NBC Nightly News (titled as NBC Nightly News with Lester Holt for its weeknight broadcasts since June 22, 2015) is the flagship daily evening television news program for NBC News, the news division of the NBC television network in the United States. First aired on August 3, 1970, the program is currently the second most watched network newscast in the United States, behind ABC's World News Tonight. NBC Nightly News is produced from Studio 1A at NBC Studios at 30 Rockefeller Center in New York City. Select Los Angeles–based editions broadcast from The Brokaw News Center in Universal City, California, or when broadcasting from Washington, D.C., either from the NBC News bureau based at WRC-TV in the Tenleytown neighborhood, or NBC's secondary studio overlooking Capitol Hill.

Since 2015, the broadcast has been anchored by Lester Holt on weeknights, José Díaz-Balart on Saturday and Kate Snow on Sunday. Previous anchors have included John Chancellor, David Brinkley, Tom Brokaw and Brian Williams.

The program is broadcast live over most NBC stations from 6:30 p.m. to 7:00 p.m. Eastern Time seven days a week; the "Western Edition" of the program occasionally features breaking news and/or updated information on news stories covered during the original telecast for Pacific Time Zone viewers, and some stations in that time zone carry it live at 3:30 p.m. PT to lead into their late afternoon local news blocks. Its current theme music, "The Mission" (which debuted in 1985) was composed by John Williams.

History

John Chancellor and David Brinkley (1970–1982)

NBC Nightly News replaced The Huntley–Brinkley Report in August 1970 upon Chet Huntley's retirement. At first, David Brinkley, John Chancellor, and Frank McGee rotated duties as anchors. At least one, usually two, and very rarely all three anchored the program on a given night. Except for the few nights when one of the men solo anchored, each evening's program included one anchor based in New York City and one in Washington, D.C., as had been the case on the Huntley-Brinkley Report. Brinkley's appearances were always from Washington and McGee's were always from New York. Chancellor moved between those two cities depending on his partner for the evening.

In addition to Brinkley as a holdover from the Huntley-Brinkley Report, McGee had earned praise for his anchoring or co-anchoring of space flights, and Chancellor had also earned praise as McGee's co-anchor for the space missions of Apollo 12 and Apollo 13.

With network executives perceiving the instability of this arrangement as a factor in Nightly News losing audience share to the CBS Evening News, NBC discontinued the rotation arrangement, and McGee eventually took over for Hugh Downs as host of Today. Chancellor became the sole anchor of the program on August 9, 1971, with Brinkley providing a three-minute commentary segment, "David Brinkley's Journal," from Washington several times a week.

On June 7, 1976, NBC brought Brinkley back to the anchor desk and tried the dual-anchor approach once again. Initially, Chancellor and Brinkley both reported from New York City, however Brinkley would later return to Washington. Chancellor again became sole anchor of Nightly News on October 10, 1979, with Brinkley once again providing commentaries until he left NBC for ABC News in 1981, where he became host of that network's new Sunday morning interview show This Week.

Despite the various changes, Chancellor was never able to break the grip that Walter Cronkite and the CBS Evening News had on the American news viewer, although Nightly News was sometimes a strong second place in the evening news ratings for most of the 1970s. After stepping down from the anchor desk on April 2, 1982, Chancellor remained on the program as an editorial commentator until his retirement in 1993.

Tom Brokaw (1982–2004)
On April 5, 1982, Tom Brokaw, who had been serving as anchor of Today since 1976, joined the program and took over co-anchor duties in New York City, while Roger Mudd became anchor in Washington. Mudd was dropped from the broadcast and Brokaw became the solo anchor of Nightly News on September 5, 1983, the same day that his ABC competitor, Peter Jennings, became sole anchor of World News Tonight. With Brokaw being the sole anchor, the Nightly News was now completely based in New York City. Among other news items, he covered the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, EDSA Revolution, Loma Prieta earthquake, the fall of the Berlin Wall, and Hurricane Andrew.  As anchor, Brokaw conducted the first one-on-one American television interviews with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and Russian President Vladimir Putin. He was the only network anchor in Berlin when the Berlin Wall fell. Brokaw's presence slowly attracted viewers, and during the 1990s, Nightly News battled for the viewership lead with World News Tonight. He and Katie Couric hosted a prime-time newsmagazine, Now with Tom Brokaw and Katie Couric, that aired from 1993 to 1994 before being folded into the multi-night Dateline NBC program.  By 1997, NBC Nightly News had solidified its first place standing in the ratings, a spot it would retain solely for ten years. The once-dominant CBS Evening News, anchored by Dan Rather, had lost a substantial portion of the audience it held during the Walter Cronkite era and slid to third place (where it still remains as of 2017) in the viewership wars.

On September 11, 2001, Brokaw joined Katie Couric and Matt Lauer around 9:30 a.m., following the live attack on the South Tower of the World Trade Center, and continued to anchor all day, until after midnight. Following the collapse of the second tower, Brokaw said:

On May 28, 2002, Brokaw announced his retirement as anchor of Nightly News, to take effect shortly after the Presidential election in 2004. During this last time helming the network's Presidential election coverage, NBC graphic designers created images of a giant electoral map on the ice rink at Rockefeller Plaza, and cherry pickers tallied the electoral vote count on the façade of 30 Rockefeller Plaza (this tradition has continued with each election since then). Brokaw's final broadcast took place on December 1, 2004, ending 22 years on the Nightly News desk and a 21-year run as the network's chief newsman – a record tenure in NBC's history.

Brian Williams (2004–2015)
Brian Williams, a frequent substitute for Brokaw for NBC Nightly News, succeeded him as the program's permanent anchor on December 2, 2004. The program held onto the #1 ratings spot among the network evening newscasts from Williams' first day, averaging about 10 million viewers each week until February 2007, when it slipped behind its closest competitor World News with Charles Gibson. However, NBC Nightly News regained the lead a few months later; it has now been America's most-watched evening newscast for over a decade.

Williams rose to new levels of popularity for his live spot reporting during and after the 2005 hurricane season. With the transition to Williams, the show recognized its past in its opening seconds, with small photos of past anchors and sets and the voices of John Cameron Swayze, Huntley, Brinkley, Chancellor, and Brokaw, as well as an orchestral version of the "G-E-C" NBC Chimes serving as an intro bumper, before going into the opening headlines summary read by Williams; this montage was discontinued on September 17, 2007. On December 4, 2006, Nightly News was presented with "limited commercial interruptions" through a sponsorship arrangement with Philips, marking the first time in its 36-year history that the newscast experimented with reduced advertising.

During Williams' tenure as main anchor of the program, Lester Holt and Kate Snow often substituted while he was on vacation or on assignment; other substitute anchors included Savannah Guthrie, Tamron Hall, Harry Smith, Jenna Wolfe, Erica Hill, Hoda Kotb, Natalie Morales and Carl Quintanilla, as well as now-former NBC anchors Ann Curry, Campbell Brown, David Gregory, Amy Robach, Peter Alexander, and John Seigenthaler.

NBC Nightly News began broadcasting in high definition on March 26, 2007, becoming the first of the three network evening news programs to make the transition (the CBS Evening News began broadcasting in HD on January 7, 2008; ABC World News Tonight began broadcasting in HD on August 25, 2008, during its coverage of the 2008 Democratic National Convention). Most news video from on-remote locations continued to be shot in standard definition at the time, while the network's news bureaus underwent a conversion to HD, which was completed in 2009.

The Nightly News set in Studio 3C, which had been in use since January 27, 1992, was retired on May 4, 2007. The broadcast temporarily relocated to Studio 8G on the same set as of May 8, 2007 used for the studio segments seen during the network's Sunday Night Football broadcasts and its pregame show, and where NBC's 2006 Congressional election coverage originated. After months of construction, Studio 3C was re-opened on October 22, 2007, with the introduction of a new set for Nightly News; sister cable network MSNBC's new set in Studio 3A was also inaugurated at that time. On October 24, 2011, the broadcast moved to Studio 3B, which also served as the homebase of Williams' short-lived newsmagazine for NBC, Rock Center.

Embellishment scandal/suspension and replacement
On February 4, 2015, Williams apologized on the program for having "conflated" on numerous occasions an account that he had been aboard a Chinook helicopter shot down by enemy fire from a rocket-propelled grenade while covering the Invasion of Iraq in 2003, when he was in fact aboard a helicopter that followed behind it. This came after he received criticism by U.S. soldiers for embellishing the story when a segment from the January 30, 2015 broadcast recounting the incident was posted on the program's Facebook page. The revelation spurred negative press towards Williams, including some asking for him to be fired by NBC News, although Paul Rieckhoff, founder of Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans of America, stated that "persecuting [Williams] over this mistake will do little to help our veterans and service members".

Amid that controversy and questions over Williams' claims that made regarding his experiences while reporting from New Orleans on the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in August 2005, including that he contracted dysentery from accidentally ingesting flood water, the news division decided to launch an internal investigation into the matter that would be conducted through its investigative unit. On February 7, 2015, Williams stated in a memo to NBC News staff that he would take himself "off the daily broadcast for the next several days," with Lester Holt substituting for him on the weeknight broadcasts.

On February 10, 2015, Williams was suspended without pay for six months due to the scandal which arose after he came under fire for fabricating a story about his reporting on the Iraq War and Hurricane Katrina. Williams claimed to have been reporting in Iraq in 2002 when the helicopter he was traveling on was hit by an RPG and he was forced to land. He had told the story several times, including his appearances on the Late Show with David Letterman and on Nightly News itself only a few nights before several war veterans who had been with Williams in 2002 claimed that Williams had not been present at the time of the crash, but showed up about an hour later to report on it. Williams issued an apology, saying he had "misremembered" the story in his head and it had been a genuine accident, but many critics accused Williams of fabricating the story and called for his resignation. Williams later announced that he would be taking some time off because he had become "too much a part of the news." NBC announced that weekend anchor Lester Holt would anchor the program in the interim.

Lester Holt (2015–present)

On June 18, 2015, NBC News and MSNBC chairman Andrew Lack announced that Lester Holt would become the main anchor of NBC Nightly News on a permanent basis effective on June 22, 2015 Holt was on a scheduled vacation on the day of the announcement, with Today presenter Savannah Guthrie serving as interim anchor of the broadcast that week). After his suspension ended in August, Brian Williams was reassigned to MSNBC where he previously served as both an anchor and correspondent.

Holt previously served as interim anchor of the weeknight broadcasts from August 6, 2013 to September 2, 2013 when Williams went on medical leave from NBC News in order to undergo knee replacement surgery. With his promotion to main anchor, Holt is the first African-American solo weeknight anchor of a major network newscast. Max Robinson was co-anchor of ABC's World News Tonight from 1978 to 1983, and Gwen Ifill was a co-anchor of the PBS NewsHour from 2013 to 2016.

On June 27, 2016, NBC Nightly News switched to a full 16:9 letterbox presentation, with the existing graphics package being re-positioned for the 16:9 format. On October 10, 2016, the newscast debuted an entirely new on-air look with graphics originally optimized for the full 16:9 presentation, including a new program logo replacing variations of the previous one that had been used since November 8, 1999.

On July 14, 2017, NBC Nightly News permanently moved back from Studio 3B to Studio 3C.

In 2018, NBC Nightly News launched an ongoing series of specials, NBC Nightly Films.

On August 11, 2021, it was announced that executive producer Jennifer Suozzo would be departing the program and Meghan Rafferty would be interim executive producer on August 16, 2021.

On September 13, 2021, NBC Nightly News permanently moved from Studio 3C to Studio 1A, also the home of Today.

On June 19, 2023, NBC Nightly News underwent its first large-scale rebrand since the Brian Williams era as part of a wider rebranding of NBC as a whole; it was unveiled by NBC during an event honoring of 75 years of televised newscasts on NBC. The rebrand includes a new on-air graphics scheme intended to create fewer distractions from the content of stories, as well as a new a new stylized "N" emblem (reminiscent of the network's 1979–86 "Proud N" logo) that can be split apart to display headlines, and is better-suited for digital platforms.

Weekend editions
NBC first offered a Saturday evening newscast in 1961, with Sander Vanocur anchoring the NBC Saturday Night Report. Four years later, NBC correspondents Ray Scherer and Robert MacNeil were partnered at the anchor desk on The Scherer-MacNeil Report on Saturdays, continuing until 1967. At that time, the network replaced it with a second weekend airing of The Frank McGee Report, which had been airing on Sundays for several years by that point. The Saturday edition of the Report ran for about a year and a half.

On January 4, 1969, the Huntley-Brinkley Report was expanded to Saturday evenings, with the main anchors working solo on alternating weeks. When lower-than-expected ratings occurred, the network pulled the pair off Saturdays and assigned others such as McGee and Vanocur to anchor the broadcast. On August 2, 1970, two days after the weekday Huntley-Brinkley broadcast ended, the network expanded its evening newscast to Sundays, which also replaced the Sunday broadcast of The Frank McGee Report. For the first year after the Sunday broadcast began, Chancellor, Brinkley and McGee rotated on the program as they did on weeknights; there were no separate weekend anchors. The Saturday and Sunday broadcasts were respectively titled NBC Saturday Night News and NBC Sunday Night News until sometime in the 1970s, when they adopted the NBC Nightly News name.

When Chancellor became sole anchor of the weeknight editions in August 1971, separate anchors were named for the weekend editions.

The weekend editions may occasionally be abbreviated or preempted due to NBC Sports telecasts that overrun into the program's time slot. During the NFL season, the Sunday editions air live in every time zone at 6:30 p.m. Eastern time, immediately prior to Football Night in America and Sunday Night Football.

Kids edition

In April 2020, NBC News began producing a version of NBC Nightly News targeted at children ages 6 to 16, featuring stories aimed at children. This edition is hosted by Lester Holt and new episodes premiere every Thursday on NBC News' YouTube channel. Beginning on October 31, 2020, occasional editions of NBC Nightly News: Kids Edition have aired on Saturdays on NBC.

Nightly News anchors

Weekdays
The following are people who have been the principal news anchors for the NBC television network's flagship weekday evening-news program, titled since 1970 as NBC Nightly News, as well as its predecessor programs.

 John Cameron Swayze – February 16, 1948 – October 26, 1956 (Camel News Caravan)
 Chet Huntley and David Brinkley – October 29, 1956 – July 31, 1970 (Huntley-Brinkley Report)
 John Chancellor, Frank McGee and Brinkley – August 3, 1970 – August 13, 1971
 Chancellor – August 16, 1971 – June 4, 1976
 Chancellor and Brinkley – June 7, 1976 – October 9, 1979
 Chancellor – October 10, 1979 – April 2, 1982
 Tom Brokaw and Roger Mudd – April 5, 1982 – September 2, 1983
 Brokaw – September 5, 1983 – December 1, 2004
 Brian Williams – December 2, 2004 – February 6, 2015
 Lester Holt – February 9, 2015 – present (interim until June 22, 2015)

Weekends
Weekend anchors have included the following:

 Garrick Utley (weekends, 1971–1973 and 1990–1993, Sundays, 1987–1990)
 Tom Brokaw (Saturdays, 1973–1976)
 Floyd Kalber (Sundays, 1973–1975)
 Tom Snyder (Sundays, 1975–1976)
 Cassie Mackin (Sundays, 1976–1977)
 John Hart (Saturdays, 1976–1977, Sundays, 1977–1982)
 Jessica Savitch (Saturdays, some Sundays, 1977–1983)
 Jane Pauley (Sundays, some Saturdays, 1980–1982)
 Connie Chung (Saturdays, 1983–1989)
 Chris Wallace (Sundays, 1982–1984, 1986–1987)
 John Palmer (Sundays, 1984–1986, 1996)
 Maria Shriver (Saturdays, 1989, Sundays, 1990)
 Brian Williams (Saturdays, some Sundays, 1993–1999)
 Ann Curry, Deborah Roberts, Elizabeth Vargas (Sundays, 1993–1995)
 Giselle Fernández (Sundays, 1995–1996)
 Bob Kur, Chris Hansen, Chris Jansing, Chuck Scarborough, Jack Ford, Jodi Applegate, Len Cannon, Maurice DuBois, Ann Curry,                                                                       Dawn Fratangelo, Kelly O'Donnell, Faith Daniels, Jane Pauley, Sara James, Fredricka Whitfield, Soledad O'Brien (Sundays, 1996–1999)
 John Seigenthaler (Sundays, 1996-1999, weekends, 1999–2007)
 Lester Holt (weekends, 2007–2015)
 Kate Snow (Saturdays, fill-in anchor, June 20, 2020—present, Sundays, October 4, 2015—present)
 José Díaz-Balart (Saturdays, August 2016—present, Sundays, fill-in anchor, April 12, 2020—present)

Announcer
Bill Hanrahan handled the announcing duties for the newscast until his retirement in 1983, as he had done for the predecessor Huntley-Brinkley Report. The next announcer for the program was long-time NBC staff announcer Howard Reig. He retired to Florida in 2005, but a recording he had made before his retirement was used on the program until December 14, 2007. When the show was broadcast on remote or a new substitute anchor was used, Reig recorded a new introduction in a Miami studio. Since Holt took over as anchor, the weekend editions have been voiced by Bill Wolff, who had also worked occasionally on special weekday editions when Reig was unavailable. On December 17, 2007, the weeknight broadcast introduced an opening by Academy Award winning actor/producer Michael Douglas until it was discontinued on June 18, 2015 and was replaced by Wolff.

Theme music/Intros

 "Huntley-Brinkley Report/NBC Nightly News Ticker" (August 3, 1970 – November 10, 1972; the theme had been used since 1962, when the program was still The Huntley-Brinkley Report)
 "NBC News Ticker" (November 13, 1972 – April 22, 1977)
 "NBC TV-Radio Newspulse" by Fred Weinberg Productions (April 25, 1977 – September 5, 1977)
 "NBC Nightly News" by Henry Mancini (September 6, 1977 – June 29, 1979)
 "NBC News" by Joseph Paul Sicurella, Tony Smythe, and Bob Christianson (1979–1985)
 Original version (July 2, 1979 - April 2, 1982)
 Electronic version (April 5, 1982 – September 6, 1985)
 "The Mission" by John Williams (September 9, 1985 – Present)

From late 2007 through 2012, the intro commenced with a timeline showing the different NBC News anchors and logos whilst the show's theme song plays followed by showing the NBC News' filming station in New York (It does not appear when telecasts are filmed in other areas like Washington).

From 2012 through 2016, the intro was different pictures of the earth which formed into the NBC News' filming station in New York.

Notable incidents
In September 2001, a letter containing anthrax was addressed to then NBC Nightly News anchor Tom Brokaw as part of the 2001 anthrax attacks. Brokaw was not harmed, but two NBC News employees were infected.

On April 18, 2007, NBC News received a package containing a "multimedia manifesto" from Seung-Hui Cho, the gunman responsible for the Virginia Tech shooting that occurred two days earlier, the deadliest school shooting in American history. Upon the package's discovery, NBC News handed the package over to federal authorities. The specific details of the package contained a DVD disc of Cho reading from a typed manifesto (also in the package), as well as more than 40 pictures of Cho brandishing weapons, including the two handguns believed to have been used in the massacre. Some of the package's contents were shown, albeit copied from the originals and edited for profanity, on the April 18, 2007 edition of NBC Nightly News, with anchor Brian Williams and NBC chief justice correspondent Pete Williams (no relation to Brian) examining the package's contents in the opening moments of the broadcast.

On November 29, 2011, a fire alarm went off in the studio a few seconds into the Nightly News Eastern Time Zone broadcast. Despite the false alarm, Brian Williams continued to anchor throughout the entire broadcast. Once the alarm had been turned off, Williams redid the broadcast for the Mountain and Pacific Time Zones, and other select stations. NBC News apologized for the incident on the program's Twitter account:

International broadcast

Ongoing

Canada

NBC's Seattle, Detroit, Buffalo, Minneapolis, Boston, and Burlington affiliates are separately available through most Canadian cable companies. Because of their markets proximity to the Canadian border, NBC affiliates WDIV, WGRZ, and WPBN (through WGTQ's HD2 channel) air live broadcasts of NBC Nightly News without cable.

Caribbean
The Antillean, Cayman, and some of the Leeward islands air live episodes of NBC Nightly News through Miami-based NBC affiliate WTVJ, which is carried by cable provider FLOW TV as part of their lineup.

Europe/MENA
In Great Britain, NBC Nightly News is broadcast on NBC News Now, a channel provided by Sky UK because of its affiliation with Comcast. For the rest of Europe, NBC Nightly News is broadcast live on CNBC Europe at 12:30 AM CET (11:30 PM GMT and 10:30 PM during DST respectively). It also airs on the 24-hour news network OSN News in MENA Region, with the weekday editions airing immediately after their original telecast in the U.S. and the weekend edition being simulcast live.

Hong Kong
In Hong Kong, the program is broadcast live (or delayed) on TVB Pearl daily at 7:30 AM Hong Kong Time (corresponding to 18:30, or 6:30 PM, in the Eastern Time Zone of the U.S.).

Philippines
In the Philippines, NBC Nightly News returned on Philippine cable and satellite TV starting January 1, 2021, broadcast live daily at 7:30 AM (or 6:30 AM during daylight saving time in the US) on TAP Edge. Starting October 26, 2021, broadcasts of the program were moved to sister channel TAP TV (However, the program will be pre-empted on the other days to give way for the live coverage of ISU Figure Skating Championships events).

US Armed Forces
NBC Nightly News is broadcast on AFN|news, a channel that is available to several American military bases and ships around the world through the American Forces Network.

Discontinued

Philippines
In the Philippines, NBC Nightly News was aired Mondays through Fridays at 8:30 AM (after Daybreak), Saturdays at 9:00 AM and Sundays at 10:00 AM local time; it is also rebroadcast at 5:30 PM each weeknight, 1:30 PM on Saturdays, 4:30 AM on Tuesdays to Saturdays, 10:00 PM on Sundays and daily at 1:30 AM local time on 9TV (formerly as Talk TV and Solar News Channel). The newscast was discontinued in February 2015 as a part of transitory preparations as 9TV eventually re-branded to CNN Philippines on March 16, 2015.

Bermuda
The East Coast feed of the program was broadcast in Bermuda on local NBC affiliate VSB-TV in the British Overseas Territory; the station ceased broadcasting on August 31, 2014. Access to the programme in the Bahamas remains through cable feeds of WNBC/New York or WTVJ/Miami.

Video-on-demand
NBC Nightly News is also available worldwide as an audio podcast, and can be streamed on demand from the NBC News website the night of its original broadcast after 9:00 p.m. Eastern Time. Beginning with the March 27, 2018 broadcast, Nightly News broadcasts have also started appearing on NBC News's YouTube channel. On January 25, 2015, NBC began indicating that the video podcast of the program would be discontinued and refers users to the news division's website or mobile apps to view editions of Nightly News on mobile devices, although such apps are not compatible with devices that feature podcast support such as early generation Apple TV or Roku devices (current-gen devices offer access to an NBC News app with newscast replays). The video podcast was discontinued on February 14, 2015.

See also
 CNBC

Notes

References

External links

 NBC Nightly News Audio Podcast

1970 American television series debuts
1980s American television news shows
1990s American television news shows
2000s American television news shows
2010s American television news shows
English-language television shows
NBC original programming
NBC News
Super Bowl lead-out shows
Flagship evening news shows
Television shows filmed in New York City

NBC Nightly News


Meadia roseni is an eel in the family Synaphobranchidae (cutthroat eels). It was described by Michael Hin-Kiu Mok, Chi-Ying Lee, and Hung-Jung Chan in 1991. It is a marine, deep water-dwelling eel which is known from Taiwan, in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. It is known to dwell at a depth of . Males can reach a maximum total length of .

The species epithet refers to Donn Eric Rosen.

References

Synaphobranchidae
Fish described in 1991

Meadia roseni


Donald Arthur Norman (born December 25, 1935) is an American researcher, professor, and author. Norman is the director of The Design Lab at University of California, San Diego. He is best known for his books on design, especially The Design of Everyday Things. He is widely regarded for his expertise in the fields of design, usability engineering, and cognitive science, and has shaped the development of the field of cognitive systems engineering. He is a co-founder of the Nielsen Norman Group, along with Jakob Nielsen. He is also an IDEO fellow and a member of the Board of Trustees of IIT Institute of Design in Chicago. He also holds the title of Professor Emeritus of Cognitive Science at the University of California, San Diego. Norman is an active Distinguished Visiting Professor at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), where he spends two months a year teaching.

Much of Norman's work involves the advocacy of user-centered design. His books all have the underlying purpose of furthering the field of design, from doors to computers. Norman has taken a controversial stance in saying that the design research community has had little impact in the innovation of products, and that while academics can help in refining existing products, it is technologists that accomplish the breakthroughs. To this end, Norman named his website with the initialism JND (just-noticeable difference) to signify his endeavors to make a difference.

Early academics
In 1957, Norman received a B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Norman received an M.S. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Pennsylvania. He received a PhD in psychology from the University of Pennsylvania. He was one of the earliest graduates from the Mathematical Psychology group at University of Pennsylvania and his advisor was Duncan Luce.

After graduating, Norman took up a postdoctoral fellowship at the Center for Cognitive Studies at Harvard University and within a year became a lecturer.

After four years with the Center, Norman took a position as an associate professor in the Psychology Department at University of California, San Diego (UCSD). Norman applied his training as an engineer and computer scientist, and as an experimental and mathematical psychologist, to the emerging discipline of cognitive science. Norman eventually became founding chair of the Department of Cognitive Science and chair of the Department of Psychology.

At UCSD, Norman was a founder of the Institute for Cognitive Science and one of the organizers of the Cognitive Science Society (along with Roger Schank, Allan Collins, and others), which held its first meeting at the UCSD campus in 1979.

Together with psychologist Tim Shallice, Norman proposed a framework of attentional control of executive functioning. One of the components of the Norman-Shallice model is the supervisory attentional system.

Cognitive engineering career
Norman made the transition from cognitive science to cognitive engineering by entering the field as a consultant and writer. His article "The truth about Unix: The user interface is horrid" in Datamation (1981) catapulted him to a position of prominence in the computer world. Soon after, his career took off outside of academia, although he still remained active at UCSD until 1993. Norman continued his work to further human-centered design by serving on numerous university and government advisory boards such as the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). He currently serves on numerous committees and advisory boards like at Motorola, the Toyota National College of Technology, TED Conference, Panasonic, Encyclopædia Britannica and many more.

Norman was also part of a select team flown in to investigate the 1979 Three Mile Island nuclear accident.

In 1993, Norman left UCSD to join Apple Computer, initially as an Apple Fellow as a User Experience Architect (the first use of the phrase "User Experience" in a job title), and then as the Vice President of the Advanced Technology Group. He later worked for Hewlett-Packard before joining with Jakob Nielsen to form the Nielsen Norman Group in 1998. He returned to academia as a professor of computer science at Northwestern University, where he was co-director of the Segal Design Institute until 2010. In 2014, he returned to UCSD to become director of the newly established The Design Lab housed at the California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology.

Awards and honors
Norman has received many awards for his work. He received two honorary degrees, one "S. V. della laurea ad honorem" in Psychology from the University of Padua in 1995 and one doctorate in Industrial Design and Engineering from Delft University of Technology. In 2001, he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and won the Rigo Award from SIGDOC, the Association for Computing Machinery's Special Interest Group (SIG) on the Design of Communication (DOC). In 2006, he received the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Computer and Cognitive Science. In 2009, Norman was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Design Research Society. In 2011 Norman was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for the development of design principles based on human cognition that enhance the interaction between people and technology.

Nielsen Norman Group

Norman, alongside colleague Jakob Nielsen, formed the Nielsen Norman Group (NN/g) in 1998. The company's vision is to help designers and other companies move toward more human-centered products and internet interactions, and are pioneers in the field of usability.

User-centered design
In 1986, Norman introduced the term "user-centered design" in the book User Centered System Design: New Perspectives on Human-computer Interaction, a book edited by him and by Stephen W. Draper. In the introduction of the book, the idea that designers should aim their efforts at the people who will use the system is introduced:People are so adaptable that they are capable of shouldering the entire burden of accommodation to an artifact, but skillful designers make large parts of this burden vanish by adapting the artifact to the users.In his book The Design of Everyday Things, Norman uses the term "user-centered design" to describe design based on the needs of the user, leaving aside what he deems secondary considerations, such as aesthetics. User-centered design involves simplifying the structure of tasks, making things visible, getting the mapping right, exploiting the powers of constraint, designing for error, explaining affordances and the seven stages of action.

In his book The Things that Make Us Smart: Defending the Human Attribute in the Age of the Machine, Norman uses the term "cognitive artifacts" to describe "those artificial devices that maintain, display, or operate upon information in order to serve a representational function and that affect human cognitive performance". Similar to his The Design of Everyday Things book, Norman argues for the development of machines that fit our minds, rather than have our minds be conformed to the machine.

On the Revised Edition of The Design of Everyday Things, Norman backtracks on his previous claims about aesthetics and removed the term User-Centered Design altogether. In the preface of the book, he says :The first edition of the book focused upon making products understandable and usable. The total experience of a product covers much more than its usability: aesthetics, pleasure, and fun play critically important roles. There was no discussion of pleasure, enjoyment and emotion, Emotion is so important that I wrote an entire book, Emotional Design, about the role it plays in design.He instead currently uses the term human-centered design and defines it as: "an approach that puts human needs, capabilities, and behavior first, then designs to accommodate those needs, capabilities, and ways of behaving."

Bibliography
He is on numerous educational, private, and public sector advisory boards, including the editorial board of Encyclopædia Britannica. Norman published several important books during his time at UCSD, one of which, User Centered System Design, obliquely referred to the university in the initials of its title. This is a list of select publications.

Psychology books

Usability books

Other publications
Direct manipulation interfaces (1985) about direct manipulation interfaces in collaboration with E. L. Hutchins (first author) and J.D. Hollan
User Centered System Design: New Perspectives on Human-Computer Interaction (1986) (editor in collaboration with Stephen Draper)
 Combining his books, Design of Everyday Things, Turn Signals Are the Facial Expressions of Automobiles, Things That Make Us Smart, with various technical reports.

See also
 Cognitive engineering
 Executive system
 Human action cycle
 Human-computer interaction
 Human-centered design
 User-centered design
 Interaction design

References

External links

 Publications by Donald Norman from Interaction-Design.org
 Donald Norman at Userati
 Video: Franklin Institute Award on Donald Norman from April 2006 by the Franklin Institute
Video:
Video: Living With Complexity, April 2011 talk at Stanford University
 An evening of UX Hacking with Don Norman at Stanford" (Stanford University, December 17, 2013)

1935 births
Living people
Apple Inc. employees
Apple Fellows
MIT School of Engineering alumni
University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
Harvard University faculty
University of California, San Diego faculty
Northwestern University faculty
American computer scientists
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Human–computer interaction researchers
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Design researchers
Fellows of the Cognitive Science Society
Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences fellows
20th-century American non-fiction writers
The Benjamin Franklin Medal in Computer and Cognitive Science laureates

Don Norman


James Hilton is an English designer based in London.

In 1995, he co-founded the creative agency AKQA together with Ajaz Ahmed and over the course of twenty years grew it to become one the world's most successful digital agencies. In 2014 Hilton left AKQA to found the experimental design studio AtelierStrange and custom motorcycle brand Death Machines of London. He joined the design company Native as their Chief Creative Officer in December 2016.

Hilton attended Southampton Solent University (then referred to as Southampton Institute of Higher Education) from 1990 to 1994.

Education
Hilton attended Southampton Solent University for four years. Firstly on a two-year OND course in Graphic Design, followed by a further two-year HND course in Graphic Design. During the HND, two 'live' pitch competitions were run for external clients; a branding assignment for a local company, and an invitation to a sponsored fashion show. Hilton won both and spent much of his second year of HND working on client projects rather than course work.

Upon completion of his HND he then applied for a degree in Graphic Design at the same college. He was denied a place on the basis that 'there's nothing more we can teach you. Get out there and start doing something'. Ironically, Hilton was then briefly employed by Southampton Solent University to teach computer aided design to degree students using the colleges first Apple Macintosh computers.

AKQA
Hilton has said that he's 'never had a proper job' and this is largely due to his joining AKQA almost straight out of college. Since co-founding AKQA in 1995 with Ajaz Ahmed, Dan Norris-Jones and Matthew Treagus, Hilton has been at the forefront of an industry which has seen the company grow to become arguably the world's most respected creative agency. Working with global clients such as Nike, Audi, Warner Brothers, Fiat, Heineken and Google, AKQA has grown into 14 offices around the world and employs over 2,500 practitioners.

Recognising the need for an awards platform specifically for full-time students, AKQA instigated the Future Lions awards program at the Cannes Lions Festival of Creativity. Future Lions is now seen as one of the most innovative and exciting seminars of the festival receiving thousands of entries every year from over 40 countries.

AKQA has garnered hundreds of international industry awards, including at least one agency of the year award every year. In 2010, AKQA took home Agency of the Year for the second year running at the Revolution Awards and Agency of the Year awards from New Media Age and the Interactive Advertising Bureau. In 2009, the company won five separate agency of the year awards, a feat unprecedented in the communications industry. AKQA's work for Fiats "eco:Drive" won them the Cannes Cyber Lion Grand Prix in 2009. In 2011 the agency scooped no less than five Cannes Lions, winning three gold Cyber Lions, one silver and one bronze. AKQA had been named Revolution's Agency of the Decade (for 1997 to 2007).

When Advertising Age's Creativity magazine created its inaugural Interactive Agency of the Year award (2006), it gave it to AKQA, recognising the agency's "global culture, creative hires and technological muscle." Said the magazine's editor, Teressa Iezzi, "We thought AKQA embodied the spirit of the big-idea-first approach."

2013 was the agency's most successful year at the Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity to date. It won 14 Lions including a gold Cyber Lion for Nike+ Kinect Training and a Titanium and Integrated Lion for Nike "Find your greatness". In June of the same year, WPP bought a majority stake in AKQA valuing the company at $350m USD.

In 2014, AKQA won Queen's Award for Enterprise: Innovation, and was named Most Innovative Agency at 2014 Digiday Awards.

In November 2014, after completing the award-winning interior redesign of AKQA's London office, Hilton announced his departure from AKQA to found the experimental design company AtelierStrange.

AtelierStrange
James Hilton founded AtelierStrange together with architect and interior designer Darryl Amos in November 2014.

According to Hilton, the company was born out of frustration: "First, at the absence of objects that fit our particular Victorian murderer chic aesthetic" he says, "and secondly, from the belief that technology needn't look technological, and can instead harmoniously integrate within an imperfect human quality – to not only be beautifully useful, but to also become magical."

AtelierStrange publicly launched with their brand and a preview of their first product "Hyde" on 1 April 2015 on Instagram and Twitter. Although there is no official explanation to the "Since 1752" footer, it appears to be a joke relating to the exact time the company launched. Amos though appears to have left the company in October 2015.

AtelierStrange went quiet until 1 April 2016 when it simultaneously refreshed its Instagram feed and deliberately aloof website to include information relating to client work and showcasing its newest creation 'Chest of Drawers No.1'. Soon afterwards, on 7 April, Campaign magazine carried the front-page news that James Hilton had launched a branding company within AtelierStrange 'by mistake'. "I get the sense clients are becoming more frustrated by the agency circus. They get pitched by 'A' teams but find the 'B' teams working on campaigns, and then they're being sold nonsense to bolster project fees.".

It is thought that Hilton has put AtelierStrange on ice to allow him to concentrate his efforts on Native, and his custom motorcycle brand Death Machines of London.

Death Machines of London
Hilton launched the custom motorcycle brand Death Machines of London at the BikeShed Paris show in April 2016 with their Moto Guzzi Airtail. The bike, and the brand, were an immediate success and received global coverage for their imaginative take on the Moto Guzzi, and their provocative brand name.

Their second machine entitled 'Up Yours Copper' earned the brand worldwide recognition as a leader in the design and execution of custom motorcycles with coverage in Highsnobiety, British GQ and Hypebeast.

Airforce was the design house's third machine. Built in homage to Giovanni Ravelli, a WW1 fighter pilot, motorcycle racer and co-founder of Moto Guzzi, the project was inspired by the biplanes and futurist movies of his era and officially released as a celebration of his birthday. Airforce gained worldwide attention, with Designboom, the leading architecture and design culture magazine, calling it the best motorcycle design of 2018.

Native
Hilton joined the award-winning design company Native Design in December 2016.

Accolades, speaking and writing
Hilton is recognised as a world leader in design and creativity, and has collected a multitude of global awards including Grand Prix and Gold Cannes Lions, and has also served as a judge for Cannes Lions, Webby Awards, D&AD, and as Jury Chairman for the Clio Awards and EuroBest. He is also an executive member of The International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences, an intellectually diverse, invitation-only organisation whose members include David Bowie, Francis Ford Coppola, Richard Branson, and "Simpsons" creator Matt Groening.

In 2010, Hilton was appointed into the Creativity 50, a list of the world's fifty most influential and inspiring creative personalities in which Hilton was named alongside Jonathan Ive and Lady Gaga.

In 2011, 2012 and 2013, he was named as the UK's number one digital creative director, and AKQA 'Agency of the Year' by Campaign magazine in the UK, and AdWeek in the US. AKQA have now been awarded this title more times, on both sides of the Atlantic, than any other agency in history.

Hilton is one of the most sought-after international speakers on the subjects of brands, creativity and inspiration, and has conducted talks at universities and schools of creativity across the world including Oxford University, BCIT and twice at TEDx. Hilton is also Visiting Professor at Southampton Solent University.

As a writer and columnist, Hilton has contributed to books on creativity and thought leadership including Velocity, which he also designed, and Spark For The Fire. He writes for the magazine Campaign and is a regular columnist for Shots.

Personal life
Hilton lives in Dulwich, South London.

External links
Death Machines of London official website
Death Machines of London on Instagram
AtelierStrange's official website
AtelierStrange on Instagram
James Hilton on Twitter
AKQA's official website
Native's official website

References

1973 births
Living people
Alumni of Solent University
English furniture designers
British industrial designers
English graphic designers
British graphic designers

James Hilton (designer)


Jacquère is a variety of white grape found primarily in the Savoy wine region of France. It is a high-yielding vine variety which is used to produce lightly scented, refreshing and gently aromatic dry white wine, such as Vin de Savoie. Jacquère is the grape used in Apremont wines and is the usual wine paired with cheese fondue (a dish from the same region). It is also found in Bugey wines.

Furthermore, Jacquère has been grown in some Condrieu vineyards, but it is officially not allowed to be used in Condrieu Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée wine.

After increased plantings in the 1980s, it has remained at a level of about  in France since the 1990s.

Relationship to other grapes
Gouais blanc has been secured as one of its parents, but the other is unknown. Jacquère is thought to be of French origin.

In the 20th century, ampelographers Louis Levadoux and (decades later) Linda Bisson categorized Jacquère as a member of the Pelorsien eco-geogroup along with Bia blanc, Béclan, Dureza, Exbrayat, Durif, Joubertin, Mondeuse blanche, Peloursin, Servanin and Verdesse.

Synonyms

Synonyms include Altesse de Saint-Chef, Blanc des Ecoutoux, Buisserate, Cherche, Coufe Chien, yCugnete, Cugnette, Cugniette, Jacquère Blanche, Jacquèrre, Jacquière, Martin Cot, Martin Cot Blanc, Molette de Montmelian, Patois Rossette, Plant de Myans, Plant des Abymes, Redin, Robinet, Rossettin, Roussette, Roussette de Montmelian.

References

White wine grape varieties

Jacquère


HMS Leven was a Fairfield "30-knotter" destroyer of the Royal Navy, later classified as part of the C class. It was built in 1898–1899, and served with the Royal Navy through to the First World War, sinking a German U-boat in 1918. Leven was sold for scrapping in 1920.

Construction
HMS Leven was ordered from the Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company, Govan, Glasgow, as part of the British Admiralty's 1897–1898 shipbuilding programme, one of six "Thirty-Knotter" destroyers ordered in that programme, at a contract cost of £52,407. As with other early Royal Navy destroyers, the design of Leven was left to the builder, with the Admiralty laying down only broad requirements.

Levens design was a near repeat of the three Thirty-Knotters (Fairey, Falcon and Gipsy) ordered as part of the previous 1896–1897 construction programme, with four Thornycroft boilers feeding a triple-expansion steam engine, and three funnels being fitted. The ship had the standard armament of the Thirty-Knotters, i.e. a QF 12 pounder 12 cwt ( calibre) gun on a platform on the ship's conning tower (in practice the platform was also used as the ship's bridge), with a secondary armament of five 6-pounder guns, and two 18-inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes.

Leven was laid down as Yard No 405 on 24 January 1898 and launched on 28 June 1898.  During her builder's trials the ship made its contracted speed requirement.  She was completed and accepted by the Royal Navy in July 1898, and was the third ship to carry this name since it was introduced in 1813 for a 20-gun sixth rate in service until 1848.

Operational history

Pre-war
Leven served in British home waters for the whole of her career. She was commissioned to replace  in the Devonport instructional flotilla in March 1900, receiving that ship's crew under Commander Pennant Lloyd. She participated in the 1901 British Naval Manoeuvres. She served in the Devonport instructional flotilla, until replaced in March 1902. Later that year, she underwent repairs to re-tube her boilers.

On 30 August 1912 the Admiralty directed all destroyers were to be grouped into classes designated by letters based on contract speed and appearance. As a three-funneled destroyer with a contract speed of 30 knots, Leven was assigned to the C class. The class letters were painted on the hull below the bridge area and on a funnel.

World War I
From August 1914 to November 1918 Leven was deployed in the 6th Destroyer Flotilla based at Dover.  While employed with the 6th Flotilla she conducted counter-mining patrols escorted merchant ships, defended the Dover Barrage and took part in operations off the Belgian Coast.

On 8 September 1915, Leven was involved in a collision with a transport in the English Channel, suffering a badly damaged bow. She was towed stern first back to Dover. On 26 May 1917 Leven was escorting the monitors ,  and  when they encountered four German torpedo boats. One of the German ships fired a torpedo at M24, which missed, and after they were engaged by Leven, the Germans broke contact.

On 26 January 1918, Leven, carrying out a courier service between Dover and Dunkirk, spotted the periscope of the German submarine , when UB-35 was attempting to pass through the Dover Barrage, a series of anti-submarine minefields and anti-submarine patrols. Leven sank UB-35 with depth charges about 6 miles north-west of Calais, rescuing a single survivor, who identified that the sunken submarine was UB-35 before he died.

In 1919 Leven was paid off and laid-up in reserve awaiting disposal. The ship was sold on 14 September 1920 to Hayes of Porthcawl for scrapping. Leven was awarded the battle honour "Belgian Coast 1914–16" for her service.

Pennant numbers

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links
 http://navalhistory.flixco.info/H/381436/8330/a0.htm
 Clyde Built Ships Database

Ships built in Govan
1898 ships
C-class destroyers (1913)
World War I destroyers of the United Kingdom

HMS Leven (1898)


Elemental cost planning is a system of Cost planning and Cost control, typically for buildings, which enables the cost of a scheme to be monitored during design development.

1951 saw the publication of the Ministry of Education Building Bulletin No 4 which essentially introduced the concept of elemental cost planning to the UK construction industry. Its Author was James Nisbet. The concept has been refined and developed over more than 50 years in the UK by BCIS (the Building Cost Information Service of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors)....

Elemental Cost Planning relies upon the adoption of a Standard Form of Cost Analysis for buildings which allows costs to be compared on a common format and forms the basis of the benchmarking analysis central to the concept of Elemental Cost Plans.

It should :-
Ensure that the tender amount is close to the first estimate, or that any likely difference between the two is anticipated and is acceptable.
Ensure that the money available for the projects is allocated consciously and economically to the various components and finishes.
Always involves the measurement and pricing of approximate quantities at some stage of the process.
Aim to achieve good value at the desired level of expenditure.

Elemental cost planning is often referred to as 'designing to a cost' or 'target cost planning' since a cost limit is fixed for the scheme and the architect must then prepare a design not to exceed this cost.

See also
Cost overrun
Comparative cost Analysis
BCIS
BCIS submits data exchange standard for UN ratification.

References
Cost planning of buildings - Douglas J Ferry (and others)
Cost studies of buildings 4th edn- Alan Ashworth
BCIS Standard Form of Cost Analysis  (Analysis Forms)
BCIS Elemental Standard Form of Cost Analysis 4th edn
BCIS Principles of Elemental Classification for Buildings (International)
BCIS Proposed Standard form of Civil Engineering Cost Analysis

Business terms
Building engineering
Cost engineering

Elemental cost planning


China Marks (born 1942, Kansas City, Missouri) is an American artist creating process-directed sewn drawings and books.

Education
Marks earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Sculpture from the Kansas City Art Institute and a Master of Fine Arts in Sculpture from the Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts at Washington University in St. Louis.

Career

Art
From the 1970s through the early 1980s, Marks trained and worked primarily as a sculptor and embraced drawing, painting, and printmaking. A fellowship at the Center for Innovative Print and Paper, now the Brodsky Center for Innovative Print and Paper at Rutgers University, in 1989 resulted in a group of monotypes created over three days.

In 1991, Marks started using decorative paint rollers in conjunction with sculptural reliefs. Marks executed a series of figures drawn with a brush in acrylic paint on paper, working in black and then expanding into other colors. The figures were drawn on patterned backgrounds created by the decorative paint rollers and, later, on printed backgrounds created by Marks from her older printed or drawn work or from found imagery.

This fusion of drawing, narrative, and pattern coalesced in Marks' aesthetic, and on December 6, 2000, Marks experienced a significant shift in her thinking: "My drawings told me they had to be sewn."  She also decided that simple hand-sewing or hand embroidery would not work to get what she was after, and that mastering the properties of a sewing machine was required. She purchased a portable sewing machine, and "began to learn to draw with it, at first simply, then with greater complexity, making contemporary drawings that were enriched and transformed by the process of their creation. From the outset, I somehow knew that this was what I was going to do for the rest of my life and that the potential was enormous. I wanted to make the sewing machine an extension of my nervous system." Marks thus broke with her earlier processes and expressed her aesthetic through fabric and sewing. Though her work had previously explored realms of the fantastic, the colors, textures, and imagery in fabric and the tonal, tactile, and linear properties of stitching provided Marks with an expanded repertoire of elements to actualize her ideas. Marks calls these works ″sewn drawings.″ Though she had no previous knowledge of the complexities of a sewing machine, Marks' expertise with power tools, skills she acquired as a sculptor, served as the basis for understanding the mechanics of machine sewing. Nevertheless, mastering the sewing machine and drawing with it was an intense learning process that moved from combining hand and machine embroidery to achieving the dexterity to draw on the machine.

Marks' earliest sewn drawings began as assembling imagery (faces, heads, human figures, fabulous beasts, flora, structures, objects, etc.) cut from scraps of disparate commercially printed fabrics or creating forms from scratch with fabric scraps. After arranging, re-arranging, and exploring potential variables, a phantasmagorical world would emerge. Marks would then construct a suitable ground for the narrative, using textiles from her growing collection of fabric scraps, swatches, and yardage. The resulting panels, reminiscent of applique, tapestry, embroidery, and traditional drawing, were self-contained narratives of vibrant color, great texture, and exuberant imagination.

As the sewn drawings developed and became more extensive, layered, and complex, Marks' portable sewing machine could no longer handle the heavier load. In 2002, she purchased an industrial zigzag machine, the Consew 233R, which could handle Marks' ambition. As a result of the sewing machine's extended capabilities, Marks′ work grew to the degree that her earlier work "suddenly seemed like the work of another person." Forms became more intricate, and compositions became more variegated, with enriched layers of texture and color. Shading achieved a more comprehensive range through pure stitching.

Books
In 2007, at the prompting of book artist Esther K. Smith, who was writing "How to Make Books" for Random House, Marks created her first one-of-a-kind book, Dream Girls. Images from the first draft of Dream Girls appeared in Smith's book. Created from fabric and using the sewn drawings technique Marks was developing, Dream Girls extended Marks′ oeuvre from the self-contained narratives of the individual sewn drawings to a longer form of storytelling. The process and result enhanced the narrative impulse that animated her drawings. Marks resolved "to make at least a book a year" [citation needed] for the rest of her life. She made two unique books the following year: A Book of Horses and A Book of Lives.

During this period, as Marks continued her development of sewn drawings and one-of-a-kind books, a chance walk in the Spring of 2009 resulted in Marks spotting a broken umbrella in the street. Intrigued by the black umbrella's white-printed text, it eventually triggered her thinking about text. She silk-screened text of white ink on black fabric, creating a store of printed text which resulted in two books created in 2009: The First Black Book, consisting only of white text on black fabric, and The Second Black Book, which included additional text and a few illustrations created as sewn drawings and applied found objects. Her 2010 book, Pressing Questions, broke from pure black and added color and extensive text. The text, written in doggerel, was executed as appropriated lettering from fabric and invented letters.

These breakthroughs in the relationship of text to imagery profoundly affected Marks' sewn drawings, and by the autumn of 2010, her drawings now included text. As with the books, the text in the sewn drawings was derived from words or cut letters from pieces of fabric, or letters Marks created from unrelated shapes.

In 2013, Marks' process was further enhanced by the purchase of a state-of-the-art "computerized embroidery machine, specialty threads, stabilizers, and computer-aided deisgn (CAD) software, along with a Windows-based laptop to manage the software," all of it acquired with money awarded Marks by the Pollock-Krasner Foundation. With these new tools, Marks could embroider lines and blocks of text directly onto panels of sewn drawings instead of piecing words or letters together from fabric sources. The text and typefaces could then be specific to the narrative and immediately legible, leading Marks to become as much a writer as a visual artist. Besides the sewn drawings, Marks' fascination with written narrative also manifested in text pieces. These smaller works contain only minimal sewn imagery or are devoid of imagery entirely. Two of her text pieces were featured in the poetry publication W.I.S.H. POETRY PRESS in January 2014.

Marks sees her place in contemporary art as an "appropriationist and a synthesizer, influenced by manga, anime, and other contemporary art, as well as by almost everything else I see, hear, touch and taste." [citation needed] Her driving purpose is to create art that entertains, surprises and delights her audience. By appropriating images from printed fabric, techniques from the fabric arts of embroidery and tapestry, the textured experience of collage, the narrative of storytelling, and supported by a consciousness of drawing, Marks unites tradition and experimentation. She considers her sewn drawings and fabric books "a new model for storytelling, more experiential than linear." [citation needed]

Marks continues to create sewn drawings, books, and text pieces at her studio in Long Island City, New York.

Exhibitions, public commissions and collections
Marks has exhibited extensively since her first solo show of sculptures and drawings in 1984 at BACA Downtown, a nonprofit gallery and black box theater in Downtown Brooklyn. In 1986, she created a room-sized installation titled "Intimations of a Parallel World," at New York's 22 Wooster Gallery's Two Two Raw Downstairs space. Using cut-out drawings of men and animals in action, recalling Ancient Greek relief friezes, "Intimations of a Parallel World" was an early expression of Marks' interest in alternative realms, "a world parallel to our own, accessible only through my art." Marks created additional iterations of the "Parallel World" installations with "A World Made Flesh: Part Two of The Parallel World," exhibited at the Morris Museum, Morristown, New Jersey, in 1987; "Sacred Precinct: Part Three of The Parallel World," exhibited at New York's Petrosino Park in 1991; and "Who Killed the Queen: Part Four of The Parallel World," exhibited at the Tomasulo Gallery at Union County College, Cranford, New Jersey.

Other significant exhibitions during this period included:

 Solo shows at Rutgers University's Paul Robeson Center Gallery in Newark, New Jersey
 The Newark Museum
 The Johnson and Johnson Gallery in Johnson & Johnson
 The Trans Hudson Gallery in Jersey City
 A fifteen-year retrospective at the Rabbet Gallery in New Brunswick
 Grand Arts in Kansas City, Missouri

Marks was also represented in important group exhibitions at this time at the Art Museum of Florida State University, Tallahassee; the Ben Shahn Galleries at William Paterson University in Wayne, New Jersey; Kansas City Art Institute, Kansas City, Missouri; essential exhibitions in New York's Marymount Manhattan College; the Luise Ross Gallery; the George Adams Gallery; and other venues across the country.

By 2003, Marks exhibited her sewn drawings and, later, her one-of-a-kind books. Solo shows of this new material were mounted at O'Kane Gallery at the University of Houston–Downtown, Houston, Texas; the Luise Ross Gallery in New York; the Marianna Kistler Beach Museum of Art, Manhattan, Kansas; Emerson Center for Arts and Culture in Bozeman, Montana; the Schoolhouse History and Art Center, Colstrip; the Paris Gibson Square Art Center, Great Falls, the Visual Arts Gallery at the University of Montana, Missoula; Art 101, Brooklyn, New York; and the Thompson Gallery at the Cambridge School of Weston, Weston, Massachusetts. Solo exhibitions are scheduled through 2016 in New York's prestigious Center for Book Arts; the Foosaner Art Museum at Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne; and the Hampden Gallery at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, among others across the country.

Honors and awards
Marks won her first important award, a Fulbright-Hayes Fellowship, for a 16-month stay in Nepal, making sculptures, in 1972. Additional honors followed, including a Graduate Fellowship from the Danforth Foundation; multiple fellowships from the New Jersey State Council on the Arts; an Esseff Foundation for the Arts Purchase Award; a National Endowment for the Arts-Mid Atlantic fellowship for works on paper; two George Sugarman Foundation grants; two New York Foundation for the Arts fellowships, the second as a Gregory Millard Fellow in Printmaking/Drawing/Artist's Books; and many others. In 1988, Marks was honored as a Distinguished Artist by the New Jersey State Council on the Arts. She served as an Artist-in-Residence at the Newark Museum in 2003 and a residency at Anchor Graphics at Columbia College, Chicago, in 2011. In 2013, Marks was awarded the prestigious Pollock-Krasner Foundation grant.

References

Bibliography
Berens, Joshua, "Some Jazzy Stitches by China Marks", "W.I.S.H Poetry Press," January 2014
Marks, China, "Knee-deep in a Sea of Tears: Hybrid Drawings" "Numero Cinq Magazine, Volume IV, Number 9," September 2013
Sonnenberg, Rhonda, "The Sewn Drawings of China Marks", "Fiberarts," September/October 2005
Bogosh, Sarah, "China Marks: Drawing with Fabric and Print," interview, "Anchor Graphics, Columbia College, Chicaho, Volume 5, Number 1," Summer/Fall 2011

External links
 Marks' Official Website

American women artists
American contemporary artists
Living people
1942 births
Artists from Kansas City, Missouri
21st-century American women
Kansas City Art Institute alumni
Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts alumni

China Marks


Ballyhack () is a small village located in the south-west of County Wexford, in Ireland, on the eastern shore of the Waterford Harbour, which is the estuary of The Three Sisters

History

The village contains a 15th-century Norman castle or tower house, which belonged to the Knights Hospitallers and was built around 1480, though it is thought the site's use was initially as a Preceptory, as far back as the 12th-century. The castle was occupied by Cromwellian forces during the Irish Rebellion of 1641, and was later used as a transportation point for those displaced by the Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652. It is from this association that the phrase "Go to Ballyhack" was coined.

The castle is open to the public, having been partially restored, and displays objects relating to the Crusades, the Normans, and medieval monks. Some the features of the castle that are on view are its dungeon, murder-hole, effigies and oratory. The castle is a National Monument, in state care, number 516.

Name
Ballyhack has been represented in Irish as  and . The derivation is believed to be from the Irish word for stable, , and  meaning town, village, home or settlement. Thus Ballyhack would mean the place or town of the stable.

Amenities
The village contains a shop, a pub, an old schoolhouse, and a small quay for fishing boats. The village also features a memorial to those lost at sea, which was unveiled in 2015.

A ferry service operates between Ballyhack and Passage East (County Waterford), over the broad estuary of The Three Sisters.

There is also a cemetery located on a height near the edge of the village, which is located on the site of the former Ballyhack Church (Saint James's). The church was closed in the late 1800s, and demolished at some point before 1902. A point of interest in the graveyard includes a record of a Laurence Power, who supposedly died in 1836 at age 170.

The school in the village is called St. Catherine's NS and is located on top of Ballyhack Hill. It opened in 1959.

Sport
The local Gaelic Athletic Association club is St James GAA, which plays in the Intermediate grade of the Wexford Championship. The local soccer team is Duncannon FC.

See also
 List of towns and villages in Ireland

References

Towns and villages in County Wexford
National Monuments in County Wexford

Ballyhack, County Wexford


Cyrus Thomas (July 27, 1825 – June 26, 1910) was an American ethnologist and entomologist prominent in the late 19th century and noted for his studies of the natural history of the American West.

Biography

Thomas was born in Kingsport, Tennessee, on July 27, 1825, and was of German and Irish descent.  He was educated in village schools in the Kingsport area and an academy student at Jonesboro, Tennessee, as well as being self-educated.  His mother hoped he would join the medical field, so he studied anatomy and physiology, but he was uninterested in medicine and took to the study of law.  He was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1851 and practiced in Murphysboro.  Between his study of medicine and law his father-in-law, Dr. John Logan, appointed him to a county seat to "take charge of some business".

From 1851 to 1854 Thomas served as county clerk of Jackson County, Illinois.  He later abandoned the practice of law, and in 1865 became superintendent of some Jackson County schools.  This lasted only for a few years.   Also during this time he entered the ministry of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, but was forced to abandon the ministry, as well, due to his "intense independent thought". Four years later in 1869 he joined the expedition of Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden, who had organized a science corps for the exploration of the Rocky Mountains.

Thomas gained a strong interest in natural history, and in 1858 he founded the Illinois Natural History Society.  In 1869 his professional scientific career began with his appointment as an assistant in entomology in the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories under Professor Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden.  Thomas was also the agricultural statistician and entomologist on the Hayden Geological Survey of 1871, whose work supported the creation of Yellowstone National Park in 1872.

In 1873 Thomas was appointed a professor of natural science at Southern Illinois Normal University, which gave him a public forum for his ideas. He was later named to the United States Entomological Commission in 1877 to serve alongside Charles Valentine Riley and Alpheus Spring Packard; at the same time he accepted the position of chief entomologist for the State of Illinois.  He kept his title of chief entomologist until 1882 after the commission came to an end in 1879.  At this time, 1882, he was appointed archaeologist to the United States Bureau of American Ethnology.

Thomas was married twice, having lost his first wife, Dorthy Logan, sister of Maj. Gen.and later U.S. Senator John A. Logan.  He remarried in 1865 to Viola L. Davis.  With her, he fathered five girls and one boy, who died in infancy.  Thomas died on June 26, 1910, and was buried in Frederick, Maryland.

Works

Entomology
Thomas made some noteworthy contributions as an entomologist, having helped control the insect plague that was retarding the growth of the border states.  Thomas, working with Charles V. Riley, found that the Hessian fly, which was terrorizing the wheat and rye of the western states, was most destructive in wet seasons and least destructive in dry seasons.  With this information they were able to predict the outbreaks rather accurately for the upcoming year, and entomologists and farmers worked together for better times to plant and harvest.

The chinch bug was another culprit damaging crops.  Thomas and LeBaron, using the same tactic of studying the chinch bug's relationship to the weather, found that chinch bugs needed at least one or two dry seasons to reach outbreak proportions.  Thomas found a pattern between the chinch bug and weather, concluding that outbreaks can be expected about every seven years and then for two years in a row.  After presenting his findings he accurately predicted an outbreak in 1881.

He also accompanied expeditions to the West as an entomologist—one of these being the Hayden Geological Survey of 1871.  On this expedition Thomas addressed the problem of locusts with Riley and Packard (this was also the creation of the United States Entomological commission).  During this investigation they found the locusts' breeding ground, how the weather affected them, and what controlled their direction-wind.

Archaeology
However, Thomas is best known for his work in archaeology and ethnology—specifically, his contributions to the question of the origin of the mound builders and Mayan hieroglyphics.

Thomas was not a field archaeologist.  He visited the sites on which he reported, but did little if any field work.  He had permanent and temporary field assistants and one clerical assistant.  They provided him with their notes, which he organized, formed into a report, and published.

When Thomas began his investigations into the origins of the mound builders, he was under the impression that the mounds were made by a more advanced race that no longer existed.  He argued that once America had been settled the people tended to stay in one place, which meant that the archaeological record had been produced by the same people of that area through history. Although he did not do field work he mapped out a plan of action for the mound excavations, and presented ten years of work in the 12th Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology for 1890–91.  By the end of his research into the origin of the mound builders Thomas dismissed each argument advanced in favor of the vanished race theory.  The Bat Creek Inscription was one artifact that Thomas used to support his hypothesis that "the Cherokee constructed many earthen mounds"; the evidence being that "the stone represented characters of Cherokee syllabary".

Thomas divided the mounds into a northern section, which was divided into six sections, and a southern section, which was divided into two.  These eight sections, Thomas suggested, represent more than one nation.  Thomas thought that migration was the reason for the mounds being spread through the east, but also recognized that the idea for mounds diffused through the different tribes.

Climatology
Thomas also wrote on climatology, a new field in the 19th century. He was a leading proponent of the now-debunked theory known as "rain follows the plow", which stated that increased population and cultivation of the Great Plains would render the land lush and fertile.  This theory was used to promote expansion into the American West by persuading would-be settlers that the current lack of precipitation would not hinder their ability to engage in agriculture.

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1825 births
1910 deaths
People from Kingsport, Tennessee
American Lutherans
American Mesoamericanists
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19th-century Mesoamericanists
19th-century Lutherans

Cyrus Thomas


Kathleen Elizabeth Fitzpatrick  (7 September 1905 – 27 August 1990) was an Australian academic and historian.

Biography
Fitzpatrick (born Kathleen Elizabeth Pitt) was born in the town of , Victoria in 1905. She was educated at Loreto Convent in South Melbourne and Portland, Presentation Convent in Windsor, and Lauriston Girls' School in Armadale. From there, Fitzpatrick entered the University of Melbourne, enrolling in English, following on from her love of literature in high school. However, the honours program in English did not appeal to her, so she enrolled also in history, studying under Ernest Scott; this second subject would become her favourite after a holiday to Tasmania at the end of her first year, when she was inspired by a visit to the ruins of Port Arthur.

From 1925, she was a member of the Lyceum Club. She graduated from Melbourne with a Bachelor of Arts (Honours) in 1926, and with financial support from her parents, obtained another Bachelor of Arts at Somerville College, Oxford University in 1928, completing the three-year degree in two years.

On her return to Australia in 1929, Fitzpatrick was employed as a temporary lecturer at the University of Sydney, teaching history. The following year she became a tutor in English at her alma mater, a position she held until 28 August 1932, when she married journalist Brian Fitzpatrick and was consequently forced to leave her job, as was required of all female academics at the time.

After leaving Melbourne, Fitzpatrick graduated with a Masters of Arts from Oxford in 1933. In 1935 she and her husband separated; she applied to the University of Melbourne for a job, but was rebuffed, the Appointments Board advising her that women were only wanted for secretarial work. Fitzpatrick studied shorthand and typing at the Melbourne Technical School (now RMIT University) in 1936, and indeed became a teacher there the following year, teaching shorthand and commercial English.

By 1937 she was tutoring English at the University of Melbourne, when a new lectureship in the Department of History was advertised; having been advised by the vice-chancellor Raymond Priestley to acquaint herself with the new professor of history Max Crawford, which she did, with the support of a letter of introduction from her former teacher Scott. Crawford later recalled that he "could see at once that Ernest Scott had sent [him] a winner", and supported Fitzpatrick for the position over a strong field of other candidates, and she was appointed to the lectureship late in 1937, to commence in 1938. The appointment increased the full-time staff in the department from two (Crawford and Jessie Webb) to three, and for a while the department was the first in the University with a majority of female staff.

Fitzpatrick taught first-year British history herself, to both the regular and honours students, and assisted with later-year subjects, sharing the entire teaching duties of the department with Webb whenever Crawford was absent. Her course in British history was widely varied, and was distinctive among contemporary courses elsewhere in the world for teaching British social, cultural and economic history in conjunction with the traditional political and religious subject matter. She also taught a second-year honours level subject on the French Revolution up until the Second World War. Fitzpatrick's lectures were well regarded amongst her students; Geoffrey Serle described them in a eulogy for Fitzpatrick as "set-piece performances, every word considered and counting... in that individual clear voice, cool and rational, but imbued with passion... Some students were known to return for the evening repeat."

Her first area of research, following on from her early interest in Port Arthur, was the colonial-era history of Van Diemen's Land, and she produced several publications on this subject. Outside of her academic work, Fitzpatrick gave a number of radio talks for adult education programs through the 1940s, covering a variety of history topics. During the war, Fitzpatrick negotiated with employers on behalf of female university students who had been drafted to work under the Manpower regime, in her role as President of the Council for Women in War Work.

In 1942 Fitzpatrick was promoted to senior lecturer, and in 1948 became an associate professor. At the time, she was only the third woman to have been appointed associate professor at the University, and the first in Australia outside the natural sciences.

Fitzpatrick's first book, Sir John Franklin in Tasmania, 1837–1843, was published in 1949. Shortly after this she commenced work on a biography of Charles La Trobe, but it was never published. Her second book, Australian Explorers, was a selection of writings from early explorers, commissioned for Oxford University Press and published in 1958; it would become a standard text for Australian history courses. In addition to this historical writing, she also reviewed new books in British and colonial history, and contributed literary reviews and criticism to Southerly and Meanjin.

When a second chair in history was created in 1955, Fitzpatrick was Crawford's first choice for the position, but she declined to apply for it; John La Nauze was appointed instead. Fitzpatrick later wrote that she did not think the quality of her original scholarship qualified her for a chair. Fitzpatrick continued to teach the compulsory first-year British history course solo until a second lecturer was appointed in 1959, and the history class – which by that time comprised more than five hundred students – was divided in two. She was a founding member of the Australian Humanities Research Council in 1956 (the only woman among them), and later a founding fellow of its successor body, the Australian Academy of the Humanities.

Fitzpatrick retired from teaching in 1962. In 1964 she was a member of the Third University Committee, which advised the Government of Victoria on the establishment of Melbourne's third university, La Trobe University; it was Fitzpatrick who suggested that it be named after Charles La Trobe. She continued to write in her retirement, preparing a large work on the American novelist Henry James; she failed to find a publisher however. In 1975 she authored a commissioned history of Presbyterian Ladies' College, and in 1983 published Solid Bluestone Foundations, part memoir and part social history, which was warmly received by critics. In retirement, Fitzpartrick accumulated significant wealth generated, in the main, from the financial success of her father, who after a distinguished civil service career culminating as Head of Treasury, Victoria, was recruited to stockbroking by Sir Ian Potter.

Awards, honours and legacy

In 1983 Fitzpatrick was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Laws by the University of Melbourne, and in 1989 she was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) for her services to education, particularly in the field of history.

She was awarded a University of Melbourne Award, which "recognises those individuals who have made an outstanding and enduring contribution to the University and its scholarly community". A bronze plaque honouring her is on the wall along the Professors' Walk at the Parkville campus of the University.

Fitzpatrick died in 1990. From her estate she bequeathed a fund to the University of Melbourne for the purchase of history books for the library; she dedicated it in the name of her father, Henry Pitt, "in gratitude for allowing her the university education of which he had been deprived." The University has named its largest theatre in her honour, in addition to the ARC Kathleen Fitzpatrick Australian Laureate Fellowship, and the Kathleen Fitzpatrick Lecture.

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1905 births
1990 deaths
Officers of the Order of Australia
Australian women historians
20th-century Australian historians
Academic staff of the University of Melbourne
20th-century Australian women writers
University of Melbourne women
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Writers from Victoria (state)

Kathleen Fitzpatrick (Australian academic)