Dominic Rennie Raab (; born 25 February 1974) is a British Conservative Party politician who has been Member of Parliament (MP) for Esher and Walton since 2010. From 2019 to 2023, Raab was deputy to prime ministers Boris Johnson and Rishi Sunak - as First Secretary of State until 2021 then as Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom until 2023, with a brief period out of office during the Truss premiership. Additionally he has served in the cabinet positions of Brexit Secretary, Foreign Secretary, Justice Secretary and Lord Chancellor.

Born in Buckinghamshire, Raab attended Dr Challoner's Grammar School. He studied law at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford and then went on to study for a master's degree at Jesus College, Cambridge. He began his career as a solicitor at Linklaters, before working at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and as a political aide. He was elected for Esher and Walton at the 2010 general election. As a backbencher, Raab co-wrote a number of papers and books, including After the Coalition (2011) and Britannia Unchained (2012). He served as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Justice in the second government of David Cameron from 2015 to 2016. Following Theresa May's appointment as Prime Minister, Raab returned to the backbenches but was appointed to the second May government as Minister of State for Courts and Justice following the 2017 general election. In the 2018 cabinet reshuffle, he was moved to the post of Minister of State for Housing and Planning.

In 2018, Raab was promoted to Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union following the resignation of David Davis. Two weeks later, May announced that she would take control of negotiations with the European Union, with Raab deputising for her and taking charge of domestic preparations for Brexit. Four months later, Raab resigned as Brexit Secretary in opposition to May's draft Brexit withdrawal agreement.

Following May's resignation in 2019, Raab ran to succeed her in the 2019 Conservative Party leadership election; he was eliminated in the second ballot of Conservative MPs. Following Boris Johnson's appointment as Prime Minister, Raab was appointed First Secretary of State and Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs. In 2020, when the Department for International Development was merged with the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Raab's post was retitled Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs. In the 2021 cabinet reshuffle, he was moved to the posts of Deputy Prime Minister, Secretary of State for Justice and Lord Chancellor. Following a stint on the backbenches during the premiership of Liz Truss, he was re-appointed to the posts in Rishi Sunak's ministry. He resigned from Sunak's government in April 2023 after an investigation upheld some complaints that he had bullied civil servants. Raab was critical of the investigation's findings and said that the threshold for bullying had been set too low. A month after his resignation he announced that he would be standing down as an MP at the next general election.

Early life and education
Dominic Rennie Raab was born on 25 February 1974 in Buckinghamshire. He is the son of Jean, a clothes buyer, and Peter Raab, a food manager for Marks & Spencer. His father, who was Jewish, was born in Czechoslovakia and fled the Nazis with his family in 1938 at age six. The family arrived in Britain in 1940, having spent some time in a refugee camp in Tangiers. Raab was brought up in his English mother's faith, in the Church of England. He grew up in Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire. Raab was 12 years old when his father died of cancer.

Raab attended Dr Challoner's Grammar School, Amersham, and spent a brief period as a volunteer on a kibbutz before studying law at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, where he captained the university karate team. He then studied for a Master of Laws degree at Jesus College, Cambridge, where he won the Clive Parry Prize for International Law.

Early career

After leaving Cambridge, Raab trained professionally at the major City of London law firm Linklaters, completing his mandatory two-year training contract at the firm. Raab qualified as a solicitor in the UK under Linklaters in the year 2000, leaving the firm shortly after qualifying, also in 2000. At Linklaters, Raab worked on project finance, international litigation and competition law. This included time on secondments at Liberty (the human rights NGO) and in Brussels advising on EU and WTO law.

In total Raab worked for six years professionally as a solicitor after qualifying, in both commercial work and civil service positions for the government in the Foreign Office, before leaving the legal profession to pursue politics in 2006.

During his time as a lawyer in the Civil Service under the Labour Government until 2006, Raab's briefs included leading a team at the British Embassy in The Hague, dedicated to bringing war criminals to justice in a position closely linked to Tony Blair. After returning to London, he advised on the Arab–Israeli conflict, the European Union and Gibraltar. He defended Tony Blair against a subpoena from former Yugoslav President Slobodan Milošević.

On moving from the legal profession to politics in 2006, Raab's first political roles as part of the Conservative Party were as an aide to MP David Davis, and then to Dominic Grieve. When Raab was appointed Justice Secretary in 2021 he was described within the legal press as an "ex-rookie" solicitor of a major law firm.

Parliamentary career

Member of Parliament
Raab was elected to Parliament at the 2010 election to represent Esher and Walton, a then safe Conservative seat in Surrey, with a total of 32,134 votes (58.9% of the vote) and a majority of 18,593 over his nearest rival.

Raab lives in and commutes from Thames Ditton, in his constituency. Since being elected he has campaigned for fairer funding for local services in Elmbridge, stronger local democracy in the running of community hospitals in Cobham, Walton and Molesey, more visible and responsive policing, and against the construction of an M25 service station at Downside.

In the House of Commons, Raab spoke in support of the coalition government's plans to cut the budget deficit, expand academy schools, repeal the Identity Cards Act 2006, and enact a Freedom Bill. He criticised the government for opting into the EU directive on the European Investigation Order, arguing it would strain operational policing resources, and would dilute safeguards protecting British citizens from misuse of personal data and guaranteeing a fair trial.

Raab came to media attention in August 2010, after requesting that the pressure group 38 Degrees remove his parliamentary email address from their website, arguing that lobby groups sending or coordinating 'clone emails' designed to deluge MPs' inboxes detracted from their ability to correspond with constituents and help those in real need. 38 Degrees said that the email address is paid for by taxpayers' money and is in the public domain, thus they have every right to host it on their website and use it for campaigning.

Raab has participated in debates on giving prisoners the vote and extradition. In April 2011, he also presented an ultimately unsuccessful Ten Minute Rule Bill proposing that emergency service and transport unions should be required by law to ensure that strike votes receive 50% support of union members. Raab argued that reform was needed to prevent "militant union bosses" holding the "hard working majority" to ransom.

On 7 March 2012, Raab opened a debate in the House of Commons on Sergei Magnitsky and Impunity for Gross Human Rights Abuses, calling on the UK government to bring forward legislative proposals that would allow it to impose visa bans and asset freezes on state officials responsible for gross human rights abuses against individuals. The motion was supported by three former Foreign Secretaries and two former Foreign Ministers and had cross-party support and was passed unanimously by MPs.

On 30 January 2014, Raab proposed an amendment to the Immigration Bill to deport all prisoners given a sentence of a year or more. It was defeated, but allowed 99 members to voice that change was necessary to prevent immigrants convicted of crimes from using the ECHR as support to remain in the UK.

In the 2015 general election on 7 May, Raab retained his Esher and Walton seat with a majority of 28,000 votes over his nearest rival. On 12 May, he was appointed Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Ministry of Justice under Michael Gove, with responsibility for human rights questions. In September 2015, in this capacity, he addressed representatives of the 46 other member states of the Council of Europe on the question of the UK's blanket ban on prisoner voting.

In the 2017 general election, Raab was elected with a reduced majority of 23,000. In the 2019 general election, he was reelected with a significantly reduced majority of 2,743.

In February 2018, Raab advertised for an unpaid intern just ahead of a Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) publication responding to the Taylor review on insecure work. The BEIS report criticised "exploitative unpaid internships", saying "an employer cannot avoid paying someone the minimum wage simply by calling them an 'intern' or saying that they are doing an internship."

In the 2018 cabinet reshuffle Raab was appointed Minister of State for Housing and Planning.

Libel case
In August 2007, while Raab was working in the office of David Davis MP, he signed a compromise agreement with Davis and a female employee who was intending to bring an employment tribunal claim. The agreement contained a confidentiality clause. In January 2011, The Mail on Sunday published an article about the case and Raab subsequently sued the newspaper for libel, arguing that the article inferred that he had "bullied and sexually discriminated against" the young woman causing her "to become traumatised, to feel worthless and to leave a job which she had otherwise enjoyed", and that the £20,000 she had been paid as part of the compromise agreement was "hush money to keep [his] appalling behaviour secret". Raab refused to release the woman from the confidentiality clause of the compromise agreement, leaving the newspaper hampered in mounting a defence, and the court refused to strike out the libel claim or order the disclosure of a witness statement made by the woman. The newspaper settled out of court with Raab, paying him a five-figure sum and printing a retraction and apology in March 2012.

Westminster dossier

In late October 2017, a dossier listing allegations of a mainly sexual nature against several dozen Conservative MPs made internally by party researchers was circulated at Westminster and amongst journalists. Raab wrote on his website at the beginning of November that his entry made a false accusation of an "Injunction for inappropriate behaviour with a woman". He commented: "I have never been served with any injunction for anything. Nor have I ever sought one". It was "false and malicious" to make "any insinuation that I have engaged in anything resembling sexual harassment, sexually abusive behaviour or lewd remarks". He believed the dossier itself was a "form of harassment and intimidation". Raab said he was taking legal advice.

Impact of immigration on the housing market
In April 2018, as Minister of State for Housing and Planning Raab said in an interview that immigration had "put house prices up by something like 20%" over the past 25 years. The UK Statistics Authority asked Raab to publish the evidence for his claim. A document published by the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government shows that the finding was based on an out-of-date model that had never been intended for this kind of analysis. Raab defended the model and said: "I did indeed say care was needed with the data, and I was right that immigration put average prices up by 20%. We need a balanced approach."

EU referendum campaign
Raab was an active campaigner in the 2016 EU membership referendum, advocating that Britain should leave the European Union. He said in an interview that it would be better for the British economy to leave: "We'll be better off if we're freed up to trade more energetically with the growth markets like Latin America and Asia. I think it will be good for job creation and also cut prices in the stores." He also argued that there was too much waste and corruption in the EU. During the Brexit campaign, Raab repeatedly argued that there was no doubt that the UK would get a trade deal with the EU.

Brexit Secretary

On 9 July 2018, following the resignation of David Davis, Raab was appointed Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union. Two weeks later, May announced that she would take control of negotiations with the European Union, while Raab would deputise for her and oversee domestic preparations for Brexit.

In November 2018, Raab was criticised by Labour's shadow Brexit minister, Jenny Chapman, after Raab said that he "hadn't quite understood the full extent" of how much UK trade relies on the Dover–Calais crossing.

On 15 November 2018, Raab announced his resignation as Brexit Secretary, citing his disapproval over the Cabinet position on the draft Brexit withdrawal agreement. According to a BBC News report, Raab was concerned with "two major and fatal flaws" in the draft agreement, namely that the proposed terms "threaten the integrity of the United Kingdom" and that "they would lead to an indefinite if not permanent situation where [the UK is] locked into a regime with no say over the rules being applied, with no exit mechanism", flaws which would prove "damaging for the economy but devastating for public trust in our democracy". While subsequently describing May's deal as worse than remaining in the EU, he voted in favour of it at the occasion of the third vote on the withdrawal agreement on 29 March 2019. He described the Irish backstop as "undemocratic and [...] something that will have to be removed."

Following his resignation, Raab defended the position that the UK should not pay the so-called Brexit divorce bill (amounting to around £39 billion) in the event of a no-deal Brexit. This bill reflects commitments which the UK entered into for the EU's Multiannual Financial Framework for the years 2014–2020 and so according to some interpretations is not linked to Britain's exit from the European Union. The House of Lords alternatively found that the UK would not be liable for such payments.

In June 2019, unnamed EU sources claimed that Raab had been nicknamed "The Turnip" in Brussels, a play on raap, the Dutch word for the vegetable, suggesting EU dissatisfaction with his negotiation strategy.

2019 Conservative Party leadership election
On 25 May 2019, Raab announced he was standing in the Conservative Party leadership election after Theresa May announced her resignation. In the second round of voting, on 18 June, Raab failed to obtain the required minimum number of 33 votes, winning 30 and finishing in sixth place, behind Sajid Javid. After being eliminated, he endorsed the frontrunner Boris Johnson, who subsequently won the contest.

First Secretary of State and Foreign Secretary

On 24 July 2019, Boris Johnson appointed Raab Foreign Secretary, succeeding Jeremy Hunt, and handed him the additional title First Secretary of State. On arrival at the Foreign Office, Raab said: "I'm hugely humbled to take on this role at this time and excited about the opportunities that lie ahead."

In 2019, the International Court of Justice in The Hague ruled that the United Kingdom must transfer the Chagos Archipelago to Mauritius as they were not legally separated from the latter in 1965. In its statement rejecting the ruling, the Foreign Office said: "The United Kingdom has no doubt about its sovereignty over the Chagos Archipelago, which has been under continuous British sovereignty since 1814." The shadow foreign secretary, Lisa Nandy, in a letter to Raab said the UK position "is damaging to Britain's reputation, undermines your credibility and moral authority".

Raab stood in for Johnson at Prime Minister's Questions on 2 October 2019, as First Secretary of State.

On 3 January 2020, the high-level Iranian General Qasem Soleimani was assassinated by the United States, which considerably heightened the existing tensions between the two countries. Raab backed the strike, describing the American action as self-defence. He said that his government had "always recognised the aggressive threat posed by the Iranian Quds force".

Raab supported Johnson's decision to allow China's Huawei to build part of UK's 5G network despite U.S. and Australian opposition.

On 23 March, during the coronavirus pandemic, the government confirmed that Raab, as First Secretary of State, was to deputise for Johnson if he became "incapacitated" due to COVID-19. On 6 April, after Johnson was admitted to an intensive care unit due to his illness with COVID-19, Raab was asked to deputise for Johnson. In April 2020, Raab was questioned in the first two sessions of virtual Prime Minister's Questions (PMQs) by new Labour Leader Keir Starmer.

In April 2020, Raab warned that the UK cannot go back to "business as usual" with China after the end of the COVID-19 pandemic.

On 16 June, it was announced by the Prime Minister that Raab would absorb the responsibilities of the Secretary of State for International Development in September 2020 upon the formation of a joint department called the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office. His brief changed to Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs on 2 September, and he said that the UK would continue to spend 0.7% of its national income on foreign aid.

After the 30 June 2020 imposition by the Xi Jinping regime of the national security law in Hong Kong, Raab described the following day in the Commons what he saw as a "grave and deeply disturbing" event, dissected the affront to the Sino-British Joint Declaration in the Commons, and announced a new chapter in Hong Kong–United Kingdom relations with substantial changes to the idea of British National (Overseas) permits. Raab did not rule out boycotting the 2022 Winter Olympics over the treatment of the Uyghur Muslims by the Chinese government.

Raab welcomed the peace agreement between Israel and the United Arab Emirates, saying he was gladdened by suspension of Israel's plans to annex parts of the occupied Palestinian territories in the West Bank. Raab also welcomed the normalization of relations between Israel and Sudan, saying that it is "a positive step between two valued friends."

In March 2020, Raab visited the mausoleum of the Turkish leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and called Turkey a "staunch ally in NATO and one of its largest contributors of military personnel." Raab said, "The UK stands with Turkey in the fight against terrorism, and recognises the serious threat posed" by the Kurdish separatist movement PKK. On 6 October, Raab warned that the result of the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan may be the strengthening of relations between Russia and Turkey, saying that a "battle for geopolitical stances is in progress. I believe that even though the behavior of our Turkish partners in NATO is sometimes disappointing, we need to be very careful with the risk that Turkey is falling into Russia's arms."

On 10 May 2021, Raab condemned rocket attacks on Israel and called for "immediate de-escalation on all sides" and an "end to targeting of civilian populations".

On 15 August 2021, as the Taliban militant group once again controlled a vast majority of Afghan territory, the Taliban began capturing the capital city of Kabul. Raab was abroad on holiday when Kabul fell to the Taliban. He returned to the UK on 16 August and said the UK government was surprised by the "scale and pace" of the Taliban's takeover of Afghanistan.  Defence secretary Ben Wallace admitted all remaining UK nationals and Afghan allies might not get away and said "Some people won't get back". Unnamed sources told The Guardian Raab refused to talk to some Foreign Office staff and this allegedly caused problems during the Afghanistan evacuation. Raab denies the claims. The Foreign Affairs Select Committee said the government was "missing in action" after examining the episode. Unnamed insiders told The Guardian in November 2022 that Raab limited the number of senior staff he dealt with. Unnamed sources said "Decisions that should have taken hours took days or simply did not happen." Raab allegedly avoided communicating with "those he found to be challenging voices".

Deputy Prime Minister and Justice Secretary

First term (2021–2022)
In a cabinet reshuffle on 15 September 2021, Raab was appointed Secretary of State for Justice and Lord Chancellor. He was also given the title of Deputy Prime Minister, a post unused since the Cameron–Clegg coalition.

Raab declined to run in the July–September 2022 Conservative Party leadership election. He endorsed Sunak's leadership bid.

In August 2022, Raab moved to block the release of the parents of now seven-year-old Tony Hudgell, who had been abused by them and had to have his legs amputated.

The Guardian reported in December 2022 that Raab prevented the victims' commissioner for England and Wales being reappointed and is not expected to replace her for months. According to victims' groups, critical legislation was going through parliament without an independent reviewer. Unnamed sources stated Raab intervened to stop Vera Baird staying as victims' commissioner.

Second term (2022–2023)

Raab was reappointed by Sunak as Deputy Prime Minister, Justice Secretary and Lord Chancellor on 25 October 2022. In November 2022, Raab said that terrorist offenders would face longer sentences if they committed crime, such as vandalising cells, while in prison.

Raab resigned as both Deputy Prime Minister and Justice Secretary on 21 April 2023, after an independent investigation found that his behaviour towards civil servants at the Ministry of Justice and at the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office had amounted to bullying in two cases. The report of the investigation was published on the same day.

Bullying investigation and resignation

On 15 November 2022, two formal bullying complaints were made by civil servants about Raab's behaviour when Justice Secretary and Foreign Secretary in Boris Johnson's government. Allegations against Raab included claims that he lost his temper at work and left staff scared to enter his office and that his behaviour was "abrasive and controlling". After Raab had been notified about the two formal complaints, he asked Sunak to commission an independent investigation, saying that he would "thoroughly rebut and refute" the claims against him, that he had "never tolerated bullying" and was confident that he had "behaved professionally throughout". Adam Tolley KC was appointed to undertake the investigation, while the responsibility to decide whether Raab had breached the ministerial code of conduct would remain with Sunak. During an interview on Sky News in February 2023, Raab said he would resign if the investigation found that he had bullied civil servants.

The story of bullying allegations against Raab, which eventually led to the investigation and his resignation, had broken on 11 November 2022 when The Guardian newspaper reported that that senior civil servants in the Ministry of Justice were offered "respite or a route out" of the department after Raab was reappointed, as they had been affected by his behaviour, described as "bullying and unprofessional", during his previous tenure. The Permanent Secretary at the Ministry of Justice, Antonia Romeo, had had to ask Raab to treat staff professionally and with respect on his return. The following days brought further media coverage of allegations of bullying: The Sun suggested that Raab had once thrown tomatoes from a salad across a room in a fit of anger, a claim Raab's spokesman dismissed as nonsense, while The Mirror reported that he "burns through" staff.

The former Permanent Secretary at the Foreign Office, Lord McDonald was interviewed on LBC Radio and said that he had spoken to Raab on several occasions about the way he treated staff. A report in The Times said that civil servants at the Ministry of Justice had been "signed off work for extended periods of time" when Raab was Justice Secretary and that a complaint had been made about him in March 2022, with reference to a "dysfunctional working culture" that had begun to hinder effective work in the department. Raab denied the allegations with a spokesman saying "He consistently holds himself to the highest standards of professionalism and has never received nor been made aware of any formal complaint against him".

Initially the terms of reference of the bullying investigation included just the two formal complaints made on 15 November but they were expanded as more complaints were made between 23 November and 13 December and eventually included eight formal complaints, six dating from Raab's time at the Ministry of Justice, one from his time as Foreign Secretary and one from his time as Brexit Secretary. The eight complaints involved 24 civil servants. Tolly conducted 66 interviews including four with Raab, who also made written representations to the investigation.

The report, which was handed to Sunak on 20 April 2023, found that on occasion, both at the Ministry of Justice and at the Foreign Office, Raab's conduct towards civil servants had crossed the threshold between abrasive and bullying.<ref
name=BBC21April23/> Raab's style was, in his own words, "inquisitorial, direct, impatient and fastidious", but the report found that he did not shout or swear at people, and did not refer to them as "snowflakes".  Both the Permanent Secretary at the Ministry of Justice, Antonia Romero, and the Permanent Under Secretary at the Foreign Office, Sir Philip Barton, had previously spoken to him about his behaviour, although not using the term "bullying", but their advice had not had any impact. It was only after the investigation was announced, that Raab modified his abrasive style.

The report found that Raab had been aggressive at a meeting at the Foreign Office and his conduct had involved misuse of power to undermine and humiliate. No finding on the original Ministry of Justice group complaint was made, as it had been signed by a number of people, not all of whom had had direct contact with Raab. Regarding the additional Ministry of Justice complaints, the report found that on occasion during meetings with policy officials, Raab's behaviour had been intimidating and insulting. As far as the Brexit Office complaint was concerned, the report found that Raab's behaviour was intimidating but not offensive, malicious or insulting and so did not meet the threshold for bullying. Tolley found that all complainants acted in good faith and had no ulterior agenda.

It was up to the Prime Minister to decide whether or not Raab's conduct breached the ministerial code, which states that: "Harassing, bullying or other inappropriate or discriminating behaviour wherever it takes place is not consistent with the Ministerial Code and will not be tolerated"  Raab however had previously said he would resign if the investigation found that he had bullied civil servants and so he did not wait for Sunak's decision but submitted his resignation as Minister of Justice and Deputy Prime Minister on 21 April 2023, the day after the report was handed to Sunak. In his resignation letter Raab was critical of the investigation, saying that the adverse findings were flawed and that the threshold for bullying had been set too low. He also complained that there had been "skewed and fabricated claims" leaked to the media during the investigation. One leak was reported by The Telegraph in March 2023, which said that former Prime Minister Johnson had privately warned Raab about his conduct and given evidence to the investigation. Johnson's warning was not mentioned in the report, which said that there had been "a series of inaccurate and misleading media reports about the investigation".

A month after resigning as a minister, Raab announced that he would stand down as an MP at the next general election.

Political positions

Human Rights Act
In 2009, prior to becoming an MP, Raab said he did not support the Human Rights Act, stating that "The very enactment of the Human Rights Act has served as a trigger for the formulation of claims by lawyers and judicial reasoning by courts, using human rights arguments that would never have been dared before. The spread of rights has become contagious and, since the Human Rights Act, opened the door to vast new categories of claims, which can be judicially enforced against the government through the courts."

Positive discrimination
In July 2010, he secured a review of positive discrimination rules being applied to Foreign and Commonwealth Office work experience schemes, having been contacted by a constituent who had been rejected from the scheme for failing to meet "the social criteria". The two programmes at the organisation barred white males from applying, other than those from low-income backgrounds; Raab argued they re-introduced discrimination 'via the backdoor'. The MP welcomed the review, blaming the situation on the previous Labour government. He stated "positive discrimination is wrong in the same way as negative discrimination. It means people are thinking in terms of social criteria and it is anti-meritocratic."

Palestinian state
In August 2020, Raab visited Israel and the West Bank to "press for renewed dialogue" between the two sides.

In 2011, Raab wrote that "Peace must precede Palestinian statehood", and criticised the Israeli settlements as undermining "the prospects for a continuous Palestinian state."

Prisoners' rights
On 10 February 2011, Raab gave the winding-up speech in the debate on whether to give prisoners the vote, arguing that freedom entails responsibility and that elected lawmakers in the House of Commons rather than "unaccountable" judges in Strasbourg should decide the matter.

On 22 June 2011, the Joint Committee on Human Rights (JCHR) published a report on The Human Rights Implications of British extradition. As a member of the JCHR, Raab proposed that the committee look into the issue of fast-track extradition of British citizens following several instances of miscarriages of justice. In an article for The Times, Raab argued that more needed to be done to protect British citizens subject to European Arrest Warrants. The JCHR has called for safeguards to ensure warrants are not issued for minor offences and when there is minimal evidence, and for checks to prevent extradition for investigation rather than prosecution. On 24 November 2011, Raab led a debate in the House of Commons calling for extradition reform. His motion had cross-party support, and was backed by Gary McKinnon's mother, Janis Sharpe.

The Miller case
On 3 November 2016, and in response to the decision of the High Court in R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union on whether the government was entitled to notify an intention to leave the European Union under Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union without a vote in Parliament, Raab stated that in the 2016 EU membership referendum "the British people gave a clear mandate for the UK Government to leave the EU and take back control of our borders, laws, money and trade. It is disappointing that today the court has chosen to ignore their decision". He went on to state that the decision was "a plain attempt to block Brexit by people who are out of touch with the country and refuse to accept the result. However, the vote to leave the EU was clear and they should not seek to obstruct it".

Saudi Arabia
In October 2018, Raab told BBC One's The Andrew Marr Show that the assassination of Jamal Khashoggi was a "terrible case" but the UK government was "not throwing our hands in the air and terminating the relationship with Saudi Arabia, not just because of the huge number of British jobs that depend on it but also because if you exert influence over your partners you need to be able to talk to them... The problem with Labour's position is it would cost thousands of British jobs."

Writings

Civil liberties and justice
In 2009, Raab published his first book, The Assault on Liberty – What Went Wrong with Rights. In October 2010, he published Fight Terror, Defend Freedom, a pamphlet on the Home Office counter-terrorism review.

In January 2011, Raab wrote an article on the use of control orders in counter-terrorism cases in which he contended that they are ineffective and should be scrapped with a greater focus on prosecutions.

In April 2011 Raab published a pamphlet with the think tank Civitas entitled Strasbourg in the Dock. The pamphlet followed Parliament's recent rejection of a European Court of Human Rights ruling (the Hirst case) that at least some prisoners should have the right to vote. Raab argued that judges had overstepped the mark in relation to the case because they were not elected. The Strasbourg judges are elected by the 324 members of the
Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe; members are drawn from the national parliaments of the Council of Europe's member states. Raab contended that many of the judges were lacking experience and as a result "are undermining the credibility and value of the Court". Raab made a range of proposals to strengthen the authority of Britain's Supreme Court, give elected lawmakers the last word on the creation of new rights, and reform the Strasbourg Court.

In July 2011, Raab called for reform of the UK Borders Act 2007, which allows foreign criminals to avoid deportation by claiming a "right to family life" under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights. He proposed that the reference to the Human Rights Act be removed. He argued this could be done in a way that ensures foreign criminals could avoid deportation only if there is a "serious risk" they will be tortured on their return.

Equality, meritocracy, and positive discrimination
On 30 January 2011, he wrote a comment piece for The Sunday Times on implementation of the Equality Act 2010. Raab argued for a meritocratic approach against positive discrimination and highlighted the lower standard of human rights protections in extradition cases compared with deportation cases.

In an article in January 2011 on the Politics Home website, Raab argued in favour of transferable paternity leave and against "the equality bandwagon ... pitting men and women against each other". He argued in favour of a consistent approach to sexism against men and women commenting that some feminists were "now amongst the most obnoxious bigots" and it was sexist to blame men for the recession.

Raab highlighted the wide range of sex discrimination he said was faced by males including "anti-male discrimination in rights of maternity/paternity leave", young boys being "educationally disadvantaged compared to girls", and how "divorced or separated fathers are systematically ignored by the courts". Raab stated "from the cradle to the grave, men are getting a raw deal. Men work longer hours, die earlier, but retire later than women", noting that the pensions inequalities were still not going to be rectified for another seven years.

He was subsequently interviewed on the piece by the London Evening Standard, as well as BBC Radio 4. Theresa May, who was Minister for Women and Equalities at the time, criticised Raab's "obnoxious bigots" comment but agreed with his suggestions on paternity leave and ending gender warfare. Her remarks took place during a debate on employment law in the House of Commons.

Raab's remarks were criticised by some Labour MPs, including Harriet Harman and Nia Griffith, who said Raab should "stop being so self-pitying. The reality is that women with very good qualifications time and time again do not get the top jobs and opportunities." Raab stood by his comments in a comment piece for The Daily Telegraph, highlighting the various statements Harman had made about men, contrasting them with similar comments about women by the likes of Andy Gray. Raab also stated he had received an "overwhelmingly positive" reaction to his comments "from both men and women".

In July 2012, Raab published a pamphlet with the Centre for Policy Studies entitled Unleashing the British Underdog: 10 Bets on the Little Guy. In the report, Raab outlines 10 policies to improve social mobility and provide opportunities for those from non-traditional backgrounds to succeed.

After the Coalition
In October 2011, Dominic Raab and four other MPs of the 2010 intake published After the Coalition, an argument that Conservative principles adapted to the modern world would be essential for the future national success of the party. The book was serialised in The Daily Telegraph. Raab wrote his piece for the paper on British foreign policy, arguing it should reflect the national interest: Britain should not overextend itself in foreign conflicts, aid should be focused on the poorest countries and Britain should champion free trade abroad.

Regulation
In November 2011, Raab wrote a pamphlet published by the Centre for Policy Studies, Escaping the Strait Jacket – Ten Regulatory Reforms to Create Jobs. The paper makes the case for reforming red tape to boost job creation on grounds of economic competitiveness and social fairness.

Britannia Unchained

In September 2012 Raab co-authored the book Britannia Unchained. The book addressed issues of the national debt, state education, innovation and work ethic.

Raab called for measures to cut regulation on start-up companies, expand vocational training, reduce childcare costs and lower marginal (income-focused) rates of taxation to "rediscover and reward the lost virtue of hard-work – a tried and tested route to individual success, a more prosperous economy and a fairer society."

Writing on work ethic in The Daily Telegraph, Raab said that longer periods in education, earlier retirement, welfare dependency and high marginal rates of taxation had led to a situation where "(w)e have a smaller proportion of the workforce pedalling harder to sustain the rest – which is economically debilitating and socially divisive."

Personal life
Raab is married to Erika Rey, a Brazilian marketing executive who until 2020 worked for Google. They live in Thames Ditton, Surrey, and have two children, Peter and Joshua (born in 2012/3 and 2014/5 respectively).

Raab holds a black belt, third dan in karate.

In October 2021, following the murder of Sir David Amess, Raab told ITV News that he had received three death threats in the previous two years.

Awards
Raab won Newcomer of the Year for 2011 at The Spectator magazine's Parliamentary Awards.

In 2019, LBC's Iain Dale and a panel placed Raab fourth in a list of that year's "Top 100 Most Influential Conservatives".

Honours
 He was sworn in as a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom on 11 July 2018 at Buckingham Palace, entitling him to the honorific prefix "The Right Honourable" for life.

Notes

References

External links

Raab's blog
Raab's channel at YouTube

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1974 births
Living people
Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge
Alumni of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford
British male karateka
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
21st-century English lawyers
English people of Czech-Jewish descent
English male karateka
Male critics of feminism
People educated at Dr Challoner's Grammar School
Politicians from Buckinghamshire
People from Thames Ditton
British people of Czech-Jewish descent
Secretaries of State for Exiting the European Union
British Secretaries of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
First Secretaries of State of the United Kingdom
Deputy Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom
Secretaries of State for Justice (UK)
Lord chancellors of Great Britain
Ministers of State for Housing (UK)
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present
Free Enterprise Group
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom

Dominic Raab


Coronel Suárez is a town in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It is the head town of the Coronel Suárez Partido.

History
The Partido was created in 1882 and the city was founded in 1883. It was named after Manuel Isidoro Suárez, a colonel of Argentine army who fought in the Battle of Junín in 1824.

Towns in Argentina
1882 establishments
1880s establishments in Argentina

Coronel Suárez


Judith Munk (April 10, 1925 – May 19, 2006) was an American artist and designer associated with Scripps Institution of Oceanography. She was inducted into the San Diego Women's Hall of Fame posthumously, in 2008.

Early life and education
Judith Kendall Horton was born in 1925, in San Gabriel, California. Her parents were Winter Davis Horton and Edith Kendall Horton. The actor Edward Everett Horton was her uncle.

Horton attended Bennington College and earned degrees in art and architecture, with Richard Neutra as a mentor. She had just begun graduate studies at Harvard University School of Design when she became ill with poliomyelitis, and left to recover at the home of her maternal grandmother in San Diego. She studied with sculptor Donal Hord instead of returning to Harvard. She used a wheelchair for much of her adult life.

Career
Judith Horton worked as an illustrator and model builder at the Scripps Aquarium as a young woman. After marriage, she worked mainly in sculpture and architectural design in the nearby community. She worked on several buildings on the campus of Scripps, including The Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics (IGPP, a 1962 building of redwood and glass, overlooking the ocean from cliffs), Scripps Seaside Forum, and the Scripps Crossing, a cable footbridge linking two parts of campus. She was also active in the restoration of the 1913 "Director's House." She was responsible for bringing a Donal Hord statue to campus, now located outside the Munk Laboratory.

Working with her husband, she traveled to Italy, China, the Soviet Union, and American Samoa. During 1963 she and Walter lived at the village of Vailoatai on Tutuila in American Samoa. They were both working on a documentary film, Waves Across the Pacific (1967). She co-founded the International Center to host guests at the University of California at San Diego.

Horton also served on the La Jolla Town Council. She won a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts to design an amphitheater for the town, but the project failed. She was an honorary member of the San Diego chapter of the American Institute of Architects.

Personal life
Judith Horton married oceanographer Walter Munk as his second wife, in 1953, and had three daughters, Lucian, Kendall and Edie. The Munks designed their home in La Jolla, "Seiche," and frequently hosted campus social gatherings there. Judith died in 2006, age 81, from pneumonia. In 2008, she was posthumously inducted into the San Diego Women's Hall of Fame.

The IGPP laboratory Munk helped to design was renamed for Walter and Judith Munk in 1993.

References

External links

1925 births
2006 deaths
Artists from California
People from San Gabriel, California
People from La Jolla, San Diego
Bennington College alumni
Harvard Graduate School of Design alumni
California city council members
Women city councillors in California
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American women politicians
21st-century American women

Judith Munk


Blue Beat Records is an English record label that released Jamaican rhythm and blues (R&B) and ska music in the 1960s and later decades. Its reputation led to the use of the word bluebeat as a generic term to describe all styles of early Jamaican pop music, including music by artists not associated with the record label.

History
The Blue Beat label was founded in 1960, in London, as an imprint of Emil E. Shalit's Melodisc Records. Melodisc, which was founded in London in 1947, specialised in releasing calypso and mento and imported American jazz music. The Blue Beat label focused on American-influenced Jamaican blues and R&B, which later evolved into ska, and was launched following the positive response in the United Kingdom to Laurel Aitken's Melodisc release of "Lonesome Lover". Shalit put Sigimund "Siggy" Jackson in charge of the label, and Jackson subsequently chose the name Blue Beat, which he said was an adaptation of "It sounds like blues and it's got a great beat" or "Blues Beat", which apparently was a generic term for Jamaican blues music at the time.

The early years: 1960s and 1970s
The first release on the Blue Beat label was "Boogie Rock" by Laurel Aitken, which was licensed from Dada Tewari's
Downbeat label.  The Blue Beat label's distinctive blue covers and silver logo first appeared with the label's third release, "Manny Oh" by Higgs and Wilson. The Blue Beat label reached licensing agreements with the majority of major Jamaican producers and also released many home-produced recordings by Siggy Jackson, featuring English-based artists such as the Marvels. Even some Prince Buster hits, including "Wash-Wash", were recorded in London, and involved well-known UK musicians such as Georgie Fame. The Blue Beat label released around 400 singles and over a dozen albums between 1960 and 1967. Prince Buster became the Blue Beat label's biggest star, with songs such as "Al Capone".

Siggy Jackson established a Blue Beat night at the Marquee Club in London, and fashion accessories featuring the Blue Beat label's logo became popular. Many records on the Blue Beat label were played alongside soul music in dance clubs such as the Twisted Wheel in Manchester. In addition to appealing greatly to the West Indian community in the UK, the music became associated with the British mods of the early to mid-1960s, as well as the skinheads of the late 1960s. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, records on the Blue Beat label became highly collectable amongst those who regarded records like Prince Buster's "Al Capone" as classics.

When the ska rhythm slowed to rocksteady around 1966, Melodisc started a new sub-label, Fab, and the Blue Beat label stopped issuing new releases after 1967 (although the back catalogue continued to sell for several years). Jackson left to work for EMI, where he founded the Columbia Blue Beat label. The Blue Beat label was revived in 1972 for a short run of obscure releases including John Holt's "Ok Fred" and "Sad News" singles. as well as reissues of some of the popular classics from Prince Buster's catalogue such as Al Capone and Ten Commandments Of Man. Later in the decade some of these tunes were once again reissued in 12" single format to supply the new younger audience that emerged from the 2-Tone generation.

1980s and 1990s
In 1987, Buster Bloodvessel (of the 2 Tone ska revival band Bad Manners) and producer Ivan Healy Purvis started a brand new record label called Blue Beat Records and licensed the Blue Beat label name and logo. The label was run from a reclaimed riverboat named "The Bloodvessel", which was in Bloodvessel's backyard in Spring Hill. Between 1987 and 1990, this label released several records, including the Bad Manners album Return of The Ugly. The Bad Manners single "Skaville UK" was the last Blue Beat single to make an impact on the UK charts, reaching #87 in 1989.

21st century

In 2004, Siggy Jackson was approached by No.1 Station band leader Marcus Upbeat (aka Downbeat) with the idea of starting a revival of The Blue Beat Label. Together Siggy and Marcus released a series of 7-inch singles on the label in the style of The Blue Beat Label's 1960s output. These releases included six singles by  No. 1 Station, which featured The Blue Beat Label veteran Eddie 'Tan-Tan' Thornton on trumpet and several guest vocalists, including The Marvels. Siggy Jackson re-issued several tracks from his own back catalogue, as well as one single each from ska revival band Intensified and veterans of The Blue Beat Label the Pyramids. Siggy also reissued two Laurel Aitken tracks, and a single by the Mopeds which had previously been issued on Columbia Blue Beat. These releases were all limited edition vinyl pressings. Siggy Jackson retired from the music industry in 2008. Marcus Upbeat then acquired The Blue Beat Label to continue with label's revival.

In 2011, Marcus Upbeat registered Blue Beat Records Ltd to continue The Blue Beat Label. and in 2011 released another new 7" single on The Blue Beat Label. Marcus then embraced the emerging and ever faster growing digital age for The Blue Beat Label. An exclusive digital distribution agreement for The Blue Beat Label was implemented and over the following years a few selective No.1 Station and other releases were made available for digital release on iTunes and other reputable digital outlets. The Blue Beat Label got a further reboot in 2019 with the re-release of a No. 1 station single She's So Sweet on 7 inch vinyl marcus upbeat re recorded this all on his own and the digital single released on The Blue Beat Label, and a new website featuring all the releases on the label over the past sixty years, alongside Marcus Upbeat agreeing a deal with Tipp Investments to acquire a stake in Blue Beat Records Ltd.  It has been reported that the deal is due to complete during April 2020. The Blue Beat Label is still going independently as it reaches sixty.

See also
 List of record labels

References

Record labels established in 1960
Record labels disestablished in 1967
Record labels established in 1972
Record labels established in 1989
Record labels disestablished in 1990
Record labels established in 2004
Defunct record labels of the United Kingdom
Reggae record labels
Ska record labels

Blue Beat Records


Black Skin, White Masks () is a 1952 book by philosopher-psychiatrist Frantz Fanon. The book is written in the style of autoethnography, with Fanon sharing his own experiences while presenting a historical critique of the effects of racism and dehumanization, inherent in situations of colonial domination, on the human psyche.

The violent overtones in Fanon can be broken down into two categories: The violence of the colonizer through annihilation of body, psyche, culture, along with the demarcation of space. And secondly the violence of the colonized as an attempt to retrieve dignity, sense of self, and history through anti-colonial struggle.

Summary
Black Skin, White Masks applies a historical critique on the complex ways in which identity, particularly Blackness, is constructed and produced. Fanon confronts complex formations of colonized psychic constructions of Blackness in the book. He applies psychoanalysis to explain the feelings of dependency and inadequacy that black people experience. Fanon paints the perception of white people as having a deep-seated fear of educated blacks. He explains, no matter how assimilated a black person may become, whites will always exercise a sense of 'inferiority.' This way of thinking was designed to keep 'Blacks' stuck in a "inferior status within a colonial order." The divided self-perception of a Black Subject who has lost his native cultural origin, and embraced the culture of the Mother Country, produces an inferior sense of self in the "Black Man." They will try to appropriate and imitate the culture of the colonizer where such behavior is more readily evident in upwardly mobile and educated Black people who can afford to acquire status symbols within the world of the colonial ecumene, such as an education abroad and mastery of the language of the colonizer, the white masks.

Based upon, and derived from, the concepts of the collective unconscious and collective catharsis, the sixth chapter, "The Negro and Psychopathology", presents brief, deep psychoanalyses of colonized black people, and thus proposes the inability of black people to fit into the norms (social, cultural, racial) established by white society (the colonizer). That "a normal Negro child, having grown up in a normal Negro family, will become abnormal on the slightest contact of the white world." That, in a white society, such an extreme psychological response originates from the unconscious and unnatural training of black people, from early childhood, to associate "blackness" with "wrongness". That such unconscious mental training of black children is effected with comic books and cartoons, which are cultural media that instil and affix, in the mind of the white child, the society's cultural representations of black people as villains. Moreover, when black children are exposed to such images of villainous black people, the children will experience a psychopathology (psychological trauma), which mental wound becomes inherent to their individual, behavioral make-up; a part of his and her personality. That the early-life suffering of said psychopathology – black skin associated with villainy – creates a collective nature among the men and women who were reduced to colonized populations. In Black Skin, White Masks, Fanon speaks about Mayotte Capécia and Abdoulaye Sadji who are two writers that wrote books during that era. Fanon describes I Am a Martinican Woman and Nini, mulâtresse du Sénégal as examples of some of the cultural damage of colonization. Capécia, a black woman, wants to marry a white man despite the social and cultural boundaries in place. Fanon believes Capécia is desperate for white approval. The colonial culture has left an impression on black Martinican women to believe that "whiteness is virtue and beauty" and that they can in turn "save their race by making themselves whiter."

In the subsection to chapter seven, The Black Man and Hegel, Fanon examines the dialectics of the philosopher and conveys his suspicions of the black man being under the rubric of a philosophy modeled after whiteness. According to Fanon there is a conflict that takes form internally as self-deprecation because of this white philosophical affirmation.

Reception
First published in French in Martinique, Black Skin, White Masks (1952) did not attract much mainstream attention in English-speaking countries. It explored the effects of colonialism and imposing a servile psychology upon the colonized man, woman, and child. The adverse effects were assessed as part of the post-colonial cultural legacy of the Mother Country to former imperial subjects.

Together with Fanon's The Wretched of the Earth, it received wider attention during cultural upheavals starting in the 1960s, in the United States as well as former colonial countries in the Caribbean and Africa. It is considered an important anti-colonial, anti-racist, and Afro-pessimist work in Anglophone countries. But in Francophone countries, the book is ranked as a relatively minor Fanon work in comparison to his later, more radical works. The topic is explicitly connected culturally to the societies of the ethnic African and other peoples of color living within the French Colonial Empire (1534–1980).

The psychological and psychiatric insights remain valid, especially as applied by peoples of diverse colonial and imperial histories, such as the Palestinians and Kurds in the Middle East, the Tamils in Sri Lanka, the African Americans in the US, and Puerto Ricans, in their contemporary struggles for cultural and political autonomy. Contemporary theorists of nationalism and of anti-colonialism, of liberation theology and of cultural studies, have preferred Frantz Fanon's later culturally and politically revolutionary works, such as The Wretched of the Earth (1962). Nevertheless, Black Skin, White Masks continues to generate debate. In 2015, leading African studies scholar Lewis R. Gordon published a book titled What Fanon Said: A Philosophical Introduction To His Life And Thought.

Anthony Elliott writes that Black Skin, White Masks is a "seminal" work.

Freedom and Blackness

Freedom and Blackness, according to Sidney Mintz, is not a culture deliberately set upon breaking "cultural rules and norms"; instead, its focus is to be free. Free to express themselves in a way that is authentic to the Caribbean culture, and free to be able to live free from those who were once called master. A culture separate from that of their European colonizers yet still be recognized on an equal level. This movement of freedom and blackness requires knowledge on multiple interdisciplinary studies, such as politics for emancipation, racial inequalities and post-emancipation, all within the context of a post-colonial world. Colonization, instead of helping countries, has destroyed culture all over the world. Colonization has enforced the thought process of "white supremacy" and has suppressed/eradicated cultures all over the Caribbean. An example of this, according to Fanon, is the Malagasy culture. He explains that the Malagasy culture has been colonized so much that if they were to be liberated, they would be left with nothing. Fanon regulates imagination of Blackness by his willingness to merely "envisage" through a rubric of epidermalization, which is yet another form of enclosure.

Phobogenesis
Phobogenesis is a term derived from psychiatry and psychoanalysis, and is specifically obtained from the concept of the phobic object. This is a thing or person that elicits "irrational feelings of dread, fear, and hate" in a subject, and whose threat is often exaggerated. In the context of race, Fanon postulates that the black person is a phobogenic object, sparking anxiety in the eyes of white subjects. Fanon's definition of phobia is based on that of French psychologist Angelo Hesnard, who defined phobia as a "neurosis characterized by the anxious fear of an object (in the broadest sense of anything outside the individual) or, by extension, of a situation". Thus, black people as a phobogenic object elicit insecurity in white people.

Fanon follows Hesnard's definition to assert that this insecurity causes both fear and hatred of the phobogenic object at the same time. Therefore, in Fanon's theory, the white subject finds the black person both revolting and threatening simultaneously. The reaction induced by the phobogenic object is extremely irrational and exaggerated, as is the danger posed by it. The object is attributed "evil intentions and … a malefic power", giving excessive weight to its threat to the white subject. This reaction prioritizes emotion and affect in a manner that "defies all rational thinking", Fanon's words, highlighting that the psychiatric aspect of racial hatred is not clearly or rationally explicable.

See also

 Afro-pessimism
 Cultural studies
 Inversion in post-colonial theory
 Pan-Africanism
 Post-colonial literature
 Post-colonialism
 The Colonizer and the Colonized (1965), by Albert Memmi
 The Wretched of the Earth (1961), by Frantz Fanon
Culture of Martinique

References

1952 non-fiction books
Books by Frantz Fanon
Éditions du Seuil books
French non-fiction books
Sociology books

Black Skin, White Masks


Keith Wilson Wilcox (May 15, 1921 – December 16, 2011) was a general authority of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1984 to 1989.  He was also a prominent architect who designed the Missionary Training Center in Provo, Utah and the Washington D.C. Temple.  He also served one term in the Utah House of Representatives.

Wilcox was born in Hyrum, Utah but spent most of his life in Ogden, Utah.  He served in the United States Navy during World War II.  He began his college studies at what is now Weber State University and received a degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Utah.  He then received a master's degree in architecture from the University of Oregon.

Wilcox was elected to the Utah State House of Representatives as a Republican in 1978. He served for one term.

In the LDS Church, Wilcox served as a bishop, stake president and regional representative. From 1974 to 1977, he was president of the church's Indiana Indianapolis Mission.  He also served for four years as president of the Ogden Utah Temple. Wilcox was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in October 1984. He served in that quorum until he was moved to the Second Quorum of the Seventy when it was created in April 1989 and was then released as a general authority in October 1989. From 1992 until 1994, Wilcox was the director of the Los Angeles Temple Visitors Center.

On July 17, 1945, Wilcox married Viva May Gammell in the Logan Utah Temple and they are the parents of six daughters.

Wilcox wrote the work The Washington DC Temple: A Light to the World, a history of its architectural development. Weber State University has an art scholarship named for Wilcox.

Wilcox died in Ogden, Utah.

Notes

References
"Elder Keith W. Wilcox of the First Quorum of the Seventy", Ensign, November 1984
"Elder Keith W. Wilcox dies at age 90", Church News December 17, 2011
"LDS General Authority Elder Keith W. Wilcox dies at 90", Deseret News, December 18, 2011
"Keith W. Wilcox", Ogden Standard-Examiner, May 9, 2011 [90th birthday announcement]

1921 births
2011 deaths
American Mormon missionaries in the United States
American general authorities (LDS Church)
Artists from Ogden, Utah
Architects of Latter Day Saint religious buildings and structures
20th-century American architects
Architects from Utah
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Weber State University alumni
University of Utah alumni
Temple presidents and matrons (LDS Church)
Mission presidents (LDS Church)
Republican Party members of the Utah House of Representatives
Members of the First Quorum of the Seventy (LDS Church)
Members of the Second Quorum of the Seventy (LDS Church)
University of Oregon alumni
20th-century Mormon missionaries
Regional representatives of the Twelve
Latter Day Saints from Utah
People from Hyrum, Utah

Keith W. Wilcox


Huacllan District is one of 5 districts in the Aija Province, of the Ancash Region in Peru. Its population was 364 as of the 2017 census.

History
Simultaneously with the creation of the Province of Aija, by Law N°8188, Huacllan was elevated to the category of District. The degree of obtained advance and the progressive eagerness of its population, justified this promotion. Previously it had been an annex of the Succha District.

Capital
The district's capital is the town of Huacllán, located on the slopes of the Condorkaka at an elevation of 3.083 m. Its more important locality is San Isidro.

References

Districts of the Aija Province
Districts of the Ancash Region

Huacllan District


Elisabeth "Elly" Cassutto (1931–1984) was the wife of Rev. Ernest H. Cassutto, a fellow Holocaust survivor from The Netherlands.

Elly Rodrigues as she was known, was born in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, on April 23, 1931. She and her older brother, Henry, came from an observant Jewish family. She was a neighbor and schoolmate of Anne Frank. Like Anne, she and her family were forced to go into hiding when the Germans occupied the Netherlands during WW II. She and her brother were split up and sent to the Dutch countryside, to a small village called Hazerswoude-Dorp in the mid-west of Holland. They were hidden by two Christian sisters, Margriet "Grietje" Bogaards and Annie Ketel. During that time, Elly had to assimilate herself in the community as a Christian young girl and was told she had to change her last name to Van Tol, a generic Dutch name. She had to learn the New Testament and Christian songs and go to church to avoid detection. After the war, she and Henry learned that their parents had been captured and gassed in Auschwitz.

She had become a Christian and her guardian, Miss Bogaards, was allowed to adopt her. She did not want to abandon her Jewishness and joined the Hebrew Christian Youth Alliance. Henry, however, did not convert. She met her future husband, Ernest Cassutto, at one of the Youth Alliance meetings. She and Ernest married in 1949. He became a Dutch Reformed minister and she enjoyed her duties as the minister's wife. In 1952, they received an invitation to become missionaries to the Jews and immigrants in the New York-New Jersey area. They accepted and became ministers-at-large to this community and settled in Passaic, N.J. with their infant daughter. Later, the family expanded to include two sets of twins, first girls, and then boys.

In 1968, Rev. and Mrs. Cassutto were called to become the pastor of the Emmanuel Hebrew Christian Church of Villa Nova, Baltimore County. Mrs. Cassutto had gone to college, and in 1977, received her teaching certificate from Towson State (Md.) She taught foreign languages and gave many talks in area churches and schools about her war experiences.

Elly Cassutto died on May 5, 1984, at the age of 53 in Baltimore County. Her brother, Henry Rodrigues, died July 15, 2007, in Long Island, NY.
Elly's story is included in her late husband's book, The Last Jew of Rotterdam and was known as "The Anne Frank with the Happy Ending." The story of Elisabeth Rodrigues Cassutto, and that of her husband, Ernest H. Cassutto, can be found on the World Wide web at the Cassutto Memorial Pages, maintained by their son, George Cassutto.

References

1931 births
1984 deaths
American evangelists
Women evangelists
American people of Dutch-Jewish descent
Converts to Calvinism from Judaism
Dutch emigrants to the United States
Dutch Sephardi Jews
People from Amsterdam
Towson University alumni
People from Baltimore County, Maryland

Elisabeth Cassutto


The minke whale (also known as the lesser rorqual) is the smallest of the baleen whales that lives in many places in the world. It is the smallest rorqual whale (the large baleen whales). A large one is about 30 feet long and weighs 10 tons. They are black or gray with white on their belly and a white "armband" across their flippers. It is the only baleen whale that is still hunted for money. The Minke whale can swim quite fast.

There are two types of Minke whale.  They are:
 Common minke whale or northern minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), and
Antarctic minke whale or southern minke whale (Balaenoptera bonaerensis)

Description

The minke whales are the second smallest baleen whale. Only the pygmy right whale is smaller. Males measure an average of  and females  in length. Both sexes typically weigh 4 - 5 t (3.9–4.9 long tons; 4.4–5.5 short tons) as adults.  The maximum weight may be as much as 14 t (14 long tons; 15 short tons). They become adults after 6 to 8 years.

The minke whale is a black/gray/purple color. Common minke whales (Northern Hemisphere variety) have a white band on each flipper. The body is usually black or dark-gray above and white underneath. Most of the back, including dorsal fin and blowholes, appears at once when the whale comes to the surface to breathe.

Minke whales usually live for 30–50 years.  In some cases they may live for up to 60 years.

The gestation time for minke whales is 10 months.  Calves measure  at birth.  The newborns nurse for five to possibly 10 months. Breeding is mostly done during the summer months. Calving is thought to happen every two years.

References

Baleen whales

Minke whale


Flemming Søgaard Povlsen (born 3 December 1966) is a Danish former professional footballer who played as a striker for Borussia Dortmund in Germany, among other teams. He works as football expert on TV.

Club career
Povlsen started playing football in local town Viby, but moved on to Danish top-flight club AGF Aarhus in 1984. In 1985, he was awarded the Danish 1st Division Revelation of the Year. He moved abroad in 1986, when he signed for Spanish club Castilla CF, the reserve team of multiple European champions Real Madrid. While at Castilla, he made his debut for the Denmark national team in the 5–0 win over Greece in an 1988 Olympic Games qualifier. After only a year at CF Castilla, Povlsen moved on to 1. FC Köln in Germany, where he played alongside fellow Dane Morten Olsen. Even though he wasn't a top goal scoring striker, Povlsen's speed and work rate endeared him to the fans, and he won two sets of silver medals, as the Köln team finished second in the 1988–89 and 1989–90 Bundesliga seasons. Povlsen did not play more than three matches for Köln in the 1989–90 season though, as he was bought by Dutch club PSV Eindhoven in 1989. He played the remainder of the season at PSV, going on to win the Dutch cup and finishing second in the League. He moved back to Germany, where he settled down at Borussia Dortmund in 1990.

Povlsen experienced his greatest success while at Dortmund, and quickly became a fan favourite. However, in an April 1993 game for Dortmund against 1. FC Köln, he tore his anterior cruciate ligament in the knee, and was out for recovery until October of the same year, when he made his come-back against Wattenscheid 09. In a September 1994 match in the DFB-Pokal tournament against 1. FC Kaiserslautern he suffered a cruciate ligament injury in his other knee. Although he had a short appearance in March 1995 against Eintracht Frankfurt, and thus was a part of the 1994–95 Bundesliga winning Dortmund side, Povlsen ended his playing career due to his knee injuries.

International career
When he won the 1992 European Championship with the Denmark national team, his reputation was on the rise. Povlsen played all five Denmark matches in the tournament, and scored once in the semi-final penalty shootout against the Netherlands, after an intense battle of nerves with Dutch keeper Hans van Breukelen, Povlsen's former PSV teammate. He was a constant part of the Denmark national team from his debut in 1987 until he retired. He scored 21 goals in his 62 international appearances for Denmark, and played at the 1988 European Championship (Euro 1988) as well as Euro 1992, a tournament which Denmark won. A knee injury ended his career in March 1995.

Coaching career
Following his retirement, Flemming Povlsen became a sports director at Danish 1st Division club FC Aarhus in December 2001. As the club underwent economical downsizing in November 2002, Povlsen offered to step down, which the club accepted. He played lower league football in Brabrand and later switched to the old-boys team in his childhood club Aarhus GF. In March 2005, he became part of the coaching staff at Danish Superliga club AC Horsens. In July 2009 he joined as Assistant Coach to Randers FC but resigned on 6 October 2009 when Manager John Jensen was sacked. He is also teaching teenage kids at a football school called Hessel Gods Fodboldkostskole in Jutland.

Honours
Borussia Dortmund
 UEFA Cup: runner-up 1992–93
 Bundesliga: 1994–95; runner-up 1991–92

PSV Eindhoven
 KNVB Cup: 1989–90

1. FC Köln
 Bundesliga: runner-up 1988–89, 1989–90

Denmark
 UEFA European Football Championship: 1992

References

External links

1966 births
Living people
Men's association football forwards
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in the Netherlands
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Danish men's footballers
Danish expatriate men's footballers
Danish expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Danish expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Denmark men's international footballers
Denmark men's under-21 international footballers
Viby IF players
Aarhus Gymnastikforening players
Real Madrid Castilla footballers
1. FC Köln players
Borussia Dortmund players
PSV Eindhoven players
Brabrand IF players
Eredivisie players
Bundesliga players
UEFA Euro 1988 players
UEFA Euro 1992 players
UEFA European Championship-winning players
Danish expatriate sportspeople in West Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in West Germany
Danish expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Footballers from Aarhus

Flemming Povlsen


The U. S. Centennial of Flight Commission (CoFC or CofF Commission) was created in 1999, by the U.S. Congress, to serve as a national and international source of information about activities commemorating the centennial of the Wright brothers' first powered flight on December 17, 1903 (purportedly the first fully controlled, sustained, powered flight of a heavier-than-air man-carrying airplane).

There were centennial commemorations and celebrations planned in 2003 to occur in both:

 North Carolina (the Wrights' 1903 powered flights took place on the sands at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina)
 Dayton, Ohio, hometown of the Wright brothers

In addition, the commission anticipated numerous historical and educational projects about aviation and aeronautics nationally and internationally, and sought to be a shaping force in those events.

The Commission coordinated a national outreach campaign, "Centennial of Flight: Born of Dreams — Inspired by Freedom," "to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Wright brothers' first powered flight and the century of accomplishments that followed." The Commission also advised the President, Congress and federal agencies on the most effective ways to encourage and promote national and international participation in the commemoration. The CoFC also undertook additional efforts to support Centennial commemorations and celebrations, and related educational and cultural programs, through its alliance with "Centennial Partners" who were "planning everything from cross-country tours to air shows and exhibitions, seminars and television specials." It also sponsored a large educational Centennial website.

Authorization and mission
In 1998, the United States Congress passed the Centennial of Flight Commemoration Act, Public Law 105–389, 105th Congress (November 13, 1998), as amended by Public Law 106–68, 106th Congress (Oct. 6, 1999).

Regulations for the commission were incorporated into the Code of Federal Regulations as "67 FR 758 - U_S_ Centennial of Flight Commission."

The commission had limited authority and resources, and was chiefly charged by Congress to play the leading role in coordinating and publicizing activities celebrating the achievements of Wilbur and Orville Wright and commemorate a century of powered flight.

The commission's primary responsibilities were:

To generate publicity for the celebration
To encourage individuals and organizations across the country to conduct commemorative activities
To give advice and recommendations to individuals and organizations conducting commemorative activities
To maintain a Web site and a national calendar of events
To send representatives to international meetings
To maintain a speakers bureau
To supervise staff operations
To sponsor meetings

Funding
Congressional appropriations totaled $4 million USD () over the committee's lifespan. From FY1999 through FY2001, the commission was funded through specific line-items in the Federal Aviation Administration operations appropriations. In subsequent years, the commission was funded through general agency appropriations. The Centennial of Flight Commission, are provided with the authority to accept only nonmonetary donations. In this instance, the statutory language stated: "The Commission may accept donations of personal services and historic materials relating to the implementation of its responsibilities under the provisions of this Act."

Members and participants
The Commission consisted of representatives of public and private American organizations, including:

Commission Chair: General John R. Dailey, Director. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum
Marion Blakey, Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
Sean O'Keefe, Administrator, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Richard T. Howard, President, First Flight Centennial Foundation
Tom Poberezny, President and CEO, EAA Aviation Foundation, affiliate of the Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA)
J. Bradford Tillson, chair, Inventing Flight

The affiliated First Flight Centennial Federal Advisory Board was made up of various aviation dignitaries and public figures appointed by the President or the Congress, or designated by statute.

CofC later added numerous affiliates, including:

 The First Flight Centennial Commission of North Carolina (FFCC), to focus on Centennial events in North Carolina
 The Oklahoma Centennial of Flight Commission, o of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma "to promote aviation activities throughout the state, establish and promote educational activities relating to Oklahoma's aviation history, and celebrate a century of aviation."
 Crown Agents Stamp Bureau, of Surrey, England, "to create a collection of official postage stamps featuring civilian and military aircraft of the last 100 years."
 The Space Day Foundation, for space-related education and academic motivation, particularly through "Space Day" (SM), a large "grassroots educational initiative" reportedly "reaching thousands of teachers and millions of students in the United States, Canada and beyond." The 2003 Space Day theme was "Space Day 2003SM: Celebrating the Future of Flight," to complement the efforts of CoFC to encourage enthusiasm for flight and innovation among young people.
 The Challenger Center—which uses space as a theme to excite, inspire and encourage students in the study of mathematics and science, and the application of technology. CofC's alliance was to have the Challenger Center, via Space Day 2003 (SM), challenge students, in grades four through eight, "to design and build models of aircraft using the ingenuity and creativity of the Wrights as inspiration."
 The Aviation Foundation of America, Inc., to sponsor the re-creation of the National Air Tours of the 1920s and 1930s—with dozens of vintage aircraft to fly the 1932 National Air Tour route that had been planned, but was never flown, around the U.S. heartland.
 The Chicago Centennial of Flight Commission (CCFC) organized by a group of aviation industry organizations from the Chicago area, and the Great Lakes region, to promote aviation awareness using public exhibits. It planned centennial activities including a model-airplane exhibit, at Chicago's Museum of Science and Industry, in 2003, from May to September, titled Chicago Centennial of Flight: 100 History-Making Aircraft, plus "events and symposia throughout 2003," with hopes of also producing programs promoting aviation education for elementary and secondary school students.

Programs and events

In addition to the programs and events noted in the #Members and Participants section, the CoFC was involved with numerous other activities.

The National Centennial of Flight Kick-off event, was held December 17, 2002—a year before the 100th anniversary of the Wright flight—at the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum, in Washington, D.C. It included a Presidential proclamation and the recognition of numerous aviation and aerospace pioneers, with presentations from Chairman Dailey, actor/aviator John Travolta, FAA Administrator Marion Blakey, and NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe. On the same day, in North Carolina, a commemoration was held near Kitty Hawk—a daylong anniversary tribute at the site of the Wrights' first flight, the Wright Brothers National Memorial, at Kill Devil Hills. Speakers included North Carolina Governor Michael F. Easley and U.S. Air Force Gen. Ralph E. Eberhart, commander of North American Aerospace Defense Command and U.S. Northern Command.

Numerous other commemoration events, and related projects, were urged, planned or supported throughout the nation, throughout the "centennial year" (December 17, 2002 to December 17, 2003), particularly in Ohio and North Carolina.

The principal, and grand finale, First Flight Centennial Celebration was held December 12–17, 2003, at the Wright Brothers National Memorial at the approximate site of their first powered flight at Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina. President George W. Bush was present, and numerous military and civilian aircraft performed. The event was marred by foul weather, and failed attempts to fly a replica of the 1903 Wright Flyer. Development of the event reportedly had been hindered by interagency difficulty and conflict, and mismanagement, including North Carolina's FFCC.

Website
One of the Centennial of Flight Commission's principal efforts was the development of the organization's Centennial of Flight website, a 17,000-page online encyclopedia of aviation history (chiefly U.S. aviation history), with hundreds of articles, and thousands of illustrations. The Commission claimed the website provided "the most up-to-date information on celebration activity, as well as the most comprehensive collection of outstanding educational essays, multimedia and links regarding the history of flight."

The site's development and operation consumed about four million dollars, of mostly federal funds, but the site became very popular during the Centennial year, peaking at over 4 million visitors per month by December 2003 (the 100th anniversary month).

The site was maintained at the internet domain centennialofflight.gov by NASA. Following the closing of the CoFC in April 2004, responsibility for the site transferred to the NASA History Office, who maintained the site online, basically unchanged, until budget cutbacks and server-computer problems motivated its abandonment by NASA in September 2012. Various parties salvaged parts of the site, including the American Aviation Historical Society (AAHS), who acquired copies of the computer code for the site from NASA. In 2013, a member of AAHS donated the domain name centennialofflight.net to AAHS, to accommodate an archive—maintained by AAHS—of the original official Centennial of Flight website. AAHS made structural "clean-ups" to the site (removing broken links and obsolete calendar data), and initiating other edits, highlighted with dark red lettering.

Termination
The Commission closed in 2004, following the end of its scheduled functions. As part of the commission's charter, there were provisions for certain material to be preserved, particularly the large website, which was assigned to the NASA History Office.

External links
 Centennial of Flight website, as archived by the American Aviation Historical Society
 Audit of the Centennial of Flight Commission for Fiscal Year 2003 and though May 19, 2004, GAO-04-599R, Published: Jun 18, 2004. Publicly released: Jun 18, 2004, U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO).
 "U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission... On the C-SPAN Networks", 2 videos in the C-SPAN Video Library:
First Flight Centennial Ceremony, December 17, 2003
 Centennial of Flight," ...a ceremony..." December 17, 2002
 "Centennial of Flight - National Archives Search Results," National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.

References

United States federal boards, commissions, and committees
Aviation organizations
History organizations
United States historical anniversaries
2003 in the United States
December 2003 events in the United States
Organizations established in 1999
Organizations disestablished in 2004
Government agencies established in 1999
Government agencies disestablished in 2004
1999 establishments in the United States
Wright brothers

Centennial of Flight Commission


is a Japanese professional wrestler who currently works for DDT Pro-Wrestling (DDT), where he is a member of the Eruption stable.

Professional wrestling career

DDT Pro-Wrestling (2020–present)
Okatani made his professional wrestling debut with DDT Pro-Wrestling (DDT) on March 20, 2020, at Judgement where he teamed with Shunma Katsumata and lost to Naomi Yoshimura and Keigo Nakamura. On June 20, he had his first win in a singles match against Keigo Nakamura. In July, he joined Jun Akiyama's stable Akiyama-gun (later renamed Junretsu).

On June 6, 2021, at CyberFight Festival, he was scheduled to take part in the DDT vs. Kongo 14-man tag team match, but before the event, Masa Kitamiya left Kongo which led to the match being changed to a 12-man tag team match, and Okatani was then scheduled for a singles match against Kitamiya, which he lost in under three minutes. On October 12, at Get Alive, Junretsu failed to capture the KO-D 8-Man Tag Team Championship from Team Olympian (Yoshiaki Yatsu, Akito, Hiroshi Yamato and Keigo Nakamura). As a result, and as per Junretsu leader Makoto Oishi's decision, the stable disbanded on October 23. On November 10, at the D-Oh Grand Prix 2021 II event at Shinjuku Face, Okatani pinned Akito to win the Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship. He then quickly dropped the title to Kazuki Hirata at the same event.

On January 3, 2022, Okatani was defeated by Eruption member Kazusada Higuchi. After the match, the rest of Eruption (Yukio Sakaguchi and Saki Akai) welcomed Okatani in their stable. In February, Okatani teamed with Higuchi for the 2022 Ultimate Tag League. The team finished their block with a record of one win, two losses and a no contest, scoring two points and failing to advance to the finals. On May 1, at Mega Max Bump, Okatani teamed with Akai for a mixed tag team match in a losing effort to Maya Yukihi and Shunma Katsumata. Later this month, following the injury of Minoru Fujita which led to the vacancy of the KO-D 6-Man Tag Team Championship, Okatani teamed with Higuchi and Sakaguchi in a four-team tournament to crown new champions. On May 6, they defeated the team of Akito, Hikaru Machida and Thanomsak Toba, then on May 22, at Audience, they fell short to Damnation T.A (Daisuke Sasaki, Kanon and MJ Paul) in the finals. On June 16, he was defeated by Harashima in the first round of the King of DDT Tournament. On August 20, at Wrestle Peter Pan 2022, he teamed with Sakaguchi and Harashima to defeat the team of Naomi Yoshimura, Kota Umeda and Keisuke Okuda. On September 4, at Dramatic Explosion 2022, Okatani, Akai and Sakaguchi unsuccessfully challenged Daisuke Sasaki, Kanon and MJ Paul for the KO-D 6-Man Tag Team Championship.

Between January and February 2023, Okatani competed in the D Generations Cup. He defeated Kazuma Sumi and Ilusion, but fell short to the eventual A block winner Yuya Koroku, finishing the tournament second of his block with a record of two wins and one loss. On February 21, at Keiji Muto Grand Final Pro-Wrestling "Last" Love, he teamed with Tetsuya Endo, Yuya Koroku and Takeshi Masada in a losing effort to The37Kamiina (Mao, Shunma Katsumata, Yuki Ueno and Toy Kojima). On April 1, Okatani won a qualifying  to earn a spot in the 2023 King of DDT Tournament by successively defeating Toy Kojima and Yuya Koroku. In the tournament, he defeated Shunma Katsumata before being defeated by Kazusada Higuchi in the second round. On May 21, at the final event of the King of DDT Tournament, Okatani unsuccessfully challenged Shunma Katsumata in a Piercing Deathmatch for the DDT Extreme Championship. On July 7, at a Tanabata Special event, Okatani teamed up with Saki Akai and Yukio Sakaguchi to defeat Ilusion and two thirds of the KO-D 6-Man Tag Team champions Kazusada Higuchi and Yuki Ishida (now part of the Harimau stable after Higuchi left Eruption). On July 23, at Wrestle Peter Pan, Okatani, Akai and Sakaguchi went on to defeat Harimau (Kazusada Higuchi, Ryota Nakatsu and Yuki Ishida) to win the KO-D 6-Man Tag Team Championship.

Championships and accomplishments
 All Japan Pro Wrestling
 AJPW TV Six-Man Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Yukio Sakaguchi and Saki Akai
DDT Pro-Wrestling
Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship (1 time)
KO-D 6-Man Tag Team Championship (1 time, current) – with Yukio Sakaguchi and Saki Akai

References

External links

Hideki Okatani's profile on DDT's website

2000 births
Living people
Japanese male professional wrestlers
21st-century professional wrestlers
Ironman Heavymetalweight Champions

Hideki Okatani


Convention over configuration (also known as coding by convention) is a software design paradigm used by software frameworks that attempts to decrease the number of decisions that a developer using the framework is required to make without necessarily losing flexibility and don't repeat yourself (DRY) principles.

The concept was introduced by David Heinemeier Hansson to describe the philosophy of the Ruby on Rails web framework, but is related to earlier ideas like the concept of "sensible defaults" and the principle of least astonishment in user interface design.

The phrase essentially means a developer only needs to specify unconventional aspects of the application. For example, if there is a class Sales in the model, the corresponding table in the database is called "sales" by default. It is only if one deviates from this convention, such as  the table "product sales", that one needs to write code regarding these names.

When the convention implemented by the tool matches the desired behavior, it behaves as expected without having to write configuration files. Only when the desired behavior deviates from the implemented convention is explicit configuration required.

Ruby on Rails' use of the phrase is particularly focused on its default project file and directory structure, which prevent developers from having to write XML configuration files to specify which modules the framework should load, which was common in many earlier frameworks.

Disadvantages
Disadvantages of the convention over configuration approach can occur due to conflicts with other software design principles, like the Zen of Python's "explicit is better than implicit." A software framework based on convention over configuration often involves a domain-specific language with a limited set of constructs or an inversion of control in which the developer can only affect behavior using a limited set of hooks, both of which can make implementing behaviors not easily expressed by the provided conventions more difficult than when using a software library that does not try to decrease the number of decisions developers have to make or require inversion of control.

Other methods of decreasing the number of decisions a developer needs to make include programming idioms and configuration libraries with a multilayered architecture.

Motivation
Some frameworks need multiple configuration files, each with many settings. These provide information specific to each project, ranging from URLs to mappings between classes and database tables. Many configuration files with many parameters are often difficult to maintain.

For example, early versions of the Java persistence mapper Hibernate mapped entities and their fields to the database by describing these relationships in XML files. Most of this information could have been revealed by conventionally mapping class names to the identically named database tables and the fields to their columns, respectively. Later versions did away with the XML configuration file and instead employed these very conventions, deviations from which can be indicated through the use of Java annotations (see JavaBeans specification, linked below).

Usage

Many modern frameworks use a convention over configuration approach.

The concept is older, however, dating back to the concept of a default, and can be spotted more recently in the roots of Java libraries.  For example, the JavaBeans specification relies on it heavily. To quote the JavaBeans specification 1.01:  "As a general rule we don't want to invent an enormous java.beans.everything class that people have to inherit from. Instead we'd like the JavaBeans runtimes to provide default behaviour for 'normal' objects, but to allow objects to override a given piece of default behaviour by inheriting from some specific java.beans.something interface."

See also
Comparison of web frameworks
Convention over Code
Markedness

References

External links

Object-oriented programming
Software design

Convention over configuration


Auttapon Prakopkong (, better known as M The Star, romanization variants: Attapon or Attapol or Attaphol from Thai) is a Thai singer and winner of the popular reality TV program The Star 2.

Biography
He was born September 28, 1978, in Chiang Mai (Northern Thailand). Although his parents were divorced when he was only two years old, his strong determination to be a good person was always kept in his mind. This might be caused by his mother's advice as a teacher. As a teenager, he had a part-time job as a singer at the Public House in Chiang Mai. It led him to his goal of being a professional singer.

The first challenge came when he applied to join "The Star 1" together with his friends; Jeiw-Piyanuth and New-Napassorn. Both of the girls went to the final round but he was knocked out in the first round. Again, his strong determination to be a singer still continued as he later joined "The Star 2" in the next year and was the winner by getting 50.81% of the audience's vote in the final round. He finally achieved one of his dreams to be the winner of The Star. Later, he had a chance to release the debut album with the huge entertainment company in Thailand, GMM Grammy.

He decided to drop out of his first year at Payap University to focus on his singing career. In the future, he would like to have further education in the music field abroad.

Discography
Album "Your stars your songs vol.1" (Released November 23, 2004)
Album "Your stars your songs vol.2" (Released November 23, 2004)
VCD The Star2 Concert + bonus track (Released November 23, 2004)
Single "krob krua bai mai" for the commercial of Bangchak co. ltd in 2005
Single "barp na" Theme song of Thai drama named "proong ni mai sai tee ja rak kan" included in the Original Soundtrack Drama album. (Released August 6, 2005)
Single "pee mai chai pom pee kor pood dai" feat. Nick-Ronavee (second to the Star 2 winner) included in Nick-Ronavee's debut album (Released in 2005)
Album "M-Auttapon" his debut album released July 12, 2005.
The famous singles are "bok rak bao bao" "khao mai rak rao" and "ther khong mai roo". "Ther khong mai roo" was selected to be Drama; Wi marn sine  Theme Song in 2005.
Single "hua ork deau kan" feat. R-Anattapon (The winner of the Star 3) included in R-Anattapon's debut album released in 2006.
Album "M The Second"–2nd album released September 19, 2006
The famous singles are "ya ron tua" "kon buang lang" and "luem mai pen"
Single "ya ron tua" (M The Second) is collected to "GMM Grammy Best of the Year 2006" Album. (released in 2006)
Single "khao mai rak rao", " tang mod jai" (debut album; M Attapon) "luem mai pen", "ya ron tua", and "khon buang lang" (the 2nd album; M The Second) are collected to The Star together Album released in 2006.
Single "ya pai sia nam ta" and "klap mai dai pai mai teung" are included in Right The Celebration Album. This is a part of 25 Years of Nitipong Hornark – The Celebration Album (released June 2, 2007)
Single "hua jai mai fang hed pol" ; the first single (released August 1, 2007) from the third album (planned to be released in September 2007)
Album "M My Way" 3rd album released in September 2007.
Single "Ther poo pen jao kong hua jai" released August 24, 2007) from M My Way, selected as theme song in Drama "Leh ku larb" Thai TV Channel 3. It was on air on August 26, 2007.

Concerts
"ID.F.L.Y. Fullfill Love Young Victim" at Thunder Dome, Muangthong Tanee, Thailand, March 4, 2006
"The Star 3" at Impact Arena, Muangthong Tanee, Thailand, April 30, 2007
"Thai Festival" at Yoyogi park, Harajuku, Tokyo, Japan, May 12–13, 2006
"Thai Festival" at Osaka, Japan, September 16–18, 2006
"HP color of love Concert" (together with Palmy) at BEC Tero Hall, Thailand, February 14, 2007
"Thai Festival" at Phanomphen, Cambodia, May 19, 2007
Be the guest of "Greenwave Concert" (Theme : Cover Night 25 years of Di-Nitipong) at Thammasart University, Thailand, July 8, 2007
Be the guest of "25 years of Nitipong Concert" at Impact Arena, Thailand on August 25, 2007
Be the guest of "Greenwave Concert" (Theme; number 10-The Lost Love Song) at Central World, Thailand, September 28–29, 2007

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20181102042134/http://m-fanclub.com/
 http://www.grammy.co.th
 https://web.archive.org/web/20110707154922/http://www.aratist.com/index.php?module=artists&action=artistinfo&artistid=A0428
 https://web.archive.org/web/20080930224058/http://www.scenario.co.th/forum/viewforum.php?f=19

Auttapon Prakopkong
Auttapon Prakopkong
Singing talent show winners
Auttapon Prakopkong
1978 births
Living people

Auttapon Prakopkong