The Stark Museum of Art in Orange, Texas, houses one of the nation's most significant collections of American Western art. The Western Art collection conveys the artistic interpretation of the western region over two centuries.

It spans the explorations of the nineteenth century to the artistic colonies of the twentieth century. Among the many artists represented are John James Audubon, Albert Bierstadt, Frederic Remington, Charles Marion Russell, and Georgia O'Keeffe. The Stark Museum of Art presents special changing exhibitions to explore themes in greater depth and with new approaches.

The Decorative Arts collection features natural and historical themes in glass and porcelain. Highlights include the only complete set of The United States in Crystal from Steuben Glass, as well as the entire series of porcelain birds by Dorothy Doughty.

The American Indian collection consists of art created by members of the tribes of the Great Plains, Southwest, Eastern Woodlands, and Northwest Coast. It includes examples of Plains clothing, body ornaments, beadwork, baskets, pottery, kachina carvings, and Navajo rugs and blankets.

The Rare Books and Manuscripts collection enhances the Museum's holdings in Western American art and in natural history subjects. Treasures include letters and manuscript journals by artists such as John James Audubon, Paul Kane, and Charles Marion Russell. The collection also holds first-edition publications on natural history, such as Audubon's personal copy of The Birds of America.

The Stark Museum of Art provides educational resources and programs for the general public and for students, teachers, and researchers. It invites families to explore the Museum with their children and discover interactive activities.

The Stark Museum of Art offers guided tours for school groups and other groups of 10-72 persons by advance appointment.

The Stark Museum of Art is a program of the Nelda C. and H.J. Lutcher Stark Foundation, a non-profit organization.

References

External links

Art museums and galleries in Texas
Museums in Orange County, Texas
American West museums in Texas
Museums of American art
Art museums established in 1978
1978 establishments in Texas

Stark Museum of Art


Matti Bye (born July 25, 1966) is a Swedish pianist and composer. He has composed music for over 30 films and TV series as well as additional scores for Theatre and Dance pieces. In 2014, he was nominated twice at Sweden's Guldbagge Awards in which his soundtrack for the film Faro won the award. He also won a Gudbagge in 2009 for his score for the film Everlasting Moments. He has recorded and released numerous solo and collaboration records, include Hydra's Dream, with Anna Von Hausswolff; Maailma, with cult Finnish songwriter Lau Nau; and has collaborated live with producer and musician Samuli Kosminen.

Life and career
Bye was brought up by his mother, renowned Swedish actress Birgitta Andersson, while his father was Norwegian playwright Anders Bye. At the age of 20, Stockholm's celebrated Cinematheque Theatre contacted Bye about performing live to old silent films. "Silent film music was like a blank spot on the music map, but I recognised the freedom I'd have as a musician, and the force of the poetry in these forgotten images. To play piano for these films was like a dream. So I started my own 'university' in the cinema, improvising directly in front of the film screen, trying new pieces and styles in front of a live audience. The beauty is that you feel the past through these beautiful films," he says of the style that gradually developed in this environment, "but through the music you can add a new layer of something contemporary too." As his reputation spread, Bye recognised that, thanks to the diversity of his interests, he'd stumbled on a singularly romantic style. "I started out as a piano improviser," he says, "and suddenly I realised I was composing, and that I'm a composer."

By the late 1990s, Bye had progressed from silent films to composing for new ones, including documentaries.  Since then Bye has composed music to over 30 films not to mention a host of music to theatre and dance pieces. In 2014 he received two of the three nominations for Best Original Music Award at Sweden's prestigious Guldbaggen – his soundtrack for Faro took the honour (as well as a Nordic Film Music Prize) ahead of his work for The Hundred-Year-Old Man Who Climbed Out the Window And Disappeared. He's also provided new music for, among others, Victor Sjöström's seminal horror The Phantom Carriage (1921) and The Saga of Gosta Berling (1924), a landmark melodrama starring Greta Garbo.

He's recorded a number of solo works, too, not least 2010's Drömt and 2013's Bethanien, the latter inspired by a two-year sojourn in Berlin working in Kreuzbergcultural centre of the same name.  In the Fall of 2017 Bye will release a new solo record titled This Forgotten Land as well as a soundtrack to the film Superswede.

Discography
 2022 - Young Royals: Season 2 (Soundtrack from the Netflix series)
 2021 - Young Royals (Soundtrack from the Netflix series)
 2021 - Tove (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
 2019 - One Last Deal (Tuntematon mestari)
 2017 - Superswede (Original Film Soundtrack)
 2017 - This Forgotten Land (Tona Serenad)
 2016 – Elephant made the piano EP (1631 Recordings)
 2016 – A Serious Game (Cosmos Music)
 2014 – Hydras Dream: The Little Match Girl (Denovali)
 2014 – Hundraåringen som klev ut genom fönstret och försvann
 2014 – Maiilma: Speculum (Rotor)
 2013 – Bethanien (Tona Serenad)
 2013 – Matti Bye: Faro (Rotor)
 2013 – Walrus (Electricity Records)
 2011 – Matti Bye, Mattias Olsson & Martina Hoogland Ivanow: Elephant & Castle (Kning Disk)
 2009 – Matti Bye: Drömt (Rotor)
 2009 – Vinter – Vinter II (Tjärnen)
 2008 – Matti Bye: Gösta Berlings Saga (Rotor)
 2008 – Maailma – Noitalauluja (Tjärnen)
 2003 – Matti Bye: Körlkarlen (Rotor)

Music for film
 2022 - Marcel! (Jasmine Trinca)
 2022 - Dag för dag (Felix Herngren)
 2021 - Young royals (Netflix)
 2020 - Tove (Zaida Bergroth)
 2020 - Livet efter döden (Klaus Härö)
 2019 - Tuntematon mestari (Klaus Härö)
 2017 - Superswede (Nice Drama)
 2017 - Enkelstöten (TV 4)
 2016 – Hundraettåringen som smet från notan och försvann (Felix Herngren, Måns Herngren)
 2016 – Den Allvarsamma Leken (Pernilla August)
 2015 – Förvaret (documentary)
 2013 – Hundraåringen som klev ut genom fönstret och försvann (Felix Herngren)
 2013 – Faro (Fredrik Edfelt)
 2011 – Snigeln (short, Jan Troell)
 2011 – Bibliotekstjuven (TV series)
 2010 – Filmen var min älskarinna "…But Film is My Mistress" (documentary about Ingmar Bergman)
 2010 – Sebbe (Babak Najafi)
 2009 – Bilder från lekstugan "Images from The Playground" (documentary about Ingmar Bergman)
 2009 – Elkland (short)
 2008 – Maria Larssons eviga ögonblick "Everlasting Moments" (Jan Troell)
 2008 – Mellan oss (short)
 2007 – Fritt fall (short)
 2006 – En uppstoppad hund (TV movie)
 2006 – Quinze (short)
 2006 – Brevbärarens hemlighet (short)
 2005 – Krama mig "Love and Happiness" (Kristina Humle)
 2005 – En god dag "A Good Day" (short)
 1999 – Vuxna människor (Felix Henrgren)
 1998 – Homo Sapiens 1900 (documentary by Peter Cohen)
 1995 – Sista skriket "The Last Gasp" (TV play by Ingmar Bergman)
 1924 – Gösta Berling Saga "The Saga of Gosta Berling" (Mauritz Stiller)
 1922 – Häxan "Witchcraft through ages" (restored version: 2006)
 1921 – Körkarlen "Phantom Carriage" (Victor Sjöström)
 1920 – Erotikon (Mauritz Stiller)
 1919 – Herr Arnes Pengar "Sir Arnes´s Treasures" (Mauritz Stiller)
 1916 – Dödskyssen (short) (restored version: 2002)

References

External links
 Matti Bye at The Internet Movie Database
 Official Website
 Eat Drink Films Interview

1966 births
Living people
Swedish composers
Swedish male composers
Swedish people of Norwegian descent
Swedish pianists
Male pianists
21st-century pianists
21st-century Swedish male musicians

Matti Bye


David Anear (born 26 March 1948) is an Australian archer.

Born in Lowestoft, United Kingdom David lived in many places including Yemen and Germany thanks to his father being in the Royal Air Force. The family moved to Australia in the 1960s.

Represented Australia in the 1976 Olympic Games where he scored 2407 points, to reach 13th place.

He was one of the bearers of the Olympic Torch for the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia. He carried the Olympic Torch through Healesville in Victoria.

David is a multiple National champion in archery with the Olympic recurve bow, barebow recurve and Longbow. He has also served as president to Diamond Valley Archers Inc archery club in Yarrambat Victoria where he was awarded a Life Membership.

References

1948 births
Living people
Australian male archers
Olympic archers for Australia
Archers at the 1976 Summer Olympics
People from Lowestoft

David Anear


The Book Club Bible is a non-fiction anthology of literary review, with a foreword by Lionel Shriver, whose novel We Need to Talk About Kevin has its own prominent entry. Aside from providing a synopsis for each book, the text also features background information on the author, suggested comparison volumes, a detailed historical context and starting points for group discussion. The intention of the anthology is to encourage book club members to seek out and discuss important contemporary or classical works.

Novels featured
Notes on a Scandal by Zoë Heller
The Lovely Bones by Alice Sebold
The Time Traveler's Wife by Audrey Niffenegger
Lady Chatterley's Lover by D. H. Lawrence
Rebecca by Daphne Du Maurier
The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath
Atonement by Ian McEwan
A Clockwork Orange by Anthony Burgess

References

2007 books
American anthologies
Book review

The Book Club Bible


WarGames is a specialized steel cage match in professional wrestling. The match usually involves two teams of either four, five, or more wrestlers locked inside a steel cage that encompasses two rings placed side by side. The cage may or may not have a roof, depending on which professional wrestling promotion the match is held in.

Created by Dusty Rhodes in 1987, the WarGames match was originally used in Jim Crockett Promotions (JCP) of the National Wrestling Alliance, and later, held annually in World Championship Wrestling (WCW), usually at the Fall Brawl pay-per-view event. These original WarGames matches had a roof on the cage with no pinfalls as a win situation, although later WCW versions allowed pinfalls to win.

Since 2017, WWE, which purchased the assets of WCW in 2001, has held annual WarGames matches at WarGames branded events. WWE's WarGames matches do not have a roof on the cage and also allow pinfalls as a win situation.

In 2021, All Elite Wrestling (AEW) established its own version of the match called Blood and Guts, which is based on the original JCP version with a roof on the cage and no pinfalls. AEW holds the match annually at its Blood & Guts branded event.

Over the years, other promotions have held their own versions of WarGames matches under different names.

History
The WarGames match was created when Dusty Rhodes was inspired by a viewing of Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome. It was originally used as a specialty match for the Four Horsemen. The first WarGames match took place at The Omni in Atlanta, Georgia during the National Wrestling Alliance's (NWA) Jim Crockett Promotions' (JCP) Great American Bash '87 tour, where it was known as War Games: The Match Beyond. It would be held at three house shows later that year, once at the Miami Orange Bowl, once in Chicago at the UIC Pavilion, and the other at the NWA's debut at the Nassau Coliseum on Long Island. In 1988, JCP was sold to Turner Broadcasting and rebranded as World Championship Wrestling (WCW), although with WCW still under the NWA. That year, WarGames would be held during the Great American Bash Tour in 1988 at 11 house shows (one was released on the WWE Horsemen DVD). The final War Games matches under the NWA/WCW banner were at The Great American Bash in 1989 and a house show rematch at The Omni in Atlanta. WCW, no longer under the NWA, then first used the match in 1991 at WrestleWar and at five house shows during the 1991 Great American Bash tour and in 1992 at WrestleWar, before it became a traditional Fall Brawl event from 1993 to 1998.

In 2001, the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, renamed to WWE in 2002) purchased WCW and its assets, including the rights to the WarGames name. WWE, however, would not use the match concept until 2017, when the promotion revived the match to be held for their developmental brand NXT at an event titled NXT TakeOver: WarGames. This would become an annual NXT TakeOver event for WWE until 2021. That year, the TakeOver series was discontinued, but a WarGames event was still held for NXT in December. The following year, WWE rebranded its annual Survivor Series pay-per-view for the main roster brands, Raw and SmackDown, as Survivor Series WarGames, marking WWE's first main roster event to feature the match.

Format
The WarGames match consists of two or three teams, with between three and five participants facing off with each other in staggered entry format.

The setup of the cage consists of two rings side by side with a ring-encompassing rectangular cage that covered both rings, but not the ringside area. Doors are placed at far corners of the cage, near where the opposing teams wait to enter, so the teams do not contact each other before they enter the match.

The match begins with one member of each team entering the cage. After five minutes, a member from one of the teams (usually determined by a coin toss, and almost always the "heel" team in order to provide heat) would enter the cage, giving his team the temporary 2-on-1 handicap advantage. After two minutes, a member from the other team would enter to even the odds for the next 2 minutes. Entrants alternate between teams every two minutes, giving the coin toss-winning team the temporary advantage in terms of numbers, before giving the other team the advantage with the freshest man and even odds.

Teams continue to alternate during the two-minute periods until all participants are in the ring.

Once all participants enter the cage, what is referred to as "The Match Beyond" begins. Both teams wrestle each other in the cage until any participant either submits, surrenders, or is knocked unconscious. There originally were no pinfalls, no count-outs, and no disqualifications. However, later WCW versions began to allow pinfalls.

In WWE and Major League Wrestling's variations, the cage is roofless and pinfalls are allowed. In WWE's variation, however, if one member of a team escapes the cage, their whole team is disqualified. In a 2022 interview with The Ringer, Triple H explained the removal of the cage's roof. Triple H said:

On the October 31, 2019, episode of WWE NXT, the first-ever women's WarGames match was announced for that year's NXT TakeOver: WarGames event. Women Superstars Uncensored and Pro-Wrestling: EVE have previously held variations of the WarGames match, but this would be the first official match to follow the WarGames format.

NWA/WCW/WWE Match history

Participant list
WWE

Males

Females

NWA

WCW

WCW WarGames variations

1998
In 1998, WCW decided to try something different and converted WarGames into a 3-team, 9-man competition (with the same cage and entry format, but they allowed pinfalls) for the #1 Contendership to the WCW World Heavyweight Title.

Team WCW consisted of: Diamond Dallas Page, Roddy Piper, The Warrior
Team Hollywood consisted of: Hollywood Hogan, Stevie Ray, Bret Hart
Team Wolfpac consisted of: Kevin Nash, Sting, Lex Luger

Hogan entered the cage early, by force, so he and Stevie Ray could take out all the other participants, including their teammate Bret Hart. When Hogan went to pin Kevin Nash, smoke engulfed the ring and it appeared that The Warrior had magically entered the cage. Hogan and Stevie Ray beat him down, but more smoke appeared, and when it cleared away The Warrior was gone leaving Hogan holding his coat. The real Warrior then ran out from the back to enter the match. Hogan would eventually force his way out of the cage door, with Warrior following suit by climbing up the cage wall and kicking it in.

Davey Boy Smith suffered a near career ending back injury earlier that night after he fell on the trap door WCW used for this stunt.  He became dependent on painkillers during his rehabilitation from this injury which would ultimately contribute to his early death. Perry Saturn was also injured from the trap door, but not as severely.

Page won the match by scoring the Diamond Cutter on Stevie Ray for the pinfall victory. He went on to Halloween Havoc to face Goldberg for the title, only to lose after being hit with a spear and Jackhammer.

2000
After the WarGames match was not held in 1999, Vince Russo brought back WarGames in a new format he called "WarGames 2000", with the tagline "Russo's Revenge". It was held on the September 4, 2000 episode of WCW Nitro. The match consisted of two teams vying for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship in a three-tiered cage first seen in the climax of the WCW produced film Ready to Rumble and later used at Slamboree in May 2000. The rules combined the traditional WarGames entry formats with the rules of the Triple Cage match at Slamboree, which required the competitors to scale the cages in order to retrieve the belt. There were two differences between the matches, however. Instead of the belt hanging above the roof of the third cage, it was instead placed inside said cage. Second, in order to win the match, someone had to escape from the bottom cage with the belt; this meant that a wrestler had to climb up through both cages, open the third cage to get the belt, and then climb back down and leave the cage all while avoiding the other participants who could steal the belt from him and take it for themselves without ever having to leave the bottom cage.

The match pitted Sting, Booker T, Goldberg, and KroniK (Brian Adams and Bryan Clark) against Russo's hand-picked team: WCW World Champion Kevin Nash, Jeff Jarrett, Scott Steiner, and The Harris Brothers (Don and Ron).

The match had been scheduled as a four-on-four match, with Sting, Booker T, Goldberg and Ernest Miller against Nash, Jarrett, Steiner and Russo. Earlier in the night, each man from the first team was forced to wrestle a qualifying match to compete: Sting beat both Vampiro and The Great Muta in a handicap match, Goldberg defeated Shane Douglas, and Booker T had to defeat his brother Stevie Ray. However, Miller lost to KroniK in a handicap match, making it five-on-four. Thus, when it was his turn to enter, Russo sent the Harris Brothers instead, making it 6 on 5.

During the match, Nash teased a betrayal: when he entered the first cage, he chokeslammed Sting then grabbed Steiner, Jarrett and Russo by the throats. However, as Russo was later walking to the door, Nash grabbed and hugged him.

The Harris Brothers and KroniK drove each other out of the arena. Booker T retrieved the belt from the top, but Russo interfered on behalf of his team. Ernest Miller entered the ring but was Jackknife Powerbombed by Nash. Steiner and Jarrett handcuffed Sting and Booker to the walls of the second cage. Goldberg broke free of the handcuffs which held him to the turnbuckle of the ring and attempted to leave the cage with the belt, but was cut off by Bret Hart, who slammed the cage door in his face. Nash then retrieved the title belt and walked out the cage door, retaining the title.

All Elite Wrestling matches
All Elite Wrestling (AEW) announced during Revolution that it would debut their version of WarGames - dubbed "Blood and Guts" - on March 25, 2020 during a special episode of its weekly series Dynamite. Blood and Guts is based largely on the original Crockett-era WarGames rules, with a win condition of submission or surrender (no pinfalls, countouts, or escaping the cage) except with no win condition when a wrestler is knocked unconscious. The inaugural match was announced to be The Elite (Adam Page, Cody Rhodes, Kenny Omega, and Matt and Nick Jackson) vs. The Inner Circle (Chris Jericho, Jake Hager, Sammy Guevara, Santana and Ortiz). Nick Jackson was attacked by The Inner Circle, leaving him out indefinitely. The Inner Circle (Jake Hager, Santana and Ortiz) defeated The Elite (Adam Page, Cody, Matt Jackson) on the March 18 episode of Dynamite, giving them the entry advantage. After the match with The Elite seemingly expected to be outnumbered 5-on-4 going into the event, Matt Jackson revealed the debuting Matt Hardy as their fifth member. However to the COVID-19 pandemic, the event was cancelled.

The concept was reintroduced in April 2021, when Jericho announced that The Inner Circle would participate in the inaugural Blood and Guts match against The Pinnacle (MJF, Wardlow, Shawn Spears, FTR) on the May 5, 2021 episode of Dynamite.  Blood and Guts would then become an annual tradition in AEW, with events taking place in 2022, and 2023 on special "Blood & Guts" episodes of Dynamite.

Blood and Guts matches

Other promotions

Combat Zone Wrestling
Combat Zone Wrestling has used WarGames stipulations the some of their Cage of Death events, the most recent being in Cage Of Death XV (2013). For Cage of Death 5, in that there were two rings; one of them was surrounded by the cage, and the other was filled with "one million" thumbtacks (the actual amount has never been verified). Above the two rings was scaffolding walkway on which the wrestlers could walk on at any time. The match started with two members of each team, and every 90 seconds a wrestler, from either team, entered the match according to the number they drew before the match started. These eliminations which will occurred in that would happen when a wrestler would hit the arena floor; however, Cage of Death 5 also had rules that the wrestlers who were not tossed out of or off the cage, that they could travel a scaffold hanging above another ring filled with thumbtacks to safety, scoring points for the team. For Cage of Death 6 there were eliminations that would happen when a wrestler would hit the arena floor much like Cage of Death 5 the year before, the difference being that the tag team titles were hanging on a scaffold stretched across the length of the top of the cage overlooking the two rings, plus all weapons littered around double caged ring.

Cage of Death 7 just had standard pinfall and submissions after all combatants entered the cage. For 2008's Cage of Death, the large eight-sided cage that surrounds the entire ringside area with a barbwire spidernet setup on one side and glass setup on another side with tables underneath and two scaffold platforms across the ring from each other. All different Hardcore and deathmatch wrestling weapons such as thumbtack turnbuckles, barbed wire bats, staple guns, light tubes, barbed wire, baseball bats, thumbtacks, panes of glass, and all others littered around it for wrestlers to use. The WarGames rules returned with pinfalls and submissions that could be done throughout the match after all combatants of either team entered the cage.

Extreme Championship Wrestling
Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) held a version of WarGames known as an "Ultimate Jeopardy steel cage match"; the match is conducted in a similar manner to WarGames, with victory by submission, pinfall, knockout, or surrender, but with weapons provided, and stipulation penalties for the losing team.

The first Ultimate Jeopardy match was held at Ultimate Jeopardy 1994, between Shane Douglas, Mr. Hughes and The Public Enemy, and a team of Terry Funk, Road Warrior Hawk, Kevin Sullivan and The Tazmaniac for the ECW World Heavyweight Championship.

IWA Mid-South
Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South presented "No Blood, No Guts, No Glory 2005" at the National Guard Armory in Valparaiso, Indiana on Saturday night, July 2, 2005. The match pitted "Team Ian" Ian Rotten, Axl Rotten, Chris Hero, Corporal Robinson and Bull Pain against "Team Fannin" B. J. Whitmer, Eddie Kingston, Mark Wolf, J. C. Bailey, and Steve Stone and "Team NWA" Eric Priest, Chandler McClure, Tank and Sal and Vito Thomaselli in a double-ring, double-cage, three-team War Games match, with the winning team taking full control of the IWA-MS. The match was won when JC Bailey caused his own team to be outnumbered, allowing Ian Rotten's Team IWA to capitalize and win the match.

Major League Wrestling
Two WarGames matches would be promoted by Major League Wrestling (MLW).

On September 19, 2003, the WarGames TV Taping was held at the Fort Lauderdale, FL War Memorial Auditorium. The Funkin' Army (Terry Funk, The Sandman, Steve Williams, Sabu, and Bill Alfonso) defeated The Extreme Horsemen (Steve Corino, Simon Diamond, C. W. Anderson, PJ Walker, and Barry Windham) when Funk made Corino submit following a fireball to Corino's face.

In 2018, MLW would return to Fort Lauderdale for a second WarGames event, which was a TV taping for MLW Fusion on BeIN Sports.

Pro Wrestling Unplugged
Pro Wrestling Unplugged (PWU) had held a match called "Cuffed and Caged" match on January 20, 2007. It is somewhat similar to a Lethal Lockdown match in TNA, but with a few small differences.

Two teams of five wrestlers take part in this match. Starts with one member of each team, with one new member added to the match at certain time intervals until all ten are in.

The main differences between this match and a Lethal Lockdown and WarGames match, is that in this match wrestlers are eliminated by pin or submit in the cage or getting handcuffed to the outside of the cage. The winner is the one man or team left standing after all members of opposing team are eliminated.

Pro-Wrestling:EVE
Pro-Wrestling: EVE presented the second ever all female War Games match. It had a steel cage surrounding only the one ring, but all other rules were the same as the original concept. It was the opening contest as part of the first WrestleQueendom event in the iconic York Hall, in Bethnal Green, London on Saturday 5 May 2018. The teams of "Squad Goals" consisting of Rhia O'Reily, Laura Di Matteo, Addy Starr and Emi Sakura and "The Deserving" made up of Jamie Hayter, Charli Evans, Jayla Dark and Blue Nikita competed in the bout. Highlights include a brawl outside the cage before the match started, O'Reilly entering the cage last and diving onto all the competitors and Squad Goals locking in a submission on each member of The Deserving to win the match.

Ring of Honor
In December 2005, Ring of Honor held the first Steel Cage Warfare match. It was used to settle the year-long feud between Generation Next and their former leader Alex Shelley, who was now with The Embassy. The match consisted of only one ring but followed the War Games match in that two wrestlers from each team started the match, and after five minutes another wrestler would enter, then every two minutes after another wrestler would enter. The main difference, however, is that the match was an elimination match contested by teams of three, four, or more. Wrestlers can be eliminated at any point by either pin fall or submission.

In July 2006, Ring of Honor held another War Games style match to settle their feud with Combat Zone Wrestling. ROH challenged them to a Steel Cage Warfare match, but CZW said they would only compete if it were their Cage of Death match. This match that could be contested under WarGames rules so the match can only end when all members of both teams have entered the cage. The cage itself is a yellow-steel wired and eight-sided, and surrounds the entire ringside area. All sorts of weapons surround between the ring and the cage walls. The match starts 2 men for 5 minutes, then having a coin flip to see what team would have the advantage with a new man entering every two minutes.

In September 2008, Ring of Honor held a three 'team' Steel Cage Warfare match. This pitted the team of The Briscoe Brothers and Austin Aries, against the team of The Age of the Fall represented by Delirious, Jimmy Jacobs and Tyler Black, against Necro Butcher who fought alone with no partners. The match was held under the same rules, stating Butcher although alone could be drawn and enter the match at any time regardless of a man advantage held by the other teams.

In June 2013, another Steel Cage Warfare match was held, pitting an ROH team of B. J. Whitmer, Michael Elgin, Jay Lethal and Kevin Steen against the S.C.U.M. team of Jimmy Jacobs, Rhino, Cliff Compton and Rhett Titus, where if the ROH team wins, S.C.U.M. must disband, but if the S.C.U.M. team wins, Steve Corino replaces Nigel McGuinness as match maker. Team ROH won the match on a taped episode of Ring of Honor Wrestling television.

Tennessee

Smoky Mountain Wrestling (Knoxville)
The Knoxville, Tennessee-based Smoky Mountain Wrestling (SMW) had their own variation of the WarGames match, called Rage in a Cage. In Rage in a Cage, the ring was surrounded by a cage made of the wooden frameworks and regular fence wires. The match began with one member of each team entering the cage. After five minutes, a member from one of the teams (usually determined by a coin toss) would enter the cage, giving his team the temporary handicap advantage. After two minutes, a member from the other team would enter to even the odds. Once all eight or ten men (depending on team size) had entered the cage, the match begins. The object of the match was to eliminate one-by-one by submitting or handcuffing all members of the opposing team to and in the cage. The first Rage in a Cage match was held at the Civic Coliseum in Knoxville on May 9, 1993, with The Rock n' Roll Express (Ricky Morton and Robert Gibson), The Stud Stable (Robert Fuller and Jimmy Golden), and Brian Lee defeating The Heavenly Bodies (Tom Prichard and Stan Lane), Killer Kyle, Kevin Sullivan, and The Tazmaniac.

United States Wrestling Association (Memphis)
In the summer of 1995, a inter-promotional feud between Smoky Mountain Wrestling and the Memphis, Tennessee-based United States Wrestling Association saw the match move across the state. On August 7, 1995, the Rage in a Cage match was held at the Mid-South Coliseum in Memphis, which saw Team USWA (Bill Dundee, Billy Jack Haynes, Tommy Rich, Doug Gilbert, Brian Lee, Steven Dunn, & PG-13 (J. C. Ice and Wolfie D)) defeat Team SMW (Tracy Smothers, Robert Gibson, Brad Armstrong, Buddy Landell, The Heavenly Bodies (Tom Prichard and Jimmy Del Ray), Terry Gordy, Pat Tanaka & D-Lo Brown).

Impact Wrestling
Impact Wrestling, then known as NWA: Total Nonstop Action, had their own variation of the WarGames match known as the "Wednesday Bloody Wednesday" Steel Cage match. The single ring was surrounded by a large single steel cage with poles attached to the ring posts measured about five to six feet above the turnbuckles, with single chains wrapped from and hanging on the poles to various points on the ring itself with many weapons hanging from and attached to steel chains above itself but followed the rules of War Games match in that two wrestlers from both teams started the match, and after ninety seconds another wrestler would enter. The only way to win is by pinfall or submission. The first and only "Wednesday Bloody Wednesday" Steel Cage match was contested on September 3, 2003 between a team of AJ Styles, Shane Douglas, Christopher Daniels, Simon Diamond and Johnny Swinger and a team of Jeff Jarrett, Raven, D'Lo Brown, Chris Harris and James Storm.

Later, Impact would introduce the Lethal Lockdown match for their annual Lockdown pay-per-view. The only differences are that one ring enclosed by a steel cage with two teams facing off with each other. The staggered entry system is identical, but weapons are permitted and are even provided. The match begins with two wrestlers who must fight for 5 minutes; after that, a member from one of the teams (usually determined by a coin toss) would enter the cage, giving his team the temporary handicap advantage. After two minutes, a member from the other team would enter to even the odds. Entrants alternated between teams every two minutes, giving the coin toss-winning team the temporary advantage in the numbers game before giving the other team the advantage with the freshest man and even odds. When all competitors have entered the ring, a roof is lowered onto the top of the cage, with various weapons hanging from it. Victory can be attained by pinfall or submission.

Another variant in Impact Wrestling is the Hardcore War match, which is in a single ring and is not a cage match but otherwise resembles WarGames. Two teams face off and there are staggered entries for each, and the match being unable to finish until all competitors have entered. The match ends via pinfall or submission in the ring.

United Wrestling Federation
On September 21, 2007 United Wrestling Federation held a WarGame match in Richmond Va. Team Sgt. Slaughter (Rick and Scott Steiner; Dustin Rhodes and Kirby and TJ Mack) def. Team JBL (Homicide and Hernandez; Steve Corino; CW Anderson and Elix Skipper) in a double ring double cage WarGames match, dubbed as and entitled "Uncivil War", when Scott Steiner submitted Corino with the Steiner Recliner as Slaughter simultaneously submitted JBL with the cobra clutch.

Women Superstars Uncensored
Women Superstars Uncensored presented the first ever War Games match with female wrestlers on November 19, 2011 as part of their Breaking Barriers II iPPV. The match featured two trios - Team WSU of Mercedes Martinez, Alicia and Brittney Savage, and the Midwest Militia of Jessicka Havok, Allysin Kay and Sassy Stephie. The match was contested in a steel cage surrounding only one ring, but all other rules were the same as the original concept. The Midwest Militia won the match when Havok threatened to murder an injured Martinez with a machete, and Savage surrendered on Martinez's behalf.

World Wrestling Entertainment

In June 2013, WWE released a DVD anthology set, War Games: WCW's Most Notorious Matches.

During the November 2017 tapings for WWE NXT, it was announced that at NXT TakeOver: Houston, the main event would be a WarGames match. The event was subsequently renamed to NXT TakeOver: WarGames. This would be the first official WarGames match in nearly 20 years. The match was quite different from standard WarGames- including the cage having no roof (although escaping the cage forfeited the match for that person's team), pinfalls being allowed, and all remaining members of a team entering at the same time. The match involved three teams, with The Undisputed Era defeating Sanity and Roderick Strong/The Authors of Pain.

NXT TakeOver events preceding WWE's Survivor Series pay-per-view have since continued to be headlined by WarGames, with NXT TakeOver: WarGames (2019) featuring two WarGames matches, one of which was WWE's first-ever women's WarGames match.

In 2022, WWE moved the WarGames from NXT onto their main roster with both Men's & Women's matches taking place at Survivor Series (2022). The Women's match featured Team Belair (Bianca Belair, Alexa Bliss, Asuka, Mia Yim, and Becky Lynch) defeating Team Bayley (Damage CTRL (Bayley, Dakota Kai, and Iyo Sky), Nikki Cross, and Rhea Ripley). The main event consisted of The Bloodline (Roman Reigns, Sami Zayn, Solo Sikoa, and The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso)) (with Paul Heyman) defeating The Brawling Brutes (Sheamus, Ridge Holland, and Butch), Drew McIntyre, and Kevin Owens.

Xtreme Pro Wrestling
Rob Black's Xtreme Pro Wrestling promotion also capitalized on the popularity of the WarGames match by holding one of their own, called "Genocide", with the same rules.  However, in the XPW version of the WarGames match, an 18-feet-high steel cage that encompassed two rings with weapons are in two rings but the three-sided cage top that covers over, around and on the top of only one of the two rings, which surrounded by large steel cage, permitting wrestlers to (hypothetically) brawl each other at a top the cage and do table spots off the top of the cage, plus all weapons permitted and provided; the cage, however, was extremely poorly constructed, and started to fall apart during the match, preventing most of the promised action.

Notes

References

Professional wrestling match types
World Championship Wrestling
WWE NXT
WWE match types

WarGames match


Pere Joan Sala (died 1485) was the leader of the radical remensas in the Second War of the Remences, which began with the uprising of Mieres in 1484.  Joan Sala was the lieutenant of Francesc de Verntallat, but unlike the latter, Joan Sala was a radical revolutionary who wasn't interested in any treaty with royalty.

The Second War of the Remences was motivated by attempted legal action against the assets of the peasants who refused to pay the manorial fees. Additionally, there was an alignment of interests and support between the remensas during the first War of the Remences and King John II in the Catalan Civil War. They were aligned both in time (1462-1472) and in their adversary: the Generalitat and the nobility. However, at the end of the Catalan civil war, the king pretty much forgot about the remensas.

The  tried to curb the revolt without success, and the conflict spread throughout the Principality of Catalonia.

In 1485 in Montornès del Vallès, at the head of 400 peasants, Joan Sala defeated the army of the  commanded by the  .  Later, Joan Sala took the villa of Granollers, from where the revolt spread through Valles, Maresme and the Baix Llobregat. When the threat to  Barcelona became clear, the authorities reacted and defeated them in Les Franqueses del Vallès (Llerona) in March 1485. They then took them prisoner and had them executed.

This remensa rebellion succeeded in getting the monarchy, headed by Ferdinand II of Aragon son of John II, involved with the cause of the remensas and after much negotiation Ferdinand announced, on April 21, 1486, the Sentencia Arbitral de Guadalupe. This decree forgave the rank-and-file insurrectionists but had severe consequences for the leaders of the revolt.

Further reading

References

External links
Pere Joan Sala at llemena.com

Military history of Catalonia
Peasant revolts
Popular revolt in late-medieval Europe
Medieval Spain
Year of birth unknown
1485 deaths

Pere Joan Sala


Stephen B. Burke (born August 14, 1958) is an American businessman. He currently serves as the senior executive vice president of Comcast and chairman of NBCUniversal.

Early life
Steve Burke's father, Daniel Burke, was a former executive of Capital Cities Communications, which acquired the ABC network. Steve Burke graduated from Colgate University in 1980. In 1982, Burke graduated from the Harvard Business School with an MBA.

Career
Burke began his career as an associate product manager in the breakfast food division at General Foods. In January 1986, Burke joined The Walt Disney Company and founded the Disney Store concept for the consumer product division. From 1992 to 1996, Burke served as president and COO of Euro Disney. In 1996, Burke was named executive vice president of ABC after the Walt Disney Company purchased the network. The following year, Burke was named President of ABC Broadcasting.

In 1998, Burke left Disney and became President of Comcast Cable. In 2004, he was named Chief Operating Officer of Comcast Cable, in addition to his title of President. In 2010, it was announced that Burke would become CEO of NBCUniversal after Comcast and General Electric completed a merger. When Comcast and General Electric finished merging the assets of NBCUniversal with Comcast's programming assets the following year, Burke resigned his position as COO of Comcast before becoming CEO of NBCUniversal.

In 2018, Burke led Comcast's acquisition of British pay-TV company, Sky, after dropping out of the bidding war with Disney to purchase 21st Century Fox. In January 2019, Burke announced plans for NBCUniversal to launch a streaming service, later named Peacock, in 2020 using Sky's existing OTT video platform.

As of 2009, Burke has served on the Board of Directors of Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway and JPMorgan Chase. He has also served on the board of trustees of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.

As of 2021, Burke became a board member for onxmaps.com out of Missoula, Montana.  Following being appointed to the onXmaps board, he made a major investment in onXmaps through his family's investment company Madison Valley Partners.

Personal life
Steve Burke married his wife, Gretchen (née Hoadley) on July 23, 1983 and together they have five children. Burke has homes in New York City, Los Angeles and Rancho Cordova.

References

1958 births
Living people
American television executives
Colgate University alumni
Directors of JPMorgan Chase
Harvard Business School alumni
NBC executives
New York (state) Republicans
People from Delaware County, Pennsylvania
Place of birth missing (living people)
NBC chief executive officers
Comcast people
NBCUniversal people
Chairmen of NBCUniversal
20th-century American businesspeople
21st-century American businesspeople

Steve Burke (businessman)


Trash was a popular London indie and electro nightclub run by Erol Alkan.

The club was held weekly on Monday night. The first night was in January 1997, while the last was 10 years later in January 2007. It first existed at the original Plastic People in Soho, then at neighbouring venue The Annexe on Dean Street, before finally finding a home at The End off New Oxford Street in the West End of London.

It was influential in terms of pioneering and popularising new genres of music, such as the garage rock revival and electroclash, with early performances from bands such as the Yeah Yeah Yeahs, LCD Soundsystem, Bloc Party, and Klaxons.

DJs

In its formative years at Plastic People and The Annexe, Trash's DJs were Erol Alkan and James. When the club moved and expanded to The End they were initially joined by Rory Phillips and in the years that followed, Mavs and The Lovely Jonjo.

Songs

For the latter 5 years of the club, the last two tracks played were always the same. "There Is a Light That Never Goes Out" by The Smiths and then "Rock 'n' Roll Suicide" by David Bowie.  Erol Alkan believed "they are the two songs that best reflect club culture, its people and places, highs and lows and bring people together".

The last ever track played was "Dancing Queen" by ABBA.

External links

Article on its influence from The Guardian
Photos from the last night
DJ Mixes from Trash
Videos from Trash

References

Nightclubs in London
Garage punk
Music venues completed in 1997
1997 establishments in England
2007 disestablishments in England

Trash (nightclub)


Frank Edward Hankinson (April 29, 1856 – April 5, 1911) was an American third baseman in the early years of Major League Baseball. He played for the Chicago White Stockings (1878–1879), Cleveland Blues (1880), Troy Trojans (1881), New York Gothams (1883–1884), New York Metropolitans (1885–1887), and Kansas City Cowboys (1888). The Metropolitans and the Cowboys were members of the American Association, while his previous teams were all members of the still-existing National League.

Born in New York City, Hankinson was, for the most part, a third baseman, but over the course of his career he played at every position except catcher; he pitched in 32 games, starting 28 of them. Almost all of his pitching came in 1879 with the White Stockings, when he was 15–10 in 25 starts. He was 16–12 with a solid 2.50 ERA in 266 innings pitched in his career. Hankinson completed all 28 of his starts, 2 of them shutouts.

In a 10-season career, Hankinson batted .228 with 13 home runs and 344 RBIs. He had 122 doubles and a total of 747 hits in 3272 at bats.

Twenty-four days before his 55th birthday, he died in Palisades Park, New Jersey.

External links

1856 births
1911 deaths
Major League Baseball third basemen
Chicago White Stockings players
Cleveland Blues (NL) players
Troy Trojans players
New York Gothams players
New York Metropolitans players
Kansas City Cowboys players
19th-century baseball players
Baseball players from New York (state)
Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery
Alaskas players
New York Metropolitans (minor league) players
Ottawa Modocs players

Frank Hankinson


HMS Loch Killisport (K628/F628) was a  of the British Royal Navy, named after Loch Killisport () in Scotland. Launched in 1944, the ship was not commissioned until July 1945, and served in post-war repatriation operations in the Far East until decommissioned in April 1946. During this time Prince Philip was an officer on board this ship.  Recommissioned in 1950 she served in the Home Fleet for two years, before being extensively modernised for service in the Persian Gulf and Far East. Decommissioned in August 1965, she was sold for scrapping in 1970.

Service history

Far East, 1945–1946
After sea trials Loch Killisport was commissioned in July 1945, sailing for the Far East to serve with the Eastern Fleet in August. In September she sailed from Aden in convoy to Cochin, then to Colombo in October. Based at Singapore for escort duty and support of military operations in Java and Sumatra, she escorted vessels carrying former prisoners of war and civilian internees for repatriation. Prince Philip was an officer on board at that time. She returned to Britain in April 1946 to decommission and was laid-up in Reserve at Plymouth. In 1948 her pennant number was changed to F628.

Home Fleet, 1950–1952
In July 1950 Loch Killisport was towed to HM Dockyard, Sheerness to refit, and was assigned to the 6th Frigate Flotilla, Home Fleet, in November. After anti-submarine training at Derry she joined the flotilla in February 1951 for exercises and visits. In April and May she took part in the search for the submarine  lost in the English Channel. Further exercises and visits followed, around the UK and in the Mediterranean Sea, before she was decommissioned in April 1952. Loch Killisport remained in Reserve at Chatham until April 1953 when she was towed to Blackwall Yard, London for modernisation of her armament and electronics by Green and Silley Weir, which was not completed until June 1954. In September the ship sailed to HM Dockyard, Chatham, for further modifications for tropical service.

Gulf and Far East, 1955–1965

Persian Gulf deployments
Commissioned in February 1955 she sailed for the Persian Gulf, arriving in May for patrol duties. Loch Killisport was sent to assist the Italian tanker MV Argea Prima which was on fire and abandoned in the Strait of Hormuz after a collision with the Dutch MV Tabian. Loch Killisport spent several days – along with  – fighting the fires aboard. Eventually the ship was able to make Bahrain under her own power. The Queen's Commendation was awarded to Engineer Officer H. Ward, and to Chief Engineering Mechanic A. James. In August she sailed to Trincomalee to take part in CENTO "Exercise Jet 55" in the Indian Ocean, then visited Mauritius, the Seychelles, and Mombasa, before returning to the Persian Gulf. She was relieved by  in January 1956, before returning to Portsmouth to refit.

She returned to the Persian Gulf in October 1956, via the Cape of Good Hope because of the closure of the Suez Canal. In mid-December she assisted the American tanker Olympic Games and the British tanker Athel Monarch, which were aground off Bahrain. Patrols in the Persian Gulf occupied most of 1957, though she also sailed to Cochin in April for joint exercises with the Indian Navy, and to Kharg Island for exercises with the Iranian Navy in June. In August she transited the Suez Canal, the first Royal Navy ship to do so after it re-opened, and returned to Chatham.

Loch Killisport returned to the Persian Gulf in February 1958, relieving Loch Fada at Muscat, Oman in April. In September she took part in the salvaging of the French tanker Fernand Gilabert which had collided with Liberian tanker  during heavy weather in the Gulf of Oman. After fires aboard Fernand Gilabert had been extinguished by , the ship was towed to Karachi by Loch Killisport. The ship returned to Portsmouth in February 1959 to refit.

Loch Killisport returned to the Gulf in September for patrols and exercises, including the multi-national CENTO "Exercise Jet 59" at Cochin in December, "Exercise Winged Khanga"  with  and Royal Fleet Auxiliaries in March 1960, and squadron exercises (CASPEX 5) with  in May. She returned to Rosyth in September to refit. The 4-inch mounting was replaced by a new design with a fibreglass gun shield – a prototype for the design to be used for Type 21 and Type 12 frigates – and a centralised air conditioning system was also installed.

Far East deployments

In September 1961 Loch Killisport was assigned to the 3rd Frigate Squadron, Far East Fleet, joining the squadron at Singapore in December. In February 1962 she carried out patrols and supported military operations in Borneo during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation (the Konfrontasi) while based at Tawau. In April she took part in the multi-national "Exercise Jet 62", and in June sailed to Japan for exercises with the United States Navy. In August she returned to Borneo for support and patrols based at Labuan. In September she sailed to Sydney to take part in "Exercise Tucker Box" with ships of the Royal Australian Navy, before visiting ports in New Zealand, and then calling at Suva in Fiji and the Gilbert and Ellice Islands. January 1963 saw her back at Sandakan, Borneo, for patrol and support duties, before returning to Singapore for a lengthy refit and to be joined by a new ship's company. Further support and patrol duties off Borneo followed from July 1963 through into most of the next year, with regular visits to Hong Kong and Singapore to refit and take part in Fleet exercises. She also held a two-day exercise with the Royal Thai Navy in April 1965, and visited Manila with  in June. In July she sailed for Britain, arriving back at Portsmouth to decommission on 4 August 1965.

Disposal
Loch Killisport was laid up in Reserve at Portsmouth. She was put on the Disposal List, and sold to the British Iron & Steel Corporation (BISCO) on 20 February 1970, for demolition by Hughes Bolckow. She arrived in tow at the breaker's yard in Blyth, Northumberland on 18 March.

References

Bibliography

 Marriott, Leo, 1983.  Royal Navy Frigates 1945–1983, Ian Allan Ltd.
  Service Histories of Royal Navy Warships in World War II : HMS Loch Killisport

Killisport (K628)
World War II frigates of the United Kingdom
Cold War frigates of the United Kingdom
1944 ships
Ships built in Belfast
Ships built by Harland and Wolff

HMS Loch Killisport (K628)


Ivane Abazasdze () was an 11th-century Georgian nobleman of the Abazasdze family, who functioned as an eristavi ("duke") of Kartli under King Bagrat IV of Georgia (r. 1027–1072).

During King Bagrat's minority, Ivane Abazasdze assumed an important place in the country's aristocratic regency government. Alongside Liparit IV, Duke of Kldekari, he was instrumental in defeating al-Fadl b. Muhammad, the Shaddadid emir of Ganja in 1030 and capturing, in 1032, Jaffar III b. Ali, an emir of Tiflis, whom the Georgians dispossessed of the fortress of Birtvisi.

The regency advanced the positions of the high nobility whose influence Bagrat tried to limit when he assumed full ruling power. Bagrat's concessions to the powerful duke Liparit made Abazasdze envious. According to the Vita of George the Athonite by Giorgi Mtsire, Ivane and his four brothers withdrew into opposition to the king and plotted to kill him. However, Bagrat was able to capture them and cast in prison, depriving them of their titles.

References

Nobility of Georgia (country)
11th-century people from Georgia (country)
Politicians from Georgia (country)
Year of death unknown
Year of birth unknown

Ivane Abazasdze


OGAS (, "National Automated System for Computation and Information Processing") was a Soviet project to create a nationwide information network. The project began in 1962 but was denied necessary funding in 1970. It was one of a series of socialist attempts to create a nationwide cybernetic network.

The US government in 1962 regarded the project as a major threat due to the "tremendous increments in economic productivity" which could disrupt the world market. Arthur Schlesinger Jr, historian and special assistant to President Kennedy, described "an all out Soviet commitment to cybernetics" as providing the Soviet Union a "tremendous advantage" in respect to production technology, complex of industries, feedback control and self-teaching computers.

Concept

The primary architect of OGAS was Viktor Glushkov. A previous proposal for a national computer network to improve central planning, Anatoly Kitov's Economic Automated Management System, had been rejected in 1959 because of concerns in the military that they would be required to share information with civilian planners.

Glushkov proposed OGAS in 1962 as a three-tier network with a computer centre in Moscow, up to 200 midlevel centres in other major cities, and up to 20,000 local terminals in economically significant locations, communicating in real time using the existing telephone infrastructure. The structure would also permit any terminal to communicate with any other. Glushkov further proposed using the system to move the Soviet Union towards a moneyless economy, using the system for electronic payments.

In 1962, Glushkov estimated that had the paper-driven methods of economic planning continued unchanged in the Soviet Union, then the planning bureaucracy would have grown by almost fortyfold by 1980.

He urged the full implementation of the OGAS project to Politburo members in 1970 with the view: "If we do not do [the full OGAS] now, then in the second half of the 1970s the Soviet economy will encounter such difficulties that we will have to return to this question regardless."

Glushkov sought financial funding with an estimated amount of "no less than 100 billion rubles" or equivalent to $850 billion in 2016 U.S. dollars but believed the saving returns would be fivefold on the first fifteen-year investment.

The project failed because Glushkov's request for funding on 1 October 1970 was denied. The 24th Communist Party Congress in 1971 was to have authorised implementation of the plan, but ultimately endorsed only expansion of local information management systems. Glushkov subsequently pursued another network plan, EGSVT, which was also underfunded and not carried out.

The OGAS proposal was resented by some liberals as excessive central control, but failed primarily because of bureaucratic infighting. It was under the auspices of the Central Statistical Administration, and fell afoul of Vasily Garbuzov, who saw a threat to his Ministry of Finance. When EGSVT failed, the next attempt, SOFE, was done in 1964 by Nikolay Fedorenko, who attempted to build an information network that could be used in economic planning in Soviet Union's planned economy. The project was successful at a micro-level but did not spread into wide use.

Cybernetic economic planning
Beginning in the early 1960s, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union considered moving away from the existing Stalinist command planning in favor of developing an interlinked computerized system of resource allocation based on the principles of Cybernetics. This development was seen as the basis for moving toward optimal planning that could form the basis of a more highly developed form of socialist economy based on informational decentralization and innovation. This was seen as a logical progression given that the material balances system was geared toward rapid industrialization, which the Soviet Union had already achieved in the preceding decades. But by the early 1970s the idea of transcending the status quo was abandoned by the Soviet leadership, who felt the system threatened Party control of the economy. By the early 1970s official interest in this system ended.

By the end of 1970s the "natural" development of Soviet computers lead to creation of the project called Akademset aimed at construction of nationwide optic fiber and radio/satellite digital network but only the Leningrad part of it was actually implemented before dissolution of the USSR. By 1992 Soviet computers serving it were destroyed and in 1990 USSR/Russia obtained a state-independent global Internet connection via telephone to Finland due to efforts of a private telecom enterprise called Relcom.

2016 book
In 2016, a book dedicated to OGAS was published in the US, entitled "How Not to Network a Nation: The Uneasy History of the Soviet Internet", by Benjamin Peters, professor at University of Tulsa. Harvard University professor Jonathan Zittrain commented that the book "fills an important gap in the Internet's history, highlighting the ways in which generativity and openness have been essential to networked innovation". A reviewer of the book at MIT wrote: "Soviet attempts to build a national computer network were undone by socialists who seemed to behave like capitalists".

Notes

See also
 Akademset
 ARPANET
 Cybernetics—in the Service of Communism
 Cybernetics in the Soviet Union
 Era of Stagnation
 Economic planning
 History of the Internet
 History of the Internet in Russia
 Planned economy
 Project Cybersyn
 Scientific socialism

References

Experimental computer networks
Science and technology in the Soviet Union
Cybernetics
Communications in the Soviet Union
Economic planning
Information management
Socialism

OGAS


Thermic siphons (alt. thermic syphons) are heat-exchanging elements in the firebox or combustion chamber of some steam boiler and steam locomotive designs. As they are directly exposed to the radiant heat of combustion, they have a high evaporative capacity relative to their size. By arranging them near-vertically, they also have good water circulation by means of the thermosyphon effect.

History
The concept of a self-circulating thermic syphon began with stationary boilers and relatively simple Galloway tubes. They reached their peak in steam locomotive boilers, where the complexity of a syphon was justified by the need for a compact and lightweight means of increasing boiler capacity. One of the best-known forms for locomotives was invented by the English locomotive engineer  who received a US patent. The Nicholson form combined a complex shape that provided more heating area in a given space than did the earlier tubes and funnels, yet was simple to make, being folded from a single sheet of steel.

Flued boilers

The first high-pressure boilers were a large drum with a central flue, such as the Cornish and Lancashire boilers. Simple tubes were inserted across this flue.

See also
Thermosiphon

References

External links

Photo of lower tube-sections of thermic siphons on Battle of Britain class no. 34059 Sir Archibald Sinclair

Boilers
Locomotive parts

Thermic siphon


Taninges là một xã trong tỉnh Haute-Savoie thuộc vùng Rhône-Alpes đông nam Pháp.

Xem thêm
Xã của tỉnh Haute-Savoie
Taninges is a very pleasant, large village of over 3000 people in the French Alps about 45 phút drive east of Geneva and close to Cluses. It dates back to Roman times, with some Roman mountain tracked, cobble stone tracks.
It has Hotels, restaurants, a cinema, a large Super-U supermarket (With well priced fuel), a river, high quality municipal campsite, lots of walks and cycle tracks and if that wasn't enough a good tourist information center with internet and multi-lingual staff. It is close to the Winter resorts of Pras des Lys, Sommand, and Les Gets.

Tham khảo
INSEE

Xã của Haute-Savoie

Taninges


VanceInfo (officially VanceInfo Technologies Inc.) is an IT outsourcing company headquartered in Beijing, China. It ranks first among Chinese offshore software development service providers for the North American and European markets as measured by 2010 revenues.  The service areas of the company are in tech, telecom, finance, travel, manufacturing, retail and logistics.

In November 2012, the company merged with China-based IT outsourcing industry peer HiSoft to form Pactera.

History
The company was founded in 1995 as Worksoft and started its long-term relationship with IBM.  The company added an office in Dalian in 2004, and in that same year signed a contract with Unicom-BREW and built the PeopleSoft China Development Center.  In the next year important achievements included the building of the TIBCO China Development Center and selection as a Microsoft Preferred Vendor and built its China Offshore Development Centers in Shanghai and Beijing.  In that year, the company expanded by acquiring SureKAM and the US-based Siebel consultancy Envisys, and secured financing from funding by Hao Chen, Legend Capital and Rob Theis, Doll Capital Management (DCM).  More venture capital funding following in 2006 from Kui Zhou and Doug Leone of Sequoia Capital.  The company also in 2006 acquired China-based Prosoft Technology.  2007 was a marquee year in which the company changed its name to VanceInfo and listed on the NYSE, and opened offices in the US in Seattle, Washington and New York.  Further international expansion occurred in 2009 with the opening of a London office and a Melbourne, Australia office in 2010.

The company emerged in the backdrop of partisan political bickering in the US state of Ohio in 2010–2011.  A group of state representatives allied with Service Employees International Union District 199, a branch of a major trade union, pointed out that Mark Kvamme, a political appointee put in charge of creating jobs in Ohio, was a partner in Sequoia Capital, which had invested in VanceInfo.  The state representatives and union branded Kvamme as unfit for the role of creating jobs in the state since he was tied to VanceInfo, an outsourcing company, through his stake in Sequoia Capital.  One of the representatives said: "It seems utterly contradictory that a guy who's the state's leading job creator, supposedly, is trying to bring jobs to the state of Ohio ... while in his private life is benefitting from outsourcing IT jobs to China."

Offices
Headquartered in Beijing, VanceInfo has additional offices in Shanghai, Nanjing, Shenzhen, Dalian, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, Tianjin, Wuhan, Chengdu, Xi'an, Hong Kong, Melbourne, Tokyo, Kuala Lumpur, San Diego, Seattle, San Francisco, New York and London.

See also
Software industry in China
China Software Industry Association

Notes

Companies formerly listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Companies based in Beijing
Business process outsourcing companies
Technology companies established in 1995
Outsourcing companies
1995 establishments in China

VanceInfo


Joram Rozov (; born 1938) is an Israeli artist. He was a professor of art at Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design.

Biography
Joram Rozov was born in Hadera, Israel. In 1958-1962, he studied at the Bezalel Academy of Art and Design in Jerusalem. In 1962-1966, he studied at the Academy of Art in Florence, Italy. After returning to Israel, he taught art and music at Hadera High School. In
1970, taught at the Youth Wing of the Israel Museum. In 1965-1974, he served as dean of students at Bezalel. In 1971-1973, he taught at Cape College in Cape Town, South Africa.

Artistic style
Many of Rosov's realist paintings document his immediate surroundings. He paints landscapes of the Galilee, Hebron, Africa and Tuscany, as well as views of foliage, trees and sabra bushes. Pilots and soldiers are a dominant theme in his early work. Rozov creates an atmosphere of portending destruction, with violence present in an indirect manner. His painting is typified by attention to minute detail, combining local and European painterly traditions.

Awards and recognition
1967 UNESCO and Prince Rainier Prize at Biennale for Plastic Arts, Monaco
1973 Israel Council for Culture and Art, stipend for advanced studies
 2002 Mordechai Ish-Shalom Prize for Life's Work

Published works
Landscapes and Milestones

See also
Visual arts in Israel

References

Israeli painters
Realist painters
1938 births
Living people

Joram Rozov


MTV is a Latin American pay television network that was launched on 1 October 1993 as the Hispanic American version of MTV. It is owned by Paramount Networks Americas, a subsidiary of Paramount Global.

The channel broadcasts music videos as well as reality shows, TV series and movies, which may be directly or indirectly related to music, aimed at the youth. Its schedule is focused on certain musical genres, mainly pop, rock mix, reggaeton (since 2005), hip hop, trap, electronic music, and K-pop (since 2018). Each of these categories includes music in English, Spanish and Korean.

MTV Latin America is headquartered in Miami Beach covering the region, centered in Mexico City, Mexico and Buenos Aires, Argentina.

The channel has also produced its own versions of MTV reality shows like Room Raiders or Dismissed, but most of the time curse words are not censored in Latin American countries (specially during the watershed time). The first video broadcast by the network was We are sudamerican rockers by Chilean band Los Prisioneros.

History

A few important events in the late 1980s led to the creation of MTV Latin America. Firstly, the program "MTV International" was created in 1988 and led by Daisy Fuentes. This weekly program was broadcast through Latin American and American channels and presented music videos from both regions. A second catalyst was the rise of the "Spanish Rock fever", which included artists such as Argentine rockers Miguel Mateos and Soda Stereo. Lastly, during these years the first-ever Spanish rock concert in the US was put on by Miguel Mateos, which created excitement amongst Latino communities in the United States.

With the growing popularity of Latino artists, channel executives began to take notice and realized the increasing quality and popularity of music sung in Spanish. After considering the success of other international MTV channels, such as MTV Europe and MTV Brasil, MTV Networks launched "MTV in Spanish" in October 1993. The channel had one signal to broadcast to all of Latin America. All programs were recorded and produced in Miami, FL where the studios were located. Daisy Fuentes became one of the first VJs for the channel.

Beto González from Guatemala was in charge of MTV media and ads from 1994 from 1999, later succeeded by Gus Rodríguez from México.

As the channel began to experience growing popularity in the early part of 1995, new shows were added to the program. For the first time, shows unrelated to music were broadcast, such as Beavis and Butthead. MTV News was added, a segment dedicated to news on celebrities, film, politics and social issues, usually combining subjective and objective commentary. Lastly, in this same year the show Conexion was launched, the most popular show in the channel's history, which has remained on air for a record length of time and boasts the largest audience of any program in the history of the channel.

Given the channel's social and economic growth, in August 1996 "MTV Latin America" was divided into two regional signals, "North", covering Mexico, Central America, Colombia and Venezuela, and "South", covering Argentina and the rest of the region. This division was created in order to cater programming more closely to distinct audiences. As a result, in 1996 MTV became the number one music channel in Latin America. The channel also became one of the first US television brands to develop a website for Latin America audiences with the launch MTVLA.com in partnership with the Miami-based company Internet Marketing Consultants.

However, during 1999 the channel began experiencing problems. The musical aspect of "MTV Latin America" was disorganized and the channel was having trouble catering to distinct regional tastes. Executives decided to segment audiences by dividing the channel into two signals: "MTV Mexico" and "MTV Argentina", with studios and regional offices located in capital cities of each country.

During this time, the channel began to show American MTV programs subtitled in Spanish. As well, in the year 2000, MTV created a new signal directed towards Chile, known as "MTV Southwest", which repeated programming from MTV Mexico but adjusted to Chilean time. While at first MTV thought about repeating MTV Argentina's programming for the Chilean signal because of the proximity of the countries, it was decided that considering cultural traits and the difference in accents between Chilean and Argentine Spanish, it would be more suitable to adapt Mexican programming for the Chilean signal. However, late 2002, MTV Southwest was cancelled due to the low number of viewers changing to "MTV Central" following in Chile. In 2004, it closed "MTV Central" due to the launch of VH1 Latin America. In 2005, it returned "MTV Central" directed towards Colombia.

Since 2009, MTV has started to lose hours of music videos in the programming being replaced by more reality shows, this change is still in "MTV North". In february 2018, "MTV South" it bases most of its programming on music videos, up to 18 hours daily, leaving reality shows that are broadcast on the other feed only airing on primetime. In 2021, it closed "MTV Central" due to the arrival of Paramount+. Since then, two signals have been operating in Latin America: "MTV North", covering Mexico, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia and Central American and Caribbean countries, and "MTV South", covering Argentina, Chile, Venezuela, Paraguay and Uruguay. On June 26, 2023, both feeds were merged into a single pan-regional feed centered in Mexico City, in addition, music on "MTV South" was reduced from 17 to 7 hours.

Programming

On Air Music Shows
 Latino Fuerte
 MTV ATR: A Todo Ritmo
 Insomnio MTV
 Tu Mix de Hoy
 Arriba MTV
 Playlist
 MTV World Stage
 MTV News

On Air Series
 Acapulco Shore
 Amazingness
 Are You The One?
 Are You The One? El Match Perfecto (Latin American Version)
 Are You The One? Brasil
 Catfish: The TV Show
 Catfish México
 Clickbait with Daniel Bautista (North Feed)
 Clickbait with Lucas Garofalo (South/DirecTV Feed)
 Ex On The Beach
 Ex On The Beach: Body SOS
 Ex On The Beach: Brasil
 Geordie Shore
 Jersey Shore: Family Vacation
 Just Tattoo of Us
 La familia del barrio
 MTV Acaplay
 MTV Cannigia Libre
 Ridiculousness
 Teen Mom OG
 The Challenge: Vendettas
 The Charlotte Show
 Siesta Key
 Super Shore
 Drag Race México
 Vidiots

Special Events
 MTV Video Music Awards
 MTV Europe Music Awards
 MTV MIAW Awards
 MTV Movie & TV Awards
 MTV Unplugged

Feeds
MTV Latin America was divided North and South feeds, from August 1996 to June 26, 2023 when both feeds merged into one single Panregional feed centered in Mexico City, broadcasting in Mexico, Argentina, Colombia, Chile, Venezuela, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama.

Social issues and MTV
In addition to broadcasting core MTV programs, MTV Latin America has also produced other non-music-related programs that address social and cultural issues that impact Latin American youth. These programs address issues such as politics, sexually transmitted infections, the environment and sexuality. Some of these shows include:

 Speak out: We are 30 million – Mexican Elections of 2006 (a series promoting the participation of youth in the Presidential elections, and included interviews with each of the candidates)
 Xpress (an award-winning documentary on the killing of women in Juarez City, Chihuahua, Mexico)
 Staying Alive (a co-production with CNN covering the worldwide HIV/AIDS epidemic)

Other projects
In 2002, MTV Networks announced the first Latin American MTV Video Music Awards.  For the first three years, the awards were held in Miami. In 2006 and 2007 they were held in Mexico City. In 2008, the Awards were moved to Guadalajara, Mexico. In 2009, the show took place in various cities, including Bogotá, Buenos Aires, Mexico City and Los Angeles. In 2013, was replaced by MTV Millennial Awards.

Audience demographics
The majority of viewers are between the ages of 14 and 34. The average age of viewers is 18 years, with the majority of the audience being older. About 76% of viewers belong to the middle to upper class. As well, the channel notes a large number of viewers are university students. Moreover, according to a study conducted by TGI Latina in 2004, MTV Latin America's audience is 57% male and 43% female.

Public reception
MTV Latin America, like other MTV channels around the world, has been one of the first television channels to receive criticisms, largely from their own viewers. While many criticisms apply to MTV as a whole, some criticisms apply specifically to MTV Latin America. One reason for these criticisms is that certain videos and reality shows on MTV Latin America are not censored.

One of the main criticisms against MTV Latin America is that it is merely a commercial channel, whose broadcasting of videos is based on only economic interests and not on audience requests. MTV has been accused of being excessively commercial and an advertising tool for major music corporations. MTV has undermined the importance of the music itself, replacing it with merely a visual esthetic. This creates a negative public image for MTV.

As well, MTV has recently been criticized for broadcasting too many reality shows, distancing itself from its original purpose, which was to broadcast musical programming. MTV has argued that these shows include music from current artists in their soundtrack, such as Laguna Beach. This show in particular has caused great controversy among viewers as it offers content completely unrelated to music.

Another criticism against MTV is that the channel spreads and promotes inappropriate behaviour among youth, in both music videos and shows. Some controversial content include sex, early pregnancy, general violence, use of drugs, daily drinking and smoking habits of celebrities and domestic violence.

A final criticism, exclusive to MTV Latin America, relates to the form in which titles are presented on the screen, which usually includes a variety of orthographical errors such as missing accents and use of exclamation and question marks. Critics argue that these errors do not aid in didactic learning for viewers, the majority of which are youth.

However, MTV Latin America has also made many positive achievements. Between 2005 and 2006, MTV broadcast a campaign entitled "Don't Kill the Music", which aimed to broadcast a message of awareness to youth about music in general. As well the channel has created various projects to help independent Hispanic bands and musical artists.

See also
 List of MTV Latin America VJs

References

MTV channels
Television channels and stations established in 1993
Spanish-language television stations

MTV (Latin American TV channel)


Rasoul Azadani (, ; born 1965) is an Iranian animator, lighting designer and layout artist. He is best known for his work at Walt Disney Animation Studios.
In 1995, he was nominated for an Annie Award in the category "Best Individual Achievement for Production Design in the Field of Animation" for his work on Pocahontas.

Life and career

Azadani was born in 1965 in the city of Isfahan. He entered Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults to study animation, after receiving his High school diploma. Azadani later worked for the Institution as an Animation Instructor, before emigrating to United States and studying at the California Institute of the Arts. Azadani joined Walt Disney Animation Studios to work as a layout assistant in 1985.

The character Razoul from the Disney animated film Aladdin is named after Azadani. In the movie, Jafar originally used the phrase "Rasoul Azadani" to open the Cave of Wonders, but it was later cut.

Filmography

Awards

References

External links

1965 births
Living people
Iranian animators
Walt Disney Animation Studios people
Film people from Isfahan
Iranian emigrants to the United States
California Institute of the Arts alumni

Rasoul Azadani


The Palazzo dell'Arte dei Beccai or Residenza dell'Arte dei Beccai is a fourteenth-century building in Florence, Italy. It faces the Orsanmichele, once a grain market, later the church of the guilds of Florence. It has had many occupants, including the Arte dei Beccai or guild of butchers from which its name derives. Since 1974 it has housed the Accademia Fiorentina delle Arti del Disegno, an academy of the arts.

History
The Palazzo dell'Arte dei Beccai was built in the fourteenth century on the site of houses of the Macci family. It was initially used by the Capitani di Orsanmichele. It was home to the Arte dei Beccai until 1534, and then, from 1583, to the Arte dei Fabbricanti e Legnaioli, the guild of masons and carpenters, into which the Arte dei Beccai had by then been merged. From 1772 it was used by the Customs of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, and from 1789 passed into the hands of the Congregazione di Carità di San Giovanni Battista, a charitable institution. From the 1940s it was home to the Ente Comunale di Assistenza, a branch of the city administration. In the late 1960s it was purchased by the Banco di Sicilia. It was by then in very poor repair. Restoration was begun in the early 1970s, and from 1974 the building, now the property of the State, became the home of the Accademia Fiorentina delle Arti del Disegno.

The building

The façade is largely unchanged from its 14th-century appearance, although some windows have undergone later modification. The piano nobile is marked by four large arched windows. Above them are the arms of the Arte dei Beccai, a long-horned billy-goat, the  from which the name of the guild derives; this work has been attributed to Donatello. Lower on the façade are other crests, the giglio or iris of Florence and the three interlocking wreaths of the Accademia Fiorentina delle Arti del Disegno. In 1901 the building was included in a listing of buildings to be considered part of the national heritage, compiled by the Direzione Generale delle Antichità e Belle Arti, or "general directorate of antiquities and fine arts".

References

Houses completed in the 14th century
Palaces in Florence

Palazzo dell'Arte dei Beccai


Sándor Scheiber (also Alexander Scheiber; 9 July 1913 – 3 March 1985) was a Hungarian rabbi and an eminent Jewish scholar. From 1950 until his death he was director of the Rabbinical Seminary in Budapest.

Biography
Scheiber was born in Budapest into a rabbinical family on both his maternal and paternal sides. He was ordained at the Seminary in 1938 as a student of Bernát Heller. After studies in London, Oxford and Cambridge, where he discovered many genizah fragments while analyzing medieval Hebrew manuscripts, he served as rabbi in Dunaföldvár from 1941 to 1944. In 1945, he became a professor at the rabbinical seminary and was its director from 1950 until his death. This institution retained its international fame throughout the Communist era, when it was the only place in the Eastern bloc where rabbis would be graduated for serving in Hungary and abroad. Furthermore, Scheiber joined the faculty of the University of Szeged in 1949, teaching oriental folklore.

He considered it his mission to explore the Hungarian Jewish past and perpetuate its memory, as well as to publish the contributions of great Hungarian-Jewish scholars, including the works of Wilhelm Bacher, Fauna und Mineralien der Juden by Immanuel Löw (1969) and the diary (Tagebuch) of Ignác Goldziher (1978). In 1957, he published a facsimile of the so-called Kaufmann Haggadah, called after David Kaufmann, MS 422 of the Kaufmann Collection in the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

He died on 3 March 1985, in Budapest. Each year, the Sándor Scheiber Prize is awarded by the Hungarian Ministry of Culture on 3 March, the anniversary of his death. Among the laureates is the biochemist Máté Hidvégi.

References

External links
Picture and biography (Hungarian)
Róbert Dán: Occident and Orient: a tribute to the memory of Alexander Scheiber

Rabbis from Budapest
Jewish Hungarian history
1913 births
1985 deaths

Sándor Scheiber


Platoon Sergeant Joseph Rudolph Julian (April 3, 1918 – March 9, 1945) was a United States Marine who was posthumously awarded the United States' highest military honor – the Medal of Honor – for his heroism and sacrifice of life in 1945 in the Battle of Iwo Jima during World War II.

Biography
Joseph Rudolph Julian was born in Sturbridge, Massachusetts on April 3, 1918. He graduated from Southbridge High School, and in January 1942, he enlisted in the United States Marine Corps Reserve.

Following basic training at Parris Island, South Carolina, he became a Drill Instructor, and, later, was assigned to the 5th Marine Division. He was killed in action on Iwo Jima on March 9, 1945, following a one-man assault on enemy-occupied trenches and fortified positions. The Medal of Honor was awarded him posthumously for heroism above and beyond the call of duty.

The Medal and citation were presented to his parents by the Secretary of the Navy on November 15, 1945. Following the war, Sgt Julian's remains were reinterred at Long Island National Cemetery, Farmingdale, New York, at the request of his parents.

Medal of Honor citation
Determined to force a breakthrough when Japanese troops occupying trenches and fortified positions on the left front laid down a terrific machine gun and mortar barrage in a desperate effort to halt his company's advance, P/Sgt. Julian quickly established his platoon's guns in strategic supporting positions, and then, acting on his own initiative, fearlessly moved forward to execute a 1-man assault on the nearest pillbox. Advancing alone, he hurled deadly demolition and white phosphorus grenades into the emplacement, killing 2 of the enemy and driving the remaining 5 out into the adjoining trench system. Seizing a discarded rifle, he jumped into the trench and dispatched the 5 before they could make an escape. Intent on wiping out all resistance, he obtained more explosives and, accompanied by another Marine, again charged the hostile fortifications and knocked out 2 more cave positions. Immediately thereafter, he launched a bazooka attack unassisted, firing 4 rounds into the 1 remaining pillbox and completely destroying it before he fell, mortally wounded by a vicious burst of enemy fire. Stouthearted and indomitable, P/Sgt. Julian consistently disregarded all personal danger and, by his bold decision, daring tactics, and relentless fighting spirit during a critical phase of the battle, contributed materially to the continued advance of his company and to the success of his division's operations in the sustained drive toward the conquest of this fiercely defended outpost of the Japanese Empire. His outstanding valor and unfaltering spirit of self-sacrifice throughout the bitter conflict sustained and enhanced the highest traditions of the U.S. Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life for his country.

See also

 List of Medal of Honor recipients
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Iwo Jima

References

1918 births
1945 deaths
United States Marine Corps personnel killed in World War II
Battle of Iwo Jima
United States Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipients
United States Marine Corps non-commissioned officers
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor
Burials at Long Island National Cemetery
United States Marine Corps reservists

Joseph R. Julian


Little Easton is a village and civil parish in Essex, England. The village is situated approximately  east from the town of Bishop's Stortford, and  north-west from the county town of Chelmsford. Little Easton parish is defined at the west by the River Roding, and the east by the River Chelmer. The village and civil parish of Great Easton lie one mile (1.6 km) to the north.

History
Little Easton dates from the 12th century and is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Estaines Parva in the Hundred of Dunmow.

Little Easton is traditionally a village and parish in the Dunmow Hundred, and the Rural Deanery of Dunmow and Archdeaconry of Essex in the  Diocese of St Albans. St Mary's parish church has memorial monuments to Viscount Maynard (died 1865) and others of the Maynard family from 1610 to 1746 in the Bouchier chapel. in 1882  remains of "nearly obliterated... ancient" wall paintings were present within the church. The north aisle was rebuilt in 1881 at a cost of £1,500. An organ was added 1891 in memory of the 4th Earl Rosslyn by Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick at a cost of £500. Church sittings at the time numbered 200. The church register dates to 1559. The benefice was a rectory with residence in the gift of Viscount Maynard's trustees in 1882, and, with  of  glebe—land to support a parish priest—in the gift of the Countess of Warwick in 1902.

Almshouses next to the church were for "four aged widows", but by 1902 were accommodating six old people.  A National School for boys and girls was built for 80 children in 1878, and had an average 1882 attendance of nine, and in 1902 of 54. A post office existed in 1902.

Soil of the parish was of loam overlaid with a mixture of loam and sand, and grew chiefly wheat, beans, barley and root crops. Land area in 1882 was , and in 1902,  and 18 acres of water. Population in 1881 was 295, and in 1901 was 325.

Living in the parish were Lord and Lady Brooke, the later Earl and Countess of Warwick, at Easton Lodge, who were also resident at Berwick House in the Stable Yard of St James's Palace, London, and in 1902, after elevation to title, Warwick Castle. Parish occupations in 1882 included three farmers, one of whom was also a miller (water), a farm bailiff, a beer retailer, a fanwright (maker of fans), two shopkeepers, the  publican of the Stag Inn, an accountant, an agent to the Earl of Rosslyn, and a clerk to the Easton estates. By 1902 the number of farmers and beer retailers remained the same. The Stag Inn was still operating, and there was a wheelwright, although now only one shopkeeper. There was a Treasurer and Honorary Secretary of the Workmen's Club, and the artists Frank and Charlotte Mura at Mill End studio. The clerk to the Easton estates remained, although the agent to the Earl of Rosslyn didn't.

During the Second World War the US Air Force created an airfield at nearby Easton Lodge, which was the base of the 386th Bomb Group (Marauders) of the 9th AF USAAF. Although the airfield has long been transformed back into fields, the outline of the airport is evident from the air, as seen through Google Earth, just to the east of the current Stansted Airport.

Easton lodge
Easton Lodge, in 1882 the late seat of Viscount Maynard, was described as a mansion in Elizabethan style, the greater part of which was destroyed by fire in 1847, after which was rebuilt for a cost of £10,090. The mansion was seated in a park of , by 1882 owned by Lady Brooke (later Countess of Warwick), who was Lady of the Manor and the principal parish landowner. Little Easton Workmen's Club was established in 1885 "for the use of residents in the parish and workmen employed on the Easton Lodge estates"; the club housed a library of 450 volumes and was supplied with newspapers and periodicals.

Easton Lodge was built in 1597 by Henry Maynard, to replace a medieval manor house which was situated by the church. Most of the original house has been destroyed over the years by fires, but there is a project underway to restore the gardens. Easton Lodge was the home of Frances Evelyn Maynard (1861-1938), also known as Daisy, who became Countess of Warwick and a noted 'champagne socialist'. The Lodge gave its name to a railway station on the now-closed line between  and Bishops Stortford.

Community
Little Easton parish population in 2011 was 437.

The village public house, The Stag, is on Duck Street, the main road of the village. The parish church, the Grade I listed St Mary the Virgin, is on Park Road at the south of the village. Mike Reid, the actor and comedian, was buried in the churchyard following his death on 29 July 2007. Adjacent to the church is the Manor house, which is not open to the public, although there are four ornamental lakes which are open for recreational use, including fishing.

See also
Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick
The Hundred Parishes

References

External links

Villages in Essex
Uttlesford

Little Easton


Peptides are organic chemical molecules. They are polymers made from linking amino acids together in a certain order. The link between one amino acid residue and the next is known as an amide bond or a peptide bond.

Linking peptides together gives proteins, which are polypeptides.

Related pages
Dipeptide

Molecular biology
Polymers

Peptide