Larry Henderson (September 4, 1917 – November 26, 2006) was the first regular newsreader on the CBC Television's The National News, later rebranded as The National, from 1954 to 1959. He was born in Montreal, Quebec.

Henderson was selected by Mavor Moore as the CBC Television's first regular national newsreader. Previously, each five-minute news bulletin had been read by a variety of announcers - a situation found to create a disjointed broadcast. By the end of 1954 the national news broadcast was expanded to 15 minutes, twice a day, with film and still pictures accompanying Henderson's narration.

Henderson was known for his temper and would swear on the air or make his reading unintelligibly fast when signalled by the director to speed up. On one occasion he walked off the set when the film for a news story was not ready on cue.

Henderson was born in Montreal and attended McGill University, where he studied music. In 1936 he travelled to England with the hopes of becoming a Shakespearian actor. In London, he studied at the London School of Economics and did further graduate studies at the School of Graduate Studies in Geneva, Switzerland. He spent three years in repertory theatre in England performing the lead in Doctor Faustus and playing Mercutio to Alec Guinness's Romeo in Romeo and Juliet.

In 1940, he returned to Canada and joined the announcing staff of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. In 1943, he enlisted in the Canadian Army serving in North Africa and Italy during World War II in the signal corps. Following the war, Henderson rejoined CBC - he applied to work for the broadcaster as an actor but instead found himself working as a staff announcer from 1946 to 1948 when he moved to CFRB to host Headliners which would eventually be syndicated to 24 private radio stations.

Henderson was the first Canadian broadcaster to cover the Korean War spending six weeks in the wartorn country in 1950. He subsequently travelled through Europe for three years sending recordings for his Headliners program back to Canada as well as hosting a CBC show, Passport to Adventure.

In 1954, he returned to Canada to accept a position at CBC Television as its newsreader in hopes of becoming the country's answer to Edward R. Murrow. Henderson would anchor the broadcast for almost five years and would, unusually for newsreaders at the time, memorize his script rather than read it live.

In 1959, Henderson left CBC to work for CHFI-FM and CHCH-TV. He later joined CTV National News as its international affairs expert and weekend news anchor. He left after several years to lecture and write books on international affairs and ran the Larry Henderson School of Television in Toronto. In the 1970s, Henderson joined the Canadian International Development Agency going on assignment to Tanzania where he helped organize the country's national broadcasting system.

In 1973, Henderson began writing for the Catholic Register becoming its editor the next year. He revitalized the paper increasing its subscription rate from 30,000 to 60,000 before his retirement in 1986. Under his leadership, the newspaper became a leading voice in the Canadian anti-abortion movement. In his later years, Henderson was managing editor of Challenge, a Canadian monthly Roman Catholic magazine. He retired from this venture in 2002.

Henderson died in his sleep on Monday, November 26, 2006 at his home in London, Ontario.

References

Biography
Larry Henderson: Journalist from Catholic Insight magazine.

1917 births
2006 deaths
Military personnel from Montreal
Canadian Army personnel of World War II
Journalists from Montreal
Canadian television news anchors
Canadian Roman Catholics
McGill University School of Music alumni
Anglophone Quebec people
Canadian radio news anchors
Canadian newspaper editors
Canadian male journalists
CTV Television Network people
CBC Television people
20th-century Canadian journalists
Royal Canadian Corps of Signals soldiers

Larry Henderson


Elizabeth Donnan (1883-1955) was an historian of the slave trade in America and Professor Emeritus at Wellesley College from 1920 to 1949.

Donnan was born in Morrow County, Ohio to John W. Donnan and Annie Grisell. She graduated from Cornell University with a B.A/A.B. in 1908. She later credited George Lincoln Burr as an influence on her work, and in 1931 she contributed to an edited volume in his honour. In 1911 she joined the Department of Historical Research at the Carnegie Institution in Washington, where she worked under John Franklin Jameson.

She also worked as an assistant editor at the American Historical Review, the official publication of the American Historical Association, until 1919. In 1920, Donnan gained a position at Wellesley College, in Massachusetts, where she remained until her retirement in 1949, having become a Professor Emeritus of Economics. One of her most important publications was a four volume series called Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade to America, published between 1930 and 1935. After her retirement, she spent much of her time editing volumes of historical documents, such as the papers of her old colleague Jameson, which she was working on when she died in Washington on 15 March 1955. The text, titled An historian's world was published in 1956.

Her papers, notes, and writings were gifted to Yale University by her estate in 1957.

References

Year of birth uncertain
1880s births
1955 deaths
20th-century American historians
Cornell University alumni
Historians from Ohio
People from Morrow County, Ohio
Wellesley College faculty

Elizabeth Donnan


Wadjet is a goddess in Egyptian mythology. She was often shown in art as a cobra and was the protector of lower Egypt. Later, she became the protector of kings. Her worship was already established by the Predynastic Period, but did change somewhat as time progressed. She began as the local goddess of Per-Wadjet (Buto) but soon became a patron goddess of Lower Egypt.

Other websites
touregypt.net
philae.nu
thekeep.org
http://www.ancientegyptonline.co.uk/wadjet.html

Egyptian gods and goddesses

Wadjet


Schlager music (, "hit(s)") is a style of European popular music that is generally a catchy instrumental accompaniment to vocal pieces of pop music with simple, happy-go-lucky, and often sentimental lyrics.

Typical schlager tracks are either sweet, sentimental ballads with a simple, catchy melody or light pop tunes. Lyrics typically center on love, relationships, and feelings. The northern variant of schlager (notably in Finland) has taken elements from Finnic, Nordic, Slavic, and other East European folk songs, with lyrics tending towards melancholic and elegiac themes. Musically, schlager bears similarities to styles such as easy listening.

The style has been frequently represented at the Eurovision Song Contest and has been popular since the contest began in 1956, although it is gradually being replaced by other pop music styles.

Linguistics
Schlager is a loanword from German (from schlagen, "to hit"). It also came into some other languages (such as Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Dutch, Czech, Finnish, Hungarian, Lithuanian, Latvian, Estonian, Serbian, Turkish, Russian, Hebrew, and Romanian, for example), where it retained its meaning of a "(musical) hit".

Central Europe

The roots of German schlager are old. Originally, the word meant a hit or a strike. The first use of the word applied to music, in its original meaning, was in an opening night critique in the newspaper Wiener Fremden-Blatt on 17 February 1867 about The Blue Danube by Johann Strauss II.

One ancestor of schlager music in its current meaning may be the operetta, which was highly popular in the early 20th century. In the 1920s and 1930s, the Comedian Harmonists and Rudi Schuricke laid the foundations for this new music. Well-known schlager singers of the 1950s and early 1960s include Lale Andersen, Freddy Quinn, Ivo Robić, Gerhard Wendland, Caterina Valente, Margot Eskens and Conny Froboess. Schlager reached a peak of popularity in Germany and Austria in the 1960s (featuring Peter Alexander and Roy Black) and the early 1970s.  From the mid-1990s through the early 2000s, schlager also saw an extensive revival in Germany by, for example, Guildo Horn, Dieter Thomas Kuhn, Michelle, and Petra Perle. Dance clubs would play a stretch of schlager titles during the course of an evening, and numerous new bands were formed specialising in 1970s schlager cover versions and newer material.
Germans view schlager as their country music, and American country and Tex-Mex music are both major elements in schlager culture. ("Is This the Way to Amarillo" is regularly played in schlager contexts, usually in the English-language original.)

Between 1975 and 1981, German-style schlager became disco-oriented, in many ways merging with the mainstream disco music of the time. Singers such as Marianne Rosenberg recorded both schlager and disco hits. The song "Moskau" by German band Dschinghis Khan was one of the earliest modern, dance-based schlager, again showing how schlager of the 1970s and early 1980s merged with mainstream disco and Euro-disco. Dschinghis Khan, while primarily a Euro-disco band, also played disco-influenced schlager.

Popular schlager singers include Michael Holm, Roland Kaiser, Hansi Hinterseer, Jürgen Drews, Andrea Berg, Heintje Simons, Helene Fischer, Nicole, Claudia Jung, Andrea Jürgens, Michelle, Kristina Bach, Marianne Rosenberg, Simone Stelzer, Daniela Alfinito, Semino Rossi, Vicky Leandros, Leonard, DJ Ötzi, Andreas Gabalier and more recently, Beatrice Egli.

In Hamburg in the 2010s, Schlager fans still gathered annually by the hundreds of thousands, dressing in 1970s clothing for street parades called "Schlager Move". The Schlager Move designation is also used for a number of smaller schlager music parties in several major German cities throughout the year. (This revival is sometimes associated with kitsch and camp.)

Stylistically, schlager continues to influence German "party pop" or "party-schlager" (e.g. "Layla", 2022): that is, music most often heard in après-ski bars and Majorcan mass discos. Contemporary schlager is often mingled with Volkstümliche Musik. If it is not part of an ironic kitsch revival, a taste for both styles of music is commonly associated with folksy pubs, fun fairs, and bowling league venues. In the English-speaking world, the most popular group to have included elements of schlager in their style is probably ABBA, a band that mixed traditional Swedish music, schlager, and pop-rock to create their own sound.

Finland

See also
 Schlager and Volksmusik
 Estrada (music genre)
 Levenslied, similar genre in the Netherlands
 Pimba, similar genre in Portugal
 Traditional pop music
 Middle of the road
 Adult contemporary music
 Dance-pop

References

External links

Popular music
European music genres

Schlager music


The Knebworth Festival is a recurring open-air rock and pop concert held on the grounds of the Knebworth House in Knebworth, England. The festival first occurred in July 1974 when The Allman Brothers Band, The Doobie Brothers and other artists attracted 60,000 people.

Since then the venue has hosted numerous outdoor concerts, featuring artists including The Rolling Stones, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Pink Floyd, Genesis, Frank Zappa, Led Zeppelin, The Beach Boys, Deep Purple, Queen, Status Quo, Paul McCartney, Eric Clapton, Elton John, Phil Collins, Robert Plant, Dire Straits, Mike Oldfield, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Robbie Williams, and Oasis.

Major concerts

The Rolling Stones played in front of an estimated 200,000 at Knebworth in August 1976.
In 1979, Led Zeppelin performed at Knebworth for two gigs, their first concerts in the United Kingdom since 1975. The band reportedly played to record crowds in excess of 200,000 people, even though official admission records only list 109,000 people. The New Barbarians, Ron Wood's solo outfit with Keith Richards played at the second show on 11 August. Support bands included Fairport Convention and Chas and Dave.
The Beach Boys headlined the 1980 Knebworth concert, which would prove to be the last UK performance of the band's original lineup. Drummer Dennis Wilson would die in 1983 from drowning. Part of their set was released on CD and DVD in 2002 as Good Timin': Live at Knebworth England 1980.
The 1985 event was the first UK gig by the re-formed Deep Purple.
On 9 August 1986, Queen performed their last concert with their original lineup (Freddie Mercury, Brian May, Roger Taylor and John Deacon)  in what was Freddie Mercury's final show with the band. Biographer Mark Blake writes, "the official attendance was 120,000, but in reality the audience was closer to 200,000." Queen roadie Peter Hince states, "At Knebworth, I somehow felt it was going to be the last for all of us", while Brian May recalled Mercury saying "I'm not going to be doing this forever. This is probably the last time." Queen did not perform live again until after Mercury's death, at his tribute concert at Wembley Stadium in April 1992.
On 30 June 1990, the park was the location for The Silver Clef Award Winners Concert which was recorded with highlights released on LP and compact disc, along with home video on VHS and laserdisc later that year, with a newly remixed edition released on DVD in 2002. A Blu-ray edition with upscaled SD video and high resolution audio (LPCM stereo and DTS-HD Master Audio 5.1) was released in Europe in 2015. It included the performances of artists including Pink Floyd, Cliff Richard and The Shadows, Tears for Fears, Eric Clapton, Dire Straits, Elton John, Paul McCartney, Ray Cooper, Robert Plant (w/ Jimmy Page), Phil Collins, Status Quo and Genesis. Pink Floyd's complete set was released with newly remixed audio on multiple formats (180-gram 45 r.p.m. double LP, compact disc and digital platforms) on 30 April 2021.

In 1996, Oasis, who were supported by The Charlatans, Kula Shaker, Manic Street Preachers, The Bootleg Beatles, The Chemical Brothers, Ocean Colour Scene and The Prodigy, played two shows with an audience of 125,000 per night.
In 2003, Robbie Williams headlined at the main stage in Knebworth over a three-day period, drawing crowds of over 375,000, and a further 3.5 million who watched live on television and online. Other acts to perform on the same stage were The Darkness, Ash, Moby and Kelly Osbourne. This concert caused a huge traffic jam on the A1(M) as thousands of cars tried to reach the venue during Friday evening rush hour. A subsequent album, entitled Robbie Williams – Live at Knebworth, was released, and reached number two in the UK charts. A DVD entitled What We Did Last Summer, was released afterwards.
In 2009, Metallica and Linkin Park headlined the first ever UK Sonisphere Festival. Other bands included Nine Inch Nails, Heaven & Hell, and Avenged Sevenfold, whose late drummer The Rev would play his final show during the festival. The festival took place again in 2010 with Rammstein and Iron Maiden headlining plus performances from other acts such as Alice Cooper, Iggy and the Stooges and Mötley Crüe.

Concert history

References

Bibliography

External links

Knebworth House website
Knebworth Festival History 1974-1986

Knebworth House
Knebworth Festival
Knebworth Festival
Festival

Knebworth Festival


Joseph Francis Saunders (born June 16, 1981) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. Saunders pitched in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, Arizona Diamondbacks, Baltimore Orioles, Seattle Mariners and Texas Rangers.

College and minor league career
Saunders played college baseball at Virginia Tech, where he compiled a 27–7 career record. His 27 wins tie him for third place in most career wins in school history. His accomplishments as a Hokie earned him a place in the Virginia Tech Sports Hall of Fame. In 2001, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Harwich Mariners of the Cape Cod Baseball League and was named a league all-star.

He was drafted in the first round (12th overall) by the then Anaheim Angels in . After being promoted to Single-A Cedar Rapids in 2002, he missed the entire  season due to an injury in his left shoulder. He returned to the game with Single-A Rancho Cucamonga in  and went 9–7 with a 3.41 ERA. He was promoted to Double-A Arkansas in 2004 and recorded a 7–4 record with two complete games in . Later in 2005, he was promoted to Triple-A Salt Lake. In 2005, he was a combined 10–7 with three complete games, including two shutouts, earning honors as the Angels Organization's Pitcher of the Year. He was named #37 of the top 50 minor league baseball players in 2006 by Minor League News.

Major league career

Los Angeles Angels

Saunders made his major league debut on August 16, 2005, against the Toronto Blue Jays, receiving a no decision after closer Francisco Rodríguez blew the save in a 4–3 loss for the Angels. He was sent back down to Salt Lake, but recalled on September 6 to start against the Seattle Mariners on September 14. Once again, he received a no-decision in a 10–9 defeat and was optioned to Salt Lake. Though he was not placed on the playoff roster, he was re-signed by the Angels to a one-year contract. After Bartolo Colón was placed on the disabled list during the  season, Saunders was recalled a final time and replaced Colon in the rotation. Before Saunders received his first loss, he compiled a 4–0 record. He ended the season with a 7–3 record and a 4.71 ERA.

Saunders began the  season in the rotation while Colon remained on the disabled list. As the only active major league player at the time from Virginia Tech, Saunders received special permission to wear a Virginia Tech cap during the April 20, 2007, game against the Seattle Mariners to honor the victims of the Virginia Tech massacre. He also wore the initials "VT" on his cleats and drew the Virginia Tech logo on the back of the pitcher's mound before the start of the game. He picked up the win after pitching six shutout innings. He was optioned to the Triple-A Salt Lake Bees on April 21, 2007, to make room for Colon's return. Saunders made two spot starts for when a pitcher on the Angel's normal rotation was injured: for Colon (triceps tendinitis) on June 2, 2007, against the Baltimore Orioles and for Jered Weaver (bruised shoulder) on June 22, 2007, against the Pittsburgh Pirates. He was called up for a third time on July 21, 2007, to replace Ervin Santana in the starting rotation when Santana was optioned to Triple-A Salt Lake.

In , Saunders entered spring training in a competition with Santana for the role of 5th starter in the Angels rotation. After the Angels' co-aces John Lackey and Kelvim Escobar sustained injuries, both Saunders and Santana were promoted to full-time roles as the 3rd and 4th starter, respectively. In the first third of the season, both players shone brightly, with both being considered early candidates for the American League Cy Young Award. On June 3, 2008, Saunders became the American League's first 9-game winner in a 5–4 victory over division rivals the Seattle Mariners. Saunders gave up only one earned run, lowering his ERA to 3rd best in the American League in the process. Saunders also then became the first American League pitcher to get 11 wins, giving up only two earned runs to the Philadelphia Phillies on June 21, 2008. Following the 2008 season, Saunders was asked to join the USA Baseball team for the 2009 World Baseball Classic. However, he declined the request.

Saunders was the opening day pitcher for the Angels in the 2009 season. On May 9, 2009, he pitched his first major league complete game shutout against the Kansas City Royals. From 2008 to 2009, Saunders compiled 33 wins.

Arizona Diamondbacks
On July 25, 2010, he was traded to the Arizona Diamondbacks for Dan Haren. Three minor league pitchers, left hander Patrick Corbin and right handers Rafael Rodríguez and Tyler Skaggs also went to Arizona. On December 12, 2011, Saunders was non-tendered and became a free agent. On January 17, 2012, he re-signed with the Diamondbacks for one year at a salary of $6 million.

Baltimore Orioles

On August 26, 2012, Saunders was traded to the Baltimore Orioles for Matt Lindstrom. He finished 3–3 in seven starts for the O's. Saunders was the winning pitcher when the Orioles defeated the Texas Rangers in the inaugural Wild Card Game, pitching  innings with four strikeouts.

Seattle Mariners

On February 12, 2013, Saunders agreed to a one-year contract with the Seattle Mariners. Over his first six weeks of the season, he pitched very well at home in Safeco Field and extremely poorly in his road outings. This pattern coupled with previous good numbers at Safeco Field earned him the slightly pejorative sobriquet "Safeco Joe." Although he pitched slightly better at home than on the road, his home ERA was at 4.99 in 13 starts, while on the road his ERA was 5.45 in 19 starts. Saunders finished with a record of 11-16 and a 5.26 ERA for the M's.

Texas Rangers
On March 4, 2014, Saunders signed a one-year contract with the Texas Rangers. He was designated for assignment on July 1, 2014. Saunders was released on July 4.

Kansas City Royals
On July 8, 2014, Saunders signed a minor league contract with the Kansas City Royals and was assigned to the Triple-A Omaha Royals. After four starts and an ERA of 6.75 at Triple-A, he was released by the team on July 29.

Second Stint with Orioles
On August 1, 2014, Saunders returned to the Baltimore Orioles, signing a minor league contract with the club. He was called up to the big leagues on September 1 as part of the September roster expansion

Second stint with Mariners
Saunders signed a minor league deal with the Seattle Mariners on February 20, 2015. He opted out of his minor league deal with the Mariners on May 1, 2015.

Scouting report
Saunders has never been a strikeout pitcher, having a K/9 of less than 6. He has been durable throughout his career. Saunders relies on a fastball at around 89 to 91 MPH with sink to it, a curveball, a slider and his best pitch, a changeup.

Personal life
Saunders is married to his Virginia Tech classmate and former Hokie softball player, the former Shanel Garofalo. The couple has three daughters. He described himself in an interview, "My personality is laid back and very low key. I like to have fun, and I like to hang out and be with family and friends. Then, once I get on the field, everything changes. I don't think about any family, any friends, any babies, or anyone at all. Once I'm out there on that mound, I'm all business. I don't think about anything except getting that hitter out any way I can."

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
Los Angeles Angels players
Arizona Diamondbacks players
Baltimore Orioles players
Seattle Mariners players
Texas Rangers players
Virginia Tech Hokies baseball players
Provo Angels players
Cedar Rapids Kernels players
Rancho Cucamonga Quakes players
Arkansas Travelers players
Salt Lake Stingers players
Salt Lake Bees players
Arizona League Diamondbacks players
Frisco RoughRiders players
Round Rock Express players
Omaha Storm Chasers players
Norfolk Tides players
Tacoma Rainiers players
American League All-Stars
Baseball players from Virginia
Major League Baseball pitchers
People from Falls Church, Virginia
Sportspeople from Fairfax County, Virginia
Harwich Mariners players

Joe Saunders


Edward Joseph Collins (November 10, 1886 – December 1, 1951) was an American pianist, conductor and composer of classical music in a neoromantic style.

Life and career
Collins was born in Joliet, Illinois, into an Irish family – his father was from County Meath and his mother from Belfast. From age 14, he studied with Rudolph Ganz in Chicago, and in 1906 went with Ganz to Berlin, where he studied performance and composition at the Berlin Hochschule für Musik under Max Bruch and Engelbert Humperdinck. Upon graduation, he had a successful concert piano debut in Berlin. He returned to the United States in 1912 and toured with the contralto Ernestine Schumann-Heink. He was an assistant conductor with the Century Opera Company in New York City and with the Bayreuth Festival in Germany.

During World War I, Collins served in the U.S. Army (88th Division of the Intelligence Unit in France) as an interpreter and entertained the troops as pianist. From Private he rose up to the rank of Lieutenant during the war.

After the war he returned to Chicago and joined 1919 the faculty of Chicago Musical College as one of the principal piano teachers. Collins married a voice student, Frieda Mayer, whose father, Oscar, owned a meatpacking company and was well to do. Collins and his wife had four children namely Dorothy Louise, Marianna Louise, Louise Joan  and  Edward  Joseph  junior.  Having  married  into  a  family  of  wealth, they  lived  in  the  Mayer residence on Sheridan Road in Chicago.

He later joined the faculty of the American Conservatory of Music. He died in Chicago, Illinois in 1951.

Music
Collins belonged to a group of conservative Chicago composers whose influence did not reach far beyond the city. His music includes twelve major orchestral works (incl. three piano concertos), a secular cantata, an opera, several chamber works, more than 20 songs and a dozen piano solo and duo scores. For a number of years he was preoccupied with his Irish heritage and wrote several long scores for large orchestra involving traditional Irish melodies.

Family
While at Chicago Music College, Collins met and married, on July 21, 1920, a voice student, Frieda Johanna Mayer (November 17, 1889 Chicago, Illinois - December 7, 1965 Birmingham, Michigan), daughter of meat-packing magnate Oscar Mayer.

Compositions
Stage
Who Can Tell (operetta)
Daughter of the South (1939), opera

Cantata
Hymn to the Earth (1928) for solo voices, chorus and orchestra

Orchestral works
1914. Tragic Overture (1914; rev. 1926 and 1942)
Piano Concerto No. 1 in E-flat major (premiered 1925)
Symphony in B minor "Nos habeit humus" (1925)
Irish Rhapsody (1927)
Set of Four (1927)
Hibernia (Irish Rhapsody, Variations on an old Irish Song) (1929)
Concert Piece for Piano and Orchestra (Piano Concerto No. 2) (1931)
Variations on an Irish Folksong (1931)
Ballet Suite: The Mask of the Red Death (1932)
Mardi Gras (1933)
Valse elegante (1933)
Lament and Jig (1941)
Piano Concerto No. 3 in B minor (1942)
Cowboy's Breakdown (1944)

Chamber music
Piano Trio (Geronimo) op. 1
Arabesque
Cello Suite
Prayer

Other
More than a dozen piano solo and duo scores
15 songs for voice and piano

Recordings
Piano Compositions, performed by Mayne Miller (piano, on the orchestral work), Gunnar Johansen (piano solo works), Peninsula Music Festival Orchestra, Thor Johnson (cond.). Contains: Concert Piece for Piano and Orchestra in A minor; Cowboy's Breakdown; Tango (in Form of a Rondo); Valses caractéristiques, Op. 18; on: [private recording], LP (1980), .
Music of Edward Joseph Collins Vol. 1, performed by Earl Wild (piano), Gunnar Johansen (piano), Manhattan String Quartette. Contains: Variations on an Irish Tune; All God's Chillun' Got Wings; Didn't My Lord Deliver Daniel?; Lil' David Play On Yo' Harp; The Gospel Train; Valses caractéristiques, Op. 18; Cowboy's Breakdown; Tango (in Form of a Rondo); Passacaglia; Allegro piacevole, from First String Quartet in D Minor; on: Albany Troy 1156, CD.
Music of Edward Joseph Collins Vol. 2: Orchestral Music, performed by Leslie Stifelman (piano), Concordia Orchestra, Marin Alsop (cond.). Contains: Mardi Gras; Concert Piece in A minor for Piano & Orchestra; Tragic Overture; Valse elegante; on: Albany Troy 267, CD.
Music of Edward Joseph Collins Vol. 3: Orchestral Music, performed by William Wolfram (piano), Royal Scottish National Orchestra, Marin Alsop (cond.). Contains: Piano Concerto No. 3 in B minor; Symphony in B minor; on: Albany Troy 625, CD.
Music of Edward Joseph Collins Vol. 4: Orchestral Music, performed by William Wolfram (piano), Royal Scottish National Orchestra, Marin Alsop (cond.). Contains: Hibernia (Irish Rhapsody); Piano Concerto No. 1; Lil' David Play On Yo' Harp; Lament and Jig; on: Albany Troy 630, CD.
Music of Edward Joseph Collins Vol. 5: Chamber Music and Songs, performed by Frank Almond (violin), Parry Karp (cello), Jeffrey Sykes (piano), Patrice Michaels (soprano), Elizabeth Buccheri (piano). Contains: Arabesque; Cello Suite; Prayer; The Daffodils; The Pines; The Wooded Lake; Death of the Leaves; Butterflies; Magdalene; To a Little Child; Prayer for C.H.S.; The Faded Violet; Music When Soft Voices Die; The Fog; The Bayadre; A Piper; Annabel Lee; Song and Suds; on: Albany Troy 641, CD.
Music of Edward Joseph Collins Vol. 6, performed by Jeni Bern (soprano), Jane Irwin (mezzo), Peter Auty (tenor), Henry Waddington (bass), Royal Scottish National Orchestra & Chorus, Marin Alsop (cond.). Contains: Hymn to the Earth; Variations on an Irish Folksong; Cowboy's Breakdown; on: Albany Troy 650, CD.
Music of Edward Joseph Collins Vol. 7: Orchestral Music, performed by Royal Scottish National Orchestra, Marin Alsop (cond.). Contains: Ballet-Suite: The Masque of the Red Death; Irish Rhapsody; Set of Four; on: Albany Troy 657, CD.
Music of Edward Joseph Collins Vol. 8: Chamber Music and Songs, performed by Patrice Michaels (soprano), Anna Polonsky (piano); Sussmann/Albers/Polonsky Trio, Jeffrey Sykes (piano). Contains: Nocturne; Etude; Again the Year Has Come to the Spring; June Night; Piano Trio (Geronimo), Op. 1; Four Waltzes, Op. 15; Valses caractéristiques, Op. 18; Frédéric François; Joshua Fit de Battle ob Jerico; The 5:48; on: Albany Troy 1086, CD.
Music of Edward Joseph Collins Vol. 9, performed by Peter Auty (tenor), Andrea Baker (mezzo-soprano), Lisa Milne (soprano), Keel Watson (bass-baritone), Roland Wood (baritone), Peter Coleman-Wright (baritone), Royal Scottish National Orchestra and Chorus, Marin Alsop (cond.). Contains: Daughter of the South (opera), on: Albany Troy 1210, CD.
Music of Edward Joseph Collins Vol. 10: Chamber Music and Songs, performed by Arnaud Sussmann (violin), Patrice Michaels (soprano), Anna Polonsky (piano), William Browning (piano). Contains: Sonata, Op. 2/14; Arabesque; Variations on a Negro Theme; Variations on an Irish Theme; Canons; Six Technical Stunts in Canonic Form; Love is a Thing Divine; Clover Leaf Song; Valses caractéristiques, Op. 18; on: Albany Troy 1230, CD.

References

External links
Biography of Edward Joseph Collins by Erik Eriksson
Edward Joseph Collins Papers at the Newberry Library

1886 births
1951 deaths
20th-century classical composers
American male classical composers
American classical composers
American people of Irish descent
American pianists
Musicians from Chicago
Musicians from Joliet, Illinois
Berlin University of the Arts alumni
Writers from Joliet, Illinois
American Conservatory of Music alumni
20th-century American composers
American male pianists
Classical musicians from Illinois
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century American pianists

Edward Joseph Collins


The Memorial University of Newfoundland Botanical Garden is operated by Memorial University of Newfoundland in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador. It is located on Mount Scio Road in the suburbs of St. John's, and was founded in 1971 under the supervision of Dr. Bernard Jackson. Originally named the Oxen Pond Botanic Park, the gardens were opened to the public in 1977 and became a not-for-profit organization in 1994. The garden and nature trails were developed to provide a place where people of all ages and depths of interest can learn about the plants and natural environment of Newfoundland.  The official emblem of the garden is the twinflower (Linnaea borealis).

Site
The botanical garden property encloses an area of , including part of Oxen Pond (for which the garden was originally named).  The headquarters building is located on a  site on Mount Scio Road. The main garden area includes a greenhouse (including one on the former Squires property across the street which is now a Heritage Site), an alpine house featuring high latitude plants, rock gardens, peat gardens, a heritage garden and a koi pond. The garden is also a nature reserve, featuring 3.5 km of trails in the surrounding boreal forest.  Moose, snowshoe hare, ruffed grouse and other wildlife are frequently observed inside the park boundaries.

Butterflies
Plants producing nectar have been developed to maintain the two species of swallowtail butterflies, three species of whites and sulphur butterflies, five species of woodnymphs, ten species of brush-footed butterflies, four gossamer, and two skipper species that are found within the park. Three known overwintering butterflies stay as adults during the winter in the garden's man-made butterfly houses.  The concept of the butterfly house was designed by the garden's original director, Dr. Bernard Jackson. The three species are known as the green comma, the mourning cloak, and Milbert's tortoiseshell. These butterflies are three of the very few butterflies that hibernate as adults during the winter.

The Friends of MUN Botanical Garden
Members of the Friends of the Garden (FOG)  are individuals and families who support the objectives of the Memorial University Botanical Garden.  Volunteers have assisted the garden since its creation in 1971; the FOG organization formed in 1976 and became a charitable organization in 1977.  In August 2011, the FOG had approximately 500 members.  FOG volunteers provide time and expertise, help to maintain the garden and trails within the park, and support fundraising and other special events.

See also
 List of botanical gardens in Canada

References

External links
 M.U.N. Botanical Garden
 https://www.mun.ca  Memorial University of Newfoundland

Botanical gardens in Canada
Memorial University of Newfoundland


Hugh Capet (;  ;  940 – 24 October 996) was the King of the Franks from 987 to 996. He is the founder of and first king from the House of Capet. The son of the powerful duke Hugh the Great and his wife Hedwige of Saxony, he was elected as the successor of the last Carolingian king, Louis V. Hugh was descended from Charlemagne's son Pepin of Italy through his mother and paternal grandmother, respectively, and was also a nephew of Otto the Great.

The dynasty he founded ruled France for nearly nine centuries: from 987 to 1328 in the senior line, and until 1848 via cadet branches (with an interruption from 1792 to 1814).

Descent and inheritance
Hugh was the son of Hugh the Great, Duke of the Franks, and Hedwige of Saxony, daughter of the German king Henry the Fowler. His birth date is not given by any source, but modern scholars often date his birth between 938 and 941. He was born into a well-connected and powerful family with many ties to the royal houses of France and Germany.

Through his mother, Hugh was the nephew of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor; Henry I, Duke of Bavaria; Bruno the Great, Archbishop of Cologne; and finally, Gerberga of Saxony, Queen of France. Gerberga was the wife of Louis IV, King of France and mother of Lothair of France and Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine.

His paternal family, the Robertians, were powerful landowners in the Île-de-France. His grandfather had been King Robert I. King Odo was his granduncle and Emma of France, the wife of King Rudolph, was his aunt. Hugh's paternal grandmother Beatrice of Vermandois was a patrilineal descendant of Charlemagne.

Rise of the Robertians
After the end of the ninth century, the descendants of Robert the Strong became indispensable in carrying out royal policies. As Carolingian power failed, the great nobles of West Francia began to assert that the monarchy was elective, not hereditary, and twice chose Robertians (Odo I (888–898) and Robert I (922–923)) as kings, instead of Carolingians.

Robert I, Hugh the Great's father, was succeeded as King of the Franks by his son-in-law, Rudolph of Burgundy. When Rudolph died in 936, Hugh the Great had to decide whether he ought to claim the throne for himself. To claim the throne would require him to risk an election, which he would have to contest with the powerful Herbert II, Count of Vermandois, father of Hugh, Archbishop of Reims, and allied to Henry the Fowler, King of Germany; and with Hugh the Black, Duke of Burgundy, brother of the late king. To block his rivals, Hugh the Great brought Louis d'Outremer, the dispossessed son of Charles the Simple, from his exile at the court of Athelstan of England to become king as Louis IV.

This maneuver allowed Hugh to become the most powerful person in France in the first half of the tenth century. Once in power, Louis IV granted him the title of dux Francorum ("Duke of the Franks"). Louis also (perhaps under pressure) officially declared Hugh "the second after us in all our kingdoms". Hugh also gained power when Herbert II of Vermandois died in 943, because Herbert's powerful principality was then divided among his four sons.

Hugh the Great came to dominate a wide swath of central France, from Orléans and Senlis to Auxerre and Sens, while the king was rather confined to the area northeast of Paris (Compiègne, Laon, Soissons).

French monarchy in the 10th century
The realm in which Hugh grew up, and of which he would one day be king, bore little resemblance to modern France. Hugh's predecessors did not call themselves kings of France, and that title was not used by his successors until the time of his descendant Philip II. Kings ruled as rex Francorum ("King of the Franks"), the title remaining in use until 1190 (but note the use of FRANCORUM REX by Louis XII in 1499, by Francis I in 1515, and by Henry II about 1550, and on French coins up to the eighteenth century.) The lands they ruled comprised only a small part of the former Carolingian Empire. The eastern Frankish lands, the Holy Roman Empire, were ruled by the Ottonian dynasty, represented by Hugh's first cousin Otto II and then by Otto's son, Otto III. The lands south of the river Loire had largely ceased to be part of the West Francia kingdom in the years after Charles the Simple was deposed in 922. Both the Duchy of Normandy and the Duchy of Burgundy were largely independent, and Brittany entirely soalthough from 956 Burgundy was ruled by Hugh's brothers Otto and Henry.

France under Ottonian influence
In 956, when his father Hugh the Great died, Hugh, the eldest son, was then about fifteen years old and had two younger brothers. Otto I, King of Germany, intended to bring western Francia under his control, which was possible since he was the maternal uncle of Hugh Capet and Lothair of France, the new king of the Franks, who succeeded Louis IV in 954, at the age of 13.

In 954, Otto I appointed his brother Bruno, Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lorraine, as guardian of Lothair and regent of the kingdom of France. In 956, Otto gave him the same role over Hugh and the Robertian principality. With these young princes under his control, Otto aimed to maintain the balance between Robertians, Carolingians, and Ottonians. In 960, Lothair agreed to grant to Hugh the legacy of his father, the margraviate of Neustria and the title of Duke of the Franks. But in return, Hugh had to accept the new independence gained by the counts of Neustria during Hugh's minority. Hugh's brother, Otto received only the duchy of Burgundy (by marriage). Andrew W. Lewis has sought to show that Hugh the Great had prepared a succession policy to ensure his eldest son much of his legacy, as did all the great families of that time.

The West was dominated by Otto I, who had defeated the Magyars in 955, and in 962 assumed the restored imperial title. The new emperor increased his power over Western Francia with special attention to certain bishoprics on his border; although elected by Lothair, Adalberon, Archbishop of Reims, had imperial sympathies. Disappointed, King Lothair relied on other dioceses (Langres, Chalons, Noyon) and on Arnulf I, Count of Flanders.

Hugh, Duke of the Franks

In 956, Hugh inherited his father's estates, in theory making him one of the most powerful nobles in the much-reduced kingdom of West Francia. As he was not yet an adult, his mother acted as his guardian, and young Hugh's neighbours took advantage. Theobald I of Blois, a former vassal of Hugh's father, took the counties of Chartres and Châteaudun. Farther south, on the border of the kingdom, Fulk II of Anjou, another former client of Hugh the Great, carved out a principality at Hugh's expense and that of the Bretons.

The royal diplomas of the 960s show that the nobles were faithful not only to the Duke of the Franks, as in the days of Hugh the Great, but also to King Lothair. Indeed, some in the royal armies fought against the Duchy of Normandy on behalf of Lothair. Finally, even Hugh's position as second man in the kingdom seemed to slip. Two charters of the Montier-en-Der Abbey (968 and 980) refer to Herbert III, Count of Vermandois, while Count of Chateau-Thierry, Vitry and lay abbot of Saint-Médard of Soissons, bearing the title of "Count of the Franks" and even "count of the palace" in a charter of Lothair.

For his part, Lothair also lost power with the ascendance of the Ottonian monarchy. It waned by participating in the gathering of relatives and vassals of Otto I in 965. However, from the death of the emperor in 973, Lothair wanted to revive the policy of his grandfather to recover Lorraine. Otto's son and successor, Otto II, appointed his cousin, Charles, brother of Lothair, as Duke of Lower Lorraine. This infuriated both Lothair and Hugh, whose sister, Beatrice was the regent for the young Duke Theodoric I of Upper Lorraine. In 978, Hugh thus supported Lothair in opening a war against Otto.

In August 978, accompanied by the nobles of the kingdom, Lothair surprised and plundered Aachen, residence of Otto II, forcing the imperial family to flee. After occupying Aachen for five days, Lothair returned to France after symbolically disgracing the city. In September 978, Otto II retaliated against Lothair by invading France with the aid of Charles. He met with little resistance on French territory, devastating the land around Rheims, Soissons, and Laon. Otto II then had Charles crowned as King of France by Theodoric I, Bishop of Metz. Lothair then fled to the French capital of Paris where he was besieged by Otto II and Charles. Sickness among his troops brought on by winter, and a French relief army under Hugh Capet, forced Otto II and Charles to lift the siege on 30 November and return to Germany. On the journey back to Germany, Otto's rearguard, unable to cross the Aisne in flood at Soissons, was completely wiped out, "and more died by that wave than by the sword." This victory allowed Hugh Capet to regain his position as the first noble of the Frankish kingdom.

Hugh aids Archbishop of Reims
Until the end of the tenth century, Reims was the most important of the archiepiscopal seats of France. Situated in Carolingian lands, the archbishop claimed the primacy of Gaul and the privilege to crown kings and direct their chancery. Therefore, the Archbishop of Reims traditionally had supported the ruling family and had long been central to the royal policy. But the episcopal city was headed by Adalberon of Rheims, nephew of Adalberon of Metz (a faithful prelate to the Carolingians), elected by the King Lothair in 969, but who had family ties to the Ottonians. The Archbishop was assisted by one of the most advanced minds of his time, the schoolmaster and future Pope Sylvester II Gerbert of Aurillac. Adalberon and Gerbert worked for the restoration of a single dominant empire in Europe. King Lothair, 13 years old, was under the tutelage of his uncle Otto I. But upon reaching his majority, he became independent, which defeated their plans to bring the whole of Europe under a single crown. Therefore, they turned their support from Lothair to Hugh Capet.

Indeed, for the Ottonian to make France a vassal state of the empire, it was imperative that the Frankish king was not of the Carolingian dynasty, and not powerful enough to break the Ottonian tutelage. Hugh Capet was for them the ideal candidate, especially since he actively supported monastic reform in the abbeys while other contenders continued to distribute church revenues to their own partisans. Such conduct could only appeal to Reims, who was very close to the Cluniac movement.

Lothair succeeded by short-lived Louis V
With the support of Adalberon of Reims, Hugh became the new leader of the kingdom. In a letter Gerbert of Aurillac wrote to Archbishop Adalberon that "Lothair is king of France in name alone; Hugh is, however, not in name but in effect and deed." (citation needed)

In 979, Lothair sought to ensure his succession by associating his eldest son with the throne. Hugh Capet supported him and summoned the great nobles of the kingdom. The ceremony took place at Compiègne, in the presence of the king, of Arnulf (an illegitimate son of the king), and of Archbishop Adalberon, under Hugh's blessing. The congregation acclaimed Louis V, following the Carolingian custom, and the archbishop anointed the new king of the Franks.

The following year, Lothair, seeing the growing power of Hugh, decided to reconcile with the Emperor Otto II by agreeing to renounce Lorraine. But Hugh did not want the king and the emperor reconciled, so he quickly took the fortress of Montreuil, and then went to Rome. There he met the emperor and the pope, with his confidants Burchard I of Vendôme and Arnulf of Orléans. Tension mounted between Lothair and Hugh. The king married his 15-year-old son Louis to Adelaide of Anjou, who was then more than 40 years old. She brought with her Auvergne and the county of Toulouse, enough to pincer the Robertian territories from the south. However, the marriage failed and the couple separated two years later.

At the death of Otto II in 983, Lothair took advantage of the minority of Otto III and, after making an alliance with the Duke of Bavaria, decided to attack Lorraine. Hugh was careful not to join this expedition.

When the king took Verdun and imprisoned Godfrey (brother of the Archbishop of Reims), Adalberon and Gerbert sought the aid of the duke of the Franks. But Lothair's enterprises came to naught when he died in March 986.

Louis V, following Louis IV and Lothair, declared that he would take the counsels of the duke of the Franks for his policies. It seems the new king wished to launch an offensive against Reims and Laon because of their rapprochement with the empire. Sources are vague on Hugh's role at this time, but it would be his interest to limit the king's excessive pretensions. Louis summoned the archbishop of Reims at his palace at Compiègne to answer for his actions. But while hunting in the forest of Senlis, Louis was killed in a riding accident on 21 or 22 May 987.

Hugh elected King of Franks

In May 987, chroniclers, including Richerus and Gerbert of Aurillac, wrote that in Senlis "died the race of Charles". However, even if Louis died childless, there remained a Carolingian who could ascend the throne: Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine, brother of Lothair, uncle of Louis V, first cousin of Hugh Capet through their mothers.

This was nothing extraordinary; it was not the first time that a Robertian would be competing with a Carolingian. In the time of Hugh the Great, the Robertians found it expedient to support the claim of a Carolingian. By 987, however, times had changed. For ten years, Hugh Capet had been openly competing against his king, and appeared to have subjected the great vassals. And his opponent Charles of Lorraine was accused of all evils: he wanted to usurp the crown (978), had allied himself with the emperor against his brother, and had defamed Queen Emma of Italy, his brother's wife. The archbishop of Reims convened the greatest lords of France at Senlis and denounced Charles of Lorraine for not maintaining his dignity, having made himself a vassal of the Emperor Otto II and marrying a woman from a lower class of nobility. Then he promoted the candidacy of Hugh Capet:

Crown the Duke. He is most illustrious by his exploits, his nobility, his forces. The throne is not acquired by hereditary right; no one should be raised to it unless distinguished not only for nobility of birth, but for the goodness of his soul.

Hugh was crowned rex Francorum on 1 June, in Noyon, and again on 3 July 987, in Paris. Immediately after his coronation, Hugh began to push for the coronation of his son Robert. The archbishop, wary of establishing hereditary kingship in the Capetian line, answered that two kings could not be created in the same year. Hugh claimed, however, that he was planning an expedition against the Moorish armies harassing Borrel II, Count of Barcelona (a vassal of the French crown), and that the stability of the country necessitated two kings should he die while on expedition. Ralph Glaber, however, attributes Hugh's request to his old age and inability to control the nobility. Modern scholarship has largely imputed to Hugh the motive of establishing a dynasty against the pretension of electoral power on the part of the aristocracy, but this is not the typical view of contemporaries and even some modern scholars have been less skeptical of Hugh's "plan" to campaign in Spain. Robert was eventually crowned on 25 December that same year.

Election contested by Charles of Lorraine

Charles of Lorraine, the Carolingian heir, contested the succession. He drew support from the Count of Vermandois, a cadet of the Carolingian dynasty; and from the Count of Flanders, loyal to the Carolingian cause. Charles took Laon, the seat of Carolingian royalty. Hugh Capet and his son Robert besieged the city twice, but were compelled to withdraw each time. Hugh decided to make an alliance with Theophano (regent for her son Otto III), but she never replied.

When Adalberon, Archbishop of Reims, died, the archbishopric was contested by his right-hand man, Gerbert of Aurillac, and Arnulf, illegitimate son of King Lothair of France (and nephew of Charles of Lorraine). Choosing Arnulf to replace Adalberon seemed a great gamble, but Hugh made it anyway, and chose him as archbishop instead of Gerbert, in order to appease Carolingian sympathizers and the local populace. Following the customs of those times, he was made to invoke a curse upon himself if he should break his oath of fidelity to Hugh. Arnulf was duly installed, and was confirmed by the pope.

Yet to Arnulf the ties of blood with his uncle Charles was the stronger than the oath he had given Hugh. Gathering the nobles in his castle, Arnulf sent one of his agents and opened the gates of the city to Charles. Arnulf acted as if terrified, and took the nobles with him to a tower, which he had emptied out of supplies beforehand. Thus was the city of Reims compelled to surrender; to keep up appearances, Arnulf and Charles denounced each other, until Arnulf swore fealty to Charles.

Great was the predicament of Hugh, and he began doubting whether he could win the contest by force. Adalberon, bishop of Laon, whom Charles expelled when he took the city, had sought the protection of Hugh Capet. The bishop made overtures to Arnulf and Charles, to mediate a peace between them and Hugh Capet. Adalberon was received by Charles favorably, but was made to swear oaths that would bring curses upon himself if broken. Adalberon swore to them all, "I will observe my oaths, and if not, may I die the death of Judas." That night the bishop seized Charles and Arnulf in their sleep, and delivered them to Hugh. Charles was imprisoned in Orléans until his death. His sons, born in prison, were released.

Dispute with the papacy
After the loss of Reims by the betrayal of Arnulf, Hugh demanded his deposition by Pope John XV. But the pope was then embroiled in a conflict with the Roman aristocracy. After the capture of Charles and Arnulf, Hugh resorted to a domestic tribunal, and convoked a synod at Reims in June 991. There, Gerbert testified against Arnulf, which led to the archbishop's deposition and Gerbert being chosen as replacement.

Pope John XV rejected this procedure and wished to convene a new council in Aachen, but the French bishops refused and confirmed their decision in Chelles (winter 993–994). The pope then called them to Rome, but they protested that the unsettled conditions en route and in Rome made that impossible. The Pope then sent a legate with instructions to call a council of French and German bishops at Mousson, where only the German bishops appeared, the French being stopped on the way by Hugh and Robert.

Gerbert, supported by other bishops, advocates for the independence of the churches vis-à-vis Rome (which is controlled by the German emperors). Through the exertions of the legate, the deposition of Arnulf was finally pronounced illegal. To avoid excommunication of the bishops who sat in the council of St. Basle, and thus a schism, Gerbert decided to let go. He abandoned the archdiocese and went to Italy. After Hugh's death, Arnulf was released from his imprisonment and soon restored to all his dignities. Under the auspices of the emperor, Gerbert eventually succeeded to the papacy as Pope Sylvester II, the first French pope.

Extent of power

Hugh Capet possessed minor properties near Chartres and Angers. Between Paris and Orléans he possessed towns and estates amounting to approximately . His authority ended there, and if he dared travel outside his small area, he risked being captured and held for ransom, though his life would be largely safe. Indeed, there was a plot in 993, masterminded by Adalberon, Bishop of Laon and Odo I of Blois, to deliver Hugh Capet into the custody of Otto III. The plot failed, but the fact that no one was punished illustrates how tenuous was his hold on power. Beyond his power base, in the rest of France, there were still as many codes of law as there were fiefdoms. The "country" operated with 150 different forms of currency and at least a dozen languages. Uniting all this into one cohesive unit was a formidable task and a constant struggle between those who wore the crown of France and its feudal lords. Therefore, Hugh Capet's reign was marked by numerous power struggles with the vassals on the borders of the Seine and the Loire.

While Hugh Capet's military power was limited and he had to seek military aid from Richard I of Normandy, his unanimous election as king gave him great moral authority and influence. Adémar de Chabannes records, probably apocryphally, that during an argument with the Count of Auvergne, Hugh demanded of him: "Who made you count?" The count riposted: "Who made you king?".

Legacy
Hugh Capet died on 24 October 996, and was interred in the Basilica of Saint-Denis. His son Robert continued to reign.

Most historians regard the beginnings of modern France as having initiated with the coronation of Hugh Capet. This is because, as Count of Paris, he made the city his power centre. The monarch began a long process of exerting control of the rest of the country from there.

He is regarded as the founder of the Capetian dynasty. The direct Capetians, or the House of Capet, ruled France from 987 to 1328; thereafter, the Kingdom was ruled by cadet branches of the dynasty. All French kings through Louis Philippe, and all royals since then, have belonged to the dynasty. Furthermore, cadet branches of the House continue to reign in Spain and Luxembourg.

All monarchs of the Kingdom of France from Hugh Capet to Philip II of France were titled 'King of the Franks'. Documents during Philip II's reign began using the title 'King of France' as dawn of the intimate unification of medieval French population even though Latin was the main language.

Marriage and issue
Hugh Capet married Adelaide, daughter of William Towhead, Count of Poitou. Their children are as follows:
 Gisela, or Gisele, who married Hugh I, Count of Ponthieu
 Hedwig, or Hathui, who married Reginar IV, Count of Hainaut
 Robert II, who became king after the death of his father

A number of other daughters are less reliably attested.

Prophecy

According to tradition, sometime in 981, Hugh Capet recovered the relics of St. Valery, which had been stolen by the Flemings, and restored them to their proper resting place. The saint appeared to the duke in a dream, and said: "For what you have done, you and your descendants shall be kings unto the seventh generation". When he became king, Hugh refused to wear the insignia of royalty, hoping that it would extend his descendants' reign by one generation.

By the literal interpretation, Capetian kingship would thus have ended with Philip Augustus, the seventh king of his line. Figuratively, seven meant completeness, and would mean that the Capetians would be kings for ever. In fact, Capetian kingship lasted until 1848 in France, although the current King of Spain and the Grand Duke of Luxembourg are Capetians.

Reception
Italian poet Dante Alighieri features Hugh Capet as a character in Purgatorio, the second canticle of the Divine Comedy. The pilgrim meets Capet on the fifth terrace of Mount Purgatory among souls performing penitence for avarice (Purgatorio 20). In this portrayal, Capet acknowledges himself as the "root of the obnoxious plant / that shadows all the Christian lands" (Purg. 20.43-44). The metaphor of the root of the plant is reminiscent of a family tree. Dante thus condemns Hugh as a main source of the evil that has pervaded and corrupted the French monarchy. Dante's personal resentment towards Hugh's legacy likely stemmed from the fact that his exile had been caused by interference in Florentine politics by the French crown and Pope Boniface VIII in the early fourteenth century. In this way, the "obnoxious plant" of the Capetians casts a shadow over both the papacy and the chance for an emperor that might bring order to Italy, Dante's "two suns."

The myth of Capet's humble origins is another crucial component of Dante's representation of this historical figure in Purgatorio. Though the notion that Capet was the son of a butcher is rightfully reported by critics to be untrue—he was the son of a duke—situating Capet in a lower social position is vital for Dante. This framing draws the Frankish king closer to Dante's own experience as a member of the lower aristocracy, and makes Capet's rise to power feel more extreme. In penance for grasping so high above himself in life, Capet and the other avaricious souls of this terrace must lie face down into the rock. The souls inch slowly up the mountain where they lay, acting in moderation in purgatory, when on earth they moved through life guided by greed.

Notes

References

Sources

 Gauvard, Claude. La France au Moyen Âge du Ve au XVe siècle. Paris: PUF, 1996.

 James, Edward. The Origins of France: From Clovis to the Capetians 500–1000. London: Macmillan, 1982.
 Riché, Pierre. The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe. Michael Idomir Allen (Translator). Paris: Hachette, 1983. (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993 1st ed.),
 Theis, Laurent. Histoire du Moyen Âge français: Chronologie commentée 486–1453. Paris: Perrin, 1992.
 Lewis, Anthony W. "Anticipatory Association of the Heir in Early Capetian France." The American Historical Review, Vol. 83, No. 4. (Oct., 1978), pp 906–927.

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10th-century kings of France
Hugh
Hugh
Hugh
People from Dourdan
French Christians
930s births
996 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis
Frankish warriors

Hugh Capet


Eugene Irving Gordon  (September 14, 1930 – September 15, 2014) was an American physicist.  He was Director of the Lightwave Devices Laboratory of Bell Labs.

Gordon was born on September 14, 1930 in New York City. He graduated from the City College of New York in 1952 with a B.S. in physics, and completed his Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1957.

He became director of the Lightwave Devices Laboratory of Bell Labs. He married Renate Albrecht on December 31, 1991. He died on September 15, 2014 in Scotch Plains, New Jersey, aged 84.

References

1930 births
2014 deaths
American physicists
Scientists from New York City

Eugene I. Gordon


Founded in 1921 as Australian Guarantee Company to initially provide finance for purchasers of smaller household items, it progressed into financing motor vehicles and was renamed as Australian Guarantee Corporation (AGC) in 1925. AGC was Australia's oldest national finance company offering a range of finance, investment and insurance products and were market leaders in equipment finance, cashflow finance, motor vehicle and personal finance.

History

Origins

AGC was registered as a public company on 18 June 1925 and listed on the stock exchange in 1928.  Its business specialised in lending for cars and farm machinery and later expanded into personal loans and lending for non-farm business equipment.  Most of the funding for AGC's loans came from issuing debentures to the public, offering attractive interest rates. The first Managing Director was Mr G K Bain who assumed control from the company commencement until his retirement in 1956.

Having a strong association with Ford Motor Company, which had just opened an Australian office and was establishing  a dealer network, AGC incorporated Traders Finance Corporation (TFC) on 10 July 1925 to provide financing exclusively for the Ford dealer sales network. TFC was wound down in the late-1970s although AGC continued to maintain a large percentage of Ford dealers business.

Transport and General Insurance Insurance Company Ltd was formed in 1938 as a wholly owned subsidiary of AGC to provide insurance facilities for purchasers of vehicles from the motor dealer network, and for general insurance needs of the affiliated motor dealers. The name was changed to AGC (Insurances) Ltd in the mid 1970s to better identify with the AGC products. The business was sold to AMP Society in 1989 and operated as AMP United Insurances Ltd.

In 1957 the Bank of New South Wales (later called the Wales, the forerunner of today's Westpac) bought 40% of AGC and over the years progressively increased its interest to a majority stake of 76% and then acquired all remaining shares in 1988. Banking regulations at the time prevented banks from doing the sort of lending finance companies like AGC did, but buying a finance company let the banks get around that. All the major Australian banks ended up with finance company subsidiaries doing riskier lending than the banks themselves would. The Wales let AGC run as an independent business, and that included giving no guarantees on the debentures issued by AGC.

Local Expansion

Initially AGC operated through head office in Sydney, with state operations in each capital city. The first regional branch presence was established in Toowoomba in 1958 under the management of Keith Jack who would later become the Managing Director in 1980.

Further branch expansion quickly followed in all states and by the mid-1970s AGC operated more than 100 branch offices with over 3,000 staff. With advancing technology in the mid-1980s most suburban and regional branches were closed and the business operations were again centralised in large state operations, servicing clients statewide by local resident sales staff or electronically from state centres.

Offshore Expansion

AGC's first offshore operation was New Zealand which operated relatively autonomously as AGC (New Zealand) Ltd from 1938. Papua New Guinea was established in 1958. The 1960s saw AGC move into South East Asia with Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei all opened as joint ventures with Standard Chartered Bank of England.

By the mid-1980s AGC had extended its overseas presence, generally with a local joint partner, into countries such as Thailand, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Solomon Islands, Fiji, Portugal and a joint office with Westpac in London. Overall, by 1988 the very successful overseas operations involved 12 countries and employed more than 1,000 staff.

Although most overseas businesses were very profitable, all were progressively sold in the early-1990s as part of the business rationalisation after the financial crisis of the late-1980s.

1970s and 1980s

Through the 1970s AGC expanded and increased profits. It avoided many of the disasters that befell others in that time, though it did indulge in the diversification strategies that were in vogue, ending up for a time with a majority interest in Budget Rent a Car and in property developer Mirvac, plus minority interests in all sorts of things from entertainment business ("AGC Paradine" in partnership with well-known entertainment personality David Frost), winemaking, brickworks to caravans.  On the finance related side AGC continued to expand overseas, and in Australia acquired Bill Acceptance Corporation (BAC) in 1977 (which it ran as an independent business). In the early-1980s AGC also acquired a number of competitor retail financier companies, notably General Credits, Standard Chartered Finance Australia, Associated Midland and Amev-UDC. From the late-1970s until 1988 AGC also operated a "big ticket" corporate financing business as AGC Corporate Finance, providing finance facilities for such purposes as commercial aircraft, public company preference shares and mining equipment. This operation was moved to Westpac Corporate Finance control in 1988.

In general, lending through those years was conservative and risk was tightly controlled. Lending against real estate in particular was capped at 30% of the loan book and spread by type and geography. The head office in Sydney at the time was devoid of luxuries, in a way reflecting in its environment the discipline applied to the business.

One property position that did spiral away in that time though was the Kooralbyn resort development started by prominent businessmen Peter Abeles and Arthur George in 1975. They put up $2m and AGC put up $4m, but costs increased and after advancing $12m AGC took it over. AGC then spent yet more over subsequent years until finally exiting in 1987 for a loss of some $50m.  The motto within AGC that "the first loss is the best loss" had been illustrated, but the experience didn't keep it out of much worse property forays like the Como development in later years.

The 1990s and beyond

In the late-1980s and early-1990s, AGC found itself in severe difficulties having deviated from the traditional conservative lending policies towards "big ticket" property development loans. The economy turned against these borrowers, leaving AGC, and many similar financiers, with very substantial impaired loans and a consequent serious funding crisis. Westpac, although suffering similar situations with defaulting loans, agreed to support AGC through the provision of substantial funding lines. The ensuing period from 1991 onwards saw a complete restructure of the management operations and policies including exit from most property lending, sale of offshore subsidiaries (excluding AGC New Zealand), and updated lending policies. These actions resulted in a strong return to the traditional "mainstream" profitable performance by the mid-1990s.

History of Chief Executives

      * Indicates Westpac Officer Appointment

Types of Finance Products Offered

Personal Finance

AGC CreditLine

A retail finance card, which allowed the cardholder to make a purchase with extended interest-free and deferred payment options, allowing them to get what they want today, and pay it off before the promotion ends and not pay a cent in interest.  The downside to this product for the consumer, is if they failed to repay the balance of a particular interest free plan, it would revert to a high interest rate.  These cards could also be used through EFTPOS and ATM terminals, but these would automatically bear high interest.  The card has since been superseded by GE CreditLine.

Personal Line of Credit
Provided a line of credit up to $15,000. Enabled customers to obtain home improvements, motor vehicles, debt consolidation or use the line of credit for any other worthwhile purpose. Cash advances were also available under this product allowing a borrower to take their line of credit up to their limit.

Mortgage Line of Credit
Provided a line of credit secured by a mortgage, over residential real estate for amounts over $20,000. Maximum amount that could be lent to a customer could be up to 90% of their property's value. This type of credit facility is secured by a first or second mortgage. John L Thompson has misrepresented financials at the greatest expense , self gain over family and truth .

Business Finance

Chattel Financing
Providing funding to businesses for the acquisition of business-related assets such as motor vehicles and trucks, earth moving equipment etc. by way of purchase funding or leasing.

Cashflow Funding
Providing funding to businesses for cashflow purposes, as an alternative to traditional banking overdraft or term loans. Facilities were usually secured by the business assets such as stock and debtors.

Dealer Finance

Motor Financing
Providing funding to motor dealer clients for the purchase of motor vehicles from the dealership.

Dealer Funding
Providing funding to motor dealers for carrying floor plan of motor vehicle stock, or loans to dealers for the establishment and expansion of dealer businesses.

GE Acquisition
On 26 November 2001, it was announced that GE Money had made an unsolicited approach to the Westpac Banking Corporation regarding the possible sale of the Personal Finance and Motor Dealer finance parts of AGC's business in Australia and New Zealand.  This was completed in June 2002 at a reported price of $1.7b and from that point GE started integrating the AGC businesses into the GE Consumer Finance Australian arm. The personal finance segment of the business included the Credit Line product which had commenced business in 1968 as AGC Household Finance, and moved to the Credit Line product in 1984.

Westpac Integration
With the GE acquisition of the retail and dealer lending segments of the AGC portfolio, Westpac integrated the Business Finance segments in Australia and New Zealand into its own operations under the banner of "Westpac Equipment Finance".

Notes and references

 Westpac: The Bank that Broke the Bank, Edna Carew, Doubleday, 1997, paperback .

General Electric subsidiaries
Westpac
1925 establishments in Australia

Australian Guarantee Corporation


In computing, an input device is a piece of equipment used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system, such as a computer or information appliance. Examples of input devices include keyboards, mouse, scanners, cameras, joysticks, and microphones.

Input devices can be categorized based on:

 modality of input (e.g., mechanical motion, audio, visual, etc.)
 whether the input is discrete (e.g., pressing of key) or continuous (e.g., a mouse's position, though digitized into a discrete quantity, is fast enough to be considered continuous)
 the number of degrees of freedom involved (e.g., two-dimensional traditional mice, or three-dimensional navigators designed for CAD applications)

Keyboard

A keyboard is a human interface device which is represented as a matrix of buttons. Each button, or key, can be used to either input an alphanumeric character to a computer, or to call upon a particular function of the computer. It acts as the main text entry interface for most users.

Types

Keyboards are available in many form factors, depending on the use case. Standard keyboards can be categorized by its size and number of keys, and the type of switch it employs. Other keyboards cater to specific use cases, such as a numeric keypad or a keyer.

Desktop keyboards are typically large, often have full key travel distance, and features such as multimedia keys and a numeric keypad. Keyboards on laptops and tablets typically compromise on comfort to achieve a thin figure.

There are various switch technologies used in modern keyboards, such as mechanical switches (which use springs), scissor switches (usually found on a laptop keyboard), or a membrane.

Other keyboards do not have physical keys, such as a virtual keyboard, or a projection keyboard.

 Ergonomic keyboard  A keyboard placing design emphasis on ergonomics and comfort.
 Chorded keyboard  A keyboard used by pressing several keys together.
 Thumb keyboard  A miniature keyboard found in PDAs and mobile phones.
 Keyer  A chorded keyboard without the board.
 Numeric keypad  While some keyboards include one (commonly found on the right side), numeric keypads can be found as independent devices.

Pointing device

A pointing device allows a user to input spatial data to a computer. It is commonly used as a simple and intuitive way to select items on a computer screen on a graphical user interface (GUI), either by moving a mouse pointer, or, in the case of a touch screen, by physically touching the item on screen. Common pointing devices include mice, touchpads, and touch screens.

Whereas mice operate by detecting their displacement on a surface, analog devices, such as 3D mice, joysticks, or pointing sticks, function by reporting their angle of deflection.

Types

Pointing devices can be classified on:

 Whether the input is direct or indirect. With direct input, the input space coincides with the display space, i.e. pointing is done in the space where visual feedback or the pointer appears. Touchscreens and light pens involve direct input. Examples involving indirect input include the mouse and trackball.
 Whether the positional information is absolute (e.g. on a touch screen) or relative (e.g., with a mouse that can be lifted and repositioned)

Direct input is almost necessarily absolute, but indirect input may be either absolute or relative.  For example, digitizing graphics tablets that do not have an embedded screen involve indirect input and sense absolute positions and are often run in an absolute input mode, but they may also be set up to simulate a relative input mode like that of a touchpad, where the stylus or puck can be lifted and repositioned. Embedded LCD tablets, which are also referred to as graphics tablet monitors, are the extension of digitizing graphics tablets. They enable users to see the real-time positions via the screen while being used.

 mouse  A hand-held pointing device that is moved across a surface.
 touchpad or trackpad  A flat surface operated by moving a finger across its surface.
 touch screen  A layer placed over a computer screen, used by physically touching it.
 trackball  Similar to a mouse, a trackball has a ball held by a socket. Instead of moving the mouse, the user rolls the ball with their finger.
 graphics tablet, digitizer, or drawing tablet  A flat surface on which a pen is used, usually to draw images or capture signatures.

Sensors

A sensor is an input device which produces data based on physical properties.

Sensors are commonly found in mobile devices to detect their physical orientation and acceleration, but may also be found in desktop computers in the form of a thermometer used to monitor system temperature.

Types

 Accelerometer  Detects acceleration.
 Gyroscope  Detects spatial orientation.
 Magnetometer  Similar to a compass, a magnetometer senses magnetic heading.
 Proximity sensor  Detects whether an object is in proximity.
 Barometer  Measures atmospheric pressure. May be used to determine elevation above sea level.
 Ultrasonic transducer  Detects movement and range of objects using ultrasound.
 LIDAR  Detects the range of objects using laser.
 Thermometer  Measures temperature. Usually uses a thermistor or thermocouple.

Some sensors can be built with MEMS, which allows them to be microscopic in size.

High-degree of freedom input devices

Some devices allow many continuous degrees of freedom as input. These can be used as pointing devices, but are generally used in ways that don't involve pointing to a location in space, such as the control of a camera angle while in 3D applications. These kinds of devices are typically used in virtual reality systems (CAVEs), where input that registers six degrees of freedom is required.

Composite devices
Input devices, such as buttons and joysticks, can be combined on a single physical device that could be thought of as a composite device.  Many gaming devices have controllers like this. Technically mice are composite devices, as they both track movement and provide buttons for clicking, but composite devices are generally considered to have more than two different forms of input.

Types
 Joystick  Consists of a stick pivoting on a stationary base.
 Gamepad, or joypad  Hand held device often used to play modern video games.
 Paddle  A paddle could be a game controller consisting of a dial and a button, or an input device such as a Griffin PowerMate or a Microsoft Surface Dial.
 Racing wheel  An imitation steering wheel that can be used to play racing video games.
 Wii Remote  A remote control used with the Nintendo Wii video game console which integrates an accelerometer and pointing capabilities.

Video input devices

Video input devices are used to digitize images or video from the outside world into the computer. The information can be stored in a multitude of formats depending on the user's requirement.

Many video input devices use a camera sensor.

Types
 Digital camera
 Digital camcorder
 Portable media player
 Webcam
 Microsoft Kinect Sensor
 Image scanner
 Fingerprint scanner
 Barcode reader
 3D scanner
 Laser rangefinder
 Eye gaze tracker

Voice recorder
Voice input devices are used to capture sound. In some cases, an audio output device can be used as an input device, in order to capture produced sound. Audio input devices allow a user to send audio info to a computer for processing, recording, or carrying out commands. Devices such as microphones allow users to speak to the computer in order to record a voice message or navigate software. Aside from recording, audio input devices are also used with speech recognition software.

Types
 Microphones
 MIDI keyboard or other digital musical instrument

Punched paper
Punched cards and punched tapes were used often in the 20th century. A punched hole represented a one; its absence represented a zero. A mechanical or optical reader was used to input a punched card or tape.

Other types
 Gesture recognition
 Digital pen
 Magnetic ink character recognition
 Sip-and-puff#Computer input device

See also
Display device
Output device
Peripheral
Pointing device
Sensor

References

General references

Further reading
 N. P. Milner. 1988
 A review of human performance and preferences with different input devices to computer systems. In Proceedings of the Fourth Conference of the British Computer Society on People and computers IV, D. M. Jones and R. Winder (Eds.). Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, USA, 341–362.

Articles containing video clips

Input device


The Carnegie-Ellsworth Public Library is a historic building located in Iowa Falls, Iowa, United States.  Local businessman Eugene Ellsworth donated the property for the library in 1902.  The following year the Carnegie Foundation agreed to grant the community $10,000 to build the building.  It was dedicated on August 9, 1904.  The single-story, brick structure is dominated by an elaborate entrance pavilion.  It features a semi-circular window above the cornice, which is supported by two Ionic pillars in antis between rusticated corner piers.  The hip roof is capped by a cupola.  The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.  The Robert W. Barlow Memorial Library, Iowa Falls' public library, is now housed in a modern building near the Iowa River.

References

Library buildings completed in 1905
Carnegie libraries in Iowa
Iowa Falls, Iowa
Buildings and structures in Hardin County, Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Hardin County, Iowa
Libraries on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
1905 establishments in Iowa

Carnegie-Ellsworth Public Library


Neophyte (Simon Hall) is a fictional mutant super villain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is depicted as a member of the Acolytes.

Fictional character biography
Neophyte is a shy, quiet mutant with the ability to phase his body and others, allowing complete intangibility and high-speed transport through inanimate matter. Discovered by Cargill, Unuscione, and Milan in an abandoned church in Switzerland while praying for something to believe in, he accepted their invitation to join the group of Magneto followers known as the Acolytes. The youngest member of the group, he was assigned tasks of little importance and did not accompany the other Acolytes into battle. He was put in charge of feeding the captive Moira MacTaggert, but eventually discovered through her that their de facto leader, Fabian Cortez, had secretly murdered Magneto (though it would later be revealed that Magneto actually survived the attempt). Cortez used his own mutant power to amplify the powers of others to uncontrollable levels to jettison Neophyte from their headquarters, where he fell into a grotto. A woman came to his rescue, although he was confused about why a human would help a mutant. Suddenly, a trio of Acolytes appeared and killed the woman. This act caused him to rethink his loyalties towards Fabian Cortez and the Acolytes. He agreed to use his knowledge and powers to aid the X-Men in infiltrating the Acolytes' base of operations. After the conflict Neophyte was offered sanctuary with the X-Men, but declined the offer and departed alone to search for meaning on his own terms.

Eventually, Neophyte was captured by the Acolytes and put on trial for the crime of treason after aiding the X-Men. The former X-Man Colossus decided to defend Neophyte in his case, opting for a second chance for the boy instead of the penalty of death that most of the other Acolytes wished for. Neophyte felt hopeless, fully expecting to be executed. Being prosecuted by Amelia Voght and judged by Exodus, Neophyte claimed the Acolytes as hypocrites, as they preached Magneto's way but were guilty of doing the same hatred and violence as those they condemned. When he mentioned Professor Charles Xavier's name, the Acolytes were sent into an uproar, only to be stopped by Exodus, who stated that Neophyte's death would only occur after the trial. Colossus stepped forward and managed to convince Exodus to banish Neophyte from Avalon, teleporting him back to Earth.

Neophyte eventually returns to the Acolytes' ranks after Magneto resurfaces. Still among the more compassionate members, he is frequently ridiculed and is thought of as weak by several others. On the battlefield, however, he held his own, and proved to be a useful teammate.

After M-Day
Neophyte was one of the few mutants to survive Cassandra Nova's Sentinel attack on Genosha. Neophyte retained his mutant powers during the M-Day, and appeared briefly during X-Men: Messiah Complex among a small group of Acolytes.

Later he moved to Utopia and was seen among the group of mutants, which were assembled by Cyclops to fight the invasion of Nimrods.

Powers and abilities
Neophyte is a phase-morpher, able to travel distances through mass by breaking down his physical structure and entering a solid material. When in contact with matter, Neophyte relaxes the molecular bonding forces in his body so that his molecules merge with the object he's touching in a non-substantial state. He can then cause the mass of his body to reform itself at a different angle or position to emerge from the object. When the Acolytes were based in a large French castle, he could merge his mass with one stone wall of the castle and reform himself a moment later out of any of the connecting stone surfaces. Later, on the rocky hillside of Wundagore, Neophyte could almost instantly relocate himself across the landscape by merging with the uniform earth and rock of the area. He could also separate his mass into multiple small masses, such as when he jumped off a balcony and disappeared into a rainstorm by dividing his mass up into the rain, only to reform later as the rain hit the ground below. He is able to carry several other people with him as he travels in this state, acting as a means of high-speed transport. The maximum distance he can travel and the maximum amount of mass he can transport are unknown.

Other versions

Age of X
In the Age of X reality, Neophyte is briefly mentioned in a report. After being captured, he is interrogated and forced to give information on Legacy and Magneto.

References

External links
 Neophyte at Marvel Wiki
 UncannyXmen.net Character Profile on Neophyte

Characters created by John Romita Jr.
Characters created by Scott Lobdell
Comics characters introduced in 1993
Fictional characters who can turn intangible
Marvel Comics mutants
Marvel Comics supervillains

Neophyte (comics)


Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There is a children's novel by Lewis Carroll. John Tenniel drew the pictures. The book was published by Macmillan in 1871. It is a sequel to Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.

The book is a series of dream-like fantasy episodes. The theme which ties them together is Alice's journey as a pawn from the start of a fantasy game of chess until she reaches the eighth rank and becomes a queen.

The story is about the strange world Alice discovers when she passes through a looking-glass (mirror) above a fireplace at home. The setting is a game of chess. Well known characters from the book include Tweedledum and Tweedledee, the Walrus and the Carpenter, the White Knight, and the Garden of Live Flowers.

Alice meets the White Queen, who is very absent-minded but boasts of her ability to remember future events. Alice and the White Queen advance into the chessboard's fifth rank by crossing over a stream together. At the moment of the crossing, the Queen transforms into a talking Sheep in a small shop. Alice soon finds herself struggling to handle the oars of a small rowboat, where the Sheep annoys her with (seemingly) nonsensical shouting about "crabs" and "feathers". Unknown to Alice, these are standard terms in the jargon of rowing. Thus (for a change) the Queen/Sheep was speaking in a perfectly logical and meaningful way.

The book has several famous nonsense poems, such as Jabberwocky and The Walrus and the Carpenter. and many examples of word play such as puns and made-up words, in addition to portmanteau words.

Books by Lewis Carroll
English children's books
1871 books

Through the Looking-Glass


Scott Plous is an American academic social psychologist. He is currently a Professor of Psychology at Wesleyan University and Executive Director of Social Psychology Network.

Early life and education
Scott Plous was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He attended college at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, and earned his PhD in social psychology at Stanford University, where he also completed a MacArthur Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship in International Peace and Cooperation. His doctoral advisor at Stanford was Philip Zimbardo.

Career

After his postdoctoral fellowship, Plous spent two years as a visiting professor in psychology and arms control at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. He then joined the psychology faculty at Wesleyan University, where he has been a professor since 1990.

Throughout much of his career, he has focused on internationalizing psychology education, cross-cultural exchange, and teaching outside the United States. He has served as a visiting faculty member on two world voyages of Semester at Sea, co-taught in the Harvard University summer school program in Trento, Italy, and taught Social Psychology at Beijing Normal University in China.

Plous has published two books and numerous journal articles on psychology, decision science, and social issues. His primary areas of research include the psychology of prejudice and discrimination, judgment and decision making, international security, and the human use of animals and the environment.

Notable Projects

Social Psychology Network
Plous is best known as the founder and Executive Director of Social Psychology Network, a nonprofit educational organization and a suite of nonprofit websites developed with support from the National Science Foundation, individual and institutional donors, and more than 1,500 members from over 100 countries. Created in 1996, the mission of the Network "is to promote peace, social justice, and sustainable living through public education, research, and the advancement of psychology."

Since the 1990s, the webpages of Social Psychology Network have received more than 385 million visits (as of March, 2023), and the number of people following the Network on social media has grown to more than 1 million worldwide.

Social Psychology MOOC
In 2013, Plous began teaching a free "massive open online course" (MOOC) in Social Psychology. In its first two years, the course became the largest synchronous class ever given, enrolling more than 720,000 students from approximately 200 countries. In 2018, he began teaching a self-paced version of the course that enrolled another 570,000 students as of 2023, or nearly 1.3 million students in all.

As part of the course, students are asked to complete a capstone assignment called the Day of Compassion, in which class members are challenged to live 24 hours as compassionately as possible and analyze the experience using social psychology. On three runs of the course, the best student work was honored with a "Day of Compassion Award" in which the winner received an expense-paid trip to meet a famous person known for their compassion (the Dalai Lama, Jane Goodall, and Gloria Steinem, respectively). The high level of participation in this student assignment, and its award program, led a BBC News article to call the assignment "the world's most compassionate 24 hours."

Action Teaching
In 2000, Plous coined the term "action teaching," which he presented as the pedagogical counterpart to action research—a term coined by Kurt Lewin in the aftermath of World War II. In the context of his own discipline, psychology, Plous says that action teaching can lead "not only to a better understanding of psychology but to a more just, compassionate and peaceful world."

Between 2005 and 2015, Social Psychology Network held an annual action teaching award competition that honored outstanding examples and posted them on the web for teachers to freely use or adapt. After a brief hiatus, the award program was succeeded in 2020 by the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, which expanded the program to include grants as well as awards.

IACUCs
In 2001, Plous coauthored a study that evaluated the reliability of 50 randomly selected Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs). The study, funded by the National Science Foundation and published in the journal Science, found that the level of agreement between these committees, when it came to deciding whether to approve animal research proposals, was not significantly different from a coin toss. This lack of reliability was found even with proposals in which animals were subjected to electric shock, food or water deprivation, significant pain, or death.

Joe Chemo
After his father almost died of cancer, Plous developed an antismoking character he called Joe Chemo, intended to represent a more realistic view of smoking than the Joe Camel advertising character used by R. J. Reynolds. The first image of Joe Chemo ran in the 1996 winter issue of Adbusters magazine, and since that time, the character has appeared or been mentioned in the New York Times, Newsweek, Time, the Wall Street Journal, the Washington Post, and many other media outlets. In addition, the Washington State Department of Health distributed 10,000 Joe Chemo posters to public schools, the American Lung Association circulated a full-body Joe Chemo costume for use at antismoking events across the U.S., several cities displayed Joe Chemo billboards, and Plous launched an interactive JoeChemo.org website that received several million page views.

Publications

Books
Plous, S. (1993). The psychology of judgment and decision making. New York: McGraw-Hill.  [Translated into Chinese, Korean, Norwegian, and Russian; hardbound edition concurrently published by Temple University Press.]
Plous, S. (Ed.). (2003). Understanding prejudice and discrimination. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Selected Journal Articles and Chapters
Plous, S., Myers, D. G., Kite, M., & Dunn, D. S. (2021). Teaching social psychology effectively: A practical guide. In J. Zumbach, D. Bernstein, S. Narciss, and P. Marsico (Eds.), International Handbook of Psychology Learning and Teaching. Springer.
Plous, S. (2017). Internationalizing psychology through massive open online courses. In G. Rich, U. P. Gielen, and H. Takooshian (Eds.), Internationalizing the Teaching of Psychology. IAP.
Takooshian, H., Gielen, U. P., Plous, S., Rich, G. J., & Velayo, R. S. (2016). Internationalizing undergraduate psychology education: Trends, techniques, and technologies. American Psychologist, 71, 136-147.
Plous, S. (2015). Grappling with student plagiarism. In R. J. Sternberg and S. T. Fiske, S. T. (Eds.), Ethical Challenges in the Behavioral and Brain Sciences: Case Studies and Commentaries (pp. 8–10). Cambridge University Press.
Plous, S. (2012). Action teaching. In D. Christie (Ed.)., The Encyclopedia of Peace Psychology (pp. 1–5). Wiley-Blackwell.
Plous, S., & Herzog, H. A., Jr. (2001). Reliability of protocol reviews for animal research. Science, 293, 608-609.
Plous, S. (2000). Responding to overt displays of prejudice: A role-playing exercise. Teaching of Psychology, 27, 198-200.
Plous, S., & Herzog, H. A., Jr. (1999, June). Should AWA coverage be broadened? Results from a survey of animal care and use committees. Lab Animal, pp. 38–40.
Plous, S. (1998). Signs of change within the animal rights movement: Results from a follow-up survey of activists. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 112, 48-54.
Plous, S., & Neptune, D. (1997). Racial and gender biases in magazine advertising: A content-analytic study. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 627-644.
Plous, S. (1996). Attitudes toward the use of animals in psychological research and education: Results from a national survey of psychologists. American Psychologist, 51, 1167-1180.
Plous, S. (1996). Attitudes toward the use of animals in psychological research and education: Results from a national survey of psychology majors. Psychological Science, 7, 352-358.
Plous, S. (1996). Ten myths about affirmative action. Journal of Social Issues, 52, 25-31.
Plous, S., & Williams, T. (1995). Racial stereotypes from the days of American slavery: A continuing legacy. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25, 795-817.

Honors and Awards
Professor Plous is a Fellow of the Association for Psychological Science, the American Psychological Association, the Society for the Teaching of Psychology, the Society of Experimental Social Psychology, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Other honors and awards include:

Teaching and Mentoring:
Charles L. Brewer Distinguished Teaching of Psychology Award (American Psychological Foundation)
Connecticut Professor of the Year (Carnegie Foundation and Council for Advancement and Support of Education)
Award for Outstanding Undergraduate Teaching and Mentoring (SPSSI)
Binswanger Prize for Excellence in Teaching (Wesleyan University, 1998 and 2011)
Research and Writing:

 Gordon Allport Intergroup Relations Prize
 Otto Klineberg Intercultural and International Relations Award
 William James Book Award (for The Psychology of Judgment and Decision Making
Professional Service:

 Award for Service to the Field (Society for Personality and Social Psychology)
 Award for Distinguished Service to the Society (Society for Personality and Social Psychology)
 Society for General Psychology Presidential Citation (for founding Social Psychology Network)

Notes

External links
 https://www.plous.socialpsychology.org
 https://www.socialpsychology.org/plous.htm
 https://www.scottplous.com

American social psychologists
American animal rights scholars
Animal testing in the United States
Living people
Wesleyan University faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)

Scott Plous