A spirit level, bubble level, or simply a level, is an instrument designed to indicate whether a surface is horizontal (level) or vertical (plumb).
Two basic designs exist: tubular (or linear) and bull's eye (or circular).
Different types of spirit levels may be used by carpenters, stonemasons, bricklayers, other building trades workers, surveyors, millwrights and other metalworkers, and in some photographic or videographic work.

History
The history of the spirit level was discussed in brief in an 1887 article appearing in Scientific American. Melchisédech Thévenot, a French scientist, invented the instrument some time before February 2, 1661. This date can be established from Thevenot's correspondence with scientist Christiaan Huygens. Within a year of this date the inventor circulated details of his invention to others, including Robert Hooke in London and Vincenzo Viviani in Florence. It is occasionally argued that these "bubble levels" did not come into widespread use until the beginning of the 18th century, the earliest surviving examples being from that time, but Adrien Auzout had recommended that the Académie Royale des Sciences take "levels of the Thevenot type" on its expedition to Madagascar in 1666. It is very likely that these levels were in use in France and elsewhere long before the turn of the century.

The Fell All-Way precision level, one of the first successful American made bull's eye levels for machine tool use, was invented by William B. Fell of Rockford, Illinois in 1939. The device was unique in that it could be placed on a machine bed and show tilt on the x-y axes simultaneously, eliminating the need to rotate the level 90 degrees. The level was so accurate it was restricted from export during World War II. The device set a new standard of .0005 inches per foot resolution (five ten thousands per foot or five arc seconds tilt). Production of the level stopped around 1970, and was restarted in the 1980s by Thomas Butler Technology, also of Rockford, Illinois, but finally ended in the mid-1990s. However, there are still hundreds of the devices in existence.

Design and construction

Early tubular spirit levels had very slightly curved glass vials with constant inner diameter at each viewing point. These vials are incompletely filled with a liquid, usually a colored spirit or alcohol, leaving a bubble in the tube. They have a slight upward curve, so that the bubble naturally rests in the center, the highest point. At slight inclinations the bubble travels away from the marked center position. Where a spirit level must also be usable upside-down or on its side, the curved constant-diameter tube is replaced by an uncurved barrel-shaped tube with a slightly larger diameter in its middle.

Alcohols such as ethanol are often used rather than water. Alcohols have low viscosity and surface tension, which allows the bubble to travel the tube quickly and settle accurately with minimal interference from the glass surface. Alcohols also have a much wider liquid temperature range, and will not break the vial as water could due to ice expansion. A colorant such as fluorescein, typically yellow or green, may be added to increase the visibility of the bubble.

A variant of the linear spirit level is the bull's eye level: a circular, flat-bottomed device with the liquid under a slightly convex glass face with a circle at the center. It serves to level a surface across a plane, while the tubular level only does so in the direction of the tube.

Calibration

To check the accuracy of a carpenter's type level, a perfectly horizontal surface is not needed. The level is placed on a flat and roughly level surface and the reading on the bubble tube is noted. This reading indicates to what extent the surface is parallel to the horizontal plane, according to the level, which at this stage is of unknown accuracy. The spirit level is then rotated through 180 degrees in the horizontal plane, and another reading is noted. If the level is accurate, it will indicate the same orientation with respect to the horizontal plane. A difference implies that the level is inaccurate.

Adjustment of the spirit level is performed by successively rotating the level and moving the bubble tube within its housing to take up roughly half of the discrepancy, until the magnitude of the reading remains constant when the level is flipped.

A similar procedure is applied to more sophisticated instruments such as a surveyor's optical level or a theodolite and is a matter of course each time the instrument is set up. In this latter case, the plane of rotation of the instrument is levelled, along with the spirit level. This is done in two horizontal perpendicular directions.

Sensitivity
Sensitivity is an important specification for a spirit level, as the device's accuracy depends on its sensitivity. The sensitivity of a level is given as the change of angle or gradient required to move the bubble by unit distance. If the bubble housing has graduated divisions, then the sensitivity is the angle or gradient change that moves the bubble by one of these divisions.  is the usual spacing for graduations; on a surveyor's level, the bubble will move  when the vial is tilted about 0.005 degree. For a precision machinist level with  divisions, when the vial is tilted one division, the level will change  one meter from the pivot point, referred to by machinists as 5 tenths per foot. This terminology is unique to machinists and indicates a length of 5 tenths of 1 thousandth of an inch.

Types

There are different types of spirit levels for different uses:
Carpenter's level (either wood, aluminium or composite materials)
Mason's level
Torpedo level
Post level
Line level
Engineer's precision level
Electronic level
Inclinometer
Slip or Skid Indicator
 Bull's eye level

A spirit level is usually found on the head of combination squares.

Carpenter's level

A traditional carpenter's spirit level looks like a short plank of wood and often has a wide body to ensure stability, and that the surface is being measured correctly. In the middle of the spirit level is a small window where the bubble and the tube is mounted. Two notches (or rings) designate where the bubble should be if the surface is level. Often an indicator for a 45 degree inclination is included.

Line level

A line level is a level designed to hang on a builder's string line. The body of the level incorporates small hooks to allow it to attach and hang from the string line. The body is lightweight, so as not to weigh down the string line, it is also small in size as the string line in effect becomes the body; when the level is hung in the center of the string, each 'leg' of the string line extends the level's plane.

Engineer's precision levels

An engineer's precision level permits leveling items to greater accuracy than a plain spirit level. They are used to level the foundations, or beds of machines to ensure the machine can output workpieces to the accuracy pre-built in the machine.

Surveyor's leveling instrument

Combining a spirit level with an optical telescope results in a tilting level or dumpy level. These leveling instruments as used in surveying to measure height differences over larger distances. A surveyor's leveling instrument has a spirit level mounted on a telescope (perhaps 30 power) with cross-hairs, itself mounted on a tripod. The observer reads height values off two graduated vertical rods, one 'behind' and one 'in front', to obtain the height difference between the ground points on which the rods are resting. Starting from a point with a known elevation and going cross country (successive points being perhaps  apart) height differences can be measured cumulatively over long distances and elevations can be calculated. Precise levelling is supposed to give the difference in elevation between two points  apart correct to within a few millimeters.

Alternatives
Alternatives include:

 Reed level
 Laser line level
 Water level

Today level tools are available in most smartphones by using the device's accelerometer. These mobile apps come with various features and easy designs. Also new web standards allow websites to get orientation of devices.

Digital spirit levels are increasingly common in replacing conventional spirit levels, particularly in civil engineering applications such as traditional building construction and steel structure erection, for on-site angle alignment and leveling tasks. The industry practitioners often refer to those levelling tools as a "construction level", "heavy duty level", "inclinometer", or "protractor". These modern electronic levels are capable of displaying precise numeric angles within 360° with 0.1° to 0.05° accuracy, can be read from a distance with clarity, and are affordably priced due to mass adoption. They provide features that traditional levels are unable to match. Typically, these features enable steel beam frames under construction to be precisely aligned and levelled to the required orientation, which is vital to ensure the stability, strength and rigidity of steel structures on sites. Digital levels, embedded with angular MEMS technology effectively improve productivity and quality of many modern civil structures. Some recent models feature waterproof IP65 and impact resistance features for harsh working environments.

See also
Glossary of levelling terms
 Horizontal and vertical
 Inclinometer
 Plumb bob
 Theodolite
 Turn and bank indicator

References

External links

Surveying
Geodesy
Inclinometers
Woodworking measuring instruments

Spirit level


The Code of Practices for Television Broadcasters, also known as the Television Code, was a set of ethical standards adopted by the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) of the United States for television programming from 1952 to 1983. The code was created to self-regulate the industry in hopes of avoiding a proposed government Advisory Board and satisfying parental concerns over violence and other matters. Prior to the Television Code, the 1935 NAB Code of Ethics for radio was applied to television but fewer than half of television stations subscribed to it; when the Television Code was first issued, two-thirds of stations became subscribers.

Content
The code was first issued on December 6, 1951, and amended multiple times, especially in the wake of the 1950s quiz show scandals, Congressional hearings into violence (1952, 1954), and concern over the possible blurring of fact and fiction in early docudrama.

The code prohibited the use of profanity, the negative portrayal of family life, irreverence for God and religion, illicit sex, drunkenness and biochemical addiction, presentation of cruelty, detailed techniques of crime, the use of horror for its own sake, and the negative portrayal of law enforcement officials, among others.  The code regulated how performers should dress and move to be within the "bounds of decency".  Further, news reporting was to be "factual, fair and without bias" and commentary and analysis should be "clearly defined as such". Broadcasters were to make time available for religious broadcasting and were discouraged from charging religious bodies for access. Most importantly, it limited the commercial minutes per hour.

In 1973, responding to concerns raised by Action for Children's Television, the NAB revised the code to limit commercial time in children's programming to twelve minutes per hour. Additionally, the hosts of children's television programs were prohibited from appearing in commercials aimed at children. This became Section XIV "Time Standards for Non-Program Material".

Enforcement
The Television Code rules were interpreted, monitored, and enforced by the code authority director, who was appointed by the President of the NAB. The Code Authority interpreted the code by providing advice, publishing guidelines and amendments to clarify code provisions, and issuing rulings on specific programs or commercials, although most cases were resolved through negotiation rather than rulings. The main concern of code staff was commercials, not program content. The Code Authority had three offices in New York, Hollywood, and Washington D.C. and published a monthly newsletter, Code News.

The Television Code provided for suspension and expulsion of subscribers as determined by the NAB Television Code Review Board whose members were subscribers to the code and appointed by the NAB president. The board checked compliance through a system of biannual monitoring backed up by complaint letters coming mostly from competing stations. Appeals of the review board's decisions could be taken to the NAB Television board of directors. Compliance with the code was indicated by the "Seal of Good Practice", displayed during closing credits on most United States television programs, and on some US TV station sign-on and sign-offs from 1952 to the mid-1980s.

Elimination
In 1976, the code's program standards were suspended after a Los Angeles federal judge ruled that the Family Viewing Hour violated the First Amendment. In 1979, the Carter Justice Department challenged the code's Section XIV time standards limiting advertising on children's programming, alleging that they "represented an unlawful effort to restrict supply of commercial availabilities and hence drive up prices for these spots." They then brought an antitrust action against the NAB. After a summary judgment was handed down against the NAB in 1982 partially striking down Section XIV, the NAB and the Reagan Justice Department entered into a consent decree abolishing the time standards and the industry-wide limitations on the number and length of commercials. Under further threats of legal action by the Justice Department on the grounds the code violated the First Amendment and Fairness Doctrine, the NAB decided to eliminate the remainder of the Television Code as well as the Radio Code in 1983.

Legacy
The code paved the way for the development of the Broadcast Standards and Practices (BS&P) departments of the terrestrial broadcast networks (NBC, CBS, ABC) and most cable networks. After the Television Code's demise and with the burden of self-regulation now falling to networks, the BS&P offices were forced to produce their own written codes which integrated some of the code's concepts, recommendations, and rules.

In October 1990, the NAB board of directors issued a brief "Statement of Principles of Radio and Television Broadcasters" that encourages broadcasters to "exercise responsible and careful judgment in the selection of material for broadcast."

A scholarly discussion titled "Self-Regulation and the Media" by Angela J. Campbell (1999) examines media self-regulation and concludes that "Applying these five factors to digital television public interest responsibilities and privacy on the Internet, it concludes that self-regulation is not likely to be successful in these contexts."

See also
Comics Code Authority
Motion Picture Production Code
National Association of Broadcasters

Notes

References
 Eric Engel & Dee Pridgen, "The History of the National Association of Broadcasters and the Development of the Television Code", Federal Trade Commission Memo, February 9, 1981.
 Harvey C. Jassem. "An Examination of Self Regulation of Broadcasting", Communications and the Law 5, no. 2 (Spr 1983).
 Val E. Limburg. "The decline of broadcast ethics: U.S. v. NAB", Journal of Mass Media Ethics 4, no. 2 (1989): 214–31.
 Vincent LoBrutto. "The Code of Practices for Television Broadcasters", in TV in the USA: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas. 3 vols. Santa Barbara, Cal.: Greenwood, 2018, pp. 1:29–30.
 National Association of Broadcasters. Legal Guide to Broadcast Law and Regulation, 3rd edn. Washington, D.C.: National Association of Broadcasters, 1988.
 National Association of Broadcasters. The Television Code, 22nd edn. Washington, D.C.: Code Authority, National Association of Broadcasters, 1981.
 Dee Pridgen & Eric Engel. "Advertising and Marketing on Cable Television: Whither the Public Interest?", Catholic University Law Review 31, no. 2 (Winter 1982): 227–271.

External links
Text of the Code of Practices for Television Broadcasters
The Television Code – Fifth Edition, March 1959 Complete with Interpretations and Amendments. Courtesy of J. Alan Wall's TV-signoffs.com
1970s Television Code PSA – video available for download at the Internet Archive

1951 documents
1951 establishments in the United States
1951 in American television
1983 disestablishments in the United States
Censorship of broadcasting in the United States
National Association of Broadcasters
Codes of conduct


In colorimetry, metamerism is a perceived matching of colors with different (nonmatching) spectral power distributions.  Colors that match this way are called metamers.

A spectral power distribution describes the proportion of total light given off (emitted, transmitted, or reflected) by a color sample at each visible wavelength; it defines the complete information about the light coming from the sample. However, the human eye contains only three color receptors (three types of cone cells), which means that all colors are reduced to three sensory quantities, called the tristimulus values. Metamerism occurs because each type of cone responds to the cumulative energy from a broad range of wavelengths, so that different combinations of light across all wavelengths can produce an equivalent receptor response and the same tristimulus values or color sensation. In color science, the set of sensory spectral sensitivity curves is numerically represented by color matching functions.

Sources of metamerism
Metameric matches are quite common, especially in near neutral (grayed or whitish colors) or dark colors. As colors become brighter or more saturated, the range of possible metameric matches (different combinations of light wavelengths) becomes smaller, especially in colors from surface reflectance spectra.

Metameric matches made between two light sources provide the trichromatic basis of colorimetry. The basis for nearly all commercially available color image reproduction processes such as photography, television, printing, and digital imaging, is the ability to make metameric color matches.

Making metameric matches using reflective materials is more complex. The appearance of surface colors is defined by the product of the spectral reflectance curve of the material and the spectral emittance curve of the light source shining on it. As a result, the color of surfaces depends on the light source used to illuminate them.

Metameric failure
The term illuminant metameric failure or illuminant metamerism is sometimes used to describe situations in which two material samples match when viewed under one light source but not another. Most types of fluorescent lights produce an irregular or peaky spectral emittance curve, so that two materials under fluorescent light might not match, even though they are a metameric match to an incandescent "white" light source with a nearly flat or smooth emittance curve. Material colors that match under one source will often appear different under the other. Inkjet printing is particularly susceptible, and inkjet proofs are best viewed under standard 5000K color temperature lighting for color accuracy.

Normally, material attributes such as translucency, gloss or surface texture are not considered in color matching. However geometric metameric failure or geometric metamerism can occur when two samples match when viewed from one angle, but then fail to match when viewed from a different angle. A common example is the color variation that appears in pearlescent automobile finishes or "metallic" paper; e.g., Kodak Endura Metallic, Fujicolor Crystal Archive Digital Pearl.

Observer metameric failure or observer metamerism can occur because of differences in color vision between observers. The common source of observer metameric failure is colorblindness, but it is also not uncommon among "normal" observers. In all cases, the proportion of long-wavelength-sensitive cones to medium-wavelength-sensitive cones in the retina, the profile of light sensitivity in each type of cone, and the amount of yellowing in the lens and macular pigment of the eye, differs from one person to the next. This alters the relative importance of different wavelengths in a spectral power distribution to each observer's color perception. As a result, two spectrally dissimilar lights or surfaces may produce a color match for one observer but fail to match when viewed by a second observer.

Field-size metameric failure or field-size metamerism occurs because the relative proportions of the three cone types in the retina vary from the center of the visual field to the periphery, so that colors that match when viewed as very small, centrally fixated areas may appear different when presented as large color areas. In many industrial applications, large-field color matches are used to define color tolerances.

Finally, device metamerism comes up due to the lack of consistency of colorimeters of the same or different manufacturers. Colorimeters basically consist of a combination of a matrix of sensor cells and optical filters, which present an unavoidable variance in their measurements. Moreover, devices built by different manufacturers can differ in their construction.

The difference in the spectral compositions of two metameric stimuli is often referred to as the degree of metamerism. The sensitivity of a metameric match to any changes in the spectral elements that form the colors depend on the degree of metamerism. Two stimuli with a high degree of metamerism are likely to be very sensitive to any changes in the illuminant, material composition, observer, field of view, and so on.

The word metamerism is often used to indicate a metameric failure rather than a match, or used to describe a situation in which a metameric match is easily degraded by a slight change in conditions, such as a change in the illuminant.

Measuring metamerism

The best-known measure of metamerism is the color rendering index (CRI), which is a linear function of the mean Euclidean distance between the test and reference spectral reflectance vectors in the CIE 1964 color space. A newer measure, for daylight simulators, is the MI, the CIE metamerism index, which is derived by calculating the mean color difference of eight metamers (five in the visible spectrum and three in the ultraviolet range) in CIELAB or CIELUV. The salient difference between CRI and MI is the color space used to calculate the color difference, the one used in CRI being obsolete  and not perceptually uniform.

MI can be decomposed into MIvis and MIUV if only part of the spectrum is being considered. The numerical result can be interpreted by rounding into one of five letter categories:

Metamerism and industry
Using materials that are metameric color matches rather than spectral color matches is a significant problem in industries where color matching or color tolerances are important.

Automobile industry
A classic example is the automobile industry: the colorants used for interior fabrics, plastics and paints may be chosen to provide a good color match under a cool white fluorescent source, but the matches can disappear under different light sources (e.g. daylight or tungsten source). Furthermore, because of the differences in colorants, spectral matches are infrequent and metamerism often occurs.

Textile industry
Color matching in the textile dyeing industry is essential. In this branch, three types of metamerism are commonly encountered: illuminant metamerism, observer metamerism and field-size metamerism. Due to the wide range of different illuminants we are exposed to in daily life, textile color matching is hard to ensure. Metamerism on large textile items can be resolved by using different light sources when comparing colors. However, metamerism in smaller items such as textile fibers, is more difficult to be solved. This difficulty arises due to the necessity of a microscope, which has one single illumination source, to observe these small fibers. Therefore, metameric fibres cannot be distinguished neither macroscopically nor microscopically. A method which can solve metamerism in fibres combines microscopy and spectroscopy, and is called microspectroscopy.

Paint industry
Color matches made in the paint industry are often aimed at achieving a spectral color match rather than just a tristimulus (metameric) color match under a given spectrum of light. A spectral color match attempts to give two colors the same spectral reflectance characteristic, making them a good metameric match with a low degree of metamerism, and thereby reducing the sensitivity of the resulting color match to changes in illuminant, or differences between observers. One way to circumvent metamerism in paints is by using exactly the same pigment and base color compositions in the reproductions as the ones which were used in the original. When the composition of pigment and base color is unknown, metamerism can be avoided only with the use of colorimetric devices.

Printing industry
The printing industry is also affected by metamerism. Inkjet printers do the mixing of colors under a specific light source, resulting in a modified appearance of original and copy under different light sources. One way to minimize metamerism in printing is by first measuring the spectral reflectance of an object or reproduction using a color measurement device. Then, one selects a set of ink compositions corresponding to the color reflectance factor, which are used by the inkjet printer for the reproduction. The process is repeated until original and reproduction present an acceptable degree of metamerism. Sometimes, however, one reaches the conclusion that an improved match is not possible with the materials available either due to gamut limitations or colorimetric properties.

See also
Tetrachromacy
Hyperspectral imaging

References

 R.W.G Hunt. The Reproduction of Color (2nd ed.). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
 Mark D. Fairchild. Color Appearance Models Addison Wesley Longman, 1998.

External links

 Java applet demonstrating metamers
 Stanford University CS 178 interactive Flash demo demonstrating color matching.
 Metamerism and why does paint color shift

Color

Metamerism (color)


(The Last Five Minutes) (French: Les Cinq Dernières Minutes) is a crime based French television series, created by Claude Loursais, broadcast from 1 January 1958 till 20 December 1996. The show was aired in four series on several channels.

The first series was broadcast in 56 episodes between 1 January 1958 and 7 November 1973 on RTF. After an intermediary series of four 90 minute episodes were broadcast from 19 July 1974 to 16 January 1975, a second 72 episode series was broadcast from 1975 to 1993, then a third 17 episode series from 1993 to 1996 was broadcast on Antenne 2.

Summary

Les Cinq Dernières Minutes was the first long-running series about police inquiries on French television. Each episode is based on an investigation where the viewer, accompanied by Commissioner Inspector Antoine Bourrel and his assistant Deputy Dupuy, must find clues which will help find the culprit. The programme often takes place in unconventional environments or situations, such as at a racecourse, scrap dealers, the Eiffel tower or a commercial printing business.

At the beginning, the series was a gameshow, which was filmed in studio and broadcast live. Two selected viewers took part and had to guess who was guilty when inspector Bourrel said the famous line: "Good God! But it's… Of course!". Each of the two contestants had the opportunity to repeat two parts of the show, which would also be seen by the audience at home. This famously happened during the pilot episode when glasses of Champagne were given out. In some of the original episodes, there was also participation from the viewers at home, but this was abandoned during the first series.

Cast

Over time, many actors and personalities have featured on the show, including: Françoise Fabian, Guy Kerner, Ginette Leclerc, Rellys, Pierre Brasseur, Henri Virlogeux, Bernard Fresson, Henri Crémieux, Jacques Monod, Henri Vilbert, André Valmy, Robert Vattier, Serge Gainsbourg, Anémone, Jean Topart, Paul Le Person, Jess Hahn, Marie-Georges Pascal, Pierre Clémenti, Michel Robin, Paul Préboist, ...

The series also introduced many young actors to the audience, such as Yves Rénier. Marc Eyraud was the only actor to play in the first, intermediary and second series.

Series One

 Raymond Souplex: Commissioner inspector Antoine Bourrel (1958-1973)
 Jean Daurand  : Deputy Dupuy
 Pierre Collet : Officer of the Police Judiciaire

Intermediary Series

 Christian Barbier : Commissioner Le Carré (1974-1975)
 Jacques Bouvier : The Judge (1974)
 Marc Eyraud : Inspector Ménardeau (1974-1975)
 Henri Lambert : Inspector Lindet (1974)

Series Two

 Jacques Debary : Commissioner Cabrol (1975-1992)
 Marc Eyraud : Inspector Ménardeau (1975-1992)
 Caroline Silhol : Commissioner Belmont (1988-1992)
 Marc Adjadj : Inspector Lamouri (1988-1992)
 Valérie Jonckeere : Daughter Georges Claisse

Series Three

Pierre Santini : Commissioner Massard (1993-1996)

Pierre Hoden : Inspector Antoine Barrier (1993-1996)

Guest
 Andrée Damant
 Artus de Penguern
 Aurélien Recoing
 Catherine Jacob
 Christine Citti
 Claire Maurier
 Claire Nadeau
 Claude Gensac
 Daniel Prévost
 Danièle Évenou
 Danièle Lebrun
 Dominique Blanc
 Fabienne Chaudat
 Francine Bergé
 François Marthouret
 François Perrot
 Françoise Bertin
 Ginette Garcin
 Jackie Sardou
 Laure Duthilleul
 Liliane Rovère
 Magali Clément
 Marthe Villalonga
 Myriam Boyer
 Pascale Roberts
 Philippe Nahon
 Pierre Arditi
 Tonie Marshall
 Valérie Vogt
 Véra Belmont
 Yves Rénier

Trivia

This programme was extremely successful until the main actor Raymond Souplex left in November 1972. In recognition of his character, the following commissioners were no longer called Bourrel, but instead, Le Carré, Cabrol and Massard.

Besides Claude Loursais, many directors have written for this programme, notably Jean-Pierre Decourt, Bernard Hecht, Jean-Yves Jeudi, Guy Lessertisseur, Raymond Pontarlier and Guy Séligmann. The scripts for the first series were mostly written by Jean Cosmos, Fred Kassak and Louis C. Thomas

The theme music played (on trumpet by Pierre Thibaud) during the opening sequence is called Arsenic blues and was composed by Marc Lanjean.

The programme was referenced by Gotlib in many of his comic strips, Rubrique-a-brac. Raymond Devos also references it in one of his sketches, Ma dernière heure est arrivée.

References

External links

1950s French television series
1960s French television series
1970s French television series
1980s French television series
1990s French television series
1958 French television series debuts
1996 French television series endings

Les Cinq Dernières Minutes


A season in television is the group of episodes that that are broadcast in one year. The term is commonly used in North American television. In British television, the term series is used.

North American usage
In the United States, Canada and Mexico, a series is a set of television program episodes that are broadcast with the same title. A series last for one or many years. Each year of the series is called a season. Since the late 1960s, a season has commonly included between 20 and 26 episodes. Before then, a season would often have at least 30 episodes. Some series had as many as 39 episodes in a season.

Until the 1980s, most new programs for the United States were first broadcast in the "fall season". This ran from September through March. Is usually included from 24 to 26 episodes. These episodes were rebroadcast during the spring (or summer) season, from April through August. Because of cable television and the Nielsen sweeps, the "fall" season now normally lasts to May. A "full season" on a  now usually runs from September through May for at least 22 episodes.

Splits
A full season is sometimes split into two parts. A break is taken around the end of the calendar year. When this is done, the last half of the episodes are often referred to with the letter B. For example, "The last nine episodes (of The Sopranos) will be part of what is being called either "Season 6, Part 2" or "Season 6B". Since the 1990s, these shorter seasons also have been referred to as ".5" or half seasons. In them, the run of shows between September and December is labeled "Season X", and the second run between January and May labeled "Season X.5". Examples of this include the 2004 version of Battlestar Galactica, ABC's FlashForward and ABC Family's Make It or Break It.

Episodes
Newer broadcast television series are often ordered (funded) for just the first 10 to 13 episodes. This is done to see if there is audience interest. If a series is popular, the network places a "back nine order" and the season is completed to the regular 20 to 26 episodes. A series that is already popular will normally have a full-season order at the start of the season. A midseason replacement is a series of usually 10 to 13 episodes. They are used to take the place of an original series that was not "picked up" for a full season because it was not well liked by the audience. A "series finale" is the last episode of the series before the program is no longer produced.

Schedule
A standard television season in the United States runs from late September to May. During the summer months of June through mid-September, network broadcast reruns of their popular programs, new series that are not expected to have high ratings and other specials. Reality and game shows have also been used in this part of the schedule.

India

In India, the programs are usually called serials. A series is usually at least 200 episodes, of 20 to 25 minutes each. On special episodes, referred to as Maha-Episodes, the episodes last up to about 45 to 50 minutes. The program is broadcast until the TRP (television rating point) is a little less than decent. The rating points depend on many things. Series which fail to attract TRP for a long time are usually ended.

UK, Ireland and Australia usage
In the United Kingdom and other countries, these sets of episodes are called a "series". In Australia, the broadcasting may be different from North American usage. The terms series and season are both used and are the same.

Australia
Australian television does not follow "seasons" in the way that American television does. For example, there is no "fall season" or "fall schedule". For many years, popular night-time dramas in Australia would run for much of the year. They would only go into recess during the summer period. This is from December to February in Australia. During this time, ratings are not taken. Popular dramas would usually run from February through November each year. Many drama series, such as McLeod's Daughters, have between 22 and 32 episodes in each season. soap operas would usually begin a new season in late January. Their season finale would be in late November. The show would be off air for two months. Depending on the schedule this time off is sometimes longer. In recent years, a new season begins in early February. The season finale would broadcast in early December.  Australian situation comedy series' seasons are about 13 episodes long. They begin any time between February and November.

UK
British shows have tended toward shorter series in recent years. For example, the first series of the science fiction programme Doctor Who in 1963 had forty-two 25‑minute episodes. It had a similar number each year until it was reduced to twenty-five for 1970. This was done because of changes in production. It also reduced the actors' workload.  The revival of Doctor Who from 2005 has had thirteen 45‑minute episodes. There are some series in the United Kingdom that have a larger number of episodes. For example Waterloo Road started with 8 to 12 episodes. From series three onward, it increased to twenty episodes. Series seven will contain 30 episodes.

References

Television

Season (television)


Charles Fleischer (born August 27, 1950) is an American actor, stand-up comedian, musician, and writer, best known for appearing in films such as Who Framed Roger Rabbit, A Nightmare on Elm Street, The Polar Express, Rango, Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers, and We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story. He made a cameo in Back to the Future Part II and also reprised the role of Roger Rabbit in the Roger Rabbit theatrical shorts. After beginning his career on the comedy club circuit, Charles Fleischer's first big break in comedy television came when he made an appearance on Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In.

Early life
Fleischer was born in Washington, D.C., on August 27, 1950. He studied medicine at Southampton College, then part of Long Island University, before transferring to study acting at Goodman School of Drama at the Art Institute of Chicago (now at DePaul University).

Career

Fleischer is best known as the voices of Roger Rabbit, Benny the Cab, Greasy, and Psycho in Who Framed Roger Rabbit. After the film's success, he continued to perform the voice of Roger in several Disney television and theme park appearances at several of the Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, and in three follow-up shorts. Other voice roles for Fleischer include The Polar Express and We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story. Notable on-screen roles include Back to the Future Part II and Gridlock'd.

Fleischer had a recurring role on the 1970s TV series Welcome Back, Kotter as Carvelli, as Chuck on the ABC series Laverne & Shirley, and on the Disney cartoon series House of Mouse as the voice of Benny the Cab. Fleischer's first Laugh-In appearance was on January 15, 1973, where he played his homemade musical instruments made from lead pipe and shower wands. He then landed a spot on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson on May 15, 1974. He was also a regular on Keep on Truckin'. He guest-starred on The Weird Al Show as a guy in a band. He also appeared on the short-lived Saturday morning show, Wacko.

Fleischer is the originator of the quote "If you remember the '60s, you really weren't there" which has been widely mis-attributed to various other celebrities.

He performed the role of a televangelist on "What God Wants, Part II", on Roger Waters' 1992 album Amused to Death.

He is also a musician and songwriter. He performed as a guest on harmonica with the group Blues Traveler at the Wiltern Theater in Los Angeles on November 22, 1995  and from December 10 to 15, 2002 at the Improvisational theatre of Connecticut Avenue.

From December 2010 to September 2011, he hosted his own weekly web show Fleischer's Universe on Ustream.tv, produced by Brad Wyman.

Charles Fleischer was inside Tropicana Las Vegas, giving an improvised comedy along with Bob Golub and Nick Aragon at the Laugh Factory from January 17 to 20 of 2019.

Personal life
Fleischer married Sheryl Strassman in 1977. Together they have two daughters, Rachel (b. 1980) and Jessica (b. 1982).

Filmography

The Death Of Richie (1977) as Brick (credited)
One on One (1977) as High School Student (uncredited)
Crisis in Sun Valley (1978) as Shuyler
Sugar Time! (1978) as Lightning Jack Rappaport
Die Laughing (1980) as Charlie
Hill Street Blues (1981) as Malibu
The Hand (1981) as David Maddow
Night Shift (1982) as Prisoner
A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984) as Dr. King
The House of God (1984) as Hyper Hooper
Deadly Friend (1986) as BB (voice)
Bad Dreams (1988) as Ron the Pharmacist
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988) as Roger Rabbit / Benny the Cab / Greasy / Psycho (voice)
Mickey's 60th Birthday (1988) (live-action & voice) as Stagehand Charlie / Roger Rabbit (voice)
Tummy Trouble (1989) as Roger Rabbit (voice)
Gross Anatomy (1989)
Back to the Future Part II (1989) as Terry
Dick Tracy (1990) as Reporter
Roller Coaster Rabbit (1990) as Roger Rabbit (voice)
Straight Talk (1992) as Tony
Carry On Columbus (1992) as Pontiac
Trail Mix-Up (1993) as Roger Rabbit (voice)
We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story (1993) as Dweeb (voice)
My Girl 2 (1994) as Cab Driver
Demon Knight (1995) as Wally Enfield
Bone Chillers (1996) as Arnie
Gridlock'd (1997) as Mr. Woodson
Ground Control (1998) as Randy
Permanent Midnight (1998) as Allen from Mr. Chompers
Rusty: A Dog's Tale (1998) as Bart Bimini
Genius (1999) as Dr. Krickstein
Big Monster on Campus (2000) as Mr. Stockton
Bel Air (2000) as Gus
G-Men from Hell (2000) as Martin / Pete
Buzz Lightyear of Star Command (2000) as Monumentus (voice)
House of Mouse (2001) as Benny the Cab (voice)
Balto II: Wolf Quest (2002) as Boris (voice)
The Backlot Murders (2002) as Henry
The 4th Tenor (2002) as Alphonse
Pauly Shore Is Dead (2003) as Himself (uncredited)
Balto III: Wings of Change (2004) as Boris / White Mountain Postmaster (voice)
The Polar Express (2004) as Elf General (voice)
Big Kiss (2004) as Berezovich
Zodiac (2007) as Bob Vaughn
Funny People (2009) as Himself
Chain Letter (2009) as Frank Wiggins
Rango (2011) as Elbows (voice)
Negative Space (2011) as Harry
Reality Queen! (2016) as Talk Show Host
Prop Culture (2020) as Himself, Episode: "Who Framed Roger Rabbit"
Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers (2022) as Roger Rabbit/Chipmunks TV Announcer (voice)

Video Games
The Universe According to Virgil Reality (1996)

References

External links

"All things are Moleeds" (TED2005) (18 minutes)
Charles Fleischer's Webshow Fleischer's Universe
Charles Fleischer's science paper.  https://arxiv.org/abs/1205.0518

1950 births
Living people
American stand-up comedians
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male video game actors
American male voice actors
American male songwriters
Male actors from Washington, D.C.
Songwriters from Washington, D.C.
20th-century American comedians
21st-century American comedians
Southampton College alumni

Charles Fleischer


Suman Kumar Dhar (born 1968) is an Indian molecular biologist and a professor  at the Special Centre for Molecular Medicine of Jawaharlal Nehru University. He is known for his studies on the DNA replication and cell cycle regulation in Helicobacter pylori and Plasmodium falciparum, two pathogens affecting humans. An elected fellow of the National Academy of Sciences, India, Indian National Science Academy and the Indian Academy of Sciences, he is also a recipient of the National Bioscience Award for Career Development of the Department of Biotechnology in 2010. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards, in 2012, for his contributions to biological sciences.

Biography
Suman Kumar Dhar, born on 6 March 1968 in the Indian state of West Bengal, graduated in chemistry from Burdwan University in 1989 and completed his master's degree in biochemistry in 1992 from Kalyani University before securing a PhD in molecular biology from Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) in 1998. After working  briefly (1997–98) as a research assistant at the department of microbiology of the University of Nebraska, he did his post-doctoral studies at Brigham and Women's Hospital of Harvard Medical School which he completed in 2001. Returning to India the same year, he joined Jawaharlal Nehru University as an assistant professor at the Special Centre for Molecular Medicine (SCMM) of the university where he rose in ranks to become an associate professor in 2005 and a professor in 2011, finally reaching the position of the chairperson of SCMM in 2011. In between, he served as a visiting fellow at Harvard Medical School (2002–03), Harvard School of Public Health (2003–04) and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (2007); he also served as a Humboldt Research Fellow at Bernhard Nocht Institute in 2008. Besides his academic duties at JNU, Dhar is involved in the establishment of Centre of Excellence in Parasitology, a Department of Biotechnology-funded project. He was also a member of the proctorial committee constituted by JNU to inquire about the 2016 JNU protests.

Career
Dhar's research history starts during his graduate studies when he worked on Entamoeba histolytica, the protozoan which causes amoebiasis, focusing on its ribosomal DNA circle. Later at Harvard Medical School, his post-doctoral studies were centered on mammalian DNA replication which assisted him to identify the ORC6 (origin recognition complex subunit six) and its role in viral DNA replication. He also identified geminin, a replication inhibitor, as a blocking factor of viral DNA replication, a discovery which earned him a US patent. Later, he studied the human pathogens, Helicobacter pylori and Plasmodium falciparum and their DNA replication and cell cycle regulation. He also worked on anti-malarial drugs and proposed Acriflavine as an anti-malarial agent, which has also been patented by him. His work has identified PfGyrase for P. falciparum and HpDnaB helicase for H. pylori as targets and these researches are reported to be helpful in drug discovery efforts for Gastric ulcers, Gastric adenocarcinomas and Malaria.
Dhar has documented his research by way of a number of articles and online repositories such as PubMed and Pubfacts have listed many of them. He has contributed chapters to three books which include Epigenetics: Development and Disease by Tapas Kumar Kundu. He is associated with many science journals such as Journal of Biological Chemistry, Molecular Microbiology, FEBS Journal and Medical Science Monitor as an ad-hoc reviewer and has delivered featured talks including his oration at the Gordon Research Conference on Host-Parasite interaction held in Rhode Island in 2012.

Awards and honors
While in the US, Dhar received two grants for his researches, a grant from the National Institutes of Health for studies on emerging infectious diseases (1997–98) and the United States Department of the Army grant for research on breast cancer (2000–03). He received the Senior International Research Fellowship of the Wellcome Trust in 2005, the tenancy of the fellowship extending to 2010, and on its expiry, he received the Wellcome Trust-DBT Senior Research Fellowship in 2010. In 2006, Dhar received the Swarnajayanthi Fellowship of the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) and four years later, DBT honored him again with the 2010 National Bioscience Award for Career Development. He was elected to the Guha Research Conference in 2007 and the next year brought him the Alexander Von Humboldt Fellowship and the Swarnajayanti Fellowship of the Department of Science and Technology.

A member of the American Society for Microbiology, Dhar was awarded the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards, by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research in 2012. The National Academy of Sciences, India elected him as a fellow in 2011 and he became a fellow of the Indian National Science Academy and the Indian Academy of Sciences in 2016.

Patents

Selected bibliography

See also

 Entamoeba histolytica
 Amoebiasis
 ORC6
 Geminin
 Helicobacter pylori
 Plasmodium falciparum
 Acriflavine
 Tapas Kumar Kundu

Notes

References

External links

Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Biological Science
N-BIOS Prize recipients
1968 births
Scientists from West Bengal
Living people
Indian molecular biologists
20th-century Indian inventors
Indian scientific authors
University of Burdwan alumni
University of Kalyani alumni
Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni
Academic staff of Jawaharlal Nehru University
University of Nebraska Medical Center alumni
Harvard Medical School alumni
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health faculty
Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
Fellows of The National Academy of Sciences, India
20th-century Indian biologists
21st-century Indian inventors

Suman Kumar Dhar


Abdulmajid Salimovich Dostiev (, ; born 1946) is a Tajikistan politician and diplomat.

Biography

Born in Bokhtar District in 1946, Dostiev served in the Soviet Army from 1966 until 1968 before pursuing a career in agriculture. Dostiev worked on a kolkhoz (communal farm) and went on to study entomology at the Agricultural University of Tajikistan, graduating in 1974. In 1977 he became the chief agronomist at the Qurghonteppa Department of Agriculture, and in 1980 he became head of that department.

In 1992, as the Soviet Union collapsed, Dostiev joined the Sitodi Melli armed militia of the Popular Front, becoming secretary of the regional executive committee, and in November of that year was appointed to the Tajik Supreme Soviet as first deputy. The next year he founded the People's Party of Tajikistan (now the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan), serving as chair until 1998.

In 1995 he was elected to the Supreme Assembly (Majlisi Oli), and in 1996 he was appointed deputy chair of the assembly, a position he held for four years. He also served as deputy of the Commission for National Reconciliation in 1997. In 2000, he was elected to the assembly's lower chamber, where he served as deputy parliamentary chair.

Since December 2006, he has been the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Tajikistan to the Russian Federation.

References

People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan politicians
1946 births
Living people
People from Khatlon Region
Ambassadors of Tajikistan to Russia
Ambassadors of Tajikistan to Ukraine

Abdulmajid Dostiev


Baldr is Odin's seicont son. He is the god o simmer sin, licht, an radiance. His twin brither is the blind god o darkness, Hodhr. His guidwife is cried Nanna. They hae a son, cried Forseti, god o juistice. Baldur haes a ship, whilk is the lairgest ship iver built. It is cried Hringhorni. His haw is cried Breidlabik.
Based on the Merseburg charms, his germanic name mey hae been Phol.

Baldr ance haed a nichtmare that he wad be killt. His mither, Frigg, made aw the things on Yird vou nae tae hurt him. The mistletoe didnae vow, housomeivver, an Frigg conseidert it tae be sae wanimportant that she didnae mynd. Loki foond oot that the mistletoe haednae voued, made a spear oot o mistletoes, an trickit Hodhr tae kill Baldur wi it. The daith o Baldur is the stairt o Ragnarok. Mony gods an goddesses cam tae his funeral. His guidwife Nanna dee'd o sadness. His faither, Odin, placit the gowden ring Draupnir on Baldr, but efter he sent the ring back frae Hell. This ring somehou cam tae Freyr's haund.

Efter Ragnarok an the daith o Odin, Baldur an Hodhr cam back tae heiven, an they rule in place o their faither.

Germanic deities
Life-daith-rebirth gods
Solar gods
Æsir
Sons o Odin

Baldr


The Studland and Godlingston Heaths NNR is located on the Isle of Purbeck in the English county of Dorset. It borders Studland Bay on the south side of Poole Harbour, between the settlements of Swanage and Sandbanks. Extending to 631ha, it is owned and managed by the National Trust following the Bankes bequest of the Kingston Lacy estate. Studland & Godlingston Heath is designated as one of only 35 "spotlight reserves" in England by Natural England in the list of national nature reserves in England and is listed as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI).

International importance
The reserve predominantly consists of internationally important lowland heath but also has a wide range of habitats including sand dune, peat bog, alder and willow carr, freshwater lagoons such as the "Little Sea", and 5 km of sandy beach. All six species of native British reptiles are found here including the rare and nationally endangered sand lizard and smooth snake.

The reserve is a notable stronghold of the rare Dartford warbler which successfully survived in this corner of Dorset when nearly wiped out elsewhere in southern England by prolonged periods of extreme winter cold.

Ancient history
The reserve features many prehistoric remains of man's activity in the area pre-dating Roman times, indicated on the OS maps as Tumulus. The reserve also contains the mysterious standing stone known as the Agglestone Rock.

Fire risk
The reserve is notoriously prone to catching fire during hot, dry spells in summer, and large areas have been successively devastated and regenerated in the past.
The area was also used in the run-up to D-Day as a training area for the assault troops and as a bombing and strafing range by the Royal Air Force.

Access
The reserve is open to visitors all the year round. By road the reserve can be reached either via the Sandbanks Ferry from Poole and Bournemouth to the north, or via the A351 and B3351 roads from Wareham to the west. There is a mainline rail service by South Western Railway to Wareham station, and during the summer the Swanage Railway steam rail service operates from Wareham to Swanage via Corfe Castle. Local bus services on the Wareham - Swanage - South Haven Point circuit are provided by Wilts & Dorset. There is accommodation and other visitor facilities in Studland village on the edge of the reserve.

Other nature reserves on the Purbeck Peninsula
Natural England has its local base at Slepe Farm near Wareham, and from there also administers the Stoborough Heath NNR and the adjacent Hartland Moor NNR.

The RSPB owns and manages a large nature reserve at Arne and the Dorset Wildlife Trust has two reserves at East Creech and also manages the unique Purbeck Marine Wildlife Reserve at Kimmeridge. The National Trust also owns the great chalk grassland ridge of Ballard Down to the south of Studland, and manages it as a nature reserve.

References

External links

National nature reserves in England
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Dorset
Heaths of the United Kingdom

Studland and Godlingston Heath National Nature Reserve


James Marr House and Farm is a historic home and farm located at Columbus Township, Flat Rock Township, and German Township, Bartholomew County, Indiana. The house was built in 1871, and is a two-story, three bay, brick dwelling with a two-story, rear ell. It sits on a stone foundation and has a gable roof. Also on the property are the contributing brick smoke house, wash / wood house, milk house, garage, shed, small barn, large barn, chicken house, and late-19th century tenant house.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

References

Farms on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
Houses completed in 1871
Buildings and structures in Bartholomew County, Indiana
National Register of Historic Places in Bartholomew County, Indiana

James Marr Farm


Edizioni Piemme, formerly Edizioni Piemme S.p.A. is an Italian book publisher with specialisms in religion, and in fiction for children and young adults. It is a division of Mondadori Libri S.p.A. of Mondadori group and formerly incorporated as a subsidiary. Since October 2003 it has been part of the Mondadori group which acquired 70% of its equity at a cost of 14.104 million Euros. Among its best known publications are the Ulysses Moore and Century sagas for children by Pierdomenico Baccalario, and the works of Khaled Hosseini, author of The Kite Runner.

History

The company was founded in 1982 by Pietro Marietti whose family had been involved in the book trade since 1820. The first books to be published were on religious issues and this theme has remained a fundamental part of the catalogue, with authors including John Paul II and Carlo Maria Martini.

In 1999 Elisabetta Dami joined the company. She had worked in children's publishing for twenty years and in 2000 the imprint Il battello a vapore appeared. Among its  mainstays have been the Geronimo Stilton books, which have sold more than twelve million copies in Italy alone, and the illustrated Milla & Sugar books by Prunella Bat.

In 2009 the Piemme Freeway imprint was established, devoted to books for young adults. The first publications included Il silenzio di Lenth, a fantasy novel by Luca Centi, and Ho scoperto che ti amo by Ann Edwards Cannon.

In 2010 the company published Take Me With You – Talks with Amanda Knox in Prison, written by the Italian lawmaker Rocco Girlanda, the first E-book in English by Piemme.

In January 2023, Piemme published Archbishop Georg Gänswein's tell-all book "Nothing but the Truth: My Life Beside Pope Benedict XVI", coincidentally just days after the death of Benedict XVI.

Notes

External links

 Piemme Publishing Group , Mondadori.

Italian companies established in 1982
Publishing companies established in 1982
Book publishing companies of Italy
Companies based in Piedmont
Mass media in Casale Monferrato
Arnoldo Mondadori Editore

Edizioni Piemme


In ecclesiastical terminology, an Auditor (from a Latin word meaning "hearer") is a person given authority to hear cases in an ecclesiastical court.

Roman Catholic Church

In the Roman Catholic Church, an Auditor is the person (male or female) delegated to gather the evidence (drawing up the case) for presentation to the judge, and so could be called an instructing judge. Unless the judge determines otherwise, the auditor decides what evidence is to be collected and the manner of its collection.

The Auditor has been described as "the impartial court official that collects all necessary documents for the case, and may supplement the acts of the case with further questioning of parties and witnesses".

The Auditor may be chosen from the tribunal judges, or from persons, clergy or lay people, approved by the Bishop for this office. The persons chosen by the Bishop should be conspicuous for their good conduct, prudence and learning.

The manner in which the Auditor is to conduct the questioning of witnesses is indicated in canons 1558-1571 of the Code of Canon Law.

Whenever the Ordinary receives information with at least a semblance of truth about a punishable offence, he is to investigate the circumstances either personally or through some other suitable person, who then has the same powers as an Auditor. If later a judicial process is initiated, that person may not be a judge in the case.

The judges of the Roman Rota are given the title of Auditor or Prelate Auditor.

Until the late twentieth century, the title of Auditor was in use in the diplomatic service of the Holy See to designate a rank higher than that of First Secretary, but below that of Counsellor.

Church of England

In the Church of England, the Auditor is a judge who is a member of both the Arches Court of Canterbury and the Chancery Court of York.

Church of Scientology

In the Church of Scientology, an Auditor is a spiritual counselor who is authorised to use Scientology tech while giving religious counsel (auditing).

References

Catholic ecclesiastical titles
Tribunals of the Catholic Church
Ecclesiastical courts

Auditor (ecclesiastical)


Black Rock Conservation Park is a protected area located in the Australian state of South Australia in the locality of Erskine about  north of the state capital of Adelaide and about  east of Orroroo.

The conservation park occupies land in section 76 of the cadastral unit of the Hundred of Erskine on the south side of the Orroroo-Paratoo Road.  It was proclaimed on 9 November 1972 under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972.  As of 2016, it covered an area of .

A statement of significance prepared in 1980 advises that it preserves "vegetation typical of the region. And that it contains "a diverse avifauna, including the most westerly record of the black-backed wren, now considered to be a variant of the splendid wren."

The conservation park was described in 1980 as being "located on the outwash from Black Rock, the highest point in the vicinity", as having a "dominant vegetation consists of a low woodland of Casuarina cristata and Myoporum platycarpum with areas of Eucalyptus socialis over an understorey of Atriplex sp., Kochia sedifolia and Enchylaena tomentosa" and as having a "disturbed natural condition" due to "a long history of grazing."

In 2004, it was reported as having "good examples of the flora of the area dominated by the Black Oak (Casuarina pauper) and Bluebush (Maireana sedifolia)" and "several creek beds with steep banks suitable for Red-back Kingfishers and Rainbow Bee-eaters to nest."

The conservation park is classified as an IUCN Category III protected area.  It was listed on the now-defunct Register of the National Estate.

See also
Protected areas of South Australia

References

External links
Black Rock Conservation Park webpage on the Protected Planet website
Black Rock Conservation Rock webpage on vk5pas amateur radio website

Conservation parks of South Australia
Protected areas established in 1972
1972 establishments in Australia
South Australian places listed on the defunct Register of the National Estate

Black Rock Conservation Park


A Star for Bram is an album released by Robyn Hitchcock in 2000, comprising outtakes from his then recent Jewels for Sophia. It was issued on Hitchcock's own Editions PAF! label. The cover art matches its partner album, but is printed in different colours.

Although nominally outtakes, several of the tracks which appear are as strong as those on Jewels for Sophia, and include a formal recording of "1974", previously only available as a live track.

"I Saw Nick Drake" has garnered the most attention, being a plaintive ballad about English guitar legend Nick Drake, whilst "Nietzsche's Way" references the group Spirit, and their classic "Nature's Way".  "Antwoman" references the Bob Marley song "Punky Reggae Party".

Track listing

"Daisy Bomb"
"I Saw Nick Drake"
"Adoration of the City"
"1974"
"I Wish I Liked You"
"Nietzsche's Way"
"The Philosopher's Stone"
"The Green Boy"
"Judas Sings (Jesus & Me)"
"Antwoman (Dub)"
"I Used to Love You"
"The Underneath"

Sources

2000 albums
Robyn Hitchcock albums

A Star for Bram


The Tischofer Cave () is a cave in the Kaisertal valley in the Kaisergebirge mountains in Austria. It was a locally important gathering place and weapons cache during the Tyrolean Rebellion in the Napoleonic Wars.
The roughly  long cave, which is about  high at the entrance, was occupied by cave bears and other predators as shelter during the Paleolithic as evidenced by numerous excavated skeletal remains. Bone tools of paleo-human inhabitants made of cave bear bones and skulls discovered here and dated to about 27,000 - 28,000 years ago may be viewed in the local history museum in the fortress at Kufstein. That dating makes the Tischofer Cave the oldest known uncontested site of human occupation in Tyrol.

Discoveries of more recent human skeletons and associated tools also indicate that the cave served as a copper smithy and foundry during the Bronze Age.

The Tischofer Cave may be reached on foot via the Kaiser Path (Kaiseraufstieg) in the Kaisertal valley, a pathway secured with cable railings. It is recorded in the Tyrolean Cave Register as number 1312/001.

References

External links

  Article from Hofmann: Wege im Inntal with comprehensive description''
 Die Tischofer Höhle im Kaisertal bei Kufstein at www.tirol-infos.at.
 Tischofer Höhle im Kaisertal at www.kaisergebirge-online.de.

Caves of Austria
Kufstein
Kaiser Mountains
Landforms of Tyrol (state)
Tourist attractions in Tyrol (state)
Archaeological sites in Austria
Cave bear

Tischofer Cave


Burgerville (originally Burgerville USA) is a privately held American restaurant chain in Oregon and southwest Washington, owned by The Holland Inc. As the chain's name suggests, Burgerville's sandwich menu consists mostly of hamburgers. As of May 2005, all Burgerville locations were within a 180-mile (290-km) radius, mostly in the Portland metropolitan area.  The chain had annual revenue of around $75 million in 2010, at which time it had 39 locations and about 1,500 employees.

In addition to burgers and fries, Burgerville offers other products such as chicken and turkey sandwiches, veggie burgers, fish sandwiches, and fish and chips. The chain uses local ingredients, such as Tillamook Cheddar, and locally grown strawberries in its milkshakes and sundaes.  Throughout the year it offers seasonal items such as milkshakes made with hazelnuts, pumpkin, fresh raspberries, fresh strawberries, and blackberries, and side orders such as Walla Walla onion rings, sweet potato fries, tempura-style fried asparagus and Yukon Gold potatoes.

History

Burgerville was founded in 1961 by George Propstra in Vancouver, Washington. The first Burgerville was located on Mill Plain Blvd in Vancouver, about three miles east of downtown on the southeast corner of Mill Plain and Morrison.

The chain uses 100% wind power for all of its restaurants and headquarters, and is the largest chain in America to do so. Burgerville uses only trans fat-free canola oil and sends 7,500 gallons per month to be transformed into biodiesel.  In 2004, Burgerville switched to range-fed beef raised without hormones and antibiotics.  In 2007, it began composting food waste which is expected to result in an 85% reduction in waste and $100,000 annual savings.

In September 2009, after complaints from bicycle commuters, Burgerville began allowing bicyclists to order using its drive-through windows .

The fast casual restaurant chain was named by Gourmet magazine as having the freshest fast food in the country in 2003, with offerings such as a salad with smoked salmon and Oregon hazelnuts. As of August 2007, their slogan is, "Choose Fresh, Local, Sustainable. Choose Burgerville." Also in 2007, Burgerville was awarded with the "Better Burger" award at the 1st Annual Food Network Awards.

In January 2008, Jeff Harvey accepted the position of President and CEO of Burgerville after Tom Mears, the former holder of the titles stepped aside, and became Chairman of the company.

In October 2018, Burgerville disclosed that it had suffered a data breach by the Fin7 hacking group of all customer credit and debit card information processed from September 2017 to September 2018.

Burgerville Workers Union
In April 2016, Burgerville workers organized and formed a labor union, the Burgerville Workers Union, with support from Portland IWW, among other groups. The company opposed the union organizing effort and sought to discourage workers from joining. In 2018, the workers of one Burgerville restaurant in southeast Portland voted 18-4 in an NLRB-administered election to form a labor union; the vote compels the company to officially recognize the Burgerville Workers Union (BVWU) and to collectively bargain with it. The BVWU is the only fast food union in the United States with federal recognition.

The union has demanded a $5 an hour increase in wages for all workers, fair scheduling, improved health care, and parental leave. In October, 2019, the workers union was preparing to strike following a breakdown of negotiations with the company over the previous 18 months. The company had offered an increase of $1 per hour for all employees to $13.50, six months ahead of when Portland's local minimum was set to increase to $13.25.

As of October 2019, five Burgerville locations have held successful union drives.

Locations

As of October 2016, Burgerville had 47 locations throughout Oregon and Washington.

On major highways leaving Burgerville's reach, there is usually a billboard resembling an overhead highway warning sign alerting drivers that there will not be another Burgerville location for approximately another 24,700 miles (39,750 km), which is the distance to the next Burgerville should one continue around the globe in that direction. The distance reported on each sign varies depending on the actual location of the billboard.

See also
 List of hamburger restaurants

References

External links

 Burgerville Workers Union
 August 2004 story on Burgerville from The Splendid Table

Restaurants established in 1961
Fast-food chains of the United States
Fast-food hamburger restaurants
Hamburger restaurants
Fast-food franchises
Companies based in Vancouver, Washington
Regional restaurant chains in the United States
Culture of the Pacific Northwest
Cuisine of the Western United States
Localism (politics)
Restaurants in Oregon
Restaurants in Washington (state)
1961 establishments in Washington (state)

Burgerville


Sugar Rush is a British television comedy drama series developed by Shine TV and broadcast by Channel 4, loosely based on the Julie Burchill novel of the same name. It is centred on the life of 15-year-old lesbian Kim Daniels, who has moved from London to Brighton on the south coast of England. Throughout the series, Kim is forced to cope with her dysfunctional family; her burgeoning sexuality; and her infatuation with Sugar, a heterosexual girl.

Cast

 Olivia Hallinan - Kimberly Daniels, fifteen-year-old protagonist and narrator of the series
 Lenora Crichlow - Maria 'Sugar' Sweet, a teenager who lives life without thinking of the consequences
 Sarah-Jane Potts - Saint (real name Sarah), lesbian sex-shop owner and part-time club DJ
 Kurtis O'Brien - Matt Daniels, Kimberly's confused and alienated younger brother
 Sara Stewart - Stella Daniels, Kimberly and Matt's mother
 Richard Lumsden - Nathan Daniels, Kimberly and Matt's father
 Andrew Garfield - Tom, Kimberly's next-door neighbour
 Jalaal Hartley - Mark Evans, Saint's ex-boyfriend
 Laura Donnelly - Beth, Kim's friend and love interest
 Neil Jackson - Dale, a handyman who has an affair with Stella
 Anna Wilson-Jones - Anna, a womaniser who seduces Kimberly

Plot
The first series of Sugar Rush opens with fifteen-year-old Kim (Hallinan) moving to Brighton with her family, and developing a crush on her best friend - heterosexual girl Sugar (Crichlow). Maria 'Sugar' Sweet loves reckless drinking, copious sex with men, and doesn't care for school. The series follows Kim as she tries to gain Sugar's affections, leading to Sugar taking advantage of her kindness.

Side plots of series one include Kim's mother Stella (Stewart) having an affair, Kim's brother Matt (O'Brien) thinking he's an alien, and Kim's neighbour Tom (Garfield) desperately trying to date her.

In series two, eighteen months have passed and Kim learns to leave Sugar behind and go on dates with other women, particularly Saint (Potts), who becomes her serious girlfriend. However, Sugar remaining in Kim's life, albeit not romantically, causes friction in Kim's relationship with Saint.

Side plots in series two include Stella and Nathan (Lumsden) attending sex therapy and becoming more adventurous in their sex life, Sugar's problematic relationships, and Matt exploring his feminine side. Andrew Garfield does not reprise his role as Tom.

Background/production
There were 2 series of the programme; the first airing in 2005 and the second in 2006. Each series consists of ten episodes, each 30 minutes long, including adverts. Episodes do not have individual titles.

In March 2007, Channel 4 stated that Sugar Rush would not be returning for a third series. A spokeswoman claimed that third and fourth series were never planned, but series producer Johnny Capps stated he was "surprised and disappointed at Channel 4's decision not to recommission Sugar Rush". He claimed that he "certainly had lots of ideas of where to take the next series" and was "sad not to be able to finish Kim and Sugar's story properly". Capp stated despite Channel 4 claiming no further seasons were ever planned, he was told privately that the reason for the cancellation was that there was no scheduling spot for the show anymore.

Hallinan and Crichlow subsequently spoke out about the cancellation, saying, "the show was an asset to Channel 4. I don't think Channel 4 recognises Sugar Rush was a brave move and did really well for the channel," and adding that the cancellation, "was a last minute thing, especially the way we leave series two, it sets things up for series three."

Broadcast

The first series was broadcast in 2005 on Channel 4, at 10:50 p.m, but would sometimes air later due to Big Brother 6 UK over-running, with the next episode on E4 afterwards, sometimes overlapping the Channel 4 broadcast. The programme was shown significantly after the watershed.

The first episode of the second series was broadcast on Channel 4 on 15 June 2006, and the last episode was aired on 17 August 2006 on Channel 4, and on 10 August 2006 on digital channel E4.

Series one currently airs on OUTtv in Canada. The whole show is available in the UK on the Channel 4 streaming service.

Reception
On 20 November 2006 Sugar Rush (A Shine Production for Channel 4, United Kingdom) was awarded the 34th International Emmy Award classified under "Children & Young People". It ran against "Boys Will Be Boys" (Monster Film for NRK, Norway), "Elias - The Little Rescue Boat" (Filmkameratene AS, Norway) and "Johnny and the Bomb" (Childsplay Television, United Kingdom).

It was nominated for the Best Drama Series BAFTA Television Award in April 2007 - along with Life on Mars and Shameless - but lost to The Street.

Lenora Crichlow's portrayal of the central character Maria 'Sugar' Sweet inspired Burchill to write the 2007 sequel novel Sweet.

Discrepancies with the novel
The TV series is a very loose adaptation of the 2004 novel of the same name, keeping only partial character names and the same overall location.

In the novel, Kim Lewis (Daniels in the series) is portrayed as a judgemental 'posh-girl', who is forced to move from her private girls school to infamous local comprehensive Ravendene. There, she befriends Maria 'Sugar' Sweet, the most popular girl in school and the leader of a clique of mean-girls called the 'Ravers'. Sugar introduces Kim to the world of drink, drugs, and sex, leading to a rift between Kim and her childhood best friend, Zoe 'Saint' Clements.

The events of the novel take place almost entirely within Ravendene, utilising many high-school drama tropes and plot devices. Kim's mother Stella is barely present in the novel, having moved to the Bahamas before the novel begins, with a younger man whom she met whilst decorating his house. Further discrepancies are present in the characteristics of Sugar and Saint; Sugar is white in the novel, and is portrayed as vapid and unintelligent, whilst Saint is a middle-class black girl, who Burchill describes through Kim as being 'black like Samantha Mumba's black', and having an 'unrealistic black accent' that she 'picked up off Jerry Springer'. Saint is Kim's long-time best friend in the novel, the two having known each other long before Sugar's appearance.

While the novel has been largely criticised for its prose, stereotyping, and poor characterisation, the series has been conversely praised for its departure from the source material, with modern retrospectives regarding it as a landmark in sincere LGBT representation in British television.

Media information
Both series of Sugar Rush have been released on DVD box-sets. The first series' box-set was released on 15 August 2005. The second series box-set, and a combined series one and two box-set were released on 21 August 2006. An audio CD compilation of some of the first series' licensed music was also released, but a similar release for series 2 was never made.

Home media differences
The DVD releases of Sugar Rush almost entirely remove the licensed songs that make up the show's soundtrack, and have them replaced with royalty-free alternatives. The version of the show on Channel 4's video-on-demand service retains the original soundtrack, and is to date the only official source of the show with its broadcast audio intact.

The DVD version also contains some additional dialogue, in the form of new narration asides from Kim that are conspicuously absent from the original broadcast and on-demand versions. The reason for this discrepancy is unknown.

References

External links

 The Sugar Rush Site
 Article: Fans Hooked on Second Series of Sugar Rush
 34th International Emmy Awards

2005 British television series debuts
2006 British television series endings
2000s British LGBT-related drama television series
2000s British teen television series
2000s teen drama television series
Adultery in television
British teen drama television series
Casual sex in television
Channel 4 television dramas
English-language television shows
Lesbian-related television shows
Television series about dysfunctional families
Television series about teenagers
Television series by Endemol
Television shows based on British novels
Television shows set in Brighton
Virginity in television

Sugar Rush (British TV series)


"Taxi Driver" is a song by Gym Class Heroes.  The song was first released on The Papercut EP, but was also included on the full-length and much more widely released The Papercut Chronicles. In the song's lyrics, frontman Travis McCoy namechecks 26 other bands and artists that Gym Class Heroes enjoy. "Taxi Driver" was the very first video produced for Gym Class Heroes. It was produced, along with many other videos by Bill Pealer, Jason Gillotti, and Ryan Smith long before the band was attached to any record label.

The song was named #20 of the "50 Worst Songs of the '00s" in a 2009 Village Voice article.

Referenced bands (in order of mention)
(However, Travie McCoy has claimed he is unsure as to all the bands referenced, suggesting there are allusions to other bands despite their names not being mentioned.)

Death Cab for Cutie
Dashboard Confessional
Cursive
Bright Eyes
Sunny Day Real Estate
My Chemical Romance
Hey Mercedes
Coheed and Cambria
Fall Out Boy
Jimmy Eat World
Thrice
Brand New
The Postal Service
Planes Mistaken for Stars
At the Drive-In
...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead
Midtown
The Get Up Kids
Scraps and Heart Attacks
The Early November
Thursday
Taking Back Sunday
Jets to Brazil
Story of the Year
Hot Water Music
Elliott
They also mention their recording label, Fueled by Ramen, in the last line.

References

2004 debut singles
Gym Class Heroes songs
2004 songs
Songs written by Travie McCoy
Fueled by Ramen singles

Taxi Driver (song)


Dynamotive Energy Systems Corporation is a Canadian based Renewable Energy Company which specializes in fast pyrolysis, a process which creates a product named bio-oil.  Its only other residue is char.

Timeline
Dynamotive was incorporated on April 11, 1991 under the laws of the Province of British Columbia. The Company changed its name from Dynamotive Technologies Corporation on June 26, 2001.

2000
BioOil patent acquired from Resource Transforms Ltd. (RTI).
Dynamotive designs and builds 10 tonnes per day (tpd) commercial demonstration plant, (picture of pilot plant)
Dynamotive completes gas turbine tests

2001
Commission of 10 tpd commercial demonstration plant, upgraded to 15 tpd,
TECNA validation of technology

2002
Design and development of a 100 tpd plant

2003
Construction started for 100 tpd plant at Erie Flooring and Wood Products,
West Lorne, Ontario in partnership with UMA Engineering, Ontario Power Generation,
and Magellan Aerospace (Picture of West Lorne Plant)

2005
Completion of the first commercial plant (West Lorne, Ontario) and launch of
full commercialization of Dynamotive's technology
First commercial shipments of BioOil

2006
Ground breaking for 200 tpd BioOil plant in Guelph, Ontario
Entry into strategic partnership with Consensus Business Group
Fabrication and procurement of two 200 tpd plants to be located in Canada
R&D offices & laboratory opened on University of Waterloo campus, Ontario, Canada
Continued international expansion through Australian master license

2007
Dynamotive launches higher energy content renewable fuel - BioOil Plus
Dynamotive opens offices in United States and Argentina

2008
The British Columbia Securities Commission issues a cease trade order due to Dynamotive's failure to publish financial statements.

Products

Mobile Fuels
In July 2005 Dynamotive signed an agreement to initiate research on the gasification of BioOil at the University of Western Ontario, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering. The research project involves the development of a process for gasification of BioOil by catalytic steam reforming to produce syngas and/or hydrogen. Syngas can be further converted into synthetic diesel, a renewable, greenhouse gas neutral fuel that can replace hydrocarbon diesel. With the escalating cost of fossil fuels and the dependence on crude oil as the primary source of energy for automobiles, it has become increasingly important to develop synthetic fuels.

In April 2009 Dynamotive successfully produced renewable gasoline and diesel from biomass at its research facility in Waterloo, Ontario through a novel two-stage upgrading process of its pyrolysis oil, BioOil. The BINGO (Biomass INto GasOil) process involves pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass to produce a primary liquid fuel, BioOil, which is then hydroreformed to a Stage 1 gas-oil equivalent liquid fuel that can either be directly utilized in blends with hydrocarbon fuels for industrial stationary power and heating applications or be further upgraded to transportation grade liquid hydrocarbon fuels (gasoline/diesel) in a Stage 2 hydrotreating process.

CQuest
The major by-product from lingo-cellulosic biomass pyrolysis is Biochar which has emerging value for soil productivity enhancement and carbon sequestration. Dynamotive markets its Biochar under the trade name CQuestTM.

On May 12, 2009 Dynamotive released the results of a year-long test applying Dynamotive's CQuest Biochar in commercial farming test plots.  The tests revealed an overall increase in crop yield from 6 percent to 17 percent in plots where biochar was applied versus the control plots.

BioOil
BioOil is an industrial fuel produced from cellulose waste material. When combusted it produces substantially less smog-precursor nitrogen oxide ('NOx') emissions than conventional oil as well as little or no sulfur oxide gases ('SOx'), which are a prime cause of acid rain. BioOil and BioOil Plus are price-competitive replacements for heating oils #2 and #6 that are widely used in industrial boilers and furnace. They have been EcoLogo certified, having met stringent environmental criteria for industrial fuels as measured by Environment Canada's Environmental Choice Program. BioOil can be produced from a variety of residue cellulosic biomass resources and is not dependent on food-crop production.

West Lorne

In April 2005 Dynamotive completed its first Demonstration scale plant at West Lorne. This plant at the time could create up to 100tpd.
The West Lorne BioOil Cogeneration Project (the first of its kind for pyrolysis technology) is partially funded with a Cdn $5 million contribution from Sustainable Development Technology Canada (SDTC), a foundation created by the Government of Canada to support the development and demonstration of clean technologies. Additional support was leveraged from consortia members.

In 2007 Dynamotive signed a contract with Ontario Power Authority to supply renewable power under the province's Standard Offer Program ('SOP'). Under the terms of the newly signed contract,
Dynamotive would deliver electricity to the grid from its 2.5 MW cogeneration facility at West Lorne. Dynamotive would sell renewable power to the grid at 11 cents per kilowatt hour, or more, for up to 20 years. Fuel for the plant is derived from wood residues from Erie Flooring and Wood Products that are converted to BioOil through Dynamotive's patented fast pyrolysis process. The plant is the first commercial plant of its kind in the world.

By March 2008, The plant had undergone an upgrade process to increase its nominal capacity to 130 tonnes of biomass input per day, a 30% increase in capacity, and to incorporate technological advances that were developed and implemented in Dynamotive's 200 tonne per day capacity plant located in Guelph, Ontario. The plant incorporates a 2.5 megawatt electric cogeneration package developed by Magellan Aerospace.

Guelph

Dynamotive broke ground on October 7, 2006 for the MegaCity Recycling, 200 tonnes per day BioOil plant on a  site in Guelph, Ontario.  The plant began producing BioOil in Q1 2007 as it ramped up through its commissioning process. The plant operates under the name Evolution Biofuels Inc. Dynamotive will have a minority ownership position in Evolution Biofuels and will be leasing the pyrolysis unit to the Company. On May 25, 2007 Dynamotive announced that it had completed the initial production run of BioOil in its new generation plant in Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Intermediate grade BioOil, which has higher calorific value than regular BioOil, was produced.

References

External links

 http://www.dynamotive.com

Energy companies of Canada
Multinational companies headquartered in Canada
Biomass
Canadian brands
Companies based in Richmond, British Columbia
Energy companies established in 1991
Renewable resource companies established in 1991
1991 establishments in British Columbia
Canadian companies established in 1991

Dynamotive Energy Systems


The Captives of Kaag is the fourteenth book in the Lone Wolf book series created by Joe Dever.  As with most of the later books in the series, this one is illustrated by Brian Williams.

Gameplay

Lone Wolf books rely on a combination of thought and luck. Certain statistics such as combat skill and endurance attributes are determined randomly before play. The player is then allowed to choose Grandmaster Kai disciplines and a selection of Dessi and Crystal Star magics. This number depends directly on how many books in the series have been completed ("Grandmaster rank"). With each additional book completed, the player chooses one additional discipline. The Grandmaster series is different from any in the previous series of books because it gives Lone Wolf spells to use which grow more numerous as his Grandmaster Rank increases.

Plot

Three months after the events of The Plague Lords of Ruel, Lone Wolf learns that his friend, Guildmaster Banedon, has been abducted by a band of Giaks under the command of Nadziranim sorcerers.  It is theorized that they are planning to torture him to extract magical techniques which can be united with their own dark sorcery.  Lone Wolf and the reader must venture to Kaag, where Banedon is held, and attempt a rescue before he meets his demise, or worse, yields the coveted magical secrets of left-handed magic.

External links
Gamebooks - Lone Wolf
Gamebooks - The Captives of Kaag
Project Aon - The Captives of Kaag

1991 fiction books
Lone Wolf (gamebooks)
Berkley Books books

The Captives of Kaag