Nerodimë e Poshtme or Donje Nerodimlje () is an archaeological site and village situated west of the city of Ferizaj, Kosovo. Several archaeological trenches were investigated at this location in 1988 (which is close to the Orthodox cemetery).

Villa Complex
The excavations resulted in the discovery of a villa complex that was possibly constructed during the Late Antique period. The villa was built around an atrium with a polychrome floor mosaic, using geometrical and figural motifs. According to researchers involved in the dig, the first phase was probably constructed during the 4th century AD, with reconstruction possibly taking place during the 5th and 6th century AD. The discovered floor mosaic is set within a rectangular room and an adjoining apse, which may have served as a triclinium (a dining room).

The mosaic in the villa complex at Nerodime e Poshtme is very similar in composition, style and construction techniques to a floor mosaic discovered in the Heraclea Lyncestis martyrium in North Macedonia, as well as a floor mosaic found in the Lin Basilica martyrium in Albania. The similarities between the mosaics at these three sites suggest that they are all the work of a great unknown artist/master of that time.

Churches
Church of St. Nicholas, Donje Nerodimlje
Church of St. Stephen, Donje Nerodimlje

See also
Roman Dardania
Roman cities in Illyria
Archaeology of Kosovo
Roman Period Sites in Kosovo
Neolithic Sites in Kosovo
Copper, Bronze and Iron Age Sites in Kosovo
Late Antiquity and Medieval Sites in Kosovo

Notes
Notes'

References

Moesia
Dardania (Roman province)
Roman towns and cities in Kosovo
Archaeological sites in Kosovo
Villages in Ferizaj

Nerodimë e Poshtme


is an action-adventure stealth video game developed and published by Konami for the PlayStation in 1998. It was directed, produced, and written by Hideo Kojima, and follows the MSX2 video games Metal Gear and Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake, which Kojima also worked on. It was unveiled at the 1996 Tokyo Game Show and then demonstrated at trade shows including the 1997 Electronic Entertainment Expo; its Japanese release was originally planned for late 1997, before being delayed to 1998.

Players control Solid Snake, a soldier who infiltrates a nuclear weapons facility to neutralize the terrorist threat from FOXHOUND, a renegade special forces unit. Snake must liberate hostages and stop the terrorists from launching a nuclear strike. Cinematic cutscenes were rendered using the in-game engine and graphics, and voice acting is used throughout.

Metal Gear Solid sold more than  copies worldwide and shipped 12million demos. It scored an average of 94/100 on the aggregate website Metacritic. It is regarded as one of the greatest and most important video games of all time and helped popularize the stealth genre and in-engine cinematic cutscenes. It was followed by an expanded version for PlayStation and Windows, Metal Gear Solid: Integral (1999), and a GameCube remake, Metal Gear Solid: The Twin Snakes (2004). It produced numerous sequels, starting with Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty (2001), and media adaptations including a radio drama, comics, and novels. In May 2023, Konami announced Metal Gear Solid: Master Collection Vol. 1, a compilation of games including Metal Gear Solid, which was released for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, and Xbox Series X/S on October 24, 2023.

Gameplay

The player must navigate the protagonist, Solid Snake, through a nuclear weapons facility without being detected by enemies. When Snake moves into an enemy's field of vision, he sets off an "alert mode" that draws enemies. The player must then hide until "evasion mode" begins; when the counter reaches zero, the game returns to "infiltration mode", where enemies are no longer suspicious. The radar cannot be used in alert or evasion mode. In addition to the stealth gameplay, set-piece sequences entail firefights between the player and enemies.

To remain undetected, the player can perform techniques which make use of Snake's abilities and the environment, such as crawling under objects, using boxes as cover, ducking or hiding around walls, and making noise to distract enemies. An on-screen radar provides the player with the location of nearby enemies and their field of vision. Snake can also make use of many items and gadgets, such as infra-red goggles and a cardboard box disguise. The emphasis on stealth promotes a less violent form of gameplay, as fights against large groups of enemies will often result in severe damage to Snake.

Despite the switch to 3D, the game is still played primarily from an overhead perspective similar to the original 2D Metal Gear games. However, the camera angle will change during certain situations, such as a corner view when Snake flattens himself to a wall next to an open space, or into first-person when crawling under tight spaces or when equipping certain items such as the binoculars or a sniper rifle. The player can also use the first-person view while remaining idle to look around Snake's surroundings and see what's ahead of him.

Progress is punctuated by cutscenes and codec, as well as encounters with bosses. To progress, players must discover the weaknesses of each boss and defeat them. Play controls and strategies can also be accessed via the Codec radio, where advice is delivered from Snake's support team; for example, the support team may chastise Snake for not saving his progress often enough, or explain his combat moves in terms of which buttons to press on the gamepad. The Codec is also used to provide exposition on the game's backstory.

In addition to the main story, there is also a VR training mode in which the player can test out their sneaking skills in a series of artificially constructed environments. This mode is divided into three main categories (practice, time attack, and gun shooting), each consisting of ten stages. After completing all 30 stages, a survival mission is unlocked in which the player must sneak their way through ten consecutive stages under a seven-minute limit.

Synopsis

Setting

Metal Gear Solid takes place in an alternate history in which the Cold War continued into the 1990s, ending at some point near the end of the 20th century. The game's events take place six years after those in downfall of Zanzibarland, and form the third chapter in an overarching plot concerning the character of Solid Snake.

Characters

The protagonist is Solid Snake, a legendary infiltrator and saboteur. During the mission, Snake receives support and advice via codec radio. Colonel Roy Campbell, Solid Snake's former commanding officer, supports Snake with information and tactics. While he initially keeps some secrets from Snake, he gradually reveals them. He is joined by Naomi Hunter, who gives medical advice; Nastasha Romanenko, who provides item and weapon tips; Master Miller, a former drill instructor and survival coach; and Mei Ling, who invented the soliton radar system used in the mission and is also in charge of mission data; the player can call her to save the game.

The main antagonist of the game is Liquid Snake, leader of a now-terrorist splinter cell of the organization FOXHOUND, and genetic counterpart to Solid Snake. An elite special forces unit, FOXHOUND contains experts specializing in different tasks. Members are Revolver Ocelot, a Western-style gunslinger and expert interrogator whose weapon of choice is the Colt Single Action Army; Sniper Wolf, a preternatural sniper; Vulcan Raven, a hulking Alaskan shaman armed with an M61 Vulcan torn from a downed F-16; Psycho Mantis, a psychic profiler and psychokinesis expert; and Decoy Octopus, a master of disguise.

Other characters include Meryl Silverburgh, Colonel Campbell's niece and a rookie soldier stationed in Shadow Moses who did not join the revolt; Dr. Hal Emmerich, the lead developer of Metal Gear REX; and the "Ninja", a mysterious cybernetically enhanced agent who is neither an ally nor an enemy of Snake but does oppose FOXHOUND.

Plot

In 2005, renegade genetically enhanced special forces unit FOXHOUND seizes control of a remote island in Alaska's Fox Archipelago codenamed "Shadow Moses", which houses a nuclear weapons disposal facility. FOXHOUND threatens to use the nuclear-capable mecha Metal Gear REX, being secretly tested at the facility, against the US government, if they do not receive the remains of Big Boss and a ransom of $1 billion within 24 hours. Solid Snake is forced out of retirement by Colonel Roy Campbell to infiltrate the island and neutralize the threat.

Snake enters the facility via an air vent and locates the first hostage, DARPA Chief Donald Anderson. Anderson reveals that Metal Gear REX can be deactivated with a secret detonation override code, but dies of a heart attack. Colonel Campbell's niece Meryl Silverburgh, held hostage in a neighboring cell, helps Snake escape. Snake locates another hostage, ArmsTech president Kenneth Baker, but is confronted by FOXHOUND member Revolver Ocelot. Their gunfight is interrupted by a mysterious cyborg ninja who cuts off Ocelot's right hand. Baker briefs Snake on the Metal Gear project and advises him to contact Meryl, whom he gave a PAL card that might prevent the launch, but he too dies of a sudden heart attack.

Over Codec, Meryl agrees to meet in the warhead disposal area on the condition that Snake contacts Metal Gear's designer, Dr. Hal "Otacon" Emmerich. En route, Snake receives an anonymous codec call calling themselves "Deepthroat", warning him of a tank ambush. Snake fends off the attack from Vulcan Raven and proceeds to the rendezvous, where he locates Otacon. The ninja reappears, and Snake realizes it is his former ally Gray Fox, believed dead. Devastated over learning REX's true intentions, Otacon agrees to aid Snake remotely using special camouflage to procure information and supplies.

Snake meets Meryl and receives the PAL card. As they head for the underground base, Meryl is possessed by psychic Psycho Mantis and pulls her gun on Snake. He disarms her and defeats Mantis, who informs Snake that he has "a large place" in her heart. After they reach the underground passageway, Sniper Wolf ambushes them, wounds Meryl, and captures Snake. Liquid confirms Snake's suspicion that they are twin brothers. After being tortured by Ocelot, Snake is confused to discover Anderson's body in his cell, seemingly dead for days. He escapes with the help of Otacon, makes his way up the communications tower, and fends off a Hind D helicopter attack from Liquid. As he emerges onto a snowfield, he is confronted again by Sniper Wolf. He kills her, devastating Otacon, who was infatuated with her.

Snake continues to REX's hangar and is ambushed again by Raven. After Snake defeats him, Raven tells Snake that the "Anderson" he conversed with was, in fact, FOXHOUND disguise artist Decoy Octopus. Infiltrating Metal Gear's hangar, Snake overhears Liquid and Ocelot preparing the REX launch sequence and uses the PAL card, but this unexpectedly activates REX. Liquid reveals that he has been impersonating Snake's advisor Master Miller and that FOXHOUND has used Snake to facilitate REX's launch. He and Snake are the product of the Les Enfants Terribles project, a 1970s government program to clone Big Boss. He also reveals to Snake the government's true reason for sending him: Snake is unknowingly carrying a weaponized "FOXDIE" virus that causes cardiac arrest in FOXHOUND members on contact, allowing the government to retrieve REX undamaged.

As Liquid, in REX, battles Snake, Gray Fox appears. He reveals to Snake that he was Deepthroat, destroys REX's radome, and is crushed to death by REX. Snake destroys REX and defeats Liquid, then escapes with Meryl or Otacon via a tunnel, pursued by Liquid in a Jeep. After their vehicles crash, Liquid pulls a gun on Snake but dies from FOXDIE. Colonel Campbell, briefly ousted from command, calls off a nuclear strike to destroy evidence of the operation and has Snake registered as killed in action to stop the US government searching for him. Naomi Hunter, who injected Snake with the FOXDIE virus, tells him that he has an indeterminate amount of time before it kills him. Ocelot calls the US President; he was a double agent whose mission was to steal Baker's disk of Metal Gear specifications.

Development
Kojima originally planned his third Metal Gear game in 1994 for the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer. Kojima was initially planning Metal Gear Solid while Policenauts (1994) was still in development. Conceptual artwork by Yoji Shinkawa of the characters Solid Snake, Meryl Silverburgh, who was also a character in the adventure game Policenauts, and the FOXHOUND team, were included in the Policenauts: Pilot Disk preceding the release of the full version of the 3DO game in 1995. After the 3DO was discontinued, development shifted to the PlayStation after Policenauts was released.

The game was titled Metal Gear Solid, rather than Metal Gear 3, as Kojima felt that the previous MSX2 games that he worked on were not widely known, due to the fact that they were not released in North America and only the first one was released in Europe (an NES version of the first Metal Gear was released in North America, but Kojima had no involvement with it or its sequel Snake's Revenge). The word "Solid," derived from the codename of series's protagonist Solid Snake (as well as the title of the second MSX2 game), was chosen not only to represent the fact that it was the third entry of the series, but also the transition from 2D to 3D computer graphics.

Considering first person games difficult to control, the team opted to give the gameplay a 2D style by having it predominantly played from an overhead angle, while using 3D graphics and the ability to switch to first person on the fly to make it feel as though the game were taking place in a real 3D world.

Development for Metal Gear Solid began in mid-1995. Developers aimed for accuracy and realism while making the game enjoyable and tense. In the early stages of development, the Huntington Beach SWAT team educated the creators with a demonstration of vehicles, weapons, and explosives. Weapons expert Motosada Mori was also tapped as a technical adviser in the research, which included visits to Fort Irwin and firing sessions at Stembridge Gun Rentals. Kojima stated that "if the player isn't tricked into believing that the world is real, then there's no point in making the game." To fulfill this, adjustments were made to every detail, such as individually designed desks.

The characters and mecha designs were made by artist Yoji Shinkawa based on Kojima's concepts. According to Shinkawa, Solid Snake's physique in this particular installment was based on Jean-Claude Van Damme, while his facial appearance was based on Christopher Walken. The characters were completed by polygonal artists using brush drawings and clay models by Shinkawa. According to Kojima, "the ninja's cloaking effect is the result of a bug. Of course, it wasn't totally coincidence since we wanted that effect anyway, but we did get a somewhat unexpected result." Kojima wanted greater interaction with objects and the environment, such as allowing the player to hide bodies in a storage compartment. Additionally, he wanted "a full orchestra right next to the player"; a system which made modifications such as tempo and texture to the currently playing track, instead of switching to another pre-recorded track. Although these features could not be achieved, they were implemented in Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty.

Kojima used Lego building blocks and toy figurines to model 3D areas and see what the planned camera views would look like. The game was developed by a staff of twenty people, a small team for such a major title. Kojima preferred to have a smaller team so that he got to know everyone in the team and what they were working on, and could know if anyone was sick or unhappy. The team size did not expand to full strength until September 1996; initially, there was only a single programmer working on the game's code.

A gameplay demo of Metal Gear Solid was first revealed to the public at the 1996 Tokyo Game Show and was later shown at E3 1997 as a short video. The 1997 version had several differences, including a more controllable camera and blue-colored vision cones. The demo generated significant buzz and positive reviews at the event, for its game design emphasizing stealth and strategy (like earlier Metal Gear games), its presentation, and the unprecedented level of real-time 3D graphical detail for the PlayStation. The enthusiastic response to the game at E3 took Kojima by surprise, and increased his expectations for the game's performance in the American market. The game's Japanese release was originally planned for late 1997, but was delayed to 1998.

It was playable for the first time at the Tokyo Game Show in 1998 and released the same year in Japan with an extensive promotional campaign. Television and magazine advertisements, in-store samples, and demo giveaways contributed to a total of $8 million in promotional costs.

Voice acting
Except for David Hayter (Solid Snake), the English voice cast was credited with pseudonyms. Reportedly, this was done because the Screen Actors Guild's rules at the time were unclear regarding performances for video games. When the actors returned for the 2004 remake Metal Gear Solid: The Twin Snakes, they were credited with their real names.

Music

The musical score of Metal Gear Solid was composed by Konami's in-house musicians, including Kazuki Muraoka, Hiroyuki Togo, Takanari Ishiyama, Lee Jeon Myung, and Maki Kirioka. Composer and lyricist Rika Muranaka provided a song called "The Best is Yet To Come" for the game's ending credits sequence. The song is performed in Irish by Aoife Ní Fhearraigh. The main theme was composed by Tappi Iwase from the Konami Kukeiha Club.

Music played in-game has a synthetic feel with increased pace and introduction of strings during tense moments, with a looping style endemic to video games. Overtly cinematic music, with stronger orchestral and choral elements, appears in cutscenes. The soundtrack was released on September 23, 1998, under the King Records label.

Release
Metal Gear Solid was first released for the PlayStation in Japan on September 3, 1998. The game was available in a standard edition, as well as a limited "Premium Package" edition sold in a large box that also contained a t-shirt, a pair of FOXHOUND-themed dog tags, memory card stickers, an audio CD featuring the soundtracks from the MSX2 Metal Gear games (including a few bonus arranged tracks), and a 40-page booklet, Metal Gear Solid Classified, featuring production notes, interviews with the developers, and a glossary of terminology in the game.

The North American version was released a month later on October 20. Changes and additions were made to this version, such as a choice of three difficulty settings when starting a new game (with a fourth setting that is unlocked after completing the game once), an alternate tuxedo outfit for Snake (which the character wears on every third playthrough on the same save file), and a "demo theater" mode where the player views every cutscene and radio conversations relevant to the main story. Jeremy Blaustein, who previously worked on the English localization of Snatcher for the Sega CD, wrote the English version of the script. One change in the English script was the addition of Western sources and authors to Mei-Ling's pool of motivational quotes; originally the character only cited Chinese proverbs natively, providing an explanation afterward in Japanese, but this proved challenging to adapt during the translation. The games detected by Psycho Mantis when he reads the player's memory card were also changed, due to certain games (such as the Tokimeki Memorial series) not being released outside Japan. This resulted in Kojima's cameo (in which he thanks the player for supporting his work via a voiceover) being cut from the Western versions, as save data from two PlayStation games not available outside Japan, Snatcher and Policenauts, needed to be present on the player's memory card for this Easter egg to appear.

The game was launched in Europe on February 22, 1999, with versions voiced in French, Italian, and German available in addition to English. A Spanish dubbed version was later released on May 1. Like in Japan, a limited edition of the game was released, although the contents of the European limited edition differs from the Japanese counterpart. The European Premium Package comes with the game software itself and its soundtrack album CD, along with a t-shirt, dog tags, memory card stickers, a double sided movie-style poster and a set of postcards.

The Japanese PlayStation version of Metal Gear Solid was reissued twice: once under "The Best" series and later under "PS one Books." Likewise, the American and European versions of Metal Gear Solid were reissued under the "Greatest Hits" and "Platinum" series respectively. The game is included in the Japanese Metal Gear Solid: 20th Anniversary Collection set and in the American Essential Collection set. The original Metal Gear Solid was released on the PlayStation Store for download on the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable on March 21, 2008, in Japan and on June 18, 2009, in North America and on November 19 of the same year in Europe.

Metal Gear Solid is one of the twenty PlayStation games included in the PlayStation Classic released in 2018. The game is included in both the Japanese and western models of the unit in their respective versions.

Integral
Released on June 25, 1999, for the PlayStation in Japan,  is an expanded edition of the game that features the added content from the American and European versions. It replaces the Japanese voices from the original version with the English dub, offering players a choice between Japanese and English subtitles during cutscenes and CODEC conversations (item descriptions, mission logs, and other text are still in Japanese). Further additional content to the main game include an alternate "sneaking suit" outfit for Meryl (which she wears when Snake is dressed in the tuxedo), a "Very Easy" difficulty setting where the player starts the mission armed with a suppressor-equipped MP5 submachine gun with infinite ammo (substituting the FAMAS rifle in Snake's inventory), an eighth Codec frequency featuring commentary from the development team (unvoiced and in Japanese text only) on every area and boss encounter, hidden music tracks, an alternate game mode where the player controls Snake from a first-person perspective (on Normal difficulty only), an option for alternative patrol routes for enemies, and a downloadable PocketStation minigame. The Torture Event was also made easier, reducing the number of rounds to three per session on all five difficulty settings.

The VR training mode is now stored on a separate third disc, known as the "VR Disc", and has been expanded into 300 missions. These new set of missions are divided into four main categories: Sneaking, Weapons, Advanced, and Special. The first three categories feature standard training exercises that test the player's sneaking, shooting, and combat skills, while the fourth category contains less conventional tests involving murder mysteries, giant genome soldiers, and flying saucers. One particular set of missions has the player controlling the Cyborg Ninja, unlocked by either completing a minigame on the PocketStation and uploading the data to the VR Disc or by achieving the Fox rank on the main game. Completing all 300 missions will unlock a concept artwork of Metal Gear RAY, a mech that would later appear in Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty. Additional content includes preview trailers of Metal Gear Solid from trade events and a photoshoot mode where the player can take photographs of fully expressive polygonal models of Mei Ling and Dr. Naomi after completing the main game. Famitsu magazine rated Metal Gear Solid: Integral a 34 out of 40.

The VR Disc from Integral was released by itself during the same year in other regions as Metal Gear Solid: VR Missions in North America on September 23 and as Metal Gear Solid: Special Missions in the PAL region on October 29. While the content of both, VR Missions and Special Missions, are virtually identical to the VR Disc, the unlocking requirements for the Ninja missions and the photoshoot mode were changed accordingly, so that save data from the main game was no longer required. The Special Missions version also adds an additional requirement in which the user must also own a copy of the original Metal Gear Solid in PAL format in order to start the game - after booting Special Missions on the console, the player will be asked to switch the disc with the first disc from Metal Gear Solid to load data before asking the player to switch back to the Special Missions disc to proceed through the rest of the game.

Windows version
The Windows version of Metal Gear Solid was released in North America, Europe, and Asian territories (excluding Japan) in late 2000. This version was published by Microsoft Game Studios and developed by Digital Dialect. It supports the use of a keyboard or a USB game controller with at least six buttons (with the manual recommending the Sidewinder Game Pad Pro). It also supports Direct3D-capable video cards, allowing for a high resolution of up to 1024x768. The Windows version is labeled Metal Gear Solid on the packaging, but the actual game uses the Metal Gear Solid: Integral logo, although it has some differences as well from the PlayStation version of Integral and lacks some of its content. The most significant change was reducing the number of discs from three to two, which was done by giving each disc two separate executable files, one for the main game (mgsi.exe) and the other for the VR training portion (mgsvr.exe), thus eliminating the need for a stand-alone third disc.

One notable omission was the removal of the cutscene before the Psycho Mantis battle in which he reads the player's memory card and activates the vibration function of the player's controller if a DualShock is being used, as this scene involved the use of PlayStation-specific peripherals. The method for defeating Mantis was also changed from using the second controller to simply using the keyboard (regardless of whether the player was using a game controller or not up to that point). Other omissions include the removal of the eighth Codec frequency (140.07), which featured written commentaries by the developers, Meryl's alternate sneaking suit outfit, and the mission logs when loading a save file. However, the Windows version adds the option to toggle moving and shooting in first-person view mode at any time regardless of difficulty setting, and players can now save their progress at any point without contacting Mei-Ling through the use of quicksaves. On the VR training portion, all 300 missions, as well as the photoshoot mode, are available from the start, although the opening video and the three unlockable preview trailers from the PlayStation version have been removed.

Scoring 83 on Metacritic's aggregate, the game was criticized for "graphic glitches," the aged nature of the port, and being virtually identical to the PlayStation version.

Metal Gear Solid: Master Collection Vol. 1 version
In May 2023, Konami announced the Metal Gear Solid Master Collection Vol. 1 compilation for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, and Xbox Series X/S, comprising the first five main entries of the Metal Gear franchise, including Metal Gear Solid. This release marks the first time the original version of the game has appeared on a Nintendo platform, as well as the first release of any version of the game on an Xbox console. The  Master Collection version will be based on its Integral re-release including its standalone set of additional VR Missions, but will receive partial edits to various copyrighted content, such as cutscenes using live-action footage. Accompanying material related to the game will be included within the collection, such as the game's full screenplay, a walkthrough strategy guide, and a Master Book detailing the game's plot and various characters, accompanied by official scans of concept art and development anecdotes. An in-game sound selection will also collect songs from the original soundtrack, including a rearranged composition of the end credits theme "The Best is Yet to Come", which will be made available exclusively through pre-orders. The Metal Gear Solid Digital Graphic Novel adapting the game's story will also be included as an extra. The Master Collection version of the game launched alongside the other titles on October 24, 2023 both as part of the compilation and as a standalone digital release.

Remake

A remake, Metal Gear Solid: The Twin Snakes, was developed by Silicon Knights under the supervision of KCE Japan and released for the GameCube in North America, Japan, and Europe in March 2004. Although Twin Snakes was primarily developed at Silicon Knights, its cutscenes were developed in-house at Konami and directed by Japanese film director Ryuhei Kitamura, reflecting his dynamic signature style, utilizing bullet time photography and choreographed gunplay extensively. While the storyline and settings of the game were unchanged (although a select few lines of dialog were re-written more closely resembling the original Japanese version), a variety of gameplay features from Sons of Liberty were added such as the first-person aiming and hanging from bars on walls. Another change in the English voice acting was the reduction of Mei Ling's, Naomi's and Nastasha's accents, as well as the recasting of Gray Fox from Greg Eagles, who still reprises the role of the DARPA chief, to Rob Paulsen. The graphics were also updated to match those of Metal Gear Solid 2.

Related media
A Japanese radio drama version of Metal Gear Solid, directed by Shuyo Murata and written by Motosada Mori, was produced shortly after the release of the original PlayStation game. 12 episodes were aired, from 1998 to 1999 on Konami's CLUB db program. The series was later released on CD as a two-volume series Drama CD Metal Gear Solid. Set after the events of the PlayStation game, Snake, Meryl, Campbell and Mei Ling (all portrayed by their original Japanese voice actors) pursue missions in hostile third world nations as FOXHOUND. The new characters introduced include Sgt. Allen Iishiba (voiced by Toshio Furukawa), a Delta Force operative who assists Snake and Meryl, Col. Mark Cortez (v.b. Osamu Saka), an old friend of Campbell who commands the fictional Esteria Army Special Forces, and Capt. Sergei Ivanovich (v.b. Kazuhiro Nakata), a former war buddy of Revolver Ocelot from his SVR days.

In September 2004, IDW Publications began publishing a series of Metal Gear Solid comics, written by Kris Oprisko and illustrated by Ashley Wood. The comic was published bimonthly until 2006, lasting 12 issues fully covering the Metal Gear Solid storyline. The comic was adapted into a PlayStation Portable game, Metal Gear Solid: Digital Graphic Novel (Metal Gear Solid: Bande Dessinée in Japan). It features visual enhancements and two interactive modes designed to give further insight into the publication. Upon viewing the pages, the player can open a "scanning" interface to search for characters and items in a three-dimensional view. Discoveries are added to a database which can be traded with other players via Wi-Fi. The "mission mode" allows the player to add collected information into a library. This information must be properly connected to complete a mission. Metal Gear Solid: Digital Graphic Novel was released in North America on June 13, 2006, Japan on September 21 and the PAL region on September 22. In 2006, the game received IGN's award for Best Use of Sound on the PSP. A DVD-Video version is included with its sequel (Metal Gear Solid 2: Bande Dessinée), which was released in Japan on June 12, 2008. The DVD version features full voice acting.

A novelization based on the original Metal Gear Solid was written by Raymond Benson and published by Del Rey. The American paperback edition was published on May 27, 2008, and the British Edition on June 5, 2008.

A second novelization by Kenji Yano (written under the pen name Hitori Nojima), Metal Gear Solid Substance I, was published by Kadokawa Shoten in Japan on August 25, 2015. This novelization is narrated through a text file written by a young man living in Manhattan in 2009 (the present year of the Plant chapter in Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty). The story also acknowledges certain plot elements from Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain regarding certain characters such as Liquid Snake and Psycho Mantis.

Reception

Prior to release, the game's demonstrations at several trade shows between 1996 and 1998 had received a positive response. This had generated significant worldwide interest in the game prior to its release in 1998.

Critical reception
Metal Gear Solid received "universal acclaim", according to review aggregator Metacritic.

PlayStation Official Magazine – UK review called Metal Gear Solid "the best game ever made. Unputdownable and unforgettable". The review by IGN opined Metal Gear Solid came "closer to perfection than any other game in PlayStation's action genre" and called it "beautiful, engrossing, and innovative...in every conceivable category." Computer and Video Games compared it to "playing a big budget action blockbuster, only better." Arcade magazine praised it for "introducing a brand new genre: the sneak-'em-up" and said it would "herald a tidal wave" of "sneak-'em-ups." They called it a "brilliant, technically stunning, well thought through release that's sure to influence action adventure games for many years." GMR called it a "cinematic classic."

GamePro called it "this season's top offering [game] and one game no self-respecting gamer should be without," but criticized the frame rate that "occasionally stalls the eye-catching graphics." GameSpot was critical of how easy it is for the player to avoid being seen, as well as the game's short length, calling it "more of a work of art than ... an actual game."

Next Generation reviewed the PlayStation version of the game, rating it five stars out of five, and stated that "rest assured that this is a game no player should miss and the best reason yet to own a PlayStation."

Metal Gear Solid received an Excellence Award for Interactive Art at the 1998 Japan Media Arts Festival. During the 2nd Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated Metal Gear Solid for "Game of the Year", "Console Game of the Year", "Console Action Game of the Year", and outstanding achievements in "Interactive Design", "Software Engineering", and "Character or Story Development".

In 1999, Next Generation listed Metal Gear Solid as number 27 on their "Top 50 Games of All Time", commenting that, "MGS is one of the most vibrant efforts in gaming history to bring serious ideas to games."

Sales
Prior to its North American release, an estimated 12 million demos for the game were distributed in 1998. Upon release, the game was a commercial success. It became one of the most rented games in the United States, and topped sales charts in the United Kingdom and Japan. PC Data, which tracked sales in the United States, reported that Metal Gear Solid sold 1.06 million copies and earned  in revenue during 1998 alone. This made it the country's fifth-best-selling PlayStation release of 1998, and the third highest-grossing PlayStation title that year. In the United Kingdom, it was the third best-selling video game of 1999. In Germany, it received a Platinum award from the Verband der Unterhaltungssoftware Deutschland (VUD) in June 1999 for sales above 200,000 copies within several months, and it became the year's second best-selling PlayStation game. In Europe, the game grossed €40,034,122 or  in 1999, adding up to more than  grossed in the United States and Europe by 1999.

By early 2001, it had sold  units worldwide, including 1million units in Japan and approximately 5million units in the United States and Europe. It went on to sell more than  units worldwide by 2002. By 2004, the original release had sold  and Integral had sold  for a combined  units worldwide. , the game had sold over  units worldwide. In the US,  units were sold .

Despite its high success even in sales, Kojima, during an interview with Geoff Keighley in 2014, revealed that Metal Gear Solid sales expectations were low and said: "Neither I nor anyone else expected Metal Gear Solid to sell at all. [...] I didn't think at all of how to make this game sell well, because I didn't expect it to sell."

Legacy

Metal Gear Solid is credited with popularizing the stealth game genre. The idea of the player being unarmed and having to avoid being seen by enemies rather than fight them has been used in many games since. It is also sometimes acclaimed as being a film as much as a game due to the lengthy cutscenes and complicated storyline. IGN called it "the founder of the stealth genre."

The game is often considered one of the best games for the PlayStation and was featured in best video games lists by Computer and Video Games in 2000, by Electronic Gaming Monthly and Game Informer in 2001, by Retro Gamer in 2004, by GameFAQs and GamePro in 2005, and by Famitsu. Hyper magazine in 2001 called it "Probably the single best game on the PlayStation."

In 2002, IGN ranked it as the best PlayStation game ever, stating that just the demo for the game had "more gameplay [in it] than in most finished titles." IGN also gave it the "Best Ending" and "Best Villain" awards. In 2005, in placing it 19th on their list of "Top 100 Games", they said that it was "a game that truly felt like a movie." Guinness World Records awarded Metal Gear Solid with a record for the "Most Innovative Use of a Video Game Controller" for the boss fight with Psycho Mantis in the Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition 2008 edition. In 2010, PC Magazine ranked it as seventh in the list of most influential video games of all time, citing its influence on "such stealthy titles as Assassin's Creed and Splinter Cell." In 2012, Time named it one of the 100 greatest video games of all time and G4tv ranked it as the 45th top video game of all time.

According to 1UP.com, Metal Gear Solid'''s cinematic style continues to influence modern action games such as Call of Duty. Metal Gear Solid, along with its sequel, Metal Gear Solid 2, was featured in the Smithsonian American Art Museum's exhibition The Art of Video Games in 2012. During August 2015, Eurogamer reanalyzed the game's technical and overall impact and claimed that Metal Gear Solid had been nothing less than "the first modern video game." In September 2015, Metal Gear Solid was voted the best original PlayStation game of all time by PlayStation.Blog's users. In May 2023, GQ listed Metal Gear Solid as the seventh best video game of all time according to a team of video game journalists across the industry.

 Notes

 Further reading
 Discusses this game and Battles Without Honor and Humanity'' by Kinji Fukasaku - Published online on May 30, 2019.

References

External links

 Metal Gear Solid official website
 Metal Gear Solid: Integral official website
 Official PC version website (Waybacked)
 Metal Gear Solid at MobyGames

1998 video games
Action-adventure games
Cancelled 3DO Interactive Multiplayer games
Cancelled Game.com games
Comics based on video games
Video games about genetic engineering
Metal Gear Solid Drama CD
Metal Gear video games
PlayStation (console) games
PlayStation Network games
Single-player video games
Stealth video games
Top-down video games
Video games about virtual reality
Video game sequels
Video games designed by Hideo Kojima
Video games developed in Japan
Video games directed by Hideo Kojima
Video games produced by Hideo Kojima
Video games set in 2005
Video games set in Alaska
Video games set on fictional islands
Video games with expansion packs
Video games scored by Kazuki Muraoka
Video games scored by Hiroyuki Togo
Video games scored by Takanari Ishiyama
Video games scored by Lee Jeon Myung
Video games scored by Maki Kirioka
Windows games
Digital Dialect games
Fratricide in fiction

Metal Gear Solid (1998 video game)


Richard Christian Matheson (born October 14, 1953) is an American writer of horror fiction and screenplays, the son of fiction writer and screenwriter Richard Matheson. He is the author of over 100 short stories of psychological horror and magic realism which are gathered in over 150 major anthologies and in his critically hailed hardcover short story collections Scars and Other Distinguishing Marks, Amazon #1 bestseller Dystopia and Zoopraxis. He is the author of the suspense novel Created By and Hollywood novella of magic realism The Ritual of Illusion, and was the editor of the commemorative book Stephen King's Battleground. Matheson also adapted the short story which was made into an iconic episode of the TNT series Nightmares & Dreamscapes: From the Stories of Stephen King and won two Emmys.

He wrote or co-wrote the screenplays for Three O'Clock High, Full Eclipse, It Takes Two, Loose Cannons Shifter, Midvale The Nature of Evil (co-written with his father Richard Matheson), Paradise, It Waits, Happy Face Killer, Voices of Midway, "≤Red Sleep", "Hooky",  Dean Koontz's Soul Survivor as a 4-hour mini series, three Masters of Horror episodes, Stephen King's Big Driver, and Nightmare Cinema. He wrote for the magazines Amazing Stories and Tales From The Crypt among the others, and he is the author of the miniseries Nightmares & Dreamscapes and adapted as four-hour miniseries H. G. Wells' The Time Machine, Roger Zelazny's The Chronicles of Amber and Whitley Strieber's Majestic. Matheson also wrote comedy and drama pilots for major studios and networks. He co-created, co-executive produced and co-wrote all thirteen episodes of the Cinemax series Chemistry. He has been executive story consultant, supervising producer and executive producer for network television series. He is also the co-executive producer of the films Cub, It Waits, Paradise, Full Eclipse and Big Driver.

Selected filmography
 Three's Company (1978) (TV)
 The Incredible Hulk (1978–79) (TV)
 The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo (1979) (TV)
 Stone (1980) (TV)
 Enos (1980) (TV)
 B.J. and the Bear (1981) (TV)
 The Powers of Matthew Star (1982) (TV)
 Knight Rider (1982) (TV)
 The A-Team (1983–86) (TV)
 Hardcastle and McCormick (1984–85) (TV)
 Stingray (1985) (TV)
 Stir Crazy (1986) (TV)
 Hunter (1985) (TV)
 Amazing Stories (1986–87) (TV)
 Three O'Clock High (with Thomas E. Szollosi) (1987)
 It Takes Two (with Thomas E. Szollosi) (1988)
 Loose Cannons (with Richard Matheson and Bob Clark) (1990)
 Tales from the Crypt (1991) (TV)
 The Torkelsons (1992) (TV)
 Arousal (film) 1996 (writer and director)
 Full Eclipse (with Michael Reaves) (1993) (TV)
 Sole Survivor (2000)
 Paradise (co-writer/creator/executive producer w/ Norman Steinberg) (2004) (TV)
 It Waits (2005)
 Masters of Horror (2005–06) (TV)
 Nightmares & Dreamscapes: From the Stories of Stephen King (2006) (TV)
 Shockers (TV Pilot and four episodes) (creator/writer/director) 2013
 Chemistry (co-writer/creator/executive producer with Norman Steinberg) (2011) (TV)
 Happy Face Killer (2014) (TV)
 Voices of Midway (2014)
 Big Driver (2014) (writer/co-executive producer)
 Cub (2014) (co-executive producer)
 Nightmare Cinema (feature film) 2018 (screenwriter)
 Skin Trade (feature film) (2018)(screenwriter/producer)

See also
 List of horror fiction authors
 Splatterpunk

References

External links
 richardchristianmatheson.com
 rcmatheson.com

1953 births
Living people
20th-century American screenwriters
21st-century American screenwriters
20th-century American short story writers
20th-century American novelists
American horror writers
American television writers
Splatterpunk
Richard Matheson
Place of birth missing (living people)
American people of Norwegian descent
21st-century American male writers

Richard Christian Matheson


The Federal Republic of Cameroon was established on 1 October 1961 as a result of the union between the Republic of Cameroon,  former French Cameroon and the Southern Cameroons, part of the former British Cameroon. The existence of the two Cameroon is a major consequence of the World War I which also took place on Cameroonian soil.

The Federal Republic of Cameroon lasted from 1 October 1961 to 20 May 1972 and was made up of two states :

 East Cameroon (former Cameroon under French rule),

 West Cameroon (former Southern Cameroons, part of Cameroon under British rule).

History

From multiparty to one-party system
On 11 November 1961, Ahmadou Ahidjo invited the other parties in the Assembly to join the UC to found a single Cameroonian party in order to develop the Cameroonian society and economy: "I say straight away that it is desirable that in Cameroon there should be a large unified party. In any case, I personally wish it after an agreement between the different parties that exist. A great unified national party into which Cameroonians would freely enter, after being convinced. A party in which there is democracy, freedom of expression, freedom of discussion; a party in which there can be several tendencies, with the understanding that the minority supports the opinions of the majority. The Union of the Peoples of Cameroon led by Theodore Mayi Matip, the Cameroon Socialist Party led by Charles Okala and the Cameroon Democrats Party led by André-Marie Mbida refused to accept the President's authoritarian drift3.

On 27 April 1962, John Ngu Foncha and Ahmadou Ahidjo formed the 'National Unity Group' which included all the deputies of the Federal Assembly and the UC-KNDP Coordination Committee whose goal was to suppress political pluralism in the two federated states.

Institutions

Executive
The electorate votes for a five-year mandate by direct universal suffrage and secret ballot for the President of the Federal Republic and a Vice-President from a different federal state than the President. The president is the head of the armed forces, the state and the federal government.

Legislative
The Federal Assembly is composed of 50 deputies calculated on the basis of 1 deputy per 80,000 residents. They are distributed as follows: 40 deputies for East Cameroon and 10 for West Cameroon. In East Cameroon, the 40 deputies were divided according to regions: 14 deputies for the North, 10 for the Centre-South, 8 for the West, 5 for the Littoral and 3 for the East.

In Western Cameroon
West Cameroon has an Assembly of Traditional Leaders and a Legislative Assembly. The Legislative Assembly of Western Cameroon is composed of 37 representatives.

In East Cameroon
As the traditional power has not been officially recognized in the political arena of the former French Cameroon, the Legislative Assembly of this part of the Federal Republic of Cameroon is unicameral.
1961 establishments in Africa
History of Cameroon
1972 disestablishments
Former countries in Africa

Federal Republic of Cameroon


A piano concerto is a concerto written for piano and orchestra.

Characteristics

Form
A classical piano concerto is often in three movements.

A quick opening movement in sonata form including a cadenza (which may be improvised by the soloist).
A slow, free expressive movement
A faster rondo

Examples by Mozart and Beethoven follow this model, but there are many others which do not. Beethoven's fourth piano concerto includes a last-movement cadenza, and many composers have made innovations – for example Liszt's single-movement concerti.

Other websites
Classical and Romantic Piano Concertos , a list of Classical and Romantic piano concertos, and other music for piano and orchestra from the same period.

Musical forms

Piano concerto


A transnational political party is a single political party with members or representatives in more than one country.

A well-known example is the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, established as an Arab nationalist and socialist party aspiring to pan-Arab political union. The party's central governing body, the National Command, included representatives from its organisations in all the Arab countries where Ba'athists had a significant presence. Each branch of the party, in turn, had a local governing body, the Regional Command, and although practical power became centred in the Syrian and Iraqi Regional Commands and the National Command of each faction assumed an essentially symbolic role, the party split in 1966, with different factions taking control in Syria and Iraq, each faction retained a pan-Arab structure.

Another example of a transnational political party is Sinn Féin, which has 7 Members of Parliament in the United Kingdom Parliament, and 37 Teachtaí Dála in the Irish Dáil Éireann. Sinn Féin also has 26 MLAs in the Northern Ireland Assembly.

Some transnational organisations also have a party-political dimension. The best example of this is the European Union, in which groups of national political parties operate together when participating in EU institutions, especially the European Parliament, as European political parties, or "Europarties". However, Europarties are distinct from transnational political parties in that they do not operate at the national level.

In a broad sense, global movements such as communism, socialism, and Islamism have transnational qualities, but in most such cases the party organization is separate in each country, with the transnational aspect being one more of consultatation and coordination, often through political internationals. One notable exception to this rule is the Progressive Labor Party (United States), which views proletarian internationalism as requiring that they set up party collectives all over the globe. Some Trotskyist parties behave similarly.

List of transnational political parties

Current

European political parties
A European political party is an organisation constituted by multiple national political parties which operates as a single party at the European Union level.
Europeans United for Democracy
European Democratic Party
European Free Alliance
European Green Party
Party of the European Left
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party
European People's Party
Party of European Socialists
European Conservatives and Reformists Party
Alliance for Europe of the Nations
Alliance of Independent Democrats in Europe

Former
African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde
Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
Rassemblement Démocratique Africain

See also
Political international

References

Transnationalism
Types of political parties

Transnational political party


The Erasers () is a novel by French writer Alain Robbe-Grillet, published in 1953 and earning him the Fénéon Prize the next year.

Plot Introduction
In an unnamed city, someone attempts to assassinate a man, Daniel Dupont, in his home.  The assassin appears to have been ordered by a terrorist group to assassinate Dupont for political reasons.  After suffering only a slight bullet wound to the arm, Dupont fakes his death with the help of the shady Doctor Juard.  A newly promoted investigator, Wallas, tries to find those responsible for the assassination, despite there being no body recovered by the police.

Characters

 Wallas — A special agent from the Bureau of Investigations (Bureau d'Enquêtes) who is sent to the city to investigate the (attempted) assassination of Daniel Dupont.  Wallas notably resembles the assassin in physical appearance.  Wallas is also in search of the ideal eraser.  It is an eraser which crumbles into fine dust as it is used, leaving no residue behind on the eraser itself.  Wallas has seen such an eraser before, but unfortunately the brand of the eraser was mostly rubbed off and the owner did not know the brand nor where he bought it.
 Garinati — The assassin and member of a clandestine group which has been carrying out assassinations every day at precisely 7:30pm for eight days in a row.  Dupont is meant to be the ninth target.  Garinati fails to kill Dupont because he neglects one step in the precisely detailed plan for the assassination.  Garinati has also been tasked by Bona to monitor Wallas.
 Laurent — Chief Inspector of the city, who is all too glad to relinquish the case to Wallas.  Laurent believes the "assassinations" are a conspiracy promoted by the minister, whom he believes to have a few screws loose.  Laurent's dislike of the minister comes from a previous conspiracy pushed by the minister which made his police force a laughing-stock. Laurent spends the majority of the investigation telling Wallas he is wasting his time, and trying to convince himself that Dupont's death is a suicide.
 Daniel Dupont — Target of the assassination for reasons unknown.  It is possible that it is because of his involvement in politics or his relation with the government and minister.  Dupont survives the assassination, suffering a slight bullet-wound to the arm, but he has Doctor Juard help him to fake his death so that the assassins believe they were successful.
 Doctor Juard — A doctor of ill-repute in the village who agrees to fake Dupont's death.  It is suggested that Doctor Juard is something of a "mob doctor" who has helped out the clandestine group or other criminals in the past.
 Bona — Presumed head of the clandestine group carrying out the assassinations.
 Fabius — Eccentric and famed figure of the Bureau of Investigations.  In some ways he is Wallas' boss.  He has reluctantly given Wallas the job because Wallas' head is a few cubic millimeters short of the required size for a special agent, and he therefore believes Wallas is doomed to fail as a special agent.

Style
One element of style Les Gommes employs is the use of free indirect discourse.  The narration of the plot is presented from the point of view of the different characters in the novel, sometimes switching viewpoints between paragraphs.  The reader has access to the thoughts of investigators, culprits, and victims alike giving a biased, though comprehensive view of the events surrounding the assassination.  This stylistic choice allows the reader to conduct their own investigation in parallel to that of Wallas and Laurent.  Though the major details of the attempted assassination are known from the prologue, many important details are left out and are mentioned only as the reader and the investigation by Wallas progresses.

The other major stylistic element is the circular nature of the novel, in which actions and descriptions are repeated over and over.  This circular movement (both of the plot and of descriptions within the narrative), is further highlighted by the names of the city's streets, such as Circular Boulevard, and the seemingly confusing geography of the city.  The same description of Wallas and a cyclist crossing a draw-bridge is repeated multiple times, and there is one instance in which Wallas is idly walking and ends up back where he started.  Wallas repeatedly intends to interview Doctor Juard, but he is continually being sidetracked and having to start the investigation over.  The circular nature of the novel is also reinforced by similarities (of both appearance and actions) between the investigator Wallas the investigator and the assassin Garinati.

Trivia

Susan Beschta named her 1970s punk rock band The Erasers, taking the name from the novel.

References

1953 French novels
Novels by Alain Robbe-Grillet
French detective novels

The Erasers


The Georgia Township Act is a bill introduced in January 2007 in the Georgia General Assembly, which would for the first time create "townships" in the US state of Georgia.

Overview
It would give unincorporated areas of at least 500 acres (approximately two square kilometers or 0.8 square miles) the power to regulate zoning and other land use, and to levy a maximum annual property tax of a half-mill (0.5‰), managed by a board of supervisors selected in nonpartisan elections in odd-numbered years. All other services and laws would remain the responsibility of the county.

The bill would also require a population density of , or one person per 3.2 acres), and that at least 10% of the included area be zoned or used for non-residential purposes. It would also allow for the contracting of public utilities and public services, though the bill which passed the state senate added the exception of cable TV.  Local legislation would be required to create a township or convert it to a municipality. A referendum would also be required, as well for the township to be annexed by a municipality. Deannexation by a township could be done by a vote of the board of supervisors if a landowner makes such a request, but it may not bring the township below the minimum requirements. Annexation may not be done solely down the length of a right of way, such as to make an annexation contiguous.

An additional requirement added to the final senate bill requires the township to notify the county of any requests for rezoning or new subdivisions, or proposed changes in the land use plan or regulations and ordinances. The county has ten business days to respond with its opinions and concerns and any proposed solutions, which must be made part of the township's public record and must be considered by the board prior to making a final decision. The township's final decision must then be forwarded back to the county. This procedure also applies to adjoining municipalities and townships, but not to other counties. It also applies in reciprocal, with adjoining cities or the county notifying the township of changes which might affect it. A township may be in more than one county. Counties may create special service districts at the request of a township.

While the bill explicitly states that a "township" would not be a municipality, the definitions set forth in the law make it nearly identical in function to villages or hamlets in some other states, including neighboring North Carolina and Florida, where they are the lowest level of a three-tiered system of municipalities. One major factor in this comparison is that, unlike most minor civil divisions, the proposed areas would be very small in size, and together would not cover the entire or even a large part of a county. The other major factor is that, like any municipality, they would not be subject to involuntary annexation by nearby cities (which for several decades have been the only type of municipality allowed under the Georgia State Constitution). The township designation may therefore be in order to avoid a broader and hence more complicated and politically charged overhaul of local government classifications in the state.

Basis
The idea grew from dissatisfaction in several places with county governments, which have often allowed excessive or disorganized land development. While larger unincorporated communities like Dunwoody are still pressing for cityhood, others such as Vinings and Tucker (all in metro Atlanta) and St. Simons Island would have another option under the bill, which is intended as a compromise for those who want more local control, but not the significantly higher taxes incurred by having to provide state-required city services.

Legislative history
The Georgia Senate bill (SB 89), also has an accompanying resolution (SR 130) which would provide for the constitutional amendment necessary to allow for such a change. If passed in a November 2008 referendum, it would have been effective on the first day of 2009. The bill was introduced by David Adelman of Decatur, and was also sponsored by senators Chip Pearson, Dan Weber, Tim Golden, Doug Stoner, and J. Powell of the 42nd, 51st, 40th, 8th, 6th, and 23rd districts, respectively.

The senate passed the bill, 43–10, on March 27, the 30th and last business day ("crossover day") of the current session for bills to pass at least one house and cross over to the other for consideration that year. The passed bill creates a new chapter 93 under title 36 of the OCGA. Another bill (HB 651) would have made several changes, including allowing county superior courts to approve townships, but did not pass. That bill would have amended chapter 31 (also under title 36) instead.

Ultimately, the original bill (along with one to incorporate Dunwoody) failed to gain passage before the end of the session, but was likely to be reintroduced in 2008. Also considered in the 2007 Georgia General Assembly were bills to allow counties to object to the annexation of cities, though it is unclear whether this would apply to annexations by the proposed townships. Currently, a county may only object to the first annexation of its area by a city which is only in an adjacent county. There is no formal process for blocking an annexation however.

References

External links
SB 89 official summary
SR 130 official summary
HB 651 text

DeKalb News story, January 31
DeKalb News story, February 2
AJC story, January 30
AJC story, February 5
AJC story on Vinings
DeKalb News article on senate passage

Georgia (U.S. state) statutes
2007 in Georgia (U.S. state)
Townships in the United States

Georgia Township Act


The economy of South Africa is the second largest in Africa, after Nigeria. South Africa is an upper-middle-income economy. South Africa's Gross Domestic Product almost tripled to peak at $400 billion in 2011. South Africa has a Population of 58,775,022 (2019 est.). the currency of south Africa is in South African rand and the Main industries are mining (South Africa is the world's largest producer of platinum).

Economy of South Africa


In Pursuit of Peace is a Singaporean television drama set in Japanese-occupied Singapore during World War II. The series was first run on MediaCorp Channel 8 from 9 March to 11 May 2001 on Friday nights. The series is based on the 1999 book Eternal Vigilance: The Price of Freedom (published by Asiapac Books), which contains numerous eyewitness accounts of survivors of the Japanese occupation of Southeast Asia. In contrast with The Price of Peace, a similar television series aired on MediaCorp Channel 8 in 1997, In Pursuit of Peace focuses more on developing the main characters' stories, while the former places greater emphasis on the historical aspects of the Japanese occupation.

Plot
The series is set in Singapore and Malaya during World War II and depicts daily life before and during the Japanese occupation of Singapore from the perspectives of two Chinese families.

The Huang family run an inn in Singapore. Huang Yitang married Li Huaniang, a Nyonya woman, and has two sons (Changfeng and Changman) and a daughter (Yinxiang) with her. The Huangs also adopted an orphaned boy, Changqing, and arranged for him to marry Yinxiang when they are grown up. Things get complicated as both Yinxiang and Changqing have their own love interests: Yinxiang is enamoured with Dahai, an anti-Japanese activist, while Changqing loves his cousin, Yang Xiaomei. Unknown to everyone, Chen Yong, an employee at the inn, has a crush on Yinxiang.

The Huangs' neighbours, the Lin family, own a provision shop. Lin Songde, a widower, lives with his son (Lin Fan) and two daughters (Lin Yun and Lin Shan). The two families have arranged a marriage between Changfeng and Lin Yun when they were still young. Later, when the grown-up Changfeng and Lin Yun meet each other, they fall in love without knowing that they are already engaged. Lin Fan starts a romance with Ah-gui after saving her and her brother from a paedophilic businessman. Lin Shan is in a relationship with Warren, a British soldier, who abandons her later.

Changfeng and Lin Yun are killed in an air raid. Against his father's wishes, Lin Fan joins Dalforce and fights the Japanese during the Battle of Singapore. After the fall of Singapore, he flees to Malaya with Ah-gui, marries her and joins an underground resistance movement. Chen Yong secretly becomes an informer for the Kempeitai and infiltrates the resistance movement at the same time. He uses the Kempeitai to help him get rid of Dahai and Changqing so that he can get closer to Yinxiang and win her heart. Changqing survives, goes into hiding with Yang Xiaomei, and starts a family with her. When the Kempeitai threaten him with Yinxiang's life, Chen Yong turns vicious and betrays the resistance by leading the Kempeitai to their hideout in Malaya. In the ensuing battle, a pregnant Ah-gui sacrifices her life to save Lin Fan.

Lin Shan encounters Nishimura, a Japanese military officer, falls in love with him and eventually marries him, much to her father's chagrin. However, she ends up as a sex slave after Nishimura is assassinated by his rivals. Lin Fan returns to Singapore to take revenge on the traitor who betrayed the resistance, and he warns Yinxiang after discovering that Chen Yong is the traitor. Yinxiang pretends to marry Chen Yong, fatally stabs him on their wedding night to avenge Dahai, and disappears from Singapore. In the meantime, Lin Fan encounters Ding Yueguang, a prostitute, and starts a romance with her after they escape death together on a few occasions. However, they never get together eventually.

At the end of the war, the surviving members of the two families reunite, except Yinxiang, who sends them a letter saying she has gone to Hainan.

Historical events
Historical figures such as Goh Say Eng, Lim Boon Keng and Yamashita Tomoyuki are portrayed in the drama. One episode focuses on Goh Say Eng's internal struggles when he is torn between his role as an anti-Japanese activist and as a parent of a Japanese military officer he fathered years ago with his secret lover in Japan. In another episode, the Japanese force Lim Boon Keng to raise a "donation" of 50 million straits dollars and present it to Yamashita Tomoyuki in a public ceremony.

Cast

 Qi Yuwu as Lin Fan
 Huang Liren as Lin Fan (old)
 Lynn Poh as Lin Shan
 Richard Low as Lin Songde
 Priscelia Chan as Ah-gui
 Apple Hong as Ding Yueguang
 May Phua as Lin Yun
 Pierre Png as Huang Changfeng
 Yao Wenlong as Chen Yong
 Bernard Tan as Huang Changqing
 Irin Gan as Huang Yinxiang
 Chen Tianxiang as Huang Yitang
 Neo Swee Lin as Li Huaniang
 Jaslyn Theen as Yang Xiaomei
 Li Nanxing as Sakagami Ichiro
 Chen Shucheng as Goh Say Eng
 Nick Shen as Goh Say Eng (young)
 Robin Leong as Nishimura
 Henry Chong as Wang Changfeng
 Huang Shinan as Ah-shi
 Liang Tian as Tangshan
 Chen Guohua as Uncle Xi
 Ye Shipin as Fujiwara
 Zhou Quanxi as Wu Daichang
 David Naidu as Ah-xing
 Mohan as Ah-xing's father
 Ken Tay as Hattori
 Wang Jinlong as Ōnishi Satoru
 Li Fuliang as Dahai
 Aaron Lester as Warren
 Chen Weijian as Huang Changman
 Li Qinning as Xiaoju
 Wang Yongyou as Huang Duijin
 Lin Wen'an as Lim Boon Keng
 Huang Zhiguang as Yamashita Tomoyuki
 Guan Xuemei as Yang Xiaomei's stepmother
 Azroy Abdul as Ali
 Cai Jianhao as Da-an
 Chen Chaosheng as Xiao-an
 Lin Xinghong as Xu Biaoqing
 Jiang Rongjie as Okishima
 Feng Weizhong as Ah-dai
 Chen Xiuling as Aimei
 Xu Yi as Keiko
 Huang Junqi as Boss An
 Peng Bilin as Qiaoqing
 Luo Aihui as Anna
 Bu Jianxing as Ziqiang
 Cai Qingpao as Ah-gou
 Zhu Enjie as Honggu
 Li Meijiao as Ah-gui's aunt
 Lin Peifang as Lin Yun's grandmother
 Kenneth J. Meals as Professor William
 Huang Degang as Japanese officer
 Li Xiuhua as doctor

See also
 The Price of Peace
 A War Diary

External links
 Official page on toggle.sg
 Introduction to the series with a synopsis for each episode

Singapore Chinese dramas
2001 Singaporean television series debuts
2001 Singaporean television series endings
World War II television drama series
Channel 8 (Singapore) original programming

In Pursuit of Peace


The St Kilda-Windsor railway line was a short-lived section of railway that linked the isolated Windsor to Brighton (Bay Street) section of the Melbourne railway network to the city.  The branch line fell into disuse when an alternative route was built between Windsor and Richmond stations.

Purpose
Windsor station, originally called "Chapel Street Station", was the terminus for northbound trains on the Brighton Beach line. It was run by the St Kilda and Brighton Railway Company, which built the loop line connecting the isolated Brighton line to the St Kilda line, so that the former could be connected to the city. Trains from the city travelled south to St Kilda terminus, and then "backed out" on to the loop line to Windsor. The loop was carried on wooden trestles across a swamp now known as the Albert Park Lake, and had a raised embankment with a bridge over St Kilda Road.

A possible reason for the construction of the loop line connecting through to St Kilda was the difficulty experienced by contractors in constructing a rail crossing over the Yarra River at Cremorne, known in the mid-19th century as "Forrest Hill".  In the mid-19th century the railway bisected a swamp. Cooper (1924; p. 181) reports that when the rail embankment was first being constructed it subsided, burying ballast trucks in the swamp. The cost of recovering the trucks was deemed to be uneconomic, so a second embankment was constructed over them.

Operation
The first train on the loop line from St Kilda was on 3 December 1859, and it opened to the public ten days later. There were no trains after 7 pm on the branch line; patrons simply walked to their homes in Prahran from St Kilda station in Fitzroy Street.

A short time after the loop line was constructed, a competing connection was built between Windsor and Richmond stations, with the first train arriving at Windsor directly from Melbourne on 24 November 1860. The loop line to St Kilda then fell into disuse, and track duplication, a condition of the original Crown lease, was never completed.

Station histories

Demise

The St Kilda and Brighton Railway Company experienced financial difficulties, no doubt exacerbated by the direct link to Melbourne through Prahran and Windsor, and was bought by the Melbourne and Suburban Railway Company in 1862.  The track, bridge and trestles between St Kilda Station and Punt Road were dismantled, probably less than five years after original construction. However, a siding from Windsor station to Hoddle Street remained.  Due to the track alignments there were now two level crossings within  on Union Street, because the siding continued to be used for shunting trains from the Brighton line, and to carry screenings from the Richmond quarries to a commercial depot on Punt Road (then known as Hoddle Street).

Perversely, it was due to local annoyance at the level crossing on the siding near the station that trains won the legal right-of-way at road-rail intersections in Victoria. Indignant at the delays to horse-drawn traffic caused by trains, and in particular the perpetually closed and unmanned crossing of the siding, local councillors from Prahran, along with a gang of men, a solicitor and some police, marched to the level crossing in question one morning in 1869 and began to rip up the tracks on the siding. The matter was brought to court on 17 April 1869 and, although the railways won the right-of-way case, the siding was not reconstructed.

No evidence remains of the embankments or the bridge over St Kilda Road, although the alignment of the loop can be traced by residual parkland and some oddly-shaped property boundaries. A small park to the west of Windsor station is called "Windsor Siding".

References

Further reading

 St Kilda to Windsor Loop Line 1859 – 1865

Closed Melbourne railway lines
5 ft 3 in gauge railways in Australia
Railway lines opened in 1859
Railway lines closed in 1860
1859 establishments in Australia

St Kilda – Windsor railway line


Meilyr ap Gwalchmai (fl. second half of the 12th century) was the son of the Welsh poet Gwalchmai ap Meilyr (fl. 1130–1180) and brother of another poet, Einion ap Gwalchmai. His surviving work is religious in nature.

Bibliography
J. E. Caerwyn-Williams (ed.), Gwaith Meilyr Brydydd a'i ddisgynyddion (Cardiff, 1994).

12th-century Welsh poets

Meilyr ap Gwalchmai


Hillside is an 18th-century Grade II* listed building in Rottingdean, in the city of Brighton and Hove. The house contains a gazebo listed for its special architectural or historic interest, and also contains a Grade II listed barn.

History
Hillside was built in 1724 as a farmhouse for West Side farm in Rottingdean. It has an 18th-century red and grey brick facade. In 1822, a gazebo was built in the garden, looking out onto Falmer Road; the gazebo was listed as a building of special architectural or historic interest in 1952. The property also contains a 17th-century barn, which became a Grade II listed building in 1973. The barn neighbours Kipling's Garden, and in 2013, developers proposed turning the barn into a house. In 1894, the building is listed as being owned by a Colonel A.M. Phillips.

All of the Hillside buildings are part of the Rottingdean Conservation Area since its creation in 1970.

References

External links
 Listing on British Listed Buildings

Grade II* listed buildings in Brighton and Hove
Grade II* listed houses
Houses in Brighton and Hove
Houses completed in 1724

Hillside, Brighton and Hove


Lucien Aigner (14 September 1901 – 29 March 1999) was a Hungarian photojournalist.

Life and work
Aigner was born in Érsekújvár, Austria-Hungary (now called Nové Zámky in Slovakia).

His first camera, a Brownie, was acquired at age nine and was used to photograph his family. By 1926, Aigner was a reporter for Az Est, the Hungarian newspaper group, and soon became a photographer with them. During this time, Aigner started using a Leica camera.

As the Paris correspondent of the London General Press at the Stresa Conference of 1935, Aigner photographed Benito Mussolini, who was about to sneeze as the picture was taken. The photo made the cover of Newsweek in 1940, and established Aigner as a photojournalist. In 1941 he emigrated from France to the United States to escape Nazi persecution.

He then spent time at Princeton University taking photographs of Albert Einstein. The photos of Einstein are among Aigner's most famous, and were reportedly Einstein's favorite photos of himself.

Aigner was the older brother of fashionable leather-goods manufacturer Etienne Aigner.

He died in Waltham, Massachusetts.

References
 Jeffrey, Ian et al. (1997). The Photography Book. London: Phaidon Press.
Lucien Aigner: Picture Stories: Vintage Early Works: 17 April – 16 June 2001. Bruce Silverstein Gallery.

External links
 Biography and image collection at Luminous-Lint

1901 births
1999 deaths
People from Nové Zámky
Hungarian photographers
American photojournalists
Hungarian emigrants to the United States

Lucien Aigner


The Nolamba dynasty the area they held sway over is referred to as Nolambasa-37 of Henjeru (Hemavathi), Nolambalige (Nolambavadi-32000), etc. R. Narasimhacharya states that the Nolambas were a native Kannada dynasty.

Officers and kings belonging to the Nolamba dynasty

Simhapota, a Nolamba chief, subordinate to the Ganga kings.
Mahendra I, Ayyapadeva who probably ruled around the period of Krishna II of the Rastrakutas.
Anniga or Annayya with the title Bira-Nolamba ruled in the period of Amoghavarsha of Rastrakutas.
Dilipa or Iriva Nolamba around the period of Krishna III of the Rashtrakutas. According to an inscription from Aimangala, 56 Dilipa's son and successor was Nanni Nolamba.
There are two other names after Nanni Nolamba, namely Polalchora II and Vira Mahendra or Mahendra II as per Kolar district inscriptions.

As long as the Rastrakutas were strong Nolamba flourished under their influence. But after their collapse Nolamba Dynasty lost its influence and power.
Nolambas were overrun by the Ganga king Marasimha II (963-975 CE), who boasts of having destroyed the Nolamba family and had the title Nolambakulantaka. Nanni Nolamba was the king who was ruling in . Ahavamalla Nolamba appears identical with Nanni Nolamba. Mahendra II was succeeded by his younger brother Iriva Nolamba II Ghateyankakara, who was too young to come to the throne. Hence, Mahendra's mother Divabbarasi was the queen regent during this period of interregnum after his death. Rajaraja I, the Chola emperor, invaded Nolambavadi and occupied most of its southern parts. Trailokyamalla Nanni Nolamba II Pallava Permanadi succeeded Jagadekamalla Irmadi Nolamba and was installed on the throne on 5 April 1044 CE.

Other Nolamba officers listed in various inscriptions are: Irivabe-danga Nolamba Ghateyankakara, who appears to have married Pampa Devi, a daughter of Satyashraya of Western chalukyas.

The Nolamba vassal under Jayasimha of Western Chalukya was Udayaditya (about 1018–1035) also called as Vira-Nonamba Jagadekamalla Malladeva.
Jagadekamalla Immadi Nolamba Pallava Permanadi, perhaps the successor of Udayaditya, was ruling over Kadambalige in 1037.
Vijaya Pandya who ruled over Nolambavadi from Uchangi from about 1148 to about 1187.

Temples attributed to the Nolambas

 Kalleshvara Temple, Aralaguppe, Tiptur taluk
 Kalleshwara Temple, Chikkahulikunte, Sira taluk
 Nolamba Narayaneshvara temple, Avani, Mulbagal Taluk
 Siddeshwara Temple, Madhapura, Honnali taluk (Also Known as Heggeri Siddeshwara)
 Shankara muth, Avani, Mulbagal Taluk
 Sri. Bhoga Nandeshwara, Nandi, Chikkaballapura Taluk
 Sri.Venugopala, Tondanur, Pandavapura Taluk
 Sri.Yoga Narasimha, Tondanur, Pandavapura Taluk
 Siddeswara (Henjerappa) and Doddeswara Temples built by Nolamba pallava kings in the 9th century, Hemavati, Anantapur district
 Sri Veeranjaneya Swamy Temple, Aragonda Village, Chittoor Dt. Andhra Pradesh
 Sri Siddeswara Temple, Siddeswarana Durga[Kolapala] Village, Challakere Taluk, Chitradurga Dt. Karnataka dated 834AD ]

See also

Religion in Western Ganga kingdom
Ardhagiri

References

External links

Kolar City Municipal Council - Tourism
Kalleshwara Temple India9.com
Rashtrakuta Rulers Visitchitradurga.com

Dynasties of India
Nolambas

Nolamba dynasty


Ludvig Olai Botnen (27 March 1910 – 29 April 1987) was a Norwegian politician for the Liberal Party.

He was born in Førde.

He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Sogn og Fjordane in 1961, and was re-elected on one occasion. He had previously been a deputy representative in the periods 1950–1953 and 1954–1957.

Botnen was deputy mayor of Florø municipality in 1954, and mayor in 1955, 1955–1957 and 1959–1961. He then served as mayor of Flora in 1975–1979. At that point he had held various positions in local politics in Florø and Flora for 34 years. He headed the party chapter on county level from 1951 to 1960.

Outside politics he worked in newspapers. He was a journalist in Firda in 1931, became secretary in Hordaland Folkeblad in 1933 and then editor-in-chief of Firda Folkeblad from 1934 to 1942 and 1945 to 1976, interrupted by the German occupation of Norway.

References

1910 births
1987 deaths
People from Førde
Members of the Storting
Mayors of places in Sogn og Fjordane
Liberal Party (Norway) politicians
Norwegian newspaper editors
20th-century Norwegian writers
20th-century Norwegian politicians

Ludvig Olai Botnen


A deck prism, or bullseye, is a prism inserted into the deck of a ship to provide light down below.

For centuries, sailing ships used deck prisms to provide a safe source of natural sunlight to illuminate areas below decks.  Before electricity, light below a vessel's deck was provided by candles, oil and kerosene lamps—all dangerous aboard a wooden ship. The deck prism laid flush into the deck, the glass prism refracted and dispersed natural light into the space below from a small deck opening without weakening the planks or becoming a fire hazard.

In normal usage, the prism hangs below the overhead and disperses the light sideways; the top is flat and installed flush with the deck, becoming part of the deck. The lens shapes were naturally derived from the process of handmaking the glass on an 'iron' and would have predated the ability to manufacture flat glass. (A plain flat glass window would just form a single bright spot below—not very useful for general illumination—hence the prismatic shape.)

To maximize light output, the glass used was originally made colorless with the addition of manganese dioxide; the purple hue of some specimens is caused by decades of exposure to UV.

Aboard colliers (coal ships), prisms were also used to keep check on the cargo hold: light from a fire would be collected by the prism and be made visible on the deck even in daylight.

The names "deck light", "dead light" or "deadlight" are sometimes used, though the latter is uncommon as a reference to prisms, as more often refers to non-opening plain-glass panels. Deadlights were commonplace for lighting underground vaults in the 19th century, in which application they were also called "pavement lights" (UK) or "vault lights" (US).

See also
 Prism lighting
 Prism glass
 Porthole
 Daylighting
 Liter of Light

References

Prism
Prisms (optics)
Energy-saving lighting

Deck prism


Vasafua is an islet of Funafuti, Tuvalu.  Vasafua is part of the Funafuti Conservation Area, established in 1996 with the aim of preserving the natural fauna and flora of the area.

Vasafua was severely damaged by Cyclone Pam. The coconut palms were washed away, leaving the islet as a sand bar.

Te Ava Fuagea, also known as Ava Amelia is a deep and narrow passage on the southwestern side of the atoll, 18.3 metres deep and 160 metres wide, separating the southern part of the atoll in the west, south of passage Te Ava Papa and the still more northerly islet of Fuafatu, and north of the islet of Vasafua.

References

Islands of Tuvalu
Pacific islands claimed under the Guano Islands Act
Funafuti

Vasafua


This is a list of submissions to the 64th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film. The Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film was created in 1956 by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to honour non-English-speaking films produced outside the United States. The award is handed out annually, and is accepted by the winning film's director, although it is considered an award for the submitting country as a whole. Countries are invited by the Academy to submit their best films for competition according to strict rules, with only one film being accepted from each country.

For the 64th Academy Awards, thirty-four films were submitted in the category Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. The five nominated films came from Czechoslovakia, Hong Kong, Iceland, Sweden and the eventual winner, Mediterraneo, from Italy. Hong Kong and Iceland received their first-ever nominations, while Czechoslovakia received its final nomination as a unified state.

Submissions

Notes

  Germany caused controversy when it took the unusual step not to submit any film to the competition. Europa, Europa by Agnieszka Holland was one of the pre-selection favorites to win the award. Although the film was made in German and about Germany, the country's National Film Board said that because they considered the film to be a majority-French production, and because the director was Polish, they did not consider it qualified to represent Germany. This is the only time since 1977 that Germany failed to be represented.
  In spite of a rule requiring films to be in the language of the submitting country, AMPAS decided to accept a submission from the United Kingdom that was mostly in Russian, marking the UK's first-ever participation in the competition.
 AMPAS acknowledged that they had received four submissions from new Eastern European republics, Armenia, Croatia, Macedonia and Slovenia, which had each declared independence in mid-to-late 1991. Since none of the countries had yet been recognized internationally, the films were disqualified and not screened, although representatives from their parent states - the USSR and Yugoslavia - were allowed to compete. AMPAS did not announce the titles, but based on the small size of these republic's film industries at the time it appears certain that Macedonia chose Stole Popov's Tetoviranje, the most celebrated Yugoslavian film of 1991, and that Croatia, Slovenia and Armenia likely chose family drama Fragments, black comedy The Cartier Operation and surreal religious drama The Voice in the Wilderness respectively.
 Other countries notable by their absence included Egypt, Finland, Greece and Romania.

References

64

List of submissions to the 64th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film


Franz Eisenhut (Hungarian: Eisenhut Ferencz; Serbian Cyrillic: Франц Ајзенхут; 25 January 1857 – 2 June 1903) was a prominent Danube Swabian Realist and Orientalist painter. He is considered one of Austria-Hungary's greatest academic painters in the second half of the 19th century. His most famous and recognizable paintings include Death of Gül Baba, Battle of Zenta, Slave trade and Cock fighting and many other, depicting mostly motifs from the Orient. His works can be found in many European museums across the continent.

Biography

Franz Eisenhut was born in Nova Palanka, Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar, Austrian Empire (today Bačka Palanka, Vojvodina province, Serbia) in a German family. His father, Georg Eisenhut was from Palanka, and his mother Theresia Sommer was from Bukin.

His father had hoped for Franz to become a merchant, but the Hungarian painter Telepy Károly discovered his talent for painting. Influential citizens of Palanka at the time, led by lawyer Karl Mezey and pharmacist Karlo Harliković, collected money for his studies. He studied at Hungarian Royal Drawing School in Budapest from 1875 until 1877. Afterwards, he became a student of the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Munich. He studied there until 1883 in class of Gyula Benczúr, the Hungarian painter.

After finishing the Academy, he went on a trip to the Orient for the first time, visiting the Caucasus. The next year, he held his first exhibition in Budapest. The Orient became his main source of inspiration and Orientalist paintings will become his most famous works. In 1883 and 1884, he went to the Caucasus once again, visiting Tbilisi and Baku. In 1886 and 1887, he traveled from Naples to Tunisia and Algeria. His first great success was the 1886 painting "Healing through the Koran in Beirut".

Many of his paintings were reproduced by woodcutting workshops across Europe, because, as his friend Lyka Karoly claimed, "his paintings showed the authentic Orient". Lyka Karoly also gave a detailed description of Eisenhut's studio in Munich, which was located at Mozartstrasse 13/4. Another famous painting made at the time was Death of Gül Baba, for which he won the State Gold Medal at an exhibition in Budapest. Afterwards, he had exhibitions in Munich, Paris and Madrid. In 1894, he painted the interior of New York Palace in Budapest.

Eisenhut's most famous work is the painting "Battle of Zenta", made in 1896 for the Hungarian Millennium Exhibition, celebrating 1000 years since the Hungarian settlement in the Great Hungarian Plain. The painting was ordered by the Bács-Bodrog County and is still exhibited in Sombor City Hall, as Sombor was the county seat at the time. This painting, with dimensions of 7x4 meters, is the largest oil painting in the Balkans today.

In 1897, he returned to Palanka, where he married Adriana Reichl, daughter of Friedrich Reichl, owner of the Reichl cement factory in Neu-Palanka and brother of the famous architect from Apatin. Franz Reichl. In 1898 they had a daughter, who died soon afterwards on their journey to Samarkand, when the family was returning from Emirate of Bukhara. Eisenhut was invited to Bukhara personally by the Emir 'Abd al-Ahad Khan. In 1901, their second daughter Judith was born, and in 1903, Eisenhut 's only son Franz Georg, who was later the founder of leather industry Merkur in Bačka Palanka. However, Eisenhut got seriously ill while in Munich and died on 2 June 1903. He was buried in the Ostfriedhof cemetery in Munich. A street in Palanka was named "Eisenhutgasse" after him.

External links

1857 births
1903 deaths
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni
Painters from Austria-Hungary
Bačka Palanka
Burials at the Ostfriedhof (Munich)
Danube-Swabian people

Hungarian University of Fine Arts alumni
Orientalist painters

Franz Eisenhut