Jersey Airlines was an early post-World War II private, independent British airline formed in 1948. In 1952, the airline operated its first scheduled service. Four years later, British European Airways (BEA) took a 25% minority stake in Jersey Airlines and made it an "associate". In June 1958, a Jersey Airlines de Havilland Heron became the first commercial airliner to arrive at the newly reconstructed Gatwick Airport. In 1960, Jersey Airlines ordered four state-of-the-art Handley Page Dart Herald 200 series turboprops. By 1962, BEA had sold its 25% minority holding in Jersey Airlines. The same year, Jersey Airlines became part of the British United Airways (BUA) group of companies. In August 1963, Jersey Airlines changed its trading name to British United (C.I.) Airways. Following the BUA group's 1967/8 reorganisation, BUA (C.I.) was absorbed into British United Island Airways (BUIA) in November 1968.

History
During the summer of 1948, Welshman Maldwyn L. Thomas was working for a car rental company in St. Helier, Jersey, and arranged ad hoc charters for day trippers to be flown from London's Croydon Airport to Dinard in Brittany, France. Due to the growing popularity of these trips, in November of that year, he decided to form a company to offer such charter flights on a regular basis. That company was to be incorporated under the name Jersey Airlines Limited. However, its similarity to an existing company named Jersey Airways Limited, a recently nationalised airline that was absorbed into BEA, resulted in the new company being registered as Airlines (Jersey) Limited and using Jersey Airlines as its trading name.

In 1952, Jersey Airlines entered the scheduled service market. All scheduled services were marketed as Duchess Services. To aid the development of its scheduled route network, the airline concluded an "association" agreement with BEA. This also resulted in BEA acquiring a 25% minority shareholding in Jersey Airlines in 1956 and entailed the transfer of BEA's Southampton—Guernsey and Southampton—Alderney routes. By winter 1956, Jersey Airlines' scheduled route network included Croydon, Bournemouth, Exeter, Manchester, and Southampton in England, Alderney, Guernsey and Jersey from the Channel Islands, as well as Cherbourg, Dinard, Nantes, Saint-Brieuc and Paris Orly in France and Bilbao in Spain.

By May 1958, Jersey Airlines moved its main UK mainland operating base from Croydon to Gatwick. One of the airline's de Havilland Herons operated the first scheduled flight to arrive at the newly reconstructed airport.

At the 1960 Farnborough Airshow, Jersey Airlines placed an order for four brand-new, 50-seat Handley Page Dart Herald 200 turboprop airliners, each of which was powered by two Rolls-Royce Dart 7 engines, for delivery the following year. When Mr M.L. Thomas, the airline's chairman and managing director, signed the contract later that year, the number of aircraft on firm order was increased to six series 200 Dart Heralds. The first two were to be delivered in 1961, a further two in 1962 and the final two in 1963. Unforeseen design and production problems delayed the delivery of the first batch until summer 1962. To enable Jersey Airlines to introduce the Dart Herald into commercial service at the start of the 1962 summer timetable as planned, Handley Page supplied three interim aircraft - two smaller 44-seat Herald 100s as well as one 50-seat Herald 200. One of the two 100 series aircraft was the Herald's prototype/demonstrator while the other was the first production aircraft to be delivered to BEA. The first of Jersey Airlines' own aircraft sporting the airline's blue and gold livery including the civil air ensign on the tail was finally handed over to the airline in January 1963. Another three aircraft were delivered later the same year, resulting in most scheduled routes being served with the new turboprop type. Jersey Airlines marketed its new turboprops as Herald Class. (The older DC-3 and Heron piston airliners were marketed as Dakmaster Class and Duchess Class respectively.) The seasonal nature of Jersey Airlines' scheduled operation compelled it to charter Heralds to Lord Brothers, a contemporary package tour operator, as the summer season drew to a close. These planes flew British holidaymakers as far afield as Spain, Morocco, the Canary Islands as well as Athens and the Greek islands.

In 1961, Jersey Airlines carried 310,000 scheduled passengers. The same year, BEA terminated its association agreement with Jersey Airlines as both airlines had become competitors on London—Jersey and London—Guernsey, the most important routes in the London — Channel Islands market, as a result of the Civil Aviation (Licensing) Act that had been enacted the year before. This had abolished the corporations' statutory monopoly on principal domestic and international scheduled routes.

The BUA group's takeover of Jersey Airlines in May 1962 followed BEA's disposal of its minority holding in its former regional "associate" on 31 March of that year. Together with the earlier acquisition of the British Aviation Services group, the Jersey Airlines takeover expanded the BUA group fleet to more than 100 aircraft and increased its payroll to 6,000. It also made BUA bigger than British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) in terms of scheduled passengers carried. By that year's summer, Plymouth, Coventry, Glasgow and Belfast were added to the scheduled route network in the UK, while Amsterdam Schiphol, Nice, Quimper, Dublin and Cork joined the international scheduled route network.

On 1 August 1963, Airlines (Jersey) Ltd dropped the Jersey Airlines trading name in favour of British United (C.I.) Airways and became a wholly owned subsidiary of Air Holdings, the holding company set up by the group's shareholders in November 1961 to facilitate the creation of a large private sector airline through additional acquisitions of rival independent airlines.

The 1967/8 reorganisation of the BUA group's regional activities resulted in the amalgamation of BUA (C.I.), British United (Manx) Airways and Morton Air Services under the BUIA name. The new entity began trading on 1 November 1968.

Fleet
Jersey Airlines operated the following aircraft types:

de Havilland DH 89 Dragon Rapide
de Havilland DH 114 Heron
Douglas DC-3/C-47
Handley Page HPR.7 Dart Herald 100/200

Fleet in 1962
In April 1962, the fleet of Jersey Airlines comprised 13 aircraft.

Accidents and incidents
There are two recorded accidents. One of these was fatal, the other non-fatal.

 The first accident on 15 August 1958 was non-fatal. It involved a Jersey Airlines de Havilland DH 114 Heron 1B (registration: G-AMYU) operating a freight flight to Guernsey. When the aircraft was on its final approach to Guernsey Airport, the pilot in command carried out a missed approach due to deteriorating weather conditions. The aircraft's second approach was a tailwind approach in the opposite direction. This resulted in the aircraft touching down on the grass next to the runway. Although the aircraft was damaged beyond repair as a result of continuing to slide sideways across a sunken road, the sole occupant (the aircraft's pilot) survived the accident.

 The second accident on 14 April 1965 was fatal. It involved a British United (C.I.) Airways Douglas C-47B-20-DK (registration: G-ANTB) operating British United Airways flight 1030X, a scheduled international passenger flight from Paris Orly to Jersey. Despite the deteriorating weather conditions at Jersey's States Airport, the crew decided to continue its approach to runway 27. This approach was abandoned because runway visual range fell below minima. When the aircraft made its second approach, it first hit a tree before striking the outermost pole of the approach light system at a height of ,  short of the runway threshold. This caused the aircraft to crash into the approach lights and catch fire, which killed 26 of the 27 occupants (three out of four crew members and all 23 passengers).

See also
 List of defunct airlines of the United Kingdom

Notes
Notes

Citations

References

 (various backdated issues relating to Jersey Airlines, 1948–1968)
 (various backdated issues relating to Jersey Airlines, 1961–1962)

Further reading
  (Aircraft online)

External links

The early Days
The Family Firm
Jersey Airlines at the Aviation Safety Network Database
airline timetable images - British United (C.I.) Airways, formerly Jersey Airlines, Channel Islands
de Havilland DH 114 Heron G-AORG sporting the original Jersey Airlines livery at Coventry Baginton on 14 December 2008

Airlines established in 1948
Airlines disestablished in 1968
Defunct airlines of Jersey
British companies established in 1948
1968 disestablishments in Jersey

Jersey Airlines


Zimani David Kadzamira (born 1 July 1941 in Harare, Zimbabwe) is a Malawian academic, civil servant and diplomat. He was the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Malawi until 2009.

Early life and education
Kadzamira was born in Salisbury, Rhodesia (now Harare, Zimbabwe) in July 1941. He attended primary school there before returning to Nyasaland (now Malawi) for secondary school. He then moved to the United States, where he graduated from Princeton University with a degree in political science in 1966. He graduated from the University of Manchester in 1974 with a doctorate in government.

Academia
Kadzamira has worked with the University of Malawi in some respect since 1966. Since joining as an assistant lecturer, he has worked as a full professor and eventually as administrator. He was Vice-Chancellor of the University of Malawi until 30 November 2009 when Dr. Emmanuel Fabiano was appointed as the eighth Vice Chancellor.

Public service
Kadzamira has served Malawi internationally a number of times over his career. He served on the committee for the Supreme Council for Sports in Africa for Zone VII (1987–1992), the WorldFish Center (1990–1995) and as ambassador to Japan from 1992–1994. In February 2007, he was appointed as chairman of the UbuntuNet Alliance, which advocates for high-speed internet connectivity for National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) connecting research and education institutions across Africa. He also served as the first Malawian Ambassador to Japan.

Personal life
One of his sisters, Cecilia Kadzamira, served as official hostess to President Hastings Banda. His sister Mary Kadzamira, who died in 2019, served as private secretary to Banda.

References

1941 births
Living people
People from Harare
Princeton University alumni
Alumni of the University of Manchester
Academic staff of the University of Malawi
Malawian political scientists
Malawian civil servants
Malawian diplomats
Ambassadors of Malawi to Japan
Vice-chancellors of universities in Malawi

Zimani Kadzamira


Dead Romance is an original novel by Lawrence Miles, originally published as part of the Virgin New Adventures series. The New Adventures were a spin-off from the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. Though part of the sequence of stories that featured the fictional archaeologist Bernice Summerfield, this was released as something of a standalone, and she is not in it. The main character and narrator Christine Summerfield are not connected to her in any way. A former New Adventures Seventh Doctor companion, Chris Cwej, does appear. The Seventh Doctor briefly appears as "the Evil Renegade" in Chris's tampered memories.

Almost the entirety of the book is set within a bottle universe.  This concept is most fully explored in Miles's two-book cycle Interference, and it is implied that this bottle universe is the one which appears in Interference.

Christine Summerfield reappears as Cousin Eliza in the Faction Paradox audio plays (also by Miles), voiced by Emma Kilbey.

A second edition of Dead Romance was published by Mad Norwegian Press in 2004.  This contained some minor alterations which made the book more consistent with Miles's later Faction Paradox mythos.

The novel is partly an exploration of Miles's "bottle universe" concept that places Virgin Publishing's Virgin New Adventures series within a bottle universe inside the BBC Books Eighth Doctor Adventures universe (and by extension these bottles are within a larger one containing all televised serials). This concept is most fully explored in Miles's two-book cycle Interference.

This idea was never followed up on in any future novels and was abandoned. The idea of the book series' being in bottle universes inside each other was retconned in the Mad Norwegian Press reprint edition, with Miles himself stating in a foreword that this was a bad idea and was rightfully ignored.

See also
 Simulated reality

External links

1999 British novels
1999 science fiction novels
Virgin New Adventures
Novels by Lawrence Miles
Faction Paradox
Fiction with unreliable narrators
Fictional diaries
Novels set in London
Apocalyptic novels
Alien invasions in novels
Self-reflexive novels

Dead Romance


A fishing dredge, also known as a scallop dredge or an oyster dredge, is a kind of fishing net. It is pulled along the bottom of the sea by a fishing boat to collect scallops, oysters and other kind of clams, crabs, and sea cucumber. Fishermen then lift the dredge into the boat and empty it.

In Europe, dredges used to have "teeth" at the bottom, called tynes. These teeth raked or ploughed the sand and mud. This dug up buried clams. The New Bedford (USA) dredge does not have teeth.

Dredge nets have a gross mesh in order to let organisms smaller than the target organisms through. The net catches the larger organisms: in the case of scallop dredging that includes the scallops' predators, such as whelks, starfish and octopus.

Sometimes three or four dredges are attached to a wheeled stiff axle. A number of these dredges can be towed from a heavy spreading bar. Usually there is one on each side of the ship. The length of the bar and the number of dredges towed is dependent on the power of the ship and the room on the side of the boat for working the dredges. There could be 3 on each side on a small 10 metre boat. There could be up to 20 on each side for a 30-metre ship with 1500 hp. The weight and strength of this can dig up the ground. It overturns rocks and can crush animals and plants in its path.

Scallops often contain sand when fishermen use dredges. It can also damage the seabed if they use dredges carelessly. These days scallop dredging is sometimes replaced by scuba diving. However inventors are trying to invent a better dredge.

Related pages
 Scallop
 Levee#Dredging: the alternative approach

References

Other websites
 photo of scallop dredge
 drawing of scallop dredge

Fishing

Fishing dredge


Border Crossings is a magazine published quarterly from Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. It investigates contemporary Canadian and international art and culture. The magazine includes interviews with artists, profiles, exhibition reviews, and portfolios of drawings and photographs. The magazine covers various forms of arts including paintings, performances, architecture, sculpture and films.

History
Border Crossings was founded in 1982 by Robert Enright under the title Arts Manitoba.  Robert Enright had returned to Manitoba in 1972 to do his post-graduate studies at the University of Manitoba in the English department. During this time a group of professors at St. John's College were toying with the idea of starting a literary press, and thus began the Turnstone Press in 1975. It was because of this literary press that Arts Manitoba came into existence.
Arts Manitoba had originally intended to be a bi-monthly magazine, which soon proved difficult.  By the winter of 1978 they began listing the magazine as "Special Double issues", which would eventually turn into the quarterly publication it is today.
The magazine almost met its end in 1978 when owners were confronted with massive debt.  However, in 1982 it had a second chance. A small group got together (which included Meeka Walsh) and agreed that Arts Manitoba was worth reviving. They were aware that in order for the magazine to be successful they needed government funding and they needed to restructure the magazine.
Eventually the members of the board realized that their current magazine title restricted their literary audience. Their first step to a new title was Volume 4, Number 4 titled "Special Canada/U.S. issue".  Only a few issues later the title had made the transition to Border Crossings: A Quarterly Magazine of the Arts from Manitoba.
In 1993 Meeka Walsh became the official editor of Border Crossings.  Her first issue as editor was titled "Silencers", featuring the painter, sculptor and performance artist, Gathie Falk.
Over the years the magazine has explored themes like War, Drawing, Animals, Art and Technology, Multiculturism, Landscape, Love, Circus and many more. Each issue the magazine uses thematic qualities already present in art and culture to help give a comprehensive view of art in context with the rest of the world.

Editors-in-Chief
Robert Enright (1982–1992)
'Meeka Walsh (1993–present)

Formatting
The Border Crossings magazine publishes quarterly in February, May, August and November. Each issue features a different cover portraying a work of art. An example of this is an issue from February 2008: Wangechi Mutu designed the cover named "Perhaps the Moon Will Save Us."  The cover is a collage shaped like a moon made from mixed media, blankets, plastic pearls, aluminum foil, animal pelts, packaging tape, ink and other materials.

The first 110 issues of the magazine were in an 8½×11-inch format, saddle-stitched at first, but later perfect bound. The current format is now 9×11 ¾ inches.
The layout for the magazine has been renowned for its contemporary design and high production values. The photography portfolios have contributed to the magazine's success as well as several awards for Best Non-Fiction Feature, Manitoba Magazine of the Year and several gold medals from the Western Magazine Awards.
Each issue has several articles ranging from films to theatre, from architecture to writing, and many interviews and reviews. The magazine is typically structured with seven different sections: Bordernotes, Borderviews, Bordercolumn, interviews, articles, art pages and crossovers.

Awards
The National Magazine Awards has given Border Crossings a total of 7 gold medals, 8 silver medals and 38 honourable mentions since 1985. NMAF is known for their recognition of excellence in content and creation of various Canadian magazines. The NMAF has a total of 47 categories of awards: 23 written, 9 visual, 7 online, 4 integrated and 4 special awards. The 4 special awards categories are: Outstanding achievement, Best New Visual Creator, Best New Magazine Writer, and Magazine of the Year. Most of the gold and silver awards for Border Crossings were in Poetry, Illustration, Photojournalism and columns. Many of the honourable mentions were dispersed in a wide variety of categories ranging from travel, to essays to fiction and homes and gardens.

The Western Magazine Awards Foundation (WMAF) has presented Border Crossings with more than 55 awards in various categories including, Magazine of the Year, Best Article, Best Review and Best Photographic Feature. The WMAF honours and celebrates excellence in western Canadian magazine writing, photography, art direction and illustration. This non-profit organization has a strong ethic to raise the profile of western Canadian magazines among readers, creators, students and advertisers. WMAF works to enhance the professional development of Canadian magazines to ensure their long-term vibrancy.

The Western Publishing Association (WPA) hosts an annual Maggie awards ceremony and has awarded Border Crossings 2 Maggies. The WPA takes pride in promoting the pursuit of excellence among publishing professionals.

References

 Beale, Nigel. "Walsh on: How to Write an Art Review." Nigel Beale Nota Bene Books 2008: n. pag. Web. 15 Jun 2010. <http://nigelbeale.com/2008/02/18/meeka-walsh-on-how-to-write-an-art-review/>.
 "The Very Rich Collaboration Between Leon Rooke ." Word Pictures n. pag. Web. 15 Jun 2010. <http://www.artishell.com/calzetta/enright.html>.
 "Orders of Canada." Honours. Governor General of Canada, n.d. Web. 15 Jun 2010. <http://archive.gg.ca/honours/search-recherche/honours-desc.asp?lang=e&TypeID=orc&id=9451>.
 safam. "Robert Enright." University of Guelph. University of Guelph, n.d. Web. 28 Jun 2010. <https://web.archive.org/web/20091213172541/http://www.uoguelph.ca/sofam/cv_enright.html%3E.
 "Biography for Robert Enright." IMDb. N.p., 2010. Web. 29 Jun 2010. <https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0258018/bio>.
 "Border Crossings Magazine About Us." BorderCrossings. Visual Lizard, n.d. Web. 28 June 2010. <http://www.bordercrossingsmag.com/about>.
 "Issue No. 110." Border Crossings. Web. <https://web.archive.org/web/20100823144838/http://www.bordercrossingsmag.com/issue110>.
Button Whole: Michael Adamson https://bordercrossingsmag.com/magazine/issue/issue-78

External links
 Border Crossings' Official website
Border Crossings, Meeka Walsh and Robert Enright fonds at the University of Manitoba Archives & Special Collections

1982 establishments in Manitoba
Visual arts magazines published in Canada
Magazines established in 1982
Quarterly magazines published in Canada
Magazines published in Manitoba
Contemporary art magazines
Mass media in Winnipeg

Border Crossings (magazine)


Luigi Traglia (3 April 1895 – 22 November 1977) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Vicar General of Rome from 1965 to 1968, and Dean of the College of Cardinals from 1974 until his death. Traglia was elevated to the cardinalate in 1960.

Life and career in Church
Traglia was born in Albano Laziale, and studied at the Pontifical Lateran University and Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome. He was ordained to the priesthood by Cardinal Basilio Pompili on 10 August 1917, and then finished his studies in 1919. While teaching at the Pontifical Urbaniana University from 1919 to 1936, Traglia was also an official of the Sacred Congregations of Seminaries and Universities and of the Propagation of the Faith from 1927 to 1930. On 18 August 1930, he became assessor and subpromoter-general of the faith in the latter congregation. He was raised to the rank of Domestic Prelate of His Holiness on 22 February 1932, and later Auditor of the Roman Rota on 17 September 1936.

On 21 December 1936, Traglia was appointed Vicar General of The Diocese of Rome and Titular Archbishop of Caesarea in Palaestina. He received his episcopal consecration on 6 January 1937, from Cardinal Francesco Marchetti-Selvaggiani, with Archbishop Domenico Spolverini and Bishop Angelo Calabretta serving as co-consecrators, in the Lateran Basilica. Traglia was later named President of the Special Committee for the Marian Holy Year on 7 October 1953, and of the commission for the first Roman synod in 1959.

He was made Cardinal-Priest of S. Andrea della Valle by Pope John XXIII in the consistory of 28 March 1960. Pope Paul VI changed Traglia's titular church to that of San Lorenzo in Damaso on 28 April 1969. On 15 March 1972, he was elevated to Cardinal Bishop of Albano.

From 1962 to 1965, Traglia participated in the Second Vatican Council, during the course of which he served as a cardinal elector in the 1963 papal conclave that selected Pope Paul VI. He was named Vicar General of Rome on 30 March 1965. In this position, he governed the diocese in the name of the Pope, who is the Bishop of Rome. After resigning as Cardinal Vicar on 9 January 1968, Traglia was appointed Apostolic Chancellor on the following 13 January. He resigned that post on 7 February 1973, not long before the office was abolished on 27 February of that same year. Traglia was elected and confirmed as Vice-Dean of the College of Cardinals on 24 March 1972, later becoming Dean of the College of Cardinals and Cardinal Bishop of Ostia, while retaining his previous suburbicarian title, on 7 January 1974. On 24 December of that year, he served as papal legate to the opening of the Holy Door at the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls.

Traglia died in Rome in 1977.

External links
Catholic Hierarchy
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

1895 births
1977 deaths
People from Albano Laziale
20th-century Italian cardinals
Deans of the College of Cardinals
Almo Collegio Capranica alumni
Cardinal-bishops of Albano
Cardinal-bishops of Ostia
Participants in the Second Vatican Council
Cardinal Vicars
Cardinals created by Pope John XXIII
Pontifical Lateran University alumni
Pontifical Gregorian University alumni
Roman Catholic titular archbishops of Caesarea

Luigi Traglia


The small sword or smallsword (also court sword, Gaelic:  or claybeg, French: , lit. "Sword of the court") is a light one-handed sword designed for thrusting which evolved out of the longer and heavier rapier (espada ropera) of the late Renaissance. The height of the small sword's popularity was during the 18th century, when any civilian or military, with pretensions to gentlemanly status would have worn a small sword on a daily basis.

The blade of a small sword is comparatively short at around , though some reach over . It usually tapers to a sharp point but may lack a cutting edge. It is typically triangular in cross-section, although some of the early examples still have the rhombic and spindle-shaped cross-sections inherited from older weapons, like the rapier. This triangular cross-section may be hollow ground for additional lightness. Many small swords of the period between the 17th and 18th centuries were found with colichemarde blades.

It is thought to have appeared in France and spread quickly across the rest of Europe. The small sword was the immediate predecessor of the French duelling sword (from which the épée developed) and its method of use—as typified in the works of such authors as Sieur de Liancour, Domenico Angelo, Monsieur J. Olivier and Monsieur L'Abbat—developed into the techniques of the French classical school of fencing. The small sword was mainly used as a duelling weapon.

Militarily, small swords continued to be used as a standard sidearm for infantry officers. In some branches with strong traditions, this practice continues to the modern day, albeit for ceremonial and formal dress only. The carrying of swords by officers in combat conditions was frequent  in World War I and still saw some practice in World War II. The 1913 U.S. Army Manual of Bayonet Drill includes instructions for how to defend against an opponent with a smallsword.
 Bayonets of the period, such as the British Pattern 1907 bayonet, were relatively long with total lengths of  or more not uncommon. While a little larger, a smallsword could be carried in a very similar manner and would not appear out of place.

Hilt
The small sword guard is typically of the "shell" type, sometimes with two lobes that were decorated as clam shells. The shells were often replaced with a simple curved oval disk, which was still referred to as the  (shell). In later foils, the lobed type evolved into the  or figure-8 guard, and the disk became the modern foil "bell" guard, but the guards were still referred to as . Small swords with this type of guard normally included other features of the older rapier hilt, including quillons, ricasso, knuckle-bow, and a , although these were often atrophied beyond the point of usefulness, serving mainly as a decorative element. However, they were maintained in a usable state on some weapons, including the Italian foil, into the 20th century.

In the 19th century, simple cross-hilt small swords were also produced, largely as ceremonial weapons that were evocative of more ancient types of weapons. An example is the Model 1840 Army Noncommissioned Officers' Sword, which is still used by the United States Army on ceremonial occasions.  As the wearing of swords fell out of fashion and the small sword evolved into the duelling sword (forerunner of the modern épée), the older hilts gave way to simpler grips such as the French grip and Italian grip.

Use
Small swords were used both by the military (where they served more as a sign of a certain rank rather than a real weapon for close combat) and as a dueling weapon. The very height of the small sword's widespread popularity was in the 18th century, when it was considered fashionable by aristocrats ("no gentleman was dressed without his sword" – contemporary idiom of the middle of the 18th century), but it was still used as a duelling weapon until the middle of the 20th century. For instance, Gaston Defferre and René Ribière used larger and heavier versions of the épée, which both had small sword-blades instead of the flexible épée-blades (which have been used in sport fencing through the present day) in their duel on April 21, 1967, in Neuilly, Paris. The use of the small sword for infantry is covered in the US manual of 1861 titled "The Militiaman's Manual."

In modern times, the sword is often used as part of court uniform and dress. A German version of the small sword called "Trauerdegen" ("mourning épée") is still in use by the  of the city of Hamburg in Germany.

References

Early Modern European swords
European swords
European weapons
17th-century weapons
18th-century weapons
19th-century weapons
Victorian-era weapons of the United Kingdom

Small sword


Stonely Priory was an Augustinian priory in Cambridgeshire, England. It was dissolved in 1536.

History
A tradition recorded by Leland hold that the priory of St. Mary at Stonely was founded about 1180 by William de Mandeville. However, as this William de Mandeville did not hold Kimbolton, the Priory may have been founded by William FitzGeoffrey de Mandeville, 3rd Earl of Essex, who succeeded his brother Geoffrey in 1216 and died in 1227. It was an Augustinian monastery, and possibly originated as a hospital. The advowson of the priory belonged to the lords of Kimbolton.

The earliest recorded reference to the priory is in the Hundred Roll of 1274, when the manor of Kimbolton was in the hands of the family of de Bohun. It was a small monastery, and probably never held more than seven canons. Very little is known of its history. There are no foundation charters extant. In 1366 the parish church of Kimbolton was appropriated to the use of the canons, the parish church was served by canons from the priory.

Bishop William Alnwick visited the priory in 1442. The prior was accused of maintaining his own kinsfolk out of the revenues of the house; but this was only asserted by a brother who had just been accused of visiting the village in secular attire. No other charges were made.

The first known prior was John de Ripton (d. 1309) and the last Edmund Bonde. In 1534 the prior and canons signed the Acknowledgment of Royal Supremacy. The surrender of the house was made under the first Act in 1536; with the canons probably allowed to serve as secular priests.

In 1552 the estate was purchased by Thomas Mary Wingfield, who died in 1557, leaving it to his a son and heir, Edward Maria Wingfield, aged 7, who was born at Stonely. He was one of the patentees of Virginia in 1606 and 1607 and accompanied the first colonists to Jamestown, but returned in 1608.

Scattered earth works and crop marks are all that remain.

The Priory Cottage, possibly a former stable, was converted to residential use in the 19th century. It is a listed building.

References

External links
  Sharp, Malcolm. "Stonely Conservation Area Character Statement", Huntingdonshire District Council

Monasteries in Cambridgeshire
1180 establishments in England
1536 disestablishments in England
Christian monasteries established in the 12th century
Kimbolton, Cambridgeshire

Stonely Priory


AHK-toong BAY-bi Covered, stylized as (Ăhk-to͝ong Ba͞y-bi) Covered or (Ăℎk-to͝ong Ba͞y-bi) Covered, is a tribute album featuring cover versions of the 12 songs from U2's 1991 record Achtung Baby. It was released on 25 October 2011 as a pack-in CD with the December 2011 issue of Q (issue #305). The magazine commissioned the album to commemorate the 20th anniversary of Achtung Babys original release and Qs 25th anniversary. The magazine's editor-in-chief Paul Rees said, "This is an entirely appropriate way to mark Qs anniversary and that of Achtung Baby, one of the pivotal albums in our lifetime." The performing artists are a mix of U2's contemporaries and successors, including Jack White, Patti Smith, Snow Patrol, Nine Inch Nails, Depeche Mode, The Killers, Garbage and Glasvegas. Although a tribute album, AHK-toong BAY-bi Covered contains a remix of "Even Better Than the Real Thing" that is credited as performed by U2.

On 15 November 2011, the album was made available via digital download through the iTunes Store. All proceeds from digital sales will go to Concern Worldwide, an Ireland-based non-profit organisation that provides aid to the world's poorest countries. Concern's CEO Tom Arnold said, "Offering the proceeds from (Ahk-toong Bay-Bi) Covered to Concern's East Africa appeal also provides a timely reminder that alleviation of the hunger and wider health crisis in the region must not be forgotten and should remain a global priority." Arnold said he was taken aback but delighted when he was asked by U2 lead singer Bono if his organisation would accept all proceeds from sales of the tribute album.

The album debuted at number 53 in the United States with 12,000 copies sold in the first week, and it debuted at number 46 in Canada.

Track listing

Chart performance

References

U2 tribute albums
2011 compilation albums
Compilation albums included with magazines
Rock compilation albums
Charity albums
Mercury Records compilation albums
Universal Music Group compilation albums
Interscope Records compilation albums

AHK-toong BAY-bi Covered


Xanthophylls (originally phylloxanthins) are yellow pigments that occur widely in nature and form one of two major divisions of the carotenoid group; the other division is formed by the carotenes. The name is from Greek:  (), meaning "yellow", and  (), meaning "leaf"), due to their formation of the yellow band seen in early chromatography of leaf pigments.

Molecular structure

As both are carotenoids, xanthophylls and carotenes are similar in structure, but xanthophylls contain oxygen atoms while carotenes are purely hydrocarbons, which do not contain oxygen. Their content of oxygen causes  xanthophylls to be more polar (in molecular structure) than carotenes, and causes their separation from carotenes in many types of chromatography. (Carotenes are usually more orange in color than xanthophylls.)
Xanthophylls present their oxygen either as hydroxyl groups and/or as hydrogen atoms substituted by oxygen atoms when acting as a bridge to form epoxides.

Occurrence
Like other carotenoids, xanthophylls are found in highest quantity in the leaves of most green plants, where they act to modulate light energy and perhaps serve as a non-photochemical quenching agent to deal with triplet chlorophyll (an excited form of chlorophyll), which is overproduced at high light levels in photosynthesis. The xanthophylls found in the bodies of animals including humans, and in dietary animal products, are ultimately derived from plant sources in the diet. For example, the yellow color of chicken egg yolks, fat, and skin comes from ingested xanthophylls—primarily lutein, which is added to chicken feed for this purpose.

The yellow color of the macula lutea (literally, yellow spot) in the retina of the human eye results from the presence of lutein and zeaxanthin. Again, both these specific xanthophylls require a source in the human diet to be present in the human eye. They protect the eye from ionizing light (blue and ultraviolet light), which they absorb; but xanthophylls do not function in the mechanism of sight itself as they cannot be converted to retinal (also called retinaldehyde or vitamin A aldehyde). Their physical arrangement in the macula lutea is believed to be the cause of Haidinger's brush, an entoptic phenomenon that enables perception of polarizing light.

Example compounds
The group of xanthophylls includes (among many other compounds) lutein, zeaxanthin, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, flavoxanthin, and α- and β-cryptoxanthin. The latter compound is the only known xanthophyll to contain a beta-ionone ring, and thus β-cryptoxanthin is the only xanthophyll that is known to possess pro-vitamin A activity for mammals. Even then, it is a vitamin only for plant-eating mammals that possess the enzyme to make retinal from carotenoids that contain beta-ionone (some carnivores lack this enzyme). In species other than mammals, certain xanthophylls may be converted to hydroxylated retinal-analogues that function directly in vision. For example, with the exception of certain flies, most insects use the xanthophyll derived R-isomer of 3-hydroxyretinal for visual activities, which means that β-cryptoxanthin and other xanthophylls (such as lutein and zeaxanthin) may function as forms of visual "vitamin A" for them, while carotenes (such as beta carotene) do not.

Xanthophyll cycle

The xanthophyll cycle involves the enzymatic removal of epoxy groups from xanthophylls (e.g. violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, diadinoxanthin) to create so-called de-epoxidised xanthophylls (e.g. diatoxanthin, zeaxanthin). These enzymatic cycles were found to play a key role in stimulating energy dissipation within light-harvesting antenna proteins by non-photochemical quenching- a mechanism to reduce the amount of energy that reaches the photosynthetic reaction centers.  Non-photochemical quenching is one of the main ways of protecting against photoinhibition.
In higher plants, there are three carotenoid pigments that are active in the xanthophyll cycle: violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, and zeaxanthin.  During light stress, violaxanthin is converted, i.e. reduced, to zeaxanthin via the intermediate antheraxanthin, which plays a direct photoprotective role acting as a lipid-protective anti-oxidant and by stimulating non-photochemical quenching within light-harvesting proteins.  This conversion of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin is done by the enzyme violaxanthin de-epoxidase (EC 220.127.116.11), while the reverse reaction, i.e. oxidation, is performed by zeaxanthin epoxidase (EC 188.8.131.52).

In diatoms and dinoflagellates, the xanthophyll cycle consists of the pigment diadinoxanthin, which is transformed into diatoxanthin (diatoms) or dinoxanthin (dinoflagellates) under high-light conditions.

Wright et al. (Feb 2011) found that, "The increase in zeaxanthin appears to surpass the decrease in violaxanthin in spinach" and commented that the discrepancy could be explained by "a synthesis of zeaxanthin from beta-carotene", however they noted further study is required to explore this hypothesis.

Food sources
Xanthophylls are found in all young leaves and in etiolated leaves. Examples of other rich sources include papaya, peaches, prunes, and squash, which contain lutein diesters.
Kale contains about 18mg lutein and zeaxanthin per 100g, spinach about 11mg/100g, parsley about 6mg/100g, peas about 3mg/110g, squash about 2mg/100g, and pistachios about 1mg/100g.

References

Demmig-Adams, B & W. W. Adams, 2006. Photoprotection in an ecological context: the remarkable complexity of thermal energy dissipation, New Phytologist, 172: 11–21.

External links

Carotenoids
Fatty alcohols

Xanthophyll


Consumer spending, consumption, or consumption expenditure is when people buy goods and services. It is the biggest part of aggregate demand in macroeconomics. There are two parts of consumer spending: induced consumption (which is changed by the level of income) and autonomous consumption (which is not).

Data

United States
In the United States, the Consumer Spending figure published by the Bureau of Economic Analysis includes three big categories of personal spending.
 Durable goods: motor vehicles and parts, furniture and durable household equipment, recreational goods and vehicles, and other durable goods.
 Nondurable goods: food and drinks bought to consume in a place different from where it was bought, clothes and shoes, gasoline and other energy goods, and other nondurable goods.
 Services: housing and utilities, healthcare, transportation services, recreation services, food services and accommodations, financial services and insurance, and other services.

References

Economics

Consumer spending


Benjamin Demir (, born 16 May 1996) is a Macedonian footballer playing with FK Vardar.

Club career
Born in Skopje, he started playing in the youth section of local powerhouse FK Vardar. He had a loan spell at FK Pelister, but his senior debut will happened already after signing with Croatian side NK Inter Zaprešić where he played the first half of the 2014–15 Druga HNL. During winter-break he returned to Macedonia and joined FK Gorno Lisiče, however, in February he returned to Croatia and signed with powerhouse HNK Hajduk Split playing the rest of the season with their reserves team. In summer 2015 he returned to Maceodnia and joined FK Teteks debuting with them in the 2015–16 Macedonian First Football League. During summer 2017 he signed with FK Pelister, however, soon after he left the club without debuting for them. He joined FK Rabotnichki during winter-breal of 2016–17. In summer 2017 he moved to FK Skopje where he played the entire 2017–18 Macedonian First Football League. In summer 2018 he moved abroad again, this time to Serbia, and joined FK Spartak Subotica where he played the first half of the 2018–19 Serbian SuperLiga. During winter-break he returned to Macedonia and signed with FK Makedonija Gjorče Petrov.

International career
Benjamin Demir represented Macedonia at U17 level in 2012, and in U19 level in 2014. He also received calls for Macedonian U21 side in 2018 but failed to debut.

Personal life
He is the son of former footballer Erol Demir. He has daughter Dora. His wife is Teamina Demir.

References

1996 births
Living people
Footballers from Skopje
Men's association football midfielders
Macedonian men's footballers
North Macedonia men's youth international footballers
FK Vardar players
FK Teteks players
NK Inter Zaprešić players
FK Gorno Lisiče players
HNK Hajduk Split players
FK Pelister players
FK Rabotnički players
FK Skopje players
FK Spartak Subotica players
FK Makedonija G.P. players
KF Shkupi players
Macedonian First Football League players
First Football League (Croatia) players
Serbian SuperLiga players
Macedonian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Croatia
Macedonian expatriate sportspeople in Croatia
Expatriate men's footballers in Serbia
Macedonian expatriate sportspeople in Serbia

Benjamin Demir


Seikel Motorsport was a German auto racing team founded by Peter Seikel in 1968.  After running national series, the team moved on to touring car racing before finally grand tourer racing.  Peter Seikel officially retired in 2007 at the 24 Hours of Le Mans, officially ending the team as well.

Following a move to international motorsports in 1978, Seikel was part of Audi's presence in the European Touring Car Championship.  They aided Audi in winning the 1980 constructors championship, while Peter Seikel himself had taken the Group N drivers championship in 1979.  The team would later move to running BMWs, Fords, and Toyotas in the championship until it was dissolved in 1988.

Seikel would then be hired by Honda to develop the Civic for touring car racing, then running an NSX in the German national GT series.  However, in 1994 Seikel would move to Porsche, and concentrate on the new BPR Global GT Series, as well as running the 24 Hours of Le Mans.  The team ran BPR, as well as its later incarnation the FIA GT Championship until 1998 before concentrating solely on endurances races.  The team would earn class wins at the 6 Hours of Vallelunga and 1000km Monza.  However the team's best achievement would be a class win at the 2001 24 Hours of Le Mans.

With the creation of the new Le Mans Endurance Series in 2004, the team would concentrate on the series will also running Le Mans.  However, Peter Seikel decided to retire from motorsports at the end of 2006.  In 2007, Seikel contested their final race, having earned an automatic invitation from the 24 Hours of Le Mans organisers for their result the previous year.  Seikel would reach an agreement with Team Felbermayr-Proton to use their drivers while Seikel's men prepared the car.  The car would be unable to finish the race, marking the end of Seikel's racing career.

Peter Seikel also runs an off-road 4x4 company and rally team under the name Auto Seikel.

External links

Auto racing teams in Germany
Auto racing teams established in 1968
1968 establishments in Germany
24 Hours of Le Mans teams
European Le Mans Series teams
FIA GT Championship teams

American Le Mans Series teams

Seikel Motorsport


George Edward Jelf (1834–1908) was an English churchman and Master of Charterhouse.

Life
The eldest son of seven children of Richard William Jelf and Emmy, Countess of Schlippenbach, lady-in-waiting to Frederica, Duchess of Cumberland, he was born on 19 January 1834 at Berlin, where his father was tutor to Prince George of Cumberland. His younger brothers were Arthur Richard Jelf, and Richard Henry Jelf, governor of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich.

Educated at preparatory schools in Hammersmith and Brighton, Jelf was admitted to Charterhouse School under Augustus Saunders in 1847. He matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, on 2 June 1852. He held a studentship at Christ Church from 1852 to 1861, and won a first class in classical moderations in 1854. He graduated B.A. with a third class in lit. hum. in 1856, and proceeded M.A. in 1859 and D.D. in 1907.

In 1857 Jelf entered Wells Theological College, and the following year he was ordained deacon, becoming priest in 1859. He held curacies at St. Michael's, Highgate (1858–60), St. James's, Clapton (1860–66), and at Aylesbury (1866–68). On the presentation of Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne, he became vicar of Blackmoor, Hampshire, in 1868, and in 1874 he accepted from Lord Braybrooke the living of Saffron Walden. In 1878 he was made an honorary canon of St Albans Cathedral.

A connection with Rochester Cathedral began with Jelf's appointment in 1880 to a residentiary canonry, a position he held for twenty-seven years.  From 1895 he acted as proctor in Convocation for the dean and chapter of Rochester; but he took little part in current controversy. He continued his parish work at Saffron Walden till 1882, and from 1883 to 1889 he had the charge of St Mary's Island Church, Chatham; subsequently he devoted himself to mission work in the diocese. For financial reasons he took on extra clerical duties: the rectory of Wiggonholt near Pulborough in Sussex (1896–7); and when this proved too much, from 1897 St German's, Blackheath.

In 1904 Jelf resigned his Blackheath benefice and retired to Rochester; but in 1907 he was appointed Master of Charterhouse in succession to William Haig Brown. He was in poor health shortly after moving to London, and he died on 19 November 1908 at the Master's lodge, Charterhouse. He was buried on the eastern side of Highgate Cemetery, and on the same day a memorial service was held in Rochester cathedral.

Works
A moderate high churchman, Jelf was a friend and godson of Edward Bouverie Pusey, whose Christus consolator (1883) he edited. As a devotional writer, he had influence through popular homiletic publications including:

 The Secret Trials of the Christian Life, 1873.
 The Rule of God's Commandments, 1878.
 The Consolations of the Christian Seasons, 1880.
 Work and Worship, 1888, cathedral sermons.
 Mother, Home and Heaven, 1891.
 Sound Words, their Form and Spirit, 1907, addresses on the Book of Common Prayer.

Family
Jelf married:

 in 1861 Fanny (died 1865), daughter of G. A. Crawley of Highgate, by whom he had one surviving son, and three daughters who died of scarlet fever in 1871;
 in 1876 Katherine Frances, younger daughter of Charles Browne Dalton, vicar of St. Michael's, Highgate, who survived him; by her he had three sons and four daughters. Their son Sir Arthur Selborne Jelf was a colonial administrator.

Katherine Jelf published George Edward Jelf: A Memoir (1909).

Notes

Attribution

1834 births
1908 deaths
Burials at Highgate Cemetery
19th-century English Anglican priests
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
English writers
People from Rochester, Kent

George Edward Jelf


Albert Square is a public square in the centre of Manchester, England. It is dominated by its largest building, the Grade I listed Manchester Town Hall, a Victorian Gothic building by Alfred Waterhouse. Other smaller buildings from the same period surround it, many of which are listed (the buildings on the north side are in Princess Street).

The square contains a number of monuments and statues, the largest of which is the Albert Memorial, a monument to Prince Albert, Prince Consort of Queen Victoria. The square, named after the Prince, was laid out to provide a space for the memorial in 1863–67. Work on the town hall began in 1868 and was completed in 1877.

History

The area in which the square is situated was once derelict land and an area of dense housing near the Town Yard and the River Tib (named Longworth's Folly).

The square's creation arose out of a project by Manchester Corporation's Monuments Committee to erect a memorial to Prince Albert who had died of typhoid in 1861. After initial proposals to create a memorial library, museum or botanical gardens, the committee decided to erect a statue in a decorated canopy. It was originally planned to place the monument in front of the Royal Infirmary building at Piccadilly, between the statues of Wellington and Peel. However it was felt that its ornate Gothic design was not in keeping with the neoclassical infirmary. In 1863, land was offered by the Corporation which was cleared to make way for a public space.

The project won much public support; the Manchester Bricklayers' Protection Society donated 50,000 bricks towards the monument's construction, "as an expression of sympathy towards our beloved Queen". When construction problems arose (the site was found to be riddled with drains and culverts) and the bricks were used up on the foundations alone, a public subscription was launched in 1865 and a further £6,249 was raised, in spite of the hardships of the Cotton Famine.

Clearing the site began in 1864, and required the demolition of over 100 buildings, including the Engraver's Arms pub, a coffee roasting works, a smithy, a coal yard and various warehouses. The project was encouraged by the visit of the Prince and Princess of Wales to open the Albert Monument in 1869.

It was decided to construct a new town hall for Manchester, as the old building in King Street had become too small. Following an architectural competition, Gothic designs for a building with a high bell tower by Sir Alfred Waterhouse were selected, and the Town Hall was begun in 1868 and completed in 1877.

In the early 1970s, there was a plan to build an underground station under Albert Square and neighbouring St Peter's Square, as part of the ill-fated Picc-Vic tunnel project. The project was eventually cancelled and the station was not built.

In April 1972, the area around Albert Square was designated a conservation area, and in 1981 to include the neighbouring, newly created Lincoln Square. (The creation of Lincoln Square completed a "procesional way" from the Law Courts through Spinningfields and Lincoln Square to the Town Hall.)

The centre of Albert Square was originally laid out in the form of a traffic circle and a group of bus stops occupied the western part. In 1987 the square was redesigned and the eastern side in front of the town hall was pedestrianised. The square was laid with fan-shaped granite setts, York stone paving and 'heritage'-style cast-iron street furniture.

Monuments

Albert Memorial

Albert Square's largest monument is the Grade I listed Albert Memorial, commemorating the Prince Consort. It features a marble statue of Albert standing on a plinth and facing west, designed by Matthew Noble (1862–1867). The figure is placed within a large Medieval-style ciborium which was designed by the architect Thomas Worthington. Noble was commissioned by the then mayor, Thomas Goadsby, to sculpt the Prince's likeness, and the designs were personally approved by Queen Victoria.

Worthington himself had, at the age of 18, been presented with the Royal Society of Arts' Isis Gold Medal by Prince Albert for a design for a Gothic-style chancel. His Medieval-style design for the Albert Memorial was inspired by the Church of Santa Maria della Spina in Pisa. Although his design was unusual for its time, commentators have suggested he may have been influenced by George Kemp's Scott Monument in Princes Street, Edinburgh, built 20 years earlier.

The memorial is topped with an ornate spire, and on each side a crocketed gable with canopied pinnacles on colonettes. Within the canopies stand symbolic figures representing art, commerce, science and agriculture. Below these stand secondary figures representing particular disciplines:
The Four Arts: painting, architecture, music, sculpture
Commerce: the Four Continents
The Four Sciences: chemistry, astronomy, mechanics, mathematics
Agriculture: the Four Seasons

The coloured sett paving which was laid around the memorial in 1987 depicts floral representations of the Four Home Nations of England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales.

Proposals to move or demolish the Albert Memorial have been made; a plan to replace Prince Albert with a war memorial following the First World War was defeated; and when the Albert Memorial had fallen into disrepair, it was proposed that it should be demolished. It was rescued from destruction several times by campaigners, and was finally restored with help from Robert Ernest Shapley in 1976–77. The Albert Memorial Restoration Committee, chaired by J. L. Womersley, raised £50,000 to repair the memorial through public appeal, a fact that is noted in an inscription at its base.

London Albert Memorial

Manchester's Albert Memorial, completed in 1865, was the first of several Albert Memorials around the United Kingdom, and it bears a noticeable similarity to the Albert Memorial in Kensington Gardens, London, which was completed some seven years after the Mancunian monument. Claims that Worthington's design influenced George Gilbert Scott in his London monument are disputed. Scott, writing in his Recollections, stated that his idea of building a medieval canopy was original, "so new as to provoke much opposition".

Other monuments
Within the square are several other monuments:

 Bishop James Fraser by Thomas Woolner (1887), Grade II listed
 John Bright by Albert Bruce-Joy (1891), Grade II listed
 Oliver Heywood by Albert Bruce-Joy (1894), Grade II listed
 William Ewart Gladstone by Mario Raggi (1901), Grade II listed
 A fountain (also designed by Thomas Worthington) erected for the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria (1897). This was returned to the square in 1997 having been kept in storage for a period before that.

Gallery

Lincoln Square
Neighbouring Lincoln Square, created in 1981, features:
 A fountain commemorating the wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer in 1981 (since converted into a flower bed)
 A statue of Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865), 16th President of the United States, by George Gray Barnard in the eponymous Lincoln Square was presented to the city by Mr. and Mrs. Charles Phelps Taft of Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1919 to mark the part that Lancashire played in the cotton famine and American Civil War of 1861–1865. The Lincoln statue was originally located in Platt Fields Park and was moved to the square in 1986.

Notable buildings

Albert Square is bounded by a varied selection of listed Victorian buildings, the largest being the town hall. Only the western side of the square (facing the town hall) has lost its original buildings and is now occupied by brick and glass office blocks erected during the 1980s. Buildings in Albert Square include:
 Manchester Town Hall (1868–77) – neo-Gothic sandstone ashlar local governmental building on a triangular site, with a  bell tower, housing a carillon of 23 bells, designed by Alfred Waterhouse for Manchester Corporation. Contains mural paintings by Ford Madox Brown.
 the Abbey National building (c.1900), Grade II listed – Neoclassical Portland stone bank by Percy Worthington with semicircular front.
 Albert Chambers, 16 Albert Square (1873), Grade II listed  – Venetian-style sandstone ashlar offices designed by Clegg and Knowles for Manchester Corporation Gasworks.
 Carlton House (formerly Bridgewater Buildings), 17–18 Albert Square (1872), Grade II listed  – Venetian Gothic-style sandstone ashlar office buildings by Clegg and Knowles.
  St Andrew's Chambers, 20–21 Albert Square (1874), Grade II listed  – Neo-Gothic sandstone corner building designed by George T. Redmayne for the Scottish Widows Fund Life Assurance Society.
The Memorial Hall, by architect Thomas Worthington for the Unitarian Church (1866), Grade II* listed, Southmill Street corner.

References

External links

Aerial photograph of Albert Square
Happy birthday Town Hall – BBC Manchester (historic photographs of Albert Square)

Squares in Manchester
Tourist attractions in Manchester
Gothic Revival architecture in Greater Manchester
1863 establishments in England

Albert Square, Manchester


Aluminium foil (or aluminum foil in American English; often informally called tin foil) is aluminium prepared in thin metal leaves. The foil is pliable, and can be readily bent or wrapped around objects. Thin foils are fragile and are sometimes laminated with other materials such as plastics or paper to make them stronger and more useful.

Annual production of aluminium foil was approximately  in Europe and  in the U.S. in 2003. Approximately 75% of aluminium foil is used for packaging of foods, cosmetics, and chemical products, and 25% is used for industrial applications (e.g., thermal insulation, electrical cables, and electronics). It can be easily recycled.

Aluminium foil supplanted tin foil in the mid 20th century. In the United Kingdom and United States it is often informally called "tin foil", just as steel cans are often still called "tin cans". Metallised films are sometimes mistaken for aluminium foil, but are actually polymer films coated with a thin layer of aluminium.

History

Precursors

Foil made from a thin leaf of tin was commercially available before its aluminium counterpart. Tin foil was marketed commercially from the late nineteenth into the early twentieth century. The term "tin foil" survives in the English language as a term for the newer aluminium foil. Tin foil is less malleable than aluminium foil and tends to give a slight tin taste to food wrapped in it. Tin foil has been supplanted by aluminium and other materials for wrapping food.

The first audio recordings on phonograph cylinders were made on tin foil.

Invention

Tin was first replaced by aluminium in 1910, when the first aluminium foil rolling plant, Dr. Lauber, Neher & Cie. was opened in Emmishofen, Switzerland. The plant, owned by J.G. Neher & Sons, the aluminium manufacturers, was founded in 1886 in Schaffhausen, Switzerland, at the foot of the Rhine Falls, whose energy powered the process. In December 1907, Neher's sons, along with Dr. Lauber, had invented the endless rolling process, by which they discovered that aluminium foil could be used as a protective barrier.

In 1911, Bern-based Tobler began wrapping its chocolate bars in aluminium foil, including the unique triangular chocolate bar, Toblerone.

The first use of foil in the United States was in 1913 for wrapping Life Savers, candy bars, and gum.

Properties

Aluminium foil has a thickness less than ; thinner gauges down to  are also commonly used. Standard household foil is typically  thick, and heavy duty household foil is typically

Foil may have a non-stick coating on only one side.

Although aluminium is non-magnetic, it is a good conductor, so even a thin sheet reflects almost all of an incident electric wave. At frequencies more than 100 MHz, the transmitted electric field is attenuated by more than 80 decibels (dB) (less than 10−8 = 0.00000001 of the power gets through).

Thin sheets of aluminium are not very effective at attenuating low-frequency magnetic fields.  The shielding effectiveness is dependent upon the skin depth. A field travelling through one skin depth will lose about 63 per cent of its energy (it is attenuated to 1/e = 1/2.718... of its original energy).  Thin shields also have internal reflections that reduce the shielding effectiveness.

Manufacture

The continuous casting method is much less energy intensive and has become the preferred process. For thicknesses below , two layers are usually put together for the final pass and afterwards separated which produces foil with one bright side and one matte side. The two sides in contact with each other are matte and the exterior sides become bright; this is done to reduce tearing, increase production rates, control thickness, and get around the need for a smaller diameter roller.

It is difficult to produce rollers with a gap fine enough to cope with the foil gauge. Therefore, for the final pass, two sheets are rolled at the same time, doubling the thickness of the gauge at entry to the rollers. When the sheets are later separated, the inside surface is dull or matte, and the outside surface is shiny. The reflectivity of bright aluminium foil is 88% while dull embossed foil is about 80%. The difference in thermal properties between the two sides is imperceptible without instrumentation. Increased reflectivity decreases both absorption and emission of radiation.

Uses

Aluminium foil is widely sold into the consumer market, often in rolls of  width and several metres in length.

Aluminium foil is also used for barbecuing delicate foods.

As with all metallic items, aluminium foil reacts to being placed in a microwave oven. This is because of the electromagnetic fields of the microwaves inducing electric currents in the foil and high potentials at the sharp points of the foil sheet; if the potential is sufficiently high, it will cause electric arcing to areas with lower potential, even to the air surrounding the sheet.  Modern microwave ovens have been designed to prevent damage to the cavity magnetron tube from microwave energy reflection, and aluminium packages designed for microwave heating are available.

Environmental issues

Some aluminium foil products can be recycled at around 5% of the original energy cost.

See also

 Tin foil hat
 Gold leaf
 Copper foil

References

External links

 European Aluminium Foil Association
 Aluminium Association (USA)
 Aluminium Foil from How Products Are Made, vol. 1, Thomson Gale (2005).
 How It's Made: Aluminium Foil - HowItsMadeEpisodes channel on YouTube.

Food preparation utensils
Aluminium
Packaging materials
Metalworking
Swiss inventions

Aluminium foil


Marathon Infinity is a first-person shooter video game, the third in the science fiction Marathon Trilogy by Bungie. The game was released on October 15, 1996 and included more levels than its predecessor Marathon 2: Durandal. These levels were larger, and formed part of a more intricate plot. Marathon Infinity, unlike Marathon 2, was originally released only for the Apple Macintosh. However, Bungie released the source for Marathon 2 in 1999, allowing the development of the open-source multiplatform Aleph One engine that is also compatible with Infinity. In 2005, Bungie released the trilogy to the public as freeware, allowing the games to be freely downloaded. In 2011, Bungie released the source code for Marathon Infinity itself, preceding an official Aleph One-based port for iOS the next year that is available free (with in-app purchases).

Story
The story in the single-player version of Marathon Infinity, titled "Blood Tides of Lh'owon", is not told in an explicit fashion. The narrative begins as if large parts, if not all, of the events in Marathon 2 had not happened. At the end of Marathon 2 proper, as the Pfhor's Trih Xeem or "early nova" device is fired upon the S'pht System's sun to explode it, Durandal recounts an ancient S'pht legend in which  a chaotic entity known as the W'rkncacnter — an eldritch abomination —  was sealed inside of that sun by the Jjaro — a highly advanced race from centuries past, their technology being the only remnants of their existence — eons ago. The story involves the player "jumping" between alternative realities via surreal dream sequences, seeking to prevent the W'rkncacnter from being released from Lh'owon's dying sun. These jumps are apparently caused either by technology left behind by the Jjaro or by the W'rkncacnter's chaotic nature. The player begins as Durandal's ally, only to be transported almost immediately to a reality where Durandal did not rescue the player at the end of the first game, Marathon; as such, he is controlled by the Pfhor-tortured AI Tycho instead.

There are four sections to the solo levels of Marathon Infinity, each with its own intro screen. The first is Prologue, in which the player, under Durandal's control, is given a grim message about their fates. The second section is Despair, suddenly has the player under Tycho's command as mentioned previously and inevitably leads to the levels "Electric Sheep One" and "Where are Monsters in Dreams"; the latter level can lead to two choices, one of which is "Aie Mak Sicur", a level indicating a failure to complete the plot and leads to the first level of the third Chapter, Rage ("Where are Monsters in Dreams" also leads directly into Rage). The Rage chapter eventually leads to the second "Electric Sheep" level and its companion, "Whatever You Please". This pair can lead to "Carroll Street Station", another failure level; both levels lead to the final chapter, Envy. Envy leads to the third "Electric Sheep" level and the last "dream" level, "Eat the Path", which can, again, lead to multiple levels. However, it can also lead back to the Rage chapter via a final failure level ("You're Wormfood, Dude"), or to the final level, "Aye Mak Sicur".

Each of the hidden failure levels ("Aie Mak Sicur", "Carroll Street Station", and "You're Wormfood, Dude") represent a portion of the map of the final level, "Aye Mak Sicur". It becomes clear to the player as the game progresses that the ancient Jjaro station portrayed in these levels is the key to containing the W'rkncacnter, but the circumstances of the player's causality are not correct to succeed and is thus transported to a new timeline (each chapter start) to complete the necessary objectives first. None of the other characters in-game seem to be aware of the jumps in reality. The ending screen of Infinity leaves the story's resolution open-ended, taking place billions of years after the events of Marathon Infinity during the final moments of the universe. It can be surmised that both Durandal and Earth did survive in the original timeline as can be seen at the end of Marathon 2.

As a bonus, the three dream levels ("Where are Monsters in Dreams", "Whatever you Please" and "Eat the Path") all refer to a mysterious "Hangar 96". This location does not appear in any of the levels in Marathon, Marathon 2: Durandal, or Marathon Infinity. There are two equally enigmatic terminals in Marathon Infinity; one in the first level and one in the last. Each contains a large amount of hexadecimal code that can be pieced together to create a map called "Hats off to Eight Nineteen", which features a map label reading, "Hangar 96". This multiplayer arena matches grainy pictures found in terminals within the dream levels.

Gameplay
Core game mechanics change little from Marathon 2 except for the addition of a new weapon, the "KKV-7 10mm SMG Flechette". The player is placed into a usually semi-nonlinear level and is generally given a task which must be completed. Upon completion of this objective, the player then proceeds to an extraction point, usually in the form of a terminal. In Infinity, there are a few major deviations. Unlike previous games, certain actions will cause the game to branch out. The game does not contain multiple endings, as these branches will eventually merge back into the main story. The game also makes much greater use of plugin physics models that change game settings from level to level. This is most evident from the player's constantly changing allies throughout the game, as almost every creature in the game will act as both allies and enemies as the game progresses. Marathon Infinity utilizes "Vacuum levels" a great deal more than previous installments in the series (only one such level appeared in the original Marathon and were completely absent in Marathon 2). In these levels the player is restricted to certain weapons and gradually loses oxygen, failure to keep the player's oxygen supply from running out will result in death.

Multiplayer in Marathon Infinity is identical to the second game, except for new maps, such as "Beyond Thunderdome", an extension on the "Thunderdome" level in Marathon 2. Marathon Infinity also contains "House of pain", a duplicate of the Marathon 2 level, and "King of pain", a similar level to "House of pain". In total, Infinity contains 25 single-player or co-op levels, three "Vidmaster's challenges", or extra-hard levels, and 23 multiplayer maps.

Editing tools
One of the most dramatic improvements in the game was the inclusion of Bungie's own level-creating software, Forge, and their physics and in-game graphics editor, Anvil. Forge and Anvil allowed a new generation of players to create their own levels and scenarios using the same tools as the Bungie developers themselves. Another improvement was the ability to include separate monsters, weapons, and physics definitions for each level, a feature heavily used by Double Aught, who designed the Marathon Infinity levels.

Reception

Allgame editor Alexander Goldman described Marathon Infinity as "the standard against which other Macintosh shooters are compared".

The editors of CNET Gamecenter named Marathon Infinity the best Macintosh game of 1996 and wrote that its "design and playability [...] pushed it into the stratosphere".

References

External links

 Marathon Trilogy Box Set, a site with downloadable copies of the original Macintosh Marathon games.
 Marathon Open Source Project, home of the open-source Aleph One engine, which also hosts copies of the Marathon games bundled with Aleph One for modern computers.
Infinity's source code, as released by Bungie in 2011.

1996 video games
Apocalyptic video games
Bungie games
Classic Mac OS games
Classic Mac OS-only games
Commercial video games with freely available source code
Cooperative video games
Drones in fiction
Existentialist video games
First-person shooters
First-person shooter multiplayer online games
Freeware games
IOS games
Linux games
MacOS games
Marathon Trilogy
Marathon engine games
Military science fiction video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Science fiction video games
Sprite-based first-person shooters
Video games about artificial intelligence
Video games about cyborgs
Video games about dreams
Video games about extraterrestrial life
Video games about multiple time paths
Video games about time travel
Video games developed in the United States
Video games with user-generated gameplay content
Video game sequels
Video games with 2.5D graphics
Windows games

Marathon Infinity


Lorenzo Carcaterra (born October 16, 1954) is an American writer of Italian descent. Hell's Kitchen is the setting for his most famous book, Sleepers, which was adapted as a 1996 film of the same name. In April 2009, he joined True/Slant as a blogger. True/Slant ceased operations on July 31, 2010, after only being open for a little less than a year total.

Biography
Carcaterra was born in Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan, New York. His family is from the island of Ischia,  off the coast of Naples.

He became a journalist in 1980, when his first articles begin to appear in various newspapers.

Carcaterra's wife, Susan Toepfer, died of lung cancer on December 24, 2013. She was also the mother of Carcaterra's two children, Kate and Nick.

Published works

Novels
 A Safe Place (1993)
 Sleepers (1995)
 In the book, Carcaterra writes about himself (played in the film by Jason Patric) and three young friends living in the Hell's Kitchen section of Manhattan in the 1960s. After they stage a street prank that unintentionally leaves a man seriously injured, the book says, the four are sent to an upstate juvenile detention center, where they are brutalized and sexually assaulted by the facility's guards. The Sacred Heart of Jesus Church and School on the West Side of Manhattan, which Carcaterra attended, expressed outrage about Carcaterra's assertions, while the Manhattan District Attorney's office stated that there were no records of a case like the one described in the book. Carcaterra has admitted that he deliberately fictionalized certain details of the story, saying, "You have to change dates, names, places, people. The way they looked; you have to make them look a different way. If it happened here, you have to make it happen there."
 Apaches (1997)
 Gangster (2001)
 Street Boys (2002)
 Paradise City (2004)
 Chasers (2007)
 Midnight Angels (2010)
 The Wolf (2014)

Other
 Introduction to Modern Library Classics unabridged version of The Count of Monte Cristo, a novel which plays an important role in Carcaterra's autobiographical novel Sleepers
 He has written and produced a number of episodes of Law & Order.
 He used his knowledge of New York City to contribute to the 2008 video game Alone in the Dark.
 He has written for other publications, including National Geographic Traveler.

References

External links
 Lorenzo Carcaterra Official Site
 A love story

1954 births
Living people
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
American writers of Italian descent
Novelists from New York (state)
Organized crime novelists
People from Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan
Writers from Manhattan

Lorenzo Carcaterra


The North Wales Fire and Rescue Service (NWFRS; ) is the fire and rescue service covering the principal areas of Anglesey, Conwy, Denbighshire, Flintshire, Gwynedd and Wrexham in the north of Wales. With service coverage in north-west Wales being predominantly rural. The NWFRS is headquartered in St Asaph, Denbighshire, Wales.

The service was created in 1996 by the Local Government (Wales) Act 1994 which reformed Welsh local government, by a merger of the previous Clwyd and Gwynedd fire services. It covers an area of  with around 670,000 people. The Service employs over 1000 staff in operational and support roles.

The fire authority which administers the service is a joint board made up of councillors from Anglesey, Conwy, Denbighshire, Flintshire, Gwynedd and Wrexham councils.

Fire stations
The fire and rescue service operates three duty crewing systems: they are wholetime, day-crewed and an "on-call" retained duty system. Wholetime fire appliances are crewed twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. Day-crewed appliances are crewed by wholetime firefighters based at the fire station between 12pm and 10pm. The same firefighters then provide cover from home outside of these hours as retained firefighters. Retained firefighters are summoned to the fire station by pager from home or work to respond to emergency calls. Cross-crewing is a cost-cutting measure that sees various fire appliances being crewed by a single crew. This means, for example, if an appliance in the cross-crewing system responds to an incident, any other appliances in the system will be unavailable as they will have no crew.

See also
 List of British firefighters killed in the line of duty
 North Wales Police

References

External links

Fire and rescue services of Wales
Gwynedd
Conwy County Borough
Denbighshire
Anglesey
Flintshire
Wrexham County Borough
1996 establishments in Wales
Organizations established in 1996

North Wales Fire and Rescue Service


Intergirl (, translit. Interdevochka) is a 1989 Soviet drama film. It is set in Leningrad (Saint Petersburg) in the time of perestroika during the 1980s. The film was the most popular Soviet film in 1989 (41.3 million viewers) and made a star of leading actress Elena Yakovleva.

It is the screen adaptation of the eponymous story by Vladimir Kunin.

Plot
Tanya Zaitseva from Leningrad, a nurse by day and a prostitute catering to foreigners by night, suddenly receives a marriage proposal from a Swedish client. After another altercation with the police, she goes home to share good news with her mother, who thinks that her daughter is just a nurse. Tanya does not hide the fact that she is not marrying for love, but because she wants to have an apartment, a car, money and dreams "to see the world with my own eyes." In a conversation with her mother she argues that prostitution is characteristic of all trades, "all sell themselves.", but her mother cannot accept it.

Tanya's former client and now fiancé, Edvard Larsen, is a pass for Tanya to the Western world of dreams. However, the Soviet bureaucracy gets in the way: there are some requirements to get a visa to Sweden. She needs to receive a permission for immigration from her father, whom she has not seen for 20 years. He demands 3,000 rubles in exchange for the paperwork - a lot of money - which forces Tanya back into prostitution.

Sweden very quickly bores the heroine. She makes friends with a Russian truck driver working for "Sovtransavto", through whom she sends gifts to her mother in Leningrad. Her Swedish "friends" never forget how Tanya earned in the USSR. Ed really loves his wife, but always makes comments about her habits. Tanya is an alien in a foreign world. She is homesick and wants to visit her mother. Meanwhile, Tanya's prostitute friend mentions during a conversation over the phone that they opened case on "illegal foreign currency speculation" on Tanya (a serious crime in the Soviet Union that carried severe penalties). Investigators come to Tanya's mother and reveal the secrets of her daughter's high earnings. Shocked and morally broken by this, Tanya's mother commits suicide by gassing herself to death in her apartment. Skein, a neighbor of Tanya, smells gas at the apartment and bursts in, knocking out the window. She pulls her out from the apartment and tries to revive her, but to no avail. She knocking on the neighbors' doors for help. At this moment in Sweden, Tanya looks back and her intuition tells her that something bad has happened. In panic, she abandoned her lover, jumps into the car and starts driving to the airport and gets killed in car accident. The drama of the final episode is reinforced by the Russian folk song "Tramp" ("In the wild steppes of Transbaikal ..."), which is the leitmotif of the film.

Cast
 Elena Yakovleva as Tanya Zaytseva
 Tomas Laustiola as Edvard Larsen, Tanya Zaytseva's husband (voice by Aleksandr Belyavsky)
 Larisa Malevannaya as Alla Sergeyevna Zaytseva, Tanya's mother
 Anastasiya Nemolyaeva as Lyalya, nurse, Tanya's friend
 Ingeborga Dapkūnaitė as Kisulya, prostitute
 Lyubov Polishchuk as Zina Meleyko, prostitute
 Irina Rozanova as Sima Gulliver, prostitute
 Natalia Shchukina as Natalya «Schoolgirl», prostitute
 Martinsh Vilsons as Victor, trucker
 Vsevolod Shilovsky as Nikolay Platonovich Zaytsev, Tanya's father
 Zinovy Gerdt as Boris Semenovich, chief medical officer
 Valeriy Khromushkin as Volodya,  union organizer of hospital
 Maria Vinogradova as Sergeevna, nurse
 Igor Vetrov as Anatoliy A. Kudryavtsev, police captain
 Gennady Sidorov as Zhenya, police lieutenant
 Tatyana Agafonova as Verka, former Moscow prostitute living in Sweden
 Torsten Wahlund as Gunvald, Edvard Larsen's co-worker
 Sergey Bekhterev as waiter
 Anna Frolovtseva as FRRO employee
 Mintai Utepbergenov as Japanese businessman (voice by Aleksei Zolotnitsky)
 Igor Efimov as hotel janitor

Awards
3 wins and 1 nomination. Elena Yakovleva has won the Best Actress award at Nika, 1990, and Tokyo International Film Festival, 1989.

References

External links

Screenshots
Online version
Swefilmer
Online version  at Movie.ru

1989 films
Mosfilm films
Films about prostitution in Russia
1980s Russian-language films
1989 in the Soviet Union
Films directed by Pyotr Todorovsky
Prostitution in Russia
Films set in Saint Petersburg
Films set in Sweden
Soviet multilingual films
Swedish multilingual films
Films about nurses

Intergirl


"LA Monster" is an unreleased song by American rapper Kanye West. The song was initially intended for West's ninth studio album Jesus Is King (2019) and previewed during listening parties in September and October 2019. West criticized the city of Los Angeles where he lives, saying it is controlled by Satan. The song was leaked online in March 2020 featuring production done by American producer Dr. Dre. "LA Monster" is the second song to leak from Donda, after "Up from the Ashes" leaked online in February 2020.

Background and recording
In August 2019, American rapper Kanye West's wife, American media personality Kim Kardashian, announced that her husband's ninth studio would be titled Jesus Is King. On September 27, 2019, West held a listening party for the album at the Fox Theatre in Detroit, Michigan. Kardashian shared a track list via Twitter that included the track "LA Monster". On September 29, 2019, the listening party in New York City altered the order of the track list, making "LA Monster" the eighth song played out of ten. During the listening party, West announced the song's title as "Ugliest Nightmare". Jesus Is King was released on October 25, 2019. "LA Monster" was not included on the final cut of the album.

On November 18, 2019, West announced on Twitter that he was working with American recording artist Dr. Dre on a sequel collaborative project Jesus Is King Part II. In March 2020, the reworked "LA Monster" for Jesus Is King Part II leaked online. The leaked track was co-produced and mixed by Dr. Dre. Another Jesus Is King Part II track, "Up from the Ashes", had previously leaked online in February 2020.

Composition and lyrics

In the song, West talks about his life and grapples with "the challenges of being in [Los Angeles] and what it can do to you." West, who lives in the suburbs of Los Angeles with Kardashian, raps about the city letting Satan run the streets. West pleads to God to save the people of the city from the "LA Monster", an image of the wild lifestyle of Los Angeles. West criticizes those who claim to be woke, saying that they are sleepwalking and have sold their souls. Brian McCollum of the Detroit Free Press wrote that "LA Monster" continues the overarching spiritual theme of Jesus Is King by warning "against the temptations of superficial culture."

Critical reception
Gary Graff of Billboard described the song as "prayerful". Elias Leight of Rolling Stone reported on gospel artist Donald Lawrence praising the song's narrative as refreshing. Lawrence compared "LA Monster" to gospel songs that have a vertical relationship with God, stating that West talking about his life was "something praise and worship doesn't allow you to do."

References

2020 songs
Unreleased songs
Kanye West songs
Songs about Los Angeles

LA Monster


Sophie Rimheden (born 24 March 1975) is a Swedish electronica artist.  Born in Lund, Sweden, she began making music as a child and moved into electronic music at age 13.  She has stated she is heavily influenced by Madonna.

Early career
Rimheden released her first album Underneath The Floor in 1999 under the name Hayce. She collaborated with various guest musicians.  Over the next few years she contributed songs to various compilation albums, including "Don't Follow" (2001) on Electric Ladyland (as Sophie Rimheden), "Cadillac" (as Hayce, 2002) for Circle o and "Food" (as Ban Ham, 2003) on Nattskift.  In 2003, she released her first album under her own name, Hi-Fi on Mitek.  A mixture of IDM, distorted disco, and electro-bleep-funk, the album was a critical success in her homeland, winning the Manifest Prize for the best Postrock/Electronica album of 2003, as well as receiving several Swedish music industry nominations.  The track "In Your Mind" was notable for sampling the bassline from the Bananarama classic "Cruel Summer".

Continuing success
Further contributions to compilations continued through 2004 and 2005 as well as the distribution of several free mp3 singles.  An EP "Into Night' in 2004 feature four new tracks and was followed by her second album Miss on Svedjebruk. Later in 2004, she covered the Tears for Fears hit "Shout" with Håkan Lidbo, which was released as a single.  She teamed up with Lidbo again in 2005 to record the 1980s track "Framling" for the various artists album Alla Tiders Melodifestival, a cover album of Swedish Eurovision Song Contest entries over the years.  She set up her own record company SRP (Sophie Rimheden Productions) and in 2005 released her third album Sophie Rimheden.  It featured three singles "Can You Save Me?", featuring Annika Holmberg, "Queen of the Night" and "Days Go By", featuring Marit Bergman. She released her fourth album, Traveller, on 14 April 2008.

External links
Sophie Rimheden Productions Official site

Electronica musicians
1975 births
Musicians from Lund
Living people
21st-century Swedish singers
21st-century Swedish women singers

Sophie Rimheden


Earl of Danby was a title that was created twice in the Peerage of England. The first creation came in 1626 in favour of the soldier Henry Danvers, 1st Baron Danvers. He had already been created Baron Danvers, of Dauntsey in the County of Wiltshire, in 1603, also in the Peerage of England. The titles became extinct on his death in 1644. The second creation came in 1674 in favour of Thomas Osborne, 1st Viscount Latimer. He was the son of Anne, daughter of Thomas Walmesley and Eleanor Danvers, sister of the first Earl of the first creation. For more information on the second creation, see Duke of Leeds.

Earls of Danby; First creation (1626)
Henry Danvers, 1st Earl of Danby (1573–1644)

Earls of Danby; Second creation (1674)
see Duke of Leeds

Family tree

References

Extinct earldoms in the Peerage of England
Noble titles created in 1626
Noble titles created in 1674

Earl of Danby


The lateral rotator group is a group of six small muscles of the hip which all externally (laterally) rotate the femur in the hip joint. It consists of the following muscles: piriformis, gemellus superior, obturator internus, gemellus inferior, quadratus femoris and the obturator externus.

All muscles in the lateral rotator group originate from the hip bone and insert on to the upper extremity of the femur. The muscles are innervated by the sacral plexus (L4-S2), except the obturator externus muscle, which is innervated by the lumbar plexus.

Individual muscles

Other lateral rotators
This group does not include all muscles which aid in lateral rotation of the hip joint: rather it is a collection of ones which are known for primarily performing this action. Other muscles that contribute to lateral rotation of the hip include:
Gluteus maximus muscle (lower fibres)
Gluteus medius muscle and gluteus minimus muscle when the hip is flexed (become medial rotators when hip is extended)
Psoas major muscle
Psoas minor muscle
Sartorius muscle

Additional images

See also
Hip anatomy

References

External links

Hip lateral rotators
Muscles of the lower limb
Hip muscles
Deep lateral rotators of the hip

Lateral rotator group


The 1704 Polish–Lithuanian royal election was an election to decide on the new candidate for the Polish–Lithuanian throne.

History
In early 1700, King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania and Elector of Saxony, Augustus II the Strong began the Great Northern War by attacking Swedish Livonia. Despite Russian support, Saxon army lost several battles, and soon afterwards, forces of the Swedish Empire controlled most of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In June 1703, Augustus II convened the Extraordinary Sejm in Lublin, where he faced widespread criticism. His opponent were led by Primate of Poland, Michał Radziejowski, and sons of late King Jan III Sobieski, Jakub and Konstanty.

Opponents of Augustus II formed the Warsaw Confederation, and on February 16, 1704 in Warsaw, they dethroned him. In April of the same year, young Voivode of Poznań, Stanisław Leszczyński, met with King Charles XII of Sweden in Lidzbark Warmiński. The Swedish monarch, aware of Leszczyński's influences in Greater Poland, declared that he should be new King of Poland–Lithuania. Leszczyński initially pledged that he would temporarily control the crown, to hand it over to James Louis Sobieski, but never kept his promise.On July 12, 1704, a small group of szlachta, gathered in a Swedish army camp near Warsaw, declared Leszczyński the new King. The election was not confirmed by Primate Radziejowski, but by Bishop of Poznań Mikołaj Święcicki, which was against the rules. On October 4, 1704, Leszczyński was crowned by Archbishop of Lwów, Konstanty Józef Zieliński. The coronation took place at Warsaw's St. John's Archcathedral.

Augustus II, however, did not give up Polish crown and did not abdicate. In May 1704, he formed the anti-Swedish Sandomierz Confederation, called for the levee en masse, and on August 30, signed the Treaty of Narva, establishing the Polish - Russian alliance, and officially declaring war between the Commonwealth and Sweden. This decision resulted in a civil war in Poland - Lithuania, between supporters of Augustus and Leszczyński. Initially, Augustus managed to recapture Warsaw, and win the support of most senators, during a council in Grodno. On February 13, 1706, however, Augustus lost the Battle of Fraustadt, and, facing Swedish occupation of Saxony, gave up his claim to Polish crown in the Treaty of Altranstadt (1706).

Augustus retook Polish throne in 1709, after Swedish defeat in the Battle of Poltava. In revenge, Russian troops, stationed in Poland, burned and ransacked the city of Leszno, which was property of the Leszczyński family.

See also
 History of Poland in the Early Modern era (1569–1795)
 Royal elections in Poland
 Golden Liberty
 Henrician Articles

Sources
 U. Augustyniak, Historia Polski 1572–1795, Warszawa 2008
 M. Markiewicz, Historia Polski 1494–1795, Kraków 2002

Royal elections in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1704 in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1704 in politics
18th-century elections in Europe
Non-partisan elections

1704 Polish–Lithuanian royal election


The ZIL-4102 was a front-wheel drive saloon developed by the Soviet car manufacturer ZiL (Zavod imeni Lihacheva) in 1987 on the ZIL-41041 platform. The first 4102 prototype was rolled off the production line in 1987 with two more following in 1989 and the final one in late 1990/early 1991. It reportedly had a choice of 3 different power plants (a healthy 4.5L V6, 6.0L V8, and a 7.0L V8 diesel option).

Background
The 4102 (development name океан or ocean) was intended to bring a domestic luxury sports saloon and touring coupe on to the market to compete with the imported Mercedes-Benz W126, Mercedes-Benz W123 (both saloon and coupe) and Audi 100 as well as to produce an executive car for the foreign market (despite the fact that ZIL was mainly building custom limos and saloons for the Soviet Government and its dignitaries).

Description

The 4102 was the first Russian executive car that did not utilized body-on-frame construction, instead it utilized unitized construction. It was also half a meter longer than the Gaz Volga and weighed half a ton less than the ZIL-41041. The roof panels and floor, trunk lid, hood and bumpers were made of fiberglass.

Performance

With its automatic transmission and the 315 hp 7.7 liter V-8 petrol engine, the same as used in other Zil limousines, the 4102 accelerated from 0 to 100 km/h (0 to 62 mph) in 10.5 seconds. Fuel consumption was  at  and  at .

Models and trim levels

There were three different models planned: a four-door family saloon, a four-door touring saloon and a two-door touring coupe; all three had very similar standard options (except for the standard engines and transmissions for both the touring coupe and touring saloons). There were two trim levels for all three models.

Base interior trim on the family saloons was composed of an AM/FM radio/tape player, suede seats and head liner, two-way power bench (only the family saloons had benches seats), adjustable rear bench, power windows, power locks, heater and vent fan, power steering, 4.5L V6 engine, and front disc brakes and rear drums (again family saloon only). The second trim level on the family saloon contained most of the features on the base trim but replaced some of them as well leather seats, air conditioning (not a very popular option in Russia but it was offered) and the 6.0L V8.

The touring saloon and coupe's base trim was almost identical to the family saloons except that they offered leather seats, 4-way front bucket seats, 6,000 rpm tachometer, 6.0L V-8, 5-speed manual transmission (standard on the coupe only), and front and rear disc brakes. The second trim level focused mainly on the drive train offering a tuned 6.0L V8 with about 15 more horse power and 24 more ft·lbf of torque and tighter shift ratios for the manual.

References

External links
 Article at Old Russian Cars

Cars of Russia
1980s cars
4102
Soviet automobiles
Sedans

ZIL-4102


Nedim C. Buyukmihci is an American doctor of veterinary medicine, specializing in veterinary ophthalmology, and founder of the Association of Veterinarians for Animal Rights. A leading figure within the animal rights movement, he is an outspoken critic of scientific testing on animals. He is a professor emeritus of ophthalmology at the University of California, Davis' School of Veterinary Medicine, having retired in 2003.

Buyukmihci founded the Association of Veterinarians for Animal Rights in 1981 with fellow veterinarian physician Neil Wolff.

Buyukmihci joined the staff of the University of California, Davis in 1979, almost immediately conflicting with the School of Veterinary Medicine administration with his opposition to the use of shelter animals as test subjects for surgery practice. He retired from the university in the spring of 2003, retaining his emeritus professorship. In August 2003, he took up a position as director of the Animal Protection Institute's primate sanctuary for non-human primates in Dilley, Texas. He is a diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists.

His sister Nermin founded America's first cruelty-free vegan store, Nermin's Dry Goods, in the late 1970s.

They were the two children of Hope Sawyer Buyukmihci of the Unexpected Wildlife Refuge, which was frequently featured in Ahimsa, a publication of the American Vegan Society.

See also
 List of animal rights advocates

Notes

American animal rights activists
American veterinarians
American veganism activists
Anti-vivisectionists
Living people
Male veterinarians
Year of birth missing (living people)

Ned Buyukmihci