The Neanderthal, a species of the genus Homo, was a near relative of our own species. Its scientific name is Homo neanderthalensis or Homo sapiens neanderthalensis.

Neanderthal fossils were only found in Europe, Asia Minor and up to central Asia. The first fossil was found in a limestone quarry near Düsseldorf: One of the workers found part of a skeleton, in a valley called Neanderthal. Experts Johann Carl Fuhlrott and Hermann Schaaffhausen said the bones belonged to an older form of modern humans. These bones are known as Neanderthal 1 today.

Recent research suggests Neanderthals became extinct about 40,000 years ago. Earlier research had suggested a later date; the problem is the dating of the archaeological sites where their remains have been found.

Neanderthals perhaps evolved from Homo heidelbergensis and split off (last common ancestor) from modern humans between 700,000 and 300,000 years ago.

Neanderthals used to be classified as a subspecies of modern humans (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis). Now, they are usually classified as a separate human species (Homo neanderthalensis).

Neanderthal remains have been found in most of Europe south of land covered by ice including the south coast of Great Britain. Finds have also been made outside of Europe in the Zagros Mountains and in the Levant.

Mental capacity
The size of the Neanderthal brain shows that Neanderthals were probably intelligent. On average, they had larger brains than modern humans. Large brains have their disadvantages. That is because they use lots of energy, make the skull more likely to be damaged, and cause difficulties during birth. These disadvantages may be less than the advantages, for example, better problem-solving, better social co-operation, language and tool-making.

Neanderthal flint tools (for example, hand axes) were more finely made than those of early man. They were much less varied and finely made than the neolithic tools of modern man. Known Neanderthal art is much less complex than contemporary art from H. sapiens.

The Divje Babe flute

The oldest flute ever discovered may be the so-called Divje Babe flute, found in the Slovenian cave Divje Babe I in 1995. It is about 43,100 years old. It is from a juvenile cave bear femur at the Divje Babe site, near a Mousterian hearth. Archaeologists ask two key questions:

Is it a flute? This has been discussed at length. The best summary is that it is certainly possible for it to be a flute, but it is unproved (not certain).

If it is a flute, was it made by Neanderthals? Again, this is not decided. It is on public display as a flute in the National Museum of Slovenia (Narodni Muzej Slovenije) in Ljubljana. The museum's visitor leaflet says that manufacture by Neanderthals "is reliably proven". This is not a general view, and again it is best to describe the idea as "not proven".

Capacity for speech
For a long time, people have wondered whether Neanderthals could talk. Many people believe they could, because the large brain size would be hard to understand if they could not. When an undamaged Neanderthal hyoid bone was discovered, it made people think Neanderthals could talk. That is because, in humans, the hyoid is a support for the voice box. Computer analysis has shown that the Neanderthal hyoid was very similar to human hyoids. Researchers say "our findings are consistent with a capacity for speech in the Neanderthals".

History of discoveries
In August 1856 the specimen that was to become known as Neanderthal 1 was discovered in the Neander Valley, Germany. The material was found in a limestone quarry near Düsseldorf. A skull cap was first discovered, followed by two femurs, five arm bones, part of the left pelvis, and fragments of a shoulder blade and ribs.

Actually, some remains had been found earlier, but not recognised as a separate species from us. The Engis child from Belgium was the first Neanderthal discovered, in 1829. The second discovered was the Forbes Quarry find from Gibralter in 1848.

Anatomy

Neanderthal men were about 164–168 cm (5.3 ft) tall  and averaged 77.6 kg (171 lbs) in weight. Neanderthal women stood about 154 cm (5 ft)  tall and averaged 66.4 kg (146 lbs) in weight.

Neanderthals had stronger (more robust) build and distinctive morphological features, especially of the skull. They were much stronger than modern humans; especially in the upper body.

Neanderthal long bones and joints are thicker than ours, and some long bones have a slight curve. Both the thickness and the curve suggest the need for more strength than our species.

Young Neanderthals
Since 2007, tooth age can be directly calculated using the noninvasive imaging of growth patterns in tooth enamel by means of x-ray synchrotron microtomography.

This research suggests much more rapid physical development in Neanderthals than in modern human children. The x-ray synchrotron microtomography study of early H. sapiens argues that this difference existed between the two species as far back as 160,000 years before present.

Fractures
Neanderthals seemed to suffer a high frequency of fractures. These fractures are often healed and show little or no sign of infection, suggesting that injured individuals were cared for during times of incapacitation.

Neanderthals showed a frequency of such injuries comparable to that of modern rodeo professionals, showing frequent contact with large, combative mammals. The fractures suggest they may have hunted by leaping onto their prey and stabbing or even wrestling it to the ground.

Life style
They lived in Eurasia during the ice ages of the Pleistocene, and hunted large mammals, such as bison, auroch (an ancestor of living cattle), deer, reindeer, musk ox and mammoth.

The skulls are slightly larger than Homo sapiens, and this implies intelligence and probably the use of language. The skeleton, on the other hand, suggests they tended to solve their problems (such as hunting) more by force than we do.

Neanderthal stone tools are called Mousterian, and are an advance on the Acheulean tools made by earlier species of Man. Homo sapiens stone tools are far more varied still, and suggest that our species relied more on tools than the Neanderthals.

Neanderthals were almost exclusively meat eaters although their diet did include cooked vegetables. They made good tools and lived in complex social groups. Research on their remains has shown that it is possible that they had a spoken language but the nature of any such language is unknown.

There are a number of theories that try to explain why the Neanderthals died out. It has been suggested that they may have been unable to adapt to the changing climate. Alternatively it has been suggested that they were unable to successfully compete with the ancestors of modern humans.

References

Further reading
Stringer, Chris and Gamble, Clive 1993. In search of the Neanderthals: solving the puzzle of human origins. Thames & Hudson, London.
Stringer, Chris and Andrews, Peter 2005. The complete world of human evolution. Thames & Hudson, London.
Dennis O'Neil 2004. Neandertals  retrieved 12/26/2004

Other websites

 Smithsonian
 Archaeology Info
 Greenwych.ca  - 'Neanderthal Flute: Oldest Musical Instrument's 4 Notes Matches 4 of Do, Re, Mi Scale - evidence of natural foundation to diatonic scale (oldest known musical instrument), Greenwich Publishing
 Neanderthal DNA - 'Neanderthal DNA' Includes Neanderthal mtDNA sequences
 Neanderthal manifactured pitch
 Homo neanderthalensis reconstruction  - Electronic articles published by the Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History.
 Scientists decode Neanderthal genes
 Scientists build 'Frankenstein' Neanderthal skeleton
 A Neanderthal's DNA tale
 How Neanderthal molar teeth grew

Hominins

Neanderthal


First Methodist Episcopal Church is a Neogothic Revival-styled church built in 1911 in Eau Claire, Wisconsin. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1999 for its architectural significance.

The congregation that became First Methodist Episcopal began meeting in 1857, praying in the home of D.S. Hastings. Between 1863 and 1868, they built a wooden church on S. Barstow, and it served them until it burned in 1909. After the fire they met for two years in the Masonic Temple, until their new church (the subject of this article) was complete in 1911.

The 1911 building was designed by William Linley Alban and James E. Fisher of St. Paul and built by Samuel Converse and Company for $30,000, seating 650. The floor-plan is cross-gabled with a 3-story square tower in the corner. A foundation of rock-faced limestone supports walls of smooth-cut limestone blocks. Angle buttresses reinforce the corners, and the walls of the gable ends extend as parapets above the roof. One gable peak is topped with a cross. Features that mark the Neo-Gothic Revival style are the Gothic transoms over the doors, the steeply-pitched roofs, and the irregular massing. Inside, some things have been changed, but the original pneumatic pipe organ built by W.W. Kimball and Company of Chicago still sits at the front of the sanctuary.

In 1930, First Methodist Episcopal merged with Lake Street Episcopal Church and moved to the larger building on Lake Street. The building was bought by Immanuel Lutheran, a Swedish Evangelical Lutheran congregation which had been founded in 1883. By 1930 they had outgrown their building on Oxford Ave. and Fulton Street, so bought First Episcopal's building. Immanuel stayed from 1931 to 1981, then sold it to the Unitarian Fellowship.

References

Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin
Methodist churches in Wisconsin
Churches in Eau Claire, Wisconsin
Churches completed in 1911
Gothic Revival church buildings in Wisconsin
National Register of Historic Places in Eau Claire County, Wisconsin

First Methodist Episcopal Church (Eau Claire, Wisconsin)


The pampiniform plexus (from Latin pampinus, a tendril, + forma, form) is a venous plexus – a network of many small veins found in the human male spermatic cord, and the suspensory ligament of the ovary. In the male, it is formed by the union of multiple testicular veins from the back of the testis and tributaries from the epididymis.

In the male
The veins of the plexus ascend along the spermatic cord in front of the vas deferens. Below the superficial inguinal ring they unite to form three or four veins, which pass along the inguinal canal, and, entering the abdomen through the deep inguinal ring, coalesce to form two veins. These again unite to form a single vein, the testicular vein, which opens on the right side into the inferior vena cava, at an acute angle, and on the left side into the left renal vein, at a right angle. The pampiniform plexus forms the chief mass of the cord.

In addition to its function in venous return from the testes, the pampiniform plexus also plays a role in the temperature regulation of the testes.  It acts as a countercurrent heat exchanger, cooling blood in adjacent arteries. An abnormal enlargement of the pampiniform plexus is a medical condition called varicocele.

In the female
In females, the pampiniform plexus drains the ovaries. The right ovary drains to the pampiniform plexus to the ovarian vein to the inferior vena cava. The left ovary drains to the pampiniform plexus, left ovarian vein, then the left renal vein, to the inferior vena cava.

While varicocele is the diagnostic term for swelling in the valveless venous distribution of the male pampiniform plexus, this embryological structure, common to males and females, is often incidentally noted to be swollen during laproscopic examinations in both symptomatic and asymptomatic females. Diagnosis of female varicocele, properly called pelvic compression syndrome, should be expected to be as frequent as male varicocele (15% of healthy asymptomatic men which are thought to develop primarily during puberty and prevalence increases approximately 10% per decade of life).

While one may expect that the female to have equal prevalence of pelvic compression syndrome due to the identical embryological origin of the valveless pampiniform plexus, this condition is thought to be underdiagnosed due to the broad differential of the pain pattern: unilateral or bilateral pain, dull to sharp, constant to intermittent pain worsening with any increase in abdominal pressure.

Physical exam has specificity of 77% and sensitivity of nearly 94% when the patient is noted to be tender over adnexa during physical examination with a history of postcoital pain for differentiating pelvic congestion syndrome from other pathologies of pelvic origin. Confirmatory imaging requires ultrasound while performing Val Salva, while the gold standard remains ovarian and iliac catheter venography showing veins 5-10mm in diameter during Val Salva.

See also
 Rete mirabile, vascular countercurrent heat- and mass-exchanging structures found in many vertebrate organs

References

External links
  - "Inguinal Region, Scrotum and Testes: Veins"
  - "Male Reproductive System: spermatic cord, pampiniform plexus"
  - "Spermatic cord"

  ()
 Diagram at Rutgers

Veins of the torso
Scrotum

Pampiniform plexus


Southwood College was founded in 1874 in Salemburg, North Carolina and closed in 1973.  For many years, two schools, Edwards Military Institute and Pineland College, operated on the same site; on July 1, 1965, the institutions officially became Southwood College.

History
The history of Southwood College began in 1875.  Isham Royal founded Salemburg Academy, a one-room, private educational institution for girls. Private academies such as Salemburg flourished before the widespread introduction of public schools. One of the first principals was Marion Butler, later U.S. senator from North Carolina. In 1914, the program reorganized as the Pineland School for Girls following receipt of a donation of $70,000 from Benjamin N. Duke, son of Washington Duke, namesake of Duke University, and a commensurate contribution from local citizens

In 1926, the curriculum was broadened, several more buildings constructed, and the library expanded. The school became Pineland Junior College and served as a female only institution. The Edwards Military Institute, was added and was named for Methodist minister Anderson Edwards, who had contributed his life savings to the construction of the military academy.

In 1952, the schools had the youngest college president in the United States, Willard Jackson Blanchard, a World War II veteran, who at the time was thirty-two years old.

On July 1, 1965, the two schools merged and became Southwood College. The school closed its doors in 1973. That year, the North Carolina Department of Justice took over the grounds, and developed the North Carolina Justice Academy for the training of North Carolina criminal justice officers. The North Carolina Justice Academy still utilizes the Blanchard Learning Resource Center, the Royal Classroom Building, the Jones Auditorium, a cafeteria and an office building that were originally part of Southwood College.

Administration

Notes

References

 Oscar M. Bizzell, The Heritage of Sampson County (1983)
 William S. Powell, Higher Education in North Carolina (1964)
 (Raleigh) News and Observer, October 30, 1949
 Paul Pleasants, "One Small College Pays its Own Way," The State (July 1952)
 Don Britt, "Outstanding and Unique Facts About Pineland College-Edwards Military Institute," (typescript report in files of Research Branch, North Carolina Office of Archives and History, n.d.)

Defunct private universities and colleges in North Carolina
Universities and colleges established in 1874
Educational institutions disestablished in 1973
1874 establishments in North Carolina

Southwood College


Adolf Meyer (September 13, 1866 – March 17, 1950) was a Swiss-born psychiatrist who rose to prominence as the first psychiatrist-in-chief of the Johns Hopkins Hospital (1910-1941). He was president of the American Psychiatric Association in 1927–28 and was one of the most influential figures in psychiatry in the first half of the twentieth century. His focus on collecting detailed case histories on patients was one of the most prominent of his contributions.  He oversaw the building and development of the Henry Phipps Psychiatric Clinic at Johns Hopkins Hospital, opened in April 1913, making sure it was suitable for scientific research, training and treatment. Meyer's work at the Phipps Clinic is possibly the most significant aspect of his career.

Meyer's main theoretical contribution was his idea of ergasiology (a term he derived from the Greek for "working" and "doing") to describe a psychobiology.  This brought together all the biological, social and psychological factors and symptoms pertaining to a patient.  It considered mental illnesses to be a product of dysfunctional personality not a pathology of the brain. Believing that whole-life social and biological factors should be central to both diagnosis and treatment Meyer was one of the earliest psychologists to support occupational therapy as an important connection between the activities of an individual and their mental health, and incorporated community based activities and services to develop people's everyday living skills.

Personal life and education
Adolf Meyer was born in Niederweningen, Switzerland, in 1866. He was the son of a Zwinglian pastor. Meyer received his MD from the University of Zurich in 1892, where he studied neurology under Auguste Forel. During his time at the university, he studied abroad in Paris, London and Edinburgh, working under John Hughlings Jackson and Jean-Martin Charcot. His doctorate thesis was published in 1892 and had to do with the reptilian forebrain. Unable to secure an appointment with the university, he emigrated to the United States in 1892. Meyer married Mary Potter Brooks, of Newburgh, New York, on September 15, 1902. They had one daughter, Julia Lathrup Meyer, on February 14, 1916. Meyer died on March 17, 1950, at his home at 4305 Rugby Road in Baltimore, Maryland, of a heart attack. He was buried in Druid Ridge Cemetery in Pikesville, Maryland.

Medical career

Early career
After moving to the United States, Meyer first practiced neurology and taught at the University of Chicago, where he was exposed to the ideas of the Chicago functionalists. He was unable to find a paid full-time post at the University of Chicago, so his time at the university was short-lived; serving from 1892 to 1895. From 1893 to 1895, he served as pathologist at the new mental hospital at Kankakee, Illinois, after which he worked at the state hospital at Worcester, Massachusetts from 1895 to 1902, all the while publishing papers prolifically in neurology, neuropathology, and psychiatry. He also served as docent at Clark University.

Time in New York
In 1902, he became director of the Pathological Institute of the New York State Hospital system (shortly afterwards given its present name, The Psychiatric Institute), where in the next few years he shaped much of American psychiatry by emphasizing the importance of keeping detailed patient records and by introducing both Emil Kraepelin's classificatory system and Sigmund Freud's ideas. While in the New York State Hospital system, Meyer was one of the first importers of Freud's ideas about the importance both of sexuality and of the formative influence of early rearing on the adult personality. Meyer found many of Freud's ideas and therapeutic methods insightful and useful, but he rejected psychoanalysis as a wholesale etiological explanation of mental disorders in favor of his own theory of psychobiology. He never practiced psychoanalysis and always kept it at arm's length from Johns Hopkins because of Freud's increasingly dogmatic insistence on the psychical causation of mental illnesses. As he wrote in his presidential address to the 84th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association: "Those who imagine that all psychiatry and psychopathology and therapy have to resolve themselves into a smattering of claims and hypotheses of psychoanalysis and that they stand or fall with one's feelings about psychoanalysis, are equally misguided". Meyer was Professor of Psychiatry at Cornell University from 1904 to 1909.

The Phipps Clinic at Johns Hopkins

In 1908, Meyer was asked to become the director of a new psychiatric clinic at the Johns Hopkins Hospital after Henry Phipps Jr. donated 1.5 million dollars to open the clinic. Meyer accepted the offer, which he described as "the most important professorship [in psychiatry] in the English-speaking domain." He oversaw the building and development of the clinic and made sure the building was suitable for scientific research, training and treatment. The Henry Phipps Psychiatric Clinic opened in April 1913.

Meyer's work at the Phipps Clinic is arguably the most significant aspect of his career. His model for the Phipps Clinic combined clinical and laboratory work, which was the first time these elements were combined in a mental institute in the United States. Though the Phipps Clinic did not use the clinical model of Emil Kraepelin, Meyer did incorporate some of Kraepelin's practices into the clinic. These practices include extensive observations of the patients and studying both the presymptomatic and remissive phases of mental illness, along with periods of acute illness.

Meyer also served as a Professor of Psychiatry at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine from 1910 to 1941. In his beginning years at Johns Hopkins, Meyer helped oversee the work of a few of his aspiring students. Phyllis Greenacre, from the University of Chicago, and Curt Richter, a Harvard graduate, both had the opportunity to study under Meyer. Most notably, Richter studied the behavior of rats with Meyer and John Watson, a behavioral psychologist. Adolf Meyer worked at Johns Hopkins until his retirement in 1941. Meyer also conducted a nine-month study of the brain of Giuseppe Zangara, assassin who shot at President Franklin Roosevelt and killed Mayor Anton Cermak.

Legacy

Honors and awards
Meyer received honorary degrees from Glasgow University in 1901, Clark University in 1909, Yale University in 1934 and Harvard University in 1942. In 1942, Meyer was awarded the Thomas Salmon Medal for distinguished service in psychiatry.

In 1938, the neuropsychiatric clinic at Rhode Island State Hospital for Mental Diseases was named after Meyer.

People
Many of Meyer's students went on to make significant contributions to American psychiatry or psychoanalysis, though not necessarily as Meyerians. Most of the founders of the New York Psychoanalytic Society had worked under Meyer at Manhattan State Hospital, including its chief architect Abraham Arden Brill, and Charles Macfie Campbell.

Meyer and William Henry Welch played an instrumental role in Clifford Beers' founding of the Connecticut Society for Mental Hygiene in 1908. Under Meyer's direction, Leo Kanner founded the first child psychiatry clinic in the United States at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1930.

Contributions to psychology

Meyer's main contribution was in his ideas of psychobiology, where he focused on addressing all biological, social and psychological factors and symptoms pertaining to a patient. Meyer coined the term "ergasiology", which has Greek roots for "working" and "doing", as another way to classify psychobiology. One of his ideas was that mental illnesses were a product of a dysfunctional personality and not from the pathology of the brain. He also stressed the idea that social and biological factors that affect someone throughout their entire life should be heavily considered when diagnosing and treating a patient. Another contribution of Meyer was that he was one of the earlier psychologists that supported occupational therapy. He thought there was an important connection between the activities of an individual and their mental health. Taking this into consideration he looked for community based activities and services to aid people with everyday living skills.

Meyer was a strong believer in the importance of empiricism, and advocated repeatedly for a scientific, and, particularly, a biological approach to understanding mental illness. He hoped that the Phipps Clinic would help put mental illness on the same ground as every other human illness. He insisted that patients could best be understood through consideration of their "psychobiological" life situations. He reframed mental disease as biopsychosocial "reaction types" rather than as biologically specifiable natural disease entities. In 1906, he reframed dementia praecox as a "reaction type", a discordant bundle of maladaptive habits that arose as a response to biopsychosocial stressors.

Meyer was also involved with the Eugenics Records Office, which he viewed as a natural extension of the mental hygiene movement which he helped to create. He served on the advisory council of the American Eugenics Society for 12 years, from 1923 to 1935. Meyer's views on eugenics have not yet been studied closely and his association with the Eugenics Record Office cannot be equated straightforwardly with the extremism of some eugenicists, especially in light of the fact that the fundamental premise of Meyerian psychobiology contradicted the genetic determinism that underpinned scientific racism in the first half of the twentieth century.

Meyer had oversight over Henry Cotton, who ran a psychiatric hospital which regularly extracted the teeth and organs from patients, resulting in about a 45% death rate. Cotton believed that nearly all psychiatric problems could be resolved through the complete removal of teeth and subjected hundreds of patients to this treatment, over their objections and resistance. Although Meyer knew that Cotton's psychiatric hospital was a torture chamber, he actively prevented news of this from reaching the general public and praised Cotton publicly while burying investigations by other doctors. In Madhouse: A Tragic Tale of Megalomania and Modern Medicine, Andrew Scull faults Meyer for this decision.

Publications
Meyer never published a textbook. Between 1890 and 1943, he published roughly 400 articles in scientific and academic journals, mostly in English, but also in his native German and in French. Most were published together after his death in 1950 in four bound volumes called The Collected Papers of Adolf Meyer.
 The Collected Papers of Adolf Meyer (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1951)
 The Anatomical Facts and Clinical Varieties of Traumatic Insanity (1904)
 The Nature and Conception of Dementia Praecox (1910)
 Constructive Formulation of Schizophrenia (1922)

References

Notes
Guide to The Adolf Meyer Collection  at http://www.medicalarchives.jhmi.edu; a Guide to the personal papers collection of Adolf Meyer at The Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives of the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions with a short biography and timeline

Further reading
The Collected Papers of Adolf Meyer, edited by Eunice E. Winters. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1950–1952. 4 vols.

The Commonsense Psychiatry of Dr. Adolf Meyer: Fifty-two Selected Papers, edited by Alfred A. Lief. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1948.

Psychobiology: a Science of Man, compiled and edited by Eunice E. Winters and Anna Mae Bowers. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, (1957). This posthumous book was based on the first Thomas W. Salmon Lectures, which Meyer gave in 1931.

George Kirby's Guides for History Taking and Clinical Examination of Psychiatric Cases (Utica: State Hospitals Press 1921) is essentially the form Meyer created and used at Manhattan State Hospital in 1905–1906. It provides an excellent view of Meyer's early approach to taking case histories.

Richard Noll, American Madness: The Rise and Fall of Dementia Praecox (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011).

S. D. Lamb, Pathologist of the Mind: Adolf Meyer and the Origins of American Psychiatry (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014) Reissued in paperback in 2018.

Susan Lamb, "'My Resisting Getting Well': Neurasthenia and Subconscious Conflict in Patient-Psychiatrist Interactions in Prewar America,"  Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 52/2 (2016): pages 124-45.

Susan Lamb, "Social Skills: Adolf Meyer's Revision of Clinical Skill for the New Psychiatry of the Twentieth Century. Medical History Vol. 59 No. 3 (2015): pages 443-64.

Susan Lamb, "Social, Motivational, and Symptomatic Diversity: An Analysis of the Patient Population of the Phipps Psychiatric Clinic at Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1913 – 1917," Canadian Bulletin of Medical History Vol. 29 No.2: pages 243-63.

Adolf Meyer, "What Do Histories of Cases of Insanity Teach Us Concerning Preventive Mental Hygiene during the Years of School Life?", Psychological Clinic 2, no. 4 (1908): 89–101. PMC 5138873

Meyer's influence on American psychology can be explored in Defining American Psychology: The Correspondence Between Adolf Meyer and Edward Bradford Titchener, edited by Ruth Leys and Rand B. Evans. Baltimore/London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, (1990).

Meyer's importance to the introduction and development of American psychoanalysis is discussed and interpreted in: John C. Burnham, Psychoanalysis and American Medicine, 1894–1917: Medicine, Science, and Culture (New York: International Universities Press, 1967); John Gach, "Culture & Complex: On the Early History of Psychoanalysis in America" (pages 135–160) in Essays in the History of Psychiatry, edited by Edwin R. Wallace IV and Lucius Pressley (Columbia, SC: William S. Hall Psychiatric Institute, 1980); Nathan Hale, Freud and the Americans: The Beginnings of Psychoanalysis in the United States (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995); and Chapter Six of S. D. Lamb, Pathologist of the Mind: Adolf Meyer and the Origins of American Psychiatry (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014); Ruth Leys, "Meyer's Dealings With Jones: A Chapter in the History of the American Response to Psychoanalysis," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 17 (1981): pages 445-465; Ruth Leys, "Meyer, Jung, and the Limits of Association," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 59 (1985): pages 345-360; Scull, Andrew, and Jay Schulkin, "Psychobiology, Psychiatry, and Psychoanalysis: The Intersecting Careers of Adolf Meyer, Phyllis Greenacre, and Curt Richter." Medical History (National Institute of Health, Jan. 2009). Web. 22 Feb. 2015.

See also Theodore Lidz, "Adolf Meyer and the Development of American Psychiatry." The American Journal of Psychiatry, 123(3), pp 320–332 (1966) and C.H. Christiansen "Adolf Meyer Revisited:Connections between Lifestyle, Resilience and Illness". Journal of Occupational Science 14(2),63‐76. (2007).

External links
"Adolf Meyer: His Achievements and Legacy" (2016) Paul R. McHugh

1866 births
1950 deaths
American science writers
American psychiatrists
Johns Hopkins Hospital physicians
People associated with the University of Zurich
Swiss emigrants to the United States
American people of Swiss-German descent
Cornell University faculty
History of psychiatry
Presidents of the American Psychiatric Association
Niederweningen
People from Dielsdorf District
New York State Psychiatric Institute people

Adolf Meyer (psychiatrist)


Dorian Edward West MBE (born 5 October 1967) nicknamed "Nobby" is a former English international rugby union footballer.

West was born in Wrexham, Wales, but his family moved to England when he was young. Before professionalism, he was a police officer with the Leicestershire Constabulary's armed response unit.

He made his debut at Leicester Tigers and played for them as a flanker but a move to Nottingham in 1991 saw him convert to hooker. He rejected the offer of a trial for Wales.

He moved back to Leicester in 1996 where he became an understudy to Richard Cockerill. His form improved and he was noticed by England coach Clive Woodward during matches when Cockerill was away on international duty. This resulted in him being picked on the England bench for the 1998 match against France, coming on to replace Cockerill. The next week Cockerill was injured, but second-choice Mark Regan who had been injured for the match against France was fit again, so West was again selected on the bench, and came onto win his second cap.

Cockerill's loss of form would see West gradually replace him as first-choice hooker at Leicester, and West had another run of caps in the England starting line-up in 2001. He played in the 2001 Six Nations, and was selected for the England tour to Canada and the US, where he added 3 caps. After the end of the tour he was called up whilst on holiday as a replacement for the British & Irish Lions and performed so well he was on the bench for the final two tests. He failed to keep his shirt to Northampton Saints' hooker Steve Thompson, but was a useful squad member. At Leicester West enjoyed great domestic success, and started both the 2001 and 2002 Heineken Cup finals.

West was captain of England for the world cup warm-up game against France in Marseilles in August. During the 2003 Rugby World Cup, West was included in the 22 man squad for five of the games, playing in two; starting against Uruguay and coming on as a replacement for the semi-final against France. He was also on the bench for the final, and since his return has been appointed MBE in the New Year's Honours.

He announced his retirement from international rugby after the end of the 2003 World Cup and turned to coaching becoming forward coach for the England U21s.

On 8 June 2007, it was announced he had signed as forwards coach to recently relegated Northampton Saints alongside former England Saxons head coach, Jim Mallinder.

He is currently forwards coach for Sale Sharks.

Notes

External links
 Profile at Leicester Tigers' Website
 International Stats at Scrum.com
 Photos at Sporting-Heroes.com

1967 births
Living people
British & Irish Lions rugby union players from England
British police officers
England international rugby union players
English rugby union players
Leicester Tigers players
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Rugby union hookers
Rugby union players from Wrexham
Welsh rugby union players
2003 Rugby World Cup players

Dorian West


storySouth is an online quarterly literary magazine that publishes fiction, poetry, criticism, essays, and visual artwork, with a focus on the Southern United States. The journal also runs the annual Million Writers Award to select the best short stories published each year in online magazines or journals. The journal is one of the most prominent online literary journals and has been the subject of feature profiles in books such as Novel & Short Story Writer's Market. Works published in storySouth have been reprinted in a number of anthologies including Best American Poetry and Best of the Web. The headquarters is in Greensboro, North Carolina.

History and mission
storySouth was founded in the autumn of 2001 by fiction writer Jason Sanford and poet Jake Adam York. While storySouth focuses on the traditional genre of southern literature, the journal generally attempts to expose the newest generation of writers from the American South. Sanford and York turned over publication of storySouth to Spring Garden Press in 2009 and now serve as Editor Emeritus for the journal, but no longer handle day-to-day editorial responsibilities.

The journal has published pieces on such prominent authors such as Forrest Gander and Charles Wright, historical figures like George Wallace, and topics ranging from the trivial to the sociological.  Works published in storySouth have been reprinted in anthologies such as Best American Poetry, multiple editions of Best of the Web, and e2ink: The Best of the Online Journals, and have won a number of awards and honors.

The journal is listed as a contributing press by the Pushcart Prize and is among the American literary journals listed in Best American Short Stories. StorySouth reaches on average a 1,000 individual readers every day. The journal has been included in lists of prominent literary journals.

Million Writers Award

storySouth runs the annual Million Writers Award, started in 2003, which honors the best online short stories of the year. Past winners have included Adam-Troy Castro, Jenny Williams, Matt Bell, Catherynne M. Valente, Richard Bowes and Randa Jarrar. The award structure is egalitarian, it allows for anyone to nominate a short story, prize money is donated by readers and writers, and the winners are selected by public vote from a short list of entries selected by judges.

In 2012 Spotlight Publishing released two anthologies of stories from the Million Writers Award, with one focused on literary stories and the other on science fiction and fantasy stories.

Influence

storySouth was one of the early journals of the online literature movement. Early on, storySouth'''s influence in the publishing world was evidenced by a feature interview with Jason Sanford in the 2005 Novel and Short Story Writer's Market in which the role of the Internet and the influence of the Million Writers Award was featured.

Part of the growing influence of storySouth has been the sometimes combative nature of its editors. An essay of Sanford's called "Who Wears Short Shorts? Micro Stories and MFA Disgust" sent repercussions through the online literary community, as it ripped into the claimed incestuous nature of Master of Fine Arts programs and creative writing workshops. The essay prompted a large amount of online discussion on the merits of Sanford's claims.

In addition, the journal's editors were heavily involved in the debate around the alleged plagiarism of Southern author Brad Vice. Both of storySouth's editors defended Vice's action and their essays on the affair were mentioned in the subsequent press coverage and on numerous blogs. StorySouth'' editor Jake Adam York is one of the critics whose epigraph was published in the reprint of Vice's book.

Notable contributors
 Jacob M. Appel
 Kate Daniels
 Greg Downs
 Forrest Gander
 Honorée Fanonne Jeffers
 George Singleton
 Maryanne Stahl
 Lynn Strongin
 Natasha Trethewey
 Daniel Wallace
 Charles Wright

See also
List of literary magazines

References

External links
StorySouth's website
Jason Sanford's personal website
Jake Adam York's web page
Charles Wright at Modern American Poetry website

American Southern literary magazines
American literature websites
Magazines established in 2001
Magazines published in North Carolina
Mass media in Greensboro, North Carolina
Online literary magazines published in the United States
Quarterly magazines published in the United States

StorySouth


Heiki Nabi (born 6 June 1985) is an Estonian Olympic champion Greco-Roman wrestler.

Nabi was born in Hilleste, Hiiumaa.  At the 2006 World Wrestling Championships he won the gold medal in the men's Greco-Roman (96 kg) category and became the first amateur wrestling World Champion for his home country, because previous Estonian wrestling World Champion August Englas (1953 and 1954) competed for Soviet Union. At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Nabi won the silver medal in the Men's Greco-Roman 120kg.

Achievements

External links

Heiki Nabi (Estonia) : results, statistics
Nabi, Heiki at Wrestling Database
Heiki Nabi Philatelic Postage Stamp and Card (Estonian)

1985 births
Living people
People from Hiiumaa Parish
Olympic medalists in wrestling
Olympic silver medalists for Estonia
Olympic wrestlers for Estonia
Wrestlers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Wrestlers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
European Games bronze medalists for Estonia
European Games medalists in wrestling
Wrestlers at the 2015 European Games
World Wrestling Championships medalists
Estonian male sport wrestlers
Universiade medalists in wrestling
Universiade bronze medalists for Estonia
Recipients of the Order of the White Star, 2nd Class
Medalists at the 2005 Summer Universiade

Heiki Nabi


The Sapphire Jubilee of Elizabeth II on 6 February 2017, marked 65 years of Queen Elizabeth II's reign. The longest-reigning monarch in British history, Elizabeth II was the first British monarch to have a sapphire jubilee.

Unlike her Silver, Golden and Diamond Jubilees, there were no widespread public celebrations of the Queen's Sapphire Jubilee. Instead, like the February 1992 Ruby Jubilee, the Queen did not undertake any official engagements. As then, she spent the day in "quiet reflection" on the anniversary of the death of her father, George VI, and undertaking official work at Sandringham House. She attended a service at St Peter and St Paul Church in West Newton, Norfolk, on Sunday 5 February, where she was greeted by crowds of well-wishers. Larger-scale celebrations took place in June 2016, to mark the Queen's 90th birthday, and any extensive celebrations were reserved for a possible Platinum Jubilee in 2022. Despite proposals for larger celebrations to mark the 65th anniversary of the Queen's accession in June 2017, including a mooted bank holiday, no such celebrations were held.

Commemoration

The Secretary-General of the Commonwealth, The Baroness Scotland of Asthal, congratulated the Queen for reaching the Sapphire Jubilee as Head of the Commonwealth and said that she has "been an inspirational monarch. It's clear how much she values the Commonwealth, how dear the Commonwealth family is to her heart, and in return how much the people of our 52 member states value and love her. ... Her wisdom, advice and wonderful support have been invaluable to me since I was elected to office in April 2016".

Australia

On 8 February, in the House of Representatives, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull delivered a statement in which he congratulated the Queen on her Sapphire Jubilee, and said "She is so revered and respected here that few of us can say that we are not Elizabethans". The Leader of the Opposition, Bill Shorten, said "Even staunch republicans cannot help but admire the dedication to public duty that the Queen has shown, the life of service that she has led".

In the Senate, a motion was introduced by the Senator for Western Australia, Dean Smith, in which the Senate extended to the Queen "its continuing appreciation for the gracious manner in which she continues to fulfil her duties as Queen of Australia".

Canada

On Accession Day, Justin Trudeau, the Prime Minister of Canada, congratulated the Queen in a tweet:

The Governor General of Canada, David Johnston, congratulated the Queen on her Sapphire Jubilee, and said "This impressive milestone, the first for any sovereign in our history, provides us with an opportunity to express our deepest gratitude for everything Her Majesty has done for the Canadian Crown".

In the House of Commons of Canada, Randy Boissonnault, the member for Edmonton Centre, said, "As we reflect on our history throughout Canada's 150th birthday, we also mark and honour the story of our amazing monarch. God save the Queen".

During the year, a grove of 65 maple trees was planted in Rockcliffe Park in Ottawa, to mark the Queen's Sapphire Jubilee. Other activities were hosted by Lieutenant Governors across the provinces, during the Jubilee year.

On Canada Day, the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall inaugurated Rideau Hall's new doors, as "The Queen's Entrance", in celebration of the Queen's Sapphire Jubilee.

A statue of Elizabeth II was commissioned in 2017 to mark the Sapphire Jubilee and the 150th anniversary of Canadian Confederation. However, its installation at Queen's Park was delayed until 2023 due to financing issues.

Sapphire Jubilee Snowflake Brooch

.
At a celebration of Canada's sesquicentennial at Canada House on 19 July 2017, the Governor General of Canada David Johnston presented the Sapphire Jubilee Snowflake Brooch to the Queen as a gift from the Government of Canada to celebrate the Queen's Sapphire Jubilee and to commemorate Canada 150. David Johnston presented the Queen with the brooch moments before she and the Duke of Edinburgh unveiled a new Jubilee Walkway panel outside Canada House. The brooch was designed as a companion to the Diamond Maple Leaf brooch. The piece was made by Hillberg and Berk of Saskatchewan and consists of sapphires from a cache found in 2002 on Baffin Island by brothers Seemeega and Nowdluk Aqpik.

New Zealand

A motion was introduced in the Parliament of New Zealand, by Winston Peters, Leader of New Zealand First, in respect of the Sapphire Jubilee of the Queen and was passed by the House. In the motion, the House congratulated the Queen of New Zealand on becoming the first monarch of New Zealand to reach a sapphire jubilee, marking 65 years on the throne.

United Kingdom

The Sapphire Jubilee featured blue stamps from the Royal Mail, commemorative coins from the Royal Mint, including one worth £50,000, and a reissue of an official 2014 portrait of Queen Elizabeth II by David Bailey. In this official portrait, the Queen wears sapphire jewellery which she received as a wedding present from her father.

The Jubilee also involved the ringing of the bells in Westminster Abbey, a 41-gun salute by the King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery in Green Park, a 62-gun salute by the Honourable Artillery Company at the Tower of London and gun salutes in several other places around the United Kingdom.

Theresa May, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, congratulated the Queen, saying in part that the occasion was "another remarkable milestone for our remarkable Queen. ... I know the nation will join with me today in celebrating and giving thanks for the lifetime of service Her Majesty the Queen has given to our country and to the Commonwealth. ... She has truly been an inspiration to all of us and I am proud, on behalf of the nation, to offer our humble thanks and congratulations on celebrating this Sapphire Jubilee".

Other tributes

In September 2017, a new community centre in Collier Row, Romford, was named the Sapphire Jubilee Community Centre in the Queen's honour.

To mark the Queen's Sapphire Jubilee, Welwyn Hatfield Borough Council instituted "The Queen's Sapphire Jubilee Awards", which are awarded to young people aged between 7 and 20 years, to support them to get started, improve and excel in sport, art, dance or drama. The awards are presented to successful candidates at the Annual Council.

Penhaligon's released a limited edition version of their Lily of the Valley perfume, to commemorate the Queen's Sapphire Jubilee. Only 65 crystal bottles were produced – one to mark each year since the Queen's accession to the throne in 1952 and the bows on every single bottle were embroidered with a number. It was announced that a percentage of the profits from this product would go towards the Queen Elizabeth Scholarship Trust.

The British Pobjoy Mint released special Titanium coins featuring the Royal coat of arms to mark the Queen's Sapphire Jubilee. The obverse features a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II. Titanium reacts differently with every strike, making each coin unique in terms of colour. The coins also feature a lined effect due to its composition.

The Sapphire Ice & Leisure Centre at Romford, England, named to honour the Sapphire Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II, opened to the public on 3 February 2018. The building is five storeys high and includes an eight-lane pool for competitions and a 56m by 26m ice rink, and is home for the ice hockey team, the London Raiders. From an external viewpoint, the combination of the building's rectangular shape and its lightweight facade were used to mimic the appearance of an ice cube.

In 2018, the House of Garrard unveiled a 118.88ct royal blue Burmese sapphire presented in a brooch that features a signature cluster setting. The jewel was named in honour of the 65th anniversary of Queen Elizabeth II's coronation, a date traditionally marked by the gift of a sapphire, and pays tribute to the House's role in remodelling the Imperial State Crown for the occasion.

Guernsey

In Guernsey, commemorative coins were issued to mark the Queen's Sapphire Jubilee.

See also

Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II
Ruby Jubilee of Elizabeth II
Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II
Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II
Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II
 List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign
 List of jubilees of British monarchs

References

External links
Sapphire Jubilee at the website of The Governor General of Canada

Elizabeth II
British royal jubilees
2017 festivals
February 2017 events in the United Kingdom

Sapphire Jubilee of Elizabeth II


Gryphaea (the Devil's toenail) is a genus of extinct oysters which were once very common. Their fossils are common on the Jurassic Coast in southern England, and in the margins of the old Sundance Sea in the United States. It is a marine bivalve mollusc in the family Gryphaeidae.

These bivalves were at their peak in the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, when they sat in huge muddy oyster beds in shallow tropical seas. The genus survived a long time, but went extinct about 34 million years ago (mya).

The oyster shell has two 'valves': a larger gnarly-shaped shell (the 'toenail') and a smaller, flattened shell, the 'lid'. The soft parts of the animal lived in the gap between the two shells, just like modern oysters. The shells have prominent growth bands. The large curved shell sat in the mud on the sea floor.

Where to find it
In England at the coasts of Redcar and Weymouth in the Kimmeridgian clay; in the U.S.A in riverbanks and cliffs of Texas and Kansas. They are often washed out of the clay onto the beach or river banksides.

References

Bivalves

Gryphaea


Elston Chapel is a redundant Anglican church to the north-east of the village of Elston, Nottinghamshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building, and is under the care of the Churches Conservation Trust. It stands in a field and is described as a "solitary barn-like chapel".

History
Formerly a parish church, the chapel dates from the 12th century, with additions and alterations made in the 14th and 16th centuries. The chapel was created as a separate parish in 1584 and later became a chapelry to East Stoke. In the early 19th century its interior was fitted with pine pews and a gallery. However, by 1872 it was disused and was transferred to the parish of All Saints, Elston.

There is speculation that the chapel was formerly the chapel of a medieval leper hospital dedicated to Saint Leonard. The church was declared redundant on 23 September 1976, and was vested in the Churches Conservation Trust on 9 February 1976.

Architecture
The chapel is constructed in coursed rubble stone with tile roofs, and consists of a nave and a smaller and lower chancel. In the west wall are two small rectangular windows with a larger rectangular window above. In the north wall of the nave is a two-light window with ogee arches and, to the east in a slightly projecting bay is a single-light window with a pointed arch. The north wall of the chancel contains a two-light window under a flat arch. The east end of the chancel has buttresses, and contains a three-light window with ogee arches under a flat head. The date 1577 is inscribed over the window, and at the apex of the gable is the fragment of a cross. The south wall of the chancel and the nave both contain a two-light window under ogee arches. The south doorway dates from the 12th century, and is in Norman style with a round arch and zigzag decoration. Inside the church fragments of the 19th-century fittings still present. There are several layers of paintings on the walls, including Georgian biblical texts and, on the north wall, a large royal coat of arms.

See also
List of churches preserved by the Churches Conservation Trust in the English Midlands
Grade I listed buildings in Nottinghamshire
Listed buildings in Elston

References

12th-century church buildings in England
Grade I listed churches in Nottinghamshire
Church of England church buildings in Nottinghamshire
English churches with Norman architecture
Churches preserved by the Churches Conservation Trust

Elston Chapel


Dasahev López Saavedra (born July 27, 1989), better known as El Dasa, is a Mexican singer from Hermosillo, Sonora. El Dasa has been nominated for two Latin Grammy Awards.

Early life and career
At age 15, El Dasa became the lead singer of Banda Costa Azul, from Hermosillo, Sonora. He participated in the last edition of Mexico's La Academia 6: Última Generación, but he was eliminated in the second round. At age 18, he emigrated to Los Angeles where he was hired by Vicente Fernandez as his driver, where El Dasa would sing for his idol. The Mexican icon was moved by El Dasa's singing and invited him on-stage with him at the Gibson Amphitheater to duet on "Amor de los Dos," and encouraged the audience to support his career.

On 2016, NBC Universo released a series by the name of El Vato inspired on the real-life story of El Dasa, the principal actor of the series.

In August 2017 the new season of EL VATO on NBC Universo will premiere. This season will continue to tell the real-life story of El Dasa.

In late 2020 he was declared the winner of the first season of Tu cara me suena (American TV series).

Discography
Pa' La Raza (2012)
Alegre Y Enamorado (2014)
 Muve Sessions Alegre Y Enamorado (2014)
'' El Hijo Del Desierto '' (2017)
 Pedro Infante 100 Años (2017)

References

1992 births
Living people
Banda musicians
Fonovisa Records artists
Singers from Sonora
People from Hermosillo
21st-century Mexican singers
21st-century Mexican male singers

El Dasa


Hotel Kenney is a hotel near Jones Falls on the Rideau Canal in the township of Rideau Lakes, Ontario, Canada. Parks Canada describes the hotel as having been built as a fishing lodge in a period when excursion steamers operated along the canal.

The hotel was built in 1888, on the site of an earlier building which had been destroyed in a fire. It is open early May to late October.

The hotel was owned by members of the Kenney family for many years. In 2008, Franklin Folts, a clothing store owner and resident of Martha's Vineyard, bought the hotel at an auction.

The hotel was nominated in Today magazine as "Best Small Hotel in Canada," the hotel's website claims.

References

External links
Hotel Kenney
Gordon's Estate Services: Hotel Kenney

Hotels in Ontario
Buildings and structures in Leeds and Grenville United Counties
Hotel buildings completed in 1888

Hotel Kenney


Sygnały Magazyn (Signals Magazine) was a Polish cultural and social magazine published 1933–1939 in Lwów (Lemberg, today Lviv, Ukraine).  It was a leading periodical of the leftist Polish intelligentsia. The journal started as a 12-page monthly and was subsequently published once every two weeks, with editions of up to 32 pages. Sygnały was published in the tabloid format, similar to the New York Times at about 56x40 cm (22x16 inches).

Editors
Its editor-in-chief was Karol Kuryluk, and the editorial committee included Tadeusz Banaś, Stanisława Blumenfeld, Halina Górska, Tadeusz Hollender, Anna Kowalska, Andrzej Kurczkowski and Marian Prominski.

Polish contributors
Among the literary contributors from Poland figured Erwin Axer, Maria Dąbrowska, Jan Kasprowicz, Stanisław Jerzy Lec, Bruno Schulz, Leopold Staff, Julian Tuwim, Debora Vogel and Józef Wittlin.

International contributors
International literary contributors included Henri Barbusse, André Malraux, Carl von Ossietzky, Bertrand Russell, Upton Sinclair and Paul Valéry.

Artists
The magazine featured reproductions of art work by Alexander Archipenko, Jan Cybis, Xawery Dunikowski, Max Ernst, Henryk Gotlib, Bronisław Linke, Maria Jarema, Bruno Schulz, Henryk Streng and Zygmunt Waliszewski; avant-garde photographs and photomontages by Otto Hahn, Jerzy Janisch, Margit Sielska and Mieczysław Szczuka; and caricatures by K. Baraniecki, F. Kleinmann, Eryk Lipiński and Franciszek Parecki.

History
Special issues were dedicated to Jewish, Ukrainian and Belarusian culture.

In 1938 an armed ONR (National Radical Camp) gang raided the editorial office and Karol Kuryluk barely escaped alive. In spite of financial hardship and heavy censorship, he published Signals through August 1939.

In September 1939, after the Soviet annexation of Lwów, Kuryluk deposited his Signals archive at the Ossolineum Library (now Stefanyk Library) where it has survived until now.

Picture gallery

Sources
 Encyklopedia Gazety Wyborczej, 2005
 Ewa Pankiewicz, Karol Kuryluk. Biografia polityczna 1910–1967, doctoral dissertation, Warsaw University.
 Prasa Polska w latach 1939–1945, Warsaw, 1980.
 Książka dla Karola (a collections of memoirs and essays on Karol Kuryluk, and his letters), ed. K. Koźniewski, Warsaw, 1984.
 Halina Górska, Chłopcy z ulic miasta, with an introduction by Karol Kuryluk, Warsaw, 1956.
 Letters and Drawings of Bruno Schulz, edited by J. Ficowski, New York, 1988.
 Ewa Kuryluk, Ludzie z powietrza—Air People, Cracow, 2002
 Ewa Kuryluk, Goldi, Warsaw, 2004
 Ewa Kuryluk, Cockroaches and Crocodiles, The Moment Magazine, July/August 2008
 Ewa Kuryluk, Frascati, Cracow, 2009 www.kuryluk.art.pl
 Source materials about Karol Kuryluk in Polish, published in Zeszytyhistoryczne, in Acrobat PDF format: http://www.marekhlasko.republika.pl/03_artykuly/Kuryluk.pdf

1933 establishments in the Soviet Union
1939 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
Biweekly magazines
Cultural magazines
Magazines published in the Soviet Union
Defunct literary magazines published in Europe
Eastern Bloc mass media
Magazines established in 1933
Magazines disestablished in 1939
Mass media in Lviv
Monthly magazines published in Russia
Polish-language magazines

Sygnały


The Minor Canons of St Paul's Cathedral, London, whose origins predate the Norman conquest of England, unusually were independent of the senior canons and, as priests, of higher status than the lay vicars choral. Medieval Hereford furnishes the only other example of such a structure.

There were three full-time clergy at St Paul's who were part of its ministry and mission team but not members of the cathedral chapter. Notwithstanding the abolition of the college, there remain two minor canons (succentor and sacrist) who take part in and organise services in the cathedral, with particular areas of specialist responsibility including ceremony, music, liturgy and daily services. The chaplain is responsible for the pastoral care of the cathedral. The role of chaplain is not that of a minor canon but is in the newly established category of "priest vicar".

, the minor canons and priest vicar are:
Succentor (minor canon) — Robert Kozak (from 23 February 2022)
Sacrist (minor canon) — Robert Coupland (from 6 October 2019)
Chaplain (priest vicar) — Paula Hollingsworth (from 14 February 2020)
Assistant Chaplain (priest vicar) — Andrew Richardson (since 2019)

History

The College of Minor Canons (up to 12 in number) lived according to a rule and from 1353 possessed a hall where they gathered daily for an evening meal. In 1378 the minor canons petitioned Pope Urban VI for a grant confirming their "ancient" privileges, and in 1396 Richard II authorised statutes to govern the college of minor canons at St Paul's.

The 1396 statutes (which probably reflected contemporary practice) provided for the election by the minor canons each June of a warden, who was to govern the college in association with his senior brethren, among them the junior and senior cardinals. Whenever a vacancy arose in the college, the remaining members were to nominate two persons, from whom the dean and chapter made their selection. Prospective minor canons were to be "worthy, sufficient and meet men, not only in reading and singing, but also and especially in honesty of life and godliness of conversation". Upon election each new minor canon was to present the college with a silver spoon worth at least five shillings. To avoid scandal, canons were forbidden to bring women into the college precincts or to visit taverns in their company. Transgressors faced expulsion for a third offence. Hospitality was limited, for any legitimate guests at dinner were to pay a sum set by the warden "as the dearth or plenty of victuals then requires". Tranquillity was also important, for there was to be no noise in minor canons' residences after 9:00 pm. Sanitation was a constant concern, with a ha'penny fine for any minor canon who did "cast filth ... [or] make water within the gates except it be in the place appointed for that purpose". These statutes of 1396 were confirmed by successive monarchs, as by Henry VII in 1487 and Elizabeth I in 1566. In 1840 an Act of Parliament, known as the St Paul's Cathedral Minor Canonries Act reduced the number of Minor Canons to six, with a warden and a senior and junior cardinal among them.

In the early 21st century, the college were three priests: chaplain, sacrist and succentor. The College of Minor Canons of St Paul's Cathedral, and the two historic titles "Senior Cardinal" and "Junior Cardinal", were abolished with effect from 1 February 2016.

Cardinals

In the Church of England, the title Cardinal was, prior to the abolition of the college, applied to the two senior members of the College of Minor Canons of St Paul's Cathedral, who were known as the Senior and Junior Cardinal. The use of the term predates the English Reformation and in 1898 a complete list of the Cardinals up to that time appeared in print. The final Cardinals, in post on 1 February 2016, were Rosemary Morton (Succentor since November 2014) and James Milne (Sacrist since 7 February 2015). The Cardinal Rector of St Magnus-the-Martyr Church by London Bridge is thought to be the only cleric now entitled to use the title Cardinal in the Church of England. Given that women are never made cardinals of the Roman church, women who served as Minor Canons of St Paul's and who were entitled to the "Cardinal" designation were the only women to be called cardinals.

History of the title
This usage of Cardinal dates back to before when the term assumed its present meaning as a high official of the Catholic Church. Originally, it could be applied to any priest permanently assigned or incardinated to a church.
A papal grant of Urban VI (1378) referred to duo deputati ab antiquo, qui cardinales vocantur, the two who took a leading role in the affairs of the college. Their duties according to the statutes of the cathedral of 1396 were "continually to visit the sick and minister unto them as often as shall be needful". The two Cardinals of the choir enjoyed fees from funerals and anniversary Masses sung in the cathedral. They were consulted on liturgical matters, as on the suitability of the office hymn Verbum supernum at the time of the introduction of the Sarum Rite at St Paul's in the mid-fifteenth century. Their duty to celebrate at the high altar in place of the dean and canons was unique to St Paul's. Moreover, the junior Cardinal had special responsibility for visiting the sick and ministering the sacrament to them: a dangerous duty when the city was infected by plague and disease. In reward, the Cardinals enjoyed a double allowance of money, bread, and ale from the college common funds. The Victorian poet Richard Harris Barham held one of these offices.

References

Notes

Citations

Saint Pauls Cathedral, Minor Canons of
St Paul's Cathedral
14th-century establishments in England

Minor Canons of St Paul's


The .700 Nitro Express (17.8×89mmR) is a big game rifle cartridge. The cartridge is typically charged with around 250 grains of powder, in addition to a two-grain igniter charge (to reduce the tendency of the cartridge to hang fire from such large powder charges). The cartridge was introduced in 1988 by the boutique gunmakers Holland & Holland (H&H) of London. It was developed by Jim Bell and William Feldstein and built by H&H. Feldstein had tried unsuccessfully to get H&H to build a .600 Nitro Express for him, but they had already ceased production. However, when Bell and Feldstein produced an entirely new .700 Nitro Express cartridge, they were able to attract the interest of H&H, which was looking for a new big-bore cartridge. After production began, the backlog of orders was so great that it continued to 2007 and H&H restarted the production of .600 Nitro Express guns.

Specifications
In many respects, this cartridge parallels the .600 Nitro Express. It is essentially a scaled-up version of that cartridge, but is somewhat more powerful, and fires a heavier 1,000-grain (64.8 g) bullet. The case itself is a completely new case, not simply another case resized. Double rifles are extremely expensive, starting at about US$10,000 and selling up to US$260,000 in 2015, and have generally been replaced by repeater-rifles using rounds such as the .458 Winchester Magnum.

Single factory loaded .700 Nitro cartridges are available, typically at US$100 each.

Ballistics
The .700 Nitro Express develops an approximate average of  of muzzle energy with a  bullet at . Handloaders can push the cartridge to generate as much as  of energy in a modern bolt action, by using a  bullet fired at . However, doing so necessitates a rifle so heavy it is almost inoperable for hunting purposes. Lathe turned cases as used in the Accurate Reloading rifle above will suffer blown primers at this level though a good source of drawn brass would allow (in theory) velocities up to .

The typical average muzzle velocity of a factory-loaded cartridge is . In the  rifle used by Accurate Reloading this would result in recoil energy of approximately . This is more than ten times the average recoil from a .308 Winchester which is a common hunting calibre, and more than 4 times the recoil of a strong .45-70 Government round.

Comparable calibres
Rifle calibres comparable to the .700 Nitro Express in terms of power and recoil include the following:

.458 Winchester Magnum
.460 Weatherby Magnum
.475 A&M Magnum
.577 Tyrannosaur
.585 Nyati
.600 Nitro Express
.600 Overkill
.950 JDJ (the world's largest rifle cartridge)
4 bore
12.7×108mm
14.5×114mm
.50 BMG
20 mm caliber (One of the most powerful rifle rounds, used in anti-materiel rifles)

See also
 List of rifle cartridges
 Table of handgun and rifle cartridges

References

External links

Pistol and rifle cartridges
British firearm cartridges
Holland & Holland cartridges

.700 Nitro Express


Mombasa Road, also known as the Nairobi–Mombasa Road, or Mombasa–Nairobi Road or A109 Road (Kenya) is the main road between Nairobi, Kenya's capital and largest city and Mombasa, the country's largest port city. The road is a component of the Northern Corridor.

Location

The road starts in the city of Nairobi, at the confluence of Langata Road, Uhuru Highway and Lusaka Road, immediately west of DHL House. It continues in a general southeasterly direction, through seven Kenya Counties to end in the city of Mombasa at the confluence of Digo Road, Langoni Road and Abdel Nasser Road, a total distance of about . The coordinates of this road south of the town of Athi River, Machakos County are: 01°30'15.0"S, 37°05'20.0"E (Latitude:-1.504167; Longitude:37.088889).

Overview
This road, together with its sister road, Nairobi–Malaba Road, is part of the Great North Road, that links the Kenyan coast to the land-locked countries of Burundi, Eastern DR Congo, Rwanda, Uganda and South Sudan. The road moves more than 50 percent of all goods traded in the East African Community. Due to the volume of traffic, and the concentration of heavy-duty transport vehicles, the route is accident-prone, accounting for a large number of injuries and fatalities in the region. In 2013 alone, 3,179 people lost their lives in traffic accidents on the combined Mombasa–Malaba Road.

The government of Kenya has plans to expand the road to dual carriageway, with a total of six lanes outside Mombasa Island, increasing the number of lanes to twelve, on the island itself. It is expected that solicitation of bids from funders and contractors will be announced before the end of calendar 2016. When completed, the road will become Nairobi–Mombasa Expressway

Towns
The following towns, listed from west towards the east, are located along the highway:

Intersections
The following major intersections lie along the Nairobi–Mombasa Road, listed from the west towards the east:

 The Nairobi–Malaba Road, also referred to as the Nairobi–Uganda Road
 The Nairobi–Namanga Road, part of the Nairobi–Arusha Road
 The Voi–Taveta Road
 The Mariakani–Kaloleni–Mavueni Road
 The Dongo Kundu Bypass Highway
 The Mombasa–Garissa Road
 The Malindi–Bagamoyo Highway.

See also
 Trans-African Highway network
 List of roads in Kenya

References

External links

 Mombasa Road: Real Estate, Apartments and Houses

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Roads in Kenya
Streets in Nairobi
Machakos County
Kajiado County
Makueni County
Taita-Taveta County
Kwale County
Mombasa County

Nairobi–Mombasa Road


Canada Lands Company Limited () is a self-financing federal Crown corporation reporting to the Parliament of Canada through Public Services and Procurement Canada. The company is responsible for managing property on behalf of the federal government, conducting public consultation and integrating properties back into their surrounding communities for development. Most of its assets are located in Canadian urban centres, and are sold after the CLC revalued the property by providing managerial support and subsidizing immediate costs such as decontamination. However, the company retains ownership of some of Canada's most valued properties, such as Downsview Park, the CN Tower, the Old Port of Montreal and the Montreal Science Centre, from which it draws rental and hospitality revenues.

History
The CLC was founded in 1956 as the Public Works Lands Company Limited (PWLCL). Its original function was to act as  "an intermediary handling public land development, leases, permits, title transfers, etc. for other government departments". The PWLCL had little activity in the first few decades of its existence, and went dormant in the 1980s when the government's neoliberal program focused on privatization. It was renamed the Canada Lands Company Limited in 1981.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the government of Canada adopted legislation and policies that encouraged the sale of public lands and assets. Prior to this period, state ownership of land and corporations was supported by all political parties and was seen as necessary to bind colonial economies together and to assist the private sector through government intervention in the economy. Following the adoption of the Federal Real Property and Federal Immovables Act in 1991, government departments were incentivized to dispose of their holdings with no immediate benefits, with the idea that the private sector could make better use of it. The function of today's CLC originates in these policy changes.

Canada Lands was reactivated in August 1995 by the Government of Canada as a "federal nonagent commercial Crown corporation" for the disposition of physical government properties deemed superfluous. It is mandated by the government to act as its agent for the disposal of such assets, and the government is the company's only shareholder. The necessity of the disposition of land and other physical assets was the result of the privatization of Canadian National Railway in 1995, as the government had excluded non-rail real estate assets from the privatization and re-activated Canada Lands as a holding company for these assets, and to dispose of high-value assets in urban areas. Any property deemed surplus by the government must be sold to the Canada Lands Company at fair market value, which must then develop, manage, or sell the property.

In the 2010s, CLC's major projects were the operation and development of the CN Tower and surrounding areas, and the redevelopment of decommissioned Canadian Forces bases across Canada into pricey residential units.

Mandate

The goal of the corporation as determined by Cabinet since 1995 has been to ensure "the commercially oriented, orderly disposition of surplus properties with optimal value to the Canadian taxpayer".

Work
The CLC treats their holdings as financial assets. They appraise the value of their holdings exclusively from an exchange-value point of view, and recommends property management and redevelopment schemes directly aimed at increasing the land exchange value. In contrast, in UK land disposals, surplus designation is based on the land's operational value, and exchange value is only considered once it is determined that the land has no value for the government.

The CLC also subsidizes the initial costs of developing the property, such as "the removal of debris and contaminated soil or other environmental hazards. Other preparation work may include the renovation of existing roads, the demolition of unsafe structures and the installation of new roads and other municipal services (for example: sewers, streetlights, etc.)."

Privatization
Heather Whiteside describes the CLC as an "agent of privatization, akin to PPP Canada and the Canada Infrastructure Bank". She says the "CLC provides regulatory-managerial support for privatization by collecting rent to subsidize property development, by commercializing public space, and by financializing public land."

Governance
The chair of the company and its board members are appointed by the Governor-in-Council. It is a self-financing company operated at arm's length from the government that reports to the Minister of Public Services and Procurement. It functions as a "private sector, full-service real estate company". Unlike other government agencies, it is able to borrow money from capital markets, use letters of credit, and hold cash and other short-term financial instruments.

Holdings
CLCL is the parent of three subsidiary companies: Parc Downsview Park Inc. (which manages Downsview Park in Toronto), Old Port of Montreal Corporation (which manages attractions in the Old Port of Montreal historic area including the Montreal Science Centre), and Canada Lands Company CLC Limited (which manages all other holdings such as the CN Tower).

The company has a real estate portfolio totalling approximately  in municipalities across Canada.  The initial portfolio included many properties formerly controlled by the Canadian National Railway Company, which was privatized in 1995. Most of these properties were highly hazardous, and the CLC took care of their decontamination and redevelopment. The remediation of the CN's Shop Yard in Moncton, New Brunswick is often touted as one of the CLC's success, as they recycled 4000 tons of scrap metal, removed 120 000 tons of lead contamination and 30 000 tons of wood, and installed a kilometre of pipes and drainage. This work "turned a vacant 'eye sore' into a place for community and business activity."

This portfolio subsequently increased in size as the Department of National Defence (DND) began closing military bases across the country after the end of the Cold War. In the 1990s, government officials floated the idea using these DND surplus lands for public services such as social housing. CLC purchased several former DND bases that were closed during this process, and it later began to redevelop them.  Today, after being handled by the CLC, these ex-military bases are, for the most part, pricey residential units.

Of its original portfolio when the company was re-activated in 1995, 70% had been sold by 2006.

Current projects
Canada Lands Company's current real estate projects include:
Wateridge Village/Village des Riverains, Ottawa, Ontario (in development)
Village at Griesbach, Edmonton, Alberta (in development)
Currie, Calgary, Alberta (in development)
Shannon Park, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia
Jericho Lands, Vancouver, British Columbia (in partnership with the Musqueam, Squamish, and Tsleil-Waututh Nations)
Heather Street Lands, Vancouver, British Columbia
Downsview Redevelopment, Toronto, Ontario (in partnership with Northcrest of PSP Investments, planning started in 2020)

Canada Lands Company's completed major real estate developments include:

 Les Bassins du Nouveau Havre, Montreal, Quebec
 Benny Farm, Montreal, Quebec
 Moncton Sportsplex, Moncton, New Brunswick
 River's Edge, Chilliwack, British Columbia
 Garrison Crossing, Chilliwack, British Columbia
 Garrison Woods, Calgary, Alberta
 Garrison Green, Calgary, Alberta

Indigenous relation
CLC land is sometimes used to resolve Indigenous specific land claims. An example of this is the 2014 transfer of the Jericho lands in urban Vancouver to three First Nations groups (the Musqueam, Squamish, and Tsleil-Waututh nations). The land deal is worth 237 million Canadian dollars.

As part of its joint venture with the Algonquins of Ontario, the CLC is redeveloping the site at 299 Carling Avenue. Canada Lands entered into a Participation Agreement with the Algonquins of Ontario for the redevelopment of the former CFB Rockcliffe in Ottawa, now known as Wateridge Village.

References

Further reading

External links

Federal departments and agencies of Canada
Canadian federal Crown corporations
Companies based in Toronto
Real estate companies of Canada

Canada Lands Company