James Eli Watson (November 2, 1864July 29, 1948) was a U.S. Representative and U.S. Senator from Indiana. He was the Senate's second official majority leader.  While an article published by the Senate (see References) gives his year of birth as 1862, this is most probably incorrect.

He was born in Winchester, Indiana, one of six children. His father was a lawyer, a Republican state legislator, and owner-editor of the local newspaper, the Winchester Herald. At the age of twelve, Watson accompanied his father to the 1876 Republican National Convention. Watson attended DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana and graduated in 1886. At DePauw he was a member of Phi Kappa Psi fraternity.  He then studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1886 and joined his father's law firm.

Political career
Watson campaigned for Republican candidates throughout the 1880s and moved to Rushville, Indiana in 1893. He was elected as U.S. Representative from Indiana's 4th congressional district in 1894 to the 54th Congress (1895–1897), defeating the incumbent Democratic William S. Holman, in part by speaking German, the language of many of his constituents.

He was defeated by Holman in 1896, but was elected from Indiana's 6th congressional district in 1898 to the 56th Congress and reelected to the 57th, 58th, 59th and 60th Congresses (1899–1909).

Shortly after his arrival in Washington, Watson became the "right-hand man" and protégé of Speaker Joe Cannon. Cannon ensured his selection as the Republican whip, trusted him with party strategy in the House of Representatives, and placed him on the powerful Ways and Means Committee. While Cannon had his share of adversaries in the House, Watson enjoyed the attention of a wide circle of friends. An enthusiastic storyteller and poker player, he attracted members from both parties. Colleagues would come to the House chamber just to hear him speak—not to be swayed by his conservative views, but to see him put on a good show. As one writer observed, Watson "would work himself up to an astonishing pitch, tear off his collar and necktie, then throw aside his coat and vest, until, clad in trousers, shirt, and suspenders, he could really let himself go."

Watson left the House to run for Governor of Indiana in 1908. Opposed by organized labor, he lost the election to Thomas R. Marshall, the future vice president under Woodrow Wilson. He resumed a private law practice in Rushville, though he continued to participate in Washington politics, supporting Cannon after House Democrats and Republican "insurgents" attempted to oust the speaker in 1909. The following year, Watson wrote Cannon's famous speech defending the leadership's authority, party government, and the rights of the majority. A pivotal moment in House history, the speech enabled Cannon to keep his position, but at a great reduction in power. The House adopted a resolution that prevented Cannon and subsequent speakers from serving on or appointing members to the all-important Rules Committee.

In the years after the House rebellion, Watson remained a prominent figure on Capitol Hill. Among other pursuits, he was a lobbyist for the American Manufacturers Association. While detractors, including members of the House, questioned the propriety of his new occupation, the criticism did not hurt his political standing in Indiana. In fact, he became known as an Indiana boss, and state politicians sought his endorsement as a necessary precursor to winning elections or appointments to higher office.

In 1916, Watson entered the U.S. Senate race against Democratic Senator John W. Kern, but his bitter primary battle against Harry S. New threatened to divide the state Republican party. Watson won the majority of primary delegates, but according to one source, New had "convincing affidavits of fraud" committed by Watson. As a result, Republican leaders could not decide which candidate to support. They were saved from making the decision when Indiana's other senator, Benjamin F. Shiveley, died in March. Both Republican candidates ran for Senate seats in the general election. New defeated Kern, and Watson won the remainder of Shively's term.  He was reelected twice (1920 and 1926), serving from 1916 to 1933.

During his Senate tenure, he was
 majority leader 1929-1933
 chairman, Committee on Woman Suffrage (1919–21),
 chairman, Committee on Revision of the Laws (1919–21),
 chairman, Committee on Enrolled Bills (1923–25),
 chairman, Committee on Interstate Commerce (1925–1929),
 chairman, Republican Conference (1929–33)

In 1929, he was a defendant in a lawsuit wherein it was alleged by William M. Rogers, an avowed Klansman, that Watson had forced him to sign an affidavit recanting testimony before a Senate committee that Watson was also a member of the Ku Klux Klan.

The Democrats swept both Congress and the presidency in the election of 1932, and Watson lost his Senate seat in a landslide defeat. Following the election, however, Watson remained a fixture of the Washington scene, practicing law and trading stories with his former colleagues in the Republican cloakroom. He also retained, to a lesser degree, his power over Indiana politics. Wendell Willkie, a Republican convert and fellow Hoosier, could attest that Watson's support, or lack thereof, meant everything in the state. When Willkie ran for president in 1940, Watson would not endorse the former Democrat. Reportedly, he justified his refusal by saying, "I may welcome a repentant sinner into my church, but I wouldn't want him to lead the church choir."

Watson is credited with originating the saying If you can't lick 'em, jine 'em.

Watson died in 1948 in Washington D.C. at the age of 83. Dr. Frederick Brown Harris, the former Senate chaplain, performed the funeral service in Washington. Until the end, Watson remained well liked, if not well respected, by House and Senate members. Perhaps only Hoover and Willkie bore a lasting grudge against him. Indeed, even his harshest critics considered Watson the man "impossible not to like". He is interred in Cedar Hill Cemetery, Suitland, Maryland.

References

Senate Leaders

The Political Graveyard

External links

1864 births
1948 deaths
DePauw University alumni
Candidates in the 1920 United States presidential election
Candidates in the 1928 United States presidential election
20th-century American politicians
Indiana lawyers
Republican Party United States senators from Indiana
Washington, D.C., Republicans
People from Winchester, Indiana
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Indiana

James E. Watson


Impossible Mission is a video game originally written for the Commodore 64 by Dennis Caswell and published by Epyx in 1984. The game features a variety of gameplay mechanics from platform and adventure games, and includes digitized speech. Impossible Mission, which casts the player in the role of a secret agent infiltrating an enemy stronghold, is widely considered one of the best games for several platforms.

From 1985 to 1988, the game was released for the Apple II, Atari 7800, ZX Spectrum, Acorn Electron, BBC Micro, Amstrad CPC, and Master System.

Gameplay

The player takes the role of a secret agent who must stop an evil genius, Professor Elvin Atombender, who is believed to be tampering with national security computers. The player races against the clock to reassemble and decrypt the password to Atombender's control room while avoiding deadly robots. Password pieces are found by searching furniture in the rooms. When searching, the player can also reset all moveable platforms and freeze enemy robots for a limited time. The game also features similar rewards for completing bonus puzzles. Impossible Mission enemies include two types of enemies. The first are the robots. These have a cylindrical main body. Their bodies are electrified, and some are able to use a short-range death ray. Some are stationary; others move in patterns, and others specifically hunt the player. Some have to actually see the player, and others know where the player is at all times. The second enemy is a hovering, electrified ball. Most of these chase the player.

The player has six hours of game time to collect 36 puzzle pieces. Every time the player dies, 10 minutes are deducted from the total time. The puzzle pieces are assembled in groups of four. The puzzle pieces overlap so that three pieces can be assembled before the player realizes he must start over. Pieces may be in the wrong orientation, and the player may have to use the horizontal or vertical mirror images. Additionally, the puzzle pieces are randomized in every game. A completed puzzle forms a nine-letter password which lets the player reach Professor Atombender.

Development
The first element of the game to be created was the player character's animations, which designer Dennis Caswell lifted from a library book about athletics. Caswell recalled, "I animated the somersault before I had any clear idea how it would be used. I included it because the animations were there for the taking ..." Caswell cites Rogue as his inspiration for the randomised room layouts, and the electronic game Simon as his inspiration for the musical checkerboard puzzles. The hovering balls were inspired by the Rover "security guard" from the Prisoner TV series.

The Commodore 64 version features early use of digitized speech: "Another visitor. Stay a while... stay forever!" and "Destroy him, my robots!" The digitized speech was provided by the company Electronic Speech Systems, who drastically raised their prices after Impossible Mission became a successful test case. Epyx did not deal with ESS again as a result. Caswell recounted:

The game's title was one of the last elements to be finished. According to Caswell, "The choice of a name was delayed as long as possible, and Impossible Mission was more resorted to than chosen. It was, at least, somewhat descriptive, and the obvious allusion to Mission: Impossible was expedient, to the extent that both the game and the TV show involved high-tech intrigue."

Reception

In March 1985, Computer & Video Games rated the Commodore 64 version 38 out of 40 and awarded it Game of the Month. In May 1985, Zzap!64 editors ranked Impossible Mission second in their list of the best Commodore 64 games, while readers ranked it first, with 26% of votes. Citing Impossible Mission as example, Compute!'s Gazette in 1986 praised Caswell as "one of those rare people who has all the skills necessary to create and design an outstanding game" while software development teams were becoming more common.

COMPUTE! listed the game in May 1988 as one of "Our Favorite Games", writing that the sound effects of the character committing suicide was one of their guilty pleasures. Console XS rated the Sega Master System version 89% in 1992. The ZX Spectrum version was voted the 28th best game of all time in a special issue of Your Sinclair magazine in 2004.

Editors have praised it as "the first game that scared me" thanks to its early use of digitized voice and mood setting audio effects. Stuff magazine listed it as one of the 10 best games for the Commodore 64 in their Commodore 64 at 40 article.

Legacy
The sequel, Impossible Mission II, followed in 1988. It further complicated the quest with new traps and items. Elvin's stronghold also grew in size, divided into a number of towers which the player had to traverse, all the while picking up pieces of the password.

The game ElectroCop was rumored to have started as a sequel to Impossible Mission, but this has not been substantiated. In 1994, Impossible Mission 2025 was released for the Amiga. It kept the same idea as the previous games, and mainly featured updated graphics and audio, also allowing the player to choose among three different characters. The game also contains the Commodore 64 version of Impossible Mission.

Developers System 3 revamped Impossible Mission for the Sony PSP, Nintendo DS and Wii. In the US, the Nintendo DS version was released exclusively at GameStop stores by Codemasters (which, similar to the Amiga sequel, included a filter for graphics and audio to recreate the C64 original of Impossible Mission in terms of look and sound, albeit slightly remastered) and the Wii version was released in March 2008. This revamped version was later ported to the Nintendo Switch in 2019.

In late 2022 it was announced that an officially licensed sequel is being developed by Icon64.

References

External links

A full playthrough of the Commodore 64 game can be watched on the Internet Archive.
Review in GAMES Magazine

1984 video games
Epyx games
Platform games
Roguelike video games
Amstrad CPC games
Apple II games
Atari 7800 games
BBC Micro and Acorn Electron games
Commodore 64 games
PlayStation Network games
Master System games
Spy video games
U.S. Gold games
Virtual Console games
ZX Spectrum games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games scored by Yannis Brown
Video games with rotoscoped graphics
Single-player video games

Impossible Mission


John Jordan (1930–1988) was an Irish poet and short-story writer.

Life and work
Born in the Rotunda Maternity Hospital, Dublin on 8 April 1930, Jordan was educated at Synge Street CBS, University College, Dublin (U.C.D.) and Pembroke College, Oxford. In his teens he acted on the stage of the Gate Theatre, Dublin, before winning a Scholarship in English and French to Oxford University from U.C.D. In the mid-1950s he returned to U.C.D. as a lecturer in English and taught there until the end of the 1960s. He also lectured on sabbatical leave at the Memorial University in Newfoundland and briefly at Princeton University in the US Founding member of Aosdána. He was a celebrated literary critic from the late 1950s until his death in June 1988 in Cardiff, Wales, where he had been participating in the Merriman Summer School.
He was a short-story writer, a poet and a broadcaster. In 1962 he re-founded and edited the literary magazine Poetry Ireland (hoping "in the humblest of ways, to contribute towards the recreation of Dublin as a literary centre"). In this journal, he introduced a number of poets who were to become quite famous later, including Paul Durcan, Michael Hartnett and Seamus Heaney. This series of Poetry Ireland lasted until 1968–69. In 1981 he became the first editor of the new magazine published by the Poetry Ireland Society, called Poetry Ireland Review. Reviewer of novels for The Irish Times; wrote a column for Hibernia; contributed to Envoy and The Irish Press, among others; TV presenter and arts interviewer.  Defended Gaelic literature and translated Pádraic Ó Conaire. Edited The Pleasures of Gaelic Literature (Mercier Press, 1977), and his translation of one of Aogán Ó Rathaille's essays was published in The Pleasures of Gaelic Poetry (London: Allen Lane, 1982). Championed the later plays of Seán O'Casey. His Collected Poems (Dedalus Press) and Collected Stories (Poolbeg Press) were edited by his literary executor, Hugh McFadden, and published in Dublin in 1991. His Selected Prose, Crystal Clear, also edited by McFadden, was published by Lilliput Press in Dublin in 2006. Jordan's Selected Poems, edited with an Introduction by Hugh McFadden, was published in February 2008 by Dedalus Press. Uncollected stories appeared in Penguin Book of Irish Short Stories, Cyphers, and the Irish Press, among other places. His literary papers & letters are now held in the National Library of Ireland. In 1953 the young Irish artist Reginald Gray was commissioned by University College Dublin to design the decor and costumes for their production of "The Kings Threshold" by W.B. Yeats. The leading role was given to John Jordan. During the preparations for the production Gray started a portrait of Jordan, which he never finished. This work now hangs in The Dublin Writers Museum, Ireland.

Bibliography

Collections of poetry

Patrician Stations, New Writers Press (Dublin, 1971)
A Raft From Flotsam, Gallery Press (Dublin, 1975)
Blood and Stations, Gallery Press (Dublin, 1976)
With Whom Did I Share The Crystal, (St. Bruno Press, 1980)
Collected Poems, Dedalus Press, (Dublin, 1991)
Selected Poems, Dedalus Press, (Dublin, 2008)

Prose

Yarns, Poolbeg Press, (Dublin, 1977)
Collected Stories, Poolbeg Press, (Dublin, 1991)
Selected Prose: Crystal Clear, Lilliput Press (Dublin, 2006)

Editor
The Pleasures of Gaelic Literature (Mercier Press, 1977)
Poetry Ireland, 1962–68 [Nos. 1–8]
Poetry Ireland Review, 1981–
Special issue on Kate O'Brien, ed. John Jordan, Stony Thursday Book, vol. 7, 1981

Further reading
"Joyce Without Fears: A Personal Journey", A Bash in the Tunnel: James Joyce by the Irish, ed. John Ryan (Brighton: Clifton Books 1970), pp. 135–46;
Ricorso.net – John Jordan
Aosdána  – John Jordan
Remembering How We Stood, John Ryan (Gill and Macmillan, Dublin, 1975).
Envoy, A Review of Literature and Art
Dead as Doornails, Anthony Cronin (Dublin, Dolmen Press, 1976)
Essay and poem on Patrick Swift:Patrick Swift 1927–83 (Gandon Editions, 1993)
Organic Words, Hugh McFadden (Limerick, Limerick Writers' Press, 2019)
In Memoriam – John Jordan
Poets in Profile – Hugh McFadden Hugh McFadden : Born in Derry, he has lived in Dublin since early childhood. His poems have been widely published in literary magazines. His latest collection, Empire of Shadows, was published in September (2012) by Salmon Poetry.
Irish Writers Online – John Jordan
The Lilliput Press
Poetry Magazines – Michael Longley ("taken up by the discerning editor of Poetry Ireland, John Jordan")
Collector's Poet, Thomas MacGreevy – John Jordan
National Library of Ireland – John Jordan Papers

Notes

1930 births
1988 deaths
People from Harold's Cross
Alumni of University College Dublin
Alumni of Pembroke College, Oxford
Academics of University College Dublin
Academic staff of the Memorial University of Newfoundland
Princeton University faculty
Irish magazine editors
Academic journal editors
20th-century Irish poets
20th-century male writers
People educated at Synge Street CBS
Scholars and academics from County Dublin

John Jordan (poet)


Antiquities are objects from antiquity, especially the civilizations of the Mediterranean: the Classical antiquity of Greece and Rome, Ancient Persia (Iran), Ancient Egypt and the other Ancient Near Eastern cultures.  Artifacts from earlier periods such as the Mesolithic, and other civilizations from Asia and elsewhere may also be covered by the term.  The phenomenon of giving a high value to ancient artifacts is found in other cultures, notably China, where Chinese ritual bronzes, three to two thousand years old, have been avidly collected and imitated for centuries, and the Pre-Columbian cultures of Mesoamerica, where in particular the artifacts of the earliest Olmec civilization are found reburied in significant sites of later cultures up to the Spanish Conquest.

A person who studies antiquities, as opposed to just collecting them, is often called an antiquarian.

Definition
The definition of the term is not always precise, and institutional definitions such as museum "Departments of Antiquities" often cover later periods, but in normal usage Gothic objects, for example, would not now be described as antiquities, though in 1700 they might well have been, as the cut-off date for antiquities has tended to retreat since the word was first found in English in 1513.  Non-artistic artifacts are now less likely to be called antiquities than in earlier periods. Francis Bacon wrote in 1605: "Antiquities are history defaced, or some remnants of history which have casually escaped the shipwreck of time".

The art trade reflects modern usage of the term; Christie's "Department of Antiquities" covers objects "from the dawn of civilization to the Dark Ages, ranging from Western Europe to the Caspian Sea, embracing the cultures of Egypt, Greece, Rome and the Near East." Bonhams use a similar definition: "...4000 B.C to the 12th Century A.D. Geographically they originate from Egypt, the Near East and Europe ..."  Official cut-off dates are often later, being unconcerned with precise divisions of art history, and using the term for all historical periods they wish to protect: in Jordan it is 1750, in Hong Kong 1800, and so on.

The term is no longer much used in formal academic discussion, because of this imprecision. However, a recent attempt to standardise this and other terms has been carried out. Most, but not all, antiquities have been recovered by archaeology.  There is little or no overlap with antiques, which covers objects, not generally discovered as a result of archaeology, at most about three hundred years old, and usually far less.

History

The sense of antiquitates, the idea that a civilization could be recovered by a systematic exploration of its relics and material culture, in the sense used by Varro and reflected in Josephus' Antiquities of the Jews was lost during the Middle Ages, when ancient objects were collected with other appeals, the rarity or strangeness of their materials or simply because they were thought to be endowed with magical or miraculous powers. Precious cameos and other antique carved gems might be preserved when incorporated into crowns and diadems and liturgical objects, consular ivory diptychs by being used as gospel covers.  Roman columns could be re-erected in churches. sarcophagi could receive new occupants and cinerary urns could function as holy water stoups. Sculptural representations of the human form, feared and reviled as "idols" could be rehabilitated by reidentifying their subjects: the equestrian bronze Marcus Aurelius of the Campidoglio was respected as a representation of the Christian emperor Constantine, and in Pavia the Regisole acquired a civic role that preserved it. In Rome the Roman bronze Spinario was admired for itself by the guidebook writer Magister Gregorius. The classicism of the Carolingian renaissance was in part inspired by appreciation of Late Antique manuscripts: the Utrecht Psalter attempts to recreate such a Late Antique original, both in its handwriting and its illustrations.

Many museums hold these artifacts and keep them safe so that we have access to the knowledge they hold about the past. On September 2 the National Museum of Brazil was engulfed in flames. This event caused many artifacts to be lost forever.

Trading

Trading of antiquities can be legal or illegal. The looting of archaeological sites or museums to supply the black market in antiquities poses a grave threat to the world's cultural heritage. Irreplaceable archaeological information may be lost.

See also

Ancient art

References

Ancient art
Visual arts genres
Archaeological artifacts
Art and cultural repatriation

Antiquities


The Harmonious Church of the Three-in-One (), or Sanyiism () and Xiaism (), is a Chinese folk religious sect of Confucian character founded in the 16th century by Lin Zhao'en, in Putian. In 2011, it was officially recognised by the government of Fujian.

The religion is based on Confucian moral ideas and ancestral worship, and includes meditation techniques modeled after neidan () and pursuit of enlightenment. Differently from other Chinese folk religious sects, the Sanyi philosophy is not expounded in the sentimental vernacular language but in the elaborate language of the Confucian literary tradition. The "Three in One" is a philosophical concept expressing the original trinity proceeding from the Tao, the two principles, yin and yang, of the Great Pole. The Great Pole is the One that contains yin and yang, the Two, in the Three.

History
Sanyiism was founded by Lin Zhao'en (1517–98), in Putian, Fujian. Lin was born in an upper-class family, and among his ancestors and relatives were many officials and scholars. He started the usual career for the son of an influential family and passed the first civil examinations in 1534, but after failing the higher exams he forsook the career of an official to become a master of religion and philosophy according to the Confucian tradition. Given this background, Lin Zhao'en doctrines show little influence from the vernacular folk religious tradition of the baojuan literature.

Lin Zhao'en was instructed by other religious leaders, including a Confucian who taught him the true meaning of the Confucian classics and Taoists from whom he learnt neidan techniques.

In 1585 the regional official Yang Sizhi wrote a proclamation of heterodoxy against Lin, upset by his claim to be the true interpreter of the Confucian tradition, rejecting Zhu Xi, and to continue the teachings of the sages of antiquity. Despite the accusation of heterodoxy, the strength of the sect remained unshaken.

In Sanyi holy scriptures Lin Zhao'en is portrayed as a supernatural savior of cosmic significance. After Lin died, he was deified as the "Lord of the Three-in-One", and is worshipped in over a thousand temples in Fujian, and also in Taiwan and Southeast Asia's Chinese communities.

The religious community split into a number of schools and spread beyond the borders of Fujian up to Anhui, and then reaching Beijing. The community in Nanjing developed as an influential centre of gravitation for the religion. In Fujian, the religion developed into two major competing branches led by two direct disciples of Master Lin, namely Lu Wenhui and Lin Zhenming (alias Lin Zhijing). Through the Qing dynasty the religion survived strong in Fujian but declined elsewhere, and at the end of the 19th century it started to strongly revive.

As of 1998 the Church of the Three-in-One had approximately 500,000 adherents in Putian, which is 17% of the total population. In 2011 it was officially recognised as a legal religion by the government of Fujian.

Rituals
Three-in-One practices include the "heart method" of self-cultivation, which is still widely practised in Putian today. The religion has its independent ritual tradition, similar to those of Taoism and Buddhism. Its ritual specialists perform communal offerings ( ) and merit-making funeral services ( ), along with individual rites.

In some communities in the Putian region, the Sanyi temple has become the primary village temple, the centre of collective life. Annual pilgrimages are made to the religion's central temple in Putian, Fujian.

See also
 Chinese folk religion
 Chinese salvationist religions
 Confucianism
 Three Teachings

Footnotes

References

Bibliography

 Kenneth Dean. Lord of the Three in One: The Spread of a Cult in Southeast China. Princeton University Press, 1998.
 Edward L. Davis. Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture. Routledge, 2005.
 Hubert Michael Seiwert. Popular Religious Movements and Heterodox Sects in Chinese History. Brill, 2003.

External links
 Three-One website

Chinese salvationist religions
Putian
Three teachings

Sanyi teaching


Abū Badīl Ahmad ibn Muhammad Sajāwandī (Persian: ابوبدیل احمد بن محمد سجاوندی) (died 1176 CE or 571 AH) was a 12th-century chronicler, commentator on the Quran, poet and orator. He was the son of the scholar Muhammad ibn Tayfour Sajawandi. He is mentioned in the Lubab ul-Albab ("Heart of hearts") of Aufi and the Chahar Maqalah ("Four Discourses") of Nizami Aruzi as a great poet and orator at the court of Tughan-Shah Ibn Alp Arslan (reigning Herat in the mid-11th century), under the name Malik al-Kalām Majd ad-Dīn Aḥmad Badi'hī Sajāwandī. However, as this event must have preceded Abu Badil's lifetime by close to a century, it is likely that these individuals have been confused from an early date, with Malik al-Kalām Aḥmad Badi'hī ("the king of speech") being known for his poetry, and Imâm-e Kabīr Ahmad ibn Muhammad Sajāwandī ("the great Imam") for his religious scholarship.

Name
His full name is ʿAbū Badīl Aḥmad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Tayfour Sajāwandī (Persian: ابوبدیل احمد ابن محمد ابن طیفور سجاوندی). Sajāwandī is his nisbah meaning "from Sajawand". He is mentioned by the honorifics Majd ad-Dīn (مجد الدین "splendour of the faith") and Imâm-e Kabīr (امام کبیر "the Great Imam").

Work

 ʾInsān ʿAyn al-Maʿānī (The Essential Significance of Humanity, إنسان عين المعاني), a commentary on his fathers work, the ʿAyn al-Maʿānī Fī Tafsīr al-Kitāb al-Azīz wa as-Sabʿi al-Mathānī (The Essential Significance of Commentary on the Great Book and its First Seven Chapters, عين المعاني في تفسیر الکتاب العزيز والسبع المثاني).
 Zokhāyer-e Samâr dar Maʿânī-e Akhbâr-e Sayyid Mokhtâr (The Beneficial Reservoir of Sayyid Mokhtar's Significant Instructions, ذخایر ثمار در معانی اخبار سید مختار)

References

12th-century Muslim scholars of Islam
Iranian historians of Islam
1176 deaths
12th-century Iranian historians
12th-century Arabic-language writers

Ahmad ibn Muhammad Sajawandi


A.N.I.M.A.L. (Acosados Nuestros Indios Murieron Al Luchar; meaning "Harassed, Our Indians Died While Fighting") is a heavy metal band from Buenos Aires, Argentina. The band's sound is a combination of thrash metal, groove metal and nu metal, and most lyrics deal with issues of ethnic minorities and indigenous people of Latin America; evident in song titles such as Sólo Por Ser Indios ("Only For Being Indian"), Guerra De Razas ("Race War"), Poder Latino ("Latin Power") and Raza Castigada ("Punished Race").

The band experienced commercial success in the mid-to-late 1990s and toured throughout a number of Latin American countries, the United States and Europe, and also opened for numerous big names from the worldwide rock and metal scene such as Pantera, Biohazard, Bad Religion, Ratos de Porão, Suicidal Tendencies, Sepultura, Soulfly, Megadeth and Slipknot.

History

Formation and early years (1992–1995)
The band started as Animal with the line-up of Andrés Gimenez (ex-Beso Negro - vocals and guitar), Roberto "el Polaco" Zelasek (ex-Los Violadores- bass) and Anibal Alo (drums), but after Zelasek left the band, they had to change the name to A.N.I.M.A.L due to legal reasons (Animal was registered under Zelasek's name, he recorded under this name, but never released any official record). In 1993 Gimenez recruited Marcelo "Corvata" Corvalán as their new bassist and then recorded their self-titled debut album, which (unlike later releases) had a more classic heavy metal oriented sound with some mild grunge influences. During that period of time, the band opened for Biohazard and Bad Religion in the Obras Sanitarias arena in Buenos Aires, and then Pantera at the same venue.

By that same year, drummer Anibal Alo left the band to be briefly replaced by Javier Dorado, who quickly left to form Mate Cosido (alongside Gimenez' ex-Beso Negro's partner Lito Pared), then in 1994, Martin Carrizo entered the band and recorded Fin De Un Mundo Enfermo, which represented a drastic change in their sound to a more groove and thrash oriented sound influenced by the likes of Pantera, Prong, Sepultura and Biohazard. That album was the beginning of their rise to fame, as they sold out Cemento, (a defunct rock concert hall in Buenos Aires, Argentina), numerous times and opened for Suicidal Tendencies and, once again, Pantera.

Mainstream success (1996–2000)
In 1996, the band flew to Los Angeles and recorded El Nuevo Camino Del Hombre, an album with a heavier yet more melodic sound, a little less thrash oriented and fully embracing their groove metal influences with the incorporation of drop C tuning, a five string bass, clean vocal choruses and even a rap metal track called "Chalito", serving also as a bridge between their previous  more generation X oriented sound and the more millennial oriented sound they would embrace in later releases. With this album, the band headlined a show in Obras Sanitarias for the first and only time, and they also opened for Sepultura in the middle of their Roots tour at the same venue.

By 1997, Martín Carrizo left the band while he was under contract for their new album recordings, so while they recruited Andrés "El Niño" Vilanova as their new drummer and went on to the Indigo Ranch andy hired Jimmy DeGrasso as a guest drummer to record Poder Latino which was produced by Max Cavalera and is considered by a lot of fans to be their best release and the band's big break. Once again their sound changed, this time their influences were much closer to the likes of Korn, Coal Chamber, Soulfly and the rising nu metal scene, with bouncing riffs, rap verses, melodic choruses and the drop A tuning. The album included lot of guest musicians such as Metallica's Robert Trujillo, Fear Factory's Christian Olde Wolbers and Argentinian folk musicians Leon Gieco and Chango Farias Gomez. It also includes 3 covers at the later part of the album: "Cop Killer" (originally by Body Count), "Fuerza Para Aguantar" ("Strength To Endure" by The Ramones) and "Cinco Siglos Igual" (Leon Gieco).

During that period of time, the band toured all over Latin America and made their two biggest shows to date as headliners at Buenos Aires Vivo in front of 35,000 people, at the Velodromo of Buenos Aires in front of 15,000 people and then closed that year at Parque Sarmiento in front of 7,000 people.

In 1999 the band returned to Indigo Ranch in Los Angeles to record Usa Toda Tu Fuerza, which was produced by Richard Kaplan and Chuck Johnson, and dug deeper into the band's newfound nu metal influences. The album included a Spanglish version of  AC/DC's Highway to Hell featuring Lemmy Kilmister from Motörhead. In 2000 the band toured in the United States as a part of the Warped Tour festival, alongside the likes of Green Day, No Doubt, NOFX, Papa Roach, Millencolin and many more. They also toured in Europe and then returned to Argentina to make a national tour selling out every venue.

Final years and hiatus (2000–2006)
In late 2000, longtime bassist Corvalán and Vilanova left the band (and then went on to form Carajo), but months later bassist Cristian "Titi" Lapolla (ex-Raptor and Simbiosis) and drummer Marcelo Castro (ex-Ritual) joined the band and went on to record Animal 6 which is remembered as the band's heaviest and most brutal release to date, as it combined the updated sound of their two previous albums with more extreme influences and a slight return to their classic groove metal sound.

Since then the band experienced several line-up changes that included Cristian Lapolla leaving in 2002 and being briefly replaced by Hernan Cotelo (ex-Mate Cosido and V1R7u4L) and then coming back later that yeat, Marcelo Castro leaving in 2003 to be briefly replaced by Javier Dorado (ex-Mate Cosido and O'Connor) and then a returning Martín Carrizo (after Pr3ssion's breakup). Then in late 2003, the  band entered to record their final album called Combativo, which came out in 2004 fully embracing the nu metal sound once again. In 2005, they opened for Slipknot on 29 and 30 September at Obras Sanitarias, and then, on 9 October, headlined the indoors stage at Pepsi Music 2005 (headlined by Megadeth at the outdoors stage) to a sold-out crowd.

In 2006, it was announced that the band would take an indefinite break; this resulted in Martín Carrizo's (drummer) leaving the band and Andrés Giménez forming a new band called "D-mente" (word play meaning both demente ("lunatic") and devil mente ("devil mind", or "weak mind"—although weak in Spanish is débil not devil—Andrés' nickname). Titi Lapolla and Martín Carrizo are part of Power of Soul.

Return (2015–present)
In March 2015, it was announced that the band would return with the line-up that recorded their 2001 album Animal 6, and they did a two shows on 29 and 31 March at the Vorterix theater, in Buenos Aires, to a sold out crowd. On 6 March 2016, the band recorded their first live DVD set to be released soon along with an audio CD that features said concert and 6 new songs.

Members
Current
 Andrés Giménez – vocals, guitar (1992–2006, 2015–present)
 Cristian "Titi" Lapolla – bass, backing vocals (2000–2002, 2002–2006, 2015–present)
 Marcelo Castro – drums (2000–2003, 2015–present)

Past
 Marcelo "Corvata" Corvalán – bass, vocals (1992–2000)
 Hernan Cotelo – bass (2002)
 Roberto "el Polaco" Zelasek – bass (1992)
 Aníbal Alo – drums (1992–1993)
 Javier Dorado – drums (1993, 2003)
 Martín Carrizo – drums, programming (1994–1998, 2004–2006; died 2023)
 Andrés Vilanova – drums (1998–1999)
 Claudio Cardacci – drums (1993)

Timeline

Discography

Studio albums
 A.N.I.M.A.L. (1993)
 Fin De Un Mundo Enfermo (End of a sick world) (1994)
 El Nuevo Camino Del Hombre (The new path of man) (1996)
 Poder Latino (1998) (Latin Power)
 Usa Toda Tu Fuerza (Use all your strength) (1999)
 Animal 6 (2001)
 Combativo (Fighterous) (2004)
 Vivo En Red House (Live at Red House) (2016)
 Una Razón Para Seguir (2018)

References

External links
 A.N.I.M.A.L official website

 MySpace.com - A.N.I.M.A.L.

Argentine heavy metal musical groups
Groove metal musical groups
Argentine rock music groups
Musical groups established in 1992

A.N.I.M.A.L.


William Bowles (1705 – 25 August 1780), was an Irish naturalist.

Bowles was born near Cork.

He gave up the legal profession, for which he was destined, and in 1740 went to Paris, where he studied natural history, chemistry, and metallurgy. He subsequently traveled through France, investigating its natural history and mineral and other productions.

In 1752, having become acquainted with Don Antonio de Ulloa, afterwards admiral of the Spanish fleet, Bowles was induced to enter the Spanish service, being appointed to superintend the state mines and to form a collection of natural history and fit up a chemical laboratory. He first visited the mercury mines of Almadén, which had been seriously damaged by fire, and the plans he suggested were successfully adopted for their resuscitation. He afterwards traveled through Spain, investigating its minerals and natural history, living chiefly at Madrid and Bilbao.

He married a German, Anna Rustein, who was pensioned by the king of Spain after her husband's death. Bowles is described as tall and fine-looking, generous, honourable, active, ingenious, and well informed. His society was much valued in the best Spanish circles. He died at Madrid on 25 August 1780.

The Apiaceae Bowlesia (Ruiz & Pav. 1794) is named in his honour.

Works
Bowles's principal work was An Introduction to the Natural History and Physical Geography of Spain, published in Spanish at Madrid in 1775. It is not systematically arranged, but has very considerable value as being the first work of its kind. The second edition (1782) was edited by Don J. N. de Azara, who rendered considerable assistance to the author in preparing the first edition. It was translated into French by Vicomte de Flavigny (Paris, 1776). An Italian edition, much enlarged by Azara, then Spanish ambassador at Rome, was published at Parma in 1784.

Bowles was also the author of
A Brief Account of the Spanish and German Mines (Phil. Trans. lvi.)
A Letter on the Merino Sheep, &c. (Gent. Mag. May and June 1764)
An Account of the Spanish Locusts (Madrid, 1781).

Sir John Talbot Dillon's Travels through Spain (London, 1781) is very largely an adaptation of Bowles.

References

Bibliography
 Nathaniel Colgan (1911). An Irish Naturalist in Spain in the Eighteenth Century (pdf), The Irish Naturalist, vol. 20, No. 1 (Jan., 1911), pp. 1-5
 Gabriel Sánchez Espinosa (2002). The work of the Irish naturalist Guillermo Bowles and the editorial policy of the Spanish enlightened government,  Queen's University, Belfast. A translated summary (without footnotes) of his article "La obra del naturalista Guillermo Bowles y la política editorial del gobierno ilustrado", Dieciocho 25 (2002), p. 255-280.

1705 births
1780 deaths
Irish naturalists
Scientists from County Cork
18th-century Irish scientists
18th-century naturalists

William Bowles (naturalist)


David Edwin Duncan (born September 26, 1945) is an American pitching consultant for the Chicago White Sox of Major League Baseball (MLB). He is also a former professional baseball catcher and pitching coach. He began his MLB playing career in 1964 and played again consecutively from 1967 to 1976 for the Kansas City/Oakland Athletics, Cleveland Indians, and Baltimore Orioles.

After retiring as a player, Duncan served as the pitching coach for the Indians, Seattle Mariners, Chicago White Sox, Athletics, and St. Louis Cardinals. Four pitchers he coached won the Cy Young Award in 1983, 1990, 1992, and 2005. He was also a member of four World Series champion teams in 1972, 1989, 2006, and 2011. Each year from 1983 to 2011, Duncan worked with former manager Tony La Russa on the White Sox, Athletics, and Cardinals. Following the 2013 season, he became a pitching consultant for the Diamondbacks.

Playing career

Minor leagues (1963–66)
Duncan was signed as an amateur free agent by the Kansas City Athletics in 1963, as a 17-year-old out of Crawford High School in San Diego. In his first at-bat as a professional baseball player, he hit a home run for the Daytona Beach Islanders of the Florida State League. Duncan made his major league debut on May 6, 1964 at the age of 18, becoming the youngest player in the American League at the time. He was kept in the majors to protect him from being drafted by another team under baseball rules.

Duncan returned to the minor leagues for the next two seasons, first with the Lewiston Broncs in the Single-A Northwest League in Lewiston, Idaho. Midway through the 1965 season, Rick Monday joined the team. A 19-year-old sophomore center fielder with Arizona State, Monday had led the Sun Devils to the 1965 College World Series title on June 12 and was the first pick in the first major league draft four days earlier. After the season, Duncan and Monday entered boot camp with the U.S. Marine Corps in San Diego in September.

The following year in 1966, Duncan led the California League with 46 home runs in 121 games for the Modesto Reds, the A's affiliate. The second pick in the 1966 MLB draft was another Arizona State center fielder, 20-year-old Reggie Jackson. He played two weeks in Lewiston then joined Duncan in Modesto in early July, and kept pace with 21 homers in 56 games.

Kansas City/Oakland Athletics (1967–72)
Duncan began the 1967 season with the Birmingham A's but, was brought back up to the major leagues in early June. When his batting average dropped to a .194 in early July, he was returned to Birmingham to work on his hitting. When his hitting showed signs of improvement, Duncan returned to the major leagues in September, along with Jackson and Joe Rudi.

Athletics' team owner Charlie Finley moved the franchise west to Oakland for the 1968 season, but Duncan started the season with the Vancouver Mounties of the Triple-A Pacific Coast League. He was called up to the majors in June when catcher Jim Pagliaroni suffered a broken arm and went on the disabled list. Duncan went on to catch the majority of the team's games in 1968. While he possessed good defensive skills, he only managed to hit for a .191 batting average. His batting average fell further to .126 in 1969 and Phil Roof took over as the Athletic's main catcher. Duncan's hitting improved in 1970 to a career-high .259 batting average along with 10 home runs and 29 runs batted in as, he shared catching duties with Frank Fernández and Gene Tenace, who was called up to the major leagues late in the season. He also missed time due to his commitment to the military reserves. When Duncan made adverse comments about Finley during the season, the owner fired Athletics manager John McNamara in October for failing to control his players, despite the team's second-place finish in the American League Western Division.

The 1971 season saw Duncan become the Athletics main catcher, as he guided their pitching staff to finish second in the league in earned run average as well as in strikeouts. Duncan was the catcher for two 20-game winners in 1971, as Vida Blue won 24 games and Catfish Hunter won 21 games. His offense continued to improve, hitting 10 home runs by mid-season and, was selected as a reserve on the 1971 American League All-Star team, replacing Ray Fosse who missed the game due to an injury. Duncan finished the season with a .253 average with 15 home runs, 40 runs batted in while leading American League catchers in range factor. The Athletics would win the American League Western Division but, were defeated by the Baltimore Orioles in the 1971 American League Championship Series.

1972 would be Duncan's best season offensively as he hit 19 home runs with 59 runs batted in, although his batting average slipped to .218. He committed only five errors in 113 games played for a career-high .993 fielding percentage, second only to Johnny Oates among American League catchers. With Duncan calling the pitches, the Athletics' pitching staff led the league in winning percentage and in shutouts and, once again finished second in earned run average as, the team captured their second consecutive Western Division title. Despite Duncan's production, Athletics manager Dick Williams, a proponent of the platoon system, began using Gene Tenace as the starting catcher during the last month of the season. The Athletics defeated the Detroit Tigers in the 1972 American League Championship Series and then the Cincinnati Reds in the World Series.

Cleveland Indians and Baltimore Orioles (1973–76)
Although Duncan joined the Athletics in spring training, he became embroiled in a contract dispute with Finley. He was traded along with George Hendrick to the Cleveland Indians for Ray Fosse and Jack Heidemann on March 24, 1973. Duncan became the Indians' starting catcher in 1973 however, he broke his wrist on June 28 and missed two months of the season. He finished the season hitting for a .233 average with 17 home runs and 43 runs batted in while leading American League catchers in range factor. He played in a career-high 136 games in the 1974 season but, the heavy workload caused his batting average to fall to .200. Duncan was acquired along with minor league outfielder Alvin McGrew by the Baltimore Orioles from the Indians for Boog Powell and Don Hood on February 25 1975. With the Orioles, Duncan shared catching duties with Elrod Hendricks during the 1975 season before Rick Dempsey took over as the Orioles starting catcher in 1976. Duncan was dealt from the Orioles to the Chicago White Sox for Pat Kelly on November 18, 1976. When the White Sox released him in March 1977, he retired as a player at the age of 32.

Career statistics
In an eleven-year major league career, Duncan played in 929 games, accumulating 617 hits in 2,885 at-bats for a .214 career batting average along with 109 home runs, 341 runs batted in and an on-base percentage of .279. While he was a light-hitting player, he excelled as a defensive catcher, ending his career with a .984 fielding percentage. He was respected during his playing career for his defensive skills and for his knowledge of the game of baseball. In spite of his low average he hit 109 home runs, one for every 26.5 at-bats. During his time with the Athletics, he first met future manager Tony La Russa, then a utility infielder with the club.

Highlights
Six two-home run games, his team winning all six.
One five-hit game, including four singles and a home run against the Boston Red Sox (July 12, 1972).
A pair of four-hit games, including two doubles and two singles against the New York Yankees (May 5, 1970) and a record-tying four consecutive doubles off of Luis Tiant of the Boston Red Sox (June 30, 1975). In the other 95 games he played in 1975 he hit only three other doubles.
Nineteen three-hit games, with the most impressive being two home runs and a double against the California Angels (May 25, 1971).
One five-RBI game, including a three-run home run, a bases loaded walk, and an RBI single against the California Angels (September 21, 1969).
Four four-RBI games.
Named to the American League All-Star team.

Coaching career
Duncan began his coaching career in 1978 with the Cleveland Indians. After a stint as a pitching coach for the Seattle Mariners in 1982, he joined former teammate La Russa, then the manager of the Chicago White Sox. From that time they worked in tandem as manager and pitching coach, joining Oakland in 1986 and then the Cardinals in 1996. Beginning in 1986, first base coach Dave McKay also began a long tenure of working with Duncan and La Russa. The three men continued to work together until the Cardinals won the 2011 World Series. La Russa retired immediately after that World Series and Duncan retired from coaching less than three months later. McKay also moved on, accepting the first base coaching role with the Chicago Cubs.

Pitchers on Duncan's staffs won four Cy Young Awards: LaMarr Hoyt in 1983; Bob Welch in 1990; Dennis Eckersley in 1992; and Chris Carpenter in 2005. Dave Stewart, who had not found consistent success before signing with Oakland as a free agent in 1986, won 20 or more games and pitched 250 or more innings four straight seasons from 1987 to 1990. From 1988 through 1990, Oakland pitchers had the lowest earned run average (ERA) in the American League, and the 2005 St. Louis staff had the lowest ERA in the majors. La Russa regularly credits Duncan as being a key factor in the success of the teams he managed for over 25 years.

In October 2010, Duncan signed a two-year contract extension, keeping him with the Cardinals through 2012 with an option for 2013. He took an indeterminate leave of absence from the Cardinals on January 5, 2012, to spend time with his wife, Jeanine, who was dealing with cancer. Duncan's semi-retirement effectively ended his tenure with the Cardinals. During his sixteen seasons as the Cardinals' pitching coach, the pitching staff had the third-lowest overall ERA in MLB as well as the third-lowest starters' ERA.

Pitching consultant career
On November 13, 2013, the Arizona Diamondbacks announced they had hired Duncan to be a special assistant to general manager Kevin Towers as a pitching consultant. "With Dave, he's going to set his own schedule and it will depend on what he wants to do and what he's capable of doing", Towers commented of his role. "During spring training, be available to work with pitchers, catchers and pitching coaches as they're preparing for a game. Breaking down video of pitchers we might be considering for the draft. Plus, targeting guys in our system and getting his input – who he likes, who is close."

Personal life
Duncan lives in Kimberling City, Missouri. He resided with his wife, Jeanine, until her death on June 6, 2013, after a battle against glioblastoma, a type of brain cancer.

His younger son, Chris, was drafted by the St. Louis Cardinals and made his major league debut in 2005. Chris died on September 6, 2019, from glioblastoma. His older son, Shelley, was selected in the second round of the 2001 draft by the New York Yankees and debuted in the Major Leagues on July 20, 2007.

Duncan has two daughters from his first marriage, Tiffany Duncan and Devannie Duncan, who both reside in Orange County, California.

See also
List of St. Louis Cardinals coaches
List of second-generation Major League Baseball players

References

External links

Dave Duncan at Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Professional Baseball League)

1945 births
Living people
American League All-Stars
Arizona Instructional League Mesa players
Baltimore Orioles players
Baseball players from Dallas
Birmingham A's players
Cardenales de Lara players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Chicago White Sox coaches
Cleveland Indians coaches
Cleveland Indians players
Daytona Beach Islanders players
Florida Instructional League Athletics players
Kansas City Athletics players
Lewiston Broncs players
Major League Baseball catchers
Major League Baseball pitching coaches
Modesto Reds players
Oakland Athletics players
Oakland Athletics coaches
Seattle Mariners coaches
St. Louis Cardinals coaches
Vancouver Mounties players
United States Marines
People from Kimberling City, Missouri
Baseball players from San Diego

Dave Duncan (baseball)


Mohammed Arkoun (; 1 February 1928 – 14 September 2010) was an Algerian scholar and thinker. He was considered to have been one of the most influential secular scholars in Islamic studies contributing to contemporary intellectual Islamic reform. In a career of more than 30 years, he had been a critic of the tensions embedded in his field of study, advocating Islamic modernism, secularism, and humanism. During his academic career, he wrote his numerous books mostly in French, and occasionally in English and Arabic.

Academic career
Arkoun was born in 1928 in Taourirt Mimoun, a Berber village in Great Kabylia in northern Algeria. His family was traditional, religious and relatively poor. His father was a shopkeeper in Ain al-Arba'a, a wealthy French settlement in east of Oran. He attended primary school in his Berber-speaking home village until he was nine-years-old. As the eldest son, he was expected to learn his father's trade, while continuing to attend primary school. He studied at the Faculty of Literature of the university of Algiers and at the Sorbonne in Paris (agrégé in Arabic language and Literature, 1956 and Ph.D., 1968). He established his academic reputation with his studies of the history and philosophy of Ibn Miskawayh. As he began to consider how one might rethink Islam in the contemporary world, his questioning provided a counterpoint to the predominant interpretations of both the Muslim world and the non-Muslim West. As the editor of Arabica, he broadened the journal's scope, and played a significant role in shaping Western-language scholarship on Islam. He is the author of numerous books in French, English and Arabic, including most recently: Rethinking Islam (Boulder, Colorado, 1994), L'immigration: défis et richesses (Paris, 1998) and The Unthought in Contemporary Islamic Thought (London, 2002). His shorter studies have appeared in many academic journals and his works have been translated into several languages.

He was decorated as a Commander of the French Legion of Honor in 2004, before that a Chevalier and Officer in 1984 and 1996, respectively. In 2001, Professor Arkoun was asked to deliver the Gifford Lectures, which enable a notable scholar to contribute to the advancement of theological and philosophical thought and was announced as the recipient of the Seventeenth Georgio Levi Della Vida Award for his lifelong contribution to the field of Islamic Studies.

Arkoun taught at the Lyon 2 University (1969–1972), as a professor, and at the Paris 8 University, and at the New Sorbonne University of Paris (1972–1992). He was a Fellow at Wissenschaftskolleg in Berlin (1986–1987 and 1990) and at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.A (1992–1993), visiting professor at University of California, Los Angeles (1969), Princeton University (1985), Temple University, the University of Louvain-la-Neuve, Wallonia, Belgium, (1977–1979), the Pontifical Institute of Arabic Studies in Rome and the University of Amsterdam (1991–1993) and served as a jury member for the Aga Khan Award for Architecture. At the time of his death he was Emeritus Professor at La Sorbonne as well as Senior Research Fellow and member of the Board of Governors of The Institute of Ismaili Studies (IIS), At IIS, he has taught various graduate courses including unthought in contemporary Islamic thought, rethinking Islam, contemporary challenges of Muslim world and traditions for almost a decade. He appeared on numerous occasions on French TV and magazines, on Berbère Télévision speaking in Kabyle, his mother tongue, and on Al Jazeera speaking in Arabic.

Arkoun died on the evening of September 14, 2010, in Paris.

Ideology

Arkoun advocated a radical paradigm shift that would allow for the rethinking of Islam as a cultural and religious system and subvert ideological and dogmatic constructs with hegemonic claims. He was committed to contribute to an archaeology of the hidden, repressed, and marginalised elements of Islam, in order to uncover, and set free, what he called, 'the exhaustive tradition' of Islam. Most of his work is written in French rather than Arabic. In order to counter-act the philological and historical bias of traditional Islamic studies, he advocated what he called "applied Islamology"—following Roger Bastide's concept of "applied anthropology." Applied Islamology aims to establish a "disciplinary space between political and historical sciences" (Arkoun, The answers, 25), taking into consideration elements of the courte and longue durée, as well as contemporary social factors. Arkoun has developed an inclusive approach which seeks to deal with Islamic tradition in its entirety, including elements characterised by the representatives of orthodoxy (or official religion) as heterodox, and therefore marginalised and repressed. He has adopted a multifaceted and holistic approach which looks between traditional dogma and axioms. Arkoun's critique of Islamic reason serves as the unifying theme, or leitmotif for the different concepts he elaborated over the course of time.

Main publications

In English
 Arab Thought, ed. S.Chand, New Delhi, 1988.
 Rethinking Islam : Common questions, Uncommon answers, today, Westview Press, Boulder, 1994.
 The concept of revelation : from the people of the book to the societies of the book, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, California, 1988.
 The Unthought in Contemporary Islamic Thought, London, 2002.
 Islam: To Reform or to Subvert, Saqi Books, London, 2006.

In French
 Deux Epîtres de Miskawayh, édition critique, ed. B.E.O, Damas, 1961.
 Aspects de la pensée islamique classique, ed. IPN, Paris, 1963.
 L'humanisme arabe au 4e/10e siècle, ed. Vrin, Paris, 1973.
 Traité d'Ethique, Trad., introd., notes du Tahdhîb al-akhlâq de Miskawayh, 1e éd.1969 (2e éd.1988).
 Essais sur la pensée islamique, 1e ed. Maisonneuve & Larose, Paris, 1973 (2e éd. 1984).
 La Pensée arabe, 1e éd. P.U.F., Paris, 1975 (6e éd. 2002).
 L'Islam, hier, demain, (with Louis Gardet), 2e ed. Buchet-Chastel, Paris, 1982 (translation in Arabic, Beyrouth 1983).
 L'Islam, religion et société, ed. Cerf, Paris, 1982 (translated in Italia, RAI 1980).
 Lectures du Coran, 1e ed. Albin Michel, Paris, 1982 (2e Aleef, Tunis 1991).
 Pour une critique de la Raison islamique, Paris, 1984.
 L'Islam, morale et politique, UNESCO-Desclée, Paris, 1986.
 Religion et laïcité: Une approche laïque de l'Islam, ed. L'Arbrelle, Paris, 1989.
 Ouvertures sur l'Islam, 1e ed. J. Grancher, Paris, 1989.
 L'Islam, approche critique, Paris, 1989.
 Ouvertures sur l'islam, Paris, 1992.
 L´Islam et les musulmans dans le monde, Paris, 1993.
 Penser l'islam aujourd'hui, Alger, 1993.
 L'Islam. Approche critique, Le livre du mois, Paris, 2002.
 Combats pour l'Humanisme en contextes islamiques, Paris, 2002.
 De Manhattan à Bagdad: Au-delà du Bien et du Mal, Paris, 2003.
 ABC de l'islam, Paris, 2007.
 La question éthique et juridique dans la pensée islamique, Paris, 2010.
 La Construction humaine de l'islam, Paris, 2012.
 Quand l'islam s'éveillera, Paris, 2018.

In Arabic
 Al-Fikr al-'arabiyy (), ed. Uwaydat, Beyrouth 1979.
 Al-Islâm: Asâla wa Mumârasa (), ed. Latakia, Damascus, 1986.
 Ta'rîkhiyyat al-fikr al-'arabiyy al-islâmiyy (), ed. Markaz al-inmâ' al-qawmiyy, Beyrouth 1986.
 Al-Fikr al-islâmiyy: Qirâ'a 'ilmiyya (), ed. Arab cultural center, Beyrouth 1987.
 Al-islâm: al-Akhlâq wal-Siyâsa (), ed. Arab Printing, Publishing and Distribution center, Cairo, 1988.
 Al-fikr al-islâmi: Naqd wa-jtihâd (), ed. Dâr al-Sâqî, London, 1990.
 Al-'almana wa-l-dîn (), ed. Dâr al-Sâqî, London, 1990.
 Mina-l-ijtihâd ilâ naqd al-'aql al-islâmî (), ed. Dâr al-Sâqî, London, 1991.
 Min Faysal al-Tafriqa ilâ Fasl-al-Maqâl: Ayna huwa-l-Fikr al-islâmiyy al-mu'âsir (), ed. Dâr al-Sâqî, London, 1993.
 Al-Islâm, Urubbâ, wal-Gharb: Rihânât al-ma'nâ wa Irâdât al-Haymana  (), ed. Dâr al-Sâqî, London, 1995.
 Naz'at al-Ansana fî-l-fikr al-'arabiyy (), ed. Dâr al-Sâqî, London, 1997.
 Qadâyâ fî Naqd al-Fikr al-dînî (), ed. Dâr al-Talî'a, Beyrouth 1998.
 Al-Fikr al-usûlî wal-stihâlat al-Ta'sîl (), ed. Dâr al-Sâqî, London, 1999.
 Ma'ârik min ajli-l-ansana fî-l-siyâqât al-islâmiyya (), ed. Dâr al-sâqî, London, 2001.
 The Qur'an : Min al-Tafsîr al-mawrûth ilâ tahlîl al-khitâb al-dînî (), ed. Dâr al-Talî'a, Beyrouth 2001.
 The Qur'an from the inherited interpretation to the analysis of religious discourse (), ed. Dâr al-Talî'a, Beyrouth 2001.

In Dutch
 Islam in Discussie, 24 vragen over de Islam, éd. Uitgeverij Contact, Amsterdam 1993.
 Islam & De Democratie; Een ontmoeting, en collaboration avec Frits Bolkestein, Uitgeverij Contact, Amsterdam 1994.
 Several articles and interviews in Dutch Journals.

In Indonesian
 Nalar Islami dan nalar modern: Berbagai Tantangan dan Jalan Baru, Trans. Johan H. Meuleman, INIS, Jakarta 1994.
 Berbagai Pembacaan Quran, Trans. Machasin, ed. Johan H. Meuleman, INIS, Jakarta 1997, 256 p.
 Kajian Kontemporer al-Qur'an, Trans. Hidayatullah, Pustaka, Bandung, 1998, 265 p.
 Membedah Pemikiran Islam, Trans. Hidayatullah, Pustaka, Bandung, 2000

Honours and awards

Honours
  Commandeur of the Legion of Honour (France).
  Officier of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques (France).

Awards
 Giorgio Levi Della Vida Award (London, 2002).
 The Ibn Rushd Prize for Freedom of Thought (Berlin, 2003).
 Prize for culture (Doha, 2010).
 International Prize of Acharif Al Idrissi (Palermo, 2012 - posthumously).
 Prize Izerfan (Rabat, 2012 - posthumously).
 Trophy for the promotion of human rights (Rabat, 2012 - posthumously).

Acknowledgement
 Member of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts.
 Member of the Academy of the Kingdom of Morocco.

Honorary degrees
 University of Exeter.

References

External links
 Wael Abu-Uksa, "Rediscovering the Mediterranean: Political Critic and Mediterraneanism in Mohammed Arkoun's Thought", Journal of Levantine Studies 1 (Summer 2011): 173-191
 Autobiography of Mohammad Arkoun in Ibn-rush.org
 Mohammed Arkoun, "The Struggle for Humanism in Islamic Contexts", Journal of Levantine Studies, 1 (Summer 2011): 155-172.
 Biography of Arkoun in Center for Islam and Science (CIS) website
 Interview with M. Arkoun on Rawafid part 1
 Interview with M. Arkoun on Rawafid part 2
 Interview with M. Arkoun on Masarat
 Mohammed Arkoun:A Modern Critic of Islamic Reason
 Obituary for Mohammed Arkoun on Qantara.de
 Mohammed Arkoun (1928-2010): Trailblazer for New Approaches to the Study of Islam
 Obituary for Mohammed Arkoun: A Pioneer of Modern Critical Islam Studies
 Samir Abuzaid, Professor Muhammad Arkoun, arabphilosophers.com
 The Construction of Belief: Reflections on the Thought of Mohammed Arkoun (2012) eds A. Filali-Ansary, A. Esmail, Aga Khan University-Institute for the Study of Muslim Civilisations / Saqi.
 Ursula Günther: Mohammed Arkoun: Towards a radical rethinking of Islamic thought. In: Taji-Farouki, Suha (ed.): Modern Muslim Intellectuals and the Qur'an. London 2004, p. 125-167.

1928 births
2010 deaths
Algerian emigrants to France
Algerian historians
Algerian philosophers
Berber historians
Berber scholars
French people of Kabyle descent
Hermeneutists
Islamic philosophers
Muslim reformers
Kabyle people
Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts
Officers of the Legion of Honour
People from Beni Yenni
University of Algiers alumni
University of Paris alumni
Academic staff of the University of Lyon
Academic staff of the University of Paris

Mohammed Arkoun


Various genetic studies on Filipinos have been performed, to analyze the population genetics of the various ethnic groups in the Philippines.

The results of a massive DNA study conducted by the National Geographic's "The Genographic Project", based on genetic testings of 80,000 Filipino people by the National Geographic in 2008–2009, found that the Philippines is made up of around 53% Southeast Asia and Oceania, 36% East Asian, 5% European, 3% South Asian and 2% Native American genes.

Origins

The first Austronesians reached the Philippines at around 2200 BC, settling the Batanes Islands and northern Luzon. From there, they rapidly spread downwards to the rest of the islands of the Philippines and Southeast Asia, as well as voyaging further east to reach the Northern Mariana Islands by around 1500 BC. They assimilated the older Negrito groups which arrived during the Paleolithic, resulting in the modern Filipino ethnic groups which all display various ratios of genetic admixture between Austronesian and Negrito groups.

A 2008 genetic study by Leeds University and published in Molecular Biology and Evolution, showed that mitochondrial DNA lineages have been evolving within Maritime Southeast Asia since modern humans arrived approximately 50,000 years ago. The authors concluded that it was proof that Austronesians evolved within Island Southeast Asia and did not come from Taiwan (the "Out-of-Sundaland" hypothesis). Population dispersals occurred at the same time as sea levels rose, which resulted in migrations from the Philippine Islands into Taiwan within the last 10,000 years.

However, these have been repudiated by a 2014 study published by Nature using whole genome sequencing (instead of only mtDNA) which has found that all ISEA populations had genes originating from the aboriginal Taiwanese. Contrary to the claim of a south-to-north migration in the "Out-of-Sundaland" hypothesis, the new whole genome analysis strongly confirms the north-to-south dispersal of the Austronesian peoples in the prevailing "Out-of-Taiwan" hypothesis. The researchers further pointed out that while humans have been living in Sundaland for at least 40,000 years, the Austronesian people were recent arrivals. The results of the 2008 study failed to take into account admixture with the more ancient but unrelated Negrito and Papuan populations.

Another study about the ancestral composition of modern ethnic groups in the Philippines from 2021 similarly suggests that distinctive Basal-East Asian (East-Eurasian) ancestry originated in Mainland Southeast Asia at ~50,000BC, and expanded through multiple migration waves southwards and northwards respectively. Basal-East Asian ancestry, as well as later Austroasiatic ancestry, from Mainland Southeast Asia, arrived into the Philippines prior to the Austronesian expansion. Austronesian-speakers themself are suggested to have arrived on Taiwan and the northern Philippines between 10,000BC to 7,000BC from coastal southern China. The authors concluded that the Austronesian expansion into Insular Southeast Asia and Polynesia was outgoing from the Philippines rather than Taiwan, and that modern Austronesian-speaking people have largely ancestry from the earliest Basal-East Asians, Austroasiatic migrants from Mainland Southeast Asia, and Austronesian-speaking seafarers from the Philippines. There was also a westward expansion of people from Papua New Guinea to the Philippines as evidenced by Papuan admixture in Blaan and Sangir peoples of Mindanao, as well as immigration from India as detected in the genetics of the Sama-Dilaut people.

Y-DNA haplogroups

The most frequently occurring Y-DNA haplogroups among modern Filipinos are haplogroup O1a-M119, which has been found with maximal frequency among the indigenous peoples of Nias, the Mentawai Islands, northern Luzon, the Batanes, and Taiwan, and Haplogroup O2-M122, which is found with high frequency in many populations of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Polynesia. In particular, the type of O2-M122 that is found frequently among Filipinos in general, O-P164(xM134), is also found frequently in other Austronesian populations, including Polynesians. Trejaut et al. 2014 found O2a2b-P164(xO2a2b1-M134) in 26/146 = 17.8% of a pool of samples of Filipinos (4/8 = 50% Mindanao, 7/31 = 22.6% Visayas, 10/55 = 18.2% South Luzon, 1/6 = 17% North Luzon, 2/22 = 9.1% unknown Philippines, 2/24 = 8.3% Ivatan). The distributions of other subclades of O2-M122 in the Philippines were sporadic, but it may be noted that O2a1b-JST002611 was observed in 6/24 = 25% of a sample of Ivatan and 1/31 = 3.2% of a sample from the Visayas, O2a2a1a2-M7 was observed in 1/6 = 17% of a sample from North Luzon, 1/55 = 1.8% of a sample from South Luzon, and 1/31 = 3.2% of a sample from the Visayas, and O2a2b1a1a-M133 was observed in 2/31 = 6.5% of a sample from the Visayas. A total of 45/146 = 30.8% of the sampled Filipinos were found to belong to Haplogroup O2-M122. In a study by Delfin et al. (2011), 21.1% (8/38) of a sample of highlanders of northern Luzon (17 Bugkalot, 12 Kalangoya, 6 Kankanaey, 2 Ibaloi, and 1 Ifugao) were found to belong to haplogroup O2a2a1a2-M7, which is outside of the O2a2b-P164 clade and is uncommon among Austronesian-speaking populations, being rather frequently observed among speakers of Hmong-Mien, Katuic, and Bahnaric languages in southwestern China and eastern Mainland Southeast Asia.  (Delfin et al. also observed O-M7 in 5/39 = 12.8% of a sample of Agta from Iriga in southeastern Luzon and 5/36 = 13.9% of a sample of Ati from Panay.) Haplogroup O1a-M119 is also commonly found among Filipinos (25/146 = 17.1% O1a-M119(xO1a1a-P203, O1a2-M50), 20/146 = 13.7% O1a1a-P203, 17/146 = 11.6% O1a2-M50, 62/146 = 42.5% O1a-M119 total according to Trejaut et al. 2014) and is shared with other Austronesian-speaking populations, especially those in Taiwan, western Indonesia, and Madagascar.
R1b Y-DNA common in Spain and Western Europe was also detected among 12-13% of the sample size which had come to the area via immigration from Spain and Latin America, as well as L1 which came from Germanic Europeans and had spread to the Philippines from Anglo-America and consisting to about 0.95% of the sample size. Also included is Y-DNA H1a, that came from South Asian sources.

Haplogroup R-M343
After the 16th century, the colonial period saw the influx of genetic influence from other populations. This is evidenced by the presence of a small percentage of the Y-DNA Haplogroup R1b (R-M343) present among the population of the Philippines. DNA studies vary as to how small these lineages are. A year 2001 study conducted by Stanford University Asia-Pacific Research Center stated that only 3.6% of the Philippine population had European Y-DNA. According to another genetic study done by the Kaiser Permanente (KP) Research Program on Genes, Environment, and Health (RPGEH), substantial number of Californian residents self-identifying as Filipinos sampled have "modest" amounts of European ancestry consistent with older admixture.

The analysis of the full autosomal genome of 1,082 individuals from the Philippines has shown that "in contrast to several other Spanish-colonized regions, Philippine demography appears to have remained largely unaffected by admixture with Europeans" (Larena et al. 2021). European admixture is found at a low level among individuals from lowland groups such as Ilocanos and Cebuanos, and reaches significant population-wide levels among urbanized lowlanders, Bicolanos and Chavacano-speaking Mestizos.

Haplogroup Q-M242
Studies show that Y-DNA Haplogroup Q-M242, which has its highest frequency among Native Americans and Asian Siberians and is also found in other Asians, is also present among 3.1% of Filipino males. Coincidentally, its ratio is close to the 2% Native American percentage among Filipinos found in the previously cited National Geographic's, "The Genographic Project".

Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups

From India
The Indian Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups, M52'58 and M52a are also present in the Philippines suggesting that there was Indian migration to the archipelago starting from the 5th Century AD.

The integration of Southeast Asia into Indian Ocean trading networks around 2,000 years ago also shows some impact, with South Asian genetic signals that are present in the Indonesian archipelago also extending into the Philippines among the Sama-Bajau communities.

See also
Demographics of the Philippines
Peopling of Southeast Asia
Genetic history of East Asians

References

Phil
Modern human genetic history
Filipino people
Fil

Genetic studies on Filipinos


Raindrops are drops of atmospheric liquid water.

Raindrop or Raindrops may also refer to:

 Raindrop Prelude, Op. 28, No. 15, by Frédéric Chopin
 The Raindrops, a New York pop group
 "Raindrops" (Basement Jaxx song), 2009
 "Raindrops" (Dee Clark song), 1961
 "Raindrops" (Stunt song), 2006
 "Raindrops (Encore Une Fois)", a mashup by Sash!
 "Raindrops (Insane)", a song by Metro Boomin and Travis Scott
 "Rain Drop", the b-side of IU's 2010 single "Nagging"
 Raindrops, the reissue of the album Steve Kuhn Live in New York
 "Raindrops", a song by Jeremih from the album Jeremih
 "Raindrops", a 2006 song by Pitbull featuring Anjuli Stars from the album El Mariel
 "Raindrops (An Angel Cried)", a song by Ariana Grande from the album Sweetener
 Mozilla Raindrop, a messaging application

See also
 Raindrop cake, a type of dessert

Raindrops (disambiguation)


Da'ud Abu al-Fadl (1161–1242) was a Karaite Jewish physician who lived in Ayyubid Egypt in the twelfth century CE. He was born in Cairo in 1161 and died there about 1242. Having studied medicine under the Jewish physician Hibat Allah ibn Jami, and under Abu al-Fafa'il ibn Naqid, he became the court physician of the sultan al-Malik al-'Adil Abu Bakr ibn Ayyub, the brother and successor of Saladin. He was also chief professor at the al-Nasiri Hospital at Cairo, where he had a great many pupils, among them being the historian Ibn Abi Usaibiyyah. The latter declared that Abu al-Fadl was the most skillful physician of the time and that his success in curing the sick was miraculous. Abu al-Fadl was the author of an Arabic pharmacopoeia in twelve chapters, entitled Aḳrabadhin, treating chiefly of antidotes.

Sources
Kohler, Kaufmann and M. Seligsohn. "Fadl, Daud Abu al-". Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901–1906, citing:
Ibn Abi Usaibi'ah, Uyun al-Anha' fi Ṭabaḳat al-Aṭibba', ed. Aug. Müller, ii. 118–119, Königsberg, 1884:
Carmoly, in Revue Orientale, i. 418;
Steinschneider, Jewish Literature, pp. 195, 366, note 16a;
idem, Bibl. Arab.-Jud. § 154.

1161 births
1242 deaths
13th-century Egyptian physicians
Medieval Karaite Jewish physicians
Medieval Jewish physicians of Egypt
Karaite rabbis
12th-century Egyptian rabbis
Physicians from the Ayyubid Sultanate
13th-century Egyptian rabbis
12th-century Egyptian physicians
Court physicians
Rabbis from Cairo
Egypt under the Ayyubid Sultanate

Da'ud Abu al-Fadl


Teju Jagua  is the first son of Tau and Kerana and one of the seven legendary monsters of Guaraní mythology.

Because of the curse placed upon Tau by Arasy for raping Kerana, Tau's descendants were forever cursed to a deformed and monstrous appearance.

Thus, the pair's first son was a huge lizard with seven dog-heads and eyes that shoot out fire. His seven dog-heads make any movement difficult. Some versions of the story say Teju Jagua has only one giant dog-head. But all versions agree that he has a limited ability to move around.

His appearance was the most horrid of all the seven brothers. However, his ferocity was tempered by choice of Tupã.  He was left calm and harmless. Still he was feared for his fiery gaze.

He feeds on fruit and his brother Yasy Yateré gave him honey, his favorite food. He is considered the lord of the caves and protector of fruit.  He is also mentioned as a brilliant protector of buried treasure.

Its skin became shiny after rolling around in the gold and precious stones of Itapé.

Bibliography

COLMAN, Narciso R. (Rosicrán): Ñande Ypy Kuéra ("Nuestros antepasados"), 1929.

Guaraní legendary creatures
Guaraní deities
Dragons
Mythological dogs
Nature gods

Teju Jagua


The yellow-olive flatbill or yellow-olive flycatcher (Tolmomyias sulphurescens) is a species of bird in the family Tyrannidae. It is found in tropical and subtopical forest and woodland in Central and South America, but over its range there are significant variations in plumage, iris-colour and voice, leading to speculations that more than one species is involved. Its plumage is overall greenish-yellow, the lores are whitish, the crown is often greyish and some subspecies have a dusky patch on the auriculars. The flat bill is black above and pale pinkish or greyish below; similar to the yellow-margined flatbill, but unlike the grey-crowned flatbill.

References

Further reading

yellow-olive flatbill
Birds of Central America
Birds of South America
yellow-olive flatbill
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Yellow-olive flatbill


Jorma is the second solo album by Jorma Kaukonen of Hot Tuna and Jefferson Airplane. Hot Tuna had stopped touring in 1977 and Jack Casady had moved on to the band SVT.  Bill Thompson and the staff that had managed Hot Tuna and still managed Jefferson Starship in 1979 continued to manage Kaukonen. David Kahne was hired to produce and the new solo album was released on RCA.  The album consists entirely of Jorma's own vocals and his own electric and acoustic guitar work with many original songs written by Kaukonen.  The last track is a poem recited by Kaukonen with no instrumental backing.

Track listing
All tracks composed by Jorma Kaukonen; except where indicated

Side One
"Straight Ahead" (Jorma Kaukonen, Bob Steeler) – 4:15
"Roads and Roads &" – 4:14
"Valley of Tears" – 4:47
"Song for the High Mountain" – 3:05

Side Two
"Wolves and Lambs" – 3:30
"Too Long Out / Too Long In" – 5:14
"Requiem for an Angel" – 3:46
"Vampire Women" (Spark Plug Smith) – 3:27
"Da-Ga Da-Ga" (M. A. Numminen) – 1:25

Personnel
Jorma Kaukonen – guitars, vocals

Production
Jorma Kaukonen – producer
David Kahne – producer, engineer
Pat (Maurice) Ieraci – production coordinator
Wet Teeth M – cover design
Doug Carter – cover design assistance
Jacky Kaukonen – secretary
Bob Steeler – street consultant
Michael Casady – equipment
Bill Thompson – manager
Recorded and mixed at Filmways / Heider, San Francisco
Mastered by John Golden, Kendun Recorders, Burbank

References

Notes

Jorma Kaukonen albums
1979 albums
Albums produced by David Kahne
RCA Records albums
Albums recorded at Wally Heider Studios

Jorma (album)


Comeback Kid (or CBK) are a Hardcore punk band from Canada.  They live in the area of Winnipeg. The band is currently signed to Victory records. Their former labels include Facedown Records. The band was formed in 2002 by Andrew Neufeld and Jeremy Hiebert.

The band has released three albums and a live DVD called Through the Noise.

For their first two albums, Scott Wade was the singer for the band. He left the band in May 2006. His role as singer for Comeback Kid, was replaced by the band's guitarist, Andrew Neufeld.

People often think that Comeback Kid is a Christian band. This is because of their original record label and the band some of the members used to be part of. Some of Comeback Kid's members were Christian but not anymore. The lead singer has stated that they do not really have an agenda and just love playing their type of music.

Canadian punk bands
Musical groups established in 2002
2002 establishments in Canada

Comeback Kid


The Longview News-Journal is the major newspaper printed in the City of Longview, Texas.

History
Dating to 1871 under independent publishers, including James Hogg, later Texas governor, and Carl Estes, Longview civic figure, the publication was purchased by Cox Newspapers in the 1980s and sold by Cox to ASP Westward in 2009. It is closely affiliated with the Marshall News Messenger, another former Cox newspaper (published in nearby Marshall) which was sold to ASP Westward along with the News-Journal.

In 2012, ASP Westward announced the sale of the Longview and Marshall papers, along with 12 of its other non-daily East Texas papers, to Texas Community Media LLC, a new company formed by the longtime owners of the Victoria Advocate in South Texas.

The Longview News-Journal is now owned by M. Roberts Media which also owns: Victoria Advocate, Marshall News Messenger, Tyler Morning Telegraph, The Panola Watchman, and Kilgore News Herald.

Operating out of its modern 3-story brick editorial offices in downtown Longview, the News-Journal has a circulation in 11 East Texas counties to about 20,000 customers on weekdays. The daily Marshall News Messenger and Texas Community Media's 12 non-daily East Texas papers are produced in the News-Journal's newsroom and printed and distributed from its Longview production plant.

The newspaper's receptionist area contains several historical documents, including a copy of a telegram that Adolf Hitler wrote to the people of New London after the New London School explosion in 1937.

References

External links

Daily newspapers published in Texas
Longview, Texas
Newspapers established in 1871

1871 establishments in Texas

Longview News-Journal


Niagara Falls (2001 population 78,815) is a city in Ontario, Canada. It is located on the Niagara River, across from Niagara Falls, New York.

The city is dominated by the Niagara Falls. It brings hundreds of thousands of tourists to the city along with other attractions like Casino Niagara.

History
The Niagara Falls area has seen continuous settlement since the 17th century, first by the Iroquois and then by the Europeans who were drawn to the falls. Tourism started in the early 19th century. This has always been the city's main industry.

Cities in Ontario

Niagara Falls, Ontario


Winter Songs (in Australia and New Zealand titled Stay) is the sixth studio album released by Irish singer/songwriter and Boyzone frontman Ronan Keating. It was released by Polydor Records on 16 November 2009 in the UK and Ireland, debuting at number 16 and 12 in each respective album chart. The first single, a cover of Grammy Award-winning American country music duo Sugarland's hit "Stay", was released digitally on the same day.

Album information
The album Winter Songs follows the UK number one album Songs for My Mother released six months earlier, this time pulling together a set of 11 songs that evoke special memories of winter and Christmas for Ronan Keating. Winter Songs includes traditional Christmas classics such as "Silent Night" and "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" as well as modern festive classics like Joni Mitchell's River and Sugarland's "Stay". Songs originally performed by artists like Simon & Garfunkel ("Homeward Bound") and Bob Dylan ("Ring Them Bells") are also included on the album, which also includes two brand new Ronan Keating songs "It's Only Christmas" and "Scars". Like Keating's previous album, Winter Songs is produced by Stephen Lipson (Paul McCartney, Annie Lennox and Pet Shop Boys). The album also features the last studio recording of Stephen Gately, who died a short while after the album was completed. Ronan told The News of the World: "What keeps me going is that Stephen is on this album. His vocal on Little Drummer Boy is one of the most beautiful recordings. He is almost angelic – which is truly fitting as I believe my friend is an angel now." In a press release about the album, Keating said that "some of these songs conjure up some of my favorite Christmas memories".

Track listing
Credits from booklet.
 "Winter Song" (Sara Bareilles/Ingrid Michaelson)
 "Stay" (Jennifer Nettles)
 "Scars" (Steve McEwan/John White)
 "Homeward Bound" (Paul Simon)
 "River" (Joni Mitchell)
 "It's Only Christmas" (Ronan Keating/Paul Barry)
 "Little Drummer Boy" (Guest vocals by Stephen Gately) (Katherine Davis/Henry Onorati/Harry Simeone)
 "Ring Them Bells" (Bob Dylan)
 "Caledonia" (Dougie MacLean)
 "Silent Night" (Franz Gruber)
 "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" (Ralph Blane/Hugh Martin)
 "I Won't Last a Day Without You" (Paul Williams/Roger Nichols)

Australian alternative track
 6. "It's Only Christmas" (Duet with Kate Ceberano) (Ronan Keating/Paul Barry)

Notes

Chart

References

External links

Ronan Keating albums
2009 Christmas albums
Albums produced by Stephen Lipson
Pop Christmas albums

Winter Songs (Ronan Keating album)


Stepan Pobodailo (Ukrainian: Степан Пободайло; died 1654) was a Ukrainian Cossack leader.

In 1646 he began the reconstruction of the Trinity–Saint Elijah's Monastery in Chernihiv.

He was in the service of Adam Kisiel until 1648, then went to Bohdan Khmelnytsky and was active in the Khmelnytsky Uprising.  In 1649, he was defeated at the Battle of Loyew while trying to aid Mykhailo Krychevsky. He took part in negotiations with Moscow in Pereiaslav in 1654.

References

Zaporozhian Cossacks
1654 deaths
Year of birth unknown

Stepan Pobodailo


Lufthansa SG Berlin was a German association football club based in the Schöneberg district of Berlin. It was established in 1931 as the worker's side of the national airline Deutschen Lufthansa Berlin and was active through to the end of World War II.

History
The club was renamed Lufthansa Sportverein in 1931 before again taking on the name Lufthansa SG sometime in 1935. They took part in the promotion round for the Gauliga Berlin-Brandenburg (I) in 1937, but did not advance after finishing sixth out of a group of seven qualifiers. The team had more success in their next attempt in 1939 when they finished 1st in the promotion round, and alongside Polizei SV Berlin, advanced to Gauliga play.

They performed well in their debut season there, finishing 2nd in Staffel A, but slipped in their next two campaigns. In 1942, SG took part in play for the Tschammerspokal, predecessor to today's DFB-Pokal (German Cup), where they went out in the first round to Blau-Weiß 90 Berlin. They earned another 2nd place Gauliga finish in 1943.

Manpower shortages late in the war led to the formation of wartime sports clubs known as Kriegspielgemeinschaft that combined two or more sides and Lufthansa played alongside Viktoria 89 Berlin as KSG Lufthansa/Viktoria 89 Berlin in 1943–45. SG disappeared at the end of the war, while Viktoria was re-formed as Sportgruppe Tempelhof before resuming its historical identity in 1948. The footballers of Lufthansa joined SG Staaken which is still active today as SC Staaken. A separate airline worker's side known as BSG Luftfahrt Berlin emerged in Soviet-occupied East Berlin after the war.

Stadium
Lufthansa SG played its home fixtures at Monumentenstraße Schöneberg (capacity 1914/15,000, 1923/8,000, 1941/2,200).

References

Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv historical German domestic league tables

Defunct football clubs in Germany
Lufthansa
Association football clubs established in 1930
1930 establishments in Germany
1945 disestablishments in Germany
Association football clubs disestablished in 1945
Works association football clubs in Germany

Lufthansa SG Berlin


John Fergus Slattery (born 12 February 1949 in Dún Laoghaire, Ireland) is a former rugby union player who represented Ireland. He played schools rugby for Blackrock College and then moved on to play senior rugby for UCD, before earning a call up to the Ireland team in 1970. He subsequently left UCD to join Blackrock College R.F.C. During his career Slattery earned 61 caps, 18 as captain, and scored 3 tries. In 1971, he was a member of the British and Irish Lions squad that toured New Zealand, missing out on a start in the third Test due to illness. He played for the Barbarians in the famous 1973 game against the All Blacks in Cardiff. Slattery toured with the Lions again in 1974, playing in all four Tests and captaining the side for two provincial matches. He was captain of the most successful Irish touring side ever in 1979 which won 7 of the 8 matches in Australia including the two Tests in Brisbane and Sydney. In addition to the above honours, he was a member of the Irish Triple Crown-winning team in 1982.

Slattery was inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame in 2007.

References

External links
IRFU profile
Lions profile

Barbarians profile

People from Dún Laoghaire
Irish rugby union players
Ireland international rugby union players
Blackrock College RFC players
University College Dublin R.F.C. players
World Rugby Hall of Fame inductees
British & Irish Lions rugby union players from Ireland
Barbarian F.C. players
Rugby union flankers
1949 births
Living people
People educated at Blackrock College
Ireland international rugby sevens players
Sportspeople from Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown
Rugby union players from County Dublin

Fergus Slattery


The Pontiac Aztek was a mid-size crossover sold by the Pontiac division of General Motors from 2001 to 2005. The vehicle was GM's first venture into the crossover market. It also had a twin the Buick Rendezvous. Both were built on the GM's minivan platform. The Aztek was a cross between a minivan and an SUV.

With a front engine and four-wheel drive (available after January 2001), the Aztek featured a four-speed automatic transmission and a V-6 engine. Pontiac marketed it as a "sport recreational vehicle." It featuring 94 cubic feet of cargo room capable of carrying a 4' x 8' sheet of plywood with its rear seats removed. Other features included a rear center console that doubled as a removable cooler. It had rear stereo controls in the cargo area. The Aztek featured an available camping package with an attachable tent and inflatable mattress. The latter could be inflated by a built-in air compressor.

The Aztek was a commercial failure. It was also called one of the worst vehicles ever made. Criticized for its awkward styling it was called downright ugly. The Aztek was phased out and replaced by the Pontiac Torrent. The Rendezvous continued to be sold until 2008 when it was replaced by the Enclave.

References

Sport utility vehicles
Pontiac automobiles

Pontiac Aztek


Keith Matthew Thornton (born October 7, 1963), better known by his stage name Kool Keith, is an American rapper and record producer from The Bronx, New York. Kool Keith has recorded many things both as a solo artist and with groups. Kool Keith is said to be one of hip-hop's most unusual people.

Kool Keith was a cofounding member of Ultramagnetic MCs. Thier first song Critical Beatdown was released in 1988. After two more albums with the group, Funk Your Head Up and The Four Horsemen, Kool Keith released his solo album, Dr. Octagonecologyst. He released it under the name Dr. Octagon in 1996. He next released a series of hip hop albums. These include Sex Style, First Come, First Served (as Dr. Dooom), and most recently Keith.

After releasing only one album on a major label, Black Elvis/Lost in Space, Kool Keith returned to independently releasing music. He worked alone  and with groups such as Analog Brothers, Masters of Illusion, Thee Undatakerz and Project Polaroid. Kool Keith has also made guest appearances  with Peeping Tom and Yeah Yeah Yeahs. The Prodigy's hit "Smack My Bitch Up" was based on Kool Keith's voice saying "Change my pitch up. Smack my bitch up."

References

Other websites

1963 births
African-American rappers
Living people
Musicians from California
Musicians from New York City
American bass guitarists
American songwriters

Kool Keith


Willem "Wim" Schermerhorn (December 17, 1894 in Akersloot - March 10, 1977 in Haarlem) was a Dutch politician.

He was originally a member of the Free-thinking Democratic League (VDB) and later of the Labour Party (PvdA).

He was prime minister of the Netherlands from 1945 till 1946, a member of the Second Chamber from 1948 till 1951, and a member of the First Chamber from 1951 till 1965.

Schermerhorn studied civil engineering at Delft University of Technology, and was also a professor at this university.

During World War II he performed important resistance activities, and had been imprisoned as a hostage for some time.

Schermerhorn belonged to the Remonstrant Church. He died in 1977, aged 83.

References
  Bio at Parlement.com

1894 births
1977 deaths
Dutch academics
Dutch engineers
Dutch people of World War II
Members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
Members of the Senate of the Netherlands
Labour Party (Netherlands) politicians
Politicians from North Holland
Prime Ministers of the Netherlands
Prisoners
Remonstrants
Civil engineers

Wim Schermerhorn


Əngəlan (also Əngilan, Angelan, Angalan or Ангилан) is a village in the Khizi Rayon or Azerbaijan.  The village forms part of the municipality of Tıxlı.

Before the breakup of the Soviet Union, it was a village in Khizi Selsoviet under jurisdiction of the city of Sumqayit of Azerbaijan SSR,  from Khizi, the administrative center of the selsoviet. Two smaller villages: Ashaga Angelan ("Lower Angelan") and Yukhary Angelan ("Upper Angelan) appeared.

References

Populated places in Khizi District

Angelan


Alexander Cameron (January 4, 1834 – January 14, 1917) was a physician and political figure in Quebec. He represented Huntingdon in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1874 to 1892 as a Conservative and then Liberal member.

He was born in Pictou, Nova Scotia and educated at the Pictou Academy and the University of Glasgow. In 1866, he married Elizabeth McKenzie Wallace. He qualified to  practise medicine in 1875 and set up practice in Huntingdon. Cameron served as a surgeon in the militia. He served as mayor of Huntingdon from 1870 to 1887 and was warden for Huntingdon County in 1882. He also served as a member of the Council of Public Instruction for Quebec. Cameron was first elected to the Quebec assembly as a Conservative in an 1874 by-election held after the death of Thomas Sanders. He was reelected in 1875 as a Liberal; that election was appealed but he won the by-election that followed in 1876. Cameron was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1892 and 1897. He died in Montreal at the age of 83.

References

1834 births
1917 deaths
Conservative Party of Quebec MNAs
Quebec Liberal Party MNAs
Mayors of places in Quebec

Alexander Cameron (politician)


Johnny Gosch (born November 12, 1969) was a paperboy in West Des Moines, Iowa. He disappeared at age 12, while delivering newspapers. In the early hours of September 5, 1982, he disappeared on his route and was never seen since. Gosch is believed to be kidnapped. His mother got mail one morning in 1997 showing the photos of her kidnapped son and three other boys. Another paperboy disappeared where Johnny was kidnapped, named Eugene Martin, 13 years old.

His mother, Noreen Gosch, maintains that Johnny Gosch escaped from his captors and visited her in 1997, but now fears for his life and lives under an assumed identity. Gosch's father, John, divorced from Noreen since 1993, has publicly stated that he was not sure whether or not such a visit actually occurred. Authorities have not located Gosch or confirmed Noreen Gosch's account, and his fate continues to be the subject of speculation, conspiracy theories, and dispute.The case received publicity in 2006 when his mother claimed to have found photographs on her doorstep depicting Gosch in captivity. Some of the photos received were proven to be children from a case in Florida, but one boy in the photos was never identified. Noreen Gosch insists that boy is her son Johnny.

References

1969 births
Kidnapped American people
Des Moines, Iowa

Johnny Gosch


The Wetterhoun (translated into English as the Frisian Water Dog) is a breed traditionally used as a hunting dog for small game and waterfowl and native to the province of Friesland in the Netherlands. The name of the breed comes from the West Frisian Wetterhûn, meaning "water dog." The plural of Wetterhoun is Wetterhounen in Frisian. The breed may also be called the Otterhoun (not to be confused with the Otterhound) or Dutch Spaniel, although it is not a Spaniel-type dog.

Appearance
The Wetterhoun is a medium-sized dog, measuring at 55-59 centimeters (21.6-23 inches) at the withers and weighing between 25 and 35 kilos (55 and 77 pounds) at maturity. Their coat is thick and curly except for the head, ears, and legs, where it is smoother in texture; the water repellant coat is described as feeling oily to the touch. Coat colour may be solid black or brown, black and white, or brown and white, with or without ticking or roaning. The texture of the coat should not be woolly, as such hair is not water repellent. The ears are low-set and hang flat to the head, and the tail curls tightly over the back. The breed has an unusual, somewhat stern expression due to the shape of the eyes, which distinguishes this breed from others.

History
The first Wetterhouns lived at least 400 years ago in the Dutch province of Friesland. The breed is believed to have originated from Romani dogs, crossed with an indigenous Frisian dog, perhaps the now extinct Old Water Dog. Dogs of this type were kept for the difficult and dangerous hunting of fitch (Mustela putorius) and otter (Lutra lutra) in the water. The dogs were also used for retrieving waterfowl and served as watch dogs. Although the dogs almost disappeared during World War II, fanciers were able to bring the breed back through careful breeding, and it has since gained popularity.

Databases are maintained by the Nederlandse Vereniging voor Stabij- en Wetterhounen (The Dutch Club for the Stabij and Wetterhoun) for assessing pedigrees and computing inbreeding coefficients.

Internationally, the breed is recognised by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale in the water dogs section of Group 8. The United Kennel Club recognises the breed in the gun dog group. The breed is also recognised by a number of minor registries, hunting clubs, and internet-based dog registry businesses and promoted as a rare breed for those seeking an unusual pet.

Temperament
The Wetterhoun is an excellent gun dog, effectively retrieving across both land and water; however, its strong will and natural guarding abilities make early training imperative. The breed standard describes the Wetterhoun as reserved, remarking that it is "the ideal guard dog," despite never being aggressive and enjoying the company of its family.

Although it is described as strong willed, the Wetterhoun is never stubborn or willfully disobedient. They do demonstrate tenacity and a desire to complete tasks, no matter the challenge. They remain focused to complete whatever they believe to be their task. The breed is sensitive and should never be treated harshly or trained using punishment. Give proper socialisation and exposure to different people, animals, and environments in early life, the Wetterhoun is extremely tolerant—so much so that adults should be mindful that children do not take advantage of the Wetterhoun's gentle nature.

See also
 Dogs portal
 List of dog breeds

References

External links

 Search The Open Directory Project (DMOZ) links for clubs and information about the Wetterhoun

FCI breeds
Dog breeds originating in the Netherlands
Gundogs
Water dogs
Rare dog breeds

Wetterhoun