Richard Kylea Cowie Jr. MBE  (born 19 January 1979), better known by his stage name Wiley (formerly Wiley Kat), is a British grime MC, rapper, songwriter, DJ and record producer from Bow, London. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential and most successful artists from the UK.

Wiley is considered a key figure in the creation of grime music and often labelled the "Godfather of Grime". In the early 2000s, he independently released a series of highly influential eskibeat instrumentals on white label vinyl, such as the first in the series "Eskimo" and is known as a grime MC both for his solo work and for material released with his crew Roll Deep.

Wiley first tasted success as a member of UK garage crew Pay As U Go, with whom he had a top 40 hit, "Champagne Dance" in 2001. Wiley has continued to make grime music while also releasing mainstream singles, such as the UK Singles Chart top 10 hits "Wearing My Rolex", "Never Be Your Woman", and his UK number-one "Heatwave". Wiley's eleventh album, Godfather (2017), peaked at number nine on the UK Albums Chart, becoming his highest-charting album of his career, and also won an "Outstanding Contribution to Music" award by NME.

Regarded as a pioneer in the British underground music scene with a prolific work rate and a versatile music artist with many crossover hits, he was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2018 New Year Honours for services to music  Wiley has been stabbed on several occasions. In 2008, a stabbing left him with a visible scar on the left side of his face.

On 24 July 2020, Wiley made a series of posts and videos on social media, widely condemned as anti-semitic.

Early life
Richard Kylea Cowie Jr. was born on 19 January 1979 in Bow, East London. He is of Trinidadian and Antiguan descent. Cowie's father, Richard Cowie Senior was a reggae artist during Cowie's youth in the 1980s and introduced Cowie to early hip-hop such as The Sugarhill Gang. Cowie's interest in music began when his father introduced him to the drums. Cowie moved around London a lot as a child with his father before moving to Chatham, Kent to live with his grandmother when he was ten. Cowie spent a year in Chatham and described it as a bad time, saying "I just wanted to go and live with my dad. I felt abandoned." Cowie eventually moved back to Bow to live with his father when he was eleven years old.

When Cowie was a teenager in the early-1990s, he began to sell crack cocaine and heroin. Cowie was introduced to drug dealing from a DJ friend who was making a lot of money at the time. Cowie stopped dealing drugs when a local drug dealer who was much older than him began to threaten him and his friend. Cowie began producing music after he stopped dealing drugs as an alternative way to make money. Cowie started as a DJ, and eventually began rapping, incorporating garage music and drum and bass into his produced instrumentals which led to the creation of the first ever grime beats such as "Eskimo", produced in Christmas of 1999 or 2000 and officially released in 2002. He broadcast his productions over pirate radio stations such as Rinse FM. Initially Wiley went by the name DJ Wildchild, until a woman from Kool FM began using the name Wildchild herself and surpassed Wiley in popularity. As a result, he changed his name to Wiley Kat, a reference to a Thundercats character, and later simply Wiley.

Though Cowie stopped selling drugs, he was still associated with criminal gangs and with people who took part in criminal activities. This led to Wiley being involved in many situations that were life-threatening. On one occasion Cowie's friend had solicited money from someone following a drug deal though the money never was paid, Cowie argued with the person who owed his friend money and eventually Cowie was ambushed when attending a show. The confrontation led to Cowie being stabbed seven times. Several weeks later, the same people attacked Cowie outside a sports retail store, which led to Cowie almost dying in a hospital in Hammersmith. Cowie has been stabbed more than twenty times in his lifetime and has been in numerous other life-threatening situations including being chased by a man with a samurai sword and being shot at with shotguns.

Music career

1996–2003: early years
As a teenager, Wiley featured on pirate radio stations such as Rinse FM and drum and bass stations. In 2000, Wiley went from SS Crew to join The Ladies Hit Squad, a garage crew with his college friends DJ Target and MC Maxwell D. They achieved some success on the UK garage scene and soon decided to combine with rival crew Pay As U Go to become a 'super crew' containing members of Ladies Hit Squad, as well as DJ Slimzee, DJ Geeneus and MCs Major Ace and Plague A Lero from Brown Brothers whom Wiley occasionally deejayed for. God's Gift from Deck Collecters Crew, Flow Dan and Riko Dan joined soon after. In 2002, the collective achieved a top 20 hit with "Champagne Dance". Wiley also received wide recognition in 2000 for his UK garage record "Nicole's Groove" which he produced under the stage name Phaze One.

After Pay As U Go disbanded, Wiley went on to form the Roll Deep entourage, which included Dizzee Rascal and Tinchy Stryder. They moved away from a traditional UK garage sound, and eventually found themselves creating music that would be termed grime.

From 2001 onwards, Wiley began producing instrumental singles on his Wiley Kat Recordings label, including "Eskimo", "Avalanche", "Ice Rink" and "Snowman". These led to a solo record deal with XL Recordings.

2004–2007: Treddin' on Thin Ice, Da 2nd Phaze and Playtime Is Over
In 2004, Wiley released his debut album, Treddin' on Thin Ice on XL. Singles from the album include "Wot Do U Call It?", a record questioning what name should be given to his music, and "Pies". Wiley's use of the Korg Triton on "Wot Do U Call It?" helped cement the synthesizer as a Grime staple. Many reviews, including that by Pitchfork Media, made comparisons between Wiley and his previous labelmate Dizzee Rascal, who had achieved success with Boy in Da Corner the previous year. Alexis Petridis of The Guardian noted the "comically polarised" fanbase Wiley had accrued; "At one extreme, its sonic experimentation has attracted the kind of people who run music blogs... [where] lengthy essays are posted on issues as the differentiation between Humean and Kantian views of motivation in the lyrics of Bonnie Prince Billy. At the other extreme, it is favoured by inner-city teens who appear to communicate entirely in an impenetrable mix of street slang and patois."

During this period, Wiley occasionally referred to his music as "eski", short for "eskibeat" – the name he initially gave to grime. Also, Wiley released mixtapes under the name 'Eskiboy'. He explained his choice of name for his music and the continuing theme in his song and album titles such as Treddin' on Thin Ice, partly because he likes the wintertime, but mainly meaning cold in spirit. Wiley was quoted in conjunction with his cold theme: "Sometimes I just feel cold hearted. I felt cold at that time, towards my family, towards everyone. That's why I used those names" Many of Wiley's early vinyl releases, such as 'Eskimo', were released under the alias "Wiley Kat"; this name was derived from a character in the cartoon Thundercats. However, the "Kat" is never officially used by Wiley any more, only being mentioned loosely in some of his songs.

In 2006, Wiley released his second album Da 2nd Phaze, released through Boy Better Know. The album consists of 20 tracks that have been put together by Wiley from the past three years, including exclusive bonus tracks from Gods Gift, Alex Mills and More Fire Crew.

This was followed in by Wiley's third album, Playtime is Over, released in 2007 on Big Dada Records, an album which followed his eskibeat roots. Wiley's eskibeat and solo material is managed by the Perpetuity Music Group. The album was released on the same day as Dizzee Rascal's third album, Maths + English, and includes a track "Letter 2 Dizzee" which calls for the end of his feud with Dizzee Rascal.

2008–2009: Grime Wave, See Clear Now and Race Against Time
In May 2008, Wiley found mainstream chart success with the hit single, "Wearing My Rolex". The instrumentation, such as the slower, house style beat and lack of sub bass, caused some unrest within the grime scene, as Wiley had previously vowed that he would never change his sound to break into the mainstream. In the same month, Wiley released his fourth album, Grime Wave, which was described by The Times as a "very pre-Rolex album. With its roots firmly based in the harsh, bass-heavy rhythms of the scene". This was followed by his fifth studio album, See Clear Now, in October 2008, which included the mainstream hits "Wearing My Rolex", "Cash in My Pocket" and "Summertime". See Clear Now took Wiley in a mainstream direction. Despite its success, Wiley has disowned the album as he was "very angry" with the label Asylum, about the production and also unhappy about his management at the time. Wiley then left the label.

Now on his own label, Wiley went on to release his sixth studio album, Race Against Time. This was released eight months after his previous album in June 2009, on Eskibeat Recordings where he had far more creative control. The album includes the 2009 hit "Too Many Man" featuring Boy Better Know.

2010–2011: Zip Files, iTunes Offload and 100% Publishing
In 2010, Wiley released 11 zip files for free download via his Twitter page, containing over 200 tracks of old and unreleased music, including tracks from the forthcoming album The Elusive.

Wiley was featured on the Mark Ronson song "Record Collection", also featuring Simon Le Bon, from the album of the same name, released first in Ireland on 24 September 2010. The song was included on the soundtrack to FIFA 11.

On 4 March 2011, Wiley released Offload Volume 01 on iTunes. It did not get a physical release and it was partially slated by fans for containing some tracks which had already been released for free on the zip files. The album contained many songs that featured Wiley's crew A-List as well as the track "Yo Riley". On 6 March 2011, Wiley released a song called "Bright Lights", which features Giggs and Juelz Santana. On 9 March 2011, Wiley released an instrumental album entitled Run the Riddim Selecta. Offload Volume 01, "Bright Lights" and Run the Riddim Selecta were all released on Launchpad Records. Wiley's seventh studio album, 100% Publishing, was released on 20 June 2011 on the record label Big Dada, and charted in the UK Albums Chart at number 76.

On 8 July 2011, Wiley released an independent EP for digital download titled Chill Out Zone. Singles from the EP, "Seduction" and "If I Could" were released in May 2011.

On 25 July 2011, Wiley released the radio edit of "Link Up" on iTunes, which is the first single from his eighth studio album, Evolve or Be Extinct, which was released on 19 January 2012. "Link Up" is produced by Nana Rogues and the official "Link Up" single was released in September 2011.

2012–2013: Evolve or Be Extinct and The Ascent

In January 2012, he released his eighth studio album, Evolve or Be Extinct, on his 33rd birthday. It peaked at number 86 on the UK Albums Chart. Wiley began releasing grime freestyles over grime beats and releasing them for free via Twitter. This collection was released chronologically with the names "Step 1", "Step 2" and furthermore. After "Step 10", all of the freestyles were compiled and released as a mixtape titled It's All Fun and Games Till, Vol.1. Alongside working on his "Step" freestyles, various other promo songs were released. This continuous releasing of music saw him receive the attention from major recording label Warner Music Group. Wiley carried on with his "Step" freestyles, releasing Vol. 2 of It's All Fun and Games Till.

In June 2012, Wiley released his summer single "Heatwave", featuring Ms D and produced by Rymez to British radio, with the music video released at the end of June via YouTube. The song quickly received over 2 million hits. On 5 August 2012, "Heatwave" peaked at number 1 on the UK Singles Chart, making this Wiley's first solo number 1, selling 114,000 copies. Shortly after, Wiley confirmed in an interview on the Official Chart Show that he will be releasing a further two singles and a new album in the coming months. His next single, announced in late August, titled "Can You Hear Me" featuring Skepta, JME and Ms D, was released in October 2012. The song was renamed to "Can You Hear Me (Ayayaya)" and premiered on 24 August on DJ Target's BBC Radio 1Xtra show.

Wiley then announced on Twitter that the third single off his next album, Hands in the Air, will feature Chip, Ice-Kid and Tulisa for release on 13 September 2012. The song originally featured Emeli Sandé. However, Wiley then tweeted that his next single would feature Rita Ora instead of Tulisa. On 27 September, the name of the album was confirmed to be The Ascent. The tracklist for the album was revealed on 11 October via Instagram, displaying 16 tracks. Also on 11 October, Wiley announced he no longer intended to perform at universities and student unions, citing professional concerns and stating that he "had better things to do". Despite this, Wiley played a club night at SUSU, the University of Southampton Students' Union, on 25 January 2013 as part of the Ministry of Sound Raveout tour. Afterwards, Wiley took to Twitter to express his disappointment with the event, stating, "A proper crowd would [have] loved it tbh and tbf".

On 4 April 2013, Wiley said that he was leaving his record label Warner following a dispute about The Ascent. Admitting he was unhappy with their choice of next single from the record, he tweeted: "My label are doing 'Lights On' next but I do not like that so you will not see me in the video."

On 11 October 2013, over 2,000 Wiley fans signed a petition, which was presented to Tower Hamlets' mayor Lutfur Rahman, requesting that a monument to the artist be erected in Bow.

On 19 October 2013, Wiley was awarded "Best Male" at the MOBO Awards' 18th Anniversary.

2014–2015: Snakes & Ladders
Wiley began recording his tenth studio album, Snakes & Ladders, in 2013. The first single from the album, "Flyin", was released in August 2013, and towards the end of that year he leaked a track list for the album. However, he later confirmed his intention in February 2014 to scrap the record and start again as he was unhappy with it, saying it "needs to be epic or there's no point". The first single from the newly recorded album, ""On A Level", was released on 25 September 2014 by Big Dada. Wiley was later featured on Ay Yeah So What, and in 2015 released the non-album single ""Chasing the Art"".

2016–Present: Godfather series and Boasty Gang album

In March 2016, Wiley announced that he would be releasing his eleventh studio album, Godfather, and that the album would include 16 songs, 3 of which were to be released as singles. The album was released on 13 January 2017. The album entered at number 9 on the UK Albums Chart, becoming Wiley's highest-charting album of his career. On 16 February 2017, Wiley won an "Outstanding Contribution to Music" award by NME for Godfather.

In late 2017, Wiley announced his next album, Godfather II. The first single, "I Call the Shots" featuring Jme, was released on 3 November 2017, alongside the album's pre-order and track listing. The album was released on 27 April 2018.

In January 2019, Wiley released "Boasty" featuring Idris Elba, Stefflon Don, and Sean Paul. The song was one of the biggest dancehall releases of the year.

Wiley announced Godfather III would be released on 2 November. After delays, the album was finally released on streaming services on 5 June 2020.

On 22 June 2020, Wiley released his 14th studio album, Boasty Gang – The Album. The album features a solo version of his hit single, "Boasty".

A-List
In February 2010, Wiley formed a UK supergroup/collective called A-List. This group consists of R&B singers and sisters Shola and Sadie Ama; grime artists Wiley, J2K & Brazen all from Roll Deep; Mz. Bratt, Wrigley, Margs, Young Kye and Kivanc. Their producer is Bless Beats and their DJ is JJ.

A-List released their first music video on 23 March 2010 called "Midnight Lover", featuring Captin. Despite receiving airplay, the single was never released. The last 20 seconds of the music video is the A-List song "Make My Own Money".

Legacy

Branded as the "British Nas" by Noisey, Wiley is often cited as the "Godfather of Grime" and the "King of Grime". Other grime artists have cited Wiley as a big influence in their careers. He has been a prolific artist producing several albums and mixtapes for a number of labels. His origins have often been a subject of his work (e.g. "Bow E3").

He was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2018 New Year Honours for services to Music.

Record labels

Wiley has been with a number of record labels. In 2004, Eskibeat Recordings was formed by Wiley to bring young grime artists into the spotlight as well as release his own music under the label. In 2005.

In 2010, Wiley founded A-List Records (A-List Music LTD). On 26 and 27 September 2012, Wiley signed J2K and Ice-Kid to A-List Records. Two weeks after, he had also signed Scratchy Demus, Manga and A. Star (the younger brother of singer Angel) to the record label. Wrigley from Manchester is also signed to the label. Producers include Rymez who is behind the hits "Heatwave" and "Can You Hear Me?" and Flava D.

In 2015, Wiley released an EP on his new record label called Chasing The Art Records. In 2016, Wiley and his manager John Woolf signed a distribution deal with Warner Music Group to release some music by Wiley and future artists that sign to the label.

Wiley is currently signed to Big Dada and Boy Better Know. He has a joint venture distribution deal with Warner Music Group under two brand names, one being Wiley, and the other being Chasing the Arts records, as of 2017.

Following his alleged anti-semitic tweets, on 25 July 2020, Big Dada released a statement saying that "we fully condemn Wiley's comments and royalties from those records will be donated to campaigns that fight anti-Semitism."

Personal life
Cowie has two daughters and one son. His younger half-brother Cadell is also a grime artist. He supports the English football team Tottenham Hotspur. The name Wiley is derived from the Thundercats cartoon character, 'Wiley Kat', a name he used briefly.

Wiley has been stabbed on several occasions. One of his stab wounds in 2008 resulted in a scar visible on the left hand side of his face. He has stated he was slashed in the face three days before the shoot of "Wearing My Rolex", and the scar on his face ruined his confidence and self-esteem for a while: he did not want to turn up to interviews or music videos.

Wiley's autobiography, Eskiboy, was published in November 2017.

Antisemitism on social media
Following the controversy surrounding Nick Cannon's antisemitic allegations on 14 July 2020, Wiley made a series of posts and videos on social media on 24 July 2020, generally condemned as antisemitic, that described Jewish people as "cowards" and "snakes", alleged significant racism and exploitation from Jewish people towards black people (particularly in business and the music industry), and compared the power of the Jewish community to that of white supremacist group Ku Klux Klan. He also claimed that Jews write laws, own the police, run banks and run the world. His management ceased representing him and Wiley received a temporary ban from Twitter. A police investigation was launched into the posts. The next day, Wiley's manager John Woolf announced that Wiley had been dropped from A-List Management.

The Campaign Against Antisemitism issued a statement saying: "We consider that Wiley has committed the offence of incitement to racial hatred, which can carry a substantial prison sentence." and said it had reported Wiley to the Metropolitan Police. Wiley's Twitter and Instagram accounts reportedly had a total of 940,000 followers. The CAA called for both his accounts to be removed and wrote to the Honours Forfeiture Committee at the Cabinet Office to ask for his MBE to be revoked.

Home Secretary Priti Patel demanded an explanation from Twitter and Instagram on the length of time it took to remove the posts. On 27 July, a 48-hour boycott of Twitter by some users was started under the hashtag "#NoSafeSpaceForJewHate", protesting the social media site's slow response to the tweets. The following day, Facebook, Inc. deleted his personal accounts on Facebook and Instagram for "repeated violations" of their terms of conduct in his posts towards Jewish celebrities who had criticised him. On 29 July 2020, it was announced that Wiley was permanently suspended from Twitter.

On 29 July 2020, Wiley apologised for generalising about Jewish people and said that he is not a racist.

In August 2020, Wiley was suspended from YouTube and TikTok. In response, he joined social media app Parler, a right-wing social media platform. The following month, the Metropolitan Police dropped their investigation when it was discovered that Wiley was in Rotterdam in the Netherlands when he sent the messages, and thus not under the jurisdiction of English law.

In October 2020, The Campaign Against Antisemitism said that it had launched a private prosecution against Wiley to pursue race-hate charges.

On 2 December 2021, Wiley was banned from Twitter and Instagram again for using a new account to share antisemitic content.

Assault and burglary charges

On 6 September 2021, Wiley was arrested and subsequently charged with assault and burglary. He is alleged to have broken into the flat of ex-kickboxer Ali Jacko, smashed plates and then assaulted him and caused injury. Before the coronavirus pandemic, Wiley used Jacko's recording studio. During pre-trial hearings, Wiley was granted an adjournment to allow him more time to apply for legal aid due to his presently impoverished state, and speak to his lawyers. Wiley was scheduled to appear at Thames Magistrates' Court on 27 September, charged with assault by beating and burglary with intent to cause criminal damage.

Wiley failed to appear in court, and subsequently on 11 November 2021 the district judge issued an arrest warrant due to his failing to appear at Snaresbrook Crown Court. On 11 May 2022, the Metropolitan Police issued an official wanted notice on their Twitter page announcing that it had been six months since Wiley was due in court.

Discography

Studio albums
 Treddin' on Thin Ice (2004)
 Da 2nd Phaze (2006)
 Playtime Is Over (2007)
 Grime Wave (2008)
 See Clear Now (2008)
 Race Against Time (2009)
 100% Publishing (2011)
 Evolve or Be Extinct (2012)
 The Ascent (2013)
 Snakes & Ladders (2014)
 Godfather (2017)
 Godfather II (2018)
 The Godfather III (2020)
 Boasty Gang – The Album (2020)
 Anti-Systemic (2021)

References

External links

 Official website

1979 births
Living people
English people of Trinidad and Tobago descent
English people of Antigua and Barbuda descent
Black British male rappers
DJs from London
English hip hop musicians
English male rappers
English record producers
Grime music artists
UK garage musicians
Asylum Records artists
Big Dada artists
Island Records artists
Ninja Tune artists
Relentless Records artists
Warner Music Group artists
XL Recordings artists
Rappers from London
People from Bow, London
Stabbing survivors
NME Awards winners
English autobiographers
Members of the Order of the British Empire
21st-century British rappers
English drum and bass musicians
Antisemitism in England
21st-century British male musicians
Electronic dance music DJs
BT Digital Music Awards winners

Wiley (musician)


North American collegiate sustainability programs are institutions of higher education in the United States, Mexico, and Canada that have majors and/or minors dedicated to the subject of sustainability. Sustainability as a major and minor is spreading to more and more colleges as the need for humanity to adopt a more sustainable lifestyle becomes increasingly apparent with the onset of global warming. The majors and minors listed here cover a wide array of sustainability aspects from business to construction to agriculture to simply the study of sustainability itself.

Canada

Acadia University
Acadia University is located in Wolfville, Nova Scotia, offers an undergraduate major in Environmental and Sustainability Studies. This major gives students the skills they need to make the changes necessary to create a more "sustainable and just society". There are four concentration areas (Sustainable Community Development, Innovation and Entrepreneurship for Sustainability, Environmental Thought and Practice, and Environmental Advocacy, Education, and Activism) and two different degree options (a Bachelor of Arts and a Bachelor of Recreation Management) offered within the major. Additionally, the university is home to the Arthur Irving Academy for the Environment which organizes sustainability programs on the campus.

Dalhousie University
Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, offers two different majors, Environment, Sustainability, and Society (ESS)  and Sustainable Resources and The Environment. Both majors incorporate different outlooks on sustainability. Sustainable Resource and The Environment focuses on managing environments, whereas ESS focuses on changing for the future. Along with these two majors, Dalhousie also has an Office of Sustainability  which offers a wide variety of programs focusing on becoming more sustainable that range from transportation to eating sustainably.

Trent University
Trent University, located in Peterborough, Ontario, offers an undergraduate degree in Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems as well as a Master of Arts in Sustainability. The Sustainable Agriculture program encompasses the aspects of growing "healthy, sustainable, and affordable food ". The Masters program delves into the three pillars of sustainability to prepare students to become leaders in sustainable endeavors. In addition, Trent has its own Office of Sustainability that leads several programs including lighting retrofits and the installation of green roofs.

University of British Columbia
The University of British Columbia offers an Environment and Sustainability major at its Vancouver campus. This major promotes an understanding of the variety of factors that affect life on the planet now and in the future. Some courses that are part of the major include The Global Climate System as well as Environment and Resources. The University of British Columbia also has the Centre for Interactive Research on Sustainability that focuses on creating and implementing solutions to the "challenges of urban development".

Mexico

Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM)
Also known as Technologico De Monterrey (In English: Monterrey Institute of Technology), ITESM is based in Monterrey, but actually has thirty-one campuses throughout the country. The institute is offers a major in Sustainable Development Engineering, which focuses on the efficient use of energy and water as well as the management of emissions and the relationship between the environment and society. Some of the classes offered include Industrial Ecology and Sustainable Use of Water. The Sustainable Development Engineering major is offered at their Mexico City, State of Mexico, Monterrey, and Santa Fe campuses.

United States

Northeast

Columbia University
Columbia University in New York City offers a Sustainable Development major that focuses on educating students on how to accomplish a sustainable society. Students will take classes from multiple clusters including Sustainable Development Foundation, Basic Disciplinary Foundation, Skills/Action, and Analysis and Solutions to Complex Problems. The university has also developed a Master of Science in Sustainability Management geared towards the role of sustainability in organizations. Columbia is also home to the Earth Institute whose mission is to bring people together to address and overcome some of the most pressing problems facing the Earth and humanity today. The institute also oversees sustainability initiatives for Columbia's campus.

Drew University
Located in Madison, New Jersey, Drew University offers a major in Environmental Studies and Sustainability. This major studies the current environmental problems facing the world today and provides the skills needed to overcome these problems. Students who take part in this academic program will have an experiential requirement that involves an environmental-related, hands-on experience.

Philadelphia University
Located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia University has both a major and a minor in Environmental Sustainability that prepare students to serve as strategic leaders of environmental initiatives for corporations, communities, and organizations. The courses they offer are diverse and range from Sustainable Technologies for Architecture to the Economics of Sustainability. They also offer a Master of Science in Sustainable Design focusing on green design and the development of net zero carbon buildings.

Unity College
Unity College in Unity, Maine, offers two sustainability majors. Their Sustainable Energy Management major is both a technical and conceptual major designed to educate students in building sustainable structures that focus on renewable energy. On the other hand, their Sustainable Agriculture major concentrates on teaching sustainable agricultural practices that emphasize local farming and activism when it comes to governmental food policies.

Wilson College
Located in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, Wilson College is a women's college that offers two sustainability majors. Business Sustainability and Environmental Management integrates sustainability practices into the business world. Environmental Sustainability focuses more on solving environmental problems. Wilson has a Center for Sustainable Living that works with the Fulton Center for Sustainable Living (which serves as an environmental educational facility as well as a produce farm).

Southeast

Eastern Mennonite University
Eastern Mennonite University in Harrisonburg, Virginia, offers a major in Environmental Sustainability. This program focuses on forward-looking sustainability practices and requires students to choose one of two areas of study: Environmental Science Concentration (focuses on traditional environmental sciences) or Environmental and Social Sustainability Concentration (combines concepts from the first concentration and incorporates sociological aspects).

Furman University
Furman University in Greenville, South Carolina, offers a major in Sustainability science. The focus of this major is to prepare and educate students on how to enhance the long-term quality of life. This program offers nearly 30 different elective courses along with the required coursework. All of the elective courses are broken into three different categories: Environmental Security, Human Security, and Sustainable Production and Consumption. Furman University also has the Sustainability Planning Council (SPC) and the David E. Shi Center of Sustainability, which both focus on promoting sustainability throughout the campus.

University of Florida
The University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, offers three different types of majors and minors that incorporate sustainability: Sustainability Studies, Sustainability and the Built Environment, and Sustainable Crop Production and Management. Each major or minor provides a diverse look into sustainability topics, while offering an array of courses from Agriculture and Environmental Quality to Organic & Sustainable Crop Production and from Sustainable Ecotourism Development to Social and Cultural Sustainability. University of Florida also has an Office of Sustainability that has created nine different sustainability programs for the University of Florida including the One Less Car and Tailgator Game Day Recycling programs.

Central

Aquinas College
Aquinas College, located in Grand Rapids, Michigan, is one of the first to offer a major and minor in Sustainable Business. Recognizing that businesses have a huge impact on the environment, Aquinas' academic program seeks to educate students in sustainable business practices that not only promote profitability, but environmental and societal well being too. Courses for the major and minor include Sustainable Business Management and Building Social Capital.

Baldwin Wallace University
Located in Berea, Ohio, Baldwin Wallace University offers a major and minor in Sustainability. This academic program focuses on preparing students to create solutions to the world's current environmental and social problems through courses such as Sustainable Food and Green Business. In addition to their undergraduate program, Baldwin Wallace University also has a Master of Business Administration in Sustainability.

Maharishi University of Management
The Maharishi University of Management found in Fairfield, Iowa, began its Sustainable Living degree program in 2003, making it a leader in its field. Its Bachelor of Science and minor in Sustainable Living both focus on sustainable community development. Other than implementing hands-on projects and internship opportunities, this program operates on the block system (students focus only on one course per month) and concentrates on the development of consciousness.

Minneapolis College of Art and Design
The Minneapolis College of Art and Design (MCAD), located in Minneapolis, Minnesota, offers a fully online Master of Arts in Sustainable Design Program. MCAD was the first art and design school with a fully online program in sustainability. The college and program are fully accredited by both the Higher Learning Commission (HLC) and the National Association of Schools of Art + Design (NASAD). The program covers cutting-edge theories to practical applications and leadership strategies, and emphasizes systems thinking, biomimicry, business, lifecycle analysis, and collaboration. Every student completes an independent thesis project and presentation.

Northland College
Ashland, Wisconsin, is the site of Northland College that offers both a major and a minor in Sustainable Community Development. Both programs are geared toward students who wish to be agents of change for communities in the way of sustainability. Courses include Methods of Sustainable Community Development and Capitalism, Justice, and Sustainability. Northland is one of five colleges that are part of the Eco League (a group of colleges dedicated to the pursuit of sustainability education) and offers a campus sustainability work study program to its students.

University of Michigan
The University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan offers both a major and minor in Sustainable Systems. These programs focus on how to enhance systems so that they're more sustainable using technology and enterprise. Students can choose from over forty different courses in three different clusters: Systems Analysis for Sustainability, Sustainable Design and Technology, and Sustainable Enterprise that cover a broad range of themes (including the built environment, mobility, and food systems). Additionally, the University of Michigan has an Office of Campus Sustainability and includes the Graham Environmental Sustainability Institute.

Western Michigan University
Western Michigan University has a Sustainabity department.

West/Southwest

Arizona State University
The ASU School of Sustainability at Arizona State University in Tempe, Arizona, offers the BA, BS, MA, MS, and PhD in Sustainability. Other degrees offered are the Master of Sustainable Solutions (applied non-thesis program) and the Executive Master in Sustainability Leadership (13-month executive degree). Through the university's online platform, students may also pursue a BA in Sustainability and a Master of Sustainability Leadership degree. It is the first School of Sustainability in the United States, founded in 2006. Several sustainability programs are found in other colleges at ASU, including Business, Engineering, Public Service and Community Solutions.

Cal Poly Pomona
The Lyle Center for Regenerative Studies at Cal Poly Pomona is one of the oldest sustainability programs in the US, and began granting the Master of Science in Regenerative Studies (MSRS) degree in 2004. MSRS is a unique interdisciplinary program that prepares students to find successful solutions to environmental problems in the 21st century. Undergraduate students at Cal Poly Pomona can also enroll in the Regenerative Studies Minor.

Prescott College

Prescott College has offered a PhD degree in Sustainability Education using a cohort-based limited-residency model since 2005. Doctoral students complete most of the work offsite in three stages. Foundational coursework in pedagogy, sustainability science, and social science research methods are completed via virtual classroom space.  Elective courses are designed by the students and overseen by degreed mentors found by the students. The research work and writing are traditional, with a doctoral committee made up of a chair and two other members, plus an external reader. Each cohort of doctoral students also meets onsite for a week twice per year. Doctoral student work, including dissertation proposals, is highlighted at a Sustainability Symposium held on campus every April.

Prescott College is also home to a MS in Resilient and Sustainable Communities, a MS in Sustainable Food Systems, and a MBA in Sustainability leadership. These asynchronous programs were developed at Green Mountain College as the first online sustainability programs of their kind--the MBA in 2006, the MS in Sustainable Food Systems in 2011, and the MS in Resilient and Sustainable Communities in 2013--and were absorbed by Prescott College after Green Mountain College closed in 2019. The MS programs feature "a bioregional approach to distance education," asking students to apply what they learn online to their own communities and regions. This bioregional approach was originally designed in 2006 for Green Mountain College's MS in Environmental Studies (which also moved to Prescott College); the pedagogical model is described in Laird Christensen' "Teaching Bioregional Perception--At a Distance," in The Bioregional Imagination, edited by Tom Lynch, Cheryll Goltfelty, and Karla Armbruster (Georgia UP, 2012). In addition to grounding their lessons in local case studies, students also get to know other professionals working in their regions through assignments designed to create rich local networks.

Additional programs
Most of the schools above did not start out with a sustainability focused major. Many started with a major that was related to sustainability or a sustainability minor that eventually evolved into the major(s) they have today. Therefore, the following table not only represents colleges that have sustainability related majors and minors but colleges that have a good chance of developing sustainability majors in the future.

References

Environmental education
Universities and colleges in North America


Cape Greco, also known as Capo Greco (Italian for "Greek cape"; ), is a headland in the southeastern part of the island of Cyprus. It is at the southern end of Famagusta Bay and forms part of Ayia Napa Municipality. It lies between the towns of Ayia Napa and Protaras, both tourist resorts, and is visited by tourists for its natural environment. It is the  easternmost point of both the Republic of Cyprus and the European Union.  According to local legend, it is also the home of the 'Ayia Napa sea monster'.

Important Bird Area
A 1209 the area encompassing the cape has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it is a key migration site for large numbers of raptors and other birds. It forms a migratory bottleneck for red-footed falcons, pallid harriers, honey buzzards and common kestrels, as well as supporting breeding populations of Cyprus wheatears, Cyprus warblers and black francolins. Although the cape is a National Forest Park under the administration of the Forestry Department of the Cyprus Ministry of the Interior, the birds there are threatened by illegal trapping.

Transmitter

Cape Greco was the location of a powerful mediumwave broadcasting station operated by Radio Monte Carlo; it carried the French- and Arabic-language programme of Radio Monte Carlo Middle East / RMC Moyen-Orient aimed at audiences in the Middle East and Northern Africa. In the early morning hours and for some years at late night, it carried programmes of TWR in Arabic, Armenian and Persian.

The transmitter site was constructed in the early 1970s and started operation 1973 carrying the French- and Arabic-language programme of Radio Radio Monte Carlo Middle East / RMC Moyen-Orient on a frequency of 1233 kHz with 600 kW. After 1974, early morning and late night hours were used to transmit programmes of Trans World Radio targeted at the Middle East. For financial reasons and declining importance of mediumwave, the RMC Moyen-Orient transmissions were terminated on 31 December 2019.

The interest of the U.S. in a broadcasting facility to cover the Middle East led to a contract to use the reserve antenna and a second transmitter was installed in 1992. From 2002, this transmitter carried the Arabic-language programme of Radio Sawa founded by the U.S. government. From the initial frequency of 981 kHz it had to move to 990 kHz because of interference with ERT broadcasting from Athens, the transmissions with 600 kW ceased on 1 July 2019.

In early November 2021, both antennas were demolished and a nature reserve information centre was to take the place of the transmitter buildings.

See also
Geography of Cyprus

References

External links

751 Signals Unit Cape Greco

Greco
Protected areas of Cyprus
Important Bird Areas of Cyprus
Raptor migration sites

Cape Greco


"Imaginationland Episode III" is the twelfth episode in the eleventh season of Comedy Central's animated television series South Park. It originally aired on October 31, 2007. The episode was rated TV-MA LV in the United States. It is the third and final episode in a three-part story arc that won the 2008 Emmy for Outstanding Animated Program for One Hour or More. The three episodes were later reissued together, along with previously unreleased footage, as the uncensored Imaginationland: The Movie.

In the episode, Stan and Butters engage in the battle of their lives as they fight the army of evil imaginary forces. Meanwhile, Cartman remains determined to get Kyle, and do good for his bet.

Plot
In the conclusion from the previous two episodes, in which terrorists attacked the embodiment of human imagination, Imaginationland, and destroyed the barrier within that realm separating evil fictional characters from the good innocent ones, the armies of evil characters march towards Castle Sunshine, where the last surviving good characters have taken refuge. There, Butters Stotch has been informed that he is the key to repelling the evil hordes because, as a real person, he has the power to conjure up good characters from his imagination to fight the evil army approaching Castle Sunshine.

Meanwhile, in the real world, Al Gore, who has previously attempted to warn the public of the danger of ManBearPig, shows his staff the video made of that creature's appearance at The Pentagon in the previous episode, and embarks on an investigation of those events on behalf of the American people.

Kyle Broflovski awakens from his coma to see that Eric Cartman is making preparations in anticipation of Kyle sucking his testicles, completely ignoring the Imaginationland crisis and setting up a photo-shoot. Kyle finds that he has a telepathic link to Stan in Imaginationland, who alerts him to the events transpiring in that realm, where the good characters, outnumbered and largely untrained for combat, charge the evil army.

After Al Gore leaks the ManBearPig video to the public, The Pentagon informs the public of the recent events in Imaginationland and their plans to attack that realm with a nuclear weapon, setting off a public and legal controversy over whether the federal government has the jurisdiction to do this. Legal pundits discuss the state court case stemming from Cartman and Kyle's bet, Cartman v. Broflovski which ruled that imaginary characters are indeed real, which would preclude the government from taking action against the public's imagination.

On the battlefield, the good characters seem doomed. Led by Jesus, the good characters charge, but they are suffering from many casualties. Aslan orders Butters he must imagine Santa which Butters imagines, yet this version is a monstrous cephalopod creature. Butters is terrified and it abruptly fades away. However, Butters manages to master his conjuring ability, and summons appropriate forces that join the battle, and turn the tide in good's favor by focusing and imaging on the good.

The Supreme Court overturns the "Cartman vs. Broflovski decision" that imaginary creatures are real – imaginary creatures are declared not really real, so the government can bomb Imaginationland. Kyle is no longer legally required to suck Cartman's testicles, and he is instructed by Stan to stall the launch.

Kyle and Cartman break into the Pentagon again and Kyle, who finally agrees with him and convinces the officials to not bomb Imaginationland by arguing that imaginary creatures are just as real as real people because of the impact they have on people's lives. Cartman responds by telling Kyle that since imaginary creatures are real after all, then he loses their bet, and still has to suck Cartman's testicles. Kyle finally snaps and berates Cartman for not caring about the danger Stan and Butters are in just because of a stupid bet and that he doesn't care who won, because Kyle would rather go to jail than humiliate himself by sucking Cartman's testicles. Shocked that the missile launch is being abruptly cancelled, Al Gore saying, "ManBearPig has to die", launches the bomb himself, causing the portal to destabilize and sucks everyone in the room, as well as the nuclear missile, into Imaginationland.

The good characters' victory is interrupted by the missile's explosion, destroying everything in Imaginationland and killing everyone in it (including the people from the real world), and leaving nothing but a vast white emptiness. Butters survives the explosion and restores the realm with his imagination, back to how it was before the initial terrorist attack. Realizing the power of the realm, Cartman creates duplicates of himself and Kyle, in which imaginary Kyle sucks imaginary Cartman's testicles (off-screen). Kyle angrily states the scene is imaginary, to which Cartman insists that, in one's imagination, imaginary creatures are "real", as Kyle himself said earlier, therefore Kyle's agreement with Cartman is finally fulfilled. The Mayor agrees that at least here in Imaginationland, it is real. Santa then states that it's time for the boys to go home.

Butters suddenly wakes up in the real world, in his bedroom. His parents come in, and he tells them about the dream he just had. They inform Butters that it wasn't a dream, as they read about it in a newspaper, but they proceed to ground him anyway for not coming back from Imaginationland in time to clean out the basement. Enraged by this, Butters tries to use his powers to get out of being grounded, but is told by his parents that his powers only work in Imaginationland, and not in the real world. Disappointed, Butters lies back in bed and ends the episode with a low, unhappy and uncensored mutter of "Aw, shit".

Cultural references
The battle for Imaginationland parodies the battle at Helms Deep from The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers and the Imaginationland castle is based after Rivendell, additionally Gandalf appears as one of the imaginary characters. Al Gore when he shows a video of 'man-bear-pig' attacking the army base the dialog echoes directly the Operatives opening lines from Serenity.

Reception and release

IGN gave the episode a rating of 8.5/10 calling it "another ambitious effort, with lofty themes, goofy humor and plenty of sequences that just seem to pack jokes and references into every frame". Josh Modell of The A.V. Club gave the trilogy a B grade, criticizing the slow pace of the main plot and calling it "more like an excuse for a nostalgia trip than a good arc." However, he praised Cartman's endless pursuit of his bet with Kyle and the return of the Christmas critters, calling their appearance, "some of the funniest moments in South Park's recent history,"

The Imaginationland Trilogy won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program (for Programming One Hour or More).

"Imaginationland Episode III", along with the thirteen other episodes from South Park'''s eleventh season, were released on a three-disc DVD set in the United States on August 12, 2008. The set includes brief audio commentaries by Parker and Stone for each episode. The entire trilogy was released as a standalone film titled Imaginationland: The Movie''.

References

External links

 "Imaginationland Episode III" Full episode at South Park Studios

South Park (season 11) episodes
South Park episodes in multiple parts
Cultural depictions of Al Gore
Portrayals of Jesus on television
Witchcraft in television
Wizards in television

Imaginationland Episode III


The anaerobic contact process is a type of anaerobic digester. Here a set of reactors are created in series, where biomass is separated and returned to the complete mixture. This recycled material is pumped up into the bottom of the first reactor, an upflow reactor. The upflow anaerobic process is a large reactor which allows the waste to flow up from the bottom and separates the waste into 3 zones. At the very top is the biogas zone where the gas is collected. Bacteria digest waste in the lowest portion of the upflow reactor; the bioreactor zone. In between these two stages is the clarifier zone where which exports the stabilised waste.

See also
Anaerobic digester types

References

Anaerobic digester types

Anaerobic contact process


Robert William James "Bobby" Milroy (born October 9, 1978) is a male badminton player, coach, businessman and spokesman from Canada.

Career
Bobby Milroy won the men's singles at the 1996 Canadian National Junior Championships. Since 1997, Milroy has won two gold medals, three silver medals and five bronze medals at the Canadian National Championships. Bobby Milroy has won 7 international championships, including the 2002 Swiss Open, 2002 Czech International, 2003 Iceland International, 2005 Hungarian International, 2005 Iceland International, 2006 Peru International, 2008 Pakistan International. He has made an additional 9 finals in international competition between 1999–2009. He maintained a world ranking within the top 20 from October 13, 2005, until March 30, 2006.

Milroy has represented the Canadian National Badminton team since 1998 and has competed in the 1998, 2002 and 2006 CommonWealth Games. He has also competed in 4 World Championships.

President of the World Badminton Players Federation
Bobby Milroy was elected President of the World Badminton Player's Federation (BPF) in 2003 at the world championships in Birmingham. During his Administration, the Badminton World Federation (BWF) created the SuperSeries Tour, implemented a policy of equal prize money for men and women, and awarded the players voting rights within the BWF. In September, 2007 the Canadian Olympic Committee awarded Milroy the 2007 AthletesCan Leadership Award for his accomplishments as President of the BPF. Bobby Milroy was the keynote speaker at the 2007 AthletesCan Forum, in Whitehorse, Canada and a guest speaker at the 2008 IOC Women in Sport Forum, in Jordan. Bobby Milroy served as Chairman of Pedro Yang's election campaign for the IOC Athletes Commission at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. He was succeeded by Kaveh Mehrabi.

President of ClearOne Sports Ltd.
Bobby Milroy was President of ClearOne Sports Ltd. from May 2009 – September 2011. During this time, the company expanded the ClearOne Badminton operation from two training centres in Richmond BC to additional locations in Port Coquitlam, Calgary, Alberta and Orlando, Florida. He was a co-founder with Darryl Yung of the ClearOne Badminton Academy (COBA) which trained and produced some of Canada's 2012 Olympic hopefuls and top juniors. He served as Chairman of the 2010 and 2011 Canada Open Badminton event at the Richmond Olympic Oval, which was attended by over 250 players from 45 different countries. The event was the first Canadian tournament to attract Olympic and World Champions such as Taufik Hidayat, Lee Yong Dae, Zhu Lin and Tony Gunawan. The 2011 edition of the event was broadcast on SHAW TV and throughout Asia.

References

External links

 http://www.slam.ca/SlamCommonwealth/sep12_bob.html
 http://www.canadaopen.ca/about
 http://www2.capilanou.ca/services/athletics/news/badmintonnews/badacademy.html
 https://web.archive.org/web/20120402104919/http://twicsy.com/i/oxkJK
 http://www.canadaopen.ca/node/30
 http://www.badmintoncentral.com/forums/archive/index.php/t-87514.html
 https://web.archive.org/web/20120401203848/http://www.badmintonlife.com/2006/bobby-milroy-makes-a-speech-at-the-ibf-annual-general-meeting/
 http://www.bwfbadminton.org/photobook.aspx?id=5493
 Pakistan Open

1978 births
Living people
Badminton coaches
Badminton players at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Badminton players at the 2002 Commonwealth Games
Badminton players at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Businesspeople from Edmonton
Canadian male badminton players
Commonwealth Games competitors for Canada
Sportspeople from Edmonton

Bobby Milroy


Low-rise pants, also known as "low-cut jeans", "lowriders" or "rap pants", are a type of pants that sit low on, or below, the hips, usually at least 8 centimetres (3 inches) lower than the navel. Low-rise pants have been available since the 1960s, in styles for both men and women, with popularity increasing in the West in the early 1970s.

Terminology
The "rise" of any bottom apparel is determined by the distance between the crotch and the waist and is usually around  on regular pants. In comparison, the average measurement of low-rise trousers is roughly , with some as little as . Several jeans brands also reflect the rise on the zipper, by creating pants with zippers far shorter than regular pants, usually between , and some manufacturers, such as Dorinha Jeans Wear, even provide  zippers. The latter can also be classified as "ultra low-rise jeans", and the small zipper no longer has its traditional function, but is rather a display of fashion.

History
Hip-huggers, the precursor to low-rise pants, were designed by Irene Kasmer, in 1957, in Los Angeles, and rose to popularity during the mid 1960s, with the mod fashion subculture, and with the hippies in the late 1960s. Often worn with light-cotton, paisley-printed tops or nehru-collared jackets, bell-bottomed hip-huggers were popularized by rock icons such as Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Jim Morrison, and Robert Plant. Later, hip-huggers became a staple of popular culture and were incorporated into the disco scene of the 1970s.

During the late 1970s and early 1980s, however, waistlines moved higher as wide, flared, bell-bottoms gradually gave way to designer straight-legged jeans. Throughout the 1980s and into the 1990s, as more women entered the corporate workforce, the high waist design remained predominant, with commercial designers such as Gloria Vanderbilt and Calvin Klein at the forefront.

The 1990s revival of low-rise jeans can be credited to British fashion designer Alexander McQueen, who first showed his famous low-rise "bumster" trousers in his 1996 "Dante" collection show. One commentator observed: "The bumster for me is what defined McQueen. For me it was the look that put him on the map because it was controversial. Those little bumsters were in his first shows. It was like 20 people in England were wearing them back then." Following McQueen's lead, the fashion of low-rise pants gradually spread.
The iconic low-rise fashion emerged in 2000, particularly among youth; Britney Spears is most credited with popularizing the fashion in the US after she started wearing them that same year until around 2009. Although its popularity also increased among women and men of other ages, the major focus of advertising was still directed at teenage girls and boys, with typical teen stores selling low-rise jeans in different styles and colors. Most American teenage and twenty-something-oriented retail stores that carried jeans (e.g., Guess, American Eagle, Abercrombie & Fitch, Stitches) only or mostly carried low-rise jeans during this time.

In recent years, low-rise pants are experiencing a resurgence in popularity due to their association with early 2000s fashion, which in turn is being revitalized on social media platforms like TikTok for a new generation of teenagers. They've made a comeback in the last two years thanks to K-pop stars wearing them on regular occasions.

Styles

Low-rise jeans are manufactured in many styles, including boot-cut, flared, loose, straight, baggy, skinny, boyfriend, and slim. Due to the popularity of low-rise jeans, manufacturers have also begun making low-rise styles of other kinds of pants, such as cargo pants and dress pants.
Low-rise jeans may be worn to display more skin at the waist, torso, and hips. Accordingly, they are sometimes worn in combination with crop tops, revealing skin between the jeans and the top, or (more commonly in the summer or in warmer countries) exposing the entire midriff including the navel. From 2001 to 2007, the low-rise style frequently revealed the thong or G-string worn as undergarments, but after 2007 this fell out of favor as thongs began their decline. When the wearer sits down or bends forward, sometimes rear cleavage is visible. When a thong is exposed above a pair of low-rise jeans at the back, it is commonly referred to as a whale tail due to its characteristic shape. When boxer shorts become visible this is known as "sagging".  With underwear often clearly exposed, more men and women would choose undergarments to coordinate with their low-rise jeans.

See also
Buttock cleavage
Crop top
Halterneck
Hip-huggers
Jean skirt
Muffin top
Navel in popular culture
Sagging (fashion)

References

External links
telegraph.co.uk Ultra-low bikini jeans - only for the daring
Canadian Medical Association Journal
The woes of low-rise pants-Has America's low-rise obsession gone too far? - Amanda Fortini

Jeans by type
Trousers and shorts
20th-century fashion
21st-century fashion

Low-rise pants


The Bomb is a 1995 novel by Theodore Taylor written about the protest against nuclear testing on Bikini Atoll after the natives are forced to move. The story mainly follows the life of Sorry Rinamu and the effect of the Able bomb tests on the natives. The imagery and historical relevance truly contributes to the heartbreaking story of the islanders. The novel is divided into three books. It was first published by Harcourt Children's Books in October 1995. The book won the 1996 Scott O'Dell Award for Historical Fiction. According to Taylor, the novel is based on his own experience aboard the USS Sumner.

Plot summary

Book I: Bikini

Sorry Rinamu is a fourteen-old boy who lives on Bikini Atoll. He and the other natives live through World War II under constant threat by the Japanese soldiers occupying the island. However, American forces attack the island one day and defeat the Japanese soldiers, freeing the island. The American victors give some of the items from the Japanese base to the natives while keeping the military equipment such as weapons. Sorry receives a magazine and is amazed by the cities and things he sees inside. He later repairs the radio in the captured Japanese base and learns of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. World War II soon ends.

Book II: Crossroads

An American battleship, the USS Sumner, lands in the lagoon. A few days later, an American commander delivers the news to the natives that Bikini has been chosen as a site for Operation Crossroads, a series of nuclear tests, due to "ideal" conditions. He meets with the natives and asks them to relocate. Nine out of 11 alabs vote to move, with Sorry's uncle Abram and grandfather Jonjen casting dissenting votes. Despite their arguments that they should not submit to white men, the natives decide to relocate. The Americans tells the natives that the atoll will be returned in a few years, but Abram and Sorry believe that he is lying.

As scientists arrive on the atoll, it is being converted to a temporary military base. Abram comes up with a plan to stop the nuclear tests by sailing into the test area with a scarlet canoe, but he dies of a heart attack before he could carry out the plan. When Sorry decides that he should do it, the natives believe that he is insane. However, he is accompanied by Tara Malolo, a local teacher, and his maternal grandfather, Jonjen.

They paint a canoe bright red for visibility while the scientists prepare the aircraft Dave's Dream for the Able test.

Book III: The Bomb

Sorry, Tara and Jonjen carry out their plan, but the Dave's Dream crew fail to notice the canoe and drop the bomb. The three are killed in the blast.

External links
 The Bomb on Google Books

1995 American novels
1995 children's books
Children's historical novels
American children's novels
Novels set on islands
Novels about nuclear war and weapons
Children's books set on islands
Children's books set in Oceania
Children's books set in the 1940s
Children's books set during World War II

The Bomb (Taylor novel)


Stay Hungry is a 1976 American comedy-drama film by director Bob Rafelson from a screenplay by Charles Gaines (adapted from his 1972 novel of the same name).

The story centers on a young scion from Birmingham, Alabama, played by Jeff Bridges, who gets involved in a shady real-estate deal. In order to close the deal, he needs to buy a gym building to complete a multi-parcel lot. He becomes romantically interested in the gym's receptionist (Sally Field) and drawn to the carefree lifestyle of the Austrian bodybuilder Joe Santo (Arnold Schwarzenegger), who is training there for the Mr. Universe competition.

Schwarzenegger won a Golden Globe for Best Acting Debut in a Motion Picture, but it was not his true debut role; he had played Hercules (as Arnold Strong) in the 1970 film Hercules in New York, a gangster's henchman in Robert Altman's 1973 film The Long Goodbye, and a masseur in the 1974 television movie Happy Anniversary and Goodbye.

Plot
Craig Blake is a young Southern man born of a wealthy family, but left lonely and idle after his parents died in a plane crash. He is content to spend his time fishing, hunting, and puttering around his large family mansion in Birmingham, Alabama, inhabited only by himself and a butler. Blake is employed at a shady investment firm run by a slick con artist named Jabo where Blake does very little actual work. He is asked to handle the purchase of a small gym that the firm is buying to clear space for an office high-rise.

Blake represents himself as a businessman looking to buy the gym and meets its owner Thor Erikson and employees Franklin and Newton. He is strangely fascinated with the world he discovers there. Blake's usual social life is centered around his upscale country club and its crowd, including his friends Lester and Halsey, and spends his time there playing tennis, shooting poker dice and flirting with women, one of whom asks Blake to find a musical guest for an upcoming party.

As Blake moves forward with the business deal, he is smitten with the receptionist, Mary Tate Farnsworth, and befriends  bodybuilder Joe Santo, who aspires to win the Mr. Universe title. He finds he ultimately cannot sell out his newfound friends at the gym for the sake of his job, so he constantly evades questions about the progress of the gym deal from friend and coworker Hal Foss.

Mary Tate and Craig begin a passionate relationship, but trouble erupts when he tries to integrate her into his country-club scene. At a party at the club, which features Santo performing with a country group, Craig's friends mock Santo as a "freak" and an outcast. A fight nearly breaks out between Halsey and Blake but is broken up. Halsey and his friend Packman formulate a plan to embarrass Santo. When Santo takes the stage, Halsey and Packman drunkenly heckle him and the band. Santo tries to ignore it but soon stops playing his violin and leaves the party. Craig tries to convince Mary Tate to see him for who he really is, and not for his snobbish friends and surroundings.

When Jabo realizes that Blake will not purchase the building, he plies Thor and his assistant Newton with drugs, booze, and hookers. The Mr. Universe competition arrives and Santo is hoping to beat his rival Dougie Stewart. While Thor is drunk and distracted with the prostitutes, Newton secretly stashes the prize money inside his bag and flees.

Blake visits the gym and engages in a fight with the drunken and drugged Thor. He finds Mary Tate, who earlier had been assaulted by Thor in an amyl nitrite-fueled rage.

When the Mr. Universe contestants discover that the prize money has been stolen, they run after Santo, who is running to meet Mary Tate. The chase of bodybuilders pours out into the streets of Birmingham and attracts an amazed crowd of onlookers. The bodybuilders engage in an impromptu posing routine for the crowd.

Craig sarcastically derides his former bosses at the real-estate firm and goes into the gym business with Santo. Craig mocks Jabo with an exaggerated bodybuilding pose and moves out of his family's mansion, leaving his old family memorabilia to his butler.

Cast

 Jeff Bridges as Craig Blake
 Sally Field as Mary Tate Farnsworth
 Arnold Schwarzenegger as Joe Santo
 R. G. Armstrong as Thor Erickson
 Robert Englund as Franklin
 Helena Kallianiotes as Anita
 Roger E. Mosley as Newton
 Woodrow Parfrey as Uncle Albert
 Scatman Crothers as William
 Kathleen Miller as Dorothy Stephens
 Fannie Flagg as Amy
 Joanna Cassidy as Zoe
 Richard Gilliland as Hal
 Mayf Nutter as Richard Packman
 Ed Begley Jr. as Lester
 John David Carson as Halsey
 Joe Spinell as Jabo
 Clifford A. Pellow as Walter Jr. (credited as Cliff Pellow)
 Dennis Fimple as Bubba
 Garry Goodrow as Moe Zwick
 Bart Carpinelli as Laverne
 Bob Westmoreland as Fred Kroop
 Brandy Wilde as Flower
 Laura Hippe as Mae Ruth
 John Gilgreen as Security Officer
 Murray Johnson as Heavy #1
 Dennis Burkley as Heavy #2
 Autry Pinson as Heavy #3
 Martin Hames as The Bartender
 Byron Berline as Fiddler With Mustache
 Susan Bridges as Blonde Photographer at Contest
 Roger Callard as Bodybuilder In Blue Shorts
 Franco Columbu as Franco Orsini
 Ed Corney as Bodybuilder
 Roland LeGrand Godfrey as Water Skier Single Ski Dock Start
 Mary Leona Perry Kirtley as Water Skier Double Ski Dock Start and Skiing Next to A Tug Boat and Barge
 Janelle Kirtley as Water Ski Trainer For Sally Field
William Kent Jones as Contestant Judge
 Bob Rafelson as Man On Sidewalk With Painting
 Robbie Robinson as Bodybuilder At Contest
 Ken Waller as Doug Stewart
 Jolene Wolff as Mrs. Clyde

Production
Stay Hungry marked the final film for production designer Toby Carr Rafelson, Rafelson's wife and film-production partner. After learning that her husband pursued women during production, including Sally Field, she filed for divorce and never worked for Rafelson again.

Roger Callard, a top bodybuilder of the era, said of his experience making the film: "The director was screaming over his megaphone, 'Please do not touch the bodybuilders!'  People were rushing us, even scratching us!"

Reception

Critical response
For The New York Times, critic Vincent Canby wrote that the film "isn't all bad. It just seems that way when it pretends to be more eccentric than it is and to have more on its mind than it actually does." However, Canby praised the film's depiction of the New South and the performances by Bridges, Field and Schwarzenegger.

Los Angeles Times reviewer Charles Champlin wrote: "It is several movies not quite rolled into one, good performances and good sequences tossed together in the lap of chance, leading to a denouement that would be even cheerier if what went before had engaged belief or concern."

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 67% based on reviews from 15 critics, with an average rating of 6.6/10. On Metacritic, it has a score of 60% based on reviews from 7 critics, indicating "mixed or average" reviews.

References

External links

Films directed by Bob Rafelson
Films based on American novels
1976 films
1970s romantic comedy-drama films
American romantic comedy-drama films
1970s English-language films
Culture of Birmingham, Alabama
Bodybuilding films
Films set in Alabama
Films set in country houses
Films with screenplays by Bob Rafelson
United Artists films
1976 comedy films
1976 drama films
Films scored by Bruce Langhorne
Films produced by Bob Rafelson
Films with screenplays by Charles Gaines
Films scored by Byron Berline
1970s American films

Stay Hungry


When We Are Married is a comedy by the English dramatist J. B. Priestley. Written in 1934, it was first performed in  London at the St. Martin's Theatre, London, on 11 October 1938. It transferred to the larger Prince's Theatre in March 1939 and ran until 24 June of that year.

Plot
A group of three couples, old friends and all married on the same day in the same chapel, gathers at the Helliwells' home to celebrate their silver anniversary. When they discover that they are not legally married, each couple initially reacts with proper Victorian horror – what will the neighbours think? –  and all three couples find themselves reevaluating their marriages; hovering closely over the proceedings is the Yorkshire Argus alcohol-soaked photographer, keen to record the evening's events for posterity, and a wickedly destructive housekeeper who is hoping to use the couples' mortification to her own advantage. In the end, of course, everything turns out well, and the play ends on a happy note.

Original cast
Ruby Birtle  – Patricia Hayes
Gerald Forbes – Richard Warner
Mrs Northrop – Beatrice Varley
Nancy Holmes – Betty Fleetwood
Fred Dyson – Alexander Grandison
Henry Ormonroyd – Frank Pettingell
Alderman Joseph Helliwell – Lloyd Pearson
Maria Helliwell – Muriel George
Councillor Albert Parker – Raymond Huntley
Herbert Soppitt – Ernest Butcher
Clara Soppitt – Ethel Coleridge
Annie Parker – Helena Pickard
Lottie Grady – Mai Bacon
The Rev. Clement Mercer – Norman Wooland
Mayor of Clecklewyke – H. Marsh Dunn

Revivals
 25 December 1939 Broadway premiere, Lyceum Theatre, New York City
 1979 National Theatre, London
 5 March 1985 West End Whitehall Theatre, London
 July - August 1996 Chichester Festival Theatre
 April 2009 West Yorkshire Playhouse, Leeds (Cast included Les Dennis, Paul Bown and Jodie McNee)
 July - August 2009 Guthrie Theater, Minneapolis, Minnesota
 27 October 2010 - 26 February 2011, Garrick Theatre, London (Cast included Sam Kelly, Maureen Lipman, Lynda Baron and Jodie McNee who previously appeared in the 2009 Leeds production.)
 7 May 2014 - Shaw Theater, Niagara-On-The-Lake, Ontario, Canada
 1 May 2017 - People's Theatre, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
September 2017 - Rugby Theatre, Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom

Television, film and radio
In November 1938, When We Are Married became the first play to be televised unedited from a theatre when the BBC relayed the complete performance between 8.30 and 10.50 pm on 16 November.

A film adaptation was released in 1943 by British National Films featuring the three male leads from the original stage production and 1938 TV adaptation in the same roles: Raymond Huntley as Albert Parker (playing the same role again later in a 1951 television adaptation), Lloyd Pearson as Joseph Helliwell and Ernest Butcher as Herbert Soppitt; the cast also included Sydney Howard as Henry Ormonroyd, Olga Lindo as Maria Helliwell, Marian Spencer as Annie Parker, Ethel Coleridge as Clara Soppitt, Barry Morse as Gerald Forbes, Marjorie Rhodes as Mrs. Northrup and Lydia Sherwood as Lottie Grady. A made-for-television version was also produced in 1957.

BBC's Play of the Month broadcast an adaptation on 29 December 1975 directed by David Giles with John Stratton as Joseph Helliwell, Beryl Reid as Maria Helliwell, Eric Porter as Albert Parker, Patricia Routledge as Annie Parker, Richard Pearson as Herbert Soppitt, Thora Hird as Clara Soppitt, Shirley Steedman as Ruby Birtle, Sheila Burrell as Mrs. Northrop, Ronnie Barker as Henry Ormonroyd and Sheila Reid as Lottie Grady.

In a German television production (ARD / WDR) from 1982 with the title Wenn wir verheiratet sind played Gert Haucke, Hans Korte, Klaus Herm, Gustl Halenke, Christiane Hörbiger and Elisabeth Wiedemann, directed by Hans-Peter Kaufmann.

Another BBC Television production (broadcast on 26 December 1987 on BBC2) featured Peter Vaughan as Joseph Helliwell, Patricia Routledge as Maria Helliwell, Timothy West as Albert Parker, Prunella Scales (West's real-life wife) as Annie Parker, Bernard Cribbins as Herbert Soppitt, Rosemary Leach as Clara Soppitt, Sue Devaney as Ruby Birtle, Liz Smith as Mrs. Northrop, Joss Ackland as Henry Ormonroyd and Patsy Rowlands as Lottie Grady.

An adaptation was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 1994 directed by Matthew Walters with Alan Bennett as Herbert Soppitt, Alun Armstrong as Albert Parker, Michael Jayston as Joseph Helliwell, Brenda Blethyn as Clara Soppitt, Nicola Pagett as Maria Helliwell, Gwen Taylor as Annie Parker, Polly James as Lottie, Peter Woodthorpe as Henry Ormondroyd and Elizabeth Spriggs as Mrs. Northrop. The production was subsequently re-broadcast on BBC Radio 7 in 2011 and later on BBC Radio 4 Extra in 2012.

References

Further reading

External links

When We Are Married synopsis & character descriptions from StageAgent.com

1938 plays
Broadway plays
Comedy plays
Laurence Olivier Award-winning plays
British plays adapted into films
Plays by J. B. Priestley
1975 television plays
West End plays

When We Are Married


Kingdom Hearts is the first game of the Kingdom Hearts series. It was made for PlayStation 2 and was released in Japan on March 28, 2002, and in North America on September 17, 2002.

In it, the player controls Sora, a 14-year-old boy living in his home island, but is sent to different worlds along with his friends after their world is destroyed. Along the way, he meets various Disney characters, like Donald Duck and Ariel, and Final Fantasy characters, like Cloud and Yuffie. Sora must save the worlds while searching for his friends.

Story
Sora and his friends, Riku and Kairi, plan on leaving their homes on Destiny Islands to explore their world, but their plans are interrupted when their world is attacked by the Heartless; monsters who steal people's hearts. During the attack, Sora wields a weapon called a Keyblade. Their world is destroyed, and Sora, Riku and Kairi end up on different worlds. Sora accompanies Donald Duck and Goofy to find his lost friends, and they travel to worlds based on different Disney movies, including Alice in Wonderland, The Little Mermaid and The Nightmare Before Christmas. Sora learns later that Riku has sided with Darkness and kidnapped Kairi. Riku is possessed by a Heartless called Ansem, who wants to capture seven Princesses of Heart so he can open Kingdom Hearts, the heart of all worlds. Sora rescues Kairi and Riku and defeats Ansem. Kairi goes home to Destiny Islands, but Riku stays in Kingdom Hearts with King Mickey to defend it. Kingdom Hearts then disappears. Sora tells Kairi he will not come home until he finds Riku, and leaves with Donald and Goofy to start a new adventure.

Worlds
In the game, there are fourteen different worlds. Sora, Donald and Goofy travel to twelve of them using a space ship called a Gummi Ship. The worlds are:
 Destiny Islands - Sora, Riku, and Kairi's home world. The game starts here.
 Traverse Town - A world called a crossroads. When someone's world is destroyed, if they survive, they end up in Traverse Town. Sora wakes up here after Destiny Islands is destroyed.
 Wonderland - This world is based on the Disney movie Alice in Wonderland.
 Deep Jungle - This world is based on the Disney movie Tarzan.
 Olympus Coliseum - This world is based on the Disney movie Hercules.
 Agrabah - This world is based on the Disney movie Aladdin.
 Atlantica - The world is based on the Disney movie The Little Mermaid.
 Monstro - This world is based on the Disney movie Pinocchio.
 Halloweentown - This world is based on the Tim Burton movie The Nightmare Before Christmas.
 Neverland - This world is based on the Disney movie Peter Pan.
 100 Acre Wood - This world is based on Disney's Winnie the Pooh.
 Hollow Bastion - This world was made up for the game. It is the original home of most of the Final Fantasy characters in the game, and the hide-out for the villains.
 End of the World - The last world the player visits. It is where the final boss battle takes place.
 Disney Castle - Donald and Goofy's home world. King Mickey and Queen Minnie also live here. Sora does not visit this world. It only appears in cutscenes.

Final Mix
Kingdom Hearts Final Mix is a reissue of the game that was released only in Japan on December 26, 2002. It has more features than Kingdom Hearts, including a battle with the Unknown Man, who is the main enemy in Kingdom Hearts II. It is also for the PlayStation 2.

References

Other websites

 Official Kingdom Hearts site
 Official international Kingdom Hearts site

 Official Kingdom Hearts TOKYOPOP manga site

2002 video games
Disney video games
Kingdom Hearts series
PlayStation 2 games

Kingdom Hearts (video game)


Kinđa () is a Copper Age kurgan, or burial mound, in Serbia. Situated in the northeastern part of Vojvodina, near the town of Kikinda. Even though an artificial feature, it is one of the highest points of the north and northeastern part of the Serbian section of Banat.

Geography
Top of Kinđa is at an altitude of , with the mound itself being elevated  to  above the surrounding ground. The mound is earthen, circular and has a diameter of . Surrounding area is a low alluvial terrain, which used to be a marshland, so the village access road to the mound is impassable during the rainy seasons. Abundant running waters in the area either naturally meandered and eutrophicatied long time ago or were drained by the melioration in later times.

History
Even though Kinđа is officially declared an archaeological locality, no excavations have been done, due to its importance for the plant life. It is hypothesized that the mound originates from the Copper Age, during the period when Eastern Europe was overrun by the steppe tribes. Hence, it is most likely of Sarmatian or Scythian origin, from 3rd to 1st century BCE. Local myths claim that it is the tomb of Attila the Hun, who died in 453 AD.

Another hypothesis, based on the condition of the mound and its appearance, is that it was built by the Cumans, in the 13th century. The Cumans settled in Europe fleeing the Tatars and were the last known culture to bury the dead under the kurgans.

Name
The origin of the name is obscure and the true meaning can't be established for sure. The archaeological section of the Kikinda Museum claims that the name of the town is derived from the name of the mound (Kinđa - Kikinda), though this claim has not been universally accepted. Theories on the origin of the name are numerous, claiming possible sources from the Latin, Hungarian, Serbian, Romanian, Turkish and Old Slavonic languages.

Importance
Kinđa is the largest and was one of the best preserved kurgans in Serbia, which are all over 8 centuries old. Based on its monumental size, it is believed that Kinđa is the tomb of someone very important. In the vicinity of Kinđa there are number of other hillocks which can be identified as kurgans, which makes Kikinda a place with the richest eneolithic heritage in Serbia. However those other mounds, 5 or 6 of them, are in bad shape and gradually being reduced to the agricultural land. Another archaeological locality, "Gradište", is situated close to Kinđa, in the village of Iđoš.

The mound is somewhat of a symbol of Kikinda. A section of the municipality is named after it, so as a street and a neighborhood in the town itself. The mountaineering club in Kikinda is also named "Kinđa", as it is the highest elevation point in the region.

One of the reasons for the preservation of the mound's original shape is the lush, autochthonous vegetation which covers it. As the most of the land in Vojvodina is being used for extensive agriculture for centuries, Kinđa represents a genetic reserve for the original steppe and meadow flora. As the foothills of the mound are not being cultivated, the vegetation on top is not being nitrified, nor the weeds are invading it because of the pre-vegetation which grows slightly above the ground. On the top of the mound there are small turfs of crested wheat grass, the typical grass of the loess ledges. European feather grass also grows on the mound, though it is mostly extinct from other parts of Banat. Other plants include common couch and horehound. Vegetation on other mounds in the surrounding area is destroyed and turned into an agricultural land.

2017 incident
Kinđa is not under the state protection and has not been declared a cultural monument, but the local government in Kikinda proclaimed it an "archaeologically important locality" in 2013, and until 2017 it was considered to be in the good shape. Local agricultural company "Almex Kinđa" owns the land in the area since 2011, including lots on which Kinđa is partially located. As the other mounds are not protected at all, the company partially destroyed them in the previous years. In May 2017, the company destroyed the northeastern part of Kinđa, which is on their land, using heavy machinery. Experts from Kikinda and Subotica inspected the location, found some fragments of medieval ceramics and concluded that the devastation of the mound is beyond repair, since the entire section, up to  high, was dredged, with the earth partially removed and partially flattened. The company issued an apology, claiming that they didn't know there is a special procedure when dealing with Kinđa and that they are the only ones who take care of it anyway. Reporters claimed that an entire half of the hill was destroyed. Company reacted with a statement that they didn't destroy anything: they just "displaced" some  of earth out of , how much they estimate the entire mound has. However, the photos show that at least 30 to 40% of the mound is missing. But, as Kinđa was not protected by the state, the company was just "warned" to be more careful in the future.

Gallery

References

External links

Archaeological sites in Serbia
Eneolithic Serbia
Kikinda
Kurgans
Sarmatians
Iranian archaeological sites
Chalcolithic sites of Europe

Kinđa


Joan Alderson (March 5, 1935 – February 14, 2021), later known by her married name Joan Braskamp, was an American competition swimmer and Olympic medalist. She received a bronze medal at the 1952 Summer Olympics.

Alderson was born and grew up in Chicago.  Her father Edmund had been a collegiate swimmer at the University of Illinois, and she began swimming at the age of 5.  She first trained under coach Bill Moyle at the Beverly Country Club, and then under coach Walter Schlueter of the Chicago Town Club where her elite swimming potential was recognized.  Fellow Olympic swimmer Jackie LaVine, who also trained with the Chicago Town Club, served as her mentor.

As a 17-year-old, Alderson represented the United States at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland.  She received a bronze medal as a member of the third-place U.S. team in the women's 4×100-meter freestyle relay, together with teammates Jackie LaVine, Marilee Stepan and Evelyn Kawamoto.  Individually, she also competed in the women's 100-meter freestyle and finished fifth in the event final with a time of 1:07.1, only three tenths of a second behind the winner, Hungarian Katalin Szőke.  According to the official event clock time of 1:07.1, Alderson finished in a third-place tie with Judit Temes of Hungary and Joan Harrison of South Africa, but the judges awarded her fifth place.

In addition to her athletic prowess, Alderson's attractive physical appearance was noted by news publications, several of which called her "blonde," "statuesque," "a blue-eyed whiz" with a "winning smile" and "pretty enough to win beauty contests."

After the Olympics, Alderson attended the University of Illinois, where she was a member of Kappa Kappa Gamma sorority.  She continued to swim competitively while attending college, set a world record in the 100-yard freestyle event in 1954, and was a member of Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) national championship relay teams in 1952 and 1953.  She married Lt. Bernard Braskamp, Jr., a U.S. Air Force officer in 1954, and retired from competitive swimming.

Alderson died in Stuart, Florida, on February 14, 2021, at the age of 85.

See also

 List of Olympic medalists in swimming (women)
 List of University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign people

References

External links

1935 births
2021 deaths
American female freestyle swimmers
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in swimming
Swimmers from Chicago
Swimmers at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics
20th-century American women
Illinois Fighting Illini women's swimmers
20th-century American people

Jody Alderson


Kate Phillips (born 21 May 1989) is a British actress. She became famous for her role as Jane Seymour in the successful miniseries Wolf Hall (2015). She subsequently appeared in the miniseries War & Peace (2016), the first season of the television series The Crown (2016), and last three seasons of the television series Peaky Blinders (2016–2022). In 2019, she appeared as Princess Mary in the film Downton Abbey. Since 2020, she has appeared as Eliza Scarlet, the series lead, in the Victorian era crime drama, Miss Scarlet and The Duke.

Biography
After spending three years studying at Leeds University, Phillips secured a place at The Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London. After graduation she returned to Leeds to appear as Abigail Williams in The Crucible at the  West Yorkshire Playhouse. By this time she had already filmed her scenes for the BBC's adaptation of Wolf Hall in which she played Jane Seymour, a role she had been offered whilst still studying at Guildhall. There was some mild controversy following the initial airing of Wolf Hall after some historians described Phillips as 'too pretty' to play Henry VIII's third wife. This criticism was disregarded by several critics who praised Phillips' performance with Screen Daily naming her as a 'Star of Tomorrow'. She went on to secure roles in War & Peace, Peaky Blinders and The Crown.

An August 2018 announcement indicated that Phillips would be among the new cast to join the original actors in the feature film Downton Abbey which started principal photography at about the same time. In 2020 Phillips took on the lead role in the detective series Miss Scarlet and the Duke.

Filmography

References

External links

Living people
British television actresses
British stage actresses
1989 births

Kate Phillips


Air America (also called Air America Radio or Air America Media) was an American radio network which represented in liberal and progressive talk radio.

Air America began in March 2004. It dissolved in January 2010. The network had discussion and information programs from the liberal perspectives. Several shows had audiences over one million. Liberal and progressive personalities included Rachel Maddow and Robert Fitzgerald Kennedy, Jr. The network was financially troubled, however, and the radio network declared Chapter 11 bankruptcy once. The radio group resumed. However, financial problems caused the radio group to stop programming in early 2010.

References

2004 establishments in the United States
2010 disestablishments in the United States

Radio stations in the United States

Air America


Stefan Błachowski (Opawa, 19 May 1889 – 31 January 1962, Warsaw, Poland) was a Polish psychologist and professor at Poznań University.

Life
Błachowski was the son of a military physician, Konstanty Błachowski, and Maria Niklas. He graduated from Gymnasium no. V in Lwów (Lviv) and in 1907 began studying philosophy, psychology and philology at Lwów University. In 1909 he transferred briefly to Vienna University, then to Göttingen University (1909–13: psychology, physics, biology). In 1913 he studied biology again at Vienna and successfully defended his doctoral thesis at Göttingen.

In 1914-1919 Błachowski worked at Lwów University, where he was an assistant lecturer (starszy asystent) and from 1917 an assistant professor (docent) of philosophy, and from 1918 librarian of the university library. He spent several years (1914–16) of his employment at Lwów University at World War I fronts, and in 1918-19 he participated as a volunteer in the defense of Lwów.

In 1919 he transferred to Poznań University, where he was an associate professor (profesor nadzwyczajny), then a professor (profesor zwyczajny, 1921), director of the Chair of Psychology (1919–60), dean of Humanities (1934–37), pro-rector (1938–39 and 1945–46) and rector (1946–48). In 1945-47 he was a member of the National Council (Rada Narodowa) at the Ministry of Education (Ministerstwo Oświaty). During World War II he conducted underground teaching in Warsaw.

He did research in psychophysiology, the psychology of religion, and the psychology of memory. He was the first in Poland to conduct experimental studies of religious psychoses. He was likewise a pioneer in Polish studies of memory and mathematical abilities. He studied the role of imagination, memory, erudition, the subconscious and ideas in scientific creativity. He initiated Polish research in sports psychology.

In the 1930s Błachowski helped establish a psychology institute at Wilno University. After World War II, as pro-rector and rector of Poznań University, he rebuilt the university's psychology institute, library and professors' houses, which had been burned by the Germans.

Błachowski maintained contacts with many world authorities in psychology, including Jean Piaget.

Works
Błachowski published over a hundred scientific studies, including:
 O wirtuozach liczb (1911)
 Czem jest i czem będzie psychologia (1912)
 Kilka uwag o psychologii typów matematycznych (1912)
 Pamięć a świadomość (1913)
 Zjawiska kontrastu optycznego u anormalnych trichromatów (1913)
 O pamięci, jej istocie i kształceniu (1916)
 Nastawienia i spostrzeżenia. Studium psychologiczne (1917)
 O stanie i potrzebach organizacyjnych psychologii w Polsce (1918)
 Problem myślenia bez słów (1918)
 Chronometryczne badania nad przebiegiem startu (1924)
 O szkole dla uzdolnionych (1924)
 Struktura typów wyobrażeniowych (1925)
 W sprawie analizy wybitnych zdolności rachunkowych (1925)
 Kłamstwo (1932)
 Wyniki psychologii pedagogicznej (1934)
 O sztucznych ekstazach i widzeniach (1938)

Memberships
Correspondent (1946), member (1948), Polish Academy of Learning.
Poznań Society of Friends of Learning (1920).
Co-founder, Polish Anthropological Society (1925).
Co-founder, Poznań Psychological Society (1930).
President, Polish Psychological Association (1948 till his death).
Vice president, Polish Society for Psychological Hygiene (1959–61).
Honorary member, Polish Psychiatric Association and Czech Psychotechnic Association.
Participant, International Psychological Congresses in Berlin, Copenhagen, Moscow, Paris, Prague, Barcelona and Vienna.
Officer's and Commander's Crosses of the Order of Polonia Restituta.

See also
History of philosophy in Poland
List of Poles—Social sciences
List of Poles—Philosophy

References
Biogramy uczonych polskich (Biographies of Polish Scholars), Część I: Nauki społeczne (Part I: Social Sciences), zeszyt 1: A-J (fascicle 1: A–J), Wrocław, 1983.
 Adam A. Zych: Higiena psychiczna w Polsce. Słownik biograficzny. (Mental Hygiene in Poland. Biographical Dictionary). Wrocław: Wyd. Nauk. DSW, 2013, pp. 45–48.

1889 births
1962 deaths
Polish psychologists
People from Kamienna Góra County
Academic staff of Vilnius University
20th-century French psychologists
20th-century French philosophers

Stefan Błachowski


Richard Allen Bayless (October 15, 1964 in Hugo, Minnesota) was a college football player for the University of Iowa from 1984–1987.  He was an honorable mention All-American at running back in his junior season in 1986.  He later played one game in the NFL with the Minnesota Vikings.

Background

Rick Bayless earned two letters in football and three letters in track at Forest Lake High School in Forest Lake, Minnesota.  He was a football team captain and set school records in track in the high jump, 100 meters, and the 60-yard dash.   Bayless decided to walk on to the University of Iowa football team and redshirted in 1983.

Playing career

As a freshman in 1984, Bayless played in nine games, rushing for 140 yards on the season.  The following year, he was the fourth-leading rusher for Iowa's 1985 Big Ten championship team.

In his junior season in 1986, Rick Bayless became Iowa's starting running back when Kevin Harmon was lost to injury.  Bayless became the third player in Iowa history to rush for over 1,000 yards in a season and the fourth Hawkeye to lead the team in rushing and receiving in the same year.  He was second in the Big Ten in rushing and led Iowa to a victory over San Diego State in the 1986 Holiday Bowl.  Bayless was named all-Big Ten and honorable mention All-American in 1986.  He was also named Iowa's one and only team MVP in 1986; it is the last occasion in which the annual award was not shared by multiple players.

As a senior in 1988, Rick Bayless lost his starting position before the first game after an injury in practice.  He never regained his starting spot in his final season, playing in only seven of Iowa's 13 games.  He left school as the tenth-leading rusher in school history.  Bayless then played one game for the Minnesota Vikings in 1989 before retiring from football.

References

1964 births
Living people
Iowa Hawkeyes football players
Minnesota Vikings players
Forest Lake Area High School alumni
Players of American football from Minnesota
Sportspeople from Washington County, Minnesota

Rick Bayless (American football)