David Reading Krathwohl (May 14, 1921 – October 13, 2016) was an American educational psychologist. He was the director of the Bureau of Educational Research at Michigan State University and was also a past president of the American Educational Research Association, where he served in multiple capacities, as a member of the research advisory committee for the Bureau of Research of the USOE and as regional chairman of the board of trusties of the Eastern Regional Institute for Education.

Biography
He was born in Chicago on May 14, 1921. He was the son of William Charles and Marie Krathwohl. After graduating from undergrad at the University of Chicago, he served in the U.S. Army during World War II and later returned to the University of Chicago where he received both his M.S. and his Ph.D. While studying with Benjamin Bloom, he co-authored the Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, (also known as Bloom's Taxonomy) a critical publication on education and has also edited, authored and co-authored several books on education. He was the Hannah Hammond Professor of Education Emeritus at Syracuse University. Krathwohl independently developed the affective domain taxonomy, which was ordered according to the principle of internalization. Internalization is the "process whereby a person's affect toward an object passes from a general awareness level to a point where the affect is internalized and consistently guides or controls the person's behavior."   This taxonomy is presented in five different stages. These included: receiving, responding, valuing, organization, and characterization.

Krathwohl died on October 13, 2016.

Early life
Krathwohl was also the Hannah Hammond Professor of Education Emeritus at Syracuse University. Krathwohl was a critical part of the Taxonomy because he gave many ideas and revisions to make Bloom's Taxonomy even better. An American Educational Psychologist, Krathwohl also served as the director of the Bureau of Educational Research as Michigan State University. He was a member of the research advisory committee for the Bureau of Research of the USOE, and served as a regional chairman of the board of trusties of the Eastern Regional Institute for Education, while being the president of the American Educational Research Association (AERA). In addition to being the AERA president, Krathwohl served as president of the Educational Psychology Division of the American Psychological Association. He was also an AERA Fellow and a fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences as Stanford University. While still being an active member of AERA, he served on the Division of Measurement and Research Methodology, as well as the Professors of Educational Research and Mixed Methods Research SIGs.

Bloom's Taxonomy
David Krathwohl gave many contributions to Bloom's Taxonomy. This set a framework for classifying students to learn as a result of instruction. Krathwohl described this as a "means of facilitating the exchange of test items among faculty at various universities in order to create banks of items, each measuring the same educational objective." Krathwohl and Bloom worked closely together while they were at University of Chicago, where Krathwohl completed both his masters and his doctorate degrees. This is where Bloom came up with the idea of the educational taxonomy, and Krathwohl assisted on many accounts. Although Bloom's original taxonomy consisted of six categories, when Krathwohl revised it, it consisted of four, more precise categories. These categories were known as knowledge dimension parts, and these included: factual knowledge, conceptual knowledge, procedural knowledge, and metacognitive knowledge. Each of those categories were broke down into smaller, more complex parts than the original taxonomy. Then, he broke the cognitive processes part into six different categories: remember, understand, analyze, apply, evaluate, and create.

Revision of Bloom's Taxonomy
While revising the taxonomy in 2001, Krathwohl helped to reorganize and highlight the interactions between two dimensions: cognitive processes and knowledge content. While reorganizing the taxonomy, the emphasized a refocus on educational outcomes back to the original handbook, which was ahead of its time and can still offer assistance to modern educators who will want to refer to it. It also helped to give new findings in psychology and education into different framework. The other ideal thing that they focus on is that the cognitive processes are represented as verbs, while the knowledge content is presented as nouns. He also renamed the exchanging levels of Evaluation and Synthesis to creation.

References

Further reading
 Anderson, L. W., & Krathwohl, D. R. (eds.) (2001). A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing: A revision of Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives. New York: Longman.
 Bloom, B., Englehart, M. Furst, E., Hill, W., & Krathwohl, D. (1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals. Handbook I: Cognitive domain. New York, Toronto: Longmans, Green.
 Krathwohl, D. R. Methods of Educational & Social Science Research: An Integrated Approach. 1st Ed. 1993, 2nd Ed. 1998, New York: Longman, also Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press; 3rd Ed 2009, Waveland Press
Krathwohl, D. R. (2002). A Revision of Blooms Taxonomy: An Overview. Theory Into	Practice, 41(4), 212–218.
Seels and Glasgow (1990). Exercises in instructional design. Columbus OH: Merrill Publishing	Company.

20th-century American psychologists
1921 births
2016 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
University of Chicago alumni
American educational psychologists

David Krathwohl


Video is a technology. It records moving images onto some medium. The recorder may be a separate machine such as a videocassette recorder (also called a VCR) or built into something else such as a video camera. A popular 20th century videotape format was VHS. It was used by many people to record television programmes onto cassettes. This is usually an analog format. In the 21st century digital recording is used more often than analog recording. By extension, a video clip is a short movie. A music video usually stars someone who recorded an (audio) album. One purpose is to promote the album.

Making and showing video

Video is made using a video camera. A camera is an electronic device that takes light from the real world and makes it into pictures. A video camera is like a camera, but takes many pictures very very fast to make it a video.

Video is shown with a screen. A screen can either be a monitor, a projector, or a television. The purpose of a screen is to turn video information into light.

History

Analog video

When video technology was first made, it was made for televisions. At first, it was for mechanical televisions, but then cathode-ray tube televisions became more common. The technology was analog.

Digital video

Digital video came after analog video. At first, the digital video was not useful because the bitrate (how quick a picture moves through a wire) was too high. After data compression was made, digital video became more useful than analog video.

Properties of video

Frames per second

Frames per second is a number which means how quick a picture is shown to a person watching the video. Videos are just pictures shown one by one, but very very fast. So the frame rate is the number of pictures that are shown in 1 second.

Interlaced and progressive

A video can be interlaced or progressive. When a picture is shown in a video, it is divided into many lines.

In a progressive video, The screen will draw each line one by one from the top of the picture until the bottom of the picture.

But in an interlaced video, the screen will only draw the odd lines at first. So the screen will draw 1, 3, 5, 7, until it touches the bottom. When it does, the screen will go to the second line, and draw the even lines.

Aspect ratio

A video has an aspect ratio. An aspect ratio gives the shape of a video. The video can either be a square or a rectangle. To get the aspect ratio, you divide the width by the height. Then you write it as a ratio.

A video shaped like a square has an aspect ratio of 1, because the width and height are the same number.

A video which is a rectangle has an aspect ratio that is not 1. A video that is tall has an aspect ratio where the right side of the ratio is bigger. But a video that is wide has an aspect ratio where the left number is bigger.

Common aspect ratios are 16:9 and 4:3.

Color information

The pictures in a video have color information. For every pixel in the picture, which is a small box which is part of the picture, there is a color. This color can be put inside the video using a color model

Uses of video

Many people now use videos everyday.

Types of videos:
 Movies
 Television shows
 Online videos

Video cables

A video cable is a cable used to move video information from one electronic device to another one.

Analog video cables

Digital video cables

Related pages
 Closed circuit television
 Video editing
 Data compression

Technology

Video


Bel Ami is a 1939 German film directed by Willi Forst. It is loosely based on Guy de Maupassant's 1885 novel Bel Ami, with considerable changes to the original plot.

Plot
In Paris, in about 1900, George Duroy, just returned from Morocco, spends a night with the singer Rachel, who is rehearsing the song Bel Ami. Later at a party he tells the newspaper editor Forestier about Morocco. At the request of the ladies present Duroy is engaged by Walter, proprietor of La Vie Française, as a journalist.

Forestier's wife Madeleine, who is also the mistress of the Député Laroche, whom she allows to exploit her in order to influence the newspaper as Laroche wishes, helps Duroy in the composition of his texts. Forestier becomes jealous of Duroy and divorces Madeleine.

The Minister for the Colonies, who has campaigned for a restrained foreign policy, is obliged to resign. His successor is Laroche, who initially stands for interventionist policies, because of his ownership of land in Morocco, is seen through by Moroccan nobles and blackmailed. In order to give his change of position an acceptable public appearance he asks Madeleine to marry Duroy, who has meantime risen to editor-in-chief. She does so, but the marriage does not last long.

Duroy saves Laroche's daughter Suzanne when her horse bolts. Without introducing themselves they arrange to meet at the opera ball that evening. There, thanks to Rachel, who for a long time has been performing the song Bel Ami in a plush revue, Duroy learns the truth about Laroche's intrigues, which he publishes in his newspaper. Duroy is in love with Suzanne and divorces Madeleine to marry her. Laroche resigns, and Suzanne urges Duroy to enter politics. As minister Duroy prevents his former boss Walter from continuing the crooked intrigues of Laroche. He takes leave of his former wife Madeleine, Rachel and Frau von Marelle, in order to devote himself to his marriage with Suzanne.

Political context
The film was made on the eve of the outbreak of the Second World War, at the time when Germany's going to war against France was already a very likely prospect. In Nazi Germany, the film industry was closely controlled by the Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels. While Bel Ami was not conceived as an outright propaganda film, the theme of corruption in the French society and politics - prominently present in the Maupassant original - was well suited to the thrust of Nazi propaganda at the time the film was made.

Other film references
In the film It Was Always So Nice With You (1954) Willi Forst plays a film director who together with two musicians (played by Georg Thomalla and Heinz Drache), composes the lyrics of the hit song Bel Ami, which finally he sings.

DVD publication
The film is listed in the printed edition of the "Lexikon des internationalen Films", 1987, with a runtime of 100 minutes and an age restriction of 16 and over. The DVD published by Kinowelt in 2007 contains a version about 2 minutes shorter and free to the over-12s.

Notes

References
 Guy de Maupassant: Bel Ami, 1885
Free e-book: Bel Ami (partial translation only)
Free audiobook : Bel-Ami (in French)
 Christa Bandmann and Joe Hembus, 1980: Klassiker des deutschen Tonfilms 1930 - 1960 (pp. 126–127). Citadel-Filmbücher. München: Goldmann.

External links

 Bel Ami at filmportal.de/en
 www.deutscher-tonfilm.de: Bel Ami
 www.filmzentrale.com: Bel Ami
 Ein Hasser der Phrase Maupassant (article about the film from Filmwoche Nr. 1 (1939)

1939 films
1930s historical films
German historical films
Films of Nazi Germany
Films based on French novels
Films based on works by Guy de Maupassant
Films set in Paris
Films set in the 1900s
Wiener Film
Films directed by Willi Forst
Tobis Film films
German black-and-white films
Works based on Bel-Ami
1930s German films

Bel Ami (1939 film)


The Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) is a medical guidelines organisation which works with public health officials and health care professionals globally to reduce asthma prevalence, morbidity, and mortality. GINA was launched in 1993 as a collaboration between National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, and the World Health Organization.

Work
GINA conducts continuous review of scientific publications on asthma and is a leader in disseminating information about the care of patients with asthma. GINA publishes resources such as evidence-based guidelines for asthma management, and runs special events such as World Asthma Day. GINA's guidelines, revised each year, are used by clinicians worldwide.

References

External links
 Link to the GINA asthma website

Asthma organizations
Organizations established in 1993
International medical and health organizations

Global Initiative for Asthma


The Supreme Court of Thailand (), located in Bangkok, Thailand, is the highest Thai court of justice, covering criminal and civil cases of the entire country. Operating separately from the  Administrative Court and the Constitutional Court, the judgment from the Supreme Court is considered as final. Neither plaintiff nor respondent can request for any further appeals.

A Justice of the Supreme Court can be appointed from among justices of the Court of Appeals having seniority, extensive knowledge and experience. The current President of the Supreme Court is Judge  Piyakul Boonperm  (Thai: ปิยกุล บุญเพิ่ม).

History

Historically, there was no Supreme Court since a Thai monarch would adjudicate all disputes as the sole supreme judicial authority. Citizens appealed directly to the King along his route to places out of the Palace. This system existed until the early Rattanakosin Era; the reign of King Rama IV.

During the reign of King Rama V, an official department for appeals was set up in the Palace, and in 1891, the king created the Ministry of Justice. The Judicator Act of 1909 was also enacted under Rama V's reign. This act established the Supreme Court as the highest court in the country, and cases were no longer appealed to the king.

After Thailand adopted a democratic, constitutional form of government during the Siamese revolution of 1932, the Judicator Act of 1934 was enacted to amend the previous Judicator Act of 1909. The courts were divided into three levels, namely, Court of First Instance, Court of Appeals, and the Supreme Court.

Jurisdiction
The Supreme Court of Thailand acts as the final court of appeal in all civil and criminal cases in the entire kingdom. An order or judgment of the Supreme Court in all kinds of cases is final.

A party who challenges an order or a judgment issued by the Courts of First Instances, the Court of Appeal or the Courts of Appeal Regions I – IX, has the right to appeal against the lower court's order or judgment, following the conditions and circumstances as required by law.

Specialized laws such as the procedural laws on labor, tax, intellectual property, and international trade allow parties to appeal against judgments of such specialized courts directly to the Supreme Court.

Composition

The Court consists of the president, vice presidents, secretary, and a number of justices. In the present-day juridical system, the president of the Supreme Court is also the head of the Courts of Justice.

At least three justices of the Supreme Court form a quorum. At present, the Supreme Court has divided the justices internally into 25 quorums. Each quorum has three justices; the most senior justice in a quorum is the presiding justice of the quorum.

The Supreme Court has ten divisions for specialized cases, namely,
 Division of Juvenile and Family
 Division of Labour
 Division of Taxes
 Division of Intellectual Property and International Trading, including copyright law of Thailand
 Division of Bankruptcy
 Criminal Division of Holders of Political Positions
Division of Commerce and Economy
 Environmental Division of the Supreme Court
 Division of Consumer
 Division of Election Cases

Specialized divisions have nine justices in each division, as assigned by the President of the Supreme Court, and, also, one Chief Justice or Presiding Justice supervising the work of the division. The judgment will be made by the majority of votes among justices in the quorum after each of justice's written opinion and oral statement to the meeting before making a decision.

Functions and procedure
After being reviewed and brought through the initial process of administrative work, the appeals against judgment of the lower courts to the Supreme Court will be assigned to justices of the Supreme Court by the President of the Supreme Court on a case by case basis. This process often takes approximately 15 days. However, there are some kinds of special cases such as intellectual property, tax, bankruptcy, and, international trade which are the exception. In addition, some criminal cases in which the defendants are in custody during the trials are given priority.

The Adjudication process of the quorum of the Supreme Court occurs when the court allows plaintiff and respondent to present the factual and legal issues from their sides in the trial. This process can take from a few months to the expiry of the case, depending on the decision the senior judges of the case made as appropriate.

Afterward, a draft of judgment or order is released. The examination process by the Research Division or approval process by a certain specialized division can then take place. This process can take up to a month. The procedure ends with the transmission of a case file with a judgment of the Supreme Court to the Court of First Instance for pronouncement.

See also

 Judiciary of Thailand

References

External links
Thai Judicial Court System
Official website

Law of Thailand
Government of Thailand
Courts in Thailand
Thai
1891 establishments in Siam
Courts and tribunals established in 1891
Network monarchy

Supreme Court of Thailand


CKST (1040 AM) was a radio station in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Owned by Bell Media, it last broadcast comedy-oriented programming, including stand-up comedy routines.

CKST's studios were located on Robson and Burrard Street in Downtown Vancouver, while its transmitters were located in Delta.

History
CKST went on the air for the first time on January 19, 1963, in Langley as CJJC, broadcasting on its original frequency of 850 AM with 1000 watts of power and offering a country format. The station's original owner was City & Country Radio Ltd., headed by former CJAV and CKNW personality Joe Chesney.

CJJC was given approval by the CRTC on December 15, 1970, to change its frequency and transmission power from 850 AM and 1000 watts to 800 AM and 10,000 watts, but the station waited until June 1975 to put the change into effect. In 1977, CJJC (which had been dealing with financial trouble for some time) rehired 23 of 32 staff members who were given 30 days notice on New Year's Eve. Parent company City & Country Radio was authorized to transfer all of the station's shares to a company run by Joe Chesney and Ernie Mykyte; Mykyte would become sole owner of CJJC in 1978 when he bought out Chesney's half-interest in the station.

CJJC and parent City & Country Radio were purchased on June 26, 1985 (following CRTC approval) by an ownership consortium of Saskatoon Telecable Ltd. (72%), Sam Folstad (18%) and L.M. McDonald (10%); later in the year, CJJC changed its call letters to CJUP and dropped its country format for Top 40 with Up Radio, AM 800 as its on-air name. In 1987, CJUP majority shareholder Saskatoon Telecable was purchased by Clint Forster and his family, and the station changed call letters again to the present CKST in 1988. On July 7, 1989, CKST increased its power to 25,000 watts and began broadcasting in stereo.

CKST switched formats to modern rock and adopted the on-air name Coast 800 on November 9, 1990. The station underwent major changes during the early part of 1992; on January 30, the CRTC authorized station owner Western World Communications (the former Saskatoon Telecable) to buy Vancouver station CIMA (which had begun operations on September 12, 1986, as CIOF, then CKXY, then CIMA) from Monarch Broadcasting Ltd., also granting permission to CKST to switch frequencies (from 800 to 1040), increase transmission power (from 25,000 watts to 50,000), relocate its transmitter from Aldergrove to Delta and move its operations from Langley to Vancouver. CIMA 1040 signed off for the final time on February 4, and CKST moved into CIMA's facilities and became Coast 1040 on March 9.

Plans were made to move CKST to the FM band (at 94.5 FM with 38,000 watts of power) in 1993, but were denied by the CRTC. CKST ended its modern rock format at midnight on September 30, relaunching with an adult standards format under the new on-air name Q104 (which was later dropped in favour of using the CKST calls). The station was purchased by Ronald Dixon and Gary Mathiesen in 1994.

CKST was in the process of being sold when Dixon was killed in a car accident in Mexico on September 15, 2000. The station was sold to Grand Slam Radio Inc., which assumed ownership on February 1, 2001, switched CKST to an all-sports format and adopted the on-air name "The TEAM 1040" on April 25, and joined CHUM's TEAM all-sports network on May 7. The station's founder, Joe Chesney, died in Langley on November 10, 2001, at the age of 82, and CHUM purchased CKST on February 10, 2003, adding to the company's ownership of CFUN, CHQM-FM and CKVU-DT in Vancouver.

It was a member of CHUM Limited's short-lived "The Team" sports radio network in 2001-2002 and remained loosely affiliated with those stations that retained the sports format. It competed heavily with CHMJ ("MOJO Sports Radio"), an all-sports station in Vancouver owned by Corus Entertainment, until that station dropped its sports format in May 2006.

In 2004, it acquired the radio broadcast rights for BC Lions football games, beating the longtime broadcaster CKNW. The veteran play-by-play man J. Paul McConnell stayed with CKNW, while the colour analyst Giulio Caravatta moved to CKST and joined the new play-by-play announcer Rick Ball. In 2006, CKST became the flagship station of the Vancouver Canucks, replacing CKNW, who was the team's flagship since its first year of play in 1970.

CTVglobemedia purchased CKST and its sister radio stations in Vancouver as part of the acquisition of CHUM Limited on June 22, 2007, following its approval by the CRTC, while the former co-owned CKVU was sold to Rogers Communications on October 31, 2007.

On November 5, 2009, its sister station 1410 CFUN dropped its talk radio format and became Team 1410, a secondary station carrying additional sports programming as a complement to 1040. It primarily featured ESPN Radio and other syndicated sports talk shows, BC Lions football coverage, replays of Canucks games and coverage of various sports events not previously available on Vancouver radio.

TSN Radio

On August 28, 2014, it was announced that both Team stations in Vancouver would be rebranded as TSN Radio stations on September 8, 2014. The move coincided with Don Taylor's full-time return to the station after being released from rival Sportsnet.

In 2017, after having CKST as their radio home for 11 years, the Vancouver Canucks moved to the Rogers-owned CISL for the 2017-18 season. With the loss of the Canucks and Toronto Blue Jays' rights to CISL, Bell's need for a secondary sports station in the area diminished and CFTE was therefore relaunched as BNN Bloomberg Radio on April 30, 2018. CKST absorbed much of CFTE's remaining live sports content.

Reformatting to comedy, shutoff
On February 9, 2021, at 9:00 a.m., CKST abruptly ceased local programming in the middle of its morning show. At 9:30, the station broadcast an announcement that TSN Radio would be discontinued on the station effective immediately, and that a new format would be launched at 7 a.m. on February 12. The station then began to stunt with music, beginning with "Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)" by Green Day. It was one of three Bell Media stations that concurrently dropped TSN Radio as part of ongoing cuts by the company, which also included stations in Hamilton and Winnipeg. On February 12, 2021, CKST flipped to Bell Media's "Funny" format as Funny 1040, primarily broadcasting stand-up comedy bits. The cuts and resulting format change faced harsh criticism from listeners.

On June 14, 2023, as part of a mass corporate restructuring at Bell Media, the company shut down six of their AM radio stations nationwide, including both CKST and CFTE. The station ended regular programming at 8 a.m. that day, replaced with a looped message about the impending shutdown, which is expected to last until the completion of the signoff.

References

Houston, William. "Mojo says goodbye to all-sports format", The Globe and Mail, May 30, 2006.
Pap, Elliot. "Sports radio stations brimming with hockey coverage", The Vancouver Sun, September 23, 2005.
Schecter, Brian. "Radio's Jock Talk Wars", The Tyee, April 19, 2004.
Yu, Karl. "Jock Talk", Vancouver Courier, April 14, 2005.
"Radio Station Fires Announcer For Comments Made About Vancouver Player's Wife". Associated Press, February 5, 2003.

External links

Biography of CJJC founder Joe Chesney

KST
KST
1963 establishments in British Columbia
Radio stations established in 1963
Radio stations disestablished in 2023
2023 disestablishments in British Columbia
KST
KST

CKST


ET22 (also manufactured as Pafawag 201E) is a Polish six-axle electric freight locomotive built by Pafawag from 1969 to 1989. Factory designation is 201E. With 1183 units, it is one of the most numerous standard gauge electric locomotive built in Europe. Further 23 units were built for Morocco as E-1000 class.

History
Soon after Pafawag started the production of the universal EU07 locomotive, The Rolling-stock Industry Central Bureau of Construction () began to develop a new heavy Co-Co freight locomotive. The electrical components of the locomotive, including the traction motors, were based on the equipment used in the EU07. The new locomotive had some modern features, including its body.

The first two prototypes of the class 201E were ready by the end of 1969 (ET22-001 and 002). A short series of ten was made in 1971, and large scale production started the following year. PKP bought 1183 locomotives until the production was ceased in 1989 (numbered ET22-001 to ET22-1183, including two 201Ec type), the last of which were delivered in 1990. This made the ET22 class the most numerous standard gauge electric locomotive built in Europe.

During the production the design of the ET22 locomotive was slightly altered. Some changes were also made during repair and maintenance.

The body of the locomotives in use is different from the prototypes in details. There are three basic types of locomotive bodies where the main differences are the size and placement of the side windows, air intakes and ventilation grids. From ET22-013 big grids on the left side for resistors' cooling were moved from upper part to lower part of the body. From ET22-242 air intakes for engines' cooling were moved from a roof edge to side walls, on both sides, which is most popular configuration.
ET22-001 - left side: four big ventilation grids in an upper part of the body, six air intakes and seven air outlets on a roof edge; right side: six air intakes in two groups on the roof edge.
ET22-013 - left side: five ventilation grids in a lower part of the body, six air intakes and seven air outlets on a roof edge; right side as above.
ET22-242 - left side: seven ventilation grids in a lower part and two in an upper part of the body, seven air outlets on a roof edge; right side: two ventilation grids in a lower part and two in an upper part of the body; added windows to all side doors.

From ET22-122 there was simplified and improved a suspension of the body, without transversal beams. From ET22-282, big headlights, typical for Polish railways, were fitted in conical covers instead of hexagonal.

In 1973 Pafawag built a prototype passenger locomotive of the building type 201Ea, which had a different gear ratio for top speed 160 km/h, with no other substantial changes. The locomotive was classified as EP23-001, being a sole machine of this class. After a series of tests, the locomotive characteristics were found unsatisfactory and no more were built. In 1979 the prototype was rebuilt to ET22 standard and renamed ET22-121 in place of former locomotive 121 scrapped in 1977. Today this locomotive is conserved in Jaworzyna Śląska railway museum.

Another two prototype locomotives were produced in 1978 as type 201Ec (also known as type 202E). Main changes introduced were an improved secondary suspension, multiple unit control and several small modernisations, like automatic door control. Wheelbase of bogies increased from  and they were connected with a linkage, but the overall wheelbase increased only by . Those locomotives were first given the numbers 501 and 502. As the production of ET22 continued, those were renumbered to 701 and 702 and finally to 1001 and 1002, which they carried until the end. A modernization was considered successful, but in a view of an economical crisis in 1980s in Poland, the authorities of a planned economy lost interest in starting production of an improved locomotive.

In the 1980s PKP needed locomotives for passenger service. Since the freight service declined, the ET22 could be used for passenger service. They were fitted with main reservoir pipes required for the automatic door control of the passenger coaches.

In 2004 the locomotive ET22-315 was modernised in ZNLE Gliwice and renamed ET22-2000 (201Em type). Main modifications affected the electrical and mechanical main components as well as the driver's cab which was equipped with a modern computerised control system and joysticks. The locomotive is painted in PKP Cargo colours.

Moroccan E-1000 class
The only locomotives of 201E family built for export were 23 modified units of 201Eg type for Moroccan railways ONCF, delivered in 1976. They differ in equipment and details, most noticeably they have single-part pantographs Faiveley. Initially they were meant to haul phosphorite trains from mountain parts of the country to Casablanca, later they found use in passenger trains. In 2003 three were re-sold to Polish private operator CTL Rail (E-1003, 1018, 1021) and modified to Polish standards.

Technical data
Despite of its ET designation (marking a freight locomotive) ET22 is a universal locomotive, and it is occasionally seen in passenger traffic. Its maximum continuous power is  and it is the biggest single-box Co-Co locomotive in PKP service. Technical features enable this engine to pull heavy freight trains of up to  with a speed of 70 km/h  and trains of up to  at 80 km/h. When used as passenger locomotive it can pull trains weighing up to  t at 125 km/h. This is caused by several features and solutions based on passenger EU07 and EU06 locomotives.
Four EE-451A engines are isolated in H class with maximum temperature allowed of 180 °C. They have four main and four commutative poles.
Because of its length and the wheelbase between axles ET22 locomotive performs poorly on tight curves when compared to the older ET21 locomotives, despite the designers having been given the same parameters for minimum curve diameter. Using the ET22 at winding tracks can cause severe damage both to rails and locomotive bogies. This required several modifications, which are made presently. These changes are essential due to the withdrawal of older ET21 locomotives, and that ET41s are ineffective on highland tracks due to being overpowered (highland trains length is limited by short station tracks).
The locomotives were originally painted in a two-tone green livery, with grey roofs. In the 1980s and 1990s their ends were painted yellow for better visibility, but during further repairs an original, the more aesthetic old scheme was being restored, or only a narrow yellow stripe was retained.

Nicknames
Byk (bull) - because of its size
Rekin (shark) - only halogen light version

Accidents
 On, 28 February 1977, ET22-121 crashed into three other waiting locomotives of its class (122, 132, 189) at Psary station (2 killed). All four locomotives were written off.
 On 3 March 2012, ET22-1105 was involved in the Szczekociny rail crash.

See also
Polish locomotives designation

References

Pafawag locomotives
Co′Co′ locomotives
3000 V DC locomotives
Polish State Railways electric locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Poland
Railway locomotives introduced in 1969
Co′Co′ electric locomotives of Europe

PKP class ET22


Lindsay Ann Tarpley Snow (; born September 22, 1983) is an American professional soccer forward and midfielder. She is a two-time Olympic gold medalist, winning gold at the 2004 Athens and 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics, and was a member of the United States women's national team that finished third at the 2007 Women's World Cup in China.

She injured her knee during a match against Japan, on May 14, 2011, in Columbus Ohio, consequently missing the 2011 Women's World Cup, and has not been called again to play for her national team. On February 7, 2013, Tarpley was drafted to play with the Chicago Red Stars for the 2013 NWSL season.

Early life
Born in Madison, Wisconsin, Tarpley grew up in Kalamazoo, Michigan, and attended Portage Central High School from 1998 to 2002.  During her freshman season, she helped her school's women's soccer team reach the state semi-finals.  In the following spring, she led her team to an undefeated season and the state championship.  Against Bishop Foley Catholic High School in the final match, she scored her team's first goal and assisted on her team's other two, including the winning shot in the penalty shootout.  She received several honors during her time there, including being named the 2002 Michigan Gatorade Player of the Year and the 2002 U.S. Soccer Chevrolet Young Female Player of the Year, in addition to being a 1999 NSCAA All-American and a Parade All-American in 2001 and 2002.  She also played varsity basketball for Portage Central, starting at point guard during all four of her seasons.

While in high school, Tarpley played for W-League side Kalamazoo Quest in 1998 and 1999.

University of North Carolina
In the autumn of 2002, Tarpley enrolled at the University of North Carolina.  While there, she majored in communications and minored in coaching.  She was a student-athlete, and competed with the university's North Carolina Tar Heels women's soccer team.  In her first season with the team, she was named ACC Rookie of the Year and the Soccer America and Soccer Buzz National Freshman of the Year.

During her sophomore season, Tarpley led the nation in total points (goals and assists) while leading the Tar Heels to the 2003 NCAA Women's Soccer Championship.  Against Connecticut Huskies in the finals, she scored two goals and had two assists en route to winning the title.  She received numerous honors for her performance throughout the 2003 season, including ACC Player of the Year and Player of the Tournament, National Player of the Year, and several All-America team honors.

Injuries interfered with Tarpley's junior and senior seasons, which reduced her playing time.  Tarpley still managed to be named to the All-ACC and NSCAA All-America teams in both seasons.

Tarpley finished her North Carolina career with 59 goals and 59 assists.  Her number 25 jersey was retired by the school in February 2006 during the halftime of a North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball game.

Playing career

Club

W-League

Tarpley played for the New Jersey Wildcats in 2005, where she played alongside Tobin Heath, Christine Latham, Karina LeBlanc, Heather O'Reilly, Cat Whitehill, Rachel Yankey, and a number of other international players.  She played in five games (374 minutes) for the club, and scored two goals with two assists.

Women's Professional Soccer

Upon the creation of a new top-flight women's league in the United States, Tarpley agreed to join Women's Professional Soccer.  She was allocated to Chicago Red Stars along with USWNT players Carli Lloyd and Kate Markgraf.  In the inaugural 2009 Women's Professional Soccer season, Tarpley appeared in 17 games (16 starts, 1321 total minutes) and scored four goals and four assists.

On January 15, 2010 Lindsay was traded to the Saint Louis Athletica in exchange for goalkeeper Jillian Loyden. With the Athletica, she joined former North Carolina Tar Heel standouts Lori Chalupny, Kendall Fletcher and Kristina Larsen.

She became a free agent on June 1, 2010 with the dissolution of the Saint Louis Athletica. On June 3, it was announced by the Boston Breakers that they had signed Tarpley. She then signed for magicJack ahead of the 2011 Women's Professional Soccer season.

International
Tarpley began her international career representing the United States on the U-16 Girls National Team.  From there, she successfully moved to the United States U-19 team in 2002.  She played in the 2002 FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship, the first FIFA-sanctioned youth tournament for women, and scored the title clinching goal in extra time against Canada.  She made 26 total appearances and scored 24 goals.

Tarpley soon moved to the United States U-21 team, where she made 8 appearances and scored 4 goals.  Half of her goals were scored at the 2003 Nordic Cup, while the other half was at the 2005 Nordic Cup.

Tarpley first appeared for the senior team on January 12, 2003 against Japan.  Her first (and second) goal came a little over a year later on January 30, 2004 against Sweden.  She appeared in the 2004 and 2008 editions of the Olympic Games, winning a gold medal in each trip.  She has also played in the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup, in which the United States finished third.  She earned her 100th cap on July 16, 2008 against Brazil in the last game before the 2008 Olympics, the 23rd player in USWNT history to reach this feat.

A torn anterior cruciate ligament sustained in a warm-up match with Japan saw Tarpley ruled out of the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup.

International goals

Honors and awards

International

 Olympic Games Gold Medal: 2004, 2008
 FIFA Women's World Cup:Third Place: 2007 China

University

 NCAA Women's Soccer Championship: 2003

Individual

 National Freshman of the Year: 2002
 NCAA Division I Scoring Leader: 2003
 College Soccer Player of the Year: 2003

Personal life
Tarpley's husband, B. J. Snow, was appointed in January 2011 to coach the UCLA Bruins women's soccer team. In July 2012, Tarpley and Snow had their first child, a son. In January 2013, B. J. Snow was appointed as the full-time head coach of United States women's national under-17 soccer team.

References

Match report

External links

 Official blog
 US Soccer player profile
 New Jersey Wildcats player profile
 North Carolina player profile

Living people
1983 births
American women's soccer players
United States women's international soccer players
Soccer players from Michigan
Soccer players from Wisconsin
Sportspeople from Kalamazoo, Michigan
North Carolina Tar Heels women's soccer players
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in soccer
Footballers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Footballers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Chicago Red Stars players
Saint Louis Athletica players
Boston Breakers players
MagicJack (WPS) players
FIFA Women's Century Club
2007 FIFA Women's World Cup players
USL W-League (1995–2015) players
Sportspeople from Madison, Wisconsin
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Parade High School All-Americans (girls' soccer)
Women's association football midfielders
Women's association football forwards
Women's Professional Soccer players
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Sports businesswomen
American women business executives
American business executives
New Jersey Wildcats players
Portage Central High School alumni

Lindsay Tarpley


Dennis Mark Prager (; born August 2, 1948) is an American conservative radio talk show host and writer. He is the host of the nationally syndicated radio talk show The Dennis Prager Show. In 2009, he co-founded PragerU, which primarily creates five-minute videos from an American conservative perspective, among other content.

His initial political work starting in 1969 concerned Refusenik, the Soviet Jews who were unable to emigrate. He gradually began offering more and broader commentary on politics.

Early life and education
Dennis Prager was born in Brooklyn to Hilda (; 1919–2009) and Max Prager (1918–2014), the latter the son of Polish Jewish immigrants. Prager and his brother Kenneth Prager, were raised in a Modern Orthodox Jewish home. He attended the Yeshiva of Flatbush in Brooklyn, New York, where he befriended Joseph Telushkin.

He went to Brooklyn College and graduated with a  major in history and Middle Eastern Studies. Over the next few years he took courses at the Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs and at the University of Leeds; he then left academia without finishing a graduate degree. After he left graduate school, Prager left Modern Orthodoxy but maintained many traditional Jewish practices; he remains religious. Prager holds an honorary Doctor of Laws from Pepperdine University.

Career

Beginnings

In 1969, while he was studying in England, he was recruited by a Jewish group to travel to the Soviet Union to interview Jews about their life there. When he returned the next year, he was in demand as a speaker on repression of Soviet Jews; he earned enough from lectures to travel, and visited around sixty countries. He became the national spokesman for the Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry.

The start of Prager's career overlapped with a growing tendency among American Jews, who had been staunchly liberal, to move toward the center and some to the right, driven in part by the influx of Jews from the Soviet Union. In 1975, Prager and Telushkin published an introduction to Judaism intended for nonobservant Jews: The Nine Questions People Ask About Judaism, which became a bestseller. Among the questions addressed in the text were: how does Judaism differ from Christianity, and can one doubt the existence of God and still be a good Jew, and how do you account for unethical but religious Jews?

Prager ran the Brandeis-Bardin Institute from 1976 to 1983; Telushkin worked with him there. It was Prager's first salaried job.  He soon earned a reputation as a moral critic attacking secularism and narcissism, both of which he said were destroying society; some people called him a Jewish Billy Graham.

1980s
In 1982, KABC (AM) in Los Angeles hired Prager to host its Sunday night religious talk show Religion on the Line, which got top ratings and eventually led to a weekday talk show. He and Telushkin published another book in 1983, Why the Jews?  The Reason for Antisemitism.

According to a review in Commentary, the book depicts antisemitism as a "sinister form of flattery"; the authors wrote that hatred of Jews arises from resentment over Jews' acceptance of the doctrine that they are God's chosen people, charged with bringing a moral message to the world. The book describes Jews as both a nation (stateless for a long time) and followers of a religion and says that this identity is essential to Judaism; the book says that calls for Jews to culturally assimilate as well as opposition to Zionism are both forms of antisemitism. The book describes secular Jews as people who have lost their way, and who generally fall into the error of applying Judaism's mission to reform the world in ways that tend to be leftist, totalitarian, and destructive.

He also wrote a syndicated column for newspapers across the country. In 1985, Prager launched his own quarterly journal, Ultimate Issues, which was renamed to The Prager Perspective in 1996.

In 1986, he divorced and underwent a year of therapy, which the Encyclopedia of Judaism says contributed to his 1999 book Happiness is a Serious Problem. In 1990, he wrote an essay called "Judaism, Homosexuality and Civilization" that argued against normalizing homosexuality in the Jewish community and placed sexual sins on a continuum from premarital sex, celibacy, adultery, homosexuality, bestiality, and incest; he argued that confining sex to heterosexual marriage desexualized religion, which was a great achievement of ancient Jewish tradition that was worth fighting to retain.

1990s
By 1992, he was remarried. By that time he was, according to the Los Angeles Jewish Journal, a "fixture on local radio" and "a Jewish St. George battling the forces of secularity on behalf of simple 'goodness'", and generally socially conservative, with some exceptions; he supported a woman's legal access to abortion (although he said it was usually immoral), and supported and justified sex between non-married consenting men and women. In 1992, he became involved with the Stephen S. Wise Temple and gave talks there, and got a weekday night talk show on KABC.

In 1994, Prager also did an hour each weekday, via satellite on WABC, KABC's sister station in New York, before doing his KABC show locally.

During the 1994–1995 television season, Multimedia Entertainment syndicated a television show featuring Prager. Prager said he was "ambivalent about television as a medium for deep, intelligent programming" but that the show was "an incredible opportunity to reach a mass audience with my belief system". In 1995, he moved the studio audience on-stage with him where they could interact with him more directly.

Political commentary

Prager supported Jimmy Carter in the 1976 US presidential election. In 1994, the Anti-Defamation League published a report on antisemitism in the Christian right movement; Prager, who aligned with the social and political conservatism of the Christian right, attacked the ADL and its report. In 1995, he urged conservative Jews to be open to working with conservative Christians, like the Christian Coalition. In 1995, he named Jacob Petuchowski, Eliezer Berkovits, Harold Kushner, C.S. Lewis, Richard John Neuhaus, Michael Novak, and George Gilder as the people who had influenced his theology the most.

In 1995, Prager criticized the Illinois Supreme Court decision in the Baby Richard case that removed a child from his adoptive parents. With KABC he held a "Rally for Baby Richard", where he got support from actors Priscilla Presley, Tom Selleck, and John McCook.

In 1996, Prager testified in Congress in favor of the Defense of Marriage Act. Prager testified that "the acceptance of homosexuality as the equal of heterosexual marital love signifies the decline of Western civilization." Prager worked with Bob Dole's campaign in the 1996 presidential election; when polls prior to the election showed that the Dole campaign did not have much Jewish support, Prager said this was because "American Jews are ignorant regarding the anti Israel aspects of the current Democrat Party."

Since 1999, he has hosted a nationally syndicated talk show on the socially and politically conservative Christian radio station KRLA in Los Angeles. KRLA is part of the Salem Media Group that carries other conservative hosts, including James Dobson, Randall Terry, Janet Parshall, Sebastian Gorka and Larry Elder; it is a key voice of the Christian right that seeks to change American politics as well as the way that individual people live.

In 2006, Prager criticized Keith Ellison, the first Muslim elected to Congress, for announcing that he would use the Quran for the reenactment of his swearing in ceremony. Prager wrote: "Insofar as a member of Congress taking an oath to serve America and uphold its values is concerned, America is interested in only one book, the Bible. If you are incapable of taking an oath on that book, don't serve in Congress." In response, former New York City Mayor Ed Koch called for Prager to end his service on the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Council.

In 2009, Prager joined other Salem Radio Network hosts to oppose the Affordable Care Act. In 2014, while same-sex marriage in the United States was in the process of being nationally legalized, he wrote that if that were to happen, then "there is no plausible argument for denying polygamous relationships, or brothers and sisters, or parents and adult children, the right to marry." In 2014, he also said that the "heterosexual AIDS" crisis was something "entirely manufactured by the Left".

Prager endorsed Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election, but said that Trump was his "17th choice out of 17 candidates". He clarified that he "was not a Trump supporter, when there was a choice" but added, "There is no choice now." Prager had previously said that Trump was "unfit to be a presidential candidate, let alone president". Conor Friedersdorf of The Atlantic criticized Prager for endorsing Trump.

In 2017, Prager was invited to be a guest conductor for the volunteer orchestra of Santa Monica, California, as part of a fundraising concert at the Walt Disney Concert Hall. Some of the orchestra members protested the invitation, which they considered promoting bigotry. The orchestra leader, Guido Lamell, had invited Prager because he admired him, as Prager often discussed and promoted classical music on his shows and had guest-conducted a few times in the past, and because he thought Prager's presence might help raise more money. Lamell called Prager "a great man, leader and friend".

In February 2020, he told a caller: "Of course you should never call anybody the n-word, that's despicable," but complained about the word itself being considered unacceptable. In April 2020, Prager called the COVID-19 lockdowns "the greatest mistake in the history of humanity." He was subsequently criticized in the media for trivializing the seriousness of the COVID-19 pandemic. In a 2020 video called "'Follow the Science' Is a LIE", Prager touted Sweden's response to COVID-19 and asserted, "Sweden is the proof that lockdowns are useless". A fact check in December 2020 found Prager's claim false, as Sweden had higher rates of COVID infection and mortality than other Scandinavian countries.

In a November 2021 Newsmax interview, Prager argued that "irrational fears" about people not vaccinated against COVID-19 had wrongly made them "the pariahs of America as I have not seen in my lifetime", more than gay men and intravenous drug users during the AIDS crisis, who he inaccurately said had not been ostracized. The Independent called his comments "alarming revisionism". In the interview, Prager also called concerns about climate change "idiotic" and "irrational".

PragerU

In 2009, Prager and his producer Allen Estrin started a website called PragerU, which creates five-minute videos on various topics from a conservative perspective. BuzzFeed News described PragerU as "one of the biggest, most influential and yet least understood forces in online media."  it spent around 40% of its annual $10 million budget on marketing; each video is produced according to a consistent style. Videos cover topics such as "racism, sexism, income inequality, gun ownership, Islam, immigration, Israel, police brutality" and speech on college campuses. BuzzFeed News wrote that "the biggest reason PragerU has escaped national attention is that it mostly doesn't do Trump," or engage with the political news cycle.  Some of its videos had viewer access restricted by YouTube in 2017.

Personal life
Prager speaks English, French, Russian and Hebrew. His brother, Kenneth Prager, is a physician and professor at Columbia University Irving Medical Center. His nephew, Joshua Prager, is a former writer for The Wall Street Journal.

According to Media Matters for America, on October 18, 2021, Prager announced that he had tested positive for COVID-19 the previous week and had received ivermectin and Regeneron's monoclonal antibody treatment. He said he had been taking hydroxychloroquine with zinc prophylactically "from the beginning", and that "natural immunity" from deliberately contracting COVID-19 was what he had "hoped for the entire time".

Bibliography
In 2018, Prager published a commentary on the Book of Exodus; this was followed by another commentary on the Book of Genesis in 2019. Both were published by the Salem Media Group.

 The Nine Questions People Ask About Judaism (with Joseph Telushkin) (1986)
 Think a Second Time (44 Essays on 44 Subjects) (1996)
 Happiness Is a Serious Problem: A Human Nature Repair Manual (1999)
 Why the Jews? The Reason for Antisemitism (with Joseph Telushkin) (2003)
 Still the Best Hope: Why the World Needs American Values to Triumph (2012)
 The Ten Commandments: Still the Best Moral Code (2015)
 The Ten Commandments: Still the Best Path to Follow (2015) (for children)
 The Rational Bible: Exodus (2018)
 The Rational Bible: Genesis (2019)
 The Rational Passover Haggadah (2022)
 The Rational Bible: Deuteronomy: God, Blessings, and Curses (2022)

Filmography
 For Goodness Sake, 1993
 For Goodness Sake II, 1996
 Baseball, Dennis, & the French, 2011
 No Safe Spaces, 2019

See also
 Judaism and politics
 Jewish conservatism

References

External links

1948 births
Living people
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
Activists from California
American columnists
American conservative talk radio hosts
American male non-fiction writers
American political commentators
American political writers
American Zionists
American anti-communists
American anti-same-sex-marriage activists
Bible commentators
Brooklyn College alumni
Critics of atheism
Critics of Black Lives Matter
Jewish American activists
Jewish American writers
Jewish non-fiction writers
Male critics of feminism
Radio personalities from Los Angeles
School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University alumni
The Daily Wire people
Writers from Brooklyn
Writers on antisemitism
Yeshiva of Flatbush alumni

Dennis Prager


Pine Mountain State Resort Park is a Kentucky state park located in Bell County, southeastern Kentucky, United States. Located on part of the Pine Mountain ridge in the Appalachians, the park opened in 1924 as Kentucky's first state park.

Each spring since 1933, the park has hosted the annual Kentucky Mountain Laurel Festival. A portion of the park is legally dedicated as a nature preserve by the Office of Kentucky Nature Preserves.

History
When Pine Mountain State Resort Park was established in 1926, it was named Cumberland State Park. The name was changed in 1938 in order to avoid confusion with the newly formed Cumberland Falls State Resort Park. During the park's early years, there was little development. In 1933, during the Great Depression, President Franklin D. Roosevelt assigned the Civilian Conservation Corps to numerous infrastructure projects. At this park, they began constructing the main office building, cabins, roads, bridges, shelters, and hiking trails, creating a resource for all the citizens.

In the 1960s, the Kentucky State Park System began updating their parks. For Pine Mountain State Park, they constructed a new wing to the lodge, adding 30 more guest rooms; they also built 10 additional cottages, a swimming pool, and a golf course. Today, the park serves as one of southeastern Kentucky's premier state parks.

Amenities and recreation
Herndon J. Evans Lodge - The lodge has 30 guest rooms.
Mountain View Restaurant - seats 125 people and has a private dining area that seats 25 people.
Wasioto Winds Golf Course - This 18-hole golf course was ranked fourth in the nation by Golf Digest Magazine in January 2003 as among the Best New Affordable Public Golf Courses.
Cottages - The park has nine one-bedroom cabins that were built by the CCC in the 1930s. It also has eleven modern, two-bedroom cabins, built in the 1970s.
Chained Rock - During the 1930s, the people of Pineville, Kentucky decided to create a new tourist attraction. In 1933, a group of people hauled a 101-foot-long chain to the top of Pine Mountain and attached it to a massive boulder that loomed above the town. They said the rock was chained to the mountain in order to keep it from rolling down the mountain and destroying the city.
Other attractions -  Miniature golf, swimming, hiking, Ray Harm artworks (displayed throughout the lodge, restaurant, and convention center), interpretive center, playgrounds, picnicking, and gift shop (at the front desk).

Events
Elk Viewing Tours - (January, September–December)
Kentucky Writers Workshop - (March)
Kentucky Mountain Laurel Festival - (May)
Great American Dulcimer Convention - (September)

References

External links

 Pine Mountain State Resort Park at Kentucky Department of Parks
 Pine Mountain State Resort Park at American Byways
 U.S. Geological Survey Map at the U.S. Geological Survey Map Website. Retrieved January 12, 2023.

Protected areas of Bell County, Kentucky
State parks of Kentucky
Civilian Conservation Corps in Kentucky
Protected areas established in 1924
Nature centers in Kentucky

Pine Mountain State Resort Park


The University of Chicago Graham School of Continuing Liberal and Professional Studies is one of eight professionals schools of the University of Chicago. The Graham School's focus is on part-time and flexible programs of study.

The Graham School offers Master's degree programs, academic certificate programs, and a variety of credit and non-credit courses for graduate students at large, returning scholars, and adult learners. The Graham School manages the  Summer Session, a series of academic programs for high school students, visiting college students, and international students. It conducts lecture series and other programs throughout the year.

The school's administrative offices can be found on the University of Chicago's main campus in the Hyde Park neighborhood. Summer Session programs and some courses are also held on the main campus. The majority of courses are conducted at the University of Chicago Gleacher Center in downtown Chicago.

History

Founded alongside the University of Chicago in 1890, the university's continuing education division operated in similar fashion to the Chautauqua movement at Oxford and Cambridge, with instructors traveling by train to teach in surrounding communities. The continuing education branch was reformed in 1997 with a $10 million donation from William and Catherine Graham, upon which the name of the division was changed to the William B. and Catherine V. Graham School of General Studies. On July 1, 2011, the school updated its name to the University of Chicago Graham School of Continuing Liberal and Professional Studies.

Graduate Studies
The Graham School offers four master's degrees and for-credit graduate-level courses through the Graduate Student-at-Large program:
 Master of Science in Biomedical Informatics
 Master of Liberal Arts
 Master of Science in Threat and Response Management
 Graduate Student-at-Large

The Graham School also offers graduate coursework without enrolling in a degree program through its Graduate Student-at-Large and Returning Scholar programs. Graduate students-at-large take University of Chicago graduate courses for grades and build a transferable record of study for matriculation into a degree program at the University of Chicago or elsewhere. Returning scholars audit University of Chicago courses, but are not graded for their work and do not build a transferable record of study.

Certificate Programs

Graham School certificate programs span a wide variety of topics from integrated marketing courses to liberal arts and humanities and are offered on a part-time basis. Upon completion of requirements, a certificate stating mastery of the given area is earned by the student. Because most courses are open-enrollment, students may take certificate courses without enrolling in a certificate program. These certificate programs fall under two broad categories: (1) Humanities, Arts, and Sciences and (2) Professional Programs.

Humanities Arts and Sciences provides intensive study on a specific, grounded in the tenets of a liberal arts education. The Basic Program of Liberal Education for Adults, modeled after the University of Chicago Common Core, exposes students to the Great Books of antiquity and the Socratic method of teaching and discussion.

The Humanities, Arts, and Sciences program offers certificates in the "Basic Program of Liberal Education for Adults."

Professional Programs are short, intensive seminars aimed at students in the workforce. They offer educational expansion opportunities in 11 areas relevant to the modern business world.  Upon completion of the required number of courses, a certificate showing the student's mastery of the particular skill set involved is awarded.

The Professional Program offers certificates in the following areas:

 Clinical Trials Management and Regulatory Compliance
 Conscious Leadership and Team Management
 Data Analytics for Business Professionals
 Digital Marketing and Integrated Communications

 Editing
 Financial Management and Decision-Making
 Medical Writing and Editing
Medical Physics
 Project Management

Non-credit Courses

The Graham School's non-credit offerings cover a wide variety of topics and are aimed at the college graduate who wishes to either expand their knowledge of a certain area or learn a marketable job skill.  Non-credit courses are offered in the following areas:

Basic Program of Liberal Education for Adults
Know Your Chicago
Museum Publishing Seminar
Open-to-All Courses in the Liberal Arts
 The Writer's Studio
 A Fortnight in Oxford

Courses in certificate programs may also be taken, without enrolling in the certificate program.

Urban Teacher Education Program
The Graham School operates the Urban Teacher Education Program (UTEP) for Chicago Public Schools teachers. UTEP is a five-year program; students first go through a two-year Master of Arts in Teaching and licensure program, then a three-year series of "post-graduation supports."

Summer Session
Summer Session is open to anyone who wishes to attend, though participants are divided by academic standing.  Courses run from the middle of June in four sessions that last anywhere from three to nine weeks. Students live in the university's Max Palevsky Residential Commons and are supervised by Residential Heads and student Resident Assistants.

Public Events
The Graham School offers multiple lecture series open to the public.

References

Schools of the University of Chicago


George Alexander Eugene Douglas Haig, 2nd Earl Haig,  (15 March 1918 – 9 July 2009) was a British artist and peer who succeeded to the earldom of Haig on 29 January 1928, at the age of nine upon the death of his father, Field Marshal the 1st Earl Haig. Until then he was styled Viscount Dawick. Throughout his life, he was usually known to his family and friends as Dawyck Haig.

Early life
In 1937 he was a Page of Honour to George VI at his coronation. He was educated at Stowe School and at Christ Church, Oxford, receiving a BA in 1939 and a MA in 1950.

During World War II Haig served as a commissioned officer with the British Army's Royal Scots Greys Regiment in Palestine, and in North Africa during the Western Desert Campaign, where he was captured during an attack on the Afrika Corps' lines in 1941. He was subsequently held as a prisoner of war in Italy and Germany, including a spell at Oflag IV-C P.O.W. Camp (known to the British inmates as "Colditz"), where he was held as a member of the "Prominente" – a prisoner with family connections to powerful political/military figures in the Allied nations that were kept under special confinement conditions via the orders of Heinrich Himmler, for purposes undisclosed.

Later life
Haig was involved with charities that provided for ex-servicemen founded by his father. He was chairman of the British Legion in Scotland from 1962 to 1965 and president of the Earl Haig Fund from 1980 to 1986. In 1966 he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for his services to the British Legion.

In 1977 he was dubbed a Knight of the Order of St John. In 2000 he published an autobiography entitled My Father's Son. Haig was also a distinguished artist and an Associate of the Royal Scottish Academy.

In September 2006, Earl Haig criticised the Ministry of Defence's decision to posthumously pardon all 306 British soldiers executed during World War I for cowardice, desertion or other offences. In reference to the soldiers pardoned, he stated that "It was a terribly sad situation and some of these soldiers were genuinely shell-shocked. But many were rogues, persistent deserters and criminals, or they were guilty of cowardice. They had to be made an example of." This remark drew criticism from Andrew MacKinlay MP, who had campaigned for the pardon and was reported as "astonished" by Earl Haig's remarks, claiming that they had not received due process.

Death
He died on 9 July 2009 at Borders General Hospital, aged 91. His body was buried in the Haig family plot at Dryburgh Abbey in the Borders.

Family
Earl Haig married, on 19 July 1956, Adrienne Thérèse Morley (4 May 1929 – 3 January 2010), daughter of Derrick Morley, formerly of Islanmore and Rockstown Castle, co. Limerick (great-great-nephew of the 1st Baron Fermoy), by Lesley, eldest daughter of Sir Nigel Leslie Campbell, of Woodrow High House, Amersham, Buckinghamshire (grandson of Lord Charles Pelham-Clinton), and had three children:

Lady Adrienne Raina Haig,
Lady Elizabeth Vivienne Thérèse Haig,
Alexander Douglas Derrick Haig, 3rd Earl Haig.

The Earl and Countess Haig were divorced in 1981 and, on 24 March 1981, he married Donna Gerolama Lopez y Royo di Taurisano (of the Neapolitan Dukes di Taurisano e Monteroni). She died on 15 April 2023, at the age of 85.

Publications
 My Father's Son (2000), memoir.

References

External links

 – Earl Haig – Daily Telegraph obituary
 Tirbutes paid to Earl Haig. BBC News
 Profile

1918 births
2009 deaths
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
British Army personnel of World War II
Prisoners of war held at Colditz Castle
Deputy Lieutenants in Scotland
George
2
Knights of the Order of St John
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Stowe School
Pages of Honour
Royal Scots Greys officers
20th-century Scottish autobiographers
20th-century Scottish painters
Scottish male painters
21st-century Scottish painters
21st-century Scottish male artists
British World War II prisoners of war
The Royal British Legion
20th-century Scottish male artists
Haig

George Haig, 2nd Earl Haig


was a town located in Sōraku District, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan.

As of February 1, 2007, the town had an estimated population of 15,907 and a density of 430.27 persons per km². The total area was 36.97 km².

On March 12, 2007, Kamo, along with the towns of Kizu and Yamashiro (all from Sōraku District), was merged to create the city of Kizugawa.

Between the years of 740 to 744, Kamo had been the capital of Japan named Kuni-kyō.

External links
Kamo official website in Japanese

 Kamo Planetarium

Dissolved municipalities of Kyoto Prefecture

Kamo, Kyoto