Louis II (; ; ; ; 1 July 1506 – 29 August 1526) was King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia from 1516 to 1526. He was killed during the Battle of Mohács fighting the Ottomans, whose victory led to the Ottoman annexation of large parts of Hungary.

Early life
At his premature birth in Buda on 1 July 1506, the court doctors kept him alive by slaying animals and wrapping him in their warm carcasses as a primitive incubator. He was the only son of Vladislaus II Jagiellon and his third wife, Anne of Foix-Candale.

Coronation
Vladislaus II took steps to ensure a smooth succession by arranging for the boy to be crowned in his own lifetime; the coronation of Louis as king of Hungary took place on 4 June 1508 in Székesfehérvár Basilica, and his coronation as king of Bohemia was held on 11 March 1509 in St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague.

King of Hungary and Croatia

In 1515 Louis II was married to Mary of Austria, granddaughter of Emperor Maximilian I, as stipulated by the First Congress of Vienna in 1515. His sister Anne was married to Mary's brother Ferdinand, then a governor on behalf of his brother Charles V, and later Emperor Ferdinand I.
During the greater part of his reign he was the puppet of the magnates and kept in such penury that he was often obliged to pawn his jewels to get enough food and clothing. His guardians, Cardinal Tamás Bakócz and Count George Brandenburg-Ansbach, shamefully neglected him, squandered the royal revenues and distracted the whole kingdom with their endless dissensions. Matters grew even worse on the death of Cardinal Bakócz, when the magnates István Báthory, John Zápolya and István Werbőczy fought each other furiously, and used the diets as their tools.

King of Bohemia
As king of Bohemia, Louis became known as "Ludovicus the Child". The first thaler coins were minted during his reign in Bohemia, later giving the name to the dollars used in different countries. These correctly style him as "LVDOVICVS•PRIM•D:GRACIA•REX•BO*" (Louis the First, by the grace of God King of Bohemia).

War with the Ottomans

After his father's death in 1516, the minor Louis II ascended to the throne of Hungary and Croatia. Louis was adopted by the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I in 1515. When Maximilian I died in 1519, Louis's cousin George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, became his legal guardian.

Following the accession to the Ottoman throne of Suleiman I, the sultan sent Behran Çavuş as an ambassador to Louis II to collect the annual tribute that Hungary had been subjected to, and Louis refused to pay. According to some accounts, he also had the Ottoman ambassador executed and sent the head to the Sultan, but there is no evidence for this. Rather, Çavuş was kept waiting years, virtually imprisoned in Buda, by way of revenge for Suleiman's father, Selim I, who from 1513 to 1519 had forced the Hungarian envoy Barnabás Bélayban, Ban of Serim, to travel with him on his campaigns into Persia and Egypt, and to find time to ask for financial help from western countries against the Ottomans. Louis believed that the Papal States and other Christian States including Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, would help him. This hastened the fall of Hungary.

Hungary was in a state of near anarchy in 1520 under the rule of the magnates. The king's finances were a shambles; he borrowed to meet his household expenses despite the fact that they totaled about one-third of the national income. The country's defenses weakened as border guards went unpaid, fortresses fell into disrepair, and initiatives to increase taxes to reinforce defenses were stifled. In 1521 Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent was well aware of Hungary's weakness.

The Ottoman Empire declared war on the Kingdom of Hungary, Suleiman postponed his plan to besiege Rhodes and made an expedition to Belgrade. Louis and his wife Mary requested military aid from other European countries. His uncle, King Sigismund of Poland, and his brother-in-law, Archduke Ferdinand, were willing to help. Ferdinand dispatched 3,000 infantry troops and some artillery while preparing to mobilize the Austrian estates, while Sigismund promised to send footmen. The coordination process totally failed though. Mary, although a determined leader, caused distrust by relying on non-Hungarian advisors while Louis lacked vigour, which his nobles realized. The Austrian military aid, although seemingly strengthening the border, even had the undesired effect of dissolving the unified leadership that the ban had held until that time.

Belgrade and many strategic castles in Serbia were captured by the Ottomans. This was disastrous for Louis' kingdom; without the strategically important cities of Belgrade and Šabac, Hungary, including Buda, was open to further Turkish conquests.

After the siege of Rhodes, in 1526 Suleiman made a second expedition to subdue all of Hungary.
Around the middle of July, the young King departed from Buda, determined to "either fight back the invaders or be crushed once and for all". Louis made a tactical error when he tried to stop the Ottoman army in an open field battle with a medieval army, insufficient firearms, and obsolete tactics. On 29 August 1526, Louis led his forces against Suleiman in the disastrous Battle of Mohács. The Hungarian army was surrounded by Ottoman cavalry in a pincer movement, and in the center the Hungarian heavy knights and infantry were repulsed and suffered heavy casualties, especially from the well-positioned Ottoman cannons and well-armed and trained Janissary musketeers.

Nearly the entire Hungarian Royal army was destroyed in nearly 2 hours on the battlefield. During the retreat, the twenty-year-old king died when he fell backwards off his horse while trying to ride up a steep ravine of the Csele stream.  He fell into the stream and, due to the weight of his armor, he was unable to stand up and drowned. Suleiman the Magnificent expressed regret at the death of his young adversary. Upon encountering the lifeless body of King Louis, the Sultan is said to have lamented: "I came indeed in arms against him; but it was not my wish that he should be thus cut off before he scarcely tasted the sweets of life and royalty."

After the death of Louis, Ferdinand (as husband to Louis' sister Anna), contested for the crown of Bohemia and Hungary. His bid for Hungary split the opinion of the magnates, with the majority electing John Zápolya. This split would later cause the majority of Hungary to be ruled under the Ottomans.

Jagiellons Bloodline
Although Louis II's marriage remained childless, he probably had an illegitimate child with his mother's former lady-in-waiting, Angelitha Wass. This son was called John (János in Hungarian). This name appears in sources in Vienna as either János Wass or János Lanthos. The former surname  is his mother's maiden name. The latter surname may refer to his occupation. "Lanthos" means "lutenist", or "bard". He received incomes from the Royal Treasury regularly. He had further offspring.

Legacy

North of the town of Mohacs, there is a 5 meter high monument to the memory of Louis II.  It is located near the site of Louis' death at the Csele Stream.  On the monument there is a bronze plaque which depicts Louis falling off his horse.  On the top of the monument there is a figure of a sleeping lion.  Soma Turcsányi, a
Hussar lieutenant, at his own expense, constructed the original commemorative column in 1864.  It was reconstructed in 1897.  The monument was restored by the local government in 1986.

Ancestry

References

Sources

Bibliography
 Takings, Endorser: II. Lajos kinkily fiat (A Son of King Louis II Jagiellon), Salado (Periodical Centuries), pp.& NBS;183–185, 1903

External links

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1506 births
1526 deaths
Medieval kings of Bohemia
Kings of Croatia
Burials at the Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary
Jagiellonian dynasty
Kings of Hungary
Knights of the Golden Fleece
Monarchs killed in action
Modern child monarchs
16th-century Hungarian people

Louis II of Hungary


2-Bromopyridine is an organic compound with the formula BrC5H4N.  It is a colorless liquid that is used as an intermediate in organic synthesis.  It can be prepared from 2-aminopyridine via diazotization followed by bromination.

Reactions
2-Bromopyridine reacts with butyllithium to give 2-lithiopyridine, which is a versatile reagent.  Pyrithione can be prepared in a two-step synthesis from 2-bromopyridine by oxidation to the N-oxide with a suitable peracid followed by substitution using either sodium dithionite or sodium sulfide with sodium hydroxide to introduce the thiol functional group.

References

2-Pyridyl compounds
Bromoarenes

2-Bromopyridine


Peter C. Perdue (born 1949) is an American author, professor, and historian. He is a professor of Chinese history at Yale University. Perdue has a Ph.D. degree (1981) from Harvard University in the field of History and East Asian Languages. His research interests lie in modern Chinese and Japanese social and economic history, history of frontiers, and world history. He has also written on grain markets in China, agricultural development, and environmental history.

He is the author of two widely acclaimed books: Exhausting the Earth: State and Peasant in Hunan 1500-1850 A.D. (Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1987) and China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia (Harvard University Press, 2005), which won the 2006 Joseph Levenson Book Prize. In giving the award, the Levenson committee said the work
fundamentally alters how we understand the relationship between Qing China and the people of Central Eurasia. His book concentrates on the period of time from the rise of the Manchus in the first decades of the seventeenth century to the return of the Torghuts in the last half of the eighteenth century, an event with which, he says, "the steppe ended, and a great chapter in world history closed." This comment points to a highly commendable feature of this sweeping and meticulous study: Perdue places the Qing march into central Asia squarely in the contexts both of Chinese and of world history. He shows, for example, how the Qing response to trade with Britain on China's south coast was shaped by the earlier but quite different Qing experience on the Eurasian frontier. On a larger world stage, Perdue compares state building in Qing China, France, and the Ottoman Empire, pointing to both similarities and dissimilarities in these efforts.

The committee went on to commend Perdue for drawing on sources and scholarship from Chinese, Japanese, Manchu, German, French, and Russian, "to say nothing of English, the latter a language he also writes with clarity and grace." The book established Perdue as a major figure in the New Qing History intellectual movement.

He is a recipient of the 1988 Edgerton Award, the James A. Levitan Prize, and a past holder of the Ford International Career Development Chair. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2007.

Publications
 Exhausting the Earth: State and Peasant in Hunan 1500-1850 A.D. (Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1987)
 China Marches West. The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia  (Harvard University Press, 2005)
 Winner of the 2007 Joseph Levenson Book Prize: Pre-1900 Category
 Imperial Formations (Co-editor with Ann Laura Stoler and Carole McGranahan, 2007)
 Shared Histories of Modernity: China, India and the Ottoman Empire (Co-editor with Huricihan Islamoglu, 2009).

Notes

External links
 Official page at Yale

1949 births
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
American sinologists
Harvard University alumni
Living people
Yale University faculty
American male non-fiction writers

Peter C. Perdue


In topography, the line of greatest slope is a curve following the steepest slope. In mountain biking and skiing, the line of greatest slope is sometimes called the fall line.

Definition
Mathematically, the line (or path) of greatest slope from a point is determined by the gradient of height, taken as a potential field with respect to an acceleration from the force of gravity. Lines of greatest slope are analogous to lines of force acting to accelerate an object downward at that point. These lines are orthogonal to contour lines. Discounting inertial forces and terrain roughness, a ball rolling down a slope, or water flowing down, will accelerate in the direction of greatest slope.

Applications

Mountain biking

In mountain biking the line of greatest slope defines the fall line, which is the path a trail will follow to descend a hill or mountain with the shortest path, and will also cause the rider to gain the most velocity (assuming brakes are not used, and other factors such as rolling resistance are equal).

Mountain climbing

In mountain climbing, the line of greatest slope defines the fall line, which is the path a climber will take to gain the most elevation with the shortest possible path.

Map reading
The line of greatest slope has practical significance in map reading. On the terrain it is often far more discernible, even intuitively obvious, rather than accurately picking out the consistent height level on what is likely the undulating uneven ground along the ground represented on the contour line.  But knowing that a greatest slope vector is orthogonal to the contour line, one can readily deduce the direction of the contour lines from the line of greatest slope.  The extent and overall direction of the contour line to a map scale can only be found on the topographic map.

By noting the corresponding compass vector, walking along the contour one can line up a hand held compass aligning the expected direction, and eye-balling the line of contour's estimated level, move up or down along the bearing faster— to closely locate a desired point (planned point) along the hillside. Pragmatically, this can be 'good enough' for rough project landscaping, such as timber clear cutting the work site of a structure like a bridge abutment or connecting ramps. The approximation can then be refined by transit and other surveyor tools to construct on target.

See also
 Slope
 Fall line (topography)
 Surface (topology)

References

Cartography
Topography
Surfaces
Geometric topology
Differential geometry of surfaces
Analytic geometry

Line of greatest slope


Danny Lynn Jackson (born January 5, 1962) is an American former professional baseball pitcher who played 15 seasons in Major League Baseball from 1983 to 1997. He played for the Kansas City Royals, Cincinnati Reds, Chicago Cubs, Pittsburgh Pirates, Philadelphia Phillies, St. Louis Cardinals, and San Diego Padres.

Early life
Danny Lynn Jackson was born on January 5, 1962, in San Antonio, Texas. His family moved to the greater Denver area, where Jackson starred in three sports at Aurora Central High School. The Oakland Athletics drafted him in the 24th round as a high school senior in 1980, but Jackson opted to go to the University of Oklahoma. He played for the Sooners in 1981 before opting to transfer to Trinidad State Junior College in Trinidad, Colorado. In 1982, the Royals, with the first pick in the January secondary phase draft, chose Jackson.

Career

Kansas City Royals (1983–1987)

A key member of the World Series winning Royals in 1985, Jackson made one of the most important starts in Royals history in the ALCS. Trailing the Blue Jays three games to one and facing elimination, Jackson tossed a complete-game shutout and kept the Royals alive. Two weeks later, in the World Series, Jackson again took the ball with the Royals trailing three games to one in a Game Five, and again Jackson led the Royals to a crucial victory over the St. Louis Cardinals. In the seventh inning of that game, he pitched, as of 2021, the only immaculate inning in World Series play; his victims were Terry Pendleton, Tom Nieto and Brian Harper. Jackson's 1.04 post-season ERA with the Royals is the lowest in team history (min 10 IP). The Royals went on to win the World Series in seven games. After disappointing seasons in 1986 and 1987, Jackson was traded along with Ángel Salazar to the Cincinnati Reds in exchange for Ted Power and Kurt Stillwell.

Cincinnati Reds (1988–1990)

Jackson was selected to the National League NL All-Star team in 1988 and 1994. He tied for the National League lead in wins in 1988 with 23 and, Jackson combined with 18-game winner Tom Browning for the best pitching tandem in baseball that season. Jackson's great 1988 season went largely unnoticed because of the outstanding season turned in by the Dodgers' Orel Hershiser, who threw 59 straight scoreless innings. Jackson regressed in the following two seasons, when he went 12–17 with a 4.60 ERA, but won his second World Series ring in .

Later career (1991–1997)

After the World Series, Jackson became a free agent and signed with the Chicago Cubs. After one and a half seasons where he was unable to pitch effectively, he was traded to the Pittsburgh Pirates. He was then taken in the 1992 expansion draft by the Florida Marlins, who traded him to the Philadelphia Phillies. He improved in Philadelphia, putting together two winning seasons and earning his second All-Star nod in 1994. He signed with the St. Louis Cardinals after the 1994 season, but was never able to pitch effectively again. His final season was in 1997, during which he was traded to the San Diego Padres.

In total, Jackson played in three World Series for three different franchises: the 1985 Kansas City Royals, the 1990 Cincinnati Reds, and the 1993 Philadelphia Phillies. Jackson only made 29 career relief appearances (324 starts) but did pick up one career save. It came on July 12, 1986, against the Detroit Tigers. Jackson recorded the final out of the game to nail down a 7-4 Royals victory. He saved the game for starter Charlie Leibrandt.

See also
List of Major League Baseball annual wins leaders

References

External links

1962 births
Living people
Baseball players from San Antonio
Major League Baseball pitchers
National League All-Stars
National League wins champions
Kansas City Royals players
Cincinnati Reds players
St. Louis Cardinals players
San Diego Padres players
Chicago Cubs players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Philadelphia Phillies players
Nashville Sounds players
Jacksonville Suns players
Omaha Royals players
Charleston Wheelers players
Iowa Cubs players
Louisville Redbirds players
Northern League (baseball, 1993–2010) managers
Oklahoma Sooners baseball players
Trinidad State Trojans baseball players

Danny Jackson


Bernardus Johannes (Bernard) Blommers (30 January 1845 in The Hague – 12 December 1914 in The Hague) was a Dutch etcher and painter of the Hague School.

He learned lithography early in his career, and then studied at the Hague Akademie under Johan Philip Koelman until 1868. His early paintings were mostly genre works depicting fishermen and their wives, heavily influenced by Jozef Israëls. The later works (from about 1890) are more loosely painted, although maritime and genre scenes remained the primary subject matter. His work was critically successful during his lifetime, being sought after by English, Scottish and American collectors. Blommers was also active as a teacher; among his pupils was the American painter Caroline van Hook Bean, who became his daughter-in-law in 1913.

Citations

1845 births
1914 deaths
19th-century Dutch painters
Dutch male painters
Painters from The Hague
Hague School
20th-century Dutch painters
19th-century Dutch male artists
20th-century Dutch male artists

Bernard Blommers


The M. V. Frunze Military Academy (), or in full the Military Order of Lenin and the October Revolution, Red Banner, Order of Suvorov Academy in the name of M. V. Frunze (), was a military academy of the Soviet and later the Russian Armed Forces.

Established in 1918 to train officers for the newly-formed Red Army, the academy was one of the most prestigious military educational institutions in the Soviet Union. At first titled the General Staff Academy of the Red Army, taking on a similar role to its pre-revolutionary predecessor, the Imperial Nicholas Military Academy, it was renamed the Military Academy in 1921 and then the M. V. Frunze Military Academy in 1925, honouring Mikhail Frunze, who had been a commandant of the academy.

It became a higher staff college with the addition of courses for senior command officers in the 1930s, before these were transferred in 1936 to the newly formed Military Academy of the General Staff. By this time many of the Red Army's most senior commanders were graduates of the academy. During the Second World War, large numbers of staff and students were called up to fight. Many won decorations and awards, including 244 Heroes of the Soviet Union, and 18 twice Heroes of the Soviet Union. Training and research at the academy continued throughout the war.

The academy continued to train senior officers for the Soviet Armed Forces after the war, acting as a stepping stone for those tipped for high command before they attended the Military Academy of the General Staff. It was ranked as the most prestigious of all the Soviet military academies, taking officers ranked captain or above for a three-year course of study to prepare them for higher commands. The academy also offered research and postgraduate degrees in various aspects of military studies. Between 1934 and 1988, 722 graduates of the academy were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, while the academy received the Order of Lenin, the Order of Suvorov First Class, and the Order of the October Revolution.

The academy continued to operate after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. In 1998 it was  merged with the Malinovsky Military Armoured Forces Academy and the Vystrel officer training courses to form the Combined Arms Academy of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

History

Establishing an academy for the training of command and staff officers was an Imperial-era innovation, carried out at the Imperial Nicholas Military Academy. With the outbreak of the First World War, classes at the academy ceased. Special wartime courses for staff officers were briefly instituted from 30 October 1916 on the initiative of General Mikhail Alekseyev, but closed in late April 1917.

The early battles of the Red Army during the first stages of the Russian Civil War demonstrated that battlefield commands could not be given to former workers and soldiers who had little experience with tactics or with leading men. On 7 October 1918 the Revolutionary Military Council ordered the foundation of the General Staff Academy of the Red Army, based in Moscow and taking on the functions of the Imperial-era General Staff Academy. The first intake of students, who joined on 25 November that year, numbered 183, with the official opening of the academy taking place on 8 December 1918.

It was renamed the Military Academy of the Red Army on 5 August 1921. Several years later on 5 November 1925, it was renamed as the M. V. Frunze Military Academy honouring Mikhail Frunze. He had commanded the academy between 19 April 1924 and his death on 31 October 1925.

Higher courses were added in 1921 and expanded in 1925 to become the courses known as KUVNAS to provide advanced training in military science for earlier graduates. These courses became the basis for the Military Academy of the General Staff, which was split from the Frunze Military Academy in 1936. On 18 January 1934 the academy was awarded the Order of Lenin, and became known as the Red Banner Order of Lenin Military Academy named after M.V. Frunze.

From 1922 the academy had occupied a location on , in the expropriated . A new building was designed by Lev Rudnev, with the academy moving into it in August 1937. Training for that semester began on 1 September. The academy, in common with many other Soviet institutions of military education, suffered during the Great Purges of the late 1930s. The commandant and many of the senior department heads and professors were arrested and executed with little justice. By 1941 more than 7,500 personnel had graduated from the academy.

Wartime
Following the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, many of the academy's students and teachers were posted to active roles. Between June and July 1941, 43 generals and 167 senior officers were dispatched to the front from the academy, many of them taking up high positions in the Soviet defence effort. Four were appointed regimental commanders, eleven as infantry brigade commanders and chiefs of staff, forty-two as divisional chiefs of staff, twenty-one as division commanders, six as corps commanders and chiefs of staff, twenty-two to army headquarters, and forty-four to front headquarters. Those who remained at the academy were soon occupied in preparing defensive lines and fortifications around Moscow, and in training militia units.

Training efforts continued during the war, with a shortened programme for command officers to link the regiment and division levels, and from 1944 onwards, for division and corps levels. To meet shortages in personnel, those who had a secondary education and qualified as junior lieutenants were also enrolled. As the war progressed, by 1944 training was also provided for combined-arms officers in division and corps units.

Scientific research work continued throughout the war, taking in experience gathered during combat operations and producing summaries of frontline combat activity, manuals on tactics, military geography, and the history of military art. On 21 February 1945 the academy was awarded the Order of Suvorov First Class by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, and became the Red Banner Order of Lenin and Order of Suvorov First Class Military Academy named after M.V. Frunze.

Post war
After the war the academy continued to train combined-arms officers, establishing a faculty to incorporate tactical and strategic innovations developed during the Second World War, and subsequent advances in science and technology. With developments in nuclear weapons, the academy trained officers in the use of tank, motorized rifle units, aviation and artillery in a possible nuclear war. In 1978 it was awarded the Order of the October Revolution, becoming the Orders of Lenin and October Revolution, the Red Banner Order of Suvorov Military Academy named after M.V. Frunze. As of 1979, the Academy had 'chairs of operational-tactical disciplines such as Marxism-Leninism, the history of the CPSU and party-political work, as well as history of war and military art, foreign languages, and other subjects.

The academy continued to operate after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, training officers for the Russian Armed Forces. On 29 August 1998, in accordance with government decree No. 1009, the academy was combined with the Malinovsky Military Armoured Forces Academy and the Vystrel officer training courses to form the Combined Arms Academy of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Education

With the splitting of the higher strategic courses into the new Military Academy of the General Staff in 1936, the Frunze Military Academy concentrated on preparing officers for combined arms warfare. The majority of students were from the Soviet Ground Forces, though there were those from other services, particularly the Air Forces and Air Defence Forces. A late 1970s work recorded that a third of students had graduated from one of the country's Suvorov Military Schools.

Students generally entered for a three-year course of study, usually at the rank of captain. By the time they had finished their studies, graduates usually qualified for promotion to the rank of major. In addition to officers from the Soviet Union, students were also drawn from the armed forces of Warsaw Pact and other associated countries.

During the Soviet period the academy had departments on operational-tactical disciplines, Marxism–Leninism, the history of the Communist Party and its work, the history of war and military art, foreign languages, and others. Studies were supported by a library containing over two million volumes. The academy was also an important centre for military scientific research, offering postgraduate and research programmes leading to the award of candidate or doctoral degrees. By the late 1970s it was considered the most prestigious of the seventeen Soviet military academies.

Candidates attended the academy after having graduated from one of the higher military training colleges and spent some time on active service. Having graduated from the academy, and subsequently attained the rank of colonel or similar, the most capable candidates were then considered for entry to the General Staff Academy, and so to the highest ranks and echelons of the Soviet military.

Faculty

Teaching faculty at the academy often held senior military ranks alongside higher academic qualifications. The commandant of the academy usually held a general's rank. By the late 1970s between twenty-five and fifty general officers were teaching at the academy. Among the early military commanders who taught at the academy was Aleksei Antonov, who was a student at the academy between 1928 and 1931, and returned in December 1938 as a lecturer in the general tactics faculty, becoming a senior lecturer in February 1940 and deputy head of the faculty in January 1941.

Graduates
A number of the first academy graduates went on to high ranks, among whom were future marshals of the Soviet Union Nikolay Voronov, Kirill Meretskov, Vasily Sokolovsky and Vasily Chapayev. During the Second World War a total of twenty-four academy graduates had commands of either fronts or armies. Among them were marshals Georgy Zhukov, Leonid Govorov, Ivan Konev, Rodion Malinovsky, Kirill Meretskov, Fyodor Tolbukhin, Konstantin Rokossovsky, army generals Andrey Yeryomenko, Ivan Bagramyan, and generals Hamazasp Babadzhanian, Pavel Batitsky, Pavel Belov, Vladimir Kirpichnikov, Pavel Batov, Afanasy Beloborodov, Alexander Gorbatov, Mikhail Yefremov, Lev Dovator, Pyotr Koshevoy, David Dragunsky, Alexander Lizyukov, Issa Pliyev and Vasily Chuikov, among others.

During the Second World War 244 academy graduates received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, with a further 18 being awarded the title twice. Between 1934 and 1988, 722 graduates of the academy were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Heads
The first head of the academy was , a major general and division commander, who had served in the Russo-Japanese War and World War I.

References

Citations

Bibliography

Educational institutions established in 1918
Educational institutions disestablished in 1998
Military units and formations established in 1918
Military units and formations disestablished in 1998
Military academies of Russia
Military academies of the Soviet Union
Military units and formations awarded the Order of the Red Banner
Education and training establishments of the Soviet Army
Stalinist architecture
1918 establishments in Russia

Frunze Military Academy


The Guru Granth Sahib , also called Adi Granth, is the holy book of the religion Sikhism. It contains prayers, and hymns of Sikh religion. Sikhs believe the Guru Granth Sahib to be a living Guru, hence the Guru Granth Sahib has its own place also commonly known as 'Sach Khand' (the Heaven).

The name of the book is made up of three words. The first word is Guru, and a Guru in Sanskrit language means a teacher. Granth is a word of Hindi, and this means a book. The third word Sahib is a word of Urdu language and it means master. Thus, the Guru Granth Sahib means a Master Book by the Teacher. The Guru Granth Sahib, is a collection of hymns of the first five "Sikh Gurus", the "Ninth Guru", and various saints, or bhagats Sikhs and others such as Baba Farid.

But what makes it so significant is that it has the solution to every problem in the World. The Granth teaches us how we should live, and promotes a modern ideology. This is why it makes it so important to Sikhs.

The book is usually placed in the centre of the gurdwara, high up under a roof.They treat it as a living guru, waving a chaura(fan) over it and decorate its "seat"

It is written in the script  called Gurmukhi. The first composition in the Guru Granth Sahib is Mool mantar by Guru Nanak Dev Ji.

Sikhism
Religious texts
1600s books

Guru Granth Sahib


Bombers B-52 (released in the UK as No Sleep till Dawn) is a 1957 American drama film produced by Richard Whorf and directed by Gordon Douglas. The film stars Natalie Wood and Karl Malden, and co-stars Marsha Hunt and Efrem Zimbalist Jr. It was adapted from a Sam Rolfe story by screenwriter Irving Wallace. Leonard Rosenman composed the score.

The film's storyline is focused on the introduction of the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress bomber by the U.S. Strategic Air Command (SAC) in the 1950s. A respected and highly experienced master sergeant must choose between continuing his career in the Air Force and accepting a job in the private sector that would pay him three times his military salary.

Plot
The Strategic Air Command is about to introduce the B-52 Stratofortress bomber as its primary manned strategic weapon. Stationed at Castle Air Force Base, California, with the 329th Bomb Squadron, 20-year United States Air Force (USAF) veteran MSgt. Chuck Brennan dislikes his commanding officer, the "hotshot" Lt. Col. Jim Herlihy. Brennan has not trusted Herlihy since an incident in the Korean War. This career-long problem interferes with flight operations and aircraft support. When Herlihy starts dating Brennan's daughter Lois, tensions grow. Brennan demands his daughter break off the relationship.

Brennan, Herlihy, and others try to solve all the technical problems that plague the introduction of the B-52. On one top-secret test flight to Africa, after being refueled in mid-air, a control panel short-circuits, causing a fire. Herlihy orders everyone to bail out and ejects Brennan when he refuses to leave the bomber. After safely landing the burning aircraft at Castle AFB, Herlihy sends out search parties, who manage to recover all of the crew except for Brennan. Following a hunch, Herlihy eventually finds his chief aircraft mechanic, who is severely injured, and airlifts him by helicopter from remote back country to the base hospital.

While recovering, Brennan realizes that he was wrong about Herlihy, who risked his life to bring him home. He accepts that his daughter and his commanding officer should now reunite. Eventually, Brennan also has to choose between a high-paying civilian job and his US Air Force career. When told that his discharge papers are ready to sign, he decides to continue the career he loves in the USAF.

Cast
 Natalie Wood as Lois Brennan
 Karl Malden as MSgt. Chuck V. Brennan
 Marsha Hunt as Edith Brennan
 Efrem Zimbalist Jr. as Lt. Col. Jim Herlihy
 Don Kelly as MSgt. Darren McKine
 Nelson Leigh as Brig. Gen. Wayne Acton
 Robert Nichols as Wilbur "Brooklyn" Stuart
 Ray Montgomery as Barnes
 Robert Hover as Simpson (as Bob Hover)
 Juanita Moore as Clarissa

Production

Bombers B-52 was filmed with the full cooperation of the United States Air Force at Castle and March Air Force Bases in California, where examples of Boeing B-47 Stratojet bombers, North American F-86 Sabre fighters, and B-52s were based. During production, Natalie Wood was named "Sweetheart of Castle Air Force Base".

The first choice for the starring role was Tab Hunter, who subsequently turned it down because he was tired of playing military roles. Writer Irving Wallace wrote a "racy" screenplay; one of the working titles was No Sleep till Dawn (which was used as the title for the film's UK release). The screenplay was later the subject of a 1980s exposé of sexual innuendo by film historian Hal Erickson.

Reception
Reviews of Bombers B-52 mainly focused on the aerial scenes, which during the Cold War era projected a near-propaganda effort, using many period aircraft to depict the era faithfully. The review in The New York Times was mildly laudatory, describing it as a "frank tribute to Air Force nuclear power, laced together with a familiar service feud ... Irving Wallace's dialogue is excellent. Furthermore, his unpretentious scenario is credible and persuasive in training sequences and especially in the hearth scenes". The performances of the leads was also considered "natural". Overall, The New York Times critic thought "'Bombers B-52' is not [terrific], but it could have been much, much worse". Variety gushed that it was "magnificently mounted, with breathtaking scenes of the new B-52s", while Time magazine more aptly characterized Bombers B-52 as a "$1,400,000 want ad for Air Force technicians". In other reviews, the dichotomy of 19-year-old Natalie Wood being courted by 40-year-old Efrem Zimbalist Jr. was noted, as well as the attempt to portray a contemporary, if tepid, love story.

Comic book adaptation
 Dell Four Color #831 (September 1957)

See also
 List of American films of 1957

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Hunter, Tab and Eddie Muller. Tab Hunter Confidential: The Making of a Movie Star. New York: Algonquin Books, 2005. .
 Leverence, John. Irving Wallace: A Writer's Profile. Bowling Green, Ohio: Popular Press 1, 1974. .
 Maltin, Leonard. Leonard Maltin's Movie Guide 2009. New York: New American Library, 2009 (originally published as TV Movies, then Leonard Maltin's Movie & Video Guide), First edition 1969, published annually since 1988. .

External links

 Bombers B-52 movie trailer on YouTube.com

1957 films
1957 romantic drama films
CinemaScope films
American romantic drama films
American aviation films
Cold War aviation films
Films scored by Leonard Rosenman
Films directed by Gordon Douglas
Films set in California
Films shot in California
Warner Bros. films
Films about the United States Air Force
Films adapted into comics
1950s English-language films
1950s American films

Bombers B-52


The Nigar Awards () were presented in an annual award show to recognize outstanding achievement in Pakistani cinema. The honors are awarded by Nigar Magazine founded in 1948. The Nigar Awards are Pakistan's version of the Academy Awards.

The annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists. The first Nigar Awards ceremony was held in 1957, to honor the accomplishments of Pakistani cinema for the year 1956. In 2002, following the 46th Annual Nigar Awards, Nigar Magazine announced its discontinuation of the awards due to the collapse of the Pakistani cinema industry.

After a 15-year hiatus, with the revival of Pakistani cinema, the 47th Nigar Awards were announced to be held on 16 March 2017 in Karachi.

History
The Nigar Awards were introduced in 1957 by Ilyas Rashidi, also known as Baba-e-Filmi Sahafat (translation: The Father of Film Journalism) in Pakistan. The award was an extension of the Nigar Magazine, which was also founded by Rashidi in 1948 and was Pakistan's first weekly newspaper dedicated solely to Pakistani cinema. Ilyas Rashidi acquired experience in entertainment journalism through his association with Umer Azad (his older brother) and his daily newspaper Anjum, which had shifted its offices from Delhi to Karachi in 1947. Ilyas had been inspired by Filmfare magazine and thus purchased a children's magazine Monthly Nigar from his friend Ibne Hassan Nigar, and re-branded it as a weekly film magazine from Karachi. The first award distribution ceremony was held on 17 July 1957 at Evernew Studios in Lahore.

Since 1979, the award administration also started to give Nigar Awards to television personalities and since 1982, to stage artists. The first TV personality to receive the award was Fatima Surayya Bajia who got a special award. Among stage artists, Furqan Haider and Moin Akhtar were the first to be honored with the award in the categories of best stage director and best stage compere respectively.

Design
Ilyas Rashidi had initially chosen the design of a lady statuette and the Nigar Awards continued with this award from 1957 to 1977. During the Islamic dictatorial rule of President General Zia-ul-Haq and his regime, the statue design was changed into a textual design. In 2017, the 47th Nigar Awards reverted to the original award design.

Ceremony
Instead of the usual practice of envelope opening, the award committee prints the names of the winners on the back of the invitation cards that are sent to all invitees. This removes the charm of suspenseful moments for the attendees. Despite all this, the award committee has strict rules of only considering the candidacy of those films and television shows that are nominated for the awards and their copies are provided by the filmmakers or distributors to the Awards Committee of Nigar Awards. The Nigar Awards are also known for their impartial assessment and unbiased attitude as compared with other high-level awards in Pakistan for the public entertainment media. Another prominent factor of the awards is that, over time, various categories from both television and film industry that have been included to cover such subjects as Urdu, Punjabi and Pashto and Sindhi films.

Categories

The Nigar Awards are divided into Urdu, Pashto, Punjabi and Sindhi sections, which each section having several categories:
Best Film
Best director
Best Script
Best Screenplay
Nigar Award for Best Actor
Nigar Award for Best Actress
Best Supporting actor
Best Supporting actress
Best Music
Best Lyrics
Best Camera
Best Female Singer
Best Male Singer
Best Film Editing
Best Art Director
Best Sound
Best Comedian
Special Awards
Ilyas Rashidi Lifetime Achievement Gold Medal

See also
List of Nigar Awards
Nigar

References

Lollywood
Pakistani film awards
Awards established in 1958
1958 establishments in Pakistan

Nigar Awards


Fiction Reform was an American punk rock band from Orange County, California, United States, formed in 2009. The band was signed to Basement Records based in La Habra, California who released their first album, Revelation in the Palms of the Weak, on April 20, 2010.

Fiction Reform formed when Dan Powell and Danny Baeza, who knew each other from playing in a band of the name Crooked Evangelists, recruited Aaron Chabak. The three of them created all the songs for Revolution In the Palms of the Weak, only without vocals. They recruited Brenna Red, who they had met previously while performing. She was recruited via a phone call after various other singers had auditioned.

Their song "Small Silhouette" was featured on ESPN's SportsCenter LA in October 2009 and was the first public exposure of the song. Fiction Reform songs have also been featured in Rob Dyrdek's Fantasy Factory and The Dudesons in America television shows.

Their second album Take Your Truth was released on November 13, 2012. Danielle Lehman joined the band at this time. In an interview with the magazine, [Innocent Words], Red said the album was recorded "with the intention of raising the bar. For local DIY bands, for punk music, for ourselves, we wanted to raise the bar." The band stated that Take Your Truth was easier to record and had more harmony than the previous album since all the members were playing together during the recording. They went on to say that each song has potential to being released as a single because each one contributes a unique sound to the album. Fiction Reform currently has plans to tour the West Coast.

Influences for Fiction Reform include Bad Religion and Descendents. The band noted their influence could be heard particularly in "Who's to Blame" from Take Your Truth.

Fiction Reform was nominated for an OC Music award in 2011 for Best Punk.

References

External links
 Fiction Reform Myspace page
 omnes.tv :: Revelator - Episode 4 Hear Brenna Red, Aaron Chabak,Danielle Lehman talk about new album and upcoming live shows on Revelator

Musical groups established in 2009
Musical groups from Orange County, California
Punk rock groups from California

Fiction Reform


Knowle Cricket Club Ground is a cricket ground in Bristol.  The first recorded match on the ground was in 1894, when Knowle played Frenchay.  In 1926 the ground held its first first-class match when Somerset played Hampshire in the County Championship.  The following season the ground held a further first-class match when Somerset played Worcestershire.  The final first-class match held at the ground came in 1928 when Somerset played Essex.

Still in use to this day, the ground is the home venue of Knowle Cricket Club.

References

External links
Knowle Cricket Club Ground on CricketArchive
Knowle Cricket Club Ground on Cricinfo

Cricket grounds in Bristol
Sports venues completed in 1894
Somerset County Cricket Club

Knowle Cricket Club Ground


Dream Market is an online darknet market started in late 2013. Dream Market works on a hidden service of the Tor network. This allows online users to browse anonymously and securely while dodging possible monitoring of traffic. The marketplace sells many things, including drugs, stolen data, and fake goods, using the Bitcoin, BitcoinCash and Monero cryptocurrencies. Dream provides an escrow service, with disputes handled by staff. The market also has forums, hosted on a different URL.

After the takeovers and shutdowns of the AlphaBay and Hansa markets in July 2017, there was much speculation that Dream Market would become the main darknet marketplace. Many sellers and buyers from AlphaBay and Hansa communities registered on Dream Market.

At the time, Dream Market was reported to have "57,000 listings for drugs and 4,000 listings for opioids".

Dream Administrator and vendor Gal Vallerius was arrested in August 2017, after a border search of his laptop confirmed his identity as online drug seller OxyMonster. $500,000 USD in the cryptocurrency Bitcoin was discovered on his laptop. Vallerius is the subject of an continuing investigation about large online narcotics purchases which began in February 2016.

Security problems
After the recent seizures of other markets, the accounts of a number of Dream Market vendors came under the control of Dutch law enforcement. As the market remains in operation, and no official statement has been released by Dutch authorities regarding this matter, it is not known how these accounts were compromised, though some researchers suggest that shared credentials are to blame.

On September 13th, Dream users reported the loss of funds from their accounts in posts to forums such as reddit. In a post to the markets' news page, Staff later confirmed that a hard drive failure caused the issue and promised to refund the lost funds. The issue has not yet been resolved, and it is not known how many (if any) users have had their prior balance compensated.

References

Internet

Dream Market


Reeves Instrument Corporation (RICO) was a Cold War manufacturer of computer and radar systems for the United States. The corporation was the Project Cyclone laboratory operator for simulation of guided missiles, and RICO developed several Strategic Air Command combination (radar/computer/communications) systems ("Q" systems).

History
Reeves was originally "Hudson American…just a little bit before the end of D-Day" and in 1946 Reeves Sound Laboratory, a division of Reeves-Ely Laboratories (R.E.L.), was researching "advance gunfire control systems and computers; radar and tracking systems; guided missile controls; aircraft control instruments… (Research initiated 1942.)"  RICO was awarded the Department of the Navy contract No. N60ori-128 on June 10, 1946, for "development of a guided missile simulator and the operation of a simulation laboratory [for] research and development on guided missile simulation" and "development and construction of a rapid and precise automatic analog computer suitable for detailed simulation of guided missiles". The contract's Task Order III on June 12, 1947, required Reeves provide "a simulation laboratory, the Project Cyclone Laboratory, which was to be operated by the Reeves Analysis and Computer Group."  Reeves built the lab's original Reeves Electronic Analog Computers in 1947, and a new computing lab of REACs was contracted under Task Order III in 1949. "The guided missile simulator of Task Order II was completed in early 1949 [with a] satisfactory demonstration in February 1949 of the guided missile simulator solving a three-dimensional guided missile problem".

Early in the Cold War, Reeves developed and tested the  [AN/MSQ-2A] Bomb Scoring Central, a variant of the MSQ-2 Close Support Control Set developed by Rome Air Development Center.  Bomb Scoring Centrals by RICO were used for Radar Bomb Scoring (RBS), as well as Korean War ground-directed bombing (GDB) controlled by TADPOLE sites. "Reeves Instrument Corporation [was] a wholly owned subsidiary of … Claude Neon, Inc." on April 15, 1955, when the former merged into Dynamics Corporation of America; and on January 20, 1956, the other Reeves division of Neon—Reeves-Ely Laboratories, Inc.--also merged into Dynamics.

In 1958, RICO moved production to its Roosevelt Field plant on East Gate Blvd in Garden City, New York.

In the early 1960s, the Reeves AN/MSQ-35 Bomb Scoring Central was produced for Strategic Air Command RBS and in 1965, the Reeves AN/MSQ-77 Bomb Directing Central was built for Vietnam War GDB. Reeves also produced a 1967 transportable variant of the vacuum tube AN/MSQ-77, and one of the AN/TSQ-81 variants was destroyed after the Battle of Lima Site 85 in Laos. By the end of the war the vacuum-tube Reeves AN/TSQ-96 Bomb Directing Central with a solid state Univac 1219B ballistic computer was being used for GDB.

References

Avionics companies
Analog computers
Defunct computer hardware companies
Former defense companies of the United States
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer companies based in New York (state)
American companies established in 1944
Manufacturing companies established in 1944
Technology companies established in 1944
Computer companies disestablished in 1995
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1995
Technology companies disestablished in 1995
1944 establishments in New York (state)
1995 disestablishments in New York (state)
Defunct manufacturing companies based in New York City

Reeves Instrument Corporation


Antoni Elías i Deix (born 1958 in Manresa, Bages, Catalonie), mair weel-kent as Toni Elías, is an umwhile Spaingie motorcross racer, eleiven times motocross champion o Spain durin the 1970s an '80s an ane o the maist memorable Catalans in this discipline.

He haes been marrit tae Mei Justicia syne 1979, an he is the faither o warld champion Toni Elías. Acause o his son's fame, Elías is nou kent as Toni Elías senior. He is an aa the aulder brither o Jorge Elias who is a twa-time champion o Spain durin the 1980s.

1958 births
Livin fowk
Spaingie motorcycle racers

Toni Elías i Deix


Surname maps are maps which display and indicate the highest concentration of residents with a particular surname, or set of surnames. This information can be useful for studying the current or historic distribution of surnames, and occasionally their origin. Surname maps are generally created using population lists, such as censuses, electoral rolls, taxation records and telephone directories. Where the surname concentration is at the highest, is useful to the genealogical researcher in indicating the region a given spelling of the name was first adopted.

External links
 List of surname mapping websites from the ISOGG Wiki

Surname

Surname map


Core data integration is the use of data integration technology for a significant, centrally planned and managed IT initiative within a company. Examples of core data integration initiatives could include:

 ETL (Extract, transform, load) implementations
 EAI (Enterprise Application Integration) implementations
 SOA (Service-Oriented Architecture) implementations
 ESB (Enterprise Service Bus) implementations

Core data integrations are often designed to be enterprise-wide integration solutions. They may be designed to provide a data abstraction layer, which in turn will be used by individual core data integration implementations, such as ETL servers or applications integrated through EAI.

Because it is difficult to promptly roll out a centrally managed data integration solution that anticipates and meets all data integration requirements across an organization, IT engineers and even business users create edge data integration, using technology that may be incompatible with that used at the core. In contrast to a core data integration, an edge data integration is not centrally planned and is generally completed with a smaller budget and a tighter deadline.

See also
 data integration
 edge data integration

References
 https://web.archive.org/web/20080310212808/http://searchsoa.techtarget.com/tip/0,289483,sid26_gci1171085,00.html

Data management
Data integration

Core data integration


Burlington is a town in Big Horn County, Wyoming, United States. It had 288 people living in it at the 2010 census.

The town has an area of 1.0 mi². This area is all land.

Children from Burlington go to Burlington High School, Burlington Junior High and Burlington Elementary.

Towns in Wyoming
Big Horn County, Wyoming

Burlington, Wyoming


The Hochschule Bielefeld – University of Applied Sciences and Arts (Fachhochschule Bielefeld) is the second largest education institution in Bielefeld. It divides itself into six faculties (Fachbereiche):

Divisions
 Faculty 1: Design (Gestaltung)
The Faculty of Design is located in a separate building close to the Oetker Concert Hall as well as a public park called Bürger Park (park of the commons). Three different branches of design and arts are available to the carefully selected students: "Photography & Media", "Graphic and Communication Design" and "Fashion Design". There are accepted about 25-30 freshmen in each branch per year. The school is rated among the top five of Germany's schools offering a focused education in photography, honoured by the state-funded "Special Research Centre on Photography & Media". The school's photography students are also entitled to compete - among the students of other famous European institutions like the Royal College of Arts London and the École Nationale Supérieure des Arts Décoratifs Paris - in the annual Leica Photography Award.

 Faculty 2: Campus Minden (Architecture, Civil Engineering, Engineering and Computer Science) The Faculty is located in the town of Minden.
 Faculty 3: Engineering and Mathematics
 Faculty 4: Social Sciences
 Faculty 5: Business
 Faculty 6: Health

External links

Universities and colleges in North Rhine-Westphalia
Universities of Applied Sciences in Germany
Bielefeld

Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences


Thomas Bellot (16 March 1806 - June 1857) was an English naval surgeon and philologist.

He was born at Manchester, where his father, after whom he was named, was a practising surgeon in Oldham Street. The father was a native of Derbyshire, and gave evidence in 1818 before a committee of the House of Lords on Sir Robert Peel's factory bill. His mother's maiden name was Jane Hale, and she was the daughter of Thomas Hale of Darnhall, Cheshire, author of Social Harmony, who claimed to be of the same family as Sir Matthew Hale. Thomas Bellot became a pupil at the Manchester Grammar School in 1816, after which he became a pupil of Joseph Jordan, a well-known practitioner in his native city. On 16 February 1828 he was admitted a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, and in 1831 entered upon the active service as a naval surgeon, in which he passed the greater part of his life. His first appointment was on the Harrier, where he joined in several boat attacks on the pirates infesting the straits of Malacca. In 1835 he joined the Leveret, and served in the prevention of the African slave trade until 1839. In this expedition he was one of the party that boarded the slave brig Diogenes, and had charge of the wounded prisoners until they were transferred to the hospital at Mozambique. He next served for three years with the Firefly on the West Indian coast. In 1843 he went with the Wolf to the coast of China. During his absence, and without his knowledge, he was elected F.R.C.S. causa honoris 6 August 1844.

In 1849 he had medical charge of the Havering, which conveyed 365 convicts to Sydney. Cholera broke out, but his firmness and judgment enabled him to dispense with the exercise of the great powers entrusted to him on this occasion. Some scientific maps and specimens sent by him to the admiralty from Labuan were forwarded to the Museum of Economic Geology.

His last outward voyage was in November 1854, when he joined the flagship Britannia, which conveyed Vice-Admiral Dundas to the Black Sea as commander of the fleet. Bellot was assigned the care of the sick at the naval hospital of Therapia on the Bosphorus, as one of the chief hospital surgeons, and returned to England in March 1855 in charge of invalids. This adventurous life was not without influence on his health, and during his stay in the West Indies he had two attacks of yellow fever. He returned to Manchester, and, dying in June 1857, was buried in the churchyard of Poynton, Cheshire.

He was honorary member of the Philosophical Society of Sydney, and of several other learned associations. The classical learning received at the Manchester school was increased by further study in the scanty leisure of his busy professional life. He translated the Aphorisms of Hippocrates and of Galen on the Hand (1840). In the latter he was helped by Joseph Jordan. His interest in philology led him to make excursions into the domain of oriental literature. In the intervals on half-pay he visited many cities of Europe, attended the lectures of H. H. Wilson at Oxford, made the acquaintance of Christian Bunsen, and was a friend and disciple of Franz Bopp. Bellot's work on the Sanscrit Derivations of English Words, printed at Manchester in 1856 by subscription, is in effect a comparative dictionary, in which a number of English words are traced to their source. The illustrations range over a wide field of philological knowledge, including Chinese.

He had paid considerable attention to the language and antiquities of China, and bequeathed his collection of Chinese books and bronzes to the Manchester Free Library.

References

Attribution

English surgeons
1806 births
1857 deaths
English philologists
19th-century English medical doctors
English antiquarians
Health professionals from Manchester
Burials in Cheshire
Royal Navy Medical Service officers

Thomas Bellot


A sleeveless shirt is a shirt that is manufactured without sleeves or with sleeves that have been cut off. Depending on the style, they can be worn as undershirts, by athletes in sports such as track and field and triathlon, or as casual wear by both men and women.

Tank top

In the United States and Canada, any casual sleeveless shirt can be called tank top or tank shirt, with several specific varieties. It is named after tank suits, one-piece bathing suits of the 1920s worn in tanks or swimming pools. The upper garment is worn commonly by both men and women. The build of a tank top is simple: the neck and armholes are often reinforced for durability. They often have large armholes and neck holes, which may reach down as far as the bottom of the chest; particularly low armholes are referred to as "dropped armholes." (Women's tank tops have smaller holes, to conceal their breasts.) They are also sometimes made long to make tucking into pants easier. In almost all cases, they are buttonless, collarless, and pocketless.

A sleeveless T-shirt, also called a muscle shirt, is the same design as a T-shirt, but without sleeves. Some sleeveless T-shirts, which possess smaller, narrower arm holes, are traditionally worn by both women and men. They are often worn during athletic activities or as casual wear during warmer weather. They are colloquially known as shooter shirts in the southern United States. They were quite popular in the 1980s and were commonly associated with surfers and bodybuilders (hence the name "muscle" shirt) and often bore the names and logos of gyms. Such shirts without logos are now more commonly worn as casual wear.

The tank top designed for a tight fit and often made of ribbed cotton is also colloquially called an A-shirt, or, more offensively, wifebeater, beater, guinea tee or dago tee (guinea and dago being American ethnic slurs for people of Italian ethnicity).

The term wife-beater reportedly became synonymous for an undershirt after a 1947 criminal case where a Detroit man was arrested for beating his wife to death, and newspapers printed a photo of the "wife beater" wearing a stained undershirt. Another claim was spread by Paul Davidson, a film-maker, in a blog post where he claimed that the term had evolved from a medieval chain mail undergarment called a "waif-beater," and this was picked up as fact by other outlets. Davidson openly admitted in 2018 that the waif-beater story was bogus, created to trick people who believed unquestioningly anything they read on the Internet.

In the UK, especially when used as an undershirt, it is known as a vest (compare the American usage of vest). It is called a singlet in Australia and New Zealand, and a banian or banyan in the Indian subcontinent. In the Philippines, a sleeveless undershirt is called a sando.

In addition to athletic usage, tank tops have traditionally been used as undershirts, especially with suits and dress shirts. They are sometimes worn alone without a dress shirt or top shirt during very warm and/or humid weather. Tank tops are often worn alone under very casual settings, as lounge wear, and/or while completing yard work or other chores around the home.

Camisole

A camisole, also simply called a cami, is a sleeveless shirt worn traditionally by women, normally extending to the waist. Camisoles often have spaghetti straps. Originally worn as an undershirt, like the A-shirt, they have become increasingly used as outerwear. The camisole is usually made of satin, nylon, or cotton. Historically, camisole referred to jackets of various kinds,  including overshirts (worn under a doublet or bodice), women's négligées, and sleeved jackets worn by men. In modern usage, a camisole or cami is a loose-fitting sleeveless undershirt which covers the top part of the body but is shorter than a chemise. A camisole normally extends to the waist but is sometimes cropped to expose the midriff, or extended to cover the entire pelvic region. Camisoles are manufactured from light materials, commonly cotton-based, occasionally satin or silk, or stretch fabrics such as lycra, nylon, or spandex.

Dudou

A dudou (), known as a yếm in Vietnamese contexts, is an item of East Asian and Southeast Asian clothing resembling a silk apron or bib but traditionally used as an undershirt or bodice to flatten the figure and, medicinally, to preserve stomach qi. Beginning around the year 2000, Western and Chinese fashion has also begun incorporating them as a sleeveless and backless shirt for women.

Halter top

A halter top is a sleeveless shirt in which a strap goes around the back of the neck, leaving the upper back uncovered. Halter tops are worn mainly by girls and women.

Tube top

A tube top is a shirt with no sleeves or shoulders, essentially a tube that wraps around the wearer's torso. Some versions cover most of the torso while others leave a large midriff. In British and Australian English, they are informally known as boob tubes.

References

Shirts
Sleeves
Undergarments
1990s fashion
2000s fashion
2010s fashion

Sleeveless shirt


"Big Man in Tehran" is the eleventh episode of the third season of the American television drama series Homeland, and the 35th episode overall. It premiered on Showtime on December 8, 2013.

Plot
Saul (Mandy Patinkin) coerces the imprisoned Alain Bernard (William Abadie) into contacting his superiors in Mossad and convincing them to deploy two operatives to Tehran to assist Brody (Damian Lewis). Carrie (Claire Danes), now in Tehran posing as a Swiss tourist, meets Fara's uncle Masud (David Diaan) who allows Carrie use of his home as a safehouse. The Mossad operatives make contact with Carrie there.  They give her a cyanide needle to be delivered to Brody, which he is to use to kill Danesh Akbari while the operatives create a diversion by detonating C-4 nearby.

Brody is repeatedly questioned under the supervision of Majid Javadi (Shaun Toub).  Javadi reports back to Akbari (Houshang Touzie), saying that Brody could be of great value for Iranian propaganda, but it's hard to know whether he can be trusted.   Javadi suggests that Akbari assess Brody face-to-face.  Javadi then organizes a rendezvous with Carrie where he acquires the cyanide needle and confirms that Akbari will likely soon be meeting with Brody.  The next day, Brody is taken to an outdoor location secured by Akbari's guards.  Akbari arrives there simultaneously and smiles and nods at Brody.  Brody approaches him, preparing to use the needle, but before he gets close, Akbari gets back into his car and leaves.  Brody is then escorted into a nearby house where Abu Nazir's widow, Nassrin (Naz Deravian), is waiting to talk to Brody and vet him on behalf of Akbari.

Six days pass.   Brody has been making appearances on Iranian television denouncing the United States.    Saul, Lockhart (Tracy Letts), and Dar Adal (F. Murray Abraham) have a meeting.   They agree that Brody no longer has a chance of getting close to Akbari.  Lockhart states that Brody didn't show up for an attempted extraction out of Iran, his loyalty to the United States can no longer be trusted, and that his knowledge of the operation jeopardizes Javadi's status as an asset.  With the President demanding immediate action, Lockhart implies that the only option is to assassinate Brody.   Saul calls Carrie, asking why Brody refused the extraction and if Brody has reached out to her.  He tells Carrie to fly back to the U.S. where they will reconvene.

Carrie, spooked by the phone call, calls Brody and tells him he may be in danger.   She asks him to flee Tehran with her, but Brody declines, saying there's nowhere else for him to go.  Carrie then spots the two Mossad operatives headed towards Brody and alerts him.  Brody evades them and goes to Nassrin's house.   He tells her someone tried to kill him, and asks her to arrange a meeting with Akbari, claiming that he has very important information about Majid Javadi.  Brody is brought into Akbari's office where they speak in privacy.  Brody reveals to Akbari the truth behind his presence in Iran: he was sent there to kill Akbari, so that Javadi, now a CIA asset, could take his place.   Akbari thanks Brody for his loyalty and says he will take care of Javadi.   Brody then bludgeons Akbari in the head with a crystal ash tray, and suffocates him while he is unconscious.   Brody finds a cell phone on Akbari's desk and uses it to call Carrie, telling her, "I killed him.  Get me out of here".

Production
The episode was directed by Daniel Minahan and written by executive producer Chip Johannessen and co-executive producer Patrick Harbinson.

Reception

Ratings
The original broadcast was watched by 2.09 million viewers, which marked a new season high to date.

Awards and nominations
This episode was named the Best Edited One Hour Series for Non-Commercial Television at the 64th American Cinema Editors Awards.

References

External links
 "Big Man in Tehran" at Showtime

2013 American television episodes
Homeland (season 3) episodes

Big Man in Tehran


The Richest Man in Babylon is a 1926 book by George S. Clason that dispenses financial advice through a collection of parables set 4,097 years earlier, in ancient Babylon.  The book remains in print almost a century after the parables were originally published, and is regarded as a classic of personal financial advice.

Background
The parables are told by a fictional Babylonian character called Arkad, a poor scribe who became the "richest man in Babylon".  Included in Arkad's advice are the "Seven Cures" (or how to generate money and wealth), and the "Five Laws of Gold" (or how to protect and invest wealth). A core part of Arkad's advice is around "paying yourself first", "living within your means", "investing in what you know", the importance of "long-term saving", and "home ownership".

The content is from a series of pamphlets distributed by U.S. banks and insurance companies in 1920–24; the pamphlets were bound together and published as a book in 1926. The book is often referred to as a classic of personal financial advice, and appears in modern recommended reading lists on personal financial advice and wealth management, which has kept the book in print almost 90 years after its first edition with over 2 million copies sold.

Clason himself published an illustrated hardback edition in 1930 titled The Richest Man in Babylon and Other Stories which now sells for USD 1,250.

The unusual structure of the book has inspired many modern derivative works providing further discussion and insights on the parables.

Structure
The original 1926 book groups the parables into general themes of advice, and particularly "The Seven Cures" and the "Five Laws of Gold".

Some themes can overlap (e.g. The First Cure is similar to the First Law of Gold).

Seven Cures For a Lean Purse

The Five Laws of Gold

Other parables
The final chapters of the 1926 book cover individual parables:

 The Gold Lender of Babylon. Better a little caution than a great regret.
 The Walls of Babylon. We cannot afford to be without adequate protection.
 The Camel Trader of Babylon. Where the determination is, a way can be found.

There is then an unusual section where a contemporary archeologist reveals five clay Babylonian tablets (numbered I to V), whose inscriptions provide short parables.

The final chapter in the 1926 book is on The Luckiest Man in Babylon.

See also
The Intelligent Investor
Think and Grow Rich
Poor Charlie's Almanack

References

External links
Full text of The Richest Man in Babylon at the Internet Archive

Finance books
Parables
1926 books
Penguin Books books

The Richest Man in Babylon


Aryeh Levin (; March 22, 1885 - March 28, 1969) was an Orthodox rabbi dubbed the "Father of Prisoners" for his visits to members of the Jewish underground imprisoned in the Central Prison of Jerusalem in the Russian Compound during the British Mandate. He was also known as the "Tzadik ("saint") of Jerusalem" for his work on behalf of the poor and the sick.

Biography
Aryeh Levin was born near the village of Orla located  south of the regional capital Białystok, Russian Empire (now Poland) to Binyamin Beinish and Ethel Levin. He had two older sisters, Miriam and Faige. He was tutored by local teachers until the age of 12, and then left home to attend the great yeshivas of Slonim, Slutsk, Volozhin and Brisk. In 1905, he emigrated to what was then Ottoman Palestine. Soon after he moved to Jerusalem and married Tzipora Hanna, the daughter of Rabbi David Shapira.

Father of the Prisoners
In 1931, at the request of the British Mandate authorities, Chief Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook appointed Reb Aryeh Levin the official Jewish Prison Chaplain, a position he informally had filled since 1927.  He accepted on the condition that he receive no pay. He would walk from his home in Nachlaot to visit the Jewish prisoners held in the Russian Compound on charges of arms possession or smuggling. Most of the prisoners were members of the Palmach, Haganah, Irgun or Lehi. Levin prayed with the prisoners and conveyed messages to their families. Room 29 in the Central Prison in Jerusalem (now the Museum of the Underground Prisoners), was used as a synagogue on Shabbat and holidays. Mattityahu Shmuelevitz, whose death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment, wrote to a friend: "Yet there is one person in particular to whom I remain grateful first and foremost; a dear, precious Jew about whom you told me nothing; but it was he who stormed heaven and earth for me; and more important — it was he who brought me closer to my Maker in those fateful days... He left and we remained in the prison. He couldn't take us with him out into the free world, but he always brought the outside world in to us."

"Reb Aryeh's eyes radiated love and comradeship, and he spoke soft and soothing words of encouragement to those imprisoned. Even the most stubborn prisoners succumbed to his simple, untainted love for his fellow man."  Levin invested great efforts to avert death sentences and  reduce the punishment of those sentenced to life imprisonment. Once he threw himself in front of the High Commissioner's vehicle to get him to hear his appeal.

In 1965, Rabbi Levin was honored at a ceremony organized by  veteran underground resistance fighters in honor of his eightieth birthday. It was held in the courtyard of the old central prison in the Russian Compound. Levin stated, "The importance of this assembly is that it has brought friends together. Moreover, this good meeting is taking place on the other side of the prison bars... It particularly makes my heart glad to see the families of the prisoners, especially the little children, since I have always loved small children." Then he added, "I do not know if I shall be privileged to be with you again like this. All I ask of you is this: Tell your children: There was an old Jew in Jerusalem who loved us so very much!" With that, he burst into tears, and among the thousands of people there, not a dry eye was to be found."

Visiting the sick
Levin was known for his visits to the sick, especially patients who had no family of their own. "It was Reb Aryeh's practice to go to the hospitals of Jerusalem every Friday, to visit the sick who were confined there. First he would always go and speak with the nurses, to find out from them which patients received no visitors as a rule. At the beds of these forgotten souls whom no relatives came to see, he would linger, caressing each one's hand and giving him words of encouragement and cheer. He would sit for hours near the beds of the sick, especially at Bikur Cholim hospital in Jerusalem."

"He was also a frequent visitor at hospitals for lepers, including a hospital in Bethlehem, where most of the patients were Arabs. Reb Aryeh began this holy practice after he had found a woman weeping bitterly by the Western Wall. Reb Aryeh asked her what made her cry so intensely. She told him that her child had no cure, and was locked up in the leper hospital in Jerusalem. He immediately decided to visit the young child, and when he arrived, all the patients burst into tears. It had been years, since they had the privilege to see any visitor from the outside world."

"His pious wife cooked regularly for them, and he would take the prepared food to the hospital."

Identification of bodies
After the 1947–1949 Palestine war, Rabbi Levin invoked a ritual known as Goral Hagra in order to identify the mutilated remains of 12 Jewish fighters of the Convoy of 35.

Character traits
Levine was known for his "humility, kindness, and respect for all... He treated everyone he met with love, respect, and dignity." "He saw only the good in human beings, even those for whom others rarely had a kind word." "Reb Aryeh Levin was perpetually involved with deeds of charity and helping the poor." "

Levin's apartment in the Mishkenot Yisrael neighborhood was tiny and sparsely furnished. He explained: "Many times [people] tried to tell me that I should move from my apartment to a more spacious place, and I refused. Observe that after a long life, a man is taken from his apartment to the cemetery. So for me the adjustment will be easier, my room isn't much bigger."

"Reb Aryeh fulfilled the Talmudic law that 'One must love his wife like himself, and honor and respect her more than himself'." When Levin's wife had a problem with her knee, the doctor asked what's wrong, Levin replied:  "Our foot hurts us" (plural).
He went to bed past midnight, after counseling couples who came to him.  When asked, "Why he did not arrange for couples to come to his house earlier when they need help?" He answered that "most couples with marital problems are worried about their reputations, so they all want to come here (discreetly) in the late hours of the night."

Model educator
In 1925, Rabbi Isser Zalman Meltzer was appointed to head the Etz Chaim Yeshiva and Levin was made the Mashgiach (spiritual advisor). Levin was known for his
love and affection to all his students, treating them as adults.

An administrator in the Israeli school system recounted his experience as a child at one of Jerusalem's boarding schools. One day chocolate pudding was served and the boy wolfed it down and  got back in line asking for another portion. The server refused with a nasty remark. Frustrated and angered, the boy turned over the entire chocolate pudding pot. The boy was punished and publicly reprimanded by school officials. He was told Reb Aryeh, the spiritual mentor of the institution, would decide whether he should be expelled. Next morning, he met Levine who asked him to sit next to him. He asked him, "Did you spill over the pot as they said that you did?" The child admitted his guilt. "Will you do such a thing again in the future?" Reb Aryeh asked. "No, never again," said the child. Reb Aryeh asked him then, "Do you really like chocolate pudding?" "Yes," he answered. Reb Aryeh said, "I too love chocolate pudding. I have here two containers of chocolate pudding, so let us sit down here together and eat chocolate pudding." At that moment, the educator said he realized what it meant to be a Torah Jew.

Death

Levin  died six days after his 84th birthday. He and his wife Tzippora are buried in the Sanhedria Cemetery in Jerusalem.
Inscribed on his gravestone is the following instruction to visitors: "I ask anyone who comes to my grave to say: 'I firmly believe that there will be a Resurrection of the Dead when the time that the will arises from the Creator, blessed be His name.'"

References

Further reading
Raz, Simcha (1976). A Tzaddik in Our Time: The life of Rabbi Aryeh Levin. Spring Valley, N.Y.:Philipp Feldheim Inc.

1885 births
1969 deaths
People from Bielsk County
People from Belsky Uyezd (Grodno Governorate)
Polish Haredi rabbis
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the Ottoman Empire
Ashkenazi rabbis in Ottoman Palestine
Haredi rabbis in Mandatory Palestine
Haredi rabbis in Israel
Israeli Orthodox rabbis
Israeli people of Polish-Jewish descent
Rabbis in Jerusalem

Aryeh Levin


Charles McCreevy (born 30 September 1949) is an Irish former Fianna Fáil politician who served as European Commissioner for Internal Market and Services from 2004 to 2010, Minister for Finance from 1997 to 2004, Minister for Tourism and Trade from 1993 to 1994 and Minister for Social Welfare from 1992 to 1993. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Kildare constituency (and later the Kildare North constituency) from 1977 to 2004.

When McCreevy resigned his Dáil seat on his appointment to the European Commission, his son, Charlie Jnr, declined the opportunity to be the Fianna Fáil candidate in the resulting by-election. The seat was won by the independent candidate, Catherine Murphy.

Early life and career
Born in Sallins, County Kildare, McCreevy was educated locally at Naas by the Congregation of Christian Brothers at Naas C.B.S., and later at Gormanston College. He studied commerce at University College Dublin and went on to become a chartered accountant. His family background was modest, his father and ancestors since the late 18th century was a lock-keeper on the Grand Canal, a job carried on by his mother, after the death of his father, when McCreevy was four years old.

Thus, his post-compulsory education was attained by winning scholarships. His political career began with when he won a seat in the Kildare constituency at the 1977 general election, which was a landslide for Charles Haughey's supporters in Fianna Fáil and he was re-elected at every subsequent election until he joined the European Commission. Between 1979 and 1985, he served as an elected member of the Kildare County Council.

Relationship with Charles Haughey

In the December 1979, Fianna Fáil leadership contest, McCreevy strongly supported the controversial Charles Haughey, who narrowly won the post. However, in a time of severe budgetary difficulties for Ireland, McCreevy soon became disillusioned with the new Taoiseach and his fiscal policies. In October 1982, McCreevy launched a motion of no-confidence in the party leader, which evolved into a leadership challenge by Desmond O'Malley. In an open ballot and supported by only 21 of his 79 colleagues (known as the "Gang of 22"), the motion failed and McCreevy was temporarily expelled from the parliamentary party.

In later years O'Malley was expelled from Fianna Fáil itself and formed the Progressive Democrats (PDs), espousing conservative fiscal policies. Although considered ideologically close to the PDs, and a personal friend of its erstwhile leader, Mary Harney, McCreevy chose to remain a member of Fianna Fáil, where he would eventually serve in joint FF-PD Governments.

Early ministerial career

For his first 15 years as TD, while Haughey remained leader, McCreevy remained a backbencher. In 1992, Albert Reynolds became Taoiseach and McCreevy was appointed Minister for Social Welfare. In this role, he is principally remembered for a set of 12 cost-cutting measures, collectively termed the "dirty dozen", which were arguably minor in their direct impact but provided a major political headache for his party in the 1992 general election.

In 1993, he became Minister for Tourism and Trade, which he held until the government fell in December 1994. In opposition under new Fianna Fáil leader Bertie Ahern, McCreevy was appointed Opposition Spokesperson for Finance. In this role he was viewed as actively pro-enterprise, anti-spending and a key advocate for tax cuts.

Minister for Finance

In 1997, Fianna Fáil returned to power and McCreevy became Minister for Finance. His period coincided with the era of the "Celtic Tiger", which saw the rapid growth of the Irish economy due to social partnership between employers, government and unions; increased female participation in the labour force, decades of tuition-free secondary education; targeting of foreign (primarily U.S.) direct investment; a low corporation tax rate; an English-speaking workforce only five time-zones from New York, and membership of the European Union – which provided payments for infrastructural development, export access to the Single Market and a Eurozone country.

McCreevy was a consistent advocate of cutting taxes and spending. As Minister for Finance, he had an opportunity to implement these policies. During his term in Finance, he made many changes to simplify the tax system and presided over Ireland's entry to Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union and later, the changeover to the Euro. He maintained a significant surplus during his seven years in Finance by forecasting tax takes which were lower than average. He simultaneously implemented a tax-cutting programme, major increases in health, education and pension spending as well as increasing investment in infrastructural development to 5% of GDP.

Unemployment fell from 10% to 4.4%. Real GDP growth fell steadily, however, from a peak of over 11% in 1997 when McCreevy took office to just over 4% in 2004. Real GDP growth across the full period of the Celtic Tiger represented by far the highest average of any western European country. Inflation was increased from 1.5% in 1997, to 5.5% in 2000, before falling steadily to just over 2% in 2004.

From 1997 to 2000, McCreevy cut Capital Gains Tax from 40% to 20%, and extended Section 23 Tax allowances to the Upper Shannon Area (against the advice of the Finance Department) in the Finance Acts of 1998 and 1999. These included special tax incentives targeted at the area covered by the pilot Rural Renewal Scheme, which was later criticised by the Heritage Council for being introduced without a "Baseline Audit" to inform the level and scale of development to be supported through the scheme, not identifying priority areas suitable for development, not providing any strategic protection for designated areas including the corridor of the River Shannon nor promoting the use of sustainable design and building materials in any new build or refurbishment project supported by the scheme.

These two measures of cutting Capital Gains Tax and providing tax incentives for property development in thinly populated rural areas have been partly responsible for the explosion in housing and commercial property speculation, which led ultimately to the collapse of the Irish banking system.

Frequently outspoken, McCreevy sometimes made comments which attracted controversy. For example, McCreevy once referred to the Irish health system as a "black hole" and reacted to the initial Irish rejection of the Nice Treaty as "a sign of a healthy democracy". He later explained this as reflecting a wake-up call to politicians and others who, like him, had expected an almost automatic Yes vote. McCreevy also prompted warnings from the European Commission, who claimed that his £2 billion tax giveaway in 2000 would be inflationary, and harmful to the Irish economy.

In 2008, as Ireland entered recession, McCreevy's stewardship has been cited as one of the reasons why the global financial crisis is hitting Ireland especially hard, due to his "light touch" regulation of the financial system. Former Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald attributed Ireland's dire economic state in 2009, on a series of "calamitous" government policy errors by the then Finance Minister Charlie McCreevy, who between the years of 2000 and 2003, boosted public spending by 48pc while cutting income tax.

In 2015, McCreevy gave evidence to the Oireachtas Joint Committee of Inquiry into the country's banking crisis and denied his policies as minister had contributed to the crisis. A legal warning was given to McCreevy at the Banking Inquiry after he refused to answer, when asked, if he believed there had been a property bubble, but then accepted that from 2003 there had been a property bubble.

European Commissioner
In 2004, McCreevy was selected by the Government of Ireland to replace David Byrne as Ireland's European Commissioner. He was appointed to the Internal Market and Services portfolio, by President of the European Commission José Manuel Barroso. At his confirmation hearings in the European Parliament MEPs described him as "fluent and relaxed". He also informed them that he had campaigned for the ratification of every European Treaty since 1972."You will find me ready to meet, discuss, listen and argue on how best to deliver to our citizens the real benefits of an Internal Market. There are enormous challenges facing the EU in the coming period on which we all must find common ground. I want our policies to show that EU means something real and positive to the people in Europe."

McCreevy sided with the major record labels who are trying to extend a fifty-year copyright exemption to ninety five years. In 2008, McCreevy was a supporter of attempts to introduce software patents in the European Union.

Following his departure from the commission, McCreevy was forced to resign from the board of a new banking firm, NBNK Investments, after an EU ethics committee found a conflict of interest with his work as a European Commissioner in charge of financial regulation. This is first time that a former member of the EU executive had to resign a directorship the 2003 system for overseeing the work of retired commissioners.

Northern Rock Crisis
In October 2007, McCreevy, commenting on the Northern Rock Bank's loss of investor confidence, claimed that banking regulations in the UK which forces banks to be open to scrutiny from outside investors, caused the panic. He said if access to the banks dealings had been restricted, then the trouble could have been avoided.

Lisbon Treaty ratification 2008
Irish constitutional law requires a referendum to alter the constitution for such a major change as the adoption of the Lisbon Treaty. Interviewed beforehand, McCreevy said that he had not read the Treaty in full himself, though he understood and endorsed it:
"I don't think there's anybody in this room who has read it cover to cover. I don't expect ordinary decent Irish people will be sitting down spending hours reading sections about sub-sections referring to other articles and sub-articles, but there is sufficient analysis done and people have put together a consolidated text which is quite easy to read ...Anyone who thinks that, as the reality and inevitability of EU enlargement has taken hold, that we can continue to tackle urgent problems without streamlining of the decision-making process is failing to face up to reality."

In the event, the referendum was held on 12 June and the Irish electorate did not approve the Treaty. McCreevy was heavily criticised in the European Parliament, by the leader of the Socialist group in the European Parliament, Martin Schulz, who demanded on 17 June 2008, that McCreevy be removed as a European Commissioner. Schulz slightly misquoted McCreevy, whom he stated had contributed to Ireland's rejection of the Lisbon Treaty with remarks during the referendum campaign that no "sane person" would read the document."This man goes to Ireland and says he has not read the treaty and tells people there is no need to read it," Mr Schultz said during a heated debate on the referendum at the European Parliament in Strasbourg today."

Other interests
McCreevy is a member of the Bilderberg Group.

McCreevy joined the board of Sports Direct International plc on 31 March 2011 and is also a director of Ryanair. He receives annual pension payments of €119,177.

See also
International Financial Services Centre
Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland

References

External links
ESRI report looks at health spending
His Commissioner web page
First speech to the Committee of Judicial Affairs of the European Parliament (02-02-2005).
FFII: Charlie McCreevy and Software Patents

1949 births
Living people
Fianna Fáil TDs
Irish accountants
Irish European Commissioners
Members of the 21st Dáil
Members of the 22nd Dáil
Members of the 23rd Dáil
Members of the 24th Dáil
Members of the 25th Dáil
Members of the 26th Dáil
Members of the 27th Dáil
Members of the 28th Dáil
Members of the 29th Dáil
Ministers for Finance (Ireland)
Ministers for Social Affairs (Ireland)
Ministers for Transport (Ireland)
Politicians from County Kildare
European Commissioners 2004–2009
Ministers for Enterprise, Trade and Employment
People from Sallins
People educated at Gormanston College

Charlie McCreevy


The Arctic Cat M8000 is the new name for the Arctic Cat M8 snowmobile. It is powered by a 794 cc liquid-cooled two-stroke engine. This engine turns a continuous track, the biggest of which measures 162 inches long x 15 inches wide x 2.6 inch lug. This model is known as a Sno-Pro. The cost for a Sno-Pro 162-inch track M800 is just under US$13,000. There are also options for a shorter, 153-inch track, or even shorter tracks for those who use their sled strictly on trails.

References

External links
 http://www.arcticcat.com

Snowmobile brands

Arctic Cat M800


Giorgi Leonidze State Museum of Literature, Georgia (Georgian: საქართველოს გიორგი ლეონიძის სახელობის მუზეუმი )  was founded in 1930 upon the initiative of David Arsenishvili, a legendary museum-founder, who also was the creator of Tbilisi Theater Museum, and later the famous Andrej Rublow museum in Moscow.

The greatest supporter for this initiative was Georgian poet  Titsian Tabidze, who, together with the group of symbolist writers – the Blue Horns (Georgian: Tsisferyantselebi / ცისფერყანწელები ) – advocated the creation of a literature museum since 1919. Tabidze, together with Ivan Enikolofow, was also the first chair of the museum.

History

The first building of the museum was located on Mtatsminda hills in Tbilisi, home to the pantheon of Georgia's most prominent writers and poets, Mtatsminda Pantheon; initially, the museum was created to guard the documents and manuscripts of those famous personalities. Hence the first name of the institution was Museum of Mtatsminda Writers. Later on however, in 1938, when the collection was complemented by different types of documents from the 19th and 20th centuries of Georgian literature, the museum moved to the new place - at Giorgi Tchanturia Street 8 - the historic building it occupies until present, (built in the late 19th century, previously a residence of the deputy Viceroy in the Caucasus) and became the State Literature Museum. Since 1967, it bears the name of Giorgi Leonidze, co-founder of the museum, who, for 22 years (1931–1953) was also its director.

Archives
Functioning as a literature archive Literature Museum  comprises  the richest collection of the Georgian literature, mainly of last two centuries (almost 130 000 manuscripts,  about 27 000 photos, more than  2 000  paintings und graphics, etc.).  Belongings of most prominent Georgian writers, such as Ilia Chavchavadze, Akaki Tsereteli, Vaja Pshavela, Ivane Machebeli, Alexandre Kazbegi, Galaktion Tabidze, Titsian Tabidze and many others, are kept here. There are also works of the Nobel Prize for Literature  winner, the Russian writer Boris Pasternak and the German writer Arthur Leist, who lived in Georgia.

During 1940-1952, 1982–2005 years Literature Museum was publishing series of research books of the Georgian Literature  "Chronicle of Literature"  (In Georgian: 'Literaturis Matiane" / "ლიტერატურის მატიანე" ).

Today's activities

The museum has no permanent exhibition, but it hosts different short and long-term exhibitions, performances and movie screenings. It holds multiple events per year, and ongoing and future events are listed on its Facebook page.
Publishing is one of the most important activities of the Museum even today.

The Museum and its exhibitions are usually open Tuesday to Saturday, 10:00 AM to 6:00 PM.

Directors of the museum

 Giorgi Leonidze 1931–1953
 Vaso Egnatashvili 1953–1956
 Vano Kakabadze 1956–1976
 Iza Orjonikidze 1976–1982
 Giorgi Natroshvili 1982–1988
 Revaz Tvaradze - 1988
 Iza Orjonikidze 1989–1990
 Guram Sharadze 1991, 5–27 January
 Iza Orjonikidze 1991–2010, February
 Lasha Bakradze from March 2010

References

 "Shugliashvili D.", Georgian National Literature Museum, "Soviet Art", 1956, N1 /  "შუღლიაშვილი დ." საქართველოს სახელმწიფო ლიტერატურული მუზეუმი, "საბჭოთა ხელოვნება", 1956, № 1;
 "Tchitchinadze S.", Guide to the Georgian National Literature Museum's Literary Exposition, Tbilisi, 1959 / "ჭიჭინაძე ს." საქართველოს სახელმწიფო ლიტერატურული მუზეუმის XIX საუკუნის ქართიული ლიტერატურის ექსპოზიციის მეგზური, თბილისი, 1959;
 "Miqadze G", Volum VI, P.259, Tbilisi, 1983 / "მიქაძე გ."  ტომი VI, გვ. 259, თბილისი, 1983.
 "საქართველოს მუზეუმები, გზამკვლევი/Georgian Museums, guide" საქართველოს კულტურის, ძეგლთა დაცვის და სპორტის სამინისტრო/ Ministry of Culture, Monuments Protection and Sport of Georgia. თბილისი/ Tbilisi 2006. გვ34/p34.

Museums in Tbilisi
Literature of Georgia (country)
Literary museums in Georgia (country)
Literary archives


The Chinese Feast (Chinese: 金玉滿堂) is a 1995 Hong Kong film co-written, produced and directed by Tsui Hark, and starring Leslie Cheung, Anita Yuen, Kenny Bee, and Law Kar-ying.

Synopsis
Kit was a master chef who once raked in many accolades as being the finest Chinese cook. An elite cooking competition had placed him enviably in front of many aspiring colleagues and he seemed to have the world at his feet. However, the competition placed him in a dilemma of conflicting interests of heart - his own craft or the woman whom he loves.

His obsession (and persistently stubborn attitude) with his work confirmed that he did not appear to hold his girlfriend in a special regard.  She was about to give birth to their child, at the same time he was about to participate in an important and prestigious cooking contest. She dumped him for disregarding the relationship.  Realising that a successful career can only be shared with a significant other, Kit turned bitter.  He became an alcoholic, traumatized by the separation. Five years later, his career diminished and he was quickly forgotten. To further compound problems, his sense of taste appeared to have left him due to his constant drunken state, and he became cranky and unsociable.

Elsewhere, a popular Chinese restaurant in Hong Kong owned by Au was approached by an organisation 'Super Group' who wished to merge all major Chinese restaurants into a powerful group to eliminate all opposition in Asia. Au protested and the Super Group supremo throws down a challenge to cook the legendary Manchu Han Imperial Feast, where the loser would be absorbed into the Super Group indefinitely. Au's employees were poached over to 'Super Group', being promised that they will own a share of the restaurant and better salary if Au loses the challenge.

Au then enlists the assistance of a former triad member, a rookie chef named Sun who aspires to be a top chef, and had worked at Au's restaurant wishing to shed his criminal past together with Au's daughter Wai. After several foiled attempts at preparing even a simple dish, they realise the futility of their initial efforts as the Feast could only be accomplished by a master chef and their limited cooking skills would be of no use if they were to save their establishment.

They seek the help of Lung Kwun-bo, a master chef, but he did not know how to cook the Imperial Feast. Lung recommended them to seek Kit in China to engage his service to cook in the challenge. After meeting Kit and verifying that his skills are gone, Lung got both of them to find his wife to wake Kit up. Kit and his wife reunited after some persuasion. With the assistance of Lung, Sun and Wai managed to stimulate Kit's skills back.

During the tournament, the contestants prepared rare and luxurious dishes.  Kit was able to recapture his previous glories and ultimately saved Au's restaurant after a closely fought contest. The movie would eventually end on a happy note as is the theme of all Lunar New Year movies.

Cast and roles
Sources:

Leslie Cheung - Chiu Kong-Sun (a former triad member chef)
Amy Fan Yik Man - Sun's former girlfriend
Kenny Bee - Kit (a deposed master-chef relied upon to save the restaurant)
Law Kar-ying -  Au (restaurateur battling to save his restaurant from a merger)
Anita Yuen - Ka Wai (Au's daughter who cannot cook and is a playful, zany girl)
Vincent Zhao - Lung Kwun-bo
Xiong Xin-Xin
Raymond Wong
Joyce Ngai
William Ho
Wong Yat-Fei

See also
Eat Drink Man Woman
The God of Cookery
Osaka Wrestling Restaurant
The Banquet (1991)
The Wedding Banquet

References

External links

 Love HK film entry
 HK Cinemagic entry

1995 films
1990s Cantonese-language films
Cooking films
Films directed by Tsui Hark
Hong Kong cuisine
Hong Kong romantic comedy films

The Chinese Feast