Francis Marion Lyman (January 12, 1840 – November 18, 1916) was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was the President of the Quorum of the Twelve from 1903 until his death.

Lyman's father and son were also apostles in the church: his father was Amasa M. Lyman and his son was Richard R. Lyman. Both his father and son were excommunicated from the church while serving as apostles (although they were later re-baptized).

Early life
Francis M. Lyman was born as the first son of Amasa M. Lyman and Louisa Maria Tanner in Good Hope, Illinois. That spring, the family moved to Iowa. About one year later, they moved to Nauvoo, Illinois, to be with the main gathering of Latter Day Saints. In 1843, they moved again to Alquina, Indiana. In 1844, after the death of Joseph Smith, they moved back to Nauvoo.

Lyman's father left with the first group to travel on the Mormon Exodus to the West. His family moved to Winter Quarters in June 1846 under the care of his maternal grandfather. His family set out to the Salt Lake Valley in 1848. Though only 8 years old, Lyman helped drive a yoke of cattle and the wagon. He was baptized by his father in the Elkhorn River on July 1, 1848, and arrived in the Salt Lake Valley on October 19, 1848.

By 1851, when Lyman was 11 years old, his father and Charles C. Rich purchased land in San Bernardino, California. Lyman helped drive the animals from Salt Lake to southern California. Lyman was present at the laying of the cornerstone of the Salt Lake Temple on April 6, 1853.

Adult life and service
In 1856, at about 16 years of age, Lyman received the Melchizedek priesthood and was ordained an elder by his father. In 1857, he was called on a mission to Great Britain. He was stopped at Salt Lake City and told to turn back to bring the settlers in California to Utah. The outbreak of the Utah War had prevented his mission.

Lyman married Rhoda Ann Taylor on November 18, 1857.

In 1859, Lyman and his family settled in Farmington, Utah. He was ordained to a seventy on January 7, 1860, by John S. Gleason. He built a cabin in Beaver, Utah, for his wife and son, and he left on his delayed mission in the spring of 1860.

Mission in England
En route to New York City, Lyman stopped in Kirtland, Ohio, and was shown through the Kirtland Temple by Martin Harris. Lyman left the United States through the port of New York and arrived by steamer in Liverpool, England, on July 27, 1860.

Lyman served as a missionary for roughly two years. Upon release from his mission, he accompanied about 800 immigrants back to the United States; they arrived in New York on June 25, 1862, where he was appointed the president of the group. By early July, they had arrived in Florence, Nebraska. Lyman was reunited with his wife in Beaver, Utah, in the middle of October.

Fillmore
In March 1863, LDS Church president Brigham Young asked Lyman to settle in Fillmore, Utah. The next fourteen years of his life were spent there, where he engaged himself in leadership in church, politics, business, and manufacturing. Among his positions and honors were:
assistant assessor of United States internal revenue
lieutenant-colonel of the first regiment of militia in the Pauvan District at 25
member of the House of the General Assembly of the State of Deseret
a member of the 17th, 18th, 22nd and 23rd sessions of the Utah Territorial legislature
county clerk and recorder
superintendent of schools
prosecuting attorney

When a stake was formed in Fillmore, Lyman was ordained to the office of high priest. Later he was called to be a member of the stake high council.

On October 4, 1869, Lyman married his first plural wife, Clara Caroline Callister. Her grandfather was John Smith, Joseph Smith's uncle. Lyman and Callister's son Richard R. Lyman would serve as an apostle from 1918 to 1943.

Lyman was called on a second mission to England and left Salt Lake City on October 20, 1873, arriving in Liverpool on November 12. During this mission, he also visited and proselytized in Wales, Scotland, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, and France. He returned to Utah with 300 immigrating Latter-day Saints in October 1875.

Tooele County
In April 1877, Lyman was called to preside over the Tooele Stake, which was organized June 24, 1877, in Tooele County, Utah. He involved himself in the politics of that county as well. By August 1878, Lyman was elected county recorder and representative to the territorial legislature.

Since 1874, Tooele County had been led by politicians of the Liberal Party and was nicknamed the Tooele Republic. In 1878, the legislature passed a resolution providing for the registration of voters. After allegations of corruption and excessive spending by the Liberal Party, which left the county in debt, the People's Party won the election of 1878. However, Liberal Party officials refused to count the votes and declared themselves the winners of the election. Lyman was key in challenging the election results. After the case was heard by the courts, the People's Party was declared the winner on March 29, 1879. As a result of his victory in this instance, Lyman had earned a reputation for fighting government corruption.

Apostleship
At the October General Conference held on October 10, 1880, Lyman and John Henry Smith were sustained as members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Because he was absent from the conference on a mission to survey parts of southern Utah, Nevada, and Arizona, Lyman was ordained an apostle on October 27 by church president John Taylor.

Lyman visited nearly every town in the West with members of the church during his apostleship. He also maintained a detailed daily record of his business as an apostle.

In early 1883, Lyman served a mission to the Native American people of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation in Utah. With his company of men, Lyman set out and preached vigorously. The government agents were receptive and allowed them to preach freely. Members of the Utes had joined them, and they were most effective in preaching to their fellow natives. Many Native Americans received the Book of Mormon and their preaching and were baptized. Lyman returned to Provo, Utah, on May 28, 1883.

Lyman was called to minister over the European Mission in 1901. He set about several key reforms and expanded the number of mission homes throughout Europe. In 1903, Lyman and Joseph J. Cannon visited and preached in Finland and Russia.

In spring 1902, Lyman visited Palestine and offered up a solemn prayer on the Mount of Olives. In 1903, Brigham Young, Jr. died, making Lyman the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. He returned to Utah in 1904. Soon after returning home, he went to Washington, D.C., to testify in the Reed Smoot hearings before the Senate Committee on Privileges and Elections.

Lyman died in his home of pneumonia on November 18, 1916.  Stephen L Richards was called to replace him in the Quorum of the Twelve after his death. Heber J. Grant replaced him as President of the Quorum of the Twelve.

See also

 Richard R. Lyman, son

Notes

External links
Grandpa Bill's G.A. Pages: Francis M. Lyman

1840 births
1916 deaths
American general authorities (LDS Church)
American Mormon missionaries in the United States
Mormon missionaries in Europe
American Mormon missionaries in England
American Mormon missionaries in Finland
American Mormon missionaries in Palestine (region)
American Mormon missionaries in Russia
Mormon pioneers
People from McDonough County, Illinois
Deaths from pneumonia in Utah
People from Farmington, Utah
Members of the Utah Territorial Legislature
19th-century American politicians
People from Fillmore, Utah
19th-century Mormon missionaries
Apostles (LDS Church)
Presidents of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)
People from Tooele County, Utah
Mormon missionaries in the Ottoman Empire
Latter Day Saints from Illinois
Latter Day Saints from Utah
People from Beaver, Utah

Francis M. Lyman


L'Humeur vagabonde is a 1955 novel by the French writer Antoine Blondin. It tells the story of a man who leaves his wife and children to make it in Paris, but returns home only to mistaken as his wife's lover. It was Blondin's third novel.

Adaptation
The novel was adapted into a 1972 film with the same title. The film was directed by Édouard Luntz and stars Jeanne Moreau, Michel Bouquet, Madeleine Renaud and Eric Penet.

References

External links
 Publicity page

1955 French novels
French novels adapted into films
French-language novels
Novels by Antoine Blondin
Éditions de la Table ronde books

L'Humeur vagabonde


Sainte-Rosalie () is a Roman Catholic church in the 13th arrondissement of Paris, built in 1869 in the honour of Rosalie Rendu, also known as Sister Rosalie.

Location
The church is located at n°50, boulevard Auguste-Blanqui, at the junction of rue Corvisart.

History
The church is part of a charitable foundation created by the Abbot Le Rebours, curate of La Madeleine (1822-1894) given over to the Lazarists (founded by Vincent de Paul).

A chapel bearing the name Chapelle Sainte-Rosalie was constructed in 1859  on a large site the Abbot had acquired on the now defunct Rue de Gentilly. He had the chapel built to recognise Sister Rosalie's good work for the needy of the quarter in the first half of the 19th century.

In 1867, the land was expropriated for the creation of the short Avenue de la Sœur Rosalie, which joins the Place d'Italie. With the proceeds of compulsory purchase, another plot nearby was acquired, on the corner of rue Corvisart and the then  boulevard des Gobelins. The new chapel was constructed from 1867 to 1869.

In 1903, the Lazardists were ejected and replaced by diocesan priests, to return again in 1922. On 29 September 1963, the chapel was elevated to church status when it became l'église Sainte-Rosalie. In 1971,  the Lazardists once again fell from grace, and were replaced by diocesan priests.

Gallery

References

Roman Catholic churches completed in 1869
19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in France
Rosalie
1869 establishments in France

Sainte-Rosalie, Paris


A mudstone is a siliciclastic sedimentary rock which has a mixture of silt- and clay-sized particles (at least 1/3 of each). So, a mudstone is a type of mudrock with a more varied grain size than either siltstones or claystones.

Alternatively, some sources say it is a synonym for mudrock.

Claystone
A claystone is a mudrock  which does not split easily.

In order for a rock to be a claystone, it must be up to half (50%) clay, whose particles measure less than 1/256th of a millimeter.

Related pages
Mud

References

Sedimentary rocks

Mudstone


Runaround is a children's television game show produced by Heatter-Quigley Productions. The program was hosted by ventriloquist and voice actor Paul Winchell, airing Saturday mornings on NBC from September 9, 1972, to September 1, 1973.

Paul would frequently use his dummies, Jerry Mahoney and/or Knucklehead Smiff on his program. The program was announced by Kenny Williams (as most Heatter-Quigley shows were), with music by Mort Garson. However, the show received low ratings and was canceled following the first season.

Format
The basic format of the game invited nine children to answer a three-way multiple choice question by running towards their chosen answer, then standing on marked areas numbered 1, 2 or 3. Just before the correct answer is revealed, the host invites the children to "Runaround... now!" at which point they have a split second to jump onto a different area; the premise is to give  opponents the "runaround" in case they are merely following their movements.

Host Winchell would say, before giving the correct answer, "When you hear the click, stick!" and then a moment later, "Last chance!", after which point he would press a finger-clicker (a toy device that made a clicking sound). Players still moving or not on one of the three answer areas were eliminated from the round (sent to a penalty area at the side of the stage). Winchell would then say, "Let's see who's right with the light!", whereupon the house lights would dim and the area for the correct answer would light up. Players with the correct answer took a pink ball from a large bowl near the middle of the stage; players with the incorrect answer were eliminated from the round. Each player had a transparent tube, into which the balls were dropped (this was a substitute scoring device for tote boards, which the show did not have). The player with the most balls at the end of the show was the day's winner.

International versions

British version

Dutch version (Ren je Rot/Kies je Ster)

The format was sold to the Netherlands for broadcast on TROS. Ren je Rot the Dutch translates as Run Till You Drop) began on October 5, 1973, and was presented by actor Martin Brozius (and sideman Lars Boom). His catchphrase was "Rrrren je rrrot". The show launched the career of magician Hans Kazàn who debuted in the 1976/77 season.
After 123 shows, TROS felt that the programme had run its course; the final  broadcast was June 1, 1983. Martin Brozius continued performing at parties and events. Tax- and health problems prevented him from bringing the formula on stage. Brozius died on March 24, 2009, of diabetes.
Kazan filled the void with his Blufshow before commercial station RTL asked him to present The Price is Right. He toured relentlessly with his Magic Show which included his two sons and daughter-in-law. Kazan now lives in Spain.
 In 2009-2010 the members of three-piece girl group Djumbo hosted Kies je Ster (Pick Your Star), the Dutch version of Poparound.

German version (Eins, Zwei oder Drei)
Eins, Zwei oder Drei ("One, Two or Three") began on December 10, 1977, and was the very first show on German TV to be licensed from the United States. In the show, which is produced by the public TV stations of Germany (ZDF), Austria (ORF) and until 2006, Switzerland (SF), three teams are competing; one from Germany, one from Austria and one from another country (e.g. Georgia, Bulgaria, Namibia), replacing Switzerland, which sent a team until 2006. Each of the teams consists of three children, both boys and girls, being about nine to eleven years in age. Michael Schanze hosted the first eight seasons, until 1985, when he was replaced by Birgit Lechtermann. She hosted the show for ten years. The third presenter from 1995 on was Gregor Steinbrenner, who also presented the 25th anniversary of the show in 2002, which was celebrated by staging a 25-hour quiz marathon. Daniel Fischer, who debuted in 2005, was the fourth presenter. The fifth and current presenter is the comedian Elton, who debuted in 2010.

References

External links

NBC original programming
1970s American children's television series
1970s American children's game shows
1972 American television series debuts
1973 American television series endings
Television series about children
Television series by MGM Television
Television series by Heatter-Quigley Productions
American television shows featuring puppetry

Runaround (game show)


Rule 40 is a by-law in the Olympic Charter stating that only approved sponsors may reference "Olympic-related terms". It was introduced by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to prevent so-called ambush marketing by companies who are not official sponsors and to sanction links between athletes and unofficial sponsors during a blackout period starting nine days before the opening of the Olympic Games and continuing until three days after the closing ceremony.

Controversy sparked in the days before the 2016 Summer Olympics as Rule 40 was upheld in an effort to prevent companies from retweeting anything from the official Olympic Twitter account, or use official hashtags such as #Rio2016.

The rules were loosened for American athletes for the 2016 Rio Olympics. United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee (USOPC) chief marketing officer, Lisa Baird said the decision was made to "address the dissatisfaction of athletes but also protect the rights of the Olympic rights holders." Companies not sponsoring the Olympics could make advertisements with Olympic athletes, but were not permitted to involve anything about the Olympics.

The German Cartel Office in 2019 declared that all German participants in the Olympics no longer had to abide by the IOC's ruling. The Cartel Office officials, agreed that many of their countries athletes rely on their sponsors to create a larger name and revenues for themselves. Since no athlete receives the money made by the IOC's sponsor advertising, Cartel president decided that "self marketing during the games plays a very important role," and he permitted the decision.

The IOC added new updates to Rule 40 and created "Key Principles." The principles focus on how athletes can engage in monetary advertising practices with their sponsors, if they have any. The IOC manages the rules of the Olympic Charter, but they have stated that National Olympic Committees will be the main overseers of their respective countries.

The USOPC has updated their protocols for Rule 40 for the Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Sponsors and their athletes alike, will be permitted to thank and congratulate one another during the Olympic events. Restrictions on what they can say will still be present. Athletes are limited to seven statements or social media posts gratifying their sponsors and sponsors will still not be permitted to include pictures or words regarding the Olympics.

References

2016 Summer Olympics
2016 controversies
Olympic Games controversies
Trademark law
Twitter controversies
Sports rules and regulations

Rule 40


Just Imagine is a 1930 American pre-Code science fiction musical-comedy film, directed by David Butler. The film is known for its art direction and special effects in its portrayal of New York City in an imagined 1980. Just Imagine stars El Brendel, Maureen O'Sullivan, John Garrick and Marjorie White. The "man from 1930" was played by El Brendel, an ethnic vaudeville comedian of a forgotten type: the Swedish immigrant.

The film starts with a preamble showing life in 1880, where the people believed themselves the "last word in speed". It switches to 1930, with the streets crowded with automobiles and lined with electric lights and telephone wires. It then switches to 1980, where the tenement houses have morphed into 250-story buildings, connected by suspension bridges and multi-lane elevated roads.

Plot
In 1980, J-21 (John Garrick) sets his aircraft on "hover" mode in New York, lands and converses with the beautiful LN-18 (Maureen O'Sullivan). He describes how the marriage tribunal had refused to consider J-21's marital filing and applications, and LN-18 is going to be forced to marry the conceited and mean MT-3 (Kenneth Thomson). J-21 plans to visit LN-18 that night.

RT-42 (Frank Albertson) tries to cheer him up by taking him to see a horde of surgeons experimentally revive a man from 1930, who was struck by lightning while playing golf, and was killed. The man (originally named Peterson now is called Single O) is taken in hand by RT-42 and J-21, where it is revealed that aircraft have replaced cars, numbers have replaced names, pills have replaced food and liquor, and the only legal babies come from vending machines. That night, LN-18 feigns a headache, and her father and the despicable MT-3 decide to go to "the show" without her. The second they are gone, RT-42 and J-21 appear and woo D-6 and LN-18 respectively. MT-3 and LN-18's father return quite early, as MT-3 was highly suspicious, and RT-42 and J-21 hide. However, the game is foiled by the moronic Single O (El Brendel), the man from 1930, becoming addicted to pill-highballs, getting drunk, and trying to get some more pill-highballs from J-21.

J-21 is depressed, but is contacted by Z-4, the scientist. He is told that Z-4 (Hobart Bosworth) has built a "rocket plane" that can carry three men to Mars. After a farewell party where J-21 works, on the Pegasus, a dirigible they call an "air-liner," the rocket blasts off, carrying J-21, RT-42 and Single O, who has stowed away for the synthetic rum. Landing on Mars, they are received by the Queen, Looloo and the King, Loko. That night, Looloo and Loko take them to see a "show," a Martian opera, where a horde of trained Martian ourang-outangs dance about. They are suddenly attacked by Booboo and Boko, the evil twins (everyone on Mars is a twin) of the King and Queen. They escape and return to Earth, and as one of the first men on another planet, J-21 is permitted to marry LN-18. Finally, Single O is reunited with his aged son, Axel.

Cast

Production

Art/cinematography
The massive, distinctive Art Deco city-scape, for which Just Imagine has come to be best remembered, was built in a former Army balloon hangar by a team of 205 technicians over a five-month period. The giant miniature cost $168,000 to build and was wired with 15,000 miniature lightbulbs (an additional 74 arc lights were used to light the city from above); other production credits include costumes by Alice O'Neil, Sophie Wachner, and Dolly Tree.

Special effects
The sequence in which the El Brendel character is revived from the dead features the first screen appearance of the spectacular electrical equipment assembled by Kenneth Strickfaden, seen again and more famously in James Whale's Frankenstein (1931). Over 50 special effects shots combining previously photographed backgrounds with live foreground action were accomplished using the Dunning Process. Rear projection technology of the scale and quality required was not available at the time.

The set design in the form of glass pictures and miniatures was done by Stephen Goosson, Ralph Hammeras, SPFX-guru Willis O'Brien, and Marcel Delgado (all uncredited).

Music
Of the DeSylva, Brown and Henderson songs introduced in the film, "Never Swat a Fly" was covered as the classic 1930 recording by McKinney's Cotton Pickers, the 1967 revival by Jim Kweskin & The Jug Band, and more recent recordings by Doc Cheatham among others.

Reception
Mordaunt Hall called Just Imagine, "clever", "highly imaginative" and "intriguing" and praised the costumes and set design. This expensive film was a one-time-only novelty stunt, bolstered by the short-lived popularity of El Brendel. Wonder Stories "cordially recommended" the film, saying it "shows us many of the wonders that our science fiction authors have been writing about".

Although a box-office flop, however, it was eventually able to make back some of its production costs in the studio shopping out clips of the futuristic sets for other films of the period. Clips of the cityscape from this movie were later used in the Universal serials Flash Gordon and Buck Rogers;  the mock-up Mars spaceship was reused in the former as Dr. Zarkov's spaceship. Also seen in the first Flash Gordon serial are the strange hand-weapons carried by J21 and RT42 on Mars, which are held under rather than over the fist, and re-used footage of dancing girls cavorting about and on a Martian idol with moving arms.

By the time Just Imagine was released, movie musicals had greatly declined in popularity. As a result, major American studios would not back another big budget science fiction film until 1951. There was to be only one other American science-fiction musical in that period, It's Great to Be Alive (1933), which failed at the box-office. Film serials were an exception to this general trend, however.

The first Flash Gordon serial from 1936 had an unusually large budget for a serial of the time, and Gene Autry's The Phantom Empire from 1935 can loosely be considered a science fiction musical serial.

Awards
Just Imagine was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Art Direction by Stephen Goosson and Ralph Hammeras. It is notable as the first film of the science fiction genre to be nominated for an Oscar.

See also

List of films set on Mars

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Altman, Rick. The American Film Musical. Bloomington Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1987. .
 Kreuger, Miles ed. The Movie Musical from Vitaphone to 42nd Street as Reported in a Great Fan Magazine. New York: Dover Publications, 1974. .

External links

1930 films
1930 musical comedy films
1930s science fiction comedy films
American aviation films
American science fiction comedy films
American musical comedy films
1930s English-language films
Films directed by David Butler
Fox Film films
American black-and-white films
Films set in the 1880s
Films set in 1930
Films set in 1980
Science fiction musical films
Films set in the future
Mars in film
American musical fantasy films
1930s American films

Just Imagine


Phil Roy (born February 28, 1959) is an American singer and songwriter.

Biography

Early musical career
Roy was born in Philadelphia and began playing the guitar at age nine. At age 17, attended Berklee College of Music in Boston. He moved to Los Angeles in 1981 and was discovered on Sunset Boulevard by Ted Templeman, a music executive from Warner Bros. who is also responsible for discovering Van Halen, Little Feat, and the Doobie Brothers. He was a member of two rock bands in Los Angeles, but neither were successful.

Songwriting
Roy decided to leave the recording industry to become a songwriter. For fifteen years, he worked for numerous publishers with Ray Charles, Joe Cocker, The Neville Brothers, and Pops Staples.  He also contributed songs to the soundtracks for As Good as It Gets and Leaving Las Vegas.

In 2007, Wyclef Jean recorded Roy's "Show Me the Way Home" for a film produced and narrated by Matt Damon.

He was the winner of the 9th Annual Independent Music Awards, for Best Concept Album; In The Weird Small Hours.

Solo efforts
Roy moved back east after becoming disillusioned with the industry.  In January 2000, Roy released his solo debut album entitled Grouchyfriendly.  He released this album on his own Ear Pictures label and his song "Melt" won in The 2nd Annual Independent Music Awards for best Folk/Singer-Songwriter Song. He was signed by OR Music after his first album performed well.  In 2003, Roy released Issues + Options, his second solo album.  Roy performed at the Lincoln Center to a sold-out crowd as part of the "America Songbook" series in January 2004.

In May 2008, Roy released his third album The Great Longing on the Decca Records/Universal Records label.

Culinary career
In 2004, Roy's record label terminated his contract and his marriage collapsed. In response to these setbacks, Roy began his "I'm Not Leaving the House" tour in November 2005. Operating out of his townhouse in Philadelphia with a table for sixteen, Roy provides home-cooked food and original songs for his diners on a monthly basis.

Discography
Grouchyfriendly (January 2000)
Issues + Options (May 2003)
The Great Longing (May 2008) - Cooking Vinyl Records
In The Weird Small Hours (September 2009) - MRI/Megaforce Records

Songwriting credits
"God is Not Sleeping" and "Ain't No Better than You" by Mavis Staples
"Tell Me Why" by Los Lonely Boys
"The Simple Things" and "My Brother, My Brother" by Joe Cocker
"My World" by Ray Charles
"Hope in a Hopeless World" by Pops Staples
"Demons", "Perfect" and "X-Ray Eyes" by Guster
"Hope in a Hopeless World" by Widespread Panic
"It Takes More", "Day To Day Thing", "Let My People Go", and "Good Song" by The Neville Brothers
"Poor Man Cry", "Things Friend", "Vice Versa Love", and "Be Strong" by Barrington Levy
"Hope in a Hopeless World" and "It Will Be You" by Paul Young
"Hope in a Hopeless World" by Eric Bibb
"Even If it Breaks My Heart Real" by Cliff Richard
"Heaven Down Here" by Tuck & Patti
"Beautiful As You", "Down She Goes", "Don't Mean Anything", "Quarterback", "Amazing", and "It's Alright" by Adam Cohen
"Sister My Sister" and "That's the Difference" by Native
"Died a Thousand Times" by Eddie Money
"Don't Count Me Out" by Eric Martin
"Best Place in the World" by Charles & Eddie
"Be Where You Are" by Kim Stockwood
"What Are We Waiting For" by Alannah Myles with Zucchero
"Miracle" and "Push" by Morgan Heritage
"Can't Hurt the Harvest", "I Don't Want to Know", and "September Rain" by Katey Sagal
"Never Enough" by L.A. Guns
"Will You Remember" by Eighth Wonder
"Synchronize" by Appollonia

Filmography
 Running the Sahara (2009) writer of "Show Me The Way Home" performed by Wyclef Jean
 Welcome to Hollywood (2000) - Writer and performer of "Refuse", "Busy Body", "Wool & Cotton", "The Blaster", "Berries for Sherry", "Tomorrow's Sun", "Round Up", "Move Away", and "The Searcher" and music supervisor
 Me, Myself, & Irene (2000) - Writer of "Happy Feeling"
 Love & Sex (2000) - Writer and performer of "It's Alright"
 I Still Know What You Did Last Summer (1998) - Writer of "How Do I Deal"
 As Good as It Gets (1997) - Writer and producer of "Everything My Heart Desires" and "My Only"
 I Know What You Did Last Summer (1997) - Writer of "Don't Mean Anything"
 Leaving Las Vegas (1995) - Writer of "Ridiculous"
 The Mask (1994) - Writer of "This Business of Love"
 The Meteor Man (1993) - Writer of "Is It Just Too Much"

Selected co-writers
Hans Zimmer
Michael Kaman
Heitor Pereira
Bob Theile, Jr.
Will Jennings
John Shanks
Shelly Peiken
Dennis Matkosky
Steven Alan Davis
Simon Clime
Gavin Greenaway
Jeff Silbar
Dillon O'Brian
Julian Coryell
Paul Carrack
Glen Tillbrook
Roy Hay
Adam Cohen
Cathy Dennis

References

External links
Official website
Official MySpace

1959 births
Living people
American folk rock musicians
American male singer-songwriters
American rock songwriters
Berklee College of Music alumni
Independent Music Awards winners
Singers from Philadelphia
Singer-songwriters from Pennsylvania

Phil Roy


Caesio cuning, the redbelly yellowtail fusilier, yellowtail fusilier, red-bellied fusilier or robust fusilier, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a fusilier belonging to the family Caesionidae. It is native to the Indian and Western Pacific Oceans.

Taxonomy
Caesio cuning was first formally described in 1791 as Sparus cuning by the German zoologist Marcus Elieser Bloch with the type locality given as Indonesia. This species has been placed in the subgenus Odontonectes. The specific name cuning  is derived from the local Indonesian name ikan Tembra Cuning, ikan means "fish".

Description
Caesio cuning has a deep and laterally compressed body. The jaws, vomer, and palatines have small conical teeth. The dorsal and anal fins have scales; the dorsal fin has 10 spines and 14 to 16, typically 15, soft rays while the anal fin contains 3 spines and 10 to 12, usually 11, soft rays. The pectoral fins have 17 to 20 fin rays, normally 18 or 19. This species attains a maximum total length of . The rear of the back, the caudal fin and the dorsal surface of the caudal peduncle are yellow. The rest of the upper body is greyish blue. The lower flanks and abdomen are white or pinkish. The pectoral, pelvic, and anal fins are white to pink. The pectoral fin has black on its axil and on the upper part of its base. The dorsal fin is greyish-blue at the front and yellow at the rear.

Distribution and habitat
Caesio cuning has an Indo-West Pacific range. It ranges from Sri Lanka and southern India east to Fiji, north to southern Japan and south to northern Australia. It occurs at depths between . It often occurs in silty areas where visibility is poor, otherwise it is found in coastal waters, typically above rocky and coral reefs.

Biology
Caesio cuning gathers in midwater schools where they feed on zooplankton such as salps, doliolids, pteropods, heteropods, chaetognaths, among other zooplankton. It is an oviparous species which lays large numbers of small, pelagic eggs.

Fisheries
Caesio cuning is a moderately important target for coastal fisheries. It is common in fish markets in Indonesia and the Philippines. They are caught using drive-in nets, gill nets, traps, trawls and handlines. The fish caught are normally sold as fresh fish but some of the catch is preserved as salted fish. The juveniles are caught to be used as bait by tuna fisheries. There have been population declines in some areas because of overfishing but in other areas populations are stable.

References

External links

Fish of Thailand
Fish of the Pacific Ocean
Fish of the Indian Ocean
cuning
Fish described in 1791

Caesio cuning


USS Lynch was a schooner acquired as part of the Continental Navy in 1776. She served for over a year on the New England coast, interfering with British maritime trade when possible. In 1777 she was assigned dispatch boat duty and, after delivering her secret dispatches to France, set sail for the United States with French secret dispatches. The British captured her, but not before she could destroy the French dispatches.

Chartered by order of Washington
The first ship to be so named by the Navy, Lynch, a fishing schooner chartered by order of General George Washington 26 January 1776 from Col. John Lee of Marblehead, Massachusetts, was commissioned 1 February 1776 at Manchester, Massachusetts, Comdr. John Ayers in command.

Continental Navy service
Lynch eluded fire from HMS Fowey when she sailed 7 February 1776 from Manchester, Massachusetts, to fit out at Beverly, Massachusetts. Shortly after midnight on 2 March, Lynch slipped out of Beverly and dodged Fowey and Nautilus to make her way to rendezvous in Cape Ann Harbor with three other ships in the little American fleet commanded by Commodore John Manley.

On the night of the 4th, Manley's schooners drove off British brig Hope in a spirited engagement. The next day they took their first prize, Susannah, a 300-ton English merchantman laden with coal, cheese, and beer, for General Howe's beleaguered army in Boston, Massachusetts.

After escorting their prize to Portsmouth, Manley's squadron returned to Cape Ann, where on the 10th he captured a second prize, Boston-bound transport Stokesby, a 300-ton ship carrying porter, cheese, vinegar, and hops. Lynch and the others escorted the prize toward Gloucester, Massachusetts, but Stokesby ran hard aground. After much of the prize's cargo had been removed, British brig Hope arrived and put the torch to the hulk.

Howe evacuates Boston
While Manley's squadron was at Gloucester, General Howe evacuated Boston and Washington ordered his ships to dog the British fleet and pounce upon any stragglers. The patriot schooners departed Gloucester 21 March and sighted a merchant brig off Boston Light that afternoon. They chased their prey and by evening were close enough to open fire. Their quarry then hove to, but two English men of war, Savage and Diligent, arrived to compel the American schooners to abandon their prize.

Soon afterwards, Manley divided his fleet, keeping Lynch and Lee with his flagship Hancock. On the afternoon of 2 April they sighted brig Elizabeth. This prize, an American vessel captured by the British the previous October, was full of loot plundered from the warehouses of patriot merchants just before the evacuation of Boston, and carried a goodly number of Tory refugees. Many of the Tories were transferred to Lee, their leaders were taken on board Hancock, and the captive crew was imprisoned in Lynch, which accompanied Hancock to Portsmouth, arriving 4 April to refit and recruit.

Underway again 13 May, Lynch joined Lee and Warren in Cape Ann Harbor. A fortnight later HMS Milford pursued the schooners but they escaped in the fog. On 7 June they captured British transport Anne carrying a light infantry company of the 71st Highland Regiment and some twoscore British tars sent out as fleet replacements. The Highlanders were transferred to Lynch and taken to Plymouth, Massachusetts.

Cruising the New England coast through the summer, on 26 August Lynch and Warren encountered British frigate Liverpool and scurried away in opposite directions. Warren was captured while Lynch escaped and a few days later reached Boston.

Lynch next cruised athwart the transatlantic shipping lanes. On 27 September she ran across a fleet of 120 sail bringing a division of Hessians to reinforce General Howe. Frigate HMS Unicorn peeled off the convoy and chased the schooner. Lynch only managed to escape by jettisoning her guns and water, enabling her to stay out of range until darkness allowed her to slip away. The schooner was laid up after reaching Boston.

Service as a dispatch boat
Late in February 1777 Lynch was reactivated to take important dispatches to France. Under command of Capt. John Adams, she got underway from Boston 3 March and reached Nantes 2 April with valuable intelligence for the American Commissioners at Paris.

Captured by the British
On 19 May, while trying to slip away from the French coast, Lynch, again carrying important secret documents as well as arms and clothing for the American Army, was intercepted by HMS Foudroyant south of Belle-Île, on the western coast of Brittany. Unable to escape, Adams was captured before he could run the schooner aground, but he did manage to sink the dispatches. Foudroyant took her prize to England, arriving Plymouth, England, 23 May.

References

Schooners of the United States Navy
Ships of the Continental Navy
Dispatch boats of the United States Navy
1770s ships
Vessels captured from the United States Navy

USS Lynch (1776)


It's Only a Game was a sports-and-game-oriented comics panel by Charles M. Schulz, creator of Peanuts.  This panel feature ran for 14 months, from November 3, 1957, to January 11, 1959. It's Only a Game was distributed by United Feature Syndicate.

Schulz and cartoonist Jim Sasseville (who also assisted Schulz on Peanuts stories for various comic books) produced this strip which appeared in newspapers four times a week, including Sundays. Schulz created the strip and produced the first few weeks worth of strips himself; after that, while Schulz was responsible for most of the written content and rough artwork, Sasseville was brought on board to provide some of the gags and all the finished artwork, done in Schulz's style (Schulz continued to receive sole credit for the comic).

Despite the resemblance to the children in Peanuts, most of the characters in these cartoons were adults.  The comic focused on games, which could range from card games and board games to classic "sporting" games, or even recreational activities. Unlike most other sports comics, the sporting activities focused on many amateur sports, like golf and ping pong.

The strip was modestly successful, although its unusual three-times-a-week publication schedule (Monday, Wednesday and Friday) may have limited its placement in many newspapers.  A Sunday strip was also offered to newspapers, consisting of the three panels from earlier in the week, along with a bonus fourth panel in an elongated format.

Given the growing popularity of Peanuts (along with his work on Young Pillars) and the resulting demands on his time, Schulz canceled the strip after 63 weeks.

References

External links
It's Only a Game at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on April 13, 2012.

Further reading
 Schulz, Charles, and Jim Sasseville, It's Only a Game, 2004,

American comic strips
1957 comics debuts
1959 comics endings
Sports comics
Gag-a-day comics
Charles M. Schulz

It's Only a Game


Mornag  is a small town and commune in Tunisia. As of 2014 it had a population of 61,518. It lies along the A1 (Tunisia).

Mornag is mainly known for its agricultural plain dedicated to the vineyard and the olive tree. It is one of the richest plains of Tunisia which covers 36,812 hectares including 19,900 hectares of arable land. Dominated by a summit, the Jebel Ressas (795 meters3), the town is crossed by Wadi Miliane and Wadi El Hamma and the Medjerda - Cap-Bon canal.

Populated places in Ben Arous Governorate
Communes of Tunisia

Mornag


Brent Lakatos (born 1 June 1980) is a Canadian wheelchair racer in the T53 classification. Lakatos has represented Canada at three Summer Paralympics, and at the 2012 Games he won three silver medals in the sprint and mid-distance events. In 2013 Lakatos reached the pinnacle of his sport when he collected four gold medals at the IPC Athletics World Championships and became world champion at his classification in the 100m, 200m and 400m events.

Personal history
Lakatos came from a sporting family and was swimming by the age of four. When he was six years-old a freak ice-skating accident resulted in the formation of a blood clot on his spine that left his legs paralyzed.

Lakatos is married to Great Britain Paralympic sprinter and long jumper, Stefanie Reid and as of 2012 they live together in Britain.

Athletics career
Although Lakatos had taken part in racing events during the summer months since 1996, he did not initially take to athletics and was far more interested in wheelchair basketball, playing for the University of Texas at Arlington. Eight months before the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, Lakatos decided to switch sports permanently to wheelchair racing. At that time Lakatos was competing as a T54 athlete having not yet received an International IPC Classification. In 2004 he finally qualified and was selected for the 2004 Summer Paralympics, this was quite an accomplishment for him in the T54 class, a class he was incorrectly placed in. He raced in the 100m, 200m, 4 × 100 m relay and 4 × 400 m relay, though he failed to qualify for the finals in the solo events and in the relays Canada came fourth in the finals of the 4 × 100 m and were disqualified in the 4 × 400 m.

Lakatos' career changed when receiving his International IPC Classification at the 2004 Paralympics, he was reclassified as a T53 racer. He now found that instead of struggling to just qualify he was now one of the fastest athletes in his new class and in 2007 he was breaking Canadian wheelchair sprint records.

Lakatos again qualified for the Canadian team in the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing. He was entered for the 100m, 200m and 400 m T53 events, and whereas in 2004 he failed to qualify for the finals, he now qualified for all three finals. Despite his best efforts, Lakatos could only finish between 5th and 6th in all three final races. Lakatos bettered these results when he raced in the 2011 IPC Athletics World Championships, finishing third in the 100m and second in the 200m finals.

By 2012 Lakatos was a major challenger for gold medals in his T53 events. In the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London he took three silver medals; in the 200m, 400m and 800m. In the 200m and 400m finals he was beaten by China's Li Huzhao, while in the 800m he was just 11 hundredths of a second behind Richard Colman of Australia. The next year Lakatos stamped his mark on the international stage when he won five medals, four of them gold at the 2013 IPC Athletics World Championships, becoming world champion in the 100, 200 and 400m.  Then the day after the World Championships he competed in the Sainsbury Anniversary Games in London, setting the World Record in the 100m with a time 14.34s.

In 2020, Lakatos won the 400 metres wheelchair race at the 2020 British Athletics Championships. Later in the year, he won the 2020 London Marathon in a time of 1:36:04.

In 2021, Lakatos took place in the 2020 Tokyo Paralympic Games where he ranked three times second, earning silver medals in the 100m T53, the 400m T53 and the 5000m T53.

References

External links

1980 births
Living people
People with paraplegia
Olympic wheelchair racers for Canada
Paralympic gold medalists for Canada
Paralympic silver medalists for Canada
Paralympic bronze medalists for Canada
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Paralympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
Canadian male wheelchair racers
Canadian people of Hungarian descent
Paralympic wheelchair racers
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the World Para Athletics Championships
World Para Athletics Championships winners
Paralympic medalists in athletics (track and field)
Paralympic track and field athletes for Canada
Medalists at the 2015 Parapan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2020 Summer Paralympics
British Athletics Championships winners
People from Dorval

Brent Lakatos


Dennis Head Old Beacon is a ruined lighthouse on the island of North Ronaldsay, Orkney, Scotland. The beacon and keepers' houses are protected as a scheduled monument.

The  tower was completed in 1789 under the supervision of Thomas Smith assisted by his stepson Robert Stevenson.  It was to be the first of many island lighthouses for Smith (he had previously worked on the lights at Kinnaird Head and Mull of Kintyre). Its lighting system, although advanced for its time, consisting of a cluster of oil-burning lamps and reflectors was not very effective, often being mistaken for the mast-head of another ship by mariners.

In 1809, with the construction of other nearby lighthouses, it was decided that the North Ronaldsay light was no longer required, and it was extinguished. The round stone tower was retained as a sea-mark, however, and the original beacon chamber at the top replaced by a vaulted roof, capped by a remarkable ball finial. The stone spiral staircase which once led to the beacon was demolished. The original keepers' houses, roofless but largely complete, survive below the tower.

The Old Beacon featured on the 2006 BBC television series Restoration Village finishing in third place.

North Ronaldsay Lighthouse was built nearby in 1854.

References

External links

Lighthouses completed in 1789
Towers completed in 1789
Ruins in Orkney
Lighthouses in Orkney
1789 establishments in Scotland
Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Orkney
North Ronaldsay

Dennis Head Old Beacon


The Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (CAIR) is a laboratory of the Defence Research & Development Organization (DRDO). Located in Bangalore, Karnataka, involved in the Research & Development of high quality Secure Communication, Command and Control, and Intelligent Systems. CAIR was founded by Arogyaswami Paulraj. CAIR is the primary laboratory for R&D in different areas of Defence Information and Communication Technology (ICT).

History

CAIR was established in October 1986. Its research focus was initially in the areas of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Robotics, and Control systems. In November 2000, R&D groups working in the areas of Command, Control, Communications & Intelligence (C3I) systems, Communication and Networking, and communication secrecy in Electronics and Radar Development Establishment (LRDE) were merged with CAIR.

CAIR, which was operating from different campuses across Bangalore has now moved .

Projects
 DRDO NETRA, software to intercept online communications.
 SecOS, Secure Operating System
 Muntra - unmanned ground vehicle manufactured at the Ordnance Factory Medak.

External links
 CAIR Home Page
 Robot soldiers!

Defence Research and Development Organisation laboratories
Artificial intelligence laboratories
Research institutes in Bangalore
Laboratories in India
1986 establishments in Karnataka
Research institutes established in 1986
Robotics in India


Vangjel Mile (born 1 July 1986) is an Albanian retired footballer who last played as a striker for Egnatia in the Albanian First Division.

Club career

Early career
Mile joined the Norwegian First Division side Kongsvinger in February 2006 and after he received his work-permit he played five matches for the team in the 2006 Norwegian First Division.

Laçi
On 20 August 2017, Mile joined Albanian Superliga side Laçi on a one-year deal. He made his first appearance for Laçi in the goalless draw against his former side Teuta Durrës in the opening matchday one day later. His first score-sheet contributions came in the 4th matchday where he scored the winner against Elbasani. Mile concluded his first and only season at Laçi by netting 5 goals in 30 league appearances, as the team finished in a historic 4th place.

Shkumbini Peqin
In January 2013, Mile signed with fellow top flight side Shkumbini Peqin for the second part of 2012–13 season in their bid to escape relegation, joining his father who was the manager at that time. He stated that playing for Shkumbini was an honour and privilege, adding that he did not think twice about signing with the club. His made his first appearance for the club on 10 February by starting in a 3–0 defeat to Teuta Durrës. Shkumbini mathematically relegated after losing 1–0 to Laçi on 28 April, returning to the Albanian First Division after 19 years. Mile opened his scoring account for Shkumbini later on 4 May in the matchday 25 against Tomori Berat, netting a brace for a 2–1 win. One week later he scored another one as Shkumbini ended the season with a 2–1 win at Luftëtari Gjirokastër. Mile's contract run out following end of the season, and the parties decided to end their cooperation, making Mile a free agent in the process. He finished his Shkumbini Peqin career by making 10 league appearances and scoring 3 goals, in addition 3 matches and 1 goal in cup.

PK-35 Vantaa
In April 2014, after Bylis was banned from the championship, Mile moved for the second time outside the country and signed with PK-35 Vantaa of Ykkönen.

Tomori Berat
On 16 September 2015, Mile completed a transfer to Albanian First Division side Tomori Berat as a free agent.

Erzeni
In January 2016, Mile joined Albanian Second Division side Egnatia as a free agent.

Egnatia
In September 2016, Mile joined Albanian Second Division side Egnatia by penning a one-year contract. He was handed the captaincy and made his competitive debut on 16 October in a 2–0 away defeat to Partizani Tirana B in the second matchday. One week later, Mile scored a late goal home against Veleçiku Koplik as Egnatia overturned the score to win 2–1 in the last minutes. After going scoreless for 6 matches, 540 minutes, Mile returned to the scoresheet by netting a brace in a 2–0 home win over Internacional Tirana in the matchday 9. He scored his first goal of 2017 in a 2–1 home win over Partizani Tirana B, helping Egnatia to extend the league gap to 11 points. Mile scored his first hat-trick of the season on 7 May 2017 in the matchday 25 against Tirana B, finished in a 0–6 away win, which put him on double figures. Mile ended the regular season with 12 goals in 21 matches, as Egnatia finished first in Group A, returning to Albanian First Division after 10 years. In the grand final against the winner of Group B Naftëtari Kuçovë, managed by his father, Mile scored a brace, as Egnatia won 4–1 to be crowned as Albanian Second Division champion.

Mile extended his deal with the club for another season. In the opening matchday of Albanian First Division, Mile started and scored an early goal as Egnatia opened the championship with a 1–0 home win over Vllaznia Shkodër B.

International career
Mile captained the Albanian U-19 team during qualifying for the 2006 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship.

Personal life
He is the son of Kristaq Mile who is the manager Naftëtari Kuçovë. He married Vojsava in May 2012.

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Berat
Men's association football forwards
Albanian men's footballers
Albania men's under-21 international footballers
Albania men's youth international footballers
FC Dinamo City players
Kongsvinger IL Toppfotball players
KF Teuta Durrës players
KF Besa Kavajë players
KF Laçi players
KF Tomori players
KF Shkumbini players
KF Bylis players
PK-35 Vantaa (men) players
KF Erzeni players
KF Egnatia players
Kategoria Superiore players
Norwegian First Division players
Ykkönen players
Kategoria e Parë players
Albanian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Norway
Expatriate men's footballers in Finland
Albanian expatriate sportspeople in Norway
Albanian expatriate sportspeople in Finland

Vangjel Mile


Michael Bermingham is an Irish sportsperson. He played hurling for the Kilmacud Crokes club from 1951 until 1983 and was a member of the Dublin senior inter-county team.

Bermingham was selected on the Rest of Ireland Team in 1965. This was like the fore-runner to the All Stars, a team sponsored by the now defunct "Gaelic Weekly". In 1971 he was selected at right-corner-forward in the first ever All Stars team, Dublin's first All Star, having finished the season as one of the top scorers. In 1984 he was named on the Centenary Team of players who had not won All-Ireland honours.

Early years
Bermingham was born in Ireland began playing in his youth.

Playing career

Club
Bermingham won ten club championships, seven of which while playing in New York between 1965 and 1974. He won two Dublin Senior Hurling Championships in 1974 and 1976 and an Intermediate Championship in 1982.

Bermingham played his first game for Kilmacud Crokes in 1951 and, with a few interruptions, continued to play for the club until 1983, when business pressures put him off the panel. As a juvenile, Bermingham played in a number of games, including in the first ever Under 13 Juvenile Championships (beaten in the Irish Press Shield final). During the early 1950s, he played Scoil Uí Chonaill in the Under 15 Final. He also played on the Under 16½ team that won the championship in 1955.

There was a temporary split in the club in the early 1960s, which resulted in the formation of Dalcassians. A number of younger Crokes players left to join the new club and even won a Minor Championship, captained by Bermingham, in 1960. Differences had been resolved by 1962 and in 1963, with forces joined afresh, a team (boasting a substantial majority of Crokes players) representing the Junior Hurling Board won the Senior Championship and the Intermediate Championship was also won by Crokes that year.

One of the biggest influences on Bermingham was John Howard. John Howard, was a Garda stationed at Pearse St in central Dubln, was also one of the reasons Bermingham did not opt to play for Faughs, despite the fact that his father Ned was a committed Faughs supporter and his cousin Mick Gill was a star of the team in the 1930s and 1940s. Faughs did not have a juvenile team and, as the young Crokes stars developed and bonded under the guidance of John Howard, there was every incentive to stay put.

Bermingham continues to be involved in Crokes and was part of the Senior Team Management until 2005.

Inter-county
In 1961, Dublin beat Wexford 7-5 to 4-8 in the Leinster Final and went on to play Tipperary in the All-Ireland Final where they were narrowly beaten 0-16 to 1-12. However, due to injury, Bermingham did not get to play in either game.

Inter-provincial
Bermingham won six Railway Cup medals with Leinster, these include a double (1964–65) and a four in a row (1971–74).

Honours

Dalcassians
Dublin Minor Hurling Championship
Winner (1): 1960 (Capt.)

Galway
New York Senior Hurling Championship
Winner (5): 1964, 1965, 1966, 1970, 1973

Kilmacud Crokes

Dublin Senior Hurling Championship
Winner (2): 1974, 1976
Dublin Intermediate Hurling Championship
Winner (1): 1982

Dublin

All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
Runner-up (1): 1961
Leinster Senior Hurling Championship
Winner (1): 1961

Leinster

Railway Cup
Winner (6): 1964, 1965, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974

Individual

Hurling Team of the Century (Non-All-Ireland Winners)
Winner (1): 1984
GAA All-Star
Winner (1): 1971
 Rest of Ireland Team
Winner (1): 1965

References

External links
Official Kilmacud Crokes Hurling Website
Biographical Information
Official Dublin Website
Dublin Website

Teams

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Dublin inter-county hurlers
Kilmacud Crokes hurlers

Mick Bermingham


Bouldering is a type of rock climbing. Bouldering comes without gear, belayer, and associated distractions. As such, it allows a climber to focus completely on the terrain and their movement. It is climbing heights at which the climber does not usually suffer serious injuries in case of a drop. To protect from injuries there are usually special bouldering mats underneath the climber. It is usually practiced on large natural boulders and in climbing gyms.

Bouldering basics
Boulder routes are called "problems", because this style is like solving climbing-problems. The height of boulder problems is rarely higher than . Otherwise the risk of injuries is too high. Often other climbers, who stand on the ground, spot the climbers to protect them from hitting the ground with the head or the spine.

Equipment
The equipment used by boulderers is not much. They use special climbing shoes, a bouldering mat, some brushes to clean the grips and sports tape.

History
Bouldering was invented in the late 19th century. It has been first documented in France, England and Switzerland. It has been practiced for a long time but in the 1930s and 1940s it was practiced for its own sake in Fontainebleau in France.

Today many rock climbers are specialized boulderers and it is their favourite style of climbing.

References

Rock climbing

Bouldering


Option strategies are the simultaneous, and often mixed, buying or selling of one or more options that differ in one or more of the options' variables.  Call options, simply known as Calls, give the buyer a right to buy a particular stock at that option's strike price.  Opposite to that are Put options, simply known as Puts, which give the buyer the right to sell a particular stock at the option's strike price. This is often done to gain exposure to a specific type of opportunity or risk while eliminating other risks as part of a trading strategy.  A very straightforward strategy might simply be the buying or selling of a single option; however, option strategies often refer to a combination of simultaneous buying and or selling of options.

Options strategies allow traders to profit from movements in the underlying assets based on market sentiment (i.e., bullish, bearish or neutral).  In the case of neutral strategies, they can be further classified into those that are bullish on volatility, measured by the lowercase Greek letter sigma (σ), and those that are bearish on volatility.  Traders can also profit off time decay, measured by the uppercase Greek letter theta (Θ), when the stock market has low volatility.  The option positions used can be long and/or short positions in calls and puts.

Bullish strategies
Bullish options strategies are employed when the options trader expects the underlying stock price to move upwards. They can also use Theta (time decay) with a bullish/bearish combo called a Calendar Spread, when sideways movement is expected. The trader may also forecast how high the stock price may go and the time frame in which the rally may occur in order to select the optimum trading strategy for buying a bullish option.

The most bullish of options trading strategies, used by most options traders, is simply buying a call option.

The market is always moving. It's up to the trader to figure out what strategy fits the markets for that time period. Moderately bullish options traders usually set a target price for the bull run and utilize bull spreads to reduce cost or eliminate risk altogether. There is limited risk trading options by using the appropriate strategy. While maximum profit is capped for some of these strategies, they usually cost less to employ for a given nominal amount of exposure. There are options that have unlimited potential to the up or down side with limited risk if done correctly. The bull call spread and the bull put spread are common examples of moderately bullish strategies.

Mildly bullish trading strategies are options that make money as long as the underlying asset price does not decrease to the strike price by the option's expiration date. These strategies may provide downside protection as well. Writing out-of-the-money covered calls is a good example of such a strategy. The purchaser of the covered call is paying a premium for the option to purchase, at the strike price (rather than the market price), the assets you already own. This is how traders hedge a stock that they own when it has gone against them for a period of time.

Bearish strategies
Bearish options strategies are employed when the options trader expects the underlying  stock price to move downwards. It is necessary to assess how low the stock price can go and the time frame in which the decline will happen in order to select the optimum trading strategy. Selling a Bearish option is also another type of strategy that gives the trader a "credit". This does require a margin account.

The most bearish of options trading strategies is the simple put buying or selling strategy utilized by most options traders.

The market can make steep downward moves. Moderately bearish options traders usually set a target price for the expected decline and utilize bear spreads to reduce cost. This strategy has limited profit potential, but significantly reduces risk when done correctly. The bear call spread and the bear put spread are common examples of moderately bearish strategies.

Mildly bearish trading strategies are options strategies that make money as long as the underlying asset does not rise to the strike price by the options expiration date. However, you can add more options to the current position and move to a more advanced position that relies on Time Decay "Theta". These strategies may provide a small upside protection as well. In general, bearish strategies yield profit with less risk of loss.

Neutral or non-directional strategies
Neutral strategies in options trading are employed when the options trader does not know whether the underlying asset's price will rise or fall. Also known as non-directional strategies, they are so named because the potential to profit does not depend on whether the underlying price will increase or decrease. Rather, the correct neutral strategy to employ depends on the expected volatility of the underlying stock price.

Examples of neutral strategies are:

Guts - buy (long gut) or sell (short gut) a pair of ITM (in the money) put and call (compared to a strangle where OTM puts and calls are traded);
Butterfly - a neutral option strategy combining bull and bear spreads. Long butterfly spreads use four option contracts with the same expiration but three different strike prices to create a range of prices the strategy can profit from.
Straddle - an options strategy in which the investor holds a position in both a call and put with the same strike price and expiration date, paying both premiums (long straddle)
Strangle - where you buy a put below the stock and a call above the stock, with profit if the stock moves outside of either strike price (long strangle).
Risk reversal - simulates the motion of an underlying so sometimes these are referred as synthetic long or synthetic short positions depending on which position you are shorting;
Collar - buy the underlying and then simultaneous buying of a put option below current price (floor) and selling a call option above the current price (cap);
Condor – combination of two vertical spreads, similar to a butterfly but with a range of underlying values yielding the maximum profit
Fence - buy the underlying then simultaneous buying of options either side of the price to limit the range of possible returns;
Iron butterfly - sell two overlapping credit vertical spreads but one of the verticals is on the call side and one is on the put side;
Iron condor - the simultaneous buying of a put spread and a call spread with the same expiration and four different strikes.  An iron condor can be thought of as selling a strangle instead of buying and also limiting your risk on both the call side and put side by building a bull put vertical spread and a bear call vertical spread;
Calendar spread - the purchase of an option in one month and the simultaneous sale of an option at the same strike price (and underlying) in an earlier month, for a debit.
Jelly roll - a combination of two calendar spreads, used to profit from changes in interest rates or dividends

Bullish on volatility
Neutral trading strategies that are bullish on volatility profit when the underlying stock price experiences big moves upwards or downwards. They include the long straddle, long strangle, short condor (long Iron Condor), long butterfly, and long Calendar.

Bearish on volatility
Neutral trading strategies that are bearish on volatility profit when the underlying stock price experiences little or no movement. Such strategies include the short straddle, short strangle, ratio spreads, long condor, short butterfly, and  short calendar.

Options spread
Options spreads are the basic building blocks of many options trading strategies. A spread position is entered by buying and selling options of the same class on the same underlying security but with different strike prices or expiration dates. An option spread shouldn't be confused with a spread option. The three main classes of spreads are the horizontal spread, the vertical spread and the diagonal spread. They are grouped by the relationships between the strike price and expiration dates of the options involved -

Vertical spreads, or money spreads, are spreads involving options of the same underlying security, same expiration month, but at different strike prices.

Horizontal, calendar spreads, or time spreads are created using options of the same underlying security, same strike prices but with different expiration dates.

Diagonal spreads are constructed using options of the same underlying security but different strike prices and expiration dates. They are called diagonal spreads because they are a combination of vertical and horizontal spreads.

Any spread that is constructed using calls can be referred to as a call spread, while a put spread is constructed using puts.

Bull and bear spreads
If a spread is designed to profit from a rise in the price of the underlying security, it is a bull spread. A bear spread is a spread where favorable outcome is obtained when the price of the underlying security goes down.

Credit and debit spreads
If the premiums of the options sold is higher than the premiums of the options purchased, then a net credit is received when entering the spread. If the opposite is true, then a debit is taken. Spreads that are entered on a debit are known as debit spreads while those entered on a credit are known as credit spreads.

Ratio spreads and backspreads
There are also spreads in which unequal number of options are simultaneously purchased and written. When more options are written than purchased, it is a ratio spread. When more options are purchased than written, it is a backspread.

Spread combinations
Many options strategies are built around spreads and combinations of spreads. For example, a bull put spread is basically a bull spread that is also a credit spread while the iron butterfly can be broken down into a combination of a bull put spread and a bear call spread.

Box spread
A box spread consists of a bull call spread and a bear put spread. The calls and puts have the same expiration date. The resulting portfolio is delta neutral.  For example, a 40-50 January 2010 box consists of:
 Long a January 2010 40-strike call
 Short a January 2010 50-strike call
 Long a January 2010 50-strike put
 Short a January 2010 40-strike put

A box spread position has a constant payoff at exercise equal to the difference in strike values.  Thus, the 40-50 box example above is worth 10 at exercise.  For this reason, a box is sometimes considered a "pure interest rate play" because buying one basically constitutes lending some money to the counterparty until exercise.

Box spreads expose investors to low-probability, extremely-high severity risk:  if the options are exercised early, they can incur a loss much greater than the expected gain.

Net volatility

The net volatility of an option spread trade is the volatility level such that the theoretical value of the spread trade is equal to the spread's market price. In practice, it can be considered the implied volatility of the option spread.

Option strategy profit / loss chart

A typical option strategy involves the purchase / selling of at least 2-3 different options (with different strikes and / or time to expiry), and the value of such portfolio may change in a very complex way.

One very useful way to analyze and understand the behavior of a certain option strategy is by drawing its Profit graph.

An option strategy profit / loss graph shows the dependence of the profit / loss on an option strategy at different base asset price levels and at different moments in time.

Option strategy payoff graphs
Following Black-Scholes option pricing model, the option's payoff, delta, and gamma (option greeks) can be investigated as time progress to maturity:

Profit charts
These are examples of charts that show the profit of the strategy as the price of the underlying varies.

See also
Barrier option
Binary option
Chicago Board Options Exchange
Options arbitrage
Options spread
Synthetic options position

References

External links

Options (finance)

Options strategy


Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows is two series of comic books published by Marvel Comics. The series revolves around Peter Parker / Spider-Man and Mary Jane Watson having remained married and raising a daughter named Anna-May "Annie" Parker, with Mary Jane and Annie further becoming the superheroes Spinneret and Spiderling. The original series was a 2015 comic book limited series that tied into that year's Secret Wars event. Following the event's end, the popularity of the series led to a sequel ongoing series set in the alternate reality of Earth-18119, which was published from 2016 to 2018.

Mary Jane and Annie from this series make cameo appearances in the 2023 feature film Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, depicted as members of Miguel O'Hara's Spider-Society.

Publication history
The first volume takes place during the "Secret Wars" storyline and was published as a limited series in 2015. Dan Slott and Adam Kubert's story occurs in a Battleworld which was a "drastically reimagined incarnation of New York City".

A second volume, now as an ongoing series part of the 2016 "Marvel NOW!" relaunch, details the further tales of Spider-Man and his family after their reality was restored. Originally, Gerry Conway was the lead writer of the volume; Ryan Stegman joined as both co-writer and artist with issue #8. With issue #13, "the series new creative team of writer Jody Houser and artist Nick Roche kicked off their run by jumping eight years into the Parker family's future". The second volume is followed by the three issue limited series Spider-Girls which was part of the 2018 comics event Spider-Geddon.

CBR highlighted that while events of the "One More Day" storyline still "haven't been totally undone in the Marvel comic continuum", as a result of Renew Your Vows, both MJ and Peter of Earth 616 share "small fragments of memories of their life and decided to begin again, with a fresh new start".

Plot

Volume one: Secret Wars
During the "Secret Wars" storyline, heroes from all over the Battleworld domain of the Regency have gone missing. With the X-Men missing, the Avengers suspect that Augustus Roman is behind this. As Spider-Man hears of this, Hawkeye mentions about a mass-breakout at Ryker's Island. While the Avengers head out to fight Regent, Spider-Man heads home to meet with his wife Mary Jane Watson where he finds his daughter Annie in the clutches of Venom. Spider-Man brutally defeats Venom. As the superheroes are being defeated by Regent, Mary Jane Watson uses a fire truck's siren to help Spider-Man force Venom into a burning building and brings the structure down on Venom. With all the superheroes defeated by Regent, Peter Parker retires as Spider-Man to keep his family safe.

In light of Regent's victory, Peter Parker obtains inhibitor bracelets so that Regent won't detect him or Annie. When Annie's inhibitor bracelet breaks down before school, she must keep her abilities in check. Peter takes pictures of Demolition Man protesting the Regent's rule when he is defeated by Boomerang, Rhino, and Shocker. Arriving at the Daily Bugle, Peter hears about the news that superpowered people were sighted at Public School 122 Mamie Fay which Annie attends. Using a hood as a disguise, Peter jumps from building to building where he arrives to find the Power Pack fighting Regent's minions. As Peter distracts Regent's minions so that the Power Pack can escape, Mary Jane arrives and makes off with Annie. At Regent's headquarters, Regent figures out that Spider-Man has been sighted and unleashes his Sinister Six (consisting of Doctor Octopus, Hobgoblin, Kraven the Hunter, Mysterio, Shocker, and Vulture) to hunt down Spider-Man.

When Spider-Man goes to get some inhibitor bracelets from Tinkerer, he discovers that Tinkerer had tipped off the Sinister Six. Spider-Man violently kills Doctor Octopus before the rest of the Sinister Six arrived where they learned that Spider-Man made off with the only inhibitor bracelet. Arriving home, Peter works to reconfigure the inhibitor bracelet for Annie. Regent broadcasts that he will be doing a compulsory screening at Public School 122 Mamie Fay. Though Peter, Mary Jane, and Annie pass the scans, another kid didn't causing Peter Parker to turn into Spider-Man to defend him. While Spider-Man faced the Sinister Six which resulted in Hobgoblin getting caught in the explosion of his own Pumpkin Bomb, Mary Jane and Annie were taken to safety by Mockingbird and Prowler who were posing as Regent's agents.

Noticing that Mary Jane and Annie are missing, Spider-Man brutally takes down the Sinister Six which results in Vulture being incapacitated. Sandman appears and asks Peter Parker to come to S.H.I.E.L.D. with him as they are both subdued when Regent arrives. Meanwhile, Mary Jane and Annie are introduced to S.H.I.E.L.D. and its leader Hawkeye. At Regent's base, Spider-Man and Sandman have been taken prisoner. Back at S.H.I.E.L.D., Dr. Johnathon Ohn reverse-engineers Annie's inhibitor bracelet to create an arrowhead that would neutralize Regent's powers, though they will need a DNA sample from him in order for it to work. After Regent reads Sandman's mind, he recruits Beetle, Boomerang, and Rhino to fill in the membership of the Sinister Six and sends them to attack the S.H.I.E.L.D. base. When Dr. Ohn uses his portals to help with the escape, Annie jumps into action. With one of Dr. Ohn's portals sewn into him, Sandman activates it so that Mary Jane, Annie, Hawkeye, Mockingbird, and Prowler can get into it.

As S.H.I.E.L.D. faces the Regent, Mary Jane and Annie confront his scientists led by Dr. Shannon Stillwell. Using the same type of armor as the Regent, Mary Jane helps Annie to disable the mechanism that held the captive heroes in order for Regent to draw in their powers. When this attracts the attention of Regent, Spider-Man escapes and takes the fight with Regent to the streets. Annie joined the fight and used the special arrowhead on Regent. Despite this, Regent is still a threat as he grabs Annie. Spider-Man uses a bluff to get close to Regent so that he can defeat him. Using an improvised restraining unit made by Prowler, S.H.I.E.L.D took Regent into their custody as Spider-Man and his family resume their normal lives.

Volume two: Gerry Conway & Ryan Stegman era
Mary Jane soon decides she wants to share in Peter's crime-fighting life, and that Annie should join her. Peter develops a costume for her using technology acquired from the aftermath of the battle with The Regent, this suit enables Mary Jane to borrow powers and abilities from her husband, but its side-effects leave Peter weakened. Annie is given a new costume and acquires the codename Spiderling, whereas Mary Jane becomes Spinneret.

After fighting off threats from the Mole Man the Brotherhood of Evil Mutants, and Mysterio, Mary Jane considers trying an alternative means of supporting her husband in his crime-fighting as her costume is siphoning off too much of his strength, and so she agrees to bond with an experimental bio-suit supplied by former family friend Liz Allan, but unbeknown to her, the suit is the Venom symbiote. The symbiote attempts to assert control of Mary Jane, causing her to inflict pain on some criminals. With the help of Peter and her own mental durability, Mary Jane eventually brings the symbiote under control.

Shortly after, Mary Jane is recruited to battle the inter-dimensional threat of The Poisons in the event Venomverse, while Peter and Annie save a young Normie Osborn from The Lizard and his son Billy. Normie, still resentful of Spider-Man's involvement in the death of Harry Osborn, arranges Annie's capture with the aid of his mother's personal assistant Ms. January. After a conversation with Annie, Normie has a change of heart and lets her go, but Ms. January attacks the Spider-Family with a giant mechanical version of the Green Goblin. The Spider-Family defeat the Goblin, but not before it destroys the Venom symbiote, leaving Mary Jane no choice but to return to her original outfit. Normie makes peace with the family.

Volume two: Jody Houser era

Eight years later, and Annie has grown into a temperamental teenager frustrated with her "silly" codename of Spiderling. Having trained with the X-Men, she is eager to prove herself. A special family day out for The Parkers leads to them combating the forces of Mister Sinister.

Peter, having learned that the Bugle is paying less and less for photos as virtually anyone can take one now on their digital devices, decides to take up the task of teaching once more at Annie's school, which leads to awkward moments between him and his daughter as Annie becomes embarrassed to be in the same hallway as him, fearing he will cramp her style. She befriends two students at the school whose experiments mutate them. Falling in with a bad crowd, Annie eventually prevents the students from killing Normie Osborn, now also older. It is revealed Annie (as Spiderling), and Normie had hung out a lot in their childhood but had lost touch.

Shortly after this, Peter tells Annie of a time earlier in his and Mary Jane's lives when they saved a passenger ship together during a vacation. Back in the present, the Spider-Family again battle Mister Sinster and save the X-Mansion from an attack by him and several genetically modified Spider-Clones. The day is won, but the Parker's family car is destroyed.

Spider-Geddon and Spider-Girls
With Annie's parents assisting the war effort against The Inheritors on Earth-616, Annie, with the help of Anya Corazon/Spider-Girl of Earth-616 and May "Mayday" Parker/Spider-Woman of Earth-982, unlocks the mysteries of the Spider-Scrolls and find a means of stopping their enemies. Annie learns that she is the "Patternmaker", the fourth Spider involved in the prophecy alongside Mayday's brother Benjy (The Scion), Silk (The Bride), and The Other.

After battling two of the Inheritors on Annie's world, Mayday, Anya and Annie retreat to Loomworld where they find the web of destiny has been sabotaged. They then use the scrolls to return to Earth-616 and use Annie's web-weaving powers to help the web warriors defeat the Inheritors and their leader Solus. As the Web Warriors say their respective goodbyes, Mayday wonders what had become of "The Other", Annie reveals that the totem is still in play and that it's closer to her than she knows. Back on Mayday's world, a hand bursts out of a grave, revealing that The Other has fused with Mayday's late-father, Peter Parker of her world, resurrecting him. Peter and MJ later attend the funeral of Karn on Loomworld.

Sometime after the events of Spider-Geddon, Annie was tangled in the Web of Destiny while reforging it. After Miles Morales and Spider-Zero free her, she untangles the web and sets everything back to normal.

Reception

Volume one
In January 2020, when Diamond Comics released its list of the "Top 100 Best-Selling Comics of the Decade", Renew Your Vows issue #1 was ranked at #67.

Reviewing the first issue for ComicBook.com, Chase Magnett gave it a C grade and wrote that it "is an uneven issue from all creators involved. Slott capably embraces the fun and strangeness of this period in Marvel Comics history, but his pacing leaves something to be desired. Kubert and Dell, on the other hand, are at the top of their game as long as they are portraying characters in masks. The story's arrangement as a prologue leaves a lot of interesting ideas to be explored and time to iron out the flaws. It's an issue filled with potential, but it's fulfillment is far from certain". Reviewing the fifth issue for IGN, Jesse Schedeen gave it a 6.8/10. He wrote that "Renew Your Vows doesn't quite live up to the promise it showed in earlier issues. It's fun seeing the entire Parker family united in battling evil, but said evil is still a bland, unremarkable villain. This finale issue doesn't pack enough of a punch, and it offers no indication of what elements might cross over into the relaunched Amazing Spider-Man".

Stephen Totilo, in his review of all 44 Secret Wars tie-in comics for Kotaku, put Renew Your Vows in the second highest category at "very good". Totilo wrote that the series was "a more harrowing than expected what-if featuring a Peter Parker who stayed married to Mary Jane and had a daughter with her. Longtime Spider-Man writer Dan Slott tells the tale which has Peter and Mary Jane in perpetual panic as they try to keep their daughter safe in a New York that is ruled by a hero-destroying tyrant. The one drawback is that the series feels like a thought experiment and lacks any connection to the very long Peter Parker story that Slott has been telling for about a decade. For some, that will likely be a plus".

Volume two
Reviewing the first post-Secret Wars issue for IGN, Schedeen commented that the issue was worth the cover price and rated the issue as 8.7/10. He wrote that "the resulting blend of familiar and new elements works very well. [...]  Conway's script is funny, charming, and most importantly, really nails the Parker family dynamic. [...] It's great seeing Stegman on a Spider-Man comic again after the great work he delivered on Scarlet Spider and Superior Spider-Man. [...] The series doesn't just coast by on nostalgia, as the fact that Peter is now a loving husband and father adds crucial new layers to his story".

Reviewing issue #15 for IGN, Blair Marnell gave it a 6.7/10 and wrote that "Renew Your Vows hasn't quite found its spider legs under the new creative team, and it feels like it's missing the mandate that the earliest issues had. Jody Houser has put the focus squarely on Spiderling, which has somewhat marginalized Peter and MJ. [...] Roche's style also takes some getting used to, and his faces for Mary Jane and Anna-May get a little bit too similar at times". Marnell commented that "there's still some real potential here" and "I'm willing to stick with this book for now to see where it goes from here". Reviewing issue #16 for IGN, Kat Calamia gave it a 7.0/10 and commented that each character was given plot points allowing each "their own individual storylines, while also allowing family to stay at the heart of the comic book. The Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows #16 touches upon some classic Spider-Man themes, but still struggles to find its own voice in the mix". In January 2018, Rich Johnston, for Bleeding Cool, commented on the recent Marvel Comics sales chart; he highlighted that Renew Your Vows was at #102 which was "a massive drop — the biggest fall of the chart. Maybe people don't want to read about a married Spider-Man and Mary Jane after all".

Collected editions

In other media
The titular family of Peter Parker / Spider-Man, Mary Jane Watson-Parker / Spinneret, and Anna-May "Annie" Watson-Parker/ Spiderling made their cinematic debuts in the 2023 feature film Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, depicted as members of Miguel O'Hara's Spider-Society.

References

Spider-Man titles
Superhero comics
2015 comics debuts

Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows


Content ID is a digital fingerprinting system developed by Google which is used to easily identify and manage copyrighted content on YouTube. Videos uploaded to YouTube are compared against audio and video files registered with Content ID by content owners, looking for any matches. Content owners have the choice to have matching content blocked or to monetize it. The system began to be implemented around 2007. By 2016, it had cost $60 million to develop and led to around $2 billion in payments to copyright holders. By 2018, Google had invested at least $100 million into the system.

Overview
Content ID creates an ID File for copyrighted audio and video material, and stores it in a database. When a video is uploaded, it is checked against the database, and flagged as a copyright violation if a match is found. When this occurs, the content owner has the choice of blocking the video to make it unviewable, tracking the viewing statistics of the video, or adding advertisements to the "infringing" video with proceeds automatically going to the content owner.

Only uploaders who meet specific criteria can use Content ID. These criteria make the use of Content ID without the aid of a major backer difficult, limiting its usage to big corporations in practice.

Context

Between 2007 and 2009, companies including Viacom, Mediaset, and the English Premier League filed lawsuits against YouTube, claiming that it has done too little to prevent the uploading of copyrighted material. Viacom, demanding $1 billion in damages, said that it had found more than 150,000 unauthorized clips of its material on YouTube that had been viewed "an astounding 1.5 billion times".

During the same court battle, Viacom won a court ruling requiring YouTube to hand over 12 terabytes of data detailing the viewing habits of every user who had watched videos on the site. On March 18, 2014, the lawsuit was settled after seven years with an undisclosed agreement.

History
In June 2007, YouTube began trials of a system for automatic detection of uploaded videos that infringe copyright. This system uses 'digital fingerprints' of songs or videos to automatically identify their matches. More precisely, it detects the unauthorized use of copyright-protected content. Google CEO Eric Schmidt regarded this system as necessary for resolving lawsuits such as the one from Viacom, which alleged that YouTube profited from content that it did not have the right to distribute. The system was initially called "Video Identification" and later became known as Content ID. By 2010, YouTube had "already invested tens of millions of dollars in this technology". In 2011, YouTube described Content ID as "very accurate in finding uploads that look similar to reference files that are of sufficient length and quality to generate an effective ID File".

By 2012, Content ID accounted for over a third of the monetized views on YouTube.

In 2016, Google stated that Content ID had paid out around $2 billion to copyright holders (compared to around $1 billion by 2014), and had cost $60 million to develop.

Since mid-2018, Google has been beta-testing a new tool called Copyright Match, a simplified version of Content ID with limited options, which would be available to uploaders with more than 100,000 views. However, contrary to Content ID, which sends copyright notices automatically, with Copyright Match no action is taken until the creator chooses to do so.

In 2021, YouTube recorded nearly 1.5 billion Content ID claims, including 759.5 million by the second half of the year among which 4.840 were copyright owners'.

Trademark lawsuit
In 2006, YouTube and content protection company Audible Magic signed an agreement to mainly create 'audio identification technology', and precisely, to license the use of Audible Magic's own "Content ID" fingerprinting technology. When Google bought YouTube, in November of the same year, the license was transferred to Google. The agreement was terminated in 2009, but in 2014 Google obtained a trademark for its own "Content ID" implementation. Audible Magic sued Google the same year on the basis that they owned the "Content ID" trademark and therefore that Google trademarking their implementation was a fraud.

Criticism

An independent test in 2009 uploaded multiple versions of the same song to YouTube, and concluded that while the system was "surprisingly resilient" in finding copyright violations in the audio tracks of videos, it was not infallible. The use of Content ID to remove material automatically has led to controversy in some cases, as the videos have not been checked by a human for fair use.

If a YouTube user disagrees with a decision by Content ID, it is possible to fill in a form disputing the decision. However, this claim is sent directly to the party that owns the supposed copyright, who has the final decision in the matter unless legal action is pursued. If the reporting party denies their claim, the channel receives a strike. If a channel receives three strikes, it is removed from the platform. Prior to 2016, videos weren't monetized until the dispute was resolved.

In December 2013, Google changed the way the system worked (seemingly to cover YouTube in case of lawsuits), leading to numerous content creation copyright notices being sent to YouTube accounts. Those notices led to ad revenues being automatically diverted to third parties, which sometimes had no connection to the games.

Since April 2016, videos continue to be monetized while the dispute is in progress, and the money goes to whoever won the dispute. Should the uploader want to monetize the video again, they may remove the disputed audio in the "Video Manager". YouTube has cited the effectiveness of Content ID as one of the reasons why the site's rules were modified in December 2010 to allow some users to upload videos of unlimited length.

The music industry has criticized Content ID as inefficient, with Universal Music Publishing Group (UMPG) estimating in a 2015 filing to the US Copyright Office "that Content ID fails to identify upwards of 40 percent of the use of UMPG's compositions on YouTube". Google has countered these assertions by stating that (as of 2016) Content ID detected over 98% of known copyright infringement on YouTube and humans filing removal notices only 2%.

In January 2018, a YouTube uploader who created a white noise generator received copyright notices about a video he uploaded which contained only white noise.

In September 2018, a German university professor uploaded videos with several classical music performances for which their copyright had expired, because both the composers were dead long ago, and the performances were not covered anymore by copyright. After he received several copyright violations by YouTube, he could lift the majority of them, but Deutsche Grammophon refused to lift two of them even if their copyright had expired. In other cases, copyright violations notices were even sent to uploaders who recorded themselves playing public domain classical music, with Sony Music asserting copyright over more than 1,100 compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach via Content ID. Commentators noted that this was also the case on other platforms such as Facebook.

In December 2018 TheFatRat complained that Content ID gave preference to an obvious scammer who used the automated system to claim ownership of his content and thereby steal his revenue.

In April 2019, WatchMojo - one of the largest YouTube channels with over 20 million subscribers and 15 billion views with an extensive library of videos that rely on fair use - released a video that relied on its 10-year experiences managing claims and strikes via Content ID to highlight instances of alleged abuse. In a follow-up video, the channel estimated that rights holders had unlawfully claimed over $2 billion from 2014–19.

See also
 Acoustic fingerprint
 EU Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market
 Fingerprint (computing)
 Media Identification Code (MID)

References

External links
 How Content ID works - YouTube Help

YouTube
Alphabet Inc.
2007 software
YouTube controversies
Digital rights management
Criticism of Google
Google software
Copyright infringement

Content ID (system)


Joseph Steward (July 6, 1753 – April 15, 1822) was an American minister, portrait painter and museum curator.

Minister

Joseph Steward was born on July 6, 1753, the son of Joseph and Jane (Wilson) Steward of Upton, MA. He attended Dartmouth College, graduating in 1780. Under the guidance of Reverend Doctor Levi Hart of Preston, CT, he continued his divinity studies and was licensed to preach in 1786. However, before long, he became seriously ill and was unable to maintain the parish he had been assigned to in Newport, RI. It is not known for certain what ailment Steward had, but one source suggests it was bronchitis. He remained in Newport for two years while being nursed back to health.
In 1788, he moved to Hampton, CT to fill in for the town's reverend, Samuel Moseley, who had recently become gravely ill. While there, Steward met Sarah Moseley, the reverend's daughter, and they were married on May 31, 1789. They had four children: Sally (Sarah) born in 1790, Joseph (1792), Mariah (1796), and Anna (1799).

Steward continued to fill in for the elder Moseley, but attempts to find him a permanent placement within the parish were prevented by his continuing poor health.

Hartford years
Soon after Mariah's birth, the family moved to Hartford, CT.  In 1797 Steward became a Deacon of the First Church of Hartford, a position he held until his death. In 1799, he joined with Reverends Nathan Strong and Abel Flint to compile a hymnal titled The Hartford Selection of Hymns.  The book was very successful and went through eight editions by 1821.

He died on April 15, 1822, at the age of 69.  He was survived by his wife Sarah and his daughters, Sarah and Anna.  He is buried in the North Cemetery in Hartford, CT (Section F, Lot 452).

Painter

Steward was a largely self-taught artist, although he may have studied with Jonathan Trumbull in the fall of 1792, during Trumbull's brief residency in Hartford. Steward is known to have been painting portraiture on a regular basis by 1788. He did not, however, always paint from life. There are many examples of him copying other works.

In 1793, he was commissioned by Dartmouth College to create full length portraits of John Phillips, a soon-to-be retired member of the college's board, and Eleazar Wheelock, the school's founder.  The portraits were not completed until August 1796.  This was his largest and best documented commission. That same year, he opened a "Painting Room" in the State House.  The Connecticut General Assembly had given him permission to use a room in the newly completed capitol's third floor as a painting studio.

Few of his works appear to be extant or available for public viewing, and many of those are only tentatively identified as his, based on style.

Museum of Natural & Other Curiosities

In June 1797, he opened a museum in his Painting Room. He regularly used newspaper advertising  to solicit donations for the museum, thank contributors, and promote his displays. His collection included portraits, wax works, and other curiosities, man-made as well as natural.  His natural curiosities included a dwarf cow, a two-headed calf and a "sagacious" goat.

By 1808, his collection had outgrown the space available at the Old State House, so he acquired the Talcott Mansion, built in 1725 by Governor Joseph Talcott (1724-1741) and moved his museum there. It was open from 7 a.m. to 9 p.m. "except the evening before and after the sabbath". The building stood until 1900 when the property was sold by the Moseley family and the building razed.

After Steward's death in 1822, the museum was relocated to 131 State Street, Hartford.  It reopened in the new location on January 6, 1824, and Charles Dickerson became its proprietor. He was succeeded in 1832 by Caleb Wright. The collection remained intact until at least 1840.  Some objects from the museum, including a number of portraits, were donated to the Connecticut Historical Society, which used them to recreate the museum at the Old State House.

References

Further reading
 French, Henry Willard.  ''Art and Artists in Connecticut''. Boston: Lee & Shepard, Pub. 1879.
 Harlow, Thompson R., "The versatile Joseph Steward, portrait painter and museum proprietor." ''The Magazine ANTIQUES'', vol. 121, no. 1 (January 1982), pp. 303-311.
 Walker, George Leon.  ''History of the First Church in Hartford''. Hartford: Brown & Gross, 1884. 368.

External links
 American Folk Art Museum: Early Portraits
 Damned Connecticut:Joseph Steward's Museum of Natural and Other Curiosities

1753 births
18th-century American painters
18th-century American male artists
American male painters
19th-century American painters
19th-century American male artists
Dartmouth College alumni
People from Upton, Massachusetts
1822 deaths

Joseph Steward