Robert Brout (; June 14, 1928 – May 3, 2011) was an American theoretical physicist who made significant contributions in elementary particle physics. He was a professor of physics at Université Libre de Bruxelles where he had created, together with François Englert, the Service de Physique Théorique.

Research
After receiving his Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1953 Brout joined Cornell University as faculty. In 1959 François Englert visiting from Belgium  spent two years at Cornell as a research associate with Brout. Brout and Englert became close friends and collaborators, and in 1961 when Englert returned to Belgium Brout followed him and spent the rest of his professional life at the Université Libre de Bruxelles, and ultimately acquired Belgian citizenship.

In 1964, Brout, in collaboration with Englert, discovered how mass can be generated for gauge particles in the presence of a local abelian and non-abelian gauge symmetry. This was demonstrated by them, both classically and quantum mechanically, successfully avoiding theorems initiated by J. Goldstone while indicating that the theory would be renormalizable. Similar ideas have been developed in condensed matter physics.

Peter Higgs and Gerald Guralnik, C. R. Hagen, and Tom Kibble came to the same conclusion as Brout and Englert. The three papers written on this boson discovery by Higgs, Brout and Englert, and Guralnik, Hagen, Kibble were each recognized as milestone papers by Physical Review Letters 50th anniversary celebration. While each of these famous papers took similar approaches, the contributions and differences between the 1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers is noteworthy.  This work showed that the particles that carry the weak force acquire their mass through interactions with an all-pervasive field that is now known as the Higgs field, and that the interactions occur via particles that are widely known as Higgs bosons. As yet, these Higgs bosons had not been observed experimentally; however, most physicists believed that they exist. On July 4, 2012, it was announced at CERN that a new particle, "consistent with a Higgs boson", had been discovered with 5 sigma confidence in the mass region around 125-126 GeV. In 2013 Englert and Higgs were to receive the Nobel Prize in Physics for their prediction.

In 1971, Gerardus 't Hooft, who was completing his PhD under the supervision of Martinus J. G. Veltman at Utrecht University, renormalized Yang–Mills theory in accordance with Veltman's suggestion that this was possible. They showed that if the symmetries of Yang–Mills theory were to be broken according to the method suggested by Robert Brout, François Englert, Peter W. Higgs, Gerald Guralnik, C. R. Hagen and Tom Kibble then Yang–Mills theory is indeed renormalizable. Renormalization of Yang–Mills theory is one of the biggest achievements of  twentieth century physics. Gerardus 't Hooft and Martinus J. G. Veltman were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1999 for this work.

In addition to this work on elementary particle physics, in 1978, Brout, in collaboration with F. Englert and Edgard Gunzig, was awarded the first prize gravitational award essay  for their original proposal of cosmic inflation as the condition of the cosmos prior to the adiabatic expansion, (i.e. the conventional Big Bang), after cosmogenesis.

Awards
Brout was awarded the 2010 J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics (with Guralnik, Hagen, Kibble, Higgs, and Englert) by The American Physical Society "For elucidation of the properties of spontaneous symmetry breaking in four-dimensional relativistic gauge theory and of the mechanism for the consistent generation of vector boson masses." In 2004, Robert Brout, François Englert, and Peter Higgs were awarded the Wolf Prize in Physics "for pioneering work that has led to the insight of mass generation, whenever a local gauge symmetry is realized asymmetrically in the world of sub-atomic particles".

Robert Brout contributed greatly to the theory behind the Higgs Boson, for which the 2013 Nobel Prize was awarded.
In a 2014 interview with BBC's The Life Scientific Peter Higgs says of the 2013 Nobel Prize that "I think it's good that they restricted the prize to the two of us, because, by implication, they're recognizing Robert Brout as the third who couldn't be awarded the prize."

References

1928 births
2011 deaths
Columbia University alumni
American physicists
American emigrants to Belgium
Belgian physicists
Particle physicists
Wolf Prize in Physics laureates
Theoretical physicists
J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics recipients
Naturalised citizens of Belgium

Robert Brout


The Fourth Finance Commission of India was constituted on 18 May 1964, under the chairmanship of Dr. P. V. Rajamannar.

Members
The members of the Commission were:

 Dr. P. V. Rajamannar, Chairman
 Shri Mohan Lal Gautam
 Shri D.G. Karve
 Prof. Bhabatosh Datta
 Shri P.C. Mathew, Member Secretary

The Commission suggested in its report that there should be greater co-ordination between the Centre and the States in common financial interests for which it recommended the establishment of a permanent organization in the Ministry of Finance.

Recommendations
 Tax sharing and allocation of income tax and Union Excise Duties.
 Grants-in–aid to States in need of assistance, having regard to:

 The revenue resources of States for five years ending with 1970-1971 on the basis of the levels of taxation likely to be reached at the end of 1965-66;
 Creation of a fund out of Estate Duty proceeds over a specified limit, for repayment of State's debt to the centre; and
 Scope for economy with efficiency in States' administrative expenditure.

 The changes to be made in the principles governing the distribution amongst the States of the grant to be made available to the States in lieu of taxes on railway fares;
 To study the combined incidence of Sales Tax and Union Excise Duties on the production, consumption or export of products, the duties on which are shareable with the State.
 The changes to be made in the principles governing the distribution of the net proceeds in any financial year of the additional excise duties levied on commodities - namely cotton fabrics, silk fabrics, woolen fabrics, sugar and tobacco - in replacement in the States' tax formerly levied by the state governments.

References

Further References

Finance Commission of India
1964 establishments in India

Fourth Finance Commission


The European Chemicals Agency is part of the European Union which manages the European Union regulation called Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH).  It started work in 2007.  It is based in Helsinki.

On its website there is a public summary of all the information it holds on the chemicals registered in its database. It provides this information in the form of a Substance Infocard giving hazards, uses and production or import quantities. There is information on over 245,000 chemicals, although most do not have full details since they are used in amounts below one tonne per year.

References

Agencies of the European Union

European Chemicals Agency


Kristapor George Ivanyan (; 20 December 1920 – 30 August 1999) was a Soviet and Armenian lieutenant general. He fought in both World War II and the First Nagorno-Karabakh War. He was one of the founders of the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army.

A military school in Stepanakert is named after Ivanyan. In 2001, the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic renamed the town of Khojaly to Ivanyan in his honor, and a statue of Ivanyan was unveiled in Stepanakert on the tenth anniversary of the proclamation of Nagorno-Karabakh's independence.

Biography

Soviet Army
Ivanyan was born in Tiflis to Armenian parents. He joined the Soviet Armed Forces in 1938. In 1940 he graduated from the Tbilisi Artillery School. During the Eastern Front of World War II, Ivanyan fought in Crimea, Transcarpathia, and Czechoslovakia. Ivanyan served as an Artillery Regiment Commander advisor from 1941 to 1942, and from 1942 to 1943 became commander of the 195th Mortar Regiment. From 1943 to 1944, he was the 318th Infantry Division Artillery commander, as part of Czechoslovakia. He was wounded several times, and was awarded various orders and medals. In 1949, he graduated from the Frunze Military Academy, and then was the head of the preparatory artillery corps from 1949 to 1952. Ivanyan than became the 280th Guards Tank Regiment commander from 1952 to 1955, as part of the Soviet forces stationed in the German Democratic Republic. Then from 1956 to 1958, he was the Special Guards Tank Regiment commander. Ivanyan was the Head of the Department of Military at the Odessa State University from 1958 to 1961, then took graduate courses from the Leningrad Military District Artillery Academy, graduating in 1962. He was the Odessa Military District commander of the 52nd Rifle Brigade from 1962 to 1968 and the Odessa Military District's 14th Army commander of the missile troops and artillery from 1968 to 1973. In 1973, Ivanyan became the Transcaucasian Military District deputy commander of the missile troops and artillery. He served in the position for five years before retiring from the Soviet Army in 1978.

Nagorno-Karabakh Army

With the height of the military phase of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, Ivanyan came from Saint Petersburg to Nagorno-Karabakh in order to serve Armenia. In 1992, he became an advisor to the Chairman of the Committee of the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army, and was the First Deputy Commander of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic Ministry of Defense. Ivanyan made a significant contribution to the formation of the army structures and services of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, especially in artillery, creating the training of military units, centers, shooting ranges, and polygons. He managed a number of military operations to suppress the enemy firing points, particularly in areas adjacent to Stepanakert territories and Martuni Region of Nagorno Karabakh. For courage in battle and bravery, he was awarded the Order of the Combat Cross, 1st degree. He retired from the Armenian and Nagorno-Karabakh Armed Forces in 1998.

He died a year later on 30 August 1999.

Legacy
Ivanyan was posthumously awarded the Hero of Artsakh medal in 2000. The Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army Stepanakert Military School is named after Ivanyan. The town of Khojaly was renamed Ivanyan in 2001 by the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic in honor of him. On the tenth anniversary of the proclamation of Nagorno-Karabakh's independence, a statue of Ivanyan was unveiled in Stepanakert. An event dedicated to the 90th birthday of Ivanyan took place at the Stepanakert Youth and Culture Palace on 20 December 2010, and was attended by the Nagorno-Karabakh President Bako Sahakyan, Primate of the Artsakh Diocese of Armenian Apostolic Church Archbishop Pargev Martirosyan, Prime Minister Arayik Harutyunyan, Chairman of the National Assembly Ashot Ghulian, and other officials. A documentary film about his life has also been made.

Awards
 Order of Lenin, twice
 Order of the Red Banner
 Order of Suvorov, 3rd degree
 Order of the Patriotic War
 Order of the Red Star, three times
 Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary since the Birth of Vladimir Il'ich Lenin"
 Medal "For Distinction in Military Service"
 Medal "For the Defence of the Caucasus"
 Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
 Jubilee Medal "30 Years of the Soviet Army and Navy"
 Jubilee Medal "40 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
 Czechoslovak War Cross 1939-1945
 Order of the Combat Cross, 1st degree
 Medal of Marshal Baghramyan
 Hero of Artsakh (2000)

References

External links
Sarkisian ST, Encyclopedia Artsakh-Karabakh. Spb., 2005. 312,

1920 births
1999 deaths
Military personnel from Tbilisi
Armenian generals
Armenian nationalists
Armenian people of World War II
Soviet military personnel of World War II
Armenian military personnel of the Nagorno-Karabakh War
First Nagorno-Karabakh War
Recipients of the Czechoslovak War Cross
Artsakh military personnel

Kristapor Ivanyan


Karak District is a district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The city of Karak is the capital. This district is the second smallest district in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa after Hangu. The area of this district is 3395 km2.

Tehsils
The district of Karak is administratively subdivided into three tehsils.

 Banda Daud Shah Tehsil
 Karak Tehsil
 Takht-e-Nasrati Tehsil

Tehsil karak is considered as the resources rich tehsil in district karak and here the resorces of gas and oil are discovered.
Tehsil Banda Daud Shah is also considered as resources rich tehsil having the Pakistan second largest salt mine founds in bahadur khel.
Tehsil Takhte Nasrati is also known for resources like uranium founds in zarki nasrati.

Karak District


Nikki Kimball (born May 23, 1971) is an American distance runner specializing in the Ultramarathon. She ran her first 100-mile race at the Western States 100 Mile Endurance Run in 2004, and was the female winner. She was the winning female at Western States again in 2006 and 2007, becoming only the third woman to win Western States three times. In 2014, she won the Marathon Des Sables multi-stage endurance race on her first attempt. Prior to running, her main sport was cross-country skiing. She was crewed at the 2007 Western States by U.S. Senator Max Baucus of Montana, where Kimball lives. She lives in Bozeman, Montana.

Early life

Kimball grew up in Chittenden, Vermont, and had an active childhood spent outdoors hiking and cross-country skiing. A physician advised that Kimball start cross-country skiing when she was child, in order to stop her feet turning in. For high school, Nikki went to Holderness School, which is in Holderness New Hampshire and helped her develop her passions for many of the things she does today.

Career highlights

Ultra marathon
Member of United States 100K Team 2001-2006; 8th overall and 1st American at World Cup 2003, Tainan, Taiwan; 7th at World Cup 2005; scoring member of gold medal 100K team at World Cup 2005
Western States 100 Champion 2004, 2006, 2007
1st place, Ultra Trail du Mont Blanc, 2007
50-Mile Trail National Champion 2003, 2004, 2005, Crystal Mountain, Washington
50-Mile Road National Champion 2005, State College, Pennsylvania. Broke course record by 23 minutes
Set course records at numerous 50-milers
1st place, American River 50-Mile, 2003 (fastest time by an American woman in 2002-2003
2nd Place, National 100K Championships, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 2001
1st place, Marathon Des Sables, 2014
2nd place, Big Horn 100m, 2016
2nd place, HURT 100m, HI, 2017
2nd place, Hardrock 100, 2018

Mountain running
Member of United States Mountain Running Team 2001-2003; 24th overall, 2nd American, World Mountain Running Trophy 2003, Girdwood, Alaska
Mt. Washington Road Race 2003, 2nd place, 1st American
New England Mountain Running Champion 2001, runner-up 2003
Set numerous course records

Trail running
Bridger Ridge Run, 1st place, Bozeman, Montana, 2004 (course record)
Grand Tree Trail Race Series: undefeated in all races run in 2000-2002
Set course records in 9 New England Grand Tree races, 2000-2003
Pennsylvania State Trail Running Champion, 1998
Run the Rann, 1st place, Dholavira, Gujarat, India, 2014

Road running
Road marathon wins also include Adirondack Marathon, Schroon, NY; Green Mountain Marathon, Grand Isle, VT; Great Potato Marathon, Boise, ID, Salt Lake City Marathon; Lewis and Clark Marathon, Bozeman, MT

Snowshoe racing
U.S. National Champion 2001, 2004, 2005; runner-up 2003
Member of U.S. National Team 2003-2005

Awards, other athletic achievement and running community involvement
Set a new women's record for fastest supported time on Vermont's Long Trail, 273 miles in 5 days 7 hours 42 minutes, August 13–18, 2012. The record breaking attempt was captured in the documentary film "Finding Traction"
Member of USATF Mountain/Ultra/Trail Council 2002 to 2005; Championship Chair 2005
Member of the 100K Task Force for USATF
Member of U.S. Snowshoe Association advisory board 2004-2005
1st place team Moab Adventure Xstream, 2005
North American Female Ultra Runner of Year 2003, 2004, 2007 (Ultrarunning magazine)
USATF Ultra Runner of the Year 2004
15K Biathlon U.S. Olympic Team Trials, 13th place, 1994
Williams College Ski Team 1989-93; skied to top-20 finishes in Division I NCAA National Championships all four years
Two-time winner of the Williams College Alumnae Ski Award

Personal life
Kimball suffers from depression, and refers to it as her secret weapon.

References

1971 births
Living people
American female ultramarathon runners
Holderness School alumni
21st-century American women

Nikki Kimball


Alexandre Alexandrovitch Kniazev () (born 26 April 1961 in Moscow) is a Russian cellist and organist. He was named best musician of the year in Russia in 1999.

Kniazev studied music at Moscow Conservatory.

He entered the cello class of Alexander Fedorchenko and in the organ class of G. Kozlova.

After a solid musical formation, he won first prizes in cello at the Vilnius competition, at that of G. Cassado, the International Chamber Music Competition in Trapani and UNISA International Competition Pretoria.
He also won the third prize of the International Tchaikovsky Competition of Moscow.

He then performed all over the world and realized many records, two of which were awarded.

Discography
J. Brahms: Piano Trio No. 3 in C minor op. 101 no.3, Piano Quartet No. 3 in C minor op. 60 no.3 Suoni e Colori (1999)
F. Chopin: Cello sonata in G minor op. 65
J. Brahms: Four serious songs for baritone and piano (arr. Kniazev)
R. Schumann: Three Fantasies, Pieces op. 73
J. Guillou: Fantasia Concertante for cello and organ
J. S. Bach: Cello Suites (1999)
J. S. Bach: Chaconne for Partita No. 2 in D minor for violin (2000)
L. Beethoven: Violin sonata No. 5 in F major op. 24 "Spring"
F. Schubert: Duet for violin and piano in A major op. 162 D574
J. Brahms: Scherzo for violin and piano "F.A.E. Sonata" (2001)
J. Brahms: Piano Quartet No. 1 in G minor op. 25 no. 1
J. Brahms: Clarinet Trio in A minor op. 114 (2001)
M. Reger: Four Sonatas for Cello and Piano (2001)
J. S. Bach: Cello Suites (2004)
S. Rachmaninov: Trio "elegiaque" No. 2 in D minor op. 9
D. Shostakovich: Piano Trio No. 2 in E minor op. 67 (2005)
P. I. Tchaikovsky: Variations on a Rococo Theme, Andante cantabile, Nocturne in E minor
P. I. Tchaikovsky: Twelve Romances (2005)
F. Chopin: Cello sonata in G minor op. 65
S. Rachmaninov: Cello Sonata in G minor op.19
S. Rachmaninov: Vocalise op.34 n.14 (2006)

External links
 Alexander Kniazev
 Alexander Kniazev on Homestead.com
 Alexander Kniazev on Mariinsky Theatre
 Alexander Kniazev (Cello, Organ) on Bach Cantatas Website
 News - cello - Alexander Kniazev on The XV International Tchaikovsky Competition
 Brahms - Sonata no.1 op.38 - Alexander Kniazev & Andrei Korobeinikov on YouTube

Musicians from Moscow
1961 births
Russian classical cellists
Russian organists
Male organists
20th-century organists
Moscow Conservatory alumni
Prize-winners of the International Tchaikovsky Competition
Living people
21st-century organists

Alexander Kniazev


Benson Lock is a lock on the River Thames in England, close to Benson, Oxfordshire but on the opposite bank of the river. The first pound lock here was built by the Thames Navigation Commission in 1788 and it was replaced by the present masonry lock in 1870.   The distance between Benson Lock and Cleeve Lock downstream is 6.5 miles (10.4 km) - the longest distance between locks on the River Thames.

The weir runs from the lock island level with the lock across to the Benson side. There is a footbridge over the weir which replaced the ferry which operated here previously. The Thames Path crosses the river here.

History
The history of the weir can be traced back into the late 14th century when there was a mill at "Bensington". The mill island and stream are on the Benson side downstream of the lock although the mill itself is long gone. There was also a flash lock, although the first definite reference to this is in 1746. The pound lock was built of oak in 1788 and it is noted that, uniquely for this lock, "Low Country men" were employed at a higher than average wage. Thacker conjectures that these were Dutch specialists. The lock was rebuilt of masonry in 1870. Originally the lock was attended (or not - according to some accounts) by the miller, but there is reference to a (deserted) lock house in 1865.  The present lock keeper's house dates from 1913.

Access to and across the lock
The lock is  a short distance from the village of Benson and can be reached across the weir.

Reach above the lock

About halfway along the reach, the river passes through Shillingford and under Shillingford Bridge, which is built of limestone ashlar masonry with some brick. The central section over the river consists of three segmental arches, and there is a long causeway to the north with nine additional arches. The structure is grade II listed. For a great part of the way the two round topped hills of the Wittenham Clumps are in view. After Shillingford the River Thame enters the river from the direction of Dorchester which is a short way to the north. The Thame is navigable by small boats as far as Dorchester Bridge, on the south-east edge of Dorchester.

The Thames Path, which crosses the river at the lock, follows a road in Benson and rejoins the river, running along the northern/eastern bank to Shillingford. At Shillingford the path follows a diversion through the town, rejoining the river outside the town. It continues on the northern bank, over the River Thame to Little Wittenham Bridge where it crosses just before Day's Lock.

See also

 Locks on the River Thames
 Crossings of the River Thames

Bibliography

References

Locks of Oxfordshire
Locks of Berkshire
Locks on the River Thames
Weirs on the River Thames

Benson Lock


Vonda Kay Van Dyke (born May 19, 1943) was crowned the 1965 Miss America on September 13, 1964.  Earlier in the year, she had taken a break as a 21-year-old junior at Arizona State College at Flagstaff (as of 1966, Northern Arizona University) to become Miss Arizona. She is unique among pageant winners in that she was and still is the only Miss America who was also Miss Congeniality.

Early life and education
Van Dyke was born in Muskegon, Michigan. Her father, Dr. A.B. Van Dyke, was an osteopath. The family moved to Phoenix, the seat of Maricopa County, Arizona, where she attended the Phoenix Christian Junior/Senior High School.

Pageantry

In her senior year she entered a local America's Junior Miss pageant, where she surprised the judges and her fellow competitors by performing ventriloquism as her talent, which she later honed at the Phoenix amusement park, Legend City. She was named Arizona's Junior Miss for 1961, and traveled with "Kurley-Q" to Mobile, Alabama, for the national finals, where she placed in the top ten.

Her next major pageant was the 1962 Miss Phoenix competition. She later won the Miss Tempe crown in 1964, then Miss Maricopa County, then Miss Arizona, and finally Miss America, where she was the first contestant to use ventriloquism in the talent competition.  She subsequently urged Marcy Tigner to study ventriloquism, which Tigner would use for her Little Marcy evangelistic work.

Career
During her reign as Miss America, Miss Van Dyke appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show, performing her ventriloquism act and demonstrating her singing skills, while sharing the stage with The Beach Boys, Robert Goulet, and Leslie Uggams. Van Dyke continued in the spotlight for some years after having relinquished her crown. In 1966 she wrote a Christian-themed teen advice book called That Girl in Your Mirror, in which she advised young women to become more beautiful by adopting "that inner sparkle that only Christ can give."  She later wrote Dear Vonda Kay, which came out in 1967, and consisted of letters to Van Dyke and her replies. Van Dyke subsequently also recorded Here's Vonda Kay and some other albums of inspirational songs.

During the late 1960s and into the 1970s, Vonda worked with Archway Cookies, Inc. as spokeswoman. In 1974 she appeared in several Archway - Fort Wayne television commercials.

Personal life
Van Dyke currently lives in Winter Park, Florida. She is the widow of David Tyler Scoates (October 26, 1934–May 6, 2000), a minister formerly of Florida. She has one daughter, Vandy, from that marriage.

References

External links

 Miss America Pageant
 Miss Arizona Pageant

Miss America winners
Ventriloquists
1943 births
Living people
People from Muskegon, Michigan
People from Phoenix, Arizona
People from Laguna Beach, California
American people of Dutch descent

Vonda Kay Van Dyke


World War I reparations means the payments and transfers of property and equipment that Germany was forced to make after its defeat during World War I.

Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles (the 'war guilt' clause) declared Germany and its allies responsible for all 'loss and damage' of the Allies during the war and set up the basis for reparations.

In January 1921, the total sum due was decided by an Inter-Allied Reparations Commission and was set at 132 billion gold marks, about £6.6 billion or $33 billion (roughly $393.6 billion US dollars as of 2005). This was a sum that many economists believed to be too much. Later that year, the amount was reduced to 132 billion marks, which still seemed too much for most German observers, both because of the amount itself as well as the terms.

Germany stopped paying the reparations after Hitler's Nazi Party took power in 1933, with about one-eighth of the reparations having been paid by then. The final payments were made on the day exactly 20 years after German reunification.

Evolution of Reparations

There was large debate about the justice and likely impact of the reparations decided. John Maynard Keynes resigned form the British Treasury in 1919 to protest this high sum of money demanded.

The 1924 Dawes Plan changed Germany's reparation payments. In May 1929, the Young Plan reduced further payments to 112 billion gold marks ($28.35 billion over a period of 59 years, which was 1988). In addition, the Young Plan divided the yearly payment, set at two billion gold marks (US$473 million), into two parts: one part equal to one third of the sum and could not be postponed and a postponable part for the remaining two-thirds.

Because of the Great Depression there was an attempt to delay further payments. It failed, but
in the Lausanne Conference of 1932, it was decided to cancel reparations. By this time Germany had paid one eighth of the sum required under the Treaty of Versailles. But Germany refused to continue paying upon Hitler's rise to power.

Opinions in Germany
Only a few German people accepted that they lost the war. The German High Command blamed many civilian parts in the society, especially socialists, communists and Jews. The idea was known as Dolchstoßlegende (stab-in-the-back myth). The Germans were unhappy with the sum of reparations, which seems terrible, partly because German leaders could not represent in the decision.

Impact on German economy
Economic problems from the payments were said to be an important factor that led to the end of the Weimar Republic and the beginning of dictatorship of Adolf Hitler.  John Maynard Keynes, a British economist, said this would weaken German economy as well as German politics.  However, many historians disagreed.  Margaret MacMillan, a Canadian historian, showed her idea that Germany could have paid all the payments if they wanted to.  She said that the problem was Germany would not like to pay.

Sally Marks, an American historian, also thought that Germany could pay the reparations. She said the Germans paid the reparations in full and on time as long as the French occupied Düsseldorf in 1921, but stopped after the French were no longer stationed there in 1922. Later that year, the problem became more serious as French and Belgian representatives urged an occupation of the  Ruhr Area to force Germany to pay, while the British wanted to lower the reparations. Occupation of the Ruhr began in January 1923. The Allies felt that the German government's refusal to pay was done to test whether the Allies willed to enforce reparations.

As a "quiet fight" in the Ruhr, the German government began the hyperinflation that destroyed the German economy in 1923. In 2008, a British historain Richard J. Evans said that the German government was responsible for the hyperinflation as they preferred this to paying reparations.  The Germans won the world's pity, and after that, the French were forced to agree to the Dawes Plan of April 1924, which lowered the reparations.  Under this new plan, Germany paid 1 billion marks in 1924 and reached the total of 2.25 billion by 1927. After that year, Germany was able to pay 2.5 billion marks per year. However, the Germans still stop paying the reparations. To deal with this, the Allies met in a conference in London in July-August 1924, and was the first time that Germany challenged the Versailles Treaty.

The Germans complained that payments under the Dawes Plan were still too high, so the Young Plan of 1928 was set up and the Germans were not required to pay higher than 2.5 billion until 1988. Gustav Stresemann demanded that Rhineland must returned to Germany in order that Germany accept the plan. Under strong pressure, the French left Rhineland in June 1930.

The British historain A. J. P. Taylor wrote that the reparations was harsh enough to be seen as a punishment, but not enough to stop Germany from regaining its great power status, and can be blamed for the rise of Adolf Hitler.

Notes

Other websites
Modern Reparation Discussions

World War I

World War I reparations


Keithsburg, population 205, is an unincorporated community in Cherokee County, Georgia, United States.

History

Keithsburg was established in the mid nineteenth-century along the railroad northeast of Canton. The community was named after the local Keith family and its Keith Plantation, one of the oldest plantations in Cherokee County. During the Civil War, the Keith family buried its valuables and suspended its food in trees in order to hide it from the approaching Union Army. The soldiers found the food and, as vengeance for the family's deception, burned their house and hanged the family patriarch from a tree. However, his life was spared by the knot in the rope getting caught and failing to break his neck. The Keith house was rebuilt in 1865 from kiln-dried bricks made of clay from the nearby Etowah River.

Current status
Today, the Keith property is in shambles, with kudzu covering what remains of the house and barns. Neither the county of Cherokee nor the city of Canton have expressed an interest in preserving the property. Remains of slave quarters and an Indian burial ground can be found on the property.

References

External sources

Keithsburg, Canton, Georgia - Nextdoor

Unincorporated communities in Cherokee County, Georgia
Unincorporated communities in Georgia (U.S. state)

Keithsburg, Georgia


The Harvard Street Historic District is a historic district on Harvard Street between Ellery and Hancock Streets in Cambridge, Massachusetts.  It includes houses on both sides of the street, numbered from 335 to 344 inclusive, an area that marks the summit of Dana Hill.  Harvard Street was laid out as a direct route from "Old Cambridge" (now Harvard Square) to Boston in the early 1800s, and was run over Dana Hill over the objection of Judge Francis Dana, whose estate sat on top of the hill.  The street was developed over the 19th century with a succession of high-quality houses.

This cluster of seven well-preserved houses was built primarily in the 1850s; two Colonial Revival houses, one at #337 built in 1887, the other at #340 built in 1897, were the only ones built later.  Stylistically the other five are a diverse representation of revival styles popular in the mid-19th century, with only the Italianate style represented twice (by #341–43 and #336).  One of the more notable residents in the district was Samuel B. Rindge, a merchant and banker who was father to Frederick H. Rindge, a major benefactor of the city.  The Rindges lived at #342–44, a Second Empire house.

Several houses were designed by architects, and the design for at least one, the Gothic Revival house at #338, came from a pattern book.  The Colonial Revival house at #337 was designed by James T. Kelley, and #340 was designed by Arthur H. Vinal.

The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Cambridge, Massachusetts

References

Historic districts in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Cambridge, Massachusetts
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts

Harvard Street Historic District


St Josephs Cathedral is a heritage-listed Roman Catholic cathedral at 170 William Street, Allenstown, Rockhampton, Rockhampton Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Francis Drummond Greville Stanley and built from 1893 to 1982. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992. The cathedral serves as the seat for the Bishop of Rockhampton.

History

St Joseph's Roman Catholic Cathedral was constructed in 1893-1899 as the first catholic cathedral of Rockhampton manifesting the creation of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rockhampton in 1882. The building was designed by prominent Brisbane architects, FDG Stanley and Son.

The first official Roman Catholic service in Rockhampton was held in May 1862, when Bishop James Quinn of Roman Catholic Diocese of Brisbane sent two young priests on a pastoral visit. Father James Scully and Father Patrick Duhig arrived aboard the Clarence and celebrated Mass in the local Court House with about fifty Roman Catholic people. Whilst in Rockhampton the two priests instigated a fund raising exercise to support the construction of a church. This building was opened by Father J Moynahan on 4 January 1863, dedicated to St Joseph. Its location was on the corner of Derby and Alma Streets. Father Charles Murlay, later Dean Murlay, was appointed to the Rockhampton parish and looked after an area extending from Gladstone to Townsville and west to Blackall. In 1876 Bishop Quinn suggested that a site be found for the construction of a suitable cathedral as the parish was to become a Diocese. Land in William Street was secured by February 1877 and by 1883 the parish had raised £4000 for the construction of a cathedral. On 21 May 1882 Bishop John Cani was consecrated as the first Bishop of Rockhampton and he planned in earnest for the construction of a cathedral.

Plans were prepared by Brisbane architects FDG Stanley and Son. Francis Drummond Greville Stanley was responsible for the design of many substantial churches throughout Queensland including St Patrick's Roman Catholic Church at Gympie, Holy Trinity Anglican Church at Fortitude Valley and St Paul's Presbyterian Church at Spring Hill. Tenders were called for the construction of the cathedral in Rockhampton and construction began on 11 June 1894. A foundation stone was laid by Bishop Cani on Sunday 17 March 1895. Sandstone stone was quarried for the building from Stanwell Quarry, about  west of Rockhampton and owned by Bishop Cani.

Cani died on 3 March 1898 before the completion of St Joseph's Cathedral. As it was the custom of the Roman Catholic Church to bury a bishop within his cathedral, arrangements were made to bury Cani temporarily in the Rockhampton Cemetery with the intention to bury him permanently within the cathedral once completed. His successor, Bishop Joseph Higgins, arrived on 20 July 1899 to a building only partially completed. Within two months of his arrival the cathedral was completed with a temporary east wall. Apparently local architects, Eaton and Bates were involved with the design of this final stage of construction. On 15 October 1899, an official opening ceremony was held when Cardinal Patrick Francis Moran of the Sydney Archdiocese celebrated Pontifical High Mass.

On 22 July 1902, the remains of Bishop Cani were exhumed and re-interred in St Joseph's Cathedral in a "brief but impressive" ceremony. His remains were placed in a vault under a memorial window dedicated to him by the Sisters of Mercy.

In 1918, the cathedral's flying buttresses were removed and strengthened. In 1980 the church received advice that the temporary wall of 1899 was unsafe and a programme was instigated for finally finishing the building. On 22 May 1982 Cardinal Sir James Darcy Freeman, Archbishop of Sydney, dedicated the completed cathedral. In 1987 the stained glass panels, first erected in the church in the first decade of the twentieth century, were returned to John Hardman Studios in England where they were restored before being returned to the St Joseph's Cathedral.

Description
St Joseph's Roman Catholic Cathedral is a substantial sandstone building with traditional cruciform plan, comprising a nave, side aisles, transepts, apsidal chancel and two towers flanking the western front of the building. The cathedral is constructed from rockfaced coursed sandstone, with smooth faced sandstone detailing including coursing, mouldings, window and door surrounds and tracery.

The principal facade of the building, the west front, is symmetrically composed and comprises a central entrance, a large traceried window above, several smaller openings and all flanked by two large towers. The towers are surmounted by broach spires, constructed from ashlar sandstone. The principal entrance to the building is through a pointed arched opening recessed in a heavily moulded doorway set within a projecting porch element with steeply pitched gabled awning. On the face of the gabled section, above the doorway is diaper work carved in the stone.

The interior of the church is traditionally arranged, with a nave separated from side aisles by a pointed arched arcade. A narthex area, near the entrance, is also separated by a pointed arched arcade. The arcades are of ashlar sandstone and comprise simple round columns with moulded caps surmounted by moulded arches. The ceiling is vaulted to the shape of a shallow pointed arch and clad with horizontal timber boarding and lined with several heavy timber pointed arched rafters. The clerestory is formed with groups of three pointed arched openings. A gallery at the western front end of the church is supported above the narthex on the arcade separating the narthex from the nave.

The interior of St Joseph's Cathedral houses many finely crafted items, including a black and white Italian marble "checkerboard" tiled floor and a number of stained and coloured glass panels depicting scenes from the New Testament. The stained glass windows were designed and manufactured by John Hardman and Son of England.

Heritage listing
St Josephs Cathedral was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.

The cathedral demonstrates the growth of Rockhampton during the late nineteenth century. The substantial sandstone building constructed in 1892-3 as the first Roman Catholic Cathedral in Rockhampton reflecting the creation of the Diocese of Rockhampton in 1882.

The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.

The building is characteristic of substantial Gothic revival cathedrals, with sandstone construction, cruciform plan, Gothic detailing, steeply pitched roof, towers with spires, stained glass panels and internal furnishings and fittings.

The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.

The building has aesthetic merit as a well composed building and a Rockhampton landmark.

The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

The building has special associations for the Roman Catholic Community of central and north Queensland as their cathedral.

The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.

The building is associated with the architect, FDG Stanley and with many influential archbishops of the Rockhampton Diocese.

References

Attribution

External links

Queensland Heritage Register
Buildings and structures in Rockhampton
Roman Catholic cathedrals in Queensland
Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register
Gothic Revival church buildings in Australia
Roman Catholic Diocese of Rockhampton
19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Australia
1893 establishments in Australia
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1982

St Joseph's Cathedral, Rockhampton


A color picker (also color chooser or color tool) is a graphical user interface widget, usually found within graphics software or online, used to select colors and, in some cases, to create color schemes (the color picker might be more sophisticated than the palette included with the program). Operating systems such as Microsoft Windows or macOS have a system color picker, which can be used by third-party programs (e.g., Adobe Photoshop).

History

Purpose
A color picker is used to select and adjust color values. In graphic design and image editing, users typically choose colors via an interface with a visual representation of a color—organized with quasi-perceptually-relevant hue, saturation and lightness dimensions (HSL) – instead of keying in alphanumeric text values. Because color appearance depends on comparison of neighboring colors (see color vision), many interfaces attempt to clarify the relationships between colors.

Interface
Color tools can vary in their interface. Some may use sliders, buttons, text boxes for color values, or direct manipulation. Often a two-dimensional square is used to create a range of color values (such as lightness and saturation) that can be clicked on or selected in some other manner. Drag and drop, color droppers, and various other forms of interfaces are commonly used as well.

Usually, color values are also displayed numerically, so they can be precisely remembered and keyed-in later, such as three values of 0-255 representing red, green, and blue, respectively.

Eyedropper
The eyedropper is a tool present in most color pickers and graphics software that allows a user to read a color at a specific point in an image, or position on a display. This enables the color to be transferred to other applications particularly quickly.

Working
A color picker has two main parts, first a color slider and second a color canvas. The color slider has a linear or radial gradient of the seven rainbow colors i.e. Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange and Red. It allows you to choose any of the seven primary colors.

The color value chosen from the color slider instantly reflects in the color canvas. The color canvas is a mixture of two linear color gradients. First a linear gradient of the current chosen color and second a linear gradient of the black color. This mixture of color gradients lets you choose a lighter and darker version of the current chosen color from the color slider.

See also
Alexis Spectral Data
Color balance
Color management
Color space
RGB color spaces

Notes

References

External links
 Various color formats

Color
Color schemes
Graphics software

Color picker


The Glen Helen Nature Preserve is a nature reserve immediately east of Yellow Springs, Ohio, United States. The initial 700-acre parcel was given to Antioch College by Hugh Taylor Birch in memory of his daughter Helen Birch Bartlet in 1929, and is the largest private nature preserve in the region.

About

The Glen is immediately adjacent to the main Antioch College campus (which itself contains restored natural areas managed by The Glen) and stretches in land area for .  Together with the  of the John Bryan State Park and the  of the Clifton Gorge State Nature Preserve, the area comprises a river corridor of over 2,100 contiguous acres that has been rated "exceptional" by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources for its cleanliness and biodiversity.  The preserve was designated a National Natural Landmark in 1965.

The patches of land now included in Glen Helen previously had a number of different uses.  While some were always natural, other areas were farmed, some grazed, and some extensively logged. The oldest trees in the Glen might be 400 years old, but there are many newer areas of forest 90 years old or younger.  The Glen is actively managed to weed out non-native invasive species of plants like bush honeysuckle and Japanese stiltgrass; about 30 to 40 acres a year of honeysuckle are cleared. Those areas are then planted with native species like baby spicebushes, sumac, goldenrod, and sedge, which helps return the land to its original state and keeps the invasive species at bay.

The Glen features more than twenty miles of publicly accessible trails and includes 2.5 miles of the National Scenic Little Miami River, regionally significant stands of old-growth forest, a distinct rock column known as Pompeii's Pillar, ecologically reclaimed farm land, the Orators Mound (a Adena burial mound), and the Yellow Spring, for which the town is named.

The preserve was a learning laboratory for Antioch College, supporting academic offerings as well as faculty and student research, and also offering a wide variety of public programs and outreach to the wider Miami Valley region.

The Glen had a long-time "friends" organization known as the Glen Helen Association ("GHA").  The roots of the GHA came about in 1960, with ultimately-successful efforts to save the Glen from a proposed highway bypass and then a sewer line. The GHA became an official nonprofit organization in 1979, with the continuing mission of helping to support Glen Helen.

Antioch College closed Glen Helen to the public on March 25, 2020, in connection with the COVID-19 outbreak.  The Antioch College Board of Trustees stated in May, 2020 that the college had no plans to reopen the preserve, since it could no longer afford to support the operation.  Antioch held talks with GHA, and on June 10 an agreement in principle was announced transferring the Glen to GHA for about $2.5 million, payable by an upfront payment of $500,000, annual payments of $50,000 for 10 years, and a "balloon" payment of $1.5 million at the end of the 10 years. The transfer of ownership was complete on September 4, 2020.
While GHA got funding for the upfront payment from existing proceeds in a term endowment fund, it has begun major fundraising to rehire staff, reopen the Glen, restart educational programs, replenish the Glen's endowments, and address deferred maintenance on buildings and grounds.  Trails have reopened dawn to dusk with some changes, and outdoor public programs are being run, but buildings remain closed.

Facilities

The Glen Helen Raptor Center rehabilitates injured birds with the goal of releasing them back to the wild, and also offers education about raptors and their role in Ohio ecosystems.

The Vernet Ecological Center, named for Sergius Vernet who invented the wax thermostatic element, is located on the western edge of The Glen and houses an auditorium, complete with a stage, video projection and sound system, that seats up to 140 (or 80 with tables); a patio; a Nature Shop; offices; and, the Atrium Gallery which exhibits contemporary art by local and regional artists.  The building, with its unique curved limestone walls and vertical lines of rough-hewn yellow pine, was built in 1973,  but was rededicated in late 2012 after significant upgrades including an energy-efficient geothermal heating and cooling system and an insulated cork floor.

The Trailside Museum is the weekend welcome center for Glen Helen, and features hands-on displays and exhibits.

The Glen Helen Outdoor Education Center (OEC) can be found in the northeast corner of the Glen Helen Nature Preserve. The OEC hosts school and other organizational groups and has developed programs to develop their appreciation of the natural world and an awareness of environmental problems along with the ecological principles that influence them.  The physical facilities include the Outdoor Education Center Lodge which has a Cafeteria-style dining room suitable for up to 120 people, and three Dormitories each sleeping 36–40.

Camp Greene, a former Girl Scout Camp which added about 30 acres to The Glen in 2015, offers a 1920s era lodge which can accommodate up to 200 people, as well as dormitory facilities.

Birch Manor is a 1931 Georgian-style mansion designed by architect William Shilling.  It was home to Hugh Taylor Birch, the benefactor who two years previous had donated the initial 700 acres for the preserve, and Birch lived there seasonally for a decade before dying at age 94. As originally built the house had 11 rooms, nine bathrooms, eight fireplaces, and a garage with servant's quarters.  However, when Antioch College President James Dixon lived there, he added additional rooms, bringing the total up to 18.  The space is suitable for up to 150 people outdoors or 110 people indoors.

Many of the Glen Helen facilities, including the Vernet Ecological Center, the Outdoor Education Center Lodge and Dormitories, Camp Green, Birch Manor, and even a meadow, are rentable event venues available for special functions.

The Riding Centre, a therapeutic equestrian facility, is physically located on land leased from Glen Helen, but is operated separately.

References

External links
 Official Glen Helen website

Antioch College
Protected areas of Greene County, Ohio
Nature reserves in Ohio
Nature centers in Ohio
National Natural Landmarks in Ohio
Yellow Springs, Ohio

Glen Helen Nature Preserve


The Creek Agency was an organ of the U.S. Government authorized to interact and negotiate with the Muscogee people of Georgia and the Mississippi Territory (commonly called Creeks by white settlers). It was set up in 1796 on the Flint River in what is today Crawford County, Georgia by Indian Agent Col. Benjamin Hawkins. He established there a trading post and a plantation. Hawkins, regarded both at the time and now as relatively successful in his interactions with the Creeks, died in 1816. He was succeeded by David B. Mitchell (1817–1821), formerly Governor of Georgia. His tenure was much less successful. The Treaty of the Creek Agency (1818) was signed there. It is not known whether his successor, John Crowell, resided at the Creek Agency.

Crawford County, Georgia
Muscogee
Trading posts in the United States
Plantations in Georgia (U.S. state)
1796 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Buildings and structures in Crawford County, Georgia

Creek Agency


The Comedy Workshop and the attached Comix Annex was a comedy club in Houston, Texas. Opened in 1978 It was quite popular in the 1980s and the breeding ground for a group of influential comics, once known as the Texas Outlaw Comics that included Ron Shock, Riley Barber, Bill Hicks, Jimmy Pineapple, Steve Epstein, John Farnetti, Carl LaBove and Andy Huggins. Comedian Brett Butler of Grace Under Fire fame and SNL longtime writer T. Sean Shannon honed their skills as members of the CW competitive dysfunction.  In addition, Sam Kinison had his beginnings at the Workshop as well, with it being the location of where his 1993 posthumous comedy album, Live from Hell, was recorded.

The workshop side of the Comedy Workshop was a spawning ground for improvisational comedic actors, with regular shows made up of Sketches, primarily those grown out of improvisational exercises.  The founders were Steve and Vicki Farrell and Paul and Sharon Menzel.
It grew out of the collaboration of the Farrells and Menzels at Dudley Riggs' Brave New Workshop in Minneapolis, Minnesota, when the founders came to Houston in the 1970s.

Rich Mills, who went on to perform with the Farrells at the Radio Music Theater was a longtime collaborator.

Pat Southard was the Workshop's indispensable Keyboard player and offstage collaborator, contributing musical cues, live sound effects (including billiard balls in a one foot square pool table) and occasional voices.  Pat, along with Rich Mills moved on to the Radio Music Theater with the Farrells.

Numerous alumni from the Workshop and the Comedy Workshop Touring Company went on to involvement in national projects.   Pat Dougherty went on to write and produce the long Running sitcom Empty Nest, spun off from Golden Girls.
Other notable performers at the Workshop or in the Touring Company include Jerry Young, Kathy Drago, Stewart Arnold, Pamela Richards, Roger Manning, Ken Polk, Ronnie Foster (sic), Karen Rosen, Toni Potts, Kevin Cawood, Shane McClure, Sylvia Cooper, EJ Nolan, Author, Dan Barton, Producer, Fred Greenlee, Ericc Davis,
Louis Allen Epstein, Bill Silva, Philip Owens, Mike Shiloh, David Ayala, and Dee Macaluso, who was among many who worked both sides of the Workshop doing both Improv Comedy, as well as Standup in the Annex.
The Workshop closed in the early 1990s and then became a dry cleaners, which closed as well.

The Comedy Workshop is now a high end liquor and fine wines store in 2013.

References

Defunct comedy clubs in the United States
Culture of Houston

Comedy Workshop


In the United States, implied powers are powers that, although not directly stated in the Constitution, are implied to be available based on previously stated powers.

History
When George Washington asked Alexander Hamilton to defend the constitutionality of the First Bank of the United States against the protests of Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and Attorney General Edmund Randolph, Hamilton produced what has now become the doctrine of implied powers.  Hamilton argued that the sovereign duties of a government implied the right to use means adequate to its ends.  Although the United States government was sovereign only as to certain objects, it was impossible to define all the means it should use, because it was impossible for the founders to anticipate all future exigencies.  Hamilton noted that the "general welfare clause" and the "necessary and proper clause" gave elasticity to the Constitution. Hamilton won the argument and Washington signed the bank bill into law.

Another instance of the usage of implied powers was during the Louisiana Purchase, where, in 1803, the United States was offered the opportunity to purchase French territory in continental North America. James Monroe was sent by Thomas Jefferson to France to negotiate, with permission to spend up to $10 million on the port of New Orleans and parts of Florida. However, an agreement to purchase the entirety of continental French territory for $15 million was reached instead, even though this far exceeded the authorized $10 million spending cap. Despite the decision's wide popularity, it was unknown if Jefferson had the legal authority to negotiate for the territory without the approval of Congress. In the end, implied powers was offered and accepted as justification for finishing the deal.

Case law
Later, directly borrowing from Hamilton, Chief Justice John Marshall invoked the implied powers of government in the United States Supreme Court case, McCulloch v. Maryland. In 1816, the United States Congress passed legislation creating the Second Bank of the United States.  The state of Maryland attempted to tax the bank.  The state argued the United States Constitution did not explicitly grant Congress the power to establish banks.  In 1819, the Court decided against the state of Maryland. Chief Justice Marshall argued that Congress had the right to establish the bank, as the Constitution grants to Congress certain implied powers beyond those explicitly stated.

In the case of the United States Government, implied powers are powers Congress exercises that the Constitution does not explicitly define, but are necessary and proper to execute the powers.
The legitimacy of these Congressional powers is derived from the Taxing and Spending Clause, the Necessary and Proper Clause, and the Commerce Clause.

Implied powers are those that can reasonably be assumed to flow from express powers, though not explicitly mentioned.

International law
This theory has flown from domestic constitutional law to International law, and European Union institutions have accepted the basics of the implied powers theory.

See also
Substantive due process, implicit due process rights

Notes

Constitutional law
Deductive reasoning
Legal doctrines and principles

Implied powers


The Quaker Oats Company (), known as Quaker, is an American food conglomerate based in Chicago, Illinois. As Quaker Mill Company, the company was founded in 1877 in Ravenna, Ohio. In 1881, Henry Crowell bought the company and launched a national advertising campaign for Quaker Oats.

In 1911, the company acquired the Great Western Cereal Company. The iconic cylindrical package was introduced in 1915. Although Quaker Oats Company claims that the "Quaker man" is not meant to resemble or represent an actual person, the company identified the Quaker man as William Penn in advertising dating back to 1909.

In 1983, Quaker acquired Stokely-Van Camp, Inc., the maker of Van Camp's and Gatorade. In 2001, PepsiCo bought Quaker Oats for $14 billion, primarily to acquire the Gatorade brand.

History

Precursor miller companies

In the 1850s, Ferdinand Schumacher and Robert Stuart founded oat mills. Schumacher founded the German Mills American Oatmeal Company in Akron, Ohio, and Stuart founded the North Star Mills in Hearst, Ontario, Rupert's Land. In 1870, Schumacher ran his first known cereal advertisement in the Akron Beacon Journal newspaper. In 1877, the Quaker Mill Company of Ravenna, Ohio, was founded.

According to some accounts, Quaker Mill partner Henry Seymour came up with the brand name after discovering an encyclopedia article about Quakers. He that the qualities describing Quakers, such as integrity, honesty, and purity, were traits that he wanted customers to associate with the company's product. According to the company, William Heston also claimed to have selected the name. Quaker Mill Company held the trademark on the Quaker name. In Ravenna, Ohio, on September 4, 1877, Henry Seymour of the Quaker Mill Company applied for the first trademark for a breakfast cereal—"a figure of a man in 'Quaker garb'".

In 1879, John Stuart and his son Robert joined with George Douglas to form Imperial Mill and set up their operation in Chicago, Illinois. In 1881, Henry Parsons Crowell bought the Quaker Mill Company; the following year, he launched the first national magazine advertising campaign for breakfast cereal, introducing a cereal box that made it possible to buy in quantities other than bulk. He also bought the bankrupt Quaker Oat Mill Company in Ravenna and held the key positions of general manager, president and chairman of the company from 1888 until late 1943, becoming known as the cereal tycoon. He donated more than 70% of his wealth to the Crowell Trust.

In 1888, the American Cereal Company was formed by the merger of seven major oat millers. Ferdinand Schumacher became president, Henry Crowell the general manager, and John Stuart the secretary-treasurer. In 1889, the American Cereal Company introduced the half-ounce trial size and, as a promotion, distributed one to every home in Portland, Oregon, via boys on bicycles. Later, this promotion was extended to other cities. A second promotion involved placing dinner plates within the then-regular (not round) boxes of oats.

Quaker Oats Company
In 1901, the Quaker Oats Company was founded in New Jersey with headquarters in Chicago, by the merger of four oat mills: the Quaker Mill Company in Ravenna, Ohio, which held the trademark on the Quaker name; the cereal mill in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, owned by John Stuart, his son Robert Stuart, and their partner George Douglas; the German Mills American Oatmeal Company in Akron, Ohio, owned by Schumacher; The Rob Lewis & Co. American Oats and Barley Oatmeal Corporation. Formally known as "Good For Breakfast" instant oatmeal mix. In the same year, the whole merged company was acquired by Crowell, who also bought the bankrupt Quaker Oat Mill Company, also in Ravenna.

In 1908, Quaker Oats introduced the first in a series of cookie recipes on the box. In 1911, Quaker Oats purchased the Great Western Cereal Company. The iconic cylindrical package made its first appearance in 1915. Later that year, Quaker offered the first cereal box premium to buyers. By sending in one dollar and the cutout picture of the "Quaker Man" customers received a double boiler for the cooking of oatmeal.

In the 1920s, Quaker introduced "Quaker Quick Oats", an early convenience food, and also offered a crystal radio set built in the same cylindrical canister as Quick Oats, with the same label, for US$1 plus two trademarks cut from Quaker Oats packages. In the 1930s, Quaker was one of the many companies using the Dionne Quintuplets for promotional purposes. Quaker Oats in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, was photographed during the 1930s by Theodor Horydczak, who documented the building, operations, and factory workers at the plant.

During World War II, the company, through its subsidiary the Q. O. Ordnance Company, operated the Cornhusker Ordnance Plant (six miles west of Grand Island) as a government-owned, contractor-operated 11,960-acre site. Construction began in March 1942 and production ended in August 1945. It manufactured millions of pieces of various artillery munitions (41 warehouses and 219 magazines of a total of 280,800 ft² were built).

In 1946, artist Jim Nash was commissioned to produce a head portrait of the Quaker Man, which became the basis for Haddon Sundblom's famous version of 1957. In 1972, John Mills designed the current logo.

In 1968, a plant was built in Danville, Illinois, which now makes Pearl Milling Company pancake mixes, Oat Squares, Life Cereals Quaker Oh's, Bumpers, Quisp, King Vitamin Natural Granola Cereals, and Chewy granola bars, as well as Puffed Rice for use as an ingredient for other products in other plants.

In 1969, Quaker acquired Fisher-Price, a toy company. In 1991, Quaker Oats spun off its Fisher-Price division.

In 1971, the company financed the making of the film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, based on the famous children's novel by Roald Dahl. In return the company obtained a license to use a number of the product names mentioned in the film for candy bars. The film was considered a box office disappointment at the time of release, and the film's original distributor Paramount eventually sold the rights back to Quaker Oats, who then sold the rights to Warner Bros. because the company had no involvement in the film business. The film became extremely popular in the 1980s via repeated television airings and home video sales.

In 1972, Quaker Oats purchased Louis Marx and Company, a company that created one quarter of all toys and trains manufactured in the mid-1950s. It sold the business after four years.

In 1982, Quaker Oats purchased US Games, a company that created games for the Atari 2600. It went out of business after one year. That same year, Quaker Oats acquired Florida-based orange juice plant Ardmore Farms, which it would own until selling it to Country Pure Foods in 1998.

In 1983, Quaker bought Stokely-Van Camp, Inc., makers of Van Camp's and Gatorade.

Quaker bought Snapple for $1.7 billion in 1994 and sold it to Triarc in 1997 for $300 million. Triarc sold it to Cadbury Schweppes for $1.45 billion in September 2000. It was spun off in May 2008 to its current owners, Dr Pepper Snapple Group.

In 1996, Quaker spun off its frozen food business, selling it to Aurora Foods (which was bought by Pinnacle Foods in 2004).

In August 2001, Quaker Oats was acquired by PepsiCo for $14 billion, primarily for the Gatorade brand.

Starting in 1987, actor Wilford Brimley appeared in television commercials for Quaker. In the commercials, he extolled the virtues and healthfulness of oat consumption, sometimes to a young child. "It's the right thing to do" was a common slogan during the commercials.

Major facility

The major Canadian production facility for Quaker Oats is located in Peterborough, Ontario. The factory was first established as the American Cereal Company in 1902 on the shores of the Otonabee River during that city's period of industrialization. At the time, the city was known as "The Electric City" due to its hydropower resources, attracting many companies to the site to take advantage of this source. The Trent–Severn Waterway also promised to provide an alternate shipping route from inland areas around the city, although it appears this was never used in practice. On December 11, 1916, the factory all but completely burned to the ground. When the smoke had settled, 23 people had died and Quaker was left with $2,000,000 in damages. Quaker went on to rebuild the facility, incorporating the few areas of the structure that were not destroyed by fire.

When PepsiCo purchased Quaker Oats in 2001, many brands were consolidated from facilities around Canada to the Peterborough location, which assumed the new QTG (Quaker Tropicana Gatorade) moniker. Local production includes Quaker Oatmeal, Quaker Chewy bars, Cap'n Crunch cereal, Pearl Milling Company instant pancake mixes and pancake syrups, Quaker Oat Bran and Corn Bran cereals, Gatorade sports drinks, the Propel fitness water sub-brand, Tropicana juices, and various Frito-Lay snack products. Products are easily identified by the manufacturer by address on the packaging. The Peterborough facility supplies the majority of Canada and exports limited portions to the United States. The Quaker plant sells cereal production byproducts to companies that use them to create fire logs and pellets.

Land giveaways in cereal boxes
Starting in 1902, the company's oatmeal boxes came with a coupon redeemable for the legal deed to a tiny lot in Milford, Connecticut. The lots, sometimes as small as 10 feet by 10 feet, were carved out of a 15-acre, never-built subdivision called Liberty Park. A small number of children (or their parents), often residents living near Milford, redeemed their coupons for the free deeds and started paying the extremely small property taxes on the "oatmeal lots". The developer of the prospective subdivision hoped the landowners would hire him to build homes on the lots, although several tracts would need to be combined before building could start. The legal deeds created a large amount of paperwork for town tax collectors, who frequently couldn't find the property owners and received almost no tax revenue from them. In the mid-1970s, the town put an end to the oatmeal lots with a "general foreclosure" condemning nearly all of the property, which is now part of a BiC Corporation plant.

In 1955, Quaker Oats again gave away land as part of a promotion, this one tied to the Sergeant Preston of the Yukon television show in the United States. The company offered in its Puffed Wheat and Puffed Rice cereal boxes genuine deeds to land in the Klondike.

Logo

Starting in 1877, the Quaker Oats logo had a figure of a Quaker man depicted full-length, sometimes holding a scroll with the word "Pure" written across it, resembling the classic woodcuts of William Penn (founder of the Province of Pennsylvania), the 17th-century philosopher and early Quaker. Quaker Oats advertising dating back to 1909 did, indeed, identify the "Quaker man" as William Penn, and referred to him as "standard bearer of the Quakers and of Quaker Oats".

In 1946, graphic designer Jim Nash created a black-and-white head-and-shoulders portrait of the smiling Quaker Man, and Haddon Sundblom's now-familiar color head-and-shoulders portrait (using fellow Coca-Cola artist Harold W. McCauley as the model) debuted in 1957. The monochromatic 1969 Quaker Oats Company logo, modeled after the Sundblom illustration, was created by Saul Bass, a graphic designer known for his motion picture title sequences and corporate logos. In 2012, the company enlisted the firm of Hornall Anderson to give the "Quaker man" a slimmer, somewhat younger look. The man is now sometimes referred to as "Larry" by insiders at Quaker Oats. And in 1965, a new advertising slogan was introduced: "Nothing is better for thee, than me".

The company states that its current "Quaker man" logo "does not represent an actual person. His image is that of a man dressed in Quaker garb, including a Quaker hat, chosen because the Quaker faith projected the values of honesty, integrity, purity and strength".

The company has never had any ties with the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers). When the company was being built up, Quaker businessmen were known for their honesty (truth is often considered a Quaker testimony). The Quaker man was the first registered trademark for breakfast cereal in the United States; the character was registered on September 4, 1877.

Members of the Religious Society of Friends have occasionally expressed frustration at being confused with the Quaker Oats representation. Friends have twice protested the Quaker name being used for advertising campaigns seen as promoting violence. In 1990, some Quakers started a letter-writing campaign after a Quaker Oats advertisement depicted Popeye as a Quaker who used violence against aliens, sharks, and Bluto. Later in that decade, more letters were sparked by Power Rangers toys included in Cap'n Crunch cereal.

Informed consent controversy, research on children
From 1946 to 1953, researchers from Quaker Oats Company, MIT and Harvard University carried out experiments at the Walter E. Fernald State School to determine how the minerals from cereals were metabolized. Parents of disabled children were asked for permission to let their children be members of a Science Club and participate in research. Being a member of the Science Club gave the children special privileges. The parents were told that the children would be fed with a diet high in nutrients. They were not told that the food their children were fed contained radioactive calcium and iron, and the consent form contained no information indicating this. The information obtained from the experiments was to be used as part of an advertising campaign. The company was later sued because of the experiments. The lawsuit was settled on 31 December 1997.

Trans fat content and litigation
In 2010, two California consumers filed a class action lawsuit against the Quaker Oats Company. The plaintiffs alleged that Quaker marketed its products as healthy even though they contained unhealthy trans fat. Specifically, Quaker's Chewy Granola Bars, Instant Oatmeal, and Oatmeal to Go Bars contained trans fat, yet their packaging featured claims like "heart healthy", "wholesome", and "smart choices made easy". The plaintiffs' complaint cited current scientific evidence that trans fat causes coronary heart disease and is associated with a higher risk of diabetes and some forms of cancer. In 2014, Quaker agreed to remove trans fats from its products, at a cost of $1.4 million, although the company denied false or misleading labelling.

US brands
, these are the product brands marketed under the Quaker Oats name in the US:

Breakfast cereals

 Cap'n Crunch
 Life cereal
 Quisp
 Mother's Natural Foods
 Quaker 100% Natural Granola
 Kretschmer Wheat Germ
 Mr. T Cereal
 Muffets ("The round shredded wheat")
 Quaker Oatmeal Squares
 Quaker Toasted Oatmeal
 Quaker Oh's (sold to Post in 2014)
 Quaker Corn Bran
 Quaker Oat Bran
 Quaker Grits
 Quaker Oatmeal
 Quaker Instant Oatmeal
 Quaker Puffed Rice
 Quaker Puffed Wheat
 Quaker Oatmeal with Dinosaur Eggs
 Graham Bumpers
 Coco Bumpers
 King Vitaman

Other breakfast foods
 Quaker Oatmeal To Go (re-branded from Breakfast Squares in 2006)
 Pearl Milling Company (re-branded from Aunt Jemima in 2021)
 Quaker Breakfast Cookies

Snacks

 Quaker Crispy Minis (Rice Chips and Rice Cakes) (known as Snack-a-Jacks in the UK)
 Quakes Rice Snacks
 Quaker Soy Crisps
 Quaker Snack Bars
 Chewy Granola Bars
 Quaker Mini Delights
 Yogurt bars
 Quaker Oatmeal Cookies
 Greek Yogurt

Mixes
 Quaker Tortilla Mix
 Rice-A-Roni
 Pasta Roni
 Near East

Drinks
 Milk Chillers
 Tropicana fruit Juices
 Sunbolt (defunct)

UK brands
, these are the product brands marketed under the Quaker Oats name in the UK:

Breakfast cereals
 Sugar Puffs (sold in 2006 to Big Bear t/a Honey Monster Foods)

Hot cereals
 Quaker Oats
 Oatso Simple (various flavours)
 Quaker Oats Super Goodness Porridge
 Quaker Oats Protein Porridge
 Scott's Porage Oats
 Scott's So Easy
 (the Scott's brand, previously a rival, is now also owned by Quaker)

Ready to eat cereal
 Harvest Crunch
 Quaker Wholesome Granola
 Quaker Oat Granola
 Quaker Oat Muesli
 Quaker Oat Crisp

Cereal bars
 Harvest Bar
 Oat Bars (Original with golden syrup or Mixed berry flavors)

Snacks
 New Quaker Fruit & Oat Squeeze
 New Quaker Porridge to Go
 Snack-a-Jacks

The Netherlands brands
These are the product brands marketed under the Quaker Oats name in the Netherlands:

Hot cereals
 Quaker Oats
 Quaker Oats Express

Ready to eat cereal
 Quaker Cruesli
 Quaker Cruesli Zero Sugar
 Quaker Cruesli Colours
 Quaker Granola & Muesli

Cereal bars
 Oat Bars (Original with golden syrup or chocolate flavors)

The Philippines brands
 Quaker Instant Oatmeal
 Quaker Oatmeal Cookies
 Quaker Instant Oats Caldo

References

General references
 D'Antonio, Michael. The State Boys Rebellion. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004.

External links

  Quaker Oats Company from the Summit Memory Project
 Story about the radioactivity experiments

PepsiCo subsidiaries
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1881
Food and drink companies established in 1901
1901 establishments in New Jersey
Food product brands
Breakfast cereal companies
Oats
Clio Award winners
2001 mergers and acquisitions
American corporate subsidiaries

Quaker Oats Company


The 99th Street station was a local station on the demolished IRT Third Avenue Line in Manhattan, New York City. The station was originally built by the Manhattan Railway Company on December 30, 1878, and later had two levels. The lower level serving local trains was built first, and had two tracks and two side platforms. The upper level, built as part of the Dual Contracts had one track that bypassed the station and served express trains. This station closed on May 12, 1955, with the ending of all service on the Third Avenue El south of 149th Street. South of the station were connecting tracks to the 98th Street Yard. The station was also located next to Substation 7 an old IRT substation designed not only in order to electrify the Third Avenue Line, but the Second and Ninth Avenue elevated lines as well. Later it even served as a power source for the IRT Lexington Avenue Line from 1918 until the 1970s.  The substation is still owned by the MTA and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places  since February 9, 2006.

References

External links

IRT Third Avenue Line stations
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1878
1878 establishments in New York (state)
1955 disestablishments in New York (state)

Former elevated and subway stations in Manhattan

Third Avenue
Railway stations in the United States closed in 1955

99th Street station (IRT Third Avenue Line)


Alan Duane Eames (April 16, 1947 – February 10, 2007) was an American writer and an anthropologist of beer, who was described as the "Indiana Jones of Beer".

Beer anthropologist
Eames acquired a reputation as the "Indiana Jones of beer" in reference to his global quest to learn about the origins of beer and the role it played in ancient societies and cultures. Eames visited 44 countries. In Egypt he found hieroglyphics about beer, and travelled on the Amazon River in search of a lost black brew. In the Andes, Eames trekked in search of a brew made from strawberries that were the size of baseballs.

With Professor Solomon Katz of the University of Pennsylvania, Eames formulated the theory that beer was an important factor in the creation of settled and civilised societies.  Eames believed that beer was the most feminine of drinks, and thought that ancient societies considered it a gift from a goddess rather than a god, as from the gods Ama-Gestin and Ninkasis. Though not verified photographically or otherwise, Eames claimed to have found the world's "oldest beer advertisement" on a Mesopotamian stone tablet that dated to roughly 4000 B.C. Eames claimed that the tablet contained the tagline "Drink Elba, the beer with the heart of a lion." along with a depiction of a headless woman with large breasts holding goblets of beer in each of her hands.

Life
Eames was born in Gardner, Massachusetts, the son of anthropologist, Warren Baker Eames. He graduated from Mark Hopkins College in Brattleboro, Vermont. Moving to New York City in 1968, he opened an art gallery, and began researching beer in the New York Public Library. In 1975, he acquired a store named Gleason's from Curt and Kay Gleason in Templeton, Massachusetts, in which he sold a large selection of beers. He also created and ran two branches of his Three Dollar Dewey's Ale House in Portland, Maine, and Brattleboro.

Eames was the founding director of the American Museum of Brewing History and Fine Arts in Fort Mitchell, Kentucky. Eames wrote seven books on beer and was a contributor to the Encyclopedia of Beer. Eames also broadcast about beer and advised film-makers on beer-related themes.

Eames stopped drinking beer eight years before his death, and died in his sleep of respiratory failure at his home in Dummerston, Vermont, in 2007. He was survived by his fifth wife, Sheila, his sons Adrian and Andrew, and his daughter Elena.

Selected bibliography
Ale Dreams (1986)
A Beer Drinker's Companion: 5000 Years of Quotes and Anecdotes (1988) Harvard, Mass.: Ayers Rock Press.
Secret Life of Beer: Legends, Lore, and Little-Known Facts (1995). Pownal, Vt.: Storey Communications.

References

1947 births
2007 deaths
People from Gardner, Massachusetts
Beer writers
20th-century American anthropologists

Alan D. Eames


Timothy Irving Frederick Findley  (October 30, 1930 – June 20, 2002) was a Canadian novelist and playwright. He was also informally known by the nickname Tiff or Tiffy, an acronym of his initials.

Biography

Early life
One of three sons, Findley was born in Toronto, Ontario, to Allan Gilmour Findley, a stockbroker, and his wife, the former Margaret Maude Bull. His paternal grandfather was president of Massey-Harris, the farm-machinery company. He was raised in the upper class Rosedale district of the city, attending boarding school at St. Andrew's College (although leaving during grade 10 for health reasons). He pursued a career in the arts, studying dance and acting, and had significant success as an actor before turning to writing. He was part of the original Stratford Festival company in the 1950s, acting alongside Alec Guinness, and appeared in the first production of Thornton Wilder's The Matchmaker at the Edinburgh Festival. He also played Peter Pupkin in Sunshine Sketches, the CBC Television adaptation of Stephen Leacock's Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town.

Career
Though Findley had declared his homosexuality as a teenager, he married actress/photographer Janet Reid in 1959. The union lasted only three months and was dissolved by divorce or annulment two years later. He eventually became the domestic partner of writer Bill Whitehead, whom he met in 1962. Findley and Whitehead also collaborated on several documentary projects in the 1970s, including the television miniseries The National Dream and Dieppe 1942. Whitehead and Findley won the ACTRA Award for Best Writing in a Television Documentary at the 4th ACTRA Awards in 1975 for The National Dream.

Through Wilder, Findley became a close friend of actress Ruth Gordon, whose work as a screenwriter and playwright inspired Findley to consider writing as well. After Findley published his first short story in the Tamarack Review, Gordon encouraged him to pursue writing more actively, and he eventually left acting in the 1960s.

Findley's first two novels, The Last of the Crazy People (1967) and The Butterfly Plague (1969), were originally published in Britain and the United States after having been rejected by Canadian publishers. Findley's third novel, The Wars, was published to great acclaim in 1977 and went on to win the Governor General's Award for English-language fiction. Director Robin Phillips subsequently adapted the novel into the 1983 theatrical film The Wars.

Findley received a Governor General's Award, the Canadian Authors Association Award, an ACTRA Award, the Order of Ontario, the Ontario Trillium Award, and in 1985 he was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada. He was a founding member and chair of the Writers' Union of Canada, and a president of the Canadian chapter of PEN International.

His writing was typical of the Southern Ontario Gothic style – Findley, in fact, first invented its name — and was heavily influenced by Jungian psychology. Mental illness, gender and sexuality were frequent recurring themes in his work. Many of his novels centred on a protagonist who was struggling to find the moral and ethical and rational course of action in a situation that had spun wildly out of control. His characters often carried dark personal secrets, and were often conflicted – sometimes to the point of psychosis — by these burdens.

He publicly mentioned his homosexuality, passingly and perhaps for the first time, on a broadcast of the programme The Shulman File in the 1970s, taking host Morton Shulman completely by surprise.

Findley and Whitehead resided at Stone Orchard, a farm near Cannington, Ontario, and in the south of France. In 1996, Findley was honoured by the French government, who declared him a Chevalier de l'Ordre des arts et des lettres.

Findley was also the author of several dramas for television and stage. Elizabeth Rex, his most successful play, premiered at the Stratford Festival of Canada to rave reviews and won a Governor General's award. His 1993 play The Stillborn Lover was adapted by Shaftesbury Films into the television film External Affairs, which aired on CBC Television in 1999. Shadows, first performed in 2001, was his last completed work. Findley was also an active mentor to a number of young Canadian writers, including Marnie Woodrow and Elizabeth Ruth.

In the final years of Findley's life, declining health led him to move his Canadian residence to Stratford, Ontario, and Stone Orchard was purchased by Canadian dancer Rex Harrington.

In 2002, he was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame.

Death
Findley died on June 20, 2002, in Brignoles, France, not far from his house in Cotignac. Tiff: A Life of Timothy Findley, a biography by Sherrill Grace, was published in 2020.

Findley and the development of his theatrical play The Stillborn Lover were profiled by Terence Macartney-Filgate in the 1992 documentary film Timothy Findley: Anatomy of a Writer.

Quotations
"When we have stopped killing animals as though they were so much refuse, we will stop killing one another. But the highways show our indifference to death, so long as it is someone else's. It is an attitude of the human mind I do not grasp. I have no point of connection with it. People drive in such a way that you think they do not believe in death. Their own lives are their business, but my life is not their business. I cannot refrain from terrific anger when I am threatened so casually by strangers on a public road." – from 1965 journal, at p. 16 of Journeyman: Travels of a Writer.
"A myth is not a lie, as such, but only the truth in size twelve shoes. Its gestures are wider—its voice is projected farther—its face has bolder features than reality would dare contrive." – from 1992 speech, reproduced at p. 75 of Journeyman: Travels of a Writer.

Bibliography

Novels
 The Last of the Crazy People (1967)
 The Butterfly Plague (1969)
 The Wars (1977)
 Famous Last Words (1981)
 Not Wanted on the Voyage (1984)
 The Telling of Lies (1986) (Edgar Award, Best Paperback Original, 1989)
 Headhunter (1993)
 The Piano Man's Daughter (1995)
 Pilgrim (1999)
 Spadework (2001)

Novella
 You Went Away (1996)

Short story collections
 Dinner Along the Amazon (1984)
 Stones (1988)
 Dust to Dust (1997)

Drama
 The Paper People (1967)
 Don't Let the Angels Fall (1969)
 The Whiteoaks of Jalna (1972)
 The Newcomers (1977)
 Can You See Me Yet? (1977)
 Catsplay (1978)
 The Stillborn Lover (1993)
 The Trials of Ezra Pound (2000)
 Elizabeth Rex (2001)
 Shadows (2001)

Docudrama
 The National Dream: Building the Impossible Railway (1974)
 Dieppe 1942 (1979)

Memoirs
 Inside Memory: Pages from a Writer's Workbook (1990)
 From Stone Orchard (1998)
 Journeyman: Travels of a Writer (2003)

References

External links
Order of Canada Citation

Timothy Findley and William Whitehead fonds (R4441) at Library and Archives Canada

1930 births
2002 deaths
Canadian male novelists
Canadian male short story writers
Canadian male stage actors
Edgar Award winners
Canadian gay actors
Canadian gay writers
Members of the Order of Ontario
Officers of the Order of Canada
Governor General's Award-winning fiction writers
Governor General's Award-winning dramatists
Postmodern writers
Harbourfront Festival Prize winners
Canadian LGBT dramatists and playwrights
Gay memoirists
Canadian LGBT novelists
Canadian male dramatists and playwrights
Canadian male television actors
Male actors from Toronto
Writers from Toronto
Canadian male non-fiction writers
Canadian television writers
Canadian male television writers
St. Andrew's College (Aurora) alumni
People from Brock, Ontario
20th-century Canadian male actors
20th-century Canadian short story writers
21st-century Canadian short story writers
20th-century Canadian male writers
21st-century Canadian male writers
20th-century Canadian screenwriters
Screenwriters from Ontario
20th-century Canadian novelists
21st-century Canadian novelists
20th-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
21st-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Canadian memoirists
20th-century Canadian LGBT people
Gay screenwriters
Gay novelists
Gay dramatists and playwrights

Timothy Findley


Pernik () is a city in western Bulgaria, about  southwest of the capital Sofia. It is the capital of Pernik Province. About 75,000 people lived there.

The city is on both banks of the Struma River in the Pernik Valley between the Golo Bardo, Vitosha, Lyulin and Viskyar mountains.

Twin towns
Pernik is twinned with:

  Balashikha, Russia
  Elektrostal, Russia
  Huai'an, China
  Jagodina, Serbia
  Kavadarci, North Macedonia
  Lublin, Poland
  Luhansk, Ukraine
  Nilüfer, Turkey
  Orosei, Italy
  Orsha, Belarus
  Ovar, Portugal
  Pantelej, Serbia
  Pardubice, Czech Republic
  Pusztaszer, Hungary
  Rožaje, Montenegro

Cities in Bulgaria

Pernik