Akha Bhagat (commonly known as Akho; ) or Akha Rahiyadas Soni was a mediaeval Gujarati poet who wrote in the tradition of the Bhakti movement. He wrote his poems in a literary form called Chhappa (six stanza satirical poems).

Life
His exact dates are unknown, but according to scholars he lived from 1615 to 1674 or 1600 to 1655. A goldsmith by profession, he lived near Ahmedabad in Jetalpur, and later moved to Ahmedabad. His residence in Ahmedabad which is small room in Desaini Pol at Khadia is known as Akha no Ordo (literally "A room of Akha"). Akho was a goldsmith belonging to Hindu Soni caste and sub-caste Pasawala (Dhanpat). In Rajkot, Kothariya naka (one of the gate of fort) Chowk named after him Akha Bhagat Chowk. Soni Bazar Starts from here. He was a disciple of Saint Gokulnath, grandson of Vallabhacharya, and got inspiration to go towards the way of Bhakti from him. He shared his experience and knowledge in chhappa. The poetry writing style he followed for lending his philosophy in verse. He wrote 746 chappas.

Works
He is regarded as most important poet of mediaeval Gujarati literature. Three of his works are dated including Panchikarana (1645; Mixture of five elements), Gurushishyasamvada (1645; A Dialogue between Teacher and a Pupil) and Akhe-gita, among which, Akhe-gita is considered as an important work. Divided in forty Kadavuns (sections), it deals with Bhakti (worship) and Jnana (knowledge). His other works includes Chittavichar Samvada, Santona Lakshano, Anubhav Bindu ("A Drop of Experience"), Avasthanirupan''', Kaivalya Gita, as well as various Pada (poems) and Chhappa.

His Chhappa'', a six stanza poems, are full of humorous and passes metaphorical comments on different aspects of spirituality and human life.

References

External links

Gujarati-language poets
Indian male poets
Bhakti movement
Gujarati-language writers
17th-century Indian poets
Writers from Ahmedabad
Poets from Gujarat
Date of birth unknown
Date of death unknown
17th-century male writers
Shudra Hindu saints

Akha Bhagat


Giovanni Antonio Emanueli (Brescia, 1817 – Milan, 1894) was an Italian painter.

Biography
Emanueli enrolled at the Milan Academy of Fine Arts in 1831 and attended Antonio Durelli's course of figure studies but was enabled to complete his training under the sculptor Abbondio Sangiorgio from 1833 on by a grant from the Brescia City Council. His youthful work shows the influence of the classically inspired models of his master and Rodolfo Vantini, with whom he collaborated repeatedly on important building projects in Brescia. He settled in Milan in 1842 but continued to send works from his repertoire of religious and funerary subjects, portraits and genre compositions to his hometown. He produced some sculptures for Milan Cathedral and the church of San Carlo al Corso in the period 1857–69 and took part in the 4th Esposizione Nazionale di Belle Arti in Turin in 1880. The works of the artist's mature period show the adoption of a naturalistic approach under the influence of Alessandro Puttinati, Giovanni Strazza and Antonio Tantardini.

References
 Elena Lissoni, Giovanni Antonio Emanueli, online catalogue Artgate by Fondazione Cariplo, 2010, CC BY-SA (source for the first revision of this article).

Other projects

19th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Painters from Milan
1817 births
1894 deaths
19th-century Italian male artists

Giovanni Antonio Emanueli


In software engineering, the laws of software evolution refer to a series of laws that Lehman and Belady formulated starting in 1974 with respect to software evolution.
The laws describe a balance between forces driving new developments on one hand, and forces that slow down progress on the other hand.  Over the past decades the laws have been revised and extended several times.

Context

Observing that most software is subject to change in the course of its existence, the authors set out to determine laws that these changes will typically obey, or must obey for the software to survive.

In his 1980 article, Lehman qualified the application of such laws by distinguishing between three categories of software:
 An S-program is written according to an exact specification of what that program can do. For example, a program to find solutions to the eight queens puzzle would be an S-program. These programs are mostly static and shouldn't evolve much.
 A P-program is written to implement certain procedures that completely determine what the program can do (the example mentioned is a program to play chess)
 An E-program is written to perform some real-world activity; how it should behave is strongly linked to the environment in which it runs, and such a program needs to adapt to varying requirements and circumstances in that environment
The laws are said to apply only to the last category of systems.

The laws

All told, eight laws were formulated:

 (1974) "Continuing Change" — an E-type system must be continually adapted or it becomes progressively less satisfactory.
 (1974) "Increasing Complexity" — as an E-type system evolves, its complexity increases unless work is done to maintain or reduce it.
 (1974) "Self Regulation" — E-type system evolution processes are self-regulating with the distribution of product and process measures close to normal.
 (1978) "Conservation of Organisational Stability (invariant work rate)" — the average effective global activity rate in an evolving E-type system is invariant over the product's lifetime.
 (1978) "Conservation of Familiarity" — as an E-type system evolves, all associated with it, developers, sales personnel and users, for example, must maintain mastery of its content and behaviour to achieve satisfactory evolution. Excessive growth diminishes that mastery. Hence the average incremental growth remains invariant as the system evolves.
 (1991) "Continuing Growth" — the functional content of an E-type system must be continually increased to maintain user satisfaction over its lifetime.
 (1996) "Declining Quality" — the quality of an E-type system will appear to be declining unless it is rigorously maintained and adapted to operational environment changes.
 (1996) "Feedback System" (first stated 1974, formalised as law 1996) — E-type evolution processes constitute multi-level, multi-loop, multi-agent feedback systems and must be treated as such to achieve significant improvement over any reasonable base.

Relevance of the Laws of Software Evolution in Modern Software Engineering

In the dynamic world of modern software engineering, the Laws of Software Evolution continue to hold a profound relevance. These laws, originally formulated by Lehman and Belady in the 1970s, provide enduring insights into the nature of software systems and their evolution. In today's software development landscape, where agility and adaptability are paramount, these laws serve as guiding principles.

"Continuing Change" is a foundational concept, emphasizing that software must evolve continually to remain satisfactory. This aligns perfectly with agile development methodologies, where iterative updates and feature enhancements are the norm.

"Increasing Complexity" is another key law that underscores the need for active management of complexity, particularly in large and long-lived software projects. As software systems grow, modern engineering practices such as modular design, microservices, and DevOps help control and reduce complexity, ensuring that software remains maintainable and scalable.

The Laws of Software Evolution also find relevance in the context of DevOps and continuous integration/continuous deployment (CI/CD). In a DevOps-driven environment, the "Continuing Growth" law is exemplified as software features must be continually expanded to meet evolving user demands and maintain user satisfaction.

The "Declining Quality" law is a stark reminder that software quality can deteriorate over time without rigorous maintenance, highlighting the importance of automated testing and quality assurance in modern software development. Furthermore, the "Feedback System" law  reinforces the idea that software evolution is a feedback-driven process, with multiple loops and agents involved.

This resonates with the emphasis on collaboration and feedback within DevOps practices, ensuring that software is developed, tested, and deployed with a focus on continuous improvement. In summary, the Laws of Software Evolution continue to guide software engineers in navigating the complexities of modern development, from agile methodologies to DevOps, helping them deliver robust, evolving software systems.

References

Software maintenance

Lehman's laws of software evolution


Shropshire, sometimes known as Salop and sometimes shortened to Shrops in print, is a ceremonial county of England. It has no cities and only a few large towns - Shrewsbury, Telford, Ludlow and Oswestry. It is a very rural county with many hills, forests, farms and rivers within its borders.

The county borders Cheshire to the north, Staffordshire to the east, Worcestershire to the south-east, Herefordshire to the south and Powys and Wrexham County Borough, counties of Wales, to the west.

The county's county town is Shrewsbury, the birthplace of evolutionist Charles Darwin, however its largest town is Telford. Telford is known for its tourist attraction, Ironbridge Gorge. Ironbridge Gorge is the world's first iron structure. Shrewsbury is also the location of the Ditherington Flax Mill, also known as the Flaxmill Maltings, the world's the first iron-framed building. It is seen as the world's first skyscraper, described as "the grandfather of skyscrapers".

Places of interest
Places of interest in Shropshire include:

Attingham Park, Atcham
Blists Hill Victorian Town, Madeley
Bridgnorth Castle, Bridgnorth
Ditherington Flax Mill, Shrewsbury
Haughmond Hill, near Shrewsbury
Hawkstone Park, near Hodnet
Ironbridge Gorge, Telford
Long Mynd, Church Stretton
Offa's Dyke Path
Severn Valley Railway, Bridgnorth
Shrewsbury Abbey, Shrewsbury
Shrewsbury Castle, Shrewsbury
Snailbeach, near Shrewsbury
The Stiperstones, Pontesbury
Wroxeter Roman Village, Atcham

Related pages
 River Severn
 West Midlands
 British Isles

Shropshire
Ceremonial counties of England

Shropshire


67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (abbreviated as 67P or 67P/C–G) is a Jupiter-family comet, originally from the Kuiper belt, with a current orbital period of 6.45 years, a rotation period of approximately 12.4 hours and a maximum velocity of . Churyumov–Gerasimenko is approximately  at its longest and widest dimensions. It was first observed on photographic plates in 1969 by Soviet astronomers Klim Ivanovych Churyumov and Svetlana Ivanovna Gerasimenko, after whom it is named. It most recently came to perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) on 2 November 2021, and will next come to perihelion on 9 April 2028.

Churyumov–Gerasimenko was the destination of the European Space Agency's Rosetta mission, launched on 2 March 2004. Rosetta rendezvoused with Churyumov–Gerasimenko on 6 August 2014 and entered orbit on 10 September 2014. Rosetta lander, Philae, landed on the comet's surface on 12 November 2014, becoming the first spacecraft to land on a comet nucleus. On 30 September 2016, the Rosetta spacecraft ended its mission by landing on the comet in its Ma'at region.

Discovery
Churyumov–Gerasimenko was discovered in 1969 by Klim Ivanovich Churyumov of the Kyiv University's Astronomical Observatory, who examined a photograph that had been exposed for comet Comas Solà by Svetlana Ivanovna Gerasimenko on 11 September 1969 at the Alma-Ata Astrophysical Institute, near Alma-Ata (now Almaty), the then-capital city of Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet Union. Churyumov found a cometary object near the edge of the plate, but assumed that this was comet Comas Solà.

After returning to his home institute in Kyiv, Churyumov examined all the photographic plates more closely. On 22 October, about a month after the photograph was taken, he discovered that the object could not be Comas Solà, because it was about 1.8 degrees off the expected position. Further scrutiny produced a faint image of Comas Solà at its expected position on the plate, thus proving the other object to be a different body.

Shape

The comet consists of two lobes connected by a narrower neck, with the larger lobe measuring about  and the smaller one about . With each orbit the comet loses matter, as gas and dust are evaporated away by the Sun. It is estimated that currently a layer with an average thickness of about  is lost per orbit. The comet has a mass of approximately 10 billion tonnes.

The two-lobe shape of the comet is the result of a gentle, low-velocity collision of two objects, and is called a contact binary. The "terraces", layers of the interior of the comet that have been exposed by partial stripping of outer layers during its existence, are oriented in different directions in the two lobes, indicating that two objects fused to form Churyumov–Gerasimenko.

Surface
[[File:67P Churyumov-Gerasimenko surface.gif|alt=A black and white short animation of dust on the surface|thumb|Dust and cosmic rays on the surface of the comet in 2016, with stars moving in the background. Filmed by Rosetta'''s OSIRIS instrument.]]

There are 26 distinct regions on Churyumov–Gerasimenko, with each named after an Egyptian deity; regions on the large lobe are named after gods, whereas those on the small lobe are named after goddesses. 19 regions were defined in the northern hemisphere prior to equinox. Later, when the southern hemisphere became illuminated, seven more regions were identified using the same naming convention.

 Gates
Features described as gates, twin prominences on the surface so named for their appearance, were named after deceased members of the Rosetta team.

 Surface changes
During Rosetta lifetime, many changes were observed on the comet's surface, particularly when the comet was close to perihelion. These changes included evolving patterns of circular shapes in smooth terrains that at some point grew in size by a few metres per day. A fracture in the neck region was also observed to grow in size; boulders tens of metres wide were displaced, sometimes travelling more than 100 metres; and patches of the ground were removed to expose new features. A number of collapsing cliffs have also been observed. One notable example in December 2015 was captured by Rosetta NAVCAM as a bright patch of light shining from the comet. Rosetta scientists determined that a large cliff had collapsed, making it the first landslide on a comet known to be associated with an outburst of activity. An apparent outburst of the comet was observed on 14 November 2021. According to the researchers, "At the time of the outburst discovery with ZTF, the comet was 1.23 au from the Sun and 0.42 au from the Earth. The comet's last perihelion passage was on 2021 Nov 2.".

 Cheops boulder
Cheops is the largest boulder on the surface of the comet, measuring up to 45 meters. It is located in the comet's larger lobe. It was named for the pyramid in Giza because its shape is similar to that of a pyramid.

 Orbit and rotation

Like the other comets of the Jupiter family, Churyumov–Gerasimenko probably originated in the Kuiper belt and was ejected towards the interior of the Solar System, where later encounters with Jupiter successively changed its orbit. These interactions will continue until the comet is eventually thrown out of the Solar System or collides with the Sun or a planet.

On 4 February 1959, a close encounter with Jupiter of  moved Churyumov–Gerasimenko's perihelion inward from  to , where it basically remains today. In November 2220 the comet will pass about  from Jupiter which will move perihelion inwards to about  from the Sun.

Before Churyumov–Gerasimenko's perihelion passage in 2009, its rotational period was 12.76 hours. During this perihelion passage, it decreased to 12.4 hours, which likely happened because of sublimation-induced torque.

 2015 perihelion
, Churyumov–Gerasimenko's nucleus had an apparent magnitude of roughly 20. It came to perihelion on 13 August 2015. From December 2014 until September 2015, it had an elongation less than 45 degrees from the Sun. On 10 February 2015, it went through solar conjunction when it was 5 degrees from the Sun and was  from Earth. It crossed the celestial equator on 5 May 2015 and became easiest to see from the Northern Hemisphere. Even right after perihelion when it was in the constellation of Gemini, it only brightened to about apparent magnitude 12, and required a telescope to be seen. , the comet had a total magnitude of about 20.

 2021 perihelion

The 2021 apparition marked the closest approach to Earth since 1982. The comet reached perihelion on 2 November 2021 and the closest approach to Earth was on November 12, 2021, at 00:50 UTC, at a distance of 38 million miles (61 million km). The comet brightened to an apparent magnitude of 9, meaning it was visible with amateur telescopes. Two outbursts were observed during the apparition, on 2021 October 29.940 and November 17.864 UTC, −3.12 days and +15.81 days respectively from the perihelion date. During the first outburst the comet brightened by 0.26 ± 0.03 mag in the outburst, with a 27% increase in the effective geometric cross-section and total outburst dust mass of . The second outburst caused a brightening of 0.49 ± 0.08 mag with effective geometric cross-section and total outburst dust mass 2.5 times larger than the first event.

 Exploration
 Rosetta mission

The Rosetta mission was the first mission to include an orbiter that accompanied a comet for several years, as well as a lander that collected close-up data from the comet's surface. The mission launched in 2004, arrived at comet 67P in 2014, and concluded with a touchdown on the comet's surface in 2016.

 Advance work

As preparation for the Rosetta mission, Hubble Space Telescope pictures taken on 12 March 2003 were closely analysed. An overall 3D model was constructed and computer-generated images were created.

On 25 April 2012, the most detailed observations until that time were taken with the 2-metre Faulkes Telescope by N. Howes, G. Sostero and E. Guido while it was at its aphelion.

On 6 June 2014, water vapor was detected being released at a rate of roughly  when Rosetta was  from Churyumov–Gerasimenko and  from the Sun. On 14 July 2014, images taken by Rosetta showed that its nucleus is irregular in shape with two distinct lobes. The size of the nucleus was estimated to be . Two explanations for its shape were proposed at the time: that it was a contact binary, or that its shape may have resulted from asymmetric erosion due to ice sublimating from its surface to leave behind its lobed shape. By September 2015, mission scientists had determined that the contact binary hypothesis was unambiguously correct.

 Rendezvous and orbit

Beginning in May 2014, Rosetta velocity was reduced by  with a series of thruster firings. Ground controllers rendezvoused Rosetta with Churyumov–Gerasimenko on 6 August 2014. This was done by reducing Rosetta relative velocity to . Rosetta entered orbit on 10 September, at about  from the nucleus.

 Landing

Descent of a small lander occurred on 12 November 2014. Philae is a  robotic probe that set down on the surface with landing gear. The landing site has been christened Agilkia in honor of Agilkia Island, where the temples of Philae Island were relocated after the construction of the Aswan Dam flooded the island. The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of Churyumov–Gerasimenko has been estimated for simulation purposes at 10−3 m/s, or about 1/10000 of that on Earth.

Because of its low relative mass, landing on the comet involved certain technical considerations to keep Philae anchored. The probe contains an array of mechanisms designed to manage Churyumov–Gerasimenko's low gravity, including a cold gas thruster, harpoons, landing-leg-mounted ice screws, and a flywheel to keep it oriented during its descent. During the event, the thruster and the harpoons failed to operate, and the ice screws did not gain a grip. The lander bounced twice and only came to rest when it made contact with the surface for the third time, two hours after first contact.

Contact with Philae was lost on 15 November 2014 because of dropping battery power. The European Space Operations Centre briefly reestablished communications on 14 June 2015 and reported a healthy spacecraft but communications were lost again soon after. On 2 September 2016, Philae was located in photographs taken by the Rosetta orbiter. It had come to rest in a crack with only its body and two legs visible. While the discovery solves the question of the lander's disposition, it also allows project scientists to properly contextualise the data it returned from the comet's surface.

 Physical properties

The composition of water vapor from Churyumov–Gerasimenko, as determined by the Rosetta spacecraft, is substantially different from that found on Earth. The ratio of deuterium to hydrogen in the water from the comet was determined to be three times that found for terrestrial water. This makes it unlikely that water found on Earth came from comets such as Churyumov–Gerasimenko. The water vapor is also mixed with significant amount of formaldehyde (0.5 wt%) and methanol (0.4 wt%), these concentrations falling within common range for Solar system comets. On 22 January 2015, NASA reported that, between June and August 2014, the comet released increasing amounts of water vapor, up to tenfold as much. On 23 January 2015, the journal Science published a special issue of scientific studies related to the comet.

Measurements carried out before Philae batteries failed indicate that the dust layer could be as much as  thick. Beneath that is hard ice, or a mixture of ice and dust. Porosity appears to increase toward the center of the comet.

The nucleus of Churyumov–Gerasimenko was found to have no magnetic field of its own after measurements were taken during Philae descent and landing by its ROMAP instrument and Rosetta RPC-MAG instrument. This suggests that magnetism may not have played a role in the early formation of the Solar System, as had previously been hypothesized.

The ALICE spectrograph on Rosetta determined that electrons (within  above the comet nucleus) produced from photoionization of water molecules by solar radiation, and not photons from the Sun as thought earlier, are responsible for the degradation of water and carbon dioxide molecules released from the comet nucleus into its coma. Also, active pits, related to sinkhole collapses and possibly associated with outbursts are present on the comet.

Measurements by the COSAC and Ptolemy instruments on the Philae lander revealed sixteen organic compounds, four of which were seen for the first time on a comet, including acetamide, acetone, methyl isocyanate and propionaldehyde. Astrobiologists Chandra Wickramasinghe and Max Wallis stated that some of the physical features detected on the comet's surface by Rosetta and Philae, such as its organic-rich crust, could be explained by the presence of extraterrestrial microorganisms. Rosetta program scientists dismissed the claim as "pure speculation". Carbon-rich compounds are common in the Solar System. Neither Rosetta nor Philae is equipped to search for direct evidence of organisms. The only amino acid detected thus far on the comet is glycine, along with precursor molecules methylamine and ethylamine.

Solid organic compounds were also found in the dust particles emitted by the comet; the carbon in this organic material is bound in "very large macromolecular compounds", analogous to the insoluble organic matter in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. Scientists think that the observed cometary carbonaceous solid matter could have the same origin as the meteoritic insoluble organic matter, but suffered less modification before or after being incorporated into the comet.

One of the most outstanding discoveries of the mission so far is the detection of large amounts of free molecular oxygen () gas surrounding the comet. Current solar system models suggest the molecular oxygen should have disappeared by the time 67P was created, about 4.6 billion years ago in a violent and hot process that would have caused the oxygen to react with hydrogen and form water. Molecular oxygen has never before been detected in cometary comas. In situ measurements indicate that the / ratio is isotropic in the coma and does not change systematically with heliocentric distance, suggesting that primordial  was incorporated into the nucleus during the comet's formation. This interpretation was challenged by the discovery that  may be produced on the surface of the comet in water molecule collisions with silicates and other oxygen-containing materials. Detection of molecular nitrogen () in the comet suggests that its cometary grains formed in low-temperature conditions below .

On 3 July 2018, researchers hypothesized that molecular oxygen may not be made on the surface of comet 67P in sufficient quantity, thus deepening the mystery of its origin.

 Future missions
CAESAR was a proposed sample-return mission aimed at returning to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, capturing regolith from the surface, and returning it to Earth. This mission was competing in NASA's New Frontiers mission 4 selection process, and was one of two finalists in the program. In June 2019, it was passed over in favor of Dragonfly.

 Gallery

 See also
 List of comets visited by spacecraft

 Notes

 References

 Further reading

 External links

 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko at Cometography
 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko by the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko pronunciation guide by ESA
 "Mission to Land on a Comet" by NASA

 Rosetta final images on YouTube, by ESA
 Rosetta complete image archive by ESA
 OSIRIS stereo views of 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko by CNES
 Landing News and Comments (The New York Times''; 12 November 2014)

19690920
Comets visited by spacecraft
Contact binary (small Solar System body)
Periodic comets
0067
067P
067P
Rosetta mission
Comets in 2014
Comets in 2015
20211102
Discoveries by Klim Churyumov
Discoveries by Svetlana Gerasimenko

67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko


The Iraqi opposition can refer to three things:
 Pre-2003: Iraqi anti-Saddam groups were composed of a number of groups in Iraq opposed to the Saddam regime.
 Occupation era: The collective term usually denoting Iraqi insurgency opposed to the American-led coalition forces and Iraqi security forces during the occupation of Iraq that followed the Iraq War on May 1, 2003.
 Post-independence: After the handover of authority from the Coalition Provisional Authority to Iraqi leaders, the Iraqi opposition are the minority political parties and the Ba'athist insurgent groups.

Iraqi opposition


The Community House at 284 Bay Road in Hamilton, Massachusetts is a historic social and civic community building serving the towns of Hamilton and Wenham.  The Colonial Revival brick building was built in 1921 to a design by noted Boston architect Guy Lowell, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.

Construction of the building was made possible through the efforts and generosity of George Snell Mandell and Emily Mandell, Hamilton residents and publishers of the Boston Transcript.  The Mandells and a group of Hamilton residents worked with Community Service, Inc., a national non-profit that worked to improve recreational facilities.  The Mandells purchased the land, in what was then a residential area outside the Hamilton-Wenham business district, and gave it to Hamilton House, Inc., founded to hold title to the property in perpetuity.

The two story building houses an auditorium, sitting room, library, and kitchen on its first floor, and meeting rooms on the second.  The basement originally held bowling lanes, a game room, and a men's lounge.  Community Service of Wenham and Hamilton, Inc., which manages the building, has over the years offered a wide variety of social, recreational, and educational programs in the facility, and made it available to other community groups as meeting and function space.

The most significant changes to the building have affected the lower level.  As bowling rose in popularity, additional lanes were added in a 1934 addition, and also in an adjoining building; the original lanes were converted to a shooting range for law enforcement.  With the waning of bowling's popularity, the adjoining building was leased out and eventually sold after being converted to medical offices, and the 1934 addition was converted to meeting space.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, Massachusetts

References

Event venues on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Hamilton, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Essex County, Massachusetts
Buildings and structures completed in 1921
1921 establishments in Massachusetts

Community House (Hamilton, Massachusetts)


Feuerland  was a popular 19th-century designation for the industrial nucleus of Berlin. It was located in the historic Oranienburger Vorstadt section of Berlin in today's district Berlin-Mitte. The word literally means "land of fire", but it is also a play on the German name for Tierra del Fuego.

History
Many companies in the emerging metalworking and mechanical engineering industries settled in the area northeast of the Oranienburger Tor, one of the gates of the 18th-century Berlin Customs Wall, between Chausseestraße (today's Torstraße), Gartenstraße and Liesenstraße.

For example, in 1804 the Royal Prussian Iron Foundry started producing in Invalidenstraße. In 1826 Franz Anton Egells set up his iron foundry and engineering works at Chausseestraße 3/4, later expanding it to include Chausseestraße 5/6. In 1837 August Borsig established a factory at Chausseestraße 1–3, to be followed in 1839 by Friedrich Adolf Pflug at Chausseestraße 7–9. In 1842 Johann Friedrich Ludwig Wöhlert started an iron foundry and engineering works at Chausseestraße 29.

By 1847, 33 metalworking companies with over 3000 employees were located in this closely circumscribed area, and in 1852 the iron foundry and engineering works of Louis Victor Robert Schwartzkopff also started operations there.

Since all these businesses made heavy use of fire in the production process and huge amounts of smoke poured into the sky from the diverse chimneys, this part of the city was informally given the now forgotten name "Feuerland".

As the city grew, these metalworking companies were unable to expand and either ceased production or by 1880 had moved to what was then the city outskirts, first to Moabit and then after 1900 further out to Spandau or Reinickendorf. Today, only a few street names (Borsigstraße, Pflugstraße, Schwartzkopffstraße and Wöhlertstraße) as well as a building or two remain as a memorial to those times. A panel at the corner of Chauseestraße and Tieckstraße provides information about Berlin's Feuerland.

References

19th century in Berlin
Economy of Berlin
Industrial parks in Germany
Buildings and structures in Mitte

Feuerland


Alamgir Hashmi (Urdu: عالمگیر ہاشمی), also known as Aurangzeb Alamgir Hashmi (born 15 November 1951), is an English poet of Pakistani origin. Considered avant-garde, his early and later works were published to considerable critical acclaim and popularity.

He was a practicing transnational humanist and educator in North American, European and Asian universities. He argued for a "comparative" aesthetic to foster humane cultural norms. He showed and advocated new paths of reading the classical and modern texts and emphasized the sublime nature, position and pleasures of language arts to be shared, rejecting their reduction to social or professional utilities.  He produced many books of seminal literary and critical importance as well as series of lectures and essays (such as "Modern Letters") in the general press.

Alamgir Hashmi is said to have been born in this part of Planet Earth and trained, persuasively, formally and informally, to stay on here. His serious learning began as a child, at the home of his parents, who taught him many fine things of life including reading, writing, and listening, so that he would begin to hear the music of the spheres from early on. Later he chose his company, schools, and places to be according to his abiding interests, and went on to write mainly in different forms of poetry and prose, and to teach (subjects like language, literature, culture, interdisciplinary studies, and theory).Perhaps better known as an English poet, he has been a professor of English and comparative literature, an editor of literary and scholarly journals, a scholar-critic, a broadcaster, a translator, long lapsed lay minstrel, and a weekend canoeist. His work spans nearly all continents, for over four decades now, and he lives wherever his work lives. He acknowledges life as a gift.

Education

 Education: University of the Punjab, Lahore, M.A. 1972;
 University of Louisville, Kentucky, M.A. 1977

Poetry

 The Oath and Amen. Philadelphia, Dorrance, 1976.
 America Is a Punjabi Word. Lahore, Karakorum Range, 1979.
 An Old Chair. Bristol, Xenia Press, 1979.
 My Second in Kentucky. Lahore, Vision Press, 1981.
 This Time in Lahore. Lahore, Vision Press, 1983.
 Neither This Time/Nor That Place. Lahore, Vision Press, 1984.
 Inland and Other Poems. Islamabad, Gulmohar Press, 1984.
 The Poems of Alamgir Hashmi. Islamabad, National Book Foundation, 1992.
 Sun and Moon and Other Poems. Islamabad, Indus Books, 1992.
 A Choice of Hashmi's Verse. Karachi and New York, Oxford University Press, 1997.

Literary Criticism and Scholarly Editions

 Pakistani Short Stories in English
 Postindependence Voices in South Asian Writings
 The Commonwealth, Comparative Literature and the World
 The Worlds of Muslim Imagination
 Ezra Pound
 Commonwealth Literature: An Essay Towards the Re-definition of a Popular / Counter Culture
 Pakistani Literature: The Contemporary English Writers

Others

 Commonwealth Literature: An Essay Towards the Re-Definition of a Popular/Counter Culture. Lahore, Vision Press, 1983
 The Commonwealth, Comparative Literature and the World. Islamabad, Gulmohar Press, 1988
 Editor, Pakistani Literature: The Contemporary English Writers. New York, World University Service, 2 vols., 1978; revised edition, Islamabad, Gulmohar Press, I vol., 1987
 Editor, with Les Harrop and others, Ezra Pound in Melbourne. Ivanhoe, Australia, Helix, 1983
 Editor, The Worlds of Muslim Imagination. Islamabad, Gulmohar Press, 1986
 Editor, Encyclopedia of Post-Colonial Literatures in English. London, Routledge, 1994

Awards

 The University of the Punjab (Lahore) Scholar, 1970–72, and Certificate of Academic Merit, 1973; first prize
 All-Pakistan Creative Writing Contest, 1972
 Pakistan Academy of Letters Patras Bokhari award, 1985
 Rockefeller Fellow, 1994
 Roberto Celli Memorial award (Italy), 1994
 D.Litt.: University of Luxembourg, 1984
 San Francisco State University, 1984

References

See also

List of Pakistani writers

1951 births
Living people
British writers
Pakistani male poets
English-language poets from Pakistan
Pakistani literary critics
English literary critics
American academics
American male poets
Pakistani writers
Place of birth missing (living people)
People from Lahore

Alamgir Hashmi


Kinmylies (  ) is an area in the west end of the city of Inverness in the Scottish Highlands. The area sits between the side of the hill Craig Phadrig (Gaelic for Patrick's Rock); and the Caledonian Canal. The local football team was Caledonian F.C. until they merged with another team (Inverness Thistle) to form Inverness Caledonian Thistle and moved out of the area.

The name Kinmylies originates from the Scots Gaelic Ceann a' Mhìlidh, meaning Head (or place) of the Warriors. The area appears in the 1841 census onwards but in the 1970s became built up initially as housing for key workers, who were encouraged to move to the area to aid its growth.
Kinmylies houses Charleston Academy; a secondary School with a local catchment area, and additionally villages surrounding the city; such as Beauly and Drumnadrochit. The area also shares its name with the local primary school, Kinmylies Primary. It is the hometown of actress Karen Gillan.

Kinmylies Parish Church and Kinmylies Medical Practice are in proximity to the schools; both built in the 1990s.

Kinmylies Church of Scotland
Kinmylies Primary School
Kinmylies Medical Practice

Areas of Inverness

Kinmylies


Raymond Benjamin Caldwell (April 26, 1888 – August 17, 1967) was an American professional baseball pitcher who played in Major League Baseball for the New York Yankees, Boston Red Sox, and Cleveland Indians from 1910 to 1921. He was known for throwing the spitball, and he was one of the 17 pitchers allowed to continue throwing the pitch after it was outlawed in 1920.

Caldwell was notorious during his playing career for his addiction to alcohol and partying; he possessed a self-destructive streak that many of his contemporaries believed stopped him from reaching his potential. In 1924, Miller Huggins wrote: "Caldwell was one of the best pitchers that ever lived, but he was one of those characters that keep a manager in a constant worry. If he had possessed a sense of responsibility and balance, Ray Caldwell would have gone down in history as one of the greatest of all pitchers."

Early life
Caldwell was born in the (now mostly abandoned) town of Corydon, Pennsylvania, located just south of the New York state line near Cattaraugus County. He was the son of Anna (née Archer) and Walter Caldwell. The family later moved to Salamanca in the same county where Ray grew up and completed high school.

Playing career
He began his professional career with the McKeesport Tubers of the Ohio–Pennsylvania League in 1910 and recorded 18 wins before being signed by the New York Highlanders in September of that year. In his rookie season he went 14–14 with an ERA of 3.35, he also recorded a batting average of .272 (during the course of the season he played 11 games in the outfield, and also made numerous appearances as a pinch hitter).

Persistent problems with his throwing arm led to a record of 8–16 and an ERA of 4.47 in 1912. He regained his form the following year, going 9–8 with 2.41 ERA for a newly renamed Yankees club that finished 37 games below .500. The 1914 season was the greatest of his career, going 17–9 with a 1.94 ERA for another Yankees team that finished well below .500. During the course of the season he had numerous run-ins with manager Frank Chance, resulting in his being fined on several occasions for drunkenness and general poor conduct. Towards the end of the season, Caldwell asked team owner Frank Farrell to rescind his fines — which by that point accounted for a substantial proportion of his annual wages. Farrell, fearing that Caldwell would follow former teammates Russ Ford and Hal Chase in accepting an offer to pitch for the Buffalo Buffeds of the Federal League, agreed to let Caldwell off. As a consequence of this, Frank Chance, feeling that his authority had been irrevocably undermined, handed in his resignation as manager of the Yankees.

In 1915, Caldwell once again posted a winning record — 19–16, with an ERA of 2.89 — for a Yankees team that finished 14 games below .500. He also contributed four home runs during the course of the season, enough to finish ninth in the American League in that category, despite having more than 200 fewer at bats than anyone else inside the top 10.

The Yankees were a winning team in 1916, but Caldwell had major struggles, both on and off the field. His difficulties on the mound were not helped by his continuing to pitch with a broken patella. By the end of July his record was 5–12, and he had recorded an ERA of 2.99. It was at this point that Caldwell, whose alcoholism had become increasingly pronounced during the course of the season, went AWOL. Bill Donovan, the Yankees manager — who prior to this had always turned a blind eye to Caldwell's personal problems — issued a fine and suspended him for two weeks. However, Caldwell failed to return to the club after this period had elapsed and he was suspended for the rest of the season.

Caldwell did not return to the Yankees until the following March, more than a week into spring training. Caldwell's whereabouts during the intervening seven months, although much speculated on, were never revealed. Donovan and the Yankees owner, Til Huston, both of whom had strongly criticized Caldwell during his absence, decided to give him another chance, largely influenced by his apparent good condition. However, once again, his performances on the field were overshadowed somewhat by his actions off it. He finished the year 13–16 with a 2.86 ERA for yet another Yankees team that finished well short of .500. During the course of the season he again served a team-imposed suspension for getting drunk and failing to report for duty. He was charged with grand larceny half-way through the season for allegedly stealing a ring, and was also taken to court by his wife, who sued for alimony after he abandoned her and their son.

In 1918, Caldwell once again failed to complete a season with the Yankees. Injuries hampered him on the mound, but he still managed to compile a batting average of .291 during 151 at-bats. Prior to leaving the club, Caldwell went 9–8 with an ERA of 3.06. Caldwell left the Yankees in mid-August to join a shipbuilding firm in order to avoid military service after being picked in the draft. Joining a shipbuilding company was attractive to Caldwell, as it was for others, because it offered him the chance of playing baseball for the company rather than actually working on the assembly line. Despite this, the Yankees had not given Caldwell permission to leave the club mid-season and it was decided that he should be traded. In the winter of that year Caldwell was traded to the Boston Red Sox in a deal that also saw Duffy Lewis and Ernie Shore go the other way.

Caldwell was released by the Red Sox in July 1919 after a poor start to the season, in which he compiled an ERA of 3.94 (his record, however, was 7–4). Caldwell finished the season with the Indians, managed by player-manager Tris Speaker. When he met Speaker to sign a contract, he was initially confused by the wording, as it did not tell him to avoid alcohol after pitching games. Speaker told him it was intentional, aiming for Caldwell to stick to a specific regimen: pitch, drink, sleep the hangover the next day, then come back for wind sprints two days later and batting practice the day after that. Caldwell was struck by lightning while playing for the Cleveland Indians against the Philadelphia Athletics in 1919; despite being knocked unconscious, he refused to leave the game, having pitched 8  innings, and went on to record the final out for the win. For the six starts Caldwell made that year with Cleveland, he went 5–1 with a 1.71 ERA. This included the game where he was struck by lightning and a no-hitter against his former longtime teammates, the New York Yankees, on September 10.

In his first full season with the Indians, in 1920, Caldwell went 20–10, with a 3.86 ERA. The Indians went on to win the World Series that year, although Caldwell's contribution to that success proved to be negligible. He started Game 3, but recorded just one out, having given up two hits, a walk, and an earned run, before being lifted by Tris Speaker (the Indians did not come back from this, and Caldwell was charged with the loss).

Caldwell's final season in the majors was in 1921, during which he primarily worked from the bullpen. His record was 6–6, with an ERA of 4.90. After leaving the Indians, Caldwell went on to spend many years playing for various clubs in the minor leagues, including the Kansas City Blues, with some degree of success, yet his long-established reputation dissuaded any major league outfit from giving him another chance.

Caldwell was a very good hitting pitcher in his career, posting a .248 batting average (289-for-1164) with 138 runs, eight home runs, 114 RBIs and 78 base on balls. He had 10 or more RBI in a season six times, with a career high 20 RBI with the 1915 New York Yankees. He also played at all three outfield positions and first base in the majors.

Later life

Caldwell bought a farm in Frewsburg in 1940 and worked at the train station at Ashville as a telegrapher for the Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railway. He later worked as a steward and bartender at the Lakewood Rod & Gun Club, where his fourth wife, Estelle, was a cook.

Caldwell died in Salamanca, New York, on August 17, 1967, and is buried in Randolph. He was inducted into the Chautauqua Sports Hall of Fame in 2010.

See also
 List of Major League Baseball no-hitters

Notes

References
Spatz, Lyle (2000). Yankees Coming, Yankees Going: New York Yankee Player Transactions, 1903 Through 1999. Jefferson, North Carolina, McFarland, .

External links

1888 births
1967 deaths
New York Highlanders players
New York Yankees players
Boston Red Sox players
Cleveland Indians players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Pennsylvania
People from Salamanca, New York
Minor league baseball managers
Kansas City Blues (baseball) players
Little Rock Travelers players
Milwaukee Brewers (AA) players
Memphis Chickasaws players
Birmingham Barons players
Keokuk Indians players
Charlotte Hornets (baseball) players
People from McKean County, Pennsylvania
Fremont Green Sox players

Ray Caldwell


Elizabeth Fitzhenry (died 1790?), original name Elizabeth Flannigan, was an Irish actress.

Biography
The daughter of the keeper of the old Ferry Boat tavern, Abbey Street, Dublin, she married a lodger in his house, Captain Gregory, commander of a vessel engaged in the trade between Dublin and Bordeaux. After the death by drowning of her husband, followed by the death of her father, she went to London in 1753. She became an actress first under the name of Mrs Gregory, and then as Mrs Fitzhenry after her second marriage to Edward Fitzhenry, an Irish barrister, with whom she had two children. Edward practiced law at the Inner Temple, London. He died in 1772.

Around 1774, she retired from acting to live with her children. She may have returned to the stage about 1782-3 and acted successfully in many of her old parts. She then finally retired and is said to have died at Bath, Somerset in 1790. The date and place are doubted by John Genest, a resident in Bath, who thinks there is confusion between her and Mrs. Fitzmaurice, who died in Bath about the same time. The monthly obituary of the 'European Magazine' for November and December 1790 says : '11 Dec. Lately in Ireland, Mrs. Fitzhenry, a celebrated actress.'

Stage career
As Mrs Gregory
Covent Garden Theatre, London
10 January 1754  - Hermione in the 'Distressed Mother','her first appearance upon any stage.'
23 March 1754 Alicia in 'Jane Shore'

Smock Alley Theatre, Dublin, under Sowdon and Victor at a salary of 300l., soon raised to 400l.
January 1755 - Hermione
14 March 1755 - Zara in the Mourning Bride
2 February 1756 - Zaphira in Barbarossa
Volumnia in 'Coriolanus'

Covent Garden, London
5 January 1757 - Hermione
Calista (The Fair Penitent)
Lady Macbeth (Macbeth) - benefit performance

As Mrs Fitzhenry
Dublin
October 1757  - Calista (The Fair Penitent) - Smock Alley Theatre,
1759–1764  - Isabella (Measure for Measure), Emilia (Othello), Cleopatra (All For Love), the Queen (Hamlet), Madane (Orphan of China), Queen Katharine.
15 October 1765 - Calista (The Fair Penitent) - Drury Lane Theatre, London
9 April 1766  - Roxanna (Rival Queens)
1773-4  - Mrs. Belleville (The School for Wives) - Smock Alley Theatre, Dublin. Her last recorded appearance

References

1716 births
1790 deaths
18th-century Irish actresses
Actresses from Dublin (city)
Irish emigrants to Kingdom of Great Britain

Elizabeth Fitzhenry


Samuel Lorenzo Knapp (19 January 1783 in Newburyport, Massachusetts – 8 July 1838 in Hopkinton, Massachusetts) was an American author and lawyer.

Biography
He graduated from Dartmouth College in 1804, studied law with Chief Justice Theophilus Parsons, and became an eminent lawyer. During the War of 1812, he commanded a regiment of militia on the coast defences.
He was a representative in the Massachusetts legislature from 1812 to 1816.  Knapp was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1814. In 1816, he was imprisoned for debt, upon his release from prison in 1817, he moved to Boston.

He became editor of the Boston Gazette in 1824, also conducting the Boston Monthly Magazine. In 1826 he established the National Republican, which failed two years later, and he returned to practicing law in New York City. He was given the degree of LL.D. from the Paris College.

Works

His works, which are chiefly biographical, include:
"Ali Bey," Extracts of a Journal of Travels in North America, consisting of an account of Boston and its vicinity (Boston, 1818). A burlesque imitation of Travels of Ali Bey in Morocco... (Ali Bey in this second work being a pseudonym for Domingo Badia y Leblich; 2 vols., Philadelphia, 1816); Knapp's 1818 work purports to give an oriental traveler's experiences of society in Boston and Cambridge.
Biographical Sketches of Eminent Lawyers, Statesmen, and Men of Letters (1821)
Memoirs of Gen. Lafayette (1824)
The Genius of Freemasonry (Providence, 1828)
Discourse on the Life and Character of De Witt Clinton (1828)
Lectures on American Literature (New York, 1829)
"Ignatius Loyola Robertson," Sketches of Public Characters (1830)
American Biography (1833)
Narrative of a Voyage to the Ethiopic and South Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Chinese Sea, North and South Pacific Oceans, in the Years 1829, 1830, 1831 was published in New York in 1833 by J. & J. Harper. Ghost-written by Knapp it re-told the experience of merchant's wife and explorer Abby Jane Morrell.
History of the United States, a revised edition of a work by John Hinton (1834)
Life of Thomas Eddy (1834) at Google Books
Female biography containing notices of distinguished women in different ages and nations (New York, 1834) at Google Books
Advice in the Pursuit of Literature (1835)
Memoir of the Life of Daniel Webster (1835)
Life of Aaron Burr (1835)
Life of Andrew Jackson (1835)
The Bachelor, and Other Tales (1836)
Life of Timothy Dexter (1838) at archive.org (1858 edition)

He edited "The Library of American History" (New York, 1837). He was the author of a variety of occasional public addresses. George Harvey Genzmer, in evaluating his biographies in the Dictionary of American Biography, calls him "ornate, laudatory, and patriotic, and wholly untrustworthy."

Notes

References

External links

1783 births
1838 deaths
American biographers
American male non-fiction writers
Dartmouth College alumni
People from Newburyport, Massachusetts
Lawyers from New York City
American militiamen in the War of 1812
Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
Members of the American Antiquarian Society
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American lawyers

Samuel Lorenzo Knapp


The Olympus C-770 Ultra Zoom is a digital camera manufactured by Olympus. It was first announced during the 2004 Photo Marketing Association Annual Convention and Trade Show. A significant (though not exclusive) feature of the C-770 Movie is its ability to record VGA MPEG-4 video at 30 frames/second.  It features a 10X optical lens.

C-770
Cameras introduced in 2004

Olympus C-770 Movie


Revenge porn is the act of getting revenge on somebody by way of pornography. It usually means spreading sexually explicit pictures or videos of a person without their permission. The possession of the material may be used by the partners to punish or embarrass the victim.

Several areas have passed laws against revenge porn. They include Israel, Iran, Algeria, Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and most of the United States.

In the 1980s, the Hustler magazine began a monthly show of reader-submitted images of naked women called the "Beaver Hunt". The Beaver Hunt photos usually came with details about these women, such as their names and their hobbies. Some of the women sued the magazine for publishing their photos without their permission.

But it wasn't until 2010 that revenge porn really took off. That year, Hunter Moore launched a website called IsAnyoneUp. The website was similar to the Beaver Hunt. The first person who spoke against Moore was activist Charlotte Laws. She was also one of the first people to publicly support revenge pornography victims.

In June 2015 Google decided they would remove links to revenge porn on request. Microsoft did the same in July.
Sex crimes
Pornography

Revenge porn


Southcote Lock is a lock on the River Kennet at Southcote near the town of Reading in Berkshire, England. It has a rise/fall of .

History
Southcote Lock was built between 1718 and 1723 under the supervision of the engineer John Hore of Newbury.

During the 18th century, a wire mill was built on the south side of the canal, on an island between the canal navigation and the natural course of the Kennet.  This mill was supplied with bar iron from Sowley Forge in Hampshire; both sites were operated by Charles Pocock Sr., Thomas Golden and Charles Pocock Jr.

In 1850, a pumping station was built on the north side of the canal.  The station was used to pump water to the Bath Road Reservoir in Reading to cater for the town's population expansion and provided the town its first filtered water supply.  By 1878, maps showed that the wire mill was disused; the Pocock–Golden partnership had been dissolved over half a century earlier.

In 1896, the Southcote Water Works (owned by the Reading Corporation) was superseded by the newly upgraded steam-powered station downstream at Fobney; Southcote's water wheels and pumps were mothballed.  Three years later, however, the Southcote works were overhauled and new filters and pipes were installed.

In 1952, Southcote Lock was deemed unsafe and was subsequently closed. The navigation reopened by the mid-1970s.

The pumping station was in use until 1982 when Fobney was upgraded to cope with the town's demand; the main pumping building was converted into a residential dwelling and the wire mill remained derelict.

References

See also

Locks on the Kennet and Avon Canal

Locks of Reading, Berkshire
Locks on the Kennet and Avon Canal
1723 establishments in England
Buildings and structures completed in 1723

Southcote Lock


Ernestina Laura Herrera de Noble (7 June 1925 – 14 June 2017) was a prominent Argentine publisher and executive. She was the largest shareholder of the Grupo Clarín media conglomerate and director of the flagship Clarín newspaper. She was the first woman to become director of a mainstream newspaper in South America.

Life and times
Ernestina Laura Herrera was born in Buenos Aires in 1925. She became a Flamenco dancer and met the founding publisher of Clarín, Roberto Noble, around 1950. The two maintained a sporadic relationship until Noble and his wife, Guadalupe Zapata, were divorced in the early 1960s. She and the publisher were married in 1967; Roberto Noble died of cancer on January 12, 1969.

As his widow, she inherited a controlling stake in Clarín, Argentina's most widely circulated newspaper since 1965. Despite its large circulation, however, Clarín suffered financial difficulties when Mrs. Noble inherited the director's post. She turned to one of the late Roberto Noble's most prominent allies, economist and wholesaler Rogelio Julio Frigerio, who lent Clarín US$10 million, in 1971. The paper continued to endorse Frigerio's centrist MID platform, which centered on government support for infrastructure investment and import substitution industrialization. On Frigerio's advice, Mrs. Noble brought in Héctor Magnetto, who took charge of the newspaper's finances.

The periodical's finances were further bolstered early in Mrs. Noble's tenure by a 1977 partnership established with its main competitors, La Nación and La Razón, and the Argentine State in Papel Prensa - the largest domestic newsprint manufacturer. Under her leadership, Clarín extended its reach into Argentine media, purchasing two second-ranked outlets, Radio Mitre and Channel 13, in 1990, Multicanal Cable TV in 1992, and other stations and magazines. She extended the partnership with La Nación by leading Clarín into a joint wire service, Diarios y Noticias (DyN), in 1982, and into a holding company in 1997, Cimeco S.A., which obtained majority stakes in numerous regional newspapers (notably Los Andes of Mendoza and La Voz del Interior of Córdoba). Controlled by Mrs. Noble and the paper's longtime directors, Héctor Magnetto, José Antonio Aranda and Lucio Rafael Pagliaro, Grupo Clarín was established from these holdings in 1999 as the most important media conglomerate in Argentina.

These successes were accompanied by numerous controversies surrounding her personally, however. She has maintained a long-standing probate dispute with Roberto Noble's only biological child, Guadalupe Noble, who was born in 1958 during his marriage to Guadalupe Zapata. Mrs. Noble arrived at a partial settlement of the dispute with Guadalupe Noble, though the matter of the controlling stake in Grupo Clarín remains pending.

Mrs. Noble was detained in December 2002 by order of Judge Roberto Marquevich following a lawsuit filed by the Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo alleging that the two infants she adopted in 1976, Marcela and Felipe, should submit DNA samples on the possibility that their biological parents may have been abducted by the last dictatorship during their Dirty War against dissidents. Her request to deny the samples was ruled in her favor in June 2008, though the case remains in litigation. On October 17, 2009, President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner proposed the compulsory submission of DNA samples in cases related to crimes against humanity, in a move lauded by the Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo, but excoriated by opposition figures as a political move against Mrs. Noble amid the controversies between Clarín and Kirchnerism that first arose in 2008.

Similar motives are alleged by the opposition against the presidentially sponsored Media Law, which would restrict the number of media licenses per proprietor and allocate a greater share of these to state and NGOs, thereby limiting the influence of the Clarín Group. The hitherto cordial relations between Mrs. Noble and Kirchnerism was further strained by a federal lawsuit filed by the executive branch alleging that the 1977 purchase of Papel Prensa had been illegally arranged. She was declared innocent in the Papel Prensa case in 2016.

She died on June 14, 2017, aged 92.

References

1925 births
2017 deaths
Argentine people of Spanish descent
People from Buenos Aires
Argentine publishers (people)
Argentine newspaper publishers (people)
Argentine billionaires
Clarín Group
Argentine women in business
Burials at La Recoleta Cemetery
Women business executives

Ernestina Herrera de Noble


Ithilien is a Belgian folk metal band from Brussels using traditional folk instruments such as a hurdy gurdy, a bagpipe, a violin, a nyckelharpa, flutes and a bouzouki. They combine elements of metal (death/metalcore) and traditional folk music.

History

Formation and early years (2005–2012)
Ithilien was formed in 2005 by Pierre Ithilien in Brussels. The name of the band means "Country of the Moon" in Sindarin, language constructed by the writer J. R. R. Tolkien. However, none of the contents of the songs, concepts and themes of the albums are related to the universe of The Lord of the Rings.

It was in 2011 that the band recorded its first official EP Tribute to the Fallen and the single "Endless Horizons". At that time, the style of the band was mainly melodic-death metal, although some folk aspects in the melodies were emerging.

Thereafter other members joined the guitarist/singer Pierre (the only remaining original member) : Benjamin Delbar in 2011, Jerry Winkelmans, Olivier Bogaert and finally Geoffroy Dell'Aria in 2012 (which through its instruments brought the folk sounds that are characteristic to Ithilien today). At that moment, they had a solid team ready to compose their first album.

From Ashes to the Frozen Land (2012–2016)
It is in 2012 that Ithilien established a stable line-up allowing the band to start from scratch and keep only its original name. On December 9, 2013, they released their first album From Ashes to the Frozen Land, signed with the Danish label Mighty Music and distributed throw Europe with Target Group.

The album is composed of songs that, one after the other, follows a storyline. The band describes this new opus as "One hour of a musical atmospheric journey of black, death and pagan metal describing all together a fantastic and epic story". This album evokes above all the strong emotions that men can feel during difficult moments, hereby addressing subjects such as loss, rebirth or perseverance.

Ithilien distinguishes itself from other metal bands by the presence of real folk instruments on stage as well as their albums recordings, but also by what the musicians wear live, resolutely of Viking inspiration (armor of leather, skins of beasts, make-up warriors, etc.).

Over time, other members were added such as Hugo Bailly to the bagpipes and Sabrina Gelin to the hurdy-gurdy, both in 2014. An even more privileged place is then made to the folkloric instruments within the band.

After being selected as one of the winners of the Loud Circuit contest, the band had the opportunity to play at the Botanique in Brussels in 2013. Ithilien played more than 80 concerts worldwide, including tours with the Swiss folk metal band Eluveitie, in Europe and Japan, and the Icelandic Viking/folk metal band Skálmöld in Europe.

Shaping the Soul (2016–present)

In March 2016, the band released the song "Edelweiss" and announced their next album, Shaping the Soul. This new release is accompanied with a new collaboration with the Italian label WormHoleDeath.

In 2016, Olivier Bogaert and Geoffroy Dell'Aria left the band.

The first official music video from the album, "Blindfolded", appeared on January 9, 2017, showing the new line-up, completed with violinist Myrna Mens and guitarist Tuur Soete.

On February 17, 2017, Shaping the Soul was released in Europe followed by the other continents. Tour dates were then planned in various Belgian cities and abroad with the dutch folk metal act Heidevolk, but also with Ensiferum, Skyclad and many others.

The concept of this new opus is about the grief process. "It is through loss and pain that our soul is being shaped." According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, the mourning process is usually theorized in 5 stages: denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance. It is these steps that form the red line of Ithilien's album.

Visually speaking, in 2016 the band abandoned the stage fantasy costumes to return to more conventional modern clothing.

Musical style
At the beginning, Ithilien offers an epic mix between black and death, all influenced by traditional folk Celtic and Nordic music. This combination led to melodic folk metal.

It is in 2017, with the album Shaping the Soul, that the band evolves towards a style called "folkcore". It is a close combination of traditional folk music (played by Flemish bagpipes, hurdy-gurdy, tin and low whistles, violin, nykelharpa and bouzouki), and a more modern touch of metal using distorted vocals and heavy electric guitars riffs (death metal, metalcore).

Members

Current members
 Pierre Ithilien– guitar, bouzouki, vocals (2005-present)
 Benjamin Delbar – bass (2011-present)
 Jerry Winkelmans – drums (2012-present)
 Sabrina Gelin – hurdy-gurdy, nykelharpa (2013-present)
 Hugo Bailly – bagpipes (2014-present)
 Myrna Mens – violin (2016-present)
 Tuur Soete – guitar (2016-present)

Former members
 Jonathan Lelubre – drums (2005–2009)
 Benoit Loffet – guitar (2005–2008)
 Thomas De Moor – bass (2005–2007)
 François Dambois – keyboard (2006–2008)
 Olmo Lipani – vocals (2007–2008)
 François Arnould – bass (2007–2008)
 Dave Conlon – bass (2008–2009)
 Anthony JG – guitar (2008–2009)
 Michel Debecq – drums (2010–2011)
 Charly Flémal – guitar (2010–2011)
 Sébastien Dupont – bass (2010–2011)
 Thomas Froes – drums (2011–2012)
 Thibault Lenclud – guitar (2011–2012)
 Olivier Bogaert – keyboard (2012–2016)
 Maxime Parmentier – guitar (2015–2016)
 Geoffroy Dell'Aria – bagpipes, whistles (2012–2016)

Timeline

Discography

Albums
 From Ashes to the Frozen Land (2013)
 Shaping the Soul (2017)

EPs
 Tribute to the Fallen (2011)

Singles
 Endless Horizons (2011)
 Wacken Battle Single (2013)

References

External links
 Official Web Page

Folk metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 2005
Melodic death metal musical groups
Belgian death metal musical groups
Viking metal musical groups
Folk metal
Celtic metal musical groups

Ithilien (band)


Edison, the Man is a 1940 American biographical drama movie directed by Clarence Brown and is the sequel to the 1940 movie Young Tom Edison. It stars Spencer Tracy, Rita Johnson, Charles Coburn, Gene Lockhart, Henry Travers, Lynne Overman, Gene Reynolds, Milton Parsons and was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1941.

Other websites

1940 drama movies
1940s biographical movies
American biographical movies
American drama movies
Movies directed by Clarence Brown

Edison, the Man


TAT-8 was the 8th transatlantic communications cable and first transatlantic fiber-optic cable, carrying 280 Mbit/s (40,000 telephone circuits) between the United States, United Kingdom and France. It was constructed in 1988 by a consortium of companies led by AT&T Corporation, France Télécom, and British Telecom. AT&T Bell Laboratories developed the technologies used in the cable. The system was made possible by optical amplifiers acting as repeaters with advantages over the electrical repeaters of former cables. They were less costly and could be at greater spacing with less need for associated hardware and software. It was able to serve the three countries with a single transatlantic crossing with the use of an innovative branching unit located underwater on the continental shelf off the coast of Great Britain. The cable lands in Tuckerton, New Jersey, USA, Widemouth Bay, England, UK, and Penmarch, France.

The system was built at an initial cost of US$335 million in 1988 and was retired from service in 2002. Capacity was reached in eighteen months despite optimistic predictions that the capacity would not be filled for a decade and some that it would never be filled and no other cables would be needed.

History

This was the first transatlantic cable to use optical fibers, a revolution in telecommunications. The system contained two working pairs of optical fibers; a third was reserved as a spare. The signal on each optical fiber was modulated at 295.6 Mbit/s (carrying 20 Mbit/s of traffic) and fully regenerated in equipment placed in pressure housings separated by about 40 km of cable.

There were several problems with the early reliability of this cable during its first two years of operation. The cable was buried on the continental shelf on the European and the American side of the ocean. The burial was largely effective, and the cable issues were primarily related to manufacturing defects. AT&T laid a trial optical cable in the Canary Islands in 1985. This cable did not have an electrical screen and was attacked by sharks. It was never proved whether these attacks were due to the sharks sensing the electrical radiation from the cable or the vibration of the cable moving on the sea floor where it might have been suspended, or a combination of both. TAT-8 did not have the screen conductor over the vast majority of its length, as the threat of shark attack was deemed to be small over the majority of the route. Because the Canary Island cable was the first fiber-optic cable and not a coaxial cable, the electrical interference shielding for the high voltage supply lines was removed. This removal did not affect the fiber, but it did cause feeding frenzies in sharks that swam nearby. The sharks would then attack the cable until the voltage lines killed them. This caused numerous, prolonged outages. Eventually, a shark shielding was developed for the cable and was available for TAT-8. PTAT-1, the next cable to go in the Atlantic was put in with the shark shielding across its entire length; the added reliability provided by this shield has not been fully evaluated.

The system was manufactured by a consortium of three established submarine system suppliers: AT&T, Standard Telephones and Cables and Alcatel. The idea was that each manufacturer would manufacture part of the system, so French technology procured by France Télécom would land in France, US technology in America procured by AT&T and British technology procured by BT in the UK. The systems were designed to interoperate although the regenerator supervisory systems were all proprietary. The transition between one supplier to another supplier's regenerators was achieved using a "mid-span meet". AT&T was appointed the integration coordinator and integration trials were held in Freehold, New Jersey.

Impact

In 1989, with the new available capacity due to the TAT-8 cable, IBM agreed to fund a dedicated T1 link between Cornell University and CERN, which was completed in February 1990. It greatly increased the connectivity between the American and European portions of the early Internet. This allowed Tim Berners-Lee a high-speed, direct and open connection to the NSFNET, which greatly aided the first demonstrations of the World Wide Web ten months later. It was also crucial, along with the collapse of the Warsaw Pact at the same time, to the acceptance of TCP/IP protocols in Europe.

References

AT&T buildings
British Telecom buildings and structures
France–United Kingdom relations
France–United States relations
History of the Internet
History of telecommunications in France
History of telecommunications in the United Kingdom
History of telecommunications in the United States
Infrastructure completed in 1988
Orange S.A.
Transatlantic communications cables
United Kingdom–United States relations
1988 establishments in England
1988 establishments in France
1988 establishments in New Jersey
2002 disestablishments in England
2002 disestablishments in France
2002 disestablishments in New Jersey

TAT-8


Septempeda was a Roman town in Picenum, now in the Italian region Marche. It became today's San Severino Marche after the fall of the Roman Empire.

Geography
The original Roman town Septempeda is located in the province of Macerata. The town was situated on the left bank of the river Flosis (modern River Potenza), at some 40 km inland from the Adriatic coast and at the foot of the Apennines. During the early Middle Ages the name changed into San Severino Marche and the inhabitants moved to a more westerly location. The original urban site is now abandoned and mostly used as farmland.

History
Its ancient origins, going back to the 3rd century B.C with the Roman conquest of the Picenum area in 268 B.C., are proven by early soldiers family names on many Roman tombstones, such as the gentes Baebia, Calpurnia and Flavia, but it is probable that also the social organization of the Picenes hamlets and trade center from the neighbourhood converged in the Roman centre of Septempeda.

Between the 3rd and 2nd centuries B.C. the conciliabulum and the possible praefectura were built. Around the mid-first century BC the settlement must have received municipal status and turned into a real Roman town.
Inscriptions prove that Septempeda had a basilica and temples consecrated to Jupiter and Feronia (this latter outside of the wall)

After Goth's raids in 545 a.C. Septempeda was abandoned by its inhabitants who found a refuge in the safer top of Monte Nero, a few kilometers western and on the opposite (right) side of the River Potenza.

After the barbarian incursions, the remains of Severino, last bishop of Septempeda since 540 a.C. to his death in 545 a.C., were recovered and transported (23 April 590 a.C) to Monte Nero. A legend of the Longobard age, associated to the transfer of Severino, is believed to demonstrate the existence of a veneration for the Saint, which received a written confirmation only from a document of 944 by Eudo Bishop, about the building of a church in Castello qui dicitur ad Sancto Severinum. This testifies the existence of a new toponym in the place of Septempeda,  that was soon named Castellum Sancti Severini and then simply Sanseverino, as  nowadays: San Severino Marche.

Origins of name
The origin of the name has been subject of speculations. The number seven (Latin: septem) is recurrent in the ancient and medieval town: seven Roman arms width of Septempeda's walls, seven gates of the Sanseverino walls, the Fountain of Seven Taps in the Castle of Sanseverino, seventy-seven arches of the arcade facing the main square of Sanseverino, seven younger brothers of Severino Bishops' that were hurled in seven hills to suffer and become saints because of a malediction delivered by their mother, or seven hamlets that aggregated themselves to form Septempeda. None of these explanations has been confirmed, while the best tradition claims the Roman name of Septempeda to derive from the seven hills surrounding the town, in a proud appeal to the seven hills of the Eternal City.

Research
During the past centuries, many finds have been brought to light at the ancient site of Septempeda. Most important structural discoveries were done during the excavations, in the second half of the 20th century, of two city gates, a Roman bath house, a potter's quarter, and parts of Roman houses. The well-identified walls of the town encircle a higher, hilly area north of the Roman valley road and a lower area slightly sloping towards the Potenza river. Parts of the walls in opus quadratum and two gates have been excavated. Almost centrally located are large thermal installations consisting of a courtyard, a portico, a pool, a caldarium, and other rooms with heated flooring, of which many were originally paved with mosaics. To the west of city wall and north of the main road, an industrial quarter was unearthed with a cluster of kilns for the production of tiles and pottery. Directly outside the town wall, the main road was aligned by cemeteries with a rich array of funeral monuments revealing information about the town's inhabitants.

Recent archaeological surveys undertaken since 2004 by the Potenza Valley Survey Project, a project of Ghent University directed by prof. Frank Vermeulen, have resulted in further aspects of the urbanism of the town. The surveys include intensive low-altitude aerial photography and geophysical surveys. The investigations resulted in a detailed map of the main elements of the whole town grid. It shows a series of streets parallel to the main central artery which acts as decumanus maximus of the small town. The layout of the town resembles a very irregular pentagonal plan and measures some 15 ha within the walls (intra muros). Along the main decumanus, which coincides with the modern valley road, the forum can be distinguished. It measures some 59 x 33 m and is surrounded by a series of public buildings and monuments.

The Remains
Of  the walls of the Roman city of Septempeda, located in locality "La Pieve", eastern of the present-day town, are still to be seen the  foundations and also the remains of the eastern and south-western gates and a thermal-like building, probably near the city forum.

Outside the town walls remains of a furnace for the production of pottery, a private domus with mosaics and cemetery areas with tombs from the 1st and 2nd centuries A.D. have been excavated.

The cathedral of Santa Maria in Septempeda was probably built in Late Roman times and there, according to tradition, Bishop Severino was buried and hidden to protect his remains from barbarians. Of original Romanesque style is the apse and the right hand nave. It was rebuilt in the 13th century in Gothic-Lombard style and displays some extant frescoes. It has presently been restored and can be visited, being located next to the ancient town walls.

It has presently been restored and can be visited, being located next to the ancient town walls.

See also

 Ancient Ostra
 Archaeological Park of Urbs Salvia
 Potentia (ancient city)
 Ricina
 Sentinum
 Suasa

References

Sources
 A. Gubinelli, (1975) San Severino Marche, Guida Storica Artistica, EDC ed.
 M. Landolfi, (2003) Il Museo Civico Archeologico di San Severino Marche, San Severino Marche.
 F. Vermeulen  (2012), "Topografia e processi evolutivi delle città romane della valle del Potenza (Picenum)." In: de Marinis, G., Fabrini, G.M., Paci, G., Perna, R. & Silvestrini, M. (eds.), I processi formativi ed evolutivi della città in area adriatica,  BAR International Series S 2419, Oxford, pp. 331–344.

External links
 General Department for Archaeological Monuments in the Marches - Septempeda
 Ghent University - Potenza Valley Survey Project

Roman towns and cities in Italy
Picenum
Roman sites of the Marche
Tourist attractions in le Marche
Archaeological sites in le Marche
San Severino Marche

Septempeda


Larry Lee Pressler (born March 29, 1942) is an American politician. He was the United States senator of South Dakota. He served as senator from 1979 to 1997. He was a member of the Republican Party.

Pressler ran for President of the United States in 1980, but lost to Ronald Reagan during the primary. Pressler announced in 2013, that he would run for the senate seat as an Independent. He soon lost the election to Republican Governor Mike Rounds.

Pressler was born in Humboldt, South Dakota.

References

1942 births
Living people
1980 United States presidential candidates
United States senators from South Dakota
Independent politicians in the United States
Republican Party (United States) politicians

Larry Pressler


s
Saint Patrick's Cathedral is a decorated Neo-Gothic-style Catholic cathedral church in the United States. It is the seat of the archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York, and a parish church, located on the east side of Fifth Avenue between 50th and 51st Streets in midtown Manhattan, New York City, New York. It faces Rockefeller Center.

The iconic landmark opened its doors in 1879 and underwent its initial restoration in 1949.  But by the 2000s, it was in dire need of more renovation of its deteriorating infrastructure.  On March 17, 2012 it was announced that it would undergo restorations to its infrastructure.  These renovations and restorations would be completed in time for Pope Francis' September 2015 visit.  It included among other things, a full renovation of the rectory and minor renovations to the Cardinal's residence. The iconic facility serves as the center of the clergy's religious life and this includes a library, meeting spaces, public outreach areas, a commercial kitchen and residences for the priests. This project included the full renovation of the living quarters, which included replacement of the windows, roof, elevator, fire protection systems, life safety systems, HVAC systems and all infrastructure, as well as the restoration of the historic interior finishes.

Roman Catholic cathedrals
Cathedrals in the United States
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
New York City Designated Landmarks

St. Patrick's Cathedral (New York)


The following units and commanders fought in the Battle of Lanfeng in May 1938.

China

1st War Area - Cheng Qian
Eastern Honan Army - Xue Yue
64th Army  - Li Han-huen
155th Division - Chen Kung-hsin
187th Division - Peng Ling-cheng
8th Army - Huang Chieh
40th Division - Lo Li-jung
102nd Division - Po Hui-chang
74th Army - Wang Yaowu
51st Division - Wang Yao-wu
58th Division - Feng Sheng-fa
71st Army   Song Xilian
87th Division [2]
88th Division - Long Muhan

Reinforcements [May22nd]
 17th Corps - Hu Zongnan - May22nd
 1st Army - Li Tieh-chun
 1st Division - Li Tieh-chun
 78th Division - Li Wen
 27th Army - Kuei Yung-ching
 36th Division [2] - Chiang Fu-sheng
 46th Division - Li Liang-yung
 200th Division (1st Column) - Qiu Qingquan
 Tank battalion *
 Infantry battalion
 Engineer battalion
 Armored car battalion
 Antiaircraft unit
 Motor maintenance unit
 Antitank battalion

Note:
 * Tanks of the 1st Column's armoured battalion would have been equipped with new Soviet T-26 tanks. (There is some photographic evidence that there were some of the Italian CV-33 tanks there as well. One was photographed on the Lanfeng battlefield with three Japanese troops examining it. see photo and discussion http://www.china-defense.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=512 )

Japan

North China Area Army - Juichi Terauchi [1,3]

1st Army - Kyoji Kotsuki
14th Division - Kenji Doihara
27th Infantry Brigade
2nd Infantry Regiment
59th Infantry Regiment
28th Infantry Brigade
15th Infantry Regiment
50th Infantry Regiment
20th Field Artillery Regiment
18th Cavalry Regiment
14th Engineer Regiment
14th Transport Regiment

Note: IJA 1st Army had these armoured units directly under its command that could have been assigned to 14th Division: [3]
1st Independent Light Armored Car Squadron
5th Independent Light Armored Car Squadron
2nd Tank Battalion

Sources

[1] Hsu Long-hsuen and Chang Ming-kai, History of The Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) 2nd Ed., 1971. Translated by Wen Ha-hsiung, Chung Wu Publishing; 33, 140th Lane, Tung-hwa Street, Taipei, Taiwan Republic of China.

page 230-235

Map. 9-2

[2] German trained Division.  Note these divisions had been badly mauled in the battles of Shanghai and of Nanking in 1937 and were no longer the crack units they once were.

[3] 抗日战争时期的侵华日军序列沿革 (Order of battle of the Japanese army that invaded China during the Sino Japanese War)

[4] 國軍精銳---國民革命軍第二○○師  Elite Troops of the National Revolutionary Army, the 200th Division, (in Chinese)
  Translation

Second Sino-Japanese War orders of battle
Battles of the Second Sino-Japanese War

Order of battle of the Battle of Lanfeng


Sam Allen (December 25, 1861 – September 13, 1934) was an American actor known for his role as Uncle Hughey in The Virginian (1923). He founded a brewery and a hotel complex.

In 1910 he left the stage and joined as an actor on the silver screen. Between 1921 and 1930 he appeared in 18 features: The Conflict (1921) with Priscilla Dean and Herbert Rawlinson, The Son of the Wolf (1922) with Wheeler Oakman and Edith Roberts, Are you a Failure (1923) with Madge Bellamy and Lloyd Hughes, the western The Virginian with Kenneth Harlan and Florence Vidor, the comedy Bashful Buccaneer (1925) with Reed Howes and Dorothy Dwan, Timber Wolf with Buck Jones and Elinor Fair, The Call of the Klondike (1926) with Gaston Glass and Wanda Hawley, The Sea Beast with John Barrymore and Dolores Costello, Black Jack (1927) with Buck Jones and Barbara Bennett, Death Valley (1927) with Carroll Nye and Roda Rae, Woman's Law with Pat O'Malley and Lillian Rich, Burning Bridges (1928) with Harry Carey and Kathleen Collins, and The Sea Wolf (1930) with Milton Sills.

Filmography

References

External links

1861 births
1934 deaths
American male silent film actors
20th-century American male actors
Male actors from Baltimore

Sam Allen (actor)


Christina Tosi (born 1981) is an American chef and cookbook author. She is founder and co-owner with Momofuku of Milk Bar and serves as its chef and chief executive officer. Food & Wine magazine included her in their 2014 list of "Most Innovative Women in Food and Drink".

She is the author of several cookbooks. She has served as a judge on the reality competition MasterChef and presented for the Netflix series Bake Squad. She has won two James Beard Foundation awards.

She created Milk Bar Pie and Cereal Milk.

Early life and education
Tosi was born in 1981 in Berea, Ohio; her father, Gino Tosi, was an agricultural economist and her mother managing partner in an accounting firm. The couple divorced while Tosi was a teenager, and she was raised primarily in Springfield, Virginia. She has an older sister, Angela. Tosi recalls not being allowed to say "I can't" or "I'm bored".

Her interest in baking dates to her childhood; both of her grandmothers are "avid bakers", according to Tosi. Her parents both had a sweet tooth. She ran track in high school and still runs regularly. She was interested in math and foreign languages. In college she worked serving tables and then as a prep cook and baker.

Tosi studied electrical engineering for one year at the University of Virginia and graduated from James Madison University with degrees in applied mathematics and Italian, then enrolled in the French Culinary Institute's pastry arts program. While attending culinary school she worked as a host at Aquagrill, eventually being promoted to maître d'hotel.

Culinary career
Tosi externed and then worked at Bouley, interned at Saveur, and then worked at wd~50. She found the exacting plating required in fine dining wasn't something she enjoyed and decided she didn't want to work as an executive pastry chef in fine dining restaurants. Tosi had In 2005 helped to write wd~50s Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point plan. On the recommendation of Wylie Dufresne, David Chang hired Tosi in 2005 at Momofuku to create a plan for Momofuku, which had just discovered they needed such a plan in order to cook with a vacuum-sealing system. Chang hired Tosi to create the plan, then eventually to do other administrative work and liaise with the NYC Department of Health. According to the New York Times the job was "so loosely defined" that her duties were described as "et cetera". Now not baking professionally, Tosi started baking at home again and brought her homebaked items in for other staff. Chang eventually moved her to a position developing and overseeing the restaurant group's pastry program.

There were no desserts on Chang's menu when Tosi came on board, and she created her own pastries inspired by the flavors of childhood favorites, developing recipes such as Cereal Milk-flavored panna cotta.
In 2008, a space next door to Momofuku Ssam Bar's became available, and Chang encouraged Tosi to open her own shop, which she named Milk Bar. Tosi created the original logo herself by simply typing 'milk' in Brush Script Medium.

Milk Bar first opened its doors on November 15, 2008. When they first opened, Milk Bar had a team of only five people and were often open for 16 hours a day. Tosi's approach was to use pastry chef techniques to create comfort-food influenced desserts served in a casual setting. She serves as Milk Bar's chef and chief executive officer.

Culinary influence
She developed recipes such as Cereal Milk, Compost Cookies, Crack Pie (now known as Milk Bar Pie) and Candy Bar Pie.

In 2017 Ben & Jerry's introduced a line of flavors that Eater called a [blatant ripoff] of Tosi's Cereal Milk.

According to the New York Times in 2021, "Nothing bears the trademark of the pastry chef Christina Tosi more than her cereal milk flavor." According to the Seattle Times in 2022, Tosi is "often credited with starting the soft-serve craze in restaurants".

Axios in 2022 called Tosi's cereal milk and crack pie creations "cult favorites". Francis Fabricant said Tosi "made Cereal Milk soft-serve and the Compost Cookie household names".

Books

Tosi has written several cookbooks and a memoir.

Tosi's Momofuku Milk Bar (2011), a cookbook containing recipes from the restaurant, was published by Clarkson Potter.  Susan Chang in The Washington Post called it "a hard-core baking book, dense with text, full of sub-recipes", recipes which are ingredients for the main recipe and need to be prepared prior to preparing the main recipe. Melanie Haupt in the Austin Chronicle agreed that preparation of some of the recipes was "a massive pain" to prepare due to the many sub-recipes required.

Tosi's Milk Bar Life (2015) was published by Random House. Washington Post reviewer Chang said "There's something intellectually provocative about 'Milk Bar Life,' with its mad juxtapositions of Fruity Pebbles and slow-simmered sauces", but that "after the chemical party in your mouth subsides, you might just find yourself longing for a poached pear". Jenny Rosenstrach of the New York Times Book Review wrote of her second book, "It's impossible not to be charmed by the chatty Tosi and her hot pink and bubble-letter-filled never-never land..."

Tosi's Dessert Can Save the World (2022) was described by Publishers Weekly as a "clumpy mix of memoir and self-help", saying that "Despite the delicious premise, the filling leaves much to be desired."

Media
Tosi joined the judging panel of MasterChef on Fox beginning with its sixth season, which premiered May 20, 2015, as well as the fourth season of MasterChef Junior, which premiered November 6, 2015. In April 2018 she was featured in an episode of Chef's Table: Pastry. She has presented for the Netflix series Bake Squad and been a judge on Chopped.

At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, Tosi launched Bake Club, a virtual space where participants could bake alongside her daily.

Tosi has made advertising appearances for Subaru, American Express, Kellogg's, and Estée Lauder.

Recognition
In 2014 Food and Wine Magazine named Tosi to their list of "Most Innovative Women in Food and Drink". The New York Times. called her Cereal Milk "the brilliant idea of making soft-serve from the milk at the bottom of a cereal bowl."

Tosi received the James Beard Foundation award for Rising Star Chef of the Year for her work at Milk Bar in 2012, the first pastry chef to do so. In 2015, she received the James Beard Outstanding Pastry Chef award. In 2016, Crain's New York Business included Tosi in their annual list of the top 40 business persons working in New York City who are under the age of 40.

Personal life
The New York Times describes Tosi as "an introvert in overalls who carries math problems in her purse, along with embroidery thread to make friendship bracelets". She makes popsicle stick art and runs daily.

On July 30, 2016, Tosi married New York City-based restaurateur Will Guidara, co-owner of Eleven Madison Park. In March 2021, the couple had a daughter. They lived in a Flatiron penthouse which according to the New York Times they purchased in 2016 for $3.7 million. The penthouse was eventually sold in October 2022 for $4.4 million.

Bibliography

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
American bakers
American cookbook writers
American writers of Italian descent
American women restaurateurs
American restaurateurs
American television chefs
Businesspeople from New York City
Businesspeople from Ohio
Businesspeople from Virginia
International Culinary Center alumni
James Madison University alumni
Judges in American reality television series
Pastry chefs
People from Springfield, Virginia
University of Virginia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
Women cookbook writers
American women chefs
Writers from New York City
Writers from Ohio
Writers from Virginia
James Beard Foundation Award winners
American women non-fiction writers
21st-century American women writers
21st-century American businesspeople
21st-century American businesswomen

Christina Tosi


Eastham Public Library is the public library of Eastham, Massachusetts that has been serving the community for over 130 years. It provides a collection of print, non-print, and electronic resources for the community. The Eastham Public Library is a part of the Cape Libraries Automated Materials Sharing library network on Cape Cod and the Islands.

History
In 1644, Eastham, Massachusetts was settled by Pilgrims who were no longer satisfied in the Plymouth Colony. The town's name was officially changed from Nauset to Eastham when the town was incorporated. Nevertheless, the official "creation" of Eastham's first library was not until February 11, 1878 when town meeting approved allotting $175 for a library.

The Eastham library was first housed in a building on Samoset Road that also contained a general store and the Post Office. William H. Nickerson gave the land that the library still resides on to the Village Improvement Society (V.I.S.) in 1887. It took several years to build the library, but the trustees opened the building to the public on January 8, 1898.

The V.I.S. eventually sold the library to the town in 1903 for one dollar. That same year, the library received $15,000 from the will of Robert C. Billings. In 1927, electricity was brought to the building and a toilet was installed in 1934. In 1961, the building was expanded to double its size in order to match the quickly growing town. Between 1961 and 1985, the year-round population of Eastham tripled and this meant that the library needed to expand as well. The library almost tripled in size and was opened to the public in July 1988.

In 1999, the part of the library that was the original library was added to the National Register of Historic Places as a part of the Eastham Center Historic District. The original library is the front room of the current library that now holds the Reference and Local History collections.

Today

As of the 1988 addition, the library now has two floors. The lower level is divided into a children's room, a hall for young adults, a small multipurpose room, a staffroom, a restroom, storage, a conference room, and the Eastham Historical Society's archives. The top level holds the adult collection, which is composed of nonfiction, fiction, large print, audiovisual materials, and a magazine collection. There is a small reading room, public computers, two restrooms, and a reference/local history room as well. The local history section contains 1750 titles that reflect the town's long history and its position in history as one of the early settlements of the Mayflower pilgrims. Throughout the year, the library offers programs for adults, children, and teens. While the library is one of the lowest staffed libraries on Cape Cod, it stays open 5 days a week for a total of 38 hours.

Governance
The Board of Library Trustees is composed of three elected members who govern the library along with the library's director (an employee of the Town of Eastham)

Friends of the Eastham Library
For over 30 years, the library has received enormous support from the Friends of the Eastham Library. They provide the library with a volunteer corps of over 30 volunteers that the library heavily relies on in order to keep functioning. Most of the income of the Friends of the Eastham Library comes from membership dues and from book sales. The library received $32,000 from them in FY 2005 in order to purchase materials, furniture, books, and equipment. The money is also used to support programs for adults and children.

Quick Facts
Address: 190 Samoset Road, Eastham, MA
Wireless: Available 24/7 because it is accessible from outside the library
Archives: The Eastham Historical Society's archives are housed in the Vivian Andrist Room on the lower level and the public can access it by appointment.
Layout: Two floors- the lower level is mostly underground
Square Footage:

Hours
Monday- Closed
Tuesday- 10am to 8pm
Wednesday- 10am to 4pm
Thursday-10am to 8pm
Friday- 10am to 4pm
Saturday- 10am to 4pm
Sunday- Closed

Circulation
In 1898, the library contained 1,351 volumes and the circulation was 1,305
In 1948, the library owned 7,125 volumes and circulated 4,264 items
In 1988, the collection was 17,534 volumes because it was heavily weeded in preparation for the new addition. The circulation was still 61,658.
In 1998, the library had 36,979 items in its collection and circulation was at 94,389.
In 2008, the library circulated 107,897 items (it has consistently stayed over 100,000 items since 2000) and it had 48,860 items in its collection.

The future

The library building is now over 20 years old and is not compliant with Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. In 2005, the Board of Trustees and library staff began to look into expanding the library to meet the new needs of the ever-increasing Eastham community. They hope to demolish everything but the historic portion of the current library and build a  building. The new building would be ADA compliant (important for Eastham's generally older population, especially) and energy efficient, with flexible spaces to provide a cultural center for the town to use as needed. The new library would also provide much needed space for new technologies and formats.

References

External links
 The Eastham Public Library's Official Website
 The Town of Eastham's Official Website

Libraries in Barnstable County, Massachusetts
Public libraries in Massachusetts
1878 establishments in Massachusetts

Eastham Public Library