Dropping out means leaving school.  Reasons students drop out include because they must work, for social reasons, because of harassment, because of illness or because they no longer trust the school system that they are leaving.  Unlike failing or expulsion, dropping out is the student's decision and not the school's.

Canada
In Canada, most people graduate from  grade 12 by age 18. It was found by the Labour Force Survey (LFS) that by 2009, one in twelve 20-to-24 year old adults in Canada did not have a diploma from high school (Gilmore, 2010).  The study also showed that males had higher dropout rates than females. Other people with stronger risks for dropping out were those outside urban/suburban areas or in the northern territories. Beginning from 1990 the Canadian dropout rates went down from 20% (1990) to around 9% (2010). From 2010 and after, however, the rate did not drop across Canada. When females drop out of high school, they get less money, the economic costs are greater and they have higher rates of unemployment than male dropouts. Female high school dropouts are more likely to rely on public support programs than male dropouts.

United Kingdom
Dropping out of school is not allowed in the United Kingdom. Dropping out of college or universities, however, is allowed. Students under age 16 must attend a school with the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE).

United States
In the United States, dropping out means students entirely quit school before they graduate. About 1.2 million students drop out of high school every year in the United States. They do this for different reasons: bullying, family emergency, poor grades, depression, mental illness, bad environment or not enough freedom. Students who drop out of high school in the United States are more likely to be unemployed, homeless or receiving welfare. Members of certain racial or ethnic groups drop out at higher rates than white students. Students raised in single-parent families and low poor students are more likely to drop out.

Many states say students must stay in school until they are 16, like in the United Kingdom.  However, in 1972, the United States Supreme Court said that Amish students do not have to go to high school.

References

Society
Human behavior
Education

Dropping out


Independence National Historical Park is a federally protected historic district in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania that preserves several sites associated with the American Revolution and the nation's founding history. Administered by the National Park Service, the  park comprises many of Philadelphia's most-visited historic sites within the Old City and Society Hill neighborhoods. The park has been nicknamed "America's most historic square mile" because of its abundance of historic landmarks.

The centerpiece of the park is Independence Hall, where the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution were debated and adopted by America's Founding Fathers in the late 18th century. Independence Hall was the principal meetinghouse of the Second Continental Congress from 1775 to 1783 and the Constitutional Convention in the summer of 1787. Next to Independence Hall is Carpenters' Hall, the 1774 meeting site for the First Continental Congress, and Congress Hall, the meeting place of the United States Congress in the 1790s prior to the establishment of Washington, D.C. as the nation's capital in 1800.

Across the street from Independence Hall is the Liberty Bell, an iconic symbol of American independence, displayed in the Liberty Bell Center. The park contains other historic buildings, such as the First Bank of the United States, the first bank chartered by the United States Congress, and the Second Bank of the United States, which had its charter renewal vetoed by President Andrew Jackson as part of the Bank War.  The Park also contains City Tavern, a recreated colonial tavern, which was a favorite of the delegates and which John Adams felt was the finest tavern in all America.

Most of the park's historic structures are located in the vicinity of the four landscaped blocks between Chestnut, Walnut, 2nd, and 6th streets. The park also contains Franklin Court, the site where Benjamin Franklin's home once stood and the present-day location of a Franklin museum and the United States Postal Service Museum. An additional three blocks directly north of Independence Hall, collectively known as Independence Mall, contain the Liberty Bell Center, National Constitution Center, Independence Visitor Center, and the former site of the President's House. The park also contains other historical artifacts, such as the Syng inkstand which was used during the signings of both the Declaration and the Constitution.

History

Continental Congress and American Revolution

In response to the Intolerable Acts, which had punished Boston for the Boston Tea Party, the First Continental Congress met at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia from September 5, 1774, to October 26, 1774.

The convention organized a pact among the colonies to boycott British goods, the Continental Association, starting December 1, 1774 and provided for a Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia.

On May 10, 1775, the Second Continental Congress assembled at the  Pennsylvania State House after the Battles of Lexington and Concord marked the beginning of the American Revolutionary War. Congress adopted the Olive Branch Petition in July 1775, which affirmed American loyalty to Great Britain and entreated King George III to prevent further conflict.

The petition was rejected in August 1775, the King's Proclamation of Rebellion formally declared the colonies to be in a state of rebellion.

In February 1776, colonists received news that Parliament passed the Prohibitory Act, which established a blockade of American ports and declared American ships to be enemy vessels. Although the measure amounted to a virtual declaration of war by the British, Congress did not have immediate authority to declare independence until each individual colony authorized its delegates to vote for independence.

On June 11, the Second Continental Congress appointed the Committee of Five, which included John Adams of Massachusetts, Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, Robert R. Livingston of New York, and Roger Sherman of Connecticut, to draft an official declaration of independence. Congress unanimously adopted its final version of the Declaration on July 4, marking the formation of the United States of America. Historians believe that the Old State House Bell, now known as the Liberty Bell, was one of the bells rung to mark the reading of the Declaration on July 8.

Philadelphia Convention

After 1781, the national government operated under the Articles of Confederation, which gave the federal government virtually no power to regulate domestic affairs or raise revenue. At the Annapolis Convention in September 1786, the delegates asked for a broader meeting to be held the next May in Philadelphia to address the regulation of trade and the structure of the government. This resulted in the Philadelphia Convention, which met from May 14 to September 17, 1787, at the Pennsylvania State House.

The convention was dominated by controversies and conflicting interests, but the delegates forged a Constitution that has been called a "bundle of compromises". At the convention, delegate James Madison presented the Virginia Plan, which proposed a national government with three branches with proportional representation. Large states supported this plan, but smaller states feared losing substantial power under the plan. In response, William Paterson designed the New Jersey Plan, which proposed a one-house (unicameral) legislature in which each state, regardless of size, would have one vote, as under the Articles of Confederation. Roger Sherman combined the two plans with the Connecticut Compromise, and his measure passed on July 16, 1787, by seven to six—a margin of one vote. Other contentious issues were slavery and the federal regulation of commerce, which resulted in additional compromises.

Seat of the federal government

The Residence Act of 1790 empowered President George Washington to locate a permanent capital along the Potomac River. Robert Morris, a representative from Pennsylvania, convinced Congress to designate Philadelphia as the temporary capital city of the United States federal government. From December 6, 1790, to May 14, 1800, the same block hosted federal, state, county, and city government offices. Congress Hall, which was originally built to serve as the Philadelphia County Courthouse, served as the seat of the United States Congress. The House of Representatives convened on the first floor and the Senate convened on the second floor. During Congress Hall's duration as the capitol of the United States, the country admitted three new states: Vermont, Kentucky, and Tennessee; ratified the Bill of Rights of the United States Constitution; and oversaw the Presidential inaugurations of both George Washington (his second) and John Adams. The President's House served as the official residence and principal workplace for President George Washington during his two terms, and President John Adams occupied it from March 1797 to May 1800. At the house, the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 and the Alien and Sedition Acts were signed. The Supreme Court met at Old City Hall, where Chief Justices John Jay, John Rutledge, and Oliver Ellsworth presided over eleven docketed cases.

While plans for the permanent capital were being developed, Pennsylvania delegates continued to put forth effort to undermine the plan. The city began construction on a massive new presidential palace on Ninth Street and an expansion to Congress Hall. Regardless of these efforts, the federal government relocated from Philadelphia for the final time on May 14, 1800.

Usage as a municipal facility

Despite its crucial role in the nation's founding, the site served most of its useful life as a municipal facility after the federal government relocated to the District of Columbia. The state government moved to Harrisburg in October 1812, and since there was little use for the Pennsylvania State House, the State of Pennsylvania considered selling it and dividing the State House Yard into building lots as early as 1802.

The state came close to demolishing the hall in 1816. By 1818, the buildings had become surplus state property and were purchased by the City of Philadelphia, which used them uneventfully until late in the nineteenth century when the city government moved into a new city hall. In 1852, the Liberty Bell was removed from its steeple and put on public display within the "Declaration Chamber" of Independence Hall. Between 1885 and 1915, the Liberty Bell made seven trips by train to various expositions and celebrations until the city refused further requests.

Park history
The district's importance had waned with the western movement of City Hall and other institutions, but it remained an active and occupied business center. The first proposal for an Independence Hall park originated in 1915, when architects Albert Kelsey and D. Knickerbacker Boyd proposed clearing the half-block between Chestnut Street and Ludlow Street in front of Independence Hall. Kelsey and Boyd were motivated by a desire to create a fitting setting for Independence Hall, lessen the fire hazard, reduce congestion, and beautify the entire district. The idea for a park gained momentum in the 1920s and 1930s, with patriotic sentiment accompanying the American Sesqui-Centennial in 1926. The commencement of World War II led to a heightened sense of patriotism and urgency toward the protection of national monuments.

On June 28, 1948, Congress passed Public Law 795, H.R. 5053 to authorize the creation of Independence National Historical Park, and it was formally established on July 4, 1956. On March 16, 1959, it incorporated the Old Philadelphia Customs House (Second Bank of the United States), which had been designated a national historic site on May 26, 1939. As with all historic areas administered by the National Park Service, the park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. In 1973, the Pennsylvania legislature voted to transfer the three blocks that compose Independence Mall to the federal government. Independence Hall was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site on October 24, 1979.

The Federal Bureau of Prisons Northeast Region Office is in the U.S. Custom House.

Management

The National Park Service, a federal agency within the Department of the Interior, is responsible for the park's maintenance and preservation. In the 2003 fiscal year, the National Park Service spent approximately US$30.7 million on the park. Personnel and benefit costs represented about 41 percent of expenditures, and non-recurring construction and investment projects represented about 25 percent of expenditures. The Independence Visitor Center is operated as a joint venture between Independence National Historical Park and the Independence Visitor Center Corporation, a nonprofit organization. The National Park Service employs 247 permanent employees and seven seasonal employees. The park's cultural resource management program protects the historic buildings, archaeological sites, and cultural landscapes within the park, and approximately 1.5 million artifacts within the park. In 2003, the park's major projects primarily addressed repair and rehabilitation of park buildings and grounds.

The Independence Visitor Center has information on Independence National Historical Park, the City of Philadelphia, the South Jersey and Delaware River waterfront, and the surround Bucks, Chester, Delaware, and Montgomery counties in Pennsylvania. The  building was constructed in 2001 as the result of a cooperative effort among many area organizations, with funding from The Pew Charitable Trusts, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the Delaware River Port Authority, the Annenberg Foundation, the Connelly Foundation, and the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation.

Independence Mall

Independence Mall is the main three-block section of Independence National Historical Park. It lies directly north of Independence Hall and is bounded by Chestnut, Race, 5th and 6th Streets.

Buildings and structures on the Mall include the National Constitution Center (north 3rd block); the Independence Visitor Center and the Free Quaker Meetinghouse (middle 2nd Block); and the President's House Memorial and the Liberty Bell Center (south 1st Block). A multi-level underground parking garage lies beneath much of the Second Block, and a small open-air café opened on the east side of the block in 2008. Public restrooms and the "Peoples' Plaza" (First Amendment Area) are located on the First Block.

Buildings surrounding the Mall include Congress Hall, Independence Hall, and Old City Hall to the south; the Philadelphia Bourse, the National Museum of American Jewish History, Christ Church Burial Ground, and the Philadelphia Mint to the east; the approach to the Benjamin Franklin Bridge to the north; and WHYY-TV, the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, the James A. Byrne Federal Courthouse (which houses the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit and the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania), and the Rohm & Haas Building to the west.

Conception

The groundwork for a park area surrounding Independence Hall was laid when the Historic Sites Act of 1935 was adopted.  Even before Independence Hall was officially named a National Historic Site in 1943, Architect Roy F. Larson developed the original concept for the site now known as Independence Mall in 1937.  His concept called for a 5-block mall extending from Chestnut to Callowhill Streets, and incorporating the approaches to the Benjamin Franklin Bridge. and was strongly backed by the Independence Hall Association and its president, Judge Edwin O. Lewis. In 1947, as a national park was being assembled around Independence Hall, Lewis advocated that the federal government purchase the three blocks north of the historic building for the park. The NPS was only interested in purchasing the First Block. His plan rejected, Lewis took the idea of a three-block mall to the Pennsylvania General Assembly, convincing legislators to build it as a state park and a monument to Pennsylvanians who had died in World War II, a concept that was never fully realized.

Independence Mall State Park was created in the 1950s with the intention that the land would eventually be turned over to the NPS. Funded by 40-year state bonds, its construction was a joint venture between Pennsylvania and the City of Philadelphia and was overseen by Edmund Bacon, director of the Philadelphia City Planning Commission. Many buildings were purchased and demolished for the project, most of which were late nineteenth-century buildings that replaced earlier buildings destroyed by fire in 1851 and 1855. Proponents of the mall thought these buildings were eyesores because of their contrast with the historic nature of the area.  Among these were the surviving walls of the President's House – the residence of George Washington and John Adams during the decade (1790–1800) that Philadelphia served as the temporary national capital.

By 1959, the only building not demolished was the Free Quaker Meetinghouse at the southwest corner of 5th & Arch Streets. The building had been used as a warehouse for plumbing supplies before its restoration as part of the project. In 1961, the building was moved 38 feet west and 8 feet south to its present location to allow for the widening of Fifth Street. The original approved designs for the Mall were created without involvement from the National Park Service. As plans emerged, retailers on Market Street resisted, arguing that the demolition was out-of-scale with the comparatively small landmark at its southern end.

The first block closest to Independence Mall was completed in 1954.  The design for the first block was developed by Wheelwright, Stevenson and Langren, a Philadelphia landscape architecture firm. By their design, the block featured a central lawn surrounded by terraces, walkways and a formal allée of trees. The next block would have featured a central fountain and a square reflecting pool, surrounded by terraces and two brick arcades to mimic the first block.

The northernmost block was designed by Dan Kiley, a landscape architect influential in the modernist style.  His 1963 plan was designed based on Philadelphia's original five-city-square layout.  Each square was represented by fountains placed in scale to the Center City map.  Surrounding the fountains was a regularly spaced array of 700 honey locust trees planted 12'-6" by 18' on-center within a brick paved plaza.  The trees ultimately failed due to the tight spacing and urban environment; many were removed, degrading the overall design intent.

National Park Service Takeover

Concurrent with construction activities the Independence National Historical Park was created through an Act of Congress on June 28, 1948. When it was formally established and first opened to the public on July 4, 1956, the National Historical Park did not include any portion of the Mall.  In 1972, the Mall was donated to the NPS and the boundary for the INHP was redefined. In 1974, ownership and operation of the entire Mall was officially transferred to the National Park Service.

Prior to 1976, the Liberty Bell was housed within Independence Hall.  In preparation for the Bicentennial celebration, the National Historical Park Advisory Committee made a proposal to have the Liberty Bell relocated outside of Independence Hall as the building was not able to accommodate the millions of visitors expected.  The initial plan of 1972 to relocate the Liberty Bell to South Third Street and Chestnut, two blocks east, was met with resistance from residents of the city.  An alternate plan was suggested in 1973 to construct a smaller pavilion north of Independence Hall between Race and Arch Streets, but that plan was also met with resistance.  Mayor Frank Rizzo then suggested that the pavilion be placed in the block immediately north of the famous building.  It was this later idea that prevailed and the plans were drafted to construct the new glass and steel pavilion at the north end of the first block of Independence Mall near Market Street.  Designed by Romaldo Giurgola in 1974, ground breaking for construction occurred early in 1975.  Later the same year, the glass Liberty Bell Pavilion was completed. The bell was relocated as part of the New Year's Eve celebration and the Pavilion first opened to the public on January 1, 1976, at 12:01 am. This was the official home of the Liberty Bell until October 9, 2003.

Renovation

In 1997, the NPS announced a plan to redesign Independence Mall, developed by the landscape architecture firm Olin Partnership. As part of the plan, several new public buildings were constructed. The extensive redesign proposed the removal of all previous structures, except the Free Quaker Meetinghouse.  It proposed to focus all of the proposed buildings along 6th Street at the western edge of the park with smaller pocket parks along 5th Street to the east.  The smaller parks along the eastern edge, some of which were raised above the central lawn, would provide more intimate gathering and sitting areas with extensive trees and other landscaping.  Several straight brick pathways carved each of the lawn areas within each block including two lateral cuts through the first block corresponding to Ranstead Street and Ludlow Street to the east of the park.

The Independence Visitors Center opened in November 2001, the National Constitution Center opened in July 2003, and the Liberty Bell was moved into the Liberty Bell Center in October 2003. The Liberty Bell Pavilion was demolished in 2006. Exhibits include coverage of slavery in US history and its abolition. A memorial at the corner of 6th and Market Streets outlines the site of the former President's House and commemorates the slaves who worked there, with foundations visible below ground.

Other park sites

Independence National Historical Park includes:

 Bishop White House
 Carpenters' Hall
 Christ Church
 City Tavern
 Congress Hall
 Declaration (Jacob Graff) House
 Dolley Todd House
 Franklin Court and Benjamin Franklin Museum
 First Bank of the United States
 Free Quaker Meeting House
 Independence Hall
 Independence Visitor Center
 Liberty Bell Center
 Merchants' Exchange Building
 Mikveh Israel Cemetery
 New Hall Military Museum
 Old City Hall, meeting place of the Supreme Court
 President's House
 Second Bank of the United States
 Thomas Bond House
 Washington Square and the Tomb of the Unknown Revolutionary War Soldier

Other NPS sites associated with Independence NHP but not located within its boundaries include:
 Benjamin Franklin National Memorial
 Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site
 Germantown White House (formerly the Deshler-Morris House)
 Gloria Dei (Old Swedes') Church National Historic Site
 Thaddeus Kosciuszko National Memorial

Gallery

See also

List of parks in Philadelphia
Museum of the American Revolution

Footnotes

References
 The National Parks: Index 2001–2003. Washington: U.S. Department of the Interior.

External links

National Park Service: Independence National Historical Park
Independence Hall: International Symbol of Freedom, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
The Liberty Bell: From Obscurity to Icon, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
NPS History E-Library, Independence NHP
 Map of Independence NHP area, NPS.gov (pdf)

1956 establishments in Pennsylvania
American Revolutionary War sites
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
American Revolution on the National Register of Historic Places
American Revolutionary War museums in Pennsylvania
Historic districts in Philadelphia
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
History museums in Pennsylvania
Museums in Philadelphia
National Historical Parks of the United States
National Park Service areas in Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Philadelphia
Old City, Philadelphia
Parks in Philadelphia
Parks on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Protected areas established in 1956
Protected areas of Philadelphia
Schuylkill River National and State Heritage Area

Independence National Historical Park


Dievoet () is a place name from which the surnames Van Dievoet and Vandievoet are derived.

Surname

As a surname, it is found mainly in Belgium as Van Dievoet or Vandievoet, and may refer to:

Members of the Van Dievoet family of Brussels (Vandive in Paris) (Divutius in Latin) such as:

Philippe Van Dievoet called Vandive (1654–1738), goldsmith and jeweller
Peter Van Dievoet (1661–1729), sculptor and designer of ornamental architectural features in London and Brussels
Guillaume Van Dievoet (1680–1706), printer of the Dauphin
Nicolas Felix Van Dievoet (1710–1792), counsellor of the king of France
Augustus Van Dievoet (1803–1865), in Latin Augustus Divutius, Belgian jurist, lawyer, historian and Latin writer
Jules Van Dievoet (1844–1917), Belgian jurist and lawyer
Eugène Van Dievoet (1862–1937), Belgian architect
Henri Van Dievoet (1869−1931), Belgian architect
Gabriel Van Dievoet (1875–1934), Belgian decorator and sgraffitist
Germaine Van Dievoet (1899–1990), Belgian olympic swimmer
Florence Van Dievoet née Descampe (1969–), Belgian professional golfer
Léon Van Dievoet (1907–1993), Belgian architect, painter, engraver and drawer.

Members of the family of Belgian politician Baron Émile van Dievoet such as:

 Baron Émile van Dievoet (1886–1967), Belgian minister of Justice
 Guido van Dievoet (nl), Belgian law historian
 Walter van Dievoet (nl; fr), Belgian expert on goldsmithing ;

Members of the Vandievoet or Van Dievoet families, Brabantian families from the villages of Haren, Diegem, Evere, Schaerbeek, Meise, in Flemish Brabant such as:

Jules Vandievoet (fr) (1885–1947), Belgian painter
Jacques Vandievoet (fr) (1923–1993), Belgian poet
Hendrik Van Dievoet (nl; fr), burgomaster of Meise from 1891 to 1904.

Place name
Dievoet is a place located in Uccle (Belgium).

Etymologies
There are two possible etymologies :

Diet + voorde, place name of Germanic origin.
 From Diet meaning people and voorde meaning ford. Dietvoorde thus meaning "public ford".
Divo + ritum, place name of Celtic origin.
 Divoritum meaning "sacred ford".

For more informations about the etymologies of the name, see Dievoort.

Variations

 Dievoort, a related surname and place name

References

Surnames of Dutch origin
Surnames
Place names
Surnames of Belgian origin
Dutch-language surnames

Dievoet


Martin Fischer-Dieskau (born 1954) is a German conductor.

Early life

Fischer-Dieskau was born in Berlin to a musical family; his father was the singer Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, his mother was the cellist Irmgard Poppen. Fischer-Dieskau's older brother, Mathias, is a highly regarded stage designer, and his younger brother Manuel Fischer-Dieskau is a cellist. Fischer-Dieskau claims that his desire to be a conductor dates from 1961, when he and his older brother visited a rehearsal of Don Giovanni at the Deutsche Oper Berlin, in which his father was starring.

Education

Fischer-Dieskau studied conducting, violin and piano at the Hochschule für Musik in Vienna, the Hochschule der Künste in Berlin and the Accademia Chigiana di Siena. He participated in masterclasses with Franco Ferrara, Seiji Ozawa and Leonard Bernstein. From 1976 to 1977 he was a laureate in the German Music League's National Selection of Young Artists, and in 1978 and 1988 was awarded scholarships by the Leonard Bernstein Fellowship Program at Tanglewood. He also received a Magister degree in Italian Literature and Musicology from the Freie Universität Berlin. Publications: Wagner&Verdi, Kulturen der Oper  Böhlau Verlag, Köln 2014. In 2015 ensued the PhD graduation with a dissertation about "Conducting in the Nineteenth Century - Italy's special path".

Musical career

In the 1978/79 season, he was assistant conductor to Antal Doráti at the Detroit Symphony Orchestra. After positions in Augsburg, Aachen and Hagen, Fischer-Dieskau became principal conductor at Theater Bern in 1991 with responsibilities for the contemporary, Italian and Russian repertory. He was guest conductor at festivals in Helsinki, Drottningholm, Oviedo and Granada, where he performed in collaboration with celebrity singers such as Ricciarelli, Obraztsova, Aliberti, Seiffert. In 1993 he served as the artistic leader of the Youth Festival at Bayreuth. He has held a professorship in conducting at the University of the Arts Bremen since 1994 and produced and hosted his own television series of eleven musical "tours" that were telecast for ARD throughout Germany. In 2001 he was the initiator of an Israeli-Palestinian-German orchestral summit in Tel Aviv, Israel.

From 1 June 2001 to November 2003, he served as artistic director of the Kitchener-Waterloo Symphony Orchestra in Kitchener, Ontario, Canada. With this orchestra, he inaugurated the first German-Canadian Festival in Toronto.

From 2009-2011, he was the music director of the Taipei Symphony Orchestra.  conducting a wide range of classical and Taiwanese repertoire as well as a fully staged production of Gianni Schicchi and Il segreto di Susanna. The event was accompanied by an international Puccini symposium organized for the Taipei University.

Fischer-Dieskau has travelled extensively across Europe, North America and Asia for professional engagements, including with the Berlin Philharmonic, Royal Philharmonic, the London Philharmonic, Moscow State Orchestra the Orchestre National de France, the NHK Tokyo, the Tokyo Philharmonic and the New Japan Philharmonic. He conducted all of the major orchestras in Germany, Scandinavia and many Italian and Spanish orchestras in a total of more than 100 worldwide.

In opera - on top of holding positions with the Augsburg, Hagen, Aachen and Bern theaters -  he worked for Opera North, the Württemberg State Opera Stuttgart, the San Carlo in Naples, the Regio in Turin, the Minnesota Opera and a number of Spanish opera companies.

Recordings
Concert for Lidice (BIS-CD-578), Czech Philharmonic Orchestra, New Berlin Chamber Orchestra
Humperdinck: Moorish Rhapsody/Sleeping Beauty (Naxos 8.223369), Slovak Radio Symphony Orchestra
Furtwängler: Te Deum, Hindemith: Mathis der Maler Symphony, Berlin Rundfunk-Symphonieorchester, IPPNW concerts.
Antal Doráti: DER KÜNDER world premiere recording, Konieczny, Schade, Frenkel, Beethoven Academy Orchestra Cracow, ORFEO/NAXOS

References
  http://www.martinfischer-dieskau-presskit.com
https://www.schmidtart.com/artists/martin_fischer_dieskau
 TSO Announces Crucial Appointment, Taipei Times, January 11, 2008
https://www.rondomagazin.de/artikel.php?artikel_id=3477&teaser=true
https://onlinemerker.com/cd-antal-dorati-der-kuender-oper-in-drei-akten-nach-dem-mysterienspiel-elija-von-martin-buber-orfeo/
https://klassik-begeistert.de/martin-fischer-dieskau-nicht-jeder-der-einen-taktstock-zur-hand-nimmt-ist-deshalb-schon-dirigent-teil-4-klassik-begeistert-de/
https://bachtrack.com/interview-martin-fischer-dieskau-conductor-july-2019
https://www.european-cultural-news.com/de/tag/martin-fischer-dieskau/

1954 births
Living people
German male conductors (music)
Accademia Musicale Chigiana alumni
21st-century German conductors (music)
21st-century German male musicians
Academic staff of the University of the Arts Bremen
20th-century German conductors (music)
20th-century German male musicians

Martin Fischer-Dieskau


St Andrew's, Roker (1905–7), is a Church of England parish church in Sunderland, England. It is recognised as one of the finest churches of the first half of the twentieth century and the masterpiece of Edward Schroeder Prior. The design of St Andrew's drew together many of the strings of Prior's philosophy and approach to design and building. Three years before commencing St Andrew's, Prior had written that the architect's first purpose was to provide;

"a dignified distinct building dedicated to the service of the Church. Church architecture, least of all, has been able to go beyond the trivial efforts of traditional picturesqueness; least of all our building it has been monumental".

At St Andrew's, Prior achieved a monumental church free from style. His experiments in structure, concern for materials and means of building reached their apogee at St Andrew's. The church was listed Grade I in 1950.

Origins
Throughout the 19th century Sunderland's population had been rapidly expanding. By the end of the century only the area around Roker Park remained undeveloped. The development of the area prompted the need for a new church. The Roker and Fulwell New Church Committee was set up in 1903 to raise funds for the church. A local shipbuilder John Priestman offered £6000 towards the construction in memorial to his mother. As conditions of the offer Priestman required the church to be completed by 31 December 1905, to retain the right to approve the arrangements of the new church and to provide the living for a vicar of his own choice.

Prior seemed fated to win the commission. B. F. Wescott, Prior's tutor at Cambridge, had been Bishop of Durham until his death in 1901. His successor, the Reverend Handley Moule, was an original trustee of Prior's Henry Martyn Hall, Cambridge. The vicar of the adjacent Monkwearmouth church the Revd. D. S. Boutflower was a close friend of Prior's brother Charles.

Priestman appears to have been a religious radical, heavily influenced by the late 19th century liturgical movement that sought a return to the importance of the word and communion, rather than placing an emphasis on the mysteries of the church and sacraments. These views were reflected in his design requirements for the church. He wished the church to seat 700, and most importantly for the entire congregation to have an uninterrupted view of the altar and pulpit, with no chancel screen and good acoustics. These requirements had a major influence on Prior's design.

The design

The first plan of January 1905 envisaged a nave, side aisles to the north and south, a choir, a square-ended chancel, short transepts and porches to the north, south and east sides. The design provided for a capacity of 590. Priestman wanted 700. Prior re-worked the design adding a morning chapel and moving the south porch to the west. This arrangement provided for 688.

The hilltop exposed site by the sea and availability of stone suggested a similar structure and approach to that taken at Holy Trinity Church, Bothenhampton in Dorset. However dressed stone was too expensive and St Andrew's was designed as a reinforced concrete building. The use of the material has a significant influence on the design, for example the nave arches are shaped to ease the pouring of concrete.

The church has a five-bayed nave 52' wide with an extraordinary single span roof with thick, deep arches that spring low from massive walls. The chancel is narrow, shallow and tapered towards the east end. The nave walls are 3'6" thick at floor level, which reduce to 2'6" at window sill height.

The transverse nave arches basically follow the design at Holy Trinity but the span of the roof is 42' instead of 29'. They are brought down into the church as internal buttresses. The buttresses are pierced to make side passages, the weight being transferred to paired columns of a pattern of Saxon origin, with simple cushion capitals similar to those depicted in William Lethaby's The Church of Sancta Sophia, Constantinople.

The stone masonry is of local Marsden limestone from a quarry three miles north of the site. Fulwell Quarry was nearer but this was highly mechanised. Prior initiated a rediscovery of masonry skills in conjunction with the quarry company. Prior, Randall Wells and the masons explored the limits of the stone through the construction and adapted the design accordingly. The roof is covered in Yorkshire slate.

The interior and exterior finish is of unplastered uncoursed random-rubble with only the quoins and voussoirs dressed to a flat surface. In early plans it appeared to be the intention to leave the walls as exposed concrete. The chancel was originally left with its shutter marks displayed until MacDonald Gill implemented Prior's suggested decorative scheme.

Exterior

A prominent square tower was located over the chancel aligned with the road leading to the sea. Prior regarded "a square-topped spireless tower was an expression of "democratic growth". The positioning of the tower over the chancel blurred the distinction between nave and chancel, clergy and parishioners. The tower has with angle turrets that rise to pinnacles above the castellated parapet. There are pairs of round headed openings on each face that open to ventilation shafts leading to either side of the altar. The bell openings have corbelled lintels. To the north east corner of the tower there is a round tower staircase that acts as a buttress. The tower forms a memorial to Priestman's mother.

The windows and their openings make a major contribution to the character of the church. Those of the nave have stone block mullions with simple feathering. They are crossed braced with transoms with triangles above formed by simple canted stone. The small windows of the tower show a distinct Saxon influence, directly quoting St Peter's Church, Barton-upon-Humber. The openings are spanned by two stones meeting at the apex. They project forward to form a rain hood. In the chancel the tracery is more complex with stepped 'capitals' formed by three blocks in the lower tracery each faintly suggesting the Crucifixion. The windows are glazed in Prior's Early English Glass, except for the chancel east window and the Lady Chapel. The iron glazing bars were made by Priestman's yard.

Externally the church appears simple and massive. The nave wall is set back from window sill level upwards allowing light further into the interior but creating a visual impression that the building is rooted in the ground and that the walls are much thicker than they are. Buttresses are continued up between the windows to near apex height. Roofed pinnacles at parapet level imply their structural continuation. The parapet itself is high and continuous around the nave and transepts suppressing the verticality of the building.

The tower, unusually located over the chancel, has four hexagonal corner towers with two small openings in each face. They were originally capped with pyramid roofs, but these have been removed due to wind damage. Each face of the tower has a broad shallow bell chamber window. The nave roof appears to be carried through the tower to a vestigial nave roof projecting from its east end.

The porches are simple lean-to structures to form entrances.

Services

Ventilation, heating and lighting were integrated into the structure. In addition to the ventilation shafts in the tower that worked on a stack effect, heating shafts were provided within the mass concrete walls connecting to a plenum system running below the floor to a chamber below the chancel where high indirect radiators were located. A Blackman fan was capable of producing  of air per hour into the church.

Furnishings

Prior called on a range of associates from the Movement creating a range of very fine fittings. The reredos is a tapestry made to a design of Edward Burne-Jones, The Adoration of the Magi, and was made by Morris & Co, as is the chancel carpet. Ernest Gimson provided the altar rails, Bishop's chair, altar and processional crosses, candlesticks, pulpit, choir seats and lectern. The foundation stone was carved by Eric Gill. After Prior's death MacDonald Gill painted the dome over the chancel to Prior's sketch scheme, depicting the days of the Creation.

The baptistry contains a stone bowl font by Wells with carved hexagonal piers and a wood cover by Robert (Mouseman) Thompson of Kilburn.

The walls of the nave are panelled in oak to 7' 8" high with boards of uneven width, fixed with hand made nails.

Henry Payne designed the glass in the two main windows in the church: the east window which depicts the Ascension and the south transept window depicting the biblical text "Come unto me all ye that are heavy laden". In the lower lights of the south transept window, Payne drew his figures in contemporary dress and in the upper lights a group of angels are shown carrying Christ's cross.

A fine peal of 10 bells was installed in 1948 as a War Memorial. These bells were cast in Croydon by Gillett & Johnston. The largest, or tenor, bell weighs 22cwt 2qtrs 26 lbs, or 2550 lbs, or 1150 kg.

Construction
As at Home Place, Kelling in Norfolk, Prior disposed of the normal method of procurement, there was no overall contract. Contracts and estimates were issued and received as the works proceeded and as was necessary. Priestman & Co, the shipbuilding concern of the church's main benefactor, were responsible for various works including all the iron work and the main doors.

Prior and Randall Wells acted in partnership. Wells acted as resident architect sending drawings of details to Prior at regular intervals. Prior approved or altered the details as he desired. Prior was careful to give full credit to Wells.

Organ
Priestman was an accomplished organist with an organ in his private residence and seems to have ensured that the church's organ was well placed in the north transept. Ostensibly it is a fine Norman & Beard organ but it has been discovered to be the Forster and Andrews organ from St Wulfram's Church, Grantham.

Completion
The church was finished on 17 July 1907.

Priestman Hall
To the west, the church has a very robust parish hall in the same style as the main building (though it doesn't have the upturned boat shape), called The Priestman Hall and constructed in 1928. It is separately listed as Grade II.

Lych gate
A lych gate was added to the south-east corner of the site as a War Memorial in 1920. With the churchyard walls, it was listed as Grade II (but the listing text states "probably 1908").

References

Sources
 Garnham, Trevor; St Andrew's Church, Roker: Edward Prior, Architecture in detail, Phaidon, 1996

External links

Parish website

Church of England church buildings in Tyne and Wear
Grade I listed churches in Tyne and Wear
Churches in the City of Sunderland
E. S. Prior buildings
Sunderland

St Andrew's Church, Roker


The Madonna and Child with Three Angels (also known as Madonna del Padiglione) is a painting by the Italian Renaissance master Sandro Botticelli, executed around 1493. It is housed in the Pinacoteca Ambrosiana of Milan.

The Virgin Mary is portrayed with her right hand expressing milk from her exposed breast and gesturing to the Child, the latter being supported by an angel. The Italian name (padiglione meaning "pavilion") derives from the rich baldachin over the scene. The open book on a small prie-dieu is a familiar symbol of Christ, the "word [of God] made flesh" (John 1:14) and the Christ child gestures toward the book to signal his identity.

The "pavilion" is a reference to the same verse in Gospel of John: "The word became flesh and dwelt among us." In the Greek language of the gospel, the word "dwelt" actually means "tented," a reference to the book of Exodus in the Old Testament where God's glory entered the tabernacle in the wilderness of Sinai: "Then the cloud covered the tent of meeting, and the glory of the Lord filled the tabernacle" (Exodus 40:34). The tabernacle was a movable tent shrine created according to God's directions to hold the Ark of the Covenant, the sacred container of the Ten Commandments, God's words. In this painting, the Virgin Mary is the new Ark of the Covenant since she, like the Ark, contained the Word of God (Leith, 117).  The book and the open tent/pavilion signify the revelation that the Old Testament prophecy has been fulfilled in the birth of the Christ Child to the Virgin.

See also
 List of works by Sandro Botticelli

Notes

References
Mary Joan Winn Leith, The Virgin Mary: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford, 2021).

1493 paintings
Paintings of the Madonna and Child by Sandro Botticelli
Paintings in the Pinacoteca Ambrosiana
Angels in art
Books in art

Madonna del Padiglione (Botticelli)


Opanci are traditional peasant shoes worn in Southeastern Europe (specifically Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and also Romania and Albania). The attributes of the opanci (name in plural) are a construction of leather, lack of laces, durable, and various endings on toes. In Serbia, the design of the horn-like ending on toes indicates the region of origin, though this specific design is not exclusive to Serbia. The opanci are also considered as the traditional peasant footwear for people in the Balkan region. In Bulgaria they are referred to as "tsarvuli".

Etymology
Serbo-Croatian òpanak/о̀панак, as well as Bulgarian and Macedonian opinok/опинок, ultimately derive from Proto-Slavic word *opьnъkъ. Proto-Slavic *opьnъkъ is composed from the following parts:
 the preposition/prefix *o(b)- "around, on, etc." with final *b assimilated and the resulting geminated consonant cluster *pp simplified to *p
 *-pьn-, yielding Serbo-Croatian -pan- with strong jer *ь vocalized to /a/. *pьn- is the ablaut form of the root of the verb *pęti (from earlier *pen-ti), originally meaning "to extend, stretch, strain" (cf. modern standard Serbo-Croatian verbs conveying the same notion such as nàpēti/на̀пе̄ти, pròpēti/про̀пе̄ти, ràspēti/ра̀спе̄ти, pòpēti/по̀пе̄ти..), but subsequently coming to mean "to climb" (whence the meaning of modern standard Serbo-Croatian pȇti/пе̑ти, pènjati/пѐњати).
 *-ъkъ, a Slavic suffix
So literally, òpanak would roughly mean "climbing footwear" or "footwear made from stretched (animal hide)".

History
Trajan's Column in Rome features Dacians wearing this type of leather shoes. Archeological findings show that the local population was hunting wild game: foxes, deer, badgers, wolves, bears, whose skins were later manufactured. The nobility would wear game skin shoes, the poorer ones would wear calf or swine skin. According to Wilkes, opanci were originally a leather moccasin worn by paleo-Balkan peoples as Illyrians, Dacians, Thracians, etc., and later adopted by Slavs. In the past the traditional shoes were handcrafted out of leather processed at home. The piece of leather had to be larger than the sole, with holes on the side so that a thin string of leather can be filled in and it wraps the piece of leather around the foot, giving it the form of some footwear. The puckered form gave it a sharp tip. They would be worn over wool stockings or white pieces of clothing. Nowadays they are often used as part of the traditional costume by folk dance groups and folk artists.

Until 50 years ago, they were usually worn in rural areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, North Macedonia, Romania and Serbia. Nowadays, they are only used in folk costume, for folkloric dance ensembles, festivals, feast days or other cultural events.

The largest Opanak in the world, in the Guinness World Book since 2006, is the 3.2m shoe, size 450, weighing 222 kg, made by opančar Slavko Strugarević, from Vrnjačka Banja, Serbia.

Regional varieties

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Glamočke
Hercegovačke

Bulgaria
North - opinki or central and west tsârvouli: leather sandals with blunt tips tied onto feet with long cords which formed a 'network' giving them the name vruvchanki. These were worn over pieces of woollen cloth wrapped round legs.
From the 2nd half of the 19th century woollen socks and leather shoes called eminii, or kalevri were worn.

Croatia

The opanci are part of some variations of the Croatian national costume.

Pannonia
Opanci made with a broad sole covering the foot with upper part covering the toes, originally tied round the foot and legs with long leather straps. In the inter-war period buckled opanky first appeared, and are still worn in some rural areas by men.
Slavonia
Leather sandals were worn by men & women throughout north Croatia but later replaced by light low embroidered shoes or boots (čižme). Peasant sandals went out of general use around 1900.
Dinaric Alps
oputaši or pripletenjaci were made of untanned hide, cut and shaped on a wooden mould to make the shape of the sole of the foot, the edges folded upwards and laced using a lace made of sheep gut or thin strips of sheep hide called oputa. The top of the opanky was made by lacing together strips of gut or hide. At the heel the sole continues into the woven part ending in long leather laces which were used to tie the opanci to the foot. These were worn over stockings. Opanci were originally made at home, then by village makers, and later by specialist opanky makers in small towns.
In Lika white cords were used instead of laces. These opanci were worn by men.
Adriatic littoral, Konavle
Red leather slippers called kondure were worn by women in summer. Men wore these or opanci-optutaši (opanci with straps).
Sava valley
Opanci worn with or without foot cloths for everyday wear, boots worn in winter, for wet weather & special occasions.

Greece
tsarouhi

Montenegro
In Nikšić white cords were used instead of laces. These opanci were worn by men.

North Macedonia
Skopska Crna Gora
Opanci s's oputice: with twisted hemp laces, made of oxhide or pigskin, tied on with twisted hemp laces.
Opanci s's remeni: - with straps fastening over the instep, made of tanned leather by shoe makers and worn on festive occasions.

Romania

 In Romania, the shoes are known as Opinci. Countryside "opinci" were made out of a rectangular piece of leather, tightened on the foot with the help of thin strings ("nojițe"). The handicraft of making opinci was passed on in the family from father to son. Before 1989 people could really make a living out of it.

Serbia
Opanci are known as national symbol of Serbia, and part of National costume of Serbia.

Šumadija
Šumadijski opanak s kljunom, also known as šiljkani: shoes with peak at toes.
Šumadijski opanak bez kljuna: shoes without peak at toes.
Kačerski opanak or Stariji Šumadijski opanak (Older Šumadijan opanak): with low back, curved peak at front, with woven front upper, a low back and leather ties.
West and North
Crveni opanci (Red opanci): made out of half tanned oxhide and dyed red by soaking the piece of skin in hot water with alder or birch bark, then the skin was shaped on a last, and a woven front made of strips of leather and tied to the foot with straps of leather. These were adopted from Bosnia in the mid-19th century and were worn throughout western and northern Serbia. Production was moved to workshops by 1900 and tanned leather was used. From 1870 onwards red opanci called donaši or Šabački opanci were most commonly worn.

Other varieties
Vrnčani opanci: made out of tanned leather and worn for work.
Opanci đonaši: appeared at end of the 19th century, and were made of tanned leather in various yellow and brown shades depending on the plants used for tanning - oak apple, sumac, juniper bark. These have a sole (Serbian: đon), top, pleated straps, and leather straps for tying footwear on.
Vlaški (Vlach opanci): piece of leather gathered round foot using a cord.
Kosmajski opanak (Kosmaj opanci): has curly front, woven upper & leather straps at back
Šopski (Shopi opanci)
Crvenjaši (Red ones)
Šabački (from Šabac)
Valjevski (from Valjevo)
Užički (from Užice)
Kolubarski (from Kolubara region)
Moravski (from Velika Morava region)
Noske (Snouts)
Mrki (Brown ones)
Kilaši (Kilo ones )
Kukičari (Hooked ones)
Točkaši (Tire ones): made out of old tires, period after World War II

See also
Opinga
Abarka, traditional shoes of leather from Pyrenees
Moccasin, shoes of animal skins made by American Indians

Notes

References

External links
 Eliznik.org.uk, European peasant footwear - styles of leather sandals

Shoes
Folk footwear
Bulgarian clothing
Croatian fashion
Macedonian clothing
Serbian footwear

pl:Kierpce
cs:Krpce
sk:Krpce
be:Поршні
ru:Поршни

Opanak


Hong Chen (Chinese: 洪辰, also known as Cici Hong) is a Chinese singer who finished as the runner-up in 2011 Super Girl television singing contest.

Biography
Her first contact with music took place with an album dedicated to the victims of the Sichuan earthquake in 2008. Soon after that, she released a song for the Beijing Olympic games, called "light guardian". Two years later, she was invited as a guest singer to the "Original music of China" song contest.

Hong Chen, started definitively her career when she entered in the super girl competition. After winning the event she was signed to the label; EE Media. There, she started releasing her singles, and sung in many live events.

Her first EP, called "Fly", was released in 2012, and is being massively promoted by her record label.

Shortly after the release of her EP, she started preparing her first full album. The album, which is called "Miss 72". She has been labeled by many, as the most interesting singer from the latest super girls generations.

Unlike many singers from mainland China, who are widely known because of their peculiar image and style, like Li Yuchun or Bibi Zhou, she has developed a more average style of music combined with a colorful image.

Discography

EP
 2012: 飞 (Fly)

Full albums
 2012: Miss72

References

External links
 Hong chen's profile in EE Media

Super Girl contestants
Living people
1991 births
Musicians from Changzhou
Singers from Jiangsu

Hong Chen


Georgiy Sergeevich "George" Starostin (; born 4 July 1976) is a Russian linguist. He is the son of the late historical linguist Sergei Starostin (1953–2005), and his work largely continues his father's. He is also known as a self-published music reviewer, author of the Only Solitaire Blog.

Research
Starostin focuses almost exclusively on maintaining the following of his father's projects: the Evolution of Human Languages project; The Tower of Babel, a publicly searchable online database containing information about many Eurasia's language families; and STARLING, a software package to aid comparative linguists.

Evolution of Human Languages

The Evolution of Human Languages (EHL) is an international project – of which Starostin inherited his father's membership – on "the linguistic prehistory of humanity" coordinated by the Santa Fe Institute. The project distinguishes about 6000 languages currently spoken around the world, and aims to provide a detailed classification similar to the accepted classification of biological species.

Their idea is that "all representatives of the species Homo sapiens presumably share a common origin, [so] it would be natural to suppose – although this is a goal yet to be achieved – that all human languages also go back to some common source. Most existing classifications, however, do not go beyond some 300-400 language families that are relatively easy to discern. This restriction has natural reasons: languages must have been spoken and constantly evolving for at least 40,000 years (and quite probably more), while any two languages separated from a common source inevitably lose almost all superficially common features after some 6,000-7,000 years".

Tower of Babel project

The  is an international etymological database project coordinated by the  of the Russian State University for the Humanities. The project aims to "join efforts in the research of long range connections between established language families of the world. The Internet is used to combine these attempts and to build up a commonly accessible database of roots, or etyma reconstructed for the World's major (and minor) linguistic stocks." Starostin's role specifically is for hosting the website.

Starling database program
The Starling database management system software program is part of his father's Tower of Babel project. This software program aims to support "various types of linguistic text and database processing, including handling of linguistic fonts in the DOS and WINDOWS operating systems, operations with linguistic databases and Internet presentation of linguistic data".

Music criticism
Since 1998, Starostin has also written a large number of extensive reviews of rock music groups and albums on his site, Only Solitaire, named after a Jethro Tull song. Until April 2006 the site was frequently updated, and covers in detail the music of most of the major rock groups and musicians of the 1960s and 1970s, although he has reviewed less material of groups primarily associated with the 1980s and beyond. He has said that the main reason for this is because he believes that rock music has been becoming steadily worse since the 1960s to the point that it is now "dead", and cites Mark Prindle as the original inspiration for him becoming an online music critic.

Publications
Starostin has written a number of articles on Dravidian, Yeniseian, Khoisan, and language isolates. A selection includes:

 1995, "The Structure of the Ket Verbal Form", with KY Reshetnikov, in: Ket Volume, issue 4 (1995, Moscow). (Russian language)
 1995, "The Morphology of the Kott Verb and the Reconstruction of the Proto-Yenisseian Verbal System", in: Ket Volume, issue 4 (1995, Moscow). (Russian language)
 1997, "Alveolar Consonants in Proto-Dravidian: One or More?", in: "Proceedings on South Asian Languages" (July 1–4, 1997), Moscow .
 2002, "On The Genetic Affiliation Of The Elamite Language", in: Mother Tongue, Vol. 7, 2002.
 2003, "A lexicostatistical approach towards reconstructing Proto-Khoisan", in: Mother Tongue, Vol. 8, 2003.
 2005, "Some Aspects Of The Historical Development Of Clicks In Khoisan Languages", in: "Aspects of Comparative Linguistics", v. 1 (2005, Moscow, RSUH Publishers). (Russian language)
2008 "From modern Khoisan languages to Proto-Khoisan: The value of intermediate reconstructions" (originally in: Aspects of Comparative Linguistics 3 (2008), 337–470, Moscow: RSUH Publishers)

See also
Moscow School of Comparative Linguistics

References

External links
 Notes on the Moscow Conference on Long-Range Comparison
 Starostin's critical assessment of the Dené-Yeniseian proposal
 Only Solitaire: George Starostin's music reviews at starlingdb.org.

1976 births
Complex systems scientists
Dravidologists
Linguists from Russia
Linguists of Elamite
Linguists of Khoisan languages
Linguists of Nilo-Saharan languages
Living people
Long-range comparative linguists
Moscow School of Comparative Linguistics
Paleolinguists
Russian male bloggers
Russian bloggers
Russian music critics
Santa Fe Institute people

Georgiy Starostin


Kee Thuan Chye (born May 25, 1954; age ) is a well-known Malaysian actor, journalist and author. He has acted in theatre, movies and on television for more than 30 years and still do so. movie roles include: (1) Entrapment; (2) Anna and the King; (3) Marco Polo, a Hallmark TV-movie; and (4) Secrets of the Forbidden City for the BBC and the History Channel.

Kee Thuan Chye received his Master's degree in drama from Essex University in 1988. He was given a British Council Fellowship to study in England. He wrote many plays and poems. Two of his plays have been shown at UK Festivals:
 The Big Purge was read at the Soho Theatre in 2005.
 The Swordfish, Then the Concubine was partly read at the Warehouse Theatre's 21st International Playwrighting Festival in November 2006. It was placed among the Top 5.

His play, 1984 Here and Now, is included in an international collection of poems called Postcolonial Plays. It was published by Routledge, United Kingdom. Kee's short story, A Sense of Home, is included in New Writing 10. This short story was published by Picador, also in the United Kingdom.

Kee Thuan Chye is also a well-known civil rights fighter. Because the Malaysian government does not allow newspapers to criticize her, Kee would write what he wants to say in his plays when he cannot write them in newspapers. And because he dares to speak out, Kee was named as one of the The Annexe Heroes when The Annexe Heroes Freedom of Expression Awards was started in 2008.

In 2010, he was named the 34th Most Trusted Malaysian by Reader's Digest.

References

1954 births
Malaysian actors
Playwrights
Poets
Civil rights activists
Living people
Malaysian writers
Malaysian activists

Kee Thuan Chye


The Inner Harbor Navigation Canal (IHNC) Seabrook Floodgate Structure is a flood barrier in the Industrial Canal in New Orleans, Louisiana. The floodgate is designed to protect the Industrial Canal and the surrounding areas from a storm surge from Lake Pontchartrain. It consists of two  wide vertical lift gates and a  wide sector gate.

The building of the floodgate was authorized by Congress in 2006 and operated in tandem with the Lake Borgne Surge Reduction Barrier to reduce the risk of storm surge damage to some of the New Orleans region's most vulnerable areas – New Orleans East, metro New Orleans, the Ninth Ward, Gentilly, and St. Bernard Parish.

Design
The Seabrook Floodgate Structure consists of a sector gate and two vertical lift gates approximately  south of the Senator Ted Hickey Bridge with flood wall tie-ins on the east and west sides. Other components of the Seabrook Floodgate project include added T-walls and the replacement of the existing Alabama Great Southern Railroad gate with a new taller gate that met the 100 year level of risk reduction; new T-walls that tie into a new vehicle gate built at the boat launch on Leon C. Simon Drive; and raising the Hayne Boulevard ramps on both the east and west sides of the canal. The Seabrook structure closed the only remaining gap on the East Bank of the Hurricane and Storm Damage Risk Reduction System.

Construction
The US Army Corps of Engineers awarded the construction of the project to Alberici Constructors, Inc. in July 2009 Construction started in the fall of 2010, and although construction activities continued beyond the Corps' projected June 1, 2011 deadline, a temporary cofferdam was built to reduce risk to the area during the construction.

The floodgate structure opened to marine traffic in August 2012. The same month it was closed for the first time, in order to protect the city from Hurricane Isaac.

Notable flooding was not seen in the protected area from Category 4 Hurricane Ida in 2021. Water levels on Lake Pontchartrain were slightly lower than Hurricane Katrina, but significant -- areas further west of the city, such as LaPlace, were inundated by high waters. Work to increase protection for the areas further west of New Orleans has come to fruition in the West Shore Lake Pontchartrain project, for which construction began in December 2022.

Notes

Flood barriers
Buildings and structures in New Orleans
United States Army Corps of Engineers
Flood control in the New Orleans metropolitan area

Seabrook Floodgate


The Yuan of Mengjiang is the monetary unit that was issued in 1937–1945 by several governments of Mengjiang.

History
In April 1934, the Chinese government recognized the autonomy of Inner Mongolia. Japan, which controlled part of the territory of Inner Mongolia at that time, provoked separatist speeches in 1935–1936. On December 22, 1935 (according to other sources - May 27, 1936) the independence of Inner Mongolia was proclaimed. On May 12, 1936, with the help of the Japanese, the Mongolian military government was created.

On October 28, 1937, the government was merged with the provincial governments of Southern Chahar and Northern Shanxi, forming the "Mengjiang Joint Committee".  On November 27 of the same year, complete independence from China was proclaimed, the military government was transformed into a formally civilian autonomous government of the United Mongolian aimags. On September 1, 1939, the United Autonomous Government of Menjiang was created.  On August 4, 1941, the name of the state was changed, the Mongolian Autonomous Federation was proclaimed.

In August 1945, with the beginning of the Soviet–Japanese War, the troops of Inner Mongolia took part in the battles on the side of Japan.  On October 10, 1945, the People's Republic of Inner Mongolia was proclaimed in the territory liberated from the Japanese and their allies.  With the departure of the Soviet troops in 1946, the republic lost control over most of its territory.  In parallel with it, the People's Autonomous Government of Eastern Mongolia (ru) was established in the east of the region.  The authorities of both republics succeeded in uniting their states, and on May 1, 1947, the Autonomous Government of Inner Mongolia was created in most of Mengjiang in the provinces of Suiyuan, Rehe and Chakhar.

Emission in the territory of Inner Mongolia

At the beginning of 1937, the South Chakhar Bank (Cha-Nan Bank) was created in Kalgan, for its issue it used banknotes of the "Provincial Bank of Three Eastern Provinces", sample 1929, in 1, 5, 10 and 100 yuan, which were overprinted.  Soon, this bank was replaced by the newly created Bank of Menjiang, which began issuing new banknotes.  The Bank of Mengjiang issued banknotes of 5 fyn, 1, 5 jiao, 5 jiao - 50 fyn, 1, 5, 10, 100 yuan.  In 1938, a 5-jiao copper-nickel coin was issued.

After the liquidation of the Mongolian Autonomous Federation in 1945 and the proclamation of the People's Republic of Inner Mongolia, the Mengjiang Banknotes continued to be used in circulation.  In 1945–1946, the Yuan of the Red Army Command (ru) was issued to provide Soviet military units, in parallel with the previously issued banknotes.

In August 1948, monetary reform began in China, and on December 1 of the same year, the People's Bank of China was established through the merger of three banks.  However, the unification of monetary circulation in China required considerable time and was completed only by the beginning of 1952.  The exchange rate for the single currency was set separately for each local issue of money.  The exchange of the yuan of Inner Mongolia into the bank notes of the People's Bank of China was made in 1951 at a ratio of 91⁄2: 1.

Banknotes of Mengjiang Bank

See also

 Manchukuo yuan
 Tuvan akşa

References

Bibliography

Mengjiang
Currencies of China
Chinese numismatics
Modern obsolete currencies

Mengjiang yuan


The Book of Confessions contains the creeds and confessions of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.). The contents are the Nicene Creed, the Apostles' Creed, the Scots Confession, the Heidelberg Catechism, the Second Helvetic Confession, the Westminster Confession of Faith, the Shorter Catechism, the Larger Catechism, the Theological Declaration of Barmen, the Confession of 1967, the Confession of Belhar,  and the Brief Statement of Faith.

The book was first published in 1983, and has since been revised. When it was first published, the intent was to blend the theological traditions of the Presbyterian Church in the United States and the United Presbyterian Church in the United States of America. The role of the Book of Confessions is to provide historical context for Biblical interpretations.

Amendment process
Amending the Book of Confessions is a six-year-long process. The process begins when a General Assembly appoints a committee to study a proposed amendment. The committee presents its report at the following General Assembly, which then votes on whether to send the amendment to the presbyteries. Two-thirds of the presbyteries, and another General Assembly must approve the amendment in order for it to be included. In 2008, the 218th General Assembly began the process of adopting a new translation of the Heidelberg Catechism, as well as the Belhar Confession. In 2012, the new translation of the Heidelberg Catechism was sent to the presbyteries for approval, and, after being rejected by the presbyteries, the 220th General Assembly voted to restart the process to include the Belhar Confession.

References

External links

1983 non-fiction books
20th-century Christian texts
Presbyterian Church (USA)
Reformed confessions of faith
20th-century Calvinism

Book of Confessions


Nick Rivera Caminero (born March 17, 1981), known professionally as Nicky Jam, is an American singer and actor. He is best known for hits such as "X", "Travesuras", "En la Cama", "Te Busco", "El Perdón", "Hasta el Amanecer", and "El Amante"; the latter three are from his 2017 album Fénix. He has frequently collaborated with other Latin artists such as Daddy Yankee, J Balvin, Ozuna, Plan B and Anuel AA. While his early music exemplified traditional fast-paced reggaeton, his newer compositions place more emphasis on sung vocals and romantic lyrics.

Born in Lawrence, Massachusetts to a Dominican mother and a Puerto Rican father, his family moved to Puerto Rico when he was ten years old. He began recording music at age fourteen with his first EP ...Distinto a los demás (1995), and eventually caught the attention of Daddy Yankee. The two formed the group Los Cangris, which was active from the late 1990s to 2004. The pair split acrimoniously and Nicky Jam's career quickly took a sharp decline, followed by a period of legal struggles and substance abuse.

He then moved to Medellín, Colombia, where he rejuvenated his career and developed a more melodic style of music, which proved to be popular through the release of the singles "Voy a Beber" and "Travesuras" in 2014. His success was furthered by the 2015 single "El Perdón" and his 2017 album Fénix. He released the album Íntimo in 2019, which was a critical and commercial success. Nicky Jam has also acted in the films XXX: Return of Xander Cage (2017) and Bad Boys for Life (2020), and starred in and executive produced the Netflix biographical series Nicky Jam: El Ganador (2018).

Biography

1981–1996: Early life and career beginnings
Nick Rivera Caminero was born on March 17, 1981, in Lawrence, Massachusetts to a Dominican mother and Puerto Rican father. Having been born on Saint Patrick's Day, he enjoyed attending parades for the holiday as a little boy. While in Massachusetts, he developed an affinity for hip-hop, specifically East Coast acts Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch and LL Cool J. When Nicky Jam was ten years old, his family moved to the Río Hondo suburb of San Juan, Puerto Rico, in an attempt to reconnect with the family's Puerto Rican roots. However, in an interview with Billboard, Nicky Jam explained that his father had become embroiled in a drug-related case and escaped bail, necessitating the move to Puerto Rico.

Nicky Jam initially experienced culture shock upon moving to Puerto Rico, having never spoken Spanish before arriving to the island. Despite the difficult start, he quickly made friends in his neighborhood and after spending time in the streets as a middle schooler, became inspired to pursue a musical career. He also used Caribbean hip-hop and reggaeton as a way to help him polish his Spanish-language skills. He originally went by the moniker "Nick MC", but changed it to Nicky Jam after a neighborhood homeless man gave him the unsolicited comment, "You ain't Nick MC, you're Nicky Jam".

While working at the Pueblo Xtra discount grocery store at age eleven, he passed time by rapping about the items he was bagging, which impressed a customer who invited him to record with a local indie label. He subsequently signed a contract without reading it and received no advance money for his recordings. He recorded and released his first EP ...Distinto a los demás in 1995 at age fourteen. He endured a difficult breakup with his girlfriend shortly after the album's release and the emotional pain of the experience led him to try cocaine for the first time at age fifteen. Nicky Jam reflected on the experience by saying: "[I thought], 'why am I going to take care of myself? My dad didn't handle his drug problems. My mom did drugs too, so why not me?' I mean, I had drugs all around me, and the foundation of everything is your home. It's your family."

1997–2006: Los Cangris and career decline

Despite his drug use, he managed to gain popularity in Puerto Rico as a hip-hop artist, and eventually met his idol, Daddy Yankee. Nicky Jam recalled that Daddy Yankee was familiar with his work, explaining, "He looked at me and said, 'I know who you are. You're that little kid that sings rap in a little Mickey Mouse voice. I like your style.'" The two artists then formed a duo called Los Cangris. The duo achieved success in Puerto Rico through hit singles such as "En la Cama", "Dónde Están las Gatas", and "Guayando". While in the group, he went on to release the solo albums Haciendo escante (2001) and Vida escante (2004).

However, Nicky Jam struggled to adjust to his new lifestyle and began using drugs and alcohol to an extent that concerned his musical partner. Having used cocaine on and off since age fifteen, he later began using percocet. Daddy Yankee began to criticize Nicky Jam's behavior and alluded to his bandmate in songs, including the lyric "your courage depends on a pill" from the 2004 song "Santifica Tus Escapularios". This led an incensed Nicky Jam to release a diss track in response that same year. Nicky Jam quickly regretted releasing the song, explaining, "That wasn't a good choice, because he came with [2004 Billboard Hot 100 hit] 'Gasolina.' [I] looked stupid. He went his way, I went my way -- and obviously my way didn't go very well."

Los Cangris separated in 2004 after a falling out between the two musicians. After the breakup of Los Cangris, Nicky Jam struggled personally and professionally, calling himself the "embarrassment of the Latin Caribbean music industry". Deeply depressed, Nicky Jam gained a significant amount of weight, eventually reaching 300 pounds (136 kg). He also experienced legal troubles, including a police chase in his car that was in the process of being repossessed. He took a job in a hotel, performing lounge music for tourists. Despite viewing this period to be his "lowest point", the artist developed his singing voice during this time, learning to incorporate sung vocals into his music as opposed to strictly rapping.

2007–2016: Career renewal and successful singles

In 2007, Nicky Jam moved to Medellín, Colombia in an attempt to stop using drugs and focus on music. The musician was well received by the people in Medellín, and the singer reflected, "They made me feel like I was a legend. The boost they gave me made me want to be a better person. I started eating OK, I stopped drugs, I stopped alcohol. People came to love me because I was loving myself." In 2010, Nicky Jam suffered a nearly fatal overdose that served as the impetus for him to quit using drugs completely. He lost 100 pounds (45 kg) and tattooed a significant portion of his body, including the entirety of his neck—which he considered a symbol of his recovery. Artistically, he drew influence from the romanticism of Colombian music, in particular the genre of vallenato. He also amended his friendship with Daddy Yankee after encountering him on a flight, where the two apologized to each other, and began touring together at the end of 2014.

His songs "Voy a Beber" and "Travesuras" reinvigorated his career and led to his signing with Sony U.S. Latin. "Travesuras" was Nicky Jam's first song to reach the top ten on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart. Spanish singer Enrique Iglesias contacted Nicky Jam to collaborate on the 2015 song "El Perdón", which later won Nicky Jam his first Latin Grammy for Best Urban Performance. Nicky Jam was surprised when he received the phone call from Iglesias and initially hung up on him, believing the call to be a prank. The song peaked at number 56 on the Billboard Hot 100 and spent 30 weeks on top of the Hot Latin Songs chart.

His increased popularity during this time led Nicky Jam to reunite in 2015 with his mother who had been deported to the Dominican Republic; he had not seen her for more than twenty years. He recalled, "Most of my life, I was trying to be famous, do music to see if my mom could listen to me and see me...when [the reunion] happened, it was like a movie moment. My bodyguard was like, 'There's this woman outside. She's fighting with everybody saying she's your mom and she wants to see you'...and automatically, I knew it was her because I remembered her voice." Nicky Jam was presented with the Warrior Spirit award at the 2015 Premios Tu Mundo for his "musical resilience". The following year, he recorded a remix of the 1992 song "De Pies a Cabeza" with Mexican rock band Maná, a collaboration Nicky Jam described as a "blessing". In 2016, his song "Hasta el Amanecer" became his first song to reach one billion views on YouTube. The song won the Billboard Music Award for Top Latin Song at the 2017 Billboard Music Awards. It also won the Urban Song of the Year and was nominated for Single of the Year at the 29th Lo Nuestro Awards.

2017: Fénix

On January 20, 2017, he released the album Fénix.  The album cover consists of a mural painted in Medellín of Nicky Jam with the Spanish word for "Phoenix" (stylized ). This mural was painted by fans without Nicky Jam's knowledge, and upon discovering the existence of the mural, Nicky Jam was so moved that he proclaimed on Instagram that he would make the mural the cover of his next album. Fénix, a symbol of the artist's career rebirth, debuted at the top of the Billboard Top Latin Albums chart. The album reached the top of the Billboard Latin Rhythm Albums chart on February 11, 2017, and stayed on the chart for a total of 142 weeks. The record was nominated for a Latin Grammy Award for Album of the Year at the 18th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, losing to Salsa Big Band by Rubén Blades with Roberto Delgado & Orquesta.

Fénix featured collaborations from Sean Paul, El Alfa, J Balvin, and Kid Ink and included Nicky Jam's first English-language songs "Without You" and "I Can't Forget You". With the album, he hoped to maintain an organic reggaeton sound, feeling that genre had evolved into an overly "futuristic" sound in Puerto Rico. The previously released singles "El Perdón" and "Hasta el Amanecer" were included on the album in addition to the new singles "El Amante" and "Si Tú la Ves", the latter featuring Wisin of reggaeton duo Wisin & Yandel. The songs "El Amante" peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart, while "Si Tú la Ves" peaked at number 18 on the same chart. "El Amante" also reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100. Tony M. Centeno of Vibe praised the album by writing, "Despite the high demand for commercial, electronic club records, Jam manages to keep his integrity, remaining loyal to the lane he established for himself nearly 20 years ago." Nicky Jam made his acting debut in 2017 in XXX: Return of Xander Cage, the third release in the XXX action film series, acting alongside Vin Diesel.

2018–present: "X" single and Íntimo

His collaboration with J Balvin, "X", peaked at number 41 on the Billboard Hot 100. The music video for "X" drew comparisons to Sean Paul's "I'm Still in Love with You" and Drake's "Hotline Bling". The video debuted at the number one spot on YouTube's global music chart and amassed more than 200 million views in two weeks. Nicky Jam performed the song with J Balvin on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon while Jimmy Fallon danced onstage with the two singers. Reacting to the success of the song, Nicky Jam divulged, "I knew our music was going to be big, but I didn't think it was going to be the way it is now." Nicky Jam collaborated with Will Smith, Diplo and Era Istrefi for the official 2018 FIFA World Cup anthem, "Live It Up". The song received mixed reviews, as critics derided the song's "generic message". Nicky Jam starred in the Netflix biographical series Nicky Jam: El Ganador, which explored the artist's struggles with drug addiction and his rise to fame and premiered in November 2018.

In October 2019, Nicky Jam previewed the release of his documentary, Behind Nicky Jam's Íntimo, which was produced through Apple Music. He released the album Íntimo on November 1, 2019. It contained the singles "X", "Atrévete" featuring Sech, and "Whine Up" featuring Anuel AA. Billboard called the album "17 songs of pure reggaeton magic". In November 2019, he renewed his contract with Sony Music Latin. He collaborated with Daddy Yankee on the song "Muévelo" which samples Jamaican dancehall artist Ini Kamoze's 1994 hit, "Here Comes the Hotstepper". The video, filmed in Miami, serves as an homage to the period in the 1990s in which reggaeton was criminalized in Puerto Rico. The song appeared on the soundtrack for the film Bad Boys for Life. Nicky Jam played villain Zway-Lo in the film, which was released on January 17, 2020. In March 2020, Nicky Jam was honored with the annual Career Achievement Award at the Premios Tu Música Urbano 2020 hosted by Telemundo. Nicky Jam appeared on Bad Bunny's surprise album Las que no iban a salir, released in May 2020.

In August 2021, Jam announced that his first official post-pandemic tour will kick off in early 2022. The 'Infinity' Tour will visit major cities across the U.S. and Canada, starting Feb. 3, 2022, at Boston's Agganis Arena.

Musical style and influences

Nicky Jam's music has been classified as Latin trap and reggaeton. Veronica Villafañe of Forbes wrote that Nicky Jam is considered "one of the architects of the Latino urban music movement". His music has been noted for both eliciting a party atmosphere and embracing overt sentimentality. His career began in the mid-1990s, when reggaeton was in its beginning stages in Puerto Rico. While his early releases exemplified the sound of old-school reggaeton that drew massive popularity in Puerto Rico, Eduardo Cepeda of Remezcla wrote that Nicky Jam's "sound has shifted from hard-hitting dembow...to more velvety rhythms and romantic lyrics". His lyrics have also been described by Billboard as "catchy and flirtatious".

His earliest musical influence was Michael Jackson's "Thriller" video; he recalls that "I knew automatically when I saw Michael Jackson do 'Thriller' as a little kid that I wanted people to fall in love with my music." The artist's first exposure to Caribbean music occurred upon seeing family members dancing to reggae at a house party hosted by his parents. Upon his relocation to Medellín, Nicky Jam adopted a more melodic, romantic approach to his music, inspired by Colombian genres such as vallenato. He has also expressed admiration for American soul singer Al Green, who he says inspired him to discuss romantic themes in his music. Other artists who have influenced Nicky Jam include Prince, Jay-Z, Jenni Rivera and Shakira. Jay-Z's The Blueprint (2001) "gave [him] an idea of how to do [his] albums in the Spanish market and give [his] fans that kind of vibe". He became a fan of Mexican rock band Maná in 1992 during the beginning stage of his career and describes the members of the group as his "idols".

Personal life
Nicky Jam has four children, born in 2002, 2002, 2005, and 2012. He married his girlfriend of two years, Angélica Cruz, in a private Catholic ceremony in Medellín in February 2017. J Balvin and Vin Diesel attended the wedding, which featured performances by reggaeton group Gente de Zona and salsa singer Jerry Rivera. In August 2018, the couple filed for divorce, citing irreconcilable differences. That same month, he purchased a house in the Palm Island area of Miami Beach for US$3.4 million. On Valentine's Day 2020, Nicky Jam became engaged to model Cydney Moreau. The couple met on the set of his music video for "Atrévete", an encounter which the singer described as "love at first sight". After posting a photo alone on Valentine's Day 2021, Nicky Jam confirmed that he and Moreau are no longer together. In an interview with Vibe, he stated that he has attention-deficit disorder. He dated Livia Rici, Nati Torres, and Paulina Cruz.

Discography

Studio albums
 Vida escante (2004)
 The Black Carpet (2007)
 Fénix (2017)
 Íntimo (2019)
 Infinity (2021)

Filmography

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
20th-century American male singers
21st-century American male singers
20th-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American singer-songwriters
American hip hop singers
American male singer-songwriters
American musicians of Puerto Rican descent
American reggaeton musicians
American people of Puerto Rican descent
American singers of Dominican Republic descent
Latin Grammy Award winners
Latin music songwriters
Latin trap musicians
Singers from Boston
Puerto Rican people of Dominican Republic descent
Singer-songwriters from Massachusetts
Sony Music Latin artists
Urbano musicians
People with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
American musicians with disabilities
American actors with disabilities

Nicky Jam


Emily Burton Ketcham (July 16, 1838 – 1907) was an American suffragist.

Biography
Ketcham was born on July 16, 1838, to parents Josiah Burton and Eliza Freeman Burton, pioneers in Grand Rapids. Ketcham graduated from Saint Mark's College, Henrietta Academy and Mary B. Allen's school for girls. At the age of fifteen, Ketcham became a teacher and she married her cousin Augustus Canfield Norton in Grand Rapids on October 2, 1861. After his death, she married Smith G. Ketcham. She first became involved in the women's suffrage movement in 1873. She met with Susan B. Anthony when she lived in Rochester, and developed a lasting friendship with her in the 1890s. In 1893 Ketcham spoke in the Woman's Building at the Chicago World's Fair. On April 27, 1899, the Women's National Suffrage Association held its annual meeting in Grand Rapids, Michigan, at the urging of Ketcham, the only time that the meeting would be held in Michigan. Ketcham was heavily involved with the Grand Rapids Woman's Suffrage Association, The Political Equality Club, The Susan B. Anthony Club, The Woman's Civic League and the Woman's and Children's Protective League. A charter member of the Michigan Equal Suffrage Association, she would serve as its president from 1892-1893, and again in 1900. She died on January 13, 1907, in Detroit, Michigan.

Ketcham was inducted into the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame in 1999.

References

Further reading
 "Are Women Citizens and People?" by Mrs. Emily Burton Ketcham

American suffragists
1838 births
1907 deaths
People from Grand Rapids, Michigan
Schoolteachers from Michigan
19th-century American women educators
19th-century American educators

Emily Burton Ketcham


Hanne Margrethe Sørvaag (December 27, 1979) is a Norwegian singer and songwriter. She later moved to Stockholm, Sweden. She released her first studio record You Know Me under the name Paris in 2002. That gave her three hits in Norway. Her second record, Talk of the Town, was released in 2006 under her own name. She also writes songs for other musicians.

References

Norwegian singers
1979 births
Living people

Hanne Sørvaag


In Scots folklore the fachan (or fachin, fachen, Direach Ghlinn Eitidh or Dithreach (dwarf of Glen Etive)) is a monster or giant descrieve bi John Francis Campbell in Popular Tales of the West Highlands (Scots: Faur ben Tales o the West Hielands) as hivin ae ee in the middle o its coupon, ae haund comin oot its brieist instead o airms, an ae leg comin frae its central axis. It haes ae tuft of hair on the tap o its heid, bi Campbell's wey o it "it war easier to tak a muntain frae the root nor tae bend that tuft." Campbell gies tent tae the possible influence o craiturs frae Arabic tradeetion sic as the Nesnas or Shikk, descrieved as "hauf o a human being" an happing aboot on ane leg wi muckle agility.

Douglas Hyde quotes Campbell's descreivin in his collection o Irish folklore Beside the Fire an pynts tae an Irish paper whaur a similar monster is descreived:He haed a verra thick iron flail-club in his skinny haund, an twinty chain oot o't, an fifty aiple on ilka chain o'aim, an a pushionous spell on ilka muckle aiple o'aim, an a girdle o the skins o deer an roebuck aroond the thing thit wis his body, an ane eye in the foreheid of his black-faced coontenance, an ae bare, haurd, verra hairy haund comin oot o his briest, an ae veiny, thick-soled leg uphaudin him an a close, firm, daurk blue mantle o twistit haurd-thick feathers, bieldin his body, an shuirely he wis mair like unto devil than tae man.Hyde pits forrit thit baith descreivins kythes brainches o a common Gaelic tradeetion, an thit the wird fachan micht be a diminutive o the Irish fathach (giant) an relatit tae the Scots famhair (giant).

References

Tuatha Dé Danann
Scots fowklair
Scots leegendar craiturs
Fairies

Fachan


The Sinai Health System (corporately styled as Sinai Health) is a hospital system which serves Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It comprises two hospitals, Mount Sinai Hospital (an acute care hospital) and Hennick Bridgepoint Hospital (a rehabilitation hospital), both affiliated with the University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine.

In the 2019–2020 fiscal year, there were nearly 29,000 inpatient stays and 59,700 emergency department visits for Mount Sinai Hospital. The average length of stay for inpatients was 4.4 days.

Formation
The hospital system was formed through the voluntary amalgamation of Mount Sinai Hospital (including the Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute) and Hennick Bridgepoint Hospital on January 22, 2015.

Constituent hospitals

Mount Sinai Hospital

Mount Sinai Hospital (founded 1923 as The Hebrew Maternity and Convalescent Hospital) is a 442-bed general hospital located along the "Hospital Row" portion of University Avenue in downtown Toronto. It is connected via tunnels and bridges to three adjacent hospitals of the University Health Network: Toronto General Hospital, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, and Princess Margaret Cancer Centre.

Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute

The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute (founded 1985 as the Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute) is the medical research institute of Mount Sinai Hospital. Its researchers conduct studies into various diseases including cancers, neurological disorders, and diabetes.

Hennick Bridgepoint Hospital

Hennick Bridgepoint Hospital (founded 1875 as Riverdale Isolation Hospital) is a 464-bed rehabilitation hospital located in the Riverdale neighbourhood of Toronto. It operates programs for patients with complex chronic ailments or those requiring physical rehabilitation.

Programs
Sinai Health and University Health Network jointly run the Sinai Health-UHN Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, advocating for improved patient access to appropriate antibiotics while combating antimicrobial resistance. The program is led by infectious diseases specialist Andrew Morris, who joined as founding Director at its inception in 2009.

References

External links

Hospital networks in Canada

2015 establishments in Ontario

Sinai Health System


The National Fluid Milk Processor Promotion Program was first authorized by the Fluid Milk Promotion Act of 1990 (7 U.S.C. 6401-6417) (Subtitle H of Title XIX of P.L. 101-624, called the Fluid Act).  Fluid milk processors through a commodity checkoff program develop and finance generic advertising programs designed to maintain and expand markets and uses for fluid milk products produced in the United States.  The mandatory national fluid milk program is financed by a 20¢ per hundredweight assessment on all fluid milk processed and marketed commercially in consumer-type packages (except by small processors).  Fluid Milk Board annual revenue is approximately $110 million.

The program is administered by the National Fluid Milk Processor Promotion Board. It should not be confused with the dairy farmer funded Dairy Promotion Program. The program originally required periodic reauthorization by Congress. However, the 2002 farm bill (P.L. 107-171, Sec. 1506) gave the program permanent authority.

References

External links
https://www.ams.usda.gov/about-ams/programs-offices/dairy-program

Commodity checkoff programs
Dairy farming
Dairy marketing


Ononis repens, the common restharrow, is a flowering plant species in the bean family Fabaceae. The name is synonym of Ononis spinosa subsp. procurrens.

Description
It is a prostrate (maximum height 60cm) woody perennial, spreading by rhizomes. It has hairy stems and small oval leaves with toothed edges. Leaflets are less than 3 times as long as wide. It occasionally has soft, weak spines, but never hard spines like those of Ononis spinosa. The leaves are covered in glandular hairs which give a resinous smell on bruising. Plants are hermaphroditic. The zygomorphic flowers are pink and unscented, 15–20mm, blooming from June to September.

Habitat and distribution
It is found by the sea shore, on cliffs and dunes and is also common in grasslands and dry hill pastures in chalk or limestone areas, over light, well-drained soils. It may occasionally grow on roadside verges or beside railways.

The species is native to Europe including the UK and Ireland. Its distribution spreads as far south as Morocco and as far east as Poland. It has declined in some parts of Britain but populations are generally stable. Although the species is very widespread, its distribution is often localised, due to its preference for particular soil conditions

Ecology
A rare species of moth, Aplasta ononaria is specialised to lay its eggs only on common restharrow.

Ononis repens is pollinated by bees.

Like other species in the order Fabales, Ononis repens fixes nitrogen into soil from the air, promoting the growth of other plants.

Culinary use
Ononis repens is related to liquorice and its roots have a very similar flavour. A liquorice flavour drink can be made by soaking the roots in cold water, and historically the young shoots have been used as a vegetable, boiled or in salads.

Etymology
The English common name 'restharrow' comes from the plant's propensity to stop horse-drawn farming implements, with its hard, woody roots. The word 'ononis' or 'anonis' has been used for restharrow since classical Greece and Rome and has been suggested to stem from the Ancient Greek onos for donkey because it was used to feed donkeys. The species epithet repens is Latin for creeping, referring to the growth habit of the plant.

References

repens
Flora of Europe
Flora of North Africa
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Ononis repens


Vasiliki "Kiki" Dimoula (née Radou; ; 6 June 1931 – 22 February 2020) was a Greek poet. She was active from 1952 until her death. She was the first female poet ever to be included in the poetry series of the notable French publisher Gallimard. Her poetry has been translated from Greek into English, French, German, Swedish, Danish, Spanish, Italian and many other languages.

Dimoula was awarded the Greek State Prize twice (1971, 1988). She was awarded the European Prize for Literature in 2009. From 2002, she was a member of the Academy of Athens.

Dimoula was born in Athens. She was married to the poet Athos Dimoulas. The couple had two children. She had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) later in her life. On 22 February 2020, she died in Athens due to  cardiac arrest caused by COPD and heart failure. She was 88.

References

1931 births
2020 deaths
Writers from Athens
Greek poets

Kiki Dimoula


In theoretical physics, it is often important to study theories with the diffeomorphism symmetry such as general relativity. These theories are invariant under arbitrary coordinate transformations. Equations of motion are generally derived from the requirement that the action is stationary. There are special variations that are equivalent to spatial diffeomorphisms. The invariance of the action under these variations implies non-dynamical equations of motion i.e. constraints. These equations must be satisfied or, at least, they must annihilate the physical states in a quantum version of the theory.

See also
 Wheeler–DeWitt equation

Quantum gravity
Diffeomorphisms

Diffeomorphism constraint