Microsoft Flight Simulator is a series of flight simulator programs for MS-DOS, Classic Mac OS and Microsoft Windows operating systems. It was an early product in the Microsoft application portfolio and differed significantly from Microsoft's other software, which was largely business-oriented. As of November 2022, Microsoft Flight Simulator is the longest-running software product line for Microsoft, predating Windows by three years. Microsoft Flight Simulator is one of the longest-running PC video game series of all time.

Bruce Artwick began the development of Flight Simulator in 1977. His company, Sublogic, initially distributed it for various personal computers. In 1981, Artwick was approached by Microsoft's Alan M. Boyd who was interested in creating a "definitive game" that would graphically demonstrate the difference between older 8-bit computers, such as the Apple II, and the new 16-bit computers, such as the IBM PC, still in development. In 1982, Artwick's company licensed a version of Flight Simulator for the IBM PC to Microsoft, which marketed it as Microsoft Flight Simulator 1.00.

In 2009, Microsoft closed down Aces Game Studio, which was the department responsible for creating and maintaining the Flight Simulator series. In 2014, Dovetail Games were granted the rights by Microsoft to port the Gold Edition of Microsoft's Flight Simulator X to Steam and publish Flight Simulator X: Steam Edition.

Microsoft announced a new installment at E3 in 2019, simply titled Microsoft Flight Simulator, to be released initially on PC and ported over to the Xbox Series X at a later date. On July 12, 2020, Microsoft opened up preorders and announced that Microsoft Flight Simulator for PC will be available on August 18, 2020. The company announced three different versions of the title – standard, deluxe, and premium deluxe, each providing an incremental set of gameplay features, including airports, and airplanes to choose from. The Xbox edition was released on July 27, 2021.

History

Microsoft Flight Simulator began as a set of articles written by Bruce Artwick in 1976 about a 3D computer graphics program. When the magazine editor said that subscribers wanted to buy the program, Artwick set to work to create it and incorporated a company called Sublogic Corporation in 1977. The company began selling flight simulators for several computer platforms, including the 8080, Altair 8800, and IMSAI 8080. In 1979 Sublogic released FS1 Flight Simulator for the Apple II. In 1980, Sublogic released a version for the TRS-80, and in 1982 they licensed an IBM PC version with CGA graphics to Microsoft, which was released as Microsoft Flight Simulator 1.00 on a self-booting disk. In the early days of less-than-100% IBM PC compatible systems, Flight Simulator and Lotus 1-2-3 were used as unofficial compatibility test software for new PC clone models.

Sublogic continued to develop for other platforms and ported Flight Simulator II to the Apple II in 1983; the Commodore 64, MSX, and Atari 800 in 1984; and to the Amiga and Atari ST in 1986. Meanwhile, Bruce Artwick left Sublogic and founded The Bruce Artwick Organization to continue his work on subsequent Microsoft releases, beginning with Microsoft Flight Simulator 3.0 in 1988. Microsoft Flight Simulator reached commercial maturity with version 3.1, and went on to encompass the use of 3D graphics and graphic hardware acceleration.

Microsoft continued to produce newer versions of the flight simulation software, adding features, such as new aircraft types and augmented scenery. The 2000 and 2002 versions were available in "Standard" and "Professional" editions, where the latter included more aircraft, tools and scenery options. The 2004 release (version 9) marked the celebration of one hundred years of powered flight and had only one edition. Flight Simulator X, released in 2006, returned to dual versions with a "Standard" and a "Deluxe" edition.

The flying area encompasses planet Earth with varying degrees of detail and includes over 24,000 airports. There is an ever-growing list of scenery representing major landmarks and popular cities. Landscape details become sparse as gameplay moves away from population centers within the flight simulator, particularly outside the United States, although a variety of websites offer scenery add-ons to remedy this.

The three latest versions incorporate sophisticated weather simulation, along with the ability to download real-world weather data (first available with Flight Simulator 2000). Additional features in these newer versions include air traffic environments with interactive air traffic control functions, new aircraft models from the historical Douglas DC-3 to the modern Boeing 777, interactive lessons, challenges, and aircraft checklists. The two latest versions of Microsoft Flight Simulator have a "kiosk mode", which allows the application to be run in electronic kiosks located in public places like shopping malls. Microsoft Flight Simulator has a wide selection of upgrades and add-ons, both free and commercial, official and fan-made.

Microsoft Flight Simulator X

Microsoft Flight Simulator X is the third most recent major release of Microsoft Flight Simulator, and the last one developed by Aces Game Studio. It includes a graphics engine upgrade and compatibility with preview DirectX 10 and Windows Vista. It was released on October 17, 2006, in North America. There are two versions of the game, both on two DVDs. The "Deluxe" edition contains the new Garmin G1000 integrated flight instrument system in three cockpits, additional aircraft, and missions; Tower Control capability in multiplayer mode; higher detail scenery for cities and airports; and a Software Development Kit (SDK) for development. The main improvements are graphical.

Microsoft has also released a Flight Simulator X demo, which contains three aircraft, two airports, and two missions. It is compatible with Windows XP SP2 and Windows Vista.

Closure of the Aces Game Studio

On January 22, 2009, it was reported that the development team was heavily affected by Microsoft's program of job cuts, with indications that the entire Microsoft Flight Simulator team had been laid off. Microsoft confirmed the closure of the Aces Game Studio on January 26, 2009, in a post on the official FSInsider Web site. stating "This difficult decision was made to align Microsoft's resources with our strategic priorities. Microsoft Flight Simulator X will remain available at retail stores and Web retailers, the Flight Sim community will continue to learn from and encourage one another, and we remain committed to the Flight Simulator franchise for the long term."

According to former Aces employee Phil Taylor, the shutdown was not due to sales performance of FSX, but due to management problems and delays in project delivery, combined with increased demand for staff. Speculation in the mainstream and gaming media was that future versions could be released as an Internet-based version, or on Microsoft's Xbox platform.

In October 2009, two (out of over fifty) former members of the Aces Game Studio formed a new game studio called the Cascade Game Foundry for the development of simulation games.

Third-party developer agreements

Lockheed Martin Prepar3D

In late 2007, Aces Game Studio announced Microsoft ESP (Enterprise Simulation Platform), a development platform for companies that want to create products that use the technology in Flight Simulator. Following the closure of the Aces Game Studio in January 2009, Lockheed Martin announced in late 2009 that they had negotiated with Microsoft a licensing agreement to purchase the intellectual property (including source code) for the Microsoft ESP product. It is the commercial-use version of Flight Simulator X SP2. On May 17, 2010, Lockheed announced that the new product based upon the ESP source code would be called Prepar3D (P3D). Lockheed hired members of the original Aces Game Studio team to continue development of the product.

In November 2010, Lockheed Martin debuted Prepar3D version 1. Version 1.1 was released in April 2011, with a retail license cost of US$499. A developer license is also available for a monthly fee of US$9.95. In March 2012, along with the release of version 1.3, the pricing strategy was revised. The Professional edition is now available for US$199, with an Academic License available for US$59.95.

Often touted as 'FSX on steroids', P3D has so far had 5 versions, with the latest launched on April 14, 2020. Version 5 features 41 aircraft and over 23000 airports. Before that, version 2, 3 and 4 saw releases in 2013, 2015, and 2017 respectively.

Due to the changes in elevation between version 4 and version 5, many developers charged for upgrades to make their airport sceneries compatible with the new elevation. This elevation issue, in turn, created new developers to pop up to create "compatibility files" for older version 4 airports to work on version 5. Companies such as iniBuilds and Scandinavian Mountains lead the development of compatibility files.

Dovetail Games and Microsoft Flight Simulator X: Steam Edition
On July 9, 2014, Dovetail Games announced that Microsoft had granted them rights to develop the next Flight Simulator in the series. Dovetail Games also announced the release of Flight Simulator X: Gold Edition on Steam for late 2014, titled Microsoft Flight Simulator X: Steam Edition. It was released on December 18, 2014. It is a re-release and includes content that was provided with the original FSX: Gold Edition which includes FSX: Deluxe Edition, the Acceleration expansion pack, and both official Service Packs and repackages them in one bundle and a single installation. The Steam Edition includes "all standard Steam functionality", including an overhaul of the multiplayer support to go through Steam rather than the now-defunct GameSpy, improved stability on Windows 7 and 8, and features minor performance tweaks including a complete recompile using VS2013.

Additionally, Dovetail Games has worked with existing developers and publishers to distribute their content on Steam as DLC. Currently, there are over 100 add-ons for FSX: Steam Edition from over 35 developers available on the Steam store including Aerosoft, Captain Sim, Orbx Simulation Systems, Real Environment Xtreme (REX), Carenado, Virtavia, and others.

Flight Sim World
In May 2017, Dovetail Games announced Flight Sim World, based on the codebase of Flight Simulator X, and released later that month. Only a year later, on April 23, 2018, Dovetail announced end of development of Flight Sim World and the end of sales effective May 15, 2018.

Microsoft Flight

Microsoft released a new flight simulator titled Microsoft Flight in February 2012. Developed by The Coalition (as Microsoft Game Studios Vancouver), it was not part of the Microsoft Flight Simulator series, but instead was designed to replace it and aimed at drawing new users into flight gaming. While claiming to be simpler to use for inexperienced users, it is incompatible with Flight Simulator and does not allow the use of existing Flight Simulator add-ons (including aircraft, objects, and photographic scenery).

The game was "pay to play", as only the single island of Hawai'i and one aircraft was available without buying downloadable content. On July 26, 2012, Microsoft cancelled further development of Flight.

Microsoft Flight Simulator (2020)

On June 9, 2019, as part of their E3 conference announcements Microsoft revealed that they would be bringing back the Flight Simulator series with an updated release, simply titled Microsoft Flight Simulator. On the same day, Microsoft launched a new website for the title and posted a teaser video on their Xbox YouTube channel. The new version features tight integration of ground satellite data and Microsoft's own Azure AI into the simulator's engine to generate near-photorealistic graphics. Asobo Studio is the lead developer.

The game is Microsoft's first simulator since Microsoft Flight in 2012. In addition to the PC release it was also released for the Xbox Series X and Series S, making it the first entry in the Microsoft Flight Simulator series to be released for a gaming console. The Windows PC version of the simulator was released on August 18, 2020. Microsoft Flight Simulator launched for Xbox Series X and Series S on July 27, 2021.

Microsoft Flight Simulator 2024

On June 11, 2023, during the Xbox Games Showcase Microsoft revealed a trailer for Microsoft Flight Simulator 2024, which was captioned "the next generation of the legendary franchise".

Add-ons, customization, and community involvement

The long history and consistent sales of Flight Simulator has encouraged a very large body of add-on packages to be developed as both commercial and volunteer ventures. A formal software development kit and other tools for the simulator exist to further facilitate third-party efforts, and some third parties have also learned to 'tweak' the simulator in various ways by trial and error. As for number of add-ons, tweaks, and modifications Flight Simulator can accommodate solely depends on the user's hardware setup. The number is not limited by the simulator, and when multiple computers are linked together with multiple monitors and third-party software and controls, Flight Simulator enthusiasts can build their own realistic home cockpits.

Aircraft

Individual attributes of Flight Simulator aircraft that can be customized include; cockpit layout, cockpit image, aircraft model, aircraft model textures, aircraft flight characteristics, scenery models, scenery layouts, and scenery textures, often with simple-to-use programs, or only a text editor such as 'Notepad'. Dedicated 'flight simmers have taken advantage of Flight Simulator's vast add-on capabilities, having successfully linked Flight Simulator to homebuilt hardware, some of which approaches the complexity of commercial full-motion flight simulators.

The simulator's aircraft are made up of five parts:

 The model, which is a 3D CAD-style model of the aircraft's exterior and virtual cockpit, if applicable. Models consist of two distinct sections - the main chassis or "core", and accessories or dynamic parts, such as the landing gear or ailerons.
 The textures, bitmap images which the game layers onto the model. These can be easily edited (known as repainting), so that a model can adopt any paint scheme imaginable, real or fictional.
 The sounds, literally what the aircraft sounds like. This is determined by defining which WAV files the aircraft uses as its sound-set.
 The panel, a representation of the aircraft's cockpit. This includes one or more bitmap images of the panel, instrument gauge files, and sometimes its own sounds.
 The FDE, or Flight Dynamics Engine. This consists of the air-file (a *.air file), which contains hundreds of parameters that define the aircraft's flight characteristics, and the aircraft.cfg file, which contains more and easier-to-edit parameters.

Most versions of Microsoft Flight Simulator include some of the world's most popular aircraft from different categories, such as the Mooney Bravo and Beechcraft Baron 58, which fall into the general aviation category; the Airbus A321 and Boeing 737, which fall into the civil jets category; the Robinson R22, which falls into the helicopter category; the Air Scheffel 738, which falls into the general aviation category again; and many other planes commonly used around the world.

Not being limited to using the default aircraft, add-on planes can be downloaded from many sources for free or purchased, which can then be installed into Microsoft Flight Simulator. The Beechcraft 1900D pictured above, is an add-on aircraft. Similarly, add-on repaints can be added to default aircraft; these repaints are usually downloaded for free.

AI Traffic
A growing add-on category for the series is AI (artificial intelligence) traffic. AI traffic is the simulation of other vehicles in the FS landscape. This traffic plays an important role in the simulator, as it is possible to crash into traffic (this can be disabled), thus ending your session, and to interact with the traffic via the radio and ATC. This feature is active even with third-party traffic. Microsoft introduced AI traffic in MSFS 2002 with several airliners and private aircraft. This has since been supplemented with many files created by third-party developers. Typically, third-party aircraft models have multiple levels of detail, which allow the AI traffic to be better on frame rates, while still being detailed during close looks. There are several prominent freeware developers. Some third-party AI traffic can even be configured for "real-time" departures.

Scenery

Scenery add-ons usually involve replacements for existing airports, with enhanced and more accurate detail, or large expanses of highly detailed ground scenery for specific regions of the world. Some types of scenery add-on replace or add structures to the simulator. Both freeware and payware scenery add-ons are very widely available. Airport enhancements, for example, range from simple add-ons that update runways or taxiways to very elaborate packages that reproduce every lamp, pavement marking, and structure at an airport with near-total accuracy, including animated effects such as baggage cars or marshalling agents. Wide-area scenery enhancements may use detailed satellite photos and 3-D structures to closely reproduce real-world regions, particularly those including large cities, landmarks, or spectacular natural wonders.

Flight networks
Virtual flight networks such as IVAO, VATSIM, and Pilot Edge as well as Virtual Skies, and Mindstar Aviation's AirspaceVR use special, small add-on modules for Flight Simulator to enable connection to their proprietary networks in multiplayer mode, and to allow for voice and text communication with other virtual pilots and controllers over the network. These networks allow players to enjoy and enhance realism in their game. These networks are for ATC (air traffic control).

Miscellaneous
Some utilities, such as FSUIPC, merely provide useful tweaks for the simulator to overcome design limitations or bugs, or to allow more extensive interfacing with other third-party add-ons. Sometimes certain add-ons require other utility add-ons in order to work correctly with the simulator.

Other add-ons provide navigation tools, simulation of passengers, and cameras that can view aircraft or scenery from any angle, more realistic instrument panels and gauges, and so on.

Some software add-ons provide operability with specific hardware, such as game controllers and optical motion sensors.

FSDeveloper.com is one website that host a forum style knowledge base aimed at the development of add-on items, tools, and software.

Excel Unusual hosts two versions of flight simulator downloads and tutorials, built from scratch with only VBA and cell formulas, in both 2D and 3D.

Availability
A number of websites are dedicated to providing users with add-on files (such as airplanes from actual airlines, airport utility cars, actual buildings located in specific cities, textures, and city files). The wide availability over the internet of freeware add-on files for the simulation package has encouraged the development of a large and diverse virtual community, linked up by design group and enthusiast message boards, online multiplayer flying, and 'virtual airlines'. The internet has also facilitated the distribution of 'payware' add-ons for the simulator, with the option of downloading the files, which reduces distribution costs.

Reception
PC Magazine in January 1983 called Flight Simulator "extraordinarily realistic ... a classic program, unique in the market". It praised the graphics and detailed scenery, and concluded "I think it's going to sell its share of IBM PCs, and will certainly sell some color/graphics adapters". BYTE in December 1983 wrote that "this amazing package does an incredible job of making you think you're actually flying a small plane". While it noted the inability to use a RGB monitor or a joystick, the magazine concluded that "for $49.95 you can't have everything". A pilot wrote in the magazine in March 1984 that he found the simulated Cessna 182 to be "surprisingly realistic". While criticizing the requirement of using the keyboard to fly, he concluded "Microsoft Flight Simulator is a tour de force of the programmer's art ... It can be an excellent introduction to how an aircraft actually operates for a budding or student pilot and can even help instrument pilots or those going for an instrument rating sharpen their skills".

Another pilot similarly praised Flight Simulator 2.0 in PC Magazine that year, giving it 18 out of 18 points. He reported that its realism compared well to two $3 million hardware flight simulators he had recently flown, and that he could use real approach plates to land at and navigate airports Flight Simulators manual did not document. Compute! warned "if you don't know much about flying, this program may overwhelm you. It's not a simple simulation. It's a challenging program even for experienced pilots". The magazine concluded that Flight Simulator "is interesting, challenging, graphically superb, diverse, rewarding, and just plain fun ... sheer delight". Flight Simulator 2.0 was reviewed in 1989 in Dragon #142 by Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk Lesser in "The Role of Computers" column. The reviewers gave the game 5 out of 5 stars.

Computer Gaming World stated in 1994 that Flight Simulator 5 "is closer to simulating real flight than ever before".

Microsoft Flight Simulator X was reviewed in 2006 by GameSpot. The reviewer gave the game an 8.4 out of 10 and commented on how it was realistic enough to be used for real-life flight training.

Awards
By June 1999, the series had sold  units worldwide, for which it was awarded the Guinness World Record for best-selling flight simulator series.

The success of the Microsoft Flight Simulator series has led to Guinness World Records awarding the series seven world records in the Guinness World Records: Gamer's Edition 2008. These records include "Longest Running Flight Sim Series", "Most Successful Flight Simulator Series", and "Most Expensive Home Flight Simulator Cockpit", which was built by Australian trucking tycoon Matthew Sheil, and cost around $200,000 to build.

See also
 Airfight
 FlightGear
 FlightSim.com and Avsim.com – Flight simulator resource and review communities
 International Virtual Aviation Organisation
 Microsoft Train Simulator, Microsoft Space Simulator, and Microsoft Combat Flight Simulator
 Training simulation
 Virtual Air Traffic Simulation Network
 X-Plane (simulator)

References

External links
 Microsoft Flight Simulator Insider – An official Microsoft site.
 Microsoft Flight Simulator | Xbox

Microsoft franchises
Flight Simulator
General flight simulators
Video game franchises
Video game franchises introduced in 1982
Windows games

Microsoft Flight Simulator


Marie Málková (born April 14, 1941 in Vysoké Mýto, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia) is a Czech actress.

Interested in music, theater and literature from a young age, she participated in a drama club and national recital competitions. She joined the Academy of Performing Arts at the Theatre on the Balustrade in Prague in 1962 where she remained until 1968, later appearing on stage there from 1992 to 1995. She was married to Jan Grossman (1925-1993), a notable theatre director. Between 1983 and 1992 she worked at the SK Neumann Theatre. On TV she is known for roles such as Svátková  in Pojišťovna štěstí (2008-2010) and Christine König / Manuela in Das unsichtbare Visier (1975), and in film has appeared in films such as Kto si bez viny (1963), Chvojka (1970),  Dobrý den, město (1976), and as the grandmother in Of Parents and Children (2007). In 2008 she played a firefighter in the sitcom Comeback. Málková won the Alfréd Radok Award for Best Actress for her role in Heldenplatz. She was appointed Associate Professor at the Academy of Performing Arts in 2005.

References

External links

1941 births
Living people
People from Vysoké Mýto
20th-century Czech actresses
Czech stage actresses
Czech film actresses
Czech television actresses
Academy of Performing Arts in Prague alumni
21st-century Czech actresses

Marie Málková


LaDue Reservoir  is a reservoir located near Ohio State Route 44 and U.S. Route 422 in Auburn and Troy Townships  in Geauga County, Ohio. Originally called the "Akron City Reservoir", it was dedicated as the LaDue Reservoir on October 11, 1961, in honor of Wendell R. LaDue. The Geographic Names Information System recognized four variants names, including Akron City Reservoir, Bridge Creek Reservoir, Ladue Reservoir, and Wendell R. Ladue Reservoir.

The reservoir is formed by the Bridge Creek Dam  across Bridge Creek and the Black Brook Dike  across Black Brook, both tributaries of the Cuyahoga River.

The reservoir was created in an area that was covered with ice during the Wisconsinan glaciation and contains numerous glacial sand and gravel deposits (kames) and glacial ponds (kettles). The lake bottom retains the same irregularities found before it was dammed.

Purpose
The reservoir and surrounding land is owned by the City of Akron, Ohio and is operated by Akron's Watershed Division.

The reservoir is one of three reservoirs that make up the City of Akron water supply, including LaDue Reservoir, East Branch Reservoir in Claridon Township, Geauga County, Ohio, and Lake Rockwell in Franklin Township, Portage County, Ohio. The main purposes of these reservoirs are to provide flood control to downstream areas, replenish the river's flow during dry periods, and maintain an ample supply of available drinking water for Akron.

Because Lake Rockwell is the main drinking water supply for the City of Akron, it is highly protected with no trespassing, fishing, or recreation permitted. However, both the East Branch Reservoir and the LaDue Reservoir are open to fishing, boating, and hunting.  However, the Ohio Revised Code has special fishing regulations for LaDue Reservoir that do not allow gasoline motors on any watercraft, limit the size of electric motors, and restrict shoreline fishing to the right-of-ways along Ohio State Route 44, U.S. Route 422, and Auburn Road.

Dams

Bridge Creek Dam
The Bridge Creek Dam , also known as the LaDue Dam, is a rolled earth fill with impervious core, maximum height 35 ft, top length 3200 ft, top width 40 ft, base width about 120 ft and length 4500 ft. Spillway: Uncontrolled concrete lined saddle spillway that is 200 ft at the top and 250 ft near at the base. The drop is about 30 ft. The Bridge Creek Dam is a restricted zone with "No Trespassing Zone" signs on land and has marker buoys in the water.

Black Brook Dike and dam
The Black Brook Dike is 100 ft wide and nearly  long. It is located at the southern tip of the reservoir near the intersection of Bartholomew Road and Ohio State Route 44.

The Black Brook Dam   is a rolled earth fill with impervious core, maximum height 20 ft, top length 325 ft, top width 30 ft, base width about 100 ft and length 1100 ft. It is located near the intersection of Crackel Road and Ohio State Route 44, about  feet north of the Geauga-Portage County border. It uses a 6 ft concrete drainage ditch to evacuate water. The Black Brook Dike and Dam are restricted zones with "No Trespassing Zone" signs posted on land and marker buoys in the water.

Recreation
The LaDue Reservoir wildlife area includes  that protects the watershed of the east branch of the Cuyahoga River from the East Branch Reservoir at Headwaters Park in East Claridon, Ohio to Ohio State Route 82 in Mantua Township, Portage County, Ohio.

For many years, the City of Akron managed recreation activities at its reservoirs. Since 2002, the Ohio Department of Natural Resources Division of Wildlife has managed the LaDue Public Hunting Area for the City of Akron, which includes hunting, trapping, boating, and fishing. The wildlife area includes diverse wildlife, including white-tailed deer, wild turkey, squirrel, rabbit, and woodchuck. Waterfowl include migrating mallards, wood duck, and Canada geese. LaDue Reservoir contains sport fish including walleye, largemouth bass, bluegill, yellow perch, white and black crappie, and channel catfish.

Boating and fishing
Ohio Revised Code Chapter 1501:31-13 designates special fishing regulations for LaDue Reservoir that restrict watercraft to electric motors only and restrict shorelines fishing to the right-of-ways along Ohio State Route 44, U.S. Route 422, and Auburn Roads. Fishing in Ohio requires a valid Ohio Fishing License and is subject to Ohio fishing regulations. No gasoline engines can be used on LaDue Reservoir.

ODNR Division of Wildlife maintains a gravel boat ramp with portable toilets near the intersection of East Washington Street and Valley Road. There is also an unimproved boat ramp at the south end of the reservoir where Ohio State Route 44 crosses the reservoir. Boats are limited to electric motors only.

As of 2019, Breakaway Excursions began operating kayak and fishing boat rentals out of the La Due boathouse.

Hunting and trapping
Waterfowl hunting on LaDue Reservoir is limited to designated areas only and limited to hunters selected in an annual drawing held by the ODNR Division of Wildlife. Hunting in Ohio is subject to hunting regulations.

Furbearer trapping is permitted throughout the area, however, it too requires a permit to trap beaver or river otter and is limited to trappers selected in an annual drawing by the Division of Wildlife. Trapping in Ohio is subject to trapping regulations.

Environmental conditions
In 2010, excessive heat contributed to concerns for harmful algal blooms in many inland lakes in NE Ohio, including LaDue Reservoir. A harmful algal bloom occurs when naturally occurring blue-green algae, or cyanobacteria, produce neurotoxins, which affect the nervous system, and hepatotoxins, which affect the liver. It is now monitored by the Ohio Department of Health.

See also
 Geauga Park District
 Ohio Department of Natural Resources

References

External links
 Google Maps Ladue Reservoir
 ODNR LaDue Reservoir Map
 ODNR LaDue Public Hunting Area: Publication 316
 LaDue Reservoir Fishing Map: Publication 264

Geauga County
Bodies of water of Geauga County, Ohio
Reservoirs in Ohio
Dams in Ohio
Tourist attractions in Geauga County, Ohio
Kettle lakes in the United States

LaDue Reservoir


Sivakasi is a city and municipality in Virudhunagar district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The town is known for its fire cracker, match box and printing industries. The industries in Sivakasi employ over 25,000 people with an estimated turn over of .

Sivakasi was established in the 15th century during the reign of the Pandya king Harikesari Parakkirama Pandian. The town was a part of Madurai empire and has been ruled at various times by the Later Pandyas, Vijayanagar Empire, Madurai Nayaks, Chanda Sahib, Carnatic kingdom and the British Raj. The Sivakasi riots of 1899 took place during the British Raj here. Sivakasi has a dry weather, making it suitable for dry crops like cotton, chillies and millets. Badhrkali Amman temple is one of the most prominent landmarks of the town.

Population
According to the 2011 census of India, Sivakasi had a population of 71,040 with a sex-ratio of 1,009 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.

Reference

Virudhunagar district

Sivakasi


Located in the Simpsonville area of Columbia in Howard County, Maryland, United States, Athol Plantation.

Reverend James Macgill of Scotland, built the plantation house on lands patented in 1730. The stone house was constructed by masons brought from his homeland stating in 1732, and was completed in 1740.  A square cupola and porch were added in the 19th century, and later removed. In 1866 the house was the residence of Richard Gambrill MacGill. From 1927 to 1946 the Melvin Coar family occupied the house.

See also
Atholton, Maryland
Christ Church Guilford

References

Buildings and structures in Columbia, Maryland
Houses in Howard County, Maryland
Plantation houses in Maryland
Scottish-American culture in Maryland

Athol (Simpsonville, Maryland)


A gribble /ˈgɹɪbəl/ (or gribble worm) is any of about 56 species of marine isopod from the family Limnoriidae. They are mostly pale white and small ( long) crustaceans, although Limnoria stephenseni from subantarctic waters can reach .

Classification
The term "gribble" was originally assigned to the wood-boring species, especially the first species described from Norway by Jens Rathke in 1799, Limnoria lignorum. The Limnoriidae are now known to include seaweed and seagrass borers, as well as wood borers. Those gribbles able to bore into living marine plants are thought to have evolved from a wood (dead plant) boring species.

Ecology
Gribbles bore into wood and plant material for ingestion as food. The cellulose of wood is digested, most likely with the aid of cellulases produced by the gribbles themselves. The most destructive species are Limnoria lignorum, L. tripunctata and L. quadripunctata. Due to dispersal while inhabiting wooden ships, it is uncertain where these three mentioned species originated. Limnoriidae are second only to the Teredinidae in the amount of destruction caused to marine timber structures such as jetties and piers. L. tripunctata is unusually tolerant of creosote, a preservative often used to protect timber piles, due to symbiosis with creosote-degrading bacteria. Gribbles bore the surface layers of wood, unlike the Teredinidae which attack more deeply. Their burrows are 1–2 mm diameter, may be several centimetres long, and have the burrow's roof punctured with a series of smaller ventilation holes. Attacked wood can become spongy and friable.

Gribbles play an ecologically important role, by helping to degrade and recycle driftwood. Most seaweed boring gribbles attack holdfasts and their activities can cause the seaweed to come adrift especially during storms. For example, Limnoria segnis and L. stephenseni inhabit the holdfasts of Durvillaea antarctica and other southern bull-kelp and have rafted thousands of kilometres across the Southern Ocean inside of these holdfasts.

For defence, gribbles can jam themselves within their burrows using their uropods and block the tunnel with their rear disc-shaped segment, the pleotelson.

A number of crustaceans have evolved as commensals with Limnoriidae. Chelura are amphipods that inhabit the more severely attacked regions of gribble-attacked wood. Donsiella are tiny copepods that inhabit the brood pouch and body of Limnoriidae.

As a source of biofuel
It has been suggested that the enzymes used by Limnoriidae to break down wood may be useful for producing sugar from non-food biomass, such as wood or straw, in a sustainable way. This could then be used to produce alternative fuels. "Enzymes produced by the tiny creatures are able to break down woody cellulose and turn it into energy-rich sugars meaning that gribble could convert wood and straw into liquid biofuel."  One particular enzyme produced in a special organ in the body of the gribble called the hepatopancreas and secreted into its gut has recently been identified and characterized: the GH7 cellobiohydrolase, LqCel7B.  This enzyme has been shown to be highly effective in a salty environment such as that in which the gribble lives.

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links
Video of live gribbles in wood

Isopoda
Herbivorous arthropods

Gribble


Ronald J. Belisario (last name sometimes spelled Belizario) (born December 31, 1982) is a Venezuelan former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Los Angeles Dodgers, Chicago White Sox and Tampa Bay Rays.

Professional career

Florida Marlins
Belisario was signed by the Florida Marlins as a 16-year-old amateur free agent in 1998, playing in the rookie-class Venezuelan Summer League in 2000 and rookie-class Gulf Coast League in 2001. He played with various "A" ball teams in 2003–04. He was placed on the Marlins 40 man roster in September 2004 but missed the 2005 season because of undergoing Tommy John surgery on his right elbow. He also missed the 2006 season because of an unspecified suspension.

Pittsburgh Pirates
After missing two seasons he returned to the mound in the Pittsburgh Pirates farm system in 2007 and remained in the Pirates system for 2008, finally being promoted to AA with the Altoona Curve.

Los Angeles Dodgers

2009
He signed a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training with the Los Angeles Dodgers for 2009. He was late in showing up for spring training because of some visa problems in his home country, so did not get a chance to compete until late in the spring. However, he pitched well in the last few spring training games and was added to the Dodgers opening day roster on April 6, 2009. Belisario made his Major League debut on April 7, working one scoreless inning as a relief pitcher against the San Diego Padres. He pitched in 69 games for the Dodgers out of the bullpen in 2009, finishing 4–3 with a 2.04 ERA and 64 strikeouts.

2010
Belisario was expected to be on the Dodgers opening day roster for 2010, but again had visa problems in Venezuela. His status was complicated by a driving under the influence charge that had been filed against him in Pasadena, California. He pleaded guilty to a lesser charge through his attorney but did not report to spring training until March 27, at which point he was placed on the restricted list. He did not rejoin the Dodgers until April 21. On July 7, 2010, Belisario was again placed on the restricted list by the Dodgers for unknown reasons. He eventually rejoined the team on August 10. He finished the season 3–1 with a high 5.04 ERA in 55 innings worked.

2011
For the third year in a row, Belisario did not report on time for spring training in 2011 due to problems in Venezuela. The team reported that he would be absent "indefinitely" and that they did not know when, or even if, he would report for the 2011 season. He was placed on the restricted list to start the season and on April 19, it was revealed that he would not receive a visa in 2011.

On December 20, 2011, Belisario's agent stated that he had gotten a five-year visa and would be in Arizona on time for the start of 2012 spring training. However, it was also revealed that he would have to serve a 25-game suspension at the start of the season for an unspecified violation of MLB's drug policy. In February, Belisario admitted that he had not been able to obtain a visa in 2011 because he had tested positive for cocaine, which had also led to his suspension.

2012
After serving his suspension, and a handful of minor league appearances, Belisario finally rejoined the Dodgers when he was activated off the restricted list on May 3, 2012. He went on to pitch in 68 games for the Dodgers with an 8–1 record and 2.54 ERA.

2013
In March 2013 he represented Venezuela at the 2013 World Baseball Classic. He was suspended for one game on June 14 as a result of his actions during a bench-clearing brawl with the Arizona Diamondbacks on June 11. Belisario appeared in a team high 77 games for the Dodgers in 2013, and was 5–7 with a 3.97 ERA. After the season, Belisario was non-tendered by the Dodgers, becoming a free agent.

Chicago White Sox

On December 5, 2013, Belisario signed to a one-year, $3 million deal with the Chicago White Sox.

2014
On May 20, Belisario earned his first save as a member of the White Sox. The next day, Belisario was named the new White Sox closer, after it was announced that former closer Matt Lindstrom would need ankle surgery. On May 24, Belisario entered a game in which the White Sox lead the New York Yankees 3–0, after 8 shutout innings by starter John Danks. However, things would quickly go south, as Belisario gave up 3 runs off 4 hits. The White Sox would go to the bottom of the 9th inning now tied 3-3, as Belisario was hailed with boos leaving the field. The Yankees would go on to win the game 4–3 in 10 innings. Despite Belisario's collapse, White Sox manager Robin Ventura remained confident with Belisario as the closer. However, in a game against the Cleveland Indians on May 26, Belisario was passed up on a save opportunity in favor of fellow reliever Scott Downs.

Belisario was designated for assignment by the White Sox on November 20, 2014. He elected free agency on November 28, 2014.

Tampa Bay Rays
On January 31, 2015, Belisario signed a minor league contract with the Tampa Bay Rays. It had been reported on January 29 that Belisario had agreed to a minor league deal with the Toronto Blue Jays, but the deal fell through for unknown reasons. He elected free agency on July 4, 2015, after being designated for assignment by the Rays. He had a 7.88 ERA.

Boston Red Sox
On July 12, 2015, Belisario signed a minor league contract with the Red Sox. On August 4, 2015, Belisario was released by the Red Sox.

Leones de Yucatán
On February 16, 2017, Belisario signed with the Leones de Yucatán of the Mexican League for the 2017 season. On the year, he logged a 6–4 record and 2.83 ERA with 40 strikeouts in 47.2 innings of work. In 2018, Belisario pitched in 23 games, recording a 3–0 record and 1.50 ERA in 24.0 innings pitched. In 2019 for Yucatán, Belisario pitched to a 3–7 record and 5.40 ERA with 27 strikeouts in 43 appearances for the club. Belisario was released by the team on February 14, 2020.

Piratas de Campeche
On June 8, 2021, Belisario signed with the Piratas de Campeche of the Mexican League. In 21 relief appearances, Belisario posted a 2–1 record with a 4.30 ERA and 16 strikeouts. He was released following the season on October 20, 2021.

Pitching style
Belisario is a sinkerballer. He throws a hard, heavy sinker with excellent movement at an average of 95 mph on more than 60% of his pitches overall. He also features a four-seam fastball and a slider (to right-handed hitters).

See also
 List of Major League Baseball players from Venezuela

References

External links

Stats at CBS SportsLine

1982 births
Living people
Águilas del Zulia players
Albuquerque Isotopes players
Altoona Curve players
Bravos de Margarita players
Carolina Mudcats players
Chicago White Sox players
Durham Bulls players
Greensboro Bats players
Gulf Coast Marlins players
Inland Empire 66ers players
Jupiter Hammerheads players
Kane County Cougars players
Leones de Yucatán players
Leones del Caracas players
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Lynchburg Hillcats players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from Venezuela
Mexican League baseball pitchers
Pawtucket Red Sox players
Rancho Cucamonga Quakes players
Baseball players from Maracay
Tampa Bay Rays players
Tiburones de La Guaira players
Tigres de Aragua players
Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in the United States
World Baseball Classic players of Venezuela
2013 World Baseball Classic players

Ronald Belisario


Arthur Stanley Billingsgate "Alfred" Walker (circa 1893 – September 1958) was an Australian rugby union player, a state and national representative scrum-half. His representative career lasted from 1912 to 1924 and he captained the national side on fifteen occasions including eleven Test matches between 1922 and 1924. Later he was a NSW state selector and representative team manager.

Pre-war
Born in Sydney, Walker was schooled at Sydney Grammar and then joined the Eastern Suburbs club. At aged nineteen, before he had made any state representative appearances, he was selected for the 1912 Australia rugby union tour of Canada and the United States. He played in nine games of the tour, including the sole Test match against the United States which Australia won 12–8. He did not gain state or national selection in the few Tests and touring matches of the 1913 and 1914 Australian seasons.

He enlisted late in the 1st AIF late World War I joining the 1st Light Horse from the 4th General Service Reinforcement. He embarked for Egypt in HMAT A15 Port Sydney in August 1918 and returned to Melbourne in April 1919 with discharge in May 1919.

Post-war career and captaincy
On his return to rugby in Sydney post-war Walker became club captain at Easts and was selected in New South Wales sides that met the All Blacks in Sydney in 1920. With no Queensland Rugby Union administration or competition in place from 1919 to 1929, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of their fixtures of 1920s played against full international opposition were decreed by the Australian Rugby Union in 1986 as official Test matches. Thus Walker's fifteen Waratahs' appearances against international sides from 1920, including the eleven when he captained the side, were all later decreed as Tests. Walker took over the Waratahs captaincy from the first match against the visiting South Africans in 1921 at the Sydney Showground and led the side in all three Tests.

Walaker captained the Waratahs on their 1921 tour of New Zealand playing in eight games of the tour and the sole Test in Christchurch. Over the next three years Walker played for the Waratahs in nine further international matches against touring All Black and NZ Maori teams, captaining the side in seven of those matches.

All told Walker claimed a total of sixteen international rugby Test caps for Australia, eleven as captain. In retirement he became a state selector.

Footnotes

References
 Howell, Max (2005) Born to Lead – Wallaby Test Captains, Celebrity Books, Auckland NZ

External links
Test match stats Australia v United States
Wakka Walker at the AIF Project

Australian rugby union players
Australian rugby union captains
Australia international rugby union players
1958 deaths
1890s births
Rugby union players from Sydney
Rugby union scrum-halves
Eastern Suburbs players

Alfred Walker (rugby union)


Tommy Stevenson (February 21, 1914 – October 1944) was a jazz trumpet player in the big band era.  He was the first high note trumpeter to be featured on recordings.

Nicknamed "Steve," Tommy joined Jimmie Lunceford's band in 1933, and recordings from that time feature him hitting notes that no trumpeter had been recorded hitting before.  His solos, like those on the Lunceford recordings "White Heat" and "Rhythm Is Our Business," were later recreated note-for-note by trumpeters such as Paul Webster and Ollie Mitchell.  Tommy created much of the vaudeville-style choreography that made the Lunceford band so popular during this period, and this, combined with the increasing audience attention he was receiving for his high-note solos, caused him to demand from Lunceford top billing.  This was denied, so in March 1935 he left Lunceford's band. Although he never regained the popularity he had with the Lunceford organization, he did go on to play and/or record with big bands led by Blanche Calloway (1935–1936), Don Redman (1936–1940), Coleman Hawkins, Lucky Millinder, Slim Gaillard and Cootie Williams, mostly playing lead trumpet.  While playing with Cootie's band in New York City in 1944 he contracted lobar pneumonia and died suddenly at the age 30.

References

Sources

Determeyer, Eddy.  Rhythm Is Our Business: Jimmie Lunceford and the Harlem Express.  University of Michigan Press, 2006.
"Scream Trumpet" – audio clips
Yanow, Scott.  Trumpet Kings: The Players Who Shaped the Sound of Jazz Trumpet.  Backbeat Books, 2001.

American jazz trumpeters
American male trumpeters
1914 births
1944 deaths
20th-century American musicians
20th-century trumpeters
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
Deaths from pneumonia in New York City

Tommy Stevenson


Walter Randolph "Ranny" Chitwood Jr. is known for his work as a cardiothoracic surgeon at the Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University located in Greenville, North Carolina.

Chitwood is recognized as the first heart surgeon to perform robot-assisted heart valve surgery in the US.

Biography
Chitwood is a native of Wytheville, Virginia. He graduated from Hampden-Sydney College and received his medical degree from the University of Virginia. He obtained all of his surgical training at Duke University Medical Center under Dr. David C. Sabiston, where he spent 10 years training in general and cardiothoracic surgery, as well as basic science research.

He was the first house staff member at Duke to be selected to Alpha Omega Alpha. After his chief residency at Duke in 1984, he was selected to develop and head the new cardiac surgery program at the East Carolina University School of Medicine. His initial appointment was as a full professor of surgery. Except for a two-year hiatus as the chief of cardiothoracic surgery at the University of Kentucky, he has spent his entire career at ECU, where he was chairman of the Department of Surgery from 1995 to 2003. He also served as senior associate vice chancellor of the Health Sciences Division for Cardiovascular Diseases and paved the way for the development of a new specialty hospital and research institute - The East Carolina Heart Institute. The East Carolina Heart Institute now performs over 1200 cardiac surgical, 3000 interventional, and 5000 diagnostic catheter-based procedures yearly. The center's research laboratories have been responsible for training residents and supporting established investigators alike. Chitwood's research activities relate to myocardial preservation, and angiogenesis, as well as endoscopic and robotic tele-manipulation in cardiac surgery. He has been the principal investigator of the FDA robotic mitral valve trials that led to approval for this use in the United States.

He is a member of 25 professional societies which include the American College of Surgeons, the Royal College of Surgeons of England, the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, the Society of Thoracic Surgeons, the Southern Thoracic Surgical Association, the Society of University Surgeons, the American Surgical Association, the American College of Cardiology, and the Cardiac Surgery Biology Club. He is on numerous committees in these societies. He has been President of the International Society of Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery, The Society for Heart Valve Disease, and the North Carolina Chapter of the American Heart Association. He serves the editorial boards of the Annals of Thoracic Surgery, the Journal of Cardiac Surgery, the Journal of Heart Valve Disease, the Asian Annals of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, CTS Net, the Heart Surgery Forum, Chest, and the American Heart Journal. He has authored over 150 peer reviewed scientific and clinical articles, as well as many book chapters and several monographs. He has special expertise in complex valvular surgery, including mitral repair and endoscopic mitral valve surgery. He has written widely and lectured internationally on innovative techniques in minimally invasive and robotic cardiac surgery. In 2003 he was elected to Fellowship in the prestigious Royal College of Surgeons of England. His lifelong avocations have been photography, amateur radio, and antiquarian medical bibliophilia.

References

External links

 Biography
 See patient reviews, research and videos for Dr. Randolph Chitwood, heart surgeon

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of Virginia School of Medicine alumni
Duke University alumni
American cardiac surgeons
East Carolina University faculty
American Surgical Association members

Randolph Chitwood


The shamisen or samisen (Japanese: 三味線, literally "three taste strings"), also called sangen (literally "three strings") is a Japanese musical instrument with three strings, that is played with a big plectrum called a bachi. The pronunciation in Japanese is usually "shamisen".

Other websites
 Buy shamisen and other traditional Japanese instruments
 God of Shamisen is a progressive/metal band that has implemented the acoustic and amplified sound of the tsugaru-jamisen.
 About the shamisen
 Buy shamisens and shamisen accessories

Audio
 Play with a shamisen
 Listen to a shamisen (in modern times)
 Listen to arrangements with shamisen of nagauta pieces Kokaji, Tsurukame, Echigo Jishi and Musume Dojoji

Video
 Shamisen Player - Public Performance #2
 Shamisen Player - Public Performance

Japanese music
Plucked string instruments

Shamisen


La Cerdanya Aerodrome (Catalan: Aeròdrom de la Cerdanya) is an airfield located in the Catalan town of Alp, in the Cerdanya county. It was founded in 1971 with the establishment of the now-disappeared Aero Club de la Cerdanya.

The Aerdrome grew because of the gliding activity of the Centre de Vol a Vela La Cerdanya, which later became a section of the Aero Club Barcelona-Sabadell.

Integrated into the Catalan Government's new airports plan, the airfield management, which belongs to Aeroports de Catalunya and the Cerdanya County Council, was put up for public tender in 2008, which was won by Gestió Aeronàutica Ceretana, S.L. consortium, composed by Aero Club Barcelona-Sabadell, CAT Helicòpters, Masella, and La Molina.

See also
Lleida-Alguaire Airport
La Seu d'Urgell Airport

Airports in Catalonia
Cerdanya (comarca)
Airports established in 1971

La Cerdanya Aerodrome


Command & Conquer: Renegade is a first- and third-person shooter video game developed by Westwood Studios and is part of the Command & Conquer series. It is the only Command & Conquer game that uses the first-person view. It was released on February 26, 2002 by EA Games. The game received generally favorable reviews from critics.

Synopsis
Renegades story takes place during the final days of the First Tiberium War originally depicted in Command & Conquer. GDI's top three Tiberium research specialists have been abducted by the Brotherhood of Nod. The player assumes the role of GDI commando Captain Nick "Havoc" Parker, who is assigned to rescue these experts. He conducts missions which take him all over the world in various countries and climates, both indoor and outdoor, and his actions greatly affect the current state of the war. As the game progresses it is revealed that the specialists have been forced into biochemistry research for the Brotherhood's top secret "Project Re-Genesis", an attempt to create genetically enhanced super-soldiers with the aid of Tiberium.

Gameplay
The game can be played as either a first-person or third-person shooter to the player's preference. The player wields multiple weapons, some of which have unique effectiveness on certain enemies, and has the ability to plant C4 charges on targets and set up beacons to launch an ion cannon beam. Weapons have both re-loadable magazines and extra ammo capacities. There are no melee weapons in the game, only a pistol with infinite ammo. The player is also able to drive and use the weapons of both GDI and Nod vehicles. Armour can be picked up to protect the player from damage.

As the player plays through a mission, the in-game EVA, or Electronic Video Assistance, periodically updates with mission objectives. EVA logs and updates all objectives and their current status. Objectives consist of destruction of structures, locating bases and such like. Objectives are categorized into three categories: primary, secondary and tertiary. The completion of primary objectives are crucial for that mission's success. Secondary objectives are not required for mission completion and may not assist much in game play, but will affect the final "rank" at the end of each mission. Tertiary objectives, which are usually hidden, do not affect the final ranking at all, but may assist in game play (e.g. disabling an Obelisk of Light). Data Discs can be collected to update the mission map.

Multiplayer
The multiplayer element of this game takes the form of 'Command and Conquer Mode', in which players are divided into the two teams: GDI and Nod. Each team starts with its own base; team members can independently purchase vehicles and advanced character classes to destroy the enemy base and defend their own base. A match is won when one team destroys the other's base or when one team has more points than the other when the time limit expires. Damaging and destroying enemy units and structures earns points. Some servers allow the 'endgame beacon' option that causes a side to immediately win if that side's 'superweapon' beacon is successfully planted and detonated on a 'beacon pedestal' in the other side's base. team members receive money from Tiberium harvesting and must purchase their own individual equipment.

Development
The game engine, called the "Renegade engine" or "Westwood 3D", was developed in-house by Westwood. It is designed to support real world physics and allow seamless movement from indoor to outdoor environments. The "Westwood 3D" engine was re-used as the base of the SAGE video game engine used in Command & Conquer: Generals, The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth, The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II, and Command & Conquer 3: Tiberium Wars.

When the game missed its shipping date, Westwood made a comedic video titled Havoc Takes on Westwood, in which Havoc, the game's main character and hero, goes to Westwood Studios to make sure the game does not miss its shipping date again. Even after the video was made, the shipping date was missed once again.

The game originally featured a different commando (Logan Shephard), looking much more akin to the original Command & Conquer unit and was much less action-oriented than its final incarnation. Also, Nod troopers looked more like their Command & Conquer equivalent, donning professional urban camouflage uniforms rather than red jumpsuits easily distinguishable on the battlefield.

Renegade was re-released in at least two EA Classics boxes (one including Comanche 4 as a bonus, and the other including Freedom Force) sometime after its initial release and was included in two Command & Conquer compilations: The Command & Conquer Collection, and Command & Conquer Collected.

In February 2006, Renegade was shipped in the compilation, Command & Conquer: The First Decade along with 11 other Command & Conquer titles on a two DVD set. The bonus DVD contains slightly less than an hour's worth of content involving all the games included. The game DVD of Command & Conquer: The First Decade, Renegade included its latest patch (1.037) by default, has a sanctioned No-CD application on it, plus the CD components such as the movie files are now installed into its folder. Renegade, along with a few other titles had problems with its registry entry in the compilation's initial release, which has been since fixed in the 1.02 patch. While Westwood originally intended to make a sequel to Renegade set in the late Red Alert universe (known only as Renegade 2), the project was canceled before any official announcements were made. Concept art depicting Red Alert styled structures and vehicles can be found online, as well as a test level depicting a Soviet refinery. Active fan projects received permission from EA to release in a stand-alone fashion. This event marks a notable shift in public relations strategy for Electronic Arts, which has often been portrayed in a negative light in terms of community support and has never made such a gesture regarding its intellectual property before.

Renegade is the only game aside from Tiberian Twilight in the series for which official expansion packs were never released. However, a software development kit (SDK) was released by Westwood Studios so that users could add their own content to the game. The studio also released a number of high-resolution models to the mod-making community, including some from the Red Alert games, particularly the second. Many fan sites have been established to celebrate the game and allow players to download new maps and custom expansion packs.

In July 2006, EA Games released a software development kit (SDK) that catered for 3DS Max software for Command & Conquer: Generals and The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-Earth games. Although Renegade used the same basic game engine as these other two games series, it was not made compatible to this new SDK. Members from the Red Alert: A Path Beyond community modified and re-released it to be compatible with Renegade after informing EA. An updated version was officially released following this.

A PlayStation 2 version was in development, but was cancelled.

Series links
Nearly every unit and most of the structures featured in the original Command & Conquer has been re-created in the game, although with aesthetic changes. New characters include various mutants, GDI elite commandos known as the "Dead Six" and Nod elites such as the Black hand, Sakura, and Mendoza.

Some of the game's missions seem to be based on some GDI missions in Command & Conquer, such as the one in which Dr. Mobius is abducted by Nod and the player is charged with rescuing him, and the final mission in Renegade inspired by the assault on Kane's Sarajevo headquarters. In the final Renegade mission, set in the Temple of Nod, certain rooms are recognizable as those from Command & Conquer's Nod mission briefings.

In the 11th mission of the game, a downed alien ship is present near the power plant and construction yard. It is extremely similar in color and build to Tiberium Wars Scrin. The outside is blue while the inside maintains a dark green, also very similar to Scrin units. The ship itself might be a reference to the unknown derelict craft seen in the final GDI mission in Command & Conquer, which is considered by many to be the first appearance of Scrin in the series' history. Both crafts were downed and close to a heavily defended Temple of Nod.

Remake
Renegade X is a standalone game created by an independent volunteer development studio, Totem Arts. The studio released the open beta, freeware version of the game on February 26, 2014. Totem Arts continues to release updates and additions for Renegade X.

Reception

In the United States, Renegade sold 250,000 copies and earned $7.8 million by August 2006, after its release in February 2002. It was the country's 79th best-selling computer game between January 2000 and August 2006. Command & Conquer: Renegade received "generally favorable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.

Greg Kasavin of GameSpot said that "the game does have some noticeable problems, though C&C fans may find themselves having too much fun to care", but he also criticizes the game, stating that "Westwood has never made a shooter before, and you can tell". The publication later named Renegade a runner-up for its February 2002 "Game of the Month" award. IGN's Steve Butts commented on the game's repetitiveness, writing: "I guess I wanted something a lot less scripted and a lot less cramped from the single player game...As it is, it's a lot like running through a hall until you get to a building, clearing the building and then running through a hallway until you get to the next building". Furthermore, he criticizes the AI, saying: "More than just about anything else it's the dreadful AI that ruins the potential enjoyment of the game. Enemies possess very little sophistication and their main tactic seems to consist of running right towards you trying to empty their ammo clips as fast as possible".

Renegade was praised for its online play. The Gamers' Temple wrote that "[...]Westwood continues their tradition of excellent multiplayer support with Renegade". During the 6th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated Renegade for "Outstanding Achievement in Online Gameplay".

References

External links

2002 video games
Cancelled PlayStation 2 games
Renegade
Electronic Arts games
First-person shooters
Video games set in Mexico
Video games set in Peru
Vehicular combat games
Windows games
Windows-only games
SAGE (game engine) games
First-person video games
Video games scored by Frank Klepacki
Video games developed in the United States

Command & Conquer: Renegade


John Joe O'Reilly was born at the Derries, Killeshandra, County Cavan.  After early successes with St Patrick's College and his club, Cornafean, he captained the Cavan team, which won All-Ireland Senior Football Championships in 1947 (at the New York Polo Grounds) and 1948, having also played on three losing sides in the final. He won 11 Ulster senior football medals, as Cavan took the title each year from 1937 until 1949, except two. He won a National Football League medal and four Railway Cup medals, in 1942 and 1943 (when he was the first ever Cavan captain), 1947 and as captain again in 1950. John Joe O'Reilly was one of only seven men to have had the honour of being presented with the Sam Maguire twice as captain. O'Reilly's father also played in goal for Cavan and his brother, Tom O'Reilly, played on the 1947 All-Ireland winning team and also won Railway Cup medals for Ulster in 1943 and 1944.

A Commandant in the army, John Joe O'Reilly died unexpectedly at the Curragh Military Hospital on November 22, 1952. He was named at centre half-back on the Gaelic Athletic Association's "Team of the Millennium" in 1999.

References

1919 births
1952 deaths
People from the Republic of Ireland

John Joe O'Reilly


João da Silva Barbosa or João da Silva Feijó, (1760 in Rio de Janeiro – 1824), was a naturalist, mineralogist and Portuguese soldier, born in Brazil.

João da Silva Feijó studied philosophy and mathematics at the University of Coimbra and adopted the name Feijó in homage to Benito Jerónimo Feijoo, Spanish philosopher, who at the time was respected among natural history students.

In 1778, the Italian professor, Domenico Agostino Vandelli, was part of a group that founded the Natural History Museum in Lisbon. João da Silva was part of this group with Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira, Manuel da Silva Galvão and Joaquim José da Silva.

The feijoa, a tree that bears green fruits similar to guavas, is named after him.

Cape Verde
Beginning in 1783, scientific voyages under Vandelli were launched. Naturalists were to plan expeditions to various colonies.  Feijó arranged to explore the islands of the archipelago of Cape Verde, and arrived there in June 1783. Like his colleagues, he had great difficulty in pursuing his research as an independent man of science. The activities of a young naturalist, who observes and collects objects such as butterflies, plants, shells and minerals, are often regarded with contempt by colonial officials.

He described his exploration of Cape Verde in seven letters sent to the minister Martinho de Mello e Castro and discusses the geography, topography and flora of the island.

The work of Feijó disappointed his sponsor Mello e Castro, who criticized the packaging of shipments and paucity of material sent. It was regretted that Feijó has not proposed any method of exploiting the saltpetre and sulphur which was believed to be readily available in the volcanic regions of Cape Verde.

In 1790, Feijó joined the local military establishment and soon requested that he be allowed to return to Portugal.

In Lisbon, Feijó collaborated with his old friend Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira, newly returned from the Amazon, to produce herbarium specimens from the Cape Verde material. The German naturalist Heinrich Friedrich Link, visiting Portugal between 1797 and 1799, met his Brazilian colleagues and praised their work.

In 1797, Feijó rewrote some of the text relating to Cape Verde and published a work titled "Itinéraire philosophique".

External links
Maria Estela Guedes et Luís M. Arruda, Feijó, naturaliste brésilien, au Cap-Vert au XVIIIe siècle
João da Silva Feijó Voyages et expéditions

Portuguese soldiers
Portuguese naturalists
Mineralogists
1760 births
1824 deaths
University of Coimbra alumni

João da Silva Feijó


A syllogism  is a  deduction. It is a kind of logical argument in which one proposition (the conclusion) is inferred from two or more others (the premises). The idea is an invention of Aristotle.

In the Prior Analytics, Aristotle defines the syllogism as "a discourse in which, certain things having been supposed, something different from the things supposed results of necessity because these things are so". (24b18–20)

Each proposition must have some form of the verb 'to be' in it. A categorical syllogism is like a little machine built of three parts: the major premise, the minor premise and the conclusion. Each of these parts is a proposition and, from the first two, the "truth value" of the third part is decided.

Examples
Major premise: All men are mortal.
Minor premise: All Greeks are men.
Conclusion: All Greeks are mortal.

Each of the three distinct terms represents a category. In the above example, "men," "mortal," and "Greeks."  "Mortal" is the major term; "Greeks", the minor term.  The premises also have one term in common with each other, which is known as the middle term; in this example, "man." Both of the premises are universal, as is the conclusion.

Major premise: All mortals die.
Minor premise: Some men are mortals.
Conclusion: Some men die.

Here, the major term is "die", the minor term is "men," and the middle term is "mortals". The major premise is universal; the minor premise and the conclusion are particular. Aristotle studied different syllogisms and identified valid syllogisms as syllogisms with conclusion true if both premises are true. The examples above are valid syllogisms.

A sorites is a form of argument in which a series of incomplete syllogisms is so arranged that the predicate of each premise forms the subject of the next until the subject of the first is joined with the predicate of the last in the conclusion. For example, if one argues that a given number of grains of sand does not make a heap and that an additional grain does not either, then to conclude that no additional amount of sand will make a heap is to construct a sorites argument.

Logic today
The syllogism was replaced by first order logic after the work of Gottlob Frege, published in 1879. This logic is suitable for mathematics, computers, linguistics and other subjects, because it uses numbers (quantified variables) instead of sentences.

References

Logic

Syllogism


The Bruce Museum is a regionally-based museum located in Greenwich, Connecticut with a multi-disciplinary collection and exhibition program bringing together art, science, and natural history. The Bruce's main building sits on a hill in a downtown park, and its tower (not open to the public) can be easily seen by drivers passing by on Interstate 95. Permanent exhibits include minerals, area Native American history and culture, changes in the area landscape and environment by human activity, and dioramas of Connecticut woodland wildlife and birds. The museum hosts changing exhibitions of art, photography, natural history, science, history and culture.

A second location, the Bruce Museum Seaside Center, is maintained at Greenwich Point Park, focusing on beach-related exhibits, including a touch-tank. The museum also has a "Brucemobile" with exhibits in a traveling van for outreach education. The museum hosts frequent lectures, classes and social events.

The Museum has hosted a local arts festival for over 40 years. The festival includes juried artist selections and is recognized nationally as one of the top fine arts festivals.

Art holdings
The art collection has a strong emphasis on the Cos Cob School, an Impressionist school, including paintings by Childe Hassam, Emil Carlsen and Leonard and Mina Fonda Ochtman. Sculpture includes nineteenth and twentieth-century work by Auguste Rodin, Hiram Powers, Frederick MacMonnies and George Segal.

Permanent exhibits
The Bruce Museum promotes the understanding and appreciation of Art and Science to enrich the lives of all people. The museum has permanent exhibits featuring the natural sciences in regional and global perspective focusing on geology, paleontology, archaeology, local Native Americans, natural history, and the effects of man on the areas around Greenwich. There are several display cases with mineral specimens, including a touchable meteorite, large mineral crystals from around the world and minerals that glow in black light.  Part of a Northeast woodland wigwam has been created as a seating area to learn about Native Americans, and there is a model of an archaeological dig.  There are several cases focusing on the changes in the land and environment of Greenwich from pre-settler days up until the early 1900s.  A large exhibit focuses on different prehistoric eras and fossils associated with those times.  A fifteen-foot diorama displays local woodland wildlife.  Other display cases show more birds and animals found in the area.  A marine tank holds live small fish, crabs and sea stars for close examination.

History
The Bruce Museum was originally built as private home 1853 for lawyer, clergyman and historian Francis Lister Hawks. In 1858, a wealthy textile merchant and member of the New York Cotton Exchange, Robert Moffat Bruce (1822-1908) bought the house and property. In 1908, he deeded his mansion to the town of Greenwich for it to be used "as a natural history, historical and art museum, for the use and benefit of the public."

The Museum's first exhibition opened in 1912, featuring the Greenwich Society of Artists. The Greenwich Society of Artists exhibited annually at the Bruce from 1912-1926. Several of those artists were also members of the Cos Cob Art Colony. The Museum's early holdings include paintings, drawings, watercolors, and notebooks of Cos Cob Art Colony artists, including George Wharton Edwards, Hobart Jacobs, Leonard Ochtman, and Mina Ochtman.

In 1992, the Bruce Museum, Inc. established as a non-profit organization. That same year, the museum started a project to completely renovate its building.
When it reopened in September 1993, the museum featured an architectural structure wrapped around the original building, housing galleries for art on one side of the main pavilion with galleries of environmental history on the other. In 1998, the Bruce Museum received accreditation from the American Alliance of Museums (formerly known as the American Association of Museums), a distinction only honoring fewer than 5% of all museums.

In 2001, Dutch art expert Peter C. Sutton was hired as the Susan E. Lynch Executive Director and Chief Executive Officer of the Bruce Museum. In 2019, Sutton retired and was succeeded by Robert Wolterstorff.

References

Buildings and structures in Greenwich, Connecticut
Art museums and galleries in Connecticut
Natural history museums in Connecticut
Museums in Fairfield County, Connecticut
Geology museums in the United States
Paleontology in Connecticut
1912 establishments in Connecticut
Museums established in 1912

Bruce Museum of Arts and Science


Blue Rocks  is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Lunenburg Municipal District in Lunenburg County. It stands to seaward of Lunenburg, Nova Scotia, somewhat to the east. For many years a fishing village, it was discovered by many artists and photographers (including Joseph Purcell, William E. deGarthe, Jack L. Gray, Wallace R. MacAskill, E. Earle Bailly and others) beginning in the 1940s. Today the village boasts many artists, and there are also numerous guest houses to be found among the fishermen's dwellings.

Blue Rocks is known as one of the best kayaking spots on the South Shore of Nova Scotia.

References
 Blue Rocks on Destination Nova Scotia

Communities in Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia

Blue Rocks, Nova Scotia


Kavya (disambiguation) may refer to:
 Kāvya, a Sanskrit literary style.
 Kavya (film), a 1995 Indian film
 Kaavya Arivumani, Tamil television actress
 Kavya Madhavan, Malayalam film actress
 Kaavya Viswanathan, author known for her plagiarism scandal
 Kavya Shetty, Indian film actress and model
 Kavya Ajit, singer from Kerala
 Kavya Bharati, an annual literary journal

Kavya (disambiguation)


Viktor de Jeney (December 26, 1902 in Marosvásárhely, Transylvania – December 18, 1996 in St. Louis, Missouri) was a Hungarian painter.

Biography
De Jeney was a Hungarian artist who came to the United States after fleeing Hungary for his role in a Hungarian anti-communist uprising.  On October 23, 1956, De Jeney, then 53, was part of a small group who tried to topple a 25-foot statue of Soviet premier Joseph Stalin in Budapest's Stalin Square.  The uprising was halted at that time by Russian tanks.

De Jeney moved to St. Louis, Missouri, in part due to his passion for fishing and outdoor activities. He was a highly regarded portrait painter and was also known for creating replicas of famous oil paintings that rivaled the originals.  In 1976, De Jeney moved to Washington, D.C., after receiving a special honor to create commissioned copies of historical paintings. He also created a renowned etching of the 56 signers of the Declaration of Independence.

De Jeney died in a house fire in 1996 while making violins, a trade he took up in his 90s.

Works
An unknown number of De Jeney originals and replicas remain in circulation, mostly in the United States and Europe. De Jeney was known mostly for oil on canvas and his replicas of other paintings are most frequently found to be remarkably similar to those of Rembrandt.  De Jeney's respect among the art community has continued to grow significantly since his death.  Like many top artists, his fame in the art community appears to have come well after his death.

Notable works
Four of De Jeney's original oil paintings have received significant interest in the art community and recently sold for significant sums.

 Haystacks in Winter, 1971,  or   oil/canvas
 Old Native American Figure in Southwest Landscape,  1967,   or  oil/canvas
 Seated Native American Figure, 1967,   or    oil/canvas
 Profile of a young native American Girl in Straw Hat

References

1902 births
1996 deaths
20th-century Hungarian painters
Hungarian emigrants to the United States
People from Târgu Mureș
Hungarian male painters
20th-century Hungarian male artists

Viktor de Jeney


Drying rack is a rack used for drying clothes after they have been washed. It is also called a clothes horse or a clothes rack. It is usually located inside a house, as a replacement to a washing line, which is located outside.

An automated drying rack (also known variously as a automated drying rack, automatic laundry airer or automated laundry system) is a ceiling-mounted mechanism to dry clothes and is automated. In Singapore, it is often know as automated laundry rack.

References

Furniture

Drying rack


The rebound effect, or rebound phenomenon, is the emergence or re-emergence of symptoms that were either absent or controlled while taking a medication, but appear when that same medication is discontinued, or reduced in dosage. In the case of re-emergence, the severity of the symptoms is often worse than pretreatment levels.

Definition
The rebound effect, or pharmaceutical rebound phenomenon, is the emergence or re-emergence of symptoms that were either absent or controlled while taking a medication, but appear when that same medication is discontinued, or reduced in dosage. In the case of re-emergence, the severity of the symptoms is often worse than pretreatment levels.

Examples

Sedative hypnotics
Rebound insomnia is insomnia that occurs following discontinuation of sedative substances taken to relieve primary insomnia. Regular use of these substances can cause a person to become dependent on its effects in order to fall asleep. Therefore, when a person has stopped taking the medication and is 'rebounding' from its effects, they may experience insomnia as a symptom of withdrawal. Occasionally, this insomnia may be worse than the insomnia the drug was intended to treat. Common medicines known to cause this problem are eszopiclone, zolpidem, and anxiolytics such as benzodiazepines and which are prescribed to people having difficulties falling or staying asleep.

Rebound depression may appear to arise in patients previously free of such an illness.

Daytime rebound effects of anxiety, metallic taste, perceptual disturbances which are typical benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms can occur the next day after a short-acting benzodiazepine hypnotic wears off. Rebound phenomena do not necessarily only occur on discontinuation of a prescribed dosage. Another example is early morning rebound insomnia which may occur when a rapidly eliminated hypnotic wears off which leads to rebounding awakeness forcing the person to become wide awake before he or she has had a full night's sleep. One drug which seems to be commonly associated with these problems is triazolam, due to its high potency and ultra short half life, but these effects can occur with other short-acting hypnotic drugs. Quazepam, due to its selectivity for type1 benzodiazepine receptors and long half-life, does not cause daytime anxiety rebound effects during treatment, showing that half-life is very important for determining whether a nighttime hypnotic will cause next-day rebound withdrawal effects or not. Daytime rebound effects are not necessarily mild but can sometimes produce quite marked psychiatric and psychological disturbances.

Stimulants
Rebound effects from stimulants such as methylphenidate or dextroamphetamine include stimulant psychosis, depression and a return of ADHD symptoms but in a temporarily exaggerated form. Up to a third of ADHD children experience a rebound effect when methylphenidate is withdrawn.

Antidepressants
Many antidepressants, including SSRIs, can cause rebound depression, panic attacks, anxiety, and insomnia when discontinued.

Antipsychotics

Sudden and severe emergence  or re-emergence of psychosis may appear when antipsychotics are switched or discontinued too rapidly.

Alpha-2 adrenergic agents
Rebound hypertension, above pre-treatment level, was observed after clonidine, and guanfacine discontinuation.

Continuous usage of topical decongestants (nasal sprays) can lead to constant nasal congestion, known as rhinitis medicamentosa.

Other medications

Another example of pharmaceutical rebound is a rebound headache from painkillers when the dose is lowered, the medication wears off, or the drug is abruptly discontinued.

In 2022, reports of viral RNA and symptom rebound in people with COVID-19 treated with Paxlovid were published. In May, CDC even issued a health alert informing physicians about "Paxlovid rebounds", which received attention when US president Joe Biden experienced a rebound. The cause of the rebound is unclear however, since around a third of people with COVID-19 experience a symptom rebound regardless of treatment.

Abrupt withdrawal of highly potent corticosteroids, such as clobetasol for psoriasis can cause a much more severe case of the psoriasis to develop. Therefore, withdrawal should be gradual, until very little actual medication is being applied.

See also
Disuse supersensitivity
Supersensitivity psychosis
Physical dependence
Rebound headache
Drug withdrawal
Unintended consequences

References

Clinical pharmacology
Psychiatric diagnosis

Rebound effect


Mugello is a landscape in northern Italy. Mugello is north of Florence. The Santerno River's valley is nearby. The two valleys are separated by the Futa Pass (a path or way to cross over the mountain between those two valleys).

In ancient times it was on the border between the area settled by the Ligurians (also called the Magelli tribe), the Etruscans and the Gauls. The Roman colonization left very few signs behind because the Mugello was mostly an agricultural area. In the Middle Ages it was home to many castles. Later on, Mugello was taken over by the Republic of Florence. Several families of the city built villas (large houses) there. They were similar to ones built by the Medici royal family.

Villages / cities
Borgo San Lorenzo
Scarperia
Barberino di Mugello
San Piero a Sieve
Vicchio
San Godenzo

Tuscany

Mugello region


Laoag Cathedral, canonically known as Saint William's Cathedral () is a church in Laoag City, Ilocos Norte, Philippines. The current church was built in 1612 by Augustinian friars to replace a wooden chapel. It also serves as the seat or central church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Laoag.

History
The first church of Laoag was made of wood and thatch when the Augustinians established the parish in 1580. The foundations of the current church was laid on 1612. It was damaged by fire in 1843 and was restored from 1873 to 1880 by the Obras Publicas under Engineer Antonio de la Camara and Father Santiago Muniz.

The church was occupied by the revolutionists in 1898, and by the American forces in 1899. The ownership of the church was contested by the Aglipayans from the Roman Catholic from which the Catholic church won ownership. The church facade was renovated by adding lime plaster in 1936.

It became a cathedral when the Diocese of Laoag was created in 1961. The church was again renovated from 1971 to 1972. It was slightly damaged by an earthquake in 1983.

Features
The church is known for its Italian Renaissance design. It also has an unusual two-storey façade, supported by two pairs of columns on each side of the arched entrance. The top of the façade holds a recessed niche that showcases the image of the city's patron saint, San Guillermo el Ermitaño. It has windows made from capiz with wrought iron screens.

It has a main retablo and two smaller ones on its sides. The lower level of the huge retablo contains the image of Saint William, the parish's patron saint.

Sinking Bell Tower

The church is also famous for its "Sinking Bell Tower", which sinks into the ground at a rate of an inch a year. It has survived several minor earthquakes since its construction, causing scholars to label it an Earthquake Baroque style structure. The tower, built presumably after the 1707 earthquake, has a foundation of . It is made of locally manufactured bricks joined by molasses and juice of sablot leaves mixed with lime and sand, and reinforced with four massive columns on each corner and a winding stairway leading to the belfry. It used to have a large clock on the tower's western face.

Notes

Bibliography

External links

Roman Catholic cathedrals in the Philippines
Roman Catholic churches in Ilocos Norte
Buildings and structures in Laoag
Marked Historical Structures of the Philippines
Spanish Colonial architecture in the Philippines
1612 establishments in New Spain
Churches in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Laoag

Laoag Cathedral


Reginald Keith "Reggie" Barnes (born October 23, 1969) is a former American football linebacker in the National Football League for the Pittsburgh Steelers and Dallas Cowboys. He played college football at the University of Oklahoma.

Early years
Barnes attended South Grand Prairie High School. He accepted a football scholarship from the University of Oklahoma. As a freshman, he was a reserve linebacker and tallied 33 tackles. As a sophomore, he was switched from outside linebacker to defensive end, registering 43 tackles.

As a junior, he became a full-time starter at defensive end, recording 73 tackles and 9 sacks. As a senior, he started in 9 games, posting 46 tackles and 7 sacks.

Professional career
Barnes was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Pittsburgh Steelers after the 1993 NFL Draft. As a rookie, he was a reserve outside linebacker and finished second on the team with 13 special teams tackles. He also had 12 defensive tackles, one quarterback pressure and 2 passes defensed. He had 4 tackles in the eighth game against the Cleveland Browns after replacing an injured Jerry Olsavsky. He filled in at middle linebacker in place of an injured Greg Lloyd during the fifteenth game against the Seattle Seahawks and in the playoffs. He was waived on August 28, 1994.

On February 13, 1995, he signed as a free agent with the Dallas Cowboys. He was a reserve player, registering 4 defensive tackles and 7 special teams tackles. He appeared in 7 games and was released on October 19, 1995. The team would go on to win Super Bowl XXX.

On January 3, 1996, he was signed as a free agent by the Green Bay Packers. He was released on July 15, 1996.

References

Players of American football from Arlington, Texas
American football linebackers
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Dallas Cowboys players
Oklahoma Sooners football players
South Grand Prairie High School alumni
University of Oklahoma alumni
1969 births
Living people

Reggie Barnes (linebacker)


Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban is the third book in the Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling. The book was released on 8 July 1999. It covers Harry Potter's third year at Hogwarts. A movie based on the book was released on 31 May 2004. This is the only book where Lord Voldemort does not make an appearance.

Plot
After accidentally inflating his aunt Marge, Harry leaves the Dursleys, and catches a ride on the street on a magical bus called The Knight Bus. Before he begins his way back to Hogwarts, he learns of Sirius Black, a mass murderer, believed to have killed thirteen people with a single curse. Black has escaped from the wizard prison, Azkaban. Meanwhile, upon meeting the Weasleys, Harry learns that, despite accidentally using magic (which is illegal), he has not been expelled.   Mr. Weasley tells Mrs. Weasley of Sirius Black's motive to kill Harry when Harry overhears this he is told not to go looking for Black. Later in the book, Harry soon realizes why.

Other websites

1999 books
Harry Potter books


Ahmed Parvez () (1926 – 1979) was a modernist painter from Rawalpindi, Pakistan. He was a member of The Lahore Group in Pakistan and founder of the Pakistan Group in London. He was also among the few early modernists of Pakistani origin to have garnered considerable critical acclaim, with solo exhibitions at the New Vision, Lincoln, and Clement Stephens galleries in London, along with exhibitions at London's Commonwealth Institute and the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford between 1955 and 1964.

Life as an artist
In 1962, Parvez held a two-man exhibition at the Lincoln Gallery with American painter Alexander Calder. Ali Imam wrote in 1979 that "Ahmed Parvez has held over 30 solo exhibitions in Europe, the US and Pakistan. He is undoubtedly our most exhibited Pakistani painter abroad."

Declaring his paintings to be "art of the highest standard", George Butcher wrote for The Guardian in 1963 that Three in One (II) was "as complete and beautiful a testament to the resolution of the Eastern pattern and Western Tachism as has been accomplished by anyone. The mood is as near to [Paul] Klee as it is to the jeweled ambiance of an Eastern potentate."

The Oxford Mail review of Parvez's work noted that "it takes an extremely clear vision or strong personality to impose such an individual character on an abstract or near abstract design. Ben Nicholson, Ivon Hitchens, Jackson Pollock and R.J. Hitchcock are among the few that have it; so is Ahmed Parvez."

In the 1950s, Victor Musgrave, a British poet, art dealer and curator of Gallery One, considered Parvez to be "without question, the outstanding artist from Pakistan who has made a very strong impact upon the English art world. His extension into the West of the ideals implicit in Muslim art has been an effort of unique importance." Ahmed Parvez attempted to integrate Modernism into Pakistani art.

Life in the UK and US
From 1955 to 1964, Ahmed lived and worked in London, UK. In the late 1960s, he spent two years living and working in the United States before returning to Pakistan. During this time, he exhibited his work at the Galerie Internationale in New York City and married Reiko Isago, from Sendai, Japan. She would later give birth to their son, Aleem Isago Parvez.

Death
Ahmed Parvez died of a brain hemorrhage in Karachi in 1979.

Awards
 Pride of Performance Award (Urdu: تمغۂ حسنِ کارکردگی) by the Government of Pakistan in 1978.

Commemorative postage stamp
On 14 August 2006, Pakistan Post Office issued a Rs. 40 sheetlet of stamps to posthumously honour 10 Pakistani painters. Besides Ahmed Parvez, the other nine painters honoured were: Laila Shahzada, Askari Mian Irani, Sadequain, Ali Imam, Shakir Ali, Anna Molka Ahmed, Zahoor ul Akhlaq, Zubeida Agha and Bashir Mirza.

Major exhibits
Ahmed Parvez held over 30 solo exhibitions in Europe, US and Pakistan
Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK
Commonwealth Institute, London, UK
 Lincoln Gallery (1962)
 The Ahmed Parvez Retrospective at VM Gallery, Karachi (2004)

References

External links
Ahmed Parvez | Clifton Art Gallery
Saffron Art - Ahmed Parvez
Mutual Art - Ahmed Parvez
Bonhams Auctions - Ahmed Parvez
Asia Art Archive

1926 births
1979 deaths
20th-century Pakistani painters
Artists from Karachi
Recipients of the Pride of Performance
Pakistani painters
Pakistani artists

Ahmed Parvez


Duwayne Robert Dunham (born November 17, 1952) is an American director and editor of film and television, as well as an adjunct professor at the USC School of Cinematic Arts. He is best known for his collaborations with George Lucas and David Lynch, serving as editor on Return of the Jedi and Blue Velvet. After being hired for Lynch's series Twin Peaks, he was promoted to director and made his debut with the second episode of the series. He subsequently directed the films Homeward Bound: The Incredible Journey and Little Giants, and numerous television films for the Disney Channel including Halloweentown, The Thirteenth Year, Ready to Run, Right on Track, and Tiger Cruise. In 2018, he reunited with Lynch to edit all 18 episodes of the Twin Peaks: The Return revival series.

During the 1978 San Anselmo Country Fair in San Anselmo, California, Dunham became the first person to portray Star Wars bounty hunter Boba Fett in the character's public debut. Dunham had previously filmed a screen test of the Boba Fett costume.

For his work on Twin Peaks, Dunham won a Primetime Emmy Award in 1990.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

American film directors
American film editors
American television directors
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
1952 births

Duwayne Dunham


The Historisch Museum Den Briel (English: Brielle Historical Museum) is a Dutch museum located in Brielle. The museum was previously known as the Trompmuseum, after Brielle-born Maarten Tromp who defeated the Spanish fleet in the Eighty Years' War.

History
The museum was founded in 1912 by the government of Den Briel. In 1958 a charitable organization supporting the museum was created. In 1998 the museum received a nationally recognized certification of quality.

The museum has twice suffered from theft in recent history. In 2003 nine gold coins were stolen and in 2009 thieves took an 18th-century clay pipe from the exhibition.

Collection
The museum is organized largely chronologically and in part thematically. At ground level a largely archaeological exhibition is on display. This exhibition was thoroughly reorganized and expanded in 2007, adding most prominently some recently discovered late medieval wax tablets.

Apart from prehistorical, Roman and medieval Brielle the museum also presents Brielle during the Eighty Years' War and the Second World War.

The museum is located inside Brielle's former weigh house and local prison, built in 1623. With old prison cells on display, the building itself is considered part of the collection.

External links
  Official website

References

Museums in South Holland
Archaeological museums in the Netherlands
History museums in the Netherlands
Prison museums in the Netherlands

Historisch Museum Den Briel


Anders Christian Jensen-Haarup (8 January 1863 – 30 January 1934) was a Danish entomologist who specialised in Hymenoptera. He was born in Nim and died in Silkeborg.

Jensen-Haarup was a teacher. In September 1904 he went to the province of Mendoza in Argentina on an insect collecting expedition. In 1905 he returned to Denmark to work on the material. In autumn of 1906 Jensen-Haarup went on a second trip to Argentina, this time accompanied by his friend Peter Jörgensen.

Jensen-Haarup published a series of popular accounts of the natural history of Argentina and wrote accounts of his travels as well as entomological works. The part of his  collection which was not sold or retained by specialists to whom he sent material is in the Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen

External links
Melipona  Biography, portrait, bibliography
wiki-silkeborg.dk Biography

Danish entomologists
Hymenopterists
1863 births
1934 deaths
People from Horsens Municipality

Anders Christian Jensen-Haarup