The Space Shuttle Enterprise (OV-101) is a spacecraft used by NASA for testing of the space shuttles. Enterprise was built without engines and without the heat protection system needed for it to travel into space and return to the atmosphere. Enterprise began being built in June 4, 1974, and was completed on September 17, 1976. Enterprise was used for flight tests in 1977. Scientists wanted to test how the shuttle could be transported on top of a Boeing 747. They also did three test manned test flights with the shuttle still joined to the Boeing. When these test were finished they did another five tests with the shuttle flying without engines like a glider. The pilots practiced landing the shuttle at the Edwards Airforce Base. The pilots were astronaut Gordon Fullerton, Apollo 13 astronaut Fred Haise, Joe Engle and Dick Truly.   After the test flights, the Enterprise was used for vibration tests at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. After all the tests were finished, some parts of the Enterprise were used in the building of the other shuttles.

The Enterprise was going to be named the "Constitution", but many people wrote to the President and asked for it to be named after the space craft on the TV show Star Trek. Enterprise can be seen today by visitors to the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center near Washington, D.C.

References

Enterprise

Space Shuttle Enterprise


The Burning Wheel is a fantasy tabletop role-playing game independently written and published by Luke Crane. The game uses a dice pool mechanic (using only standard six-sided dice) for task resolution and a character generation system that tracks the history and experiences of new characters from birth to the point they begin adventuring.

Characters and monsters
The Character Burner contains rules and biographic elements for generating Humans, Dwarves, Elves, and Orcs as characters, providing each with unique exceptions or additions to the overall game mechanics. Humans have access to Sorcery and miraculous Faith, Elves have a Grief statistic and spell-songs, Dwarves have Greed, and Orcs have blasphemous Hatred.

The Monster Burner supplement includes pre-made monsters as well as mechanics and backstories for designing and building custom monsters, allowing the game to cover a much broader range of adventure and setting. This volume also contains four new and complete races for Burning Wheel: Great Wolves, Roden (anthropomorphic rats), Great Spiders, and Trolls.

Setting

The core game does not include a dedicated setting, but there are three setting supplements. In the core game, the rules, mechanics and backstory elements used in character generation imply a fantasy world by default, but can be easily modified, and the game includes mechanics for players to generate their own setting content during play, in the form of Wises and Circles tests.

The game has had three dedicated settings:

January 2004: Under a Serpent Sun

August 2005: Burning Sands: Jihad, a science fiction expansion of galaxy-spanning religious war. A blog associated with the creators of Burning Wheel describes this expansion as based on the Dune series.

August 2007: The Blossoms are Falling, based in Heian-era Japan.  "You play fearsome bushi trapped between honor and shame, wise Shinto priests who seek to placate the spirits who protect Nihon, powerful Buddhist monks who pray for the souls of the dead while plying strong influence at court, and powerful courtiers battling for control of the failing state."

Game mechanics and philosophy
Players generate a detailed background history for their characters, along with core motivations and ethics (Instincts and Beliefs) that connect them to the storyline and to the other player characters (PCs). Story develops organically rather than being pre-scripted, as a number of the game mechanics exist to prevent the gamemaster (GM) from dominating the game's direction and to help promote co-operation and trust between the players. (This is distinct from co-operation among the characters, who may argue or fight within the context of the rules.) Examples of such mechanics include pre-negotiated roll or scene outcomes, the 'Let it Ride' rule, and the absence of hidden information.

The GM is encouraged to create problems and challenges that specifically probe and test the Beliefs and Instincts of the PCs, and as a consequence characters frequently undergo significant change in their goals and attitudes over time.

The game also includes a variety of complex, but technically optional, sub-systems for dealing with combat, chases, negotiation and spell casting.

Publication history
The core game includes two volumes: The Burning Wheel, containing rules and mechanics, and the Character Burner, with additional rules and biographic elements for generating characters. The original rules (now referred to as Burning Wheel Classic) were published 1 November 2002. A second edition, incorporating significant rules and text changes and generally referred to as Burning Wheel Revised, was published 5 May 2005. A single-volume 600-page hardcover third edition, Burning Wheel Gold, combined the contents of Burning Wheel Revised and Character Burner and was published 11 August 2011. In every case, the actual name of the game, as displayed on the cover art, is simply The Burning Wheel. The three editions share many underlying concepts, but their rules are not entirely compatible.

The Magic Burner supplement was released in August 2008. It expands the limited rules found in the main rule book by describing a variety of potential metaphysical sources of magic, with associated rules on how those affect what spells can do and how they are cast. The book also contains additional traits and skills useful for magic-wielding characters and a system for creating custom spells.

The Adventure Burner supplement was released in July 2010. It includes three ready-to-play scenarios, a host of pregenerated character templates for all officially supported races, and an extensive Commentary section that provides advice about how best to play the game and use the system for fun and challenge.

Following a successful Kickstarter campaign in 2016, a second book pertaining to the "Burning Wheel Gold" edition line was edited, the "Burning Wheel Codex". The "Burning Wheel Codex" updates the material from the Adventure, Monster and Magic Burner books for the previous Revised edition to the Gold rules, and also adds some new, original material and artwork.

Related games
Luke Crane also wrote Burning Empires, a science fiction RPG based on the Iron Empires graphic novels by Christopher Moeller. Burning Empires shares many mechanics with Burning Wheel, and was released at Gen Con 2006.

Crane also wrote Mouse Guard, which uses a simplified version of the Burning Wheel system and is set in the world of the Mouse Guard comics.  It won Best Role-Playing Game at the 2009 Origins Awards. Another game in this line is Torchbearer.

Reviews
Pyramid - Revised

References

External links
 Official Site

Indie role-playing games
Indie RPG Awards winners
Fantasy role-playing games
Role-playing games introduced in 2002

The Burning Wheel


Paget High School is a mixed secondary school and sixth form located in Branston in the English county of Staffordshire.

It is a community school administered by Staffordshire County Council. Paget High School offers GCSEs, BTECs and Cambridge Technicals as programmes of study for pupils, while students in the sixth form have the option to study from a range of A-levels and further BTECs.

The school also operates a school farm on its grounds, and since 2008 has established a community orchard that provides fruit to the surrounding community. The farm has: rabbits, guinea pigs, chickens, turkeys, ferrets, sheep and goats.

References

External links

Secondary schools in Staffordshire
Community schools in Staffordshire

Paget High School


Orleans is an American pop rock band best known for its hits "Dance with Me" (No. 6 in 1975); "Still the One" (No. 5 in 1976), from the album Waking and Dreaming; and "Love Takes Time" (No. 11 in 1979). The group's name evolved from the music it was playing when it formed; their music is inspired by Louisiana artists including Allen Toussaint and the Neville Brothers. Orleans was formed in Woodstock, New York in January 1972 by vocalist, guitarist, and songwriter John Hall; vocalist, guitarist, keyboardist, bassist, and songwriter Larry Hoppen; and drummer, keyboardist, and songwriter Wells Kelly. In October of that year, the group expanded to include Larry's younger brother, Lance, on bass. Drummer Jerry Marotta joined in 1976, completing the quintet. Hall was later elected to the United States House of Representatives.

History

Early days
Drummer Wells Kelly, who is the son of Cornell University's dean of Architecture, Burnham Kelly, first met John Hall, an in-demand session player and member of the group Kangaroo, in the late 1960s when he played with him in a group called Thunderfrog and later played on John's first solo album, Action, released in 1970.

In 1969, Wells joined the first incarnation of King Harvest who would have a hit four years later, in 1973, with the song "Dancing in the Moonlight"; a song written by Wells' brother, Sherman Kelly, and first recorded by Boffalongo, an Ithaca-based group Wells joined in 1970 after leaving King Harvest.

Hall and his wife, Johanna, had just gained some fame when their song "Half Moon" appeared on Janis Joplin's posthumous album Pearl. Hall, who had recorded and toured with Taj Mahal and Seals and Crofts, decided to relocate from New York City to Woodstock, New York, at the request of producer/pianist John Simon, to be close to Bearsville Studios and the musical scene there.

Larry Hoppen, who grew up in Bay Shore, Long Island, relocated to Ithaca, New York to attend college in the late 60s. He was a founding member of Boffalongo and had two albums released by United Artists. Sherman Kelly and "Dancin' in the Moonlight" appeared on the 2nd album. Wells Kelly had joined the band after that.

Forming the band
After a swing through Europe playing guitar behind Karen Dalton on a Santana tour, Hall decided to start his own band in Woodstock. After months of playing the Café Expresso with different rhythm sections, Hall called his old friend Wells Kelly in Ithaca in December 1971 and asked him to join his group. Multi-instrumentalist Kelly accepted the offer on the condition that he play piano.  For a brief time, the group consisted of Hall on guitar, Roy Markowitz on drums, Bill Gelber on bass and Kelly on electric piano. When Markowitz and Gelber left the band, Wells told John about his former bandmate from the Ithaca-based Boffalongo. Hall encouraged Kelly to call Larry Hoppen, who accepted the invitation to join the new group, christened "Orleans" by Wells in late January 1972. For months they would play as a trio, often switching instruments throughout the show.

Larry's 18-year-old brother, Lance Hoppen, was brought into Orleans around Halloween 1972 to play bass, freeing up Larry to play more guitar and keyboards.

Orleans found its core audience touring the clubs and college circuit of the Northeastern United States, crossing paths with other up-and-comers such as Bonnie Raitt, Tom Waits and Hall & Oates. Rolling Stone magazine called Orleans "the best unrecorded band in America". Showcase performances in New York led to a recording contract with ABC Dunhill Records and the release of the self-titled debut album in the fall of 1973, which had been recorded in Muscle Shoals, Alabama with producers Roger Hawkins and Barry Beckett at the helm.

Reviewing Orleans in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Robert Christgau said, "In case you're interested, this band is mucho hot among Eastern rock cognoscenti (read, know-it-alls). Very pleasant, too, although John Hall doesn't sing as tasty as he plays. The only impressive song is 'Half Moon.' Anything Janis Joplin used to sing is impressive, so that may not mean much."

The group's second record, Orleans II, recorded at Bearsville Studios, was originally released in Europe in 1974 but ABC declined to release it in the US since management felt there were "no hit singles" on the album (despite the fact that it contained the first-version recordings of both "Let There Be Music" and "Dance With Me") and dropped the group from the label. After the band's later successes, Orleans II was finally put out in America in 1978, combined with the first album, as a double LP called Before the Dance. It was also released as a CD in Japan in the 1990s under its originally slated title Dance With Me.

Success
However, it was not until Orleans was heard at Max's Kansas City, signed and produced, by Chuck Plotkin, then head of A&R for Asylum Records, that the band scored its first Billboard Hot 100 charting single "Let There Be Music" (No. 55), taken from their third album, Let There Be Music, released in March 1975.

The follow-up single, "Dance With Me" (reshaped and re-recorded from Orleans II with Plotkin at the helm), went to No. 6 on the pop charts and the band became part of mainstream of American pop music. Atypical of the high-energy, earthy, R&B and Rock n' Roll mix of styles they had been previously identified with, "Dance With Me" cast the band in a more "soft-rock" light and landed them a tour with Melissa Manchester.

While recording their next album, Waking and Dreaming, in early 1976, the group was joined by second drummer Jerry Marotta, freeing Wells Kelly to sing more and play keyboards.

"Still the One" (released in July 1976), from Waking and Dreaming, cemented Orleans' relationship with the American public.  While the single peaked eventually at No. 5, the band was on a major cross-country ten-week tour with label-mate Jackson Browne, ending in November 1976.

In January 1977, the single was chosen as the theme song for the ABC television network (the parent of ABC Records) and has since been used for an endless number of commercials and movie soundtracks.

John Hall departs
The follow-up, "Reach", with John Hall on lead, peaked at No. 51 in March 1977. Around then, however, internal stresses and disagreements over material and musical direction prompted guitarist/songwriter Hall to announce his intention to leave the band in search of a solo career, which he did in June 1977 after touring commitments were satisfied. Marotta departed not long afterwards to join Hall and Oates and eventually moved on to Peter Gabriel's band.

After several months of mulling things over and working with other musicians (Lance and Larry joined Marotta in the backing band for Garland Jeffreys while Kelly worked with the Beach Boys), the Hoppen brothers and Kelly decided to continue being part of the band in late 1977, bringing in new members Robert Martin (vocals, keyboards, sax, horns) and Connecticut musician Bob Leinbach (vocals, keyboards, trombone), who had played with Larry Hoppen and the Kellys in Boffalongo during the Ithaca years and had completed a stint with the group the Fabulous Rhinestones. The new lineup signed a contract with the Infinity Records label and their debut there, Forever (April 1979), produced the No. 11 hit "Love Takes Time". Collectively, the three Hot 100 top 20 Orleans hits have been aired over 10 million times.

In 1979, Orleans continued to tour with artists such as Stephen Stills and Chicago.

1980s
In 1980, Infinity went bankrupt after an album with performances by Pope John Paul II (who was on a tour of the U.S. in the fall of 1979) failed to sell. Infinity was absorbed into MCA Records, who failed to promote their follow-up album, simply titled Orleans. This last, recorded in Woodstock, featured only the Hoppens and Wells Kelly as Orleans proper, since the others had left earlier in the year. Nonetheless, the album featured guest appearances from all past members, including John Hall, who was in the process of forming the John Hall Band with Leinbach as a member. Orleans was produced by Englishman Robin Lumley, mixed at Trident Studios in London and featured Lumley's friend, Phil Collins, contributing backing vocals to one track.

Just after recording that 1980 release, the group added Dennis "Fly" Amero (guitars, vocals) to replace Leinbach. The live lineup still featured Robert (R.A.) Martin and the band completed a tour of amusement parks that summer, only to learn that their accountant had misappropriated funds, leaving them in debt. Martin left, "Fly" stayed, Larry and Lance recruited their younger brother, Lane Hoppen, to play keyboards and drummer Charlie Shew (at that time going under the pseudonym Eric Charles) to play alongside Wells Kelly. Charlie then replaced Wells when he left by early 1981 to relocate to NYC.

Orleans then signed with the fledgling Radio Records and recorded their next album, One of a Kind, in Fort Lauderdale, Florida in the summer of 1982. The album (released in September 1982) included brand new band member Michael Mugrage, replacing "Fly" Amero on guitar at the request of the album's producers, Don Silver and Ben Wisch. Jerry Marotta briefly rejoined the band to play on the album but was soon replaced by drummer Nicholas Parker after its release. But Radio Records, likewise, went bankrupt just as One of a Kind was hitting the record store shelves.

Back to the clubs
Now without a record label, Orleans struggled in the early 1980s, playing mostly small clubs in the Northeast. At this same time, Larry and Lance formed a side group, Mood Ring, with Bob Leinbach, Nicholas Parker, singer/songwriter Robbie Dupree (of "Steal Away" fame) and various other Woodstockers who drifted in and out to play for fun, mostly at parties and clubs. Mood Ring played some club dates in 1984 billed as Robbie Dupree and Orleans (In the late 2000s, Mood Ring reconvened to do occasional concert dates).

After a couple of draining years touring the Northeast club circuit, during a tough two-week stint in Bermuda in September 1984, Larry lost his voice just one day into the gig due to a combination of air-conditioning and high humidity. After this, he returned to his home in Woodstock and decided to take some time off to allow his voice to heal. At that low point, both Larry and Lance felt that was the likely end of Orleans.

Death of Wells Kelly
In the meantime, Kelly went on to join Steve Forbert's Flying Squirrels in 1981 and did a few shows in the Central New York area with Mick Ronson. He also played with Clarence Clemons and the Red Bank Rockers before joining Meat Loaf's Neverland Express in 1983. On October 29, 1984, Wells died while on tour in England with Meat Loaf. After a night of partying, his body was found on the front stairs of a London flat at which he was staying. According to pathologist Dr. Ian West, a post mortem examination revealed "high levels of morphine and cocaine" in Kelly's body. "Death came from the drummer inhaling his own vomit 'induced by snorting a mixture of heroin and cocaine'."

Wells Kelly's untimely death was the catalyst for a reunion of Hall and the Hoppen brothers. John Hall and Bob Leinbach joined Larry in Ithaca, New York to play at a memorial for Wells (Lance was unable to make the wake due to another commitment). Having not played together for seven years, Larry and John rediscovered the magic of the combination.

Relocating to Nashville
Then in 1985, through the Halls' connections in Nashville, the reunited lineup of John Hall, Larry Hoppen, Lance Hoppen, and Bob Leinbach cut the album Grown Up Children (June 1986), with guest appearances from heavyweights like Chet Atkins, Ricky Skaggs, Steve Wariner and Bela Fleck, under the direction of Nashville producer/MCA label chief Tony Brown. Although this album had some playing by John and Larry, most of the instrumental tracks were played by session players, including guitarist Richard Bennett, drummer Larrie London and bassist David Hungate, with the Orleans members providing mostly vocals.

During their Nashville period, the band added bassist Glen Worf and drummer Paul Cook (who was eventually replaced by Tommy Wells) for concert dates, as Lance switched to acoustic guitar.

Return to the Northeast
By late 1987, John and Larry began to realize that, while Nashville was a great place for them as songwriters, it was not so accommodating to Orleans' career as a band. For the next 2 plus years, Orleans was in a fairly dormant state, again basing their activities back in Woodstock, New York. In early 1989, Lance was offered an opportunity to move to Nashville to work with old friends Kathie Baillie and Michael Bonagura as part of the then-hit RCA act, Baillie & the Boys. For a while, he was no longer available for all Orleans' gigs, so bassist Jim Curtin became Lance's sub, as needed, between 1989 and 1994. Meanwhile New York native Peter O'Brien had been brought in on drums.

Orleans slowly re-established their presence in the Northeast over the next couple of years. In 1990 Robbie Dupree approached them to make a live album for their growing fan base in Japan. Two shows at Woodstock's Bearsville Theater were recorded on October 6 and 7, 1990, as John, Larry and Lance were joined by Bob Leinbach, Paul Branin (sax, guitar) and special guests: Rob Leon, John Sebastian, Jonell Mosser and Lane Hoppen.

The double Orleans Live CD set, culled from the two Bearsville Theater shows, came out in Japan in February 1991, followed in April by their first trip to perform in Japan (with a lineup of John, Larry, Lance, Leinbach, O'Brien and Paul Branin). In 1993  American release of Orleans Live: Volume 1, a single disc CD version was released; it was the first release on the band's own Major Records label. Live Volume 2, featuring the rest of the show, was soon to follow.

Still without a "traditional" label in the US, Orleans recorded a new album, Analog Men, for the Japanese label Pioneer. It came out there in 1994 and was followed by a return to Japan for more shows.

Later that year, Orleans played at Woodstock 94, which was practically in their backyard, in Saugerties, New York. Bob Leinbach once again rejoined the group for this show and continued to make occasional guest appearances with them throughout the 1990s.

The following year found them touring as an acoustic trio (John, Larry and Lance). While most of the venues were small listening clubs, the real highlight of 1995 was being the opening act on the Can't Stop Rockin tour with Fleetwood Mac, REO Speedwagon and Pat Benatar.

Yet another new album, Ride, was recorded at John's Saugerties studio and released through an independent label, Dinosaur Entertainment, out of New Orleans. Ride emerged in the summer of 1996 and included just a couple of reworkings of the best and still unheard-in-the-US tunes from Analog Men. The single "I Am on Your Side" even began to make its way up the charts, but the label proved inexperienced and it folded shortly afterward, killing the song's chances for more radio play.

Break up and resumption

Orleans continued on but, in late 1997, decided to take another break. John was spending more and more time writing in Nashville. Lance was touring with various Nashville-based artists and Larry, who'd remarried and started a family, relocated to Florida in 2000 and formed his own Larry Hoppen Band. Since 1997, Larry had also been involved with Voices of Classic Rock, who in 2003 became known as RPM (Rock & Pop Masters) This was a "supergroup" of lead singers of popular 1970s and '80s groups (Toto, Survivor, Santana, Rainbow, etc.), backed by a single world-class touring band.

In the summer of 2001, nearly four years after their last gig, Orleans (John Hall, Larry, Lance, Peter O'Brien and Bob Leinbach) reunited on Labor Day weekend to play the Opus 40 Amphitheatre in Saugerties. The band decided to remain together and continue performing. For some shows the band included Peter and Bob. For others, Charlie Morgan (ex-Elton John) became the drummer and Lane Hoppen rejoined the band on keyboards. By 2005, Charlie and Lane had become permanent in their positions.

The band then picked up Jake Hooker, from Malibu, California, as their new manager.

Orleans continued to play live and record. A studio album, Dancin' in the Moonlight, was recorded in May and June 2004 at Charlie Morgan's Thynne Man Studios and first released in October 2005 on the CD Baby label. After that the band's lineup was Larry, Lance and Lane Hoppen, Charlie Morgan and the returning Dennis "Fly" Amero (who replaced John Hall as he began his campaign for Congress in 2006) on guitar.

In 2007 Orleans released a live DVD/CD, We're Still Havin' Fun, recorded in August 2006 in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, which included both John Hall and "Fly" Amero, as well as the three Hoppen Brothers and drummer Charlie Morgan. Also appearing at this show were special guests: percussionist Manuel Quintana and Charles DeChant (from Hall & Oates) on sax.

Hall elected to Congress
During his 2006 bid for a US Congressional seat, Hall appeared with the group on only a few occasions. On November 7, 2006, Hall was elected as a Democrat to the United States House of Representatives from the state of New York. He was reelected in 2008. During the 2010 midterm elections, a political ad parody supporting John Hall's opponent, Nan Hayworth, promoted the fictitious organization "Young Voters for an Orleans Reunion Tour" as a means of voting Hall from Congress. Hayworth defeated Hall in the election. He had served four years (two terms) representing District 19 in the Hudson Valley, between New York City and Albany, New York.

Orleans continued to write, record, and perform. In 2010 they had repeat performances in both Washington, DC (in support of DCCC), and in Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands (fundraising for the Nana Baby Home, the orphanage there).

Death of Larry Hoppen
On July 24, 2012, founding band member Larry Hoppen took his own life. Shows planned for the rest of the year were suddenly in jeopardy. But Lance quickly announced that, although the band was in deep mourning for Larry, they had decided to finish the year's remaining dates (about 8) as best they could. It was at this point that John Hall returned to the live lineup and other alumni joined them on various shows.  The first of those was 30 days later, in Deadwood, South Dakota, on August 24, 2012. The group would then play a free show at SteelStacks on September 2 in memoriam and continued on from there. On September 16, 2012, a memorial gathering of friends and family was held at the Bearsville Theater in Woodstock. Bob Leinbach, among the performers, sang "Forever", a song he had written with Larry about undying friendship.

Orleans continues on
Orleans carried on to November 11, 2012, with a lineup consisting of John Hall, Dennis "Fly" Amero, Charlie Morgan, and Lance and Lane Hoppen, ending the year with a memorial show at Mercy Lounge in Nashville, joined by many artist supporters including Jimi Jamison, John Ford Coley, Henry Paul, Jonell Mosser, Kathie Baillie & Michael Bonagura, Pete Huttlinger, and Bill Lloyd. Again, it seemed to Lance that this would be the natural ending of Orleans' 40-year run.  But that was not to be.

In the summer of 2013, supported by new manager Len Fico, the band appeared as part of the "Sail Rock Tour", not only playing a set of their own hits, but providing back up for headliner Christopher Cross and contemporaries Firefall, Gary Wright, John Ford Coley, Robbie Dupree, Player and Al Stewart. The Last Band Standing DVD was released in 2013 as well as the double-disc compilation CD, No More Than You Can Handle: A 40 Year Musical Journey, featuring several previously unreleased recordings Among them is the title cut, which was the last in which Larry participated as co-writer, singer and player.

In the years, Orleans continued to tour the US. Charlie Morgan departed in April 2018 and was replaced by drummer Brady Spencer.

In July 2019 John Hall announced his retirement from performing.  Daniel "Chip" Martin, a Nashville musician friend of Lance and Brady, then joined Orleans on guitar and vocals. But John's "retirement" turned out to be a temporary sabbatical.  In March 2020 John was just about to return to touring when everything came to a halt due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

During the summer of 2021, Orleans resumed in person appearances and in August of that year, vocalist/guitarist Tom Lane came to fill in for an ill "Fly" Amero, then ended up taking his place permanently.

Most recently the band has released an "in isolation" video performance of "No More Than You Can Handle" in memory of Larry Hoppen and as an aid for those who are struggling with the challenges of these most difficult of times.

Beginning in March 2022, the band toured as a quartet of Lance, Lane, Brady Spencer and Tom Lane after John Hall retired from the road once again. But shortly afterwards, they were again a quintet when "Fly" Amero rejoined them. Currently Lance is the only original member still active in the band.

Members
 Current

Bold denotes members of the "classic lineup".

Lance Hoppen - bass, backing and lead vocals (1972–1989, 1994–1997, 2001–present)
Lane Hoppen - keyboards, backing vocals (1980–1984, 2003–present)
Dennis "Fly" Amero - vocals, guitar (1980–1982, 2006–2021, 2022–present)
Brady Spencer - drums, backing vocals (2018–present)
Tom Lane - vocals, guitar (2021–present)

 Former
John Hall - guitar, lead and backing vocals (1972–1977, 1985–1997, 2001–2006, 2012–2019, 2020–2022)
Larry Hoppen - keyboards, guitar, lead and backing vocals (1972–1997, 2001–2012; his death)
Wells Kelly - drums, keyboards, backing and lead vocals (1972–1981, died 1984)
Jerry Marotta - drums (1976–1977)
Bob Leinbach - keyboards, lead and backing vocals (1977–1980, 1985–1987, 1990–1994, 2001–2003)
Robert Martin - keyboards, backing vocals (1977–1980)
Charlie Shew - drums, backing vocals (1981–1982)
Nicholas Parker - drums (1982–1984)
Michael Mugrage - guitar, lead and backing vocals (1982–1984)
Paul Cook - drums (1985–1986)
Tommy Wells - drums (1986–1987)
Peter O'Brien - drums (1988–1997, 2001–2003)
Charlie Morgan - drums (2003–2018)
Jim Curtin - bass, backing vocals (1989–1994)
Paul Branin – saxophone, guitar (1990–1994)
Chip Martin - guitar, lead and backing vocals (2019–2020)

Band member timeline

Discography

Studio albums

Live albums
 Live (1991)
 Live Volume 2 (1993)
 Still the One, Live (2002)
 We're Still Havin' Fun (2007)

Compilations
 The ABC Collection (1976)
 Before the Dance (1978)
 Love Takes Time (1986)
 Dance with Me  – The Best of Orleans (1997)
 No More Than You Can Handle: A 40 Year Musical Journey (2013)
 Playlist: The Very Best of Orleans (2017)
 No More Than You Can Handle: A 46-Year Journey (2018)
 Love Takes Time: 10 Authorized Hits by Orleans (2019)
 Work at Home with Orleans (2020)

Charting singles

References

External links

Rock music groups from New York (state)
American pop rock music groups
American soft rock music groups
Musical groups established in 1972
ABC Records artists
Asylum Records artists
MCA Records artists

Orleans (band)


The World Association for Christian Communication (WACC) is an international NGO registered as a charity in Canada and the United Kingdom.

WACC has members in 120 countries. Members are organised into eight Regional Associations (Africa, Asia, Caribbean, Europe, Latin America, Middle East, North America and Pacific).

History

The origins of WACC date back to 1950 when Christian communicators from Europe and North America began seeking guidelines for the future of religious broadcasting. Several organisations, including the World Council of Churches, shared the same concerns and they eventually joined forces to establish the 'old' WACC in 1968. Rapid developments in mass media worldwide and a concern to integrate the work of the Agency for Christian Literature Development of the World Council of Churches led to a merger in 1975 that created the present WACC. In 1986 WACC adopted its Christian Principles of Communication as a statement of core values based on  Liberation Theology's option for the poor.

WACC's Theory of  Change articulates how a focus on communication—as a right, as a practice, as a skill and as a profession—is fundamental to achieving dignity, inclusion, and informed and active participation, essential to sustainable development and just and peaceful communities.

Activities

WACC's wide-ranging activities include support for communication projects mainly, but not exclusively, in the global south; the promotion of analysis, reflection and action on important topics related to its areas of concern; support for networking within and beyond its membership; and publication and sharing of information. WACC's project support has traditionally been largely of a responsive nature. WACC's largest single activity is The Global Media Monitoring Project (GMMP) a worldwide longitudinal study (1995, 2000, 2005) on the representation of women in the world's media. The fifth research in the series was conducted in 2015 by hundreds of volunteers in 114 countries around the world. The next GMMP is scheduled for 2020.

WACC, which celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2018, WACC has been instrumental in developing the concept of Communication Rights and their relationship to participatory development communication.

External links
 WACC Global home page
 Who Makes the News - The home of the Global Media Monitoring Project (GMMP)
 Centre for Communication Rights
 WACC Talks - Short video clips on key themes related to communication rights

International Christian organizations
Charities based in Canada


Chipiona is a town and municipality located on the Atlantic coast in the province of Cádiz, Spain. According to the 2012 census, the city has a population of 18,849 inhabitants, but this amount increases greatly during the summer holiday period. The town covers an area of 33 km². Being in the lower valley of the River Guadalquivir it is very flat with a maximum terrestrial height of 4 metres. It is bordered on the north-west by Sanlúcar de Barrameda and on the south-east by the port of Rota.

It is the town of birth of singer Rocío Jurado and where her body now rests.

Chipiona is also home to the lighthouse Punta del Perro. The town is also well known for several varieties of Moscatel.

Places of interest

The Chipiona lighthouse is the most emblematic monument of the town. It is the largest lighthouse in Spain, the 3rd in Europe and the 5th in the world. Its height from the base is about 69 meters, dates from 1867 and is located in the Punta del Perro. It was built to prevent ships having problems accessing the river Guadalquivir and colliding with the Salmedina Rocks.
The Marina: early 90s took out the construction of the Marina, located near the mouth of the Guadalquivir, in 2008 is subjected to a process of enlargement.
The Shrine of Our Lady of Regla: The current building of the shrine dates from the early twentieth century, built by the Franciscan missionary community, with the help of the Duke of Montpensier. It was originally an ancient castle fortress of a fourteenth century family, Ponce de Leon, who donated it to the hermits of St. Augustine in 1399 to convert it into a church.
Chipiona Castle: houses the "Cadiz and the New World" museum.
Muscat Museum: Opened in 2012. Located in the Cooperative Agricultural Catholic.

History

Antiquity
According to the geographers Strabo (Strabo, III, 1, 9) and Pomponius Mela (Mela, III, 4), of Ancient Greece and Rome respectively, a lighthouse existed at the mouth of the Guadalquivir River called Turris Caepionis.  This was probably because it was built on the orders of the Roman Consul Quintus Servilius Caepion or his successors. The lighthouse marked a dangerous place for shipping and the opening of a navigable river, the Guadalquivir. Chipiona takes its name from the Roman Consul Caepion.

This area has also been identified as the site of the legendary Ars Gerionis, the tomb of Geryon, which stood at the end of a narrow cape that jutted into the sea, probably in what is now a reef known as the Stone of Salmedina, near Salmedina, or just Salmedina. These claims are based solely on the evidence of the literature and Roman archaeological findings dating from the second century B.C.

Middle Ages

Legend relates that the disciples of St. Augustine in Africa, fleeing the invasion of the Vandals, came by sea to Chipiona with the image of the Virgin of Regla. Tombstones have been found near the Shrine of Our Lady of Regla from the time of the Visigoths.  After the islamization of the Iberian Peninsula in 711, according to tradition, the hermits hid the image in a cistern about thirty paces from the citadel, now a monastery. The picture remained hidden until a member of the Order of St. Augustine found it in the 14th century, according to legend, following a revelation from heaven. A Shrine to Our Lady of Regla was built around the cistern.

In 1251 Chipiona was conquered by King Ferdinand III, and again more definitively in 1264 by his son Alfonso X the Wise. In 1297, King Ferdinand IV granted Guzman el Bueno, founder of the House of Medina Sidonia, the Lordship of Sanlúcar, to which Chipiona belonged.

In 1303 the eldest daughter of Guzman el Bueno and Maria Alonso Coronel, Isabel Perez de Guzman, Fernan married Ponce de León, receiving as a dowry the towns of Rota and Chipiona, thereby becoming independent both of the Lordship of Sanlúcar and joining the possessions of the Ponce de León family, descendent of the Arcos House.

Modern Age

In 1755, Chipiona was severely hit by the tsunami that was caused by the Andalusian and Portuguese Atlantic coast Lisbon earthquake. The effects of the tsunami came to town about an hour after the earthquake, killing four people and leaving flooded streets and beaches, estimating the actual damage to 238 815.

The image of Christ of Mercy was pulled in procession to request the withdrawal of the waters, a procession that is repeated every year in November, from the chapel that bears the name of Christ to the so-called Cross of the Sea (Cruz del Mar).

Earthquake Narration by the Community of the Holy Convent of Nuestra Señora Santa María de Regla, on December 6, 1755

 On the aforementioned November 1 there wasn't any news from sunrise until 10 o'clock in the morning it was a serene and peaceful day, still and calm sea, a slight north wind. But, being as 10am, being this Community as a high choir solemnly singing the Terce, it began to feel that the choir, and the church with strange swaying motion and this, as visibly noticeable, that lectern, church lamps, candlesticks from the altar, and all the temple shook and moved like a crib, from one side to the other, as viewed from the North to the South.

 We were warned that this was a terrible earthquake, and although it caused a corresponding fright in everybody, and we had the suspicion that the whole building, which [is] of stone, would collapse over us all, we lacked the freedom to leave the choir, all linked by the same superior impulse, and full of sure confidence in Patronage of Our Holy Image, which was clear to the eye on her majestic throne. At that point we bowed our knees, and straining our devotion, we continued with the canonical time more consistently.

 The tremor would last for ten to twelve minutes, knowing the land had returned to be quiet, and natural stillness, the Community started to take their seats, each recognising the Divine Mercy, and the patronage of Holy Mary of Rule, Our Lady, we escaped the threatening havoc with such happiness that there is not the least harm experienced in all areas of the convent.

 Cantóse conventual Mass without the least suspicion, and concluded, was sung the sixth hour on the end of it, it would be like the 11 and fourth, there was a terrible roar of the sea, and found to be elevated both waves, violently throwing water on said bastion, and on the cliffs of the convent, were overwhelmed by a gunner, who was in it (which did not suffer any damage, having invoked the patronage of Our Holy Image), and fell upon the walls of the convent, and running for their flooded trenches surrounded the Church and its 2 sides to enter through the front door of the Farm, looking to the East.

 Surprised by this unanticipated boost the ocean, some religious who were outside, and within the choir, acceleration fled to the fields, keeping others in the same choir.

Demographics

Source: INE (Spain)

Festivities and traditions

Carnival: Carnival is a celebration with a long tradition in the municipality, the oldest documented reference to it being an 1896 City Council Edict, which regulates the proceedings and confirms that the celebration clearly dates from an earlier era. During the Franco period carnival celebrations were banned in Spain. In 1984 the institution was restored and since then the festival is held annually in the months of February and March. The festival closes with a horse parade, which is followed throughout the region
Easter: Chipiona has two penitential brotherhoods:
the Sisterhood and Nazarene Brotherhood of Our Father Jesus Captive, dating from 1960. The Virgin of Sorrows is an eighteenth-century anonymous work. The Brotherhood performs penitence on the day of Holy Thursday.
the Brotherhood Holy Christ of Mercy, which performs penitence on Good Friday. The image of Christ of Mercy has enjoyed great popular support since the Great Lisbon Earthquake of November 1755, during which the image of Christ was paraded in supplication. This event is commemorated on 1 November each year, when the image of the Holy Christ of Mercy is paraded in a procession of thanksgiving. In 2006 the Brotherhood also paraded the image of Our Lady of Piety, to whom penitence is performed on Wednesday of Holy Week.
Pinar Pilgrimage: Pilgrimage is held on the first Sunday of June in the Pinar de la Villa, in which the Virgin of Regla del Pinar, after transferring three days previously to the Shrine of Our Lady of Regla, returns to its pinewood accompanied by horsemen, carts and the general public.
Our Lady of Mount Carmel: The patron saint of sailors is paraded on her feast day of 16 July, being taken out to sea at noon and paraded through the seas of the Villa. During the afternoon a procession through the main streets of the town ending with a fireworks display on the beach of the Sea Cross (Cruz del Mar).
Evening Rule: They are dedicated to Our Lady of Regla and celebrated at the Shrine of Our Lady of Regla. Culminating with the release of Our Lady of Regla on September 8 and ending with a fireworks display on the beach of Regla.
Halloween and Feast of All Saints: It is increasingly frequent in the evening of October 31 children go out dressed as monsters and spooks in the streets to ask for candy from door to door. On November 1, Feast of All Saints, a Thanksgiving procession of the Holy Christ of Mercy takes place to recognise the miracle performed in the Lisbon tsunami.
Christmas: The city is decorated with Christmas lights. The Association of Bethlehem "Caepionis" was formed and organises many activities, such as nativity  courses, making Christmas cards, a live nativity scene, a nativity scene contest or the Sermon of Christmas. Zambombás (drum bands) are traditionally organised by different neighbourhoods and village associations. On the afternoon of January 5 there is the procession of the Three Kings of the East, which since 2009 have performed a worship of the Child of God in the Plaza Pio XII.

See also
 Chipiona Light

References

External links

 Ayuntamiento de Chipiona
 Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía: Chipiona
 Patrimonio cultural de Chipiona en la base de datos del Patrimonio Inmueble de Andalucía. Instituto Andaluz del Patrimonio Histórico
 Guía de turismo de Chipiona
 Fotos de Chipiona

Costa de la Luz
Municipalities of the Province of Cádiz
Port cities and towns on the Spanish Atlantic coast

Chipiona


Brighouse railway station serves the town of Brighouse in West Yorkshire, England. The station lies on the Calder Valley line running west from Leeds. Opened in 1840, and closed in 1970, it reopened in 2000 and is served by Northern Trains and Grand Central services.

History

Brighouse railway station was first opened on 5 October 1840, as a main line station operated by the Manchester & Leeds Railway (M&L). The station was initially known as Brighouse for Bradford, as no stations had yet been built in Bradford itself. Similarly, Elland station served Halifax, and Huddersfield was served by the station at Cooper Bridge.

A lithograph was produced by Arthur Fitzwilliam Tait showing the station in 1845.

In 1847 Brighouse station came under the control of the Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway (L&Y), when the M&L was incorporated into that company. The station remained under L&Y operation until it was incorporated into the London, Midland & Scottish Railway in 1923. The station's importance had gradually declined because other lines connecting Manchester and Leeds were built via Halifax and Huddersfield, bypassing Brighouse.

Brighouse station passed into British Railways ownership upon nationalisation in 1948, and was operated as part of the North Eastern Region. The decline in passenger numbers continued, and the station closed on 5 January 1970. The line remained open throughout that time as a freight-only one, but it was also used as a diversionary route for passenger trains when other lines were closed.

Brighouse station reopened on 28 May 2000. It also serves the town of Elland some  away. Plans for a station in Elland to open at the same time as Brighouse were cancelled due to lack of funds.

On opening the station was served by one train per hour running to  via Halifax and Bradford, and one train per hour in the other direction to . Trains called every two hours on Sundays.

From 27 April 2008 a bus service MC4 provided a connection with most Leeds via Dewsbury trains to/from Elland. This was replaced in early 2010 by a revised service E8.

In December 2008, the service was supplemented by an hourly Leeds - Dewsbury - Hebden Bridge - Manchester Victoria -  stopping service (Monday - Saturday daytime only, no late evening or Sunday service). This provided a considerable service improvement providing both a twice-hourly frequency for journeys to/from Leeds and a reduction in journey time taking only 35 minutes to travel to Leeds via Dewsbury rather than 50 minutes via Halifax. Even without this important improvement in services, usage of the station has increased year on year since the reopening. Some services from Leeds terminate at Brighouse and start back from here.

In May 2010, Grand Central's Bradford Interchange to London service commenced.

In May 2018, the Sunday service from Leeds to Huddersfield via Brighouse was doubled in frequency to one per hour in each direction.

Services
As of May 2018 Brighouse is regularly served by two trains per hour to , one train per hour to  and one train per hour to  via  and .

The Leeds service includes a faster journey via  and a slower journey via  and Bradford Interchange.

On Sundays there is one train per hour to Leeds (via Halifax and Bradford) and one train per hour to Huddersfield, where passengers can change for services to Manchester and fast services to Leeds.

In addition to the regular service pattern, there are four direct return services per day to London King's Cross via  and Doncaster, including Sundays.

From the December 2019 timetable change, the Leeds via Halifax service now terminates at Bradford Interchange on weekdays and Saturdays (it still operates through on Sundays).

A limited amount of TransPennine Express Services call here instead of Huddersfield.

Station facilities

The station has two platforms.

 Platform 1: served by services towards Huddersfield and Leeds (via Dewsbury).
 Platform 2: served by services towards Manchester Victoria, and Leeds (via Halifax and Bradford Interchange).

Northern Rail and West Yorkshire Metro secured joint funding from the Department for Transport's Access for All – Small Schemes initiative to provide a new Customer Information System at the station.

New LCD style customer information screens with real-time information have been installed on both platforms linked into an improved public address system providing accurate, reliable audio/visual train running information to passengers.

In addition; Northern has announced plans to replace the station's HelpPoint intercom system with a more updated reliable model. This will enable passengers to speak to a member of staff in Northern's control centre for information or to summon assistance in emergency situations.

Station panorama

Filming location
The station features in the award-winning BBC comedy The Thick of It, series 4 episode 4 (from minute 21).

References

External links

Brighouse
Former Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway stations
Railway stations in Calderdale
DfT Category F1 stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1840
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1970
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 2000
Reopened railway stations in Great Britain
Railway stations served by Grand Central Railway
Northern franchise railway stations

Brighouse railway station


The McCormack reaction is a method for the synthesis of organophosphorus compounds. In this reaction, a 1,3-diene and a source of R2P+ are combined to give phospholenium cation. The reaction is named after W. B. McCormack, a research chemist at duPont.

An illustrative reaction involves phenyldichlorophosphine and isoprene:

The reaction proceeds via a pericyclic [2+4]-process. The resulting derivatives can be hydrolyzed to give the phosphine oxide.  Dehydrohalogenation gives the phosphole.

References

Cycloadditions
Cheletropic reactions
Name reactions

McCormack reaction


In mathematics, integers are whole numbers (natural numbers, their negatives and zero). Integers can also be shown on a number line like this:

In particular, zero or 0 is an integer that is neither positive nor negative. An integer is a whole number with no fractional or decimal part.

Integers have no smallest or largest value because for any given integer, there is always a larger and smaller integer. Any integer is either greater than or smaller than any other integer. Consecutive integers are integers that come after each other (as in ).

The sum, difference and product of integers is always an integer.(for example, (12 + 2345 × (67 - 8)) × 9 is an integer). An integer divided by an integer is sometimes not an integer (for example, 1 ÷ 2 = 0.5).

 or  is the name of the set of integers, and  is the set of positive integers. (, +, 0) is an abelian group.

The number of integers is infinite. The cardinal number of  is . The ordinal number of  is .

To sum up, an integer is a whole number that has no decimals.

In programming

In some programming languages, like C, there are types called "int" or "integer."

Notes

Number theory

Integer


Michel A. J. Georges (1959) is a Belgian biologist and a professor at the University of Liège.

Birth and education
Michel A. J. Georges was born in 1959 in Schoten, Belgium. He received his Doctor in Veterinary Medicine from the University of Liège in 1983, and his M.Sc. in Molecular Biology from the Université libre de Bruxelles in 1985.

Research
Michel A. J. Georges is known for his research in the field of animal genetics and genomics, and in the development of tools and strategies for increasing the efficiency of genome analysis for livestock improvement. He has applied his methods to the identification and mapping of genes affecting economically important single-gene (e.g. polled, double-muscling, callipyge, weaver, congenital muscular distonia), as well as complex multi-gene traits (e.g. milk and fattening yield and quality, fertility, disease resistance). He has also established working relationships with the major breeding organizations in many countries, helping them to apply the results of his discoveries on a large scale, using so-called marker assisted selection to accelerate the otherwise slow process of farm animal improvement. He is also a pioneer in opening up the field of epigenetics for animals, a hereditary form that does not conform to simple Mendelian rules. He is considered a giant within the animal genetics and genomics community, both for his genius and for generously sharing his ideas.

Awards and honors
Michel A. J. Georges was awarded the Wolf Prize in Agriculture in 2007 along with Ronald L. Phillips of the University of Liège "for groundbreaking discoveries in genetics and genomics, laying the foundations for improvements in crop and livestock breeding, and sparking important advances in plant and animal sciences". In 2008 he was awarded the Francqui Prize.

He is also a member of the Belgian Royal Academy of Medicine.

Notes

References
 The Wolf Prize in Agriculture in 2006/7
 2007 Wolf Prize in Agriculture Announced

1959 births
Living people
Belgian molecular biologists
People from Schoten
University of Liège alumni
Wolf Prize in Agriculture laureates
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences

Michel A. J. Georges


Elizabeth Arciniega (born Elizabeth Arciniega Haag) is a Mexican actress and director in living in Zürich.

Life
Born in Mexico City, Mexico, Arciniega studied dramatic literature and theatre at the National Autonomous University in Mexico (UNAM). Afterwards she studied further under Adriana Barraza and Ludwik Margules to perfect her acting skills.

Her first lead roles were on stage in classical plays such as Poesia en voz muda de Luis Mario Moncada where she was nominated as the best actress in the V. National Youth Theater Award, which was organised by the National Institute Bellas Artes (INBA), the Administration of the Government of Mexico City (DDF), SOCICULTUR and the centre of youth consultation and was handed over by José Solé. For the role of Laura Winfield in The Glass Menagerie she got the award for the best new actress from the Mexican Society for Theatre Critics (AMCT). Following this she played numerous roles in theatre, television mini-dramas and films. All in all she has contributed to more than 50 productions though most of her lead roles have been in theatre.

The television mini-dramas María Belén and Mujeres engañadas have been a highlight as they were exported all over the world after January 2001. Arciniega played the lawyer defending the child María Belén.

Another career highlight has been her role in 2008 in the James Bond film Quantum of Solace, where she played the girlfriend of Mr. White, Bond's opponent.

In 2004 she married a Swiss and moved to Zurich where she founded the theatre group LaVox Theater, in which she is director and actress. The aim of LaVox Theater is to bring an awareness and understanding of the Spanish spoken theatre and culture into the German-speaking areas. LaVox Theater had presentations in different Swiss cities and was honored by two Mexican ambassadors in Switzerland for the presentations of Rosa de dos Aromas, Biografía de Mujer and Sueño de Monja.

Filmography

References

External links

 Homepage Elizabeth Arciniega

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Mexican telenovela actresses
Mexican television actresses
Mexican film actresses
Mexican stage actresses
Actresses from Mexico City
20th-century Mexican actresses
21st-century Mexican actresses
National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni
Naturalised citizens of Switzerland
Mexican emigrants to Switzerland

Elizabeth Arciniega


Claude Aristide Damas Ozimo (born 20 July 1939) is a Gabonese politician, currently serving as the First Secretary of the Senate of Gabon. He was previously a Secretary of State in the government and Mayor of Libreville. Damas Ozimo is a member of the governing Gabonese Democratic Party (PDG).

Damas Ozimo is the son of Georges Damas Aleka, who was President of the National Assembly of Gabon from 1964 to 1975. He was Secretary of State at the Ministry of Public Works for a time during the 1980s. Later, he served as Mayor of Libreville until he was succeeded by opposition leader Paul M'ba Abessole after the 1996 municipal election.

In December 2008, the PDG designated Damas Ozimo as its candidate for the first seat from the 4th Arrondissement of Libreville in the 18 January 2009 Senate election. He was re-elected to the Senate and was subsequently re-elected to his post as First Secretary of the Senate on 16 February 2009.

References

1939 births
Living people
Members of the Senate of Gabon
Mayors of places in Gabon
Gabonese Democratic Party politicians
21st-century Gabonese people

Claude Damas Ozimo


Scott Ellsworth Forbush (April 10, 1904 – April 4, 1984) was an American astronomer, physicist and geophysicist who is recognized as having laid the observational foundations for many of the central features of solar-interplanetary-terrestrial physics, which at the time was an underdeveloped field of study. In 1937 Forbush discovered the Forbush Effect: an occasional decrease in the intensity of cosmic rays as observed on Earth that is caused by the solar wind and its interaction with the magnetosphere. Scott conducted most of his research during his career at the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism (DTM) of the Carnegie Institution of Washington where he was appointed chairman of a section on theoretical geophysics in 1957. Forbush used statistical methods in analyses of magnetic storms, solar activity, rotation of the Earth, and the rotation of the sun, and the correlation of this geophysical and solar phenomena with temporal variations of cosmic-ray intensity.

Scott was widowed once and married twice, the first time to Clara Lundell, a concert pianist who died in 1967, and for the second time in June 1970, 14 years before his death, to Julie Daves, a science writer and watercolor artist. Scott died in 1984 in Charlottesville, Virginia, having suffered from pneumonia. He was survived by his wife Julie and his sister Louise Boyd of Hudson, Ohio.

Early years
Born in 1904 near Hudson, Ohio on a farm, Scott spent his childhood walking back and forth to a small school 2 miles away, and working on his parents' farm. His mother was a teacher and encouraged his curiosity and interest in learning by enrolling him in the nearby Western Reserve Academy. Scott graduated in 1920 and a year later enrolled in the Case School of Applied Science in Cleveland. In 1925 he graduated with a physics major and went on to try graduate study in physics at Ohio State University briefly, before he decided that observational geophysics was much more appealing than pure physics and began seeking employment in that field. At a later point he resumed his formal graduate work with a fresh appreciation of its direct applicability to his area of interest. In 1925 Scott gained his first employment by the National Bureau of Standards in Washington, D.C.

Starting in September 1927, after having held his position with the National Bureau of Standards for roughly one year, he became employed by the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism (DTM) of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, which became a pivotal point for him in his professional career. As an observer at DTM's magnetic observatory, he worked in Huancayo, Peru, in the Andes 100 miles east of Lima, before joining the staff of the famous nonmagnetic sailing ship, Carnegie, two years later. Carnegie was a vessel built for DTM's worldwide survey of the geomagnetic field. After his ship suffered an explosion in November 1929, he returned to DTM and was reassigned to Huancayo, where he was able to publish a paper entitled Huancayo Magnetic Observatory June to September, 1930 in the Journal of Geophysical Research. In 1931 he was granted permission to finish his graduate studies in physics and mathematics at Johns Hopkins University. He became married in 1932 to Clara Lundell, concert pianist, and was widowed in 1967.

Research
Scott Forbush in larger part of his career was employed by the Carnegie Institution of Washington in the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism in Washington D.C. In 1957 he was named chairman of a section on theoretical geophysics at DTM, and around the same time became a chairman of the Panel on Cosmic Rays of the U.S. National Committee for a year. With these titles he helped to organize and coordinate both national and international efforts in the observation of cosmic ray intensity world-wide using neutron monitors developed by John A. Simpson. The bulk of his research was pertaining to geophysical and solar activity, as he contributed a reliable foundation for fundamental cosmic ray effects and also made discoveries of his own. Such effects include the 22-year cycle in the amplitude of the diurnal variation, the 11-year cyclic variation of intensity and its anticorrelation with the solar activity cycle by use of measuring sunspot numbers, worldwide impulsive decreases (which were termed Forbush decreases after himself) of intensity followed by gradual recovery, the sporadic emission of very energetic charged particles by solar flares, the absence of a detectable sidereal, diurnal variation of intensity, the diurnal variation of intensity, and the quasi-persistent 27-day variation of intensity. He became a master of the calibration and maintenance of these meters which measured charged secondaries, and the effects of temperature and barometric pressure in relation to Earth's external magnetic field and its interaction with the overlying atmosphere.

For 5 years, starting in 1940 Scott was forced to discontinue his research due to his contextual surroundings of World War II in progress. Instead for this period he headed a division on mathematical analysis for the Naval Ordnance Laboratory. His work there was important in that it contributed towards the development of degaussing techniques for ships and submarines. He helped to guide the development of airborne magnetometers for the detection of submerged submarines. After World War II ended and he returned to DTM he was pulled aside once again for a year due to the Korean War in 1951, where he directed a mathematical analysis division of an operations research office based at Johns Hopkins University.

From 1958 to 1984 Scott extended his earlier seminal work on correlations between cosmic-ray intensity, geomagnetic storms and solar activity, while traveling around to lecture at international meetings and expanding his personal research to become more inclusive for collaboration with other researchers.

Publications
Scott E. Forbush has published one book entitled Geomagnetism, Cosmic Radiation, and Statistical Procedures for Geophysicists (Oxford, 1940). He has a book of compilations of his papers published after his death entitled Cosmic Rays, the Sun and Geomagnetism: The Works of Scott E. Forbush by Scott E. Forbush (American Geophysical Union, June 1993). In his time he has published many articles in journals such as the Journal of Geophysical Research and The American Physical Society. His publications include but are not limited to:
 Three Unusual Cosmic-Ray Increases Possibly Due to Charged Particles from the Sun.
Forbush, Scott E.
Phys. Rev. 70, 771-772. The American Physical Society. (11/1946)
 World-Wide Cosmic-Ray Variations, 1937-1952
Forbush, Scott E.
Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 59, issue 4, pp. 525-542 (JGR Homepage). (12/1954)
 Cosmic-Ray Intensity Variations during Two Solar Cycles
Forbush, Scott E.
Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 63, issue 4, pp. 651-669 (JGR Homepage). (12/1958)

References

External links
National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir

American geophysicists
20th-century American astronomers
1904 births
1984 deaths
People from Hudson, Ohio
Western Reserve Academy alumni
Fellows of the American Physical Society
20th-century American physicists
Scientists from Ohio

Scott Forbush


Saleh Abd al-Jawad (, born 1952) is a Palestinian historian. Born in Al-Bireh, he received his PhD in political science from Paris X-Nanterre University in 1986 and works as Professor of History and Political Science at Birzeit University since 1981.

Publications

 Abd al-Jawad, S., 2001, The Israeli Assassination Policy in the Aqsa Intifada, JMCC.
 Abd al-Jawad, S., 2003, Le témoignage des Palestiniens entre l'historiographie israélienne et l'historiographie arabe : le cas de 1948 in COQUIO, C. L'histoire trouée. Négation et témoignage, Nantes : l'Atalante, pp. 627–639.
 Abd al-Jawad, S., 2005, Palestinians and the Historiography of the 1948 War, Muwatin.
 Abd al-Jawad, S., 2006 The Arab and Palestinian Narratives of the 1948 War in Rotberg, R.I., The Intertwined Narratives of Israel-Palestine: History's Double Helix, Indianapolis : Indiana University Press, pp. 72–113.
 Abd al-Jawad, S., 2007, Zionist Massacres: the Creation of the Palestinian Refugee Problem in the 1948 War, in Benvenisti, E., Gans, C. and Hanafi, S., Israel and the Palestinian Refugees, Berlin, Heidelberg, New-York : Springer, pp. 59–127.

References

Living people
20th-century Palestinian historians
Historians of the Middle East
1952 births
Academic staff of Birzeit University
21st-century Palestinian historians

Saleh Abd al-Jawad


David Elginbrod is an 1863 novel by George MacDonald. It is MacDonald's first realistic novel.

Plot introduction
A novel of Scottish country life, in the dialect of Aberdeen.

A story of humble life, centering in two saintly personalities, a dignified and pious Scottish peasant, and his daughter. A vein of mysticism runs through the story, and mesmerism and electro-biology are introduced.

Literary significance and criticism
A novel which is the work of a man of genius. It will attract the highest class of readers. —Times.
There are many beautiful passages and descriptions in this book. The characters are extremely well drawn. ——Athenæum.
A clever novel. The incidents are exciting, and the interest is maintained to the close. It may be doubted if Sir Walter Scott himself ever painted a Scotch fireside with more truth. —Morning Post.
David Elginbrod is the finest character we have met in fiction for many a day. The descriptions of natural scenery are vivid, truthful, and artistic; the general reflections are those of a refined, thoughtful, and poetical philosopher, and the whole moral atmosphere of the book la lofty, pure, and invigorating. —Globe.

External links

1863 British novels
Novels by George MacDonald
Novels set in Aberdeenshire

David Elginbrod


John Wolfe Ambrose (January 10, 1838 – May 15, 1899) was an Irish-American engineer and developer. He is best known for guiding the development of sea channels within and leading into New York Harbor, ensuring New York's position as a center of world trade and shipping. He also implemented other large-scale improvements of the city's sanitation, road, and rail systems.

Early life
Ambrose was born in Newcastle West, Ireland. On August 22, 1851, 13-year-old John traveled from Queenstown, Ireland on the New York passenger ship, arriving in New York City with his mother, Bridget Wolfe Ambrose, and his siblings, Johanna, Thomas, Michael, Patrick, Mary, and infant Bridget. The family's patriarch, John Ambrose, had preceded the family's ocean journey to America, arriving in New York City in May 1851, on the ship Argo. John Wolfe Ambrose's older brother, James, immigrated on his own to America and went on to become a distinguished police constable in Staten Island, New York.

Education
Ambrose was educated at the Princeton Theological School (now Princeton University), with the intention of becoming a Presbyterian minister, but he left after only a year to attend the University of the City of New York (now New York University), which prepared him to become a leading civil engineer. By all accounts, he was quite a learned man, having studied mathematics and being fluent in four languages—English, Irish, Latin, and Greek. However, upon graduating in 1860, he decided to work as a newspaper reporter for the Citizens' Reform Association.

Career
A short time later, Ambrose became associated with a noted contractor, John Brown, who was responsible for the city's street cleaning. Under Brown's tutelage, Ambrose acquired the necessary knowledge of the Street Cleaning Department so that later when Mayor Hugh J. Grant decided to reorganize the Department, it was Ambrose who prepared a plan which was later adopted by the city. The plan involved subdividing the city into a district-block system, using uniformed street cleaners, and removing street garbage with hand carts.

This experience no doubt led to Ambrose's interest in improving and developing New York City. He set up his own contracting business and proceeded to accomplish some major pieces of work. Ambrose constructed all of the Second Avenue elevated railroad, from the Harlem River to Chatham Square, as well as part of the West Side elevated railroad between 75th and 189th Streets. He also laid the first eight miles (13 km) of pneumatic tubes in the United States under New York streets for Western Union Telegraph Company. In addition, he erected the gas works and laid ninety miles of gas mains for the Knickerbocker Gas Company. Between 1873 and 1880, he built many of Manhattan's uptown streets from Harlem swamp land.

In 1880, Ambrose became interested in developing Brooklyn's waterfront properties. Ambrose's life ambition involved a great scheme for developing New York. He set up the South Brooklyn Railroad & Terminal Company, the 39th Street South Brooklyn Ferry, and the Brooklyn Wharf & Dry Dock Company, all of which he was president. Ambrose's idea consisted of making the Battery become New York's great entrance and concentrating all of Long Island's railroad traffic to that area by means of his terminal railroad and ferry companies. Ambrose also hoped someday to construct six immense steamship piers, of varying lengths from 900 to , to attract ocean liners to Brooklyn. Each pier was to have double railroad tracks between massive warehouses, along with a  storage yard. Although his scheme was never completely realized, as a consequence of his waterfront development in Brooklyn, large areas of farmland became a populous city neighborhood.

Because of his great scheme, Ambrose made his first trip to Washington, D.C., in 1881, to lobby Congress for money to dredge New York Harbor's inner channels, as well as deepen Sandy Hook Bar. Over the next fifteen years, Ambrose succeeded in obtaining $1,478,000 from Congress for improving the Bay Ridge and Red Hook channels. In 1898, after improving the inner harbor, Ambrose began urging the House of Representatives' Rivers and Harbors Committee for money to build an adequate channel starting at Sandy Hook, New Jersey, and leading into the New York Harbor. The committee rejected his plan, but in the spring of 1899, just prior to his death, the Senate's Commerce Committee approved $6,000,000 for the project. The new channel made the shipping route shorter and safer, especially for the largest ships.

Personal life
Ambrose married Katharine (Kate) Weeden Jacobs (daughter of George Jacobs and Nancy Weeden) on July 1, 1860. The couple had five children: Katharine (Kate) Wolfe Shrady (1862–1945), John Fremont (1864–1933), Ida Virginia (1867–1933), Thomas Jefferson (1869–1926), and Mary (1872–1934). Only his daughter Kate and son John married, and only John had children (with wife Minnie Shrady, the sister of Kate's husband, George). The family lived in a townhouse at 575 Lexington Avenue, where both parents died. The entire family is buried together at Green-wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York, along with George Shrady, Minnie Shrady, and Nancy Weeden.

Death
Ambrose died on May 15, 1899, from typhoid. He never lived to see the completion of the new channel, which occurred in 1907. (The Lusitania was the first ship to enter the channel in September 1907.) However, in recognition of his efforts, the New York State Legislature in 1900 officially expressed gratitude for Ambrose and named the channel and its lightship after him. Today, the Ambrose Channel still serves as the main entrance into New York Harbor for ocean vessels, and the Lightship Ambrose, a registered National Historic Landmark, is open to the public at Lower Manhattan's South Street Seaport Museum.

On June 3, 1936, a memorial bust monument of Ambrose was erected in his honor and originally unveiled at Battery Park by his daughter, Katharine Wolfe Ambrose Shrady, and Mayor Fiorello La Guardia. Mayor La Guardia referred to Ambrose "as the pioneer of an idea. Mr. Ambrose was a man ahead of his time. He had vision and persistence to...continually press...his idea" (New York Times, June 4, 1936). Sadly, in November 1990, the bust was stolen and never recovered. However, in late 2017, the City Parks Department finally recreated a new bust and restored the monument, perhaps even surpassing its original beauty. On May 15, 2018—on the anniversary of Ambrose's death—the City held an official statue unveiling and rededication ceremony, which was attended by about 100 people, half of whom were descendants of Ambrose, traveling from eleven different states and Ireland. The newly-restored monument has been relocated from its original location of behind the old Aquarium to the edge of State Street, between Pearl and Water Streets, at The Battery.

References
"Ambrose Honored as Harbor Pioneer." The New York Times, June 4, 1936, p. 25:2.
Ambrose, John Wolfe, "For New York Harbor: Liberal Appropriations Needed to Supply Commercial Demands." The New York Times,  February 7, 1898, p. 8:1.
"End of a Great Scheme." New York Daily Tribune, September 22, 1899.
"John W. Ambrose Dead." The New York Times, May 17, 1899, p. 7:5.
"John Wolfe Ambrose." The National Cyclopedia of American Biography. New York. James T. White & Co. 1935, Vol. 24, pp. 132–133.
"Legislature's Tribute to J.W. Ambrose." The New York Times, April 13, 1900, p. 9:4.
"Obituary: John W. Ambrose." New York Daily Tribune, May 17, 1899.

1838 births
1899 deaths
19th-century Irish people
People from Newcastle West
American people of Anglo-Irish descent
American civil engineers
Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery
Irish emigrants to the United States
Businesspeople from New York City
Engineers from New York City
19th-century American businesspeople

John Wolfe Ambrose


Major General Victor Conradsdorf Morisset Sellheim,  (4 May 1866 – 25 January 1928) was an Australian military officer during the Second Boer War and the First World War. Sellheim fought in the Second Boer War with Chauvel's Mounted Infantry and fought in the Battle of Modder River. For his actions during the war, Sellheim became a Companion of the Order of the Bath. After serving in a variety of staff positions, he became Quartermaster general of the Australian Military Forces in 1912 and two years later was Adjutant general. Between 1914 and 1916 he oversaw the Australian Imperial Force base at Cairo. He became the Adjutant general again. After the end of the First World War, Sellheim became Quartermaster general in 1920 but resigned in 1927 to become Administrator of Norfolk Island, where he died on heart failure in 1928.

Early life
Sellheim was born on 4 May 1866 in Balmain, New South Wales, the eldest son of Philip Frederic Sellheim and his wife Laura Morriset. He was educated at the Brisbane Grammar School and was a surveyor afterwards. Sellheim married Susan Howell-Griffith on 7 December 1890. He enlisted in the Kennedy Regiment, where he received a second lieutenant's commission in 1892 and was promoted to captain the next year. As the regimental adjutant, he obtained a permanent commission in the Queensland Defence Force in 1896.

After attending courses in the United Kingdom, Sellheim served in the Second Boer War as an officer attached to British units and the chief of staff of Harry Chauvel's Mounted Infantry, taking part in the Battle of Belmont and the Battle of Modder River. He later joined the Queensland Mounted Infantry during the advance on Pretoria. For his services during the war, Sellheim was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath and also Mentioned in Despatches.

After the Boer War, Sellheim was shifted through various staff appointments and was promoted to lieutenant colonel in December 1909 and appointed the Quartermaster General to the Australian Military Forces in 1912. Promoted to colonel in 1913, he became the Adjutant-General in August 1914.

First World War
Sellheim served as the head of the administrative staff in the 1st Division of the Australian Imperial Force. He did not have a good relationship with his superior, Major General William Bridges and as a result Bridges did not deal directly with Sellheim on administrative matters. Sellheim organised a base for the AIF in Cairo and was promoted to brigadier general in 1916. AIF Administrative Headquarters was moved to England in May. Sellheim was replaced by Robert Anderson in August and was sent back to Australia to become the Adjutant General again. He was again mentioned in despatches  and also appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George.

Later life
Promoted to major general in January 1920, Sellheim became the Quartermaster General as well as the Adjutant General as a result of decreasing defence expenditures due to the end of the First World War. He resigned his positions in January 1927 to become the administrator of Norfolk Island, but died of heart failure on 25 January 1928, and was buried in the cemetery Kingston, Norfolk Island. Sellheim's maternal grandfather, James Morisset, had served as commandant of Norfolk from 1829 to 1834.

References

1866 births
1928 deaths
Australian military personnel of the Second Boer War
Australian military personnel of World War I
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Administrators of Norfolk Island
Australian generals
Military personnel from Sydney
Australian people of German descent

Victor Sellheim


Philip David Lewis (born 4 October 1981) is an English cricketer.  Lewis is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm fast-medium.  He was born in Liss, Hampshire.

Having played Second XI cricket for the Somerset Second XI in 2002, Lewis made his first-class debut for Loughborough UCCE against Surrey in 2003.  He appeared in 4 further first-class matches for Loughborough UCCE, the last coming against Sussex in 2004.  In his 5 matches, he scored 115 runs at a batting average of 28.75, with a high score of 43 not out.  With the ball, he took 10 wickets at a bowling average of 40.20, with best figures of 3/58.

Lewis made his debut for Dorset in the 2005 Minor Counties Championship against Wales Minor Counties.  He played 2 further matches for Dorset, against Berkshire in 2006 and Herefordshire.  He also played a single MCCA Knockout Trophy match against Staffordshire in 2006.

References

External links
Phil Lewis at ESPNcricinfo
Phil Lewis at CricketArchive

1981 births
Living people
People from Liss
English cricketers
Loughborough MCCU cricketers
Dorset cricketers
Cricketers from Hampshire

Phil Lewis (cricketer)


Fiddler on the Roof is a musical, with music by Jerry Bock, lyrics by Sheldon Harnick and book by Joseph Stein. It is set in Imperial Russia, 1905.

The story revolves around a poor Jewish milkman, Tevye, and his five daughters, as he attempts to maintain his Jewish traditions. His three eldest daughters marry, but each daughter's choice of husband moves further and further away from their traditions.

The original Broadway production of the show opened in 1964 and is currently the seventeenth longest running show in Broadway history.

It has also been made into a film in 1971, starring Topol. A Yiddish language musical was made in 2019.

References

Musicals

Fiddler on the Roof


James Wright (1643–1713), was an antiquary and writer, author of a county history of Rutland (1684), and the Historia Histrionica (1699), an account of theatre in England in the seventeenth century.

Early life and education
Wright was the son of Abraham Wright, by his wife Jane (d. 1645), daughter of James Stone. He was born at Yarnton, Oxfordshire, where he was baptised in 1643.

He did not attend either Oxford or Cambridge, but in 1666 became a student of New Inn, migrating in 1669 to the Middle Temple, by which society he was called to the bar in 1672.

Interests
"During the fluctuations of government and afterwards", says Thomas Warton, "he was attached to the principles of monarchy in their most extensive comprehension, and from this circumstance he might have derived his predilection for the theatre which had been suppressed by the republicans." Besides the theatre he was much attached to country life, and dwelt often with his father at Oakham. He was "a skilful antiquary and not a bad poet", and possessed many rare and valuable old manuscripts, being "one of the first collectors of old plays since Cartwright"; but all his literary curiosities, among which was an excellent transcript of John Leland's Itinerary of the age of Queen Elizabeth, were unfortunately consumed in the fire of the Middle Temple of 1678. (Hearne, Collections, ii. 227). Thomas Hearne wrote of him in October 1713 as recently dead. He adds that he had been told that Wright had "dyed a papist, and yt he continued always so from his first turning, which was I hear in K. Charles IInd's time".

Works
A versatile writer with a lucid style and a genuine touch of humour, especially as an essayist, Wright was author of:
The History and Antiquities of the County of Rutland … illustrated with Sculptures, London, 1684. In dedicating this work to the "Nobility and Gentry of the County", Wright especially mentions the encouragement he received from William Dugdale, and the admission, which he greatly prized, to the Cotton library. Nine pages of "Additions" appeared in 1687; and "Farther Additions, with a view of Burley-on-the-Hill" (8 pp.) in 1714. Two numbers (36 pp.) of a new edition by William Harrod appeared in 1788.
A Compendious View of the late Tumults and Troubles in this Kingdom, by way of Annals, 1685. This is a succinct account of the period of the Popish Plot (1678–84), dedicated to Henry Hyde, 2nd Earl of Clarendon, and containing a warm testimonial to the good qualities of Sir Roger L'Estrange.
Country Conversations: Being an Account of some Discourses that happen'd in a visit to the Country last Summer on divers Subjects; chiefly of the Modern Comedies, of Drinking, of Translated Verse, of Painting and Painters, of Poets and Poetry, London, 1694.
Three Poems of St. Paul's Cathedral: viz. The Ruins, The Rebuilding, The Choire, London, 1697. The poem on "The Ruins" had been issued separately in 1668.
Historia Histrionica: an Historical Account of the English Stage, shewing the Ancient Use, Improvement, and Perfection of Dramatick Representations in this Nation. In a Dialogue of Plays and Players, London, 1699. This sketch of the "transition" stage was incorporated (as a preface to vol. xi.) into Robert Dodsley's Old English Plays, 1744. It assumes the form of a dialogue between Lovewit and an old cavalier, who discourses amiably upon old plays and old actors such as Lowin and Pollard, Taylor, a notable Hamlet, and Swanston, who played Othello "before the wars".
Phoenix Paulina: a Poem on the New Fabrick of St. Paul's Cathedral, London, 1709; published anonymously, but referred to as being by Wright in a manuscript note by Thomas Hearne in the Bodleian copy.
Wright is further credited with translations from the Latin and French: Thyestes, a Tragedy translated out of Seneca; to which is added Mock-Thyestes in burlesque, 1674; and The New Description of Paris, in two parts, London, 1687.

Besides these works, Wright prepared an accurate epitome in English of William Dugdale's Monasticon (London, 1693), in the dedication of which he remarks: "Warwickshire has produced two of the most famous and deserving writers in their several ways that England can boast of—a Dugdale and a Shakespeare." Anthony Wood cites a distich of an elegy written by Wright upon John Goad. Hearne, who respected Wright, having corresponded with him upon the subject of Leland, informs us that he wrote strictures upon Wood's Athenae, but never published them. From a manuscript entry by Hearne, dated 1719, in Dr. Rawlinson's copy of Wright's Ruins in St. Paul's Cathedral, it appears that Wright, a few years before his death, gave Hearne a complete catalogue of his works; and that upon a previous application he had at a former date refused this favour to Wood as being "an injudicious and partial biographer".

William Hazlitt doubtfully attributes to Wright a volume of translations entitled Sales Epigrammatum: Being the choycest Distichs of Martials Fourteen Books of Epigrams & of all the Chief Latin Poets that have writ in these two last Centuries. Together with Cato's Morality, London, 1663, and 1664: this volume is dedicated to Sir William Bromley in June 1663 by "James Wright M. Arts". The same signature is affixed to a version of Ovid's Epistles, 1683.

References

Further reading

Charles Henry Timperley, The Dictionary of Printer and Printing, with the Progress of Literature, Ancient and Moderne, Publisher H. Johnson, 1839, page 580
Milton's Poems, ed. Thomas Warton, 1785, ad fin.
Hearne's Collections, ed. Doble (Oxford Hist. Soc.)
Wood's Athenæ Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 844, iv. 219, 278
Wilson's Merchant Taylors' School, p. 857
Chalmers's Biogr. Dict. s.v. "Abraham Wright"
Watt's Bibliotheca
Halkett and Laing's Dict. of Anonymous and Pseudon. Lit.
Allibone's Dict. of Engl. Lit.
Nichols's Lit. Anecd. iii. 113
Lowe's Bibl. of Engl. Theatr. Lit. p. 368
Hazlitt's Collections and Notes
Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. ii. 469, 6th ser. x. 36
Addit. MS. 29569, f. 346.

1643 births
1713 deaths
English antiquarians

James Wright (antiquarian)


Altaba Inc. was a non-diversified, closed-end management investment company based in New York City that was formed from the remains of the first incarnation of Yahoo! Inc. after Verizon acquired old Yahoo's Internet business. Verizon completed its acquisition on June 13, 2017, and put the assets under a new subsidiary named Yahoo! Holdings within its newly created division, Oath (now the current incarnation of Yahoo! Inc.). After the transaction, Yahoo! Inc. had no operating business but retained its cash holdings, partnership investments and bond portfolio, as well as certain patents that Verizon did not purchase. It reorganized as an investment fund and changed its name to Altaba Inc. on June 16. The only Yahoo! - branded interest held by Altaba was its stake in the joint venture Yahoo! Japan, which it sold to the SoftBank Group in late 2018.

History

1994–2017: Yahoo! Inc.
In January 1994, Jerry Yang and David Filo, who were Electrical Engineering graduate students, created a website named "Jerry and David's Guide to the World Wide Web". The Guide was a directory of other websites, organized in a hierarchy, as opposed to a searchable index of pages. In April 1994, Jerry and David's Guide to the World Wide Web was renamed "Yahoo!". The word "YAHOO" is a backronym for "Yet Another Hierarchically Organized Oracle" or "Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle." The yahoo.com domain was created on January 18, 1995.

Yahoo! grew rapidly throughout the 1990s and diversified into a web portal, followed by numerous high-profile acquisitions. The company's stock price skyrocketed during the dot-com bubble and closed at an all-time high of US$118.75 in 2000; however, after the dot-com bubble burst, it reached an all-time low of US$8.11 in 2001. Yahoo! formally rejected an acquisition bid from the Microsoft Corporation in 2008. In early 2012, the largest layoff in Yahoo!'s history was completed and 2,000 employees (14 percent of the workforce) lost their jobs.

Carol Bartz replaced co-founder Jerry Yang as CEO in January 2009, but was fired by the board of directors in September 2011; Tim Morse was appointed as interim CEO following Bartz's departure. Former PayPal president Scott Thompson became CEO in January 2012 and after he resigned was replaced by Ross Levinsohn as the company's interim CEO on May 13, 2012. On July 16, former Google executive Marissa Mayer, became the CEO of the company.

The media reported on Yahoo!'s interest in the video streaming site Hulu on May 26, 2013. Under Mayer's leadership, Yahoo!'s bid is worth between US$600 and $800 million, as a variety of options that consist of different circumstances were put forward by the company. As of May 28, 2013, Yahoo!'s videos attract 45 million unique visitors a month, while Hulu has 24 million visitors—the combination of the two audiences can place Yahoo! in the second-most popular position after Google and its subsidiary YouTube.

Data collated by comScore during July 2013 revealed that more people in the U.S. visited Yahoo! websites during the month in comparison to Google websites—the occasion was the first time that Yahoo! outperformed Google since 2011. The data did not incorporate visit statistics for the Yahoo!-owned Tumblr website or mobile phone usage.

On September 22, 2016, Yahoo disclosed a data breach in which hackers stole information associated with at least 500 million user accounts in late 2014. According to the BBC, this was the largest technical breach reported to date. Specific details of material taken include names, email addresses, telephone numbers, encrypted or unencrypted security questions and answers, dates of birth, and encrypted passwords. The breach used manufactured web cookies to falsify login credentials, allowing hackers to gain access to any account without a password. On December 14, 2016 a separate data breach, occurring earlier around August 2013 was reported. This breach affected over 1 billion user accounts and is again considered the largest discovered in the history of the Internet.

On June 13, 2017, following the departure of Marissa Mayer, Thomas J. McInerney was appointed chairman and CEO of Yahoo! Inc.

2017–2019: Altaba Inc.
On June 16, 2017, the company that remained after Verizon Communications purchased the core Internet businesses of Yahoo! Inc. was renamed Altaba Inc. The new company, listed by the Securities and Exchange Commission as a "non-diversified, closed-end management investment company," immediately began trading on NASDAQ under the ticker symbol AABA.

In September 2018, Altaba settled three lawsuits relating to Yahoo's data breaches for $47 million.

On September 17, 2018, Altaba announced the sale of their stake in Yahoo Japan Corporation for $4.3 billion. On the same day, Altaba announced a $5.75 billion share repurchase program.

On April 3, 2019, Altaba announced in a press release that it would sell its stake in Alibaba Group and shut down. The company would shut down in the fourth quarter of 2019.

On October 2, 2019, Altaba stopped trading on the Nasdaq at the close of the day, and pursuant to its Plan of Complete Liquidation and Dissolution, filed a certificate of dissolution in Delaware (where Altaba is domiciled), on October 4. A small amount of funds will be withheld for potential Chinese taxes on the sale of its stake in the Alibaba Group. In 2020, the company sold the Excalibur IP patent portfolio to RPX Corporation.

Assets
Altaba owned Excalibur IP, a patent company, controlled a significant minority interest in Alibaba Group (16.3%) until it sold its stake in 2019, and maintained investments in Hortonworks, Gomaji, Envestnet, Rimage Corporation, SeatGeek, Protagenic Therapeutics, Eastman Kodak Company, and Paperless Post. The Fund's external investment advisors included BlackRock Advisors, LLC and Morgan Stanley Smith Barney LLC.

The company divested itself of all holdings in Snap Inc. (the owner of Snapchat) and Yahoo! Japan.

References

External links

Yahoo!
Financial services companies established in 1995
Financial services companies disestablished in 2019
Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq
Investment companies based in New York City
American companies established in 1995
1995 initial public offerings
American companies disestablished in 2019
1995 establishments in New York (state)
2019 disestablishments in New York (state)

Altaba