Nelson Mandela, in full Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, byname Madiba, (born July 18, 1918, Mvezo, South Africa—died December 5, 2013, Johannesburg), Black nationalist and the first Black president of South Africa (1994–99). His negotiations in the early 1990s with South African Pres. F.W. de Klerk helped end the country's apartheid system of racial segregation and ushered in a peaceful transition to majority rule. Mandela and de Klerk were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1993 for their efforts.

Early life and work
Nelson Mandela was the son of Chief Henry Mandela of the Madiba clan of the Xhosa-speaking Tembu people. After his father's death, young Nelson was raised by Jongintaba, the regent of the Tembu. Nelson renounced his claim to the chieftainship to become a lawyer. He attended South African Native College (later the University of Fort Hare) and studied law at the University of the Witwatersrand; he later passed the qualification exam to become a lawyer. In 1944 he joined the African National Congress (ANC), a Black-liberation group, and became a leader of its Youth League. That same year he met and married Evelyn Ntoko Mase. Mandela subsequently held other ANC leadership positions, through which he helped revitalize the organization and oppose the apartheid policies of the ruling National Party.

In 1952 in Johannesburg, with fellow ANC leader Oliver Tambo, Mandela established South Africa's first Black law practice, specializing in cases resulting from the post-1948 apartheid legislation. Also that year, Mandela played an important role in launching a campaign of defiance against South Africa's pass laws, which required nonwhites to carry documents (known as passes, pass books, or reference books) authorizing their presence in areas that the government deemed "restricted" (i.e., generally reserved for the white population). He traveled throughout the country as part of the campaign, trying to build support for nonviolent means of protest against the discriminatory laws. In 1955 he was involved in drafting the Freedom Charter, a document calling for nonracial social democracy in South Africa.

Mandela's antiapartheid activism made him a frequent target of the authorities. Starting in 1952, he was intermittently banned (severely restricted in travel, association, and speech). In December 1956 he was arrested with more than 100 other people on charges of treason that were designed to harass antiapartheid activists. Mandela went on trial that same year and eventually was acquitted in 1961. During the extended court proceedings, he divorced his first wife and married Nomzamo Winifred Madikizela (Winnie Madikizela-Mandela).

Cesar Chavez speaking in 1972. National Farm Workers Association. United Farm Workers of America. Labor leader. Activist.
Britannica Quiz
On Freedom: A Quiz
Underground activity and the Rivonia Trial
After the massacre of unarmed Black South Africans by police forces at Sharpeville in 1960 and the subsequent banning of the ANC, Mandela abandoned his nonviolent stance and began advocating acts of sabotage against the South African regime. He went underground (during which time he became known as the Black Pimpernel for his ability to evade capture) and was one of the founders of Umkhonto we Sizwe ("Spear of the Nation"), the military wing of the ANC. In 1962 he went to Algeria for training in guerrilla warfare and sabotage, returning to South Africa later that year. On August 5, shortly after his return, Mandela was arrested at a road block in Natal; he was subsequently sentenced to five years in prison.

Nelson Mandela
Nelson Mandela
In October 1963 the imprisoned Mandela and several other men were tried for sabotage, treason, and violent conspiracy in the infamous Rivonia Trial, named after a fashionable suburb of Johannesburg where raiding police had discovered quantities of arms and equipment at the headquarters of the underground Umkhonto we Sizwe. Mandela's speech from the dock, in which he admitted the truth of some of the charges made against him, was a classic defense of liberty and defiance of tyranny. (His speech garnered international attention and acclaim and was published later that year as I Am Prepared to Die.) On June 12, 1964, he was sentenced to life imprisonment, narrowly escaping the death penalty.

Nelson Mandela


The FS Class E.330 was a small class of three-phase electric locomotive used in Italy, introduced in the 1910s.

History
In the late 1900s, the success of the three-phase electrification on mountain lines such as the Valtellina line, the  Simplon Tunnel and the  Giovi Pass line, led the newly formed Ferrovie dello Stato, under the direction of Riccardo Bianchi, to extend the electrification to other lines, where electric locomotives gave better performance. For the new lines to be electrified, three batches of electric locomotives were ordered, including the E.330 and the E.550 (a type E.551 was ordered but not built).

Unlike the previous electric locomotives used on mountain lines, the new locomotives had to be able to vary their speed, a capability which at the time was difficult to achieve, due to the fact that the three-phase motor spins at constant speed set by the feeding current frequency. The E.330 was designed to have four speeds (where the E.430 had only one and the contemporary E.550 two); this capability was obtained thanks to two patents by the German engineer Manu Stern and the Hungarian engineer Maurice Milch. The wheel arrangement chosen  was 1′C1′, similar to that adopted on the contemporary 685 class of steam locomotives.

The production contract was signed in 1913, construction of the new units beginning at  Società Italiana Westinghouse, which had designed the locomotive under the direction of Kálmán Kandó. The mechanical parts were co-built with Società Italiana Ernesto Breda.

The locomotives were assigned to the Valtellina and Ligurian coast lines. The E.330s became operational in the Spring 1914. They were later used also in Lombardy on the local three-phase lines, until, from 1962, the railroads were adapted to the now standard 3,000 V direct current electrification.

All the E.330s were phased out during the 1960s.

References

1′C1′ locomotives
E.330
Railway locomotives introduced in 1914
Three-phase AC locomotives
Breda locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Italy

FS Class E.330


Baraki Barak District ( ; ) is situated in the western part of Logar Province, Afghanistan. It borders Wardak Province to the west and northwest, Puli Alam District to the north and east and Kharwar and Charkh districts to the south. The district's population is around 101,000 (2006) with a majority of over 90% Ormur Pashtuns. The district centre is the town of Baraki Barak - the former provincial capital, located in the northern part of the district in the valley of the Logar River. Baraki Rajan is another important town of this district which lies 4  km away from the district centre. The district is named after the historical Ormur tribe, also locally known as Baraki.

Politics and security

During the Soviet-Afghan War, the Soviet forces perpetrated the Baraki Barak massacre in September 1984.

The Baraki Barak District Sub-Governor is Mohammad Rahim "Amin".  Mr. Rahim replaced Yasin Lodin in January 2010 Mr. Rahim called the first Shura for his newly elected District Community Council (DCC) in February 2010.  The 45 member council consists of elected representatives from the five sub-districts of Baraki Barak, religious leaders and five female representatives.  The DCC is sub-divided into three sectors: Security, Rule of Law and Development.   The female representatives will serve in the Development Sector.  According to the Afghanistan Social Outreach Program (ASOP), the community councils will also "strengthen security by fostering community solidarity, provide a forum for conflict resolution and provide quality assurance for sustainable development projects."

The 8 March marked the first time International Women's Day (IWD) was celebrated in Baraki Barak District.  76 burqa clad women began arriving at the District Center as early as 08:30.  General Khatol Mohammadzai was the keynote speaker at the ceremony and the only female General in the Afghan National Army (ANA).  General Mohammadzai is also the only woman to be airborne qualified with more than 500 free and competition parachute jumps.  General Mohammadzai spoke about the equality of men and women and expressed her hope that other women might follow in her footsteps and also fight for Afghanistan's future by joining the ANA.   The General is also an accomplished poet and has written poetry that proclaims the importance of women.  General Mohammadzai's poems condemn discrimination and harsh treatment of women.  Other speakers included Sub-Governor Rahim Amin and a female member of the Afghan Parliament – Dr. Shakila Hashimi.  Upon completion of the ceremony General Khatol Mohammadzai assisted in distributing humanitarian assistance to every woman attending the ceremony.

On 27 October 2009 the Baraki Barak District Center officially opened. The district center houses offices for the district sub-governor, the local mayor and three judges who handle everything from land disputes to criminal issues.

On 22 November 2009 it was reported that several militants were detained in both the village of Kashimiri Bala and Ebrahim Kheyl in an attempt to locate a Taliban weapons facilitator actively operating in the area.

On 23 November 2009 it was reported that a government employee was abducted in the district.

According to some reports, as of 1 December 2009, insurgent activity has gone down as much as 80% since the summer of 2009 in the district capital although this could be attributed to the arrival of the winter months. The 2009 Afghan "surge" was stated to have created a security bubble for the district capital, covering about half of the district's population. However the increase in aid and US troops to the region has caused additional problems, as more civilians are targeted by the Taliban for co-operating with the government and foreign forces.

In 2008 the area experienced an influx of anti-government forces into the district. Around the beginning of 2009, no American troops were located in this district, a fact which has changed significantly as of the end of the same year as the new "Ink Spot" strategy was implemented in the area. As of 1 December 2009, at least 150 American troops from the 10th Mountain Division were located in the district, among others. Furthermore, attacks are down approximately 50% and thousands of refugees have begun to return to the area.

See also
Districts of Afghanistan

References

External links

AIMS District Map

Districts of Logar Province

Baraki Barak District


Grün (sometimes transliterated as gruen) is a German word and surname meaning "green".

People
 Anastasius Grün, pseudonym of Count Anton Alexander von Auersperg (1806–1876), Austrian poet and liberal politician
 Anselm Grün, German Benedictine friar, author of spiritual books, and clerical advisor
 Arno Gruen, German psychologist and psychoanalyst
 David Grün, birth name of politician David Ben-Gurion, Polish-Israeli first Prime Minister of Israel and Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization
 Derek Gruen, birth name of musician Del Marquis, the lead guitarist for the group Scissor Sisters
 Dick Grune, computer scientist
 Dietrich Gruen, founder of the Gruen Watch Company
 Eberhard Grün, German planetary scientist
 Erich S. Gruen, American classicist and ancient historian
 Fred Gruen, Australian economist, an early and influential voice in favour of free trade and tariff reductions in the 1960s and 1970s
 Frederick G. Gruen, son of Dietrich Gruen, player in Gruen Watch Company
 George J. Gruen, son of Dietrich Gruen, player in the Gruen Watch Company
 Georges Grün, a former football defender and a TV presenter for the UEFA Champions League matches at RTL TVI
 Jakob Grün (Hungarian: Grün Jakab; 1837–1916), an Austrian violinist of Hungarian origin
 John Jonas Gruen (1926–2016), American art critic, author, photographer, composer
 Jules-Alexandre Grün, French painter
 Karl Theodor Ferdinand Grün, German political theorist
 Sara Gruen, Canadian Author
 Stefan Grun, Australian rules football umpire in the AFL
 Victor Gruen (1903–1980), an Austrian-born commercial architect who emigrated to the United States in 1938 and is the father of the modern American shopping mall

Organizations
 Die Grünen, the name of several green parties:
 Alliance 90/The Greens (Bündnis 90/Die Grünen), a German party
 The Greens – The Green Alternative (Die Grünen – Die Grüne Alternative), an Austrian party
 Green Party of Switzerland (Grüne Partei der Schweiz)
 Gruen Watch Co., an American watch company

Recreation
 Gruene Hall, the oldest dance hall in Texas
 Grune, a character in the role-playing game Tales of Legendia

Other
 Fall Grün (Czechoslovakia), a pre-World War II German plan for an aggressive war against Czechoslovakia
 Gruen transfer, in shopping mall design, the moment when consumers respond to "scripted disorientation" cues in the environment
 Gruen (TV series), Australian TV program about advertising

See also
 Grin (disambiguation)

German-language surnames
Surnames of Jewish origin
Surnames from nicknames

Grün


The Fulton-Commercial Streets District is a historic district encompassing a commercial area of the North End of Boston, Massachusetts.  It is roughly bounded on the west by Cross Street, on the east by Lewis Street, on the north by Fulton Street, and on the south by Commercial and Mercantile Streets.  It was developed during the second half of the 19th century on "made land" created by filling in the area just south of the Shawmut Peninsula as part of the Quincy Market development.

The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, and expanded slightly in 2000.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Boston, Massachusetts

References

Historic districts in Suffolk County, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Boston
North End, Boston
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts

Fulton-Commercial Streets District


Windows Mobile 6.5 is an officially released for Windows Mobile, was another product names is Windows Mobile 7, is the second officially released for Windows Mobile development for Microsoft, Windows Mobile 7 is an names from the development Windows Mobile 6.5, not codenamed, was released on May 11, 2009, the Windows Mobile operating system can be extended support after on July 15, 2011, at the Official from Microsoft on 2011.

History
Windows Mobile 7 was a officially names have a more features codenamed from the Windows Mobile 6.5 development, was starting history development for Windows Mobile 6.5 until January 14, 2008. After the release for milestone 2 has been a Windows Mobile 7 build 6200, the based from Windows Mobile 6.1, has been history at the Official Development Company on 2008, in July 2008, the Windows Mobile 7 build 6308 has been leaked from the download website for Microsoft official, in Windows Mobile 7 build 6480 has been from Microsoft released on February 18, 2008. Windows Mobile 7 build 6489 has been freeded download from people has been beginning until February 26, 2008. In March 14, 2008, Windows Mobile 7 build 6489 is leaked from the server in development, the Windows Mobile 7 build 6528 and 6630 has been released on March 21, 2008 and build 6630 released on March 31, 2008, is still leaked until December 7, 2020. In April 2008, Microsoft have the news development has been beta version from Windows Mobile 7 build 7000 released until July 11, 2008. Windows Mobile 7 build 7100 has been released on July 29, 2008. Leaked on July 14, 2020. The first day after ended support on 2013, in August 2008, Windows Mobile 7 build 7200 is the first release from beta version in Windows Mobile 6.5 development was released on August 2. In December 2008, Microsoft starting notification the Windows Mobile 7 has renamed is Windows Mobile 6.5 is ready released, has been released for pubilc until May 11, 2009. In January 24, 2009. Microsoft leaked sale beginning from the Windows Mobile 7 build 7100 beta has been freeded buying from people.

After Microsoft notification people can trying installing Windows Mobile 7 build 7100 beta, has been on 8GB disk space support from LG and Vodafone, in May 11, 2009, Microsoft can released for Windows Mobile 6.5 in officially from Microsoft Corporation, has been 10 device can launch for LG, HTC and Vodafone. In June 18, 2009. Microsoft can use security update from Windows Mobile 2003 can be ended, must be upgrade to Windows Mobile 6.5.

Features

User interface and Start button
The Windows Mobile 6.5 has been a touch button from phones, look like a Windows Mobile 2003, the Start button can upside on a apps menu, Start button can use for name ''Windows Start'' can be look like a Windows Mobile 2003, based on Windows Mobile 5.0, Windows Mobile 6.0 and Windows Mobile 6.1, in app, look in the clock numbers, text and calendar in e-mail, taskbar can just no based Windows Live Search, Internet Explorer Mobile can running on Windows Mobile 6.5, in wallpaper from Windows Mobile 7 can look like from the Windows Mobile 5.0, in Start button, have the Windows Classic Start, each for e-mail, calendar and Windows Live Search developed, look like Pocket PC 2002, in Start button, not iducle support from the Xbox 360 games shortcut in Windows Mobile 6.5, in support for Vodafone, use from 8GB disk space from settings phone, has been the shutdown option, start screen not support, and startup screen.

Windows Live and Xbox
In Windows Mobile 6.5, Windows Live can be support from Internet Explorer Mobile 8, it all based for Internet Explorer Mobile 7, Windows Live could be like Xbox 360 games and Bing search, in MSN Search from development Windows Mobile 6.5, in based for Windows Mobile 2003, can be Windows Live Search, MSN Search and Bing search, has no support iducle from Google Search, in Bing news, Windows Live News Website and Windows Live Essentials from Family Pack, in all five Windows Live just like Windows Live Messenger, Windows Live Photo Gallery and Windows Meeting Space can be used from Windows Mobile 6.5.

Future from calendar and email
In email app, look like Windows Live Mails, can be support from more website and sending from news people in Microsoft, in enterprise and consumer people can working email sending from Windows Mobile 6.5, in beta version, can choice from the Family Pack from Xbox 360 games can until not support, in calendar, they have create from the years can be eve and holiday day, from people can live in Windows Live Meeting Space, from the Windows Live development.

Related pages
 Windows Mobile
 Windows Phone 7
 Windows 10 Mobile
 Windows Phone 8.1

Microsoft Windows software

Windows Mobile 6.5


A nova is an exploding star.

Nova or NOVA may also refer to:

Arts, entertainment and media

Fictional entities
 Nova (fairy), in the U.S. TV series Once Upon a Time
 Nova (Planet of the Apes), a character in Planet of the Apes
 Nova (StarCraft), a fictional character in the StarCraft series and Heroes of the Storm
 Nova (Frankie Raye), a Marvel Comics superhero and a Herald of Galactus
 Nova (Richard Rider), a Marvel Comics superhero, the original Nova and leader of the Nova Corps
 Nova (Sam Alexander), a Marvel Comics Superhero, the teenage member of the Nova Corps
 Nova Forrester,  in Star Blazers
 Nova (Ultra monster)
 Nova 6, a biochemical weapon in Call of Duty: Black Ops
 NOVA, in Kirby Super Star
 Nova, a Magic Knight Rayearth character
 Nova, a Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce Go! character
 Weapon of Mass Destruction Nova, in Mirai Sentai Timeranger

Gaming
 N.O.V.A. Near Orbit Vanguard Alliance, a 2009 video game

Literature
 Nova (novel), by Samuel R. Delany
 Nova 1 through Nova 4, anthologies of original science fiction edited by Harry Harrison
 Nova Awards, UK science fiction award
 The Nova Trilogy, a series of novels by William S. Burroughs
 Nova (Brazilian magazine), a monthly feminine magazine
 Nova (UK magazine), a British magazine 1965–75
 Nova Science Fiction, a Swedish magazine for science fiction

Music

Artists
 Nova (Bangladeshi band), a psychedelic, progressive and hard rock band, formed in 1986
 Nova (Dutch band), an electronic music band featuring Rob Papen, also known as Peru
 Nova (Italian band), a progressive rock/jazz fusion band, formed in 1975
 Nova (Swedish band), a pop music band that participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 1973

Albums and songs
 Nova (Atargatis album), 2007
 Nova (Rajaton album), 2000
 Nova (RL Grime album), 2018
 "Nova" (The Sound of Arrows song), by The Sound of Arrows

Radio
 Nova (radio network), a group of Australian radio stations
 Nova M Radio, an American radio network
 Radio Nova (disambiguation), the name of several radio stations

Television
 Nova TV (disambiguation), the name of several television channels
 Nova (Dutch TV program), a current-events program
 Nova (American TV program), a science documentary series

Businesses and organizations

Companies
 Nova (Greece), a telecommunications company
 Nova (Iceland), a telecommunications company
 Nova Bus, a Canadian bus manufacturer
 Nova Chemicals, a Canadian petrochemical company
 Nova Energy, a division of Todd Corporation
 Nova Entertainment, an Australian company
 Nova Performance Paragliders, an Austrian aircraft manufacturer
 Nova Press, a French media company
 Nova Systems, who run the Nova Systems Space Precinct in Peterborough, South Australia
 Elavon Inc., formerly NOVA, a processor of card transactions and a subsidiary of U.S. Bancorp

Political parties
 New Majority (Slovakia)
 New Serb Democracy, Montenegro
 New Party (Serbia)

Schools
 Northern Virginia Community College, Virginia, U.S., also known as NoVa
 Nova High School (Redding, California), U.S., a public high school from 1967 to 1991
 Nova High School, Florida, U.S.
 Nova Southeastern University, Florida, U.S.
 The Nova Project, an alternative high school in Washington, U.S.
 Nova (eikaiwa), an English language conversation school in Japan
 NOVA University of Lisbon, Portugal

Other organisations
 Nova – Center for Social Innovation, Spain
 Nova Group (metros), multinational collection of metro systems focusing on international benchmarking, based in London, UK
 NOVA-MBA Association, the global association of Italian MBAs
 Nova Institution for Women, a Canadian federal women's prison

People

Given name and mononym
 Nova (given name), including a list of people with the name
 Nova (singer), a Puerto Rican reggaeton and hip hop singer, part of duo Nova & Jory
 Nova (wrestler), ring name of American pro wrestler Mike Bucci
 Nova, stage name of Shaheeda Sinckler, winner of the 2020 Scottish Album of the Year Award

Surname
 Aldo Nova (born 1956), Canadian musician
 Debi Nova, stage name of Costa Rican singer-songwriter Deborah Nowalski Kader (born 1980)
 Erika Nõva (1905–1987), Estonian architect
 Heather Nova (born 1967), Bermudan singer, songwriter and poet
 Iván Nova (born 1987), Dominican baseball player
 Stella Nova (1960–2010), British guitarist

Places
 Nova, Hungary
 Nova, East Azerbaijan, Iran
 Nova, Semnan, Iran
 Nova, Cherepovetsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia
 Nova, Ohio, U.S.
 Northern Virginia, U.S.
 Nova, Africa, former Ancient city and Roman bishopric, now in Tunisia and a Latin Catholic titular see
 Nõva (disambiguation), several places in Estonia
 Nova Mine, in Western Australia

Science and technology
 NOVA (filesystem), a Linux filesystem
 Nova classification, a taxonomy of foodstuffs
 Nova (laser), built at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in 1984
 Nova (operating system), a Cuban state-sponsored Linux distribution
 Nova (rocket), a series of proposed rocket designs in the 1960s
 NOνA, a particle physics neutrino experiment in Fermilab
 Data General Nova, a minicomputer first built in 1969
 OpenStack Nova, a distributed computing component
 Nova, a high-altitude ballooning project by CU Spaceflight
 Nova, a web development application made by Panic Inc.

Transportation

Cars
 Nova (kit car), by Automotive Design and Development
 Chevrolet Nova, an American car produced 1962–1979 and 1985–1988
 Dacia Nova, a Romanian car produced 1995–2000
 Holden Nova, an Australian car produced 1989–1996
 Lada Nova, a Russian car produced 1982–2015
 Vauxhall Nova, a British car produced 1982–1993

Other uses in transportation
 Air Nova, a Canadian airline 1986–2001
 Nova Air, an airline based in Mexico City, Mexico, 2005–2008
 Nova Airways, based in Khartoum, Sudan, founded in 2000
 Nova Airlines AB, operating as Novair, a former Swedish airline
 SS Nova, a Cypriot cargo ship 1969–1971
 Nova, a brand of train cars used by TransPennine Express
 Nova Bus, a Canadian bus manufacturer

Other uses
 Benelli Nova, a pump-action shotgun
 Nova Scotia salmon or Nova lox, a variant of lox

See also

 Novum (plural Nova), scientifically plausible innovations used by science fiction narratives
 Novak, a surname and a given name
 Novae (disambiguation)
 Novas (disambiguation)

 Nõva (disambiguation)
 Nove (disambiguation)
 Novi (disambiguation)
 Novo (disambiguation)
 Novus (disambiguation)
 Novy (disambiguation)

Nova (disambiguation)


Richard Oswalt Covey (born August 1, 1946) is a retired United States Air Force officer, former NASA astronaut, and a member of the United States Astronaut Hall of Fame.

Early life
Born August 1, 1946, in Fayetteville, Arkansas, he considers Fort Walton Beach, Florida, to be his hometown. He graduated from Choctawhatchee High School in Fort Walton Beach, Florida, in 1964; he received a Bachelor of Science degree in Engineering Science with a major in Astronautical Engineering from the United States Air Force Academy in 1968, and a Master of Science degree in Aeronautics and Astronautics from Purdue University in 1969.

Military career
As a member of the U.S. Air Force, Covey was an operational fighter pilot from 1970 to 1974, flying the F-100 Super Sabre, A-37 Dragonfly and A-7 Corsair II. He flew 339 combat missions during two tours in Southeast Asia. At Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, between 1975 and 1978, he was an F-4 Phantom II and A-7D weapons system test pilot and joint test force director for electronic warfare testing of the F-15 Eagle.

He has flown over 5,700 hours in more than 30 different types of aircraft.

NASA career
Selected as an astronaut candidate by NASA in January 1978, Covey became an astronaut in August 1979. A veteran of four space flights, STS-51-I in 1985, STS-26 in 1988, STS-38 in 1990, and STS-61 in 1993, Covey has logged over 646 hours in space.

Prior to the first flight of the Space Shuttle, he provided astronaut support in Orbiter engineering development and testing. He was a T-38 chase pilot for the second and third Shuttle flights and support crewman for the first operational Shuttle flight, STS-5. Covey also served as Mission Control spacecraft communicator (CAPCOM) for Shuttle Missions STS-5, 6, 61-B, 61-C, and 51-L (it was his voice that said the now infamous words, "Challenger, go at throttle up" shortly before the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster). During 1989, he was Chairman of NASA's Space Flight Safety Panel. He has held additional technical assignments within the NASA Astronaut Office, and has also served as Acting Deputy Chief of the Astronaut Office, and Acting Deputy Director of Flight Crew Operations.

Space flights
On his first mission, Covey was on the five-man crew of STS-51-I, which launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on August 27, 1985. During this seven-day mission, crew members deployed three communications satellites: the Navy SYNCOM IV-4, the Australian AUSSAT, and American Satellite Corporation's ASC-1. The crew also performed the successful on-orbit rendezvous and repair of the ailing 15,000 pound (6.8 t) SYNCOM IV-3 satellite. This repair activity involved the first manual grapple and manual deployment of a satellite by a spacewalking crew member. Mission duration was 170 hours. The Space Shuttle Discovery completed 112 orbits before landing at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on September 3, 1985.

He next served as pilot on STS-26, the first flight to be flown after the loss of Challenger. The five-man crew launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on September 29, 1988, aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery. Mission duration was 97 hours during which crew members successfully deployed the TDRS-C satellite and operated eleven secondary payloads which included two student experiments. Discovery completed 64 orbits of the Earth before landing at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on October 3, 1988.

On STS-38 Covey was the spacecraft commander of a five-man crew that launched at night from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on November 15, 1990. During the five-day mission crew members conducted Department of Defense operations. After 80 orbits of the Earth in 117 hours, Covey piloted the Space Shuttle Atlantis to a landing on the runway at the Kennedy Space Center on November 20, 1990. This was the first Shuttle recovery in Florida since 1985.

On his fourth flight, Covey commanded a crew of seven aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour on the STS-61 Hubble Space Telescope (HST) servicing and repair mission. STS-61 launched at night from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on December 2, 1993. During the 11-day flight, the HST was captured and restored to full capacity through a record five space walks by four astronauts. After having traveled 4,433,772 miles (7,135,464 km) in 163 orbits of the Earth, Covey landed the Endeavour at night on the runway at the Kennedy Space Center on December 13, 1993.

Post-NASA career
On August 1, 1994, Covey retired from NASA and the Air Force. Covey is married and has two grown daughters.  After the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster in 2003, Covey, along with retired Air Force Lieutenant General Thomas Patten Stafford, headed the Stafford-Covey Commission in returning the Space Shuttle fleet to space, starting with the STS-114 mission.  In 2005, Covey received the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America—he became an Eagle Scout in 1960 when his father was stationed at an Air Force base in Florida. Covey was featured in a 2005 issue of Eagletter, a magazine for members of the National Eagle Scout Association.  In January 2006, Covey was selected for the position of Chief Operating Officer of United Space Alliance. In September 2007, Covey succeeded fellow astronaut Michael J. McCulley as chief executive officer of United Space Alliance.  Covey retired from United Space Alliance in March 2010.  He served on the Board of Directors of Re/Max Holdings, LLC from 2005 until 2019.

Covey also appeared in an episode of the American TV show Home Improvement. Series 3, Episode 24, titled "Reality Bytes", aired May 18, 1994. The Hubble repair crew appeared on the fictional show Tool Time, where they showed some of the tools they used in space. During the closing credits, Covey also presented the cast and crew of Home Improvement with a frame containing a flag, crew patch and some photos. The flag and patch had flown around four million miles in space.

Special honors
Covey has been awarded 2 Defense Distinguished Service Medals, the Defense Superior Service Medal,  the Legion of Merit, 5 Air Force Distinguished Flying Crosses, 16 Air Medals, the Air Force Meritorious Service Medal, the Air Force Commendation Medal, the National Intelligence Medal of Achievement, the NASA Distinguished Service Medal, the NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal, the NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal, the NASA Exceptional Service Medal, 4 NASA Space Flight Medals, the NASA Public Service Medal, the Johnson Space Center Certificate of Commendation, the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) Haley Space Flight Award for 1988, and the American Astronautical Society (AAS) Flight Achievement Award for 1988. He is a Distinguished Graduate of the U.S. Air Force Academy, received the Liethen-Tittle Award as the Outstanding Graduate of U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School Class 74B, and is a Distinguished Astronaut Engineering Alumnus of Purdue University.  He has been inducted into the Astronaut Hall of Fame, the Arkansas Aviation Hall of Fame, and the Choctawhatchee High School Hall of Fame.  Additionally, he is a Fellow of both the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics and the Society of Experimental Test Pilots.  Covey and his crew of STS-61 received the National Space Club's 1994 Goddard Trophy and the National Aeronautics Association's Collier Trophy for 1993.

Arkansas Aviation Historical Society inducted Covey into the Arkansas Aviation Hall of Fame in 1995.

References

External links

 Spacefacts biography of Richard O. Covey

1946 births
Living people
United States Air Force astronauts
United States Astronaut Hall of Fame inductees
People from Fayetteville, Arkansas
People from Fort Walton Beach, Florida
Choctawhatchee High School alumni
United States Air Force Academy alumni
Purdue University School of Aeronautics and Astronautics alumni
U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School alumni
United States Air Force colonels
American test pilots
Aviators from Arkansas
United States Air Force personnel of the Vietnam War
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Air Medal
Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal
Recipients of the NASA Exceptional Service Medal
Recipients of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal
Space Shuttle Challenger disaster
American chief operating officers
Space Shuttle program astronauts

Richard O. Covey


An advance reading copy, advance review copy, advance reader's edition, advance copy, or a reader's edition (ARC or ARE) is a free copy of a new book given by a publisher to booksellers, librarians, journalists, celebrities, or others, or as a contest or school prize, before the book is printed for mass distribution.

Overview
ARCs may lack the final dust jacket, formatting, and binding of the finished product. The text of an advance edition may also differ slightly from the market book (the final version that is distributed for sale), because changes may be made after advance readers make comments or find errors in the manuscript. When a celebrity reader or journalist gives an endorsement, that may be added to the dust-cover and other promotional items.

ARCs are normally distributed three to six months before the book is officially released to the general public.

Book collectors often seek ARCs, which may contain text errors or typos that add value, as coins or stamps with errors do.

On rare occasions (for instance, on the publication of an eagerly awaited or controversial book), a publisher may require the recipients of an ARC to sign a confidentiality of content agreement. However, in most cases the sheer number of ARCs produced and distributed makes that impractical. A typical genre publisher will produce 5,000 ARCs for a new book by a moderately popular writer.

Before it was a common practice to produce and distribute ARCs in this way, publishers used uncorrected, bound galley proofs only for the editing and proof-reading process. Typically, they were bound in plain paper covers without illustrations, printed in black and white, and significantly larger than their market book counterparts. In contrast, ARCs usually are printed in full color, and have bindings, format, and illustrations that are similar to those of the market book. The phrase 'uncorrected proof' appears on the ARC cover.

ARCs are usually paperback, and may have alternate cover art, a placeholder, or resemble the final cover. Most advance copies have a printed-on label on the spine and possibly the front cover with the release year and month of the final book.

Although ARCs are usually free promotional items, some early versions of books, even some labeled by the publisher as ARCs, are sold to the public. An example is Captain Vorpatril's Alliance by Lois McMaster Bujold. More recently, 'collectible' ARCs have been made to promote certain books, often with multiple variations in cover or format.

Digital advance copies

Publishers who produce galley proofs in electronic form rather than as a physical book do not use them as ARCs. However, with the rise of ebooks and ereaders, it is now common for ARCs (in contrast to galley proofs) to be distributed as eBooks on websites such as NetGalley. Both traditionally published and self-published ARCs may be available for distribution on such sites. Recently, eARC has come into common use for advance copies of eBooks. This usage dates back to at least 2010 and was promoted by Baen Books for their trade eBooks from at least June, 2005 onward.

References

Books by type
Book terminology

Advance copy


The Battle of Carlisle was an American Civil War skirmish fought in Pennsylvania on the same day as the Battle of Gettysburg, First Day.  Stuart's Confederate cavalry briefly engaged Union militia under Maj. Gen. William F. "Baldy" Smith at Carlisle and set fire to the Carlisle Barracks.  Stuart's cavalry withdrew and arrived at the Battle of Gettysburg, Second Day, to the annoyance and concern of Gen. Robert E. Lee.

Background
Carlisle was settled in 1751, and the Carlisle Barracks military post was established nearby in 1757, during the French and Indian War. The United States Army Cavalry School was established at the post in 1838.

Captain Stoneman's four companies had a Civil War encampment at Horner's Mill on May 6, 1861.  By June 1863 the barracks' cavalry had been "withdrawn to Harrisburg".

On June 27, 1863, Confederate Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell's Second Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia stopped at Carlisle en route to Harrisburg and requisitioned supplies, forage, and food from the populace. Ewell, as well as some of his officers, had been stationed at the Carlisle Barracks prior to the Civil War when they were still members of the United States Army. He paused in Carlisle while sending his cavalry under Brig. Gen. Albert G. Jenkins towards the Susquehanna River and Harrisburg. After resting much of his infantry overnight, Ewell moved northward in his quest to seize the state capital.

After the Confederates left in response to an order from Lee to concentrate near Gettysburg, Carlisle was reoccupied by Baldy Smith and a small contingent of New York and Pennsylvania militia from the Department of the Susquehanna, dispatched by the department commander, Maj. Gen. Darius N. Couch. The 32nd and 33rd Pennsylvania Volunteer Militia, Landis's Philadelphia militia artillery battery, and a company of the 1st New York Cavalry formed Smith's force.

Stuart's raid
During the early evening of July 1, Stuart led two brigades of cavalry, which had just completed a raid in Maryland and Pennsylvania, to Carlisle. Their mission was to search for supplies and try to determine the location of Ewell's troops. A third brigade, under Wade Hampton, remained behind in York County to guard a train of 125 captured Federal supply wagons. Instead of finding Ewell, Stuart encountered Smith's militiamen.  Despite having a large numerical advantage, Stuart's troopers were too exhausted from a month of campaigning to attack the town outright, and Stuart initially feared that the enemy troops were veterans from the Army of the Potomac.

After learning that Smith's men were only militia, Stuart sent Maj. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee into Carlisle with a white flag, telling Smith to either evacuate the town or clear out the women and children.  Smith replied that he had already done the latter, and refused to surrender.  Stuart's horse artillery under Captain James Breathed then began bombarding the town.  After shelling Carlisle for several hours, Stuart received word that fighting had broken out to the southwest at Gettysburg between the main armies.  Unable to take the town by force, Stuart disengaged, having ordered his troops to set fire to the Carlisle Barracks.  Stuart's troops started moving towards the fighting at Gettysburg at approximately 1:00 am on July 2, 1863.

In addition to minimal Union and Confederate casualties, a lumber yard and the town gas works were destroyed after being set ablaze. However, Stuart's delay at Carlisle impacted his ability to rendezvous with Lee's main army.

References

External links
 The Shelling of Carlisle

Carlisle, Pennsylvania
Carlisle
Carlisle
Carlisle
Carlisle
Carlisle
History of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania
1863 in Pennsylvania
July 1863 events

Battle of Carlisle


Jamu (Van Ophuijsen Spelling: Djamoe; Javanese: ) is a traditional medicine from Indonesia. It is predominantly a herbal medicine made from natural materials, such as roots, bark, flowers, seeds, leaves and fruits. Materials acquired from animals, such as honey, royal jelly, milk and native chicken eggs are often used as well.

In 2019, jamu was officially recognized as one of Indonesia's intangible cultural heritage by the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture.

Jamu can be found throughout Indonesia; however, it is most prevalent in Java, where Mbok Jamu, the traditional kain kebaya-wearing young to middle-aged Javanese woman carrying bamboo basket, filled with bottles of jamu on her back, travelling villages and towns alleys, offering her fares of traditional herbal medicine, can be found. In many large cities jamu herbal medicine is sold on the street by hawkers carry a refreshing drink, usually bitter but sweetened with honey or palm sugar.

Herbal medicine is also produced in factories by large companies such as Air Mancur, Djamu Djago or Sido Muncul, and sold at various drug stores in sachet packaging. Packaged dried jamu should be dissolved in hot water first before drinking. Nowadays herbal medicine is also sold in the form of tablets, caplets and capsules. These jamu brands are united in an Indonesian Herbal and Traditional Medicine Association, locally known as Gabungan Pengusaha Jamu (GP Jamu). Today, jamu is a growing local herbal medicine industry worth millions of dollars. In 2014, jamu contributed Rp 3 trillion (US$73.29 million) to overall sales.

Etymology
The word  is of Javanese origin. It derives from the Javanese words  (, "Javanese" or "Java"), and  (, "mixing" or "gathering" (the ingredients)). It roughly translates to "concoction made by the Javanese" or "concoction originating from Java".

Another theory suggests that the word  is derived from the ancient Javanese term  (Aksara Jawa: , "magic formula"), referring to the mantras cast by dukuns (the indigenous shamans) to the potion. It is also believed that  was initially used by dukuns as one of the spiritual requirements for black magic practices.

Traditional production centers

Despite jamu's popularity throughout Indonesia, it seems that jamu culture is most prevalent in Java. The jamu herbal culture is prevalent in Javanese royal courts of Yogyakarta and Surakarta, where the ancient books on herbal medicine is kept in royal library, and jamu medicine is prescribes to royalties and nobles in Javanese keratons. According to Javanese tradition, the famed beauty of putri keraton (princess and palace ladies) are owed to jamu and lulur (traditional lotion).

Sukoharjo in Central Java in particular is believed to be one of the center of jamu tradition. Many of the Mbok Jamu jamu sellers ladies are hailed from this town. The traditional jamu herbal traders in Sukoharjo has established the statue of jamu seller as Sukoharjo's identity in Bulakrejo. Commonly called "jamu herbal seller statue" it depicts a farmer and a jamu gendong herbalist carrying her wares. Sukoharjo regions, particularly sub-district Nguter, is known as the place of origin of Mbok Jamu gendong herbalist in many big cities, such as Jakarta, Bandung, Bogor, and Surabaya.

History

Jamu is believed to have originated in the Mataram Kingdom era,  1300 years ago. The stone mortar and pestle with long cylindrical stone mortar — the type commonly used in today's traditional jamu making, was discovered in Liyangan archaeological site on the slopes of Mount Sundoro, Central Java. The site and relics are dated from Mataram Kingdom era circa 8th to 10th century, which suggest that the herbal medicine tradition of jamu had already taken hold by then. The bas-reliefs on Borobudur depict images of people grinding something with stone mortar and pestle, drink sellers, physicians and masseuse treating their clients. All of these scenes might be interpreted as a traditional herbal medicine and health-related treatments in ancient Java. The Madhawapura inscription from Majapahit period mentioned a specific profession of herb mixer and combiner (herbalist), called Acaraki. The medicine book from Mataram dated from circa 1700 contains 3,000 entries of jamu recipes, while Javanese classical literature Serat Centhini (1814) describes some jamu herbal concoction recipes.

Though heavily influenced by Ayurveda from India, Indonesia is a vast archipelago with numerous indigenous plants not found in India, and include plants similar to Australia beyond the Wallace Line. Jamu may vary from region to region, and the recipes often not written down, especially in remote areas of the country.

Jamu was (and still) practiced as one of the spiritual requirements of the indigenous physicians (dukuns). However, it is generally prepared and prescribed by women, who sell it on the streets. Generally, the different jamu prescriptions are not written down but handed down between the generations. Some early handbooks, however, have survived. A jamu handbook that was used in households throughout the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) was published in 1911 by Mrs. Kloppenburg-Versteegh.

One of the first European physicians to study jamu was Jacobus Bontius (Jacob de Bondt), who was a physician in Batavia (present-day Jakarta) in the early seventeenth century. His writings contain information about indigenous medicine of Java. A comprehensive book on indigenous herbal medicine in the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) was published by Rumphius, who worked in Ambon during early eighteenth century. He published a book called Herbaria Amboinesis (The Ambonese Spice Book). During the nineteenth century, European physicians had a keen interest in jamu, as they often did not know how to treat the diseases they encountered in their patients in the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia). The German physician Carl Waitz published on jamu in 1829. In the 1880s and 1890s, A.G. Vorderman published extensive accounts on jamu as well. Pharmacological research on herbal medicine was undertaken by M. Greshoff and W.G. Boorsma at the pharmacological laboratory at the Bogor Botanical Garden

Popularity

Indonesian physicians were initially not very interested in jamu. During the second conference of the Indonesian Association of Physicians, held in Solo in March 1940, two presentations on the topic were given. During the Japanese occupation, Indonesia's Jamu Committee was formed in 1944. During the following decades, the popularity of jamu increased, although physicians had rather ambivalent opinions about it.

Indonesia—home to highly diversified herbs products—expects domestic sales of herbal and traditional medicine, including food supplements and cosmetics, to expand by 15 percent by 2014 to Rp 15 trillion (US$1.23 billion) compared to 2013, due to its increasingly health-conscious middle-income bracket, according to the Indonesian Herbal and Traditional Medicine Association (Gabungan Pengusaha Jamu/GP Jamu). Jamu contributes Rp 3 trillion (US$73.29 million) to overall sales.

Several Indonesian leading figures are known as the endorser of jamu herbal products, including former first lady Tien Soeharto, business figures Mooryati Soedibyo and Jaya Suprana, and President Joko Widodo. Joko admitted that he had consumed the herbal medicine, locally known as temulawak jahe (the mixture of ginger and curcuma) for 17 years which he believed has helped him in his daily activities as well as to repair the liver and digestive functions.

Form
Jamu is often distributed in the form of powder, pills, capsules, and drinking liquid. Jamu shops, which sell only ingredients or prepare the jamu on spot as required by buyers, as well as women roaming the street to sell jamu, is a commonly seen way to distribute jamu in Indonesia. Nowadays, jamu is also mass manufactured and exported. There are often concerns as to quality, consistency, and cleanliness in not only the locally distributed but also manufactured forms.

Quasi-health

There are a few quasi-health related uses for jamu, for example curiously promoted to enhance sexual pleasure, but also traditionally manage post childbirth trauma.  There are kinds of jamu to increase sexual stamina for men, as well as others to tighten the vagina for women (with names like Sari Rapat ("Essence of Tightness"), Rapat Wangi ("Tight and Fragrant"), and even Empot Ayam ("Tight as a Chicken's Anus"). Some exported to far as Kenya under names Tongkat ajimat madura, or madura sticks. See also hee yum grass (thai herbalism).

Herbs for jamu
There are hundreds of herbs for jamu prescriptions, some are:

Rhizomes:
Bengle (Zingiber brevifolium)
Jahe Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
Kencur Aromatic Galangal (Kaempferia galanga)
Kunyit Turmeric (Curcuma domestica)
Lempuyang (Zingiber zerumbet or Zingiber aromaticum)
Lengkuas or Laos Greater Galangal (Alpinia galanga)
Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza)
Leaves:
Brotowali or bratawali (Tinospora crispa or Tinospora tuberculata rumphii)
Sambang Darah (Excoecaria cochinchinensis or Excoecaria bicolor)
Secang (Caesalpinia sappan)
Seeds:
Adas (Foeniculum vulgare Mill)
Fruits:
Asam Jawa tamarind (Tamarindus indica)
Ceplukan Cutleaf groundcherry (Physalis angulata)
Jeruk Nipis Key lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle)
Nyamplung or kosambi (Calophyllum inophyllum)
Barks
Kayu Manis Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii)
Flowers
Ilang-ilang Ylang ylang (Cananga odorata)
Melati Jasmine (Jasminum sambac)
Rumput Alang-alang (Gramineae)

Non-herbal elements of jamu
Non-herbal materials acquired from animals are also often used in jamu mixture. Among others are:
Insects
Honey
Royal jelly
Bee larvae
Certain types of insects, including larvae
Ant nest
Cattles and dairy product
Milks from various species, includes cow, buffalo, goat and horse
Goat's bile
Poultry
ayam kampung eggs
Sea creatures
Dried seahorse
Dried sea cucumber

See also
 Ramuan
 The useful plants of the Dutch East Indies

Further reading

References

Traditional medicine
Medicine in Indonesia
Indonesian culture

Jamu


Jews have lived in Europe for thousands of years, and their dispersal and relations with governing authorities and peoples have changed greatly. Originally, in the Roman Republic and Roman Empire, there was a Jewish minority which had varying rights and relations with the Romans. After the Roman-Jewish wars in the first and second centuries and the destruction of the Temple, Jews were expelled from Palestine, which greatly increased their numbers in Europe (and North Africa and Asia). In the Middle Ages, with the spread of Christianity and Christian anti-Semitism, conditions were generally bad, and Jews were forbidden from integrating (mingling) with Christians, working most jobs and were often secluded to particular parts of cities, called ghettos. They were allowed to do certain jobs that Christians were not allowed to, such as lending money to people for interest, which was a necessary part of modern economies but considered foul or bad for Christians. This made several Jews wealthy but also increased resistance and persecutions.

Jews were eventually welcomed in Poland, whose king declared the Statute of Kalisz to protect them. For example, Christians could not testify against Jews for committing crimes, which commonly had led to unjust accusations and punishments. For many Christians, however, this protection increased their resistance. Many Jews, so-called Ashkenazim, gathered in Eastern Europe because of this, however. In Spainand Portugal under Muslim rule, the so-called Al Andalus period, Jews were generally accepted although they could not take part in the government. After Christian rule was re-established on the Iberian peninsula, Jews were rejected and persecuted if they stayed. Some sought refuge in the Ottoman Empire, which was then relatively tolerant to Jews and Christians and allowed them to have their own courts and laws, as long as they payed taxes and did not resist Ottoman rule.

After the Renaissance and the Early Modern Period, Jews were integrated increasingly and permitted to live openly as Jews in more and more countries. After the French Revolution, France and other European countries affected by French rule through Napoleon I introduced secular laws aimed at abolishing religion in the public sphere and assimilating Jews, i.e. treating them more openly as citizens and members of the public, who could believe whatever they wanted privately and still be members of the community. Other Jews began to discard their religion too, or integrated willingly into the larger community, such as by becoming Christians, like British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli's father, Isaac d'Israeli. Many European countries had restrictions on Jews until the 19th and 20th centuries, however, such as banning them from certain professions or holding public offices. Many Jews became prominent scientists or public intellectuals, however, such as Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud and Albert Einstein. Only one hundred years before, this would have been impossible.

With the modern time and the gradual establishment of republics and constitutional monarchies across Europe, conditions were considered much better for Jews. Some preferred to emigrate to the United States and other American countries, however, including Argentina, which to this day has a large Jewish community. Eventually, the United States gathered the largest Jewish population outside of the Russian Empire. After Poland became an independent country again after the Treaty of Versailles, it had the largest Jewish population in Europe, of about 3,000,000 Jews. The Soviet Union, which came about in 1922, had nearly as many. With Adolf Hitler's rise to power in Germany, there was again increased emigration, to the Western European countries and to the United States, supported by the Germans who did not want Jews in German-governed territory. More Jews emigrated to Palestine, which had been taken from the Ottoman Turks by the United Kingdom in 1917, to establish a Jewish homeland for Jews. Hitler temporarily supported this migration, but the British were sceptic, as the greater number of Jews meant conflicts with the local Arabs, who resisted Jewish immigration, and several bloody rebellions were fought between them and the British troops in the region. With World War II, the Nazi-controlled German armies occupied most of Europe and started to deport Jews east, eventually adopting a policy of mass murder known as the Holocaust. After 1942, all Jews under German control (with very few exceptions) would be sent to Eastern Europe and killed or worked to death. In the end, before Nazi Germany's defeat in 1945, this killed about two thirds of the Jewish population in Europe. Only the Jewish communities of Albania, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, Spain, Portugal, Britain and Ireland were untouched, and those of Italy, Yugoslavia and Romania much less affected. Many remaining Jews migrated to the United States and Palestine, where Israel was created in 1948 as a Jewish-majority state, which resulted in Europe losing most of its Jewish population and the United States becoming the most Jewish country. Also, later persecution in Communist Poland and other countries led to more refugees. Of the 3,000,000 Jews in Poland, less than 3,000 remain today. In France, the United Kingdom and Russia, however, there are significant communities left comparable to before the war.

References

Jewish history
Jews

History of the Jews in Europe


Corpus Christi Church is a heritage-listed Roman Catholic church at 65 Bage Street, Nundah, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Hennessey, Hennessey, Keesing and Co and built from 1925 to 1926 by Stanley Samuel Carrick. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 July 1995.

History

The Corpus Christi Church was constructed in 1925–1926, for the Roman Catholic parish at Nundah, who formerly practiced in a small timber church on another site. The church was constructed under the guidance of the then Archbishop James Duhig, who promoted Catholic presence in Brisbane by exploiting prominent sites, to produce landmarks. Corpus Christi may have been designed as a scale model for the Holy Name Cathedral which was in the planning stages at this time. The architects for the project were Hennessey, Hennessey, Keesing and Co.

Settlement in the Nundah area began with a Moravian mission set up for Aborigines in the area in 1838. Although the mission was closed by 1848 many of the missionaries and their families remained in the Nundah area. In the 1860s a strong German presence was felt in the area, particularly as a result of immigration. The first Lutheran and Methodist services in Queensland were held in Nundah.

It was not until 1903 that the catholic community in the area, who attended church at Wooloowin, Sandgate, or inner city areas, met to discuss the construction of a church. On 19 June 1904 Archbishop Robert Dunne blessed The Church of the Real Presence, and spoke of the momentous occasion, which saw the opening of a Catholic church in what was the birthplace of Protestantism in Queensland. The church cost , which was paid off before the opening and was located on the corner of Duke Street and Buckland Road.

A strong Catholic presence in Nundah by 1915, dictated the need for a school, and the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart were asked to join the parish, to open this school. Previously, property in the area had been purchased by the church as a more suitable church site, due to its position on the crest of a hill. The property previously belonged to a Mr Henry Donkin who had constructed a large house, Marsten, which was used by the sisters as the first school and convent.

A presbytery was built on the grounds of Marsten, soon after 1920, when the Rev Archbishop James Duhig became the registered owner. The first parish priest was Father Jordan, who stayed with the Nundah parish until 1941. Previously, priests cycled from the Wooloowin presbytery to say mass in the small timber church. A site was chosen on the grounds near the school and presbytery for a more imposing church.

It was part of Duhig's grand plan for the development of the Catholic Church in Brisbane that a number of churches be built to manifest the strength of the church. Many of the sites Duhig sought were on hill tops. By 1940, when Duhig had been controlling the estate for twenty-eight years, forty-six new churches in Brisbane had been built since 1912, including St Joseph's at Kangaroo Point, Church of Saint Ignatius Loyola at Toowong and St Agatha's at Clayfield. Duhig favoured certain architects, particular the designers of Corpus Christi, Hennessey and Hennessey, who planned the ill-fated Holy Name Cathedral with the Archbishop. Duhig felt that the construction of churches enhanced the catholic presence and signified the strength and wealth of the church.

Corpus Christi Church was planned to be a golden link in the chain of churches around Brisbane. Some sources state that it was a scale model for the Holy Name Cathedral, which was planned for a site in Ann Street, across the street from All Hallows' School. The design of both of these Hennessey and Hennessey buildings was thought to be reminiscent of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, which has the characteristic dome, surmounted by a lantern and cross.

The laying of the foundation stone of the Corpus Christi Church on 14 June 1925 attracted 20,000 people, who donated  to the construction of the church, although the church was not fully paid off until the 1940s.

The church was designed by Hennessey, Hennessey, Keesing and Co, architects in Sydney, Brisbane and Melbourne. Jack Hennessy, junior had recently completed the additions to St Mary's Cathedral in Sydney, and was a friend and colleague of the archbishop at the time. The work was completed by local contractor, Stanley Samuel Carrick, for a total cost of . Corpus Christi Church was opened on 21 November 1926 in a ceremony which saw eight tiers of lights illuminating the dome.

The original house, Marsten was demolished in 1959 to make way for a new convent. The church remains intact with very little alteration.

Description

Corpus Christi Church is a brick building situated on the crest of a hill, in Bage Street, Nundah, with expansive views to the north and east. The design of the church was influenced by the Romanesque Revival style, in its massing and detailing. Several large trees and established gardens surround the building.

Corpus Christi Church is a symmetrically composed, polychrome brick building, with traditional Latin Cross plan and a polygonal chancel extending from the western end. The terracotta tiled roof, is gabled over the front and two transept entrances and hipped over the chancel. The dominant feature of the church is the copper sheeted dome, which extends about  above ground level above the junction of the transepts and nave. Surmounted on the dome is an octagonal lantern, with a Celtic cross finial. The dome rests on an octagonal drum, supported square planned arcade. The drum, of polychrome brick, features tripartite arched window openings on each of the eight faces.

The church features polychrome brickwork patterning, including chequer pattern banding on the gables, banding on external columns, dark brick quoining and a dark brick plinth. The external walls are buttressed with shallow attached piers.

The eastern elevation features an open portal, with a vaulted covering sheltered by a gabled awning, supported on coupled columns, featuring plaster cast capitals and bases. The portal opens onto an arcaded entrance porch, defined by similar columns, from which a closed timber quarter turn stair runs to the gallery. Panelled timber doors open off the entrance bay to the church. Above the portal are three round headed arched window openings, glazed with leadlight.

The entrances to the north and south transepts are similar to the main eastern entrance, but with vaulted awnings supported on moulded corbels. The western facade has a brick arcaded verandah echoing the octagonally shaped chancel.

Internally the church is dominated by the coffered interior of the dome at the intersection of the nave and transepts. This is supported on four wide arches, which span the internal width of the church, one of which forms the chancel arch. The chancel features an ornate marble altar and a large Italian painting. Flanking the chancel are two side chapels with religious statues. Unusually, a marble altar rail has survived, as have two confessional bays on the north and south walls. A gallery sits over the eastern end of the interior, with a large Whitehouse Brothers pipe organ. The interior is carpeted and has rendered brick walls with a timber boarded ceiling.

Heritage listing
Corpus Christi Church was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 July 1995 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.

The Corpus Christi Church was built during a time of expansion of the Catholic Church in Queensland during Archbishop Duhig's time, when an effort was made to create a strong Catholic presence, particularly in those areas of traditional Protestant dominance.

The design of Corpus Christi is significant as it paralleled the design of the ill-fated Holy Name Cathedral and may have been planned as a scale model for the cathedral. The Corpus Christi Church is a manifestation of the Catholic ethos of exploiting imposing sites to produce prominent landmarks. This is particularly true of churches built during the time of Archbishop James Duhig.

The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.

The church is a particularly good example of an inter-war church, influenced by the fashionable Romanesque revival of church architecture in Australia, with its feature dome, picturesque massing and polychrome brickwork, a style favoured by Archbishop Duhig.

The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

It is symbolically important to the catholic parish of Nundah.

The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.

The church has special associations with Archbishop James Duhig and the architects Hennessey and Hennessey.

References

Attribution

External links

Queensland Heritage Register
Nundah, Queensland
Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1926
Romanesque Revival church buildings in Australia
1926 establishments in Australia
Roman Catholic churches in Brisbane
20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Australia

Corpus Christi Church, Nundah


The Lazatin House is one of the two heritage houses owned by the Lazatin family in the City of San Fernando, Pampanga province in the Philippines.

History
The house was built in 1925 by the couple Serafin Lazatin y Ocampo, president of the San Fernando Electric Light & Power Company (SFELAPCO), and Encarnacion Singian y Torres.  During the Second World War, it was appropriated by the Japanese Imperial Army to serve as a residence of its 14th Army Commander, General Masaharu Homma, in San Fernando, Pampanga. It has a Ghost-Story within this house.

Heritage House
This ancestral house, which exemplifies the type of Bahay na Bato architecture prevalent during the American colonial period was declared a Heritage House by the National Historical Institute on January 27, 2003 by virtue of Resolution No. 6, S. 2003. Presently, this ancestral house and majority of SFELAPCO is still owned by the surviving members of the Lazatin family.

External links

Buildings and structures in San Fernando, Pampanga
Landmarks in the Philippines
Heritage Houses in the Philippines

Lazatin House


Metrobius (; lived 1st century BC) was an actor and a talented singer, in the Roman Republic. He was said to be the lover of Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix, the famed general and dictator.  Metrobius is mentioned twice by Plutarch in his Parallel Lives, who clearly disapproves of his relationship with Sulla. These excerpts are as follows.

"It was this laxity, as it seems, which produced in him [Sulla] a diseased propensity to amorous indulgence and an unrestrained voluptuousness, from which he did not refrain even in his old age, but continued his youthful love for Metrobius, an actor."

"However, even though he [Sulla] had such a wife at home, he consorted with actresses, harpists, and theatrical people, drinking with them on couches all day long. For these were the men who had most influence with him now: Roscius the comedian, Sorex the archmime, and Metrobius the impersonator of women, for whom, though past his prime, he continued up to the last to be passionately fond, and made no denial of it."

Though it's unclear the length of the sexual relationship between Metrobius and Sulla, the latter took other partners during his career, but remained close friends with Metrobius until his retirement.

In fiction
In the historical fiction series Masters of Rome, by Colleen McCullough, the adolescent Metrobius is Sulla's sometime lover and later his client. He gives up the stage to accompany the former dictator Sulla into retirement in the year 79 BC.

In Raffaello Giovagnoli's novel Spartacus (1874) an actor named Metrobius accidentally overhears a conversation concerning a gladiator's plot and informs Julius Caesar about it.

References

Plutarch, Parallel Lives, "Sulla"

1st-century BC deaths
Ancient Greek actors
Ancient Roman actors
Year of birth unknown
Female impersonators
Ancient Greek LGBT people
Greek gay musicians
Greek gay actors
Greek LGBT singers
Gay singers

Metrobius


Super Tuesday is the United States presidential primary election day in February or March when the greatest number of U.S. states hold primary elections and caucuses. Approximately one-third of all delegates to the presidential nominating conventions can be won on Super Tuesday, more than on any other day. The results on Super Tuesday are therefore a strong indicator of the likely eventual nominee of each political party.

The particular states holding primaries on Super Tuesday have varied from year to year because each state selects its election day separate from one another.

Tuesday is the traditional day for elections in the United States. The phrase Super Tuesday has been used to refer to presidential primary elections since at least 1976. It is an unofficial term used by journalists and political pundits.

Background
United States politics are dominated by two major political parties, the Democratic Party and Republican Party, which choose their presidential candidates in nominating conventions attended by delegates from states. State law determines how each party's delegates are chosen in each state by either a primary election or a caucus and on what date those contests are held. State governments or state party organizations choose the date they want for their states' primary or caucus. With the broadened use of the modern presidential primary system (following the chaotic 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago), states have tried to increase their influence in the nomination process. One tactic has been to create geographic blocs to encourage candidates to spend time in a region.

One motivation for the creation of Super Tuesday has been criticism and reform proposals of the current primary system, many of which argue for creating a National Primary or a regional primary, such as the Rotating Regional Primary System adopted by the National Association of Secretaries of State in 1999, among other proposals.

1984: Beginnings of Super Tuesday
The 1984 primary season had three "Super Tuesdays". Decided on "Super Tuesday III" were delegates from five states: South Dakota, New Mexico, West Virginia, California and New Jersey. The proportional nature of delegate selection meant that Walter Mondale was likely to obtain enough delegates on that day to win the nomination at the 1984 Democratic National Convention, no matter who actually won the states contested. Gary Hart maintained that unpledged superdelegates that had previously announced support for Mondale would shift to his side if he swept the Super Tuesday III primary. Hart committed a faux pas, insulting New Jersey shortly before the primary day. Campaigning in California, he remarked that while the "bad news" was that he and his wife Lee had to campaign separately, "[t]he good news for her is that she campaigns in California while I campaign in New Jersey." When his wife interjected that she "got to hold a koala bear", Hart replied that "I won't tell you what I got to hold: samples from a toxic waste dump." While Hart won California, he lost New Jersey despite having led in polls by as much as 15 points.

Mondale secured the majority of delegates from the primaries, leading the way for him to take the Democratic nomination. In the 1984 Republican Party primaries, incumbent President Ronald Reagan was the only candidate to secure delegates.

1988: Southern states primary
Proposals for holding the presidential primaries of southern states at once started in the 1970s in order to maintain and increase the region's influence in presidential elections. It would allow for a conservative favorite son candidate from the south to receive a lead in delegate totals and produce momentum for the other primaries. Other southern presidential candidates had fared poorly in the initial contests in Iowa and New Hampshire which allowed more liberal candidates to gain the nomination.

Alabama, Florida, and Georgia designated the second Tuesday of March as the date for their presidential primaries and the Southern Legislative Conference lobbied other states to join. 864 Democratic and 564 Republican delegates came from the southern states in the 1988 primary. Frank Fahrenkopf, chair of the Republican National Committee, stated that "Southern Democrats intended Super Tuesday to be a way to moderate their party", but that "the Democrats have handed us a tremendous opportunity to win over the disaffected majority of their party".

Southern politicians formed the Democratic Leadership Council and hoped to have Governor Chuck Robb or Senator Sam Nunn seek the presidential nomination, but both declined. Michael Dukakis, Dick Gephardt, Al Gore and Jesse Jackson campaigned in the Super Tuesday states. Gephardt and Gore were both southerners, Jackson sought the high percentage of black voters in the region, and Dukakis focused on Texas and Florida where he could receive the support of Hispanic and northerners.  Jackson won a plurality of the southern delegates with 286  followed by Gore's 259. 70% of Dukakis' 193 delegates from the south came from Florida and Texas, the only southern states he won.

451 delegates were selected in the Democratic primary before Super Tuesday. Dukakis held 14.2% of the delegates, Gephardt held 10.4%, Jackson held 6.2%, Gore held 3.8%, and the remaining candidates or uncommitted were 65.4%. After Super Tuesday Dukakis held 27.8% of the 1,638 delegates selected so far, Jackson held 24.2%, Gore held 21.2%, Gephardt held 8.7%, and the remaining candidates and uncommitted held 18.1%.

174 delegates were selected in the Republican primary before Super Tuesday. George H. W. Bush held 35.1% of these delegates, Bob Dole 34.5%, Kemp 20.1%, and the other candidates 10.4%. After Super Tuesday Bush held 73.5% of the 959 delegates selected so far with Dole holding 17%, Kemp 4.1%, and the remaining candidates 5.4%. Bush's victory in all but one state on Super Tuesday nearly secured him enough delegates to win the primary. Bush won a majority of the vote in all southern states except for in three states, and received 85.7% of their delegates due to the primaries being winner-take-all. Pat Robertson's campaign was weakened following a defeat in South Carolina and Super Tuesday.

Dukakis and Gore spent $3 million on the Super Tuesday states while Gephardt spent $1.5 million. Jackson was critical of the expensive requirements of running a campaign in all of the states. His campaign spent $447,644 in total for Super Tuesday, but Jackson noted how adequate advertising time in a single station in Dallas for a week would cost around $300,000.

The Southern Legislative Conference reported that in the eight months prior to Super Tuesday the four Democratic candidates spent an average of 75 days in the south while the three Republican candidates spent an average of 51 days. Gore spent 121 days in the south while Jackson was the only candidate that spent more time in the south than in Iowa and New Hampshire.

From 1996 to 2004, most of the Southern primaries were held the week after Super Tuesday, on a day dubbed "Southern Tuesday" by news commentators.

1992
In 1992, after losing earlier primaries, Democrat Bill Clinton won several Southern primaries on Super Tuesday en route to winning the 1992 Democratic nomination and later the presidency. On the other hand, incumbent George H. W. Bush, faced opposition from Pat Buchanan in the Republican primaries that year.

1996
In 1996, Super Tuesday was on March 12. Bob Dole swept Super Tuesday en route to his bid for the 1996 Republican nomination. Clinton, the incumbent president, secured all the delegates in the 1996 Democratic primaries.

2000
In 2000, Super Tuesday was on March 7. Sixteen states held primaries on Super Tuesday, the largest presidential primary election day in U.S. history up to that point. Approximately 81% of Democratic delegates and 18% of Republican delegates needed to secure nomination were up for grabs. Democrat Al Gore and Republican George W. Bush cemented their nomination bids with Super Tuesday victories, and both went on to win their parties' nominations.

2004: Mini-Tuesday

In 2004, several states moved their presidential contests up to February 3, 2004, in order to increase the relative importance of their election results. Five states held primaries and two held caucuses and the day was eventually nicknamed Mini-Tuesday or Super Tuesday I by pundits, with the traditional March Super Tuesday date, March 2, christened Super Tuesday II, or just "Super Tuesday." While the results of Mini-Tuesday had far-reaching implications for the Democratic primaries, the Republican primaries were uncontested as incumbent President George W. Bush was the presumptive nominee.

2008

To increase importance of their votes, 24 states with over half the delegates to the national conventions moved to change their primary dates to February 5, 2008, creating the largest "Super Tuesday" to date. Newswriters and political pundits noted that it would dwarf the Super Tuesday primaries in previous cycles. Because of its political magnitude, some pundits have variously dubbed it "Giga Tuesday," "Mega Giga Tuesday," "Tsunami Tuesday" or even "Super Duper Tuesday."

With only four states holding elections on the other Super Tuesday March 4, 2008, one pundit said "Super Tuesday isn't so super."

2012

Super Tuesday in 2012 took place on March 6, 2012, totaling 419 delegates (18.3% of the total) in 10 states in the Republican primaries. The Democratic primaries were mostly uncontested as incumbent President Barack Obama was the assured nominee.

The impact of Super Tuesday was lessened by Mitt Romney's convincing victories preceding Super Tuesday. Frontrunner Romney was able to increase his lead significantly, with wins in six states and won over half the delegates at stake. Santorum's three wins, and a near-win in Ohio, allowed him to carry on as a candidate for another month.

2016

Super Tuesday I

Super Tuesday in the 2016 presidential election was held on March 1, 2016. This date was dubbed the SEC Primary, since many of the participating states were represented in the U.S. Southeastern Conference for college athletics (five southern states).

The participating states included Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Georgia, Massachusetts, Minnesota (with caucuses), Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, and Virginia. Additionally, Republican caucuses were held in Alaska, North Dakota, and Wyoming. The territory of American Samoa held a Democratic caucus.

The Republican candidates could win about half of the 1,237 delegates needed to secure the nomination. The two remaining Democrats were after 880 delegates, roughly one-third of those needed to win. The number of delegates from Texas is much greater than the other states: 155 for Republicans and 252 for Democrats.

The Democratic primaries and caucuses concluded with Hillary Clinton winning Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Massachusetts, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia, and Bernie Sanders winning Colorado, Minnesota, Oklahoma, and Vermont. Clinton received 486 delegates, and Sanders received 321.

The Republican primaries and caucuses concluded with Donald Trump winning Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Massachusetts, Tennessee, Vermont, and Virginia; Ted Cruz winning Alaska, Oklahoma, and Texas; and Marco Rubio winning Minnesota. John Kasich and Ben Carson were also in the election, but neither won any states. Results from the North Dakota and Wyoming caucuses are yet to be determined, though their delegates are not required to support the winners of those contests and can freely pledge to their preferred candidate during their respective state party conventions.

Additionally, several third-party primaries were held on March 1. The Libertarian Party hosted its caucus in Minnesota, which was won by Gary Johnson. The Green Party of the United States hosted two contests, a primary in Massachusetts and a caucus in Minnesota, both of which were won by Jill Stein.

Super Tuesday II

March 15, 2016, was dubbed Super Tuesday II, Mega Tuesday, or the Ides of March Primaries. Five states held both Democratic and Republican primaries: Illinois, Florida, North Carolina, Ohio, and Missouri. Republican caucuses were also held in the Northern Marianas Islands. The Republican races were particularly significant as four of these (excepting the North Carolina primary) were the first in the cycle to use winner-takes-all voting systems. Republican contests held prior to March 14 were only permitted to use proportional systems. There were 697 delegates at stake for Democrats and 358 delegates for Republicans.

Some media sources referred to the contests on March 8 as Super Tuesday II, where two states held Democratic contests and four states held Republican contests, and referred to the March 15 contests as Super Tuesday III.

2020

Super Tuesday was on March 3, 2020. Alabama, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Maine, Massachusetts, Minnesota, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, and Virginia all held their presidential primaries on that date. American Samoa had its caucus that day; as a territory it did not participate in the general election in November. The Democrats Abroad primary, for Democrats living outside of the United States, started voting on March 3, and concluded on March 10. 1,357, or 34.1%, of the 3,979 pledged delegates to be awarded to the candidates in the Democratic primaries were allotted on Super Tuesday. 1,617 total delegates were available to be awarded to the candidates. This was driven in large part by the two most populous states in the country, California and Texas, allotting 415 and 228 delegates, respectively, on Super Tuesday.

Joe Biden won Alabama, Arkansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Minnesota, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia; Bernie Sanders won California, Colorado, Utah, and his home state of Vermont; and Michael Bloomberg won American Samoa. Elizabeth Warren and Tulsi Gabbard failed to win any contest.

In the Republican primaries, incumbent President Donald Trump defeated challenger Bill Weld in the Super Tuesday Republican primaries. Among the Super Tuesday states, Trump was uncontested in Maine and Minnesota, as both the Maine and Minnesota state Republican parties left Weld off their ballots. The Virginia Republican Party went a step further and decided to cancel its primary altogether and select their delegates directly at its state party convention.

See also
 Democratic Party presidential primaries
 Republican Party presidential primaries

References

Works cited

Tuesday
United States presidential primaries
February observances
March observances
Recurring events established in 1984
1984 establishments in the United States

he:הבחירות המקדימות לנשיאות ארצות הברית#סופר טיוזדיי

Super Tuesday


Ethan Zohn (born November 12, 1973) is an American motivational speaker, former professional soccer player, and reality television series contestant who won Survivor: Africa, the third season of the reality TV series Survivor. He went on to compete in Survivor: All-Stars and Survivor: Winners at War, where he placed 11th and 18th, respectively.

After winning Survivor: Africa, Zohn co-founded Grassroot Soccer, which uses soccer to raise money and awareness to fight HIV/AIDS. In 2010, he ranked 14th in USL Second Division's Top 15 of the Decade list as one of the most influential players of the United Soccer League Second Division in the previous decade.

Soccer
Zohn was a soccer goalkeeper at Lexington High School and Vassar College, and played professionally for the Hawaii Tsunami and Cape Cod Crusaders of the United Soccer Leagues and in Zimbabwe for Highlanders F.C. He donated some of his winnings from Survivor to starting Grassroot Soccer, an organization whose goal is to "mobilize the global soccer community to combat the AIDS epidemic in Africa". Shortly after winning Survivor Africa, Ethan was hired by ESPN to serve as a sideline reporter for the US National Team's matches in the 2002 FIFA World Cup.

In 2005, Zohn began to co-host the Metro Soccer Report (later renamed MSG Soccer Report) on the MSG Network, a weekly show dedicated to New York Red Bulls (formerly MetroStars) of Major League Soccer. In 2006, Zohn began hosting FC Fox on the Fox Soccer Channel.

For his combined humanitarian efforts to spread HIV education throughout Africa via soccer teams for youth and young adults, Zohn received the Courage of Conscience Award from The Peace Abbey in Sherborn, Massachusetts.

Survivor

Africa

As part of the Boran tribe, Zohn did not become an immediate target in the game; he was seen as a strong player who could potentially help to win many tribal immunities. When his tribe lost two back-to-back immunity challenges, he joined the majority to vote off Diane Ogden and Jessie Camacho in episodes one and two. Over the next few days, Ethan would form a long-term alliance with Lex Van den Berghe and Tom Buchanan from his Boran tribe.

But a twist in episode five saw both of Zohn's alliance members and Kelly Goldstein switch from Boran to the Samburu tribe, leaving Ethan alone with fellow Boran members Kim Johnson and Clarence Black. Two of the new Boran members from the Samburu tribe, Teresa Cooper and Frank Garrison, had an old misunderstanding with another former Samburu member, Silas Gaither. So, by consensus, after Zohn's tribe lost the immunity challenge Gaither was voted out. Both of Zohn's alliance members Buchanan and Van den Berghe remained safe on the Samburu tribe, carrying all three into the merge.

Zohn's alliance soon began to control the game, with other members Johnson and Goldsmith. They immediately targeted Black due to his physical strength, among other events that had occurred earlier in the game, and he was voted out. But Van den Berghe had received another vote at tribal council, a vote he believed had come from Goldsmith, but which actually came from Cooper. This led Van den Berghe on a witch-hunt against Goldsmith which almost led to the demise of Zohn's alliance when Goldsmith possessed the power with the other four ex-Samburu members, Cooper, Garrison, Kim Powers and Brandon Quinton. But at the last minute, Quinton switched his vote, saving Van den Berghe, and voting out Goldsmith. But this move came back to haunt Quinton when Zohn's alliance saw him as untrustworthy and voted him out at the next tribal council.

Zohn, Van den Berghe, Buchanan, and Johnson regained control of the game, outing previous Samburu members Garrison, Powers and Cooper in the next three tribal councils, carrying them into the final four. At the next immunity challenge, Johnson, the next target to be voted out, won immunity, leading to the alliance having to resort to voting one of their own out, despite the fact that the challenge contained some controversy. At any rate, Zohn joined Van den Berghe and Johnson in voting out Buchanan, carrying them into the Final Three.

At the final three immunity challenge, older tribe member Johnson outlasted the two young, fit men to win immunity in an endurance challenge. With Johnson holding the power to choose who she would sit next to in the Final Two, she chose Zohn.

In the end, Zohn beat out Johnson in a 5-2 vote to become the Sole Survivor, gaining the votes of Goldsmith, Garrison, Cooper, Buchanan, and Van den Berghe.

All-Stars

Zohn was invited to participate in Survivor: All-Stars, which he gladly accepted. Originally part of the Saboga tribe, Zohn was immediately targeted as a previous winner, along with Survivor: The Australian Outback winner Tina Wesson. When Saboga lost immunity, the rest of the tribe decided to vote out Wesson first, needing Zohn's strength to win future challenges. When Saboga lost immunity once again, Zohn was spared once more over physical liability Rudy Boesch, who had hurt his ankle previously.

In Episode 5, Zohn and the rest of the Saboga tribe were disbanded after losing a challenge. Zohn and Jerri Manthey joined the Mogo Mogo tribe, while Jenna Lewis and Rupert Boneham joined Chapera. Later in that episode, Zohn joined the rest of his new tribe to vote out Survivor: Borneo winner Richard Hatch.

In Episode 7, Zohn was on the outs when the alliance of Manthey, Lex Van den Berghe, and Shii Ann Huang left him out in their decision to vote out Colby Donaldson. Zohn was shocked at the decision, feeling betrayed by old Survivor: Africa alliance member Van den Berghe.

In Episode 8, Mogo Mogo lost immunity once again, and Zohn, the last former winner, was the sixth person voted out in 11th place, and the eighth person eliminated overall, by a vote of 4-1. He was the most successful of the four previous winners who competed on All-Stars, lasting longer than Wesson, Hatch, and Jenna Morasca, who quit the game on day 9 to be with her ailing mother.

Winners at War

Zohn returned as a contestant on the fortieth season of Survivor, Survivor: Winners at War, where he was a member of the Sele tribe. Along with All-Stars castmate Amber Mariano, Zohn broke Kelly Wiglesworth's record for the longest gap between seasons. He was placed on the Sele tribe, where he joined an alliance of "Old-School" players formed by Rob Mariano and Parvati Shallow. Zohn was targeted by Jeremy Collins and Michele Fitzgerald shortly after as a ploy to weaken Mariano and Shallow, and he was the 4th person voted out. Zohn remained at the Edge of Extinction for the remaining duration of the season, during which he openly spoke out about his health issues and his drive to never give up. He was defeated by Tyson Apostol and Natalie Anderson respectively at the two Edge return challenges and became a permanent member of the jury on day 35. He later voted for Anderson to win the season, although she finished second to Tony Vlachos.

In 2022, the Jewish Journal named Zohn one of "The Top 10 Jewish Reality TV Stars of All Time."

Other media appearances
Zohn was a contestant on a February 28, 2005, episode of Fear Factor, in which he competed against other reality TV competition winners, including his then-girlfriend Jenna Morasca, who was the winner of Survivor: The Amazon. He finished second, losing to former Bachelorette winner Ryan Sutter. Later that year, he appeared on Kill Reality, which followed various reality television personalities as they filmed a horror movie called The Scorned.

In October 2006 Zohn appeared on an episode of the VH1 series Celebrity Paranormal Project. He and his team investigated alleged paranormal activity at the Warson Asylum for the Criminally Insane.

In 2008 Zohn hosted Earth Tripping, a six-episode TV series, in which he demonstrated how to be "an earth-friendly traveler", and shows viewers "how to employ new, natural and environmentally conscious methods when they travel". During the series Zohn visited New York City, Mexico City, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, Santiago, Chile, and Buenos Aires, Argentina.

In 2011, Zohn and his longtime girlfriend and fellow Survivor winner Jenna Morasca participated in the 19th season of The Amazing Race. They were one of the two teams eliminated in the double-elimination leg, and finished 10th for the season after two legs.

Zohn appeared in the 11th episode of the Discovery Channel show PitchMen, in which he presented the EZ Crunch Bowl, a cereal bowl he designed to in which the cereal is kept in the shallow end and the milk in the deeper end in order to keep the cereal "crunchy" and not soggy. The bowl was picked by the show's co-stars, Billy Mays and Anthony Sullivan, for manufacturing and marketing by Telebrands. The EZ Crunch Bowl was sent to Telebrands product engineers for improvement before being made available to the public.

Zohn has co-hosted Outside Today on the cable TV network Outside Television.

Personal life

Zohn is Jewish. His father died from cancer when he was 14 years old.

On April 30, 2002, Zohn called into the Howard Stern Show and shared he was working as a motivational speaker, often in Jewish venues where he shared how Judaism helped him achieve success. He also revealed he had gone on five dates with Jennifer Love Hewitt after meeting her back stage at the Live With Regis and Kelly show, and the two were regularly in touch by telephone (at the time).

Zohn began dating fellow Survivor champion Jenna Morasca after her victory on Survivor: The Amazon in 2003. They both lived in Manhattan. In an interview on Rob Has a Podcast, it was revealed that Zohn and Morasca were considered to return in Survivor: South Pacific, after applying for The Amazing Race. The couple declined the offer, saying they were not interested in competing against each other. In February 2013, Zohn and Morasca confirmed that they had amicably ended their relationship. On July 21, 2015, Zohn announced his engagement to New York City interior designer Lisa Heywood. They were married on July 16, 2016, in North Bennington, Vermont, in a Jewish ceremony. Zohn and his wife advocate a paleo diet that is high in meat and vegetables.

On April 30, 2009, Zohn was diagnosed with a rare type of cancer called CD20-positive Hodgkin's lymphoma. He started chemotherapy in May 2009. On September 14, 2009, he disclosed that after three months of intensive chemotherapy, his cancer returned. He underwent a new treatment, including a stem-cell transplant, to battle the rare form of Hodgkin's disease. Zohn received a "clean CT scan" in late April 2010 and remained in remission for nearly 20 months. In September 2011, Zohn confirmed that the cancer had returned in his chest. In early March 2013, Zohn announced via The Jeff Probst Show that he was cancer-free due to two rounds of stem cell transplants that he received from his brother.

Filmography

Television

References

External links
 Official website
 Ethan Zohn biography for Survivor: Africa at CBS.com
 Ethan Zohn biography for Survivor: All-Stars at CBS.com

1973 births
American expatriate men's soccer players
American expatriates in Zimbabwe
American men's soccer players
Cape Cod Crusaders players
Expatriate men's footballers in Zimbabwe
Hawaii Tsunami players
Highlanders F.C. players
Jewish American sportspeople
Lexington High School alumni
Living people
Men's association football goalkeepers
Participants in American reality television series
Soccer players from Massachusetts
Sportspeople from Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Survivor (American TV series) winners
Survivor (franchise) winners
USISL players
Vassar College alumni

Ethan Zohn