The following events occurred in June 1969:

June 1, 1969 (Sunday)
Former Prime Minister Georges Pompidou and Acting President of France Alain Poher finished first and second in a field of seven candidates in the first round of the French presidential election.  Pompidou received almost 45% of the ballots cast, and Poher edged Communist Party candidate Jacques Duclos split another 44% of the votes, with Poher getting 23% to Duclos's 21%.  Because none of the candidates received a majority of the votes, a runoff election between Pompidou and Poher was set for two weeks later.
Died:
Attilio Degrassi, 81, Italian archaeologist and specialist in epigraphy, the collection and analysis of information from inscriptions on ancient works.
Ivar Ballangrud, 65, Norwegian speed skater who won three gold medals at the 1936 Winter Olympics

June 2, 1969 (Monday)
The United States Supreme Court voted 6 to 2 in the case of Boykin v. Alabama to set aside a death sentence meted out to an African-American who had pleaded guilty to the armed robbery of five stores in Mobile, Alabama, holding that it was clear from the transcript of the case that Edward Boykin's plea had been made without any indication that he had been made aware of its consequences.  Writing for the majority, Justice William O. Douglas said "A plea of guilty is more than an admission of conduct; it is a conviction... Ignorance, incomprehension, terror, inducements, subtle or blatant threats might be a perfect cover-up of unconstitutionality.  What is at stake for an accused facing death or imprisonment demands utmost solicitude of which courts are capable, in canvassing the matter with the accused, to make sure he has a full understanding of what the plea connotes and of its consequence... So far as the record shows, the judge asked no questions of [Boykin] concerning his plea, and [Boykin] did not address the court.  Boykin had been scheduled to go to the electric chair in June 1968 despite the fact that nobody had been killed in the robberies, and the only injury had been when a girl was struck in the leg by the ricochet of a bullet.  The Court did not reach the question of whether a state could impose the death penalty for armed robbery without fatalities.

June 3, 1969 (Tuesday)
Seventy-four U.S. Navy men were killed when their destroyer, the USS Frank E. Evans, was accidentally rammed and sliced in two by the Australian aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne.  The Frank E. Evans had a crew of 273 when the collision took place during pre-dawn maneuvers at 4:12 in the morning Philippine Time (0812 Monday UTC).  The Melbourne was able to lash the stern of the American destroyer to its side to keep it upright, and the 197 people on board that section of the ship survived.  All but two of the other 76 people remaining at the front of the Frank E. Evans sank with the bow in  of ocean; most of them had been sleeping in their quarters beneath decks.  Three of the dead were brothers, Cary Sage, Gregory Sage and Kelly Sage of Niobrara, Nebraska.  The ships had been maneuvering in the South China Sea as part of maneuvers among the navies of the SEATO, the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization.  A subsequent investigation by a joint Australian and American board of inquiry found that on May 31, the Melbourne had come within  of colliding with another American ship, the USS Everett F. Larson.
The 79th and last original episode of Star Trek, "Turnabout Intruder", was telecast on NBC as the network shifted the series from its 10:00 p.m. Eastern time slot to a regular 7:30 p.m. Tuesday night location for its summer re-runs.  By then, NBC had announced that it would not renew the science fiction drama for a fourth season.  The episode had been scheduled for March 28 but had been preempted by a news report about the life of Dwight D. Eisenhower, who had died earlier that day.  With an earlier broadcast time, the reruns drew more viewers than the original shows had received, a precursor to what would happen next.  Never high in the Nielsen ratings during its years on NBC, the show would attain greater popularity in broadcast syndication, starting as early as September 15.

June 4, 1969 (Wednesday)
All 79 persons on board Mexicana Flight 704 were killed when the Boeing 727 crashed while making its approach to Monterrey on a flight from Mexico City.  Approaching the airport in a torrential rain and with low visibility, the Mexican airplane turned left rather than right when ordered to enter a holding pattern, and struck a vertical face of the Fraile del Cerro, a  peak in the Sierra Madre Oriental.
Armando Socarras Ramirez, a 22-year old refugee from Cuba, arrived in Madrid on Iberia Airlines Flight 942 from Havana, after he and a companion climbed into the wheel compartments of the Douglas DC-8 as it was taxiing for takeoff.  Ground crew workers in Madrid were surprised when Socarras, nearly frozen from a seven and a half hour ride in the unpressurized wheel compartment, fell out of the right wheel well after the airliner came to a stop.  Socarras had endured an air temperature as low as  and with little oxygen when the DC-8 was cruising at an altitude of  over the Atlantic Ocean, and reports at the time concluded that he "is believed to be the first person in medical history, apart from heart transplant patients, who has been frozen alive and recovered."  Socarras told investigators that the other stowaway, 16-year old Jorge Perez Blanco, had climbed into the left side wheel well and was believed to have fallen to his death after the airline pilot noticed that the landing gear hadn't fully retracted and had lowered it a second time.  Two weeks later, however, several new arrivals from Cuba reported that Perez Blanco had apparently tumbled onto the runway while the plane was taxiing for a takeoff, and that he had been taken to jail.
Died:
Rafael Osuna, 30, Mexican professional tennis player and winner of the 1963 U.S. Open and three Grand Slam doubles titles, in the crash of Mexicana Flight 704.
Carlos A. Madrazo, 53, Mexican politician and former Chairman of Mexico's ruling political party, the PRI, in the crash of Mexicana Flight 704.

June 5, 1969 (Thursday)
In the first authenticated case of falling space debris causing damage on Earth, the Japanese freighter ship Dai Chi Chinei was heavily damaged by wreckage from a Soviet spacecraft that had re-entered Earth's atmosphere. Five of the crewmen on the Dai Chi Chinei were seriously injured by a chunk of debris while the freighter was traversing the Strait of Tartary between the island of Sakhalin and mainland Siberia, and the accident was then investigated and confirmed by the United Nations. According to the Japanese crew, two Soviet Navy ships arrived at the site shortly after the freighter had been struck.
The Tupolev Tu-144 supersonic jet became the first civilian airliner to be test flown faster than the speed of sound.
Moscow hosted the International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties, a gathering of the leaders and representatives of the communist parties of the world's nations.
"Rivet Amber", a U.S. Air Force RC-135E reconnaissance spy plane similar to one shot by North Korea a month earlier, disappeared along with all 19 of its crew while flying an exercise over the Aleutian Islands in Alaska. Although the plane was not shot down, it sent a distress call to Elmendorf Air Force Base as it traveled between the island of Shemya and Eielson Air Force Base, and was believed to have been monitoring Soviet radar and radio communications from a distance. No trace of the aircraft nor its crew has ever been found.
Born: Jack Smith, American attorney, Special Counsel for the U.S. Department of Justice; in Syracuse, New York

June 6, 1969 (Friday)
The United States Court of Appeals voided the "Hershey Directive" that had been sent to American draft boards by General Lewis B. Hershey, the director of the Selective Service System.  In a letter sent on October 24, 1967, General Hershey had suggested that local draft boards reclassify the status of any anti-government protesters who had a deferment, with an upgrade to 1-A permitting immediate induction into the selective service.  The court wrote that the Hershey letter was a "declaration of war against anti-war protesters" that had no basis in the law but that was made "full-grown from the head of General Hershey without benefit of reference of any provision" of the draft law.
New York Jets quarterback Joe Namath called a press conference to announce, with tears in his eyes, that he was retiring from professional football, less than six months after being the Most Valuable Player of Super Bowl III, in the wake of a threatened suspension by pro football commissioner Pete Rozelle. Namath had been ordered to sell his one-half interest in a New York restaurant, Bachelors III, because some of the restaurant's regular customers were bookies who were taking gambling bets on the restaurant premises and others were members of organized crime.  Namath would reverse his position a few weeks later and report to the Jets' training camp in July.
Died: British Army General Miles Dempsey, 72, known for commanding the British Second Army assault on Gold, Juno and Sword Beaches on D-Day, the Allied invasion of Normandy.  General Dempsey's passing took place on the 25th anniversary of D-Day.

June 7, 1969 (Saturday)
The American Echo 2 communications satellite, the largest () artificial Earth satellite of all time, re-entered the atmosphere and burned up after having been visible by most of the world's residents since its launch on January 25, 1964.  Consisting of a rigid mylar and aluminum balloon, Echo 2 was last seen at 7:36 in the morning local time (1036 UTC) from Comodoro Rivadavia in Argentina and was estimated to have burned up over Great Britain by 7:00 in the afternoon local time (1900 UTC).
The long-awaited debut of Eric Clapton and Steve Winwood performing together in the short-lived "supergroup" Blind Faith took place in front of 100,000 people in London's Hyde Park.  Guitarist/vocalist Clapton and drummer Peter "Ginger" Baker came from the recently disbanded rock group Cream; Winwood had been playing keyboards and was lead singer for Traffic, the first supergroup.  Bassist Ric Grech from Family completed the quartet.  Blind Faith would release their only album in August, and do concerts in Europe and the United States for eleven weeks before playing their final show in Honolulu on August 24.
The U.S. Department of Defense expanded its AUTOVON (an acronym for AUTOomatic VOice Network) to its military posts worldwide, giving priority to all defense-related phone calls over civilian phone lines.
Born: Kim Rhodes, American television actress, in Portland, Oregon
Died: Dan Bullock, 15, United States Marine and the youngest American serviceman to be killed in the Vietnam War.  Bullock, an African-American living in Brooklyn after moving from North Carolina, had been only 14 years old when he altered his birth certificate to show that he was 18 years old.  He was killed while guarding the An Hoa Combat Base in South Vietnam.

June 8, 1969 (Sunday)
Following a meeting at Midway Island between U.S. President Richard Nixon and South Vietnamese President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, President Nixon announced that 25,000 American troops would be withdrawn from the Vietnam War by the end of September.  The first group to be removed from South Vietnam would be 900 combat infantrymen from the 9th Infantry Division of the United States Army, who would be "airlifted to the continental United States for inactivation", according to Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird.  Withdrawal would be completed between July 8 and August 28.
Twelve members of one family— two parents and 10 of their children ranging in age from six months old to 17 years old were killed in an arson fire that destroyed their home in Parkersburg, West Virginia.  The only survivors were two of the other children, aged 15 and 13, and their grandfather. Two days later, the surviving teenagers were arrested after police said that the 15-year-old girl had told them that they intentionally set the blaze following an argument with their parents.  After the teens were indicted for murder and the case scheduled for trial, the Wood County, West Virginia, circuit court would rule "that an alleged confession [by the girl] and subsequent evidence turned up by the confession were obtained without her knowingly and intelligently waiving her rights" and were thus inadmissible.  On April 17, 1970, the murder charges would be dismissed because the only evidence linking the teenagers to the crime was no longer available.
Died: Robert Taylor (stage name for Spangler Brugh), 57, American film and television star; from lung cancer

June 9, 1969 (Monday)

Shortly after midnight, the government of Spain closed its border with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar, located on the south of the Iberian peninsula.  While Gibraltarians had been barred from Spain since May 1968, about 4,800 Spanish citizens had been allowed to work in Gibraltar (which had a resident population of about 24,500 at the time) and would no longer be allowed to work there.  On June 28, Spain halted the ferry service that brought tourists to Gibraltar from its Mediterranean Sea port of Algeciras in the Province of Cádiz.  After more than 13 years, the border closing would be partially lifted on December 15, 1982, and the "big green gate" at the Spanish town of La Línea de la Concepción would be opened for thousands of Spanish citizens and Gibraltarians were allowed to walk through.  The frontier gate across the road crossing would remain closed for more than 15 years until 30 seconds past midnight, local time, on February 5, 1985.
For the first time in American history, the Federal Reserve Board of Governors approved an increase of a full percentage point in the U.S. prime rate — the minimum interest rate for an American bank to loan money. Although previous increases had been for one-half or one-quarter of a point, the rate was increased from % to %, the highest up to that time.  The rate would be lowered to 8% on March 25, 1970, and continue to drop during the Nixon administration, reaching a low of  on February 16, 1972, then begin rising, reaching 12% by the time of Nixon's resignation in 1974, before dropping again during the presidency of Gerald Ford; during the administration of Jimmy Carter, the rate would rise from % to a record high of % on December 19, 1980.  The "prime rate" is that which is reserved for borrowers with the highest credit, with higher interest rates than prime permitted for borrowers considered to be at risk for default.
President Nixon's nomination of Warren E. Burger for Chief Justice of the United States was confirmed by the Democrat-dominated United States Senate, 74 to 3, with only Stephen M. Young of Ohio, Gaylord Nelson of Wisconsin, and Eugene J. McCarthy (from Burger's home state of Minnesota), all Democrats, voting no.

June 10, 1969 (Tuesday)
The Viet Cong organization, officially called the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (NLF), announced that it had selected leaders for its "Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam" (PRG), a "government in exile" to assume leadership if the Viet Cong and North Vietnam were successful in conquering South Vietnam. Former South Vietnamese lawyer and NLF president Nguyễn Hữu Thọ was named as chairman of the advisory council to the PRG, and Huỳnh Tấn Phát was named the PRG Council President. After the fall of Saigon to Communist forces on April 30, 1975, the two men would administer South Vietnam on behalf of North Vietnam until the official reunification of the two nations as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on July 2, 1976.
A column of Soviet troops and tanks crossed the border from the Kazakh SSR (now the nation of Kazakhstan) into the Xinjiang autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, moving through Yumin County, where shots were exchanged between Chinese borders guards and the invaders. The Soviets denied invading China and accused the Chinese of provoking an attack by sending a group of soldiers roughly  into Soviet territory. Although the Soviets and Chinese had fought in March on a disputed island in the Ussuri River, the border crossings were the first penetrations over the land boundary between the two nuclear superpowers.

Pope Paul VI became the first Pontiff of the Roman Catholic Church to visit Switzerland, landing in Geneva for 12 hours to visit the headquarters of the World Council of Churches in the traditional "intellectual center of Protestant thought". The Pope was greeted by the Reverend Eugene Carson Blake, an American Presbyterian minister and General Secretary of the World Council, where the two discussed issues relating to future Christian unity. The Council itself was composed of representatives of 234 different denominations of Protestant and Orthodox organizations, and the event marked the highest-level meeting of the leaders of Catholic and non-Catholic Christians. The Pope also delivered a speech at the annual world meeting of the International Labour Organization, which was celebrating its 50th anniversary, and which had 1,700 delegates from 121 nations.

Further work on the Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL), the U.S. Air Force's planned military space station, was halted on orders of American President Richard Nixon as part of a cut of the defense budget. Ever since the first announcement in 1963 of the planned MOL (which would have featured two USAF astronauts working for 30 days at a time "to inspect and destroy, if necessary, hostile satellites"), $1.3 billion had been spent on the project and another $1.5 billion was projected to be paid over until completion in 1974, which was already  years behind schedule and was 50% more expensive than originally projected. The end of the American program, in effect, brought an end to the need of the MOL's counterpart in the Soviet Union, the Almaz ("Diamond") space station (which would be modified for launch as the civilian Salyut 2 station). By 1969, however, the reconnaissance features of both the MOL and Almaz had been made obsolete by unmanned spy satellites.

June 11, 1969 (Wednesday)
Mankind's first trip by sled across the Arctic Ocean came to a successful conclusion as a pair of helicopters picked up the four members of the British Trans-Arctic Expedition — Wally Herbert, Roy Koerner, Allan Gill, and Kenneth Hedges — from the Norwegian island of Vesle Tavleøya and transported them to the Royal Navy patrol ship HMS Endurance; Herbert would tell reporters later that "We envisaged the grand finale with the four dog teams and sledges pulling close to the ship or, even better, the party landing on West Spitsbergen island and sledging down the fjord and over the glaciers to meet the Endurance," rather than having to end the journey with a helicopter flight.  The four had departed, along with their 34-dog team of huskies, from Point Barrow, Alaska, on February 21, 1968, going northward on the 156th meridian west, passing the North Pole on April 5, 1969, and then proceeding in a straight line southward along the 24th meridian east. arriving at Tavleøya on May 29, 1969, and finishing a journey of .
Born: Peter Dinklage, American stage, film and television actor known for Game of Thrones; in Morristown, New Jersey
Died: John L. Lewis, 80, American labor leader who built the United Mine Workers of America into one of the most powerful labor unions in America during his 40 years as UMWA President

June 12, 1969 (Thursday)

For the first time in history, part of Niagara Falls was "turned off", as a cofferdam was put in place behind the American Falls portion of the U.S. and Canadian waterfall. Horseshoe Falls and the Bridal Veil Falls continued to flow without interruption, but the American Falls were allowed to run dry.  For the next five months and 13 days, repairs were made to prevent erosion of the riverbed and tourists were allowed to walk across part of the area where the river had run its course.  The dam would be removed on November 25 and all three portions of Niagara Falls have flowed continuously since then.
Canada's Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968–69, decriminalizing abortion and homosexual relationships, was approved by voice vote in the Senate of Canada following its third reading, after having passed Commons on May 14.  The legislation (which still required royal assent before taking effect) legalized abortion in Canada on condition that a pregnancy could be terminated if a consensus of three physicians at a licensed hospital determined that the mother's health, not otherwise defined, was in danger.  The bill also allowed gay relations between two consenting adults (age 21 or older) in private dwellings.
NASA announced that Apollo 11 was cleared for launch on July 16 for the first manned landing on the Moon.  U.S. Air Force Lieutenant General Samuel C. Phillips, the director of the Apollo program gave the go-ahead after an 80-minute telephone conference between NASA officials at Houston, Cape Kennedy, Huntsville and Washington.  The alternative would have been to postpone the launch until August.  NASA released a timetable four days later, with the original date of Neil Armstrong's first steps on the Moon being set for Monday, July 21, at 2:22 in the morning Eastern Time (0722 UTC) However, NASA would accede to American public demand for the event to be seen on prime time television, and allow Armstrong to descend from the craft six and half hours after landing rather than ten hours, and mankind's first steps on the Moon would take place at 9:56 pm Eastern on July 20 (0256 UTC).
Died: Aleksandr Deyneka, 70, Soviet Russian painter

June 13, 1969 (Friday)
The "Amen break", a 6-second drum solo that would become "the most sampled musical track of all time", was recorded for the first time.  Drummer G. C. Coleman of The Winstons performed the 4-bar beat 86 seconds into the song "Amen, Brother", which then became the "B-side" of the 45 rpm vinyl recording of The Winstons' hit single "Color Him Father". For 15 years, "Amen, Brother" would be forgotten until the mid-1980s, when "sampling" came into use when DJs in hip hop music dance clubs used Coleman's six-second "snare-and-cymbal sequence" to make the transition between one song and the next.  By 2015, the "Amen break" would be part of more than 1,500 songs and the number would approaching 3,000 within the first 50 years after it was recorded
Born: Søren Rasted, Danish musician and co-founder of the group Aqua; in Blovstrød

June 14, 1969 (Saturday)
Dr. Joseph Weber, a physicist at the University of Maryland, announced the first detection and measurement proving the existence of gravitational waves, confirming a theory that had been postulated by Dr. Albert Einstein in 1916 as part of his general theory of relativity.  An astronomer at Maryland, Dr. Gart Westerhout, told a press conference "This is a discovery comparable to the discovery of radio waves."  Weber and Westerhout reported that the waves had been measured by detectors at both the university in College Park, Maryland, and at the Argonne Laboratory in Chicago.  Weber had been attempting to find the gravitational wave since 1958, when he built a 3,000 pound aluminum cylinder as a detector for that purpose.  Ten years later, it would be reported that "The response from the scientific community was almost unanimous in its hostility," and as other groups failed to detect the same results after building the same detection equipment, Weber would be referred to by some physicists as "The Don Quixote of College Park",  Scientists would continue to search for confirmation of the gravitational wave and on September 14, 2015, almost 15 years after Weber's death on September 30, 2000, physicist Rainer Weiss of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) would measure a gravitational wave for the first time using the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO).
Born: Steffi Graf, German professional tennis player, and winner of 22 championships in the four Grand Slam tournaments, including all four (Wimbledon and the Australian, French and U.S. Open) in 1988; in Mannheim, West Germany

June 15, 1969 (Sunday)

Former Prime Minister Georges Pompidou was elected as the new President of France, defeating Acting President Alain Poher in the runoff vote by a 58% to 42% margin.  Pompidou and Poher had finished first and second in the first round of voting on June 1.
Hee Haw, an American television show aimed at fans of country music, was aired for the first time, appearing on the CBS network at 9:00 Eastern time.  Popular with viewers, and hated by TV critics, the show was described by one reviewer as "a hayseed version of Laugh-In" with "probably the worst title of any show to come along this season" while another wrote "Country-Western it is.  'Laugh-In' it ain't."  Hosted by Roy Clark and Buck Owens, the show filled the time slot formerly held by the Smothers Brothers and would run on CBS for two years, then spend 22 years in syndication.
Born:
Ice Cube, American rap music star and actor, as well as co-founder of the BIG3 pro basketball league; as O'Shea Jackson in Los Angeles
Jansher Khan, Pakistani squash player who was ranked number one in the world from 1988 to 1998, winner of eight World Opens and six British Opens; in Peshawar
Oliver Kahn, German goalkeeper for Bayern Munich and the Germany national team; in Karlsruhe, West Germany
Maurice Odumbe, Kenyan cricketer who was banned for five years from the sport for match-fixing; in Nairobi

June 16, 1969 (Monday)
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled, 7 to 1, that the U.S. House of Representatives had acted improperly in voting not to allow Adam Clayton Powell Jr. to take his seat in Congress after the 1966 elections. On March 1, 1967, the House had voted, 248 to 176, to bar Powell from representing New York's 18th Congressional District.  After Powell had been elected again in 1968, the House had seated him but voted not restore his seniority for purposes of committee selections, treating the 24-year veteran instead as a first-time member of Congress and fining him $25,000.  Writing for the majority, outgoing Chief Justice Earl Warren said that since Powell "was duly elected by the voters... and was not ineligible to serve under any provision of the Constitution, the House was without power to exclude him from its membership."  Powell's suit was remanded to District Court for consideration of his claim for $60,000 in back pay for the two years of his 1967-1969 term.
Born:
MC Ren, American rapper, as Lorenzo Patterson in Compton, California; he and Ice Cube, born one day apart, were both in the rap group N.W.A.
Sam Register, American television producer and President of Warner Bros. Animation; in New York City
Died: Sir Harold Alexander, 77, British Army Field Marshal, Supreme Allied Commander of the Mediterranean Forces in World War II, and later the Governor General of Canada from 1946 to 1952

June 17, 1969 (Tuesday)
Boris Spassky became the new World Chess Champion when Tigran Petrosian elected to accept a draw rather than to continue playing the 23rd game in the 24-game series.  The game had adjourned the night before following the 41st move.  With a win counting for one point and a draw worth half a point, Spassky had a 12-point to 10-point lead over Petrosian.  Under the rules of FIDE, the World Chess Federation, the champion would retain the title even if the series ended at 12–12; the challenger needed 12½ points to win, and Petrosian's concession to have Game 23 end as a draw gave Spassky the 12½ to 11½ victory in the match.
Voters in New York City's primary elections rejected the nominations of incumbent Mayor John V. Lindsay (who was campaigning for re-election as a Republican) and of former Mayor and Democrat candidate Robert F. Wagner Jr.  The two major party candidates for November instead were Republican John J. Marchi and Democrat Mario Procaccino.  Mayor Lindsay, however, would win re-election in November anyway after running as a third-party candidate for the Liberal Party of New York.  With almost 7.9 million citizens, New York was the largest city in the United States and, at the time, second to Tokyo as the largest in the world.
Born: Paul Tergat, Kenyan long distance runner, who held the world record for fastest 10,000m (26:27.85) from 1997 to 1998, and for fastest time in the marathon (2:04:55) from 2003 to 2007
Died: Brian Sullivan, 49, American opera tenor with New York's Metropolitan Opera

June 18, 1969 (Wednesday)
The Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) began their national meeting at the Chicago Coliseum, and the 1,400 members ended up splitting into two factions. After reporters refused to pay a $25 fee for the right to watch the convention, or to sign an affidavit pledging not to divulge any information about the SDS or its members before any investigative body, the press was barred from the building. Bernardine Dohrn, the SDS press secretary, then issued a statement that "The capitalistic press will not be admitted to the convention under any circumstances."  Although the Worker Student Alliance faction had 900 delegates, Dohrn and her followers organized as the Revolutionary Youth Movement which they would later rename the Weather Underground.  By the time the convention adjourned on Sunday, the "Weathermen" had taken possession of the SDS national headquarters in Chicago and its records.
Born: Haki Doku, Albanian paracyclist and holder of world records for greatest distance traveled in a manual wheelchair  in 2015 and most stairs descended in one hour (2,176); in Krujë
Died: Edgar Anderson, 71, American botanist and geneticist

June 19, 1969 (Thursday)
Voting was held in Ireland, with 372 candidates competing for the 144 seats in the lower house of Parliament, the Dáil Éireann.  Despite a forecast that Prime Minister Jack Lynch's Fianna Fáil party would lose its slim majority (75 of 144 seats) in the Dail to a coalition of the opposition parties, Fine Gael and Labour, Lynch retained office and Fianna Fail retained its 75 seats.

June 20, 1969 (Friday)

Voters from Rhodesia's mostly-white electorate overwhelmingly approved completing the southern African nation's last ties with the United Kingdom and making Rhodesia a republic with a President as its head of state.  Out of a population of more than five million people, only 94,686 were eligible to vote and of that number; of those, only 6,634 were black Africans (0.14% of the 4,800,000), and another 2,307 were coloured Africans of mixed race or Asian descent.  The other 85,745 were white, about 39% of the 228,000 white Rhodesians.  The official result was 61,130 for a republic and 14,327 against.
Georges Pompidou took office as the 19th President of France at a ceremony inside the Élysée Palace in Paris.  In accordance with French tradition, the Grand Collar of the Legion of Honor was bestowed upon Pompidou who, as President of the Republic, was also the Grand Master of the Legion.  Admiral Georges Cabanier, the Grand Chancellor of the Legion of Honor, placed the symbol of the presidency upon Pompidou, after which the new President made a brief acceptance speech.  As his first order of business, President Pompidou then named Jacques Chaban-Delmas as the new Prime Minister of France.  Inaugurated for a 7-year term of office, Pompidou would serve for less than five years before his death from cancer on April 2, 1974.
Born: Paulo Bento, Portuguese-born soccer football player for the Portugal national team, and later the manager of the South Korea national team; in Lisbon
Died: Mohamed Siddiq El-Minshawi, 49, Egyptian Qur'anic reciter and Qur'an scholar

June 21, 1969 (Saturday)
Royal Family, a candid documentary about the home life of Queen Elizabeth II, her husband and her four children, was broadcast for the first time and proved to be one of the most highly watched programs in the United Kingdom.  The 110 minute feature, directed by Richard Cawston, brought cameras inside Buckingham Palace, aired at 8:00 in the evening on BBC-1 and was watched by an estimated 30,000,000 viewers.  It aired again at 8:25 p.m. June 29 on ITV, which had shared the expense of the production with BBC.  American viewers, who had been alerted to the documentary in June would be treated to a 90-minute version (including commercials) starting at 7:30 p.m. on September 21 on the CBS television network.  After 1969, the documentary was broadcast in 1972 and never again, though a small clip was shown at the National Portrait Gallery in 2011.

June 22, 1969 (Sunday)
The Cuyahoga River at Cleveland, Ohio, caught fire after an oil slick floating on the river ignited. Factories along the Cuyahoga had regularly dumped their waste products into the waters for decades.  Before it was extinguished, the floating blaze burned two wooden railroad trestles and warped the tracks, with an estimated repair cost of $50,000.  Cleveland Mayor Carl B. Stokes, citing that the city of Cleveland had no legal jurisdiction over the river, called upon the state of Ohio to take action against the licenses of industries that polluted the river.  In later statements, Stokes told a crowd that "We have the only river in the country which has been legally described as a fire hazard."  The incident of the burning river would help spur an unprecedented American campaign against water pollution, leading to passage of such legislation as the Clean Water Act and the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement.  More broadly, the accident would focus attention on the threats to pollution in the air and the ground as well and would lead to the creation of a new federal government agency, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Actress and singer Judy Garland was found dead of a drug overdose in her London home on Cadogan Lane, three days after she had returned from a New York business trip with her fifth husband, Mickey Deans, whom she had married on March 15. Garland, who had been born in 1922 in Grand Rapids, Minnesota, as Frances Ethel Gumm, had been known for The Wizard of Oz, Meet Me in St. Louis and A Star Is Born but was plagued by drug and alcohol addiction during her adult life.  The cause of death was attributed to an accidental overdose of barbiturates that Garland used for insomnia.

June 23, 1969 (Monday)
In the Soviet Union, 120 people were killed when a civilian airliner flew into the path of a faster moving Soviet Air Force transport and collided at an altitude of .  The military plane, an Antonov An-12 had taken off at 1:25 in the afternoon from the Kėdainiai Air Base and was carrying 91 paratroopers and a crew of five as part of a formation of four An-12s on the way to the Dyagilevo air base.  Almost 45 minutes later, at 2:07 pm, an Ilyushin Il-14, Aeroflot Flight 831 departed with 19 passengers and five crew from Bykovo Airport, near Moscow, on a flight to Chernihiv.  At 2:41, the Aeroflot plane began climbing from  due to turbulence, despite the ground control directive to maintain its altitude, at 2:52, the plane struck the An-12 about  southeast of Yukhnov.  All people on both planes were killed, with the wreckage of the Aeroflot found near the village of Troitsa and the transport coming apart near the village of Vypolzovo.
Six bystanders on a busy Miami street were killed, and 12 others injured, when Dominicana Air Lines Flight 401, a cargo plane crashed and burned shortly after takeoff.  All four of the crew died as the crippled DC-4 glided down NW 36th Street at 3:45 and impacted with a building on the corner of 34th Avenue, housing Charley's Auto Body Shop and apartments on the second floor.
Warren E. Burger was sworn in as the new Chief Justice of the United States.  Retiring Chief Justice Earl Warren administered the oath of office to his successor.
Born:
Martin Klebba, American actor and stuntman, known for portraying Captain Sparrow's crewman Marty in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series; in Troy, Michigan
Fernanda Ribeiro, Portuguese long-distance runner, gold medalist in the women's 10,000m race in the 1996 Summer Olympics and in the 1995 World Championships; in Penafiel

June 24, 1969 (Tuesday)
A state of emergency was declared in the Netherlands and in three of West Germany's states for all communities fronting a  stretch of the heavily polluted Rhine River.  The declaration came after the discovery that millions of fish in the Rhine had been killed by an unidentified poison during the past week.  The emergency was lifted three days later in West Germany after water samples showed that the river's toxicity had reached acceptable levels.  The German government announced that the poisoning itself had been traced to the dumping of insecticide from an industrial barge as it passed the village of Geisenheim in the West German state of Hesse, about  from the town of Bingen am Rhein, where the first dead fish were discovered.
Voters in Denmark overwhelmingly rejected a proposal to lower the voting age in Denmark from 21 to 18.  Despite predictions that the amendment would win approval at the polls, an unusual number of older voters turned out and voted Nej by a margin of almost 4 to 1, with 78.6% against.  Political observers speculated that the result may have been a response to rioting weeks earlier.  On May 8, thousands of youths and student demonstrators in Copenhagen had clashed with riot police during a protest against a cinema showing the war movie The Green Berets.
After white voters in Rhodesia voted to make their nation a republic, the last ties with the United Kingdom were severed as the British Governor, Sir Humphrey Gibbs, tendered his resignation. Michael Stewart, the British Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, announced also that the British mission in the Rhodesian capital, Salisbury (now Harare, Zimbabwe) would be closed, as would the Rhodesia House in London.
Born:
Sissel Kyrkjebø, Norwegian soprano, in Bergen
Rich Eisen, American sports journalist, in Brooklyn
Died: Westbrook Pegler, 75, conservative American newspaper columnist

June 25, 1969 (Wednesday)
Peru's President, General Juan Velasco Alvarado, announced the largest land reform law in the nation's history, limiting the size of land that could be owned and paving the way for expropriation of foreign-owned lands.  The new law also authorized a government bond issue to borrow $275,000,000 in U.S. dollars to compensate land owners for the properties taken over, including land, livestock and equipment. Most heavily affected were the American-owned Cerro de Pasco Mining Company, the sugar plantation and pulp mills owned by W. R. Grace and Company, and the International Basic Economy Corporation.

June 26, 1969 (Thursday)

A former NASA official told reporters in Houston that lunar module pilot Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin had been originally been scheduled to become the first man to set foot on the Moon during the upcoming Apollo 11 mission, but that mission commander Neil Armstrong was "not unaware" of the importance of being first and that Armstrong decided to supersede Aldrin.  "It shouldn't be that he pulled rank," said Paul Haney, the former public affairs officer for the Manned Spacecraft Center, "but I think he was not unaware of the importance of the first man who stepped onto the moon and he looked at it very carefully and decided that perhaps it should be the commander's prerogative."  Haney added that the decision for Armstrong to be first had been made in mid-April, "Precisely why the change, I don't know, but I do know that it caused quite an upset."
Born: Mike Myers, American baseball pitcher who played for nine different teams in a 13-season career (1995—2007); in Arlington Heights, Illinois

June 27, 1969 (Friday)
Criminal penalties against homosexuality and against abortion were eliminated in Canada, subject to certain conditions, as royal assent was given to the C-150 bill that had passed the House of Commons on May 14 and the Canadian Senate on June 13. Gérald Fauteux one of the justices of the Supreme Court of Canada, gave the assent to C-130 as eleven other laws on behalf of the Queen, and acting in place of the absent Governor-General, Roland Michener.
In one of the most contentious qualifying matches in soccer football history, El Salvador defeated Honduras, 3 to 2 in extra time, at a neutral site in Mexico City.  The win advanced El Salvador to the four team semifinal round to determine the CONCACAF representative in the 1970 World Cup; Mexico, as World Cup host, had already qualified automatically qualified as the other team from CONCACAF (the Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football).  Although the players of the teams shook hands after the match, violence in El Salvador and Honduras against each other's citizens had escalated after the teams had split their two games on June 8 and June 15 to force the third tiebreaker game, and by June 27, the armies of both nations had mobilized along the border that they shared in Central America.  On July 14, the tensions would escalate into what would later be known as the Soccer War (or the Football War) with the Salvadoran Air Force bombing Honduran targets.
Convicted murderer Winnie Ruth Judd, known as "The Tiger Woman" for the gruesome 1931 killing of two women friends, was arrested after almost seven years as a fugitive.  Judd, now 64 years old, had been working as a housekeeper under the alias "Marion Lane".  Originally sentenced to hanging, Judd was determined after her conviction to be insane, and was transferred to a mental institution, the Arizona State Hospital in Phoenix, before the execution could be carried. From 1939 to 1962, Judd escaped several times, the last instance being on October 8, 1962.  Judd would be released two years later at the age of 66, and would pass away in 1998 at the age of 93.

June 28, 1969 (Saturday)
The Stonewall riots, a milestone in the modern gay rights movement in the United States, began in New York City when an angry crowd of bystanders began throwing bottles, rocks and even a parking meter at NYPD patrolmen who were carrying out a routine raid on the Stonewall Inn, a gay hangout at 53 Christopher Street in the Greenwich Village section of Manhattan. At 1:28 in the morning, seven policemen came in to the Stonewall Inn, locked the doors, arrested the employees, and began lining up the patrons to transport them to a detention center and then releasing them, the usual practice for roundups.  As one author would note later, "On that night, though, the customers did not slink off into the darkeness.  On that night, they stayed, gathering outside the Stonewall Inn.  These raids— and the horrible treatment of gay people— had to stop."  The trigger, on one of the hottest and most humid days of the summer, was when the police were forcing their way through the angry crowd to put one of the last customers into a police van. Accounts differ as to whether it was a lesbian who resisted arrest or a transvestite man who was violently shoved into the van.
The United States launched Bonny, a pig-tailed macaque monkey, into Earth orbit at 10:16 pm (0316 June 29 UTC) as a passenger on Biosatellite 3.  The intent was to keep him in the weightlessness of outer space for 30 days, longer than any living creature up to that time.  Bonny imported from Thailand and designated by the American press as an "astromonk" (as opposed to the chimpanzees used in earlier American missions, referred to as "chimponauts") had been trained to operate a food dispenser that rewarded him for pushing one of four symbols on a screen.  However, Bonny's health deteriorated over the next few days and he was returned to Earth on July 6.
Born: Tichina Arnold, African-American TV actress known for Everybody Hates Chris and for Martin; in Queens, New York

June 29, 1969 (Sunday)
The "Mailgram" was given its first test in a joint venture of Western Union and the United States Post Office Department as an experimental service to be introduced in 1970. Combining features of the more expensive telegram and first-class mail, the mailgram transmitted messages directly to the selected post offices which would then print them out and send them by a letter carrier the same day to the intended address.  Western Union President Russell W. McFall, the President of Western Union, sent the first mailgram to Washington for delivery to Postmaster General Winton M. Blount.
Nine passengers on an overloaded oyster boat, the Red Bank, died when the craft capsized in Ireland's Galway Bay near New Quay in County Clare.  The Red Bank, launched earlier in the day, was giving local residents free trips around the bay when the disaster occurred.
Died:
Moise Tshombe, 49, former Congolese Prime Minister who later led a secession of the Katanga province; of a heart attack while imprisoned in Algeria.
Bart Lytton, 56, American financier who lost most of his fortune in the real estate market.

June 30, 1969 (Monday)
Nigeria blocked most humanitarian aid to the starving residents of the breakaway Republic of Biafra by telling the International Committee of the Red Cross and 19 other relief agencies that they would no longer be permitted to send relief planes to the starving Biafran population.
Born: Sanath Jayasuriya, Sri Lankan cricket star, in Matara
Died: Augusto Vandor, Argentine labor leader and President of the Argentina's largest labor union, the Unión Obrera Metalúrgica (Metal Workers Union), was shot to death in his office.  Earlier, he had come under criticism from other labor leaders within the CGT (Confederación General del Trabajo or General Labor Confederation) for refusing to have the steel workers participate in a nationwide strike.

References

1969
1969-06
1969-06

June 1969


Hector Tyndale (a.k.a. George Hector Tyndale) was a Union general during the American Civil War rising to the rank of Brevet Major General of Volunteers. He notably led brigades at the battles of Antietam and Wauhatchie. Apart from the war Tyndale was an expert in porcelain and pottery.

Biography

Early life
Tyndale's father was a prominent Philadelphia businessman who engaged in the importation of china and glassware. Hector Tyndale eventually followed his father's footsteps and ran the family business in partnership with his brother-in-law. Tyndale made several trips to personally inspect European factories thus becoming very familiar with the whole art of pottery and porcelain making. His personal collection became one of the finest in the whole country.

His brother was Sharon Tyndale who served as Illinois Secretary of State.

Tyndale became involved in Republican politics in Philadelphia around 1856. Although a Republican he was not an abolitionist and therefore had no sympathy for the fate of John Brown and his raiders. Despite this Tyndale agreed to escort the widow of John Brown to pay a last visit to her husband and recover his body after execution. It was believed Mrs. Brown's life was in danger because of her husband's recent actions. Brown's body was delivered to Tyndale who insisted on its identification before accepting it on Mrs. Brown's behalf.

Civil War
Tyndale was on another inspection trip to Europe when the Civil War began. He returned to the U.S. and volunteered for the Union Army. He was appointed major in the 28th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry on June 28, 1861. His regiment was sent to garrison duty at Harpers Ferry. On April 25, 1862, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel of his regiment and fought at the Second Battle of Bull Run. On September 17, 1862, Tyndale, still only a lieutenant colonel, found himself as the senior officer in his brigade. Therefore, he assumed command of the 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, XII Corps during the Battle of Antietam. Tyndale led his brigade as part of George S. Greene's attack against the Dunker Church. Early in the fighting he was wounded in the hip but continued in command until wounded a second time in the head. He left the field to recover and would not return to command until late July 1863. While recovering he was promoted two grades to that of brigadier general to date from November 29, 1862, for his conspicuous service at Antietam.

Tyndale returned to command his brigade in the aftermath of the Battle of Gettysburg. Later that Fall, Joseph Hooker was assigned to lead reinforcements to the beleaguered Union Army at Chattanooga. Hooker took with him the XI and XII Corps to which Tyndale's brigade was part of. Tyndale led his brigade at the Battle of Wauhatchie, leading a bayonet charge and turning the enemy's flank. He also took part, albeit in a minor role, in the battle of Chattanooga. On August 26, 1864, Tyndale resigned from the army due to poor health. He was brevetted to major general on March 13, 1865.

Command History
 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, XII Corps (17 Sept 1862)
 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XI Corps (13 July – 19 Sept 1863)
 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XI Corps (12 Oct 1863 – 15 Feb 1865)
 3rd Division, XI Corps (15 Feb – 16 Apr 1864)
 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, XX Corps (16 Apr – 3 May 1864)

Later life
After his career in the army, Tyndale returned to his business in Philadelphia. He unsuccessfully ran for mayor in 1868. A relative, Professor John Tyndall of England, lectured in the U.S. and devoted the proceeds to fund for the promotion of science education and named General Tyndale as one of the trustees. Eventually the fund became a scholarship and at the University of Pennsylvania the scholarship was known as the Hector Tyndale scholarship for physics. In 1869, he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society.

In 1876 Tyndale's prominence in the porcelain business caused his selection as one of the judges for the Centennial Exhibition.

General Tyndale died in Philadelphia in 1880. He is buried at Laurel Hill Cemetery.

References

Military personnel from Philadelphia
People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
John Brown (abolitionist)
Businesspeople from Philadelphia
Pennsylvania Republicans
Union Army generals
1821 births
1880 deaths

Hector Tyndale


The Aarmassif or Aaremassif (German: Aarmassiv) is a geologic massif in the Swiss Alps. It contains a number of large mountain chains and parts of mountain chains.

Name
The massif is named after the Aar, a river that has its source in the Aarmassif.

Geography
The Aarmassif crops out in the eastern part of the Bernese Alps and the Lepontine Alps, roughly form Leukerbad in the west to the Tödi in the east. Further east the massif only appears in small windows like the Vättner window between Gigerwald and Vättis in Sankt Gallen and at the Limmerensee in the same canton.

Tectonics and lithology
The Aarmassif is part of the Helvetic zone of the Alps, which consists of material originally from the European tectonic plate. The Aarmassif has lithologies common for Paleozoic basement rocks all over Europe, deformed and metamorphosed during the Variscan orogeny. Younger Mesozoic sedimentary rocks were eroded from this basement as a thrust fault brought the basement to the surface in the Alpine orogeny. Other places, where the European basement crops out in the Helvetic zone, are the mountain chains of the Massif des Écrins and of Mont Blanc in the French and Italian Alps.

The lithologies of the basement rocks are mainly gneisses, schists and amphibolites. These were in some places intruded by Permian granites after the Variscan orogeny, called Aare granite. During a late phase in the Alpine orogeny in the Tertiary the Aarmassif was uplifted in the form of a large elongated dome structure. The overlying limestones of the Helvetic nappes now have a very high dip angle, forming a ridge that appears at the Eiger and south of the Jungfrau mountain.

See also
Infrahelvetic complex

Geology of the Alps
Geology of Switzerland
Lepontine Alps

Aarmassif


The Basedow Range is a mountain range in the south of the Northern Territory, Australia. It is located on the northern side of the Lasseter Highway, in the section between the Luritja and Stuart Highways. The range consists of two ridges of deformed sedimentary rock. The western ridge makes up most of the range's mass, and is about 12 km long. A small gap separates it from the eastern ridge, which is about 5 km long and much lower in height. The highest peak is Mount Ebenezer (702 m), which is located near the east end of the western ridge.

The Basedow Range is about 204 km south of Alice Springs. It is entirely within the property of the Mount Ebenezer cattle station. The community of Imaṉpa is at the base of Mount Ebenezer on its southern side. To the west of the range is the Angas Downs Indigenous Protected Area.

The Basedow Range was named by the explorer W. H. Tietkens when he reached the area on 19 July 1889. He named it after Martin P. F. Basedow, a German politician from Adelaide.

References

Mountain ranges of Australia
Mountains of the Northern Territory

Basedow Range


"We Can Make It" is a song by George Jones.  It was his first solo single with Epic Records in 1972 after leaving Musicor.

Background
"We Can Make It" was written by Glenn Sutton and Jones' new producer Billy Sherrill.  In the liner notes to the 1982 compilation Anniversary - 10 Years of Hits, Sherrill admits that they composed it with Jones's recent marriage to Tammy Wynette specifically in mind, providing the singer with  a song that seemed to be speaking to his wife.  Both Jones and Sherrill admitted in the 1990 Jones documentary Same Ole Me, they were both extremely nervous, with the latter commenting, "I was scared to death.  I was scared of him - he said he was scared of me."  Sherrill added that one modification he did make to Jones's style was having him sing in lower keys because he found the vocals on his early records "really, really high, and kind of annoying, to me." "We Can Make It," which made it to #6 on the charts, contained all the hallmarks of the Sherrill sound, including an ascending introduction and his countrypolitan "wall of sound," something Jones was not altogether comfortable with; in 2006 he recalled to Billboard, "He just came up with that sound like he got with Tammy, (singing) "Ba bum ba bum ba bum," build-ups...He tried to do that with me, but I finally had a talk with him. I said, 'Billy, I'm country, I'm traditional, I know you're wanting to cross over with me like you have with Tammy, Charlie Rich and those people, but I'm hardcore and I can't help it. That's what I feel, and I can't do a good job for the label, you or anybody else if I don't feel it myself.'"

Discography

1971 songs
Songs written by Glenn Sutton
Songs written by Billy Sherrill
Song recordings produced by Billy Sherrill
Epic Records singles
George Jones songs

We Can Make It (George Jones song)


The 56th Scripps National Spelling Bee was held in Washington, D.C. at the Capital Hilton on June 8–9, 1983, sponsored by the E.W. Scripps Company.

The winner was 14-year-old Blake Giddens of Alamogordo, New Mexico, correctly guessing the proper spelling of "Purim". Giddens' sister Nicole had been a contestant in the 1980 and 1981 bees, where she finished 103rd and 43rd, respectively.

Second place was captured by 13-year-old Eric Rauchway of St. Petersburg, Florida, who missed "ratatouille" by putting an "i" at the end. Third-place went to 11-year-old Tanya Solomon of Kansas City, Missouri who missed "meuniere". She who was among 17 return competitors this year, and had finished 27th the prior year.

Giddens was crowned the winner at 11 a.m. on June 9, in round 11.

There were 137 spellers this year, 83 girls and 54 boys. Ten spellers went out in the first round on day one, and 17 in the second round. After lunch on day one, 16 spellers dropped out in the third round, and 42 in the fourth round, leaving 52 spellers at 5:10pm to make it to day two. A total of 574 words were used.

The first-place winner won $1,000. Alex Cameron was the pronouncer.

References

External links
 President Reagan's remarks to finalists on June 6, 1983, from Reaganlibrary.archives.gov
 Full order of 137 finalists and missed words, UPI archives

Scripps National Spelling Bee competitions
1983 in Washington, D.C.
1983 in education
June 1983 events in the United States

56th Scripps National Spelling Bee


Olomouc (, , ; , ; , ) is a city in the Czech Republic. It has about 102,000 inhabitants, and its larger urban zone has a population of about 384,000 inhabitants (2019).

Located on the Morava River, the city is the ecclesiastical metropolis and was a historical co-capital city of Moravia, before having been occupied by the Swedish army during the Thirty Years' War. Today, it is the administrative centre of the Olomouc Region and the sixth largest city in the Czech Republic. The historic city centre is well preserved and is protected by law as urban monument reservation. The Holy Trinity Column was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000 for its quintessential Baroque style and symbolic value.

Administrative division
Olomouc is made up of 26 administrative parts:

Olomouc
Bělidla
Černovír
Chomoutov
Chválkovice
Droždín
Hejčín
Hodolany
Holice
Klášterní Hradisko
Lazce
Lošov
Nedvězí
Nemilany
Neředín
Nová Ulice
Nové Sady
Nový Svět
Pavlovičky
Povel
Radíkov
Řepčín
Slavonín
Svatý Kopeček
Topolany
Týneček

Etymology
The origin of the name is unknown. According to the most frequently considered theory, it was derived from the personal name Olmút, meaning "Olmút's" (castle, court). Another theory says that the name was derived from the Proto-Slavic words ol ('beer') and mútit ('to make noise').

According to legend, there was a Roman fort founded by Roman legionnaires under the command of Julius Caesar. The fort was called Iuliomontium or Julimons, and the name Olomouc was derived from it. Although archaeologists have found traces of a camp of Roman legionnaires, the legend of the presence of Julius Caesar originated in the Renaissance period and nothing confirms it.

Geography

Olomouc is located about  northeast of Brno and  southeast of Prague. It lies mostly in a flat fertile land of the Upper Morava Valley. The eastern spur of the municipal territory (the villages of Lošov, Radíkov and Svatý Kopeček) extends into the Nízký Jeseník range and includes the highest point of Olomouc, a hill at  above sea level. The Litovelské Pomoraví Protected Landscape Area extends into the territory of Olomouc in the north.

The Morava River and Mlýnský Stream, which is a branch of the Morava, flow through the city. The Bystřice flows into the Morava at the city centre. The Oskava briefly forms the northern municipal border, before it joins the Morava.

Chomoutovské Lake, located in the northern tip of the municipal territory, was created by flooding a gravel quarry and has an area of . Together with the immediate surroundings, it is protected as a nature monument. The lake is an important stop for migratory birds and is home to one of the largest colonies of black-headed gulls and Mediterranean gulls in the country.

History

Middle Ages
During the 6th century, Slavs migrated into the area. As early as the 7th century, a centre of political power developed in the present-day quarter of Povel (in lowland, south of the city centre). Around 810 the local Slavonic ruler was defeated by troops of Great Moravian rulers and the settlement in Olomouc-Povel was destroyed.

A new centre, where the Great Moravian governor resided, developed at the gord at Předhradí, a quarter of the inner city (the eastern, smaller part of the medieval centre). This settlement survived the defeat of the Great Moravia (c. 907) and gradually became the capital of the province of Moravia.

Around 981–990, the Polish Duke Mieszko I took the Moravian Gate and Olomouc as an important place at the intersection of trade routes. Olomouc probably was mentioned in the Dagome iudex document (ca 991) as Alemura. All of Moravia was part of Poland between 1003 and 1031 during the reign of Bolesław I the Brave and partly Mieszko II Lambert. The first certain mention of the city dates back to 1017. Moravia was under Bohemian rule since 1031 (according to some Czech historians, since 1019 or 1021).

The bishopric of Olomouc was founded in 1063. It was possibly re-founded because there are some unclear references to bishops of Moravia in the 10th century—if they were not only missionary bishops, but representatives of some remains of regular church organization, then it is very likely that these bishops had their seat in Olomouc. Centuries later in 1777, it was raised to the rank of an archbishopric. The bishopric was moved from the church of St. Peter (since destroyed) to the church of Saint Wenceslas in 1141 (the date is still disputed, other suggestions are 1131, 1134) under bishop Jindřich Zdík. The bishop's palace was built in the Romanesque architectural style. The bishopric acquired large tracts of land, especially in northern Moravia, and was one of the richest in the area.

Olomouc became one of the most important settlements in Moravia and a seat of the Přemyslid government and one of the appanage princes. In 1306 King Wenceslas III stopped here on his way to Poland. He was going to fight Władysław I the Elbow-high to claim his rights to the Polish crown and was assassinated. With his death, the whole Přemyslid dynasty died out.

The city was officially founded in the mid-13th century and became one of the most important trade and power centres in the region. In the Middle Ages, it was the biggest town in Moravia and competed with Brno for the position of capital. Olomouc finally lost after the Swedes took the city and held it for eight years (1642–1650).

In 1235, the Mongols launched an invasion of Europe. After the Battle of Legnica in Poland, the Mongols carried their raids into Moravia, but were defensively defeated at the fortified town of Olomouc. The Mongols subsequently invaded and defeated Hungary.

In 1454 the city expelled its Jewish population as part of a wave of anti-Semitism, also seen in Spain and Portugal. The second half of the 15th century is considered the start of Olomouc's golden age. It hosted several royal meetings, and Matthias Corvinus was elected here as King of Bohemia (in fact anti-king) by the estates in 1469. In 1479 two kings of Bohemia (Vladislaus II and Matthias Corvinus) met here and concluded an agreement (Peace of Olomouc of 1479) for splitting the country.

Modern

Participating in the Protestant Reformation, Moravia became mostly Protestant. During the Thirty Years' War, in 1640 Olomouc was occupied by the Swedes for eight years. They left the city in ruins, and as a result it lost its predominant place in Moravia, becoming second to Brno.

In 1740 the town was captured and briefly held by the Prussians. Olomouc was fortified by Maria Theresa during the wars with Frederick the Great, who besieged the city unsuccessfully for seven weeks in 1758. In 1848 Olomouc was the scene of the emperor Ferdinand's abdication. Two years later, Austrian and German statesmen held a conference here called the Punctation of Olmütz. At the conference, they agreed to restore the German Confederation and Prussia accepted leadership by the Austrians.

In 1746 the first learned society in the lands under control of the Austrian Habsburgs, the Societas eruditorum incognitorum in terris Austriacis, was founded in Olomouc to spread Enlightenment ideas. Its monthly Monatliche Auszüge was the first scientific journal published in the Habsburg empire.

Largely because of its ecclesiastical links to Austria, Salzburg in particular, the city was influenced by German culture since the Middle Ages. Demographics before censuses can only be interpreted from other documents. The town's ecclesiastical constitution, the meetings of the Diet and the locally printed hymnal, were recorded in Czech in the mid-16th and 17th centuries. The first treatise on music in Czech was published in Olomouc in the mid-16th century. The political and social changes that followed the Thirty Years' War increased the influence of courtly Habsburg and Austrian/German-language culture. The "Germanification" of the town likely resulted from the cosmopolitan nature of the city; as the cultural, administrative and religious centre of the region, it drew officials, musicians and traders from all over Europe.

Despite these influences, Czech dominated, particularly in ecclesiastical publications throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. When the Austrian-born composer and musician Philip J. Rittler accepted a post at the Wenceslas Cathedral in the latter 17th century, he felt it necessary to learn Czech. With the continued dominance of the Habsburgs and migration of ethnic Germans into the area, the use of Czech declined. By the 19th century, the number of ethnic Germans in the city were recorded as three times higher than the number of Czechs.

After the 1848 revolution, the government rescinded its Jewish expulsion order of 1454. Jews returned to the city and, in 1897, built a synagogue. The Jewish population reached 1,676 in 1900.

Olomouc retained its defensive city walls almost until the end of the 19th century. This suited the city council, because demolishing the walls would have allowed for expansion of the city and attracted more Czechs from neighbouring villages. The city council preferred Olomouc to be smaller and predominantly German. Greater expansion came after World War I and the establishment of Czechoslovakia. In 1919 Olomouc annexed two neighbouring towns and 11 surrounding villages, gaining new space for additional growth and development.

Serious tensions arose between ethnic Czechs and Germans during both world wars. During World War II, the city was under German occupation and most of the city's ethnic German residents sided with the Nazis; the German-run city council renamed the main square (until then named after president T. G. Masaryk) after Adolf Hitler. World War II brought a rise in anti-semitism and attacks on the Jews that reflected what was happening in Germany. On Kristallnacht (10 November 1938), townspeople destroyed the synagogue. In March 1939, city police arrested 800 Jewish men, and had some deported to the Dachau concentration camp. During 1942–1943, ethnic Germans sent the remaining Jews to Theresienstadt and other German concentration camps in occupied Poland. Fewer than 300 of the city's Jews survived the Holocaust. The Germans also established and operated a Gestapo prison in the city, and a forced labour camp in the Chválkovice district.

After Olomouc was liberated, Czech residents took back the original name of the city square. When the retreating German army passed through the city in the final weeks of the war, they shot at its 15th-century astronomical clock, leaving only a few pieces intact (these are held in the local museum). The city was restored to Czechoslovakia, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime with stayed in power until the Fall of Communism in the 1980s. In the 1950s, the clock was reconstructed under the influence of Soviet government; it features a procession of proletarians rather than saints. After the war, the government participated in the expulsion of ethnic Germans from the country, following the Allied leaders' Potsdam Agreement, which redefined the Central European borders, although many of these people's families had lived for two centuries in the region. There were the statue of the first president T. G. Masaryk reconstructed as a symbol of come back of democracy on Masaryk street after "velvet revolution" in 1990. Its inner city is the third-largest urban monument reservation in the country, after Prague.

Demographics

Transport

Public transport in Olomouc is provided by trams and buses. Local railway services from Olomouc main railway station to Senice na Hané and Prostějov make stops around the city.

The first train arrived in Olomouc on 17 October 1841 from Vienna. In 1845, the first omnibuses connected the railway station and the center of Olomouc. In 1899, omnibuses were replaced with trams.

The main railway station in Olomouc (Olomouc hlavní nádraží, or Olomouc hl.n) is an important railway junction. The city is connected with Prague, Ostrava, Brno, Zlín and Břeclav. The main train station in Olomouc is quite busy; passenger trains of all categories operated by České dráhy, RegioJet and LEO Express make stops there.

Culture
The city is the home of the Moravian Theatre (Moravské divadlo) and the Moravian Philharmonic (Moravská filharmonie). Olomouc is also the centre of the ethnographic region of Haná.

Education

Palacký University, the oldest in Moravia and second oldest in the Czech Republic, was founded in 1573 as part of an effort to reestablish Roman Catholicism in the country. At the time, roughly nine out of ten inhabitants of the Czech Crown lands were Protestants. Most of its faculties were suppressed in the 1850s by the Habsburg régime in retaliation for professor and student support for the 1848 revolution and the Czech National Revival. The university was fully restored in 1946; it was renamed Palacký University of Olomouc.

The university plays a very important role in the life of the city: with over 25,200 students (including those at Moravian College Olomouc), Olomouc has the highest density of university students in Central Europe. Many of the city's services are student-oriented. They close during holidays and the university exam periods. During the summer holiday, the trams run solo (apart from rush-hours), while during the university sessions, the lines are served by two coupled trams.

The university buildings comprise about a third of the city's heritage centre; notable ones include the University Art Centre and the so-called Armoury (now Central Library).

Sport

Olomouc is home to the professional football club SK Sigma Olomouc playing in the Czech First League. Its reserve team, SK Sigma Olomouc B, plays in the Czech National Football League. Sigma Olomouc plays its home matches at Andrův stadion with a capacity of 12,474 seats, which regularly hosts international matches as well. The second football club in the city is 1. HFK Olomouc.

The city's ice hockey club is HC Olomouc, playing in the Czech Extraliga (top tier). It plays its home matches at Zimní stadion Olomouc. RC Olomouc is a rugby club, playing in the third-tier competition.

Sights

Olomouc contains several large squares, the chief of which is adorned with the Holy Trinity Column, designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The column is  high and was built between 1716 and 1754.

The city has numerous historic religious buildings. The most prominent church is Saint Wenceslas Cathedral founded before 1107 in the compound of the Olomouc Castle. At the end of the 19th century, the cathedral was rebuilt in the neo-Gothic style. It kept many features of the original church, which had renovations and additions reflecting styles of different ages: Romanesque crypt, Gothic cloister, Baroque chapels. The highest of the three spires is , the second-highest in the country (after Cathedral of St. Bartholomew in Plzeň). The church is next to the Bishop Zdík's Palace (also called the Přemyslid Palace), a Romanesque building built after 1141 by the bishop Jindřich Zdík. It remains one of the most precious monuments of Olomouc: Such an early bishop's palace is unique in Central Europe. The Přemyslid Palace, used as the residence of Olomouc dukes from the governing Přemyslid dynasty, stood nearby.

Church of Saint Maurice, a fine Gothic building of the 15th century, has the 6th-largest church organ in Central Europe.

Church of Saint Michael is notable. The Neo-baroque Chapel of Saint John Sarkander stands on the site of a former town prison. At the beginning of the Thirty Years' War, the Catholic priest John Sarkander was imprisoned here. Accused of collaboration with the enemy, he was tortured but did not reveal anything because of the Seal of Confession and died. The torture rack and Sarkander's gravestone are preserved here. He was canonized by Pope John Paul II during his visit in Olomouc in 1995.

John Paul II also visited Svatý Kopeček ("The Holy Hillock"), which has the magnificent Baroque Church of the Visitation of the Virgin Mary. It overlooks the city. The Pope promoted the church to Minor Basilica. Several monasteries are in Olomouc, including Hradisko Monastery, Convent of Dominican Sisters in Olomouc and others.

Other notable destinations are the Olomouc Orthodox Church, consecrated to , and the Mausoleum of Yugoslav Soldiers. This monument commemorates 1,188 Yugoslav soldiers who died during World War I in local hospitals after being wounded on battlefields.

The principal secular building is the city hall, completed in the 15th century. It is flanked on one side by a gothic chapel, now adapted and operated as the Olomouc Museum of Art. It has a tower  high, adorned with an astronomical clock in an uncommon Socialist Realist style. The original 15th-century clock was destroyed at the end of World War II. It was reconstructed in 1947–1955 by Karel Svolinský, who used the government-approved style of the time, featuring proletarians rather than saints. This is also the reason why the clock's calendar represents some of the most important days of the Communist regime.

Olomouc has unique set of six Baroque fountains. They survived in such number thanks to the city council's caution. While most European cities were removing old fountains after building water-supply piping, Olomouc decided to keep them as reservoirs in case of fire. The fountains feature ancient Roman motifs; five portray the Roman gods Jupiter (image), Mercury (image), Triton (image), Neptune and Hercules (image). One features Julius Caesar, the legendary founder of the city (image). In the 21st century, an Arion fountain was added to the main square, inspired by the older project.

In front of the astronomical clock on the Horní ("Upper") Square, which is the largest square in Olomouc, is a scale model of the entire old town in bronze.

Honours
Asteroid 30564 Olomouc was named after the city.

Notable people
 Public service
Francis Taaffe, 4th Viscount Taaffe (1639–1704), Irish nobleman and officer; studied at the University of Olomouc
Joseph von Petrasch (1714–1772), soldier, writer and philologist; lived here from 1758
Anton Schubirz von Chobinin (1748–1801), General-major fought for Habsburg Austria against Ottoman Turkey
Alexander von Krobatin (1849–1933), Austrian Field Marshal Imperial Minister for War in 1912–1917
Hermann Hiltl (1872–1930), Austrian army officer
Paul Engelmann (1891–1965), Austrian-Israeli architect
Zdeněk Fierlinger (1891–1976), diplomat and politician, served as the Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia in 1944–1946
Franz Karmasin (1901–1970), German politician in Czechoslovakia and SS Officer
Jaroslav Otruba (1916–2007), architect, urban planner, designer and artist
Jiří Pelikán (1923–1999), journalist and politician
Pavel Dostál (1943–2005), Minister of Culture in 1998–2005
Franz Josef Wagner (born 1943), German journalist
Jiří Paroubek (born 1952), politician and Prime Minister in 2005–2006
Ivan Langer (born 1967), politician

The church
Augustinus Olomucensis (1467–1513), humanist and theologian
Charles Joseph of Lorraine (1680–1715) prelate, known as Charles III as Bishop of Olomouc
Archduke Rudolf of Austria (1788–1831), consecrated as Archbishop of Olomouc in 1819
Franziskus von Sales Bauer (1841–1915), Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and Archbishop of Olomouc in 1904–1915
Berthold Oppenheim (1867–1942), the rabbi of Olomouc in 1892–1939
John M. Oesterreicher (1904–1993), Roman Catholic theologian and a leading advocate of Jewish–Catholic reconciliation
Jan Graubner (born 1948), Roman Catholic archbishop of Olomouc in 1992–2022

Science and academia
Valentin Stansel (1621–1705), Jesuit and astronomer who worked in Brazil
Karel Ferdinand Irmler (1650–?), lawyer and the first professor of secular law at University of Olomouc
Josef Vratislav Monse (1733–1793), lawyer, historian and professor of law, Rector at the University of Olomouc in 1780
Anton Schrötter von Kristelli (1802–1875), Austrian chemist and mineralogist
Rudolf Eitelberger (1817–1885), Austrian art historian and founder of the Vienna School of Art History
Ludwig Karl Schmarda (1819–1908), Austrian naturalist and traveller
Berthold Hatschek (1854–1941), Austrian zoologist
Olga Taussky-Todd (1906–1995), Austrian and later Czech-American mathematician
Jan G. Švec (born 1966), voice scientist, invented videokymography, used for diagnosis of voice disorders
Jaroslav Miller (born 1971), professor of history and rector at Palacký University
Tomáš Hudeček (born 1979), university professor and politician

The arts

Georg Flegel (1566–1638) German painter
Gottfried Finger (1655/6–1730), composer
Joseph Ignatz Sadler (1725–1767), painter
Cajetan Tschink (1763–1813), Austrian writer; worked and taught here
Hans Balatka (1827–1899) American conductor and composer
Adolf Hölzel (1853–1934), German painter
Leo Fall (1873–1925), Austrian composer
Adolf Kašpar (1877–1934), painter and illustrator
Erma Zarska (1889–1971), opera singer
Egon Kornauth (1891–1959), Austrian composer and music teacher
Edgar G. Ulmer (1904–1972), Austrian-American film director
Peter Schmidl (born 1942), Austrian clarinetist
Emil Viklický (born 1948), jazz pianist and composer
Lenka Procházková (born 1951), writer
Vladimír Havlík (born 1959), action artist, painter and pedagogue
Pavel Vítek (born 1962), singer, actor and pop star
Rostislav Čtvrtlík (1963–2011), stage, television and voice actor
Zora Vesecká (born 1967), child actress
Veronika Vařeková (born 1977), Sports Illustrated'' model

Sport

Evžen Rošický (1914–1942), athlete, journalist and resistance fighter
Karel Brückner (born 1939), football coach
Jiří Kavan (1943–2010), handball player
Martin Kotůlek (born 1969), football player and manager
David Prinosil (born 1973), German tennis player
Radim Kořínek (born 1973), cyclist
Josef Karas (born 1978), decathlete and beauty pageant titleholder
František Huf (born 1981), bodybuilder and model
Jiří Hudler (born 1984), ice hockey player
Karlos Vemola (born 1985), mixed martial artist, bodybuilder and Greco-Roman wrestler
Tomáš Kalas (born 1993), footballer
Václav Jemelka (born 1995) footballer
Karolína Muchová (born 1996), tennis player
David Zima, (born 2000), footballer

Twin towns – sister cities

Olomouc is twinned with:

 Antony, France
 Kraków, Poland
 Kunming, China
 Lucerne, Switzerland
 Makarska, Croatia
 Nördlingen, Germany
 Old Town (Bratislava), Slovakia
 Owensboro, United States
 Pécs, Hungary
 Subotica, Serbia
 Tampere, Finland
 Veenendaal, Netherlands

Gallery

See also
Academia Film Olomouc
List of bishops and archbishops of Olomouc

References

External links

Portal Olomouc
UNESCO World Heritage Site: Holy Trinity Column
Palacký University
Moravian college
Filmmaker Albert Maysles in Olomouc

Webcams
Olomouc town hall with an astronomical clock
Horní Square with the Holy Trinity Column

Tourism
Official portal for tourist – information, services, leisure time, monuments, culture
Travel Information and Photos of the Main Sights in Olomouc
Olomouc Travel.cz

Populated places in Olomouc District
Margraviate of Moravia
Holocaust locations in Czechoslovakia

Olomouc


The Department of the Litoral, also known as the Atacama Department and commonly known as the Bolivian coast, was the description of the extent of the Pacific coast of the Atacama Desert included in the territory of Bolivia from its inception in 1825 until 1879, when it was lost to Chile.

Background
When Bolivia emerged in 1825 as an independent state, these territories were part of the Bolivian Potosí Department. During the government of Andrés de Santa Cruz, the territories were established as the Department of the Litoral.

The main towns on the Pacific coast, from north to south, were Tocopilla, Cobija, Mejillones and Antofagasta.

The port of Paposo was taken from the colony as the capital of the coast Atacameño. After it consolidated its independence, Chile executed various acts of sovereignty on the northern desert coast. It established its territory throughout the coast to the mouth of the River Loa, forming a border with Peru. Chile would have expanded more, but this was prevented by Bolivia establishing the city of Cobija.

Administrative divisions
In 1875 the capital of the department was moved from La Mar (today Cobija) to Antofagasta. When the War of the Pacific broke out in 1879, the divisions of the department were as follows:

Treaties

The treaty of 1866 established the border between the two States on the parallel 24°, creating an area of common interests between 23 and 25 degrees south latitude.

The treaty of 1874, which established the final boundary between the two nations the parallel 24°, provided that for a period of 25 years, new taxes shall not be imposed on the Chilean people and companies based in the area.

Chile was willing to move down the coast from the desert to allow Bolivia a sovereign outlet to the ocean, under the conditions seen before. This eliminated the area of common interest from the treaty of 1866.

Bolivia and Peru, bound by a secret treaty of defensive alliance since 1873 (one year before the border treaty with Chile), were defeated by Chile in the War of the Pacific which lasted until 1884, costing Bolivia its coast and Peru its department of Tarapacá. Though the coast was a valuable source of saltpeter, it was not the cause.

Claim
Since then, Bolivia retains the policy of a territorial claim of a sovereign outlet to the Pacific Ocean. As part of this policy, the national coat of arms shows 10 stars: the 9 current departments and the tenth representing the former Litoral Department.

The internal communications of the armed forces carried the slogan in the footnotes: "The sea is ours by right. To recover it is a duty." (in Spanish, "El mar es nuestro por derecho, recuperarlo es un deber").

Día del Mar is celebrated annually in Bolivia. During the week long event, Bolivia reasserts their claim to their lost territory; some of the celebrations contain Chilenophobic statements.

See also

 War of the Pacific
 Battle of Río Grande
 Puna de Atacama dispute
 Landlocked country
 Anti-Chilean sentiment

Notes

References

Departments of Bolivia
History of Antofagasta Region
Former departments
Bolivian irredentism
Anti-Chilean sentiment
Annexation
Bolivia–Chile border

Litoral Department


Walker's Point Estate (or the  Bush compound) is the summer retreat of the Bush family, in the town of Kennebunkport, Maine. It lies along the Atlantic Ocean in the northeastern United States, on Walker's Point.  The estate served as the Summer White House of George H. W. Bush, the 41st president of the United States.

Walker's Point juts out into the ocean in southern Maine approximately midway between the cities of Portland, Maine, and Portsmouth, New Hampshire. The property was previously known as Point Vesuvius and was home to a Kennebunkport city park called "Damon Park", but has been a Bush retreat for more than a century, starting with Bush's maternal grandfather , George Herbert Walker and David Davis Walker.

History
The estate was purchased in the late 19th century jointly by Bush's great-grandfather David Davis Walker, and his son, St. Louis banker George Herbert "Bert" Walker. Both built mansions on the point in 1902. D. D. Walker's mansion has since been torn down. In 1921, Dorothy Walker and Prescott Bush were married, and Bert Walker built a "bungalow" on the Point and gave it to them as a wedding present. When Bert died in 1953, his son, George Herbert Walker Jr. ("Herbie"), purchased the property from his father's estate. It was not willed to him. Upon the death of Herbie in 1977, the property again went up for sale and was purchased by his nephew, George H. W. Bush. The estate has since remained in the Bush family.

President Bush spent much of his childhood at the Kennebunkport estate. As an adult, Bush, his wife Barbara, and their children George W., Jeb, Marvin, Neil, Dorothy, and Robin spent most summers at the estate. The estate has been a backdrop of family weddings, holidays, and receptions. While at the "Summer White House," Bush hosted world leaders including Margaret Thatcher and Mikhail Gorbachev for informal and private meetings. As a young man, Bush relocated to Houston, Texas; eventually the Bushes maintained a working residence in Tanglewood, where they spent most of their time.

George H. W. wrote of his memories there to Portland Magazine in 1997 after reading the article "Inventing the Campbells". The Campbells were the heirs to the Palm Beach clothing fortune and had a home in the Kennebunks. "I really enjoyed that article about the Campbells by Colin Sargent, July/August 1997). I remember Connie, Babs, and Bill—remember them well and very favorably. Connie was the glamour girl, all right. When she would flash by in that neat little Chris Craft, blonde hair flying, all us little guys, who were madly in love with her—from afar, that is—used to sigh and dream. We would hang around hoping that this the most glamorous of women would give us a ride in that flashy boat. Barbara was a wonderful girl, too. Just my age—so my friends and I were not quite as intimidated by her as we were by the slightly older Connie. Anyway, your story brought back many happy memories ... President George Bush, Houston, Texas"

Bush's son, the 43rd President, George W. Bush, visits with family in Kennebunkport several times a year. His "Summer White House" (also known as the "Western White House") was the Prairie Chapel Ranch near Crawford, Texas.

House and grounds

The estate is situated on a promontory of land called Walker's Point which juts out into the Atlantic Ocean. The large central house, built in the New England shingle style, has nine bedrooms, four sitting rooms, an office, a den, a library, a dining room, a kitchen, and various patios and decks. Next to the main house are a four-car garage, a pool, tennis court, dock, boathouse, and guesthouse. There are spacious lawns on either side of the house, on which there is a small sportsfield.

The entrance is gated and guarded by Secret Service officers, though visitors can see the driveway leading up to the main house and a circular driveway, in the middle of which is a large flagpole flying the American flag.  When either presidents Bush were present at the compound while in office, the presidential flag was hoisted below the national colors; the flagpole was a popular backdrop for television journalists during the elder Bush's presidency.

The home and contents were substantially damaged by a strong series of storms in late October 1991. The damage was estimated at $300,000–$400,000. The president did receive an undisclosed amount in flood insurance, but he chose not to take a deduction for storm damage on his 1991 tax return to avoid a conflict of interest as he was the one responsible for declaring Maine as a disaster area.

In 2015, it was reported that Jeb Bush was building a home on Walker's Point.

See also
 List of residences of presidents of the United States

References

Additional sources

 Bush, George H. W. All the Best
 Kelly, Kitty. Dynasty; the true story of the Bush Family
 George W. Bush White House press reports
 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6764809.stm

Bush family residences
Houses in York County, Maine
Presidential homes in the United States
Buildings and structures in Kennebunkport, Maine
1902 establishments in Maine

Walker's Point Estate


Earlestown is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens in Merseyside, England. At the 2011 Census the town had a population of 10,830.

History
Within the boundaries of the historic county of Lancashire, Earlestown is named after Sir Hardman Earle (11 July 1792 – 25 January 1877) a slave owner whose family was steeped in the slave trade. He was the Chairman of the London and North Western Railway.

In July 1831, the Warrington and Newton Railway was opened, less than 6 months after the Liverpool and Manchester railway began service. A railway station was built at the junction of the two railways, a mile west of the town of Newton in Makerfield, now Newton-le-Willows and was given the name Newton Junction. A locomotive and wagon works was built just west of the station and a model town was constructed for its workers. In 1837, the name of the station was changed to Earlestown.

Locomotive building was concentrated in another area within Newton-le-Willows. Between 1833 and 1895 the Vulcan Foundry produced some 6,000 locomotives to become the 4th largest locomotive building firm in the country, almost 70% of which were exported. Vulcan Foundry received its final steam locomotive order in 1954, while Earlestown was home to the major wagon works.

Other significant (non-railway) employers in the town included Sankey Sugar, and T&T Vicars, who produced biscuit manufacturing equipment. There were also the nearby Lyme and Wood pits, located in neighbouring village of Haydock.

Community
Newton-le-Willows has held a market by Royal Charter since the 14th century. By the 1890s, the Earlestown area of Newton-le-Willows had outgrown the older part of the town and so the market was moved to its current location in Earlestown and the market square is the town's centre-piece. Today trading takes place on Friday, with a mixed flea market/car boot sale every Saturday. The Saturday Market features many regular traders selling tools, clothing, antiques, records, DVDs, model railways, wartime memorabilia as well as cheap house clearance and bric-a-brac.

Earlestown Town Hall is an imposing building, fronted by a war memorial. In 1962 the Beatles visited Earlestown for a night gig and played at the town hall. On the same night Newton Boys Club on Graffton Street was opened by Frankie Vaughan for the local community.

Another significant building included the art-deco former Curzon cinema which was demolished in January 2010.

Earlestown has a small but busy town centre with many shops including high-street outlets such as Tesco, Boots, Wilko and several high street banks alongside independent retailers, bookmakers and fast-food takeaways. There are a range of traditional pubs, such as The New Market, The Ram's Head, The Railway Inn, The Griffin, and The Wellington. Earlestown is well served by many fast food outlets offering a good range of Indian and Chinese dishes as well as fish and chips and the ubiquitous McDonald's. Most of the local restaurants are curry houses; Earlestown's 'curry quarter-of-a-mile' on Queen Street has three Indian restaurants and a Tandoori take-away.

Governance
Newton-le-Willows is part of the Parliamentary constituency of St Helens North. At the 2019 general election, Conor McGinn was re-elected to this seat.

Earlestown is one of two council wards within Newton-le-Willows.

Transport
Due to its role in the history of rail travel, Earlestown has good rail connections with its railway station having frequent services to Liverpool, Manchester, Warrington and North Wales.  Earlestown is also well located as far as the road network is concerned, being close to junction 9 of the M62 motorway, junctions 21A, 22 and 23 of the M6 motorway, and the A580 East Lancashire Manchester-Liverpool road.

See also
St John the Baptist's Church, Earlestown

Gallery

References

External links

http://www.earlestown.com/
http://www.newton-le-willows.com/
The Vulcan Foundry Newton-le-Willows

Towns and villages in the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens
Newton-le-Willows

Earlestown


Kurt Gerron (11 May 1897 – 28 October 1944) was a German Jewish actor and film director. He and his wife, Olga, were murdered in the Holocaust.

Life
Born Kurt Gerson into a well-off merchant family in Berlin, he studied medicine before being called up for military service in World War I. After being seriously wounded, he was qualified as a military doctor in the German Army, despite having been only in his second year at university. After the war Gerron turned to a stage career, becoming a theatre actor under director Max Reinhardt in 1920. He appeared in secondary roles in several silent films and began directing film shorts in 1926.

Gerron's popular cinema breakthrough came with The Blue Angel (Der Blaue Engel, 1930) opposite Marlene Dietrich. Two years before, Gerron originated the role of "Tiger" Brown in the 1928 premiere production of The Threepenny Opera (Die Dreigroschenoper) at the Berlin Theater am Schiffbauerdamm, in which he also performed the first public performance of the song, "Mack the Knife". With the show's international success, Gerron's name and recorded voice became well known across Europe.

Under the Nazis
After the 1933 seizure of power by the Nazis (known today as the Machtergreifung), Gerron left Nazi Germany with his wife and parents, traveling first to Paris and later to Amsterdam. He continued work there as an actor at the Stadsschouwburg and directed several movies. Several times he was offered employment in Hollywood through the agency of Peter Lorre and Josef von Sternberg, but Gerron refused to leave Europe.

After the Wehrmacht occupied the Netherlands, Gerron and his parents were first interned in the transit camp at Westerbork. His parents were deported on May 5, 1943, and murdered in Sobibor. Gerron and his wife were later sent to the Theresienstadt concentration camp. There he was forced by the SS to stage the cabaret review, Karussell, in which he reprised Mack the Knife, as well as compositions by Martin Roman and other imprisoned musicians and artists.

In 1944, Gerron was coerced into directing a Nazi propaganda film intended to be viewed in "neutral" nations such as Switzerland, Sweden, and Ireland, for example, showing how "humane" conditions were at Theresienstadt. Once filming was finished, Gerron and members of the Jazz pianist Martin Roman's Ghetto Swingers were deported on the camp's final train transport to Auschwitz, on 28 October.  Gerron and his wife were murdered in the gas chamber immediately upon arrival on 30 October 1944, along with the film's entire performing entourage (except for Roman and guitarist Coco Schumann). The next day, Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler ordered the closure of the gas chambers.

All known complete prints of Gerron's final film, which was to have been called Theresienstadt. Ein Dokumentarfilm aus dem jüdischen Siedlungsgebiet (Terezin: A Documentary Film of the Jewish Resettlement), and which is also referred to as Der Führer schenkt den Juden eine Stadt (The Führer Gives the Jews a City), were destroyed in 1945. Twenty minutes of footage were discovered in Czechoslovakia in the mid-1960s, and today the film exists only in fragmentary form.

On Friday June 17 2022 a Stolperstein for Kurt Gerron and one for his wife, Olga Gerson were installed at Paulsborner Strasse 77, Berlin, their last residence in Germany.

Selected filmography

 The Haunting of Castle Kitay (1920)
Varieté (1925)
 Semi-Silk (1925)
 Upstairs and Downstairs (1925)
 Oh Those Glorious Old Student Days (1925)
 White Slave Traffic (1926)
 The Three Mannequins (1926)
 Annemarie and Her Cavalryman (1926)
 Love's Joys and Woes (1926)
 Vienna - Berlin (1926)
 His Greatest Bluff (1927)
 Marie's Soldier (1927)
 The Bordello in Rio (1927)
 Dancing Vienna (1927)
 The Most Beautiful Legs of Berlin (1927)
 Benno Stehkragen (1927)
 Always Be True and Faithful (1927)
 Queen of the Boulevards (1927)
 Endangered Girls (1927)
 A Crazy Night (1927)
 A Serious Case (1927)
 The Lady with the Tiger Skin (1927)
 Break-in (1927)
 The Tragedy of a Lost Soul (1927)
 The White Spider (1927)
 Assassination (1927)
 The Transformation of Dr. Bessel (1927)
 The Duty to Remain Silent (1928)
 Casanova's Legacy (1928)
 Yacht of the Seven Sins (1928)
 Mariett Dances Today (1928)
 Life's Circus (1928)
 Under Suspicion (1928)
 Immorality (1928)
The White Hell of Pitz Palu (1929)
 Revolt in the Batchelor's House (1929)
 We Stick Together Through Thick and Thin (1929)
Diary of a Lost Girl (1929)
 Daughter of the Regiment (1929)
People on Sunday (1930)
 Burglars (1930)
 Fairground People (1930)
 Dolly Gets Ahead (1930)
 Love in the Ring (1930)
The Blue Angel (1930)
 The Three from the Filling Station (1930)
 Bombs on Monte Carlo (1931)
 My Wife, the Impostor (1931)
 Madame Pompadour (1931)
 Her Majesty the Barmaid (1931)
 A Night at the Grand Hotel (1931)
 Salto Mortale (1931)
 Road to Rio (1931)
 No Money Needed (1932)
 The White Demon (1932)
 Two in a Car (1932)
 Things Are Getting Better Already (1932)
 Narcotics (1932)
 A Mad Idea (1932)
 Today Is the Day (1933)
 Merijntje Gijzens Jeugd (Netherlands, 1936)
 The Three Wishes (Netherlands, 1937)
 The Three Wishes (Italy, 1937)

Documentaries about Gerron
Gerron is the subject of three documentary films, Prisoner of Paradise (PBS), Kurt Gerrons Karussell, and Tracks to Terezín, which features Holocaust survivor Herbert Thomas Mandl talking about Kurt Gerron as the director of the film Theresienstadt. Ein Dokumentarfilm aus dem jüdischen Siedlungsgebiet. The narrator in Kurt Gerrons Karussell, which stars Ute Lemper, is Roy Kift, who has also written a play on Gerron's time in Theresienstadt entitled Camp Comedy. The play is published in The Theatre of the Holocaust, edited by Professor Robert Skloot and published by the University of Wisconsin Press.

References
 "Prisoner of Paradise" by PBS, 2003, 100 mins, not rated.
Fictional biography by Charles Lewinsky (Swiss, in German) Gerron, 2011, French translation Retour indésirable, Grasset, 2013.

External links

 Photographs of Kurt Gerron
  Availability for educational use of "The Fuehrer Gives the Jews a City"

1897 births
1944 deaths
People from Mitte
German male stage actors
German male film actors
German male silent film actors
Jewish German male actors
German people who died in Auschwitz concentration camp
German civilians killed in World War II
Theresienstadt Ghetto prisoners
20th-century German male actors
Male actors from Berlin
People killed by gas chamber by Nazi Germany
Film directors from Berlin
Jewish writers
Ghetto Swingers members
German Jewish military personnel of World War I who died in the Holocaust
German people executed in Nazi concentration camps

Kurt Gerron