Gaylord Jackson Perry (September 15, 1938 – December 1, 2022) was an American right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball (MLB) who played for eight teams from 1962 to 1983, becoming one of the most durable and successful pitchers in history. A five-time All-Star, Perry was the first pitcher to win the Cy Young Award in both leagues. He won the American League (AL) award in 1972 after leading the league with 24 wins with a 1.92 earned run average (ERA) for the fifth-place Cleveland Indians, and took the National League (NL) award in 1978 with the San Diego Padres after again leading the league with 21 wins; his Cy Young Award announcement just as he turned the age of 40 made him the oldest to win the award, which stood as a record for 26 years. He and his older brother Jim Perry, who were Cleveland teammates in 1974–1975, became the first brothers to both win 200 games in the major leagues, and remain the only brothers to both win Cy Young Awards.

Perry gained notoriety for doctoring baseballs (e.g. throwing spitballs), and perhaps even more so for making batters think he was throwing them on a regular basis—he went so far as to title his 1974 autobiography Me and the Spitter, though he claimed that his use of the prohibited practice was in the past. He was the subject of two decades of controversy during which opposing managers, umpires and league officials frequently attempted to catch him in a violation, even revising rules and guidelines; despite the constant scrutiny, he was not ejected from a game for the practice until his 21st season in the majors in 1982. In the meantime, Perry firmly established himself as one of baseball's most accomplished pitchers. He won 20 games five times and struck out 200 batters eight times, leading his league in innings pitched and complete games twice each. He pitched a no-hitter in September 1968, three weeks after throwing a one-hitter, and also pitched thirteen career two-hitters. In 1978 Perry became the third pitcher to register 3,000 strikeouts, and while pitching for the Seattle Mariners in 1982, he became the first pitcher in 19 years to join the 300 win club; he joined Walter Johnson to become only the second pitcher to reach both milestones.

During a 22-year career, with most of its second half spent with losing teams, Perry compiled 314 wins; upon his retirement, he ranked third in major league history with 3,534 strikeouts and his 690 games started placing him behind only Cy Young's 815. His 5,350 innings pitched ranked fourth; he had been the first right-handed pitcher since the 1920s to surpass 5,000 innings. He was the last pitcher to throw 300 complete games, and was then the eighth-oldest pitcher ever to start a major league game. Perry was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1991 in his third year of eligibility, a delay widely regarded as resulting from his career-long controversies.

Early life
Perry was born in Williamston, North Carolina, and named after a close friend of his father's, who had died while having his teeth pulled.

Gaylord was the son of Evan and Ruby Perry, who were farmers. Evan Perry had been a noted athlete. Gaylord grew up with his older brother Jim and younger sister Carolyn in Williamston and the small area of Farmlife, a populated place located within the Township of Griffins, a minor division of Martin County. Gaylord assisted his father with farming on their family's land in this area. Jim and Gaylord both began playing baseball with their father during their lunch break on the farm as youths.

Gaylord attended Williamston High School, where he played football, basketball, and baseball. He was All-State as an offensive and defensive end as a sophomore and junior, before giving up football. In basketball, Gaylord and Jim helped Williamston to reach the state finals in Gaylord's first year. In his career at Williamston, Gaylord averaged nearly 30 points and 20 rebounds per game, as Williamston had a 94–8 record. He would turn down dozens of college basketball scholarship offers.

In baseball, Perry initially was a third baseman as a freshman, and Jim was the pitcher for Williamston. However, near the end of Gaylord's first year, he began sharing pitching duties with Jim. In 1955 Williamston High won the North Carolina Class A state tournament, as the Perry brothers threw back-to-back shutouts to sweep the best-of-three finals. Gaylord had a 33–5 win–loss record in his high school career.

As a teenager, Perry played semi-professional baseball for the Alpine Cowboys in Alpine, Texas at Kokernot Field. Perry and his brother both attended Campbell University, where they played college baseball.

Pitching style
Perry claims he was taught the spitball in 1964 by pitcher Bob Shaw. Perry had a reputation throughout his career for doctoring baseballs, and was inspected on the mound by umpires and monitored closely by opposing teams. On August 23, 1982, he was ejected from a game against the Boston Red Sox for doctoring the ball for the first and only time of his career; he was suspended for 10 days.

Perry reportedly approached the makers of Vaseline about endorsing the product and was allegedly rebuffed with a one-line postcard reading, "We soothe babies' backsides, not baseballs."  Former manager Gene Mauch famously quipped "He should be in the Hall of Fame with a tube of K-Y Jelly attached to his plaque."

Gene Tenace, who caught Gaylord Perry when they played for the San Diego Padres, said: "I can remember a couple of occasions when I couldn't throw the ball back to him because it was so greasy that it slipped out of my hands. I just walked out to the mound and flipped the ball back to him."

Perry used his reputation to psych out the hitters too. As he looked in to his catcher for the pitch selection, Perry would touch various parts of his head, such as his eyebrows and his cap. In this manner, he may or may not have been applying a foreign substance to the ball on any particular pitch. Reggie Jackson was so upset after striking out against Perry in a 1982 game that Jackson was ejected from the game. Jackson returned from the dugout with a container of Gatorade, splashing Gatorade onto the field while yelling at the umpire that Perry should be allowed to use the Gatorade on the baseball.

The spitball was not his only method for upsetting batters. Sports Illustrateds Joe Posnanski wrote of Perry, "My favorite trick pitch of his was the old Puffball, where he would load up on rosin so that a puff of white smoke would release while he threw his pitches. This was made illegal somewhere along the way (because of Perry, of course), but it's so awesome—it's like the sort of thing one of the villains on the old Batman TV show would do."

Professional career

Minor leagues

The San Francisco Giants signed Perry on June 3, 1958, for $90,000 per year. He made his professional debut in the 1958 season with the St. Cloud Rox team in the Class A level Northern League, compiling a 9–5 record and a 2.39 earned run average (ERA) in 17 games (15 starts).

In 1959, the Giants promoted Perry to the Double-A Corpus Christi Giants, where he posted a 10–11 record and 4.05 ERA in 41 games (26 starts). He remained with the franchise as they became the Rio Grande Valley Giants in the 1960 season, and he finished with a 9–13 record and an improved ERA of 2.82 in 32 games (23 starts). His performance earned him a promotion to the Triple-A Tacoma Giants for the 1961 season. At Tacoma, Perry led the Pacific Coast League in wins (16) and innings pitched (219) in 1961.

San Francisco Giants (1962–1971)
Perry made his major league debut with the Giants on April 14, 1962, against the Cincinnati Reds. In the game, he allowed four earned runs on five hits in  innings, picking up a no-decision. He appeared in 13 games (seven starts) for the Giants, but had a 3–1 record and a 5.23 ERA and was sent back down to Tacoma in June, where he went on to lead the PCL with a 2.44 ERA. Perry was promoted back to the Giants in September, but was not on the roster for the team's World Series appearance; it would be the only time in his career that he pitched for a pennant winner.

After his brief call-up in 1962, Perry joined the Giants in 1963 to work mostly as a relief pitcher, going 1–6 with a 4.03 ERA in 31 appearances (four starts). Nevertheless, he was given the opportunity to join the starting rotation in 1964. In 44 games (19 starts), Perry finished with a 2.75 ERA and a 12–11 record, both second-best for the Giants that year behind Juan Marichal. In 1965, his record was 8–12, and with two full seasons as a starter, his 24–30 record attracted little national attention.

Perry's breakout season came in 1966 with a tremendous start, going 20–2 into August. Perry and Marichal became known as a "1–2 punch" to rival the famous Koufax/Drysdale combination of the Los Angeles Dodgers. While Marichal was NL Player of the Month in May, Perry was so named in June (5–0, 0.90 ERA, 31 strikeouts). He played in his first All-Star game, but after August, he slumped the rest of the season, finishing 21–8, and the Giants finished second to the Dodgers. Marichal missed much of the 1967 season with a leg injury, and Perry was thrust into the role of team ace. While he finished the season with a disappointing 15–17 record, he posted a 2.61 ERA and allowed only 7.1 hits per nine innings pitched in 39 games (37 starts).

Perry had similar numbers in 1968: he posted a 16–15 record, but with a then-career-best 2.45 ERA in 39 games (38 starts), helping the Giants to a second-place finish behind the St. Louis Cardinals. On September 17 of that year, two days after his 30th birthday, Perry threw a 1–0 no-hitter against the Cardinals and Bob Gibson at Candlestick Park. The lone run came on a first-inning home run by light-hitting Ron Hunt—the second of the only two he hit that season. The next day, Ray Washburn of the Cardinals no-hit the Giants, winning 2–0, and marking the first time in major league history that back-to-back no-hitters had been pitched in the same series.

Like most pitchers, Perry was not renowned for his hitting ability, and in his sophomore season of 1963, his manager Alvin Dark is said to have joked, "There would be a man on the moon before Gaylord Perry would hit a home run." There are other variants on the story, but either way, on July 20, 1969, just an hour after the Apollo 11 spacecraft carrying Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed on the Moon, Perry hit the first home run of his career.

In 1969, Perry led the league in innings pitched, but the Giants finished second in the pennant race for the fifth straight season. Perry took over as the Giants' ace in 1970, and led the league both in wins (23) and innings pitched (). Perry's strong 1970 performance salvaged the Giants' season, helping them finish above .500 but in third place. In 1971, the Giants finally won their division, with Perry posting a 16–12 record and 2.76 ERA in 37 starts. In what would be his only trip to the postseason, Perry won Game 1 of the National League Championship Series but lost the decisive Game 4 against the Pittsburgh Pirates.

Cleveland Indians (1972–1975)
On November 29, 1971, the Giants traded the then 33-year-old Perry and shortstop Frank Duffy to the Cleveland Indians for 29-year-old flamethrower Sam McDowell, the ace of the Indians' staff. Perry went 24–16 in 1972 with a 1.92 ERA and one save in 41 games (40 starts), winning his first Cy Young Award. He remained the only Cy Young winner for Cleveland until CC Sabathia in 2007.

By the 1973 season, Perry was widely suspected of throwing a spitball. That season, Bobby Murcer of the New York Yankees publicly criticized Bowie Kuhn, the Commissioner of Baseball, and Joe Cronin, the president of the American League, for lacking the "guts" to enforce Rule 8.02, which banned the spitball; in response, Kuhn fined Murcer $250 (equivalent to $ today). After losing a game to Perry, Billy Martin, manager of the Detroit Tigers, told reporters that he instructed his pitchers to throw a spitball, leading to Cronin suspending Martin for three games. Publicly, Perry insisted that the pitch was a "hard slider".

After the 1973 season, Perry approached Bob Sudyk, sportswriter for the Cleveland Press, about co-authoring an autobiography. Sudyk said that Perry would have to be willing to discuss the rumors that he threw a spitball, and Perry agreed. Phil Seghi, the general manager of the Indians, tried to dissuade Perry from sharing his secrets, but was unsuccessful. Perry showed Sudyk how he threw spitballs with substances like Vaseline and K-Y Jelly, and a "puffball" using rosin dust. Perry also showed Sudyk how he hid additives on his uniform and body. The book, titled Me and the Spitter, was released in 1974.

Before the 1974 season, Major League Baseball added to Rule 8.02, now nicknamed "Gaylord's Rule", allowing umpires to call an automatic ball if they suspected a spitball, and eject the pitcher on the second offense. During spring training, the Indians acquired Perry's brother Jim from the Tigers as part of a three-team trade including the Yankees. Gaylord was named AL Player of the Month in June 1974, after winning six complete games. In July, he started for the AL in the All-Star Game, the only time he started the game, but he got no decision in the AL's 7–2 loss. Perry won 21 games in 1974, and was Cleveland's last 20-game winner until Cliff Lee in 2008; his brother added 17 wins, with the pair accounting for half of the team's 77 victories.

Perry feuded with player-manager Frank Robinson after Robinson was acquired during the 1974 season. Perry told the press that he wanted to earn "one dollar more" than Robinson's $173,000 salary. They also feuded over Robinson's training regimen during spring training in 1975. Perry began the 1975 season with a 6–9 record and a 3.55 ERA in 15 starts through mid-June. In May, the Indians traded Jim Perry to the Oakland Athletics after he began the season with a 1–6 record and 6.69 ERA; it would turn out to be his final major league season.

Texas Rangers (1975–1977)
On June 13, 1975, at the start of a three-game series with the Texas Rangers, the Indians traded Perry to the Rangers in exchange for pitchers Jim Bibby, Jackie Brown, and Rick Waits. Perry was 12–8 with a 3.03 ERA in 22 starts during the remainder of 1975.

In 1976, Perry had a 15–14 record and a 3.24 ERA in 32 starts. The Rangers protected Perry in the expansion draft after the season. In 1977, the Rangers surged to second place in the AL West. Perry again won 15 games, this time against only 12 defeats, in a rotation that included Doyle Alexander, Bert Blyleven, and Dock Ellis.

San Diego Padres (1978–79)
Before the 1978 season, the Rangers traded Perry to the San Diego Padres in exchange for middle reliever Dave Tomlin and $125,000. In the final game of the 1978 season, Perry recorded his 3,000th strikeout, becoming the third pitcher to do so after Walter Johnson and Bob Gibson. Perry won the Cy Young Award, going 21–6 with a 2.73 ERA in 37 starts for San Diego, becoming the first pitcher to win the Cy Young Award in both leagues.

In 1979, Perry posted a 12–11 record and a 3.05 ERA in 32 starts before quitting the team on September 5, saying he would retire unless the club traded him back to Texas. The Padres traded Perry to the Texas Rangers on February 15, 1980, with minor leaguers Tucker Ashford and Joe Carroll for first baseman Willie Montañez.

Texas Rangers / New York Yankees (1980)
In 1980, Perry posted a 6–9 record and 3.43 ERA in 24 starts with Texas before being traded to the Yankees on August 13, 1980, for minor leaguers Ken Clay and a player to be named later (Marvin Thompson). Many Yankees players had complained about Perry during his stints with the Rangers, and the club even used a special camera team to monitor his movements during one of his starts at Yankee Stadium. Perry finished the season with a 4–4 record with a 4.44 ERA in 10 games (eight starts) for the Yankees. He did not pitch in the team's trip to the AL Championship Series.

Atlanta Braves (1981)
Perry's contract was up after the 1980 season and he agreed to a one-year, $300,000 contract with the Atlanta Braves for the 1981 season on January 8. During the strike-shortened 1981 season, Perry, the oldest player at the time in Major League baseball, started 23 games ( innings) and had an 8–9 record with a 3.94 ERA. The Braves released Perry after the season, leaving him three victories short of 300.

Seattle Mariners / Kansas City Royals (1982–83)
After being released by the Braves, Perry was unable to find interest from any clubs during the offseason, and missed his first spring training in 23 years. On March 5, 1982, he signed a minor league contract with the Seattle Mariners, where he acquired the nickname "Ancient Mariner." Perry won his 300th game on May 6, 1982, becoming the first pitcher to win 300 games since Early Wynn did so in 1963. On August 23, he was ejected from a game against the Boston Red Sox for doctoring the ball, and given a ten-day suspension. It was the second time Perry had been ejected in his entire career, and it was his first ejection for ball doctoring.

After starting the 1983 season 3–10, Perry was designated for assignment by Seattle on June 26 and the Kansas City Royals picked him on a waiver claim ten days later. In August, Perry became the third pitcher in history to record 3,500 strikeouts. In the final months of the season, Perry experimented with a submarine delivery for the first time in his career and took a no-hitter into the eighth inning against the first-place Baltimore Orioles on August 19.

In August 1983, Perry became the third pitcher in the same year to surpass longtime strikeout king Walter Johnson's record of 3,509 strikeouts. Steve Carlton and Nolan Ryan were the others. Also in 1983, Perry was involved in the Pine Tar Game against the New York Yankees. The game originally ended when the umpires called George Brett out for too much pine tar on his bat, negating his home run and drawing a vehement protest from him and the Royals. Perry absconded with Brett's bat and gave it to a bat boy so he could hide it in the clubhouse, only to be caught by Joe Brinkman. When the Royals won the protest, Perry was retroactively ejected for doing this.

Perry announced his retirement on September 23, 1983. He finished his MLB career with 314 wins, a 3.11 ERA, and 3,534 strikeouts. He threw 303 complete games.

Post-playing career

Perry retired to his  farm in Martin County, North Carolina, where he grew tobacco and peanuts, but had to file for bankruptcy in 1986. He briefly worked for Fiesta Foods as a sales manager, and later in the year Limestone College in Gaffney, South Carolina, chose Perry to be the college's first baseball coach. Perry was there until 1991 when he retired. In 1998, Perry was inducted into the Limestone College Athletics Hall of Fame (Class of 1998). He later moved to Spruce Pine, North Carolina.

Perry supported the Republican Party. He campaigned for Jesse Helms and contemplated a bid for Congress himself in 1986.

Honors
In 1991, his third year of eligibility, Perry was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame. In 1999, he was a finalist for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. In 1998, The Sporting News ranked him 97th on their list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players. Bill James lists Perry as having the tenth best career of any right-handed starting pitcher, and the 50th greatest player at any position.

On July 23, 2005, the Giants retired Perry's uniform number 36. Perry was inducted into the Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame on March 9, 2009. Perry was honored on April 9, 2011, at AT&T Park with a 2010 World Series ring along with other San Francisco Giants greats Willie McCovey, Orlando Cepeda, and Willie Mays. He was honored again on April 7, 2013, with Mays and Juan Marichal receiving a 2012 World Series ring, and on April 18, 2015, with a 2014 World Series ring along with Mays, McCovey, Cepeda, and Marichal. The Indians invited Perry to throw the ceremonial first pitch before their Opening Day game for the 2015 season. On August 13, 2016, the Giants unveiled a bronze statue of Perry at the corner of Second and King streets outside of AT&T Park.

Personal life
Perry's wife, Blanche Manning Perry, died on September 11, 1987, when a car ran a stop sign and hit her car broadside on U.S. Route 27 in Lake Wales, Florida. Perry and Blanche had three daughters and one son. Their son, Jack, died of leukemia on June 18, 2005. In 1988, Perry launched the baseball program at Limestone College (now Limestone University) in Gaffney, South Carolina, and his son Jack was an inaugural team member. Jack was an accomplished pitcher and was posthumously inducted into the Limestone University Athletics Hall of Fame in 2017. Jack pitched three seasons at Limestone under his father's coaching and is the only player in team history to throw a no-hitter  achieving a no-hitter twice within two weeks during the 1990 season. Perry's nephew, Chris, is a professional golfer on the PGA Tour.

Perry contracted COVID-19 in 2021 and never fully recovered. He died at home on December 1, 2022, at age 84.

Publications

See also
 300 win club
 3000 strikeout club
 List of Major League Baseball career wins leaders
 List of Major League Baseball no-hitters
 List of Major League Baseball annual wins leaders
 List of Texas Rangers Opening Day starting pitchers
 Top 100 Major League Baseball hit batsmen leaders
 Top 100 Major League Baseball strikeout pitchers

References

External links

1938 births
2022 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in South Carolina
Major League Baseball pitchers
San Francisco Giants players
Cleveland Indians players
Texas Rangers players
San Diego Padres players
Seattle Mariners players
Atlanta Braves players
Kansas City Royals players
New York Yankees players
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
Cy Young Award winners
National League All-Stars
American League All-Stars
American League wins champions
National League wins champions
Major League Baseball players with retired numbers
Baseball players from North Carolina
Corpus Christi Giants players
Rio Grande Valley Giants players
St. Cloud Rox players
Tacoma Giants players
Limestone Saints baseball coaches
Campbell Fighting Camels baseball players
American sportsmen
American autobiographers
People from Spruce Pine, North Carolina
People from Williamston, North Carolina

Gaylord Perry


Thomas Wydler (born 9 October 1959), is a Swiss musician best known for being a core member of Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, of which he has been a drummer since 1985. Prior to joining them, he was a member of the experimental German band Die Haut. Wydler has been present on almost every Bad Seeds album, making his debut appearance on the group's third album Kicking Against The Pricks (1986). After the departure of founding member Mick Harvey in January 2009, Wydler became the longest-serving member of the Bad Seeds apart from singer Nick Cave.

Wydler was the band's sole drummer until Jim Sclavunos joined in 1994. Wydler generally plays a standard drum kit while Sclavunos handles a variety of auxiliary percussion (e.g., vibraphone, maracas, cowbell, tubular bells), but occasionally this is reversed and sometimes both men play conventional drums alongside each other (see double drumming). Due to unspecified health problems Wydler did not tour with the band from about 2013, but he remains a member of the group and has contributed to all studio albums since joining. Founding Bad Seed Barry Adamson temporarily rejoined the group during this era as a drummer, given that many of the band's newer songs were arranged for two percussionists. Wydler rejoined the Bad Seeds on tour in 2017.

Wydler has performed vocals on the album Murder Ballads singing a verse from "Death Is Not the End", and also pursues his solo career which can be heard on his Myspace page.

References

External links
 Thomas Wydler on MySpace
 Imdb entry

1959 births
Swiss drummers
Swiss male musicians
Male drummers
Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds members
Living people
Die Haut members
Musicians from Zürich

Thomas Wydler


Barry Goudreau (born November 29, 1951) is an American musician. He was one of two original guitarists for the rock band Boston alongside founder Tom Scholz; both Scholz and Goudreau shared lead and rhythm guitar parts.

Before Boston

Goudreau had developed a musical interest at an early age and got his first guitar, an acoustic which he borrowed from a friend, at age 11. He began taking lessons and by age 13, joined his first band, the "Tornadoes".  At age 15, he joined another band with future Boston bandmate drummer Sib Hashian. They would often play at nightclubs, sometimes seven times a week. Later, he met up with Brad Delp and Fran Sheehan, both future members of Boston. He auditioned for Delp's band, but did not make the cut.

When he went to college at Boston University, he sought to get a degree in Geology. He tried to put music aside to focus on school, but he soon met up with Tom Scholz who was right across the river at MIT.

with Boston

Goudreau worked with Tom Scholz and Brad Delp as early as 1969 on an initial set of demo tapes, where he performed all of the rhythm and lead guitar work. These early attempts to attract record label interest did not succeed.

Later, Scholz re-worked and re-recorded some of these demo songs and wrote several new songs for a second set of demo tapes, this time with Scholz performing all of the guitar, bass and keyboard parts. This second demo set won a recording contract with Epic Records.

In late 1979, Scholz became involved in legal and contractual battles with the band's manager, and later with CBS. Thereafter, he informed the members of Boston that he would not be working on Boston material for at least a year and that they should feel free to do solo projects.

After Boston
By this time, Goudreau had written many songs in hopes that Scholz would incorporate them into the next Boston LP.  Scholz did not express interest in using any of Goudreau's work. In 1980, Goudreau recorded his first solo LP titled Barry Goudreau, using Brad Delp and Fran Cosmo (Fran would join Boston in 1991) on vocals, and Sib Hashian on drums. The record company sought to cash in with this "almost Boston" line-up. The LP successfully hit the airwaves with the songs "Dreams" and "Mean Woman Blues". Scholz was unhappy with the album being put out and contacted Epic Records to stop further promotion of the album. Ultimately, it was this album that triggered Scholz to ask Goudreau to leave Boston.

In 1984, Goudreau formed the band Orion The Hunter and released a debut LP. This time, Fran Cosmo appeared as lead vocalist, while Delp provided backing vocals and co-wrote five of the album's songs. The album included the single "So You Ran". The band then added keyboardist and backing vocalist Brian Maes and toured in support of Aerosmith in 1984 but ultimately broke up in 1985.

In 1990, Goudreau formed the band RTZ (Return to Zero). Delp left Boston to join the band. RTZ experienced some success with the hits "Face the Music" written by Goudreau and Maes and "Until Your Love Comes Back Around" written by Maes. Delp and Goudreau felt that the record company was not supporting the band to the best of their abilities, and asked to be released from their contract. They later signed with MTM Records; however, Delp departed shortly after to rejoin Boston.

In 1997, Goudreau appeared with the Lisa Guyer Band on the album Gypsy Girl and in 2000 on the album Leap of Faith.

In 1998, RTZ regrouped to release their second album Lost with less success than the debut.

In 2003, Goudreau and Delp teamed up for their independent recording of Delp and Goudreau. The single "It's What You Leave Behind" received limited radio airplay.

In 2005, Goudreau and the members of RTZ released two CDs of songs that were earmarked for the never-realized third RTZ CD. The albums were released in the USA on Briola Records as Lost in America and Found in America. Goudreau continues to perform with Sheehan in small, local venues in the greater Boston area. He also played occasionally with Delp and Hashian until their deaths in 2007 and 2017, respectively.

On October 16, 2007, Goudreau released one final song with Delp on vocals titled "Rockin' Away". According to Goudreau, "'Rockin' Away' was written in the summer of 2006 for the 30th Anniversary of the release of the first "Boston" record. It was the last song that Brad and I wrote together. In it, Brad reflects on how he became involved in music, and thanks his many fans for their years of loyalty. It was my hope that the song might lead to a rekindling of my relationship with the band. Unfortunately it did not." The song was a minor hit in early 2008, charting up to #18 on the America's Music ranking of rock radio airplay.

Goudreau  was a member of Ernie and the Automatics with Sib Hashian, Tim Archibald, Brian Maes, Michael Antunes and "car guy" Ernie Boch, Jr. Their debut album Low Expectations was released on February 17, 2009. Ernie and the Automatics disbanded in 2011.

After Delp's death, the remaining RTZ members reunited to record "Set The Songbird Free", which was written by Brian Maes. "We wanted this to be a tribute to the love and respect that we all share for our bandmate and friend Brad," recalls Maes.

On February 25, 2012, Goudreau played a three-hour set with Sheehan and others in the "All Star Jam" to benefit the Sydney and Berne Davis Art Center in Ft Myers Florida.

Goudreau formed Barry Goudreau's Engine Room with Brian Maes, Tim Archibald, Tony DePietro, Mary Beth Maes, Joanie Cicatelli and Terri O'Soro. They released their first CD "Full Steam Ahead" in September 2017. Since 2014, Goudreau has also toured with the American Vinyl All Star Band, which also includes Jeff "Skunk" Baxter. Goudreau also occasionally appears with Scrap Metal, a supergroup formed by Gunner and Matthew Nelson, twin sons of Musician Ricky Nelson.

On September 3, 2022, Goudreau was inducted into the New England Music Hall of Fame while on stage at the Hampton Beach Casino Ballroom.

Goudreau now lives with his wife Connie in Swampscott, Massachusetts. They have two children: Sean, a mortgage executive, and Michele, a health and wellness coordinator. They also have three grandchildren, Alyssa, Sammy and Matthew.

Discography

with Boston
 Boston (1976)
 Don't Look Back (1978)
 Greatest Hits (1997)

Solo
 Barry Goudreau (1980)

with Orion the Hunter
 Orion the Hunter (1984)

with RTZ
 Return to Zero (1991)
 Lost (1998)
 Lost and Found (2004)
 "Set The Songbird Free ..." (single) (2007)

with Brad Delp
 Delp and Goudreau (2003)
 "Rockin' Away" (single) (2007)

with Ernie and the Automatics
 Live at The Real Blues Festival (2006)
 Low Expectations (2009)

with Barry Goudreau's Engine Room
 Full Steam Ahead (2017)
 The Road (2021)

References

External links

1951 births
Living people
Musicians from Boston
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
Boston (band) members
People from Swampscott, Massachusetts
Guitarists from Massachusetts
20th-century American guitarists

Barry Goudreau


Salomon Frenzel von Friedenthal (1560/64–1600) was a Silesian writer.

Frenzel (Frencelius) was born in Breslau (Wrocław). His date of birth is variously given as 1560, 1561 or 1564. His father, also Salomon Frenzel, was a Protestant pastor. The younger Frenzel studied at the universities of Wittenberg and Strasbourg. He was laureated for his poetry in March 1584 by the Count Palatine , seemingly at Strasbourg. In 1589, he was ennobled by the Emperor Rudolf II. He spent the next five years in the imperial capital of Prague. In 1594, he took up a chair in ethics at the University of Helmstedt. In 1599, he was named rector of the . He died in Riga within a year.

Frenzel was a prolific Neo-Latin writer of poems, panegyrics and epigrams. Three volumes of his epigrams were published in his lifetime, the first at Prague in 1588, the second at Wittenberg in 1593 and the third at Helmstedt in 1599.

Notes

Bibliography

1560s births
1600 deaths
People from Wrocław
16th-century Lutherans
16th-century writers in Latin

Salomon Frenzel von Friedenthal


Ellis E. "Woody" Erdman (April 16, 1926, Ashland, Pennsylvania – February 10, 1997, Greensboro, North Carolina)   was an American sportscaster, television producer, and businessman who served as chairman of Trans-National Communications, International Trade & Commerce Corporation  and Boston Celtics.

Ellis Erdman was a combat veteran of World War II, having served with the US Army Air Corps from 1944 to the V-J Day. He was a crew member on several B-29s based on the island of Tinian, and received the Air Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster. He remained in the Air Force Reserve until after the birth of his third child, and received an Honorable Discharge at the rank of 1st Lieutenant.

Erdman's career in broadcasting began while he was a student at Penn State University in the late 1940s, and worked at several radio stations in central Pennsylvania, where he met his future wife, Phebe Mae Weeks, and they were married in 1948. In 1952 they moved to Elmira, NY where Erdman worked for WELM, a Gannett radio station. In 1956, he co-founded WTKO radio in Ithaca, New York with Thomas Cassell and a group of investors, and the family moved to Ithaca. On February 1, 1960 Erdman purchased the Rural Radio Network, an interconnected group of six commercial FM radio stations spread across upstate New York. In addition to owning radio stations, Erdman was also a radio play-by-play announcer for the New York Giants football team.

Erdman was also involved in the ownership of sports teams. Erdman's Trans-National Communications were the majority owners of the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association from 1969–71 and the Oakland Seals of the National Hockey League during the 1969-70 NHL season. Erdman was also the owner of the Carolina Cardinals of the United States Basketball League.

A 1996 investigation of Ellis Erdman and his International Trade & Commerce Corporation by the Securities and Exchange Commission accused Erdman of being a "confidence man." As chairman of ITC, Erdman was believed to have "orchestrated a classic "pump and dump" scheme," but died in 1997 before ever tried in court.

Erdman was married to Phebe Weeks Erdman from 1949 until their divorce in 1985. The couple was reunited in 1992 and were together until his death. They had three children. The Erdmans were residents of Ithaca, New York.

References

1926 births
1997 deaths
American media executives
American sports announcers
Television producers from Pennsylvania
American white-collar criminals
Boston Celtics executives
Boston Celtics owners
National Basketball Association owners
National Football League announcers
National Hockey League owners
New York Giants announcers
People from Ashland, Pennsylvania
20th-century American businesspeople

Woody Erdman


Yale Publishing Course (YPC), located on the campus of Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, is an intensive program for magazine, book and online publishing professionals.  The course focuses on teaching leadership skills for today's increasingly global, increasingly digital environment. YPC's curriculum is geared to middle and upper-level professionals from all over the world. Its speakers include publishing and media executives as well as faculty from the Yale School of Management and Yale University Press staff. The Yale Course is the only advanced-level program for senior managers in the publishing industry.

The program combines plenary sessions with smaller group discussions focused on specific issues and case studies.  The curriculum includes sessions on such topics as: strategic planning; financial management and entrepreneurship; best practices in the use of new technology and content delivery; legal challenges in multi-platform publishing; licensing and marketing internationally; and the future of digital dissemination. Faculty office hours facilitate one-on-one meetings with students to explore specific questions or challenges.

History
The Yale Publishing Course was founded in 2010 to fill the gap left by the decades-old Stanford University Publishing Course for Professionals. It builds upon the Stanford tradition and concentrates more heavily on the business and management aspects of publishing as a global enterprise.  It also provides a strong emphasis on understanding and using the latest advances in technology.

The Yale Publishing Course began in 2010 as a one-week session, with students from all over the United States and 16 other countries. Students represented all areas of publishing including administration, editorial, sales, publicity, marketing, design, production, business, new media, and new product development.  For its 2011 program, YPC was expanded to two sessions: one week focusing on magazine and online publishing, and a week-long session focusing on print and digital book publishing.

The course was suspended in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It has not run since, announcing in 2022 that it was suspended "for the foreseeable future."

Program advisors
Program advisors for magazines:

 Mary K. Baumann – Partner, Hopkins/Baumann
 Christopher Donnellan – Executive Director, Rights and Permissions, Condé Nast
 Duncan Edwards – President and CEO, Hearst Magazines International
 Richard Foster – Senior Faculty Fellow, Yale School of Management; Managing Partner, Millbrook Management Group; Lead Director, Innosight, LLC; Venture Partner, Lux Capital
 Joe Galarneau – Chief Operating Officer, Newsweek, and General Manager, Newsweek Digital
 Jonathan Hart – Partner, Dow Lohnes PLLC
 Dorothy Kalins – Director, Dorothy Kalins Ink, and Founding Editor of Metropolitan Home and Saveur
 Peter A. Kreisky – Chairman, The Kreisky Media Consultancy, LLC
 Corby Kummer – Senior Editor, Atlantic Monthly
 Cynthia Leive – Editor-in-Chief, Glamour
 Kevin McKean – Vice President and Editorial Director, Consumers Union
 Richard Stolley – Senior Editorial Advisor, former Editorial Director, Time Inc., founding Managing Editor, People, and former Managing Editor, Life
 Nina Willdorf – Executive Editor, ALL YOU; former Editor-in-Chief, BudgetTravel.com and Budget Travel

Program advisors for books:

 Robert Baensch – President, Baensch International Group Ltd.
 Maria Campbell – President, Maria B. Campbell Associates, Inc.
 Richard N. Foster – Senior Faculty Fellow, Yale School of Management; Managing Partner, Millbrook Management Group; Lead Director, Innosight, LLC; Venture Partner, Lux Capital
 George Gibson – Publishing Director, Bloomsbury Publishing, New York
 Jeff Gomez – Senior Director of Online Consumer Sales and Marketing, Penguin Group USA
 Bruce Harris – Publishing Strategist, Bruce Harris Books
 Leslie Hulse – Senior Vice President, Digital Business Development, HarperCollins Publishers
 Michael Jacobs – Chief Executive Officer, Abrams Books
 Martin Levin – Counsel, Cowan, Liebowitz & Latman, P.C., and former CEO, Times-Mirror Book Company
 Liisa McCloy-Kelley – VP and Director of Digital Production Operations, Random House, Inc.
 Charles Melcher – Founder, Melcher Media
 Kirsty Melville – President, Book Division, Andrews McMeel Publishing
 Carolyn Pittis – Senior VP, Global Author Services, HarperCollins Publishers

Course Director: Tina C. Weiner

References

 The Bookseller 20/27 August 2010
 http://opac.yale.edu/news/article.aspx?id=7373
 http://opac.yale.edu/news/article.aspx?id=7501
 http://nymag.com/daily/intel/2010/04/yale_publishing_course_will_be.html
 http://martinlevinandfriends.blogspot.com/2010/08/yale-publishing-course-july-18-23.html
 http://www.mediabistro.com/galleycat/yale-launches-new-publishing-course_b11396
 http://www.magazinedojo.com/profiles/blogs/the-power-of-truth-at-yale>http://www.magazinedojo.com/profiles/blogs/trends-and-the-future-at-yale
 http://www.magazinedojo.com/profiles/blogs/international-opportunities-at
 http://publishingcourses.stanford.edu/
 http://stanfordpubcourse.ning.com/

External links
 http://som.yale.edu/programs/executive-education/for-individuals/yale-publishing-course
 http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/home.asp
 http://som.yale.edu/

Mass media in New Haven County, Connecticut
Publishing companies of the United States
University presses of the United States
Yale University

Yale Publishing Course


Vincent de Moro-Giafferi (6 June 1878 in Paris – 15 February 1956 or 22 November 1956) was a French criminal attorney.

Moro-Giafferi was the youngest person ever appointed to the Paris bar at the age of 24. Also active in politics, he was made a Deputy to the French National Assembly from Corsica at the age of 31 in 1919. As a member of the Radical Socialist Party, he was a strong supporter of French Premier Pierre Mendès France. A Radical deputy from 1919 to 1928, he then took part in the Rally of Left Republicans from 1946 to 1956.

Life

The family comes from Corse.
Moro-Giafferi served in the French army in World War I, and was an officer of the Legion of Honor.  He held the Croix de Guerre.

One of the most famous criminal lawyers of his era, he acquired a reputation that was global in scope. He was known as a brilliant orator, and his courtrooms were packed with other lawyers, and the general public, who would come to see his skills on display. According to his obituary in the New York Times, his rhetorical skills were so prodigious that once in 1913, after he had won an acquittal for a highly questionable client, a debate arose among the members of the French bar as to the value of the jury system in general.

Nevertheless, Moro-Giafferi is best known for a case that never actually went to trial. He was asked to defend the Polish-German assassin Herschel Grynszpan, who was accused of murdering minor German diplomat Ernst vom Rath. The assassination had geo-political consequences as the Nazis used the incident to initiate an act of state terrorism against the Jews in Germany in the events of Kristallnacht. Moro-Giafferi was preparing his defense when the Germans invaded France.

He also defended several other highly controversial figures, including Henri Désiré Landru, a modern-day Bluebeard (this is the only case Moro-Giafferi ever lost),  former Prime Minister Joseph Caillaux (who was accused of World War I dealings with the enemy), and Lucien Sampaix, former news editor of the Communist newspaper L'Humanité (who was charged with espionage).

During the preparation of Grynzspan's defense, Moro-Giafferi is said to have received many threats.  The American journalist Dorothy Thompson helped arrange the defense fund for Grynszpan.

In literature
In his iconoclastic political/science fiction novel War with the Newts, antifascist Czech writer Karel Čapek depicts a revolt of sea newts: Initially a badly exploited Lumpenproletariat, the newts, equipped by mankind with heavy weapons and underwater dredging equipment start destroying the coasts of the continents to create more Lebensraum for their fast expanding species.
In a move not unlike to the Munich Agreement  the westerns powers call a peace conference in Vaduz and barter the destruction of China and Far East coasts in exchange with a status-quo on their own shores. The main negotiator on the Newts side is said to be a crack French lawyer named Julien Rosso Castelli, a transparent reference to Moro-Giafferi, who had acquired international fame when he and a group of intellectuals had staged a spoof trial of the Reichstag fire, directly accusing Hermann Göring of committing the arson. In February 1936 Giafferi hurried to Davos, Switzerland, where David Frankfurter had shot and killed Wilhelm Gustloff, the head of the Swiss branch of the German Nazi Party.

References

 Beaux Ténèbres by Michel Ferracci-Porri ( Normant Editions, France 2008)

1878 births
1956 deaths
Politicians from Paris
French people of Corsican descent
Republican-Socialist Party politicians
Radical Party (France) politicians
Members of the 12th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 13th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the Constituent Assembly of France (1946)
Deputies of the 1st National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
Deputies of the 2nd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
Deputies of the 3rd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
20th-century French lawyers
French people of World War I
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)
Officers of the Legion of Honour
Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery

Vincent de Moro-Giafferi


The 551 Beirut earthquake occurred on 9 July with an estimated magnitude of about 7.5 on the moment magnitude scale and a maximum felt intensity of X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale. It triggered a devastating tsunami which affected the coastal towns of Byzantine Phoenicia, causing great destruction and sinking many ships. Overall large numbers of people were reported killed, with one estimate of 30,000 by the anonymous pilgrim of Piacenza for Beirut alone.

Tectonic setting

What is now Lebanon lies astride the Dead Sea Transform, which forms part of the boundary between the Arabian Plate and the African Plate. In Lebanon the fault zone forms a restraining bend associated with a right stepping offset of the fault trace. Transpressional deformation associated with this bend has formed a number of thrust faults, such as the recently identified Mount Lebanon thrust, which underlies the city and is interpreted to crop out at the seabed offshore.

Damage
There is little in the way of detailed descriptions of the damage caused by this earthquake in contemporary accounts. Sources refer to the coastal cities from Tyre to Tripoli being reduced to ruins with many thousands of casualties. The Anonymous pilgrim of Piacenza reported that 30,000 people died in Beirut alone. Reports of damage at Petra and other locations in the Jordan Valley associated with the 551 event have been re-analyzed, suggesting that a later earthquake was more likely to be responsible.

Characteristics

Earthquake
The earthquake was felt over a wide area from Alexandria in the southwest to Antioch in the north previously damaged by the earthquake of 526. The area of felt intensity of VIII or more extends from Tripoli in the north to Tyre in the south. Estimates for the magnitude vary from 7.2 on the surface wave magnitude scale to a possible 7.5 on the moment magnitude scale. The rupture length is estimated to be greater than  and possibly as long as . The origin of the tsunami was thought to have been due to an underwater landslide triggered by an earthquake on the Dead Sea Transform itself. More recent analysis suggested that an offshore continuation of the Roum Fault mapped onshore may have been responsible. However, seabed surveys have discounted this possibility and the discovery of geologically recent fault scarps at seabed indicate that movement on the newly identified Mount Lebanon Thrust was the cause of the earthquake and the resulting tsunami. Quaternary uplift recorded by a series of marine-cut terraces between Tripoli and Beirut are consistent with continuing upward movement of the hanging wall of the proposed thrust. At a smaller scale, an uplifted vermetid bench, which indicates vertical movement of about 80 cm, is dated to the sixth century A.D. Continued uplift above this thrust since the late Miocene may explain the formation of the Mount Lebanon range.

Tsunami
The tsunami affected the whole of the coast from Tyre to Tripoli. Withdrawal of the sea by up to two miles was recorded in some contemporary accounts.

Future seismic hazard
The estimated return time for large earthquakes on the Mount Lebanon thrust is 1500–1750 years, although a shorter return time is also possible depending on the dating of the most recent sea-level highstand. This latter possibility would indicate that a repeat of this event may be long overdue.

See also
List of historical earthquakes
List of tsunamis
6th century in Lebanon

References

0551 Beirut
6th-century earthquakes
Lebanon in the Roman era
550s in the Byzantine Empire
551
Medieval tsunamis
Earthquakes in the Byzantine Empire

551 Beirut earthquake


If I Had a Million is a 1932 American comedy drama movie directed by seven directors Ernst Lubitsch, Norman Taurog, Stephen Roberts, Norman Z. McLeod, James Cruze, William A. Seiter, H. Bruce Humberstone and starring Gary Cooper, Charles Laughton, George Raft, May Robson, Charles Ruggles, Gene Raymond. It was distributed by Paramount Pictures.

Other websites

1932 comedy movies
1932 drama movies
1930s American drama movies
1930s comedy-drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
Movies directed by Norman Taurog
Movies directed by William A. Seiter
Movies directed by Ernst Lubitsch
Movies directed by Norman Z. McLeod
Movies directed by H. Bruce Humberstone
Movies directed by James Cruze
Paramount Pictures movies
Movies set in the 1930s

If I Had a Million


A rescue squad is an emergency service that provides technical rescue services, and may also provide emergency medical services and firefighting services. Rescue squads may be standalone organizations or an integrated part of fire departments or emergency medical services.

A rescue squad provides basic Life Support or advanced life support to critically ill or injured patients, typically operating from ambulances, squad trucks, nontransporting EMS vehicles, or aircraft. They may also operate from heavy rescue vehicles or rescue boats.

Depending on the requirements and scope of the rescue squad, the staff of such agencies may possess certification as emergency medical responder, emergency medical technician, firefighter, search and rescue certifications and training, or other  specific technical rescue certifications and specialties.

See also

Extrication
Rescue vehicle

References

Rescue
Firefighting equipment
Emergency vehicles

Rescue squad


Agalinis aspera, the rough agalinis, rough false foxglove, or tall false foxglove, is a non-poisonous plant of the genus Agalinis, habitating in the dry prairies. It can grow to be about eight to twenty-four inches tall. When the flowers bloom, the colors vary between purple and pink.

The tall foxglove is native to some parts of the United States and Canada. According to USDA Plants, the places where the tall foxglove can be found are, "Arkansas, Iowa, Illinois, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, North Dakota, Nebraska, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, Wisconsin, and Manitoba". It cannot be found in other locations is because they do not have the right habitats. The foxglove likes to bloom in the low wet meadows or along hillsides and the bloom period for the tall foxglove is from June to September.

It is in the family Orobanchaceae, but was formerly classified in the family Scrophulariaceae It was realigned following molecular phylogeny data from the chloroplast genome.

Dr. Virginia Freire and Dr. Emmet J. Judziewicz (biology professors at the University of Wisconsin) mentioned that agalinis is Latin for "remarkable flax" and aspera is also Latin for " 'rough' or 'harsh' from coarse nature of leave,".

The tall foxglove is considered endangered. One of the reasons why this plant is being wiped out is partially because of its location. When the tall foxglove is growing in the low wet plains, they tend to drain out and take the plants along with it. According to COSEWIC, "human impact poses the greatest threat to these populations because most of them are in road allowance areas. Any major disturbance of the road allowance undertaken for road expansion, road straightening, etc., would put these populations at risk,".

References

Freire, Dr. Virginia and Dr. Emmet J. Judziewicz. "Agalinis Aspera: UW-Stevens Point Freckman Harbarium: Plant Details Page." Wisplants.uwsp.edu. N.P, N.D. Web. 4 March 2010.
"Plants Profile for Agalinis Aspera (Tall False Foxglove)." Usda.gov. USDA, 1 March 2010. Web. 4 March 2010.
Hughes, Marjorie. "COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Rough Agalinis." Rough Agalinis (Agalinis Aspera). COSEWIC, 2006. Web. 4 Mar 2010.

aspera
Flora of the North-Central United States
Flora of the Southeastern United States
Flora of Western Canada

Agalinis aspera


Metronet may refer to:

Metronet (British infrastructure company), who maintained London Underground infrastructure between 2003 and 2008.
Metronet (Western Australia), government agency formed in 2017, responsible for managing extensions to Perth's transport network.
Metronet, the sixth largest fiber-optic provider in the United States, see Plusnet, A1 Hrvatska etc.

Metronet


Meteoric iron is iron that comes from meteorites. Most meteorites are made of iron and nickel.

Meteors were the only source of iron before smelting was invented. Meteoric iron can be found all over the world, like in Ancient Egypt and Greece.

Iron

Meteoric iron


The 2013–14 UCI Asia Tour was the 10th season of the UCI Asia Tour. The season began on 6 October 2013 with the Tour of Almaty and ended on 20 December 2014 with the Tour of Al Zubarah.

The points leader, based on the cumulative results of previous races, wears the UCI Asia Tour cycling jersey. Julián Arredondo from Colombia is the defending champion of the 2012–13 UCI Asia Tour.

Throughout the season, points are awarded to the top finishers of stages within stage races and the final general classification standings of each of the stages races and one-day events. The quality and complexity of a race also determine how many points are awarded to the top finishers, the higher the UCI rating of a race, the more points are awarded.

The UCI ratings from highest to lowest are as follows:
 Multi-day events: 2.HC, 2.1 and 2.2
 One-day events: 1.HC, 1.1 and 1.2

Events

2013

2014

External links

UCI Asia Tour
2014 in men's road cycling
2013 in men's road cycling
UCI
UCI

2013–14 UCI Asia Tour


The New Age, also called the New Age movement is a kind of spiritual belief and way of life held by some westerners. It is not an organized religion nor a new religious movement (NRM). They believe in religious pluralism - that people are free to decide what they believe and how they use it in their lives.  They pick and mix what they believe with bits taken from both eastern and western culture and religions. They make their own decisions about what God is and how they worship God, if they even believe in God at all. New Age people often meditate, sometimes to seek their own contact with God.

Many authors describe how they see the New Age in books.  There is also New Age music which tends to be calm and relaxing.

New Age people say a time is coming when people will be more aware of their own special spiritual nature and this will make the world a different and better place.  This is sometimes called the Age of Aquarius, hence the name.

Spirituality

New Age


The gravitational wave background (also GWB and stochastic background) is a random background of gravitational waves permeating the Universe, which is detectable by gravitational-wave experiments, like pulsar timing arrays. The signal may be intrinsically random, like from stochastic processes in the early Universe, or may be produced by an incoherent superposition of a large number of weak independent unresolved gravitational-wave sources, like supermassive black-hole binaries.  Detecting the gravitational wave background can provide information that is inaccessible by any other means, about astrophysical source population, like hypothetical ancient supermassive black-hole binaries, and early Universe processes, like hypothetical primordial inflation and cosmic strings.

Sources of a stochastic background
Several potential sources for the background are hypothesized across various frequency bands of interest, with each source producing a background with different statistical properties. The sources of the stochastic background can be broadly divided into two categories: cosmological sources, and astrophysical sources.

Cosmological sources
Cosmological backgrounds may arise from several early universe sources. Some examples of these primordial sources include time-varying inflationary scalar fields in the early universe, "preheating" mechanisms after inflation involving energy transfer from inflaton particles to regular matter, cosmological phase transitions in the early universe (such as the electroweak phase transition), cosmic strings, etc. While these sources are more hypothetical, a detection of a primordial gravitational wave background from them would be a major discovery of new physics and would have a profound impact on early-universe cosmology and on high-energy physics.

Astrophysical sources
An astrophysical background is produced by the combined noise of many weak, independent, and unresolved astrophysical sources. For instance the astrophysical background from stellar mass binary black-hole mergers is expected to be a key source of the stochastic background for the current generation of ground based gravitational-wave detectors. LIGO and Virgo detectors have already detected individual gravitational-wave events from such black-hole mergers. However, there would be a large population of such mergers which would not be individually resolvable which would produce a hum of random looking noise in the detectors. Other astrophysical sources which are not individually resolvable can also form a background. For instance, a sufficiently massive star at the final stage of its evolution will collapse to form either a black hole or a neutron star—in the rapid collapse during the final moments of an explosive supernova event, which can lead to such formations, gravitational waves may theoretically be liberated. Also, in rapidly rotating neutron stars there is a whole class of instabilities driven by the emission of gravitational waves.

The nature of source also depend on the sensitive frequency band of the signal. The current generation of ground based experiments like LIGO and Virgo are sensitive to gravitational-waves in the audio frequency band between approximately 10 Hz to 1000 Hz. In this band the most likely source of the stochastic background will be an astrophysical background from binary neutron-star and stellar mass binary black-hole mergers.

An alternative means of observation is using pulsar timing arrays (PTAs). Three consortia—the European Pulsar Timing Array (EPTA), the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav), and the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array (PPTA)—coordinate as the International Pulsar Timing Array. They use radio telescopes to monitor the galactic array of millisecond pulsars, which form a galactic-scale detector sensitive to gravitational waves with low frequencies in the nanohertz to 100 nanohertz range.  With existing telescopes, many years of observation are needed to detect a signal and detector sensitivity improves gradually. Sensitivity bounds are approaching those expected for astrophysical sources.

Supermassive black holes with masses of 105–109 solar masses are found at the centers of galaxies. It is not known which came first, supermassive black holes or galaxies, or how they evolved. When galaxies merge, it is expected that their central supermassive black holes merge too. These supermassive binaries produce potentially the loudest low-frequency gravitational-wave signals; the most massive of them are potential sources of a nanohertz gravitational wave background, which is in principle detectable by PTAs.

Detection

On 11 February 2016, the LIGO and Virgo collaborations announced the first direct detection and observation of gravitational waves, which took place in September 2015.  In this case, two black holes had collided to produce detectable gravitational waves.  This is the first step to the potential detection of a GWB.

On 28 June 2023, the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves collaboration announced evidence for a GWB using observational data from an array of millisecond pulsars. Observations from EPTA, Parkes Observatory and Chinese Pulsar Timing Array (CPTA) were also published on the same day, providing cross validation of the evidence for GWB using different telescopes and analysis methods. These observations provided the first measurement of the theoretical Hellings–Downs curve, i.e., the quadrupolar correlation between two pulsars as a function of their angular separation in the sky, which is a telltale sign of the gravitational wave origin of the observed background. The sources of this gravitational-wave background can not be identified without further observations and analyses, although binaries of supermassive black holes are leading candidates.

See also

 Cosmic background radiation
 Cosmic microwave background
 Cosmic neutrino background
 Gravitational-wave astronomy

References

External links
 Gravitational Wave Experiments and Early Universe Cosmology

Effects of gravitation
background
Gravitational-wave astronomy
Cosmic background radiation

Gravitational wave background


Eugene W. Ferris (November 18, 1842 – February 26, 1907) was a United States soldier who fought with the 30th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry during the American Civil War. He received his nation's highest award for bravery during combat, the U.S. Medal of Honor, for resisting an attack by enemy cavalrymen near Berryville, Virginia on April 1, 1865. That award was conferred 32 years later on October 16, 1897.

Formative years
Born in Springfield, Vermont on November 18, 1841, Eugene W. Ferris was a son of New York native Robert Ferris and Fanny Ferris, a native of Vermont. He was just a child when he and his family relocated to Lowell, Massachusetts, according to historian Allan Tischler. By 1850, the Ferris household included parents Fanny and Robert (a stonemason), and their children, Helen, Fanny, Alexander and Eugene (aged 19, 18, 11, and 8, respectively). Also residing at the home were Ruth and Chester Rugg (a clerk), and Stillman Busher. After completing his education in Lowell, Eugene Ferris also went to work, having obtained a job as a bookkeeper.

Civil War
Ferris was 20 years old when joined the 30th Massachusetts Infantry on New Year's Day in 1862. After enrolling at Lowell, Massachusetts as a sergeant with that regiment's D Company, he was commissioned as an officer the following August, eventually rising up through the ranks to become a captain before war's end.

Fighting with his fellow 30th Massachusetts Volunteers "on the Mississippi River at Port Hudson, near Vicksburg, then in the Gulf Region of the Deep South, at New Orleans, Baton Rouge, and along the Red River" over the next two years, according to Tischler, Ferris was then transferred to Virginia with his regiment in mid-June 1864. During this time, while the 30th Massachusetts was attached to the U.S. Army's 19th Corps under Major-General Philip Sheridan, he was wounded in action when the 30th Massachusetts was engaged in battle as part of the Union Army's tide-turning 1864 Shenandoah Valley Campaign. Military engagements included the battles of Opequon (Third Winchester) and Fisher's Hill in September and the Battle of Cedar Creek on October 19.

Less than six months later, while serving as a regimental adjutant, Ferris performed the act of gallantry which became the catalyst for his Medal of Honor award. According to historian Robert W. Black, Ferris was already "combat experienced and had been wounded twice" when he and his orderly, Private James McLaughlin, were sent out by their superiors on April 1, 1865, to search for enemy guerillas in the area around Berryville, Virginia, and were set upon by members of Mosby's Rangers, a Confederate cavalry unit commanded by the "Gray Ghost", John Singleton Mosby. Facing off on the grounds of Colonel Daniel Bonham's farm near Sailor's Creek, Ferris refused a demand to surrender made by that enemy party's commanding officer (Charles Wiltshire) and shot that officer in the chest before he could draw his pistol. Dodging a bullet from a different Ranger's gun, he then shot that enemy cavalryman in the neck before wounding a third, stealing Wiltshire's horse, and riding away to safety. Ferris was then promoted to the rank of captain on April 21. A different account, penned in 1915 by Samuel Scoville, stated that Ferris and the Confederate officer "were armed only with sabres", and that Ferris gained the element of surprise when he "spurred his horse at the guerrilla-leader and suddenly executing a demi-volte which is only effective when performed by a good sabre and a trained horse ... whirled like lightning and caught his opponent such a tremendous back-handed slash that he cut him almost to the saddle." Ferris was then shot in the left thigh just above the knee while fighting off the other two enemy cavalrymen. Grabbing two pistols by unbuckling the officer's pistol belt, according to Scoville, he fired at the second enemy soldier with one hand while using his sabre against the third.

In June 1865, he was appointed Acting Aide de Camp for Brigadier-General George L. Beal, the commanding officer of the Headquarters, Military District of Eastern South Carolina, 3rd Separate Brigade, which was based in Georgetown County.

In August 1865, while serving with his regiment in South Carolina, he was appointed as Acting Assistant Inspector General for the District of Western South Carolina.

Ferris finally mustered out from military service in 1866.

Post-war life
Following his honorable discharge from the military, Ferris worked in South Carolina for a time, where he was appointed as a state elections commissioner for Georgetown County in 1870 and, in 1873, as a tax collector for the U.S. Internal Revenue Service. Although Tischler has stated that Ferris relocated with his family sometime around 1900 to Rockville, Indiana, where he purchased and then operated the Parke Hotel, the 1900 federal census shows him as a single man operating a hotel on State Street in Albanytown, Delaware County, Indiana in June of that year. Also listed on this record were nine hotel staff and 20 boarders.

Newspaper accounts of his life help clarify that he moved to Indiana before the turn of the century. According to the October 6 and 7, 1897 editions of Washington, D.C.'s Evening Star and The Times of Philadelphia:

A medal of honor has also been presented to Eugene W. Ferris, of Albany, Ind., formerly first lieutenant and adjutant, 30th Massachusetts Volunteers, for distinguished gallantry near Berryville, Va., April 1, 1865.

He died on February 26, 1907, in Rockville, Parke County, Indiana, and was subsequently buried with military honors at that community's Rockville Cemetery.

Medal of Honor citation

See also

List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: A–F

External links
 Howe, Henry Warren. Passages from the Life of Henry Warren Howe, Consisting of Diary and Letters Written During the Civil War, 1861–1865: A Condensed History of the Thirtieth Massachusetts Regiment, and Its Flags, Together with the Genealogies of the Different Branches of the Family (includes multiple mentions of Eugene W. Ferris). Lowell, Massachusetts: Courier-Citizen Co., Printers, 1899.

References

1842 births
1907 deaths
People of Massachusetts in the American Civil War
Union Army officers
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor
People from Springfield, Vermont
People from Rockville, Indiana

Eugene W. Ferris


Betty Tebbs (10 April 1918 – 23 January 2017) was an English activist for women's rights and a peace campaigner. She was described by the People's History Museum in Manchester as "a radical hero who worked tirelessly and with great humility to campaign for equal rights, workers' rights and peace her whole life".

Personal life
Tebbs was the youngest child of a joiner and a maid. She was born in Bury, Lancashire, on 10 April 1918 and the rheumatic fever suffered during her childhood meant that she had a patchy education. She was married to Ernest Whewell until 1944, when he died during active service in the Second World War.

Tebbs, who lived latterly in Prestwich, married for a second time in 1947. Her second husband, Leonard Tebbs, a former soldier and university lecturer who died in 1979, aged 61, had encouraged her in campaigning for peace and also to further her education at college when in her 50s. The couple had met in 1945 and had a son, Glyn. She also had a daughter, Patricia, from her first marriage. Encouragement from her grandchildren led to publication of an autobiography titled A Time to Remember in 2007.

Activism
Tebbs became involved in activism around the age of 14 when she realised that a boy with whom she worked  at the East Lancashire Paper Mill (ELPM) was earning two shillings per week more than she was for doing the same job. Tebbs was a lifelong member of a trades union – initially, the National Union of Printing, Bookbinding and Paper Workers – from the time that she discovered the pay discrepancy at ELPM. She was involved in union activities there for 17 years until the death of Whewell in 1944. In 1968 she played a role in the Society of Graphical and Allied Trades adopting a motion that the National Economic Council establish a women's advisory committee, that would advise the council on issues affecting women workers. Tebbs had stated that the trade union movement had not been sufficiently successful in addressing women's issues.

After Whewell's death, she was dismayed with the unfairness of a tax and allowance system that she thought penalised war widows. At a union conference in 1960 she advocated for the withdrawal of U.S. troops from their bases in Britain. She also became prominent in peace activism and joined the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament when it began in 1958. She became chair of the National Assembly of Women in 1978, having joined it in 1952, and met with world leaders in her attempts to bring about nuclear disarmament. Tebbs was banned from entering the United States due to her activism, and her protests against the Trident nuclear programme at Faslane led to her arrest at the age of 89.

Tebbs also continued working for women's rights as a member of trade unions, and led a successful strike for equal pay at ELPM in the early 1950s. She persuaded a number of women to join her union at the mill she worked at after leaving ELPM, and herself moved up the union hierarchy, representing it as district representative, district committee member, and as women's representative for the northwestern region. She attended union conferences in Scarborough in 1958 and 1960, and attended the International Women's Conference in Switzerland on behalf of the union. She also worked on campaigns for equality at numerous other industrial sites and established a refuge at Warrington for women who had suffered from domestic violence.

In 1963 she was elected to the Radcliffe Municipal Borough Council against stiff opposition, running as a Labour Party candidate. For some time she was the sole woman on the council. Tebbs had left the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) in protest against the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. She later left Labour to rejoin the CPGB, and then the New Communist Party. Later still, she returned to the Labour Party fold to vote for Jeremy Corbyn in the 2015 party leadership election.

Recognition
Tebbs was interviewed at the People's History Museum (PHM) by actor and activist Maxine Peake in June 2016. Shortly before her death on 23 January 2017 at the age of 98, she was recognised with the PHM's Radical Hero Award, which described her as "a radical hero who worked tirelessly and with great humility to campaign for equal rights, workers' rights and peace her whole life." In 2010, she had been given an award named after Elizabeth Gaskell by Manchester City Council. A fellow activist stated that Tebbs' work had provided the foundation for legislation protecting all women.

References
Notes

Citations

Further reading
Obituary in The Guardian
Obituary in The Telegraph

1918 births
2017 deaths
People from Bury, Greater Manchester
Women's rights in the United Kingdom
English trade unionists
Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament activists
Labour Party (UK) people
Communist Party of Great Britain members
Women councillors in England
British anti–nuclear weapons activists
Councillors in Greater Manchester

Betty Tebbs


The Controllers were an American Los Angeles-based punk rock band, who were formed in early 1977.

The original members were Kidd Spike (guitar/vocals), guitarist/vocalist Johnny Stingray, and Gaye Austin (drums). Later members included Hillary Dillary (drums), D.O.A. Danny ( Dan Davis, bass), Charlie Trash (drums) and Mad Dog (a.k.a. Karla Duplantier, drums).

The Controllers were part of the rapidly growing Los Angeles punk rock scene in 1977, even becoming favorites at Brendan Mullen's underground club The Masque. They were the first band to play an advertised show at The Masque and the last to play there in any form in 1996 at a record release party held by Exene Cervenka.

Their debut releases, in 1978, was the "Neutron Bomb" single on the seminal punk label, What Records? A different version of the song, "(The Original) Neutron Bomb", appeared as part of a 1978 three-song compilation EP on What Records? along with songs by The Eyes and The Skulls. They released the "Slow Boy" EP in 1979 on Siamese Records before the band's demise.

Retrospective releases include the album The Controllers, issued in 2000 by Bacchus Archives, and Another Sunny Day, issued by Artifix Records in 2006.

References

Punk rock groups from California
Musical groups from Los Angeles

The Controllers (band)


Jab Pyaar Kisise Hota Hai () is an Indian Hindi-language romance film released in 1998. Directed by Deepak Sareen and written by Honey Irani, the film stars Salman Khan as womaniser Sooraj and Twinkle Khanna as his first real love. Aditya Narayan plays Khan's previously unknown son.

Plot
Sooraj Dhanrajgir, a rich playboy lightening the financial burden of his industrialist grandfather by spending his riches on alcohol and women, and Mahesh, who is having 350 ailments and takes medicine for each of his sicknesses and is sent to take care of Sooraj. His grandfather calls him for some official work back home, beginning with a hotel project in Ooty. When Mahesh was figuring out if he had taken all the medicines, his grandfather was asking him what Sooraj does, Mahesh reveals everything as he was offered a drink. One day, during his grandfather's birthday, he was not at home but at some residence along with another woman. Mahesh is held responsible for all his misdeeds, and Sooraj finds out that he doesn't remember his grandfather's birthday Sooraj gets to blame as he is smitten with pretty women and nothing else. Sooraj tries to give a white rose to his grandfather and instead of seeking forgiveness, he blames his grandfather that he didn't give him the chance to wish him a happy birthday. During the night time, Sooraj and Mahesh drink a lot in happiness at a bar and Mahesh explains that Sooraj's grandfather concerns a lot and Mahesh is even considered kin as he was raised by Sooraj's grandfather. Meanwhile, an argument ensues between a bartender and the guards when the bartender insults his grandfather. He and Mahesh beat all of them and warns the bartender not to insult the seniors of the family. Sooraj and Mahesh arrive home late in the morning, lying that both of them are going jogging and wearing suits as there's cold outside. His lies and excuses don't even work when his grandfather wears the same attire that Sooraj and Mahesh were wearing and he finds out that they were left behind by their grandfather as they were drunk. There his true character emerges as he starts running after pretty women. The first one he lays his eyes on is Komal. He convinces her that she is his childhood friend and sweet-talks her into falling for him. But soon she sees him for the player he is and walks out on him.

Sooraj is smitten beyond infatuation and, knowing she runs a boutique in a hotel somewhere in Mumbai, he goes through the hotels of the city until he locates her. He tries his best to win her back but fails when the truth is revealed that he's not his childhood friend but a famous playboy shown in the magazines.

Sooraj's grandfather steps in to ease the situation and asks her to marry him. Komal agrees, on the condition that he would have to give up his playboy lifestyle and become responsible: He would have to quit smoking, drinking, and women for her to marry him. Sooraj, not quite the man he was, gives up every bad habit he has. Due to his commitment, he's admitted to a hospital for not drinking alcohol. Komal misunderstands him and tries to leave him but after knowing the truth from his grandfather that she changed him totally, she reciprocates with him.

One day Sooraj returns home and he finds a dog named Sandy, and a boy, Kabir, claiming to be his son. Sooraj is confused if the young child is either pranking him or not, he goes to a hospital for a medical test, which even proves that Kabir is his biological son, but he doesn't remember his mother. He asks his mother's name, and who raised him, he even asks how did he get the location where he lives, and Kabir answers all of his questions. He even tries to send him to an orphanage but fails mysteriously and the child again appears at his residence, he goes to a restaurant with him. Mahesh eventually reaches there, asks the child's name, and is shocked to find that he's Sooraj's son. Mahesh even asks if he hadn't done anything bad. Sooraj explains everything to Mahesh. The mayhem continues even when he's at home or somewhere else.

Sooraj goes to London for Kabir's education without informing his grandfather, and Mahesh gives an excuse that one of his friends is in a serious condition and he has gone to visit him. Kabir passes the admission test in a boarding school for his intelligence, and the principal of the school tells Sooraj and Kabir to come next Monday. One day, after carrying everything and packing for school, Kabir shows him a photograph that helps Sooraj identify the woman he had a fling with for a few months. Sooraj remembers everything and repents it. He consoles Kabir on a day and spends a lot of time together before Kabir got admitted to the school. He eventually brings the boy back, identifying him as his friend's child to his grandfather. Sooraj starts to like him and gradually, realizing his mistake, he recognizes him as his son. Kabir does not like Komal and is unhappy to learn that Sooraj never loved or married his mother. When Sooraj was playing cricket, Komal calls Sooraj but Kabir holds the line and says that he's busy playing cricket. Komal then goes to his residence and wants 2 minutes to speak, but Sooraj doesn't get it. Komal understands who the child is and explains everything that happened after she called him on the phone, Sooraj then calls Kabir and tells him to seek forgiveness from Komal. Kabir, residing his hate towards Komal, seeks forgiveness from her and Komal forgives him. When Sooraj and Komal were out on a date, Kabir calls Sooraj on the phone as he felt hungry. Sooraj replies to him to have his dinner, brush his teeth and take a nap. Komal says that he did a good thing that he didn't cancel the date. While Kabir and his great-grandfather was playing chess, Kabir defeats him and keeps his word to keep a dog inside his home. One day, when Sooraj and Komal's program before the marriage date was getting fixed, Kabir goes to his room and Sooraj goes after him. Kabir stops Sooraj and says that she is not like his mother and he even adds that Sooraj never married Kabir's mother. Sooraj tries to console him that Komal will take nice care of Kabir but he disagrees with it. Komal interrupts the conversation and Kabir is infuriated and scolds her a lot, adding that he is discussing an important matter with Sooraj. This enrages Sooraj and he slaps Kabir, telling him an insolent boy. Sooraj finds out that Komal is also disturbed and tells him that Kabir is a nuisance in their relationship. Meanwhile, at the same time, Kabir calls her on the phone, seeks forgiveness from Komal, and tells her that he'll never do this again to her. They soon reconcile after Komal tells Sooraj that Kabir was seeking forgiveness from her.

Later Sooraj has to choose between Komal and Kabir. Sooraj is about to marry Komal, but he knows that he cannot hide the truth from Komal. He falls into a dilemma. His friend Mahesh suggests telling Komal the truth about Kabir before their marriage if he loves her. He tries several times to speak to Komal, but circumstances do not allow him to convey his message.

On the day of their marriage, he lands at her house with his grandfather, Mahesh, and Kabir. He accepts the mistakes that he made in life and tells Komal and her family that Kabir is his son. On hearing this Komal's family gets angry and demands Sooraj disown Kabir if he wants to marry their daughter. Sooraj refuses to do that and prefers his son over his love.

Komal hails Sooraj's honesty and agrees to accept Kabir as her son and to marry Sooraj. During the marriage, a boy who is dressed like Kabir claims that he's Kapil, Sooraj's other son, but it is revealed that Mahesh sent the unknown child for some reason.

Cast
Salman Khan as Sooraj Dhanrajgir
Twinkle Khanna as Komal Sinha Dhanrajgir
Namrata Shirodkar as Pooja Bachchan, Kabir's mother
Johnny Lever as Mahesh
Anupam Kher as Anand Dhanrajgir, Sooraj's grandfather & Kabir's great grandfather
Mushtaq Khan as Singh
Aditya Narayan as Kabir Dhanrajgir
Saeed Jaffery as Komal's father
Farida Jalal as Komal's mother
Harish Patel as Komal's Uncle
Vivek Vaswani as Suraj Dhanoa
Himani Shivpuri as Ragini Sinha, Komal's Bua

Production
The film marked the film debut of Namrata Shirodkar.

Soundtrack

Jab Pyaar Kisise Hota Hais music was composed by Jatin–Lalit with lyrics by Anand Bakshi, most of the songs were sung by Lata Mangeshkar, Kumar Sanu, Udit Narayan, Sonu Nigam and Alka Yagnik.

Mohammad Ali Ikram of Planet Bollywood gave the album 9 stars and stated: "A film which names itself after this immortal tune better have amazing songs. Not to worry, Jatin Lalit deliver a score which is as beautiful as it is melodious, as romantic as it is nostalgic, as simple as it is... In four words, you will love it."

The film's soundtrack album sold  units in India, making it the ninth top-selling Bollywood music album of 1998.

Reception
A review in India Today noted that the story could potentially have been a "four-hankie tearjerker" but Sareen failed "to deliver". It opined that the "typically over-confident Bollywood brat" Aditya Narayan was the film's biggest problem and it was Khan who "[kept] the film going" quite opposite to Khanna's "awkward hysterics". Concluding the review, it called for her "to take both acting and grooming lessons from mom". Writing for Rediff.com, Dhara Kothari opined that the "storyline [had] been stretched a good deal more than it should have" been. He found the editing weak but noted that Narayan showed "promise". On Khanna's acting, he commented that she exhibited "her limitations" which possibly could be ascribed to her role. He concluded his review by saying that the film "is entertaining enough to draw audiences". Screen magazine wrote it "tackles an unusual subject in an interesting and sensitive manner".

Khanna told in an interview that scriptwise it was her best film. Aditya Narayan was nominated for the Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Male for his performance in the film.

The film did quite well at the box office, the film grossed  in India and  overseas for a worldwide total of  (), against a budget of . It was the eleventh highest-grossing film of 1998.

References

External links

1998 films
1990s Hindi-language films
Films scored by Jatin–Lalit
Films shot in Ooty
Films shot in London
Films shot in Tamil Nadu
Films set in Mumbai
Films directed by Deepak Sareen

Jab Pyaar Kisise Hota Hai


was the 8th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Historians consider Emperor Kōgen to be a legendary person; and the name Kōgen-tennō was created for him posthumously by later generations.

No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign.  The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

The Gukanshō records that Kōgen ruled from the palace of Sakaihara-no-miya at Karu in what will come to be known as Yamato province.

Traditional history
Kōgen is almost certainly a legend. The Kojiki records only his name and genealogy. The  Nihonshoki includes Kōgen as the seventh of .

Kōgen was the eldest son of Emperor Kōrei.

Some scholars question the existence of the first nine emperors. These critics consider Kōgen's grandson (Emperor Sujin) to be the earliest to have actually existed.

Events of Kōgen's life
The absence of information about Kōgen does not imply that no such person ever existed. Very little information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

The Abe clan are said to have descended from a son of Emperor Kōgen.

After his death
This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Kōgen.

The actual site of his grave is not known.  According to the Imperial Household Agency, this emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Nara.

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree

References

Emperors of Japan

Emperor Kōgen


78 Records was a music store located in the central business district of Perth, Western Australia. The store also sold DVDs, clothing and tickets to music and comedy events.

Due to the history of the business, the large variety of music sold, and promotion of local acts, the store has had a significant influence upon local culture and the music scene within Perth

History
78 Records first opened on 19 June 1971 on the first floor of the Padbury Building in Forrest Place. Geoff "Hud" Hudson, John Hood, and John "Scruff" McGregor started the store to provide music that was unavailable from other outlets.

In its infancy, 78 Records boasted about 300 titles, all on vinyl and mainly imports, with a strong leaning towards blues but also encompassing an extensive range of other genres, though space was constrained as the store was housed in two small rooms. It was the three owners' love of the blues that inspired the store's logo, with its photographic representation of Blind Lemon Jefferson. The name 78 Records derives from the format on which his original recordings were released.

78 Records steadily expanded by providing customers with music that was hard to come by in the early 1970s, such as Rolling Stones Sticky Fingers, Jethro Tull's Aqualung and Neil Young's Harvest. In 1973, rumours started regarding the proposed demolition of the Padbury Buildings, which eventuated with the construction of Forrest Chase in the re-designed Forrest Place during the late 1980s.

In May 1974, 78 Records moved into what was essentially a tin shed next door to His Majesty's Theatre, Western Australia at 843 Hay Street, which has become affectionately known as "the old building". The increase in floor size enabled 78 Records to add a lounge area where customers could lounge in beanbags and listen to the music prior to making their purchases, the first such facility in Perth. 78 Records expanded its available music and started its tradition of an in-house band, the West Australian Chainsaw Orchestra, theme days and the selection of the instrumental "A Walk in the Black Forest" by Horst Jankowski at closing time.

During the 843 era, 78 Records also earned a reputation which travelled much further afield than the metropolitan area, and visiting international performers frequented the shop in search of that elusive record they couldn't find anywhere else. Of course, some of them just wanted to check out how many of their own albums were in stock. Joe Cocker, Van Morrison, Elvis Costello, Bette Midler, Lou Reed and Elton John were just some of the artists that came back on their next visit.

843 Hay Street was proposed for demolition in 1987. Wanting to stay in the same area they had become associated with, 78 Records crossed Hay Street to number 884. In 1989, the Basement opened with videos, books, posters, comics T-shirts, and tickets for forthcoming events. 78 Records expanded from solely music-related items with the Basement developing a unique identity of its own with the inclusion of film, interactive media and cult writing.

78 Records moved again in March 1996 to 914 Hay Street, where it was located for 16 years. The first floor of this larger building had its own stage which was frequently used by local, national and international artists.

In 2013 the store relocated once again to upstairs premises above 255 Murray Street with entry from a laneway off the Murray Street Mall.

On 5 February 2019 the manager of 78 Records announced that the store would be closing on 3 March 2019 after nearly 48 years of operation, citing the rise of streaming services and declining retail conditions as the reason for the closure.

Awards
78 Records won the ARIA Award for Best Independent Retail Outlet in Western Australia in 2007.

References

Companies based in Perth, Western Australia
Music retailers of Australia
Murray Street, Perth
1971 establishments in Australia
2019 disestablishments in Australia
Retail companies established in 1971
Retail companies disestablished in 2019

78 Records


The Union Solidarity and Development Association ( ; abbreviated USDA) was a Burmese political party founded with the active aid of Myanmar's ruling military junta, the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC), on 15 September 1993.

History
The Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP), formed on 29 March 2010, took part in the 2010 elections. All civil servants and members under the age of 25 were purged from the USDA, the remaining members were enrolled into the USDP. All assets of the USDA were transferred to the USDP leading to the disbanding of the USDA.

Htay Oo was the secretary general of the organisation. Its headquarters were in Yangon, Myanmar, and operated nationwide.

On 19 October 2008, a small bomb exploded in the Htan Chauk Pin quarter of the Shwepyitha Township office of the USDA, resulting in property damage and killing one According to the New Light of Myanmar, the victim was identified as Thet Oo Win, a former Buddhist monk who participated in the Saffron Revolution, was killed while improvising the bomb at his own residence. The junta blamed the National League for Democracy party of planting that bomb, but experts believed at the time that the opposition was not in a position to carry out such acts amidst the tightly controlled security environment.

Objective
The motto of the organisation was "Morale, Discipline, Solidarity, Unity."
 Non-disintegration of the Union
 Non-disintegration of national solidarity
 Perpetuation of sovereignty
 Dynamism of Patriotic Spirit with a view to promoting national prestige and integrity
 Development of the nation and emergence of a peaceful and modern state

Main members
Central Panel of Patrons:
 Senior General Than Shwe
 Vice-Senior General Maung Aye
 General Thura Shwe Mann
 Prime Minister General Thein Sein
 Secretary-1 General Thiha Thura Tin Aung Myint Oo

Secretariat:
 Secretary-General: U Htay Oo - Minister of Agriculture
 Joint Secretary-General : U Zaw Min - Minister for Electric Power No. (1)
 U Thaung - Minister of Science and Technology
 U Tin Htut - Minister for Cooperatives
 U Aung Thaung - Minister of Industrial No(1)
 U Thein Zaw - Minister of Post and Telecommunication
 U Kyaw Hsan - Minister of Information

Central Executive Committee:
 U Thein Nyunt - Minister of Progress of Border Areas, National Races and Development Affairs, Mayor of Naypyidaw
 U Nyan Tun Aung - Deputy Minister of Transport
 Dr Chan Nyein - Minister of Education
 U Khin Maung Myint - Minister for Electric Power No. (2)
 U Soe Tha - Minister of National Planning and Economic Development
 U Tin Naing Thein - Minister for Commerce
 U Thein Aung- Minister for Forestry
 Thura U Aung Ko - Deputy Minister for Religious Affairs
 U Maung Pa - Deputy Mayor of Yangon City
 U Than Htay- Deputy Minister for Energy
 U Ohn Myint - Minister of Mine
 U Maung Maung Thein - Minister of Livestock and Fishery
 Thura U Aye Myint - Minister of Sport
 U Thein Swe - Minister of Transport
 U Aung Min - Minister of Train Transport
 U Phone Swe- Deputy Minister for Home Affairs
 Thura U Myint Maung - Minister of Religious Affairs
 U Aung Thein Lin - Mayor of Yangon City

Organization
The USDA comprised 1 Headquarters, 17 State and Division Associations, 66 District Associations and 320 Township Associations. As of 30 April 2007, the Association had 24 million members.

References

External links
Official website in English
USDA information

1993 establishments in Myanmar
2010 disestablishments in Southeast Asia
2010s disestablishments in Myanmar
Defunct political parties in Myanmar
Political parties disestablished in 2010
Political parties established in 1993


The Maple Leaf flag became Canada's flag on 15 February 1965.

Before this, Canada used the British Red Ensign with Canada's coat of arms on it. Flag experts say that the Red Ensign was defaced by the coat of arms.

Flag and heraldry experts also call the design of the flag a Canadian Pale. This is because the white stripe in the middle (called a pale in heraldry) was not the usual narrow stripe but was half the width of the flag. This was the first time a design like this was used.

On some days the Canadian government flies the Royal Union Flag next to the Maple Leaf Flag. The Royal Union Flag is the British Union Jack, and is a symbol that Canada is a member of the Commonwealth, and that Canada and Britain share a history and a monarch.

The Queen of Great Britain, had some say in what the flag was to be. She thought that the maple leaf greatly represents the country of Canada.

Other websites
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTMdH9-kmDk The real story behind the Canadian flag CBC

National symbols of Canada
Canada

Flag of Canada