The Replacement Killers is a 1998 American action film directed by Antoine Fuqua in his feature film directorial debut, and starring Chow Yun-fat (his international film debut), Mira Sorvino, Michael Rooker and Kenneth Tsang. The film was released in the United States on February 6, 1998. The storyline was conceived from a screenplay written by Ken Sanzel. Veteran action director John Woo co-produced and choreographed the action sequences. The film is set in modern-day Los Angeles and follows an emotionally disillusioned assassin who is forced to settle a violent vendetta for a ruthless crime boss. The film marks the American acting debut for Chow, as his previous film credits included Hong Kong action cinema only.

The film was a co-production between the motion picture studios of Columbia Pictures, Brillstein-Grey Entertainment, and WCG Entertainment Productions. The Replacement Killers explores assassination, violence and the influence of triads in modern society. The film score was orchestrated by Harry Gregson-Williams; the soundtrack was released by the Varèse Sarabande music label on March 10, 1998.

The Replacement Killers premiered in theaters nationwide in the United States on February 6, 1998, grossing $19.2 million in US ticket receipts and $39.5 million worldwide from a $30 million budget. The film was screened at 1,936 theaters during its widest release in cinemas.  It has a 38% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a consensus of "mixed reviews" on Metacritic. The widescreen DVD edition of the film featured scene selections, a featurette, and interviews among other highlights, and was released in the United States on July 1, 1998.

Plot
During an orchestrated drug bust at a marine loading dock, LAPD detective Stan Zedkov kills Triad lieutenant Peter Wei.

Looking to exact revenge for his son's death, Peter's father, Terence, sends for professional assassin John Lee. Paying off an old debt, Lee has already killed two targets for Wei, who now tells him that this third and final job will settle the obligation. However, Lee's conscience prevents him from completing his final assignment: to assassinate Zedkov's seven-year-old son Stevie before the detective's eyes.

Realizing that his actions will result in retaliation against his mother and sister, Lee prepares to return to China, enlisting the help of old friend Alan Chan, a monk in a local Buddhist temple, to make arrangements to have his family moved to a secure location. Infuriated by Lee's disobedience, Wei orders his head lieutenant, Michael Kogan, to lead the hunt for Lee, and has his people in China begin the search for Lee's family.

No longer able to use the Triad network to get out of the country, Lee searches for alternative means outside Wei's sphere of influence, and looks to skilled forger Meg Coburn for a new passport. Before she can finish the job, Wei's men storm Meg's office, destroying the computerized tools of her trade in the ensuing shootout. Lee escapes; Coburn is picked up by the police, unsuccessfully interrogated by Zedkov, and released as bait so the detective can see who tries to kill her. Meanwhile, Wei hires two skilled out-of-town contract killers named Ryker and Collins to take over the hunt for Lee and the Zedkov contract.

Lee finds Coburn when she returns to her destroyed office. Having been made aware that the Triads are involved, Coburn wants out, but Lee forces her to finish her original task of creating a forged passport. Traveling with Coburn, and with the two "replacement killers" in pursuit, Lee gets pictures from a photo booth and phones Alan, who offers the use of his passport. When Lee arrives at the temple, he discovers that Alan has been tortured to the point of death. Alan tells Lee that his family was moved to Canton—but he told his torturers they were in Shanghai. Lee has little more than 24 hours before his family is found. The monk gives Lee his passport before dying in his arms.

Holed up in a hotel, Coburn finishes altering Alan's passport for Lee. The two exchange stories, and Coburn becomes sympathetic to Lee. Feeling compelled to stop the killing of Zedkov's son before leaving the country, Lee forces one of Wei's men to reveal the plan, which is to kill Stevie while he and his father are at a movie festival inside a cinema. Lee and Coburn, who insists on helping, arrive barely in time to prevent Ryker and Collins from killing the boy, and Ryker is killed by Lee in the subsequent gunfight.

Concerned that Lee and Coburn will make their way back to his base of operations, Wei makes plans to flee the country and hunt down Lee's mother and sister himself. However, when two guards open the main gate for Wei and his entourage to leave in a limo, Lee is just outside. He launches a two-handed handgun assault while Coburn surfaces moments later, driving a truck through the melee, incapacitating Michael, and later killing him. When Collins fires from a high perch on Lee and Coburn, Lee soon outflanks Collins, killing him from behind. Finally, Lee corners Wei on a fire escape platform. Though both men have emptied their guns, Lee is first to reload. Wei promises Lee that the boy and Lee's family will still die, but Lee replies, "Not in your lifetime," and kills him. Though Zedkov arrives before Lee and Coburn can get away, he lets them go, taking only their guns.

Coburn reluctantly bids goodbye to Lee at the airport, presenting him with one last gift, passports for his mother and sister.

Cast
 Chow Yun-fat as John Lee
 Mira Sorvino as Meg Coburn
 Michael Rooker as Det. Stan "Zeedo" Zedkov
 Kenneth Tsang as Terence Wei
 Jürgen Prochnow as Michael Kogan
 Til Schweiger as Ryker
 Danny Trejo as Collins
 Clifton Collins, Jr. as Loco
 Carlos Gomez as Det. Hunt
 Frank Medrano as Eddie Rawlins
 Carlos Leon as Romero
 Leo Lee as Lam
 Patrick Kilpatrick as Pryce
 Randall Duk Kim as Alan Chan
 Andrew J. Marton as Stevie Zedkov
 Sydney Coberly as Sara Zedkov
 Yau-Gene Chan as Peter Wei
 Nicki Micheaux as Nicole, Police Technician
 Max Daniels as Old Drug Smuggler
 Albert Wong as Old Chinese Man

Production

Filming

Production for the film began on February 10, 1997 in downtown Los Angeles. The first shoot was set in the historic Mayan Theater, refurbished as a trendy nightclub and cast with hundreds of extras for the film's opening scene. The eight-story, nearly condemned Giant Penny building in the middle of LA served as the location for a police station interior, a hotel room, and Meg Coburn's office. A chaotic gunfight was filmed amid the spray, brushes, and hoses of Joe's Car Wash, also in LA. A Chinatown-like streetscape of damp, narrow alleys and blinking red neon lights was created for the night-time finale, where Yun-Fat shot off 546 rounds of two-fisted shooting; the repetitive action left his hands blistered and shaking. More gunplay took place in
a video arcade replicated at the original Lawry's California Center (now the Los Angeles River Center and Gardens), just north of downtown LA. Lee's tranquil Buddhist temple was fashioned under this same roof.

Director Fuqua stressed to his team that the aim was to design a "Taxi Driver for the 1990s". In addition to physical training, Mira Sorvino, who had never handled a gun prior to this film, took weapons training to prepare for her role. Sorvino, who majored in Asian studies at Harvard, speaks Mandarin, and lived for eight months (1988–89) in Beijing, where she studied Chinese, taught English, and saw Chinese films, including Hong Kong action films, felt The Replacement Killers brought her a step closer to her goal of making a film in Mandarin and working with a Chinese director. Prior to the start of filming, Sorvino had blown out her voice from screaming in reshoots of Mimic; Fuqua liked the effect and asked her to keep it, which required Sorvino to yell prior to each day's shoots to burn out her voice.

Soundtrack
The original motion picture score was composed by Harry Gregson-Williams. Alan Meyerson mixed the sound elements for the chorus, while Richard Whitfield edited the film's music. The soundtrack for the film was released on March 10, 1998 by the Varèse Sarabande music label. In an interview with Hideo Kojima, he stated it was the film's soundtrack that lead him to hire Harry to work on the soundtrack of Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty.

Additional music
In addition to the film score by Harry Gregson-Williams, several modern songs by cutting-edge artists were included on the soundtrack (although never officially released as a cd) including:
"Keep Hope Alive" by The Crystal Method
"Jaan " by Talvin Singh featuring Amar
"Makes Me Wanna Die (The Weekend Mix)" by Tricky
"Rocco" by Death In Vegas (album: Dead Elvis)
"Boom Boom Caw" by Brad
"33" by Hed PE
"Escape From The City Of Angels" by Ithaka (featuring Marta Dias) / Album: Flowers And The Color Of Paint)

Release
The Replacement Killers premiered in cinemas on February 6, 1998 in wide release throughout the US, and had a five-week theatrical run.

Home media
Following its cinematic release in theaters, The Replacement Killers was released on DVD and VHS by Columbia TriStar Home Video in the United States on July 1, 1998. Special features for the DVD include scene selections and the featurette specials; Chow Yun-Fat Goes Hollywood along wth an edited HBO special: "Where the Action is".  A VHS format edition was released on March 30, 1999.

On March 5, 2002, a Special Edition DVD was released. Features include: digitally mastered audio and anamorphic video; widescreen presentation; audio in English 5.1 (Dolby Digital), Spanish, French, Portuguese; subtitles in English, Spanish, French, Portuguese, Chinese, Korean, Thai; director's commentary; HBO making-of, Where the Action Is; deleted scenes; alternate ending; exclusive featurette, Chow Yun-Fat Goes Hollywood; theatrical trailers; filmographies; animated menus; and scene selections with motion images.

A UMD version of the film for the Sony PlayStation Portable was released on August 9, 2005. The disc features DVD quality picture; languages in Chinese, English, Korean, Portuguese, Spanish, and Thai, with viewing options for color and black and white.

An extended-cut DVD adding approximately 10 minutes to the film was released on April 25, 2006. Special features include: Chow Yun-Fat Goes Hollywood; digitally remastered picture and sound; and an edited HBO special, Where the Action Is.

The widescreen hi-definition Blu-ray version of the film was released on September 11, 2007. Special features include: The Making of the Replacement Killers: Where the Action Is and the exclusive featurette, Chow Yun-Fat Goes Hollywood. A supplemental viewing option for the film in the media format of Video on demand is available as well.

Reception

Box office
During its February 6, 1998 US opening weekend, the film ranked second place, grossing $8,046,553 at 1,936 locations. The film Titanic came in first place during that weekend grossing $23,027,838. Its revenue dropped by 49% in its second week of release, earning $4,068,335. For that particular weekend, the film fell to sixth place still screening in 1,936 theaters. Titanic remained in first place grossing $28,167,947 in box office revenue. During its final week in release, The Replacement Killers opened in a distant 21st place with $131,727 in revenue. The film went on to top out domestically at $19,204,929 in total ticket sales through a 5-week theatrical run. For 1998 as a whole, the film would cumulatively rank at a box office performance position of 90. Worldwide, the film grossed $39.5 million in all territories.

Critical response
Rotten Tomatoes reports that 37% of 38 sampled critics gave the film a positive review; the average score is 5.3 out of 10. The consensus summarizes: "Chow Yun-fat makes his dubious English-language debut in The Replacement Killers, a stylish but muddled knockoff of the Hong Kong shoot-em-ups that earned the star his international renown." At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average out of 100 to critics' reviews, the film received a score of 42 based on 22 reviews, which it classifies as "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale.

Among some of the positive critiques, Roger Ebert writing in the Chicago Sun-Times called it "as abstract as a jazz instrumental, and as cool and self-assured." Discussing the film's style, he remarked that it was a "high-gloss version of a Hong Kong action picture, made in America but observing the exuberance of a genre where surfaces are everything." In Variety, Leonard Klady viewed the film as being a "big, loud music video that's not particularly interested in content. It's a rudderless style piece; as the old saw cautions, accept no substitutes." Regarding the film's set design and production qualities, he noted that, "while an apt homage, the set pieces here are technical but not visceral, feeling manufactured rather than organically integrated into the plot."

Russell Smith of The Austin Chronicle said the film was "so numbingly ritualistic that even the well-choreographed gun battles, probably the most Woo-like aspects of the film, lose much of their potential impact." Writing for The New York Times, Stephen Holden noted that although the film's "seamless fusion of Hong Kong action-adventure style and cool, Los Angeles street chic has a certain seductive charm, it is the only charm of a movie that is otherwise devoid of content." Edward Guthmann in the San Francisco Chronicle said that "As pointless blast-athons go, The Replacement Killers isn't bad. It's beautifully shot by first-time feature director Antoine Fuqua, whose eye for sensual surfaces, deft camera moves and elegant framing was refined with commercials and music videos."

Desson Thomson of The Washington Post stated that "Without Chow Yun-Fat, who makes his American screen debut here, there'd be nothing to say about The Replacement Killers. Antoine Fuqua's action movie is entirely free of surprise. It breaks no rules." He did however muse that "Chow's pretty face and cool presence are inescapable. You don't enjoy this movie, so much as you conduct a road test for the Hong Kong actor. Yes, he can survive in an English language picture!" In The San Francisco Examiner, Walter Addiego perceived that the film "remains a counterfeit of a Woo movie, even though Woo himself co-produced it. He turned the directing chores over to first-timer Antoine Fuqua, whose previous work was limited to music videos and commercials, and it shows." He added, "The script, by Ken Sanzel, is the work of someone who's seen Woo's movies and wasn't particularly moved by the experience."

Crew's response
In retrospect, Antoine Fuqua said: "'The Replacement Killers' was a good and bad experience. It was great because Chow Yun-Fat is the coolest guy in the world. He was just beautiful. Mira Sorvino was cool. It was fun working with Mira. But the difficult thing was learning the studio system, learning all the things that go along with that system. There are a lot of people that have a lot of say, especially when you're that young in the studio world. You learn that it is a business. I think for me, what I learned was I still love making movies, and I know what I don't want to do. The thing that I learned the most out of that movie was what I don't want to do."

Ken Sanzel, who wrote the movie, said: "The script bears very little resemblance to anything I would have written; only the bare bones of the plot really survived. I think that Chow Yun-Fat was incredible, but for me the movie was a series of otherwise bad decisions. I'm glad that people enjoy it, but it was really Antoine Fuqua's sensibility top to bottom, which is not at all mine (aside from the fact that we both love the work of Michael Mann, though apparently for very different reasons).

Mira Sorvino said: "I loved working with Antoine, and it was fun to do an action movie. It was kind of like being a kid and playing cowboys and Indians, or cops and robbers. And I enjoyed the role of Meg. I thought she was fun to do."

See also
 Triad

References

Bibliography

External links

1998 films
1998 action thriller films
American action thriller films
American chase films
Columbia Pictures films
1990s English-language films
Gun fu films
Triad films
Films about contract killing
Films directed by Antoine Fuqua
Films set in Los Angeles
Films scored by Harry Gregson-Williams
1998 directorial debut films
Films produced by Brad Grey
1990s American films
1990s Hong Kong films

The Replacement Killers


Homkund, also spelled Hom Kund, is a high-altitude mountain pond located in Chamoli District, Uttarakhand State, India.

Geography
Located at a height of  above sea level below Mt. Nandaghungti and Ronti Saddle,  it is in the middle of snow-covered valleys.   Two Himalayan peaks, Trisul and Nanda Ghunti are near Homkund.

Trekking
Homkund has become a trekking destination in recent years and those who trek to Roopkund consider this as another trekking destination, as Homkund is located near Roopkund.

Homkund falls on the popular trek route to Ronti Saddle, a mountain pass between Nanda Ghungti and Trishul. It takes a trek of 3 days from Roopkund crossing the Junargali Pass to reach there. One can also reach there from a different route starting from the village of Sutol and passing by Latakhopri and Chandaniya Ghat.

References

Lakes of Uttarakhand
Geography of Chamoli district
Glacial lakes of India
Hiking trails in Uttarakhand

Homkund


See Canyon is a valley in San Luis Obispo County, California. It has its source at  at an elevation of  in the Irish Hills. Its mouth lies at an elevation of , at its confluence with San Luis Obispo Creek.

History
See Canyon originally San Miguelito Canyon, the old Spanish name, from which the name of the Rancho San Miguelito grant to Don Miguel Avila was derived. It was renamed for the pioneer family of Joseph See, who was:
"... a native of Kentucky, who moved to Indiana and from there to Texas, and thence to California, coming with ox teams over the southern route settling first in San Bernardino County. In 1860, he came with his family to San Luis Obispo County and bought land, which was named See Canyon after him. He [Joseph] farmed here for many years. He lived to be eighty eight years of age, and was a very influential and public-spirited man"

The 1860 Census of San Luis Obispo, lists Joseph See as a teamster worth $600.00 in personal property and landless.  "Early grant records for the region show that See Canyon is one of the few areas not covered by an old Spanish grant and may have been public property. As a newcomer to the area, Joseph [See] may have homesteaded/squatted on that area, since no other land was available. Joseph's daughter Rachel and her husband William Calloway are known to have been long time residents of the Canyon and owned 160 acres of the Canyon."

References

Valleys of San Luis Obispo County, California

See Canyon


Edwin Emery Slosson (7 June 1865 – 15 October 1929) was an American magazine editor, writer, journalist and chemist.  He was the first head of Science Service, and a notable popularizer of science.

Family background and education
Slosson was born in Albany, Kansas, the son of William Butler Slosson and his wife, the former Achsah Louise Lilly. His parents were pioneers who had moved from New York State to Kansas in 1857. William Slosson ran the first general store in Albany. A supporter of free state status for Kansas, he helped to organize a branch of the Underground Railroad and ran a "station" where escaping slaves were sheltered.

Slosson attended Leavenworth High School for three years and travelled in Europe before entering the University of Kansas. He majored in chemistry and was a member of both Sigma Xi and Phi Beta Kappa. After obtaining a Bachelor of Science degree in 1890, he remained at the University of Kansas as a graduate student, studying chemistry, physics, geology and psychology. He was awarded a Master of Science degree in 1892. Slosson was offered a fellowship in psychology at Clark University, but chose instead to accept a position as assistant professor of chemistry at the University of Wyoming because it paid well enough to allow him to marry. He married May Gorslin Preston at Centralia, Kansas,  on August 12, 1891.

University of Wyoming
From 1891 to 1903 Slosson lived in Laramie, Wyoming, where he taught chemistry at the University of Wyoming and carried out chemical research at the Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, which was associated with the University. He also acted as state chemist. His main areas of research were alkali in Wyoming soils and petroleum. His observations on these and other subjects, including food adulteration and the fuel value of prepared cereals, were published in numerous bulletins of the Experiment Station.  He participated as a special demonstrator in chemistry at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair.

Slosson taught all the chemistry courses at the University of Wyoming and taught popular extension courses in chemistry to community members. He also taught a course in experimental psychology and lectured on photography to the local Camera Club. During the summer vacations he studied organic chemistry at the University of Chicago, working under Julius Stieglitz and John Nef. He completed his doctoral dissertation and was awarded his Ph.D. degree magna cum laude in 1902.

The Independent
While living in Laramie, Slosson had contributed articles to The Independent, a weekly magazine published in New York City. After his doctoral studies, he spent the summer of 1903 in New York, working as an unpaid assistant to Hamilton Holt, the magazine's editor and publisher. He returned to Laramie in the fall, but when Holt offered him the position of literary editor on The Independent he accepted the offer and moved with his family to New York in 1904.

He was connected with The Independent until 1920 as literary or managing editor and contributor. He wrote many articles for the magazine and his journalism formed the basis for several books. On behalf of the magazine, he travelled around the United States visiting universities and visited Europe to interview leading philosophers and writers, including Henri Bergson, H.G. Wells, and Ernst Haeckel. The resulting articles were collected and published as Great American Universities (1910), Major Prophets of Today (1914) and Six Major Prophets (1916).

His many articles for The Independent about scientific topics won him a reputation as a leading popularizer of science. His book Creative Chemistry, published in 1919, was a collection of articles about industrial applications of chemistry. It was his most successful publication and became a bestseller, with 200,000 copies sold by 1929.  It was still being used in high school and college chemistry courses in the early 1940s.  In 1920 he published another collection, Easy Lessons in Einstein, explaining the theory of relativity to a non-scientific audience. From 1912 to 1920 he taught a course on physical science for journalists at the Pulitzer School of Journalism.

Science Service
In 1920, the biologist William Emerson Ritter invited Slosson to become the first head of Science Service, which was being organized by Ritter and the newspaper publisher E.W. Scripps with the aim of improving the general public's understanding of science by providing scientific news to daily newspapers. Slosson accepted Ritter's job offer, and in January 1921 he moved to Washington, D.C., where Science Service's offices were located in the National Research Council building.

Slosson, whose official title at Science Service was Editor, was responsible for organizing and staffing the agency. His initial efforts were concentrated on promoting and developing science journalism by the means of a weekly syndicated news service called Science News Bulletin. Slosson described Science Service as "a sort of liaison officer between scientific circles and the outside world".Science News Bulletin was well received and in September 1922 it began to be issued to newspapers and magazines daily rather than weekly. Also in 1922, Science Service started publishing Science News Letter, a weekly magazine for sale to individuals.

Watson Davis, an engineer at the National Bureau of Standards and part-time science journalist who had been submitting articles to Science News Bulletin since it was established, became managing editor of Science Service in January 1923. Davis's assistance and the growing success of the agency allowed Slosson to devote more of his time to writing, lecturing and travelling. He contributed many articles to Science News Letter and other magazines including Collier's Weekly, and published five more books during the last decade of his life. He made his first radio broadcast at a meeting of the American Chemical Society in 1924, and in June of that year Science Service collaborated with the National Research Council to establish a weekly series called Science News of the Week. These radio broadcasts featured scientists talking about their work. Slosson also travelled extensively as a news correspondent for Science Service, in 1923 joining an expedition by astronomers to Mount Wilson Observatory in California to observe a solar eclipse.

When Slosson died of heart disease on October 15, 1929, in Washington, he was "easily the outstanding interpreter of sciences to the non-technical public", according to the Dictionary of American Biography.

References

Books written
Great American Universities. New York: Macmillan. 1910. Fulltext at The Internet Archive
Major Prophets of Today. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 1914. Fulltext at The Internet Archive
Six Major Prophets. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 1917. Fulltext at The Internet Archive
Creative Chemistry. New York: The Century Co. 1919. Fulltext at The Internet Archive
Easy Lessons in Einstein. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Howe. 1920. Fulltext at The Internet Archive
The American Spirit in Education: A chronicle of great teachers. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 1921. Fulltext at The Internet Archive
Plots and Personalities. New York: The Century Co. 1922. Fulltext at The Internet Archive
Chats on Science. New York: The Century Co. 1924.
Sermons of a Chemist. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co. 1925.
Snapshots of Science. New York: The Century Co. 1928.
Short Talks on Science. New York: The Century Co. 1930.
A Number of Things. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co. 1930.

External links

1865 births
1929 deaths
People from Sabetha, Kansas
Writers from Kansas
University of Kansas alumni
University of Chicago alumni
American non-fiction writers
University of Wyoming faculty
Columbia University faculty
Underground Railroad people
20th-century African-American people

Edwin Emery Slosson


Hendrick van Anthonissen (29 May 1605 - 12 November 1656) was a Dutch marine painter.

Biography
Van Anthonissen was born and died in Amsterdam.  He was the son of Aert Anthonisz (a.k.a. Aart van Antum) and painted in the style of his brother-in-law and teacher Jan Porcellis and of Jan van Goyen. He is the author of sea paintings in the Hermitage, St. Petersburg and the Prague Gallery, which through their signatures have been ascribed to a mythical Hendrik van Antem. In the 1630s he lived in The Hague, Leiden, and Leiderdorp, but from 1642 he was back in Amsterdam. He is known for beach scenes and seascapes in the manner of Jan Porcellis, sometimes in grisaille. He was the father of the marine painter Arnoldus van Anthonissen.

Notable works
In 2014 one of Anthonissen's paintings View of Scheveningen Sands, which was painted in 1641, underwent conservation at the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge. Restoration work uncovered a beached whale in the picture which had been obscured before 1873, when it was donated to the museum.

References

Attribution:

External links
Anthonissen, Hendrick van at the RKD databases.
Hendrick van Anthonissen on Artnet

1605 births
1656 deaths
Dutch Golden Age painters
Dutch male painters
Dutch marine artists
Painters from Amsterdam

Hendrick van Anthonissen


George Howell (born 1945) is an American entrepreneur and one of the pioneers of the specialty-coffee movement in the United States in the early 1970s.  He was the founder of The Coffee Connection, a high-end coffee retailer based in Boston, Massachusetts, which was acquired by Starbucks Corporation in 1994 and formed the nexus of their expansion into the Boston area.  He is the founder of George Howell Coffee.

In 1974, Howell and his wife Laurie moved to Boston. Of the trip back east, Howell has said "In 1974 we [decided] to leave the West Coast, I already had two kids with another on the way.  We decided to move east to Boston. We drove cross-country. I took with me some whole bean coffee and a grinder.  We stopped at the various Howard Johnson's that were on the interstates on our way and I would go into men's room, grind the coffee there, leaving it smelling a whole lot better than when I walked in, and then I would take out my French press on the counter, ask for hot water for 35 cents and make my French press at the Howard Johnson's counter. And within minutes I would always have several people around me wondering what that was, and this is before I even had any clue that I would get into a coffee business."

References

External links
Article Featuring the life of George Howell from Boston Magazine

1945 births
Living people
Businesspeople in coffee
American people of Welsh descent
Yale University alumni
Starbucks people

George Howell (entrepreneur)


The Jewish News is a free weekly newspaper, established in 1997, that serves the Jewish communities of Greater London – specifically Middlesex, Hertfordshire and Essex. In 2002, it won the Press Gazette free newspaper of the year.

In February 2020, it announced plans to merge with The Jewish Chronicle. In April 2020, it announced that it would enter voluntary liquidation, alongside The Jewish Chronicle, preparatory to a combined rescue plan, but following a bid emerging for The Jewish Chronicle, announced that it would continue as an independent publication.

In November 2020, the newspaper was donated to a new charitable foundation, the Independent Jewish Community News Foundation.

Operations
The Jewish News is published in tabloid format and distributed free of charge. Published every Thursday, the paper provides a weekly mix of local, national and international Jewish news, opinions, features, sport and entertainment. It is owned by property investor, Leo Noe.

With a weekly distribution of 24,518 copies as audited by ABC for the period July to December 2016, the paper is the largest Jewish Newspaper in the UK by distribution. It is available at more than 230 points across the capital including synagogues, shops, schools, community centres and street stands, and  it had reached its 1,100th edition. It is currently under the editorship of former Daily Mail journalist and The Jewish Advocate editor Richard Ferrer.

In February 2020, the Jewish News and Jewish Chronicle announced plans to merge, subject to raising the necessary finance to support the merger. Combined, they print more than 40,000 copies weekly.

In April 2020, The Jewish Chronicle and Jewish News announced simultaneously a creditors voluntary liquidation, citing the impact of the coronavirus epidemic. The owners of The Jewish Chronicle then submitted a bid to the liquidators for its assets, intending to combine them with the Jewish News under the latter's editor. However, following the emergence of a rival bid for The Jewish Chronicle, The Jewish News announced that it had sufficient funds to operate as a going concern and would continue to be published.

In November 2020, the newspaper was donated to a new charitable foundation, the Independent Jewish Community News Foundation. It was claimed by the Jewish News that the move "will see a seamless continuation of the editorial direction under the leadership of editor Richard Ferrer and news editor Justin Cohen, who also serve as co-publishers."

Controversies
In February 2018, Jewish News lost a libel case brought by Baroness Warsi over allegations that she has sought to excuse the actions of Islamic State terrorists. The article, written by Richard Kemp, also claimed she had objected to action being taken against British Muslims who murder and rape for the group, which Warsi said was "untrue and offensive". Jewish News accepted that the article was false: it apologised and was ordered to pay damages of £20,000 and legal costs.

Israel policy conference
In June 2015, Jewish News organised its inaugural UK-Israel Shared Strategic Challenges Conference. Through a series of panels and keynote addresses, the day-long event in Parliament explored issues relating to Israeli politics and the "two-state solution", responses to the rise of ISIL and countering radicalisation. Politicians, journalists, government officials and representatives of the major think tanks heard speakers included then Israeli deputy prime minister Silvan Shalom, Opposition Leader Isaac Herzog, Yesh Atid leader Yair Lapid as well as UK Middle East Minister Tobias Ellwood and Charles Farr, the Home Office's counter terrorism chief.

See also
 Hamodia
 The Jewish Chronicle
 Jewish Tribune (UK)
 The Times of Israel

References

External links

Jewish newspapers published in the United Kingdom
Newspapers established in 1997
1997 establishments in England

Jewish News


The national flag of Kazakhstan, also called the Kazakh flag (, ; ), was adopted on 4 June 1992, replacing the flag of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic. The flag was designed by Shaken Niyazbekov.

Description
The national flag of the Republic of Kazakhstan has a gold sun with 32 rays above a soaring golden steppe eagle, both centered on a turquoise background; the hoist side displays a national ornamental pattern called "koshkar-muiz" (the horns of the ram) in gold; the blue colour is of religious significance to the Turkic peoples of the country, and so symbolises cultural and ethnic unity; it also represents the endless sky as well as water; the sun, a source of life and energy, exemplifies wealth and plenitude; the sun's rays are shaped like grain, which is the basis of abundance and prosperity; the eagle has appeared on the flags of Kazakh tribes for centuries and represents freedom, power, and the flight to the future. The width of the flag to its length is 1:2.

Symbolism
The gold and turquoise colours were inherited from the former Soviet flag which were the gold from the hammer and sickle and the turquoise bar from the bottom of the flag. The pattern represents the art and cultural traditions of the old Khanate and the Kazakh people. The turquoise background symbolises the peace, freedom, cultural, and ethnic unity of Kazakh people including the various Turkic people that make up the present-day population such as the Kazakhs, Tatars, Uyghurs, Uzbeks, as well as the significant Indo-European peoples. The sun represents a source of life and energy. It is also a symbol of wealth and abundance; the sun's rays are a symbol of the steppe's grain which is the basis of abundance and prosperity.

People of different Kazakh tribes had the golden eagle on their flags for centuries. The eagle symbolises the power of the state. For the modern nation of Kazakhstan the eagle is a symbol of independence, freedom and flight to the future.

History

Kazakh Khanate

The Kazakh Khanate was decentralized state without an agreed upon flag. There is an alleged blue flag with white endless knot and three white 5-pointed stars in the hoist side of the flag.

The depicted flag sometimes is considered to not be connected to Khanate. The ornament shown in the flag is not observed by any other Turkic countries, moreover it is an endless knot, which takes part in Buddhist and Hinduist cultures, while Kazakhs were mostly Muslims.

Although the ornament is considered to not be Kazakh, it still takes part in Kazakh culture. Some historians say that the ornament could get to Kazakhs by trading with Chinese, Oirats, or Dzungars, since ancient Turks and Chinese maintained close relationships.

Russian Empire

In 1882, the Kazakh Khanate was disestablished when Russia invaded the Kazakh Steppe. Kazakh lands were divided in provinces and all of them used the flag of Russian Empire.

Central Asian Revolt

In 1916, Russia required Muslim people of central Asia to join Russian military forces. Russian colonial regime and economic instability lead to the Central Asian Revolt. Amongst Kazakhs, Amankeldı İmanov was leading figure in the revolts. He and his associated used red flag with the yellow text; blue half-moon in the top-left; blue bow, spear and an axe crossed on red background.

The text on the flag is in Arabic script, since Kazakh's writing system was Arabic prior to 1929. The text on the flag says: "Flag of warrior leader, Amangeldy batyr" (Batyr means hero in Kazakh).

Alash Autonomy
During World War I, Russia was exhausted as it was not ready for war. This was the reason for the food shortages, which occurred even in major cities like Petrograd. First revolution, started because of an economic instability led to the Russian ministers in charge of Central Asia to create the Alash party and found their own autonomy on territory of modern Kazakhstan.

Alash state again lacked one agreed flag, however the Autonomy had their proposed flags. Alikhan Bukeikhanov and Barlybek Syrtanov proposed the flag with green, yellow, red stripes and white crescent with yellow star in top-left in the draft constitution of the "Country of the Kazakhs" (1911), however, there is not a single historical confirmation of the use of this flag by the Alash Orda (1917–1920). The direction of stripes is not mentioned. Sometimes people use the logo of Kazak, the journal published by members of Alash, as a flag of the Autonomy. This variant of flag depicts a yellow yurt on a white background, this flag is mentioned in the "Will of the People" newspaper as approved on June 6, 1918.

The most commonly used flag of the Alash Autonomy is yellow crescent with star on a red background, however there is no evidence that flag was ever used.

Soviet Kazakhstan
After the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War, The Soviets consolidated Alash into the newly forming Kazakh Autonomy, resulting in the establishment of the  Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic in 1920.

The first flag of the Kazakh ASSR consisted of two lines of yellow text in the canton, surrounded with a yellow line, reading "KSSR" (Kazakh SSR), and "R.F." (Russian Federation).

Kazakhstan was a part of the Russian Federation until the 1937 establishment of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic within the Union, and, subsequently, changed its flag. This flag had the hammer and sickle in the canton and the name of the republic in Kazakh and Russian under it. The Kazakh name was written in Latin, as the writing system of Kazakh changed in 1929 from Arabic to Latin.

The final change of flag of the flag of the Kazakh SSR happened in 1953, as all Soviet republics redesigned their flags. This flag consisted of a hammer and a sickle with a star above it and a light blue horizontal stripe on a red background. The flag was briefly used after Kazakhstan gained its independence in December 1991.

Republic of Kazakhstan

Unlike other formerly Soviet nations, like Georgia, Belarus or Ukraine, Kazakhstan did not have an official flag before becoming part of the Soviet Union. Kazakhstan kept its Soviet flag up until 4 June 1992.

The Government of Kazakhstan organized a contest on 2 January 1992, which received these proposed flags:

The designer of the current flag, Shaken Niyazbekov, had originally colored the ornament red. This was changed in July 1992 to the current shade of gold.

Variants

Gallery

See also
Emblem of Kazakhstan
Flag of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
List of Kazakh flags

References

External links

 Kazakhstan - Vexillographia

Kazakhstan
National symbols of Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan
1992 establishments in Kazakhstan

Flag of Kazakhstan


Bernard Berenson (June 26, 1865 – October 6, 1959) was an American art historian specializing in the Renaissance. His book The Drawings of the Florentine Painters was an international success. His wife Mary is thought to have had a large hand in some of the writings.

Berenson was a major figure in the attribution of Old Masters, at a time when these were attracting new interest by American collectors, and his judgments were widely respected in the art world.

Personal life

Berenson was born Bernhard Valvrojenski in Butrimonys, Vilnius Governorate (now in Alytus district of Lithuania) to a Litvak family – father Albert Valvrojenski, mother Judith Mickleshanski, and younger siblings including Senda Berenson Abbott. His father, Albert, grew up following an educational track of classical Jewish learning and contemplated becoming a rabbi. However, he became a practitioner of Haskalah, a European movement which advocated more integration of Jews into secular society. After his home and lumber business were destroyed by fire, he lived with his more traditionalist in-laws who pressured him to enroll Bernard with a Hebrew and Aramaic tutor. Instead, they emigrated to Boston, Massachusetts, in 1875, whereupon the family name was changed to "Berenson." Bernard converted to Christianity in 1885, becoming an Episcopalian. Later, while living in Italy, he converted to Catholicism.

After graduating from Boston Latin School, he attended the Boston University College of Liberal Arts as a freshman during 1883–84, but, unable to obtain instruction in Sanskrit from that institution, transferred to Harvard University for his sophomore year. He graduated from Harvard and married Mary Smith, who became a notable art historian in her own right. Mary was the sister of Logan Pearsall Smith and of Alys Pearsall Smith, the first wife of Bertrand Russell. Mary had previously been married to barrister Frank Costelloe. Bernard Berenson was also involved in a long relationship with Belle da Costa Greene. Samuels (1987) mentions Mary's "reluctant acceptance (at times)" of this relationship.

Among his friends were American writer Ray Bradbury, who wrote about their friendship in The Wall Street Journal and in his book of essays, Yestermorrow; Natalie Barney, who lived in Florence during World War II, and also her partner, Romaine Brooks; and art collector Edward Perry Warren. His circle of friends also included Isabella Stewart Gardner, Ralph Adams Cram, and George Santayana, the latter two having met each other through Bernard.

Marisa Berenson, an actress, is a distant cousin of Berenson's through Louis Kossivitsky. Louis was a nephew of Berenson's father, Albert Valvrojenski, the orphaned son of his sister.  On arrival in the U.S. both Kossivitsky and Valvrojenski took the name of Berenson (Meryle Secrest, Being Bernard Berenson, p. 34). Her sister, Berry Berenson, was an actress/photographer, and the wife of actor Anthony Perkins. Berry died on American Airlines Flight 11 in the September 11, 2001 attacks on New York City.

Professional life

Among US collectors of the early 1900s, Berenson was regarded as the pre-eminent authority on Renaissance art. Early in his career, Berenson developed his own unique method of connoisseurship by combining the comparative examination techniques of Giovanni Morelli with the aesthetic idea put forth by John Addington Symonds that something of an artist's personality could be detected through his works of art. While his approach remained controversial among European art historians and connoisseurs, he played a pivotal role as an advisor to several important American art collectors, such as Isabella Stewart Gardner, who needed help in navigating the complex and treacherous market of newly fashionable Renaissance art. Berenson's expertise eventually became so well regarded that his verdict of authorship could either increase or decrease a painting's value dramatically. In this respect Berenson's influence was enormous, while his 5% commission made him a wealthy man. (According to Charles Hope, he "had a financial interest in many works...an arrangement that Berenson chose to keep private." )

Starting with his The Venetian Painters of the Renaissance with an Index to their Works (1894), his mix of connoisseurship and systematic approach proved successful. In 1895, his Lorenzo Lotto: An Essay on Constructive Art Criticism, won critical acclaim, notably from Heinrich Wölfflin. It was quickly followed by The Florentine Painters of the Renaissance (1896), lauded by William James for its innovative application of "elementary psychological categories to the interpretation of higher art".

In 1897, Berenson added another work to his series of guides, publishing The Central Italian Painters of the Renaissance. After that, he devoted six years of work to The Drawings of the Florentine Painters, which was published in 1903.

In 1907, he published his The North Italian Painters of the Renaissance, where he expressed a judgement against Mannerist art, which may be related to his love for Classicism and his professed distaste for Modern Art. His early works were later integrated in his The Italian Painters of the Renaissance (1930), which was widely translated and reprinted. He also published two volumes of journals, "Rumor and Reflection" and "Sunset and Twilight". He is also the author of Aesthetics and History and Sketch for a Self-portrait.

I Tatti
His residence in Settignano near Florence, which has been called "I Tatti" since at least the 17th century, became The Harvard Center for Italian Renaissance Studies, a research center offering a residential fellowship to scholars working on all areas of the Italian Renaissance. He had willed it to Harvard well before his death, to the bitter regret of his wife, Mary. It houses his art collection and his personal library of books on art history and humanism, which Berenson regarded as his most enduring legacy. A portrait of daily life at the Berenson "court" at I Tatti during the 1920s, may be found in Sir Kenneth Clark's 1974 memoir, Another Part of the Wood. "During WW2, barely tolerated by the Fascist authorities and, later on, by their German masters, Berenson remained at 'I Tatti.' When the frontline reached it at the end of the summer of 1944, he wrote in his diary, "Our hillside happens to lie between the principal line of German retreat along the Via Bolognese and a side road... We are at the heart of the German rearguard action, and seriously exposed.". The villa remained unharmed. Also unharmed was the bulk of his collections, which had been moved to a villa at Careggi. However, Berenson's Florence apartment in the Borgo San Jacopo was destroyed, with some of its contents, during the German retreat from Florence.

Through a secret agreement in 1912, Berenson enjoyed a close relationship with Joseph Duveen, the period's most influential art dealer, who often relied heavily on Berenson's opinion to complete sales of works to prominent collectors who lacked knowledge of the field. Berenson was quiet and deliberating by nature, which sometimes caused friction between him and the boisterous Duveen. Their relationship ended on bad terms in 1937, following a dispute over a painting.

In 1923, Berenson was called to give expert witness in a famous case brought by a Mrs. Andrée Hahn of Kansas City against Duveen. In 1920, Hahn wanted to sell a painting that she believed to be a version of Leonardo's La belle ferronnière and whose authorship is still debated. Duveen publicly rejected Hahn's Leonardo attribution of the painting, which he had never seen. Consequently, Hahn sued him. In 1923 Hahn's painting was brought to Paris to be compared with the Louvre version. Duveen mustered Berenson's and other experts' support for his opinion, dismissing Hahn's painting as a copy. At the trial in New York in 1929, where the expert witnesses did not appear, the jury was not convinced by Berenson's Paris testimony, in part because, while under cross-examination there, he had been unable to recall the medium upon which the picture was painted. It was also revealed that Berenson, as well as other experts who had testified in Paris, such as Roger Fry and Sir Charles Holmes, had previously provided paid expertise to Duveen. While Duveen, after a split verdict, ended up settling out of court with Hahn, the whole story damaged Berenson's reputation.

Berenson was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1958.  He died at age 94 in Settignano, Italy.

Recent scholarship has established that Berenson's secret agreements with Duveen resulted in substantial profits to himself, as much as 25% of the proceeds, making him a wealthy man. This clear conflict of interest has thrown into doubt many of his authentications for Duveen and a number of these have been shown, through careful examination, to have become more optimistic, therefore considerably more valuable, once he was working for Duveen. No systematic comparison has, as yet, been done, but a partial study of seventy works points to this possibility. (Meryle Secrest, "Being Bernard Berenson", 1979, Appendix, p. 399) The issue is still controversial.

In addition to his better-known collection of Italian Renaissance paintings and objects, Berenson also demonstrated a keen interest in Asian art, including a distinguished collection of Arab and Persian painting.

The Berenson Library (the Biblioteca Berenson) has grown since Berenson gifted his extensive collection of books and photographs to Harvard and now holds an archive of  around 250,000 photographic prints and other related materials. Photographs attributed to Berenson are also held in the archive of the Conway Library at The Courtauld Institute of Art in London. Both collections are in the process of being digitised.

Correspondence
2006 saw the publication of the noted British historian Hugh Trevor-Roper's letters to Berenson in the period 1947–60, in a book entitled, Letters from Oxford: Hugh Trevor-Roper to Bernard Berenson, edited by Richard Davenport-Hines, published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson.

In 2015, Yale University Press published Kenneth Clark's correspondence with Berenson in the book, My Dear BB: The Letters of Bernard Berenson and Kenneth Clark, 1925–1959, edited and annotated by Robert Cumming.

Nine years worth of correspondence (1950–1959) between Berenson and San Diego-based Norah Bisgood Woodward is held by the Special Collections and Archives at the UC San Diego Library.

Berenson and Ernest Hemingway kept an eight-year-long correspondence from 1949 until 1957, published in Jobst C. Knigge: Ernest Hemingway and Bernard Berenson. A Strange Friendship, Humboldt University (open access), Berlin 2019.

Works
 Venetian Painters of the Renaissance (1894)
 Lorenzo Lotto: An Essay in Constructive Art Criticism (1895);  (See Lorenzo Lotto.)
 Florentine Painters of the Renaissance (1896)
 Central Italian Painters of the Renaissance (1897)
 The Sense of Quality: Study and Criticism of Italian Art (1901; second series, 1902)
 The Drawings of the Florentine Painters (1903, revised in 1938 and 1961)
 North Italian Painters of the Renaissance (1907)
 A Sienese Painter of the Franciscan Legend (1910)
 Venetian Painting in America: The Fifteenth Century (New York, 1916)
 Essays in the Study of Sienese Painting (New York, 1918)
 Aesthetics and History in the Visual Arts (Estetica, Etica e Storia nelle Arti della Rappresentazione Visiva) (1948)
 The Italian Painters of the Renaissance (1952)
 Rumor and Reflection (New York, 1952)
 Caravaggio: His Incongruity and His Fame (1953)
 Seeing and Knowing, New York Graphic Society, Ltd. (1953)
 Piero della Francesca or The Ineloquent in Art, The Macmillan Company (New York, 1954)
 The Passionate Sightseer: from the diaries 1947 to 1956 (New York, 1960)
 Sunset and Twilight (New York, 1963)

Most of his books were published in the United States and went through many editions.

References

Further reading
Patricia Luce Chapman: To Bernard Berenson with Love (2005).
S.N. Behrman: Duveen (1951, 1952).
Kenneth Clark: Another Part of the Wood (1974).
Rachel Cohen: Bernard Berenson: A Life in the Picture Trade (2013).
Joseph Connors, Louis Waldman, eds.: Bernard Berenson Formation and Heritage (2014).
Mary Ann Calo: Bernard Berenson and the Twentieth Century (1994).
Simon Gray: The Old Masters A play in which Berenson is a leading character. (2004).
John Pope-Hennessy  "Bernard Berenson" in Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, 34 (1988).
Ernest Samuels: Bernard Berenson: The Making of a Connoisseur (1979).
Ernest Samuels: Bernard Berenson: The Making of a Legend (1987).
Cynthia Saltzman: Old Masters, New World: America's Raid on Europe's Great Pictures (2008).
Meryle Secrest: Being Bernard Berenson: A Biography. Holt, Rinehart & Winston (1979), Weidenfeld & Nicolson (1980).
Colin Simpson: Artful Partners: Bernard Berenson and Joseph Duveen (1986).
Carl Brandon Strehlke and Machtelt Brüggen Israëls (eds.): The Bernard and Mary Berenson Collection of European Paintings at I Tatti, Florence-Milan: Villa I Tatti in collaboration with Officina Libraria, 2015.
William Weaver: A Legacy of Excellence: The Story of Villa I Tatti (1997).

External links

 Dictionary of Art Historians
 Villa I Tatti and Bernard Berenson
 Online exhibition and catalog about Bernard and Mary as Harvard students
 Art as Existence by Gabriele Guercio, The MIT Press, 2006
 The Allendale Nativity - connoisseurship and controversy—Detailed account of Berenson's involvement in the Allendale Nativity attribution, posted at 3 Pipe Problem.

1865 births
1959 deaths
American art historians
American expatriates in Italy
American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Harvard University alumni
Italian art historians
Jewish American writers
Lithuanian Jews
People from Alytus District Municipality
People from Vilna Governorate
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters

Bernard Berenson


The 1995 São Tomé and Príncipe coup d'état attempt was an attempted military coup in São Tomé and Príncipe on August 15, 1995. The coup was launched against the government of President Miguel Trovoada, and was led by Lieutenant Manuel Quintas de Almeida. The immediate cause of the coup was a long, 6-month delay in the soldiers' salary, poor supply and living conditions of the soldiers. However, under pressure from the international community, the military returned power to Trovoada on August 22.

See also
History of São Tomé and Príncipe
2003 São Tomé and Príncipe coup d'état attempt
2022 São Tomé and Príncipe coup d'état attempt

References

São Tomé and Príncipe coup d'état attempt, 1995
São Tomé and Príncipe coup d'état attempt
Attempted coups d'état in São Tomé and Príncipe
São Tomé and Príncipe coup d'état attempt
Coup d'état attempt

1995 São Tomé and Príncipe coup attempt


The American Warmblood is a horse of warmblood type, intended primarily for the traditional sport horse disciplines of dressage, show jumping, eventing and combined driving.

Characteristics
The American Warmblood is usually between  high and may come in any color, though the solid colors are the most common.  Horses of nearly all bloodlines are eligible for registration as American Warmbloods, as long as they are of a sport horse or warmblood type, and are able to meet the appropriate studbook selection or performance criteria.

The emphasis is on the quality of each individual horse, for both registration and breeding approval.  While the ideal horse for registration is already a warmblood type, there are no breed restrictions for American Warmbloods.  Horses which are 100% hot or cold blooded are not typical, but can be registered if they are able to meet the registry's performance standards (this would include draft horses, Arabians, and Thoroughbreds). Gaited horse breeds (like the Tennessee Walker, Missouri Fox Trotter, or Icelandic horses) are also non-typical, though if they are able to perform walk-trot-canter in the appropriate levels of the accepted disciplines, they too can be eligible for registration.

Horses which fail to meet or have yet to meet these performance criteria may still be issued recording papers, but are not considered registered American Warmbloods until they satisfy performance or inspection standards.

Breeding stock must be approved for breeding through studbook inspection, which requires mares and stallions to meet even more stringent inspection and/or performance criteria.

Breed history
The origins of the American Warmblood date back to when the English Thoroughbred - Bulle Rock - was first imported to the American Colonies in 1730, and covered 39 mares of various breeds and backgrounds. Later on, two important English Thoroughbred racing stallions were imported shortly after the American Revolutionary War: Messenger in 1788, and Diomed in 1798. Messenger left little impact as a sire on the American Thoroughbred, but is considered a foundation sire of the Standardbred breed. Diomed, who won the Epsom Derby in 1780, had a significant impact on American Thoroughbred breeding through his son, Sir Archy. John F. Wall, a racing historian, said that Sir Archy was the "first outstanding stallion we can claim as native American". He was retired from the racetrack because of lack of opponents.

From the late 1700s through the 1800s, the Thoroughbred would not only become the most popular horse breed in the United States, but also be used to improve or refine various other American and imported horse breeds, including the Narragansett Pacer, Morgan horse, Spanish horse, and various draft horse breeds. This led to the foundation of many modern-day American horse breeds, including the American Quarter Horse, the American Saddlebred, the Standardbred, the Tennessee Walking Horse, and others. During the U.S. Civil War, Thoroughbreds were also the breed of choice for the U.S. Cavalry, with "half-bred horses" also being in high demand. Robert E. Lee, the famous Confederate general, rode a "half-bred horse" by the name of Traveller, who was by a Thoroughbred stallion out of a Saddlebred mare.

As early as 1911, "half-bred horses" - known as warmblood horses today - were stated to be ideal cavalry mounts by some in the United States Army Remount Service. There was also a determined attempt to engage professional horse breeders in the Remount Service, beginning in 1918 with the approval of a breeding plan for cavalry horses that combined the efforts of the Remount Service with the Bureau of Animal Industry. A 1921 issue of the Cavalry Journal contained an update from the "American Remount Association" calling for owners of "high-class registered Thoroughbreds" to add their stallions to the program. The author also mentioned a reduced-cost registry for "half-breed" Thoroughbreds.

The number of horses involved in the program remained high even into the final years of the Remount Service. As late as 1945, between 450 and 500 stallions owned by the government and over 11,000 civilian-owned mares produced 7,293 foals. Thoroughbreds predominated in the stallion rolls, although a few Morgans, Arabians, and Standardbreds were also used. The number of Arabian stallions increased greatly in 1943 with the addition of the Kellogg Arabian Ranch (renamed the Pomona Remount Depot) to the program.

In 1942, the Remount Service (then called the Remount Division) printed a breakdown of its breeding program in the Cavalry Journal. According to the article, the primary breeding horse was the Thoroughbred (17,983 mares and 688 stallions), followed by Arabians (375 mares and 16 stallions), followed by Morgans, Saddlebreds, Anglo-Arabians, and the Cleveland Bay (trailing with 8 mares and 1 stallion). Of the foals born in 1941, 11,028 of the 11,409 reported were Thoroughbreds.

By the end of World War II, the need for war horses had declined, but the need for mules had risen. By 1948, when the Remount Service was disbanded, it was raising and training mules almost exclusively. Mechanization, the cessation of using horses in war, and the disbanding of horse cavalries saw a shift from breeding warmblood horses for combat towards breeding them to compete in equestrian sports instead.

In France, this led to the creation of the Selle Français breed in 1958, and Germany also saw a rise in popularity with German warmblood breeds in horse shows and competitions. In the 1960s, Oldenburg breeders in Germany began producing a modern version of the breed, with the goal of creating a marketable sport horse. Thoroughbred stallions were bred to Oldenburg mares, and the resulting mares were then bred to Trakehner, Anglo-Arabian, Hanoverian, Holsteiner, and other warmblood horses.

The American Warmblood Registry was created in 1981, and the American Warmblood Society (AWS) was founded in 1983, to promote the new idea of an "American Warmblood" sport horse, resurrecting the original goal of the U.S. Cavalry to create an American-bred sport horse type. There are two registries in the United States which recognize American Warmbloods - the American Warmblood Society & Sporthorse Registry (AWS) and the American Warmblood Registry (AWR), both of which are recognized by the World Breeding Federation for Sport Horses (WBFSH).

The American Warmblood is more of a "type" than a "breed". Like most of the European warmbloods, the American Warmblood has an "open" book.  There is more emphasis on producing quality sport horses, rather than the preservation of any particular bloodlines, which allows for much diversity in the bloodlines of American Warmbloods.

The American Warmblood has been influenced by the European warmbloods, the Thoroughbred, the Arabian, and the Anglo-Arabian, as well as some draft horse breeds, such as the Belgian Draught, Clydesdale, Percheron, and Shire. Of these breeds, the Belgian and the Percheron are most popular for warmblood crosses.

Both registries have also begun sport pony books, creating similar performance registries for North American ponies.

References

American Warmblood Society & Sporthorse Registry
American Warmblood Registry

See also
 List of horse breeds
 Sport horse
 Warmbloods

Horse breeds originating in the United States
Horse breeds
Warmbloods

American Warmblood


Eye of the Beholder is a 1999 mystery thriller film that employs magical realism. The film, based on Marc Behm's novel of the same name and a remake of Claude Miller's 1983 French thriller Deadly Circuit, is directed and adapted by Stephan Elliott.

Starring Ewan McGregor and Ashley Judd, the film is an international co-production of Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia.

Plot
Stephen Wilson aka "The Eye" (Ewan McGregor) is an intelligence agent whose current assignment is to track down the socialite son of his wealthy boss and find out what trouble he has gotten himself into. This leads him to Joanna Eris (Ashley Judd), a serial killer who is in a relationship with the son, whom she murders. Stephen is a witness to the crime.

At Penn Station in Pittsburgh, Eris commits yet another murder, enabling Stephen to finally corner her as he prepares to call for backup. Instead of turning her in, Stephen follows her in an effort to save her. He hallucinates constantly that his young daughter – whom he hasn't seen since his ex-wife took custody of her – is with him, and comes to think of Eris as a vulnerable, lost child.

Stephen follows her across the country and through several murders. He soon discovers that Eris and her father were very poor and that he had abandoned her, explaining her pathological hatred of men. When Eris helps a rich blind man (Patrick Bergin) in an airport, the two become involved, fall in love and become engaged, and it looks like they might even live a happy life together. Stephen, who has witnessed all of this, is desperate to keep her from killing again. While the couple is on the way to the chapel for the wedding, Stephen shoots out one of their tires and the car crashes, killing Eris' fiancé. Stephen follows a grief-stricken Eris as she takes off for the desert.

A drug addict named Gary (Jason Priestley) picks up Eris when her car dies and tries to seduce her; when she rebuffs his advances, he beats her unconscious and injects her with heroin so he can rape her while she is unconscious. Stephen arrives just in time to save Eris and gives Gary a thorough beating. Eris loses her unborn baby before fleeing to Alaska, with Stephen on her trail.

In Alaska, Stephen gains the courage to ask out Eris, as he is a frequent patron of the diner at which she waitresses. They have a few drinks in the evening, both getting emotional, and Eris mentions where she would like to be buried when she dies. She then says she has nothing to offer and that he should leave her alone. The next day the police, as well as Eris's psychiatrist (Geneviève Bujold), come to the diner to arrest her. Stephen tries to save her, taking her to his trailer. There she is horrified to find out that he has been following her. She shoots him with Stephen's revolver, although she doesn't realize that he had loaded it with blank cartridges. She flees and he follows her on a motorcycle. He catches up to her, but she crashes her car onto an ice-covered lake, breaking through the ice. He then quickly pulls her out of the car, but she is badly injured. Before she dies in his arms, she tells him, "I wish you love".

Cast

Reception

Box office
Despite opening in the United States at number-one during the Super Bowl weekend and grossing $6 million on its opening weekend, Eye of the Beholder was a financial failure in theaters, grossing $16.5 million domestically and $1.1 million internationally for a worldwide total of $17.6 million against a $35 million budget.

Critical response
The film received largely negative reviews, with critics panning the improbable and muddled plot, as well as Elliott's direction. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an approval rating of  based on  reviews, with an average score of . The site's consensus simply reads: "Improbable and muddled." On Metacritic, the film has a 29/100 rating based on reviews from 26 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". CinemaScore gave it a rating of "F" based on surveys from general audiences. It is notable for being the first film in over fifteen years since Bolero to receive that grade.

References

External links

1999 films
1990s mystery thriller films
1990s psychological thriller films
Canadian independent films
English-language Canadian films
Canadian mystery thriller films
British independent films
British mystery thriller films
British psychological thriller films
Australian independent films
American remakes of French films
Films based on American novels
Films based on mystery novels
Films directed by Stephan Elliott
Films scored by Marius de Vries
Films set in New York City
Films set in Pittsburgh
Films set in San Francisco
Films shot in California
Films shot in Montreal
Films shot in New York City
Films shot in Pennsylvania
Films shot in San Francisco
Films shot in Washington, D.C.
British serial killer films
Village Roadshow Pictures films
Canadian serial killer films
Australian mystery thriller films
1999 independent films
1990s serial killer films
Australian serial killer films
1999 drama films
1990s English-language films
1990s Canadian films
1990s British films
English-language mystery thriller films
Destination Films films

Eye of the Beholder (film)


The 1982 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to the Colombian writer Gabriel García Márquez (1927–2014) "for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts."

García Márquez was the first Colombian and only the fourth Latin American writer to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Laureate

García Márquez's international success came with the novel Cien años de soledad ("One Hundred Years of Solitude", 1967). He is one of the foremost interpreters of magical realism in literature, a genre in which the framework narrative is set in a real place and time, but supernatural and dreamlike elements are part of the portrayal. The novels El otoño del patriarca ("The Autumn of the Patriarch", 1975), Crónica de una muerte anunciada ("Chronicle of a Death Foretold", 1981) and El amor en los tiempos del colera ("Love in the Time of Cholera", 1985) cemented his position as one of the greatest Latin American writers of all time.

Reactions
The choice of García Márquez as the Nobel Prize Laureate in 1982 was enthusiastically well received by literary critics and readers around the world. García Márquez was among the favourites to receive the prize, other candidates for the prize that got strong attention in the press this year were Octavio Paz, Marguerite Yourcenar and Nadine Gordimer.

Award ceremony speech
In his award ceremony speech on 10 December 1982, Lars Gyllensten of the Swedish Academy said that the Academy "could not be said to bring forward an unknown writer", pointing out the unusual success of García Márquez's 1967 novel One Hundred Years of Solitude. He spoke of García Márquez as a "rare storyteller richly endowed with a material, from imagination and experience, which seems inexhaustible" and his importance in bringing attention to Latin American literature. "The great novels remind one of William Faulkner", Gyllensten said, "With his stories García Márquez has created a world of his own which is a microcosmos. In its tumultuous, bewildering yet graphically convincing authenticity it reflects a continent and its human riches and poverty."

Nobel lecture

Gabriel García Márquez Nobel lecture The Solitude of Latin America was delivered at the Swedish Academy on 8 December 1982.

References

External links
Award Ceremony speech nobelprize.org
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1982
Gabriel García Márquez
Nobel

1982 Nobel Prize in Literature


John Stefanidis is a British-based, Egyptian-born interior designer and founder of the London-based interior design firm John Stefanidis Brands, Ltd. His clients include the Bank of England, Claridges and Rocco Forte's Le Richemond Hotel.

Early life and education
John Stefanidis was born in Cairo, Egypt, to Alexandrine Greek parents, Panayotis Constantinos Stefanidis and Eliane Sophie Mordo, both of whose grandmothers were born on the Ionian island of Corfu; Panayotis Petsalis in a devout Greek Orthodox family, and Eliane's grandmother, née Viterbo, in a Sephardic Jewish family.

Early in the Second World War, John's father Panayotis Constantinos Stefanidis had to choose whether to join the then exiled Greek Army, which was in disarray, although it later proved to be a great help to the Allies, or to accept the honorary rank of major in the British army, serving in the Occupied Enemy Territory of Eritrea, newly won by the British from the Italians in the Ethiopian campaign. He chose the latter, a choice that would determine young Stefanidis' formative years.

His young wife, Eliane, and four-year-old John, who attended the Lycée Français, remained in Cairo, but not for long, as Eliane Stefanidis defied the prohibition on wives and children joining their husbands in the newly occupied country. Taking a job with BOAC (British Overseas Airlines Corporation), Eliane and her son embarked on a seaplane that landed on the Nile in Khartoum, where they spent the night before boarding a Dakota aircraft for Asmara, where they were met by a very surprised Panayotis. Although he worked in the capital, Asmara, John and his mother lived in Massawa on the Red Sea, in a cool, trellised house with verandahs, built in the Italian style, with gazelles in the garden to entertain his young son.

John initially attended a small Greek school (where Stefanidis recalls cane-wielding priests), but when the restriction imposed on wives and children was lifted, a small school was scratched up, where John spoke English, in addition to the Greek and French he spoke at home.
As a child, John was ferried around in a 'calessino,'  a racy horse-drawn carriage,  the obliging driver in khaki uniform and dashing red tarboosh. As this and other digressions were considered too spoiling, he was dispatched to Cairo where he would be raised by his maternal aunt and her brother. His aunt, who was a radiologist at the Croissant Rouge Hospital, beloved by its doctors who were mostly Copt, had a habit of collecting the poor and unfortunate from the street and taking them to the hospital for treatment. Having had a French education as a teenager while stranded in Paris during the First World War where she was being treated for tuberculosis, she read the classics of French literature aloud to her young nephew.

His uncle was an eccentric whose bedside reading was Dante's Divine Comedy. His Arabic was so good, which was most unusual for a non-Egyptian, that he went regularly to the popular Egyptian theatre, reminiscent of Goldoni in its wits and exuberance, and over the years relentlessly marched his nephew through the Cairo Museum of Antiquities, instilling in him an avidity for history and the cultures of the past.

Education
John Stefanidis attended the Gezira Preparatory School in Cairo, on the island of Zamalek in the Nile, before progressing at age twelve to the English school in Heliopolis.

In an interview, John recalls that, "The school was very cosmopolitan, with Armenians, Greeks, Saudis, Syrians, Lebanese, German, Chinese, as well as the Egyptian elite, who were Muslims, Christians, Copts and Jews. The rule was that only English was learnt, as otherwise it would have become a Tower of Babel at the edge of the desert." Short holidays were spent with his paternal grandmother or maternal cousins in Stefanidis' beloved Alexandria. Summer holidays lasted three months to avoid the Egyptian heat, during which he was sent to the much cooler Eritrea or travelled to Europe with his parents.

In 1955, Stefanidis left Egypt to attend Brasenose College, Oxford, knowing that he would never live in the land of his birth again. King Farouk had been exiled and Nasser was ridding the country of all foreigners, which meant the dissipation and exile of a large part of the Italian, Jewish, British, French, and Greek communities, many of whom had lived peacefully side by side for hundreds of years. Their schools and institutions were closed, and their members scattered to the ends of the earth. Stefanidis graduated from Oxford in 1958.

He began his professional life in advertising, working for a year in London at Coleman Prentis & Varley, and then for five years in Milan. In a newspaper article, he said: "The architecture, the pictures, the beauty of Italy served to develop my eye."

While traveling, he and the artist Teddy Millington Drake came upon the remote Dodecanese island of Patmos, where St. John received what was to become the New Testament book, Revelations.
Beneath the fortified eleventh-century Byzantine monastery of St John the Theologian is the ancient village of Chora where Millington-Drake and Stefanidis bought and restored a house. Stefanidis went on to design another ten houses, which established an aesthetic standard that he has maintained ever since.

On Patmos, he found his metier
Stefanidis' reputation for design grew internationally, and in 1967, he founded his London-based design practice. He quickly established a reputation for reliability, speed, and excellence. His style was described as 'having a sense of form & a technique reminiscent of a painter...a Stefanidis home is filled with light..well-prepared and extremely comfortable.'

The Stefanidis studio in Chelsea employed mainly graduates of the Royal College of Art, and was considered a very prestigious place to work. It became a seedbed for many successful designers, notably Anthony Collett, Philip Hooper, Gael Camu, Bruce Cavell. The studio provided a full house service, designing exteriors and interiors as well as textiles, carpets, and furniture for a diverse clientele, incorporating geography, history, and climate for each unique project

Drawing on his fifty-year experience as a pioneer in the industry, Stefanidis continues to be engaged in a mix of international projects both private and commercial, as well as diverse consultancies. An upcoming, much-anticipated project is a new hotel in Majorca, Spain, which will open in the summer of 2022.

Among his clients:
The Bank of England
N.M. Rothschild
Claridge's Hotel, The Berkley Hotel, Le Richmond Geneva- Rocco Forte Hotel
The British Embassy, Washington, D.C.

Private commissions include:
Princess Aida Abdul Aziz, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
His Excellency Mr. Ali Jeddah, London and Surrey
Mr. and Mrs. John Angelicoussis, Athens
Mr. William L. Bernhard, New York and Patmos
M. and Mme. George Lillaz, Paris and Geneva
Mrs. Michael Chandris, Gstaad
Lord and Lady Paul Channon, London
Mrs. Ann Getty, London and San Francisco
Lord and Lady Glenconner, London and Mustique
Mr. John L. Goulandris, Athens
Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan, Patmos
Mr. and Mrs. Peter Joost, San Francisco
Sir Henry and the Hon. Lady Keswick, London and Wiltshire
Lord and Lady Lambton, London
Mr. and Mrs. A Leventis, London and Spetses, Greece
The Hon. Mrs Marten, Crichel House, Dorset
M. and Mme. O Plouvier, Paris and St. Tropez
Dr. Mortimer Sackler, London
Lord Weidenfeld, London
The Duke and Duchess of Westminster, London, Cheshire, Lancashire, and Scotland
Mr. and Mrs. Galen Weston, Fort Belvedere, Surrey; Toronto, Windsor; Florida
Mr. and Mrs. Leslie Wexner, Ohio, New York, Georgia, London, Warwickshire
Mr. and Mrs. R. Cisneros, Caracas
Mr. and Mrs. Hasan Çolakoglou, Istanbul
Mr. Axel Springer, Patmos
Countess Cinzano, London and Portugal

Bibliography

See also
Teddy Millington-Drake

References

External links

Place of birth missing
Year of death missing
Place of death missing
Alumni of the University of Oxford
People from Alexandria
British interior designers
British people of Greek descent
Egyptian people of Greek descent
1937 births

John Stefanidis