Barun Sengupta () (23 January 1934 – 19 June 2008), the founder-editor of Bartaman newspaper, was a Bengali journalist and popular political critic. He is remembered for his bold and simple diction of political analysing that made him extremely well liked among the common readers in West Bengal.

Life
Son of Nirmalananda Sengupta and Ranibala Devi, Barun Sengupta was born in Barisal (in present-day Bangladesh). Sengupta, along with his family, moved to Kolkata before the partition of India in 1947 and rented a house near Baithakkhana Market in north-central Kolkata.

His education started in B.M. School, Barisal. Later he was admitted to Town School, Kolkata. After graduating in commerce from City College, Kolkata, he founded a periodical named Bhabikal which lasted a few issues. In 1957, he founded another weekly named Bartaman with the aid of Hemanta Kumar Bose, a popular leader of the political party, Forward Bloc. He joined Anandabazar Patrika in 1960 and became its first designated political correspondent in 1965. During the Emergency, he was sent to jail along with another reporter, Gour Kishore Ghosh.

In 1984, he left Anandabazar Patrika to start his own journal and launched Bartaman, a daily, on 7 December that year. For its straightforward and intrepid style, the journal became extremely popular among the common Bengali readers. Later Sengupta launched two more periodicals - Saptahik Bartaman, a weekly and Sukhi Grihokon, a monthly and this time too it was a success. These two journals are now widely read in West Bengal.
He died in a south Kolkata nursing home after a brief illness.

Books
He wrote several books on India's political situation. One of his controversial book Indira Ekadashi was based on the 11-year tenure (1966–77) of Indira Gandhi as the Prime Minister of India.
 Pala Badaler Pala
 Sab Chatitra Kalpanik
 Bipak-i-stan
 Andhakarer Antaraley
 Netajir Antardhan Rahasya

Further reading
 Barun Sengupta Rachana Sangraha (Collected Works of Barun Sengupta in Bengali), Ananda Publishers Pvt Ltd, Kolkata - 700009

References

External links
 News of Sengupta's Death and a short biography from The Telegraph -
 News of Sengupta's Death from Indian Express -
 Biography of Barun Sengupta from Yahoo News -

Indian newspaper editors
Indian newspaper founders
Indian editors
1934 births
2008 deaths
Bengali Hindus
20th-century Bengalis
Bengali writers
Bengali-language writers
City College, Kolkata alumni
University of Calcutta alumni
Indians imprisoned during the Emergency (India)
People from Barisal District
Writers from Kolkata
Journalists from West Bengal
Indian male journalists
Indian journalists
Indian newspaper journalists
20th-century Indian journalists
Indian magazine founders
Indian critics
Indian writers
20th-century Indian writers
Indian political writers
Indian political journalists
Indian political scientists
Indian non-fiction writers
20th-century Indian non-fiction writers
Indian male non-fiction writers
20th-century political scientists

Barun Sengupta


White House is an unincorporated community in New Kent County, Virginia, United States, on the south shore of the Pamunkey River. White House Plantation, for which it is named, was the home in the 18th century of Martha Dandridge Custis, who as a widow, there courted her future husband, Colonel George Washington. They were married in 1759.

Nearby, White House Landing on the river was the site of a major Union Army supply base in 1862 during the Peninsula Campaign and again in 1864 during the Overland Campaign of the American Civil War. At White House, the Richmond and York River Railroad, which was completed in 1861 between Richmond and West Point, crossed the Pamunkey River. The railroad is now part of the Norfolk Southern rail system.

References

Unincorporated communities in New Kent County, Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Virginia

White House, Virginia


Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, a.k.a. Gorgan University is a university in Golestan Province of Iran.

History
GUASNR First founded in 1957 as the Junior College of Forestry and Range Management (مدرسه عالي منابع طبيعي گرگان), the university was among the first specialized agricultural universities of Iran. Through a course of continued development, the Junior College was promoted to the school of Natural Resources offering three major courses in Forestry, Range Management and Soil Conservation in 1975. After Islamic revolution, the School of Natural Resources was joined to the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology in 1981 and became part of the Mazandaran University.
In 1986, the school was united with Junior College of Agriculture in the town of Gonbad and obtained an approval from the Council of Academic Development of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, to upgrade to an independent institute called Gorgan University Complex of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. As a result of the hard work of the academic members and administrative staff, Council of Academic Development passed an approval based on which the complex was promoted to the Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (GUASNR) on June 25, 1992.

Today the university has 9 Colleges (Faculties), training 2800 graduate and post-graduate students. The university has an exchange student program with Astrakhan State University in neighbouring Russia.

The university is located in the historical city of Gorgan in the Golestan Province (formerly the eastern part of Mazandaran province).

Faculties
 Animal Science
 Agricultural Management
 Fisheries & Environmental Sciences
 Food Science & Technology
 Forest Science
 Plant Production
 Rangeland & Watershed Management
 Water & Soil Engineering
 Wood & Paper Engineering

Journals
 Iranian journal of Aquatics Research
 International Journal of Lignocellulosic Products
 International Journal of Plant Production
 International Journal of Environmental Resources Research
 Poultry Science Journal
 Journal of Natural Resource Conservation (Persian)
 Electronic Journal of Crop Production (Persian)
 Journal of Ruminant Research (Persian)
 Journal of Range Land (Persian)
 Poultry Science Journal (Persian)
 Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production (Persian)
 Journal of Entrepreneurship & Agricultural Extension (Persian)
 Journal of Plant Production (Persian)
 Journal of Food Processing and Preservation (Persian)
 Journal of Aquaculture (Persian)
 Journal of Living in Environment (Persian)
 Journal of Wood Science and Technology (Persian)

See also
List of Islamic educational institutions
Higher education in Iran

External links
Gorgan University website

Universities in Iran
Universities and colleges established in 1957
Buildings and structures in Golestan Province
Education in Golestan Province
1957 establishments in Iran

Gorgan University


Alexeyevka () is a rural locality (a selo) in Nikolayevsky Selsoviet of Zeysky District, Amur Oblast, Russia. The population was 1 as of 2018. There is 1 street.

Geography
Alexeyevka is located 39 km southwest of Zeya (the district's administrative centre) by road. Nikolayevka is the nearest rural locality.

References

Rural localities in Zeysky District

Alexeyevka, Zeysky District, Amur Oblast


Black Lion Records was a British jazz record company and label based in London, England.

Alan Bates founded Black Lion Records in 1968. The label had two series of releases, one for British jazz musicians and one for international musicians. It released a large amount of reissue material, including items by Art Tatum, Jay McShann, Ben Webster, Earl Hines, Bud Freeman, Bud Powell, Don Byas, Coleman Hawkins, Mal Waldron, and Duke Ellington. It had a subsidiary called Freedom Records, which concentrated on free jazz releases; this wing was bought by Arista Records in 1975.

The label was distributed by Polydor for part of its existence. It became part of D. A. Music in the 1980s, while Bates bought Candid Records in 1989 and shifted the focus of his activities there.

Discography

References

British record labels
Jazz record labels
British jazz record labels

Black Lion Records


Dennis Patrick Mullins (August 22, 1937 – May 28, 2017) was an American insurance salesman and served as chairman of the Republican Party of Virginia.

Personal life
Born in 1937 in St. Albans, West Virginia, Mullins graduated from St. Albans High School in 1955. He received his BA from Columbia University, majoring in journalism, where he served as sports editor of the college daily newspaper, the Spectator, and a JD from George Washington University. He had four children with his wife Jackie, who died in 2010, Cathy, Steve, Mike and Debbie. He had 6 grandchildren, Greg Trotto, Jr., Sydney Trotto, Matthew Jackson "Moon" Mullins, Kiersten Mullins, Amanda Mullins, and Sabrina Mullins. He lived in Annandale, Virginia, which is in Fairfax County, from 1965 to 1997, and moved to Bumpass, Virginia, in Louisa County, where he lived until his death.

Professionally, Mullins was one of the top Equine Insurance Brokers in the United States. He achieved his CPCU status in insurance. He began his career with Victor Schinnerer and Companies in Washington, DC in the late 1950s. From there he worked at Marsh McLennan until the 1980s when he co-founded Best Insurance Company in Annandale, Virginia. He later founded Mullins and Associates, another insurance brokerage firm, which was acquired by the Rhulen Agency out of New York. Markel Insurance Company of Richmond, Virginia acquired the Equine Insurance division of the Rhulen Agency and Pat went to work with Markel in 1992. He continued working at Markel Corporation until his death in 2017.

Mullins was active in the community having served as head of many different organizations including: Annandale Rotary Club, Annandale Chamber of Commerce, Wakefield Forest Elementary PTA, Fairfax County Council of PTAs, Turnpike Basketball League, Annandale/Springfield National Little League, District Governor of Rotary, the Annandale United Methodist Church Methodist Youth Fellowship (MYF), the National Association of Riding for the Handicapped (now Path International), and many other groups.

Political career
Mullins unsuccessfully ran for a position on the Fairfax County Board of Supervisors in 1979 and 1987. He was elected Chairman of the Fairfax County Republican Committee in 1990, winning over 60% in a convention of over 1,000 delegates at Lake Braddock High School. He served as chairman of the Fairfax County Republican Committee from 1990 to 1996. After moving to Louisa County, he served as the chairman of the Louisa County Republican Committee from 2008 to 2009, after which he was elected as chair of the Republican Party of Virginia. He served as Chairman of the Republican Party of Virginia until 2014.

During his tenure as Chairman of the Fairfax County Republican Committee, the Republican Party of Fairfax won a majority on the Fairfax County Board of Supervisors for the first time in the history of the county during the 1991 elections.

Mullins was elected as temporary party chairman on May 2, 2009, to replace Jeff Frederick, who had been fired as chairman in April. He was elected as full-time chairman to serve the remainder of Frederick's term on May 30, 2009, with 70% of the vote at the convention of 6,817 delegates at the Richmond Coliseum, and was re-elected in 2012 without opposition.

During his tenure as Chairman of the Republican Party of Virginia, the Republican Party won all three statewide offices—Governor, Lieutenant Governor, and Attorney General—in the 2009 elections, which was the first time that had happened in the history of the Commonwealth of Virginia. In the 2010 elections, the Republican Party nominated candidates for Congress that defeated three different Democratic incumbents. In the 2011 elections, the Republican Party gained parity in the State Senate with a 20–20 split, which saw many tie votes broken by the Republican Lieutenant Governor. This was the first time in Virginia history that the Republican Party controlled all three of the top state offices, with a majority in the House and a working majority in the State Senate.

Death
Mullins died on May 28, 2017, in a car accident in Hanover County, Virginia. He was 79 years old and lived in Bumpass, Virginia.

References

External links

1937 births
2017 deaths
George Washington University Law School alumni
People from Annandale, Virginia
People from Louisa County, Virginia
People from St. Albans, West Virginia
Businesspeople from Virginia
Virginia Republicans
Republican Party of Virginia chairs
Road incident deaths in Virginia
Columbia College (New York) alumni

Pat Mullins


Frederic Charles Willard (September 18, 1933 May 15, 2020) was an American actor and comedian. He was best known for his work with Christopher Guest in This Is Spinal Tap (1984), Waiting for Guffman (1996), Best in Show (2000), A Mighty Wind (2003), For Your Consideration (2006), and Mascots (2016), and for playing Ed Harken in the Anchorman films. He also appeared in films like Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me (1999), American Wedding (2003) and WALL-E (2008). He received two Primetime Emmy Award nominations for playing Frank Dunphy on the sitcom Modern Family.

Early life
Frederic Charles Willard was born in Cleveland, Ohio, on September 18, 1933. Willard's mother, Ruth (née Weinman) was a housewife.  His father, Frederick Charles Willard, died in 1945 when he was 12 years old. He was raised in Shaker Heights, Ohio.

Willard graduated from the Kentucky Military Institute in 1951 and the Virginia Military Institute in 1955. He was stationed in Germany while serving in the United States Army.

Career

Early career
Willard's stage career began when he moved to New York in the late 1950s. His initial work included a production of Desperate Hours at a local YMCA where he worked with future comedy partner Vic Grecco. They later performed as Willard & Grecco in the Greenwich Village area, found some success touring, and appeared on The Dean Martin Show, The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour and The Tonight Show. They were offered roles in the television series Get Smart and The Carol Burnett Show, but the offers fell through due to poor management. The two parted ways in 1968.

Willard's film debut was in the 1967 exploitation film Teenage Mother. He later reported that the audience at one screening booed when his character interrupted an attempted sexual assault of the female lead.

One of Willard's earliest performing jobs was at The Second City, Chicago, where he shared the stage with Robert Klein and David Steinberg. He was a founding member of the improvisational comedy group Ace Trucking Company, whose other members included Michael Mislove and Bill Saluga. They performed sketches on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson over 50 times, and appeared regularly on This is Tom Jones.

Rise to prominence
Willard achieved wider fame in 1977–78 as Barth Gimble's (Martin Mull) sidekick and announcer Jerry Hubbard on the Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman spinoffs Fernwood 2 Night, Forever Fernwood and America 2-Night, which parodied the nighttime talk shows of the day. He was an original cast member of the NBC series Real People in 1979, then again from 1981 to 1983. He played Tom Osbourne in the 1987 Academy Award–winning short film Ray's Male Heterosexual Dance Hall. From 1987 to 1989 he starred as a bartender/straightman in Sid and Marty Krofft's D.C. Follies, and was host to the Krofft puppets portraying political figures of the time.

Willard hosted the talk show What's Hot, What's Not, which aired from 1985 to 1986 and earned him a Daytime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Talk Show Host.

In 1990, Willard hosted the cable TV show Access America on the Ha! Comedy Network. As part of that show, on September 21, 1990, he appeared in episode 7 of the cult public-access television show Decoupage with Summer Caprice. In 1995, Willard reunited with his Fernwood co-star playing Scott, the romantic partner of Mull's character Leon Carp, on Roseanne. The couple married in the episode "December Bride", and Scott became a recurring character during the series' final two seasons. That same year, Willard guest-starred in three episodes of Sister, Sister, starring Tia and Tamera Mowry; Willard played Carl Mitushka, a teacher at Roosevelt High who often spoke popular teenage slang terms in order to sound cool to his students. Willard voiced travel agent Wally Kogen in the 1999 episode "Sunday, Cruddy Sunday" for The Simpsons.

From 2001 to 2002, he played the father of five children on Maybe It's Me, and also guest-starred in an episode of The Weird Al Show. In 1985, he and Mull joined up again for the mockumentary The History of White People in America. He played Mayor Deebs in Roxanne, starring Steve Martin.

Sustained success

Willard appeared in several Christopher Guest films, such as A Mighty Wind, in which he played Mike LaFontaine (known for his catchphrase "Eh—whahappen'?"); Best in Show, where he played Buck Laughlin, a dog show announcer with an unending stream of bad jokes and off-color comments; Waiting for Guffman, playing Ron Albertson, a travel agent who performs in amateur stage productions with his wife; This Is Spinal Tap, where he played a lieutenant on the military base where Spinal Tap perform; and For Your Consideration as an obnoxious entertainment television show anchor. For his performance in Waiting for Guffman, Willard received an American Comedy Award nomination and a Screen Actors Guild nomination for Funniest Supporting Actor. He received the Boston Film Critics Award, an American Comedy Award, a Sierra Award and a tribute from AFI for his portrayal of Buck Laughlin in Best in Show. He also appeared in American Wedding, and as KVWN news director Ed Harken in Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy.

Willard had a recurring role as Hank MacDougall on the later seasons of CBS's Everybody Loves Raymond, which brought him Emmy Award nominations in 2003, 2004 and 2005. He also hosted a VH1 documentary series, Totally Obsessed, about people obsessed with their hobbies. He appeared as Captain Ribmanman in Episode 21 of Channel Frederator, a podcast from Kansas. He provided the voices of nudist family dad Dave Campbell in Family Guy (first in the episode "From Method to Madness"), and of Officer Brown in King of the Hill, and appeared on That '70s Show. On The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Willard appeared in 100 sketches as a government official, businessman, or other authority figure who was always drinking. In 2006, he voiced Dad in the Academy Award nominated animated film Monster House. He also hosted Saturday Night Live in 1978 (with musical guests Devo), and appeared twice on MADtv.

He was the voice of a clueless companion to a lazy robot (Martin Mull) in one episode of the series Dexter's Laboratory and guest-starred on the Adult Swim cartoon Tom Goes to the Mayor. He acted in the Cartoon Network movie Re-Animated and played Vala Mal Doran's "father" in an episode of Stargate SG-1 in 2007. He appeared in two episodes of the Adult Swim program Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job!. He also starred as the "Boogey Man" in an episode of The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy and reprised his role in a 2006 video game and the movie Billy & Mandy's Big Boogey Adventure. His final appearance as "Boogey" occurred in Billy & Mandy: Wrath of the Spider Queen. In 2007, he made a guest appearance on the children's TV series Come on Over. He also guest-starred on an episode of The Boondocks, providing the voice of "Joe Petto."

Willard was cast as a sportscaster in the television series Back to You, which premiered on the Fox Network on September 19, 2007. He played Shelby Forthright, the CEO of the Buy 'n' Large Corporation, in the first ever live-action speaking segments by Pixar in the animated film WALL-E.

Willard completed a sold-out run of Fred Willard: Alone At Last!, advertised as a "one-man show" but actually featuring a cast of twelve, and received Los Angeles Artistic Director Awards for Best Comedy and Best Production. Willard had several stage roles to his credit, including Off-Broadway performances in Little Murders, directed by Alan Arkin, and Arf, directed by Richard Benjamin. His regional roles include Call Me Madam in Chicago and the musicals Promises, Promises, with Jason Alexander, and Anything Goes with Rachel York, both in Los Angeles. He starred in Wendy Wasserstein's Isn't It Romantic and off Broadway in Elvis and Juliet.

On October 5, 2008, he hosted the Nickelodeon Fido Awards.

Willard played Frank Dunphy, father of Phil (Ty Burrell), in several episodes of the show Modern Family. For his performance, he was nominated at the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series and in the same category at the 72nd Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards (a posthumous nomination).

On September 16, 2011, Willard was honored as a Pioneer in Comedy at Burbank International Film Festival. Also in 2011, Willard starred as "Santa Jack," a comical—and somewhat pervy—owner of a local Christmas carnival in episode 12 of the final season of The Closer.

In 2012, he played Al Kaiser in Rob Reiner's film The Magic of Belle Isle. In 2013, he starred in The Bird Men (originally called The Birder) alongside Tom Cavanagh, a film centered around a mild-mannered birder who seeks revenge on a younger rival, after losing the highly coveted Head of Ornithology position at the National Park.

Pacific Pioneer Broadcasters presented Willard with the Art Gilmore Career Achievement Award at their celebrity luncheon on June 19, 2015.

Willard joined Ed Begley Jr. and Michael McKean for the HBO documentary-style comedy Family Tree from Christopher Guest.

On August 10, 2018, Willard made a special guest appearance on Jimmy Kimmel Live!, reprising his role from a 1970s television pilot for an unmade series called Space Force, in light of President Donald Trump's announcement that he will create a space force for the United States military. Following the sketch, Willard made guest appearances on the show on a frequent basis, often portraying comedic, misguided characters parodying current news topics which Jimmy would interview "live via satellite". The characters included the ghosts of Fred Trump and George Washington, a Trump-supporting Santa Claus, and Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg.

On October 23, 2019, it was announced that Willard was cast as Fred Naird in the 2020 Netflix comedy series, Space Force. This was Willard's final acting role, with the series being released two weeks after his death.

Willard's final voice-acting performance was in the 2017 Disney animated cartoon Mickey and the Roadster Racers as the character Mr. Doozy.

Personal life
Willard was married to Mary Lovell from 1968 until her death in 2018, aged 71. They had a daughter and a grandson.

Legal issues
On July 18, 2012, Willard was arrested on suspicion of engaging in masturbation at an adult theater on Santa Monica Boulevard and was brought to the Los Angeles Police Department's Hollywood Station. However, there was no proof of any misconduct and no charges were filed. Despite the outcomes, PBS fired Willard from Market Warriors immediately following his arrest, and Mark L. Walberg replaced him on the show. In an appearance on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon shortly thereafter, Willard stated that the incident was "very painful" and "very embarrassing", but that he "did nothing wrong". Willard was subsequently required to take a sex education diversion program.

Death
Willard died at his home in Los Angeles on May 15, 2020, at age 86, according to his daughter and his representative. The cause of death was subsequently reported as cardiac arrest, with coronary artery disease and myelodysplastic syndrome listed as contributing factors. Jamie Lee Curtis—whose husband, Christopher Guest, frequently worked with Willard—first shared news of the actor's death.

Willard is buried in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Hollywood Hills.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

Notes

References

External links

 FredWillard.com Official Site

 Fred Willard interviewed on WTF with Marc Maron episode 262 (video excerpt from this interview)

 Fred Willard at Find a Grave

1933 births
2020 deaths
20th-century American comedians
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American comedians
21st-century American male actors
Actors from Shaker Heights, Ohio
Age controversies
American male comedians
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male video game actors
American male voice actors
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
Comedians from Ohio
Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Performer in a Drama Series winners
Daytime Emmy Award winners
Deaths from coronary artery disease
Deaths from myelodysplastic syndrome
Deaths from cancer in California
Male actors from Cleveland
Military personnel from Cleveland
United States Army soldiers
Virginia Military Institute alumni

Fred Willard


Fireman Sam () is an animated children's television series about a fireman named Sam, his fellow firefighters, and other residents in the fictional Welsh rural village of Pontypandy (a portmanteau of two real towns, Pontypridd and Tonypandy). It was broadcast for the first time in November 1987 on Welsh TV channel S4C and is shown in more than 155 countries across the world.

History
Fireman Sam first appeared on S4C on 1 November 1987, and a few weeks later on BBC1 on 17 November. The original series finished in 1994, and a new series that expanded the character cast commenced in 2003. The series was also shown as  in Scottish Gaelic in Scotland. The series was sold to over 40 countries and has been used across the United Kingdom to promote fire safety.

The theme song was performed by Mal Pope in a classic rock style from 1987 to 1994, then by a different singer, Cameron Stewart, in a 2000s alternative rock style since the 2003 new episode broadcasts.

Development

The original idea came about from two ex-firemen from London, England – Dave Gingell and David Jones after purchasing a stop motion animation book by artist Anthony Miller. They approached Mike Young, creator of SuperTed, in Barry, Wales, and asked him to further develop their concept. The idea was then brought to S4C's Director of Animation, Chris Grace, who had previously commissioned SuperTed, saw potential in the idea and commissioned the series. The characters and the storylines were created by Rob Lee, an illustrator from Cardiff, and the programme was made using stop motion. It could take up to four days to produce one minute of this form of puppet animation. Fireman Sam has to this day been translated into over 25 different languages including Mandarin.

In the original series, all the character voices were performed by John Alderton. The later series used several actors' voices.

Episodes

Characters

Spin-offs
In 1996, there was a stage show that was later released on video, titled Fireman Sam in Action. It was interspersed with scenes of children learning about fire safety with Gary Lewis, the actor playing Fireman Sam in the stage show.

In 2009, Fireman Sam appeared with other animated children's TV characters in a Children in Need single. The single was put together by Peter Kay.

Fireman Sam was adapted into a live musical theatre show, which began touring the UK in June 2011.

In 2014, Amazon Prime redubbed Fireman Sam using American voices instead of British voices for children in the United States. However, the characters of Tom Thomas, Moose Roberts and Bella Lasagna have their regular, respective Australian, Canadian and Italian voices (instead of being dubbed with a US voice actor), due to their characters' accents. This cast includes the voices of Andrew Hodwitz, Jonah Ain, Chris D'Silva, Margaret Brock, Lily Cassano, Dave Pender Crichton, Jacob James, Scott Lancastle, Ashley Magwood, Michael Pongracz, Becky E. Shrimpton, Sarah Lynn Strange, Carter Treneer, Mark Ricci, Joe Marth (later replaced by Dave MacRae), Adam Turgeon and Christa Clahane.

Reception
The ABC website said of the series, "All the characters blend together into an appealing mixture of fun and entertainment for children everywhere."

Common Sense Media recommended the 2005 series for ages three and up, praising it for showing how to "stay calm in a crisis" and rely on a team to solve problems. The American website found that the "distinctly Welsh characters, community, accents, and expressions may pose some minor comprehension problems for kids on this side of the pond", but considered it a useful example of life in another part of the world.

Controversies

In July 2016, it emerged that in Series 9, Episode 6 called "Troubled Waters" – in which Elvis slips on a piece of paper and falls into a stack of sheets of paper, causing them to fly everywhere – one of the flying pages that briefly came into view was identified as a page from the Quran: "Surah Mulk (67), verses 13–26". The production company Mattel apologised for this accident, removed the episode from broadcast, and ceased work with Xing Xing, the animation company responsible for the error. Mattel stated: "Someone from the production company thought they were just putting in random text. We have no reason to believe it was done maliciously." It was at first thought that this episode would have to be removed from broadcast circulation, but instead was censored by having the scene edited to show Elvis just slipping on a blank piece of paper, so the television networks were still able to broadcast it. The BBC received more than 1,000 complaints and forwarded them to Channel 5 as the BBC has not aired Fireman Sam since 2008.

In October 2017, the London Fire Commissioner Dany Cotton highlighted Fireman Sam in a campaign fighting sexism and promoting the gender-neutral term . She proposed that Fireman Sam should be renamed "Firefighter Sam", and said that research showed that women are put off a career in the fire service because it is seen as a job for men.

Notes

References

External links

 Official Fireman Sam website

Television characters introduced in 1987
1987 British television series debuts
1980s British children's television series
1990s British children's television series
2000s British children's television series
2010s British children's television series
2020s British children's television series
1980s British animated television series
1990s British animated television series
2000s British animated television series
2010s British animated television series
2020s British animated television series
1980s preschool education television series
1990s preschool education television series
2000s preschool education television series
2010s preschool education television series
2020s preschool education television series
Animated preschool education television series
British children's animated television shows
British computer-animated television series
British preschool education television series
British stop-motion animated television series
British television shows featuring puppetry
English-language television shows
BBC children's television shows
Disaster television series
S4C original programming
Fictional firefighters
Television series about firefighting
Television series by DHX Media
Television series by Mattel Television
Television shows set in Wales
CBeebies
HIT Entertainment
Cartoonito original programming
Channel 5 (British TV channel) original programming
British television series revived after cancellation

Fireman Sam


Transcription factor E4F1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the E4F1 gene.

Function
The zinc finger protein encoded by this gene is one of several cellular transcription factors whose DNA-binding activities are regulated through the action of adenovirus E1A. A 50-kDa amino-terminal product is generated from the full-length protein through proteolytic cleavage. The protein is differentially regulated by E1A-induced phosphorylation. The full-length gene product represses transcription from the E4 promoter in the absence of E1A, while the 50-kDa form acts as a transcriptional activator in its presence.

Interactions
E4F1 has been shown to interact with:
 P16,
 P53, and
 RB1

References

Further reading

External links

Transcription factors

E4F1


Big Ones You Can Look At is a VHS and Laserdisc featuring music videos by the American band Aerosmith. It was released on November 1, 1994. In addition, there are outtakes and band interviews. Running time is 100 minutes. The suggestive title comes from – and is a companion to – the 1994 compilation album Big Ones.

A DVD release (out of print, unknown if official or not) was released in Brazil with Dolby Digital 2.0 Stereo and 5.1 Surround sound tracks and quality better than the VHS and Laserdisc releases.

Some scenes from the Pump era were culled from the band's previous video compilation The Making of Pump. Along with the band members, various individuals make cameo appearances during the outtakes and making-of segments, including Marty Callner, John Kalodner, and Hank Azaria. The behind the scenes segment for "Eat the Rich" includes the band's collaboration with Melvin Liufau, Wesey Mamea, Liainaiala Tagaloa, Mapuhi T. Tekurio, and Aladd Alationa Teofilo, playing the log drums.

Among the notable actors appearing in the videos include: Alicia Silverstone, Liv Tyler, Edward Furlong, Stephen Dorff, Josh Holloway, Jason London, Brandi Brandt, Kristin Dattilo, Lesley Ann Warren, and Nicholas Guest.

Track listing
Opening/meet the band
Official video: "Deuces Are Wild"
The making of the "Livin' on the Edge" video
Official video: "Livin' on the Edge"
Behind the scenes during the recording of "Eat the Rich"
Official video: Eat the Rich"
The making of the "Cryin'" video
Official video: "Cryin'"
The making of the "Amazing" video
Official video: "Amazing"
The making of the "Crazy" video
Official video: "Crazy" (Director's cut)
Behind the scenes during the recording of "Love in an Elevator"
Official video: "Love in an Elevator"
Behind the scenes during the recording of "Janie's Got a Gun"
Official video: "Water Song/Janie's Got a Gun"
Official studio video: "What It Takes (The Recording Of)"
Outtakes - On tour
Official video: "Dulcimer Stomp/The Other Side"
Outtakes - Photo session
Official video: "Dude (Looks Like a Lady)"
Behind the scenes at the recording of The Simpsons ("Flaming Moe's" episode)
Official video: "Angel"
Outtakes - Men of the world
Official video: "Rag Doll" (Video)
Outtakes/End credits

Certifications

Works cited
Big Ones You Can Look At - VHS, 1994
Discogs - Big Ones You Can Look At

References

Aerosmith video albums
1994 video albums
Music video compilation albums
1994 compilation albums
Aerosmith compilation albums
Geffen Records video albums

Big Ones You Can Look At


Noël Pinot (9 December 9 1747 - 21 February 1794) was a refractory priest who was guillotined during the War in the Vendée. He was beatified by the Catholic Church and considered a martyr.

Biography
Born the last of sixteen children to a humble weaver, he lost his father when he was eight years old. He entered the seminary in Angers. He was ordained a priest on 22 December 1770.

He was first appointed vicar in Bousse in 1772 and then chaplain at Angers in August 1781. In September 1789 he became pastor of Le Louroux-Béconnais commune.

During the French Revolution, he refused to take the oath of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy unlike his superior, Mathurin Garanger who took the oath on Sunday, 23 January 1791 and was later a member of the Petite Église. He was accused by the revolutionary municipality of "engaging in ecclesiastical activities to oppose the law". On Sunday 27 February, he was brought before the court.

Denounced, he was arrested on 5 March and sentenced to banishment by the District Court. He hid in Beaupreau. Returning to Louroux in 1793, during the War of Vendée, he went into hiding after the failure of the royalist insurgents against Nantes.

He was arrested on the night of 8 February 1794 during a clandestine Mass he was celebrating at the farm of Milandrie at Louroux-Béconnais, where he was hiding. He was taken to Angers, appeared before the Commission militaire révolutionnaire and was guillotined on 3 Ventôse An II of the French Republican Calendar at the Plâce du Ralliement in Angers.

He was executed wearing the vestments he was wearing at the time of his arrest. As he mounted the scaffold, he began reciting the opening prayers of the Mass, including Introibo ad altare Dei (from Psalm 42). A statue at the Cathedral of Angers represents the first step of climbing the "altar of God".

Veneration
On 26 August 1864, Guillaume Angebault, Bishop of Angers recommended Father Brouillet to the commission to "proceed with the canonical investigation into the life and virtues of the priest".

He was beatified by Pope Pius XI in October 1926. Ninety-nine Martyrs d'Angers were beatified by Pope John Paul II on 19 February 1984. His feast day is celebrated on 21 February.

See also
 Persecution of Catholics
 Anti-Catholics
 Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

References

1747 births
1794 deaths
French clergy killed in the French Revolution
French beatified people
18th-century French Roman Catholic priests
Persecution of Christians
Anti-Christian sentiment in France
French people executed by guillotine during the French Revolution
War in the Vendée
Executed Roman Catholic priests

Noël Pinot


Hari Seldon is a fictional character in Isaac Asimov's Foundation series. In his capacity as mathematics professor at Streeling University on the planet Trantor, Seldon develops psychohistory, an algorithmic science that allows him to predict the future in probabilistic terms. On the basis of his psychohistory he is able to predict the eventual fall of the Galactic Empire and to develop a means to shorten the millennia of chaos to follow. The significance of his discoveries lies behind his nickname "Raven" Seldon.

In the first five books of the Foundation series, Hari Seldon made only one in-the-flesh appearance, in the first part of the first book (Foundation), although he did appear at other times in pre-recorded messages to reveal a "Seldon Crisis". After writing five books in chronological order, Asimov retroactively added two books to expand on the genesis of psychohistory. The two prequels—Prelude to Foundation and Forward the Foundation—describe Seldon's life in considerable detail. He is also the central character of the Second Foundation Trilogy written after Asimov's death (Foundation's Fear by Gregory Benford, Foundation and Chaos by Greg Bear, and Foundation's Triumph by David Brin), which are set after Asimov's two prequels.

Fictional biography
Galactic Empire First Minister and psychohistorian Hari Seldon was born in the 10th month of the 11,988th year of the Galactic Era (GE) (-79 Foundation Era (FE)) and died 12,069 GE (1 FE).

He was born on the planet Helicon in the Arcturus sector where his father worked as a tobacco grower in a hydroponics plant. He shows incredible mathematical abilities at a very early age.

He also learns martial arts on Helicon that later help him on Trantor, the principal art being Heliconian Twisting (a form seemingly equal parts Jiu Jitsu, Krav Maga, and Submission Wrestling). Helicon is said to be "less notable for its mathematics, and more for its martial arts" (Prelude to Foundation). Seldon is awarded a Ph.D. in mathematics for his work on turbulence at the University of Helicon. There he becomes an assistant professor specializing in the mathematical analysis of social structures.

Seldon is the subject of a biography by Gaal Dornick. Seldon is Emperor Cleon I's second and last First Minister, the first being Eto Demerzel/R. Daneel Olivaw. He is deposed as First Minister after Cleon I's assassination.

Foundation
Using psychohistory, Seldon mathematically determines what he calls The Seldon Plan—a plan to determine the right time and place to set up a new society, one that would replace the collapsing Galactic Empire by sheer force of social pressure, but over only a thousand-year time span, rather than the ten-to-thirty-thousand-year time span that would normally have been required, and thus reduce the human suffering from living in a time of barbarism. The Foundation is placed on Terminus, a remote and resource-poor planet entirely populated by scientists and their families. The planet—or so Seldon claimed—was originally occupied to create the Encyclopedia Galactica, a vast compilation of the knowledge of a dying galactic empire. In reality, Terminus had a much larger role in his Plan, which he had to conceal from its inhabitants at first.

Prelude to Foundation
Seldon visits Trantor to attend the Decennial Mathematics Convention. He presents a paper which indicates that one could theoretically predict the Galactic Empire's future. He is able to show that Galactic society can be represented in a simulation simpler than itself (in a finite number of iterations before the onset of chaotic noise smears discerning sets of events).  He does so using a technique invented that past century. At first, Seldon has no idea how this could be done in practice, and he is fairly confident that no one could actually fulfill the possibility. Shortly after his presentation, he becomes a lightning rod for political forces who want to use psychohistory for their own purposes. The rest of the novel tells of his flight, which lasts for approximately a year and which takes him through the complex and variegated world of Trantor. During his flight to escape the various political factions, he discovers how psychohistory can be made a practical science. It is in this novel that he meets his future wife Dors Venabili, future adopted son Raych Seldon, and future partner Yugo Amaryl.

Forward the Foundation
This novel is told as a sequence of short stories, as was the case with the original trilogy. They take place at intervals a decade or more apart, and tell the story of Hari's life, starting about ten years after Prelude and ending with his death. The stories contrast his increasingly successful professional life with his increasingly unsuccessful personal life.

Seldon becomes involved in politics when Eto Demerzel becomes a target for a smear campaign conducted by Laskin Joranum. He eventually takes Demerzel's place as First Minister, despite his reluctance to divide his attention between government and the development of Psychohistory. His career comes to an end when Cleon I is assassinated by his gardener (a random event Seldon could not have predicted) and the seizure of power by a military junta. Seldon eventually causes the fall of the junta by dropping subtle false hints about what Psychohistory foresees, leading to the Junta making unpopular decisions. However, an agent of the Junta inside Seldon's team, having deduced that Dors is a robot, builds a device that ultimately kills her, leaving Seldon heartbroken. Years later, Seldon discovers that his granddaughter Wanda has telepathic abilities and begins searching for others like her but fails. Raych eventually decides to move his family to the planet Santanni, but Wanda chooses to remain with her elderly grandfather. However, just after they arrive a rebellion breaks out on the planet and Raych is killed in the fighting. His wife and child are lost when their ship disappears. Seldon eventually finds Stettin Palver, another telepath who becomes Wanda's husband and the pair are eventually instrumental in creating the Second Foundation.

Seldon mentions two indigenous species of Helicon: the lamec and the greti. The first is a hardworking animal, while the latter is dangerous as indicated by the native Helicon saying "If you ride a greti, you find you can't get off; for then it will eat you."  The saying is similar to the age-old Chinese proverb "He who rides the tiger finds it difficult to dismount", and the words lamec and greti are anagrams of camel and tiger, respectively.

In his old age, he gains the nickname Raven for his dire predictions of the future.

Contemporary influence
Historian Ian Morris has discussed the applicability and inspiration of Hari Seldon to statistics and prediction.  Hari Seldon's name is cited in an article in The Economist discussing the use of statistics in epidemiology, the process through which societies change collective political thinking, and "a general computer model of society."
Seldon is also quite often named in research as a metaphorical literary reference point.

There is speculation in Forbes that Seldon's psychohistory is being manifested in today's emergence of Big Data. In fact, the fictional character of Seldon has even been labeled as a "paradigmatic figure" in Big Data research.
In 2019, the term Seldonian algorithm was chosen to honor the character in new artificial intelligence techniques intended to avoid undesirable behaviors in decision-making systems.

People who credit to Hari Seldon for the career choices that they made include economist and New York Times columnist Paul Krugman and US politician Newt Gingrich. French politician Jean-Luc Mélenchon also cites Seldon as one of his metapolitical sources of inspiration.

Notes

References

Characters in American novels of the 20th century
Fictional heads of government
Fictional mathematicians
Fictional professors
Fictional psychologists
Foundation universe characters
Literary characters introduced in 1951
Male characters in literature

Hari Seldon


Rematch is the first US-released Sammy Hagar compilation album. After Sammy left Capitol Records for Geffen in 1981, and after Rick Springfield had a hit with the Hagar-penned "I've Done Everything for You", this collection was released to capitalize on that momentum.

The album was originally released as a 10-track LP, but in 1987, Capitol re-released the collection on CD as "Rematch And More", adding five more tracks from the Capitol albums.

Song information
Rematch marks the first LP release of the studio version of "I've Done Everything For You". The song was originally recorded live and released on the album All Night Long. In 1979, the studio track was released as a b-side to Sammy's single of a cover of "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay".
All the tracks are taken from Sammy's five Capitol studio albums except for the aforementioned "I've Done Everything For You" and "Bad Motor Scooter", which is the live version found on All Night Long.

Track listing
"Red" (Carter/Hagar)
"I've Done Everything for You" (Hagar)
"Rock 'N' Roll Weekend" (Hagar)
"Cruisin' & Boozin'" (Hagar)
"Turn Up the Music" (Carter/Hagar)
"Keep On Rockin'" (Carter, Hagar) *
"Fillmore Shuffle" (Stephens) *
"Reckless" (Hagar) *
"Don't Stop Me Now" (Carter/Hagar) *
"Trans Am (Highway Wonderland)" (Hagar)
"Love Or Money"  (Sammy Hagar)
"This Planet's on Fire (Burn in Hell)" (Hagar)
"Plain Jane" (Hagar)
"Bad Reputation"  (Sammy Hagar)
"Bad Motor Scooter" (Hagar) *

Additional songs included on "Rematch and More" marked by asterisks

Cover art
The cover depicts a mock-up of a supposed boxing match poster advertisement. This represents Sammy's own early career aspirations to follow in his father's footsteps as professional prize fighter. The "main event" in this ad is between Sammy and a fighter named "Roy Scarlet"; a euphemism using Sammy's actual middle name, Roy, and "Scarlet" which would be the equivalent of "Red" for Sammy's "Red Rocker" moniker.

A second billing is also depicted on the poster, John "Little Red" Galt vs. Bill Church. While Bill Church was clearly the long-time bassist in Sammy's band, it is unclear whether or not John Galt refers to the Atlas Shrugged character.

Personnel

Band
Sammy Hagar: Vocals and Guitar
Bill Church: Bass
Gary Pihl: Guitar and Keyboards
Alan Fitzgerald: Keyboards
Geoff Workman: Keyboards
Chuck Ruff: Drums
Denny Carmassi: Drums

Guests
Neal Schon: Guitar solos on "Love or Money"

Other Personnel
Randall Scott Davis: Compact Disc Compilation
Dave Frazer: Engineer Assistant
Tom Scholz: Inspiration, pre-production arrangements and drum recordings
Geoff Workman: Engineer

Versions
Capitol (US) : ST-12238
Capitol (US) : SN-16336
Capitol (US) : CDP 7 46471 2 (as "Rematch And More")

References

Sammy Hagar albums
1982 compilation albums
Capitol Records compilation albums

Rematch


The 1944 Great Atlantic hurricane was a severe tropical cyclone. The entire U.S. Atlantic seaboard was affected in September 1944. The hurricane struck several states from North Carolina to New York and central New England. The storm killed 300-400 people. It caused $100 million in damage.

Warnings
During World War II, the US kept radio silence about military information including weather. The government was aware that German U-boats patrolled the coastal waters. Hurricane-warning flags were posted at coast guard stations and post offices. But weather forecasters wanted the public to know this was a monster storm. The Hurricane Warning Centers in Miami, San Juan, Washington DC and Boston issued a total of 51 warnings. In New York city alone there were thousands of phone calls made and received between September 12 and 15.

Path
On September 9, 1944, it was first discovered just northeast of Puerto Rico. It was already at hurricane strength. Weather reconnaissance aircraft discovered the eye of the storm over the northern part of the Bahamas. The Miami office of the National Hurricane Center named it "Great Atlantic Hurricane" because of its great size. For the next few days it moved steadily in a west-northwest direction. On September 12, 1944, reconnaissance aircraft reported the storm was growing stronger. At this time the winds were reported at over 150 mph and it was about 500 miles across.

At 10 pm on 14 September the hurricane made landfall on eastern Long Island. At this point it was a category 3 hurricane. It passed just south of Boston, Massachusetts. It moved out to sea at 1:00 am on 15 September. The storm weakened into a tropical storm as it passed near the coast of Maine. It then moved into New Brunswick,Canada. On 15 September it became extratropical. It then merged with another weather system southwest of Greenland.

Damages

Shipping
The hurricane caused a great deal of damage to World War II military ships. Five ships were sunk. The destroyer USS Warrington capsized with a loss of 248 men. The minesweeper YMS-409 also capsized. The United States Coast Guard Cutters Bedloe and Jackson sank off the Outer Banks of North Carolina. Between the two 47 men were lost. The Coast Guard Lightvessel Vineyard Sound was sunk. The entire crew was lost.

New Jersey
New Jersey was one of the hardest hit states. Nine were killed and 390 were injured. More than 400 homes were completely destroyed with about 3,000 damaged. Atlantic City got the worst part of the storm. Heavy flooding and high winds caused a great deal of damage. Reports said there were tidal waves 50 to 60 feet high.

Notes

References

Other websites

 Storm Stories: 1944 Great Atlantic Hurricane, YouTube
 GREAT ATLANTIC HURRICANE 1944, trees at Rockefeller center

Great Atlantic Hurricane
Hurricanes in the United States
September 1944 events
Hurricanes in New England

1944 Great Atlantic hurricane


Gernot Zippe (November 1917 – 7 May 2008) was an Austrian born German mechanical engineer and a nuclear physicist who is widely credited with leading the team which developed the Zippe-type centrifuge, a centrifuge machine for the enrichment and collection of Uranium-235, during his time in the Soviet program of nuclear weapons.

Early life and World War II
Zippe was born in Varnsdorf, Austria-Hungary (nowadays Czech Republic) in 1917. Zippe studied and graduated with B.Sc. Physics at the University of Vienna in 1938, and served in the Luftwaffe as a flight instructor and a researcher on radar and airplane propellers. In 1941, Zippe received his B.S. in mechanical engineering, and M.Sc. in 1943 in the same  discipline. While doing his post doctoral research at the University of Vienna, Zippe participated in Germany's nuclear weapons project in the 1940s. He was the junior research team member of the isotope separation project led by Klaus Clusius at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. In 1945, he was awarded a PhD in mechanical engineering with emphasizing on thermal column and its applicant physics. By the time Zippe fully joined the project as the team leader, Soviet special service kidnapped him, along with other technically skilled scientists and engineers, and imprisoned him in a special camp where he led a team that worked on centrifuge research for the Soviet Union. In the Soviet Union Zippe worked at the Physics Institute of Sukhumi on a centrifuge project, led by German director Manfred von Ardenne, and directed by another German scientist Max Steenbeck, whose theoretical achievements Zippe used. He was allowed to leave in 1956, and returned to Vienna.

When Zippe visited a 1957 conference on centrifuge research in Amsterdam, he realized the rest of the world was far behind what his team had been able to achieve. His notes had been confiscated when he left the Soviet Union, but working from memory, he was able to recreate the centrifuge at the University of Virginia in the United States.

United States offer
The United States government tried to recruit him for secret nuclear research, going so far as to ask him to change his citizenship, but he refused and returned to Europe.

Personal interests
Working in industry in the 1960s, he was able to improve the efficiency of the centrifuge. He enjoyed flying and flew planes until he was 80 years old.

Legacy
His invention made it cheaper to build nuclear reactors but also nuclear weapons, which increased the risk of nuclear proliferation. When asked if he has any regrets, he responded, "With a kitchen knife you can peel a potato or kill your neighbor, it's up to governments to use the centrifuge for the benefit of mankind."

Awards
Wilhelm Exner Medal (1990).

Other
In Hebrew, the name "Gernot Zippe" (גרנוט ציפה) is an anagram of the word "Centrifuge" (צנטריפוגה).

References

External links
 The Zippe Type – The Poor Man's Bomb, BBC Radio 4, 19 May 2004
 Tracking the technology, Nuclear Engineering International, 31 August 2004
 Slender and Elegant, It Fuels the Bomb, New York Times, March 23, 2004
 Gernot Zippe

2008 deaths
1917 births
Austrian mechanical engineers
Austrian nuclear physicists
Austrian people of World War II
World War II prisoners of war held by the Soviet Union
German Bohemian people
Austrian people of German Bohemian descent
Austrian expatriates in Switzerland
People from Varnsdorf
Nuclear program of Nazi Germany
Nuclear weapons program of the Soviet Union
20th-century Austrian engineers

Gernot Zippe


The Young Concert Artists Trust, usually called YCAT (pronounced like "why cat?") is a trust which organizes competitions for young musicians in the United Kingdom who play classical music.

Young musicians can apply to take part in the competition (in 2010 there were 120 applicants).  There are two rounds to select the best of them, and a final competition which takes place in a concert hall in front of an audience.  The winners get the chance to play in several concerts and recitals in famous concert halls such as the Wigmore Hall and Purcell Room in London  and  the Bridgewater Hall in Manchester.

YCAT was founded in 1984 by Michael Kaye (following discussions between concert pianist Jack Gibbons and Sir Simon Hornby, chairman of W.H.Smith, YCAT's first sponsor). The competitions have been held now for 25 years.  It can be won by individual people (one person) or by small chamber groups.

The YCAT gets its money from organizations and individual people who give money to it.

In 2010 YCAT celebrates its 25th anniversary with two gala concerts at the Wigmore Hall. YCAT award winners from previous years will be playing together with the YCAT winners of today.

YCAT winners over the years have included the Belcea Quartet,  Leopold String Trio, the violist Philip Dukes, cellist Li-Wei Qin, double bassist Dominic Seldis and violinists So-Ock Kim,Laurent Korcia and Thomas Gould.

References

Other websites
Official Site

Music competitions
1984 establishments

Young Concert Artists Trust


Loughton Camp is an Iron Age (~500 BC) Hill fort in Epping Forest, one mile (1.6 km) northwest of the town of Loughton.

The camp's earthworks cover an area of approximately 10 acres (4 hectares) and are visible today as a low bank and ditch encircling the main camp. The banks were most probably once a single high rampart, used for defence and the appearance of the ditch suggests it was once very wide and deep in places.

The camp lies on one of the highest points in the surrounding area, on a ridge of high ground, likely to have once been strategic. It is speculated that the camp was used by the Trinovantes in defence against the Catuvellauni. Its elevation suggests that the camp was possibly once a lookout post. However, it may have simply been used as fortification for protection of cattle. A stone Iron Age grain millstone (quern) was found close by. More colourfully, local legend has it that Boudica used the camp, and that Ambresbury Banks was the site of her defeat in AD61 however there is no evidence to corroborate this.

The southwestern edge of the camp falls away sharply to an area known as Kate's Cellar (a hermit who reputedly once lived in this area of the forest).  An early 19th Century map shows Dick Turpin's hideout here (there are a number of locations within Epping Forest's  which claim the same).

The camp was 'discovered' by Mr Benjamin Harris Cowper in 1872. The first archaeology carried out was by General Pitt-Rivers in 1881. In 1882 the Essex Field Club further excavated the banks.

Roger Nolan, in his Julius Caesar's Invasion of Britain (2018) says there is no doubt that Loughton Camp was the third marching camp used by Caesar in his invasion of 54BC, en route from Kent to the defeat of the British tribes at Wheathampstead (Devil's Dyke). The Loughton site has never been comprehensively excavated; any proof of this might be apparent from such an excavation.

A corresponding camp Ambresbury Banks exists closer to the town of Epping. Both are Scheduled Ancient Earthworks and, as such, must only be explored on foot.

References

Kate's Cellar , historical fiction

External links

Images

Images of Epping Forest including Loughton Camp
Location of Loughton Camp within Epping Forest – map image
Detailed plan of Loughton Camp, Essex Field Club, 1882

Loughton
Iron Age sites in England
Hill forts in Essex

Loughton Camp


Gregory Victor Loewen (born 1966) is a Canadian social philosopher in the traditions of hermeneutics and phenomenology. The author of over thirty scholarly non-fiction books as well as over twenty works of fiction, he is age-relative one of a number of modern period academic writers to have produced a significant body of work early in their careers, along with Herder, de Bono, Spir, Joad, Aguilera, and Schelling.

Biography
Born in Victoria, January 31, 1966, Loewen was educated at the University of Victoria with a BA and MA in anthropology and at the University of British Columbia, receiving the PhD in anthropology in 1997. He held two tenure stream positions in the United States before taking up his academic position in Saskatoon, Canada, in 2005, where he was chair of the sociology department for five years and from which he retired in 2018.

Ideas
Loewen's work fits squarely in the overlapping traditions of hermeneutics and phenomenology, where it is assumed that all human perception is subject to variable comprehension and the coming to a shared understanding of texts, worldviews, and even natural objects and forces is an exercise in the arts and uses of language.

In Hermeneutic Pedagogy, Loewen "aims to expound the educational process in the hermeneutical tradition, but is also an essay on the educational model the author calls the hermeneutical circle of experiential pedagogy. Loewen elaborates a conception of learning which considers the dynamic relations between the conservative, the technical and the moral dimensions of education."  The book defines the relationships amongst hexis, or custom, praxis, or applied theory, and phronesis, the Aristotelian understanding of practical wisdom, to which the critical interpretive process of learning ultimately aims. "Custom is only a first step in the dialectical process of learning. Not only do we forget and alter what we are taught, but also come to contest. Customs are reinterpreted, theory adjusted to suit reality, the social reality of tradition is reshaped, and the episteme of the serious business of constructing knowledge takes on its new historical task." The second step of a learning process is praxis applied theory. Its aim is to expand knowledge, to use it for progressive purposes. The institutions, says Loewen, are now the medium through which a paradigm comes into being. While 'repetition' is the key word for hexis and 'extension' for praxis, the process of learning fulfils itself in phronesis or practical knowledge. "While custom presents a ready-made reality for our consumption and oblation, and theory presents to us the revolution of consciousness that overturns that world, practical wisdom shines upon the light of worldliness, the way in which the world worlds itself." Through phronesis the hermeneutical circle of experiential pedagogy, as Loewen calls it, closes and accomplishes itself. It enlightens the other two constitutive dimensions, it puts them into question and reveals the abilities they do not capture, but which are central to the human being as a learning being. Phronesis names the radical learning experience that one individual has, experience which cannot be taught." Loewen's (2003, 2004, 2012) studies of educational processes expose the tacit expectations and latent functions of institutions and discourses, and owe much to the pioneering works of Bourdieu and Passeron. But Loewen balances critique that is found within the dialectic with an attempt at reconstructing learning through the dialogue of hermeneutics.

Loewen's work on religion runs from general discussions of the relationships between science and religion, reason and faith (2008 and 2012), to scholarly investigations into the hermeneutic dimensions of religious experience, and studies of William James, Heidegger, Weber and Durkheim (2009). His popular books have a distinctively Durkheimian tone. In What is God? Loewen asserts that it is the combination of human aspiration to be more than our mortality allows, along with the anxiety regarding that very same mortality that provides the subjective inclination for the religious life. The cultural necessity for religion is grounded in the need for human community. In On the Afterlife, he presents a new comparative and historical model of beliefs in the purposes and meanings of life after death which calls into operation his anthropological training. He suggests that all known societies are categorized by one of five patterns, either thinking that the soul returns unevaluated to the world, it returns evaluated, it is evaluated and does not return, or it remains unevaluated and does not return. The conception of nothingness is a peculiarly modern understanding, but Loewen argues that it does not hamper our ethical efforts while we are alive to imagine that mortality comes to an abrupt and final halt. He concludes that each of these five models are aiming to remind us of the same human condition, one that he sees historically as presenting each of us both a gift and a task. His notion of 'phenomemnemonics', the study of objects by which we use to remember other experiences, also has particular relevance to the links between biography and religious traditions.

Becoming a Modest Society distinguishes the uncritical and reflective meanings held within a number of oft confused pairs of concepts, including morals and ethics, prudence and prudishness, bravery and bravado, pessimism and skepticism and modesty and humility, amongst others. Loewen clearly favors conceptions of society that are critical, interpretive, and bring to the fore our shared human ability to not merely be curious about the social world, but to hone the ability to 'unexpect the expected' from ourselves and those around us, that is, to be suspicious of the routine relations that we observe in society as a whole, as well as between or amongst individuals. Loewen has developed several other phenomenological concepts that are then used in the analysis of political and social relations, including 'antigonality', which is encapsulated as "the politics of doubt, the doubting of politics".

Bibliography
This lists only non-fiction and scholarly monographs by Loewen. There are also numerous journal articles, a novella, an anthology of short fiction and an edited volume and others. An eleven volume YA adventure saga began to appear in 2018 and publication was concluded in 2022.
 Investigations, Insights, Indictments: Critical Essays (2023)
 The Misplaced Love of the Dead: and other essays in transformative ethics (2023)
 A Pedagogy for the Suppressed (2023)
 The Scandal of Thought: impolitical commentaries (2023)
 Reimagining the Future: a phenomenology of cross-temporal presence, volume three (2022)
 Represencing the Present: a phenomenology of cross-temporal presence, volume two (2022)
 Reintroducing the Past: a phenomenology of cross-temporal presence, volume one (2022)
 On Time: appointments, schedules, calendars, deadlines (2021)
 Words are also Deeds: essays in public ethics and private aesthetics (2021)
 On Being Ignored: and other necessities of the examined life (2020)
 The Penumbra of Personhood: 'Anti-Humanism' Reconsidered (2020)
 Blind Spots: The Altered Perceptions of Anxiety, Remorse and Nostalgia (2019)
 Sacred Science: Ritual and Miracle in Modern Medicine (2017),
 The Bungle Book: Some Errors by Which We Live (2016),
 Place Meant: Hermeneutic Landscapes of the Spatial Self (2015),
 The Big Secrets: ten things every young person needs to know about and why (2014),
 We Other Nazis - how you and I are still like them  (2013),
 The Reason of Unreason (and the Risus Sardonicus of Rationality (2013),
 Hermeneutic Pedagogy: teaching and learning as dialogue and interpretation (2012),
 Our Memory of Things: a phenomemnemonics of the object (2012), .
 On the Use of Art in the Construction of Personal Identity: toward a phenomenology of aesthetic self-consciousness (2012), ,
 On the Afterlife: you will get there from here (2012),
 Aesthetic Subjectivity: glimpsing the shared soul (2011),
 The Sociological Vision: an interpretive introduction (2011),
 Fetish, Cult and Disenchantment: sociological studies of the projected self (2011),
 Three Apodeictic Dialogues: Examples of Conceptual Mirrors in Religion, Psychology and Social Organization (2010), ,
 Becoming A Modest Society: On Distinguishing Ourselves (2009),
 Social Science Interpretations of Religion: Comparing the Hermeneutic  Methodologies of James, Weber, Heidegger and Durkheim (2009)
 What is God? Musings on Human Anxieties and Aspirations (2008),
 How can we Explain the Persistence of Irrational Beliefs? Studies in social anthropology (2006),
 Adventures in the Aporetic: Anthropological Alterities (2005),
 A Socio-Ethnography of the Academic Professionalization of Anthropologists (2004),
 Hermeneutical Apprenticeships: Essays. Epigrams, Verse (2003),

References

External links

 Gregory Loewen at University of Saskatchewan
  home site: gvloewen.ca

Hermeneutists
20th-century Canadian philosophers
21st-century Canadian philosophers
Phenomenologists
Social philosophers
Academic staff of the University of Saskatchewan
1966 births
Living people

Gregory Loewen


The 1st Foreign Regiment () is a depot regiment of the Foreign Legion in the French Army. It is located at Aubagne.

The regiment is also responsible for running special institutions of the Legion. These include the magazine Képi Blanc, the Legion's Athletics Team (ATHLEG), the Legion Military Band, the Legion Museum and numerous other Legion initiatives.

History

Royal Foreign Legion

Under the first restoration, the Bourbons only retained the Swiss foreign soldiers, as a mark of their loyal service rendered to France during four centuries, and with them also, four foreign regiments out of which one colonial, formed of Spanish and Portuguese. The eight reorganized foreign regiments by Napoleon at the Hundred Days formed in 1815 the Royal Foreign Legion, which became the Hohenlohe Legion, then in 1821 the Hohenlohe Regiment. Licensed in 1830, the latter contributed to form the twenty first light, then the French Foreign Legion. The Swiss regiments of the restoration disappeared in 1830, nevertheless, the Swiss were reincorporated again in the French Army from 1855 to 1859 under the successive denomination of 2nd Foreign Legion () and 1st Foreign Regiment ().

Creation and different nominations

 On April 1, 1841 : creation of the 1st Foreign Regiment.
 1859 : merged with the 2nd Foreign Regiment and became the Foreign Regiment.
 1875 : became the French Foreign Legion ("Légion étrangère").
 January 1, 1885 : became again the 1st Foreign Regiment.

1st Regiment of the 1st Foreign Legion

1st Foreign Regiment of 1885

The 1st Regiment of the Foreign Legion was created in 1841 based on 3 battalions in the newly created 1831 Foreign Legion. The 1st Regiment of the Foreign Legion became in 1855 the 1st Regiment of the 1st Foreign Legion. This regiment merged with the 2nd Foreign Regiment (1856-1861) in 1859 and became the Foreign Regiment (R.E.), (1862-1875), then came the 1st and 2nd battalion of the Foreign Legion, (1875-1884) which produced the 1st Foreign Regiment of 1885 that became the 1st Foreign Infantry Regiment in 1922 and the , 1er R.E.I.M.) in 1943.

1st Foreign Regiment of 1856

The 1st Foreign Regiment (1er R.E.) (1856-1861) was created based on the 1st and 2nd Foreign Regiments of the 2nd Foreign Legion.

1st Foreign Regiment of 1955

The 1st Foreign Regiment (1er R.E) was created based on the recreated 1st Foreign Infantry Regiment (1946-1955). This 1st Foreign Regiment gave formation on September 1, 1972, to the Foreign Legion Groupment (G.L.E) which became the Foreign Legion Command (C.O.M.L.E) on July 1, 1984. With the Foreign Legion Command, the 1st Foreign Regiment is the () of the Foreign Legion. Being the Maison Mère means the regiment preserves tradition and serves as a basis for the entire Legion. Quartier (garrison) Vienot of Aubagne and Sidi Bel Abbès were both named in honor of Colonel Raphaël Vienot. Aubagne also houses the French Foreign Legion Museum.

The 1st Foreign Regiment is a major cornerstone in the career paths of legionnaires. Legionnaires begin their careers at the 1st Foreign Regiment at the selection center of incorporation and confirm successful return upon completion of basic training before deploying to a legion operational regiment. Legionnaires also pass by the 1st Foreign Regiment each time a posting of a regiment changes, and also finalize in the same regiment their departure formalities at the end of active duty service.

Missions of the 1st Foreign Regiment

The 1st Foreign Regiment is an administrative regiment which major missions are the support of the Foreign Legion and directed by the Foreign Legion Command. However, during exterior and interior mission deployments requirements of units and regiments of the legion; the 1st Foreign Regiment usually also dispatches particular individuals or teams of specialists (O.M.L.T). In addition, the foreign regiment like all regiments of the French Army, does also engage in the alert phase mission of Vigipirate. The 1st Foreign Regiment also dispatches and supports world humanitarian missions around the globe during natural catastrophes and disasters.

History of the garrisons, campaigns and battles

1841 to 1852

The 1st Foreign Regiment 1er was created in Aleria on April 1, 1841, from the first three Legion battalions.

On January 1, 1849, the 1er RE, under the command of Colonel Émile Mellinet (), was in garrison at Oran in Algeria.

Second Empire

On July 6, 1856, the regiment received the regimental flag colors "Emperor Napoleon III at the 1st Foreign" () before initiating the campaign in Kabylie.

The foreign regiment first participated to the pacification of Algeria, then was funneled to the Crimean War where the regiment formed a brigade with the 2nd Foreign Regiment, as part of the 6th Division. The regiment participated to the Battle of Alma, and the Siege of Sevastopol. The regimental commander, colonel Vienot was killed in combat on May 1, 1855. The regiment took part in the seizure of the Malakoff tower on September 8, 1855. The regiment then took part in the Second Italian War of Independence in 1859, as part of the 2nd Infantry Division of the 2nd Army Corps of Patrice de MacMahon, Duke of Magenta. It fought in the Battle of Magenta (). The regiment entered triumphantly into Milan on June 7, 1859.

Returning to Algeria, the regiment was licensed on December 14, 1861, by Imperial decree. The men were accordingly transferred to the 2nd Foreign Regiment which changed designation on January 1, 1862, to become the Foreign Regiment. During the Mexican expedition from 1861 to 1867, the foreign regiment embarked to Mexico where the latter arrived on March 25, 1863, at Veracruz. The 3rd combat company fought with distinction while sacrificing itself during the Battle of Camarón () on April 30, 1863. The 1st and 2nd battalions participated in the siege of Oaxaca which capitulated in April 1865. The 2nd battalion lost on March 1, 1866, 102 men killed during the combat of Santa Isabel. On December 13 of the same year, the regiment left Mexico. During the Franco-Prussian War (), the Legion engaged the conflict within delay. It was at the end of September 1870, that the regiment integrated the 15th Crops 1st Brigade, 2nd Division and was found making way towards Orléans (where the regiment refused 3 times consecutively the order to retreat and where foreign Lieutenant Kara, Peter I of Serbia distinguished himself) on October and December 1870 then at Montbéliard in January 1871, where he forced the Germans to leave the city.

1871 to 1914

During the Paris Commune () in 1871, the regiment participated with Armée Versaillaise () to the semaine sanglante ("Bloody Week"). The commander-in-chief of the Armée Versaillaise was Marshal of France Patrice de Mac Mahon. The regiment then returned to Algeria in June 1871 (Mascara near Oran). On January 1, 1885, the "French Foreign Legion", named given to the "Foreign Regiment" on March 13, 1875, doubled in two foreign regiments constituted each of 4 battalions and one depot company. During the Expedition of Madagascar in 1895–1896, the foreign regiment with the 2nd Foreign Regiment, formed a Marching Battalion, which depended on the Algerian Regiment (), of the Army of Africa () under the orders of Colonel Oudri of the 2nd Foreign Regiment.

In 1881, the 1st Foreign Regiment was combat engaged in Morocco (combats of Chellaha of May 19) and South Oran (combat of Chott Tigri on April 26, 1882, where 300 Legionnaires faced 8000 dissidents). The 1st Foreign Regiment combat engaged in 1900 during the Battle of the Oasis, again in South-Oran and the Moroccan confines. On January 27, 1906, the 3rd combat company of the 1st Foreign Regiment crushed the enemy which participated to the combat of El Moungar (where the 22nd company of the 2nd Foreign Regiment had endured heavy losses, and which the battle was surnamed the "Cameron of the Sands").

At the beginning of 1883, the 1st and 2nd battalions of the 1st Foreign Regiment were sent to Tonkin. They apprehended Sontay on December 16, 1883. From January 26 to March 3, 1884, 600 men of Tuyen-Quang out of which 390 Legionnaires repelled 20,000 Chinese regulars.

In 1892, the 1st Foreign Regiment was engaged in Dahomey (Actual Benin) and disembarked at Cotonu on August 22. They combat engaged in September and October. 800 Legionnaires of Colonel Fauraux faced thousands of combatants and re-embarked victorious on November 17.

Between 1892 and 1894, the companies of the 1st Foreign Regiment intervened as well in Sudan. On July 1, 1893, the legionnaires of Lieutenant Betheder and Sergent Minnaêrt fought with ferocity at Bossé. They lost 60 killed and wounded which earned this heroic Sergent (who already distinguished capability at Tonkin) the decoration of the Légion d'honneur for his bravery under fire.

In 1895–1896, the regiment was part of the expedition which went on to the conquest of Madagascar. While combats were effective, climatic conditions were terrible and caused ravages. The losses through diseases were significant (200 dead). The Legionnaires exhausted themselves and gave their full without complaints. It was customary to say that in the Expeditionary Corps : " when a French trooper entered the hospital , it would be for repatriation, a Tirailleur would enter for medical treatment, and a Legionnaire would only enter for dying". The pacification debuted in 1895 and endured till 1905, date of permanent return of units of the 1st Foreign Regiment to Algeria.

The Moroccan époque debuted in 1906. In August 1907, Chef de bataillon (Commandant – Major) Provost was killed at Casablanca while repelling a violent attack. In 1908, the 1st Foreign Regiment 1er RE distinguished capability at Menabah. In 1911, the 22nd combat company of Captain Labordette endured the loss of 29 including their company commander at Alouana.

First World War

The regiment was not directly combat engaged in World War I. However, the regiment continued to combat administer the institution and supply men for the ensemble of foreign units engaged in the conflict. In 1914, the 1st Foreign Regiment formed the constitution totality or most of the corps of many units.

In Morocco : The 1st Foreign Regiment 1er RE supplied the entire of the 1st Marching Regiment of the 1st Foreign Regiment, 1er RM 1er RE (constituted from the 1st, 2nd and 6th battalions). These units combat engaged for 4 years at the cost of 272 killed at Taza or Sidi-Amar. The 1st Marching Regiment was dissolved on February 15, 1918, and the battalions and mounted companies became autonomous.

In France: The 1st Foreign Regiment formed the corps constitution of the 2nd Marching Regiment, 3rd Marching Regiment and 4th Marching Regiment ("Légion garibaldienne") combat engaged in France, out of which the essential constitution was formed of foreign volunteers for the duration of the war (out of which the prominents featured tour de France champion François Faber, and poets Blaise Cendrars, Camil Campanyà or Alan Seeger). Between March and July 1915, the 3rd and 4th Marching Regiments disappeared after terrible losses. The 2nd Marching Regiment which was cited at 2 occasions was annihilated (1322 killed) with his foreign brother regiment 2nd Marching Regiment of the 2nd Foreign Regiment 2e RM 2e RE in September 1915 during combats of Navarrin. The survivors constituted the renowned Marching Regiment of the Foreign Legion (RMLE) which was entrusted to Colonel Paul-Frédéric Rollet. The RMLE would be the second most decorated unit of the French Army (after the Infantry Colonial Regiment of Morocco, actual RICM).

 In the Orient: A provisional regiment was formed of troops of the Army of Africa (France), with the title of 1er Régiment de Marche d'Afrique. The first two battalions were from the Zouaves, and the third battalion was formed of men from the Foreign Legion. This composite infantry battalion would be engaged with other units of the Corps expéditionnaire d'Orient in the Orient (firstly in the Gallipoli campaign in the Dardanelles, and thereafter on the Salonika front). The unit was originally formed of 2 companies of 1st Foreign Infantry Regiment (1er REI) and 2 companies of the 2nd Foreign Infantry Regiment (2e REI). The battalion headquarters company hailed from the 1er REI and the battalion commander () from the 2e REI. Losing 815 men under fire, the Legion Battalion of 1er RMA was cited 3 consecutive times out of which 2 at the orders of the army before being disbanded on 30 September 1917.

In Tonkin, these attacks were led by Annamese agitators () between August 1915 and July 1918. These action would repeat themselves until 1940. The 4th Battalion lost 216 men during this period.

Interwar period

In 1925, the 1st Foreign Infantry Regiment 1er REI counted 10,000 men repatriated in 9 battalions (8 combat battalions and 1 training battalion, the 5th, 9 specialized companies, and the Communal Depot of Foreign Regiments (DCRE)).

The 4th Battalion forming a corps at Tonkin, rejoined by the 9th created in 1926. The battalion combat engaged Annamese agitators at the cost of more than 200 fatalities.

The 8th battalion and 24th company were in Syria. They combat engaged at Messifré and Soueida on September 12, 1925. The 8th battalion would be cited 2 times at the orders of the army (the first citation was obtained while they belonged to the 4th Foreign Infantry Regiment 4e REI, before becoming the 8th battalion of the 1st Foreign Infantry Regiment 1er REI).

The 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 6th and 7th as well the specialized units were in Algeria.

Rif War: the conquest of Morocco would require in several times the engagements of units of the 1st Foreign Infantry Regiment 1er REI and especially since 1918.

On August 9, 1918, the 2nd Mounted Company endured terrible combats mounting to 49 fatalities out which 2 out of exhaustion. Their chief, Captain Timm, severely wounded in the leg and in the face, attached himself to a mule to be able to continue his commandment and lead his men. On July 23, 1923, the 6th battalion attacked the Taghzout hill and lost 18 killed and 36 wounded.

The paroxysm of these interventions was reached in 1925-1926 during the Rif War. Four battalions (1st, 2nd, 6th, 7th) and two companies of sapeurs-Pionniers of the 1st Foreign Infantry Regiment 1er REI were engaged (almost 2000 men). At the cost of more than 400 fatalities, the battalions illustrated themselves in furious combats often in close range corps-a-corps combat. On June 10, 1924, the 6th battalion was decimated at the cost of 4 officers killed and 60 fatalities during an operation at night to liberate the post of Mediouna. The 2nd battalion chief, Commandant (Major) Deslandre was killed while leading at the head of his Legionnaires on July 18, 1924, near Tezual.

On May 8, 1926, the general offensive was launched. All the units of the 1st Foreign Regiment were of participation, in particular the 1st, 2nd and 6th battalions. Victory was definite on May 26. Nevertheless, Chef de bataillon (Commandant -Major) Le Roch was killed in violent combats on July 14 while leading the 1st Battalion at the tips of Tizi-N'Ouidel.

The four battalions were cited 5 times (out of which 2 citations for the 6th battalion).

Second World War

In France: In 1939, the "1st Foreign" directed on France 2500 Cadres and Legionnaires out of the 3000 men, who formed the 11th Foreign Infantry Regiment 11e REI and 12th Foreign Infantry Regiment 12e REI. Three former regimental commanders of the 1er REI would command the 11e REI. These two regiments disappeared during the defeat of 1940 at cost of heavy losses. The 11e REI was cited at the orders of the army, the 12 e REI at the orders of the division.

In parallel, the 1st battalion of the 1st Foreign Infantry Regiment was transferred to the 13e DBLE which was on its way to Narvik.

In 1941, two battalions of the 1er REI and the company "hors rang" (CHR) constituted the 4th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion (4e DBLE) sent to Senegal. The 1st Foreign Infantry Regiment 1er REI grew back in size by integrating the veterans of the 6th Foreign Infantry Regiment 6e REI whom fought in Syria.

In November 1942, the 1st Battalion of the 1st Foreign Infantry Regiment 1er REI illustrated capability during combats against the Afrika Korps in Tunisia. The 2nd company was annihilated in the Djebel Mansour and was cited at the orders of the army.

With the return of the 4th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion (4e DBLE) to Sidi-Bel-Abbès and the beginning of the campaign of Tunisia in 1943, the 1st Foreign Infantry Regiment 1er REI became the 1st Foreign Marching Infantry Regiment 1er REIM on April 16, 1943. Formed of three battalions, the regiment illustrated combat ability at the cost of 380 fatalities by inflicting heavy losses to the enemy at Pont du Fhas and in the Djebel Zaghouan. For actions incurred, the regiment was cited at the orders of the army, a citation which currently adorns the regimental colors flag of the regiment. The veterans of the 1st Foreign Marching Infantry Regiment 1er REIM and 3rd Foreign Marching Infantry Regiment 3e REIM, would form again the renowned Marching Regiment of the Foreign Legion (RMLE) which participated in full to the total liberation of the national territory.

The 1st Foreign Infantry Regiment 1er REI ceased to exist on June 30, 1943. The respective missions were assured by the DCRE at Bel-Abbès.

Indochina War

The 1st Foreign Regiment was reborn on May 1, 1946. The regiment participated along the various combat specialized units which would partake operations in which the Legion would lead until 1962 (notably the Mounted Saharan Companies). The regiment accordingly was fully dedicated to the selection, training/instruction of foreign volunteers, institution administration and funneling via the communal depot, general reinforcements for units engaged in Indochina. Accordingly, the regiment did not actually participate directly to the conflict.

On September 1, 1950, the Autonomous Group of the Foreign Legion (GALE) was created, commanded consecutively by Générals Jean Olié and Paul Gardy. This Autonomous Foreign Legion Group was the Commandment ancestor of the actual Legion.

Algerian War

During the stir-up of "Events in Algeria", the 1st Foreign Regiment 1er RE, like all Legion regiments which lived in Algeria since 1831 would participate to combats which would last until 1962; the regiment endured the loss of 92 Officers, Sous-Officiers (Sergeants to Warrant Officers) and Legionnaires while placing out of combat 1151 rebels and recuperating 529 individual and collective arms.

 A couple of dates: November 18, 1954, death of Sous-lieutenant of the 3rd Marching Battalion in Djebel Orbata. On January 7, 1958, the 6th company of Center Instruction No 2 destroyed a band of rebels north-west of Franchetti. On March 5, 1961, the tactical general staff headquarters of the 1st Foreign Regiment 1er RE at the orders of battalion chief (Commandant -Major) Fournier was engaged in the region of Sebdou then Djilali. The section of student candidate sous-officiers of Adjudant Kemenceî responded to the rebels and beat 24, at the cost of 2 fatalities. On August 11, 1961, rebels infiltrated to Sidi-Bel-Abbès. Spotted, they entrenched themselves in a house. The Legionnaires of the 1st Foreign Regiment mounted the assault at the cost of 3 fatalities, out of Legionnaire Zimmerman would be last fatality in Algeria.

Departure: On September 29, 1962, the bodies of général Paul-Frédéric Rollet, Chef de bataillon (Prince) Aage de Danemark, and Legionnaire Zimmermann (representing the ensemble of Legionnaires whom died in Algeria) were transferred to the cemetery at Puyloubier (Bouches du Rhône). October 24, 1962, marked the continental departure ceremony at the Monument aux Morts (which was dismantled and repatriated to Aubagne). The black pavilions brought back from Tuyen-Quang in 1885 by Captain Borelli were burned in application of wishes to have them never leave Sidi-Bel-Abbès. October 26, marked the continental departure.

The 1st Foreign Regiment kept units in the Sahara in accordance with the Evian Accords (defence of the French nuclear test site). The last legionnaires of these Saharan companies would return to Aubagne in 1969 and would notably be garrisoned at Bou-Sfer (with the 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment 2e REP and 1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment 1er REC leaving in 1967).

Since 1962

On July 15, 1962, the precursors arrived at the camp de la Demande at Aubagne, which would become quartier (garrison) Vienot. Colonel Vaillant, regimental commander, disembarked with the regimental colors flag on October 26, 1962.

On April 29, 1963, the first Cameron eve night in metropolis had lieu. On April 30 was the inauguration of the Monument aux Morts repatriated from Algeria and the celebration of the centennial of the battle of Cameron with a military parade.

The Instruction Group of the Foreign Legion (GILE) garrisoned at Corte (Haute-Corse) and Bonifacio (South of Corsica).

In October 1969 : The Motorized Company of the Foreign Legion (CMLE) of the 1st Foreign Regiment was enacted in Corte. The Motorized Company was deployed to Chad at the occasion of Opération Tacaud. The company endured 6 fatalities in combat alongside the 2e REP until disengaging in 1970. The Motorized Company became the 6th company of the Operational Group of the Foreign Legion (GOLE) (created on March 9, 1971).

The 1st Foreign Regiment was split in two giving birth to the 2nd Foreign Infantry Regiment, which took on the former Instruction Group of the Foreign Legion and Operational Group of the Foreign Legion stationed in Corsica.

On July 1, 1981 : creation of the 31st Brigade, which the 1st Foreign Regiment was part of. One unit was deployed to Lebanon within the cadre of the Multinational Force in Lebanon (FMSB) from May to September 1983 (Command element & immediate support, the value size of a company).

September 1990 to April 1991: The 1st Foreign Regiment engaged a Transport Platoon within the cadres of Opération Daguet in the Gulf.

Since 1991, the regiment has regularly supplied and reinforced units of the Legion deployed abroad as well as interior missions (notably Sentinel since 2015).

Organisation
The regiment consists of three companies, as follows:

Pionniers Sections of Tradition
Compagnie de Commandement et des Services Régimentaire (CCSR) – Regimental Command and Services Company
Compagnie des Services de la Légion Étrangère (CSLE) – Foreign Legion Services Company
Compagnie Administrative du Personnel de la Légion Étrangère (CAPLE) – Foreign Legion Personnel Administration Company

It also runs the following:

Institution des Invalides de la Légion Étrangère (IILE) à Puyloubier – Foreign Legion Invalid Institution, at Puyloubier
Centre d'Hébergement et d'Accueil de la Légion Étrangère (CHALE) à la Ciotat – Foreign Legion Accommodation & Welcome Center, at Ciotat
Centre des Permissionnaires de la Légion Étrangère de la Malmousque (CPLEM) à Marseille – Foreign Legion Leave Center, at Malmousque

Also reported within the regiment is the Foreign Legion Emergency Staff and Statistics Division, a Legion intelligence section.

Tradition

Insignia

The insignia of the 1st Foreign Infantry Regiment, (1er R.E.I), (1950-1955) retook the symbolics of the Foreign Legion with the grenade of 7 flames and the green, red colors of the legion. The regiment is represented inside the grenade while the globe commemorates the relic of the Foreign Legion in Sidi Bel Abbès.

The current insignia of the 1st Foreign Regiment, (1er R.E), retook the symbolic ruban of the Commemorative medal of the Mexico Expedition created in 1863. This insignia was initially destined for the 3rd company of the 4th Foreign Regiment 4e RE in 1936. The insignia became that of the Autonomous Group of the Foreign Legion, (G.A.L.E) and was then adopted by the 1st Foreign Regiment, (1er R.E.) in 1955.

The insignia makes reference to a white diamond shape on which figures the arms of Mexico (a black coloured Mexican golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), locking on a serpent, as depicted on the flag of Mexico) and a saltire with Foreign Legion and Mexican colors.

Regimental colors

Regimental Song

Chant de Marche : Nous sommes tous des volontaires  featuring:
Nous sommes tous des volontaires,
Les gars du 1er étranger,
Notre devise est légendaire,
Honneur Fidélité – Fidélité,
Marchons légionnaires,
Dans la boue, dans le sable brûlant, (bis)
Marchons l'âme légère, (bis)
Et le cœur vaillant, (bis)
Marchons légionnaires. (bis)

Nous marchons gaiement en cadence,
Malgré le vent malgré la pluie,
Les meilleurs soldats de la France,
Sont là devant vous, les voici.

Partout où le combat fait rage,
L'on voit le 1er étranger,
Exemple d'héroïsme, de courage,
Se couvrir de glorieux lauriers.

Gardons dans le fond de nos âmes,
Le souvenir de nos aînés,
Et pour la grenade à sept flammes,
Loyal prêt à tout sacrifier.

Decorations
 Legion of Honour on April 28, 1906
 Croix de guerre 1939–1945 (France) with 1 palm
 Gold Medal of the City of Milan since March 9, 1909
 Cross with swords of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta

Honors

Battle honours

 Sevastopol 1855
 Kabilie 1857
 Magenta 1859
 Camerone 1863
 Extrême-Orient 1884–1885
 Dahomy-Maroc 1892–1907, 1925
 Madagascar 1895–1905
 Orient 1915–17
 AFN 1952–1962

Foreign Legion and Regimental Commanders

Tenure (1841–1955)

Tenure (1955-present)

Notable members
 Captain Jean Danjou
 Peter I of Serbia
 Captain Joseph Arthur Dufaure du Bessol
 Siegfried Freytag, German Aviation Ace
 Brigadier General Giuseppe Garibaldi II with his 5 brothers, 2 of whom were killed in combats at Argonne in 1915.
 Hermann Eckstein (1903-1976)
 Eugene Jaques Bullard
 Pierre Segretain
 Pierre Jeanpierre
 Peter J. Ortiz
 Serge Andolenko
 Louis-Antoine Gaultier
 Gabriel Bablon

Gallery

See also

Major (France)
Swiss Guard
Moroccan Division
Marching Regiment of the Foreign Legion
List of French Foreign Legion units

References

Bibliography

Websites
www.legion-etrangere.com

External links

 Legion recrute
 Képi Blanc magazine
 1st Foreign Regiment's history - History & images of the 1er RE

Military units and formations established in 1841
Foreign Regiment, 1st
1841 establishments in France

1st Foreign Regiment (France)