List of chess terms: in alphabetical order.

A

Adjournment
When the game is paused temporarily. Less common today, as most games are played to a finish. If a game is adjourned, a sealed move is necessary so the player to move does not have any advantage.

Adjudication
Method to decide the result of an unfinished game. It is done by an expert who judges the position on the board. The expert is often appointed before the tournament or match starts. The method is only used if games are not played to a finish, and there are no adjournments.

Adjust piece
See J'adoube

Algebraic
System of chess notation in which each square has one name. From White's left to right, each file is labelled from a to h. From White's bottom to top, each rank is labelled 1 to 8. Thus the left bottom square is a1, and the right top square is h8.

Annotation
Commentary on a game using a combination of written comments and chess notation.

Attack
An assault on part of the opponent's position. May be short-term (e.g., after 1.e4 Nf6, Black attacks White's pawn on e4), or long-term. Examples of long-term attacks:  a sustained mating attack against the enemy king or a minority attack against the opponent's queenside pawn structure. See also: defence and initiative

B

Backward pawn
Pawn on an otherwise open file, on the 2nd or 3rd rank, which cannot be supported by another pawn, or advanced.

Bad bishop
Bishop blocked long-term by pawns on squares of its own colour.

Basic endings
Endgames with few pawns or pieces. Set positions and ideas which can be taught to learners, and which every player should know.
Examples: doing checkmate with
a queen
a rook
two bishops
a bishop and knight.
a rook and pawn versus an opponent rook

Bind
A bind is a hold on the opponent's position which stops him from freeing it. Usually by means of pawns; a severe type of restraint.

Bishop pair
The term used to describe the retention of both bishops. This term is usually used after one of both knights has been exchanged for one of both bishops. The player with the 'bishop pair' theoretically has the advantage over an opponent with two knights, or a bishop and a knight.

Blindfold chess
Chess played by a strong player without being able to see the board. The player is not blind, but sits with his back to the boards, or wears a blindfold. Moves are called out in notation.

Blitz chess
Defined by FIDE (Appendix C) as a game where all the moves must be made within a set time of less than 15 minutes for each side. They are always played with clocks. Some special rules are required. Players need not write down the moves; touch & move does not apply. Instead, a move is completed only when the player starts the opponent's clock. There is usually a provision for a player to stop the clock and claim a draw when there is no way for the opponent to win. Wins on time must be claimed by the player; games are drawn if both flags fall.

Blockade
The obstruction of an enemy pawn by placing a piece in front of it so that it cannot move.

Also, more generally, the severe restraint of an opponent's position so that it is difficult for him to find active play.

Bughouse
A type of chess played by four players on two boards. Pieces can be moved from one board to another. A checkmate on either board wins the game.

C

Castling
A simultaneous move (the only one in chess) whereby king and rook move past each other. See page for details.

Chaturanga
The earliest form of chess. See History of chess.

Cheating at chess
Any deliberate violation of the Laws of Chess. The most frequent accusations of cheating include violations of the touch and move law (Article 4) and 'no outside help' (Article 12) rules.

Check
A move which attacks the opposing king.

Checkmate
A move which attacks the opposing king, and which the opponent cannot get out of.

Chess clocks
Clocks control the timing of chess games. They show separately the time taken by each player. Electronic clocks can also count the moves made, and apply the set time limits for a game.

Chess960
Chess960, also called Fischer Random Chess, is a variant of chess invented and advocated by former world chess champion Bobby Fischer, announced publicly on June 19, 1996, in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Combination
A forcing sequence of moves, usually has a sacrifice, to gain the advantage. In the diagram White wins with 1.Nh6+ Kh8 2.Qg8+ Rxg8 3.Nf7#. This is both a combination and a smothered mate.

Correspondence chess
Chess with moves sent by mail. Once popular, especially in remote areas, but now not so popular. It has been hurt by the invention of computer chess engines.

Counter-attack
Where a player defends by attacking his opponent instead of making defensive moves. Example: when players castle on opposite wings, both attack each other's king, making as few defensive moves as possible.

D

Dark square bishop
A bishop which moves on the dark squares.

Defence
An opening played by Black, e.g. Sicilian Defence.
A move or series of moves taken to protect a piece or position which is under attack.

Descriptive Notation
An older form of notation, each half of the board describes its squares based in relevance to prices of the board. An E4 opening could be described as King's Pawn 4 or Queen's Knight to queen's Bishop 3. Although this method is very uncommon and superseded by Algebraic Notation, it is still encountered in several chess books.

Development
A fundamental concept of opening theory. The number of pieces in active play. Can be assessed comparatively, by counting the number of active pieces developed by each side. To some extent, development is reactive. What one player does is affected by what the opponent does. Therefore, development proceeds differently in different openings.

Diagonals
The squares on which bishops move, at 45o to the ranks and files.

Discovered check
A check given by a line-piece when a shielding piece or pawn is moved out of the way.

Double attack
The basis of all tactics. It occurs when one move attacks two places at the same time, as might happen with a discovered check, or a fork.

Doubled isolated pawns
Two pawns of the same colour on the same file which do not have a pawn of the same colour on either of the adjacent files.

Doubled pawn
Two pawns of the same colour on the same file. Can only happen after a capture by one of the pawns.

Draw
One of three potential outcomes of a chess game, the others being Win and Loss. Draws may occur by agreement, by stalemate, or by the expiration of a player's time when the opponent does not possess sufficient material to cause checkmate, i.e. a lone king. In tournament play, a draw results in a score of 0.5 for each player; otherwise the players score 1.0 for a win, and 0.0 for a loss.

Dynamic
A style of play which is "double-edged". Typically, long-term pawn weaknesses may be counterbalanced by piece activity. Dynamism stemmed from the teachings of the 'Hypermodern movement', which challenged the dogma found in more classical teachings, such as those of Wilhelm Steinitz and Siegbert Tarrasch.

E

ELO rating
The rating system invented by the late Professor Arpad Elo, and used by FIDE since 1970. The system gives a four-figure number which shows how well a player has scored in those games which have been entered into the database. It is an estimate of strength based on results, and is widely used to place players into categories. 2500 and above is grandmaster level.p123

Endgame
The stage of the game with few pieces or when queens are exchanged and the middle game is over.

En passant
A special method of capturing, only available to a pawn on its fifth rank. See En passant rule.

Equality
When neither player has an advantage.

Exchange
May mean:
Simple capture of material by each player.
Specifically, the exchange of a rook for a minor piece (bishop or knight).

F

Fianchetto
Developing the bishop at the squares b2, g2, b7 or g7. Also, moving a pawn one square forward to allow this. It is a hallmark of the hypermodern openings: the bishops there do not occupy the centre, but influence it.

FIDE
Fédération Internationale des Échecs: the International Chess Federation. The overall governing body of the game.

Fifty-move rule
The game is drawn if 50 moves are played with no captures and no pawn moves. This is to prevent a player forcing his opponent to play on in a position where no win is possible, yet where three-fold repetition has not happened. The rule is ancient: the Arabic version of the game, Shatranj, had a 70-move rule.

There is an exception to the 50-move rule. There are some positions which require more than 50 moves to win, yet have no captures or pawn moves. They are rare, and many players never see such an event in their lifetime. The circumstance is as follows. Suppose a computer study has shown that a particular position can be won in 58 moves (without pawn moves or captures), but not fewer. This is proved because a computer can try out every alternative. Then the case is published (so FIDE can list it for arbitrators). The cases listed by FIDE in 1988 were:
Q v B+B; Q v N+N; B+B v N; N+N v pawn; Q+pawn one square from promotion v Q; R+B v R. In all cases, no other pieces except the kings are on the board.p134

What FIDE did for these cases was to extend the 50-move rule to 75 moves. However, still more cases were found, many with far more moves needed. At that, FIDE decided to cancel the extension. Now the 50-move rule applies to all games without exception.

Figurines
Little images of pieces used in diagrams and printed chess scores (moves). Software is available which permits chess authors to compose text with diagrams and figurines. Together with standard symbols, this makes texts available for international sale. For this to apply, the text should have little or no prose, or use a widely understood language like English.

File
The eight vertical columns on the board, numbered a to h. The phrase open file is used when no pawn blocks a file. The phrase semi-open file is used when only one pawn blocks a file.

Fork
A double attack when one piece, such as a knight, attacks two or three pieces at once.

Forsyth notation
A method for recording positions. The board is read from a8 to h8, and rank by rank from the black side to the white side. Then the result is written down by hand, putting numbers for blank squares.
Upper case letters (capitals) are used for white pieces; lower case letters for black pieces. * rnbqkbnr/pppppppp/8/8/8/8/PPPPPPPP/RNBQKBNR is the starting position.

G

Gambit
A chess opening in which a player offers a pawn (or more) for fast development and an attack. Examples:
King's Gambit: 1e4 e5 2f4: Black can take the pawn and keep it.
Queen's Gambit: 1d4 d5 2c4: Black can take the pawn, but cannot keep it. It is not really a gambit, but called so by tradition.

Grading
Grading or rating: a number which indicates how likely one player is to beat another. A competitive ranking list based solely on results.

H

Hanging
The situation where a player, in error, moves a piece to where it can be captured without an exchange. For instance, player A. just hung his or her bishop.

Hypermodern
A group of players in the early 1920s who had new ideas on openings; and any of the openings they promoted.

I

Initiative
The situation where one player is making threats, and his opponent must respond to them. The attacking player is said to "have the initiative" and can often dictate the way the game develops.

Isolated pawn
Isolated pawns do not have a pawn of the same colour on either of the adjacent files. An Isolated Queens Pawn, or 'IQP' for short, is one of the most common types of Isolated Pawns. Openings with an IQP lead to distinctive [[middlegame]] strategies.

J

J'adoube
Means 'I adjust'; said before adjusting a piece on the board during a game. Usually occurs when a player has made a move, and carelessly left the piece overlapping the square.

K

Kriegspiel
Kriegspiel ('War game') is an unorthodox chess game in which the players only know for certain the moves of their own pieces. They have to deduce where the opponent's pieces are by questioning an umpire. It is played on three boards with partitions between them. The umpire sits with the middle board with the true position. Players are permitted to ask two kinds of question. "Can I move here?" and "Are there any?" (meaning pawn captures). The umpire replies accordingly. Checks and captures are announced by the umpire, and provide more clues. The game was invented by Henry Michael Temple (1862–1928).p211

L

Living chess
Chess played with human beings as pieces on a giant board. A spectacle which has been performed since the 15th century. Usually, masters or other celebrities decide the moves, and a steward with a stick instructs the 'pieces' where to move.p230

Luft
Luft, the German word for "air" (sometimes also "space" or "breath"), is sometimes used for a space made by a pawn move. Especially it means a space made for the king to avoid a back rank checkmate.

M

Major piece
Queen or rook.

Match
Not a game, but a series of games. Used of team events or a series of games between two players.

Material
Material refers to the chess pieces other than the king, and their respective values. Traditional material values given to the pieces are: Queen (9); Rook (5); Bishop and Knight (3.0); Pawn (1.0), although the values are the subject of substantial discussion.

Middlegame
The part of the game which follows the opening. Plans are formed, based on the position, and put into action.

Minor piece
Bishop or knight.

N

Notation
The method of writing down chess moves. See also Forsyth notation.

O

Opening
The start of the game, about a dozen moves. Openings have names, and extensive theory has been worked out by masters. Traditionally, the opening ends when minor pieces (knights and bishops) have been developed, and players have castled. However, modern openings go much further, into the early middlegame. See development.

Opening variation
A line in a particular opening. For example, in the Sicilian defence there are many different lines which are called variations.

Outpost

A position on the chess board where a piece is close to the enemy but difficult for the opponent to remove. There is no reason it has to be a knight, nor does it have to be protected by a pawn.

Overworked/Overloaded
Overworked, also known as overloaded, is a tactical weakness in chess where a piece is tasked to defend multiple threats at the same time. In many cases, this results in the overworked piece being unable to move and/or being forced to prioritize which task it can preform in order to mitigate loses.

P

Pawn storms
A situation arising from opposite-side castling. One, or both players, advance their pawns towards their opponent's king. This is usually not done on same-side castling, as advancing the pawns in front of one's own king is generally unsafe.

Perpetual check
Checking someone seemingly infinitely, forcing a draw by checking someone indefinitely with no way of avoiding the checks.

Pin
When a piece does not move because to do so would expose a more valuable piece to capture. Pins against the king are absolute because it is illegal to move the pinned piece.

Position
?

Positional play
Play dominated by long-term manoeuvring, not short-term attacks and threats. It needs judgement more than calculation. The term is contrasted with tactics.

Problems
A chess problem is an artificial construction, not part of the game, but using a board and pieces. It is a separate intellectual activity. Chess problems have a history as long as the game itself, and their own terminology. The Arabs (9th/10th centuries) used specially composed positions (mansurbat) as teaching devices; the idea of specifying a set number of moves to mate is European. Problem solving tournaments are held, and there is a World Championship for problem solvers. There are also international prizes for problem composers.p319

Promotion
Promotion is what happens when a pawn reaches the other side of the board (that is, the 8th rank) and cannot move further. Then it becomes any other piece on the board, except the king. Players usually promote their pawns to a queen  (called queening) because it is the most powerful piece on the board. There are cases where a player might want to promote a pawn to a knight, rook, or bishop instead. This is called an underpromotion, but they almost never happen, as almost all promotions are made to a queen.

Prophylaxis
A key concept of positional chess. It is a move, or sequence of moves, to deal with an opponent's plan before it starts. Sometimes one can completely stop the threat; sometimes one just makes the plan relatively harmless. The idea was spelled out in detail in Nimzovich's books My system and Chess praxis. Prophylactic moves are often seen in games by Capablanca, Petrosian and Karpov.

R

Randomized chess
The idea of choosing the layout of the pieces on the back row at random. The point is to avoid opening knowledge. White picks the pieces out of a bag and places them left to right; Black places his pieces on the corresponding squares. Alternatively, each player places his own pieces at random, producing two different arrays. The idea has been tried several times in the last 200 years, but has never caught on. There are problems. Usually special rules are needed for the king (castling?) and the bishops (no two bishops on the same colour squares). More serious is the great difficulty players experience in getting the pieces to work together.p331

Rank
The horizontal eight lines on the board, labelled 1 to 8.

Rapidplay
Rapidplay (FIDE Laws, Appendix B) is a game where each player has a set time for all the moves. That time can be from 15 to 60 minutes. Players need not record the moves. The touch & move rule is usually put aside by the organiser; if so starting the opponent's clock is the official end of a move. In other words, a player can change his mind so long as his own clock is running.

Removing the Defender/Removing the Guard
Removing the Defender, also known as removing the guard is a chess tactic where a chess piece is either captured or forced to move in order to eliminate the protection of an opponent's piece.

Resign
To concede loss of the game. A resignation is usually done by stopping the clock, and sometimes by offering a handshake or saying "I resign".

S

Sacrifice
The intentional loss of material to get a more important result. Often the start of a combination.

Sacrifice the exchange
The intentional exchange of piece of greater value for a piece of smaller value in order to get a more important result. For instance, the exchange of a rook for a minor piece (bishop or knight), or the exchange of a queen for a rook.

Score sheet

The sheet of paper used to write down the moves of a game in progress. During formal games both players must record the game using a score sheet.

Sealed move
Made when a game is adjourned. Score sheet with move and position are placed in an envelope, and played on the board when the game is resumed.

Simultaneous display
When a master plays a number of opponents at the same time. Usually arranged as a ring of tables, with the master moving round inside, and the opponents outside. Players move when the master arrives at their board, master replies and moves on.

Skewer
Like a pin, but the valuable piece is in front. So black B, white K and white R on a diagonal in that order wins the rook.
Unlike the fork, a skewer only works with a line piece (B, R, Q).

Stalemate
Where a player is not in check, but has no legal moves. It is a draw in modern chess.

Study
A chess or endgame study is a position which is made to show an interesting point. It is usual for studies to be endgame positions. Unlike chess problems, studies are connected to the game.

Squeeze
A term in positional chess, where a player loses ground because he/she has to make a move. See Zugzwang.

Symbols
A series of symbols are in wide use. They help annotate games of chess.
! good move
!! very good move
!? deserves consideration
?! doubtful move
? bad move
?? blunder
+/= White has a small advantage
=/+ Black has a small advantage
± White has advantage
–/+ Black has advantage
+– White has a winning advantage
–+ Black has a winning advantage
∞ unclear position
=/∞ with compensation for sacrificed material
Δ with the idea of
↑ with initiative
→ with attack

T

Tactics
Short-term attacks requiring exact calculation, sometimes called 'forcing sequences'. It is contrasted with positional play, which is long-term strategy.

Tempo
In chess, a single move. A loss of a tempo would be taking two moves where one would do. This may, or may not, be critical in the early stages of a game.

Touch and move law
Article 4 of the Laws of Chess. If the player to play touches a piece, it must be moved if possible. If there is no legal move, then the player may make any legal move. See also J'adoube, which permits adjustment of pieces without penalty.

Transposition
To arrive at the same position from different move orders. Common in certain openings, such as the Modern defence.

Trebuchet
A trebuchet is a type of reciprocal zugzwang occurring in pawn endgames, where each King is attacking the others pawn and whoever it is to move loses.

Z

Zugzwang
A position, usually in an ending, where the player to move loses because he/she must move. A more complex definition is given by Hooper:
"Zugzwang... is a position in which whoever has the move would obtain a worse result than if it were the opponent's turn to play".p458 See Squeeze.

Zwischenzug
An "in between move", where a player, instead of playing the expected move, first inserts a move which the opponent must answer, before making the expected move.

References

Terms
Chess

List of chess terms


Deinocheiridae is a family of ornithomimosaurian dinosaurs, living in Asia and the Americas from the Albian until the Maastrichtian. The family was originally named by Halszka Osmólska and Roniewicz in 1970, including only the type genus Deinocheirus. In a 2014 study by Yuong-Nam Lee and colleagues and published in the journal Nature, it was found that Deinocheiridae was a valid family. Lee et al. found that based on a new phylogenetic analysis including the recently discovered complete skeletons of Deinocheirus, the type genus, as well as Garudimimus and Beishanlong, could be placed as a successive group, with Beishanlong as the most primitive and Deinocheirus as most derived. The family Garudimimidae, named in 1981 by Rinchen Barsbold, is now a junior synonym of Deinocheiridae as the latter family includes the type genus of the former. The group existed from 115 to 69 million years ago, with Beishanlong living from 115 to 100 mya, Garudimimus living from 98 to 83 mya, and Deinocheirus living from 71 to 69 mya. Other genera included are Paraxenisaurus, and possibly Harpymimus and Hexing.

Classification
When originally named, Halszka Osmólska and Ewa Roniewicz, found that Deinocheirus was a carnosaurian, and because of its extremely unusual arms, named the monotypic family Deinocheiridae for it. Osmólska and Roniewicz found that Deinocheiridae could be placed within the superfamily Megalosauroidea, within the infraorder Carnosauria (Carnosauria at the time was a paraphyletic group of all large theropods). Previously, the only carnosaurian from that time and place in Asia was the tyrannosaurid Tarbosaurus.

Osmólska and Roniewicz diagnosed Deinocheiridae, based on the only genus of the time in the family, Deinocheirus. Their diagnosis was "Gigantic carnivorous dinosaurs with long, slender scapula and long fore limbs; manus with three, uniformly developed fingers, ending in strong, large claws". Based on Deinocheirus again, the temporal range and distribution for the family was found limited to the Upper Cretaceous of the Upper Nemegt Formation of the Gobi Desert, Mongolia. Osmólska and Roniewicz noted, however, that the features of this family were very similar to those of Ornithomimus, but kept them separate on the possibility of convergence.

Rinchen Barsbold used this family as potentially valid, and in 1976, named the infraorder Deinocheirosauria for it. Within the infraorder he placed Deinocheiridae and Therizinosauridae, finding reason for the families to be united. In 1983, Barsbold elaborated, mentioning features uniting deinocheirids and therizinosaurids, mainly in the region of the hand and forelimb. He hypothesized that deinocheirosaurs would have had moderately-sized skull even though they were gigantic in size. Deinocheirus was mentioned and diagnosed as the only deinocheirid, while Therizinosaurus was mentioned to be the only therizinosaurid.

Jacques Gauthier, in 1986, found that Deinocheiridae was synonymous with Ornithomimidae. He used Ornithomimidae as a similar group to Ornithomimosauria, including Elaphrosaurus (a non-coelurosaurian), Ajancingenia (then Ingenia; an oviraptorid), Ornithomimus, Struthiomimus, Archaeornithomimus, Gallimimus, Dromiceiomimus, Garudimimus and Deinocheirus.

In a 2014 study by Yuong-Nam Lee and his colleagues, describing new specimens of Deinocheirus, it was found that the genus was indeed a close relative of Ornithomimus, and that the family Deinocheiridae was valid and not monotypic. Lee et al. analysed the new specimens, which showed very distinct features, and found that the genera Garudimimus and Beishanlong, previously classified as close relatives of, although more primitive than, Ornithomimidae, could be grouped together in Deinocheiridae. As Garudimimus was strongly supported to be in the family as the closest relative of Deinocheirus, the family Garudimimidae, named in 1981 by Barsbold, one of the coauthors of the Lee et al. paper, is now a junior synonym of Deinocheiridae. Lee et al. gave Deinocheiridae it first and only definition: "Deinocheirus mirificus and all taxa sharing a more recent common ancestor with it than Ornithomimus velox". The cladogram published by Lee et al. and including the new material of Deinocheirus, is shown below in a simplified form.

References

Ornithomimosaurs
Prehistoric dinosaur families
Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia
Taxa named by Halszka Osmólska

Deinocheiridae


Jan Seidel (born 10 October 1984) is a German football referee.

Jan Seidel lives in Oberkrämer. He is a DFB referee for Grün-Weiß Brieselang. He has managed games in the North Regional league since the 2008–09 season, and he has managed the games in the 3rd division from the 2009–10 season up until the 2011–12 season. He later specialized as an assistant referee.

As a linesman, Seidel has been involved in the 2. Bundesliga games since the 2009/10 season and the Bundesliga games since the 2012–13 season. Since the 2016–17 season he has been a linesman of the UEFA Europa League, and since the 2017–18 season, the UEFA Champions League.

In April 2021, he was nominated along with Rafael Foltyn to be part of Daniel Siebert's refereeing team for the UEFA Euro 2020 in June and July 2021.

In May 2022, he was once again nominated together with Rafael Foltyn to be part of Daniel Siebert's refereeing team for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in November and December 2022.

References

Living people
German football referees
UEFA Euro 2020 referees
2022 FIFA World Cup referees
1984 births

Jan Seidel


The names of only a few of the queens of the Visigoths are known. As the Gothic monarchy was elective, all queens were such only as consorts of their husbands.

In his Chronicon John of Biclarum styles Goisuintha "queen" (regina) under the years 579 and 589. The wife of Reccared I subscribed to the canons of the Third Council of Toledo as "I, Baddo, glorious queen" (ego Baddo, gloriosa regina). There are at least three published studies on queenship among the Visigoths.

List of queens
Aelia Galla Placidia, wife of Ataulf (414–15)
Flavia Valiana, wife of Theodoric I (418–51)
Ragnagild (Ragnachildis), wife of Euric (466–84)
Theodegotha, wife of Alaric II (494–507)
Clotilde (Chrodechildis), wife of Amalaric (511/26–31)
Goisuintha (Goiswintha), wife of Athanagild (554–67)
Theodosia of Cartagena, first wife of Liuvigild (568–86)
Goisuintha (Goiswintha), second time, second wife of Liuvigild
Ingund (Ingunda), wife of Hermenegild (580–85), married 579
Baddo (Bauda), wife of Reccared I (580–601), predeceased him
Hildoara, wife of Gundemar (610–12)
, wife of Suintila (621–31)
Recciberga, wife of Chindasuinth (642–53)
Liuvigoto, wife of Erwig (680–87)
Cixilo, wife of Egica (687–702), married 670, but repudiated late 687
Egilona, wife of Roderic (710–11/2)

Bibliography
José Orlandis Rovira, "La reina en la monarquía visigoda", Anuario de Historia del Derecho Español 27–8 (1957–58): 109–35.
E. García Zueco, "Una aproximación a la figura de la Reina visigoda", Memorana, II (1998).
Amancio Isla Frez, "Reinas de los godos", Hispania 64 (2004).

Visigothic
Visigothic

List of Visigothic queens


John Jeremy Lloyd, OBE (22 July 1930 – 23 December 2014) was an English writer, screenwriter, author, poet and actor.  He was the co-writer of several successful British sitcoms, including Are You Being Served? and 'Allo 'Allo!.

Early years
John Jeremy Lloyd was born in Danbury, Essex to a mother who had been a dancer, and a petroleum engineer father who served as an officer in the Royal Engineers at the beginning of World War II. As a child he was sent to live with his grandmother in Manchester and rarely saw his parents, who he claimed had seen him as a failure. His father withdrew him from a private preparatory school in 1943.

Lloyd then worked as a junior assistant in the menswear department at Simpsons of Piccadilly and many of the characters depicted in Are You Being Served? were drawn from his recollections of his time there. He was also a travelling paint salesman and believed his early jobs gave him a better education than a university could have provided.

Career
Lloyd began his career as a writer in 1958 before making his film debut two years later in 1960 in School for Scoundrels, and appeared in numerous film and television comedies during the 1960s and 1970s. Notably, he was a regular performer on Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In during the 1969–70 television season. Back in England, after he completed the season, he met actress Joanna Lumley. A decision had to be made as to whether he would return to the U.S. for the start of the new season or remain in the UK and marry Lumley. He never returned to the United States.

In A Hard Day's Night (1964) Lloyd is uncredited as a tall man dancing at the disco with Beatles drummer Ringo Starr. In Help! (1965), he is a restaurant patron, also uncredited. In 1969, he filmed a scene with Peter Sellers for The Magic Christian, which co-starred Ringo Starr. Lloyd can be seen in a boardroom meeting offering marketing slogans for a really big car, and suggests "the gang's all here back seat." In 1967 he played the eccentric chimney sweep, Berthram Fortesque Wynthrope-Smythe, aka Bert Smith, in The Avengers episode, "From Venus With Love".

Lloyd's first major success as a comedy writer was with Are You Being Served? in 1972, on which he worked with David Croft. He and Croft subsequently produced 'Allo 'Allo!, which was equally popular in the UK, and a spinoff of Are You Being Served?, Grace & Favour, which aired in 1992. Lloyd wrote the poem/lyrics for the popular Captain Beaky album and books in 1980.

In 1993 Lloyd published his autobiography, titled with a phrase from 'Allo 'Allo!, called Listen Very Carefully—I Shall Say this Only Once (BBC Books: ).

Lloyd was the subject of what was considered an urban legend, that he had been invited to a dinner party at the home of Sharon Tate on the night that she was murdered by followers of Charles Manson. However, the story was verified as true when the octogenarian was interviewed by Emma Freud on the BBC Radio 4 programme, Loose Ends, on 10 December 2011.

Lloyd was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2013 New Year Honours for services to British comedy.

Personal life
Lloyd's first marriage in 1955 to model Dawn Bailey lasted seven years. After their marriage ended, he was briefly engaged to the actress Charlotte Rampling. Lloyd then married actress Joanna Lumley in May 1970, but that union ended in September of the same year. In 1992 he married actress Collette Northrop. In August 2014, Lloyd married Elizabeth "Lizzy" Moberly.

Death
Lloyd died on 23 December 2014, aged 84, after being admitted to a London hospital with pneumonia. He was survived by his wife Elizabeth.

Filmography

 School for Scoundrels (1960) – Dingle
 Man in the Moon (1960) – Jaguar driver
 Seven Keys (1961) – Freddy
 Very Important Person (1961) – Flt Lt. 'Bonzo' Baines DFC
 Flame in the Streets (1961) – (uncredited)
 Play it Cool (1962) – Man doing the Twist (uncredited)
 Operation Snatch (1962) – Capt. James
 Crooks Anonymous (1962) – M.C. at the Peekaboo Club
 Two and Two Make Six (1962) – Bowler-hatted young man
 We Joined the Navy (1962) – Dewberry Jr.
 Just for Fun (1963) – Prime Minister's son
 Death Drums Along the River (1963) – Tom Hamilton
 A Hard Day's Night (1964) – Tall Dancer at the Disco (uncredited)
 Those Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines (1965) – Lieutenant Parsons
 Help! (1965) – Restaurant Patron (uncredited)
 A Study in Terror (1965) – Rupert (uncredited)
 The Liquidator (1965) – Young Man
 Doctor in Clover (1966) – Lambert Symington
 The Wrong Box (1966) – Brian Allen Harvey
 The Sandwich Man (1966) – Jeremy – the Guardsman
 Three Hats for Lisa (1966) – Guards Officer
 The Long Duel (1967) – Crabbe
 Smashing Time (1967) – Jeremy Tove
 Salt and Pepper (1968) – Lord Ponsonby
 The Assassination Bureau (1969) – English Officer (uncredited)
 Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1969) – Johnson (uncredited)
 The Magic Christian (1969) – Lord Hampton
 Games That Lovers Play (1971) – Jonathan Chatterley
 Murder on the Orient Express (1974) – A.D.C.
 The Bawdy Adventures of Tom Jones (1976) – Lord Fellama
 Grace & Favour, Series 1, Episode 4 (1992) – Car driver
 'Allo 'Allo! – Series 9 Episode 1 – Gone with the Windmill (1992) – German officer
 Benjamin Britten: Peace and Conflict (2013) – David Layton (final film role)

References

External links

1930 births
2014 deaths
English male film actors
English male television actors
English television writers
Deaths from pneumonia in England
Male actors from Essex
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People from Danbury, Essex
English male writers
20th-century English male actors
British male television writers

Jeremy Lloyd


Margarita Aleksandrovna Miglau (; 16 March 1926, Lezye – 18 March 2013, Moscow) was a Soviet and Russian opera soprano. One of her major roles was Cio-Cio-San in Madama Butterfly, which she performed 173 times at the Bolshoi Theatre. She also played the role of Varya in the premiere of The Story of a Real Man.

Awards and honors

 Honored Artist of the RSFSR (1966)
 People's Artist of the RSFSR (1973)
 Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1976)
 Medal "Veteran of Labour" (1988)

References

1926 births
2013 deaths
20th-century Russian women opera singers
People from Kirovsky District, Leningrad Oblast
Academic staff of Gnessin State Musical College
Gnessin State Musical College alumni
Honored Artists of the RSFSR
People's Artists of the RSFSR
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Russian music educators
Russian women music educators
Russian operatic sopranos

Soviet music educators
Soviet operatic sopranos
Burials at Vvedenskoye Cemetery

Margarita Miglau


The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, also known as the 9/11 Commission, was set up on November 27, 2002, "to prepare a full and complete account of the circumstances surrounding the September 11 attacks". It also gave tips on how the country can respond to further attacks.

Chaired by former New Jersey Governor Thomas Kean, the commission consisted of five Democrats and five Republicans.

The commission was created by Congressional legislation, with the bill signed into law by President George W. Bush.

After the publication of its final report, the commission closed on August 21, 2004. The commission's website was shut down, but has been archived.

References

September 11 attacks

9/11 Commission


Barwałd Górny () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kalwaria Zebrzydowska, within Wadowice County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately  west of Kalwaria Zebrzydowska,  east of Wadowice, and  south-west of the regional capital Kraków.

The village was founded probably at the end of the thirteenth century. It was first mentioned in a written document in 1381 as the property of Sułek z [from] Barvalt, whose descendants would later be known as Barwałdzcy. In the sixteenth century, the village Barwałd was subdivided into three parts: Barwałd Górny (Upper), Barwałd Średni (Middle) and Barwałd Dolny (Lower). In 1540, the village was bought by king Sigismund I the Old and incorporated into the Royal Zator. The Zatorscy governors used the local people to cut wood, which was then sent to Zator. From the sixteenth century, the village belonged to Szaczowscy family, then Russoccy, then the Porębscy in the seventeenth century, and the Gołuchowscy in the eighteenth/nineteenth century. On the outskirts of the forest in the village, the Wallachian population incarcerated at the turn of the sixteenth and seventeenth century Tartar captives, Cossack and Russian. Starosta barwałdzki Wierzbowski Hermione told the local population to pay the rent, instead of being in serfdom to the castle in Zator. In 1665, Janowski Bębnowski displaced the local peasants from their land and assuming it as his own farm.

The construction of the railway took place in 1888 with a route through the center of the village where a railway station was opened. On 24 November 1944 a passenger train from Zakopane to Kraków collided with a German freight train, killing at least 130 people. In 1945 the Blotniccy family's mansion was demolished.

An antique wooden chapel hermitage of Saint Rosalie is located in Barwałd Górny, probably dating from the mid-eighteenth century. It consists of two chapels of St. Rosalie and St. Mary Magdalene and the cell-hermitage. Inside are a baroque altar of Our Lady and of St. Rosalie, there are two baroque paintings of 1747 of Christmas and the Adoration of the Magi, and also a nineteenth-century votive images related to the Passion Mysteries showing pilgrims on their pilgrimage to the sanctuary of Kalwaria Zebrzydowska.

References

Villages in Wadowice County
Kraków Voivodeship (14th century – 1795)
Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria

Barwałd Górny


Ragging is the term used for the so-called "initiation ritual" practiced in higher education institutions in the India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. The practise is similar to hazing in North America,  in France,  in Portugal, and other similar practices in educational institutions across the world. Ragging involves abuse, humiliation, or harassment of new entrants or junior students by the senior students. It often takes a malignant form wherein the newcomers may be subjected to psychological or physical torture.
In 2009, the University Grants Commission of India imposed regulations upon Indian universities to help curb ragging and launched a toll-free 'anti-ragging helpline'.

Ragging is a subset of bullying. Unlike various complex forms of bullying, ragging is easily recognisable.

According to University Grants Commission (India)'s anti-ragging cell data, 511 complaints of ragging were registered in India in 2021. Inaction and underreporting were cited as major causes of encouraging ragging. Medical colleges lead in ragging complaints, with most from the states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.

In India

Several highly reputed Indian colleges, especially medical ones have a history of ragging. Sometimes it is even considered to be a college tradition. It has become increasingly unpopular due to several complaints of serious injury to the victims and stringent laws pertaining to ragging. At the national level, ragging is currently defined as: "Any act of physical or mental abuse (including bullying and exclusion) targeted at another student (fresher or otherwise) on the ground of colour, race, religion, caste, ethnicity, gender (including transgender), sexual orientation, appearance, nationality, regional origins, linguistic identity, place of birth, place of residence or economic background."

Following Supreme Court orders, a National Anti-Ragging Helpline was launched by the Indian government.

A report from 2007 highlights 42 instances of physical injury, and reports on ten deaths purportedly the result of ragging.

Ragging in India commonly involves serious abuses and clear violations of human rights. Often media reports and others unearth that it goes on, in many institutions, in the infamous Abu Ghraib style, and on innocent victims.

However, the Anti-Ragging NGO Society Against Violence in Education (SAVE) has supported that ragging is also widely and dangerously prevalent in engineering and other institutions, mainly in the hostels.

Anti-Ragging Helpline and anonymous complaints
Following a Supreme Court order, a National Anti-Ragging Helpline was created to help the victims and take action in cases of ragging, by informing the head of the institution and the local police authorities of the ragging complaint from the college. The main feature of the helpline is that the complaints can be registered anonymously.

India's National Anti-Ragging Helpline started working in June 2009 to help students in distress due to ragging. It can be reached through email and a 24-hour toll-free number. Provision for anonymous complaints was considered of utmost important at the time of establishment of the helpline, since the victim after making the complaint remains with or close to the culprits, away from a fully secure environment. Since many ragging deaths, like Aman Kachroo's, occurred due to seniors taking a revenge of the complaint made, anonymous complaints were equally allowed at the helpline.

As per UGC regulations, it is mandatory for a college to register a first information report (F.I.R.) with police against the culprits if any violence, physical abuse, sexual harassment, confinement etc. takes place with any fresher. After receiving any such complaint from the helpline, it becomes the duty of the head of the institution to register the F.I.R. with police within 24 hours. In 2013, a police case was registered against the director, dean and registrar of a reputed college in Delhi for, among other charges, not informing the police and registering F.I.R. within 24 hours of receiving the ragging complaint. (failing to inform a public authority, IPC 176).

The database of the Anti-Ragging Helpline indicates that it has been to an extent successful in ensuring a safer environment in colleges from where it registered the complaints. In many cases, it forwarded the complaint to the University Grants Commission (UGC) for an action against those colleges which refused to take any action against the culprits.

Controversy
A major concern that was highlighted against the helpline was that it registered a minuscule percentage (0.1%) of the total phone calls it received. Specifically, the toll-free helpline (1800-180-5522) received  calls in the three months of November 2012 to January 2013, but only 190 complaints were registered in this period. In its defence, the helpline said that most of the calls it received were of inquiry in nature, of the eager students to know whether the helpline number worked or not. Some students changed their minds midway not to register the complaint. It also said that many of the calls were hoaxes as it was a toll-free number.

Legislation
In 1997, the state of Tamil Nadu first passed laws related to ragging. Subsequently, a major boost to anti-ragging efforts was given by a landmark judgement of the Supreme Court of India in May 2001, in response to a Public Interest Litigation filed by the Vishwa Jagriti Mission.

Maharashtra Prohibition of Ragging Act, 1999
In 1999, the Government of Maharashtra enacted the Maharashtra Prohibition of Ragging Act, 1999 to prohibit ragging which it defines as the:Display of disorderly conduct, doing of any act which causes or is likely to cause physical or psychological harm or raise apprehension or fear or shame or embarrassment to a student in any educational institution and includes— (i) teasing, abusing, threatening or playing practical jokes on, or causing hurt to, such student ; or (ii) asking a student to do any act or perform something which such student will not, in the ordinary course, willingly, do.

The objective of the act is to create a framework to establish ragging as a criminal act, and lay out possible punishments under the law. Section 4 of the Act states: "Whoever directly or indirectly commits, participates in, abets or propagates ragging within or outside any educational institution shall, on conviction, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years and shall also be liable to a fine which may extend to ten thousand rupees."

Students who have been convicted under this act may also be dismissed from their educational institution, and not be allowed to enroll in any other educational institution for five years. In addition, the act lays out a procedure by which education institutions should handle accusations of ragging, with suspension of the accused student(s) and investigation of the allegations, and holds those institutions accountable if they fail to act in the manner described. Under Section 7 of the Act, the head of the institution who fails or neglects to properly investigate such allegations :"shall be deemed to have abetted the offense of ragging and shall, on conviction, be punished as provided for in section 4",  In other words, the school principal, chancellor, or other head faces the same punishment as a student who has been accused and convicted under this law.

It was applied in 2013, and resulted in the suspension of six students from Rajiv Gandhi Medical College in Mumbai. The most notable case in which it has been applied is the Suicide of Payal Tadvi, in which three senior medical students were charged under this act as well as under the Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, and the Information Technology Act, 2000. The charge-sheet filed by the Mumbai Police alleges that the ragging in this case consisted of harassment, humiliation, and discrimination, which directly led to her suicide. Since 2018, at the Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, the university which supervises the Topiwala National Medical College where Payal Tadvi studied, six of seven accusations of ragging could not proven.  In 2010, 18 students at the Seth GS Medical College were arrested and charged with ragging under the Act.

In 2015, L.K. Kshirsagar, principle of the Maharashtra Institute of Technology's College of Engineering, was arrested and charged under Section 7 of the Act, for failing to investigate and neglecting his duties under the law, in a case involving three students who had been accused of ragging the previous year.

In June 2019, after the suicide of Payal Tadvi, there were calls to strengthen the anti-ragging laws to check anti-caste bias. The law itself does not mention caste-based discrimination or other specific forms of bias.

Central Government and Supreme Court Legislation

The Indian Supreme Court has taken a strong stand to prevent ragging. In 2006, the court directed the H.R.D. Ministry of the Govt. of India to form a panel which will suggest guidelines to control ragging.

The Ministry of Human Resources Development (MHRD), following a directive by the Supreme Court, appointed a seven-member panel headed by former CBI director Dr. R. K. Raghavan to recommend anti-ragging measures. The Raghavan Committee report, submitted to the court in May 2007, includes a proposal to include ragging as a special section under the Indian Penal Code. The Supreme Court of India interim order (based on the recommendations) dated 16 May 2007 makes it obligatory for academic institutions to file official First Information Reports with the police in any instance of a complaint of ragging. This would ensure that all cases would be formally investigated under the criminal justice system, and not by the academic institutions' own ad-hoc bodies.

Welcoming the Supreme Court's judgment on ragging, Dr. Raghavan said, "there are finally signs that the recommendations to prevent ragging in colleges will be taken seriously".

In 2007, the Supreme Court directed that all the higher educational institutions should include information about all the ragging incidents in their brochures/prospectus of admission.

2009 UGC Regulation

In 2009, in the wake of Aman Kachroo's death, the University Grants Commission (UGC) passed UGC regulation on curbing ragging in higher educational institutions. These regulation mandate every college responsibilities to curb ragging, including strict pre-emptive measures, like lodging freshers in a separate hostel, surprise raids at night by the anti-ragging squad and submission of affidavits by all senior students and their parents taking oath not to indulge in ragging.

Subsequently, UGC has made few amendments to the Regulation. As per these,

 It is no longer required to get the verification of the affidavit done by an oath commissioner.
 The definition of ragging is updated to read: "Any act of physical or mental abuse (including bullying and exclusion) targeted at another student (fresher or otherwise) on the ground of colour, race, religion, caste, ethnicity, gender (including transgender), sexual orientation, appearance, nationality, regional origins, linguistic identity, place of birth, place of residence or economic background."

Anti-ragging movement in India
With the situation of ragging worsening yearly, there is emerging a spontaneous anti-ragging movement in India. Several voluntary organisations have emerged, who conduct drives for public awareness and arrange for support to victims.

Online groups like Coalition to Uproot Ragging from Education (CURE), Stopragging, No Ragging Foundation became the major anti-ragging groups on the Internet. Among them, the No Ragging Foundation has transformed into a complete NGO and got registered as Society Against Violence in Education (SAVE) which is India's first registered anti-ragging nonprofit organisation (NGO).

The Indian media ha
Ins exposed ragging incidents and the indifference of many concerned institutions towards curbing the act. The Supreme Court of India has directed, in its interim judgement, that action may be taken against negligent institutions.

In Sri Lanka

Ragging is widely prevalent in Sri Lanka.

There is no record to suggest that ragging is an indigenous phenomenon or was present in the ancient Sri Lankan educational institutions such as Mahavihara or Abhayagiri Vihara. It is widely considered to have been introduced during the post-World War II era. Sri Lankan soldiers returning from war re-entered the college educational system and brought with them the tradition and techniques of military style ragging. These techniques were used in the military as a mechanism of breaking down an individual so that success was achieved through team effort rather than personal goals or motivation. As fewer military persons entered the universities, ragging devolved into a violent and hazardous exercise that has been largely utilized for political purposes and thuggery.

Ragging continues in most government universities and several private institutions with some efforts being made to contain the problem although there is hesitation from administrations to get involved. These efforts have been largely hindered by students themselves who consider ragging as a rite of passage. The creation of 'safe spaces' and travelling in larger groups are just some techniques employed by a growing movement of students trying to combat ragging.

Traditionally, ragging would entail seniors mocking or jeering at freshers within a dedicated period of time – usually the first few months of an undergraduate's university life. This period is known as the 'ragging period'. In Sri Lanka, several variations of ragging can be observed.

Adverse consequences

Ragging has been frequently associated with a broad spectrum of physical, behavioral, emotional and social problems among victims and is attributed to the increased risk of suicide and drop-outs among students attending Sri Lankan universities. Ragging at private universities and higher education institutes are at a minimum as compared to government universities which has prompted many students with financial means to enroll in private establishments. Ragging is not merely a sociolegal problem and has a certain psychological basis too. Many senior students state they do not wish to rag juniors but succumb to peer pressure. On the other hand, although some new students or freshers enjoyed being ragged by their seniors, other students despised it. Following their ragging they did not even wish to talk to the senior students who subjected them to "inhumane mental and physical torture".

Major incidents

In 1974, ragging of trainee mathematics teachers at the then Vidyalankara University (now University of Kelaniya) prompted Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike's Government to appoint V. W. Kularatne Commission to probe the incident. As a result, 12 undergraduates were expelled and four officials were penalized for their failure to take appropriate action. This was the first major step taken against university ragging by a Sri Lankan government.
In 1975, the University of Peradeniya reported the first ragging-related death when a 22-year-old female student of the Faculty of Agriculture, Rupa Rathnaseeli became paralyzed as a result of jumping from the second floor of the hostel Ramanathan Hall to escape the physical ragging carried out by her seniors. It was reported that she was about to be sexually penetrated by a foreign object as part of the ragging initiation – she jumped out of the hostel building to escape the abuse. Rupa Rathnaseeli committed suicide in 2002.
Prasanga Niroshana, a student from Hakmana, died as a result of undisclosed injuries he sustained from ragging at the School of Agriculture, Angunakolapallassa.
In 1997, 21-year-old S. Varapragash, an engineering student of University of Peradeniya, died from kidney failure following severe ragging by senior students. The main accused Balendran Prasad Sadeeskaran fled and was sentenced to death in absentia.
In 1997, Kelum Thushara Wijetunge, a first-year student at the Hardy Technical institute in Ampara, died from kidney failure after he was forced to do tough exercises and drink excessive quantities of liquor.
In 2002, Samantha Vithanage, a third-year management student at the University of Sri Jayewardenepura, who pioneered an anti-ragging campaign, was killed at a meeting while in a discussion on ragging after being surrounded by a mob of 200, being struck with shards of glass, & then having a computer monitor dropped on his head— resulting in his death 2 days later.
In 2006, Prof. Chandima Wijebandara, the vice-chancellor of University of Sri Jayewardenepura, resigned from his post as a result of students failing to comply with his orders to eliminate ragging from the university.
In 2014, the body of a student, D. K. Nishantha, was found hanging from a tree within the premises of the University of Peradeniya, in a shrubbery area located not far from the Marcus Fernando Boys' Hostel. According to police reports, the young man had been a witness to the sexual assault of his friend which took place in 2010, perpetrated by several other students residing in the dorm. Police stated that D. K. Nishantha had not attended the university since the time of the alleged sex abuse case. The death was later ruled a suicide.
In 2015, a 23-year-old student of the Sabaragamuwa University, Amali Chathurika committed suicide due to ragging
In 2019, Dilhan Wijesinghe a 23-year-old student of the University of Moratuwa committed suicide due to ragging. He was previously studying in the University of Jaffna where he was subjected to physical ragging and then received a transfer to the University of Moratuwa. Unfortunately the ragging at the University of Moratuwa was more severe and he could no longer tolerate the ragging and committed suicide.
In 2022, Nuwan Lakshitha Devasurendra a 24-year-old student of the University of Peradeniya committed suicide. According to the police, the student committed suicide by jumping off the Peradeniya Bridge into Mahaweli River, was found near Hakkinda Islands (2km from the bridge). A postmortem has yet to be performed.

Legal framework

The human rights of citizens of Sri Lanka are protected in terms of the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka which is the supreme law in the country. According to this Constitution, any citizen can produce a petition to the Supreme Court in terms of the article 126 of the Constitution in case of a human right violation or a case closer to the infringement. The Constitution further highlights ruthless, brutal or contemptuous treatment to any party by another as a violation of human rights. University students are also considered as citizens and are subjugated to the Common Law that prevails in the country. Accordingly, the constitutional constrains specified above are equally applicable to university students. Any form of civil or criminal offence executed by them are liable to be punished and in an instance of violation of such rights committed by university students, they shall be produced before the relevant court and subject to suitable punishment that followed by the trial. After the series of ragging-related incidents happened in 1997, Prohibition of Ragging and Other Forms of Violence in Educational Institutions Act, No. 20 of 1998 was passed in the Sri Lankan parliament. As specified in the detailed note of the Act, it is identified as an Act to eliminate ragging and other forms of violent and cruel inhuman and degrading treatment from educational institutions. The Act specifies the relevant Higher Educational Institutions coming under the Act and that includes all the Higher Educational Institutions established under the Universities Act No. 16 of 1978.

Anti-ragging movement

Unlike in India, there is no official anti-ragging movement in Sri Lanka. But with the situation of ragging worsening yearly, there is a spontaneously emerging anti-ragging movement in each and every faculty of the universities that ragging exists.  In the case of University of Peradeniya, the largest university in Sri Lanka, anti-ragging movement emerged in the year 1996. Prior to that, there was no movement against ragging, but certain individuals managed escape from the ragging. In the meantime, anti-ragging movements started to appear in all other universities. Several faculties in several universities have become rag-free due to these movements, strengthened laws as well as practical difficulties in conducting ragging such as not providing accommodation facilities to the first-year students.  Internal clashes have erupted several times due to the friction between ragging and anti-ragging movements, best example being Samantha Vithanage, a third-year management student at the University of Sri Jayewardenepura, who pioneered an anti-ragging campaign that was killed at a meeting while in a discussion about ragging. The higher education minister at the time, S. B. Dissanayake, stressed that firm action will be taken against those who are found guilty of such activities in future and would be expelled from the university. In December 2011, he claimed that the levels of ragging has gone down drastically in the recent times and "only Peradeniya and Ruhuna are still affected by this 'malaise.

See also
 Bullying
 Hazing
 Dedovshchina, a Russian practice similar to hazing or ragging
 Gaslighting
 List of hazing deaths in the United States

References

External links

 Ragging in Bangladesh
 Ragging in India- Menace
 Indian Government launch Anti Ragging website
 Ragging in USA

Abuse
Education issues
Youth rights
Youth

Ragging


Åkeri & Entreprenad is a Swedish language business magazine based in Ljusdal, Sweden. It features articles concerning transportation industry in the country.

History and profile
Åkeri & Entreprenad was established in 2000. The magazine is owned and published by Svenska Media Docu AB. The headquarters is in Ljusdal.

The target audience of the magazine include decision-makers in freight companies, civil engineering contractors, forestry contractors and rental companies. The magazine sold 71,900 copies in 2014 and 74,500 copies in 2015.

References

External links

2000 establishments in Sweden
Business magazines published in Sweden
Magazines established in 2000
Swedish-language magazines
Transport magazines

Åkeri & Entreprenad


The German National Renewable Energy Action Plan is the National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) for Germany. The plan was commissioned under EU Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC which required member states of the European Union to notify the European Commission with a road map. The report describes how Germany plans to achieve its legally binding target of an 18% share of energy from renewable sources in gross final consumption of energy by 2020.

Main targets in Germany
In the National Action Plan, the federal government estimates the share of renewable energies in gross final energy consumption to be 19.6% in 2020.  The share of renewable energies in the electricity sector will therefore amount to 38.6%, the share in the heating/cooling sector will be 15.5%, while in the transport sector it will be 13.2%.

Main incentives and laws in Germany
Under the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG), sector-specific tariffs are set for electricity from renewable energies fed into the public supply grid. The amount of compensation follows the principle of cost-covering compensation and is based on the specific electricity production costs of the specific sectors.
KfW's funding program Renewable Energy (Erneuerbare Energien) section Standard provides low-interest loans for investments in installations for electricity production in accordance with the EEG, cogeneration plants and for small heat production installations. In program section Premium low interest loans with repayment subsidies are granted for renewable energy heat produced in large installations.
KfW funding programs for energy-efficient construction and renovation ( building renovation program), which promote the development of renewable energies, are Energy efficient Construction (Energieeffizient Baue), Energy Efficient Renovation (Energieeffizient Sanieren) or Energy-efficient Renovation – Local Authorities (Energieeffizient Sanieren – Kommunen) and Social Investment - Building Refurbishment (Sozial Investieren- Energetische Gebäudesanierung).
The Heat-and-power Cogeneration Act (KWKG) regulates the funding of old and new combined heat and power (CHP) plants and the development and construction of heating networks into which heat from CHP-plants is fed.
Guidelines on the promotion of mini-CHP plants promote through investment grants the new construction of CHP - plants up to 50kWel.
The Energy Tax Act (EnergieStG) provides tax relief for energy products used for combined heat and power production if the CHP plant has a monthly or annual efficiency of at least 70%. There is also a tax exemption for biogas which is combusted immediately after production or is used in a CHP plant.

See also
 Energiewende in Germany
 German National Action Plan on Energy Efficiency
 German Renewable Energy Sources Act
 National Renewable Energy Action Plan
 Renewable energy in Germany
 Renewables Directive

References

Further reading

External links
 National Renewable Energy Action Plans
 BImSchV

Action plans
Renewable energy in Germany

Germany National Renewable Energy Action Plan


Captain Gorur Ramaswamy Iyengar Gopinath (born 13 November 1951) is an Indian entrepreneur, the founder of Air Deccan, a retired Captain of the Indian Army, an author and a politician.

Early life
Gopinath was born in Gorur, Hassan, in a Tamil iyengar family and was brought up in small village in Gorur in the Hassan district of Karnataka State.

Gopinath's father Gorur Ramaswamy Iyengar, a school teacher (not to be confused with Kannada Novelist Gorur Ramaswamy Iyengar who is his mother's uncle), believed that schools were systems of regimentation and was resolved to teach Gopinath at home.

However, Gopinath was admitted to a Kannada medium school quite late and straight away he joined Standard V. In 1962, Gopinath cleared the admission test and joined Sainik School, Bijapur. The school helped and prepared Gopinath to clear the NDA entrance exams.

After 3 years of vigorous training, Gopinath completed education from the National Defence Academy, Pune. He then went on to graduate from the Indian Military Academy, Dehradun.

Career
After school, he earned a commission in the Indian Army, earning the rank of Captain. He spent eight years in the army and fought in the 1971-72 Bangladesh Liberation War.

The army life seemed to somehow tie him down. He took early retirement from Indian Army, at the age of 28. Upon retirement from the armed forces, he established an ecologically sustainable sericulture farm; his innovative methods earned him the Rolex Laureate Award in 1996. Next, he started the Malnad Mobikes (Enfield dealership) and opened a hotel in Hassan.

In 1997 he co-founded Deccan Aviation, a charter helicopter service with his two friends,who were also in air force. In 2003, Gopinath founded Air Deccan, a low cost airline; Air Deccan merged with Kingfisher Airlines in 2007. In 2009 he founded Deccan 360, a freight flight business. In July 2013, Deccan 360 was ordered to wind up by the Karnataka High Court order based on petitions filed by Dubai-based United Aviation Services (UAS) and another by M/s Patel Integrated Logistics (PIL) Pvt. Ltd. — seeking recovery of amounts due to them by winding up the company.

In May 2006, he was knighted with "Chevalier de la Legion d'Honneur" the civilian award conferred by the French Government. He has received many awards for Air Deccan.

In 2009, Gopinath contested as an independent candidate in Bangalore South constituency at the Lok Sabha elections but was defeated.

In 2014, he unsuccessfully contested Lok Sabha elections on the ticket of the Aam Aadmi Party.

Aviation career

Deccan Aviation
Gopinath moved to Bengaluru in 1992 where he bumped into Captain K.J. Samuel, who was his friend in the army. Samuel was a freelance pilot and was planning to set-up a commercial Helicopter service. In 1995, when the Indian government started a regulatory reforms process to encourage entrepreneurship, Gopinath partnered with Samuel and established Deccan Aviation.
Deccan's helicopters were chartered by most politicians and the company also got involved in many rescue missions in Sri Lanka, Nepal, Kabul and South India.
The Company grew to become one of the largest private air charter companies in India and Sri Lanka.

Inspired by the success of Southwest Airlines in the United States and Ryanair in Europe, Deccan Aviation launched India's first low-cost airline, Air Deccan in 2003.
Deccan Aviation went public in May 2006, however by then the airline was losing money. The following year, the Vijay Mallya lead UB group purchased a strategic 26 per cent stake in Deccan Aviation.
At the time of purchase, Air Deccan connected sixty nine cities around India.
Mallya merged the two airlines soon after and Capt. Gopinath sold most of his stake in the company in 2009.

Deccan Charters
During the merger process of Kingfisher with Air Deccan, the Charter services division of Deccan Aviation was transferred into a new company named Deccan Charters Limited after it received its Non-Scheduled Air Operator Permit (NSOP) from the DGCA on 10 October 2008. During that period, the Charter operations continued to perform satisfactorily and increased its presence in off shore flying for the oil sector.

Gopinath used the money from the UB Group deal to start Deccan 360, a cargo airline, in May 2009. But that enterprise too was squeezed by a severe cash crunch and shut shop in 2011. The same year, Gopinath became the 100% owner of Deccan Charters by purchasing the stake Mallya held in the company as part of the 2007 deal.
The following year, Gopinath launched daily charter flights in the state of Gujarat under the brand name of Deccan Shuttles. The flights connected Ahmedabad, Surat, Jamnagar, Bhavnagar and Kandla using a nine-seater Cessna Grand Caravan aircraft. The service wound up in 2013.
In April 2017, Deccan charters bid for and won 34 regional Indian routes under the UDAN scheme.
Operating under the brand name Air Deccan, it will commence operations in December 2017 with flights between Mumbai and Nashik. Air Deccan will operate 19-seater Beechcraft 1900D turboprop aircraft that are suitable for short-haul flights. The airline has plans to connect Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Shillong to regional towns in the vicinity of these cities.

Awards and honors
 1996 - Rolex Awards for Enterprise
 2005 - Rajyotsava Award (Karnataka)
 2007 - Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur (France)
 Personality of the Decade Award (K.G. Foundation)
 Sir M Visvesvaraya Memorial Award (Federation of Karnataka Chambers of Commerce & Industry)

In popular culture

The 2020 Indian Tamil-language film Soorarai Pottru was partly inspired by events from the life of Gopinath and is based on his memoir Simply Fly: A Deccan Odyssey.The Film's Hindi language name is  Udaan(2020) is inspired by book 'simply fly ' now streaming on prime video.

Books by Gopinath
 Simply Fly: A Deccan Odyssey, Collins Business, 2010,
 "You Cannot Miss This Flight: Essays on Emerging India", HarperCollins, 2017,

References

External links

Lok Sabha members from Karnataka
People from Hassan district
Kannada people
Living people
Indian aviation businesspeople
Sainik School alumni
Knights of the Legion of Honour
1951 births
Businesspeople from Karnataka
Aam Aadmi Party politicians
21st-century Indian politicians
Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2005
Indian Military Academy alumni
Air Deccan

G. R. Gopinath


Tiberiu Dolniceanu (; born 3 April 1988) is a Romanian  sabre fencer, European champion in 2013 and bronze medal in the 2013 World championships. As part of Romania's sabre team, he won the team silver medal in the 2012 Summer Olympics and the team gold medal in the 2009 World Championships in Antalya.

Fencing career

Junior
Dolniceanu began fencing at age 13 under the coaching of Iulian Bițucă at CSM Iași. The absence of his parents, who had gone to work in Italy, pushed him to train hard. He took his first international podium in the Junior World Cup in Budapest in 2006. The same year, he earned a silver medal in the Junior World Championships in Poznań, after being defeated by future Olympic champion Áron Szilágyi. He took the bronze medal in the Junior European Championships in Prague in 2007 and reached number one in junior rankings in early 2008.

2008–2012
His progress was slower amongst seniors, but he joined the national sabre team. Along with Florin Zalomir, Cosmin Hănceanu, and Rareș Dumitrescu, Romania created a surprise by beating favourite Italy to win the gold medal in the 2009 World Championships in Antalya. For this performance, Dolniceanu and his teammates received the Order of Sports Merit, class IIa. The same team went on to win the bronze in the 2010 World Championships in Paris. Dolniceanu transferred in 2011 to CS Dinamo București and began training under Mihai Covaliu, who also coaches the national team.

He took part in the 2012 Summer Olympics, but was beaten in the second round by United States' Daryl Homer. In the team event, sixth-seeded Romania disposed of China 45–30 to meet Russia in the semi-finals. Dolniceanu gave his team a 20-17 lead, but a crash with Nikolay Kovalev awakened a right-ankle sprain sustained during the 2012 European Championships; he also broke a nail on his weapon hand and had to receive medical treatment. Romania were dominated 45-26 by South Korea in the final, Dolniceanu being the only one to win a bout, and took the silver medal.

After the London Games

After the Games three of the four members of the Olympic team chose to retire, Formerly the team's benjamin, Dolniceanu became captain of the new team, with Alin Badea and Ciprian Gălățeanu as full members and Iulian Teodosiu and Mădălin Bucur as reserves.

Dolniceanu began the 2012–13 season with a silver medal in the Plovdiv Grand Prix. In the European Championships in Zagreb, he defeated 15–11 the three-time incumbent Aleksey Yakimenko of Russia to win the individual gold medal. An injury sustained in the quarter-final prevented him from taking part in the team event, which Romania finished in the fourth place.

Dolniceanu went to earn the bronze medal and the team silver medal in the World Fencing Championships in Budapest. He also won the silver in the 2013 World Combat Games. For these performances he was voted sportsman of the year by the Romanian Sport Press Association and fencer of the year by the Romanian Fencing Federation.

In the 2013–14 season Dolniceanu won the bronze medal in the first stage of the World Cup in Madrid. This result pushed him to the first place in world rankings. He went on to win in Moscow the first World Cup tournament of his career after defeating Korea's Kim Jung-hwan. In March he helped his club CS Dinamo to win the European Champion Clubs' Cup in Gödöllő, after prevailing over Áron Szilágyi's Vasas SC, at the price of a right-foot tendon injury during the final. He sustained another injury, this time to the left ankle, at the Plovdiv World Cup, where he posted a third place. At the 2014 European Championships he was stopped in the second round by France's Nicolas Rousset. In the team event Romania were defeated in the quarter-finals by Belarus and placed fifth after the ranking matches.

At the 2014 World Championships Dolniceanu reached the semifinals, but he was defeated by Russia's Kovalev, against whom he had prevailed in the same phase at the 2013 European championships, and came away with his second bronze medal in a row. In the team event Romania met South Korea in quarter-finals. After a promising beginning for Romania Dolniceanu lost the pace against Kim Jung-hwan. They failed to make up lost ground and lost eventually on a 41–45 score. Romania finished seventh after the ranking matches. Romania's head coach Mihai Covaliu was quoted saying: "This kind of 'block' can happen to the greatest of fencers. I hope Tibi learns from it." Dolniceanu finished the season no.5 in world rankings. Thanks to his bronze medal he was named fencer of the year by the Romanian Fencing Federation for the second year in a row.

In the 2014–15 season Dolniceanu failed to get past the table of 16 in Budapest, New York and Padova: he was defeated respectively by teammate Teodosiu and two South Koreans. He was happier in the team competition, striking the decisive hit in the final against Italy in Budapest and winning gold for Romania. He also led CS Dinamo to a silver medal in the European Champion Clubs' Cup in Padova.

He reached the semi-finals of the men's individual sabre at the 2016 Olympics.  There was no team event.

References

External links
Profile at the European Fencing Confederation

1988 births
Living people
Romanian male fencers
Romanian sabre fencers
Fencers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Fencers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic fencers for Romania
Sportspeople from Iași
Olympic medalists in fencing
Olympic silver medalists for Romania
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Fencers at the 2015 European Games
European Games medalists in fencing
European Games silver medalists for Romania

Tiberiu Dolniceanu


Geisy Villanova Arruda (born 12 February 1990 in Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil) is a Brazilian actress and businesswoman who became known while a student at Bandeirante University of São Paulo when her wearing a skirt caused a riot. Her eventual expulsion and readmittance was then followed by her decision to not return to the school.

Biography
On October 22, 2009, Arruda, an undergraduate student in Tourism, went to school dressed in a short dress, which caused her to be harassed by some of her fellow students. This caused a backlash based on moral grounds and ended with the student being harassed and verbally attacked within the university. She was forced to leave the school grounds dressed in a jacket and escorted by police who dispersed the crowds with pepper spray. Videos of the incident were uploaded to YouTube causing national repercussions.

After the incident drew considerable national and international attention the actions of the university's students who harassed Arruda were denounced as sexist by the female wing of the Brazilian National Union of Students. The Order of Attorneys of Brazil asked for a public apology by UNIBAN to the student. Senators Valter Pereira and Eduardo Suplicy spoke out against the incident.

On November 7, 2009, the university used paid public announcement to declare that it had expelled Arruda from the university for "disrespecting ethical principles, academic dignity and morality." The university's decision was declared as sexist by the National Union of Students, which said that "the university was living in the caveman era" and believed the actions were very unusual.

On November 9, UNIBAN decided to reverse its decision. Arruda's lawyers nevertheless were unsatisfied citing that she had suffered from seven crimes: abuse, threats, defamation, false imprisonment, obscene acts from fellow students, embarrassment and incitement to crime. That same day, an investigation by the Delegation for the Defense of Women in the municipality of São Bernardo do Campo was commissioned to determine whether there had been libel.

Despite having the expulsion repealed, Arruda decided not to return to her university. This whole incident made her a national celebrity. With her new fame, Arruda appeared on many television shows, posed naked and participated in Carnival.

In 2022 she came out as bisexual.

References

People from Diadema
1990 births
Participants in Brazilian reality television series
21st-century Brazilian businesswomen
21st-century Brazilian businesspeople
Living people
21st-century Brazilian LGBT people
Bisexual actresses
Bisexual businesspeople
Brazilian LGBT actresses
Brazilian LGBT businesspeople
Brazilian bisexual people

Geisy Arruda


Peachtree Mall is a shopping mall in Columbus, Georgia. After the closing and demolition of Columbus Square Mall in the early 2000s, Peachtree Mall is the only enclosed shopping center in the city. Peachtree Mall is one of two major shopping areas in Columbus, the other being Columbus Park Crossing.

History and layout
The original design of the mall was a single-level with anchor stores Gayfers and Montgomery Ward on each end of the primary corridor. A food court was added along with a 3rd anchor store, Parisian in 1985.

An addition to the mall was completed in November 1994 when JCPenney relocated to the mall from its previous Columbus Square Mall location. An oddity of this expansion was that to reach the addition from the existing mall, one must walk through Dillard's (formerly Gayfer's). Montgomery Ward closed in late 2000 when the company filed for bankruptcy.

Rich's opened in 2002, replacing Montgomery Ward. The named changed to Macy's in 2005.

Parisian closed in February 2007 following the company merger with Belk. It was announced in 2007 that the former Parisian location would be converted into a Belk, which was scheduled to open in late 2007; however the plans for a Belk location was scrapped in late 2006 due to financial problems. A redevelopment is planned for the former Parisian's store that was owned by Dillard's in 2007, but never materialized, so on Thursday December 3, 2015, Peachtree Mall's owners bought it back from Dillard's. At Home opened in the former Parisian space on February 2, 2017.

References

External links
Peachtree Mall website

Brookfield Properties
Shopping malls in Georgia (U.S. state)
Buildings and structures in Columbus, Georgia
Tourist attractions in Columbus, Georgia
Shopping malls established in 1975
1975 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)

Peachtree Mall


The crested serpent eagle (Spilornis cheela) is a medium-sized bird of prey. It is found in forested habitats across tropical Asia. It is found in a wide range across the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia and East Asia. There are a number of variations and some authorities prefer to treat several of its subspecies as completely separate species. In the past, several species including the Philippine serpent eagle (S. holospila), Andaman serpent eagle (S. elgini) and South Nicobar serpent eagle (S. klossi) were treated as subspecies of the Crested serpent eagle.

Physical description
All members within the species complex have a large looking head with long feathers on the back of the head giving them a crested appearance. The face is bare and yellow joining up with the beak. Its powerful feet are unfeathered and heavily scaled. They fly over the forest canopy on broad wings and their tails have wide white and black bars. They call often with a loud, piercing and familiar three or two-note call.

Behavior
This raptor sits motionless from a high perch watching for prey. When prey is found it drops almost straight down to pounce. They often feed on snakes, giving them their name and are placed along with the Circaetus snake-eagles in the subfamily Circaetinae. In addition to snakes it catches reptiles as well as small mammals and birds. It will take a dead snake whenever it finds one. They are often seen soaring over their territory in pairs. In Japan they are usually found very close to forest edges and wet marshlands.

Role in the ecosystem
Crested serpent eagles are apex predators and at the top of their food chain. They are a good indicator of the health of the ecosystem they occupy. They control snake populations and also those of other small mammals and reptiles. They are a common sight in places such as India. The species is not globally threatened. On most lists they are of least concern.

References

Accipitriformes
Birds of China
Birds of India
Birds of Indonesia
Birds of Pakistan
Least concern species

Crested serpent eagle


Daren Brent Lyle Powell (born 15 April 1978) is a former West Indian international cricketer who played first-class cricket for Jamaica. As a right-arm fast medium bowler, he has played Test matches and One Day Internationals (ODI) for the West Indian cricket team. Despite starting his cricketing career as a number 3 batsman, Powell is a genuine tailender. Powell has previously played for Gauteng, Derbyshire, Hampshire, and Lancashire.

Early cricket
Daren Powell's father was a cricketer. Daren started playing cricket when he was about nine-years-old, and his first competitive experience was playing for St Elizabeth Technical High School. Powell originally bowled off spin. However, when his club was a seam bowler down in a match, he chose to switch his bowling action to fit the situation. He took seven wickets in the match while bowling seam.

International career
On 21 June 2002, Powell made his international debut. He took three wickets in the Test match against New Zealand while conceding 102 runs; his first wicket was that of bowler Daryl Tuffey. New Zealand went on to win the match by 204 runs. Powell made his ODI debut later the same year; on 3 December 2002 in a match against Bangladesh during the West Indies tour of the country. He conceded 34 runs from 10 overs and took the wicket of opening batsman Anwar Hossain in the process of helping the West Indies win by 86 runs.

After taking nine wickets at 27.55 in the West Indies' One Day International series against India in 2006/07, he gained selection for the 2007 Cricket World Cup.

After poor performances with the ball in the test series against England in early 2009, taking six wickets at 69.33, he was dropped for the return series against England later in the summer. Champagne bottles were opened when he bowled over 130 kph in a match, as his average pace in that series was around 115 kph.

Ironically, given his lack of batting pedigree, it was with the bat that he had proved to be relatively effective, frustrating England's bowlers as he helped his side hang on for draws to seal the series in the Caribbean 1–0.

A pay dispute between West Indies players and the West Indies Cricket Board in July 2009 led to an understrength team playing against Bangladesh; in the 15-man squad, there were nine uncapped players and seven players made their debut in the first Test. Powell stated that he had been approached to bolster the team, but he elected not to play. However, when the Champions Trophy squad was named later that month, Powell was included in a group still badly affected by the pay dispute; he did not play in the tournament.

Later that year, it was announced that he had turned down other counties to sign a two-year contract to play for Lancashire as a Kolpak player, thus preventing him from representing the West Indies in the near future. Mike Watkinson, the club's director of cricket, described Powell as "a strike bowler of international quality, who will add strength and depth to our bowling attack" and said that the team would benefit from Powell's experience with the likely absence of Sajid Mahmood and James Anderson for parts of the season due to England duties. In February 2010, part-way through the West Indies cricket season, Powell withdrew from Jamaica's squad for "personal reasons". He had struggled for form, taking two wickets at an average of 73.00. Nehemiah Perry, Jamaica's chairman of selectors, said "[Powell] has decided to take a break and won't be available for the rest of the season. It's not a situation where he got dropped or anything. He's not enjoying cricket anymore as a person."

Powell was released from his contract with Lancashire in September 2010, a year before his contract expired. During his spell with Lancashire, Powell played in four County Championship matches, taking seven wickets at an average of nearly fifty. He went wicketless in his four T20 matches, although he took seven in nine Clydesdale Bank 40 matches. On the subject of Powell's time with Lancashire, Watkinson said "He has been a top bloke around the place but he hasn't quite been able to seize his opportunity when he has had it".

References

External links

West Indies One Day International cricketers
West Indies Test cricketers
West Indies Twenty20 International cricketers
Jamaican cricketers
Hampshire cricketers
Derbyshire cricketers
Jamaica cricketers
1978 births
Living people
Lancashire cricketers

Daren Powell


Leon H. "Bud" Carson ( – ) was an American football coach best known for working with the Pittsburgh Steelers' championship teams of the 1970s.

Player
Carson played defensive back for North Carolina from 1949 to 1951, then entered the Marines.

Coach

Georgia Tech
After he left the Marines, he went into coaching.  He worked at Georgia Tech for head coach Bobby Dodd. Carson took over as head coach in 1967. Under Carson, the Yellow Jackets had three 4-6 seasons in a row before going 9-3 and winning the Sun Bowl in 1970. In 1971, Tech finished 6-6 after a Peach Bowl loss.  He was fired by Georgia Tech after that season.  While at Georgia Tech, he made the "Cover 2" defensive strategy that has been widely used by the NFL.

NFL
Pittsburgh Steelers head coach Chuck Noll hired Carson as defensive coordinator in 1972. Under Carson, the "Steel Curtain" developed as one of the best defenses in National Football League history. The defense, led by Jack Lambert, Mel Blount, Jack Ham and Mean Joe Greene, gave up fewer points than any other American Football Conference team in Pittsburgh's Super Bowl seasons of 1974 and 1975. In 1976, the team gave up fewer than 10 points a game.

After the 1977 season, Carson took over the defensive-coordinator job with the Los Angeles Rams, who lost to the Steelers in Super Bowl XIV. He later worked as a coach for the Kansas City Chiefs and Baltimore Colts.  He then was in charge of the New York Jets' defense from 1985 to 1988. In 1989, he was hired as the head coach of the Cleveland Browns.

Cleveland won the AFC Central Division in 1989 before losing to the Denver Broncos in the conference championship for the third time in four years. Browns owner Art Modell fired Carson halfway through the 1990 season, which ended with a 3-13 record. Carson then worked as a coach for the Philadelphia Eagles and the St. Louis Rams before retiring in 1997.

Family
Carson, a long-time smoker, died in 2005 of emphysema. He was married to Linda Carson, an anchorwoman at Sarasota television station WWSB. His daughter Cathi Carson is the sports reporter at two Jacksonville stations in Jacksonville WTEV and WAWS and was formerly a reporter at WWSB. He also had a son, Cliff, and a daughter, Dana, as well as a stepson, Gary Ford.

References

Further reading
 Grossi, Tony (2004). Tales from the Browns Sideline. (Champaign, Ill.): Sports Publishing LLC.
 Carroll, Bob, et al. (1999). Total Football II. New York: HarperCollins. .

American football coaches
1930 births
2005 deaths

Bud Carson


The Book of Phoenix is a 2015 science fantasy novel by Nigerian American author Nnedi Okorafor. It is a stand alone prequel to Who Fears Death, it won the 2018 Kurd Laßwitz Preis for Best Foreign Fiction Book and was a finalist for the Arthur C. Clarke Award.

Background
Nnedi Okorafor first started the novel as a short story titled "The Book of Phoenix" published in 2011 by Clarkesworld, then as a novella titled African Sunrise published in 2012 by Subterranean Press.

Plot

The novel opens with an Okeke man, Sunuteel, who finds an ancient cave of computers. His portable finds an open file and he starts listening to an audio file called "The Book of Phoenix," which is called a "memory extract."  He becomes immersed in the story.

Phoenix is an accelerated biological organism who was created by LifeGen Technologies and lives in Tower 7 in Manhattan with other SpeciMen. She is told that her lover, Saeed, has committed suicide. Phoenix and Mmuo, her friend and another SpeciMen who can walk through walls, attempted to escape and destroy the tower, after freeing Seven, a mysterious winged man who appears to be a powerful SpeciMen, locked in a dome, hanging like the Hanging Man in the Tarot. However, Phoenix is unable to escape and the Big Eyes catch her.  She explodes into fire like a bomb, killing everyone near her and knocking Tower 7 down, freeing everyone inside who is still alive.

It seems she dies, but she regenerates a few days later and is given an alien seed by the Backbone to return to Ghana. Phoenix is being chased by the Big Eyes and while on the run she develops wings and with the aid of Seven flies to Wulugu, Ghana where she secretly plants the seed.  Seven flies with her and teaches her how to "slip," which is using time travel.  She can use this ability to go back in time.

In Ghana, she is given the name Okore and she lives peaceful with the residents. A year later the Big Eye shows up in Wulugu under the disguise of investors and shoots Kofi, her lover. She then explodes into fire, putting Kofi out of his misery and killing all nearby Big Eyes.

A reawakened Phoenix gives herself to the Big Eyes and is taken back to a tower in America. She escapes and reunites with Mmuo and Saeed. Saeed did not die of suicide, and instead awoke in a place where other dead SpeciMens are sent.  But he was created to survive, and he did.  Together the three of them destroy Tower 1, freeing all the inmates.

Phoenix is deemed a terrorist, but she still manages to get inside of the Library of Congress, to learn more about the corporation, herself, her history, her friends and her mother before she heads to Tower 4 along with Saeed and Mmuo.

They successfully free the inmates and find HeLa, who is a SpeciMen who has the DNA that will produce blood that will make the recipient of it immortal.  That's what LifeGen Technologies is really doing: selling her blood to billionaires so they will live forever. There are 7 so far. Phoenix is attacked by the Big Eye at Tower 4. HeLa asks Phoenix to kill her so that she can escape her fate, and not provide immortality to any others, denying them the power of immortality. Phoenix burns and kills her and several Big Eye members before she dies. Phoenix regenerates and "slips" to take a trip to visit her surrogate mother just before the woman dies of cancer. Returning from the trip, she finds out that Mmuo is dead and Saeed has been taken away by the Big Eyes.

In a might of anger and rage she over heats like the sun and explodes, causing an apocalypse to fall on Earth. Saeed survives, which is what he was engineered to do, and leaves the deadland of America and walks to the ruins of West Africa. Using Phoenix' feather and a machine, he extracts her memory which is sent to an unknown database center, before placing it on his skin to extract his memory.  This is how The Book of Phoenix is preserved and told.

The novel ends with Sunuteel misinterpreting the Book of Phoenix on purpose and rewriting a wrong version of the story full of his own ideas which are used as the basis for the justification of the enslavement and oppression of the Okeke people by the Nuru people.  Because this is what he was always taught and he could not believe otherwise.  Another reason he changes the story was because he truth terrifies him after seeing Phoenix.

The epilogue is spoken by a mysterious white man.  He says that the story will continue, which points to the next book in the series, Who Fears Death.

Characters
Phoenix Okore: An accelerated mutant with wings, intense heat and the ability to die and regenerate. She is a special SpeciMen created by  Life Gen Technologies from samples collected from West Africans to be used as a biological weapon by the Big Eye. She fights to free all the SpeciMen and in the end she causes the Earth to fall an apocalypse.
Saeed: Phoenix's lover, he was taken from Cairo, Egypt at a young age and was alter into a SpeciMen to be used as a weapon, he knows how to escape and survive any problem. He preserves Phoenix memory after surviving the apocalypse.
Mmuo: A Nigerian man who is altered into a SpeciMen who possess the ability to walk through walls and is able to hack any computer. He barely wear cloths and is often naked because they alter his abilities.
Seven: A legendary guardian from Senegal, who works as a saves people in New York from dangers, he is Phoenix mentor and was killed by a mob in New York. He states that he is a member of the leopard society and was killed in a wrestling match at the Zuma Rock Festival featured in Okorafor's Akata Witch.
Bumi:  A Nigerian Big Eye operative tasked with Taking care of Phoenix in Tower 7 and she seeks to capture her after Phoenix escape from the tower.
Koffi Annan: Phoenix's lover in Ghana. He is a doctor and the only person to see her bury the alien seed and dies protecting her from the Big Eye after they arrive in Wulugu.
HeLa: A SpeciMen whose blood grants immortality who lives in Tower 4. She is the last Jarawa person on the planet. Her blood is sold to wealthy billionaires and she longs for Death..
Vera Takeisha Thomas: Phoenix's surrogate mother, she is an African American who is diagnosed with cancer due to her contact with phoenix and lives in a mental facility.
Anansi Droids 419: Spider like robots which were initially created to protect the oil pipelines in Nigeria but however became violent towards humans.
Sunuteel: A Nuru man who lived in the post apocalypse world. he finds phoenix extracted memory and used it to create the Great Book which is used to justify the oppression of the Okeke.

Reception
The book received generally positive reactions from reviewers and readers.

A review from the Locus Magazine states that "The Book of Phoenix is actually a more playful and experimental novel than Who Fears Death, and in a weird and unsettling way, it's a lot of fun".

Awards and Recognitions

 2018 Kurd Laßwitz Preis, Won
 Arthur C. Clarke Award, Finalist
 Campbell Memorial Awards, Finalist
 2015 Locus Recommending Reading List
 Book Riot Best Book of 2015
 Barnes and Noble Bookseller Pick 2015

References

Nigerian science fiction novels
Science fantasy novels
2013 American novels
Novels set in Manhattan
Post-apocalyptic novels
American science fiction novels
Africanfuturist novels
Novels by Nnedi Okorafor
Magic realism novels
American fantasy novels
2013 Nigerian novels
DAW Books books
Hodder & Stoughton books

The Book of Phoenix


Emilio Alberto Rached (born 2 June 1959 in Rosario, Santa Fe Province) is an Argentine politician, formerly of the Radical Civic Union. Elected for the Civic Front for Santiago, he sat in the Argentine Senate representing Santiago del Estero Province and supporting the majority block of the Front for Victory from 2007 to 2013.

Rached was born in Rosario but soon after his family returned to Santiago del Estero Province. His father's parents, of Lebanese origin, had settled in Villa General Mitre (Pinto) in 1921 and Rached grew up there. He studied at primary and secondary schools in Rosario and began studies to become a lawyer at the Catholic University of Santiago del Estero but did not finish. At 22 he became President of his local football club, Club Atlético Social Pinto.

From 1981 Rached became active in student and community politics, ahead of the return to democracy. In 1983, he joined the Radical Civic Union (UCR). In 1985 he was elected to take part in the constitutional reform. In 1993 he was elected as a Pinto councillor and in 1995 he was elected as Mayor of Pinto and served for ten years.

In 2005 he stood as running mate to Gerardo Zamora for the governorship of the province. Although both Radicals, they headed the Civic Front for Santiago, an alliance of Radicals and Peronists which supported then national President Néstor Kirchner. Zamora in particular is identified as a leading 'Radical K'. Elected as vice-governor, in 2007 Rached was elected to the Argentine Senate, again for the Civic Front. He and his fellow Civic Front senator Ada Del Valle Itúrrez form their own block but support the Kirchners' Front for Victory in opposition to the UCR block.

External links
Senate profile

References

1959 births
Living people
People from Rosario, Santa Fe
Members of the Argentine Senate for Santiago del Estero
Mayors of places in Argentina
Radical Civic Union politicians
Vice Governors of Santiago del Estero Province

Emilio Rached