In aeronautics, an aircraft propeller, also called an airscrew, converts rotary motion from an engine or other power source into a swirling slipstream which pushes the propeller forwards or backwards. It comprises a rotating power-driven hub, to which are attached several radial airfoil-section blades such that the whole assembly rotates about a longitudinal axis. The blade pitch may be fixed, manually variable to a few set positions, or of the automatically variable "constant-speed" type.

The propeller attaches to the power source's driveshaft either directly or through reduction gearing. Propellers can be made from wood, metal or composite materials.

Propellers are most suitable for use at subsonic airspeeds generally below about , although supersonic speeds were achieved in the McDonnell XF-88B experimental propeller-equipped aircraft. Supersonic tip-speeds are used in some aircraft like the Tupolev Tu-95, which can reach .

History

The earliest references for vertical flight came from China. Since around 400 BC, Chinese children have played with bamboo flying toys. This bamboo-copter is spun by rolling a stick attached to a rotor between one's hands. The spinning creates lift, and the toy flies when released. The 4th-century AD Daoist book Baopuzi by Ge Hong (抱朴子 "Master who Embraces Simplicity") reportedly describes some of the ideas inherent to rotary wing aircraft.

Designs similar to the Chinese helicopter toy appeared in Renaissance paintings and other works.

It was not until the early 1480s, when Leonardo da Vinci created a design for a machine that could be described as an "aerial screw", that any recorded advancement was made towards vertical flight. His notes suggested that he built small flying models, but there were no indications for any provision to stop the rotor from making the craft rotate. As scientific knowledge increased and became more accepted, man continued to pursue the idea of vertical flight. Many of these later models and machines would more closely resemble the ancient bamboo flying top with spinning wings, rather than Leonardo's screw.

In July 1754, Russian Mikhail Lomonosov had developed a small coaxial modeled after the Chinese top but powered by a wound-up spring device  and demonstrated it to the Russian Academy of Sciences. It was powered by a spring, and was suggested as a method to lift meteorological instruments. In 1783, Christian de Launoy, and his mechanic, Bienvenu, used a coaxial version of the Chinese top in a model consisting of contrarotating turkey flight feathers  as rotor blades, and in 1784, demonstrated it to the French Academy of Sciences. A dirigible airship was described by Jean Baptiste Marie Meusnier presented in 1783. The drawings depict a  streamlined envelope with internal ballonets that could be used for regulating lift. The airship was designed to be driven by three propellers. In 1784 Jean-Pierre Blanchard fitted a hand-powered propeller to a balloon, the first recorded means of propulsion carried aloft. Sir George Cayley, influenced by a childhood fascination with the Chinese flying top, developed a model of feathers, similar to that of Launoy and Bienvenu, but powered by rubber bands. By the end of the century, he had progressed to using sheets of tin for rotor blades and springs for power. His writings on his experiments and models would become influential on future aviation pioneers.

William Bland sent designs for his "Atmotic Airship" to the Great Exhibition held in London in 1851, where a model was displayed. This was an elongated balloon with a steam engine driving twin propellers suspended underneath. Alphonse Pénaud developed coaxial rotor model helicopter toys in 1870, also powered by rubber bands. In 1872 Dupuy de Lome launched a large navigable balloon, which was driven by a large propeller turned by eight men. Hiram Maxim built a craft that weighed , with a  wingspan that was powered by two  steam engines driving two propellers. In 1894, his machine was tested with overhead rails to prevent it from rising. The test showed that it had enough lift to take off. One of Pénaud's toys, given as a gift by their father, inspired the Wright brothers to pursue the dream of flight. The twisted airfoil (aerofoil) shape of an aircraft propeller was pioneered by the Wright brothers. While some earlier engineers had attempted to model air propellers on marine propellers, the Wright Brothers realized that a propeller is essentially the same as a wing, and were able to use data from their earlier wind tunnel experiments on wings, introducing a twist along the length of the blades. This was necessary to maintain a more uniform angle of attack of the blade along its length. Their original propeller blades had an efficiency of about 82%,<ref>Ash, Robert L., Colin P. Britcher and Kenneth W. Hyde. "Wrights: How two brothers from Dayton added a new twist to airplane propulsion." Mechanical Engineering: 100 years of Flight, 3 July 2007.</ref> compared to 90% for a modern (2010) small general aviation propeller, the 3-blade McCauley used on a Beechcraft Bonanza aircraft. Roper quotes 90% for a propeller for a human-powered aircraft.

Mahogany was the wood preferred for propellers through World War I, but wartime shortages encouraged use of walnut, oak, cherry and ash. Alberto Santos Dumont was another early pioneer, having designed propellers before the Wright Brothers for his airships. He applied the knowledge he gained from experiences with airships to make a propeller with a steel shaft and aluminium blades for his 14 bis biplane in 1906. Some of his designs used a bent aluminium sheet for blades, thus creating an airfoil shape. They were heavily undercambered, and this plus the absence of lengthwise twist made them less efficient than the Wright propellers. Even so, this was perhaps the first use of aluminium in the construction of an airscrew. Originally, a rotating airfoil behind the aircraft, which pushes it, was called a propeller, while one which pulled from the front was a tractor. Later the term 'pusher' became adopted for the rear-mounted device in contrast to the tractor configuration and both became referred to as 'propellers' or 'airscrews'. The understanding of low speed propeller aerodynamics was fairly complete by the 1920s, but later requirements to handle more power in a smaller diameter have made the problem more complex.

Propeller research for National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) was directed by William F. Durand from 1916. Parameters measured included propeller efficiency, thrust developed, and power absorbed. While a propeller may be tested in a wind tunnel, its performance in free-flight might differ. At the Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory, E. P. Leslie used Vought VE-7s with Wright E-4 engines for data on free-flight, while Durand used reduced size, with similar shape, for wind tunnel data. Their results were published in 1926 as NACA report #220.

Theory and design

Lowry quotes a propeller efficiency of about 73.5% at cruise for a Cessna 172. This is derived from his "Bootstrap approach" for analyzing the performance of light general aviation aircraft using fixed pitch or constant speed propellers. The efficiency of the propeller is influenced by the angle of attack (α). This is defined as α = Φ - θ, where θ is the helix angle (the angle between the resultant relative velocity and the blade rotation direction) and Φ is the blade pitch angle. Very small pitch and helix angles give a good performance against resistance but provide little thrust, while larger angles have the opposite effect. The best helix angle is when the blade is acting as a wing producing much more lift than drag. However, 'lift-and-drag' is only one way to express the aerodynamic force on the blades. To explain aircraft and engine performance the same force is expressed slightly differently in terms of thrust and torque since the required output of the propeller is thrust. Thrust and torque are the basis of the definition for the efficiency of the propeller as shown below. The advance ratio of a propeller is similar to the angle of attack of a wing.

A propeller's efficiency is determined by

Propellers are similar in aerofoil section to a low-drag wing and as such are poor in operation when at other than their optimum angle of attack. Therefore, most propellers use a variable pitch mechanism to alter the blades' pitch angle as engine speed and aircraft velocity are changed.

A further consideration is the number and the shape of the blades used. Increasing the aspect ratio of the blades reduces drag but the amount of thrust produced depends on blade area, so using high-aspect blades can result in an excessive propeller diameter. A further balance is that using a smaller number of blades reduces interference effects between the blades, but to have sufficient blade area to transmit the available power within a set diameter means a compromise is needed. Increasing the number of blades also decreases the amount of work each blade is required to perform, limiting the local Mach number – a significant performance limit on propellers.
The performance of a propeller suffers when transonic flow first appears on the tips of the blades. As the relative air speed at any section of a propeller is a vector sum of the aircraft speed and the tangential speed due to rotation, the flow over the blade tip will reach transonic speed well before the aircraft does. When the airflow over the tip of the blade reaches its critical speed, drag and torque resistance increase rapidly and shock waves form creating a sharp increase in noise. Aircraft with conventional propellers, therefore, do not usually fly faster than Mach 0.6. There have been propeller aircraft which attained up to the Mach 0.8 range, but the low propeller efficiency at this speed makes such applications rare.

Blade twist

The tip of a propeller blade travels faster than the hub. Therefore, it is necessary for the blade to be twisted so as to decrease the angle of attack of the blade gradually and therefore produce uniform lift from the hub to the tip. The greatest angle of incidence, or the highest pitch, is at the hub while the smallest angle of incidence or smallest pitch is at the tip. A propeller blade designed with the same angle of incidence throughout its entire length would be inefficient because as airspeed increases in flight, the portion near the hub would have a negative AOA while the blade tip would be stalled.

High speed

There have been efforts to develop propellers and propfans for aircraft at high subsonic speeds. The 'fix' is similar to that of transonic wing design. Thin blade sections are used and the blades are swept back in a scimitar shape (scimitar propeller) in a manner similar to wing sweepback, so as to delay the onset of shockwaves as the blade tips approach the speed of sound. The maximum relative velocity is kept as low as possible by careful control of pitch to allow the blades to have large helix angles. A large number of blades are used to reduce work per blade and so circulation strength. Contra-rotating propellers are used. The propellers designed are more efficient than turbo-fans and their cruising speed (Mach 0.7–0.85) is suitable for airliners, but the noise generated is tremendous (see the Antonov An-70 and Tupolev Tu-95 for examples of such a design).

Physics
Forces acting on the blades of an aircraft propeller include the following. Some of these forces can be arranged to counteract each other, reducing the overall mechanical stresses imposed.
Thrust bending
Thrust loads on the blades, in reaction to the force pushing the air backwards, act to bend the blades forward. Blades are therefore often raked forwards, such that the outward centrifugal force of rotation acts to bend them backwards, thus balancing out the bending effects.
Centrifugal and aerodynamic twisting
A centrifugal twisting force is experienced by any asymmetrical spinning object. In the propeller it acts to twist the blades to a fine pitch. The aerodynamic centre of pressure is therefore usually arranged to be slightly forward of its mechanical centreline, creating a twisting moment towards coarse pitch and counteracting the centrifugal moment. However in a high-speed dive the aerodynamic force can change significantly and the moments can become unbalanced.
Centrifugal
The force felt by the blades acting to pull them away from the hub when turning. It can be arranged to help counteract the thrust bending force, as described above.
Torque bending
Air resistance acting against the blades, combined with inertial effects causes propeller blades to bend away from the direction of rotation.
Vibratory
Many types of disturbance set up vibratory forces in blades. These include aerodynamic excitation as the blades pass close to the wing and fuselage. Piston engines introduce torque impulses which may excite vibratory modes of the blades and cause fatigue failures. Torque impulses are not present when driven by a gas turbine engine.

Variable pitch

The purpose of varying pitch angle is to maintain an optimal angle of attack for the propeller blades, giving maximum efficiency throughout the flight regime. This reduces fuel usage. Only by maximising propeller efficiency at high speeds can the highest possible speed be achieved. Effective angle of attack decreases as airspeed increases, so a coarser pitch is required at high airspeeds.

The requirement for pitch variation is shown by the propeller performance during the Schneider Trophy competition in 1931. The Fairey Aviation Company fixed-pitch propeller used was partially stalled on take-off and up to  on its way up to a top speed of . The very wide speed range was achieved because some of the usual requirements for aircraft performance did not apply. There was no compromise on top-speed efficiency, the take-off distance was not restricted to available runway length and there was no climb requirement.

The variable pitch blades used on the Tupolev Tu-95 propel it at a speed exceeding the maximum once considered possible for a propeller-driven aircraft using an exceptionally coarse pitch.

Mechanisms

Early pitch control settings were pilot operated, either with a small number of preset positions or continuously variable.

The simplest mechanism is the ground-adjustable propeller, which may be adjusted on the ground, but is effectively a fixed-pitch prop once airborne. The spring-loaded "two-speed" VP prop is set to fine for takeoff, and then triggered to coarse once in cruise, the propeller remaining coarse for the remainder of the flight.

After World War I, automatic propellers were developed to maintain an optimum angle of attack. This was done by balancing the centripetal twisting moment on the blades and a set of counterweights against a spring and the aerodynamic forces on the blade. Automatic props had the advantage of being simple, lightweight, and requiring no external control, but a particular propeller's performance was difficult to match with that of the aircraft's power plant.

The most common variable pitch propeller is the constant-speed propeller. This is controlled by a hydraulic constant speed unit (CSU). It automatically adjusts the blade pitch in order to maintain a constant engine speed for any given power control setting. Constant-speed propellers allow the pilot to set a rotational speed according to the need for maximum engine power or maximum efficiency, and a propeller governor acts as a closed-loop controller to vary propeller pitch angle as required to maintain the selected engine speed. In most aircraft this system is hydraulic, with engine oil serving as the hydraulic fluid. However, electrically controlled propellers were developed during World War II and saw extensive use on military aircraft, and have recently seen a revival in use on home-built aircraft.

Another design is the V-Prop, which is self-powering and self-governing.

 Feathering

On most variable-pitch propellers, the blades can be rotated parallel to the airflow to stop rotation of the propeller and reduce drag when the engine fails or is deliberately shut down. This is called feathering, a term borrowed from rowing. On single-engined aircraft, whether a powered glider or turbine-powered aircraft, the effect is to increase the gliding distance. On a multi-engine aircraft, feathering the propeller on an inoperative engine reduces drag, and helps the aircraft maintain speed and altitude with the operative engines. Feathering also prevents windmilling, the turning of engine components by the propellor rotation forced by the slipstream; windmilling can damage the engine, start a fire, or cause structural damage to the aircraft.

Most feathering systems for reciprocating engines sense a drop in oil pressure and move the blades toward the feather position, and require the pilot to pull the propeller control back to disengage the high-pitch stop pins before the engine reaches idle RPM. Turboprop control systems usually utilize a negative torque sensor'' in the reduction gearbox which moves the blades toward feather when the engine is no longer providing power to the propeller. Depending on design, the pilot may have to push a button to override the high-pitch stops and complete the feathering process, or the feathering process may be totally automatic.

Reverse pitch

The propellers on some aircraft can operate with a negative blade pitch angle, and thus reverse the thrust from the propeller. This is known as Beta Pitch. Reverse thrust is used to help slow the aircraft after landing and is particularly advantageous when landing on a wet runway as wheel braking suffers reduced effectiveness. In some cases reverse pitch allows the aircraft to taxi in reverse – this is particularly useful for getting floatplanes out of confined docks.

Counter-rotation

Counter-rotating propellers are sometimes used on twin-engine and multi-engine aircraft with wing-mounted engines. These propellers turn in opposite directions from their counterpart on the other wing to balance out the torque and p-factor effects. They are sometimes referred to as "handed" propellers since there are left hand and right hand versions of each prop.

Generally, the propellers on both engines of most conventional twin-engined aircraft spin clockwise (as viewed from the rear of the aircraft). To eliminate the critical engine problem, counter-rotating propellers usually turn "inwards" towards the fuselage – clockwise on the left engine and counterclockwise on the right – however, there are exceptions (especially during World War II) such as the P-38 Lightning which turned "outwards" (counterclockwise on the left engine and clockwise on the right) away from the fuselage from the WW II years, and the Airbus A400 whose inboard and outboard engines turn in opposite directions even on the same wing.

Contra-rotation

A contra-rotating propeller or contra-prop places two counter-rotating propellers on concentric drive shafts so that one sits immediately 'downstream' of the other propeller. This provides the benefits of counter-rotating propellers for a single powerplant. The forward propeller provides the majority of the thrust, while the rear propeller also recovers energy lost in the swirling motion of the air in the propeller slipstream. Contra-rotation also increases the ability of a propeller to absorb power from a given engine, without increasing propeller diameter. However the added cost, complexity, weight and noise of the system rarely make it worthwhile and it is only used on high-performance types where ultimate performance is more important than efficiency.

Aircraft fans

A fan is a propeller with a large number of blades. A fan therefore produces a lot of thrust for a given diameter but the closeness of the blades means that each strongly affects the flow around the others. If the flow is supersonic, this interference can be beneficial if the flow can be compressed through a series of shock waves rather than one. By placing the fan within a shaped duct, specific flow patterns can be created depending on flight speed and engine performance. As air enters the duct, its speed is reduced while its pressure and temperature increase. If the aircraft is at a high subsonic speed this creates two advantages: the air enters the fan at a lower Mach speed; and the higher temperature increases the local speed of sound. While there is a loss in efficiency as the fan is drawing on a smaller area of the free stream and so using less air, this is balanced by the ducted fan retaining efficiency at higher speeds where conventional propeller efficiency would be poor. A ducted fan or propeller also has certain benefits at lower speeds but the duct needs to be shaped in a different manner than one for higher speed flight. More air is taken in and the fan therefore operates at an efficiency equivalent to a larger un-ducted propeller. Noise is also reduced by the ducting and should a blade become detached the duct would help contain the damage. However the duct adds weight, cost, complexity and (to a certain degree) drag.

See also
Advance ratio
Axial fan design
Blade element theory
Blade element momentum theory
Helicopter rotor
List of aircraft propeller manufacturers
Momentum theory
Charles M. Olmsted, early American "high efficiency" propeller designer (1909)
Propeller theory
Turboprop
Radial-lift rotors

References

External links

Experimental Aircraft Propellers
 Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum's How Things Fly website

Aircraft propulsion components
Aeronautics

Propeller (aeronautics)


Patrick Thomson was a department store located at the southern end of North Bridge in Edinburgh. In 1952, its parent company the Scottish Drapery Corporation was purchased by House of Fraser.

History
Patrick Thomson opened a small haberdashery and drapery shop on South Bridge in 1889. The shop became so popular they moved from the South Bridge site to a larger store at 15 North Bridge. This allowed the business to grow to become a larger department store expanding to 60 departments, competing with rivals Jenners, R W Forsyth and Robert Maule & Son on Princes Street, J & R Allan and Peter Allan on South Bridge, Goldbergs on Tollcross and Parkers on Bristo Street.

In 1926, the store was purchased by the newly formed holding company Scottish Drapery Corporation, and Patrick Thomson's or PTs. as it was affectionally known marketed itself as The Shopping Centre of Scotland. In 1952, the Scottish Drapery Corporation was purchased by House of Fraser and Patrick Thomson continued to operate.

However, with the re-organisation of House of Fraser in the 1970s to several operating brands, Patrick Thomson was closed and re-opened as an Arnotts in 1976. The store continued to operate as an Arnotts until it was closed in 1982. In 1984 the building was re-opened as the Carlton Hotel.

References

Thomson Patrick
Defunct retail companies of the United Kingdom
Retail companies established in 1889
Thomson Patrick
Department store buildings in the United Kingdom
Retail companies disestablished in 1976
1889 establishments in Scotland
1976 disestablishments in Scotland
British companies established in 1889
British companies disestablished in 1976

Patrick Thomson


Psychosomatic medicine is an interdisciplinary medical field exploring the relationships among social, psychological, behavioral factors on bodily processes and quality of life in humans and animals.

The academic forebearer of the modern field of behavioral medicine and a part of the practice of consultation-liaison psychiatry, psychosomatic medicine integrates interdisciplinary evaluation and management involving diverse specialties including psychiatry, psychology, neurology, psychoanalysis, internal medicine, pediatrics, surgery, allergy, dermatology, and psychoneuroimmunology. Clinical situations where mental processes act as a major factor affecting medical outcomes are areas where psychosomatic medicine has competence.

Psychosomatic disorders

Some physical diseases are believed to have a mental component derived from  stresses and strains of everyday living. This has been suggested, for example, of lower back pain and high blood pressure, which some researchers have suggested may be related to stresses in everyday life. The psychosomatic framework additionally sees mental and emotional states as capable of significantly influencing the course of any physical illness. Psychiatry traditionally distinguishes between psychosomatic disorders, disorders in which mental factors play a significant role in the development, expression, or resolution of a physical illness, and somatoform disorders, disorders in which mental factors are the sole cause of a physical illness.

It is difficult to establish for certain whether an illness has a psychosomatic component. A psychosomatic component is often inferred when there are some aspects of the patient's presentation that are unaccounted for by biological factors, or some cases where there is no biological explanation at all. For instance, Helicobacter pylori causes 80% of peptic ulcers. However, most people living with Helicobacter pylori do not develop ulcers, and 20% of patients with ulcers have no H. pylori infection. Therefore, in these cases, psychological factors could still play some role. Similarly, in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), there are abnormalities in the behavior of the gut. However, there are no actual structural changes in the gut, so stress and emotions might still play a role.

The strongest perspective on psychosomatic disorders is that attempting to distinguish between purely physical and mixed psychosomatic disorders is obsolete as almost all physical illness have mental factors that determine their onset, presentation, maintenance, susceptibility to treatment, and resolution. According to this view, even the course of serious illnesses, such as cancer, can potentially be influenced by a person's thoughts, feelings and general state of mental health.

Addressing such factors is the remit of the applied field of behavioral medicine. In modern society, psychosomatic aspects of illness are often attributed to stress making the remediation of stress one important factor in the development, treatment, and prevention of psychosomatic illness.

Connotations of the term "psychosomatic illness"
The term psychosomatic disease was most likely first used by Paul D. MacLean in his 1949 seminal paper 'Psychosomatic disease and the "visceral brain"; recent developments bearing on the Papez theory of emotions.' In the field of psychosomatic medicine, the phrase "psychosomatic illness" is used more narrowly than it is within the general population. For example, in lay language, the term often encompasses illnesses with no physical basis at all, and even illnesses that are faked (malingering). In contrast, in contemporary psychosomatic medicine, the term is normally restricted to those illnesses that do have a clear physical basis, but where it is believed that psychological and mental factors also play a role. Some researchers within the field believe that this overly broad interpretation of the term may have caused the discipline to fall into disrepute clinically. For this reason, among others, the field of behavioral medicine has taken over much of the remit of psychosomatic medicine in practice and there exist large areas of overlap in the scientific research.

Criticism
Studies have yielded mixed evidence regarding the impact of psychosomatic factors in illnesses. Early evidence suggested that patients with advanced-stage cancer may be able to survive longer if provided with psychotherapy to improve their social support and outlook. However, a major review published in 2007, which evaluated the evidence for these benefits, concluded that no studies meeting the minimum quality standards required in this field have demonstrated such a benefit. The review further argues that unsubstantiated claims that "positive outlook" or "fighting spirit" can help slow cancer may be harmful to the patients themselves if they come to believe that their poor progress results from "not having the right attitude".

In her book Authors of Our Own Misfortune, Angela Kennedy argues that psychogenic explanations for physical illnesses are rooted in faulty logic and moralistic belief systems which situate patients with medically unexplained symptoms as deviant, bad and malingering. The diagnosis of a psychogenic disorder often has detrimental consequences for these patients as they are stigmatised and denied adequate support because of the contested nature of their condition and the value judgements attached to it.

Treatment
While in the U.S., psychosomatic medicine is considered a subspecialty of the fields of psychiatry and neurology, in Germany and other European countries it is considered a subspecialty of internal medicine. Thure von Uexküll and contemporary physicians following his thoughts regard the psychosomatic approach as a core attitude of medical doctors, thereby declaring it not as a subspecialty, but rather an integrated part of every specialty. Medical treatments and psychotherapy are used to treat illnesses believed to have a psychosomatic component.

History
In the medieval Islamic world the Persian psychologist-physicians Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi (d. 934) and Haly Abbas (d. 994) developed an early model of illness that emphasized the interaction of the mind and the body. He proposed that a patient's physiology and psychology can influence one another.

Contrary to Hippocrates and Galen, Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi did not believe that mere regulation and modulation of the body tempers and medication would remedy mental disorders because words play a vital and necessary role in emotional regulation. To change such behaviors, he used techniques, such as belief altering, regular musing, rehearsals of experiences, and imagination.

In the beginnings of the 20th century, there was a renewed interest in psychosomatic concepts. Psychoanalyst Franz Alexander had a deep interest in understanding the dynamic interrelation between mind and body. Sigmund Freud pursued a deep interest in psychosomatic illnesses following his correspondence with Georg Groddeck who was, at the time, researching the possibility of treating physical disorders through psychological processes. Hélène Michel-Wolfromm applied psychosomatic medicine to the field of gynecology and sexual problems experienced by women.

In the 1970s, Thure von Uexküll and his colleagues in Germany and elsewhere proposed a biosemiotic theory (the umwelt concept) that was widely influential as a theoretical framework for conceptualizing mind-body relations. This model shows that life is a meaning or functional system. Farzad Goli further explains in Biosemiotic Medicine (2016), how signs in the form of matter (e.g., atoms, molecules, cells), energy (e.g., electrical signals in nervous system), symbols (e.g., words, images, machine codes), and reflections (e.g., mindful moments, metacognition) can be interpreted and translated into each other.

Henri Laborit, one of the founders of modern neuropsychopharmacology, carried out experiments in the 1970s that showed that illness quickly occurred when there was inhibition of action in rats. Rats in exactly the same stressful situations but whom were not inhibited in their behavior (those who could flee or fight—even if fighting is completely ineffective) had no negative health consequences. He proposed that psychosomatic illnesses in humans largely have their source in the constraints that society puts on individuals in order to maintain hierarchical structures of dominance. The film My American Uncle, directed by Alain Resnais and influenced by Laborit, explores the relationship between self and society and the effects of the inhibition of action.

In February 2005, the Boston Syndromic Surveillance System detected an increase in young men seeking medical treatment for stroke.  Most of them did not actually experience a stroke, but the largest number presented a day after Tedy Bruschi, a local sports figure, was hospitalized for a stroke. Presumably they began misinterpreting their own harmless symptoms, a group phenomenon now known as Tedy Bruschi syndrome.

Robert Adler is credited with coining the term Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) to categorize a new field of study also known as mind-body medicine. The principles of mind-body medicine suggest that our mind and the emotional thoughts we produce have an incredible impact on our physiology, either positive or negative.

PNI integrates the mental/psychological, nervous, and immune system, and these systems are further linked together by ligands, which are hormones, neurotransmitters and peptides. PNI studies how every single cell in our body is in constant communication—how they are literally having a conversation and are responsible for 98% of all data transferred between the body and the brain.

Dr. Candace Pert, a professor and neuroscientist who discovered the opiate receptor, called this communication between our cells the 'Molecules of Emotion' because they produce the feelings of bliss, hunger, anger, relaxation, or satiety. Dr. Pert maintains that our body is our subconscious mind, so what is going on in the subconscious mind is being played out by our body.

See also

  (documentary film)

  also known as "somatoform disorder"

References

External links
 Mind-Body Medicine: An Overview, US National Institutes of Health, Center for Complementary and Integrative Health
 NIH
 Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine
 Psychosomatics, journal of the Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine
 American Psychosomatic Society
 Psychosomatic Medicine, journal of the American Psychosomatic Society

Medical specialties
Mind–body interventions
Stress (biological and psychological)
Anxiety disorder treatment
Immune system
Somatic psychology

Psychosomatic medicine


James Mudge (1844–1918) was an American Methodist Episcopal clergyman and writer, nephew of Zachariah Mudge.  He was born at West Springfield, Mass., and graduated from Wesleyan University in 1865 and from Boston University School of Theology in 1868.  The same year he entered the ministry, joining the New England conference.  While a missionary in India from 1873 to 1883 he edited the Lucknow Witness.  After his return he was pastor of churches in Massachusetts until 1908, serving also as lecturer on missions at the Boston University School of Theology.  In 1889 he became secretary of the New England conference.  For many years he was book editor of Zion's Herald.  He wrote:
 Memorial of Rev. Z. A. Mudge:  Historical Sketch of the Missions Of the Methodist Episcopal Church (1877)
 Growth in Holiness (1895)
 A Defense of Christian Perfection (1896)
 The Best of Browning (1898)
 The Life Ecstatic (1906)
 Fénelon the Mystic (1906)
 The Riches of His Grace (1909)
 History of the New England Conference (1910)
 The Perfect Life in Experience and Doctrine (1911)
 Hymns of Trust (1912)
 Religious Experience Exemplified in the Lives of Illustrious Christians (1913)

External links
Biography from 1905

1844 births
1918 deaths
19th-century Methodist ministers
20th-century Methodist ministers
American Methodist missionaries
American Christian clergy
People from West Springfield, Massachusetts
Methodist missionaries in India
Wesleyan University alumni
Boston University School of Theology alumni
American religious writers
American expatriates in India

James Mudge


Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan (; 6 May 1918 – 2 November 2004) was an Emirati royal, politician, philanthropist and the founder of the United Arab Emirates. Zayed served as the governor of Eastern Region from 1946 until he succeeded Sheikh Shakhbut as the ruler of Abu Dhabi in 1966, and then as the first president of the United Arab Emirates while he retained his position as Abu Dhabi's ruler from 1971 until his death in 2004.  He is revered in the United Arab Emirates as the Waalid al-Ummah ("Father of the Nation"), credited for being the principal driving force behind uniting seven emirates.

Zayed replaced his older brother Sheikh Shakhbut bin Sultan as the ruler of Abu Dhabi on 6 August 1966 after Shakhbut was deposed through a bloodless coup by members of the ruling family with British support.

Family and early life
Zayed was the youngest of four sons of Sheikh Sultan bin Khalifa Al Nahyan. His father was the ruler of Abu Dhabi from 1922 until his death in 1926. Zayed was the youngest of his four brothers. His eldest brother, Sheikh Shakhbut bin Sultan Al Nahyan, became ruler of Abu Dhabi after their uncle, Saqr bin Zayed Al Nahyan. His mother was Sheikha Salama bint Butti. She extracted a promise from her sons not to use violence against each other, a promise which they kept. Sheikh Zayed was named after his grandfather, Sheikh Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan ("Zayed the Great"), who ruled the emirate from 1855 to 1909. At the time of Sheikh Zayed's birth, the sheikhdom of Abu Dhabi was one of seven Trucial States along the lower coast of the Persian Gulf. He also showed interest in falconry.

It is normally held that he was born at Qasr al-Hosn in Abu Dhabi, with some sources stating that he was born in Al Ain, particularly at Sultan Bin Zayed Fort on the edge of Al Ain Oasis. He is at least known to have moved from Abu Dhabi to Al Ain in 1927, after the death of his father. As Zayed was growing up in Al-Ain, there were no modern schools anywhere along the coast. He only received a basic instruction in the principles of Islam, and lived in the desert with Bedouin tribesmen, familiarising himself with the life of the people, their traditional skills and their ability to survive under the harsh climatic conditions.

Career and reign

Zayed was appointed the governor of the Eastern Region of Abu Dhabi in 1946, and was based in the Muwaiji fort in Al Ain. At this time, the area was poor and prone to outbreaks of disease. When parties from Petroleum Development (Trucial Coast) began exploring for oil in the area, Zayed assisted them.

In 1952, a small Saudi Arabian force led by Turki bin Abdullah Al-Otaishan occupied the village of Hamasa in the Buraimi Oasis (the 'Buraimi Dispute'). Zayed was prominent in his opposition to Saudi territorial claims and reportedly rejected a bribe of about £30 million to allow Aramco to explore for oil in the disputed territory. As part of this dispute, Zayed and his brother Hazza attended the Buraimi arbitration tribunal in Geneva in September 1955 and gave evidence to tribunal members. When the tribunal was abandoned amid allegations of Saudi bribery, the British initiated the reoccupation of the Buraimi Oasis through a local military force, the Trucial Oman Levies. A period of stability followed during which Zayed helped to develop the region and took a particular interest in the restoration of the falaj system, a network of water channels which kept the plantations of the Buraimi Oasis irrigated and fertile.

The discovery of oil in 1958, and the start of oil exports in 1962, led to frustration among members of the ruling family about the lack of progress under Sheikh Shakhbut's rule. Shakhbut was seen as averse to spending revenue from oil money to develop the emirate by other members of Al Nahyan and hence they requested British help to install Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan as the ruler of Abu Dhabi in his stead through a bloodless coup. On 6 August 1966, Shakhbut was deposed in a bloodless palace coup. The move to replace Shakhbut with Zayed had the unanimous backing of the Al Nahyan family. The news was conveyed to Shakhbut by British Acting Resident Glen Balfour-Paul who added the support of the British to the consensus of the family. Shakhbut finally accepted the decision and, with the Trucial Oman Scouts providing safe transport, left for Bahrain. He subsequently lived in Khorramshahr, Iran before returning to live in Buraimi.

In the late 1960s, Zayed hired Katsuhiko Takahashi, a Japanese architect, to design and plan the city of Abu Dhabi. Takahashi, working to instructions from Zayed, often marked out in sand with a camel stick, was responsible for a number of key buildings, while also introducing wide roads, the construction of corniches and also greening the city. Another architect, Egyptian Abdulrahman Makhlouf, also worked to render Zayed's instructions into city plans and infrastructural projects following Takahashi's departure.

Between 8–11 January 1968, the UK's Foreign Office Minister Goronwy Roberts visited the Trucial States and announced to its shocked rulers that the United Kingdom would abrogate its treaties with them and intended to withdraw from the area. In a seminal meeting on 18 February 1968 at a desert highland on the border between Dubai and Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Zayed and Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum of Dubai shook hands on the principle of founding a Federation and attempting to invite other trucial rulers to join in order that a viable nation be formed in the wake of the British withdrawal.

In 1971, after occasionally difficult negotiations with the other six rulers of the Trucial States, the United Arab Emirates was formed. Zayed was appointed to the presidency of the UAE in 1971 and was reappointed on four more occasions: 1976, 1981, 1986, and 1991.

In 1974, Zayed settled the outstanding border dispute with Saudi Arabia by the Treaty of Jeddah by which Saudi Arabia received the output of the Shaybah oilfield and access to the lower Persian Gulf in return for recognising the UAE.

In 1976 he founded the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority, which grew to be the world's third-largest sovereign investment fund by 2020, with nearly a trillion US dollars' worth of assets under management.

Attitudes

Sheikh Zayed was determined to unite the Emirates into federation. His calls for cooperation extended across the Persian Gulf to Iran. He advocated dialogue as the means to settle the row with Tehran over three strategic Persian Gulf islands which Iran seized from the (future) UAE Emirate of Sharjah in 1971. The islands remain in Iranian hands, despite over three decades of UAE diplomatic initiatives.

The attitude of Zayed towards his neighbors can best be seen in his position regarding the "Umm al Zamul" dispute (1964), when he expressed a genuine wish that his brother Sheikh Shakhbut would accept "the Sultan's proposal for a neutral zone". He said in that regard: "... it was ridiculous to squabble over a [water] well so bitter that few bedouin could stomach its waters, or to split hairs over a tiny area of barren, almost totally unfrequented desert. And even if there happened to be oil in the area, Abu Dhabi had so much already that she could well afford to spare some for her less fortunate neighbours".

Furthermore, during the negotiations between Abu Dhabi and Dubai that resulted in forming the Abu Dhabi — Dubai Union (which preceded the formation of the United Arab Emirates), Sheikh Zayed was extremely generous with the Sheikh Rashid of Dubai. Kemal Hamza, Sheikh Rashid's envoy to the meeting between Sheikh Zayed and Sheikh Rashid in Sumeih remarked that "Zayed was extremely 'karim' (generous) throughout the negotiations and seemed prepared to give Rashid whatever he wanted". This amounted to Zayed giving Rashid "oil rights in the sea-bed that might be worth milions a year" even at the risk of criticism "at home for giving so much..." It also gave rise to comments that such concessions constituted "an alienation of territory by Abu Dhabi". But the future course of events proved, none of these arguments stood the test of judgment in light of the much higher goal that Sheikh Zayed had in mind, and which in the ultimate analysis amply justified the sacrifices incurred by him. Such concessions are rare in the records of history and news of this generosity travelled far and wide.

He was considered a relatively liberal ruler, and permitted private media. However, they were expected to practice self-censorship and avoid criticism of Zayed or the ruling families. Freedom of worship was permitted, and to a certain extent allowances were made for expatriate cultures, but this did not always sit comfortably in the eyes of the wider Arab world with Zayed's role as a Muslim head of state.

Zayed did not shy away from controversy when it came to expressing his opinions on current events in the Arab world. Troubled by the suffering of Iraqi civilians, he took the lead in calling for the lifting of economic sanctions on Iraq imposed by the United Nations in the aftermath of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990, despite Kuwaiti displeasure and opposition.

Zayed was one of the wealthiest men in the world. A Forbes estimate put his fortune at around US$20 billion in 2004. The source of this wealth was almost exclusively due to the immense oil wealth of Abu Dhabi and the Emirates, which sit on a pool of a tenth of the world's proven oil reserves. In 1988, he purchased, for £5m, Tittenhurst Park at Sunninghill, Berkshire as his English home.

Policies and charity
At the time the British withdrew from the Persian Gulf in 1971, Zayed oversaw the establishment of the Abu Dhabi Fund for Arab Economic Development; some of its oil riches were channeled to some forty less fortunate Islamic nations in Asia and Africa during the decades that followed.

Using the country's enormous oil revenues, Zayed built institutions such as hospitals, schools and universities and made it possible for UAE citizens to enjoy free access to them. He was also known for making donations to the tune of millions [pounds sterling] for worthy causes around the Arab World as well as in the neighbouring countries and in the world at large.

When asked by The New York Times in April 1997 why there is no elected legislature, Zayed replied, Why should we abandon a system that satisfies our people in order to introduce a system that seems to engender dissent and confrontation? Our system of government is based upon our religion and that is what our people want. Should they seek alternatives, we are ready to listen to them. We have always said that our people should voice their demands openly. We are all in the same boat, and they are both the captain and the crew. Our doors are open for any opinion to be expressed, and this well known by all our citizens. It is our deep conviction that Allah has created people free, and has prescribed that each individual must enjoy freedom of choice. No one should act as if they own others.

Those in the position of leadership should deal with their subjects with compassion and understanding, because this is the duty enjoined upon them by Allah, who enjoins upon us to treat all living creatures with dignity. How can there be anything less for mankind, created as Allah's successors on earth? Our system of government does not derive its authority from man, but is enshrined in our religion and is based on Allah's Book, the Quran. What need have we of what others have conjured up? Its teachings are eternal and complete, while the systems conjured up by man are transitory and incomplete.

Land was also often distributed gratis (free). However, while this policy benefited many landless families, enormously wealthy clans and individuals were given free land grants in proportion to their status and influence with the royal family. His majlis (a traditional Arab consultation council) was open to the public. He allowed non-Muslim religious buildings, such as churches and a temple, to be built. Zayed was also in favour of certain rights for women, such as access to education and women's labour rights, within traditional parameters. His views regarding women's rights were considerably more liberal than his counterparts in the GCC nations.

Zayed was one of the founders of the Dar Al Maal Al Islami Trust which was initiated by Saudi royal Mohammed bin Faisal Al Saud, King Faisal's son, in 1981. After floods ravaged Yemen's Ma'rib Governorate in 1982, Zayed financed the construction of the current dam of Ma'rib in 1984. This was to replace the historical one that was damaged in antiquity, and support the country's agriculture and economy. The area of Ma'rib is reportedly from where his ancestors migrated to what is now the UAE.

Zayed Centre

Controversy over the opinions of the Zayed Centre caused the Harvard Divinity School to return Sheikh Zayed's $2.5 million gift to the institution in 2000 as "tainted money." Former United States president Jimmy Carter accepted the Zayed International Prize for the Environment in 2001. The award included a monetary prize of $500,000 from the Zayed Centre, and Carter stated in his acceptance speech that the award carried extra significance to him, since it was named after his personal friend.

There was similar controversy when the London School of Economics accepted a large donation by the Zayed Centre, to build a new lecture theatre in the New Academic Building in 2008.The gift was accepted with the Sheikh Zayed Theatre being the second largest lecture hall on the campus.

Harvard's equivocation, the Carter controversy, and the engendering negative publicity, prompted Sheikh Zayed to shut down the centre in August 2003, stating that the Zayed Centre "had engaged in a discourse that starkly contradicted the principles of interfaith tolerance."

Death
On 2 November 2004, Zayed died at the age of 86. He had been suffering from diabetes and kidney problems. He was buried in the courtyard of the new Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque in Abu Dhabi. His eldest son, Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, took an increasing role in government beginning in the 1980s. Directly after his father's death, he became the Ruler of Abu Dhabi, and was ratified as the president of the United Arab Emirates by his fellow rulers in the Supreme Council.

Memorials and legacy

 Zayed University, a government-sponsored higher education institution with campuses in Abu Dhabi and Dubai.
 Shaikh Zayed University, located in Khost, southeastern Afghanistan. It was built with the aid of Sheikh Zayed.
 Sheikh Zayed City in Greater Cairo, Giza Province, Egypt, built depending on a donation from Abu Dhabi Fund for Development, on directions of Sheikh Zayed.
 The Zayed International Prize for the Environment and Zayed Future Energy Prize are named in his honour.
 The Kukës International Airport "Zayed-Flatrat e Veriut" in the northern city of Kukës, Albania, was named after him.
 Shaikh Zayed International Airport (Rahim Yar Khan) located in Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan, is named in his honor.
 Shaikh Zayed Medical College and Hospital located at Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan, was named in his honor.
 Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan's Mosque, also known as Stockholm Mosque, in Stockholm, Sweden.
 A lecture theater was named in his honor at the London School of Economics.
 A Hafiz School in Gudermes, Chechen Republic, was named in the Sheikh's honor.
 The Sheikh Zayed Arab Falconry Heritage Wing at The World Center of Birds of Prey in Boise, Idaho which was set up through a donation from Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed, son of Sheikh Zayed.
 The current dam in Ma'rib is also called "Zayed Dam".
 Zayed Town, located in Central Bahrain, was financed by Shaikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan and named in his honour. The first phase of this township project was inaugurated in 2001.
 A street in Montenegro was named for his memory in 2013.
 Shaikh Zayed Hospital for children and another for women in Larkana Sindh Pakistan.
 Shaikh Zayed Hospital Lahore Punjab Pakistan, Shaikh Zayed Medical Complex Lahore.
 The 5th ring road in Kuwait is now named in honor of Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan.
 The Sheikh Zayed Tower at the Johns Hopkins Hospital is named in his honor.
 Sheikh Zayed Hospital located at Vushtrri, Kosovo, was named in his honor.
 One of the main streets of the Berges du Lac neighborhood of Tunis is named in his honor.
 Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.
 Sheikh Zayed Professorship of Cardiovascular Diseases at the Mayo Clinic.
 Sheikh Zayed Children Welfare Centre, a centre for orphaned children located in Mombasa, Kenya.
 2018, during the Dubai Light Show, is called that year "Year of Zayed", to celebrate 100 years since his birth.

Founder's Memorial

In 2018, a year dedicated in the UAE to the celebration of Zayed's life and legacy, the Founder's Memorial was opened in Abu Dhabi. The memorial consists of an open Heritage Garden and Sanctuary Garden at the centre of which is a cubic pavilion housing The Constellation, an artwork dedicated to Zayed's memory.

Marriage and children
Zayed bin Sultan married seven times and has 19 sons. His children are as follows:

Ancestry

See also

 Champions of the Earth, 2005 award by United Nations Environment Programme

References

Notes

External links

Farewell Arabia (1968) – Zayed and the Oil Industry in Abu Dhabi
Sheikh Zayed's website
CooperativeResearch – Zayid bin Sultan Al Nahyan
Official UAE tribute to Sheikh Zayed
Sheikh Zayed lecture theatre, in the London School of Economics

1918 births
2004 deaths
People from Al Ain
Presidents of the United Arab Emirates
Sheikhs of Abu Dhabi
Emirati billionaires
Zayed bin Sultan Al
Kidney transplant recipients
20th-century Emirati people
Recipients of the Order of the Star of Romania
Founders of the United Arab Emirates
20th-century monarchs in the Middle East

Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan


James Paterson may refer to:

Sportsmen
James Paterson (cricketer) (1889-1966), New Zealand cricketer
James Paterson (footballer) (1907–?), Scottish international footballer
James Paterson (rugby league) (1898-1969), English rugby league footballer of the 1920s
James Paterson (rugby union) (born 1987), New Zealand–American rugby player
James Paterson (skier), Australian Paralympic skier
Jamie Paterson (footballer, born 1973), Scottish footballer
Jamie Paterson (footballer, born 1991), English footballer
Jim Paterson (footballer) (born 1979), Scottish footballer who is a player-coach for Dunfermline Athletic
Jim Paterson (rugby league) (born 1934), Australian rugby league footballer
Jimmy Paterson (Australian footballer)  (1870–1927), Australian rules footballer
Jimmy Paterson (1891–1959), physician and amateur footballer who played for Queen's Park and Arsenal in the 1920s

Other
James Hamilton-Paterson, British poet, won Newdigate Prize in 1964
James Paterson (journalist) (1805–1876), Scottish writer and antiquary
James Paterson (mayor), mayor of Melbourne, 1876–1877
James Paterson (painter) (1854–1932), Scottish landscape painter
James Paterson (New Zealand politician) (1807–1886), New Zealand politician
James Paterson (Australian politician) (born 1987), Australian Senator
James Paterson (priest), Dean of Argyll and The Isles from 1846 until 1848
James Paterson (radical), one of the leaders of the Society of the United Scotsmen
James Ralston Kennedy Paterson (1897–1981), Scottish radiologist

See also
James Patterson (disambiguation)

James Paterson


Raju Kher (born 11 September 1957) is an Indian actor and director. He directed the television serial Sanskaar in 1999.

Filmography
Kher appeared in the following films and television serials:

Films
 Ghulam as Alisha's father
 Jungle as Mr. Malhotra
 Bub
 Om Jai Jagadish
 Bardaasht (2004) as Ramona's father (A. Saxena)
 Dreams(2005) as (Pooja's Father)
 Delhi Belly as Zubin Mehra (Sonia's Father)
 Shootout at Wadala (2013) as Inspector Ambolkar
 Krrish 3 (2013) scientist at Kaal's Lab
 Ya Rab (2014)
 Main Tera Hero (2014)
 Black Home (2015)
 Love Exchange (2015)
 Dirty Boss (2016)
 Indian never again Nirbhaya as Rajnath (father of Nirbhaya)
 Shinaakht (2018)
 Darbar- Tamil
 Raakshasaru-Kannada Film (2022)
 [Unchai] as Anupam Kher's elder brother (2022)

Television
 Khauff on Sony SAB (Episode 7 & Episode 8)
 Kuldeepak (2017) on &TV
Naati Pinky Ki Lambi Love story (2020) on Colors tv
 Yeh Kahaan Aa Gaye Hum on Zee TV
 Kahan Se Kahan Tak on Zee TV
 Karm on Zee TV as Pranlal Dhawan
 Sailaab on Zee TV
 Umeed on Zee TV
 Jeene Bhi Do Yaaro on SAB TV
 Tere Ghar Ke Saamne on SAB TV
 Jugni Chali Jalandhar  as Jugni's Father on SAB TV
 Abhi Toh Mai Jawan Hun on SAB TV
 Kashmakash on Doordarshan
 Imtihaan on Doordarshan
 Manzile on Doordarshan
 Abhilasha on DD Kashir
 Thoda Hai Thode Ki Zaroorat Hai on Sony Entertainment Television (India)
 Ek Raja Ek Rani (1996)-Kalidas
 Gopaljee (1996)-Colonel Jagannath Michoo
 Ghar Jamai (1996) -Varma  Special Appearance only in episode no 35 Zee Tv
 Rishtey (1999-2001)
 Fultoo Pagal Hai (2005)-Happy
 Hamari Betiyoon Ka Vivaah (2008)-Kulbhushan Singh
 Pari Hoon Main (2008) on Star One -
 Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah (2010)-Mr. Chandiramani
 Parvarrish – Kuchh Khattee Kuchh Meethi - Mr. Ahluwalia Lucky's father Sweety's father-in-law on Sony Entertainment Television (India)
 C.I.D.  on Sony Entertainment Television (India)
 Beintehaa  on Colors
Yam Hain Hum on Sab TV
 Doli Armaano Ki on Zee TV as Darshan Tiwari (Tiwari ji)
 Tamanna on Star Plus
 Ek Maa Jo Laakhon Ke liye Bani - Amma (2016) on Zee TV - Faqeera
 Ret Ka Dariya (2002–05) on Sahara One
 Dil Dhoondta Hai (2017) on Zee TV
 Adaalat - Public Prosecutor on Sony Entertainment Television (India)
 Aashao Ka Savera... Dheere Dheere Se (2022–present) on Star Bharat

Television
(As a Director)
 Sanskaar on Zee TV
Ret ka dariya on Sahara
Manzile on Doordarshan
Abhilasha on DD Kashir
Kuch khatti kuch mithi baatein with Anupam Uncle on Zee smile
Quiz show on renewable energy on Zee News

Nokia 3.2 Mobile Advertisement with Alia Bhatt
T3

Personal life
His brother Anupam Kher is a famous actor. He married Reema Kher in 1986 and has two children with her.

References

External links

Living people
Kashmiri people
Male actors from Himachal Pradesh
People from Shimla
1957 births

Raju Kher


Bobbi Brown (born April 14, 1957) is an American professional make-up artist, author, and the founder of Bobbi Brown Cosmetics. She created ten natural-shade lipsticks which according to Entrepreneur "revolutionized the beauty industry". She has written nine books about beauty and wellness.

After leaving Bobbi Brown Cosmetics in 2016, she launched Beauty Evolution, LLC, and became certified as a health coach through the Institute for Integrative Nutrition. Brown also started a line of beauty-inspired wellness products. She curates an editorial website. She and her husband Steven Plofker reimagined The George, a 32-room boutique hotel located in Montclair, New Jersey.

Biography
Born in Chicago, Illinois to a Jewish family, Brown graduated from Emerson College in Boston with a degree in theatrical makeup and photography. In 1980, she moved to New York City to work as a professional makeup artist. Brown became known for a makeup style that included moderate and natural tones, which was a stark contrast to the bright colors used at the time.

She and a drugstore chemist created a line of ten lipsticks on beige pigment. In 1991, Brown and her husband partnered with another couple to launch the brand Bobbi Brown Essentials, which debuted at Bergdorf Goodman in New York City. Estée Lauder bought the company in 1995, retaining Brown as an employee of Bobbi Brown Cosmetics. In October 2016, Brown stepped down from the company.

Her work has been featured on the covers of magazines such as Elle, Vogue, Self and Town & Country.

Brown has received the Glamour Woman of the Year Award, The Fashion Group International Night of Stars Beauty Award, and the Jackie Robinson Foundation's ROBIE Humanitarian Award. She was appointed by President Obama to the Advisory Committee for Trade Policy and Negotiation and has been inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame. She holds honorary doctorates from Montclair State University, Fashion Institute of Technology, Monmouth University, and Emerson College. Following the release of her second makeup company in 2020, Allure magazine labeled Brown the "world's patron saint of 'natural makeup.'"

Cosmetic lines

Bobbi Brown Essentials
In 1990, Brown worked with a chemist to come up with ten natural lipstick shades. In 1991, the ten shades debuted under the name Bobbi Brown Essentials at Bergdorf Goodman. She was expecting to sell 100 in a month but instead sold 100 in a  day. The following year, she released yellow-toned foundation sticks. Estée Lauder Companies Inc. bought Bobbi Brown Essentials in 1995, but Brown retained creative control of the makeup line.

In 2011, the first freestanding Bobbi Brown Cosmetics retail store opened in Auckland, New Zealand with a makeup school in the back of the building. In 2012, her cosmetics were estimated to represent approximately ten percent of Estée Lauder Companies' total sales. As of January 2014, there were approximately thirty free-standing Bobbi Brown cosmetics stores.

In December 2016, it was announced that Brown would step down from the company by the end of the year. Following this, she continued creating new lines and participating in the beauty industry through other projects like beauty podcasts, a makeup MasterClass, and her website JustBobbi.com.

Jones Road
In late October 2020, Bobbi Brown launched her second beauty brand, Jones Road. The launch marked 25 years since she first sold her original line to Estee Lauder.  It has been described as a "clean beauty" brand. According to Yahoo, which reviewed the line, this "approach is evident in the brand offering: a curated edit of makeup and skincare that doesn't overwhelm." Its original offerings included balms, moisturizing cream colors, mascaras, glosses, washes, eye shadow, eye pencils. They were also sold in combination in a start-up kit.

Other product lines
Brown has a collection of fragrances and a collaboration with In 2013 Safilo Group S.p.A. for an eyewear collection. She is a creative consultant at Lord & Taylor.

Evolution 18
In 2019, she founded Evolution_18, a "lifestyle-inspired wellness line". The products she developed for the line included supplements, collagen, and effervescent tablets, and were sold at outlets including Walmart.

The George Hotel
In 2015, Brown and her husband acquired a historic inn located in Montclair, New Jersey, which was built as a private residence in 1902. It became the Georgian Inn in the 1940s, and after they purchased it, they renovated the property and renamed it the George Hotel. The hotel was opened in 2018 and has 32 guest rooms.

18 Label
Brown cofounded 18 Label, a film and television studio based in New Jersey. Networks that have filmed in the studio include CNBC, BSTV, and the Food Network. The studio is housed in The Annex (also cofounded by Brown), an 11,000 square foot studio and event center.

Brown has appeared on Food Network series, including The Kitchen.

Media work

Editorial work
Brown is the Beauty & Lifestyle Editor of Elvis Duran and the Morning Show. She partnered with Duran to produce a "Elvis Duran bronzer" as a part of her cosmetics line. Brown served as Yahoo Beauty's Editor-in-Chief from February 2014 to February 2016. A chance meeting with the grandmother of a producer of NBC's Today led to a 12-year run as a regular beauty consultant on the show. Brown has also written columns for PureWow, Naturally, and Danny Seo.

Books

Causes
Bobbi Brown Cosmetics launched the Pretty Powerful Campaign for Women & Girls on International Women's Day in 2013. Pretty Powerful supports organizations that seek to empower women through job skills training programs and girls through education. Beneficiaries to date include Dress for Success (of which Brown is a former board member), the Broome Street Academy High School, and the Girl Rising Fund.

She was recognized as one of the BBC's 100 women of 2015.

Personal life
Brown is married to Steven Plofker and together they have three sons: Dylan, Duke, and Dakota. The family lives in Montclair, New Jersey. She spends her summers in Sag Harbor of the Hamptons, New York.

References

External links

 Bobbi Brown Cosmetics official website

1957 births
20th-century American businesspeople
21st-century American businesspeople
Living people
American cosmetics businesspeople
20th-century American Jews
American make-up artists
Emerson College alumni
Businesspeople from Chicago
Businesspeople from New Jersey
Businesspeople from New York City
New Trier High School alumni
People from Bay Head, New Jersey
People from Montclair, New Jersey
Estée Lauder Companies people
Cosmetics brands
Cosmetics people
21st-century American Jews

Bobbi Brown


Francis Asuah Amalemah is a Ghanaian politician and member of the first parliament of the second republic of Ghana representing Nzema West constituency under the membership of the People's Action Party (PAP).

Early life and education
Francis was born on 1934. He attended  University of Cape Coast (UCC), University of Dakar, and L'Institute de Touraine. Where he obtained Teachers' Training Certificate, and his Bachelor of Arts in Education in French respectively. He later worked as a Teacher and Farmer before going into Parliament.

Career and Politics
Amalemah is a farmer  and a teacher by profession. He began his political career in 1969 when he became the parliamentary candidate for the People's Action Party (PAP) to represent the Nzima West constituency prior to the commencement of the 1969 Ghanaian parliamentary election.

He was sworn into office as a member of the First Parliament of the Second Republic of Ghana on 1 October 1969, after being pronounced winner at the 1969 Ghanaian election held on 26 August 1969. His tenure of office as a  member of parliament ended on 13 January 1972.

References

Ghanaian MPs 1969–1972
1934 births
Politicians from Western Region (Ghana)
Living people

Francis Asuah Amalemah


The Solent Amphibious Challenge is a day-long multi-discipline adventure race over land and sea, held every year in the Solent. The aim of the race is to test the competitor's leadership and navigation and seamanship in a physically demanding combined challenge.  The Solent Amphibious Challenge is believed to be the first sea-land style adventure race of its kind, and the race is only open to teams from the British Armed Forces. The teams consist of five personnel; a yachtmaster qualified team leader who must know well the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea and Local Notices to Mariners, two crew members (one competent crew-qualified), a runner and a support cyclist.

Description
The one-day multi-event race over land and sea is held in June of every year under the authority of Commodore HMS Collingwood and involves a maximum of 6 five-person teams. Created by Commander Duncan Forer of the Royal Navy, an active adventurer and sailor, the first race was run on 27 June 2012. It is the only adventure race worldwide that has been granted an official partnership by the British Armed Forces.

The race starts with all yachts crossing the start line at Gillkicker Point with all members on board at 9 a.m. (BST).  Boats then sail west to Yarmouth Marina where the designated runner and support cyclist will land and begin a run along a prescribed route of approximately 25 miles from west to east to Bembridge Harbour at the other end of the island.  The runner is entirely supported by a cyclist and the runner must not swap with the cyclist. The remaining sailing team then sail as quickly as possible to Bembridge, where they will rendezvous with the running team who will both then re-board the yacht. If the runner fails to reach Bembridge by 7 p.m. then the whole team are retired from the race (due to the tidal window).  The boat and whole team then sail to meet the finish line at Gillkicker, which is the same as the earlier start line.

See also

 Solent
 Isle of Wight
 Adventure racing
 Patagonian Expedition Race
 Eco-Challenge

References

External links
Word Press SAC Race format as per 2012
Royal Navy Event Calendar
Strudyna Solent Amphibious Challenge Trophy Unveiled June 21 2012

2012 in British sport
Adventure racing
Multisports in the United Kingdom
Sailing in England

Solent Amphibious Challenge


Dyskeratosis congenita (DKC), also known as Zinsser-Engman-Cole syndrome, is a rare progressive congenital disorder with a highly variable phenotype. The entity was classically defined by the triad of abnormal skin pigmentation, nail dystrophy, and leukoplakia of the oral mucosa, and MDS/AML, but these components do not always occur. DKC is characterized by short telomeres. Some of the manifestations resemble premature ageing (similar to progeria) and cognitive impairment can be a feature.  The disease initially mainly affects the skin, but a major consequence is progressive bone marrow failure which occurs in over 80%, causing early mortality.

Presentation

DKC can be characterized by cutaneous pigmentation, premature graying, dystrophy of the nails, leukoplakia of the oral mucosa, continuous lacrimation due to atresia of the lacrimal ducts, often thrombocytopenia, anemia, testicular atrophy in the male carriers, and predisposition to cancer.  Many of these symptoms are characteristic of geriatrics, and those carrying the more serious forms of the disease often have significantly shortened lifespans. Also, liver abnormalities are associated with this syndrome, Nodular Regenerative Hypoplasia of the liver, although rare, it is one of many manifestations of liver disorders short telomeres can cause.

Predisposition to cancer
Susceptibility to cancer seems counterintuitive because in many known cancers reactivation of telomerase is actually a required step for malignancy to evolve (see telomere). In a disease where telomerase is affected, it does not seem to follow that cancer would be a complication to result. The authors note the paradoxical nature of cancer predisposition in individuals who seem to lack one of the required components for cancer to form. It is thought  that without functional telomerase, chromosomes will likely be attached together at their ends through the non-homologous end joining pathway. If this proves to be a common enough occurrence, malignancy even without telomerase present is possible. Myelodysplastic Syndrome is associated with this syndrome usually presenting as a Hypoplastic Bone Marrow that can resemble Aplastic Anemia, but can be differentiated with >10% dysplasia in affected cell lines, sometimes not possible though because of the Hypoplastic marrow reducing blood cells to be observed, genetic clones are usually not present more often than not with Hypoplastic Myelodysplastic Disorder associated with Dyskeratosis Congenita.

Genetics

Of the components of the telomerase RNA component (TERC), one of key importance is the box H/ACA domain.  This H/ACA domain is responsible for maturation and stability of TERC and therefore of telomerase as a whole. The mammalian H/ACA ribonucleoprotein contains four protein subunits: dyskerin, Gar1, Nop10, and Nhp2.  Mutations in Nop10, Nhp2 and dyskerin1 have all been shown to lead to DKC-like symptoms.

X-linked
The best characterized form of dyskeratosis congenita is a result of one or more mutations in the long arm of the X chromosome in the gene DKC1. This results in the X-linked recessive form of the disease wherein the major protein affected is dyskerin.  Of the five mutations described by Heiss and colleagues in Nature Genetics, four were single nucleotide polymorphisms all resulting in the change of highly conserved amino acids.  One case was an in-frame deletion resulting in the loss of a leucine residue, also conserved in mammals. In three of the cases, the specific amino acids affected (phenylalanine, proline, glycine) are found in the same locus in humans as they are in yeast (S. Cerevisiae) and the brown rat (R. Norvegicus).  This establishes the sequence conservation and importance of dyskerin within the eukaryotes. The relevant nature of dyskerin throughout most species is to catalyze the post-transcriptional pseudouridylation of specific uridines found in non-coding RNAs, such as ribosomal RNA (rRNA).  Cbf5, the yeast analog of human dyskerin, is indeed known to be associated with the processing and maturation of rRNA.  In humans, this role can be attributed to dyskerin.  Thus, the X-linked form of this disease may result in specific issues related to dysfunctional RNA and perhaps a graver phenotype.  Within the vertebrates, as opposed to single celled eukaryotes, dyskerin is a key component of the telomerase RNA component (TERC) in the form of the H/ACA motif. This X-linked variety, like the Nop10 and Nhp2 mutations, demonstrates shortened telomeres as a result of lower TERC concentrations.

Autosomal dominant
3 genes: TERC, TERT, TINF2
The evidence supporting the importance of the H/ACA domain in human telomerase is abundant.  At least one study has shown that these mutations affect telomerase activity by negatively affecting pre-RNP assembly and maturation of human telomerase RNA.  Nonetheless, mutations that directly affect the telomerase RNA components would presumably exist and should also cause premature aging or DKC-like symptoms. Indeed, three families with mutations in the human TERC gene have been studied with intriguing results. In two of these families, two family-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms were present while in the other there persisted a large-scale deletion (821 base pairs of DNA) on chromosome 3 which includes 74 bases coding for a section of the H/ACA domain. These three different mutations result in a mild form of dyskeratosis congenita which uniquely follows an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance.  Premature graying, early dental loss, predisposition to skin cancer, as well as shortening of telomere length continue to be characteristic of this disease.

Autosomal recessive
6 genes:
The true phenotype of DKC individuals may depend upon which protein has incurred a mutation.  One documented autosomal recessive mutation in a family that carries DKC has been found in NOP10.  Specifically, the mutation is a change of base from cytosine to thymine in a highly conserved region of the NOP10 sequence.  This mutation, on chromosome 15, results in an amino acid change from arginine to tryptophan.  Homozygous recessive individuals show the symptoms of dyskeratosis congenita in full.  As compared to age-matched normal individuals, those suffering from DKC have telomeres of a much shorter length.  Furthermore, heterozygotes, those who have one normal allele and one coding for the disease, also show relatively shortened telomeres.  The cause of this was determined to be a reduction in TERC levels in those with the Nop10 mutation.  With TERC levels down, telomere maintenance, especially in development, would be presumed to suffer accordingly. This would lead to the telomere shortening described.

NHP2 mutations are similar in characterization to NOP10.  These mutations are also autosomal recessive with three specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms being recognized which result in dyskeratosis congenita.  Also, like NOP10, individuals with these NHP2 mutations have a reduction in the amount of telomerase RNA component (TERC) present in the cell.  Again, it can be presumed that a reduction in TERC results in aberrant telomere maintenance and thus shortened telomeres.  Those homozygous recessive for mutations in NHP2 do show shorter telomeres when compared with age-matched normal individuals.

Pathophysiology

Dyskeratosis congenita is a disorder of poor telomere maintenance mainly due to a number of gene mutations that give rise to abnormal ribosome function, termed ribosomopathy. Specifically, the disease is related to one or more mutations which directly or indirectly affect the vertebrate telomerase RNA component (TERC).

Telomerase is a reverse transcriptase which maintains a specific repeat sequence of DNA, the telomere, during development. Telomeres are placed by telomerase on both ends of linear chromosomes as a way to protect linear DNA from general forms of chemical damage and to correct for the chromosomal end-shortening that occurs during normal DNA replication. This end-shortening is the result of the eukaryotic DNA polymerases having no mechanism for synthesizing the final nucleotides present on the end of the "lagging strand" of double stranded DNA.  DNA polymerase can only synthesize new DNA from an old DNA strand in the 5'→3' direction.  Given that DNA has two strands that are complementary, one strand must be 5'→3' while the other is 3'→5'.  This inability to synthesize in the 3'→5' directionality is compensated with the use of Okazaki fragments, short pieces of DNA that are synthesized 5'→3' from the 3'→5' as the replication fork moves. As DNA polymerase requires RNA primers for DNA binding in order to commence replication, each Okazaki fragment is thus preceded by an RNA primer on the strand being synthesized.  When the end of the chromosome is reached, the final RNA primer is placed upon this nucleotide region, and it is inevitably removed.  Unfortunately once the primer is removed, DNA polymerase is unable to synthesize the remaining bases.

Sufferers of DKC have been shown to have a reduction in TERC levels invariably affecting the normal function of telomerase which maintains these telomeres.  With TERC levels down, telomere maintenance during development suffers accordingly.  In humans, telomerase is inactive in most cell types after early development (except in extreme cases such as cancer). Thus, if telomerase is not able to efficiently affect the DNA in the beginning of life, chromosomal instability becomes a grave possibility in individuals much earlier than would be expected.

A study shows that proliferative defects in DC skin keratinocytes are corrected by expression of the telomerase reverse transcriptase, TERT, or by activation of endogenous telomerase through expression of papillomavirus E6/E7 of the telomerase RNA component, TERC.

Diagnosis
Since the disease has a wide variety of symptoms due to involvement of multiple systems of the body, diagnostic testing depends on the clinical findings in each individual patient.  Commonly used tests include a complete blood count (CBC), bone marrow examination, leukocyte telomere length test (e.g. Flow FISH), pulmonary function test, and genetic testing.

Management
The mainstay of treatment in dyskeratosis congenita is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, best outcome with sibling donor. Short term therapy in initial stages is with anabolic steroids [oxymetholone, danazol] or with erythropoietin-like hormones or with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor [filgrastim) all these therapies are directed to cope with effects of bone marrow failure which manifests as low red and white blood cell counts. These medications help to increase the blood components and make up for the deficiencies caused due to bone marrow failure. Dyskeratosis Congenita in regards to stem cell transplantation have to be very carefully treated with low intensity radiation/chemo to avoid potentially catastrophic effects of Host versus graft disease and toxicity to other organs affected by short telomeres which makes them very sensitive to any radiation especially the lungs, and liver.

Prognosis
DC is associated with shorter life expectancy, but many live to at least age 60.
Main cause of mortality in these patients are related to bone marrow failure. Nearly 80% of the patients of dyskeratosis congenita develop bone marrow failure.

Research
Recent research has used induced pluripotent stem cells to study disease mechanisms in humans, and discovered that the reprogramming of somatic cells restores telomere elongation in dyskeratosis congenita (DKC) cells despite the genetic lesions that affect telomerase. The reprogrammed DKC cells were able to overcome a critical limitation in TERC levels and restored function (telomere maintenance and self-renewal). Therapeutically, methods aimed at increasing TERC expression could prove beneficial in DKC.

See also
 Cutaneous conditions
 List of cutaneous conditions

References

External links
  GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Dyskeratosis Congenita
 Dyskeratosis Congenita research study of Inherited Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes (IBMFS)

Genodermatoses
Congenital disorders
Rare diseases
DNA replication and repair-deficiency disorders
Telomeropathies
Progeroid syndromes

Dyskeratosis congenita


Corbett and Son Store is a heritage-listed store at 446–452 Brunswick Street, Fortitude Valley, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Robin Dods and built in 1908. It was also known as Diamonds Dry Cleaners, Peerless Dry Cleaners and Isis Restaurant. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 26 May 2000.

History
This brick single-storied with basement store was designed by architect RS (Robin) Dods in 1908 for wine merchants and grocers, Patrick and Michael Corbett.

The site, located on the corner of Brunswick and Robertson (then Jane) Streets, was purchased in 1907 by the Corbett's (who had operated a grocery store from the site since 1885) from the estate of Angus Ross subject to an easement, which provided rear access to nearby properties fronting Brunswick St. Ross had acquired the site, which formed part of the eastern suburban allotment (ESA) 37 by deed of grant in 1851, just two years after John Dunmore Lang's privately sponsored immigrants made their settlement in what became known as Fortitude (after one of the immigrant ships) Valley. According to the post office directories, the site remains unoccupied until 1878, when part of it is leased to builder and grocer, Frederick T Smith. By this time, this part of Brunswick Street, which provided the major thoroughfare to New Farm, is starting to develop as a mixed use area, combining small commercial and residential premises.

During the 1880s, development of this section of the Valley intensifies: Brunswick Street between John and Jane Streets now includes a number of commercial premises (music teacher, collar and harness maker, dyer and furrier, painter, and fruiterer) as well as two stores located on the subject site, including from 1885 a grocery store at no.450 operated by Patrick Corbett. Nearby on the opposite side of Jane Street, John Lennon's two story masonry premises (ground floor shop with residence on upper floor) are erected in 1885; and on the opposite side of Brunswick Street, two substantial tobacco factories are constructed in 1889 (Cameron Bros, later to become a brewery and Robert Dixson and Co).

In the 1890s, despite a downturn in the Queensland economy, the Valley continued to develop, led by the large retailers, TC Beirne and James McWhirter whose Brunswick Street drapers stores quickly grew to become large department stores, and further fuelled by the developing Brisbane tram network in which the Valley was a central node. By the turn of the century the Valley was established as the second major commercial district of the city supplanting South Brisbane and the Woolloongabba Fiveways. Corbett's store, although on the fringe of the main Valley commercial area, would conceivably have benefited from this development as well as from the increasing residential population as the land on both sides of Brunswick Street was subdivided.

In 1908, following purchase of the site, Patrick Corbett and his son Michael erect their new masonry premises. Architect RS (Robin) Dods (1868–1920) was to make the most of the sloping corner site. Although single storied, the height of the parapet and the simple bold enrichment of red brickwork relieved with bands of white brickwork (now obscured by paint) and cement dressings enabled the building to robustly address Brunswick and Jane Streets, as well as its nearby more substantial neighbours. The main entrance of the new shop was from the corner, a secondary door from Brunswick Street provided access to the basement level via an internal staircase. The shopfront was constructed to provide a generous display area as well as ventilation and light to the lower floor (via the setback of the floor). A separate delivery entrance to the upper floor was located on Robertson Street via sliding timber doors.

Although a relatively modest example of the work of Robin Dods, Corbett's store is a fine example of his commercial work, much of which has been demolished. From 1896 to 1916, Dods was in partnership with Francis Richard Hall, as Hall & Dods. Dods is described as having a highly developed architectural imagination, his introduction of the formal and philosophical ideas of both the British Arts and Crafts movement and Edwardian classicism and his significant functional solutions to the problems of living and building in Queensland combined to achieve an "architectural revolution in Brisbane")

In 1914, title was granted to Michael Corbett who continued to operate the business until his death in the 1930s. In 1938, the shop was leased to dry cleaners, Diamonds Pty Ltd; Joseph Diamond acquired the site in 1947. Diamonds continued to occupy the site until , when it was acquired by Peerless Drycleaners and later by the present owner. Recent changes to the building include the demolition and rebuilding (with loss of some detail) of the awning over Brunswick St; demolition of a rear corrugated iron addition, and replacement of sliding timber doors to Robertson St service entry with a window. In the last decade, urban renewal has brought considerable changes to the Fortitude Valley area, including changes of use to a number of existing buildings: the upper story of the former grocery store / dry-cleaning premises is now a restaurant; the basement, a commercial tenancy.

Description
The former Corbett and Sons store, a brick single-storeyed with basement structure, is located on the corner of Brunswick and Robertson Streets, Fortitude Valley. The building's roof is concealed behind a high parapet, with a street awning fronting Brunswick Street and returning into Robertson Street. The site slopes to the northeast, with the building having a two-storeyed elevation at the rear.

The principal entrance is located at the truncated corner of the two streets, and is surmounted by a decorative shaped gable with rendered detailing to the parapet. The paired entrance doors are recessed, with a marble step and tessellated tiled threshold, and surmounted by a panel of glass louvres. The shopfront, fronting Brunswick Street and returning into Robertson Street, has large paned display windows surmounted by high level multi-paned panels. Louvred panels located below the display windows along Brunswick Street have been sheeted over. A separate entrance is located at the western end of the Brunswick Street elevation, and consists of a recessed multi-paned door with tiled threshold. The street awning has a box fascia with cast iron columns, two of which are missing. The awning has a pressed metal soffit, and has recently been reconstructed losing some of Dods' original detailing. The building is constructed of painted English bond masonry, but originally consisted of red brickwork relieved with bands of white brickwork with rendered mouldings.

The Robertson Street elevation has a timber framed, hipped corrugated iron awning with window (formerly a separate service entrance with sliding timber doors). A lower entrance at the northern end of the Robertson Street elevation provides access to the basement. The rear of the building has a basement entrance at the northern corner, with a timber stair accessing the rear door to the shop level. Tall windows, with glass louvre panels and security bars, are located at the rear corners of the building, and the brickwork shows evidence of an earlier rear wing. The side elevation also has two small high level window openings, and a window with security bars lighting the basement at the rear corner.

Internally, the shop level has a pressed metal ceiling, areas of which have been damaged, painted masonry walls and a timber floor. The floor was originally set back from the Brunswick Street display windows to provide light and ventilation to the basement, however the setback has been infilled. A shallow bulkhead above the display windows indicate the position of screens which originally formed a backdrop to the display space. The rear northeast corner has a raised section of floor, which allows access from the Robertson Street entrance to the basement. The basement has a concrete floor, and timber posts supporting the floor above.

The northwest side of the site has a concrete slab, and the rear of the site is vacant except for a small shed at the northern corner.

Heritage listing
The former Corbett and Son Store was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 26 May 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.

It is important in illustrating the development of Fortitude Valley as it continued to develop into the twentieth century as a major commercial district.

The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.

The store is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a corner store, albeit one with more sophisticated architectural pretensions. The rear service laneway, which has provided access to nearby Brunswick Street commercial premises since at least 1907, demonstrates a type of land use and development relatively rare in Brisbane.

The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.

The building makes a significant contribution to the Brunswick Street streetscape, and is an important element in the commercial townscape of Fortitude Valley.

The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.

Erected in 1908, the former Corbett & Son store is a fine example of the commercial design work of architect RS (Robin) Dods, generally acknowledged as one of the most accomplished architects to practise in Queensland.

References

Attribution

External links

Queensland Heritage Register
Heritage of Brisbane
Fortitude Valley, Queensland
Retail buildings in Queensland
Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register
Commercial buildings completed in 1908
Robin Dods buildings
1908 establishments in Australia

Corbett and Son Store


In algebraic geometry, a morphism of schemes
f: X → Y
is called radicial or universally injective, if, for every field K the induced map X(K) → Y(K) is injective. (EGA I, (3.5.4)) This is a generalization of the notion of a purely inseparable extension of fields (sometimes called a radicial extension, which should not  be confused with a radical extension.)

It suffices to check this for K algebraically closed.

This is equivalent to the following condition: f is injective on the topological spaces and for every point x in X, the extension of the residue fields
k(f(x)) ⊂ k(x)
is radicial, i.e. purely inseparable.

It is also equivalent to every base change of f being injective on the underlying topological spaces. (Thus the term universally injective.)

Radicial morphisms are stable under composition, products and base change. If gf is radicial, so is f.

References
 , section I.3.5.
 , see section V.5.

Morphisms of schemes

Radicial morphism


Frank Paur is an American television director of animated cartoons. He is best known for his work on Batman: The Animated Series, the Disney animated series Gargoyles, X-Men: Evolution, and The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes.

Marvel Animation
Paur is currently working with Lionsgate Studios and Marvel Animation on their line of animated films. He has directed The Invincible Iron Man, Doctor Strange and both Hulk Vs segments (Hulk vs Wolverine and Hulk vs Thor).

External links

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American television directors
Place of birth missing (living people)

Frank Paur


Anastasia at This Address (1991) is a young-adult novel by Lois Lowry. It is part of a series of books that Lowry wrote about Anastasia and her younger brother Sam.

Plot summary
Just when her three best friends vow to give up boys, Anastasia Krupnik begins a secret correspondence with her ideal man, carefully selected from the personals column in her father's magazine. "SWM, 28, boyish charm, inherited wealth, looking for tall young woman, nonsmoker, to share Caribbean vacations, reruns of Casablanca, and romance." Sure, Anastasia is only thirteen, but a difference in age is a small obstacle when two people are on the same wavelength. And she, a tall, young movie buff who hates smoking, is certain that SWM (a.k.a. single white male) is on her wavelength. Heaven knows, she is definitely ready for romance.

When she actually receives a reply from her SWM, it is the start of another hilarious and ever original episode in the eventful life of our heroine extraordinaire, the outspoken, irresistible Anastasia Krupnik.

Review
"Anastasia herself is at her best here: headstrong, inventive, endearing, and irrepressible, though not above learning from her mistakes."—Publishers Weekly -

External links
 Description from Lowry's website.
Lowry's website
Complete list of books  by Lowry

1991 American novels
American young adult novels
Novels by Lois Lowry

Anastasia at This Address


Alexis Minotis (; born Alexandros Minotakis (); 8 August 1900 – 11 November 1990) was a Greek actor and director.

He first appeared on stage in his native Crete as Chorus Leader and later as Messenger in Sophocles' Oedipus Tyrannus. From 1925 until 1930, he worked in close collaboration with the famous Greek actress Marika Kotopouli in her own theatre. During this period, he appeared in the great Shakespearan roles in The Merchant of Venice, King Lear, Macbeth and played the title role in Hamlet, the first time the play had been staged in Greece. Other roles in the classical repertoire were Henrik Ibsen's Ghosts and Peer Gynt. He expanded his talents by directing ancient Greek tragedies such as Hecuba, Antigone, The Phoenissae, Prometheus Bound, Oedipus at Colonus, as well as Seán O'Casey's Juno and the Paycock, August Strindberg's The Father and Brecht's Mother Courage.

In 1940, he married the actress Katina Paxinou, and together they appeared in many productions at the National Theatre of Greece in Athens, which was founded in 1930 by Minister of Education Georgios Papandreou.

In 1946, he went to Hollywood to appear in Alfred Hitchcock's Notorious with Cary Grant, Ingrid Bergman and Claude Rains. In the same year, he also appeared with Robert Cummings and Michèle Morgan in The Chase. His other films include Siren of Atlantis (1949) with Maria Montez, Boy on a Dolphin (1957) with Sophia Loren, and Land of the Pharaohs (1955) with Joan Collins.

In 1955, he directed Katina Paxinou in Euripides' Hecuba for the National Theatre of Greece at The Ancient Theatre of Epidaurus and starred in Oedipus Rex as well as directing. In 1956, he made his first appearance in Oedipus at Colonus. The production received great acclaim, and Minotis went on a long international tour with the company.

He appeared on Broadway in Electra with the Marika Kotopouli company in 1930-31 and in Oedipus Tyrannus with the National Theatre of Greece in 1952.

In 1958, Minotis directed Maria Callas in a production of Medea presented in Dallas. The production was then seen at Covent Garden, Teatro alla Scala and Epidaurus. He also directed the Greek National Opera production of Norma with Callas in Epidaurus in 1960.

Filmography

References

External links

1900 births
1990 deaths
20th-century Greek male actors
People from Chania
Greek male film actors
Greek male stage actors
Theatre in Greece
Greek theatre directors
Greek opera directors
Male actors from Crete

Alexis Minotis


Thomas W. Seabrook (c. 1817 – February 24, 1897) was a 19th-century American civil engineer who was most known for his work on the construction and extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad.

Works
His first employment with the Pennsylvania railroad (PRR) was as an engineer locating the line of the railroad for its extension to Pittsburgh as part of the Western division of the PRR prior to the opening of the Horseshoe curve in 1854.  He then was put in charge of Gallatzin tunnel construction as well as double tracking work on the eastern slope including Horseshoe curve. In 1857, he was promoted to resident engineer in charge of the railroad between Harrisburg and Pittsburgh. In 1859, Seabrook was appointed Chief Engineer of the Western Transportation Company with the responsibility of survey and construction for extending the PRR west of Pittsburgh towards Chicago. His last work for the Pennsylvania railroad was building the eastern end of the West Shore Railroad which was sold to the New York Central Railroad in 1885. He died in Philadelphia in 1897.

References

Sources

1817 births
1897 deaths
American people in rail transportation
American civil engineers
Pennsylvania Railroad people

Thomas W. Seabrook


Raúl Valerio (January 1, 1927 - January 25, 2017) was a Mexican actor.

Raúl Valerio (born Raúl Reyes-Valerio) was born in the town of Zinacatepec, in the Mexican state of Puebla where he learned to speak both Spanish and Nahuatl. He attended the local primary school "Ignacio Zaragoza", also attended by his brother Constantino Reyes-Valerio.

He appeared in multiple Mexican "telenovelas" (Por tu amor (telenovela), Clase 406, La Verdad Oculta, Imperio de Cristal, Querida enemiga,¿Y ahora qué hago?,Mujer, casos de la vida real), films (Sólo Con Tu Pareja, El Imperio de la Fortuna, Te presento a Laura).

He was very active in theatre in plays like "Tirano Banderas" acting along Ignacio López Tarso and "Los Dos Hermanos" written by Felipe Santander. His most famous role has been as the Comendador in Don Juan Tenorio where he has appeared with Gonzalo Vega, Javier Diaz-Dueñas and Gonzalo Correa.

He appeared and wrote the Náhuatl-script for the 1997 film Santo Luzbel, directed by Miguel Sabido, which was mainly spoken in Náhuatl.

He died on January 25, 2017, in Mexico City and was buried in San Sebastian Zinacatepec, Puebla, Mexico.

References

External links

1997 Production of Don Juan tenorio featuring Raúl Valerio with Gonzalo Vega, Andrea Legarreta, Javier Herranz, and Guillermo Inclan
2000 Production of Don Juan Tenorio featuring Raúl Valerio with Marisol Santacruz and Orlando Miguel
 Radio production of "El Periquillo Sarniento".

1927 births
2017 deaths
Mexican male actors
People from Puebla

Raúl Valerio