The Princelings (), also translated as the Party's Crown Princes, are the descendants of prominent and influential senior communist officials in the People's Republic of China. It is an informal, and often derogatory, categorization to signify those benefiting from nepotism and cronyism, by analogy with crown princes in hereditary monarchies. Many of its members hold high-level political and business positions in the upper echelons of power.

In contemporary China, "Princelings" are the descendants of senior Chinese Communist Party (CCP) leaders and have themselves risen to high-ranking positions within the CCP. If their parents belong to the first generation of CCP revolutionaries, they are also referred to as the "second Red Generation," "Red Heirs," or "the Red Nobility." Princelings also encompass the sons and daughters of later generations of top leaders, including figures like Jiang Zemin, Li Peng, and Hu Jintao. Princelings exert their influence in the country either by occupying significant roles within the party-state apparatus, which includes the party, government, and military services, or by controlling substantial state-owned enterprises. Opportunities are available to princelings that are not available to common people. Using their powerful connections they have the opportunity to obtain profitable opportunities for themselves and for others. The more aggressive of the princelings have amassed fortunes of hundreds of millions of dollars. However, there is no discernible political cohesion within the group, and as such they should not be compared to other informal groupings such as the Shanghai clique or the Tuanpai ("Youth League clique"), which resemble intra-party factions with some degree of affinity on policy issues.

Under the People's Republic, the term initially came into use during the Cultural Revolution to describe Lin Biao's son Lin Liguo as well as his close friends and allies who had been promoted alongside him into elite positions of the People's Liberation Army Air Force who were envisioned as the future "Third Generation" leadership of the CCP. Following the death of Lin Liguo in a failed coup and the subsequent purges of this group, the term briefly fell out of use until the 1980s to label the children of the Eight Elders and other First and Second Generation leaders who had been increasingly promoted in the party and were opposed to the efforts of reformers Hu Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang to curb corruption and cronyism. Notable contemporary Princelings include Xi Jinping (son of Xi Zhongxun), China's top leader and Party General Secretary since 2012, and Bo Xilai (son of Bo Yibo), a former Party Committee Secretary of Chongqing who was also a member of the Politburo.

In 1966, China's Cultural Revolution [the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution] led many Princelings to be sent to rural China. Princelings lived in similar villages, worked together, and received their educations together. After some years, the Princelings started to return to home (commonly areas like Shanghai or Beijing) however this crucial period of time had already led many Princelings to form lifelong friendships/partnerships. These relationships lasted for decades and led to more cohesion amongst Princelings in the CCP, yielding greater endorsements and promotions.

History
The term was coined in the early 20th century in the Republic of China, referring to the son of Yuan Shikai (a self-declared emperor) and his cronies. It was later used to describe the relatives of the top four nationalist families; Chiang Kai-shek's kin, Soong Mei-ling's kin, Chen Lifu's kin, and Kong Xiangxi's kin. After the 1950s, the term was used in Taiwan to describe Chiang Ching-kuo, son of Chiang Kai-shek, and his friends. The latest generation of "crown princes" are in mainland China. The first generation of princelings in the PRC were the children of the initial revolutionaries. These children were initially raised in environments where their quality of life far eclipsed that of the ordinary Chinese citizen, often close to other princelings and senior party officials to develop a network of influence. Many senior leaders often lobby directly or indirectly for their descendants and relatives to succeed them.

Xiang Lanxin, professor of international history and politics at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, explains it thus: Historically, how to control local officials who possessed imperial lineage was always a problem. The Politburo is equivalent to the inner circle of the imperial household. Its members, if assigned a local administrative position, can easily overrule any opposition in their jurisdictions as no other party officials can match them in rank and prestige.
Some of these crown princes are able to hold senior positions at the vice-ministerial level or above while still in their thirties, for which other ordinary cadres would struggle for decades. For national party positions, princelings often were promoted earlier and into higher positions than their non princeling counterparts. Others run companies involved in large- scale corruption and smuggling schemes. All of these misdeeds raise widespread sentiments of resentment and jealousy, and some "crown princes" have fallen victim to the trend towards enmity that is apparent in China. Most political observers see the Princelings as having been at the pinnacle of their power in the 1980s and to have had their power reduced after 1989 for a number of reasons:

First, not only did the Princelings cause resentment among the general public, but they also caused resentment within the vast majority of Party members who did not have a powerful relative; for example, Chen Yuan, son of Chen Yun; and Chen Haosu, son of Chen Yi lost their election in Beijing and had to be transferred to other positions.

Second, the booming Chinese economy caused a new wealthy class to emerge, many of whom demanded fair play and protection of their property.

Third, as the public was unsatisfied with the plague of corruption and cronyism, with resentment and discontent mounting to a degree that could wreak havoc on the CCP's reign, the CCP had to take measures to appease these strong feelings.

One watershed event occurred during the 15th National Congress of the CCP in 1997, when several prominent Princelings suffered great losses as candidates. Xi Jinping, son of Xi Zhongxun, and Deng Pufang, eldest son of Deng Xiaoping, were narrowly elected as alternate members of the Central Commission of the CCP, but were listed at the very bottom, due to the low number of votes received. Bo Xilai, son of Bo Yibo, was unable to get elected as an alternate member. However, both Xi and Bo emerged as major figures in China's next generation of leadership in 2007 (though Bo fell from power in 2012). Indeed, Xi succeeded Hu Jintao as General Secretary at the 18th Party Congress in 2012, and became president in 2013.

It is speculated that when Jiang Zemin was close to the end of his term for his age, he put many Princelings into important positions to appeal to senior leaders of the CCP and win their support for his continued influence. There is a trend towards Princelings taking over power step by step. Of these, Yu Zhengsheng, son of Huang Jing, former mayor of Tianjin, was already a member of the powerful politburo of the CCP; Wang Qishan, son-in-law of Yao Yilin (former vice premier and member of politburo), mayor of Beijing; Xi Jinping, Bo Xilai, Zhou Xiaochuan, son of Zhou Jiannan (former minister of the First Machinery Ministry and Jiang Zemin's former boss), governor of the People's Bank of China, have also occupied important positions since the 17th Party Congress. Princelings also hold a steady 5-6% of the National People's Congress and have since the 12th party Congress.

In 2013 a "sons and daughters" program instituted by JPMorgan Chase to hire young princelings for positions in its Chinese operations came to light during a bribery investigation by the SEC. At times standards for hiring young princelings were more lenient than those imposed on other Chinese.

At least twelve of the princelings were revealed to have used companies in the offshore tax haven of the British Virgin Islands to store wealth in an investigation by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists.

The leader or Godfather of the Princelings was Ye Xuanning, the second son of Ye Jianying. Ye Xuanning was low-profile but influential in political, military and business circles. Many people who ran into troubles looked for Ye and Ye was known for being able to resolve their problems.

Examples

The following are some of the most famous crown princes:
Son of Ye Jianying: Ye Xuanning, the leader of the Princelings
Son of elder Xi Zhongxun: Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the CCP, President of China, Chairman of the Central Military Commission.
Son and daughters of former leader Deng Xiaoping: Deng Pufang, honorary chairman of the Handicapped Association; Deng Nan, former vice minister Science and Technology; Deng Rong, deputy president of the China Association for International Friendly Contact
Son of former President Li Xiannian: Li Ping, high-ranking military official, daughter Li Xiaolin Chairperson of Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries, son in law Liu Yazhou (husband of Li Xiaolin) Political Commissar, National Defense University.
Son of elder Chen Yun: Chen Yuan, governor of the China Development Bank (1998—2013)
Son of elder Bo Yibo: Bo Xilai, former secretary of the CCP of Chongqing, and by extension, his own son, Bo Guagua.
Son of Zeng Shan (former interior minister of CCP): Zeng Qinghong, former Politburo Standing Committee member, vice-president of China, and, by extension, his own son, Zeng Wei, who purchased a $32.4 million property in Sydney, Australia. Zeng's source of income is unknown.
Son of Huang Jing: Yu Zhengsheng, former Politburo Standing Committee member and the chairman of the CPPCC National Committee.
Son in law of Yao Yilin: Wang Qishan, former vice-president of China, former Politburo Standing Committee member and the Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection.
Son and daughter of former Premier Li Peng (as son of a martyr and protégé of Zhou Enlai, a member of Crown Prince Party, too): Li Xiaopeng, Minister of Transport, former Governor of Shanxi, former chairman of Huaneng Power Group; Li Xiaolin, president of China Power International Development.
Sons of former General Secretary Jiang Zemin: Jiang Mianheng, former vice dean of the Chinese Academy of Science, director of several major SOEs such as SAIC; Jiang Miankang, a major general of the PLA
Son of Wang Zhen, Wang Jun chairman of CITIC; Wang Zhi, former chairman of Great Wall Group
Son of former President Liu Shaoqi: Liu Yuan, lieutenant general of the military police
Son of Marshal He Long, He Pengfei, Deputy Commander in Chief of the Chinese Navy, vice-admiral
Former son-in-law of General Liu Huaqing: Pan Yue, vice director of the State Environmental Protection Administration
Son of Marshal Chen Yi: Chen Haosu, former vice minister of the Ministry of Culture
Grandson of former leader Mao Zedong, Mao Xinyu, major general of the PLA.
Son of former Premier Wen Jiabao: Wen Yunsong (Winston Wen), chairman of China Satellite Communications Corporation

A list of 226 princelings has been published (see link below).

Popular culture

In late 2015 and early 2016 the term "Zhao family" from Lu Xun's novella The True Story of Ah Q, went viral in China after it was used in an anonymous article "Barbarians at the Gate, Zhao Family Inside" to allude to princelings involvement in a business dispute.

See also
Hua Jing Society
Li Gang incident
Zhao family
Mazhory, a similar Russian term
Fuerdai

References

External links

中共太子党名单及任职一览表 (2004版) (A list of names of "Crown Princes").
China's former 'first family' about the children of Deng Xiaoping
The Princelings, John Garnaut, Sydney Morning Herald, 2 October 2010]
"China's 'Princelings' Pose Issue for Party, Jeremy Page, The Wall Street Journal, 26 November 2011

Factions of the Chinese Communist Party
Politics of China

Princelings


Joseph Morgan Henninger (May 15, 1906 – March 7, 1999) was an American artist and illustrator. He was born in Elwood, Indiana and died In Pacific Palisades, California.

Henninger was an accomplished painter and sculptor.  He also became a commercial artist, an illustrator, and a teacher of "Croquie".  He was a founding member and the first president of the Society of Illustrators of Los Angeles (1953).  The Society has established an annual award in his name to honor a top illustrator.

He was a graduate of l'Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris.  He had won a four-year scholarship for a painting submitted to the Thomas Award competition. Upon graduating, he returned to Indiana and set up a portrait studio in Indianapolis.  Later, he  moved to Chicago, and then to the Arizona State University where he painted two murals.  Finally, he settled in Los Angeles, California and his career as an illustrator, commercial artist, and teacher began.  He taught classes at the Art Center College of Design for 36 years and many of his students became outstanding artists.

Henninger also worked in the film industry, providing illustrations and set designs for Vincent Korda, Selznick Studios, Walt Disney, United Artists, MGM, and Columbia.  During World War II, he headed the Illustration Department of Lockheed Aircraft where he created perspective drawings of aircraft.

Throughout his career years, Henninger continued to create fine art, including paintings in oil, acrylic and, primarily, watercolor.  He traveled extensively in Europe to find subjects and locations for his paintings and also made several trips to Japan.  An example of his skill and attention to detail is the watercolor shown at the right, depicting 33 scenes of Spain on a single canvas.

His works are on display in private collections and museums, including the Pentagon. In the Air Force Academy Art Collection. can be seen several of his paintings, including a portrait of Chuck Yeager. At the Tempe Campus of Arizona State University there are two murals painted by Henninger: Spanish Influence in Arizona and Industrial Development in Arizona. Industrial Development in Arizona addresses the theme of the five C's of Arizona: Cotton, copper, cattle, climate and citrus. Henninger received a commission to paint the murals in 1934 as part of the Public Works of Art Project. Henninger is also the author and illustrator of several books, one of the most important of which is Drawing of the Hand and Its Anatomy, published in 1973.

Henninger was President of the California Art Club in 1965, and was also elected to several terms as president of the Art Directors Guild.  He was a member of the National Watercolor Society. "American Artist" Magazine recognized Joseph Morgan Henninger as "...one of the most influential watercolorists of the latter half of the twentieth century." (from the California Art Club Newsletter, June/July 1999)

Joseph's beloved wife, Danica, followed him in death on January 23, 2004 at age 94.

See also
California Art Club
California Plein-Air Painting
American Impressionism

References
Harvey, B. (1983, Summer), Joseph Henninger, N.W.S., Artists of the Rockies and the Golden West, pp72–79.
Hines, D. C. (1983, February), The Living Legends of American Watercolor. American Artist, p71.

External links

American watercolorists
Artists from Indiana
1906 births
1999 deaths
American muralists
American illustrators
Landscape artists
Public Works of Art Project artists
People from Elwood, Indiana
American expatriates in France

Joseph Morgan Henninger


Mercy Yvonne Debrah-Karikari is a Ghanaian diplomat and the first female to be secretary to the cabinet of the government of Ghana. She was appointed to occupy this position by the current President Nana Akufo-Addo. Her appointment took effect on the 14th of February 2017.

Education
Mercy attended Wesley Girls Senior High School in Cape Coast from 1971 to 1976, and later continued at the Tema Secondary School in Tema from 1976 to 1978. She obtained a degree in arts and a Diploma in Education from the University of Cape Coast from 1979 to 1986. She then went ahead to earn a master's degree in International Affairs from the  University of Ghana from 1988 to 1989.

Career
Mrs Debrah-Karikari served as the Head of Chancery at the Ghana Embassy in Luanda, Angola from 1994 to 1995. She was then posted to  the United Nation, Ghana Permanent Mission in New York where she served as Consular, and Ghana's delegate on the Second Committee of the United Nations . Having returned from her mission in 1988, Mercy occupied the position, acting Director of the International Organizations and Conferences Bureau at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From 2000 to 2002, Mercy served as Minister-Consular at the Ghana Embassy in Bonn and continued at the Ghana Embassy in Berlin from 2002 to 2004. She then proceeded to serve as the Director of the Office of the Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2004 to 2007. In 2007 she was posted to work at the Ghana Permanent Mission to the United Nations Office in Geneva as Minister and Deputy Permanent Representative until 2011. In July 2014 she was appointed High Commissioner by former President John Mahama. Before her appointment as Secretary to Cabinet in 2017, she served as Ghana's High Commissioner to Australia in the John Mahama administration.

Personal life
Mercy is divorced. Her interests include sports, gospel music, movies and charity work.

References

High Commissioners of Ghana to Australia
Living people
21st-century Ghanaian women politicians
University of Ghana alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Ghanaian women ambassadors

Mercy Yvonne Debrah-Karikari


Ibrahima Sory Bangoura (born 8 December 1982 in Conakry) is a Guinean footballer who plays in Guinea for Hafia FC.

Bangoura was a member of the Guinea squad for the 2006 African Nations Cup, where the team was eliminated in the quarter-finals. His cousin Ismaël Bangoura is also a footballer and a member of the team. His favourite position is second striker although he has played as winger or as an attacking midfielder. He is well known for his pace.

Club career
On 25 January 2009 Bangoura signed a five-year-contract with Denizlispor. The transfer fee was estimated to be around €300,000. Ibrahima quickly became a fan favourite, and established himself as a talented goal scorer. Bangoura's other notable feature is his goal celebration, which he performs with teammate and Senegalese international defender Pape Diakhate, it resembles an African dance.

In 2010, he moved to Konyaspor.

In February 2011 Bangoura signed a two-year contract with Khazar Lankaran. After only three months Bangoura was released by Khazar Lankaran.

After leaving Khazar, Bangoura joined Djoliba AC Malian Première Division. In September 2013 Bangoura joined CP Cacereño,  but left the club in December 2013 having not played for the club.

References

1982 births
Living people
Guinean men's footballers
Guinea men's international footballers
Guinean expatriate men's footballers
Ligue 1 players
Süper Lig players
FC Istres players
ES Troyes AC players
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Denizlispor footballers
Guinean expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Khazar Lankaran FK players
Iraklis F.C. (Thessaloniki) players
2006 Africa Cup of Nations players
2012 Africa Cup of Nations players
Men's association football fullbacks
Wasquehal Football players

Ibrahima Bangoura


Thomas Lawrence Dale, FRIBA, FSA (known as T.L. Dale, T. Lawrence Dale or Lawrence Dale) was an English architect. Until the First World War he concentrated on designing houses for private clients. From the 1930s Dale was the Oxford Diocesan Surveyor and was most noted for designing, restoring, and furnishing Church of England parish churches.

Training and career
Dale was born in London, where he was educated at University College School in Hampstead. He began his architectural training at the Architectural Association School of Architecture in 1900, was articled to Charles Ponting in Marlborough, Wiltshire 1901–04, and served as assistant to the architect Edmund Buckle 1904–06. Dale passed his architect's qualifying examination in 1906 and was admitted as an Associate of the Royal Institute of British Architects (ARIBA) in 1907.

Before the First World War, Dale lived in Bedford Park in west London. By the outbreak of that war he had his own practice at 40 Great James Street, off Bedford Row, London WC1. In the war he was commissioned as an officer in an infantry battalion, but when he was placed in reserve he successfully applied to transfer to the Army Cyclist Corps to see active service. He rose to the rank of Captain and was mentioned in despatches.

After the war, Dale moved to Banbury where he designed a housing estate for Banbury Rural District Council. In the 1920s Dale spent "a delightful year" working on "an exceedingly complicated planning problem" as a competitor in a worldwide architectural competition to design the new Freemasons' Grand Temple in Great Queen Street in London. Dale came second, for which he won "a large prize".

Some time thereafter he moved to Oxford, where he designed the modest neo-Georgian house that was built for him and his family at 358 Woodstock Road. He later moved again to 4 Bradmore Road on the Victorian Norham Manor estate.

Dale served as Oxford Diocesan Surveyor for 23 years. He designed at least four parish churches that were built in or near Oxford. He also designed restoration work or new furnishings for a number of parish churches; most of them in Oxfordshire, plus one in Warwickshire.

Family

Dale's wife predeceased him. They left two sons and two daughters. By the time of Dale's death, both sons had married and one of the daughters was a Sister in a religious order.

Dale's death in 1959 was reported in The Times. Harry Carpenter, Bishop of Oxford, assisted at his funeral.  Lawrence Dale is buried in Wolvercote Cemetery near his home in Oxford.

Dale's elder son Thomas Simon Savage Dale (known as Simon Dale) was born in 1919 and also became an architect. They practised together as Dale and Son. In 1957 Simon Dale married Susan Wilberforce, a descendant of William Wilberforce, and moved with her to Hopton Castle, Shropshire. Simon Dale later lost his sight, was divorced in 1972, and in 1987 was beaten to death at The Heath, the house that he and Susan had restored at Hopton Castle.

Secular buildings

Two of Dale's earlier works are Edwardian houses in Hampstead Garden Suburb, one of which has been described as "an excellent house of the Lutyens school". Horn Park, a country house about  north-west of Beaminster, Dorset, is Dale's largest and perhaps most significant house design. It is a symmetrical neo-Georgian building of five bays and two storeys, completed in 1911. Its central corridor is barrel vaulted and leads to a drawing room whose groin vault is reminiscent of the work of Sir John Soane (1753–1837). The house is Listed Grade II.

Lawrence and Simon Dale together designed Ickford Village Hall (1946). The roof and almost all of the walls are hung with wooden shingles, possibly in response to the shortage of many types of building material after the Second World War.

Parish churches

Like Charles Ponting (1850–1932) to whom he had been articled, Dale's ecclesiastical architecture was strongly Anglo-Catholic. However, whereas Ponting continued to work in the Gothic Revival idiom long after it had passed out of fashion, Dale adopted Italianate architecture for his churches.

Dale designed at least four parish churches for the Diocese of Oxford. The first, St. Francis of Assisi, Cowley (1930–31), was built on a site provided by Morris Motors as a temporary daughter church of St. James, Cowley. It was made a permanent church and dedicated in 1962. St. Francis' is a simple building with only a small chancel. Dale's second church, St. Alban the Martyr, Oxford (1933), replaced a chapel of ease that had been built for St. Mary and St. John parish church in 1889. St. Alban's is a relatively low building for its length and is limited by a narrow corner site. He also designed "halls" – possibly mission halls – for the parishes of St. Nicholas, Marston and St. James, Cowley.

Dale's churches built after the Second World War were more ambitious. St. Michael and All Angels, New Marston (1954–56), was built as a chapel of ease for St. Andrew's parish church, Headington. It is more substantial in scale and has a statue of St. Michael by Michael Groser and a reredos painted by Leon Underwood. St. Michael's is described as being in a "vaguely Italian renaissance style" but the building is slightly limited by its corner site. Dale's final church, St. Swithun, Kennington (1956–58), is in a spacious churchyard that allowed Dale the space to use a more spacious cruciform plan.

Most of Dale's churches share common features: a tympanum with bas-reliefs over the main door, pantiled roofs, an Italianate pent-roofed chimney for the boiler and in some cases a baldachin over the main altar and a pantiled bell-cot on the west gable. With the exception of St. Francis of Assisi (which is stuccoed) they are built of a modern buff brick that contrasts with traditional building materials in this part of England. The tympanum at St. Alban the Martyr was carved by John Brookes, then Principal of Oxford City Technical College. St. Francis' has also a set of Stations of the Cross carved by Eric Gill.

Watercolours
Dale was a watercolourist "of more than average ability" who was a member of local arts clubs in Oxford. He held a number of exhibitions of his work, which was compared with that of Paul Sandby.

"Christ Church Mall"

Central Oxford had become acutely congested with motor traffic in the 1920s and 1930s. When Dale first moved from Banbury to Oxford he practised from an office in Carfax "but the traffic there was shocking" so he gave up his office and practised from home.

In September 1941 Dale published a six-page pamphlet called Christ Church Mall: a Diversion in which he proposed a relief road skirting the south side of Christ Church Meadow along the bank of the River Thames to link Abingdon Road and Iffley Road to bypass High Street.

In 1944 Dale expanded on his proposals into a 60-page book, Towards a Plan for Oxford City, illustrated with some of his own watercolours. In it he reiterated his "Christ Church Mall" road proposal and proposed extensive redevelopment of St. Clement's and St. Ebbes.

In 1946 the County Borough of Oxford commissioned Thomas Sharp to make proposals to relieve Oxford's traffic and re-plan parts of the city. In 1948 Sharp published his report as a book, Oxford Replanned, in which he paid tribute:
Mr. Dale has presented his case very attractively and wittily, and has done the city a considerable service in braving the controversy which was bound to result from any attempt to touch even the hem of the sacred Christ Church Meadow.

However, Sharp also thought that Dale's "Christ Church Mall" would be too indirect, particularly for traffic from Headington Hill and Marston Road. Sharp instead proposed a road across the northern side of Christ Church Meadow, which he called "Merton Mall" as it would have passed very close to Merton College.

The Times also commended Dale for "presenting his case with architectural vision, wit and eloquence" in Towards a Plan for Oxford City, and quoted Dale's vision that "a finely designed parkway" would be "A beautiful road between the Towers and the Thames severally dreaming and streaming".

In 1956 the Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation held an enquiry at which Dale continued to make his case. Dale told the enquiry:
nobody more than he admired the beauty of Christ Church Meadow, and anyone who wanted a road through it was a vandal. But, he said, there was a vast difference in having a road round the Meadow, as he was suggesting. The road could be so landscaped that it could not be seen from the river or from the north side of the meadow. The real beauty of the meadow was Merton Fields and the Broad Walk, and that would be destroyed by Dr. Sharp's plan.

Dale cited in his support Professor Sir Albert Richardson, then president of the Royal Academy, who "had said, in 1944, that Christ Church Meadow would suffer no detriment if skirted by a tree-lined road".

Sharp's proposal was the subject of more than 20 years of political and public debate and protest. Neither Sharp's nor Dale's proposed road was ever built.

List of works

Buildings
Bedford Park, London: studio house for an artist, 1908
40 Hampstead Way, Hampstead Garden Suburb, London, 1909
Horn Park, Beaminster, Dorset, 1911
Gates House, Wyldes Close, Hampstead Garden Suburb, London, 1915
St Francis of Assisi, Cowley, Oxfordshire, 1930–31
St Alban the Martyr parish church, Charles Street, Oxford, 1933
Itchen Abbas, Hampshire: house, 1935
Hook Manor, Semley, Wiltshire: remodelled 17th century Jacobean manor house, 1935
Blessed Virgin Mary parish church, Thame, Oxfordshire: repairs to stonework, 1937–38
Village Hall, Ickford, Buckinghamshire, 1946 (with Simon Dale)
St Etheldreda's parish church, Horley, Oxfordshire: screen and rood loft, 1947–50
St Michael and All Angels parish church, New Marston, Oxford, 1954–56
St Swithun's parish church, Kennington, Berkshire (now in Oxfordshire), (with Rev. Stuart S. Davies) 1956–58
Deddington Primary School, Oxfordshire: modernisation, new classroom etc., 1958
358 Woodstock Road, Oxford: house for Dale and his family
Goddard's Green, Berkshire: restoration of a house
St Mary Magdalene parish church, Lillington, Warwickshire: pulpit
SS. Mary and Edburga's parish church, Stratton Audley, Oxfordshire: tower screen

Writings

References

Sources

1884 births
1959 deaths
Burials in Oxfordshire
Military personnel from London
20th-century English architects
Architects from London
Architects from Oxford
English ecclesiastical architects
People educated at University College School
Fellows of the Royal Institute of British Architects
British Army personnel of World War I
Army Cyclist Corps officers
Associates of the Royal Institute of British Architects
Burials at Wolvercote Cemetery

T. Lawrence Dale


Mary Pitcaithly OBE is a Scottish civil servant who served as Chief Executive of Falkirk Council and the Convener of the Electoral Management Board for Scotland. The Scottish Independence Referendum Bill identifies the Convener of the Electoral Management Board for Scotland as the Chief Counting Officer for a referendum and thus she was Chief Counting Officer for the 2014 Scottish Independence Referendum.

Biography
Pitcaithly was born in Camelon, Scotland and attended Falkirk High School before going to the University of Edinburgh where she studied law. She initially worked in private practice in Falkirk before joining the public sector in 1995, becoming assistant to Walter Weir, chief executive of the newly formed Falkirk Council. In 1998, she became the first woman to hold the post of chief executive in any of Scotland's 32 councils and, at 41, one of the youngest.

She is a former Chair of the Scottish Branch of the Society of Local Authority Chief Executives and Senior Managers and has represented local government on a number of national bodies, including the Resilience Advisory Board for Scotland. She is a former member of the Arbuthnott Commission set up to consider boundary differences and voting systems in Scotland.

Pitcaithly has been a Returning Officer since 1998 and has been involved with Scottish, UK and European Parliaments and Falkirk Council elections. She was a Depute Returning Officer for the Referendum held in Scotland in 1997 and was the Regional Counting Officer for Scotland in the 2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum.

Mary Pitcaithly received an OBE for services to local government in 2005.

She was married to the late Euan Pitcaithly, former chief photographer of The Falkirk Herald, and has a daughter.

References

Scottish civil servants
Scottish women civil servants
Scottish women in politics
People from Falkirk
Politics of Falkirk (council area)
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Falkirk High School
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Mary Pitcaithly


Taraxacum officinale, the dandelion or common dandelion, is a herbaceous perennial flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae (syn. Compositae). The common dandelion is well known for its yellow flower heads that turn into round balls of many silver-tufted fruits that disperse in the wind. These balls are called "clocks" in both British and American English. The name "blowball" is also used.

The common dandelion grows in temperate regions of the world in areas with moist soils. They are very hardy plants, able to grow in a variety of environments, and are tolerant of crowding, extremes of temperature, and low moisture. As a result of this hardiness, in addition to its ability to rapidly propagate itself, the dandelion has become established over a wide range via human activity, originally being native to Eurasia, but can also be found across the Americas, southern Africa, India, Australia and New Zealand as a result of incidental or deliberate introductions.

It is most often considered a weed, especially in lawns and along roadsides, but the leaves, flowers, and roots are sometimes used in herbal medicine and as food.

Description

Taraxacum officinale grows from (generally unbranched) taproots and produces several hollow, leafless flower stems that are typically  tall, but sometimes up to  tall. The stems can be tinted purplish, they are upright or lax, and produce flower heads that are held as tall or taller than the foliage. The foliage may be upright-growing or horizontally spreading; the leaves have petioles that are either unwinged or narrowly winged. The stems can be glabrous or sparsely covered with short hairs. Plants have milky latex and the leaves are all basal; each flowering stem lacks bracts and has one single flower head. The yellow flower heads lack receptacle bracts and all the flowers, which are called florets, are ligulate and bisexual. In many lineages, fruits are mostly produced by apomixis, notwithstanding the flowers are visited by many types of insects.

The leaves are  long and  wide, and are oblanceolate, oblong, or obovate in shape, with the bases gradually narrowing to the petiole. The leaf margins are typically shallowly lobed to deeply lobed and often lacerate or toothed with sharp or dull teeth.

The calyculi (the cuplike bracts that hold the florets) are composed of 12 to 18 segments: each segment is reflexed and sometimes glaucous. The lanceolate shaped bractlets are in two series, with the apices acuminate in shape. The  wide involucres are green to dark green or brownish-green, with the tips dark gray or purplish. The florets number 40 to over 100 per head, having corollas that are yellow or orange-yellow in color.

The fruits, called cypselae, range in color from olive-green or olive-brown to straw-colored to grayish, they are oblanceoloid in shape and  long with slender beaks. The fruits have 4 to 12 ribs that have sharp edges. The silky pappi, which form the parachutes, are white to silver-white in color and around 6 mm wide. Plants typically have 24 or 40 pairs of chromosomes, while some have 16 or 32 pairs.

Chemistry

Taraxalisin is a serine proteinase found in the latex of dandelion roots. Rudenskaya et al. (1998) found that taraxalisin hydrolyzes a chromogenic peptide substrate Glp-Ala-Ala-Leu-pNA optimally at pH 8.0. Maximal activity of the proteinase in the roots is attained in April, at the beginning of plant development after the winter period.

Taxonomy

Carl Linnaeus named the species Leontodon taraxacum in 1753. The current genus name Taraxacum derives possibly from the Arabic Tharakhchakon, or from the Greek Tarraxos. The specific name officinalis refers to its value as a medicinal herb, and is derived from the word opificina, later officina, meaning a workshop or pharmacy.

The taxonomy of the genus Taraxacum is complicated by apomictic and polyploid lineages, and the taxonomy and nomenclatural situation of T. officinale is not yet fully resolved. The taxonomy of this genus has been complicated by the recognition of numerous species, subspecies and microspecies. For example, Rothmaler's flora of Germany recognizes roughly 70 microspecies.

T. officinale has a fossil record that goes back to glacial and interglacial times in Europe.

North American dandelions

The plants introduced to North America, originally as a food crop, are triploids that mainly reproduce by obligate gametophytic apomixis Though sexual dandelion plants are known in North America, almost all are clones that produce genetically identical seeds through apomixis. Some authorities recognize three subspecies of Taraxacum officinale, including:

 Taraxacum officinale subsp. ceratophorum (Ledeb.) Schinz ex Thellung which is commonly called common dandelion, fleshy dandelion, horned dandelion or rough dandelion. It is native to Canada and the western U.S. Some sources list it as a species, Taraxacum ceratophorum.
 Taraxacum officinale subsp. officinale, which is commonly called common dandelion or wandering dandelion.
 Taraxacum officinale subsp. vulgare (Lam.) Schinz & R. Keller, which is commonly called common dandelion.

Two of them have been introduced and established in Alaska and the third (subsp. ceratophorum) is native there.

European dandelions

Taraxacum officinale L. (dandelion) is a vigorous weed in Europe with diploid sexual populations in the southern regions and partially overlapping populations of diploid sexuals and triploid or tetraploid apomicts in the central and northern regions.

These European dandelions can be divided into two groups. The first group reproduces sexually, as do most seed plants. This group consists of dandelions that have a diploid set of chromosomes, and are sexually self-incompatible. Sexual reproduction involves a reduction of the somatic chromosome number by meiosis followed by a restoration of the somatic chromosome number by fertilization. Diploid dandelions have eight pairs of chromosomes, and meiosis is regular with normal pairing of homologous chromosomes at the metaphase I stage of meiosis.

The second group consists of polyploid (mostly triploid) apomicts, meaning that both a viable embryo as well as a functional endosperm is formed without prior fertilization. In contrast to the sexual diploids, the pairing of chromosomes at metaphase I in triploid apomicts is strongly reduced. However pairing is still sufficient to allow some recombination between homologous chromosomes.

Etymology
Taraxacum is derived from the Arabic word  (or ) for a bitter herb. It may be related to the Greek word ταρασσω (tarasso) meaning to disturb.

The Latin specific epithet officinale refers to the Latin word for 'medicinal' or 'of the apothecaries'.

T. officinale has many English common names (some of which are no longer in use), including blowball, lion's-tooth, cankerwort, milk-witch, yellow-gowan, Irish daisy, monks-head, priest's-crown and puff-ball; other common names include, faceclock, pee-a-bed, wet-a-bed, swine's snout, white endive, and wild endive.

The common name dandelion comes from the French dent de lion, or "lion's tooth", in reference to the plant's jagged-edged leaves.  "Pee-a-bed" and "wet-a-bed" reflect the modern French term for the plant, pissenlit. This name and all those that imply ramped-up urine production refer to T. officinale's well-known diuretic properties.

Distribution and habitat

Taraxacum officinale is native to Europe and Asia, and was originally imported to America as a food crop. It is now naturalized throughout North America, southern Africa, South America, New Zealand, Australia, and India. It occurs in all 50 states of the US and most Canadian provinces.

The plant grows in temperate regions of the world in lawns, on roadsides, disturbed banks, shores of waterways, and other areas with moist soils.

The plant is coveted by collectors in regions where the plant is trickier to grow such as the tropics, where people would often resort to smuggling seeds from overseas.

Conservation
Taraxacum officinale was evaluated in 2013 by the IUCN as "Least Concern" due to a large and stable population. It was similarly evaluated by NatureServe in 2016 as "Globally Secure", G5.

Ecology
It is considered a noxious weed in some jurisdictions, and is considered to be a nuisance in residential and recreational lawns in North America. It is also an important weed in agriculture and causes significant economic damage because of its infestation in many crops worldwide.

T. officinale can serve as an indicator plant for soil potassium and calcium, as the plant favours soils with relatively low concentrations of calcium, but favours soils with relatively high concentrations of potassium.

The dandelion is a common colonizer of disturbed habitats, both from wind blown seeds and seed germination from the seed bank. The seeds remain viable in the seed bank for many years, with one study showing germination after nine years. This species is a somewhat prolific seed producer, with 54 to 172 seeds produced per head, and a single plant can produce more than 5,000 seeds a year. It is estimated that more than 97,000,000 seeds/hectare could be produced yearly by a dense stand of dandelions. When released, the seeds can be spread by the wind up to several hundred meters from their source. The seeds are also a common contaminant in crop and forage seeds. The plants are adaptable to most soils and the seeds are not dependent on cold temperatures before they will germinate but they need to be within the top  of soil. Dandelions can also regenerate themselves from fragments of taproot.

T. officinale is food for the caterpillars of several Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), such as the tortrix moth Celypha rufana. See also List of Lepidoptera that feed on dandelions.

Even though dandelion pollen is of poor nutritional quality for honey bees, they readily consume it, and it can be an important source of nutritional diversity in heavily managed monocultures such as that of blueberries. Honey bees have not been shown to lower their pollination activity on nearby fruit crops when foraging on dandelions.

While not in bloom, this species is sometimes confused with others, such as Chondrilla juncea, that have similar basal rosettes of foliage. Another plant, sometimes referred to as fall dandelion, is very similar to dandelion, but produces "yellow fields" later. Its blooms resemble some of the species of Sonchus, but are larger.

Dandelion thrives in conditions of elevated carbon dioxide, growing to a higher biomass and producing a larger number of viable seeds. Therefore, it is anticipated that dandelion will become more competitive and widespread as atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase.

Uses

The plant has several culinary uses: the flowers are used to make dandelion wine, the greens are used in salads, the roots have been used to make a coffee substitute (when baked and ground into powder) and the plant was used by Native Americans as a food and medicine.

Culinary

Dandelions are harvested from the wild or grown on a small scale as a leaf vegetable. The leaves (called dandelion greens) can be eaten cooked or raw in various forms, such as in soup or salad. They are probably closest in character to mustard greens. Usually the young leaves and unopened buds are eaten raw in salads, while older leaves are cooked. Raw leaves have a slightly bitter taste. Dandelion salad is often accompanied with hard-boiled eggs. The leaves are high in vitamins A and C, as well as iron, phosphorus, and potassium.

Dandelion flowers can be used to make dandelion wine, for which there are many recipes. Most of these are more accurately described as "dandelion-flavored wine," as some other sort of fermented juice or extract serves as the main ingredient. It has also been used in a saison ale called Pissenlit (the French word for dandelion, literally meaning "wet the bed") made by Brasserie Fantôme in Belgium. Dandelion and burdock is a soft drink that has long been popular in the United Kingdom.

Another recipe using the plant is dandelion flower jam. In Silesia and other parts of Poland and the world, dandelion flowers are used to make a honey substitute syrup with added lemon (so-called May-honey). Ground roasted dandelion root can be used as a non-caffeinated coffee substitute.

Diuretic
T. officinale's diuretic properties - believed to be a result of the plant's high potassium content - have been well described, with the leaves of this plant having been used for this purpose in traditional Chinese medicine for approximately 2,000 years, with other regions of the world using the plant in the same way; in French, a common name for T. officinale is pissenlit, 'a colorful description of its diuretic activity.' A study conducted in 2009 noted 'promising' results regarding these diuretic properties, but that further studies would need to be conducted into the plant's efficacy.

Herbal medicine
Dandelion has been used in traditional medicine in Europe, North America, and China.

Research
Since asexually-reproducing dandelions produce genetically identical offspring, they are often useful as subjects for scientific research. For example, dandelions are used in studies where genetic differences between subjects need to be minimized.

Education
Because of its worldwide distribution, familiarity, and presence in a wide variety of folkloric traditions, the dandelion has been highlighted as a valuable tool for educators seeking to help children of varying cultural and ethnic backgrounds connect to science through ethnobotany.

Other
Yellow dye colors can be obtained from the flowers but little color can be obtained from the roots of the plant. The latex can be used as a kind of glue.

In culture
Cultures worldwide tell stories about the dandelion and have culinary and medicinal uses for it. A Native American folktale tells the story of a golden haired girl who attracted the fancy of the South Wind. The South Wind was too lazy to pursue her, until one day he realized she had grown old and her hair had turned white. Supposedly, when the South Wind sighs over the loss of his chance to pursue the golden-haired girl, his breath sends the white-haired dandelion seeds scattering to propagate more golden-haired daughters.

See also

 Taraxacum erythrospermum

References

Further reading

External links

 Northernbushcraft.com: Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) — detailed information about edibility.

officinale
Flora of Europe
Edible plants
Herbs
Crops originating from Europe
Leaf vegetables
Medicinal plants of Europe
Perennial vegetables
Plant dyes
Flora of Algeria

Taraxacum officinale


Rudolf Serkin (28 March 1903 – 8 May 1991) was a Bohemian-born Austrian-American pianist. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest Beethoven interpreters of the 20th century.

Early life, childhood debut, and education
Serkin was born in then Eger, Kingdom of Bohemia, Austro-Hungarian Empire (now Czech Republic), to a Russian Jewish family. His father, Mordko Serkin, "had been a Russian basso, and taught him to read music before he could read words."

Hailed as a child prodigy, he was sent to Vienna at the age of 9, where he studied piano with Richard Robert and, later, composition with Joseph Marx, making his public debut with the Vienna Philharmonic at 12. From 1918 to 1920 he studied composition with Arnold Schoenberg and participated actively in Schoenberg's Society for the Private Performance of Music.

Career
Serkin began a regular concert career in 1920, living in Berlin with the German violinist Adolf Busch and his family, which included a then-3-year-old daughter Irene, whom Serkin would marry 15 years later.

In 1921, at age 17, he made his Berlin debut performing in Busch's ensemble as the keyboard soloist in the Brandenburg Concerto No. 5. At the end of the concert, Busch told Serkin to play an encore to the enthusiastic audience. Serkin later reported that he asked Busch, "What shall I play?" and Busch "as a joke" told him to play the Goldberg Variations "and I took him seriously. When I finished there were only four people left: Adolf Busch, Artur Schnabel, Alfred Einstein and me."

In the 1920s and early 1930s, Serkin performed throughout Europe both as soloist and with Busch and the Busch Quartet. With the rise of Hitler in Germany in 1933, Serkin and the Busches (who were not Jewish but who vehemently opposed the Nazi regime) left Berlin for Basel, Switzerland.

In 1933, Serkin made his first United States appearance at the Coolidge Festival in Washington, D.C., where he performed with Adolf Busch. In 1936, he launched his solo concert career in the US with the New York Philharmonic under Arturo Toscanini. His performance of Ludwig van Beethoven's Fourth Piano Concerto was critically well received; Olin Downes of the New York Times wrote, "We have seldom heard a pianist's performance which so admirably combined the most penetrating analysis with artistic enthusiasm and warm feeling. Similarly, the technical performance was clean and precise, but also beautiful and of a poetic coloring." In 1937, Serkin played his first New York City recital at Carnegie Hall, again to critical acclaim:  Downes wrote, "What Mr. Serkin did was to display a colossal art, which he devoted to the most idealistic purposes."

Emigration to the United States
Shortly after the outbreak of World War II in 1939, the Serkins and Busches immigrated to the United States, where Serkin taught several generations of pianists at the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia. From 1968 to 1976 he served as the Institute's director. He lived with his growing family, first in New York, then in Philadelphia, as well as on a dairy farm in rural Guilford, Vermont. In 1951, Serkin and Adolf Busch founded the Marlboro Music School and Festival in Marlboro, Vermont, with the goal of stimulating interest in and performance of chamber music in the United States. He made numerous recordings from the 1940s into the 1980s, including one at RCA Victor of Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 4 in 1944, with the NBC Symphony Orchestra conducted by Toscanini. Most of his recordings were made for Columbia Masterworks, although in the 1980s he also recorded for Deutsche Grammophon and Telarc. Serkin admired the music of Max Reger, which he discovered while working with Adolf Busch. In 1959, he became the first pianist in the United States to record Reger's Piano Concerto, Op. 114, with Eugene Ormandy and the Philadelphia Orchestra.

Serkin was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963 and in March 1972 celebrated his 100th appearance with the New York Philharmonic by playing Johannes Brahms' Piano Concerto No. 1. The orchestra and board of directors also named Serkin an honorary member of the New York Philharmonic-Symphony Society, a distinction also conferred on Aaron Copland, Igor Stravinsky, and Paul Hindemith. In 1986, he celebrated his 50th anniversary as a guest artist with the orchestra. He is regarded as one of the primary interpreters of the music of Beethoven in the 20th century.

Revered as a musician's musician, a father figure to a legion of younger players who came to the Marlboro School and Festival, and a pianist of enormous musical integrity, he toured all over the world and continued his solo career and recording activities until illness prevented further work in 1989.

Personal life
Serkin married Irene Busch, the daughter of German violinist Adolf Busch, in 1935.

He and Irene were the parents of seven children (one of whom died in infancy), including pianist Peter Serkin and cellist Judith Serkin. They had 15 grandchildren, including the composer David Ludwig and the bassoonist Natalya Rose Vrbsky.

Serkin died of cancer on 8 May 1991, aged 88, at home on his Guilford, Vermont farm. His widow Irene Busch Serkin died in 1998.

Awards and recognition

Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1960)
Presidential Medal of Freedom (1963)
Ernst von Siemens Music Prize (1978)
Kennedy Center Honors (1981)
Member, American Philosophical Society (1983)
Grammy Award for Best Chamber-Music Performance – Mstislav Rostropovich and Rudolf Serkin for Brahms: Cello Sonata No. 1 in E minor, Op. 38; and Cello Sonata No. 2 in F, Op. 99 (1984)
National Medal of Arts (1988)

References

External links

 Free recordings by Rudolf Serkin on International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)
 JFK Presidential Library & Museum – Presidential Medal of Freedom
Lifetime Honors – National Medal of Arts
 Schumann Piano Concerto, live recording, October 19, 1936, Queen's Hall, London. London Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Julius Harrison.

1903 births
1991 deaths
People from Windham County, Vermont
People from Cheb
Austrian classical pianists
Deutsche Grammophon artists
Male classical pianists
American male pianists
Jewish classical pianists
Jewish American classical musicians
American music educators
Piano pedagogues
United States National Medal of Arts recipients
Grammy Award winners
Kennedy Center honorees
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
Czech Jews
Czech people of Russian-Jewish descent
Deaths from cancer in Vermont
Burials in Vermont
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century American pianists
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Ernst von Siemens Music Prize winners
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
20th-century American male musicians
Naturalized citizens of the United States
20th-century American Jews
Members of the American Philosophical Society

Rudolf Serkin


Caleb Stan Ralph (born 10 September 1977 in Rotorua) is a New Zealand rugby union footballer. Ralph began his first-class career with Bay of Plenty, then moved to Auckland before heading to Canterbury. He started his Super Rugby career with the Chiefs in 1997, Blues (1998–99), Crusaders (2000–08) and a cameo role with the Queensland Reds (2011). He made his All Black debut while playing for Auckland in 1998.

After an absence from the national team of three years he was recalled in 2001, and was a regular member of the All Blacks throughout the 2002 and 2003 seasons, playing a total of 13 tests and scoring eight tries, including a hat-trick against Italy in 2002, and was a member of the New Zealand team during the 2003 Rugby World Cup. In 2006 he gained his 100th consecutive super rugby cap.

He made the New Zealand sevens side while still at Western Heights High School, Rotorua. He has since regularly represented New Zealand in Rugby sevens between 1996 and 2000 playing with Eric Rush and was a member of the gold medal-winning New Zealand team at the 1998 Commonwealth Games.

Ralph is second on the all-time list of Super Rugby try scorers, one try behind Doug Howlett, and  he still holds the record for consecutive Super Rugby appearances with 104. Ralph won the Canterbury Maori Trophy on 10 December 2005. In 2008 he signed up to play with Japanese club Fukuoka Sanix Blues. In 2010 he signed with the Australian club Sunshine Coast Stingrays. The following year in the final round of the regular 2011 Super Rugby season, Queensland Reds coach Ewen McKenzie recruited Ralph on a short term contract to combat the side's injury crisis in the outside backs. In Round 18 he took the field in the 65th minute as a substitute and equalled George Gregan's then-record of 136 Super Rugby games.

References

External links
 Crusaders profile

1977 births
Bay of Plenty rugby union players
Blues (Super Rugby) players
Canterbury rugby union players
Chiefs (rugby union) players
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for New Zealand
Crusaders (rugby union) players
Auckland rugby union players
Tasman rugby union players
Queensland Reds players
Living people
New Zealand international rugby union players
Māori All Blacks players
New Zealand rugby union players
Rugby union players from Rotorua
Rugby union centres
Rugby union wings
People educated at Western Heights High School
New Zealand international rugby sevens players
New Zealand male rugby sevens players
Commonwealth Games rugby sevens players for New Zealand
Commonwealth Games medallists in rugby sevens
Rugby sevens players at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
2003 Rugby World Cup players

Caleb Ralph


James Robert Campbell (born June 24, 1937 in Palo Alto, California) is an American former professional baseball player, a catcher who played 82 games in the Major Leagues for the Houston Colt .45s during  and . He threw and batted right-handed, stood  tall and weighed .

Campbell was acquired by the Colt .45s over a full season before the team played an official big-league game.  He'd signed originally with the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1955, was briefly loaned to the Chicago White Sox organization, and played for six seasons without reaching the Double-A level.  After the 1960 minor-league season, he was drafted by the Milwaukee Braves, then traded on February 23, 1961, to the newborn Colt .45s,  founded as a National League expansion team set to debut in 1962. To prepare for their first MLB season, the Colt .45s — known as the Astros since 1965 — were acquiring minor league players to stock their organization and loaning them to other teams' minor-league clubs.  Campbell was assigned to the 1961 Houston Buffs, the Triple-A affiliate of the Chicago Cubs and the last minor-league team to represent Houston.  Campbell was the Buffs' first-string catcher in 1961 and then was assigned to the Colt .45s' top 1962 affiliate, the Oklahoma City 89ers of the American Association.

Campbell batted .350 in 70 games played for the 89ers and earned a promotion to the big-league Colt .45s in July. He appeared in 27 games over the remainder of 1962, 25 as a starting catcher, and batted .221 with three home runs and six runs batted in. He then began the 1963 season on the Houston roster, caught the opening day game against the defending league champion San Francisco Giants, and  started the next four games in succession. But he collected only one  hit and was batting only .056 when he was replaced in the lineup by veteran Hal Smith.  Campbell batted only .118 in April and it would be June 5 before his average climbed above the .200 level.  On July 23, he made his final MLB appearance as a pinch hitter, singling in the seventh inning off Dallas Green of the Philadelphia Phillies in a game Houston would eventually win in 15 innings.  It was his 54th Major League hit; in addition to his seven career home runs, he had seven doubles.

Campbell finished 1963 with Oklahoma City and continued his minor league career at Triple-A through 1965.

References

External links

1937 births
Living people
Baseball players from Palo Alto, California
Billings Mustangs players
Douglas Copper Kings players
Houston Buffs players
Houston Colt .45s players
Idaho Falls Russets players
Las Vegas Wranglers (baseball) players
Lincoln Chiefs players
Major League Baseball catchers
Oklahoma City 89ers players
Salinas Packers players
San Diego Padres (minor league) players
San Jose Pirates players
Savannah Pirates players
Seattle Angels players

Jim Campbell (catcher)


Johann Gerhard König was born on 29 November 1728. He was a German botanist and physician by profession. Johann Gerhard served in the Tranquebar Mission, India before joining service under the Nawab of Arcot, and then the English East India Company. John Gerhard was fascinated by collecting natural history specimens including plants, particularly those of medical interest. Many species are named after him including the curry tree (Murraya koenigii). He died on 26 June 1785.

1728 births
German botanists
German doctors
1785 deaths

Johann Gerhard König


Esteban Lozada (born January 8, 1982, in Belgium) is a former Argentine rugby union player who last played for English team London Wasps in the Aviva Premiership. He also played for the Argentina national team and was part of the 2007 Rugby World Cup squad. He debuted with "Los Pumas" on November 11, 2006. Weighing 110 kg (242 lbs), he stands 1.94m tall (6 ft 4in) and his position is lock. In May 2014 Lozada announced his retirement from Rugby.

References

External links
UAR profile
Rugby World Cup 2007 profile

1982 births
Argentine rugby union players
Living people
Rugby union locks
Club Atlético San Isidro rugby union players
RC Toulon players
Edinburgh Rugby players
SU Agen Lot-et-Garonne players
Expatriate rugby union players in France
Argentina international rugby union players
Expatriate rugby union players in Scotland
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in France
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Scotland
Argentine expatriate rugby union players
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in England
2007 Rugby World Cup players

Esteban Lozada


The Battle of Futamata (二股口の戦い, Futamata-guchi notatakai) was fought in the Oshima Province on April 13 - April 29, 1869 and was one of the battles during the Battle of Hakodate. The remnant of the Bakufu Army set up a defense around Odaiba and used variety of weapons (katanas, tanegashima matchlocks, Yari spears and muskets) against Japanese forces who are marching to the two-pronged entrance leading to Hakodate, and blocked the advance of the new government army for two weeks.

Background
On April 9, 1869, 1,500 Japanese troops landed in Otobe and began marching toward Hakodate from three routes. One of them, Futamata, was the shortest route to Hakodate, and was the only place that crossed the pass from Inakuraishi between Futamata to Onomura. The commander of the expeditionary forces was Masagorō Komai, a Choshu samurai. They marched to the route with 500 men, consisting of Matsumae and Choshu clan soldiers. The former Shogunate Army, which will be greeted by a Vice-CommanderHijikata Toshizo, will lead 300 samurais consisting of two platoons of the Shinsengumi and two regiments of the Ezo training infantry (衝鋒隊 The Impulse Corps), and will arrive in two days on April 10 and set up the headquarters in Daibayama.

The Bakufu Army set up 16 battlements around Daibayama with Tenguyama as an references point, and waited for the enemy.

Battle
At 3:00 pm on April 13, the Japanese army started marching from Esashi to the captured Tenguyama position and launched an attack on Odaiba. The former Shogunate Army defended Odaiba with rifles and by using the battlement as a shield, and a fierce shooting battle occurred. The Japanese army, which is superior in number, changed soldiers one after another and repeated attacks, and the Bakufu rebels, which greeted them, continued to attack them while taking breaks with two platoons taking turns. When it started to rain around sunset, the former Shogunate army put on a jacket to protect the ammunition from getting wet, and when the bullets got wet, they were put in pockets and dried.

The next day, around 7 am on the 14th, the Imperialist army were exhausted and withdrew to Inakuraishi. In a 16-hour battle, the Bakufu forces consumed 35,000 bullets. On the day the battle was over,  Hijikata Toshizo was heading to Goryokaku for a report and a request for reinforcements.

On April 16, when 2,400 newly Japanese troops landed in Esashi, the reinforcements consisting of Satsuma and Mito clan soldiers were dispatched to the area, and their ammunition and food were also supplied. On the other hand, the Japanese Army, keenly aware that it is not easy to pull out the bifurcated base, would begin to march on an open road from Assabu to Uchiura Bay over the mountains from April 17. It was a strategy to send soldiers and ammunition from here to attack the fort from behind the Shogunate forces, but this plan was also extremely difficult. During this time, two platoons of trainee officers led by Mitsutaro Takigawa have been strengthened in the former Shogunate army. On April 23, the battle began as the former Shogunate army's repulsion approached the Tenguyama position of the Imperial Japanese army guarded by the troops of the Fukuyama Domain.

Around 4 pm on the same day, the Japanese army, which abandoned the battlement, climbed a steep cliff and fired at the enemy from the mountain with their rifles on the left side of the defenders, and it was a fierce night battle. Before dawn on the 24th, a trainee officers led by Takigawa rushed into the position to give relief to his forces. Mitsutaro Takigawa rushed into the enemy while still on horseback, and the soldiers also pulled out theirs swords all at once and followed the captain. The Japanese army was confused, and Masagorō Komai, who tried to stop his own route by himself, was killed after being hit by a bullet in the chest. Even so, the new government forces replaced new soldiers one after another, but they did not defeat the old Shogunate forces and finally retreated before dawn on the 25th.

In this battle, which lasted more than a day and night, the former Shogunate army continued to attack the Imperialist while cooling the hot barrel rifles with tub water. After that, the Japanese army will give up the capture of Daibayama and concentrate on a detour building. While the Hijikata led his army to stop the advancing Japanese army at the road between Matsumae and Kikonai were breached by the new government army, and the remaining Bakufu army was on the defensive with Yafurai. On April 29, Hijikata dispatched reinforcements, but Yafurai was breached, which forced Hijikata and his troops to withdraw to Goryokaku.

Battle of Futamata


Raze's Hell is an action game developed by Artech Digital Entertainment, and published by Majesco Entertainment for the Xbox console in 2005. It was made available on the Xbox Live Marketplace in 2008.

Gameplay
The player character, Raze, has attacks consisting of using his wrist blade and rolling. When an enemy Kewlett is killed, it splatters on the screen or bursts into bloody chunks. Raze can suck up the Kewlett chunks to restore his health and can use stealth mode. Raze also sucks up insects called Squibs, which serve as ammunition.

The Kewletts want to exterminate the Squibs. Different types of Squibs have varying effects, such as: Raze can breathe fire by sucking in flames, much as he does to the Squibs. Red crystals are scattered about the levels that explode when attacked.

Four mini-games can be unlocked in Raze's Hell:
Survival – Survive waves of Kewletts and get a high score.
Silent but Deadly - Use stealth mode to sneak around Kewlett fortresses.
Cojones Golf & Country Golf – Knock around a large white ball in an 18-hole golf course or play a game of mini-golf.
Blood Rain – Protect a Shnow from hordes of parachuting Kewlett troops.

A two-player mode allows two players to cooperate to kill the Kewletts, as well as an online mode that features a variety of mini-games. The multi-player games consist of:
Deathmatch – Kill everyone.
Team Deathmatch – Kill everyone with teams.
King of the Hill – Control a hill for as long as possible.
Team King of the Hill – Control a hill with teams.
Capture the Flag – Capture the other team's flag and return it to your base.
Soccer – A more violent soccer that uses a Kewlett-skin ball.

Plot
For centuries the Kewletts, a cute and happy race, lived an idyllic existence inside the hallowed walls of Kewtopia. They never went outside the gates of their city because they had everything they needed inside: a wonderful princess, perfect weather, wealth, and privilege. The Kewletts parody different types of cute creatures found in the media. Kewletts get their news from a show called QTV'. Before the events in the game, the Kewletts lived isolated from the rest of their world. Their first attempt at diplomacy with the creatures of the hinterlands was brief and failed.

Afterwards, their Princess decided to launch "Operation Fresh Hope" to "cutetify" all of the monsters outside of Kewtopia. The true nature behind "Operation Fresh Hope", unknown to most Kewletts, is the retrieval of three ancient artifacts that the Princess desires due to her being a Huggly. Because the Kewletts are intensely nationalistic, they support the idea of expanding Kewletts throughout the war have no problems with "cleansing" the hinterlands of all monsters. Their belligerent, racist worldview is in sharp contrast to their cute, gentle appearance.

The Kewletts' increasingly vicious colonization efforts carry on until they meet Raze, an ugly, simple beast who is transformed when he accidentally stumbles upon ancient artifacts. Raze's heroics spark a swelling underground guerrilla movement.

Development
Producer Rick Banks  said the idea for the game came after focus groups had a positive reception to hidden features Artech added to children interactive products, "such as setting cute characters on fire", and made the developers decide to make a game where one would "kill and maim the commercially created cute", with the starting point being that those creatures would be cold-blooded killers. The game spent over three years in development, starting as a test bed for an in-house engine, picked up by a publisher that wound up encountered financial difficulties, and after months stalled being ultimately picked up by Majesco. Audio designer Mike Keogh had his first opportunity to do sound and music for a video game, which featured vocals by his future wife, and over 6,000 lines of Kewlett dialogue, mostly performed by Keogh himself, who also wrote them with the help of his high school improv friends.

Reception

Raze's Hell received "average" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.

References

External links

2005 video games
Action games
Colonialism in popular culture
Fantasy video games
Genocide in fiction
Majesco Entertainment games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Parody video games
Third-person shooters
Video games developed in Canada
Xbox games
Xbox-only games
Xbox Originals games
Artech Studios games

Raze's Hell