Mohammad Naeem Islam (; born 31 December 1986) is a Bangladeshi international cricketer. He was born on 31 December 1986 in Gaibandha and is a right-handed batsman and occasional off break bowler.

Domestic career
He made his debut for Rajshahi Division in 2004/05 and played through the 2006/07 season, after having represented the full range of Bangladesh representative youth teams and went on to make his international debut on 9 October 2008 against New Zealand. He has scored seven centuries and 17 fifties in first-class cricket as of December 2011, with a best of 136 against Barisal Division.

He was the leading run-scorer for Legends of Rupganj in the 2017–18 Dhaka Premier Division Cricket League, with 720 runs in 16 matches. He was also the leading run-scorer for Rangpur Division in the 2018–19 National Cricket League, with 444 runs in six matches. He was also the leading run-scorer for North Zone in the 2018–19 Bangladesh Cricket League, with 522 runs in six matches.

International career
Following the exodus of 14 players to the Dhaka Warriors team of the unsanctioned Indian Cricket League, Bangladesh were forced to introduce new players. Naeem Islam was one of three uncapped players called into the Bangladesh squad for a series of three One Day Internationals (ODIs) against New Zealand in October 2008, shortly after the exodus. Chief selector Rafiqul Alam called Islam a "talented young batsman". He played in all three matches in the series, although his first innings was not until the second match when he was run out without facing a ball. Naeem top scored in the final match with an unbeaten 46 in Chittagong, although that was unable to prevent his side slumping to a 79-run loss.

That was followed by his inclusion in the Test squad to face New Zealand in Chittagong, where he made his Test debut, scoring 14 in the first innings and 19 in the second. On a turning track, he picked up his maiden Test wicket when he dismissed Daniel Flynn caught behind in New Zealand's first innings.

Naeem was part of the 13-man Bangladesh squad that played in the 2010 Asian Games in late November. They played Afghanistan in the final and won by five wickets, securing the country's first gold medal at the Asian Games. The Bangladesh Cricket Board founded the six-team Bangladesh Premier League in 2012, a twenty20 tournament to be held in February that year. An auction was held for teams to buy players, and Naeem was bought by the Sylhet Royals for $90,000.

References

External links

Living people
1986 births
Bangladeshi cricketers
Bangladesh Test cricketers
Bangladesh One Day International cricketers
Bangladesh Twenty20 International cricketers
Rangpur Division cricketers
Rajshahi Division cricketers
Sylhet Strikers cricketers
Asian Games gold medalists for Bangladesh
Asian Games medalists in cricket
Cricketers at the 2010 Asian Games
Cricketers at the 2011 Cricket World Cup
Comilla Victorians cricketers
Kala Bagan Krira Chakra cricketers
Legends of Rupganj cricketers
Mohammedan Sporting Club cricketers
Chattogram Challengers cricketers
Bangladesh North Zone cricketers
Rajshahi Royals cricketers
Khulna Tigers cricketers
Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games
People from Gaibandha District
Sportspeople from Rangpur Division

Naeem Islam


Angela Rayner ( Bowen; born 28 March 1980) is a British politician serving as Deputy Leader of the Labour Party since 2020 and Shadow Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Shadow Secretary of State for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities since 2023. Rayner has been Member of Parliament (MP) for Ashton-under-Lyne since 2015. She ideologically identifies as a socialist and as being part of Labour's soft left.

Rayner was born and raised in Stockport, where she attended the state secondary Avondale School. She left school aged 16 whilst pregnant and without any qualifications. She later trained in social care at Stockport College and worked for the local council as a care worker. She eventually became a trade union representative within Unison, during which time she joined the Labour Party. Selected to contest AshtonunderLyne in 2014 and elected for the seat at the 2015 general election, she was appointed Shadow Minister for Pensions by Jeremy Corbyn in January 2016.

Rayner was promoted in July 2016 to the Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Secretary of State for Education and Shadow Minister for Women and Equalities. As Shadow Education Secretary, she proposed the creation of a National Education Service modelled on the National Health Service (NHS). She endorsed Rebecca Long-Bailey in the 2020 Labour Party leadership election, who came second to Keir Starmer, then successfully stood for the deputy leadership, after which she was appointed Shadow First Secretary of State. She was also appointed party chair and national campaign coordinator but was removed from these roles in a reshuffle following Labour's poor performance at the 2021 local elections, subsequently being appointed Shadow Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Shadow Secretary of State for the Future of Work. She was appointed Shadow Deputy Prime Minister in a 2023 reshuffle, and was also appointed Shadow Levelling-Up Secretary and Strategic Lead for Labour's New Deal.

Early life and career
Rayner was born on 28 March 1980 in Stockport, Greater Manchester. She attended Avondale School in Stockport, leaving the school aged 16 after becoming pregnant, and did not obtain any qualifications. She later studied part-time at Stockport College, learning British Sign Language, and gaining an NVQ Level 2 in social care.

After leaving college, Rayner worked for Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council as a care worker for a number of years. During this time, she was also elected as a trade union representative for Unison. She was later elected as convenor of Unison North West, becoming the union's most senior official in the region. The Guardian featured a lengthy profile of Rayner in 2012, as part of an article on a trade union officer's working life.

Member of Parliament
In September 2014, Rayner was selected as the Labour Party's candidate for Ashton-under-Lyne, on the retirement of David Heyes. She won the seat at the 2015 general election, increasing the Labour majority and its share of the vote. She delivered her maiden speech on 2 June 2015.

Rayner nominated Andy Burnham in the 2015 Labour leadership election, but was one of just 18 MPs to back the incumbent Jeremy Corbyn against  Owen Smith in the 2016 leadership election.

On 1 July 2016, after a series of resignations from the shadow cabinet, Corbyn appointed Rayner as Shadow Secretary of State for Education. She supported the notion of a 'National Education Service' to be modelled along similar lines to the National Health Service (NHS), also promoting an increase in funding for early years education. She was considered by some as a possible future Labour leader.

In the 2019 general election, Rayner was returned as MP for the third time in five years. She did not stand for the Labour leadership in the 2020 leadership election, supporting her flatmate Rebecca Long-Bailey, who came second to Keir Starmer. She stood successfully for Deputy Leader, elected on 4 April 2020, replacing Tom Watson. In the following days she was appointed Deputy Leader of the Opposition, Shadow First Secretary of State and Chair of the Labour Party. In October 2020 Rayner called Conservative MP Chris Clarkson "scum" as he was giving a speech in Parliament. She later apologised. Clarkson had been critical of Andy Burnham, who had been seeking financial support for Greater Manchester following local restrictions on businesses being introduced. Clarkson's constituency falls within the boundaries of Greater Manchester, as does Rayner's.

Rayner was appointed to Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council on 12 February 2021.

Rayner was removed from her roles as the Labour Party's chair and national campaign coordinator in a reshuffle by Starmer on 8 May 2021, following the 2021 local elections. Rayner was subsequently appointed Shadow Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Shadow Secretary of State for the Future of Work.

In September 2021, Rayner strongly criticised senior members of the Conservative Party, stating: "We cannot get any worse than a bunch of scum, homophobic, racist, misogynistic, absolute pile... of banana republic... Etonian... piece of scum". Some Labour MPs, while saying it was not the language that they would have used, defended her comments, including Steve Reed, John McDonnell and Lisa Nandy. Starmer distanced himself from her remarks, but said it was up to Rayner if she wanted to apologise or not, while other Labour MPs, including shadow cabinet ministers, condemned her in stronger terms.

The former Labour cabinet minister Lord Adonis said that if Rayner did not apologise for her comments, Starmer should say that he no longer has confidence in her as the deputy leader of the party. Adonis told Times Radio that her remarks were a way to start an election campaign for the leadership of the Labour Party. Several Conservative MPs, including Grant Shapps, Amanda Milling and Oliver Dowden, condemned her comments. Rayner later apologised for her comments in light of the murder of David Amess, a Conservative MP, the following month.

In October 2021, Rayner reported receiving a number of death threats and abusive messages. The police arrested a 52-year-old man in Halifax. She cancelled a number of meetings with her constituents due to fears for her own safety. Later, a 36-year-old man from Cambridgeshire was sentenced after sending her a threatening email. The man pleaded guilty in court to sending the email and was sentenced to 15 weeks in prison, suspended for 18 months. Earlier in March 2019, Rayner said that she had fitted panic buttons at her home after rape and death threats were sent to her.

On 24 April 2022, Rayner was the subject of a report in The Mail on Sunday, by Glen Owen, in which it was alleged that she had tried to distract Boris Johnson in the Commons by crossing and uncrossing her legs in a similar manner to Sharon Stone in a scene from the 1992 film Basic Instinct. The report was subsequently condemned by a range of voices across the political spectrum including the Prime Minister and the Speaker of the House. The Independent Press Standards Organisation (IPSO) reported that it had received 5,500 complaints about the article and was exploring possible breaches of its code of practice. Lia Nici, the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities, later repeated the claims in a BBC interview.

In May 2022, Rayner said she would resign if she received a fixed penalty notice for breaching COVID-19 regulations while campaigning during the run-up to the Hartlepool by-election and local elections the previous year. The controversy surrounding the event was dubbed "Beergate". They were both cleared by Durham Police in July 2022 who said there was "no case to answer".

On 4 September 2023, Keir Starmer appointed Rayner as shadow levelling up secretary, and shadow deputy prime minister.

Political views

Rayner identifies as a socialist. In a 2017 interview to The Guardian discussing her political beliefs, Rayner highlighted her pragmatism, describing herself as being part of the "soft left" of the Labour Party. She has strongly criticised former Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn, as he "did not command the respect of the party", and critiqued his lack of "discipline" when it came to dealing with allegations of antisemitism.

Rayner has described herself as "quite hardline" on law and order issues, having suffered from antisocial behaviour when she was young. In an interview, she said police should "shoot your terrorists and ask questions second" and that she had told her local police force to "beat down the door of the criminals and sort them out and antagonise them."

Rayner has made a political point of her working-class roots. She has asked Hansard transcribers not to correct her speeches, preferring purportedly "incorrect" grammar "because it's who I am".

A member of the Labour Friends of Palestine and the Middle East, Rayner has condemned the killings of Palestinians during the Great March of Return and has repeatedly cited Israeli violations of human rights against Palestinians on social media.

Rayner has said that she "didn't have a particularly strong view either way" on Brexit. She campaigned and voted to remain in the European Union (EU) during the 2016 Brexit referendum. After the referendum result, she voted in favour of Article 50, arguing that although she was "fiercely pro-EU" she was "also a democrat". She opposed Labour's policy for a second referendum adopted under Jeremy Corbyn and argued that it would "undermine democracy". She also opposed a delay to Article 50. When asked how she would vote in a second referendum in December 2019, Rayner said she would vote leave as long as the withdrawal agreement "protects the economy and jobs".

Personal life
In 2010, Rayner married Mark Rayner, a Unison official. She has three sons, the first born when she was aged 16. Her second son Charlie was born prematurely at 23 weeks and Rayner says that the care that her son received demonstrated the importance of the NHS to her. Rayner lives in her constituency of Ashton-under-Lyne with her family. She became a grandmother in November 2017. Rayner and her husband separated in 2020. In the summer of 2022, journalists began reporting that Rayner was "in a relationship" with Labour MP Sam Tarry, which the pair have neither confirmed nor denied.

In an interview in 2018, Rayner said that her mother had been unable to read or write; she had previously mentioned this in a tribute she made to her mother in 2016. In a 2022 interview, Rayner said that she grew up in poverty on a council estate and could have been taken into care. In the same interview, she recounted that after a year-long training programme to lose over six stone in weight, she took out a bank loan of £5,600 for cosmetic surgery on her 30th birthday.

Notes

References

External links

Twitter

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1980 births
Living people
21st-century British women politicians
Trade unionists from Greater Manchester
Trade unionists from Cheshire
Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Ashton-under-Lyne
People from Ashton-under-Lyne
Politicians from Stockport
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present
British women trade unionists
British socialists
Women deputy opposition leaders
Deputy opposition leaders

Angela Rayner


On June 1, 2020, amid the George Floyd protests in Washington, D.C., law enforcement officers used tear gas and other riot control tactics to forcefully clear peaceful protesters from Lafayette Square.

This was done to create a path for President Donald Trump and senior administration officials to walk from the White House to St. John's Episcopal Church. Trump held up a Bible and posed for a photo shoot in front of Ashburton House (the church's parish house), which had been damaged by a fire during protests the night before.

Former military leaders, current religious leaders, and elected officials from both parties criticized Trump for the event. The event was described by The New York Times as "a burst of violence unlike any seen in the shadow of the White House in generations" and possibly one of the defining moments of the Trump presidency. Joe Biden and some newspapers said that Donald Trump held the Bible upside down, which is not true.

References

June 2020 events
Presidency of Donald Trump
2020 in the United States
2020s in Washington, D.C.

Donald Trump photo op at St. John's Church


Damien Thomas (born 1942 or 1943) is a British actor noted for his roles in British films and television, such as his role as Father Martin Alvito in the 1980 hit miniseries Shōgun and as Richard Mason in the 1983 BBC production of Jane Eyre.

Film credits include Journey into Darkness (1968), Julius Caesar (1970), Twins of Evil (1971), Henry VIII and His Six Wives (1972), Tiffany Jones (1973), The Message (1976), Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger (1977), Pirates (1986), Never Let Me Go (2010) and Grave Tales (2011).

TV credits include: Jason King, Van der Valk, Special Branch, Warship, Wilde Alliance, The Professionals, A.D., Noble House, Blake's 7, Beau Geste, Tenko, Widows, Dempsey and Makepeace, Wish Me Luck, House of Cards, Doctors, The Brittas Empire, Sherlock Holmes, and Agatha Christie's Poirot ("Murder on the Links").

References

External links

1943 births
British male film actors
British male television actors
Living people
20th-century British male actors
21st-century British male actors
British people of Egyptian descent

Damien Thomas


Emma's Theatre is a Canadian-American-British-Israeli computer-animated children's television series. It formerly aired on Kids' CBC in Canada, and Playhouse Disney in the United States between programs from July 10, 2007 to June 9, 2009.

It was aired on BabyTV in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, France, Spain, Portugal, Germany, Hong Kong, Switzerland, Singapore, Italy, Latin America, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Turkey, India, United Arab Emirates, and Israel.

The program aims to introduce babies and toddlers to different cultures and to expose them to different places and countries through short stories. The show is produced by PitchiPoy Animation Productions and distributed by Decode Entertainment, a DHX Media company.

Plot
Each episode begins with multi color sparkles going through Emma's puppet theatre showing her puppets and toys, the logo for the series is formed, and Emma's magical door is created by the sparkles, Emma comes out of her magical door waving to the viewers, her toys and puppets come to life and wave to her, Emma runs to the center of her theatre, and quiets the viewers, Emma then greets the viewers and gives information about the story of the episode, she then puts a map setting of the country on the set of her puppets, along with a house related to the story, Emma then dresses her puppets and introduces the participants (characters in the US dub), Emma then says "Let's begin!", and it zooms to the set of the story, the puppets visit a specific country and the tale takes place. During the tale, Emma talks to the younger audiences while she shares and amuses the fun facts about all of the traditions of the country and the customs of a variety of far-away distant countries and cultures.

The magical door includes a sky with both night and day, a colorful rainbow, a yellow sun, a white moon, two white clouds, and three green and brown trees.

During the end of the story, Emma and her toys give a round of applause by clapping, Emma puts her country map away and it disappears. She then thanks the viewers and tells them that if they're asking if the story was true or not, the answer is up to them. Her puppets wave goodbye, and so does Emma as she walks out of her magical door, which promptly disappears

Characters
 Emma (voiced by Tajja Isen in Canada And US, Teresa Gallagher in the UK, and Rona Bekerman and Sapir Darmon in Israel) is a little 5-year-old girl who loves to put on a variety of puppet shows with her four charming and cute little puppets.
 Puppet #1 (voiced by Jordan Francis and Mitchell Eisner in Canada And US,  Jan Hayden Rowles in the UK, and Einat Azulay in Israel) is a little male Afro-American puppet with tan skin, dark brown hair and a yellow t-shirt.
 Puppet #2 (voiced by Sugar Lyn Beard in Canada And US, Maria Darling in the UK, and Tayla Barkay in Israel) is a little female blonde puppet with fair skin, yellow hair with two pigtails and a pink t-shirt.
 Puppet #3 (voiced by Aaryn Doyle in Canada And US, Jo Wyatt in the UK, and Dikla Hadar and Dana Rishfi in Israel) is a little female Afro-American puppet with tan skin, dark brown hair and a red dress.
 Puppet #4 (voiced by Connor Price in Canada And US, Preston Oliver and Keith Wickham in the UK, and Dan Kiesler in Israel) is a little male red-headed puppet with fair skin, spiky orange hair and a green t-shirt.

Episodes
Season 1 (2007)
 France
 Italy
 China
 Spain
 Portugal
 Angola
 Germany
 Luxembourg
 Switzerland
 England
 Ireland
 Canada
 United States of America
 Australia
 New Zealand
 Monaco
 Russia
 Holland
 Belgium
 Greenland
 Poland
 Yemen
 India
 Egypt
 Israel
 Country Fair

Season 2 (2009)
 Mexico
 Argentina
 Madagascar
 Brazil
 Hawaii
 Philippines
 Hong Kong
 Japan
 South Korea
 Greece
 Morocco
 Iceland
 Hungary
 Scotland
 Persia
 Monaco
 Turkey
 Kenya
 South Africa
 Colombia
 El Salvador
 Sweden
 Norway
 Iceland
 Denmark
 Christmas Eve

Other websites
 Emma's Theatre on TV.com

2000s Canadian television series
2000s British television series
2007 British television series debuts
2009 British television series endings

Emma's Theatre


Shamuhammed "Shadzhan" Akmuhammedov (Russian: Шамухаммед (Шаджан) Акмухаммедов; born 1937 - died 2010) was a Turkmen artist and actor. In 1971, he played the part of the Basmach rebel Kerim in the hit film Officers.

Career
Akmuhammedov studied at the Turkmen State Art College named after Shota Rustaveli, where he was also active as a musician. He then studied at the Moscow State Academic Art Institute. After graduation, he returned to Turkmenistan and began working as an artist in the Ashgabat Academic Drama Theater.

Akmuhammedov headed the Turkmen Union of Artists in the late 1970s and early 1980s. In the late 80s he was deputy minister of culture of the Turkmen SSR. He headed the Culture Fund of Turkmenistan for more than fifteen years. After 1992, he taught theatre design at the National Academy of Arts. Akmuhammedov also had a long and active career as a painter. He was one of seven Turkmen artists who made up the informal group "Semerka" (Seven). The others in the group were Mammad Mammadov, Durdy Bayramov, Chary Amangeldyev, Stanislav Babikov, Kulnazar Bekmuradov and Juma Dzhumadurdy.

Akmukhammedov is a significant figure in the visual arts of Turkmenistan. His works are stored in various museums in Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and Russia, as well as in private collections. In 1986, Anatoly Kantorn wrote a book-album Shamuhammed Akmuhammedov, dedicated to the artist.

His son Ovez is also an artist and teacher at the Turkmen State Specialized Art School at the Academy of Arts.

Akmuhammedov died in Ashgabat in 2010.

References

Turkmenistan artists

Shamuhammed Akmuhammedov


An edge pull is a skill in figure skating that allows the skater to gain speed while skating on one foot by rocking between inside and outside edges. The momentum across the ice derives from a rising and falling knee action on each lobe which creates pressure against the edge, accompanied by a distinctive "tearing" sound. Another common name for this move is power pull.

Edge pulls can be performed either forwards or backwards. In a series of forward edge pulls, the free foot is typically held in front of the skating foot, and slightly raised. In backward edge pulls, the free foot is held behind the skating foot.

Edge pulls are considered a fairly basic moves in the field skating skill and appear most commonly in competitive skating programs as a means to maintain or gain speed in step sequences performed on one foot. They are also a common part of skaters' warm-up repertoire. The USFSA moves in the field tests include power pulls in several incarnations at the Pre-Juvenile, Junior and Senior tests.

Figure skating elements

Edge pull


Gerlach I of Nassau (1271 – 7 January 1361), Count of Nassau in Wiesbaden, Idstein, Weilburg, and Weilnau.

He was a son of Adolf of Nassau, elected King of the Romans, and Imagina of Isenburg-Limburg.

Family and children
He was married two times. First, 1307 with Agnes, a daughter of Agnes of Bavaria, Margravine of Brandenburg-Stendal and her first husband Henry the Younger of Hesse, and hence a granddaughter of Landgrave Henry I "the Child" of Hesse and had the following children:
 Adolph I, Count of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein (1307 – 17 January 1370, Idstein).
 John I, Count of Nassau-Weilburg (1309 – 20 September 1371, Weilburg).
 Gerlach (1322 – 12 February 1371, Aschaffenburg), Archbishop of Mainz.
 Adelheid (d. 8 August 1344), married 1329 to Ulrich III, Lord of Hanau.
 Agnes, a nun at Klarenthal Abbey.
 Elisabeth (ca. 1326–ca. 1370), married before 16 August 1326 to Louis of Hohenlohe.
 Marie (d. 1366), married before 1336 to Konrad of Weinsberg.

Second, he married before 4 January 1337 , daughter of Kraft II of Hohenlohe-Weikersheim and had the following children:
 Kraft of Nassau-Sonnenberg (d. 1356), fell in the Battle of Poitiers.
 Rupert, Count of Nassau-Sonnenberg (d. 4 September 1390).

Literature
 Pierre Even: Dynastie Luxemburg-Nassau. Von den Grafen zu Nassau zu den Großherzögen von Luxemburg. Eine neunhundertjährige Herrschergeschichte in einhundert Biographien . Luxemburg 2000, S. 20–22.
 Festschrift der Konrad-Duden-Schule in Wiesbaden-Sonnenberg 1904–1984.
 Festschrift 875 Jahre Sonnenberg. 1126-2001. Wiesbaden 2001.
 Gerhard Köbler: Historisches Lexikon der deutschen Länder. Die deutschen Territorien vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart. 7., vollständig überarbeitete Auflage. C.H. Beck, München 2007, ISBN 978-3-406-54986-1.

External links
 www.genealogie-mittelalter.de

13th-century births
Nassau, Gerlach I of
House of Nassau-Weilburg
Year of birth uncertain
Sons of kings

Gerlach I, Count of Nassau


Chedwyn Michael "Ched" Evans (born 28 December 1988) is a Welsh footballer. He was born in St Asaph, Denbighshire. Evans was signed by Manchester City from Chester City's youth set up in 2002. In 2009 he was sold to Sheffield United for £3,000,000. Evans was sent to HM Prison Wymott from 2012 to 2014 for raping a woman. Evans has not played professional football since he was released.

Personal life
Evans met his girlfriend while he was with Manchester City. She has said that she planned on getting engaged to Evans now he is released from prison.

Rape conviction
Evans was tried at the Crown Court at Caernarfon with another footballer called Clayton McDonald on a charge of rape. On 20 April 2012 Evans was convicted of raping a 19-year-old woman. After the conviction, Evans was released by United at the end of the season. Evans was given a prison sentence of 5 years. In October 2014 Evans was released from prison after serving half his sentence.

References

1988 births
Living people
Manchester City F.C. players
People acquitted of rape
Welsh footballers

Ched Evans


Willard Myron Allen (November 5, 1904 – August 15, 1993) was an American gynecologist. He was born in 1904 in Farmington, New York, near Rochester, New York. As an undergraduate student at Hobart College (now Hobart and William Smith Colleges) in Geneva, New York, Allen had studied organic chemistry. This would come in handy for his medical school research that would reserve a special place for him in the annals of medical history. He graduated from Hobart in 1926, and was awarded an honorary D.Sc. degree in 1940 for his medical discoveries at the University of Rochester.

Allen studied medicine at the University of Rochester and supported himself by working as an assistant in his anatomy professor, George W. Corner's embryology laboratory. Corner and Allen are credited with the discovery of progestin, the original name for progesterone and not to be confused with progestin, a synthetic progestogen, in 1930 and the first isolation of progesterone in 1933 (described below and in W.M. Allen "My Life with Progesterone", 2005 below). He graduated with honors in 1932. Allen received the first Eli Lilly Award in Biological Chemistry in 1935. After several years of teaching at Rochester, Allen was appointed professor and chairman of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Washington University's School of Medicine in St. Louis. He contributed original papers on the histology and physiology of the female reproductive organs, bringing him many national and international awards. He was the first graduate of the Medical School in Rochester to be elected to that university's board of trustees.

When Allen joined Washington University in 1940, he was the youngest chairman of a clinical department. He served as chairman for thirty years until his retirement from Washington University to accept the position of Dean of Admissions at the University of Maryland School of Medicine in Baltimore.

Co-discoverer who named the universal pregnancy maintaining hormone progesterone.

Considerable space has been devoted to progesterone, but little has been written about its discoverer, Willard M. Allen.

The day Allen isolated pure progestin (later named by him progesterone) was a very significant day in his life.

"... The isolation of the hormone from the waxy material obtained by high-vacuum distillation was a laborious and exasperating experience. However, the month of May 1933 was a glorious month. On May 5, I had the crystalline corpus luteum hormone. On May 18, my daughter, Lucille, was born. My friends gave me double congratulations and I was sitting on top of the world. ..."

References

1904 births
1993 deaths
American gynecologists
People from Farmington, New York
20th-century American physicians

Willard Myron Allen


Ricardo Eugene Mathews (born July 30, 1987) is a former American football defensive end. He was drafted by the Indianapolis Colts in the seventh round of the 2010 NFL draft. He played college football at Cincinnati.

He also played for the Houston Texans, San Diego Chargers, and Pittsburgh Steelers.

Professional career

He was a member of the 2009 Cincinnati Bearcats college football team. Ricardo graduated from Jacksonville, Florida's Terry Parker High School and was a three time First-Team All Conference Selection for Terry Parker's football team. Ricardo was also a conference champion wrestler and made it to the Florida state championships in track.

Indianapolis Colts

2010: Rookie season
Mathews was selected in the seventh round (238th overall) by the Indianapolis Colts in the 2010 NFL Draft. On July 29, 2010, the Indianapolis Colts signed Mathews to a four-year, $1.83 million contract.

He started his rookie season as the fifth defensive end on the Colts' depth chart behind Dwight Freeney, Robert Mathis, Eric Foster, and Fili Moala. On October 10, 2010, he made his regular-season debut with the Colts in a victory over the Kansas City Chiefs. In Week 10, he made his first career tackle during a 23–17 victory over the Cincinnati Bengals. He finished his rookie season with one tackle and appeared in eight games.

2011
During training camp and OTAs Mathews was switched from defensive end to defensive tackle when the Indianapolis Colts went from a 3-4 base defense to a 4-3. Mathews was released by the Colts during final team cuts on September 3, 2011. On September 5, 2011, he was signed to the Colts' practice squad. On September 11, 2011, the Colts waived him from their practice squad. On October 5, 2011, the Colts signed Mathews to the active roster after Eric Foster suffered an injury.

He played in his first game of 2011 during the Colts' Week 5 match-up against the Kansas City Chiefs. Mathews made two solo tackles and deflected two passes in the 24–28 loss. On October 30, 2011, Mathews had three tackles and made his first career sack on Matt Hasselbeck, as the Colts lost, 10–27, to the Tennessee Titans and fell to 0–8. On January 1, 2011, he had his best statistical game of the season, compiling a season-high five tackles in a 13-19 loss to the Jacksonville Jaguars.

2012
During the 2012 off-season, the Indianapolis Colts fired head coach Jim Caldwell and hired Chuck Pagano in his place. Defensive Coordinator Greg Manusky implemented a 3-4 defensive base, moving Mathews back to defensive end, his original position. Although he played in the first two regular-season contests, he did not record a tackle until Week 3 against the Jacksonville Jaguars. On October 21, 2012, he received his first career start and made one tackle during a 17–13 win over the Cleveland Browns. On December 2, 2012, Mathews made a season-high three combined tackles during a 35–33 victory over the Detroit Lions. In his third season with the Colts, he made 13 total tackles and one pass deflection while playing in 15 games and starting five of them.

2013
In the 2013 season, he made two tackles in the season-opening victory over the Oakland Raiders. On December 15, 2013, Mathews collected two solo tackles in a 25–3 victory over the Houston Texans. The next game, he was credited with half a sack and made two combined tackles during the Colts' 23–7 win at the Kansas City Chiefs. He finished the 2013 season with 18 combined tackles, a pass deflection, and half a sack in 16 games and one start. The Indianapolis Colts finished with an 11–5 record and made the playoffs.

On January 4, 2014, Mathews played in his first career playoff game and made two combined tackles in a 45–44 wild-card victory over the Kansas City Chiefs. The following game, he made three solo tackles in a 22–43 loss to the New England Patriots.

With the Colts, he recorded 51 tackles and 1.5 sacks and played in 52 games with six starts.

Houston Texans

2014
On April 15, 2014, the Houston Texans signed Mathews to a one-year, $730,000 contract. He was released by the Texans during final roster cuts on August 30, 2014.

San Diego Chargers
Mathews was signed by the San Diego Chargers on September 1, 2014. He began the regular season as the fourth defensive end on the Chargers' depth chart behind Kendall Reyes, Corey Liuget, and Tenny Palepoi. On September 28, 2014, he made his Chargers debut, recording a sack and two tackles in a 33–14 victory over the Jacksonville Jaguars. On October 5, 2014, Mathews collected two solo tackles and forced the first fumble of his career in a 31–0 win over the New York Jets.

During a Week 8 match-up at the Denver Broncos, Mathews recorded three solo tackles in the Chargers' victory. The next game, he received his first start with the Chargers and finished with two solo tackles in the 0–37 loss to the Miami Dolphins. On December 20, 2014, Mathews and Dwight Freeney sacked Colin Kaepernick, forcing a fumble which led to a recovery and touchdown by Corey Liuget. Mathews finished the 2014 season with career-high stats, recording 1.5 sacks, two forced fumbles, and 21 tackles in 12 games and two starts.

2015
On March 10, 2015, the Chargers signed him to a one-year, $960,000 contract that included a signing bonus of $155,000.

On October 4, 2015, Mathews received his first official start of the season and made one solo tackle in 30–27 victory over the Cleveland Browns. The following game, he made two combined tackles and sacked Pittsburgh Steelers' quarterback Ben Roethlisberger during the Chargers' 20–24 loss. In Week 7, he collected a season-high three solo tackles against the Oakland Raiders. He finished his last season with the Chargers with a total of 22 combined tackles and one sack in 16 regular- season contests and seven starts.

Pittsburgh Steelers

2016
On March 31, 2016, the Pittsburgh Steelers signed Mathews to a one-year, $760,000 contract. He started the regular season as the third defensive end on the depth chart behind Cameron Heyward and Stephon Tuitt.

Although he played in the Steelers' season opener, Mathews did not make a tackle until the second week of the season against the Cincinnati Bengals. He finished the 24-16 win with only one combined tackle. On October 16, 2016, he received his first official start of the season but did not register a statistic against the Miami Dolphins. The following game, he received his second consecutive start and had two combined tackles in a 16-27 loss to the New England Patriots. On December 4, 2016, Mathews made two combined tackles and sacked New York Giants quarterback Eli Manning for his first sack of the season during the Steelers' 24-14 victory.

References

External links
 Cincinnati Bearcats bio
 Houston Texans bio
 Indianapolis Colts bio
 San Diego Chargers bio

1987 births
Living people
Terry Parker High School alumni
Players of American football from Jacksonville, Florida
American football defensive ends
American football defensive tackles
Cincinnati Bearcats football players
Indianapolis Colts players
Houston Texans players
San Diego Chargers players
Pittsburgh Steelers players

Ricardo Mathews


Myroslav Irchan (14 July 1897 – 3 November 1937), originally Andriy Babiuk, was a Ukrainian storywriter and playwright. He was born to a poor peasant family in the village of P'yadyky, Kolomyia in Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast. In 1914, he graduated from the Teacher's Seminary in Lviv. He moved for a time from Europe to North America, and continued to write about his European experiences while in the new world. He was also editor of a number of publications in Europe and Canada.

Ukrainian Civil War
The first story he wrote was at the age of 17 entitled Meeting (Зустріч) using the penname Irchan.  His first collection of sketches and short stories was titled Nirvana's Laughter (Сміх Нірвани), a condemnation of war.

He became a soldier in the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen and the Ukrainian Galician Army shortly after the outbreak of World War I. He fought in three different armies:Austro-Hungarian, Galician, and the Red Army of Ukraine.  When he ended up in the ranks of the Red Ukrainian Galician Army,  he edited its periodical Red Archer (Червоний Стрелец).  He wrote two plays about the Ukrainian Civil War in the middle of the war.
The first of these plays was The Rebel (Бунтар), begun in the Polish–Soviet War in April 1920, and completed January 12, 1921 in Uman.  It received 26 performances in eight months throughout Kyiv Oblast and Podolia.  Printed by Kultura publishers in 1922, 3,000 of its 10,000 copies were distributed in North America.  It is set in a Galician city early in 1920, as the Red Army offensive against Poland was stalling, and tells of a failed insurrection organized by pro-Soviet Ukrainian activists in the workers' movement.

Married Life
Following the end of the civil war, Irchan settled in Kyiv where he met and married his wife Zdenka.  She was the daughter of a Czech doctor, and when her parents returned to Prague in 1922, the young couple followed them.  In Prague, Irchan enrolled at Charles University and participated in Ukrainian student activities.  He was well known as a writer by this time, and continued to publish articles and stories, some of which were printed in North America.

Canada
In 1923, Irchan was invited to come to Canada through ULTA (Ukrainian Labour Temple Association)  to edit their journal Working Woman (Робітниця), to which he had already contributed articles.  At this time Canadian Immigration only accepted immigrants as labourers, so he and his wife were invited to come to Canada by a Canadian farmer, in Gonor, Manitoba, where they lived for a time and he continued his literary activities.

Drama
In Canada, he was to experience the most creative literary period of his life, as editor, poet, storywriter, and playwright.

The first play he wrote in Canada was The Family of Brushmakers (Родина щіткарів).  In all cases where the drama of the doubting and confused mind is Irchan's interest, his work takes on a rich texture and offers many possible readings and many complex interpretations.   The Family of Brushmakers, in four acts, written between 1923–24, tells the story of a family of four people – three of whom at the outset of the play are blind. Only the son can see.  In Irchan's own words, "In 1915, while I was lying ill in a German hospital in the Austrian capital Vienna, I read in a German newspaper a story in a small corner of its last page that a blind brushmaker and musician living in Germany had a blind wife and daughter.  His only son, who had vision, was conscripted into the German army.  In time, the son returned home, but to the glory of the Kaiser and the great German Empire, he had given up his eyesight.  He had lost it during a poisonous attack at the front.  So the only member of the family with sight, the son, was now blind in a blind family."   The play was a great success, staged 74 times from Montreal to Vancouver, and even the English Press had something to say about this "dangerous production".

Departure
The reasons for his departure from Canada are manifold.  First, his wife Zdenka who was in poor health, with their daughter, Maya, returned to her parents in Prague. Secondly, the organizational activities which entangled him more and more with ULTA in Winnipeg left him little opportunity to develop as a writer.  Finally, some of the membership of ULTA may have encountered problems with his work, possibly finding it too much that of the expression of an individual rather than of their organization.  Whatever the reasons, on May 22, 1929, he left Winnipeg on his journey back to Europe.

Tragic Fate
Irchan returned to Ukraine at a time when Stalin's repression of artists, academics, and gifted individuals in all fields was intensifying.

Irchan moved to Kharkiv, at that time the capital of Soviet Ukraine.  The city had writers' organizations and publishers, and he had friends here in the writing community.  In 1934, he was one of many writers arrested by the State Political Administration.  His wife and daughter joined him in Omsk, Siberia, though it is unclear whether Zdenka did this voluntarily.  In a letter she wrote to a friend in Winnipeg, she says, "Please do not send me anymore newspapers, and notify New York to do the same thing, because they are causing me unpleasantness.  Some day I will write more.  Greetings to all.  Zdenka."  But nothing more was heard.

Thirty-four years after Irchan's official rehabilitation in the Soviet Union, which was the result of Khrushchev's report revealing the criminal activity under Stalin's direction, the detail of Irchan's fate was made public. Irchan was interrogated by Pavel Postyshev who is considered to be one of the principal architects of the famine of 1932–1933, known in Ukraine as Holodomor.  Irchan was accused of "belonging" to the nationalist Ukrainian counter-revolutionary organization, which worked to overthrow Soviet rule in Ukraine by military means.  It now seems he was shot with so many other Ukrainian intellectuals on 3 November 1937 at Sandarmokh in Karelia.

References

Bibliography
 Balan, Jars.  The Ukrainian Canadian stage, in Slavic Drama. University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada 1991.
 Irchan, Myroslav. Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine.
 Krawchuk, Peter. The Unforgettable Myroslav Irchan. Translated by Mary Skrypnyk. Kobzar Publishing Company Ltd. , Edmonton, Alberta 1998.
 Shkandrii, Myroslav. The Rape of Civilization: Recurrent Structure in Myroslav Irchan's Prose. Journal of Ukrainian Studies 25 (2000).

External links
Shkandrii, Myroslav. The Rape of Civilization.
Irchan, Myroslav – Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine

1897 births
1937 deaths
Ukrainian dramatists and playwrights
Journalists from Lviv
20th-century Ukrainian poets
Ukrainian translators
Writers from Kharkiv
Writers from Kyiv
Writers from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
Ukrainian Austro-Hungarians
Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I
Ukrainian people of World War I
Ukrainian emigrants to Canada
Gulag detainees
People executed by the Soviet Union
Executed writers
Soviet rehabilitations
Ukrainian male poets
Great Purge victims from Ukraine
20th-century Ukrainian journalists
20th-century translators
Ukrainian avant-garde

Myroslav Irchan


"Fight Fiercely, Harvard" is a satirical college fight song written and originally performed by Tom Lehrer and dedicated to his alma mater, Harvard University. The song was written in 1945 while Lehrer was in his second year of study at Harvard College.

History
The song was Lehrer's earliest—and for a while his only—musical work and was included on Songs by Tom Lehrer, a debut album recorded at Trans Radio Studios, Boston, on January 22, 1953. Starting with a press run of 400 copies of the then-novel 10" LP record format produced by Lehrer at his own expense, these records were sold in stores around Harvard Square.

In speaking about "Fight Fiercely, Harvard" and the rest of his satirical repertoire that brought him a certain level of fame as an undergraduate, Lehrer says he did not write to gain popularity but rather:
I mostly thought these songs weren't of interest to anyone! I wrote 'Fight Fiercely, Harvard' in 1945. That's the earliest song on any of my records. The others were written a little later. I wrote a lot of songs for special occasions ... silly songs, songs about math, and so on, but nothing else that would be recordable until 1948.
Lehrer has also said of his undergraduate songwriting:
 The only one of those songs that eventually made it into my repertoire was 'Fight Fiercely, Harvard,' which was written in 1945 and shows it. I started singing these songs at parties, but never with the intention of their becoming commercial.

Lehrer later responded to rumors that he had stopped performing because the displeasure of Harvard University's administration over the satirical lyrics of "Fight Fiercely, Harvard" threatened to ruin his career, by saying:
...my stimulus came from humor however grim the humor may have been at the base. I wasn't burning when I wrote these songs...it amazes me that anyone would think a song making fun of the football team was grounds for expulsion.

Today "Fight Fiercely, Harvard" lives on in the repertoire of the Harvard University Band and was included on their 75th anniversary album released in 1995.  The song remains fairly well known in the Harvard community. On visiting Harvard for the first time in decades, Lehrer was pleased to find that his song had been performed at every home football game for many years.

Theme
The humor of "Fight Fiercely, Harvard" revolves around the supposedly refined and gentlemanly nature of Harvard athletes.  As it appears on Tom Lehrer Revisited, a live album, it is preceded by banter almost as long as the song itself.  In talking to his audience, Lehrer explains that he wanted to create a college fight song different from those performed, as he says with a hypercorrective use of a Latin plural for a common English word, "in comparable stadia."  This preamble also says, in part:
...I was reminded not too long ago, upon returning from my lesson with the Scrabble pro at the Harvard Club in Boston, of the days of my undergraduacy long ago when there used to be these very long Saturday afternoons in the fall with nothing to do - the library was closed - just waiting around for the cocktail parties to begin. And on occasions like that...did come to realize that the football fight songs that one hears...have a tendency to be somewhat uncouth, and even violent, and that it would be refreshing, to say the least, to find one that was a bit more genteel. And here it is, dedicated to my own alma mater, and called Fight Fiercely, Harvard. Tom Lehrer Revisited
The lyrics are written with an exaggeratedly erudite style of diction and say in part:
Fight fiercely, Harvard!
Fight, fight, fight!
Demonstrate to them our skill.
Albeit they possess the might,
Nonetheless we have the will.
The lyrics also refer to celebrating victory by inviting the "whole team up for tea" and conscientiously warn "let's try not to injure them." Lehrer, who is actually Jewish and from New York City, performed the song in the stereotypical Boston Brahmin accent of his on-stage persona and pronounced the words "fiercely" and "Harvard" with a non-rhotic drawl.  He also injected exclamations such as "...and do fight fiercely!"

See also
"Harvardiana", a song which refers to Harvard's rivalry with Yale

References

Harvard University
American college songs
College fight songs in the United States
Ivy League fight songs
American songs
Comedy songs
Songs written by Tom Lehrer
Satirical songs

External links
A sample of the Harvard University Band's version of "Fight Fiercely, Harvard" can be downloaded from tomlehrer.org
audio and lyrics to Harvard fight songs, Harvard University Band

Fight Fiercely, Harvard


Andres "Andy" Kusnetzoff (born November 17, 1970) is an Argentine journalist, TV host and producer. He worked in TV shows as "Turno Tarde" and "El Rayo", but became famous with his role as an informal journalist in Caiga Quien Caiga. He worked from 1995 to 1999. Since then, he was the host of "Maldito Lunes" in Telefe (2000), "El bar" (2001) and "Escalera a la fama" (2003). In 2004 he hosted "somos como somos", renamed to "Argentinos por su nombre" in 2005.

He was considered as a possible main actor of the 2012 comedy Graduados, but the role was finally taken by Daniel Hendler. However, he took part in it, in a guest appearance.

He got the 1998 Martín Fierro Award as journalist host, and the 2005 Clarín Award for his radio show "Perros de la calle".

References

Argentine television journalists
Argentine radio presenters
Argentine Jews
Mass media people from Buenos Aires
1970 births
Living people

Andy Kusnetzoff


A welding helmet is a type of personal protective equipment used in performing certain types of welding to protect the eyes, face, and neck from flash burn, sparks, infrared and ultraviolet light, and intense heat. The modern welding helmet used today was first introduced in 1937 by Willson Products.

Welding helmets are most commonly used in arc welding processes such as shielded metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, and gas metal arc welding. They are necessary to prevent arc eye, a painful condition where the cornea is inflamed. Welding helmets can also prevent retina burns, which can lead to a loss of vision. Both conditions are caused by unprotected exposure to the highly concentrated infrared and ultraviolet rays emitted by the welding arc. Ultraviolet emissions from the welding arc can also damage uncovered skin, causing a sunburn-like condition in a relatively short period of welding. In addition to the radiation, gases or splashes can also be a hazard to the skin and the eyes.

Most welding helmets include a window (visor) covered with a filter called a lens shade, through which the welder can see to work. The window may be made of tinted glass, tinted plastic, or a variable-density filter made from a pair of polarized lenses. Different lens shades are needed for different welding processes. For example, metal inert gas (MIG) and tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding are low-intensity processes, so a lighter lens shade will be preferred.

United States OSHA requirements for welding helmets are derived from standards like ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding and Cutting, section 7 (Protection of Personnel) and ANSI Z89.1 (Safety Requirements for Industrial Head Protection).

The shade of lens that is suitable depends on the current rating of the weld. In the United States, OSHA recommends DIN shade numbers as shown in the following table:

The 1967 edition of ANSI Z22.214.171.124.2.10 specifies that "all filter lenses and plates shall meet the test for transmission of radiant energy prescribed in paragraph 22.214.171.124 of the Safety Code for Head, Eye and Respiratory Protection, USA Standard Z2.1-1959".

As of 2023, OSHA's website provides standards for minimum protective shades under standard 1910.133 (Eye and face protection), section (a)(5), and says: "As a rule of thumb, start with a shade that is too dark to see the weld zone. Then go to a lighter shade which gives sufficient view of the weld zone without going below the minimum. In oxyfuel gas welding or cutting where the torch produces a high yellow light, it is desirable to use a filter lens that absorbs the yellow or sodium line in the visible light of the (spectrum) operation."

Safety
All welding helmets are susceptible to damages such as cracks that can compromise the protection from ultraviolet and infrared rays. In addition to protecting the eyes, the helmet protects the face from hot metal sparks generated by the arc and from UV damage. When overhead welding, a leather skull cap and shoulder cover are used to prevent head and shoulder burns.

Goggles

Welding goggles are protective eyewear that has dark shading, meant to protect eyes from the bright light produced by oxyfuel welding and allied processes, and also from sparks and debris. Open electrical arcs (as created by arc welding and other processes) generate much higher amounts of light and UV radiation, requiring the whole face to be protected; most welding goggles do not have a dark enough shade for arc welding.

Auto-darkening filters

In 1981, Swedish manufacturer Hornell International (now owned by 3M)
introduced an LCD electronic shutter that darkens automatically when sensors detect the bright welding arc, the Speedglas Auto-Darkening Filter.

With such electronic auto-darkening helmets, the welder no longer has to get ready to weld and then nod their head to lower the helmet over their face. The advantage is that the welder does not need to adjust the position of welding helmet manually which not only saves time but also reduces the risk of exposure to the harmful light generated by the welding process.

ANSI standards
In the United States, the industry standard for welding helmets is ANSI Z87.1+ which specifies performance of a wide variety of eye protection devices. The standard requires that auto-darkening helmets provide full protection against both UV and IR even when they are not in the darkened state. The standard is voluntary, so buyers should confirm that the helmet is ANSI Z87.1 compliant (indicated by appropriate labeling).

Shades
Per ANSI Z87.1-2003, "shade numbers" are derived as such:

Shade Number, , is related to luminous transmittance  (expressed as a fraction, not as a percent) by the equation:
 is defined with respect to CIE Illuminant A (i.e a reference point for typical domestic incandescent lighting) and the CIE 1931 Standard Colorimetric Observer.

The actual ANSI-specified shades are not specific numbers, but ranges; each has a designated maximum, minimum, and nominal transmittance value. Moreover, acceptable transmittance values for far ultraviolet are far lower than those for the Illuminant A light ("shall be less than one tenth of the minimum allowable luminous transmittance").

Notes

Further reading
Jeffus, Larry (1999). Welding: Principles and Applications. Albany: Thomson Delmar.  .

Helmets
Welding safety
Protective gear
Functional masks

Welding helmet


The nankeen night heron (Nycticorax caledonicus) is a heron that belongs to the genus Nycticorax and the family Ardeidae. Due to its distinctive reddish-brown colour, it is also commonly referred to as the rufous night heron. It is primarily nocturnal and is observed in a broad range of habitats, including forests, meadows, shores, reefs, marshes, grasslands, and swamps. The species is 55 to 65 cm in length, with rich cinnamon upperparts and white underparts. The nankeen night heron has a stable population size, and is classified as a species of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

Taxonomy
The nankeen night heron was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with herons, cranes and storks in the genus Ardea and coined the binomial name Ardea caledonica. Gmelin based his description on the "Caledonian night heron" that had been described in 1875 by the English ornithologist John Latham in his multi-volume work A General Synopsis of Birds. The heron had been observed in September 1774 on the island of New Caledonia during Captain James Cook's second voyage to the Pacific Ocean. The naturalist Johann Reinhold Forster, who had accompanied Cook on the voyage, provided Latham with a description of the species. The nankeen night heron is now placed in the genus Nycticorax that was introduced in 1817 by the English naturalist Thomas Forster to accommodate the black-crowned night heron. The epithet nycticorax is from Ancient Greek and combines nux, nuktos meaning "night" and korax meaning "raven". The word was used by authors such as Aristotle and Hesychius of Miletus for a "bird of ill omen", perhaps an owl. The word was used by the Swiss naturalist Conrad Gessner in 1555 and then by subsequent authors for the black-crowned night heron. The term nankeen in the common name of the species is defined as 'a type of pale-yellow cotton cloth, originally from China' in the Cambridge Dictionary. The term originates from the city of Nanjing, which is where the material was first made. In the alternative name of the species, rufous night heron, the word rufous refers to a reddish-brown colour and more accurately describes the colour of the bird's plumage. This name is widely used in regions such as New Guinea and Wallacea.

Six subspecies are recognised:
 N. c. crassirostris Vigors, 1839 – Bonin Islands (Ogasawara Is.; east Japan)
 N. c. manillensis Vigors, 1831 – Philippines and north Borneo
 N. c. australasiae (Vieillot, 1823) – Java east to New Guinea, northwest Bismarck Archipelago, Australia and New Zealand
 N. c. pelewensis Mathews, 1926 – Palau and Caroline Islands (south Micronesia)
 N. c. caledonicus (Gmelin, 1789) – Grande Terre (New Caledonia)
 N. c. mandibularis Ogilvie-Grant, 1888 – east Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Islands except Temotu (Santa Cruz Islands; southeast Solomon Islands)

Description
The nankeen night heron is a medium-sized heron. The adult male is 55 to 65 cm in length, while the female is slightly smaller, measuring 55 to 60 cm. Its weight varies from 810 g to 1014 g, and the wingspan ranges from 95 to 105 cm. Other than females being smaller in most measurements, the sexes of the nankeen night heron are alike in appearance.

The nankeen night heron has a heavy black bill, which is similar in length as its head. The face is white with a cinnamon tint, and the nape and crown of breeding adults is a grey-black. During the breeding season, there are also usually two or three thin, white plumes from the crown in a downward direction to the neck. These are tipped with black when newly grown. The heron has a rich chestnut colour across the upperparts, and the colours are more intense in the breeding season. The underparts of the nankeen night heron are white, and there is a gradual blend of the chestnut colour and the white on its neck and upper breast. The back, tail, and upper wing of the bird are a rich rufous colour. The iris is of a straw yellow and can be tinged with orange during the breeding season, while the legs and feet are a creamy yellow. Their legs are relatively shorter than that of other herons, and can become bright pink during courtship and early breeding.

Juvenile nankeen night herons are quite different in appearance compared to adults, with the top of their head and their nape being a black-brown colour and streaked with beige. The upper throat and chin are white, while the rest of the neck is heavily streaked with brown. The tail of juveniles is rufous-brown, the legs and feet are lime-green to olive-grey, and the bill is a dull olive-yellow colour with black on the tip. Nankeen night heron chicks are covered with dark brown down feather on their back and white on the undersides. They have cream coloured beaks with a dark grey edge, and the legs are olive.

Voice
Adult male nankeen night herons give a  sound when departing their roost at night, while females and juvenile nankeen night herons give a higher pitched  sound. When disturbed during roosting, the heron gives a short, deep . The nankeen night heron gives a hoarse, croaking  when in flight, and a harsh croak sound while feeding in a group. The threat call of the bird is a  sound and is used when in aggregations. Nankeen night heron chicks are described to beg with a  call in their first two weeks, in order to obtain the attention of their parents for feeding. They also squawk as they dispute among themselves. After leaving their nest, during the period when they are still flightless, young nankeen night herons utter a noisy high-pitched screech when alarmed.

Distribution and habitat
Nankeen night herons have a broad distribution and are found in Australia, New Zealand, the Philippines,  Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Java, New Caledonia, Palau, and the Caroline Islands, Federated States of Micronesia. They are native to Australia and are widespread in most states of the country except for the west, in which it is rare or absent. Nankeen night herons have six subspecies, which includes the Bonin nankeen night heron (Nycticorax caledonicus crassirostris). This subspecies was endemic to Bonin Islands, Japan, but has been extinct since the late 1800s.

The nankeen night heron is resident in a wide range of habitats, which includes grasslands, meadows, forests, lagoons, beaches, reefs, marshes, shores, wetlands, and swamps. It is most commonly found near rivers and streams. The species prefer habitats with emergent vegetation when near permanent water. The nankeen night heron is mainly nocturnal, and thus roosts during the daytime in dense cover of trees, bushes, and reeds. In more exposed situations, they are also known to roost in dead trees. In urban areas, the nankeen night heron favours nesting and roosting in trees such as cypresses and pines. They also reside in urban wetlands, dry fields, gardens, ponds, airports, and parks.

Behaviour
The nankeen night heron is almost fully nocturnal. They tend to leave roosts shortly after sunset and are most active from dusk to dawn. They are attentive in general, including during roosting, but can be vulnerable to predators when feeding. However, the species remain stable and widespread, and there are no current conservation measures.

Adult nankeen night herons in Australia are observed as partially migratory, moving during winter and major events such as flood and rainfall. Populations that regularly migrate in accordance to seasonal shifts usually move north and can go as far as Papua New Guinea, but some can also arrive in New Zealand, as well as Pacific islands such as Christmas Island, Lord Howe Island, and Cocos-Keeling Island. Other populations of the nankeen night heron are classified as sedentary and hardly migrate at all.

When facing threats, male nankeen night herons will stand fully erect and make rasping sounds or snap its bill, signalling aggressive intentions. As opponents get close, agonistic behaviours of the male nankeen night heron includes pointing and snapping its bill and waving its wing, while crouching and glaring at its opponent. There are no records of agonistic behaviour in female nankeen night herons.

Breeding
Breeding can occur year-round for the nankeen night heron, but its primary breeding season is October to May in Australia, February to June in Java, and February to May in the Philippines. The timing of the species' breeding is also largely dependent on feeding conditions, such as food availability. Nankeen night herons typically nest in dense trees, but also nest in marshes and swamps. In areas without vegetation, the species can also build nests in caves and under rock overhangs. They often breed within large mixed-species colonies, which can include ibises, cormorants, other heron species, and spoonbills.

Nests of nankeen night herons are loosely constructed with sticks. These are typically 20–30 cm in diameter and 3–4 cm in height, which is just large enough to hold the clutch. Nests that are constructed on the ground can be merely a ring of sticks that prevents the eggs from rolling away. The sticks are collected by the male birds, while the females arrange them in the nest. The building of nests may take place both during the daytime and at night.

The colour of the species' eggs is a pale green-blue, and the clutch ranges from two to five. The mean dimensions of the eggs are 51.50 mm in length and 37.20 mm in width. Incubation typically lasts 21 days, and both parents help incubate and care for the young. Nankeen night heron hatchlings are altricial and fledge around six to seven weeks after birth. The chicks are aggressive to all adults, including parents, that approach the nest. They may leave the nest after around two weeks, and return to be fed. They are fed away from the nest by the third week of hatching.

Diet and feeding
The main diet of the nankeen night heron consists mostly of aquatic creatures, including freshwater invertebrates, crayfish, sea turtle hatchlings, crabs, and fish species like mosquito fish and carp. Among these, crayfish appears to be the dominant prey. Its other prey include frogs, lizards, mice, as well as insects such as crickets, water beetles, ants, wasps, caterpillars, and dragonfly larvae.

Chicks of nankeen night herons begin begging within hours of hatching. They are initially given liquid food and are provided with semi-solid food after a few days. The young are fed first from mouth to mouth, and later by adults regurgitating into the nest.

Nankeen night herons mainly forage at night and in the morning. Their typical foraging behaviour includes walking slowly, looking into shallow water for prey. However, they can also forage in deep water by plunging from perches. While primarily nocturnal, the species also feeds in the daytime during its breeding season to ensure food availability for the young.

Conservation status
The nankeen night heron has not been evaluated as vulnerable by the IUCN Red List as it does not meet any of the criteria. The species is assessed as stable, as it has a fluctuating but not declining population trend, a very large population size, and an extremely large range, with an estimated extent of occurrence of 31,600,000 km2. The IUCN Red List states that for these reasons, the nankeen night heron is evaluated as a species of least concern.

Gallery

References

nankeen night heron
Birds of Malesia
Birds of Oceania
nankeen night heron
nankeen night heron
Articles containing video clips

Nankeen night heron


The 2013 Richmond Spiders football team represented the University of Richmond in the 2013 NCAA Division I FCS football season. They were led by second-year head coach Danny Rocco and played their home games at E. Claiborne Robins Stadium. The Spiders played as a member of the Colonial Athletic Association. They finished the season 6–6, 4–4 in CAA play to finish in a three way tie for fifth place.

Schedule

Ranking movements

References

Richmond
Richmond Spiders football seasons
Richmond Spiders football

2013 Richmond Spiders football team


Leszek Ryszard Dunecki (born 2 October 1956 in Toruń) was a Polish athlete who competed mainly in the 100 and 200 metres. He was the Polish champion on 6 occasions.

He won a European Championship Gold medal in 1978 in the 4x100 metres.

In 1979 was world student 100/200 runner up. Finishing 2nd only behind Pietro Mennea who ran the then new world record 19.72. Dunecki ran 20.26. Dunecki's Polish national record of 20.26 was improved in 1999, by Marcin Urbas (19.98 s), after 20 years.

He competed for Poland in the 1980 Summer Olympics held in Moscow, Soviet Union in the 100 where he reached the Quarter final, and the 200 metres where he reached the final and finished 6th. He also competed in the 4 x 100 metre relay where he won the silver medal with his teammates Krzysztof Zwoliński, Zenon Licznerski and Marian Woronin. In 1981 he was a member of the Polish/Europe 4x100 relay team that finished 1st in the world cup.

See also
Polish records in athletics

References

Sports Reference

Universiade

European Championships

1956 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Toruń
Athletes from Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
Polish male sprinters
Olympic silver medalists for Poland
Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Poland
European Athletics Championships medalists
Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
Universiade silver medalists for Poland
Medalists at the 1979 Summer Universiade
Competitors at the 1984 Friendship Games

Leszek Dunecki


Jane Means Pierce (née Appleton; March 12, 1806 – December 2, 1863) was the wife of Franklin Pierce and the first lady of the United States from 1853 to 1857. She married Franklin Pierce, then a Congressman, in 1834 despite her family's misgivings. She refused to live in Washington, D.C., and in 1842, she convinced her husband to retire from politics. He sought the Democratic presidential nomination without her knowledge in 1852 and was elected president later that year. Their only surviving son, Benjamin, was killed in a train accident prior to Franklin's inauguration, sending Jane into a deep depression that would afflict her for the rest of her life. Pierce was reclusive in her role as first lady, spending the first two years of her husband's presidency in a period of mourning for her son. Her duties at this time were often fulfilled by Abby Kent-Means. After the conclusion of Franklin's presidency they traveled abroad for two years before settling in Massachusetts. She died of tuberculosis in 1863.

Pierce disliked political life and was unhappy in the role of first lady. She took interest in the issue of abolitionism, and she attempted to influence her husband's decisions on the subject during her time as first lady. Raised as a Puritan, Pierce was strictly religious, and she believed that the tragedies she suffered through her life were divine retribution for the sins of her and her husband. Jane is described as an opposite of her husband, who was outgoing, political, and a heavy drinker in contrast to her reclusive nature, aversion to politics, and teetotalism.

Early life
Jane Appleton was born in Hampton, New Hampshire on March 12, 1806, to Congregationalist minister Jesse Appleton and his wife Elizabeth Means Appleton. The Appleton family grew to a total of six children: three elder daughters, of which Jane was the third, and three younger sons. Their father became president of Bowdoin College in 1807, and the family settled in Brunswick, Maine (then part of Massachusetts). Her father's religious practices included a strict fasting diet that caused his health to decline, leading to his death in 1819. After his death, the family lived with Elizabeth's mother in Amherst, New Hampshire. In her childhood, Appleton acquired a devotion to Puritan, evangelical Calvinism.

Appleton came from a well-off and well-connected New England family. Jane's education was of a high quality, consisting of both public schooling and homeschooling. She attended the prestigious Miss Catherine Fiske's Young Ladies Seminary in Keene, New Hampshire, where she received an education that was a higher quality than typically accessible to women. She was naturally talented in music and enthusiastic about literature, but she declined to pursue these further in favor of Bible study. As she approached young adulthood, Appleton was shy, devoutly religious, and pro-temperance. Even in her youth, her health was poor; she would regularly contract severe winter colds.

Marriage and family
Appleton met Franklin Pierce after he moved to Amherst to study law at Bowdoin. One anecdote suggests that they met during a thunderstorm when he implored her not to sit under a tree for risk of lightning strikes. Another suggests that they were introduced by Alpheus Packard, Jane's brother-in-law and one of Franklin's professors. She may also have met him while he was visiting her mother's home. Appleton's family opposed the relationship for a number of reasons, including their difference in class, his poor manners, his drinking, his tolerance of slavery, his Episcopalian beliefs, and his political aspirations. They courted for seven years, including a period of time in which Franklin moved to Hillsborough, New Hampshire to practice law and serve in the New Hampshire General Court. Franklin and Jane married in a small ceremony on November 19, 1834, by which time Franklin was a member of the House of Representatives. They were seen as opposites, Jane's reclusiveness and depression contrasting with Franklin's gregariousness and public aspirations.

The Pierces went together to Washington, D.C. after their marriage, but Jane found the city unpleasant. In 1835, she attended the White House New Year's Day reception with her husband where she met President Andrew Jackson. She decided to leave the city later that year, returning to her mother's home in Amherst while her husband remained in Washington. The Pierces later purchased a home in Hillsborough where Jane chose to live while Franklin was away. They moved to Concord, New Hampshire in 1838 while Franklin was a senator, and Jane encouraged him to resign and retire from politics in 1842. Jane abhorred politics, and her distaste for the subject created a tension that would continue throughout her husband's political ascent. Though politics was often a point of debate or argument between the two, they were otherwise warm with one another and wrote to each other regularly when apart.

Franklin and Jane had three sons, all of whom died in childhood. Franklin Jr. was born in 1836 and died three days after his birth. Frank Robert was born in 1839 and died in 1843 at the age of four from epidemic typhus. Benjamin was born in 1841 and died in 1853 at the age of 11 in a train accident. Following the end of her husband's term in the Senate, Pierce was able to live a domestic life with her family together at home. Franklin provided for the family with his law practice, though he briefly went away to serve as a brigadier general in the Mexican–American War. This period of Jane's life is often regarded as when she was happiest, as her husband was out of politics and she still had two surviving sons. Their house was sold during the war, and the family made various living arrangements over the following months. President James K. Polk offered Franklin an appointment as United States Attorney General, but he turned it down due to Jane's objection. After the death of their second son, Pierce focused on raising their only surviving son, Benjamin, in a strict religious manner while her husband operated his law practice. She wholly dedicated herself to Benjamin and avoided any obligations beyond her family and her religion. Pierce did not carry out housework due to her health, so it was carried out by a married couple that Franklin had hired to care for Jane and Benjamin while he was away.

First Lady of the United States
In 1852, Pierce's husband received the Democratic Party nomination for president. She is said to have fainted upon hearing the news. He had deceived her regarding his presidential aspirations, denying the extent to which he was actively seeking the office. He sought to persuade her that if he became president, their son Benjamin would be more likely to become successful. Despite this, she regularly prayed that her husband would lose the presidential election. Her prayers went unanswered, as he was elected president by a large margin on November 2, 1852.

While Franklin was president-elect, a train with the Pierces on board derailed, and Benjamin was killed in front of his parents. Pierce went into a deeper depression after witnessing her final son's death, believing that God took their sons as a punishment for her husband's political aspirations. She did not attend his presidential inauguration, instead staying in Baltimore for two weeks. Pierce was also affected by the deaths of her predecessor Abigail Fillmore and Vice President William R. King over the following weeks.

For the first few months of her husband's term, Pierce did not take visitors and only sparingly attended public receptions, and she only entertained for family and friends. Upon arriving at the White House, she wore black and had the White House decorated for mourning. She did not host social events or supervise the White House in the traditional role of first lady, leaving these responsibilities to her aunt and close friend Abby Kent-Means. She avoided the company of others, regularly engaging in private Bible study. Pierce also developed a friendship with Varina Davis, wife of Secretary of War Jefferson Davis. She took an interest in the Davis's infant son, though he became ill and died in 1854. She gradually acclimated to life as First Lady, attending the New Year's reception two years into her husband's term and the Friday evening receptions thereafter. Pierce attempted to communicate with her late son while she was first lady, sometimes writing letters to him as an exercise in grief. She also attempted to contact him through a séance with the assistance of the Fox sisters, major figures in the Spiritualism movement.

As first lady, Pierce insisted on adherence to religious practice in the White House, instructing the staff to attend church and holding religious services in the White House library. Pierce's cousin Amos A. Lawrence described the effect that this had on her husband, saying that he was deeply pious in her presence while heavily drinking when she was away. She would also lobby her husband on occasion while he was president; in 1856, she convinced him to reverse the arrest of abolitionist Charles L. Robinson. During times of poor health, Franklin would invite many of her nieces and nephews to the White House to care for her. Taking an interest in abolitionism, she began attending Congressional debates after her period of mourning to follow the issue. At the end of her husband's term, she again declined to attend the presidential inauguration, this time of her husband's successor James Buchanan.

Later life and death
The Pierces lived in Washington for a month after the end of Franklin's presidential term and then toured New England during the summer. They traveled abroad for two years, returning home to purchase  of land in Concord before leaving to the West Indies. Pierce avoided Concord as it reminded her of her late son, and she often stayed with relatives in Massachusetts for the remainder of her life. During the American Civil War, she supported the Union and the cause of abolitionism, in contrast with her husband who supported the preservation of slavery in order to preserve the nation and the Constitution. Pierce's bouts of tuberculosis worsened in the years after leaving the White House, and she died on December 2, 1863 at the age of 57.  She was buried at Old North Cemetery in Concord. Franklin Pierce was interred beside his late wife and son following his death on October 8, 1869, aged 64. In her will, she gave donations to the American Bible Society, the American Society for Foreign Missions, and the American Colonization Society.

Public perception and legacy

The general public's first impression of Pierce was in a biography of her husband written by family friend Nathaniel Hawthorne at the beginning of Franklin's campaign. It emphasized her poor health as her husband's reason for declining a role in the Polk administration, creating a reputation as a sickly woman that has persisted to the present day. During her time as first lady, Pierce was considered an invalid and seen as a depressing presence in a depressing White House, though she did receive sympathy from the people for her grief. During her tenure as first lady, Pierce was known as "the shadow of the White House". She did receive backlash from the public after canceling Saturday evening Marine Band concerts in view of the Sabbath. Hawthorne once wrote that she "wasn't really of this world."

Pierce is ranked poorly among historians, with polling showing that she is considered one of the least effectual first ladies. She is also one of the most obscure of the first ladies, having served in the role prior its having national prominence and during a presidency that has itself become obscure. Much like other antebellum first ladies, she has often been identified as avoiding the spotlight and being of little importance to her husband's administration. She is considered to have had little influence on the position of first lady and did not set precedent for her successors. Pierce's influence on her husband manifested through her dislike of politics, including her role in his decision to retire from the Senate in 1842. Some scholars have suggested that in the course of her relationship with her husband, she may have felt a religious compulsion to save his soul and courted him because of his vices rather than despite them. While contemporary perception of Pierce was generally one of sympathy, a trend among 20th century historians was to describe her as a hypochondriac that failed to support her husband during tragedy and to consider her as a damaging factor in her husband's poorly received presidency.

Political beliefs
Pierce was a Puritan, and this formed the basis of her worldview. Her religious beliefs impressed on her the conviction that suffering was punishment from God. She strongly opposed the political and social culture of Washington, lamenting the regular parties and alcohol consumption. She was raised as a Whig, which caused conflict with her family when she married her husband, who served in office as a Democrat. She supported the temperance movement and opposed the consumption of alcohol. Pierce was also a supporter of the abolitionist movement in opposition to her husband's tolerance of slavery in the name of states' rights, and she wished for a Union victory during the American Civil War. Pierce admired Andrew Jackson while he was president. She disliked Representative Davy Crockett, believing him to be "conceited, stupid, [and] silly".

Notes

External links
 Letter to Benjamin Pierce from Jane Pierce after Benjamin's death
 Painting of Jane Pierce
Jane Pierce at C-SPAN's First Ladies: Influence & Image

1806 births
1863 deaths
19th-century American women
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
First ladies of the United States
Appleton family
Burials in New Hampshire
Franklin Pierce family
Tuberculosis deaths in Massachusetts
People from Hampton, New Hampshire

Jane Pierce


Abraham Neumann (1873–1942) was a Polish painter and artist.

Biography
Neumann was born in Sierpc, Congress Poland, on February 6, 1873. In 1892, at the age of 19, he went to Warsaw to study painting and later, after being influenced by Hirszenberg, he decided to study in Kraków's Academy of Fine Arts.

In 1903, he studied in Paris at the Académie Julian. At that time, he also visited England, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany. In addition, he also spent time in Israel prior to its founding (British mandate in Palestine), and in the United States where he traveled after the First World War. He taught at the Bezalel Academy of Art and Design in Jerusalem during the years 1925–1927. In 1909, he took part in an exhibition of paintings executed en plein air in Rybiniszki in the Polish Livonia [eastern Latvia]. He lived in Zakopane, Poland, Vienna, and Krakow.

His works consist of paintings of landscapes from the Tatra Mountains, Kazimierz Dolny, Brittany, Palestine, as well as portraits and still lives. He was the first Jewish painter from Poland to go to Palestine in 1904, and also the first to encounter the challenges posed to painting there, including the different kind of light. He struggled to solve these problems for a long time, and by his second journey to the country, local themes had become permanent characteristics in his work.

He belonged to the Krakow branch of the Polish Artists' Union and to the Association of Jewish Painters and Sculptors in Krakow. He participated in the "Sztuka" exhibitions, held individual exhibitions in Kraków and Lvov in Warsaw, Łódź, and Berlin. He also took part in the "Secession" exhibitions in Vienna and in 1916 he took part in the Jewish Art exhibitions in Warsaw.

Neumann was executed in the Kraków Ghetto on June 4, 1942.

External links
 Neumann's works in Central Jewish Library

Selected works
 Abraham Neumann (1873-1942) at Gallery97, Tel Aviv

1873 births
1942 deaths
People from Sierpc
Polish painters of Jewish descent
People who died in the Kraków Ghetto
Polish civilians killed in World War II
Académie Julian alumni
20th-century Polish painters
20th-century Polish male artists
19th-century Polish painters
19th-century Polish male artists
Modern painters
Polish male painters
Polish expatriates in the United States
Expatriates in Mandatory Palestine
Polish expatriates

Abraham Neumann


Eating Out: Drama Camp is a 2011 American sex comedy film and the fourth installment in the Eating Out film series. The film was directed by Q. Allan Brocka, who co-wrote it with Phillip J. Bartell.

Plot
Filmmaker Jason (Garikayi Mutambirwa) is shooting a film featuring Zack (Chris Salvatore). Upon learning of a drama camp owned by Dick Dickey (Drew Droege), the pair apply along with Zack's boyfriend Casey (Daniel Skelton). Their applications are all successful and the group travel to the drama camp. At camp they meet Benji (Aaron Milo), an attractive camper who insists that he is not gay; Penny (Lilach Mendelovich), a sweet camp help who is an aspiring actress; Lily (Harmony Santana), a headstrong trans woman; and Genieveve (Marikah Cunningham), a rich and untalented actress who likes Benji. At orientation Dick enforces a no-sex rule at the camp—much due to Dick himself not having had sex for seven and a half years.

Jason confronts Benji about his sexuality who admits he is gay, but is lying due to his attraction to Zack despite him being in a relationship with Casey. Benji and Zack continue to bond, including Zack choosing to be partners with Benji instead of Casey during a class taught by Tiffani (Rebekah Kochan), resulting in Zack and Casey beginning to drift from one another. Casey becomes suspicious of Benji's sexuality when he refuses to kiss Genevieve in a class, and so enlists the help of Penny to help. The pair stumble upon Conor (Steven Daigle) about to engage in sex with another camper and blackmail him into a trap to find if Benji is gay, but this fails.

Meanwhile, Jason begins to produce a rendition of The Taming of the Shrew. He casts Zack and Benji in the leading roles, in which they share a kiss, and Lilly in the lead female role. Lilly, initially happy, gets mixed messages about Jason's personal feelings for her. As rehearsals begin, Casey becomes increasingly dissatisfied with his relationship with Zack, leading to Penny secretly rubbing Zack with poison oak so he can not rehearse. Casey stands in for Zack, and is shocked to find Benji becomes sexually aroused during their kiss. At first worried, Casey decides he and Zack are not meant to be together and the pair agree to break up, with Casey encouraging Zack to ask out Benji. However, Benji reveals to Zack he had been lying about his sexuality from the beginning, upsetting Zack.

As the night of the show arrives, the group do their final rehearsals. Lilly becomes enraged with Jason for not telling her if he likes her and angrily leaves. Jason chases after her before Zack and Benji rehearse their kissing scene. This quickly leads to the pair undressing one another with the encouragement of Casey who is attempting to get the right chemistry between the actors for the show. Dick discovers Zack and Benji and mistakes them for having sex and expels them from the camp. Realizing it is his fault, Casey asks Penny for help. They enlist the help of Conor once more who has sex with Dick in his office, loud enough for the whole camp to hear. After this Dick accepts sex in the camp and allows Zack and Benji to perform.

During the debut performance, Lilly breaks character and forces Jason to tell her if she likes him. He eventually admits he does and the pair make out on stage. Zack and Benji make up and start a relationship before beginning to make out too. Off stage Casey is happy to see Zack and Benji together, before he bumps into fellow camper Beau (Ronnie Kroell) who offers to be Casey's rebound. Casey agrees and all three pairs stumble on stage together before the curtain closes on the show. Dick awards the group with the best show and the prize of a vacation. Shortly after the new couples leave the drama camp.

Cast
 Chris Salvatore as Zack Christopher
 Daniel Skelton as Casey
 Aaron Milo as Benji Aaron
 Lilach Mendelovich as Penny
 Harmony Santana as Lilly Veracruz
 Garikayi Mutambirwa as Jason
 Drew Droege as Dick Dickey
 Marikah Cunningham as Genieveve
 Ronnie Kroell as Beau
 Steven Daigle as Conor
 Rob Westin as Matty
 Mink Stole as Aunt Helen
 Rebekah Kochan as Tiffani von der Sloot

Release
Eating Out: Drama Camp premiered in the United States on Logo on July 24, 2011; this version has the nudity censored and can be found on Netflix. The unedited film was released on DVD on October 25, 2011.

References

External links

Eating Out (film series)
2011 films
2011 independent films
2011 LGBT-related films
2011 romantic comedy films
2010s sex comedy films
American independent films
American LGBT-related films
American romantic comedy films
American sequel films
American sex comedy films
2010s English-language films
Films about actors
Films about summer camps
Films about trans women
Films shot in Los Angeles County, California
Gay-related films
LGBT-related romantic comedy films
LGBT-related sex comedy films
2010s American films

Eating Out: Drama Camp


Birgitte (Bridget) Thott (17 June 1610 – 8 April 1662) was a Danish writer, scholar and feminist, known for her learning. She was fluent and literate in Latin (her main area of study) along with many other languages. She translated many published works into Danish, including a 1,000-page translation of Latin moral philosopher Seneca.

Life
Birgitte was born in 1610 to the nobleman Christen Thott and Sophie Below in Turebygård. She was the sister of Henrik Thott (1606–1676). Thott lost her father at only 6 years old. Her mother was a learned woman and educated her in language and literature. Being educated by learned parents was the only real way for young girls to receive any sort of education in Denmark at the time.

Thott married Otto Giøe in 1632 at the age of twenty two, but he died ten years later due to illness surrounding a gunshot wound. The two did not have any children. Despite not having any biological children of her own, Birgitte Thott was responsible for fostering two children that we know of: Elisabeth and Sophie.

Career

She is most famous for her translation of moral philosopher Seneca's Philologus in 1658 from Latin to Danish. The enormous undertaking of the Seneca translation ended up being 1,000 pages. This translation was the first of its kind, and introduced a new cultural and religious conversation to the Danish audience. The translation also introduced new words into the Danish language.

Though being proficient in Latin, Birgitte Thott did not write any Latin of her own, rather, she focused on translating. "Contemporary sources report that she before her death mastered Danish, German, Dutch, English, French, Italian, Spanish, Latin, Greek and Hebrew, of which her knowledge of German, English, French and Latin can be confirmed through preserved translations from her hand."

She resumed and recommitted to her studies after her husband's death. In 1660, Birgitte Thott was given permission by the King to receive an annual grant from the Soro Academy to pursue her studies, expand her library, and research language. This was achieved with the assistance of Jørgen Rosenkrantz.

Thott was part of a rather small European network of approximately 100–150 learned women including Christina Queen of Sweden, Marie le Jars du Gournay (in France), Bathsua Makin (in England) and Dorothea Moore (in Ireland), and Anna Maria van Schurman. She became a well respected woman in the Danish scholarly community, despite not having a public "profession". She was one of the first defenders of women's rights in Scandinavia.

Tributes
Feminist artist Judy Chicago completed an installation art piece called The Dinner Party in 1979, currently on display at the Brooklyn Museum. There are 39 place settings around a table for 39 significant mythological and historical women. The porcelain tile floor; the Heritage floor, is inscribed in gold with 999 additionally notable women. Birgitte Thott is included among these women under the name Bridget Thott.

In translating Seneca, Thott praised the Romans for asserting that women, as well as men, should be honored and praised for their life accomplishments in funeral orations. In this vein, Professor Jørgen Rosenkrantz wrote Birgitte Thott a funeral address which has been preserved. It tells of her life and many achievements.

Quote from Rozenkrantz' funeral orations:So, at thirty-one years of age, guided by eminent teachers, she embarked upon learning the Latin language, which today is studied far and wide by scholars, and the result was so good that she could very soon express whatsoever thought she so wished in that language. In order to acquire the innermost meaning of the Holy Scripture she later worked – not without yield and exceptional progress – with the Hebrew language, which is the language employed by God to impart His Word to the patriarchs and the prophets, and in which the canonical writings of the Old Testament were originally rendered. She was perfectly aware that water has one taste at its source and another down the river.Anna Maria van Shurman wrote one of twelve introductory poems for Thott's translation of Seneca's Philologus in which she referred to Birgitte as the tenth muse, which was a praise-worthy term for learned women at the time.

Unpublished achievements
Birgitte Thott also wrote a personal manuscript or "treatise" of two hundred pages titled Om et lyksaligt liv (On a Happy Life).  In this, she asserts that even if women are not exposed to learning other languages, they should have access to literary works from other cultures via translation. This was the driving force behind her life's work.

Quotes from On a Happy Life:

On young girls not being encouraged to have an education: No one whets their appetite to the sweetness found there. No one tells them what delicious food there is for the soul, what effective remedy against all their frailties it is to have a little understanding of bad and good. There are many, and this I have heard often, who would rather impress upon young maidens that poring over books will make them objects of derision.On education for young boys:But young male children are treated completely differently. They are enticed into study by the reward and honour they are told they can thereby attain; [...] they are impelled to attend school by their parents or guardians whether they like it or not. There are so many learned men who sweat and toil to educate and teach them [...] neither exertion nor expense is spared at the institutions of education [...] in order to lead the students onwards.

See also
 Anne Margrethe Bredal
 Anne Margrethe Qvitzow

Footnotes

Bibliography
 Alenius, Marianne. "Thott, Birgitte." The History of Nordic Women's Literature. Accessed May 11, 2016. http://nordicwomensliterature.net/writer/thott-birgitte.
 Alenius, Marianne. "With One Foot in the Grave I Should Continue to Read." The History of Nordic Women's Literature. 2012. Accessed May 10, 2016. http://nordicwomensliterature.net/article/one-foot-grave-i-should-continue-read.
 Bech, Svend Cedergreen, Povl Engelstoft, Svend Dahl, and Carl Frederik Bricka. Dansk Biografisk Leksikon. 3rd ed. Vol. 1. København: Gyldendal, 1979.
 Beek, Pieta Van, and Anna-Mart Bonthuys. The First Female University Student: Anna Maria Van Schurman (1636). Utrecht: Igitur, 2010.
 Too, Yun Lee., and Niall Livingstone. Pedagogy and Power: Rhetorics of Classical Learning. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Further reading
 Rafky, Isabella. "Judy Chicago's "The Dinner Party"" THINGS MAGAZINE. March 18, 2016. Accessed May 11, 2016. http://www.thingsmag.us/2016/03/judy-chicagos-dinner-party.html.
 Stevenson, Jane. "Women Writers' Network." In Brill's Encyclopaedia of the Neo-Latin World, edited by Phillip Ford, Jan Bloemendal, and Charles E. Fantazzi. Vol. 2. Brill Publishing, 2014.

1610 births
1662 deaths
17th-century Danish nobility
Danish classical scholars
Danish feminists
17th-century Danish women writers
17th-century Danish writers
Thott family
Latin–Danish translators
17th-century translators

Birgitte Thott


The  Arboreto Pascul is an arboretum located near Pradandons, Tarcento, Province of Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy. It is open weekdays; admission is free.

The arboretum was established in 1953 by the Friuli-Venezia Giulia regional government, primarily to cultivate exotic conifers. In 1974 its mission expanded to encompass botanical education, and to this end its collections now include as many species as possible of both conifer and hardwood, exotic and indigenous. It currently contains about 2,000 plants representing 72 species from 40 genera (14 gymnosperm and 26 angiosperm).

See also
 List of botanical gardens in Italy

References
 Gianni Paladino, L'arboreto Pascul di Tarcento, 3rd edition, Trieste : Regione Autonoma Friuli-Venezia Giulia, 1983. 261 pages.
 Touring Club Italiano, L'Italia dei giardini, Touring Editore, 2005 page 80. .
 Agenzia di informazione e accoglienza turistica (Italian)
 Horti entry
 BGCI entry

Botanical gardens in Italy
Gardens in Friuli-Venezia Giulia

Arboreto Pascul