A  is an altar used in Shinto-style ancestor worship, dedicated in the memory of deceased forebears.  It generally has a mirror symbolizing the spirits of the deceased or a tablet bearing their names and is used not only to enshrine blood relatives, but also to honor respected non-family members.

Since Buddhist funeral rites dominate in Japanese religious practice, mitamaya are found less often in Japanese houses than their Buddhist counterpart, the butsudan. Their value are also below that of the more highly respected kamidana.

Ritual
The mitamaya is placed in an inner chamber, on a shelf, the mitama-san-no-tana, attached to the wall about six feet high.  It is placed lower than the kamidana.

Rites are performed for the mitamaya every tenth day up to the fiftieth, and thereafter on the one-hundredth day and one-year anniversary.  The one-year ritual is followed by another which marks the spirit's joining of the ancestors at the family shrine.

History
In ancient times, people held domestic rites called kinensai in the February or April and Niinamesai in November. During these rites, people worshiped their ancestors, the god of food, and the hearth deity. They believed the spirits of their ancestors (Oyagami) came to them through the rice.

During the Heian period cults of Goryō developed and people changed to honoring the dead in July for Urabon-e, and in January.

During the medieval period, people started to enshrine the spirits of dead individuals, like Retired Emperor Gotoba (1180-1239) whose memory was kept through memorial tablets. In the early modern period, there was a rise in "Shinto funerals" (shinsōsai) where people were treated like kami. The Yoshida clan gave spirit ranks like Myōjin-gō, Reisha-gō, and Reijin-gō to the dead, who were sometimes worshipped at shrines.

The spread of Kokugaku led to an increased interest in Miyamaya, and more people enshrined their ancestors in their homes.

The first modern mitamaya was built in 1599 in the Toyokuni Shrine in Kyoto for Toyotomi Hideyoshi.  Screen paintings and its ruins suggest that it was modeled after the Kitano Tenman-gū.  It was later destroyed by the Tokugawa.

Later the mitamaya was generally established for Japanese nobles, military heroes, and other people with high reputation. This practice spread in the Edo period.  During the Kokugaku movement it became more common to erect mitamaya in ordinary homes. It formed a central part of the Shinto funeral rituals (神葬祭, shinsōsai).

References

External links

 Kinensai explanation

Japanese architectural features
Shinto religious objects
Veneration of the dead

Mitamaya


Bloemfontein is one of the three capital cites of South Africa. It is the judicial capital of South Africa, as the Supreme Court is there. In Afrikaans and Dutch, Bloemfontein means "Spring of Bloem (Bloom)". It is also known as the city of roses. There are a lot of flowers in Bloemfontein.

History
Bloemfontein was founded by Major H. Douglas Warden in 1846. It was created as both a fort and a place to live. It became the center of government of the British-controlled Orange River Sovereignty (1848–54) and of the Orange Free State (later known as just Free State).

Bloemfontein became the judicial capital of South Africa in 1910. It is a place where the government works. It has a lot of hospitals and schools.

Geography
Bloemfontein is in central South Africa. It is dry in this part of South Africa. There are a few hills around Bloemfontein. Grass mostly grows around Bloemfontein. The summers are hot, and the winters are cool, but it snowed in August 2006.

Economy
Much of the economy of the city is based on canned fruit, glass products, furniture, plastics, and railway engineering. The city saw a large economic growth in the mid-20th century because of the Free State goldfields 160 km (100 mi) northeast of the city. The Orange River project also helped the city grow economically. It is a major source both of hydroelectricity and of water for irrigation and human uses.

Sports
The most popular sports in Bloemfontein are football, rugby, and cricket. In 2010, Bloemfontein will host some FIFA World Cup matches, at Free State Stadium.

Famous people from Bloemfontein
 Zola Budd, a famous athlete
 J. R. R. Tolkien, philologist and author of The Lord of the Rings

1846 establishments
19th-century establishments in South Africa
1840s establishments in Africa

Bloemfontein


Warren Edward McGhee (September 29, 1924 – February 13, 1986) was an American professional baseball outfielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1950 to 1956 for the Chicago White Sox and Philadelphia Athletics. He was an alumnus of Arkansas State University.

McGhee prepped in the White Sox' farm system for five seasons (1948–52), interrupted by a three-game MLB trial at the end of the 1950 season.  McGhee started one game, the season finale against the St. Louis Browns, and notched his first big-league hit, a triple off Stubby Overmire. On January 27, 1953, he was included in a five-player trade with Philadelphia that brought two-time American League batting champion Ferris Fain to Chicago.

McGhee was the regular center fielder for the 1953 Athletics and reached big-league career highs in games played (104) and most offensive categories. However, he batted only .263 with one home run.  In 1954, McGhee lost the regular centerfield job to Vic Power, a future fancy-fielding first baseman, and was traded back to the White Sox on June 11.  He batted only .227 with the ChiSox in part-time duty, then went only one for 13 in the early weeks of 1955 before his demotion to the minor leagues. His professional career continued through 1957.

During his MLB career, Ed McGhee had 124 hits, with 14 doubles, five triples and three home runs.

References

External links

1924 births
1986 deaths
Arkansas State Red Wolves baseball players
Arkansas State University alumni
Baseball players from Arkansas
Birmingham Barons players
Charleston Senators players
Chicago White Sox players
Hot Springs Bathers players
Indianapolis Indians players
Major League Baseball outfielders
Memphis Chickasaws players
Philadelphia Athletics players
Seattle Rainiers players
Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players
Waterloo White Hawks players

Ed McGhee


Paul Yeboah (1970 – 2021) was an educator, farmer, permaculturist, community developer, and social entrepreneur. Yeboah founded and coordinated the Ghana Permaculture Institute and Network  in Techiman, Ghana, West Africa. It is located in the Brong-Ahafo Region of Ghana. The purpose of the Institute is to build and maintain a stable food system, to take care of the local ecosystems, and to improve the quality of life in the rural areas. The GPN trains students and community in sustainable ecological farming techniques.  They support projects throughout Ghana; women groups, micro-finance projects; teach growing moringa; mushroom production; alley cropping, food forests development and Agroforestry.

Permaculture is based on natural sustainable design systems. An agricultural system that uses practices to keep soil fertile, crops and livestock healthy. It encourages protection of the environment and an environmental lifestyle; so as to maintain environmental stability and maintain environmental resources for the future.  It rehabilitates eroded and deforested land. The Permaculture Network encourages the practice of permaculture at home. The Permaculture Network's mission is to encourage, educate, and promote the use of permaculture by farmers and people in Ghana, which will contribute to the environmental soundness, and stability of the country's future.

They host international volunteers, interns, and students. The Ghana Permaculture Network and Institute is a member of the Ghana Ecovillage Network. Which is an organization of sustainable development leaders and projects. Paul Yeboah is Vice President of the GEN which works towards promoting Indigenous Initiatives and Sustainability in Ghana. Permaculture is transforming communities in Ghana through education, food production, outreach, skills development, self-sufficiency, and creating small business enterprises.

Background
At the age of 22 Paul Yeboah was concerned with rural and urban poverty. He received an Agricultural Certificate from the Farm Institute in Ghana. He initiated a rural and urban fruit forest project by using seed supplies from the Kade Oil Palm Research Institute and Bonsu Cocoa Research Station. The seeds and seedlings were given to the farmers on a credit basis. This project was instrumental in the creation of rural processing businesses and employment for the poor.

In 2003 Paul Yeboah was the farm manager for the Abbott of Kristo Buase Benedictine Monastery in Ghana. Greg Knibbs was invited to come to the Monastery to assist in the redesigning of the farm using Permaculture practices to restore the soil to fertility. The soil was depleted from the use of synthetic chemical pollution. Yeboah met Greg Knibbs and they worked together to form the Ghana Permaculture Network which later became the Ghana Permaculture Institute.

Career
The Ghana Permaculture Network was coordinated by Paul Yeboah in 2003. The GPN started out as a small farm demonstration training site that later grew into the Ghana Permaculture Institute (GPI). In 2007 the Ghana Permaculture Nwodua Tree Nursery was created. It was created to build community income, and to deal with environmental issues such as desertification and erosion. It also does reforestation. The work is collaborative community effort involving women, youth, and men. All members of the community are a part of the profits and benefits of working towards enhancing their environment. The project builds environmental awareness.

Paul Yeboah is the Vice Chairman of the Ghana Ecovillage Network which was founded in 2012, and incorporated in 2013. It was formed by community leaders and groups with sustainable projects to promote Ecovillage strategies as models for sustainable development in Ghana.

The Ghana Permaculture Network started out supporting local schools, community farmers in establishing tree nurseries, and tree planting projects.  The Ghana Permaculture Network has now expanded in various parts of Ghana,  into Togo, and Burkina Faso in West Africa.

Permaculture Institute Projects (Educational Programs)
The goal of the educational initiatives and projects is to promote lifelong learning with emphases on vocational training, and the need of viable skill development using practices of sustainable development.
 Permaculture Design Courses are taught in Ghana, Togo and Burkina Faso, West Africa.
 Ghana Permaculture Nwodua Tree Nursery Project -  Ghana is a deforested country. The Tree Nursery Project addresses issues of deforestation in order to reverse erosion. It teaches and advocates the importance of trees and climate change issues.
 Oyster mushroom production -  Using sawdust in bags the Permaculture Institute teaches how to grow mushrooms. This project allows participants to learn how to make a waste product sawdust useful. Which promotes healthy diet, nutrition and skill development.
 Demonstration Training sites for how-to build Permaculture home gardens
 Moringa Production - Which helps to facilitate the development of small-businesses to generate income. A project that promotes healthy nutrition and skills development.
 Ecovillage Design Course - Which teaches and acquaints students with tools that can be utilized to redevelop their communities in ecological economically, culturally and socially ways to foster sustainability.

External links
Paul Yeboah Tribute & Permaculture Institute Documentary
Communities on Edge - Time of COVID Permaculture Institute
Paul Yeboah Permaculture Institute
Permaculture Design Course, Techiman Ghana
Permaculture Design Course (Part two)
Ghana Permaculture Video Clips
Permaculture and mushroom cultivation in Ghana

Further reading
 http://www.agriculturesnetwork.org/resources/extra/final-report-de-schutter
 Permaculture in Africa
UN: Eco-Farming Feeds the World

References

Anti-poverty advocates
Climate activists
Sustainability advocates
Anti-GMO activists
Ghanaian environmentalists
Ecological restoration
Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage
Ghanaian agriculturalists
Permaculturalists
1970 births
2021 deaths

Paul Yeboah


Acacia brachypoda, known colloquially as western wheatbelt wattle or Chinocup wattle, is an endangered species of Acacia restricted to a small locality in western Australia's wheatbelt.

Description
The slightly aromatic shrub has a dense rounded habit and typically grows to a height of  and a width of . The glabrous green phyllodes are erect on the stem and straight to slightly incurved. They appear circular in cross section and have four visible nerves or flattened with one nerve. The phyllodes are  in length and  in width. It blooms between May and July producing yellow flowers. Flowers heads have a globular shape with two situated on each leaf axil. The flower heads are supported on  long stalks. Following flowering glabrous curved or coiled seed pods form that are  wide. The seeds within have a length of about  and have a yellow brown aril.

Taxonomy
The species was first formally described by the botanist Bruce Maslin in 1990 as part of the work Acacia Miscellany. Three new Western Australian species with affinities to A. wilhelmiana (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae: Section Plurinerves) from Western Australia as published in the journal Nuytsia. It was reclassified as Racosperma brachypodum by Leslie Pedley in 2003 then transferred back to the genus Acacia in 2006.

Distribution
The shrub is endemic to a small area between Beverley, Brookton and York in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia where it is found in damp low-lying areas such as swamps where it grows in sandy-clay or loam soils. There are six populations of the wattle that are found in two main areas with an estimated 5000 recorded individuals remaining. One of the populations is found within the Wandoo National Park while the others are along roadsides and in railway reserve remnants. It is found in open woodland communities as part of a dense understorey. It is commonly associated with Eucalyptus wandoo or species of Allocasuarina, Callistemon phoeniceum, Hakea varia, species of Leptospermum and species of Melaleuca.

Conservation status
The species was list as endangered in 2008 under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and was previously also listed as endangered under Schedule 1 of the Endangered Species Protection Act 1992 In Western Australia it listed as rare flora under the Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 (Western Australia) and appears on the Wildlife Conservation (Rare Flora) Notice 2006. In 2012 the species was listed as endangered on the IUCN red list.

See also
List of Acacia species

References

brachypoda
Fabales of Australia
Acacias of Western Australia
Plants described in 1990
Taxa named by Bruce Maslin

Acacia brachypoda


Monotremes () are mammals of the order Monotremata. They are the only group of living mammals that lay eggs, rather than bearing live young. The extant monotreme species are the platypus and the four species of echidnas. Monotremes are typified by structural differences in their brains, jaws, digestive tract, reproductive tract, and other body parts, compared to the more common mammalian types. Although they are different from almost all mammals in that they lay eggs, like all mammals, the female monotremes nurse their young with milk.

Monotremes have been considered by some authors to be members of Australosphenida, a clade that contains extinct mammals from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of Madagascar, South America, and Australia, but this categorization is disputed and their taxonomy is under debate.

All extant species of monotremes are indigenous to Australia and New Guinea, although they were also present in the Late Cretaceous and Paleocene of southern South America, indicating that they were also present in Antarctica, though remains have not been found there.

The name monotreme derives from the Greek words  ( 'single') and  ( 'hole'), referring to the cloaca.

General characteristics
Like other mammals, monotremes are endothermic with a high metabolic rate (though not as high as other mammals; see below); have hair on their bodies; produce milk through mammary glands to feed their young; have a single bone in their lower jaw; and have three middle-ear bones.

In common with reptiles and marsupials, monotremes lack the connective structure (corpus callosum) which in placental mammals is the primary communication route between the right and left brain hemispheres. The anterior commissure does provide an alternate communication route between the two hemispheres, though, and in monotremes and marsupials it carries all the commissural fibers arising from the neocortex, whereas in placental mammals the anterior commissure carries only some of these fibers.

Extant monotremes lack teeth as adults. Fossil forms and modern platypus young have a "tribosphenic" form of molars (with the occlusal surface formed by three cusps arranged in a triangle), which is one of the hallmarks of extant mammals. Some recent work suggests that monotremes acquired this form of molar independently of placental mammals and marsupials, although this hypothesis remains disputed. Tooth loss in modern monotremes might be related to their development of electrolocation.

Monotreme jaws are constructed somewhat differently from those of other mammals, and the jaw opening muscle is different. As in all true mammals, the tiny bones that conduct sound to the inner ear are fully incorporated into the skull, rather than lying in the jaw as in non-mammal cynodonts and other premammalian synapsids; this feature, too, is now claimed to have evolved independently in monotremes and therians, although, as with the analogous evolution of the tribosphenic molar, this hypothesis is disputed. Nonetheless, findings on the extinct species Teinolophos confirm that suspended ear bones evolved independently among monotremes and therians. The external opening of the ear still lies at the base of the jaw.

The sequencing of the platypus genome has also provided insight into the evolution of a number of monotreme traits, such as venom and electroreception, as well as showing some new unique features, such as monotremes possessing 5 pairs of sex chromosomes and that one of the X chromosomes resembles the Z chromosome of birds, suggesting that the two sex chromosomes of marsupial and placental mammals evolved after the split from the monotreme lineage. Additional reconstruction through shared genes in sex chromosomes supports this hypothesis of independent evolution. This feature, along with some other genetic similarities with birds, such as shared genes related to egg-laying, is thought to provide some insight into the most recent common ancestor of the synapsid lineage leading to mammals and the sauropsid lineage leading to birds and modern reptiles, which are believed to have split about 315 million years ago during the Carboniferous. The presence of vitellogenin genes (a protein necessary for egg shell formation) is shared with birds; the presence of this symplesiomorphy suggests that the common ancestor of monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals was oviparous, and that this trait was retained in monotremes but lost in all other extant mammal groups. DNA analyses suggest that although this trait is shared and is synapomorphic with birds, platypuses are still mammals and that the common ancestor of extant mammals lactated.

The monotremes also have extra bones in the shoulder girdle, including an interclavicle and coracoid, which are not found in other mammals. Monotremes retain a reptile-like gait, with legs on the sides of, rather than underneath, their bodies. The monotreme leg bears a spur in the ankle region; the spur is not functional in echidnas, but contains a powerful venom in the male platypus. This venom is derived from β-defensins, proteins that are present in mammals that create holes in viral and bacterial pathogens. Some reptile venom is also composed of different types of β-defensins, another trait shared with reptiles. It is thought to be an ancient mammalian characteristic, as many non-monotreme archaic mammal groups also possess venomous spurs.

Reproductive system

The key anatomical difference between monotremes and other mammals gives them their name; monotreme means "single opening" in Greek, referring to the single duct (the cloaca) for their urinary, defecatory, and reproductive systems. Like reptiles, monotremes have a single cloaca. Marsupials have a separate genital tract, whereas most placental mammalian females have separate openings for reproduction (the vagina), urination (the urethra), and defecation (the anus). In monotremes, only semen passes through the penis while urine is excreted through the male's cloaca. The monotreme penis is similar to that of turtles and is covered by a preputial sac.

Monotreme eggs are retained for some time within the mother and receive nutrients directly from her, generally hatching within 10 days after being laid – much shorter than the incubation period of sauropsid eggs. Much like newborn marsupials (and perhaps all non-placental mammals), newborn monotremes, called "puggles", are larval- and fetus-like and have relatively well-developed forelimbs that enable them to crawl around. Monotremes lack nipples, so puggles crawl about more frequently than marsupial joeys in search of milk, this difference raising questions about the supposed developmental restrictions on marsupial forelimbs.

Rather than through nipples, monotremes lactate from their mammary glands via openings in their skin. All five extant species show prolonged parental care of their young, with low rates of reproduction and relatively long life-spans.

Monotremes are also noteworthy in their zygotic development: Most mammalian zygotes go through holoblastic cleavage, where the ovum splits into multiple, divisible daughter cells. In contrast, monotreme zygotes, like those of birds and reptiles, undergo meroblastic (partial) division. This means that the cells at the yolk's edge have cytoplasm continuous with that of the egg, allowing the yolk and embryo to exchange waste and nutrients with the surrounding cytoplasm.

Physiology

Monotremes' metabolic rate is remarkably low by mammalian standards. The platypus has an average body temperature of about  rather than the averages of  for marsupials and  for placental mammals. Research suggests this has been a gradual adaptation to the harsh, marginal environmental niches in which the few extant monotreme species have managed to survive, rather than a general characteristic of extinct monotremes.

Monotremes may have less developed thermoregulation than other mammals, but recent research shows that they easily maintain a constant body temperature in a variety of circumstances, such as the platypus in icy mountain streams. Early researchers were misled by two factors: firstly, monotremes maintain a lower average temperature than most mammals; secondly, the short-beaked echidna, much easier to study than the reclusive platypus, maintains normal temperature only when active; during cold weather, it conserves energy by "switching off" its temperature regulation. Understanding of this mechanism came when reduced thermal regulation was observed in the hyraxes, which are placental mammals.

The echidna was originally thought to experience no rapid eye movement sleep. However, a more recent study showed that REM sleep accounted for about 15% of sleep time observed on subjects at an environmental temperature of 25 °C (77 °F). Surveying a range of environmental temperatures, the study observed very little REM at reduced temperatures of 15 °C (59 °F) and 20 °C (68 °F), and also a substantial reduction at the elevated temperature of 28 °C (82 °F).

Monotreme milk contains a highly expressed antibacterial protein not found in other mammals, perhaps to compensate for the more septic manner of milk intake associated with the absence of nipples.

During the course of evolution the monotremes have lost the gastric glands normally found in mammalian stomachs as an adaptation to their diet. Monotremes synthesize L-ascorbic acid only in the kidneys.

Both the platypus and echidna species have spurs on their hind limbs. The echidna spurs are vestigial and have no known function, while the platypus spurs contain venom. Molecular data show that the main component of platypus venom emerged before the divergence of platypus and echidnas, suggesting that the most recent common ancestor of these taxa was also possibly a venomous monotreme.

Taxonomy
The traditional "theria hypothesis" states that the divergence of the monotreme lineage from the Metatheria (marsupial) and Eutheria (placental mammal) lineages happened prior to the divergence between marsupials and placental mammals, and this explains why monotremes retain a number of primitive traits presumed to have been present in the synapsid ancestors of later mammals, such as egg-laying. Most morphological evidence supports the theria hypothesis, but one possible exception is a similar pattern of tooth replacement seen in monotremes and marsupials, which originally provided the basis for the competing "Marsupionta" hypothesis in which the divergence between monotremes and marsupials happened later than the divergence between these lineages and the placental mammals. Van Rheede (2005) concluded that the genetic evidence favors the theria hypothesis, and this hypothesis continues to be the more widely accepted one.

Monotremes are conventionally treated as comprising a single order Monotremata. The entire grouping is also traditionally placed into a subclass Prototheria, which was extended to include several fossil orders, but these are no longer seen as constituting a group allied to monotreme ancestry. A controversial hypothesis now relates the monotremes to a different assemblage of fossil mammals in a clade termed Australosphenida, a group of mammals from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of Madagascar, South America and Australia, that share tribosphenic molars. However in a 2022 review of monotreme evolution, it was noted that Teinolophos, the oldest (Barremian ~ 125 million years ago) and the most primitive monotreme differed substantially from non-monotreme australosphenidans in having five molars as opposed to the three present in non-monotreme australosphenidians. Aptian and Cenomanian monotremes of the family Kollikodontidae (113–96.6 ma) have four molars. This suggests that the monotremes are likely to be unrelated to the australosphenidan tribosphenids.

The time when the monotreme line diverged from other mammalian lines is uncertain, but one survey of genetic studies gives an estimate of about 220 million years ago, while others have posited younger estimates of 163 to 186 million years ago. Teinolophos like modern monotremes displays adaptations to elongation and increased sensory perception in the jaws, related to mechanoreception or electroreception.

A fossil jaw fragment attributed to a platypus from Cenomanian deposits (100–96.6 ma) from the Griman Creek Formation in Lightning Ridge, New South Wales, is the oldest platypus-like fossil. The durophagous Kollikodon, the pseudotribosphenic Steropodon, and Stirtodon occur in the same Cenomanian deposits. Oligo-Miocene fossils of the toothed platypus Obdurodon have also been recovered from Australia, and fossils of a 63 million-year old platypus occur in southern Argentina (Monotrematum), see fossil monotremes below. The platypus genus Ornithorhynchus in known from Pliocene deposits, and the oldest fossil tachyglossids are Pleistocene (1.7 ma) in age.

Molecular clock and fossil dating give a wide range of dates for the split between echidnas and platypuses, with one survey putting the split at 19–48 million years ago, but another putting it at 17–89 million years ago. It has been suggested that both the short-beaked and long-beaked echidna species are derived from a platypus-like ancestor.

The precise relationships among extinct groups of mammals and modern groups such as monotremes are uncertain, but cladistic analyses usually put the last common ancestor (LCA) of placentals and monotremes close to the LCA of placentals and multituberculates, whereas some suggest that the LCA of placentals and multituberculates was more recent than the LCA of placentals and monotremes.

 ORDER MONOTREMATA
 Family Ornithorhynchidae: platypus
 Genus Ornithorhynchus
 Platypus, O. anatinus
 Family Tachyglossidae: echidnas
 Genus Tachyglossus
 Short-beaked echidna, T. aculeatus
 T. a. aculeatus (Common short-beaked echidna)
 T. a. acanthion (Northern short-beaked echidna)
 T. a. lawesii (New Guinea short-beaked echidna)
 T. a. multiaculeatus (Kangaroo Island short-beaked echidna)
 T. a. setosus (Tasmanian short-beaked echidna)
 Genus Zaglossus
 Sir David's long-beaked echidna, Z. attenboroughi
 Eastern long-beaked echidna, Z. bartoni
 Z. b. bartoni
 Z. b. clunius
 Z. b. diamondi
 Z. b. smeenki
 Western long-beaked echidna, Z. bruijni

Fossil monotremes

The first Mesozoic monotreme to be discovered was the Cenomanian (100-96.6 ma) Steropodon galmani from Lightning Ridge, New South Wales. Biochemical and anatomical evidence suggests that the monotremes diverged from the mammalian lineage before the marsupials and placental mammals arose. The only Mesozoic monotremes are Teinolophos (Barremian, 126 ma), Sundrius and Kryoryctes (Albian, 113-108 ma), Steropodon, Stirtodon, Kollikodon, and an unnamed ornithorhynchid (all Cenomanian) from Australian deposits in the Cretaceous, indicating that monotremes were diversifiying by the early Late Cretaceous. Monotremes have been found in the latest Cretaceous and Paleocene of southern South America, so one hypothesis is that monotremes arose in Australia in the Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous, and that some migrated across Antarctica to South America, both of which were still united with Australia at that time.

Fossil species

Excepting Ornithorhynchus anatinus, all the animals listed in this section are known only from fossils.

 Family Incertae sedis
 Genus Kryoryctes
 Species Kryoryctes cadburyi
 Genus Patagorhynchus
 Species Patagorhynchus pascuali - Maastrichtian, earliest known South American monotreme
 Family Steropodontidae – paraphyletic assemblage
 Genus Steropodon
 Species Steropodon galmani
 Genus Teinolophos
 Species Teinolophos trusleri – 123 million years old, oldest monotreme specimen
 Family Ornithorhynchidae
 Genus Ornithorhynchus – oldest Ornithorhynchus specimen 9 million years old
 Species Ornithorhynchus anatinus (platypus) – oldest specimen 10,000 years old
 Genus Obdurodon – includes a number of Miocene (5–24 million years ago) Riversleigh platypuses)
 Species Obdurodon dicksoni
 Species Obdurodon insignis
 Species Obdurodon tharalkooschild – Middle Miocene and Upper Miocene (15–5 mya)
 Genus Monotrematum
 Species Monotrematum sudamericanum – 61 million years old, southern South America
 Family Tachyglossidae
 Genus Zaglossus – Upper Pleistocene (0.1–1.8 million years ago)
 Species Zaglossus robustus
 Genus Murrayglossus
 Species Murrayglossus hacketti
 Genus Megalibgwilia
 Species Megalibgwilia ramsayi – Late Pleistocene
 Species Megalibgwilia robusta – Miocene

References

Further reading

External links

Articles containing video clips
Extant Late Triassic first appearances
Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte

Monotreme


Independence Day () is one of the five national holidays in Malta. It celebrates the day the country gained independence from the United Kingdom on 21 September 1964. Throughout its existence, Malta had a long and complex history which resulted in the island being ruled by a plethora of foreign rulers. Such rulers include the likes of the "Phoenicians, Romans, Greeks, Arabs, Normans, Sicilians, Swabians, Aragonese, Hospitallers, French, and British". Malta's final ruler, Britain, granted Malta self-governance after Malta's brave resistance to the Axis powers and loyalty to Britain during World War II, which did allow for the movement for independence to grow more in popularity. Malta attained independence from the British Empire and joined the Commonwealth of Nations in 1964 and declared itself a republic a decade later, known as Republic Day.

Background

Malta has been an area of interest, for its strategic location in the Mediterranean Sea, since classical times. The island allowed for great international trade and a militarily strategic location, the island was wonderful for navies to stop and rest and it was a great base for military assaults from the air and the sea.  The island's longest ruler was the Knights of St. John, who controlled the island for 250 years. The Knights lost their control of the island after an invasion by French forces led by Napoleon. Napoleon's fleet was en route to invade Egypt and beyond, but needed a place to rest beforehand. Malta refused Napoleon's request to harbour at its islands, but he was not going to let his invasion fail at the fault of the small island-state so he invaded and seized control of the island. While Malta might have been taken through force, the French did not treat them wrongly. France established many reforms that reflected that of the French Revolution, such as ending the remaining feudalistic policies, building and founding many schools, and abolishing slavery. Despite this, the people of Malta saw those policies as excessive for the locals were "largely dominated by [and loyal to] two institutions: the aristocracy and the Church." The Maltese people revolted against the French in response to the policies enacted by France in the occupation of 1799. The French had also been plundering art and national treasures belonging to Malta and taking them back to France, such as the sword belonging to Grandmaster Jean Parisot de la Vallette. During this time, the French had been at war with the British, hence why Napoleon was headed for British-owned Egypt. So when the Maltese resistance attempted to retake their capital of Valletta and failed, they turned to Britain for help. Britain accepted Malta's plea for help since France was Britain's nemesis. With famous Admiral Lord Nelson, British forces blockaded the island and took it in 1800. Britain incorporated Malta into their empire, and in 1869, Malta would become famous for its use as a halfway stop between British Gibraltar and the newly opened Suez Canal. The island would then be built up as a fortress and made into the home the British Mediterranean fleet.

A century later would have the Second World War occur. Being the home of the British fleet in the Mediterranean, the Axis powers would try repeatedly to either destroy or control the island. This devastated Malta, but the island never gave in. Their stern resistance against the Nazis and Fascist Italians was rewarded by the British, who both gave the people of Malta the George Cross and promised to give the Maltese people independence. A small amount of local rule was given in 1947, though it wasn't until 21 September 1964 that full independence came. Malta became a republic a decade later and British forces finally left the country after the defence treaty expired on 31 March 1979, which is celebrated as "Freedom Day".

See also

 Public holidays in Malta
 Independence Day - other Independence Days around the world
 History of Malta and Independence (History of Malta)

References

1964 establishments in Malta
Public holidays in Malta
Malta
Autumn events in Malta
September observances

Independence Day (Malta)


AAARGH (Association des Anciens Amateurs de Récits de Guerres et d'Holocaustes English: Association of longstanding Fans of War and Holocaust Stories) is a French association which was founded in 1996. It publishes and circulates texts and writings from mainly French and German Holocaust deniers in different languages on the Internet, including Robert Faurisson, Germar Rudolf, the right-wing politician and former NPD member Günter Deckert, and Argentine  Norberto Ceresole.

The Internet sites of the AAARGH were several times shut down by the French courts because their content was judged antisemitic. Since 2001 the website has been hosted by the Belgian right-wing organization Vrij Historisch Onderzoek (VHO). In 2005, a consortium of eight groups, including SOS-Racisme and the Union des étudiants juifs de France ("Union of French Jewish students", UEJF), obtained a court judgment forcing Internet Service Providers in France to prevent access to the site - the first time a website was blocked in this way under French law. The decision was appealed by the Internet Service Providers on the grounds that they were not responsible for the content. However, the judgment was sustained. The site is no longer accessible to Internet users in French territory.

The German Bundesprüfstelle für jugendgefährdende Medien (Federal Department for Media Harmful to Young Persons) says that the AAARGH wanted to give denial a serious and harmless image and thar their connection to Ahmed Rami indicates an at least superficial link to Islamic Fundamentalism.

External links
 ht
 tp://aaargh.vho.org/

References

Far-right politics in France
Jewish French history
Political organizations based in France
Holocaust-denying websites

Association des anciens amateurs de récits de guerre et d'holocauste


The Tulle massacre happened on June 9, 1944 in the French town of Tulle, part of World War II. Civilians were executed by German soldiers in the 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich.

Historic context
After the Allies landed in Normandy, on the 6th of June 1944, there were partisan uprisings in most of the Massif central, and also in the Limousin region. They did this to support the allied invasion, and to make it more difficult for the German troops to get to the front line. There are not many people in the  massif central. Partisans were able to get most of it under their control. They also attacked some of the towns, such as Guéret and Tulle. The German military forces were aware of this, and they took action. On the 7th of June, SS Gruppenführer Heinz Lammerding was given responsibility for the 2nd SS Panzer division "Das Reich". The division was to be used to fight against the resistance. Later it should head north to support other German troops. Other than fighting the resistance (called Maquis), they committed several crimes against the civilian population, amongst others, in Tulle.

On the 7th and the 8th of June 1944, communist troops of the Francs-Tireurs et Partisans had entered the city of Tulle. They attacked German troops. There were several hundred of them. While they defended themselves, German troops also killed 18 employees of the railway station, in Tulle. These employees were paid by the Germans, and they wore white scarves, identifying them as civilians (under the Geneva Conventions). Several hundred German troops had been captured and locked in a school building, which was later put in flames. The partisans killed  several hundred troops trying to escape from the burning school. Towards the evening of July 8, the FTP partisans were able to conquer Tulle. According to German reports "122 soldiers" were killed, wounded or went missing. The exact number is not known, and cannot be established today. The first units of the 2nd SS Panzer division reached Tulle on July 8. The partisans, who hadn't known they were coming, fled from the city.

The massacre
On July 9, the German troops of the Panzer division took revenge on the civilian population, for "supporting the resistance". First, all men between 18 and 45 years old were arrested. They were put in the courtyard of the local arms manufacturer, Manufacture nationale d'armes de Tulle. There there were told, that they would be hanged in the city, in rows of 120 people. Walter Schmald, a SD person from Belgium decided who would be hanged. Before taking his decision, he talked to high-ranking government officials of the Vichy regime. As these people were collaborating with the resistance movement, they could convince Schmald to spare their friends, and to lower the number from 120 to 99. Next the soldiers of the Panzerdivision hanged these 99 hostages, who were more or less picked at random. They used streetlights and balconies for hanging them.  Groups of residents were forced to watch the hangings. One of these groups was a group of about 600 teenagers, who were part of the Arbeitsdienst. Many high-ranking SS officials listened to music and amused themselves, while the soldiers were hanging the men. Both the people who were forced to watch, and those who were being executed probably heard the music.

Peter Lieb, a military historian says, that even though the German troops overreacted, and that some of their actions were against the laws of war, the Tulle massacre can still be seen as a form of war reprisal. This does not apply to the Massacre of Oradour, committed a day later. Oradour is near Limoges, about  to the northwest. Officially, 642 people were killed in Oradour, which makes it one of the worst massacres of the Second World War, by the number of victims.

Convicting those responsible
After 1945, German courts did not convict Lammerding, for "Lack of Proof". In 1951, a court in Bordeaux found him guilty for the crimes he committed in Tulle and Oradour, and sentenced him to death (while absent). The French asked the British, who were occupying the part of Germany where he now lived (and was a successful businessman). to extradite him. The relationship between the two countries was bad, and the British officer in command said, he had never heard of Lammerding. Nevertheless, Lammerding "vanished" in 1954.  When he reappeared in 1958, the German consitution made it illegal to extradite German citizens. In addition, a law came into force in 1955, which forbade to rejudge a case which had already been handled by another court of an allied power. This was only changed in 1975, after Lammerding's death in 1971.

1944 in France
Massacres in Europe during World War II
June 1944 events
Tulle

Tulle massacre


Lê Văn Tống (September 1, 1946 – April 5, 2019), known as Lý Tống, was a Vietnamese American anti-communist activist.

Early life
Ly Tong was born on September 1, 1946, to a family of 9 brothers. His father Le Van Tan was a member of the Communist Party of Vietnam, was arrested by the French Army in Huế and died during imprisonment. Tan was honored as one of the heroic martyrs by the Vietnamese government. Ly Tong's brother Le Van Quy joined the CPV in 1949, and in 1984 worked as an assistant professor and served as the head of the Faculty of Literature at the Ho Chi Minh City University of Social Sciences and Humanities.

Talking about his family, Ly Tong said:
 "My father was against the French, my brother was against the US, and I was against the Communist. That is Ly Tong's life."

In the early years of his life, he studied at An Cựu Primary School in South Vietnam, and then transferred to Nguyen Tri Phuong High School. In 1962, Ly Tong finished middle school, and in 1963 he studied at Huế National School.

Military career

In 1965, at the age of 19, he joined the Republic of Vietnam Air Force. From January 1965 to December 1965, Tong studied at the Air Force Training Center in Nha Trang. While at Nha Trang, he received a notice to study in the United States. In January 1970, he was assigned to the "Black Eagle" Fighter Squadron of 4th Air Force Division, at the city of Cần Thơ, where he trained to fly the Cessna U-17 and A-37 Dragonfly. During this time, Ly Tong fought mainly in the Cambodian campaign and in battles at the southwestern region of Vietnam.

In early 1973, Ly Tong was transferred to the 548 Squadron in Phan Rang. During this period, he continued his training to fly A-37
in bombing, reconnaissance, guided air strikes and scouting missions. He mainly fought in the battlefield at the Central Highlands.

Prisoner and subsequent escape
In April 1975, while flying an attack mission against North Vietnamese targets, his A-37 was shot down by anti-aircraft fire. On the same month, the city of Saigon was captured by the North Vietnamese Army, which marked the end of the Vietnam War and the fall of South Vietnam.

After being captured, he was held in a re-education camp for five years. In August 1980, while renovating at a re-education camp in Tuy Hoa, he fled to Ho Chi Minh City where he lived illegally. During this time, Ly Tong met with people who specialized in living by making forged documents. With fake identity documents, he fled Vietnam by crossing the border by land to Cambodia and subsequently arriving in Thailand by bike, bus, train and on foot. He eventually swam at night across the Johor Strait to Singapore, hailed a cab and arrived at the United States Embassy in Singapore to request political asylum.

In 1984, Ly was granted asylum to the United States and he received a letter from then President Ronald Reagan for his struggle to attain freedom from captivity in Vietnam. He earned a master's degree in political science at the University of New Orleans and has written a novel in Vietnamese. He became good friends with former Republic of Vietnam Air Force Colonel An Vo. He also played a large role in the Vietnamese community in New Orleans.

Anti-communist activism
In the 1990s he decided to take up anti-communist activities, and in 1992, he hijacked a Vietnam Airlines airliner. Ly Tong's copilot claimed that he was forced to fly over Ho Chi Minh City so that Ly Tong could drop thousands of leaflets calling for insurrection against the communist government of Vietnam. He parachuted and jumped from the plane, but he landed in a swamp and was apprehended by Vietnamese soldiers and sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment. In 1998 the Vietnamese government released him as part of an amnesty program along with other democracy activists. Colonel An Vo from New Orleans is said to have gone back to help him become free.

On January 1, 2000, he flew over Havana, Cuba, and dropped leaflets encouraging the Cuban people to rise up and revolt against the government of Fidel Castro. On his return to Kendall-Tamiami Executive Airport in Florida, he was detained and questioned by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement but was released without charges. The Federal Aviation Administration suspended his pilots' license. On his return to Florida, he was hailed a hero by some Cuban-Americans and there was a return parade for his flight over Cuba.

On November 17, 2000, Ly Tong and a copilot flew to Thailand, from where he flew to drop 50,000 pamphlets calling for armed demonstrations against the communist government of Vietnam over Ho Chi Minh City. The leaflet-dropping coincided with a visit to Vietnam by then-U.S. President Bill Clinton. After landing, he was arrested by Thai authorities. In December 2004, the Vietnamese government sent an extradition request to Thailand, accusing Tong of slandering the Government of Vietnam and violating the territorial security of Vietnam. The Thai lower court did not consider the slander charge, deeming it a political offense, but ruled there was sufficient reason to extradite Tong. In 2006, Tong was released by the Thai government and returned to the United States. The decision to extradite Tong to Vietnam was overturned by Thai appeals court after it ruled that Tong's act was a political offense, rather than a criminal one.

On August 26, 2008, Ly Tong rented a plane and pilot for travel. But a short time after taking off, Tong told the pilot to fly the airplane over North Korea so that he could spread anti-communist leaflets to the North Koreans. The pilot told him that due to the lack of fuel they had to return to Seoul to refill, whilst sending an emergency hijacking signal to the airport authorities.  Upon landing, Tong was arrested and briefly detained by the airport authorities.

He was arrested again in July 2010 for a pepper spray assault on Vietnamese singer Dam Vinh Hung at a concert in Santa Clara, California. This singer was supposedly a singer supporting Vietnam and its communist values. This concert took place in California where many Vietnamese object to the communist values they escaped from. Security was tight, as people figured there would be an assault against the singer. Ly Tong dressed up in drag to escape security and pepper spray the singer in the face as he was being handed a flower on stage. He was convicted of two misdemeanors—simple assault and resisting arrest—and two felonies, including using tear gas and second-degree burglary with the intent to commit a felony. On June 22, 2012, he was sentenced to 6 months in jail and 3 years probation.

Later life and death
In February through March 2008, he conducted a hunger strike at San Jose City Hall, protesting efforts by city councilwoman Madison Nguyen to name a district of the city "New Saigon Business District" instead of "Little Saigon".

Tong died of lung cancer on April 5, 2019, at Sharp Memorial Hospital, in San Diego, California. His funeral was attended by mourners within the Vietnamese American community in Westminster, California. He is buried at the Westminster Memorial Park.

References

External links
Official Facebook page Ly Tong
Vietnamese Embassy bomber claims he is "for freedom and human rights"
An old soldier still fights Vietnam War
Vietnam welcomes Thai ruling to extradite US anti-communist
Viet Nam hails Thailand's decision to extradite Ly Tong
Vietnam dissident wins reprieve
The Last Action Hero
Anti-communist leaves paper trail The Seattle Times
Do Not Bring Communists to the Vietnamese American Community
San Jose: Despite pleas for leniency, judge sentences activist Ly Tong to jail

1946 births
2019 deaths
South Vietnam Air Force personnel
Hijackers
Vietnamese people of the Vietnam War
American civil rights activists
Vietnamese emigrants to the United States
Vietnamese anti-communists
Shot-down aviators
Vietnamese democracy activists
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Vietnam
People from New Orleans
University of New Orleans alumni
Prisoners and detainees of Vietnam
American people imprisoned abroad
21st-century American criminals
Hunger strikers
Politics of San Jose, California
Deaths from lung cancer in California
People from Thừa Thiên-Huế province
Prisoners and detainees of Thailand

Ly Tong


Ogdo Yegorovna Aksenov () (February 8, 1936 in Boganida, Taymyr Autonomous Okrug, USSR - February 14, 1995 in Dudinka, Russia) was a Dolgan poet, founder of Dolgan written literature.

Biography
Aksyonova was born in the family of a reindeer herder began writing poems in high school. For her story, "Paul Chuprin", in 1956 she was given the "Soviet Taimyr" award. She became a cultural worker, and in 1967 was awarded a "Badge of Honor." She published works in Valery Kravets ( "The Polar Truth") and in the popular magazine "Worker."

Later she printed poems and tales in the Dolgan language. Yakut printers promised to find the right fonts, which would take into account the specifics of Dolgan language. The book was published in 1973. It was called "Baraksan." In the second book, Aksenova wanted to build the whole song on the material. She called it "Songs Dolgan."

Ogdo Aksyonov died on the night of January 14, 1995.

References

Russian poets
1936 births
1995 deaths

Ogdo Aksyonova


Street of Dreams is a 1988 American action/thriller film directed by William A. Graham and starring Ben Masters and Morgan Fairchild. Made as a television film, Street of Dreams was originally aired on October 7, 1988, on CBS and was subsequently released on DVD on January 10, 2005. The role of a drug addict who—per Fairchild's remarks—"looks like hell" marked a departure for Morgan Fairchild, whose career had, up to that point, been defined by roles of glamour and sex appeal.

The film follows a laid-back private investigator Kyd Thomas (Ben Masters) who gets thrust into Hollywood's world of crime after he meets Laura Cassidy (Morgan Fairchild). Laura is a cocaine addict who Kyd saves from being beaten and raped and with whom he quickly enters a romantic relationship. The storyline is based on the books Good Night and Good-Bye and Kyd for Hire by American author Timothy Harris which chronicle stories of the life and adventures of a private investigator named Thomas Kyd. Harris has since claimed that he was credited on the film even though he "didn't really do anything on it", "didn't write it, and wasn't involved."

Morgan Fairchild's role
Morgan Fairchild, known for her glamorous roles and often herself referred to as "glamorous" and a "sex symbol", took on the role of cocaine addict Laura because she "liked the chance to play somebody who looks like hell." Fairchild has stated in interviews that the role was "a real challenge" and that, even though she found it "humiliating" and "scary" to have circles drawn under her eyes for more realistic effect, she still considered it to be "a lot of fun to be working on something a little off the beaten track." Fairchild stated that she would love to get more acting jobs that are antithetical to her image, such as "a bag lady or a scrub woman" but fears that filmmakers will not think to consider her for such a role.

Cast
 Ben Masters - Kyd Thomas
 Morgan Fairchild - Laura Cassidy / Eva Bomberg
 Diane Salinger - Anne Kepler
 Michael Cavanaugh - Lt. Marcus
 Alan Autry - Maury Fields
 Gerald Hiken - Dix Landau
 Wendell Wellman - Carl Bomberg
 John Hillerman - Raymond Kepler

See also
 Cinema of the United States
 1988 in film
 List of American films of 1988

References

External links

1988 television films
1988 films
CBS network films
Films directed by William Graham (director)
Films scored by Laurence Rosenthal

Street of Dreams (film)


Narendra Mohan Sen (1887–1963) was an Indian freedom fighter and revolutionary involved with Anushilan Samiti.

Short biography
Narendra joined the revolutionary outfit that was known as Anushilan Samiti. He played a major role in unifying Jugantar, led by Jadugopal Mukherjee and Anushilan Samiti in the 1920s, after both parties suffered major setback because most of their senior leaders were arrested.

References

Anushilan Samiti
1887 births
1963 deaths
Revolutionary movement for Indian independence
Indian revolutionaries

Narendra Mohan Sen


Python On Song is the name of a double pack of two 7" singles  released by Monty Python on 19 November 1976. The first record was a straight reissue of the previous year's release of the "Lumberjack Song"/"Spam Song" single. The second record consisted of a live recording of "Bruces Song" taken from Live At Drury Lane, with the other side containing the group's second single "Eric The Half A Bee".

The two records were housed in a gatefold sleeve containing the lyrics for all four songs. The first 5000 copies had the Pythons' autographs printed on the cover and an adhesive seal holding the two sides of the gatefold together.

Track listing

Record One
Side One
Lumberjack Song
Side Two
Spam Song

Record Two
Side One
Bruces Song
Side Two
Eric The Half A Bee

References

Monty Python songs
1976 singles
Charisma Records singles

Python On Song


Makira-Ulawa Province is one of the nine provinces of Solomon Islands.

Geography
The main part of the province is Makira Island.  It has a population of 40,419 (2009). The capital is Kirakira.

Makira-Ulawa Province includes Makira (San Cristobal), Ulawa, Uki Ni Masi, Owaraha (Santa Ana), Owariki (Santa Catalina), Pio and others.

Makira Island is 3090km²: 139km long by 40km wide at around the centre of the island. Mountains run like a spine down the island's centre: the highest point reaches 1040 m, then falls steeply to the sea along its southern shore. Many rivers penetrate the island in roughly parallel lines every two to five kilometres. Makira has more inland swamps—and saltwater crocodiles—than any other island in the Solomon Islands. Its coast is the only part of the Solomons where the rare Olive, or Pacific Ridley, turtle is known to visit and nest.

Because Makira Island was isolated for long stretches of time during periods of high sea level, a wide variety of unique plants and animals evolved. For example, 12 of its 70 resident species of birds are endemic, as are two species of trees, both figs (Ficus cristobalensis and Ficus illiberalis). This uniqueness highlights the importance of preserving Makira's forest habitat.

Makira is also among the most important islands in the country for birds. There are some bird watching spots on the island. At the village of Hauta, situated hundreds of metres above sea level, at the Bauro inland region an established conservation area exists. However, one requires a permission to visit, which can be acquired from the Provincial Office at Kirakira.

Population
In 2009, the total population was estimated to be 40,419. Makira-Ulawa people are mostly Melanesian and their traditional dances and rituals are still strongly kept, especially in the islands of Santa Ana (Owaraha), Santa Catalina (Owariki), Uki-ni-masi and Ulawa.

On Makira, five languages are spoken: Arosi, Bauro, Fagani, Kahua, and Owa. The Bauro speakers have been considered to be the most isolated and conservative of the Makira groups. The people of Ulawa and Ugi Island speak Sa'a.

Administrative divisions
Makira-Ulawa Province is sub-divided into the following wards:

 Makira-Ulawa Province (40,419)
North Ulawa (1,169)
South Ulawa (1,294)
West Ulawa (860)
Ugi and Pio (1,212)
Arosi South (3,009)
Arosi West (2,009)
Arosi North (2,344)
Arosi East (2,054)
Bauro West (3,925)
Bauro Central (4,562)
Bauro East (1,625)
Wainoni West (2,131)
Wainoni East (2,488)
Star Harbour North (3,262)
Santa Ana (1,547)
Santa Catalina (811)
Star Harbour South (1,138)
Rawo (677)
Weather Cast (1,658)
Haununu (2,644)

Islands
 Ali'ite
 Makira (San Cristobal)
 Malaulalo
 Malaupaina
 Owaraha (Santa Ana)
 Owariki (Santa Catalina)
 Pio
 Ugi
 Ulawa

References

Provinces of the Solomon Islands
States and territories established in 1981
1981 establishments in the Solomon Islands

Makira-Ulawa Province


Buncton () is a small village in the Horsham District of West Sussex, England, part of the civil parish of Wiston  north. It lies to the east of the A24 road,  as the crow flies, about  by road south of Horsham and  north west of Shoreham by Sea.

Buncton existed as a settlement at the time of the Domesday survey in 1086, when it was called Bongetune.  Its origins lie in a manor whose land lay within two exclaves of the parish of Ashington within the Rape of Bramber, one of the six ancient subdivisions of Sussex.  The medieval manor house has vanished, but a 17th-century replacement still stands.

The most notable building in Buncton is All Saints Church, a grade I listed building.  This 11th or 12th century structure is composed mainly of flint and rubble masonry with some fragments of tile salvaged from the earlier Roman building that existed nearby. The church was built by the monks of neighbouring Sele Priory, and parts of the stonework show evidence of having been previously used at Sele. The church contained a curious carving, claimed by some to be an example of a sheela-na-gig, which was destroyed by an act of vandalism in 2004.

Until 2007 All Saints' was a district chapel of ease, subordinate to St Mary's Church at Wiston, but in that year the status of the two buildings was reversed, with All Saints' becoming the Parish Church.

Notes

External links

Villages in West Sussex
Horsham District

Buncton


Antoine-Joseph "Adolphe" Sax (; 6 November 1814 –  7 February 1894) was a Belgian inventor and musician who invented the saxophone in the early 1840s, patenting it in 1846. He also invented the saxotromba, saxhorn and saxtuba. He played the flute and clarinet.

Early life
Antoine-Joseph Sax was born on 6 November 1814 in Dinant, in what is now Belgium, to Charles-Joseph Sax and his wife Marie-Joseph (Masson). While his given name was Antoine-Joseph, he was referred to as Adolphe from childhood. His father and mother were instrument designers themselves, who made several changes to the design of the French horn. Adolphe began to make his own instruments at an early age, entering two of his flutes and a clarinet into a competition at the age of 15. He subsequently studied performance on those two instruments as well as voice at the Royal Conservatory of Brussels.

Sax faced many brushes with death. As a child, he once fell from a height of three floors, hit his head on a stone and was believed dead. At the age of three, he drank a bowl full of acidic water, mistaking it for milk, and later swallowed a pin. He received serious burns from a gunpowder explosion and once fell onto a hot cast-iron frying pan, burning his side.
Several times he avoided accidental poisoning and asphyxiation from sleeping in a room where varnished furniture was drying. Another time young Sax was struck on the head by a cobblestone and fell into a river, almost dying.

His mother once said that "he's a child condemned to misfortune; he won't live". His neighbors called him "little Sax, the ghost".

Career and later life
After leaving the Royal Conservatory of Brussels, Sax began to experiment with new instrument designs, while his parents continued their business of making conventional instruments. Sax's first important invention was an improvement in bass clarinet design, which he patented at the age of 24. He relocated permanently to Paris in 1842 and began working on a new set of valved bugles. While he did not invent this instrument, his examples were much more successful than those of his rivals and became known as saxhorns. Hector Berlioz was so enamoured of these that he arranged in February 1844 for one of his pieces to be played entirely on saxhorns. They were made in seven different sizes and paved the way for the creation of the flugelhorn. Today saxhorns are sometimes used in concert bands, marching bands, and orchestras. The saxhorn also laid the groundwork for the modern euphonium.

Sax also developed the saxotromba family, valved brass instruments with narrower bore than the saxhorns, in 1845, though they survived only briefly.

The use of saxhorns spread rapidly. The saxhorn valves were accepted as state-of-the-art in their time and remain largely unchanged today. The advances made by Adolphe Sax were soon followed by the British brass band movement, which exclusively adopted the saxhorn family of instruments. A decade after saxhorns became available, the Jedforest Instrumental Band (1854) and The Hawick Saxhorn Band (1855) were formed in the Scottish Borders.

The period around 1840 saw Sax inventing the , an early unsuccessful design of contrabass clarinet. On 28 June 1846 he patented the saxophone, intended for use in orchestras and military bands. By 1846 Sax had designed saxophones ranging from sopranino to subcontrabass, although not all were built. Composer Hector Berlioz wrote approvingly of the new instrument in 1842, but despite his support, saxophones did not become a standard part of the orchestra. Their ability to play technical passages easily like woodwinds yet project loudly like brass instruments led to their inclusion in military bands in France and elsewhere. Sax's reputation helped secure him a job teaching at the Paris Conservatory in 1857.

He continued to make instruments later in life and presided over the new saxophone course at the Paris Conservatory. Legal troubles involving patents continued for over 20 years, with rival instrument makers attacking the legitimacy of his patents and Sax suing them for patent infringement. He was driven into bankruptcy three times: in 1852, 1873 and 1877.

Sax suffered from lip cancer between 1853 and 1858 but made a full recovery. In 1894 he died of pneumonia in Paris, in poverty, and was interred in section 5 (Avenue de Montebello) at the Cimetière de Montmartre in Paris.

Honors and awards
In his birthplace Dinant in Belgium the Mr Sax's House is dedicated to his life and saxophones.
 1849: Awarded the Chevalier rank of the Legion of Honour.
 1867:  at the 1867 Paris International Exposition.
 1995: In 1995, his likeness was featured on the front of Belgium's 200 Belgian francs banknote.
 2015: Google Doodle commemorated his 201st birthday.

Notes

References

Bibliography
 SAX REVOLUTIONS: Adolphe Sax's life. DIAGO, José-Modesto (dir. and prod.); Spain, [EnFin Producciones] 2014, 64 min: son. col.

External links

 Pictures of saxophones made by Adolphe and Adolphe Edouard Sax

1814 births
1894 deaths
19th-century Belgian inventors
Belgian musical instrument makers
Belgian saxophonists
Burials at Montmartre Cemetery
Academic staff of the Conservatoire de Paris
Inventors of musical instruments
People from Dinant

Adolphe Sax


David Charles Coon (born 28 October 1956 in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian politician, who was elected to the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick in the 2014 provincial election to represent the provincial electoral district of Fredericton South.

Coon became the first elected Green MLA in New Brunswick history, the third Green parliamentarian elected in Canada, and has served as the Leader of the Green Party of New Brunswick since winning the leadership of his party in 2012.

Coon resides in Fredericton, NB with his wife Janice Harvey, and daughters Caroline and Laura Coon.

Biology and conservation work

A biologist by training, Coon worked as an environmental educator, organizer, activist and manager for 33 years, 28 of those years with the Conservation Council of New Brunswick.

Coon has also provided education and training in energy efficient home renovation and home-based renewable energy systems, writing a regular column for the Globe and Mail on the topic. During his time as Policy Director at the Conservation Council, Mr. Coon's work to protect drinking water led to the creation of New Brunswick's Clean Water Act and to the province's Petroleum Product Handling and Storage Regulation. This earned the New Brunswick environmental organization the United Nations Environmental Programme's Global 500 award. He was later awarded a silver medallion from the Canadian Environmental Achievement Awards for his work in advancing public policy on climate change, both provincially and nationally.

Coon has advocated for community-based ecological resource management and land use. He worked with commercial fishermen's organizations to establish the Bay of Fundy Fisheries Council to advance community-based fishery management. His collaboration with the National Farmers Union helped create the first agricultural conservation club in New Brunswick.

He was a founding director of Canada's first community supported agricultural initiative, Harvest Share Co-operative on Keswick Ridge, and co-founded the New Brunswick Community Land Trust.

Political career
Coon ran for the seat of Fredericton South in the Legislative Assembly in the 2014 provincial election, winning the vote. He is the second member of a provincial Green Party to win a seat in a provincial legislature, following Andrew Weaver in British Columbia.

Since his election in 2014, Coon has introduced private member's bills aimed at increasing local food security and expanding local agriculture, creating jobs in energy efficient building renovations and renewable energy, lowering the voting age, protecting citizens against frivolous lawsuits. He has championed improving access to both mental and primary health care, alleviating poverty, the provision of midwifery services, climate action, and forest management that is socially and ecologically sound. He had a bill passed to ensure students in the public school system learn about historical and contemporary relationships with First Nations; implementing one of the Calls to Action of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.

Coon was successful in securing all party support for adding a code of conduct and a statement on the roles and responsibilities for MLAs to the Standing Rules of the Legislative Assembly.

He has served as a member of the Standing Committee on Estimates and Fiscal Policy, the Standing Committee on Procedure, Privileges and Legislative Officers, and the Legislative Administration Committee. He also served as a member of the Select Committee on Climate Change, whose recommendations formed the basis of New Brunswick's Climate Action Plan.

In the 2018 provincial election, the Green party under Coon elected three MLAs. In the 2020 provincial election, those three MLAs were all re-elected including Coon.

See also
List of Green party leaders in Canada

References

External links

Green Party of New Brunswick

Living people
1956 births
Leaders of the Green Party of New Brunswick
Green Party of New Brunswick MLAs
Politicians from Toronto
Canadian biologists
Politicians from Fredericton
21st-century Canadian politicians
Canadian conservationists

David Coon


Fame Factory was a Swedish reality television show structured in the form of Star Academy series also known under that name (Star Academy) in France or various names like Fame Academy in the UK, Operación Triunfo in Spain etc.

Fame Factory was launched in 2002 on the Swedish channel TV3 and was hosted for 4 seasons by Bert Karlsson. For all seasons, the Academy was held at Skara with the final each year held at various location: at Paroc-fabriken in Skövde for season 1 (2002), at the Olssons Lada also in Skövde for season 2 won by (2003), at Hovet in Stockholm season 3 (2004, in two legs, winter and spring) and the Skara market town (season for in 2005).

The instructors for the Academy school was Mikael Gordon-Solfors and the program was produced by the Swedish production company Strix and by Joachim Janckert. The principals for the academy were Micke Grahn (for season 1 and first leg of season 3), Monica Einarson (for season 2), Bengt Palmers (for second leg of season 3) and Lotta Engberg (season 4). The program was suspended after 4 seasons.

Winners were Magnus Bäcklund in season 1 in 2002, Anders Johansson in season 2 in 2003, Johan Becker in season 3 (2004) and Sandra Oxenryd in the final season 4 (2005).

The winner of season 1 Magnus Bäcklund was paired with contestant Jessica Andersson to form the duo Fame. The duo won the Melodifestivalen 2003 and represented Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 2003 with "Give Me Your Love" finishing fifth in the competition, while the winner of season 4, Sandra Oxenryd, represented Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 but failed to qualify for the final.

Contestants

Season 1 (2002)
Magnus Bäcklund (winner)
Jessica Andersson
Andrés Esteche
Anna-Klara Folin
Fernando Fuentes Vargas
Mathias Holmgren
Markus Landgren
Victoria Limenza
David Lindgren
Michael Michailoff
Wiktoria Nilsson
Maria Pensar
Patrik Rasmussen
Emil Sigfridsson
Hannah Westin

Season 2 (2003)
Anders Johansson (Winner)
Johanna Bjurenstedt Gustafsson
David Castaneda
Simon Forsberg
Ida Hedberg
Morgan Johansson
Sophie Johansson
Ulrika Lundkvist
Mia Löfgren
Dajana Lööf
Martin Nilsson
Per Norberg
Dennis Radoicic
Peter Simson
Jerker Tenenbaum
Johan Thorsell

Season 3 (2003)
Held in two legs (winter and spring)
Johan Becker (Winner)
Theresa Andréasson
Sabina Baltzar-Roth
Calle Bergström
Johan Bergström
Sandra Dahlberg
Martina Edoff
Elena Ermanova
Fredrik Furu
Maja Gullstrand
Elin Hedberg
Pauline Högberg
Jimmy Jansson
Sara Löfgren
Karl Martindahl (runner-up)
Andreas Martinelle
Annie Nordin
Andreas Novak
Martin Olsen
Katja Ottosson
Modupeh Sowe
Carola Szücs
Andreas Wistrand
Robert Zuddas
Marcus Öhrn
Johan Östberg (third)

Season 4 (2005)
Sandra Oxenryd (Winner)
Pontus Assarsson (finalist)
Linda Bengtzing
Andrea Bonde
Annis Brander
Camilla Håkansson
Andreas Johansson
Emma Karlsson (finalist)
Victoria Limenza
Anders Nystedt
Jessica Olsson
Mikaela Pettersson
Ida Pihlgren (finalist)
Johanna Sailon
Alexander Schöld
Staffan Stridsberg
Ida Sundelius
Patrik Öhlund (finalist)

Music competitions in Sweden
TV3 (Sweden) original programming
2002 Swedish television series debuts
2005 Swedish television series endings
2000s Swedish television series
Swedish reality television series

Fame Factory


Howard Lawrence Berman (born April 15, 1941) is an American attorney and retired politician who served as a U.S. representative from California from 1983 to 2013. A member of the Democratic Party, he represented the state's 26th congressional district until redistricting and the 28th congressional district—which both encompassed parts of the San Fernando Valley—for a combined 15 terms.

Early life, education, and legal career
Berman was born in Los Angeles, to Jewish parents, the son of Eleanor (née Schapiro) and Joseph Berman. His maternal grandparents immigrated from Russia. He graduated from Alexander Hamilton High School in 1959 and earned his B.A. in international relations in 1962 and his LL.B. in 1965 at the University of California, Los Angeles. Blanche Bettington, his high school civics teacher, inspired him to enter politics and government.

He was a VISTA volunteer (1966–1967) in Baltimore and San Francisco, and was an associate at a Los Angeles law firm, Levy, Van Bourg & Hackler (1967–72) specializing in labor relations.

California Assembly

Elections
Berman won election to the Assembly in 1972 from a district in the Hollywood Hills, unseating the incumbent Republican speaker pro tempore. His brother Michael, campaign manager in Henry Waxman's 1968 Assembly race, again ran a targeted mail operation.

Tenure
In 1974, Berman and Waxman both opposed Willie Brown's unsuccessful revolt against Speaker of the California State Assembly Leo McCarthy, who rewarded Berman's loyalty by appointing him the youngest majority leader in Assembly history. McCarthy fired Berman when Berman tried to replace him in 1980. Although McCarthy failed to retain the speakership, Berman failed to win it and Brown became speaker. Other members remarked on what a tough politician he was; the Bermans helped arrange a primary defeat for at least one colleague (Jack R. Fenton) who had opposed his bid.

Committee assignments
He also served as Chairman of the Assembly Democratic Caucus and on the Policy Research Management Committee of the Assembly.

U.S. House of Representatives

Elections

1982
After redistricting made the 26th district significantly more Democratic, incumbent Republican Congressman John Harbin Rousselot decided to run in California's 30th congressional district in 1982. Berman won the Democratic primary for the open seat with 83% of the vote, and the general election with 60% of the vote.

1984 through 2010
Berman was reelected 14 times, never dropping below 61% of the vote, from 1984 through 2010.

The 2000 census allocated California one new House seat, 53 in all. Berman, "dad of the delegation" on redistricting, made a deal with Republicans Tom Davis and David Dreier to keep 34 safe seats for Democrats, add one new Republican district, and protect nineteen incumbent Republicans. Many California Democrats in the House and California State Senate hired Michael Berman, Howard Berman's brother, as a redistricting consultant, for a fee of $20,000 each. When the August 2001 plan was unveiled, Congressman Brad Sherman, a fellow Democrat from California, complained that it undermined the safety of his seat with too many Hispanic voters, saying, "Howard Berman stabbed me in the back." Berman agreed to redraw the boundary between their districts, giving himself 56% and Sherman 37% Latino population. The redistricting plan survived a court challenge from the MALDEF, which argued that the redistricting diluted Hispanic representation. The Republicans suffered some slippage; they had only 19 members in the delegation to the 110th Congress.

From 2001 to 2006, Berman paid his brother Michael Berman's consulting firm Berman & D'Agostino $195,000 from campaign funds. In the 2002 campaign, Berman & D'Agostino was paid $75,000 in political consulting fees. In 2005, $50,000 in consulting fees were paid to the company, and Michael Berman himself was paid a further $80,500 in campaign management and consulting fees. In 2006, $70,000 was paid in consulting fees.

2012

Following redistricting, Berman decided to run in the newly redrawn California's 30th congressional district, facing fellow Democrat Brad Sherman. Sherman had the advantage because he previously represented over half of the district. About 60% of voters of the new 30th district resided in Sherman's former district, while just 20% of voters resided in Berman's.

The race, unprecedented in pitting two very similar candidates of the same party against each other in the general election, was called a "slugfest". Berman received the endorsements from about two-thirds of California's Democratic congressional delegation. Among Sherman's endorsements were then-Lieutenant Governor Gavin Newsom of California, then-State Controller John Chiang of California, former President Bill Clinton, and Congressman John Conyers of Michigan.

On June 5, 2012, Sherman ranked first in the seven-candidate open primary, with 42% of the vote. Berman ranked second, with 26% of the vote. The state's top-two primary system, implemented in 2010, allows for two candidates of the same party to face-off in the general election. Berman ran as the more conservative Democrat, hoping to divide the Democratic vote and dominate in the independent and conservative vote. However, in the November general election, Sherman defeated Berman, 60.3%–39.7%.

Political positions
Berman has been described as "one of the most creative members of the House, and one of the most clear-sighted operators in American politics". He has been an active legislator on several issues, but has also been described as "not one who gets much publicity".

Berman was the House sponsor of the 1986 False Claims Act that authorized civil litigation by whistleblowers. It led to recoveries for the United States Government exceeding $1 billion dollars.

Berman has championed protecting American film industry jobs from outsourcing ("runaway production"). He has also voted against amending the constitution to require a balanced budget, against banning the desecration of the American flag, against the Defense of Marriage Act, and against restrictions on abortion.

However, Berman concurs with many on the right on a number of issues, particularly foreign policy and trade. Berman voted in support of the invasion of Iraq in both 1991 and 2003, as well as for the FISA Amendments Act of 2008, positions that have hurt his standing among many liberals in his district. While he generally supports free trade - for instance, voting in favor of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and various trade agreements with specific countries -, he voted against the more recent Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA). He opposes withdrawing U.S. support for the World Trade Organization. In that same year, he also voted to phase out many farm subsidy programs put into place by the administration of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt as part of the "New Deal".

In Congress, Berman led the investigation into the conduct of House members in the Mark Foley page scandal.

In May 2012, Berman co-sponsored a bill with Republican Congressman David Dreier of California to reinstate tax credits given to films produced mainly in the United States. The credits were active from 2008 until 2011, and were aimed at keeping films in Hollywood. Berman stressed that we "must make every effort to keep American productions here in the United States".

Copyright law
Berman is known for his protection of copyright interests, and his alliances with the entertainment industry; he was sometimes referred to as the "representative from Hollywood". The major industry contributing to his election campaigns has been the entertainment industry. He proposed legislation under which copyright holders would be able to employ technological tools such as file blocking, redirection, spoofs, and decoys—among others—to curb piracy (Peer to Peer Piracy Prevention Act). He has been named as one of the primary politicians involved in the creation of the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA). In a September 2008 hearing of the House Intellectual Property Subcommittee, Berman criticized the National Institutes of Health's policy requiring NIH-sponsored research to be submitted to a database open to the public by saying that "the N in NIH shouldn't stand for Napster."

Iraq
According to LA Weekly, "Berman played a key and under-appreciated role in securing passage of a resolution that gave President George W. Bush broad authority to use force". The National Journal reports that Berman, "played a critical role in winning passage, by a wide margin, of the Iraq War resolution in October 2002. He strongly supported military action against Iraq, and in September, he organized a group of Democrats who shared his views. Berman's discussions led to House Democratic Leader Dick Gephardt's agreement with the administration on the terms of the resolution—talks that undercut the demands of other senior Democrats, including then House Democratic Whip Nancy Pelosi and Senate Foreign Relations Committee Chairman Joe Biden. In June 2006, Berman voted for the Republican resolution to reject a timetable for withdrawal from Iraq."

Israel
Berman is also a supporter of Israel, telling the Jewish newspaper, The Forward, after being appointed Chairman of the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs, "Even before I was a Democrat, I was a Zionist." He has sponsored the Anti-Boycott Act in the House, which prohibits American individuals and organizations from actively boycotting Israeli goods.

Immigration
In 2003, Berman expressed his concerns over the Patriot Act with then-United States Attorney General John Ashcroft, specifically on the method to hold illegal immigrants until they prove they are not terrorists.

In 2000, Berman, along with then-Senator Gordon Smith of Oregon, proposed an amnesty, which would have granted legal status to hundreds of thousands of undocumented farm laborers. In exchange, requirements that growers provide housing to guest workers, and pay them a minimum wage adjusted annually for inflation, would have been relaxed. In 2005, Berman was part of the bi-partisan group in Congress that fought for immigration reform efforts. That path to citizenship was also supported by President George W. Bush and Senator John McCain.

Investments

OpenSecrets named 151 members of Congress who had investments (as of year end 2006) in companies that do business with the United States Department of Defense, suggesting that such holdings conflict with their responsibility for U.S. security policy. The most important such companies, ranked by estimated total value of members' holdings, were Procter & Gamble, General Electric, Pepsi, ExxonMobil, Berkshire Hathaway, IBM, Microsoft, Johnson & Johnson, H. J. Heinz Company, and Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company. OpenSecrets identified the top ten members of Congress, and the report named no other members among the 151, save committee chairmen Senator Joseph Lieberman and Representative Berman. None of the firms listed above ranked among the top ten DOD contractors in 2008, nor in the top twenty for 2009.

Ethics
Alan Mollohan, ranking member of the House Ethics Committee, resigned from the committee after he himself became the subject of an ethics complaint. Berman had been its senior Democrat 1997–2003, and on 2006-10-05, Minority leader Nancy Pelosi re-appointed him to replace Mollohan. Berman served on the subcommittee investigating the House's page program in the wake of the Mark Foley scandal. "This is an honor I could have done without."

Center for Public Integrity reported in 2006 that members of the House Ethics Committee and their staffs had taken many privately sponsored trips, about 400 trips from 2000 to mid-2005, at a total expense nearly $1 million. Of these, Democrats took about 80% of the trips at about 70% of the cost. Berman and his staff were at the top of the chart, with trips costing more than $245,000. Berman himself had taken 14 trips at the Aspen Institute's expense, including two to China with Mrs. Berman. Aspen replied that its events for members were like graduate seminars, and did not push any policy agenda. "Gene Smith, Berman's chief of staff, said that the bulk of the congressman's foreign travel can be attributed to his being a senior member on the House Committee on International Relations." Five private groups (Campaign Legal Center, Democracy 21, the League of Women Voters, Public Citizen and U.S. PIRG) jointly sent a letter to the ethics committee urging it to ban or restrict such travel.

Committee assignments
 Committee on Foreign Affairs (Ranking Member)
 Committee on the Judiciary
 Subcommittee on Intellectual Property, Competition, and the Internet

Caucus memberships
 Congressional Children's Working Group
 Congressional Diabetes Caucus
 International Conservation Caucus
LGBT Equality Caucus

Career after Congress
Berman joined Washington, D.C. law firm Covington & Burling as a senior advisor in March 2013. Berman also serves on the Board of Directors of the National Democratic Institute. He serves on the board of The Washington Institute for Near East Policy and is an advisory board member of the Counter Extremism Project.

Personal life
Berman married Janis Gail Schwarz in 1979; they have two daughters, Brinley and Lindsey.

Memberships and awards
 First Annual Farmworker Justice Award, 2000
 President, California Federation of Young Democrats, 1967–1969
 President's award, National Music Publishers Association, 2007
 NATO Parliamentary Assembly
 Mexico Parliamentary Group

See also
 List of Jewish members of the United States Congress

References

External links
 Congressman Howard Berman official U.S. House website (archived)
 Howard Berman for Congress official campaign website (archived)

 Join California Howard L. Berman

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1941 births
Living people
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American Zionists
California lawyers
Jewish members of the United States House of Representatives
Democratic Party members of the California State Assembly
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from California
Politicians from Los Angeles
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
UCLA School of Law alumni
The Washington Institute for Near East Policy
The Asia Foundation
People associated with Covington & Burling
21st-century American Jews
Members of Congress who became lobbyists

Howard Berman


In economics, the term stagflation is used when there is almost no growth in production, yet there is high inflation, and unemployment is high. This was supposed to be impossible under the kind of economics described by Keynes (Keynesian economics).

Stagflation is a portmanteau word of stagnation and inflation. It is used in economics when the inflation rate is high, the growth rate slows down, and unemployment stays high. It raises a dilemma for economic policy since actions designed to lower inflation may exacerbate unemployment, and vice versa.

The term is generally attributed to a British politician who became Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1970, Iain Macleod, who coined the phrase in his speech to Parliament in 1965.

Keynes didn't use the term, but some of his work refers to the conditions most would recognise as stagflation. In the version of Keynesian macroeconomic theory which was dominant between the end of World War II (WWII) and the late-1970s, inflation and recession were regarded as mutually exclusive, the relationship between the two being described by the Phillips curve.  Stagflation is very costly and difficult to stop once it starts.

A political measure called the Misery Index is got by adding the inflation rate to the unemployment rate.

This situation usually begins with things beginning to cost more while fewer of the things are being made. Because fewer things are being made, fewer people are needed to make them. This causes unemployment to increase. All three of these factors together cause stagflation — stagnation in production and employment and increasing inflation. It is also because of "cost push" factors. When it begins to cost more to make an item, the price will increase. People will be less likely to invest money in the company. This will lead to more unemployment.

1970s recession
The 1973–75 recession or 1970s recession was a period of economic stagnation in much of the Western world during the 1970s, putting an end to the general post-World War II economic boom. It differed from many previous recessions as being a stagflation, where high unemployment coincided with high inflation.

Notes

Inflation

Stagflation


Freda Bedi (born Freda Marie Houlston; 5 February 1911 – 26 March 1977), also known as Sister Palmo or Gelongma Karma Kechog Palmo, was a British woman who was jailed in India as a supporter of Indian nationalism and was the first Western woman to take full ordination in Tibetan Buddhism.

Early life

Freda Marie Houlston was born in a flat above her father's jewellery and watch repair business in Monk Street in Derby. When she was still a baby, the family moved to Littleover, a suburb of Derby.

Freda's father served in the First World War and was enrolled in the Machine Guns Corps. He was killed in northern France on 14 April 1918. Her mother, Nellie, remarried in 1920, to Frank Norman Swan. Freda studied at Hargrave House and then at Parkfields Cedars School, both in Derby. She also spent several months studying at a school in Rheims in northern France. She succeeded in gaining admission to St Hugh's College, Oxford to study French, being awarded an Exhibition or minor scholarship.

Life at Oxford
At Oxford, Freda Houlston changed her subject from French to Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE). She met her husband Baba Pyare Lal "BPL" Bedi, an Indian from Lahore, on her PPE course. He was a Sikh whose family traced back to Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Romance blossomed and they married at Oxford Registry Office in June 1933, in spite of the reservations of her family and disciplinary action by her college.

Whilst at Oxford Freda became involved in politics. She attended meetings of the Oxford Majlis, where nationalist-minded Indian students gathered, as well as of the communist October Club and the Labour Club. This was another bond with BPL Bedi, who became a keen communist and opponent of Empire. The couple together edited four books on India's struggle for Independence. At St Hugh's her closest friends included Barbara Castle, later a prominent Labour cabinet minister, and the broadcaster Olive Shapley. All three women graduated with a third-class degree; Freda's husband got a fourth-class degree.

Life in India
After a year in Berlin where B.P.L. Bedi was studying - and where their first child, Ranga,  was born - Freda, her husband and baby son sailed to India in 1934. She worked as a journalist and taught English at a women's college in Lahore, and with her husband published a high quality quarterly review "Contemporary India". They also later published a weekly political paper, "Monday Morning".  Freda regularly contributed articles to Lahore's main nationalist daily, The Tribune. Both she and her husband were leftists and campaigning nationalists active in India's independence movement.  The couple's second child, Tilak, died when less than a year old. The family lived in an encampment of huts, without power or running water, outside Model Town in Lahore.

"Baba" Bedi spent about fifteen months in an internment camp at Deoli in the early stages of World War Two because as a communist he was seeking to disrupt recruitment of Punjabis into the British Indian army. Freda herself was jailed for three months in 1941 as a satyagrahi after deliberately defying the wartime regulations as part of a civil disobedience campaign spearheaded by Mohandas K. Gandhi After independence in 1947, Bedi and her family moved to Kashmir, where husband and wife were influential supporters of Sheikh Abdullah, the left-wing Kashmiri nationalist leader. She joined a  women's militia for a while and taught English at a newly established women's college in Srinagar in Kashmir. Later in Delhi, she became editor of the magazine "Social Welfare" of the Ministry of Welfare.

Freda Bedi briefly served as a member of the United Nations Social Services Planning Commission to Burma, during which she was first exposed to Buddhism, which quickly became the defining aspect of her life. In Rangoon she learned vipassana from Mahasi Sayadaw, and Sayadaw U Titthila.
 In Delhi, she became a prominent Buddhist and in 1956, when the 14th Dalai Lama made his first visit to India, she showed him around Buddhist shrines in Delhi.

In 1959, when the Dalai Lama arrived in India after an arduous trek across the Himalayas followed by thousands of his Tibetan devotees, she was asked by India's prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru to help them and spent time improving facilities for refugees at camps in Assam and West Bengal. She became an observant Tibetan Buddhist and she followed the guidance of the 16th Karmapa of the Kagyu School. She worked, with the support of the Dalai Lama, to establish the Young Lamas Home School. Bedi initially set up the Young Lama's School in Delhi but after a short period it was moved to Dalhousie. The school trained young Tibetan lamas and monks in languages and social sciences as well as religion, to equip the coming generation of Tibetan spiritual leaders for life in exile. A number of Bedi's pupils became well-known teachers, including Chogyam Trungpa, Thubten Zopa Rinpoche, Akong Rinpoche, Tulku Pema Tenzin, Kathak Tulku, Gelek Rimpoche, Lama Yeshe Losal Rinpoche, and the sons of Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche, Chokyi Nyima and Chokling of Tsikey). In 1963, with Lama Karma Thinley Rinpoche and under the guidance of the Karmapa, she founded the Karma Drubgyu Thargay Ling nunnery for Tibetan women, now located in Tilokpur, Kangra Valley.

While running the Young Lamas Home School at Dalhousie in north India, Bedi also spent time at Rumtek in Sikkim, the seat of the Karmapa in exile. In 1966, she took sramaneri ordination by the Karmapa and was given the name Karma Kechog Palmo. She was one of the first Western women to take ordination in Tibetan Buddhism. In 1972, she took full bhikshuni ordination in Hong Kong - the first western woman to do so, and according to the scholar Hanna Havnevik possibly the first woman in the Tibetan tradition ever to receive this higher ordination. She accompanied the Karmapa on his first visit to the West in 1974, a landmark five-month tour across North America and Europe. Although not fluent in Tibetan, she helped to translate prayers and religious texts into English. She is credited for bringing Tibetian Buddhism to the West.

Bedi died in New Delhi on 26 March 1977. She was survived by two sons, Ranga Bedi, who was a tea planter, and Kabir Bedi, a Hollywood and Bollywood film and TV star, who was born in Lahore in 1946; a daughter, Gulhima, who was born in Srinagar in 1949, now lives in the United States. A hand crafted wooden tribute to Freda Bedi, made by Kalwinder Singh Dhindsa, was placed in a community garden in her home city of Derby in June 2022.

Published works
 Freda Marie Houlston Bedi, Baba Pyare Lal Bedi, (editors) India analysed, three volumes published by Victor Gollancz, 1933-4
 Freda Marie Houlston Bedi, Behind the Mud Walls, Lahore: Unity Publishers, 1943
 Freda Bedi, Bengal Lamenting, Lahore: Lion, 1944
 Baba Pyare Lal Bedi, Freda Marie (Houlston) Bedi, Sheikh Abdullah: his life and ideals, pamphlet, c1949
 Ein Rosenkranz von Morgengebeten : nach der Tradition des Mahayana – Buddhismus / aus dem Tibetischen ins Englische übers. von Karma Khechog Palmo. Deutsche Wiedergabe von Advayavajra. – Almora, Indien : Kasar-Devi-Ashram-Publication, 1971. – VI, 49 S.
 Freda Bedi, Anna Bhushan (illustrator), Rhymes for Ranga, Random House, India, 2010,

Translations

From French
 Voltaire, Fragments on India, Lion Press, 1937

From Tibetan
 A Garland of morning prayers in the tradition of Mahayana Buddhism, Gelongma Karma Tsultim Khechog Palmo, Ed Palmo, 1976
 Wangchuk Dorje (Karmapa IX), , Mahamudra meditation or The Mahamudra, Gelongma Karma Tsultim Khechog Palmo, Ed. Karma Rigdol Publications, 1971

Further reading
 The Lives of Freda: the political, spiritual and personal journeys of Freda Bedi (2019) by Andrew Whitehead, Speaking Tiger
 The Spiritual Odyssey of Freda Bedi: England, India, Burma, Sikkim and Beyond (2018) by Norma Levine
 The Revolutionary Life of Freda Bedi: British Feminist, Indian Nationalist, Buddhist Nun (2017) by Vicki Mackenzie. Shambhala,
 Cave in the Snow: a Western woman's quest for enlightenment (1999)  by Vicki Mackenzie. . (A biography of Tenzin Palmo, also about Freda Bedi)
 A brief account of Freda Bedi's life and career published in Oxford Today in 2017
 The Making of a Buddhist Nun
 A newspaper feature about Freda Bedi's political involvement in Kashmir
 Freda Bedi, the British woman who fought for India's freedom - BBC website article
 Freda Bedi's 1940s journalism about Kashmir

References

 Sheila Meiring Fugard "Lady of Realisation.  1st ed.  Cape Town: Maitri Publications, 1984.  Copyright © The Library of Congress, No. Txu 140-945.  Cape Town: Electronic Ed., luxlapis.tripod.com.  19 April 1999.  Accessed 30 September 2008.  (In 3 parts.) [A "spiritual biography" of Buddhist Sister Palmo.]

External links
 Website devoted to the life of Freda Bedi and her political, spiritual and personal journeys
 In Memory of The Venerable Gelongma Karma Kechog Palmo
  Photographs of Freda Bedi from Kashmir in the 1940s
  Freda Bedi's 'Bengal Lamenting', with its striking cover designed by Sobha Singh
 Cherry Armstrong's ebook 'Tibetan Tapestry' about working with Freda Bedi and her tulku pupils in India in the early 1960s
 Freda Bedi in her own voice talking about her time as a student at Oxford

1911 births
People from Derby
British social workers
Tibetan Buddhist nuns
Gandhians
1977 deaths
Alumni of St Hugh's College, Oxford
British Buddhist nuns
Tibetan Buddhists from England
Kagyu Buddhists
Converts to Buddhism
Tibetan–English translators
French–English translators
20th-century British women writers
20th-century British writers
20th-century translators
English emigrants to India
20th-century Buddhist nuns

Freda Bedi