Duncan Lee Hunter (born May 31, 1948) is an American politician. He was a Republican member of the House of Representatives from California's 52nd, 45th and 42nd districts from 1981 to 2009.

Hunter was the chairman of the House Armed Services Committee during the 108th and 109th Congress. Hunter sought the Republican Party nomination for President of the United States for 2008, but his campaign failed to attract significant voters or delegates in early primary and caucus states, and he dropped out after the Nevada Republican caucuses.

He was succeeded as representative for the 52nd district by his son, Duncan D. Hunter.

Early life, education, military service, and family
Hunter was born in Riverside, California, the son of Lola Lee (née Young) (d. 2004) and Robert Olin Hunter (1905–2006). He graduated from Rubidoux High School in Riverside in 1966. He attended the University of Montana from 1966 to 1967, and then briefly the University of California, Santa Barbara, before being commissioned into the United States Army in 1969.

He served in South Vietnam from 1970 to 1971 during the Vietnam War in the Army Rangers' 75th Infantry Regiment, attached to the 173rd Airborne Brigade. He participated in 24 helicopter assaults as well as in a number of night-time reconnaissance patrols. He held the rank of first lieutenant, and was awarded the Bronze Star, Air Medal, and service ribbons such as the Vietnam Service Medal. He has said, "I didn't do anything special in the U.S. Army, but I served with very special soldiers I will never forget."

Making use of the G.I. Bill in 1973, he enrolled at the San Diego campus of the Western State University College of Law (now Thomas Jefferson School of Law) and earned a Bachelor of Science in Law and Juris Doctor in 1976. Hunter worked farming and construction jobs to supplement his income while finishing his degree. He was admitted to the State Bar of California on December 22, 1976, but has held inactive status since January 1, 1983.

Hunter married Lynne Layh in 1973. Hunter's son, Duncan Duane Hunter (born 1976), a major in the United States Marine Corps Reserve, was deployed to Iraq in 2003 and 2004 and Afghanistan in 2007. On November 4, 2008, Duncan D. Hunter was elected to succeed his father as the congressional representative of the California's 52nd congressional district. On August 21, 2018, Duncan D. Hunter and his wife Margaret, were indicted for criminal activity. In June 2019, federal prosecutors showed that from 2009 to 2016, Hunter had spent campaign funds on extramarital affairs with five women, including lobbyists and congressional staff. In December 2019, Hunter changed his plea to guilty on one count of misusing campaign funds. On March 17, 2020, Hunter was sentenced by the U.S. District Court Southern District of California to 11 months in prison.

Hunter's family attends First Baptist Church of Alpine, which is affiliated with the San Diego Southern Baptist Association. Hunter's Alpine, California home burned down during the October 2003 Cedar Fire. The loss was over $500,000, but insurance covered most of it. Hunter was critical of Governor Gray Davis's response to the fire.

Hunter has another son, Samuel. He has a brother, John Hunter, who has worked as a weapons scientist.

U.S. House of Representatives

Initial election and re-elections

In 1980, Hunter was recruited to run for Congress in what was then the 42nd District against 18-year incumbent Democrat Lionel Van Deerlin. Hunter was initially an underdog in a district where Democrats outnumbered Republicans by almost 2 to 1.  However, his attacks on Van Deerlin's record on national defense gained traction in a district dominated by military bases and personnel. Van Deerlin did not respond quickly enough, and Hunter narrowly defeated him. He was one of many Republicans swept into office from historically Democratic districts as a result of the "Reagan revolution"; Van Deerlin had been the district's only congressman since its creation in 1963.

After the 1980 census, many of the more Democratic areas were cut out of Hunter's district, and he was reelected 13 more times with no substantive opposition. During this time, he only won less than 60 percent of the vote once, when he was held to 53.8 percent in 1992. His district was renumbered as the 45th District in 1983 and the 52nd in 1993.

In the 2006 general election, he defeated Navy veteran/minister John Rinaldi, a Democrat, and Michael Benoit, a Libertarian. Hunter was re-elected with 65 percent of the vote, a 33-point margin over Rinaldi.

On March 20, 2007, Hunter announced that, as part of his presidential bid, he would not seek a 15th term in the House of Representatives in 2008. After his son, Duncan D. Hunter, announced his candidacy for his father's seat, the younger Hunter was recalled by the United States Marine Corps to serve in the Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan.  During Duncan D. Hunter's active service, his wife, Margaret Hunter, campaigned on his behalf.  On June 3, 2008, Duncan D. Hunter won 72% of the Republican Primary vote and became the Republican nominee to replace his father representing the 52nd District.

House Armed Services Committee

Hunter became chairman of the House Armed Services Committee in 2002. As such, he sponsored legislation authorizing defense department fiscal year activities from FY2004 to FY2007. During consideration of the FY2006 Defense Authorization Act, Hunter offered an amendment to the bill clarifying enacted policy restricting women from direct combat units.  Hunter's amendment codified existing Army policy enacted in 1994 under former Defense Secretary Les Aspin that prohibited women from submitting or migrating into combat units or operations. The amendment was subsequently withdrawn in order for a study to be conducted on the rationale and future implementation of the policy.

In November 2004, Hunter and Wisconsin Congressman Jim Sensenbrenner withheld their support for a bill creating a Director of National Intelligence (DNI) until specific conditions were met. Hunter argued that the military is the biggest consumer of intelligence and any reforms enacted, including the creation of a DNI, must not endanger the lives of troops on the battlefield. The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act, which created the DNI position, was passed by Congress and signed by President George W. Bush later that year.

In a House Armed Services Committee hearing on November 9, 2005, Hunter strongly criticized a Defense Logistics Agency "prime vendor" buying program that led to the purchase of $20 ice cube trays and a tiny refrigerator for $22,797 (initially exposed by The State). Hunter stated that he wanted explanations from the companies in question and the government purchasing agents who had approved the purchases, accusing the latter of "absolute incompetence." He further stated that the purchases are "a real slap in the face to the guy making $13,000 a year who is engaged in a firefight in Ramadi," and claimed that "A fairly large amount of incompetence is embedded into the system."

On November 18, 2005, in response to Pennsylvania Congressman John Murtha's resolution to terminate the deployment of United States forces in Iraq, to redeploy the forces already involved in Iraq, and to "pursue security and stability in Iraq through diplomacy", Hunter and other Republicans drafted a two-sentence counter-resolution that read:

Expressing the sense of the House of Representatives that the deployment of United States forces in Iraq be terminated immediately.

Resolved, That it is the sense of the House of Representatives that the deployment of United States forces in Iraq be terminated immediately.

Democrats condemned the bill as a political stunt; they made much of the fact that Hunter himself didn't support his own resolution. The bill was defeated, 3–403, in the House of Representatives.

Hunter became ranking member of the committee when Democrats took control of the House in 2007.

On January 31, 2007, Hunter held a press conference on the 2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test, stating that it "represents the commencement of a new era of military competition in space." He contended that the United States' ability to engage in warfare depends heavily on its space assets, and opined that the country must take steps to "ensure our forces cannot be targeted through an adversarial space strike."

On April 25, 2007, after Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid declared "the war is lost", Hunter wrote "my highest obligation is, like yours, owed to our forces in uniform, especially during this time of war... Given your position of leadership within the United States Government, I find your pronouncement of failure irresponsible and disserving to America's armed forces. In light of the fact that this statement has both been used by our adversaries and has exhibited a marked lack of leadership to U.S. troops, I call on you to resign your leadership position". Hunter further wrote that Reid's declaration "can have no effect but to demoralize the brave men and women, who are honorably fulfilling their mission in Iraq, and to encourage our adversaries... Even if you sincerely believe it to be true, your pronouncement of failure will undoubtedly be used by terrorist leaders to rally their followers – inevitably leading to increased attacks on U.S. and coalition forces".

According to the July 2007 edition of Pacific Flyer, Hunter and Cunningham had pressured the Department of Defense to "...advise DARPA to put an immediate halt to bureaucratic delays and get on with the DuPont Aerospace DP-2 testing." The DP-2 is a Vertical Take-Off and Landing, or VTOL, aircraft designed by DuPont Aerospace to transport special operations forces, but has been repeatedly rejected by the United States Navy, United States Army, United States Air Force, NASA, and DARPA. The design, of which all four constructed models have crashed, has had $63 million appropriated to it since 1991, not including a suggested $6 million for fiscal year 2008. Despite the rejections and reports by multiple military and civilian experts that the aircraft will not fly or hover and will incinerate Special Operations forces rappelling out of the aircraft, Hunter has allegedly repeatedly added funding for the DP-2 in "earmarks" and defended the aircraft in recent testimony to the Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight of the Committee on Science and Technology. Hunter received $36,000 in donations from DuPont Aerospace.
According to his testimony before Congress,
Hunter compared the lack of success of the DP-2 to the trials of perfecting the V-22 Osprey. He alleged that such long-term testing is necessary to keep American forces equipped with the best technology.

In April 2023 NPR reported on a "friendly fire" mortar incident in Iraq that occurred in 2004, but had been covered up. Hunter's son Duncan D. Hunter was serving at the command center that ordered the mortar fire, and may have been responsible for the order. Lt. Gen. James Conway, top Marine officer in Iraq, signed off on the report that declined to exact punishments from those responsible for the incident. He did so two days after a personal visit from Hunter. The report was only disseminated to family members three years later, by order of a congressional investigation carried out after Hunter had left the committee. The Marine Corps claimed to be unable to fulfill NPR's FOIA request for the report, as it was said to be "missing."

Other legislative actions
In November 1997, Hunter was one of eighteen Republicans in the House to co-sponsor a resolution by Bob Barr that sought to launch an impeachment inquiry into President Bill Clinton. The resolution did not specify any charges or allegations. This was an early effort to impeach Clinton, predating the eruption of the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal. The eruption of that scandal would ultimately lead to a more serious effort to impeach Clinton in 1998. On October 8, 1998, Hunter voted in favor of legislation that was passed to open an impeachment inquiry. On December 19, 1998, Hunter voted in favor of all four proposed articles of impeachment against Clinton (only two of which received the needed majority of votes needed to be adopted).

On December 8, 2006, Hunter introduced H.R. 6375, which would have required the defense department to post the purpose of all congressional earmarks in annual defense bills, along with the location and a grade according to the utility of the earmark.

Hunter introduced H.R. 552, The Right to Life Act, on February 2, 2005. The purpose of the bill is to "implement equal protection... for the right to life of each born and preborn human person." In the 109th Congress, the legislation collected 101 cosponsors. Hunter states that The Right to Life Act "would legally define "personhood" as the moment of conception and, therefore, guarantee all constitutional rights and protections, including life, to the unborn without utilizing a constitutional amendment." Hearings for H.R. 552 were scheduled for December 12, 2006, but were cancelled right before the House adjourned.

On April 28, 2004, Hunter introduced legislation that he said could "turn parents into prosecuting attorneys fighting a wave of obscenity." HR 6390 IH, also called the "Parents Empowerment Act", would allow the parent or guardian of a minor to sue in federal court anyone who knowingly disseminates material "that is harmful to minors", or specifically, "any pornographic communication, picture, image, graphic image file, article, recording, writing, or other pornographic matter of any kind", if it is distributed in a way that "a reasonable person can expect a substantial number of minors to be exposed to the material and the minor, as a result to exposure to the material, is likely to suffer personal or emotional injury or injury to mental or moral welfare."

In 1994, Hunter legislatively mandated the construction of  of security fencing on the international land border separating San Diego County and Tijuana, Mexico. In 2005, Hunter introduced legislation calling for the construction of a reinforced fence along the entire U.S.-Mexico border, citing crime statistics as measures of San Diego-Tijuana fence's success.
After successfully adding an amendment to a House-passed bill that ultimately stalled in House–Senate negotiations, Hunter's amendment was later incorporated into H.R. 6061, the Secure Fence Act, introduced by New York Congressman Peter T. King. He has said that if he becomes president, the  double layer border fence will be built in less than 12 months.

Hunter repeatedly voted against international trade agreements such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) and the World Trade Organization (WTO).

Cunningham / Wilkes
Hunter was not implicated in the Duke Cunningham / Brent R. Wilkes congressional bribery scandal. In December 2005, Hunter directed that the contributions his campaign received from Wilkes and Wade be given to the Injured Marine Semper Fi Fund. "We had options," said Bruce Young, treasurer for Hunter's re-election campaign. "We could keep the money, send it back, send it to the government or send it to a charity. We just felt that because of the situation, we would rather not have the money." More than 100 members of the House and Senate – Republicans and Democrats – accepted money from Wilkes, former MZM Inc. president Mitchell Wade, their relatives, employees or political action committees, according to OpenSecrets, a campaign watchdog group.

2008 Presidential campaign

On October 30, 2006, Hunter announced his intention to consider running for the Republican nomination for President in 2008. Throughout 2006, his Peace Through Strength PAC raised funds and ran advertising expressing his issues of border security and fair trade.
Hunter formally announced his presidential candidacy in Spartanburg, South Carolina, on January 25, 2007.

During 2007, Hunter did well in some county- and state-level straw polls, including a victory at the first GOP Texas Straw Poll on September 1, but those results did not transfer to regular polls at national or state levels. Some major polls did not even list Hunter as an option along with Mitt Romney, John McCain, Mike Huckabee, Ron Paul, Fred Thompson, or Rudy Giuliani. When national polls did list Hunter, he consistently got three percent or less support among Republicans.

Conservative commentator Ann Coulter and aviation legend Chuck Yeager both endorsed Hunter as their choice for President, but Hunter received little support from the Republican establishment. Governor Mike Huckabee of Arkansas, who was also seeking the Republican nomination for President, stated that Hunter might play a role in a potential Huckabee administration, noting that he is "extraordinarily well qualified to be Secretary of Defense."

As the caucus and primary season got underway, Hunter began being excluded from Republican debate forums. On January 7, 2008, he held a press conference where reporters thought he would announce his withdrawal. Instead, he surprised pundits by first lambasting ABC News and Fox News not allowing him to participate in previous days' televised debates and then declaring that he would not withdraw from the presidential race: "I am not going to let some arrogant knucklehead executive in a glass office 10 stories above a mall in New York City decide the outcome of this election."

In the Iowa caucuses Hunter finished in seventh place with 524 votes, or one percent of the total. In the New Hampshire primary he finished in seventh and last place again with 1,220 votes, or less than one percent of the total votes cast. In the Wyoming caucuses he had his best showing, coming in third and scoring 1 delegate to the Republican National Convention. However, in the Michigan primary, Hunter once again placed last, coming in eighth behind "Uncommited" (which received 15,000 more votes than Hunter). On the last day of his campaign, Hunter won just two percent of the vote in the Nevada caucuses, and in the South Carolina primary he received only 0.2 percent of the vote, putting him in last place in both states. He withdrew from the race that night, on January 19, 2008. Hunter subsequently endorsed Huckabee for the Republican nomination.

Political positions and voting record
Hunter voted with a majority of the Republicans 88.7 percent of the time.  He was a member of the conservative Republican Study Committee. Hunter is a member of the United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus.  Hunter is a staunch conservative. In January 2007, when he announced his presidential candidacy, Hunter had a lifetime rating of 92% from the American Conservative Union, indicating a highly conservative voting record.

Economy
Hunter was a supporter of the FairTax plan, which would replace all federal income taxes with a federal sales tax.

Environment

On environmental issues, Hunter score a 9% (out of 100%) lifetime voting score from the League of Conservation Voters, an environmental group. He supporting drilling for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR), voting twice to open the area to drilling. Hunter also voted for legislation reducing protections for endangered species. Hunter twice co-sponsored legislation to end the moratorium on offshore drilling in American waters. Hunter acknowledged the occurrence of climate change, but called the position of former Vice President Al Gore, who agrees with the scientific consensus on climate change, "doomsday alarmism".

Foreign relations
During his tenure in the House and his unsuccessful campaign for the Republican presidential nomination in 2008, Hunter was a staunch supporter of the Iraq War. Although Hunter generally favored free trade, he condemned Chinese currency devaluation and expressed a desire to protect the U.S. manufacturing sector, and proposed imposing tariffs on imports from China.

Healthcare

Hunter voted for the 2003 legislation that created Medicare Part D, a partial prescription drug benefit for seniors.

LGBT rights

Hunter opposed same-sex marriage, and proposed a constitutional amendment to define marriage as between one man and one woman.

Military
As chairman of the House Armed Services Committee, Hunter "developed a reputation for never meeting a weapons system he didn't like." Hunter used congressional earmarks to "steer money" to defense projects that the Defense Department did not want, including the L-3 Communications Sea Fighter and the DuPont Aerospace DP-1. Hunter defended the use of earmarks by saying that it was the constitutional prerogative of Congress to decide how specifically federal monies should be spent.

Social issues

Abortion

He is opposed to abortion in all cases and proposed a constitutional amendment to make abortion illegal. He also introduced a number of bills in the House to restrict abortion. Hunter also opposed embryonic stem cell research, and voted against the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act of 2005.

Immigration

Hunter was outspoken in his opposition to illegal immigration, favoring strict measures to combat it. He was a leading voice pushing for faster and more extensive construction of a U.S.–Mexico border fence, naming the border "our biggest homeland security problem" and listing a fence as a top priority. Hunter criticized the U.S. Department of Homeland Security under the George W. Bush administration for planning to build just half of the 700 miles of U.S.–Mexico border barrier authorized by the Secure Fence Act of 2006.

Capital punishment

Hunter supported death penalty and voted against legislation to restrict its use.

Religious liberty

Hunter was a major supporter of the controversial Mount Soledad cross, clashing with advocates for separation of church and state over the issue.

Education

Hunter favored school vouchers and homeschooling.

References

External links

Documentaries, topic pages and databases

 Profile from SourceWatch
  Collected news stories and commentary from The New York Times
 Genealogy of Duncan Hunter
 Vote 2008: Duncan Hunter  from PBS NewsHour with Jim Lehrer

Media coverage
 USA Today – Duncan Hunter associated with Randy "Duke" Cunningham/Brent Wilkes scandal, November 29, 2005.
 MonksMedia Radio Network – Duncan Hunter Supporters Radio

Official sites for 2008 presidential campaign
 MySpace

External links

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1948 births
Living people
21st-century American politicians
United States Army personnel of the Vietnam War
Lawyers from Riverside, California
Military personnel from California
Recipients of the Air Medal
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from California
Southern Baptists
Thomas Jefferson School of Law people
United States Army officers
Candidates in the 2008 United States presidential election
Western State University College of Law alumni
People from Alpine, California
Activists from California
United States Army Rangers
Rubidoux High School alumni

Duncan L. Hunter


"Sorry, Right Number" is a teleplay written by author Stephen King for an episode of the horror anthology series Tales from the Darkside. It is the ninth episode of the fourth season. It was later included in King's 1993 short story collection Nightmares & Dreamscapes, and is the only such work that King has included in any of his anthologies. It appears in script format, and begins with an authors' guide for screenplays and abbreviations.

The Tales from the Darkside episode originally aired in 1987, and starred Deborah Harmon and Arthur Taxier as Katie and Bill Weiderman, with Rhonda Dotson as Katie's sister Dawn and Katherine Britton, Brandon Stewart and Nicole Huntington as the Weiderman children. It was later produced as a short film in 2005, directed and adapted by Brian Berkowitz.  The cast included Darrin Stevens, Karla Droege, Michael Brady, Kimberly D'Armond, Karoline Striplin, and Barbara Weetman.

The title is a pun on the title of the radio play and film Sorry, Wrong Number.

Plot summary
Katie Weiderman is talking to her sister on the phone one night. Her husband, Bill, a famous horror novel writer, is in his study trying to find inspiration for a new novel. Her children are arguing about whether or not to watch Ghost Kiss, a gory TV adaptation of Bill's earlier novel.

Katie receives a second phone call. The incoming call is a sobbing and traumatized caller who sputters, "Take... please take..." before the line goes dead. Katie immediately assumes the call came from her daughter Polly, who is away at boarding school, but a call to Polly proves otherwise. Katie also rules out her mother, but she cannot reach her sister Dawn. Katie and Bill rush over to Dawn's house; despite the appearance of forced entry, Dawn is all right and did not call. Assuming that someone must have dialed the wrong number, Katie forgets about the call. That night, Katie finds her husband slumped in his chair, dead from a heart attack. The story then jumps forward in time to Polly's wedding day, five years to the day after Bill's death. Katie has remarried, but she still misses Bill. On the anniversary of Bill's death, Katie is in Bill's old office and she finds an old VHS tape of Ghost Kiss and puts it into the player. She is immediately overcome with grief as she recalls the events of five years past. Dazed, she grabs the phone and dials her old phone number. She is startled when the phone is answered by herself five years previously. She tries to warn her younger self of the tragedy that is about to happen, and tries to say, "Take him to the hospital! If you want him to live, take him to the hospital! He's going to have a heart attack!" In her state of shock, she is only able to say, "Take... please take...," before the line goes dead. She realizes the truth of what happened that night, and the episode ends with Katie sobbing over her lost opportunity to save her husband and a close-up shot of the ominous-looking telephone.

Release
The episode is available on VHS as part of volume 4 of the Tales from the Darkside compilation, as well as part of the complete collection released on DVD on October 19, 2010.

See also
 Strange loop
 Stephen King short fiction bibliography
 List of Tales from the Darkside episodes

References

External links
  (short film)
  (TV episode)

1987 American television episodes
Television shows based on works by Stephen King
Short stories by Stephen King
Horror short stories
Horror television episodes
Television episodes written by Stephen King

Sorry, Right Number


Govind may refer to:
An alternate spelling of Govinda, which is a name in Hinduism given to the god Krishna. It means "cowherd."
The name Govind is commonly used in Sikhism to refer to God. It is derived from "Gobinda" which means Preserver of the World in Gurmukhi. In the Guru Granth Sahib, the Sikh Scripture there are many reference of this word. One example is: "Every day, hour and moment, I continually sing and speak of Govind, Govind, the Lord of the Universe. ||1||" (Guru Granth Sahib Page 404).
Govind is sometime the name used to refer to the Tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh. Although, this is more commonly written as 'Gobind'. The Dasam Granth, which is the second Sikh Scripture written by the Tenth Guru, has two references to 'Govind':
On Page 643, Line 3: "O Lord! I have forsaken all other doors and have caught hold of only Thy door. O Lord! Thou has caught hold of my arm; I, Govind, am Thy serf, kindly take (care of me and) protect my honour. 864."
On Page 728, Line 4: "All the gods, taking permission of Krishna, bowed their heads and went back to their abodes; in their delight, they have named Krishna as `Govind`."

See also
 Govinda (disambiguation)

References
 Guru Granth Sahib
 Dasam Granth
 Dictionary of Guru Granth Sahib by S S Kohli

Sikh terminology
Titles and names of Krishna

Govind


Filmmaker, or "Filmmaker: a diary by george lucas", is a 32-minute documentary made in 1968 by George Lucas about the making of Francis Ford Coppola's 1969 film The Rain People.

Production
Coppola was working on The Rain People as a small, intimate film about real-life people, and Lucas decided to make a small, intimate cinema-verite documentary about the making of Coppola's film. Lucas pitched the idea of a documentary to Coppola, who gave Lucas the go-ahead, with the film paid for from Rain People's still photography budget.

The budget of the documentary was $12,000. Lucas filmed and recorded sound for the documentary himself, using an otherwise unutilised 16mm production camera and a Nagra tape recorder. Mona Skager, an associate on Rain People, often saw Lucas on the floor, shooting up through glass-topped tables. "It was basically because the camera was too heavy", she recalled. Ron Colby, producer on The Rain People, described Lucas's work habits: "George was around in a very quiet way. You'd look around and suddenly there'd be George in a corner with his camera. He'd just kind of drift around. But he shot the camera, did his own sound. He was very much a one-man band". Lucas would spend nearly every day shooting the documentary, while working on the script for THX 1138 at night.

Coppola was tolerant of the documentary's production process, although occasionally appeared unhappy when the camera invaded his privacy. Lucas filmed some confrontations between Coppola and actress Shirley Knight, but ultimately rejected most of the footage. "I decided to be discreet, I didn't want to destroy anyone's career", Lucas said later.

Lucas and his then-girlfriend/future wife, Marcia Griffin, edited Filmmaker. Lucas described the documentary as "more therapy than anything else… I hadn't shot film for a long time".

The closing shot says the film was made at "Transamerica Sprocket Works", a fictitious company name that Lucas liked the sound of. The film was copyrighted by American Zoetrope/Lucasfilm Ltd.—the first film credit for the unofficial, then-new names of Coppola's and Lucas's respective companies.

Release
Filmmaker was shown at the first incarnation of what would become the Mill Valley Film Festival in October 1977, and later at the first official MVFF in August 1978, both times shown along with The Rain People.

Legacy
Dale Pollock, author of Skywalking: The Life and Films of George Lucas, wrote of the film in 1983: "Filmmaker remains one of the best documentaries about the production of a movie, as fresh and insightful today as it was in 1968… The thirty-minute film has the fluidity and detail of a written journal coupled with a cinematic sense of movement as the Rain People company goes from location to location". In 1989 Peter Cowie, author of Coppola: A Biography, wrote that Filmmaker was "one of the most important analyses of Coppola's craft and his incipient philosophy". In 1999, Michael Schumacher wrote, "Lucas's documentary, Filmmaker, caught the essence of the ups and downs of making The Rain People, from the exuberance of working on a risky yet fulfilling project that flew in the face of the way movies were normally made in Hollywood to Coppola's angry telephone confrontation with a Warner Bros.-Sever Arts official […]"

Coppola himself later admitted that the documentary "may be better than [The Rain People]". In a behind-the-scenes segment on the film Tetro, Tetro: How to Make Movies, Coppola mentions how he used the same camera dolly on Tetro as he did in The Rain People and as seen in Filmmaker.

According to Pollock, Lucas himself was proud of Filmmaker, his most ambitious effort at that time, and a film that contributed to advancing his career. It was to be his last short film before making his first feature, THX 1138.

See also
List of American films of 1968
Apocalypse Now

References

Annotations

Footnotes

Bibliography

Further reading

"Before They Were Stars: George Lucas Directs 'Filmmaker'" from The Back Row

External links

Filmmaker on BFI Film & TV Database

1968 films
American short documentary films
Short films directed by George Lucas
1960s short documentary films
Documentary films about films
1960s English-language films
1960s American films

Filmmaker (film)


Calcaronea is a subclass of sea sponges in the class Calcarea. They are Calcarea with the triactines and the basal system of tetractines sagittal (i.e. the rays of the spicule make unequal angles with each other), exceptionally regular. In ontogeny the first spicules to be secreted are diactines. Choanocytes are apinucleate. Calcaronea have amphiblastula larvae

External links

Sponge subclasses

Calcaronea


Dean Mumm (born 5 March 1984) is an Australian former representative rugby union player. He made fifty-six appearances for the Wallabies.

Background
Dean Mumm was born in Auckland, New Zealand.

Career

Amateur career
Mumm attended The King's School, Sydney, along with fellow Waratahs Benn Robinson, Daniel Halangahu and Will Caldwell. He captained The King's School rugby XV team in 2001 and 2002, winning the GPS title in the latter year. Mumm made appearances for the U16 Australian rugby team and captained the Australian Schoolboys team in 2002. Mumm was selected for the Australian Universities and Australian Barbarians teams in 2004, and was a member of the Australian under 21 team which was runner up in the 2005 IRB Under 21 World Championship. Mumm graduated New South Wales Waratah Academy and went on to attend the University of Sydney where he played in SUFC sides which twice won the Tooheys New Cup.

Professional career
Although primarily a second-rower, Mumm has been utilised as flanker, making use of his athleticism whilst adding height to the line-out. He debuted for the NSW Waratahs against Salta on their 2004 Argentine rugby tour. Mumm made his Super Rugby debut against the Lions in Johannesburg, in 2007, and completed his Super Rugby debut season with a try against the Hurricanes in Wellington, New Zealand. Mumm went on to play 12 out of 13 games in the 2007 season for the Waratahs, missing one through injury. During his tenure with the Waratahs, Dean also played on multiple occasions for the Wallabies. It was announced on 23 April 2012 that Dean will be joining English Aviva Premiership team Exeter Chiefs. On 8 August 2013, he was named as Exeter Chiefs' team captain for the 2013–14 season.

International career

Mumm was selected for the first Australian team to be sent to the Pacific Nations Cup, the Australian A national rugby union team, in 2007. That side finished second to the Junior All Blacks who also won the cup in 2006.
In May 2013 Mumm was selected in a Barbarians line-up which faced England at Twickenham and the British and Irish Lions in Hong Kong.

On 27 September 2015, he captained the Wallabies to a 65–3 win over Uruguay during the 2015 Rugby World Cup.

On 24 May 2017 Dean announced his retirement from all levels of Rugby Union at the completion of the 2017 season.

Personal life
Mumm's brother, Greg, is a former Director of Rugby of the Sydney first grade team Sydney University and was former assistant coach of the Waratahs and also of the Fijian national rugby team that made it to the Rugby World Cup quarter finals in 2007. Greg is currently the managing director of The Final Whistle, a company that assists athletes with their life after sport career options. His grandfather, Bill Mumm, was an All Black. His cousin is Brumby, Julian Salvi. Dean is currently a member of The Wallabies, Australia's national team. He is also in the World Cup squad announced on 19 August 2015.

Mumm is an Australian Ambassador for Borne, a medical research charity looking into the causes of premature birth. In April 2018, Mumm walked to the North Pole to raise awareness of premature birth and helped raise over £750,000 in support of Borne's research.

References

External links
 It's Rugby stats
 Aviva Premiership Player Profile
 Exeter Chiefs Player Profile

1984 births
Australian rugby union players
Australian rugby union captains
Australian people of German descent
Australia international rugby union players
Living people
New South Wales Waratahs players
Rugby union flankers
Rugby union locks
People educated at The King's School, Parramatta
New Zealand emigrants to Australia
Australian expatriate rugby union players
Expatriate rugby union players in England
Australian expatriate sportspeople in England
Exeter Chiefs players
Rugby union players from Auckland
2015 Rugby World Cup players

Dean Mumm


Vasily Yakovlevich Sitnikov (; August 19, 1915, Novo-Rakitino, Tambov Governorate - November 28, 1987, New York) was a Russian painter. He was one of the most vivid "landmark" figures of the post-war Soviet Nonconformist Art of Russia, and a living legend in Moscow artistic milieu.

Biography
He was arrested by the Soviet authorities in 1941, barely escaped summary execution and was later committed to a mental asylum in Kazan. He survived harsh conditions and starvation and was released shortly before the end of World War II.

Formally, Sitnikov's works are based on the traditional system of academic studies of nude nature and elaborate graphic shading. His nudes, however, acquired surrealistic eroticism, and his shadings created rippling airy covers enveloping forms like snowy mist, marshland fog, or haze of light. In addition to that, he employed the characteristic features of 'Russian style' in the spirit of Symbolism and modern.

The artist was also keen on teaching arts. His system involved methods of epatage and  paradox. A whole range of artists (V.G. Veisberg, Y. A. Vedernikov, M. D. Sterligova, A. V. Kharitonov, Evelina Brozgul, etc.) were associated – by direct studying or creative contacts – with 'the school of Sitnikov'.

In 1975 Sitnikov emigrated to Austria. He lived for five years in Kitzbühel, Tyrol where he painted his masterpiece "An ancient Russian monastery defiled by a Communist propaganda center; It's winter and snow is falling". In 1980 Sitnikov immigrated to the United States. He lived in New York City until his death in 1987. He was not commercially successful abroad, though his works were displayed in prestigious museums, such as New York Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), and others.

In 2002 Andrei Zagdansky produced a feature-length documentary Vasya about life and art of Vasily Sitnikov.

In 2007 a LiveAuctioneers.com buyer paid a record price for Vasily Sitnikov painting of $496,900.

On May 24, 2009 a major personal exhibition of artist's works opened in the "Our Artists" gallery in Moscow.

External links
Dazzling Lantern of Vasily Sitnikov
"Vasya", a feature documentary about Vasily Sitnikov

1915 births
1987 deaths
People from Lebedyansky Uyezd
Soviet painters
Soviet emigrants to Austria
Austrian emigrants to the United States

Vasily Sitnikov


The Meyuchas (Meyuhas, Meyouhas)  are a Jerusalem Sephardi family that has produced notable rabbis and merchants for hundreds of years.  They trace their ancestry to Spain before the Alhambra Decree.

Modern settlement on the site of the City of David began in 1873-74 when the Meyuchas family moved a short distance outside the city walls to a newly built house on the ridge.

Raphael Meyuchas ben Samuel (1695?-1771) was born in Jerusalem and was the brother of Abraham ben Samuel Meyuchas and the father of Moses Joseph Mordechai Meyuchas. Served as Rishon l'Zion from 1756 until his death in 1771. He is known to have attempted to bring about some kind of reconciliation with the Karaites and to have admitted Karaite children to the Jewish school.  He was the author of 'Minchat Bikkurim (Salonika, 1752) a commentary on the Talmud, and of  Peri ha-Adamah,  (four parts, Salonika 1752-57),  a commentary on the Mishneh Torah of Maimonides.

Abraham ben Samuel Meyuchas (died 1767) - Born in Jerusalem. Authored a commentary on the Torah, Sedeh ha-Eretz (three parts, Salonika, 1784,1789, Livorno 1788) of Diglo Ahavah, a commentary on the Derech Etz ha-Chaim of Isaac Luria.

Moshe Yosef Mordechai Meyuchas (Moses Joseph Mordechai Meyuchas) (1738-1805) - born in Jerusalem.  Served as Rishon l'Zion from 1802-1805. He is the author of Sha'ar ha-Mayim (Salonika, 1768), Berachot Mayim (Salonika, 1789), and Mayin Shaal (Salonika 1799).

References

People from Jerusalem
1767 deaths
Jews and Judaism in Palestine (region)
Sephardi rabbis from Ottoman Palestine
Sephardi families

Meyuchas


Multifilament line, also referred to as The Super Lines, is a type of fishing line. It is a braided line which is made up of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), a specialty polyethylene polymer that makes an extremely thin line for its strength. By weight, UHMWPE strands are five to ten times sturdier than steel. Multifilament line is similar to braided dacron in terms of sensitivity but a diameter about one-third that of the ubiquitous nylon monofilament line.

Multifilament works best on conventional and baitcasting reels. On spinning and spincasting reels, the line's limpness can make sure for awkward manipulation, as it does not "spring" off the reel like monofilament. Consequently, knot-tying is more difficult with multifilaments. Certain knots work better with superline, like the palomar knot. Applying a type of super glue will help to prevent other types of knots from slipping.

This type of fishing line is expensive, sometimes four times the cost of equivalent monofilament. This can become a considerable expense, especially considering that the line is so thin that one needs more of it to fill a reel spool. Sometimes, a backing of monofilament or other line is used under the braided line on the spool.

See also
 Braided fishing line
 Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene

References

Fishing equipment

Multifilament fishing line


NGC 3114 is a sparse open cluster which is projected onto the outskirts of the Carina complex.

Because of the high number of field stars from the disc of the Milky Way, it is very difficult object to study as this contamination makes its size ambiguous.

Studies of NGC 3114
NGC 3114 has first been subject of studies in 1963, when Jankowitz and McCosh obtained photographic UBV photometry  for 171 of its stars and photoelectric UBV photometry of 52 stars.  They estimated the cluster to be 910 parsecs from the Sun, its mean visual extinction  and its age to range from  and  years.

In 1988, Schneider and Weiss obtained photometry data for 122 stars, revising the cluster reddening to be .

Three years later, Sagar and Sharpless made the largest data recording of the cluster to date, obtaining BV CCD photometry of around 350 stars from seven 3.6'×5.4' regions.  Because these regions were rather far from the cluster centre, a substantial contamination was expected.  Nevertheless, by assuming the cluster reddening value obtained by Schneider and Weiss, they found the cluster to be  pc, which agreed with the measurements taken 28 years previously by Jankowitz and McCosh.  They also found the age of the cluster to be  years.

Finally, in 1989 Claria' et al. estimated the cluster chemical abundance, finding that NGC 3114 has basically the same metal richness as the Sun, for which  (Fe - Iron, H - Hydrogen).

Gallery

See also
 List of open clusters
 Open cluster family
 Open cluster remnant
 Star clusters
 Stellar associations

References

External links

Open clusters
18260308
Carina (constellation)
3114

NGC 3114


The 1953 NBA World Championship Series was the championship round of the 1953 NBA Playoffs, which concluded the National Basketball Association (NBA)'s 1952–53 season. The Western Division champion Minneapolis Lakers faced the Eastern Division champion New York Knicks in a best-of-seven series with Minneapolis having home-court advantage. By winning four games to one, the Lakers won their fifth title in six years dating from 1948, the club's final season in the National Basketball League.

The five games were played in seven days, beginning Saturday and Sunday, April 4 and 5, in Minneapolis and concluding there on the following Friday. Meanwhile, two mid-week games were played in New York City. The entire postseason tournament spanned 25 days in which Minneapolis played 12 games, New York 11.

Series summary

Lakers win series 4–1

Team rosters

Minneapolis Lakers

New York Knicks

References

External links
 1953 Finals at NBA.com
 1953 NBA Playoffs at Basketball-Reference.com

National Basketball Association Finals
Finals
NBA Finals
NBA Finals
NBA Finals
NBA Finals
NBA Finals
Basketball competitions in New York City
Basketball competitions in Minneapolis
1950s in Minneapolis
1950s in Manhattan
Rose Hill, Manhattan

1953 NBA Finals


Soak the Rich is a 1936 American comedy film written and directed by Ben Hecht and Charles MacArthur, and starring Walter Connolly, John Howard, Mary Zimbalist, Lionel Stander, Ilka Chase and Alice Duer Miller. It was released on January 17, 1936, by Paramount Pictures.

Plot

Humphrey Craig is a tycoon who has endowed a university. His idealistic daughter Belinda enrolls there, hoping to get some idea of the 'real world'. When Professor Popper lectures his students on the merits of a 'soak-the-rich' tax bill, Craig (who opposes the bill) gets Popper fired. Meanwhile, Joe Muglia is the leader of a band of radicals on campus. When the radicals protest the dismissal of Popper, Belinda falls in love with Buzz Jones, a radical, handsome idealist .

Cast
Walter Connolly as Humphrey Craig
John Howard as Kenneth "Buzz" Jones
Mary Zimbalist as Belinda "Bindy" Craig
Lionel Stander as Muglia
Ilka Chase as Mrs. Mabel Craig
Alice Duer Miller as Miss Beasley
Francis Compton as Tulio
Joseph Sweeney as Capt. Pettijohn
John W. Call as Sign carrier
Edwin Phillips as Lockwood
Robert Wallsten as Tommy Hutchins
George Watts as Rockwell
Percy Kilbride as Everett
Isabelle Foster as Jenny
Edward Garvey as Dean A. S. Phillpotts
Allan Ross MacDougall as Keats
Cornelius MacSunday as Craig's butler

Reception
Frank Nugent of The New York Times wrote, "Collegiate radicals come in for a rather cruel lampooning at the hands of those old die-hards, Ben Hecht and Charles MacArthur, in the antic pair's latest picture, Soak the Rich, which moved into the Astor last night. Their spoofing of youth in revolt is frequently amusing and the quality of the dialogue proves that the premier filmmakers of Astoria have lost none of their wit. The same, alas, cannot be said of their sense of direction."

References

External links

1936 films
Paramount Pictures films
American comedy films
1936 comedy films
Films directed by Ben Hecht
American black-and-white films
1930s English-language films
1930s American films

Soak the Rich


Sidney Poitier  (February 20, 1927 – January 6, 2022) was a Bahamian and American actor, movie director, and diplomat. He became a star in American movies and plays which went against racial stereotypes, and made black actors more respected in mainstream roles.

From 1997 through 2007, he was the Bahamian ambassador to Japan.

Early life
Poitier was born in Miami, Florida. He grew up with his family on remote Cat Island, in the Bahamas. His mother was called Evelyn and his father was called Reginald James Poitier. They had a farm. Poitier's birth was premature and people did not expect him to survive, but his parents stayed three months in Miami until he became well. Since he was born in Miami, Poitier automatically gained U.S. citizenship.

When he was 15, Poitier's parents sent him off Miami to live with his older brother. At 17, he moved to New York City and got several menial jobs. During this time, he was arrested for vagrancy (being homeless) after having to leave his home for not paying rent. He decided to join the United States Army. He worked as a dishwasher until he got a job with the American Negro Theater.

Acting career

Poitier was tone deaf, and could not sing or dance. This is what black actors did at the time, so audiences did not like him. He worked very hard to improve his acting skills, and to get rid of his Bahamian accent. He eventually got a leading role in the Broadway play called Lysistrata and he got excellent reviews. At the end of 1949, he got a job working for Darryl F. Zanuck in the movie No Way Out (1950). He played a doctor treating a white bigot. After this job, he soon got more movie roles. The acting jobs he got were better and more interesting than the roles most black actors played at the time.

In 1955, he played a member of an badly behaved high school class in Blackboard Jungle. This was an important role in Poitier's career.

Poitier was the first black actor to win the Academy Award for Best Actor (for Lilies of the Field in 1963).

He acted in the first production of A Raisin in the Sun on Broadway in 1959, and later starred in the movie version released in 1961. He was also in The Bedford Incident (1965), and A Patch of Blue (1965) co-starring Elizabeth Hartman and Shelley Winters. In 1967, he was the most successful actor at the box office, with three successful movies, Guess Who's Coming to Dinner; To Sir, with Love and In the Heat of the Night. The last movie featured his most successful character, Virgil Tibbs, a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania detective.

However, Poitier began to be criticized for typecasting himself, playing black characters who had only good personalities, like his character in Guess Who's Coming To Dinner. Poitier agreed with this but although he wanted more different roles, but also wanted to set a good example with his characters and go against the negative stereotypes that had come before. He was the only major black actor in the American movie industry at the time.

Directing career
Poitier directed several movies, the most successful being the Richard Pryor-Gene Wilder comedy Stir Crazy. The first movie he directed was the western Buck and the Preacher. He was also the star, with Harry Belafonte. Other movies he directed are Uptown Saturday Night, Let's Do It Again, A Piece of the Action, and Ghost Dad.

Personal life

Poitier was first married to Juanita Hardy from April 29, 1950 until 1965. He married Joanna Shimkus, a Canadian-born actress on January 23, 1976. He had four daughters by his first marriage and two by his second.

Poitier wrote three autobiographical books, This Life (1980), The Measure of a Man: A Spiritual Autobiography (2000) and Life Beyond Measure - letters to my Great-Granddaughter (2008).

Later life
In April 1997, Poitier became ambassador from the Bahamas to Japan. He was also the ambassador from the Bahamas to UNESCO. From 1998 to 2003, he was a Member of the Board of Directors of The Walt Disney Company.

In 2001, Poitier received an Academy Honorary Award for his overall contribution to American cinema. In August 2009, he received the Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama.

Poitier died at his home in Los Angeles, California on January 6, 2022, at the age of 94. The cause of death was heart failure caused by Alzheimer's disease and prostate cancer.

References

Other websites

 Official publisher web page
 Sidney Poitier to get Marian Anderson Award (July 26, 2006)
 The Purpose Prize: Sidney Poitier  The Purpose Prize: Sidney Poitier
 Overview of Sidney Poitier's life

 Artist of the Month: Sidney Poitier at Hyena Productions

1927 births
2022 deaths
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Miami
African American actors
Ambassadors to Japan
Diplomats
American autobiographers
American movie actors
American movie directors
American screenwriters
American television actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Bahamian politicians
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Grammy Award winners
Kennedy Center honorees
Military people from Florida
Politicians from Florida
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Writers from Florida
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
Deaths from heart failure
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Deaths from prostate cancer

Sidney Poitier


Aksel Gresvig OBE (16 August 1876 – 16 December 1958) was a Norwegian track cyclist, sports administrator, and businessman. He started a bicycle shop in Oslo in 1901, which later developed into the largest chain of sports shops in Scandinavia.

Early and personal life
Aksel Johan Andersen was born in Græsvig in Onsø, a peninsula and then a municipality in Østfold, as the son of village shopkeeper Ole Andersen (1849–1883) and Randine Andersen (1849–1900). His father died when he was six years old, and the family moved to Fredrikstad, an important port for timber export. In 1887 the family moved to Kristiania. He adopted the name Gresvig when he was a candidate for confirmation. He married Ragnhild Helseth in 1914.

Sports career

Active career as track cyclist
Gresvig bought his first bicycle in 1894. This was the start of his cycling career, and later career in sports business. He spent much time training at the area in front of the Akershus Fortress, and there he also met competition cyclists, including world champion Wilhelm Henie, as they used the area for training while the cycle racing track at Bygdøy converted from gravel to wooden tracks. Gresvig later exchanged his road bicycle for a track bicycle, and started to train at the Bygdøy velodrome. He won two Scandinavian championships in track cycling, in 1897 and 1900. He won three national championships, in 1897, 1898 and 1899. As a cyclist he represented Kristiania Velocipedklub.

Administrative career
Gresvig was board member of Christiania Skøiteklub from 1899, one year after the club's revival in 1898. He was vice chairman from 1905 to 1909 and chairman from 1909 to 1915, and was later appointed honorary member of the club. He chaired the Norwegian Skating Association from 1908 to 1911, and from 1915 to 1916. He was co-founder of Norsk Riksforbund for Idrett in 1910. He was president for Norges Cykleforbund from 1928 to 1929, and also president for Nordisk Sykkelforbund. In 1947 he co-founded Syklistenes Landsforening.

Business career
Gresvig started working as junior clerk for the insurance company Glitne in 1893. He later worked at various sport shops, trading with bicycles, which had become his big interest. During this period he acquired knowledge about both the technical aspects of the bicycle, and the business part.
In 1901 Gresvig started a cycle and sports shop in Oslo. In 1908 he also started production of bicycles, introducing the brands "Thor" and "Diamant". The company survived the difficult 1920s, and also expanded by taking over other companies. After his death the company continued to grow, developing into Gresvig ASA, which manages the sport chains G-Sport (about 220 shops), Super G and Intersport (about 110 shops).

Honours
Gresvig was honorary member of Nordisk Sykkelforbund, Norges Sportshandleres Forbund and Syklistenens Landsforening. A festschrift was issued at his 75th anniversary, and his company's 50th anniversary, in 1951.

He was decorated Officer of the Order of the British Empire, and received the King's Medal of Merit, both for his negotiation of delivery of bicycle tyres and tubes from the United Kingdom to Norway during the First World War.

References

1876 births
1958 deaths
Norwegian male cyclists
Norwegian sports executives and administrators
People from Fredrikstad
People from Østfold
Honorary Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Recipients of the King's Medal of Merit

Aksel Gresvig


David John Hussey (born 15 July 1977) is an Australian cricket coach and former cricketer. Hussey is a right-handed batter and can also bowl right-arm off breaks. He is the younger brother of former Australian cricketer Michael Hussey. He was captain of the Melbourne Stars in the Big Bash League.

Australian domestic career
Hussey's cricketing prowess was perhaps first widely acknowledged after an innings for the Victorian Bushrangers in 2003–04, his first full season of first-class cricket. Hussey scored 212 not out as his side scored a record 455/7 in the 4th innings to beat New South Wales in Newcastle. He finished the Australian season with an aggregate 857 runs at an average of 61. In 2004–05 season, his four-day form let him down and he was dropped from the Victorian Pura Cup side. Hussey unsuccessfully asked Cricket Victoria for a release to return to Western Australia. Another modest Pura Cup season for Victoria in 2005–06 saw him make 500 runs at an average of just over 30. It was again in the one day arena where he impressed as he smashed 535 runs at 76.42. This tally included 130 against Queensland and he won the state's limited-overs player-of-the-year award. In 2006–07 season, he repeated his Newcastle heroics with another match winning unbeaten century to beat NSW in the 4th innings. Captaining the side in the absence of Cameron White and Brad Hodge, Hussey finished with 125 as his side made 362 for 7 chasing 360 for victory. The winning runs came from his bat with a 6 off Stuart MacGill. It took his first thousand-run season in 2007–08 (he made 1,008 in the Pura Cup at 56) before he was finally chosen for a tour, the ODI series in the West Indies in 2008, and earned his first Cricket Australia contract. In February 2008, Hussey made the second fastest Australian domestic one-day hundred, off 60 balls. Hussey played as a Twenty20 all-rounder, bowling in all Victoria's matches with success (a wicket in all but one game and leaving him with 10 for the tournament). In 2007–08, Hussey was named Victoria's Player of the Year in all three domestic cricket formats.

In 2013, Hussey was involved in an incident in the Big Bash League, with Marlon Samuels and Shane Warne, after Samuels had grabbed Hussey while in the process of running between the wickets which followed Warne abusing Samuels in the following innings, and Samuels throwing his bat in Warne's direction.

English cricket
Hussey started his English cricket career at Horsham Cricket Club in Sussex. From 2004, Hussey played for county side Nottinghamshire. In the English summer of 2004, Hussey score 1208 runs for Nottinghamshire. In 2005, he had another prolific season, scoring 1231 runs. He hit two centuries and one double century, 232* against Warwickshire as his county went on to win the championship. In the subsequent county season, Hussey scored a career best 275, off just 227 balls and with 14 sixes. His record for the year was an exceptional 1,219 runs at 93.76. Hussey signed for Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club for the 2008 and 2009 seasons, but due to commitments to the Australian national team withdrew from the end of the 2008 season.

Hussey returned to Notts for the majority of the 2010 season, and left the county at the end of the 2013 season, signing off with a century against Somerset in the County Championships. During his final season, he also helped Notts beat Glamorgan by 87 runs to win the YB40 final at Lord's, their first one-day trophy since 1989.

International career

In 2004, Hussey played four one-day internationals (ODIs) for Australia A, scoring a century against the West Indies. In September 2007, David toured Pakistan with the Australia A team, scoring two centuries on the tour. Hussey made his international Twenty20 debut for Australia against India at the MCG on 1 February 2008. Although he was not required to bat, he took a wicket and a catch.

Hussey's international representative career continued with selection for the ODI tour of the West Indies in the Australian off-season of 2008. He made his debut at Basseterre on 4 July 2008 in the fourth ODI of the bilateral series against the West Indies and scored 52, involved in a 50 partnership with brother Michael. In the fifth ODI, he created a new record for Australia when he struck a half century off just 19 balls. Incidentally, earlier in the same match, wicket keeper Luke Ronchi scored his half century off just 21 balls only to see it eclipsed by Hussey minutes later.

On 28 August 2009, Hussey registered his maiden ODI century against Scotland getting 111 off 87 balls. Nevertheless, although he represented Australia in a number of T20 International matches during 2010, Hussey did not play another one day international after scoring his century against Scotland until he was selected for the 1st ODI against England at the MCG on 16 January 2011. During England's innings, Hussey took figures of 2/42 off six overs with the ball, but was not required to bat during Australia's successful run chase. On 23 January 2011 in the third ODI match in a series against England, he scored 68* to take Australia to victory and a 3–0 series lead over England with four games to play. On 6 February 2011 he scored 60 in the 3rd ODI match against England as Australia completed a resounding 6–1 series win at the WACA in Perth.

Despite his exemplary first class average of 55.27 (as of the end of the 2010/11 season), Hussey has never been selected to play a Test Match for Australia. Outside of India, Hussey is the only batsman to average more than 54 at first class level, but never be selected for a test.

In the 2011–2012 tri-series held in Australia against India and Sri Lanka, Hussey scored the third most runs between the three teams, making 439 runs with an average 54.88.

Indian Premier League
Hussey was selected for Kolkata Knight Riders in the Indian Premier League to a contract of $625,000. He had a successful first series, scoring 319 runs at 29.00, he received a man of the match award against Deccan Chargers after scoring 38 not out on a difficult pitch to win the match for his side.

In the fourth season, Hussey attracted the biggest price for an Australian on the opening day of the two-day auction at Bangalore and was contracted by Kings XI Punjab for US$1.4 million. He is currently the second-most-expensive overseas IPL cricketer, after Mahela Jayawardene.

In the 2012 Indian Premier League, due to the absence of injured Kings XI Punjab captain Adam Gilchrist, Hussey was the skipper of Kings XI until Gilchrist returned.

Hussey represented Chennai Super Kings for IPL 2014. He was the replacement for the injured Dwayne Bravo.

Hussey was appointed as the chief mentor for Kolkata Knight Riders in 2019 IPL.

Career best performances

References

External links

Australian cricketers
Australian expatriate sportspeople in England
Australia One Day International cricketers
Australia Twenty20 International cricketers
Victoria cricketers
Nottinghamshire cricketers
1977 births
Living people
Sussex Cricket Board cricketers
Cricketers at the 2011 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers from Perth, Western Australia
Melbourne Stars cricketers
Punjab Kings cricketers
Chennai Super Kings cricketers
Kolkata Knight Riders cricketers
Australian cricket coaches
Antigua Hawksbills cricketers
Northern Districts cricketers

David Hussey


Fatman on Batman is a podcast and video series in which hosts, filmmaker Kevin Smith and writer Marc Bernardin explores their geeky interests, originally focusing on the DC comic property Batman. The podcast was retitled Fatman Beyond after Smith's weight loss. The show is part of the SModcast Podcast Network.

Show History
Paul Dini joined Kevin Smith for the first Fatman Beyond, originally called "Fatman on Batman" was released on June 1, 2012. The episode focused on Dini's experience writing for Batman: The Animated Series. Many of the early episodes centered on Batman: The Animated Series featuring guests that worked on the series. While Smith has been a lifelong fan of the Batman, he maintains a strong connection to Batman: The Animated Series. Smith often notes that Batman, as voiced by Kevin Conroy and written by Dini, is his touchstone for Batman. During the progression of Fatman on Batman Smith has been joined by a variety of guests including past and present DC Comic authors and artists, voice actors, live action actors, iconic members of the comic community, individuals who have added to the Batman mythology, Smith's friends with a devotion to Batman, and longtime friend and colleague Scott Mosier. Fatman on Batman directly addresses the personal impact the Batman mythology has had on individuals on the show. Guests have noted that they have found strength, hope and solace in the ideals espoused in the mythology of Batman. On several occasions Smith has been moved to tears describing attributes of the Batman.

In 2015, Smith, along with Marc Bernardin started streaming a video version of Fatman on Batman on Smith's official YouTube channel. Guests include Alan Tudyk, Nathan Fillion, David Dastmalchian, Paul Dini, Chris Daughtry and more.

Format
Fatman on Batman is primarily an interview-oriented dialogue between Kevin and a guest of his choice. Episodes follow a loose structure where Smith explores the guest's background, personal connection with the character and, if applicable, how the guest became involved with the Batman mythology. Recurring guests delve deeper into personal histories, expand on how the character impacted their lives or discuss their contributions to character. While several guests have reappeared in episodes, as of February 17, 2015, the most frequent guests are Paul Dini and Marc Bernardin. Smith and Dini dive deep into all things related to Batman: The Animated Series, while Smith and Bernardin provide commentaries on Batman films.

Fatman on Batman Guests
An individual who has been affected by or influenced the Batman mythos often joins Smith on Fatman on Batman. Guests include actors who have portrayed Batman and other characters in the Bat-verse, writers and artists involved with DC Comics as well as others who join big Kev Smith in his love of Batman. Guests include: Paul Dini (Writer for Batman the Animated Series / Creator of Harley Quinn); Bruce Timm (Producer of Batman the Animated Series), Adam West (Batman, Batman '66), Kevin Conroy (Batman, Batman Animated Series), Diedrich Bader (Batman, Batman: Brave and the Bold); Mark Hamill (Joker, Batman Animated Series); Scott Snyder / Gregg Capullo (Writer / Artist of DC Comic's New 52 Batman); Stan Lee (Not Batman Related–it's Stan Lee) and Jamie Walton (President, Wayne Foundation). Complete guest list and episodes appearances:

Kevin Smith connection to Batman
Smith is a strong advocate and Vice President of The Wayne Foundation, which is led by Jamie Walton (founder and president). The Wayne Foundation is committed to spreading awareness of commercial sexual exploitation of children and domestic minor sexual trafficking (DMST) occurring within the United States. The Foundation's goal is to provide young women in the United States who have fallen victim to DMST with a means of leaving the sex industry for good by providing a safe home environment with rehabilitation services.

Smith has separately worked with long-time friends Walt Flanagan and Ralph Garman on two Batman projects for DC Comics. Flanagan and Smith created the Batman: Cacophony (2008–2009) and Batman: The Widening Gyre (2009-2010) arcs, while Smith and Garman worked on Batman '66 Meets Green Hornet (2014).

DC tapped Smith to chair or take part in several panel discussions held as part of DC Comics's year-long celebration of the 75th anniversary of Batman (2014).

Actor Ben Affleck, a long-time friend of Kevin Smith, played Batman in 2016's Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. Smith, often attributed with helping to jump-start Affleck's career, notes his continued support for his friend, stating, "Now I know a dude who plays my favorite character on the planet, and this is an actor who I believed in from the jump, and everything he performed in I was a big fan of, and still remain a fan of."  Smith currently resides in the home formerly occupied by Affleck. The home sports a 'Batcave entrance', which Affleck, a long time Bat-fan, had installed prior to Smith's ownership.

Notes

References

External links

 Kevin Smiths Youtube channel, video version of the program is regularly posted there.

Audio podcasts
Batman in other media
Interview podcasts
Works by Kevin Smith
2012 podcast debuts
Comic book podcasts
Video podcasts

Fatman on Batman


Alix Joffroy (16 December 1844, in Stainville – 24 November 1908) was a French neurologist and psychiatrist remembered for describing Joffroy's sign. He studied in Paris, earning his doctorate in 1873,  becoming médecin des hôpitaux in 1879 and agrégé in 1880. He worked at the Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital from 1885 and succeeded Benjamin Ball as professor of clinical psychiatry in 1893.

Jean-Martin Charcot encouraged him to study neurology, and together they demonstrated atrophy of anterior horn cells in the spinal cord in poliomyelitis in 1869.

See also
 A Clinical Lesson at the Salpêtrière

External links

French neurologists
French psychiatrists
1844 births
1908 deaths

Alix Joffroy


Christian Leysen (born 1954) is a Belgian businessman, and Chairman of the International Advisory board of Antwerp Management School, who developed several Belgian ventures to large international companies.

Biography
Born in Wilrijk as son of André Leysen, Leysen obtained a Commercial engineer - Master's degree in Law at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel in 1976. There he was president of the fraternity "Solvay" in 1974–1975.

Leysen started his career in 1976 with Arthur Andersen & Co, the international audit and consulting company. In 1981 he joined GB Inno BM, the largest Belgian retail group, where he was in charge of the Maxi division's logistics and organisation. In 1984 he founded the information technology service provider Xylos. In 1989 he took over daily management of Ahlers, an Antwerp-based shipping company, and made it a logistical and maritime service provider. In 1994, he brought Ahlers back into private ownership through a buy-out operation of Stinnes AG (Mülheim) and became chairman of the board.

He is President of the AXE-group (comprising Ahlers, Xylos and AXE Investments). Beside its activities in transportation and information technology, the AXE-group is also active as an investor via AXE Investments.

Leysen is a member of the board of Agidens (formerly Egemin) and member of the Supervisory board of K&H Bank (Hungary). He was Chairman of the Antwerp Management School (formerly called UAMS) from 2004 till 2016. Today he is chairman of the International Advisory Board. He is a founding member and was the first chairman of ADM (a cluster of about 100 IT related companies) and of the Belgian Enterprise Network for Social Cohesion (renamed Business & Society and subsequently 'The Shift').

Christian Leysen is married to Brigitte Guillaume and together they have four children: Caroline, Nathalie, Patrick and Denis. His brother Thomas Leysen was CEO of Umicore until 2008.

Political
In 2000, Christian Leysen, a member of the Open Vld was elected in the Antwerp city council. Urban planning is his main interest. He was also active in the debate of the  and the Oosterweel Link.

Selected publications
 C. Leysen, Antwerpen, Onvoltooide Stad. Ontwikkeling tussen droom en daad, Lannoo 2003
 C. Leysen (Ed.), Stadslucht maakt vrij, VUBPRESS, Brussel, 2005
 C. Leysen: Kiezen voor Antwerpen, Van Halewyck, 2006
 C. Leysen and O. Boehme, 100 years Ahlers in Antwerp - A family business in a world port, UPA 2009

References

External links
 Christian Leysen

1954 births
Living people
Flemish businesspeople
Flemish academics
Vrije Universiteit Brussel alumni
20th-century Belgian businesspeople
21st-century Belgian businesspeople
People from Wilrijk
Members of the Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)

Christian Leysen


Christianity is the most widely professed religion in Chile, with Catholicism being its largest denomination. The country is secular and the freedom of religion is established under its Constitution.

Historically, the indigenous peoples in Chile observed a variety of religions before the Spanish conquest in the 16th century. During Spanish rule and the first century of Chilean independence, the Catholic Church was one of the most powerful institutions in the country. In the late 19th century, liberal policies (the so-called Leyes laicas or "lay laws") started to reduce the influence of the clergy and the promulgation of a new Constitution in 1925 established the separation of church and state.

Demography

In the last census in Chile, in the year 2002, indigenous people make up 5 percent (780,000) of the population. 65 percent of indigenous people identify themselves as Catholic, 29 percent as evangelical, and 6 percent as "others."

In 2022, Chilean affiliations were 88% Christian (mainly Catholic), 0.15% Baha'i, 0.1% Jewish, 0.1% Muslim and 10% non-religious.

Members of the largest religious groups (Catholic, Pentecostal, and other evangelical churches) are numerous in the capital and are also found in other regions of the country. Jewish communities are located in Santiago, Valparaíso, Viña del Mar, Valdivia, Temuco, Concepción, La Serena, and Iquique (although there is no synagogue in Iquique). Mosques are located in Santiago, Iquique, and Coquimbo.

Mapuche communities, constituting 87% of indigenous citizens, continue to respect traditional religious leaders (Longkos and Machis), and anecdotal information indicates a high degree of syncretism in worship and traditional healing practices.

Religious affiliation and practices

Evolution

Importance of religion
According to a 2015 Pew Research Center report, Chileans who say religion is very important in their lives has decreased from 46% in 2007 to 27% in 2015. Twenty percent said religion is "Not at all important."

Legal and policy framework

The Constitution provides for freedom of religion. On June 28 2022, the Constitutional Convention approved a draft constitution that included four paragraphs establishing freedom of religion as a fundamental right.

Church and state are officially separate. The 1999 law on religion prohibits religious discrimination; however, the Catholic Church enjoys a privileged status and occasionally receives preferential treatment. In 2006, government officials were attending Catholic events as well as major Protestant and Jewish ceremonies.

The Government observes Christmas, Good Friday, the Feast of the Virgin of Carmen, the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul, the Feast of the Assumption, All Saints' Day, and the Feast of the Immaculate Conception as national holidays.

The law allows any religious group to apply for legal public right status (comprehensive religious nonprofit status). The Ministry of Justice may not refuse to accept a registration petition, although it may object to the petition within 90 days on the grounds that all legal prerequisites for registration have not been satisfied. The petitioner then has 60 days to address objections raised by the Ministry or challenge the Ministry in court. Once a religious entity is registered, the state cannot dissolve it by decree. The semiautonomous Council for the Defense of the State may initiate a judicial review; however, no organization that has registered under the 1999 law has subsequently been deregistered.

In addition, the law allows religious entities to adopt a charter and by-laws suited to a religious organization rather than a private corporation. They may establish affiliates (schools, clubs, and sports organizations) without registering them as separate corporations.

During 2006, 516 religious organizations registered under the 1999 law and gained legal public right status, bringing the total to 1,659 registered religious groups.
Publicly subsidized schools are required to offer religious education twice a week through high school; participation is optional (with parental waiver). Religious instruction in public schools is almost exclusively Catholic. Teaching the creed requested by parents is mandatory; however, enforcement is sometimes lax, and religious education in faiths other than Catholicism is often provided privately through Sunday schools and at other venues. Local school administrations decide how funds are spent on religious instruction. Although the Ministry of Education has approved curriculums for 14 other denominations, 92 percent of public schools and 81 percent of private schools offered only Catholic instruction. Parents may homeschool their children or enroll them in private schools for religious reasons.

Religious freedom
The constitution Chile provides for the freedom of religion, although it stipulates that this freedom must be not be "opposed to morals, to good customs or to the public order". It further establishes a separation between church and state, and other laws prohibit religious discrimination.

Religious organizations are not required to register with the government, but may do so to receive tax breaks. Religious groups may appoint chaplains to provide services in hospitals and prisons. Officially registered groups may appoint chaplains for the military. The celebration of a Catholic Mass frequently marks official and public events. In 2006, membership in the Catholic Church is considered beneficial to a military career.

All schools are required to provide two hours of religious per week, tailored to the religious affiliations of the students. The majority of such courses focus on a Catholic perspective, but the government has approved curricula for 14 different religious groups. Parents may also choose to excuse their children from such classes.

According to Christian Solidarity Worldwide, arsonists attacked Baptist and Catholic churches in the primarily indigenous Mapuche communities in the rural Araucania Region in 2017. According to other sources, the church attacks fit into a pattern of sabotage directed at a wide range of institutions, business interests, and infrastructure in Araucania, and thus may not necessarily have been intended as a religiously-motivated attack. As of the end of 2017, a trial was still pending for the arson suspects, and the regional government verbally committed itself to helping rebuild the churches.

Leaders of the Jewish community have expressed concerns about incidences of antisemitic vandalism and graffiti targeting Jews.

The National Office of Religious Affairs facilitates inter-religious dialogue and promotes tolerance of religious diversity.

In 2023, Chile was scored 4 out of 4 for religious freedom.

Christianity

Catholicism

As with most of Latin America, Catholicism is the main religion in Chile since its introduction during the Spanish colonization of the Americas although their figures have declined signifactively in the last decade. In 2022, the Vatican noted that the 74% of the population was Catholic.

Catholicism was introduced by priests with the Spanish colonialists in the 16th century. Most of the native population in the northern and central regions was evangelized by 1650. The southern area proved more difficult and Catholicism settled in the area after the Occupation of the Araucania in the late 19th century. In the 20th century, church expansion was impeded by a shortage of clergy and government attempts to control church administration. Relations between church and state were strained under both Salvador Allende and Augusto Pinochet.

The Catholic Church is one of the largest organizations in the country. There are five archdioceses, 18 dioceses, two territorial prelatures, one apostolic vicariate, one military ordinariate and one personal prelature (Opus Dei). Usually, the archbishop of Santiago acts as the head of the church in the country, although the Holy See is represented officially by the Apostolic Nunciature to Chile.

The Catholic Church is currently one of the principal providers of education (including universities) and health care in the country and is involved in several initiatives to support different charities. However, the support of the Chilean population has decreased in the last decades, especially after diverse cases of sexual abuse by Catholic members have been published. According to a survey conducted in October 2017 by Plaza Publica Cadem, 56% of Chileans disapprove the performance of the Catholic Church in Chile, whilst 32% approve.

Protestantism

Protestants represented 2.5% of Chilean people in 2022. Protestants first arrived in the first half of the nineteenth century, with American missionary David Trumbull and with German immigrants from Protestant parts of Germany, mainly Lutherans.  Later, representatives from Anglicanism, Presbyterianism, Baptists, Seventh-day Adventist Church, Methodism, Pentecostalism, and other Protestant denominations began work in the country.

Seventh-Day Adventist missionaries first arrived in 1895, today there are estimated 126,814 Adventists in Chile.

Latter-day Saints (Mormonism)

Early apostle Parley P. Pratt was among the first Mormon missionaries to preach in Chile, landing in Valparaiso in November, 1851, along with Elder Rufus Allen and Phoebe Sopher, one of Pratt's wives, who was pregnant at the time. The mission party was impressed by the Chilean countryside and people. Pratt wrote that the people he met in Chile were "a neat, plain, loving and sociable people; very friendly, frank, and easy to become acquainted with," but the mission trip met with tragedy when the Pratt's month-old son died in January 1852. Hampered by language difficulties and a lack of literature in the Spanish language (selections of the Book of Mormon were not translated into Spanish until 1875) the missionaries left Chile after four months without having a successful baptism. Pratt used his experience in South America to advise Brigham Young that the success of future missionary efforts would be based on translations of the scriptures.

Missionary work in Chile began in earnest in 1956, when the country was made part of the Argentine mission and the first small branch was formed. By 1961, the country had 1,100 members and the Chilean mission was organized. The following three decades saw explosive growth in church membership, with the church membership doubling every two years at its peak. The growth sparked a building boom during these decades. Hundreds of LDS chapels were constructed, capped by the dedication of the Santiago Temple in 1983. Church growth continued in the 1990s, with the country having the greatest growth in LDS membership in South America during the decade. Between 1994 and 1996, 26 new stakes were dedicated in the country. A second temple, in Concepción, was announced in 2009. The Antofagasta Chile Temple, Chile's third temple, was announced on April 7, 2019, by President Russell M. Nelson in his concluding remarks at the Sunday Afternoon Session of General Conference.

Although an average of 12,000 people were baptized annually between 1961 and 1990, membership growth has slowed and the church has a large number of inactive members. According to census data, 0.9% of the population claims to be Mormon, based upon those aged 15 and over who identify themselves as Mormon. The church itself reports that it has 543,628 members in Chile, which is equal to about 3.2% of the population. If accurate, these numbers makes the LDS Church the single largest denomination in Chile after Catholicism. LDS statistics counts everyone baptized, including children age eight or older as well as inactive members. In 2002, the church sent Elder Jeffrey R. Holland, a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, to remain in Chile for a year to train leadership and minister to the church, a role typically held by members of the quorums of the seventy.

Jorge F. Zeballos, a former mining engineer, is a Chilean-born LDS General Authority. He was called to the First Quorum of the Seventy in April, 2008. Zeballos is the second Chilean to serve as a General Authority following Eduardo Ayala, who served in the Second Quorum of the Seventy from 1990 to 1995.

Jehovah's Witnesses
In 2020, the number of Jehovah's Witnesses was 85,273 active publishers, united in 959 congregations; 180,281 people attended annual celebration of Lord's Evening Meal in 2020.

Bahá'í Faith

The Bahá'í Faith in Chile begins with references to Chile in Bahá'í literature as early as 1916, with the first Bahá'ís visiting the country as early as 1919. A functioning community wasn't founded in Chile until 1940 with the beginning of the arrival of coordinated Bahá'í pioneers from the United States finding national Chilean converts and achieved an independent national community in 1963. The US government estimated 6,000 Bahá'ís in Chile as of 2007 though the Association of Religion Data Archives estimated some 26,400 Bahá'ís in 2010.

In 2002 this community was picked for the establishment of the first Bahá'í Temple of South America. The Santiago Bahá'í Temple was inaugurated in 2016 in Peñalolén, in the Andean slopes over the city. After its dedication, the temple has become in an important landmark of the city, receiving thousands of visitors every month.

Judaism

The earliest recorded Jew living in Chile was a converso by the name of Rodrigo de Orgonos who came with the expedition of Diego de Almagro in 1535. Conversos were widely persecuted until Chile gained independence from Spain in 1818. Even after independence, it was not until 1865 that a special law permitted non-Catholics to practice their religion in private homes and establish private schools. As of the 2012 Chilean census, 16,294 Chilean residents listed their religion as Judaism.

Hinduism

A few Indians had gone to Chile in the 1920s. The others migrated there about 30 years ago, not only from India, but also from Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Nigeria, Panama, the Philippines and Singapore. The Hindu Community in Chile comprises more than 1400 members. Among these, 400 people (90 families) lives in the Capital city Santiago. Most of the Hindus in Chile are Sindhis. There is a Hindu Temple in Punta Arenas which provide services in both Sindhi and Spanish.

Islam

The statistics for Islam in Chile estimate a total Muslim population of 3,196, representing 0.02 percent of the population.

Islam has enjoyed a long history in Chile. Aurelio Díaz Meza's Chronicles of the History of Chile, one man in discoverer Diego de Almagro's expedition, a certain Pedro de Gasco, was a morisco (that is, a Moor from al-Andalus, Spain, who had been obliged to convert from Islam to Roman Catholicism).  The first Islamic institution in Chile, the Muslim Union Society (Sociedad Unión Musulmana), was founded on September 25, 1926, at Santiago.  The Society of Mutual Aid and Islamic Charity was established the following year, on October 16, 1927.  Sources within the Islamic community indicate that at the moment, in Chile, there are 3,000 Muslims, many of whom are native Chileans who, as a result of their conversions, have even changed their names. Today, there are 13 mosques and Islamic centers in Chile.

Buddhism
Buddhism first came to Chile by way of Japanese residents of Brazil migrating to the country. Though still a relatively small percentage of the population, it has grown significantly since the 1990s with 15 different centers across the country mostly of the Zen and Tibetan schools.

Irreligion
Of the Chilean population, in 2020, 36% do not practice any religion.

In September 2011, a group of atheists founded the Atheist Society of Chile.

Wicca
According to the TV program Hola Chile on La Red TV channel there are at least 130 Wiccans in the Valparaíso Region. There is also the Escuela de Brujas (School of Witches) in Independencia, Santiago Metropolitan Region that caters to the educational needs of Wiccans in the capitol region.

Sikhism
In 2016, after a four-year process, the Sikh religion received a legal status. The religion was introduced to Chile by Yogi Bhajan in the late 20th century.

See also
 Benei Sión
 Chilean mythology

References

Further reading
 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Chile from the Office of International Religious Freedom, June 2, 2022

Religion in Chile


Junglefowl are the four living species of bird from the genus Gallus in the pheasant family. They occur in India, Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia.

These are large birds, with colourful male plumage. They are difficult to see in the dense vegetation they live in.

The junglefowl are seed-eaters, but insects are also taken, particularly by the young birds.

One of the species in this genus, the Red Junglefowl, is of historical importance as the likely ancestor of the domesticated chicken.

Phasianidae
Birds of Asia

Junglefowl


Max Kaur (born Maksim Jermakov; 9 December 1969) is an Estonian politician. He is a member of the Centre Party. He was mayor of Mustvee 2013–2017. Since 2018 he is a Jõhvi municipality vice-governor. Since 2019 he is a Mayor of Jõhvi.

Max Kaur was born Maksim Jermakov in Tallinn, of mixed Jewish, Ukrainian and Greek heritage. His mother is ballerina Larissa Kaur. He studied law at Moscow International Independent University of Environmental and Political Sciences (IIUEPS), LL.B., and economics at Saint Petersburg State University of Engineering and Economics, MS in Economics. He earned his PhD in 2013 from Saint Petersburg State University of Economics.

Max Kaur was counsellor of the Mayor of Tallinn, Edgar Savisaar from 2002 to 2005. He was vice-mayor of Maardu from 2005 to 2006. Max Kaur was first elected to Tallinn City Council in the Estonian local elections 2009. He was elected Mayor of Mustvee in April 2013. He was re-elected in December 2013.

He was a founder and leader of the Estonian social movement against gambling. He is an author of the idea to create a unique sculpture in Tallinn against addiction.

References

1969 births
Living people
Estonian Centre Party politicians
Mayors of places in Estonia
Politicians from Tallinn
Saint-Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering alumni
20th-century Estonian politicians
Estonian people of Jewish descent
Estonian people of Ukrainian descent
Estonian people of Greek descent

Max Kaur


Piet or Pieter Ouborg (10 March 1893, Dordrecht  - 3 June 1956, The Hague) was a Dutch artist. He started out in life as a teacher; this profession was threatened with interruption by the outbreak of World War I when Ouborg was liable to enlistment. He managed to evade military service by taking up a teaching position in the Dutch East Indies. While there, Ouborg took up drawing and painting. Returning to the Netherlands after the war, Ouborg found himself drawn to the work of Vincent van Gogh. In 1923 he began to experiment with painting in the Cubist style. In 1931, Ouborg visited Brussels and found himself drawn towards surrealism. During World War II and its immediate aftermath, Ouborg was drawn increasingly into the circle of the COBRA (avant-garde movement) and its members such as Karel Appel and Corneille.

Early life
Ouborg was born into an environment as far removed from art as possible. His father ran a storekeeper and bookkeeper. Ouborg's life was hard due to the fact that his family was a large one. He was one of ten children and his parents could not provided amply for all of them. His family was a strict Protestant.

References

1893 births
1956 deaths
20th-century Dutch painters
Artists from Dordrecht
Dutch male painters
Modern painters
20th-century Dutch male artists

Piet Ouborg


Vipsania Agrippina (36 BC – 20 AD) was the daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa from his first wife Caecilia Attica. Octavian and her father betrothed her to Tiberius before her first birthday. In about 19 BC she married Tiberius. Their son Drusus Julius Caesar was born in 14 BC.

Her father Agrippa died in March 12 BC. He was then married to his third wife, Julia the Elder, daughter of Augustus. Augustus forced Tiberius to divorce Vipsania and marry Julia.  Tiberius reportedly loved Vipsania and disapproved of Julia. Vipsania was pregnant with a second child in 12/11 when the couple divorced.  The second child did not survive.

Tiberius divorced Vipsania against his will in 11 BC, according to Suetonius. He always regretted this. On one occasion Tiberius caught sight of Vipsania and followed her with "an intent and tearful gaze". Precautions were taken to avoid further embarrassing meetings with her.

Vipsania then married the Senator Gaius Asinius Gallus Saloninus. They had a number of children, mostly sons. Their eldest son Gaius was put to death by Messalina, the infamous third wife of the Emperor Claudius.

References

30s BC births
20s deaths
Roman people

Vipsania Agrippina


Frédéric Thomas (5 January 1814 in Castres (Tarn) – 27 January 1884 in Paris) was a 19th-century French politician and playwright.

Short biography
A lawyer in 1836, he was especially interested in literature. Winner of the Académie des jeux floraux, he collaborated with the Revue du Midi as well as political newspapers. A critic of the July Monarchy, he found himself in criminal court for press offenses. He moved to Paris in 1840, where he wrote in various newspapers. He was president of the société des gens de lettres from 1868 to 1870. On 6 September 1870 he was appointed prefect of the Tarn department, then general counsel of Castres in 1871. He was appointed counselor of the prefecture of Paris in 1880. From 1881 to 1884, he was MP of Tarn sitting with the left supporting opportunistic governments.

Works
1842: La Chaîne électrique, two-act comedy, mingled with song, Théâtre des Variétés, with J. Gabriel
1855–1857: Petites causes célèbres
1878: La Jeune régente, with Michel Masson
1884: Le Maître maçon et le banquier, three-act drame-vaudeville, Théâtre des Folies-Dramatiques, with Michel Masson and Bourdereau
1845: Le Télégraphe d'amour, three-act comédie en vaudeville, Théâtre des Folies-Dramatiques, with Michel Masson
1846: Jean-Baptiste ou, Un Cœur d'or, five-act drama, mingled with songs, Théâtre de la Gaîté, with Ferdinand de Villeneuve and Michel Masson
1846: Un Conte bleu, one-act comédie en vaudeville, Théâtre du Vaudeville, with Lafitte
1846: La Fée du bord de l'eau, three-act comédie en vaudeville, Théâtre des Folies-Dramatiques, with Michel Masson

Sources

 "Frédéric Thomas (homme politique, 1814-1884)", dans le Dictionnaire des parlementaires français (1889-1940), sous la direction de Jean Jolly, PUF, 1960

1814 births
1884 deaths
People from Castres
Opportunist Republicans
Members of the 3rd Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of Parliament for Tarn
Writers from Occitania (administrative region)
19th-century French dramatists and playwrights

Frédéric Thomas (playwright)