HM Prison Portland is a male Adult/Young Offenders Institution in the village of The Grove on the Isle of Portland, in Dorset, England. It is operated by His Majesty's Prison Service. The prison was originally opened in 1848 as an adult convict establishment, before becoming a Borstal in 1921, and a YOI in 1988. In 2011 it became an Adult/Young Offenders establishment.

History
Portland's prison opened in 1848 for the holding of adult convicts. The purpose of a prison at Portland was largely to make use of convict labour in the construction of the breakwaters of Portland Harbour and its various defences. The first convicts, totalling 64, arrived aboard the HM Steamer Driver on 21 November. The Admiralty Quarries were developed for convicts to work in and once established, convict labour was providing 10,000 tons of stone per week for use on the breakwaters. The conditions within both the prison and its quarries throughout the 19th-century would later help calls for penal reform in the UK, as many prisoners died while quarrying stone.

From the moment of the prison's inception, the convicts became a tourist attraction. The village of the Grove had been developed directly due to the prison, and a number of homeowners decided to open cafes from the upstairs of their houses for tourists to watch the convicts at work. In 1869 the government announced that the prison, which was originally intended to be temporary, would become a permanent establishment. Although local residents petitioned against this, it did not deter the government's plans. Between 1870 and 1872, convicts constructed the now-redundant, Grade II* Listed St. Peter's Church just outside the prison.

In 1921 the prison was converted into a Borstal. Between 1931 and 1935, the Borstal Boys transformed a disused convict quarry into a sports stadium at the back of St. Peter's Church. The first sports day took place on 1 August 1936, while the last event spectated by the public was the Foundation Day Sports event of 1975. During World War II, an air raid on 15 August 1940 saw the Borstal's Rodney House block bombed. This left four boys dead and others severely injured, including five being admitted to hospital. In 1983, the Borstal changed to Youth Custody Centre.

In 1988 the prison was re-rolled as a Young Offenders Institution (YOI, Portland), holding up to 519 young males aged 18 to 21. Accommodation at the prison was divided into seven blocks, Benbow, Raleigh, Drake, Nelson, Grenville, Collingwood, and Beaufort. In 2009, the prison was the setting for Ian Wright's Football Behind Bars, a Sky1 reality TV series showcasing Wright's work to transform the lives of 24 serious young offenders. It was based on socializing the young men by organizing them in a football academy.

In April 2011 the prison became an Adult/Young Offenders establishment. In late 2013, it was announced that it would also be one of a number of resettlement prisons across the UK. This news coincided with the recent decision to turn HM Prison The Verne, another prison on Portland, into an immigration removal centre. In 2010, with the assistance of the prison, a community project was completed to restore the Governor's Community Garden and open it to the public. Around 2011, at the Verne, the Jailhouse Cafe was opened to the public, which was created to reduce re-offending and to offer prisoners work experience. When the Verne was converted to an Immigration Removal Centre in early 2014, the cafe has continued by using prisoners from the YOI.

YOI Inspection reports
In March 2000, an inspection report by His Majesty's Chief Inspector of Prisons severely criticised conditions at Portland YOI, including foul-smelling toilets and filthy showers. There were also complaints of rats in food service areas lodged by inmates. Just over a month later, prison officials were forced to extract 26 prisoners who had for eight hours used furniture to barricade themselves away from their cells.

In November 2004, a report from the Chief Inspector of Prisons highlighted racial tension, and distrust between Muslim inmates and staff at Portland Prison. The report also criticised the fact that inmates were still slopping out, because of poor sanitation facilities at the jail.

A further report in June 2007 following an unannounced inspection heavily criticised conditions at Portland YOI. The report stated that some buildings "were unfit for purpose and lacked basic sanitation", with the continued practice of inmates without access to toilet facilities using buckets which they emptied through their windows. The report criticized other elements of the prison, including opportunities provided to prisoners for physical activity and training, but indicated that the situation was better in Portland than it had been in 2004 at the time of the last inspection.

Grove Prison Museum
In late 2013, it was announced by local news that a museum would be opened to cover the history of HM Prison Portland. The Grove Prison Museum opened in March 2014, through the work of retired officers John Hutton, Steve Ashford and Chris Hunt. The museum is based in the former deputy governor's residence, across the road from the main prison entrance. The idea for a museum had dated back over 20 years, when it was agreed to store some prison memorabilia items for a possible future museum. These were left untouched for 20 years in storage.

South Dorset MP Richard Drax visited the deputy governor's building to officially open the prison museum and the Lighthouse Learning Centre. A year after the museum's opening, it was announced that over 1000 visitors had been to the museum.

Grade listed features

Various features of the prison have since become Grade Listed.

In September 1978, the gatehouse, including the attached VR Letter Box, became Grade II Listed. In May 1993, both the east and west cell blocks became Grade II Listed. At the same time, the E Hall, a prison cell block with attached punishment block from 1848, became Grade II Listed. The Overseer's Hut with inclines became Grade II Listed in May 1993.

One of the prison and village's most notable features is a high wall running along the village's main road, Grove Road. This boundary wall remains a significant visual element within the village, and was built in the 19th century to enclose the convict quarry workings. The boundary wall has been Grade II Listed since May 1993. The sentry box, along with the gate pier became Grade II Listed in September 1978. The boundary wall, and gate piers, running from St Peter's Vicarage to Alma Terrace, and dating from 1875, was Grade II Listed at the same time as the sentry box. The early 19th century gate piers at the junction with Grove Road, along with the boundary walls to Ivybank and the Vicarage became Grade II Listed at this same time too. In May 1993, the boundary wall west of the prison became Grade II Listed, and this section dates from 1848. The prison's north and east boundary walls have been Grade II Listed since May 1993 as well, dating from 1848 and later.

Alma Terrace, on Grove Road is a terrace of houses, built in 1854, originally as six large houses for prison wardens, was designated Grade II in September 1978. The wash houses and connecting boundary wall to the rear of the terrace has also become Grade II Listed in May 1993. The Governor's House (102 Grove Road), with its front boundary wall, has been Grade II Listed since May 1993. The detached house was formerly the Governor's House to the prison, built around 1850. Additionally the prison itself has various Grade Listed features. The adjoining School House of Grove Infant School, along with the rear boundary wall, became Grade II Listed at the same time.

Grove Lime Kiln lies approximately 320 metres north-west of St Peter's Church. The Grade Listed II structure was designated in January 2009. Still owned by the prison service, the lime kiln remains in a derelict and uncared for state. It was built and once operated by convicts from the prison, and is an important survival and one of the last vestiges of lime production in Portland. At the top of the nearby, private incline road is the abandoned Old Engine Shed that once served the cable-operated inclined railway that ran to Castletown through the Navy Dockyard that is now Portland Port. The shed has been Grade II Listed since January 2001.

Notable former inmates
 Mohammad Amir
 Roy Chubby Brown
 Tom Clarke
 John Daly
Michael Davitt
 George Edalji
 John Babbacombe Lee
 Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa
 Charles Wells

References

Bibliography

External links

 Ministry of Justice pages on Portland

1848 establishments in England
Prisons in Dorset
Young Offender Institutions in England
Prison

HM Prison Portland


Fremantle Railway Bridge (known also as the North Fremantle Bridge) is the railway bridge on the Fremantle railway line that crosses the Swan River between Fremantle and North Fremantle. It is the second structure with that name.

The original bridge was of concern due to its structure, as well as its position limiting the eastern extent of the Fremantle Harbour.

The current bridge is further up stream and closer to the Fremantle Traffic Bridge than the earlier lower structure, and was being planned in the 1950s.

1926 floods

In 1926 the earlier bridge were destroyed by floods, and was re-built soon after.

2000s damage
The current bridge was damaged in the 2000s by ships hitting the bridge, one during a storm, but was repairable. It now has barriers to prevent further events.

References

External links

Fremantle Harbour
Swan River (Western Australia)
Fremantle line
Railway bridges in Perth, Western Australia

Fremantle Railway Bridge


Warrenville is a census-designated place (CDP) in Aiken County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 1,233 at the 2010 census. It is located just south of Graniteville and is part of the Augusta, Georgia metropolitan area. Warrenville is located in historic Horse Creek Valley.

History
In 2008, there were talks about incorporating the villages of Warrenville, Graniteville, and Vaucluse; as a result, the towns approved a referendum to vote on whether or not to incorporate. If approved, the municipality would have had an area of around . The referendum was defeated by a two-to-one margin in August 2008.

The Warrenville Elementary School was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

Demographics

The Demographics of the CDP as of 2010 were as follows:	Counts	Percentages
Total Population 1,233	100.00%

Population by Race:
American Indian and Alaska native alone	11 (0.89%)
Asian alone 3	(0.24%)
Black or African American alone 66 (5.35%)
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific native alone 0 (0.0%)
Some other race alone	50 (4.06%)
Two or more races	45 (3.65%)
White alone	1,058   (85.81%)

Population by Hispanic or Latino Origin: (of any race)
Persons of Hispanic or Latino Origin	84  (6.81%)
Persons Not of Hispanic or Latino Origin   1,149 (93.19%)

Population by Gender
Male	580	(47.04%)
Female	653	(52.96%)

Population by Age
Persons 0 to 4 years	65	(5.27%)
Persons 5 to 17 years	205	(16.63%)
Persons 18 to 64 years	732	(59.37%)
Persons 65 years and over	231 (18.73%)

Education
Warrenville has a public library, a branch of the ABBE Regional Library System.

References

Census-designated places in South Carolina
Census-designated places in Aiken County, South Carolina
Augusta metropolitan area

Warrenville, South Carolina


Isaac ben Dorbolo was a rabbi, about 1150.

He traveled much, and knew Poland, Russia, Bohemia, France, and Germany from his own observations. Some time after 1140 he visited Rabbeinu Tam in Ramerupt.

In Worms, where he remained for some time, he reports having seen a responsum from the rabbis of Palestine in answer to a question addressed to them in 960 (at the time of Emperor Otto I) by the Rhenish rabbis concerning the reported appearance of the Messiah. Though this responsum is mentioned in different sources, its historical character has been questioned.

Several additions to the Maḥzor Vitry are in the name of Isaac Dorbolo; he is not the compiler of the Maḥzor, as Charles Taylor supposes. They are indicated either by the author's full name or by a simple ת (= Tosefet). According to Leopold Zunz, Isaac's father is identical with the correspondent of Rashi and the martyr of the First Crusade of the same name; but this is chronologically impossible. Rapoport wrongly connected Isaac with Rabbi Isaac of Ourville, author of the lost Sefer ha-Menahel; and Solomon Marcus Schiller-Szinessy, with Isaac of Russia.

Isaac is also mentioned in the Sefer Asufot, in Shibbolei haLeket, and in Kol Bo.

References

 Its bibliography:
Gross, in Berliner's Magazin, x. 75;
Introduction to the Maḥzor Vitry, ed. Hurwitz, p. 36;
Perles, in Grätz Jubelschrift, p. 31;
Berliner, ib., pp. 176, 177;
Epstein, in Monatsschrift, xli. 307;
Charles Taylor, Appendix to The Sayings of the Jewish Fathers, pp. 12 et seq., Cambridge, 1900.

12th-century French rabbis
French Orthodox rabbis
12th-century explorers

Isaac ben Dorbolo


Subvertising (a portmanteau of subvert and advertising) is the practice of making spoofs or parodies of corporate and political advertisements. The cultural critic Mark Dery coined the term in 1991. Subvertisements are anti-ads that deflect advertising's attempts to turn the people's attention in a given direction. According to author Naomi Klein, subvertising offers a way of speaking back to advertising, 'forcing a dialogue where before there was only a declaration.' They may take the form of a new image or an alteration to an existing image or icon, often in a satirical manner.

A subvertisement can also be referred to as a meme hack and can be a part of social hacking, billboard hacking or culture jamming. According to Adbusters, a Canadian magazine and a proponent of counter-culture and subvertising, "A well-produced 'subvert' mimics the look and feel of the targeted ad, promoting the classic 'double-take' as viewers suddenly realize they have been duped. Subverts create cognitive dissonance, with the apparent aim of cutting through the 'hype and glitz of our mediated reality' to reveal a 'deeper truth within'.

Subvertising is a type of advertising hijacking (détournement publicité), where détournement techniques developed in the 1950s by the French Letterist International and later used by the better-known Situationist International have been used as a contemporary critical form to re-route advertising messages.

In 1972, the logo of Richard Nixon's reelection campaign posters was subverted with two x's in Nixon's name (as in the Exxon logo) to suggest the corporate ownership of the Republican party.

Notable instances
In Sydney, Australia in October 1979, a group of anti-smoking activists formed a group called B.U.G.A.U.P. and began altering the text on tobacco billboards to subvert the messages of tobacco advertisers, although advertisements for other unhealthy products were also targeted.

On November 6, 2008, The Yes Men recruited thousands of social activists to hand out 100,000 copies of a spoof New York Times newspaper set six months in the future. The goal was to utilize a tangible and trusted medium, the New York Times, to argue for a particular future. Other groups involved with this project included Anti-Advertising Agency, Code Pink, United for Peace and Justice, May First/People Link, and Improv Everywhere.

At the 2015 Paris COP21 climate conference, the collective known as Brandalism installed 600 posters that attacked what they perceived as the hypocrisy of corporate sponsors.

In 2017, Brandalism and other groups of subvertisers founded the collective Subvertisers International. Using billboard hacking and other forms of subvertising, they promote the idea that advertising creates unhealthy body images, impacts democracy negatively, and sustains a culture of consumerism that takes a heavy toll on the planet.

Around 2018, a group in London called Legally Black changed the race of the characters in Harry Potter posters from white to black.

In 2022, billboards in London, Bristol, Manchester, Sheffield and Brighton, and 11 other European cities, were hijacked to highlight role of airline emissions in the Climate crisis. They highlighted the large carbon footprint of flying, that the majority of flights are taken by a tiny fraction of the total population, and that airlines have missed all but one of the industry's self-imposed sustainability targets.

See also

Steve Lambert
Brandalism
CODEPINK
Criticism of advertising
Culture jamming
Cultures of Resistance
Czech Dream
Darren Cullen (cartoonist)
Doppelgänger brand image
Hungarian Two Tailed Dog Party
Improv Everywhere
May First/People Link
Meme hack
United for Peace and Justice
Wacky Packages (humor)

References

External links

Adbusters.org

Advertising
Culture jamming techniques
Guerilla art and hacking art
Promotion and marketing communications
Derivative works

Subvertising


Arnel Bluffs is a series of rock outcrops in a steeply-falling ice scarp south of the Leckie Range, Antarctica. It was plotted in December 1958 by an Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions dog-sledge party led by G.A. Knuckey, and named by the Antarctic Names Committee of Australia for R.R. Arnel, geophysical assistant at Mawson Station, 1958.

References

Cliffs of Antarctica
Landforms of Enderby Land

Arnel Bluffs


Asterix the Gladiator is the fourth volume of the Asterix comic book series, by René Goscinny (stories) and Albert Uderzo (illustrations). It was first serialized in the magazine  Pilote, issues 126–168, in 1962.

Plot summary
While stopping at the Roman Camp of Compendium, Prefect Odius Asparagus wants one of the indomitable Gauls as a present for Julius Caesar. Because none of the others can be captured, Centurion Gracchus Armisurplus decides on Cacofonix the bard.  Soldiers sent by the centurion, although driven away by Cacofonix's singing at first, counteract this by stuffing parsley in their ears and capture him easily.  A young boy named Picanmix
from the village raises the alarm to Asterix and Obelix, and the Gauls attack Compendium; but learn that the prefect has already left in his galley with Cacofonix.

Asterix and Obelix therefore board a ship with Ekonomikrisis the Phoenician merchant, who agrees to take them to Rome after they save him from the pirates. In Rome, after Cacofonix has subjected the slaves in the prefect's galley to his bad singing, the prefect presents him to Julius Caesar; but when Caius Fatuous, the gladiators' trainer, declares Cacofonix unfit to serve as a gladiator, Caesar decides to throw the bard to the lions. Upon arrival in Rome, Asterix and Obelix befriend Instantmix (a Gaulish chef working in Rome) and visit the public baths. There, Caius Fatuous decides they would be perfect candidates for the gladiators' fights in the Circus Maximus, and he arranges to have them captured. That night, Asterix and Obelix visit Instantmix in his insula, where he identifies the location of Cacofonix. The next morning, the Gauls' first attempt at rescuing the bard fails when they raid the Circus prison and discover that Cacofonix has been transferred to a lower basement. Caius Fatuous has his men try to ambush them in groups of three, but Asterix and Obelix defeat them with ease, and apparently without taking notice.

Caius Fatuous then offers a reward of 10,000 sestertii to any citizen who captures Asterix and Obelix; but the two of them volunteer as gladiators to infiltrate the following Games, and Fatuous places them in training under his assistant Insalubrius. Soon, the Gauls demoralize Insalubrius and irritate Caius Fatuous by having the other gladiators play guessing-games instead of training.  Later, when Fatuous plans the Games to Julius Caesar, the Gauls go on a stroll, with Caius Fatuous (reluctantly) as their guide. On the eve before the games, Asterix and Obelix visit Cacofonix in his cell and inform him of their intentions to free him and the gladiators.

The next day, during the chariot races, Asterix and Obelix substitute themselves for an inebriated contestant, and win the race. As Cacofonix is put into the arena to be killed by the lions, he sings to the Romans, and thus frightens the lions into retreat; whereupon Caesar orders the gladiators' competition to begin. When Asterix, Obelix, and the gladiators introduce Caesar to their guessing-game, and Caesar insists on a martial contest, Asterix challenges a cohort of Caesar's own guard, and the two Gauls win easily. Seeing that the audience are amused, Caesar releases the three Gauls and grants them Fatuous as a prisoner.  Soon afterwards, the four men meet back up with Ekonomikrisis, and Asterix surprises him and his men by having Caius Fatuous row the ship back to the Gaulish Village alone. After a brief journey (plus a second run in with the pirates, which sinks their ship), the Gauls arrive home and Ekonomikrisis keeps his promise to return Caius Fatuous to Rome.  The villagers then celebrate the return of their heroes with a banquet, only with Cacofonix having to sit it out bound and gagged after offering to sing a song to celebrate his triumphant return.

This album is noteworthy in the Asterix series as the first in which Obelix says his famous catchphrase "These Romans are crazy!"

An audiobook of Asterix the Gladiator adapted by Anthea Bell and narrated by Willie Rushton was released on EMI Records Listen for Pleasure label in 1988.

Characters
Geriatrix (unnamed) – Obelix asks him to run his menhir delivery service while he is away. His feisty personality was not shown at this time, neither was the fact he is married.
Ekonomikrisis – Provides transport to and from Rome
Brutus – Featuring an amusingly ironic exchange with Julius Caesar at the circus.
The Pirates – parodying French comic "Barbe-Rouge" which was also serialized in Pilote at the time.

Notes
Obelix's helmet game – for the first time he collects helmets from the Romans he bashes, trying to outdo Asterix (who never shows much interest in it).
This is one of the few albums in which the banquet at the end is held during the day.
A noticeable mistake can be seen, when the Decurion who captured Cacofonix was first seen, he was wearing bronze armour. Later, he is seen wearing steel armour.

Reception
On Goodreads, Asterix the Gladiator has a score of 4.19 out of 5.

Film adaptation
This album was combined with Asterix the Legionary for the 1985 animated film Asterix Versus Caesar.

References

External links
Official English Website

Gladiator, Asterix the
Gladiatorial combat in fiction
Comics set in ancient Rome
Works originally published in Pilote
Literature first published in serial form
1964 graphic novels
Works by René Goscinny
Comics by Albert Uderzo
Depictions of Julius Caesar in comics
Cultural depictions of Marcus Junius Brutus

Asterix the Gladiator


The forgetting curve is an idea from psychology, that shows how rapidly people forget things, if they do nothing to retain them. German psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus discovered it. A related concept is the strength of memory: People with a stronger memory are able to remember things longer. Ebbinghaus tested how long he could remember random syllables, and recorded the results in his paper Über das Gedächtnis (1885). In 1913, this was translated into English as Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology". Ebbinghaus studied the memorisation of nonsense syllables, such as "WID" and "ZOF" (CVCs or Consonant–Vowel–Consonant) by repeatedly testing himself after various time periods and recording the results. He plotted these results on a graph creating what is now known as the "forgetting curve". Ebbinghaus investigated the rate of forgetting, but not the effect of spaced repetition on the increase in retrievability of memories.

As a rough guide, after 20 minutes, people can only recall about 60% of what they memorized. After a week, only about 15% is left. When Ebbinghaus did the experiment, he used meaningless sequences of syllables. In the 20th century, several other researchers repeated the experiment. One of them was Georg Elias Müller. For this reason, the results are still considered to be valid.

To be able to remember things better, more repetitions are needed. Things that are needed and used more often, will not be forgotten so easily.

Related pages
 Learning curve

References
Hermann Über das Gedächtnis. Untersuchungen zur experimentellen Psychologie. Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1885.

Psychology
Learning

Forgetting curve


The Sun Shines Brighter is the second studio album from English band Ultra, released on 24 October 2006, seven years after their debut album Ultra. The lineup consists of James Hearn, vocals and piano; Michael Harwood, vocals and guitar; Nick Keynes, bass; and Jon O'Mahony, drums and percussion.

The majority of the songs were written by the four original members of the band who reunited in 2005 to write and record it. James Hearn wrote "Happiness". Former member Alistair Griffin wrote "Don't Let Go" and  "In Your Smile", and also co-wrote "Feeling Alive". Griffin's vocals have been used on "In Your Smile" and "Feeling Alive", although these appear to have been recorded some time previously, before he re-recorded the versions which are included on his own 2004 solo album Bring It On.

The album was recorded in London and Italy, on the band's own Goldust label. Producer credits include Ian Stanley (who produced their first album), Claudio Guidetti  and Ash Howes.

Track listing

References

External links
 The Sun Shines Brighter on Discogs

2006 albums
Albums produced by Ian Stanley
Ultra (British band) albums

The Sun Shines Brighter


Goldrush were a rock band from Oxfordshire, England. Their music has been compared to Nick Drake, The Byrds, The Flaming Lips and Grandaddy. The band centres on brothers Robin (vocals, guitar) and Joe (keyboards, guitar, vocals) Bennett. The other members are Garo (lead guitar), Growler (bass) and Graham Roby (drums). Original bassist Jef Clayton left the band in 2003.

History
Goldrush were formed in the late 1990s under the name Whispering Bob, after the DJ "Whispering" Bob Harris, who frontman Robin once served while working in the local SPAR shop.  After releasing the mini album Another Fine Mess on their own Truck Records label, they changed their name to Goldrush, and soon after were signed to Virgin Records. Their first full-length album, Don't Bring Me Down, appeared in 2002, but the band was dropped by Virgin later that year. In 2004, the EP Ozona was released on Truck (named after the town of Ozona, Texas where the band once broke down on tour). This was followed by an album-length version on Better Looking Records in the United States.

The band have collaborated with former Ride singer Mark Gardener, serving as his backing band when performing live, and on his album These Beautiful Ghosts.  Robin, Joe and Garo also play in Danny and the Champions of the World with Danny George Wilson of Grand Drive.

Truck Festival
Inspired by Woodstock The Movie, the Bennett brothers also run the annual Truck Festival along with friends and family at Hill Farm, Steventon, Oxfordshire.  The festival began in 1998 and was opened by Garo's first band Merlin.

Discography

Albums
Don't Bring Me Down (Virgin Records/Truck Records, 2002)
Extended Play (Truck Records, 2002)
Ozona (album) (Better Looking Records; Low Transit Industries; City Slang,  2005)
The Heart Is The Place (Truck Records; Low Transit Industries; City Slang, 2007)

Singles & EPs
"Same Picture" (Truck Records, 2001) - UK #64
"Love Is Here" (Virgin Records/Truck Records, 2001)
Pioneers EP (Virgin Records/Truck Records, 2002)
"Same Picture" [Re-release] (Virgin Records/Truck Records, 2002)
"Wide Open Sky" (Virgin Records/Truck Records, 2002) - UK #70
Falling Out into the Night EP [A joint EP with Mark Gardener] (Truck Records, 2003)
Ozona (EP) (Truck Records, 2004) produced by Rob Campanella

External links

References

Musical groups from Oxfordshire
English rock music groups
Low Transit Industries artists
Virgin Records artists
City Slang artists

Goldrush (band)


Ansted is a town in Fayette County in the U.S. state of West Virginia. The population was 1,404 at the 2010 census. It is situated on high bluffs along U.S. Route 60 on a portion of the Midland Trail (a National Scenic Byway) near Hawks Nest overlooking the New River far below.

History

Native Americans, European settlers, Fayette County
The area of what is now southern West Virginia was long a hunting ground for nomadic tribes of Native-Americans before the arrival of Europeans in the 17th century. Around 1790, the area now known as Ansted was settled by a group of Baptists who did not hold legal title to the land. These people were known as "squatters", and built the Hopewell Baptist Church nearby. In 1792, a 400-acre (1.6 km2) tract of land in the area was patented to Charles Skaggs.

Named in honor of the Marquis de la Fayette, a major hero of the American Revolutionary War, Fayette County, Virginia was created in 1831. The first county court was held that same year at Miles Manser's general store which stood nearby Ansted's current location along the James River and Kanawha Turnpike, an early roadway built to connect the canals on the James and Kanawha Rivers. The area was known at that time as Mountain Cove. At various times, it has also been known as Woodville, New Haven, and Westlake.

American Civil War

During the American Civil War, Fayette County became strategic for both Union and Confederate efforts. Nearby Gauley Bridge, a covered bridge carrying the James River and Kanawha Turnpike, was taken and retaken three times in 1861 and 1862; its spectacular burning was long-remembered in the community. During the winter of 1861–62, the Union Army's Chicago Gray Dragoons (later, Companies H and I of the 12th Illinois Cavalry) made the Halfway House (Tyree Tavern) in what is now Ansted their headquarters. Confederate General Robert E. Lee maintained headquarters on nearby Sewell Mountain, where he first met "Traveller", whom Lee later purchased, becoming his most famous horse. The Chicago Dragoons had a strong religious orientation and ties to Chicago's Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA). Many Union troops felt they were fighting the moral issue of slavery, although many Fayette County citizens had Confederate sympathies and so sent no delegate to the Wheeling Convention. Nonetheless, the area became part of the new State of West Virginia when it was formed in 1863. Local lore includes romances between the local girls and the young soldiers from Illinois. Some couples married, built homes and raised families in the Mountain State after hostilities ended.

Post-war: railroads, coal mining, Ansted laid out
Around 1872, the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway added a new line, on both sides of the narrow New River valley, creating a through route to the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. The final spike in this portion of the C&O was placed at Hawks Nest Station, just below Ansted, on January 29, 1873.

Also in 1873, the town of Ansted was created and named after British scientist and geologist, Dr. David T. Ansted (1814–1880), who in 1853, mapped out the nearby seams of high grade bituminous coal and once owned the land under the town. Former Confederate Colonel George W. Imboden, a wealthy lawyer from Augusta County, Virginia and brother of Confederate General John D. Imboden (under whom George Imboden fought with the 18th Virginia Cavalry) laid out the town. Imboden had begun speculating in coal lands in southern West Virginia after the war's end, and attracted British investors. Dr. Ansted, a noted geologist, had been engaged to investigate the region's potential for coal deposits, and his report far exceeded Imboden's best expectations. Ansted and Imboden bought more than a thousand acres (4 km2) of coal and timber land on Gauley Mountain between Hawks Nest and the town of Westlake. They organized the Gauley-Kanawha Coal Company, Ltd., in 1872 and in 1873 opened a mine about  above the river and  below the summit of Gauley Mountain. The company changed its name to Hawks Nest Coal Company, Ltd., in 1875, and was reorganized in bankruptcy in 1889 as the Gauley Mountain Coal Company.

Colonel Imboden, who was Ansted's first mayor, helped stimulate the growth of the town's businesses. His second wife, Angie, renamed their family home "Contentment" because she and her family spent many happy hours there. Contentment had been built about 1830 on the James River and Kanawha Turnpike in the west end of what is now Ansted, and they acquired it in 1872.

Another of the town's more well-known residents was William Nelson Page, (1854–1932). A civil engineer, protégé of Dr. Ansted, and mining manager, Page helped develop West Virginia's rich bituminous coal fields in the late 19th and early 20th century. Page also was co-founder and builder of the Virginian Railway. In 1898, on a knoll in the middle of town, Page had a palatial mansion built by Gauley Mountain Coal Company carpenters, where he and his wife Emma Gilham Page raised their four children. Like Colonel Imboden, William Page also served as Ansted's mayor for 10 years, although his title of "Colonel" was honorific (despite post-war involvement in the West Virginia State Militia). The railroad towns of Page and Pageton in West Virginia were named for him.

Railroad to tunnel disaster to tourism
Ansted had railroad service from 1874 until 1972. In 1874, mine owners had a narrow-gauge railroad built from Hawks Nest Station up the ravine of Mill Creek. A saddleback locomotive was used. In 1889, the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O) purchased the narrow gauge railroad and contracted with William Page to do the work to upgrade the line to standard gauge, which was completed on August 20, 1890.

The (C&O) operated the new branch line, which was known as the Hawks Nest Subdivision, from 1890 until 1972. It connected with the New River Subdivision main line at Hawks Nest Station and consisted of  of line to and beyond the town of Ansted. The line had one of the steepest grades of any C&O branch, a 4.17% grade. C & O did not want to transport passengers on the line, but the State of West Virginia ordered it to do so as a condition of licensing. The company appealed to the United States Supreme Court, which in Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Company v. Public Service Commission of State of West Virginia, 242 U.S. 603 (1917), upheld the state's authority. Passenger service then began and continued until some time in the 1930s. The branch line's freight rail service ended in 1972 and the tracks were removed.

Also in the 1930s, developers of hydroelectric power for the Union Carbide plant at Alloy, West Virginia, the Kanawha and New River Power Company, decided to divert the New River through a three-mile tunnel under Hawks Nest. Many of the 3000 workers building the tunnel were asked to mine the silica they encountered for use in steel production. Never given protective equipment (although managers wore protective breathing apparatus during visits), hundreds developed silicosis, some so severe that they died within a year. After congressional hearings, the Hawks Nest Tunnel Disaster led to recognition of occupational lung disease as well as compensation legislation, as acknowledged by a historical marker on the site. It also became the subject of several books as well as historical fiction.

Today, the Ansted–Hawks Nest Rail Trail follows the route from the Town of Ansted down the steep mountainside to near Hawks Nest Station in the New River Valley. The trail is  in length and the aerial tram from Hawks Nest Lodge links to the terminus.

Historical sites and attractions

Angie and George Imboden's 1830 home, Contentment, has become the Contentment Historical Complex, headquarters for the Fayette County Historical Society. It includes a historical museum and restored one-room schoolhouse, furnished as the mid-nineteenth century.

The mansion of William and Emma Page and their family on the hilltop in Ansted also still stands as evidence of the once-thriving coal business. Later occupied by the family of Dr. Gene Vawter, and still in use as a private residence, the Page-Vawter House is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Other historical landmarks include the Halfway House, the former Tyree's Tavern which was headquarters of the Chicago Gray Dragoons during the American Civil War, and the African American Heritage Family-Tree Museum, which helps African-Americans trace their roots.

The grave of Julia Neale Jackson, mother of Confederate General Thomas Stonewall Jackson, is located in Westlake Cemetery in Ansted. The marker was placed more than 35 years after her death by Captain Thomas R. Ranson, one of the soldiers of the Stonewall Brigade, to mark his troops' affection for their fallen leader.

Ansted has the distinction of having Hawks Nest State Park located within its borders. The park at Hawks Nest features a small museum and gift shop, an aerial tram ride to the New River Gorge, and spectacular overlooks including the famous "Lover's Leap".

U.S. Route 60 threads through the community as part of the Midland Trail, a National Scenic Byway.

Ansted hosts the Country Roads Festival each September and the Festival of Lights over the Christmas holiday season, a time when the Fayetteville theater produces an annual holiday play. Ansted also hosted annual Street Luge PRO-AM in the late 1990s, a competition on the largest hill in the area, Gauley Mountain. The course was a mile long with a 90 degree turn at the base of the mountain.  The Mystery Hole is a attraction where mysterious things are said to happen such as making brooms stand on their bristles year round.

In the early 2000s the county's largest flagpole and American Flag was built in the town, which added in 2007 a war memorial through donations, that has the name, rank, and period served of some local military veterans.

Geography
Ansted is located at  (38.136029, -81.101951).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which  is land and  is water.

Demographics

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,404 people, 589 households, and 395 families living in the town. The population density was . There were 697 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 96.7% White, 2.7% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.1% from other races, and 0.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.9% of the population.

There were 589 households, of which 26.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.1% were married couples living together, 13.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 32.9% were non-families. 30.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.80.

The median age in the town was 47 years. 19.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.5% were from 25 to 44; 29.2% were from 45 to 64; and 23.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 47.2% male and 52.8% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,576 people, 631 households, and 436 families living in the town.  The population density was 940.3 inhabitants per square mile (362.2/km2). There were 708 housing units at an average density of 422.4 per square mile (162.7/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 96.13% White, 3.17% African American, 0.13% Native American, and 0.57% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.51% of the population.

There were 631 households, out of which 31.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.4% were married couples living together, 14.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.9% were non-families. 29.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.95.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 23.1% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 23.7% from 25 to 44, 24.4% from 45 to 64, and 19.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.9 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $25,028, and the median income for a family was $28,938. Males had a median income of $25,682 versus $17,500 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,671. About 20.7% of families and 23.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.5% of those under age 18 and 14.4% of those age 65 or over.

Notable people
Sheriff Blake, Major League Baseball pitcher
Tom Pridemore, legislator and football

References

External links
 New River CVB Guide to Ansted, WV
 Biographical item on William Jordan, an African-American photographer that includes the Gauley Mountain Coal Company startup timeframe

Towns in Fayette County, West Virginia
Towns in West Virginia
Coal towns in West Virginia
1873 establishments in West Virginia
Populated places established in 1873

Ansted, West Virginia


Venus and Serena is a 2012 American documentary film that takes an inside look at lives and careers of professional tennis players, Venus and Serena Williams. The film was directed by Maiken Baird and Michelle Major. It was the official selection at the 2013 Miami International Film Festival, 2012 Toronto Film Festival, 2012 Tribeca Film Festival and 2012 Bermuda Docs Film Festival. Venus and Serena was released by Magnolia Pictures on May 10, 2013.

Cast

 Venus Williams as herself
 Serena Williams as herself
 Richard Williams as himself
 Oracene Price as herself
 Billie Jean King as herself

References

External links

2012 films
Tennis films
American sports documentary films
Documentary films about women's sports
Serena Williams
Venus Williams
Films about sisters
2010s English-language films
2010s American films

Venus and Serena (film)


Brian James Anderson (born April 26, 1972) is an American former Major League Baseball pitcher, who played 13 seasons for five teams, as well as a sports broadcaster and coach. Currently, Anderson is the color commentator on the Rays TV crew on Bally Sports Sun.

Early life and education
Anderson was born on April 26, 1972, in Portsmouth, Virginia. At Geneva High School (Ohio), Anderson was a four-year letterman in baseball, a three-year letterman in golf, and a two-year letterman in basketball.  He went on to attend Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio. In 1991 and 1992, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Wareham Gatemen of the Cape Cod Baseball League.

Anderson was selected by the California Angels in the 1st round (3rd pick overall) of the 1993 Major League Baseball draft.

Professional career
Anderson began his major league career with the California Angels in 1993. Between 1993 and 1995, he was 13–13 with a 5.46 ERA.

He was traded prior to the 1996 season to the Cleveland Indians for pitchers Jason Grimsley and Pep Harris. Anderson went 7–3 in two seasons with the Indians. He was on the 1997 playoff roster, in which he made six relief appearances, going 1–0 with 1 save.

Roughly a month after a solid performance during the 1997 World Series, Anderson was the second pick by the Arizona Diamondbacks in the 1997 MLB Expansion Draft.

In his first full season in the Majors, this time as a starter, Anderson went 12–13 with a 4.33 ERA in 32 starts, including 2 complete games. The following season, 1999, he switched between the bullpen and the rotation, totaling 31 appearances, including 19 starts.

In 2000, Anderson was back in the rotation full-time, finishing 11–7 with a career high in innings pitched (213.1) and in strikeouts (104).

In 2001, Anderson went 4–9 with a 5.20 ERA. He pitched to a 1–1 record in 4 postseason games, with an ERA of 2.84.

Anderson was a swingman in 2002 for the Diamondbacks, pitching 35 games while starting 24 of them. His record was 6–11.

In 2003, Anderson signed with his former club, the Cleveland Indians. In his 24 starts with the Tribe, Anderson permitted a whopping 27 unearned runs due to errors the Indians committed.

Anderson was acquired by the Kansas City Royals during the 2003 season for three minor leaguers.

Between Cleveland and Kansas City, Anderson won a career high 14 games while also having a career best 3.78 ERA in 31 starts.

Anderson regressed in 2004, pitching poorly throughout the season. His record was 6–12 with a career high 5.64 ERA in 166 innings.

Anderson's  season ended prematurely when he tore an elbow ligament, necessitating Tommy John surgery. He attempted a comeback in  with the Texas Rangers. He re-injured it during his rehab program and had to undergo a second Tommy John surgery. During his convalescence in 2007, Anderson was a fill-in broadcaster for the Cleveland Indians.

On February 1, 2008, the Tampa Bay Rays signed Anderson to a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training. During spring training however, Anderson left the mound in the middle of a game, and followed that with an MRI. The MRI revealed he had a torn ulnar collateral ligament (for the third time), as well as a torn flexor mass muscle, both in his left elbow. Rays manager Joe Maddon commented by saying, "It can't be repaired; he's done. It's really a big disappointment."

Post-playing career
Following the second Tommy John surgery, Anderson was out of baseball for the 2007 season, during which he occasionally filled in as a broadcaster for the Cleveland Indians on SportsTime Ohio, as well as doing several spring training games and a weekly highlight show.

In 2008, he served temporarily as a color analyst for Rays television broadcasts during a ten-game West Coast road trip, teamed with play-by-play announcer Dewayne Staats while regular Rays broadcast partner Joe Magrane was away on assignment as an analyst for NBC Sports coverage of baseball at the 2008 Summer Olympics. During the 2008 and 2009 seasons, Anderson was an assistant to the pitching coach and worked in the front office for the Rays.

In 2009 and 2010, Anderson again worked as a part-time TV analyst for the Rays, calling about 50 games for which Magrane's successor, Kevin Kennedy, was unavailable. In October 2010, the Rays announced that Anderson would become the team's full-time TV analyst beginning in 2011.

Personal life

Anderson and his wife Jessica Marie married on November 1, 2014. They reside in St. Petersburg, Florida with their daughter, Harper Marie, born November 2015, and son Baker James, born November 27, 2018. Anderson also has two children from a previous marriage, Rylyn Mae and Jackson James.

References

External links

Brian Anderson at Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Professional Baseball League)

1972 births
Living people
American sports announcers
Arizona Diamondbacks players
Baseball players from Virginia
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
California Angels players
Cleveland Indians announcers
Cleveland Indians players
Kansas City Royals players
Lake Elsinore Storm players
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Major League Baseball pitchers
Midland Angels players
Omaha Royals players
People from Geneva, Ohio
Sportspeople from Portsmouth, Virginia
Tampa Bay Rays announcers
Tiburones de La Guaira players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Tucson Sidewinders players
Vancouver Canadians players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Wright State Raiders baseball players
Wichita Wranglers players
People from St. Petersburg, Florida
All-American college baseball players
Wareham Gatemen players

Brian Anderson (pitcher)


Racialization of labour in the Okanagan refers to the relationship between racial identities and agricultural labour in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia. A key factor in this relationship is the fact that the continued growth and operation of the agricultural industry in the Okanagan depends on the employment of temporary migrant workers. In 2009, there were 3,000 Mexican migrant labourers working in the Okanagan.

History
The racialization of agricultural labour in the Okanagan Valley is not a recent phenomenon. Rather, it has an extensive history that reaches as far back as early settlement by white colonists during the 19th century. The first settlers in the Okanagan region focused primarily on cattle ranching, switching to fruit production in about the 1890s. It was this switch to fruit production that started the racialization of agricultural labour in the Okanagan, a lasting legacy that has carried on to the present. Part of its beginnings was the directed promotion of Okanagan Valley towards the wealthier white middle class as a very fashionable endeavour. It is through this rather successful promotional scheme that the Okanagan came to be known for its "whiteness," an issue that the area continues to be beset with today. With the influx of white Canadians to the region, many with the goal of establishing fruit orchards, migrant seasonal labour became a pressing issue as there were not enough settlers able or willing to do the manual labour involved in harvesting. The settlers' solution to this issue was to employ those of other 'races' or ethnicities believed by the white population to be better suited to do menial labour, and hence the beginning of the racialization of agricultural labour in the Okanagan was born.

There were various waves or periods when people of a certain ethnic category, or 'race' were more heavily employed as agricultural labourers then others, largely reflecting the political climate of the day. The first racialized groups to be employed as agricultural labourers were First Nations people and the Chinese, with First Nations employment beginning around the 1880s to the present and the Chinese from the early 1900s to the 1930s.  Local First Nations groups were often used during the harvesting season of June to October, in addition to migrant First Nations from Washington state. After the construction of the railway by Chinese migrant workers, many were left with no work in a foreign land where racist fears severely limited the type of work Chinese migrants could do. It is for this reason that migrant Chinese were segregated into manual agricultural labour until the introduction of the $500 head tax that effectively stemmed further Chinese migration to Canada.

When the Chinese and First Nations could no longer fulfil the demands of orchardists, they switched to alternate racialized groups. During the interwar and WWII era these groups were predominantly the Doukhobors and the Japanese.  With many young men off to war there was a gap in agricultural labour that needed to be filled. Reluctantly white orchardists opted to use the forced labour of interned Japanese-Canadians and migrant Doukhobor labour. Once the Japanese began to move back to the coast after the war and the Doukhobors began to migrate back to their settlements in the Nelson area, an agricultural labour gap was once again apparent and in need of filling.

This time it was the Portuguese who became the next racialized agricultural group in the Okanagan agricultural industry. However, the Portuguese were not nearly as discriminated against as the previous groups had been, largely due to their country of origin, which was less feared and more acceptable to the primarily white settler population in the Okanagan. From about the 1960s when Portuguese agricultural labour began to decline, migrant labour of young Québécois French Canadians began to be prominent in the Okanagan agricultural sector. However, this labour force eventually waned as well, leaving yet another agricultural labour gap. This time labour is coming from much farther away, however, many of the same issues that characterized the Racialized labour of the 20th century remained in the migrant labour needs of fruit tree agriculture of the Okanagan.

Latin-American migrant workers

Over the last decade or so, many Latin American migrant workers began to arrive in British Columbia to work in the agricultural industry. The primary reason for the arrival of workers from as far away as Mexico is to fill the gap the Canadian farm workers refuse or are unable to fill. As a result, Mexican migrant workers face hardships in the Okanagan agricultural industry. These include, but are not limited to, housing, hours of work, employment benefits, and wages. In addition, an agreement between the Canadian and Mexican governments was signed and in accordance to this agreement Mexico is to provide Canada with agricultural workers on a seasonal basis. The period lasts for approximately eight months and occurs annually.

Motivation and perpetuation
Mexican migrant workers come to the Okanagan to work in the agricultural industry as a mere means of survival. While there are Canadians who come from the east to enjoy the weather and, at the same time, work in the orchards, some employers claim that they do not have the same work ethics as the Mexican migrant workers (see Couture, 2009 cited below for an ethnography of the Young Quebec fruit picker phenomenon). Through the agreement between the Canadian and Mexican governments, migrant workers from Mexico travel to Canada to work, however, once in Canada mobility is made very difficult. Therefore, the men and women who undertake the jobs available in the Canadian agricultural industry cannot change jobs in an effort to earn more to support their families back home.

Type of work and industry
Historically migrant agricultural labour was needed in the Okanagan for tree fruit harvesting, mainly from late June to late October. This typically included the starting of harvest with "cherries in late June, followed by apricots and peaches in July, the continuation of peaches, prunes, and some varieties of pears in August, pears, apples, grapes in September, and finally more grapes in October".  Migrant labour is only need during these various harvesting periods for relatively short periods of time. While many of these same fruits continue to be grown in the Okanagan today, a much larger focus has been given to vineyards with the burgeoning of the wine industry in the Okanagan in recent years. Cherries and apple production continue to remain dominant in agricultural production in the Okanagan Valley as well.

The migrant workers are assigned to jobs in orchards and vineyards that entail picking, fertilizing and caring for the plants. Also, processing the produce is their task. In other words, the migrant workers in the Okanagan agricultural industry have to perform the tedious jobs that the industry offers. Consequently, these migrant workers are not usually assigned administrative tasks.

Separation of families
There are many problems that Mexican migrant workers face in the agricultural industry in the Okanagan Valley. First, they are separated from their families who are at times difficult to connect with through the use of the telephone. In addition to their low wages earned workers have to purchase phone cards; however, the transportation to and from the store to make that purchase is not easily accessible because workers are located on the outskirts of town where orchards and vineyards are typically located relying solely on the employer for transportation. In the Okanagan Valley, an employer claimed that he would not pay a driver to take only 15 workers to town to pick up personal items. In other words, workers may have to spend their days off on location unless they all decide to go to town at the same time. The other alternative for them to get needed items from shopping areas is by way of foot, often at great distances.

Developments in 2010
On June 15, 2010, three hundred Mexicans marched on the Canadian Embassy in Mexico City to protest unfair treatment of Mexican migrant workers in Canada under the Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program (SAWP). According to the United Food and Commercial Workers union, the largest private union in Canada: Under SAWP, migrant agriculture workers are typically paid minimum wage and are often subject to working and housing conditions that Canadian residents would find intolerable. SAWP workers have historically been hesitant to report dangerous working conditions or hostile employers for fear of being sent home or blacklisted from returning the next season.Furthermore, the UFCW's 2009–2010 report on the "Status of Migrant Farm Workers in Canada" found the conditions under which Mexican temporary workers are employed to be unacceptable.

"The denial of human rights should not be the foundation for Canada's food supply system", said UFCW Canada and AWA president Wayne Hanley. "But as the report details, that's exactly what's happening to migrant farm workers. Even worse, it's happening with the blessing of the federal government which turns a blind eye to the dangers and abuse migrants are forced to accept if they want to keep their jobs."

References

Works cited
 Aguiar, Luis, Patricia Tomic, and Ricardo Trumper. 2005. "Work Hard, Play Hard: Selling Kelowna, BC, as year-round playground." The Canadian Geographer 49(2).
 Lanthier, M., and L. Wong. "Ethnic Agricultural Labour in the Okanagan from the 1880s to the 1960s". Report prepared for the Royal BC Museum (2002). Accessed April 10, 2011.
 Maldonado, Marta Maria. 2006. "Racial Triangulation of Latino/a Workers by Agricultural Employers." Human Organization 65(4).
 Maldonado, Marta Maria. 2009. "'It is their nature to do menial labour': the racialization of 'Latino/a workers' by agricultural employers." Ethnic and Racial Studies 32(6).
 Tomic, Patricia, Ricardo Trumper, and Luis L. M. Aguiar. "Housing Regulations and Living Conditions of Mexican Migrant Workers in the Okanagan Valley, B.C.." Canadian Issues, 78-82. Accessed 5 April 2011.
UFCW. "Migrant Workers march to Canada's embassy in Mexico City". UFCW: Your Voice at Work. Accessed April 18, 2011.
 UFCW. "2010-2011 Migrant farm workers report published". UFCW: Your Voice at Work. Accessed April 18, 2011.

Ethnic groups in Canada
Agriculture in British Columbia
British Columbia society
Culture of the Okanagan
Immigration to British Columbia

Racialization of labour in the Okanagan


Landing Zone Virgin is a former U.S. Army base northwest of Kon Tum, in the Central Highlands of Vietnam.

History
The base was established in April/May 1968 by the 2nd Battalion, 35th Infantry Regiment and was located approximately 33 km northwest of Kontum overlooking the northern Plei Trap Valley.

The 2nd Brigade, 4th Infantry Division operated here in April 1969.

Current use
The base is abandoned and has returned to jungle.

References

Installations of the United States Army in South Vietnam
Buildings and structures in Kon Tum province
Modern ruins

Landing Zone Virgin


Johana Harris (31 December 1912 – 5 June 1995) was a Canadian pianist, composer, and music educator. She had highly successful career as a concert pianist, making numerous recordings and appearing as a soloist with almost every major American symphony orchestra. She made over 100 solo recordings, working with such labels as Columbia, RCA, Capitol, MGM and Contemporary Records. She also performed on the soundtracks of several Hollywood films and television productions. She was married to composers Roy Harris (died 1979) and Jake Heggie (married 1982). She performed widely with both men in duo piano concerts and was considered to have had a particularly profound effect on Roy Harris's work as a composer.

Life
Born Beula Duffey in Ottawa, she was a child prodigy and began her career as a concert pianist at the age of 8. At that time she had already been composing for some years and performed her own works along with works from the standard piano repertoire. She soon after began studying with Bertha Laverde Worden and Harry Puddicombe at the Canadian Conservatory of Music. In 1923 she turned down a full scholarship to the Hambourg Conservatory in Toronto, choosing instead to study with Ernest Hutcheson in New York City at the urging of Puddicombe.

Harris entered the Juilliard School in 1925 where she was concurrently a student and faculty member. She was appointed Hutcheson's teaching assistant and at 17 was the youngest faculty member in Juilliard history. She earned a scholarship there in 1927. At Juilliard she studied music composition with Rubin Goldmark and continued her piano studies with Hutcheson. She went on to teach on the faculties of 17 other universities and conservatories, most notably working on the faculty at the University of California, Los Angeles from 1969 to 1993. In 1987 she was awarded UCLA's Distinguished Lecturer Award.

In 1936 Harris married composer Roy Harris. It was he who convinced her to change her name to Johana after J.S. Bach. The Canadian Encyclopedia states, "Johana and Roy Harris were a tour de force in American music. Their collaboration has been compared to that of Robert and Clara Schumann. The Harrises organized concerts, adjudicated at festivals, and in 1959 founded the International String Congress. They promoted American folksong by including folksongs in their concerts and broadcasts." Johana's biographer Louise Spizizen believed that Johana had composed parts of music published under Roy Harris' name. The couple had three daughters, Patricia, Maureen and Lane, as well as two sons, Shaun and Dan, who performed with The West Coast Pop Art Experimental Band, a Los Angeles-based psychedelic rock band of the late 1960s.

She died on 5 June 1995, at her home in Los Angeles. She was 82.

References

1912 births
1995 deaths
20th-century classical composers
Canadian classical composers
Canadian classical pianists
Canadian women pianists
Canadian Conservatory of Music alumni
Juilliard School alumni
Juilliard School faculty
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
Capitol Records artists
Columbia Records artists
RCA Victor artists
MGM Records artists
Contemporary Records artists
20th-century classical pianists
Canadian women classical composers
20th-century Canadian pianists
Canadian women music educators
Women classical pianists
20th-century women composers
20th-century Canadian women musicians
Canadian women composers
20th-century women pianists

Johana Harris


Pope Felix IV (489/490 – 22 September 530) was the bishop of Rome from 12 July 526 to his death. He was the chosen candidate of Ostrogoth King Theodoric the Great, who had imprisoned Felix's predecessor, John I.

Rise
Felix came from Samnium, the son of Castorius. He was elected after a gap of nearly two months after the death of John I, who had died in prison in Ravenna, having completed a diplomatic mission to Constantinople on behalf of the Ostrogoth King Theodoric the Great. The papal electors acceded to the king's demands and chose Felix as pope. Felix's favor in the eyes of the king allowed him to press for greater benefits for the church. However, Theodoric died later that year, allowing Felix to pursue his own policies in peace.

Pontificate
Felix built the Santi Cosma e Damiano in the Imperial forums on land donated by Queen Amalasuntha,
and consecrated no fewer than thirty-nine bishops, during his short tenure of four years. During Felix's pontificate, an imperial edict was passed granting that cases against clergy should be dealt with by the pope or a designated ecclesiastical court. Violation of this ruling would result in a fine, which proceeds were designated for the poor. Felix also defined church teaching on grace and free will in response to a request of Faustus of Riez, in Gaul, on opposing Semi-Pelagianism. As such, Felix approved the teachings of the Council of Orange in 529, which also explained original sin.

Felix attempted to designate his own successor: Pope Boniface II. The reaction of the Senate was to forbid the discussion of a pope's successor during his lifetime or to accept such a nomination. The majority of the clergy reacted to Felix's activity by nominating Dioscorus as Pope. Only a minority supported Boniface. His feast day is celebrated on 30 January.

References

External links

 Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Latina with analytical indexes
Fontes Latinae de papis usque ad annum 530
Liber pontificalis

530 deaths
6th-century Christian saints
Italian popes
Ostrogothic Papacy
Papal saints
Samnite people
Popes
Year of birth unknown
6th-century popes
Year of birth uncertain
Burials at St. Peter's Basilica

Pope Felix IV


Uralla is a suburb on the outskirts of Katherine, Northern Territory, Australia. It is within the Katherine Town Council local government area. The area was officially defined as a suburb in April 2007, adopting the name of an agricultural lease first taken up in 1961 and later subdivided to form the present day suburb. Uralla is characterised by small farms and rural-residential development.

References

Suburbs of Katherine, Northern Territory

Uralla, Northern Territory


The FN Five-seven, marketed as the Five-seveN, is an armor-piercing semi-automatic pistol made by the Belgian gun company FN Herstal. It fires the FN 5.7x28mm bullet, where the gun itself gets its name. It was made around the same time as the FN P90 PDW. Although the FN 5.7x28mm bullet is small, it has low recoil, high stopping power, high accuracy, armor-piercing abilities, and long range because of its high muzzle velocity. The small size of the bullet also allows for the gun's box magazines to hold many bullets, with a normal magazine holding 20 bullets. It is popular with militaries and police forces worldwide. However, its ability to shoot through body armor and the high number of bullets it can carry make it a very controversial gun in the United States for civilian use. The Five-seven can be seen in video games like the Splinter Cell series, Counter-Strike, the Rainbow Six series, the Battlefield (series), and the Call of Duty series.

References

Pistols

FN Five-seven


"The Man and the Snake" is a short story by American Civil War soldier, wit, and writer Ambrose Bierce. It tells of a man who dies of fright inspired by a toy snake with buttons for eyes. The story was published in The San Francisco Examiner on June 29, 1890.

Plot summary
Harker Brayton is relaxing on a sofa when he notices a snake in the room.  The narrator then proceeds to explain that the snake is that of Dr. During, the owner of the house that Harker is visiting.  During is a zoologist and collector of different animals but most particularly, reptiles.  Typically, he keeps them stored away in another wing of the house, nicknamed the Snakery.

Brayton initially decides to retreat from the room with the snake but wonders if he should confront the creature.  He continues to stare at the snake, anticipating its plan of attack, but the snake continues to be motionless.  Eventually he feels a blow to his face and chest.

Shortly thereafter, Dr. During is called to the room to check. He discovers that Harker is dead, having died of "a fit", most likely a seizure.  When During looks in the room, he finds only a stuffed toy snake and wonders how it got in there.

Analysis
"The Man and the Snake" shows that "death for Bierce was hardly the occasion for high tragic or sublime musings; nor was it particularly repulsive but instead a sort of low comedy, in which the joke is often played upon the reader".

Bierce explored the idea of a man rendered psychologically paralysed in several other narratives, including "One of the Missing". In this war story, a man dies from a hypnotic fear of the "menacing stare of the gun barrel", which actually is empty and harmless.

A similar plot was used by Harris Merton Lyon in the short story "An Unused Rattlesnake". The man finally killed the snake.

References

External links

1890 short stories
Horror short stories
Psychological horror
Short stories by Ambrose Bierce
Fictional snakes
Works originally published in the San Francisco Examiner
Works about fear

The Man and the Snake


Gábor Bódy (30 August 1946 – 24 October 1985) was a Hungarian film director, screenwriter, theoretic, and occasional actor.  A pioneer of experimental filmmaking and film language, Bódy is one of the most important figures of Hungarian cinema.

Biography

Bódy was born in Budapest, in an urban middle-class family. He studied history and philosophy at Loránd Eötvös University and later filmmaking at the Academy for Theater and Film Arts. During his university days he became an influential member of the Béla Balázs Stúdió (BBS). He made his first film A Harmadik (The Third) (a documentary about students preparing an adaptation of Faust on stage) in 1971. He established various experimental and avantgarde projects at BBS including the Film Language Series in 1973 and the K/3 experimental film group in 1976, reshaping the postwar Hungarian avantgarde film's path.

In 1975 he completed his debut feature at BBS, which was also his graduation thesis film at the university. Amerikai Anzix (American Torso) won the Grand Prize for best new filmmaker at International Filmfestival Mannheim-Heidelberg and the Hungarian Film Critics prize for best first film. The film which depicts the lives of Hungarian 1848 Revolution veterans in the American Civil War features Bódy's experimentalism at the fullest. The whole film was re-edited using his own method called "light editing" in order to make it resemble a wracked silent film from the late 19th century.

His next feature Narcissus and Psyche was the largest-scale Hungarian production of its era. This epic production based on Sándor Weöres's poetic work Psyché starred Patricia Adriani, Udo Kier and György Cserhalmi and exists in three versions: an original 210-minute two-part version, a 136-minute version for foreign distribution and a 270-minute three-part television version.

In 1980 Bódy began to work on the first international video magazine INFERMENTAL and managed to publish the first of 10 issues (plus one special issue) while on a residency at DAAD Artists-in-Berlin Program in 1982. The series published featured a range of guest editors and in total included work from over 1500 artists from 36 countries and was published up to 1991.

After many frustrated projects Bódy managed to complete what was to become his final feature film Kutya éji dala (Dog's Night Song). The director of photography for "Dog's Night Song" was Johanna Heer. Bódy cast himself as the lead in this ambitious and influential feature which incorporated Super8 and video footage as well as a range of Hungarian underground punk bands (Galloping Coroners, Trabant) of the time in order to a film "deeply rooted in the fundamentals of today's reality."

In 1985 Bódy died under sketchy circumstances. A later published information (2001) hints his earlier collaboration (1973–1983) with the Hungarian Secret Police, the III/III. Authorities of the time (Hungary was then considered a 'satellite' country of the Soviet Union) stated that he had killed himself. His widow instead preferred a charge of murder against certain unidentified parties. No official investigation followed and Bódy's fate remains a mystery to this day.

Filmography

Feature films

1975 : Amerikai Anzix / American Postcard
Hungary, 35mm scope, B&W, 104'

1980 : Nárcisz és Psyché / Narcissus and Psyche
Hungary, 35mm scope, colour, one part foreign version 136' two-part version 270' three-part TV version 270'

1983 : Kutya éji dala / The Dog's Night Song
Hungary, 35mm, colour, 147'

TV films

1976 : Filmiskola / Film School
Hungary, 16mm, B&W, 87'

1977 : Katonák / Soldiers
Hungary, TV, colour, 90min

1978 : Krétakör / Chalk Circle
Hungary, TV, colour, 95min

1981-82 : Hamlet (A fegyveres filozófus) / Hamlet (The Armed Philosopher)
Hungary, TV, colour, 173min

Short Films & Videos

1971 A Harmadik / The Third
Hungary, 35mm, B&W, 50'

1972  Fogalmazvány a féltékenységrõl / Draft on Jealousy
Hungary, 16mm, B&W, 20'

1972 : Ifivezetok / Youth Organisation Leaders
Hungary, 16mm, B&W 42'

1973 : Tradicionális Kábítószerünk / Our Traditional Drope
Hungary, 16mm, B&W, 30'

1972-75 : Négy bagatell / Four Bagatells
Hungary, 35mm, B&W, 28'

1974 : Hogyan verekedett meg Jappe és do Escobar után a világ / After Jappe and Do Escobar fought how did the world come to fight
Hungary, 16mm, B&W, 40'

1976 : Pszihokozmoszok / Psychocosmoses
Hungary, 35mm, B&W, 12'

1978 : Privát történelem / Private History (co-dir. Péter Timár)
Hungary, 35mm, B&W, 25'

1980 : Mozgástanulmányok 1880-1980 (Homage to Eadweard Muybridge) / Motion Studies 1880-1980 (Homage to Eadweard Muybridge)
Hungary, 35mm scope, colour, 18'

1982 : Conversation between East and West co-director Marcel Odenbach
Germany, video, colour, 3'

1982 : Die Geschwister/ Brother and Sister
GDR / Hungary, video, colour, 27'

1982 : Der Dämon in Berlin / The Demon In Berlin
GDR / Hungary, super8 and video, colour, 28'

1983 : Die Geisel / The Hostage
GDR / Hungary, video, colour, 22'

1983 : De Occulta Philosophia / Philo-clip
GDR / Hungary, video, colour, 3'

1983 : Rittersrustung / Armour
GDR, video, colour, 40'

1984 Vagy-vagy a Chinatownban / Either/Or In Chinatown
Canada / GDR, video, colour, 37'

1985 : Euronyme tanca (Mytho-clip) / Dancing Eurynome (Mytho-clip)
Hungary, video, colour, 3'

1985 :  Waltzer (Lyric-clip) / Waltz (Lyric-clip)
GDR, video, colour, 3'

Miscellaneous crew
1969 :  Agitátorok/Agitators dir. Dezső Magyar (35mm, 82')
Screenplay, actor

1976 : Aldrin dir. László Vidovszky (35mm, 14')
Camera

Bibliography
 Kovács, András Bálint: Gábor Bódy: A precursor of the Digital Age.- In: Imre, Anikó (ed.): East European Cinemas. New York, London: Routledge, 2005, p. 151-164 ()
 Bódy, Veruschka; Bódy, Gábor (ed): Axis. Auf der elektronischen Bühne Europa. Eine Asuwahl aus den 80er Jahren. [Book accompanying video tape] - Cologne: DuMont, 1986  (VHS)
 Bódy, Veruschka; Bódy, Gábor (ed): Video in Kunst und Alltag. Vom kommerziellen zum kulturellen Videoklip. - Cologne: DuMont, 1986 ()

References

External links
 BodyGabor.hu (Partially English website dedicated to Gábor Bódy's work)
 Revisited: Gábor Bódy. Celebrating the Availability of American Torso on DVD
 infermental.de
 Béla Balázs Stúdió (BBS)
 Béla Balázs Stúdió Archive (BBSarchive)

Hungarian film directors
1946 births
1985 deaths
Suicides in Hungary
Hungarian experimental filmmakers

Gábor Bódy