Aeroponics is the process of cultivating plants in an air or mist environment, eliminating the need for soil or an aggregate medium. The term "aeroponic" originates from the Greek words aer ("air") and ponos ("work"). It falls under the category of hydroponics, as water is employed in aeroponics to deliver nutrients to the plants.

Methods
The fundamental principle of aeroponic growing entails suspending plants in a closed or semi-closed environment while spraying their dangling roots and lower stems with a nutrient-rich water solution in an atomized or sprayed form. The upper portion of the plant, including the leaves and crown, referred to as the canopy, extends above. The plant support structure keeps the roots separated. To minimize labor and expenses, closed-cell foam is often compressed around the lower stem and inserted into an opening in the aeroponic chamber. In the case of larger plants, trellising is employed to support the weight of the vegetation and fruits.

The goal is to maintain an environment free from pests and diseases, allowing the plants to thrive and grow faster than those cultivated in a growing medium. However, since most aeroponic environments are not completely sealed off from the outside, pests and diseases can still pose a threat. Controlled environments facilitate the advancement of plant development, health, growth, flowering, and fruiting for various plant species and cultivars.

Due to the sensitivity of root systems, aeroponics is often combined with conventional hydroponics. This serves as a backup nutrition and water supply in case of any failure in the aeroponic system, acting as an emergency "crop saver."

High-pressure aeroponics refers to the method of delivering nutrients to the roots using mist heads with a size range of 20-50 micrometers. This is achieved using a high-pressure diaphragm pump operating at around 80 pounds per square inch (550 kPa).

Benefits and drawbacks

Increased air exposure

Air cultures maximize air exposure to facilitate optimal plant growth. The materials and devices used to hold and support aeroponically grown plants must be completely free from disease or pathogens. A key characteristic of a genuine aeroponic culture and apparatus is the provision of minimal plant support features. This design allows for maximum airflow around the plant by minimizing contact between the plant and support structure. In long-term aeroponic cultivation, it is crucial to ensure that the root systems are unconstrained, allowing unrestricted growth, root expansion, and unhindered access to pure water, adequate air exchange, and disease-free conditions.

Benefits of oxygen in the root zone
Adequate oxygen (O2) availability in the rhizosphere (root zone) is essential for promoting healthy plant growth. In aeroponics, where plants are grown in an environment of air and micro-droplets of water, almost any plant can thrive and reach maturity with an abundant supply of oxygen, water, and nutrients.

Some growers prefer aeroponic systems over other hydroponic methods because the increased aeration of the nutrient solution provides greater oxygenation to the plant roots, stimulating growth and aiding in the prevention of pathogen formation.

Clean air plays a crucial role in purifying the environment for plants in aeroponics. Unrestricted access to air is necessary for natural plant growth and successful physiological development. If the support structure restricts the plant's natural growth, it can increase the risk of plant damage and subsequent disease formation.

Researchers have utilized aeroponics to study the impact of gas composition in the root zone on plant performance. Soffer and Burger (1988) conducted a study on the effects of dissolved oxygen concentrations in a system they termed "aero-hydroponics," which involved a 3-tier hydro and aero system with distinct zones within the root area. Their results indicated that dissolved oxygen is crucial for root formation. Additionally, they found that in the misted section, where nutrient mist was provided, the number and length of roots were consistently greater compared to the submerged or un-misted sections. Even at the lowest oxygen concentration tested, the misted section demonstrated successful root development.

Other benefits of air (CO2)
Aeroponics also entails the management of CO2 levels in the system's air, which subsequently impacts the rate of photosynthesis in plants.

Utilizing artificial lights for growth offers advantages such as increased growth rates and enhanced reliability compared to solar lighting. This lighting method can be effectively combined with aeroponics to optimize plant growth.

Disease-free cultivation
Aeroponics offers the advantage of limiting disease transmission since it reduces plant-to-plant contact, and each spray pulse can be kept sterile. In contrast, diseases can easily spread throughout soil, aggregate, or other growing media, affecting multiple plants. Traditional greenhouses often require sterilization of solid media after each crop, and sometimes these media are simply discarded and replaced with fresh, sterile ones.

One significant benefit of aeroponic technology is the ability to quickly remove a diseased plant from the plant support structure without disrupting or infecting other plants, thanks to the isolated nature of the system.

Due to the disease-free environment unique to aeroponics, many plants can be grown at higher densities (plants per square meter) compared to more traditional cultivation methods like hydroponics, soil, and Nutrient Film Technique (NFT). Commercial aeroponic systems incorporate hardware features that accommodate the expanding root systems of crops.

Researchers have highlighted aeroponics as a valuable, simple, and rapid method for preliminary screening of genotypes for resistance to specific seedling blights or root rots. The isolating nature of aeroponic systems enables researchers to avoid complications encountered when studying these infections in soil cultures.

Water and nutrient hydro-atomization
Aeroponic equipment employs sprayers, misters, foggers, or other devices to create a fine mist of solution for delivering nutrients to plant roots. Aeroponic systems are typically closed-looped systems designed to provide macro and micro-environments that sustain reliable and consistent air cultures. Several inventions have been developed to facilitate aeroponic spraying and misting. The size of the water droplet is critical for root development in an aeroponic environment. In commercial applications, a 360° hydro-atomizing spray is used, which utilizes air pressure misting to cover large areas of roots.

A variation of the mist technique, known as fogponics, utilizes ultrasonic foggers to mist nutrient solutions in low-pressure aeroponic devices.

Water droplet size plays a vital role in maintaining aeroponic growth. Water droplets that are too large can limit the availability of oxygen to the root system. Conversely, excessively fine water droplets generated by ultrasonic misters can lead to excessive root hair growth without developing a lateral root system necessary for sustained growth in an aeroponic system.

Mineralization of ultrasonic transducers requires maintenance and presents a potential risk of component failure. This is also a drawback of metal spray jets and misters. Restricted access to water can cause plants to lose turgidity and wilt.

Advanced materials
NASA has provided funding for research and development of new advanced materials aimed at improving the reliability and reducing maintenance in aeroponics. It has been determined that a high-pressure hydro-atomized mist with micro-droplets ranging from 5 to 50 micrometers is necessary for sustained aeroponic growth.

To ensure long-term growth, the mist system must possess significant pressure to effectively penetrate the dense root system(s). Achieving repeatability is crucial in aeroponics, and this includes maintaining the appropriate hydro-atomized droplet size. The degradation of the spray caused by mineralization of mist heads hampers the delivery of the water nutrient solution, resulting in an environmental imbalance within the air culture system.

To address this issue, special low-mass polymer materials have been developed and are utilized to prevent mineralization in the next generation of hydro-atomizing misting and spray jets. These materials help maintain the efficiency and effectiveness of the misting system.

Nutrient uptake

The discrete nature of interval and duration aeroponics allows for the measurement of nutrient uptake over time, even under varying conditions. Barak et al. conducted a study using an aeroponic system to non-destructively measure water and ion uptake rates in cranberries (Barak, Smith et al. 1996).

In their research, the team found that by measuring the concentrations and volumes of input and efflux solutions, they could accurately calculate the nutrient uptake rate. To validate their findings, they compared the results with N-isotope measurements. Once their analytical method was verified, Barak et al. proceeded to gather additional data specific to cranberries. This included studying diurnal variations in nutrient uptake, examining the correlation between ammonium uptake and proton efflux, and exploring the relationship between ion concentration and uptake. These findings highlight the potential of aeroponics not only as a valuable research tool for studying nutrient uptake but also as a means to monitor plant health and optimize crop cultivation in closed environments.

Atomization at pressures exceeding 65 pounds per square inch (450 kPa) increases the bioavailability of nutrients. Consequently, nutrient strength must be significantly reduced to prevent leaf and root burn. It's worth noting the large water droplets in the photo on the right, which indicate that the feed cycle may be too long or the pause cycle too short. Both scenarios discourage lateral root growth and root hair development. Optimal results are achieved when feed cycles are as short as possible, with roots remaining slightly damp but never excessively dry. A typical feed/pause cycle is less than 2 seconds of feeding followed by approximately 1.5-2 minutes of pause, maintained continuously. However, when an accumulator system is incorporated, cycle times can be further reduced to less than approximately 1 second of feeding and around 1 minute of pause.

As a research tool
Shortly after its development, aeroponics emerged as a valuable research tool, providing researchers with a noninvasive method to examine developing roots. This innovative technology expanded the possibilities for conducting experiments by offering a larger number of parameters and a wider range of experimental conditions.

The precise control over root zone moisture levels and water delivery makes aeroponics particularly well-suited for studying water stress. K. Hubick evaluated aeroponics as a means to consistently produce plants with minimal water stress, which can be utilized in drought or flood physiology experiments.

Aeroponics stands out as the ideal tool for investigating root morphology. The absence of aggregates enables researchers to easily access the entire, intact root structure without causing damage that may occur when removing roots from soils or aggregates. It has been observed that aeroponics yields more natural root systems compared to hydroponics.

Terminology
Aeroponic cultivation involves growing plants in an air culture, allowing them to develop and grow naturally.

Aeroponic growth specifically refers to the process of growing plants in an air culture.

An aeroponic system refers to the collection of hardware and components designed to support plant growth in an air culture.

An aeroponic greenhouse is a controlled environment structure made of glass or plastic, equipped with the necessary tools to cultivate plants in an air/mist environment.

Aeroponic conditions pertain to the specific environmental parameters required to sustain plant growth in an air culture, tailored to the needs of a particular plant species.

Aeroponic roots refer to the root system that develops when plants are grown in an air culture.

Types of aeroponics

Low-pressure units
In most low-pressure aeroponic gardens, the plant roots are suspended above a reservoir of nutrient solution or inside a channel connected to a reservoir. A low-pressure pump is used to deliver the nutrient solution either through jets or ultrasonic transducers, and the excess solution then drips or drains back into the reservoir. However, as plants mature in these units, it is common for certain sections of the root systems to become dry, which hinders proper nutrient uptake. These units typically lack the necessary features to purify the nutrient solution and effectively remove inconsistencies, debris, and harmful pathogens. Due to their cost constraints, such units are often more suitable for small-scale benchtop growing and for demonstrating the principles of aeroponics.

High-pressure devices

High-pressure aeroponic techniques, which employ mist generation through high-pressure pump(s), are commonly employed in the cultivation of high-value crops and plant specimens. The benefits of using this method in horticulture can compensate for the higher setup costs involved.

High-pressure aeroponic systems incorporate advanced technologies for air and water purification, nutrient sterilization, the utilization of low-mass polymers, and pressurized nutrient delivery systems. These features enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the aeroponic setup.

Commercial systems
Commercial aeroponic systems comprise high-pressure device hardware along with biological systems. The biological systems matrix incorporates various enhancements aimed at extending plant life and promoting crop maturation.

Biological subsystems and hardware components encompass several features and functionalities, such as effluent control systems, disease prevention measures, pathogen resistance mechanisms, precise timing and pressurization of nutrient solutions, sensors for heating and cooling, thermal control of solutions, efficient light arrays with optimized photon flux, spectrum filtration capabilities, fail-safe sensors and protection mechanisms, reduced maintenance and labor-saving features, as well as ergonomic design and long-term reliability features.

These commercial aeroponic systems, including the high-pressure devices, are primarily utilized for cultivating high-value crops, enabling multiple crop rotations on a continuous commercial scale.

Advanced commercial systems go a step further by incorporating data gathering, monitoring, analytical feedback, and internet connectivity to various subsystems, enhancing overall efficiency and productivity.

History

In 1911,  published an article titled "On Air Plant Cultures" in the journal "Experienced Agronomy." In this article, he introduced his method of conducting physiological studies on root systems by spraying various substances in the surrounding air, which is now known as the aeroponics method. Artsikhovski designed the first aeroponic systems and demonstrated their effectiveness for plant cultivation.

In 1942, W. Carter conducted pioneering research on air culture growing and described a method for growing plants in water vapor to facilitate root examination.
Since 2006, aeroponics has been widely used in agriculture worldwide.

In 1944, L.J. Klotz made an important discovery by misting citrus plants, which facilitated his research on diseases affecting citrus and avocado roots. In 1952, G.F. Trowel successfully grew apple trees using a spray culture technique.

In 1957, F. W. Went coined the term "aeroponics" to describe the air-growing process. He grew coffee plants and tomatoes with air-suspended roots, nourishing them through the application of a nutrient mist to the root section.

Genesis Machine, 1983

The first commercially available aeroponic apparatus was manufactured and brought to market by GTi in 1983. At that time, it was named the Genesis Machine, inspired by the film Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan. The Genesis Machine was marketed as the "Genesis Rooting System."

GTi's device featured an open-loop water-driven system controlled by a microchip. It delivered a high-pressure hydro-atomized nutrient spray within an aeroponic chamber. The Genesis Machine was designed to be connected to a water faucet and an electrical outlet, providing the necessary resources for operation.

Aeroponic propagation (cloning)

Aeroponic culturing has brought about a revolution in cloning (vegetative propagation) of plants. It has made the propagation of numerous plants, previously considered difficult or impossible, much easier through stem cuttings in aeroponics. Delicate hardwoods and cacti, which were sensitive to bacterial infections when propagated through cuttings, can now be successfully propagated in aeroponic systems. The success of propagation in aeroponics can be attributed to the highly aerated environment around the roots, promoting root hair development (Soffer and Burger, 1988), as well as enhanced root and overall growth due to nutrient supply through the aeroponic system (Santos and Fisher, 2009). Additionally, the absence of rooting media reduces the risk of root diseases (Mehandru et al., 2014).

Aeroponics plays a crucial role in propagating plants that have low success rates in vegetative propagation, plants with significant medicinal uses, high-demand plants, and in creating new cultivars of specific plant species. For instance, Leptadenia reticulata, an important medicinal plant with low reproductive rates through both seeds and cuttings, has found easier propagation through aeroponics (Mehandru et al., 2014). Aeroponics has also contributed to the availability of elm trees, including Ulmus Americana cultivars, which were severely affected by Dutch elm disease (Oakes et al., 2012).

Aeroponics serves as a more advantageous alternative to the traditional method of using overhead misters (Peterson et al., 2018). It boasts a higher success rate compared to overhead misters, which have drawbacks such as the need for large volumes of water, potential unsanitary conditions, uneven misting coverage, and possible leaching of foliar nutrients (Peterson et al., 2018). In essence, cloning has become easier with the use of aeroponic apparatus, as it initiates faster and cleaner root development through a sterile, nutrient-rich, highly oxygenated, and moist environment (Hughes, 1983).

Air-rooted transplants

Aeroponics has made significant advancements in tissue culture technology, enabling faster plant cloning and reducing the labor-intensive steps associated with traditional tissue culture techniques. One of the notable benefits of aeroponics is its ability to eliminate the need for stage I and stage II plantings into soil, which has been a challenge for tissue culture growers. In tissue culture, plants are initially planted in sterile media (stage I) and then transferred to sterile soil (stage II) before eventually being transplanted to field soil. This entire process is not only labor-intensive but also prone to disease, infection, and failure.

By utilizing aeroponics, growers can directly clone and transplant air-rooted plants into field soil. The aeroponic roots are more resistant to wilting, leaf loss, and transplant shock compared to traditional methods like hydroponics. Moreover, air-rooted plants tend to be healthier and less susceptible to pathogen infections. However, it is important to maintain the root chamber's relative humidity (RH) below 70 degrees Fahrenheit to prevent the development of issues like fungus gnats, algae, and anaerobic bacteria.

The efforts of GTi in developing an all-plastic aeroponic method and apparatus controlled by a microprocessor have ushered in a new era of artificial life support for plants, allowing them to grow naturally without the use of soil or traditional hydroponics. In fact, GTi obtained a patent for their innovative aeroponic system in 1985.

Aeroponics has gained recognition as a time and cost-saving technique. The economicbenefits of aeroponics in agriculture have started to become apparent, showcasing its potential contributions to the industry.

Genesis Growing System, 1985

In 1985, GTi unveiled the second generation of aeroponics hardware, known as the "Genesis Growing System". This new apparatus represented a significant advancement in aeroponics technology as it introduced a closed-loop system. The Genesis Growing System utilized recycled effluent, which was precisely controlled by a microprocessor. With this innovation, aeroponics expanded its capabilities to include supporting seed germination, making GTi's system the world's first plant and harvest aeroponic system.

It is worth noting that many of these early open-loop and closed-loop aeroponic systems continue to operate successfully to this day.

Commercialization
Aeroponics made its transition from laboratories to the commercial cultivation sector. In 1966, B. Briggs, a pioneer in commercial aeroponics, successfully induced roots on hardwood cuttings through air-rooting. He discovered that air-rooted cuttings were more robust and hardened compared to those formed in soil, and concluded that air-rooting was a sound principle. Briggs also found that air-rooted trees could be transplanted to soil without experiencing transplant shock, which is often observed in hydroponic transplants.

In 1982, L. Nir in Israel developed a patent for an aeroponic apparatus that utilized compressed low-pressure air to deliver a nutrient solution to suspended plants held by styrofoam inside large metal containers.

In 1976, British researcher John Prewer conducted a series of aeroponic experiments in the UK, where lettuces were grown from seed to maturity in 22 days using polyethylene film tubes. The fog droplets used in these experiments were generated by equipment supplied by Mee Industries of California. In collaboration with John Prewer, a commercial grower named Kings Nurseries on the Isle of Wight used a different design of aeroponics system in 1984 to grow strawberry plants. The strawberries flourished, yielding a bountiful crop that was highly appreciated by customers, especially the elderly, who valued the cleanliness, quality, and flavor of the fruit, as well as the convenience of picking it without stooping.

In 1983, R. Stoner filed a patent for the first microprocessor interface designed to deliver tap water and nutrients into an enclosed aeroponic chamber made of plastic. Stoner subsequently established several companies dedicated to researching and advancing aeroponic hardware, interfaces, biocontrols, and components for commercial aeroponic crop production.

Stoner's company, GTi, played a pioneering role in manufacturing, marketing, and applying large-scale closed-loop aeroponic systems in greenhouses for commercial crop production.

In the 1990s, General Hydroponics [Europe] (GHE) attempted to introduce aeroponics to the hobby hydroponics market and introduced the Aerogarden system. Although the Aerogarden did not meet the criteria of "true" aeroponics as it produced droplets instead of a fine mist, it created a demand for aeroponic growing in the hobby market. The distinction between mist aeroponics and droplet aeroponics became blurred in the eyes of many. However, a UK firm called Nutriculture conducted trials of true mist aeroponics, which showed positive results compared to traditional growing techniques like Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) and Ebb & Flood. Despite the drawbacks of cost and maintenance, Nutriculture developed a scalable, easy-to-use droplet-aeroponic system called the Amazon, acknowledging that better results could be achieved by propagating plants in their branded X-stream aeroponic propagator and then transferring them to the specially designed droplet-aeroponic growing system.

Aeroponically grown food
In 1986, Stoner achieved a significant milestone by becoming the first person to successfully market fresh aeroponically grown food to a national grocery chain. His accomplishment garnered attention, and he was invited for an interview on NPR, where he highlighted the significance of aeroponics in terms of water conservation, both in modern agriculture and even in space exploration.

Aeroponics in space

Space plants

Plants had their first encounters with Earth's orbit back in 1960 during two separate missions, namely Sputnik 4 and Discoverer 17 (for a comprehensive review of plant growth in space during the first 30 years, refer to Halstead and Scott, 1990). The Sputnik 4 mission involved carrying seeds of wheat, pea, maize, spring onion, and Nigella damascena, while Chlorella pyrenoidosa cells were taken into orbit on the Discoverer 17 mission.

Following these early endeavors, plant experiments were conducted on various missions involving Bangladesh, China, and joint Soviet-American efforts, including Biosatellite II, Skylab 3 and 4, Apollo-Soyuz, Sputnik, Vostok, and Zond. Initial research findings shed light on how low gravity affected the orientation of roots and shoots (Halstead and Scott, 1990).

Subsequent research delved into investigating the impact of low gravity on plants at different levels, such as organismic, cellular, and subcellular. At the organismic level, several species including pine, oat, mung bean, lettuce, cress, and Arabidopsis thaliana exhibited decreased seedling, root, and shoot growth under low gravity conditions. However, lettuce grown on the Cosmos mission showed the opposite effect, displaying enhanced growth in space (Halstead and Scott, 1990). Mineral uptake in plants grown in space was also found to be affected. For instance, peas grown in space demonstrated increased levels of phosphorus and potassium, while the divalent cations calcium, magnesium, manganese, zinc, and iron exhibited decreased levels (Halstead and Scott, 1990).

Biocontrols in space
In 1996, Richard Stoner's research on organic disease control (ODC) received funding from NASA. The goal was to develop a natural liquid biocontrol solution for closed-loop hydroponic systems that could prevent plant diseases and increase yields without the need for pesticides. By 1997, NASA conducted biocontrol experiments with Stoner's ODC solution. The experiments took place using BioServe Space Technologies' GAP technology, which consisted of miniature growth chambers. Bean seeds were treated with the ODC solution in triplicate experiments conducted aboard the MIR space station, at the Kennedy Space Center, and at Colorado State University under total darkness conditions to eliminate light as a variable. The focus of the NASA experiment was solely on studying the benefits of the biocontrol.

Results from NASA's enclosed environment bean experiments on the MIR space station and shuttle confirmed that ODC promoted increased germination rates, better sprouting, enhanced growth, and activated natural plant disease mechanisms. Although initially developed for NASA, ODC is not limited to space applications. Soil and hydroponics growers can also incorporate ODC into their planting techniques, as it complies with USDA NOP standards for organic farming.

One notable example of ODC's expansion in agriculture is its application in the cannabis industry. The ODC product line has been developed specifically for emerging agricultural crops like cannabis. The active ingredients in the ODC cannabis line include the original chitosan ingredient at a concentration of 0.25%, as well as 0.28% colloidal nitrogen and 0.05% calcium.

In order to enhance the resilience of hydroponic and aeroponic systems against plant diseases and reduce reliance on chemical additives, NASA explores the integration of environmental biocontrols into the design of these systems. The Advanced Plant Habitat (APA), deployed on the International Space Station (ISS) since 2018, exemplifies this approach. Equipped with over 180 sensors, the APA optimizes plant growth and health while decreasing the need for chemical additive biocontrols. The sensors monitor various environmental factors, including lighting intensity, spectrum, and photoperiod, temperature, CO2 levels, relative humidity, irrigation, as well as plant-derived ethylene and volatile organic compound (VOC) scrubbing. Additionally, the APA features leaf and root zone temperature sensors, root zone moisture sensors, and oxygen concentration meters.

These environmental controls serve two main purposes in inhibiting plant diseases. Firstly, they maintain environmental conditions that directly hinder the growth of diseases, fungi, and pests. By carefully regulating factors like temperature and humidity, the risk of infections, such as botrytis in leaves, is reduced as the environment becomes less conducive to disease proliferation. Secondly, these controls create conditions that promote the plant's natural disease prevention mechanisms, indirectly inhibiting the effects of plant diseases. For instance, experiments with peppers conducted under blue light conditions have shown increased resilience to powdery mildew.

Aeroponics for Earth and space

In 1998, Stoner received funding from NASA to develop a high-performance aeroponic system suitable for use on Earth as well as in space. Through his research, Stoner demonstrated significant increases in growth rates of lettuce plants cultivated in aeroponic systems compared to other cultivation techniques. NASA subsequently adopted many of the aeroponic advancements developed by Stoner.

Research efforts have focused on identifying and developing technologies for rapid plant growth in different gravitational environments. Low-gravity environments present challenges such as efficient delivery of water and nutrients to plants, as well as the recovery of waste products. Food production in space also requires addressing issues like water management, minimizing water usage, and reducing system weight. Additionally, future food production on planetary bodies like the Moon and Mars will involve dealing with reduced gravity environments. Given the varying fluid dynamics at different levels of gravity, optimizing nutrient delivery systems has been a major focus in developing plant growth systems.

Various nutrient delivery methods are currently employed, both on Earth and in low-gravity environments. Substrate-dependent methods include traditional soil cultivation, zeoponics, agar, and nutrient-loaded ion exchange resins. In addition to substrate-dependent approaches, non-soil methods have been developed, including the nutrient film technique, ebb and flow, aeroponics, and others. Hydroponic systems, with their high nutrient solution throughput, can achieve rapid plant growth. However, this necessitates large volumes of water and significant recycling of the solution, which poses challenges for controlling solutions in microgravity conditions.

Aeroponic systems use hydro-atomized sprays to deliver nutrients, resulting in minimal water usage, enhanced root oxygenation, and excellent plant growth. The nutrient solution throughput of aeroponic systems is higher compared to other systems designed for low-gravity environments. Aeroponics eliminates the need for substrates and reduces the quantity of waste material that must be managed by other life support systems. By removing the substrate requirement, planting and harvesting processes are simplified, automation becomes easier, the weight and volume of expendable materials are reduced, and a potential pathway for pathogen transmission is eliminated. These advantages highlight the potential of aeroponic production in microgravity environments and its efficiency in food production for outer space.

NASA inflatable aeroponics

In 1999, NASA allocated funding to support the development of an inflatable low-mass aeroponic system (AIS) for high-performance food production in both space and on Earth. The AIS is a self-contained and self-supporting system designed to deliver nutrients and mist to plant roots in an aeroponic environment. Its inflatable structure offers the advantage of being lightweight and can be deflated to occupy less volume during transportation and storage. This current version of AIS represents an improvement over previous designs that utilized rigid structures, which tend to be more costly to manufacture and transport.

On Earth, the cost of materials and transportation can pose challenges to the economic viability of aeroponic systems for commercial growers. However, these challenges become even more pronounced when considering the limitations imposed by payload mass for space transportation.

To overcome these limitations, NASA has developed specialized materials capable of withstanding the harsh space environment for inflatable habitats and structures. These materials, similar to aramid fibers, are currently being utilized in the development of expandable habitats by Bigelow Aerospace. Successful tests have been conducted in space with one of Bigelow's Expandable Activity Modules, demonstrating the feasibility of such inflatable structures in the space environment.

Benefits of aeroponics for earth and space

Aeroponics possesses numerous characteristics that contribute to its effectiveness and efficiency as a method of plant cultivation.

Less nutrient solution throughout

Plants grown using aeroponics spend 99.98% of their time in the air, with only 0.02% in direct contact with hydro-atomized nutrient solution. This minimal contact with water allows the roots to efficiently capture oxygen. Additionally, the hydro-atomized mist plays a significant role in effectively oxygenating the roots. A comparison between aeroponics and Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) reveals that aeroponics has a lower nutrient throughput of 1.5 milliliters per minute, in contrast to NFT's 1 liter per minute.

The reduced volume of nutrient throughput in aeroponics leads to a reduction in the overall amount of nutrients required for plant development.

Another advantage of the reduced throughput, particularly relevant for space applications, is the decreased water volume used. This reduction in water volume not only lightens the weight needed to sustain plant growth but also reduces the buffer volume. Additionally, the volume of effluent produced by the plants is minimized in aeroponics, resulting in a reduced amount of water that requires treatment for reuse.

The use of relatively small solution volumes in aeroponics, combined with the limited exposure of roots to the hydro-atomized mist, minimizes root-to-root contact and reduces the spread of pathogens among plants.

Greater control of plant environment

Aeroponics provides greater control over the environment surrounding the root zone compared to other plant growth systems like hydroponics. In aeroponics, the plant roots are not continuously surrounded by any medium.

Improved nutrient feeding
Aeroponics offers the flexibility to administer various nutrient solutions to the root zone without the need to flush out previous solutions or matrices. This high level of control is particularly valuable for studying the impact of different nutrient regimens on specific plant species. Moreover, aeroponics enables a wider range of growth conditions compared to other nutrient delivery systems. For instance, the interval and duration of nutrient sprays can be finely adjusted to meet the specific requirements of a plant species. This means that the aboveground tissue can experience a different environment from that of the roots.

More user-friendly
The design of an aeroponic system enables convenient handling of plants. This is due to the individual separation of plants and their suspension in the air, free from any matrix that could entrap the roots. As a result, harvesting each plant becomes a straightforward task. Similarly, removing any infected plant is easily done without the risk of uprooting or contaminating nearby plants.

More cost effective

Aeroponic systems offer cost-effective advantages compared to other systems. The reduced volume of solution throughput, as mentioned earlier, translates to lower water and nutrient requirements in the system. Additionally, the elimination of substrates and the need for many moving parts contribute to cost savings.

Use of seed stocks
Aeroponics offers a solution to minimize the negative impact of pathogens in seed stocks. As previously mentioned, the separation of plants and the absence of a shared growth matrix contribute to this advantage. Moreover, aeroponics provides an enclosed and controlled environment, making it an ideal system for growing pathogen-free seed stocks. The enclosed growth chamber, combined with the isolation of plants from each other, serves to prevent initial contamination from external pathogens and limits the spread of any existing pathogens among plants.

21st century aeroponics

Aeroponics represents a significant advancement in artificial life support for plants, offering benefits such as non-damaging plant support, efficient seed germination, precise environmental control, and unrestricted growth. In comparison to traditional agricultural techniques like hydroponics and drip irrigation, which have been in use for decades, aeroponics provides notable improvements in plant cultivation.

Contemporary aeroponics
Contemporary aeroponic techniques have been extensively researched at NASA's BioServe Space Technologies (  ) located on the campus of the University of Colorado in Boulder, Colorado. This research center focuses on the development and commercialization of aeroponic systems. Additionally, scientists at Ames Research Center have conducted research on enclosed loop systems, investigating methods for growing food crops in low-gravity environments to support future space colonization efforts.

In 2000, Stoner was granted a patent for his organic disease control biocontrol technology, which enables pesticide-free cultivation in aeroponic systems.

A notable milestone in aeroponics occurred in 2004 when Ed Harwood, the founder of AeroFarms, invented an innovative aeroponic system that utilizes micro fleece cloth to grow lettuces. AeroFarms, leveraging Harwood's patented aeroponic technology, currently operates the largest indoor vertical farm in the world based on its annual growing capacity in Newark, New Jersey. This state-of-the-art farm employs aeroponic technology to produce and distribute up to two million pounds of pesticide-free leafy greens each year.

Aeroponic bio-pharming

Aeroponic bio-pharming is an innovative approach used to cultivate pharmaceutical medicines within plants. This technology provides complete containment, ensuring that effluents and by-products of biopharma crops are confined within a closed-loop facility. In a notable development in 2005, Dr. Neil Reese of South Dakota State University conducted GMO research using aeroponics to grow genetically modified corn.

Dr. Reese considers it a significant achievement to successfully grow corn in an aeroponic system for bio-massing. Previous attempts at growing various types of corn using hydroponics had been unsuccessful.

Through the implementation of advanced aeroponics techniques, Dr. Reese was able to harvest mature ears of genetically modified corn while effectively containing the corn pollen and spent effluent water, thus preventing their release into the environment. This containment ensures that the surrounding environment remains free from GMO contamination.

Dr. Reese emphasizes that aeroponics offers the potential for economically viable bio-pharming practices, making it a promising avenue for pharmaceutical production.

Large scale integration of aeroponics
In 2006, the Institute of Biotechnology at Vietnam National University of Agriculture, in collaboration with Stoner, established a postgraduate doctoral program focused on aeroponics. The Agrobiotech Research Center, led by Professor Nguyen Quang Thach, is utilizing aeroponic laboratories to advance Vietnam's minituber potato production for certified seed potato cultivation.

This development holds significant historical importance as it marks the first time a nation has specifically prioritized aeroponics to bolster its agricultural sector, promote economic growth in farming, meet rising demands, improve food quality, and increase overall production.

"We have shown that aeroponics, more than any other form of agricultural technology, will significantly improve Vietnam's potato production. We have very little tillable land, aeroponics makes complete economic sense to us," affirmed Thach.

The integration of aeroponics in Vietnamese agriculture begins with the production of low-cost, certified disease-free organic minitubers. These minitubers then serve as a local supply for farmers engaged in field plantings of seed potatoes and commercial potatoes. The adoption of aeroponics will benefit potato farmers by providing them with disease-free seed potatoes grown without the use of pesticides. Importantly, it will also reduce their operational costs and increase their yields, according to Thach.

See also
 Aerial root
 Plant nutrition

References

External links

NASA Web Site: Aeroponic Plants
NASA Web Site: Aeroponic High Performance Food Production
NASA Web Site: Low Mass Aeroponics
"Re-examining Aeroponics for Spaceflight Plant Growth"
Astronaut Don Pettit Grows Zucchini on ISS Expedition 31
AeroFarms (paywall)

Agricultural soil science
Horticultural techniques
Hydroculture
NASA spin-off technologies

Aeroponics


The iodine test is a test that is able to detect starch using iodine as a chemical indicator. Example uses include brewing beer, and determining when apples are ripe and can be harvested.

If starch is present, the iodine solution will turn dark blue/purple. If there is no starch, the iodine will stay brown.

Chemistry

Iodine test


The linsangs are four feliform species, two in Asia and two in Africa. The whole group was put in the Viverridae in a subfamily. The two pairs are:

The species of African linsangs are:
Poiana leightoni – Leighton's linsang
Poiana richardsonii – African linsang

The species of Asiatic linsangs are:
Prionodon linsang – Banded linsang
Prionodon pardicolor – Spotted linsang

DNA analysis shows:
 the African linsangs (Poiana) are true viverrids closely related to the genet.
 the Asiatic linsangs (Prionodon) are not, and may be the closest living relatives of the Felidae family. Discovering this, the Asiatic linsangs are now put into a family of their own. They are not viverrids.

Therefore, the similarities between the two genera of linsangs must be convergent. All of them are cat-like in appearance. They are nocturnal, generally solitary tree dwellers. They are carnivorous, eating squirrels and other rodents, small birds, lizards and insects. Typical size is a little over 30 cm (1 foot), with a tail that more than doubles that length. Bodies are long, with short legs, giving a low appearance. All species have yellowish bodies with black markings (stripes, blotches and spots), though the distribution and nature of the markings varies between species.

References

Viverrids
Feliformia

Linsang


August Paul Mardesich (February 11, 1920 – February 8, 2016) was an American politician in the state of Washington.

Early life
Mardesich was born in San Pedro, California, to Nicola "Nick" and Mary (née Felando) Mardesich, two Croatian immigrants. His father was an avid fisherman, originating from the island of Vis. After the family relocated to Everett, Washington, in 1928, Mardesich attended schooling in that same city, and later Seattle University, along with his brother, Tony. After serving in the United States Army during World War II, Mardesich attended the University of Washington Law School, graduating in 1948 and admitted to the bar. The following year, when the Mardesich family was on a fishing trip to the Bering Sea, their boat capsized, and amongst five crew members, his father, and brother Tony, who had recently been elected to the Washington House of Representatives, were lost at sea. August Mardesich survived the ordeal and would later be appointed to fill his brother's unfilled House term. He would later run the family's fishing business.

Legislative career
Mardesich served in the Washington House of Representatives for District 38 (parts of Snohomish County) from 1950 to 1963, as a Democrat. He served as majority leader in the 1950s, during his third term. In 1962, he ran for election to the Washington State Senate for the same district, on the premise of the four-year terms that it offered, rather than the two-year terms that the house offered. In 1972, he became majority leader, replacing Senator Bob Greive, who had previously held the position for 16 years.

In 1975, he was indicted by a grand jury on charges of extortion and tax evasion, charges he was later to be found innocent of, on July 3, 1975. Later in 1975, he was sued by Attorney General Slade Gorton on charges of influence peddling and violating public disclosure laws regarding payments between Mardesich and two banks. He resigned as majority leader later that year. Three years later, in 1978, he lost re-election to the state senate, effectively ending his political career. He would later attempt to win re-election to his old senate seat held by Larry Vognild, but was defeated in the primary.

Later, he served on the Industrial Insurance Appeals Board, appointed by Governor Dixy Lee Ray, and also worked as a lobbyist. Though he had survived another fishing accident when a boat with him and his daughters capsized in Alaska, in 1976, he also returned to fishing.

During his legislative service, Mardesich was regarded for his ability to simplify and explain confusing bills and pieces of legislation. He was also widely regarded as one of the most powerful persons in the state. He was married to Rosemary and with her had six children. He was still remembered as one of the most influential legislators the political history of the state. Mardesich died on February 8, 2016, in Mill Creek, Washington.

References

1920 births
2016 deaths
People from San Pedro, Los Angeles
Politicians from Everett, Washington
Seattle University alumni
University of Washington School of Law alumni
Businesspeople from Washington (state)
Washington (state) lawyers
Democratic Party members of the Washington House of Representatives
Democratic Party Washington (state) state senators
American people of Croatian descent
People from Mill Creek, Washington
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American lawyers

August P. Mardesich


Duncans Cove is a small rural community on the Chebucto Peninsula in the Halifax Regional Municipality on the shore of the Atlantic Ocean on the Ketch Harbour Road (Route 349), 19 kilometers from Halifax. The community is located beside Chebucto Head, the prominent coastal headland.

History

The original Mi'kmaw name for Duncans Cove is Uni'knitujk (translated as "Little Portage"). Duncans Cove was first settled by Europeans as a small fishing community. The first recorded settler in Duncans Cove was Simon Duntoyn in 1752. Other families followed including the Crab, Full, Leonard and McNab families.Timothy Sullivan was granted 8 acres and Daniel Gallagher was granted 7 3/4 acres in 1842. John McNab was granted  in 1859. The cove was named after Admiral Adam Duncan, 1st Viscount Duncan who defeated the Dutch at the Battle of Camperdown.

Overlooking the entrance to Halifax Harbour made it a strategic part of Halifax's defense system  in the 18th century. The Camperdown Signal Station, was built a few miles northward next to nearby Portuguese Cove in 1797, the first of a series of signal stations built by Prince Edward, Duke of Kent. It later became a wireless station and was operational until 1925.

In World War Two, the area around Chebucto Head, including Duncans Cove, became a fortified coastal battery armed with three Elswick 6 inch naval guns. For these cannon, a four-story concrete director tower was built near the eastern shore of Duncans Cove with a long-range optical rangefinder installed on the top floor. By 1943, this range-finding apparatus had been supplanted by the latest radar artillery control unit. The battery complex was decommissioned in the 1950s but many bunkers remain, some converted into private residences.

In the late 1950s two families of musicians who played with the Atlantic Symphony Orchestra moved to Duncans Cove. One of those families embarked upon a decades-long construction project of unconventionally shaped timber-framed dwellings, and even had a small private airstrip. By the late 1960s, fishing from the cove had dwindled and the community become known as an artists colony, with many symphony players, visual artists and theatrical actors residing there. The landmark gunnery director tower stood derelict for many years, until finally passing into private hands in the 1990s. The building is virtually unrecognizable today, having been radically converted into a luxury residence.

The community, and the cove, are sometimes spelled as Duncan's Cove. The Canadian Geographic Names Database lists the community without an apostrophe: Duncans Cove.

Communications
Telephone exchange 902 - 868
 First three digits of postal code - B3V

Lighthouse

The first of several lighthouses was built at Chebucto Head in 1872 with a steam foghorn just below it. The lighthouse was moved in 1940 several hundred metres to the north to make way for the gun battery.  The lighthouse included a launch ramp for a lifeboat, as well as an old naval carronade for firing blank charges as a crude foghorn. Some ruins of the original lighthouse can be seen to this day (2008)

The present lighthouse, a concrete tower, was built in 1967 and is situated high atop a bluff. The lighthouse was automated in the 1990s, and an array of remote navigational aids was erected. The light-keepers house was left vacant for several years, then rented, and then vacant once more. It was burned by vandals in 2004.

There is an area of pavement around the base of the lighthouse tower which once served as a parking lot popular with sightseers. The road leading up to the lighthouse has been closed to vehicle traffic, and is now only accessible by foot. It is a whale-watching location during January and February, when pods of fin whales feed in the area before migrating elsewhere.

References

External links

Nature Reserve
Chebucto Head Lighthouse
Explore HRM
AllTrails - Duncans Cove Trail
HalifaxTrails.ca - Duncans Cove Guide

Communities in Halifax, Nova Scotia
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia
Protected areas of Nova Scotia

Duncans Cove, Nova Scotia


Anthony Young (January 1683 – 8 May 1747) was an English organist and composer. He was part of a well-known English family of musicians that included several professional singers and organists during the 17th and 18th centuries.

Biography
Anthony Young was born sometime during January 1683 in the Covent Garden area of London and was baptised on the following 11 February. Born into a musical family, his initial studies were with his father alongside his younger brother Charles Young, who would also become a successful organist and minor composer. As a boy he sang as a chorister at the Chapel Royal until March 1700. Music historian Charles Burney wrote that Anthony was organist at St Katherine Cree from 1702 to 1706, but modern scholarship makes this seem unlikely. He did, however, hold the post at St. Clement Danes from 1707 until his death in London in 1747. Anthony was by all accounts a fantastic organist and highly regarded among his peers. Along with Edward Purcell (eldest son of Henry Purcell), Thomas Arne, William Boyce, Johann Christoph Pepusch, and George Frideric Handel, he was a founder member of the Royal Society of Musicians in 1739.

Several of Young's nieces also had successful music careers. His niece Cecilia Young (1712–1789) was one of the greatest English sopranos of the 18th century and the wife of composer Thomas Arne. His other niece Isabella was also a successful soprano and the wife of composer John Frederick Lampe, and his niece Esther was a well known contralto and wife to Charles Jones, one of the largest music publishers in England during the 18th century. Young's nephew, Charles, was a clerk at the Treasury, whose daughters, Isabella, Elizabeth, and Polly followed in the foot steps of their aunts to become successful singers.

Works
Although Young was not a prolific composer, what little he did write was commercially successful. Seven of his songs appeared in The Monthly Mask of Vocal Music between 1705 and 1709, he published A New Collection of Songs (1707), and in 1719 Walsh and Hare published his Suits of Lessons for the Harpsichord or Spinnet. All of these sold well, particularly the latter publication. Young also wrote some organ music and anthems which were never published.

References

External links

1683 births
1747 deaths
English organists
British male organists
English composers
Members of the Royal Society of Musicians
Anthony

Anthony Young (musician)


AKOM Production, Ltd. (Animation KOrea Movie 애이콤 프로덕션) is a South Korean animation studio in Songpa-gu, Seoul. It has provided much work since its conception in 1985 by Nelson Shin. Its biggest claim to fame is the overseas animation of more than 200 episodes of The Simpsons. The studio also produced a portion of the overseas animation for The Simpsons Movie.

Other well-known series that AKOM has been involved in include X-Men, The Tick, Tiny Toon Adventures, Animaniacs, The Transformers, the first 11 seasons of Arthur, and six of The Land Before Time films.

Animation production

Animaniacs (Season 1)
Arthur (Seasons 1–11)
Attack of the Killer Tomatoes: The Animated Series (1st season only)
A Bunch of Munsch
Bucky O'Hare and the Toad Wars
C Bear and Jamal
Conan the Adventurer (1st season only)
Crash Bandicoot (cancelled advertisement and cutscene)
Defenders of the Earth
Dilbert
Dino Riders (episodes 3–13)
Dooly the Little Dinosaur
Dr. Rabbit's World Tour (educational film)
Dragon Flyz
Earthworm Jim
Exosquad
Fraggle Rock: The Animated Series
G.I. Joe Extreme (Season 1)
Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties (Opening Titles)
Gargoyles
Huntik: Secrets & Seekers
Invasion America
Jackie Bison Show
Jem
Jim Henson's Muppet Babies (the fourth to eighth seasons)
Kelly's Dream Club
The Land Before Time (films II–VI)
Little Clowns of Happytown
Little Wizards
The Longest Daycare - A Simpsons theatrical short
Marsupilami
McGee and Me!
Mission Hill
Mosaic (Opening Titles)
The Oblongs
Peter Pan and the Pirates
Pinky and the Brain
Problem Child
The Real Ghostbusters ("Slimer Come Home", "When Halloween was Forever", "Station Identification", "Fright at the Opera")
Red Planet (uncredited)
Rescue Heroes
Road Rovers
Robocop: The Animated Series
Rude Dog and the Dweebs
Savage Dragon
Sesame Street ("Monster in the Mirror" season 22 remake, Simpsons cameo)
Sgt. Savage and his Screaming Eagles
Silver Surfer
The Simpsons, the movie, and the game animated cutscenes
Skeleton Warriors
Spiral Zone (15 Episodes)
The Spooktacular New Adventures of Casper
Taz-Mania
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ("Grybyx", uncredited)
The Tick
Tiny Toon Adventures (1990–1992) - 24 half-hour episodes: Cinemaniacs!, Furrball Follies, Life in the 90's, Stuff That Goes Bump in the Night, The Wacko World of Sports, Sawdust and Toonsil, A Quack in the Quarks, Animaniacs!, Psychic Fun-Omenom Day, Whale's Tales, Weirdest Story Ever Told, The Acme Home Shopping Show, Playtime Toons, Pledge Week, Elephant Issues, Toon Physics, Hog-Wild Hamton, A Cat's Eye View, Toons from the Crypt, Sports Shorts, Sepulveda Boulevard, Grandma's Dead, Fox Trot and Washingtoon.
Toad Patrol
The Transformers (3 episodes of Season 2, 14 episodes of Season 3, all of Season 4)
Ultimate Book of Spells
Wheel Squad
Wunschpunsch
X-Men (Seasons 1–5 except for the last six episodes and the 'Out of the Past' two-parter, and an early broadcast version of "No Mutant Is An Island")
The Ren & Stimpy Show (Seasons 1-2)

References

Other websites

 co-productions database

Animation studios in Asia
1985 establishments in Asia
South Korean entertainment companies

AKOM


A hunter pace is a form of competition involving horses and riders. In a hunter pace a trail is marked for horse and rider to follow. On the day of the competition, early in the morning, the hosts of the event send an experienced horse and rider to ride the trail as fast as it is safely possible to do so. This morning ride is called "the dead body run", and it establishes two things:
1. that the trail is clear and safe for the competitors
2. The "pace time"

The pace time is the ideal time to safely but quickly ride the set trail. When the competitors arrive they send out teams of three or four to ride the trail. Checkpoints set along the ride ensure that the riders are staying on course and are not overworking their horses. Each group of riders is timed. Riders are penalized for either riding too fast and beating the pace time, or too slow and taking longer than the pace time. The group to come closest to the pace time wins the competition, whether over or under the "pace" time.

See also
National Hunt racing
Competitive trail riding

Endurance and trail riding
Hunt racing

Hunter pacing


A utility helicopter is a multi-purpose helicopter capable of fulfilling many different roles.

Civil
Many civilian helicopters are made for utility work such as agricultural aircraft. Many police and fire departments maintain and operate utility helicopters to augment their regular forces. In many countries local hospital services operate medevac helicopters for special time-sensitive cases.

Military
A utility military helicopter can fill roles such as ground attack, air assault, military logistics, CASEVAC, medical evacuation, command and control, and troop transport. Some overlap of terminology is inevitable with transport helicopter.

Prominent examples of utility helicopters include the American Bell Huey family, Russian Mil Mi-2 series and the French Aérospatiale Alouette III.

See also
 Cargo hook (helicopter)
 Utility aircraft

References

External links

Lists of aircraft by role

Utility helicopter


John Kofi Agyekum Kufuor (dem born am 8 December 1938) be Ghanaian politician wey serve as President of Ghana from 7 January 2001 to 7 January 2009. Na he san be Chairperson of African Union from 2007 to 2008.

Kufuor's spend most of ein career for liberal-democratic side of Ghanaian politics, for de parties descended from de United Gold Coast Convention den United Party. Aside say he be lawyer den businessman, na he be minister for Kofi Abrefa Busia Progress Party government for Ghana Second Republic, den Popular Front Party opposition frontbencher for Ghana Third Republic insyd. For Ghana Fourth Republic insyd, Kufuor stand as New Patriotic Party candidate for 1996 election, wey he win for 2000 den 2004 insyd. He serve two terms in power, he retire from politics for 2008 insyd. He be popular plus de name "Gentle Giant".

Ein Early life den schooling

Dem born John Kufuor for Daaban a suburb of Kumasi for Ashanti Region wey dey Ghana, wey he start ein primary den elementary school for Kumasi Government School wey dey Asem. Ebe Sir Gordon Guggisberg wey build dat school.

He continue ein primary (wey na dem dey call am 'standard' three) education for Osei Tutu Boarding School (Osei Tutu Senior High School) from 1951 to 1953. He san school for Prempeh College (Form 1 to Form 5) from 1954 to 1958.

As he arrive for London on 30 April 1959, by June 1959 na dem accept am for Lincoln's Inn, London (from 1959 – 1961) say he go study law, he cam turn qualified barrister in one year eight months. Dem call am go London bar in 1961. Dem san call am de following year to bar for Ghana before he san go Oxford University graduate from Exeter College, in 1964.

Dem employ for Ghana Commercial Bank wey London as  Manager den Legal Officer. He san return go Ghana in de year 1965 at de behest of ein mummy (who buy first-class ticket give am as he dey return) sake of na she dey wish say John Kufuor go practice for Africa. He san practice for de Chambers of Victor Owusu plus anoda lawyer Owusu Yaw.

Na he be town clerk give Kumasi City Council [wey dem now dey call am Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly] for 1966. For Second Republic's Parliamentary register, Kufuor list ein hobbies den interests as table tennis, reading, football, den film shows. Na he san be Chairman give Kumasi Asante Kotoko Football Club.

Ein life matter
Kufuor marry Theresa Kufuor (née Mensah) for de age of 23 for 1962 insyd after they meet for Republic Day Anniversary Dance for London for 1961 insyd; dem get five kiddies togeda. Kufuor den ein family dey belong to de Roman Catholic Church. He be Senior Grand Warden for de United Grand Lodge of England Freemasons, wey he openly profess ein membership as Freemason since de tym he be young lawyer. He be Asante, Kufuor dey speak de Twi language fluently. He be known for using ein language weneva na he dey campaign for ein native Ashanti Region. Kufuor den ein family dey reside for Accra insyd, Ghana ein capital.

Ein awards den accolades
Kufuor receive numerous awards, wey dey include de Face-of-Good-Governance Award, Chatham House Prize, de Climate Change Award, den de World Food Program's Global Ambassador Against Hunger.

 Chatham House Prize (2008).
 Distinction of Grand Cordon for de Most Venerable Order of de Knighthood of de Pioneers of de Republic of Liberia(2008).
 World Federation of Honorary Consuls' Order of de Gold Star (2008).
 Honorary Fellow, Exeter College, Oxford University, den John Moore University, Liverpool, UK.
 Honorary Doctorate from de University of Cape Coast, Ghana.
 Knight Commander of de Order of de Bath, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain wey confer am.
 Dem award am highest award of de Order of de House of Orange, Her Majesty Queen Beatrix of de Netherlands confer am
 Dem award am State Honors from various countries wey dey include Italy, Germany den Brazil.
 Leadership den Governance award, Ghana UK-Based Achievement Awards, Impact Africa Summit (2016).
 Senior Grand Warden of de United Grand Lodge of England, His Royal Highness Prince Edward, De Duke of Kent dey appoint am

Foreign Honours
United Kingdom:

 Knight Grand Cross of de Order of de Bath (2006)

Liberia:

 Grand Cordon of de Order of de Pioneers of Liberia (2008)
 The Collar of State – Most Venerable Order of de Pioneers of Liberia (2015)

Bibliography

 Ivor Agyeman-Duah: Between Faith and History: A Biography of J. A. Kufuor (Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2003, ISBN 1-59221-128-3). Oxfordshire: Ayebia Clarke Publishing, 2006. ISBN 978-0-9547023-9-7.

References

Human
New Patriotic Party politicians
Ghanaian politicians
Ghanaians
1938 births
Chairpersons of de African Union
Presidents of Ghana
Local government ministers of Ghana
Alumni of Exeter College, Oxford
Members of Lincoln's Inn
Akan people
Ashanti people
Ghanaian Roman Catholics
Ghanaian democracy activists
Ghanaian MPs 1969–1972
Ghanaian MPs 1979–1981
20th-century Ghanaian people
Progress Party (Ghana) politicians
Popular Front Party politicians
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of de Order of de Bath
21st-century Ghanaian politicians
People wey komot Ashanti Region
Ghanaian Freemasons
Agriculture den food award winners
20th-century Ghanaian politicians

John Kufuor


Le Bossu (The Hunchback) is a French historical adventure novel by Paul Féval, first published in serial parts in Paris in 1858.

Loosely based on real events, the story is set in France in two distinct periods, 1699 and 1717, and incorporates real historical characters such as Philippe II, Duke of Orléans.

Plot summary

Si tu ne viens pas à Lagardère, Lagardère ira à toi! ("If you don't come to Lagardère, Lagardère will come to you!")

Such is the oath given by the adventurer Lagardère to the wicked Prince de Gonzague, who has plotted to murder the daughter and seize the fortune of the dashing Duc de Nevers.  In the first volume, Le Petit Parisien, the Prince de Gonzague murders the Duc de Nevers.  Henri Lagardère rescues Nevers' daughter Aurore and raises her in exile, where she makes friends with a gypsy girl named Flor.  The second volume, Le Chevalier de Lagardère, describes Lagardère's triumph over the Prince de Gonzague.

Influence
The novel is one of a number of works such as The Three Musketeers (1844) which helped define the genre of "swashbuckler" novel, known in French as a "roman de cape et d'épée".

Lagardère's promise of revenge – "Si tu ne viens pas à Lagardère, Lagardère ira à toi!" –  became a proverbial phrase in the French language.

Paul Féval's son, himself named Paul Féval, borrowed his father's hero('s son) for his own series of "Lagardère"('s son) novels.

Adaptations
The book "Le Bossu" has formed the basis for a large number of film versions, including :
 two mute (french) versions in 1912-1913 and 1925 ;
 one first speaking (-french) version out of theater, in 1934 ;
 two Spanish-speaking versions, in 1943-44 by Jaime Salvador and in 1955 ;
 one french version in black and white in 1944, by Jean Delannoy (later director of The Hunchback of Notre Dame starring Anthony Quinn and Gina Lollobrigida, in 1957), with Pierre Blanchar as Lagardère & this (other) hunchback ;
 perhaps the most famous version in France, in colour, of 1959, by André Hunebelle with Jean Marais as the double character of the Bossu and Lagardère (also starring normand humourist and actor Bourvil, as manservant Planchet, like for instance in "The Longest Day", "The Brain" or "The Christmas Tree", etc.) ; famous on the other coast of Channel, particularly because its frequent diffusions on french TV for several generations ;
 two french TV versions in 1967 with Jean Piat and 2005 with Bruno Wolkowitch ;
 Le Bossu (released as On Guard in English-speaking countries), directed by Philippe de Broca in 1997, with Daniel Auteuil (Lagardère/the Hunchback), Marie Gillain (Aurore de Nevers) and Fabrice Luchini (Gonzague).

External links
 Jolas, Claudine. Le Bossu, de Paul Féval : étude d'un roman populaire.
 Le Bossu, audio version .

1858 French novels
French adventure novels
French historical novels
Novels set in Paris
Novels set in the 1690s
Novels set in the 1710s
Fiction set in 1699
Fiction set in 1717
Novels first published in serial form
Works originally published in Le Siècle
French novels adapted into films

Le Bossu (novel)


The West Falmouth Village Historic District is a historic district along West Falmouth Highway (Massachusetts Route 28A) in West Falmouth, Massachusetts, which is a village in the town of Falmouth, Massachusetts. The northern end of the historic district is approximately at Bourne Farm, near Thomas Landers Road, extending south along Route 28A through West Falmouth Village to about Garrison Road.

The area was settled in 1673 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.

Several of the historic buildings in West Falmouth Village are the West Falmouth Library,
the Quaker Meeting House and Quaker Carriage Sheds, Emerson House, the West Falmouth Fire Station, and numerous historic houses.

The Shining Sea Bikeway passes close to the center of West Falmouth Village, providing access to the beautiful Great Sippewissett Marsh to the south and the historic 1775 Bourne Farm and cranberry bogs to the north. Chapoquoit Beach, a Falmouth public beach, is also close to the center of West Falmouth Village.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Barnstable County, Massachusetts

References

Historic districts in Barnstable County, Massachusetts
Falmouth, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Barnstable County, Massachusetts
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts

West Falmouth Village Historic District


is a Japanese professional wrestler. He is signed to DDT Pro-Wrestling (DDT), where is a former two-time DDT Universal Champion. In addition to that, in DDT, he is also a former three-time KO-D Openweight Champion, one-time DDT Extreme Champion, six-time KO-D Tag Team Champion, three-time KO-D 6-Man Tag Team Champion and a three-time Ironman Heavymetalweight Champion. Sasaki has also made several appearances for New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), working in the promotion's junior heavyweight division.

Professional wrestling career

Early career (2005–2007)
Trained by Dick Togo, Sasaki made his professional wrestling debut on October 22, 2005, facing Yuki Sato at a Super Crew event, which was promoted by Togo and mainly featured his trainees facing each other in matches. In early 2006, Sasaki took part in Kaientai Dojo's 2006 K-Metal League, where he won two of his five matches and failed to advance to the finals. In June 2006, Sasaki left for a year-long learning excursion to Mexico, during which he wrestled for promotions such Alianza Universal de Lucha Libre (AULL), Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) and International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG).

Dramatic Dream Team / DDT Pro-Wrestling (2007–present)
After returning from Mexico, Sasaki made Dramatic Dream Team (DDT) his new home promotion, debuting on December 30, 2007, when he and Choun Shiryu were defeated in a tag team match by Kudo and Yasu Urano. Wrestling several opening matches from the beginning of 2008, Sasaki picked up his first win in DDT on March 9, when he and Masami Morohashi defeated Rion Mizuki and Yukihiro Abe, with Sasaki submitting Mizuki for the win. On August 8, Sasaki defeated eight other men in a Royal Rumble match to become the 2008 King of Stockholm.

On October 13, Sasaki was renamed "Sasaki & Gabbana", when he joined his trainer Dick "Francesco" Togo's Italian Four Horsemen stable, with him, Togo and Antonio Honda defeating Kota Ibushi, Kudo and Masa Takanashi in the group's revival match. On September 13, 2009, Sasaki & Gabbana entered the Young Drama Cup. After winning all four of his matches, Sasaki made it to the finals of the tournament, where, on October 25, he was defeated by Keisuke Ishii. On December 13, Sasaki received his first shot at the KO-D Tag Team Championship, when he and Antonio Honda unsuccessfully challenged Kudo and Yasu Urano for the title in a three-way match, which also included Hikaru Sato and Masa Takanashi. After eighteen months of wrestling together, the Italian Four Horsemen disbanded on April 21, 2010, when Sasaki, Honda and Togo defeated Kenny Omega, Kota Ibushi and Kudo in a six-man tag team match. Afterwards, Sasaki returned to working under his real name. On August 8, Sasaki defeated Keisuke Ishii in the finals of a four-man tournament to become the number one contender to DDT's top title, the KO-D Openweight Championship. He then went on to unsuccessfully challenge Harashima for the title on August 29. On October 8, 2010, Sasaki made his debut for New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), losing to Tama Tonga at NEVER.3, an event which was part of NJPW's new NEVER project, which focused on young up-and-coming workers and wrestlers not signed to the promotion. A month later at NEVER.4, Sasaki was defeated by Tomohiro Ishii.

On November 14, Sasaki won his first title in DDT, when he and Antonio Honda defeated Danshoku Dino and Shiro Koshinaka for the KO-D Tag Team Championship. The former Italian Horsemen, now known as "From the Northern Country", named after Sasaki's favorite television program, made their first successful title defense on November 28, defeating Gentaro and Yasu Urano, and followed that up by also defeating Soma Takao and Tomomitsu Matsunaga for the title on December 12. After another successful title defense against Mikami and Onryo on January 16, 2011, Sasaki and Honda lost the KO-D Tag Team Championship to Gentaro and Yasu Urano on February 20, ending their reign at 98 days.

Sasaki returned to NJPW on February 24 at NEVER.5, where he was defeated by Ryusuke Taguchi. On April 7 at NEVER.6, Sasaki picked up his first NJPW win, when he defeated Shinichiro Tominaga in the first round of the Road to the Super Jr. 2Days Tournament. The following day, Sasaki first defeated Ryuichi Sekine in the semifinals and then Tsuyoshi Kikuchi in the finals to win the tournament and earn a spot in the 2011 Best of the Super Juniors tournament. On April 19 at New Japan Brave 2011, Sasaki wrestled on his first NJPW main card match, when he teamed with fellow DDT workers Kenny Omega and Kota Ibushi to defeat Kushida, Prince Devitt and Ryusuke Taguchi in a six-man tag team match. On May 26, Sasaki entered the 2011 Best of the Super Juniors tournament. When the tournament ended two weeks later, Sasaki finished last in his round-robin block, having lost seven matches and picked up his only win against Gedo.

On June 19, Sasaki took part in Dick Togo's DDT farewell match, where he and Yasu Urano were defeated by Togo and Antonio Honda. On July 3, Sasaki won the Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship, surprising Antonio Honda after a match and pinning him for the title, taking advantage of the rule, where the title could be challenged for anytime and anywhere. He would lose the title back to Honda later that same day. Sasaki would regain the title from Honda on July 10 in a three-way match, which also included Tsuyoshi Kikuchi, but lost the title to Kikuchi immediately after the match. Sasaki won the title for the third time on July 21 and lost it to Honda in a Royal Rumble match three days later. The storyline around the Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship effectively ended the partnership between Sasaki and Honda, after which Sasaki joined the DDT Seikigun ("regular army") and began teaming regularly with Masa Takanashi. On January 8, 2012, Sasaki teamed with Takanashi, Keisuke Ishii and Shigehiro Irie to defeat the Crying Wolf stable of Antonio Honda, Keita Yano, Yasu Urano and Yuji Hino in an eight-man tag team match, pinning Urano for the win and handing Crying Wolf their first ever loss. As a result, Sasaki and Takanashi were granted a shot at Urano's and Hino's KO-D Tag Team Championship, but failed in their title challenge on January 22.

Sasaki returned to NJPW on May 27, when he entered the 2012 Best of the Super Juniors tournament. Sasaki managed to pick up wins against Hiromu Takahashi and Jado, but lost his other six matches in the tournament and finished seventh out of the nine wrestlers in his block. On June 16 NJPW's Dominion 6.16 pay-per-view, Sasaki teamed with Kenny Omega and Kota Ibushi to defeat Bushi, Prince Devitt and Kushida in a six-man tag team match. Back in DDT, Sasaki and Masa Takanashi received a shot at the KO-D Tag Team Championship on June 24, but were defeated by the defending champions, Homoiro Clover Z representatives Kudo and Makoto Oishi. On July 8, Sasaki and Takanashi joined Antonio Honda, Hoshitango, Yasu Urano and Yuji Hino to form the Monster Army. On July 19, Sasaki made another appearance for NJPW as part of a build-up to a match between Kota Ibushi and IWGP Junior Heavyweight Champion Low Ki. In the match, Sasaki and Ibushi were defeated by Ki and Jado, with Ki pinning Sasaki for the win. The Monster Army wrestled its first match together on July 22, when they were defeated by Akito, DJ Nira, Poison Julie Sawada, Rion Mizuki and Tetsuya Endo in a ten-man tag team match, after Hino and Hoshitango began brawling with each other. The brawling continued after the match with Sasaki and Takanashi siding with Hoshitango and Honda and Urano with Hino, which led to Takanashi announcing that the Monster Army was history and that he, Sasaki and Hoshitango were now known as "Familia". On August 18 at DDT's 15th anniversary event in Nippon Budokan, Sasaki, Takanashi, Hoshitango, Tetsuya Endo and Tsukasa Fujimoto, representing Familia, defeated Antonio Honda, Tanomusaku Toba, Yasu Urano, Yoshiko and Yuji Hino, representing Crying Wolf, in a ten-person tag team match, contested under "Soccer rules". On August 26, DDT General Manager Amon Tsurumi ordered all stables in the promotion disbanded, effectively ending the short-lived Familia. On September 9, Sasaki, along with Antonio Honda and Yasu Urano, traveled to La Paz, Bolivia, to take part in Dick Togo's retirement match; an eight-man elimination tag team match, where the four were defeated by Ajayu, Apocalipsis, Guerrero Ayar and Halcon Dorado.

On September 19, Sasaki and Antonio Honda turned on their respective tag team partners Masa Takanashi and Yasu Urano and formed a new stable named "Los Calientes" with Hoshitango. Four days later, Sasaki returned to NJPW, losing to Low Ki at the Destruction pay-per-view. On September 30, Los Calientes faced off with Masa Takanashi's new stable, formed with Toru Owashi and Yuji Hino in a six-man tag team grudge match. During the match, Hino turned on Takanashi, handing Los Calientes the win and reforming the Monster Army with Sasaki, Honda and Hoshitango, with Honda claiming that Takanashi and Urano were the ones who ruined the original stable. On November 15, Sasaki returned to NJPW, entering the NEVER Openweight Championship tournament, from which he was eliminated after losing to Tomohiro Ishii in his first round match. DDT's 2012 ended with a storyline, where Sanshiro Takagi brought in the NJPW tag team of Hiroyoshi Tenzan and Satoshi Kojima to stop the Monster Army, in particular Antonio Honda, who had begun stealing other wrestlers' clothes. At the final event of the year on December 23, the entire Monster Army was defeated in a four-on-three handicap match by Takagi, Tenzan and Kojima, after which Sasaki, Honda, Hino and Hoshitango were all supposedly arrested by the NJPW duo. On January 27, 2013, Sasaki, Hino and Honda defeated Team Drift (Keisuke Ishii, Shigehiro Irie and Soma Takao) to win the KO-D 6-Man Tag Team Championship. They made their first successful title defense on March 20 against the team of Danshoku Dino, Gabai-Ji-chan and Makoto Oishi. On April 13, the Monster Army made another successful title defense against Dino, Oishi and Alpha Female. On April 21, Sasaki defeated Yasu Urano in a singles match and, as a result, took over his "Right to Challenge Anytime, Anywhere" contract, which gave him the right to challenge for the KO-D Openweight Championship anytime and anywhere he wanted to. As the contract was on the line in every match its holder took part in, Sasaki entered a storyline, where he began attacking referees whenever he was close to losing a match, causing a disqualification, which would cost him the match, but save the contract. On May 26, the Monster Army lost the KO-D 6-Man Tag Team Championship to Golden☆Rendezvous~ (Gota Ihashi, Kenny Omega and Kota Ibushi) in their third defense. Sasaki finally cashed in his "Right to Challenge Anytime, Anywhere" contract on June 23, but was defeated in the match for the KO-D Openweight Championship by the defending champion, Shigehiro Irie, after the interfering Monster Army was taken out of the equation by Irie's Team Drift stablemates Keisuke Ishii and Soma Takao. On June 28, Sasaki earned the final spot in the annual King of DDT tournament by winning an eight-man battle royal. He entered the tournament later that same event, defeating Soma Takao in his first round match. On July 6, Sasaki was eliminated from the tournament in the second round by Kenny Omega. In mid-2013, Sasaki and Honda once again began stealing clothes from other wrestlers, resuming the storyline from the previous year. This built to an eight-man tag team match on August 17, during the first day of DDT's 16th anniversary weekend in Ryōgoku Kokugikan, where Sasaki, Honda, Hino and Hoshitango were defeated by their victims Akito, Kazuki Hirata, Masa Takanashi and Yukio Sakaguchi. On January 13, 2014, Sasaki and Honda attempted to regain the KO-D 6-Man Tag Team Championship with new partner Shoichi Uchida, but were defeated by the defending champions, Team Homo Sapiens (Aja Kong, Danshoku Dino and Makoto Oishi). On January 17, DDT announced that Sasaki had signed a contract to officially make DDT his home promotion, ending his days as a freelancer. On February 23, after Sasaki, Antonio Honda and Hoshitango were defeated by Mikami, Sanshiro Takagi and Toru Owashi in a six-man tag team match, Honda announced that the Monster Army had decided to disband. On March 9, Sasaki won the Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship for the fourth time by attacking Kazuki Hirata before his title defense. He then went on to lose it to DJ Nira later that same event. On March 21, at Judgement 2014, Monster Army wrestled its final match together, where Sasaki, Honda, Hino and Hoshitango defeated Gorgeous Matsuno, Gota Ihashi, Sanshiro Takagi and Toru Owashi.

On March 30, Sasaki announced he wanted to form a new partnership with Kenny Omega and Kota Ibushi. Omega and Ibushi accepted Sasaki's proposal, which led to a six-man tag team match, where the three defeated Kazuki Hirata, Sanshiro Takagi and Toru Owashi, with Sasaki pinning Hirata for the win and in the process taking over his "Right to Challenge Anytime, Anywhere" contract. Post-match, the new trio was named the next challengers for the KO-D 6-Man Tag Team Championship, which led to Omega and Ibushi naming Sasaki the official fourth member of their Golden☆Rendezvous~ stable. On April 5, Sasaki lost his contract to Shigehiro Irie in a tag team match, where he and Ibushi were defeated by Irie and Keisuke Ishii. On April 12, Sasaki, Omega and Ibushi defeated Team Drift to become the new KO-D 6-Man Tag Team Champions. They made their first successful title defense on April 29 against Danshoku Dino, Makoto Oishi and Yoshihiko. On May 4, Sasaki, Omega and Ibushi lost the title to Shuten-dōji (Kudo, Masa Takanashi and Yukio Sakaguchi) in their second defense, ending their reign at just 22 days. Despite losing the title, Sasaki, Omega and Ibushi decided to stay together and on May 11 revealed their unit's new name; Golden☆Storm Riders. The formation of the unit led to Ibushi and Omega's old associate Gota Ihashi breaking away from the two, renaming himself "Darth Gota" and forming a new partnership with Michael Nakazawa and Tomomitsu Matsunaga. On May 29, the two groups faced off in a six-man tag team match, where Sasaki pinned Ihashi for the win and, as per pre-match stipulation, forced his new stable to disband after only one match together. After the match, Ihashi re-joined Ibushi, Omega and Sasaki, turning Golden☆Storm Riders into a four-man stable. On August 2, Ihashi turned on Sasaki and re-joined Nakazawa and Matsunaga, starting a feud between the Golden☆Storm Riders and his new Booing stable. Later in the year, after Kenny Omega had left DDT for NJPW, Sasaki and Ibushi started a match series to find a new member for the Golden☆Storm Riders. The series ended on December 23 with rookie Suguru Miyatake being chosen as Omega's replacement. The new Golden☆Storm Riders received a shot at the KO-D 6-Man Tag Team Championship on January 3, 2015, but were defeated by the defending champions, Gorgeous Matsuno and the Brahman Brothers (Kei and Shu).

In April, Sasaki began feuding with Akito over the DDT Extreme Championship. After the two wrestled to a 30-minute time limit draw in a non-title match on April 11, Akito announced that the title match between the two would be contested in a 60-minute Iron Man match. The title match on April 19 originally ended in a 2–2 draw, resulting in a sudden death extra time, where Akito retained his title. Afterwards, Sasaki entered a storyline, where he began collecting the numerous "Right to Challenge Anytime, Anywhere" contracts spread out among the DDT roster. By May 17 Sasaki possessed three contracts, a "Right to Challenge Anytime, Anywhere Triple Crown", which earned him three separate opportunities to challenge for the KO-D Openweight Championship anytime and anywhere, but instead of cashing them in, he chose to continue chasing the fourth and final contract. However, on May 24, Sasaki lost all three of his contracts; one to Kudo and two to Danshoku Dino. On May 31, the Golden☆Storm Riders received another shot at the KO-D 6-Man Tag Team Championship, but were defeated by Team Drift. On June 14, Sasaki scored a major win, when he defeated stablemate Kota Ibushi in the second round of the 2015 King of DDT tournament. He was eliminated from the tournament in the semifinals on June 28 by Konosuke Takeshita. On August 23 at Ryogoku Peter Pan, DDT's biggest event of the year, Sasaki and Ibushi defeated Daisuke Sekimoto and Yuji Okabayashi to win the KO-D Tag Team Championship.

On September 7, upon returning from wrestling in Vietnam, Sasaki debuted a new finishing maneuver, Vietnam Driver II, using it to pin new KO-D Openweight Champion Yukio Sakaguchi in a tag team match. This led to a match on September 27, where Sasaki unsuccessfully challenged Sakaguchi for his title. On November 2, Sasaki and Ibushi vacated the KO-D Tag Team Championship, when Ibushi was sidelined indefinitely with a cervical disc herniation. On November 18, Sasaki, Yuki Sato and Yusuke Kubo held a special event to celebrate their tenth anniversary in professional wrestling. In the main event, Sasaki successfully defended his newly won Chilean Max Lucha Libre Championship against Sato. On March 21, 2016, at DDT's 19th anniversary event, Sasaki and Shuji Ishikawa defeated Konosuke Takeshita and Tetsuya Endo to win the KO-D Tag Team Championship.

On April 16, Sasaki submitted Antonio Honda in a tag team match, capturing his "Right to Challenge Anytime, Anywhere" contract in the process. He cashed in the contract on April 24, surprising Harashima after he had successfully defended the KO-D Openweight Championship against Kazusada Higuchi, and defeated him to win the title for the first time. Already holding the KO-D Tag Team Championship, the win made Sasaki a "double crown" champion. Sasaki lost the KO-D Openweight Championship to Konosuke Takeshita in his second defense on May 29. Afterwards, Sasaki announced he was planning to retire from professional wrestling. After three successful title defenses, Sasaki and Ishikawa lost the KO-D Tag Team Championship to Kai and Ken Ohka on July 3. Afterwards, Sasaki became the leader of the new Damnation stable, which also included Ishikawa, Mad Paulie and Tetsuya Endo. On August 6, Sasaki, Paulie and Endo defeated Shuten-dōji (Kota Umeda, Masahiro Takanashi and Yukio Sakaguchi) in a tournament final to win the vacant KO-D 6-Man Tag Team Championship. On September 25, Sasaki and Endo attempted to win another title, but were defeated by Harashima and Yuko Miyamoto in a match for the KO-D Tag Team Championship. On October 9, Sasaki and Endo defeated Harashima and Miyamoto in a rematch to become the new KO-D Tag Team Champions. They lost the title to Konosuke Takeshita and Mike Bailey in their second defense on December 4. On December 11, Damnation also lost the KO-D 6-Man Tag Team Championship in their second defense against Shuten-dōji (Kudo, Masahiro Takanashi and Yukio Sakaguchi). On January 29, 2017, Sasaki received a shot at the KO-D Openweight Championship, but was defeated by Harashima.

On March 20 at DDT's 20th anniversary event, Sasaki defeated Jun Kasai to win the DDT Extreme Championship for the first time. On August 20 at DDT's 20th anniversary show, Sasaki successfully defended the title against Akito in a Cabellera Contra Cabellera (Hair vs. Hair) match, forcing Akito to have his head shaved afterwards. On September 24, Sasaki took part in a three-way match, where he faced KO-D Openweight Champion Konosuke Takeshita and Independent World Junior Heavyweight Champion Ken Ohka with all three defending their titles. Sasaki won the match by submitting Ohka, retaining the Extreme Division Championship and winning the Independent World Junior Heavyweight Championship. Sasaki lost the Independent World Junior Heavyweight Championship back to Ohka on December 20. Ten days later, Sasaki lost the Extreme Division Championship to Yuko Miyamoto in his ninth defense at an event produced by Damnation.

Sasaki won King of DDT tournament by defeating Tetsuya Endo. At Ryogoku Peter Pan 2018, Sasaki defeated Danshoku Dino for KO-D Openweight Championship.

At DDT Judgement 2019 which was held on 17th Feb 2019 Sasaki lost his championship to Takeshita. Later on 5 April DDT is coming to America Sasaki regained the title by defeating Takeshita with 2 low blows and hurricana. Later on Endo cashed Gauntlet and defeated him in which Endo became KO-D Openweight championship  for first time.

On March 20, 2020, at Judgement 2020: DDT 23rd Anniversary, Sasaki defeated Chris Brookes to win his first DDT Universal Championship.

Championships and accomplishments
Dramatic Dream Team / DDT Pro-Wrestling
DDT Extreme Championship (1 time)
DDT Universal Championship (2 times)
Independent World Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship (5 times)
KO-D 6-Man Tag Team Championship (5 times, current) – with Antonio Honda and Yuji Hino (1), Kenny Omega and Kota Ibushi (1), Mad Paulie and Tetsuya Endo (1), Minoru Fujita and MJ Paul (1), and MJ Paul and Kanon (1)
KO-D Openweight Championship (3 times)
KO-D Tag Team Championship (6 times, current) – with Antonio Honda (1), Kota Ibushi (1), Shuji Ishikawa (1), Tetsuya Endo (1), Soma Takao (1), and MJ Paul (1)
King of DDT Tournament (2018)
King of Stockholm (2008)
KO-D 6-Man Tag Team Championship Tournament (2016) – with Mad Paulie and Tetsuya Endo
KO-D Openweight Next Challenger Tournament (2010)
Japan Indie Awards
Best Unit Award (2016, 2017) Damnation with Mad Paulie, Shuji Ishikawa and Tetsuya Endo
Max Lucha Libre
Max Maximo Championship (1 time)
New Japan Pro-Wrestling
Road to the Super Jr. 2Days Tournament (2011)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 Ranked No. 161 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2020

Luchas de Apuestas record

Footnotes

References

External links

DDT Pro-Wrestling profile
Official blog

1985 births
Living people
Japanese male professional wrestlers
People from Nerima
Sportspeople from Tokyo
21st-century professional wrestlers
DDT Extreme Champions
DDT Universal Champions
Ironman Heavymetalweight Champions
KO-D 6-Man Tag Team Champions
KO-D Tag Team Champions
KO-D Openweight Champions

Daisuke Sasaki


Infante is a title given to children of the reigning King of Spain. It has also historically been used by Portuguese monarchs before the country became a republic. As it is a title usually used by the children of monarchs, the style of Royal Highness is also used. The female version of the word is Infanta. Fully the style is usually:
 His Royal Highness The Infante Don [name] of Spain/Portugal, or
 Her Royal Highness The Infanta Dona [name] of Spain/Portugal.

Examples of use in Spain
His Royal Highness The Infante Juan Carlos of Spain. Used the title before becoming King.
His Royal Highness The Infante Don Luis of Spain. Again used the title before becoming King. He was also known as The Prince of Asturias.
Her Royal Highness The Infanta Dona Mariana Victoria of Spain.

Examples of use in Portugal
Her Royal Highness Dona Maria Bárbara de Bragança, Infanta of Portugal. She later became Queen of Spain through marriage.

Styles (manners of address)
Diplomacy

Portuguese royalty

Infante


David E. Meyer (born in Louisville, Kentucky,  February 3, 1943) is an American academic in the field of psychology. He is a professor at the University of Michigan and is Chair of the Cognition and Cognitive Neuroscience area of the Psychology Department. He is director of the university's Brain, Cognition, and Action laboratory.

He received a B.A. in psychology from Wittenberg University in 1964.  He received an M.A. in mathematics in 1966 and a Ph.D. in Mathematical Psychology in 1969 from the University of Michigan. After earning his Ph.D., he worked with Saul Sternberg at Bell Labs before returning to the faculty of the Psychology Department of the University of Michigan in 1977.

With Roger W. Schvaneveldt he developed the lexical decision task to investigate semantic memory.  More recently he developed the EPIC cognitive architecture with David Kieras.

He is a Fellow of the Society of Experimental Psychologists, American Psychological Society, American Psychological Association, American Association for the Advancement of Science and the National Academy of Sciences.

References

External links
 Biography page, University of Michigan

Living people
1943 births
People from Louisville, Kentucky
University of Michigan faculty
University of Michigan alumni
Wittenberg University alumni
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
21st-century American psychologists
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Fellows of the American Psychological Association
Fellows of the Association for Psychological Science
Fellows of the Society of Experimental Psychologists
20th-century American psychologists

David E. Meyer


Thomas Brown (26 October 1919 – May 2000) was a Scottish professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper and spent most of his career with Ipswich Town. He was also a Commando during World War II.

Youth
Born in Troon, Brown was born the youngest of four brothers, three of whom played professionally. His oldest brother Jim began his career in the United States and was a member of the U.S. national team at the 1930 FIFA World Cup before retiring from Clyde F.C. in 1941. His brother John was a Scottish international goalkeeper who played for Hibs and Clyde, and won the 1939 Scottish FA Cup with Clyde. Each of the brothers apparently left school at a young age to become apprentice riveters at Troon Shipyard. While working as a riveter, Brown also began his football career with Cumnock Juniors before moving to Glenafton Athletic at nearby New Cumnock in June 1938.

Professional
In October 1938, Glenafton Athletic transferred Brown to Ipswich Town. Despite Brown being am amateur Ipswich sent Glenafton a 'handsome cheque'. However, World War II soon intervened and Brown went to work as a riveter in the Troon Shipyard, along with his three brothers. At the time, Brown's oldest brother Jim, who had recently retired from Clyde F.C., was an outspoken union activist. The four brothers were exempt from the draft as members of an essential war time industry. However, Jim's union activities led to the Troon Shipyard management removing the brothers' draft exemptions. To avoid the draft, John joined the Navy and Tom became a Commando. Their brother Jim was found to be physically exempt from military service due to punctured eardrums. In 1946, Tom returned to Ipswich Town, seeing time in only one first team game. However, he gained the starting position during the 1947–1948 season and held that until 1950. During the 1950–1951 season, he played only three first team games and in August 1951, Brown left Ipswich and moved to Bury Town where he finished his career.

References

External links

 Tom Brown at Pride of Anglia

1919 births
2000 deaths
Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Cumnock Juniors F.C. players
Footballers from Troon
Glenafton Athletic F.C. players
Ipswich Town F.C. players
Bury Town F.C. players
British Army personnel of World War II
British Army Commandos soldiers
English Football League players
Scottish Junior Football Association players
Military personnel from South Ayrshire

Tom Brown (footballer, born 1919)


The International Johannes Brahms Competition ("Brahms Competition") is an international competition for the performers of piano, violin, viola, cello, chamber music, and singers.

The competition has taken place annually since 1993. The event is held in Pörtschach am Wörthersee, Austria, where Johannes Brahms occasionally stayed during the summer.

In each category, competitors are obliged to perform works composed by Brahms, either in the preliminary or final round.

Prize winners

See also

References

External links

 Results 2001–2017

Violin competitions
Piano competitions
Singing competitions
Johannes Brahms