Philip Hunt (1772–1838) was an English Anglican priest and antiquarian. Chaplain to Lord Elgin, he is now remembered as a figure in the history of the Elgin Marbles. Hunt applied bribery to acquire antiquities for export to Elgin's collection through agents. He also excavated at the Parthenon.

Early life
He was the son of Thomas Hunt of Newcastle-on-Tyne where he was brought up, was born in Herefordshire, and was educated at Newcastle Grammar School under Hugh Moises. He matriculated at Trinity College, Cambridge in 1788 at age 16, becoming a scholar in 1791; he graduated B.A. in 1793, and M.A.in 1799.

Hunt was ordained deacon in 1794, by George Pretyman-Tomline, and became curate of Houghton Conquest in Bedfordshire. After graduating, Hunt had John FitzPatrick, 2nd Earl of Upper Ossory as ecclesiastical patron. He was ordained priest in 1796, and was vicar of St Peter's Church, Bedford from 1799, a position he held to 1835.

Chaplain to Lord Elgin
Through a friend, John Brand who was rector of Maulden, Hunt became chaplain to Lord Elgin, who was Ambassador of Great Britain to the Ottoman Empire from 1799 to 1802. He joined Elgin's party sailing to Constantinople on HMS Phaeton. Elgin gave Hunt and William Richard Hamilton, his private secretary, the task of collecting antiquities. Hunt visited the Troad with Elgin in 1799. Joseph Dacre Carlyle, also on Elgin's staff, had been asked to search for manuscripts, particularly those related to the New Testament, and Hunt assisted him in a thorough investigation of monasteries in the Constantinople area and on the Prince Islands.

In March 1801 Hunt set off on an Aegean voyage with Carlyle, looking further afield. A second visit to the Troad saw Hunt remove an inscription; Carlyle and Hunt also fell in with Edward Daniel Clarke there, but a scholarly disagreement over the site of Troy turned into something of a vendetta on Clarke's part. They also visited Mount Athos. In May, Elgin obtained a firman to the Athens authorities, on Hunt's advice; Giovanni Battista Lusieri who was employed by Elgin reached Athens in April, Carlyle and Hunt in May; Hunt was put in charge of Lusieri, and Elgin's workmen.

There was, however, a division of authority in Athens, with the vaivode having civilian control, while the Disdar, a military man, was in charge of the Acropolis, then a fort of the Turkish forces. To resolve the position, Hunt then applied for a second firman on 1 July. The precise import of this second firman is crucial for the subsequent debate on the formal position of the Elgin marbles. As described in the memoirs of William Gell, Hunt returned with it on 22 July, a success connected by William St Clair with the participation of British forces under John Hely Hutchinson in the Ottoman campaign to remove the French from Egypt. With its enlarged scope, Hunt applied bribery, to acquire antiquities for export to Elgin's collection through agents. He also excavated at the Parthenon. One significant factor in favour of Hunt's renewed approach was the death of the Disdar, whose son was anxious to succeed to his position, and fabricated a story about previous damage to a metope. The original permissions in Athens had been to create a visual record, and Edward Dodwell at least took advantage.

Hunt was simultaneously on an intelligence mission to the Morea, and he visited Ali Pasha. St Clair comments that the diplomatic situation, with the British wishing to discourage local powers in Greece from involvement with the French, was the actual reason Hunt returned to Athens in July; and that he would not have been the first choice from Elgin's staff. Hamilton and John Philip Morier were neither then available. In his absence, work proceeded in Athens on the Marbles, led briefly by Thomas Lacy of the Royal Engineers, and then by Lusieri. Elgin came in person to Athens in April 1802, very pleased, and provided more resources for the work begun by Hunt and Lusieri. Both Hunt and Lusieri had been working on the assumption that the marbles were destined for restoration in Italy: but William Richard Hamilton argued against that, on security grounds.

In November 1801 Hunt returned to Athens for diplomatic reasons on HMS La Victorieuse, to keep one step ahead of Sébastiani, French agent in Constantinople. He also intervened from there in early 1803 in salvage operations for the Mentor, which had sunk with some of the Marbles. At the same period of the Peace of Amiens in early 1803, Elgin set off to return to the United Kingdom. He was detained in France, however. Hunt too was arrested, at Montmélian, making his own was back from Malta via Venice, and held with him at Barèges; and was able to leave only in September 1805.

Later life
As Elgin dealt with the financial consequences of his mission and collecting, it became clear to Hunt that he was not to be rewarded for his work (on which he entered with the expectation of a salary to be paid in arrears); and he broke with Elgin, taking John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford as a new patron. He went with the Duke to Ireland, as his secretary, not long after returning to the United Kingdom. In politics he became a noted supporter of the Russell family, local Whig grandees in Bedfordshire. He held the Bedfordshire livings of Ravensden (1810–1817), Willington (1810–1834), and Goldington (1817–1828) (all these being presentations by the Duke of Bedford). Hunt was called a pluralist in the press in 1833, as an attack on the Whig administration.

Hunt testified to the Parliamentary committee on the Elgin Marbles on 13 March 1816. The committee's report contained a translation (via Italian) of the second firman. The Italian original is extant. Hunt's testimony was that the interpretation by the vaivode of the second firman was the basis for the removals of marbles. Among other testimony was that of John Morritt, who in the 1790s had succeeded in bribing the Disdar to allow him to remove marbles, but had been dissuaded from acting, by Louis-François-Sébastien Fauvel.

In 1817 Hunt was involved in the return of manuscripts to the Patriarch of Constantinople, from among those Carlyle had collected, some of which were loans. Carlyle had died in 1804, and his sister as executor had contacted Hunt (then held in France) about manuscripts in the estate. Hunt at the time suggested depositing them in the Lambeth Palace library, where they stayed until diplomatic and public pressure on Hunt and Elgin made a resolution of claims expedient.

Hunt worked as librarian to the Duke of Bedford, with successor in 1821 Jeremiah Wiffen. While at Woburn he translated from Italian work of Ugo Foscolo, concerning Antonio Canova.

In 1828 Hunt became rector of Bedford St John, with the mastership of St John's Hospital, Bedford, which he held to 1835. He was also a trustee of the Bedford Charity.

In 1833 Hunt was made canon of the tenth prebend at Canterbury Cathedral in 1833, He was presented to Aylsham in 1834. and died on 17 September 1838.

Concerned magistrate
A magistrate in Bedfordshire from 1811, for three decades Hunt took an interest in Bedford Prison. He became known for his concerns on other social issues, also. Eric Stockdale mentions Hunt with Samuel Whitbread, also in Bedfordshire, as magistrates making a national impact. Hunt reported on possible development of the prison in 1816, for a committee including the sessions chairman William Wilshere. A printed report from the Bedford magistrates appeared in 1818, and Henry Grey Bennet cited Hunt on prison discipline from it; and in the debate leading to the Prisons Act 1823 Hunt suggested a clause on transfer of prisoners to Bennet.

In 1819 Hunt supported George Bowers as Bedford prison chaplain. In 1821 Charles Callis Western, visiting Bedford, gained the impression that Hunt was, as the only active local magistrate, the major figure in the town's public life. Hunt took a broader interest, laying charges that year against William Bridle, governor of Ilchester jail in Somerset; Bridle was the target of Henry Hunt the radical, who had been imprisoned at Ilchester, and was dismissed for brutality. In 1823 Hunt reported positively to the Home Office on the Bedford Prison treadmill.

In 1824 Hunt appeared as a witness for a parliamentary committee on labourers' wages. His view that "very few labourers married voluntarily" was cited in the Political Register of William Cobbett, and Francis Place wrote to him with approval. He also noted that relief under the Poor Laws was given without regard to character; and saw the spending on it as support for social order. Robert Harry Inglis, a Tory for whom Hunt had no time at all, was sessions chairman from 1825 to 1832, and opposed expenditure on the prison. In 1827, on the Game Laws, Hunt warned Robert Peel that magistrates reported only a fraction of offences from their sessions. In 1828 Sir Richard Phillips visited Hunt, and excepted him from his general view that clerics were unsuitable magistrates.

In later life Hunt's views as a prison reformer hardened. At the time of the 1830 Bedfordshire riots, he with Samuel Charles Whitbread swore in 50 special constables at Bedford. At this period Hunt introduced a stiffer regime in the prison, possibly affected by local disorder, arson and recidivism. A visitor gave in evidence to a House of Lords committee that Hunt did not have the backing of the governors for the changes. In 1835 he testified on poaching to a Select Committee of Parliament, the topic on which he had written to Peel as Home Secretary eight years before, with his view that the offences were treated too severely, and the magistrates were biased in favour of game preservation, a point expressed by Henry Brougham in parliament in 1828.

Honours, awards and learned societies
Hunt while in Ireland with the Duke of Bedford was awarded an honorary LL.D. degree by Trinity College, Dublin in 1807. It was incorporated at Cambridge in 1818 (also M.A., Dublin; LL.B. of Dublin, 1807). He was an honorary member of the Dublin Society, and of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne, and served on the Council of the Society of Antiquaries of London. He was also a member of the Numismatic Society.

Works
Hunt wrote two reports for the government based on his intelligence work in the Morea in 1801, the first being more confident about the local forces and their potential to resist invasion than the second. He assessed the local pashas and beys, the voivode of Patras, and Theodosios the dragoman of the Morea. A letter composed by Hunt in 1805, during his detention in France, was the basis of Elgin's Memorandum (1810, anonymous) on the marbles, at least as far as their description was concerned.

As a figure in the scandal Hunt was drawn into the Tweddell remains affair, a controversy over the papers and other possessions of John Tweddell, who had died in 1799 in Athens: one of Hunt's first tasks in Constantinople had concerned these remains. He wrote A Narrative of What Is Known Respecting the Literary Remains of the Late John Tweddell (1816) to support Elgin's self-exculpation in the matter, in reply to The Remains of John Tweddell (1815) issued by Robert Tweddell. He conceded he had copied notes of Tweddell's.

Hunt contributed to the Memoirs Relating to European and Asiatic Turkey of Robert Walpole. He also wrote letterpress for a privately printed 1822 work on the Woburn Abbey marbles, illustrated by drawings of Henry Corbould engraved by Henry Moses.

Notes

External links

1772 births
1838 deaths
18th-century English Anglican priests
19th-century English Anglican priests
19th-century antiquarians
English antiquarians
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London
Clergy from Newcastle upon Tyne
People from Bedford
Elgin Marbles

Philip Hunt (priest)


In ornithology, the facial disc is the concave collection of feathers on the face of some birds—most notably owls—surrounding the eyes. The concavity of the facial disc forms a circular paraboloid that collects sound waves and directs those waves towards the owl's ears. The feathers making up this disc can be adjusted by the bird to alter the focal length of this sound collector, enabling the bird to focus at different distances and allowing it to locate prey by sound alone under snow, grass, and plant cover.

Other bird species, such as harriers, have less prominent facial discs. In harriers, the related term facial ruff refers to feathers around the neck that are raised in response to noise, essentially enlarging the facial disc and improving hearing.

The barn owl has the most visually prominent facial disc, measuring about 110 mm (Simmons), while the great grey owl has the largest disc of any bird.

References
 Jemima Parry-Jones (2001). Understanding Owls: Biology, Management, Breeding, Training. David & Charles, p. 20.
 Robert E. Simmons (2000). Harriers of the World: Their Behaviour and Ecology. Oxford University Press, pp. 53–56.
 U.R. Koch, H. Wagner (2002). Morphometry of Auricular Feathers of Barn Owls (Tyto alba). European Journal of Morphology, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 15–21

Bird anatomy
Owls

Facial disc


Stolnic was a boier (Romanian nobility) rank and the position at the court in the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. The title approximately corresponds to seneschal and is borrowed from the Slavic title stolnik (from the word stol, "table") a person in charge of the royal table.

The title mare stolnic means "great stolnic", or "Chief Seneschal".

The first documented usages of the title date to 1392 in Wallachia and 1393 in Moldavia.

Notable stolnics
 Constantin Cantacuzino (cca. 1650–1716), stolnic, diplomat, historian and geographer.

See also
 stolnik, a noble rank in Poland, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Muscovy.

Titles
Social history of Romania
Romanian words and phrases

Stolnic


Jason Calvin Garrett (born March 28, 1966) is a former American football coach and quarterback. He has been a broadcaster since 2022. He most notably served as the head coach of the Dallas Cowboys for 9.5 seasons from 2010 to 2019. Garrett was also the offensive coordinator and assistant head coach for the Cowboys and quarterbacks coach for the Miami Dolphins.

Before becoming a coach, Garrett was a college football quarterback at Princeton University and also played as quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) for the Cowboys (winning three Super Bowls as the backup quarterback for Troy Aikman), New York Giants, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and Dolphins.

In 2022, Garrett became a sports broadcaster for NBC Sports, commentating their coverage of the USFL and Notre Dame football while also serving as an analyst for their NFL pregame show Football Night in America.

Early life
Garrett attended kindergarten through second grade at Holy Cross school in Rumson, New Jersey. He went to prep school at University School in Hunting Valley, Ohio, and was a letterman in football, basketball, and baseball. As a senior, Garrett won All-League honors as a quarterback and safety. He graduated from University School in 1984.

College career
Garrett was accepted to Princeton University, where he began as the starting quarterback of the freshman team, registering 64 completions on 116 attempts for 996 yards. Garrett transferred to Columbia University when his father, Jim, became the head coach in 1985. Following his father's resignation after Columbia's 0–10 1985 season, Garrett and his brothers (Judd and John) transferred to Princeton, although none played varsity in 1986 for different reasons (Jason was an ineligible transfer).

Garrett sat out the 1986 season because of the transfer rules while focusing on running the scout team, which included his brothers. The next year, as a junior, Garrett was named the starting quarterback. Although he piloted Princeton to a win against his former team, Columbia (a loss that gave Columbia the Division I record for straight losses, at 35), Garrett was also involved in a losing effort against them as a senior, snapping Columbia's by then 44-game losing streak. He received the Asa S. Bushnell Cup as the Ivy League Player of the Year. Garrett earned a degree in history in 1989, with a senior thesis on "The Revolt of the Black Athlete as Initiated by Harry Edwards".

Garrett finished his college career completing 366 of 550 passes (66.5%) for 4,274 yards and 20 touchdowns. At the time, he was ranked in the categories: lowest pass interception percentage (1.8% – school record), total yards of offense (4,555 – second in school history), total yards of offense in a season (2,485 – third in school history), most passing yards (4,274 – second in school history), most passing yards in a season (2,217 – fourth in school history), most completions (366 – second in school history), most completions in a season (204 – third in school history), most touchdown passes (20 – tied for fourth). Garrett continues to hold the Ivy League career record for completion percentage with 66.5% (366/550) and his 1988 percentage of 68.2% (204/299) stood as the league record until 2000, when Gavin Hoffman posted a 70.5% mark.

Professional playing career

New Orleans Saints
Garrett was signed as an undrafted free agent by the New Orleans Saints after the 1989 NFL Draft and was eventually signed to the practice squad. On September 3, 1990, he was waived by the Saints and spent most of the year working as a coaching assistant for Princeton.

San Antonio Riders
In 1991, Garrett started at quarterback for the San Antonio Riders of the World League of American Football, but he suffered a separated right shoulder in the season opener. Garrett returned to start the sixth and seventh games but was passed on the depth chart by Mike Johnson.

Ottawa Rough Riders
On June 4, 1991, Garrett was signed by the Ottawa Rough Riders of the Canadian Football League, but was released in August.

Dallas Cowboys
In 1992, with the support of his father, at the time a part of the Dallas Cowboys scouting department, Garrett was signed as a free agent. He was released on August 31 and later signed to the team's practice squad. In 1993, Garrett's preseason performances allowed him to make the team as the third-string quarterback behind Troy Aikman and Hugh Millen. Garrett eventually passed Millen on the depth chart. In the eighth game of the season after Aikman injured his left hamstring against the New York Giants in the third quarter, Garrett came in and led two touchdown drives while completing five of six passes for 34 yards. He was named the starter for the next game against the Phoenix Cardinals, completing two of six passes for 25 yards and helped the team score on a field goal before being replaced on the third series in favor of Bernie Kosar, who had been signed four days earlier. Kosar became the backup quarterback for the rest of the season after the game.

The highlight of Garrett's playing career occurred in the 1994 Thanksgiving Day game when he started in place of backup quarterback Rodney Peete, who was out with a sprained thumb he suffered in a win against the Washington Redskins. Garrett led the Cowboys to a 42–31 comeback victory over the Green Bay Packers by completing 15 of 26 passes for 311 yards and two touchdowns in the second half. He was named NFC Offensive Player of the Week for his performance. That game was named the fourth-best moment in the history of Texas Stadium by ESPN in 2008.

In 1998, Garrett was promoted to the backup position, and in the second game against the Denver Broncos, after Aikman suffered a broken clavicle, Garrett came in to finish the 23–42 loss. He would start the next five games and contribute to a 3–2 mark for a team that would go on to win the NFC East division by one game over the Arizona Cardinals. In 1999, Garrett started two games for a 1–1 record.

Garrett was a part of the 1992, 1993, and 1995 Super Bowl winning teams. In eight seasons with the Cowboys, he played in 39 games and completed 165 of 294 passes (56.1%) for 2,042 yards, 11 touchdowns, and five interceptions.

New York Giants
In 2000, Garrett was signed as a free agent by the New York Giants to back up Kerry Collins. On February 27, 2002, Garrett was released for salary cap reasons and re-signed on July 24, although he would be declared inactive in 16 games since he was passed on the depth chart by Jesse Palmer, who was later named the backup quarterback. In 2003, Garrett was declared inactive in 11 games as the third-string quarterback.

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
On March 15, 2004, Garrett signed with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and was cut on August 31. On October 13, he was re-signed by the team. After being declared inactive in Weeks 6 and 7, he was released on November 6.

Miami Dolphins
On November 24, 2004, Garrett was signed as a free agent by the Miami Dolphins and was declared inactive for the last six games of the season.

Coaching career

Miami Dolphins
After retiring as a player, Garrett became the quarterbacks coach for the Miami Dolphins for the 2005 season under head coach Nick Saban.

Dallas Cowboys

Offensive coordinator
In January 2007, Garrett was hired by the Dallas Cowboys to be their offensive coordinator. He guided the Cowboys to the second-best offense in the NFL as the team finished with a 13–3 record, which made him an attractive head coaching prospect. In January 2008, Garrett interviewed for the head coaching job of the Baltimore Ravens and the Atlanta Falcons, receiving offers from both, but ultimately opted to remain with the Cowboys. His salary for the 2008 season was nearly $3 million; the highest salary for an assistant coach in the NFL at the time. On December 29, 2008, the Detroit Lions received permission to speak to Garrett regarding the team's head coaching vacancy according to ESPN sources. In January 2009, the Denver Broncos interviewed him as a possible replacement for Mike Shanahan. Garrett was also a finalist for the St. Louis Rams' head coaching position to replace interim head coach Jim Haslett, but the job ultimately went to Steve Spagnuolo.

Head coach
On November 8, 2010, Garrett was named as interim head coach of the Cowboys after head coach Wade Phillips was fired after the Cowboys began the 2010 season with a 1–7 record. On November 14, Garrett won his first game as a head coach, beating the favored New York Giants by a score of 33–20 at New Meadowlands Stadium. The next week, he led the Cowboys to a 35–19 victory over the Detroit Lions, their first home win all season.

After Garrett finished the 2010 season with a 5–3 record down the stretch, he was officially named the eighth head coach in Cowboys history on January 6, 2011. Garrett was the first head coach born after the team was founded in 1960, and the first former Cowboys player to hold the post. From 2011 to 2013, he had three straight 8–8 seasons, losing in the regular-season finale each season to NFC East division rivals New York Giants, Washington Redskins, and Philadelphia Eagles to miss the division championship and the playoffs each time.

In 2014, Garrett achieved head-coaching success for the first time. The Cowboys, featuring several key draft picks maturing on the offensive line and the emergence of DeMarco Murray as a dominant running back, finished atop the NFC East with a 12–4 record and were tied for the best record in the conference with the Green Bay Packers and the Seattle Seahawks. The Cowboys were undefeated on the road, including impressive wins over the Seahawks and the NFC East frontrunners (at the time), the Philadelphia Eagles. However, Garrett's team lost the three-way tiebreaker to Green Bay and Seattle and therefore hosted the Detroit Lions in the Wild Card Round, which featured a controversial "flag pick up" after a penalty during a late Detroit drive, thereby allowing Dallas an improved chance to make a comeback and defeat the Lions by a score of 24–20. In the Divisional Round against the Green Bay Packers, hyped as a rematch of the famous Ice Bowl NFL championship game from 1967, the Cowboys held a lead in the second half, but after losing the lead due to a late Aaron Rodgers touchdown pass, had a potentially game-winning catch by Dez Bryant that was overturned in official replay, sealing a 26–21 road loss to Green Bay.

On January 13, 2015, Cowboys owner Jerry Jones and Garrett agreed on a contract that kept Garrett in Dallas for five more years and paid him $30 million. The Cowboys entered the 2015 season with great expectations, but starting quarterback Tony Romo played in only four games after suffering two fractures in his left collarbone, and the team finished with a 4–12 record.

With the emergence of rookie quarterback Dak Prescott and running back Ezekiel Elliott, the Cowboys bounced back in 2016. They finished atop the NFC East with a 13–3 record, aided by an 11-game winning streak, and earned the #1-seed in the NFC along with a first-round bye in the playoffs. However, the Cowboys were upset in their first playoff game by Aaron Rodgers and the Green Bay Packers with a last-second field goal by Mason Crosby, losing 34–31. Garrett was named the NFL Coach of the Year at the end of the season.

In 2017, the Cowboys finished with a 9–7 record and missed the playoffs. This was partially because star running back Ezekiel Elliott was suspended for six games (Weeks 10-15) as a result of violating the NFL personal conduct policy.

In 2018, the Cowboys bounced back from a disappointing 3–5 record at the bye week to win seven of their last eight games and clinch the NFC East for the third time since Garrett became head coach. The Cowboys narrowly defeated the Seattle Seahawks by a score of 24-22 in the Wild Card Round, but lost on the road in the Divisional Round to the Los Angeles Rams by a score of 30-22.

In 2019, the Cowboys finished with an 8–8 record and missed the playoffs. Towards the end of the season, they had led the NFC East until losing to their division rival, the Philadelphia Eagles in Week 16.

On January 5, 2020, Cowboys owner Jerry Jones announced that the Cowboys would not renew Garrett's contract, which expired at the conclusion of the 2019 season. Garrett finished his Cowboys tenure with an 85–67 (.559) regular-season record and a 2–3 (.400) playoff record for a combined record of 87–70.

Garrett had the second longest tenure of being the Cowboys head coach after Tom Landry.

New York Giants
On January 17, 2020, Garrett was hired by the New York Giants as their offensive coordinator under new head coach Joe Judge. Garrett tested positive for COVID-19 in December 2020 and missed the team's Week 15 matchup against the Cleveland Browns.

On November 23, 2021, Garrett was fired by the Giants. Upon his firing, Garrett was rumored to be the frontrunner for the Duke University football head coaching job to replace long time head coach David Cutcliffe. However, just a few days later, Duke hired Mike Elko as their head coach.

Head coaching record

* – Interim head coach

Broadcasting career
On April 12, 2022, it was announced that Garrett would be an analyst for NBC Sports broadcasts of the United States Football League.  On August 14, it was announced that he had joined Jac Collinsworth as part of Notre Dame Football on NBC. The following month, Garrett joined Tony Dungy on NBC Sunday Night Football.

Personal life
Garrett's brothers, John and Judd, also played in the World League of American Football. John was the head coach of the Lafayette College football team until 2021 when he was fired, and his younger brother Judd made second-team All-World League in 1991 after leading the league in catches. Judd also worked in the Dallas Cowboys front office after being let go as tight ends coach for the St. Louis Rams. Since he played for the London Monarchs, Judd is the only one of the Garretts who played in the WLAF to have a World Bowl ring. Another brother, Jim Garrett III, is a teacher and former football coach.

In December 2022, Garrett interviewed for the head coaching job at Stanford and was named a finalist. However, he ultimately decided to stay with NBC as a studio analyst.

Garrett's father, Jim Garrett, was an assistant coach for the New York Giants, New Orleans Saints, and Cleveland Browns and head coach of the Houston Texans of the World Football League and at Columbia University. From 1987 to 2004, Jim served as a scout for the Cowboys.

Garrett resides in Dallas with his wife, Brill.

References

External links

 New York Giants
 Biography at dallascowboys.com
 Just Sports Stats

1966 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
American players of Canadian football
Canadian football quarterbacks
Princeton Tigers football players
Dallas Cowboys coaches
Dallas Cowboys head coaches
Dallas Cowboys players
New York Giants players
New York Giants coaches
Miami Dolphins coaches
Miami Dolphins players
National Football League offensive coordinators
Ottawa Rough Riders players
People from Abington Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
Players of American football from Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
Players of American football from Cleveland
Princeton Tigers football coaches
San Antonio Riders players
Sportspeople from Cleveland
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
University School alumni
Garett family

Jason Garrett


Bishnu Dey (; 18 July 1909 – 3 December 1982) was a Bengali poet, writer and academician in the era of modernism, post-modernism, who hailed from Pantihal village. Starting off as a symbologist, he won recognition for the musical quality of his poems, and forms the post-Tagore generation of Bengali poets, like Buddhadeb Basu and Samar Sen, which marked the advent of "New Poetry" in Bengali literature, deeply influenced by Marxist ideology. He published a magazine wherein he encouraged socially conscious writing. His own work reveals a poet's solitary struggle, quest for human dignity, amidst a crisis of uprooted identity. Through his literary career, he taught English literature at various institutes with various capacities such as lecturer at Krishnagar College (1934–40) and Surendranath College (1940–44), Reader at Presidency University (1944–1947), Professor at Maulana Azad College (1947–1969). also remained a member of a young group of poets, centered on the Kallol (Commotion) magazine.

His most important work, Smriti Satta Bhabishyat (Memory, being, the Future) (1955–61), set a new precedent in Bengali poetry. It later won him the 1965 Sahitya Akademi Award in Bengali as well as the highest literary award of India, Jnanpith Award, in 1971.

Biography
Bishnu Dey was born in 1909 in the area of College Square in Calcutta. His poetic skills flourished in the stagnating time after WW1. He came from a well-educated, affluent family and his father was an attorney, from Pantihal village. He was allowed to buy as many books as he wanted making him a prolific reader.

In 1930, he started studying at St. Pauls College and a new phase of his life began. His professors influenced him in powerful ways exposing him to Western Classical Music. It was the key to his poetic form and content. His son Jishnu Dey fondly remembers their time in Rikhia where they would take his hand winding gramophone with his 78 RPM records of Bach, Beethoven and Mozart.

Rikhia, Jharkhand - the land of the ancient Santhal Praganas - was a special place for Bishnu Dey where he tried his hand at landscape painting. As a poet, beauty was the inexhaustible truth - and composing, a river for Bishnu Dey.

A new revelation came to his life as he read TS Eliot's poems that revolved around the crisis of capitalist culture in Europe after WW1. In the 1930s, BD came out of Rabindranath's shadow, towards progressive poetry writing along with other Bengali poets. But he didn't pride himself against Rabindranath as he understood the importance of traditions in a progressive world of poetry writers.

In the 1930s, Rabindranath carved out a niche for himself, as he began painting, which revealed his inner soul. His exhibition of paintings created a stir in Paris in 1931. Shudhindranath Dutta published a journal 'Purichoy' and Bishnu Dey associated with it. He was greatly influenced by Jamini Roy at this point. His first book of poems came out in 1933 for which he received letters of appreciation from RT.

From 1932 to 1934, he pursued his Post Graduation at Calcutta University where his musical tastes were greatly influenced by Jyotinindra Moitro. He married his classmate Pronoti Roy Choudhury on Dec 2, 1934.

In 1935 he joined Rippon College as a professor of literature where began 'Kobita', a quarterly magazine. The same year his first daughter Ruchira was born. In 1937, he came out with his second book of poems titled 'Chorabali'. In 1938, his second daughter Uttara was born.

In 1939, World War II commenced and Bishnu Dey was inspired by world history. His roots in Marxism strengthened; it was his own interpretation of Marxism in art and literature. On June 22, 1941, 'Friends of Soviet Committee' was formed and Dey joined it.

On August 7, 1941, Rabindranath Tagore died. That coincided with Bishnu Dey's third book of poems 'Burbolekho'. Jamini Roy illustrated the cover. The poems were dedicated to Rabindranath Tagore. Bishnu Dey's bond with Marxism reoriented the understanding of the poet Rabindranath Tagore, at the same time Jamini Roy had come into his life in a very big way.

The modernity of Bengali poets in the 1930s distanced themselves from Rabindranath's poetry and came under the influence of contemporary western poetry, advances in science and philosophy.

Times were progressing: Darwin's theory of evolution widely embraced; Robert Graves and James George Frazer were contributing new angles to anthropology. Along with all these discoveries Bishnu Dey assimilated cultural wealth consisting of music, painting sculpture and architecture. He created a bridge between Greek mythology and the Eastern Pantheon. 'Shathbai chumpa' was a poetry book written in the background of war and famine.

On March 8, 1942, an anti-fascist demonstration occurred in Dhaka and a progressive writer Shomin Chandu was killed. Bishnu Dey was there for the protest meeting in Calcutta. An Anti-Fascist Writers and Artist Organization was formed on March 28, 1942, and Dey became the secretary requesting other Bengali artists and poets to join in the movement.

The communists under the leadership of PC Joshi gave leadership to the movement combining the two streams of thought of communism and Marxism. Bishnu Dey was closely related to the Indian Peoples Theatre Association (IPTA), which played a significant role at this time. Artist Paritosh Sen fondly remembers that it was art that brought them together. In 1943 during the Bengal Famine some simultaneous historic movements occurred like Quit India Movement and the Azad Hind Force set foot into Manipur. This created a new sense of purpose and meaning in the artists' works. After several long discussions the artists concluded that The Bengal School doesn't resonate with the occurrences of the current times. Therefore, they looked at tribal and European art as modes of inspiration and took on an individual approach. At this point The Calcutta Artist's Group was formed consisting of Gopal Ghosh, Prodosh Das Gupta, Nirod Majumdar, Prankrishna Pal, Shubho Thakur and Paritosh Sen himself. Bishnu Dey encouraged the Calcutta Group, attended their meetings and wrote about them. Jamini Roy was a good friend.

In 1946 the 'Tebhaga Movement' rocked Bengal and the peasant conference influenced Dey. He came out with 'Shom De Pichor'. In 1944, Bishnu Dey joined Islamia College which later was known as Moulana Azad College. In 1945, Dey went to Rikhia for the first time. It was a place of solitude, inspiration and was closely woven with his life. He tried landscape painting but did not continue for long. Paritosh Sen got an opportunity to live and experience Bishnu Dey's varied interests in Classical Western and Indian music when he stayed with him and his wife Pronoti in Rikhia, at their house.

On the one hand was human alienation, class struggle, caused by capitalism and the resistance to it and on the other side was Dey's joyous response to the singing of Maluti Ghoshal, Jyotinindro Moitro, Rajayshwari Dutto, Debobrotto Biswas. Bishnu Dey got his poems translated in Santhal and other Chhattisgarh languages through poet Verrier Elwin. This showed his deep attachment to his motherland.

In 1971, he received the Gandhi Award for his book 'Smriti Satya Bhavishyat'. Rabindranath Tagore was a big influence on Bishnu Dey. Dey wrote the tragic poem 'Damini' by starting it with the words of the heroine in Rabindranath's novel 'Chotrongo'.

A reporter Shomo Sen wrote after Bishnu Dey died in 1982, "An internationalist, Bishnu Dey never went abroad, declining numerous invitations and allurements and one never saw him in western clothes, a near perfect Bengali in manner, his knowledge of the world was enviable".

Education and career
Bishnu Dey studied at Mitra Institution, Calcutta and Sanskrit Collegiate School, Calcutta. After matriculating in 1927, he went on to do his IA from Bangabashi College, Calcutta. He completed his BA (Hons.) in English from St. Paul's Cathedral Mission College, Calcutta and MA in English from the University of Calcutta.

In 1935, he joined Ripon College, Calcutta. He subsequently taught at Presidency College, Kolkata (1944–1947), Maulana Azad College, Calcutta (1947–1969). In 1935, he joined Ripon College, Calcutta. He subsequently taught at Presidency College, Kolkata (1944–1947), Maulana Azad College, Calcutta (1947–1969).

Writings
Urvashi O Artemis (1932)
Chora Bali (1938)
Purba Lekh (1940)
Sandiper Char (1947)
Annishta (1950)
Naam Rekhechi Komal Gandhar (1950)
The Paintings of Rabindranath Tagore (1958)
India and Modern Art (1959)
Art of Jamini Roy (1988)
Chhadano Ei Jiban (This Scattered Life)
Sahityer Bhabishyat(1952)
Some regard his poems as intricate and incomprehensible to a great extent, most likely due to wide use of references and imageries from literary works and cultural instances of foreign origin.

Ideology
He was inspired by Marxist philosophy and by the ideas and style of T. S. Eliot. Post-partition along with other Calcutta-based writers and poets like Subhash Mukhopadhyay he formed the "Anti-Fascist Writers' and Artists' Association" in 1947.

Accolades
Sahitya Akademi Award (1966)
Nehru Smriti Award (1967)
Rastriya Jnanpith Award (1971)
Soviet Land Award for Rushti Panchashati.

References

External links

1909 births
1982 deaths
Bengali male poets
Indian male poets
Bangabasi College alumni
Academic staff of Presidency University, Kolkata
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Bengali
Recipients of the Jnanpith Award
St. Paul's Cathedral Mission College alumni
University of Calcutta alumni
Academic staff of the University of Calcutta
Indian literary critics
20th-century Indian poets
Poets from West Bengal
Writers from Kolkata
20th-century Indian male writers

Bishnu Dey


Remerschen () is a former commune and small wine-growing town in south-eastern Luxembourg, belonging to the commune of Schengen, near the point where the borders of Germany, France and Luxembourg come together.

, the town of Remerschen, which lies in the centre of the commune, has a population of 637.

To use the name recognition of the town of Schengen, the council of the commune of Remerschen decided on 18 January 2006 to rename the commune to Schengen. The Chamber of Deputies voted on 13 July 2006 a law  allowing the change of name, which was published on 30 August 2006. The law took effect three days later, and the name of the commune of Remerschen was changed to Schengen as of 3 September 2006.

The town is famous for its Club des Jeunes, which organises enormous parties, such as the carnival fiesta Musel am Dusel.

Schengen, Luxembourg
Towns in Luxembourg
Former communes of Luxembourg

Remerschen


Michael Laurence Karmazin (July 16, 1919 – January 21, 2004) was a professional American football guard. Prior to playing at the professional level, Karmazin played college football at Duke University. He earned All-America and All-Southern Conference honors in 1941. During the 1942 Rose Bowl, he tackled Don Durdan for a safety, in a 20–16 loss to Oregon State. He was later drafted in 1946 by the Boston Yanks of the National Football League (NFL), however he ended playing in the rival All-America Football Conference (AAFC) for the New York Yankees in 1946. He played professionally again in 1947, for the Paterson Panthers of the American Association.

References

1919 births
2004 deaths
American football guards
Duke Blue Devils football players
Manhattan Beach Coast Guard Depth Bombers football players
New York Yankees (AAFC) players
Players of American football from Washington County, Pennsylvania

Mike Karmazin


Ernest Bloch (July 24, 1880 – July 15, 1959) was a Swiss-born American composer. Bloch was a preeminent artist in his day, and left a lasting legacy. He is recognized as one of the greatest Swiss composers in history. As well as producing musical scores, Bloch had an academic career that culminated in his recognition as Professor Emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley in 1952.

Biography
Bloch was born in Geneva on July 24, 1880, to Jewish parents. He began playing the violin at age 9, and began composing soon after. He studied music at the conservatory in Brussels, where his teachers included the celebrated Belgian violinist Eugène Ysaÿe. He then traveled around Europe, moving to Germany (where he studied composition from 1900 to 1901 with Iwan Knorr at the Hoch Conservatory in Frankfurt), on to Paris in 1903 and back to Geneva before settling in the United States in 1916, taking US citizenship in 1924. He held several teaching appointments in the US, where his pupils included George Antheil, Frederick Jacobi, Quincy Porter, Bernard Rogers, and Roger Sessions.

In 1917, Bloch became the first teacher of composition at Mannes School of Music, a post he held for three years. In December 1920 he was appointed the first Musical Director of the newly formed Cleveland Institute of Music, a post he held until 1925. In 1919 the San Francisco Symphony gave two of the earliest performances of his Schelomo, receiving high praise from multiple critics. Ada Clement and Lillian Hodghead of the newly named San Francisco Conservatory of Music visited Bloch in Cleveland in 1923 and invited him to teach at the Conservatory the following summer. He had previously been encouraged to come to San Francisco by Alfred Hertz and Temple Emanu El cantor Reuben Rinder. In 1925 Bloch resigned from the Cleveland Institute, where he had not been happy, and relocated to San Francisco. He was named the director of the Conservatory and remained in that position until 1930, when the school was running low on funds. He returned to Switzerland, where he composed his "Avodath Hakodesh" ("Sacred Service") before returning to the US in 1939.

Bloch joined the music faculty at Berkeley in 1941 and taught there one semester each year until his retirement in 1952. He and his wife lived primarily in the small coastal community of Agate Beach, Oregon (now Newport). In 1947 he was among the founders of the Music Academy of the West summer conservatory.

In 1952 he was named a Professor Emeritus at the University of California, even though he had not been a full-time faculty member. He composed "In Memoriam" that year after the death of Ada Clement.

He died on July 15, 1959, in Portland, Oregon, of cancer at the age of 78. In keeping with a special tradition, his daughter, Lucienne Bloch, and her husband, Steve Dimitroff, prepared several death masks of Ernest Bloch. This once-common practice was usually undertaken to create a memento or portrait of the deceased, but it is unusual for an immediate family member to make the death mask. The Center for Creative Photography and the San Francisco Conservatory of Music each have a copy of Bloch's death mask. His body was cremated and his ashes were scattered in the Pacific ocean near his home in Agate Beach.

Music

Bloch's compositions - in particular the Suite hébraïque for viola and orchestra, Baal Shem for violin and piano (later orcestrated) and Schelomo for cello and orchestra - often reflect his Jewish heritage. Bloch's father had at one stage intended to become a rabbi, and the young Ernest had a strong religious upbringing; as an adult he felt that to write music that expressed his Jewish identity was "the only way in which I can produce music of vitality and significance". "Perhaps what is at the heart of the question is his genius for evocative color in music. If some of his works evoke the atmosphere of the Old Testament, they also operate elsewhere with equally telling and totally different effect: the Gauguinesque South Seas in the slow movement of the first Quintet, and China [in the last of the] Four Episodes are examples. Beside Israel stand Helvetia and America; beside Scenes from Jewish Life stands Nirvana."

Yet there are many other sources of inspiration, such as the neo claasical influences evident in the
Concerto Grosso No. 1. His music uses a variety of contemporary harmonic devices. Some are enumerated in Vincent Persichetti's book Twentieth Century Harmony. According to Persichetti, these include the use of the Dorian mode and of harmony with extensive alterations in the first Concerto Grosso, tone clusters in his Piano Sonata, the percussive use of harmony, as well as serial harmony, in his Piano Quintet No. 1.

Family

Ernest Bloch and his wife Marguerite Schneider (1881–1963) had three children: Ivan, Suzanne and Lucienne.

Ivan, born in 1905, became an engineer with the Bonneville Power Administration in Portland, Oregon.

Suzanne Bloch, born in 1907, was a musician particularly interested in Renaissance music who taught harpsichord, lute and composition at the Juilliard School in New York.

Lucienne Bloch, born in 1909, worked as Diego Rivera's chief photographer on the Rockefeller Center mural project, became friends with Rivera's wife, the artist Frida Kahlo, and took some key photos of Kahlo and the only photographs of Rivera's mural (which was destroyed because Lenin was depicted in it).

Photography
The Western Jewish History Center, of the Judah L. Magnes Museum, in Berkeley, California, has a small collection of photographs taken by Ernest Bloch which document his interest in photography.

Bloch's photography was discovered by Eric B. Johnson in 1970. With the encouragement of Bloch's children, Johnson edited and printed hundreds of his photographs.

Many of the photographs Bloch took—over 6,000 negatives and 2,000 prints, many printed by Eric Johnson from the original negatives—are in the Ernest Bloch Archive at the Center for Creative Photography at the University of Arizona in Tucson along with photographs by the likes of Ansel Adams, Edward Weston and Richard Avedon.

Some of the pictures that Bloch took in his Swiss residence are visible online. The snapshots have been donated to the Archivio audiovisivo di Capriasca e Val Colla by the Associazione ricerche musicali nella Svizzera italiana.

Legacy

Ernest Bloch's home in Agate Beach was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 9, 2009. The Bloch Memorial, which was dedicated by Oregon Governor Bob Straub with Ernest Bloch's three children at his side on April 10, 1976, was moved from near his house in Agate Beach to a more prominent location in front of the Newport Performing Arts Center in nearby Newport, Oregon. In 2009, the City of Newport City Council designated the intersection of NW 49th Street, Woody Way and Gilbert Way as Ernest Bloch Place. In 2016, the Oregon Department of Transportation Board of Commissioners officially designated the Ernest Bloch Memorial Wayside in the area of Agate Beach where the original Ernest Bloch Memorial was dedicated in 1976. The Ernest Bloch Memorial Wayside, the 1976 monument and a new Monument were formally dedicated in 2018. The informal Ernest Bloch Legacy Project was created by Dr. Frank Jo Maitland Geltner in 2003. The Ernest Bloch Legacy Project affiliated with the Lincoln County Historical Society in 2021.

References

Further reading
Ernest Bloch: Composer in Nature's University by Nancy Steinberg. Oregon Coastal Council for the Arts. July, 2006; Edited by Frank Geltner and members of Bloch family, 2007, 2008; Edited by Frank Geltner, Alexander Knapp, and members of the Bloch family, 2013.
 Strassburg, Robert. Ernest Bloch: Voice In the Wilderness, California State University & Trident Shop, Los Angeles, 1977 ASIN #B001LO4X86
 Grove, Gregory Alan. The Life and Music of Ernest Bloch. Thesis (M.A.), San José State University, 1976). San Jose, Calif. San Jose State University, Department of Music 1976.
 Eric B. Johnson prepared Ernest Bloch: A Composer's Vision for an independent study thesis at the University of Oregon in 1971. Johnson researched, edited and printed many of Bloch's photographs. 40 of these prints from Bloch's negatives are now in the Center for Creative Photography in Tucson AZ along with the entire collection of his negatives and prints. Johnson is currently Professor of Art and Design at Cal Poly State University, San Luis Obispo Ca. An account of his discovery and many of Bloch's images can be found on his website. [ericjohnsonphoto.com]
 Simmons, Walter. Voices in the Wilderness: Six American Neo-Romantic Composers, (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2004)
 Kushner, David Z. The Ernest Bloch Companion, (Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, 2002)
 Kintner, Helen Johnston. The Ernest Bloch I Knew (Published by Helen Johnston Kinter, June 2009)
 Werlin, Joella. Suzanne Bloch: Recollections (Familore, Portland, Oregon, 2007)
 Bloch, Suzanne. Ernest Bloch: Creative Spirit: A Program Source Book (Jewish Music Council of the National Jewish Welfare Board, 1976).
 Johnson, Eric B. A Composer's Vision (Aperture 16:3, Millerton, New York, 1972)

External links

Art of the States: Ernest Bloch String Quartet No. 2 (1945)
Extensive discography (and work list), by Claude Torres
Ernest Bloch's maximum card from Israel
The Robert Straussburg Collection of Ernest Bloch at the Belknap Collection of Performing Arts, University of Florida.
Images of the Ernest Bloch House from the University of Oregon digital archives

Ernest Bloch Collection, Ernest Bloch Online Collection, and Eric Johnson Collection of Ernest Bloch Photographs at the Library of Congress
 Ernest Bloch Collection and Bloch Festschrift Collection at Sibley Music Library, Eastman School of Music

1880 births
1959 deaths
19th-century American composers
19th-century American male musicians
19th-century classical composers
20th-century classical composers
American male classical composers
American classical composers
Cleveland Institute of Music faculty
Deaths from cancer in Oregon
Hoch Conservatory alumni
Jewish classical composers
Jewish American classical composers
Jews and Judaism in Oregon
Musicians from Geneva
People from Lincoln County, Oregon
Pupils of Iwan Knorr
Pupils of Ludwig Thuille
Composers for piano
San Francisco Conservatory of Music faculty
Swiss classical composers
Swiss emigrants to the United States
Swiss-German people
Swiss Jews
Mannes College The New School for Music faculty
20th-century American composers
Classical musicians from California
20th-century American male musicians
Music Academy of the West founders
20th-century Swiss composers

Ernest Bloch


Maia Tabet is an Arabic-English literary translator with a background in editing and journalism. Born in Beirut, Lebanon, in 1956, she was raised in Lebanon, India, and England. She studied philosophy and political science at the American University in Beirut and lives between the United States and Cyprus.

Career
Tabet is noted for her translation of two novels by Lebanese author Elias Khoury: Little Mountain and White Masks. The former was the first Khoury novel to appear in English translation (in 1989) while the second was nominated for the 2011 Saif Ghobash–Banipal Prize for Arabic Literary Translation and won the judges' commendation. She has co-translated, with Michael K. Scott, the controversial Throwing Sparks (Tarmee bi-Sharar) by Saudi writer Abdo Khal, a novel which garnered the 2010 International Prize for Arabic Fiction (IPAF), aka the Arabic Booker Prize. In 2018, her translation of Sinan Antoon's Ya Mariam was published as The Baghadad Eucharist (AUC Press), and The Monotonous Chaos of Existence (Mason Jar Press), a collection of short stories by Jordanian author, poet, and activist Hisham Bustani, came out in early 2022. Her sixth book-length translation, Rula al-Jurdi's first novel, tentatively titled Camera Obscura in English, is forthcoming.

Tabet has also translated short stories, novel excerpts, and lyrical essays by Iman Humaydan, Najwa Barakat, Alawiya Subh, Hala Kawtharani, Abbas Beydoun, and Elias Khoury (Lebanon), as well as Khaled Khalifa, Zakaria Tamer (Syria), Elias Farkouh (Jordan), Ahmed Fagih (Libya), Habib Selmi (Tunisia), Luay Hamza Abbas (Iraq), Ali Muqri (Yemen), and Amir Tag Elsir (Sudan). Her work has appeared in Banipal: Magazine of Modern Arab Literature, Fikrun wa Fann (a publication of the Goethe Institut), Portal 9, Rusted Radishes, Words without Borders, The Punch Magazine, The Common, Barricade, and the Journal of Palestine Studies, among others.

In addition to her commitment to social justice issues and the environment, Tabet has an abiding interest in the history of food and the art of cooking. She is the mother of two adult daughters.

See also
 List of Arabic-English translators
 Contemporary Arabic literature by women writers

References

Living people
Writers from Beirut
Arabic–English translators
Women chefs
Lebanese chefs
Year of birth missing (living people)

Maia Tabet


In the Greco-Roman world, the grammarian () was responsible for the second stage in the traditional education system, after a boy had learned his basic Greek and Latin. The job of the grammarian was to teach the ancient poets such as Homer and Virgil, and the correct way of speaking before a boy moved on to study under the rhetor. Despite often humble origins, some grammarians went on to achieve elevated positions in Rome, though few enjoyed financial success.

Grammar
In about 100 B.C., Dionysius Thrax defined grammar as an "acquired expertise of the general usage of poets and prose writers". He identified six elements to the field:

Accurate reading aloud
Explanation of literary devices
Comments on subject matter
Comments on etymologies
Working out analogical regularities
The critical study of literature.

Nearly two hundred years later, Quintilian defined the subject as the knowledge of proper speaking and the explication of the poets.

Position
Some grammarians achieved elevated positions in the Roman world and enjoyed preferential treatment, despite their relatively lowly job and often humble origins. They were exempt from local taxes in Rome for instance. By tutoring the children of the wealthy, grammarians could meet and become associated with prominent families in Rome. Marcus Antonius Gnipho was part of the household of Julius Caesar. This despite the fact that some noted grammarians had originally been brought to Rome as captives. Twelve of the twenty grammarians described by Suetonius in De Illustribus Grammaticis had been slaves.

Latin grammarians, like their Greek equivalents, came from all over the Roman Empire, including Syria, Spain, Gaul, Athens and Italy.

See also
 Philologist
 Alexandrine grammarians
 Biblical grammarians
 Linguist

References

Further reading
Suetonius, De Illustribus Grammaticis ("Lives Of The Grammarians") Twenty brief lives.

External links

Education in classical antiquity

Grammarian (Greco-Roman)


Ikram Antaki (July 9, 1948 – October 31, 2000) was a Syrian-Mexican writer.

Biography
Antaki was born in Damascus, Syria. Her grandfather served as the last governor of Antioch. At the age of four, she entered a French language Franciscan school, where she remained until obtaining her baccalaureate. Later, she emigrated to France to study comparative literature, social anthropology, and ethnology of the Arab world at the University of Paris VII. In 1975, in her own words, she decided to travel "to the end of the earth," choosing Mexico as the most distant possible place from her native Damascus. She eventually became a Mexican citizen and lived there for the rest of her life.

Antaki published 29 books in Spanish, French, and Arabic.  During her time in Mexico she collaborated with Mexican television channels 11 and 13 and gained popularity due to her participation on "Monitor" radio news show, one of the most popular in the central region of the country.  Her opinions were rather unorthodox: on several occasions she remarked that the generation of youth that participated in the movement of 1968 had been the poorest intellectually of 20th-century Mexico, that democracy had no place in the family or the school, and that plebiscites were a fascist invention.

Those who have written about her describe her as an extremely reserved person. She never learned to dance or to swim. Her readers, on the other hand, note the lightheartedness of her writings and lectures, the profundity of her investigations and her own originality.

She died October 31, 2000, in Mexico City, survived by one son, the Mexican filmmaker Maruan Soto Antaki.

Selected works
El pueblo que no quería crecer, 2000. (The people who didn't want to grow)
El espíritu de Córdoba. (The spirit of Córdoba)
A la vuelta del milenio. (To the turn of the millennium)
El Manual del ciudadano contemporáneo, 2000. (Manual of the contemporary citizen)
Segundo Renacimiento: pensamiento y fin de siglo, 1992. (The Second Renaissance: thought and the end of the century)
En el banquete de Platón, 1996.
Epiphanios, 1992.
El secreto de Dios, 1992.
La pira, 1990.
La cultura de los árabes, 1989.
Temas morales, 2002.
Celebrar el pensamiento, 1999.
La tercera cultura : nuestras raíces islamoárabes, 1990.
Espiratualidad, 2000.

References

This article originated as a translation of the corresponding article in the Spanish-language Wikipedia.

1948 births
2000 deaths
Syrian emigrants to France
Syrian novelists
Mexican people of Syrian descent
Writers from Damascus
French emigrants to Mexico
20th-century novelists
Syrian women writers
20th-century Syrian women writers
20th-century Syrian writers
20th-century Mexican women writers
20th-century Mexican writers

Ikram Antaki


The Battle of Valtetsi was fought on 24 May (N.S.), 1821 in Valtetsi between the Ottoman army and Greek revolutionaries.

Background
The Greek War of Independence officially began on 25 March 1821. During the war, the city of Tripoli in Arcadia, central Peloponnesus, became a prime objective of the Greek revolutionary army.

Only the warlike Maniots were experts in the art of battle. Besides the Maniots, only the Klephts who lived in the mountains and the Armatoloi, who had for centuries been hired by the local Turkish authorities initially to guard the mountain passes and later for the general keeping of law and order, were coherent military forces.

During April 1821, the initially small Greek forces in the area were slowly augmented by men from the nearby villages who declared Kolokotronis as Archistratigos, the man of overall command.

Immediately, Kolokotronis established armed camps near the villages of Levidi, Piana, Chrysovitsi, Vervena and Valtetsi which were former rebel's dens. These villages became the Greek headquarters for the preparation of the siege of Ottoman strongholds during the absence of Hursid Pasha (the governor of Morea) who was leading an expedition against the apostate Ali Pasha of Janina under the Sublime Porte's special command.

Battle
On 6 May 1821, the Ottoman forces of Tripoli first raided the Greeks based in Valtetsi. The Muslims were then reinforced on 7 May by 4,000 Albanians under Kâhya Mustafa Bey, the Kehayabey of Hursid Pasha, coming from Argolis.

A couple of weeks later, a combined Turkish and Albanian force of 5,000 men, under the command of Kâhya Mustafa Bey, set out to destroy the Greek positions at Valtetsi. The main force, under Rubi Bey, was sent directly to assault the Greek camp defended by 2,300 revolutionaries.

The defensive strategy of the Greek revolutionaries was to fortify four tower houses in the area following the pyrgospitia Maniot pattern. Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis as field-commander defended the first tower with 120 men. Ilias Mavromichalis was in charge of the second tower with 250 men. Ioannis Mavromichalis commanded the third tower with 350 men and septuagenarian Mitropetrovas commanded the last tower with 80 men.

On 24 May, Rubi Bey gave orders to storm the village, while a small force took a position to cut off the Greeks' expected retreat to mountain paths. Rubi Bey then demanded the rebels to surrender their weapons. When the Greeks refused, Rubi Bey began his full assault. The Turkish and Albanian forces managed to capture some positions including the water supply but a fierce resistance obliged them to demand for Kâhya Mustafa's reinforcements.

In the meantime, 700 Greeks, under the command of Theodoros Kolokotronis, arrived and attacked the Turks on their flanks weakening their operational power. Then another Greek contingent under Dimitrios Plapoutas made a significant entrance in the battle so as to give vital support to the exhausted rebels.

Against Turkish expectations, the Greeks maintained their positions as the Turkish cavalry became ineffective in the battle on rocky slopes. All Turkish and Albanian attacks were repelled and finally Rubi Bey ordered a retreat which turned into a rout after the Greeks abandoned their defensive posture and counterattacked, completely breaking the enemy lines.

According to an old Maniot folk tradition, Captain Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis while watching the Turkalbanians in retreat is said to have shouted:
Που πας βρε κερατόμπεη,        (Where are you going, you cuckold Bey,)
και συ σκυλαρβανίτη;           (and you, Albanian dog?)
Δεν είν' της Κόρθος τα χωριά,  (These are neither the villages of Corinth,)
τ' Αργίτικα κορίτσια,          (nor the Argive girls,)
εδώ το λένε Τρίκορφα,          (This place is called Trikorfa,)
εδώ το λεν' Βαλτέτσι.          (this place is called Valtetsi.)
    — Captain Kyriakoulis

In the end, the Greeks won a decisive victory capturing two cannons and ammunition. The battle itself lasted nearly 24 hours. The casualties were unexpectedly heavy for the Ottoman army: 600 dead compared to the 150 dead for the Greek rebels.

Aftermath
The Battle of Valtetsi was the first decisive Greek victory in their struggle for freedom. The victory demonstrated that an organized rebel force could face and defeat the Ottoman military machine. The victory also strengthened the morale and self-confidence of the Greek revolutionaries and encouraged them to continue the fight for their freedom. Finally, the victory showed that control of the central Peloponnesus remained within the walls of Tripoli.

According to his memoirs, Kolokotronis said to his compatriots: We must render up thanksgivings for this day, which should be kept holy forever, as the day upon which our Motherland achieved her freedom.

Citations

References

Conflicts in 1821
Battles of the Greek War of Independence
Battles involving Greece
Battles involving the Ottoman Empire
Valtetsi
1821 in Greece
History of Arcadia, Peloponnese
May 1821 events
Peloponnese in the Greek War of Independence

Battle of Valtetsi


Ferraz is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Afonso Ferraz (born 1964), Angolan sprinter
Antonio Ferraz (born 1929), Spanish road racing cyclist
Artur Ivens Ferraz (1870–1933), Portuguese military officer and politician
Bruna Ferraz (born 1981), Brazilian adult model, pornographic actress and television personality
Carolina Ferraz (born 1968), Brazilian actress, television presenter and former model
Esther Figueiredo Ferraz (1916–2008), Brazilian politician
Filipe Ferraz (born 1980), Brazilian volleyball player
Gastão de Freitas Ferraz, Portuguese spy
Guilherme Ivens Ferraz (1865–1956), Portuguese Navy officer
J. A. Beleza Ferraz (1901−?), Portuguese military personnel
Joaquim Ferraz (born 1974), Portuguese footballer
Jose Ferraz (born 1949), Portuguese football player and manager
Jurema Ferraz (born 1985), Angolan model and beauty pageant titleholder
Kiros Stanlley Soares Ferraz (born 1988), Brazilian football
Lucas Ferraz Vila (born 1998), Argentine footballer
Luís Ferraz (born 1987), Portuguese footballer
Luís Antônio de Carvalho Ferraz (1940–1982), Brazilian Navy officer
Matheus Ferraz (born 1985), Brazilian footballer
Salomão Barbosa Ferraz (1880–1969), Brazilian priest and bishop
Sílvio Ferraz (born 1959), Brazilian composer
Tercio Sampaio Ferraz Jr., Brazilian jurist and author
Valentín Ferraz y Barrau (1792–1866), Spanish military commander and politician
Walter Ferraz de Negreiros (born 1946), Brazilian retired footballer

See also
Ferraz de Vasconcelos

Ferraz


Međimurska gibanica(; Međimurian layer cake) is a type of gibanica or layer cake originating from Međimurje County, Croatia. It is made of puff pastry and four fillings: nuts, fresh cheese, poppy seeds and apples, as well as of many additional ingredients. It is a traditional dish, especially popular in Northern Croatia, rich in flavour and full of calories, a delicacy which is an integral component of Croatian cuisine.

This recipe is one of the large number of regional varieties of gibanica which have been developed throughout the Balkans.

Preparation and serving

A base layer of prepared dough is stretched in a suitable casserole previously greased with fat. It is then covered with the first of four layers of filling consisting of milk sodden chopped or ground walnuts, fresh quark cheese, milk sodden ground poppy seed and grated apples. The layer of filling is spread over the entire surface, followed by the second layer of dough, the second layer of filling and so on, until all four layers of filling are put on. The final layer of dough is topped with poured sour cream previously mixed with melted butter and/or egg.

The casserole is put into oven and baked for approximately one hour at 200°C. The cake can be served either still warm directly from the casserole or left to cool to room temperature. It can be cut into quarters or rectangles and finally sprinkled with powdered sugar.

Specifics

Međimurska gibanica is a specific type of gibanica, which differs from other varieties in several details concerning the dough, the fillings, the look and the composition of some secondary or additional ingredients (sugar, sour cream, milk, butter, eggs, raisins, cinnamon etc.). Compared, for instance, with prekmurska gibanica, it contains puff pastry instead of shortcrust pastry, as well as fresh quark cheese instead of ricotta or cottage (curd) cheese. At first sight it can be seen that međimurska gibanica has simpler and thicker four-layer fillings instead of doubled and thinner eight-layer fillings of prekmurska gibanica. Generally, it is juicier and softer than most other types of gibanica.

See also

Prekmurska gibanica – a similar, but more elaborate and "formal" gibanica, from the neighbouring Slovenian region of Prekmurje
Börek
Pogača

References

External links
Međimurska gibanica on the official website of the Tourist Board of Međimurje County
Recipe from a bakery company
Recipe from a restaurant offering old regional dishes
Detailed preparation procedure with photos
Međimurska gibanica among large number of types of gibanica
A međimurska gibanica baking competition show on television
Close-up photos

Cheese dishes
Gibanica
Croatian pastries
Pastries with poppy seeds
Apple dishes
Layer cakes

de:Gibanica#Međimurska gibanica

Međimurska gibanica


Mexico's Next Top Model, sometimes abbreviated as MxNTM, is a Mexican reality television series, based on Tyra Banks' America's Next Top Model. It is the second franchise in Latin America after Brazil's Next Top Model, and like the latter, the Mexican version is broadcast on Sony Entertainment Television.

The series features a group of young women who would be competing for the title of Mexico's Next Top Model and a chance to begin their career in the modeling industry.

Format

Challenges
The challenge usually focuses on an element important to modeling which will help the girls to improve on the photo shoot. A guest judge, who is unique to each episode, evaluates the contestants and decides the winner of the challenge, who receives a prize for her victory.

Judging and elimination
Based upon the girls' performance in the week's challenge, photo shoot, and general attitude, the judges deliberate and decide which girl must leave the competition. Once the judges have made their decision, the girls are called back into the room. The host calls out the names of the girls who performed well in the challenge and photo shoot, giving them a copy of their best photo from the shoot. The last two girls, whose names have not been called, are given criticism about why they were in the bottom two, and one is eliminated. The person who is eliminated does not receive a photo.

Judges

Cycles

External links
 Official website
 Official Facebook page

References

2009 Mexican television series debuts
~
Mexican reality television series
Mexican television series based on American television series

Mexico's Next Top Model


Renzo De Felice (8 April 1929 – 25 May 1996) was an Italian historian. He was born in Rieti and studied at the Sapienza University of Rome. In his youth De Felice joined the Italian Communist Party. He left the party after the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. He wrote more than 20 books and a large number of essays based on his extensive research. He was especially known for his studies on fascism. On this subject he was considered an expert.

He spent more than 40 years (1956-1996) of his life writing a biography of Benito Mussolini. He died before completing it. De Felice was considered an historical revisionist. He taught history at the Sapienza University of Rome. He was married to Livia De Ruggiero. De Felice died May 25, 1996 in Rome.

Selected Works
Storia degli ebrei italiani sotto il fascismo, 1961.
The Jews in Fascist Italy. A History, Enigma Books, 2001. Mussolini, 4 volumes, 1965-1997 (Turin, 1965–97)vol. 1, Mussolini il rivoluzionario, 1883–1920; vol. 2, Mussolini il fascista, pt. 1, La conquista del potere, 1921–1925, pt. 2, L'organizzazione dello Stato fascista, 1925–1929; vol. 3, Mussolini il duce, pt. 1, Gli anni del consenso, 1929–1936, pt. 2, Lo stato totalitario, 1936–1940; vol. 4, Mussolini l'alleato, 1940–1945, pt. 1, L'Italia in guerra, 1940–1943, bk. 1, Dalla guerra "breve" alla guerra lunga, bk. 2, Crisi e agonia del regime, pt. 2, La guerra civile, 1943–1945.Le interpretazioni del fascismo, 1969.Il fascismo: le interpretazioni dei contemporanei e degli storici, 1970.Intervista sul fascismo, edited by Michael Ledeen, 1975.Ebrei in un paese arabo: gli ebrei nella Libia contemporanea tra colonialismo, nazionalismo arabo e sionismo (1835-1970)'', 1978.

References

1929 births
1996 deaths
Italian historians

Renzo De Felice


Lattice pastry is a pastry used in a criss-crossing pattern of strips in the preparation of various foods. Latticed pastry is used as a type of lid on many various tarts and pies. The openings between the lattice allows fruit juices in pie fillings to evaporate during the cooking process, which can  caramelize the filling.

See also
 Croline
 Latticework

References

Pastries

Lattice (pastry)


Carter House in Elkader, Iowa, also known as W. C. Reimer House, is a Greek Revival building built in 1850 as a duplex by brothers Ernest and Henry Carter.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1976.  Its 1975 NRHP nomination document calls it a "lovely Greek Revival home" which "contributes substantially to the historic ambience of Elkader", having greater effect due to its location across from the historic Clayton County Courthouse.  As of 1975, it was relatively unaltered, besides having plumbing and electric service added.

In 2016, it is operated as a 19th-century period historic house museum by the Elkader Historical Society.

References

External links
Carter House Museum

National Register of Historic Places in Clayton County, Iowa
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
Houses in Elkader, Iowa
Houses completed in 1850
Museums in Clayton County, Iowa
Historic house museums in Iowa

Carter House (Elkader, Iowa)


Entiat  is a city in Chelan County, Washington, United States. It is part of the Wenatchee−East Wenatchee Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 1,326 at the 2020 census.

The name "Entiat" refers to the indigenous Entiat people, whose name comes from the Moses-Columbian Salishan word /nt'yátkʷ/, [nt'iátkʷ], "place of grassy water", from /na-/, "place", /st'íyaʔ/, "tall grass, hay", and /-atkʷ/, "water".

History
Columbia River Chinook Indians settled the Entiat Valley in the 1800s. Chief Shil-how-Saskt (Silico Saska) selected the congruence of the Columbia and Entiat rivers as the place for his camp.

The Albert Long Museum in Entiat opened in 1980, in one of only two buildings (built 1895) that survived the opening of Rocky Reach Dam. It houses historical items from local logging and fruit industries.

First Town
In 1877, Lewis Detwiler, the first white settler, arrived in the Entiat Valley. In 1896, Chief Silico Saska sold the town site of Entiat.  He died in 1903.

This first town site was located approx. half a mile west of the Columbia River, on Entiat River's north side. The first public school was established in Entiat in 1891. In 1895 the first Entiat Post Office was established. The Entiat Power Plant opened for business in 1908. The Keystone Fruit Company opened for business in the valley in 1910. E.P. Murphy began publishing the Entiat Times in 1913, and railroad service began in Entiat in 1914. In 1915 only six businesses survived a fire. The Entiat school opened in 1916 in its current location.

Second Town
In 1921 a new fire razed First Town, and the second town site of Entiat was secured.

In 1920, the tradition of Numeral Mountain began as High School seniors painted their graduation class number on the Mountainside across the Entiat River from the school.  Entiat was officially incorporated on April 25, 1944.

Third Town
In 1960, Rocky Reach Dam was constructed downriver from Entiat; much of the town had to be relocated to higher ground due to the rising waters behind the dam. Most of the original buildings were razed or moved to a location north of the original town. This third town of Entiat was officially open for business in 1961.

The new Entiat Park re-opened for camping on Friday, May 22, 2015 after being closed for over a year.

Notable people
Charles Glen King (1896–1988), biochemist, pioneer in the field of nutrition research

Geography
Entiat is located at the confluence of the Entiat and Columbia rivers.  This section of the Columbia is known as Lake Entiat.  This is the reservoir formed behind Rocky Reach Dam.  The town is situated between the eastern foothills of the Cascade Mountain range, Lake Entiat and the Entiat River.
Entiat is located at  (47.677640, -120.213149).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which,  is land and  is water.

Climate

Demographics

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,112 people, 421 households, and 305 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 495 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 81.5% White, 0.4% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.4% Pacific Islander, 13.8% from other races, and 3.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 20.7% of the population.

There were 421 households, of which 33.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.4% were married couples living together, 10.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 27.6% were non-families. 20.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 2.99.

The median age in the city was 40.1 years. 25.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.1% were from 25 to 44; 29.7% were from 45 to 64; and 14.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 51.5% male and 48.5% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 957 people, 342 households, and 244 families residing in the city. The population density was 700.6 people per square mile (269.7/km2). There were 400 housing units at an average density of 292.8 per square mile (112.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 79.31% White, 0.52% African American, 1.67% Native American, 0.21% Asian, 16.51% from other races, and 1.78% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 22.57% of the population.

There were 342 households, out of which 38.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.9% were married couples living together, 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.4% were non-families. 21.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.80 and the average family size was 3.27.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 32.5% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 21.6% from 45 to 64, and 10.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $33,450, and the median income for a family was $37,083. Males had a median income of $33,487 versus $21,324 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,529. About 9.1% of families and 14.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.4% of those under age 18 and 5.7% of those age 65 or over.

References

External links
 City of Entiat, WA
 Entiat School District

Cities in Chelan County, Washington
Cities in Washington (state)
Washington placenames of Native American origin
Washington (state) populated places on the Columbia River
Wenatchee–East Wenatchee metropolitan area

Entiat, Washington


Eva Perales (born 1973) is a Spanish TV personality. She is a music manager and headhunter, and also organises many live festivals and musical events, both in Spain and overseas. In 2007 and 2008, she was a judge on Factor X, the Spanish version of The X Factor. In 2011, she was also a judge on the eight season of Operación Triunfo.

References

Living people
Spanish record producers
1973 births

Eva Perales


50th Birthday Celebration Volume 1 is a live album by the Masada String Trio documenting their performance at Tonic in September 2003 as part of John Zorn's month-long 50th Birthday Celebration concert series.

Reception

The Allmusic review by Sean Westergaard awarded the album 4.5 stars stating "From soloing to comping, bowing to pizzicato techniques, the set is dazzling from start to finish. Only "Malkut" and "Karet" are anything but beautiful, sounding like pieces left more open to free improvisation than the others, and allowing other facets of the players' abilities to come out. The Masada songbook has elicited a rather large number of truly excellent recordings from its various ensembles. Add this one to the list. Recommended."

Track listing

 *misspelled as "Malkut" on album sleeve

Personnel
Greg Cohen – bass
Mark Feldman – violin
Erik Friedlander – cello
John Zorn – conductor

References

Albums produced by John Zorn
Masada String Trio albums
John Zorn live albums
2004 live albums
Tzadik Records live albums

50th Birthday Celebration Volume 1


A password policy is a set of rules designed to enhance computer security by encouraging users to employ strong passwords and use them properly. A password policy is often part of an organization's official regulations and may be taught as part of security awareness training. Either the password policy is merely advisory, or the computer systems force users to comply with it. Some governments have national authentication frameworks that define requirements for user authentication to government services, including requirements for passwords.

NIST guidelines

The United States Department of Commerce's National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has put out two standards for password policies which have been widely followed.

2004
From 2004, the "NIST Special Publication 800-63. Appendix A," advised people to use irregular capitalization, special characters, and at least one numeral. This was the advice that most systems followed, and was "baked into" a number of standards that businesses needed to follow.

2017
However, in 2017 a major update changed this advice, particularly that forcing complexity and regular changes is now seen as bad practice.

The key points of these are:

Verifiers should not impose  composition rules e.g., requiring mixtures of different character types or prohibiting consecutively repeated characters
Verifiers should not require passwords to be changed arbitrarily or regularly e.g. the previous 90 day rule
 Passwords must be at least 8 characters in length
 Password systems should permit subscriber-chosen passwords at least 64 characters in length.
All printing ASCII characters, the space character, and Unicode characters should be acceptable in passwords
When establishing or changing passwords, the verifier shall advise the subscriber that they need to select a different password if they have chosen a weak or compromised password
Verifiers should offer guidance such as a password-strength meter, to assist the user in choosing a strong password
Verifiers shall store passwords in a form that is resistant to offline attacks. Passwords shall be salted and hashed using a suitable one-way key derivation function. Key derivation functions take a password, a salt, and a cost factor as inputs then generate a password hash. Their purpose is to make each password guessing trial by an attacker who has obtained a password hash file expensive and therefore the cost of a guessing attack high or prohibitive.

NIST included a rationale for the new guidelines in its Appendix A.

Aspects
Typical components of a password policy include:

Password length and formation

Many policies require a minimum password length. Eight characters is typical but may not be appropriate. Longer passwords are generally more secure, but some systems impose a maximum length for compatibility with legacy systems.

Some policies suggest or impose requirements on what type of password a user can choose, such as:

the use of both upper-case and lower-case letters (case sensitivity)
inclusion of one or more numerical digits
inclusion of special characters, such as @, #, $
prohibition of words found in a password blocklist
prohibition of words found in the user's personal information
prohibition of use of company name or an abbreviation
prohibition of passwords that match the format of calendar dates, license plate numbers, telephone numbers, or other common numbers

Other systems create an initial password for the user; but require then to change it to one of their own choosing within a short interval.

Password block list
Password block lists are lists of passwords that are always blocked from use.  Block lists contain passwords constructed of character combinations that otherwise meet company policy, but should no longer be used because they have been deemed insecure for one or more reasons, such as being easily guessed, following a common pattern, or public disclosure from previous data breaches.  Common examples are Password1, Qwerty123, or Qaz123wsx.

Password duration
Some policies require users to change passwords periodically, often every 90 or 180 days. The benefit of password expiration, however, is debatable. Systems that implement such policies sometimes prevent users from picking a password too close to a previous selection.

This policy can often backfire. Some users find it hard to devise "good" passwords that are also easy to remember, so if people are required to choose many passwords because they have to change them often, they end up using much weaker passwords; the policy also encourages users to write passwords down. Also, if the policy prevents a user from repeating a recent password, this requires that there is a database in existence of everyone's recent passwords (or their hashes) instead of having the old ones erased from memory. Finally, users may change their password repeatedly within a few minutes, and then change back to the one they really want to use, circumventing the password change policy altogether.

The human aspects of passwords must also be considered. Unlike computers, human users cannot delete one memory and replace it with another. Consequently, frequently changing a memorized password is a strain on the human memory, and most users resort to choosing a password that is relatively easy to guess (See Password fatigue). Users are often advised to use mnemonic devices to remember complex passwords. However, if the password must be repeatedly changed, mnemonics are useless because the user would not remember which mnemonic to use. Furthermore, the use of mnemonics (leading to passwords such as "2BOrNot2B") makes the password easier to guess.

Administration factors can also be an issue. Users sometimes have older devices that require a password that was used before the password duration expired. In order to manage these older devices, users may have to resort to writing down all old passwords in case they need to log into an older device.

Requiring a very strong password and not requiring it be changed is often better. However, this approach does have a major drawback: if an unauthorized person acquires a password and uses it without being detected, that person may have access for an indefinite period.

It is necessary to weigh these factors: the likelihood of someone guessing a password because it is weak, versus the likelihood of someone managing to steal, or otherwise acquire without guessing, a stronger password.

Bruce Schneier argues that "pretty much anything that can be remembered can be cracked", and recommends a scheme that uses passwords which will not appear in any dictionaries.

Sanction
Password policies may include progressive sanctions beginning with warnings and ending with possible loss of computer privileges or job termination. Where confidentiality is mandated by law, e.g. with classified information, a violation of password policy could be a criminal offense in some jurisdictions. Some consider a convincing explanation of the importance of security to be more effective than threats of sanctions.

Selection process
The level of password strength required depends, among other things, on how easy it is for an attacker to submit multiple guesses. Some systems limit the number of times a user can enter an incorrect password before some delay is imposed or the account is frozen. At the other extreme, some systems make available a specially hashed version of the password, so that anyone can check its validity. When this is done, an attacker can try passwords very rapidly; so much stronger passwords are necessary for reasonable security. (See password cracking and password length equation.) Stricter requirements are also appropriate for accounts with higher privileges, such as root or system administrator accounts.

Usability considerations
Password policies are usually a tradeoff between theoretical security and the practicalities of human behavior. For example:
Requiring excessively complex passwords and forcing them to be changed frequently can cause users to write passwords down in places that are easy for an intruder to find, such as a Rolodex or post-it note near the computer.
Users often have dozens of passwords to manage. It may be more realistic to recommend a single password be used for all low security applications, such as reading on-line newspapers and accessing entertainment web sites.
Similarly, demanding that users never write down their passwords may be unrealistic and lead users to choose weak ones (or cause a lot of inconvenience when users forget their password). An alternative is to suggest keeping written passwords in a secure place, such as a safe or an encrypted master file. The validity of this approach depends on what the most likely threat is deemed to be. While writing down a password may be problematic if potential attackers have access to the secure store, if the threat is primarily remote attackers who do not have access to the store, it can be a very secure method.
Inclusion of special characters can be a problem if a user has to log onto a computer in a different country. Some special characters may be difficult or impossible to find on keyboards designed for another language.
Some identity management systems allow self-service password reset, where users can bypass password security by supplying an answer to one or more security questions such as "where were you born?", "what's your favorite movie?", etc. Often the answers to these questions can easily be obtained by social engineering, phishing or simple research.

A 2010 examination of the password policies of 75 different websites concludes that security only partly explains more stringent policies: monopoly providers of a service, such as government sites, have more stringent policies than sites where consumers have choice (e.g. retail sites and banks). The study concludes that sites with more stringent policies "do not have greater security concerns, they are simply better insulated from the consequences from poor usability."

Other approaches are available that are generally considered to be more secure than simple passwords. These include use of a security token or one-time password system, such as S/Key, or multi-factor authentication. However, these systems heighten the tradeoff between security and convenience: according to Shuman Ghosemajumder, these systems all improve security, but come "at the cost of moving the burden to the end user."

See also
 Random password generator
 Secure error messages in software systems
 Single sign-on

References

Password authentication

Password policy


Athenais Philostorgos II (Greek: η Άθηναἷς Φιλόστοργος Β), also known as Athenais Philostorgus II or Athenais of Pontus, was a princess of the Kingdom of Pontus, and queen of Cappadocia by marriage to King Ariobarzanes II Philopator.  Her name in Greek translates to "Athenais the loving one".

Life

The child of King Mithridates VI of Pontus from his second marriage to the Anatolian Greek Macedonian noblewoman and Pontian Queen Monime, she was a princess of Persian and Greek Macedonian ancestry.   Born and raised in the Kingdom of Pontos, her parents gave her a traditional ancient Greek name.

Athenais married the Cappadocian Prince and later King Ariobarzanes II Philopator, who was of Persian and Greek descent.

Queen consort
Ariobarzanes II succeeded his father as King in 63 BC-62 BC, when his father Ariobarzanes I Philoromaios abdicated his throne.   When Ariobarzanes II became king, Athenais became Cappadocian queen, inheriting the honorific title of "Philostorgos", which was the honorific surname of the mother of Ariobarzanes II, Athenais Philostorgos I.

Athenais was related to the previous kings and monarchs of Cappadocia.   Her paternal aunt Laodice of Cappadocia was a queen, her paternal cousins, Ariarathes VI, Ariarathes VII, and Ariarathes VIII, and her paternal half-brother Ariarathes IX all served as previous kings of Cappadocia.   Through her Seleucid and paternal lineage, Athenais was related to the ancestors of Ariarathes VI.

Ariobarzanes II reigned as king of Cappadocia from c. 63 BC-62 BC until his assassination in c. 51 BC.   There are various surviving honorific inscriptions dedicated to Athenais.   During their marriage, Athenais bore Ariobarzanes II two sons: Ariobarzanes III Eusebes Philoromaios and Ariarathes X Eusebes Philadelphos.   Her sons would serve as among the last kings of Cappadocia.

The name "Ariobarzanes" was not only a name from her husband's family, but also a name from her own family.   Athenais had three paternal political ancestors of that name: Ariobarzanes of Phrygia, who flourished 5th century BC, Ariobarzanes II of Cius, who flourished 4th century BC, and the previous Pontian King Ariobarzanes of Pontus.

Queen mother
After the death of her husband, her first son succeeded his father as King and she became a widow who never married again. Athenais became known as the 'Queen-Mother' of Cappadocia.

During the rule of Ariobarzanes III, Roman Governor of Cilicia Marcus Tullius Cicero warned the King that Athenais could be a potential enemy to him. Cicero's warning was based on Athenais' jealousy, about two nobles called Methras and Athenaeus. They were ministers and favorites of her first son, and they were, through Athenais' jealousy, driven out from the Cappadocian Royal Court. However, Methras and Athenaeus were later recalled by Cicero.

Athenais' jealousy was a part of her failed plot to depose her first son from his throne and put her second son in his place. Cicero and Ariobarzanes III caught Athenais out and Ariobarzanes III was very saddened by his mother's actions. Ariabarzanes III removed his mother from power and her fate afterward is unknown.

References

Sources
 Syme, R., Birley, A.R., Anatolica: studies in Strabo, Oxford University Press, 1995
 Hornblower, S., Spawforth A., The Oxford Classical Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 1996
 Mayor, A. The Poison King: the life and legend of Mithradates, Rome's deadliest enemy, Princeton University Press, 2009
 Muirhead, J.H, Cicero M.T, Letters of Cicero, READ BOOKS, 2010

External links

 Letters of Cicero

1st-century BC women
Ancient Pontic Greeks
Ancient Persian women
Iranian people of Greek descent
People from the Kingdom of Pontus
Queens consort of Cappadocia
Mithridatic dynasty

Athenais Philostorgos II