The Laranjeiras Palace (; literally "Palace of the Orange Trees") is the official residence of the Governor of the State of the Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The palace is located within Eduardo Guinle Park, a park in the Laranjeiras neighborhood of the city of Rio de Janeiro. It should not be confused with Guanabara Palace, located in the same neighborhood (at Pinheiro Machado Street), which is the official seat of the government of the State of Rio de Janeiro.

History
Formerly the residence of one of the wealthiest Brazilian families, the palace was purchased by the Brazilian Federal Government in 1947 to host visitors, such as foreign heads of state or heads of government. At that time, the city of Rio de Janeiro was the capital of Brazil. In 1974, the Federal Government ceded ownership of the palace to the former State of Guanabara.

Before becoming the official residence of the state governor, the palace was a presidential residence. Its use as an official residence began in the presidency of Jucelino Kubitschek, who opted to use the seat of the presidency, the Catete Palace, solely as a workplace. President Kubitschek used the Laranjeiras Palace as his main residence until the transfer of the Federal capital to Brasília.

From the transfer of the seat of the Government to the new capital city of Brasília in 1960 until 1974, when it was ceded to the Rio de Janeiro State Government, the Laranjeiras Palace remained an official palace of the Presidency of the Republic, for use as a residence and workplace of the nation's chief executive when the president was in Rio de Janeiro.

During the first decade after the founding of Brasília it was very common for presidents to travel to Rio de Janeiro and to spend a considerable amount of time in there, as although no longer the capital, in the 1960s Rio de Janeiro was still home to all foreign embassies.  Brasília was not regarded as a good place to live, as many services had not yet been established in the new capital, so during the sixties, several important official acts of Government took place in Laranjeiras Palace. In the 70's, use of the Palace by the presidency declined as the city of Brasília grew, leading to the decision by the Federal Government to hand over the palace to the State Government of Rio de Janeiro.

Timeline
1909 to 1913 - Built to serve as a residence for the family of Eduardo Guinle, it received the designation as Eduardo Guinle Palacete.

1947 - During the government of President Dutra it was purchased by the Federal Government to host Heads of State and other distinguished visitors who were visiting the capital of Brazil.

1956 - After the death of President Vargas (who committed suicide in the Palace of Catete), his successor, Jucelino Kubitschek, began using the Laranjeiras Palace as his residence. The Catete Palace was retained only as the President's workplace.

1960 - With the change of the capital to Brasília, the Palácio Laranjeiras remained the official residence of the presidents when in Rio de Janeiro and still received distinguished guests.

1968 - President Costa e Silva signed in the palace library the famous AI-5.

1969 - It was the seat of the Federal Government under the military junta that ruled the country.

1974 - After merging the states of Guanabara and Rio de Janeiro, President Geisel gave the Laranjeiras Palace to the new state, with the intention to only serve as residence for their governors.

1983 - It was declared a heritage site by the Institute of National Historical and Artistic Heritage - IPHAN.

1975 to the present - Official residence the governors of the State of Rio de Janeiro. Guanabara Palace (where Governors of the former State of Guanabara both worked and resided until 1975) retained solely as the Governor's workplace.

Gallery

See also
 Palácio da Alvorada

References

External links
  Palácio Laranjeiras

Palaces in Rio de Janeiro (city)
Buildings and structures completed in the 20th century
Official residences in Brazil
Official residences of subnational executives
National heritage sites of Rio de Janeiro (state)

Laranjeiras Palace


Burbank City Hall is the site of the municipal government of Burbank, California, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Designed by architects William Allen and W. George Lutzi in the Moderne or Art Deco style, ground was broken in February 1941 and construction was completed in 1943.  The structure was partially funded by the Federal Works Agency, Works Progress Administration (WPA). It was completed at a total cost of $409,000.

Burbank City Councilman Ted McConkey told the Los Angeles Daily News in 1996: "Anyone walking into City Hall would recognize that it's something unique.  It's special because of the period in which it was built, because of the way it's been maintained and because of all the murals at City Hall. We get an inordinate number of requests to use City Hall from film companies."  When it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996, it became the second listed building in Burbank — the first being Burbank's main post office.

The structure's 77-foot tower serves as the main lobby and features art deco detailing and more than 20 types of marble, which can be found in the city seal on the floor, the trim, walls and in the treads and risers of the grand stairway.  Its artistic features include several works: cast medallions, one bas-relief sculpture by Bartolo Mako titled 'A Tribute to Craftsmen" along Third Street, two bas-relief sculpture panels on the front facade of an unknown artist and a framed painting titled "Justice, also by Mako, for hanging in the City Attorney's office.

Burbank City Hall's most notable artistic features are the large murals painted by muralist Hugo Ballin.  Ballin also painted the murals at the Griffith Observatory and Wilshire Boulevard Temple.  There are two major Ballin murals at the Burbank City Hall: "The Four Freedoms" in the Council Chamber and "Burbank Industry" in the rotunda.  In 2001, the building underwent a renovation project that included restoration of the Ballin murals.

The Council Chamber located on the second floor is noted for its teakwood-panelled walls and Ballin's "Four Freedoms" mural.  The mural was inspired by Franklin Roosevelt's 1941 "Four Freedoms" speech and is considered one of Ballin's finest works.  The chamber has built-in rails and tables.  In 1978, the original carved wooden pews were replaced by padded theater-style seating, and the checkered floor was carpeted.  During the 2001 renovation, the ceiling was returned to its original height revealing the top of the Four Freedoms mural that had been obscured for decades.

The "Burbank Industry" in the rotunda features Burbank-built airplanes, the motion picture industry, agriculture, and a power plant.  In 1964, the bottom portion of the Burbank Industry mural was removed to make room for a bridge to an adjacent municipal building.  After being stored for 37 years rolled in a plastic sheet at various times under a street bridge at the city's yards, in a bedroom on Amherst Drive, and at the Burbank Historical Society's Gordon Howard Museum, the 1964 building (and the bridge to it) were demolished and the lower section returned to its place and reattached by art conservators. The unveiling ceremony for all the restored art took place on September 10, 2001.

References

External links

 A Rare Visit Up the Tower of the Burbank City Hall
 Waymarking: Burbank City Hall

City Hall
Government buildings completed in 1943
National Register of Historic Places in the San Fernando Valley
City and town halls on the National Register of Historic Places in California
1940s architecture in the United States
Works Progress Administration in California
Art Deco architecture in California
Streamline Moderne architecture in California
Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Los Angeles County, California

Burbank City Hall


"Cold Wars" is the seventeenth episode of the third season of the NBC superhero drama series Heroes and fifty-first episode overall. The episode aired on February 23, 2009.

Plot

The episode begins with Matt Parkman, Peter Petrelli, and Mohinder Suresh planning to drug Noah Bennet and interrogate him. The scene from the previous episode is repeated, showing Noah getting dragged out of the bar by the three.  They then take him to a hotel, where Matt uses his telepathic powers to probe Noah's mind and discover the origins of Nathan Petrelli's agency.

In the first flashback, taking place five weeks earlier, Noah is shown meeting with Angela Petrelli.  She confirms that Primatech has been dismantled and gives him a watch for all the hard work that he had done over the years.  Matt confirms that the drugs are working and he will be able to discover the truth of the agency soon, while Suresh becomes concerned for Noah's health and argues that Matt is intentionally hurting him in revenge for what happened to Daphne Millbrook. Peter resolves the issue by pointing out that Noah has all the answers, while they have nothing, and they must continue. In another flashback taking place a week after the first, Matt discovers Nathan had planned the whole thing.  Nathan wanted Noah's help in rounding up the heroes because of his past experience in doing so.  In the flashback, Noah is also seen showing Nathan all the equipment he's used over the years, hidden away in a locked room.  Peter flies off to grab the weapons and gear.

Meanwhile, Danko becomes concerned that Noah hasn't checked in, and orders his team to find him. Nathan is surprised they are having Noah under surveillance, but Danko also reveals they are doing the same to him. Danko says Noah and Nathan's connections to Claire Bennet and Peter, who they have been somewhat partial to, compromises their decision making. At the storage unit, Peter begins procuring weapons and gear, all the while being watched by Nathan's agency due to a security camera. Danko has his men move in, but Peter manages to distract them with a flash grenade and flies off with the weapons.

Back in the hotel, Noah warns the two to leave while they can as the agency will be surely looking for him. Suresh agrees, but Matt decides to continue the interrogation. In the next flashback, taking place three weeks prior, Noah is introduced to Danko and Building 26. Noah is disappointed when Nathan reveals Danko will be running the operation, instead of him as he had originally thought. Later, Noah is shown asking Suresh for his help on the job.  Matt is furious that Suresh had known about the agency's plan without telling them, while Suresh claims he didn't believe Noah at the time.  The two have a brief struggle, which distracts them enough to allow Noah to escape. However, Peter arrives just in time to stop him.

Matt decides to discover more about Danko, and delves into Noah's mind once more. In a flashback one week prior, Noah is seen paying a visit to Danko's house. The two seem to be at odds, but Noah assures him he'll obey his orders. Peter flies off to confront Danko, while it is also shown Danko's men are mobilizing outside the hotel. Before Danko can give the order to move in, he is stopped by Peter. Danko tries to get Peter to shoot him to prove his point that people like him are dangerous, but Nathan arrives at the scene (Danko is surprised how he got there so quickly). Peter shoots Danko in the arm, but Nathan warns Peter that by killing Danko he will effectively be writing a kill order on all people with abilities. Nathan also informs Peter of the imminent raid on Matt and Suresh, causing Peter to fly off. Danko then orders his men to move in.

Seeing that Danko's men have arrived, Matt intends to kill Noah, but Noah claims Daphne is still alive. Suresh offers to hold off the commandos while Matt can read Noah's mind once more for confirmation. In the final memory taking place two days ago, Noah is seen visiting a recently captured Daphne, who while wounded is still very much alive. Mohinder manages to distract several of the guards, but is eventually captured.  Matt decides to not kill Noah and is captured as well. However, as the guards are leading him back to the van, Peter swoops in, grabs Matt, and flies off. Nathan visits Suresh in a holding cell, and informs him he must help him find a solution to people's abilities, lest the government decide that they should all be killed. Later, Danko decides that Nathan's personal interests are clouding his judgment, and asks Noah to help him take over the agency. Noah agrees, but is later shown meeting with Angela Petrelli, telling her he's successfully gained Danko's trust for an unknown purpose.  Matt and Peter fly to Isaac Mendez's old loft in New York and Matt draws the future in an attempt to find Daphne.  Instead he draws pictures of pipe bombs and one of himself wearing a vest strapped with them.  Peter tries to convince Matt that he isn't a murderer, but Matt demands an explanation for his most terrifying painting: a mural on the floor of Washington D.C. being destroyed in a nuclear explosion.

Critical reception
Josh Modell of The A.V. Club rated this episode a C.

Robert Canning of IGN gave the episode 6.5 out of 10.

References

External links

Beaming Beeman - Season 3, Episode 17 - Director's blog on the filming of this episode

Heroes (season 3) episodes
2009 American television episodes

Cold Wars


Santa Maria la Nova is a Renaissance style, now-deconsecrated,  Roman Catholic church and monastery in central Naples. The church is located at the beginning of a side street directly across from the east side of the main post office, a few blocks south of the Church and Monastery of Santa Chiara. Today the adjacent monastery is a meeting site and hosts the Museo ARCA of modern religious art.

History
Since the early 13th century, a Franciscan monastery, named Santa Maria ad Palatium had existed nearby, but by 1268, was demolished in order for Charles of Anjou decided to build his Castel Nuovo (new castle), or Maschio Angioino. By 1279, the Friars were granted this site to build a new church, hence la Nova. Initially constructed in Gothic style, the building was battered by Naple's frequent earthquakes but also suffered gravely from an explosion originating from Castel Sant'Elmo on December 13, 1587.

This last episode prompted reconstruction in 1596-1599, as announced in a cornice inscription, leading to the facade we see today, designed by Agnolo Franco Typical of Franciscan churches, the facade has a sober and simple restraint,  accessed through a staircase and balustrade.

Interior
The church nave ceiling is decorated with 46 gilt-framed cassetone, or rectangular fresco panels, completed in 1598-1600. Among the contributing artists were Francesco Curia; Girolamo Imparato (Assumption of the Virgin); Fabrizio Santafede (Coronation of the Virgin); Giovanni Bernardino Azzolino; Belisario Corenzio (Passion of Christ);  Luigi Rodriguez (Prophets and Sybils); Cesare Smet; and Tommaso Maurizio. Along the windows are canvases (Symbols of Faith) by Belisario Corenzio, who also painted the Final Judgement in the counterfacade in collaboration with Luigi Rodriguez. On the right of the counterfacade is a copy of a painting by Aert Mytens. The transept has canvases by Nicola Malinconico and Corenzio.

In the chapel to the right of the altar is a painting by Simone Papa, retouched in the 19th century by Luigi Pastore. The architects and decorators of the choir (1621) include Corenzio, Papa,  De Lione, with stucco by Francesco Napolella. To the left of the altar is a silver paliotto for Domenico Marinelli and Matteo Treglia, made to designs from Lorenzo Vaccaro and Gaetano Vesivalle. The walls are frescoed by Beinaschi and have sculptures by Tommaso Malvito. In the arches of the chapels are frescoes (1699–1701) by Malinconico.

The main altar (1640) was conceived by Cosimo Fanzago, and completed with help from Mario Cotti, Giuseppe Pellizza, and Andrea Lazzaro. Agostino Borghetti completed the wooden statues of the Procession artifact.

The first chapel on right has paintings by Battistello Caracciolo, sculptures by Nicolò Carletti, Domenico Monterosso, and scholars of Girolamo d'Auria. The main altarpiece is by Teodoro d'Errico. The second chapel has paintings by Benedetto Torre. The third chapel has paintings by Marco Pino and frescoes by Corenzio: the altar was designed by Girolamo D'Auria. The fourth chapel has paintings by Giovanni Battista Beinaschi. The fifth chapel has paintings by Giuseppe Marullo  and Santillo Sandini, while the altarpiece (1620) is attributed to Francesco Balsimelli. The sixth chapel was designed by Giuseppe Gallo with paintings by Francesco Antonio Altobello and  Onofrio de Lione; The seventh chapel, partially obstructed by the organ, has paintings by Santillo Sandini.

The third chapel on the left is the largest in the church, and is called the Cappellone di San Giacomo della Marca, and hosts the preserved body of St James of the Marches. It was commissioned by Gonzalo di Cordova, called the great captain. The ceilings are frescoed by Massimo Stanzione, and depict the Miracles of the Saint, including the procession by Neapolitans with his body to compel the volcano Vesuvius to stop its 1631 eruption. A number of warriors are memorialized or buried in this chapel, Amida of Tunis, who had been briefly installed as king by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and died in exile in Naples by 1601; Francesco di Cordova, conqueror of Malta. Ferdinando di Cordova, nephew of Gonzalo commissioned sculptures from Giovanni da Nola for the tombs of the Captain and Pietro Navarro (despite his death by suicide), and Odette di Foix, a French general who died during the siege of the city, but found by Neapolitans, after having been buried unceremoniously by his troops.

The first chapel on the left has paintings by Scibelli; The second chapel on the left has frescoes by an unknown 16th century painter. The fourth chapel on the left has the Funereal Monument of Duke Caracciolo di San Teodoro by Domenico Morante, a wooden statue by Michele Perrone and frescoes by Beinaschi; the fifth chapel on the left has paintings by Giuseppe Castellano, Beinaschi, and de Lione ; the sixth chapel on the left has an altar by  Pietro Nicolini, and paintings by Giuseppe Mastroleo and Andrea de Lione. The pulpit was sculpted by Balsimelli. The seventh chapel on the left, partially obstructed by the organ, has paintings attributed to an 8 year old Luca Giordano.

The church is a part of a larger monastic complex, much of which now houses municipal office space.

References

Sources

External links

Santa Maria La Nova - Official website

Religious buildings and structures completed in 1620
17th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy
Maria la Nova
Renaissance architecture in Naples
Museums in Naples
1620 establishments in the Spanish Empire
1620 establishments in Italy

Santa Maria La Nova, Naples


Slacklining is walking, running or balancing along a suspended length of flat webbing that is tensioned between two anchors. Slacklining is similar to slack rope walking and tightrope walking. Slacklines differ from tightwires and tightropes in the type of material used and the amount of tension applied during use. Slacklines are tensioned significantly less than tightropes or tightwires in order to create a dynamic line which will stretch and bounce like a long and narrow trampoline. Tension can be adjusted to suit the user, and different webbing may be used in various circumstances.

Styles of slacklining

Urbanlining

Urbanlining or urban slacklining combines all the different styles of slacklining. It is practiced in urban areas, for example in city parks and on the streets. Most urban slackliners prefer wide  lines for tricklining on the streets, but some may use narrow () lines for longline purposes or for waterlining. Also see the other sections of slackline styles below.

One type of urbanlining is timelining, where one tries to stay on a slackline for as long as possible without falling down. This takes tremendous concentration and focus of will, and is great endurance training for postural muscles.

Another type of urbanlining is streetlining, which combines street workout power moves with the slackline's dynamic, shaky, bouncy feeling. The main aspects include static handstands, super splits—hands and feet together, planche, front lever, back lever, one arm handstand and other unusual extreme moves that are evolving in street workout culture.

Tricklining
Tricklining has become the most common form of slacklining because of the easy setup of  slackline kits. Tricklining is often done low to the ground but can be done on highlines as well. A great number of tricks can be done on the line, and because the sport is fairly new, there is plenty of room for new tricks. Some of the basic tricks done today are walking, walking backwards, turns, dropping knee, running and jumping onto the slackline to start walking, and bounce walking. Some intermediate tricks include: Buddha sit, sitting down, lying down, cross-legged knee drop, surfing forward, surfing sideways, and jumping turns, or "180s". Some of the advanced tricks are: jumps, tree plants, jumping from line-to-line, 360s, butt bounces, and chest bounces. With advancements in webbing technology and tensioning systems, the limits of what can be done on a slackline are being pushed constantly. It is not uncommon to see expert slackliners incorporating flips and twists into slackline trick combinations.

Highlining

Highlining is slacklining at an elevation above the ground or water. Many slackliners consider highlining to be the pinnacle of the sport. Highlines are commonly set up in locations that have been used or are still used for Tyrolean traverse. When rigging highlines, experienced slackers take measures to ensure that solid, redundant and equalized anchors are used to secure the line into position. Modern highline rigging typically entails a mainline of webbing, backup webbing, and either climbing rope or ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene rope for redundancy. However, many highlines are rigged with a mainline and backup only, especially if the highline is low tension (less than ), or rigged with high quality webbing like Type 18 or MKII Spider Silk. It is also common to pad all areas of the rigging which might come into contact with abrasive surfaces. To ensure safety, most highliners wear a climbing harness or swami belt with a leash attached to the slackline itself. Leash-less, or "free-solo" slacklining – a term loosely taken from rockclimbing ("free" refers to free of aid equipment vs free from the slackline) – is not unheard of, however, with proponents such as Dean Potter and Andy Lewis.

Slackline yoga

Slackline yoga takes traditional yoga poses and moves them to the slackline. It has been described as "distilling the art of yogic concentration".  To balance on a  piece of webbing lightly tensioned between two trees is not easy, and doing yoga poses on it is even more challenging. The practice simultaneously develops focus, dynamic balance, power, breath, core integration, flexibility, and confidence. Using standing postures, sitting postures, arm balances, kneeling postures, inversions and unique vinyasa, a skilled slackline yogi is able to create a flowing yoga practice without ever falling from the line.

Slackline yoga has been covered in The Wall Street Journal, Yoga Journal and Climbing Magazine.

Rodeo lines

Rodeo slacklining is the art and practice of cultivating balance on a piece of rope or webbing draped in slack between two anchor points, typically about  apart and  off the ground in the center. This type of very "slack" slackline provides a wide array of opportunities for both swinging and static maneuvers. A rodeo line has no tension in it, while both traditional slacklines and tightropes are tensioned. This slackness in the rope or webbing allows it to swing at large amplitudes and adds a different dynamic. This form of slacklining first came into popularity in 1999, through a group of students from Colby College in Waterville, Maine. It was first written about on a website called the "Vultures Peak Center for Freestyle and Rodeo Slackline Research" in 2004. The article "Old Revolution—New Recognition - 3-10-04" describes these early developments in detail.

History
While rope walking has been around in one manner or another for thousands of years, the origins of modern-day slacklining are generally attributed to a rock climber named Adam Grosowsky from southern Illinois in 1976 when he was sixteen. In 2012 a slackline performance by Andy Lewis was featured as part of the half time show by Madonna.  It got attention during the 2016 Rio Olympics when slackliner Giovanna Petrucci performed on the beach at Ipanema, attracting the attention of the New York Times.

A professional slackliner was credited with climbing a ski lift tower in Colorado and shimmying across a cable to save a man caught by a ski lift in January 2017.

Highlining history
Highlining was inspired by highwire artists. The first successful highline walk is credited to 20-year-old Scott Balcom and 17-year-old Chris Carpenter who performed the first documented walk on a nylon webbing highline. This highline, now referred to as 'The Arches' was approximately  long and  high located in Pasadena, California. On July 13, 1985, Scott Balcom successfully crossed the Lost Arrow Spire highline. In 1995, Darrin Carter performed unprotected crossings of the Lost Arrow Spire in Yosemite and The Fins, in Tucson, Arizona, on Mt. Lemmon highway. On July 16, 2007, Libby Sauter became the first woman to successfully cross the Lost Arrow Spire,. In 2008, Dean Potter became the first person to BASE jump from a highline at Hell Roaring Canyon in Utah.

World records

Longest highline
The record was set by four athletes between July 4 and July 6, 2021. Friedi Kühne, Lukas Irmler, Quirin Herterich and Ruben Langer (all from Germany) crossed a  slackline suspended more than  high between the Lapporten mountains near Abisko, Sweden. All of them walked this line from beginning to end without falling, taking times from approximately 70–180 minutes.

Longest free solo highline
At a length of 110m and a height of 200m, the longest free solo highline was walked at the Verdon Gorge in Southern France by German Slackliner Friedi Kühne. The longest free solo highline by a female is held by Faith Dickey, who walked a 28-meter-long highline in Ostrov, Czech Republic, in August 2012. The line was 25 meters high.

Highest slackline
The highest slackline on record was walked by Christian Schou on August 3, 2006, at Kjerag in Rogaland, Norway. The slackline was  high. The project was repeated by Aleksander Mork in September 2007.
Rafael Zugno Bridi currently holds the world record who walked a slackline between two hot air balloons.

The current world record for the highest urban highline is held by Friedi Kühne, Mia Noblet, Gennady Skripko, Vladimir Murzaev, Maksim Kagin, Alexander Gribanov, and Nathan Paulin. All seven athletes managed to walk a 220m-long, 350m-high slackline between Oko Tower and Neva Tower 2 in Moscow, on September 7, 2019.

Longest slackline (longline)
The longest slackline walked by a woman, with a length of , was walked by Annalisa Casiraghi across a field in Schüpberg near Bern, Switzerland. The previous record had been set in September 2014 by Laetitia Gonnon, who walked 230 m (754 ft 7.1 in) in Lausanne, Switzerland.

Longest blindfolded slackline walk
On 28 April 2019 in Kislovodsk, Russia, Friedi Kühne and Lukas Irmler from Germany walked a 975m-long, 200m-high slackline entirely with their eyes closed, ensuring this with a blindfold strapped over their eyes. Thus they broke the world record for the longest blindfolded slackline walk.

See also

 Jultagi

References

External links

 International Slackline Association

Circus skills
Individual sports
Tightrope walking

Slacklining


Kasam — Tere Pyaar Ki (English: Swear by your love) is an Indian/Hindi romantic television series. Kratika Sengar and Sharad Malhotra play the roles of Tanu/Tanuja/Kritika and
Rishi/Ranbir respectively.

Synopsis
It is the story of two childhood friends Rishi and Tanushree, who grow up separately but are destined. After 17 years, Rishi marries Tanushree but she is shot to death. She is reincarnated as Tanuja. Both Rishi & Tanuja die in a car accident and were reborn as Ranbir & Kritika to fulfil their promise.

Plot
The story revolves around Tanushree Khurana, fondly called Tanu Khurana and Rishi Singh Bedi who are childhood friends. One day, Tanu saves Rishi and a sadhu woman (Katyani Bai) prophesies that Tanu and Rishi's kundli matches very well, and Tanu will shield Rishi from danger. But Rano, Rishi's mother, dislikes Tanu's family and brainwashes her husband Raaj's mind to move to America.

After 17 years
Tanu eagerly waits for Rishi to return. Rishi, who now is a boxer and doesn't believe in love, has forgotten Tanu and also denies going to India, but Raaj threatens Rano to donate all his wealth, and they all are forced to go to India. Rishi and his family reach Patiala, where Tanu resides, and on the same day Tanu's parents are killed in a terrorist attack. Raaj reaches Tanu's home and comes to know that his friend has died. Bani, Tanu's aunt, takes Rishi and family to Mumbai, where Bani's own daughters, Swati and Neha reside. Bani changes her daughter Neha's name to Tanu in front of Rishi's family. Tanu and Ahana also reach Mumbai. On the same night, Rishi and Tanu meet, and Rishi instantly falls for Tanu, without knowing that she is Tanu. Rishi's marriage is fixed with Neha. Bani changes Tanu's name to Tanvi by saying that Raaj doesn't like Tanu and Ahana. Tanu's marriage gets fixed with Pawan, a man from Jalandhar. Rishi and Tanu's marriage is going to take place on the same day. He finds out that Pawan is already married to a girl, Saloni and fails to expose them. On the day of their marriage, Tanu's sister Ahana drugs Tanu and helps Rishi in kidnapping her.they both marry after Tanu reveals that she is the real Tanu but Pawan follows them. Everyone gets to know the truth by Ahana, Katyani Bai and Manpreet that Pawan is married to Saloni and Tanvi is real Tanu. Neha tells Sandy, his boyfriend that Rishi molested her and Sandy decides to kill Rishi. When Rishi and Tanu are about to travel back to home, Sandy shoots Tanu instead of Rishi and she dies. Rishi tries to commit suicide but Tanu's soul comes and stops him. Her soul says that she will come back.

After 20 years
Tanu is reborn as Tanuja Vikram Sikand (Sandy's niece). Rishi becomes harsh due to Tanu's death. In an accident, Tanuja's face gets burnt badly and mistakenly she gets Tanu's face. Rishi becomes more cold towards Tanuja . Also Rishi hates Tanuja as she is Sandy's niece. On the day of Rishi's marriage with his friend Malaika, who wants Rishi's property. Raj sees her with her boyfriend Shekhar Singh Ahlawat. Raaj asks Tanuja to be the bride without knowing anyone while Malaika gets late for the marriage as she is in the traffic jam. Rishi marries Tanuja. Rishi's hatred towards Tanuja increases but he realizes his love for Tanuja later. Rano and Malaika plot against Tanuja to separate her from Rishi but in vain. On the marriage day Rishi plays a smaller game with Malaika and open his real face and Later Malaika is thrown out of Bedi house after her secret is revealed as she had planned to destroy Bedi family along with her boyfriend Shekhar. On that very night Rishi and Tanuja consummate their marriage. Due to circumstances, Tanuja tells Rishi to divorce her as she thinks that she is unlucky for him and he will die if Tanuja remains in his life as his wife.Rishi agrees and they both sign divorce papers but later they are reunited as Tanuja gets to know she is right for Rishi. Rishi's stepbrother Purab Vohra comes and demands 51% shares of Rishi's company to take revenge from Raj.Rishi goes to give him 51% shares but Tanuja gets all Rishi's property and Bedi family business on her name to stop Rishi giving 51% shares to Purab as he wants to destroy Rishi. Divya, Yuvraj's wife is with Purab as she thinks they treat Yuvraj badly. Netra, Rano's friend's daughter loves Rishi and Rano wants Netra to marry Rishi. Rishi agrees to marry Netra so he can make Tanuja jealous so she confesses her love. On the day of Rishi and Netra's engagement, Rishi gets angry on Tanuja and tells her to sign property papers in 15 minutes and give his property back to him otherwise he will get engaged to Netra. Tanuja signs the property papers but Malaika steal the papers and gives it to Netra and asks her to take the credit of getting property back. Rishi gets engaged to Netra. Rishi gets drunk. Tanuja who is pregnant sees Rishi getting very close to Netra. Netra's trap gets successful. Thus, Tanuja leaves from Bedi House. Rishi goes to stop her at the railway station but they have a fight there  and Rishi slaps Tanuja and in anger Tanuja gets in the train. Tanuja realises that she is pregnant with Rishi's child but it was too late.

After 7 years
Tanuja lives with her friend Abhishek Khurana and her and Rishi's daughter Natasha in London. Rishi lives with Netra and her daughter, Tania. Natasha and Tania assume Abhishek and Rishi as their respective father. Rishi and Abhishek also love them as their own daughter. Tanuja is Abhishek's house's caretaker. Tanuja and Abhishek pretend to be husband and wife in front of the world so do Rishi and Netra. Abhishek comes to India with Tanuja and Natasha to take over Rishi company. He and Rishi are business competitors. After many incidents, Rishi decides to get Natasha's custody along with Tanuja while Tanuja misunderstood Rishi and Netra to be in a live_in relationship. Rishi stops Abhishek and Tanuja's wedding hence leaving Netra. Tanuja applies for divorce with Rishi but the court orders Tanuja to stay in Bedi house with Rishi and Natasha for six months, after the time period she can divorce Rishi. Abhishek and Netra are heartbroken by this.Netra vows to ruin Tanuja while Rishi tries to rekindle his and Tanuja's love.Meanwhile, Ahana misunderstands Manpreet of having an affair with his secretary. Manpreet tries to save his relationship with Ahana but all his efforts go in vain as Ahana decides to part ways after Rano and anniversary.Abhishek tells Tanuja the truth about him, while Netra is not giving up and tries to separate them.Tanuja knows her truth and wants to expose her Evil truth but Rishi is not ready to believe her.Netra is successful in killing Tanuja. Abhishek gets emotional and tells to the Bedi Family that Netra is responsible for this. the Bedi's tells that tanuja has died.  Meanwhile, Rishi who cannot live without Tanu kills himself by taking poison with an injection.

After 25 years
Rishi & Tanuja were reborn as Ranbir & Kritika.Ranbir is a famous football player in Canada.While,Kritika lives with her mother in Punjab.After her mother's death,she moved to find her father who was live in Mumbai to fullfil her mother's last wish.

Kritika finally meets Arun who introduces her as his niece as she enters the house and lives with them. Later, she meets Ranbir for the first time. He begins to fall for her; they become friends. Malishka drugs and tries to seduce Ranbir. Then she files a fake molestation case against him.

He is arrested but Akshay bails him out. Ranbir wins the case with Kritika's help. Malishka tries to kill his family by burning down the house. Ranbir expresses his love for Kritika who recalls her previous lives and awakens Ranbir to remind him. He also recognises her and they hug each other and unite, ending the series.

Cast

Main
 Sharad Malhotra as Rishi Singh Bedi (2016–18).
 Kratika Sengar as Tanu & Tanuja (2016–18). The character of Tanu was initially killed off and replaced by Shivani Tomar as a reincarnated version of Tanu. However, after a drop in viewership and fans demand, Tomar's version of the character underwent plastic surgery in the storyline, and producers brought Sengar back into the role of Tanu.
 Shivani Tomar as Tanuja Vikram Sikand, the reincarnated version of Tanu. Tomar portrayed the role of Tanuja for approximately one month before Sengar returned to the series. Poor audience response due to a perceived lack of chemistry between Tomar and Malhotra was cited as a reason for her dismissal (2016).
 Sharad Malhotra as Ranbir Kapoor (2018–present).
 Kratika Sengar as Kritika (2018–present).

Recurring cast

 Rajesh Puri as Arun Kohli, Kritika's father.
 Vedika Bhandari as Ishani, Kritika's step sister.
 Sabina Jat as Jia, Kritika's step sister.
 Bikramjeet Kanwarpal as Ranbir's father.
 Manjushree Kulkarni as Mahima, Ranbir's mother.
 Karan Goddwani as Ranbir's younger brother.
 Pranita Pandit as Netra, Rano's friend's daughter (2017–18).
 Amit Tandon as Abhishek Khurana, Tanuja's friend and Rishi's business rival (2017–18).
 Saba Mirza as Biji/ Preeti Singh Bedi, Rishi's grandmother (2016–18).
 Vijay Kashyap as Raj Singh Bedi, Rishi, Manpreet and Yuvraaj's father (2016–18).
 Vibha Chibber as Rano Raj Bedi, Rishi's mother (2016–18).
 Lalit Bisht as Yuvraj Singh Bedi, Raj's adopted son (2016–17).
 Chetna Kaintura as Divya Yuvraj Singh Bedi, Yuvraaj's wife (2016–17).
 Zuber K. Khan as Manpreet Singh Bedi, Rishi's younger brother(2016-2018)
 Shivika Rishi as Natasha Singh Bedi, Rishi & Tanuja's daughter (2017–18).
 Chahat Tewani as Tanya Singh Bedi,Smiley and Rohit's daughter,Rishi's adopted daughter (2017–18)
 Aishwarya Raj as Riya (Cameo)
 Shraddha Arya as Swati Bohra (Cameo)
 Aditi Sharma Ved as Ahana Manpreet Singh Bedi, Tanu's sister and Manpreet's wife (2016–18).
 Manorama Bhattishyam as Katyayni, Rishi and Tanu's love astrologer (2016–18).
 Nikhil Khurana/Pranav Misshra as Nakul Singh Bedi, Yuvraaj's son (2016–17).
 Farhad Khan/Chandni Sandhu as Smiley Singh Bedi, Manpreet's daughter (2016–17).
 Devarsh Nirmal as Chintu Singh Bedi, Manpreet's son (2016).
 Roma Bali as Bani Kuljeet Khurrana, Tanu's aunt (2016–17).
 Gagan Gupta as Kuljeet Khurrana, Tanu's uncle (2016).
 Arun Singh Rana/Sharhaan Singh as Sandeep Sikand/ Sandy, Neha's husband and Tanu's murderer (2016).
 Renee Dhyani as Neha Sandeep Sikand, Bani's daughter and Tanu's murder (2016–17).
 Suman Jain as Swati Kuljeet Khurrana, Bani's daughter (2016).
 Hema Sood as Nidhi Sandeep Sikand, Sandy and Neha's daughter (2016).
 Shreya Gupta as Vidhi Sandeep Sikand, Sandy and Neha's daughter (2016–17).
 Vishnu Sharma as Veerendra Khurrana, Tanu's father (2016).
 Jyoti Gauba as Sharda Khurrana, Tanu's mother (2016).
 Malhar Pandya as Pawan Malhotra, Tanu's ex-fiancé (2016).
 Sehrish Ali as Saloni Malhotra, Pawan's wife (2016).
 Parveen Kaur as Savitri Malhotra, Pawan's mother (2016).
 Smriti Khanna as Malaika Malhotra, Shekar's girlfriend (2016–17).
 Rohit Sharma as Shekhar, Malaika's boyfriend and a business rival of Rishi (2016–17).
 Puneet Sachdeva as Purab Bohra, Illegitimate son of Raaj (2017).
 Abhilash Kumar as Rohit, Smiley's boyfriend (2016–17).
 Aansh Arora as Samar, Abhishek's childhood friend (2017).
 Mayank Kumar as Rohit, Abhishek's best friend (2017).

Awards

International broadcast
The series aired in Pakistan by Filmazia simultaneously with Colors TV till 15 October 2016.

References

Hindi-language television series
2016 Indian television series debuts

Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki


Kilgarvan (Coill an Gharráin in Irish) is a townland in County Tipperary within the historical Barony of Ormond Lower, County Tipperary, Ireland. The townland is on the shores of Lough Derg.

Kilgarvan Quay
When the River Shannon was a commercial thoroughfare Kilgarvan was a barley exporting station shipping to Banagher and Dublin. The quay is now a popular mooring for pleasure craft on the lough.

References

Townlands of County Tipperary
Populated places on the River Shannon

Kilgarvan, County Tipperary


Diamonds is a musical revue  about baseball. The book and music were created by many writers, composers, and lyricists. Among them were Ellen Fitzhugh, Roy Blount, Jr., and John Weidman (book); and Larry Grossman, Comden and Green, Howard Ashman, and Cy Coleman, music.

The musical ran Off Broadway at the Circle in the Square Downtown theater, beginning on December 16, 1984, and closing on March 31, 1985, after 122 performances.  The production was directed by Broadway veteran Harold Prince. The cast included Loni Ackerman, Susan Bigelow, Jackée Harry, Scott Holmes, Dick Latessa, Dwayne Markee, Wade Raley, Larry Riley, Nestor Serrano, Gordon Stanley and Chip Zien.

The musical won the Outer Critics Circle Award for Best Set Design, by Tony Straiges.

Songs
 Winter In New York (music: John Kander, lyrics: Fred Ebb)
 In The Cards (music: Alan Menken, lyrics: David Zippel)
 Favorite Sons (music: Larry Grossman, lyrics: Ellen Fitzhugh)
 Song for a Pinch Hitter (music: Larry Grossman, lyrics: Ellen Fitzhugh)
 Vendors (music: Cy Coleman, lyrics: Betty Comden and Adolph Green)
 What You'd Call a Dream (music and lyrics: Craig Carnelia)
 Escorte-Moi (music and lyrics: Albert Von Tilzer and Jack Norworth)
 He Threw Out The Ball (music: Larry Grossman, lyrics: Ellen Fitzhugh)
 Hundreds of Hats (music: Jonathan Sheffer, lyrics: Howard Ashman)
 1919 (music and lyrics: Jim Wann)
 Let's Play Ball (music and lyrics: Gerard Alessandrini)
 Vendors #2 (music: Cy Coleman, lyrics: Betty Comden and Adolph Green)
 The Boys of Summer (music: Larry Grossman, lyrics: Ellen Fitzhugh)
 Song for a Hunter College Graduate (music: Jonathan Sheffer, lyrics: Howard Ashman)
 Stay in Your Own Back Yard (music: Lyn Udall, lyrics: Karl Kennett, additional music: Pam Drews)
 Ka-Razy (music: Doug Katsaros, lyrics: David Zippel)
 Diamonds Are Forever (music: John Kander, lyrics: Fred Ebb)

Critical response
The Los Angeles Times quoted several reviews of the piece. "Is it a hit ? Will it have a run ? Frank Rich of the New York Times didn't particularly think so. Clive Barnes of the New York Post definitely thought not: 'A fiasco of the smallest, dullest kind. Say it ain't so, Hal.' But the Daily News Doug Watt thought the show had some cute ideas, such as its Kabuki-style rendering of 'Casey at the Bat.' His final verdict: 'Call 'Diamonds' a Little League homer and let it go at that.'"

References

External links
Internet Off-Broadway Database listing

1984 musicals
Off-Broadway musicals
Revues

Diamonds (musical)


Orne Islands is a group of small islands lying close north of Ronge Island, off the west coast of Graham Land. First roughly surveyed in 1898 by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition under Gerlache. The name Orne Islands was probably in use by Norwegian whalers, because it was used by Scottish geologist David Ferguson following his geological reconnaissance of this area aboard the Hanka in 1913.

See also
 List of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic islands

Islands of Graham Land
Danco Coast

Orne Islands


Jerod Impichchaachaaha' Tate (born July 25, 1968) is a Chickasaw classical composer and pianist. His compositions are inspired by North American Indian history, culture and ethos.

He has had several commissioned works, which have been performed by major orchestras in Washington, DC; San Francisco, Detroit, and Minneapolis, among others. When the San Francisco Symphony Chorus performed and recorded his work Iholba'  in 2008, it was the first time the chorus had sung any work in Chickasaw or any American Indian language.

He is founder and artistic director of the Chickasaw Chamber Music Festival. He was Co-Founder and Composition Instructor for the Chickasaw Summer Arts Academy.

Biography
Jerod Impichchaachaaha' Tate was born in 1968 in Norman, Oklahoma, is a citizen of the Chickasaw Nation in Oklahoma, and is dedicated to the development of American Indian classical composition. The Washington Post selected him as one of "22 for '22: Composers and performers to watch this year" and raved that "Tate is rare as an American Indian composer of classical music. Rarer still is his ability to effectively infuse classical music with American Indian nationalism."

Tate is a 2022 Chickasaw Hall of Fame inductee, a 2022 Distinguished Alumni Award recipient from The Cleveland Institute of Music and was appointed 2021 Cultural Ambassador for the U. S. Department of State. He is Guest Composer, conductor, and pianist for San Francisco Symphony's Currents Program, Thunder Song: American Indian Musical Cultures, and was recently Guest Composer for Metropolitan Museum of Art's Balcony Bar Program, Home with ETHEL and Friends, featuring his commissioned work Pisachi (Reveal) for String Quartet.

His commissioned works have been performed by the National Symphony Orchestra, San Francisco Symphony and Chorus, Dallas Symphony Orchestra, Detroit Symphony Orchestra, Minnesota Orchestra, Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra, Oklahoma City Philharmonic, Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra, South Dakota Symphony Orchestra, Colorado Ballet, Canterbury Voices, Dale Warland Singers, Santa Fe Desert Chorale and Santa Fe Chamber Music Festival. Recent commissions include Shell Shaker: A Chickasaw Opera for Mount Holyoke Symphony Orchestra, Ghost of the White Deer, Concerto for Bassoon and Orchestra for Dallas Symphony Orchestra, Hózhó (Navajo Strong) and Ithánali (I Know) for White Snake Opera Company. His music was recently featured on the HBO series Westworld.

Tate has held Composer-in-Residence positions for Music Alive, a national residency program of the League of American Orchestras and New Music USA, First Americans Museum, the Joyce Foundation/American Composers Forum, Oklahoma City's NewView Summer Academy, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation and Grand Canyon Music Festival Native American Composer Apprentice Project. Tate was the founding composition instructor for the Chickasaw Summer Arts Academy and has taught composition to American Indian high school students in Minneapolis, the Hopi, Navajo, and Lummi reservations and Native students in Toronto.

Tate is a three-time commissioned recipient from the American Composers Forum, a Chamber Music America's Classical Commissioning Program recipient, a Cleveland Institute of Music Alumni Achievement Award recipient, a governor-appointed Creativity Ambassador for the State of Oklahoma and an Emmy Award-winner for his work on the Oklahoma Educational Television Authority documentary, The Science of Composing.

In addition to his work based upon his Chickasaw culture, Tate has worked with the music and language of multiple tribes, such as: Choctaw, Navajo, Cherokee, Ojibway, Creek, Pechanga, Comanche, Lakota, Hopi, Tlingit, Lenape, Tongva, Shawnee, Caddo, Ute, Aleut, Shoshone, Cree, Paiute, and Salish/Kootenai.

Among available recorded works are Iholba' (The Vision) for Solo Flute, Orchestra and Chorus and Tracing Mississippi, Concerto for Flute and Orchestra, recorded by the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra and Chorus, on the Grammy Award-winning label Azica Records. In 2021, Azica released Tate's Lowak Shoppala' (Fire and Light) recorded by Nashville String Machine with the Chickasaw Nation Children's Chorus and Dance Troupe; vocal soloists Stephen Clark, Chelsea Owen, Meghan Vera Starling; and narrators Lynne Moroney, Wes Studi, Richard Ray Whitman. Of the album, Sequenza21 wrote, "Tate has clearly taken the Western musical tradition and found a compelling voice that integrates his native culture." His Metropolitan Museum of Art commission, Pisachi (Reveal), is featured on ETHEL String Quartet's album Documerica. Azica Records recently released Tate's inaugural composition, Winter Moons, and his MoonStrike, recorded by Apollo Chamber Players.

Tate earned his Bachelor of Music in Piano Performance from Northwestern University, where he studied with Dr. Donald Isaak, and his Master of Music in Piano Performance and Composition from The Cleveland Institute of Music, where he studied with Elizabeth Pastor and Dr. Donald Erb. He has performed as First Keyboard on the Broadway national tours of Les Misérables and Miss Saigon and been a guest composer/pianist and accompanist for the Colorado Ballet, Hartford Ballet, and numerous ballet and dance companies.

Tate's middle name, Impichchaachaaha', means "his high corncrib" and is his inherited traditional Chickasaw house name. A corncrib is a small hut used for the storage of corn and other vegetables. In traditional Chickasaw culture, the corncrib was built high off the ground on stilts to keep its contents safe from foraging animals.

Reception
In reviewing a performance of Iholba' (The Vision), for Solo Flute, Orchestra and Chorus, which was commissioned by the National Symphony Orchestra and premiered at the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, The Washington Post said, "Tate's connection to nature and the human experience was quite apparent in this piece...rarer still is his ability to effectively infuse classical music with American Indian nationalism."

Works

Commissioned works

 Ghost of the White Deer Concerto for Bassoon and Orchestra - Dallas Symphony Orchestra (2020)
 Muscogee Hymn Suite for Solo Baritone, Children's Chorus and Orchestra - Tulsa Symphony (2016)
 Standing Bear: A Ponca Indian Cantata for Solo Baritone, Piano and String Sextet - Hidegard Center for the Arts (2015)
 Misha' Sipokni' (The Old Ground) Oratorio for Orchestra, Chorus, Children's Chorus, Baritone, Tenor and Soprano – Canterbury Choral Society (2015)
 Oka' Aya'sha' (The Water Place) for Chorus, Woodwinds and Percussion – University of Chicago/Canterbury Choral Society (2014)
Pisachi (You See), (2013), for String Quartet, commissioned by ETHEL for ETHEL's Documerica, premiered at BAM's Next Wave Festival 2013
 Waktégli Olówaŋ (Victory Songs) for Baritone Solo and Orchestra – South Dakota Symphony (2012)
 Visions of a Child (A Pueblo Lullaby) for Chorus – Santa Fe Desert Chorale (2012)
 Theme music for To the Wonder – Directed by Terrence Malick (2012)
 Taloowa' Chipota (Children's Songs) for Youth Choir – American Composers Forum ChoralQuest Program (2011)
À Bec Quintet (2009), Woodwind Quintet composed for R. Carlos Nakai, premiered at the Santa Fe Chamber Music Festival.
 Shakamaxon for String Orchestra – Philadelphia Classical Symphony (2007)
 Nitoshi' Imali, Concerto for Guitar and Orchestra – Joyce Foundation (2006)
Lowak Shoppala' (Fire and Light) (2006), for Orchestra, Children's Chorus, Baritone, Soprano and Narrators - American Composers Forum Continental Harmony Project
 Film score for Indian Country Diaries: A Seat at the Drum – Native American Public Telecommunications/Adanvdo Productions, Lincoln, NE (2005)
 Worth of the Soul: A Tribute to American Indian Warriors for Symphonic Wind Ensemble and Chorus – Matthew Inkster/Mercyhurst College, Erie, PA (2004)
 Tracing Mississippi, Concerto for Flute and Orchestra – Christine Bailey, Principal Flute of the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra (2002)
 Iholba' (The Vision) for Solo Flute, Orchestra and Chorus – National Symphony Orchestra (1999)
 Dream World for Woodwinds, Percussion and Narrator – New Jersey Chamber Music Society (1997)
 Garfish Song for Chorus and Piano – The Dale Warland Singers, Minneapolis, MN (1997)
 Diva Ojibway, Operetta Score – Native Earth Performing Arts Society, Toronto, ON (1994)
 Film score for First Americans Journal – Native American Television, Minneapolis, MN (1994)
 Iyaaknasha' for Double Bass and Orchestra – James VanDemark, double bass faculty, Eastman School of Music (1993)
 Winter Moons, Ballet Score – Patricia Tate/University of Wyoming (1991)

Other chamber works
 Talowa' Hiloha (Thunder Song) for Solo Timpani Premiered May 7, 1997
 Inchokkillissa for Guitar and Percussion Premiered April 24, 1994
 Oktibihah for Solo Timpani, Strings and Piano Premiered 1994

Film and media
 To the Wonder – Terence Mallick (2012)
 Spider Brings Fire – Chickasaw Nation (2010)
 Meeting in the Center with Respect – Fort Collins Museum (2009)
 Indian Country Diaries: A Seat at the Drum – Native American Public Telecommunications/Adanvdo Productions (2005)
 American Composer Forum – promotional DVD (2003)
 First Americans Journal – Native American Television (1994)

Honors
2016 - New Music USA Composer-in-Residence with South Dakota Symphony Orchestra.
2011 - regional Emmy Award winner for contributions to documentary, The Science of Composing. It was about his residency with the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, where he taught composition to seven notable research scientists. Their compositions were performed at the Oklahoma City Museum of Art by members of the Oklahoma City Philharmonic.
2011 - nominated for Native Arts and Cultures Foundation Artist Fellowship
2008 - appointed Creativity Ambassador for the State of Oklahoma.
2006 - Joyce Award to commission Nitoshi' Imali, Concerto for Guitar and Orchestra
2006 - Alumni Achievement Award from the Cleveland Institute of Music.
Has received awards from Meet the Composer and the Percussive Arts Society.

Discography
2008 – Works by Jerod Impichchaachaaha' Tate. Includes Tracing Mississippi and Iholba'''. Performed by Christine Bailey Davis and Thomas Robertello, flutes, with the San Francisco Symphony and San Francisco Symphony Chorus, dir. Edwin Outwater. Cleveland, Ohio: Azica Records .

References

External links

Works, Jerod Tate website
Jerod Tate, Composer, The Official Site of the Chickasaw NationMember Bio: Jerod Tate, American Composers Forum''
Jerod Tate YouTube Channel

Living people
1968 births
20th-century American composers
21st-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
20th-century Native Americans
21st-century Native Americans
American male classical composers
American classical composers
American people of Irish descent
American people of Manx descent
Chickasaw people
Cleveland Institute of Music alumni
Manx people
Musicians from Norman, Oklahoma
Native American composers
Northwestern University alumni
Regional Emmy Award winners

Jerod Impichchaachaaha' Tate


Home Front is an interior design "makeover" TV show airing on the BBC, on par with American television's This Old House and Martha Stewart. The programme appeared in two formats.

The original format was a half-hour show hosted by Tessa Shaw, which ran c.1992-1997 and featured numerous different designers giving advice on DIY projects.

The second was an hour-long makeover show presented by Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen and Diarmuid Gavin. The seasons 1996-2000 (and also the seasons 1997-2000 of Home Front in the Garden) were hosted by Anne McKevitt. This version originally aired concurrently with the original format as a spin-off titled Home Front Inside Out, but took on the title of the parent programme when the original format was axed.

A variant titled Home Front in the Garden also aired, hosted by Shaw and featuring Diarmuid Gavin and Kevin McCloud.

References

External links

1994 British television series debuts
2005 British television series endings
BBC Television shows
English-language television shows

Homefront (1994 TV series)


A natural disaster is a major event caused by the natural processes of the Earth. Examples are floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis and other geologic processes. A natural disaster causes loss of life or property damage, and leaves some economic damage afterwards costing millions.

Human activities may be the cause causes of natural disasters, such as climate change and deforestation.

The damage disasters do to humans and their property counts most. One moght say: "disasters occur when hazards meet vulnerability".

If a strong earthquake happens in uninhabited areas, it is usually not seen as a disaster. An adverse event will not rise to the level of a disaster if it occurs in an area without vulnerable population. In a vulnerable area, such as Nepal during the 2015 earthquake, an earthquake can have disastrous consequences and leave lasting damage, which can take years to repair.

Volcanoes
A volcanic eruption occurs when hot materials from the Earth's interior are thrown out of a volcano. Lava, rocks, dust, and gas compounds are some and volcanic ash and kill many people. Some are quiet outflows of hot lava. Several more complex types of volcanic eruptions have been described by volcanologists. These are often named after famous volcanoes where that type of eruption has been seen. Some volcanoes may show only one type of eruption during a period of activity, while others may show a range of types in a series.

References

Other websites
 http://www.gdacs.org
 http://www.swemorph.com/pdf/multi.pdf
 http://www.undp.org/bcpr/

Natural disaster


Charles Pomeroy Stone (September 30, 1824 – January 24, 1887) was a career United States Army officer, civil engineer, and surveyor. He fought with distinction in the Mexican–American War, earning two brevet promotions for his performance in the conflict. After resigning and surveying for the Mexican Government, he returned to the U.S. Army to fight in the American Civil War.

Stone was reportedly the first volunteer to enter the Union Army, and during the war he served as a general officer, noted for his involvement at the Battle of Ball's Bluff in October 1861. Held responsible for the Union defeat, Stone was arrested and imprisoned for almost six months, mostly for political reasons. He never received a trial, and after his release he would not hold a significant command during the war again. Stone later served again with distinction as a general in the Egyptian Army, and is also noted for his role in constructing the base of the Statue of Liberty.

Early life
Stone was born in Greenfield, Massachusetts, a son of Alpheus Fletcher Stone, the town's doctor, and his wife Fanny Cushing. He was one of ten children in a Protestant family of Puritan descent. In 1841 he entered the United States Military Academy at West Point and graduated four years later, standing seventh out of 41 cadets. His time at the academy was shared with a number of other recruits who would go on to have important roles in the Civil War and the lead-up to it, including such ardent secessionists as William Logan Crittenden. He was appointed a brevet second lieutenant of ordnance on July 1, 1845. He and his younger sister, Fanny Cushing Parker (1827–1898), were Roman Catholic converts.

Military career, marriage and civilian career

Ordnance officer
Stone stayed at West Point, serving as an assistant professor and teaching geography, history, and also ethics from August 28, 1845, to January 13, 1846. Afterwards he was posted to the Watervliet Arsenal in New York as Assistant Ordnance Officer, and then to Fortress Monroe at Old Point Comfort, Virginia, both in 1846. While there Stone worked in the facilities arsenal and was an assistant to Capt. Benjamin Huger, whom he would serve under in the war with Mexico.

Mexican war
Fighting with Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott's army in the Mexican–American War, Stone was promoted to second lieutenant on March 3, 1847. He first saw action during the siege of Veracruz from March 9–29, then the skirmishing near Amazoque on May 14, and the Battle of Contreras on August 19–20. Stone then fought notably during the Battle of Molino del Rey on September 8, and was appointed a brevet first lieutenant from that date for "gallant and meritorious conduct" in this fight.

On September 13, 1847, Stone participated in the Battle of Chapultepec, and was appointed a brevet captain for his conduct on that day. He then fought in the Battle for Mexico City until September 15, and was part of a successful climbing party of the volcano at Popocatepetl, raising an American Flag at its summit.  He was an original member of the Aztec Club of 1847, a military society formed by U.S. Army officers who had served in Mexico.

Pacific coast
After the war with Mexico ended, Stone returned to the Watervliet Arsenal in 1848, again taking up his position as Assistant Ordnance Officer. He then was granted a leave of absence from the U.S. Army, and proceeded to Europe to study military practices of the armies there for two years. In 1850 he resumed duty at the Watervliet Arsenal briefly, and then was given command of the Ft. Monroe Arsenal into 1851. Later that year Stone was appointed Chief of Ordnance for the Pacific Department, a post he held until 1855, and also began construction of the Benicia Arsenal in California that year. During this time he was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant, effective February 26, 1853.

Marriage
In 1853 Stone married Maria Louisa Clary, daughter of Esther Philipson and Lt. Robert Emmett Clary, a West Point classmate of Jefferson Davis; Davis served as best man at Esther's wedding on March 31, 1829.

Post-military career
On November 17, 1856, he resigned his commission in the U.S. Army, "finding the pay inadequate" for his family. He briefly became a banker in 1856 in San Francisco, but the bank failed the following year due to the "...absconding of its treasurer." Stone then went back to Mexico, where he worked in various government jobs. From 1857 to 1860 he surveyed the Mexican state of Sonora, and from 1858 to 1860 he surveyed the lower region of California. Also from 1858 to 1859 Stone served as acting consul at Guaymas, Mexico, the municipal center of Sonora. In 1860 he moved his family back to the U.S., settling in Washington, D.C. In 1861 he published his survey findings, entitled Notes on the State of Sonora.

Civil War
At the outbreak of secession, Stone found himself in Washington writing his report on Sonora. After a dinner with his former commander Winfield Scott, Stone was requested to be Inspector General of the District of Columbia Militia at the rank of colonel as of January 1, 1861, and was thus reputed to be the first volunteer officer mustered into the Union Army before the Civil War. In this role, he secured the capital for the arrival of President-elect Abraham Lincoln, and was personally responsible for security at the new president's inaugural. One of his most important acts in this role was to frustrate an attempt by southern militias and the secret society known as the Knights of the Golden Circle to carry out a coup against the nascent Lincoln administration. Stone received word that militia groups from Baltimore and surrounding areas intended to infiltrate Washington, D.C., and seize the city by force during Lincoln's inauguration. He dealt with two Milita officers (whom he knew to be succesionists) promptly: First Stone maneuvered one commander ("Doctor B---" of the "National Volunteers Company") into handing Stone a full 100 men roster of his 300 men company to receive a order for arms; Stone accepted the roster and locked it into a desk drawer and wished the commander good morning; in turn the commander left his Washington D.C. home to give service to the Confederacy-his organization Broke up; the second officer ("Captain Schaeffer" of the "National Rifles" company ) was forced by Stone to give up two howitzers; as well as sabers and revolvers to the D.C. Armory on the grounds such weapons did not belong to a rifle company. Stone's next offer to the man was a commission of Major. The man declined to take the Oath of Office and then found out he had lost his commission of captain as well since he had not enclosed a copy of the Oath of Office with his letter of acceptance. Schaeffer and the secession members  left the "National rifles" Company which was transformed by Stone into a loyal Union company under Lt (elected Captain) Smead.Stone's prompt actions disintegrated the plot against the inaugural.  Stone was appointed Colonel of the 14th U.S. Infantry Regiment on May 14, and then a brigadier general in the Union Army that August, to rank from May 17. He commanded a brigade in Maj. Gen. Robert Patterson's Army of the Shenandoah during the First Bull Run campaign in June and July. Stone then was given command of a division, called the Corps of Observation, guarding the fords along the upper Potomac River that fall.

In his efforts to carry out his orders and maintain discipline, Stone drew the attention and wrath of his home state's governor, John A. Andrew, and Charles Sumner, the senior U.S. senator from Massachusetts, both powerful and influential Radical Republican politicians. In late September Stone issued general orders that required his men "not to incite and encourage insubordination among the coloured servants in the neighbourhood." When two runaway slaves came into their lines, one of his regiments, the 20th Massachusetts Infantry, promptly caught them and returned them to their owner. This was done in compliance with Stone's orders as well as both Federal and Maryland law. However, many of the 20th Massachusetts were abolitionists, disagreed with Stone's insistence on returning runaways back into slavery, and wrote both their families and their representatives about the incident. Governor Andrew strongly reprimanded the colonel of the regiment, who gave the letter to Stone. After reading it Stone wrote back, its contents summarized by military historian Bruce Catton as follows: "this regiment was in United States service now and the governor had no business meddling with discipline, the young lieutenant and the colonel had properly done what they were told to do and were not subject to reprimand from any governor, and would the governor in future please keep his hand off?"

More heated letters passed between Andrew and Stone, and then Andrew involved Sumner, who quickly and strongly denounced Stone to the U.S. Senate. Stone's written response to this—described as "in terms so bitter that it almost seemed as if he were challenging the senator to duel"—further inflamed the situation. Stone's dealings with these two men would have tragic consequences in his near future.

Ball's Bluff

On October 20, 1861, Stone was ordered by Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan to conduct a reconnaissance across the Potomac River to report on Confederate activities in Leesburg, Virginia. McClellan also hoped this action, combined with a movement by Brig. Gen. George A. McCall's division of 13,000 men toward Dranesville the day before, would encourage a Confederate withdrawal from the area without an engagement occurring. This message from McClellan's staff related the situation and outlined Stone's orders:

From this order Stone reasonably believed he had support nearby from McCall if needed; what he did not know was that McClellan had ordered McCall back to his previous position at Langley on October 21, putting any help for Stone further away. Stone's division numbered about 10,000 men and was posted around Poolesville, Maryland, about eight miles from Leesburg, with portions of his command at points along the Potomac shore. He moved his artillery to Edward's Ferry along the Potomac, from which he could shell the woods on the opposite side of the river, held by Confederate forces. Stone then sent three small boats with about 100 men from the 1st Minnesota Infantry across, who returned shortly without incident. Near sunset he sent out a small patrol of 20 soldiers of the 15th Massachusetts Infantry to scout toward Leesburg and see whether the Union movements had the desired effect or not. Crossing at Harrison's Island on the river, these men scaled Ball's Bluff and encountered what they believed was a Confederate camp of at least thirty men less than a mile inland. The patrol returned to Harrison's Island around 10 p.m. and reported by messenger to Stone at Edwards Ferry.

In response to this report, Stone thought the Confederate forces were indeed leaving Leesburg and decided to investigate further. While he led part of his command directly across at Edwards Ferry at 5 p.m., Stone ordered Col. Charles Devens and 300 men of his 15th Massachusetts to immediately cross over to Ball's Bluff that night. Stone's instructions were to "March silently under cover of night to the position of the camp [and] attack and destroy it at daybreak... and return rapidly to the island." Devens carried out Stone's orders and made the difficult crossing on three small 10-man boats, taking him four hours to accomplish. Stone also gave Devens discretion over what to do after the attack; either hold Leesburg or return to Harrison's Island. Stone ordered the rest of the 15th Massachusetts over and added the 20th Massachusetts Infantry, under Col. William R. Lee, to this effort as well, and ordered Colonel and U.S. Senator Edward D. Baker to take overall command. Devens found no camp since an earlier patrol apparently confused corn shocks as tents in the evening shadows; he halted and asked Stone for instructions, who responded to push closer to Leesburg. Devens determined to hold there, waiting several hours for reinforcements, when skirmishing began at 7 a.m., before Baker had arrived.

Confederate Col. Nathan G. "Shanks" Evans was in charge of the forces opposing Stone, and when he learned of the crossings he split his 2,000-man command. Three of his regiments were ordered to deal with Stone by blocking the road from Edwards Ferry to Leesburg, while the remainder fought and defeated Baker's force at Ball's Bluff. Since Baker sent no updates, Stone had no idea a battle was occurring there and, finding his path blocked by Confederates, Stone returned to Edwards Ferry. He then moved toward Harrison's Island, learned of the defeat at Ball's Bluff, and quickly asked McClellan for help from McCall, whom he thought nearby but was actually more than twenty miles away.

Stone lost about 1,000 men who were either killed, wounded, captured, or drowned during Ball's Bluff, while the Confederates lost less than 160. The Union total included Baker, the only sitting U.S. Senator killed in combat when "four bullets ripped into him, and he was dead before he hit the ground". Baker's death and the action at Ball's Bluff would have serious consequences for Stone, and also affect the way the American Civil War would be prosecuted. In his official report about the battle on October 24, McClellan did not hold Stone personally responsible for the defeat, saying "The disaster was caused by errors committed by the immediate Commander— not General Stone."

Arrest and imprisonment
Stone bore the brunt of much public criticism; the U.S. Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War was established in the wake of Baker's congressional eulogies and anger over the defeat. This seven-man group called Stone as one of their first witnesses about the Ball's Bluff affair, and all testimony given by him and 38 others was kept secret. Before the end of October 1861, Stone's official report about Ball's Bluff had been leaked to the New York Tribune newspaper, and in it Stone praised Baker's bravery but made clear his shortcomings as a field commander. Baker's congressional allies, among them Governor Andrew and Senator Sumner, openly denounced this report and began to point accusing fingers at Stone, not at Baker. Stone's loyalty to the Union and position on slavery were more in question than his military abilities and decisions. The committee's questions accused him of improper and frequent communications with the Confederates, of not re-enforcing Baker, of using his men to protect slaveholder property in Maryland, and of returning runaway slaves to their owners—despite the last two of these following Maryland as well as Federal law. Another problem for Stone defending himself was an order from McClellan forbidding him to give testimony "regarding his [McClellan's] plans, his orders for the movement of troops, or his orders concerning the position of troops." This made it impossible for Stone to explain his movements to the committee, but kept McClellan out of the investigation as well.

Under a cloud for suspected disloyalty and treason, Stone was arrested just after midnight on February 8, 1862, on orders of Maj. Gen. McClellan, who was acting under orders from Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, dated January 28. Awaiting Stone near his home in Washington were 18 soldiers led by Brig. Gen. George Sykes. When Stone approached, Sykes stated "I have now the most disagreeable duty to perform that I ever had—it is to arrest you." When Stone angrily asked why, Sykes said "I don't know. It's by order of Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan, general-in-chief of the army... I may as well tell you that you are to be sent to Fort Lafayette." This shocked Stone, who stated "That's where they send secessionists! I have been as true a soldier to the Government as any in service."

Under guard, Stone was ordered to be sent to the military prison at Fort Lafayette by train. When he reached the rail depot at Philadelphia, confusion as to payment for his ticket caused Stone to buy his own ticket. Upon reaching the facility he was put immediately into solitary confinement, but he managed to hire an attorney and waited for official charges to be filed. According to the Articles of War this had to be done within eight days of an arrest, but was never done in Stone's case. He sent several inquiries to McClellan, to the army's adjutant general's office, and to Stanton himself, who stated " ...the charges were being reviewed prior to being publicized...", but received no satisfactory explanation.

Contrary to U.S. Army regulations as well, no charges were ever filed against Stone nor did he stand trial. While he was in solitary confinement at Fort Lafayette, he could not exercise, and consequently Stone's health began to degrade. His physicians protested heavily to Stanton, who ordered him transferred to the military prison at Fort Hamilton. There Stone was allowed to exercise and his condition improved. He stayed at Fort Lafayette for fifty days, and would spend another 139 in Fort Hamilton. Stone was finally released without explanation or apology on August 16, 1862. The reason for his release was new legislation written by California Senator James A. McDougall. In a small addition to another bill, McDougall reiterated the Articles of War requirement that official charges be filed within eight days of arrest, but went on to include that any imprisoned officer must be given their trial within thirty days. McDougall also made it clear this legislation applied to those currently under arrest, which covered Stone's case. It passed the U.S. Congress and was signed into law by President Lincoln on July 17, 1862. Stanton then waited the thirty days before releasing Stone.

It may, or may not be that President Lincoln ordered the arrest of Stone. In a communication of September 30, 1862, General in Chief H. W. Halleck wrote about Stone's arrest: "I understood that it was made by the orders of the President."

Release and reassignment
After his release, Stone returned home to Washington and awaited orders, and also continued to try to clear his name. Despite the arrest and confinement, Stone's services were still in demand. In September 1862, as the Maryland Campaign developed, McClellan asked the War Department to re-instate Stone, but Stanton declined. When Maj. Gen Joseph Hooker took over command of the Army of the Potomac in early 1863, he asked for Stone as his chief of staff, but Stanton denied this request as well. On February 27, Stone was finally allowed to hear the testimony that caused him to be arrested, and with McClellan no longer his commander Stone could freely answer the accusations. He did this to the Committee's satisfaction, who soon afterwards published its revised findings, clearing Stone. With the facts now known, The New York Times newspaper editorialized:

Without assignment until May, Stone was ordered to the Department of the Gulf, serving as a member of the surrender commission at Port Hudson and in the Red River Campaign as Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks's chief of staff. However, on April 4, 1864, Stanton ordered Stone mustered out of his volunteer commission as a brigadier general and he reverted to his rank of colonel within the regular army. He served briefly as a brigade commander in the Army of the Potomac during the siege of Petersburg, but finally resigned from the Army on September 13, 1864, before the end of the war.

Later life

After the American Civil War ended in 1865, Stone worked as an engineer and later superintendent for Virginia's Dover Mining Company until 1869. The following year William T. Sherman, by now the U.S. Army's Commanding General, recommended Stone for service in the Egyptian Army. From 1870 to 1883 he served as chief of staff and general aide-de-camp for the khedive Isma'il Pasha of Egypt. While there he was given the rank of ferik, equal to a lieutenant general, and the title of Ferik Pasha. Stone's career in the Egyptian Army has been described thus:

Stone later returned to the United States, where he worked as an engineer for the Florida Ship Canal Company in 1883. In 1884, he accepted the position of Chief Engineer of the Statue of Liberty project at Bedloe's Island, New York Harbor, and planned and supervised the construction of the Statue of Liberty's pedestal, concrete foundation and the reassembly of the Statue of Liberty after its arrival from France. Stone served as the grand marshal of the dedication parade in Manhattan on October 28, 1886. He fell ill some months afterwards and died of pneumonia at his home in New York City. General Stone is buried in West Point National Cemetery.

Stone's first wife Maria died in Washington, D.C., shortly after Stone's release from Fort Hamilton. While serving in New Orleans during 1863, Stone fell in love with Jeanne Stone and they had two daughters and a son, John Stone Stone, who later became a pioneer in the field of wireless telegraphy. Stone was also an original founding member of the Aztec Club of 1847, a social organization for officers who served in the Mexican–American War.

Legacy
Military historian Ezra J. Warner held Stone's treatment following Ball's Bluff in disdain, saying in 1964:

See also

List of American Civil War generals (Union)
List of Massachusetts generals in the American Civil War

References
Specific

Biography
Blaine Lamb, The Extraordinary Life of Charles Pomeroy Stone: Soldier, Surveyor, Pasha and Engineer, Westholme Publishing, 2015. .

General
Catton, Bruce, Army of the Potomac: Glory Road, Doubleday and Company, 1952, .
 Catton, Bruce, Army of the Potomac: Mr. Lincoln's Army, Doubleday and Company, 1951, .
 Ehrlich, Walter, Zion in the Valley: The Jewish Community of St. Louis, University of Missouri Press, 1997, .
Eicher, David J., The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War, Simon & Schuster, 2001, .
 Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, .
 Garrison, Webb Jr., Strange Battles of the Civil War, Cumberland House Publishing, 2001, .
 Heidler, David S., Heidler, Jeanne T., and Coles, David J., Encyclopedia Of The American Civil War, W.W. Norton & Co., 2002, .
 Warner, Ezra J., Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders, Louisiana State University Press, 1964, .
 Winkler, H. Donald, Civil War Goats and Scapegoats, Cumberland House Publishing, 2008, .

Further reading
 Irwin, Richard B., "Ball's Bluff and the Arrest of General Stone", Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, Vol. 2, pp. 123–24.

External links

 U.S. Army Biographical sketch of Charles Pomeroy Stone archived from the original
 National Park Service Statue of Liberty information.
 www.americanjewisharchives.org Philipson family tree.

1824 births
1887 deaths
People from Greenfield, Massachusetts
American people of English descent
United States Military Academy alumni
Military personnel from Massachusetts
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
Members of the Aztec Club of 1847
American surveyors
American consuls
Military personnel from Washington, D.C.
People of Massachusetts in the American Civil War
Union Army generals
American people in the khedivial Egyptian Army
Military personnel from New York City
Burials at West Point Cemetery

Charles Pomeroy Stone


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