding, which took place at a beachfront resort in Mexico, was officiated by Orel Hershiser, former Dodger pitcher and current color commentator and analyst for the Dodgers on SportsNet LA. Turner and his wife reside in Studio City, Los Angeles.

Turner's nickname is "RedTurn2."

The Justin Turner Foundation
Turner and his wife founded the Justin Turner Foundation, a 501(c)3 organization which benefits homeless veterans, children battling life-altering illnesses, and various youth baseball organizations. The foundation hosts an annual charity golf tournament, is an official charity for the LA Marathon, and partners with the Dream Center, 17Strong, and Paralyzed Veterans of America. The Los Angeles City Council declared January 22, 2019 "Justin Turner Day" in honor of Turner's civic contributions. He was also awarded the Roberto Clemente Award in 2022 after his fifth career nomination for his humanitarian actions.

In popular culture

Turner is mentioned by Patrick Warburton in the final episode of the sitcom Rules of Engagement (TV series).

References

External links

 Justin Turner on Instagram

1984 births
Baltimore Orioles players
Billings Mustangs players
Binghamton Mets players
Boston Red Sox players
Brooklyn Cyclones players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Cal State Fullerton Titans baseball players
Chattanooga Lookouts players
Dayton Dragons players
Gulf Coast Mets players
Leones del Escogido players
American expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic
Living people
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Major League Baseball third basemen
National League All-Stars
National League Championship Series MVPs
New York Mets players
Norfolk Tides players
Baseball players from Lakewood, California
Peoria Javelinas players
Rancho Cucamonga Quakes players
Sarasota Reds players
St. Lucie Mets players
Yarmouth–Dennis Red Sox players

Justin Turner