Grantwood is an unincorporated community straddling the boroughs of Cliffside Park and Ridgefield, just south of Fort Lee, in eastern Bergen County, New Jersey, United States.

Toponymy
Grantwood Heights Land Company was incorporated on February 16, 1900 by Frank Knox. He bought land in the area, including what would later become Palisades Amusement Park. Grantwood was so dubbed in the beginning of the 20th century and takes its name from its location on the Hudson Palisades across the Hudson River from Grant's Tomb () in Manhattan, New York City which was reached by 130th Street Ferry at Edgewater.

Artists' colony
Grantwood was an artist's colony established in 1913 by Man Ray and Samuel Halpert and became the artistic center for a collective known as the "Others" group of artists. The colony consisted of a number of clapboard shacks on a bluff. Some names of the streets in this part of Ridgefield Heights — Sketch Place, Studio Road and Art Lane — pay homage to Grantwood's history. The first issue of The Glebe, a literary magazine, was published at the colony in 1913.  In 1915, Alfred Kreymborg launched Others: A Magazine of the New Verse with Skipwith Cannell, Wallace Stevens, and William Carlos Williams. Along with works of the founders it published work of Maxwell Bodenheim, Mina Loy, Marianne Moore, Ezra Pound, Carl Sandburg, Orrick Johns among others. Walter Conrad Arensberg was influential in supporting the colony.

Motion picture industry

The history of cinema in the United States can trace its roots to the East Coast where, at one time, Fort Lee, just north of Grantwood, was the motion picture capital of America.

The E.K.Lincoln Studio was built in 1915 in Grantwood on Bergen Boulevard and was owned and operated by E.K. Lincoln, who was both an actor and movie maker. Many in the early film world worked out of this studio and used various spots in the area for location work. The first production was The Fighting Chance in which Lincoln starred alongside Violet Horner (who also starred in The Girl from Alaska). Between 1916 and 1917, the studio was rented by Fox Film. In 1920 the United States Photoplay Corporation used it for the film Determination. In 1923, Peter Jones produced the film How High Is Up?. According to Film Daily (June 1926), the first episode of The Leather Pushers (1922) with Reginald Denny was filmed there. After World War I, many movie makers, including Lincoln, headed out to Hollywood where the climate enable them to film outdoors all year round. After talkies came into being in 1927, the studio continued to be used to make Italian and Polish language films. By the end of the Depression, the studio was no longer for film production. The building burnt down the 1960s.

See also
Morsemere, New Jersey
North Hudson County Railway
Mount Moriah Cemetery (Fairview, New Jersey)
Helicon Home Colony

References

Artist colonies
Cliffside Park, New Jersey
Ridgefield, New Jersey
Unincorporated communities in Bergen County, New Jersey
Unincorporated communities in New Jersey

Grantwood, New Jersey


A  (pl. ) is a typical Brazilian fast-food dish, consisting of half-circle or rectangle-shaped thin crust pies with assorted fillings, fried in vegetable oil. The result is a crispy, brownish fried pie. The most common fillings are ground meat, mozzarella, catupiry, heart of palm, codfish, cream cheese, chicken and small shrimp. Pastéis with sweet fillings such as guava paste with Minas cheese, banana and chocolate also exist. The pastel is classified in Brazilian cuisine as a salgado (savoury snack). It is traditionally sold on the streets, in open-air marketplaces, or in fast-food shops known as pastelarias. It is popularly said to have originated when Chinese immigrants adapted their traditional spring rolls to the Brazilian taste using local ingredients. The recipe was later popularized by Japanese immigrants that during World War II tried to pretend to be Chinese to escape from the prejudice Japanese people were facing because of the Japanese alliance during the war. Another theory was that Japanese immigrants adapted Chinese fried wontons to sell as snacks at weekly street markets. A common beverage to drink with pastéis is caldo de cana, a sugarcane juice.

It is also known as  (plural: ).

See also
 Pastel
 List of Brazilian dishes

References

Brazilian cuisine
Pastries
Chinese Brazilian
Brazilian desserts
Chinese fusion cuisine

Pastel (Brazilian food)


Orobanche crenata is a species of broomrape, commonly known as bean broomrape. It is a common parasite of the faba bean, Vicia faba.  It is native to the Mediterranean basin in Europe and North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and Western Asia through to Iran. It has been introduced elsewhere, including Ethiopia. It has no chlorophyll, and gets its carbohydrates from the host's phloem, and water and minerals from the host's xylem. It is a constant threat to legume production.

References

crenata
Flora of the Arabian Peninsula
Flora of Europe
Flora of Western Asia
Flora of North Africa

Orobanche crenata


Abertijne Malcourt (Albertinus and Malcort are common alternate spellings) (d. before 1519) was a Franco-Flemish priest, tenor singer, and music copyist of the Renaissance, principally active at the end of the 15th century, contemporary with Johannes Ockeghem. He is considered to be the composer most likely to have written the famous chanson Malheur me bat, used as the basis for mass settings by Jacob Obrecht, Josquin des Prez, Alexander Agricola, and Andreas Sylvanus.

Some documentation has been found for Malcourt's life. He was a singer in 1475 and 1476 in Brussels at the cathedral of Ste. Gudule, and was there again as choirmaster between 1494 and 1498; it is not clear if he was there the whole time. He received a pension from Ste. Gudule in 1513, and is mentioned as being deceased in 1519.  In addition to being a singer, he was a music copyist, having copied several books of music not only for Ste. Gudule but for the church of St. Niklaus, also in Brussels. The work for St. Niklaus occurred in 1486 to 1487.  The only record of his having been a composer is the attribution to "Malcort" in a Ferrarese manuscript of the textless rondeau Malheur me bat; while this Malcort may have been Hendrick Malecourt, who was a singer in Bergen op Zoom around the same time, and worked directly with Obrecht, Abertijne Malcourt is currently considered to be the most likely candidate.

Notes

References
Haggh, Barbara H, "Malcourt (Malcort)", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed April 14, 2007), (subscription access)

15th-century births
1510s deaths
Renaissance composers
Male classical composers

Abertijne Malcourt


Marvin Olasky (born June 12, 1950) is a senior fellow of the Discovery Institute and an affiliate scholar at the Acton Institute. He also chairs the Zenger House Foundation, serves as a Zenger Prize judge, and is the author of 29 books. From 1992 through 2021, he edited World.

Education and career
Olasky was born in the city of Malden, Massachusetts, to a Russian-Jewish family. He graduated from Newton High School (now Newton North High School) in 1968 and from Yale University in 1971 with a B.A. in American studies. In 1976, he earned his Ph.D. in American Culture at the University of Michigan. He became an atheist in adolescence and a Marxist in college, ultimately joining the Communist Party USA in 1972. Olasky married and divorced during this period and, according to Olasky, broke each of the Ten Commandments except "Thou shalt not kill". He left the Communist Party late in 1973 and, in 1976, became a Christian after reading the New Testament and several Christian authors.

Olasky was a professor at the University of Texas at Austin from 1983 to 2007, provost of The King's College in New York City from 2007 to 2011, and Patrick Henry College's distinguished chair in journalism and public policy from 2011 to 2019.. He joined  World Magazine in 1990 and became its editor in 1994 and its editor-in-chief in 2001. Earlier, he was a reporter at the Boston Globe and a speechwriter at the Du Pont Company. Since 1996 he has been a ruling elder within the Presbyterian Church in America.

Olasky has chaired the boards of the City School of Austin and the Austin Crisis Pregnancy Center. His writings have been translated into Chinese, Spanish, Italian, French, Portuguese, Russian, and other languages, and he has lectured and given interviews around the world.

Writings and reception

Olasky's most famous book is The Tragedy of American Compassion, which in 1995 Newt Gingrich distributed to incoming Republican representatives of the 104th Congress. The book, an overview of poverty-fighting in America from colonial times to the 1990s, argues that private individuals and organizations, particularly Christian churches, have a responsibility to care for the poor and contends that challenging personal and spiritual help, common until the 1930s, was more effective than the government welfare programs of recent decades. Olasky argues that government programs are ineffective because they are disconnected from the poor, while private charity has the power to change lives because it allows for a personal connection between giver and recipient.

The book eventually helped to define "compassionate conservatism" about welfare and social policy. In 1995, Olasky became an occasional advisor to Texas gubernatorial candidate George W. Bush. Bush made faith-based programs a significant component of his 2000 presidential campaign, and Olasky's academic work helped form the basis for Bush's "compassionate conservatism."  In 2001 and after that, Olasky and WORLD criticized the Bush administration for not following through on school choice or on ideas for tax credits to encourage more individual giving to poverty-fighting groups.  In an interview with Mike Huckabee on October 10, 2009, Olasky denied that the Bush administration had implemented compassionate conservatism, remarking that "it was never tried."

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Olasky edited the 16-book Turning Point: A Christian Worldview Declaration series with Herbert Schlossberg, director of Howard Ahmanson Jr.'s Fieldstead Institute, which privately funded the series. Ahmanson has funded four of Olasky's 28 books, and in 2006 Michelle Goldberg, author of the book Kingdom Coming: The Rise of Christian Nationalism, placed Olasky in a crucial role in the Christian reconstructionism movement. Olasky points out that in 2003 he published a book, Standing for Christ in a Modern Babylon, that criticized reconstructionist ideas. Olasky has described himself as a Christian who believes in God's sovereignty and man's liberty.

Olasky diverges from the mainstream journalistic theory. He argues in his 1996 book Telling the Truth that God created the world, knows more about it than anyone else, and explains its nature in the Bible, so "biblical objectivity" accurately depicts the world as it is. In contrast, conventional journalistic objectivity shows blind materialism or a balancing of subjectivities. He has emphasized the Christian origins of freedom of the press and investigative journalism, and teaches in a 2019 book how to advance biblical principles through street-level rather than suite-level reporting.

Olasky was prominent in the 1995–1996 welfare reform debate and came under attack when he contrasted George W. Bush's first presidential campaign in 2000 with that of John McCain: "It would be pushing it too far to talk of the religion of Zeus trumping the religion of Christ. McCain's no polytheist. But a lot of liberal journalists have holes in their souls. Some of them grew up in nominally Christian homes but never really heard the Gospel; now, they look for a purpose in their lives but do not understand God's grace. Others know more but don't want to repent. So, McCain's emphasis on the classical virtues gives them a post-Clinton glow without pushing them to confront their own lives."

Jonah Goldberg, who took exception to Olasky's descriptions of both candidates, nonetheless recognized what Olasky was trying to say:
The Zeus reference seems to be derived from the ending of Tom Wolfe's novel, A Man in Full, in which two of the characters decide to convert to Zeus worship. And what Olasky meant by it was that McCain supporters generally, and Brooks specifically, are attracted to "Zeus-like strength" rather than Christ-like compassion. McCain is all about honor and duty, and Bush is about charity and love. Zeus versus Christ. There you have it.

In her 2004 book Bushwomen, Laura Flanders writes, "Olasky is not a fan of high-achieving women. Women joining the workforce have had 'dire consequences for society,' he told a Christian magazine in 1998." Olasky later said in response to this book that he was praising the high achievements of women in major philanthropic organizations: "From my study of the history of poverty-fighting in America, I found that it was women who ran the charitable enterprises. Men were involved, but it was essentially women who had the time to volunteer."

Editing philosophy and practice

Olasky described World as a magazine that "tries to be salt, not sugar. We like to report good news but don't make it sticky-sweet. We also report bad news because Christ's grace becomes most meaningful when we're most aware of sin. We want to be tough-minded but warmhearted." In practice, that meant criticizing liberal policies but also corporate welfare and supporting challenging, personal, and spiritual help to the poor.

Olasky instituted a Daniel of the Year award for individuals who stood up to persecution. He furthered "compassionate conservatism" by creating Hope Awards for Effective Compassion, given to Christian organizations that helped people rise from poverty. World also became known for reporting flash points in Sudan, Iraq, and China. In 2007, Olasky gave up his tenured position at The University of Texas to try to keep alive a struggling Christian college in New York City.

In 2014, The New York Times reported that "evangelical Protestant journalism is generally more public relations than reporting; World stands out as an exception. 'We're a Christian publication but not a movement organ,' Olasky said." That became even more evident in October 2016, after Donald Trump had consolidated his support among evangelicals. Olasky received about 1,500 critical letters when he wrote a cover story called Trump "unfit for power" and proposed that he step aside because "we set the stage for even worse behavior when we ignore blatant offenses."

In 2019, Olasky wrote a book laying out his controversial journalistic philosophy and emphasis on God's objective sovereignty and man's liberty. He explained biblical objectivity through the use of a whitewater rapids analogy that he says will help Christians avoid overusing the Bible (claiming "God saith" when He has not) or underusing it (ignoring God's wisdom when it does not conform to our biases). He emphasized the importance of careful reporting rather than opinionating and noted that reporters do not have to be Christians to be biblically objective.

In 2021, after World's business leaders created a new World Opinions platform, Olasky resigned, as did the magazine's seven other senior editors and reporters. In 2022, the Zenger House Foundation gave the first "Zenger Prizes" to eight journalists who emphasized "street-level" reporting rather than "suite level" opining. Prize winners included writers for secular as well as Bible-based publications. Olasky now writes a weekly column about homelessness.

In 2019, The Gospel Coalition reported Olasky saying, The heavens declare the glory of God, and the streets declare the sinfulness of man.'… Olasky expresses intense awareness of his own story of sin and Christ's glory. Olasky, writing in 2008 soon after he had double-bypass surgery, said, 'Christ changed my life a third of a century ago. Every year since then has been a gift.

Personal life
Olasky has been married since 1976 to writer Susan Olasky, and they have four sons and six grandchildren. His book Lament for a Father tells the story of his parents, grandparents, and early life. Olasky has served as a PTA president and a Little League Baseball assistant coach, and has partaken in cross-country cycling.

Notable publications
 Corporate Public Relations: A New Historical Perspective (1987)
 Turning Point: A Christian Worldview Declaration (1987, with Herbert Schlossberg)
 Patterns of Corporate Philanthropy: Public Affairs Giving and the Forbes 100 (1987)
 Freedom, Justice, and Hope: Toward a Strategy for the Poor and the Oppressed (1988, with Clark Pinnock, Herbert Schlossberg, and Pierre Berthoud)
 Prodigal Press: The Anti-Christian Bias of American News Media (1988)
 The Press and Abortion, 1838–1988 (1988)
 Central Ideas in the Development of American Journalism (1991)
 Patterns of Corporate Philanthropy: Funding False Compassion (1991, with Daniel T. Oliver and Robert V. Pambianco)
 More Than Kindness: A Compassionate Approach to Crisis Childbearing (1992, with Susan Olasky)
 The Tragedy of American Compassion (1992, republished in 1995 and 2007)
 Abortion Rites: A Social History of Abortion in America (1992)
 Patterns of Corporate Philanthropy: The Progressive Deception (1992, with Daniel T. Oliver and Stuart Nolan)
 Philanthropically Correct: The Story of the Council on Foundations (1993)
 Fighting for Liberty and Virtue: Political and Cultural Wars in Eighteenth-Century America (1995).'
 Loving Your Neighbor: A Principled Guide to Personal Charity (1995, with others)
 Telling the Truth: How to Revitalize Christian Journalism (1996)
 Renewing American Compassion: How Compassion for the Needy Can Turn Ordinary Citizens into Heroes (1996)
 Whirled Views: Tracking Today's Culture Storms (1997, with Joel Belz)
 The American Leadership Tradition: Moral Vision from Washington to Clinton (1999)
 Compassionate Conservatism: What it is, What it Does, and How it Can Transform America (2000, introduction by George W. Bush)
 Standing for Christ in a Modern Babylon (2003)
 The Religions Next Door: What We Need To Know About Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, And Islam - and What Reporters Are Missing (2004)
 Monkey Business (2005, with John Perry)
 Scimitar's Edge (2006)
 The Politics of Disaster: Katrina, Big Government, and A New Strategy for Future Crises (2006)
 Unmerited Mercy: A Memoir, 1968-1996 (2010)
 Echoes of Eden (2011)
 2048, A Story of America's Future (2011)
 World View: Seeking Grace and Truth in Our Common Life (2017)
 Reforming Journalism (2019)
 Abortion at the Crossroads (2021)
 Lament for a Father (2021)
 The Story of Abortion in America (2023, with Leah Savas)

References

External links

In Depth interview with Olasky, May 6, 2007
Interview with Marvin Olasky by Stephen McKiernan, Binghamton University Libraries Center for the Study of the 1960s, November 23, 2010
 has 16 Olasky books available for free downloading
 is an autobiographical series that ran in World from 2008 to 2016

1950 births
Living people
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century Presbyterians
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century Presbyterians
Acton Institute
American columnists
American magazine editors
American male journalists
American male non-fiction writers
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American political writers
American Presbyterians
Converts to Christianity from atheism or agnosticism
Newton North High School alumni
Patrick Henry College faculty
Presbyterian writers
University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni
Journalists from Boston
Yale University alumni

Marvin Olasky


Ulali () is an a cappella group of women who self-identify as Native American. Founded in 1987, its current members include original members Pura Fé (self-identified Tuscarora/Taíno), Soni Moreno (self-identified Mayan, Apache, Yaqui) and Jennifer Kreisberg (self-identified Tuscarora). None of the women are enrolled in a Native nation.

Ulali's sound appropriates an array of Indigenous music including Southeast United States choral singing (pre-blues and gospel) and pre-Columbian music. Ulali's live performances address themes of Native struggles and accomplishments.

History
The group was first called Pura Fé and included three female singers and three males. Later, the group became a duo comprising singers, Soni Moreno and Pura Fé before eventually becoming a trio.

Ulali has traveled throughout the United States, Canada, and abroad performing at venues like Woodstock 94, the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, the 1997 Smithsonian's Folkways 50th Anniversary Gala at Carnegie Hall, the Kennedy Center, Lincoln Center, the 1998 WOMAD Festival in Seattle, the 1998 New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival, the 1999 World Festival of Sacred Music at the Hollywood Bowl, Red Solstice 2000 in Montréal, the Britt Festival 2000 in Oregon, V Day 2001 at Madison Square Garden, the 2001 New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival, the 2002 Olympics in Salt Lake City, and a wide range of other venues, benefit performances, and festivals. They have performed abroad in Brazil, Corsica, England, France, Fiji, Germany, Italy, Japan, Morocco, New Caledonia and Portugal. Ulali has traveled throughout Indian country (United States, Canada, Central America and South America) visiting communities, singing, and exchanging songs. They also perform at powwows and can often be heard on Native radio stations throughout the United States and Canada.

The group participated in the Indigo Girls recording Shaming of the Sun, and opened for and performed with the Indigo Girls in several cities in 1997. Ulali also contributed to the Indigo Girls benefit recording project Honor the Earth and participated in the national tour of the same name.

Ulali was featured on the soundtrack of the Miramax feature film Smoke Signals. They performed at the 1998 Sundance Film Festival in support of Smoke Signals, which won the Audience Choice Award and Filmmaker's Trophy. Ulali recorded on the soundtrack for the Turner documentary series The Native Americans. They subsequently had two of their songs, "Mahk Jchi" (written in a compilation of the Tutelo and Saponi languages) and "Ancestor Song" featured on Robbie Robertson's album Music for The Native Americans. Their video "Follow Your Hearts Desire" won "Best Music Video" at The American Indian Film Institute Awards. Ulali has appeared on National Public Radio several times and made their national television debut when they performed with Robertson as featured guests on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. After performing at the Todos un Cantos del Mundo in May 2000, Ulali was featured on the "Jô Soares Show", a nationally televised talk show in Brazil.

The group has been on several compilations that have been nominated for Juno Awards. Ulali participated in the Aboriginal Women's Voices Project and helped to develop songs for the Project, recording "Hearts of the Nations". They were also featured on the Smithsonian Folkways compilation recording "Heartbeat," and can be heard on dozens of albums, documentaries and movies. In addition, Ulali contributed the music for a recording with Lakota/Kiowa Apache Story Teller Dovie Thomason's "Lessons from the Animal People," which won the American Library Association's 1997 Editor's Choice Award and "Notable Recording Award". During Spring 2002, they were featured on the "1 Giant Leap" recording and MTV video.

Ulali has shared the bill with Buffy Sainte-Marie, Floyd Westerman, Miriam Makeba, John Trudell, the American Indian Dance Theatre, Sting, Richie Havens, the B-52's, Jackson Browne, Bonnie Raitt, Mary Chapin Carpenter and the Neville Brothers.

Pura Fé began her solo career with The Pura Fe Trio in 2005 and has continued to tour with Ulali. In April 2014, the group appeared together for the first time as the "Ulali Project" with Pura Fé, Jennifer Kreisberg, Charly Lowry and Layla Locklear. The group has performed several times since that formation, including at the People's Climate March in New York City.

The original members of Ulali reunited for a concert in 2021.

Awards
They were awarded the Eagle Spirit Award while attending the 25th Annual American Indian Film Festival in San Francisco in 2000. They were one of several winners of the Native American Women's Recognition Award (NAWRE), presented by the Friends of Ganondagan in Rochester, New York. Their video "Follow Your Hearts Desire" won "Best Music Video" at The American Indian Film Institute Awards.

Discography
Mahk Jchi (Corn, Beans & Squash Records, 1994)

As Contributor:

1 Giant Leap (Palm Pictures, 2002)
World Festival of Sacred Music - the Americas, Los Angeles (Bindu Records, 2000) song: "My People, My Land"
Smoke Signals: Music from the Motion Picture Soundtrack (Tvt, 1998)
Weaving The Strands: Music By Contemporary Native American Women (Red Feather, 1998)
Lessons from the Animal People (Yellow Moon Press, 1997)
Tribal Voices: Songs from Native Americans (Earthbeat, 1996)
Honor: A Benefit for the Honor the Earth Campaign (Daemon, 1996)
Tribal Fires: Contemporary Native American Voices (Rhino, 1996)
Legends Project: I am an Eagle (Curb Records, 1995)
Heartbeat: Voices of First Nations Women (Smithsonian/Folkways, 1995) '
Music for the Native Americans, Robbie Robertson (Capitol Records, 1994)

References

A cappella musical groups
American vocal groups
Musical groups established in 1987
1987 establishments in the United States

Ulali


Kingsdale is a valley on the western edge of the Yorkshire Dales National Park in northern England. The name Kingsdale derives from a combination of Old Norse and Old English (Kyen and Dael) which means The valley where the cows were kept. Humans were active in Kingsdale from 6,700 BC onwards. Evidence of fire-pits used by hunter-gatherers have been found in the dale.

The larger part of the valley lies within the county of North Yorkshire but its highest reaches fall just within Cumbria. It is defined by the hills of Whernside to its east and Gragareth to its west. Kingsdale is drained by the south-westward flowing Kingsdale Beck which assumes the name River Twiss before joining the River Doe at Ingleton to become the River Greta. The single minor public road which serves the valley is followed by the Yorkshire Dales Cycle Way. There are several nationally important caves within the valley (such as Rowten Pot and Yordas Cave) and the impressive resurgence of Keld Head.

References

Sources

External links
Video of the flash flooding of one of the rivers in Kingsdale after heavy rains

Craven District
Valleys of North Yorkshire
Valleys of Cumbria
Yorkshire Dales

Kingsdale


A cockatrice is a mythical beast, essentially a two-legged dragon, wyvern, or serpent-like creature with a rooster's head. Described by Laurence Breiner as "an ornament in the drama and poetry of the Elizabethans", it was featured prominently in English thought and myth for centuries.

Legend

Origins

The first English mention of the cockatrice was in the 14th century John Wyclif translation of the Bible[10],the word was used for the translation of various Hebrew words for asp and adder in the Book of Isaiah11, 14 and 59.[11]

The Oxford English Dictionary gives a derivation from Old French , from medieval Latin , a translation of the Greek , meaning tracker. The twelfth century legend was based on a reference in Pliny's Natural History that the  lay in wait for the crocodile to open its jaws for the trochilus bird to enter and pick its teeth clean. An extended description of the  by the 15th-century Spanish traveller in Egypt, Pedro Tafur, makes it clear that this refers to the Nile crocodile.

According to Alexander Neckam's  (ca 1180), the basilisk () was the product of an egg laid by a rooster and incubated by a toad; a snake might be substituted in re-tellings. Cockatrice became seen as synonymous with basilisk when the  in Bartholomeus Anglicus's  (ca 1260) was translated by John Trevisa as cockatrice (1397).  This legend has a possible Egyptian folk root; the eggs of the ibis were regularly destroyed for fear that the venom of the snakes they consumed would cause a hybrid snake-bird to hatch.

It is thought that a cock egg would hatch out as a cockatrice, and this could be prevented by tossing the egg over the family house, landing on the other side of the house, without allowing the egg to hit the house.

Abilities

The cockatrice has the reputed ability to kill people by either looking at them—"the death-darting eye of Cockatrice"—touching them, or sometimes breathing on them.

It was repeated in the late-medieval bestiaries that the weasel is the only animal that is immune to the glance of a cockatrice. It was also thought that a cockatrice would die instantly upon hearing a rooster crow, and according to legend, having a cockatrice look at itself in a mirror is one of the few sure-fire ways to kill it.

Cultural references
The first use of the word in English was in John Wyclif's 1382 translation of the Bible to translate different Hebrew words. This usage was followed by the King James Version, the word being used several times. The Revised Version—following the tradition established by Jerome's Vulgate basiliscus—renders the word as "basilisk", and the New International Version translates it as "viper". In Proverbs 23:32 the similar Hebrew tzeph'a is rendered "adder", both in the Authorized Version and the Revised Version.

In Shakespeare's play Richard III (c. 1593), the Duchess of York compares her son Richard to a cockatrice:

A cockatrice is also mentioned in Romeo and Juliet (1597), in Act 3, scene 2 line 47, by Juliet.

Nathan Field, in the first scene of  his play The Honest Man's Fortune (1647), also uses the idea that a cockatrice could kill with its eyes:... never threaten with your eyes, they are no cockatrice's...

In Second Nephi 24:29, a Cockatrice is mentioned.

In E. R. Eddison's high fantasy novel The Worm Ouroboros (1922), Chapter 4 has King Gorice show a cockatrice to Gro:

A cockatrice is mentioned in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2000) by Hermione Granger in chapter fifteen. A cockatrice involved in one of the tasks of the 1792 Triwizard Tournament escaped and injured the headmasters of the three participating schools, an incident cited as the cause for the cancellation of Triwizard Tournaments until 1994. Some translations instead state the cockatrice to be a basilisk or an "occamy", an in-universe relative of the snallygaster. Additionally, heraldry of a white cockatrice holding a broomstick on a blue and beige background is shown to be the emblem of the French National Quidditch team in the 2003 video game Harry Potter: Quidditch World Cup.

In the video game Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hand (2003), cockatrices are among the enemies the player faces in Sol City.

In the animated series My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic (2010-2019), a cockatrice is stated to live in the Everfree Forest. In the 2011 episode "Stare Master", the cockatrice turns Twilight Sparkle and one of Fluttershy's chickens, Elizabeak, to stone using its gaze, but reverts them back after being intimidated by Fluttershy's own stare.

On the SCP Foundation collaborative writing project, cockatrices are shown in the story SCP-1013 - Cockatrice (2011). An SCP-1013 instead paralyzes its prey by staring at them, only turning their skin to stone upon biting them, after which it will peck through the calcified skin to eat their prey's fleshy innards. SCP-1013 reproduce from growths budding off of the tail of a well-fed adult. The story SCP-1013 - Cockatrice won fourth place in the site's SCP-1000 Contest, a contest that prefaced the opening of the site's second series.

A cockatrice is shown as the main antagonist in the first episode of Netflix's anime adaptation of Little Witch Academia (2017), "Starting Over". The cockatrice is also a dungeon boss in the underground labyrinth gameplay section of Little Witch Academia: Chamber of Time (2017), a video game for PC and PS4.

In heraldry

Arthur Fox-Davies describes the cockatrice as "comparatively rare" in heraldry, and as closely resembling a wyvern outside of possessing a rooster's head rather than a dragon's. The cockatrice, like the rooster, is often depicted with its comb, wattles and beak being of a different colour from the rest of its body. The cockatrice is sometimes referred to as a basilisk, but Fox-Davies distinguishes the two on the basis of the heraldic basilisk possessing a tail ending in a dragon's head, although he does not know of any arms depicting such a creature.

In continental European heraldic systems, cockatrices may be simply referred to as dragons instead.

The cockatrice was the heraldic beast of the Langleys of Agecroft Hall in Lancashire, England as far back as the 14th century.

It is also the symbol of 3 (Fighter) Squadron, a fighter squadron of the Royal Air Force.

It is also represented on the coat of arms of Bornholm, a Danish island in the Baltic sea, and is related to the liberation of the island in 1658.

Notes

See also
 Abraxas
 Anzu (dinosaur)
 Basan
 Basilisco Chilote
 Basilisk
 Cockatrice (Dungeons & Dragons)
 Colo Colo (mythology)
 Ichneumon (medieval zoology)
 Kye-ryong (Korean cockatrice)
 Snallygaster
 Wherwell
 Yi (dinosaur)
 The Book of the Dun Cow (novel)

References

Further reading
 Laurence A. Breiner, "The Career of the Cockatrice", Isis 70:1 (March  1979), pp. 30–47
 P. Ansell Robin, "The Cockatrice and the 'New English Dictionary'", in Animal Lore in English Literature (London 1932).
 The Medieval Bestiary: "Basilisk" (includes Cockatrice)

External links
Dave's Mythical Creatures and Places: Cockatrice

Mythological galliforms
Legendary serpents
Medieval European legendary creatures
Mythological hybrids
European dragons
Mythological monsters
Legendary birds

Cockatrice


St James Garlickhythe is a Church of England parish church in Vintry ward of the City of London, nicknamed "Wren's lantern" owing to its profusion of windows.

Recorded since the 12th century, the church was destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666 and rebuilt by the office of Sir Christopher Wren. It is also the official church of several City livery companies.

History
The church is dedicated to the disciple St James known as 'the Great'. St. James Garlickhythe is a stop on a pilgrims' route ending at the cathedral of Santiago da Compostela. Visitors to the London church may have their credencial, or pilgrim passport, stamped with the impression of a scallop shell.

'Garlickhythe' refers to the nearby landing place, or "hythe", near which garlic was sold in medieval times.

The earliest surviving reference to the church is as ecclesiam Sancti Jacobi in a 12th-century will. Other records of the church refer to it as St James in the Vintry, St James Comyns, St James-by-the-Thames and St James super Ripam.

The ships from France loaded with garlic also carried wine and St James has a long association with wine merchants. The church is located in the city ward of Vintry, and in 1326 the Sheriff of London and vintner Richard de Rothing paid to have the church rebuilt. Another company with long associations with the church is the Joiners' Company, who trace their origins back to a religious guild founded in St James in 1375.

In the following century, the church became collegiate and was served by seven chantry priests. The eminence of St. James in the Middle Ages is reflected in its being the burial place of six Lord Mayors.

St. James became a parish church upon the dissolution of the monasteries under Henry VIII, although the church was not adversely affected – indeed it was a beneficiary of the demolition of church furnishings associated with the Roman Catholic rite. In 1560, the rood screen of the nearby St. Martin Vintry was dismantled and fashioned into pews for St. James. At the same time, the choir was provided with song books.

Another change introduced under Henry VIII was the order that all parishes in England were to maintain a weekly register of births, deaths and marriages. The oldest surviving registers are those of St. James, the first entry being the baptism of Edward Butler on 18 November 1535.

St. James was repaired and expanded several times during the first half of the 17th century – the north aisle being rebuilt in 1624 and a gallery added in 1644.

Under the Commonwealth, the parishioners provided a pension for the rector after he was ousted, in 1647, for using the banned Book of Common Prayer.

All was lost in the Great Fire. Rebuilding began a decade later, as recorded on the Victorian vestry boards prominent in the church porch;

"The foundation thereof were laid AD 1676 – John Hinde and John Hoyle, Church Wardens. It was rebuilt and re-opened 1682 and completely finished AD 1683…". The body of the church may have been finished, but the tower lacked a steeple.

Recorded in the church's accounts for 1682 are the items

 Two bottles of sherry and pipes [wine containers] at the opening of the church        3.4
 Hire of 3 dozen cushions and porterage                           13.4
 Wine when the Lord Mayor and Aldermen were at our church                 1.11.0
 Wax links to enlighten my Lord Mayor home                          4.6

and a payment of 40s each to Wren's two clerks "for their care and kindness in hastening the building of the church, and to induce them to do the like for the more speedy finishing of the Steeple."

This inducement had no effect. Building on the tower began 33 years later and was finished in 1717 by Nicholas Hawksmoor. The tower was built by Edward Strong the Younger a friend of Christopher Wren the Younger.
The total cost of the church and tower was £7230.

On 12 August 1711 Richard Steele attended a Sunday service led by the Rector Philip Stubbs at St. James, and published the ensuing reflections in Issue 147 of The Spectator. He compares the moving delivery of the rector with a number of stereotypes – the quiet talker, the negligent reader, the fast talker and the bombast, then goes on to criticise the ranting of Presbyterians and Dissenters. Unfortunately, his account includes no description of the congregation or of the church itself.

One month after this sermon, the future composer and Master of the King's Musick, William Boyce, was baptised in St. James Garlickhythe.

The second half of the 19th century saw a movement of population from the City of London to suburbs in Middlesex, Kent, Essex and Surrey. This left many of the city churches with tiny congregations. In 1860, Charles Dickens attended a Sunday service at St. James Garlickhythe which he describes in The Uncommercial Traveller. The congregation had dwindled to twenty, the building was pervaded with damp and dust, which Dickens uses to convey an impression of the presence of dead parishioners.

The Union of Benefices Act 1860 was passed by Parliament, permitting the demolition of City churches and the sale of land to build churches in the suburbs. While several nearby churches – some of architectural eminence – were destroyed under the Union of Benefices Act, St. James was spared, perhaps due to its links to the guilds.

During World War I, a bomb dropped by a Zeppelin missed the church. In thanksgiving, the church introduced an annual Bomb Sermon.

In May 1941, during the London Blitz a 500 lb German high explosive bomb crashed through the roof of St. James and buried itself below the floor in the south aisle. It did not explode, but was removed to Hackney Marshes and detonated. The buildings surrounding St. James were destroyed by incendiary bombs and this caused much external damage to the church, including the destruction of its clock. While this damage was being repaired in 1953, it was found that the woodwork was infested with the death watch beetle. This caused the church to be closed until 1963, while it was being restored by D. Lockhart-Smith and Alexander Gale. The result was said by Sir John Betjeman to be the best restoration of a City church.

In 1991, during construction of Vintners Hall across Upper Thames Street, a crane collapsed and the jib buried itself in the south wall. This caused the church to be closed again while the south face was rebuilt and some of the furnishings replaced.

Present day
The official dedication is The Parish Church of St James Garlickhythe with St Michael Queenhythe and Holy Trinity the Less.
The parish stretches from Gardners Lane in the west to Angel Passage in the east. Its southern border is the River Thames, and to the north it snakes through the lanes south of Cannon Street.

The area now covers seven pre-Fire parishes: St James Garlickhythe, St Michael Queenhythe, Holy Trinity the Less, St Michael Paternoster Royal, St Martin Vintry, All Hallows the Great, and All Hallows the Less.

It is also responsible for services at the nearby St Michael Paternoster Royal, which lies within the parish boundary.

Sunday and daily services are drawn from the 1662 Book of Common Prayer. It is the church for more than a dozen livery companies (Clockmakers, Coachmakers, Dyers, Educators, Fanmakers, Glass Sellers, Gold and Silver Wyre Drawers, Horners, Joiners and Ceilers, Needlemakers, Painter-Stainers, Parish Clerks, Skinners, Vintners, and Weavers), as well as being the church of the Intelligence Corps.

The parish has passed resolutions A and B of the Priests (Ordination of Women) Measure 1993; this means that female priests and bishops are not permitted to officiate in the church. It receives alternative episcopal oversight from the Bishop of Fulham (currently Jonathan Baker).

Building

St James Garlickhythe is in the shape of a rectangle, with the tower adjacent to the West and a protruding chancel (uniquely for a Wren church) projecting from the East. It is built from brick and Kentish ragstone, partly stuccoed, partly faced (since World War II) with Portland stone. Entrance is through a pedimented doorway with a cherub keystone in the tower, which is flanked by pairs of round headed windows in the west wall. Above is a recessed clerestory wall joined to the tower by semi-rounded pediments.

The south front, facing Upper Thames Street, was formerly built against, and it has only become the main façade since 1971. It is five bays long, with blind round headed windows, the one in the centre being much larger. Above the four outer windows are round clerestory windows. These additions were only made in 1981. The north front is similar, although the windows are real.

The 125 foot tower was originally stuccoed. The plaster was removed in 1897 and old photographs of the church show the undressed wall. It was faced with Portland stone after World War II. The clock on the West face, with the image of St James, is a 1988 replica of a 1682 original. The figure of St James originally stood between two urns. The tower is plain, with round headed belfry windows, until the spire. At the top is a parapet with stirrup shaped piercings and squat urns on the corners. The stone spire was designed by Nicholas Hawksmoor and is similar to those of St Stephen Walbrook, St. Michael Paternoster Royal and, to a lesser extent, the west towers of St. Paul's Cathedral. It has three levels. The lowest is square, with a contraption of two columns standing in front of two pilasters protruding from each corner on top of which is an entablature and tiny urns. This is linked to the next stage by corner volutes, with a smaller square stage with more urns, and at the top is a tiny concave stage. The whole is capped with a flag finial.

Sacheverell Sitwell stated the spire suggested the grinding out of bell music by turning, as in a hurdy-gurdy. The vine leaf and grape motif gates to the west were a gift from the Vintners' Company.

The church was designated a Grade I listed building on 4 January 1950.

Interior
The church interior is, at 40 feet, the highest of any Wren church. As it was originally surrounded by other buildings, Wren created tall main windows, as well as clerestory windows. The largest window of all was in the East, filling the arched alcove. Early in the 19th century, this was found to be weakening the wall and so was filled in. In 1815, the painting of the Ascension by Andrew Geddes was installed above the reredos in the place previously occupied by the window.

When built, the main entrance was in the middle of the north wall. This, too, has now been filled in. The church has a nave and two narrow aisles and is of five bays. There are two rows of five Ionic columns and two semi-columns, running from West to East. The columns support an entablature, which is broken in the middle and turned to the outside walls, effectively forming transepts. The columns are evenly spaced, except for those in the middle. With the original round-headed windows in the centre (now replaced by round windows), this would have given St. James a strong north–south axis. The cross-axial design was a conceit also used by Wren in St Magnus the Martyr and St Martin Ludgate. Subsequent rearrangement has made this less apparent.

The church was much renovated by the Victorians, most significantly by Basil Champneys in 1866. Their legacy, including stained glass windows, has been removed in the post-World War II renovation.

The chancel to the east is flanked by pilasters, and is slightly narrower than the nave, the ratio of the width being 1/3 chancel and 1/6 each for the aisles. Unlike the rest of the church, which has a flat ceiling, it has a barrel vault.

To the west is a gallery, erected in 1714 and supported by iron columns. It supports the original organ case of 1719 by Father Smith, decorated with trumpeting cherubs and palm trees. It is surmounted by a scallop shell.

The crystal chandelier, a gift from the Glass Sellers' Company, is a replica of that destroyed by the crashing crane in 1991 and is based on an 18th-century original hanging in Wren's Emmanuel College, Cambridge.

The reredos is original, with Corinthian columns flanking a Decalogue and supporting an entablature. The pediment was removed in 1815 to accommodate the painting. Also original are the communion table, with doves carved on the legs, the communion rail, and the churchwardens' pews with iron hat stands. The font was made by the church's mason, Christopher Kempster, and has an ogee cover. The joiners for the original furnishings were Fuller and Cleer, and the carver William Newman.

In 1876, the parish was combined with that of St Michael Queenhithe – a nearby Wren church, and St James received much of the furnishings. From St Michael's are the pulpit, with a tester and twisted balusters, as well as a wig peg for the preacher. A royal coat of arms of the House of Stuart on the south wall and a sword rest also come from St Michael's, as do two grand doorways, now used as screens. In addition, the church's own royal arms (which is of the House of Hanover) is on display on the north wall, almost opposite the other royal arms – making St James Garlickhythe the only City church with two reliefs of the royal arms.

No longer on display is a well-preserved mummy of a man known as "Jimmy Garlick". His embalmed body was discovered in the vaults in 1855. Analysis by the British Museum at one time had postulated that he was an adolescent who died at the turn of the 18th century. The body used to be on display in a glass cabinet, but has been closed to public view. In 2004, Jimmy Garlick featured in the Discovery Channel documentary series Mummy Autopsy, which used modern analytical techniques including carbon dating and x-ray analysis, establishing that he died between 1641 and 1801 and that he suffered from osteoarthritis, a disease that afflicts older people. Physical examination by the Discovery team showed that the mummy appeared to be balding and suffered tooth decay at the time of death, both consistent with an older person. The body is now interred in a sarcophagus in the only remaining part of the church crypt, and so is no longer open for public viewing.

Bells

A new ring of eight bells, which were granted the title "The Royal Jubilee Bells", was cast by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry on 3 June 2012. They were temporarily installed on a barge and rung on the River Thames during the Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant, part of the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II, and have since been installed permanently in the tower of the church.

Burials
George Stanley, 9th Baron Strange
 Richard Platt, brewer and alderman, 1600

See also

List of churches and cathedrals of London
List of Christopher Wren churches in London

References

Jeffery, Paul. The City Churches of Sir Christopher Wren, Hambledon Press, 1996
Cobb,Gerald. London City Churches, Batsford, 1977
Blatch, Mervyn. A Guide to London's Churches, Constable, 1995
Bradley, Simon & Pevsner, Nikolaus. The Buildings of England: London 1: The City of London, Penguin, 1997
Middleton, Paul & Hatts, Leigh. London City Churches, Bankside Press, 2003
Betjeman, John. The City of London Churches, Pitkin, 1992
Sitwell, Sacheverell. British Architects and Craftsmen, Batsford, 1945

External links

St James Garlickhythe's church website
 Mystery Worshipper Report at the Ship of Fools website
360° panorama inside St James Garlickhythe

Christopher Wren church buildings in London
Church of England church buildings in the City of London
English Baroque church buildings
17th-century Church of England church buildings
Garlickhythe
Camino de Santiago
Diocese of London
Rebuilt churches in the United Kingdom
Grade I listed churches in the City of London
Church of England churches receiving AEO

St James Garlickhythe


Richard Arlen Anderson (born November 29, 1956) is an American former professional baseball pitcher and coach. He played for the New York Mets and Kansas City Royals of Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1986 to 1988. He served as the pitching coach for the Minnesota Twins and Detroit Tigers of MLB from 2002 to 2020.

Amateur career
Anderson attended the University of Washington, where he played college baseball for the Huskies in 1978.

New York Mets
Anderson was drafted in the 24th round of the 1978 Major League Baseball Draft out of the University of Washington by the New York Mets.

Anderson would see mediocre results in the minors, finishing with a 60–51 record over parts of 11 minor league seasons, as he possessed only average stuff and struck out an extremely low average of 3.5 batters per nine innings. Despite this, he would be promoted to AAA Tidewater at the end of the 1980 season. However, Anderson would spend the next six season shuttling between AA Jackson and Tidewater, being continually passed up for promotion to the majors while more promising prospects (such as future all-stars Dwight Gooden, Sid Fernandez, Ron Darling, Rick Aguilera, Randy Myers, and Roger McDowell) debuted with the big club.

After pleading "All I want is one chance to prove myself" to Mets assistant general manager Joe McIlvaine prior to the 1986 season, Anderson's wish was granted.  He made his major league debut on June 9 against the Philadelphia Phillies, pitching seven innings and allowing only one unearned run in a no-decision. His first win came on August 6, in the second game of a double header against the Chicago Cubs. For the season, Anderson went 2–1 with a 2.72 earned run average and one save in five starts and ten appearances out of the bullpen. Pitching rich in , Anderson was left off the Mets' postseason roster and was only able to celebrate their eventual World Series championship as a spectator on the bench.

Kansas City Royals
On March 27, 1987, Anderson was traded to the Kansas City Royals, along with Mets backup catcher Ed Hearn and minor league pitcher Mauro Gozzo, for future star pitcher David Cone and minor league outfielder Chris Jelic. In retrospect, with the all-star career of Cone and the journeyman careers of Anderson, Hearn, and Gozzo, this trade is often listed as one of the most lopsided in major league history. Anderson split two seasons between Kansas City and AAA Omaha, going 2–3 with a 6.89 ERA at the major league level, before retiring following the 1988 season.

Coaching career
After retiring, Anderson accepted a job as pitching coach for the Gulf Coast League Twins.

After thirteen seasons as a minor league coach, the last seven at the AAA level, he was named the Minnesota Twins' pitching coach for the  season, where he coached with former Met, and minor league roommate, Twins' manager Ron Gardenhire. From 2002 to 2010, Twins pitchers posted the third-lowest ERA in the American League, at 4.11.  Anderson's philosophy for the pitching staff was to pitch to contact and limit walks in order to win. Consequently, no major league team was more stingy with free passes. For instance, from 2008 to 2010, the Twins issued 1,255 walks; the St. Louis Cardinals were a distant second on that list, at 1,433. In fact, from 2003, Anderson's second year, through 2010, the Twins issued the least or second least walks every season, although in the preceding six seasons (1997-2002, Anderson's first season and the five preceding seasons), they were no worse than the fifth least walks allowed. From 2011 to 2014, they ranged from fifth to eleventh fewest free passes.

On October 2, 2014, following the termination of Gardenhire, it was announced that Anderson would not be returning as the Twins pitching coach.

On November 2, 2017, Anderson was named the bullpen coach for the Detroit Tigers for the 2018 season. On June 27, 2018, Anderson was promoted to pitching coach for the Tigers, following the firing of Chris Bosio.

Personal life
Anderson graduated from Mariner High School in 1975 and attended Everett Community College before graduating from the University of Washington. He and his wife, Rhonda, have two daughters, Cortnie and Ashley, and one son, Ricky.

References

External links
, or Ultimate Mets Database

1956 births
Living people
Baseball coaches from Washington (state)
Baseball players from Washington (state)
Detroit Tigers coaches
Everett Trojans baseball players
Jackson Mets players
Kansas City Royals players
Little Falls Mets players
Major League Baseball bullpen coaches
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball pitching coaches
Minnesota Twins coaches
Minor league baseball coaches
New York Mets players
Omaha Royals players
Tidewater Tides players
University of Washington alumni
Washington Huskies baseball players

Rick Anderson (pitcher/coach)


Baker Brownell (December 12, 1887 –  April 5, 1965) was an American philosopher.

Brownell was born in St. Charles, Illinois, the fifth of six children of Eugene A. and Esther Burr Baker Brownell. He grew up in St. Charles, where he graduated from St. Charles High School.

Education
Brownell attended five universities: the University of Washington (1906–1907); Northwestern University (1907–1909); Harvard University (1909–1913); University of Tübingen (1912–1913), and Cambridge University, England (1913).

While at Harvard Brownell took classes with Josiah Royce and George Santayana, and met William James, who had already retired from Harvard.

Brownell received a B.A. in philosophy from Northwestern in 1910, after completing his last year of undergraduate work at Harvard. He received an M.A. in philosophy from Harvard in 1911.  In 1912–1913, as a recipient of the James Walker Traveling Fellow in Philosophy (awarded by Harvard), he attended Tübingen University in Germany and Cambridge University, where he became acquainted with Bertrand Russell.

Personal
In 1916, Brownell married Helena Maxwell, whom he later divorced.

His second marriage was to Adelaide Howard in 1933; they had one son, Eugene Howard Brownell, who was born on September 9, 1939.

1910s
During World War I, Brownell served as an enlisted man and officer, first in the United States Army, then the U.S. Navy. (He was in the National Guard between 1916 and 1926.)  He served both in the Mexican Border Campaign and World War I.  He began writing poetry during this period, which was published in such magazines as Poetry, The Dial, and The New Republic.

Upon his return from Europe in 1913, Brownell worked as a cub reporter for the Chicago Tribune.  From 1914–1917 he lived in Emporia, Kansas, where he was an instructor in English at the Kansas State Normal College and edited a journal, Teaching.

From 1919 to 1920, Brownell was an Assistant Professor of English at the University of Idaho. Returning to Chicago in 1920, he worked until 1921 as an editorial writer for the Chicago Daily News.

1920s
In 1921 Brownell joined the faculty of Northwestern University, where he would spend the duration of his academic career. Initially, he was a lecturer in editorial writing and journalism, but soon began teaching courses in contemporary thought and philosophy.

Brownell's course in Contemporary Thought, one of the first of its kind in the United States, was intended to help students organize fragments of their educational experience into an intelligible whole.  It consisted of weekly lectures by prominent individuals with expertise in natural sciences, biology, psychology, sociology, history, economics, art, religion and philosophy.  Brownell believed that the "human community" was breaking down in part because students and others did not understand that life itself was fragmented.  By helping students integrate their educational experiences, Brownell believed he was helping to mitigate the demise of the small community.

In 1926, Brownell published The New Universe, which enumerated his beliefs, and in 1929 he edited a twelve volume series entitle Man and His World, which included 60 lectures that had been given in his Contemporary Thought course.

1930s
In 1933, Brownell published Earth is Enough: An Essay on Religious Realism.

During the 1930s Brownell became acquainted with Arthur E. Morgan, chairman of the Tennessee Valley Authority, and edited Morgan's book, The Small Community.

From 1936 to 1939 he served as an agricultural advisor to the United States Department of Agriculture. As a supervising editor for Harper & Brothers during the 1940s, he edited several books that were designed to integrate various fields of specialized knowledge.

In addition to his long and distinguished connection with Northwestern, Brownell was also a visiting lecturer at other universities including the University of Kansas City, the University of Chicago, the University of Wisconsin, and the Garrett Biblical Institute.

He traveled extensively.  Among his trips were a tour of the Galapagos Islands and an expedition to Cocos Island as the guest of his friend Commander E.F. MacDonald Jr., the Chairman of the Zenith Corporation; a six-month sojourn in the interior of Guatemala; a summer in Tahiti; a trip to Isle Royale, Michigan, as a member of the Isle Royale Archeological Expedition; and various cruises in the Caribbean.

With Frank Lloyd Wright in 1937, he wrote Architecture and Modern Life; and in 1939 he wrote Art in Action, explaining his views about the humanities.

1940s and 1950s
In 1941, Brownell wrote The Philosopher in Chaos, which was an attempt to make head and tail of the modern world.

From 1944 to 1947, Brownell resided in Montana, where he directed a community service project, the Montana Study, which, though initially financed by the Rockefeller Foundation, was jointly sponsored by the Humanities Division of the Rockefeller Foundation and the University of Montana.  The Montana Study entailed a program of teaching and field studies in American culture that emphasized the western region of the United States. Brownell's book, The Human Community, published in 1950, is based upon the Montana Study.

Supported by grants from the Rockefeller Foundation and Northwestern University, Brownell continued his community service work in other areas until 1951. He also served as the first director of the Division of Area Services at Southern Illinois University from 1952 to 1954; and organized Southern Illinois's Department of Community Development, which was initiated to help revitalize many communities in southern Illinois.

Upon his retirement from Northwestern in 1953, Brownell became Emeritus Professor of Philosophy.

After fully retiring from academic and administrative work in 1954, Brownell spent the remaining years of his life in Fairhope, Alabama.

He continued writing, in 1958 publishing The Other Illinois, which was based upon his work at Southern Illinois University.

Baker Brownell died on April 5, 1965.

Main works
 The New Universe (1926)
 Earth Is Enough: An Essay on Religious Realism (1933)
 Architecture and Modern Life, with Frank Lloyd Wright (1937)
 Art Is Action (1939)
 The Philosopher in Chaos (1941)
 Life in Montana (1945)
 The Human Community (1950)
 The College and the Community (1952)
 Life in Southern Illinois, with Jo Ann Eblen (1953)
 The Other Illinois (1958, American Folkways series)

See also
American philosophy
List of American philosophers

External links

1887 births
1965 deaths
People from St. Charles, Illinois
Philosophers from Illinois
20th-century American educators
American atheists
Northwestern University alumni
Harvard University alumni
Northwestern University faculty
Emporia State University faculty

Baker Brownell


Kebapche (, plural: кебапчета, kebapcheta; , plural: ќебапчиња, ḱebapčinja) is a Bulgarian dish of grilled minced meat with spices. The meat is shaped into an elongated cylindrical form, similar to a hot dog. Typically, a mix of pork and beef is used, although some recipes involve only pork. The preferred spices are black pepper, cumin and salt. Kebapche is a grilled food. It is never fried or baked.

A typical addition to a kebapche meal are chips (French fries), often covered with grated sirene (fresh white cheese similar to feta); lyutenitsa is sometimes used as a dip. The expression a three kebapcheta with sides (тройка кебапчета с гарнитура, troika kebapcheta s garnitura) is particularly well-known. The preferred drink to go with a kebapche is beer.

The word kebapche is derived from kebab, –che is a diminutive Bulgarian neutral suffix, i.e. a "little kebab". A dish similar to kebapche and often combined with it is kyufte, which is often the same in terms of meat and spices but round-shaped. It often includes onions and parsley, which kebapche does not.

It is essentially the same dish as former Yugoslav ćevapčići, but the Bulgarian kebapcheta are typically larger.

See also
Ćevapčići, a Balkan dish
Mici (Mititei), a Romanian dish

References

External links

Bulgarian cuisine
Ground meat
Kebabs
Macedonian cuisine

Kebapche


Gangrene is a serious medical condition that causes the decay and death of body tissue, usually in the extremities such as the fingers, hands, toes, and feet. The two main types of gangrene are dry gangrene and wet gangrene. A third less common type is a form of wet gangrene known as gas gangrene.  A very rare type which affects the internal organs is known as internal gangrene.

Dry gangrene is usually caused by a loss of blood supply to the affected area, such as may happen following an injury which damages the blood vessels to the affected area. Wet gangrene usually occurs when a wound becomes infected with various types of bacteria. Gas gangrene is usually  caused by clostridium bacteria and mainly affects the muscles. Internal gangrene affects the internal organs, usually the intestines, gallbladder, or appendix.

There are a number of risk factors which increase a person's chances of getting gangrene. These includes advanced blockage of the arteries in medical conditions such as diabetes.

Symptoms
Medical signs

Gangrene


LILALU is a non-profit educational and holiday program based in Munich, Germany, since 1997. Primarily conceived as an educational program only during the summer holidays, LILALU workshops are now taking place during all bavarian school holidays in Munich. The conception was also transferred to some other cities like Dortmund, Ingolstadt, Oldenburg and Schwetzingen.

Activities

LILALU´s main aspects are full-day care workshops. Within children and teenagers aged between three and 16 years master creative and artistic accomplishments in domains as theater, dance, music, art, sport, artistic, circus and movement. Professional athletes and artists as well as skilled pedagogues make sure the participants do not only improve their practical skills but as well gain important social competencies. Ability to work in a team, self-awareness and others are encouraged playfully.

Attendance fees of 150 - 200 € are charged per workshop a week. In cooperation with Landeshauptstadt München LILALU additionally offers reduced-fee spots for families with low or middle income.

Since 2013 LILALU, in cooperation with Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge (Federal Government for Migration and Refugees), support youths with an immigrant background. By helping the workshop-manager and taking care of the participants the adolescents are able to gain first working experience, improve their language skills and earn some money.

In the context of full-day care, Lilalu also offers educational programs at local schools. During the summer time the program "Umsonst & Draußen" (costless and outside) entertains the whole family. With live-music at the beer garden, a flea market, trial-workshops and other activities, "Umsonst & Draußen" offers a huge variety of activities.

Trusteeship

Till 2006 the social services department of city Munich had born the LILALU festival. After their retraction Lilalu e. V., a registered non-profit association, overtook the trusteeship. In 2012 the society had to declare its insolvency and had been taken over, among with ten permanent employees, by Johanniter-Unfall-Hilfe e. V. Anna Seliger, founder and project manager, and former chairman Willi Wermelt transferred to Johanniter-Unfall-Hilfe e. V. to become field manager of Lilalu.

Supporters

Among others politicians Dieter Reiter, Martin Neumeyer and Winfried Kretschmann are patrons of Lilalu family program. Actors, like Suzanne von Borsody, Sissi Perlinger, Max von Thun and Heio von Stetten, and also TV moderator Ralph Caspers support Lilalu through a mentorship.

References

External links
 Official website (German)

Non-profit organisations based in Bavaria
Organizations established in 1983

LILALU


The Abyssinian ground hornbill or northern ground hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus) is an African bird, found north of the equator, and is one of two species of ground hornbill. It is the second largest species of African hornbill, only surpassed by the slightly larger southern ground hornbill.

Taxonomy
The Abyssinian ground hornbill was described by the French polymath Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in 1780 in his Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux. The bird was also illustrated in a hand-coloured plate engraved by François-Nicolas Martinet in the Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle which was produced under the supervision of Edme-Louis Daubenton to accompany Buffon's text.  Neither the plate caption nor Buffon's description included a scientific name but in 1783 the Dutch naturalist Pieter Boddaert coined the binomial name Buceros abyssinicus in his catalogue of the Planches Enluminées. The type locality is Ethiopia. The Abyssinian ground hornbill is now placed in the genus Bucorvus that was introduced, originally as a subgenus, by the French naturalist René Lesson in 1830. The species is monotypic. The generic name is derived from the name of the genus Buceros introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 for the Asian hornbills where corvus is the Latin word for a "raven".

Description

Abyssinian ground hornbill is a large, terrestrial hornbill with black body feathers and white primary feathers which are visible in flight.  The adult male has a patch of bare blue skin around the eye and an inflatable patch of bare skin on the neck and throat which is red, apart from the upper throat which is blue. The bill is long and black except for a reddish patch at the base of the mandible. On top of the bill there is a short open-ended black casque. The female is similar but smaller with any bare skin being wholly dark blue. Juvenile birds are dark sooty-brown with a smaller bill, with an incipient casque. As the juvenile matures, which usually takes 3 years, it gradually develops the plumage, bare skin colour and casque of the adults.  The total length is .

The Abyssinian ground hornbill has long feathers that look like eyelashes that surround its eyes. These protect the eyes from injury.

It reportedly averages around  tall, around  and weighs approximately . Per Stevenson and Fanshawe, the Abyssinian is a larger species on average than the southern ground hornbill, at , but published weights and standard measurements contrarily indicate the southern species is indeed slightly larger.

Voice
A deep booming uh-uh, uh-uh-uh which is far carrying and is normally made at dawn from either a perch or from the ground. The male and female sing in duets.

Distribution and habitat

The Abyssinian ground hornbill is found in Northern sub-Saharan Africa from southern Mauritania, Senegal and Guinea east to Eritrea, Ethiopia, north western Somalia, north western Kenya and Uganda.

It is found in open habitats such as savanna, sub-desert scrub, and rocky areas, preferring short vegetation which enables its visual foraging technique. The areas inhabited by this species are usually drier areas than the preferred habitat of the Southern ground hornbill. It will tolerate disturbed areas but does require large trees to be used as nest sites.

The Abyssinian ground hornbill has escaped or been deliberately released in to Florida, USA, but there is no evidence that the population is breeding and may only persist due to continuing releases or escapes.

Behaviour
The Abyssinian ground hornbill lives in open grassland, in pairs or small family parties. They patrol their territory by walking and are reluctant fliers, usually only taking to the air when alarmed. In captivity, they can live 35–40 years. Diet in the wild consists of a wide variety of small vertebrates and invertebrates, including tortoises, lizards, snakes, birds, spiders, beetles, and caterpillars; they also take carrion, some fruits, seeds, and groundnuts. Groups of ground hornbills have territories of . They are diurnal.

Breeding
The breeding season of the Abyssinian ground hornbill varies across its range: the West African populations breed in June through to August, Nigerian and Ugandan populations breed in January, and Kenyan birds breed as late as November. They prefer to nest in large trees, with baobabs and palm stumps being preferred; the nest is constructed in a cavity. They have also been recorded nesting in other types of cavities including holes in rocks and man-made cavities such as bee-hive logs or baskets. In the ground hornbills the females are partially sealed in using a mixture of mud and vegetation. In other hornbills the nesting female moult their all flight feathers at once but this is not the case in the ground hornbills. The male prepares the nest by lining the cavity with dry leaves before the female enters and lays a clutch of one or two eggs over around five days. She starts to incubate as soon as the first egg is laid so that the chick which hatches first has a head start in development over its sibling. Incubation of each egg takes between 37 and 41 days, during which time there is no effort to keep the cavity clean and the male is responsible for providing food to the incubating female. The weight of the newly hatched chick is around  and the first-hatched grows rapidly at the expense of the second, which will normally die of starvation before it is four days old by which time its sibling can weigh as much as . When the surviving chick is 21 to 33 days old the mother leaves the nest and starts to help in food provision, then after 80 to 90 days the chick leaves the nest.

Abyssinian ground hornbills invest a lot in their offspring and the fledged juveniles will remain with their parents for up to three years. They have a slow breeding rate and an average of one chick is raised to adulthood every 9 years so the adults' investment in each young bird raised is exceptionally high.

Feeding
Abyssinian ground hornbills are opportunist feeders, following ungulate herds and forest fires so that they can prey on small animals disturbed by the larger animals or flames. An individual hornbill can walk up to  in a day, pouncing on and eating animals they come across. They have also been recorded digging for arthropods in the soil and attacking bee hives for honeycomb; they very rarely consume any plant matter. The strong bill is used to capture and overcome the prey before it is eaten.

Predators, parasites and diseases
Abyssinian ground hornbills are preyed on by large carnivores, such as leopards. Human predation for food occurs in some countries, including northern Cameroon and Burkina Faso. The nests may be preyed upon by smaller terrestrial predators.

The Abyssinian ground hornbill is a known host for the bird lice Bucorvellus docophorus, Bucerophagus productus and Bucerophagus africanus; it is also a host for the nematode Histiocephalus bucorvi and the tapeworms Chapmania unilateralis, Idiogenes bucorvi, Ophryocotyloides pinguis, and Paruterina daouensis. An individual held in captivity but which had been caught in the wild died from an infection of the bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila, a common pathogen in fish but not previously recorded in wild Abyssinian ground hornbills. In North America captive Abyssinian ground hornbills have also been known to die because of West Nile virus.

Cultural importance
Abyssinian ground hornbills are not a normal quarry for commercial hunters, although they are not uncommon in captivity in zoos. In some areas the species has cultural significance and hunters may tie the severed head and neck of these birds around their necks in the belief that it helps them stalk their wild ungulate quarry. In some villages the call is often imitated and there are even entire songs based on the male and female duets of Abyssinian ground hornbills.

Status and conservation
The Abyssinian ground hornbill is subject to the loss and degradation of its habitat and it is a quarry of hunters, in a similar way to its congener, the Southern ground hornbill, and, as a result, it is thought that the population may have started a rapid decline. As a result of this perceived decline the IUCN give its status as Vulnerable.

References

Relevant literature
 Asefa, Addisu. "Exploration of human-bird relationships: Oromo proverbs associated with the Northern Ground-hornbill in Ethiopia." Social Sciences & Humanities Open 4, no. 1 (2021): 100-162.

Abyssinian ground hornbill
Birds of East Africa
Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa
Abyssinian ground hornbill

Abyssinian ground hornbill


Meru was an Ancient Egyptian official under king Mentuhotep II in the Eleventh Dynasty, around 2000 BC. Meru was overseer of sealers at the royal court and therefore one of the highest state officials.

Meru is mainly known from his Theban Tomb (TT240). The tomb consists of the undecorated cult chapel and the underground burial chamber decorated with Pyramid Texts and Coffin Texts. There is a sarcophagus sunk into the floor decorated with friezes of objects and an offering list.

Meru is also known from a stela now in the Museo Egizio in Turin. Here his parents Iku and Nebti are mentioned. The stela is also dated under king Mentuhotep II. Meru appears finally in two rock inscriptions in the Shatt er-Rigal. Here he bears once the title overseer of the foreign lands.

References

Ancient Egyptian overseers of sealers
Officials of the Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt
Ancient Egyptian overseers of foreign lands

Meru (overseer of sealers)


Tagaduru Ramachandra Rao (1898 – c. 1989) was a veteran freedom fighter and social activist from Karnataka (erstwhile Mysore state), noted as the founder of Swarajya Mandir and Satyagraha Ashram at Tagadur village in Mysore district in 1921.

Biography
Ramachandra Rao was born in a Halenadu Karnataka Brahmin  family in a place called Tagaduru which is in Nanjangud Taluk of Mysore district. His ancestors were very affluent zamindars, but by the time Ramachandra Rao became a young boy, the family property was reduced considerably.

Ramachandra Rao was a follower of Mahatma Gandhi, deeply influenced by Satyagraha movement. He was called "Father of Political Unrest" in princely Mysore. Ramachandra Rao was arrested for opposing the visit of the Simon Commission to India in 1928 and became the first political prisoner in Mysore State. He was popularly known as Mysore Gandhi.

Ramachandra Rao founded the Khaddar Sahakara Sangha in 1925. Because of his influence and efforts Mahatma Gandhi made his visit to Mysore State in 1932 while, he visited Tagadur and a village nearby-Badanavalu village in Nanjangud Taluk of Mysore district.

Apart from freedom movement, Ramachandra Rao took part in other social and national movements. Some of the movements initiated by him are as follows.

 Cow protection movement in Mysore state
 Anti untouchability movement - made many temples to open their doors to Dalits
 Anti conversion drive in Mysore state against the conversion by missionaries.
 Instrumental in admitting many lower caste people into schools

Ramachandra Rao has written many articles and books. His autobiography "Nanna alilu seve" gives an account of journey of his life. Although he could have become minister in the Mysore state after the freedom of India he was not attracted by power. He opted for a quiet life with his children and grand children. He lived in Mysore till his death. There is a circle in Vidyaranyapuram in Mysore which is named after him.

In 1983Ramachandra Rao was conferred with the Jamnalal Bajaj Award for Application of Science and Technology for Rural Development. GV Iyer made documentary on Tagaduru Ramachandra Rao during 1980's along with the family members.

References

Indian independence activists from Karnataka
People from Mysore district
Gandhians
Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh
1898 births
1980s deaths

Tagadur Ramachandra Rao


Bolton is a neighborhood of Atlanta, Georgia, in the Upper Westside, i.e. far northwest of the city. It is part of Neighborhood Planning Unit D. Bolton Road and Marietta Road are the main thoroughfares. Bolton Academy is located here and the neighborhood borders Crest View Memorial Park.

History
Bolton was originally a separate settlement from Atlanta named after railroad commissioner Charles Bolton, and a stop on the railroad. Previous names of the settlement were Fulton, Boltonville and Iceville. It was incorporated in 1893. It had its own Freemason lodge. The area along with most of what is now called Buckhead was annexed to Atlanta in 1952.

Zoned Schools
Bolton is part of the Atlanta Public Schools district. It is served by Bolton Academy (k-5), Sutton Middle School (6-8), and North Atlanta High School (9-12).

References

Neighborhoods in Atlanta

Bolton, Atlanta


Thiago Motta Santon Olivares (; ; born 28 August 1982), better known as Thiago Motta, is a professional football manager and former player. He is currently the head coach of  club Bologna.

A midfielder, Motta spent his early career at Barcelona, where he was injury-prone. He played two and a half seasons with Inter Milan before joining Paris Saint-Germain in January 2012, winning 27 major titles all clubs combined. Motta also had brief spells with Atlético Madrid in Spain, and Genoa in Italy.

Born in Brazil, Motta also holds Italian citizenship. After making two appearances for his country of birth in 2003, he represented the latter national team a total of 30 times since making his debut in 2011, scoring once. He appeared at the 2014 FIFA World Cup and two European Championships with Italy, finishing second at Euro 2012.

Following his retirement in 2018, he coached the under-19 side of Paris Saint-Germain. In October 2019, he was appointed as Genoa's new manager, being fired in December following a poor run of results.In July 2021, Motta was appointed manager of Spezia, where he remained for one season, before taking over as manager of Bologna in September 2022.

Early life
Motta was born in São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo.

Club career

Barcelona

Motta signed with FC Barcelona in 1999 at age 17 from São Paulo side Clube Atlético Juventus, initially being assigned to the club's B-side. He eventually graduated to the first team in 2001, making his official debut on 3 October against RCD Mallorca in a 3–0 home win.

In the 2001–02 edition of the UEFA Champions League, Motta made seven appearances and helped his team to the semi-finals. In 2002–03's La Liga he appeared in a career-best 21 games (with three goals) as Barça could only finish in sixth position, and also played an important part in the following season's long UEFA Cup run, which was eventually ended by Celtic; in the first leg, a 0–1 loss in Glasgow (0–1 on aggregate), he was sent off during half-time after hitting out at opposing goalkeeper Robert Douglas who was also shown the red card, in an incident that happened in the tunnel.

Motta was also dogged by several injuries, particularly one suffered on 11 September 2004 against Sevilla FC, which sidelined him for seven months, during his time at Barcelona. He would eventually need surgery to rebuild the anterior cruciate and lateral ligaments in his left knee, but was able to make a swift recovery and made an emotional comeback, taking to the field to rapturous applause as eventual league champions defeated Getafe CF 2–0 on 17 April.

Atlético Madrid
In late August 2007, Motta signed a one-year contract with Atlético Madrid for an undisclosed fee. Once again he began the season on the sidelines, injured; in the Copa del Rey quarter-final match against Valencia CF he was ejected after only 25 minutes, and the Colchoneros lost the away fixture 0–1 and subsequently the tie.

Due to injury to regular starter Raúl García and the departure of Maniche in January 2008, Motta's opportunities increased. In March, however, the recurrent knee problems reappeared and his season was over, followed by a successful surgery and rehabilitation in the United States; he trialled with Premier League side Portsmouth after his release, but did not sign for them.

Genoa

In September 2008, Motta joined Genoa on a free transfer, after passing a medical. During his debut campaign he performed consistently well and was a regular in the starting eleven, under coach Gian Piero Gasperini.

On 11 April 2009, Motta scored two goals (one of them in the first half's injury time) in a final 3–2 home victory over Juventus FC. He finished the year with a career-best six goals, and his team qualified for the Europa League.

Inter Milan
On 20 May 2009, La Gazzetta dello Sport confirmed that Motta, alongside teammate Diego Milito, transferred to Inter Milan, who paid €28 million for the latter and €10.2 million for the former while as part of the deal, Genoa received five Inter players: Robert Acquafresca, Francesco Bolzoni, Leonardo Bonucci, Ivan Fatić and Riccardo Meggiorini. Motta's agent, Dario Canovi, later revealed that his Genoa contract with the club included a buy-out fee of €10 million.

Motta's debut came in 2009–10's opener, a 1–1 home draw against A.S. Bari, and his first goal came the next round as he opened the score in the Derby della Madonnina after an assist by Milito, in the 4–0 defeat of A.C. Milan. Having been in and out of the team for the duration of the season, he netted his first brace for them in a 3–0 win over Bologna F.C. 1909 on 3 April 2010.

Motta also appeared in eight games during the club's victorious Champions League campaign, including the 0–1 loss at former side Barcelona in the semi-finals (3–2 aggregate win). During that match, he was sent off after apparently striking Sergio Busquets in the face with his hand; the incident gathered attention due to Busquets' apparent feigning of injury.

On 23 October 2011, from a corner taken by Wesley Sneijder, Motta scored through a header in a 1–0 victory against A.C. ChievoVerona, which was Inter's first at home in 2011–12.

Paris Saint-Germain

On 31 January 2012, in spite of Inter manager Claudio Ranieri indicating shortly before he was confident the player would remain with the club until the end of the season, having called him to the upcoming league match against U.S. Città di Palermo, Motta signed with Paris Saint-Germain F.C. in France, for a fee believed to be around €10 million. Following his move, he revealed that he dreamt of playing for the club ever since fellow Brazilians such as Raí, Leonardo and Ronaldinho shone in the French capital; he also revealed that he was not happy at Inter, refusing to further elaborate on his reasons to leave.

Four days after signing for the club, Motta made his debut for PSG, against Evian in a 3–1 home win, being booked in the process. On 22 April 2012, in another home fixture, he scored his first goal in Ligue 1, contributing to a 6–1 rout of FC Sochaux-Montbéliard.

On 21 February 2014, aged 31, Motta extended his contract until June 2016. In August, he was left with a broken nose after being headbutted by SC Bastia's Brandão in the tunnel, as his opponent went on to be suspended for six months.

Motta announced his retirement for the end of the season on 8 May 2018, while also being appointed as the new coach of PSG's under-19 side. During his six-and-a-half-year stint at the Parc des Princes he played 232 competitives matches and won 19 trophies, making his final appearance on 19 May against Stade Malherbe Caen.

International career

Brazil
Motta made his debut for Brazil in the 2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup. Although he played with the under-23 team it was a full international competition, hence the international cap won was fully recognized by FIFA; he went on to appear in another two games in the tournament, and previously represented the nation at the 1999 South American Under-17 Football Championship.

Motta missed the 2004 CONMEBOL Men Pre-Olympic Tournament due to injuries, but appeared for the under-23 team in November 2003 against Santos FC. Subsequently, there were claims that he wanted to be called up for Italy and possibly to the 2010 FIFA World Cup, as he possessed dual nationality – his paternal grandfather being Italian. His great-grandfather, Fortunato Fogagnolo, left for South America from Polesella in the early 1900s. FIFA granted players to have one chance to change their representing nation if they had dual nationality, but not for players who have already played in a competitive "A" match (non-friendly).

Italy

On 6 February 2011, Motta received his first call-up from Italy, for a friendly against Germany, but an official statement from the Italian Football Federation declared it subject to FIFA clearance, which was granted two days later. He made his debut in that match, being replaced in the 63rd minute of the 1–1 draw by Alberto Aquilani.

On 25 March 2011, in only his second international, a UEFA Euro 2012 qualifier in Slovenia, Motta scored the game's only goal following a 73rd-minute combination with Federico Balzaretti. He was selected to the finals in Poland and Ukraine, starting in three group stage matches for the Azzurri and adding two substitute appearances, against Germany in the semi-finals (2–1 win) and Spain in the final; in the decisive match, after having again replaced Riccardo Montolivo, in the 55th minute, he suffered a hamstring injury after only five minutes and had to be carried off, leaving his team with ten players as he was the third and last allowable player brought in by manager Cesare Prandelli – in an eventual 0–4 loss.

Motta was named in a 30-man provisional squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup on 13 May, and also made the final list. He played his first-ever game in the tournament at the age of nearly 32, coming on in the 57th minute of the 2–1 group stage victory over England.

On 31 May 2016, Motta was named to Antonio Conte's 23-man Italy squad for Euro 2016, and was handed the number 10 shirt. The decision to assign him that number sparked controversy, although international teammate Daniele De Rossi later defended the manager's decision stating: "Those who have joked about it just don't know much about football. Just play the ball around a bit with Thiago Motta and then you will rinse your mouth out. He might not be a No. 10 like [Roberto] Baggio or [Francesco] Totti, but technically he's a master." He was suspended for the quarter-final match against Germany, after being booked for the second time in the competition in the previous round against Spain.

Style of play
A combative player, Motta was usually deployed as either a defensive or central midfielder, but he was capable of playing in various other midfield positions due to his tactical intelligence and versatility. In the Italian national team, under Prandelli, he was on occasion deployed as a deep-lying playmaker or an attacking midfielder, due to his ability to set the tempo of his team's play in midfield with his passing. At Euro 2012, he played in a new role of false attacking midfielder in Prandelli's 4–3–1–2 formation. His role has also been likened to that of a metodista ("centre-half," in Italian football jargon), due to his ability to dictate play in midfield as well as assist his team defensively.

Motta's most prominent traits were his ball control, technique, vision and passing range, although he was also praised for his tackling, ability to read the game and consistent defensive attributes as a ball winner. Due to his physical strength, heading accuracy and ability to make late attacking runs from behind into the penalty area, he excelled in the air, and also possessed a powerful long-range shot; despite his skills, he was also criticised for his aggression on the pitch and his lack of pace.

Managerial career

Early years
Following his retirement from professional football in May 2018, Motta became the new coach of Paris Saint-Germain's under-19 side. In an interview with La Gazzetta dello Sport in November of that year, he stated that he wanted to revolutionise football with a 4–3–3 formation that could be interpreted as a 2–7–2, commenting:

In August 2019, Motta enrolled in the UEFA Pro Licence courses at the Centro Tecnico Federale di Coverciano; he successfully obtained the license on 16 September 2020.

Genoa
On 21 October, his former club Genoa, at the time occupying the second-to-last position in the Italian top tier, announced his appointment as the new manager, replacing the recently dismissed Aurelio Andreazzoli. In his first official match in charge, five days later, he led the team to come from behind and achieve a 3–1 home win over Brescia. With the side in last place, however, he was fired on 28 December.

Spezia
On 5 July 2021, Motta was appointed head coach of Serie A club Spezia, replacing departing manager Vincenzo Italiano following the latter's departure to Fiorentina. With a team widely touted for relegation also due to an impending transfer market ban, and despite a difficult start of season which almost led the club to dismiss him by December, Motta turned Spezia's fortunes by January, and was also awarded the Serie A Coach of the Month award after achieving three consecutive wins.

On 15 May 2022, following a win at Udinese, Motta successfully guided Spezia to escape relegation for the second season in a row with still a game to go. Motta left Spezia by mutual agreement on 28 June 2022.

Bologna
On 12 September 2022, Motta was named new head coach of Serie A club Bologna, replacing Siniša Mihajlović.

Career statistics

Club

International

 Scores and results list Italy's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Motta goal.

Manager statistics

Honours

Player
Barcelona
La Liga: 2004–05, 2005–06
Supercopa de España: 2006
UEFA Champions League: 2005–06

Inter Milan
Serie A: 2009–10
Coppa Italia: 2009–10, 2010–11
UEFA Champions League: 2009–10
FIFA Club World Cup: 2010
Supercoppa Italiana: 2010

Paris Saint-Germain
Ligue 1: 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2017–18
Coupe de France: 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18
Coupe de la Ligue: 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17
Trophée des Champions: 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017
Brazil
South American Under-17 Football Championship: 1999

Italy
UEFA European Championship runner-up: 2012
Individual
Don Balón Award – Breakthrough player in La Liga: 2002–03
Serie A Team of the Year: 2010–11
Ligue 1 Team of the Year: 2013–14

Manager
Individual
Serie A Coach of the Month: January 2022, February 2023

See also
 List of association footballers who have been capped for two senior national teams

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
Footballers from São Bernardo do Campo
Brazilian people of Italian descent
Brazilian people of Venetian descent
Brazilian emigrants to Italy
Brazilian men's footballers
Italian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Clube Atlético Juventus players
La Liga players
Segunda División B players
FC Barcelona Atlètic players
FC Barcelona players
Atlético Madrid footballers
Serie A players
Genoa CFC players
Inter Milan players
Ligue 1 players
Paris Saint-Germain F.C. players
UEFA Champions League winning players
Brazil men's youth international footballers
Brazil men's international footballers
Italy men's international footballers
Dual men's international footballers
2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
UEFA Euro 2012 players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2016 players
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Italian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Italian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in France
Italian expatriate sportspeople in France
Brazilian football managers
Italian football managers
Paris Saint-Germain F.C. non-playing staff
Serie A managers
Genoa CFC managers
Spezia Calcio managers
Bologna FC 1909 managers

Thiago Motta


The Masonry trowel is a hand trowel used in brickwork or stonework for levelling, spreading and shaping mortar or concrete. They come in several shapes and sizes depending on the task. The following is a list of the more common masonry trowels:

Brick trowel: or mason's trowel is a point-nosed trowel for spreading mortar on bricks or concrete blocks with a technique called "buttering". The shape of the blade allows for very precise control of mortar placement.
Bucket trowel: a wide-bladed tool for scooping mortar from a bucket; it is also good for buttering bricks and smoothing mortar.
Concrete finishing trowel: is used to smooth a surface after the concrete has begun to set; it is held nearly level to the surface of the concrete, and moved with a sweeping arc across the surface.
Corner trowel: used for shaping concrete around internal or external corners; the handle is located at the center of a 90-degree bend in the blade for balance and the ability to apply even pressure to both sides of a corner.
Gauging trowel: a round-nosed trowel used for mixing mortar and applying small amounts in confined areas; it is also used to replace crumbled mortar and to patch concrete.
Margin trowel: a flat-nosed trowel used to work mortar in tight spaces and corners where a larger pointed trowel will not fit.
Pointing trowel: a smaller version of the brick trowel. Useful for filling in small cavities and repairing crumbling mortar joints.
Pool trowel or round trowel: a variation of the concrete finishing trowel; rounded blade prevents it from digging into wet concrete.
Step trowel: similar to the corner trowel, it is used for shaping inside angles on concrete steps; the center of the 90-degree bend in the blade allows for rounded edges.
Tile setter: a brick trowel with an extra-wide blade to hold more mortar than a standard brick trowel. It is ideal for smoothing mortar on large bricks and blocks.
Tuck pointer: used for neatly packing mortar between bricks and blocks when repointing and repairing crumbling mortar in masonry walls.

References
Reader's Digest Book of Skills and Tools, Reader's Digest. pp. 92–93

 Mechanical hand tools
 Stonemasonry tools

Masonry trowel