A fruit press is a device used to separate fruit solids - stems, skins, seeds, pulp, leaves, and detritus - from fruit juice.

History

In the United States, Madeline Turner invented the Turner's Fruit-Press, in 1916.

Cider press
A cider press is used to crush apples or pears. In North America, the unfiltered juice is referred to as cider, becoming known as apple juice once filtered; in Britain it is referred to as juice regardless of whether it is filtered or not (the term cider is reserved for the fermented (alcoholic) juice). Other products include cider vinegar, (hard) cider, apple wine, apple brandy, and apple jack.

The traditional cider press is a ram press. Apples are ground up and placed in a cylinder, and a piston exerts pressure. The cylinder and/or piston is "leaky" and the juice is forced from the solids. The traditional cider press has not changed much since the early modern period. The only difference being that in earlier versions of the press horses were used to power the machine. Diderot's Encyclopedie offers a portrayal of the traditional cider press,

"This is how the cider mill is made. Imagine a circular trough made of wood connected to two wooden millstones like those used in a windmill, but fixed differently. In a windmill, they are horizontal, but in the cider mill they are placed in the trough vertically. They are fixed to a vertical piece of wood that turns on itself and which is placed in the centre of the circular part of the trough; a long axle passes through them; the axle is joined to the vertical axis; its other end juts out from the trough; a horse → is harnessed to it; the ← horse → pulls the axle by walking round the trough, which also moves the pressing stones in the trough where the apples are pounded. When they are judged to be sufficiently crushed, that is to say, enough for all the juice to be extracted from them, the apples are removed with a wooden spade and put into a large vat nearby. Enough apples are pounded to make a pulp or pomace."

Cider presses often have attachments to grind the apples prior to pressing. Such combination devices are commonly referred to as cider mills.

In communities with many small orchards, it is common for one or more persons to have a large cider mill for community use. These community mills allow orchard owners to avoid the capital, space, and maintenance requirements for having their own mill. These larger mills are typically powered by electrical or gasoline engines. Mill operators also deal with the solids, which attract wasps or hornets. Cider mills typically give patrons a choice between paying by the gallon/litre or splitting the cider with the mill operator.

Larger orchardists may prefer to have their own presses because it saves on fees, or because it reduces cartage. Orchardists of any size may believe their own sanitation practices to be superior to that of community mills, as some patrons of community mills may make cider from low quality fruit (windfall apples, or apples with worms). Those making speciality ciders, such as pear cider, may want to have their own press.

The world's largest cider press is located in Berne, Indiana USA.

Wine press

A wine press is a device used to press grapes during wine making.

Oil press

An oil press is a device used to extract oil from plants and fruits.

DIY fruit press
Given the simplicity of the design, and high usability, some people (e.g. those owning an orchard) have started building their own do-it-yourself (DIY) fruit press and have uploaded detailed instructions on how to do so.

See also
Cider mill

References

External links

 | Mother Earth cider press plan

Oenology
Flavor technology

Fruit press


Bruce Barcott is an American editor, environmental journalist and author. He is a contributing editor of Outside and has written articles for The New York Times Magazine, National Geographic, Mother Jones, Sports Illustrated, Harper's Magazine, Legal Affairs, Utne Reader and others. He has also written a number of books, including The Measure of a Mountain: Beauty and Terror on Mount Rainier (1997) and The Last Flight of the Scarlet Macaw: One Woman's Fight to Save the World's Most Beautiful Bird (2008). In 2009 he was named a Guggenheim Fellow in nonfiction.

Barcott was born in Everett, Washington, and raised in Alaska, California and Washington. After graduating from the University of Washington, he worked for Seattle Weekly for ten years as a writer and editor. He lives on Bainbridge Island, Washington, with his wife and fellow writer Claire Dederer; they have two children.

He was a Ted Scripps Fellow in Environmental Journalism at the University of Colorado at Boulder. In 2004 his cover story about the Bush Administration's changes to the Clean Air Act for The New York Times Magazine was judged the year's best piece of explanatory reporting by the Society of Environmental Journalists.

He is also a co-host of Leafly's news podcast "The Roll-Up".

Bibliography
Northwest Passages: A Literary Anthology of the Pacific Northwest from Coyote Tales to Roadside Attractions (1994), Sasquatch Books,
The Measure of a Mountain: Beauty and Terror on Mount Rainier (1997), Random House,
The Last Flight of the Scarlet Macaw: One Woman's Fight to Save the World's Most Beautiful Bird (2008), Random House,

References

External links
Bruce Barcott, personal home page.
Bruce Barcott, profile at Outside magazine.
"Of Crime and the River", by Elizabeth Royte, New York Times Book Review, February 17, 2008

 https://www.leafly.com/news/category/podcasts

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American male non-fiction writers
American newspaper editors
American non-fiction environmental writers
People from Everett, Washington
University of Washington alumni
Writers from Bainbridge Island, Washington
Cannabis writers

Bruce Barcott


Avenches was a district of the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland. The capital was the town of Avenches. As of 2006 it is part of the Broye-Vully District.

It contained the following municipalities:

 Avenches
 Bellerive
 Chabrey
 Constantine
 Cudrefin
 Donatyre
 Faoug
 Montmagny
 Mur
 Oleyres
 Vallamand
 Villars-le-Grand

Former districts of Vaud

Avenches (district)


Frederick Raymond Bailey (2 November 1919 – 8 May 1985) was an English cricketer.  Bailey was a left-handed batsman.  He was born in Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire.

Bailey made his debut for Staffordshire in the 1939 Minor Counties Championship against Northumberland.  He played Minor counties cricket for Staffordshire from 1939 to 1963 (excluding the six seasons in which there was no county cricket due to World War II), making 124 appearances.  In 1950, he made his first-class debut for a combined Minor Counties team against the Marylebone Cricket Club at Lord's.  He made two further first-class appearances for the Minor Counties, against the touring Indians in 1959 and the touring South Africans in 1960.  In these three first-class matches he scored a total of 118 runs at an average of 29.50, with a high score of 79.  This score came against the Indians.

He died at Wolstanton, Staffordshire on 8 May 1985.

References

External links
Frederick Bailey at ESPNcricinfo
Frederick Bailey at CricketArchive

1919 births
1985 deaths
Sportspeople from Newcastle-under-Lyme
English cricketers
Staffordshire cricketers
Minor Counties cricketers
Cricketers from Staffordshire

Frederick Bailey (cricketer)


Yip Hon () (1904 – 7 May 1997) was a gambling tycoon in South China. His wealth was estimated to be HK$ 100 million. In his childhood, he stayed in Kong Mun of Kwangtung, and usually participated in gambling with his pocket money. He was nicknamed Kwai Wong (鬼王) (translated as Ghost King.)

In his adulthood, he was in Macau, working for a casino of gambling tycoon Fu Lo Yung (傅老榕). He helped to crack down Teng Sik Tong (聽骰黨), a gang of gamblers, who won by listening dice. After the crackdown, he became famous, and went to Shanghai. He gained a great sum of wealth in the casinos there, by his technique in listening dice, and then opened his own casino.

He closed his business in Shanghai, and returned to Macau when the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out. He soon got a casino license in Macau, and cooperated with Stanley Ho, Teddy Yip and Henry Fok to form Casino Lisboa. He later left the company, after arguments over shares and the business. He then started a chariot racing business, which was unsuccessful. In 1988, he pioneered a gambling business in international waters, by purchasing a cargo converted cruise ship named Princess of the Orient, and later selling it off for the 港龍星 which was bigger and solely a cruise ship to begin with. He gained initial success, but was unable to deal with a large number of competitors later. He subsequently sold his business to Heung's Brothers.

A story about him circulated in the mid-1980s, on gambling in Las Vegas in the United States. He supposedly played for 32 hours continuously, involving more than 3,800 rounds of baccarat. He ended up losing US$2 million. The owner of the casino offered him a Rolls-Royce if he could win back a million. Two days after, he won US$3 million and the car from the casino.

Death
Yip Hon suffered a heart attack, and died on 7 May 1997, at the age of 93, while poring over a horse-racing newsletter.

See also
Gambling in Macau

References

1904 births
1997 deaths
Businesspeople in the casino industry
Macau businesspeople
People from Xinhui District
Businesspeople from Guangdong
20th-century Chinese businesspeople

Yip Hon


Pamiat' Merkuria (Russian: Память Меркурия) was an unarmored cruiser of the Imperial Russian Navy. She was initially named Yaroslavl (Russian: Ярославль), but was renamed on 9 April 1883.

Design
She was a barque-rigged steel and iron ship with a ram bow. She had two unprotected  guns as bow and stern chasers and the other four in unprotected sponsons on the upper deck. Her torpedo tubes were on swivels above water. She was reputedly a good sea boat.

Service
Pamiat Merkuria was built for Dobroflot as a merchant ship capable of being converted into a cruiser in wartime. She was laid down asYaroslavl at the Toulon shipyard of Forges et Chantiers de la Méditerranée in 1879, launched on 10 May 1880, and entered service on 9 September of that year. She was bought by the Naval Ministry on 2 March 1882 and on 18 April of that year became part of the Black Sea Fleet as a cruiser, being renamed Pamiat Merkuria on 9 April 1883. On 1 February 1892 she was reclassified as a 1st class cruiser, undergoing a refit between 1893 and 1894.

Now obsolete, she was removed from the combat fleet, disarmed, and handed over to the Sevastopol Military Port for mothballing on 18 March 1907. She was removed from the Black Sea Fleet on 25 March and renamed Merkuria. On 28 October 1915, during World War I, the ship returned to service in the Black Sea Fleet as a hulk, Blokshiv No. 9. She was also used as the headquarters of the Black Sea Fleet Torpedo Division.

Taken over by revolutionaries on 16 December 1917, she was captured in Sevastopol by German troops on 1 May 1918, then by Anglo-French forces on 24 November and turned over to the White Volunteer Army. On 31 March 1919 she was reclassified as a tender for the minesweepers of the Naval Forces of South Russia, before being recaptured by the forces of the Red Army's Ukrainian Front on 29 April. The ship was again captured by the Volunteer Army on 24 June, serving as an unpowered submarine tender for the Naval Forces of South Russia. When the Russian Army of Pyotr Wrangel evacuated from Sevastopol to Istanbul on 14 November 1920, she was abandoned and in December was included in the Black Sea Naval Forces of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Navy. The ship was converted to an unpowered transport-workshop on 8 August 1921 and on 31 October 1922 returned to the subclass of torpedo hulks and joined the division of patrol and torpedo boats. On 25 December she again became a hulk, being renamed Merkury.

The hulk was placed in reserve on 1 October 1929, and removed from the list of ships of the Red Fleet on 9 March 1932 pending transfer to Rudmetalltorgu for scrapping. However, the hulk was instead used as an auxiliary craft by the People's Commissariat for Water Transport. On 31 August 1938 it was converted into a floating storage tank of the Odessa Commercial Sea Port, and on 20 September 1939 removed from the list of watercraft of the People's Commissariat for the Marine Fleet pending transfer to Glavvtorchermet for scrapping.

See also
 protected cruiser

Notes

References

External links

 Pamiat Merkuria on Black Sea Fleet

Naval ships of Russia
1880 ships
Cruisers of the Imperial Russian Navy

Russian cruiser Pamiat Merkuria (1880)


The Northern Bullants are a semi-professional Australian rules football club that plays in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Based in Preston, the Bullants play their home games at the Preston City Oval.

The club was established in 1882 as the Preston Football Club, the name which the club is still legally registered under. The club participated in the Victorian Football Association (VFA) between 1903 and 1911, and then since 1926. After World War II, the club was known as the Bullants, and wore a plain red guernsey with a white monogram. The club later became the Northern Bullants. It was affiliated with the Carlton Blues in the Australian Football League (AFL) from 2003 to 2020; and, from 2012 until 2020, the club adopted the colours and nickname of its AFL affiliate to become the Northern Blues. The alignment was terminated in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic; and, from 2021, the club again operated as a stand-alone VFL club under the Northern Bullants name.

The club has won four Division 1 premierships and two Division 2 premierships, all during its most successful period from the 1960s to the 1980s.

History
The club was formed in 1882 but little is known of its first three years before the Shire of Jika Jika changed its name in September 1885 to Preston. Preston and another local club, Gowerville, then merged and competed at lower levels of the Victorian Junior Football Association (VJFA). After a battle with the council, the club was finally granted permission in 1887 to play on Preston Park where it had remained, with the exception of one year when it played at Coburg to allow the ground to be widened.

Victorian Junior Football Association
From 1890, the club played in the First Rate Division of the VJFA, and despite being its remote location compared to the other clubs, was the only one of the 28 teams of 1890 to survive the decade, despite finishing last or second last in five consecutive seasons.

By the late 1890s, the district was starting to grow and the struggling club gathered depth and strength. It took out the first of three consecutive First-Rate premierships in 1900, defeating Collingwood Juniors (effectively the League team's Seconds) before 5,000 people at the Brunswick Street Oval. Further premierships followed in 1901 and 1902, with no finals being played as Preston finished the requisite two games clear of their nearest rivals to claim the title.

VFA
With the VFA keen to expand their number of clubs, Preston were a logical choice to join the senior body in 1903. The club changed from a blue jumper with yellow sash (which would have clashed with Williamstown) to a plain maroon jumper with navy blue knicks. Despite a reasonable opening season where they won six games, the club struggled to find players and finished last in 1904 in the middle of what was to be a 27-game losing streak.

Several other bottom-of-the list results came before a brief resurgence in 1909 under former Collingwood champion Charlie Pannam, but with the loss of several key players to League clubs, Preston again went on a downward spiral and won just one game through 1910 and 1911.

Back to the juniors
With Northcote joining the Association in 1908, pressure was applied for the two neighbouring clubs to merge and the VFA forced the issue early in 1912. Preston officials encouraged their players to move, but diverted all the club's trophies and assets to the junior Preston Districts club that had acted as their Seconds. Northcote became known as the Northcote and Preston Football Club for the next few years, but it played its games in Northcote, retained Northcote's colours, and its team in the VFA continued to be known as Northcote. The merged entity is considered a continuation of the Northcote Football Club..

Preston were simply promoted before their time: by 1912, the district numbered just 4,800 people spread over 8,800 acres (an average of 0.6 persons per acre). Of the other suburbs represented in the VFA, the next smallest was Brighton with 11,000. Preston's leading player during the early VFA days was Sid Hall, a centre half-back regarded as the best high mark in the competition. Despite the lack of success, Preston managed to supply some fine players to League ranks in Percy Ogden (Essendon), Hedley Tomkins and Bill Hendrie (Melbourne), Hugh James (Richmond), Joe Prince (St Kilda, South Melbourne and Carlton), George Doull (Geelong) and Eric Woods (University). Preston's place was taken by Melbourne City who didn't win a game in the two years before they folded.

The nucleus of the Preston club returned to the First-Rate Division of the Victorian Junior Football Association. Ogden returned to captain-coach the club in 1916 and 1917 while Essendon were in recess for the First World War and by 1919 Preston had re-established itself as one of the top teams in junior football. Young George Gough was recruited by Fitzroy as a rover. Premierships came in 1921 and again in 1923 with Preston, under the coaching of William "Bull" Adams who had been refused a clearance to Fitzroy by his West Australian club, overrunning Yarraville in the final term despite playing one man short.

Rejoining the VFA
With the loss of North Melbourne, Footscray and Hawthorn to the League in 1925, the Association accepted Preston (just proclaimed a city) and Camberwell into their ranks for the 1926 season.

The team used their uniform from its junior days, a broad red stripe down the chest and back with white sides and sleeves. This time the club was ready for senior ranks, raising a few eyebrows when they won nine of the 18 games in their first season as well as supplying the Recorder Cup winner, William "Bluey" Summers.  A finals appearance came the following year. Preston's first ever senior final finished in a draw with Brighton, who won the replay held a fortnight later.

The club remained in the middle ranking of the Association up until the cessation of play during the Second World War, the highlight being a remarkable 1931 season under the legendary Roy Cazaly who sacked half the side mid-season and promoted youngsters. Needing to win 12 games straight to ensure a finals spot, Preston managed to sneak in with 11 wins and a draw, but were bundled out in the preliminary final due to several injuries (including Cazaly).

Despite their modest finals record (the semi-final win was the only finals match Preston won), the club provided the 1934 and 1936 Recorder Cup winners in Danny Warr and Bert Hyde respectively. Leading players up to World War 2 included Summers, Warr, "Bert" Smith, Frankie "Dickie" Dowling and Bill "Socks" Maslen, the latter pair being the club's record-holders for number of senior games played. Although he was never a star with Preston, 17-year-old Bert Deacon played his first match in 1940, later becoming Carlton's first Brownlow Medallist in 1947. With the abolition of clearance agreements between the League and Association in 1938, Preston snared Footscray champion Alby Morrison as captain-coach for 1939–40 (although Morrison did obtain a clearance), and in 1941 a young Geelong ruckman, Jack Lynch who was switched to full-forward early in the season and finished with 133 goals. Lynch, sadly, is the only known player to have been killed during the War.

The "Bullants" nickname was first mentioned in the Herald newspaper in 1938, with an article on Association clubs adopting new nicknames, noting that "Preston will be known as the 'Bullants', because they can sting". 1930s radio commentator Wallace "Jumbo" Sharland referred to the small Preston team in their bright uniforms as "like a swarm of busy bullants".

Post-war, the uniform was changed to plain red with a PFC monogram, but finals appearances remained few and usually with little success. The club again was to the fore in the new Liston Trophy, providing the 1949 and 1953 winners in Jack Blackman and Ted Henrys.   Henrys, a moderate utility player with Brunswick in previous years, switched to Preston at age 26 and moved to full-back in just his second match where he made the position his own, adding three consecutive club best-and-fairest awards to his Liston and becoming one of the first two Association players to be named in the All-Australian team.

Deacon returned as captain-coach in 1952 and other leading players through the 1950s including centre-half forward Pat Foley, Kevin Pritchard, rover George Bradford, back pocket Bob "Moggie" McLachlan, and the Chard brothers, Kevin and Fred, the latter leading the goal kicking on three occasions. Despite building a solid combination, the loss of several experienced players saw the club plummet to fifteenth in 1960 and forced into Second Division when the VFA opted for two levels. The club played second division finals in 1961 and 1962, but were beaten both times.

By 1963, Preston's all-time VFA finals record stood at just one win and one draw from 18 attempts, with 13 losses in succession. Again their premiership hopes looked doomed when the Bullants went down to Waverley in the second semi-final, but fate finally smiled when Preston beat Prahran comfortably in the Preliminary Final and then downed Waverley to take out a long-awaited premiership, and earn promotion to Division 1.

Preston was relegated back to Division 2 at the end of 1964, and ironically it was 1963 runners-up Waverley – who had been promoted to Division 1 only to replace Moorabbin after it was disqualified from the Association for being complicit in 's takeover of Moorabbin Oval – who defeated Preston in the final round to ensure their relegation. The return to Division 2 lasted only one year, with a minor premiership and Grand Final victory against Mordialloc seeing them promoted again. With substantially more depth and keen recruiting, Preston finishing third in Division 1 in 1966.

Bert Hyde, Preston's 1936 Recorder Cup winner, had lived in the area since his playing days and was an active official at Hawthorn, which was then rapidly emerging from years in the wilderness to become the power side of the 1960s. It was probably Hyde's influence that saw two Hawthorn players that were to become the cornerstone of Preston's success move to Association ranks – John McArthur, captain-coach of the 1965 premiership side was transferred to Western Australia on business and replaced by Alan Joyce, later to coach two AFL premiership sides. Joyce (with McArthur returning as a player) led Preston to back-to-back premierships in 1968 and 1969. Preston players won four out of six Liston Trophies between 1968 and 1971, with the award collected in 1968 by Dick Telford, in 1969 and 1971 by Laurie Hill, and in 1973 by Ray Shaw, who was then the youngest winner of the award.

Preston was beaten by Dandenong in the 1971 VFA Grand Final, which remains one of the most controversial in football history. Field umpire Jim McMaster awarded Dandenong full-forward Jim 'Frosty' Miller a free kick before the opening bounce, resulting in a goal; Dandenong ultimately won by six points. Preston protested, and despite several opinions from leading lawmakers that McMaster had no right to award the free kick because he had not officially started the game, Preston's protest proved to be of no avail.

Preston's fortunes slumped in the early 1970s, and the club narrowly avoided relegation at Coburg's expense in 1973, after defeating the Lions 171–154 in a famous high-scoring final round match. It wasn't until 1976 that Preston again played a major role in the finals, finishing second on the ladder, then crashing out after losses in the second semi and preliminary finals.

The club enjoyed a resurgence under Harold Martin in 1978, reaching the Grand Final where a crowd of nearly 30,000 packed the Junction Oval for what is still rated by many as one of the greatest ever Grand Finals. After a tense opening, the crowd erupted late in the second term when Martin and another of football's legendary hard men, Sam Kekovich, went head-to-head in a wild brawl. Unfortunately for the Bullants, Prahran settled down much better in the second half and ran out comfortable winners.

1980s
The club was one of the VFA's strongest in the 1980s, and it reached four Grand Finals in a row between 1981 and 1984. The team fell well short in the 1981 decider, unable to match Port Melbourne who inflicted a record Grand Final defeat (both score and winning margin) on the Bullants. The Borough kicked 23 goals to six in the second half to record its first score above 200 ever against the Bullants. The following season saw the return of Ray Shaw, captain of Collingwood in 1982 but disillusioned with bitter infighting at the club. Shaw's influence and a number of highly rated recruits had many believing that this would be Preston's year, but again Port Melbourne proved the nemesis with a seven-point win in the Grand Final.

Further strong recruiting brought together probably the greatest depth of players ever at an Association club. Preston rewrote the record books in 1983 by becoming the first club to win the Senior, Seconds and Thirds premierships in the same year in Division 1, and repeated the achievement in 1984. Preston was a dominant force in the Seconds over that period, reaching eight of ten Grand Finals between 1978 and 1987, winning five. The club had been a perennial force in the Thirds competition since the 1950s, missing the Grand Final only nine times over a 37-season stretch between 1953 and 1989 and winning the premiership a VFA-record 13 times (eleven in Division 1 and two in Division 2); its 1980s form was particularly strong, missing only one Grand Final between 1978 and 1989. Neil Jordon capitalised on the club's strong minor grade form, playing an astonishing 84 matches with the club across all three grades before ever playing in a losing side.

Eight straight wins in 1985 extended Preston's winning stretch to a record 23, but with the loss of Shaw to the Diamond Valley, retirement of a few experienced players and the movement of several promising younger players to League ranks, Preston's period of dominance was at an end. The club reached a further four finals series between 1985 and 1990, winning the minor premiership in 1990, but was eliminated from the finals by Williamstown on all four occasions. During this time, the club unearthed a new legend in Jamie "Spider" Shaw who kicked 106 in his first season and followed up with an astonishing 146 in 1986 before an unsuccessful stint at Fitzroy.

1990s: decline
With the ethnic mix of the Preston area rapidly changing and the almost saturation coverage of the now Australian Football League, the club's off-field position deteriorated in the 1990s, and it was constantly battling for survival. Preston was not the only club struggling, and at the end of 1994, the VFA Board of Management merged with the Victorian State Football League (VSFL) (now controlling the elite under-18 competition that had effectively replaced both the League and Association Thirds), and plans gradually evolved for the development of a new competition, which became the Victorian Football League. With a mounting debt, Preston entered into a merger with the Northern Knights under-18 team in 1996. The combined entity was known as the Preston Knights and adopted the Knights uniform of white with black and blue hoops. The move provided some financial stability off the field, but little success on the football front.

In October 1997, the VSFL executive announced that the Preston Knights' licence with the League had been withdrawn and that Preston, after 95 years, was effectively out of the competition. A number of protest meetings were organised and the club found a willing ally in Don Gillies, an administrator appointed by the State Government to replace the long-dysfunctional Preston Council, who through years of neglect had allowed the Preston Oval to degenerate to a standard well below that required for senior football. Gillies, in meeting with the VSFL, undertook to initiate significant drainage and lighting improvements at the ground and after around about a month of uncertainty, the Knights' license was reinstated when Traralgon announced its withdrawal from the VFL after an unsuccessful two-year trial.

The shaky alliance with the Knights continued until 1999 when the Board announced it could not recommend continuing. A new group approached the now VFL with a proposal to resurrect the club under the name of the Northern Bullants, market research having revealed that much of the club's support and player base no longer lay within the old Preston area. The revived club returned to a variation of the traditional red uniform, replacing the PFC monogram with a white bullant. The PFC initials were later added to the back of the guernsey below the collar.

At the same time, the AFL abandoned its Reserves competition in favour of a restructured VFL comprising a number of AFL–VFL affiliations, AFL Reserve teams and 'stand-alone' VFL clubs. The Northern Bullants opted not to pursue affiliation with an AFL club. 2000 and 2001 saw the stand-alone Bullants post six wins in each season, but the difficulty of having part-time players and coaching staff competing with full-time AFL counterparts was obvious in many games where the Bullants were highly competitive for much of the match but outgunned by fitter, bigger and stronger opposition late in the game.

Affiliation
Just before the end of the 2002 season, proposals for affiliation were received from both Essendon and Carlton. Essendon's plans were virtual domination of the club with a jumper change, renaming as the Northern Bombers and playing several games each season at Windy Hill. Carlton's, on the other hand, was for a cooperative playing group with no change to traditional values and was accepted without major modification by the Bullants board.

The affiliated team continued under long-serving coach Mark P. Williams, but there was to be no instant success, the club coincidentally matching the 2001–02 result with six wins in 2003. With a few personal tensions emerging, Carlton announced its intention to withdraw from the two-year agreement at the end of the 2003 season, but subsequent negotiations between the two clubs and the VFL saw the problems resolved and a new arrangement established. Williams had already resigned, citing lack of time, (later accepting the role at Sandringham) and under the terms of the agreement, Carlton retained the right to nominate one of their assistant coaches, eventually Barry Mitchell, as his replacement.

Carlton at the time was struggling in the AFL due to the loss of National Draft picks because of salary cap infringements. This worked in the Bullants' favour in the mid-2000s, as Carlton opted to recruit a number of experienced mid-range AFL players recycled from other teams, who went on to provide a backbone of a very strong VFL team. The club surprised most by finishing third in 2005, then won the minor premiership with a club best 17–1 record in 2006, but suffered heavy losses in two finals to finish third.

Under coach David Teague, the Bullants managed to finish third on the ladder in 2009, then win through to the Grand Final for the first time since the 1984 victory; but, the team was comfortably beaten by North Ballarat. The Bullants reached a second consecutive Grand Final the following season, winning through to the Grand Final from sixth on the ladder, but again lost to North Ballarat. The club reached another preliminary final from sixth place in 2011.

In 2012, the club adopted many features of Carlton's identity. The club was renamed the Northern Blues, and the playing colours were changed to navy blue and white, featuring Carlton's CFC monogram but in a slightly different design to the AFL club's guernsey. Home games were split between Preston City Oval and Princes Park. The club retained a red and white guernsey for matches played in Preston, and when a clash guernsey was required. The club never made VFL finals under the Northern Blues name.

By the end of their affiliation, the Northern Blues existence as a club was thought to be reliant on the Carlton Football Club's financial backing. When the start of the 2020 AFL and VFL seasons, along with all other football, were suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Carlton was forced to cut its expenses, and this included withdrawing its financial support for Northern, and ending its reserves affiliation. The Northern Blues initially announced they would be wound up and dissolved, and they were not included in revised plans for the cancelled 2020 VFL season. However, the club regrouped during the pandemic, and found a way to remain viable as a stand-alone senior club, earning a licence to return in that capacity for the 2021 season. The club returned to trading under the Northern Bullants name, and wearing its traditional red and white guernsey.

Standalone club (2021−present)
Since returning as a standalone club, the Bullants have struggled in the VFL. The club only managed a single win in 2022, finishing last on the ladder. It included a loss to  in round 22 where the Bullants only scored 0.10 (10) for the game, which set a new record as the heaviest loss in its history.

The club appointed former  player Brodie Holland as their coach for the 2023 season. The club had two wins early on in the season, but were unable to achieve anymore, finishing 20th. In round 18 they scored only 0.4 (4) against , equalling the lowest score in the club's VFA/VFL history and the lowest score by any club since 1919. Holland resigned as coach effective immediately shortly after the club's final game of the season, and was replaced by former  player Rohan Welsh.

The club's identity is also present in the related but separate amateur club which began contesting the Victorian Amateur Football Association seniors in 2013 as the Northern Blues, and since 2016 has been known as the Preston Bullants.

Honours
 Joined VFA: 1903–11, 1926
 Premierships:
 Division One (4): 1968–69, 1983–84
 Division Two (2): 1963, 1965
 VJFA: 1900, 1901, 1902, 1921, 1923
 Aligned with: Carlton Football Club: 2003–2020

Other Division 1 Awards
 Runners-Up (6): 1971, 1978, 1981, 1982, 2009, 2010
 Minor Premierships (8): 1968, 1969, 1971, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1990, 2006
 Wooden Spoons (7): 1904, 1905, 1907, 1910, 1911, 1964, 2022

Club song
The club song is sung to the tune of "The Yankee Doodle Boy", which is also the basis for the / and  club songs.

 We're from Northern, we're the Bullants
 The good old red and white, are we
 All good stickers for the red and white
 Always we fight for victory, at Northern
 We're the best in the competition,
 We won't give up while there's a chance
 We're a team of champions, full of fighting spirit
 That's why they call us the Bullants

Honour board
The following is a list of the club's VFA/VFL captains and coaches

References

Fiddian, Marc The Bullants: a History of Preston Football Club Preston Football Club, Melbourne 1983, Membrey, Brian Where We Come From – the History of the Preston Football Club , Vols 1 and 2, 2002

External links

 Preston (VFA) - BoylesFootballPhotos
 Full Points Footy Profile for Northern Bullants

Victorian Football League clubs
Australian rules football clubs in Melbourne
1882 establishments in Australia
Australian rules football clubs established in 1882
Sport in the City of Darebin

Northern Bullants


A major case squad is a division within some police departments. The detectives of these divisions typically investigate crimes beyond the scope of normal squads. These functions vary from department to department.

New York City Police Department
The major case squad of the New York City Police Department is located at One Police Plaza in Manhattan, New York City. The squad investigates the following types of cases:

 Art theft
 Burglary or attempted burglary of a bank or bank safe
 Burglary of truck contents over $100,000
 All commercial burglaries in which the value of the property stolen exceeds $100,000
 Kidnappings, as directed by the Chief of Detectives
 Larceny by extortion, or attempted larceny by extortion, from a bank
 Larceny of truck contents over $100,000.
 Robbery, or attempted robbery, of a bank by an armed perpetrator
 All robberies in warehouse depots, or similar locations, where the objects of the crime is a truck or its contents
 Robbery of truck and contents by hijacking

The New York City Major Case Squad does not normally investigate homicides: Those are generally conducted by precinct detective squads and borough homicide squads; the exceptions involve homicides committed by violent criminal organizations that fall under larger federal RICO investigations and prosecutions, as well as the murder of police officers. On the matter of the homicides of police officers, the major case squad was originally formed in response to the wave of assassinations of police officers in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The ultimate responsibility for any homicide case in NYC rests with the precinct detective squad concerned, but the major case squad has historically played a large and important role in the investigation of any homicide of an NYC police officer.

St. Louis
The Major Case Squad of Greater St. Louis was formed in 1965 and is a multi-departmental unit charged with investigating major crimes in six Missouri and four Illinois counties. The squad brings together specially trained, and highly experienced investigators and averages an 80% clearance rate.

References

Law enforcement units

Major case squad


Khari Baoli is a street in Delhi, India known for its wholesale grocery and Asia's largest wholesale spice market selling a variety of spices, nuts, herbs and food products like rice and tea. Operating since the 17th century, the market is situated near the historic Delhi Red Fort, on the Khari Baoli Road adjacent to Fatehpuri Masjid at the western end of the Chandni Chowk, and over the years has remained a tourist attraction, especially those in the heritage circuit of Old Delhi.

History

Foundations of the Khari Baoli step-well were laid by Khwaja Abdullah Laazar Qureshi during the reign of Islam Shah (Salim Shah), the son of Sher Shah Suri. The work on this building was completed in the year 1551. Nothing remains of this baoli now, save copies of inscriptions that were preserved in works like Aasar Us Sanadeed (Sir Syed Ahmad Khan) and Miftah Al Tawarikh.

Persian text of the inscriptions ( see adjoining image):

1. Top inscription, which was situated close to the eleventh step of the well on the southern wall of the second floor -

بِسم الله الرحمن الرحیم در عهد زمان شاه سلطان السلاطین و المظفر
اسلام شاه بن شیر شاه سلطان خلد الله ملکه و سلطانه بنا کرده این چاه
بتوفیق الله و بروح رسول الله ملک عماد الملک عرف خواجه عبد الله
لاذر قریشی بدار الملک حضرت دهلی فی سنه اثنی و خمسین و تسعمأته

2. Bottom inscription, which was situated somewhere above the entrance -
بِسم الله الرحمن الرحیم و به یبقنی یا رب بعونت تمام شُد این باوری و
چاه در ماهِ رمضان سنه نهصد و پنجاه و هشت هجری بروح محمد
مصطفی رسول درگاه حضرة اله در زمان عادل اسلام شاه بن شیر شاه
بنا کرده کار گردِ دین از جمله بیشی خواجه عماد المُلک عرف لاذر قریشی
بنده کار گردِ باوری اُمید وار عنایت و برحمتک گردد با برسری بالیستک

The market came up around the Fatehpuri Masjid, which was built in 1650 by Fatehpuri Begum, one of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan's wives. During Shah Jahan's reign it came to be known as Khari Baoli (from Baoli, meaning step well, and Khari or Khara, meaning salty) from a saline water stepwell used for animals and for bathing. It was constructed along with a fortified gateway on its western end popularly known as Lahori Gate, one of the 14 gates of the fortified city of Delhi or Shahjahanabad, named so because a road through it led to the city of Lahore, now in Pakistan. However, today there is no trace of either the well or the gateway here, which now lie buried under the main road of the market.

In 1936, Chowdhary Chhotu Ram, a minister in the Punjab Government, issued a law canceling all debts of the villagers. Thus numerous Agrawal traders lost their businesses and migrated to Delhi, settling in colonies like Kamla Nagar, Shakti Nagar and Model Basti, and taking their trade to locations around the walled city of Old Delhi, especially Chandni Chowk, Khari Baoli, Dariba Kalan, Nai Sarak, Naya Bazaar, Sadar Bazaar and Chawri Bazaar.

Here, many shops are still known by their serial numbers, e.g., "Chawal Wale 13" or "21 Number Ki Dookan," and are run by the ninth- or the tenth generation of the founders of these establishments dating to the 17th and 18th centuries. One such famous pickle shop which originally started in the 1860s is that of Harnarains, and currently operates under the name Harnarains International. They've been serving the nation for over a century and a half, and have landed on the tables of people like Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi.

Overview

"Gadodia Market", situated on the south side of Khari Baoli was built by wealthy merchants in 1920s has one of the numerous spice stores and is Asia's largest wholesale spice market. Today, Khari Baoli is not only Asia's largest spice market but also an important and busy commercial district, as it caters to vast spice market of North India, including states of Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan and even as far as Madhya Pradesh, making it perpetually crowded with traders, and shoppers looking for the cheapest deals and bargains, in the narrow margin spice, dry fruits and other perishable commodity markets.

The other end of the Khari Baoli market is on the GB Road (Red light district and wholesale market for engineering goods) and Sadar Bazar (wholesale market for non-branded consumer goods).

There is a wholesale market for genuine herbs in Katara Tambaku where some importers and exporters do the wholesale business of herbs.

References

External links

 Reviving the baolis of Delhi The Hindu
 Khari Baoli in Fatehpuri

Streets in Delhi
Retail markets in Delhi
Tourist attractions in Delhi
Wholesale markets in India
Neighbourhoods in Delhi

Khari Baoli


Mad About You is an American situation comedy. It began on NBC on September 23, 1992. It ended on May 24, 1999. It stars Paul Reiser and Helen Hunt. They play a married couple living in New York City. Near the end of the sitcom's run, the couple have a baby, Mabel.

Other websites

1992 American television series debuts
1999 American television series endings
1990s romance television series
1990s American sitcoms
Golden Globe Award winning programs
Romantic comedy television series
Television series about marriage
Television series set in New York City
English-language television programs

Mad About You


Watt Powell Park was a stadium, primarily used for baseball, in the Kanawha City neighborhood of Charleston, West Virginia. It was built in 1948, and was home to several Charleston minor-league franchises: the Charleston Senators of the Class A Central League (1949-1951) and the AAA American Association (1952-1960), the Charleston Marlins of the AAA International League (1961), the Charleston Indians of the AA Eastern League (1962-1964), the Charleston Charlies of the AAA International League (1971-1983) and Charleston Wheelers, later the Charleston Alley Cats of the Class A South Atlantic League (1987-2004).

Watt Powell Park held 4,474 people, and was known for the scenic view of nearby hillsides. Watt Powell also was known for the CSX railroad line hard by the south wall of the stadium; some fans were known to watch games from there rather than pay to enter the stadium.  Watt Powell Park was bounded by MacCorkle Avenue on the front (North) side, 35th Street on the east, and South Park Road on the west. On the south side of the park, a ridge of hills formed a natural boundary.

The stadium earned a reputation as a pitchers' park due to the lack of power hitting over its lifespan.  Part of this can be attributed to its dimensions; the field was 340 feet from home plate to the wall in left field, 330 feet in right, and a daunting 420 feet in deep center field. The outfield walls were also 12 feet high the whole distance around, higher than walls seen elsewhere in baseball. The center field wall included a 90-degree, inward facing angle, reminiscent of the old Griffith Stadium in Washington, DC.

Watt Powell Park closed in 2005 after the opening of Appalachian Power Park in Charleston's East End, near downtown. The Alley Cats moved to the new stadium and renamed themselves the West Virginia Power. The stadium was sold to the University of Charleston which then sold two thirds to the region's largest hospital, Charleston Area Medical Center, whose largest facility is a few blocks away. Demolition of the stadium began in late 2005 and in 2015 a new CAMC cancer clinic opened on the site.

External links
Ballpark Reviews: Watt Powell Park
Digital Ballparks: Watt Powell Park
Ball Parks of the Minor Leagues: Watt Powell Park
Minor League Ballparks: Watt Powell Park

Defunct baseball venues in the United States
Defunct minor league baseball venues
Demolished buildings and structures in West Virginia
Buildings and structures in Charleston, West Virginia
Baseball venues in West Virginia
Defunct sports venues in West Virginia

Watt Powell Park


Help! I'm a Fish, also known A Fish Tale, is a 2000 Danish animated movie.

Cast

 Jeff Pace as Fly
 Michelle Westerson as Stella
 Aaron Paul as Chuck
 Alan Rickman as Joe
 Terry Jones as Professor MacKrill
 David Bateson as Shark
 Louise Fribo as Sasha
 David Bateson as Crab
 John Payne (voice actor) as Bill
 Teryl Rothery as Lisa
 Pauline Newstone as Anna

Plot
A 12 or 13 year old boy nicknamed Fly wants to go fishing. His parents tell him that they are going out and that his aunt Anna will babysit him and his little sister Stella. Fly's cousin Chuck, who loves computers and science, comes with her. When Anna takes a nap, Fly and Stella sneak out to go fishing. Chuck follows them. They meet a mad scientist named Professor MacKrill. MacKrill is scared of global warming. Because of this, he created a potion to turn humans into fish. He also created an antidote for the potion. Stella becomes thirsty, drinks the potion and turns into a starfish, She then gets lost in the ocean. Fly drinks the potion and turns into a California flying fish so he can look for her. Chuck does not know how to swim so he drinks the potion. It turns him into a jellyfish. MacKrill warns him that if they do not drink the antidote in the next two days then they will stay fish for the rest of their lives.

A Great White Shark and pilot fish accidentally drink part of the antidote. This gives them human intelligence. The pilot fish names himself Joe and creates a civilization of talking fish with himself as the leader. After Fly tries to steal the antidote from him, Joe has Fly, Chuck and Stella locked up but they escape. They find what they need to create the antidote but Joe steals it from them after his shark wounds Fly. Chuck then takes Fly and Stella to McKrill's pipes to flood his laboratory and take the antidote. Joe follows them and steals it to make himself smarter. Fly calls Joe stupid. When Joe tells Fly that he can kill him, Fly tells him that any idiot can do that. He asks Joe many trivia questions about mathematics, special relativity and philosophy. When Joe does not know the answers, he drinks the antidote to figure them out. He drinks enough of the antidote that he becomes human and drowns. Fly, Chuck and Stella get the antidote and become human again. Chuck thinks Fly is dead but it turns out he is alive and just has a broken leg. Chuck learns to swim and Fly starts being interested in computers and science. Stella gets  a seahorse, Sasha, as a pet.

Reception
The movie won the Children's Jury Award at the Chicago International Children's Film Festival but it did not do well with sales. It cost $18 million to make and only made $5.6 million dollars.

2000 animated movies
Danish movies
Movies about fish

Help! I'm a Fish


Versailleux (; ) is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France.

On 23 February 2006 during the epidemic of avian influenza, a great number of turkeys died in a breeding of 11,000 animals, probably because of the virus H5N1. The turkeys had never left it because the breeding was confined. The commune of Joyeux, in which the first French case was detected on 13 February, is located a few kilometres south.

Population

See also
 Dombes
Communes of the Ain department

References

External links

Dombes and Versailleux

Communes of Ain
Ain communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia

Versailleux


The Roman Catholic Diocese of San Carlos de Ancud (in Latin: Dioecesis Sancti Caroli Anduciae) is a suffragan diocese of the archdiocese of Puerto Montt, in Chile. Its current bishop is Mgr. Juan María Florindo Agurto Muñoz. The retired (emeritus) bishop is Mgr. Juan Luis Ysern de Arce.

History

The diocese is one of the oldest catholic dioceses in Chile. It was established by Pope Gregory XVI, by means of the Bulla "Ubi Primum" on 1 July 1840. The current Chilean dioceses of Villarrica, Valdivia, Osorno, Puerto Montt, Punta Arenas and the Apostolic Vicariate of Aysén have all been carved out of the original territory of the diocese of San Carlos de Ancud, at different times.

Diocesan statistics

The diocese, which comprises the provinces of Chiloé and Palena, in the Los Lagos region of Chile, covers a territory of 24,283 km² and has 26 parishes. Its estimated catholic population is about 117,000 out of a total population of 152,000.
The diocesan cathedral ("El Sagrario" parish), is located in the city of Ancud.

Bishops

Bishops of San Carlos de Ancud

 Justo Donoso Vivanco † (3 July 1848  – 19 March 1853 appointed bishop of La Serena)
 Vicente Gabriel Tocornal Velasco † (10 March 1853  – 11 November 1857, died)
 Juan Francisco de Paula Solar Mery † (20 March 1857  – 21 April 1882, died)
 Agustín Lucero Lazcano † (11 December 1886  – 3 December 1897, died)
 Ramón Angel Jara Ruz † (28 April 1898 – 31 August 1909 appointed  bishop of La Serena)
 Pedro Armengol Valenzuela Poblete † (30 June 1910  – 16 December 1916, resigned)
 Luis Antonio Castro Alvarez † (21 February 1918  – 23 October 1924, resigned)
 Abraham Aguilera Bravo † (24 October 1924  – 30 April 1933, died)
 Ramón Munita Eyzaguirre † (22 January 1934  – 29 April 1939 appointed bishop of Puerto Montt)
 Hernán Frías Hurtado † (28 March 1940  – 13 January 1945 appointed bishop of Antofagasta)
 Cándido Rada Senosiáin † (9 June 1945  – 22 December 1949, resigned)
 Osvaldo Salinas Fuenzalida † (3 August 1950  – 15 June 1958 appointed bishop of Linares)
 Alejandro Durán Moreira † (17 April 1959  – 31 March 1966 appointed bishop of Los Angeles)
 Sergio Otoniel Contreras Navia † (21 November 1966  – 25 January 1974 appointed  auxiliary bishop of Concepción)
 Juan Luis Ysern de Arce (13 May 1974 – 15 September 2005, retired)
 Juan Maria Florindo Agurto Muñoz (15 September 2005 succeeded – )

Coadjutor bishop
Juan Maria Florindo Agurto Muñoz, O.S.M. (2001-2005)

Auxiliary bishop
Augusto Klinke Leier (1908-1910), appointed Apostolic Administrator of Valdivia

Other priest of this diocese who became bishop
Teodoro Bernardo Eugenín Barrientos (priest here, 1910-1927), appointed Apostolic Administrator of Valdivia

Parishes

 El Sagrario, (Cathedral) Ancud
 San Antonio, Chacao
 San Ramón, Nal
 Nuestra Señora del Tránsito, Lliuco
 Patrocinio San José, Quemchi
 Santa María de Loreto, Achao
 Apóstol Santiago, Castro
 Sagrado Corazón, Castro
 San Judas, Curaco de Vélez
 Santos Reyes, Chaulinec
 Nuestra Señora del Rosario, Chelín
 Nuestra Señora de Lourdes, Dalcahue
 San Francisco Javier, Mechuque
 Corazón de María, Quilquico
 Natividad de María, Rilán
 Patrocinio San José, Tenaún
 Nuestra Señora de los Dolores, Volgue
 Nuestra Señora del Perpetuo Socorro, Quenac
 San Carlos, Chonchi
 San Pedro Nolasco, Puqueldón
 Nuestra Señora del Tránsito, Queilén
 San Antonio, Quellón
 San Juan Bautista, Rauco
 Nuestra Señora de los Dolores, Chaitén

External links
Diocese of San Carlos de Ancud at the Catholic-hierarchy website

San Carlos de Ancud
San Carlos de Ancud
San Carlos de Ancud
San Carlos de Ancud, Roman Catholic Diocese of
1840 establishments in Chile


"Every Grain of Sand" is a song written by Bob Dylan, recorded in Los Angeles in the spring of 1981 and released in August of that year on Dylan's album Shot of Love.  It was subsequently included on the compilation Biograph. An early version of the song, recorded in September 1980 and featuring Jennifer Warnes on backing vocal, was released in 1991 on The Bootleg Series Volumes 1–3 (Rare & Unreleased) 1961–1991.

The song appeared on the soundtrack for the 1998 film Another Day in Paradise and in the premiere episode of Marvel Studios' Moon Knight (2022).

Song structure and lyrics

Dylan had, according to his biographer Ian Bell, become a born again Christian in November 1978. "Every Grain of Sand" contains powerful allusions to Jesus, faith, and spirituality ('In the fury of the moment I can see the Master's hand / In every leaf that trembles, in every grain of sand'). Rolling Stone described it as a "mature update" of Dylan's 1964 song "Chimes of Freedom".

The song is well known for its haunting imagery, which has been compared to that of William Blake. Although it is filled with numerous biblical references, it may also have been partly inspired by the following lines from William Blake's Auguries of Innocence:

To see a world in a grain of sandAnd a heaven in a wild flower,Hold infinity in the palm of your handAnd eternity in an hour.

Reception and aftermath

"Every Grain of Sand" is "perhaps his most sublime work to date", writes Clinton Heylin, "the summation of a number of attempts to express what the promise of redemption meant to him personally. One of his most intensely personal songs, it also remains one of his most universal. Detailing 'the time of my confession/the hour of my deepest need,' the song marks the conclusion of his evangelical period as a songwriter, something its position at the conclusion of Shot of Love tacitly acknowledges."

Paul Nelson of Rolling Stone called it "the 'Chimes of Freedom' and 'Mr. Tambourine Man' of Bob Dylan's Christian period...it has surety and strength all down the line. Also vulnerability...Dylan's beautifully idiosyncratic harmonica playing has metamorphosed into an archetype that pierces the heart and moistens the eye. And, for once, the lyrics don't let you down. The artist's Christianity is both palpable and comprehensible...For a moment or two, he touches you, and the gates of heaven dissolve into a universality that has nothing to do with most of the LP."

A 2015 Rolling Stone list of the "100 Greatest Bob Dylan Songs" placed it 10th. An article accompanying the list calls it a "spellbinding ballad" that is "equal parts Blakean mysticism and biblical resonance" and quotes U2 singer Bono who compares it to "the great Psalms of David".

Paul Williams in his book Bob Dylan, Performing Artist: The Middle Years, said, "The love in "Every Grain of Sand," though firmly rooted in Dylan's conversion experience and his Bible studies, immediately and obviously reaches beyond its context to communicate a deeply felt devotional spirit based on universal experiences: pain of self-awareness, and sense of wonder or awe at the beauty of the natural world."

Tim Riley described "Every Grain of Sand" as, "a prayer that inhabits the same intuitive zone as "Blowin' in the Wind" - you'd swear it was a hymn passed down through the ages."

Rock critic Milo Miles wrote, "This is the one Dylan song in ten years...in which he examines a pop-culture paradox (that legendary stars in particular have to believe in ideals greater than themselves) more eloquently than any other performer has."

When Bruce Springsteen inducted Dylan into the Rock 'n' Roll Hall of Fame on January 20, 1988, he also cited "Every Grain Of Sand" as an example of his best work. "Every Grain of Sand" was cited by Elvis Costello on his list of "500 albums essential to a happy life" as possibly Dylan's finest track.

A 2021 Guardian article included it on a list of "80 Bob Dylan songs everyone should know".

Cover versions
The Tucson-based band Giant Sand recorded a cover of this song for their album Swerve, which was released in 1990. It was also covered by Emmylou Harris on her album Wrecking Ball, Barb Jungr on her album Every Grain of Sand: Barb Jungr Sings Bob Dylan, Lucy Kaplansky on the 2011 album Nod to Bob 2 and Steve Inglis on the 2010 album "Slackin' On Dylan". Emmylou Harris and Sheryl Crow performed it in 2003 at the funeral of Johnny Cash. The Blind Boys Of Alabama recorded a cover for their 2013 album I'll Find A Way, Lizz Wright also for her 2017 album Grace. The traditional Iranian musician Salah Aghili recorded a version of the song for the 2013 world music compilation From Another World: A Tribute to Bob Dylan. Nana Mouskouri From the Album "Why Worry" June 22, 2018 Chrissie Hynde covered it on her 2021 album: Standing in the Doorway: Chrissie Hynde Sings Bob Dylan.

References

External links
Lyrics at Bob Dylan's official site
Chords at Dylanchords

1981 songs
Bob Dylan songs
Magnapop songs
Songs written by Bob Dylan
Gospel songs
Song recordings produced by Bob Dylan
Song recordings produced by Chuck Plotkin
Christian rock songs

Every Grain of Sand


Essequibo Islands-West Demerara (Region 3) is a partial region of Esequiban Guyana, a territory in dispute by Guyana and Venezuela. It is split in two by the Essequibo River, Venezuela claims the territory to the west of Essequibo river as part of Delta Amacuro state. The regional capital is Vreed en Hoop.

The region is in the north of the country. It has an area of 3,755 km². As of the 2012 census, 107,416 people lived there. It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the north, the region of Demerara-Mahaica and Demerara River to the east, the region of Upper Demerara-Berbice to the south and the region of Pomeroon-Supenaam to the west.

Regions of Guyana

Essequibo Islands-West Demerara


Würzburg Cathedral () is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Würzburg in Bavaria, Germany, dedicated to Saint Kilian. It is the seat of the Bishop of Würzburg and has served as the burial place for the Prince-Bishops of Würzburg for hundreds of years. With an overall length of 103 metres, it is the fourth largest Romanesque church building in Germany, and a masterpiece of German architecture from the Salian period. Notable later additions include work by Tilman Riemenschneider and Balthasar Neumann. The cathedral was heavily damaged by British bombs in March 1945 but rebuilt post-World War II.

History

A cathedral and an attached monastery existed in Würzburg as early as the 8th Century, presumably built by the city's first bishop, Burchard. On July 8, 752, Burchard transferred the relics of Kilian and his companions Totnan and Colman to the cathedral. The skulls of these three saints are still kept in the High Altar of the cathedral.

The cathedral was destroyed by fire and rebuilt twice (in 787 and 855). The third and present cathedral was built from 1040 onwards by Bishop Bruno. After Bruno's accidental death in 1045, his successor Adalbero completed the building in 1075. Due to several rebuildings, notably after 1133, the cathedral was only consecrated in 1187. It retains its Romanesque cruciform layout to this day.

The cathedral school attached to the cathedral and run by the Würzburg cathedral chapter was one of the most important cathedral schools in the Holy Roman Empire in the Middle Ages, along with those of Liège and Worms.

The side aisles were remodeled in a late Gothic style around 1500. A baroque renovation began in 1627, and continued through the century. In particular, numerous pieces of valuable Baroque art were created for the Cathedral's altars. The stuccoist Pietro Magno decorated the cathedral in Baroque stucco work in 1701-04.

In 1721-34, Balthasar Neumann built the burial chapel for the Schönborn bishops, north of the transept. Around the foot of the eastern tower, he also added a Baroque vestry and Ornatkammer (1749).

Additional Romanesque Revival changes made to the western façade and towers in 1879-85 (see picture of the cathedral in 1904) were removed after 1946.

The Cathedral was heavily damaged in the bombing of Würzburg. Much of the interior was irreparably damaged. Large portions of the building, especially the nave, collapsed in the winter of 1946, almost a year after the bombing. Reconstruction was completed in 1967, in the course of which some Baroque components were removed in favour of a re-Romanisation. In particular, the collapsed nave was rebuilt unadorned, with a flat wooden roof, providing a marked contrast to the surviving baroque stucco in the rest of the building. Over the course of the renovation, the Romanesque Revival west front with its rose window, tripartite gallery, and clock niche were covered by a plain stone wall. The west front was once again revealed after a 2006 renovation. The choir was redesigned in 1988.

Description
With a length of 103 meters, the cathedral is thought to be the fourth largest Romanesque basilica in Germany.

Works of art
The cathedral contains numerous works of art, of which the following are of especial note:
 A series of tombs and epitaphs of bishops, including the monumental effigies of the prince-bishops Rudolf II von Scherenberg (1495) and Lorenz von Bibra (1519), both by Tilman Riemenschneider
 Schönborn Chapel by Balthasar Neumann and Maximilian von Welsch with the tombs of Johann Philipp von Schönborn, Lothar Franz von Schönborn, Johann Philipp Franz von Schönborn and Friedrich Karl von Schönborn
 Double crypt. The eastern part dates from 1040 and contains the tomb of Bruno. The western one (12th century) was demolished around 1700 but rebuilt after 1962. It features an old well, the tomb of Conrad of Querfurt and the oldest piece of art of the cathedral: a bearded face which may be Carolingean or even Merovingian in origin.
 Burial chapel/Sepulture: Like the chapter hall above, the Gothic structure was destroyed in the bombing raids but has been rebuilt. It now contains a cycle of stained glass by Georg Meistermann.
 Baptismal font (1279), by Meister Eckart of Worms
 Seven-armed candelabra (1981) by Andreas Moritz

Layout of the main level of the building

1. Trellis by Markus Gattinger (1750/52; outermost wings 1967,  "Menorah" by Andreas Moritz , 1981)
2. Gottfried of Spitzberg (d 1190)
3. Bishop Gottfried III von Hohenlohe (d 1322)
4. Bishop Manegold von Neuenburg (d 1303)
5. Bishop Otto II von Wolfskeel (d 1345; by the so-called Wolfskeel Master)
6. Three kings with the Madonna
7. Bishop Wolfram von Grumbach (d 1333)
8. Bishop Johann II von Brunn (d 1440)
9. Bishop Albrecht II von Hohenlohe (d 1372)
10. Bishop Gottfried IV Schenk von Limpurg (d 1455)
11. Bishop Rudolf von Scherenberg (d 1495; by Tilman Riemenschneider)
12. Bishop Melchior Zobel von Giebelstadt (d 1558; by Peter Dell the Younger)
13. Bishop Lorenz von Bibra (d 1519; by Tilman Riemenschneider)
14. Bishop Friedrich von Wirsberg (d 1573)
15. Bishop Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn (d 1617; by Nikolaus Lenkhart)
16. Chancel
17. Bishop Johann Gottfried von Aschhausen (d 1622)
18. Ferdinand von Schlör (d 1924)
19. Choir and apse in stucco relief
20. North transept altar and Provost's Altar (by Pietro Magno 1704)
21. Provost Faust Franz Ludwig von Stromberg (d 1673; by Johann Philipp Preiss)
22. Portal to the sacristy
23. Bishop Gerhard von Schwarzburg (d 1400)
24. Lothar Franz von Schönborn (d 1729)
25. Altar of Mary Magdalene
26. Johann Philipp Franz von Schönborn (d 1724)
27. Fresco of the Resurrection (by Byss)
28. Door to the Schönborn Chapel, with angel (by Curé)
29. Bishop Friedrich Karl von Schönborn-Buchheim (d 1746)
30. Altar of the Pietà
31. Bishop Johann Philipp von Schönborn, also Archbishop of Mainz and Bishop of Worms  (d 1673)
32. Bishop Conrad von Bibra (d 1544; by Peter Dell the Elder)
33. Altar of Our Lady
34. Dean Johann Konrad Kottwitz von Aulenbach (d 1610; by Zacharias Juncker)
35. Crypt entrance and exit
36. Bishop Konrad von Thüngen (d 1540; bronze plate)
37. Bishop Conrad von Bibra (d 1544; bronze plate)
38. Bishop Lorenz von Bibra (d 1519; bronze plate, by Hans Vischer and Peter Vischer the Elder)
39. Erasmus Neustetter known as Stürmer (d 1594; bronze plate)
40. Johann Philipp Fuchs von Dornheim (d 1727; bronze plate)
41. Richard von der Kere (d 1583; bronze plate)
42. Albrecht von Bibra, dean of the cathedral chapter (d 1511; bronze plate)
43. Gg. von Giech (d 1501; bronze plate)
44. Philipp Adolf von Ehrenberg (d 1631; bronze plate)
45. Bishop Franz Ludwig von Erthal (d 1795)
46. Gg. Anton von Stahl (d 1870)
47. Johann Valentin Reissmann (d 1875)
48. Franz Josef von Stein (d 1909)
49. Adam Friedrich Gross von Trockau (d 1840)
50. Georg Karl von Fechenbach (d 1808)
51. Bishop Christoph Franz von Hutten (d 1729)
52. Mural of Saints Felix, Regula and Exuberantius
53. Bishop Adam Friedrich von Seinsheim (d 1779)
54. Peter von Aufsess (d 1522; bronze plate)
55. Johann von Guttenberg (d 1538; bronze plate)
56. Erasmus Neustetter known as Stürmer (d 1594; bronze plate)
57. Johann Konrad Kottwitz von Aulenbach (d 1610; bronze plate)
58. Bishop Melchior Zobel von Giebelstadt (d 1558; bronze plate)
59. Bishop Friedrich von Wirsberg (d 1573; bronze plate)
60. Bishop Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn (d 1617; bronze plate)
61. The Death of Mary (sculptural group)
62. Neithart von Thüngen, Bishop of Bamberg and Provost of Würzburg (d 1598; by Hans Juncker)
63. Apostles' Altar (three statues by Tilman Riemenschneider 1502/06)
64. Bishop Konrad II von Thüngen (d 1540; by Loy Hering)
65. Moritz von Hutten (d 1552)
66. Dean's Altar (by Pietro Magno)
67. Georg Heinrich von Stadion (d 1716)
68. Bernhard von Solms (Lich) (d 1553)
69. Doorway to cloister
70. Heinrich Truchsess von Wetzhausen (d 1548)
71. Jakob Baur von Eiseneck (d 1621)
72. Paul Truchsess von Wetzhausen-Unsleben (d 1528)
73. Burial chapel
74. Jakob Fuchs von Wonfurt (d 1558)
75. Heinrich von Seinsheim (d 1360)
76. Ebbo (?) (10th century)
77. Master of the cathedral school (late Gothic)
78. Crucifixion Group (1763)
79. Friedrich von Brandenburg (d 1536)
80. Old cathedral school gate 1565
81. Saint Kilian (1720, by Esterbauer)
82. Wall painting fragments of Christ and Mary, and of Mary and Saint John the Evangelist
83. Door to the cloister and two late Gothic coats of arms (Scherenberg and Grumbach)
84. Johann von Grumbach (d 1466)
85. Johann von Egloffstein (d 1411)
86. Johann Vitus von Würtzburg (d 1756; bronze plate)
87. Vitus Gottfried von Wernau (d 1649; bronze plate)
88. Sebastian Echter von Mespelbrunn (brother of bishop; d 1575)
89. Martin von der Kere (d 1507; bronze relief), and Konrad Friedrich von Thüngen (d 1629; bronze relief)
90. Pillar of Jachin, 11th century
91. Pillar of Booz, 11th century
92. Bronze baptismal font by Master Eckard of Worms, 1279
93. Pietà (c. 1410)
94. Heraldic fragment of gravestone of Provost Daniel von Stibar (d 1555)
95. Gravestone of Johann Philipp Echter von Mespelbrunn (d 1665)
96. Fragment of gravestone of Lorenz Truchsess von Pommersfelden (d 1543)
97. Dean Franz Christ. von Rosenbach (d 1687; by Sebastian Betz)
98. Johann Philipp Ludwig Ignaz von Franckenstein (d 1780; by Franz Martin Mutschele)
99. Saint John the Evangelist (by Tilman Riemenschneider)
100. Coat-of-arms of the Elector Johann Philipp von Schönborn (d 1673)
101. Grave of Tilman Riemenschneider (copy of original tombstone)

Organs
The main organ was built in 1969 by the organ builders Klais. There is a second organ for the choir, and a third is planned for 2010.

Bells
The cathedral today has 20 bells, with a total combined weight of 26 tons.

The largest is the Salvator Bell with a diameter of 2.3 m and weighing in at 10 tons. Of the old bells only the Lobdeburg Bell, by Cunradus Citewar of Würzburg, the most prominent bellfounder of his time, dates from 1257. Because it was taken down in 1933 and stored in the crypt, it is the only ancient bell of the cathedral to have survived the firestorm caused by the bombing of 16 March 1945. It now hangs in the south-west tower and is rung every Friday at 3:00 p.m., to mark the hour of the death of Jesus Christ.

All the other bells melted and the liquid metal ran down into the basement of the towers, where the stored cathedral treasure was destroyed.

Würzburg Synod

Between 1971 and 1975 the Würzburg Synod convened in the cathedral at the wish of Cardinal Döpfner, to determine the application of the Second Vatican Council to Germany.

Images

References

 Kuhn, Rudolf, 1968: Großer Führer durch Würzburgs Dom und Neumünster: mit Neumünster-Kreuzgang und Walthergrab
 Der Dom zu Würzburg (English Edition) Schnell, Art Guide No 232 (of 1982); Second English edition 1991, Verlag Schnell & Steiner GMBH, Munich and Zurich

External links

 Official Website
 Music in Würzburg Cathedral
 Würzburg Diocesan website: information on the cathedral bells

Roman Catholic cathedrals in Bavaria
Cathedral
Romanesque architecture in Germany
W

Würzburg Cathedral


Luis Orgaz Yoldi (28 May 1881 in Vitoria-Gasteiz – 31 January 1946 in Madrid) was a Spanish general who was a leading figure of the Nationalist faction in the Spanish Civil War. He later went on to become a critic of the regime of Francisco Franco and agitated for the restoration of the monarchy.

Early years
He took part in the action of the Barranco del Lobo in July 1909, during the Second Melillan campaign.

From his earliest days Orgaz was a staunch advocate of monarchism. As a consequence he was under a veil of suspicion during the tenure of Manuel Azaña, leading to Orgaz being placed under house arrest and then exiled in the Canary Islands in 1931. The suspicions were not groundless however as, like many leading monarchists in Spain at the time, Orgaz was involved in a number of plots aimed at a restoration. Close to General Emilio Mola, Orgaz was one of a number of leading officers who joined the general in conspiracy against the Popular Front government in early 1936.

Civil war
Following the outbreak of the Civil War he was placed in command of the Nationalist forces in the Canary Islands. During the early stages of the Civil War he was one of the first leading figures to echo Alfredo Kindelán's calls for a single leader for the Nationalist side. He was also quick to indicate his support for Francisco Franco for the role. Indeed, along with Kindelán, Nicolas Franco, José Millán Astray and, from 1937, Ramón Serrano Súñer, Orgaz formed a central part of Franco's most trusted confidantes in the early part of the war.

In December 1936 Orgaz was moved to command of the Central Front, although an early attempt to attack Republican positions was a failure due to the significant numerical advantage enjoyed by the International Brigades in the area. A renewed offensive along the same lines in January 1937 resulted in a stalemate. He had official command at the Battle of Jarama although in reality the orders to keep pressing, which resulted in extensive loss of life for both sides, came direct from Franco. With the Italians highly critical of the command at Jarama Franco moved to placate them by relieving Orgaz of his command in favour of Andrés Saliquet Zumeta.

However the move was more cosmetic than a rebuke to Orgaz; Franco's faithful lieutenant quickly regained influence when he was tasked with organising the mass army required for the conflict. As a consequence he led a massive recruitment drive during the early months of 1937.

Monarchist conspiracy
When Franco assumed control he named Orgaz as high commissioner (Alto Comisario) and commander in chief in Spanish Morocco. However the two drifted apart and by 1941 Orgaz was openly discussing the possibility of military action against Franco, having realised that he had no intention of restoring the monarchy. By March 1942 rumours were rife that he, Kindelan and General Eugenio Espinosa de los Monteros were on the verge of launching a monarchist coup. Events got so far that in August 1943 he intimated to Pedro Sainz Rodríguez that he was ready to lead 100,000 men in open rebellion as long as the faction around Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona that Sainz led could ensure recognition from the Allies.

Uncertain of how much support he had Orgaz abandoned his coup plans and instead took the lead in an army petition to Franco calling for restoration, presented on 13 September 1943 by General José Enrique Varela. His change of position had also been heavily influenced by Franco pointing out to him that he had a dossier detailing a number of corrupt deals that Orgaz had brokered in North Africa, revelations that could potentially ruin the conspiratorial general.

Final years
Orgaz was promoted to the position of Chief of the Defence High Command , i.e., chief of staff of the Spanish Armed Forces, immediately after World War II as Franco made a number of appointments designed to bring potential enemies back into the fold. However he managed less than a year in the position before his death in early 1946. His grandson, Luis Javier Benavides, became a labor lawyer and member of the illegal Communist Party of Spain, and was one of the victims of the 1977 Atocha massacre.

References

1881 births
1946 deaths
People from Vitoria-Gasteiz
Spanish lieutenant generals
Spanish monarchists
20th century in Morocco
Spanish military personnel of the Second Melillan campaign
Spanish military personnel of the Spanish Civil War (National faction)

Luis Orgaz Yoldi


The motor system is the part of the central nervous system that is involved with movement. It consists of the pyramidal and extrapyramidal system.
 The pyramidal motor system, (or pyramidal tract or corticospinal tract) starts in the motor center of the cerebral cortex and goes through the midbrain and medulla oblongata, then down the spinal cord. Peripheral motor nerves carry the motor impulses to the voluntary muscles.
 The extrapyramidal motor system consists of motor-modulation systems, particularly the basal ganglia and cerebellum. This tweaks the messages so that fine, accurate movement is possible. That function is called "modulation of movement".

Both systems are very ancient and may be common to all vertebrates.

References

Nervous system

Motor system


Julius Brach (9 January 1881, Brno – 4 July 1938, Vyškov, Moravia) was a Czech chess master.

In the beginning of his career, he won at Brno 1899, took 3rd at Osyky u Lomnice, took 2nd at Brno 1901, and took 3rd at Brno 1905. He tied for 5-6th at Nuremberg 1906 (the 15th DSB Congress, Hauptturnier A, Savielly Tartakower won), and shared 2nd at Brno 1907 (the 2nd Czech Chess Championship, František Treybal won).

He won at Brno 1908, tied for 8-9th at Prague 1908 (B tournament, Karel Treybal won), took 2nd at Brno 1909, and took 6th at Prague 1909 (the 3rd CZE-ch, Oldřich Duras won). In 1909, he played three matches in Brno; drew with Karel Hromádka (3 : 3), beat A. Perna (4 : 0), and defeated M. Gargulak (2.5 : 0.5). He took 2nd at Brno 1911, tied for 5-7th at Breslau 1912 (the 18th DSB Congress, Hauptturnier B, Paul Krüger), won at Brno 1913, and won in the Mannheim 1914 chess tournament (the 19th DSB Congress, Hauptturnier B).

During World War I, he shared 3rd at Brünn (Brno) 1916, won at Brno 1917, and tied for 9-11th at Kaschau (Košice) 1918 (Richard Réti won). After the war, he won at Brno 1920, tied for 8-9th at Brno 1921 (the 2nd Czechoslovak Chess Championship, Hromádka won), took 3rd at Pistyan (Piešťany) 1922 (B tournament, Endre Steiner won), tied for 9-11th at Znojmo 1927 (Karel Opočenský won), and took 8th at Olomouc 1930 (Karl Gilg won).

References

1881 births
1938 deaths
Czech chess players
Sportspeople from Brno
Chess players from Austria-Hungary
Czechoslovak chess players

Julius Brach


Sardar Attique Ahmed Khan (Urdu: سردار عتیق احمد خان) is a Pakistani-Kashmiri politician who served as the Prime Minister of Azad Jammu and Kashmir twice, from 24 July 2006 to 6 January 2009 and from 29 July 2010 to 26 July 2011. He also presides over the All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference and served as the leader of the parliamentary opposition from 15 January 2009 to 22 October 2009, and has been elected five times as a Member of the Legislative Assembly. He serves as the member of the Supreme Council of the Muslim World League. He belongs to Dhund-Abbasi Tribe.

Political profile

 President All Jammu & Kashmir Muslim Conference – the oldest political party of the entire State of Jammu & Kashmir in its 80th year. Since 2002 unanimously elected consecutively for 3rd time (2002, 2006 & 2009) as 9th the President of the party.
 Elected 5 times as Member Legislative Assembly (MLA) of Azad Jammu and Kashmir since 1990.
 Elected first time as Prime Minister of Azad Government of the State of Jammu and Kashmir held this office from 24 July 2006 to 6 January 2009
 Leader of the Parliamentary Opposition from 15 January 2009 to 22 October 2009.
 Re-elected 2nd time as Prime Minister by the same House on 29 July 2010 till 26 July 2011.
 As a political worker served as Chairman Youth & Students Wing (1984–1990) and later as Chief Organizer of the party (1992–2001).
 Introduced the concept of grassroot level political participation and consultation through formation of party units at polling stations level.
 As Chief Organizer of All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference (AJKMC) expanded the party platform for the minorities/non-Muslims for the first time in the State.
 Founder Chairman of Pakistan Assembly of Muslim Youth (PAMY) that included mainstream youth leadership of all parties.

Educational credentials
Sardar Attique Ahmed Khan has Master's degree in International Relations. Arabic language course from Islamic University of Madinah Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia.

Sardar Attique Ahmed Khan is the son of Sardar Abdul Qayyum Khan, who is also Known as Mujahid-e-Awwal. He is considered a prominent Kashmiri leader of his era.

References

Interview with a Spanish paper

1955 births
Living people
Pahari Pothwari people
People from Azad Kashmir
Politicians from Azad Kashmir
Prime Ministers of Azad Kashmir
Azad Kashmir MLAs 2016–2021
Azad Kashmir MLAs 2021–2026

Attique Ahmed Khan


Kimberly Rogers (c. 1961 – 9 August 2001) was a Canadian woman whose suicide in 2001, while under house arrest for a disputed welfare fraud conviction, caused extensive controversy around Ontario Works, the Ontario government's welfare system.  Rogers' death led to an inquest which recommended significant changes to the Ontario welfare system.

Background
A resident of Sudbury, Rogers was receiving standard Ontario welfare benefits of $520 per month for a single person, while paying $450 per month in rent. From 1996 to 1999, she also received a total of $49,000 in student loans from the Ontario Student Assistance Program (OSAP) to study social services at the city's Cambrian College and illegally received $13,500 in welfare over that same 3-year period. Rogers graduated with a grade point average (GPA) of 3.5.

When Rogers first began her studies, receiving both welfare and student loans was legal, but the practice was banned in 1996 by the Progressive Conservative government of Mike Harris as part of its welfare reform legislation. Rogers continued to receive both welfare and student loans after the practice became illegal. There was no evidence that she was ever informed of the change in regulations.

In the fall of 1999, the welfare office learned of her student loans, and ordered Rogers to repay $13,486 in benefits. After her welfare was reinstated, the overpayment was automatically deducted from her monthly welfare cheque. This left Rogers with $18 each month after paying her rent and the student loans. As well, she was facing criminal charges for welfare fraud.

Trial
On 25 April 2001, Rogers pleaded guilty to fraud before Justice Greg Rodgers of the Ontario Court of Justice. Justice Greg Rodgers stated that she had engaged in "almost four years of deception and dishonesty."

"I am satisfied you did not lead an opulent lifestyle, even with these two sources of income," Justice Rodgers said in his verdict, "but welfare is there for people who need it, not for people who want it, who want things and who want money."

Rogers, who was pregnant at the time of her trial, was sentenced to six months of house arrest, permitted to leave the house for medical, religious or shopping reasons only on Wednesday mornings, and for a maximum of three hours. She was also ordered to repay the full amount of her overpayment.

With the fraud conviction, Ontario Works suspended her welfare benefits for six months.

House arrest
With no source of income, Rogers' landlord temporarily agreed to reduce her rent to $300 a month. Community groups such as the Elizabeth Fry Society and the Social Planning Council of Greater Sudbury rallied to find food and financial assistance for her. Her doctor lobbied the government to have drug benefits which had previously been covered by welfare reinstated because Rogers was unable to pay for her prescribed medications, including antidepressants and drugs to alleviate pregnancy-related nausea.

Sean Dewart, a Toronto lawyer, launched a constitutional appeal on Rogers' behalf, successfully having Rogers' welfare suspension reversed by Justice Gloria Epstein. On 31 May 2001, Epstein ruled that "for a member of our community carrying an unborn child to be homeless and deprived of basic sustenance is a situation that would adversely affect the public – its dignity, its human rights commitments and its health care resources."

Death
Rogers' body was found in her apartment 11 August 2001 by her boyfriend, Terry Pyhtila. Eight months pregnant, she had been dead for several days in an apartment without air conditioning.  At the time, Sudbury was subject to a record-breaking heat wave, with six days of temperatures over 30 degrees Celsius, during the week of Rogers' death.
A formal inquest was convened in October 2002.

Inquest
On its first day, the inquest was informed that the actual cause of Rogers' death was suicide by an amitriptyline overdose, and that Rogers may have altered her antidepressant prescription to ensure that she had a sufficient supply of medication to constitute a lethal dose. However, they were asked to review the impact of the government's welfare fraud policy on Rogers' decision to commit suicide.

On 19 December 2002, the jury delivered its decision. Their first recommendation was that the lifetime suspension of benefits should be eliminated – temporary suspension would still be permitted as a penalty, but could no longer be imposed retroactively on a person whose fraud conviction predated the adoption of the legislation.

The jury also indicated that suspension and/or prosecution should not necessarily be automatic, but that each case should be evaluated by Ontario Works administrators and/or a stakeholder committee to determine the most appropriate response to the individual situation. As well, the jury ruled that drug benefits should not be suspended even when regular benefits were, that Ontario Works should make more effort to uncover fraud situations earlier so that the penalties had less emotional and financial impact on the recipient, and that the government should review the adequacy of social assistance rates, which until then had not been raised since the Harris government cut the rate to $520 per month in 1996.

As well, the jury made several recommendations to other government ministries. They ruled that the government had a responsibility to ensure that a person under house arrest had access to adequate shelter, food and medication, as well as an obligation to help individuals on probation or parole locate the appropriate community services to assist their adjustment back into society. They also recommended improved communication between government departments, in response to evidence that Justice Rodgers had not known that a fraud conviction would lead to a suspension of Kimberly Rogers' benefits, and clearer communication to citizens of both the definition and the potential consequences of welfare fraud.

The jury also recommended several improvements in the province's medical system to prevent potential abuse, including the creation of a computer database network to improve pharmacies' access to a patient's prior prescription records. Doctors would also be asked to write out prescriptions in both number and text in order to reduce the possibility of prescriptions being altered, and to review the use of tricyclic antidepressants.

Aftermath
The government of Ernie Eves did not implement any of the Rogers inquest's recommendations before it was defeated in the 2003 provincial election. Community and Social Services Minister Brenda Elliott dismissed the recommendations as unnecessary tinkering with a system that "was working effectively".
In early 2004, the government of Dalton McGuinty implemented a three per cent increase in welfare rates, to be followed by an annual cost of living increase, and eliminated the lifetime suspension of benefits. However, the McGuinty government never implemented most of the inquest's other recommendations.

Social Planning Council of Greater Sudbury chair Janet Gasparini, who had been a prominent media commentator in the Rogers case, was elected to Greater Sudbury City Council in the 2003 municipal election.

References

External links

 DAWN Ontario's Kimberly Rogers "Justice with Dignity" campaign (includes links to many media articles about the Rogers case)
Kimberly Rogers, at the Elizabeth Fry Society

1960s births
2001 suicides
2001 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
2001 in Canada
Canadian fraudsters
Date of birth unknown
Drug-related suicides in Canada
People convicted of fraud
People from Greater Sudbury
Suicides in Ontario
Welfare fraud

Kimberly Rogers


Grezzo 2 is a first-person shooter video game developed by Italian game designer Nicola Piro and released in 2012. The game is a total conversion modification of the 1993 video game Doom and its development began in the early 2000s, with the version called Grezzo 1, when Nicola Piro attended high school.

The plot follows the adventure of pagan farmer Piro which, annoyed and disgusted by Christianity, plans to kill Jesus Christ to prevent the rise of his religious phenomenon. Gameplay requires the player to face various levels, defeating enemies and bosses and using a wide range of weapons. Many well-known personalities of the culture of Italy appear in the game, as well as references to extremely satirized social, political and religious issues of the country.

Following the 2012 release, Grezzo 2 received significant attention, both inside and outside of its country of origin, due to its extremely blasphemous, vulgar and violent content.

Gameplay
Much like Doom, the gameplay of Grezzo 2 requires the player to navigate to the exit of each level while surviving various hazards on the way. The game contains an exhaustive variety of weapons, many of which are taken from other Doom mods; such weapons include beer bottles, plasma rifles, crucifix launchers, and the "Lanciaratzinger", a powerful cannon which launches digitized sprites of Pope Benedict XVI. Grezzo 2 contains an equally exhaustive amount of NPCs pulled from various games and modifications, such as the innocent bystanders from Carmageddon and the Cabal cultists from Blood. Regardless of their lethality, the player is often required to slaughter through large amounts of NPCs in order to progress. Occasionally, the player fights powerful "boss" enemies representing prominent figures of Christianity, such as Pope John Paul II, Jesus Christ, and God.

Plot
The protagonist of Grezzo 2 is Piro, a pagan farmer from Perugia, Italy. Embittered over the rise of Christianity, Piro embarks on a killing spree, with his first target being the church hosting his grandparents' silver wedding anniversary. Piro massacres the event's reception, and dies shortly thereafter; he then falls into the afterlife to be judged by God, who is depicted as a short-tempered, foul-mouthed man adorned with cultist robes. Depending on the player's actions, Piro can either fight and kill God, or avoid the fight and escape the afterlife.

After returning to Earth and killing countless others, Piro initiates a plan to kill Jesus Christ in his infancy, thereby preventing the creation of Christianity. Piro infiltrates the womb of the Virgin Mary and slays the gestating Jesus within. An egg opportunistically appears where Jesus dies, which Piro fertilizes with his semen. From this egg a new Piro is born, who graphically bursts out of the Virgin Mary, killing her. The reborn Piro pulls out a banjo and plays a song for the Three Wise Men who stood at the Virgin Mary's side.

Development
Grezzo 1, the predecessor of Grezzo 2, was developed by Nicola Piro in the computer room of his high school's religion class. Piro inserted the likenesses of his friends into the game, which was distributed throughout the school. According to Piro, the game was quickly banned at the school once teachers had learned of its content. Because Grezzo 1 contained a large amount of in-jokes that would only be decipherable by his classmates, Piro decided against releasing the game to the public. The development of Grezzo 2 took two years, one of which Piro dedicated to researching the editors and assets he'd utilize in making the game. By Piro's admission, much of the content in Grezzo 2 is taken from other games, such as Blood and Carmageddon. Piro would frequently modify the content to suit his own needs, oftentimes by introducing references to Italian pop culture. To this effect, many prominent Italian celebrities and politicians appear in Grezzo 2, typically in the role of antagonists.

In discussing his vision for Grezzo 2, Piro explained: "I really wanted to create a game that would piss off any mother, any religious organization, something vulgar and unheard of." In another interview, Piro mused that Grezzo 2 represents how he sees the world: "For me, the world is like this: the Pope is obviously a monster, an enemy, and everything is taken to excess!" Grezzo 2 runs on Skulltag, a modified version of the Doom engine which supports modern operating systems and provides additional amenities for mod creators.

Reception and controversy

As a result of Grezzo 2's graphic violence, sexual content, and irreverence towards religious figures, the game received a significant amount of media attention. Numerous journalists have characterized Grezzo'''s content as blasphemous. Kotaku editor Patricia Hernandez wryly described the content of the mod as "Child murder, priest murder, Barney the dinosaur murder, Mario murder, Buddha murder... really, just murder murder; nothing is sacred." In 2015, the video game live streaming website Twitch added Grezzo 2 to its list of prohibited games, banning users from streaming the title.Grezzo 2 received an honorary mention during the 2012 Cacowards, with the reviewer labeling the game as "the most psychotic thing to release this year", while praising the over-the-top presentation as  "so bad it's awesome".

Legacy
After Grezzo 2, Giochi Penosi developed and released Super Botte & Bamba II Turbo, a 2D fighting game whose roster includes several characters of the Italian trash culture. In March 2018, Giochi Penosi announced the sequel of Grezzo 2, called GrezzoDue 2 (lit. Crude Two 2).

 See also

 Doom moddingBrutal Doom''
 Bloom (mod)

Notes

References

External links

2012 video games
Doom mods
First-person shooters
Obscenity controversies in video games
Video games developed in Italy
Video games set in Italy
Video games with 2.5D graphics
Video games with digitized sprites
Windows-only games
Single-player video games
Windows games
Sprite-based first-person shooters
Christianity in popular culture controversies

Grezzo 2


Emmanuel Frémiet (6 December 182410 September 1910) was a French sculptor. He is famous for his 1874 sculpture of Joan of Arc in Paris (and its "sister" statues in Philadelphia and Portland, Oregon) and the monument to Ferdinand de Lesseps in Suez.  The noted sculptor Pierre-Nicolas Tourgueneff was one of many students who learned sculpture under the tutelage of Frémiet.

Early life
Born in Paris, he was a nephew and pupil of Sophie Frémiet, and later he became a pupil of her husband François Rude. He chiefly devoted himself to animal sculpture. His earliest work was in scientific lithography (osteology), and for a while he served in times of adversity in the gruesome office of painter to the morgue. In 1843 he sent to the Salon a study of a Gazelle, and after that date worked prolifically. His Wounded Bear and Wounded Dog were produced in 1850, and the Luxembourg Museum at once secured this striking example of his work.

Career

In the 1850s, Frémiet produced various Napoleonic works.  He first exhibited in the Paris Salon at the age of nineteen with a sculpture of an Algerian gazelle.  In 1853, Frémiet, "the leading sculptor of animals in his day" exhibited bronze sculptures of Emperor Napoleon III's basset hounds at the Paris Salon. Soon afterwards, from 1855 to 1859 Frémiet was engaged on a series of military statuettes for Napoleon III, none of which have survived.

He produced his equestrian statue of Napoleon I in 1868, and of Louis d'Orleans of 1869 (at the Château de Pierrefonds) and in 1874 the first equestrian statue of Joan of Arc, erected in the Place des Pyramides, Paris; this he afterwards (1889) replaced with another version. During this period he also executed Pan and the Bear Cubs, also acquired by the Luxembourg Museum and  in the Musée d'Orsay.

In 1887 he exhibited his Gorilla Carrying off a Woman which won him a medal of honour at the Salon. It depicts a large primate with a spear wound in his shoulder, carrying a still-alive female victim and a stone weapon. This sculpture divided critics at the time but is now recognised as one of his most significant works.

Of the same character is his Ourang-Outangs and Borneo Savage of 1895, a commission from the Paris Museum of Natural History. Frémiet also executed the statue of St Michael for the summit of the spire of the Eglise St Michel, and the equestrian statue of Velasquez for the Jardin de l'Infante at the Louvre.  Named an Officer of the French Legion of Honor in 1878, he became a member of the Académie des Beaux-Arts in 1892, and succeeded Antoine-Louis Barye as professor of animal drawing at the Natural History Museum of Paris.

Frémiet died on 10 September 1910 in Paris and was buried in the Cimetière de Louveciennes.

Sculpture gallery

References

External links

Emmanuel Fremiet at Insecula (it may be necessary to close an advertising banner to view the page)

1824 births
1910 deaths
Burials at Passy Cemetery
Painters from Paris
Animal artists
Members of the Académie des beaux-arts
Officers of the Legion of Honour
19th-century French painters
French male painters
20th-century French painters
20th-century French male artists
20th-century French sculptors
19th-century French sculptors
French male sculptors
Honorary Members of the Royal Academy
19th-century French male artists

Emmanuel Frémiet