Devonport ( ), formerly named Plymouth Dock or just Dock, is a district of Plymouth in the English county of Devon, although it was, at one time, the more important settlement. It became a county borough in 1889. Devonport was originally one of the "Three Towns" (along with Plymouth and East Stonehouse); these merged in 1914 to form what would become in 1928 the City of Plymouth. It is represented in the Parliament of the United Kingdom as part of the Plymouth Sutton and Devonport constituency. Its elected Member of Parliament (MP) is Luke Pollard, who is a member of the Labour Party. The population of the ward at the 2011 census was 14,788.

History

Plymouth Dock

In 1690 the Admiralty gave a contract to Robert Waters from Portsmouth to build a stone dock at Point Froward on the east bank of the Hamoaze at the mouth of the River Tamar. Plymouth Dock, as Devonport was originally called, began around 1700 as a small settlement to house workers employed on the new naval base that was being built around Waters' dock. By 1733 its population had grown to around 3,000, and by 1801 it was already larger than both the nearby towns of Plymouth and Stonehouse together.

Devonport
By 1811 the population of Plymouth Dock was just over 30,000 and the residents resented the fact that its name made it sound like an adjunct of Plymouth. In 1823 a petition to King George IV requested the town should be renamed, and suggested "Devonport". The king agreed to the change of name, which took effect on 1 January 1824. To celebrate, the town built Devonport Column next to the recently completed guildhall; both were designed by John Foulston. Devonport was first incorporated as a municipal borough in 1837 under the Municipal Corporations Act 1835.

In July, 1849, the first outbreaks in what became a cholera epidemic arose on Union Street which connected Plymouth to Devonport, and were initially attributed to blockage of several house drains during construction of a new Millbay railway station. Devonport became a county borough under the Local Government Act 1888.

Dockyard defences

In the mid-eighteenth century a defensive earthwork was constructed around the town and dockyard. Within these dockyard 'lines', six square barracks were built between in 1758–63 to accommodate the garrison of troops required to man the defences. A series of redoubts were also constructed, forward of the lines, in the 1770s, including that at Mount Pleasant (of which there are substantial remains). In the early nineteenth century, the dockyard lines were strengthened with stone ramparts and armed with guns, and the adjacent ditches were deepened. These defences became largely redundant with the building of a series of Palmerston Forts around Plymouth in the second half of the nineteenth century. Much of the open land forming the glacis beyond the lines became Devonport Park in the late 1850s. Three of the six small barracks were replaced in 1854-6 by the sizeable Raglan Infantry Barracks, designed by Captain Francis Fowke (who later designed the Albert Hall); today only its gatehouse remains (and that in a derelict state), the rest having been demolished in the 1970s.

Mount Wise

The high ground south of the town is called Mount Wise. Enclosed within the town ramparts, it was given its own redoubt in the 1770s, with eight guns and two mortars protecting the coastal approach to the dockyard. In earlier times, a gun wharf had been established on the quayside here to the south-east; the gun wharf was removed (and re-established at Morice Yard alongside the Dockyard) in 1724, but the area remained dominated by the armed forces up until the present century. From the late-eighteenth/early-nineteenth century both the military Governor and naval Commander-in-Chief of Plymouth were accommodated in large houses on Mount Wise (in Government House and Admiralty House respectively). In 1805 a Royal Laboratory (an outpost of the Woolwich Arsenal) was established just north-west of the redoubt; small-arms ammunition and explosives were manufactured here, until the compound was converted into barracks accommodation (Mount Wise Barracks) in the 1830s.

21st-century Devonport
During the millennium decade, Devonport received government New Deal for Communities funding of £48.7 million; this enabled an extensive Regeneration programme to be carried out. Since 2009, the investments have begun to transform Devonport – physically, socially, demographically. Where once the area was run-down, depressed, and classified as 'deprived' in many categories, the 21st-century Devonport is beginning to achieve the city's vision of … "The recreation of Devonport as a distinct place in modern Plymouth; a vibrant self sustaining community; a place of real quality, variety and interest, the pride of residents, attractive to visitors and a model of 21st Century living, working and playing."

The Admiralty's release of several land plots in Devonport has assisted the Regeneration project. One ex-MoD area, where new homes will be available from 2011, is the Admiralty House site at Mount Wise. Although there are pockets of regeneration work remaining to be completed, the waterfront district of Devonport is becoming one of the desired residential areas of the city of Plymouth.

In 2011, the Devonport Heritage Trail was introduced, complete with over 70 waymarkers outlining the route.

Facilities
Devonport has its own shopping street, a railway station, a swimming pool, park and a sports ground, The Brickfields. Since 2003, it has been the home of Plymouth Albion, the city's Rugby Union club located near Plymouth City College.

Devonport is also home to the Devonport Playhouse, a theatre located in the former Methodist Central Hall in Fore Street. The space was purchased and converted into a performance venue by the Plymouth Theatre Company back in 1987. It is a popular venue with the local Amateur Dramatic companies, choirs and dancing schools in Plymouth especially, since the closure of the Athenaeum in central Plymouth.

UTC Plymouth is a university technical college (UTC) which opened in September 2013 near Devonport Park. The UTC is situated on the former site of Parkside Community College, which closed in August 2008 due to falling enrolment.

The Torpoint Ferry service across the Hamoaze (River Tamar) operates from Devonport to Cornwall.

Devonport Naval base/Dockyard has, over the years, been known as "Guz" by naval ratings. There are various explanations for the nickname: the Royal Naval Museum says it is short for Guzzle and refers to Devon cream teas.

 R. F. Scott (1968-1912, Antarctica) British naval officer and explorer, born Devonport, led the heroic but ill-fated second expedition in 1910 to reach the South Pole.
 N. T. Carrington (1777–1830), schoolmaster and poet.
Charles Mathews, theatre manager and comic actor, lived here for several months before his death in 1835.
Leslie Hore-Belisha, 1st Baron Hore-Belisha (1893–1957) was born in Devonport. In the 1945 general election he stood for the seat as a National Independent candidate, but was defeated by Michael Foot. In 1954 he was elevated to the peerage as Baron Hore-Belisha, of Devonport in the County of Devon.
Ralph Alger Bagnold (1896–1990) was born here. He was a pioneer of desert exploration, and was the founder and first commander of the British Army's Long Range Desert Group. He also made significant contributions to the scientific understanding of desert structures.
Guy Burgess (1911–1963), one of the Cambridge Five spy ring that betrayed Western secrets to the Soviets before and during the Cold War, was born here.

Charles Darwin spent two months in Devonport from October 1831 waiting for the weather to improve so that HMS Beagle could begin its journey to South America. The ship finally left on 27 December and Darwin later wrote that those two months were "The most miserable which I ever spent".

References

Sources

Plymouth, Devon
Former towns in Devon
Suburbs of Plymouth, Devon

Devonport, Plymouth


Jean-François Jonvelle (), born on October 3, 1943, in Cavaillon was a French photographer of fashion, glamor and portraiture. Work on the release of 20 Ans magazine and then work on Dim Dam Dom Vogue, Stern, Gala, Elle. Born in 1943, he was assistant to Richard Avedon in the 1960s. During his career, he made many portraits of women, often his friends: natural young people, often naked, unconcerned. Unlike other fashion and glamor photographers, who offer a provocative woman, Jean-François Jonvelle's performance is much softer, more natural, more jovial but equally sensual. He died at the age of 58 years of terminal cancer, 15 days after it was detected on January 16, 2002, in Paris.

1943 births
2002 deaths
Fashion photographers
French photographers

Jean-François Jonvelle


Cromby is an unincorporated community in East Pikeland Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania, United States. The now closed Cromby Power Plant is located in Cromby, at an elevation  of 118 Feet above MSL. Cromby was also home to Cromby station for the Pennsylvania Railroad. The station was demolished in 1967.

References

Populated places on the Schuylkill River
Unincorporated communities in Chester County, Pennsylvania
Unincorporated communities in Pennsylvania

Cromby, Pennsylvania


Sony Pictures Home Entertainment (abbreviated as SPHE) is the home video distribution division of Sony Pictures Entertainment. It is a subsidiary of Japanese conglomerate Sony Corporation.

Overview
The company is responsible for the distribution of the Sony Pictures library for home entertainment. It mainly releases from the Sony Pictures Motion Picture Group which consists of Columbia Pictures, TriStar Pictures, Sony Pictures Classics, and Screen Gems. It also releases productions from Sony Pictures Worldwide Acquisitions (Triumph Films, Destination Films, Stage 6 Films and Affirm Films).

SPHE also releases and distributes products from Revolution Studios and The Criterion Collection. Since June 20, 2007, SPHE has handled distribution of children's content formerly handled by Sony BMG's Sony Wonder label.

References
Sony
Companies based in California
1971 establishments in California

Sony Pictures Home Entertainment


Joseph Patrick Kennedy (September 6, 1888 – November 18, 1969) was an American businessman, investor, philanthropist, and politician. He is known for his own political prominence as well as that of his children and was the patriarch of the Irish-American Kennedy family, which included President John F. Kennedy, Attorney General and Senator Robert F. Kennedy, and longtime Senator Ted Kennedy.

Kennedy was born into a political family in East Boston, Massachusetts. He made a large fortune as a stock market and commodity investor and later invested his profits in real estate and a wide range of businesses across the United States. During World War I, he was an assistant general manager of a Boston area Bethlehem Steel shipyard; through that position, he became acquainted with Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was the Assistant Secretary of the Navy. In the 1920s, Kennedy made huge profits by reorganizing and refinancing several Hollywood studios; several acquisitions were ultimately merged into Radio-Keith-Orpheum (RKO) studios. Kennedy increased his fortune with distribution rights for Scotch whisky. He owned the largest privately owned building in the country, Chicago's Merchandise Mart.

Kennedy was a leading member of the Democratic Party and of the Irish Catholic community. President Roosevelt appointed Kennedy to be the first chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), which he led from 1934 to 1935. Kennedy later directed the Maritime Commission. Kennedy served as the United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom from 1938 to late 1940. With the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, Kennedy was pessimistic about Britain's ability to survive attacks from Nazi Germany. During the Battle of Britain in November 1940, Kennedy publicly suggested, "Democracy is finished in England. It may be here [in the United States]." After a controversy regarding this statement, Kennedy resigned his position.

Kennedy was married to Rose Fitzgerald and had nine children. During his later life, he was heavily involved in the political careers of his sons. Three of Kennedy's sons attained distinguished political positions: John served as a U.S. senator from Massachusetts and as the 35th president of the United States, Robert served as the U.S. attorney general and as a U.S. senator from New York, and Ted also served as a U.S. senator from Massachusetts.

Background, early life, and education

Joseph Patrick Kennedy Sr. was born on September 6, 1888, at 151 Meridian Street in East Boston, Massachusetts. Kennedy was the elder son of Mary Augusta (Hickey) Kennedy and businessman and politician Patrick Joseph "P.J." Kennedy. Kennedy attended Boston Latin School, where he excelled at baseball and was elected class president before graduating in 1908.

Kennedy then attended Harvard College, where he gained admittance to the prestigious Hasty Pudding Club but was not invited to join the Porcellian Club. Kennedy graduated in 1912 with a bachelor's degree in economics.

On October 7, 1914, Kennedy married Rose Fitzgerald, the eldest daughter of Boston Mayor John F. "Honey Fitz" Fitzgerald and Mary Josephine "Josie" Hannon. The couple settled at 83 Beals Street in the Boston suburb of Brookline, Massachusetts.

Business career

Kennedy set his sights on a business career upon his graduation from Harvard. During his mid to late 20s, he made a large fortune as an active commodity and stock investor; he then reinvested much of this into film studios, real estate, and shipping. Though he never built a significant business from scratch, Kennedy's timing as both buyer and seller was nonetheless excellent.

Various criminals, such as Frank Costello, have boasted they worked with Kennedy in mysterious bootlegging operations during Prohibition. Although his father was in the whisky importation business, scholars dismiss the claims. The most recent and most thorough biographer David Nasaw asserts that no credible evidence has been found to link Kennedy to bootlegging activities. When Fortune magazine published its first list of the richest people in the United States in 1957, it placed Kennedy in the $200–400 million group.

Early ventures

Kennedy's first job after graduating from Harvard was a position as a state-employed bank examiner, where the job allowed him to learn a great deal about the banking industry. In 1913, the Columbia Trust Bank, in which his father held a significant share, was under threat of takeover. Kennedy borrowed $45,000 (equivalent to $ million in ) from family and friends and bought back control. At the age of 25, he was rewarded by being elected the bank's president. Kennedy told the press he was "the youngest" bank president in America. In May 1917, Kennedy was elected to the Board of Trustees of the Massachusetts Electric Company, New England's leading public utility at the time.

Kennedy emerged as a highly successful businessman who possessed an eye for value. For example, as an active real estate investor, he turned a handsome profit from his privately-controlled ownership of Old Colony Realty Associates, Inc., an investment company which bought distressed real estate throughout the United States.

Although he was skeptical of American involvement in World War I, Kennedy sought to participate in wartime production as an assistant general manager of Fore River, a major Bethlehem Steel shipyard in Quincy, Massachusetts. There, he oversaw the production of transports and warships. Through this job, he became acquainted with Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Wall Street and stock market investments
In 1919, Kennedy joined Hayden, Stone & Co., a prominent stock brokerage firm with offices in Boston and New York, where he became an expert dealing in the unregulated stock market of the day, engaging in tactics that were later considered to be insider trading and market manipulation violations. He happened to be on the corner of Wall and Broad Streets at the moment of the Wall Street bombing on September 16, 1920, and was thrown to the ground by the force of the blast. In 1923, he established his own investment company. Kennedy subsequently became a multi-millionaire as a result of taking "short" positions following the 1929 stock market crash.

Kennedy was enlisted in 1924 to help stabilize the stock of John D. Hertz's Yellow Cab Company, a taxi cab operator, against a bear raid; afterward, Hertz suspected Kennedy of carrying out such a raid against the stock himself. In 1933, he helped establish a "stock pool" that bought large quantities of stock in Libbey-Owens-Ford (LOF), an auto-glass manufacturer, and wash-traded huge volumes of stock among themselves while promoting the outright fraud that their company was related to Owens-Illinois, which made glass bottles and presumably would profit from the imminent repeal of Prohibition.

1929 Wall Street Crash
Kennedy later claimed he understood that the rampant stock speculation of the late 1920s would lead to a market crash. Supposedly, he said that he knew it was time to get out of the market when he received stock tips from a shoe-shine boy. Kennedy survived the crash "because he possessed a passion for facts, a complete lack of sentiment and a marvelous sense of timing".

During the Great Depression, Kennedy shrewdly increased his wealth by devoting most of it into investment-grade real estate. In 1929, Kennedy's fortune was estimated to be $4 million (equivalent to $ million in ). By 1935, his wealth had increased to $180 million (equivalent to $ in ). He also acquired enough capital to establish million-dollar trust funds for each of his nine children that guaranteed lifelong financial independence.

Investments

Hollywood

Kennedy generated windfall profits from reorganizing and refinancing several Hollywood film studios. He began with film distribution in New England (buying first movie theaters in Massachusetts) but quickly moved on to industry-wide arrangements and production. While still at Hayden, Stone & Co., Kennedy boasted to a colleague, "Look at that bunch of pants pressers in Hollywood making themselves millionaires. I could take the whole business away from them." One small studio, Film Booking Offices of America (or FBO), specialized in Westerns produced cheaply. Its owner was in financial trouble, and asked Kennedy to help find a new owner. Kennedy formed his own group of investors and bought it for $1.5 million.

In March 1926, Kennedy moved to Hollywood to focus on running film studios. At that time, film studios were permitted to own exhibition companies, which were necessary to get their films on local screens. With that in mind, he bought controlling shares in Keith-Albee-Orpheum Theaters Corporation (KAO), which had more than 700 vaudeville theaters across the United States that had begun showing movies. In October 1928, he formally merged his film companies FBO and KAO to form Radio-Keith-Orpheum (RKO) and made a large amount of money in the process. Kennedy had no interest in vaudeville; he just wanted the theaters, which he planned to convert to movie houses for the film booking interests he ran in cooperation with Radio Corporation of America (RCA). As the developer of photophone, a sound system for the new "talkies", RCA needed to forge a connection with Hollywood to sell its product. At the same time Kennedy knew that he needed to compete in the new market of sound films and to do so he would have to have access to a technology that was not proprietary.

Keen to buy the Pantages Theatre chain, which had 63 profitable theaters, Kennedy made an offer of $8 million (equivalent to $ million in ). It was declined. He then stopped distributing his movies to Pantages. Still, Alexander Pantages declined to sell. However, when Pantages was later charged and tried for rape, his reputation took a battering, and he accepted Kennedy's revised offer of $3.5 million (equivalent to $ million in ). Pantages, who claimed that Kennedy had "set him up", was later found not guilty at a second trial. The girl who had accused Pantages of rape, Eunice Pringle, confessed on her deathbed that Kennedy was the mastermind of the plot to frame Pantages.

Many estimate that Kennedy made over $5 million (equivalent to $ million in ) from his investments in Hollywood. During his three-year affair with film star Gloria Swanson, he arranged the financing for her films The Love of Sunya (1927) and the ill-fated Queen Kelly (1928). The duo also used Hollywood's famous "body sculptor", masseuse Sylvia of Hollywood. Their relationship ended when Swanson discovered that an expensive gift from Kennedy had actually been charged to her account.

Liquor importing
As soon as it became legal to do so, Kennedy ventured into liquor importing. One of his shipping ventures he was involved in were the importation of large shipments of high-priced Scotch where he earned a handsome profit in the process. Various contradictory "bootlegging" stories surrounding Kennedy have circulated but historians have not accepted them. At the start of the Franklin Roosevelt administration in March 1933, Kennedy and future Congressman James Roosevelt II founded Somerset Importers, a business entity that acted as the exclusive American agent for Haig & Haig Scotch, Gordon's Dry Gin and Dewar's Scotch. Kennedy kept his Somerset company for years. In addition, Kennedy purchased spirits-importation rights from Schenley Industries, a Canadian distillery and liquor company. Kennedy himself drank little alcohol. He so disapproved of what he considered a stereotypical Irish vice that he offered his sons $1,000 not to drink until they turned 21.

Real estate
Kennedy reinvested the proceeds he made from liquor importing into various residential and commercial real estate ventures, much of it concentrated in New York City, and the Hialeah Park Race Track in Hialeah, Florida. The most important purchase of his real estate investment career was marked by the land acquisition of the largest privately owned building in the country, Chicago's Merchandise Mart (the world's largest building at the time), which gave his family an important base in that city and an alliance with the Irish-American political leadership there to lay the groundwork for realizing his sons' future political ambitions. The Merchandise Mart's revenues became a principal source of wealth that formed much of the Kennedy family's private fortune, including being a source of funding for financing his sons' future political campaigns.

Political career

SEC Chairman (1934–1935)

In 1932, Kennedy supported Franklin D. Roosevelt in his bid for the presidency. This was his first major involvement in a national political campaign, and he donated, lent, and raised a substantial amount of money for the campaign.

In 1934, Congress established the independent Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to end irresponsible market manipulations and dissemination of false information about securities. Roosevelt's brain trust drew up a list of recommended candidates for the SEC chairmanship. Kennedy headed the list, which stated he was "the best bet for Chairman because of executive ability, knowledge of habits and customs of business to be regulated and ability to moderate different points of view on Commission."

Kennedy sought out the best lawyers available giving him a hard-driving team with a mission for reform. They included William O. Douglas and Abe Fortas, both of whom were later named to the Supreme Court. The SEC had four missions. First was to restore investor confidence in the securities market, which had collapsed on account of its questionability, and the external threats supposedly posed by anti-business elements in the Roosevelt administration. Second, the SEC had to get rid of penny-ante swindles based on false information, fraudulent devices, and get-rich-quick schemes. Thirdly, and much more important than the frauds, the SEC had to end the million-dollar maneuvers in major corporations, whereby insiders with access to high-quality information about the company knew when to buy or sell their own securities. A crackdown on insider trading was essential. Finally, the SEC had to set up a complex system of registration for all securities sold in America, with a clear set of rules, deadlines and guidelines that all companies had to follow. The main challenge faced by the young lawyers was drafting precise rules. The SEC succeeded in its four missions, as Kennedy reassured the American business community that they would no longer be deceived and taken advantage of by Wall Street. He trumpeted for ordinary investors to return to the market and enable the economy to grow again. Kennedy's reforming work as SEC Chairman was widely praised on all sides, as investors realized the SEC was protecting their interests. He resigned from the SEC in September 1935.

Chairman of U.S. Maritime Commission (1937–1938)
In 1936, Roosevelt sought Kennedy's help on the campaign, and Kennedy responded with his book I'm for Roosevelt, which he had published and made sure was widely distributed. The book presented arguments for why businessmen should support Roosevelt and the New Deal, told from the perspective of Kennedy's own personal endorsement. The book had significant impact in the business community and after his re-election, Roosevelt appointed Kennedy as Chairman of the U.S. Maritime Commission, which built on his wartime experience in running a major shipyard. Kennedy spent only ten months at the Commission.

Relationship with Father Charles Coughlin

Father Charles Coughlin, an Irish Canadian priest near Detroit, became the most prominent Roman Catholic spokesman on political and financial issues in the 1930s, with a radio audience that reached millions every week. Having been a strong supporter of Roosevelt since 1932, in 1934 Coughlin broke with the president, who became a bitter opponent and a target of Coughlin's weekly anti-communist, anti-Semitic, far-right, anti–Federal Reserve and isolationist radio talks. Roosevelt sent Kennedy and other prominent Irish Catholics to try to tone down Coughlin.

Coughlin swung his support to Huey Long in 1935, and then to William Lemke's Union Party in 1936. Kennedy strongly supported the New Deal (Father Coughlin believed that the New Deal did not go far enough, and thought that Franklin Roosevelt was a tool of the rich) and reportedly believed as early as 1933 that Coughlin was "becoming a very dangerous proposition" as an opponent of Roosevelt and "an out and out demagogue". In 1936, Kennedy worked with Roosevelt, Bishop Francis Spellman and Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli (later Pope Pius XII) to shut Coughlin down. When Coughlin returned to the air in 1940, Kennedy continued to battle against his influence among Irish Americans.

Despite his public disputes with Coughlin, it has also been acknowledged that Kennedy would also accompany Coughlin whenever the priest visited Roosevelt at Hyde Park. A historian with History News Network also stated that Coughlin was a friend of Kennedy as well. In a Boston Post article of August 16, 1936, Coughlin referred to Kennedy as the "shining star among the dim 'knights' in the [Roosevelt] Administration."

Ambassador to the United Kingdom (1938–1940)

In 1938, Roosevelt appointed Kennedy as the United States ambassador to the Court of St James's (United Kingdom). Kennedy hoped to succeed Roosevelt in the White House, telling a British reporter in late 1939 that he was confident that Roosevelt would "fall" in 1940 (that year's presidential election).

Kennedy and his family retreated to the countryside during the bombings of London by German aircraft in World War II. In so doing, he damaged his reputation with the British. This move prompted Randolph Churchill to say, "I thought my daffodils were yellow until I met Joe Kennedy".

Kennedy developed a reputation as a defeatist.

High society
According to the U.S. National Archives:<blockquote>In London, the American Ambassador and his wife soared to the heights of British society. In the spring of 1938...the couple luxuriated in the warmth of English hospitality, hobnobbing with aristocrats and royalty at the many balls, dinners, regattas, and derbies of the season. The highlight was surely the April weekend that they spent at Windsor Castle, guests of King   George VI and his wife, Queen Elizabeth.<ref>See [https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/eyewitness/html.php?section=20 Eyewitness." ]</ref>  </blockquote>

While getting dressed for an evening at Windsor Castle soon after he arrived, Kennedy paused in momentary reflection and remarked to his wife, "Well, Rose, this is a helluva long way from East Boston, isn't it?"

On May 6, 1944, Kennedy's daughter, Kathleen, married William "Billy" Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington, the elder son of the Duke of Devonshire. The union was disapproved by Rose Kennedy due to Hartington being an Anglican. Unable to reconcile their religious backgrounds, Hartington and Kathleen were married in a civil ceremony. Hartington, a major in the Coldstream Guards, was killed in action in 1944.

Appeasement
Kennedy rejected the belief of Winston Churchill that any compromise with Nazi Germany was impossible. Instead, he supported Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain's policy of appeasement. Throughout 1938, while the Nazi persecution of the Jews in Germany intensified, Kennedy attempted to arrange a meeting with Adolf Hitler. Shortly before the Nazi bombing of British cities began in September 1940, Kennedy once again sought a personal meeting with Hitler without the approval of the U.S. Department of State, in order to "bring about a better understanding between the United States and Germany".

Anti-British sentiment
When war finally came in September 1939, Kennedy's public support for American neutrality conflicted with Roosevelt's increasing efforts to provide aid to Britain. "Democracy is finished in England. It may be here [in the United States]", he stated in the Boston Sunday Globe of November 10, 1940. With German troops having overrun Poland, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and France, and with daily bombings of Great Britain, Kennedy unambiguously and repeatedly stated that the war was not about saving democracy from National Socialism (Nazism) or from Fascism. In an interview with two newspaper journalists, Louis M. Lyons of The Boston Globe, and Ralph Coghlan of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Kennedy said:

Isolationism
Kennedy's views became inconsistent and increasingly isolationist. British MP Josiah Wedgwood IV, who had himself opposed the British government's earlier appeasement policy, said of Kennedy:

Anti-Semitism
According to Harvey Klemmer, who served as one of Kennedy's embassy aides, Kennedy habitually referred to Jews as "kikes or sheenies". Kennedy allegedly told Klemmer that "[some] individual Jews are all right, Harvey, but as a race they stink. They spoil everything they touch." When Klemmer returned from a trip to Germany and reported the pattern of vandalism and assaults on Jews by Nazis, Kennedy responded, "Well, they brought it on themselves."

On June 13, 1938, Kennedy met in London with Herbert von Dirksen, the German ambassador to the United Kingdom, who claimed upon his return to Berlin that Kennedy had told him that "it was not so much the fact that we want to get rid of the Jews that was so harmful to us, but rather the loud clamor with which we accompanied this purpose. [Kennedy] himself fully understood our Jewish policy." Kennedy's main concern with such violent acts against German Jews as Kristallnacht was that they generated bad publicity in the West for the Nazi regime, a concern that he communicated in a letter to Charles Lindbergh.

Kennedy had a close friendship with Viscountess Astor, and their correspondence is replete with anti-Semitic statements. According to Edward Renehan:

By August 1940, Kennedy worried that a third term for President Roosevelt would mean war. Biographer Laurence Leamer in The Kennedy Men: 1901–1963 reports: "Joe believed that Roosevelt, Churchill, the Jews, and their allies would manipulate America into approaching Armageddon." Nevertheless, Kennedy supported Roosevelt's third term in return for Roosevelt's promise to support Joseph Kennedy Jr. in a run for Governor of Massachusetts in 1942. However, even during the darkest months of World War II, Kennedy remained "more wary of" prominent American Jews, such as Associate Justice Felix Frankfurter, than he was of Hitler.

Kennedy told the reporter Joe Dinneen:

Recall
When the White House read his quotes, it became clear that Kennedy was completely out of step with Roosevelt's policies. Kennedy was recalled from his diplomatic duties and returned to the United States. Roosevelt urgently needed his support to hold the Catholic vote and invited him to spend the night at the White House. Kennedy agreed to make a nationwide radio speech to advocate Roosevelt's reelection. Roosevelt was pleased with the speech because, Nasaw says, it successfully "rallied reluctant Irish Catholic voters to his side, buttressed his claims that he was not going to take the nation into war, and emphasized that he alone had the experience to lead the nation in these difficult times." After Roosevelt was reelected, Kennedy submitted his resignation as ambassador.

Throughout the rest of the war, relations between Kennedy and the Roosevelt Administration remained tense, especially when Joe Jr., a Massachusetts delegate at the 1940 Democratic National Convention, vocally opposed President Roosevelt's unprecedented nomination for a third term, which began in 1941. Kennedy may have wanted to run for president himself in 1940 or later. Having effectively removed himself from the national stage, Joe Sr. sat out World War II on the sidelines. Kennedy stayed active in the smaller venues of rallying Irish-American and Roman Catholic Democrats to vote for Roosevelt's re-election for a fourth term in 1944. Former Ambassador Kennedy claimed to be eager to help the war effort, but as a result of his previous gaffes, he was neither trusted nor invited to do so.

Alliances
Kennedy used his wealth and connections to build a national network of supporters that became the base for his sons' political careers. He especially concentrated on Irish-American communities in large cities, particularly Boston, New York, Chicago, Pittsburgh and several New Jersey cities. Kennedy also used Arthur Krock of The New York Times, America's most influential political columnist, for decades as a paid speechwriter and political advisor.

A political conservative (John F. Kennedy once described his father as being to "the right of Herbert Hoover"), Kennedy supported Richard Nixon, who had entered Congress with John in 1947. In 1960, Joe Kennedy approached Nixon, praised his anti-Communism, and said "Dick, if my boy can't make it, I'm for you" for the presidential election that year.

Alliance with Senator Joseph McCarthy
Kennedy's close ties with Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy strengthened his family's position among Irish Catholics, but weakened it among liberals who strongly opposed McCarthy. Even before McCarthy became famous in 1950, Kennedy had forged close ties with the Republican Senator. Kennedy often brought him to his family compound in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts as a weekend house guest in the late 1940s. McCarthy at one point dated his daughter Patricia.

When McCarthy became a dominant voice of anti-Communism starting in 1950, Kennedy contributed thousands of dollars to McCarthy, and became one of his major supporters. In the U.S. Senate race of 1952, Kennedy apparently worked a deal so that McCarthy, a Republican, would not make campaign speeches for the Republican ticket in Massachusetts. In return, Congressman John F. Kennedy, running for the Senate seat, would not give any anti-McCarthy speeches that his liberal supporters wanted to hear.

At Kennedy's urging in 1953, McCarthy hired his 27-year-old son, Robert F. Kennedy, as a senior staff member of the Senate's investigations subcommittee, which McCarthy chaired. In 1954, when the Senate was threatening to condemn McCarthy, Senator John Kennedy faced a dilemma. "How could I demand that Joe McCarthy be censured for things he did when my own brother was on his staff?" asked JFK.

By 1954, Robert and McCarthy's chief aide Roy Cohn had fallen out with each other, and Robert no longer worked for McCarthy. John had a speech drafted calling for the censure of McCarthy, but never delivered it. When the Senate voted to censure McCarthy on December 2, 1954, Senator Kennedy was in a hospital and never indicated how he would cast his vote. Joe Kennedy strongly supported McCarthy to the end.

Involvement in sons' political careers
Kennedy's connections and influence were turned into political capital for the political campaigns of sons: John, Robert and Ted.

Kennedy had been consigned to the political shadows after his remarks during World War II ("Democracy is finished"), and he remained an intensely controversial figure among U.S. citizens because of his suspect business credentials, his Roman Catholicism, his opposition to Roosevelt's foreign policy, and his support for Joseph McCarthy. Although his own ambitions to achieve the U.S. presidency were thwarted, Kennedy held out great hope for his eldest son, Joseph Kennedy Jr., to seek the presidency. However, Joe Jr., who had become a U.S. Navy bomber pilot, was killed over the English Channel in August 1944 while undertaking Operation Anvil. After grieving over his dead son, Joe Sr. turned his attention to his second son, John, for a run for political office.

When John F. Kennedy was asked about the level of involvement and influence that his father had held in his razor-thin presidential victory over Richard Nixon, he would joke that on the eve of the election his father had asked him the exact number of votes he would need to win: There was no way he was paying "for a landslide". Kennedy was one of four fathers (the other three being George Tryon Harding, Nathaniel Fillmore, and George H. W. Bush) to live through the entire presidency of a son.

Historian Richard J. Whalen describes Kennedy's influence on John's policy decisions in his biography of Kennedy. Kennedy was influential in creating the Kennedy Cabinet, which included Robert Kennedy as attorney general, although he had never argued or tried a case.

Personal life

Joseph and Rose Kennedy had nine children. Three of the Kennedys' sons attained distinguished political positions: John F. Kennedy (1917–1963) served as a U.S. representative from Massachusetts (1947–1953), a U.S. senator from Massachusetts (1953–1960), and as 35th president of the United States (1961–1963), Robert F. Kennedy (1925–1968) served as U.S. attorney general (1961–1964) and as a U.S. senator from New York (1965–1968), and Edward M. "Ted" Kennedy (1932–2009) served as a U.S. senator from Massachusetts (1962–2009). His eldest son Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. (1915–1944) was groomed to be president but died on active duty in World War II on a dangerous experimental flying mission over the English Channel. One of the Kennedys' daughters, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, founded the Special Olympics for disabled people, while another, Jean Kennedy Smith, served as U.S. Ambassador to Ireland.

As Kennedy's business success expanded, he and his family lived in increasing prosperity in Massachusetts, New York, around Washington, D.C., London, as well as the French Riviera. Their two permanent homes were located in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts and Palm Beach, Florida.

Kennedy engaged in numerous extramarital relationships, including relationships with actresses Gloria Swanson and Marlene Dietrich and with his secretary, Janet DesRosiers Fontaine. His relationship with Swanson, whose personal and business affairs he managed, was an open secret in Hollywood.

Lobotomy of Rosemary Kennedy

When Rosemary Kennedy was 23 years old, doctors told Joseph Kennedy Sr. that a form of psychosurgery known as a lobotomy would help calm her mood swings and stop her occasional violent outbursts. (Accounts of Rosemary's life indicated that she was intellectually disabled, although some have raised questions about the Kennedys' accounts of the nature and scope of her disability.) Rosemary's erratic behavior frustrated her parents; her father was especially worried that she would shame and embarrass the family and damage his political career and that of his other children. Kennedy requested that surgeons perform a lobotomy on Rosemary. The lobotomy took place in November 1941. Kennedy did not inform his wife about the procedure until after it was completed. James W. Watts and Walter Freeman (both of George Washington University School of Medicine) performed the surgery.

The lobotomy was a disaster. It left Rosemary Kennedy permanently incapacitated. Her mental capacity diminished to that of a two-year-old child; she could not walk or speak intelligibly and was incontinent. Following the lobotomy, Rosemary was immediately institutionalized. In 1949, she was relocated to Jefferson, Wisconsin, where she lived for the rest of her life on the grounds of the St. Coletta School for Exceptional Children (formerly known as "St. Coletta Institute for Backward Youth"). Kennedy did not visit his daughter at the institution. In Rosemary: The Hidden Kennedy Daughter, author Kate Clifford Larson stated that Rosemary's lobotomy was hidden from the family for twenty years. In 1961, after Kennedy suffered a stroke that left him unable to speak, his children were made aware of Rosemary's location. The lobotomy did not become public knowledge until 1987. Rosemary Kennedy died from natural causes on January 7, 2005, at the age of 86.

Dr. Bertram S. Brown, director of the National Institute of Mental Health who was previously an aide to President Kennedy, told a Kennedy biographer that Kennedy referred to Rosemary as mentally retarded rather than mentally ill in order to protect his son John's reputation for a presidential run. Brown added that the family's "lack of support for mental illness" was "part of a lifelong family denial of what was really so".Kessler, pp. 252–253.

Illness and death

On December 19, 1961, at the age of 73, Kennedy suffered a stroke. He survived but was left paralyzed on his right side. Thereafter, he suffered from aphasia, which severely affected his ability to speak. He remained mentally alert, regained certain functions with therapy, and began walking with a cane. His speech also showed some improvement. Kennedy began to experience excessive muscular weakness, which eventually required him to use a wheelchair. In 1964, Kennedy was taken to The Institutes for the Achievement of Human Potential in Philadelphia, a medical and rehabilitative center for those who have experienced brain injury.

Kennedy's son Robert was assassinated on June 5, 1968, while running for president. In the aftermath of Robert's death, Kennedy made his last public appearance when he, his wife, and son Ted made a filmed message to the country. He died at home in Hyannis Port the following year on November 18, 1969. He had outlived four of his children. He was buried at Holyhood Cemetery in Brookline, Massachusetts. Kennedy's widow Rose was buried next to him following her death in 1995, as was their daughter Rosemary in 2005.

See also
 Kennedy curse
 Kennedy family

References

Bibliography

 Brinkley, Alvin. Voices of Protest. Vintage, 1983.
 Goodwin, Doris K. The Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys: An American Saga. Simon & Schuster, 1987.
 Hersh, Seymour. The Dark Side of Camelot. Back Bay Books, 1998.
 Kessler, Ronald. The Sins of the Father: Joseph P. Kennedy and the Dynasty He Founded. Warner, 1996
 Leamer, Laurence. The Kennedy Men: 1901–1963. Harper, 2002.
 Logevall, Fredrik. JFK: Coming of Age in the American Century, 1917-1956 (2020) excerpt
 Maier, Thomas. The Kennedys: America's Emerald Kings. Basic Books, 2003.
 Nasaw, David. The Patriarch: The Remarkable Life and Turbulent Times of Joseph P. Kennedy. The Penguin Press, 2012; excerpt
 O'Brien, Michael. John F. Kennedy: A Biography. St Martin's Press, 2005.
 Renehan, Edward. The Kennedys at War: 1937–1945. Doubleday, 2002.
 Renehan, Edward. "Joseph Kennedy and the Jews". History News Network. April 29, 2002.
 Ronald, Susan. The Ambassador: Joseph P. Kennedy at the Court of St. James's 1938-1940 (2021) excerpt
 Schwarz, Ted. Joseph P. Kennedy: The Mogul, the Mob, the Statesman, and the Making of an American Myth. Wiley, 2003.

 Whalen, Richard J. The Founding Father: The Story of Joseph P. Kennedy. The New American Library of World Literature, Inc., 1964.

Primary sources
 Smith, Amanda (ed.). Hostage to Fortune: The Letters of Joseph P. Kennedy''. Viking, 2001, the major collection of letters to and from Kennedy

External links

 The Kennedys – PBS Special
 FBI files on Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.
 Affair with Marlene Dietrich
 Correspondence with the Secretary of State at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library

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Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.


Colston Weatherington (born October 29, 1977) is a former American football defensive lineman in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys. He also was a member of the Dallas Desperados of the Arena Football League (AFL). He played college football at Central Missouri State University.

Early years
Weatherington attended Rehobeth Elementary/High School in Dothan, AL, until transferring to Graceville High School for his junior and senior years, where he was named All-state and helped the team win a Class 2A championship and a second-place finish.

After being out of football for two years while enrolled at Northwest Mississippi Community College, he joined the football team until 1998, recording 68 tackles (18 for loss), 13 sacks, 3 passes defensed and 5 forced fumbles, earning All-state and All-region community college honors. He played in the Mineral Water Bowl and was named the game's defensive MVP, even though his team lost 41-3.

In 1999, he transferred to Central Missouri State for his sophomore season, registering 52 tackles (19 for loss), 12 sacks (led the team) and 2 fumble recoveries, while earning Division II All-American and MIAA Defensive MVP honors. He also played for the basketball team, averaging 1.3 points and 1.5 rebounds in 17 games.

As a junior, he finished with 32 tackles (22 for loss), 7 sacks and 7 passes defensed, receiving All-MIAA and third-team Division II All-American honors. He declared early to the NFL Draft, leaving with one year remaining of eligibility.

In 2012, he was inducted into the University of Central Missouri Athletics Hall of Fame.

Professional career

Dallas Cowboys
Weatherington was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the seventh round (207th overall) of the 2001 NFL Draft. His progress in training camp was slowed after suffering a high right ankle sprain in the preseason opener against the Oakland Raiders and missed the next 4 contests. He was released on September 2 and signed to the practice squad.

In 2002, he was allocated to the Amsterdam Admirals of NFL Europe, where he recorded 15 tackles and a forced fumble. In the NFL regular season, he played in only 3 games (inactive in 11 contests), making one tackle and one pressure.

The next year, he was tried at defensive tackle, before being waived on August 31, 2003. He was signed to the practice squad and eventually cut on October 28.

Philadelphia Eagles
On August, 17, 2004, he was signed as a free agent by the Philadelphia Eagles. He was released on August 30.

Dallas Desperados
On December 18, 2003, he signed with the Dallas Desperados of the Arena Football League, who were owned by Jerry Jones, who also owned the Dallas Cowboys. After learning to be a two-way player and blocking as an offensive lineman, he earned AFL All-Rookie honors when he registered team-highs in sacks (7.5), quarterback pressures (5), forced fumbles (2) and blocked kicks (5).

The next year, he finished with 17 tackles, 3.5 sacks (second on the team), 7.5 tackles for losses (led team), 9 quarterback pressures (led team) and 4 touchdowns. In 2006, he became one of the league's best players, recording 13.5 tackles (9 for loss), 7.5 sacks (led team), 4 forced fumbles, one safety, 2 passes defensed and 3 touchdowns. He also earned AFL Lineman of the Year and All-Arena honors.

In 2007, he was named to the All-Arena team after registering 19.5 tackles (10.5 for loss), 10 sacks (second most in the AFL), 7 passes defensed, 5 forced fumbles and 2 blocked kicks. In 2008, he led the league in sacks (10.5) and ranked second in tackles for loss (11.0). He played five seasons until the team folded on August 4, 2009, upon the dissolving of the original AFL.

Orlando Predators
In 2010, he was assigned to the Orlando Predators of the Arena Football League.

References

External links
 Former Cowboy Weatherington Top AFL Lineman

1977 births
People from Graceville, Florida
Players of American football from Florida
American football defensive ends
Northwest Mississippi Rangers football players
Central Missouri Mules football players
Central Missouri Mules basketball players
Dallas Cowboys players
Amsterdam Admirals players
Dallas Desperados players
Living people
American men's basketball players

Colston Weatherington


Bhanwar Lal Sharma (17 April 1945 – 9 October 2022) was an Indian politician. He was a 7th term Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA) from Sardarshahar, Churu, Rajasthan. He emerged as a national figure in the Brahmin Samaj as he was President of All India Brahmin Federation since 2011. He was a Cabinet Minister of Indira Gandhi Neher Pariyojana in Rajasthan Government.

Early life
Bhanwar Lal Sharma, was born on 17 April 1945 at Sardarshahar, and he was the eldest son of Sewak Ram Sharma. He grew up in poverty and left school in the 10th grade.  He was later adopted by Maanak Ram Sharma, a family member who at that time, was a sales officer (also known as Jagaati Thanedar). Maanak Ram Sharma gave a major contribution to Pt. Bhanwar Lal Sharma's first Panchayat election campaign. He is a strict vegetarian.

Sharma was married to Mrs. Manohari Devi who belongs to the tehsil of Nohar. He had two sons, Anil Kumar Sharma and Keshari Chand Sharma and two daughters, Tara Sharma and Indra Sharma.

Social
Sharma was also the President of Rajasthan Brahmin Maha Sabha between 1994 and 2000 and from 2002. Rajasthan Brahmin MahaSabha is a social organisation of 75 lakhs of Rajasthani Brahmins. After becoming the president of Rajasthan Brahmin Mahasabha, he purchased a piece of land from the Rajasthan government and built a Boys Hostel for the students coming from various districts of Rajasthan for their higher education and a guesthouse for the members of Brahmin Samaj.

Sharma was against caste-based reservation, preferring reservation on economic bases. Rallies in Sikar (24 November 2002) and Bikaner (12 January),  Alwar (2 February), Kota, Bhilwara, Udaipur and Jodhpur (27 April), ending with a show of strength in Jaipur on 7 September.

Sharma said: "The great sage Chanakya advised the powerful ruler Chandragupta Maurya, but lived in a jhonpri (hut) outside the rajmahal (palace). Well, we're not satisfied with the jhonpri. We want the palace".

Sharma was instrumental in having several temples built, including Shree shyam temple, Ramdev temple and Thakur ji temple, Shivalay.

Political
Sharma was Sarpanch in the Gram Panchayat of Jaitsisar from 1962 to 1982, Pradhan Panchayat Samiti of Sardarshahar from 1982 to 1985, Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly from 1985 until 2022, Deputy Chief Whip from March 1990 to October 1990, former Cabinet Minister I.G.N.P. Indira Gandhi Canal Pariyojna from 1990 to 1992. His wife, Manohari Devi, has political background. She has been a member of Panchayat Samiti, Sardarshahar, Sarpanch Gram Panchayat Jaitsisar and Pradhan of Panchayat Samiti, Sardarshahar. His politics was based on simple political philosophy "Say Clear".

Achievements
Sharma implemented the Aapni Yojna.

Sharma signed an MOU with German government as Indira Gandhi Canal minister for Aapni Yojna project in Churu, Jhunjhunu and Hanumangarh for safe and pure drinking water. Aapni Yojna's first phase covered 370 villages in Churu, Hanumangarh and Jhunjhunu districts of northern Rajasthan and two towns (Taranagar and Sardarshahar) from Churu. Water is available 24 hours a day in the villages. There are simple payment methods. Villages have one meter and villagers pay their dues. Health benefits include more awareness of health and hygiene. Economic prosperity has come with women having started income generation activities in the villages. There has also been improved community participation with maintenance of the safe drinking water facility by villagers.

Today, Aapni Yojna is the backbone for the availability of drinking water for Churu, Jhunjhunu & Hanumangarh district.

References

1945 births
2022 deaths
Indian National Congress politicians
Janata Dal politicians
Lok Dal politicians
Rajasthan MLAs 1977–1980
State cabinet ministers of Rajasthan
People from Churu district

Bhanwar Lal Sharma


Sir Thomas Wyatt the Younger (152111 April 1554) was an English politician and rebel leader during the reign of Queen Mary I; his rising is traditionally called "Wyatt's rebellion". He was the son of the English poet and ambassador Sir Thomas Wyatt.

Origins
He was the son of the poet Sir Thomas Wyatt who introduced the sonnet into English literature. His mother was Elizabeth Brooke, a daughter of Thomas Brooke, 8th Baron Cobham, of Cobham Hall and Cooling Castle both in Kent, by his wife, Dorothy Heydon, a daughter of Sir Henry Heydon and Elizabeth (or Anne) Boleyn, a daughter of Sir Geoffrey Boleyn. He was the grandson of Sir Henry Wyatt and Anne Skinner, a daughter of John Skinner of Reigate, Surrey.

Youth

Born the eldest of four boys, Thomas Wyatt the Younger was raised a Roman Catholic. His godfather, Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk had a significant influence on Wyatt's upbringing. Throughout his childhood, Thomas accompanied his father on a delegation to Spain where the Inquisition began. Subsequently, at the young age of sixteen, Thomas was married to Jane Haute.

At his father's death in 1542, Thomas inherited Allington Castle and Boxley Abbey in Kent, but found both estates encumbered by debt. Further financial difficulties arose from the fact that, having been unfaithful to his wife (rumour had it that they were both unfaithful), the elder Wyatt separated from her. He had a child named Francis Wyatt, whose mother was Elizabeth Darrell, an unmarried daughter of Sir Edward Darrell of Littlecote House in Wiltshire. The elder Sir Thomas left Elizabeth property in Dorset, thus diminishing his son's inheritance. Nonetheless, the younger Thomas was evidently on friendly terms with his half-brother Francis, to whom he made a gift of his manor of Tarrant.

He was described as a young man of somewhat wild and impulsive temperament, and in 1543, along with other young noblemen, including Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, he was in trouble with the authorities for causing a serious public disturbance in London. In the autumn of 1543, Wyatt and Surrey joined a group of volunteers to take part in the Siege of Landrecies. Wyatt established himself as a prominent figure in the military and was praised by the professional soldier Thomas Churchyard. Next, Wyatt took part in the Siege of Boulogne with a responsible command.

In 1547, he was elected Member of Parliament for Kent. In 1550, he was given the title of commissioner to delimit the English frontier in France but became ill and incapable of performing his duty. Later, Wyatt claimed to have assisted Queen Mary I against the Duke of Northumberland when the Duke claimed the throne for his daughter-in-law, Lady Jane Grey.

Wyatt's Rebellion
Stemming from experiences with the Spanish Inquisition while accompanying his father, Wyatt developed an aversion to the Spanish government, which greatly affected him when he learned of Queen Mary's decision to marry Philip of Spain. Thomas Wyatt viewed this decision as an injustice to the nation. According to Wyatt, he never planned on protesting against the Queen's marriage until he was approached by Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon, who wished to prevent the Queen's plan.

When the official marriage announcement was published on 15 January 1554, Wyatt and friends joined at Allington Castle to discuss plans of resistance. After several instigators were arrested, Wyatt became the leader of the rebellion. He then published a proclamation at Maidstone stating that his plan had been approved by "dyvers of the best shire". People were told to secure the advancements of "liberty and commonwealth" which were being threatened by "the Queen's determinate pleasure to marry with a stranger".

Wyatt proved himself to be a responsible leader, earning the praise of the French ambassador, Antoine de Noailles. Soon, Wyatt was responsible for commanding 1,500 men. He set up his command headquarters in Rochester on 26 January.

Shortly after he had established his headquarters, Queen Mary was informed of Wyatt's plan. The Queen offered a pardon to followers of Wyatt who retreated peacefully to their homes within twenty-four hours. Despite this, Thomas Wyatt encouraged his followers to stay by falsely announcing imminent support from France and victorious uprisings in other areas. He was given a surprising advantage when the government instructed the Duke of Norfolk to approach Wyatt and his forces. The Duke's forces were inferior to Wyatt and the rebels. When the Duke came into contact with Wyatt, many of his own men joined the rebellion, which led the Duke to flee to Gravesend.

Following these events, Wyatt and the four thousand men who accompanied him marched through Gravesend and Dartford to Blackheath in January 1553/54. The government addressed this issue with great seriousness. In an effort to gain time, the government offered Wyatt an opportunity to establish demands; however, this was only a formality. By this point, Wyatt had been deemed a disloyal adversary in the eyes of the monarchy. On 2 February 1554, over twenty thousand men volunteered to aid the Queen as defenders against Wyatt and his troops. In addition to these precautions, other security measures were also taken. The court and the Tower of London were under especially heavy guard. Furthermore, a lucrative reward was offered in exchange for Wyatt's capture: a valuable sum of land would be awarded to anyone who handed Wyatt over as a captive.

During the negotiation, Wyatt had insisted that the Tower should be surrendered to him, and the queen put in his charge. Although the reformers in London had at first been in sympathy with him, these demands caused a negative reaction. Upon entering Southwark, Wyatt and his companions soon discovered the high-security measures that had been implemented, and that London Bridge was fortified. As a result, many of his followers abandoned him, forcing him to leave Southwark. He instead headed towards Kingston-on-Thames, with new plans to surprise Ludgate and intentions to capture the Queen's refuge in St James's Palace. The government soon found out about his strategy, and responded by allowing him to progress into the city, only to corner him from all sides. After several skirmishes along the way, with the numbers of his followers dwindling continually, Wyatt eventually admitted defeat. He was arrested and taken to the Tower of London. On 15 March, after a trial which was little more than a formality, he was sentenced to death for high treason. Sentence was delayed in hopes that he would place some blame on Mary's half-sister Elizabeth, but he did not confess enough to put her in danger.

Execution
On 11 April 1554, the scheduled date of his execution, Wyatt asked permission of John Brydges, 1st Baron Chandos, the Lieutenant of the Tower of London, to speak to Edward Courtenay, the Earl of Devon.

During their half-hour-long meeting, Wyatt knelt down before Courtenay and begged him "to confess the truth of himself", as Wyatt believed Courtenay was the original instigator of the crime. However, when on the scaffold, Wyatt confessed his own blame and was determined to exculpate Princess Elizabeth and Courtenay. After Wyatt was beheaded, his body was further punished according to the standards of treason. His head, before it was stolen on 17 April, was hung from a gallows. His limbs were then circulated among towns and also hung up.

He was executed in Kingston upon Thames along with one hundred of his followers.

Marriage and issue
In 1537, Wyatt married Jane Haute, the daughter of Sir William Haute (died 1539) of Bishopsbourne, Kent, by Mary, the daughter of Sir Richard Guildford. They had six sons, George, Francis, Richard, Charles, Arthur and Henry, and four daughters, Joyce, Ursula, Anne, and Jane.

Three of their children married and continued the lineage. Anne married Roger Twysden, whose grandson was Sir Roger Twysden. Sir Roger inherited Wyatt the Younger's son George Wyatt's manuscript on Anne Boleyn's life, entitled Extracts from the Life of Queen Anne Boleigne, by George Wyat. Written at the close of the XVIth century.

His estates were afterwards partly restored to his son, George. George's son, Sir Francis Wyatt (died 1644), was governor of Virginia in 1621–26 and 1639–42. A fragment of the castle of Allington is still inhabited as a Grade 1 listed building, near Maidstone, on the bank of the Medway. A great-grandson of note was explorer and interpreter, Captain Henry Fleete of Maryland and Virginia.

In literature
Sir Thomas Wyatt the Younger is a central character in the history play Sir Thomas Wyatt (published in 1607) by John Webster and Thomas Dekker.

Footnotes

References

"Wyatt's Rebellion." Historical Dictionary of Tudor England 1485–1603 Ed. Fritze, Ronald H. 1991.Print.
"Wyatt, Sir Thomas." The Dictionary of National Biography. Ed. Stephen, Sir Leslie, and Sidney, Sir Lee. 1917. Print.
"Wyatt, Sir Thomas." The Oxford Companion to British Literature. Ed. Cannon, John.1997. Print.

Further reading
 Sir Thomas Wyatt the Younger and Wyatt's Rebellion. Taylor, James D. Algora Publishing, New York, 2013.  Biography

External links

1521 births
1554 deaths
English MPs 1547–1552
Executed English people
English rebels
Executions at the Tower of London
High Sheriffs of Kent
People executed by Tudor England by decapitation
People executed under Mary I of England
People executed under the Tudors for treason against England
English politicians convicted of crimes
People from Allington, Kent

Thomas Wyatt the Younger


Darren Bastow (born 22 December 1981 in Torquay) is an English former professional footballer who played in the Football League as a midfielder for Plymouth Argyle. He currently plays for South Devon League club Upton Athletic.

Career
Bastow began his career as an apprentice at Plymouth Argyle, joining the Home Park side in July 1998 after leaving Torquay Community College. He had been spotted by Argyle youth development officer John James while playing for Torre Trojans. He became the youngest ever goalscorer for Plymouth when he scored on his league debut, after coming on as substitute in the 3–0 home victory against Brentford in November 1998. After a further nine first-team appearances while still a trainee, and favourable press coverage, he signed a professional contract on his 17th birthday. His form soon attracted the attention of higher division sides, and in November 1999 he joined Premier League Derby County on trial, playing a reserve match against Coventry City.
At the end of his trial he returned to Home Park, but was left out of the squad in early 2000 for disciplinary reasons.
The player had problems off the field and walked out on the club,
although Argyle retained his registration and refused to let him play even for South Devon League side Upton Athletic.

In October 2000 he briefly returned to Plymouth Argyle and resumed training, but later walked out again. He eventually returned to playing football, joining Upton Athletic on non-contract terms in August 2001. He agreed to join Torquay United on trial in October 2001, but nothing came of it, and he continued to play for Upton Athletic alongside other members of his family, including former Torquay player Ian Bastow, also spending a season at Moretonhampstead.

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
Footballers from Torquay
English men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Plymouth Argyle F.C. players
English Football League players

Darren Bastow


Bee Hive, also spelled Beehive, is an unincorporated community in Lee County, Alabama, United States. It is part of the Columbus, Georgia-Alabama Metropolitan Area. Originally named for an apiary located along Wire Road near the Macon County line, the Bee Hive community today lies near the southwest periphery of the city limits of Auburn.It is the birthplace of James D. Edmondson. A post office operated under the name Beehive from 1896 to 1902.

References

Neighborhoods in Alabama
Unincorporated communities in Lee County, Alabama
Columbus metropolitan area, Georgia

Bee Hive, Alabama


Chance may refer to:

Mathematics and Science
 In mathematics, likelihood of something (by way of the Likelihood function or Probability density function).
 Chance (statistics magazine)

Places
 Chance, Kentucky, US
 Chance, Maryland, US
 Chance, Oklahoma, US
 Chance, South Dakota, US
 Chance, Virginia, US
 Chancé, a commune in Brittany, France

People
 Chance (name), a given name and surname
 Chance the Rapper (born 1993), Chicago hip hop recording artist
 Kamal Givens or Chance (born 1981), American rapper and reality-show contestant
 Chancellor, formerly Chance (born 1986), American singer-songwriter and record producer

Arts and entertainment

Film and television
 Chance (1984 film), a Russian science fiction comedy film
 Chance (1990 film), an action film starring Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs and Dan Haggerty
 Chance (2002 film), directed by and starring Amber Benson
 Chance (2009 film), directed by Abner Benaim
 Chance (2019 film), an American computer-animated film
 Chance (2020 film), starring Matthew Modine
 "Chance" (Fear Itself), a TV series episode
 Chance (TV series), a 2016 American thriller/drama television series

Music

Groups and labels
 Chance (band), an American country music group
 Chance Records, an American record label

Albums
 Chance (Manfred Mann's Earth Band album)
 Chance (Candi Staton album)

Songs
 "Chance" (Act song)
 "Chance" (Big Country song)
 "Chance!" (Koharu Kusumi song)
 "Chance" (Miho Komatsu song), 1998
 "Chance" (Sylvie Vartan song), 1963
 "Chance", by DC Talk from Intermission: the Greatest Hits
 "Chance" (Savatage song)
 "Chance!", by Uverworld from Timeless
 "Chance!", by Yui Asaka
 "A Chance", by Kenny Chesney
 "Chance" by Hayley Kiyoko from Panorama, 2022

Other arts and entertainment
 Chance (Conrad novel), a 1913 novel by Joseph Conrad
 Chance (Parker novel), a 1996 novel by Robert B. Parker
 Chance (comics), two different characters from the Marvel Comics universe
 Chance, a space in the game Monopoly
 Life (video games), also sometimes called a chance

Other uses
 Chance (philosophy) or indeterminism
 Chance (baseball), a defensive statistic
 Chance (ship), a number of ships of this name
 Chance, a celebrity Brahman bull whose clone was named Second Chance
 Chance Brothers, a glass company
 Chance Rides, an amusement park ride and roller coaster manufacturer
 Optima Bus Corporation, formerly Chance Coach, Inc.

See also

 Chances (disambiguation)
 Second Chance (disambiguation)
 Second Chances (disambiguation)

Chance


Balt Moor Wall is an earthwork and listed scheduled ancient monument in Lyng, Somerset, England, situated on the Somerset Levels to the northwest of the River Tone. The site contains the remains of a section of medieval causeway, which now forms a raised embankment between  and  wide and up to  high.

The structure, which English Heritage refers to as "a rare example of medieval engineering", appears to have been built to protect the Salt Moor from the flooding of the River Tone in the Athelney-Lyng gap.

History
The wall is first mentioned in a charter signed by King Stephen between 1135 and 1154, when monks from Athelney Abbey were reclaiming some of the land.

The original construction may date from the 9th century, but it is not clear whether this was intended to control the course of the River Tone, or as a causeway between the fortified sites at Lyng and the Isle of  Athelney. The Somerset Drainage Commission ordered the causeway to be encased in masonry in 1880. In 1996 the wall was tested for stability, during which medieval pottery was unearthed. Geophysical surveys were carried out in 1987 and 1993 with exploratory trenches being dug in 1996.

References

Scheduled monuments in Taunton Dene
Archaeological sites in Somerset
Walls in England

Balt Moor Wall


Judith Christie McAllister (born September 29, 1963 as Judith F. Christie) is an American Pentecostal gospel musician, the leader of Never Ending Worship, and she was the President of the International Music Department for the Church of God in Christ from 2009 until 2021. Her first album, Send Judah First, was released by Judah Music Records in 2000. She released, Raise the Praise, with Judah Music Records in 2003. The third album, In His Presence: Live!, was released in 2006, and this was a Billboard magazine breakthrough release upon the Gospel Albums and two others. Her fourth album, Sound the Trumpet, was released in 2011 with Shanachie Records, and this charted upon the aforementioned chart.

Early life
She was born in Harlem, on September 29, 1963, as Judith F. Christie, as the daughter of a minister from Jamaica and her mother, who is from Barbados. Her mother being a pianist at her father's church growing up gave her the impetus to learn how to play the piano and become a pianist in her own right. She went to Oral Roberts University in the mid-1980s.

Music career
In 1992, she became the Music Director at West Angeles Church of God in Christ (COGIC). In 2004, she became a vice-president for the International Music Department (COGIC) under the leadership of Iris Stevenson. Finally in 2009, she was appointed the President of the International Music Department (COGIC) by Presiding Bishop Charles E. Blake Sr.  Her music recording career commenced in 2001, with her album, Send Judah First, and it was released by her label Judah Records on January 30, 2001. She released, Raise the Praise, on January 27, 2003 again by her label Judah Records. The third album, In His Presence: Live!, was released on May 30, 2006 by Artemis Records, and this was her breakthrough release upon the Billboard magazine Gospel Albums chart at No. 10, while placing on two more charts. The subsequent album, Sound the Trumpet, released by Shanachie Records in 2011, and this charted at No. 13 on the aforementioned chart.

Personal life
She is married to Darin McAllister, and together they reside in Los Angeles, California with their children. She serves as the Minister of Music under the presiding bishop of the Church of God in Christ, Charles E. Blake, church West Angeles.

Discography

References

External links
 Official website
 Cross Rhythms artist profile

1963 births
Living people
African-American women singer-songwriters
African-American Christians
Singers from New York City
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)
American people of Jamaican descent
American people of Barbadian descent
Oral Roberts University alumni
21st-century African-American women singers

Judith Christie McAllister


Felix Neff (8 October 1798 – 12 April 1829), Swiss Protestant divine and philanthropist, was born at Geneva. Originally a sergeant of artillery, he decided in 1819 to devote himself entirely to evangelistic work. He was ordained to the ministry in 1822, and soon afterwards settled in the valley of Freissinières, where he labored in the manner of J. F. Oberlin, being at one and the same time pastor, schoolmaster, engineer and agriculturist. He was so successful that he changed the character of the district and its inhabitants. In 1827, worn out by his labors, he was obliged to return to his native place, where he died two years later.

References

1798 births
1829 deaths
Clergy from Geneva
Swiss Protestant ministers

Felix Neff


Kenneth Howard Peacock (7 April 1922 – 22 November 2000) was a Canadian ethnomusicologist, composer, and pianist. He was a leading authority in Canadian enthnomusicology, and his research and publications in that field had a profound impact on the folk music revival in Canada of the mid to late 20th century. He was an associate of the Canadian Music Centre, a founding member of the Canadian Music Council, and a member of the Canadian League of Composers. In 1982 he was named a Member of the Order of Canada, and in 1998 was awarded the Marius Barbeau Medal by the Folklore Studies Association of Canada.

Life and career
Born in Toronto, Peacock earned as associate diploma from the Toronto Conservatory of Music (TCM) in 1937 where he was a piano student of Alma Cockburn. From 1937 to 1946 he was active as a private tutor in piano and music theory in Toronto. In 1939-1940 he pursued further piano studies privately with Mona Bates. In 1941 he entered the University of Toronto where he studied music theory with Healey Willan and Leo Smith. After earning a Bachelor of Music in 1943, he continued with graduate studies in composition at the UT with John Weinzweig from 1944 to 1946.

Peacock returned to the TCM for further piano studies under Reginald Godden in 1948–1949. In early 1950 he moved to Montreal to study the piano with Michel Hirvy. He moved to Boston the following autumn to study composition with Francis Judd Cooke at the New England Conservatory. From 1947 to 1954 he was active as teacher in Ottawa. He worked on the staff of the Canadian Museum of Civilization from 1951 to 1972 as an ethnomusicologist and research fellow. He wrote many articles for a variety of musical periodicals during his career, in addition to having work published through the Museum of Civilization. He was also active as a pianist in several Canadian cities.

References

1922 births
2000 deaths
Canadian classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Canadian male composers
Canadian musicologists
Members of the Order of Canada
Canadian music educators
New England Conservatory alumni
The Royal Conservatory of Music alumni
University of Toronto alumni
Musicians from Toronto
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century Canadian composers
20th-century Canadian pianists
20th-century musicologists
Canadian male pianists
20th-century Canadian male musicians

Kenneth Peacock


Ryan William Sylvester (born 20 April 1975) is a Welsh cricketer.  Sylvester is a right-handed batsman who bowls leg break.  He was born at Cardiff, Glamorgan.

Sylvester made his debut in the Minor Counties Championship for Herefordshire in 1998, playing just a single match for them against Oxfordshire.  The following season he joined Wales Minor Counties, making his Minor Counties Championship debut for them against Cornwall.  From 1999 to 2002, he represented the team in 21 Championship matches, the last of which came against Cornwall.  His MCCA Knockout Trophy debut for the team came in 1999 against Herefordshire.  From 1999 to 2001, Sylvester represented the team in 7 Trophy matches, the last of which came against the Warwickshire Cricket Board.

His debut List A appearance for the team came in the 1st round of the 1999 NatWest Trophy against Lincolnshire.  From 1999 to 2002, he represented the team in 12 List A matches, the last of which came against Cornwall in the 2nd round of the 2003 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy which was played in 2002.  In his 12 List A matches, he scored 294 runs at a batting average of 29.40, with three half centuries and a high score of 73.

Sylvester previously played Second XI cricket for the Glamorgan Second XI and Gloucestershire Second XI.  He currently plays club cricket for Sully Centurions Cricket Club in the South Wales Cricket League.

References

External links
Ryan Sylvester at Cricinfo
Ryan Sylvester at CricketArchive

1975 births
Living people
Cricketers from Cardiff
Welsh cricketers
Herefordshire cricketers
Wales National County cricketers

Ryan Sylvester


Ramiro I (bef. 10078 May 1063) was the first King of Aragon from 1035 until his death, although he is sometimes described as a petty king. He would expand the nascent Kingdom of Aragon through his acquisition of territories, such as Sobrarbe and Ribagorza, and the city of Sangüesa. Sancho Ramírez, his son and successor, was King of Aragon, but also became King of Pamplona.

Biography

Apparently born before 1007, he was the illegitimate son of Sancho III of Pamplona by his mistress Sancha of Aybar. Ramiro was reputed to have been adopted by his father's wife Muniadona after he was the only one of his father's children to come to her aid when needed, although there is no surviving record of these events and the story is probably apocryphal.

During his father's reign, he appeared as witness of royal charters starting in 1011, and was given numerous properties in the county of Aragon, and by the division of Sancho's realm on the latter's death in 1035, the county of Aragon fell to Ramiro with the title of baiulus or steward. This was part of what would prove to be a larger division: Navarre and the Basque country went to eldest half-brother García, the county of Castile was held by Ferdinand, while the counties of Sobrarbe and Ribagorza fell to Gonzalo and Ramiro received lands in Aragon to hold under García.

Ramiro's exact status is vague. He was called king by his vassals, neighbors, the church and even his sons, yet he always referred to himself simply as Ranimiro Sancioni regis filio (Ramiro, son of King Sancho). Likewise, in his two wills, he refers to his lands as having been given him in stewardship: in the first by García, and in the second by God. He is called regulus (rather than rex used for García) and quasi pro rege (acting as if king) in charters from Navarre. Due to his growing independence and the small size of his Pyrenean holdings, he is sometimes called a "petty king", Aragon a "pocket kingdom".

Ramiro sought to enlarge his lands at the expense of both the Moors and his brother, García, the King of Navarre. Shortly after the death of his father (the date variously placed from 1036 to 1043), he supported the emir of Tudela in an invasion of the Navarre. While he was defeated in the Battle of Tafalla, he still was able to gain territory, including Sanguesa, and established a state of semi-autonomy. In 1043, apparently with the approval of García, he annexed Sobrarbe and Ribagorza, previously held by his youngest legitimate half-brother, Gonzalo. This union created a pseudo-independent Aragonese state, with its capital at Jaca, that would give rise to the Kingdom of Aragon.

After annexation of Ribagorza and Sobrarbe, Ramiro began the advance from Aragon toward Huesca and Zaragoza. The first charter for the royal town of Jaca is attributed to him. It included well defined laws of protection even to non-residents, and would set an example for urban rights until late in the Middle Ages.

Ramiro died at the Battle of Graus in 1063 while trying to take the city. He was buried at the monastery of San Juan de la Peña, in Santa Cruz de la Serós.

Marriage and children

Before he was married, Ramiro had a mistress named Amuña (Amunna) with whom he had an illegitimate son, Sancho, in whom he confided the government of the county of Ribagorza. Via a son García of Aybar and Atarés, Count Sancho was grandfather of Pedro de Atarés, a candidate to succeed Alfonso the Battler.

Ramiro's first wife was Gisberga, daughter of Bernard Roger of Bigorre, on 22 August 1036. She changed her name to Ermesinda on marrying him. Together the couple had five children:

 Sancho Ramírez, his successor
 García, Bishop of Jaca
 Sancha, who married Armengol III of Urgel in 1065
 Urraca, nun in Santa Cruz de la Serós
 Theresa, who married William Bertrand of Provence

Ramiro's second wife was Agnes (Inés), perhaps a daughter of the Duke of Aquitaine. No children are known from this marriage.

References

Sources

1063 deaths
11th-century Aragonese monarchs
Spanish military personnel killed in action
Year of birth uncertain
Monarchs killed in action
Year of birth unknown
Burials at the Monastery of San Juan de la Peña
Illegitimate children of Spanish monarchs
Sons of emperors

Ramiro I of Aragon