An anaphrodisiac (also antaphrodisiac or antiaphrodisiac) is a substance that quells or blunts the libido. It is the opposite of an aphrodisiac, something that enhances sexual appetite. The word anaphrodisiac comes from the Greek privative prefix ἀν-, denoting negation, and aphrodisiac, from the Greek goddess of love, Aphrodite. Some people use anaphrodisiacs in order to curb a very high libido or due to hypersexuality. However anaphrodisiacs are also used by those with an average libido, at times due to having incessant schedules.

Available anaphrodisiacs classes of substances
Some common anaphrodisiacs are ethanol (alcohol) and tobacco, but this is typically an unintended consequence and not often the main reason for use. While alcohol is used socially because it initially reduces mental inhibitions, studies have shown that over time alcohol physically decreases arousal and makes achieving climax more difficult. For this reason alcohol is considered an anaphrodisiac.

Opioids, a class of pain-reducing substances which include morphine, heroin, and hydrocodone, are anaphrodisiacs.

Side effects of certain antidepressant medications commonly include those taking anaphrodisiac form (there is even a term for the phenomenon among one particularly notorious group – SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction); however, psychotropic drugs are not currently prescribed for reliable anaphroditic effects.

Antiandrogens such as cyproterone acetate and medroxyprogesterone acetate, or the LHRH agonist leuprolide, are sometimes prescribed to convicted male sex offenders who are released on parole in an effort to stop them reoffending, in a treatment sometimes referred to as chemical castration, however the high doses required often cause a range of side effects which may limit compliance. Other antiandrogens such as finasteride and spironolactone may also lower sex drive, as can certain antipsychotics such as benperidol. Estrogens can act as anaphrodisiacs in men by suppressing testosterone production by the testicles.

History

Herbal anaphrodisiacs have been employed by various religious sects and orders throughout history. Barrister Sir Edward Marshall Hall theorised that murderer Hawley Harvey Crippen was using hyoscine on his wife as an anaphrodisiac but accidentally gave her an overdose and then panicked when she died. Various forms of anaphrodisiacs have been tried to cure hypersexuality in both humans and non-human animals. In both medieval history and modern times, anaphrodisiacs have been used as a tool intended to reduce the sex drive of sex offenders.

Scientific study

Studies have evaluated the effect of herbal anaphrodisiacs on men and women. These include studies on the effect of substances on both hormone levels and behaviour.

The mechanism of the active component of some plant-based anaphrodisiacs may be the inhibition of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of sex-hormone precursors into androstenedione, which promotes the reduction of sexual urges. Studies have demonstrated that some of these products inhibit 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 17,20-lyase, which catalyzes the conversion of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone to androstenedione to testosterone.

In one study a group of men were given an anaphrodisiac and the effect on the metabolism of mineralocorticoids in these men was recorded.  During the period of administration, the testosterone concentrations decreased and the serum 17α-hydroxyprogesterone concentrations increased.  Testosterone levels fell by about 40% after administration and returned to normal after usage was discontinued. However, the actual effect of these medicines on sexual desire was not measured in the study.

The amino acid 5-HTP, or 5-hydroxytryptophan, has been anecdotally reported to be a mild anaphrodisiac, as has the serotonergic empathogen MDMA, popularly known as "ecstasy". However, systematic study of these chemicals is lacking, due to the off-patent nature of 5-HTP, and the legal control of MDMA. In addition, other serotonergic euphoriant drugs, like the psychedelic LSD, have been reportedly used to drastically increase sexual pleasure. MDMA in combination with a PDE5 inhibitor (trade names Viagra, Levitra, and Cialis) is termed "sextasy". This combination increases libido and performance simultaneously.  A PDE5 inhibitor taken alone has no effect on sex drive, suggesting that serotonergic euphoriants like MDMA may actually increase libido while decreasing performance, similar to alcohol.

A 2003 study has found that glycyrrhizin, the compound in liquorice root, can lower levels of testosterone. The findings back up a previous study about the hormonal effects of liquorice (whose results could not be replicated in other studies in the past). The Iranian scientists came to the conclusion that the regular consumption of liquorice can lower libido in men. However, the study also showed that the level of testosterone normalizes after abstinence of liquorice within a few days and the effects completely disappear.

List of putative anaphrodisiacs

See also
 Aphrodisiac
 Chemical castration

Categories

References

External links

 New Scientist: "The Last Word",  29 June 2002 debunks bromide in British Army tea
 snopes.com debunks saltpetre in U.S. Army coffee
 Aphrodisiacs and Anti-aphrodisiacs: Three Essays on the Powers of Reproduction by John Davenport.
 Anti-Valentine's Day Food: Avoid the Sex by Feeding Them Anaphrodisiacs

Drug classes defined by psychological effects
Sex and drugs
Psychoactive drugs
Anaphrodisia

Anaphrodisiac


Female factories were based on British bridewells, prisons and workhouses. They were for women convicts transported to the penal colonies of New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land.

History
An estimated 9,000 convict women were in the 13 female factories, in the colonies of NSW and Van Diemen's Land. This spanned a period of 52 years -1804 to 1856. An estimated 1 in 5 to 1 in 7 Australians are related to these women . The factories were called factories because each was a site of production. The women produced spun wool and flax in all the factories. In the main factories other work was undertaken such as sewing, stocking knitting and straw plaiting. Hard labour included rock breaking and oakum picking.

Women were sent to the female factories while awaiting assignment to a household or while awaiting childbirth or weaning or as punishment.

Locations

 Parramatta female factory, Parramatta, New South Wales (2 factories)
 Newcastle, New South Wales
 Port Macquarie, New South Wales (2 factories)
 Moreton Bay, Queensland
 Five female factories operated in Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania) during the period of transportation:
 Cascades Female Factory
 Ross Female Factory

See also
 Convictism in Australia

References

Further reading
  Gay Hendriksen, Carol Liston and Trudy Cowley, Women Transported — Life in Australia's Convict Female Factories, 2008, Parramatta, Parramatta Heritage Centre

External links
 The Female Factory Online
 https://sites.google.com/site/convictfemalefactories/
 ParraGirls.org
 Female Convicts Research Centre
 Cascades Female Factory Historic Site
 https://web.archive.org/web/20061208162522/http://www.hotkey.net.au/~jwilliams4/factory.htm

Convictism in Australia
Defunct prisons in Australia
Defunct women's prisons in Australia

Female factory


The Archdiocese of Monterrey () is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or archdiocese of the Catholic Church located in Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.

The Archdiocese of Monterrey is a metropolitan see; its suffragan dioceses are the Ciudad Victoria, Linares, Matamoros, Nuevo Laredo, Piedras Negras, Saltillo and Tampico.

History
The Diocese of Monterrey was erected by Papal Bull "Relata Semper" by Pope Pius VI on December 15, 1777. The diocese's territory was taken from the Dioceses of Mexico, Michoacan and, mainly, Guadalajara. It encompassed the modern states of Nuevo Leon, Coahuila, Tamaulipas and Texas. It was first called the Diocese of Linares, then Linares-Monterrey. Its name was changed to Monterrey on June 9, 1922.

Bishops

Ordinaries
 Juan Antonio de Jesús Sacedón Sánchez † (1778–1779)
 Rafael José Verger y Suau (1782–1790)
 Andrés Ambrosio de Llanos y Valdés (1791–1799)
 Primo Feliciano Marín y Porras (1801–1815)
 José Ignacio de Arancibia y Hormaguei (1817–1821)
 José María de Jesús Belaunzarán y Ureña (1831–1838)
 Salvador de Apodaca y Loreto (1842–1844)
 Jose Ignacio Sánchez Navarro (1851–1852)
 Francisco de Paula Verea y González (1853–1879) named Bishop of Tlaxcala
 José María Ignacio Montes de Oca y Obregón (1879–1884) named Bishop of San Luis Potosí
 Blasius Enciso (1884–1885)
 Jacinto López y Romo (1886–1895) named Archbishop of Guadalajara
 Santiago de los Santos Garza Zambrano (1895–1907)
 Leopoldo Ruiz y Flóres (1907–1911) named Archbishop of Michoacán
 Francisco Plancarte y Navarrete (1912–1920)
 José Juan de Jesús Herrera y Piña (1921–1927)
 José Guadalupe Ortíz y López (1929–1940)
 Guillermo Tritschler y Córdova (1941–1952)
 Alfonso Espino y Silva (1952–1976)
 José de Jesús Tirado Pedraza (1976–1983)
 Adolfo Suárez Rivera (1983–2003) elevated to Cardinal in 1994
 Francisco Robles Ortega (2003–2011) named Archbishop of Guadalajara; elevated to Cardinal in 2007
 Rogelio Cabrera López (2012–present)

Coadjutor bishop
Alfonso Espino y Silva (1951–1952)

Auxiliary bishops
José Guadalupe Ortíz y López (1926–1929), appointed Archbishop here
José de Jesús Tirado Pedraza (1973–1976), appointed Archbishop here
Luis Reynoso Cervantes (1978–1982), appointed Bishop of Ciudad Obregón, Sonora
Alfonso de Jesús Hinojosa Berrones (1985–2000)
Gustavo Rodriguez Vega (2001–2008), appointed Bishop of Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas
Alfonso Cortés Contreras (2005–2009), appointed Bishop of Cuernavaca, Morelos
José Lizares Estrada (2007–2009)
Jorge Alberto Cavazos Arizpe (2009–2012), appointed Apostolic Administrator of Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas
Alfonso Gerardo Miranda Guardiola (2014–present)
Juan Armando Pérez Talamantes (2014–present)
Heriberto Cavazos Pérez (2016–present)
Oscar Efraín Tamez Villarreal (2016–present)
Juan Carlos Arcq Guzmán (2020–present)
José Manuel Garza Madero (2020–present)
César Garza Miranda (2020–present)

Other priests of this diocese who became bishops
José Guadalupe Galván Galindo, appointed Bishop of Ciudad Valles, San Luís Potosí in 1994
Miguel Angel Alba Díaz, appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Antequera, Oaxaca in 1995
Eduardo Porfirio Patiño Leal, appointed Bishop of Córdoba, Veracruz in 2000
Alonso Gerardo Garza Treviño, appointed Bishop of Piedras Negras, Coahuila in 2003
Ruy Rendón Leal, appointed Prelate of El Salto, Durango in 2005
Hilario González García, appointed Bishop of Linares, Nuevo León in 2014

See also
List of Roman Catholic archdioceses in México

References

External links

Monterrey
Monterrey
Culture of Laredo, Texas
Roman Catholic ecclesiastical provinces in Mexico
A
Religious organizations established in 1777
Monterrey
1777 establishments in New Spain

Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Monterrey


The Doctor of Clinical Hypnotherapy (DCH) degree is an unaccredited degree in hypnotherapy in the United States. When such a degree is available, it is often granted by schools offering distance education, usually in conjunction with existing hypnotherapy certification programs. Because the majority of hypnotherapy degrees are offered through programs that are unaccredited in nature, they do not have to meet any requirements established by national licensing standards.

Consumer concerns
Accredited doctorate degrees in mental health, such as M.D., Ph.D., Psy.D., and Ed.D., are tightly controlled by state and federal laws. The D.C.H. degree is largely unregulated. There is a growing concern among these professionals that hypnotists are misleading consumers. Some have illegally attempted to offer psychotherapy under generic titles such as "doctor" or "psychotherapist", without proper training or background.

Hypnotherapy training
There are several professional membership organizations in the United States that require minimum standards in specialized hypnotherapy education to become members as well as certified as a hypnotherapist (C.Ht.). Most of these organizations certify vocational hypnotherapists, and do not require health care training or experience for certification.

American Institute of Hypnotherapy (AIH)

Originally approved by the State of California to grant degrees in early 1980s, the American Institute of Hypnotherapy offered unaccredited bachelors and doctorate degrees in clinical hypnotherapy. The program could be completed by distance learning and directed independent study (DIS) but required reading and essays as well as attendance at seminars, practicals and workshops. The degree became known as a DCH after state regulators prohibited the AIH from referring to their degree as a PhD.

See also
 Hypnotherapy in the United Kingdom
 Hypnosis

References

Hypnotherapy
Academic degrees

Doctor of Clinical Hypnotherapy


City farming, also called urban farming, is growing a kitchen garden () in a city. This has been practiced as long as there have been cities. Other names include "pea-patching", victory gardening and foodscaping.

City "farms"
Food is grown in a city setting for the use of an individual or family as well as for the community. This is not the same as the back-to-the-land movements of the 1970s. It is mainly about the little family farm inside the city. Land use in cities is subject to local land laws. Where permitted city farms may be anything from small window boxes to shared community gardens. Urban farmers can grow food for their own use. They can also sell excess crops directly to stores or at a farmers' market. City farms can also be nonprofit operations that grow food for poor and homeless people.

Many city farms grow organic foods. These are from plants that do not use chemical fertilizers or pesticides. City farming also includes food growing cooperatives. They provide the opportunity to get involved in agriculture in their own city. In Brisbane, Australia a community group took a  city park that flooded regularly and changed it to an organic city farm. Called Northey Street City Farm, people of all ages and backgrounds work together to grow food. Fruits, vegetables, herbs and flowers are grown.  Ponds were introduced to attract beneficial insects, frogs and birds which help in pest control.

Economics
City farming allows people to save money growing and harvesting their own food. It allows many individuals and families to make an income selling the food they grow. It helps the cities by recycling organic waste into compost and soil. It takes vacant lots and turns them into green spaces.

Community
Shared garden space or community gardens provide a sense of working together. People, especially children, learn stewardship (planning and managing resources). Kids learn responsiblity and work ethics. They are also eager to try new foods when they see them grown in their own gardens. In some countries, gardens are grown on rooftops or on pavement. In some places land around public schools is made available for gardens. This benefits the school by providing food for school lunches. It also allows children to learn about growing their own food.

Victory gardens
Victory gardens were city farms that sprang up during World War I and World War II. There were food shortages in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and Germany. In the US alone, victory gardens provided 40% of the produce used during World War II. In addition to farms, gardens were grown in window boxes, rooftops, back yards and vacant yards. Victory gardens gave the people at home a sense of  doing their part for the war effort. Women in England tended to grow ornamental gardens. This made for an easy shift towards food gardening. Women in the US had a cultural identity with the British and also grew ornamental gardens. But there were stereotypes to working in agricultural jobs in the US. But these were quickly overcome. Victory gardens were not uncommon even among upper classes in America.

References

Other websites
 The Victory Garden, PBS

Further reading
 Grow your own food
 Edible gardening guide
 How to Design a Potager Garden

Gardening

City farming


Naso (Sicilian: Nasu) is a town and comune in northeastern Sicily, Italy, administratively part of the Metropolitan City of Messina. As of 2011, it had a population of 4,070.

History

Origins

Naso, a village with roots in the early Middle Ages, was established by people seeking refuge from Arab invasions. The settlement's establishment around the 9th century AD is documented by Carlo Incudine. Residents from neighboring regions, especially Agatirso and Nasida, relocated to higher terrains for safety.

Historian Giuseppe Buttà, a Naso native, provides an account: "Naso, often referred to as 'Castel di Naso' by ancient historians, stands on the ruins of Nasida. Located near the present town of Ficarra, Nasida was notable due to Basilian Abbot Conone Navacita, a revered figure from the era of King Roger II. The relics of St. Conone, born under King Roger II and believed to have died in 1236, are preserved here, and he is honored as the town's patron saint."

Nearby Capo d'Orlando hosted the ancient settlement of Agathyrsum, believed to be founded by Agathirsus, son of Aeolus. Historical records differ in their naming conventions, with some, like Diodorus (90-27 BC), referring to it as "Agathyrnus," while others, including Polybius (200-118 BC), called it 'Agathirsa'. Over time, after Agathyrsum was razed by Muslims, its inhabitants migrated to Nasida, which was also eventually destroyed by the Saracens. Survivors from Nasida then established Naso on a fortified hill.

Norman Era

During Norman rule, Naso first appeared as "Nasa" in 1082 when Count Roger documented a property grant to the Church of Traina. This name resurfaced in 1094 when Count Roger endowed part of the 'Nasa' castle to the Abbey of St. Bartholomew. Over time, Naso changed hands among prominent feudal families like the Barresi and the Alagona.

The Middle Ages in Naso were marked by frequent changes in dominion. Historian V. Castelli summarized the tumultuous transitions, highlighting the rule of prominent figures such as Goffredo di Naso, Gualtieri di Guantes, Abbo Barresi, and various others spanning centuries. The town was adversely affected by numerous earthquakes, notably in 1693 when it suffered extensive damage.

Later periods

By the 18th century, Naso was under the dominion of the Sandoval family. Giovan Diego of the Sandoval, in particular, was notorious for his oppressive rule. In 1788, Naso was declared a State town by the decree of Ferdinand IV. An earthquake in 1823 further damaged the town, leading to the collapse of several significant structures.

In more recent times, like many Sicilian towns, Naso faced economic challenges, compounded by significant emigration during the 19th and 20th centuries. Presently, the town's economy revolves around agribusiness and tourism.

Etymology

The ancient town of Naso has been historically referred to by various names, including "Neso" and "Nasus". Historical records dating back to 1545 mention the town as "Neso", believed to be located near a region called 'Nesia' close to Mount Etna. This name evolved over time, and by the 18th century, references describe the town as 'Naso' [Nose], noting its proximity to 'Nesia' and the promontory 'Capo d'Orlando'.

Early etymological interpretations by scholars Berosus and G.B. Caruso suggest that Naso's original name, "Nesus", later became "Nasus". They believed that the town's name might be derived from the Greek word "Nesos", meaning "island", signifying a remote or secluded spot. However, the renowned linguist Gerald Rohlfs contested this interpretation, arguing that the name 'Nasus' likely originates from the Latin 'nasus', which means 'nose' or 'tip'. This perspective aligns with Carlo Battisti's view, emphasizing that some names previously thought to have Greek origins were in fact derived from Latin, as evidenced by adjectival suffixes.

Delving deeper into the linguistic evolution of the name, Rodney Sampson posits that the vowel /a/ tends to shift to /e/ when adjacent to nasal consonants /m, n/ in certain Southern Italian dialects. This phonetic phenomenon, seen in Neo-Latin languages like French, transforms Latin "Nasum" to French "Nez" (nose). Further complicating the debate, Franz Bopp suggested a connection between the Greek "Nesos" and the Sanskrit 'nasa' and Latin 'nasus', proposing that 'Nesos' might have originally meant 'nose' or 'cape'.

Evidence from "Classics and Oriental Studies" adds another layer of complexity, suggesting that "Nesos-Nasos" could signify a 'mountain' or specifically a 'populated mountain'. This challenges the common interpretation of "Naso" meaning 'island', proposing instead that its true essence might be closer to 'nose', 'hump', or even 'mountain'.

People
 Conon of Naso (1139–1236)
 Lady Gaga's paternal great-grandparents immigrated from Naso, Italy to New York, United States in 1904.

References

3. See Berosi Sacerdotis Chaldaici Antiquitatum Libri Quinque", Anversa, 1545: "Nesus, nunc Nasus, a Nesia regione iuxta Aetnam, milia quatuor a mari seiunctum (...) Est ad Orientem aedicula parum distans, quae Sancta Maria Nasida nuncupatur"

4. See Johannis Baptistae Carusii [Giovan Battista Caruso], "Bibliotheca Historica Regni Siciliae, Panormi [Palermo], 1723, p. 26: "Nesus, nunc Nasus a Nesia regione, milia quatuor a promontorio quod 'Capo d'Orlando' nostri vocant (…) cui vicina aedicula antiqua Orientem versus quo Sancta Maria Nasida nuncupatur"

5. see G. Alessio ["Rendiconti dell'Istituto Lombardo", LXXVII, 132, 140 n.2; LXXVII 696 ff.

6. See, "Bollettino del Centro di Studi filologici e linguistici siciliani", 1956, No. 4, p. 337

7. See Carlo Battisti, "Sostrati e parastrati nell'Italia preistorica", Florence, Le Monnier, 1959, p. 69

8. Vedi Rodney Sampson, "Nasal vowel evolution in Romance", Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 244

9. See "Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen, 1936, Vol. 169, p. 310

10. See "Università di Perugia. Dipartimento di scienze storiche dell'antichità", "Geographia antiqua", Giunti, 2004, p. 4

11. See Francisco Bopp," Glossarium Sanscritum", Berolini, 1847, p. 194

12. See "Università di Pisa. Istituto di Archeologia e storia antica", "Studi classici e orientali", Vol 19, p. 252

13. "La città di Naso illustrata", Napoli, De Angelis, 1882. New Ed. "Naso Illustrata. Storia di una città municipale". A cura di G. Buttà, Milano, Giuffrè, 1975

14. See G. Buttà, "Edoardo e Rosolina o le conseguenze del 1861", Brindisi, Trabant, 2011, p. 287 footnote 2

15. Fazello, 1817, 536

16. See C. Incudine, 1975, p. 11

17. See"Rivista storica dell'antichità", Vol 11–12, Pàtron Editore, 1982, p . 55

18. See V. Castelli, "Fasti di Sicilia"["The Past Glories of Sicily"], Messina, 1820, Vol II, p. 317

19. See R. Starrabba, "Contributo allo studio della diplomatica siciliana dei tempi Normanni. Diplomi di fondazione delle chiese episcopali di Sicilia" (1082-1093) in "Archivio storico siciliano", 1893, p. 47

20. The document can be read in Shlomo Simonsohn, who so  presents it: "Duke Roger confirms to St. Bartholomew on Lipari various donations including that of Guillelmus Maloseporarius of a Jew and his children in Naso" ( See Shlomo Simonsohn. "The Jews in Sicily", Brill, 1997, Vol. I, p. 1094, doc. 167).

21. See F. Paolino, "Architetture religiose a Messina e nel suo territorio fra Controriforma e tardorinascimento", 1995, p. 141

22. See G. Battaglia," Guide of Sicily", 1904, p . 103

23. G. Battaglia, p. 151

24. See N. Maggiore, "Compendio della storia di Sicilia", 1840, p. 310

Attractions
The most important monuments of the village are the Baroque Mother Church, dedicated to the SS Apostoli Filippo and Giordano, includes impressive works of art created in the 16th century; the Church of Santissimo Salvatore, built in the 16th century, includes precious paintings and frescos dating back to the 17th century; the Church of Santa Maria del Gesù, built in the 15th century; the Sacred Art Maueum, located in the "Catacombs of San Cono", was opened to the public in May 2002 with the aim to preserve and promote the knowledge of the historical and artistic heritage collected from local churches.

Municipalities of the Metropolitan City of Messina

Naso, Sicily


Edward Livingston Trudeau (October 5, 1848 – November 15, 1915) was an American physician who established the Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium at Saranac Lake for treatment of tuberculosis. Dr. Trudeau also established the Saranac Laboratory for the Study of Tuberculosis, the first laboratory in the United States dedicated to the study of tuberculosis. He was a public health pioneer who helped to establish principles for disease prevention and control.

Life and career
Named for statesman Edward Livingston, Trudeau was born in New York City to a family of physicians, the son of Cephise (née Berger) and James de Berty Trudeau, who was descended from Illinois Country Governor Zénon Trudeau. During his late teens, his older brother James contracted tuberculosis and Edward nursed him until his death three months later. At twenty, he enrolled in the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University (then Columbia College), completing his medical training in 1871.

Trudeau married Lottie Beare in June 1871, and after travelling to Europe the couple settled on Long Island, New York, where Trudeau began his medical practice. Trudeau mentioned Beare in his autobiography and remarked on the fortitude with which she met the many adversities of their married life, which included his tuberculosis, and the deaths of three of their four children. Shortly after settling in their home on Long Island, the couple's first child, Charlotte, whom they called "Chatte", was born.

Trudeau was diagnosed with tuberculosis in 1873, shortly before the birth of their second child, Edward Livingston Jr, whom they called Ned. Following conventional thinking of the times, his physicians and friends urged a change of climate. He went to live in the Adirondack Mountains, initially at Paul Smith's Hotel, spending as much time as possible in the open; he subsequently regained his health. In 1876 he moved his family to Saranac Lake and established a medical practice among the sportsmen, guides and lumber camps of the region. In 1877 Lottie gave birth to a third child, Henry, who died after a brief illness in the winter of 1878 or 1879.

In 1882, Trudeau read about Prussian Dr. Hermann Brehmer's success treating tuberculosis with the "rest cure" in cold, clear mountain air. Following this example, Trudeau founded the Adirondack Cottage Sanitorium, with the support of several of the wealthy businessmen he had met at Paul Smiths. In 1894, after a fire destroyed his small laboratory, Trudeau organized the Saranac Laboratory for the Study of Tuberculosis with a gift from Elizabeth Milbank Anderson; it was  the first laboratory in the United States for the study of tuberculosis.  Renamed the Trudeau Institute, the laboratory continues to study infectious diseases.  One of Trudeau's early patients was author Robert Louis Stevenson and in gratitude, Stevenson presented Trudeau with a complete set of his works, each one dedicated with a different verse by Stevenson (the books were later lost in a fire at Saranac). Trudeau's fame helped establish Saranac Lake as a center for the treatment of tuberculosis.

A fourth child, Francis B. Trudeau, was born in 1887. Francis later succeeded his father as director of the sanatorium until 1954. Francis was the only one of the four Trudeau children to live a long life. Charlotte (Chatte) contracted tuberculosis at age sixteen while attending a girls school in New York City. She returned home to Saranac Lake where she was nursed by her parents for three years until her death there in 1889. Ned graduated from the Yale College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1900 and began a medical practice in New York City, but died after a bout of pneumonia.

In addition to his work at the sanatorium, Trudeau enjoyed hunting in the woods around Saranac Lake. Although his illness often limited his activities, he enjoyed the outdoors. In later years he had a camp on Upper Saint Regis Lake. Trudeau had many friends and was active in the community, helping to found St. John's in the Wilderness Episcopal Church in Paul Smiths, New York, where he is interred. Edward Livingston Trudeau died in Saranac Lake on November 15, 1915.

Legacy
Trudeau may be viewed as a public health pioneer of the pre-antibiotic era, recognizing the role of crowding in disease transmission, the utility of isolation, and the practice of notifiable disease reporting, and promoting the value of fresh air, exercise, and healthy diet. These principles for disease prevention and control have had enduring global impact. He was chosen to be the first President of the National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis, founded in June 1904.

The Trudeau Institute, a not-for-profit, biomedical research center, is a direct descendant of the Saranac Laboratory that Trudeau founded. On October 7, 1972, a commemorative plaque was bolted to a rock by the Trudeau Institute on Rabbit Island, located between Spitfire Lake and Upper Saint Regis Lake of Brighton, New York. The plaque honors a historic experiment of Trudeau's in which rabbits were injected with tuberculosis "to determine the effect of environment on the influence and progress" of the disease. Rabbit Island is privately owned and tourists are not encouraged.

On May 12, 2008, the United States Postal Service issued a 76 cent stamp picturing Trudeau, part of the Distinguished Americans series. An inscription identifies him as a "phthisiologist" (an obsolete term for a tuberculosis specialist).

See also
Cure Cottages of Saranac Lake

References

External links

Historic Saranac Lake - the Saranac Laboratory
New York Times, "DOINGS IN THE ADIRONDACKS; Prominent Women Devoting Much of their time to Charity Work", July 23, 1905
Town of Brighton - St. John's in the Wilderness
Trudeau postage stamp

Adirondacks
American people of French descent
1848 births
1915 deaths
American public health doctors
Physicians from New York City
American pulmonologists
American Lung Association
People from Saranac Lake, New York

Edward Livingston Trudeau


JH is a  cryptographic hash function submitted to the NIST hash function competition by Hongjun Wu. Though chosen as one of the five finalists of the competition, in 2012 JH ultimately lost to NIST hash candidate Keccak. JH has a 1024-bit state, and works on 512-bit input blocks.  Processing an input block consists of three steps:
 XOR the input block into the left half of the state.
 Apply a 42-round unkeyed permutation (encryption function) to the state.  This consists of 42 repetitions of:
 Break the input into 256 4-bit blocks, and map each through one of two 4-bit S-boxes, the choice being made by a 256-bit round-dependent key schedule.  Equivalently, combine each input block with a key bit, and map the result through a 5→4 bit S-box.
 Mix adjacent 4-bit blocks using a maximum distance separable code over GF(24).
 Permute 4-bit blocks so that they will be adjacent to different blocks in following rounds.
 XOR the input block into the right half of the state.
The resulting digest is the first 224, 256, 384 or 512 bits from the 1024-bit final value.
It is well suited to a bit slicing implementation using the SSE2 instruction set, giving speeds of 16.8 cycles per byte.

Examples of JH hashes
Hash values of empty string.
 JH-224("")
 0x 2c99df889b019309051c60fecc2bd285a774940e43175b76b2626630
 JH-256("")
 0x 46e64619c18bb0a92a5e87185a47eef83ca747b8fcc8e1412921357e326df434
 JH-384("")
 0x 2fe5f71b1b3290d3c017fb3c1a4d02a5cbeb03a0476481e25082434a881994b0ff99e078d2c16b105ad069b569315328
 JH-512("")
 0x 90ecf2f76f9d2c8017d979ad5ab96b87d58fc8fc4b83060f3f900774faa2c8fabe69c5f4ff1ec2b61d6b316941cedee117fb04b1f4c5bc1b919ae841c50eec4f

Even a small change in the message will (with overwhelming probability) result in a mostly different hash, due to the avalanche effect. For example, adding a period to the end of the sentence:
 JH-256("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog")
 0x 6a049fed5fc6874acfdc4a08b568a4f8cbac27de933496f031015b38961608a0
 JH-256("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.")
 0x d001ae2315421c5d3272bac4f4aa524bddd207530d5d26bbf51794f0da18fafc

References

External links
 The JH web site
 JH page on the SHA-3 Zoo
 VHDL source code developed by the Cryptographic Engineering Research Group (CERG) at George Mason University

NIST hash function competition

JH (hash function)


Art Wolfe (born 1951) is an American photographer and conservationist, best known for color images of landscapes, wildlife, and native cultures. His photographs document scenes from every continent and hundreds of locations, and have been noted by environmental advocacy groups for their "stunning" visual impact.

Wolfe's career has been described as "multi-faceted", involving wildlife advocacy, art, journalism, and education.  According to William Conway, former president of the Wildlife Conservation Society, Wolfe is a "prolific and sensitive recorder of a rapidly vanishing natural world." In the last 30 years, the public has viewed Wolfe's work in more than sixty published books, including Vanishing Act, The High Himalaya, Water:  Worlds between Heaven & Earth, Tribes, Rainforests of the World, and The Art of Photographing Nature.

Early life and education
Wolfe's parents were both commercial artists in Seattle, Washington. Wolfe graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from the University of Washington. Within four years of graduation, Wolfe completed assignments for National Geographic magazine and produced his first photo book documenting Northwest Indian baskets.

Career
Art Wolfe has released more than 65 photo books and instructional videos of photographic techniques.  The U.S. Postal Service has used Wolfe's photographs on two stamps. He is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Photographic Society and serves on the advisory boards for the Wildlife Conservation Society, Nature's Best Foundation, Bridges to Understanding, and is a Fellow of the International League of Conservation Photographers (ILCP).

Documentary television series:  Travels to the Edge with Art Wolfe

The public television series, Travels to the Edge with Art Wolfe, is a documentary project that explores environmental themes of visual interest.  Art Wolfe's perspectives on nature, cultural diversity, geography and digital photography are the focus of each episode, as he travels to new global regions.    The series is hosted by Art Wolfe and supported by a professional film team (Karel Bauer, Field Director/Director of Photography; Sean White, Director of Photography; John Greengo, Field Production; and Gavriel Jecan, Field Production).

The program began with the making of 13 episodes released in 2007. By 2009, 26 episodes were filmed in nearly as many locations, including Patagonia, Madagascar, Alaska, New Zealand, and India.   Some of the specific subjects addressed include glaciers of Alaska, and sacred tattoos created by Maori artists.  The program is produced by Oregon Public Broadcasting (OPB), distributed by American Public Television and aired on Create.

In 2015, Wolfe appeared in the Australian television series Tales by Light.

Photographic and artistic methodology
Wolfe's approach to nature photography combines elements of photojournalism and art photography. Wolfe lists his major influences as Ernst Haas and Eliot Porter.  In his 1994 book, Migrations, Wolfe presented photos that were strictly documentary, as well as others that were enhanced.  Through a process called "cloning", for example, Wolfe strove to enhance visual patterns and create photos with potentially greater impact than originally captured.

Books
Light On the Land (1991, Beyond Words, Hillsboro, Oregon)
 Endangered Peoples (1993, Sierra Club, San Francisco)
 The Art of Photographing Nature (1993, Crown, New York)
 Migrations (1994, Beyond Words, Hillsboro, Oregon)
 Wasser: Welten zwischen Himmel und Erde (1997, Frederking & Thaler, Munich)
 Tribes (1997, Clarkson N. Potter, New York)
 Rainforests of the World: Water, Fire, Earth and Air (1998, Crown, New York)
 The Living Wild (2000, Wildlands, Seattle)
 Africa (2001, Wildlands, Seattle)
 High Himalaya (2001, Mountaineers, Seattle)
 Animal Action ABC (2003, Handprint, New York)
 Edge of the Earth, Corner of the Sky (2003, Wildlands, Seattle)
 Smithsonian Answer Book: Cats (2004, Smithsonian, Washington, DC)
 Vanishing Act (2005, Bulfinch, New York)
 On Puget Sound (2007, Sasquatch, Seattle)
 The New Art of Photographing Nature: An Updated Guide to Composing Stunning Images of Animals, Nature, and Landscapes (2013, Crown, New York)
 Earth is my Witness: The Photography of Art Wolfe (2014, Earth Aware, San Rafael, CA)
 Photographs from the Edge: A Master Photographer's Insights on Capturing an Extraordinary World (2016, Amphoto)

Awards
 Photographer of the Year by Photo Media magazine, 1996
 Outstanding Nature Photographer of the Year, 1998, by the North American Nature Photography Association
 Alfred Eisenstaedt Awards for Magazine Photography, April 2000
 National Outdoor Book Award (Design and Artistic Merit), The Living Wild, 2001
 National Outdoor Book Award (Design and Artistic Merit), Edge of the Earth, Corner of the Sky, 2004
 Honorary Fellowship of The Royal Photographic Society in 2005.

See also
 Nature photography
 Wildlife photography

References

External links

1951 births
Living people
Nature photographers
American photographers
Travel broadcasters
University of Washington School of Art + Art History + Design alumni
Artists from Seattle

Art Wolfe


Looney Tunes: Rabbits Run is a 2015 American animated direct-to-video adventure comedy movie.

Production
It is based on The Looney Tunes Show, produced by Warner Bros. Animation. It is the first new Looney Tunes direct-to-video movie in nine years since Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas. The movie was directed by Van Partible, a creator on Johnny Bravo and storyboard supervisor on Looney Tunes: Back in Action & writer for Mike Lu & Og. He was also a director on the 2011 TV series, The Looney Tunes Show.

Release
It was released on August 4, 2015 by Warner Home Video, but it was released early on July 7, 2015 on Vudu and Walmart.

American animated movies
2015 animated movies
2015 adventure movies
2015 comedy movies

Looney Tunes: Rabbits Run


Men at Work is an American sitcom that aired on TBS. The series was created by Breckin Meyer and stars Danny Masterson, Michael Cassidy, Adam Busch, James Lesure, and Meredith Hagner. The series premiered on May 24, 2012.

On May 11, 2014, TBS canceled Men at Work after three seasons.

Synopsis
The series follows Milo (Danny Masterson), a man who recently ended his relationship with his girlfriend, Lisa, and tries to re-enter the dating scene with the help of his three best friends/co-workers, Tyler, Gibbs, and Neal (Michael Cassidy, James Lesure, Adam Busch).  Neal is the only one who has a girlfriend, Amy (Meredith Hagner). Together, the four friends help each other navigate through relationships, friendship and working together in New York City at the same magazine, Full Steam. The gang mainly hangs out at the diner or at the workplace.

Cast and characters

Main cast
 Danny Masterson as Milo Foster
 James Lesure as Gibbs
 Michael Cassidy as Tyler Mitchell
 Adam Busch as Neal Bradford
 Meredith Hagner as Amy Jordan (seasons 1–2; recurring, season 3)

Recurring cast
 J. K. Simmons as P.J. Jordan, Owner of Full Steam Magazine and Amy's father
 Joel David Moore as Doug, the season one chief editor of Full Steam Magazine
 Stephanie Lemelin as Rachel, Tyler's ex-girlfriend that once had a threesome with Gibbs
 Amy Smart as Lisa, Milo's ex-girlfriend
 Peri Gilpin as Alex, the season two chief editor of Full Steam Magazine
 Sarah Wright as Molly, Milo's ex-girlfriend
 David Krumholtz as Myron, the season three (current) editor Full Steam magazine
 Marsha Thomason as Selena
 Kelen Coleman as Jude

Episodes

Development and production
The pilot appeared on TBS's development slate in May 2011. The series was created by Breckin Meyer, who also serves as executive producer alongside Jamie Tarses and Julia Franz, and the production companies, Sony Pictures Television and FanFare Productions. On August 26, 2011, TBS placed a pilot order for Men at Work.

In September 2011, Danny Masterson, James Lesure, Adam Busch, and Michael Cassidy were cast as the four leads, with Masterson playing the role of Milo, the recently dumped guy whose friends try to help him get back in the dating scene; Lesure playing the role of Gibbs, a ladies' man and photographer at the magazine; Busch playing the role of Neal, a reporter at the magazine and the only one in the group with a girlfriend; and Cassidy playing the role of Tyler, a stylish feature writer. Meredith Hagner was the final addition to the cast as Amy, Neal's girlfriend whose father owns the magazine.

On January 6, 2012, TBS picked up Men at Work for a first season of 10 episodes that premiered on May 24, 2012. Production on the first season began in April 2012.

On August 20, 2013, TBS picked up Men at Work for a third season of 10 episodes.  Season 3 premiered on January 15, 2014.

On May 11, 2014, TBS canceled Men at Work after three seasons.

References

External links

 Men at Work on TV.com

2010s American sex comedy television series
2010s American sitcoms
2010s American workplace comedy television series
2012 American television series debuts
2014 American television series endings
English-language television shows
TBS (American TV channel) original programming
Television series by Sony Pictures Television
Television shows filmed in California
Television shows set in New York City
Works about magazine publishing

Men at Work (TV series)


"20 Good Reasons" was the first single from Thirsty Merc's second album Slideshows. It was released on 17 March 2007 and is to date the band's highest-charting single, reaching number four on the Australian Singles Chart and number seventeen on the New Zealand Singles Chart. The song was nominated for 'Song of the Year' at the 2008 APRA awards. The single was also the number one most added track to radio across Australia in March 2007.

Music video
The music video for "20 Good Reasons" features the band playing in what appears to be a gritty warehouse of some kind. Intercut with the band scenes, the clip features a few couples going through various relationship troubles, echoing the story told by the song. The music video was a MySpace feature video for Australian visitors in April 2007 in preparation and for promotion of the forthcoming full-length album Slideshows. Thistlethwayte wrote the song when arriving in New York City once. He notes he did not write it asking a question about what love or relationships are about, however wrote it saying as a statement, but with the question as to why relationships are often troubled or "lost within all the hysteria".

Lost promotion
The song was used in the Seven Network's advertising for the hit television series, Lost—specifically its third season, which aired in 2007.

Track listing
 "20 Good Reasons"
 "Blood & Guts"
 "Midnight Sun"

Charts

Certifications

References

2007 singles
Thirsty Merc songs
Songs written by Rai Thistlethwayte
2006 songs
Warner Records singles

20 Good Reasons


Rubicon Retail was a British retail group which traded between 2002 and 2006.

The firm was formed in 2002 when a management buyout of several firms then owned by Arcadia Group took place. This resulted in high street chains Warehouse and Principles, and catalogue retailers Hawkshead and Racing Green, being transferred from Arcadia to Rubicon. Warehouse had been part of Arcadia since 1999, having previously been part of Sears plc, and Principles had been founded by Arcadia's predecessor Burton Group in 1984.

During its lifetime, Rubicon sold off Hawkshead and Racing Green, and purchased the Shoe Studio Group, which operated from a series of upmarket shoe retail stores.

In 2006, Rubicon was taken over by Mosaic Fashions, owner of the Karen Millen, Whistles, Oasis and Coast chains. In 2009, following the collapse of Mosaic, Warehouse ended up in the hands of Mosaic's successor, Aurora Fashions, with Principles ultimately being bought out by Debenhams - which had been part of the same company as Principles (the pre-Arcadia Burton Group) between 1984 and 1998, and had a number of Principles concessions in its stores.

Clothing retailers of the United Kingdom
British companies established in 2002
Retail companies established in 2002
Retail companies disestablished in 2006
Defunct retail companies of the United Kingdom

Rubicon Retail


Deep Shock is a 2003 American science-fiction-horror film that debuted as a Sci Fi Pictures TV-movie on the Sci Fi Channel. Its plot concerns an unknown underwater object that disables an American nuclear-powered submarine and attacks a submerged Arctic research complex. The monsters of the movie are giant intelligent electric eels.

Plot
The US Navy nuclear-powered attack submarine  is attacked by a mysterious underwater object that stalks and disables the Seawolf-class super-sub with a powerful electromagnetic pulse. The underwater Arctic research complex Hubris witnesses the attack and reports a rapid rise in the temperature of the Polaris Trench which threatens to melt the ice cap and flood the world's land surface. At an emergency United Nations scientific conference, Hubris director Dr. Ann Fletcher is dismissed when she urges caution and her archrival Dr. Chomsky pushes through a far more aggressive plan to deal with the crisis. When Chomsky's plan fails and contact with the Hubris complex is lost, Dr. Fletcher is asked to participate in a follow-up expedition, which also includes Chomsky, by her ex-husband, Navy Captain Andy Raines. Once at the North Pole, the expedition finds that the Hubris complex is completely intact, but its personnel have been incinerated.

Cast
 David Keith as Captain Andy Raines, USN
 Simmone Jade Mackinnon as Dr. Anne Fletcher
 Mark Sheppard as Dr. Chomsky
 Sean Whalen as Arciero
 Armando Valdés as Protas
 Robert Zachar as Michael (as Bob Zachar)
 Richard Gnolfo as Rodgers
 Todd Kimsey as Hurst
 Tyrone Pinkham as Beach
 Velizar Binev as Dr. Pashe
 Ivaylo Geraskov as Russian G-8 Representative
 Anatoly Nechev as French G-8 Representative

Production
Deep Shock was produced by DEJ Productions, Unified Film Organization and Eel Productions, LLC in association with Media Entertainment GMBH & CO 1. Filmproduktions KG.

See also
 List of underwater science fiction works

External links
Deep Shock official site (Sci Fi Channel. Archived from the original on June 7, 2004

 Deep Shock film trailer at YouTube

2003 television films
2003 films
2000s science fiction horror films
Films shot in Bulgaria
Giant monster films
Science fiction submarine films
Syfy original films
American horror television films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
English-language science fiction horror films

Deep Shock


The Mitsri genealogy inscription, known as KAI 78 or CIS I 3778, is a votive stele from Carthage in the Punic language.

It was excavated between 1922-25 by French archaeologist François Icard (Icard no. C!4392*) and published by Eusèbe Vassel. Francis Kelsey took a squeeze of the stele during his 1925 archaeological mission.

The inscription was originally attached to a statue of Baal-Hammon, and is dated to the fourth century BCE. It is remarkable because it traces back the lineage of a certain Baalay, who put up the statue, for no less than sixteen generations, spanning a period of at least four centuries.

The name of the earliest ancestor, Mitsrî, means "(the) Egyptian". Two of Baalay's forefathers, three and four generations before him, had high functions in Carthage as a General (rab) and a head of state (suffes), respectively.

Text of the inscription
The inscription reads:

{|
|+
|-
| (line 1) || YBRKY WYŠM' QL 'D 'LM || May they (the gods) bless him (Baalay) and may they hear [his] voice (prayers) in perpetuity! ||
|-
| (2) || L'DN LB'L ŠMM WLRBT LTNT PN B'L || [This stele is dedicated] to the Lord Baalsamem and to the Lady Tinnît-Phanebal ||
|-
| (3) || WL'DN LB'L ḤMN WL'DN LB'L M|| and to the Lord Baal-Hammon and to the Lord Baal of the Ma- ||
|-
| (4) || GNM MNṢBT PSLT [Š]QD -T[..]' || -gonids; [this] stele, sculpted, (...) ||
|-
| (5) || 'BN 'RKT BKDŠ B'L ḤMN PNY MB' || of stone, tall, bearing the figure of Baal-Hammon, his face to ||
|-
| (6) || HŠMŠ WṢD' MṢ' HŠMŠ 'Š NDR B || the West (lit.: the Entrance of the Sun) and his back to the East (lit.: the Exit of the Sun), that has vowed B- ||
|-
| (7) || 'LY BN B'LYTN || -aalay, the son of Baalyaton, || 17th and 16th generations
|-
|   || BN 'BD'ŠMN || the son of 'Abd-Eshmun, || 15th —
|-
|   || BN B'LY || the son of Baalay || 14th —
|-
| (8) || HRB BN PNP' HŠPṬ || the General, the son of PNP' the suffes, || 13th —
|-
|   || BN 'BD'[ŠM]N BN || the son of 'Abd-E[shmu]n, the son of|| 12th —

|-
| (9) || RŠ' BN 'M' || RŠ', the son of Ammî, || 11th and 10th —
|-
|   || BN 'DY|| the son of 'Iddo, || 9th —
|-
|   || BN ŠM'MLK B<N> || the son of Samo-Milk, the so[n of] || 8th —
|-
| (10) || BD'ŠMN BN ŠLN || Bodeshmun, the son of ŠLN, || 7th and 6th —
|-
|   || BN 'BDR' || the son of 'Abd-Ra, || 5th —
|-
|   || BN 'TN BN B || the son of Êtan, the son of Bo- || 4th —
|-
| (11) || D'ŠMN BN 'BQM || -deshmun, the son of Abî-Qom, || 3rd and 2nd —
|-
|   || BN MṢRY || the son of Mitsrî. || 1st generation
|}

Above the text a "Crescent and Disc" symbol is depicted, a common symbol on Carthaginian grave stelae. Probably portraying the new and full moon, the symbol seems to refer to the passage of time, but the precise meaning is unknown.

References

4th-century BC inscriptions
Punic inscriptions
KAI inscriptions
Genealogy publications
Tanit

Mitsri genealogy inscription


Skilligan's Island is the fourth studio album by American rapper Thirstin Howl III, who also served as producer and executive producer for the album. It was released on July 23, 2002 through Landspeed Records.

History
Skilligan's Island was also produced by Steve Boston, P.F. Cuttin' (who also mixed the album), DJ Spinna (who also mixed the album along with P.F. Cuttin'), and Will Tell. Guest appearances on this album include Disco, Unique London, Big Boo, Rack-Lo, Master Fool, Cita, Eminem, Father Time, and God Forbid, among others.

This album was composed by Thirstin Howl III, L. Michael Smith, Angel Cruz, and Eminem, as credited for the album on AllMusic.

Track listing

Personnel

Chart positions

References

2002 albums
Thirstin Howl III albums

Skilligan's Island


A proprietary company,  the characteristic of which is abbreviated as "Pty", is a form of privately held company in Australia, Namibia and South Africa that is either limited or unlimited. However, unlike a public company there are, depending on jurisdiction, restrictions on what it can and cannot do.

In Australia, a proprietary company is defined under section 45A(1) of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth).

The Act puts certain restrictions on proprietary companies such as not permitting them to have more than 50 members (shareholders). Another important restriction relates to fundraising. A proprietary company must not engage in fundraising that would require a disclosure document such as a prospectus, an offer information statement, or a profile statement to be issued (sec.113(3)).  The Act states in which circumstances a company must issue a prospectus when attempting to raise funds.  This means that a proprietary company must not offer its shares to the public.

Section 45A of the Act also distinguishes proprietary companies as either "large proprietary" or "small proprietary". The differences here relate to issues such as operating revenue, consolidated gross assets, and the number of employed persons.

Large proprietary companies are required to appoint an auditor and lodge appropriate financial statements with the Australian Securities & Investments Commission.

Proprietary limited or unlimited company
Under Australian law, a proprietary limited company (abbreviated as 'Pty Ltd') is a business structure that has at least one shareholder and up to 50, where the liability of shareholders is limited to the value of shares. Its counterparts include the public limited company (Ltd) and the Unlimited Proprietary company (Pty) with a share capital.

Under the Australian Corporations Act 2001 (Cth), a proprietary company must be either –
Proprietary Limited (Pty Ltd) company, limited by shares, where shareholders are afforded more protection when it comes to the level of liability they face for company debts; or
Unlimited Proprietary (Pty) company with a share capital, similar to its limited company (Ltd or Pty Ltd) counterpart, but where the members' or shareholders' liability is not limited.

The proprietary limited or unlimited company must have at least one shareholder, no more than 50 non-employee shareholders, and at least one director who must live in Australia. A secretary can be appointed (sec.204A), that must be at least 18 years of age. One person may simultaneously hold the positions of company director and secretary.

Proprietary limited companies are also classified as "large" or "small". A proprietary company is classified as small only if it meets at least two of the following criteria:

It has assets of less than $25 million at the end of a financial year.
It has fewer than 100 employees at the end of a financial year.
It has a gross operating revenue of less than $50 million for the financial year.

Most large proprietary companies have to lodge audited accounts. Small proprietary companies only have to prepare audited financial statements if ordered to do so by Australian Securities & Investments Commission or members holding five percent of voting shares and, in some cases, if controlled by a foreign company.

Company names
Proprietary companies have the word "Proprietary" in their name, thus Relays Proprietary Limited, abbreviated to Relays Pty Ltd or Relays P/L.

Other countries

  In Singapore, a proprietary company name would be named "Relays (Private) Limited" abbreviated to "Relays Pte Ltd".
  In Namibia and South Africa, the name of a private company ends with "(Pty) Ltd" and that of a public company ends with "Ltd".

Company number

To help identify companies more uniquely and concisely, many countries have a company number which does not change if the company changes its name.

  Australian Company Number

See also
Australian company law
South African company law

References

Types of business entity
Australian corporate law

Proprietary company


Troop 1500 is a documentary film which won two Gracie Awards from the American Women in Radio & Television (AWRT) in the Individual Achievement Award for Outstanding Director and Outstanding Documentary. The nationally broadcast film (PBS)  follows a unique Girl Scouts of the USA troop which unites mothers and daughters monthly behind the bars at the Hilltop Unit, a prison of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, in Gatesville, Texas. All of the mothers have been convicted of serious crimes and are serving long sentences.

The troop's activities are centered on rebuilding the tenuous relationships, and addition to arts and crafts and learning life skills, the mothers and daughters bond by asking and answering tough questions of each other.

For more than five years, filmmaker Ellen Spiro worked with the leaders and girls of Troop 1500, the "prison troop," as a volunteer and mentor.  She spent the first year with the troop training the girls in cinematography, sound and editing, and then she began making Troop 1500 in which the girls occupy front and center of the film, as subjects as well as crew.

Awards
American Women in Radio & Television (AWRT) 32nd annual Gracie Award
Individual Achievement Award for Outstanding Director
Outstanding Documentary  (long format division)
Commendation from the Texas State Legislature (Senate Resolution 545)

Articles
Austin, Liz.  Film Documents Scout Troop's Efforts to Break Cycle of Crime.  Amarillo Globe News.  2006-3-18.  Retrieved on 2007-6-24.

Evans, Kate.  Troop 1500: Girls with Mums in Prison, Together. Life Matters.  2006-4-20.  Retrieved on 2007-6-24.

Geisler, Erin. Troop 1500: Girl Scouts Beyond Bars.  The University of Texas at Austin, Office of Public Affairs.  2005-3-14.  Retrieved 2007-6-22.

Grant, Darlene. (2006). Resilience of girls with incarcerated mothers: The impact of Girl Scouts. The Prevention Researcher, 13(2), 11-14.

Guiding Kids Through Troop 1500.  Official Website of the Girls Scouts of the USA.  2006 newsletter.  Retrieved 2007-6-22.

Hill, Alison Michelle.  Troop 1500: The Real Deal on a Reality Movie.  Studio 2B: The Place for Teens.  Retrieved 2007-6-22.

Holt, Cody. Job: Video Reunion.  DigitalContentProducer.com.  2006-6-1.  Retrieved on 2007-6-24.

Karnasiewicz, Sarah.  Tough Cookies.  Salon.com. 2006-3-21. Retrieved on 2007-6-18.

Kasten, Susan. Troop 1500.  Beloit College Magazine.  Summer 2006.  Retrieved 2007-6-22.

Neff, Nancy.  Beyond Bars: Special Girl Scout Troop Helps Young Women Connect with Their Mothers in Prison.  The University of Texas at Austin Online Features.  2006-1-23.  Retrieved on 2007-6-22.

S., Brianna.  Finding and Filming Your Passions:  An Interview with Filmmaker Ellen Spiro, Part I.  Studio 2B: The Place for Teens.  Retrieved 2007-6-22.

S., Brianna.  and Filming Your Passions:  An Interview with Filmmaker Ellen Spiro, Part II. Studio 2B: The Place for Teens.  Retrieved 2007-6-22.

Scheib, Ronnie.  Troop 1500: Girl Scouts Behind Bars.  Variety.  2005-3-15. Retrieved on 2007-6-17.

Swan, Marion.  Troop 1500 Documentary on Texas Girl Scout Council Premieres at South By Southwest Film Festival.  Official Website of the Girls Scouts of the USA.  2005-3-3.  Retrieved 2007-6-22.

Swan, Marion.  Emmy Award-Winning PBS Series Independent Lens to Host Broadcast Premiere of 'Troop 1500'. Official Website of the Girls Scouts of the USA.  2006-3-9.  Retrieved on 2007-6-24.

See also

External links
 Troop 1500 at the Internet Movie Database
Troop 1500 Official Website
 Troop 1500 at Independent Lens
 Troop 1500 Girl Scouts Beyond Bars at Women Make Movies
Taylor Zelman, Shawn.  American Women in Radio & Television Announces 32nd Annual Gracie Award Winners.  American Women in Radio & Television official website.  2007-2-27. Retrieved on 2007-6-25.
Texas State Legislature, Senate Resolution 545

Girl Scouts of the USA
Scouting in popular culture
Documentary films about incarceration in the United States
Films directed by Ellen Spiro
2005 films
2005 documentary films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
English-language documentary films

Troop 1500


Frank Raubicheck (1857–1952) was an American painter and etcher who arrived in the United States from Bohemia in the 1870s.  He was an art student at the University of Munich and began his career as a painter while still in Europe.  His style has been compared to that of Claude Monet.

In the 1880s, Raubicheck painted and sold many impressionist landscapes, many of which are scenes on the East End of Long Island. He also established himself during this time as an etcher of some renown. One of his works is in the permanent collection of the Parrish Art Museum in Southampton, New York and several appear in an edition of Washington Irving's Knickerbocker's History of New York, published in 1886 by the Grolier Club in New York. He was one of the creators of the official seal for the Grolier Club, which still hangs on the banner outside the club's E. 60th Street address in Manhattan.

In 1892, he exhibited more than 40 paintings at the Fifth Avenue Auction House in New York under the management of William B. Norman and the E. W. Noyes Gallery in Boston, Massachusetts. These paintings were a result of three years' work in Bavaria, the Netherlands and Belgium. In the mid-1890s, he went to work as an etcher and illustrator for The New York Times and worked there until the paper moved from Park Row to midtown in 1906.

He continued painting throughout the remainder of his life, which was spent in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Hartsdale, New York, in Westchester County.

References
Etching, "Untitled (Girl Playing Lute; after Edward Percy Moran) circa 1885. Permanent Collection, Parrish Art Museum, Southampton, New York.
A History of New York By Diedrich Knickerbocker," Washington Irving, 1886.  Printed for the Grolier Club.  A New Edition Containing Unpublished Corrections  of the Author, With Illustrations by Geo. H. Broughton, Will H. Drake, and Howard Pyle, and Etchings by Henry C. Eno and F. Raubicheck. In Two Volumes.
Auction Catalogue, Noyes Gallery, March 1892, Boston, Massachusetts, Archives of American Art, New York, NY
Auction Catalogue, Norman Auction, December 1892, Fifth Avenue Auction House, Archives of American Art, New York, NY

1847 births
American illustrators
19th-century American painters
19th-century American male artists
American male painters
20th-century American painters
20th-century American male artists
Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to the United States
1952 deaths
People from the Kingdom of Bohemia
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
Artists from Cambridge, Massachusetts
People from Hartsdale, New York

Frank Raubicheck


The Clark Amendment was an amendment to the U.S. Arms Export Control Act of 1976, named for its sponsor, Senator Dick Clark (D-Iowa). The amendment barred aid to private groups engaged in military or paramilitary operations in Angola.

Even after the Clark Amendment became law, Director of Central Intelligence George H. W. Bush refused to concede that all U.S. aid to Angola had ceased. According to foreign affairs analyst Jane Hunter, Israel stepped in as a proxy arms supplier for the United States after the Clark Amendment took effect. The Clark Amendment was repealed by Congress in July 1985.

Visiting Washington, DC on October 5, 1989, Angolan guerrilla leader Jonas Savimbi praised the right-wing think tank The Heritage Foundation on behalf of his organization, UNITA, for advocating the Clark Amendment's repeal.

See also
 Boland Amendment
 Angola–United States relations
 CIA activities in Angola

References

United States federal defense and national security legislation
Angola–United States relations

Clark Amendment


Sun Electric is a German electronic music group, hailing from Berlin. Their first release was the single "O'Locco" on the Wau! Mr. Modo label in 1990, with numerous subsequent releases on the R&S / Apollo labels throughout the following decade. According to Philipp Sherburne, Sun Electric initially released "straight-ahead Frankfurt trance, but by the mid '90s they were masters of elastic rhythms and silvery leads. Their albums Present and Via Nostra [...] are underrated masterpieces of late-'90s electronica." The band has been influential within techno, trance, ambient and intelligent dance music (IDM) genres.

Principal members of the band are Tom Thiel and Max Loderbauer, with Thomas Fehlmann acting as executive producer on all their releases. Notable releases include Kitchen (1993), Aaah! (1994), 30.7.94 Live (1994), Present (1996), and Via Nostra (1999). The band has also recorded under the name S.E. Berlin.

The band has worked with graphic artist and videographer Nick Philip on their music videos, and their video "Meccano" was created for and the first video to be played on the MTV series Amp.

References

External links
 Sun Electric Tech-Talk Interview (ca. 2001)
 Sun Electric discography at Discogs

 Sun Electric at Last.fm

ZTT Records artists
German electronic music groups

Sun Electric (band)


The 1973 Gitchie Manitou murders involved an attack on a group of five teenagers at Gitchie Manitou State Preserve in Lyon County, Iowa. Four of the teenagers were killed and a fifth was kidnapped and raped. Allen, James, and David Fryer were later convicted of the crimes and sentenced to life in prison. The attack took place on November 17, 1973.

Background

On the evening of November 17, 1973, five teenagers from Sioux Falls, South Dakota were attacked by a group of three brothers.  Four of the teenagers were killed and one was kidnapped and raped. Those killed were Roger Essem (male, 17), Stewart Baade (male, 18), Dana Baade (male, 14), and Michael Hadrath (male, 15).  Sandra Cheskey (female, 13) was raped, but survived the attack.  Her testimony was instrumental in bringing the perpetrators to justice.

The perpetrators of this slaying were Allen Fryer (male, 29), David Fryer (male, 24), and James Fryer (male 21) of Sioux Falls, South Dakota.

The murders
The Fryer brothers were in Gitchie Manitou State Preserve looking for illumination to poach deer and happened upon the victims sitting around a campfire, singing.  David Fryer was sent to spy on the group and reported back to his brothers that the teenagers had marijuana.  The brothers conferred and decided to take the victims' marijuana by impersonating narcotics officers.  Testimony at the trial indicated that the Fryers apparently thought narcotics agents were allowed to indiscriminately kill drug users.

After getting shotguns from their truck, Allen, James, and David Fryer positioned themselves on a ridge overlooking the victims and opened fire.  Roger Essem was killed immediately and Stewart Baade fell wounded.  At this point, the remaining teenagers took cover in the trees.

The Fryers ordered the teenagers to come out of the trees, so Michael Hadrath and Sandra Cheskey emerged together and asked the Fryers who they thought they were.  Allen Fryer then shot Hadrath in the arm and said that they were police officers.  Hadrath and Cheskey fell to the ground, but were forced to get up by Allen Fryer who said they were playing dead.

Allen and David Fryer forced Dana Baade, Michael Hadrath, and Sandra Cheskey along a trail away from the campfire. Sandra Cheskey was tied up and placed in the victims' van.  During this time, Stewart Baade was also brought back to the van from where he had been wounded.

Allen Fryer then drove away in the van with Sandra Cheskey, leaving Stewart Baade, Dana Baade, and Michael Hadrath standing near the road with James and David Fryer.  After Allen left, James and David Fryer killed the three teenagers with shotguns. The bodies were discovered the next day by a couple from Sioux Falls, SD who drove to the park while trying out their new car. Roger Essems' body wasn't discovered until the following day because it was left lying by the campfire, the site of the first encounter.

Allen Fryer told Sandra Cheskey that he was a police officer while they drove around, that he was "The Boss", and that the other two would do as he instructed them.  After a short time, James and David Fryer met them on the road in the pickup.  Allen and Sandy got into the truck, and the group drove to a farm.  At this point, James Fryer raped Sandra Cheskey. Early the next morning, Allen filled the vehicle's tank with gasoline from a large red fuel tank then drove Cheskey home, still under the pretense of being a police officer, saying that Sandra was "too young to get busted".

Investigation
Because of Sandra's composure and bluntness about the rape, and all the details she remembered especially well for someone at such young age (13) some investigators questioned her credibility. She was interviewed many times and passed a polygraph test.

On November 29, 1973, Sandra Cheskey was accompanied by Craig Vinson (Lyon County, Iowa, Sheriff) as they drove around the countryside looking for the farm house where Sandy was held captive and raped. Near Hartford, South Dakota, she recognized the farmhouse by the large red fuel tank that stood next to the garage. The farm was owned by Allen Fryer's employer, a local farmer.  By a chance, Allen Fryer then drove by in the same blue pickup that was used the night of the murders. Sandy told Sheriff Vinson "That's him. That's the boss." Law enforcement quickly pulled the truck over and arrested Allen Fryer. David and James Fryer were also arrested shortly after.

Allen Fryer claimed that Cheskey's friends were the ones shooting at him and his brothers the night of the murders and they "accidentally" killed someone. By Allen's third interview he told the truth but was still trying to justify their action saying the five teens had been drinking and smoking marijuana, and the Fryer brothers wanted to steal it. David Fryer told a similar story, and then later changed his story to what really happened.

On November 30, 1973, Cheskey identified both David and James Fryer in a lineup.

The interview with James Fryer was much different, as he immediately turned the blame to his brothers. He also confirmed David Fryer's story believing the teens had been smoking marijuana, that Allen Fryer was pretending to be a detective, and that Cheskey was laughing, having a good time, and willingly had sex with David and James. James also blamed his brother for killing all four of the teenage boys. James Fryer was serving time in jail during the time of the murders, but was enrolled in the Work Release Program. Instead of going back to jail, David called the jail impersonating his boss saying James needed to work an extra shift, and instead James went off with his brothers.

Allen and David Fryer were moved from Sioux Falls, SD to Lyon County Jail in Rock Rapids, Iowa. James Fryer remained in Sioux Falls because he was currently serving a jail sentence. On December 1st, 1973, all three brothers were arraigned and charged with four counts of murder. Bond was set at $400,000 per man, amounting to $100,000 for each boy slain.

Trial
Sandra Cheskey's testimony was instrumental, as it comprised the bulk of evidence against the Fryer brothers during the 18 months of trial. There were some issues at the trial involving confusion by Cheskey, most of which can be attributed to her age at the time (13).

On February 12, 1974, David Fryer pled guilty to the open charge of murder, guilty to three charges of murder, and one charge of manslaughter. David admitted to killing Stewart Baade (18). The judge sentenced David to life in prison without the possibility of parole, to which he replied "no". David said, "If all my appeals fail, I'll actually write the governor and ask for the death penalty. I won't live out my life in jail. Keeping me locked up for life can't turn around what happened. It can't bring those people back." In 2016, David asked the Parole Board to overturn the "without possibility of parole", and it was denied after a testimony by Cheskey and Mike Hadrath's sister Lynette.

Allen Fryer was subjected to psychiatric testing, and was found fit to stand trial. February 1974, Allen began his trial at the Lyon County Court House. May 20, 1974, Allen was found guilty of four counts of first degree murder and was sentenced to four consecutive life terms in prison.

James Fryer agreed to extradition from Sioux Falls, SD to Iowa, but later fought the extradition thinking he might end up back out on the streets.

On June 18, 1974, after Allen Fryer's trial, he and James Fryer escaped from the Lyon County Jail, stole a vehicle, and fled the state. They were arrested in Gillette, Wyoming, and brought back to face federal charges.

James' trial began on December 3, 1974 in Lyon County at Dickinson County, Iowa where a state psychiatrist determined James had an IQ of 85 and poorly controlled his behavior. On December 30, 1974 James Fryer was found guilty of three charges of first degree murder and one charge of manslaughter. Because James was going to be serving life in jail without parole  the District Attorney believed there was no need to subject Cheskey to a rape trial.

All three of the Fryer brothers were sentenced to life without the possibility of parole, and all appeals fell through for all Fryer brothers.  Allen is serving his life sentence at the Penitentiary in Anamosa, Iowa. David and James are currently serving their life sentences at the Fort Dodge Correctional Facility in Fort Dodge, Iowa.

References

Further reading
In addition to Allen Fryer v. Nix (mentioned below), the following decisions provide a great deal of background for the 1973 murder case:
STATE OF IOWA, Appellee v. JAMES RAY FRYER, Appellant; No. 58103; Supreme Court of Iowa; 243 N.W.2d 1; 1976 Iowa Sup.
STATE OF IOWA, Appellee v. DAVID LYLE FRYER, Appellant; No. 57308; Supreme Court of Iowa; 226 N.W.2d 36; 1975 Iowa Sup.
ALLEN E. FRYER, Appellant, v. STATE OF IOWA, Appellee; No. 347 / 66755; Supreme Court of Iowa; 325 N.W.2d 400; 1982 Iowa Sup.

 The Gitchie Manitou murders are the subject of a 2016 book by Phil and Sandy Hamman, with first-hand accounts from Sandra Cheskey, titled Gitchie Girl.

 Gitchie Girl Uncovered: The True Story of a Night of Mass Murder and the Hunt for the Deranged Killers, by Phil Hamman & Sandy Hamman (2019)

External links
Iowa Department of Natural Resources
Allen Fryer's appeal to 8th Circuit- Fryer v. Nix contains a recounting of the facts of the case
Iowa Department of Corrections Offender Information- searchable inmate database
Des Moines Register article about mass killings that mentions the Fryer case- lists massacres throughout Iowa history

Crimes in Iowa
1973 in Iowa
Lyon County, Iowa
1973 murders in the United States

1973 Gitchie Manitou murders


Mohamed Sanad () is an Egyptian antenna scientist and professor in the Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University.

He made contributions to antennas, and holds sixteen patents in the area. The most recent of which is  "Design of single and multi-band PIFA" (planar inverted-F antenna). He has also published thirty peer-reviewed papers or conference proceedings; the most recent are three papers at the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium (APSURSI), 2010, IEEE, He also worked with Nokia and Motorola on mobile phones.

IPA Prize Winning Project
A low-cost, lightweight, low wind-load, foldable/deployable, multi-broadband base station antenna has been developed using dual parabolic cylindrical reflectors with novel small size broadband resonant feeds invented by the applicant. The new base station antenna has the following 8 important advantages over the existing ones in wireless applications:
One base station can cover all wireless applications at different frequency bands including WiMax, digital TV, CDMA, GSM, etc.
The station is foldable/deployable and can thus be shipped and stored in a very compact form
It is very easy to assemble and disassemble
It has a low wind load
It is light
It can stand on the ground without mounting towers
It is low-cost and
It can generate beams of arbitrary angles in the horizontal and vertical planes.

Sanad received the Innovation Prize for Africa in 2012.

References

Living people
Egyptian scientists
Academic staff of Cairo University
Year of birth missing (living people)

Mohamed Sanad


Belgian rock is rock music from Belgium. It was originally inspired by rock and roll music from America and the United Kingdom in the 1960s, but later evolved to be influenced by other genres including alternative rock and electronic music.

Languages
Because Belgium is a federal country with strong cultural identities - a French-speaking area in the south (Wallonia) and a Dutch-speaking area in the north (Flanders), with different media networks, and publicly supported cultural institutions, the indie rock scene emerged slightly later in Wallonia.

History

As in many other European countries, rock and roll began emerging in Belgium in the sixties, a few years after the commercial breakthrough of Elvis Presley.

Many ballroom orchestras were then to find in the whole country, mostly covering or mimicking international rock bands like The Shadows or The Beatles. Some of them became famous after releasing original (although strongly inspired) compositions, like the Cousins ("Kiliwatch", 1960), the Jokers ("Cecilia", 1963), the Shakespears ("Shake it over", 1965), the Pebbles ("Seven horses in the sky", 1968), and the Wallace Collection ("Daydream", 1969).

Other noticeable artists have evolved from previously well established musical genres, including blues and folk like the Antwerps protest singer Ferre Grignard ("Ring Ring", "Drunken Sailor", 1966).

After this era of "mimicking" rock and roll, indie rock bands like TC Matic and De Kreuners, and many punk rock-dark wave bands like Nacht und Nebel, the Paranoiacs and Siglo XX, began to draw a significant audience, and started to release songs in their mother language. Some, like the "eurorock" band Machiavel and the pop/punk singer Plastic Bertrand, were also managed in a more commercial approach.

In 1981, The pioneer noise band Club Moral formed in Antwerp. As in most northern Europe countries, the hard rock-metal scene was emerging, with its first icons in Belgium being Kleptomania and Irish Coffee.

In the nineties, Belgium (and especially Flanders) was deeply experiencing the electronic music breakthrough, with the emergence of huge night clubs and a local scene called New Beat. As a reaction, a strong alternative rock scene, relayed by a growing number of rock festivals (every single local youth organization in the country has its own, following the emergence of major events like Rock Werchter, public radio station Studio Brussel and music contest Humo's Rock Rally) in various rock subgenres (mainly hard rock, pop rock, experimental-rock, punk-rock and progressive-rock). Many bands finally started to achieve larger international acclaim and success.

A lively indie rock scene sprouts in Antwerp, where dEUS is probably the most famous, next to other people and groups like Zita Swoon (formerly Moondog Jr), Evil Superstars, Kiss My Jazz, Dead Man Ray, K's Choice, Admiral Freebee, A Brand and Die Anarchistische Abendunterhaltung. Mauro Pawlowski as well as Rudy Trouvé are key figures in the Antwerp scene besides playing or have played in dEUS, they also play solo as well as in lesser known bands and as improvisers in jam sessions and experimental concerts. Pawlowski played in numerous bands, including Mitsoobishy Jacson, Kiss my Jazz, Monguito, Shadowgraphic City, dEUS, The Love Substitutes, Othin Spake, The Parallels, Club Moral, Archetypes of the Multisabanas and I Hate Camera. Pawlowski has released solo work under various aliases: Mauro Pawlowski, and Somnabula. Trouvé played in Dead Man Ray, dEUS, Gore Slut, I Hate Camera, Kiss My Jazz, The Love Substitutes, Rudy Trouvé Sextet/Septet, POX, and Rudy and the Unforgettable Wally's.

This evolution spread through the whole country, from Limburg (Noordkaap, Evil Superstars) to Brussels (Venus, Sharko, Channel Zero) via Ghent (Gorki, Millionaire, Soulwax, An Pierlé). Other noticeable artists are Ozark Henry, Hooverphonic or K's Choice.

Although "Radio 21" was created in 1981 (two years prior to its Flemish counterpart "Studio Brussel"), the Dour Festival has only turned into a resolutely indie festival in the middle of the nineties, and groups like Ghinzu found international success in the late nineties.

In the 2000s, the Belgian rock scene can be considered mature, with a consistent and extended network of venues, producers, tour managers, media, festival and public support for both indie and more commercial artists.

Although the hip-hop and electronic scenes have also grown in popularity, groups like Girls in Hawaii, Arid, Vive la Fête, Triggerfinger or Absynthe Minded.

Belgian bands and artists

 2 Many DJs
 Absynthe Minded
 Admiral Freebee
 Arid
 Arno Hintjens
 Arsenal
 A brand
 Betty Goes Green
 Brainticket
 Club Moral
 Creature with the Atom Brain
 Daan
 DAAU
 Das Pop
 Dead Man Ray
 dEUS
 Été 67
 Evil Superstars
 Fixkes
 Freaky Age
 Funeral Dress
 Ghinzu
 Girls in Hawaii
 Hooverphonic
 The Scabs
 Janez Detd
 K's Choice
 Machiavel
 Millionaire
 Milow
 mint
 Mud Flow
 Nailpin
 The Neon Judgement
 Novastar
 Ozark Henry
 Poésie Noire
 Puggy
 Sharko
 Siglo XX
 Soulsister
 Soulwax
 TC Matic
 Team William
 The Black Box Revelation
 The Hickey Underworld
 The Kids
 The Radios
 The Sore Losers
 The Tellers
 Thou
 Triggerfinger
 Univers Zero
 Wallace Collection
 Will Z.
 Zita Swoon
 Zornik

See also
 List of Belgian bands and artists

References

External links
 Music in Belgium
 timeline of Belgium music

Rock
Rock music by country

Rock music in Belgium


The McLellan-Sweat Mansion (or The McLellan House) is a historic house museum on High Street in Portland, Maine. It forms the rear component of the Portland Museum of Art complex.  Built in 1800–01, the house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1970 as a well-preserved Federal style brick townhouse.

Description and history
The McLellan-Sweat Mansion is set at the corner of High and Spring Streets in downtown Portland, but is accessed via the main entrance of the Portland Museum of Art at Congress Square.  It is a three-story brick structure with a low-pitch hip roof and a granite foundation.  The brick of the walls is laid in Flemish bond.  The main facade, facing Spring Street, is five bays wide, with a central entrance sheltered by a semicircular portico supported by Doric columns, and topped by a balustrade.  The entry is flanked by sidelight windows and topped by a fanlight window.  Above the entry on the second level is a Palladian window.  The roofline has a bracketed cornice, and there is a low balustrade ringing the roof whose posts are surmounted by urns.  The interior has a central hall plan, with high-quality woodwork in the public rooms of the first floor.

Constructed in 1800-1801 for shipping magnate Major Hugh McLellan, the brick mansion was designed by John Kimball Sr. (1758-1831), an architect/housewright originally from Ipswich, Massachusetts. The cost was $20,000. After a change of owners, the property was purchased in 1880 by Lorenzo De Medici Sweat. In 1908, his widow bequeathed it to the Portland Society of Art (now the Portland Museum of Art). The L. D. M. Sweat Memorial Galleries, designed by John Calvin Stevens, were added in 1911 behind the house, to which they connected by corridor.

In 1957, two mantelpieces salvaged from the 1805 Commodore Edward Preble House, designed by Alexander Parris, replaced originals lost during a Greek Revival remodeling of the drawing and dining rooms. In 1970, the house was added to the National Register of Historic Places and was designated a National Historic Landmark. The Charles Shipman Payson Building by Henry N. Cobb of Pei, Cobb, Freed & Partners opened in 1983, extending the length of the museum to its new entrance on Congress Square Plaza. After an extensive restoration, The McLellan House reopened in 2002.

See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Maine
National Register of Historic Places listings in Portland, Maine

References

External links

 Portland Museum of Art

Houses completed in 1801
Historic house museums in Maine
Museums in Portland, Maine
Houses in Portland, Maine
National Historic Landmarks in Maine
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
National Register of Historic Places in Portland, Maine
Historic district contributing properties in Maine
1801 establishments in Maine

McLellan-Sweat Mansion


A noble metal is a metal that is resistant to both corrosion and oxidation when exposed to air.  Metals such as gold, silver, platinum, iridium, rhodium, palladium and rhenium are examples.  Sometimes, mercury and copper can be regarded as noble metals.  Some metals like titanium are not, even though they are resistant to corrosion.  Noble metals are valuable, because they are not commonly found in the Earth's crust.  They have many uses in everyday things including chemical engineering, electronics, and jewelry.

Related pages
Precious metal

References

Metals
Chemical nomenclature

Noble metal


World Championship Soccer (ワールドカップサッカー) is a soccer game running on Sega's Mega-Tech arcade cabinet system and was released as one of the first games for the Sega Genesis system in North America in September 1989.

The European Mega Drive release, World Cup Italia '90, was published jointly with Olivetti and Virgin Mastertronic and was an officially licensed franchise game of the 1990 FIFA World Cup featuring the official logo and mascot. After the World Cup licence had expired the game was renamed to Sega Soccer on the Mega 6 compilation cartridge on the Mega Drive removing the Virgin Mastertronic credit. A different game was also released as World Cup Italia '90 for the Master System in 1991 but this is not connected to World Championship Soccer.

In 1990 the game was ported by Elite Systems for DOS, Amiga, Atari ST, Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum.

Gameplay

The game presents a top-down view of a simple version of soccer (there are no fouls, substitutions, or strategies). Players must dribble and pass the ball towards one end of the field and try to score a goal by forcing the ball into the opposing team's net. When the player's team has the ball, the player can either dribble the ball across the field, kick the ball towards the goal, pass the ball in the air to another team member, or kick the ball forward in the direction that the player is currently facing. When the opposing team has the ball, the player can switch between different team members on the field, or slide kick their opponent to dislodge the ball from their control.

When the ball goes out of bounds, the game will switch to a full-screen graphical view for a corner kick or a goal kick. If the game ends in a tie and is not an elimination round match during the championship mode, the game will switch to a graphical penalty kick view.

To start a game, the player must first select which country they would like to be. Teams are rated on a scale from 1 to 5 (5 being the best) based on four different attributes (Speed, Skill, Defense, and Keeper). The best team in the game is Brazil, while the worst two teams are China and Japan. Games run for 90 minutes, where each minute in the game is actually 6 seconds. There are three audio tracks during game play, chosen based on the teams in the match.

Playable countries
Upon release, some of the qualifying games for the tournament had not yet been played. This led to some of the playable countries in the video game not being the same as those who actually participated in the tournament. Due to this, the game features only 14 of the teams that would take part in the final tournament: Austria, Cameroon, Colombia, Costa Rica, Czechoslovakia, Egypt, Ireland, Romania, Sweden and the UAE do not appear in the game.

Reception
The One reviewed the home computer versions (Amiga, Atari ST, DOS) of World Championship Soccer in 1991, criticising the "rudimentary" ways the player may pass and shoot the ball, stating that "There are no fancy overhead kicks, headers, volleys or half-volleys here, nor anything that gives you effective control over the strength of your kick." The One furthermore calls World Championship Soccer a "mediocre alternative" to Kick Off 2, but expresses that while "there is nothing wrong with WCS's structure - it is more accurate than Kick Off 2's 'three points for a win' World Cup, and the quality of the teams is varied enough to keep you hooked ... the action lacks substance." The One calls World Championship Soccer "basic, no frills" soccer.

See also
 World Cup USA '94
 List of Sega Genesis games

References

External links

1989 video games
1990 FIFA World Cup
Amiga games
Arcade video games
Atari ST games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
Association football video games
Sega video games
Sega Genesis games
Sports video games set in Italy
ZX Spectrum games
Video games scored by Mark Cooksey
Video games set in 1990
Video games developed in Japan
Elite Systems games

World Championship Soccer


Caridad Bravo Adams (; born on January 14, 1908, in Villahermosa, Tabasco – August 13, 1990 in Mexico City) was a prolific Mexican writer and the most famous telenovela writer worldwide.

She was born to a couple of Cuban actors and she was part of an extended family of artists, being the sister of Venezuelan actor Leon Bravo, one of the pioneers of theater, radio and TV in Venezuela. She published her first book at the age of 16, titled Pétalos sueltos.  She then moved back to Cuba with her parents, and later returned to Mexico, where she kept writing and obtained a role in her only film, Corazón bandolero (1934). She became a chair member of the Ateneo Mexicano de Mujeres and later moved back to Cuba, where she wrote the radionovela Yo no creo en los hombres, which was adapted in Mexico for telenovelas in 1969 and 1988. Upon the rise of Fidel Castro, she returned to Mexico, where she would remain the rest of her life. Back in Mexico, she wrote Corazón salvaje, a novel that has been adapted to the screen twice and as a telenovela four times (including once as Juan del Diablo in Puerto Rico). She then wrote La intrusa, Bodas de odio and other novels that earned her important awards.

The nature of her work

Caridad Bravo Adams can easily be identified as the Margaret Mitchell of telenovelas. Though she has her own style of writing Caridad's most successful stories are the ones in which she deals with the Margaret Mitchell-like topic of loveless marriage and the process of conquering one's wife. In Corazón salvaje, La mentira, Bodas de odio (and later Amor real), El otro (and later Por tu amor) she deals with the subject of a seemingly loveless marriage that turns out not to be so. Just like Mitchell, Caridad explores the human psychology from the perspective of a protagonist who ignores her true emotions and goes through a process of realizing the feelings that were there all along. Hence a love and hate relationship begins until finally the emotional worlds of the couple come to light. Her male figure is always a dashing Rhett Buttler, noble, strong but hiding his feelings behind irony. Her female figure on the other hand varies keeping as only thing in common with Mitchell's Scarlet O'Hara, her strength of character and stubbornness.

Films as an actress
 Corazón bandolero (1934)

As a writer

Poetry
 Pétalos sueltos (1924)
 Reverbación (1931)
 Trópico(1933)
 Marejada (1940)

Novels
 La mentira o El amor nunca muere (1952)
 Corazón salvaje (1956)
 Tzintzuntzn (La Noche de los Muertos)-1967
 Bodas de odio
 La imperdonable
 La intrusa
 Yo no creo en los hombres
 Cuatrilogía primordial

Plays
 Agustín Ramírez (1962)

Films
 La mentira (1952)
 Pecado mortal (1955)
 Corazón salvaje (1956)
 Orgullo de mujer (1956, novel El otro)
 Cuentan de una mujer (1959)
 Corazón salvaje (1968)
 Deborah (1968)
 La mentira (1970)
 Estafa de amor (1970)

Telenovelas
 La mentira
 Yo no creo en los hombres
 La intrusa/ Gabriela
 Pecado mortal
 El engaño/ Estafa de amor
 Corazón salvaje
 Orgullo de mujer
 El enemigo
 Adiós, amor mío
 Más allá del corazón
 Cita con la muerte
 Cristina Guzmán
 Sueña conmigo Donaji
 Más fuerte que el odio/ Amor en el desierto
 Lo prohibido
 Deborah
 La desconocida
 Águeda
 Cristina
 El precio de un hombre
 La hiena
 Mamá

 Alma y carne
 Bodas de odio
 Herencia maldita
 Una sombra entre los dos / Al pie del altar
 Tormenta de pasiones
 Un Paraíso Maldito / Azul infierno
 Nunca te Olvidare 1999

Awards
 Nezahualcóyolt medal of the Mexican Writers Guild

References

External links
  Biography

1908 births
1990 deaths
Mexican people of Cuban descent
Telenovela writers
People from Villahermosa
Mexican LGBT screenwriters
Mexican LGBT journalists
Mexican women journalists
Amor real
20th-century women writers
Women soap opera writers
20th-century Mexican screenwriters
20th-century Mexican LGBT people

Caridad Bravo Adams


George David Coulon (November 14, 1822 – February 28, 1904) was a French-born artist, born in Seloncourt.

Life
When he was ten years old, his family moved to New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. According to Coulon, "as a child, I made drawings and colored them with indigo, the juice of herbs and berries." His father, Georges-Louis Coulon (January 1, 1801-?), wanted him to apprentice in his watchmaker shop, but after a few trial months, he decided to follow his "natural inclination."

He studied in New Orleans with Toussaint Bigot, Louis David, François Fleischbein, Julien Hudson, and Jacques Amans in Paris, France with Anne-Louis Girodet.  He received instruction in decorative painting under Antonio Mondelli.

Work
Coulon assisted Leon Pomarede in painting a copy of Raphael's Transfiguration above the altar of St. Patrick's Church and helped fresco the ceiling of the criminal court in the Cabildo. Known for his landscapes, portraits, and religious paintings, Coulon worked as an artist and teacher in New Orleans for more than fifty years.

He was one of the founders of the Southern Art Union and the Artists' Association of New Orleans.

George David Coulon married Marie-Paoline Casbergue (1831–1914), a New Orleans native and artist in her own right known for still lifes of birds and game.  They had two children, Mary Elizabeth Emma Coulon (1859–1928) and George Joseph Amede Coulon (1854–1922), who were also well-known artists.

References

External links
The Cabildo
 KnowLA- Encyclopedia of Louisiana, George David Coulon encyclopedia entry

1822 births
1904 deaths
19th-century American painters
American male painters
20th-century American painters
Artists from New Orleans
French emigrants to the United States
Painters from Louisiana
19th-century American male artists
20th-century American male artists

George David Coulon


Elizabeth Lydia "Eliza" Manningham-Buller, Baroness Manningham-Buller LG DCB (born 14 July 1948) is one of the most senior women in British public life.

She was Director General of MI5, the British internal Security Service, from October 2002 until her retirement on 20 April 2007, aged 58. She became a crossbench life peer on 18 April 2008. She is now chair of the Wellcome Trust, the largest private financer of medical research in the UK.

Early years
Her father, Reginald Manningham-Buller, was Lord Chancellor from 1954 to 1962. Ms Manninham-Buller was educated at Northampton High School, Beneden School and Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford. She was recruited into the Security Service in her 20s.

Career in MI5
Specializing in counter-terrorism rather than MI5's usual counter-espionage, she was active at the time of the Lockerbie bombing by Libya in 1988. She worked for K-branch against the IRA. During the early 1980s she was said to be one of only five people who knew that Oleg Gordievsky, the deputy head of the KGB at the Soviet Embassy in London, was actually a double agent.

She was sent to Washington, D.C. as liaison to the US intelligence community over the first Gulf War. Then she led the newly created MI5 Irish counter-terrorism section from 1992. She was promoted to the Management Board of the Security Service the next year.

Manningham-Buller became the director in charge of surveillance and technical operations. She was appointed Deputy Director General in 1997, and succeeded Sir Stephen Lander as Director General in 2002. She was the second woman to take on the role after Dame Stella Rimington. As Director General, she was paid £150,000 a year. She established a website and recruited agents through newspaper advertisements. Under her direction, terror risk assessments were made public for the first time.

In the 2005 Birthday Honours, Manningham-Buller was appointed to the Order of the Bath as a Dame Commander (DCB). She resigned from MI5 on 21 April 2007, and was succeeded by her deputy, Jonathan Evans. That month marked the end of her 33rd year in the Security Service. She was raised to the peerage as Baroness Manningham-Buller, of Northampton in the County of Northamptonshire on 2 June 2008.

BBC Reith Lectures
In June 2011, the BBC announced Eliza Manningham-Buller would present the 2011 Reith Lectures, alongside the Burmese pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi in a series entitled Securing Freedom. Eliza Manningham-Buller's lectures broadcast on BBC Radio 4 and the BBC world service in September 2011, marked the ten-year anniversary of the September 11 attacks on the United States.

In her first lecture, titled "Terror", recorded at BBC Broadcasting House in London, she reflected on the lasting significance of 11 September 2001, asking was it a terrorist crime, an act of war, or something different. She also examined the impact the US-led invasion of Iraq had on the fight against al-Qaeda.

In her second lecture, titled "Security", recorded at the Leeds City Museum, she said that the use of torture is "wrong and never justified" and should be "utterly rejected even when it may offer the prospect of saving lives". She said that the use of torture had not made the world a safer place, adding that the use of water-boarding by the United States was a "profound mistake" and as a result America lost its "moral authority".

In her third and final lecture, titled "Freedom", recorded at the British Library in London, she discussed foreign policy priorities since the September 11 attacks. She stated that it was "necessary" to talk to dictators and terrorists, to protect security and said that the British government's decision to engage with Colonel Gaddafi in 2003 was "the right decision". She went on to say that protecting British citizens would be impossible if the security services were restricted to talking only to those with shared values and cited examples where people once deemed terrorists were now part of the political establishment: "Look at Northern Ireland, where former terrorists are in government... look at Mandela and the ANC which used terror tactics when it was in exile."

References

1948 births
Living people
British intelligence people
Directors of intelligence agencies
Knights of the Garter
Order of the Bath
People from Northampton

Eliza Manningham-Buller