Spring rolls are rolled appetizers or dim sum commonly found in Chinese and Southeast Asian cuisines. The kind of wrapper, fillings, and cooking technique used, as well as the name, vary considerably depending on the region's culture, though they are generally filled with vegetables.

Regional history

East Asia

Mainland China
Spring rolls are a seasonal food consumed during the spring, and started as a pancake filled with the new season's spring vegetables, a welcome change from the preserved foods of the long winter months. In Chinese cuisine, spring rolls are savoury rolls with cabbage and other vegetable fillings inside a thinly wrapped cylindrical pastry. They are usually eaten during the Spring Festival in mainland China, hence the name. Meat varieties, particularly pork, are also popular. Fried spring rolls are generally small and crisp. They can be sweet or savoury; the former often with red bean paste filling, and the latter are typically prepared with vegetables. They are fully wrapped before being pan-fried or deep-fried.

Non-fried spring rolls are typically bigger and more savoury. Unlike fried spring rolls, non-fried ones are typically made by filling the wrapping with pre-cooked ingredients. Traditionally, they are a festive food eaten during the Cold Food Day festival and the Tomb Sweeping Day festival in spring to remember and pay respect to ancestors. The Hakka population sometimes also eats spring rolls on the third day of the third month of the lunar calendar (三月三 sān yuè sān). The wrappings can be a flour-based mix or batter.

Hong Kong and Macau

Spring roll is a fried dish usually available as a dim sum. They typically contain minced pork, shredded carrot, bean sprouts and other vegetables served with dipping sauce.

Taiwan
In Taiwan, the most commonly eaten non-fried spring rolls are popiah, called rùn bǐng () in Mandarin or po̍h-piáⁿ () in Hokkien. In northern Taiwan, the ingredients are generally flavoured with herbs, stir-fried, and sometimes topped with a finely ground peanut powder before being wrapped. In southern Taiwan, the ingredients are generally boiled or blanched in plain water. Sometimes caster or super fine sugar is added along with the peanut powder before all the ingredients are wrapped.

Japan
In Japan, spring rolls are known as harumaki (春巻き) and are often served with karashi mustard or soy sauce.

Southeast Asia

Laos, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Thailand, and Singapore

Lumpia is the name for spring rolls in Indonesia and the Philippines, which was derived from Southern Chinese spring rolls. The name lumpia derives from Hokkien lunpia () and was introduced in the Philippine islands during the 17th century. It is a savoury snack made of thin crepe pastry skin enveloping a mixture of savoury fillings, consists of chopped vegetables; carrots, cabbages, green beans, bamboo shoots, banana heart and leeks, or sometimes also minced meat; chicken, shrimp, pork or beef. It is often served as an appetizer or snack, and might be served deep fried or fresh (unfried). In both Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand, it is called popiah similar to in Taiwan, while in Myanmar, it is referred as kawpyan (ကော်ပြန့်).

Cambodia

The Cambodian fried spring rolls are called  () or  (). Despite originating in the Chinese Cambodian community, nowadays fried spring rolls have spread throughout the country. They are different from Chinese spring rolls with their filling often not being cooked before frying, making Cambodian spring rolls lighter. In addition to that, fish sauce is usually used in the filling, instead of oyster or soy sauce, and Cambodian spring rolls, if not reheated, are fried only once.

Vietnam

The fried version with minced pork is called imperial rolls or chả giò (southern Vietnam), nem cuốn, chả cuốn or Nem rán (northern Vietnam). They are often called "egg rolls" in Western countries, which is a misnomer. Central Vietnam has its own version of a fried roll called "ram". Ram is always made from whole shell-on shrimp or chopped de-shelled shrimp and some green onions, wrapped in rice paper and deep fried. Like most speciality food items from central Vietnam, Ram is not widely available in Vietnamese restaurants overseas.

A Vietnamese imperial roll is different from a Chinese spring roll in that it is typically smaller and contains ground or chopped meats/seafood such as pork, crab, shrimp, chicken, taro or cassava, glass noodles, wood-ear fungi or oyster mushrooms, and shredded carrots. Rice paper is traditionally used as wrappers. However, several Vietnamese restaurants in Western countries may use Chinese spring roll wrappers due to the unavailability of rice paper or ease of use.

Spring rolls or summer rolls are a Vietnamese delicacy known as "gỏi cuốn". Depending on the region, salad rolls were made differently. Some vegetarian families make vegetarian spring rolls rather than meat spring rolls. However, the typical ingredients include slivers of cooked pork (most often cha pork sausages), shrimp, sometimes chicken or tofu, fresh herbs like basil or cilantro, lettuce, cucumbers, sometimes fresh garlic, chives, rice vermicelli, all wrapped in moistened rice paper. A typical "gỏi cuốn" may only contain boiled pork, boiled rice noodles, cucumber, carrot and herbs. Fresh Vietnamese spring rolls can be made at home or found at Vietnamese restaurants and some grocery stores. They are served at room temperature with dipping sauce.  Nước chấm, tương xào, or a hoisin peanut sauce are all common dipping sauces. A typical hoisin dipping sauce includes chilli, hoisin sauce, peanut butter and sugar. A standard "nước mắm pha" (nước chấm) dipping sauce is composed of fish sauce, lime, garlic, sugar, and chillies or simply fish sauce, sugar and vinegar.

Oceania

Australia
In Australia, a diverse range of authentic Asian cuisine is available due to immigration, multiculturalism, and the abundant fresh local produce. Both dim sims and Chiko Rolls were inspired by Chinese spring rolls.

Small spring rolls that have either a vegetable filling, or a meat filling are a popular snack sold in many takeaway shops in Australia. Frozen spring rolls can also be purchased in supermarkets, to cook at home.

Australians also have their own version of a spring roll that can be found in many fish and chip shops in Australia and bought from a supermarket, which is the Chiko Roll. Rather than using pastry with a rolling technique, they have a more doughy texture.

Europe

Germany, France and Poland
In Austria, Switzerland, and Germany, deep-fried spring rolls are called Frühlingsrolle, while the Vietnamese salad rolls are called Sommerrolle ("summer roll"). The French call them nem for the fried ones and rouleaux de printemps for the others, whereas in Poland, they are known as sajgonki, named after Saigon, the city from which many of the Vietnamese immigrants in Poland originated.

Netherlands and Belgium
In the Netherlands and Belgium, spring rolls are known as loempia and are deep-fried or sometimes baked. They are thought to have been introduced by immigrants (including Chinese) from Indonesia, a former colony of the Netherlands. Loempias are filled with bean sprouts, chopped omelette, and sliced chicken or crab. It's also getting more common for loempias to appear with sweet and spicy sauces.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom spring rolls used to be, and sometimes still are, known as pancake rolls, though these tend to be somewhat larger than those described as spring rolls.

Northern Europe
In the Nordic countries, they are known as vårrullar/er (Swedish/Norwegian), forårsruller (Danish), or kevätkääryle (Finnish).

Latin America

Brazil
In Brazil, spring rolls are called either rolinhos-primavera (), which is an approximate free translation from English, or as it is called in Japanese restaurants and among people who are used to the plate by the way it came to Brazil from Japanese immigrants,  (). They can be found mostly in Chinese restaurants, usually served with a molho agridoce (sweet and sour sauce) to dip, usually bright red and hot, made with ketchup, vinegar, sugar and sometimes spices such as star anise, which accompanies some other kinds of dishes, and can include onion and sweet pepper. Some Japanese restaurants also serve spring rolls in Brazil, but generally plain or with soy sauce to dip (molho agridoce is also available in some). They are also found in buffet-like fast food restaurants, and can be called either by the Japanese or Brazilian Portuguese name, but most often the latter.

Chile
In Chile, spring rolls are called arrollado primavera, and supermarkets, street vendors and Chinese restaurants sell them. (However, in other countries, "arrollado primavera" refers to a savoury pinwheel-type roll made with thin sponge cake and should not be confused with the Chilean version.)

Costa Rica
In Costa Rica, spring rolls are called in Spanish rollito de primavera ("little spring roll"), but are popularly known as "Taco Chino" and are offered in almost all Chinese restaurants as an entree or appetizer.

Mexico
In Mexico, spring rolls are called rollos primavera (which translates directly to "spring rolls") and are sold in many Chinese restaurants and fast-food establishments accompanied with sweet and sour or soy sauces. On the northwest border with the US, especially in Mexicali, Baja California, the spring rolls are known as chunkun; this name could be related to the Korean chungwon (춘권). They are deep-fried and usually served with ketchup topped with a dot of hot mustard as a dipping sauce.

Argentina and Uruguay
In Argentina and Uruguay, spring rolls are commonly known as empanaditas chinas (Chinese turnover) and also arrolladitos primavera (which translates directly to "spring rolls"), and supermarkets and Chinese restaurants sell them. They are a common treat carried by catering services and are usually served with a small bowl of sweet and sour sauce to dip them in.

Venezuela
In Venezuela, spring rolls are called lumpia as in the Philippines and Indonesia. Many Chinese restaurants sell them, and they are usually served with sweet and sour or soy sauce.

See also

 Chả giò
 Egg roll
 Dim sum
 List of stuffed dishes
 Lumpia
 Pastel
 Popiah
 Sambousa
 Summer roll

References

Articles containing video clips
American Chinese cuisine
Appetizers
Australian Chinese cuisine
New Zealand Chinese cuisine
Polynesian Chinese cuisine
Canadian Chinese cuisine
French Polynesian cuisine
Cantonese cuisine
Dim sum
Hong Kong cuisine
Indonesian Chinese cuisine
Southeast Asian cuisine
Stuffed dishes
Taiwanese cuisine

id:Lumpia
ban:Lumpia
jv:Lumpia
su:Lumpia

Spring roll


Syrokomla is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

History
According to the legend, the coat of arms was granted to certain knight named Syrokomla of Abdank coat of arms after he won a duel with a pagan Old Prussian warrior in 1331 during the reign of Ladislaus the Short. After this victory he was awarded with a right to add a golden cross to his coat of arms, to underline that he is one of the defenders of Christianity.

Blazon
Gules, Abdank (W-shaped symbol) Argent, with a cross Or (sometimes Argent) attached above. In the crest the symbol repeated.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:

 Michał Grocholski
 Franciszek Grocholski
 Władysław Syrokomla (1823-1862), writer

External links
  Syrokomla Coat of Arms & bearers.

See also
 Polish heraldry
 Heraldry

Polish coats of arms

Syrokomla coat of arms


Johannes Antonius Maria "Jan" Klabbers (born 13 August 1963, Heumen, Netherlands) is a Dutch Academy Professor (Martti Ahtisaari Chair) at the University of Helsinki, on leave from his regular position as Professor of International Law at the University of Helsinki. He was Director of the Academy of Finland Centre of Excellence in Global Governance Research, based at the University of Helsinki, Faculty of Law, and deputy director of the Erik Castrén Institute of International Law and Human Rights. He has previously held several positions at the University of Amsterdam, where he also completed his doctoral degree.

Klabbers is considered to be one of the world's leading experts in the law of treaties and the law of international organizations. He has published several monographs and articles on the topics, some of the most important ones being The Concept of Treaty in International Law (1996), Treaty Conflict and the European Union (2008), An Introduction to International Organizations Law 3rd ed. (2015, previously An Introduction to International Institutional Law), and International Law (2013). In his recent work Klabbers has also been focusing on finding novel approaches to international legal research by combining it with virtue ethics.

Klabbers has held several visiting professorships/fellowships at different universities and institutes, including Hofstra University School of Law (2007), Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva (2008, 2013), Straus Institute for the Advanced Study of Law and Justice,  New York University Law School (2009–10), and Panthéon-Assas University (2011). He has also won several awards for his teaching.

Lectures
 Jan Klabbers, "Treaty Conflict", United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law, Lecture Series (accessed on 26 March 2013)
 Jan Klabbers, "Law, Ethics and Global Governance", United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law, Lecture Series (accessed on 26 March 2013)

External links

1963 births
Living people
Dutch legal scholars
International law scholars
Academic staff of the University of Helsinki
University of Amsterdam alumni
Dutch expatriates in Finland
People from Heumen

Jan Klabbers


Bingham was a wapentake (equivalent to a hundred) of the historic county of Nottinghamshire, England. It was in the south-east of the county, to the south of the River Trent.

Constituents
The original meeting place was on the Toot Hill ridge, west of Bingham.
The wapentake covered the parishes of Adbolton, Aslockton, Bingham, Car Colston, Clipston on the Wolds, Colston Bassett, Cotgrave, Cropwell Bishop, Cropwell Butler, East Bridgford, Elton, Flintham, Gamston, Granby, Hawksworth, Hickling, Holme Pierrepont, Kinoulton, Kneeton, Langar cum Barnstone, Lodge on the Wolds, Normanton-on-the-Wolds, Orston, Owthorpe, Plumtree, Radcliffe on Trent, Saxondale, Scarrington, Screveton, Shelford, Thoroton, Tithby, Tollerton, Upper Broughton, West Bridgford, Whatton and Wiverton Hall.

Contained within it were eastern parts of the present-day Rushcliffe Borough, and western parts of the Vale of Belvoir. Its residual significance was lost with the introduction of districts under the Local Government Act 1894.

References

Bingham Wapentake at Vision of Britain

Ancient subdivisions of Nottinghamshire
Rushcliffe

Bingham Wapentake


Midwest Express Airlines Flight 105 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight that crashed into an open field in Milwaukee, Wisconsin shortly after taking off from General Mitchell International Airport on September 6, 1985. The airplane, a Douglas DC-9, was carrying 31 passengers and crew. None of them survived the crash.

Multiple eyewitnesses reported that the plane was on fire shortly after it took off from the airport. The fire was caused due to a failure on the right engine where one of its removable sleeve spacers detached. The removable sleeve spacer suffered metal fatigue that caused the engine to explode.

The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), the investigation team who was responsible for the investigation of the crash, concluded that despite the plane suffering engine failure, it was still controllable, and instead the response of the crew to the failure was the main cause of the accident. The crew failed to properly control the plane during the emergency. Breakdown of the crew's coordination also contributed to the crash.

Aircraft
On September 6, 1985, Flight 105 was a Midwest Express Airlines flight scheduled to be operated using a Douglas DC-9-14 twin-engine, single-aisle jet airliner (registration N100ME). The DC-9 was manufactured in 1968 and delivered to Linea Aeropostal Venezolana. In 1976, it was sold to Aerovias Venezolanas, S.A., who then sold it to K-C Aviation (the owner of Midwest Express) in 1983. The aircraft had accrued a total of 31,892 operating hours and 48,903 cycles at the time of the accident.

Passengers and crew
Flight 105 departed Milwaukee carrying 27 passengers and 4 crew members. Most of the passengers were businessmen.

The two flight attendants were 24-year old Sharon Ann Herb and 21-year old Amy Marie Bain.

Instead of a captain and first officer, Flight 105 was crewed by two captains.

The first captain of the flight was 31-year old Captain Danny Watkin Martin. Captain Martin was employed by Midwest Express in 1984 as a First Officer. He was promoted as a Captain in 1985 and had accumulated a total of 4,600 flight hours, including 1,000 hours on the DC-9 (600 flight hours as a First Officer on the DC-9, and 500 hours as a captain). Before he was an employee of Midwest, he was a corporate pilot of a Beechcraft 90 King Air.

The second captain (though acting as a first officer) was 37-year old Captain William Roger Weiss. Captain Weiss was employed by Midwest Express in 1984 and later received his DC-9 type rating. At the time, he had accrued 5,197 total flight hours, including 1,640 hours on the DC-9 (500 hours as a First Officer of the DC-9 and 1,140 hours as a captain). He was a former employee of KC Aviation, the parent company of Midwest Express. Captain Weiss was also a former US Air Force pilot, flying an F-4.

Flight
Flight 105 took off at 15:20 with 27 passengers and 4 crew members. Flight 105 departed from Mitchell's Runway 19R en route to its destination of Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta Int'l Airport, Atlanta, Georgia. Before the flight, the plane had previously been operated as Flight 206 with the same flight crew.

At 15:21, during its initial climb, at an altitude of 700 ft above the ground, the right engine exploded. Flight 105 swayed several times. Captain Martin heard the loud bang and reacted: "What the [expletive] was that?", which was not responded to by First Officer Weiss. Flight 105 was then instructed by the ATC to turn towards heading 175. At this stage, the ATC worker could see that smoke and flames were emanating from the right engine, with parts of the plane falling to the ground.

First Officer Weiss declared an emergency. The plane then climbed with a high angle of attack. Due to the high angle of attack, the air speed decreased significantly. It began to roll to the right, and then stalled and rolled abruptly to an angle of 90 degrees, barrel-rolled at least once, and crashed into an open field in a wildlife preserve just several hundred meters from runway 19R. The aircraft was completely demolished by impact forces and fire, with nearly the entire structure fragmented.

Investigation
Roughly 100 eyewitnesses stated that they saw flames and smoke from the right engine shortly after the explosion and that some parts of the plane detached and fell to the ground. They also stated that loud bangs were continuously heard during the accident. Shortly afterwards, the crew lost control of the plane and the plane crashed into the field. Investigators then constructed several possible scenarios as to what might have caused the plane to lose control.

Possible control failure due to turbine explosion
Investigators immediately examined the fragments of the engine. They stated that the explosion might have been powerful enough to propel fragments of the turbine with sufficient speed to penetrate the plane and damage the flight controls, which could explain why the plane suddenly pitched up and barrel-rolled immediately after the explosion. 5 years before the crash of Flight 105, in Poland an Ilyushin Il-62 crashed into a moat after its engine number 2 exploded and damaged the plane's elevator and aileron. Immediately after the explosion, the plane nosedived to the ground.

The explosion was caused by a detached removable sleeve spacer inside the right engine. The detachment was caused by metal fatigue. Examination of the turbine fragments and their distribution during the explosion led to the conclusion that the ejection of the fragments didn't contribute to the crash, as the velocity of the fragments was substantially absorbed and decreased by the engine cowling. The NTSB noted that several parts of the engine could not be found; they concluded that, based on their calculation and distribution of the fragments on the ground, the unidentified parts were reduced to tiny, harmless bits. The left engine did not exhibit any signs of pre-impact damage or failure

The NTSB also stated that, although the explosion caused serious damage to the engine cowling, the cowlings were all latched. None blew outwards, which would have caused a massive drag force on the plane. This, in turn, could have affected the controllability of the plane. Small portions of the cowling did blow outwards, but the NTSB concluded that these parts caused very little drag force.

The NTSB later concluded that even if any turbine parts were ejected and somehow able to penetrate the plane, the impact would be small and no controls would be affected.

Pilot error
In the initial seconds after the explosion, Flight 105 swayed to the right and left. In response, the pilot used the rudder to counteract the plane's movements. The examination concluded that the plane was easily controllable and that it could still be controlled properly without the rudder inputs. Additionally, the crew made a pitch input, raising the aircraft's nose.

The crew may have wrongly perceived the nature of the emergency. Since the explosion of the engine caused the loss of engine thrust, the speed of the plane decreased. This rapid deceleration caused the crew to think that the plane was pitching down, which may explain why the crew made a nose-up input, while in reality, it didn't pitch down. This phenomenon is known as a somatogravic illusion. However, instead of fixing the situation, the nose-up input that the crew made only caused the plane to decelerate even more. The pilot may have suffered spatial disorientation immediately after the emergency.

The NTSB noted that the plane had banked to the right to such a severe angle that the plane entered a state which investigators call an "accelerated stall".

Cockpit breakdown
During the emergency, Captain Martin called for the instrument readings to First Officer Weiss. However, Weiss didn't reply to any of his questions or remarks. Since an emergency had occurred on board the plane, First Officer Weiss should have responded and worked with Martin in order to handle the emergency properly. Weiss' failure to respond may have further confused Captain Martin.

Investigators stated that Weiss also might have been confused by the information on his instruments. They also stated that Weiss' action might have been influenced by Midwest Express' "silent cockpit" philosophy.

Midwest Express expected its pilots to adhere to an unwritten policy called the "silent cockpit", where pilots would make no unnecessary callouts or even verbalize the nature of an emergency after 100 knots and before reaching an altitude of 800 ft. The emergency on board Flight 105 that day started at roughly 700 ft above the ground, meaning that the "silent cockpit" rule was in effect at the time. Investigators stated that the pilots should have worked together immediately since an emergency that occurred at low altitude was dangerous. With the silent cockpit rule, the crew's ability to effectively work together would have been hampered. This rule conflicted with FAA regulations and therefore should have been prohibited by the FAA.

Seconds after the failure of the right engine, Captain Martin applied proper inputs to the plane. However, he was uncertain about the situation of Flight 105 at the time. Due to this, he asked First Officer Weiss for assistance. The NTSB, on their report, stated that Martin might have asked Weiss as he was far more senior and had more experience. He may have thought that Weiss was far more knowledgeable than him in identifying the nature of the emergency. Weiss didn't respond to any of Martin's remarks and questions. Based on the evidence from the cockpit voice recorder (CVR), investigators believe that Weiss actually heard Martin's questions and remarks but ignored them for some reason. He was not incapacitated, as evidence from the recordings indicated that he communicated with Milwaukee Tower while Martin was asking him about the information of the plane's instruments.

Captain Martin held primary responsibility for handling the emergency and taking corrective actions. However, the emergency should have been handled by both men working together as a team. Weiss should have assisted the Captain in responding and diagnosing the problem that had occurred on board Flight 105. The NTSB stated:

"The redundancy provided by the First Officer is one of the basic tenets of Cockpit Resource Management."

The NTSB then concluded that breakdown in crew coordination was one of the main causes of the accident, one possible cause being their inexperienceonly a few hundred hours in this jet.

Inadequate FAA oversight
The lack of experience of an FAA Principal Operations Inspector (POI) may have caused the silent cockpit philosophy to be approved by the FAA without proper examination.  The philosophy was contrary to the approved practice by the FAA. If she had had more experience, she might have recognized that the concept had flaws, and that the airline was already teaching the concept to their employees.

The NTSB believed that the POI who worked with Midwest Express did not perform her duties at an adequate level. As per the final report:

"The safety board believes that the FAA oversight of Midwest Express procedures and training during certification and ongoing day-to-day activity in the carrier's first 2 years of operation was less than optimum and probably suffered as a direct result of the inexperience of the POI. The POI testified that she devoted only 20 percent of her worktime to Midwest Express, her only FAR 121 scheduled passenger airline, and that she was still obligated to perform routine general aviation rules. The Board noted that the POI had no previous FAR 121 air carrier experience, that she was not rated in a turbojet of the category and class used by the airline, and that she had not rated received any formal training in the DC-9 airplane used by the certificate holder for which she was responsible. In fact, she had no turbojet pilot experience. Neither did the POI have available for consultation or assistance air carrier inspectors assigned to other offices to fulfill her responsibilities. Apparently, she had become so dependent on other inspectors in surveilling Midwest Express that her own role was reduced primarily to administrative matters. The absence of first-hand knowledge of the carrier and her lack of experience in turbojet air carrier operations severely handicapped her ability to perform the quality of surveillance required to detect shortcomings of FAR 121 airline operation. The Safety Board believes that the experience level of the POI was inappropriate for her assignment as the POI of a new air carrier operating turbojet equipment. She even testified that she was not totally comfortable with the arrangement."

See also
 Aviation accidents and incidents
 Aviation safety
 List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft
China Airlines Flight 006, a 747 that nearly impacted the Pacific Ocean after an improper pilot response and pilot errors made after the failure of the #4 engine.

References

External links

Airliner accidents and incidents in Wisconsin
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error
Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 1985
Accidents and incidents involving the McDonnell Douglas DC-9
105
1985 in Wisconsin
Disasters in Wisconsin
History of Milwaukee
September 1985 events in the United States
Airliner accidents and incidents involving uncontained engine failure

Midwest Express Airlines Flight 105


Hillyard, Inc. (earlier known as Hillyard Disinfectant Company and Hillyard Chemical Company) is a privately owned cleaning products company in St. Joseph, Missouri with a speciality in providing products for cleaning and maintenance of wood basketball courts.

The company fielded two Amateur Athletic Union national champion basketball teams in the 1920s and was instrumental in the founding of the Basketball Hall of Fame (where an exhibit celebrates its contributions to the sport).

In 2007 the company had an estimated $120 million in sales and employed 600 people.

Newton S. Hillyard founded the company in 1907 as a cleaning supplies manufacturer. Hillyard's son Marvin asked him to sponsor a basketball team.  N.S. then developed the company's signature cleaning supplies that made the floors "less oily."

In 1920 the company moved to a new building that included a 90 x 140 foot wood gymnasium floor—claimed to be the largest west of the Mississippi River at the company headquarters where the company tested gym seals and finishes.

The company then sponsored the Hillyard Shine Alls basketball team that won the Amateur Athletic Union national championships in 1926 and 1927 (and also played in two other AAU national championships in 1923 and 1925).  The team was led by Forrest DeBernardi.

During the Hillyard domination charges surfaced that Hillyard was paying its amateur players or that the players had no-show jobs at the plant.  The controversy passed without any formal action taken against the company.

Elliot C. Spratt, a Hillyard son-in-law, was the founding president of the Basketball Hall of Fame.

The National Association of Basketball Coaches gives the Newton S. Hillyard Memorial Award to its outgoing president.

Other Hillyard family members including Haskell Hillyard have received the John W. Bunn Lifetime Achievement Award at the Basketball Hall of Fame.

Hillyard plays a major role at Missouri Western State University.  Spratt Stadium is named for Elliot C. Spratt.  The Hillyard Tip Off Classic is a basketball tournament at the school.

References

External links
hillyard.com

Companies based in Missouri
Cleaning products
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees
Chemical companies established in 1907
1907 establishments in Missouri

Hillyard, Inc.


Genre painting is a style of painting. The painters want to show scenes of everyday life. The people are shown doing things they do in everyday life. Unlike with history paintings, the people cannot be identified, they are anonymous. They migt be identifiable as workers of a certain profession by the way they are dressed, or what they do. Grenre paiting is also called petit genre. History painting also has the name grand genre.

Painting styles

Genre painting


Okey () is a tile-based game. The aim of the game is to score points against the opposing players by collecting certain groups of tiles. Okey is usually played with four players, but can also be played with only two or three players. It bears resemblance to the game Rummikub, as it is played with the same set of boards and tiles, but under a different set of rules.

The game was derived from the original Rummikub after cultural contacts of Gastarbeiter in Germany. Okey is very popular in Turkey and among Turkish communities abroad.

Setting up the game

The 106 tiles are placed face down on the table and thoroughly mixed. Next, the players stacks the tiles faced down in groups of 5, creating a total of 21 stacks. There is no specific rule about how many stacks should be in front of each player. It is convenient to have at least six in front of the dealer, but this makes no real difference to the game.

One tile remains unstacked and is kept by the dealer briefly. The dealer is randomly chosen at the start and passes to the right after every round.

The dealer then throws a die to determine on which stack the one remaining tile will be placed upon. For example if a 6 is thrown, the tile is placed on the sixth stack in front of the dealer (counting from left). If the number thrown is greater than the number of stacks in front of the dealer, then the count will continue using the stacks in front of the player to dealer's right, and one of these will be selected. The selected stack now has six tiles.

Next, the dealer throws the die for a second time to determine which tile will be shown face-up. The second throw selects one of the tiles in the selected stack, counting upwards from the bottom of the stack. The selected tile is extracted from the stack and placed face-up on top of it. If the selected tile is a false joker, it is returned to the selected stack and the second throw of the die is repeated until a numbered tile is selected.

This face-up tile helps determine the "joker" (okey) and "false joker" (sahte okey) for the game. The color and value of the joker and the false joker changes every round.

Determination of joker
The face-up tile on top of the stack helps determine the joker. The joker has the same color as this face-up tile. And its number for is +1 of this tile. For example, if the face up-tile is the red 10, the red 11s become jokers. If the face up tile is a 13, the 1s of the same colour become jokers.

The joker is a very useful tile, because it functions as a wild tile that can be used to represent other tiles to complete a combination. Players with the joker tile are free to assign for themselves which color and number the joker tile will represent.

Determination of false joker
The face-up tile on top of the stack also helps determine the false joker. The false jokers are not wild - they are used only to represent the tiles that have become jokers. So for example, if the red 11s became the jokers, then the false jokers are played as red 11s (and cannot represent any other tile).

New players may wonder why false joker tiles aren't used as joker themself. A possible reason can be that through any defect in the tiles, some players learn to recognise the false jokers from the back, that would give them an unfair advantage. If a different tile is used as the joker in each game, recognising a joker from the back becomes much more difficult.

Distribution of the tiles
After determining the joker and the false joker, the stacks of tiles are distributed among the players. The player to dealer's right will receive 15 tiles and the others 14 each. The player to the right of the dealer takes the next stack after (to the right of) the selected stack with the face up tile on top of it, then the player opposite the dealer takes the following stack, and so on anticlockwise around the table, until each player has two stacks (10 tiles). Now the player to the dealer's right receives the whole of the next stack, but the player sitting opposite the dealer is given only the top 4 tiles of the following stack. The player to the dealer's left receives the last tile of this stack and 3 tiles from the top of the next stack, and finally the dealer takes the last 2 tiles from this stack and 2 from the next stack.

In the above diagram the dealer threw a 5, placed the spare tile on top of the 5th stack from her left. She then threw a 2, and took the second tile from the bottom of the selected stack and placed it on top. It is a red 4, so red 5s will be jokers for this deal. Now player 2 must take stack 'a', player 3 stack 'b', player 4 'c', player 1 'd', player 2 'e', player 3 'f', player 4 'g', player 1 'h' and player 2 'i'. Next player 3 takes the top 4 tiles of stack 'j', player 4 the last tile of 'j' and three from 'k', and player 1 two from 'k' and two from 'l'.

All the players should arrange their tiles so that they can see their faces but the other players cannot. Wooden racks are often used for this. The remaining tiles are left for the players to draw from during the game. They are moved to the middle of the table, without looking at them or disturbing their order.

Play
Before the round starts, a player can score a point if the player holds the tile that matches the face-up tile. If the player doesn't show the tile to others, it will miss out the point.

Now the player to the dealer's right begins the play by discarding one tile, face up. After this, each player in turn may either take the tile just discarded by the previous player, or draw the next tile from the supply in the centre of the table, and must then discard one unwanted tile. This continues in anticlockwise rotation until a player forms a winning hand and exposes it, ending the play.

Discarded tiles are placed to the right of the player who discarded them, in a stack, so that only the most recent discard in the stack is visible.

The usual rule is that the player is allowed to look through all the tiles in the discard stacks to their right (the tiles you discarded) and to their left (the tiles they had an opportunity to take), but they can only see the exposed top tiles of the two discard stacks on the other side of the table.

Tiles are always drawn from the top of the next available stack. When only the final stack of 6 tiles remains, the exposed tile is removed from the top of this stack and the other five tiles are drawn in order. The exposed tile (the red 4 in the example diagrams) can never be drawn. When there are no tiles left in the centre except the single exposed tile, if the next player to play does not want to take the previous player's discard, the play ends because there are no cards left to draw.

Winning conditions
There are multiple ways for a player to win a round. The object of the game is to have a rack full of runs, sets or seven pairs.

A run is composed of three or more, same-colored tiles, in consecutive number order. (After 13, a 1 may follow but it can't continue after 1)
{|
|- style="line-height: 3em;"
| Example run:  ||
|}

A set is made from three or four same-value tiles in distinct colors.

{|
|- style="line-height: 3em;"
| Example set:  ||
|}

Another type of winning hand consists of having at least seven pairs. Two identical tiles (same number and colour) is called a pair.
{|
|- style="line-height: 3em;"
| Example of seven pairs:  ||
|}

If a player has a winning hand, he or she must show it to the other players. The other players then check whether all of 14 tiles of the player are grouped correctly. Apart from the discarded tiles and the face up tile on top of the six-tile stack, no tiles are exposed until a player shows a winning hand: no sets or runs are exposed during the game.

Examples of invalid groupings
{|
|- style="line-height: 3em;"
| Invalid because numbers are not consecutive: ||
|- style="line-height: 3em;"
| Invalid because numbers in a run must all be the same color:  ||
|- style="line-height: 3em;"
| Invalid because colors may not repeat in a set:
 ||
|}

The 1 can be used as the lowest tile, below the 2, or as the highest tile, above the 13, but not both at once. So black 1-2-3 or black 12-13-1 would be valid runs, but black 13-1-2 would not be valid.

Usage of jokers and false jokers
As previously explained, the two tiles that are the same colour as the face up tile and one greater in number are the jokers. These tiles can be used to represent any tile the holder desires, in order to complete a set or run. Assuming a round with red 5 as being the joker:
{|
|- style="line-height: 3em;"
| Example of using one joker (red 5) to form a set:  ||
|}
{|
|- style="line-height: 3em;"
| Example of using two jokers (red 5) to form a run:  ||
|}
{|
|- style="line-height: 3em;"
| Example of using one joker (red 5) to form seven pairs:  ||
|}

The two false jokers - the tiles without numbers - are used only to represent the joker tiles. So for example when red 5s are jokers, the false jokers are played as red 5s: for example {red 4, false joker, red 6} is a run, and {black 5, green 5, yellow 5, false joker} is a set.

If the player has a winning hand of groups and runs using at least one joker, they do not have to expose it immediately. If they wish, they can continue playing in the hope of forming a winning hand plus a joker. If the player is able to end the game by discarding a joker and exposing their remaining 14 tiles as a winning hand, their win is worth twice as much as an ordinary win. Note that by continuing to play instead of exposing their ordinary win, the player run the risk that another player may complete a winning hand and expose it before they can achieve their double win, in which case they gain nothing for their concealed winning hand.

Scoring
Each player begins the game with 20 points and loses points each time another player wins a game, as follows:
 2 points: When a player wins a game, each of the other players loses 2 points.
 4 points: When a player wins a game by discarding a joker, each other player loses 4 points.
 4 points: When a player wins a game with seven pairs, each other player loses 4 points.
 1 point: When a player, at the start of the game, shows the tile that matches the face up tile on the six-tile stack, each of the other players loses 1 point. This is known as  (to show), and can only be claimed before the holder of the matching tile first draws a tile.

If the game ends without any player exposing a winning hand (because there are no tiles left to draw, and the player whose turn it is cannot win by taking the previous discard), then there is no score.

Play continues until any player's score reaches zero or less. The two players with the highest scores at that time are the winners and the two with the lowest scores are the losers.

Variations

Some play that any player whose score reaches zero or less leaves the game, but the other players continue to play.

Some play that the players sitting opposite each other are partners. In practice partners cannot help each other much, except by cheating(!) [In the partnership game, presumably each team starts with 20 points, and when a player exposes a winning hand, the opposing team loses 2 or 4 points as appropriate. If a player shows the tile matching the exposed tile at the start, the other team loses 1 point.]

Some players use the exposed tile as the last tile to be drawn from the centre, when all the other tiles have been taken.

Some players omit the formal procedure for choosing the joker and distributing the tiles. Having shuffled the tiles face down on the table, each player simply takes any 14 tiles from the table (the player chosen to play first taking 15) and a tile is turned up to be the joker. When drawing tiles during the play, any face down tile can be taken from the stock on the table.

Some play that a player who wins a game with tiles of one colour only, the score is doubled: the other players lose 4 points if the winner discarded an ordinary tile, 8 points if the winner's final discard was a joker. Some only award this double score for a hand consisting entirely of red tiles or black tiles.

Okey 101
Okey 101 is played with four players over multiple rounds. The object of the game is to collect as few points as possible at the end of the game. The player who has the fewest points, after all of the rounds are completed, is declared the winner. Points are determined according to the face value of the tile (e.g. a red 3 = 3 points & a black 11 = 11 points).
A round is completed when there are no more tiles left to draw from the bank or when one of the players has completed his/her hand (tiles on the rack). A game is played over a predetermined number of rounds (e.g. 3,5,7,9 or 11 rounds). All of the rounds must be completed before a winner is declared, not just a best of rounds.

Starting the game
After a random dealer is chosen, each player is given 21 tiles (your hand) and the dealer gets 22 tiles. The rest of the tiles go face down into the bank and one tile which indicates what the joker will be is turned face up. The game is played counter-clockwise. The dealer starts the game by throwing away one of his tiles. The turn then goes to the player on his right.
A player starts their turn by either taking a tile from the bank or taking the tile thrown away by the previous player. The player then either 'opens' (puts his sets on the table) and/or adds to the sets already on the table. If the player cannot open they finish the turn by throwing away one of the tiles from their hand. A player must always throw away a tile to finish the turn, even when finishing their entire hand.

The Joker
The tile that indicates what the joker will be changes each individual round. The two joker tiles (also called 'false jokers') are the same value as this tile's value plus 1. These jokers look different from the standard tiles and vary in appearance according to the Okey set used.
The actual jokers (which can represent any tile in the game) are the actual tiles that get replaced by the false jokers. If for example the indicator tile is a blue 5, the actual jokers are the two blue 6 tiles and the joker tiles (or false jokers) have the value of the blue 6.

Sets and opening your hand
The minimum number of points required to open your hand is 101. In order to open the player needs to create sets of either 3 or 4 identical numbered tiles of different colors (e.g. black 5, red 5 & blue 5) or running numbers of the same color (e.g. red 7, red 8 & red 9). A set must have a minimum of three tiles. Players are only allowed to add to existing sets on the table after they have opened with a minimum of 101 points already. Players are of course allowed to open and then add to other sets within the same turn.
If a player takes the discarded tile from the previous player they must always use that tile. If the player has not opened yet he/she must open with that tile included. The player is not allowed to keep the tile in their hand. A player is allowed to take the discarded tile and then return it and still take from the bank without receiving a penalty.

Doubles
Another way to open your hand is with a minimum of five doubles. Doubles are two identical tiles. If you open with doubles you are not allowed to lay normal sets anymore. You are, however, allowed to add tiles to existing sets from other players on the table.
If all four players open with doubles within one round, that round gets canceled and replayed. No players receive any penalties.

Point scoring and end of the game
In order to complete a round, a player must play all the sets from their hand and finish with discarding a tile. The other players receive penalty points.

 When a player finishes their hand they receive 101 minus points. The other players receive penalty points according to the total value of all of the tiles left in their hand. If they have not opened yet they automatically receive 202 penalty points instead.
 If a player finishes their hand by discarding the joker all points get doubled instead. The player the finished receives 202 minus points and players that have not opened receive 404 penalty points.
 If a player has opened with doubles instead of sets the points also get doubled at the end of the round. If he finishes his hand other players receive double penalty points. If another player finishes the round, the player that opened with doubles receive double the value of their remaining tiles in penalty points.
 If a player finishes their entire hand in one turn when none of the other players have opened yet all points get doubled as well. Points get doubled again if the player is also able to finish with a joker as well. In this case, the player that finished receives 404 minus points and all other players receive 808 penalty points.

When all of the rounds have finished, all penalty and minus points of all of the rounds are added together and the player with the fewest points is the winner.

Additional penalties
Players receive an additional penalty of 101 for the following actions. These penalties are added to the total points for that round.

 If a player has a joker left in their hand when another player finishes the round or the round had ended they receive a 101 penalty. When they have not opened yet they receive the standard total penalty of 202.
 If a player discards the joker they receive a 101 penalty.
 If a player tries to open, but does not have the required 101 points and they have to take back their tiles, they receive a 101 penalty.
 If a player throws away a tile that can be added to a set that is already on the table they receive a 101 penalty. This happens even if the player has not opened yet. The player does not receive a penalty if it is the last tile they discard when finishing their hand.
 If a player adds multiple tiles on the table and takes them back they receive a 101 penalty. The player is only allowed to take back the last tile they put down without a penalty.

Additional rules
If the indicator tile is a 13 the joker then becomes a 1.
Sets of the same number are not allowed to have the same color in them (e.g. A blue 10, a red 10 & a blue 10 is not allowed).
Running sets are not allowed to continue from 13 to the 1 (e.g. black 13, black 1 & black 2 is not allowed).

References

Tile-based board games
Turkish games
Turkish words and phrases
Turkish inventions

Okey


Dhimitër Tutulani (19 March 1857 – 1937), also known as Taq Tutulani or Dhimitraq Tutulani, was an Albanian lawyer and politician from city of Berat. He was one of the signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence.

Life
Dhimitër Tutulani was born in the Goricë neighbourhood of Berat, on 19 March 1857, in a relatively rich Aromanian family. His family roots originated from Vithkuq, near Korçë, having been settled there after they left Voskopojë. Tutulani family had settled to Berat and since then had been merchants. Certain old toponyms in Berat, i.e. "Ara e Tutulanëve" (Tutulani's field) or "Çezma e Tutulanit" (Tutulani's drinking fountain) give hints on the economical state and prestige of the family.
After finishing the first studies in his home town, he finished the Zosimea high school in Yannina where he learned several foreign languages, and later studied at the University of Athens where he graduated in jurisprudence. During his studies he got in touch with the philosophies of Illuminism and Humanism, which had been the precursors of the freedom movements throughout the Balkans. Tutulani returned home and opened a law firm, working as a lawyer. He married Marie Nova from the Kala neighborhood of the town. The couple had a son and two daughters.

Tutulani joined the intellectual and patriotic circles in Berat, cooperating with Jorgji (Dudë) Karbunara, Sulo Resuli, Llambi Goxhomani, Jorgji Manushi, Nyzhet Vrioni. On 22 December 1908, the patriotic club "Bashkimi" ("The Union"), opened in Berat, being one of the many with the same name among Albanian towns and colonies. The club gathered patriotic elements from various social groups, which performed patriotic activities while being masked as cultural ones. Tutulani would soon become one of the strongest and more eloquent voices inside the club.
In 1911, the Committee of Albanians for Defending the National Rights () was formed in Berat. It was led by a Consulting Counsel (), while on 23 July 1912 the Assembly of Sinjë would take place. The Assembly went along with the Albanian Revolt of 1912 and came out with political demands, including the Autonomy of Albania. Tutulani's active role in all events brought him to being chosen as a delegate at the Assembly of Vlora together with Jorgji Karbunara and Iliaz Vrioni, which would culminate with the Albanian Declaration of Independence on 28 November 1912. Tutulani was a signatory, signing as Dh. Tout.

Six years later, in December 1918, he was elected delegate of Berat at the Congress of Durrës which took place during 25–27 December. The congress was a serious endeavor in establishing a continuity in the newly created Albanian state after World War I, and came out with a provisional government. Two years later, he was again delegate, this time at the Congress of Lushnje which would establish the territorial and political sovereignty of Albania.

Tutulani has left traces in the social and cultural perspective as well. He was a delegate at the Congress of Berat. This time the congress was about the declaration of the Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania. It was held on 10 September 1922 inside a school in the Mangalem neighborhood. Fan Noli and other patriotic religious (orthodox) figures came out with the decision which disconnect the Albanian church from the Church of Constantinople, and the Albanian orthodox population from the Greek influence under the moto '"Free church in a free state"' (). Tutulani served for 35 years as member of Dhimogjerondia in the Metropolis of Berat until his death.

He also server in a few public positions. In 1923 he was elected vice prefect, and in January 1925 he became Mayor of Berat. In the first local elections of the town, held in May 1922, he was a member of the Election Commission. In 1930, he was voted as Permanent Council Members from the Municipal Assembly of Berat. He also served in civic administrative organizations.

Tutulani died in his beloved town of Berat, having written a will stating that part of his wealth should go to the town, for improving education, infrastructure, and helping those in need.

Dhimiter Tutulani was the father of Miltiadh Tutulani, member of Albanian Senate 1922-1923, Albanian Minister of Justice of Ahmet Zogu's government September 1925 - September 1928, Minister of Finances of Koço Kota's governments of September 1928 - January 1929, and January 1929 - March 1930, and Minister of Justice of Pandeli Evangjeli's government of January 1933 - October 1935.
His grandson and granddaughter Kristaq & Margarita Tutulani were nationalist and anti-fascist activists during World War II, and were arrested, tortured, and execute by the Italians in the Gosë village near Kavajë in July 1943. Both are awarded "People's Hero" ().

References

19th-century Albanian politicians
20th-century Albanian politicians
Activists of the Albanian National Awakening
Signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence
1857 births
1937 deaths
People from Berat
Aromanians from the Ottoman Empire
Albanian people of Aromanian descent
Albanian philanthropists
Zosimaia School alumni
All-Albanian Congress delegates
Congress of Durrës delegates

Dhimitër Tutulani


Darren Stanley (born 2 February 1972) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Footscray in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Stanley, who Footscray secured from Coburg, appeared in three of the last four rounds of the 1991 AFL season. He then returned to Coburg and also had a stint in Western Australia with West Perth.

He had a decorated career in the Ballarat Football League. While at Melton South in 1998 he was awarded the Henderson Medal, a joint winner with Leigh Trethowan. Stanley joined rivals Melton in 2000 and won the medal again in his first year and was runner-up in 2001. In both of those years he was also a member of premiership teams. He announced his retirement at the end of the 2009 season.

References

1972 births
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Western Bulldogs players
West Perth Football Club players
Coburg Football Club players
Melton Football Club players
Living people

Darren Stanley


The Japanese space program () originated in the mid-1950s as a research group led by Hideo Itokawa at the University of Tokyo. The size of the rockets produced gradually increased from under  at the start of the project, to over  by the mid-1960s. The aim of the original research project was to launch a man-made satellite.

By the 1960s, two organizations, the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) and the National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA), were developing their own rockets. After experiencing numerous failures in the 1990s and 2000s, ISAS and NASDA merged — along with the National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan (NAL) — to form the unified Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) in 2003.

History
After World War II, many aeronautical engineers lost their jobs as aircraft development was banned under the US Occupation of Japan. This changed following the San Francisco Peace Treaty in 1951, which once again allowed the development of aviation technology. Following this, Professor Hideo Itokawa of Tokyo University established an aviation research group at the Institute of Industrial Science at the University. That group succeeded in horizontally launching the Pencil Rocket on 12 April 1955 in Kokubunji, Tokyo. The rocket was  long and had a diameter of .

The Pencil Rocket was the first experiment of its kind in Japan. Initially, the focus was on the development of rocket-powered aircraft, not space exploration. However, following Japan's participation in the International Geophysical Year, the focus of the rocket project shifted towards space engineering.

Early development
Iterations of the Pencil Rocket eventually increased in size to such a degree that experimentation within Kokubunji was deemed too dangerous. Therefore, the launch site was moved to Michikawa Beach in Akita Prefecture. Following the Pencil Rocket, the larger Baby Rocket was developed, which reached an altitude of . After the Baby Rocket, two further rocket projects were carried out: a rockoon-type rocket launched from a balloon and a ground-launched rocket. The development of a rockoon turned out to be too difficult, and that experiment was eventually halted. Among several versions of ground-launched rocket prototypes, the Kappa rocket was one of the most successful, gradually reaching higher altitudes. Due to inadequate funding, the rockets were handmade and the tracking radar was operated manually. Production was reliant on trial and error.

In 1958, the Kappa 6 rocket reached an altitude of  and the collected data allowed Japan to participate in the International Geophysical Year. In 1960, the Kappa 8 rocket exceeded an altitude of . The development of larger rockets necessitated a launch site with a large downrange. The old site in Akita Prefecture, which bordered the narrow Sea of Japan, was deemed insufficient for this purpose and a new launch site on the Pacific coast was created, this time at Uchinoura in Kagoshima Prefecture.

Launch of Ohsumi

In the 1960s, Japanese space research and development was primarily focused on satellite delivery systems. A tentative plan was hatched to develop successors to the Kappa rockets, to be called Lambda rockets, for satellite delivery. The Science and Technology Agency subsequently focused its studies of Kappa launches on gathering technical information that would allow the new rockets to achieve higher altitudes.

In 1963, the government began a gradual increase in spending on space development. That year, the Science and Technology Agency restructured the National Aeronautical Laboratory (NAL) into the National Aerospace Laboratory. The new NAL was to be the center for research on space technology. However, it soon became clear that the NAL had insufficient resources to develop both aeronautical and space technology simultaneously. As a result, in 1964, the Science and Technology Agency was split, with NAL to work only on aviation technology, and a newly created Space Development Promotion Headquarters to handle space technology.

In 1964, at the urging of Hideo Itokawa, the University of Tokyo established the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science. Although development on the Lambda rockets proceeded slowly, there were incremental improvements over the next couple of years; such as the new capability to reach an altitude of , getting closer to that required for the launch of a satellite. At this time, however, political issues delayed development. There was, for instance, a controversy involving rocket guidance technologies, which some considered a military, not civilian, matter. Further aggravation was caused by the continued failure of the Lambda initiative, which lost four rockets in orbit. The failure was reportedly caused by a shock (from the sudden combustion of residual fuel) resulting in parts colliding.

The first successful Japanese satellite launch occurred on 11 February 1970 with the launch of the Ohsumi by an unguided L-4S rocket No. 5. The launch of Ohsumi was an important demonstration of technological cooperation with the United States, particularly in the development of high efficiency batteries that did not lose power at high temperatures.

Successful development

In 1969, the Space Development Promotion Headquarters was reorganized as the National Space Development Agency, which was a separate agency from ISAS. Each of the agencies was developing their own rockets independently. NASDA, for example, was focused on rockets to launch larger satellites with practical and commercial applications, while ISAS launched smaller scientific satellites.

After the agency reorganization, Japan started to develop more precise rockets in the 1970s. Although the first M-4S rocket failed, the next versions of it succeeded in orbit, with three satellite aircraft eventually becoming the foundation of the Mu rocket family. Afterwards, the Mu rockets were changed from four stages to three stages to simplify the system, and enhancements were made to M-3C. All stages were able to work with the M-3S rockets, and this technology resulted in a string of successful satellite launches into orbit, reaching higher altitudes each time.

Engineering Test Satellite Tansei and many other scientific satellites were launched by these rockets. Atmospheric observation satellites such as Kyokko and Ohzora and X-ray astronomy satellites such as Hakucho and Hinotori were also active at this time. ISAS's development of the M-3SII rocket reached its completion. The rocket was the first solid-propellant rocket of its kind, and left Earth's gravity carrying the Halley Armada satellites Sakigake and Suisei. M-3SII established the technology for the satellites that were being launched one after another.

The M-V rocket, a larger solid-propellant rocket, made an appearance in 1997. ISAS reported to the government that it would not be technically possible to increase the diameter of the rocket to more than 1.4m in the next 10 years. This was because NASDA had decided on this size and the National Assembly had imposed further restrictions on top of it, making it difficult to increase the size.NASDA initially planned to develop its own indigenous solid-fuel launch vehicle known as the "Q rocket." However, because of the pressing need for practical and commercial rockets, the Japan-U.S. space agreement was signed and technology from the United States was introduced. Utilizing the American Delta rocket's first stage liquid fuel engine, Japan began the plan of installing the LE-3 during its second stage of development with liquid rockets. With that, the N-I rocket had been developed. However, the liquid rocket's orbital payload capacity was low, and the ability to manufacture satellites was not as strong as the United States's. Because of that, more technology was transferred from the United States in 1977 and the geostationary meteorological satellite Himawari 1 was launched using an American rocket. The satellites Sakura and Yuri were later also launched by American rockets. The N-I rocket used technology acquired from manufacturing technology and management techniques only, but by frequently keeping records, NASDA gradually acquired more technology and the rate of satellite production in Japan has increased since the Himawari 2.

Since then, in order to meet the demands of larger satellites, NASDA started the development of the N-II rocket, the successor to the N-I rocket. The second stage changed to knock-down kit. The nearly 300 kg Himawari 2 was able to be put into geostationary orbit. These rockets made use of United States's Delta rocket's licensed production and the U.S. component's knockdown production, so the vehicles themselves were of high quality. However, when parts such as the satellite's apogee kick motor wore down, information on how to improve them was very difficult to obtain. Imported components from the United States were black box systems, which Japanese engineers were not allowed to inspect. Thus, it became necessary for Japan to independently develop the entire rocket, and domestic development had begun. The newly developed H-I rocket made use of the liquid fuel LE-5 rocket engine in the second stage. The LE-5 was characterized by its use of high-efficiency liquid hydrogen and oxygen propellant and the ability to re-ignite, which made it more capable than the N-II upper stage. The H-I rocket was able to launch objects exceeding 500 kg into geostationary orbit.

The rockets NASDA produced were used to launch many commercial satellites, the rapidly increasing number of communication satellites and broadcasting satellites, weather satellites, and so on. Nine H-I rockets were manufactured, all of which have been successfully launched. This was the first time Japan had successfully launched multiple satellites simultaneously.

Japan did not develop the technology for crewed space flight. Mamoru Mohri, in cooperation with NASA, was originally scheduled to be the first Japanese to go into space in 1990 but due to circumstances with the Shuttle, Toyohiro Akiyama, a civilian, became the first Japanese national to go into space aboard the Soyuz TM-11. Mohri eventually flew on STS-47 in 1992.

Large-scale rockets and related challenges

After successfully developing the LE-5 rocket engine, and taking into account the technological progress made in Japan up to that point, NASDA decided to develop a new rocket model, which would exclusively make use of liquid fuel made in Japan in order to foster the new space technologies being researched in the country. Development of the rocket began in 1984, with the resulting H-II rocket being designed completely from scratch. Additional difficulties arose while aiming towards a complete domestically-produced first-stage engine, which would ultimately result in the LE-7 rocket engine, a bipropellant design functioning on combustion of high-pressure hydrogen and oxygen gas. Some of the problems brought about because of this propulsion system were, among others, parts damaging due to vibrations, concerns about the durability of the materials used, and explosions resulting from hydrogen leaks, all of which took quite some time to resolve. On the other hand, the development of solid-propellant rocket boosters also started by taking advantage of solid-propellant rocket technologies that had enjoyed continued research at the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science. The launch of the first rocket employing this new technology was to take place in 1994, after 10 years of development and only two years after the last launch of the H-I rocket. Scheduled to be launched on February 3, the sequence had to be put off by one day when an air conditioning duct attached to the rocket fairing fell from the launch pad. Consequently, February 4 marked the launch of the first domestically-produced liquid H-II rocket.

Also, in 1989 the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science made changes to the Space Exploration Policy Outline, enabling the development of large-scale rockets, with proper research into solid-propellant rockets starting in 1990, with rocket designs capable of delivering payloads for interplanetary exploration. Despite many delays caused by problems developing an engine for this type of rocket, the new M-V rocket was finally completed in 1997, two years after the final flight of the previous M-3SII model. From this point onward a period of inactivity for rocket research started to manifest, causing the launch of Nozomi, a mission intended to study Mars, to be postponed for two years.

Japan continued in this fashion to progress in developing new rockets, that is until 1990 when the USA trade policy "Section 301" came into effect, forcing Japan to submit its national satellites to international bidding. The capacity of the country to launch practical, application-oriented rockets was affected as well in several ways, mainly because of the influx of US-made rockets which were more inexpensive to launch. Also, the high-cost of producing even a few domestic satellites, and the inability to compete with the lower prices of satellites mass-produced in the West, made it so that the successor to the Himawari 5 had to be purchased completely from America instead of being manufactured in Japan. Many other types of spacecraft were launched from within the country, for example, environmental observation satellites such as Midori, and astronomical or experimental spacecraft like HALCA, an activity which had great success overall. However, because of the predominance of commercial satellites being launched from overseas, to this date, Japan still hasn't been able to accumulate a track-record of commercial launches of any kind.

The late 1990s and early 2000s presented many obstacles for the newly developed rockets. Both flight number 5 and 8 of the H-II rocket failed at launch, as well as the launch of the fourth M-V rocket. Another notable situation was that of the Nozomi probe, which failed to enter Mars orbit. These failures along with recent administrative reforms prompted the government to propose a motion to integrate the several space agencies of the time into a single organization. In the process, a plan was set forward to strengthen cooperation between these organizations, emphasize functionality above all, and improve the efficacy of the organizational structure. During this time the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science issued an apology for the unsuccessful H-II launches, then proceeded to start the development of the rocket all over again, with a special focus on the simplicity of the new design. The new model, denominated H-IIA, was launched successfully in 2001. Despite these new efforts made by all three space agencies, including NASDA, NAL, and ISAS, the organizations ended up being merged into what is today's Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), which was officially established on October 1, 2003.

HOPE project

HOPE, the H-2 Orbiting Plane, Experimental was a program to develop a spaceplane to be launched on the H-II vehicle.  The developmental vehicle was called HOPE-X, an uncrewed system for flight testing and systems validation, to lead up to the operational HOPE vehicle, which would have been Japan's first crew-carrying spacecraft, a 4-person 22-metric-ton (49,000 lb) design. Both were to be launched on Japan's H-II launcher, although upgrades in performance were required to launch the larger crew-carrying version.

In 1997, the HOPE project was downscoped to be simply an uncrewed cargo vehicle for launches to the International Space Station, about the same time as the H-II launcher was downscaled to the smaller H-IIA. The HOPE-X was to be launched on the H-IIA vehicle. The project was cancelled in 2003, with aerodynamic tests of models, but before any vehicle was completed for launch.

21st century

The H-IIA is a derivative of the earlier H-II rocket, substantially redesigned to improve reliability and minimize costs. Although the sixth H-IIA launch failed shortly after the founding of JAXA, a series of successful launches followed afterwards. In 2009 the H-IIB rocket, which was developed to have a higher payload capacity than H-IIA, was successfully launched to send equipment and supplies to the International Space Station. In order to launch small satellites more easily and more cheaply than the M-V solid fuel rocket, a successor known as Epsilon was also developed. The Epsilon rocket then had its first successful launch in 2013. These developments in Japan are pursuing the possibility of re-launching business.

Many satellites and experimental spacecraft to launch satellites have been produced within Japan, leading to strong technical capabilities in this field. The DS2000 satellite bus, used for Kiku 8, was also used for the meteorological satellite Himawari 7, which allowed costs to be reduced and made it possible to launch domestically produced weather satellites again. There have been plans to launch a small scientific satellite lot, with the aim of deploying inexpensive custom-built satellites.

Prior to North Korean missile tests in 1998, reconnaissance satellites were never launched. Japanese space law was amended in 2008 to allow the deployment of military satellites for reconnaissance and missile defense only.  Some of the budget was diverted from the scientific space exploration budget for these plans, which put pressure on other technologies.

The biggest success in recent years was the Hayabusa sample return mission. Hayabusa was launched in 2003 from Uchinoura Space Center aboard an M-V rocket, returning to Earth in 2010 with samples from 25143 Itokawa. While there were issues with deploying a probe, Hayabusa ultimately managed to acquire a number of samples from the asteroid. This made Hayabusa the first successful asteroid sample return mission.

The Akatsuki spacecraft was launched in May 2010, aiming to become Japan's first Venus probe in December of that year. The first attempt at orbital insertion failed, but the probe was able to make a second attempt and succeed on December 2015.

In June 2014, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology said it was considering a space mission to Mars. In a ministry paper, it indicated uncrewed exploration, crewed missions to Mars, and long-term lunar settlement as objectives for which international cooperation and support were going to be sought.

In December 2021, Prime Minister Fumio Kishida said during a government meeting on space development strategy "We are aiming to realize a lunar landing by a Japanese astronaut in the latter half of the 2020s". Japan will join the Artemis program to advance lunar exploration.

In February 2023, JAXA was forced to destroy a rocket shortly after liftoff as the rocket experienced reduced velocity. The launch of the H3 rocket had previously been delayed due to faulty rocket boosters.

Organizations
Japan's space development began as a research group in the Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, which itself had its origins in the Second Faculty of Engineering, a pre-World War II department of the same university focused on aircraft development. The National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan (NAL) was launched in 1963 to develop further aircraft technologies, and in 1964 the Tokyo research group branched off as the Tokyo Institute of Aerospace, becoming its own separate department inside the university. In 1969, the National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA) was established, while at the same time, the National Aerospace Laboratory started to specialize in scientific research aimed at technology exports. In 1981, NAL was reorganized and became the National Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS).

The momentum carried by governmental reforms and administrative changes during the 1990s and early 2000s, aggravated as well by the multiple failed launches of Japanese rockets, made it necessary to strengthen cooperation between the different space organizations, prompting the unification of these institutions under the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). Currently, JAXA operates as part of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), and is the main entity responsible for Japan's space development.

Rocket ranges

There are two facilities in the country with the ability to launch satellites: the Tanegashima Space Center and Uchinoura Space Center. Liquid fuel rockets previously developed by NASDA are launched from Tanegashima, while the Uchinoura Space Center serves as a launching site for solid-propellant rockets, which used to be managed by ISAS.

Other facilities used to launch test rockets include:

 Tsukuba Space Center in Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture
 Kakuda Space Center in Kakuda in Miyagi Prefecture
 Earth Observation Center
 Usuda Deep Space Center
 Akita Rocket Test Site (defunct)
 JAXAi (defunct)
The Akita Rocket Test Site was used as a test launch facility by the University of Tokyo from 1955 until 1965. The site was used for the last time by the National Aerospace Laboratory, and nowadays nothing remains of the facility except for a stone monument commemorating the site.

The , also referred to as Ryori, was used to launch a total of 1,119 MT-135P rockets during its active period from its establishment in April 1970 until 21 March 2001. The site is currently used to measure atmospheric air quality.

The , located on the southern tip of Niijima Island, was established in March 1962 by the Technical Research and Development Institute of the Defense Agency. The Science and Technology Agency rented the land and facilities from the Defense Agency and conducted eighteen small-scale rocket launch tests between 1963 and 1965. Larger rockets were not suited to be tested there due to the narrowness of the range. In 1969, both the Defense Agency and local residents opposed the newly-formed National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA)'s project to build its own rocket test range at Niijima. Instead, the Tanegashima Space Center was built.

Taiki Aerospace Research Field is a facility owned by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, but utilization by private companies is also permitted, as shown by the several launch tests of the CAMUI Rocket conducted between March 2002 and January 2003.

Japan also operates the Antarctic Showa Station. Between 1970 and 1985, rockets were launched by 54 groups for purposes such as ozone measurements and auroral observation.

Companies involved
 IHI Corporation
 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
 NEC
 Mitsubishi Electric
 Kawasaki Heavy Industries

Peaceful development
The Japanese space program has been developed for peaceful goals, completely separate from military technology. Therefore, the program's purposes are generally commercial or scientific.

According to JAXA's long-term vision, aerospace technology is to be used for:

 Natural disasters, as a support system for environmental issues
 Planetary sciences, and technical research for the advancement of asteroid exploration
 Improved reliability for stable transportation, related research and crewed space activity
 Key industries

References

External links
 Space Policy - Cabinet Office Home Page
 History of Japanese Space Research (Institute of Space and Astronautical Science)
 History of the Japanese Aerospace Industry: 50 years  (The Society of Japanese Aerospace Companies)

Articles containing video clips

Japanese space program


The Aldege "Baz" Bastien Memorial Award is presented annually to the American Hockey League's best goaltender. The award winner is chosen by AHL media and players.

The award is named after former AHL Pittsburgh Hornets goaltender Aldege "Baz" Bastien, the first winner (1947–48) and first repeat winner (1948–49) of the Harry "Hap" Holmes Memorial Award as goaltender of the AHL team with the lowest goals against average; he later served as general manager of the National Hockey League's Pittsburgh Penguins.

Winners

External links
Official AHL website
AHL Hall of Fame

American Hockey League trophies and awards
Ice hockey goaltender awards

Aldege "Baz" Bastien Memorial Award


Vomitoxin is a group name for many natural poisons made by fungi from the genus Fusarium.  These fungi grow on grains, such as wheat, rice, barley, and corn.  The vomitoxin can stay in the grain. Things made out of the grain, such as flour, beer, or other food, may have vomitoxin in them.  If humans or other animals eat the food, they can become sick with vomiting, dizziness, pain, and other problems.  These problems usually stop after some time.

Chemistry

There are more than 140 different vomitoxins. The three most common are deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, and T-2 toxin.

Deoxynivalenol does not break apart when it gets hot.  It can be cooked at 350°C and still stay a poison.  Some forms of cooking, like boiling, do help against deoxynivalenol. This is because the deoxynivalenol moves out of the grain into the water, and the water is thrown away.

Scientists believe that deoxynivalenol does not cause cancer.

In animals

Animals that eat grain or other food with vomitoxin in it usually do not die, but they do usually eat less.  That makes them grow less.

Animals that eat grain that has vomitoxin in it can have the vomitoxin stay in their bodies.  Chickens fed vomitoxin lay eggs with vomitoxin in them.  Pigs fed vomitoxin have meat with vomitoxin in it.  Cows fed vomitoxin give milk with vomitoxin in it.  However, there is usually less vomitoxin in the animal product than in the grain that the animal ate.

Stopping vomitoxin

Vomitoxin and the fungi that make it cost farmers money.  According to Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, Fusifarum in wheat and other crops cost C$50 million to $300 million each year in Canada alone from 1994 to 2014.

Farmers can do several things to prevent vomitoxin from getting into food.  They can use crop rotation, plant seeds that have been checked to have no Fusarium in them, plant types of crops that are strong against Fusarium, and put fungicide on the crops to kill the fungus.  Because fungal infections make the crop plants smaller and lighter, sometimes farmers can use combine harvesters to blow air on the crops so that the infected wheat blows away leaving the heavier healthy wheat behind.

Related pages
 Grain

References

Food and drink
Poisons

Vomitoxin


In fluid dynamics, the Graetz number (Gz) is a dimensionless number that characterizes laminar flow in a conduit.  The number is defined as:

where

 DH is the diameter in round tubes or hydraulic diameter in arbitrary cross-section ducts
 L is the length
 Re is the Reynolds number and
 Pr is the Prandtl number.

This number is useful in determining the thermally developing flow entrance length in ducts. A Graetz number of approximately 1000 or less is the point at which flow would be considered thermally fully developed.

When used in connection with mass transfer the Prandtl number is replaced by the Schmidt number, Sc, which expresses the ratio of the momentum diffusivity to the mass diffusivity.

The quantity is named after the physicist Leo Graetz.

References

Dimensionless numbers of fluid mechanics
Fluid dynamics

Graetz number


A contradiction is when there are two or more statements that cannot all be true at the same time. A contradiction in logic can also be used to denote a self-contradictory statement, in which case it sometimes denoted by the symbol  or .

A story that shows what a contradiction is comes from China. In this story, there is a merchant who sells both spears and shields. He says that his spears are so sharp that they could break through any shield. At the same time, he says that his shields are so strong that they could block any spear. This is a contradiction, because these two statements cannot both be true. Either spear will break the shield or the shield will block the spear, but not both. For this reason, the word for contradiction in Chinese is máodùn (矛盾), which literally means "spear and shield".

In Aristotle's logic, it is said that two contradictory propositions cannot both be true. For example, the propositions "A is B" and "A is not B" are mutually exclusive, meaning that only one, and not both, can be true. For example, the statements "the Pope is Catholic" and "the Pope is not Catholic" cannot both be true. Only one of the statements, and not the other, is true.

Related pages

 Law of noncontradiction
 Paradox
 Reductio ad absurdum

References

Philosophical concepts
Logic

Contradiction


The Toyota Century was a sedan that was built between the 1960s and the 1990s. It is now considered as an old luxury car.Toyota has also launched an SUV version of the old Toyota century which is new but looks very similar to the old one. The Toyota century had a very good look in black but offers a good built quality and safety. It compares with the old Mercedes S-class and the old BMW 7 series it also compares with the old Audi A8.Coming back to the new SUV version of the Toyota century, it's main feature is the luxury and the fact that it is very special like the Rolls Royce Culianan. Toyota said that there will be a convertible version of this Toyota century. The main reason Toyota has done all this because they have noticed that so many people liked the old one and for a change It's now a SUV which makes it more practical for the luxury that the passengers get along with the luggage space provided. And because of their enthusiasm they gave a option for a convertible so people can enjoy the sun on top their head whenever they would like to.

Toyota automobiles

Toyota Century


The Chaotian Palace (, lit. "Palace of Heaven Veneration"), is located in Nanjing, China.  It was built as an imperial palace in the Ming dynasty, and today it is known as the Nanjing Municipal Museum. Chaotian Palace area has the largest preserved traditional Chinese architectural complex in Jiangnan.

Overview
The palace is a complex of buildings, in the center of which is the Wen Temple, which was built with precious materials, including yellow glazed tile was from Jingdezhen in Jiangxi province. It is a total of 70,000 square meters, consisting of three lines.

Within the palace are more than 100,000 cultural relics.

History
The site of the palace is located on Ye Mountain, once a place for metal casting in the ancient time of State of Wu in Zhou dynasty, named Ye Cheng, literally the city of metallurgy, the first name of the city of Nanjing. The Imperial Central University, at the time called Zongmingguan, was located there in Former Song dynasty. Chaotian Palace, or called Mingtian Palace, as a Taoist temple was originally named Ziji Palace built on the site of Zongmingguan in the era of Southern Wu, the Kingdom of Wu in the ending of Tang dynasty. It was rebuilt as Chaotian Palace by the Hongwu Emperor during the early Ming dynasty (in late 14th century). In Ming dynasty it was used primarily by members of the royalty for "veneration of ancestors".

The complex was burnt down during the Taiping Rebellion in Qing dynasty, and the present buildings were built from 1866 to 1870 when Nanking Academy (Jiangning Fuxue) moved to the site. During the ROC rule the place became Examination Yuan, Capital High Court, Ministry of Education (once named Tahsueh Yuan), as well as Palace Museum Nanjing Branch. In the PRC it became the Nanjing Municipal Museum.

Architectural Pattern
Chaotian Palace is located in the west gate of Qinhuai District, Nanjing. It is the highest grade, the largest scale and the most complete preservation of ancient buildings in Jiangnan area.Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang of Ming Dynasty named Chaotian Palace, meaning "to worship heaven" and "to see the emperor", is the highest view of Ming Dynasty royal Taoism.

Chaotian Palace is a typical Ming and Qing dynasty palace style architecture, and its architectural pattern, style, and construction technology are important and rare physical materials for studying ancient Chinese architecture, especially Ming and Qing architecture. It has extremely high historical, artistic, and scientific value. In the Chaotian Palace, there is a Confucian Temple, to the east is the Fuxue Temple, and to the west is the Bianzhu Temple. In the south of the Confucian Temple is surrounded by the screen wall of "Ten Thousand Ren Palace Wall". In the palace wall is Panchi, and on the east and west sides are brick memorial archway. The front is Lingxing Gate. On both sides of the gate, there are Wenli Zhai and Si Shen Ku in the east, Wuguan Zhai and Si Ya Ting in the west. Across the Lingxing Gate to the north, there are Dacheng Gate, Dacheng Hall, Chongsheng Hall, and Jingyi Pavilion in turn. The east and west sides of Dacheng Hall have twelve verandas and corridors respectively. In the east of Jingyi Pavilion, there are Feiyun Pavilion, Feixia Pavilion, and Imperial Stele Pavilion.x

Introduction to Exhibition Hall
Nanjing Museum is located in Chaotian Palace, covering an area of more than 50,000 square meters, exhibition hall area of more than 8000 square meters, collecting more than 100,000 cultural relics.These collections date back to the Republican period. It is rich in connotation and of high historical, artistic and scientific value.

Nanjing Urban History Exhibition
A total of more than 1,600 artifacts are on display in five parts, ranging from ancient times to the Qin and Han dynasties, Sui, Tang, Song and Yuan dynasties, Ming and Qing dynasties and the Republic of China.

Chaotian Palace History Exhibition
It is divided into three units: "Yecheng Spring and Autumn", "Chaotian Yun Song" and "Human Story".

Fine Collection Exhibition
The best collection of cultural relics, including "Zhenguan treasure" Xiao Heyue chasing Han Xin earth plum bottles, Ming Dynasty royal tombs unearthed gold, silver and jade.The interior design of the exhibition hall is typical of Jiangnan style. Depending on the material and characteristics of the relic, it will be displayed in groups of two to three people in about 10 theme spaces.

Collection of Song and Ming Clothes exhibition
The exhibition hall, located in Nanjing Chongsheng Temple Museum, houses clothing from the Song and Ming Dynasties. Silk garments are beautifully and comfortably patterned, and various jewellery techniques are exquisite and dazzling. It shows the images, costumes and living habits of the ancients in Song and Ming Dynasties from the three dimensions of image, dress, decoration and living habits.

Cultural Activities

 Hold the premiere of 'Jinling Aristocratic Family'.

 Hold the opening ceremony of the "Book Fragrance Chaotian Palace · Reading Accompanying Me" reading activity.

 A cultural research and learning activity called "Teacher Worship Ceremony" was held.

Transportation
The palace is accessible within walking distance west of Zhangfuyuan station of Nanjing Metro Line 1. Chaotian Palace is located about 1000 meters southwest to Xinjiekou, the center of Nanjing, and about 800 meters east to Mochou Lake, hedged off by Qinhuai River and linked by Jianye Road Bridge.

Take Nanjing Metro Line 2 to Shanghailu station, walk 1 km south along Mochou Road to the artificial canal "Yundu", walk 100 meters southeast around the red outer wall of Chaotian Palace, and walk 50 meters northeast along the outer wall to the entrance of Chaotian Palace.

Take Nanjing Metro Line 1 to Zhangfuyuan Station, exit 3 and cross the intersection south. Walk 950 meters west along Jianye Road.

Take 43 Road, 306 Road to Chaotian Palace East Station, along Wangfu Street southbound 180 meters, to the junction right turn northwest 90 meters can be reached.

Take No. 28, 41, 80, 82, Y7 to Jianye Road Station and walk 300 meters west.

Take 4, 48, 83, Y4 to Chaotian Palace Station, walk 170 meters south, walk 100 meters southeast around Chaotian Palace infrared wall, walk 50 meters northeast, to Chaotian Palace entrance.

Notes

External links

Official website

Buildings and structures in Nanjing
Palaces in China
Royal residences in China
Ming dynasty architecture
Tourist attractions in Nanjing
Museums in Nanjing

Chaotian Palace