Balls of Steel Australia is an Australian reality comedy television series (based upon the UK series of the same name) which is hosted by The Chaser's Craig Reucassel. The show revolves around comedians who appear and present individual skits where they would perform stunts and hold their nerve during hidden camera set-ups in the presence of the Australian public.

The format was acquired, commissioned and developed by The Comedy Channel Group Programming Director Darren Chau who selected Endemol Southern Star to produce it. Balls of Steel Australia premiered on the Australian subscription television channel The Comedy Channel on 19 April 2011. Ten episodes were produced for the inaugural season. Due to the success of series one, which became The Comedy Channel's highest ever rating series, a second series was commissioned, and premiered on 31 January 2012. The show won an Astra Award.

Overview
During the course of each episode, four acts are presented by their corresponding comedian. Each comedian has a brief banter with host Reucassel before and after each skit. At the end of each episode the studio audience is asked to decide which act had the biggest 'Balls of Steel' by voting with their mobile phones.

Series one initially started with ten different comedians and their corresponding acts. Neg Dupree reprises his role with the Urban Sports segment from the original UK version. The series also has Australian local versions of "The Annoying Devil" and "Bunny Boiler". It also featured many exclusive acts only seen on this version of the show though some take in similar ideas and formats from many previous acts from the UK version. In addition, a studio based segment called "Show Us Your Balls" was created, where people in the audience are asked to participate and will be competing among the other comedians of the show. This segment is presented by host Reucassel.

Series two sees some changes to the line up of comedians and their acts. Katia Taylor will not return to reprise her role as "Nude Girl" but instead will be replaced by the "Nude Twins". Other comedians who didn't return were Janis McGavin and Rachael Coopes. John Burgess replaces James Kerley as "The Game Show Host from Hell". New comedians and acts for this series includes Olivia Lee from the original UK series, "The Misfits Stunt Crew" and Imaan Hadchiti as "Short Tempered". Returning acts include the "Bunny Boiler", "Very Foreign Correspondent", "Neg's Urban Sports Down Under", and "Just Come Out".

Performers and acts

Series overview

Season one (2011)

Season two (2012)

Reception
It is the highest rating show in the history of The Comedy Channel, doubling the ratings of the previous record holder The Merrick and Rosso Show. Due to the popularity of the first series, a second series premiered in January 2012.

Garnier also became its sponsor for its second series with John Burgess acting as the spokesperson and promoter in the commercial for Garnier Men Mineral Deodorants.

It won the award for Most Outstanding Light Entertainment Program at the 2012 Astra Awards.

References

External links

2011 Australian television series debuts
2012 Australian television series endings
2010s Australian comedy television series
2010s LGBT-related comedy television series
2010s Australian reality television series
Australian LGBT-related television shows
Australian television series based on British television series
English-language television shows
Hidden camera television series
Nudity in television
Television series by Endemol Australia
The Comedy Channel original programming

Balls of Steel Australia


East Lancashire Coachbuilders Limited was a builder of bus bodies founded in 1934 in Blackburn, Lancashire, England.

History
On 17 August 2007, the company went into administration, but was saved and bought out by the Darwen Group. The new company was called Darwen East Lancs.

In 2008, Darwen East Lancs was purchased by Optare.

East Lancs bodies stopped being built and the factory in Blackburn closed in 2012.

Products

Past
East Lancs had many different types of bodywork. They deliberately misspelled names, replacing the letter i with a letter y.

East Lancs (1934–2007)
Greenway
EL2000
Cityzen
Pyoneer
Single-decker
Myllennium for DAF SB220, MAN 14.220, Scania N94UB and Alexander Dennis Dart
Hyline, a high-floor variant of the standard Myllennium single-decker body but used to re-body older chassis

Double-decker
Lolyne for Dennis Trident
Vyking for Volvo B7TL
Lowlander for DAF/VDL DB250
Nordic for 3-axle Volvo B7L/B9TL
Myllennium Lolyne for Dennis Trident
Myllennium Vyking for Volvo B7TL
Myllennium Lowlander for DAF/VDL DB250LF
Nordic for 3-axle Volvo B7L/Volvo B9TL

Single-decker
Spryte for Dennis Dart and Volvo B6BLE chassis
Flyte for longer step-entrance and high-floor buses.

Darwen Darwen East Lancs (2007–2008)

Single-decker
OmniTown for Scania N94UB chassis

Double-decker
OmniDekka for Scania N94UD/N230UD/N270UD chassis

Optare (2008–2012)
Single-decker
Esteem for Alexander Dennis Enviro200 Dart, MAN 12.240, Scania N230UB, Scania N94UB and Alexander Dennis Enviro300 chassis
Kinetec

Double-decker
Olympus for Alexander Dennis Enviro400, VDL DB250, Volvo B9TL and Scania N230UD chassis
Visionaire open-top body for Volvo B9TL chassis

Kinetec series
The Kinetec was made in 2006. They are low-floor bodies for MAN chassis. They have the Esteem/Olympus body but with MAN's own Lion's City design front and rear.
Kinetec+

References

Other websites

Buses
1930s establishments in England
British transport companies

East Lancashire Coachbuilders


The National Electrostatics Corporation (NEC), a company based in Wisconsin, USA, produces particle accelerators and associated equipment. The firm incorporated in 1965, and  has a workforce of approximately 105 people.

NEC's linear accelerators range in voltage from a few kilovolts to a 25 Megavolt machine at Oak Ridge National Laboratory - the highest-voltage accelerator in the world .

External links
 http://www.pelletron.com/

Particle accelerators
Companies based in Wisconsin
Manufacturing companies based in Wisconsin

National Electrostatics Corporation


Alfred Gray (October 22, 1939 – October 27, 1998) was an American mathematician whose main research interests were in differential geometry. He also made contributions in the fields of complex variables and differential equations.

Short biography
Alfred Gray was born in Dallas, Texas to Alfred James Gray & Eloise Evans and studied mathematics at the University of Kansas.
He received a Ph.D. from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1964 and spent four years at University of California, Berkeley.
From 1970–1998 he was a professor at the University of Maryland, College Park.

He died in Bilbao, Spain of a heart attack while working with students in a computer lab at Colegio Mayor Miguel de Unamuno around 4 AM, on October 27, 1998.

Mathematical contributions
In the broad area of differential geometry, he made specific contributions in classifying various types of geometrical structures, such as (Kähler manifolds and almost Hermitian manifolds).

Gray introduced the concept of a nearly Kähler manifold, gave topological obstructions to the existence of geometrical structures, made several contributions in the computation of the volume of tubes and balls, curvature identities, etc.
He published a book on tubes and is the author of two textbooks and over one hundred scientific articles.
His books were translated into Spanish, Italian, Russian and German.
He was a pioneer in the use of computer graphics in teaching differential geometry (particularly the geometry of curves and surfaces) and of using electronic computation in teaching both differential geometry and ordinary differential equations.

References

External links

 List of publications
 Differential geometry web site maintained in his honor
 Webpage of the International Congress on Differential Geometry in Memory of Alfred Gray
 A short film in remembrance of Prof. Alfred Gray

1939 births
1998 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
University of Maryland, College Park faculty
People from Dallas
Mathematicians from Texas
University of Kansas alumni
Differential geometers

Alfred Gray (mathematician)


The Asian financial crisis was a period of financial crisis. It gripped much of Asia beginning in July 1997.

Causes
Currency pegs and fixed exchange rates: Many Asian countries, including Thailand, South Korea, and Indonesia, had fixed exchange rate regimes or money pegs to the U.S. dollar. This made their currencies vulnerable to speculative attack.

 Rapid capital inflows and excessive borrowing: Asian economies experienced a surge in capital inflows and relied heavily on foreign borrowing, leading to over-investment and unsustainable levels of debt

 Weak financial systems and corporate governance: short financial regulations, weak banking sectors, and poor corporate governance practices exacerbated the vulnerabilities in the affected economies

Consequences
Money reduction: Many Asian currencies experienced significant devaluations, leading to a sharp decline in the value of assets and increased debt burdens for companies with foreign currency liabilities

 Financial sector failures: Banks and financial institutions faced insolvency and encountered difficulties in meeting their duty, contributing to a severe banking crisis in the region

 Economic contraction and social impact: The crisis resulted in severe economic contractions, rising unemployment, and social hardships, including increased poverty rates and social unrest in some countries

IMF role
International Monetary Fund (IMF) assistance and conditionality: The IMF provided financial assistance to the affected countries, often in exchange for implementing structural reforms, fiscal austerity measures, and financial sector reforms

References

Related pages
 1998 Russian financial crisis

Papers
 Ngian Kee Jin (March 2000). Coping with the Asian Financial Crisis: The Singapore Experience. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
 Tiwari, Rajnish (2003). Post-crisis Exchange Rate Regimes in Southeast Asia, Seminar Paper, University of Hamburg.
 Kilgour, Andrea (1999). The changing economic situation in Vietnam: A product of the Asian crisis?
 Stiglitz, Joseph (1996). Some Lessons From The East Asian Miracle. The World Bank Research Observer.
 Weisbrot, Mark (August 2007). Ten Years After: The Lasting Impact of the Asian Financial Crisis. Center for Economic and Policy Research.
 Tecson, Marcelo L. (2009), "IMF Must Renounce Its Weapon of Mass Destruction: High Interest Rates" (4-part paper on high-interest-rate fallacies and alternatives, emailed to IMF and others on 27 January 2009)

Other websites
 Women bear brunt of crisis, article by Australian photo-journalist John Le Fevre examining the effects of the Asian Economic Crisis on Asia's female workforce
 The Crash (transcript only), from the PBS series Frontline
 Impact on Indonesia from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
 Congressional Research Service report for US Congress
 Asia's Financial Sector: 12 Things to Know Asian Development Bank

1997 in Asia
Economy of Asia

1997 Asian financial crisis


Alberto Cerqui (born 20 June 1992, in Brescia) is an Italian racing driver. He has competed in the World Touring Car Championship.

Career

Single seaters
After winning titles in karting, Cerqui graduated to single-seater racing in 2009, racing in Formula Azzurra. He scored four victories, two pole positions and six podiums from 16 races on his way to the title. He graduated to the Italian Formula Three Championship in 2010, driving for Ombra Racing. He finished 19th in the final classification, scoring three points.

Superstars Series
At the end of 2010 he tested for the Team BMW Italia Superstars Series team at Adria. In January 2011 Cerqui was announced as a driver for the team. Cerqui scored three successive pole positions at Portimão, Donington Park and Misano, and took his maiden win at Misano.

World Touring Car Championship

ROAL Motorsport (2012)
Cerqui stayed with ROAL Motorsport for 2012 to race in the World Touring Car Championship as teammate to Tom Coronel. He finished in the points in both races at his home event, the season opening Race of Italy. The first race of the Race of Slovakia saw Cerqui climb from twelfth on the grid to fourth in the results. He qualified 13th for the Race of Hungary but a parc fermé infringement by his team saw both cars sent to the back of the grid with Cerqui lining up 20th and 19th for race one and race two respectively. During race two of the Race of Portugal, Yvan Muller spun and Cerqui was able to take his fifth place until Muller took it back later in the race. The Race of Brazil saw Cerqui retire twice; contact in race one with Tiago Monteiro forced him to retire on lap two, then a collision in race two with Aleksei Dudukalo saw Cerqui crash into the pit wall. Race one of the Race of United States saw him involved in a first lap pileup involving six cars, forcing Cerqui, Dudukalo and Fernando Monje to retire. In race one at the Race of Japan, Cerqui had passed the Team Aon car of James Nash but soon after spun and ended his race in the gravel trap at the first corner. After the race he was also handed a 30-second time penalty for a start infringement although having retired this did not affect his overall result. Cerqui ended his non-scoring streak at the Race of China with a pair of top ten finishes. Cerqui sat out the final round in Macau and was replaced by Kei Cozzolino. Cerqui stated that before the season started, he agreed with his team that he would only participate in the Macau races if he were still in contention for the Yokohama Drivers' Trophy.

Racing record

Complete International Superstars Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete World Touring Car Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

References

External links

Official website

1992 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Brescia
Italian racing drivers
Italian Formula Three Championship drivers
World Touring Car Championship drivers
Superstars Series drivers
BMW M drivers
Ombra Racing drivers
Porsche Carrera Cup Italy drivers

Alberto Cerqui


The sociology of jealousy deals with cultural and social factors that influence what causes jealousy, how jealousy is expressed, and how attitudes toward jealousy change over time.

Anthropologists such as Margaret Mead have shown that jealousy varies across cultures. Cultural learning can influence the situations that trigger jealousy and the manner in which jealousy is expressed. Attitudes toward jealousy can also change within a culture over time. For example, attitudes toward jealousy changed substantially during the 1960s and 1970s in the United States. People in the United States adopted much more negative views about jealousy.

Causes of jealousy
Margaret Mead reports a number of societies in which a man would offer his wife or daughter to others for sexual purposes, as well as cases in which "first wives" in polygamous societies would welcome additional wives as enhancing their prestige and lightening their work. She contrasts the Dobuans, whose lives were dominated by jealous guardianship of everything from wives to yams, with the Samoans, among whom jealousy was rare.

It is possible that Mead's attribution of these differences to social arrangements is correct. Stearns similarly notes that the social history of jealousy among Americans shows a near absence of jealousy in the eighteenth century, when marriages were arranged by parents and close community supervision all but precluded extramarital affairs. As these social arrangements were gradually supplanted by the practice of dating several potential partners before marriage and by more fluid and anonymous living arrangements, jealousy as a social phenomenon correspondingly increased.

Others have questioned Mead's findings about Samoa.

Jealousy occurred far more frequently than Mead suggested and often resulted in violence. The Samoans have a word for such violence: fua. It may be that no society has the freedom from jealousy which Mead attributed to the Samoans. The incidence of jealousy may vary across cultures, but jealousy remains a cultural universal nonetheless.

Changes in attitudes
By the late 1960s and the 1970s, jealousy — particularly sexual jealousy — had come to be seen as both irrational and shameful in some quarters, particularly among advocates of free love. Advocates and practitioners of non-exclusive sexual relationships, believing that they ought not to be jealous, sought to banish or deny jealous reactions to their partners' sexual involvement with others. Many found this unexpectedly difficult, though for others, conscious blocking of the jealous reaction is relatively easy from the start, and over time the reaction can be effectively extinguished. Some studies suggest that jealousy may be reduced in multilateral relationships where there is a clear hierarchy of relationships or where expectations are otherwise fixed. (See Smith and Smith, Beyond Monogamy.) Contemporary practitioners of what is now called polyamory (multiple intimate relationships) for the most part treat jealousy as an inevitable problem, best handled by accommodation and communication. In mainstream society, although jealousy still carries connotations of insecurity, there is a greater tendency to accept it as a normal and expected reaction to a relationship threat.

See also

References

Social
Sociology of emotions

da:Jalousi (følelse)
de:Eifersucht
es:Celos
eo:Ĵaluzo
fr:Jalousie
io:Jaluzeso
he:קנאה
hu:Féltékenység
nl:Jaloezie (gevoel)
pt:Ciúme
simple:Jealousy
sv:Svartsjuka

Social aspects of jealousy


Knight Center is a Metromover station in Downtown, Miami, Florida located in the Miami Tower.

This station is located at the intersection of Southwest Second Street and Second Avenue, connected to the namesake James L. Knight Center by a glass-enclosed walkway underneath the Downtown Distributor freeway. Knight Center opened April 17, 1986 as the World Trade Center Station, and was the first elevated metro station in the world built into an existing building.

Station layout

Places of interest
James L. Knight Center
Miami Tower
Au Bon Pain
U.S. Century Bank
Dupont Plaza Hotel
Holiday Inn
Hyatt Regency Hotel
Miami Center of Commerce Shops
Met 3
Met 2 Financial Center
Ultramont Downtown Mall
Clarion Hotel
JW Marriott Hotel at Metropolitan Square
Camilla's Restaurant
Met 1
Ponto de Encontro Cafe and Restaurant
Dupont Towers
400 SE 1st Avenue Building
420 SE 1st Avenue Building
220 SE 2nd Avenue Building
240 SE 2nd Avenue Building
Acquos Tower
Epic Tower
Lynx Tower Complex

Gallery

External links

 MDT – Metromover Stations

Metromover stations
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1986
1986 establishments in Florida
Brickell Loop
Inner Loop
Omni Loop

Knight Center station


Friedrich von Hohenzollern (1449–1505) was Prince-Bishop of Augsburg from 1486 to 1505.

Biography

Friedrich von Hohenzollern was born in Hohenzollern in 1449.  He was a member of the House of Hohenzollern.  In 1478, he was ordained as a priest in Mainz.

The cathedral chapter of Augsburg Cathedral elected him Prince-Bishop of Augsburg on 21 March 1486.  Pope Innocent VIII confirmed his appointment on 21 June 1486 and he was consecrated as a bishop by Otto von Sonnenberg, Bishop of Constance, on 17 September 1486.

He died on 8 March 1505.

References

1449 births
1505 deaths
Roman Catholic bishops of Augsburg

Friedrich von Hohenzollern


Samuel Willenberg (February 16, 1923 – February 19, 2016) was a Polish-born Israeli prisoner in the Treblinka extermination camp. He was part of its prisoner revolt, and a participant of the Warsaw Uprising. In the uprising, he used the name Igo.

Willenberg was born in Częstochowa, Poland.

After the war he lived in Israel. He received the highest of Poland's orders including Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit. It was awarded by President Lech Kaczyński.

His memoir, titled Revolt in Treblinka, was published in Hebrew, Polish and English between 1986 and 1991. He was a sculptor and painter.

Willenberg died on February 19, 2016 from complications of a stroke in Udim, Israel. He was aged 93. Before his death, he was the last living survivor of Treblinka.

References

Other websites

Michał Grynberg, Maria Kotowska, Życie i zagłada Żydów polskich 1939–1945 (The Life and extermination of Polish Jewry 1939–1945). Warsaw, Oficyna Naukowa 2003, p. 202. .
Samuel Willenberg, Bunt w Treblince (Revolt in Treblinka). Warsaw, Biblioteka "Więzi" 2004, pp. 9–150. .
Patrycja Bukalska, "Piekło płonie" (The Hell burns) in: Tygodnik Powszechny [on-line]. Tygodnik.onet.pl, 16/2013 (Special). Accessed August 29, 2013.
Barbara Engelking, Dariusz Libionka, Żydzi w powstańczej Warszawie (Jews in the Warsaw Uprising). Warsaw, Stowarzyszenie Centrum nad Zagładą Żydów (Center for Holocaust Association) 2009, pp. 75–155. .

1923 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Holocaust survivors
Israeli Jews
Israeli painters
Israeli sculptors
Jewish artists
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Polish Jews

Samuel Willenberg


Michael A. Costanzo (born September 9, 1983) is an American former professional baseball third baseman. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cincinnati Reds.

Amateur career
Costanzo played college baseball for Coastal Carolina University, and was named an All-American in his junior year. In 2003, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Bethesda Big Train of the Cal Ripken Collegiate Baseball League and was the team's MVP. In 2004, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Hyannis Mets of the Cape Cod Baseball League.

Professional career
Costanzo was drafted by the Philadelphia Phillies pick #65 in the second round of the 2005 Major League Baseball draft. In
2005, Costanzo reported to Short-season A ball for the Batavia Muckdogs.
In 2006, Costanzo spends the season in High-A in Clearwater, where he is named Florida State League's Top defensive 3rd baseman.

2007 Costanzo is promoted to AA-Reading Phillies in the Eastern League and hits 27 Home runs with 86 RBI and is selected to the Eastern League All-Star game. He is selected to play in the Arizona Fall League for top prospects.

On November 7, 2007, Costanzo, along with Michael Bourn and Geoff Geary, is traded to the Houston Astros for Brad Lidge and Eric Bruntlett. On December 12, 2007, he was traded for the second time in 34 days to the Baltimore Orioles along with Luke Scott, Matt Albers, Troy Patton and Dennis Sarfate for Miguel Tejada. The Orioles released him on April 2, 2010. He signed with the Cincinnati Reds on May 13, 2010.

Costanzo is called up to the majors with the Cincinnati Reds for the first time on May 12, 2012. In his first Major League at bat, he hit a sacrifice fly to left field, which scored Ryan Hanigan from third base. On May 19, 2012, Costanzo got his first Major League Hit off of New York Yankees pitcher Iván Nova. Yankees shortstop Derek Jeter retrieved the baseball and tossed it into the Reds dugout.

On June 6, he was optioned back to Triple-A Louisville. On August 1, Costanzo was designated for assignment.

Costanzo was inducted into the Coastal Carolina University Hall of Fame in fall of 2012.

On December 28, 2012, he signed a minor league deal with the Washington Nationals. Costanzo was released by the Nationals in June 2013 and was signed by the Cincinnati Reds.

Costanzo represented Team Italy in the 2009 and 2013 World Baseball Classic.

After spending all of 2014 with the Cincinnati Reds AAA affiliate the Louisville Bats, Costanzo signed with the Camden Riversharks of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball in the following offseason.  It is his second stint with the Camden Riversharks, he also played with the team during the 2010 season.

Personal
Costanzo currently owns The Mike Costanzo Farmers Insurance Agency in Springfield, Pennsylvania.

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
All-American college baseball players
American people of Italian descent
Batavia Muckdogs players
Bowie Baysox players
Camden Riversharks players
Carolina Mudcats players
Cincinnati Reds players
Clearwater Threshers players
Coastal Carolina Chanticleers baseball players
Criollos de Caguas players
Hyannis Harbor Hawks players
Liga de Béisbol Profesional Roberto Clemente infielders
Louisville Bats players
Major League Baseball third basemen
Norfolk Tides players
Pensacola Blue Wahoos players
Peoria Saguaros players
Reading Phillies players
Baseball players from Philadelphia
Syracuse Chiefs players
2013 World Baseball Classic players

Mike Costanzo


Johannes Heinrich Matthaei (born 4 May 1929) is a German biochemist. He is best known for his unique contribution to solving the genetic code on 15 May 1961.

Career
Whilst a post-doctoral visitor in the laboratory of Marshall Warren Nirenberg at the NIH in Bethesda, Maryland, he discovered that a synthetic RNA polynucleotide, composed of a repeating uridylic acid residue (Uracil), coded for a polypeptide chain encoding just one kind of amino acid, phenylalanine. In scientific terms, he discovered that polyU codes for polyphenylalanine and hence the coding unit for this amino acid is composed of a series of Us or, as we now know the genetic code is read in triplets, the codon for phenylalanine is UUU. This single experiment opened the way to the solution of the genetic code. It was for this and later work on the genetic code for which Nirenberg shared the Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology. In addition, Matthaei and his co-workers in the following years published a multitude of results concerning the early understanding of the form and function of the genetic code.

Why Matthaei, who personally deciphered the genetic code, was excluded from this scientific prize is one of the Nobel Prize controversies.

Later, Matthaei was a member of the Max Planck Society in Göttingen as a director.

Bibliography

References

See also
 Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
 German inventors and discoverers
 Genetic code

German biochemists
History of genetics
1929 births
Living people
University of Bonn alumni
Max Planck Institute directors

J. Heinrich Matthaei


Eagle Bay is a small town in Western Australia's South West region near Dunsborough, in the local government area of the City of Busselton. At the 2021 census, it had a population of 120. It is known for its luxury holiday homes, with an occupancy rate on the night of the 2021 census of about 13%.

On 30 May 1801, a landing party from the Baudin expedition unsuccessfully looked for water at Eagle Bay; this event is commemorated by the Baudin memorial, which was unveiled in 2001. In the late 19th century Stewart Keenan, who had a farm in the local area, built a track connecting his Eagle Bay farm to the timber mill community at Yelverton. In the 1950s, there was a commercial salmon fishery in Eagle Bay. The modern-day settlement began to develop in the early 1970s. Eagle Bay contains a residents' association (established 1990), a volunteer fire brigade, and a community hall (constructed in 2014). The eponymous bay is in Meelup Regional Park.

References

Coastal towns in Western Australia
Capes region of South West Western Australia
City of Busselton

Eagle Bay, Western Australia


Arenig Fawr () is a mountain in Snowdonia, North Wales, close to Llyn Celyn reservoir, alongside the A4212 between Trawsfynydd and Bala.

Location
Arenig Fawr is the highest member of the Arenig range, with Arenig Fach (), a smaller neighbouring mountain, lying to the north.  It is surrounded by Moel Llyfnant to the west, Rhobell Fawr to the south and Mynydd Nodol to the east.

Ascent
The easy-to-moderate climb to the summit takes about 2½ hours from Llyn Celyn. There are no readily identifiable footpaths but the route is marked by an old wire boundary fence. Beneath the mountain is Llyn Arenig Fawr, a reservoir providing drinking water to Bala and the surrounding villages.

The summit, which is also known as Moel yr Eglwys (), has a trig point and a memorial to eight American aircrew who died when their Flying Fortress bomber B-17F #42-3124 crashed on 4 August 1943. Some of the crash wreckage is still scattered across the hillside 300 m (330 yds) from the memorial location.

From the summit, with good weather conditions, it is possible to see several notable Welsh mountain ranges: the Rhinogs in the west, Snowdon to the northwest, the Clwydian Hills in the northeast, east to the Berwyns, south east to the Arans, and southward to Cadair Idris. It is one of the finest panoramas in Wales. In exceptional conditions the Wicklow Mountains in Ireland, the Blackpool Tower, summits of the Peak District above Manchester, the Lake District, and the Brecon Beacons can also be seen. The furthest peaks visible in perfect conditions are Cross Fell and Great Dun Fell in the far east of Cumbria, Slieve Muck, Slieve Binnian and Slieve Meelbeg in the Mourne Mountains of Northern Ireland, and Blackstairs Mountain on the County Carlow/County Wexford border in the Republic of Ireland.

Railway
Arenig Halt was a request stop on the Bala Ffestiniog Line. It closed to passenger services on 2 January 1960 and freight services on 27 January 1961. The remains of the station buildings have been cleared away leaving no trace.

Art and literature
Artists James Dickson Innes and Augustus John used the mountain as a backdrop during their two years of painting in the Arenig valley between 1911 and 1912. In 2011 their work was the subject of a BBC documentary entitled The Mountain That Had to Be Painted.

In The Faerie Queene, an incomplete English epic poem by Sir Edmund Spenser, the home of 'old Timon', Prince Arthur's sage foster-father, "is low in a valley greene, Under the foot of Rauran mossy hore". Welsh historian Sir John Edward Lloyd wrote that Rauran "comes from Saxton's map of Merionethshire (1578), which places 'Rarau uaure Hill' (Yr Aran Fawr) where Arenig should be".

A boulder at a crossroads in the hamlet of Bell Heath, near Belbroughton, Worcestershire, in England, has a brass plaque attached to it stating "Boulder from Arenig Mountain in N. Wales, Brought here by the Welsh Ice-sheet in the Glacial Period".

References

External links
www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Arenig Fawr and surrounding area
: Peak Wreck Hunters' Photos and Information on 'Plane Crash site

Marilyns of Wales
Hewitts of Wales
Nuttalls
Mountains and hills of Snowdonia
Volcanoes of Wales
Ordovician volcanoes
Mountains and hills of Gwynedd
Llanycil

Arenig Fawr


Toloa is a constellation in the sky, also known by its name copied from English: the Southern cross (Crux). But in the Tongan mind the stars of the cross rather outline a duck flying over to the south.

In the myth of the both Maʻafu, the duck was a wild bird, but was caught by the twins, and later together with Humu and them placed in the sky. In another myth the western wing of Toloa is wounded because Two men threw stones at it. The star on that spot is fainter than the others.

When not in the sky, Toloa and Humu are still two good friends.

Toloa (pupunga)/en


The Bangweulu Wetlands are a wetland area in north-eastern Zambia.

Overview
Bangweulu, which means "where the water sky meets the sky", is found mostly within Zambia's Northern Province and known by the Ramsar Convention as one of the world's most important wetlands. The  region has flood-plains, seasonally flooded grasslands, woodlands, andswamps, fed by rivers near it.

Animals and plants
The ecosystem has Cyperus papyrus, floating grasses, miombo woodland, and reeds that support a lot of crocodiles, fish, and water birds. Some mammals in the Bangweulu Wetlands are buffalo, zebra, elephants, hippopotamus, hyenas, jackals, lechwe, sable antelope, and sitatunga. Millions of straw-coloured fruit bats go to Bangweulu's Mushitu swamp forest, in Kasanka National Park. In 2016, African Parks partnered with Fondation Segré to help 600 animals, including hartebeest, impala, and puku, into the wetlands.

Bangweulu has been called a "Important Bird Area" by BirdLife International. The wetlands are home to more than 400 bird species, including cormorants, ducks, egrets, Geese, herons, ibises, pygmy goose, and waders. Other animals found in Bangweulu include the great white pelican, saddle-billed stork, spoonbill, and wattled crane.

Human–wildlife conflict

Bangweulu holds several villages, and around 50,000–90,000 people depend on the wetlands, resulting in human–wildlife conflict. The ecosystem could be damaged by habitat burning for farming, overfishing, and poaching. 75 poachers were arrested in 2010, and 115 were arrested in 2011. The use of mosquito nets for fishing has lessened fish populations in Bangweulu and Zambia.

References

Other websites

Coordinates on Wikidata
Lakes of Africa
Geography of Zambia
Wetlands

Bangweulu Wetlands


Michael Lewis Cunningham (born 5 February 1991) is an English footballer who plays as a forward for Flower City Union in the National Independent Soccer Association.

Career

Youth
Cunningham played with various local sides before attending the Nike Academy, where he impressed enough to earn an academy contract at Luton Town in 2010.

College & Semi Professional
Following his release from Luton Town, Cunningham applied to various college's in the United States, eventually been offered a scholarship to play college soccer at NCAA Division II college Roberts Wesleyan College in New York. At Roberts Wesleyan, Cunningham made 76 appearances, scoring 30 goals and tallying 17 assists over four seasons and was twice named First Team All-American, in 2012 and 2014.

In the summer of 2014, Cunningham also appeared for USL Premier Development League side Southern California Seahorses.

Professional
Cunningham signed his first professional contract In January 2016 with Australian NPL Victoria 2 side Northcote City FC. He went on to make 11 appearances for the club.

Following a spell in Australia, Cunningham has a short stint with Midland Premier League side Quorn in the second half of 2016.

Cunningham returned to the United States in 2017, joining MASL indoor soccer side Syracruse Silver Knights and later Rochester Lancers. With Rochester in 2018, Cunningham scored 13 goals in 13 appearances. He made a single appearance for the indoor team in 2019, and scored 7 in 17 appearances in 2020. Rochester also operate an outdoor team who compete in the NPSL, who Cunningham played with in 2019, scoring 4 goals in 10 regular season appearances. The 2020 season was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

On 7 April 2021, Cunningham joined USL Championship side FC Tulsa following a successful trial. He made his debut for the club on 19 May 2021, appearing as a 74th-minute substitute during a 5–0 loss to Atlanta United 2.

On 20 September 2021, Cunningham joined National Independent Soccer Association club Stumptown AC on a loan deal.

Personal
As well as playing professionally, Cunningham also operates a YouTube channel and podcast under his 7mlc brand, which has  more than one million subscribers.

References

External links

 MASL profile

1991 births
Men's association football forwards
English expatriate men's footballers
English expatriate sportspeople in Australia
English expatriate sportspeople in the United States
English men's footballers
Expatriate men's soccer players in Australia
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
FC Tulsa players
Footballers from Nottingham
Living people
Luton Town F.C. players
Major Arena Soccer League players
National Premier Soccer League players
Nike Academy players
Northcote City FC players
Quorn F.C. players
Southern California Seahorses players
USL Championship players
USL League Two players
College men's soccer players in the United States
Roberts Wesleyan University alumni
Stumptown AC players
National Independent Soccer Association players
Harrisburg Heat (MASL) players

Michael Cunningham (footballer, born 1991)


The Government Seal of Japan is one of the country's national seals.  It looks like a flowering plant called a paulownia.  The government of Japan and cabinet use it. It is one of many paulownia mon, collectively known as the Paulownia Seals (桐紋, kirimon) or the Paulownia Flower Seals (桐花紋, tōkamon).

The seal is the official emblem of the Japanese Prime Minister and the Cabinet.

The 5–7 Paulownia (五七桐, go-shichi (no) kiri) is used as the official emblem of the Prime Minister of Japan. It looks like a stylized paulownia plant with 5–7–5 flowers.

Before the Chrysanthemum Seal was used extensively, the Paulownia Seal originally was the private symbol of the Japanese Imperial Family, from as early as the sixteenth century. The Toyotomi clan, led by Toyotomi Hideyoshi, later adopted the Paulownia Seal to be their family crest. After the Meiji Restoration, the seal was eventually adopted as the emblem of the Japanese government.

It is now still mainly used by the Japanese government, as a contrast to the Chrysanthemum Seal which represents the Emperor as the symbol of the sovereignty of the State, and members of the Imperial Family.

Related pages

 State Seal of Japan

Government of Japan
Heraldry

Government Seal of Japan


Alfred Clint  (1807–1883) was an English marine painter.

Life
Clint was the fifth and youngest son by the first marriage of George Clint, A.R.A. He was born in Alfred Place, Bedford Square, London, on 22 March 1807.

He acquired the technical knowledge of painting from his father, while he studied from the life at a students' society, which met first in Drury Lane and afterwards in the Savoy. In early life he painted portraits and landscapes. He exhibited for the first time in 1828 at the British Institution, sending in the folio wins year a 'Study from Nature' to the Royal Academy. In 1831 he began to exhibit at the Society of British Artists. He became a member of the society in 1843 and secretary from 1853 to 1859. He succeeded Frederick Yeates Hurlstone as president in 1869 and continued to fill that office until 1881.

He is best known as a marine painter, the subjects of his pictures taken chiefly from the English Channel, and especially from Jersey, Guernsey, and the coast of Sussex. They were very popular, and some of them have been engraved. Between 1828 and 1879 he contributed 402 works to the exhibitions of the Royal Academy, British Institution, and the Society of British Artists. He drew and etched the illustrations to George John Bennett's Pedestrian's Guide through North Wales, 1838, and in 1856 wrote Landscape from Nature, the second part of John Samuelson Templeton's Guide to Oil Painting.

Clint died in Lancaster Road, Notting Hill, London, on his birthday, 22 March 1883, at the age of 76, after having for about five years relinquished the pursuit of art owing to failing eyesight. He was buried in the same grave as his father, in Kensal Green cemetery. His remaining works were sold by Messrs. Christie, Manson, & Woods in February 1884.

References

Attribution

1807 births
1883 deaths
British marine artists
19th-century English painters
English male painters
Painters from London
19th-century English male artists
Members of the Royal Society of British Artists

Alfred Clint


Kidzania Jakarta is an amusement park in Jakarta. It is Southeast Asia's first ever Kidzania theme park, coming from the Mexican amusement park company Kidzania de Mexico S.A. Kidzania Jakarta is the fourth of its kind to open globally. The theme park houses less than 10,000 visitors, although it has a big size. The park is open from 9.00am until 2.00pm for the first session. The second session begins at 3.00pm until 8.00pm.

Big changes
It has 70 pavilions, some are currently under development. The latest change came on June 8, 2009, when it opened its first Research & Development Center. This is related to electronic matters, as children must create new ideas to create a home electronic. It is followed by the opening of the Coffee Factory pavilion, where children can make instant coffee through a number of processes.

Location
Kidzania Jakarta is on a mall in Jakarta, known as the Pacific Place Jakarta, on the city center.

References
 Kidzania  Retrieved on 2009-07-15

Theme parks in Asia
Buildings and structures in Jakarta

es:Kidzania
ja:キッザニア

Kidzania Jakarta


"Heartbreaker" is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey. The song was released on September 21, 1999 in North America as the lead single to her seventh studio album Rainbow (1999). The song samples the 1982 R&B song "Attack of the Name Game" under Stacy Lattisaw. "Heartbreaker" is about a relationship from a female perspective; the protagonist returns to her lover. But her lover constantly cheats on her.

"Heartbreaker" received mixed music reviews from critics. A number of critics felt the song wasn't original in terms of a creative step forward. However, it hit #1 on the United States Billboard Hot 100 and the Canadian Singles Chart.

In the video, Carey played two women: herself and a woman named Bianca. There was a physical fight between these two women in a movie theater.

References

1999 songs
Mariah Carey songs
Jay-Z songs
Funk songs
Hip hop songs
R&B songs
Billboard Hot 100 number one songs

Heartbreaker (song)


The Easter Jeep Safari is an annual event hosted by the Red Rock 4-Wheelers off-road club. Four-wheelers come from all parts of the United States and other countries to challenge the rough terrain of the backcountry in the Moab, Utah area. While the title does say it is a festival of Jeeps, there are no restrictions on vehicle make or models used. However, all vehicles are expected to have high ground clearance Four-wheel drive vehicles with two-speed transfer cases. No ATV's or UTV's are allowed. The Easter Weekend safari lasts for nine days, going through Easter Sunday.

Expeditions
When going 4-wheeling, people can either go alone, or join up in a group. Groups usually meet up early in the day, at a certain location in the city. First waivers are signed and collected, then the drivers are given instruction and told to comply with any and all Bureau of Land Management regulations (i.e. stay on the trail, avoid walking on protected soil, etc.). Groups will then head out to the trails for the day. Once a group arrives at a trail, they will partially deflate ("air down") their tires to get better traction on sand or slick rock. Once the air down is completed they will begin through the trail and depending on the trail and the number of stops, it can take anywhere from a few hours to all day.

Many groups do radio introductions, over the CB radio, where a person (often the driver) will introduce his/her self and any passengers in the car. They may also tell if they have driven the trail before, or if it's their first time. When a group approaches a really difficult obstacle, a few will get out and act as a spotter to ensure everyone makes it up or down safely.

Groups will usually stop around noon or 1:00 P.M. for a lunch break. Drivers and passengers usually chat, take pictures, or do some work on their Jeep/4X4 vehicle. Once lunch is completed they will take off again.

Trails

Trails rank from easy to difficult (1 through 5). The classification system is the same used in skiing: Circle is Easy, Square is Moderate, and Diamond is Hard.  Many trails have several obstacles to get through.  Some of the most famous are Kenny's Climb, and White Knuckle Hill. Many involve rockcrawling.

Usage
The Event is often attended by media representatives who cover outdoor and recreation events including representatives from Jeep. The Moab variant of the Jeep Wrangler
is named after Moab, UT.

Danger
Some trails, specifically the higher difficulty ones can be dangerous for inexperienced drivers, especially if they try to go alone. A basic rule for driving off-road is to never travel alone. Traveling in groups of two or more vehicles makes it more certain at least one vehicle can get back for help. Those who do venture out into the backcountry alone should have good communications (two-way radio, mobile phone or satellite device). Inexperienced groups are advised to bring a spotter along on the more difficult trails to avoid injuries and rollovers.

References

Other websites
 Red Rock 4-Wheelers

Events in the United States

Easter Jeep Safari


Herbert Ernst Graham (6 April 1911 – 17 March 1982) was an Australian politician.

Biography
Graham was born in Narrogin, Western Australia on 6 April 1911 to parents from South Australia. Graham attended school in Narrogin and Northam.

His father, farmer William Graham, was a candidate for the Western Australian Legislative Council in the 1912 Legislative Council election. He later unsuccessfully stood for the Australian Senate in 1919, finishing with only 2% of the Western Australian vote.

His nephew, Larry Graham later represented the Labor Party in the Western Australian Parliament from 1989.

Working life
In 1928, Graham joined the Western Australian Government Department of Lands and Surveys as a cadet draftsman. In the mid-1930s, he joined the Department of Forests.

Public life

Early politics
After joining the Australian Labor Party in 1929 he soon became heavily involved in politics. By 1933 he was a member of the ALP state executive. In 1934 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the House of Representatives seat of Perth. In 1940 he was a candidate for the Senate though he only garnered 2% of the Western Australian vote, the same percentage as his father in 1919.

Entry to Parliament
In 1943 Graham was elected to the seat of East Perth in a by-election caused by the resignation of Tom Hughes.

With the election of the Hawke Labor government in 1953 Graham became a Cabinet minister with responsibilities for the portfolios of housing and forests. As housing minister Graham was responsible for an increase in the number of state-owned residential properties. An apartment complex, Graham Flats in West Perth, built while he was housing minister, was named in his honour. In 1957 Graham took on responsibility for transport, presiding over the implementation of an integrated bus system.

Between 1959 and 1971 Graham served the ALP in opposition, rising to deputy opposition leader in 1966. When the Tonkin government took power in 1971 Graham became Deputy Premier. He took on responsibility for town planning between 1971 and 1973.

In 1973 after a series of disagreements with Tonkin, Graham resigned from Parliament. In the by-election that followed, Brian Burke was elected by thirty votes.

Civic life
After leaving Parliament Graham was appointed chairman of the state Licensing Court.

A fluent Italian-speaker, Graham was involved in the Western Australia Italian Club, becoming a life member of the club. He was honoured by the Italian government with an Order of Merit of the Italian Republic.

He was a patron of the East Perth Football Club and was a life member.

Death
Graham died on 17 March 1982 in Stirling, Western Australia.

References

1911 births
1982 deaths
Members of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly
Deputy Premiers of Western Australia
Recipients of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
People from Narrogin, Western Australia
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Western Australia
20th-century Australian politicians

Herb Graham


Abkhazian Dze (Ӡ ӡ; italics: Ӡ ӡ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It is used in the Abkhazian language where it represents the voiced alveolar affricate /dz/, pronounced like ⟨ds⟩ in "pods". You go from a ⟨d⟩ to a ⟨s⟩(s in "is").

It is also used in the Uilta language.

This letter was also used in one 1937 proposal (not adopted) for the Karelian language.

Cyrillic letters

Abkhazian Dze


Bobby Rhine (April 18, 1976 – September 5, 2011) was an American soccer player who last played for FC Dallas of Major League Soccer.

Rhine played college soccer at the University of Connecticut from 1994 to 1998.  In 1997, he redshirted his senior season in order to complete his master's degree requirements.  In 1998, he returned for his last season, earning second-team All-American recognition.  In February 1999, the Dallas Burn selected Rhine in the first round (sixth overall) in the 1999 MLS College Draft.  During his Dallas career, Rhine filled a variety of positions as an on-and-off starter, usually playing up front or in the midfield. His versatility even led to a switch to defense for the 2005 season.  His best season came in 2002, when he scored seven goals and six assists and added another goal in the playoffs. In eight MLS seasons, Rhine's regular-season totals stand at 23 goals and 33 assists.  In 1999, he went on loan to the Milwaukee Rampage of the USL A-League.  In 2000, he played one game on loan with the Tennessee Rhythm.  Rhine played his final career game against Los Angeles Galaxy on October 26, 2008, a game in which normal team captain Duilio Davino insisted Rhine take the captain's armband.

Rhine retired at the end of the 2008 season. Upon retiring, he accepted the position of Manager of Community Development with the FC Dallas front office. In addition, Rhine also worked as the color commentator for the team's television broadcasts.

On September 5, 2011, while vacationing with his family in Florida, Rhine died from a sudden heart attack at the age of 35.

References

1976 births
2011 deaths
American men's soccer players
UConn Huskies men's soccer players
FC Dallas players
Milwaukee Rampage players
New Orleans Riverboat Gamblers players
Tennessee Rhythm players
Major League Soccer players
A-League (1995–2004) players
Soccer players from Missouri
FC Dallas draft picks
Men's association football midfielders

Bobby Rhine


Húxiān ( "Fox Immortal"), also called Húshén ( "Fox God") or Húwáng ( "Fox Ruler") is a deity in Chinese religion whose cult is present in provinces of north China (from Henan and Shandong upwards), but especially in northeast China where it can be said to be the most popular deity.

The deity can be represented as either male or female, but is most frequently identified as the female Húxiān Niángniáng ( "Fox Immortal Lady") whose animal form is a nine-tailed fox. She is the Chinese equivalent of the Japanese Shintō cult of Inari Ōkami, both god(desses) of the foxes or collective representations of the fox spirits.

Mythology tells that fox spirits are masters of the arts of metamorphosis, and can manifest in human form to seduce men or women. In exchange, they convey wealth and property. In mystical literature, influenced by Taoism, fox spirits are immortal or transcendent beings of a high level in the spiritual hierarchy or beings who engage in the pursuit of becoming immortals.

The fox deity is also represented as a couple of gods, male and female, called the Great Lord of the Three Foxes ( Húsān Tàiyé) and the Great Lady of the Three Foxes ( Húsān Tàinǎi). As a goddess, the Fox Immortal is related to Xīwángmǔ ( "Queen Mother of the West"), the great goddess guardian of Mount Kunlun (axis mundi).

Prevalence of the sect in northeast China
Nagao Ryuzō, a Japanese sinologist, observed that the Fox Gods "enjoy such popularity to be worshipped by almost every household in north China and Manchuria". Henry Doré documented the worship of the Fox God in the northern parts of Jiangsu and Anhui. In parts of Hebei, to every newborn is assigned his own běnshén ( patron god) manifestation of Huxian, usually a female for a boy and a male for a girl. After these boys and girls get married, their patrons will be represented sitting together. In his survey of popular shrines and temples in Manchuria, Takizawa Shunryō found the number dedicated to Fox Gods overwhelming.

See also
 Fox spirit
 Huli jing
 Kitsune
 Kumiho
 Inari Ōkami

Other
 Chinese folk religion
 Chinese gods and immortals
 Northeast China folk religion
 Shen (Chinese religion)

Citations

References

Sources

Chinese deities
Fox deities

Huxian


Spiritual autobiography is a genre of non-fiction prose that dominated Protestant writing during the seventeenth century, particularly in England, particularly that of Dissenters. The narrative generally follows the believer from a state of damnation to a state of grace; the most famous example is perhaps John Bunyan's Grace Abounding (1666). The first known spiritual autobiography is Confessions by Augustine of Hippo, or St. Augustine, which stands to this day as a classic when studying this genre.

Structure
Because so many autobiographies were written, they began to fall into a predictable pattern. The "formula" began with a sinful youth, "followed by a gradual awakening of spiritual feelings and a sense of anxiety about the prospects for one's soul." The person would repent, fall again into sin, repent, and sin again; such cycles could last for years. The Bible was often a source of comfort or fear during this time. Finally, the person had a conversion experience, an "epiphany, often of an emotionally shattering character, by which individuals came to realise that they had been singled out by God for salvation." Life was not necessarily easy after this, but it was a good deal less traumatic. These overarching narratives were seen to be not only relevant to human life, but also to human history. Those who practiced this type of spiritual autobiography believed that "history repeats itself not only in man's outward, group existence, but in the spiritual life of individuals."

Early examples
Confessions by Augustine of Hippo is not only the earliest known example of spiritual autobiography, but is widely seen as the first Western autobiography ever written. It consists of 13 books written in Latin between AD 397 and 400, and deals with Augustine's sinful youth and his conversion to Christianity.

Revelations of Divine Love written sometime in the 14th and 15th centuries by Julian of Norwich, which is the earliest surviving example of a book in the English language known to have been written by a woman, is also considered an important spiritual autobiography.

Evolution
The spiritual autobiography's intense focus on the individual has led scholars to see it as a precursor to the novel, with later writers such as Daniel Defoe writing fictionalized accounts of a character's spiritual journey, such as Robinson Crusoe or Moll Flanders. Moreover, because, as G. A. Starr argues, English Protestantism had rejected the "otherworldliness" of Catholicism "and insisted on the compatibility of earthly and spiritual callings," the "utterly mundane activities could be drawn upon to illustrate and enforce religious duties." This also contributed to the growth of what we now know as the novel.

Dating the evolution of this genre to a 17th century Protestant writing practice overlooks the earlier example of Margery Kempe, from the early 1430s (see Wikipedia entry The Book of Margery Kempe: A Facsimile and Documentary Edition, ed. Joel Fredell. Online edition.)

In the late 20th century, the spiritual autobiography has often reflected the struggle to reconcile variant forms of sexuality with Christian belief traditions, with the element of sincere struggle sometimes producing a polemical tone. Notable among these are titles by Jesuit John J. McNeill, Bothe Feet Firmly Planted in Midair: My Spiritual Journey (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press); Episcopalian priest Malcolm Boyd, Gay Priest, An Inner Journey (New York: St Martin's Press); Evangelical Minister Mel White's Stranger at the Gate: To Be Gay and Christian in America (New York: Plume/Penguin, 1995); Chris Glaser, self-described originally as a "fundamental Baptist and biblical literalist", published Uncommon Calling: A Gay Man's Struggle to Serve the Church (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1988).

Beyond the Abrahamic traditions
Recent examples in the genre often come from outside the Abrahamic traditions. See, for example, the expatriate British writer Christopher Isherwood's "My Guru and His Disciple" (London: Methuen, 1980); Jane Hamilton Merritt's "A Meditator's Diary: A Western woman's unique experiences in Thailand Monasteries" (London: Mandala/Unwin paperbacks, 1986); Irina Tweedie's "Daughter of Fire: A Diary of a Spiritual Training with a Sufi Master (Nevada City: Blue Dolphin Publishing, 1986. Originally published as "The Chasm of Fire", 1979); Andrew Harvey's "A Journey in Ladakh: Encounters with Buddhism" (1983) and "Hidden Journey: A Spiritual Awakening" (1991); Mark Matousek's "Sex Death Enlightenment: A True Story" (1996) and Victor Marsh's "The Boy in the Yellow Dress" (Melbourne: Clouds of Magellan Press, 2014).
Worth considering too is Carol P. Christ's "Laughter of Aphrodite: Reflections on a Journey to the Goddess" (Harper San Francisco, 1988).

Insightful work coming from the contemporary encounter of Western aspirants with Buddhism, includes Stephen Batchelor's "Confession of a Buddhist Atheist" (2011, New York, Spiegel and Grau).
From the Japanese Zen tradition: Soko Morinaga Roshi's "Novice to Master: An Ongoing Lesson in the Extent of My Own Stupidity", trans. by Belenda Attaway Yamakawa (Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2002)

Of special interest here is the remarkable study by Sarah H. Jacoby, "Love and Liberation: Autobiographical Writings of the Tibetan Buddhist Visionary Sera Khandro" (New York: Columbia University Press, 2014). Jacoby's study draws on the rare autobiographical and biographical writing of Sera Kandro, "one of the few Tibetan women to record the story of her life."  Sera Khandro (1892 - 1940), who studied outside of the monastic disciplines, also wrote the biography of her guru, Drimé Özer.

Selection of spiritual autobiographies
The Confessions of St. Augustine (c. 397-400) by Augustine of Hippo
Revelations of Divine Love (c. 14th and 15th centuries) by Julian of Norwich
Memorandum of Martha Moulsworth, Widow (1632) by Martha Moulsworth
Confessions (1640) by Richard Norwood
The Lost Sheep Found (1660) by Lawrence Clarkson
Grace Abounding (1666) by John Bunyan
The Narrative of the Persecution of Agnes Beaumont (c. 1674) by Agnes Beaumont
An Alarm Sounded to Prepare the Inhabitants of the World to Meet the Lord in the Way of His Judgments (1709) by Bathsheba Bowers
Moll Flanders (1722) by Daniel Defoe
A Short History of the Life of John Crook (1757) by John Crook
Some Account of the Fore Part of the Life of Elizabeth Ashbridge (1774) by Elizabeth Ashbridge
A Son of the Forest (1829) by William Apess
My Religion (1927) by Helen Keller
Days of my Years (written 1950s, unpublished in her lifetime) by Georgia Harkness
Play of Consciousness: A Spiritual Autobiography (1978) by Swami Muktananda
Gay Priest, An Inner Journey (1986) by Malcolm Boyd
Stranger at the Gate: To Be Gay and Christian in America (1995) by Mel White
Soul Survivor (2001) by Philip Yancey
The Spiral Staircase: My Climb Out Of Darkness (2005) by Karen Armstrong

Notes

Resources

Caldwell, Patricia. The Puritan Conversion Narrative. Cambridge. 1983.
Damrosch, Leopold, Jr. God's Plot and Man's Stories. Chicago, 1985.
Delany, Paul. British Autobiography in the Seventeenth Century. London,  1969.
Ebner, Dean. Autobiography in Seventeenth-Century England. The Hague, 1971.
Hindmarsh, D. Bruce. The Evangelical Conversion Narrative: Spiritual Autobiography in Early Modern England. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Spacks, Patricia Meyer. Imagining a Self: Autobiography and Novel in Eighteenth-Century England. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976.
Starr, G. A. Defoe and Spiritual Autobiography. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1965.
Augustine, Saint. The Confessions of St. Augustine. Translated by E. B. (Edward Bouverie) Pusey, 2002.
Hunter, J. Paul. "Spiritual Biography." The Reluctant Pilgrim: Defoe's Emblematic Method and Quest for Form in Robinson Crusoe. Johns Hopkins Press, 1966.
Bell, Robert. "Metamorphoses of Spiritual Autobiography." ELH, vol. 44, no. 1, 1977, pp. 108–126.
Hindmarsh, D. Bruce. The Evangelical Conversion Narrative: Spiritual Autobiography in Early Modern England. OUP Oxford, 2005.
Ashley, George T. (George Thomas). From Bondage to Liberty in Religion: A Spiritual Autobiography. 2010.
Keller, Rosemary Skinner. "Women's Spiritual Biography and Autobiography." Encyclopedia of women and religion in North America. Indiana University Press, 2006.

External links
Full text of John Bunyan's Grace Abounding  at Project Gutenberg
The Confessions of St. Augustine at Project Gutenberg
The Confessions of St. Augustine at LibriVox
George T. Ashley's From Bondage to Liberty in Religion: A Spiritual Autobiography at Project Gutenberg
Robert Bell's "Metamorphoses of Spiritual Autobiography" from ELH at JSTOR

British literature
Christian literary genres

Spiritual autobiography


Zanussi () is an Italian producer of home appliances that was bought by Electrolux in 1984. Zanussi has been exporting products from Italy since 1946.

History
The Zanussi Company began as the small workshop of Antonio Zanussi in 1916. The 26-year-old son of a blacksmith in Pordenone in Northeastern Italy began the business by making home stoves and wood-burning ovens.

In 1933 Antonio Zanussi launched REX, the company's newest trademark at that time, to coincide with a huge media event of the day: the new record for a transatlantic crossing (Gibraltar to New York) with which the Italian liner "Rex" conquered the Blue Riband.

In 1946 Antonio Zanussi died and management of the family business passed to his sons Lino and Guido. Under the leadership of Lino, the company developed into a modern industrial concern and in 1951, with a workforce of over 300, the company began to diversify into gas and electric, and combined gas/electric ovens; and, with growing availability and popularity of gas cylinders, Zanussi brought out their first gas cooker – the Rex 401.

A factory was opened at Porcia in 1954 and a Study Centre was established to research and design new appliances.

1958 saw the production of the first Zanussi washing machines. The same strategy underlay the creation, a year later, of the company's Design and research Centre.

In 1959 Zanussi launched the first "Supermarket" fridge with automatic defrosting and two compartments with separate temperature controls. At the end of the 1950s, Zanussi launched its "Tropic System" featuring a rounded style. Meanwhile, the washing machines were already into the second generation, with front-loading, and five washing programmes, developed with an eye for the requirements of the important German market.

In 1960, Zanussi started producing TV sets. By 1962, Zanussi exported its products to 60 countries.

1964 saw the first appearance in Italy of a fridge with a –12C compartment that was suitable for the conservation of frozen food – the "Freezermarket" Rex. In the following year, Zanussi put its first dishwasher on the market.

The next decade was one of important purchases, with the Becchi, Castor, Zoppas and Triplex brands all joining the Zanussi Group, and of the start-up of manufacturing outside Italy. Zanussi advanced to leadership of the Italian household appliance industry with a 25% market share, and was among the foremost producers in Europe with 10% of sales throughout the continent.

In late 1974, Zanussi released the Ping-O-Tronic under the Sèleco brand.

The death of Lino Zanussi and his closest assistants in an airplane crash in Spain on 18 June 1968 marked a change of strategy. In the meantime the economic situation in Italy had changed and with plans for diversification undermined by the difficulties being experienced by Italian industry in general, Zanussi slipped towards financial crisis in the late 1970s and the first half of the 1980s. The recovery process began in 1985 after Electrolux acquired the company in late 1984.

In 1985, Zanussi introduced the Jetsystem on their range of washing machines, which uses a circulation pump to pump the water in the drum onto the clothes via a jet hole in the door seal. This helps save water as the clothes are soaked with soapy water quicker. This can still be found on current Zanussi washing machines.

Prizes for the design of white appliances
Compasso d'Oro ADI in 1962 for cooker series 700.
Compasso d'Oro ADI in 1967 for compact washing machine P5.
Compasso d'Oro ADI in 1981 for corporate image and the entire production.
Six products selected at the Compasso d'Oro ADI in 1987, 1989, 1991 and 2008.
Three honour selections at the Compasso d'Oro ADI 1998, 2001 and 2004.
Two Golden Medals at the Biannuals of Design in Lubiana BIO 12 and BIO19.
SAMI du Design at Salon des Arts Menagers in Paris year 1990.
Goed Industrieel Ontwerp (the Netherlands) in 1987,1991,1999 and 2001.
Design Prestige in Brno 1997.
Premio De Diseño MCMXCVIII.  XVI Feria  Internacional de L'Avana, Cuba1998.
Ten Good Design Awards at the Chicago Athenaeum in Chicago in 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004.

Aftersales service
Until the end of the 1980s Zanussi service was run from Reading, Berkshire and was a network of independent repairers.

In the early 1990s Electrolux amalgamated all its UK brands under one service entity. This entity was split, dependent on region, between the Zanussi service agents and the local Electrolux Service Centre. In general those in a high population density area were given to the Electrolux employed centres. Tricity Bendix, Electrolux and AEG as well as Zanussi were all to be serviced by the one network.

This was changed in the late 1990s and early 2000s as Electrolux sold or gave away the regional service centres, generally to the existing management or to area managers to run as independent businesses.

This service network was re-branded and became Service Force which still exists today but is, once again, all operated by independent service companies who repair and supply spare parts for all of the brands.

See also

List of Italian companies

References

External links

Zanussi Professional website

Electrolux brands
Home appliance brands
Vacuum cleaner manufacturers
Home appliance manufacturers of Italy
Manufacturing companies established in 1916
Italian companies established in 1916
1984 mergers and acquisitions
Italian brands
Companies based in Friuli-Venezia Giulia
Pordenone

Zanussi


Hieronymus Joseph Franz de Paula Graf Colloredo von Wallsee und Melz (; Jérôme Joseph Franz de Paula, Count of Colloredo-Wallsee and Mels; ) was Prince-Bishop of Gurk from 1761 to 1772 and Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg from 1772 until 1803, when the prince-archbishopric was secularized. After secularization, Colloredo fled to Vienna and remained the non-resident archbishop of Salzburg, bereft of temporal power, until his death in 1812. He is most famously known as a patron and employer for Mozart.

Early life
He was born in Vienna, Austria, the second son of Count, later Prince Rudolph Joseph von Colloredo (1706–1788), a high-ranking Imperial official and his wife, Countess Maria Gabriele of Starhemberg (1707–1793).

Life
Hieronymus was brought up in a strict religious household, and since his health did not allow him to pursue a military career, he was educated at the Theresianum Academy in Vienna, and studied philosophy at the University of Vienna and theology at the Collegium Germanicum et Hungaricum in Rome. One of his brothers was the Austrian general Wenzel Joseph von Colloredo.

Accession
The Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg fell vacant in December 1771, and (with considerable pressure from the Imperial court in Vienna), Colloredo, who had been Prince-Bishop of Gurk since 1761, was elected Prince-Archbishop on 14 March 1772 on the 13th ballot. According to Clive, "it was an unpopular choice in Salzburg whose citizens remained cool to him until the end." Clive continues, "he was extremely autocratic and his dictatorial attitude at times provoked the hostility of the cathedral chapter and of civic officials."

Policies

During his thirty years as ruler of Salzburg, Colloredo implemented reforms similar to those carried out in the Austrian Empire under Joseph II; see Josephinism.  According to Halliwell, he "was ultimately successful in his main aims, but the struggle was a perpetual one ... Colloredo had to establish like-minded people in each institution – ecclesiastical, educational, legal, medical, fiscal, administrative and publicistic – and persuade the reluctant populace to change its entire mentality." Halliwell adds that Colloredo "attracted European-wide admiration for his efforts."

Colloredo also resembled Joseph II in moving the Roman Catholic religion within his domains in a direction similar to Protestantism.  Halliwell writes:  "Pilgrimages and superstitious practices were banned, processions were restricted, church decoration was limited, musical settings of the Mass were shortened and sacred German hymns introduced ... These changes led to deep resentment, and Colloredo and the architect of the pastoral letter [that implemented the policy], Johann Michael Bönike, were called 'secret Lutherans'. His diocesans would quip: "Our Prince von Colloredo has no Gloria nor Credo."  Throughout his life he was close to Jansenism, and he was also one of around 1500 identified members of the Illuminati Order.

End of Colloredo's secular rule
On 12 December 1801, as French troops under Napoleon drew near to occupying the city, Archbishop Colloredo fled Salzburg, never to return. In 1803, in the course of the German mediatization, the prince-archbishopric was secularized, ending the secular rule of Colloredo. Salzburg was awarded instead to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, who had lost his own state in the Napoleonic upheavals.  Later, Salzburg was incorporated into Austria (1805), then Bavaria (1809), then finally into Austria again (1816).

Colloredo, as archbishop, remained the ecclesiastical head of the archdiocese (but not in residence) until his death, aged 79, at Vienna in 1812.

Colloredo and Mozart

Colloredo is well known to history as a patron and employer of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. He became exceptionally annoyed with Mozart's frequent absences. After a number of arguments, he ultimately dismissed him with the words, "Soll er doch gehen, ich brauche ihn nicht!" ("He should just go then; I don't need him!")

Mozart's letters to his father recount his indignation at what he portrays as abusive and insulting behavior by the Archbishop. In his letter of 13 June 1781, Mozart recounts that the final indignity of his dismissal by Colloredo was administered by the Archbishop's steward, Count Arco (Karl Joseph Maria Felix, 1743–1830):

...if they don't want me – that's fine by me; --instead of Count Arco accepting my petition or obtaining an audience for me to send it in later or persuading me to let the matter rest and think it over, enfin, whatever he wanted --no, he throws me out of the room and gives me a kick up the backside. – Well, in plain language this means that as far as I'm concerned, Salzburg no longer exists....

Leopold Mozart stayed in Salzburg but "continued to bemoan the failure to replace musicians who had left or died, and the consequent shambles in the court music." Colloredo "sometimes played the violin in the court orchestra."

In popular culture
Hieronymus von Colloredo was played by Nicholas Kepros in the 1984 film Amadeus. He is also a character in the musical Mozart!
Colloredo is also a character in the musical "Mozart l'opera rock'".

Notes

References

External links

Bishops of Gurk
19th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the Holy Roman Empire
18th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the Holy Roman Empire
Roman Catholic archbishops of Salzburg
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's employers and patrons
Counts of Austria
Starhemberg family
Musicians from Vienna
1731 births
1812 deaths
Prince-archbishops of Salzburg

Hieronymus von Colloredo


Beau Geste is a BBC television serial, based on the 1924 novel by P. C. Wren. The series aired on BBC1 from 31 October to 19 December 1982 and starred Benedict Taylor, Anthony Calf and Jonathon Morris as the three brothers.

Plot

Although minor plot points separate the versions, all of the versions share a common element of a stolen gem, which one of the Geste brothers, Beau Geste, is thought to have stolen from his adoptive family. This version, unlike the Hollywood movies, stays true to the book, in that the three young brothers join the legion, are later commanded by Sergeant Major Lejaune (not Markov, as in one of the Hollywood versions), and this TV adaptation contains the scene from the book where the surrounded Legionnaires defiantly sing Le Boudin. The Legionnaires' equipment is spot-on too, right down to the correct mess-tins and bayonets. Filmed entirely in England, at various locations, with its desert scenes being filmed in a sand pit in Dorset.

Cast
 Benedict Taylor: Michael 'Beau' Geste
 Anthony Calf: Digby Geste
 Jonathon Morris: John Geste
 Andrew Armour: Recruiting Sgt. Major
 Sally Baxter: Isobel
 Lucy Benjamin: Young Claudia (as Lucy Baker)
 Jonathan Burn: Colonna
 John Cannon: Legionnaire
 Nicolas Chagrin: St. Andre
 John Challis: Cpl. Dupre
 Julia Chambers: Claudia
 Les Conrad: Legionnaire
 Robin Crane: Young Digby
 Paul Critchley: Young John
 Barry Dennen: Buddy
 Harry Fielder: Legionnaire
 John Forgeham: Sgt. Maj. Lejaune
 Nadio Fortune: Guantaio
 Pat Gorman: Legionnaire
 Stefan Gryff: Boldini
 Terry Gurry: Corporal
 Paul Hawkins: Young Beau
 Randal Herley: Recruiting Officer
 Andrew Lodge: Glock
 Christopher Malcolm: Hank
 Red Milner: Legionnaire
 John Moreno: Maris
 Kenneth Owens: Brandt
 Daniel André Pageon: Vauren (as Daniel Pageon)
 John Patrick: Rastignac
 Sian Pattenden: Young Isobel
 Maurice Quick: Burdon
 Terry Raven: Indian Gentleman
 Bunny Reed: Schwartz
 Christopher Reilly: Young Augustus
 John Repsch: Corporal
 Jon Rumney: Bolidar
 David Shawyer: Sgt. Maj. Dufour
 Philip Shelley: Augustus Brandon
 Barry Summerford: Legionnaire
 David Sumner: Maj. Henri de Beaujolais
 Damien Thomas: Capt. Renouf
 Robert Vowles: Guard Corporal
 Wendy Williams: Lady Brandon

External links

1982 British television series debuts
1982 British television series endings
1980s British drama television series
BBC television dramas
Television shows based on British novels
1980s British television miniseries
English-language television shows
French Foreign Legion in popular culture
Television shows set in Dorset

Beau Geste (TV series)


Willis Dance Miller (January 30, 1893 – December 20, 1960) was a justice of the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1947 until hours before his death in 1960.

Early and family life
Miller was born in Powhatan County, Virginia to Thomas M. Miller (1846-1902), a Confederate veteran and judge for Powhatan and Cumberland Counties, and his wife Anne Harris Patteson (1857-1957). He attended public schools in Powhatan County, then Randolph Macon Academy in Bedford, graduating in 1909. Later, he attended Richmond College, Washington and Lee University and the University of Richmond School of Law, receiving his law degree in 1914.

Justice Miller was the fifth generation in the direct male line of lawyers in his family, and sired the sixth generation. He married the former Eliza Ingram (1893-1967) of Richmond in December 1919. The first Virginia lawyer in the family line, Thomas M. Miller, received his license to practice from George Wythe and John Randolph in 1763, during the time of the French and Indian War. The Justice's only child, also named Thomas M. Miller, was also a lawyer and had become a member of the State Corporation Commission shortly before his father's death. Miller's brother Thomas Royall Miller (1897-1980) played professional baseball for the Boston Braves.

Career
After admission to the Virginia bar in 1914, Miller established a private legal practice in Richmond, where he practiced until 1935. He was reviser of the Richmond City Code in 1924. From 1925 to 1936, he was Assistant Commonwealth's Attorney for the City of Richmond. In that position, he prosecuted all criminal cases arising on the south side of the James River. These cases were heard in the Manchester Courthouse. (As a result of the agreement by which the cities of Manchester and Richmond merged in 1910, the merged city of Richmond maintained two courthouses until 2007.)

With the endorsement of the bar of the City of Richmond (where he had served as president), he was selected by the Virginia General Assembly to serve as the judge of the Law and Equity Court of Richmond, succeeding Judge Robert N. Pollard, who had been appointed to the United States District Court. He rendered some 6000 decisions as judge of that court, and was reversed in only six.

In 1947, Governor William M. Tuck appointed Miller to the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia, the first Richmond lawyer or judge to serve on the state's highest court for more than 100 years. Justice Miller's retirement took effect on December 20, 1960, a few hours before his death on the same day, such that his widow would receive a pension. Justice Miller received an honorary LL. D. from the University of Richmond in 1951.

Justice Miller's character had two aspects. One commentator appreciated his keen sense of humor and penetrating intellect, boundless energy, and "delightful drawl" when speaking. His supporters in the bar characterized him as a friendly and humble man who never looked down upon those who appeared before him, appreciating his surpassing integrity and an innate sense of right and wrong, and lauding his judicial work as guided by a philosophy of judicial restraint, deference to the legislature, and adherence to precedent. Courts should continue "to adhere to precedent whenever reasonably possible and until departure is demanded by most compelling causes", he told the Virginia Bar Association in a 1953 speech. "He wrote in a rugged and straightforward manner", and quickly recognized the right of a case, according to Chief Justice John Eggleston, with whom Justice Miller had served for 13 years on the Supreme Court.

On the other hand, Justice Miller firmly believed in racial segregation, and despite Chief Justice Eggleston's entreaties, refused to join in the decision in Harrison v. Day, which overturned much of the Stanley Plan of Massive Resistance to the U.S. Supreme Court's decisions in Brown v. Board of Education. Instead, Justice Miller sided with his mentor, now-Congressman Tuck, and U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd, and contended that the U.S. Supreme Court had made Section 129 of the state Constitution (mandating maintenance of "efficient, free public schools") inoperative by the desegregation opinion invalidating Section 140. Other aspects of the Stanley Plan were found unconstitutional by a three judge panel on the same day, January 19, 1959 (Robert E. Lee's birthday, a state holiday in Virginia), and by the U.S. Supreme Court after Miller's death.

Death and legacy

Justice Miller died in a Richmond hospital of a heart attack just hours after retiring from office, which allowed his surviving wife to receive a pension. Governor J. Lindsay Almond Jr. ordered Virginia's flags to fly at half mast in his honor. He was buried in Hollywood Cemetery (Richmond, Virginia) with other family members. Fairfax County Circuit Court Judge Harry Lee Carrico succeeded him on the Virginia Supreme Court and later become the longest-serving justice in that court's history.

References

Sources
 Virginia State Bar Association Reports, volume 72, 1961 and Directory of American Judges, 1955, and Memorial to Justice Willis Dance Miller, 220 Va. cliii (April 17, 1961).

Justices of the Supreme Court of Virginia
Washington and Lee University alumni
University of Richmond School of Law alumni
Virginia lawyers
Virginia state court judges
1893 births
1960 deaths
History of racism in the United States

Willis D. Miller


The WikiWikiWeb is the first wiki, or user-editable website. It was launched on 25 March 1995 by its inventor, programmer Ward Cunningham, to accompany the Portland Pattern Repository website discussing software design patterns. The name WikiWikiWeb originally also applied to the wiki software that operated the website, written in the Perl programming language and later renamed to "WikiBase". The site is frequently referred to by its users as simply "Wiki", and a convention established among users of the early network of wiki sites that followed was that using the word with a capitalized W referred exclusively to the original site.

History
The software and website were developed in 1994 by Cunningham in order to make the exchange of ideas between programmers easier. The concept was based on the ideas developed in HyperCard stacks that Cunningham built in the late 1980s. On March 25, 1995, he installed the software on his company's (Cunningham & Cunningham) website, c2.com. Cunningham came up with the name WikiWikiWeb because he remembered a Honolulu International Airport counter employee who told him to take the Wiki Wiki Shuttle, a shuttle bus line that runs between the airport's terminals. "Wiki Wiki" is a reduplication of "wiki", a Hawaiian language word for "quick". Cunningham's idea was to make WikiWikiWeb's pages quickly editable by its users, so he initially thought about calling it "QuickWeb", but later changed his mind and dubbed it "WikiWikiWeb".

Related pages
 Wikipedia
 Wiki

References

Wikis
1995 establishments

WikiWikiWeb


Diss railway station is on the Great Eastern Main Line in the East of England, serving the market town of Diss, Norfolk. It is  down the line from London Liverpool Street and is situated between  to the south and  to the north. It is approximately  south of Norwich. Its three-letter station code is DIS.

The station is currently operated by Greater Anglia, who also operate all trains serving it, as part of the East Anglia franchise.

Due to its location, Diss is the only station on the Greater Anglia network (and, by extension, one of the only stations in the UK) to be served exclusively by inter-city trains.

History

The station at Diss was proposed by the Ipswich & Bury Railway, as part of their route to Norwich. Such were the changes in the railway industry that, in 1847, the Ipswich & Bury Railway became part of the Eastern Union Railway, which started operating in 1849. This became part of the Eastern Counties Railway (ECR) in 1854, which amalgamated with several other companies in 1862 to form the Great Eastern Railway (GER).

In 1873, there was an incident at Diss when a goods train and a passenger train collided in foggy conditions, injuring four passengers.

In 1883, a signal box was opened, possibly replacing an earlier structure.

From July 1898 to December 1915 the station master was Robert Gillingwater (1854-1923). He became a well-respected figure in the town and had a staff consisting of:

 7 x clerks
 2 x signalmen
 2 x motor drivers
 2 x horse shunters
 2 x station foremen
 An unknown number of passenger and goods porters

During the early part of the twentieth century the goods yard was extended twice and during World War I an Army Service Corps depot was established adjacent to the station.

Following the 1921 grouping, the GER amalgamated with other railways to form the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER).

On nationalisation in 1948, the station and its services came under the management of the Eastern Region of British Railways.

Some goods shunting at Diss was carried out by horses as late as 1959.

In 1985, the line through Diss was electrified by British Rail to the 25 kV overhead system and, the following year, electrically-hauled InterCity services commenced. At the same time, the signal box was closed as power-signalling was introduced to the area.

Following the privatisation of British Rail, the ownership of the tracks and station passed to Railtrack until 2002 and then to its successor Network Rail. During this period, the operation of the station and train services has been franchised to Anglia Railways (1997-2004), then to National Express East Anglia (2004-2012) and currently Abellio Greater Anglia (since 2012).

Description
A goods yard was located on the 'up' (eastern) side of the line equipped with a shed for the loading and unloading of goods, as well as cattle pens. Until the 1880s, the Scole Estate Railway (an agricultural railway for William Betts' family at Frenze Hall, which extended for seven miles and had two engines) had a connection into the station yard.

As of 2013, the station has a waiting room on each platform and toilets on the up side (platform 1). It has a ticket office and ticket machines, one located on each platform. The old station master's house, which is part of the station and mostly the station's upstairs accommodation, is currently being used by one of the town's taxi companies.

Services

Services at Diss are operated by Abellio Greater Anglia between London Liverpool Street and  every 30 minutes in each direction.

As well as the express services between London and Norwich, a local all-stations service also called at Diss serving other stations such as ,  and . This local service was withdrawn in 1966 when the smaller stations were closed.

References

Railway stations in Norfolk
DfT Category C2 stations
Former Great Eastern Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1849
Greater Anglia franchise railway stations
1849 establishments in England
Diss, Norfolk

Diss railway station


Brad Frost is the current women's ice hockey head coach at the University of Minnesota.  Since 2007, he has coached Minnesota to 4 NCAA Championships, 7 Frozen Four appearances, and 4 Western Collegiate Hockey Association (WCHA) post-season titles.

Early life
Frost was raised in Burlington, Ontario.  He graduated from Bethel University in 1996 with a bachelor's degree in Physical and Health Education.  He played as a forward on the hockey team and served as team captain for two years.  After graduation, he was an assistant coach for the Eagan (Minnesota) High School girls' team and then for the Bethel University men's team.  In June 2001, Frost joined the coaching staff at the University of Minnesota as an assistant to Laura Halldorson.  While working as an assistant coach, Minnesota won the NCAA Championships in 2004 and 2005.

Coaching career
Frost was appointed interim head coach upon Halldorson's retirement in August 2007.  He coached the team to a 27–7–4 record in the 2007–08 season and was voted WCHA Coach of the Year.  His place as head coach was made permanent on April 16, 2008.  He coached Minnesota to 62 consecutive wins between February 18, 2012 and November 16, 2013.  In that streak, Minnesota earned the 2012 NCAA title and had an undefeated season culminating in the 2013 NCAA title.  Minnesota lost in the 2014 NCAA Championship match, but won the 2015 and 2016 titles.

Head coaching record

Personal life
Frost is a Christian. Frost is married to Dayna Frost. They have three children.

References

Living people
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Minnesota Golden Gophers women's ice hockey coaches
Ice hockey people from Burlington, Ontario
Year of birth missing (living people)

Brad Frost


Charnia is the genus name of a frond-like Ediacaran lifeform. It has segmented ridges branching alternately to the right and left from a midline. The genus Charnia was named after Charnwood Forest in Leicestershire, England, where the first fossilised specimen was found.

Significance
Charnia is a highly significant fossil for several reasons. It is the first fossil ever described from undoubted Precambrian rocks. Until then the Precambrian was thought to have no fossils. Similar fossils found in the 1930s (Namibia) and the 1940s (Australia) but were thought to be of Cambrian age.

Secondly, Charnia has become an enduring image of Precambrian animals. Originally interpreted as an alga (Ford), it was recast as a sea pen, a sister group to the modern soft corals, from 1966 onwards (Glaessner). The sea pen interpretation has recently been discredited. The current "state of the art" is something of a "statement of ignorance".

Ecology
Little is known of the ecology of Charnia. It was benthic, anchored to the sea floor. It probably lived in deep waters, below the waves (perhaps a great deal below the wave base). This means it did not photosynthesise. Further, it has no obvious feeding apparatus (mouth, gut, etc.) and so its lifestyle is somewhat of an enigma. Some think it survived by filter feeding or directly absorbing nutrients.

The growth and development of the Ediacara biota is also important. It was used to discredit the sea pen hypothesis. In contrast to the sea pens (that grow by new buds at the base), Charnia grew by new buds at the apex.

Distribution
Charnia is, in time and geography, the most widespread Ediacaran fossil. The greatest abundance of specimens, which are also the oldest reliably dated Ediacaran fossils, are found at Mistaken Point on Newfoundland.

Diversity

Three species, C. masoni, C. wardi, and C. antecedens, have different length/width ratios and attachments of adjacent branches.

Charnia masoni was found by Roger Mason, a schoolboy who later became a professor of metamorphic petrology, in 1957.  Tina Negus, a 15 year old schoolgirl at the time, had seen this fossil a year previously, but her geography schoolteacher flatly denied the possibility of Precambrian fossils.

Charnia wardi, later discovered in 1978 in southeast Newfoundland, was first described in 2003. This is the longest surviving Ediacaran age fossil, lasting over 2 million years. The holotype is a fragmentary specimen with a C. masoni like structure. It was defined as a new species on the basis of long and narrow shape.

Charnia antecedens has more irregular and higher angles of branching than C. masoni.

A number of Ediacaran form taxa are thought to represent Charnia (or Charniodiscus) at varying levels of decay.

References

Fossils
Invertebrates

Charnia


Richard George Bertell (November 21, 1935 – December 20, 1999) was a right-handed professional baseball catcher who played Major League Baseball for the Chicago Cubs and San Francisco Giants from 1960 to 1967. Although he was a light hitter offensively, he had a strong arm, throwing out 47.74% of the base runners who tried steal on him, ranking him fourth on the all-time list.

Chicago Cubs
Bertell was born in Oak Park, Illinois. The Cubs signed him as an undrafted free agent out of Iowa State University in . He made his major league debut with the Cubs in the second game of a doubleheader on September 22, 1960. Though he went hitless, Bertell knocked in a run with a sacrifice fly in his first at-bat. He recorded his first major league hit three days later, singling off Bob Grim of the St. Louis Cardinals. He went 2-for-15 in his first season, knocking in two runs in five games.

Bertell found himself in a platoon role with the Cubs in 1961, seeing the majority of the playing time (92 games) behind the plate for the hapless Cubs. He hit his first major league home run on July 6 off Pittsburgh's Vinegar Bend Mizell, and, overall, had a decent season at the plate for a catcher. Bertell hit .273 with two home runs and 33 RBI. However, his playing time decreased the next season as the Cubs again stumbled to a ninth-place finish in the National League. In 77 games, he posted a career-best batting average of .302 with two home runs and 18 RBIs, and despite playing in fewer than half the team's games, Bertell still played more innings at catcher than anyone else on the 1962 team.

The 1963 season found the Cubs rebounding and posting a winning record for the first time since 1946. Bertell also saw his playing time increase, his third straight season as the club's starting catcher. He led National League catchers in  with a 60.8% baserunners caught stealing percentage, the twelfth highest single-season total in Major League history. Unfortunately, he could not maintain his previous season's batting prowess, dipping to .233 with 2 home runs and 14 RBI. In 1964, Bertell had career best totals of doubles (11), triples (3), home runs (4) and RBIs (35), and had a batting average of .238. He also led National League catchers in throwing out baserunners with 34.

San Francisco Giants
Bertell spent the first two months of the 1965 campaign as the Cubs' starting catcher. He batted .214 with two extra-base hits (both doubles) in 34 games. On May 29, the Cubs traded him along with Len Gabrielson to the San Francisco Giants in exchange for Harvey Kuenn, Ed Bailey, and Bob Hendley. His playing time significantly decreased with the Giants, as he saw action in 22 games over the final four months of the season, hitting .188 as a backup to regular catcher Tom Haller.

Bertell was under contract to San Francisco in  but he did not play in the majors. Just prior to the beginning of the 1967 season, the Giants traded him back to the Cubs for Don Bryant. He played two games with the Cubs, on April 11 and April 12, before being released. His final major league hit was a triple off Hall of Famer Jim Bunning, his first triple since 1964.

Death
Bertell died on December 20, 1999 in Mission Viejo, California.

In 2000, Bertell was inducted into the Iowa State Hall of Fame.

References

External links

 Dick Bertell's 60-foot Trip to Success, Baseball Digest, by Jerome Holtzman, June 1965, Vol. 24, No. 5,

1935 births
1999 deaths
Sportspeople from Oak Park, Illinois
Baseball players from Cook County, Illinois
Chicago Cubs players
San Francisco Giants players
Major League Baseball catchers
Des Moines Bruins players
Fort Worth Cats players
Pueblo Dodgers players
Lancaster Red Roses players
San Antonio Missions players
Houston Buffs players
Phoenix Giants players
San Diego Padres (minor league) players
Iowa State Cyclones baseball players
Deaths from influenza
Baseball players from Mission Viejo, California

Dick Bertell


We'jitu Isidore (c. 1656 – c. 1769) was a Kji-Saqamaw ("grand chief") of the Mi'kmaq of the provinces of New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia and Quebec.

We'jitu "was a great Indian who died, it is said, aged 113 years. In his young days he saw a vision, and afterwards became the most powerful person in the tribe (a Kinap, with great physical strength). [He] made the men of his tribe great in athletic sports, so that they won from men of other tribes, in competitions. His camping ground was on the east side of First Dartmouth Lake, about half way or so up the lake. [The] name We'jitu apparently related to Isidore and the Indians Jeddore were descendants of his. Noel Jeddore of Halifax [?] was his grandson."

References

1650s births
1760s deaths
17th-century indigenous people of the Americas
18th-century indigenous people of the Americas
Mi'kmaq people

We'jitu Isidore


John MacLean (1860–1940) was a pioneer and sheriff in Última Esperanza Province, Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region, Chile. He was born in Poolewe, Wester Ross, Scotland, emigrating at the age of 23 to the Falklands and Southern Patagonia in 1883. Four years later, he was able to buy property in Punta Arenas and rent public lands at Punta del Monte (north-east Magallanes Territory) in order to raise sheep in 1891. Three years later, John married Mary Ann Cameron, daughter of neighbour and fellow Highlander John Cameron. They had 13 children over the next 26 years. MacLean hand wrote 102 letters as part of his official business, mostly in broken Spanish—it is assumed he was self-taught. The letters were very likely delivered through private arrangements due to the lack of infrastructure in the region at that time. His letters shed light on an otherwise unwritten period in Patagonian history.

References
John MacLean, honorary sheriff: official correspondence, 1902-1906. Southern Patagonia Bookshelf: history worth reading

People from Ross and Cromarty
British emigrants
Immigrants to Chile
1860 births
1940 deaths

John MacLean (honorary sheriff)


Waistland: The R/evolutionary Science Behind Our Weight and Fitness Crisis is a book by Harvard psychologist Deirdre Barrett published by W. W. Norton & Company in 2007.  The book examines the obesity and fitness crisis from an evolutionary standpoint. Barrett argues that our bodies, our metabolisms, and our feeding instincts evolved during humanity's hunter-gatherer phase. We're programmed to forage for sugar and saturated fats because these were once found only in hard-to-come-by fruit and game. Now, these same foods are everywhere—in vending machines, fast food joint, restaurants, grocery stores, and school cafeterias—they're nearly impossible to avoid. She describes this as related to the focus of another of her books "supernormal stimuli"—the concept of artificial creations that appeal more to our instincts than the natural objects they mimic—supernormal stimuli for appetite have led to the obesity epidemic.  The book opens with a vignette about how
zoos post signs saying "Don't Feed the Animals." People respect these orders, allowing veterinarians to prescribe just the right balanced diet for the lions, koalas, and snakes. Meanwhile, everyone stops for chips, sodas, and hot dogs on the way out of the zoo. The book explores solutions from behavior modification to willpower to change diet and exercise habits. One of the main messages of the book is that big changes in diet are actually easier than small ones, that the addictive nature of junk food means that, after a few days, eating no cookies or chips is easier than eating fewer cookies or chips.

Reviews
"An elegantly written and eye-opening analysis of what makes us fat." - Steven Pinker

"At the start of this sensible book about the "weight and fitness crisis" in America, Harvard psychologist Deirdre Barrett says the answer lies in the study of evolution. As animals, we are genetically almost identical to our Stone Age ancestors. We live in advanced societies, with supermarkets and cars and lifts, but we are built to be hunter-gatherers. We are programmed to seek out fat, sugar, starch and salt, because, in the Stone Age, these things were hard to come by. When they turn up in abundance, our bodies, for the most part, can't say no.
. . . to put it simply, human beings are evolving much more slowly than the food we eat. And the food is tricking us. We think it's what we need, but it's just what we want. What can we do? Eat sensibly and exercise, of course. One thing we have to do, though, is not to "listen to your body" – because it craves food that, in abundance, is bad for it. . . This is a clear, well-written and thoughtful guide to the fat crisis." - The Telegraph (UK)

"In a new book, Waistland, Deirdre Barrett points out that KFC or McDonald's would be happy to sell us tofu burgers and carrot strips, but our inner hunter-gatherer wants fat, and sugar, and salt - cravings that made sense for almost all of human existence, just accepting those past few thousand years. And we would all be in great shape, she argues, if we could just replicate the hunter-gatherer lifestyle." - Talk of the Nation : NPR

References

Criticism of fast food
Books about evolutionary psychology
Dieting books
Obesity
Low-carbohydrate diets
2007 non-fiction books

Waistland