The Belmont County Courthouse is located at 101 West Main Street in St. Clairsville, Ohio, United States. It sits on the highest point in the St. Clairsville area and is thus visible from Interstate 70 and many other points in the Ohio Valley. It is a contributing property in the St. Clairsville Historic District, which was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1969.

History
Belmont County was created in 1801, and organized in 1815. The county seat was Pultney, now called Shadyside. This courthouse was a simple two-story brick building, and was only used for a few years until the county seat was removed to the more central St. Clairsville.

St. Clairsville was a developing community along the National Road and the courthouse was planned along this road. The courthouse constructed in 1805 was a log structure standing two stories high. It cost the county just over $1,000. When this building was destroyed, a new courthouse rose from its site. This new building was made of brick in the popular Federal style in 1815. The new courthouse stood two stories high and had long rectangular windows lining the facade. A cupola rose from the pitched roof. This courthouse served the county until 1885.

The new courthouse built between 1885 and 1888 was designed by noted Ohio (and later New York) architect, Joseph W. Yost, who also designed the similar Miami County Courthouse built at the same time in Troy as well as six other Ohio courthouses. The three-floor Second Empire building hosts many county functions. It contains three courtrooms, the county commission meeting room, and offices for county officials.

Exterior

The courthouse
The three-story building is constructed of rusticated sandstone blocks with high arched windows. The building is rectangular with a central projection housing the entrance. The stairs once led to the main entrance, but due to security measures the building is now entered through a tunnel under the stairs. Above the stairs is a false balcony supported by Corinthian columns. A pair of arched windows are flanked by a set of Corinthian pilasters supporting a pediment and a frieze bearing the year "1886" in the center with a fanlight above. The central projection is topped with a pediment with a circle light framed by a carved wreath of flags. Standing guard over the entrance is a statue of Justice.

The rest of the facade on either side of the central projection is symmetrical, with three arched windows on each floor and out-thrust corners. The corner projections contain a single arched window with Doric pilasters on the second floor and Corinthian pilasters on the third. The corners are topped by a pediment with a tower which contains Doric pilasters and arched pediments. The top of each tower is crowned with an urn.

A central tower housing a clock tower and dome rises from the mansard roof. The tower contains high arched windows, Corinthian pilasters, and a small lantern. A steel bell weighing 3,800 pounds once hung from the tower but was taken down during restoration and now rests in front of the courthouse. It rang continuously for an hour in 1945 to celebrate the end of World War II.

Grounds
A memorial stands to the right of the building in honor of the veterans who served in various wars. The courthouse tower bell sits in the northern courtyard and the bicentennial bell sits in the southern courtyard. A brick building to the right used to house local government, but now houses one of many sheriff's posts. The southern portion of the lot consists of a series of stairs with the main landing the site of the local farmers' market in the summer and the public Christmas tree in the winter.

Interior
The interior first floor corridors are lined in tile mosaic forming geometric shapes. The courtrooms and county offices have been refitted with modern conveniences, like an elevator, central air and heating, as well as weather-proof windows. A new metal detector purchased on a state grant protects the many county employees within.

The second floor used to be the main floor and shows evidence of this past. In the atrium is an information desk, staffed during business hours. The deed office is located down the hall.

The third floor contains the since covered dome, now illuminated by surrounding lights. This floor also houses the courtrooms. When the courthouse first opened there were three courtrooms, but the third has since been converted into the county law library.

An attic above cannot be easily accessed and houses the old bell tower and the protruding hump of the dome. The attic has since been turned into file storage for the expanding court records.

Courthouse annexes
There are three courthouse annexes:
 St. Clairsville: 147 West Main Street in St. Clairsville, west of the main complex. This building houses the offices of the prosecuting attorney and the Western Division County Court.
 Bellaire: 400 West 26th Street, Suite 100. This building houses the Eastern and Northern Division County Court.

References

Further reading
Thrane, Susan W., County Courthouses of Ohio, Indiana University Press, Indianapolis, Indiana 2000
Marzulli, Lawrence J., The Development of Ohio's Counties and Their Historic Courthouses, Gray Printing Company, Fostoria, Ohio 1983
Stebbins, Clair, Ohio's Court Houses, Ohio State Bar Association, Columbus, Ohio 1980

External links

BelmontCounty official site
Courts in Belmont County

National Register of Historic Places in Belmont County, Ohio
Buildings and structures in Belmont County, Ohio
County courthouses in Ohio
Courthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
Government buildings completed in 1815
Clock towers in Ohio
Historic district contributing properties in Ohio

Belmont County Courthouse


Juan José Colomer (born Juan José Revueltas Colomer in Alzira, Valencia, Spain, 1966) is a Spanish composer.

Personal life
Juan Colomer started his music studies at age eight in his local music school, "Sociedad Musical de Alzira." He continued his studies in the Conservatorio Superior de Música de Valencia, where he graduated in trumpet and composition. In 1990 he moved to Boston where he studied Film Scoring at Berklee College of Music.

In 1992 he moved to Los Angeles, his actual residence, where he started working as a film composer, as well as arranging and producing for other artists. He has worked and collaborated with artists like Alejandro Fernández, Bebu Silvetti, Juan Carlos Calderón, Vinnie Colaiuta, and Ramón Flores.

In 1999 he recorded a CD with his own songs in Spanish, under the name of Bella y oscura, entitled "Reina en prisión" (queen in prison) with Esmeralda Grao as the lead singer.

In 2006 he became an American citizen and now has dual Spanish-American citizenship.

He is also known by his nickname in Spain Juanjo Colomer.

Career

His classical work, as a composer or orchestrator, has been performed and recorded by James Levine, Plácido Domingo, José Carreras, Christian Lindberg, Los Angeles Philharmonic, San Francisco Symphony, Vienna Symphony orchestra, Orchestre de Paris, Simón Bolívar Youth Orchestra, Orchestra & choir of the Arena di Verona, Russian National Orchestra, Orquesta de la Comunidad Valenciana, Orquesta de Castilla y León and Spanish Brass. He has worked regularly with Plácido Domingo as an orchestrator for the Christmas in Vienna series of concerts, as well as The three tenors concerts in Paris 1998 and Monterrey in 2005, the Arena de Verona and the Operalia anthem. Recently he arranged and orchestrated several of the tracks for the CD Pasión española (Spanish passion) with Plácido Domingo and the Orquesta de la Comunidad de Madrid conducted by Miguel Roa, for the Deutsche Grammophon label. This CD won a Grammy for Best Classical Album at the 2008 Latin Grammy Awards.

Juan J. Colomer has received commissions from the National orchestra of Spain (OCNE), International Horn Symposium, Center for Contemporary Music (CDMC), International Philip Jones competition (Guebwiller, France) and Instituto Valenciano de la Música (IVM).

In 1991 he won a composition prize in Madrid for his piece "Añoranzas" for Harp. He was also nominated for two consecutive years for an Euterpe award by the Federación de sociedades musicales valencianas for his piece "Raíces" for best symphonic work.

In 2010 he created a non profit organization called "Artistic Soirées" that hosts monthly concerts in Los Angeles. He is the co-founder, with conductor Ignazio Terrasi, of the LA Grand Ensemble, a flexible formation that incorporates visual elements into their concerts.

His works have been performed at prestigious halls like Carnegie Hall (NY), Tchaikovsky Concert Hall (Moscow), Teatro Real (Madrid) or Walt Disney Concert Hall (Los Angeles).

Juan Colomer publishes his works with Editions BIM of Switzerland, Editorial Piles, Tritó, and Rivera editores in Spain.

Compositions

Operas
 El Pintor, symphonic opera in 3 acts
 Dulcinea XL, chamber opera in 2 acts

Ballets
 Sorolla

Vocal orchestral works
 Agua que no has de beber, for choir & orchestra
 Fallen Angels, Oratorio for soloists, choir & orchestra

Orchestral works
 A casual walk to extinction
 Air in light of darkness
 Convergencias
 Ciento Volando
 Escaping insanity
 Escenas pintorescas (Picturesque scenes)
 Esperpento cubista
 La ancestral letania, for viola & orchestra
 La complicidad del espectro
 La Devota Lasciva, for brass quintet & orchestra
 Naturaleza Humana, for horn, choir of horns & orchestra
 Preludio de Dulcinea
 Sorolla breve suite
 Symphonic genesis
 Symphonic vignettes, for trumpet & orchestra
 Adagio, for strings
 Concerto Nº 1, for piano & orchestra

Works for symphony wind orchestra
 Raices
 Chova
 Feb 93
 Josep Pau

Vocal works
 Ave Maria, for soprano & orchestra
 Canciones de entretiempo
 Canciones en femenino
 Lied, for soprano & piano
 Magnificat, Choir SATB & brass quintet
 Silent ceremony, Children's chorus, mixed chorus, oboe, harp & organ

Chamber music
 Comfortably familiar (and peacefully numb), String quartet & piano
 Como pez en su pecera, for brass trio & percussion
 Concerto breve, for solo trombone
 Danzas Anacrónicas, for violin, cello & piano
 Decadence, for oboe, horn & piano
 Dialogos inmencionables, for solo trombone & brass quintet
 Downtown Bagatelles, for violin & piano
 Easy pieces for professional musicians, Viola & piano
 EB-1, for violin & piano
 Fierabrass, for brass ensemble
 Gabrieli según San Juan
 Gestas de un Don Nadie, for solo trumpet & brass quintet
 Historia de un muntante, for brass quintet
 Lisonjas de la alcahueta, for euphonium & brass quintet
 Los cinco mosqueteros, for brass quintet
 Mar sin Luna, Horn & Piano (also cello & piano)
 Obertura y Chacona, for trumpet & organ
 Obsession, for two violins & piano
 Patterns of behavior, String quartet, clarinet & Vibraphone/Marimba
 Quintet, for five flutes
 Realidades disipadas, for cello & piano
 Semana Santa en Gomorra, for large ensemble
 Separation, for violin & piano
 Sonata, for trumpet & piano
 The allure of despair, for violin, cello & piano
 The charlatan's daughter, for 2 solo trombones & brass quintet
 The existential tourist, for cello & piano
 Thelma & Louise on a Vespa, 2 trombones & piano
 Tiempos, for string quartet
 The exile of time, for string quartet
 Trio, for flute, viola & harp
 Visions, for horn & piano
 Viveros, for flute, cello & piano

Works for piano
 Autumn notebook
 El ladrón de memorias, for solo piano
 Influjo, for solo piano
 Decadence, for oboe, horn & piano
 EB-1, for violin & piano
 Realidades disipadas, for cell & piano
 Sonata, for trumpet & piano
 Viveros, for flute, cello & piano

Works for harp
 Trio, for flute, viola & harp
 Añoranzas

Film music
 A day without a Mexican
 A letter to Rachel
 Acts of love
 Aimee Price
 Bobby
 CNB
 Cronique de la Decouverte
 Dangerous cargo
 Dark honeymoon
 Distorted Images
 Double or nothing
 Fat free
 First date
 For better and for worse
 Getting Rachel back
 Invisible temptation
 Last Kill
 Learning to lead
 Luna
 Maradentro
 Mulholland ceremonies
 Pacifico inedito
 Rewrite
 Shakespeare...in & out
 Sunsplit
 Sylvia's Baklava
 Ten seconds
 The box
 The Crimson hour
 The Mexican dream
 The Wall
 Three short pieces
 Yellow belle

References

External links
Official website

myspace page
Editions BIM
Deutsche Grammophon (Plácido Domingo)
Rivera Editores
Editorial Tritó/Amalgama
Editorial Piles
Artistic Soirées
LA Grand Ensemble

1966 births
Living people
Spanish classical composers
Spanish male classical composers
Composers from the Valencian Community

Juan J. Colomer


Badger is an unincorporated community in the town of Lanark in Portage County, Wisconsin, United States.

Geography

Badger is located in central Wisconsin approximately eight miles southeast of Amherst and approximately six miles southwest of Waupaca. Badger is approximately four miles northeast of the unincorporated community of Blaine and borders Hartman Creek State Park (Lat: 44° 20' 11.7", Lon: -89° 14'  20.3).

History
Badger was once a stop-over on the trail between Waupaca and Plover Portage (modern Plover) on what is today State Road 54. Badger was the seat for the town of Lanark, including at one time bearing a Post Office around 1870–1901 with the same name.  Badger had several bars in its proximity.

Today, the garage and town hall for Lanark is located two miles to the east, near the intersection of State Road 54 and County Road TT.  Badger no longer has its own Post Office, but several bars remain in the area.

Notes

External links
Profile from the  Portage County Historical Society
University of Wisconsin – Stevens Point's Archives of Belmont Township, Wiscinsin

Unincorporated communities in Wisconsin
Unincorporated communities in Portage County, Wisconsin

Badger, Wisconsin


Buddha Akshobhya is one of the five Dhyani buddhas. In Chinese, he is called Ah-Chu-For. In Japanese, he is called Ashuku Nyoral and In Tibetan, he is called Mi Kyu Pa, or Sang Gye.

According to the scripture, Akobhyavyha Sutra, it is written that a monk wished to practice the Dharma and made a vow- not to feel angry or disgust at another being and he will manage anger appropriately. When he succeeded, he became Buddha Akshobya, an immovable one. He was given charge over the eastern paradise Abhirati Pure Land (the land of Joyous). It is believed that those who are reborn in this Pure Land will not be born in lower realms of consciousness and are never to be born again. In the Akshobhya sutra, it is also mentioned that the Buddha Shakyamuni, himself praised the patience of Akshobhya and making his determination a reality.

Akshobya represents Dharma that changes hatred and dislike into wisdom. He is shown touching the earth with his right hand and holding an upright thunderbolt in his left hand. Akshobya's blessings enables us to develop wisdom and understand the true nature of reality.

Akshobhya, meaning unshakeable, is one of many Buddhas found in Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism. He is described in the Mahayana Sutras of Northern Buddhism and in the Tantra literature. Although a relatively minor figure in the Sutras Akshobhya is of major importance in the Tantras occupying a central role in Vajrayana Buddhism at all levels. He is easily recognized in paintings by having a buddha-like form, blue body colour and the left hand supporting an upright vajra scepter. There are no other Buddhist figures that have this same iconographic appearance. Tantric depictions of Buddhas are commonly shown with jewel ornaments and a crown.

References

Buddhas

Akshobhya


The Jaffna Tamil dialect is a Tamil dialect native to the Jaffna Peninsula and is the primary dialect used in Northern Sri Lanka. It is the oldest and most archaic of Tamil dialects in Sri Lanka and India. It is also very refined and considered to preserve many antique features of Old Tamil that predate Tolkāppiyam, the grammatical treatise of Tamil. The Jaffna Tamil dialect retained many forms of words and phonemes which were used in Sangam literature such as Tirukkuṛaḷ and Kuṟuntokai, which has gone out of vogue in most Indian Tamil dialects.

Consequently many consider the Jaffna dialect to be a more conservative form of Tamil.

Although, audibly, quite distinct from the spoken Tamil dialects of Tamil Nadu, it nevertheless shares a similar standard written Tamil as Tamil Nadu, but is not always mutually intelligible in colloquial forms. Similarly, Sri Lankan Tamil dialects are not mutually intelligible with Malayalam too though it has a similar intonation and some words which stem from Old Tamil are shared.

A subdialect retained by the Paraiyar people of Kayts still retains a number of archaic words and Prakrit loans not found in any other dialects of Tamil. These drummers had historically played an important role as ritual players of drums at funerals and folk temples and as heralds and traditional weavers. They also maintained the family records of their feudal lords and even practised medicine and astrology in folk traditions

History

The Jaffna district is very close to South India, being separated by a narrow stretch of sea called the Palk Strait. In spite of the continual contact with India by sea, Sri Lankan Tamils have over the centuries become a distinct people developing dialects that differ in several aspects from the Indian Tamil dialects. The Jaffna Tamil dialect is also distinct to a lesser extent from that of the Eastern, Western and Upcountry Tamil dialects of Sri Lanka.

Pronunciation

Devoicing of [h] occurs in the Jaffna dialect, the voiceless plosives of the Jaffna dialects represent an antique feature of the pre-Sangam period. The Jaffna pronunciation [nitka]>[nikka] for nirka "to stand' is likely to preserve the ancient plosive nature of /r/, which in colloquial middle Tamil inscriptions is already confounded with the dental trill in this position.

See also
Sri Lankan Tamil dialects
 Batticaloa Tamil dialect
 Negombo Tamil dialect

References

Languages of Sri Lanka
Jaffna District society
Sri Lankan Tamil society
Tamil dialects

Jaffna Tamil dialect


Boomer is the official mascot of the Indiana Pacers, a professional basketball team that plays in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He appears at each of the Pacers' home games, at special events for the NBA, as well as at other community & sporting events in central Indiana.

Boomer was introduced before the start of the 1991 NBA season. Boomer is a  tall energetic cat, sometimes called the "Pacers panther",  who performs high flying dunks and dance moves in addition to firing up the crowd attending games. He wears a #00 Pacers jersey and is one of the more accomplished NBA mascots, being selected for several NBA All-Star Games.

Bowser was a former mascot, in canine form, who worked in tandem with Boomer. The duo was broken up when Bowser was retired during the 2009–2010 season, after 8 years in the business.

Mini-Boomer is a smaller, more youthful version of Boomer, presumably his "offspring", that performs with him at select games.

Pacers Power Pack are a group of young men who perform trampoline-assisted slam dunks with Boomer during the break before the fourth quarter of home games, as well as assisting him in firing up the crowd throughout the contests.

External links
Boomer's Homecage – Indiana Pacers website
Bowser's Bio – Indiana Pacers website

Indiana Pacers
National Basketball Association mascots

Boomer (mascot)


Caroline Elkins (American, born Caroline Fox, 1969) is Professor of History and African and African American Studies at Harvard University, the Thomas Henry Carroll/Ford Foundation Professor of Business Administration at Harvard Business School, Affiliated Professor at Harvard Law School, and the Founding Oppenheimer Faculty Director of Harvard's Center for African Studies.

Her first book, Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya (2005), won the 2006 Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction. It was also the basis for successful claims by former Mau Mau detainees against the British government for crimes committed in the internment camps of Kenya in the 1950s. Elkins's later book, Legacy of Violence: A History of the British Empire (2022), received significant reviewer praise, with one calling it a "tour de force of historical excavation." It was a finalist for the Baillie Gifford Prize for Non-Fiction, selected as one of The New York Times Top 100 Books of 2022, and named as one of the best books of 2022 by The New Statesman, the BBC, History Today, and Waterstones.

Biography
Raised in Ocean Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey, Elkins graduated from Ocean Township High School in 1987. She was a three-sport varsity athlete (soccer, field hockey, and basketball), winning multiple all-state and all-Shore awards, and heavily recruited at the collegiate level, ultimately deciding to attend Princeton where she played varsity soccer and golf. She was inducted into her high school's athletic hall of fame in 2000.

Mau Mau Rebellion

Elkins majored in history at Princeton, graduating summa cum laude before moving to Harvard for her master's and doctorate. Her historical methodology, which includes use of written sources as well as ethnographic field work and oral interviews, has led to major revisions in the fields of African and British imperial histories, and has also generated significant criticism, particularly from conservative academics. Elkins' Harvard PhD was concerned with the detention system employed by the colonial authorities during the Mau Mau Uprising, and served as the basis of the 2002 BBC documentary, Kenya: White Terror, in which Elkins and her fieldwork were both profiled. Kenya: White Terror won the International Red Cross Award at the Monte Carlo Film Festival. Elkins's dissertation provided the foundation for her 2005 publication, Imperial Reckoning, which was met with critical acclaim in newspapers and magazines around the world, including The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Guardian, and The Economist. In addition to winning the Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction in 2006, Imperial Reckoning was named a book of the year by The Economist and an editors' choice by The New York Times, and was a finalist for the Lionel Gelber Prize. In its commendation of Elkins, the Pulitzer Prize Committee wrote: "Imperial Reckoning is history of the highest order: meticulously researched, brilliantly written, and powerfully dramatic. An unforgettable act of historical re-creation, it is also a disturbing reminder of the brutal imperial precedents that continue to inform Western nations in their drive to democratize the world."

Elkins has been a professor at Harvard University since she completed her doctoral degree in Harvard's history department in 2001. She received tenure in 2009, and subsequently became the founding director of Harvard's Center for African Studies. She was appointed the Oppenheimer Faculty Director and in her six years as director created one of the world's largest institutions for the study of Africa, raising significant funds and garnering from the US Department of Education the distinction as a National Resource Center for African Studies.  Elkins currently teaches courses on contextual intelligence, modern Africa, the British Empire, and colonial violence in the 20th century.

In 2009, Imperial Reckoning served as the basis for an unprecedented legal claim filed by five Mau Mau detention camp survivors against the British government, and Elkins became the claimants' first expert witness before being joined by other historians in late 2010 and 2011. The case, known as Mutua and Five Others versus the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), was heard at the High Court of Justice in London with the Honourable Justice McCombe presiding. London human rights law firm Leigh Day and the Kenya Human Rights Commission (KHRC) in Nairobi were the claimants' legal representatives. During the course of legal discovery the FCO discovered some 300 boxes of previously undisclosed files that validated on a large scale Elkins' claims in Imperial Reckoning and provided thousands of pages of new evidence supporting the claimants' case of gross abuses perpetrated by colonial officials in the detention camps of Kenya in the 1950s.

On June 6, 2013, the British government announced a settlement with the Mau Mau claimants, issuing its official apology of "sincere regret," a £20 million cash payment, and a monument to those tortured during the uprising, unveiled in Nairobi's Uhuru Park in 2015. In the wake of the settlement, Kenyan MP, Paul Muite, told the press that, "Without her research, we would not have been able to mount this suit. The research portion was a momentous task and I credit Elkins for the success of filing the case. We recognised the research and preparatory work (to file the case) had to be perfect."

Legacy of Violence

Elkins's later book, Legacy of Violence: A History of the British Empire (2022), received starred reviews from Kirkus, Library Journal, and Publishers Weekly, which also interviewed Elkins, who stated that, "I don't believe that taking down statues erases or distorts history. Burning or hiding documents—that certainly erases and distorts history. I was an expert witness in a lawsuit against the British government by Kenyan survivors of detention camps, which led to the 'discovery' of several hundred boxes of unreleased government files on the camps. My book [Legacy of Violence] is, in part, about how we write history when much of the evidence has been destroyed or concealed. This is an important moment, in which statues and documents are coming together to help us reassess how the world became what it is."

Reviewers call Legacy of Violence "Top-shelf history offering tremendous acknowledgement of past systemic abuses," and "a feat of scholarship that elucidates the bureaucratic and legal machinery of oppression, dissects the intellectual justifications for it, and explores in gripping, sometimes grisly detail the suffering that resulted. The result is a forceful challenge to recent historiographical and political defenses of British exceptionalism that punctures myths of paternalism and progress."

Positive reviewers include historians Rana Mitter, Geoffrey Wheatcroft, Maya Jasanoff, Richard Drayton, Alex von Tunzelmann, John Darwin, Robert Gildea, Priya Satia, Erik Linstrum, William Roger Louis, and Jill Lepore. Other scholars and journalists delivering positive reviews include Homi Bhabha, Howard W. French, Tim Adams, Amitav Ghosh, Robbie Millen, and Priyamvada Gopal.

Historian Robert Lyman (former British army major) gave it a negative review calling it "a piece of ideology masquerading as history". University of Maryland historian Richard N. Price remarked that "if the book tends to overstuff its argument, it is also a book that is curiously thin in its conceptualization. Nuance and subtlety are strikingly absent throughout all the key arguments of the book."

Selected works

See also
 Fitz Remedios Santana de Souza
 Foreign and Commonwealth Office migrated archives

References

Further reading

External links
Staff profile, Harvard University
BBC Kenya: White Terror
 Ofcom report on complaints against the documentary "Kenya: White Terror"

1969 births
Living people
Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction winners
American women historians
Harvard Fellows
Harvard University faculty
Harvard University Department of History faculty
Harvard University alumni
Ocean Township High School alumni
People from Ocean Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey
Princeton University alumni
Writers from New Jersey
21st-century American historians
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American women writers
Date of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)

Caroline Elkins


Arthur Palmer may refer to:

 Arthur Palmer (politician) (1912–1994), British politician
 Arthur Palmer (priest) (1807–1881), Anglican priest
 Arthur Palmer (scholar) (1841–1897), Canadian-Irish classical scholar
 Arthur Hunter Palmer (1819–1898), Australian politician and Premier of Queensland
 Arthur Power Palmer (1840–1904), British Commander-in-Chief, India

Arthur Palmer


Ding Ning (simplified Chinese: 丁宁; traditional Chinese: 丁寧; born 20 June 1990 in Daqing) is a Chinese table tennis player. She became olympic champion in Rio 2016 in singles and team category. She is a lefthanded-player and uses the Shakehand-style.

Career
In 2009 Ding played for her first time international: At the world championships she won silver. Therefore she came under the top 10 in the world rankings. At the asian championships she won gold in the singles, doubles and with the team. 2010 she was a part of the Chinese National Team that lost to Singapore in the final at the world championships in Moscow. In 2011 she finally put in the world rankings: Ding became world champion in singles, won three Pro Tour Titles , became vice-world champion in doubles and won the world cup at their first participation. In November 2011 she was for the first time number one in the world.

2012 she won gold with the team at the world championships. In the final they beat Singapore. In the same year Ding took for her first time part in the Olympics in London, where she won with the team gold and in the singles met Li Xiaoxia, where she lost and silver won. At the grand finals she won for her first participation silver in the singles. At the world championships 2013 she came to the semifinal in the singles category, but she lost to Li Xiaoxia again. Indeed she won silver in doubles.

In 2014, she beat at the world cup and at the Asian cup Li Xiaoxia and won so gold and came back to number one in the world. At the world championships 2015, she won gold in the singles, and was so two times world champion. In the doubles she won together with Li Xiaoxia silver. Also she won the world tour grand finals, but slipped on place three in the world rankings.

The year 2016 began good for Ding Ning: She became world champion with the team again and won for her first time gold in the singles at the olympics and with the team too. At the world championships 2017 Ding won for her third time gold in the singles and in the doubles she won silver. In 2018 she only played the world team cup, where she won gold with the chinese national team.

Successen

World Championships

 2011, 2015, 2017- winner singles
 2013- bronze singles
 2011, 2013, 2015- silver doubles
 2017- gold doubles
 2012, 2014, 2016- gold team
 2010- silver team

Olympic Games

 2012, 2016- team gold
 2012- silver singles
 2016- gold singles

World Cup

 2011, 2014- winner singles
 2012, 2015, 2018-winner team

References

1990 births
Living people
Chinese table tennis players

Ding Ning


Anacropora spinosa is a species of briar coral that can be found in the central Indo-Pacific, Southeast Asia, the Solomon Islands, Japan, the East China Sea and the oceanic west Pacific Ocean. It is also found in Rodrigues and the Andaman Islands. It occurs in shallow reefs, from depths of 5–15 m. It is particularly susceptible to coral bleaching, disease and reduction of coral reef habitats.

Description
Anacropora spinosa forms bushy clumps of contorted branches up to  thick which taper to a point. The corallites are long, crowded and irregular, mostly being untapered. Spines project beneath the corallites. The colour of this coral is usually brownish, and the tips of the branches are often white.

Status
Anacropora spinosa is found in shallow reef habitats and is particularly susceptible to coral bleaching and coral disease and is slow to recover. It is an uncommon species and the population is thought to be trending downwards. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being "endangered".

References

Acroporidae
Endangered animals
Animals described in 1892

Anacropora spinosa


Furman L. Smith (May 11, 1925 – June 1, 1944) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War II.

Biography
Smith joined the Army from Central, South Carolina in July 1943, and by May 31, 1944, was serving as a private in the 135th Infantry Regiment, 34th Infantry Division. During a battle on that day, near Lanuvio, Italy, his group came under intense German attack and began to withdraw. Smith voluntarily stayed behind with the wounded and protected them until he was overrun and killed. He was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor eight months later, on January 24, 1945.

Smith, aged 19 at his death, was buried at Pleasant Hill Cemetery in Central, South Carolina.

Medal of Honor citation
Private Smith's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. In its attack on a strong point, an infantry company was held up by intense enemy fire. The group to which Pvt. Smith belonged was far in the lead when attacked by a force of 80 Germans. The squad leader and 1 other man were seriously wounded and other members of the group withdrew to the company position, but Pvt. Smith refused to leave his wounded comrades. He placed them in the shelter of shell craters and then alone faced a strong enemy counterattack, temporarily checking it by his accurate rifle fire at close range, killing and wounding many of the foe. Against overwhelming odds, he stood his ground until shot down and killed, rifle in hand. ''For more information on his biography,read : http://tigerprints.clemson.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1756&context=all_theses

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients
List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II

References

1925 births
1944 deaths
United States Army personnel killed in World War II
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
People from Greenville, South Carolina
United States Army soldiers
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor
People from Central, South Carolina
People from Six Mile, South Carolina

Furman L. Smith


Oskar Leimgruber (5 July 1886 in Fribourg, Switzerland – 19 July 1976) was a Swiss Politician from the Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP).

After having studied at Fribourg and at Schwytz, he pursued legal studies at the Universities of Fribourg, Bern, and Vienna, obtaining his doctorate in 1911.

Leimgruber had many different jobs, among them journalist at La Liberté and at Freiburger Zeitung, adjunct director of the museum of arts and occupations, and cantonal secretary of arts and occupations, as well as lawyer.

In 1912, he became a jurist for Swiss Federal Railways and also at Bern. In 1919, he became simultaneously member of the central committee of the CVP and secretary of the federal department of the postal services and railways, where he worked as general secretary. Named Vice-Chancellor in 1925, he created the Federal printed matter and materials center. Leimgruber represented Switzerland at numerous international conferences.

In 1923 he founded the International SME Union as well as the International Management Institute in Brussels, over which he presided. He has written extensively on issues of the economy, administration, sociology and jurisprudence.

In 1934 Leimgruber was defeated by Bovet in a close election for a new Federal Chancellor. However, nine years later he was elected to the post. He was the first Chancellor belonging to the Catholic Conservatives. Leimgruber introduced simultaneous translation of speeches in the National Council. For the centenary in 1948, he was the co-editor of the book Emblem, seals and constitutions of the Swiss Confederation and the cantons and Adjusted collection of federal laws and regulations from 1848 to 1947. He resigned in 1951 and died in Bern in 1976.

References

External links

Federal Chancellors of Switzerland
1886 births
1976 deaths
20th-century Swiss politicians
People from Fribourg

Oskar Leimgruber


Rugby League World is a dedicated rugby league magazine published monthly in the United Kingdom. Other rugby league titles published by League Publications Ltd include the weekly newspaper Rugby Leaguer & League Express and the annual Gillette Rugby League Yearbook.

History
Rugby League World began life in May 1976 as Open Rugby, founded by Harry Edgar, who published and edited the title until July 1998 when it was sold to League Publications Ltd. Graham Clay then took over as editor, and oversaw the change of title to Rugby League World in March 1999.

A short-lived Australian edition was launched and ran for 7 issues, between March and September 2002.

In 2011 an Apple iPad and Android edition of the magazine was launched.

Although the magazine is aimed at the British market, its important coverage of French rugby league give to Rugby League World a paradoxal position: in 2018,  it is the sole monthly paper magazine in Northern Hemisphere which covers regularly events and competitions  organised on the French territory. The only other one being "Planete XIII", an institutional and official  publication, created by FFR XIII, which is only available by subscription.

List of editors
'Open Rugby'
Harry Edgar - May 1976 to July 1998
Graham Clay - August 1998 to February 1999

Rugby League World
Graham Clay - March 1999 to February 2002
Tony Hannan - March 2002 to March 2004
Tim Butcher - April 2004 to March 2007
Richard de la Riviere - April 2007 to January 2010
John Drake - February 2010 to March 2013
Gareth Walker - March 2013 to March 2015
Joe Whitley - March 2015 to August 2016
John Drake - August 2016 to February 2018
Doug Thomson - February 2018 to June 2018
Matthew Shaw - July 2018 to February 2019
Alex Davis - February 2019 to May 2020 (suspended due to Covid-19)
Lorraine Marsden - February 2022 to present

Golden Boot Award

In 1985, Open Rugby created the Golden Boot Award, to be given annually to the best player of the year, as chosen by a ballot of international rugby league writers and broadcasters. Due to withdrawal of sponsorship, the Golden Boot was not awarded between 1990 and 1998, but the award was resurrected in 1999 and has been presented every year since. In 2011, an ongoing project was started in Rugby League World to determine retrospective winners of the Golden Boot for the years 1990–1998.

The rights regarding this award were sold to the RLIF in the middle of the 2000s.

Sponsorships
In 2002 Rugby League World Magazine sponsored the Great Britain team against Australia in the first Test Match played in Sydney for a decade, and has also sponsored the England team in the European Nations Cup.

See also
 Rugby Leaguer & League Express
 Rugby League World Golden Boot Award

References

External links
 Rugby League World Magazine

1976 establishments in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1976
Monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Rugby football magazines
Rugby league mass media
Rugby league in the United Kingdom
Sports magazines published in the United Kingdom
Mass media in Yorkshire

Rugby League World


Vincent Gardenia (January 7, 1920 – December 9, 1992) was an Italian-American actor. He was born in Ercolano, Italy. In 1955, Gardenia was in Gunsmoke. Vincent Gardenia played Frank Lorenzo in the famous 1970s sitcom All in the Family. In 1990, Vincent won the Outstanding Supporting Actor award.

Gardenia died on December 9, 1992 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania at the age of 72.

Other websites

1920 births
1992 deaths
American television actors
Italian television actors

Vincent Gardenia


A destination spa or health resort is a resort centered on a spa, such as a mineral spa. Historically, many such spas were developed at the location of natural hot springs or mineral springs. In the era before modern biochemistry and pharmacotherapy, "taking the waters" was often believed to have great medicinal powers. Even without such mystic powers, the stress relief and health education of spas also often has some degree of positive effect on health. Destination spas offer day spa facilities, but what sets them apart is that they also offer hotel facilities so that people can stay multiple nights.

Typically, over a seven-day stay, they provide a comprehensive program that includes spa services, physical fitness activities, wellness education, healthy cuisine, and special interest programming.

A special subgroup are the medical spas who offer treatments that are paid back by the national health insurance program.

All-inclusive program
Some destination spas offer an all-inclusive program that includes facilitated fitness classes, healthy cuisine, educational classes and seminars, as well as similar to a beauty salon or a day spa. Guests reside and participate in the program at a destination spa instead of just visiting for a treatment or pure vacation. Some destination spas are in tropical locations or in spa towns.

Destination spas have been in use for a considerable time, and some are no longer used but are rather  preserved as elements of earlier history; for example, Gilroy Yamato Hot Springs in California is such a historically used spa whose peak patronage occurred in the late 19th and early 20th century.

Resort spas are generally located in resorts, and offer similar services via rooms with services, meals, body treatments, and fitness a la carte.

Types of medical services
Typical medical services offered at destination spas include:
Balneotherapy
Electrology
Facial
Physical fitness
Ionithermie
Massage
Manicure
Pedicure

Medical Spas
Medical Spas - provide treatments and revalidation therapies paid back by the national health insurance, have to comply to the ISO 21426:2018 on tourism and related service requirements for medical spas and have a medical doctor on site who supervises all the treatments.

In 21 of the 27 EU countries they are very known and they have often state contracts with the ministry of health to provide a certain minimum yearly capacity of treatment places for patients. Another example are the contracts with for example the national public transport operators to help recuperate lung capacity or change unhealthy lifestyle and food consumption behavior. In the latter case, reimbursement by the public health care is only done after people stayed the minimum prescribed 14 to 18 days, the time necessary to provoke behavioral changes and take the healthier lifestyle choices and practices back home.

It is common for elderly people to take every year a one-week treatment in medical public spas, which offer treatments for patients with syndrome diseases such as fibromyalgia, multiple sclerosis, rheumatism, and arthritis.

Treatments is also offered in Ministry of Ayush hospital revalidation centers, in the Middle Eastern "Turkish bath" Hammam steam bath facilities, as well as Asian or "Traditional Chinese Hot Spring" centers, and Japanese shinrin-yoku centres.

Post-COVID-19
Since the COVID-19 pandemic, medical spas have received additional attention for the treatment of post-COVID patients, especially the subgroup with symptoms indicating destroyed neural cells and neural networks in the brain, to undergo specific ergo-therapies during 2–3 weeks to give their body and brain the time to regrow these neural networks.

External links

 International Spa Association
 The European Federation of Medical Spas

References

.

Skin care
Massage
Resorts by type
Destination

Destination spa


Many animals have glands which are located close to the anus. These glands are called anal glands. In many cases, they produce a specific secretion or smell, which the animals use to identify each other. If the animal is territorial, it may also use secretions of these glands to mark the territory. Sometimes, animals signal that they are ready for copulation.

Animals with anal glands include:
 Many primates, including humans
 Most carnivores
 Many rodents
 Snakes

Animal anatomy
Glands

Anal gland


Shagufta Anwar is a Member of Provincial Assembly (MPA) of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab in  Pakistan. She is the Parliamentary Secretary for Anti-Corruption.  She is a member of the ex-ruling Pakistan Muslim League-Q party.

Education
Anwar is the daughter of Mian Muhammad Anwar and was born at Sargodha. She received the degree of M.A. in Political Science in 1991 and that of LL.B. in 1992 and also completed D.T.L. in 1993 from University of the Punjab, Lahore. A practising lawyer, she is a member of the  International Bar Association and has sat on the Executive Committee, Tax Reforms Committee, and Environmental Protection Committee of the Lahore High Court since 1995.

Career
She was elected an MPA of the Punjab in the General Elections of 2002 against one of the seats reserved for women; and has served as Parliamentary Secretary for Anti Corruption since August 5, 2003. She is also a member of the Syndicate at Lahore College for Women University. She visited the United States in 2004 at the invitation of the Government of the United States.

Sources
 Official Biography

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Punjab MPAs 2002–2007

Shagufta Anwar


In the study of the classic Chinese novel Dream of the Red Chamber, the Cheng-Gao versions or Cheng-Gao editions (程高本) refer to two illustrated, woodblock print editions of the book, published in 1791 and 1792, both entitled The Illustrated Dream of the Red Chamber (绣像红楼梦). The 1791 version, produced at the year's end, was the novel's earliest print edition. A revised edition, differing in minor details, was published less than eighty days after the first print edition in early 1792. Both editions were edited by Cheng Weiyuan (程伟元) and Gao E and were published by Suzhou's Cuiwen Book House (萃文书屋).

The Cheng-Gao versions differed from earlier scribal copies, which were titled  The Story of the Stone 石头记). Cheng and Gao removed commentaries made by Zhiyanzhai, added illustrations, and changed the title. They made extensive edits, most important adding 40-chapters, which they claimed Cao had written to bring the novel to a close. Their edition is known as the Cheng-Gao continuation. This 40-chapter ending is now the continuation read by most readers.

Hu Shih in the 1920s referred to the 1791 version as the Chengjia edition (程甲本, "Cheng-A book") and the 1792 version as the Chengyi edition (程乙本, "Cheng-B book"). These remain the names they are known in the field of Redology. From the mid-20th century until the 1980s the Chengyi edition was the most read, studied and reprinted Dream version in Taiwan owing to Hu Shih's influence. In China, the People's Literature Publishing House (人民文学出版社) published an annotated 1982 edition based on the Rouge versions, effectively ending the era where the Cheng-Gao versions were used extensively. The 1982 People's Literature Publishing House edition was edited by a team of scholars from the "Red Chamber Dream Academy" (红楼梦研究所), which included influential Redologist Feng Qiyong (冯其庸). This 1982 edition was subsequently revised in 2008 and 2015.

Original Cheng-Gao editions are now very rare and are highly prized collector's items – less than twenty copies are believed to be extant.

The 1791 prefaces
Cheng Weiyuan and Gao E wrote prefaces for the 1791 Chengjia edition (程甲本) in Classical Chinese. Both prefaces were short and owing to the brevity of Classical Chinese, are reproduced here in full:

Cheng's preface
Cheng Weiyuan's 1791 preface was as follows:

《红楼梦》小说本名《石头记》,作者相传不一,究未知出自何人,惟书内记雪芹曹先生删改数过。好事者每传抄一部,置庙市中,昂其值得数十金,可谓不胫而走者矣。然原目一百廿卷,今所传只八十卷,殊非全本。即间称有全部者,及检阅仍只八十卷,读者颇以为憾。不佞以是书既有百廿卷之目,岂无全璧?爰为竭力收罗,自藏书家甚至故纸堆中无不留心,数年以来,仅积有廿余卷。一日偶于鼓担上得十余卷,遂重价购之,欣然翻阅,见其前后起伏,尚属接笋,然漶漫不可收拾。乃同友人细加厘剔,截长补短,抄成全部,复为镌板,以公同好,《红楼梦》全书示自是告成矣。书成,因并志其缘起,以告海内君子。凡我同人,或亦先睹为快者欤? —小泉程伟元识。 (Simplified Chinese)

《紅樓夢》小說本名《石頭記》,作者相傳不一,究未知出自何人,惟書內記雪芹曹先生刪改數過。好事者每傳抄一部,置廟市中,昂其值,得數十金,可謂不脛而走者矣。然原目一百廿卷,今所傳只八十卷,殊非全本。即間稱有全部者,及檢閱,仍只八十卷,讀者頗以為憾。不佞以是書既有百廿卷之目,豈無全璧?爰為竭力收羅,自藏書家甚至故紙堆中無不留心,數年以來,僅積有廿余卷。一日偶於鼓擔上得十餘卷,遂重價購之,欣然繙閱,見其前後起伏,尚屬接筍,然漶漫不可收拾。乃同友人細加厘剔,截長補短,抄成全部,復為鐫板,以公同好,《紅樓夢》全書始自是告成矣。書成,因並志其緣起,以告海內君子。凡我同人,或亦先睹為快者歟?—小泉程偉元識。 (Traditional Chinese)

In his 1791 preface Cheng Weiyuan stated that the novel, which he renamed Dream of the Red Chamber, was originally entitled The Story of the Stone. It had been ascribed to "different people", the author being unknown, but a certain "Mr" Cao Xueqin (now believed to be the book's true author) edited and revised it several times as was stated in the novel proper. Such was the popularity of the book that contemporaneous temple market scribes could make copies and sell them for several taels of gold. But the book's incomplete, 80-chapter nature disappointed readers. Cheng searched extensively for the remaining chapters, from renowned book collector's libraries to spare paper piles, and in the process collected over "twenty more (i.e. new) chapters". Cheng then claimed, after several years, to have chanced on "ten more chapters" of the final version from a book vendor (鼓擔), and paid a hefty price for them. Being the working manuscript, however, it was unedited and in disarray. Cheng Weiyuan edited this version with a friend (Gao E), consulting existing versions, then printed the "complete" edition to satiate the appetites of fellow fans.

Later Qing Dynasty editions reprinting the Cheng-Gao versions removed Cheng's preface and used Gao's preface solely.

Gao E's preface

Gao E's 1791 preface was shorter:

予闻《红楼梦》脍炙人口者,几廿余年,然无全璧,无定本。向曾从友人借观,窃以染指尝鼎为憾。今年春,友人程子小泉过予,以其所购全书见示,且曰:"此仆数年銖积寸累之苦心,将付剞劂,公同好。子閒旦憊矣,盍分任之?"予以是书虽稗官野史之流,然尚不谬于名教,欣然拜诺,正以波斯奴见宝为幸,题襄其役。工既竣,并识端末,以告阅者。—时乾隆辛亥冬至后五日铁岭高鹗叙并书。(Simplified Chinese)

予聞《紅樓夢》膾炙人口者,幾廿餘年,然無全璧,無定本。向曾從友人借觀,竊以染指嘗鼎為憾。今年春,友人程子小泉過予,以其所購全書見示,且曰:"此僕數年銖積寸累之苦心,將付剞劂,公同好。子閒旦憊矣,盍分任之?"予以是書雖稗官野史之流,然尚不謬於名教,欣然拜諾,正以波斯奴見寶為幸,題襄其役。工既竣,並識端末,以告閱者。—時乾隆辛亥冬至後五日鐵嶺高鶚敘並書。(Traditional Chinese)

Gao's preface was penned in 1791 winter, five days after the winter solstice, in Tieling. He revealed the overwhelming popularity of the novel, although there was no final version after "over twenty years". He first read the book at a friend's place since he could not have a share of it (i.e. could not afford its purchase). In spring 1791 Cheng Weiyuan approached Gao to co-edit a "complete" version; Cheng mentioned that he himself was then quite idle but the editing task seemed to him arduous. Gao said that although the novel concerned "unofficial stray anecdotes" (稗官野史) of the past, it did not slander the "orthodox" Confucian classics, and hence he gladly assisted in its editing. Thereafter Gao wrote this preface in appreciation of Cheng's offer of collaboration.

The 1792 foreword

The 1791 preface was replaced with a more impersonal, jointly written foreword, also in Classical Chinese:

一、是书前八十回,藏书家抄录传阅几三十年矣,今得后四十回合成完璧。绿友人借抄,争觀者甚伙,抄录固难,刊板亦需时日,姑集活字刷印。因急欲公诸同好,故初印时不及细校,间有紕缪。今复聚集各原本详加校阅,改订无讹.惟识者谅之。一、书中前八十回抄本,各家互异,今广集核勘,准情酌理,补遗订讹。其间或有增损数字处,意在便于披阅,非敢争胜前人也。一,是书沿传既久,坊间繕本及诸家所藏秘稿,繁简歧出,前后错见。即如六十七回,此有彼无,题同文异,燕石莫辨。茲惟择其情理较协者,取为定本。一、书中后四十回系就历年所得,集腋成裘,更无他本可考。惟按其前后关照者,略为修辑,使其有应接而无矛盾.至其原文,未敢臆改,俟再得善本,更为釐定,且不欲尽掩其本来面目也。一、是书词意新雅,久为名公鉅卿赏鉴,但创始刷印,卷帙较多,工力浩繁,故未加评点。其中用笔吞吐,虚实掩映之妙,识者当自得之。一、向来奇书小说,题序署名,多出名家。是书开卷略誌数语,非云弁首,实因残缺有年,一旦颠末毕具,大陕人心,欣然题名,聊以记成书之幸。一、是书刷印,原为同好传玩起见,后因坊间再四乞兌,爰公议定值,以备工种之费,非谓奇货可居也。—壬子花朝后一日小泉、兰墅又识。(Simplified Chinese)

一、是書前八十回,藏書家抄錄傳閱幾三十年矣,今得後四十回合成完璧。綠友人借抄,爭觀者甚夥,抄錄固難,刊板亦需時日,姑集活字刷印。因急欲公諸同好,故初印時不及細校,間有紕繆。今復聚集各原本詳加校閱,改訂無訛.惟識者諒之。一、書中前八十回抄本,各家互異,今廣集核勘,準情酌理,補遺訂訛。其間或有增損數字處,意在便於披閱,非敢爭勝前人也。一,是書沿傳既久,坊間繕本及諸家所藏秘稿,繁簡歧出,前後錯見。即如六十七回,此有彼無,題同文異,燕石莫辨。茲惟擇其情理較協者,取為定本。一、書中後四十回係就歷年所得,集腋成裘,更無他本可考。惟按其前後關照者,略為修輯,使其有應接而無矛盾.至其原文,未敢臆改,俟再得善本,更為釐定,且不欲盡掩其本來面目也。一、是書詞意新雅,久為名公鉅卿賞鑑,但創始刷印,卷帙較多,工力浩繁,故未加評點。其中用筆吞吐,虛實掩映之妙,識者當自得之。一、向來奇書小說,題序署名,多出名家。是書開卷略誌數語,非雲弁首,實因殘缺有年,一旦顛末畢具,大陝人心,欣然題名,聊以記成書之幸。一、是書刷印,原為同好傳玩起見,後因坊間再四乞兌,爰公議定值,以備工種之費,非謂奇貨可居也。—壬子花朝後一日小泉、蘭墅又識。(Traditional Chinese)

The foreword was dated March 5, 1792 (壬子花朝後一日). The gist of this lengthy foreword is that both editors, Cheng and Gao, felt the 1791 edition was marred by misprints and sloppy edits. They took more time this time round to collate and compare further versions in order to refine the present 1792 edition. The two friends discovered another manuscript of the last 40 chapters (善本) and based this 1792 edition on this superior manuscript. They apologized for not providing annotations, owing to the massive work involved, and also stated that Cheng-Gao editions had to be somewhat expensive in order to offset printing costs. They also apologized that their 1791 prefaces were written not to steal the author's thunder, but because they were so elated upon discovering the original manuscript that they indiscreetly disclosed their full names (the 1792 edition was signed using their style names 號, which were pseudonyms).

Authorship

In 1921, Hu Shih published one of the most influential Redology essays in the modern era, Studies on A Dream of the Red Chamber (红楼梦考证).  In it Hu Shih proposed the hypothesis that the last forty chapters were not written by Cao Xueqin but were completed by Gao E. Hu Shih based his hypothesis on four pieces of evidence – though three of them were circumstantial and Hu Shih was himself uncertain of his second proof. He went on to accuse Cheng and Gao of being dishonest in their 1791 prefaces, stating direct evidence from a contemporary, Zhang Wentao (张问陶), that Gao was the author of the continuation. The conclusion, in Hu Shih's own words, was irrefutable (自无可疑). His stand was supported by Zhou Ruchang and Liu Xinwu. Another Redologist, Yu Pingbo, originally supported this proposition, but later retracted it.

Modern Redologists continue to be skeptical about the authenticity of the Cheng-Gao ending, partly owing to stylistic differences, and also because the many foreshadowings in the earlier 80 chapters are not precisely fulfilled in the subsequent chapters.

References

Dream of the Red Chamber

Cheng–Gao versions


Noir: A Collection of Crime Comics is a black-and-white crime comics anthology published by Dark Horse Comics. The collection contains original stories as well as short stories of already established crime comics series.

Stories

"Stray Bullets: Open the Goddamn Box"

Writer and artist: David Lapham

Letterer: Clem Robins

"The Old Silo"
Writer and artist: Jeff Lemire

"Mister X: Yacht on the Styx"

Writer and artist: Dean Motter

"The Last Hit"

Writer: Chris Offutt

Penciller: Kano

Inker: Stefano Gaudiano

Letterer: Clem Robins

"Fracture"

Writer: Alex De Campi

Artist: Hugo Petrus

Letterer: Ryan Hill

"The Albanian"

Writer and artist: M. K. Perker

"Kane: The Card Player"

Writer and artist: Paul Grist

"Blood on My Hands"

Writer and artist: Rick Geary

"Trustworthy"
Prose story with illustrations

Writer: Ken Lizzi

Artist: Joëlle Jones

"The New Me"

Writer: Gary D. Phillips

Artist: Eduardo Barreto

Letterer: Tom Orzechowski

"Lady's Choice"

Writers and artists: The Fillbach Brothers

"Criminal: 21st Century Noir"

Writer: Ed Brubaker

Artist: Sean Phillips

"The Bad Night"

Writer: Brian Azzarello

Artists: Gabriel Bá and Fábio Moon

References

Crime comics
Comics anthologies
Dark Horse Comics graphic novels
2009 graphic novels

Noir: A Collection of Crime Comics


A file is a tool used to shape materials, by wearing away some of it. Today, files are usually made of a steel bar that has a rough surface. By rubbing the surface against a material, some of the material is scraped away.  There are also nail files used to shape a person's fingernails. Files can also make a surface smooth so that there are no gaps, which is useful when two surfaces need to be attached to each other. A file is "blunt" if it is the same size on both ends, and "tapered" if one end is smaller than the other.

Cutting tools

File (tool)


The Manta Trust is a UK-based charity that was formed in 2011 to co-ordinate global research and conservation efforts for manta rays, their close relatives and their habitat.

As charismatic megafauna, manta rays act as a flagship species, helping to promote and engage the general public in the wider message of marine ecosystem conservation. Through this top down approach to conservation the manta ray becomes the catalyst for change, engaging and motivating the general public, governments and local communities alike.

A UK Registered Charity, the Trust brings together a number of projects from around the globe, both new and long-standing, including the Republic of Maldives, Sri Lanka, Mexico and Indonesia. By conducting long-term, robust studies into manta populations in these locations, the trust aims to build the solid foundations upon which Governments, NGOs and conservationists can make informed and effective decisions to ensure the long-term survival of these animals and their habitat.

The BBC News program "Protecting the fragile manta rays of the Maldives" profiles Manta Trust's conservation efforts in the Maldives.

Achievements

Manta ray species and five shark species gain protection under CITES Appendix II, March 2013

In March 2013, Manta Trust helped secure protection for both manta ray species with approval for listing in CITES Appendix II.

Sharks, Rays, and Sawfishes gain protection under CMS CoP11, November 2014

In November 2014, Manta Trust played in key role, along with several NGOs and other groups, in proposing and subsequently succeeding in getting new protective legislation granted to 21 species of sharks, rays and sawfishes by the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals.

Mobula Rays listed on CITES Appendix II, October 2016

In October 2016, the Manta Trust played a key role in a proposal for listing mobula rays on Appendix II of CITES. Being listed on Appendix II means countries must prove that the trade in mobula gill plates is sustainable and not detrimental to the survival of the species. Conservationists were delighted when CITES Parties officially listed devil rays, thresher sharks, and the silky shark under CITES Appendix II with the proposals supported by more than the two-thirds majority required for adoption.

External links
Manta Trust homepage

References

International environmental organizations

Manta Trust


Karur district is a district located very centrally along the Kaveri and Amaravathi rivers in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The main town in Karur District is the city of Karur, which is also the district headquarters. The district had a population of 1,064,493 with a sex-ratio of 1,015 females for every 1,000 males. A total of 102,731 were under the age of six, constituting 52,969 males and 49,762 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 20.8% and .05% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the district was 68.3%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.

Home textiles
Karur is famous for its home textiles. Karur has a place in five major product groups: bed linens, kitchen linens, toilet linens, table linens, wall hangings. Overall Karur generates around Rs.6000 crores in foreign exchange through direct and indirect exports. Allied industries like ginning and spinning mills, dyeing factories, weaving etc., employs around 450,000 people in and around Karur.

References

Karur district


SEPCO3, stylized as sepcoIII, (Shandong Electric Power Construction Corporation III or SEPCO III) () is a Chinese construction and engineering company that designs, builds, operates and owns power plants.

SEPCO3 offers the construction of power plants via the EPC method (Engineering, Procurement, Construction) on a turnkey lump sum basis. Moreover, SEPCO3 also offers the development of power plant projects through BOT (Build-Operate-Transfer) and BOO(T) Build-Operate-Own(-Transfer) methods.  The technologies engineered by the company include  Thermal power plants, nuclear power plants, gas fired simple and combined cycle plants, wind power, biomass power, solar power and hydro power as well as substations.  As a large company, vertically integrated parts like logistics and shipping, operation, maintenance, design and financing are also handled internally.

The company has gone on the path of international expansion and has carried out construction in Egypt, India, Indonesia, Jordan, Nigeria, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and Singapore.  In overseas work, SEPCO3 has had particular success in India where it held 20% of the market for power generation construction in 2011 which compares well to the market share of about 50% in India held by all Chinese power construction companies.  From the period of 2005-2011, SEPCO3 has taken US$9 billion worth of projects in India.  The subsidiary in India has become a substantial operation in its own right employing 7,000 Indian workers directly and more than 50,000 local people engaged with its subcontractors.  The management has stated plans to increase localization by increasing the numbers of Indians among management personnel with the number of local nationals holding managerial positions being about 50% in 2011.

References

Manufacturing companies of China
Construction and civil engineering companies of China
Chinese companies established in 1985
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1985

SEPCO3


All Saints' Church is the Anglican parish church of the town of Fleet in the county of Hampshire, England. It is notable for its architect, William Burges and was constructed between 1861 and 1862. A Grade II* listed building, the church was very badly damaged in an arson attack in 2015. An eight-year restoration saw the church reopen in April 2023.

History and description
The church was designed by Burges and was built between 1861 and 1862. It was extended to the west in 1934 by A. J. Steadman and a Lady Chapel was added in 1958 by John Purser.  The church was commissioned by the local squire, Charles Edward Lefroy, secretary to the Speaker of the House of Commons as a memorial to his wife, Janet Lefroy. It cost £3,323. It has been listed Grade II* on the National Heritage List for England since June 1987.

Pevsner says of Fleet that "it has no shape, nor character nor notable buildings, except one", that one being All Saints. The church is of red brick and its plan is "simple in the extreme." The interior too is simply decorated  but the massive sculpture, particularly of the Lefroys' tomb and of the gabled arch below which it originally sat is quintessentially Burges, "not so much muscular (gothic) as muscle-bound". Janet Lefroy was originally a Walker, daughter of James Walker, who established the great marine engineering company of Walker and Burges with Alfred Burges, father of William.  This family connection led to Burges obtaining the commission.

The interior was significantly altered in the later twentieth century by the removal of the Lefroy tomb from its original position and by the whitewashing of the apse. Of these alterations, Pevsner comments; "And so a work by a none too prolific genius is irreparably spoiled."

Fire
Far greater damage was caused in 2015 by an arson attack. On 22 June the roof and much of the interior was destroyed by a major fire. Daniel Finnerty, a seventeen-year-old local, was subsequently arrested for suspected arson. In November 2015, at Winchester Crown Court, Finnerty pleaded guilty to two charges of arson and was sentenced to four years in a Youth Offender Institution (reduced to  years on appeal) and to a three-year extended licence. The church was returned to a condition where it could hold services by 30 April 2023 when it was reconsecrated.

Gallery

Notes

References

External links

1862 establishments in England
Churches completed in 1862
Fleet, All Saints
Gothic Revival architecture in Hampshire
Gothic Revival church buildings in England
Fleet, Hart
Fleet
Religious buildings and structures in the United Kingdom destroyed by arson
William Burges church buildings
2010s fires in the United Kingdom
2015 disasters in the United Kingdom
2015 fires in Europe

All Saints Church, Fleet


Kano was an Italo disco music project formed in Milan, Italy in 1979 by producers/musicians Luciano Ninzatti, Stefano Pulga and Matteo Bonsanto.

History
Kano's debut single was the 1980 international hit "I'm Ready", combining elements of 1970s disco, funk and R&B while extensively using synthesizers and percussive handclaps as well as raw-processed and vocoderized vocals. Kano's self-titled debut album also included "It's a War", "Ahjia", "Now Baby Now" and the instrumental track "Cosmic Voyager". "I'm Ready" peaked at No. 21 on the U.S. Black Singles chart, while "It's a War" and "Ahjia" were also hits on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart in the U.S., reaching No. 2 for five weeks.

The project went on to record two other albums, including 1981's New York Cake (which included the minor hits "She's a Star", "Don't Try to Stop Me" and "Can't Hold Back") and 1983's Another Life (including the title track and "I Need Love"). Both albums introduced Kano listeners to West Indian-born singer Glen White. Their last song was 1985's "This Is the Night".

Sampling and usage in media

"I'm Ready" was later sampled on several songs, such as Gigolo Tony's 1986 hit "Hoki Poki" and Rofo's 1983 hit "Flashlight on a Disconight". The most well-known use of it as a sample is on Tag Team's 1993 hit, "Whoomp! (There It Is)". "Now Baby Now" was sampled by house artist Felix Da Housecat for his track "Glitz Rock" which appeared on the 2001 album Kittenz and Thee Glitz. "Another Life" was remixed by Master Blaster which features on their 2003 album We Love Italo Disco. "Another Life" was also sampled in the 2005 track "Discopolis" by Lifelike & Kris Menace. "Ikeya Seki" was sampled by French electro house artist Kavinsky for his track "Grand Canyon", which appeared on his 2007 EP, 1986. Finnish rapper Petri Nygård sampled "Ahjia" on his 2009 song "Kotibileet". An arpeggio from "Another Life" was sampled in the 2011 single "Reaching Out" by Nero.

"I'm Ready" was used as an intro/outro theme in the TV interstitial TV PIXxxx on WPIX-TV Channel 11, New York City.

Discography

Albums
Studio albums

Compilation albums

Singles

References
[ Kano > Billboard Singles] at Allmusic. Retrieved on August 15, 2009
[ Kano > Billboard Albums] at Allmusic. Retrieved on August 15, 2009

External links
 Kano at Discogs.com

Italo disco groups
Musical groups from Milan
Musical groups established in 1979

Kano (band)


Edward Bayard Heath  (November 17, 1888 – November 1, 1931) was an American Aircraft engineer.

Biography
He was born on November 17, 1888, in Brooklyn, New York, to Clark Heath and Ada M. Johnson.

Heath designed and built a series of aircraft starting in 1909 with a Bleriot-inspired monoplane. His first flight was on 10 October 1909 in Amsterdam, New York, resulting in a broken landing gear. On July 4, 1910, Heath made $500 in appearance fees and $200 in photograph revenues from his aircraft that flew a 3 feet above the ground.

In 1911 Heath went to work for Glen Curtiss in Hammondsport, New York, as a motorcycle mechanic, next to the Curtiss aircraft factory where he built a second aircraft with Walter Eales making short aerial runs. After purchasing the Chicago-based Bates Aeroplane Company in 1912, Heath founded the E.B. Heath Aerial Vehicle Co., later becoming the Heath Airplane Company.

His company produced the Heath Feather and Heath Favorite after World War I, and later the Heath Parasol series of aircraft powered with Henderson Motorcycle engines.

Heath died on February 1, 1931, in Maine Township, Cook County, Illinois. He was in an aircraft accident while testing a new low-wing aircraft design.

Legacy
Heath's company was eventually purchased and after World War II, changed its product to kit electronics. Heathkit filed for bankruptcy and closed in 2012. As of 2019, the company has a live website at www.heathkit.com..

References

External links
Heathkit

Heathkit
American aerospace engineers
Members of the Early Birds of Aviation
1888 births
1931 deaths

Edward Bayard Heath


Calochortus fimbriatus is a California species of flowering plant in the lily family known by the common name late-blooming mariposa lily. It is native to the coastal mountain ranges of southern Monterey, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara and northern Ventura counties, where it is a member of the chaparral flora.

This species is listed as "rare, threatened or endangered in California and elsewhere" and "fairly endangered in California" (CNPS: 1B.2).

Description
Calochortus fimbriatus is a bulb-forming perennial herb producing a slender, branching stem 30 to 110 centimeters tall. There is a basal leaf up to 40 centimeters long which appears in January and withers long before the plant blooms in late June or early July. The bloom continues until mid-August. The inflorescence consists of 2 to 6 erect, bowl-shaped flowers. Each flower has three narrow sepals and three wider petals. The petals are usually tan or cream colored on the outside and yellowish on the inside with variable number of flecks of dark purple, and a coating of hairs on the inner surface and top rim. The fruit is a three-angled capsule. Calochortus fimbriatus blooms more vigorously the year after a wildfire.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
USDA Plants Profile

Calphotos Photo gallery, University of California @ Berkeley

fimbriatus
Endemic flora of California
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
Natural history of the Transverse Ranges
~
Natural history of Monterey County, California
Natural history of San Luis Obispo County, California
Natural history of Santa Barbara County, California
Natural history of Ventura County, California

Calochortus fimbriatus


Slaughterhouse-Five is a 1972 American comedy-drama military science fiction film directed by George Roy Hill and produced by Paul Monash, from a screenplay by Stephen Geller, based on the 1969 novel of the same name by Kurt Vonnegut. The film stars Michael Sacks as Billy Pilgrim, who is "unstuck in time" and has no control over where he is going next. It also stars Ron Leibman as Paul Lazzaro and Valerie Perrine as Montana Wildhack.

Slaughterhouse-Five premiered at the 25th Cannes Film Festival, where it won the Jury Prize and was nominated for the Palme d'Or. The film also won a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and a Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film. Sacks was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Newcomer – Male for his portrayal of Pilgrim.

Vonnegut wrote about the film soon after its release, in his preface to Between Time and Timbuktu: "I love George Roy Hill and Universal Pictures, who made a flawless translation of my novel Slaughterhouse-Five to the silver screen. I drool and cackle every time I watch that film, because it is so harmonious with what I felt when I wrote the book."

Plot

In Ilium, New York, the middle-aged Billy Pilgrim writes a letter to the editor claiming to have become "unstuck in time"; he finds himself as a young man behind enemy lines in Belgium during World War II, where he and a number of other American troops are captured by the Germans. A fellow prisoner of war, Paul Lazzaro, develops a grudge against Billy and vows to kill him; at a camp, Lazzaro attacks Billy but is intercepted by an older POW, Edgar Derby. Billy and Derby develop a friendship. The Americans are set to be transferred to Dresden for the duration of the war and are asked to elect a leader. When Lazzaro nominates himself, Billy nominates Derby for the role, and Derby is acclaimed after Lazzaro steps down. In Dresden, the POWs are placed in a slaughterhouse, Slaughterhouse-Five. During dinner, sirens sound off and the POWs head to shelter; the firebombing of Dresden commences, during which Billy believes 100,000 perish. The POWs emerge and the Germans have them sort through the ruins for survivors, warning looting will be punished. When Derby discovers a dancing figurine, he pockets it, and is executed by a Nazi firing squad.

After the war, Billy marries the wealthy Valencia, whose father owns an optometry school, and Billy goes into the field. They have two children, Robert and Barbara. Robert becomes a troubled adolescent, at one point caught by the police vandalizing a Catholic cemetery. Billy bribes the police into letting Robert go. Billy and his father-in-law Lionel Merble board a private jet for an optometry convention. When Billy looks out the window and sees men in ski masks, he has a premonition the plane will crash en route, which it does. Lionel is killed but Billy is found alive and taken to hospital. On her way to the hospital, a distressed Valencia has multiple accidents and her car's exhaust is destroyed, causing her to die of carbon monoxide poisoning.

Billy is released from the hospital and opts to live alone, over the objections of Barbara. Robert has reformed and enlisted for the Vietnam War. While alone, Billy is abducted to the alien planet of Tralfamadore, along with film actress Montana Wildhack. The Tralfamadorians live in the "fourth dimension" and teach Billy the universe is made up of random moments strung together; when one dies, they go back to another point in their life, and it is up to them to focus on good moments and ignore the bad. The Tralfamadorians hope Billy and Montana will mate. Billy and Montana fall in love and have a child, whom Montana names Billy Jr. On Earth, Billy argues with Barbara about the existence of Tralfamadore; Billy, being able to travel into the future as well as the past, shares a vision of his death, in which he is fatally shot by an elderly Lazzaro while giving a speech about Tralfamadore.

Cast

Michael Sacks as Billy Pilgrim
Ron Leibman as Paul Lazzaro
Eugene Roche as Edgar Derby
Sharon Gans as Valencia Merble Pilgrim
Valerie Perrine as Montana Wildhack
Holly Near as Barbara Pilgrim
Perry King as Robert Pilgrim
Kevin Conway as Roland Weary
Friedrich von Ledebur as German Leader
Ekkehardt Belle as Young German Guard
Sorrell Booke as Lionel Merble
Roberts Blossom as Wild Bob Cody
John Dehner as Professor Rumfoord
Gary Waynesmith as Stanley
Richard Schaal as Howard W. Campbell Jr.
Gilmer McCormick as Lily Rumfoord
Stan Gottlieb as Hobo
Karl-Otto Alberty as German Guard - Group Two
Henry Bumstead as Eliot Rosewater
Lucille Benson as Billy's Mother
John Wood as English Officer, credited as Tom Wood

Music
Slaughterhouse-Five is the first of two feature films for which Glenn Gould supplied the music; Bach Concerto #5 in F Minor, BWV 1056, and Concerto #3 in D Major, BWV 1054  were recorded at Columbia Studios with the Columbia Symphony orchestra; some selections came from existing recordings, and two featured other artists, including Rudolf Serkin, piano, with Casals conducting Brandenburg Concerto #4 in G Major, BWV 1049, III Presto. The film used such a small amount of music that the soundtrack album added atmospheric excerpts from Douglas Leedy's synthesized triple album Entropical Paradise.

The prolonged rendition of the final movement of Bach's fourth Brandenburg concerto accompanies a cinematic montage as the main character first encounters the city of Dresden.

Awards
The film won the Prix du Jury at the 1972 Cannes Film Festival, as well as a Hugo Award and Saturn Award.  Both Hill and Geller were nominated for awards by their respective guilds. Sacks was nominated for a Golden Globe.

See also
 List of American films of 1972

References

External links

Review of the film by Vincent Canby
Glenn Gould at the Movies, a Sony Classical recording with music from the film (including this 46-second clip in WAV format)

1972 films
1970s science fiction comedy-drama films
1970s satirical films
American satirical films
American nonlinear narrative films
Alien abduction films
Anti-war films about World War II
American science fiction comedy-drama films
Films about extraterrestrial life
Films about psychiatry
Films about time travel
Films based on American novels
Films based on science fiction novels
Films based on works by Kurt Vonnegut
Films directed by George Roy Hill
Films set in Germany
Films set in New York (state)
Films set on fictional planets
Films shot in the Czech Republic
Films shot in Minnesota
Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation winning works
Universal Pictures films
Western Front of World War II films
World War II prisoner of war films
1970s English-language films
1970s American films

Slaughterhouse-Five (film)


Nicholas David Barratt (born 16 May 1970) is an English genealogist and Director of Senate House Library at the University of London. He is best known as genealogical consultant for series 1 to 4 of the BBC show Who Do You Think You Are?. Barratt is the CEO of Sticks Research Agency and personal heritage site Nation's Memory Bank. He also presents Live the Dream: As Seen on TV with Melissa Porter.

Biography
Barratt was born at Hammersmith, London. He was educated at Hampton School, and took a PhD in history from King's College London, before completing his PhD in state finance and fiscal history also from King's College London. He then worked at the Public Record Office, now The National Archives, from 1996 to 2000 before leaving to work as a specialist researcher at the BBC, whilst establishing Sticks Research Agency. He is also CEO of Nation's Memory Bank and advisor at Digital Estate Corporation. He is currently involved in the project the Family History Show, a genealogy video magazine.

In April 2018 Barratt was appointed Director of Senate House Library at the University of London.

Television
Barratt has made numerous TV appearances, and his credits include House Detectives, Invasion, Omnibus and the BAFTA-nominated Seven Wonders of the Industrial World. Since 2002, he has moved into presenting, History Mysteries, Hidden House History and So You Think You're Royal on television, and Tracing Your Roots for Radio 4. He also presented the research strands for BBC's Who Do You Think You Are? DVD.

Published works
Tracing the History of Your House (Public Record Office, 2001)
House History Starter Pack (Public Record Office, 2002)
History Trail (BBC, 2002)
Your Family's War History (BBC Learning, 2004)
Who Do You Think You Are?: Trace Your Family Tree Back to the Tudors (with Anton Gill; HarperCollins, 2006)
Genealogy Online for Dummies (Wiley, 2006)
The Family Detective (Ebury, 2006)
Who Do You Think You Are?: Discovering the Heroes and Villains in Your Family (with Dan Waddell; HarperCollins, 2006)
Lost Voices from the Titanic: The Definitive Oral History (Preface, 2009)

Barratt's other works include numerous academic articles and volumes on medieval history. He writes a weekly column for The Daily Telegraph and is a regular contributor to various family history magazines.

References

External links

Nick Barratt
Sticks Research Agency
Nations' Memorybank
Family History Show

1970 births
Living people
Alumni of King's College London
English columnists
English genealogists
English television presenters
People educated at Hampton School
People from Hammersmith
People associated with the University of London
People associated with The National Archives (United Kingdom)

Nick Barratt


Diuris striata is a poorly-known species of orchid that is endemic to New South Wales. It has a two grass-like leaves and about four mauve flowers with dark purple streaks on the labellum.

Description
Diuris striata is a tuberous, perennial herb with a two linear leaves  long, about  wide and folded lengthwise. About four mauve flowers about  wide are borne on a flowering stem about  tall. The dorsal sepal is erect,  long,  wide and egg-shaped. The lateral sepals are linear, about  long and turned downwards. The petals spread apart from each other, egg-shaped to more or less lance-shaped, about  long and  wide. The labellum is about  long and has three lobes. The centre lobe is egg-shaped to heart-shaped and  wide with dark purple streaks. The side lobes are linear to egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, about  long and  wide. There are two callus ridges about  long near the mid-line of the labellum. Flowering has only been observed in November.

Taxonomy and naming
Diuris striata was first formally described in 1944 by Herman Rupp and the description was published in his book The Orchids of New South Wales. Rupp noted "No specimens are known and the following brief description is quoted from Moore and Betche's Handbook: [Handbook of the flora of New South Wales : a description of the flowering plants and ferns indigenous to New South Wales] "Flowers lilac. Lateral sepals under  long, the dorsal one rather longer than the labellum. Petals ovate-lanceolate. Lateral lobes of the labellum short, acute, recurved, the middle lobe broadly spathulate. Flowers not blotched, but the labellum barred with darker lines". The specific epithet (striata) is derived from the Latin word meaning stria meaning "furrow", "channel" or "stripe".

Distribution
This orchid is only known from the type collection made near Forbes before 1889.

References

striata
Endemic orchids of Australia
Orchids of New South Wales
Plants described in 1944
Taxa named by Herman Rupp

Diuris striata


Manning is a suburb of Perth, Western Australia.

History
The land was originally purchased by Henry Manning in 1856. He was a bachelor and his land in Perth was administered by his brother Charles Alexander Manning, who arrived in the colony in 1854 and subsequently became mayor of Fremantle. The land was left to his brother's descendants. In 1936/37 167 acres was sold by the family to the Christian Brothers for the construction of Aquinas College. The suburb was subdivided in 1948, initially being named The Manning Estate. Eventually Manning became the official name of the area.

Manning is 7 kilometres south of the Perth central business district and is within close proximity of Curtin University. The area has abundant green open spaces and is close to the Canning River foreshore.

Schools in Manning are Manning Primary School on Ley Street, St Pius X Catholic Primary School on the corner of Ley Street and Cloister Avenue, and Curtin Primary School (formerly Koonawarra Primary School) on Goss Avenue.

References

Suburbs of Perth, Western Australia
Suburbs in the City of South Perth

Manning, Western Australia


For the adjacent park, see Fort Steilacoom Park

Fort Steilacoom was founded by the U.S. Army in 1849 near Lake Steilacoom. It was among the first military fortifications built by the U.S. north of the Columbia River in what was to become the State of Washington.  The fort was constructed due to civilian agitation about the massacre in 1847 at the Whitman mission.

Indians of the Nisqually tribe attacked white settlers in the area on October 29, 1855, as a result of their dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Medicine Creek that had been imposed on them the previous year, particularly angered that their assigned reservation curtailed the traditional fishing economy.  The fort was headquarters for the U.S. 9th Infantry Regiment during this "Indian War" of 1855-56.  In the course of the conflict, Volunteer U.S. Army Colonel Abram Benton Moses was killed.  At the conclusion of the war, Territorial Governor Isaac Stevens brought Chief Leschi of the Nisqually tribe to trial for the death of Moses during a skirmish at Connell's Prairie on October 31, 1855.

Since the death had occurred in combat, the United States Army refused to carry out the sentence of death on the grounds of Fort Steilacoom, maintaining that he was a prisoner of war. The territorial legislature therefore passed a law authorizing Leschi's execution at the hands of civilian authorities. On February 19, 1858, Leschi was hanged in what is today the city of Lakewood.  He was exonerated in 2004.

Fort Steilacoom was decommissioned as a military post in 1868.  In 1871 Washington Territory repurposed the fort as an insane asylum, with the barracks serving as patient and staff housing.  Fort Steilacoom is now Western State Hospital.

Four cottages from the fort remain on the site, and serve as a living history museum. The post cemetery also remains, containing civilian burials from the fort era.  All known military burials were relocated to the San Francisco National Cemetery in the 1890s.

References

External links

  Historic Fort Steilacoom information
 Fort Steilacoom (1849-1868) on HistoryLink
 Findagrave: Fort Steilacoom post cemetery
 Findagrave: Military burials at Ft Steilacoom removed to San Francisco

Steilacoom
Lakewood, Washington
Museums in Pierce County, Washington
Military and war museums in Washington (state)
Closed installations of the United States Army
Buildings and structures in Pierce County, Washington
Steilacoom
National Register of Historic Places in Pierce County, Washington
1868 disestablishments in Washington Territory

Fort Steilacoom