Branko Bauer (18 February 1921 – 11 April 2002) was a Croatian film director. He is considered to be the leading figure of classical narrative cinema in Croatian and Yugoslav cinema of the 1950s.

Early life

Bauer became interested in cinema as a school boy. During World War Two he attended local cinemas in Zagreb, which were very popular during the Nazi occupation. His father Čedomir Bauer and he hid their Jewish tenant Ljerka Freiberger from the Ustashi police in 1942. As a result of these actions, Yad Vashem honored both of them as Righteous among the Nations in 1992.

In 1949, Branko began working in the Zagreb-based Jadran Film studio as a documentary filmmaker. His feature debut was the 1953 children's adventure film The Blue Seagull (Sinji galeb) which distinguished his work from then-native Yugoslav productions through vivid visual style and natural acting.

Selected works

Don't Look Back, My Son
Bauer became one of the most respected directors in Yugoslavia after his third film, the 1956 war thriller Don't Look Back, My Son (Ne okreći se sine; released as Don't Turn Around, Son in the US). The film tells a story about a World War II resistance fighter who escapes a train en route to the Jasenovac concentration camp and returns to Zagreb in an attempt to find his son and join the partisans in the Croatian hinterland. However, he realizes that his son is in an Ustaša boarding school and has been brainwashed. The hero manages to escape the city with his son but throughout their journey, he is forced to lie to his son about their actions. The film was loosely based on Carol Reed's thriller Odd Man Out, and its last scene - which inspired the title of the film - was inspired by Disney's film Bambi.

Three Girls Named Anna
Bauer's next film was the 1957 feature Only People (Samo ljudi), a melodrama influenced by films of Douglas Sirk. The film was a critical flop, mainly because melodrama was not considered a serious genre in 1950s communist Yugoslavia. After that film, Bauer worked for a Macedonian production company and made Three Girls Named Anna (Tri Ane; 1959), a neorealism-influenced film sometimes compared to Umberto D. by Vittorio de Sica. Three Girls Named Anna tells a story of an old man who lives alone believing that his daughter was killed in World War II as a child. Suddenly the man receives information that she could have had survived and is now probably living as an adult in a foster family. Bauer's gritty, authentic portrayal of post-war poverty and the lower classes of society was not welcomed by the establishment, and the film was never shown in cinemas, but it is today often considered Bauer's "forgotten masterpiece" and his best film.

Bauer's next two films were more commercially successful - the 1961 comedy Martin in the Clouds (Martin u oblacima); and the 1962 film Superfluous (Prekobrojna, 1962), which introduced Milena Dravić as a future Yugoslav superstar.

Face to Face
Probably the best known of Bauer's films is the 1963 feature Face to Face (Licem u lice), a film which is considered to be the first Yugoslav political film. It tells a story about a rebel worker who challenges a manager during a communist party meeting in a huge construction company. Although it was initially seen as controversial due to its political content, the film eventually received support by communist officials, which was understood among filmmakers as a green light for more overt depictions of socially controversial topics. Serbian director Živojin Pavlović said that Face to Face had been "the most important film shot in Yugoslavia by that time".

Late career
During the 1960s, Yugoslav films shifted to modernism, and Bauer couldn't accommodate to an auteur cinema. In the 1960s he made two unsuccessful modernist films, and was subsequently unable to get funding for his new cinema projects. During the 1970s, he directed the TV series Salaš u malom ritu (1976), a war drama set in Vojvodina, one of the most memorable works of Yugoslav television.

Critical reception
During the 1950s and 1960s, Bauer was regarded as a master of Yugoslav cinema and commanded respect from the government and his colleagues alike. Although his films never questioned the regime, the dominant set of values in these films was described as "old-fashioned" and "bourgeois": instead of the usual glorification of youth and revolution his films often praised the decent, old, middle-class type of families. Bauer's typical heroes made the right moral choices not inspired by ideology but driven by a sense of honor instead. Contemporary Croatian filmmaker Hrvoje Hribar once wrote that "Bauer had a sense for the blind spot of [communist] ideology, so he put his films in a place where it was as close as possible, yet least influential." However, by the late 1960s and 1970s, with the rise of modernist cinema, Bauer was pushed to the sidelines.

In the late 1970s his works were rediscovered by young critics as a kind of a Yugoslav version of old Hollywood masters. Slovenian film historian Stojan Pelko wrote in the British Film Institute's Encyclopedia of Russian and Eastern European Cinema that "Bauer was for Yugoslav critics what Hawks and Ford were for French New Wave critics". A substantial critical reevaluation of Bauer's work took place since the mid-1980s. In a late 1990s critics' poll of all-time greatest Croatian film directors, Bauer took second place, behind Krešo Golik.

Filmography (as director)
The Blue Seagull (Sinji galeb, 1953)
Millions on the Island (Milijuni na otoku, 1955)
Don't Look Back, My Son (Ne okreći se sine, 1956)
Only People (Samo ljudi, 1957)
Three Girls Named Anna  (Tri Ane, 1959)
Martin in the Clouds (Martin u oblacima, 1961)
Superfluous (Prekobrojna, 1962)
Face to Face (Licem u lice, 1963)
Nikoletina Bursać (1964)
Doći i ostati (To Arrive and to Stay, 1965)
Fourth Companion (Četvrti suputnik, 1967)
Salaš u Malom Ritu (A Farm in Mali Rit, 1975)
Boško Buha (1978)

References

Sources

Further reading

External links

1921 births
2002 deaths
Croatian film directors
Yugoslav film directors
People from Dubrovnik
Croatian Righteous Among the Nations
Vladimir Nazor Award winners
Golden Arena for Best Director winners
Burials at Mirogoj Cemetery
Croatian screenwriters
20th-century screenwriters

Branko Bauer


Disruptive innovation, sometimes called disruptive technology is the name for a technology or innovation that changes the market: It creates a new market. These new markets are small at first, which makes them uninteresting for established market players. If disruptive innovation is used, the market will grow at a high speed. Eventually, they will replace existing technology, though. An example of this is Flash memory.  When it was introduced it was expensive, and capacities were small, compared to hard disks. On the other hand, flash memory is small, and uses little energy. It began to be used in mp3 players and usb flash drives. Eventually, it was used for Solid state disks, which started to replace hard drives.

Clayton M. Christensen first used the term in 1995: Christensen defines a disruptive innovation as a product or service designed for a new set of customers.
"Generally, disruptive innovations were technologically straightforward, consisting of off-the-shelf components put together in a product architecture that was often simpler than [previous] approaches. They offered less of what customers in established markets wanted and so could rarely be initially employed there. They offered a different package of attributes valued only in emerging markets remote from, and unimportant to, the mainstream."

Sources

References

Economics

Disruptive innovation


Giovanni Gozzadini (15 October 1810 – 25 August 1887) was an Italian archaeologist.

The last male heir of a noble family in Bologna, that had given the city men-at-arms, doctors, and jurists, Giovanni was a highly educated man in other areas such as politics. His excavations in a necropolis on his property at Villanova (Castenaso, eight kilometres south-east of Bologna), lasting from 1853 to 1855, involved 193 tombs, six of which were separated from the rest as if to signify a special social status. The "well tomb" pit graves lined with stones contained funerary urns. Thus were unearthed the first remains of the Villanovan culture, the first Iron Age culture in ancient Italy. The name Villanovan derives from that of the estate owned by Gozzadini.

He also undertook the first excavations that brought to light the Etruscan necropolis at Marzabotto, financed by the Conti Aria, who were the landowners of the entire Pianura di Misano.

He is also known for his ground-breaking study of the medieval Towers of Bologna.

At her death, his only daughter, Gozzadina Gozzadini left the family fortune to the Hospital of Bologna, where the university pediatric clinic carries the family name today, the Clinica Pediatrica Universitaria Gozzadini di Bologna.

References

External links

People from Bologna
Italian archaeologists
1810 births
1887 deaths
Members of the Senate of the Kingdom of Italy
Members of the Senate of the Kingdom of Sardinia
Villanovan culture

Giovanni Gozzadini


4A/OP or, Automatized Atmospheric Absorption Atlas,
is an operational fast and accurate radiative transfer model for the infrared.

4A/OP is a user-friendly software for various scientific applications (surface, balloon or space-based observations), co-developed by LMD (Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique) and NOVELTIS with the support of CNES (the French Space Agency).

NOVELTIS is in charge of the industrialization and the distribution of the LMD 4A radiative transfer model. 4A allows fast and accurate computation of transmittance and radiance, owing to the use of a comprehensive database (atlases) of monochromatic optical thicknesses for up to 43 atmospheric molecular species. Precomputed once and for all, the atlases are created by using the line-by-line and layer-by-layer model, STRANSAC, with up to date physics. Owing to the computation of Jacobians (partial derivatives of the radiance with respect to atmospheric variables), the 4A model can be easily coupled with an inversion algorithm for the retrieval of atmospheric temperature or composition from infrared radiance measurements.

It uses spectroscopy from the regularly updated GEISA spectral line data catalog. Other spectroscopy databanks can be used.

The 4A/OP software is a version of the 4A code for distribution to registered users. This version is regularly updated and improved and contains a graphical user interface and a reference documentation.

This software is used by several research groups and can be integrated in operational processing chains. In particular, 4A/OP is the reference radiative transfer model for the CNES/EUMETSAT Infrared Atmospheric Sounder Interferometer (IASI) level 1 Cal/Val and level 1 operational processing.

See also
List of atmospheric radiative transfer codes
Atmospheric radiative transfer codes
Absorption spectrum
GEISA

References

Scott, N.A. (1974) A direct method of computation of transmission function of an inhomogeneous gaseous medium: description of the method and influence of various factors. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 14, 691-707.
Scott, N.A. and A. Chedin (1981) A fast line-by-line method for atmospheric absorption computations: The Automatized Atmospheric Absorption Atlas. J. Appl. Meteorol., 20, 802-812.
Chaumat, L., N. Decoster, C. Standfuss, B. Tournier, R. Armante and N. A. Scott (2006) 4A/OP Reference Documentation, NOV-3049-NT-1178-v3.4, NOVELTIS, LMD/CNRS, CNES, 261 pp.
Jacquinet-Husson, N. et al. (1999) The 1997 spectroscopic GEISA data bank. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 62, 205-254.

External links
 - 4A/OP website at Noveltis
 - ARA group at LMD

Atmospheric radiative transfer codes

4A/OP


Edmond A. "Ed" Tapscott III (born June 11, 1953) is an American sports executive. He is the former interim head coach of the NBA's Washington Wizards.

Coaching
Tapscott received his bachelor's degree from Tufts University and his Juris Doctor (J.D.) from American University Washington College of Law.  He was an assistant to Gary Williams at American University in the 1970s while a law student, and took over head coaching duties in 1982. By the time Tapscott left American  in 1990 to finally use his J.D. as director of team sports for Advantage International (a sports marketing and management firm), he was the coach with the 2nd highest winning percentage.

He subsequently led the team to one of the program's biggest victories.  On December 15, 1982, in his fifth game as coach Tapscott guided the Eagles to a 62–61 upset over its cross-town rival Georgetown who were led by Patrick Ewing and ranked fifth in the nation.  The game is also notable because the Washington Cardiovascular Institute had given the coach a portable heart monitor to wear during the game, with his heart rate jumping from a pregame rate of 68 to 130 to 170 in the second half.   Tapscott almost scored another upset over a highly ranked Georgetown four years later but the Reggie Williams-led Hoyas held on 62-59 and Coach John Thompson dropped American University from its schedule thereafter.

An NBA executive level professional for years, Tapscott was the first employee hired to lead the Charlotte Bobcats as Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer, but resigned after serving as president and chief executive officer in 2006.

Tapscott formerly worked in the New York Knicks' front office, including a stint as interim president and general manager. He's perhaps best remembered in New York for the 1999 drafting of French center Frédéric Weis who never played a game in the NBA, but much less credited for formulating the New York Knicks team, which culminated its season in the 1999 NBA Finals.

On November 24, 2008, Tapscott, at that time director of player development, was named as interim head coach, replacing Eddie Jordan after a dismal 1–10 start during the season. General manager of the Wizards, Ernie Grunfeld, stated that Tapscott will run the team for the rest of the season.

Tapscott made his professional coaching debut against the Golden State Warriors on November 25, 2008, a game which resulted in a win.  Under Tapscott, the Wizards accrued an 18-53 record in the 2008-2009 season.

After Flip Saunders was hired as coach of the Wizards, Tapscott returned to his position as the team's Director of Player Development.

Head coaching record

|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Washington
| style="text-align:left;"|
|71||18||53|||| style="text-align:center;"|5th in Atlantic||—||—||—||—
| style="text-align:center;"|—
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:left;"|Career
| ||71||18||53|||| ||—||—||—||—

References

External links
 Ed Tapscott Coaching Info at NBA.com

1953 births
Living people
African-American sports executives and administrators
American Eagles men's basketball coaches
American sports executives and administrators
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Tufts Jumbos men's basketball players
Washington College of Law alumni
Washington Wizards executives
Washington Wizards head coaches
American men's basketball players
Tufts University alumni
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople

Ed Tapscott


Cat's Eye (also known as Stephen King's Cat's Eye) is a 1985 American anthology horror thriller film directed by Lewis Teague and written by Stephen King. It comprises three stories, "Quitters, Inc.", "The Ledge", and "General". The first two are adaptations of short stories in King's 1978 Night Shift collection, and the third is unique to the film. The three stories are connected by the presence of a traveling cat, and Drew Barrymore both of which play  incidental roles in the first two and major characters in the third.

Its cast includes Drew Barrymore, James Woods, Alan King, Robert Hays and Candy Clark.

Plot

A stray tabby cat hides from a dog in a delivery truck, which drives to New York City. The tomcat sees the disembodied image of a young girl pleading for help and is picked up by a man named Junk.

"Quitters, Inc."
Smoker Dick Morrison is advised by a friend to join Quitters, Inc., to kick his habit. Clinic counselor Vinnie Donatti explains that the clinic has a 100% success rate due to a uniquely persuasive method: every time Dick smokes a cigarette, horrors of increasing magnitude will befall his wife and child.

Using the tomcat that Donatti's assistant, Junk, caught in the street, Donatti demonstrates the first of these horrors: the tomcat is put in a cage and tormented with electric shocks coming from the floor. Donatti explains that if his new client is caught with a cigarette, Dick's wife Cindy will be shocked while he is forced to watch. For subsequent infractions, his daughter will be shocked, then his wife raped. Finally, Dick himself will be killed. Dick hides the threats from his family.

That night, Dick is angered by the methods Quitters, Inc., uses and notices a pack of cigarettes in his desk. He prepares to smoke, but notices a pair of feet in his closet, realizing Quitters, Inc., takes their threat seriously. The following day, Dick visits his daughter and gives her a doll. While at the school, Dick sees Donatti, who warns him that the organization will be watching him closely.

During a stressful traffic jam, Dick smokes after finding an old pack of cigarettes in his glove box. After watching Cindy suffer in the electric cage, Dick futilely attacks Donatti and Junk; the tomcat escapes in the scuffle. Dick is determined never to smoke again and tells his wife everything.

Time passes, and Dick is smoke-free, but has gained weight due to quitting. Donatti prescribes illegal diet pills and sets a target weight for Dick. Dick jokingly asks what will happen if he continues to gain weight; Donatti responds that someone will cut off his wife's little finger. Dick and his wife have a dinner party with the friend who recommended Quitters, Inc., to Dick and his wife, and toast the company. As she raises her glass, Dick sees that his friend's wife is missing her little finger.

"The Ledge"
Having escaped Quitters, Inc., the tomcat leaves Manhattan via the Staten Island Ferry, traveling to Atlantic City, New Jersey, where it sees the same disembodied girl's image asking for his help. Gambler and former tennis pro Johnny Norris is involved with a woman whose jealous husband, Cressner, is a crime boss and casino owner. Cressner, who will bet on anything, wins a wager that the tomcat will successfully cross the busy road outside his casino, and takes the tomcat home.

Cressner has Norris kidnapped and blackmails him into a dangerous ordeal: he must circumnavigate the exterior ledge of Cressner's penthouse. If he makes it all the way around, Cressner will grant his wife a divorce. If Norris refuses, Cressner will call the police and have him arrested for possession of drugs that have been planted in Norris's Mustang by a henchman named Albert.

Norris agrees. Cressner harasses Norris by startling him with a horn when he attempts to get into a window. A pigeon lands beside Norris and pecks at his foot, causing it to bleed, then Cressner turns on a fire hose to keep Norris from lingering. Norris returns to the apartment. Cressner says he will honor his bet: Albert removed the drugs, and presents Norris with a bag of cash—however, he kicks over the bag to reveal his wife's severed head. Norris attacks Cressner, while Albert is tripped by the tomcat and drops his gun. Norris seizes the gun and kills Albert, then points it at Cressner. Norris forces Cressner to undergo the same ordeal on the ledge. The tomcat watches as Cressner, harassed by the pigeon, falls to his death.

"General"
The tomcat hops a freight train and travels to Wilmington, North Carolina, where it is adopted by the girl who was asking for help earlier, Amanda, who names him General. Amanda's mother believes General will harm their parakeet, Polly.

Despite Amanda's protests, her mother puts General out at night. Consequently, he cannot protect Amanda from a small, malevolent troll that took up residence in the house. When Amanda sleeps, the troll emerges via a hole in one of the walls in Amanda's room. The troll slays the parakeet with a tiny dagger and then tries to steal Amanda's breath. General finds a way into the house and chases the troll. After wounding the tomcat's shoulder with his dagger, the troll flees, leaving Amanda and her parents to discover the dead bird. Amanda's parents are convinced that General killed Polly, but her father, discovering a wound on the tomcat too large for a parakeet to have made, starts doubting the mother's belief that General slew the bird.

Amanda's mother takes General to an animal shelter to be euthanized. When night falls, the troll returns and uses a doorstop to wedge Amanda's door shut, and then reattempts to take the sleeping girl's breath. As General is getting his final meal, he escapes and rushes back to Amanda's house.

General saves Amanda and fights with the troll, causing a great deal of noise. Amanda's parents awaken, but the blocked door prevents them from reaching her. Though the troll tries to flee, General kills it. After her parents break into the room, Amanda describes how General saved her from the troll. Her parents believe the story when parts of the troll's corpse are discovered, as well as the tiny dagger and the hole in the wall that the troll used.

The next morning, General feasts on a large fish, then climbs onto a sleeping Amanda's stomach and licks her face. She wakes up and cuddles him.

Cast
 Drew Barrymore credited as "Our Girl". Also appears, uncredited, as Alicia Morrison, the Girl on TV, and Amanda
 James Woods as Dick Morrison
 Candy Clark as Sally Ann
 Alan King as Dr. Vinny Donatti
 Mary D'Arcy as Cindy Morrison
 Robert Hays as Johnny Norris
 Kenneth McMillan as Cressner
 James Naughton as Hugh
 James Rebhorn as Drunk Businessman
 Charles S. Dutton as Dom
 Mike Starr as Ducky

Release and reception
Cat's Eye was released theatrically in the United States by MGM on April 12, 1985.  It grossed $13,086,298 at the domestic box office.

Roger Ebert gave the film three stars out of four and wrote, "Stephen King seems to be working his way through the reference books of human phobias, and 'Cat's Eye' is one of his most effective films." Vincent Canby of The New York Times called the film "the best screen adaptation of any of King's work since Brian De Palma's 'Carrie'" and "pop movie making of an extremely clever, stylish and satisfying order." Variety wrote, "The three stories just don't connect and efforts to join them never work. However, an excellent roster of talent does try its best." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of four and wrote that the opening story "is so funny and so fresh that it's a shock and a disappointment to see it come to an end in a half-hour. The movie's second short story is as dull as can be; No. 3 is kind of fun; so it all adds up to a better-than-average entertainment that sags terribly in the middle." Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times stated that "the special effects are impeccable and Giorgio Postiglione's production design meticulous and inspired. Yet it's the well-drawn characters, plus the brisk, stylish direction of Teague and superb camerawork of Cardiff, that make it work." Paul Attanasio of The Washington Post wrote that all the stories "repeat the same formula," but the middle one was "the most fun, because of the presence of the peerless Kenneth McMillan," who "plays here with a good-humored burlesque that recalls Jackie Gleason." Kim Newman of The Monthly Film Bulletin thought the film "would have been sub-standard even as one of the formula Amicus anthologies of the 60s and 70s," adding, "Despite a few good performances (James Woods, Kenneth McMillan), the film, like Creepshow before it, is continually let down by the weak punch lines King provides for his promising anecdotes."
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 70% rating based on 30 reviews. The critical consensus reads: "An effective if knowingly silly Stephen King anthology that combines comedy and terror." On Metacritic the film has a score of 70% based on reviews from 12 critics.

Neil Gaiman reviewed Cat's Eye for Imagine magazine, stating it was "Funny, scary, and one of the best King movies so far."

The film was released on VHS in 1985 by Key Video and later on DVD by Warner Home Video in 2002.

Awards
The film was nominated for the International Fantasy Film Award for Best Film in 1987. Drew Barrymore was nominated for the Young Artist Award for Best Starring Performance by a Young Actress in a Motion Picture in 1986.

See also
 Creepshow
 List of adaptations of works by Stephen King

References

External links

1985 films
American horror anthology films
Films about cats
Films about smoking
Films based on American short stories
Films based on multiple works
Films based on works by Stephen King
1985 horror films
1980s English-language films
Films directed by Lewis Teague
Films with screenplays by Stephen King
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Films set in New Jersey
American monster movies
1980s monster movies
Films set in New York City
Films set in North Carolina
Films shot in Atlantic City, New Jersey
Films shot in New York City
Films shot in North Carolina
Films scored by Alan Silvestri
Films produced by Dino De Laurentiis
Films produced by Martha De Laurentiis
1980s American films
American psychological horror films
American horror thriller films
American psychological thriller films
American supernatural horror films
Torture in films
Films about organized crime in the United States
American films about gambling
Films about death games
Films about children
Films about trolls

Cat's Eye (1985 film)


Torpedo Alley, also known as Down Periscope, is a 1952 American war film directed by Lew Landers and starring Mark Stevens, Dorothy Malone and Charles Winninger. It depicts a US Navy pilot rescued at sea by submarine before applying for submarine duty.

Plot
When an American transport plane crashed, only the pilot, Lieutenant Bob Bingham, survived. Now he is drifting out to sea as a "shipwrecked man". Fortunately for him, he is fished up by the crew of a submarine. Bingham's concern that he might be guilty of the deaths of his two comrades does not leave him in peace. After a while he decided to start a new professional life in the Navy. His goal is to become the commander of a submarine. At the training area he meets Commander Heywood and First Engineer Gates again, who saved him on the high seas. Bingham soon became friends with the nurse Susan Peabody.

In June 1950 the Korean War breaks out. In this, the United States supports the troops of South Korea. Heywood and Gates take command of a submarine. The crew also includes Bingham and his new friend Graham. As part of a special task force, Bingham and Gates are assigned to blow up a bridge. In the process of execution, two men are killed; Gates and Bingham are badly wounded. But the strategically important bridge could be destroyed.

Susan is a nurse on the hospital ship that recovered the two injured. Bingham realizes that she is very concerned about his health. Now he is convinced that not only does he love her, but she also loves him.

Cast
 Mark Stevens as Lt. Bob Bingham
 Dorothy Malone as Lt. Susan Peabody
 Charles Winninger as Oliver J. Peabody
 Bill Williams as Lt. Tom Graham
 Douglas Kennedy as Lt. Dora Gates
 James Millican as Cmdr. Heywood
 William Henry as Instructor
 James Seay as Skipper
 Bob Rose as Anniston
 John Alvin as Professor
 Carleton Young as Psychiatrist
 Ralph Sanford as Charles Hedley
 Jean Willes as Peggy Moran

See also
 Submarine films

References

External links

1952 films
Films about submarine warfare
World War II submarine films
1950s war drama films
American war drama films
Films directed by Lew Landers
Allied Artists films
1952 drama films
American black-and-white films
1950s English-language films
1950s American films

Torpedo Alley (film)


Aage Tanggaard (born 25 February 1957) is a Danish jazz drummer and record producer. A pupil of Michael Carvin and Ed Thigpen, he has been a member of several notable bands; including Radiojazzgruppen, Ernie Wilkins' Almost Big Band and the Hamburg-based NDR Big Band. He has also performed and recorded extensively, beginning from 1982, with Stan Getz, Roland Hanna, Michal Urbaniak, Horace Parlan, Duke Jordan, Chet Baker, Paul Bley, Lee Konitz, Dexter Gordon, Clark Terry and Doug Raney among other notable artists. He is the founder of Audiophon Recording Studio where he works as a producer.

Selected discography
As sideman
1982 So Nice Duke (Duke Jordan)
1982 The House That Love Built (Frank Foster)
1983 Montreux (Ernie Wilkins)
1983 Plays Standards, Vol. 1: Autumn Leaves (Duke Jordan)
1984 Blue and White (Doug Raney)
1984 Glad I Found You (Horace Parlan)
1984 Take Good Care of My Heart (Michal Urbaniak)
1985 Questions (Paul Bley)
1988 My Favourite Songs, Vols. 1-2: The Last Great Concert (Chet Baker)
1994 This Time It's Real (Roland Hanna)
1997 I Remember You: The Legacy, Vol. 2 (Chet Baker)
1998 Bravissimo, Vol. 2: 50 Years of NDR Big Band Germany (NDR Big Band)
2006  Resource/Action. Re. Action (Svend Asmussen/Ed Thigpen Quartet)
2009 I Should Care (Duke Jordan)

References

Danish jazz drummers
Living people
1957 births
Almost Big Band members
Radiojazzgruppen members

Aage Tanggaard


A waterway is any navigable body of water. Broad distinctions are useful to avoid ambiguity, and disambiguation will be of varying importance depending on the nuance of the equivalent word in other languages. A first distinction is necessary between maritime shipping routes and waterways used by inland water craft. Maritime shipping routes cross oceans and seas, and some lakes, where navigability is assumed, and no engineering is required, except to provide the draft for deep-sea shipping to approach seaports (channels), or to provide a short cut across an isthmus; this is the function of ship canals. Dredged channels in the sea are not usually described as waterways. There is an exception to this initial distinction, essentially for legal purposes, see under international waters.

Where seaports are located inland, they are approached through a waterway that could be termed "inland" but in practice is generally referred to as a "maritime waterway" (examples Seine Maritime, Loire Maritime, Seeschiffahrtsstraße Elbe). The term "inland waterway" refers to navigable rivers and canals designed to be used by inland waterway craft only, implicitly of much smaller dimensions than seagoing ships.

In order for a waterway to be navigable, it must meet several criteria:

 it must be deep enough to accommodate vessels loading to the design draft;
 it must be wide enough to allow passage of the vessels with the design width or beam;
 it must be free of obstacles to navigation such as waterfalls and rapids, or offer a way around them (such as canal locks or boat lifts);
 its current must be mild enough to allow vessels to make headway upstream without undue difficulty;
 the wave height (on lakes) must not exceed the value for which the class of vessel is designed.

Vessels using waterways vary from small animal-drawn barges to immense ocean tankers and ocean liners, such as cruise ships.

In order to increase the importance of inland waterway transport, the European Commission presented a 35-point action plan in June 2021. The main goals are to increase the amount of goods moved through Europe's rivers and canals and to speed up the switch to zero-emission barges by 2050. This is in accordance with the Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy and the European Green Deal, which set the target of boosting inland canal and short-sea shipping by 25% by 2030 and by 50% by 2050.

History
Waterways have been an important part of human activity since prehistoric times and navigability has allowed watercraft and canals to pass through every body of water. The Grand Canal (China), a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the oldest known waterway system in the world, is considered to be one of the world's largest and most extensive project of engineering.

Example of classification of inland waterways

The European Conference of Ministers of Transport established in 1953 a classification of waterways that was later expanded to take into account the development of push-towing. Europe is a continent with a great variety of waterway characteristics, which makes this classification valuable to appreciate the different classes in waterway. There is also a remarkable variety of waterway characteristics in many countries of Asia, but there has not been any equivalent international drive for uniformity. This classification is provided by the UN Economic Commission for Europe, Inland Transport Committee, Working Party on Inland Water Transport. A low resolution version of that map is shown here.

Major waterways

 Suez Canal
 Panama Canal
 Great Lakes Waterway
 Saint Lawrence Seaway

See also

Air draft
Flume
Inland waterways of the United States
International waters
List of canals in France
List of countries by waterways length
List of waterways
Mill race
Salish Sea
Strait of Magellan
Water trail

References

External links

 Blue Book on European inland waterways - access to the Blue Book database.
 Waterscape - Britain's official guide to canals, rivers and lakes

Bodies of water

Waterway


Marginal Consort is a Japanese collective/free improvisation group made of sound and visual artists, who have played one concert annually since 1997. The group originally grew out of the East Bionic Symphonia, who recorded one album in 1976. The members are Kazuo Imai (今井和雄), Yasushi Ozawa (小沢靖) (also a member of Fushitsusha), Tomonao Koshikawa (越川知尚), Kei Shii (椎啓), and Masami Tada (多田正美). Chie Mukai participated in the first two concerts, but no longer plays with the group.

Discography
East Bionic Symphonia (Kojima, 1976)
Collective Improvisation (PSF, 1998)
Marginal Consort 4CD (Improvised Music from Japan, 2007)
 Glasgow 17th Feb 2008 4LP (PAN, 2013)

References
Kazuo Imai, "1997年10月18日(土)、再び私達は演奏する", in G-Modern, issue 16, Autumn 97. pp. 60–61 (Japanese)
Live review. G-Modern, issue 17, Winter 97-98. p. 71 (Japanese)
Stofer, F. (2000). Japanese Independent Music, France: Sonore.

External links
Profile & photos of a recent performance

Japanese rock music groups
Musical groups established in 1997
1997 establishments in Japan

Marginal Consort


A prime minister is a common title for someone who manages the politics of a country and is the head of government. With countries that have kings and queens (known as monarchs), they are very important because they are in charge of most of the politics (they are "head of the government"). In countries with a president, they might be in charge of most of the politics (as in the Republic of Ireland), or they may be in day-to day charge but taking orders from the president as in France.

Countries with a Prime Minister:
 Antigua and Barbuda (with Monarch)
 Australia (with Monarch)
 Azerbaijan (with President)
 Barbados (with President)
 Belgium (with Monarch)
 Canada (with Monarch)
 Denmark (with Monarch)
Ethiopia (with President)
 France (with President)
 India (with President)
 Ireland (with President)
 Israel (with President)
 Italy (with President)
 Japan (with Emperor)
 Malaysia (with Monarch)
 Mauritius (with President)
 Netherlands (with Monarch)
 New Zealand (with Monarch)
 Pakistan (with President)
 Romania (with President
 Singapore (with President)
 Thailand (with Monarch)
 Trinidad and Tobago (with President)
 Ukraine (with President)
 United Arab Emirates (with Monarch and President)
 United Kingdom (with Monarch)

References

Government occupations

Prime Minister


The survival film is a film genre in which one or more characters make an effort at physical survival. The genre focuses on characters' life-or-death struggles, often set against perilous circumstances. Survival films explore the human will to live, individual motivations, and personal desires, prompting audiences to reflect on broader aspects of humanity and personal values. They balance realism and believability with slow-burning suspense to maintain a sense of urgency. While some survival films may have epic scopes and lengthy running times, their effectiveness lies in creating an atmosphere where every moment poses a passive threat to the protagonist's existence.

The genre often overlaps with other film genres. It is a subgenre of the adventure film, along with swashbuckler films, war films, and safari films. Survival films are darker than most other adventure films and usually focus their storyline on a single character, usually the protagonist. The films tend to be "located primarily in a contemporary context", so film audiences are familiar with the setting, and the characters' activities are less romanticized.

In a 1988 book, Thomas Sobchack compared the survival film to romance film: "They both emphasize the heroic triumph over obstacles which threaten social order and the reaffirmation of predominant social values such as fair play and respect for merit and cooperation." The author said survival films "identify and isolate a microcosm of society", such as the surviving group from the plane crash in The Flight of the Phoenix (1965) or those on the overturned ocean liner in The Poseidon Adventure (1972). Sobchack explained, "Most of the time in a survival film is spent depicting the process whereby the group, cut off from the securities and certainties of the ordinary support networks of civilized life, forms itself into a functioning, effective unit." The group often varies in types of characters, sometimes to the point of caricature. While women have historically been stereotyped in such films, they "often play a decisive role in the success or failure of the group."

List of films

See also
 Battle royale genre
 List of apocalyptic films
 List of disaster films

References

Bibliography

Film genres

Survival film


As early as the 1920s, the Soviet Union, through its GRU, OGPU, NKVD, and KGB intelligence agencies, used Russian and foreign-born nationals (resident spies), as well as Communists of American origin, to perform espionage activities in the United States, forming various spy rings. Particularly during the 1940s, some of these espionage networks had contact with various U.S. government agencies. These Soviet espionage networks illegally transmitted confidential information to Moscow, such as information on the development of the atomic bomb (see atomic spies). Soviet spies also participated in propaganda and disinformation operations, known as active measures, and attempted to sabotage diplomatic relationships between the U.S. and its allies.

First efforts
During the 1920s Soviet intelligence focused on military and industrial espionage in Britain, France, Germany, and the United States, specifically in the aircraft and munitions industries, in order to industrialize and compete with Western powers, as well as strengthening the Soviet armed forces. The United States opened diplomatic ties to the Soviet Union in 1933, normalizing relations, but also opening the door to a number of spies which initially focused on technological espionage. One early Soviet spy was Jones Orin York who was recruited by the KGB's predecessors in 1935. The Soviets' Amtorg Trading Corporation established in 1924 would become a nexus of espionage.

Historian Harvey Klehr describes that the American businessman Armand Hammer "met Lenin in 1921 and, in return for a concession to manufacture pencils, agreed to launder Soviet money to benefit communist parties in Europe and America." Historian Edward Jay Epstein noted that "Hammer received extraordinary treatment from Moscow in many ways. He was permitted by the Soviet Government to take millions of dollars worth of czarist art out of the country when he returned to the United States in 1932." According to journalist Alan Farnham, "Over the decades Hammer continued traveling to Russia, hobnobbing with its leaders to the point that both the CIA and the FBI suspected him of being a full-fledged agent."

Browder and Golos networks
Earl Browder, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the United States (CPUSA), served as an agent recruiter himself on behalf of Soviet intelligence. Browder later stated that "by the mid-thirties, the Party was not putting its principal emphasis on recruiting members." Left unstated was his intent to use party members for espionage work, where suitable. Browder advocated the use of a United Front involving other members of the left, both to strengthen advocacy of pro-Soviet policy and to enlarge the pool of potential recruits for espionage work.  The illegal residency of NKVD in the US was established in 1934 by the former Berlin resident Boris Bazarov. In 1935, NKVD agent Iskhak Akhmerov entered the US with false identity papers to assist Bazarov in the collection of useful intelligence, and operated without interruption until 1939, when he left the US. Akhmerov's wife, an American who worked for Soviet intelligence, was Helen Lowry (Elza Akhmerova), the niece of CPUSA General Secretary Earl Browder. Recent information from Soviet archives has revealed that Browder's younger sister Marguerite worked until 1938 as an NKVD operative in Europe.  She discontinued this work only when Browder himself requested her release from duty, fearful that her work would compromise his position as General Secretary.

In the 1930s, the chief Soviet espionage organization operating in the U.S. became the GRU. J. Peters headed the secret apparatus that supplied internal government documents from the Ware group to the GRU. Browder assisted Peters in building a network of operatives in the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. This group included Alger Hiss, John Abt, and Lee Pressman (Pressman admitted participation in the group, but denied it was involved in espionage). Courier for the group at the time was Whittaker Chambers. Browder oversaw the efforts of Jacob Golos and his girlfriend, Elizabeth Bentley, whose network of agents and sources included two key figures at the Department of Treasury, Nathan Gregory Silvermaster and Harry Dexter White.

One early Soviet spy ring was headed by Jacob Golos. Jake Golos (birth name Jacob Golosenko, Tasin, Rasin or Raisen) was a Ukrainian-born Bolshevik revolutionary and Soviet secret police (NKVD) operative in the USSR. He was also a longtime senior official of the CPUSA involved in covert work and cooperation with Soviet intelligence agencies.  He took over an existing network of agents and intelligence sources from Earl Browder.  Golos' controller was the head of the NKVD's American desk, Gaik Ovakimian, also known as "The Puppetmaster", who would later serve a key role in the assassination of Leon Trotsky. Golos was the "main pillar" of the NKVD intelligence network. He had worked with Soviet intelligence from the mid-1930s, and probably earlier. He was not merely a CPUSA official assisting the NKVD (an agent or "probationer" in Soviet intelligence parlance) but held official rank in the NKVD, and claimed to be an oldtime Chekist.

Golos established a company called World Tourists with money from Earl Browder, the General Secretary. The firm, which posed as a travel agency, was used to facilitate international travel to and from the United States by Soviet agents and CPUSA members. World Tourists was also involved in manufacturing fake passports, as Browder used such a false passport on covert trips to the Soviet Union in 1936. At World Tourist, Golos frequently met Bernard Schuster, an NKVD agent (code name ECHO and DICK) and Communist Party functionary who carried out background investigations for Golos as part of the vetting process of agent candidates. In March 1940, Golos pleaded guilty to being an unregistered foreign agent, paid a $500 fine (equivalent to $ today), and served probation in lieu of a four-month prison sentence.

Soviet intelligence did not like Golos' refusal to allow Soviet contact with his sources (a measure implemented by Golos to protect himself and to ensure his continued retention by the NKVD). The NKVD suspected Golos of Trotskyism and tried to lure him to Moscow, where he could be arrested, but the US government got to him first. But even then, he did not reveal his agent network. After Browder went to prison in 1940, Golos took over running Browder's agents. In 1941, Golos set up a commercial forwarding enterprise, called the US Shipping and Service Corporation, with Elizabeth Bentley, his lover, as one of its officers.

Sometime in November 1943, Golos met in New York City with key figures of the Perlo group, a group working in several government departments and agencies in Washington, D.C. The group was already in the service of Browder. Later that same month, after a series of heart attacks over the previous two years, Golos died in bed in Bentley's arms. Bentley then took over his operations (thus the reference in the decrypts to him as a "former" colleague).

Secret apparatus
By the end of 1936 at least four mid-level State Department officials were delivering information to Soviet intelligence: Alger Hiss, assistant to Assistant Secretary of State Francis Sayre; Julian Wadleigh, economist in the Trade Agreements Section; Laurence Duggan, Latin American division; and Noel Field, West European division. Whittaker Chambers later testified that the plans for a tank design with a revolutionary new suspension invented by J. Walter Christie (then being tested in the U.S.A.) were procured and put into production in the Soviet Union as the Mark BT, later developed into the famous Soviet T-34 tank.

In 1993, experts from the Library of Congress traveled to Moscow to copy previously secret archives of Communist Party USA (CPUSA) records, sent to the Soviet Union for safekeeping by party organizers. The records provide an irrefutable record of Soviet intelligence and cooperation provided by those in the radical left in the United States from the 1920s through the 1940s.  Some documents revealed that the CPUSA was actively involved in secretly recruiting party members from African-American groups and rural farm workers. The records contained further evidence that Soviet sympathizers had indeed infiltrated the State Department, beginning in the 1930s. Included were letters from two U.S. ambassadors in Europe to President Franklin D. Roosevelt and a senior State Department official. Thanks to an official in the State department sympathetic to the Party, the confidential correspondence, concerning political and economic matters in Europe, ended up in the hands of Soviet intelligence.

In the late 1930s and 1940, Soviet intelligence had multiple staging areas for plots to murder exiled Russian revolutionary Leon Trotsky, then living in Mexico City. Josef Grigulevich, an NKVD agent who had direct orders from Stalin to kill Trotsky, had a safe house in Zook's Drugstore in Santa Fe, New Mexico. The Soviets had two plans to assassinate Trotsky, one involving the Mexican Stalinist David Siqueiros, and the other the Spanish Ramón Mercader. One account of the first, failed raid on Trotsky's home states that Grigulevich tricked Robert Sheldon Harte, an American Communist who was Trotsky's bodyguard, into opening the gate. The Soviets failed to kill Trotsky during this attempt, but betrayed Harte, and they killed him for being a witness. Siqueiros then escaped to Chile with the help of Pablo Neruda. Grigulevich likely then crossed the border north and took refuge at Zook's Pharmacy. The second later attempt by Mercader was successful and Trotsky was murdered in Mexico.

Soble spy ring
Jacob Albam and the Sobles (Jack and Myra) were indicted on espionage charges by the FBI in 1957; all three were later convicted and served prison terms. Alleged members of their spy ring, the Zlatovskis, remained in Paris, France, where the laws did not allow their extradition to the United States for espionage. Robert Soblen was sentenced to life in prison for his espionage work at Sandia National Laboratories, but jumped bail and escaped to Israel. After being expelled from that country, he later committed suicide in Great Britain while awaiting extradition back to the United States.

Boris Morros, formerly a Soviet spy, became an FBI counterspy and reported on the Soble spy ring.

Wartime espionage
During the Second World War, Soviet espionage agents obtained classified reports on electronic advances in radio-beacon artillery fuzes by Emerson Radio, including a complete proximity fuze (reportedly the same fuze design that was later installed on Soviet anti-aircraft missiles to shoot down Francis Gary Powers's U-2 in 1960). Thousands of documents from the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) were photocopied or stolen, including a complete set of design and production drawings for Lockheed Aircraft's new P-80 Shooting Star fighter jet.

According to Soviet agent Pavel Sudoplatov, five spy rings for the Soviet Union were targeting the United States during World War II: one was based in Amtorg in New York City, another spy ring was based in the Soviet Embassy in the United States at Washington, D.C., another was based in the Soviet Consulate General in San Francisco, another was based out of Mexico City and ran by Vasilevsky, and the fifth was the Akhmerov led ring which targeted United States Communist Party members for the Kremlin's needs.

Atomic bomb secrets
Joseph Stalin directed Soviet intelligence officers to collect information in four main areas. Pavel Fitin, the 34-year-old chief of the KGB First Directorate, was directed to seek American intelligence concerning Hitler's plans for the war in Russia; secret war aims of London and Washington, particularly with regard to planning for Operation Overlord, the second front in Europe; any indications the Western Allies might be willing to make a separate peace with Hitler; and American scientific and technological progress, particularly in the development of an atomic weapon. Pavel Sudoplatov claimed to have led the efforts to obtain information about the Manhattan Project in an alleged "Department S" but this has been questioned because Sudoplatov placed false accusations on Oppenheimer and others.

A well-known Soviet case was of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, the first US citizens convicted and executed for espionage during peacetime. The married couple lived in New York City and were accused of spying for the Soviet Union and sending information regarding radar, sonar, jet propulsion engines, and sending nuclear weapon designs. Following the Moynihan Commission, the declassification of the Venona project in 1995 revealed more information about the Julius and Ethel Rosenberg case, and confirmed that a widespread Soviet spy network did exist during the Cold War. However, many agents were never prosecuted or publicly implicated, for instance Theodore Hall, because much Venona evidence was withheld until 1995.

During this time, George Koval who infiltrated the Manhattan Project as a member of the GRU, also passed stolen atomic secrets to the Soviet Union. Harry Gold and Klaus Fuchs were also Soviet spies. Harry Gold was a courier for other Soviet spies such as Klaus Fuchs.

Silvermaster spy ring
The United States Treasury Department was successfully penetrated by nearly a dozen Soviet agents or information sources, including Harold Glasser and his superior, Harry Dexter White, assistant secretary of the treasury and the second most influential official in the department.  In late May 1941, Vitali Pavlov, a 25-year-old NKVD officer, approached White and attempted to secure his assistance to influence U.S. policy towards Japan. Pavlov's memoirs, after decades of being in the KGB, alleged that White agreed to assist Soviet intelligence in any way he could. Whittaker Chambers states White's principal function was aiding the infiltration and placement of Soviet operatives within the government, and protecting sources. When security concerns arose around Nathan Gregory Silvermaster, White protected him in his sensitive position at the Board of Economic Warfare. White likewise was a purveyor of information and resources to assist Soviet aims, and agreed to press for the release of German occupation currency plates to the Soviet Union. The Soviets later used the plates to print unrestricted sums of money to exchange for U.S. and Allied hard goods.

In August 1945, Elizabeth Bentley, fearful of assassination by the Soviet MGB, turned herself in to the government. She implicated many agents and sources in the Golos and Silvermaster spy networks, and was the first to accuse Harry Dexter White of acting on behalf of Soviet interests in releasing occupation plates to Moscow, later confirmed by Soviet archives and former KGB officers. U.S. counterintelligence archives in the Venona project contain "damning evidence" against White—showing evidence for his inappropriate contacts with Soviet agents.

In a twist of history, Harry Dexter White would participate in the Bretton Woods Conference, which created the American-led, post-war financial and economic order. Although White was sympathetic to the Soviet Union, he was still capitalist in his economic thinking, and there was only so much he could do to benefit the Soviet Union at a conference for liberal internationalism, an idea the Soviets opposed. Ultimately, the main result was that President Truman would nominate a European to Managing Director of the IMF instead of Harry Dexter White. Dr. James C. Van Hook, joint historian of the Department of State and the Central Intelligence Agency., says "It is difficult to understand how White's detractors could characterize Bretton Woods, a fundamental institution of liberal capitalism, as inherently pro-Soviet."

Aftermath
President Harry S. Truman's Executive Order 9835 of 22 March 1947 tightened protections against subversive infiltration of the US Government, defining disloyalty as membership on a list of subversive organizations maintained by the Attorney General. Truman, however, was opposed to the McCarran Internal Security Act of 1950, calling it a "Mockery of the Bill of Rights" and a "long step towards totalitarianism".

Cold War espionage

Soviet espionage operations continued during the Cold War. The Venona project, declassified in 1995 by the Moynihan Commission, contained extensive evidence of the activities of Soviet spy networks in America.

On August 4, 1945, several weeks before the end of World War II, a delegation from the Young Pioneer Organization of the Soviet Union presented a bugged carving to Ambassador Harriman, later known as The Thing, as a "gesture of friendship" to the Soviet Union's war ally. The device, embedded in a carved wooden plaque of the Great Seal of the United States, was used by the Soviet government to spy on the United States. It hung in the ambassador's Moscow residential study for seven years, until it was exposed in 1952 during the tenure of Ambassador George F. Kennan.

The Mitrokhin Archive showed that the Soviets did not just perform espionage in terms of gathering intelligence, but also used its intelligence agencies for "active measures" a form of political warfare involving forgeries and disinformation.

Communist Party USA
During the Second World War, the Communist Party USA was a center of Soviet espionage in the United States. After the war, this continued. Espionage historian John Earl Haynes states that the CPUSA was essentially a Soviet "fifth column", though "dried up as a base for Soviet espionage once the administration got serious about internal security".

The Communist Party USA received a substantial subsidy from the USSR from 1959 until 1989. Because the CPUSA consistently maintained a pro-Moscow line, many members left over time dissatisfied with events of Soviet repression, such as in Hungary in 1956 and in Czechoslovakia in 1968. The Soviet funding ended in 1989 when Gus Hall condemned the initiatives taken by Mikhail Gorbachev.

In 1952, Jack and Morris Childs—both American-born ex-Soviet spies—became FBI double agents, and informed on the CPUSA for the rest of the Cold War, monitoring the Soviet funding and communications with Moscow.

Spy motivations and Soviet recruitment techniques
According to longtime CIA officer Frederick Wettering, many turncoats to the Soviets were not ideologically communist, such as Aldrich Ames and John Walker who "did it strictly for the money." Wettering summarized the motivations as "MIRE -- money, ideology, revenge and ego."

According to Russian investigative writer, Andrei Soldatov:In Soviet times, intelligence and counterintelligence branches of the KGB were closely interconnected. In addition to its espionage abroad, the KGB was always busy collecting "intelligence from the territory," a euphemism for recruiting foreign nationals in the Soviet Union, with an eye to subsequently running them as agents in their home countries. Regional departments of the KGB were tasked with recruiting foreigners traveling throughout the country.Former KGB defector Jack Barsky stated, "Many a right-wing radical had given information to the Soviets under a 'false flag', thinking they were working with a Western ally, such as Israel, when in fact their contact was a KGB operative."

Cambridge Five
Notable cases of Cold War Soviet espionage included Kim Philby, a Soviet double agent and British intelligence liaison to American intelligence, who was revealed to be a member of the "Cambridge Five" spy ring in 1963. The other four members of the "Cambridge Five" spy ring included Donald Maclean, Guy Burgess, Anthony Blunt, and John Cairncross, although Michael Straight was also involved with the Soviet spy ring and there were possibly other alleged members. The Cambridge Spy Ring focused on serving the Soviet Union in the Cold War by infiltrating British intelligence and providing secret information to the Soviet top leaders, and causing mistrust in British intelligence in the United States.

Kim Philby, along with Bill Weisband, would end up betraying the existence of the Venona project to the Soviets, between 1945 and 1948.

Active measures
Active measures () are a form of political warfare that was conducted by the Soviet Union. These ranged from simple propaganda and forgery of documents, to assassination, terrorist acts and planned sabotage operations. In the US the KGB's main active measures were disinformation and the spread of conspiracy theories.

Retired KGB Major General Oleg Kalugin, former Head of Foreign Counter Intelligence for the KGB (1973–1979), described active measures as "the heart and soul of Soviet intelligence":

 "Not intelligence collection, but subversion: active measures to weaken the West, to drive wedges in the Western community alliances of all sorts, particularly NATO, to sow discord among allies, to weaken the United States in the eyes of the people of Europe, Asia, Africa, Latin America, and thus to prepare ground in case the war really occurs. To make America more vulnerable to the anger and distrust of other peoples."

The doctrine of active measures was taught in the Andropov Institute of the KGB situated at Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR) headquarters in Yasenevo District of Moscow. The head of the "active measures department" was Yuri Modin, former controller of the Cambridge Five spy ring.

One example of active measures by the KGB was Operation "Denver" (also nicknamed Operation INFEKTION), a propaganda campaign which fabricated and spread the idea HIV/AIDS was invented by the US as a biological weapon from Fort Detrick, Maryland. As part of the disinformation campaign the KGB, through affiliated Soviet press and Soviet bloc intelligence agencies, disseminated publications that claimed to be independent investigative work, such as the "Segal report" by Jakob Segal. Part of the goal was to shift attention away from the Soviets' own biological weapons program. In 1992, SVR head Yevgeny Primakov admitted that the KGB had instigated and perpetuated the myth of a manmade AIDS. The conspiracy theories fed into AIDS denialism and may have led to preventable deaths across the United States, and South Africa. According to the U.S. State Department, the Soviet Union used the campaign to undermine the United States' credibility, foster anti-Americanism, isolate America abroad, and create tensions between host countries and the U.S. over the presence of American military bases. A cycle of misinformation and disinformation revolved between Kremlin-based and U.S.-based conspiracy theorists (such as Lyndon LaRouche).

A series of Soviet active measures focused on exacerbating racial divisions in the United States. According to intelligence historian Christopher Andrew, "Martin Luther King was probably the only prominent American to be the target of active measures by both the FBI and the KGB." The FBI surveilled King and also tried to publicize adultery accusations against him, while posing as a former supporter. Meanwhile, the KGB tried but failed to influence MLK, Jr. through the CPUSA. Finding King not radical enough, the KGB sought to discredit him by portraying him as a supposed "Uncle Tom". After King's assassination, the KGB spread conspiracy theories about the government being involved in his murder. Following this, Yuri Andropov approved the forgery of anti-black pamphlets claiming to be from the Jewish Defense League. A more extensive sabotage plot was planned as "Operation PANDORA" but never implemented. The KGB later penned racist letters to appear as a Ku Klux Klan campaign against Olympic athletes from African and Asian countries to scare them from participating, ahead of the Soviets' 1984 Summer Olympics boycott.

According to Yuri Bezmenov, a defector from the Soviet KGB, psychological warfare activities accounted for 85% of all KGB efforts (the other 15% being direct espionage and intelligence gathering). Bezmenov put the process into the four stages "destabilize, demoralize, crisis, normalization" where an enemy country would be undermined over several decades, and pointed out that once the Soviet Union took control of a country, such as Czechoslovakia, they disposed of actual revolution and radicalism.

Spy ring discoveries
Major spy discoveries occurred in the 1980s despite the looming end of the Cold War. The press dubbed 1985 the "Year of the Spy" due to the discovery of multiple spies and spy rings, many of them passing information to the Soviet Union, such as John Anthony Walker and Ronald Pelton. The New York Times reported in 1987 that the Walker spy ring was "described as the most damaging Soviet spy ring in history." During his time as a Soviet spy (1967-1985), Walker stole and sold codes that assisted the Soviets in deciphering encrypted Navy messages, which allowed them to monitor American naval assets. The Walker spy ring also compromised information about weapons, sensor data, and related naval tactics. Other 1980s spies included Aldrich Ames, a KGB mole. Investigation of Ames' activities led to the 1995 CIA disinformation controversy revealing that false reports were fed to the United States through Soviet double agents.

See also

 American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
 Amerasia
 Bella Dodd
 David Karr
 Farewell Dossier
 George Trofimoff
 Gouzenko Affair
 Hollow Nickel Case
 Lev Vasilevsky
 List of Americans in the Venona papers
 List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
 Nuclear espionage
 Russian espionage in the United States
 Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
 Russian involvement in regime change
 Russian Soviet Government Bureau
 The Americans (2013 TV series)
 The Thing (listening device)

References

Further reading

 John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr, and Alexander Vassiliev, Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009)
 John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America, Yale University Press
Allen Weinstein and Alexander Vassiliev, The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America--the Stalin Era (New York: Random House, 1999)

External links
  Soviet Technospies from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
 For new evidence on Soviet espionage in the United States, see former KGB officer Alexander Vassiliev's Notebooks From the Cold War International History Project (CWIHP)
 V.I. Lenin, Terms of Admission into Communist International, (July 1920) First published 1921, The Second Congress of the Communist International, Verbatum Report, Communist International, Petrograd
 Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive. CI Reader: American Revolution into the New MillenniumA Counterintelligence Reader Volume 3, Chapter 1: Cold War Counterintelligence. PDF file. office of the Director of Central Intelligence. Retrieved June 21, 2005.
 Proyect, Louis. Harvey Klehr's "The Secret World of American Communism".  Published online May 25, 2002. Retrieved June 21, 2005.
 Robert Louis Benson and Michael Warner, eds., Venona: Soviet Espionage and the American Response, 1939-1957, (Washington, D.C.: National Security Agency, Central Intelligence Agency, 1996)*
 The Hanford Site, Historic docs, Section 8 - Site Security
 Discouraged, Disillusioned and Duped, Eyewitness account of the era
 Razvedka, Intelligence Information and the Process of Decision Making: Turning Points of the Early Period of the Cold War (1944–1953)  (In Russian).
 Interview with Ralph De Toladano
 History of Russian foreign intelligence in North America (Russian) , Official site of Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)
 Film: The KGB Connections: An Investigation Into Soviet Operations in North America, 1982, Public domain: .
Whittaker Chambers | Witness in the Alger Hiss Case, Anti-Communist, ex-Communist, Spy, Editor, Journalist, Intellectual, Writer, Translator, Poet

Cold War history of the United States
Espionage by period
History of the government of the United States
Russia intelligence operations
Soviet Union–United States relations
Soviet intelligence agencies
Cold War history of the Soviet Union
Espionage in the United States

Soviet espionage in the United States


Paul Pîrşan Prof. Dr. (born February 28, 1956 in Șerbănești) is a Romanian agricultural scientist, University Professor and Rector of the Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (USABTM).

Biography
After his academic studies Pîrşan managed the agricultural farm in the Recaș area of Timiș County. In 1986 he started as scientific assistant at the Agricultural Institute Timișoara. After his conferral of a doctorate in agriculture ( Dr. agr) he became university lecturer (1992) and after his postdoctoral lecture qualification he became Lecturer (1996) and professor of agronomy (2003).
He participated in five agricultural research projects, mostly as the project leader.
Pîrşan became director of the agricultural institut and Dean of the Agronomic Faculty (2005-2012), County Councillor and Chairman of the Culture Committee of the Timiș County Council since 2005. Pîrşan was elected rector of the USAB-TM in 2012.

Research projects
 Project: Project Director; CNCSIS; Developing technology for growing maize farming in specific system (plant carpet) in plain west of the country, 2002-2004
 Project: Program Pandoer; International contract in collaboration with Ghent University, Belgium Government financing; Technology for corn crop, 2004-2006
 Project: Project Director; Program Agral; Research and development of innovative technologies for harvesting and ensilage of green fodder plants to improve nutritional quality of food and animal health, 2006-2008
 Project: Project Director; CEEX; Sustainable Recovery of medicinal herbs and hops to obtain the active biopreparate, 2006-2008
 Project: Project Director; Program IDEI; Research, foundation and development of cultivation technology for maize and sunflower grown in organic system 2009-2011
 Expert reviewer on 15 doctoral theses (2005-2012)

Memberships and honorary degrees
 General Association of Engineers of Romania
 Multi-disciplinary Research Association of West
 General Horticulturists Association
 Visiting Professor to support lectures in the Faculty of Agriculture in Novi Sad and Banja Luka
 Lecturer in MAKIS Program - World Bank
 Supporter in the Office of Agricultural Consultants in Arad and Timis
 Head Training Agency Timis, supporting training courses to professionals of these institutions in agricultural technology
 Honorary member of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Timis
 Agricultural Order of Merit (2006)
 Excellenze Diploma of the Romanian Soil Research Association (2005)

References

External links
 Paul Pirsan new Rector at USABTM

1956 births
Living people
People from Olt County
Romanian agriculturalists
Academic staff of the Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine
Romanian agronomists
Rectors of universities in Romania
National Liberal Party (Romania) politicians
Councillors in Romania

Paul Pîrșan


Paul A. Johnson (born 26 June 1984) is an Australian rules footballer currently listed with the East Perth Football Club in the West Australian Football League (WAFL). He previously played senior matches with the West Coast Eagles, the Melbourne Football Club, and the Hawthorn Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL), the Swan Districts Football Club in the WAFL, and the Sandringham Football Club and the Box Hill Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Johnson was the winner of the 2005 J. J. Liston Trophy, as well as the 2012 Simpson Medal as the best player in an interstate match for Western Australia.

Football career
Originally from the Australian state of Victoria, Johnson played under-18 football for the Dandenong Stingrays in the TAC Cup before being drafted by the West Coast Eagles with the 24th pick overall at the 2002 National draft. As part of West Coast's affiliation with WAFL clubs, Johnson was selected to play matches for the Swan Districts Football Club. Making his debut for Swan Districts in the first round of the 2003 season, strong form playing mainly at centre half-forward led to Johnson making his debut for West Coast in round five of the 2003 season, in the Western Derby match against . In the game, which was to be his only game for West Coast at AFL level, he recorded one disposal, a handball, and one tackle. Having played a total of 32 games and kicked 41 goals over two seasons at Swan Districts without gaining another opportunity at AFL level, Johnson was traded to the Melbourne Football Club during the trading period at the end of the 2004 season, in exchange for the 29th pick in the National Draft.

Making his debut for Melbourne in round seven of the 2005 season, against , Johnson played a total of eight games in his first season with the club, as a back-up ruckman behind Jeff White. However, he played 14 games for Melbourne's affiliate club in the VFL, Sandringham, and at the end of the season was awarded the J. J. Liston Trophy as the best and fairest player in the league, having tied with the Tasmanian Devils' Ian Callinan on 16 votes, including five best on ground efforts. Johnson also played in the club's premiership win over Werribee. He played two games for Melbourne early in the season, including a two-goal game against  in round four, but missed the rest of the season due to a shoulder injury which required a shoulder reconstruction. Johnson was used mainly as a second ruckman throughout his time at Melbourne, and was delisted at the end of the 2010 season having played a total of 68 games for the club.

After his delisting in 2010, Johnson was asked to join Hawthorn's pre-season training squad as one of three players competing for an extra spot on the club's rookie list. He was eventually selected to join the list, but was forced to miss eight weeks at the start of the season due to a stress fracture in his foot. Johnson was upgraded to Hawthorn's senior list in May 2011, after injuries to key position players and strong form for the club's affiliate in the VFL, Box Hill. He played his first and only game for Hawthorn against  in round 24 of the 2011 season, becoming one of a small group of players to have played with three or more clubs. After being delisted at the end of the 2011 season, Johnson trained with Hawthorn in an attempt to again win a spot on the rookie list, but was not selected. Following this, he was recruited by East Perth in the WAFL. In May 2012, he was named in the state squad for the match against the South Australian National Football League, and was later awarded the Simpson Medal as the best player on the ground for Western Australia. In the following years' state game, against the VFL, Johnson was named captain of the team.

See also
 List of Hawthorn Football Club players
 List of Melbourne Football Club players
 List of West Coast Eagles players

References

External links

Melbourne Football Club player profile
West Coast Eagles player profile
WAFL playing statistics

1984 births
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Box Hill Football Club players
Dandenong Stingrays players
East Perth Football Club players
Hawthorn Football Club players
J. J. Liston Trophy winners
Living people
Melbourne Football Club players
Sandringham Football Club players
Swan Districts Football Club players
West Coast Eagles players
Casey Demons players

Paul Johnson (Australian footballer, born 1984)


Zirconium propionate is a white powder with molecular formula Zr(CH3CH2COO)4. Its structure is complex, but is believed to be based on hydroxy-bridged zirconium polymers, with the propionate carboxyl group bonded to the zirconium. It is not soluble in water, but dissolves in isopropanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate. When tamped or untamped, it has a density of 1.14 g/cm3 or 0.98 g/cm3 respectively. It is used to promote adhesion in solvent-based inks.

References

Propionates
Zirconium compounds

Zirconium propionate


Gianni De Fraja is a professor of economics at the University of Nottingham, England and a Research Fellow (CEPR).

He was born in Bologna, where he spent the first five years of his life, before moving to Bassano del Grappa and then on to Mestre, near Venice, where  he lived until he was eighteen. He attended SSSUP college in Pisa from which he graduated in 1982. He then moved to a house near the Chianti Hills near Vagliagli where he took his doctorate at Siena with a thesis on Game Theory.

After a year in Siena he was encouraged by his teachers to go abroad and so went to England, to Linacre College, Oxford. After two years in Oxford he returned to Italy for military service in the Italian Army. After a year he returned to complete his thesis on oligopolistic competition.

Since finishing his studies in Oxford he has taken up academic positions in the universities of Leicester, Bristol and York. He has also been on academic trips to Tokyo, Bonn and Barcelona. After thirteen years in York, he is now settled in Leicester, with two daughters and a son.

Between 1999 and 2005, he was Managing Editor of the Bulletin of Economic Research. His research interests are in the areas of Public economics, Economics of education, Regulation, and Game Theory. He has published papers in, among others, Journal of Public Economics, International Economic Review, Review of Economic Studies, Economic Journal, Journal of Political Economy, and Oxford Economic Papers. As posted on his personal webpage , he considers himself a bright.

He has been elected head of the Department of Economics at the University of Leicester and will begin his mandate in September 2008. In 2011 he was replaced as head of department by Stephen Hall.

References

Academics of the University of Bristol
Academics of the University of York
Italian emigrants to the United Kingdom
University of Siena alumni
Alumni of Linacre College, Oxford
Academics of the University of Leicester
Living people
1960 births
Education economists

Gianni De Fraja


Michael Joseph McCormack Jr. (June 21, 1930 – November 15, 2013) was an American professional football player, coach, and executive in the National Football League (NFL). He played as an offensive tackle with the Cleveland Browns from 1954 through 1962 and served as head coach of the Philadelphia Eagles, Baltimore Colts, and Seattle Seahawks. He was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1984.

Playing career
McCormack played college football at University of Kansas and assumed that he would take up a career as a high school coach. He was selected by the New York Yanks in the 1951 NFL Draft, but had to wait until the third round before being taken. After the 1951 season concluded, he was conscripted into the U.S. Army and served in the Korean War. While he was away, the Yanks moved to Dallas and became the Texans, which folded after just one season.

McCormack came home in 1954 to find that his team had ceased to exist, so he became a free agent and was immediately signed by the Baltimore Colts, a new franchise created the previous year to replace the defunct Yanks/Texans. Cleveland Browns founder Paul Brown had not forgotten seeing McCormack play in his rookie season three years earlier and was sufficiently impressed that he decided to add him to the roster in a trade exchange with Baltimore. In his first season with the team in 1954, he played on the defensive line, and famously grabbed the ball out of Lions QB Bobby Layne's hands (in what the referees ruled as a fumble recovery) in the 1954 NFL Championship game against the Detroit Lions, helping set up an important early touchdown.

The following season, he was shifted to offensive tackle and helped the Browns once again capture the NFL title.  He played a key role in helping legendary running back Jim Brown become one of the dominant players in the game, ending his career with six selections to the Pro Bowl.

Paul Brown, legendary Cleveland Browns founder, owner, and coach, stated in his 1979 memoir, PB: The Paul Brown Story, "I consider (Mike) McCormack the finest offensive tackle who ever played pro football." Also, according to Paul Zimmerman's 1984 book, The New Thinking Man's Guide to Pro Football, Brown also stated that McCormack was the best offensive lineman he ever coached. The book states that McCormack "[c]ould handle the Colts' Gino Marchetti better than any tackle in the game. Power combined with great intelligence and 4.8 speed. 'I've seen him have games,' former player and NFL executive Bucko Kilroy says, 'where if you were grading him, he'd score 100. Not one mistake, and his guy would never make a tackle.'"

Coaching career
McCormack retired from playing in 1962 and began coaching with the first of four consecutive stints as an assistant in the annual College All-Star Game. In 1965, he was hired as an assistant coach with the Washington Redskins, spending the next eight seasons working under four different head coaches, including former teammate Otto Graham from 1966–1968.

McCormack was hired to replace Ed Khayat as head coach of the Philadelphia Eagles on January 17, 1973. He inherited a team that ended 1972 in the NFC East cellar at 2–11–1 and hadn't had a winning campaign since 1966. Three seasons and a 16–25–1 record later, he was dismissed on December 22, 1975, following a 4–10 last-place finish.

After four years as offensive line coach with the Cincinnati Bengals from 1976 through 1979, he was selected over Frank Kush and George Welsh to succeed Ted Marchibroda as head coach of the Baltimore Colts on January 17, 1980. The ballclub finished in last place at 5–11 in each of the two seasons prior to McCormack's arrival. When the Colts fell from 7–9 in 1980 to 2–14 the following year, he was fired on December 21, 1981, and replaced by Kush the next day. As McCormack put it, "I wanted to be like my mentor, Paul Brown. He was a great teacher and I tried to do the same but unfortunately I always let my emotions carry me away."

Administrative career
In 1982, McCormack joined the Seattle Seahawks, eventually becoming president and general manager. That year, the Seahawks lost their first two games, then a 57-day players strike ensued. During the hiatus, seventh-year head coach Jack Patera was fired in mid-October and McCormack took over as interim head coach. He led them to a 4–3 record, the only time he compiled a winning record as an NFL head coach, but Seattle did not qualify for the 16-team postseason. McCormack then returned to his management position when the Seahawks hired Chuck Knox as their new head coach in 1983 and declined all further offers to become a head coach.

In late January 1989, he was abruptly fired by the new Seahawks owner, Ken Behring, who explained the decision was necessary in order to make changes in the financial operations of the team. Later that year, McCormack became a consultant for Jerry Richardson and his ownership group that were seeking to land an NFL expansion team in Charlotte, North Carolina. In 1993, he was hired by the newly-formed Carolina Panthers as their team president and general manager, and their inaugural season was in 1995. He retired from the Panthers organization in 1997, which erected a monument in their stadium honoring him.

Death
At the age of 83 in 2013, McCormack died of heart failure in Palm Desert, California.

See also
 List of American Football League players

References

External links

1930 births
2013 deaths
American football offensive tackles
Baltimore Colts head coaches
Carolina Panthers executives
Cincinnati Bengals coaches
Cleveland Browns players
Kansas Jayhawks football players
New York Yanks players
Philadelphia Eagles head coaches
Players of American football from Chicago
Seattle Seahawks head coaches
Washington Redskins coaches
National Football League general managers
Eastern Conference Pro Bowl players
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
Western Conference Pro Bowl players

Mike McCormack (American football)


Dahi machha is a traditional Odia delicacy made of fish in a spicy yogurt based sauce. It is eaten usually served with rice as an accompaniment. Dahi Machha Jhola is liberally seasoned with turmeric, onions, garlic, mustard and garam masala. The use of turmeric imparts a yellow colour to the sauce base. Before being served, chopped fresh cilantro may be sprinkled on top for added flavour as well as enhanced appearance.

The kinds of fish that typically used in Oriya households are ilish (called ilisi), rohu (called rohi), and catla (called bhakura). Apart from these, there are some very famous small sized fish that are normally favoured over others.

Ingredients
Fish, dahi, potatoes, mustard, turmeric, garlic, chilli peppers, other seasonings.

See also
 Machher jhol
 Chingudi jhola
 Chhencheda
 Odia cuisine

External links

Odia cuisine
Indian fish dishes
Yogurt-based dishes

Dahi machha