Gulliver's Travels is a 2010 American fantasy adventure comedy film directed by Rob Letterman in his live-action directorial debut, produced by John Davis and Gregory Goodman, written by Joe Stillman and Nicholas Stoller with music by Henry Jackman. It is loosely based on Part One (and slightly on Part Two) of the 1726 novel of the same name by Jonathan Swift, though the film takes place in the modern day. It stars Jack Black in the title role, Jason Segel, Emily Blunt, Amanda Peet, Billy Connolly, Chris O'Dowd, T.J. Miller, James Corden and Catherine Tate, and is exclusively distributed by 20th Century Fox.

The film was theatrically released on December 25, 2010, in the United States. Even though the film received generally negative reviews, it earned $237.4 million on a $112 million budget. Gulliver's Travels was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on April 19, 2011, by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.

Plot
Depressed at his dead-end job in the mail room of a New York City newspaper, Lemuel Gulliver decides to impress journalist Darcy Silverman. He convinces her he could write a report about his (false) extensive world "travels" saying his dream is to become a writer. After suffering writer's block and thinking that Darcy will not want to hang out with a "guy from the mailroom", Gulliver plagiarises a report from other publications. The next day, Darcy, impressed by his writing, presents Gulliver with a new task – to travel to the Bermuda Triangle and write an article about the legends of ships mysteriously disappearing there.

Upon arriving in Bermuda, Gulliver rents a ship and travels into the triangle. After falling asleep at the helm, Gulliver is caught in a storm and the ship is overwhelmed by a waterspout. Gulliver washes up unconscious on the shore of Lilliput, where he is seen as a "beast" by the town's tiny people. After the citizens claim him to be dangerous because of his size, Gulliver is captured and imprisoned in a cave. There, he meets another prisoner named Horatio who was jailed by General Edward because he loves Princess Mary of Lilliput, despite Edward also pursuing her. After the island across from Lilliput, Blefuscia, orders some commandos to kidnap Princess Mary, Gulliver breaks free of the plough-machine he is forced to work and rescues the princess from being kidnapped. Gulliver also saves her father, King Theodore, from a fire by urinating on it.

Gulliver is declared a hero by Lilliput's citizens and lies that he is the President of Manhattan, says Yoda is his vice-president and a living legend in his homeland. Edward becomes enraged by the luxurious accommodations that have been built for Gulliver, and for being presented as an honorary general of the Lilliputian Army. The townspeople find Gulliver's boat and his things, when Gulliver receives angry voicemails from Darcy, who has to take his place and travel to Bermuda. The next day, the Blefuscian Navy lays siege to the city when Edward shuts down its defense system as an act of revenge for Gulliver's treatment. Gulliver defeats the armada, invulnerable to the cannonballs being fired at him. Embarrassed once more, and with Mary no longer wanting to have anything to do with him, Edward defects to the Blefuscians and brings with him blueprints of a robot he had made from a page from Gulliver's Guitar Hero III game manual. The Blefuscians secretly build the robot, with Edward as the pilot.

The Blefuscians invade Lilliput and the robot-wielding Edward makes Gulliver admit to the people that he is "just the guy from the mail-room". Edward banishes Gulliver to the shores of "the island where we dare not go" (Brobdingnag). There, he is captured by a "little" girl (Glumdalclitch) who towers over him. Gulliver wakes in a pink dress in a dollhouse. The girl treats him as a doll, playing with him roughly. Horatio, who has gone to find Gulliver after being spurned by Mary, reveals to Gulliver that Darcy was imprisoned by the Blefuscians after she was lost in the Bermuda Triangle in the same manner as Gulliver. Gulliver escapes with him, using a parachute that he took from the skeleton of a dead U.S. Air Force pilot sitting in the dollhouse.

Once again accepting a duel from Edward, Gulliver defeats him with the assistance of Horatio, who disables the machine's electrocuting weapon. Horatio is hailed a hero and gets King Theodore's permission to court the princess. Edward threatens to kill the princess, but she punches him in the face. When King Theodore sentences all Blefuscians to the gallows or to prepare for war, Gulliver helps to make peace between the rival island-nations by reciting Edwin Starr's "War" and he, along with Darcy, return to New York City on their repaired ship. Gulliver, now a legitimate travel writer, takes Darcy to lunch while holding hands, after returning from another travel assignment.

Cast
 Jack Black as Lemuel Gulliver, a mail-room worker who becomes a journalist after plagiarizing a report and winds up in Lilliput after encountering a storm
 Jason Segel as Horatio, a man from Lilliput who Gulliver befriends
 Emily Blunt as Princess Mary, the princess of Lilliput and King Theodore's daughter
 Amanda Peet as Darcy Silverman, a journalist and Gulliver's girlfriend
 Billy Connolly as King Theodore, the king of Lilliput and Mary's father
 Chris O'Dowd as General Edward Edwardian, the commander of the Lilliput Army who begins despising Gulliver
 T.J. Miller as Dan Quint
 James Corden as Jinks
 Catherine Tate as Queen Isabelle, the queen of Lilliput and Mary's mother
 Olly Alexander as Prince August, the prince of Lilliput and Mary's brother

Production
In a January 2010 interview on The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson, Segel explained his character spends most of the film in Black's shirt pocket. The film features 7.1 surround audio in select theaters. The name of Liliput's rival country, Blefuscu, was also changed to Blefuscia. Filming of the Lilliput royal palace was at Blenheim Palace. Miniature 1:12 scale dolls' house furniture and accessories from Derbyshire firm The Dolls House Emporium were used to bring the movie alive with less need for special effects. Jonathan Swift, the original author of the novel on which the film was loosely based, is not mentioned during the credits, despite the titles mentioning that the film is not an original piece.

Soundtrack
A soundtrack album of Henry Jackman's score was released by Varese Sarabande. Rock music and film themes that appear in the film include:

 "Rock and Roll All Nite" – Performed by Kiss
 "Listen To Mama" – Performed by Walkerman
 "Rose's Theme" – Written by James Horner
 "The Imperial March" – Written by John Williams
 "Sweet Child o' Mine" – Performed by Guns N' Roses
 "Kiss" – Performed by Taylor Graves
 "War" – Written by Norman Whitfield (as Norman J. Whitfield) and Barrett Strong
 "(I Keep On) Rising Up" – Written and Performed by Mike Doughty

Release

Marketing
The official trailer for the film was released on June 3, 2010; and attached to Marmaduke a day after. The second trailer was released on November 5, 2010, and it is also attached with Megamind. As a prize on the television show Survivor: Nicaragua, four of its contestants were able to watch the film before its release.

Originally scheduled for release on June 4, 2010, it was released on December 25, 2010. 20th Century Fox later announced on March 23, 2010, that the film would be converted to 3D. On December 13, 20th Century Fox announced that it would again move the release date, this time to December 25, 2010.

The film was accompanied by an Ice Age short titled Scrat's Continental Crack-up.

Home media
Gulliver's Travels was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on April 19, 2011, by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment and it was released on Disney+ on May 21, 2021.

Reception

Critical response
On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 20% based on 120 reviews, with an average rating of 4.10/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Though Jack Black is back doing what he does best, Gulliver's Travels largely fails to do any justice to its source material, relying instead on juvenile humor and special effects." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 33 out of 100 based on reviews from 32 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale.

The Hollywood Reporter commented that "any sense of fun slowly drains away as the movie insists on highlighting effects over character and story" while Time Out gave it 2 out of 5 stars, commenting that the film "veers between the very mildly chucklesome and plain not funny." The Christian Science Monitor called it "a movie of such stupendous uninspiration" that it was "monumentally dreadful" and the San Francisco Chronicle called it "cute" but "sleep-inducing." Slant Magazine rated the film 1.5 out of 4 stars and Empire rated 2 out of 5 stars calling it "a low-grade comedy that'll have Jonathan Swift turning in his grave."

Conversely, Roger Ebert commented that knowing whom the film is for, and whom it is not for, might help viewers appreciate it. He awarded the film three out of four stars.

Box office
Gulliver's Travels opened to  $6.3 million for its opening weekend, landing at #8 in the US; this ranks it as the 84th worst opening for a film with a wide release tracked by Box Office Mojo. The film grossed $42.8 million in the US and Canada and $194.6 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $237.4 million against a production budget of $112 million.

Awards
Jack Black received a nomination for favorite movie actor at the 2011 Kids' Choice Awards, losing to Johnny Depp.

Black was also nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor, losing to Ashton Kutcher.

See also
 List of films featuring miniature people
 List of films featuring powered exoskeletons

References

External links

 Some of the real dolls' house items used in the film

2010 films
2010 3D films
2010s adventure comedy films
2010s children's comedy films
2010s children's fantasy films
2010s fantasy adventure films
2010s fantasy comedy films
20th Century Fox films
American adventure comedy films
American fantasy adventure films
Davis Entertainment films
Dune Entertainment films
Films based on Gulliver's Travels
Films directed by Rob Letterman
Films produced by John Davis
Films scored by Henry Jackman
Films with screenplays by Joe Stillman
Films with screenplays by Nicholas Stoller
Films set in the Bermuda Triangle
Films shot in England
Films shot in Oxfordshire
Films shot at Pinewood Studios
2010 comedy films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films

Gulliver's Travels (2010 film)


Robert Whiteley Collinson (6 November 1875 – ) was an English first-class cricketer, who played two matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1897 as an amateur.

Born in Moss Side, Halifax, West Riding of Yorkshire, England, Collinson was a right-handed batsman, who scored 58 runs in total, with a best of 34 against Gloucestershire, for an average of 19.33.  His other match was against Somerset in 1897, which was his first-class cricket debut. Collinson also appeared in two non first-class matches for Yorkshire against Durham in 1896, scoring 82 at Feethams, Darlington.  He also played for Norfolk in the Minor Counties Cricket Championship in 1910 and 1911.

He played his early cricket with Halifax C.C. and Collinson also played rugby union for Yorkshire.

In the late 1890s Collinson studied in Zürich, at the chemical engineering department at the Federal Polytechnic School. During this time he played football and joined the Anglo-American Club Zürich. A curiosity in this season was the game in Zürich on 5 March 1899 against FC Basel. They had found a place to play their games, although the Zurich commons was by no means ideal. It was often that the players found the grounds very sludgy or with freshly raised molehills. But at least, it was a homestead that was soon called "Anglo-Platz". Suddenly the announcement: "By decree of the military directorate of the canton of Zurich it is forbidden until further notice to play on the military training area Allmend". In the age of mobile communications, a short-term postponement may not attract much attention. But at the end of the 19th century constant accessibility wasn't even wishful thinking. The following could be read about the game against FC Basel which was brought forward from the afternoon to the morning: "As a result, the Anglos, who were only partially able to notify their people, started the game with only seven men. Only during the course of the game was the team completed to the full eleven. There were also replacements in Basel's team, because some players did not arrive until a later train. The appointed referee was not there because he been scheduled for the afternoon. The crowd consisted of approximately 10 to 20 spectators. Under such circumstances, such an important match should not have been played." Despite all the obstacles: The game became a demonstration of the superiority of the British players from Zurich. The Anglo American Football Club won the match 10–0, with their center forward Robert Collinson alone scoring 8 goals. By then, at the latest, it was clear that the Anglos would be unstoppable on their way to the title.

The Anglos played in the 1898–99 Swiss Serie A season. In group East they were matched against Grasshopper Club Zürich. The game was drawn and thus a replay was required, which was won by the Anglos. In the next round they played against FC Zürich and won 5–0. They therefore qualified for the finals. In the final play-off group the majority of the English players from Lausanne Football and Cricket Club refused to play the match against BSC Old Boys because it was scheduled for a Sunday thus forfeiting victory for the Old Boys. This was the first forfeit in Swiss football history. The Anglos won the match against Old Boys 7–0 and thus the Swiss championship.

Collinson died aged 88, in December 1963 in Thorpe St Andrew, Norwich.

References

External links
Cricinfo Profile
Archive Statistics

1875 births
1963 deaths
Cricketers from Halifax, West Yorkshire
English cricketers
English rugby union players
Norfolk cricketers
Rugby union players from Halifax, West Yorkshire
Yorkshire cricketers

Robert Collinson


The Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, also known as the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus (; ; ) was the most important temple in Ancient Rome, located on the Capitoline Hill.  It was surrounded by the Area Capitolina, a precinct where numerous shrines, altars, statues and victory trophies were displayed.

Traditionally dedicated in 509 BC,<ref>Ab urbe condita, 2.8</ref> the first building was the oldest large temple in Rome. Like many temples in central Italy, it shared features with Etruscan architecture; sources report that Etruscan specialists were brought in for various aspects of its construction, including the making and painting of antefixes and other terracotta decorations. Built of wood, this temple was destroyed by fire in 83 BC. Its reconstruction employed craftsmen summoned from Greece, and the new building is presumed to have been essentially Greek in style, though like other Roman temples it retained many elements of Etruscan form. The second iteration of the temple was completed in 69 BC. Fires in the ensuing centuries necessitated two further reconstructions, evidently following contemporary Roman architectural style, although of exceptional size.

The first version is the largest Etruscan-style temple recorded, and much larger than other Roman temples for centuries after.  However, its size remains heavily disputed by specialists; based on an ancient visitor it has been claimed to have been almost , not far short of the largest Greek temples. Whatever its size, its influence on other early Roman temples was significant and long-lasting. Reconstructions usually show very wide eaves, and a wide colonnade stretching down the sides, though not round the back wall as it would have done in a typical Greek temple. A crude image on a coin of 78 BC shows only four columns, and a very busy roofline.

With two further fires, the third temple only lasted five years, to 80 AD, but the fourth survived until the fall of the empire.  Remains of the last temple survived to be pillaged for spolia in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, but now only elements of the foundations and podium or base survive; as the subsequent temples apparently reused these, they may partly date to the first building. Much about the various buildings remains uncertain.

History
First building
Much of what is known of the first Temple of Jupiter is from later Roman tradition. Lucius Tarquinius Priscus vowed this temple while battling with the Sabines and, according to Dionysius of Halicarnassus, began the terracing necessary to support the foundations of the temple. Much of the Cappellaccio tufa which forms the foundation of the Temple was probably mined directly from the site when it was excavated and levelled for the structure. Modern coring on the Capitoline has confirmed the extensive work needed just to create a level building site. According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus and Livy, the foundations and most of the superstructure of the temple were completed by Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the last King of Rome.

Livy also records that before the temple's construction shrines to other gods occupied the site. When the augurs carried out the rites seeking permission to remove them, only Terminus and Juventas were believed to have refused. Their shrines were therefore incorporated into the new structure. Because he was the god of boundaries, Terminus's refusal to be moved was interpreted as a favorable omen for the future of the Roman state. A second portent was the appearance of the head of a man to workmen digging the foundations of the temple. This was said by the augurs (including augurs brought especially from Etruria) to mean that Rome was to be the head of a great empire.

Livy reports that the Temple was dedicated on September 13 in the year the Roman Republic replaced the Roman kingdom, which is 509 BC assuming the Varronian chronology. Cassius Dio and Plutarch agree with Livy's account. According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus, it was consecrated two years later, in 507 BC; Tacitus agrees with this interpretation. Dedication of the temple was the responsibility of the new joint heads of state, the two consuls that had been elected for that year. They allocated the duty by drawing lots; it fell to Marcus Horatius Pulvillus. Horatius was consul in both 509 and 507 BC, which is the origin of the disagreement over the date of consecration. Livy records that in 495 BC the Latins, as a mark of gratitude to the Romans for the release of 6,000 Latin prisoners, delivered a crown of gold to the temple.

The original temple may have measured almost , though this estimate is hotly disputed by some specialists.  It was certainly considered the most important religious temple of the whole state of Rome. Each deity of the Triad had a separate cella, with Juno Regina on the left, Minerva on the right, and Jupiter Optimus Maximus in the middle. The first temple was decorated with many terra cotta sculptures. The most famous of these was of Jupiter driving a quadriga, a chariot drawn by four horses, which was on top of the roof as an acroterion. This sculpture, as well as the cult statue of Jupiter in the main cella, was said to have been the work of Etruscan artisan Vulca of Veii. An image of Summanus, a thunder god, was among the pedimental statues. The cult statue of Jupiter showed the god standing and wielding a thunderbolt, dressed in a tunica palmata (a tunic decorated with images of palm leaves), and the toga picta, dyed purple and bearing designs in gold thread. This costume became the standard dress for victorious generals celebrating a triumph.

The original temple decoration was discovered in 2014. The findings allowed the archaeologists to reconstruct for the first time the real appearance of the temple in the earliest phase. The wooden elements of the roof and lintels were lined with terracotta revetment plaques and other elements of exceptional size and richly decorated with painted reliefs, following the so-called Second Phase model (referring to the decorative systems of Etruscan and Latin temples), that had its first expression precisely with the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus. The temple, which immediately rose to fame, established a new model for sacred architecture that was adopted in the terracotta decorations of many temples in Italy up to the 2nd century BC. The original elements were partially replaced with other elements in different style in the early 4th century BC and anew at the end of the 3rd – early 2nd century BC. The removed material was dumped into the layers forming the square in front of the temple, the so-called Area Capitolina, in the middle years the 2nd century BC.

Repairs and improvements were undertaken over the course of the temple's lifetime, including the re-stuccoing of the columns and walls in 179 BC, the addition of mosaic flooring in the cella after the Third Punic War, and the gilding of the coffered ceiling inside the cella in 142 BC. Over the years the temple accrued countless statues and trophies dedicated by victorious generals, and in 179 some of these attached to the columns were removed to lessen the clutter.

The plan and exact dimensions of the temple have been heavily debated. Five different plans of the temple have been published following recent excavations on the Capitoline Hill that revealed portions of the archaic foundations. According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus, the same plan and foundations were used for later rebuildings of the temple, but there is disagreement over what the dimensions he mentions referred to (the building itself or the podium).

In 437 BC Aulus Cornelius Cossus unhorsed the Veientes' King Lars Tolumnius and struck him down. After taking the linen cuirass off Tolumnius' body, he decapitated the corpse and put the head on a lance and paraded it in front of the enemy, who retreated in horror. Cossus donated the captured armour, shield and sword to the Temple of Jupiter Feretrius on the Capitoline Hill, where as late as the reign of Emperor Augustus it could be seen.

The first temple burned in 83 BC, during the civil wars under the dictatorship of Sulla. Also lost in this fire were the Sibylline Books, which were said to have been written by classical sibyls, and stored in the temple (to be guarded and consulted by the quindecimviri (council of fifteen) on matters of state only in emergencies.

Second building

During Lucius Cornelius Sulla's sack of Athens in 86 BC, while looting the city, Sulla seized some of the gigantic incomplete columns from the Temple of Zeus and transported them back to Rome, where they were re-used in the Temple of Jupiter. Sulla hoped to live until the temple was rebuilt, but Quintus Lutatius Catulus Capitolinus had the honor of dedicating the new structure in 69 BC. The new temple was built to the same plan on the same foundations, but with more expensive materials for the superstructure. Literary sources indicate that the temple was not entirely completed until the late 60s BC. Around 65 CE the three new cult statues were completed. The chryselephantine statue of Jupiter was sculpted by Apollonius of Athens; its appearance is generally known from replicas created for other temples of Jupiter in the Roman colonies. It featured Jupiter seated with a thunderbolt and scepter in either hand, and possibly an image of the goddess Roma in one hand as well.

Brutus and the other assassins locked themselves inside it after murdering Caesar. The new temple of Quintus Lutatius Catulus was renovated and repaired by Augustus. The second building burnt down during the course of fighting on the hill on 19 December of 69 CE, when an army loyal to Vespasian battled to enter the city in the Year of the Four Emperors.

Third building
The new emperor, Vespasian, rapidly rebuilt the temple on the same foundations but with a lavish superstructure. It was taller than the previous structures, with a Corinthian order and statuary including a quadriga atop the gable and bigae driven by figures of Victory on either side at the base of the roof. The third temple of Jupiter was dedicated in 75 CE. The third temple burned during the reign of Titus in 80 CE.

Fourth building

Domitian immediately began rebuilding the temple, again on the same foundations, but with the most lavish superstructure yet. According to Plutarch, Domitian used at least twelve thousand talents of gold for the gilding of the bronze roof tiles alone. Elaborate sculpture adorned the pediment. A Renaissance drawing of a damaged relief in the Louvre Museum shows a four-horse chariot (quadriga) beside a two-horse chariot (biga) to the right of the latter at the highest point of the pediment, the two statues serving as the central acroterion, and statues of the god Mars and goddess Venus surmounting the corners of the cornice, serving as acroteria. It was completed in 82 CE.
In the centre of the pediment the god Jupiter was flanked by Juno and Minerva, seated on thrones. Below was an eagle with wings spread out. A biga driven by the sun god and a biga driven by the moon were depicted either side of the three gods.

Decline and abandonment
The temple completed by Domitian is thought to have lasted more or less intact for over three hundred years, until all pagan temples were closed by Emperor Theodosius I in 392 during the persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire. In the 4th century, Ammianus Marcellinus referred to the temple as "the Capitolium, with which revered Rome elevates herself to eternity, the whole world beholds nothing more magnificent."Ammianus Marcellinus, The Roman History XXII.16.12 During the 5th century the temple was damaged by Stilicho (who according to Zosimus removed the gold that adorned the doors). Procopius states that the Vandals plundered the temple during the sack of Rome in 455, stripping away half of the gilded bronze tiles. Despite this, in the early 6th century Cassiodorus described the temple as one of the wonders of the world.Cassiodorus, Variae epistolae VII.6 In 571, Narses removed many of the statues and ornaments. The ruins were still well preserved in 1447 when the 15th-century humanist Poggio Bracciolini visited Rome. The remaining ruins were destroyed in the 16th century, when Giovanni Pietro Caffarelli built a palace (Palazzo Caffarelli) on the site.

Remains

Today, portions of the temple podium and foundations can be seen behind the Palazzo dei Conservatori, in an exhibition area built in the Caffarelli Garden, and within the Musei Capitolini. A part of the eastern corner is also visible in the via del Tempio di Giove.

The second Medici lion was sculpted in the late 16th century by Flaminio Vacca from a capital from the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus.

Area Capitolina
The Area Capitolina was the precinct on the southern part of the Capitoline that surrounded the Temple of Jupiter, enclosing it with irregular retaining walls following the hillside contours. The precinct was enlarged in 388 BC, to about 3,000m2. The Clivus Capitolinus ended at the main entrance in the center of the southeast side, and the Porta Pandana seems to have been a secondary entrance; these gates were closed at night. The sacred geese of Juno, said to have sounded the alarm during the Gallic siege of Rome, were kept in the Area, which was guarded during the Imperial period by dogs kept by a temple attendant. Domitian hid in the dog handler's living quarters when the forces of Vitellius overtook the Capitoline.

Underground chambers called favissae held damaged building materials, old votive offerings, and dedicated objects that were not suitable for display. It was religiously prohibited to disturb these. The precinct held numerous shrines, altars, statues, and victory trophies. Some plebeian and tribal assemblies met there. In late antiquity, it was a market for luxury goods, and continued as such into the medieval period: in a letter from 468, Sidonius Apollinaris describes a shopper negotiating over the price of gems, silk, and fine fabrics.

See also
 List of Ancient Roman temples

Footnotes

References
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 .
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Axel Boëthius, Roger Ling, Tom Rasmussen, Etruscan and Early Roman Architecture, Yale University Press Pelican history of art, 1978, Yale University Press, , google books
Cristofani, Mauro, et al. "Etruscan", Grove Art Online, Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press, accessed April 9, 2016, subscription required
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External links

"Temple of Jupiter" in A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome''

Jupiter Optimus Maximus
6th-century BC religious buildings and structures
Capitoline Museums
Etruscan architecture
Optimus Maximus
Temples of Juno
Temples of Minerva
Destroyed temples

Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus


Science Under Siege: The Politicians' War on Nature and Truth is a 1998 book by journalist Todd Wilkinson. Wilkinson describes the careers of a variety of publicly employed scientists who, in the course of their work for government agencies, found habitat degradation, threatened species, or other decline in availability of a natural resource. When they expressed their views that certain activities must be scaled back or areas protected, they met with poor job performance ratings, hostility from their supervisors, transfers out of the region, and in many cases a severely damaged career.  Science is "under siege" in these cases because many of the researchers were told to modify their scientific reports so that commercial uses or environmentally destructive activities could continue.

See also
List of books about the politics of science

References

External links
The Politics of Science

Environmental non-fiction books
1998 non-fiction books
1998 in the environment
Research
Books about the politics of science

Science Under Siege


USS Askari (ARL-30) was one of 39 Achelous-class landing craft repair ships built for the United States Navy during World War II. Askari is an Arabic word for soldier, a term frequently applied to indigenous troops in Africa serving European colonial powers, particularly the British and Germans in East Africa from the late 19th century to the end of World War I; ARL-30 has been the only U.S. naval vessel to bear the name.

Originally laid down as USS LST-1131 on 8 December 1944 at Seneca, Illinois by the Chicago Bridge & Iron Company, she was launched on 2 March 1945 and sponsored by Mrs. Patricia Ann Jacobsen. Askari was then ferried down the Mississippi River to New Orleans, where the landing craft repair ship was commissioned on 15 March 1945. On 28 March, she got underway for Jacksonville, Florida where she was decommissioned on 9 April 1945 for outfitting for her role by the Merrill-Stevens Drydock & Repair Company. The ship was recommissioned as USS Askari (ARL-30) on 23 July 1945.

In 1971, she was transferred to the Indonesian Navy and recommissioned as KRI Djaja Widjaja.

Service history
Early in August, the ship voyaged from Jacksonville to Norfolk, Virginia, where she remained until putting to sea on 20 August, bound for the Pacific Ocean. After transiting the Panama Canal and steaming north along the Pacific coast, she reached San Diego on 21 September. At the beginning of October, Askari shifted north to Seattle and remained in the Puget Sound area until the spring of 1946. Early in April 1946, the ship headed south and arrived back at San Diego on 10 April. She operated in that vicinity until sailing for the Marshall Islands on 12 December 1947.

Steaming by way of Hawaii, the repair ship arrived at Eniwetok in the Marshalls on 11 January 1948 and spent the next four months providing maintenance services to the landing craft operating in support of "Operation Sandstone", nuclear bomb tests conducted there late in April and early in May. After the experiments ended, Askari left Eniwetok on 29 May and headed back, via Pearl Harbor, to San Diego. She reached that port on 25 June and resumed local operations. Her service at San Diego continued through the outbreak of fighting in Korea late in June 1950.

Korean War
The vessel sailed for the Far East on 10 August 1950, and arrived in Kobe, Japan on 6 September. Four days later, she was underway to participate in the amphibious landing to be carried out on 15 September at Inchon on South Korea's western coast. Askari served at Inchon for slightly over a month, before moving to Wonsan on the eastern coast of North Korea late in October.

Chinese communist forces entered the conflict toward the end of November and sent the United Nations forces reeling southward. A portion of those troops converged on Hungnam, located due north of Wonsan about 40 miles distant, for evacuation. Askari shifted north from Wonsan to Hungnam to support the ships and craft engaged in bringing out the troops. During December, she fueled, repaired, and provided other services to the amphibious craft and ships transporting the troops. The evacuation ships embarked the last infantrymen about mid-afternoon on Christmas Eve, and Askari departed Hungnam with them.

Steaming via Pusan, she arrived in Yokosuka, Japan, on the last day of 1950. She remained in Japan until departing Yokosuka on 9 February 1951 to return to Pusan. There, the ship tended amphibious ships and craft until mid-April, when she headed home.

She spent 10 days in Yokosuka before resuming her voyage to the United States. Askari arrived in San Diego on 26 May and remained there until she moved to the Mare Island Naval Shipyard during the second week in July for overhaul. She completed repairs in mid-September 1951 and returned to amphibious repair duties at San Diego on 20 September. On 31 July 1952, she stood out to sea and proceeded to the western Pacific. Except for a brief visit to Kobe late in February 1953, Askari spent the entire deployment at Yokosuka performing repair work in support of the amphibious ships and craft attached to the 7th Fleet.

The ship departed Yokosuka on 6 April 1953 to return to the United States and reentered San Diego Bay on 3 May. After an overhaul at Mare Island that occupied most of the summer of 1953, Askari again took up repair duties at San Diego at the beginning of the second week in September. Just over a year later, on 20 September 1954, she headed back toward the Far East.

Southeast Asia
This time, however, she charted a course for a new trouble spot: the coast of southeast Asia. France's withdrawal from Indochina fragmented the peninsula into Laos; Cambodia; and two Vietnams: a communist state in the north, and a non-communist, authoritarian one in the south. The new political arrangement prompted a massive migration of people in which the United States Navy was called upon to carry out the seaborne portion of the movement. Askari arrived at Henriette Passe in Along Bay near Haiphong in the north on 29 October and began providing repair and other support services for the transports, tank landing ships, and landing craft that would carry refugees from what would be communist North Vietnam to democratic South Vietnam in "Operation Passage to Freedom." The ship ended her service on the Vietnamese coast on 18 November and promptly got underway, via Hong Kong, for Japan.

She arrived at Yokosuka on 4 December 1954, and four days later, moved to Sasebo to conduct repair operations until 1 February 1955. Askari departed Sasebo on the latter date to provide support services for the ships engaged in another humanitarian effort, the evacuation of Nationalist Chinese from the Tachen Islands. She returned from that mission to Sasebo on 14 February and operated there for the remainder of the deployment.

Decommissioning
On 5 March 1955, she stood out of Sasebo ( see correction below) on her way back to the United States. The ship reached San Diego again on 4 April and worked at that port for about six months. Late in October, 1955 she moved north to Astoria, Oregon and began preparations for inactivation. Askari was decommissioned there on 21 March 1956 and was berthed with the Columbia River Group, Pacific Reserve Fleet.

Askari remained in reserve for slightly more than a decade. During her repose, she was berthed first at Astoria; later moved to Stockton, California and ended up at Mare Island.

Vietnam
In 1964, the United States began to intensify its involvement in the war between the South Vietnamese government and Viet Cong insurgents. Operations in the swampy Mekong Delta called for the use of a large number of river assault craft and their attendant support ships. Accordingly, Askari was taken to the Willamette Iron & Steel Co. at Richmond, California late in November 1965 to prepare for service in South Vietnam. She was recommissioned at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard on 13 August 1966. The ship spent the next four months fitting out, conducting shakedown training, and preparing to deploy to the Far East.

She stood out of San Diego on 12 December 1966 bound for the western Pacific. However, an engineering casualty to her main propulsion plant caused her to remain in Pearl Harbor longer than anticipated. She finally pulled into Subic Bay in the Philippines on 6 February 1967. There, Askari loaded provisions, stores, and spare parts for five days before heading on to her permanent assignment in South Vietnam.

She steamed into Vũng Tàu harbor on 15 February and reported for duty with River Assault Flotilla (RivFlot) 1. Askari spent the remainder of her navy career providing repair and other support services for the river monitors, motorboats, and amphibious craft attached to Allied riverine forces in the Mekong Delta. She stayed at Vung Tau until the second week in June, when she moved into the delta proper. The repair ship arrived at Nhà Bè on the Soài Rạp river about  south of Saigon on 13 June. The mobility of the riverine forces was greatly enhanced by the fact that their base consisted of ships like Askari that could move with them throughout the delta and be close at hand to provide support services. A permanent base ashore would not have afforded such immediacy.

During 1967 and most of 1968, Askari moved from location to location in the delta as the Mobile Riverine Force's zone of operations changed. On 1 November 1968 the , one of the ships that comprised the riverine force's mobile base, suffered severe damage and lost a number of crewmen as a result of the explosion of two mines attached to her hull by enemy swimmer-sappers. While continuing with her responsibilities to the rest of the riverine force, Askan put forth most of the effort required to salvage and to repair the tank landing ship.

At the end of 1968, the Mobile Riverine Force began to focus its attention on the insurgents' logistic routes coming into the delta from Cambodia. During the second week in December, Askari moved to the vicinity of the Song Vam Co, Song Vam Co Dong, and Song Vam Co Tay Rivers to support friendly vessels in their prosecution of Operation Giant Slingshot. Her labors in behalf of the interdiction effort continued through the first eight months of 1969.

At the beginning of September, the ship departed Vietnamese waters to undergo repairs at Sasebo, Japan. When she returned to Vietnam at the end of October 1969, Askari resumed repair duties, this time at Châu Đốc, south of her previous base of operations. She remained there until 9 November, when the base ships relocated to Long Xuyên, their station for the remainder of 1969 and most of the first quarter of 1970. Late in March 1970, she and the other support ships moved to Đồng Tâm Base Camp and provided repair services at that point until early May. On 9 May she returned to the upper reaches of the Mekong near the Cambodian border to resume support for efforts to stop the flow of Viet Cong supplies. Early in June, the ship arrived back at Đồng Tâm to serve as the primary support ship for RivRon 13 and RivRon 15 until those squadrons turned over their responsibilities to Army of the Republic of Vietnam forces later that month. Between 25 June and 31 August, she operated successively in the upper Mekong, at Bình Thủy on the lower Mekong, and then back at Đồng Tâm again. Except for a round-trip mission to deliver boat engines to Song Bo De between 31 August and 8 September, Askari performed her support functions at Đồng Tâm until the middle of December. Thereafter, the ship continued to serve at various locations in the Mekong delta for nine more months. In mid-August 1971, she proceeded from Vietnam to the Marianas on her last voyage for the United States Navy.

Transfer to the Indonesian Navy
On 1 September 1971, Askari was decommissioned at Guam and turned over to the Indonesian government under the terms of the Military Assistance Program. The Indonesian Navy recommissioned her that same day as KRI Djaja Widjaja. Because of her status as a loan, Askari remained on the Naval Vessel Register until February, 1979. At that time, her name was struck and she was permanently transferred to the Indonesian Navy by sale.

Awards
Askari earned four battle stars during the Korean War and received 12 battle stars and two Presidential Unit Citations for service during the Vietnam War.

References

Achelous-class repair ships
Achelous-class repair ships converted from LST-542-class ships
Ships built in Seneca, Illinois
1945 ships
World War II auxiliary ships of the United States
Cold War auxiliary ships of the United States
Korean War auxiliary ships of the United States
Vietnam War auxiliary ships of the United States
Ships transferred from the United States Navy to the Indonesian Navy
Auxiliary ships of the Indonesian Navy
Auxiliary ships of Indonesia

USS Askari


Öllingen is a municipality in the district of Alb-Donau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
Öllingen is on the southern slope of the Swabian Jura, in the northern Alb Danube county,  about 18 km northeast of Ulm. Öllingen is located on 526m above sea level between the Lone Valley in the north and the Danube valley with the Langenau basin in the south.

General
Located on the southern slope of the Swabian Jura pool, Öllingen is a rural structured village which was dominated by agriculture, weaving and by the degradation of sand on the nearby Sandberg.
During the last decades, the village has converted into a residential community with several farms and craft workshops. The most striking landmarks of the community are all highly visible Ulrich church and the water tower. The boundaries of the municipality covers an area of 809 hectares. With 531 inhabitants (31 December 2012) Öllingen belongs to the group of the 30 smallest independent municipalities in Baden-Württemberg.

Crest

Öllinger Crest: On a red background is an upright silver (white) lion holding a silver (white) high cross in the front paws. The silver lion on a red background is derived from the coat of arms of the Counts of Dillingen. The cross bears the lion in its paws suggests the relationship to the monastery Anhausen.
At the same time, it is considered an indication of historical relations to the Chorherrenstift Wiesensteig.
Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor had passed the patronage of Öllingen church in 1330 to the Chorherrenstift Wiesensteig. The coat of arms was awarded to the municipality by the state government on 21 February 1955, the flag by the District Office on October 1, 1984.

Neighboring communities
The municipality is bordered to the north by the town Herbrechtingen district Bissingen in Heidenheim district, to the east to Rammingen , on the south to the town Langenau and in the west to Nerenstetten and Setzingen.

History
Öllingen was documented in 1143 for the first time under the name Elingen, later Ellingen and belonged to the monastery Anhausen.
By Excavations in 2002 it was demonstrated that there was a settlement  in 2000 BC on the Sandberg. In addition, the Bockstein cave located in the Lone Valley was used by Stone Age hunters.
In the 13th century Öllingen belonged to rule of Albeck and was bundled with Albeck 1383 at Ulm. The basic property of the municipality was sold since the 14th century to the imperial city, which meant that in 1790 the imperial city was almost the sole landowner. 1803 the land went over to Bavaria. Seven years later, in 1810 Öllingen then went to the Kingdom of Württemberg, which assigned Öllingen to the Oberamt Albeck.  In 1934 the supreme office Ulm became county Ulm and later Ulm district (1938). The town remained a part of the district till the year 1973. The local government reform in 1973 led to the dissolution of the district Ulm and Öllingen came as a separate municipality to Alb-Donau-Kreis.
Until 1786 the horse post of Oberelchingen took their way through Öllingen to Giengen and Nördlingen.

Sons and daughters of the town
Georg Hiller (born 1946), local politician, mayor of Blaubeuren 1978–2002, honorary citizen of Blaubeuren.

References

External links

Municipalities in Baden-Württemberg
Alb-Donau-Kreis
Württemberg

Öllingen


All Saints' Church is a private church, formerly belonging to the Church of England, in Mapperton, Dorset, England. The church is believed to have 12th century origins, with later additions and rebuilds. It became part of the estate of Mapperton House in 1977 and is a Grade I listed building.

History

All Saints is believed to have 12th century origins, with parts of the chancel dating to this period. An early reference to the church, dated 1291, describes it as a chapel to Netherbury. The west tower dates to the 15th century, with repair and alteration work carried out around 1770, which included adding pinnacles and a parapet. Richard Brodrepp had the nave rebuilt in 1704. The church was restored in 1846 and a south porch was added at the same time. The south vestry was added in 1908.

The parish of Mapperton was merged with Melplash in 1971 and this was followed in 1977 with the selling of All Saints as a private chapel to the Mapperton House estate. The church is open to the public during opening hours of the adjacent gardens of Mapperton House. The church is also used for services during the summer season and other events, and can be hired for wedding ceremonies.

Architecture
All Saints is built of rubble and ashlar Ham stone. It is made up of a nave, chancel, south vestry, west tower and south porch. The pinnacles and parapet of the west tower have since been removed and the tower shortened to its bottom stage, allowing it to be incorporated under an extension of the nave's roof. The west end of the roof was then provided with a bell-cot and single bell.

The nave contains three two-light windows each on the north and south sides. Much of the stained glass in the church dates to the 16th and 17th centuries. The two-centred and chamfered chancel arch dates to 1704, and the 13th century reset south doorway contains a panel of the same year, which is inscribed: "Sumptibus Ri. Brodrepp Armig. Anno Dom. 1704". Internal fittings include a font of 12th century date and communion rails of circa 1704. The tower's west window has memorial glass to William Munro Aitchison, dated 1850, and a monument in the chancel to Richard Brodrepp and his children, George and Etheldred, dated 1737. This monument was sculpted by Peter Scheemakers.

References

External links

Churches in Dorset
Church of England church buildings in Dorset
Grade I listed churches in Dorset

All Saints' Church, Mapperton


Malcolm MacKenzie Renfrew  (October 12, 1910 – October 12, 2013) was an American polymer chemist, inventor, and professor emeritus at the University of Idaho in Moscow, Idaho. Renfrew Hall, the university's chemistry building, was named for him in 1985.

Renfrew is noted for his contribution to the development of Teflon, including the first paper on the subject. In 1946 he spoke on behalf of DuPont at the American Chemical Society (ACS) meeting at which Teflon was announced.

Early life
Born in Spokane, Washington, Renfrew was the elder of two sons of Earl and Elsie MacKenzie Renfrew. Earl was an accountant and the family later moved to the Palouse at Colfax, and then across the Idaho border to nearby Potlatch in 1923.

Renfrew graduated from Potlatch High School in 1928 and attended the University of Idaho in nearby Moscow, where he joined the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity and wrote for The Argonaut, the student newspaper. Originally interested in journalism, he switched his major to chemistry and graduated with a B.S. in 1932 and an M.S. in 1934. He then traveled to the Midwest to continue his studies and earned a Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis in 1938.

Career
After gaining his doctorate, Renfrew worked for DuPont in New Jersey, where he produced a number of patents on polymethyl methacrylate, including one on photopolymerization,  material for tooth repair, as well as epoxy resins and the first method of synthesis of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) in a form which was suitable for the commercial production of Teflon. It had been accidentally invented in 1938 by DuPont chemist Roy Plunkett, as a by-product of chlorofluorocarbon refrigerant research.

After further industrial experience with General Mills Company back in Minneapolis and Spencer Kellogg & Sons, Inc. in Buffalo, Renfrew returned west in 1959 to his alma mater in Moscow to head the UI Department of Physical Science. This was split into separate departments of physics and chemistry in 1967, with Renfrew as the Head of Chemistry, a position he retained until 1973; he retired in 1976 and became professor emeritus.

Honors
In 1976, he was made a Fellow of the American Chemical Society. Well known for his research, Renfrew was praised for his work on chemical safety and as an educator, both recognized in the ACS 1985 Chemical Health and Safety Award for "his publications and column on Chemical Safety in the Journal of Chemical Education".  In 2006 he received the Distinguished Science Communicator award.

Renfrew was also an artist: an exhibition of his paintings was held in Moscow City Hall in November–December 2010. His 100th birthday, October 12, 2010, was declared as "Malcolm M. Renfrew Day" in the State of Idaho by Governor Butch Otter. Part of the celebration was the rededication of  Renfrew Hall, the chemistry building named for him a quarter century earlier. Opened  in 1964 as the Physical Sciences Building ("Phy-Sci"), it was renamed "Renfrew Hall" in October 1985 for his 75th birthday.

Personal
Shortly after gaining his doctorate, he married Carol Joy Campbell (September 19, 1913 – January 12, 2010), on June 26, 1938.  A member of Kappa Alpha Theta, she was a 1935 B.S. economics graduate of the University of Idaho from Rosalia, Washington. Born on a farm near Fairfield, at the time of her death at age 96, they had been married for over 71 years.

Renfrew was an Elder of the Presbyterian Church, a gifted watercolorist, and played the trombone. He was a member of the Idaho Vandals Non-Marching Pep Band and the "Hog Heaven Big Band." ("Hog Heaven" was an early name for Moscow, due to plentiful camas roots.)

Renfrew died at his residence in Moscow at Good Samaritan Village on October 12, 2013, his 103rd birthday. His mother Elsie (1889–1987) lived to age 98, and his younger brother Edgar (1915–2010), who also had a doctorate in chemistry, reached age 95.

References

External links

Legendary Locals of Moscow – Malcolm M. Renfrew
potlatchblogspot - visit with Malcolm Renfrew
Here We Have Idaho - Spring 2011 - "Mr. Chemistry Celebrates A Century" - p. 6-11

1910 births
2013 deaths
American centenarians
20th-century American chemists
20th-century American inventors
Fellows of the American Chemical Society
Men centenarians
People from Moscow, Idaho
People from Spokane, Washington
University of Idaho alumni
University of Idaho faculty
University of Minnesota alumni
Inventors from Idaho
Scientists from Washington (state)
Scientists from Idaho
Inventors from Washington (state)

Malcolm Renfrew


Elliott Jaques (January 18, 1917  – March 8, 2003)  was a Canadian psychoanalyst, social scientist and management consultant known as the originator of concepts such as corporate culture, midlife crisis, fair pay, maturation curves, time span of discretion (level of work) and requisite organization, as a total system of managerial organization.

Biography
Born in Toronto, Ontario, Jaques was educated at the University of Toronto and studied medicine at Johns Hopkins University, then received his Ph.D in social relations from Harvard University, and qualification as psychoanalyst at the British Psychoanalytical Society. He was a founding fellow of the Royal College of Psychiatrists in Britain and was a visiting professor at George Washington University in Washington, D.C., and honorary professor of the University of Buenos Aires.

During the Second World War, Jaques served as a major in the Canadian Army where in collaboration with Henry Murray of Harvard University using his education and training established the Canadian War Office Selection Boards. He was assigned as liaison to the British Army War Office Psychiatry Division that developed their own War Office Selection Boards.

In 1949, he married the English actress Kay Walsh. They adopted a girl, Gemma. They divorced in 1956.

After the war Jaques remained in England and qualified under Austrian-British psychoanalyst Melanie Klein. She appreciated his help in preparation for the publication of her book Narrative of a Child Analysis (1961). Jaques also helped Klein to edit the manuscript of Envy and Gratitude (1957), evidence suggests that it was Jaques who suggested that the word "gratitude" should be included in the title of the book. He was a founding member of the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations in 1946. In 1964, he founded the School of Social Sciences at Brunel University London and served as its Professor and Head of School.

Jaques moved from London to Gloucester, Massachusetts in 1991. He became a research professor at George Washington University. In 1999 Jaques established Requisite Organization International Institute, that operates as an educational and research group.

As a result of his work with different corporations, governments and U.S. Army, Jaques developed a scientific process that allows for the evaluation of the potential capability of individuals in the context of time-span of discretion, an instrument which measures work complexity in each role within the organisation. This approach has been used by US armed services and large public and private organisations around the world.

In 1965 Jaques published an essay on working patterns of creative geniuses in which he coined the phrase midlife crisis.

His development approach to organizational development makes him one of the early contributors to positive adult development.

He died in Gloucester, Massachusetts in 2003.

Work

Glacier Project, 1952–1977
The origins of Jaques's theories can be traced back to 1952, when Britain's Glacier Metal Company asked him to help to develop a worker participation plan. At one point, Jaques was asked if there was any importance to the fact that the salary of low-level workers was estimated on hourly, daily or weekly basis, while salary of executives was described as annual amount. The question 'was the finest gift I've ever been given', Jaques said. 'It was absolutely, bloody brilliant. That's when I started examining the significance of time.' His work with Glacier Metal Company in London continued through 1977 and largely influenced the management theory. Peter Drucker called this work "the most extensive study of actual worker behavior in large-scale industry".

Stratified Systems Theory of Requisite Organization, 1977–1999
Jaques incorporated his findings during "Glacier investigations" into what was first known as Stratified Systems Theory of requisite organization. This major discovery served as a link between social theory and theory of organizations.

Human Capability and Its Maturation
Jaques continued his development of theory of underlying Nature of Human Capability, that he first approached during his work with the US Army and this resulted in the discovery (with Kathryn Cason) of a method for evaluation of potential individual capability within the evaluation of Complexity of Information Processing.

As a result of the research carried out for the US Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences and American and Australian companies on the study of mental complexity, it was found that individuals process information at work in four ways: declarative, cumulative, serial and parallel. This study demonstrated the interdependence of layers of the managerial hierarchy and each separate step in mental processing complexity.

From this work it was concluded that organizational life of intermittent steps in the nature of human capability reflects the essence of managerial hierarchical structure (Jaques, 1994).

Time-Span of Discretion
As an outcome of the discovery and use of Time-span, work on Theory of the Nature of Time took place.  This led to another major contribution of Dr.Jaques, the development of the Time-span of Discretion instrument, the ratio-scale measure for a construct in the social sciences, which measures the complexity of work in each role within the organization. The measure of how much responsibility an employee has is the concept Jaques is widely known for.

Requisite Organization International Institute, 1999–present
In 1999, The Requisite Organization International Institute was established by Co-founders Elliott Jaques and Kathryn Cason. Institute operates as research and educational centre providing support and consulting in implementation of principles of Requisite Organization worldwide.

Jaques' ideas are still very influential in a practical study of organizations and the optimization of structures and systems that support productive work for the achievement of the organization's purpose. Jaques argued that the higher a person was positioned in a hierarchy, assuming the individual possessed a corresponding level of cognitive complexity, acquired skills and knowledge (gained through experience) and presuming that individual valued the work he or she was tasked, the longer he could work to complete a task without supervision. The time span of a CEO of a major institution might be 15–20 years. This concept enabled him to describe a "requisite organization" as one in which each level in the hierarchy had its own distinctive time span. If an organization had too many levels, then their time spans overlapped. If a manager at a higher level was ill-equipped in respect of his or her inherent mental processing capability, or lacked the required skills and knowledge the risk is they would interfere in the work of managers at a lower level generally propelled by their own anxiety and insecurity. The process of delegation would be undermined leading to organizational dysfunction.

With an understanding of mental processing capability and a hierarchy that supports the proficiency of work in the organization Jaques provided some insight into effective managerial practices that are aimed at freeing up the human potential in the organization. For example, Jaques advocates the importance of effectively assigning tasks to individuals in the organization delivered by contextualizing the significance of the task(s) to the organization's purpose in terms of output including clear deliverables in respect of quantity and quality and the time for delivery. Moreover, a manager has an obligation to provide coaching to his or her subordinates, and the manager is in fact accountable for his or her subordinates' outputs.

Selected awards

 Awarded the Joint Staff Certificate of Appreciation by General Colin Powell on behalf of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the U.S. Armed Forces "for outstanding contributions in the field of military leadership theory and instruction to all of the service departments of the United States".
 Department of the Army, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel "for outstanding achievement while serving as a member of the Total Army Personnel Task Force in...developing new and innovative approaches to achieve personnel economies and realign...along policy and operational lines."
 Harry Levinson Award, American Psychological Foundation, Certificate of Commendation, for a lifetime of scientific contributions.

Publications
 The Changing Culture of a Factory: A Study of Authority and Participation in an Industrial Setting (London: Tavistock, 1951)
 Measurement of Responsibility: A study of work, payment, and individual capacity (Tavistock, 1956) [Reprinted as ]
 Equitable Payment: A General Theory of Work, Differential Payment, and Individual Progress (London: Heinemann, 1961)
 Equitable Payment (London: Heinemann, 1963)
 Time-Span Handbook: the Use of Time-Span of Discretion to Measure the Level of Work in Employment Roles and to Arrange an Equitable Payment Structure (London, Heinemann, 1964)
 Product Analysis Pricing: A method for setting policies for the delegation of pricing decisions and the control of expense and profitability (Carbondale, Southern Illinois University Press, 1964) [with Wilfred Brown ]
 Glacier Project Papers (London: Heinemann Educational, 1965) [with Wilfred Brown ]
 "Death and the Midlife Crisis", International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 1965.
 Work, creativity, and social justice (London: Heinemann Educational, 1970)
 A General Theory of Bureaucracy (London: Heinemann Educational, 1976)
 Health Services (London: Heinemann Educational, 1978)
 Levels of Abstraction in Logic and Human Action: A theory of discontinuity in the structure of mathematical logic, psychological behaviour, and social organisation. (London: Heinemann Educational, 1978) with R.O. Gibson and D.J. Isaac [Editors]
 Executive Leadership: A Practical Guide to Managing Complexity (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1994)  [with Stephen D. Clement and Ronnie Lessem]
 Human Capability: Study of Individual Potential and Its Application (London: Gower, 1994)  [with Kathryn Cason]
Requisite Organization: Total System for Effective Managerial Organization and Managerial Leadership for the 21st Century (London: Gower, 1997)
 La Organizacion Requerida: Un Sistema Integrado Para Crear Organizaciones Eficaces y Aplicar el Liderazgo Gerencial en el Siglo XXI (Ediciones Granica, S.A., 2000)
 Social Power and the CEO: Leadership and Trust in a Sustainable Free Enterprise System (Greenwood, 2002)
 The Life and Behavior of Living Organisms: A General Theory (Greenwood, 2002)

Notes

External links
 Elliott Jaques at www.requisite.org

 "Guru: Elliott Jaques". The Economist. 1 May 2009. Retrieved 2015-03-23.

1917 births
2003 deaths
20th-century American psychologists
Canadian psychologists
Canadian business theorists
Canadian psychiatrists
American psychoanalysts
Harvard University alumni
Johns Hopkins University alumni
People from Toronto
University of Toronto alumni
Canadian psychoanalysts
Canadian emigrants to the United States

Elliott Jaques


Jakob Hutter (also spelled Jacob Hutter, Huter or Hueter; c. 1500 – 25 February 1536) was a Tyrolean Anabaptist leader and founder of the Hutterites.

Biography
Hutter was born in the small hamlet of Moos near St. Lorenzen in the Puster Valley, in the County of Tyrol (present-day South Tyrol, Italy). He learned hat making in nearby Prags and became an itinerant craftsman. Later he settled in Spittal, Carinthia.

He probably first encountered Anabaptists in Klagenfurt and soon thereafter was converted to their belief. He began preaching in the Puster Valley region, forming several small congregations. As soon as the Habsburg authorities in Tyrol learned of these activities in early 1529, they began to persecute the Anabaptists. In 1527, the Habsburg archduke Ferdinand I of Austria had declared that seductive doctrines and heretical sects "will not be tolerated". In turn, Hutter and a few others went to investigate Moravia, because they heard the persecution was not as severe there. They visited Auspitz, where they found the situation was indeed more tolerant and the Tyrolean Anabaptists decided to emigrate. As small groups moved to Moravia, Hutter first remained in Tyrol to pastor to those who remained. He escaped capture by the authorities because other captured Anabaptists would not reveal his whereabouts, even under severe torture.

Hutter arrived in Moravia in 1533, when the persecution of the Anabaptists in Tyrol was at its peak. Many Anabaptists from the Palatinate, Swabia and Silesia also went to Moravia. Hutter united the local Anabaptist congregations, enabling Anabaptism in Moravia to flourish. Under Hutter's leadership, several of the congregations adopted the early Christian practice of communal ownership of goods, in addition to their Anabaptist beliefs of nonviolence, and adult baptism.

In 1535, however, the Moravian Landtag diet had all Anabaptists expelled from Moravia and they scattered to surrounding countries. Hutter returned to Tyrol, where he and his wife were arrested on 30 November 1535 in Klausen and brought to the fortress of Branzoll (Bronzolo). On 9 December, Hutter was deported to the Tyrolean capital Innsbruck, where he was interrogated and pressured to recant. Even under severe torture he would not recant or reveal the names of other Anabaptists. Hutter was sentenced to death by fire and burned at the stake on 25 February 1536 in Innsbruck in front of the Golden Roof. According to the Hutterian Chronicle, a total of 360 Anabaptists were executed in Tyrol.

Hutter's words are recorded in eight letters, written under severe persecution.

Commemoration

In Innsbruck, Hutter is remembered by a plaque at the Golden Roof.

In 2006–2007, a working group with representatives from Protestant and Catholic churches, the peace movement Pax Christi and the Association of Evangelical churches in Tyrol worked toward reconciliation with the Hutterites. On 25 February 2007, the group, along with three couples invited to represent the Hutterites, held a memorial ceremony at the Golden Roof and a joint prayer service in the old city hall in Innsbruck.

References

Further reading
 The Chronicle of the Hutterian Brethren (Plough Publishing House 1987)
 Brotherly Faithfulness: Epistles from a Time of Persecution (Plough Publishing House 1979)
 Hutterite Beginnings: Communitarian Experiments during the Reformation by Werner O. Packull, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995

External links

 Jakob Hutter in the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online

1500s births
1536 deaths

Year of birth uncertain
16th-century Austrian people
Hutterite people
Hutterites in Austria
Austrian Anabaptists
Austrian religious leaders
Christian radicals
Austrian milliners
People executed for heresy
16th-century executions in the Holy Roman Empire
16th-century executions by Austria
People from St. Lorenzen
Executed Austrian people
People executed by Austria by burning
Founders of religions
16th-century Anabaptist ministers

Jakob Hutter


Kurt Roth (1899, Ratingen – 30 October 1975, Uetersen) was a 20th-century German painter.

Life
He was born in 1899 in Ratingen near Düsseldorf. 1920 he and his father, the painter Ludwig Max Roth, moved to Uetersen, where they lived at the monastery Uetersen in very modest circumstances. He received his training as an artist arts academies in Düsseldorf, Wroclaw, Budapest, Copenhagen, and London.

Kurt Roth, also known to the Hamburg society as a portrait painter painted his pictures in oil, preferably depicting motives of his home region Holstein, especially of the Old Town of Uetersen, where he lived.

Roth was a great admirer of Adolph Menzel, saying: "He devoted his whole life to the drawing. He was only able to do it because of constant exercises. Talent only is a foundation." This was also true of Kurt Roth.

He spent his last years in bitter poverty. Sometimes the way former mayor of Uetersen Heinrich  Wilkens was his only customer, buying the pictures because "You cannot let the poor monastery painter starve to death." and having them on display in public buildings and schools. Shortly before his death, the painter reviewed his life and stated: "Today I am poor. It might have been better if I had become an art teacher after studying. But life is over now".

On 30 October 1975 Kurt Roth died lonely and abandoned in his small attic flat.

Today, the museum of local history of Uetersen keeps alive the memory of the "poor monastery painter", devoting a large exhibition to him and his works.

Sources
Stadtgeschichtliches Heimatmuseum Uetersen (2005) (Permanent exhibition on the upper floor)

German artists
German printmakers
People from Uetersen
1899 births
1975 deaths

Kurt Roth


Hot Snakes were an American rock band led by Rick Froberg and John Reis, formed in 1999 in San Diego, California. Reis and Froberg had previously performed together in Pitchfork and Drive Like Jehu, after which Reis found international success with Rocket from the Crypt. Hot Snakes disbanded in 2005, but reunited in 2011.

Although they shared musical similarities with members' previous outfits, Hot Snakes forged a sound that was much more primal than that of Pitchfork, Drive Like Jehu or Rocket from the Crypt. Reis and Froberg were also heavily influenced by bands such as The Wipers, Suicide, and the Michael Yonkers Band, with these influences giving Hot Snakes a distinctive sound that has been described by PunkNews as "hardcore garage punk." The band's recordings and merchandise were produced using principles of DIY, with Froberg providing all of the artwork and Reis releasing the material via his Swami Records label.

History

1999–2001: Formation and Automatic Midnight
As youths growing up in San Diego, Reis and Froberg had played together in the post-hardcore band Pitchfork from 1986 to 1990. Following that they formed Drive Like Jehu, which gained the attention of major labels and resulted in a record contract with Interscope Records. By this time, however, Reis had become seriously involved with his other band, Rocket from the Crypt, and in 1995 Drive Like Jehu stopped playing together. Reis would continue to work with Rocket From the Crypt until 2005, while Froberg moved to New York to start a career as visual artist and illustrator.

Hot Snakes essentially began as a "side project" in 1999 while Reis was taking time off from Rocket from the Crypt, who were in between record labels and had lost their longtime drummer Atom Willard. While searching for a new record label and drummer, Reis started his own label Swami Records and experimented with other musicians, resulting in the formation of both Hot Snakes and the Sultans. Hot Snakes originated when Reis recorded a batch of songs with The Delta 72 drummer Jason Kourkounis, then contacted former bandmate Froberg to contribute vocals to the tracks. Most of this recording session was released in 2000 as Hot Snakes' first album Automatic Midnight, which was the first release by the Swami label.

Although Reis and Froberg had previously collaborated in bands, Hot Snakes represented a new challenge logistically: Reis lived in San Diego, Froberg in New York, and Kourkounis in Philadelphia. This resulted in sporadic and intense touring and recording schedules. When a full touring band was needed, Gar Wood (Beehive and the Baracudas, Tanner, Fishwife) was called in to play the bass guitar. After some touring Reis returned to work full-time with Rocket from the Crypt.

2002–2004: Suicide Invoice and Audit in Progress
In 2002 Hot Snakes reconvened to record the album Suicide Invoice and tour the United States. The following year Kourkounis left the band to play full-time with Burning Brides, and Reis once again returned to work with Rocket from the Crypt. When Hot Snakes again returned to the recording studio in 2004, Rocket from the Crypt drummer Mario Rubalcaba (also of The Black Heart Procession, Clikatat Ikatowi, Earthless, 411, and Chicanochrist) was brought in to play the drums. The album Audit in Progress was released and the band extensively toured the United States, as well as Europe and Australia. "This Mystic Decade" appeared in Grand Theft Auto 5 on "Vinewood Boulevard Radio".

While on tour in the United Kingdom that fall, the band recorded several songs for BBC radio at British DJ John Peel's recording studio. Their performance would be one of the last for Peel's program, as he died shortly afterwards. This session was released as the Peel Sessions EP, which replaced a planned single for the song "Braintrust" in the UK market.

2005–2006: Breakup and Thunder Down Under

In May 2005, while on tour in Australia, Hot Snakes recorded a live in-studio performance at ABC studios for Australian radio station triple j. On their return to the US, Reis announced that the band was breaking up. Audit in Progress was named "best punk album" at the 2005 San Diego Music Awards, and shortly after Reis announced that Rocket from the Crypt would also be breaking up. That fall, Hot Snakes contributed a cover of the Government Issue song "Time to Escape" to the soundtrack to the Tony Hawk's American Wasteland video game. This was the last song recorded by the band. Their live Australian radio session was released posthumously in 2006 as Thunder Down Under.

Following the breakup of both Hot Snakes and Rocket from the Crypt, Reis focused his energy on running the Swami Records label. He continued to perform occasionally with Rubalcaba in the Sultans until that band's breakup in January 2007. Rubalcaba also plays in the San Diego band Earthless and is part owner of an independent record store called Thirsty Moon Records. Wood continues to record music and play in Beehive and the Barracudas, while Froberg resides in New York and works as a visual artist and illustrator. In early 2008 Froberg debuted a new musical act called Obits, while Reis, Wood, and Kourkounis reunited in The Night Marchers.

2010–2023: Reunion and Froberg's death
On July 29, 2010 The Night Marchers and Obits performed together at The Casbah in San Diego; for the encore, the original Hot Snakes lineup of Reis, Froberg, Wood, and Kourkounis reunited to perform "If Credit's What Matters I'll Take Credit", "Automatic Midnight", and "No Hands". The following year Hot Snakes reunited, with Kourkounis and Rubalcaba taking turns on drums, for a series of gigs including All Tomorrow's Parties and Fun Fun Fun Fest. The band toured the West Coast of the United States from March to April 2012, and performed at the Metallica-curated Orion Music + More festival in New Jersey in June.

On August 14, 2017, Hot Snakes announced a fall tour starting in November as well as new album tentatively scheduled for release in spring 2018 via Sub Pop. Hot Snakes' discography was also subsequently reissued by Sub Pop. As promised, Jericho Sirens was released in 2018 to positive reviews.

In June 2023, Froberg revealed on Instagram that a fifth Hot Snakes record was "very near done". Froberg died two weeks later on June 30, 2023, at the age of 55.

Band members

 Rick Froberg – lead vocals, guitar (1999–2005, 2011–2023; his death)
 John Reis – guitar, backing vocals (1999–2005, 2011–2023)
 Gar Wood – bass, backing vocals (1999–2005, 2011–2023)
 Jason Kourkounis – drums (1999–2003, 2011–2023)
 Mario Rubalcaba – drums (2003–2005, 2011–2023)

Discography

Hot Snakes' discography consists of four studio albums, one live album, one EP, six singles, and three music videos.

Studio albums

Live albums

Extended plays

Singles

Music videos

Other appearances
The following Hot Snakes songs were released on compilation albums. This is not an exhaustive list; songs that were first released on the band's albums are not included.

References

External links

 Official Website
 Swami Records band profile
 Swami Records

1999 establishments in California
Musical groups disestablished in 2005
Musical groups established in 1999
Musical groups reestablished in 2011
American post-hardcore musical groups
Musical groups from San Diego
American musical quintets
Sub Pop artists
Swami Records artists

Hot Snakes


Moresco is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Fermo in the Italian region Marche, located about  southeast of Ancona and about  northeast of Ascoli Piceno in the valley named Valdaso. As of 2011, it had a population of 606 and an area of .

Moresco borders the following municipalities: Lapedona, Montefiore dell'Aso, Monterubbiano. It is a member of the I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy") association.

Meaning of name
Moresco means literary "Moorish".  According to legend, at the time of their raids along the Adriatic coast, a group of Moors went further into the interior in order to build a fortress in the heart of Christianity.
Others, on the contrary, maintain that the Castrum Morisci was built near the sea to drive back the assaults of the Saracens.
Most probably the place name comes either from a noble family named Mori, or from the word in dialect morrecine, which refers to the heap of stones on which the castle rests.

Sightseeing
The outline on the horizon that immediately identifies Moresco is that of its 12th-century heptagonal  tower, standing  high: why it was built with such an unusual number of seven sides is not at all clear – perhaps merely to distinguish it from the other watch towers in the defence system of Fermo. From the top of the tower on a clear day our gaze wanders from Mount Conero to the Gran Sasso mountain and onwards over to the coast of Albania.
The large 16th-century bell still chimes every day in alternate succession with the bell on the Clock tower built to guard and defend the old entrance to the castle.
After walking under the Clock tower, we come to the church of St. Sofia, whose original use has since changed: known as lu teatrì, it became a small theatre after its desecration. According to tradition it was built to commemorate a young lady, Sofia Amati, who had been raped and killed. Others believe that the mother of Saint Sofia was born in the castle. The church holds an interesting fresco by the school of  Carlo Crivrelli (1430–95).
Also worth a visit outside the town walls is the Sanctuary of the Madonna della Salute and the Church of St. Maria dell'Olmo, in particular, which was enlarged in 1521 to include an ancient Gothic shrine, which divides it into two parts with two different altars. Vincenzo Pagani was asked to embellish the altars, which he did by painting the fresco of the Crucifixion and the altar-piece of the Madonna kept in the Council Room.

History
 1083, the name of Moresco is found for the first time in a parchment kept at Fermo.
 1146, Tebaldus comes (Count) de Morisco is the lord of the castle who is named in some notarial deeds.
 1248, the  castle of Moresco is returned to the town of Fermo by Cardinal Raniero, the Apostolic Legate, after it had been taken away by the Emperor Frederick 2nd.
 1266, the lords of Moresco sell the fortress to the Doge of Venice and podestà of Fermo, Lorenzo Tiepolo, for 500 Volterra lira.
 1433, Count Francesco Sforza occupies the Marches and the entire State of Fermo. He remains in Monterubbiano for five months, and forces the citizens of Moresco to supply his troupes with wine, oil, hay, wood and money.
 1481, the village is subjected to the rivalry between the towns of Ascoli and Fermo. A nobleman from Fermo, Pellegrino Morroni, is killed in the castle of Moresco by people from Monterubbiano.
 1586, the Pope from the Marches, Sistus 5th, creates the  Garrison of Montalto,
 1648, a garrison of soldiers from Moresco, led by Giovanni Morelli, reaches Fermo to re-establish order after the killing of the Governor.
 1848, Moresco is an autonomous commune, but in 1869, under the Reign of Italy, it is united with Monterubbiano.
 1910, on 25 June Moresco wins back its autonomy by royal decree.

Demographic evolution

Notes

References
 Official Site
 The Most Beautiful Hamplets of Italy
 www.provincia.ap.it/Moresco/

Cities and towns in the Marche
Borghi più belli d'Italia

Moresco


Nerva (Marcus Cocceius Nerva, 8 November 30 – 25 January 98) was Roman Emperor from 96 to 98.

Nerva became emperor at the age of sixty-five, after a lifetime of imperial service under Nero and the rulers of the Flavian dynasty. Under Nero, he was a member of the imperial team, and played a vital part in exposing the Pisonian conspiracy of 65.

Later, as a loyalist to the Flavians, he attained consulships in 71 and 90 during the reigns of Vespasian and Domitian respectively.

On 18 September 96, Domitian was assassinated in a palace conspiracy. On the same day, Nerva was declared emperor by the Roman Senate. As the new ruler of the Roman Empire, he vowed to restore liberties which had been cut during the autocratic government of Domitian.

Nerva's brief reign was marred by financial difficulties and his inability to assert his authority over the Roman army.

A revolt by the Praetorian Guard in October 97 caused him to adopt an heir. After some deliberation Nerva adopted Trajan, a young and popular general, as his successor. After barely fifteen months in office, Nerva died of natural causes.

Although much of his life remains obscure, Nerva was considered a wise and moderate emperor by ancient historians. Recent historians have revised this assessment, characterizing Nerva as a well-intentioned but ultimately weak ruler, whose reign brought the Roman Empire to the brink of civil war.

Nerva's greatest success was his choice of Trajan. This led to a peaceful transition after his death, thus founding the Nerva-Antonine dynasty.

References

30 births
98 deaths
1st-century Roman emperors

Nerva


Uzbekistan Tennis Federation (UTF) () is the governing body for professional and amateur tennis in Uzbekistan. It was originally accepted as associative member at the ITF in 1992. In 1993 UTF became the full member of ITF.

Uzbekistan Tennis Federation operates all of the Uzbekistan national representative tennis sides, including the Uzbekistan Davis Cup team, the Uzbekistan Fed Cup team and youth sides as well. UTF is also responsible for organizing and hosting all types of tennis tournaments in the Uzbekistan.

References

National members of the Asian Tennis Federation
Tennis in Uzbekistan
Tennis
2002 establishments in Uzbekistan
Sports organizations established in 2002

Uzbekistan Tennis Federation


Severnaya Zemlya is an group of islands of about 30 islands in the Arctic Ocean. The islands were known as Emperor Nicholas II Land. Severnaya Zemlya was first noted in 1913 and first charted in 1930–32, making it the last group of islands on Earth to be discovered. Politically, the islands are part of Russia's Krasnoyarsk Krai region, but are uninhabited by humans except for an Arctic base. There is a meteorological station on Golomjanny island. Scientists live there for some months of the year.

Severnaya Zemlya splits the Arctic sea into an western part, called Laptev Sea, and an eastern part, called Kara Sea.

A phenomenon called Arctic sea ice decline can be shown on the islands: In the 20th century, the islands were a portion of Eurasia which was always covered by ice. Even as the ice melted in summer, some of the ice remained, and blocked what is called the Northeast Passage. If it were ice free the Northeast passage would permit to naviagate from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean easily. By the late summer of 2012, the permanent ice had reached a record low extent and open water appeared to the north of the archipelago.

References

Archipelagos
Arctic islands
Islands of Russia

Severnaya Zemlya


Hundvåg Fotballklubb is an association football club from the suburban island of Hundvåg in Stavanger, Norway.

In August 2005 the football club became independent from Hundvåg IL. This meant that the organising of members became easier, and the finances of the club were more manageable.  Having played five consecutive seasons in the Norwegian Division Three, the side were relegated following the 2005 season. Tony Knapp managed the side at the time.. In 2012, the team won promotion back to 3. divisjon.

References

External links
Website

Football clubs in Norway
Sport in Stavanger
Association football clubs established in 1971
1971 establishments in Norway

Hundvåg FK


KWCD (92.3 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a Country Western format. It is licensed to Bisbee, Arizona, United States. This station serves southern Cochise County, Arizona and a small piece of northern Sonora, Mexico. The station is currently owned by Townsquare Media.

History
This station went on the air using the call sign KBAZ (meaning: Bisbee AriZona) on October 12, 1979. This station was the second FM radio station in southern Cochise County AZ. In 1982, under new ownership, this station rebranded itself, changed its call sign to KZMK (meaning: cosmic) and was called "The Starship". For several months prior to the change, billboards appeared around Cochise County featuring a flying saucer with the words "the starship is coming", leaving people to wonder what the billboards meant. Just prior to the change, the call sign and the frequency were added to the billboards as well as the wording was changed to "the starship is here".

KZMK entered into direct competition with KTAZ-FM, which was at the time the number 1 rock and roll station in the area. KZMK broadcasts with considerably less power than its rival KTAZ, (55 watts -vs- 3000 watts) and was called by broadcasters "the 50 watt blowtorch", however KZMK's signal covers a greater area, to include all of the populated areas in southern Cochise County as well as parts of northern Cochise County and parts of northern Sonora, Mexico because its transmitter is located on a mountain peak, at an approximate elevation of 7,000 feet above sea level. Ironically both stations are now owned by the same company

On September 1, 1993, the station changed its call sign to the current KWCD, and changed its format to Country Western. The call sign KZMK was assumed by its old rival KTAZ-FM. The station's power was later increased to 90 watts.

History of ownership
1979–1982  Wrye and Associates

1982–1996  Copper Valley Broadcasting

1996–2000  DB Broadcasting

2000–2003  Commonwealth Broadcasting

2003–2022  Cherry Creek Media

2022–present  Townsquare Media

References

External links

Country radio stations in the United States
WCD
Townsquare Media radio stations

KWCD


Elachista herrichii is a moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found from the Baltic region to the Pyrenees, Italy and Romania.

The larvae feed on Agrostis, Bromus pannonicus, Festuca arvernensis, Holcus, Koeleria glauca and Koeleria macrantha. They mine the leaves of their host plant. Just after hibernation, the larvae create mine which has the form of a fine, yellowish green shallow corridor in the basal part of the leaf. It then turns upwards and widens to the full width of the blade. The frass is scattered irregularly. Pupation takes place outside of the mine. They are yellow with a pale brown head. Larvae can be found from autumn to April or May and again from July to early August.

References

herrichii
Moths described in 1859
Moths of Europe

Elachista herrichii