"Treehouse of Horror III" is the fifth episode of the fourth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on October 29, 1992. The third annual Treehouse of Horror episode, it features segments in which Homer buys Bart an evil talking doll, Homer is a giant ape which is captured by Mr. Burns in a parody of the 1933 version of King Kong, and Bart and Lisa inadvertently cause zombies to attack Springfield.

The episode was written by Al Jean, Mike Reiss, Jay Kogen, Wallace Wolodarsky, Sam Simon, and Jon Vitti, and directed by Carlos Baeza.

Plot
The episode's wraparound segment shows the Simpson family having a Halloween party for the children of Springfield. Lisa, Grampa, and Bart each tell a horror story.

In Lisa's story, "Clown Without Pity", Homer buys a cursed Krusty the Clown doll as a last-minute birthday present for Bart. After the doll makes numerous attempts on Homer's life, he captures the doll, locks it in a suitcase, and drops it in a "Bottomless Pit". Returning home, Homer is ambushed by the escaped doll, who tackles him into the kitchen and tries to drown him in a dog bowl. Marge calls the consumer service hotline. A repairman arrives and discovers that the doll has been set to "evil" mode. He flips the switch to "good" and the Krusty doll becomes friends with Homer, although it is quickly put to work as Homer's slave.

In Grampa's story, "King Homer", inspired by Grampa watching lots of movies, Marge joins Mr. Burns and Mr. Smithers on an expedition to Ape Island as bait for the legendary giant ape King Homer in 1936. The natives of Ape Island capture Marge and tie her to a post as an offering for King Homer, who is summoned by the sound of drums. Marge is initially terrified but sees the friendly side of Homer, and the two form a friendship. Nonetheless, Mr. Burns is determined to capture King Homer and Smithers knocks Homer unconscious with a gas bomb. Returning to Springfield, the group display King Homer at a theater. The photographers' flashes enrage King Homer, who breaks free from his restraints. He abducts Marge and attempts to climb a skyscraper, but is unable to get past the second story of the building and collapses in exhaustion. In the end, King Homer and Marge get married.

In Bart's story, "Dial "Z" for Zombies", Bart finds a book of black magic in Springfield Elementary Library when he is asked to write a book report for class. That night, he tries to resurrect the family's dead cat, Snowball I, but accidentally reanimates corpses from the nearby human cemetery instead. The zombies terrorize Springfield, turning many people into zombies. Aided by Homer wielding a shotgun, Lisa and Bart find a book at the library to cast the appropriate counter-spell, causing all of the zombies to return to their graves.

Production
This episode originally encountered trouble when the color version came back from South Korea. With only six weeks to the airdate, the writers made almost one hundred line changes, a very rare occurrence. It was decided to completely overhaul the episode after a poorly received screening with the writing staff.

The tombstones that appeared at the start of and during the episode were abandoned in later episodes because it was becoming increasingly difficult to think of ideas. A subtle tombstone joke in this episode is in the scene where two zombies are crawling out of their graves. The names Jay Kogen and Wolodarsky (two of The Simpsons writers who worked on the episode) are written on the tombstones, but both are misspelled.

The "King Homer" segment is one of Matt Groening's all-time favorite stories from the Treehouse of Horror series. Al Jean was also quite worried about this segment because it was the longest running black-and-white segment they had ever aired, and he thought that some people might be concerned that their televisions were broken. The "He was a zombie?" line, created by Mike Reiss, is, in the opinions of the writers, one of the all-time classic lines from the series.

Cultural references

The opening sequence where Homer walks into Alfred Hitchcock's silhouette is a parody of Alfred Hitchcock Presents. It was meant to show Homer's stomach bigger than that of the outline, but it was so subtle that not many people realized the joke. In the episode's wraparounds, Bart is dressed as Alex from the film A Clockwork Orange. The "Clown Without Pity" segment is based on the Twilight Zone episode "Living Doll" and the film Trilogy of Terror. The title itself is a play on the song "Town Without Pity", written for the movie of the same name and performed by Gene Pitney.

The man that gives Homer the Krusty doll is based on Mr. Wing from the film Gremlins. The song Homer sings in the bathtub is a variation of the Oscar Mayer song with the letters spelling out his name instead of "O-S-C-A-R".  The Krusty doll riding under Homer's car is a reference to the 1991 film Cape Fear.
The song Marge hears while put on hold after calling the Krusty doll hotline is "Everybody Loves a Clown" by Gary Lewis & the Playboys.

The "King Homer" segment is a parody of the 1933 film King Kong. In "King Homer", the tribal leader is heard saying "Mosi Tatupu, Mosi Tatupu", which means they will sacrifice the blue-haired lady. During King Homer's rampage, he spots Shirley Temple singing "On the Good Ship Lollipop", and ends up eating her.

The title "Dial "Z" for Zombies" is a play on the title of the 1954 Hitchcock film Dial M for Murder. "Dial "Z" for Zombies" references Return of the Living Dead, Night of the Living Dead and Pet Sematary. In the pet cemetery, there are tombstones that read Fish Police, Capitol Critters and Family Dog, each a short-lived animated series intended to capitalize on The Simpsons success. As Zombie William Shakespeare is dying he says "Is this the end of Zombie William Shakespeare?", which is a reference to the line from Little Caesar "Mother of mercy, is this the end of Rico?"

When raising the dead from their graves, Bart wears Michael Jackson's record album cover Thriller on his head. This is a reference to Jackson's famous music video, in which he dances with zombies.

Reception
In its original broadcast, "Treehouse of Horror III" finished 20th in ratings for the week of October 26 – November 1, 1992, with a Nielsen rating of 14.7, equivalent to approximately 13.7 million viewing households. It was the highest-rated show on the Fox network that week, beating In Living Color. Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, the authors of the book I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide, thoroughly enjoyed the episode. They described the episode as "Another seasonal treat. Dial Z for Zombies is particularly impressive ('Die, you freak!' 'Dad, you killed the zombie Flanders!' 'He was a zombie?')." In 2006, IGN voted "Dial Z For Zombies" as the second best segment of the Treehouse of Horror episodes. "Clown Without Pity" was also rated sixth.

In the film 28 Days Later (2002), there is a scene where Sgt. Ferrell mentions that his favorite joke from The Simpsons was the line "Women and seamen (semen) don't mix", said by Smithers during the "King Homer" segment. The episode's reference to Night of the Living Dead was named the 16th greatest film reference in the history of the show by Total Films Nathan Ditum.

References

External links

The Simpsons (season 4) episodes
Television episodes written by Al Jean
1992 American television episodes
Treehouse of Horror
Sentient toys in fiction
King Kong (franchise)
Television episodes about zombies
Halloween television episodes
Cultural depictions of George Washington
Cultural depictions of Albert Einstein
Cultural depictions of William Shakespeare

it:La paura fa novanta I-X#La paura fa novanta III

Treehouse of Horror III


"Gravity's Rainbow" is a song by British band Klaxons, from their debut album Myths of the Near Future. It is named after Thomas Pynchon's  novel. The song was first released on Angular Records as a double A-side with "The Bouncer" in March 2006 and was limited to 500 copies on 7" vinyl only. In September 2006, it was released on 12" vinyl with three remixes of the track. It reached a peak position of number 35 on the UK Singles Chart. A re-recorded version of the track was re-released in 2007, with a remix from Soulwax, a new Erol Alkan-produced track "Electrickery" and a live version of the track. For the re-release of "Gravity's Rainbow", the band reshot the music video.

There are two videos for this track, the original was shot in a basement using props belonging to the band members and took in total 72 hours to complete. During the babies scene in the original video, an album cover from Frankie Valli and his band the Four Seasons is shown; Klaxons later covered their track "The Night" as a B-side of their single "It's Not Over Yet". The new version of "Gravity's Rainbow" was made to accompany the release of the new recording of the single and includes scenes reminiscent of those in the original. This version is also one of only two Klaxons videos that feature their drummer Steffan Halperin.

Track listing

Original release
7"
 "Gravity's Rainbow" – 2:37
 "The Bouncer" - 2:15

12"
 "Gravity's Rainbow" – 2:37
 "Gravity's Rainbow" (Van She remix)
 "Gravity's Rainbow" (Nightmoves remix)
 "Gravity's Rainbow" (To My Boy remix)

Re-release
CD
 "Gravity's Rainbow" – 2:36
 "Gravity's Rainbow" (Soulwax remix)

7"
 "Gravity's Rainbow" – 2:36
 "Electrickery" ''produced by Erol Alkan

Etched 7"
 "Gravity's Rainbow" (Live in Glasgow)

In popular culture
The song was featured in the 2006 video game Tony Hawk's Project 8. The song also featured in Pro Evolution Soccer 2010 and the start of Premier League Years 2006/07.

References

2006 debut singles
2007 singles
Klaxons songs
Kicks Like a Mule songs
2006 songs
Angular Recording Corporation singles

Gravity's Rainbow (song)


Paul Clark Eddington  (18 June 1927 – 4 November 1995) was an English actor best known for playing Jerry Leadbetter in the television sitcom The Good Life (1975–78) and politician Jim Hacker in the sitcom Yes Minister (1980–84) and its sequel, Yes, Prime Minister (1986–88).

Early life
Eddington was born at Paddington in London to decorative artist Albert Clark Eddington and Frances Mary (née Roberts); he was raised in St John's Wood. The family were Quakers – Albert Clark Eddington being related to the Somerset shoemaking Clark family and the scientist Sir Arthur Eddington – and Eddington was brought up by his parents with strict family values.

His father had been "emotionally shattered" on his return from the First World War, which led to Eddington being a life-long pacifist. Eddington attended Sibford School, Sibford Ferris, Oxfordshire. In 1952, he married Patricia (née Scott).

Career
Having registered as a conscientious objector, Eddington began his acting career as a teenager with Entertainments National Service Association (ENSA) during the Second World War. He worked for Sheffield Repertory Theatre, a theatre company based at Sheffield Playhouse. In 1956, he played his first major role on television as the corrupt policeman PC Tom Carr in the Dixon of Dock Green episode The Rotten Apple,  and later that year he became a regular cast member of The Adventures of Robin Hood. Initially he played minor characters, but in the fourth season (1959–60), he played Will Scarlet.

He had a leading role in 'Liberty Bar', a 1960 episode of "Maigret", BBC TV series, playing 'Harry Brown', an Australian entrepreneur. He had roles in episodes of The Avengers (1963), The Prisoner (1967) and the final episode of The Champions (1969). He was a main cast member of the television series Frontier (1968). He also had a supporting role in Hammer Films' The Devil Rides Out (1968), an episode of Van der Valk in 1972, and appeared as a "straight man" (substituting for regular stooge Henry McGee) in a 1976 episode of The Benny Hill Show. He also appeared in most episodes of the ATV series Hine (1971). In this he played Astor Harris, a member of an arms-dealing firm named Pendles. Eddington appeared as civil servant Strand in the last series of Special Branch (1974).

Career peak
Although he was an actor for all his adult life, it was not until Eddington was in his late forties that he became a household name because of his role in The Good Life, first screened by the BBC in 1975, and written by John Esmonde and Bob Larbey. The sitcom focuses on a suburban couple who decide to give up conventionally paid work and become self-sufficient in their suburban garden. Eddington was cast as Jerry Leadbetter, a neighbour of the main characters, and Penelope Keith played his wife, Margo. Originally intended as small parts, the Leadbetters soon became essential foils for the two stars. He also appeared in a single episode of another Esmonde and Larbey sitcom, Get Some In! in 1977.

Eddington's profile was raised further when he played the title role of Jim Hacker in the comedy series Yes Minister (1980–84) and Yes, Prime Minister (1986–88). He was shortlisted four times for the BAFTA award for Best Light Entertainment Performance for the series, but he lost out to his co-star Nigel Hawthorne on each occasion.

During 1987 Eddington appeared as Sir Joseph Porter in H.M.S. Pinafore in Australia. His last roles included Guy Wheeler, a corrupt property developer in the Minder episode The Wrong Goodbye (1989); as Richard Cuthbertson alongside Good Life co-star Felicity Kendal in the TV dramatisation of The Camomile Lawn (1992); the voice of Badger in The Adventures of Mole and Justice Shallow in Henry IV (1995); a BBC adaptation of Shakespeare's Henry IV, Part 1 and Henry IV, Part 2. He was reunited with another Good Life co-star Richard Briers in a run of the play Home in 1994.

Eddington read extracts from Sir Winston Churchill's A History of the English-Speaking Peoples for the award-winning BBC Radio series This Sceptred Isle; he died midway through the production, and his place was taken by Peter Jeffrey.

Awards and honours
Eddington was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1987 New Year Honours.

Final years and death
Eddington's autobiography, So Far, So Good, was published in 1995. On 30 October 1995 (five days before Eddington's death), the BBC aired an edition of Face to Face in which he discussed his life, career and battle with lymphoma. On that show he was asked how he would like to be remembered:

Eddington had been diagnosed with a rare form of cancer, known as mycosis fungoides, when he was 28. The ailment was to cause his death eventually, but in the intervening four decades, Eddington and his immediate family kept his condition private. It only became public knowledge in 1994, when Eddington responded to press speculation about his darkening skin and hair loss.

Eddington died in Southwark, London, on 4 November 1995. He and Patricia, his wife of 43 years, had three sons and a daughter.

Selected filmography

References

Further reading

External links

1927 births
1995 deaths
20th-century English male actors
20th-century Quakers
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Deaths from cancer in England
Deaths from lymphoma
English autobiographers
English male stage actors
English male television actors
English pacifists
English Quakers
Entertainments National Service Association personnel
Male actors from London
People educated at Sibford School
English male comedy actors
English conscientious objectors

Paul Eddington


Gladys Maria Knight (born May 28, 1944) is an American singer, actress and songwriter. She is called the "Empress of Soul", She was the lead singer of the music group The Pips.

Personal life
Knight has been married four times and given birth to three children. In 1960, Knight married her high school sweetheart, James Newman. Gladys gave birth to their son, James III (1962–1999). In 1963 daughter Kenya was born. Newman and Knight divorced in 1973. She married producer and Blackground Records founder Barry Hankerson in 1974. They had one son, Shanga Hankerson, and divorced in 1981. She married motivational speaker Les Brown in 1995.  They separated and divorced in 1997. Also in 1997, she was baptized into The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, following her son and daughter. Knight married current husband, William McDowell, in 2001.

Awards, honors and achievements
 Grammy Awards
 1986 Best Pop Performance By A Duo Or Group With Vocal – "That's What Friends Are For" – Dionne Warwick, Elton John, Gladys Knight & Stevie Wonder.
 2001 Best Traditional R&B Vocal Album – "At Last"
 2004 Best Gospel Performance – "Heaven Help Us All" – Ray Charles & Gladys Knight.
 2005 Best Gospel Choir Or Chorus Album – One Voice – Gladys Knight & The Saints Unified Voices.
 Other awards
 1992 Gladys Knight was awarded an Essence Award for Career Achievement.
 1995 Gladys Knight was awarded a star  on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in Los Angeles.
 1997: Gladys Knight received the Pinnacle Award during 5th Annual Trumpet Awards presentation in Atlanta, Georgia.
 2005: Gladys Knight received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the BET cable network.
 2006: Gladys Knight received a Legendary Award from the Las Vegas Music Awards.
 2007: Gladys Knight received Image Award for Outstanding Jazz Artist during The 38th NAACP Image Awards.
 2007: Gladys Knight was declared the "Empress of Soul" and presented with the 16th Annual Ella Award by the Society of Singers.
 2008: Gladys Knight and Stevie Wonder were presented with the Best Living Legend Award at the 1st Annual The BET Honors.
 2008: Gladys Knight received the Lifetime Diva Award at the Stardust Music Awards in March.
 2008: Gladys Knight was honored by The National Black Arts Festival and The Coca Cola Company at the 2008 Legends Celebration.
 2009: Gladys Knight was inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame.

References

Other websites

1944 births
Living people
20th-century American singers
Actors from Atlanta
African American actors
African-American singers
American movie actors
American soul musicians
American television actors
Grammy Award winners
Singers from Atlanta

Gladys Knight


Kim Gangte (born 30 October 1963) is a politician, educator and  human rights activist, who was a Member of Parliament elected from the Outer Manipur Lok Sabha constituency in India in 1998, as a Manipur People's Party candidate. She is the general secretary of the Kuki Women Human Rights Network.

Kim Gangte is a social worker, human rights activist and politician, the first woman from Manipur to become a Member of the Indian Parliament
 She is also the first Seventh-day Adventist to serve in the Lok Sabha.

Early life and education

Kim was born on 30 October 1963 in Uyungmakhong, Churachandpur district, in Manipur to Vumkhosei Gangte. Her father Vumkhosei Gangte had received his early education in Shillong, but couldn't continue his studies, and hence remained a farmer. Kim's mother Kimsi Sitlhou is a homemaker. Her parents encountered extreme hardships throughout their lives and managed to provide the best possible education to their seven children. Kim is the eldest of her siblings.

Kim finished her schooling at the Seventh-day Adventist School at Shillong. She completed her standard 12th as a private student in Manipur, as she started teaching in a school right after completion of her 10th. She completed her graduation in English, History and Education from Guwahati University. She completed her M. Phil in English Literature from Pune University.
She also pursued a course in English language teaching from the Institute of English and Foreign Languages, Osmania University, Hyderabad. She continued her work as a lecturer in English Language teaching in the State Council Of Education and Research Training Centre in Imphal.

Career

While attending her M.Phil classes, she started working as a lecturer in English at the Spicer Memorial College, Pune. She also worked as lecturer in English language teaching in the State Council of Education and Research Training (SCERT) Centre in Imphal.

At the same time, she also joined the All India Radio Imphal, English Programme (Western Music) as a part-time announcer while also working as a correspondent with the Eastern Panoroma magazine.

She was elected to the 12th Lok Sabha in 1998. However, as then Atal Bihari Vajpayee-led government was voted out in a no-confidence motion in 1999. She contested the 1999 Lok Sabha elections as a Janata Dal (United) candidate, but was defeated by Holkhomang Haokip of the NCP. After that she remained away from politics for sometime. At the same time, she was also a member of the Consultative Committee under the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.

For more than a decade now, Kim has been involved with the activities of the Kuki Women Human Rights body as well the Kuki Students' Organisation.

In January 2017, she joined BJP ahead of Manipur Legislative Assembly election in 2017. She quit the party in March 2019 to join NPP.

In an interview with NewsClick on 5 July, 2023, she blamed the BJP for the 2023 Manipur violence, and alleged that militant groups, Arambai Tenggol and Meitei Leepun, were creations of the RSS.

Interests
Kim enjoys meditation, gardening, and cooking. In her free time she likes to promote awareness about political, social, educational and human rights among the people, especially women, the poor and the downtrodden.

Interviews & Dialogues
 Kim Gangte — Manipur's first woman MP
 Kim Gangte wants Equal Development
 Kim Gangte takes jibes at BJP, Congress

References

India MPs 1998–1999
Women in Manipur politics
1962 births
Living people
People from Churachandpur district
Lok Sabha members from Manipur
Communist Party of India politicians from Manipur
Women educators from Manipur
20th-century Indian educators
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Manipur
Articles created or expanded during Women's History Month (India) - 2014
Trinamool Congress politicians from Manipur
Candidates in the 2014 Indian general election
20th-century Indian women politicians
20th-century Indian politicians
Educators from Manipur
Indian Seventh-day Adventists
National People's Party (India) politicians
20th-century Indian women educators

Kim Gangte


An aerator is a mechanical device used for aeration, or mixing air with another substance, such as water or soil.

The word aerator may also refer to:

 Faucet aerator
 Floating surface aerator, used in wastewater treatment
 Lawn aerator
 Surface or subsurface aerator, used in water aeration
 Wine aerator

Aerator


Diabetes Australia is the third oldest diabetes association in the world, after the United Kingdom and Portugal.  Originally established in the state of New South Wales (NSW) in 1937, the organisation's head office is now in the nation's capital, Canberra. In 2021 the members of Diabetes NSW & ACT, Diabetes Queensland and Diabetes Tasmania voted to unify with Diabetes Australia. The Australian Diabetes Society and the Australian Diabetes Educators Association are also members.

Diabetes Australia is a not-for-profit organisation supported financially by the community. In addition to its original mandate as an extended support group, Diabetes Australia raises funds to invest in research, health services, provision of self–management products and services, and public awareness programs. It also facilitates the development of national policies about diabetes.

Diabetes Australia has delivered the National Diabetes Services Scheme since the Scheme was established in 1987.

Statement of purpose
Diabetes Australia works in partnership with diabetes health professionals, educators and researchers to minimise the impact of diabetes on the Australian community. Diabetes Australia is committed to turning diabetes around through awareness, prevention, detection, management and a cure.

Diabetes Australia raises awareness about the seriousness of diabetes, promotes prevention and early detection strategies and advocates for better standards of care. Diabetes Australia is also a significant financial contributor to research into better treatments for diabetes and the search for a cure.

Publications and research
Diabetes Australia is involved in two publications, one for medical specialists, and another for the broader public.

Circle is a quarterly magazine covering health and welfare issues for people with diabetes, and available through membership of Diabetes Australia including state and territory based member-organisations.  Circulation is around 140,000.

Diabetes Management Journal (DMJ) is a free magazine containing information and advice for general practitioners, endocrinologists, diabetes educators, optometrists and podiatrists, who receive it through their professional associations. Its circulation is around 40,000.

In November 2022, the organisation released a report called Change the Future: Reducing the impact of the diabetes epidemic which highlights a number of looming challenges in Australia's diabetes epidemic.

See also

 Diabetes Australia Victoria
 Diabetes NSW & ACT

References

External links
Diabetes Australia

Medical and health organisations based in Australia
Diabetes organizations
1937 establishments in Australia
Organizations established in 1937

Diabetes Australia


Corseul (; ; Gallo: Corsoeut) is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department of Brittany in northwestern France.

The town was a major Roman town and contains Roman ruins. The town hall contains a small archaeological museum.

History
Corseul was called Fanum Martis ("Temple of Mars") in Latin and was the capital of the Gallo-Roman province of Coriosolites. It was founded in 10 BC. In the 3rd and 4th centuries, like many other cities, Fanum Martis was renamed for its people, the Curiosolitae. This name change occurred as the Roman Empire weakened and paralleled a revival of the ancient Gallic gods in local religious sculptures and dedicatory inscriptions.

Some 1.5 kilometres to the southeast, at Haut-Bécherel, stand the prominent remains of an extensive Roman temple sanctuary, built at the time of Nero and Vespasian.

Population

Inhabitants of Corseul are called coriosolites or curiosolites in French.

See also
Communes of the Côtes-d'Armor department

References

External links

Communes of Côtes-d'Armor
Curiosolitae
Gallia Lugdunensis

Corseul


The Star is a free newspaper published weekly in Dunedin, New Zealand by Allied Press since 1979. It is the successor to The Evening Star, which was the city's daily evening newspaper from June 1863 to 1979.

History

Bell era
The Star was founded as the Evening Star in 1863 with the first issue appearing on 1 May 1863.  It was founded by G. A. Henningham and Co., edited by George Henningham, and originally printed in Stafford Street, above the Exchange area of the city. In its first few years the company was bought by William Henningham, the founder's brother.

In June 1869, William Henningham ran into financial difficulties and the Evening Star was sold by liquidators to George Bell, who also ran a small evening paper, the Evening Independent. Bell merged the two newspapers to form firstly the short-lived Morning Star, and then the far more successful Evening Star, which was first published under this title on 14 June 1869. Under Bell's editorship the paper thrived and it soon began to outsell almost all of its rivals. Bell remained editor until 1894.

Following Bell's resignation, his family gained control of the Evening Star, which became a limited liability public company that was incorporated on 11 April 1895. The company's shareholders were his son George, his six daughters, Louisa's husband Frank Clapperton and Clara's husbands Charles Smith.

Growth and consolidation
Bell was succeeded by Evening Star journalist Mark Cohen as editor in 1894. Under Cohen's leadership, the Star advocated social reform and supported the New Zealand Liberal Party's policies. The Evening Star flourished under Cohen's leadership and attracted several contributors including Presbyterian minister and social reformer Rutherford Waddell. In 1897, the newspaper adopted linotype type-setting machines.

In 1907, the newspaper started a Saturday sports edition called Star Sports, which was published as a tabloid insert. While the Evening Star was a supporter of the Liberals and Prime Minister Richard John Seddon, the newspaper decided after the Liberal's defeat in 1912 not to financially support any political party. This policy was reversed when the Star board of directors voted to donate NZ£50 to the United Party, a predecessor to the modern National Party.

In 1928, the Evening Star moved to a new headquarters at Stuart Street, which later became the headquarters of Allied Press. Though the Great Depression and the outbreak of the Second World War hindered the newspaper's plans for expansion, the Evening Star benefited from the post-war economic boom in New Zealand. Between 1950 and 1973, the newspaper prospered under the leadership of general manager Vic Cavanagh, a prominent rugby union coach.  The Evening Star reached its climax during the 1960s when it had a circulation of more than 30,000. The second-longest lasting of Dunedin's newspapers, The Evening Star became a rival to Dunedin's morning newspaper the Otago Daily Times (ODT).

Allied Press
The Evening Star readership slowly declined during the period from the 1960s to the 1970s due to competition from commercial radio and television news. 1975, the Evening Star merged with its rival, the Otago Daily Times, to form a holding company called Allied Press. In 1979, Allied Press merged with John M. Fraser and Co Ltd to form a new privately-listed company called Otago Press and Produce Limited (OPP) following takeover attempts by H.W. Smith and Mount Cook Group.

By 1979, the Evening Star circulation had fallen from 30,000 to under 20,000 due to competition from news broadcasters and its morning sister paper. As a result, the newspaper's sport issue 7 O'clock (the successor to the Star Sports) was discontinued in March 1979. By June 1979, the newspaper had become a tabloid. Due to the newspaper's declining revenue, Allied Press' board dissolved the Evening Star, with its last issue being published on 3 November 1979.

The Evening Star was subsequently replaced by a weekly community paper called The Star. Allied Press still publishes the Otago Daily Times and numerous community and farming papers throughout New Zealand, as well as running Dunedin's local television station, Channel 39. Allied Press also owns the Evening Star former headquarters at Stuart Street. The company's managing director Julian Smith is a great-great-grandson of George Bell.

References

Sources

External links
The Star's official website

Allied Press
Newspapers published in New Zealand
Mass media in Dunedin
Newspapers established in 1863
1863 establishments in New Zealand

The Star (Dunedin)


The Oblate Sisters of Providence (OSP) is a Catholic women's religious institute founded by Mother Mary Elizabeth Lange, and James Nicholas Joubert in 1829 in Baltimore, Maryland for the education of girls of African descent. It was the first permanent community of Black Catholic sisters in the United States.

The Oblate Sisters were free women of color who sought to provide Baltimore's African American population with education and "a corps of teachers from its own ranks." The congregation is also a member of the Women of Providence in Collaboration.

History

Founding
James Nicholas Joubert was born in France, and working in Saint-Domingue, (Haiti), when he was forced by the Revolution to escape to the United States. Arriving in Baltimore, he entered St. Mary's Seminary to become a Sulpician priest. After his ordination, he was given charge of the black French-speaking Catholics of St. Mary's chapel. Finding he was making no headway as the children were having trouble reading and learning their catechism he had the idea of founding a school for the purpose of educating these children. In this he was encouraged by his two friends, Fathers Babade and Tessier.

He was introduced to two women of African descent who kept a small private school and had a hope of consecrating their lives to God. Father Joubert made known to them his plans for a school for girls of African descent and they offered to be at his service. Father Joubert proposed that they also form a religious institute as well as conducting a school. This idea would become St. Frances Academy in 1828.

With the approval of James Whitfield, Archbishop of Baltimore, a novitiate was begun. A little over a year later, on 2 July 1829, the first four sisters, Miss Elisabeth Lange from Santiago, Cuba, Miss Mary Rosine Boegues of Saint Domingue, Miss Mary Frances Balas of Saint Domingue, Miss Mary Theresa Duchemin of Baltimore made their vows.

Sister Mary Lange was chosen superior, and Rev. Father Joubert was appointed director. Pope Gregory XVI approved the institute on 2 October 1831 under the title of Oblate Sisters of Providence. The sisters opened other Catholic schools for African American girls in the city as well as teaching adult women in evening classes and opened a home for widows. The sisters educated youth and nursed the terminally ill during the cholera epidemic of 1832. They provided a home for orphans and sheltered the elderly. The sisters took in washing, ironing and mending to care for the "children of the house". The organization did not consider "previous condition of servitude a liability for Oblate membership" and eight of the forty women who joined in the antebellum years (1828-1860) had been slaves.

Expansion
In 1871 the sisters vacated the motherhouse on Richmond St. because the city needed the property. A new location was found on a knoll on what was then the outskirts of the city and a new motherhouse was built on Chase St. The sisters continued to operate an orphanage as well as a day and boarding school within the convent walls.

Foreign missions began in 1900 when the Oblates opened their first mission in Havana, Cuba. The OSPs established seven missions in Cuba but left in 1961 when the regime of Fidel Castro made it impossible for them to continue their work. In 1903 a convent and school opened on Old Providence Island in the western Caribbean. Due to extremely harsh conditions, the mission closed after fifteen months.

By 1910 the sisters conducted schools and orphanages at Baltimore, Washington, Leavenworth, St. Louis, and Normandy, Missouri. Eventually the institute founded schools in eighteen states. Some missions only lasted a few years while others endured and changed with the needs of the community.

Modern era
By the 1950s there were over 300 Oblate Sisters of Providence teaching and caring for African American children. The Oblates had missions in the Dominican Republic and opened missions in Costa Rica in 1964, where they continue today.

The motherhouse remained on Chase Street in Baltimore until a new motherhouse was built in 1961 at 701 Gun Rd. in southwest Baltimore County. It is called Our Lady of Mount Providence and remains the motherhouse today. Several missions operated on the motherhouse property including Mt. Providence Junior College from 1963–1966.

The sisters began a Child Development Center and Reading and Math Center in 1972 on the motherhouse property. The sisters continue to operate St. Francis Academy on Chase Street in Baltimore.

Bill and Camille Cosby donations
In 2005, Camille Cosby (wife of Bill Cosby), an alumna of a school in Washington run by the Oblates, made a donation to the school to create an endowment that will pay the tuition for 16 students a year.

The Cosbys made another donation in 2012 to assist St. Frances Academy in building a community center in East Baltimore. The community center was originally named after her and her husband, but his name was removed after the revelation of multiple sexual offenses.

Charism
"The original inspiration of the Oblate Sisters of Providence is that gift of the Spirit so evident in the life of Mother Mary Lange.  This charism enables us, with total trust in God's Providence, to bring joy, healing and the liberating, redemptive love of the suffering Jesus to the victims of poverty, racism, and injustice despite contradictions, prejudice and pain."

Currently the institute has approximately eighty members. The Oblate Sisters continue in Baltimore, Maryland, Miami, Florida, Buffalo, New York, Alajuela and Siquirres, Costa Rica.

Motherhouse
The motherhouse houses the administrative offices, a health care unit, a novitiate (there is also a novitiate in Costa Rica), the Mother Lange Guild (supporting the cause for canonization of Mother Lange), and the Oblate Sisters of Providence Archives and Special Collections Library. Offices for the affiliated organizations of the National Oblate Sisters of Providence Alumni Association and Cojourners of the Oblate Sisters of Providence are also located at the Motherhouse.

See also
Oblate (religion)

References

External links
 Oblate Sisters of Providence
 National Black Catholic Congress bio & story
Mother Lange's relics moved to motherhouse as sainthood cause advances

African-American history in Baltimore
African-American Roman Catholicism
Afro-Caribbean culture in the United States
Afro-Haitian culture
Christianity in Baltimore
Haitian-American culture in Maryland
Haitian-American history
Organizations based in Baltimore
Religious organizations established in 1829
Catholic female orders and societies
Catholic religious institutes established in the 19th century
1829 establishments in Maryland
History of women in Maryland
Oblate Sisters of Providence

Oblate Sisters of Providence


Ariane is an opera in five acts by Jules Massenet to a French libretto by Catulle Mendès after Greek mythology (the tale of Ariadne).  It was first performed at the Palais Garnier in Paris on 31 October 1906, with Lucienne Bréval in the title role.

History
Although not a proper sequel, as Ariane dies in both pieces, Massenet's later opera, Bacchus is a companion to Ariane, containing a number of common characters and the same librettist.  Ariane has never maintained popularity and belongs to Massenet's later works which are largely neglected.  The piece did, however, inspire this quote from the great French composer Gabriel Fauré: "Ariane, a noble, great and moving work..." The opera was performed during Massenet's life-time, then was dropped from the repertoire, receiving only limited revivals in 1937 (21 February and 27 August 1937) at the Paris Opéra.

Recently it has received performances in a new production at the Massenet Festival in Saint-Étienne on 9 November  2007, directed by Jean-Louis Pichon, conducted by Laurent Campellone. As one critic noted, it is one of the most Wagnerian of Massenet's operas.

Roles

Synopsis
The story is based on the mythology surrounding Theseus and the sisters Ariane and Phèdre.  The two sisters are both in love with Theseus, yet he chooses Phèdre over Ariane.  When Phèdre is killed by the toppled statue of Adonis, Ariane travels to the underworld to beg Perséphone for her sister's resurrection.  Softened by Ariane's offering of roses, Perséphone complies and Phèdre returns to earth.  Theseus is then made to choose between the sisters again and once more chooses Phèdre, abandoning Ariane on the shore of Naxos.  Distraught, she is lured into the sea by the voices of the beckoning sirens.

References
Notes

External links
Vocal score of Ariane at IMSLP

Operas by Jules Massenet
French-language operas
Operas
1906 operas
Operas based on classical mythology
Opera world premieres at the Paris Opera
Ariadne
Cultural depictions of Theseus

Ariane (Massenet)


Restoration literature is the English books written during the historical period commonly referred to as the English Restoration (1660–1689). This time matches up to the last years of Stuart rule in England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland.

In general, the word is used to represent almost the same styles of literature that centre on a celebration of or reaction to the restored court of Charles II.

The Restoration was an age of poetry. This genre was the most important form of literature at that time.

Prose in the Restoration period is ruled-over by Christian religious writing. However, in later periods two other genres would be more important: fiction and journalism.

Some books published during this period
 Paradise Lost, an epic poem written by John Milton.
 The Pilgrim's Progress,  a Christian allegory written by John Bunyan by John Bunyan.
 Treatises of Government written by Locke.
 Gondibert, an epic poem written by William Davenant.
 The Compleat Angler, a celebration of the art and spirit of fishing in prose and verse written by Izaak Walton.
 The Compleat Gamester, which is one of the first attempts at settling the rules of card games, written by Charles Cotton.
 Love-Letters Between a Nobleman and His Sister, a novel written in the form of letters by Aphra Behn.
 Aureng-zebe, a play written by John Dryden
 The Country Wife and The Plain Dealer, two plays written by William Wycherley
 The Man of Mode, a play written by George Etherege
 The Rover, a play written by Aphra Behn
 Love For Love and The Way of the World, two comedies written by William Congreve
 The Relapse (1696) and The Provoked Wife , two comedies written by John Vanbrugh
 The Conquest of Granada and Aureng-Zebe, two dramas written by John Dryden

English literature

Restoration literature


Ante Starčević Square () is the central square of the city of Osijek, Croatia, named after Ante Starčević. It is colloquially referred to as Trg ("the square"). It has the shape of an isosceles right angle triangle.

It is located in the center of Osijek on the intersection of Josip Juraj Strossmayer Street from the west, the small street Ribarska from the north, Kapucinska Street from the east and Županijska Street from the south.

Important buildings
 Normann Palace (The seat of government of Osijek-Baranja County)
 Hotel Central

External links

Squares in Croatia
Osijek

Ante Starčević Square


Zhu Min (; born 1952) is a Chinese economist and is deputy managing director of the International Monetary Fund. He was the inaugural special advisor to the managing director. Zhu has held senior positions at the Bank of China from 2003 to 2009 and was a deputy governor of the People's Bank of China from 2009 to 2010.

He has published extensively on a wide range of macroeconomic management, financial regulation and supervision, and financial market issues. He is a guest lecturer at several university graduate schools, and a frequent speaker at major global economic forums.

Education
Zhu Min was born in Shanghai, China, in 1952. He graduated from Fudan University with a bachelor's degree in economics in 1982, and gained a master's degree in M.P.A. from the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University and a Ph.D. in economics and an M.A. in economics from Johns Hopkins University.

Career
Zhu worked at the World Bank as an economist for six years from 1990 to 1996, and taught economics at both Johns Hopkins University and Fudan University. From 1995 to 1996, he worked as a chief technical advisor for China's Agenda 21 at the United Nations Development Program. Zhu then held various positions at the Bank of China starting in 1996, eventually rising to become group executive vice president, responsible for finance and treasury, risk management, internal control, legal and compliance, and strategy and research. In 2009, he became a deputy governor of the People's Bank of China and was responsible for international affairs, policy research, and credit information. Additionally, Zhu serves as vice chairman to the China Institute for Innovation and Development Strategy.

International Monetary Fund
On February 24, 2010, Zhu was appointed as special advisor to managing director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) Dominique Strauss-Kahn, in a move to strengthen the IMF's understanding of Asia and the emerging economies and to promote sustainable growth and financial stability. Zhu assumed his position on May 3, 2010.

On July 26, 2011, Zhu assumed the position of deputy managing director of the International Monetary Fund.

Zhu thus become the third Chinese to take on a senior position in a top international financial institution after Shengman Zhang, former managing director of The World Bank and Justin Yifu Lin, former vice president and chief economist of The World Bank. After the global financial crisis, China has been expected to play a more important role in the international community and the IMF also stated that the organization called on giving more votes to China.

Zhu left his position as deputy managing director at the IMF in July 2016, at the conclusion of his five-year term.

He is an adviser to the China Finance 40 Forum (CF40).

Career timeline
2011–2016: Deputy managing director, International Monetary Fund
2010–2011: Special advisor to the managing director, International Monetary Fund
2009–2010: Deputy governor, People's Bank of China
2003–2009: Executive assistant president, Bank of China (Hong Kong) Limited
2002–2003: General manager, Bank of China (Hong Kong) Limited, Restructuring and Listing Office
2001–2002: General manager, Bank of China (Hong Kong) Limited
1998–2002: General manager, Institute of International Finance
1998–2002: Head, Bank of China (Hong Kong) Limited, Project Office; graduate, Johns Hopkins University US, Maryland, Baltimore (received doctorate)
1990–1996: Consultant, The World Bank; Graduate, Princeton University USA, New Jersey, Princeton (received master's degree)
1982: Graduate, Fudan University, Shanghai Municipality

References

Zhu Min
IMF Managing Director Dominique Strauss-Kahn Names China's Zhu Min as Special Advisor
China Vitae : Biography of Zhu Min
IMF chief names Chinese banker as his special advisor

1952 births
Living people
Writers from Shanghai
21st-century Chinese economists
International Monetary Fund people
Fudan University alumni
Princeton School of Public and International Affairs alumni
HuffPost writers and columnists
People's Republic of China writers
Chinese non-fiction writers
Institute for New Economic Thinking
Chinese officials of the United Nations
Peterson Institute for International Economics
Economists from Shanghai

Zhu Min (economist)


The Hering–Breuer inflation reflex, named for Josef Breuer and Ewald Hering, is a reflex triggered to prevent the over-inflation of the lung. Pulmonary stretch receptors present on the wall of bronchi and bronchioles of the airways respond to excessive stretching of the lung during large inspirations.

Once activated, they send action potentials through large myelinated fibers of the vagus nerve to the inspiratory area in the medulla and apneustic center of the pons.  In response, the inspiratory area is inhibited directly and the apneustic center is inhibited from activating the inspiratory area. This inhibits inspiration, allowing expiration to occur.

The Hering–Breuer inflation reflex should not be confused with the deflation reflex discovered by the same individuals, Hering and Breuer.  The majority of this page discusses the inflation reflex; the deflation reflex is considered separately at the end.

History

Josef Breuer and Ewald Hering reported in 1868 that a maintained distention of the lungs of anesthetized animals decreased the frequency of the inspiratory effort or caused a transient apnea. The stimulus was therefore pulmonary inflation.

Anatomy and physiology

The Hering-Breuer reflex, put simply, is what keeps the lungs from over-inflating with inspired air. The neural circuit that controls the Hering–Breuer inflation reflex involves several regions of the central nervous system, and both sensory and motor components of the vagus nerve.

Increased sensory activity of the pulmonary-stretch lung afferents (via the vagus nerve) results in inhibition of the central inspiratory drive and thus inhibition of inspiration and initiation of expiration. The lung afferents also send inhibitory projections to the cardiac vagal motor neurones (CVM) in the nucleus ambiguus (NA) and dorsal motor vagal nucleus (DMVN). The CVMs, which send motor fibers to the heart via the vagus nerve, are responsible for tonic inhibitory control of heart rate. Thus, an increase in pulmonary stretch receptor activity leads to inhibition of the CVMs and an elevation of heart rate (tachycardia). This is a normal occurrence in healthy individuals and is known as sinus arrhythmia.

Rate and depth of breathing

Early physiologists believed the reflex plays a major role in establishing the rate and depth of breathing in humans. While this may be true for most animals, it is not the case for most adult humans at rest. However, the reflex may determine breathing rate and depth in newborns and in adult humans when tidal volume is more than 1 L, as when exercising.

Hering–Breuer deflation reflex

The Hering–Breuer deflation reflex serves to shorten exhalation when the lung is deflated.  It is initiated either by stimulation of stretch receptors or stimulation of proprioceptors activated by lung deflation.  Like the inflation reflex, impulses from these receptors travel afferently via the vagus.  Unlike the inflation reflex, the afferents terminate on inspiratory centers rather than the pontine apneustic center.  These reflexes appear to play a more minor role in humans than in non-human mammals.

Clinical use
The absence of this reflex contributes to the diagnosis of brain death.

References

Further reading

Respiratory physiology
Reflexes
Vagus nerve

Hering–Breuer reflex


Glenn Murray (born November 23, 1970) is a former outfielder from Manning, S.C., who made his Major League Baseball debut in 1996 with the Philadelphia Phillies. In his debut with the Philadelphia Phillies he collected his first hit against the Atlanta Braves.

After playing 38 games he collected 19 hits with 2 home runs and 6 runs batted in.

Career
Glenn Murray was drafted in the second round of the 1989 free-agent draft by the Montreal Expos. After spending several seasons in the Expos minor league system, Murray was traded by Montreal to the Red Sox on March 23, 1994 for Derek Vineyard. Murray's stay in the Red Sox organization lasted until January 1996 when the Boston Red Sox sent him, with Ken Ryan and Lee Tinsley, to the Philadelphia Phillies for Rick Holyfield, Heathcliff Slocumb and Larry Wimberly.

Glenn Murray's last major league game came on July 24, 1996. In October of that season, Murray was claimed on waivers by the Cincinnati Reds.

On May 20, 1998, Glenn Murray was part of an unusual feat in baseball while playing for AAA Indianapolis Indians in a game against Pawtucket. In the 5th inning of the game, Pete Rose Jr. hit a solo home run, Jason Willims hit a 3-run home run, Murray added a grand slam, and Guillermo Garcia completed the "homer cycle" with a 2-run shot. The Indians won the game, 11-4.

In 1999, Murray joined the Nashua Pride of the Atlantic League. He stayed there until 2006, the year that Nashua switched to the Can-Am League, though he began the 2001 and 2002 seasons in the Mexican League. In 2003 in Nashua, he bat .252 with 23 home runs and 67 RBI.  In 2005 in Nashua, he bat .265 with 31 home runs and 98 RBI. In 477 games with Nashua, he has hit .275 with 106 home runs and 358 RBI.

In 1,529 career games in the minor leagues, Murray has hit .255 with 275 home runs, 923 RBI, and 197 stolen bases.

External links

1970 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Arkansas Travelers players
Baseball players from South Carolina
Bridgeport Bluefish players
Chattanooga Lookouts players
Gulf Coast Expos players
Harrisburg Senators players
Indianapolis Indians players
Jamestown Expos players
Leones de Yucatán players
Major League Baseball outfielders
Mexican League baseball first basemen
Mexican League baseball left fielders
Mexican League baseball right fielders
Nashua Pride players
Pawtucket Red Sox players
People from Manning, South Carolina
Piratas de Campeche players
Philadelphia Phillies players
Rockford Expos players
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons players
West Palm Beach Expos players

Glenn Murray (baseball)


The Floridan aquifer system, composed of the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers, is a sequence of  Paleogene carbonate rock which spans an area of about  in the southeastern United States. It underlies the entire state of Florida and parts of Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, and South Carolina.

The Floridan aquifer system is one of the world's most productive aquifers and supplies drinking water for nearly 10 million people. According to the United States Geological Survey, total withdrawals from the Floridan aquifer system in 2000 were ranked 5th highest of all principal aquifers in the nation at 3,640 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) (). Of the total, 49% (1,949 Mgal/d; ) was used for irrigation, 33% (1,329 Mgal/d; ) was used for public water supply, 14% (576 Mgal/d, ) was used for industrial purposes, and 4% were domestic self-supplied withdrawals. The Floridan aquifer system is the primary source of drinking water for most cities in central and northern Florida as well as eastern and southern Georgia, including Brunswick, Savannah, and Valdosta.

History

In 1936, geologist Victor Timothy (V.T.) Stringfield first identified the existence of the Floridan Aquifer in peninsular Florida and referred to the carbonate units as the "principal artesian formations." In 1944, M.A. Warren of the Georgia Geological Survey described an extension of this system in south Georgia and applied the term "principal artesian aquifer" to the carbonate units involved. In 1953 and 1966 Stringfield also applied the term "principal artesian aquifer" to these rocks. In 1955, Garald G. Parker noted the hydrologic and lithologic similarities of the Tertiary carbonate formations in southeast Florida, concluded that they represented a single hydrologic unit, and named that unit the "Floridan aquifer". With additional information collection, more zones of high and low hydraulic conductivity have been identified. As a result, the name Floridan Aquifer has evolved into "Floridan aquifer system", which contains the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers.

Withdrawals from the Floridan aquifer system began in 1887 when the City of Savannah, Georgia, began to supplement surface water withdrawals from the Savannah River with groundwater. At that time artesian heads in the system were  above land surface and no pumps were needed; by 1898, it was estimated that between 200 and 300 wells had been finished in South Georgia, and by 1943, about 3,500 wells had been completed in the six coastal counties of Georgia. By around 1910–1912, development of the Floridan aquifer system had already occurred in Fernandina and Jacksonville and south along the east coast of Florida, as well as from Tampa south to Fort Myers on the west coast. Over time, the number of wells increased, as did the finished depths, as demand increased. Industrial supply for pulp and paper mills became a large proportion of the water withdrawn starting in the late 1930s. In the 1950s, all municipal, domestic, and industrial supply (except cooling), and about half of agricultural supply in Orlando, Florida had been converted to groundwater from the Floridan aquifer system. Groundwater withdrawals from the Floridan aquifer system increased steadily from 630 Mgal/d () in 1950 to 3,430 Mgal/d () in 1990. Permitting and regulations enacted during the 1990s curtailed the year-on-year increases in withdrawal; however, withdrawals in 2000 increased to 4,020 Mgal/d () due to extreme drought conditions between 1999 and 2001 that prevailed over much of the Southeastern United States. Much of the increase was due to increased agricultural demand.

Location

The Floridan aquifer system spans an area of about  in the southeastern United States and underlies all of Florida and parts of southern Alabama, southeastern Georgia, and southern South Carolina. The Upper Floridan aquifer contains freshwater over much of its extent, though is brackish and saline south of Lake Okeechobee.

The Floridan aquifer system crops out in central and southern Georgia where the limestone, and its weathered byproducts, are present at land surface. The aquifer system generally dips below the land surface to the south where it becomes buried beneath surficial sand deposits and clay. In areas depicted in brown in the image at the right, the Floridan aquifer system crops out and is again exposed at land surface. These regions are particularly prone to sinkhole activity due to the proximity of the karstified limestone aquifer to land surface. Some of the fractures/conduits within the aquifer are large enough for scuba divers to swim through.

Hydrology and geology

The carbonate rocks that form the Floridan aquifer system are of late Paleocene to early Oligocene age and are overlain by low-permeability clays of Miocene age (upper confining unit) and surficial sands of Pliocene and Holocene age (surficial aquifer system). In west-central Florida, north Florida, and along the updip margin of the system, the limestone crops out and the aquifer system is unconfined. Where low-permeability clays of the upper confining unit are present and substantial, the system is confined and groundwater is contained under pressure. The upper confining unit is particularly thick in Coastal Georgia and South Florida; downward leakage of water through the upper confining unit in these areas is minimal and the Floridan aquifer system is thickly confined. Low permeability limestone rocks of Paleocene age (e.g. Cedar Keys Formation) form the base of the Floridan aquifer system. The Floridan aquifer system ranges in thickness from less than  in updip areas where the rocks pinch out to more than  in southwestern Florida. Recharge, flow, and natural discharge in the Floridan aquifer system are largely controlled by the degree of confinement provided by upper confining units, the interaction of streams and rivers with the aquifer in its unconfined areas, and the interaction between fresh and saline water along the coastlines.

Where the Floridan aquifer system is at or near land surface (areas shaded brown in image above), clays are thin or absent and dissolution of the limestone is intensified and many springs and sinkholes are apparent. Transmissivity of the aquifer in karstified areas such as these is much higher owing to the development of large, well-connected conduits within the rock (see image at right). Springs form where the water pressure is great enough for the groundwater to flow out on the land surface. More than 700 springs have been mapped in Florida. Wakulla Springs in Wakulla County is one of a number of major outflows of the aquifer with a flow rate of  of water per day. A record peak flow from the spring on April 11, 1973, was measured at  per secondequal to  per day.

The Floridan aquifer system is composed of two main aquifers: the Upper Floridan aquifer and the Lower Floridan aquifer. These aquifers are separated by sediments that range from low-permeability clays in the panhandle (Bucatunna Clay) and low-permeability dolomites and gypsiferous anhydrite in west-central Florida to permeable limestones along the east coast of Florida and elsewhere. Where these intervening sediments and rock are permeable, the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers behave as a single unit. Conversely, where the intervening sediments are less permeable, there is less hydraulic connection between the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers.

Upper Floridan aquifer
The Upper Floridan aquifer is the main source of water withdrawn from the Floridan aquifer system due to high yields and proximity to land surface. Groundwater in the Upper Floridan is fresh in most areas, though locally may be brackish or saline, particularly in coastal areas with saltwater intrusion problems, and in South Florida. The Upper Floridan aquifer includes the uppermost or shallowest permeable zones in the Floridan aquifer system. In the northern half of the study area, this aquifer behaves as a single hydrogeologic unit and is undifferentiated. In the southern half of the study area, including most of central and southern Florida, the Upper Floridan aquifer is thick and can be differentiated into three distinct zones, namely the uppermost permeable zone, the Ocala Lower-Permeability Zone, and the Avon Park Permeable Zone.

The base of the Upper Floridan aquifer is marked by two composite units (see below) and one confining unit in the middle part of the Floridan aquifer system: the Lisbon-Avon Park Composite Unit or the Middle Avon Park Composite Unit, and the Bucatunna Clay Confining Unit. In updip areas, the base of the Upper Floridan is either coincident with the top of the confining units above the Claiborne, Lisbon, or Gordon aquifers, or it lies above any clay bed that marks the boundary between mostly carbonate and mostly clastic units or previously mapped numbered MCUs of Miller (1986). If one or more evaporite units are present, such as middle confining unit MCUIII near Valdosta in south-central Georgia (Miller, 1986) or MCUII in southwestern Florida (Miller, 1986), the base of the Upper Floridan aquifer is coincident with the top of the evaporite unit. In regions where no distinct lower permeability unit is known to be present, the base of the Upper Floridan is extrapolated along a horizon that allows for a stratigraphic grouping of permeable rock into the upper or lower parts of the aquifer system. In southeastern Alabama, northern Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina, the stratigraphic units are grouped into the Lisbon-Avon Park Composite Unit. In peninsular Florida, this horizon is coincident with one or more evaporite-bearing or non-evaporite-bearing units of the Middle Avon Park Composite Unit. In the panhandle of Florida and southwest Alabama, the base is coincident with the top of the Bucatunna Clay Confining Unit.

Middle Confining and Composite Units
The hydrogeologic framework of the Floridan aquifer system was revised by the U.S. Geological Survey in 2015. The extent of the system was revised to include some of the updip clastic facies which grade laterally into the Lower Floridan aquifer and have been previously included in the Southeastern Coastal Plain aquifer system, the Floridan aquifer system, or both. A new method for dividing the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers was proposed and a new term, "composite unit", was introduced to refer to regionally extensive litho-stratigraphic units of rock, previously classified as one of eight "Middle Confining Units" by Miller (1986), which have been found to be neither confining nor permeable across their entire extents. Three regionally mapable litho-stratigraphic units are used to consistently divide the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifer in the revised framework: the Bucatunna Clay Confining Unit, the Middle Avon Park Composite Unit, and the Lisbon-Avon Park Composite Unit. The Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers behave as a single hydrogeologic unit in areas where these composite units are leaky.

Lower Floridan aquifer
The Lower Floridan aquifer is generally less permeable than the Upper Floridan aquifer and the water produced can be highly mineralized and/or saline; however, the Lower Floridan aquifer is relatively fresh water to the base of the system in central Florida and in updip areas of central and southern Georgia and Alabama.

A new basal permeable zone is mapped throughout the Florida peninsula, and slightly into southeastern Georgia, that incorporates the previously established Boulder Zone and Fernandina permeable zone; this more extensive unit is called the Oldsmar permeable zone. The Oldsmar permeable zone appears to have higher permeability, far greater than the cavernous areas of the Boulder and Fernandina permeable zones, and contains freshwater in the central peninsula area. This newly delineated areally extensive basal unit containing freshwater may influence the movement of freshwater water through the deepest part of the aquifer system toward the discharge areas. The Oldsmar permeable zone, which is part of the Lower Floridan aquifer, is of interest because it may be an important alternative source of water where it is confined (and isolated) beneath the Upper Floridan aquifer and may be important to the offshore movement of groundwater in areas previously unknown.

General hydraulic characteristics
The carbonate rocks that compose the Floridan aquifer system have highly variable hydraulic properties, including porosity and permeability. Transmissivity within the aquifer system has been reported over a range of more than six orders of magnitude, from less than 8 ft2/d () to greater than 9,000,000 ft2/d (), with the majority of values ranging from 10,000 to 100,000 ft2/d (). Where the aquifer is unconfined or thinly confined, infiltrating water dissolves the rock and transmissivity tends to be relatively high. Where the aquifer is thickly confined, less dissolution occurs and transmissivity tends to be lower. In the first regional map depicting transmissivity variation across the aquifer, Miller (1986) showed that transmissivity values exceed 250,000 ft2/d () where the aquifer system is either unconfined or thinly confined. In areas where the aquifer is thickly confined, Miller (1986) indicated lower transmissivity was related primarily to textural changes and secondarily to the thickness of the rocks. Micritic limestone in southern Florida and in the updip outcrop areas was identified as having much lower transmissivity than elsewhere in the system.

Sinkholes

Sinkholes are common where the rock below the land surface is limestone, carbonate rock, salt beds, or rocks that can naturally be dissolved by groundwater circulating through them. As the rock dissolves, spaces and caverns develop underground. If there is not enough support for the land above the spaces then a sudden collapse of the land surface can occur. These collapses can be small or they can be huge and can occur where a house or road is on top.

Sinkholes can be classified on the basis of the processes by which they are formed: dissolution, cover-subsidence, and cover-collapse. Formation of sinkholes can be accelerated by intense withdrawals of groundwater over short periods of time, such as those caused by pumping for frost-protection of winter crops in west-central Florida. Sinkholes that developed beneath gypsum stacks in 1994 and 2016 caused a loss of millions of gallons mineralized water containing phosphogypsum and phosphoric acid,  by-products of the production of fertilizer from phosphate rock. These sinkholes were likely formed from the collapse of preexisting dissolution cavities in the limestone beneath the stacks. Lake Jackson near Tallahassee, FL occasionally drains into a sinkhole in the bottom of the lake bed when water levels in the aquifer drop. Dover Sinkhole, located along the Peace River near Bartow, FL, was witnessed draining about 10 Mgal/d () of water from the Peace River during June 2006.

Springs
There are 824 springs inventoried across the Floridan aquifer system of which 751 are located in Florida, 17 in Alabama, and 56 in Georgia. Springs are classified according to median value of all available discharge measurements.

In Florida, there are 33 magnitude 1 springs, the more notable of which include:
Spring Creek (Wakulla County)
Three Sisters Springs (Citrus County)
Silver Springs (Marion County)
Rainbow Springs (Marion County)
Wakulla Spring (Wakulla County)
Wacissa Spring Group (Jefferson County)
Ichetucknee Springs (Columbia County)
Weeki Wachee Springs (Hernando County)
Juniper Springs (Marion County)

In Georgia, there is only one magnitude 1 spring, Radium Spring, which no longer flows during drought conditions; there are also six magnitude 2 and five magnitude 3 springs. The largest of the 17 springs in Alabama are three magnitude 3 springs; there are no springs in South Carolina of magnitude 3 or higher.

Many springs are known to exist offshore in the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean, however the magnitude of discharge from these springs is largely unknown. Crescent Beach spring, located approximately  offshore of Crescent Beach, Florida, was estimated to flow at a rate of up to , or .

See also
Biscayne Aquifer
Kissingen Springs
Woodville Karst Plain
Gulf Trough
Hydrogeology
Cave diving
Water wars in Florida
Fountain of Youth

References

External links
USGS Floridan Aquifer System Regional Groundwater Availability Study
USGS Aquifer Basics
List of First-Magnitude Springs in Florida
U.S. Geologic Survey

Aquifers

Aquifers in the United States
Southeastern United States
Bodies of water of Florida
Bodies of water of Alabama
Bodies of water of Georgia (U.S. state)
Bodies of water of Mississippi
Bodies of water of South Carolina
Environmental issues in Florida
Geology of Alabama
Aquifer, Floridan
Geology of Georgia (U.S. state)
Geology of Mississippi
Geology of South Carolina
Water in Florida

Floridan aquifer


The Warren Public Library is the public library of Warren, Massachusetts, It is located at 934 Main Street, in a Richardsonial Romanesque building designed by Amos P. Cutting and built in 1889.  The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.

Architecture and history
The library is set on the north side of Main Street (Massachusetts Routes 19 and 67), just east of the town's central business district and west of the town common.  It is a 2-1/2 story structure, built of granite with brownstone trim, with a slate roof and a granite foundation.  Its front facade is asymmetrically arranged into three sections, with a three-story pyramidally-roofed tower on the left, the main entrance in the center, and a large projecting gable section on the right.  Courses of granite are periodically interspersed with bands of brownstone that extend across and around the building.  The tower has a projecting bay window, above which is a round-arch opening with a pair of round-arch windows within, topped by an oculus.  An arcade of small arched openings bands across the tower between that opening and the roof.

The Warren Public Library was chartered in 1876, and first opened to the public in 1879 in rooms of the town hall.  Rapidly outgrowing that space, a fund drive was held to fund the construction of a dedicated building, which resulted in the construction of this building on land donated by Wilson H. Fairbank in 1889.  The building was designed by Amos P. Cutting, who had previously designed the nearby Congregational Church.

The original building plan called for the upstairs to be used as a meeting hall for lectures and civic events.  It was instead decided to use space there for a museum, and display cases were purchased at an early date to fulfil this role.  The stacks were eventually expanded into the space as well, but it was closed off during World War II as an energy conservation measure, and not reopened until 2001.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Worcester County, Massachusetts

References

External links

 Warren Public Library

Library buildings completed in 1889
Libraries on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Romanesque Revival architecture in Massachusetts
Libraries in Worcester County, Massachusetts
Public libraries in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Worcester County, Massachusetts

Warren Public Library (Warren, Massachusetts)


Neveryóna: Or, The Tale of Signs and Cities is a sword and sorcery novel by American writer Samuel R. Delany. It is the second of the four-volume Return to Nevèrÿon series.

Plot summary

Neveryóna (a full-length novel), the sixth and longest tale of the Return to Nevèrÿon series, focuses on fifteen-year-old Pryn, who is extraordinary in this culture because she can read and write. Pryn is the great niece of an unsung genius of Nevèrÿon, a woman who invented both the loom and the spindle. Because she did not have the good fortune also to discover that wool made the best and strongest cloth, however, all the credit for her work tends to be given to other people. Pryn's travels take her (and the reader) not only to explore the revolutionary forces of Gorgik's campaign—and some of its internal squabbles—but also through the homes of several wealthy conservatives. In the first half of the novel, Pryn finds herself in Neveryóna, an upper class suburb of Port Kolhari, an uneasy guest in the emotionally embattled gardens of a wealthy merchant woman, Madame Keyne, whom we first met in the third story, "The Tale of Potters and Dragons," and who is now actively financing a crackpot group of counter rebels who want to put an end to Gorgik's project. In the second half, once Pryn travels into the south, she is taken up by the powerful Jue Gruten family, who represent the far more lethal and aristocratic forces of the nation, and want to end this rebellion. Here the webs of power are almost too complex and wide reaching for Pryn to comprehend. Even though she now realizes that one can fight them a single incident at a time, she manages to free a single slave from their grip, whom the Earl has tried to use as a scapegoat. But Pryn and the reader now have a far clearer picture of what Gorgik is up against.

Between the novel's first part and its second part, Pryn spends some time with a good-hearted but sadly limited peasant family, who live in the little town of Enoch and who represent the working classes that Gorgik will have to enlist somehow if he is to succeed. (A city name that appears several times throughout Delany's non-Nevèrÿon work, notably in The Mad Man [1994], "Enoch" is mentioned in Genesis as the first city built by man, specifically by Cain's son, Adam and Eve's grandson, after whom it was named. In Delany's work, "Enoch" is never a big city. Rather it is a very old and small city—often much older than it thinks it is—which has forgotten its own historical origins.) These are the people who have the least sense of their own history. Their perfectly sensible wants conspire, nevertheless, to defeat their own best interests, and the only role they can conceive of in which Pryn can stay among them is that of the town prostitute. It is the most devastating section of the novel.

An added irony is that this section is written using all the characters from that central myth of romanticism, "Tristan and Isolde" (with Pryn playing the part of Isolde), employing elements from many of the versions, including the story of "Tristan's Leap," and the tales of Malot, King Mark, and Bragenge from Wagner, and even the dwarf Frocsin, from Jean Cocteau's film version from the forties, "The Eternal Return" (1943). In Delany's version, apathy and despair have replaced passion and romance. Only the power of Pryn's own imagination gives her a weapon to fight free from the seductions of these simple people's basic goodness and her own ensnarement in their fundamental hopelessness.

References

Further reading
Tucker, Jeffery A. A Sense of Wonder: Samuel R. Delany, Race, Identity and Difference, chapter 3: "The Empire of Signs: Slavery, Semiotics, and Sexuality in the Return to Nevèrÿon Series". Wesleyan University Press, 2004.

1983 American novels
1983 fantasy novels
American fantasy novels
Novels by Samuel Delany
Novels set in prehistory

Neveryóna


Lonnie Melvin Tillis (August 8, 1932 – November 19, 2017) was an American country music singer and songwriter. Although he recorded songs since the late 1950s, his biggest success occurred in the 1970s as part of the outlaw country movement, with a long list of Top 10 hits.

Tillis' biggest hits include "I Ain't Never", "Good Woman Blues", and "Coca-Cola Cowboy". On February 13, 2012, President Barack Obama awarded Tillis the National Medal of Arts for his contributions to country music. He also won the Country Music Association Awards' most coveted award, Entertainer of the Year. Tillis was a member of the Grand Ole Opry, Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame, and Country Music Hall of Fame. Additionally, he was known for his stutter, which did not affect his singing voice. His daughter is 1990s country hitmaker Pam Tillis.

Early life
Mel Tillis was born in Tampa, Florida, US. His parents were Burma (née Rogers; 1907–1990) and Lonnie Lee Tillis (1907–1981). While he was still young, the family moved to Pahokee, Florida (near West Palm Beach). After a bout of malaria during his childhood, he developed a stutter. As a child, Tillis learned the drums as well as guitar. At age 16, he won a local talent show.

He attended the University of Florida, but he dropped out and joined the United States Air Force. While stationed as a baker on Okinawa, he formed a band called The Westerners, which played at local nightclubs.

Early music career
After leaving the Air Force in 1955, Tillis returned to Florida where he worked a number of odd jobs, eventually finding employment with the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad in Tampa. He used his railroad pass to visit Nashville and eventually met and auditioned for Wesley Rose of the publishing house Acuff-Rose Music. Rose encouraged Tillis to return to Florida and continue honing his songwriting skills. Tillis eventually moved to Tennessee, and began writing songs full-time. He wrote "I'm Tired", a No. 3 country hit for Webb Pierce in 1957. Other Tillis hits include "Honky Tong Song" and "Tupelo County Jail". Ray Price, Kitty Wells and Brenda Lee also charted hits with Tillis' material around this time. In the late 1950s, after becoming a hit-making songwriter, he signed his own contract with Columbia Records. In 1958, he had his first Top 40 hit, "The Violet and a Rose", followed by the Top 25 hit "Sawmill".

Rise to fame
Although Tillis charted his own hits on Billboards Hot Country Songs list, he had more success as a songwriter, particularly for Webb Pierce. He wrote the hits "I Ain't Never" (Tillis' own future hit) and "Crazy, Wild Desire". Bobby Bare, Tom Jones ("Detroit City"), Wanda Jackson, and Stonewall Jackson also covered his songs. (Some well-known songs from his Columbia years include "The Brooklyn Bridge", "Loco Weed", and "Walk on, Boy".) In 1967 Jack Greene had a No. 1 hit with a song Tillis co-wrote, "All the Time". Tillis continued to record on his own, but did not achieve major success on the country charts at first.

In the mid-1960s, Tillis switched to Kapp Records, and in 1965, he had his first Top 15 hit with "Wine". Other hits continued to follow, such as "Stateside" and "Life Turned Her That Way", which was later covered by Ricky Van Shelton in 1988, going to No. 1. He wrote for Charley Pride ("The Snakes Crawl At Night") and wrote "Ruby, Don't Take Your Love to Town", which was a hit for Kenny Rogers and The First Edition. He also wrote the hit "Mental Revenge" for outlaw country star Waylon Jennings. It has also been covered by the Hacienda Brothers, Linda Ronstadt, Gram Parsons, Barbara Mandrell, and Jamey Johnson. In 1968, Tillis achieved his first Top 10 hit with "Who's Julie". He also was a regular featured singer on The Porter Wagoner Show.

Height of his career

Things turned around in 1969 for Tillis. He finally achieved the success he always wanted with two Top 10 country hits, "These Lonely Hands of Mine" and "She'll Be Hanging Around Somewhere". In 1970, he reached the Top 5 with "Heart Over Mind", which peaked at No. 3 on the Hot Country Songs list. After this, Tillis' career as a country singer went into full swing. Hits soon came quite easily, such as "Heaven Everyday" (1970), "Commercial Affection" (1970), "Arms of a Fool" (1970), "Take My Hand" (a duet with Sherry Bryce in 1971), and "Brand New Mister Me" (1971). In 1972, Tillis achieved his first chart-topper with his version of his song "I Ain't Never". Even though the song was previously a hit by Webb Pierce, Tillis' version is the better-known version of the two. Most of the above-mentioned song hits were recorded on MGM Records, Tillis' record company in the early part of the decade.

After the success of "I Ain't Never", Tillis had another hit, which came close to No. 1 (reaching No. 3), titled "Neon Rose", followed by "Sawmill", which reached No. 2. "Midnight, Me and the Blues" was another near chart-topper in 1974. Other hits Tillis had on MGM include "Stomp Them Grapes" (1974), "Memory Maker" (1974), "Woman in the Back of My Mind" (1975), and his version of "Mental Revenge" (1976). Tillis achieved his biggest success with MCA Records, with which he signed in 1976. It started with a pair of two No. 1 hits in 1976, "Good Woman Blues" and "Heart Healer". In an interview, he mentioned having written five hits in one week. Thanks to this success, in 1976 Tillis won the Country Music Association Awards' most coveted award, Entertainer of the Year, and was also inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame that year. In 1977 he appeared on the game show Match Game. He achieved another No. 1 in 1978 with "I Believe In You" and then again in 1979 with "Coca-Cola Cowboy", which was put in the Clint Eastwood movie Every Which Way but Loose, in which he also made a cameo appearance. Also in 1978, Tillis co-hosted a short-lived variety series on ABC television, Mel and Susan Together, with model Susan Anton. Other hits around this time included "Send Me Down to Tucson", "Ain't No California", and "I Got the Hoss". In mid-1979, Tillis switched to another record company, Elektra Records.

After signing with Elektra, he continued to make hit songs such as "Blind In Love" and "Lying Time Again", both hits in 1979. Until 1981, Tillis remained on top of his game as one of country music's most successful vocalists of the era. "Your Body Is an Outlaw" went to No. 3 in 1980, followed by another Top 10 hit, "Steppin' Out". "Southern Rains" in 1981 was his last No. 1 hit. That same year, he released Mel and Nancy, an album of duets with Nancy Sinatra, which spawned two hit singles, the Top 30 hit "Texas Cowboy Night" and the double A-side, "Play Me or Trade Me/Where Would I Be". He remained with Elektra until 1982 before switching back to MCA for a brief period in 1983. That summer, he scored a Top 10 hit with "In The Middle Of The Night" and had his last Top 10 hit with "New Patches" in 1984. By this time, however, Tillis had built up a financial empire, thanks to investing in music publishing companies such as Sawgrass and Cedarwood.

Movie roles
Tillis appeared in movies, including Cottonpickin' Chickenpickers (1967), W.W. and the Dixie Dancekings (1975), Smokey and the Bandit II (1980), The Cannonball Run (1981), The Cannonball Run II (1984), Beer for My Horses (2008), and comedy westerns The Villain (1979) and Uphill All the Way (1986), in which he starred with fellow country singer Roy Clark.

Radio stations
In 1979, Tillis acquired radio station KIXZ (AM) in Amarillo, Texas, from Sammons-Ruff Associates, which converted from Top 40 to country music and became a force in the Texas Panhandle region (the station is now known today as a News/Talk radio station). A short time later, Tillis acquired Amarillo, Texas, Rock FM station KYTX, which changed calls to KMML (a play on Tillis' stutter) (that station is now known today as KXSS-FM, a Top 40 radio station and is currently still a sister station to KIXZ). Still later, he operated WMML in Mobile, Alabama. All of his stations were sold after a time for a healthy return.

Later career and projects
Following his heyday in the 1970s, Tillis remained a songwriter in the 1980s, writing hits for Ricky Skaggs and Randy Travis. He also wrote his autobiography called Stutterin' Boy. Tillis appeared as the television commercial spokesman for the fast-food restaurant chain Whataburger during the 1980s. He briefly signed with RCA Records, as well as Mercury Records, and later Curb Records in 1991. His last top-10 hit was in 1984 and his last top-40 country hit in 1988; like most country artists of the classic era, his recording career was dented by changes in the country music industry in the early 1990s. He also built a theater in Branson, Missouri, where he performed on a regular basis until 2002. In 1998, he teamed with Bobby Bare, Waylon Jennings, and Jerry Reed to form The Old Dogs. The group recorded a double album of songs penned entirely by Shel Silverstein. In July 1998, Old Dogs Volumes 1 and 2 were released on the Atlantic Records label. A companion video, as well as a Greatest Hits album (composed of previously released material by each individual artist), were also available.

The Grand Ole Opry inducted Tillis on June 9, 2007. He was inducted into the Opry by his daughter Pam. (In the 1990s, Pam became a very successful country music singer in her own right, with Top Ten hits like "Maybe It Was Memphis", "Shake the Sugar Tree" and the Number One "Mi Vida Loca (My Crazy Life)".) Along with being inducted into the Grand Ole Opry, it was announced on August 7 that year that Tillis, along with Ralph Emery and Vince Gill, were to be inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame.

Personal life and death
Tillis had six children, including singer-songwriter Pam Tillis. Pam recorded for Arista Nashville in the 1990s where she had multiple country hit singles such as "Mi Vida Loca (My Crazy Life)" and "Maybe It Was Memphis". His son Mel "Sonny" Tillis Jr. is also a songwriter. Sonny co-wrote Jamie O'Neal's 2001 hit single "When I Think About Angels".

Tillis suffered from several illnesses beginning in January 2016. On November 19, 2017, he died of respiratory failure in Ocala, Florida, at age 85. After this, Sonny Tillis began touring as a tribute act to his father.

Discography

The Statesiders
The Statesiders were Mel's longtime backing band. They were named after his 1966 hit single "Stateside". Between 1969 and 1980 14 studio albums and 4 live albums were released credited to Mel Tillis and the Statesiders, and the Statesiders released one studio album on their own in 1975. Several notable musicians have served as Statesiders, such as Buddy Cannon, Paul Franklin, Hoot Hester, and Jimmy Belken of the Strangers. While many other members have played with them during their run from 1967 to 2017, below is a timeline of just the members during their recorded output.

Bibliography

References

External links

 Mel Tillis at the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum

Interview with Mel Tillis in International Songwriters Association's "Songwriter Magazine"

External links

Added link to interview with Mick Hanly in "Songwriter Magazine"

1932 births
2017 deaths
American country singer-songwriters
American male singer-songwriters
Country Music Hall of Fame inductees
Deaths from respiratory failure
Grand Ole Opry members
Male actors from Florida
Members of the Country Music Association
Musicians from Tampa, Florida
People from Pahokee, Florida
People from Plant City, Florida
Singer-songwriters from Florida
United States National Medal of Arts recipients
University of Florida alumni
Writers from Tampa, Florida
Country musicians from Florida
Pahokee High School alumni
Old Dogs members

Mel Tillis


Ronny Weiser (born 1946 in Milan, Italy), also known as Rockin' Ronny Weiser, is an American record producer and founder of rockabilly record label Rollin' Rock.

In Milan, Ronny  discovered American rock'n'roll and rockabilly watching an Elvis Presley film, Loving You. Upon immigrating to the United States in the 1960s, he published a rockabilly fanzine called Rollin' Rock, which evolved into full-fledged record label Rollin' Rock. In 1970, Rollin' Rock started reissuing 1950s recordings, and eventually recorded and released new recordings by 1950s artists such as Ray Campi, Mac Curtis, Gene Vincent, Alvis Wayne, Charlie Feathers, Johnny Carroll, Bill Haley's Comets, Narvel Felts and contemporary rockabilly artists such as The Blasters during the 1970s and 1980s.

Notes

American music industry executives
Living people
1947 births

Ronny Weiser


Raffles Hotel is located at the corner of Canning Highway and Canning Beach Road in the Perth, Western Australia suburb of Applecross, Western Australia.  It is a two-storey hotel designed in the Inter-War Functionalist style and is one of the few examples of a hotel in this style surviving in the Perth metropolitan area.  Earlier named the Canning Bridge Hotel, it has operated continuously as a licensed hotel since at least 1896. For over 50 years until 2002, it was owned by Australian nightclub owner and property developer Abe Saffron, whose plan to demolish the hotel was successfully opposed by the Art Deco Society of Western Australia in a ten-year campaign.

History
The location of Canning Bridge on the road from Fremantle to Perth and Guildford made it a suitable location for accommodation and refreshments. In January 1850 the first Canning Bridge was constructed and soon after, on 4 May, a liquor licence was granted to a Samuel Duffield, owner of the Bridge Inn of Canning. It is not known where that inn was located but it was possibly a predecessor of the 1896 Canning Bridge Hotel, near the bridge on its western (Applecross) side—which was remodelled in 1937 as the present Raffles Hotel.

The Canning Bridge Hotel was a single-storey structure with a high, gabled roof. Beside it stood a pavilion with a dance hall on the upper floor and refreshment rooms below. The hotel provided a venue for many social and sporting groups such as the W.A. Hunt Club. The hotel was also used by the East Fremantle District Road Board for its first council meeting on 22 March 1901.

This building was extensively upgraded in 1937, with a distinctive Art Deco facade designed by architect William G. Bennett, to coincide with the construction of the current bridge and the upgrading of Canning Highway. The building was renamed the Raffles Hotel after the renowned Raffles Hotel in Singapore. The facade, and in particular the nature and placement of the forward extension of the hotel, reveals a conscious effort on the part of the architect to respect the importance of the newly constructed Applecross District Hall to the community and its streetscape value.

William Bennett had been a partner in the firm Eales Cohen & Bennett, which was responsible for the Applecross District Hall. He left the firm in 1935. Other significant works by Bennett include the Plaza Theatre and Arcade in central Perth (1936–7), the Kalgoorlie Olympic Pool (1938), the Chalet at Araluen and other structures (1937), and the Beaucott Buildings (c.1937) in Beaufort Street.

The hotel was reconstructed at a cost of approximately 10,000 pounds. One of its features was a biergarten, which is believed to be the first of its kind in Australia. The garden was situated on the northern boundary of the hotel property.

Raffles Hotel reveals the new design aesthetic then in vogue of streamlined functional forms with an emphasis on horizontal lines admirably suited to the site. Its design took good advantage of the riverside location. The main feature is the large curved loggias on both floors provided on the river frontage. From there, extensive views of the Swan and Canning Rivers are available. The exterior of the hotel was described as rendered in cream cement with sunk rustication emphasising the horizontal lines on the main building. The pitched roof over the first-storey section was covered in colour-blend tiles, and green-painted circular steps led to the entrances of the hotel from the Canning Highway frontage.

Apart from its status as "the epitome" of Perth's social scene in the 1940s and 1950s, the Raffles later became noted for its animated neon billboards advertising beer. In 1959 a separate motor lodge, consisting of a double-storey building of twenty rooms, was constructed at the rear of the main hotel building. According to the local press this new development met a public demand for motels offering service to the family man. Other changes to the hotel were made in 1985, when apparently a fire caused damage to the first floor which required a new metal-deck roof to replace the former pitched tiled roof.  A nightclub, The Raffs, was also constructed on the eastern (river) side of the building, and a drive-in bottle shop built on the Canning Bridge Road frontage.  During the 1970s and 1980s the Raffles was notable for its live music, attracting the most popular local and interstate acts.

The Raffles Hotel was the favourite pub of AC/DC singer Bon Scott.

Current uses
In 2002, the site was sold to the construction company Multiplex, which proceeded to redevelop the site into a 17-storey apartment tower. As part of the planning permissions, the Art Deco 1939 building was retained and renovated.

Heritage value
The hotel was listed in the City of Melville's Municipal Heritage Inventory (which was adopted 19 December 1994) and classified by the National Trust of Western Australia on 3 July 1995.  It received an interim listing on the State Register of Heritage Places on 16 March 2001, was nominated for the Register of the National Estate on 28 September 2001, and received a permanent registration on the State Register on 22 January 2002.

References

Further reading

Landmarks in Perth, Western Australia
State Register of Heritage Places in the City of Melville
Hotel buildings completed in 1896
Streamline Moderne architecture in Australia
Art Deco architecture in Western Australia
Pubs in Perth, Western Australia
Applecross, Western Australia

Raffles Hotel, Perth


Scott Bowen (born 20 September 1972) is an Australian former rugby union player. He played in the position iffly-half and represented the Wallabies nine times between 1993 and 1996. He is currently an assistant with the NSW Waratahs in the Super Rugby tournament.

Early life
Bowen was born in Sydney and attended Newington College (1985–1990) He played for the Australia national schoolboy rugby union team in 1990 and the Australian U21s.

Representative Rugby career
Bowen played for Southern Districts Rugby Club from 1991 until 1996 and then moved to Eastern Suburbs in 1997. He also played one game of fourth grade for Southern Districts again in 2002 against Manly. He made his international debut for the Wallabies in 1993 v South Africa at the Sydney Football Stadium. Bowen played nine tests for Australia between 1993 and 1996 and 49 games for the NSW Waratahs between 1993 and 1999.

Coaching career
He retired from rugby at the age of 26 and played Australian rules football in the Sydney club competition for 4 years.

In 2002, he joined Eastern Suburbs rugby club as assistant coach and the club won the Shute Shield the following year. He was appointed Eastern Suburbs head coach in 2006 and the club made a Grand Final appearance in 2007.

References

Australian rugby union players
Australia international rugby union players
Australian rugby union coaches
Rugby union fly-halves
People educated at Newington College
Living people
1972 births
Rugby union players from Sydney
1995 Rugby World Cup players

Scott Bowen


The Farmers to Families Food Box program is set up by the United States' government during the COVID-19 pandemic to help get fresh food from farmers to consumers. The food is put into "family-sized" boxes containing produce, dairy products and/or meat. The programs is run by the USDA (Department of Agriculture).  It is part of the government's general response to the pandemic, called the Coronavirus Food Assistance Program  run by the USDA.  It was announced on April 15, 2020. According to the program's home page, over 70,000,000 boxes were invoiced between the start date and then end of August.   As of the second week of August 2020, the program's budget was three billion dollars.

The USDA buys the produce from farmers. Then the food is sent to local packaging companies.  These companies distribute the packages to local organizations such as NGOs and religious orga
nizations. The program sets no restrictions on which families may pick of the boxes.

Reception

The program has been positively received.  However, there has been some criticism.  For example, the boxes weigh forty pounds.  This can make it difficult for people without a car to get the boxes home.  Also, the program initially only had boxes with produce, dairy products and meat.  Since some people do not eat dairy or meat products, this created a problem.
It has also been stated that specialty-crop farmers have not been helped enough by the program.

References

COVID-19 pandemic
Charities of the United States

Farmers to Families Food Box


Broadwest or the Broadwest Film Company was a British film production company of the silent era. Its name it a portmanteau of its two founders, George Broadbridge and the film director Walter West. West took an active role in the company's productions, directing and producing many of the films. The company gained a reputation for producing films about horse racing, often based on popular novels such as those of Nathaniel Gould.

The company was based at Walthamstow Studios, although some films were also made at Esher Studios during the early days of the company's existence.

References

Bibliography
 Low, Rachael. The History of the British Film, 1918-1929. George Allen & Unwin, 1971.
 Warren, Patricia. British Film Studios: An Illustrated History. Batsford, 2001.

British film studios
Film production companies of the United Kingdom
Film distributors of the United States

Broadwest