Constantin Freiherr von Economo (; 21 August 1876 – 21 October 1931) was an Austrian psychiatrist and neurologist. He is mostly known for his discovery of encephalitis lethargica and his atlas of cytoarchitectonics of the cerebral cortex.

Biography

Family and schooling
Constantin Economo von San Serff was born in Brăila, Ottoman Empire, to Johannes and Helene Economo, a wealthy family with large holdings in Thessaly and Macedonia. The Economo (Οικονόμου, Oikonomou) family originated from Edessa, in the Ottoman Sanjak of Salonica (modern Edessa, Central Macedonia, Greece) where some of Constantin's ancestors were notables, and his family included many bishops. In 1877, the family moved to Trieste, Austria-Hungary, and Constantin spent his childhood and youth in Trieste. He was a good student, speaking several languages fluently. In 1906, his family was ennobled and Economo obtained the title "Freiherr" (Baron).

At the request of his father, Economo began his study of mechanical engineering at the Polytechnic University of Vienna in 1893 but switched to medicine after two years. His first scientific work,  "Zur Entwicklung der Vogelhypophyse"  ("On the Development of the Pituitary Gland in Birds") was published in 1899. Economo worked as an assistant for Sigmund Exner from 1900 until 1903. He received his medical degree in 1901.

He married Eleonora (Lola) Glaser, daughter of the Slovene linguist and literary scholar Karol Glaser, and later lady-in-waiting of Queen Maria of Yugoslavia. The two divorced before 1924.

Scientific career
From 1903 to 1904, he was a resident at the Clinic of Internal Medicine under Carl Wilhelm Hermann Nothnagel. Subsequently, he travelled through Europe for two years and worked for several scientists. He studied neurology, histology, and psychiatry in Paris (under Alexis Joffroy, Valentin Magnan and Pierre Marie). In Nancy, he was introduced to hypnosis (under Hippolyte Bernheim); in Strasbourg he became familiar with methods of microscopic research of the nervous system (under Albrecht von Bethe). In Munich, von Economo worked with Emil Kraepelin and Alois Alzheimer and wrote his article "Contribution to the normal anatomy of the ganglion cell." He also worked in the psychiatry of Berlin under Theodor Ziehen and in the neurologic ambulatory under Hermann Oppenheim and, finally, did experimental animal research in Trieste (under Carl Isidor Cori).
After these two years, he returned to Vienna and worked as assistant at the Clinic for Psychiatry and Nervous Diseases (headed by Julius Wagner-Jauregg) at Vienna's General Hospital.  Von Economo obtained his habilitation in 1913. In 1919 at age 43, he married Princess Karoline von Schönburg-Hartenstein. In 1921, von Economo was appointed Professor of Psychiatry and Neurology. He was to conduct his research in the Clinic for Psychiatry and Nervous Diseases in Vienna for the rest of his life, but in 1931, he was made head of a newly established department of brain research. He died five months later.

Aeronautics
Von Economo was not only an eminent scientist but also a passionate pilot. In 1907, he developed an interest in aeronautics and balloon-flying and became the first Austrian having an international pilot's diploma in 1912. From 1910 until 1926 he was President of the Austrian Aero-Club and chairman of the Aviation Board at the Austrian Ministry of Commerce and Transport. During World War I, he served first in the automobile corps at the Russian front and in 1916 as a pilot at the front in South Tyrol. In the same year, at the request of his parents, he returned to Vienna to care as a military physician for patients with head injuries. Here, he saw his first cases of Encephalitis lethargica.

Death
In 1931, von Economo died in Vienna, aged 55, of the sequelae of a heart attack. He was honored by an Austrian stamp in 1976. Since 1966, a bust portraying him can be found in the  "Arkadenhof" of the University of Vienna.

Scientific work
Economo published about 150 articles and books. In his early studies, he concentrated on the neuroanatomy and physiology of the midbrain, pons and trigeminal nerve pathway and wrote articles dealing for example with choreic hemiplegia, pontine tumors, mastication and deglutition.

Encephalitis lethargica
This encephalitis with acute inflammation of the grey matter occurred in epidemic form worldwide from 1915 until about 1924, mainly in Europe and North-America, causing lesions in the substantia nigra. Von Economo described in detail the symptoms, pathology and histology of the disease which was soon called Von Economo's Disease. Three types of this illness could be distinguished. The symptoms of the somnolent-ophthalmoplegic form were somnolence, often leading to coma and death, paralysis of cranial nerves, extremities and eye muscles and expressionless faces. The hyperkinetic form manifested itself with restlessness, motor disturbances as twitching of muscle groups, involuntary movements, anxious mental state and insomnia or inversion of sleep patterns. The amyostatic-akinetic form often led to a chronic state similar to Parkinson's disease, called postencephalitic parkinsonism. The symptoms were weakness of muscles, rigidity of movements and insomnia or sleep inversion.

Von Economo published his findings in an article of 1917,  "Die Encephalitis lethargica,"  and in the monograph "Die Encephalitis lethargica, ihre Nachkrankheiten und ihre Behandlung" in 1929 (Encephalitis lethargica – Its sequelae and treatment).  The condition has not occurred since 1940. Von Economo was inspired by this illness to search for a centre of sleep in the brain.

Cytoarchitectonic studies

After the first attempts to divide the human cortex into areas according to the cytoarchitecture by Theodor Meynert, Vladimir Betz, Alfred Walter Campbell, Grafton Elliot Smith and Korbinian Brodmann, von Economo started his own project in 1912 and was joined by Georg N. Koskinas in 1919. In 1925, their monumental work  "Die Cytoarchitektonik der Hirnrinde des erwachsenen Menschen"  ("Cytoarchitectonics of the Adult Human Cerebral Cortex") was published. This work was presented in two volumes, a textbook of more than 800 pages and an atlas with 112 large-sized microphotographic plates of the cortex. The textbook contains detailed descriptions of their studies and an introduction to the history of cytoarchitectonic research. Two years later, a shorter version,  "Zellaufbau der Großhirnrinde"  ("The Cellular Architecture of the Cerebral Cortex") was published and translated into French, Italian and English. With their atlas, von Economo and Koskinas hoped to create a basis for future brain research and the localisation of brain functions since they assumed that cytoarchitectonic differences reflect functional differences. The atlas was republished in 2008.

Von Economo and Koskinas divided the cortex into seven lobes (Lobi) with further subdivisions (Regiones and Areae):
Lobus frontalis (F): 35 Areae
Regio praerolandica: 10 Areae
Regio frontalis: 9 Areae
Regio orbitomedialis: 16 Areae
Lobus limbicus superior (L): 13 Areae
Regio limbica superior anterior: 5 Areae
Regio limbica superior posterior: 3 Areae
Subregio retrosplenialis: 5 Areae
Lobus insulae (I): 6 Areae
Lobus parietalis (P): 18 Areae
Regio postcentralis: 6 Areae
Regio parietalis superior: 4 Areae
Regio parietalis inferior: 5 Areae
Regio parietalis basalis: 3 Areae
Lobus occipitalis (O): 7 Areae
Lobus temporalis (T): 14 Areae
Regio supratemporalis: 5 Areae
Regio temporalis propria: 2 Areae
Regio fusiformis: 3 Areae
Regio temporopolaris: 4 Areae
Lobus limbicus inferior/Lobus hippocampi (H): 14 Areae

Von Economo neurons
The term "von Economo neurons" or spindle neurons has been given to large bipolar nerve cells identified by von Economo in layer V of the anterior cingulate and fronto-insular cortex.

Progressive cerebration
For von Economo, cerebration meant the evolution of the mind through generations, the increase of the brain mass, and the acquisition of new "organs of thought" due to differentiation of cortical areas. In this context, Economo was interested in "élite brains." He hoped to find microstructural characteristics in these brains distinguishing them from "average brains."

References

1876 births
1931 deaths
19th-century Austrian people
20th-century Austrian people
20th-century Austrian physicians
Austrian neurologists
Austrian people of Greek descent
Barons of Austria
Emigrants from the Ottoman Empire to Austria-Hungary
Nobility from Trieste
People from Brăila
Physicians from Trieste
Physicians from Vienna
Romanian people of Greek descent
TU Wien alumni

Constantin von Economo


Goulding is a census-designated place (CDP) in Escambia County, Florida, United States. The population was 4,102 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Pensacola–Ferry Pass–Brent Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Geography
Goulding is located at  (30.437142, -87.230581).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , all land.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 4,484 people, 1,298 households, and 624 families residing in the CDP.  The population density was .  There were 1,437 housing units at an average density of .  The racial makeup of the CDP was 25.00% White, 72.46% African American, 0.36% Native American, 0.60% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.45% from other races, and 1.12% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.54% of the population.

There were 1,298 households, out of which 15.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 19.0% were married couples living together, 23.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 51.9% were non-families. 47.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 27.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.15 and the average family size was 3.20.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 14.3% under the age of 18, 12.3% from 18 to 24, 34.4% from 25 to 44, 18.8% from 45 to 64, and 20.1% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 137.9 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 141.6 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $14,750, and the median income for a family was $22,969. Males had a median income of $18,606 versus $17,500 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $8,876.  About 25.0% of families and 30.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 39.1% of those under age 18 and 30.7% of those age 65 or over.

See also
Brownsville-Brent-Goulding, Florida, a single census area recorded during the 1950 Census

References

Pensacola metropolitan area
Census-designated places in Escambia County, Florida
Census-designated places in Florida

Goulding, Florida


Nadeeka Samanmali Perera (Sinhala:නදීකා සමන්මලී පෙරේරා, born 22 Oct 1983) is a Sri Lankan fashion model born in Colombo, Sri Lanka. She competed in the Miss World 2005 pageant and has been crowned as "The International Best Female Model-2007" at a ceremony held in Spain.

Early life
Nadeeka was educated at Central College – Dehiwala and St. Joseph's Girls' School. She wanted to become a model ever since the age of 16. At , Nadeeka is the tallest female model in Sri Lanka.

Career
She has successfully completed a professional course in modeling and presently follows a course in beauty culture. After completing her courses, she hopes to set up her own boutique selling her own line of designs. She enjoys social dancing, volleyball, sewing, designing and making costume jewellery, and watching TV programs on travel and tourism.

Her aim in life is to encourage all young women to believe in themselves and overcome all obstacles which prevent them from fulfilling their dreams.

Perera represented Sri Lanka at the pageant in Alicante, Spain in 2007 and for the first time a Sri Lankan woman won first place in this category apart from the four mini titles, Miss Photogenic, Miss Glamour, Best National Costume and Miss Catwalk.

Her mini title Best National Costume was a unique design as she dressed up as a traditional 'Gara Yaka'.

In 2012 she started her own modeling school with 17 students. Those students were graduated on 21 October 2012.

References

External links
Nadeeka Perera Photos and Profile
Official Website – Sri Lankan Model Network
YouTube – Video
Nadeeka Perera Photo Gallery

1983 births
Sri Lankan female models
Living people
Miss World 2005 delegates

Nadeeka Perera


Ceratocumatidae is a family of crustaceans of the order Cumacea. Ceratocumatidae have a small free telson. The endopods (interior branches) of the uropods are present on only one segment. Males have 5, 4 or 3 pairs of pleopods. All maxillipeds and some of the pereiopods bear exopods (outer branches). The gill apparatus has no supporting gill plates.

References

Cumacea
Malacostraca families

Ceratocumatidae


David Farley (born September 25, 1971) is an American author and journalist.

Farley is originally from Dubuque, Iowa, but spent his formative years in Simi Valley, California. He graduated from Simi Valley High School and received a bachelor's degree from University of California, Santa Cruz and a master's degree in European history from San Francisco State University.

Farley writes mostly about travel, food, and culture for The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, The Washington Post, Conde Nast Traveler, and Newsweek, among other publications. In 2006, 2010, 2013, 2015, 2018, and 2019 he won Lowell Thomas Awards from the Society of American Travel Writers for magazine articles he has written. He has lived in Prague, Paris, Rome, New York City and Berlin.

An Irreverent Curiosity
An Irreverent Curiosity: In Search of the Church's Strangest Relic in Italy's Oddest Town, Farley's first book, is a narrative history/travelogue about Farley's time living in Calcata, Italy while searching for the Holy Foreskin, which was preserved in the medieval hill town's church for centuries until it went missing under mysterious circumstances in the 1980s. The book was named one of the best travel books of the year by the Los Angeles Times and WorldHum.com and one of the best books of the decade by the Dubuque Telegraph Herald. In October 2010, it won a Lowell Thomas Award for best travel book.

In December 2013, National Geographic Channel broadcast a documentary, starring Farley and based on his book, called "The Quest for the Holy Foreskin".

Underground Worlds
In May 2018, publisher Black Dog & Leventhal published Farley's second book, Underground Worlds: A Guide to Spectacular Subterranean Places.

References

External links
Official site
Interview in The New Yorker
"The Quest for the Holy Foreskin"

1971 births
Living people
American travel writers
American male non-fiction writers
Writers from Dubuque, Iowa
Simi Valley High School alumni
Writers from California

David Farley


Donald Anthony Preziosi (born January 12, 1941) is an American art historian. He is Emeritus Professor of Art History at the University of California, Los Angeles.  In August 2007, he became the MacGeorge Fellow at the University of Melbourne. He is a past president of the Semiotic Society of America (1985).

In his writing he combines disciplines as diverse as intellectual history, critical theory and museology. His 1998 book The Art of Art History: A Critical Anthology is considered 'the most widely used English-language introduction to art history'.

At UCLA, Professor Preziosi developed the art history critical theory program and the UCLA museum studies program.  At Oxford, he held the Slade Professorship of Fine Arts in 2001, where he delivered a series of lectures entitled Seeing Through Art History.

Education
Preziosi received his bachelor's degree from Fairfield University and his master's degree in Linguistics and a Ph.D. in art history from Harvard University.

Bibliography
 LABRYS (Charlton Press, New Haven), 1970)
 Architecture, Language, and Meaning (Mouton, The Hague), 1979
 The Semiotics of the Built Environment (Indiana Univ Press, Bloomington & London), 1979
 Minoan Architectural Design (Mouton, Berlin), 1983
 Rethinking Art History: Meditations on a Coy Science (Yale University Press, New Haven & London), 1989
 The Ottoman City and Its Parts: Urban Structure & Social Order, Irene Bierman, Rifa'at Ali Abou-El-Haj & Donald Preziosi, eds.1992; [Co-Editor and two introductory essays]
 The Art of Art History: A Critical Anthology (edited, with two essays and 10 introductory essays; Oxford University Press, Oxford & New York, 1998)
 Aegean Art and Architecture (with Louise Hitchcock; Oxford University Press, Oxford & New York, 1999)
 Brain of the Earth's Body: Museums & the Fabrication of Modernity (Minnesota University Press, Minneapolis & London, 1999)
 In the Aftermath of Art: Ethics, Aesthetics, and Politics (Routledge, 2005) – essays on visual culture and art history, 1988-2003, with a Critical Commentary by Johanne Lamoureux

External links
Dictionary of Art Historians Profile
UCLA Professor Profile

References

American art historians
American semioticians
Fairfield University alumni
Harvard University alumni
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
Living people
1941 births
Slade Professors of Fine Art (University of Oxford)
Historians from California
Presidents of the Semiotic Society of America

Donald Preziosi


Thijs Roks (30 November 1930 – 7 February 2007) was a Dutch racing cyclist. He rode the Tour de France in 1952–1954 with the best result of 29th place in 1953; that year he finished in third place at the first stage of the Tour. He competed in the Giro d'Italia four times (1952–1955), and won the road race at the national championships of 1955.

Roks married on 10 August 1953. In the late 1960s he developed an acute form of rheumatism and ended up in a wheelchair. One of his sons was killed in a driving accident in 1973, aged 17. Ten years later, his other son drowned while fishing, aged 21. His wife died in 1991 of thrombosis, aged 58. Yet despite all those events, Roks was noted for his cheerful spirit through his life.

References

1930 births
2007 deaths
Dutch male cyclists
Cyclists from Rucphen
Cyclists from Zundert

Thijs Roks


The Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) is the third-level military medal given to members of the United Kingdom's Royal Air Force and other services. It was also given to members of other Commonwealth countries. The medal was awarded for "an act or acts of valour, courage or devotion to duty whilst flying in active operations against the enemy".

History
The award was established on 3 June 1918, shortly after the formation of the Royal Air Force (RAF). It was originally awarded to RAF officers. During the Second World War, it was also awarded to Royal Artillery officers serving with the RAF as pilots and artillery observers. In 1993 the medal replaced the Distinguished Flying Medal, which had until then been awarded to other ranks. People awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross are allowed to use the post-nominal letters "DFC". A bar is added to the ribbon for holders of the DFC who received a second award.

During the First World War, about 1,100 DFCs were awarded, with 70 first bars and 3 second bars. During the Second World War, 20,354 DFCs were awarded, the most of any award, with about 1,550 first bars and 45 second bars.

Honorary awards were made on 964 occasions to people from other non-Commonwealth countries.

Description
The decoration is a cross flory and is 2⅛ inches wide. The horizontal and bottom bars have bumps at the end, while the upper bar has a rose. The front of the medal has aeroplane propellers, placed on the vertical arms of the cross, and wings on the horizontal arms. In the centre is a laurel wreath around the RAF monogram, with a heraldic Imperial Crown on the top.

The back of the medal has the Royal Cypher in the centre and the year of issue engraved on the lower arm. The decoration is issued named.

The ribbon was originally white with purple broad horizontal stripes. This was changed in 1919 to the current white with purple broad diagonal stripes.

The decoration was designed by Edward Carter Preston.

Notable award winners

 John Balmer, RAAF pilot
 Roy Calvert; RNZAF pilot who was awarded the DFC three times.
 Major General Levi R. Chase; American flying ace, awarded DFC with Bar (WWII and Korea)
 Flight Lieutenant Pierre Clostermann, French RAF officer; in 1945 who was awarded RAF DFC & Bar.
 Harry Cobby; flying ace of the Australian Flying Corps who was awarded the DFC three times.
 Gordon Cochrane; RNZAF pilot who was awarded the DFC three times.
 Flight Lieutenant Michelle Goodman; in 2008, she became the first woman to be awarded the DFC.
 Peter Stanley James, RAF
 Philip Robinson, RAF pilot who was awarded the DFC three times.
 Arjan Singh; Indian Air Force was awarded the DFC. He later become Marshal of Indian Air Force
 Mohinder Singh Pujji; Indian Air Force was awarded the DFC.
 Group Captain Peter Woolridge Townsend; Royal Air Force CVO, DSO, DFC & Bar (22 November 1914 – 19 June 1995) was a British Royal Air Force officer, flying ace, courtier and author. He was Equerry to King George VI 1944–1952 and held the same position for Queen Elizabeth II 1952–1953. Townsend also had a romance with Princess Margaret.
 Harold Whistler; Royal Flying Corps flying ace who was awarded the DFC three times.

References

Other websites

 Search recommendations for the Distinguished Flying Cross on The National Archives website.

Military honors

Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)


Entrance to the Labyrinth () is a 1989 Soviet five-episode television crime film directed by Valeriy Kremnev based on the Vayner Brothers novel Medicine against Fear.

Plot
The film consists of several storylines.

Main one occurs in the USSR in the 1980s - a detective story about scammers who, using a police identification card, break into the apartments of dishonest people and rob them under the guise of a search. When studying this case, investigator Muromtsev discovers a conflict between two inventors of miracle drug metaproptozole, called abroad as "medicine against fear". The professor does not believe in the existence of this drug because he did not succeed in inventing it himself. Therefore, he denies that his opponent Lyzhin, who is considered a kooky eccentric could invent such a drug. However, the criminals manage to poison the district plenipotentiary with this particular drug, after which they abduct the identity card and the government-issue weapons of the district police officer Pozdnyakov.

A parallel story tells about the life and tragic fate of the great physician and philosopher Paracelsus in the 16th century in Europe. In search of a mythical cure for all diseases, he makes discoveries, which form the basis of modern pharmacology. The life of Paracelsus is spent in constant wanderings.

Cast
Igor Kostolevsky — investigator Oleg Petrovich Muromtsev
Ivars Kalniņš — professor Alexander Nikolaevich Panafidin (voiced by Sergey Malishevsky)
Yuriy Nazarov — district police officer Andrei Filippovich Pozdnyakov
Zhanna Prokhorenko — wife of Pozdnyakov, Anna Vasilyevna
Tatyana Nazarova — daughter of Pozdnyakov, Dasha
Larisa Udovichenko — wife of Panafidin Olga Ilinichna
Alexander Novikov — Boris Chebakov
Lev Borisov — father of Chebakov
Yuri Gorobets — Sergey Ivanovich Golitsyn
Sergey Gazarov — Omar Sharifovich Ramazanov
Natalya Arinbasarova — Rashida Abbasovna Ramazanova
Mikhail Gluzsky — Professor Ilya Petrovich Blagolopov
Natalya Khorokhorina — Ekaterina Fedorovna Pachkalina
Leonid Kuravlyov — Lev Sergeevich Khlebnikov
Boris Romanov — Vladimir Konstantinovich Lyzhin
Kapitolina Ilyenko — neighbor Lyzhina
Boris Becker — Noah Markovich Khaletsky
Valentin Smirnitsky — Yakov Okun (voiced by Yuri Sarantsev)
Evgeny Platokhin — investigator in the Pozdnyakov case
Igor Statsenko — assistant professor Panafidin
Marina Ustimenko — Alexandrova
Klavdia Kozlenko — wife of Kashin
Tatiana Mitrushina — Okun's wife
Vladimir Nosik — Spirkin
Vladimir Troshin — Nikolai Sergeevich
Semyon Farada — Pontyaga
Roman Filippov — Nikolai Ignatievich Belavol
Vladimir Plotnikov — racer
Mikk Mikiver — Paracelsus (voiced by Rudolf Pankov)
Aleksandr Belyavsky — Mayor of Naousen
Yevgeniy Dvorzhetsky — Azriel
Villor Kuznetsov — Sorensen
Algimantas Masiulis — Baron Jacob Fugger (voiced by Nikolai Grabbe)
Donatas Banionis — Mazardi (voiced by Aleksandr Demyanenko)
George Teich — Erasmus of Rotterdam
Mati Klooren — Calvin (voiced by Igor Yasulovich)
Heino Mandri — Baron Hütter (voiced by Rogvold Sukhoverko)
Valentin Nikulin — Fiscal
Reino Aren — Froben (voiced by Vladimir Safronov)
Elena Yaralova — Sylvia

References

External links

Soviet television films
Soviet crime films
Gorky Film Studio films
1980s crime films

Entrance to the Labyrinth


The Cathedral Church of the Sacred Heart is a cathedral church located in San Angelo, Texas, United States.   It is the seat of the Catholic Diocese of San Angelo.   Sacred Heart Parish was founded in 1884, and it was named a cathedral  in 1961.  The present church was built in the Modern architectural style.

History
Catholic priests had visited the area that is now San Angelo as early as the 17th century.  Catholicism did not organize here until after Fort Concho was established in 1867.  The Rev. Mathurin J. Pairier started visiting the area in 1874.  He served the religious needs of Catholics at Fort Concho, Ben Ficklin, and Santa Angela.  Bart J. DeWitt donated the land on which the cathedral now stands, known as "The Catholic Block," on September 22, 1874.  Plans for a church were begun after the county seat was moved to San Angelo in 1882.  The church, named Immaculate Conception, was completed two years later and Pairier was named the parish's first resident pastor.  The stone church housed a diverse parish community of Mexican, English, Irish, and German Catholics.

The parish's second pastor, the Rev. John Sheehan, invited the Sisters of Charity of the Incarnate Word from San Antonio to start a parochial school.  They did so in 1888.  Part of the parish block was sold in 1906 during the pastorate of the Rev. Joseph Hoban when a new church building was under construction. It was this church that was named Sacred Heart.

The Diocese of San Angelo was established by Pope John XXIII in 1961.  Sacred Heart was named the Cathedral Church at that time.  It is the mother church for many Catholic parishes in West Texas.

See also
List of Catholic cathedrals in the United States
List of cathedrals in the United States

References

External links

Cathedral website
Diocese of San Angelo website

Religious organizations established in 1884
Sacred Heart, San Angelo
Modernist architecture in Texas
Buildings and structures in San Angelo, Texas
Churches in Tom Green County, Texas

Cathedral of the Sacred Heart (San Angelo, Texas)


Tomás Lluisma Cabili (March 7, 1903 – March 17, 1957) was a Filipino lawyer, journalist, educator, and assemblyman from Lanao. He was also known as "Sultan Dimasangkay-ko-Ranao" for Maranaos.

Early life

He was born in Iligan, Misamis on March 7, 1903, to Guillermo Cabili and Efifania H. Lluisma.

He studied at Iligan Primary School (1911–1915) and Iligan Elementary School (1915–1918). He enrolled in four different schools to complete his secondary education from 1919 to 1923; the Zamboanga Provincial High School (1919–1920), Cebu High School (1920–1921), Silliman Institute (1921–1922), and Cebu Provincial High School (1922–1923).

He received his Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of the Philippines Cebu in 1925, then pursued a law course at the Visayan Institute, also in Cebu, from 1925 to 1927. He transferred to the Philippine College of Law, where he completed his Bachelor of Laws degree in 1929. After he graduated, he was made an instructor in the College of Law and Liberal Arts of the Visayan Institute from 1929 to 1930.

During his early years of school, he was brilliant as a student, distinguishing himself as an orator when he won the Osmeña Medal in an oratorical contest. He also won the first prize Jocson Medal in an annual debate in the Philippine Law School.

Journalism

He was a reporter of The Advertiser and later a member of the staff of Cebu's The Freeman from 1924 to 1926. He was a correspondent of the National News Service between 1930 and 1932, and again from 1933 up to his election to the First National Assembly, and as a Lanao correspondent for the DMIM Papers and The Graphic.

After he passed the bar examinations, he practiced law in his home province.

Political career

In 1934, he was appointed Justice of the Peace of the 17th Municipal District of Lanao and Acting Justice of the Peace of Dansalan, Lanao. In the same year, he became a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. He was the only delegate that did not sign the 1935 Philippine Constitution, which was ratified on February 8, 1935.

In the 1935 general elections, he was elected assemblyman for his district in the First National Assembly. He served on the committees on agriculture, codes, franchises, provincial and municipal government, the national language, public instruction, Mindanao and special provinces, appropriations, civil service, and public lands.

In 1938, he was re-elected to the Second National Assembly. He was later designated to the chairmanship of the Committee on Privileges and a member of the committees on agriculture, appropriations, forest, Mindanao and Special provinces, and national companies.

He was part of the guerrilla resistance movement during the Japanese occupation.

He had a short stint as Secretary of National Defense and Communications from February 27 to July 11, 1945, under Sergio Osmeña. He was later elected to the Senate in 1946 placing on Top 12. He was reelected in 1949 and served until 1955.

Death

He died along with President Ramon Magsaysay and 23 others on a plane crash on March 17, 1957, at Mount Manunggal in Balamban, Cebu.

Legacy

 A barangay in Iligan City was renamed from Barangay Tominobo Proper to Barangay Tomas L. Cabili on March 16, 1982.
 A Philippine Constabulary camp (now Philippine National Police office) in Barangay Tipanoy, Iligan City is named after him.

Notes

References

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|-

1903 births
1957 deaths
20th-century Filipino lawyers
Filipino journalists
Filipino educators
Filipino people of World War II
People from Iligan
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in the Philippines
Majority leaders of the Senate of the Philippines
Senators of the 3rd Congress of the Philippines
Senators of the 2nd Congress of the Philippines
Senators of the 1st Congress of the Philippines
Secretaries of National Defense of the Philippines
Members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from Lanao del Norte
Members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from Lanao del Sur
Osmeña administration cabinet members
University of the Philippines Cebu alumni
Philippine Law School alumni
Members of the National Assembly of the Philippines
20th-century journalists

Tomas Cabili


Padru (Gallurese: Patru, ) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in the Italian region Sardinia, located about  north of Cagliari and about  south of Olbia. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,107 and an area of .

The municipality of Padru contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Sozza, Cuzzola, Sa Serra, Pedra Bianca, Biasì, Tirialzu, Ludurru, Sos Runcos, and Sas Enas.

Padru borders the following municipalities: Alà dei Sardi, Loiri Porto San Paolo, Olbia, San Teodoro (OT), Torpè, Lodè, Bitti.

References

External links

 www.comune.padru.ss.it

Cities and towns in Sardinia

Padru


The Merton Parkas were an English mod revival band, formed in the Merton area of South London in the mid-1970s, by Danny Talbot (vocals and guitar), his brother, Mick Talbot (keyboards), Neil Hurrell (bass) and Simon Smith (drums).

The group was discovered playing in a pub in Clapham, South London, by Alan Anger, a punk journalist, and signed with the independent record label, Beggars Banquet. They originally called themselves "The Sneekers", and were one of a group of power pop bands that included The Pleasers. The Merton Parkas released a few moderately successful singles, such as: "You Need Wheels", "Plastic Smile", "Give it to Me Now" and "Put Me in the Picture". They also released one album, Face in the Crowd. Rick Buckler of The Jam played with the band at Ronnie Scotts, and Mick Talbot played on "Heatwave", a track on The Jam's 1979 album Setting Sons.

The Merton Parkas also appeared at the Bridge House, Canning Town, but due to contractual disputes between record labels, did not feature on the 1979 album, Mods Mayday. However the un-released recording of their set at the Bridge House can be found on YouTube.

The band's most notable track was "You Need Wheels", which reached No. 40 in the UK Singles Chart in the summer of 1979. As this was their only success in that chart, they are regarded as one-hit wonders in the UK.

After The Merton Parkas disbanded in 1980, Mick Talbot went on to play with Dexys Midnight Runners, The Bureau, and The Style Council. Simon Smith joined the psychedelic revival band, Mood Six. Danny Talbot became a chemistry teacher and worked at Clapham College School for Boys.

See also
Merton Park
List of Peel sessions
List of bands from England
Mod revival
List of performers on Top of the Pops

References

External links
[ Merton Parkas biography] at the AllMusic website
Merton Parkas bio & info
Find Merton Parkas & Mod music

English rock music groups
Musical groups from London
Media and communications in the London Borough of Merton
British mod revival groups
English new wave musical groups
Musical groups disestablished in 1980

The Merton Parkas


"Autofac" is a 1955 science fiction short story by American writer Philip K. Dick that features one of the earliest treatments of self-replicating machines (and Dick's second, after his 1953 short story Second Variety). It appeared originally in Galaxy Science Fiction of November 1955, and was reprinted in several collections, including The Variable Man published in 1957, and Robots, Androids, and Mechanical Oddities published in 1984.

The story was adapted by Travis Beacham for an episode of the 2017 TV series, Philip K. Dick's Electric Dreams.

Plot summary
Three men wait outside their settlement for an automated delivery truck. Five years earlier, during the Total Global Conflict, a network of hardened automatic factories ("autofacs") had been set up with cybernetic controls that determine what food and consumer goods to manufacture and deliver. Human input had been lost, and the men planned disruption to try to establish communication and take over control. They destroy the delivery, but the truck radios the autofac and unloads an identical replacement, then prevents them from reloading items. They act out being disgusted with the milk delivery and are given a complaints checklist. In a blank space, they write improvised semantic garble—"the product is thoroughly pizzled". The autofac sends a humanoid data collector that communicates on an oral basis but is not capable of conceptual thought, and they are unable to persuade the network to shut down before it consumes all resources. Their next strategy sets neighbouring autofacs in competition with each other for rare resources and succeeds in creating military conflict between the autofacs. After the autofac conflict seems to be resolved, the men explore the ruins of a destroyed autofac to see if there are any industrial machines that can be salvaged. They locate a hidden level. Inside they find that the factory is self-replicated, and sending out "metal seeds" configured to make miniature autofacs.

Translations
French: "Le Règne des robots", anonymous, August 1956, in "Galaxie Anticipation" issue 33

Television version
The TV series Philip K. Dick's Electric Dreams includes a one-hour episode based on the story, with considerable differences in the plot and outcome.

References

External links
"Autofac" at the Internet Archive

Short stories by Philip K. Dick
1955 short stories
Self-replicating machines in fiction
Post-apocalyptic short stories
Short stories about robots

Autofac


"Comin' Thro' the Rye" is a poem written in 1782 by Robert Burns (1759–1796). The words are put to the melody of the Scottish Minstrel "Common' Frae The Town". This is a variant of the tune to which "Auld Lang Syne" is usually sung—the melodic shape is almost identical, the difference lying in the tempo and rhythm.

Origin and meaning

G. W. Napier, in an 1876 Notes and Queries, wrote:

The protagonist, "Jenny", is not further identified, but there has been reference to a "Jenny from Dalry" and a longstanding legend in the Drakemyre suburb of the town of Dalry, North Ayrshire, holds that "comin thro' the rye" describes crossing a ford through the Rye Water at Drakemyre to the north of the town, downstream from Ryefield House and not far from the confluence of the Rye with the River Garnock. When this story appeared in the Glasgow Herald in 1867, it was soon disputed with the assertion that everyone understood the rye to be a field of rye, wet with dew, which also fits better with other stanzas that substitute "wheat" and "grain" for "rye". An alternative suggestion is that "the rye" was a long narrow cobblestone-paved lane, prone to puddles of water.

While the original poem is already full of sexual imagery, an alternative version makes this more explicit. It has a different chorus, referring to a phallic "staun o' staunin' graith" (roughly "an erection of astonishing size"), "kiss" is replaced by "fuck", and Jenny's "thing" in stanza four is identified as her "cunt".

Burns' lyrics

weet – wet
draigl't – draggled
gin – given, in the sense of "if"
cry – call out [for help]
warl – world
ken – know
ain – own

Lyrics usually sung ("Ilka lassie")
Even the "cleaner" version of the Burns lyrics is quite bawdy, and it is this one, or an "Anglicised" version of it, that is most commonly "covered".

The Catcher in the Rye
The title of the novel The Catcher in the Rye (1951) by J. D. Salinger comes from the poem's name. Holden Caulfield, the protagonist, misremembers the line of the poem as, "if a body catch a body," rather than, "if a body meet a body." He keeps picturing children playing in a field of rye near the edge of a cliff, and himself catching them when they start to fall off.

Cover versions
The first recording of this song was made in 1906 by Ruth Vincent.
The song was sung by Marcella Sembrich in 1912.
The song was sung by Marian Anderson in 1944
The song was covered by Bill Haley & His Comets in 1956 as "Rockin' Through The Rye". Bill Haley had updated the lyrics to a more 1950's hip slang (including the lyrics, "All the lassies rock with me when rockin' through the rye"). In September 1956, when the record was climbing the UK charts, the single was banned by the BBC from its playlist because they felt the song went against traditional British standards. Nevertheless, the record peaked at No. 3 on the UK chart.
The song is covered by Alvin and the Chipmunks for their 1960 album Around the World with The Chipmunks.
Bing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album 101 Gang Songs (1961)
The song was sung by The Real McKenzies for their 2005 album 10,000 Shots.
The song is sung by Ava Gardner in the 1953 John Ford film Mogambo.
Jo Stafford covered the song on her album Songs of Scotland.
The song was parodied by Allan Sherman on his 1963 album My Son, the Celebrity.
The song is sung by Julie London on her 1959 album, Swing Me an Old Song.
Eddi Reader, Sings the Songs of Robert Burns (Deluxe Edition), 2009.
 John C. Reilly sang the song on a special whiskey-themed episode of Bob Dylan's Theme Time Radio Hour in 2020.

References

External links
 Digitised copy of Comin' thro' the rye in James Johnson's Scots Musical Museum , "Written for this Work by Robert Burns", printed between 1787 and 1803. Published online by National Library of Scotland. JPEG, PDF, XML versions.
 Public domain recording (1914) by Alma Gluck

Poetry by Robert Burns
1782 poems
1782 songs
1782 in Scotland
Children's songs
Scottish folk songs
Jeanette MacDonald songs

Comin' Thro' the Rye


Hot Six is the sixth novel by Janet Evanovich featuring the bounty hunter  Stephanie Plum and was written in 2000.

Plot summary
The prologue begins at the point where High Five ended, revealing who Stephanie picked: Ranger or Joe Morelli.

Five months later...
Stephanie's latest FTA, Carol Zabo, is attempting to avoid jail-time by jumping off a bridge to drown herself. Stephanie talks her down by promising to persuade the man who reported her not to press charges.

Returning to the bonds office, Stephanie is handed a nightmare assignment: Ranger has gone FTA, and Stephanie has to track him down.  Apart from her attraction to and respect for Ranger, Stephanie knows that his skills as a bounty hunter are far beyond hers.  Ranger was scheduled to appear in court for a minor charge of carrying a concealed weapon, but he is also wanted for questioning related to a fire in an office park, where Homer Ramos, the son of notorious international arms dealer Alexander Ramos, was killed.  Stephanie is afraid Ranger might be suspected of murdering Homer, and even more afraid that he might have actually done it.

To complicate matters, Stephanie also has to deal with:
Being followed by two hit men, waiting for Ranger to make contact with her;
Being followed by her nemesis, Joyce Barnhardt, expecting the same;
her eccentric Grandma Mazur moving into her apartment after an argument with Stephanie's father;
being saddled with a giant, voracious dog named Bob; Stephanie initially agrees to dog-sit Bob as a favor to the police officer who arrested Carol Zabo, in exchange for him dropping the charges, but then realizes that the move is meant to be permanent;
having to track down the high-bond FTAs normally given to Ranger, including a psychopathic killer/rapist, Morris Munson.

Ranger makes contact with her (without giving her the opportunity to capture him) and asks her to do surveillance on the Ramos family's properties in Jersey.  When she drives past the Ramos compound in Deal, she is surprised when Alexander, the Ramos patriarch himself, jumps into her car alone and offers her $20 to drive him to a bar so he can smoke without interference.  Over drinks, Stephanie pretends to recognize Alexander from news coverage and expresses her condolences over Homer's death.  Alexander is dismissive, saying Homer was "stupid and greedy", and caused his own death.

Breaking into the Trenton home of Alexander's eldest son, Hannibal, Stephanie and Lula find Homer's ex-girlfriend, Cynthia Lotte, searching the house for the jewelry and the silver Porsche that Homer gave her as gifts.  They find the Porsche, with a dead man sitting behind the wheel, shot through the head.  Cynthia insists on driving away with her Porsche, so Stephanie and Lula are forced to help her shove the corpse out the door, before Stephanie reports the crime.  A short time later, Cynthia is also found shot to death, behind the wheel of the Porsche.

Growing impatient, the two hit men, Mitchell and Habib, kidnap Stephanie and bring her before their boss, Arturo Stolle.  Stolle says she is to act as the bait for Ranger, but she escapes through the window of the warehouse room they lock her in.  Needing to make contact with Ranger again, she asks Carol Zabo to ambush Joyce Barnhardt and ensure that Stephanie is not followed to her meeting.  However, this backfires when Joyce orders Stephanie to deliver Ranger to her, or else she will press charges against Carol and likely prompt her to attempt suicide again.  Stephanie and Lula manage to trick Joyce into kidnapping an old acquaintance of Lula's who marginally resembles Ranger.

Stephanie confers separately with Morelli and Ranger, and she figures out the mystery.  Ranger explains that Arturo Stolle's normal "slice of the Trenton crime pie" is human trafficking, but recently has diversified into drug dealing.  He recruited Homer Ramos to be the bagman for his operation, believing that the other Jersey crime factions would be hesitant to cross Alexander.  But instead, Homer's actions upset the boundaries between the factions, where previously the Ramos family has restricted their illegal activities to arms, while the mob has enjoyed a monopoly on drugs.  Ranger has been acting as an intermediary between the factions, hoping to prevent a crime war.  Eventually, the mob decided to have Homer assassinated.  Stephanie shrewdly guesses that Homer's death was faked, and Alexander and Hannibal have been hiding him in their houses until he can be slipped out of the country.

When she returns home, Stephanie is confronted and held at gunpoint by Homer, who has been searching frantically for the bag of money he was carrying to the meeting with Ranger.  It was originally in the trunk of the Porsche, and he first thought that Cynthia had taken it, but now believes that only Stephanie could have it.  Before Homer can shoot her, Ranger appears and subdues him.  Later, Morelli gleefully reports to her that Homer has given the police and the FBI enough evidence to indict both Alexander and Hannibal, and that Mitchell and Habib, arrested for kidnapping, have likewise turned evidence on Stolle.  In secret, Stephanie learns that, after she drove away in the Porsche, Cynthia unwittingly threw the gym bag filled with money out of the trunk while cleaning it, and it was picked up by Stephanie's friend and sometime-FTA, "Mooner" and his friend Dougie.  She decides to let them enjoy it.

After Stephanie spends the night at Morelli's house, they are confronted the next morning by his mother and grandmother, who scold her for taking advantage of him.  To her surprise, Morelli assures them that he plans to marry Stephanie.

Car deaths
This is a list of cars destroyed or abandoned by Stephanie Plum during the course of the novel.
Honda Civic, burned up by reefer from Mooner
"Rollswagon", not dead, just abandoned for being junk
Lincoln Town Car, hit by Morris Munson
Carpet Car, set on fire by flaming dog poop bag

FTAs
Carol Zabo: shoplifting, destruction of police property
Morris Munson: vehicular manslaughter
Lenny Dale: domestic violence
Walter "Moon Man" Dunphy: drunk and disorderly, urinating in public

2000 American novels
Stephanie Plum books

Hot Six


William W. "Bill" Gothard (born November 2, 1934) is an American speaker and writer. At the age of 15, he gave his life to helping teenagers and their parents live their life in Christian principles. Much of his reputation comes from his efforts to finish that goal. He founded the Institute in Basic Life Principles (IBLP) in 1961. He has also spoken at conferences, and has written many books.

Biography

Early life
Gothard was born the third of six children to be born to William and Carmen Gothard. His father was the manager of an engineering firm. He later served with several ministries. When Gothard was in the 5th grade, he says that God brought made him know of his need for a personal Savior. Shortly after beginning to believe that Jesus was his savior, he and his family joined a fundamentalist church. Gothard received his Bachelor of Arts degree in Bible from Wheaton College. In 1957 he also got his Master of Arts degree, in Christian Education.

Middle years
He worked with gangs, church youth groups, high school clubs, youth camps, and families that had problems. He later wrote out seven principles of life he believed were not optional. In 1964, Gothard was given youth work in the LaGrange Bible Church, in suburban Chicago. Also, Gothard's Alma mater, Wheaton College, let him design and teach a program based on his work with youth. The course was given the name Basic Youth Conflicts; two hours of upper-division undergraduate and graduate credit were awarded to students completing the course. Forty-six students, youth pastors, and teachers registered for that first class. The next year over one hundred students joined the class.

Later years
Gothard started an organization in 1961 called Campus Teams, which in 1974 changed its name to Institute in Basic Youth Conflicts. Later, in 1989, the name changed again to Institute in Basic Life Principles (IBLP). Gothard is now the president and a board member of this organization.  In the 1970s they started the Basic Youth Conflicts Seminar (also called Basic Seminars) across the United States. More people came, averaging between 10,000 and 20,000 people at each seminar. In the early 1980s the seminar attendance began to get smaller. Today seminars keep being held around the world and have an alumni base of more than 2.5 million.

In 1984, under Gothard's leadership, a homeschooling program, the Advanced Training Institute of America was founded. He is the author of many books. In 2004, Gothard received his Ph.D. in Biblical Studies. Gothard is not married, and has no children.

Teaching
Gothard's teaching focuses on seven "life principles", 49 character qualities, and 49 commands that Jesus gave. He views the Bible as the word of God and teaches that while there is only one interpretation of scripture. However, Gothard's use of the Bible has met with criticism. On his website he states "the goal of my teaching is to provide Biblical principles and concepts of life to guide people in their choices."

Gothard tells people not to listen to "un-Christian" music, including all popular and contemporary  Christian music. He is in favor homeschooling; IBLP publishes its own homeschooling material. He has discouraged the use of contraceptives or other family planning.

As a part of the IBLP, Gothard organized the Medical Training Institute of America (MTIA). The main purpose of the ministry is to "train men and women to assist families in making wise decisions about health care issues." The Medical Training Institute of America is not a medical school and does not give degrees.

Criticism
A group called the "Personal Freedom Outreach" (PFO) has criticized Gothard in several ways. Such as say that Gothard's views and his interpretations of Scripture are legalistic teachings, and that IBLP and such are "cult-like". Gothard was also accused by some of being contemporary for not practicing what he preaches about conflict resolution, and for his "quiverfull" teachings that married Christians should have as many children as possible. Even when Gothard himself is not married and has no children, even into his 70s.

Don Veinot claimed in his critical book on Gothard that Dr. Ronald Allen, a conservative evangelical, went to a Gothard seminar in 1973 and wrote that "In this seminar, I was regularly assaulted by the misuse of the Bible, particularly of the Old Testament, on a level that I have never experienced in a public ministry before that time (or since)."

Books that he wrote
 Basic Preparation for Engagement
 How to Evaluate Music
 Men's Manual, Vol. 1
 Nuestro Dios Celoso/Our Jealous God: El Amor que no me deja ir/The love that doesn't let me go
 'Our Jealous God
 Rebuilder's Guide
 Research in Principles of Life: Advanced Seminar Textbook
 Rewards of Being Reviled
 Self-Acceptance The Power of Crying Out
 The Power of Spoken Blessings
 The Sevenfold Power of First Century Churches and Homes''

References

Other websites

 Bill Gothard's Official Web Site
 Institute in Basic Life Principles
 Bill Gothard and the Institute in Basic Life Principles
 A Study In Evolving Faddism - Dangerous Leanings of Bill Gothard's Teaching
 Mike Huckabee with Bill Gothard

1934 births
Living people
American Evangelicals
Christian religious leaders
American Christian writers
Writers from Chicago
People from La Grange, Illinois

Bill Gothard


David Hilbert (Königsberg, Prussia, 23 January 1862 –Göttingen, Germany, 14 February 1943) was a German mathematician, logician, and philosopher of mathematics. He is widely considered to be one of the most influential and greatest mathematicians of the 19th and 20th centuries.

Hilbert discovered and developed a range of fundamental ideas in many areas. He worked on invariant theory, the axiomization of geometry, and the notion of Hilbert space. This is one of the foundations of functional analysis. Hilbert and his students supplied much of the mathematics needed for quantum mechanics and general relativity. He was one of the founders of proof theory and mathematical logic. He was also one of the first people to make the distinction between mathematics and metamathematics, and warmly defended Georg Cantor's set theory and transfinite numbers.

The Göttingen school
In 1895 Hilbert became Chairman of Mathematics at the University of Göttingen, at that time the best research center for mathematics in the world. He remained for the rest of his life. Among his students were: Hermann Weyl, the champion of chess Emanuel Lasker, Ernst Zermelo, and Carl Gustav Hempel. John von Neumann was his assistant. At the University of Göttingen, Hilbert was surrounded by a social circle of some of the most important mathematicians of the 20th century, such as Emmy Noether and Alonzo Church.

Axioms and problems

Hilbert's axioms
The text Grundlagen der Geometrie (Foundations of Geometry) was published by Hilbert in 1899. It proposed a formal set, Hilbert's axioms, instead of the traditional axioms of Euclid. They avoid weaknesses in those of Euclid, whose works at the time were still used textbmathematics is his 1900 presentation of a set of problems that set the course for much of the mathematical research of the 20th century.

He put forward a number of unsolved problems at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Paris in 1900. This is reckoned the most successful and deeply considered compilation of open problems ever to be produced by an individual mathematician. Later he expanded his list to 23 problems.

Hilbert's program
In 1920 he proposed explicitly a research project in metamathematics, which became known as Hilbert's program. He wanted mathematics to be formulated on a solid and complete logical foundation. He believed that in principle this could be done, by showing that:

All of mathematics follows from a correctly chosen finite system of axioms; and
That some such axiom system is provably consistent.

He seems to have had both technical and philosophical reasons for formulating this proposal.

Physics
After 1912, Hilbert turned his focus to physics. At that time, he worked in general relativity and mathematical physics. His work in these fields is also important.

Related pages
 Hilbert's paradox of the Grand Hotel, a meditation on strange properties of the infinite, is often used in popular accounts of infinite cardinal numbers.

References

Ewald, William B. (ed) 1996. From Kant to Hilbert: a source book in the Foundations of Mathematics. 2 vols, Oxford.
Jean van Heijenoort, 1967. From Frege to Godel: a source book in Mathematical Logic, 1879–1931. Harvard Univ. Press.
David Hilbert; Cohn-Vossen S. 1999. Geometry and Imagination. American Mathematical Society. . An accessible set of lectures originally for the citizens of Göttingen.
[David Hilbert] Michael Hallett and Ulrich Majer. eds. 2004. David Hilbert's Lectures on the foundations of Mathematics and Physics, 1891–1933. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. .
Rowe, David; Gray, Jeremy J 2000. The Hilbert challenge. Oxford University Press. .

Other websites

Hilbert's 23 Problems Address
Hilbert's Program

Hilberts radio speech recorded in Königsberg 1930 (in German) , with English translation

1862 births
1943 deaths
German academics
People from former German territories
People from Kaliningrad
German geometers

David Hilbert


Mahakala  is a dromaeosaurid dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of  80 million years ago.

It is based on a partial skeleton found in the Gobi Desert, Mongolia.

Mahakala was a small dromaeosaur, about 70 centimeters long (28 in). Its skeleton shows some features which are also found in early troodontids and avialans. However, its short forearms rule it out of the Alialae.

Despite its late appearance, its structure is that of a basal dromaeosaur. Its small size, and the small size of other basal deinonychosauria, suggests that small size came before flight in birds.

Description

Although this individual was small, comparable in size to Archaeopteryx, Caudipteryx, and Mei, it was close to adulthood.

This genus can be distinguished from other paravians (dromaeosaurs, troodonts, and birds) by details of the ulna, thighbone, ilium, and tail vertebrae.

It had a typical dromaeosaurid form of the second toe, with an expanded claw. Mahakala also had very short forelimbs compared to other Dromaeosaurs.

Classification
A phylogenetic analysis performed by Turner and colleagues, who described the specimen, found Mahakala to be the most basal known dromaeosaur. Their results, along with the small size of other theropods found at the base of paravian lineages, suggest that small size was not an innovation of early birds, but a common trait of early paravians.

In evolution, small size would have come before flight. Like birds, troodonts and dromaeosaurs did not keep small size throughout their evolutionary history. They had several separate size increases among different lineages.

Mahakala also shows a combination of characteristics found among basal troodonts and birds, and is missing some that are present in more derived (specialised) dromaeosaurs.

Paleoecology and paleobiology
The paleoenvironment had a semiarid climate, with sand dunes and alluvium (loose stuff). The semiarid steppe landscape was drained by streams after rain, and was affected by dust and sandstorms. Rainfall was low, and seasonal.

Animals present included terrestrial turtles and crocodilians, lizards, mammals, and a variety of dinosaurs; aquatic animals like fish were not present.  The majority of the fauna was small to medium-sized.

Small coelurosaurians are the most diverse dinosaurs, including fellow dromaeosaurid Velociraptor, troodonts Byronosaurus and Saurornithoides, oviraptors Citipati, Khaan, and Oviraptor, and alvarezsaurs Mononykus and Shuvuuia; other dinosaurs present included the ceratopsian Protoceratops and the ankylosaur Pinacosaurus. Like other dromaeosaurs, Mahakala would have been a small, active, predaceous carnivore.

References

Other websites
HTML version of "A Basal Dromaeosaurid and Size Evolution Preceding Avian Flight"

Dromaeosauridae
Mongolia
Cretaceous dinosaurs

Mahakala


Agostino Ciasca (secular name Pasquale) (born at Polignano a Mare, in the province of Bari, 7 May 1835; died at Rome, 6 February 1902) was an Italian Augustinian and Cardinal. He was a distinguished orientalist, and archivist of the Vatican Secret Archives.

Life
He received the habit of the Order of St. Augustine in 1856, made his religious profession in 1857, and in 1858 was ordained priest. He studied Oriental languages, especially Arabic and Coptic.

Pope Leo XIII entrusted to him several delicate missions. In his order, besides being professor of dogmatic theology, Sacred Scriptures and the Oriental languages, Ciasca also held the positions of prefect of studies, assistant general, and afterwards of procurator general.

In 1866 he obtained the chair of Hebrew in the College of Propaganda, and later took part in the First Vatican Council in the quality of theologian and as interpreter for the Oriental bishops. He also occupied the following positions: consultor of the Congregation of Propaganda for the affairs of Oriental Rites (1872); writer in the Vatican Library for Arabic (1876); pontifical interpreter at the Congregation of Propaganda; ordinary censor of Oriental books and professor of Oriental languages in the Roman Seminary (1878); dean of the faculties of Oriental languages and theology in the same seminary, and president of the college of interpreters at the Propaganda (1882); consultor of the Holy Office (1889).

In 1891 he was created Titular Archbishop of Larissa with the appointment to the office of prefect of the Vatican Archives; in the same year he was sent by the Holy See to preside over the Ruthenian synod at Lemberg. In 1892 he was named pro-secretary of the Congregation of Propaganda (1893). He was elevated to Cardinalate at the secret consistory of 19 June 1899, and given the titular church of San Callisto.

Works

He published (1885–89) the extant fragments of a very ancient Coptic version of the Old Testament, from manuscripts in the Borgia (Propaganda) Museum. He discovered and edited (1888) of an Arabic version of the Diatessaron of Tatian, a text of importance for the history of the Canon of the New Testament (cf. M. Maher, "Recent Evidence for the authenticity of the Gospel: Tatian's Diatessaron", London, 1903).

His own principal works are:

"Examen Critico-Apologeticum super Constitutionem Dogmaticam de Fide Catholica editam in Sessione tertia SS. Oecumenici Concilii Vaticanii", 270 pp. 8vo (Rome, 1872)
"I Papiri Copti del Museo Borgiano della S. C. de Propaganda Fide tradotti e commentati", pamphlet of 55 pp. (Rome, 1881)
"Sacrorum Bibliorum Framenta Copto-Sahidica Musei Borgiani", vol. I, 4to 225 pp., with 8 plates (Rome, 1885 and 1889). These two volumes deal with the Old Testament; vol. III, dealing with the New Testament (509 pp. with 40 plates) was published in 1904 by P.J. Balestri..
"Tatiani Evangeliorum Harmoniae Arabicae nunc primum ex duplici codicae editit et latina translatione donavit. . ." in 4to, 108 pp. (Rome, 1888).

Notes

External links

Catholic Hierarchy page
Biography
 Vatican page

1835 births
1902 deaths
People from Polignano a Mare
Augustinian friars
Italian archivists
20th-century Italian cardinals
Italian orientalists
Cardinals created by Pope Leo XIII

Agostino Ciasca


Pennsylvania Station (also called Penn Station) is a large train station in New York City. It is the busiest train station in the United States with over 600 thousand people using it every day, many of which are commuters travelling to and from work or school. The station is in Midtown Manhattan and is underneath Madison Square Garden, between Seventh Avenue and Eighth Avenue and between 31st Street and 34th Street.

History

The station was built by the Pennsylvania Railroad and is one of several stations in the U.S. with this name. Until the beginning of the 20th century, there were no trains that went directly into New York City from the west, because of the Hudson River in the way. People had to get off trains in Jersey City, New Jersey and take a ferry to cross the river and reach New York City.

This all changed when the Pennsylvania Railroad dug two tunnels under the Hudson River, and four under the East River to Queens. The tunnels and the new station in the heart of New York City were completed in 1910 at a cost of $114 million (which is about $2.7 billion today), and the first train ran in November of that year.

Over the years, more railroad companies began to use Penn Station. During World War II, over 100 million people used the station every year. But as air travel began to rise and the Interstate Highway System was created, fewer and fewer people used the train. In 1963, the station was demolished despite protests, and a new one was built in its place, with Penn Plaza and Madison Square Garden built over it. The station reopened in 1968 and continues to be used today.

Layout and services

Penn Station is completely underground, and all trains that run through it have to use electric power from either overhead lines or third rail because the station and the tunnels to it cannot handle exhaust from diesel fuel. There are 21 tracks that run through the station and 11 platforms. Up to 1,200 trains pass through the station every day.

The station is owned by Amtrak, which provides many trains to many cities across the U.S. They include long-distance services that go as far as Chicago, New Orleans, and Miami. From those cities, people can change for trains all the way to cities on the Pacific Coast like Seattle, Los Angeles, and San Diego. Amtrak also has high-speed trains (Acela Express) that go to Boston, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C.

There are two commuter rail services that use Penn Station. One of them is the Long Island Rail Road operated by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA), which goes to many places on Long Island to the east. The other is New Jersey Transit, which runs trains into New Jersey to the west. In the future, there are plans for Metro-North to serve this station as well. These trains currently use Grand Central Terminal a few blocks away, near 42nd Street and Park Avenue.

Besides long-distance and commuter trains, the New York City Subway has a few stations that connect directly to Penn Station. These are located at 34th Street, Herald Square, and Hudson Yards. Another rapid transit system, PATH, has a station at 33rd Street where people can catch trains every few minutes to Jersey City and on to Newark. Many bus companies serve the station as well.

1910 establishments in the United States
1910s establishments in New York (state)
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
Rail transport in the United States
Transport in New York City
Railway stations in the United States

Pennsylvania Station (New York City)


In the anatomy of some animals, a cloaca ( ), : cloacae (  or  ), is the rear orifice that serves as the only opening for the digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts (if present) of many vertebrate animals. All amphibians, reptiles, birds, and a few mammals (monotremes, tenrecs, golden moles, and marsupial moles), have this orifice, from which they excrete both urine and feces; this is in contrast to most placental mammals, which have two or three separate orifices for evacuation. Excretory openings with analogous purpose in some invertebrates are also sometimes called cloacae. Mating through the cloaca is called cloacal copulation and cloacal kissing.

The cloacal region is also often associated with a secretory organ, the cloacal gland, which has been implicated in the scent-marking behavior of some reptiles, marsupials, amphibians, and monotremes.

Etymology
The word is from the Latin verb cluo, "(I) cleanse", thus the noun cloaca, "sewer, drain".

Birds

Birds reproduce using their cloaca; this occurs during a cloacal kiss in most birds. Birds that mate using this method touch their cloacae together, in some species for only a few seconds, sufficient time for sperm to be transferred from the male to the female. For some birds, such as ostriches, cassowaries, kiwi, geese, and some species of swans and ducks, the males do not use the cloaca for reproduction, but have a phallus.

One study has looked into birds that use their cloaca for cooling.

The cloaca in birds may also be referred to as the vent.  Among falconers the word vent is also a verb meaning "to defecate".

Fish
Among fish, a true cloaca is present only in elasmobranchs (sharks and rays) and lobe-finned fishes. In lampreys and in some ray-finned fishes, part of the cloaca remains in the adult to receive the urinary and reproductive ducts, although the anus always opens separately. In chimaeras and most teleosts, however, all three openings are entirely separated.

Mammals
With a few exceptions noted below, mammals have no cloaca. Even in the marsupials that have one, the cloaca is partially subdivided into separate regions for the anus and urethra.

Monotremes
The monotremes (egg-laying mammals) possess a true cloaca.

Marsupials

In marsupials (and a few birds), the genital tract is separate from the anus, but a trace of the original cloaca does remain externally. This is one of the features of marsupials (and monotremes) that suggest their basal nature, as the amniotes from which mammals evolved had a cloaca, and probably so did the earliest mammals.

Unlike other marsupials, marsupial moles have a true cloaca. This fact has been used to argue that they are not marsupials.

Placentals
Most adult placental mammals have no trace of cloaca. In the embryo, the embryonic cloaca divides into a posterior region that becomes part of the anus, and an anterior region that develops depending on sex: in males it forms the penile urethra, while in females, it develops into the vestibule that receives the urethra and vagina. However, some placental mammals retain a cloaca as adults: those are the tenrecs and golden moles (small mammals native to Africa), as well as some shrews.

Being placental animals, humans have an embryonic cloaca which divides into separate tracts during the development of the urinary and reproductive organs. However, a few human congenital disorders result in persons being born with a cloaca, including persistent cloaca and sirenomelia (mermaid syndrome).

Reptiles
In reptiles, the cloaca consists of the urodeum, proctodeum, and coprodeum. Some species have modified cloacae for increased gas exchange (see Reptile respiration and Reptile reproduction). This is where reproductive activity occurs.

Cloacal respiration in animals

Some turtles, especially those specialized in diving, are highly reliant on cloacal respiration during dives. They accomplish this by having a pair of accessory air bladders connected to the cloaca which can absorb oxygen from the water.

Sea cucumbers use cloacal respiration. The constant flow of water through it has allowed various fish, polychaete worms and even crabs to specialize to take advantage of it while living protected inside the cucumber. At night, many of these species emerge through the anus of the sea cucumber in search of food.

See also
 Cloaca (embryology)

References

Animal anatomy
Bird anatomy
Sex organs
Animal reproductive system

Cloaca


Veronica Pedrosa is a Filipino independent broadcast journalist, news presenter and moderator, based in London.

Career
Pedrosa began her career, in 1995, as a news anchor with CNN International and then with BBC World. She has also been a journalist with ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs.

Al Jazeera English
Pedrosa was with Al Jazeera English in the run-up to its launch, and worked for the channel for six years full-time, from 2005 to 2011, and then as a freelance for a few years more. During that time she was based in the Asia-Pacific bureau, in Kuala Lumpur; at the main bureau, in Doha; and as a correspondent in the field, based primarily in Bangkok:

Kuala Lumpur
Pedrosa was the lead news presenter at the Kuala Lumpur bureau throughout its life as a broadcast centre, from 2005 in the run-up to the station's launch, to the closure of the Malaysian broadcast centre, in 2010.

Doha
In 2013, she took a break from her work as a field journalist in the Far East to work as a relief news-anchor in Doha. Based at the main broadcast centre in Qatar, she presented news-bulletins on the flagship programme Newshour, but also appeared as the host of studio-based discussion programmes, such as the daily programme Inside Story, and the more specialist weekly, Inside Syria. She also hosted, from Indonesia, an edition of the extended-interview strand Talk to Al Jazeera.

Bangkok
In addition to her studio-work, Pedrosa was a respected field-correspondent for Al Jazeera English. As the Bangkok correspondent, she filed stories from Thailand and throughout the South-East Asia region. In November 2013, she returned to her homeland of the Philippines, to cover the aftermath of the super-typhoon.

Awards
In 2004, Pedrosa was named Best News Anchor at the Asian Television Awards.

Personal life
Family
Pedrosa is the daughter of Filipino journalist Carmen Navarro Pedrosa.

Mrs. Navarro Pedrosa wrote a critical biography of the then-First Lady Imelda Marcos, during the Martial Law Era in the Philippines. This risked retribution and political persecution by President Ferdinand Marcos and his regime, so the family decided to go into voluntary exile, in London.

Education
Pedrosa was educated at St. Paul's Girls' School, in London, and at Newnham College, Cambridge. She graduated from Cambridge University in 1988, with an MA (Hons.) in English.

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
People educated at St Paul's Girls' School
Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge
Filipino expatriates in the United Kingdom
Broadcast news analysts
Filipino television news anchors
CNN people
BBC News people
BBC newsreaders and journalists
ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs people
Al Jazeera people

Veronica Pedrosa