The village deities of Southern India are the numerous spirits and other beings venerated as part of the Dravidian folk tradition in villages throughout South India. These deities, mainly goddesses, are intimately associated with the well-being of the village, and can have either benevolent or violent tendencies. These deities are presently in various stages of syncretism or assimilation with mainstream Hindu traditions.

These deities have been linked back to common Indus Valley civilisation imagery, and are hypothesised to represent the prevailing Dravidian folk religion at the time. The worship of these deities at many times do not conform to the common tenets of Vedic traditions, especially in customs of animal sacrifice, the inclusion of the priesthood class, and iconography.

Origins and history

Generally the traditions of village deity tradition or Grama Devta tradition predate the arrival of Indo-Aryans. The earliest evidence found in the Indus Valley Civilization were Mother Goddesses associated with fertility and motherhood there the mother goddess tradition survived as Grama Devta. This tradition in South India existed much before the arrival of Buddhism, Jainism and Historical Vedic religion.  Whereas the male deities such as Ayyanar, Karuppasamy, Muniswara, Pothuraju are the deceased warriors who are worshipped as guardians of villages before the arrival of Indo-Aryans, the mother goddesses were represented as small terracotta figures and the male deities were represented as stones and horse totems.

Types
There are two main types of deity propitiated in a village. Any of these deities can be considered a kuladevata.

Most villages tradionally have a fertility goddess. This goddess is believed to arise from the natural world itself, and to be intrinsically linked to the ground of the village. She is a representation of the village itself, rather than simply a guardian figure. Sometimes her head is represented in a carving at the center of the village, while the rest of the village is considered her body. She often has the additional responsibility of overseeing rain, since, in the areas of South India east of the Western Ghats, the monsoon rains are the primary source of water for agriculture. She is the main protector of the village, especially against common diseases like smallpox or plague. Other goddesses preside over specific household objects, or act as guardians of cattle or children. Most of these deities are unique to their village and have their own origin stories, and many are worshipped only by members of a particular community. Mariamman is one of the most popular of this class of deity, worshipped throughout South India. She provides fertility and, in many places, protection against smallpox and other deadly diseases. Other popular goddesses include Pochamma in Telugu regions and Yellamma in northern Karnataka and western Telangana. Another common theme is the seven sisters, called saptamatrikas in Vedic traditions. This collection of goddesses does not have a specific function, but may be called upon if a disease is affecting the family. In the area around Tirumala, it is said that these deities can be seen as young girls wandering around at noon, dusk or night. Village goddesses can have different personalities. Some are kindly, and will shower blessings on those who worship them. Others are vengeful and angry, and will unleash terror on the village unless they are propitiated. Many of these deities are especially worshipped by one particular community, for example Yellamma is worshipped especially by two Dalit communities: Malas and Madigas. Some of these deities originated with tribal communities and became worshipped by wider society., such as Kondalamma in the hills of East Godavari district.

Villages, especially in Tamil and Telugu regions, also have a guardian deity: a male deity who protects the village from harm like war or famine or other evils. Unlike the fertility goddess, this deity is worshipped throughout a wide region and has less variety. In northern Tamil Nadu, this deity is called Aiyyanar, while in southern Tamil Nadu, he is known as Shasta. His name in Telugu is Poturaju and is the brother of the presiding goddess in those villages. A common origin myth for Poturaju is that he drank the blood of demons slain by amma. In Tamil Nadu, there are a host of other male deities, such as Karuppusami, who are either attendants to Ayyanar or guardians for the main goddess. Most of these gods are kuladevatas for families in the village, especially for dominant castes who are patrilineal. In this context guardianship has two meanings: either as guardian of devotees or the guardian of a greater village deity, subservient to them.

Mythology
The mythology surrounding these deities varies considerably by region and deity. However several basic trends can be established. For instance, most village deities are rooted in the idea that some form of Shakti is the primordial force in the universe, sometimes called Adi Shakti or Adi Mahashakti. From her arose all other deities, including the Trimurti of Vedic traditions. The village goddesses are usually related as avatars of Adi Shakti. Each deity will have an origin story of some kind to explain why they do not appear in the Puranas. An example of this is Ayyanar, whose origin story in the Arcot region is related to the story of Padmasuran (also known as Bhasmasura), who was given a boon by Shiva to turn anyone whose head he touched into ash. But Padmasuran attacked Shiva himself, who became frightened turned into an aivelangai fruit. However, Shiva's brother-in-law (In Tamil tradition, Vishnu is often considered Parvati's brother), Vishnu, heard his plea for help and appeared as Mohini. Entrancing the Asura, Mohini said he had to take a bath in order to be hers. The Asura could only find a small amount of water and put it on his head, after which he burst into ashes. Vishnu then told Shiva all was clear and after being told the tale, Shiva wished to see Vishnu as Mohini. When he obliged, Shiva became aroused and his semen came out. To prevent it from touching the ground Vishnu caught it in his hand, and Ayyanar was born. This invention of tradition is a way to explain why these deities do not appear in the Puranic stories and to give them a sense of "legitimacy" in the greater tradition. Another myth from that same region about the origin of another popular deity, Muneeshwarar, claims he was created by Shiva.
Occasionally, the fertility goddess or guardian deity can be the spirit of a historical figure. This practice has roots in ancient times: as early as the Sangam period, hero stones (natukal/viragal in Tamil, veeragalu in Kannada), stones erected to honour those men who laid down their lives for the village, were worshipped and propitiated. Similar to hero stones, sati stones honour women who sacrificed their life, especially for chastity and purity. The early Tamil poem Tolkappiyam gives a six-stage guide to the erection of such a stone, from selection of a suitable stone until the institution of formal worship. In time, many of these spirits have merged into or become the local guardian deity. Examples of deified heroes include Madurai Veeran (from Madurai) and Kathavarayan (from Thanjavur). Oftentimes, these heroes are found as attendants to Ayyanar or a village goddess, especially in Tamil Nadu. The Paanchamman temples in north Tamil Nadu were built to worship widows who underwent Sati. Often, the deities are spirits who suffered injustice in their lives or deaths and must be propitiated to prevent their spirit from affecting the village. Several couples who have lost their lives due to caste animosity are worshipped as deities in several villages. Kannaki Amman is Kannagi from the Silappadikaram, whose husband was unjustly killed by the Pandyan king, is another widely-worshipped deity of this category. The Machani Amman temple at Pollachi was built to worship a young girl who was killed by a Kongu king for unknowingly eating a mango from his garden. Oftentimes female spirits are merged into the main fertility goddess, or are venerated as one of her attendants.

Some few deities are less-venerated characters in the epics of the Ramayana and Mahabharata. For example, there are many temples dedicated to Draupadiamman (Panchali) and Dharmaraja (Yudhishthira) in northern Tamil Nadu, a tradition especially prominent among the Vanniyar community. Temples dedicated to Gandhari (mother of the Kauravas), Kunti (mother of Pandavas) and Aravan (the son of Arjuna and the serpent princess Ulupi) are also found in Tamil Nadu. For these deities, legimitizing mythologies exist in the forms of the Ramayana and Mahabharata.

Representation

Placement

The place and way in which a deity is represented is symbolic of their role in society. The placement of the deity is also a reflection of the influence it is believed to have on the people. The more beneficial village goddesses are to be found in the main village, called the ur in Tamil and Telugu, in various locations. The more malevolent deities are usually given more space on the village outskirts, nearer to settlements variously known as keri, palli or cheri in Kannada, Telugu and Tamil respectively. These locations are reserved for the lowest castes, mainly Dalits, but also communities like washermen and barbers. These fierce deities are avoided as much as possible, and their placement is characteristic of traditional views of who was most "orderly." However, there are some exceptions. In Tamil Nadu, the guardian god is given a space along the village boundaries to protect them from harm although he himself is not seen as harmful.

The shrines themselves vary by deity and region. For Tamils, Ayyanar is represented in an open space to better fulfill his duty. However there the goddess is given her own temple similar in form, and sometimes size, to a Vedic temple. In other regions, however, the goddess (since gods are less venerated in these areas) may be given a shrine at the edge of the village, although it is common to find the shrine next to a tree or a snake-hole. In Telugu regions, the deity sometimes has no permanent shrine, but a temporary pandal. Some goddesses wish to be in the open space to feel the same hardships as their devotees. Yet there is no distinction between the dwelling-place of the deity and the deity: the dwelling-place itself is a form of the deity.

Iconography
The deities themselves are often represented as aniconic, either as a shapeless stone or tree or snake-hole. In Tamil Nadu, the guardian god is often given form as a fierce warrior, holding an aruval or other weapon, with attendants surrounding him. However Poturaju in Telugu areas is typically represented only by a stick in the ground. In Telugu and Kannada regions, the goddess is often given anthropomorphic form as a terracotta statue only during a temple festival, and is then returned to her aniconic shape. In many villages in Tamil Nadu, a village god is represented by planting spears or trishulas in the ground to represent his martial prowess. In the village of Kogilu near Bengaluru, the goddesses were represented by items such as a lamp or a stone pillar. In many areas of South Karnataka, the village goddess is symbolized by an aarti, a lamp made of rice flour shaped like a cone and adorned with kumkuma in the shape of a face. All these icons are believed to be the deity itself, rather than simply a vessel to hold it.

Another common symbol is the snake, or naga. Usually they are carved onto stone pillars, either in the shape of a hooded cobra (like Adishesha) or as two snakes intertwined. The snake is symbolic of the earth's fertility, since they are only visible after the monsoon, and as a punisher of those who oppose the goddess. Worship of these specific qualities is done in Kerala, especially by non-Vedic castes such as the Nairs.

Worship

There are a huge diversity of worship practices for these deities, oftentimes depending on the deity's nature and other local customs. However, some general characteristics of worship include local language and, most of the time, non-Brahmin priests.

The worship itself is not done in a language such as Sanskrit, but in the local language. This worship is usually done through oral tales, telling the origin of the goddess. In Tamil Nadu there are several genres of this form such as terukoothu, a form of street folk theatre, villu pattu (lit. "bow song"), extolling the deeds of great heroes who had been deified, and udukkai pattu, legends done to the sound of percussion. In northern Tamil Nadu these are all subsumed under the world of aideegam.

Sacrifice
Depending on the temper of the deity, they may be offered animal sacrifices or vegetarian offerings. In Tamil Nadu, it is a goat or chicken that is killed, and depends on the number of families that contribute. In Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, it was once a buffalo that was sacrificed. However, with more Vedic influence due to Hindutva and other factors, the sacrifice has been made a goat or sheep. The actual killing of the animal is done by any non-Brahmin community, but the buffalo was usually killed by one of the Dalit communities: especially the Madigas. This was because the Madigas, whose traditional occupation was leather craftsmanship, would not be "tainted" by the killing and would use the remains of the buffalo for their food and leather.

The sacrifice takes place near the end of the village festival. The animal is doused with water, and if it shivers, it is deemed to be possessed by the deity. Then, the animal is led to the shrine, and is restrained. One man takes an aruval or other sword and beheads the animal, which is then tossed aside to twitch and bleed out. For fowl, the head can be ripped off or the neck be broken without the use of a weapon. The head itself is placed in front of the deity with a foreleg in its mouth. It is believed that in this position the animal represents a demon, and by giving the demon to the deity it will be able to unite with her and become one again. Thus the villagers have done their duty. The meat is then taken and is used to make a prasada, which is then offered to the deity. Afterwards, it is eaten by the devotees. It was usually the Dalits who got the meat from the buffalo sacrifice since only they would eat buffalo meat. At other times, however, anyone can walk up to the deity and make a sacrifice to them, potentially to ease some personal trouble such as a sick child or obtaining bad luck. The Muthumariamman temple in the Nilgiris was once the place where people swore solemn vows. This was sometimes used by the judicial system in the region during British times, and it was common for witnesses to make a vow of truth and make a sacrifice to Muthumariamman in the presence of a court official, so that all would know they spoke the truth.

Festivals
Festivals for village deities vary widely and can be done at various times. In Tirunelveli in southern Tamil Nadu, for instance, most deity festivals take place throughout the dry summer months before the monsoon. For most deities, the festival is only celebrated by those with a close connection to the deity: e.g. those for whom the deity is their kuladevata, caste deity or deity of their locality. Financing of these festivals is generally done via a tax on all members of that deity's "celebratory group." However for village deities, such as the local amman goddess, the festival is celebrated by the entirety of the village in one way or another.

Oftentimes someone, usually from one of the Dalit communities, is possessed by the goddess, and devotees can ask her questions and sometimes criticize her.

Another characteristic is the timing of festivals. Village festivals are often celebrated for the first sowing or harvest, but often festivals will be called at unknown time. If there is a pestilent disease spreading in the area, the villagers, who see the deity as the controller of those diseases, will organize a festival to please or appease their deity.

In most villages the locally dominant castes would sponsor the village festival. For these festivals, each community performs a function similar to their traditional occupation: i.e. washermen provide cloths, acharis provide ladles for serving prasada, each with a specified remuneration such as cash, land or share of the offerings. Others who are not involved in the setting up of the festival are encouraged to bring various offerings including goats and fowls for sacrifice. However all receive some of the good of pleasing the goddess. These festivals usually last one to two weeks and are chiefly marked by processions through the village. However Mines notes that these processions also mark the boundary between the ur, or village and kadu, or wilderness. These boundaries are subject to change depending on socioeconomic circumstances of residents of various areas in the village.

In Telugu regions, the festival begins with a beating of drums announcing the festival. Then the village elders along with the pujari arrive at the snake-hole and offer milk and eggs. They then tie two sticks together in front of the hole, a symbolic invitation of the goddess to arrive for the festival. The next day priests and village elders return to the snake hole. Two of the elders carry ghata, pots decorated with various patterns and topped with an oil lamp. The one representing the goddess is covered with turmeric and kumkuma and draped with garlands of flowers. The priest carries a basket of cooked rice and lentils which represents the goddess. This food is offered to the snakes, and some soil from the hole, called putta bangaram ("golden soil"), is taken to symbolize the goddess' presence. The pots are then placed at the centre of the village next to a peepal tree or a specially-built pandal. There the pot is kept along with the putta bangaram and worshipped throughout the rest of the festival. Over the next few days other ghata are taken around the village and households give gifts of rice and food and then brought back to the village centre, and occasionally a ram or boar is sacrificed. The villagers then perform many entertainments such as dances, dramas and others for the enjoyment of the goddess. On the seventh night is the pathana, where farmers bring agricultural produce to be blessed by the goddess. The final day is the next day and is called toliyeru, the tilling of the soil. Farmers, including the village headman, take their plows and plow the ground in front of the goddess to gain her blessing. The next morning is the anupu or anupukam (send-off), where a special anthropomorphic image made of either wood or stone is offered. In the evening the pot and putta bangaram are taken around the village accompanied by a man playing Poturaju. Poturaju holds a rope and it is believed that those who are thrashed by him will have good luck. Then a female ganachari, one possessed by the goddess, joins the procession generally in a state of unkemptness. Village elders then ask her whether there will be a good year ahead and the harvest will be bountiful. Finally the procession reaches the shrine of the goddess, where the animals are sacrificed. Their blood is then mixed with rice in a toddy pot to scare away evil spirits. Finally the wooden or clay image is led out of the village, sometimes to be placed in a tank where it will disintegrate.

Similar procedures are followed in Karnataka, where the possession is an important aspect. The goddess will advise her devotees just like a mother or close friend.

Relationship with Vedic Hinduism
The Vedic and non-Vedic people assimilated from each other. Even though there are diversified characteristics between the Vedic and the folk tradition, various communities inducted these deities in their spectrum and created various sthalapuranas which emphasized the relation between these gods and goddesses from differing traditions. Often the Vedic deities were invoked to "legitimize" the lineage of the deity. In northern Tamil Nadu for instance, For example, a male deity called Kuttandavar is worshipped in many parts of Tamil Nadu, especially in the former South Arcot district. The image consists of a head like a big mask with a fierce face and lion's teeth projecting downwards outside the mouth. According to legend the creation of Kuttandavar, the god Indra, is for the crime of murdering a Brahmin, became incarnated in the form of Kuttandavar, and a curse was laid upon him that his body leaving only the head. Another story, from Chittoor district in Andhra Pradesh, is about Gangamma, the daughter of a Brahmin who unknowingly married a Dalit. This Dalit had claimed Brahmin status in order to learn the Vedas from Gangamma's father, but was unknowingly exposed by his mother who had visited. Ganga, distraught at being "polluted," burned herself to death, and her angry spirit cursed her husband and his mother to be reborn as a goat and sheep respectively, and to be sacrificed to her for all eternity. A similar myth was recorded in Kurnool district in the early 20th century for a goddess there. This myth, by vilifying the Dalits as nothing more than animals, and portraying the Brahmins as innocent victims, is meant to show the "disastrous consequences" of transgressing one's caste and to uphold caste boundaries.

Vedic deities and local village deities exist on multiple spectra, one of which is the Vedic idea of purity and pollution. However the most important contrast is the spectrum ranging from "soft" to "fierce." The "softest" deities are the Vedic deities: Vishnu, Shiva, and others, who are worshipped via vegetarian offerings solely. The fiercest deities are worshipped only through offerings of meat and alcohol, both considered "polluting" in Vedic scriptures. These are also the deities most commonly worshipped by Dalit communities, who often offer buffalos in Telugu and Kannada regions. Typically, the Vedic deities, although revered are seen as "big deities," concerned with the wider universe and not with the common man. The village deities, on the other hand, are accessible and are more concerned with the day-to-day woes of the villagers. Therefore, in times of need, it is the village deities that are turned to rather than the major Vedic deities. Therefore, their temples are usually maintained by donations from the people of the village and are in good condition, while Vedic temples are either administered by the government or often neglected due to lack of worship.

Many deities have made the transition from being independent folk deities worshipped with traditional rites to being assimilated as an avatara of one of the Vedic deities: it is believed that many of the most popular, such as Shiva, had non-Vedic origins. This often happens when a Vedic goddess (some form of Kali, Durga or Parvati usually) gains significant popularity and then all the gramadevatas are conflated with her. This process has resulted in many gramadevatas in the region around Hyderabad to be seen as avatars of Kali. Another way for the deities to make a transition is for a deity to gain significant popularity, thus ensuring they must be "legitimized." For instance, an army mason from Secunderabad became a devotee of Ujjain Mahankali and built a temporary temple for her. As the deity became more popular, she eventually got a permanent temple administered by his son and later a temple committee. During excavation they found an image of Manikyamba and installed it. They hired a Brahmin priest, and the Vedic chandi homam was done occasionally to ensure she became a Vedic deity who is largely peaceful. However she is also worshipped as a Neem tree in the temple courtyard and animal sacrifice is occasionally performed to her, showing her origin as a village deity. In addition, Yellamma is also worshipped here as a dasi (servant) of Mahankali, mirroring the relationship between Matangi and Yellamma. Yellamma, being a very popular goddess around Hyderabad, attracts many to the temple.

Assimilation
These transitions are primarily driven by a desire to assimilate into the dominant culture due to increased affluence. Because the Vedic religion is the "high" culture, when many from non-Vedic castes gain in affluence and status, they start to distance themselves from the "fierce" origins of their deities and assimilate them into the "superior" culture. Furthermore, when villages become absorbed by a city, their deities lose their agricultural significance, and so Vedic forms of worship are adopted. The form of the deity is also dependent on the primary adherents: for instance Sri Durgalamma in Visakhapatnam has been Sanskritised: Brahmin priests preside, animal sacrifices are not done inside the temple, and she is depicted with Vedic iconography, and is regarded as a peaceful avatara of Lakshmi. This is partly because the majority of devotees are middle-class housewives, to whom the beautiful consort of Vishnu is more palatable to worship than fearsome-looking Durga. The syncretism of the practices of mainstream Hinduism with the deities of the folk religions have the effect of lending them legitimacy in the eyes of most adherents of the faith, offering them greater influence, attracting more popularity, and also replacing them outright by a foreign deity. For instance, with the syncretism of Ayyappan with mainstream Vaishnavism and Shaivism elevated him as an extremely popular deity beyond his native Kerala.

The popular deities have evolved significantly over time. For example, Mariamman, another traditional folk deity, is highly influenced by the Vedic rituals. She is usually garlanded with skulls. But due to Vedic influence, the skull garland has been replaced by the lemon garland, and her malevolent appearance has been altered into a benevolent one. Sometimes, these processes of assimilation lead to the alteration of the deities. When the Brahmins stressed the holiness of the Vedic deities, they also denied the holiness of the deities of the folk tradition. They described the gods and goddesses of folk tradition either as subservient to Vedic deities, or they venerated these deities as capable of curing most potent contagious diseases.

However, the process of inclusivism can also be seen in popular temples dedicated to the deities of folk religion. For example, the Mariamman temples of Samayapuram, Punnainallur, Vazhangaiman in Tamil Nadu attract a large number of devotees. These larger temples for traditionally non-Vedic deities in fact have Brahmin priests, who perform rituals as per Vedic customs: including turning Mariamman into a suddhadevata (vegetarian deity) and performing kumbhabhishekam. With regard to the temples of folk tradition, Vinayakar, Murugan, Ayyappan and others, Vedic deities influence the deities of folk tradition such as Madurai Veeran and Karuppannasamy. The devotees of the folk tradition have begun to follow some customs and habits of higher castes in order to raise their social status, integrating them with the mainstream faith.

See also
 Murugan
 Urumi - a Folk musical instrument used in festivals and as an instrument of getting into trance.
 Veeramanidasan - popular Tamil devotional singer.
 Village deities of Sri Lankan Tamils

References

External links
Religious traditions of the Tamils
Village deities of Tamil Nadu
Village deities and hero stones of Tamil Nadu
Ayyanar to Ayyappan

Hindu deities

Village deities of South India


Gobler ( ) is an unincorporated community on the border between Dunklin and Pemiscot counties in the U.S. state of Missouri.  It is located nineteen miles west-southwest of Caruthersville and seven miles southeast of Kennett. The community is on Missouri Route NN and the old St. Louis Southwestern Railway line which is now Dunklin County Road 710.

It still has a post office open two hours a day, six days a week. Until a devastating fire in 1956, Gobler was the home of the Gobler Mercantile Company, a large general store established in 1937 that served the surrounding farming population.

The community is in the Delta C-7 consolidated school district, headquartered six miles northeast at Deering. Until 1963, Gobler was the site of the predecessor consolidated District C-6's segregated elementary school for African American students.

References

Unincorporated communities in Pemiscot County, Missouri
Unincorporated communities in Dunklin County, Missouri
Unincorporated communities in Missouri

Gobler, Missouri


Dilyara Nassyrova, better known as Dilka Bear (born 1977 in Almaty, Kazakhstan), is a Kazakh artist, illustrator and painter.

Biography
Dilka Bear studied Architecture at the Almaty University of Arts, in Kazakhstan. After working as an illustrator and a graphic designer for companies such as Cosmopolitan Kazakhstan, Grey Central Asia, Saatchi & Saatchi Kazakhstan, she devoted herself to painting. In 2005 she moved to Trieste, where she currently lives.

Her work has been shown in galleries in Rome, Amsterdam, Los Angeles, and Melbourne.

Influences and style
Influenced by the great masters of the past, such as Bruegel and Bosch, the Italian Renaissance, but also by contemporary artists such as Marion Peck and Ray Caesar, and by Grimms' Fairy Tales, Dilka Bear mainly paints with acrylics on table and "creates beautiful […] illustrations of young girls and their frank expressions that mirrors the worlds around them".

Her "dreamy" works – to use her own words – is often categorized as belonging to the Pop surrealism visual art movement.

Exhibitions

Group exhibitions
 1997 "Butterflies", Tribuna Art Gallery, Almaty, Kazakhstan
 1998 "Break 21", International Festival of Young Artists, Ljubljana, Slovenia
 1999 "Break 21", International Festival of Young Artists, Ljubljana, Slovenia
 1999 "The Line of Beauty", Art Manege '99 - Moscow, Russia
 2000 "Africa", Soros Centre of Contemporary Art, Almaty, Kazakhstan
 2001 The Cover of Daily Routine - Stuttgarter Kunstverein, Stuttgart, Germany
 2009 "Kokeshi: from Folk to Art Toy", Japanese American National Museum, Los Angeles, United States
 2011 "Italian Pop Surrealism", Mondo Bizzarro, Rome
 2012 "Run Away Circus", Auguste Clown Gallery, Melbourne, Australia
 2012 "Vanishing Point", Auguste Clown Gallery, Melbourne, Australia
 2013 "Draw", Auguste Clown Gallery, Melbourne, Australia
 2013 "Blue Hour", Auguste Clown Gallery, Melbourne, Australia
 2013 "Into the Wild", Strychnin Gallery, Berlin, Germany
 2013 "All Stars", 10 Years Anniversary Exhibition, Strychnin Gallery, Berlin, Germany
 2013 "Kingdom of Broken Dreams: Dilka Bear & Paolo Petrangeli", Flower Pepper Gallery, Pasadena, USA

Solo exhibitions
 2012 "Wild Escape", Mondo Bizzarro, Rome
 2013 "Sleepwalker's Dreams", Auguste Clown Gallery, Melbourne, Australia
 2014 "Forgotten Memories", Auguste Clown Gallery, Melbourne, Australia

Bibliography
vv.aa., Italian Pop Surrealism, Rome: Mondo Bizzarro, 2012
Dilka Bear, Modena: Logos edizioni, 2013
Dilka Bear, Su Anasi, Logos edizioni, 2015

References

1977 births
Living people
Kazakhstani women painters
Kazakhstani women illustrators
21st-century Kazakhstani painters
21st-century Kazakhstani women
People from Almaty
Artists from Trieste
Kazakhstani female comics artists

Dilka Bear


Hadopyrgus rawhiti is a critically endangered species of freshwater snail native to New Zealand.

Habitat
This snail has been found in only one location: a seepage by a waterfall in a stream between Hopewell & Raetihi, behind Double Bay, Kenepuru Sound. The population trend of this snail is currently unknown, but it is considered potentially threatened by habitat destruction.

Conservation status
In November 2018 the Department of Conservation classified Hadopyrgus rawhiti as Nationally Critical under the New Zealand Threat Classification System. The species was judged as meeting the criteria for Nationally Critical threat status as a result of it only being found in one location which was less than 1 ha in size.

References

Gastropods described in 2008
Endangered biota of New Zealand
Gastropods of New Zealand
Tateidae

Hadopyrgus rawhiti


Entergalactic (stylized in all caps) is a 2022 adult animated music television special created by American musician and actor Kid Cudi, that serves as a visual companion piece to the album of the same name. Initially announced as a television series, in August 2022, Entergalactic was then redeveloped as a TV special. The special premiered on September 30, 2022, exclusively on Netflix, simultaneously with the album.

Directed by Fletcher Moules, it is based on the album, which Cudi recorded before storyboarding the TV special. Alongside Cudi, it stars the voices of Jessica Williams, Timothée Chalamet, Ty Dolla Sign, Laura Harrier, Vanessa Hudgens, Christopher Abbott, 070 Shake, Teyana Taylor, Jaden Smith, Keith David, Arturo Castro, and Macaulay Culkin.

A romantic comedy, Entergalactic uses an art style inspired by that of I Lost My Body (2019) and When Harry Met Sally... (1989). Billed as a "television event", it received critical acclaim for its animation, visual style, music, and story. Entergalactic is dedicated to Cudi's deceased friend, American fashion designer Virgil Abloh, who served as a costume designer on the project before his death, with the release date coinciding with Abloh's birth date.

Synopsis
Jabari is a charming, streetwear-clad artist on the cusp of real success. After a chance run-in with his cool new photographer neighbor, Meadow, Jabari has to figure out whether he can make space for love in his life.

Voice cast

Production

Development
On July 23, 2019, Netflix announced that Kid Cudi and Ian Edelman would write and produce what was originally going to be an animated music TV series adaptation of Cudi's album Entergalactic. Cudi had previously collaborated with Edelman in 2010, on the HBO series How to Make It in America. Cudi serves as an executive producer alongside Kenya Barris, through their respective production companies Mad Solar and Khalabo Ink Society.

Kid Cudi originally planned for Entergalactic to be a live-action series, before Kenya Barris convinced him to make it an animated series. In a November 2019 interview, when speaking on the dual projects, Barris said, "The idea of there's never been an album and a series dropped at the same time, so each song will have a 30-minute narrative that kind of explains what that song is about and it's a love story . . . It's a youthful love story told through Cudi's music."

In September 2021, Cudi took to Twitter to thank the team that helped bring the project to fruition, and reassured fans they wouldn't be disappointed: "Wait til y'all hear and see Entergalactic. [You] have no idea. I really wanna thank Kenya Barris, Mike Moon, Elizabeth Porter and the whole team for believing in my vision and helping bring it to life. Everything about this show is next level. Ull see."

In an August 2022 interview with Esquire, Cudi revealed he recorded the music first—"a suite of songs on the beauty of being freed by love"—and worked backward to storyboard the narrative before hiring a writing team to script it.

On August 25, 2022, it was announced in a press release Entergalactic would instead be released as a television special. On October 1, Cudi clarified on Twitter: "Its a series but done in a very unique way broken up into chapters not episodes designed for binging! So, it feels like a movie [because] its an hour and a half and can be seen in one sitting but this is a series. Hope that makes sense. The goal is for more seasons."

Casting
In July 2019, Cudi was cast in the series. In June 2022, Jessica Williams, Timothée Chalamet, Ty Dolla Sign, Laura Harrier, Vanessa Hudgens, Christopher Abbott, 070 Shake, Teyana Taylor, Jaden Smith, Keith David, Arturo Castro, and Macaulay Culkin were revealed to be the rest of the cast. On June 8, Cudi revealed his real-life older sister, Maisha, would voice his on-screen older sister Ellie, among other voices.

Animation, design, and influences
The animation was handled by DNEG Animation in London, which also co-produced the special. A 3D map of New York was downloaded and rebuilt in the pipeline. Influences for the film's design were I Lost My Body (2019) and When Harry Met Sally... (1989).

Music

Kid Cudi's eighth solo album Entergalactic doubles as a soundtrack for the TV special. The album consists of original songs performed by Cudi, of which the TV special is based on.

Additionally, a film score composed entirely by American record producers Dot da Genius and Plain Pat, was released on October 14, 2022, by Netflix Music, LLC.

Other songs featured in the TV special include "By Design" by Kid Cudi featuring André 3000, "Inside My Love" by Minnie Riperton, "In My Bed (So So Def Mix)" by Dru Hill and "Feudal Castle" by Derek Fiechter and Brandon Fiechter.

All music composed by Dot da Genius and Plain Pat, except where noted.

Release
On September 15, 2021, Cudi revealed that the series, and the album, is set to premiere in 2022. In September 2021, Cudi released a short trailer in promotion for the Netflix series, which revealed the music would be produced by his longtime collaborators Dot da Genius and Plain Pat.

On April 24, 2022, Cudi wrote on Twitter: "Entergalactic is gonna be something really fucking special. Minds will melt. This cast?? The MUSIC?? Listen. [You] heard it here first. Remember this tweet. Stay tuned for more news in June!" On June 8, Netflix unveiled the "first look" at Entergalactic, in a trailer that also revealed the cast.

On June 10, the first original song created for the series, titled "Do What I Want", was issued on streaming platforms as the album's first official single. On July 12, Cudi revealed on Twitter, the official trailer for the show will premiere in August, featuring two new songs, with one of the songs set to be released as the second single. On September 12, Netflix unveiled a new trailer for Entergalactic, which included the aforementioned single, "Willing to Trust".

Reception

Critical response
 Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 77 out of 100, based on 10 critic reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Rendy Jones of Paste wrote, "Entergalactic is as sweet a romantic comedy as it is an ethereal animated odyssey. It's a stylish, colorful love letter to animation and the simplicity of Black love in the modern age. It feels like the lovechild between When Harry Met Sally and Spider-Verse for a Black demographic, who deserve stories like this no matter what medium they're presented in." Chase Hutchinson of Collider wrote, "A rare gem of an animated work, Kid Cudi guides us on a sublime journey that explores the bond between two people drawn together by love."

Justin Charity of The Ringer wrote, "It's saucy and cute, which is to say, it's a sharp attitude adjustment for such a dreary rapper and refreshingly effective as such. Netflix's Entergalactic is a feature-length promotional complement to his latest album, but it's also a creative breakthrough in its own right." Rachel Ho of Exclaim! gave it a 8/10 rating, stating that "the story of Jabari and Meadow may be one we all know very well, but it's the world of Entergalactic that captures the imagination, sonically and visually."

Joshua Alston of Variety concluded with "what's available of Entergalactic is frequently intoxicating. Director Fletcher Moules doesn't miss a single opportunity to add beautifully animated flourishes to the script written by Mescudi, Ian Edelman, and Maurice Williams. There are sublime musical numbers, for lack of a better term, that let Mescudi's music breathe and crank the visuals to 11. But the shifts between Entergalactics spacy elements and its grounded moments aren't always smooth, another consequence of the series-to-special evolution. There's much to love about Mescudi's love story, except the fact that there isn't more of it to love."

Accolades

Future
On October 1, 2022, Kid Cudi revealed via Twitter that while Entergalactic was "like a movie", its purpose was closer to that of a television pilot, revealing that he intended to produce "more seasons" ("hour and a half"-long films) making up an Entergalactic series, per the project's original announcement as being a television series. In December 2022, Cudi revealed that although Entergalactic is a standalone special, he is working on a new animated project.

References

External links

2022 films
2022 animated films
2022 computer-animated films
2022 romantic comedy-drama films
2020s American animated films
2020s American television specials
2020s animated television specials
2020s British animated films
2020s English-language films
2020s hip hop films
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Adult animated comedy films
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Entergalactic (TV special)


RMS Laconia was a Cunard ocean liner built by Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson, launched on 27 July 1911, with the wife of the U.S. Ambassador Mrs. Whitelaw Reid christening the vessel. Laconia was delivered to the Cunard Line on 12 December 1911, and began service on 20 January 1912. She was the first Cunard ship of that name. She was torpedoed and sunk on 25 February 1917 during World War I; 12 passengers were killed.

Laconia was intended for the Liverpool-Boston service with cruising from New York to the Mediterranean off season. The ship was the first British ship and first North Atlantic liner to be equipped with anti-roll tanks.

Drafted into war service

On the outbreak of World War I, Laconia was converted into an armed merchant cruiser in 1914. She was fitted with eight  guns and for a time she carried two seaplanes, which were housed on the quarterdeck. She was based at Simon's Town, South Africa in the South Atlantic, from which she patrolled the South Atlantic and Indian Ocean until April 1915. She was then used as a headquarters ship stationed at Zanzibar and engaged in operations for the capture of Tanga and the colony of German East Africa. She was mainly employed on patrol duties but on one occasion, was engaged at the bombardment of Tanga. She continued to serve on the East Africa station, and made several trips from Durban and Cape Town with troops for the army in British East Africa. Laconia returned home to the UK with a convoy in June 1916, with a large shipment of gold ingots from Cape Town, and was paid off at Devonport.

Returned to Cunard

She was handed back to Cunard in July 1916 and on 9 September resumed service.

On 25 February 1917, she was torpedoed by   northwest by west of Fastnet while returning from the United States to England with 75 passengers (34 first class and 41 second class) and a crew of 217 commanded by Captain Irvine. The first torpedo struck the liner on the starboard side just abaft the engine room, but did not sink her. 20 minutes later a second torpedo exploded in the engine room, again on the starboard side, and the vessel sank at 10:20 pm. A total of 12 people were killed; six crew and six passengers.  Two of the killed passengers were American citizens, Mrs. Mary Hoy and her daughter, Miss Elizabeth Hoy, who were originally from Chicago.  The death of the Hoys stirred up public opinion in America against the Germans, and raised public support for the United States entering the war.

Chicago Tribune reporter Floyd Gibbons was aboard Laconia when she was torpedoed and gained fame from his dispatches about the attack, his graphic account of the sinking read to both Houses of Congress and was credited with helping to push the United States into joining the war.

Rediscovery

In March 2009, it was announced that the wreck of Laconia was located in November 2008 and claimed by Odyssey Marine Exploration, Inc., a commercial archaeology company in Tampa, Florida. She was found about  off of the coast of Ireland. "Britain claims it is the legitimate owner of the wrecks because, under a wartime insurance scheme, it paid the owners of the vessels when they sank, in effect making the remains the property of the taxpayer." The search for the wreck was featured on an episode of Discovery Channel's Treasure Quest titled "The Silver Queen". Items salvaged were 852 bars of silver and 132 boxes of silver coins worth an estimated £3m. One of the artifacts recovered during their investigation of the wreck happened to be the remains of a left shoe that likely belonged to one of the ship's female passengers.

Legacy
After being found again, interest in it began to arise. In August 2023 a simulative video game, named Grand Voyage, was announced, having the Laconia as one of the featured ship.

References

Bibliography

External links

1911 ships
World War I Auxiliary cruisers of the Royal Navy
Maritime incidents in 1917
Ships built by Swan Hunter
Ships of the Cunard Line
Ships sunk by German submarines in World War I
Shipwrecks of Ireland
World War I cruisers of the United Kingdom
World War I passenger ships of the United Kingdom
World War I shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean

RMS Laconia (1911)


The Tibetan Army () was the armed forces of Tibet from 1913 to 1959. It was established by the 13th Dalai Lama shortly after he proclaimed the independence of Tibet in 1912, and was modernised with the assistance of British training and equipment. It was dissolved by the Chinese government following the failed 1959 Tibetan uprising.

Objectives

Internal

The Tibetan Army was established in 1913 by the 13th Dalai Lama, who had fled Tibet during the 1904 British expedition to Tibet and returned only after the fall of the Qing power in Tibet in 1911. During the revolutionary turmoil, the Dalai Lama had attempted to raise a volunteer army to expel all the ethnic Chinese from Lhasa, but failed, in large part because of the opposition of pro-Chinese monks, especially from the Drepung Monastery. The Dalai Lama proceeded to raise a professional army, led by his trusted advisor Tsarong, to counter "the internal threats to his government as well as the external ones".

The internal threats were mainly officials of the Gelug sect of Tibetan Buddhism, who feared British Christian and secular influence in the army, and who fought the defunding and taxing of the monasteries to feed military expenditures. The monasteries had populations rivaling Tibet's largest cities, and had their own armies of dob-dobs ("warrior monks"). As a result, those monks who feared modernisation (associated with Britain) turned to China, which being the residence of the 9th Panchen Lama, portrayed itself as an ally to the Tibetan conservatives. Residents evacuated the city during the Monlam Prayer Festival and Butter Lamp Festival of 1921, fearing violent confrontation between the monks and the Tibetan Army, which was eventually barred from Lhasa to keep the peace.

The Army also received opposition from the 9th Panchen Lama, who refused the Dalai Lama's requests to fund the Tibetan Army from the monasteries in the Panchen's domain. In 1923, the Dalai Lama deployed troops to capture him, and so he secretly fled to Mongolia. The Dalai and Panchen Lamas exchanged many hostile letters during the latter's exile about the authority of the central Tibetan government. Many monks perceived the Panchen's exile as a consequence of the Dalai Lama's militarisation and secularisation of Tibet. The Dalai Lama himself grew gradually more distrustful of the military upon hearing rumours in 1924 of a coup conspiracy, which was supposedly designed to strip him of his temporal power. In 1933, the 13th Dalai Lama died, and two regents assumed the head of government. The Tibetan Army was bolstered in 1937 by the perceived threat of the return of the Panchen Lama, who had brought arms back from eastern China.

External

By the time of the 1949 Chinese Revolution, Chinese Communists had consolidated control over most of eastern China, and sought to bring peripheral areas such as Tibet back into the fold. China was aware of the threat of guerrilla warfare on Tibet's high mountains, and sought to resolve Tibet's political status by negotiations. The Tibetan government stalled and delayed negotiations while bolstering its army.

In 1950, the Kashag embarked on a series of internal reforms, led by Indian-educated officials. One of these reforms allowed the Kashag's military chiefs, Surkhang Wangchen Gelek and Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme, to act independently of the government. Although the Kashag appointed a "Governor of Kham", the Tibetan Army did not have effective control over Kham, whose local warlords had long resisted central control from Lhasa. As a result, Tibetan officials feared the local people, in addition to the People's Liberation Army (PLA) across the Upper Yangtze River.

Military history

The Tibetan Army held the dominant military strength within political Tibet from 1912, owing to Chinese weakness because of the Japanese occupation of part of eastern China. With the assistance of British training, it aimed to conquer territories inhabited by ethnic Tibetans but controlled by Chinese warlords, and it successfully captured western Kham from the Chinese in 1917. Its claim to adjacent territories controlled by British India, however, strained its vital relations with Britain and then independent India, and then China's relationship with the latter. The 1914 Simla Accord with Britain was designed to settle Tibet's internal and external border issues, but for various reasons, including the refusal by the Chinese to accept it, warfare continued over territory in Kham.

The military authority of Tibet was located in Chamdo (Qamdo) from 1918, after it fell to Tibetan forces; during this time, the Sichuan warlords were occupied with fighting the Yunnan warlords, allowing the Tibetan army to defeat the Sichuan forces and conquer the region. The Tibetan Army was involved in numerous border battles against the Kuomintang and Ma Clique forces of the Republic of China. By 1932, the defeat of the Tibetan Army by the KMT forces limited all meaningful political control of the Tibetan government over the Kham region beyond the Upper Yangtze River. The Tibetan Army continued to expand its modern forces in the following years, and had about 5,000 regular soldiers armed with Lee–Enfield rifles in 1936. These troops were supported by an equal number of militiamen armed with older Lee–Metford rifles. In addition to these troops, who were mostly located along Tibet's eastern border, there was also Lhasa's garrison. The garrison included the Dalai Lhama's Bodyguard Regiment of 600 soldiers, who were trained by British advisors, 400 Gendarmerie, and 600 Kham regulars who were supposed to act as artillerymen, though they only had two functioning mountain guns. Furthermore, the Tibetan Army had access to great numbers of locally raised village militias. These militias were often only armed with medieval weapons or matchlocks, and of negligible military value. Nevertheless, they could hold their ground against the Chinese militias employed by the warlords.

The Tibetan Army's first encounter with the PLA was in May 1950 at Dengo, ninety miles from Chamdo. 50 PLA soldiers captured Dengo, which gave strategic access to Jiegu. After ten days, Lhalu Tsewang Dorje ordered a contingent of 500 armed monks and 200 Khampa militiamen to recapture Dengo. According to the historian Tsering Shakya, the PLA attack could have been to either put pressure on the Kashag or to test the Tibetan defence forces. Following repeated Tibetan refusals to negotiate, the PLA advanced toward Chamdo, where most of the Tibetan Army was garrisoned. The army's ability to actually resist the PLA was severely limited by its inadequate equipment, the hostility of the local Khampas, and the behavior of the Tibetan government. At first, government officials did not react at all upon being informed of the Chinese advance, and then commanded Chamdo commander Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme to flee. At this point, the Tibetan Army disintegrated and surrendered.

Order of Battle, 1950

A dmag-sgar () is equivalent to a regiment, while a mdav-dpon () means the commander of a military unit.
The 12th letter in the Tibetan alphabet, Na (), means "illness", so the number was dropped.
11th to 17th Dmag-Sgar were formed from 1932 to 1949 and equipped with outdated weapons, e.g. swords, spears, pistols, Russian muskets, and a few submachineguns and rifles

Armaments

During the army's initial formation, the Tibetan government established domestic arms industries as part of a series of modernization reforms. However, by the Simla Convention, British imports largely trumped over domestically-made weapons.

In 1950, the government also poured 400,000 rupees from the Potala treasury into its military, buying arms and ammunition from the British government, as well as the service of Indian military instructors. For an additional 100,000 rupees, the Kashag purchased 38 2-inch mortars; 63 Ordnance ML 3 inch Mortars; 14,000 2-inch mortar bombs; 14,000 3-inch mortar bombs, 294 Bren guns, 1260 rifles; 168 Sten guns; 1,500,000 rounds of .303 ammunition, and 100,000 rounds of Sten gun ammunition. From India, the Kashag bought 3.5 million rounds of ammunition.

However, the British were loath to create a too powerful Tibetan army, because of Tibet's irredentistic claims on British Indian territory. The Indians were also irritated with Tibet's large outstanding debts for purchased arms, and hesitated to fulfill additional Tibetan requests for arms until previous supplies were paid for.

In infrastructure, Lhasa established wireless base stations across the borderlands, such as Changtang (Qiangtang) and Chamdo. In 1937, the Tibetan Army had 20 detachments along its eastern frontier comprising 10,000 troops with 5000 Lee–Enfield rifles and six Lewis guns. Smaller battalions were stationed in Lhasa, and adjacent to Nepal and Ladakh. By 1949, 2500 Tibetan Army troops were stationed in Chamdo alone, and enlistment there increased by recruiting from Khampa militias.

Advisors
In 1914, Charles Alfred Bell, a British civil servant who was posted to Tibet, recommended the militarisation of Tibet and the recruitment of 15,000 soldiers to guard against "foreign foes and internal disturbances". The Tibetans eventually resolved to build a 20,000 man army, at a rate of 500 new recruits per year. Bell told the Tibetan government that when China governed Tibet, it did so on terms not favourable to Tibet, and had tried to extend its influence over the Himalayan states (Sikkim, Bhutan, Ladakh), threatening British India. Also, Britain wanted a "barrier against Bolshevist influence". Under this reasoning, Bell proposed to the British government that Tibet be able to import munitions from India yearly; that the British government would provide training and equipment to Tibet; that British mining prospectors could inspect Tibet; and that an English school be established in Gyangze. By October 1921, all of the proposals were accepted.

The government of Tibet had many foreigners in its employ, including Britons Reginald Fox, Robert W. Ford, Geoffrey Bull, and George Patterson; Austrians Peter Aufschnaiter and Heinrich Harrer; and the Russian Nedbailoff. The army, in particular, had Japanese, Chinese, and British influence, although the British influence was of such an extent that the Tibetan officers gave their commands in English, and the Tibetan band played tunes including "God Save the King" and "Auld Lang Syne".

From the fall of the Qing Dynasty, which had effectively controlled Tibet, to the 1949 Chinese Revolution, a Chinese mission remained in Lhasa. The mission repeatedly attempted to reestablish the office of the Qing Amban, interfered with the enthronement of the 13th Dalai Lama, and presented the Tibetan aristocratic government (Kashag) with a list of demands for the restoration of effective Chinese sovereignty. Following the advice of British consul Hugh Richardson, the Kashag summoned Tibetan Army troops on 8 July 1949 from Shigatse and Dingri to expel all the Han Chinese people from Lhasa. The expulsion prompted Chinese accusations of a plot to turn Tibet into a British colony, and a consequent vow to "liberate" it.

After 1951
After the Battle of Chamdo and the Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China, the Tibetan Army kept its remaining force. By 1958 the Tibetan Army was composed of five dmag-sgars (regiments); the 1st to 4th Dmag-Sgar and the 6th Dmag-Sgar.

The 5th Dmag-Sgar, though it remained after 1951, was disbanded in 1957 because of the financial crisis of the Tibetan administration. The 9th Dmag-Sgar, which fought in the Battle of Chamdo, was incorporated into the People's Liberation Army (PLA) as the 9th Mdav-Dpon Infantry Regiment () of the Tibet Military Region.

All but the 3rd Dmag-Sgar took part in the 1959 Tibetan uprising and were defeated by the People's Liberation Army. After the uprising, all remaining Tibetan Army units were disbanded, marking the end of the Tibetan Army.

The 9th Mdav-Dpon Infantry Regiment remained in the PLA order of battle until April 1970, when the regiment was officially disbanded. The regiment took part in the suppression on 1959 Tibetan uprising and the Sino-Indian War.

See also
Dogan Penjor Rabgye

References

Citations

Sources
 Cited works

External links

 TibArmy

Military history of Tibet
Military units and formations established in 1912
Armies by country
1912 establishments in Tibet
Disbanded armies

Tibetan Army


Roger Whitley (1618 – 17 July 1697) was a royalist officer in the English Civil War, attaining the rank of Major General (2nd in command of their forces in the battle for the Isle of Anglesey) and was closely involved throughout the 1650s in plans for a royalist uprising against the Interregnum and Protectorate regimes. He had accompanied the young King Charles II into exile and carried the kings orders into Cheshire on the rising of forces, under Lord Delamere, at the eve of the Restoration.

He was a younger son of Thomas Whitley, of Hawarden, Flintshire and educated at Christ Church, Oxford and entered Gray's Inn in 1637.

He was a supernumerary Gentleman Usher of the Privy Chamber from 1644 and held a number of public offices including that of Quarter-Master General (1667), Knight Harbinger in attendance to the Prince of Orange (1670–71) and of Deputy Postmaster-General from 1672 until 1677.

He was elected a Member of the Convention Parliament of 1660, and of every subsequent Parliament until his defeat in the 1690 election.  He represented the north-east Welsh borough constituency of Flint from 1660 until 1681. He was then elected in Chester and served as MP 1681–1685 and 1689–1690. He returned to represent Chester in 1695, until his death two years later.  Whitley was a prominent Whig politician and a powerful figure in Chester. He was made a Freeman of Chester in 1666, an alderman from 1680 to 1684 and from August 1688 to his death, treasurer for 1688–89 and mayor in 1692–1696. He was also appointed Custos Rotulorum of Flintshire for October–November 1689 and a Gentleman of the Privy Chamber from the same year until his death.

He married Charlotte, the daughter of Sir Charles Gerard of Halsall, Lancashire, Earl of Macclesfield, and had three sons and six daughters. His massive diary details his social circle and everyday routine.

References

 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: 'Whitley, Roger', by Paul D. Halliday

External links
 Roger Whitley's Diary: an edition of Whitley's diary on British History Online. Not previously published, this new transcription appeared in 2004.

1618 births
1697 deaths
Mayors of Chester
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Members of Gray's Inn
Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for constituencies in Wales
English MPs 1660
English MPs 1661–1679
English MPs 1679
English MPs 1680–1681
English MPs 1689–1690
English MPs 1695–1698
Cavaliers
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Roger Whitley


Ole Georg Gjøsteen (9 February 1854 – 19 June 1936) was a Norwegian educator and politician for the Norwegian Labour Party.

Personal life
He was born in Stord, and was the older brother of politician and educationalist Johan David Haslund Gjøstein.

In October 1877 he married Emilie Josefine Sundbye. The couple had seven daughters and four sons.

Career
An instrument maker by profession, Gjøsteen became involved in the growing worker's movement in Norway. He became a member of Kristiania Arbeidersamfund in 1871, and as political parties were established in the 1880s, Gjøsteen joined the radical wing of the Liberal Party. From 1888 to 1891 he chaired De forenede norske arbeidersamfund.

During this period Gjøsteen was among the founding members of the Norwegian Union of Iron and Metalworkers, and he also left the Liberal Party to found the more radical Norwegian Labour Party in 1887. He chaired this party nationally, from 1892 to 1893. He was elected to Kristiania city council in 1895, and served until 1919. Although not a member of Parliament, he marked himself as a proponent of universal suffrage and dissolution of the personal union between Sweden and Norway. General suffrage would be introduced in 1898 for men, and 1913 for women, whereas the union was dissolved in 1905.

In the field of education, Gjøsteen served as a member of the school board in Kristiania from 1896 to 1923, chairing it from 1914 to 1919. He worked to build the public primary school into a basis for further education, and to strengthen the secondary education. He strongly supported the idea of the comprehensive school, to the point of being called "the father of the comprehensive school in Norway".

References

1854 births
1935 deaths
Norwegian educators
People from Stord
Politicians from Oslo
Norwegian trade unionists
Leaders of the Labour Party (Norway)
Burials at Old Aker Cemetery

Ole Georg Gjøsteen


Ángel Pulido Fernández (1852–1932) was a Spanish physician, publicist and Liberal politician, who stood out as prominent philosephardite during the Restoration.

Biography
Born on 2 February 1852 in the calle de las Infantas, Madrid, to a humble Catholic family of Asturian origin. He took studies in Medicine during the Sexenio Democrático (1868–1874).

He vowed to rebuild the links between and the Sephardi Jews, descendant of those expelled from the Iberian Peninsula in the late 15th century. He coined the expression españoles sin patria (Spaniards without a homeland) to refer to Sephardi Jews. His brand of Philosephardism, marked by a racialist approach, was not exempt, not unlike other philosephardists, from a certain degree of Islamophobia, and also stressed the superiority of Sephardi Jews over Ashkenazim. Aside from the pro-Sephardi cause, he also campaigned for humanization of the death penalty, for the professionalization of veterinarians, in favour of blind people and in favour of conscription.

He became a member of the National Royal Academy of Medicine. Elected Senator by the Academy of Medicine in 1899, and later in 1903 by the University of Salamanca, Pulido became a Senator for life in 1910.

He died on 4 December 1932.

References

Bibliography

1852 births
1932 deaths
Members of the Senate of Spain
Philosephardism in Spain
19th-century Spanish physicians
20th-century Spanish physicians
Spanish people of Asturian descent
Politicians from Madrid
Proponents of scientific racism

Ángel Pulido


Aline Sleutjes (July 26, 1979) is an administrative assistant, physical education professional, teacher and Brazilian politician affiliated with the Republican Party of the Social Order (PROS). She currently serves as a federal deputy.

Personal and professional life

A descendant of Dutch (Dutch) who immigrated to Brazil, his paternal grandparents, Maria Anna van der Heijden and Adrianus Martinus Sleutjes, were born in the Netherlands and together with their children left the country in 1949. Together with other Dutch families, they settled in the colony of Holambra, in the region of Campinas, in São Paulo. In 1953 the Sleutjes family took up residence in the Campos Gerais region, in the municipality of Castro, in Paraná, devoting themselves to agriculture and livestock. Daughter of Albertus Maria Sleutjes and Lilia Krelling Sleutjes, Aline was born in the city of Castro in 1979.

A resident of one of the largest dairy basins in the country, at the age of eight she was already helping with the family vocation, helping her father, who is Dutch, to deliver milk in the neighborhood. From 14 to 15 years old she was secretary of an academy, being her first de facto job and already in high school she was president of the student union.

In 1997 Aline graduated in physical education from the UEPG. In 2012, Sleutjes completed her postgraduate studies in School Management at Centro Universitário Barão de Mauá, in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo.

In the professional field, Sleutjes was coordinator of the Department of Sport and Leisure, in the Municipality of Castro, from 2000 to 2004; she was also coordinator and director of Escola Nova Geração, from 2009 to 2012, and director of Colégio Sepam, from 2016 to 2017, both in the city of Castro; and also parliamentary advisor, being chief of staff to state deputy Ricardo Arruda (PSL), at the Legislative Assembly of Paraná, in 2017.

Sleutjes is married and has three children. She is Roman Catholic.

Political career
In 1998 Aline Sleutjes joined the PSDB and began her political trajectory in the 2000 municipal elections when she ran for Castro in summer, but was unsuccessful.
She was elected councilor in the 2004 municipal elections, still by the PSDB.

For the 2008 elections, she joined the DEM), running for vice-mayor and having the businesswoman and farmer, Maria Helena de Albuquerque, former councilwoman and also the DEM, as a candidate for mayor. However, that plate was defeated, and Moacyr Elias Fadel Junior, from the PMDB), was elected mayor.

In the 2012 municipal elections, Sleutjes was voted the most voted councilor, with 1,298 votes then by the PSDC. She was also a candidate for state deputy for the PSDC in the 2014 state elections and ended up not being elected, although she was the most voted of the party and the coalition, obtaining 19,059 votes. In the 2016 municipal elections, she ran for mayor for the PR, with the vice presidential candidate Régis Moreno, of the Republicans. The ticket, which received support from PV, PSDC, PEN and PT, was in third place, with 9,271 votes,
and Moacyr Elias Fadel Junior (PMDB), was then elected again.

In 2020, after the Attorney General of the Republic Augusto Aras, asked for the investigation to be opened after acts carried out on April 19 across the country, the Supreme Federal Court launched an investigation to investigate the organization of acts against democracy. Aline is one of ten federal deputies who had breached bank secrecy as a measure taken to identify funders of anti-democratic demonstrations that called for the closure of Congress, the Supreme Court and the reissue of AI-5.

Chamber of Deputies

In the 2018 elections, Sleutjes was elected federal deputy for Paraná, reaching 33,628 votes (0.59% of those valid), in the PSL / PTC / PATRI coalition, being the only woman elected by her party in the state and by the coalition. Defending a conservative agenda, she took office on February 1, 2019. On May 28, she took over as vice president of PSL Mulher, with Senator Soraya Thronicke of Mato Grosso do Sul as president.

As a parliamentarian she was the author of the request that asks the Ministry of the Environment the possibility of revising the decree of the federal government of March 23, 2006, which establishes the creation of the Campos Gerais National Park, being able to extinguish it as a conservation unit, being therefore, the initiative supported by the ruralist wing and partially repudiated by the academic and environmentalist wing.

References

External links
 Official Page
Aline Sleutjes on Facebook
 Aline Sleutjes on Instagram
 Aline Sleutjes on Twitter
 Profile in the Chamber of Deputies

1979 births
Living people
Brazilian Roman Catholics
Brazilian people of Dutch descent
Academics of physical education and sport
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Brazil) from Paraná
Conservatism in Brazil
Democrats (Brazil) politicians
Brazilian Social Democracy Party politicians
Christian Democracy (Brazil) politicians
Social Liberal Party (Brazil) politicians
People from Paraná (state)
Republican Party of the Social Order politicians
Brazil Union politicians

Aline Sleutjes


Forbidden is a 1984 drama film directed by Anthony Page and starring Jacqueline Bisset, Jürgen Prochnow and Irene Worth. The plot is inspired by the life of Maria von Maltzan originally told in the non-fiction book The Last Jews in Berlin by Leonard Gross about a countess who hides her Jewish boyfriend in her apartment in World War II. It was a co-production between the UK and West Germany. It was broadcast on television in the US, but released in cinemas in other countries.

Plot
German countess Nina von Halder is a student in veterinary medicine in Berlin, Germany on the eve of World War II. Ostracised by her family due to her liberal views and opposition to the Nazi government, she lives alone, independent and strong-willed. The film opens with Nina studying at the library the day Germany invades Poland. She is angered and tells a classmate she knows the reasons Hitler gave for the invasion (to allegedly rescue ethnic Germans from Polish oppression) are a pack of lies.

One day while on errands Nina witnesses two Hitler Youth boys attacking a vendor. She also sees a man attempting to help the vendor. She confronts them and demands to know why he is being attacked. They say they beat him because he sells to Jews. She tells them to leave the man alone or she will report them to her brother-in-law, a high-ranking officer. Later, while attending an informal party hosted by her friend, she recognises the man who came to the assistance of the vendor. Her friend, Erica, tells her that his name is Fritz Friedlaender and he is a writer. She is immediately attracted to him, but Erica warns Nina that it would be illegal to date him under the Nuremberg Laws because he is Jewish. The headstrong Nina ignores this advice, however, and begins a relationship with him.

When he returns home, he finds Nina desperately waiting for him. He tells her what happened. She has worse news for him; the Resistance has discovered that the Nazis are taking the Jews to concentration death camps in occupied Poland and gassing them. She still believes his mother is still safe in Theresienstadt. She then tells him about a train going to Switzerland. She and her friends are smuggling several Jews on board. She professes her love for him, but wants him to go where he will be safe. That night, they go to the railway depot, where he and other refugees are placed in boxes with a small supply of food and water. As she leaves, she sees Fritz running up to her; he loves her so much that he's unable to leave her. Together they return home.

During the war's closing months, Germany is invaded by the Soviet Union in 1945. Nina knows that the Russians want revenge for the millions of their countrymen murdered by the Third Reich. Attempting to hide in the cellar, they are caught by the Russians and forced outside. Nina yells to the soldiers that Fritz is Jewish, but they ignore her. Once outside, Fritz is forced to kneel as the Russians prepare to shoot him. He starts singing "Shema Israel". The Russian soldier lowers his gun and says that he is Jewish too. During the voice-over while the camera pans over a bombed-out and devastated Berlin, Nina tells the audience that Ruth Friedlaender is eventually transferred from Theresienstadt to Auschwitz, where she is gassed. Eventually Nina and Fritz marry; Fritz dies in 1974.

See also
List of Holocaust films

External links

1984 films
1984 television films
1984 drama films
English-language German films
Films about Nazi Germany
Films directed by Anthony Page
Films set in Berlin
German drama films
Holocaust films
West German films
1980s British films
1980s German films
British drama television films
1980s English-language films

Forbidden (1984 film)


The Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity is a UNESCO award which recognises the special cultural activities round the world. By "oral and intangible" is meant activities of people which leave no permanent trace.

The award was started in 2001. It hopes to "raise awareness of intangible cultural heritage, and encourage local communities to protect them and the local people who do these forms of cultural expressions". Several manifestations of intangible heritage around the world were awarded the title of Masterpieces to recognize the value of the non-material component of culture.

The list is: UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.

UNESCO
Traditions


Sid Ahmed Ghozali () (born 31 March 1937 in Maghnia, Algeria) is an Algerian politician who was the Prime Minister of Algeria from 1991 to 1992.

Early life
He was a member of the National Liberation Front party and an ally of President Houari Boumedienne, under whom he served as head of Sonatrach from 1966 to 1977, when he became Minister of Energy and Industry.   He was removed from this post by the new president Chadli Bendjedid in 1979, becoming ambassador to France, but was brought back in 1988 as Minister of Finance until 1989, then foreign minister until 1991. On 5 June 1991 he succeeded Mouloud Hamrouche as Prime Minister; he remained Prime Minister following the January 1992 resignation of Bendjedid and takeover by the military, but he resigned on 8 July that year, shortly after the assassination of Mohammed Boudiaf.  He ran for president in the 1999 elections, and attempted to do so again in 2004, but was disqualified by the Constitutional Council.

References

  Maroc-Hebdo
 L'Humanité

External links

1937 births
Living people
National Liberation Front (Algeria) politicians
People from Maghnia
Algerian expatriates in France
Energy ministers of Algeria
Finance ministers of Algeria
Foreign ministers of Algeria
Industry ministers of Algeria
21st-century Algerian people

Sid Ahmed Ghozali


Warner Bros. Discovery Sports (also known as WBD Sports and formerly known as Turner Sports) is the division of Warner Bros. Discovery (WBD) that is responsible for sports broadcasts on its parent company's various channels in the United States, including TBS, TNT, and TruTV. It also operates the online digital media outlets for the NCAA, NBA, PGA Tour, and PGA of America. WBD Sports also operates the sports news website Bleacher Report, as well as NBA TV on behalf of the NBA. It also owns a minority share in the MLB Network. Internationally, another Warner Bros. Discovery Sports-branded division operates Eurosport in Europe.

Turner also owned WPCH-TV, the former WTBS, which was the longtime television home for Major League Baseball's Atlanta Braves. This relationship ended after the 2013 season. WPCH-TV was itself sold to Meredith Corporation in 2017 (which operated the station under a local marketing agreement since 2011 with CBS affiliate WGCL-TV), then to Gray Television in 2021.

Following AT&T's acquisition of Time Warner in 2018, it was announced in March 2019 that the Turner Broadcasting System would be dissolved, and its assets dispersed into Warner Bros. and two new units. Turner Sports was combined with CNN and AT&T SportsNet into a new division known as WarnerMedia News & Sports, led by CNN president Jeff Zucker. In October 2020, Turner Sports announced a partnership with DraftKings to be the exclusive provider of daily fantasy and sports betting information for most Turner Sports and Bleacher Report properties, excluding the NBA due to its league-wide deal with competitor FanDuel.

In 2022, Warner Bros. Discovery was formed with the spin-off of WarnerMedia by AT&T, and its merger with Discovery, Inc. Turner Sports was then renamed as Warner Bros. Discovery Sports, with the brand also being used for the division that manages Discovery's existing European and international sports assets such as Eurosport, Golf Digest, TNT Sports, and Global Cycling Network.

History

The division began in the 1970s as the sports division of Turner Broadcasting System's basic cable networks, with separate TBS Sports and TNT Sports brands for TBS and TNT, respectively. In 1995, a unified Turner Sports rebranding began to be used, accompanied by an intro and outro sequence featuring the voice of CNN Headline News anchor Don Harrison and music from Edd Kalehoff. In 1996, Turner Sports became a division of Time Warner after it merged with Turner Broadcasting System.

In August 2012, Turner Sports acquired the sports news website Bleacher Report for $175 million.

In 2018, Turner Sports launched a subscription streaming service as a branch of Bleacher Report, known as B/R Live; it would be anchored by Turner's recently-acquired rights to the UEFA Champions League, while also featuring content from the NCAA, NBA League Pass, and others.

Following AT&T's acquisition of Time Warner in 2018, it was announced in March 2019 that the Turner Broadcasting System would be dissolved, and its assets dispersed into Warner Bros. and two new units. Turner Sports was combined with CNN and the AT&T SportsNet regional sports networks into a new division known as WarnerMedia News & Sports, led by CNN president Jeff Zucker.

In October 2020, Turner Sports announced a partnership with DraftKings to be the exclusive provider of daily fantasy and sports betting information for most Turner Sports and Bleacher Report properties, excluding the NBA due to its league-wide deal with competitor FanDuel.

Current properties
 NBA on TNT (1989–present)
 Exclusive national regular season Tuesday  (1989–2019 (second half after the All-Star break), 2020–present (full season)) and Thursday night games (1989–2019 (full season), 2020–present (after New Year's)).
 Martin Luther King Day games (annually)
 NBA All-Star Weekend (2003–present)
 Rising Stars Challenge
 Slam Dunk Contest
 Three-Point Contest
 Skills Challenge
 All-Star Game (alternate presentation on TBS)
 Inside the NBA
 NBA play-in tournament:
 Exclusive 7–8 seeded games, both conferences (2022–present).
 Exclusive Eastern Conference No. 8 seed game (odd-numbered years)
 Exclusive Western Conference No. 8 seed game (even-numbered years)
 NBA Playoffs (1990–present)
 First round (generally Sundays through Thursdays, and selected Saturday games, co-exists with regional broadcasts)
 Second round (generally Sundays through Wednesdays, and selected Saturday games)
 Exclusive Eastern Conference Finals (odd-numbered years)
 Exclusive Western Conference Finals (even-numbered years)
 Spanish language simulcasts on CNN en Español in the United States.
 Major League Baseball on TBS (2007–present)
 Tuesday night games (2022–present) (1 game every week during the regular season, co-exists with regional broadcasts)
 MLB Leadoff
 MLB Closer
 MLB postseason (select playoff games/overflow on TNT)
 American League Division Series and Championship Series (even-numbered years)
 National League Division Series and Championship Series (odd-numbered years)
 NHL on TNT (2021–present)
 Up to 72 exclusive national games per-season (Wednesdays and some Sundays in the second half of the season)
 NHL Face Off
 NHL Post Game
 Winter Classic (annually)
 Thanksgiving Showdown (even-numbered years)
 Stadium Series (selected years, depending on scheduling conflicts)
 Heritage Classic (selected years, the Heritage Classic is not held every season)
 Stanley Cup Playoffs (games also on TBS)
 Selected first and second round games (on TNT primarily on days when not airing the NBA, depending on which league begins their postseason first or if both leagues start their playoffs at roughly the same time; TBS may broadcast on any day when not airing MLB or AEW wrestling; first round co-exists with regional broadcasts)
 One exclusive conference finals series per season (ESPN/ABC has first choice as to which conference to air, TNT then broadcasts the other series).
 Exclusive Stanley Cup Finals (odd-numbered years on TNT; TBS and truTV may also air simulcasts or alternative broadcasts).
NHL Awards (odd-numbered years on TNT; alternates with ESPN).
 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship (2011–present; in partnership with CBS Sports)
 First Four on truTV (except for 2021 which aired on both truTV and TBS)
 First and second rounds on TNT, TBS, and truTV with CBS
 Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight split between TBS and CBS
 Final Four in 2014 and 2015 on TBS
 Final Four and National Championship in even-numbered years from 2016 until 2032 (except 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic in the United States) (airs on TBS; TNT and truTV may also air simulcasts or alternative broadcasts)
 ELeague (Turner Sports/WME-IMG Partnership, since 2016)
 All Elite Wrestling
 AEW Dynamite (2019–present) (aired on TNT, 2019–2021) (airs on TBS, 2022–present)
 AEW Rampage (2021–present) (airs on TNT)
 AEW Battle of the Belts (2022–present) (airs on TNT)
 AEW Collision (2023-present) (airs on TNT)
 Ring of Honor
 Ring of Honor PPVs (2022–present) (airs on Bleacher Report)
 Golf
 The Match (2018–present) (airs on TNT)
 U.S. Soccer (2023–present)
 United States men's and women's national team home matches (such as friendlies and FIFA World Cup qualification home matches).
 U.S. Open Cup (airs on Bleacher Report)
 SheBelieves Cup
 All matches airs on TNT, airs on TBS select matches.

Other properties
 NBA TV (managed on behalf of the NBA)
 MLB Network (16.67% with Major League Baseball, Comcast, Charter Communications and Cox Communications)
 Golf Digest (magazine)
 Motor Trend Group
 Motor Trend
 Hot Rod (magazine)
 Four Wheeler (magazine)
 Motor Trend (magazine)

Warner Bros. Discovery Sports Interactive properties
 NCAA.com
 Starting with the 2010–11 academic year and continuing through 2031–32, Turner has digital rights to all NCAA championships across all divisions in all sports except football. Under the deal, Turner also manages NCAA.com.
 NBA.com
 PGA.com
 Bleacher Report
 In February 2019, Turner announced a deal with casino operator Caesars Entertainment Corporation to open a Bleacher Report studio in the sportsbook at Caesars Palace to produce sports betting programming and gaming-related editorial content. The new studio is expected to begin distributing this content by early summer 2019.
 House of Highlights (NBA coverage only)
 B/R Hoops (March Madness coverage only)
 B/R Walk-Off (MLB coverage only)
 B/R Open Ice (NHL coverage only)

Warner Bros. Discovery Sports Europe properties
 Eurosport
 Eurosport 1
 Eurosport 2
 Eurosport 2 Xtra (Germany)
 Global Cycling Network
 GCN+
 TNT Sports (United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland) (joint venture with BT Group))

Former properties
 AT&T Sports Networks, LLC
 AT&T SportsNet Pittsburgh
 AT&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain
 AT&T SportsNet Southwest
 Root Sports Northwest (29% with Baseball Club of Seattle, LP)
 GolfTV
 NASCAR.com (2001–2013)
 NASCAR.COM, and the organization's other digital and social media platforms, were managed by Turner Sports from 2001 to 2013.
 PGATOUR.COM (2006–2012)
 Turner Sports New Media partnered with the PGA Tour to operate PGATOUR.com, the official site of the tour.
 UEFA (2018–19 until most matches at the round of 16 in 2019–20, originally until 2020–21)
 UEFA Super Cup (2018 and 2019 only)
 UEFA Youth League

Turner South
 Atlanta Braves baseball
 Atlanta Hawks basketball
 Atlanta Thrashers hockey

CNN/SI
 National Lacrosse League
 Women's United Soccer Association

TBS
 Atlanta Hawks basketball
 Atlanta Flames NHL hockey
 Atlanta Chiefs NASL soccer
 Clash of the Champions (1988-1997)
 College Basketball on TBS (1982–1986)
 College Football on TBS (1982–2006)
 Goodwill Games (1986, 1990, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2001)
 Braves TBS Baseball (1973–2007)
 Gator Bowl (1993–1994)
 NASCAR on TBS (1983–2000)
 NBA on TBS (1984-2002, Still used as an overflow feed for the NBA on TNT)
 NCAA Beach Volleyball Championship (2016 & 2017)
 Southeastern Conference sports
 U.S. Olympic Gold (1989–1992)
World Championship Wrestling
 WCW All Nighter (1994-1995)
 WCW Main Event (1988-1998)
 WCW Power Hour (1989-1994)
 WCW Pro (1994-1998)
 WCW Thunder (1998–2001)
 WCW Saturday Night (1972–2001)

TNT
 NFL on TNT (1990–1997)
 Olympics on TNT (1992, 1994, 1998) (co-produced with CBS)
 Tennis on TNT (2000–2002)
 FIFA World Cup (1990)
 Women's United Soccer Association
 NASCAR on TNT (2001–2014) (co-produced with NBC from 2001 to 2006)
 WCW Monday Nitro (1995–2001)
 Alliance of American Football (2019) (co-produced with CBS/CBS Sports Network/NFL Network)
 Golf on TNT
 PGA Championship (through 2019)
 First and second rounds, early coverage of third and fourth.
 Title Night (1998–2000) (co-produced with CBS)
 UEFA Europa League
 Final
 UEFA Champions League
 46 matches

truTV
 MetroPCS Friday Night Knockout (2015) (co-produced with HBO)

B/R Live
 Belgian First Division A
 Polish Cup
 Scottish Professional Football League
 Scottish League Cup
 Scottish Challenge Cup
 Swedish Cup
 Swiss Cup
 UEFA Europa League
 All matches on B/R Live for subscribers or pay-per-match.
 Select qualification stage matches on B/R Live
 UEFA Champions League
 All matches on B/R Live for subscribers or pay-per-match.
 Select qualification stage matches on B/R Live

First-run syndication
 WCW WorldWide (1975-2001)

Prime Sports
 WCW Prime (1995-1996)

Notable WBD Sports personalities (past and present)
 denotes deceased.

 Kate Abdo
 Kenny Albert
 Marv Albert
 David Aldridge
 Adam Alexander
 Brian Anderson
 Debbie Antonelli
 Colby Armstrong
 Stephane Auger
 Shane Bacon
 Ian Baker-Finch
 Rick Ball
 Charles Barkley
 Rick Barry
 Brent Barry
 Allen Bestwick
 Eric Bischoff
 Paul Bissonnette
 Carter Blackburn
 Dan Bonner
 Jennifer Botterill
 Thom Brennaman
 Bob Brenly
 Hubie Brown
 Brendan Burke
 Lisa Byington
 Chip Caray
 Skip Caray
 Anson Carter
 Andrew Catalon
 Vince Cellini
 Darren Clarke
 Doug Collins
 Bob Costas
 Jamal Crawford
 Wally Dallenbach Jr.
 Ron Darling
 Seth Davis
 Spero Dedes
 Ian Eagle
 Dennis Eckersley
 Tarik El-Bashir
 Darren Eliot
 Excalibur
 Marc Fein
 Larry Fitzgerald
 John Forslund
 Mike Fratello
 Kevin Frazier
 Rick Fox
 Butch Goring
 Dave Goucher
 Kevin Garnett
 Jean-Luc Grand-Pierre
 Curtis Granderson
 Draymond Green
 Wayne Gretzky
 Natalie Gulbis
 Greg Gumbel
 Pat Haden
 Randy Hahn
 Kevin Harlan
 Brendan Haywood
 Taryn Hatcher
 Bret Hedican
 Bobby Heenan
 Grant Hill
 Kevin Kelly
 Shane Hnidy
 Shannon Hogan
 Scott Hudson
 Trevor Immelman
 Andre Iguodala
 Jim Jackson (NBA)
 Jim Jackson (NHL)
 Peter Jacobsen
 Dana Jacobson
 Chris Jericho
 Avery Johnson
 Ernie Johnson, Jr.
 Ernie Johnson, Sr.
 Gus Johnson
 Magic Johnson
 Lewis Johnson
 Keith Jones
 Mike Joy
 Rick Kamla
 Nabil Karim
 Clark Kellogg
 Steve Kerr
 Don Koharski
 Kyle Korver
 Allie LaForce
 Steve Lavin
 Adam Lefkoe
 Verne Lundquist
 Henrik Lundqvist
 Kristen Ledlow
 Alyson Lozoff
 Eli Manning
 Buck Martinez
 Jamal Mayers
 Tom McCarthy
 Gary McCord
 Liam McHugh
 Mike McKenna
 Steve McMichael
 Nigel McGuinness
 Larry McReynolds
 Brad Meier
 Phil Mickelson
 Meaghan Mikkelson
 Cheryl Miller
 Reggie Miller
 Von Miller
 Pedro Martínez
 Chris Myers
 Jim Nantz
 Steve Nash
 Bob Neal
 Shaquille O'Neal
 Brad Nessler
 Gene Okerlund
 Eddie Olczyk
 Rosalyn Gold-Onwude
 Renee Paquette
 Darren Pang
 Candace Parker
 Benny Parsons
 Phil Parsons
 Pat Perez
 Kyle Petty
 Bill Raftery
 Dave Randorf
 Jackie Redmond
 Drew Remenda
 Amanda Renner
 Ian Riccaboni
 Cal Ripken Jr.
 Taylor Rooks
 A.J. Ross
 Jim Ross
 Vince Russo
 Craig Sager
 Bryce Salvador
 Dennis Scott
 Steve Smith
 Tony Schiavone
 Patrick Sharp
 Lauren Shehadi
 Ralph Sheheen
 Jody Shelley
 Joe Simpson
 Kenny Smith
 John Smoltz
 Gary Sheffield
 Gordon Solie
 Jim Spanarkel
 Dick Stockton
 Don Sutton
 Gene Steratore
 Casey Stern
 Julie Stewart-Binks
 Wally Szczerbiak
 Kathryn Tappen
 Taz
 Mike Tenay
 Isiah Thomas
 Justin Thomas
 Reggie Theus
 John Thompson
 Rick Tocchet
 Jeff Van Gundy
 Stan Van Gundy
 Pete van Wieren
 Tom Verducci
 Ashali Vise
 Erika Wachter
 Evan Washburn
 J. J. Watt
 Bill Weber
 Chris Webber
 Dwyane Wade
 David Wells
 Luke Wileman
 Matt Winer
 Tracy Wolfson
 Cheyenne Woods
 Keith Yandle
 Matt Yocum
 Larry Zbyszko
 Adam Zucker

See also
 NCAA Media
 Warner Bros. Discovery

References

External links

Warner Bros. Discovery subsidiaries
Sports divisions of TV channels
Mass media companies established in 1979
1979 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Mass media companies established in 1995
1995 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)

Warner Bros. Discovery Sports


Beverley Park is a suburb in southern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Beverley Park is located 15 kilometres south of the Sydney central business district, in the Georges River Council and is part of the St George area.

Beverley Park is surrounded by the suburbs Kogarah Bay, Carlton, Kogarah, Ramsgate and Sans Souci. It is a predominantly residential area around a large recreational area, Beverley Park Golf Course. It has a few commercial developments scattered along its borders on the Princes Highway and Rocky Point Road.

History
Beverley Park and Kogarah Bay were originally part of the suburb of Kogarah. The area had been originally known as Townson's Bay and then Koggorah. Kogarah and Kogarah Bay were completely separated from each other by the creation of this new suburb. The suburb took its name from the large recreational park, which includes the Beverley Park Golf Course.

Sunnyside is a historic sandstone house on the corner of Princes Highway and Lacey Street, which was originally the home of Matthew Carroll, who owned 179 acres on both sides of the swampy headland of Kogarah bay.  A Church of England rectory in the 1930s and a private kindergarten and primary school from 1948. It was sold in 1958 and converted into a rooming house until 1993 when it became a private residence again.

Population
According to the 2016 census of population, there were 2,393 people usually resident in Beverley Park. 38.4% of residents stated they were born overseas with the top countries of birth being Greece 4.9%, China 4.5%, and England 1.9%. English was stated as the only language spoken at home by 50.8% of residents and the most common other languages spoken were Greek 15.3%, Arabic 5.1%, and Mandarin 3.3%. The most common responses for religious affiliation were Catholic 28.9%, Orthodox 24.1%, and No Religion 15.0%.

Sport and recreation
The St George Leagues Club is located on Princes Highway. Beverley Park Golf Club covers a large percentage of this suburb's area.

References

External links
  [CC-By-SA]

Suburbs of Sydney
Georges River Council

Beverley Park, New South Wales


Brendan O'Dowda (1 October 1925 – 22 February 2002) was an Irish tenor who popularised the songs of Percy French.

Early life
O'Dowda was born in Dundalk, County Louth and was educated at the De la Salle Brothers' school in the town. His early promise as a singer brought him to the attention of Dr. Vincent O'Brien, who had coached tenor John McCormack. Under O'Brien's tutelage, O'Dowda developed a fine tenor voice of his own and began to perform at charity events throughout the country.

Career
Although offered a career in opera, O'Dowda was drawn to popular music and, in the early 1950s, he moved to England in order to advance his prospects. There, he formed The Four Ramblers musical group with Val Doonican. Subsequently, he enjoyed solo success on BBC Radio, guesting on programmes such as Just A Song At Twilight and Music for You.

O'Dowda's first album, Emerald and Tartan, included two songs by Percy French. Such was its success that he followed it in 1958 with The Immortal Percy French, an album devoted entirely to the work of the Irish songwriter. From then on, O'Dowda became closely identified with French's songs. He created a one-man show around the life and work of Percy French. In 1981, his biography of the composer, The World of Percy French, was published.

O'Dowda enjoyed considerable international recognition. He toured the US, appearing on The Ed Sullivan Show. He appeared in the 1959 film Alive and Kicking as one of the three singers of the title song. He performed a duet with Ruby Murray on the soundtrack of the 1959 film Darby O'Gill and the Little People.

Personal life and death
O'Dowda was married first to Sheila Kelly in 1948 and their son Dermot, publisher of 'Visions of Hibernia' now lives in Cork. This marriage ended in divorce and O'Dowda later married June Nadine, a dancer with the Tiller girls, who bore him two sons, Brendan and Ciaran. O'Dowda, having  divorced June and obtained a Catholic annulment from his first wife, then married the dancer Alice Boyle with whom he had four children, Damien, Ailis, Conor & Bridget.

Brendan O'Dowda died in hospital near his home in Fareham, England at the age of 76,  and is buried in Esker Cemetery, Lucan, County Dublin. His grandson Callum O'Dowda is a professional footballer who plays for Welsh club Cardiff City and the Republic of Ireland national football team.

References

External links

1925 births
2002 deaths
20th-century Irish biographers
Irish male non-fiction writers
20th-century Irish male writers
Male biographers
Irish tenors
Musicians from County Louth
People from Dundalk
20th-century Irish male singers
People educated at De La Salle College Dundalk
Writers from County Louth

Brendan O'Dowda