Shelley Dawn Marie Martel (born April 8, 1963) is a former politician in Ontario, Canada. She was a New Democratic member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1987 to 2007. She represented the ridings of Sudbury East and Nickel Belt. She was a cabinet minister in the government of Bob Rae.

Background
Martel was born in Sudbury, Ontario, the second of four children. Her father is Elie Martel, who was a long time NDP member of the Ontario legislature. Her mother is the daughter of another area politician, Norman Fawcett, who served as mayor of Capreol, and as Nickel Belt's federal MP from 1965 to 1968. She studied International Politics at the University of Toronto and French at the Sorbonne. She then worked as a claims adjudicator with the Ontario Workers' Compensation Board.

Martel and former Ontario NDP leader Howard Hampton were married in 1994, and have two children, Sarah and Jonathan. Both were members of cabinet in the Bob Rae government at that time. Her daughter, Sarah served as a legislative page in 2007. Martel herself was a  page when her father was serving in the Legislature.

In 2003, both Martel and Hampton supported Bill Blaikie's campaign to become leader of the federal New Democratic Party.

She lives in Toronto, Ontario.

Politics
In 1987 at age 24, Martel was elected as the New Democratic Party candidate in the riding of Sudbury East defeating Liberal opponent Claude Mayer by 6,005 votes. She was named as the party's critic for culture and francophone affairs. She was re-elected in the 1990 provincial election, in which the NDP won a majority government.

In cabinet
On October 1, 1990, Martel was named Minister of Northern Development and Government House Leader in the cabinet of Bob Rae.  On July 31, 1991 Rae performed a minor cabinet shuffle. Martel's portfolio was enhanced when she took over Mines from Gilles Pouliot to become the Minister of Northern Development and Mines but she lost her position as Government House Leader to Dave Cooke.

In June 1991, she became involved in a minor controversy when she and fellow cabinet minister Anne Swarbrick wrote letters to the Ontario College of Physicians and Surgeons asking for the suspension of the licence of a physician who had been convicted of sexually assaulting four teenage female patients. Since the letters violated conflict of interest guidelines she and Swarbrick offered their resignations from cabinet. However Premier Rae refused to accept their resignations. He said, "Not every mistake in these circumstances should lead to a resignation." Liberal leader Robert Nixon, who expressed his view to the Ontario Legislature that, while it may not have been an appropriate action for members of Cabinet, it was not one that should lead to their discharge. He said, "Their reputations and integrity have in no way suffered by these statements."

In July 1991, Martel led an effort to save a paper mill in Kapuskasing from closure. The deal was initially rejected by cabinet but was resurrected in August when Rae agreed to purchase the Smoky Falls hydroelectric dam from Kimberly-Clark and give the mill 10 years of free power.

In December 1991, she was involved in another controversy when she fabricated some remarks about a Sudbury doctor who had criticized the government about billing caps. One of the participants at the meeting was Evelyn Dodds, a Thunder Bay municipal councillor and former Progressive Conservative candidate. Dodds wrote a letter about the conversation to PC leader Mike Harris who read it in the legislature. Martel said of the incident, "I made some remarks which were completely unfounded and which are without basis," and that they were made during a "heated private conversation." The opposition called for Martel's resignation but this was rejected by Rae. "The minister has apologized for what happened in a private conversation and admitted she made a mistake ... and as far as I'm concerned that's (the end of it)."

In March 1992, an all-party committee investigated the incident. Martel took the unusual step of taking a lie detector test to show that she was telling the truth about making up a story about seeing confidential files on the doctor. The committee concluded that Martel did not need to resign. However, the Liberal and Conservative members of the committee who were in the minority called for Martel's resignation.

While Martel was exonerated by the committee's report, the controversy continued to dog her through the next couple of years and her influence in cabinet was limited. She finally resigned from her portfolio on October 7, 1994. Martel's resignation occurred after the Ontario Privacy Commissioner found that she had passed on personal financial information about an Ottawa man who owned land for the purposes of mining speculation.

Cabinet positions

In opposition
Despite her colourful career in cabinet and the general decline of the NDP, Martel was  re-elected in Sudbury East in the 1995 provincial election, defeating Liberal opponent Paul Menard. She was one of only seventeen NDP MPPs to be re-elected in this campaign. She was named as the party's critic for natural resources.

In 1996, Martel and fellow MPP Peter Kormos surreptitiously entered a government building for a new department for family support. They wanted to show that the new centralized office was in disarray. They videotaped an office full of empty desks, boxes and unplugged computers. While the two were not charged with trespassing, Kormos was acquitted of a charge of assaulting a security guard during their visit.

When the riding of Sudbury East was eliminated for the 1999 election, she was re-elected again in the redistributed Nickel Belt riding. Nickel Belt's previous MPP Blain Morin, who had won the riding just eight months earlier in a by-election following the retirement of Floyd Laughren, decided not to challenge Martel for the party's nomination. She defeated her Liberal opponent by 4,344 votes.

In 2000, Martel co-sponsored a private member's bill with fellow NDP member Marilyn Churley that called for a ban on development on the environmentally sensitive Oak Ridges Moraine. While the bill did not pass it helped to heighten awareness of the issue and led to a six-month development moratorium in 2001. Elements of the private member's bill were incorporated into the Oak Ridges Moraine Conservation Act, 2002.

In 2002, Martel sponsored another private member's bill on the rights of medical patients. The bill which she named the 'Tommy Douglas Act' would have set standards for patient care and ensured accessibility for long term care.

In the 2003 election, she defeated Liberal Alex McCauley by fewer than 3,000 votes to win her fifth and final term in the legislature.

Retirement
On May 18, 2007, Martel announced that she would not seek re-election and would quit politics after the 2007 election, to spend more time with her family and pursue other career opportunities.

During the election campaign, Progressive Conservative leader John Tory stated that if elected, he would name Martel to conduct a review of current government medical and social services for children with autism, an issue which Martel had frequently championed in the legislature. In response to the statement, Hampton said "I wish Mr. Tory good luck, but my wife is rather fussy about who she hangs around with. Believe me, I know. It took me about six years."

Martel committed, however, to campaign on behalf of France Gélinas, her successor as the New Democratic Party candidate in Nickel Belt. On election day, Gélinas successfully held the riding, defeating Liberal candidate Ron Dupuis.

References

Notes

Citations

External links

1963 births
21st-century Canadian politicians
21st-century Canadian women politicians
Autism activists
Franco-Ontarian people
Living people
Members of the Executive Council of Ontario
Ontario New Democratic Party MPPs
Politicians from Greater Sudbury
University of Toronto alumni
Women government ministers of Canada
Women MPPs in Ontario

Shelley Martel


Morphometrics (from Greek μορϕή morphe, "shape, form", and -μετρία metria, "measurement") or morphometry refers to the quantitative analysis of form, a concept that encompasses size and shape.  Morphometric analyses are commonly performed on organisms, and are useful in analyzing their fossil record, the impact of mutations on shape, developmental changes in form, covariances between ecological factors and shape, as well for estimating quantitative-genetic parameters of shape. Morphometrics can be used to quantify a trait of evolutionary significance, and by detecting changes in the shape, deduce something of their ontogeny, function or evolutionary relationships.  A major objective of morphometrics is to statistically test hypotheses about the factors that affect shape.

"Morphometrics", in the broader sense, is also used to precisely locate certain areas of organs such as the brain, and in describing the shapes of other things.

Forms

Three general approaches to form are usually distinguished: traditional morphometrics, landmark-based morphometrics and outline-based morphometrics.

"Traditional" morphometrics

Traditional morphometrics analyzes lengths, widths, masses, angles, ratios and areas. In general, traditional morphometric data are measurements of size.  A drawback of using many measurements of size is that most will be highly correlated; as a result, there are few independent variables despite the many measurements. For instance, tibia length will vary with femur length and also with humerus and ulna length and even with measurements of the head. Traditional morphometric data are nonetheless useful when either absolute or relative sizes are of particular interest, such as in studies of growth.  These data are also useful when size measurements are of theoretical importance such as body mass and limb cross-sectional area and length in studies of functional morphology. However, these measurements have one important limitation: they contain little information about the spatial distribution of shape changes across the organism. They are also useful when determining the extent to which certain pollutants have affected an individual. These indices include the hepatosomatic index, gonadosomatic index and also the condition factors (shakumbila, 2014).

Landmark-based geometric morphometrics

In landmark-based geometric morphometrics, the spatial information missing from traditional morphometrics is contained in the data, because the data are coordinates of landmarks: discrete anatomical loci that are arguably homologous in all individuals in the analysis (i.e. they can be regarded as the "same" point in each specimens in the study). For example, where two specific sutures intersect is a landmark, as are intersections between veins on an insect wing or leaf, or foramina, small holes through which veins and blood vessels pass. Landmark-based studies have traditionally analyzed 2D data, but with the increasing availability of 3D imaging techniques, 3D analyses are becoming more feasible even for small structures such as teeth. Finding enough landmarks to provide a comprehensive description of shape can be difficult when working with fossils or easily damaged specimens. That is because all landmarks must be present in all specimens, although coordinates of missing landmarks can be estimated. The data for each individual consists of a configuration of landmarks.

There are three recognized categories of landmarks. Type 1 landmarks are defined locally, i.e. in terms of structures close to that point; for example, an intersection between three sutures, or intersections between veins on an insect wing are locally defined and surrounded by tissue on all sides. Type 3 landmarks, in contrast, are defined in terms of points far away from the landmark, and are often defined in terms of a point "furthest away" from another point. Type 2 landmarks are intermediate; this category includes points such as  the tip structure, or local minima and maxima of curvature.  They are defined in terms of local features, but they are not surrounded on all sides. In addition to landmarks, there are semilandmarks, points whose position along a curve is arbitrary but which provide information about curvature in two or three dimensions.

Procrustes-based geometric morphometrics

Shape analysis begins by removing the information that is not about shape. By definition, shape is not altered by translation, scaling or rotation.  Thus, to compare shapes, the non-shape information is removed from the coordinates of landmarks.  There is more than one way to do these three operations. One method is to fix the coordinates of two points to (0,0) and (0,1), which are the two ends of a baseline. In one step, the shapes are translated to the same position (the same two coordinates are fixed to those values), the shapes are scaled (to unit baseline length) and the shapes are rotated.  An alternative, and preferred method, is Procrustes superimposition.  This method translates the centroid of the shapes to (0,0); the x coordinate of the centroid is the average of the x coordinates of the landmarks, and the y coordinate of the centroid is the average of the y-coordinates. Shapes are scaled to unit centroid size, which is the square root of the summed squared distances of each landmark to the centroid.  The configuration is rotated to minimize the deviation between it and a reference, typically the mean shape. In the case of semi-landmarks, variation in position along the curve is also removed. Because shape space is curved, analyses are done by projecting shapes onto a space tangent to shape space.  Within the tangent space, conventional multivariate statistical methods such as multivariate analysis of variance and multivariate regression, can be used to test statistical hypotheses about shape.

Procrustes-based analyses have some limitations.  One is that the Procrustes superimposition uses a least-squares criterion to find the optimal rotation; consequently, variation that is localized to a single landmark will be smeared out across many.  This is called the 'Pinocchio effect'. Another is that the superimposition may itself impose a pattern of covariation on the landmarks. Additionally, any information that cannot be captured by landmarks and semilandmarks cannot be analyzed, including classical measurements like "greatest skull breadth".  Moreover, there are criticisms of Procrustes-based methods that motivate an alternative approach to analyzing landmark data.

Euclidean distance matrix analysis

Diffeomorphometry
Diffeomorphometry is the focus on comparison of shapes and forms with a metric structure based on diffeomorphisms, and is central to the field of computational anatomy. Diffeomorphic registration, introduced  in the 90s, is now an important player with existing code bases organized around ANTS, DARTEL, DEMONS, LDDMM, StationaryLDDMM are examples of actively used computational codes for constructing correspondences between coordinate systems based on sparse features and dense images. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) is an important technology built on many of these principles. Methods based on diffeomorphic flows are used in For example, deformations could be diffeomorphisms of the ambient space, resulting in the LDDMM (Large Deformation Diffeomorphic Metric Mapping) framework for shape comparison. On such deformations is the right invariant metric of Computational Anatomy which generalizes the metric of non-compressible Eulerian flows but to include the Sobolev norm ensuring smoothness of the flows,  metrics have now been defined associated to Hamiltonian controls of diffeomorphic flows.

Outline analysis

Outline analysis is another approach to analyzing shape. What distinguishes outline analysis is that coefficients of mathematical functions are fitted to points sampled along the outline. There are a number of ways of quantifying an outline.  Older techniques such as the "fit to a polynomial curve"
and Principal components quantitative analysis have been superseded by the two main modern approaches: eigenshape analysis,<ref

 name=Lohmann1983></ref> and elliptic Fourier analysis (EFA), using hand- or computer-traced outlines.  The former involves fitting a preset number of semilandmarks at equal intervals around the outline of a shape, recording the deviation of each step from semilandmark to semilandmark from what the angle of that step would be were the object a simple circle. The latter defines the outline as the sum of the minimum number of ellipses required to mimic the shape.

Both methods have their weaknesses; the most dangerous (and easily overcome) is their susceptibility to noise in the outline. Likewise, neither compares homologous points, and global change is always given more weight than local variation (which may have large biological consequences).
Eigenshape analysis requires an equivalent starting point to be set for each specimen, which can be a source of error
EFA also suffers from redundancy in that not all variables are independent.  On the other hand, it is possible to apply them to complex curves without having to define a centroid; this makes removing the effect of location, size and rotation much simpler.
The perceived failings of outline morphometrics are that it doesn't compare points of a homologous origin, and that it oversimplifies complex shapes by restricting itself to considering the outline and not internal changes.  Also, since it works by approximating the outline by a series of ellipses, it deals poorly with pointed shapes.

One criticism of outline-based methods is that they disregard homology – a famous example of this disregard being the ability of outline-based methods to compare a scapula to a potato chip. Such a comparison which would not be possible if the data were restricted to biologically homologous points. An argument against that critique is that, if landmark approaches to morphometrics can be used to test biological hypotheses in the absence of homology data, it is inappropriate to fault outline-based approaches for enabling the same types of studies.

Analyzing data
Multivariate statistical methods can be used to test statistical hypotheses about factors that affect shape and to visualize their effects.  To visualize the patterns of variation in the data, the data need to be reduced to a comprehensible (low-dimensional) form. Principal component analysis (PCA) is a commonly employed tool to summarize the variation. Simply put, the technique projects as much of the overall variation as possible into a few dimensions.  See the figure at the right for an example.  Each axis on a PCA plot is an eigenvector of the covariance matrix of shape variables.  The first axis accounts for maximum variation in the sample, with further axes representing further ways in which the samples vary.  The pattern of clustering of samples in this morphospace represents similarities and differences in shapes, which can reflect phylogenetic relationships. As well as exploring patterns of variation, Multivariate statistical methods can be used to test statistical hypotheses about factors that affect shape and to visualize their effects, although PCA is not needed for this purpose unless the method requires inverting the variance-covariance matrix.

Landmark data allow the difference between population means, or the deviation an individual from its population mean, to be visualized in at least two ways.  One depicts vectors at landmarks that show the magnitude and direction in which that landmark is displaced relative to the others.  The second depicts the difference via the thin plate splines, an interpolation function that models change between landmarks from the data of changes in coordinates of landmarks.  This function produces what look like deformed grids; where regions that relatively elongated, the grid will look stretched and where those regions are relatively shortened, the grid will look compressed.

Ecology and evolutionary biology

D'Arcy Thompson in 1917 suggested that shapes in many different species could also be related in this way. In the case of shells and horns he gave a fairly precise analysis… But he also drew various pictures of fishes and skulls, and argued that they were related by deformations of coordinates.

Shape analysis is widely used in ecology and evolutionary biology to study plasticity, evolutionary changes in shape and in evolutionary developmental biology to study the evolution of the ontogeny of shape, as well as the developmental origins of developmental stability, canalization and modularity. Many other applications of shape analysis in ecology and evolutionary biology can be found in the introductory text:

Neuroimaging

In neuroimaging, the most common variants are voxel-based morphometry, deformation-based morphometry and surface-based morphometry of the brain.

Bone histomorphometry
Histomorphometry of bone involves obtaining a bone biopsy specimen and processing of bone specimens in the laboratory, obtaining estimates of the proportional volumes and surfaces occupied by different components of bone. First the bone is broken down by baths in highly concentrated ethanol and acetone. The bone is then embedded and stained so that it can be visualized/analyzed under a microscope. Obtaining a bone biopsy is accomplished by using a bone biopsy trephine.

See also
 Allometry
 Allometric engineering
 Brain morphometry
 D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson
 Geometric morphometrics in anthropology
 Geomorphometrics
 Meristics
 Phylogenetic comparative methods

Notes
 from Greek: "morph," meaning shape or form, and "metron", measurement

References

Bibliography

External links

PAST
SHAPE – Elliptic Fourier Descriptors
Morphometric software – Archive of many different types of software for use in morphometrics - especially geometric morphometrics.

Comparative anatomy
Bioinformatics
Computational anatomy

Morphometrics


The Mystery of the Aztec Warrior is volume 43 in the original The Hardy Boys Mystery Stories published by Grosset & Dunlap.

This book was written for the Stratemeyer Syndicate by Harriet S. Adams, the daughter of Edward Stratemeyer, in 1964.

Plot summary
The handwritten will of a deceased world-traveller is strange and mysterious. Its instructions are to deliver "the valuable object to the rightful owner, a descendant of an Aztec warrior". What is the valuable object and where is it? What is the name of the owner and where is he? Frank and Joe Hardy have only one clue to work with: the name of a complete stranger who can help find the answers, Roberto Hermosa.

Despite the harassments, the threats, and the attacks made upon them by an unknown, sinister gang, Frank and Joe unravel clue after clue in their adventure-packed search for the living descendant of the mighty Aztec nation which once ruled Mexico. The hunt leads to a marketplace in Mexico City, to the Pyramids at Teotihuacan, to the tombs of Oaxaca-where Chet Morton, the Hardy's buddy, is nearly buried alive by foul play.

It takes as much high courage as clever deduction for the young detectives to defeat their ruthless foes and to decipher the fascinating secrets of the strange and mysterious will.

References

The Hardy Boys books
1964 American novels
1964 children's books
Novels set in Mexico
Grosset & Dunlap books
Aztecs in fiction

The Mystery of the Aztec Warrior


Tiffeny Carleen Milbrett (born October 23, 1972) is an American former professional soccer forward who was a longtime member of the United States women's national team. In May 2018 the National Soccer Hall of Fame announced Milbrett will be enshrined in the Hall.  A native of Oregon, she starred at the University of Portland where she scored a then school record 103 goals during her career. She won an Olympic gold medal in 1996 in Atlanta and a silver medal at the 2000 Olympics in Sydney. She also played in three World Cups, winning in 1999. She is in the top five all-time in the United States national soccer team in three offensive categories.

Early life
Milbrett was born in Portland, Oregon, on October 23, 1972. She started her soccer career playing for the Hillsboro Soccer Club in Hillsboro, Oregon, in the Portland metropolitan area. Milbrett grew up in Hillsboro, attending W. Verne McKinney Elementary School in the northwest part of the city. She attended Hillsboro High School (Hilhi) in Hillsboro from 1987 to 1990, where she graduated holding Oregon's state record for goals in a season with 54; and in a career with 131. One of the fields at Hilhi is named after her. She was a three-time Oregonian 3A Player of the Year and a two-time Parade All-American. She also was a talented basketball player and Track and Field participant, and she was offered college scholarships at those two sports.

University of Portland
Milbrett attended the University of Portland where she lettered with the Clive Charles-coached Pilots in 1990, 1991, 1992 and 1994. She left the school with various awards and National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) records. In 1990, she was named Soccer America's Freshman Soccer Player of The Year, and in 1991, she led her team with 21 goals and six assists. In 1992, her 30 goals and 12 assists placed her second among the nation's scorers, and in 1994, she helped her team reach the soccer Final Four, making the All-Tournament Team.

Milbrett also garnered West Coast Offensive Player of The Year awards in 1992 and 1994, and was a three-time NSCAA All-American as well as a three time finalist for the Hermann Trophy and Missouri Athletic Club Award. Milbrett was her university's all-time leader in goals with 103, and assists with 40. She placed second in NCAA career goals with 103, and tied for fourth in career points with 246. She was also named to Soccer America's College Team of The Decade for the 1990s.

Playing career

Club

Shiroki Serena
Professionally, Milbrett began her career in Japan, when she traveled to after graduating in 1995 and joined the Shiroki Serena of the L. League. She played on that team until 1997.

WUSA
In 2001, she became a founding member of the New York Power in the Women's United Soccer Association (WUSA). She was the league's MVP as well as Offensive Player of The Year. She scored the league's first hat trick ever, when the Power beat the Boston Breakers 3–1. She was named to the WUSA's second team in 2002, when she finished eighth in the league in points.

Sunnanå SK, Linköpings FC, Vancouver Whitecaps
In March 2005, Milbrett went to Sweden for two months to fine-tune her game, scoring five goals for Sunnanå SK during her brief stint. She also played for Linköpings FC in the Swedish Damallsvenskan, having transferred there from the Vancouver Whitecaps Women of the United Soccer Leagues W-League.

FC Gold Pride
In March 2009, Milbrett was selected to play with FC Gold Pride of the new Women's Professional Soccer and began play in April 2009.  In her first appearance with FC Gold Pride, she scored the game-winning goal. For the 2009 season she scored 4 goals in 19 games.

International

Milbrett was a member of the US-under 20 team from 1990 to 1993, and saw her first action with the United States women's national soccer team in 1991, against China. She scored her first goal with that selection in 1992, against Norway, and helped the team win the International Women's Tournament in France in 1993. She played a total of 21 games with the senior team during that period, and in 1995, she finally joined the senior team full-time. She was a member of the team that finished third at the World Cup that year in Sweden, and in 1996, she became a starter for the team that won the 1996 Olympic gold medal in Atlanta, scoring the game-winning goal in the gold medal game against China. In 1997, she set a women's national team record with five assists in a game against Australia, and in 1998, she was a member of the team that won the gold medal at the Goodwill Games.

In 1999, she was the goal leader on the US team that won the World Cup, and in 2000 she helped the team obtain Olympic Games silver in Sydney. She was named the CONCACAF Offensive Player of The Year that same year, as well as Chevrolet's female athlete of the year. She was also nominated along with Hamm and Sun Wen for the first ever FIFA World Player of the Year award, and participated in the 2001 Nike Women's Cup. She also won the Chevrolet Female Athlete of the Year Award for the second time in a row in 2001.

She stepped away from the national team in December 2003 due to philosophical differences with manager April Heinrichs. Milbrett preferred a more creative style of play to which she was more accustomed from her time at the University of Portland, while Heinrichs favored a more tactical brand of soccer which valued speed, athleticism and versatility. She argued, "My philosophy about the game, for instance, is that you have players out there who really do different things. You can't ask every player to do the same thing. That's why we have amazing midfielders, defenders, forwards and keepers. You can't ask them to be of the same mold."

After Heinrichs resigned in February 2005 and was replaced by Greg Ryan, Milbrett returned to the national team, and finally earned her elusive 200th cap on June 30 in a friendly against rivals Canada in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Her 100th goal came in Team USA's next match, a friendly against Ukraine in her hometown of Portland at Merlo Field.

Matches and goals scored at World Cup and Olympic tournaments
Tiffeny Milbrett competed as a member of US teams in three FIFA Women's World Cup: Sweden 1995, US 1999 and US 2003;
and two Olympics: Atlanta 1996 and Sydney 2000; played in 28 matches and scored 12 goals at those five global tournaments. Milbrett with her US teams, are gold medalists from Atlanta 1996 Olympics, and world champions from US 1999 world cup, and they finished third place in the other 3 global tournaments she competed in.

International goals

Coaching career
She coached at Northwest Soccer Camp as well as at day camps, personal training and Elite Team Training Sessions, and women's clinics. Milbrett is a member of the People to People Ambassador Programs. She coached the MVLA Tornado girls' team. She also coaches for the ECNL girls team.

See also

 List of association women football players with 100 or more international goals
 List of footballers with 100 or more caps
 List of Olympic medalists in football
 List of 1996 Summer Olympics medal winners
 List of 2000 Summer Olympics medal winners
 List of American and Canadian soccer champions
 All-time FC Gold Pride roster
 List of people from Hillsboro, Oregon
 List of Vancouver Whitecaps Women players

References

Match reports

External links

 FC Gold Pride player profile

1972 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Hillsboro, Oregon
United States women's international soccer players
Footballers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Footballers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in soccer
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in soccer
Parade High School All-Americans (girls' soccer)
Women's United Soccer Association players
New York Power players
Portland Pilots women's soccer players
Vancouver Whitecaps FC (women) players
FC Gold Pride players
Expatriate women's soccer players in Canada
FIFA Women's Century Club
American women's soccer players
Hillsboro High School (Oregon) alumni
USL W-League (1995–2015) players
Soccer players from Portland, Oregon
Damallsvenskan players
Linköpings FC players
1995 FIFA Women's World Cup players
1999 FIFA Women's World Cup players
2003 FIFA Women's World Cup players
FIFA Women's World Cup-winning players
Sunnanå SK players
Shiroki FC Serena players
Nadeshiko League players
American expatriate women's soccer players
American expatriate sportspeople in Japan
Expatriate women's footballers in Japan
Expatriate women's footballers in Sweden
Women's association football forwards
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Competitors at the 1998 Goodwill Games
Women's Professional Soccer players
National Soccer Hall of Fame members

Tiffeny Milbrett


Crash-only software refers to computer programs that handle failures by simply restarting, without attempting any sophisticated recovery.  Correctly written components of crash-only software can microreboot to a known-good state without the help of a user.  Since failure-handling and normal startup use the same methods, this can increase the chance that bugs in failure-handling code will be noticed, except when there are leftover artifacts, such as data corruption from a severe failure, that don't occur during normal startup.

Crash-only software also has benefits for end-users. All too often, applications do not save their data and settings while running, only at the end of their use. For example, word processors usually save settings when they are closed. A crash-only application is designed to save all changed user settings soon after they are changed, so that the persistent state matches that of the running machine. No matter how an application terminates (be it a clean close or the sudden failure of a laptop battery), the state will persist.

See also
Autosave
Microreboot
End-to-end principle

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20060426230247/http://crash.stanford.edu/

Operating system technology

Crash-only software


Tjerk Hiddes de Vries (Sexbierum, 6 August 1622 - Flushing, 6 August 1666)  was a naval hero and Dutch admiral from the seventeenth century.  The French, who could not pronounce his name, called him Kiërkides.  His name was also given as Tsjerk, Tierck or Tjerck.

Early life and childhood

Tierck was born in 1622 in the province of Friesland (Frisia), in the village of Sexbierum as the son of a poor farmer called Hidde Siurds and his wife Swab Tjeirckdochter. At the age of twelve, he went to sea. In 1648 he married Nannetje Atses; the couple settled in Harlingen, Frisia's main port. In 1654 he had attained the rank of master.

Naval career

During the Northern Wars Tjerk was appointed captain of a troop transport, the Judith, that in 1658 was part of Lieutenant-Admiral Jacob van Wassenaer Obdam's expeditionary fleet against Sweden to relief Copenhagen. In the Battle of the Sound the sea soldiers of the Judith boarded and captured three Swedish vessels. He was rewarded for this by being appointed extraordinary captain with the Admiralty of Frisia, one of the five autonomous Dutch admiralties.

During the Second Anglo-Dutch War Tjerk was appointed full captain on 27 March 1665. He commanded d' Elff Steden in the Battle of Lowestoft, managing with great personal courage to free his ship from an entanglement with several other burning Dutch vessels, set alight by an English fireship. This fight was a severe defeat for the Dutch and those who by their bravery set a contrast to the general incompetence shown during the battle, were hailed as heroes by the populace. Tjerk in a written report severely criticised his fallen supreme commander Van Obdam. The Frisian admiralty board, in need to replace the also killed Lieutenant-Admiral of the Frisian fleet, Auke Stellingwerf, and sensing the public mood, appointed Tjerk Lieutenant-Admiral of Frisia on 29 June 1665. He thus jumped two ranks, not an uncommon occurrence for the Dutch navy in that century.

Normally the Frisian fleet was rather small, but in view of the emergency the province made a strong war effort, building 28 new vessels, Tjerk supervising the formation of the strongest naval force Frisia would ever send out.

In the Four Days Battle of 1666, Tjerk, now calling himself De Vries ("The Frisian"), was second in command in the squadron of the Zealandic Lieutenant-Admiral Cornelis Evertsen the Elder. When the latter was killed on the first day, Tjerk became the squadron commander, still using as flagship his Groot Frisia. He specially fought well on the last, fourth, day, strongly contributing to the Dutch victory. Six weeks later during the St James's Day Battle he was second in command of the van under Lieutenant-Admiral Johan Evertsen. When this squadron failed to reform a proper keel line after a calm, and was mauled by the line of Admiral Rupert of the Rhine. Tjerk had an arm and a leg shot off; yet still in vain tried to rally his force. His crippled ship drifted away, only discovered by the Dutch rear under Cornelis Tromp the next day. The wounded Frisian admiral was speedily brought ashore in Flushing by a yacht - but died from his wounds on his birthday, 6 August 1666.

After his death
Tjerk Hiddes is buried in the Grote Kerk of Harlingen; his grave memorial has been destroyed. Four days after his death his son Tjerk Hiddes the Younger was born, who shortly after his birth was promised a future captain's commission by the admiralty to honour the memory of his father. Tjerk junior would indeed become a naval captain. Hiddes de Vries was succeeded as Lieutenant-Admiral of Frisia on 16 March 1667 by Baron Hans Willem van Aylva.

Tjerk in the 18th and 19th century gained in fame as a Frisian folk hero. In 1932, a Dutch writer wrote a book about him: Tierck Hiddes, de Friesche zeeheld.

Dutch Navy ships
The Dutch Navy has named several ships in his honour:

References

M. van der Duin, Kampen 1932, Tierck Hiddes, de Friesche zeeheld
The Fregat and The nameplate

1622 births
1666 deaths
17th-century Dutch military personnel
Admirals of the navy of the Dutch Republic
People from Franekeradeel

Tjerk Hiddes de Vries


Richard J. Ross (born July 6, 1954) is a former Massachusetts State Senator for the former Norfolk, Bristol, and Middlesex district, which included parts of Attleboro, Franklin, Natick, and Wellesley, and all of North Attleboro, Ross's home town of Wrentham, Plainville, Norfolk, Millis, Sherborn, Wayland, and Needham. He is a Republican, and served as the Senate Minority Whip.

Background
Ross grew up in Wrentham, Massachusetts. He attended American University. After the sudden death of his father, Ross returned to Massachusetts and assumed the family business, R. R. Ross Funeral Home, in Wrentham. Ross attended the New England Institute of Anatomy, Science & Embalming, and graduated with highest honor in 1975.  Prior to serving in the Massachusetts legislature, he served on the Wrentham Board of Health and the Wrentham Board of Selectmen. He still resides in Wrentham, where he is the owner of R. J. Ross Funeral Home.

Political offices
Ross has served in the state senate since May 2010, when he won a special election to succeed Scott Brown. This was the third time Ross was elected to a political office to succeed Brown. From 2005 to 2010, Ross was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives for the 9th Norfolk district.

In the general election of November 2018, Ross was defeated by Democratic challenger Becca Rausch by approximately a two percent margin.

S787 Controversy
In 2013, state senator Ross filed S787, which would restrict the dating and sex lives of people going through a divorce if they have children:

In divorce, separation, or 209A proceedings involving children and a marital home, the party remaining in the home shall not conduct a dating or sexual relationship within the home until a divorce is final and all financial and custody issues are resolved, unless the express permission is granted by the courts.

In Massachusetts, divorces are not finalized until 120 days after the final paperwork is signed.  On March 24, 2014, Ross defended his submission of the bill in a Facebook post, "This was a free petition that I filed at the request of a constituent. I am not the sponsor of this legislation, nor have I ever endorsed or spoken in favor of it." The Massachusetts Executive Office of Administration and Finance defines a 'free petition' as: "In Massachusetts all citizens have the right to petition the state legislature. This procedure is called the right of free petition. A citizen drafts and files a Petition and accompanying Bill. A legislator sponsors the Bill in the General Court. If a legislator disagrees with the contents of the Bill, he/she may indicate this by placing the phrase 'By request' after his/her name." The text of S787 specifies that it was filed by "Richard J. Ross, (BY REQUEST)".

Committees
•Joint Committee on Rules

•Joint Committee on Economic Development and Emerging Technologies

•Joint Committee on Education

•Joint Committee on Higher Education

•Joint Committee on the Judiciary

•Joint Committee on Mental Health and Substance Abuse

•Joint Committee on Municipalities and Regional Government

•Joint Committee on Public Safety and Homeland Security

•Joint Committee on Ways and Means

•Senate Committee on Ethics and Rules

•Senate Committee on Ways and Means

References

Further reading

External links

Republican Party Massachusetts state senators
Republican Party members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
People from Wrentham, Massachusetts
American funeral directors
Living people
21st-century American politicians
1954 births

Richard J. Ross


Ruth Kobart (April 24, 1924 – December 14, 2002) was an American performer, whose six-decade career encompassed opera, Broadway musical theatre, regional theatre, films, and television.

Life and career
Born as Ruth Maxine Kahn in Des Moines, Iowa, Kobart studied opera at the American Conservatory of Music in Chicago and made her professional debut as the Witch in an off-Broadway production of Engelbert Humperdinck's Hänsel und Gretel.

She frequently toured with the NBC Opera Theatre (NBCOT) and the New York City Opera (NYCO). With the NBCOT she notably created the role of Agata in the world premiere of Gian Carlo Menotti's Maria Golovin at the Expo '58 in Brussels on August 20, 1958; later the same year she portrayed the role on Broadway. For the NBC, she also created the role of Arina in the premiere of Bohuslav Martinů's The Marriage. She played Madame Pace in the world premiere of Hugo Weisgall's Six Characters in Search of an Author at the NYCO in 1959. Regarding her role as Madame Pernelle in Tartuffe at the Geary Theater, she wrote: "I had a big voice and a big body ... I came out on stage and shouted my head off, and believe it or not, I found my way."

In 1955, Kobart made her Broadway debut in the chorus of Rodgers and Hammerstein's Pipe Dream. She understudied leading lady Helen Traubel and played her role forty two times during the show's run. Additional Broadway credits included How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying, A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum, A Flea in Her Ear, and Three Sisters. She was nominated for the 1963 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical for Forum.

Kobart's association with San Francisco's American Conservatory Theater began with its first season in 1967 and lasted through 1994. Her appearances with them included The House of Bernarda Alba, Sunday in the Park with George, Arsenic and Old Lace, A Little Night Music, and Home.

In the 1970s she took an extended leave from the company to portray Nurse Ratched in the 18-month-long San Francisco production of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. Her national tour credits included Forty Carats,
The Last of the Red Hot Lovers, and Annie. Her portrayal of Miss Hannigan on the first tour of Annie and in a long Chicago run (in succession to originator Dorothy Loudon) was considered one of the best interpretations of that classic role.

She voiced the main villain, Malicia, in 1994 video game King's Quest VII.

Films and television
On screen she appeared in the feature film adaptation of How to Succeed, as well as Petulia, Dirty Harry, The Hindenburg, and Sister Act and Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit. Her television credits include a regular role on Bob (which starred Bob Newhart) and guest appearances on The Streets of San Francisco, CHiPs, Archie Bunker's Place, St. Elsewhere, Matt Houston, Remington Steele, Midnight Caller, and Murphy Brown.  One of her more memorable roles was portraying the hijacked school bus driver in Dirty Harry.

Death
Kobart died of pancreatic cancer at her home in San Francisco, California, aged 78, seven months after being diagnosed with the illness. She was  survived by her brother, Howard S. Kahn, and various nephews and nieces.

Filmography

References

External links

 Obituary
 Ruth Kobart ACT profile
 Notice of Kobart's death

1924 births
2002 deaths
American stage actresses
American musical theatre actresses
American film actresses
American television actresses
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Actresses from Des Moines, Iowa
Actresses from San Francisco
Musicians from Des Moines, Iowa
Singers from Iowa
20th-century American women opera singers
20th-century American actresses

Ruth Kobart


Deal with the Devil or a Faustian bargain, also known as a Faustian deal or Faustian pact, is a metaphor in English for a deal in which an ambitious person surrenders moral integrity in order to achieve power and success. The term originates from the legend of Faust, a character in German folklore and literature, who makes a deal with the devil for knowledge and worldly pleasures but pays the ultimate price of his soul.

In a broader sense, a Faustian bargain can refer to any deal or agreement in which someone sacrifices their principles or values for material gain or advantage. It's often used to describe situations where the long-term cost of the deal is much greater than the immediate benefits.

Witchcraft

Deal with the Devil


A classmate is a student who is a member of the same class, in any of its meanings (a course, a lesson, a graduating year).

Classmate(s) may also refer to:

 Classmates (1914 film), a 1914 silent film produced by the Biograph Company
 Classmates (1924 film), a silent drama film starring Richard Barthelmess
 Classmates (1952 film), a Swedish film directed by Schamyl Bauman
 Classmates (2006 film), a Malayalam film
 Classmates (2007 film), a Telugu remake of the 2006 film
 Classmates (2008 film), a Japanese film
 Classmates (2015 film), a Marathi remake of the 2006 film
 Classmates (TV series), an American reality TV show that aired in 2003
 Classmates (manga), a 2006 manga series
 Classmates.com, a social networking service
 Odnoklassniki, Russian version of Classmates, a social networking service
 Classmate PC, a personal computer
 Classmate Stationery, an Indian brand of student stationery products

See also

 alumni, former students of a particular educational institution

 Class (disambiguation)
 Mate (disambiguation)

Classmates


The pink robin (Petroica rodinogaster) is a small passerine bird native to southeastern Australia. Its natural habitats are cool temperate forests of far southeastern Australia. Like many brightly coloured robins of the family Petroicidae, it is sexually dimorphic. Measuring  13.5 cm (5.3 in) in length, the robin has a small, thin, black bill, and dark brown eyes and legs. The male has a distinctive white forehead spot and pink breast, with grey-black upperparts, wings and tail. The belly is white. The female has grey-brown plumage. The position of the pink robin and its Australian relatives on the passerine family tree is unclear; the Petroicidae are not closely related to either the European or American robins, but appear to be an early offshoot of the Passerida group of songbirds.

Taxonomy
Described by Belgian naturalist Auguste Drapiez in 1819, the pink robin is a member of the Australasian robin family Petroicidae. Sibley and Ahlquist's DNA-DNA hybridisation studies placed this group in a Corvida parvorder comprising many tropical and Australian passerines, including pardalotes, fairy-wrens, honeyeaters, and crows. However, subsequent molecular research (and current consensus) places the robins as a very early offshoot of the Passerida (or "advanced" songbirds) within the songbird lineage. Testing of the nuclear and mitochondrial DNA of Australian members of the genus Petroica suggests that the pink and rose robins are each other's closest relative within the genus.

The generic name Petroica derives from the Ancient Greek petros 'stone' and oikos 'house'. The specific name rodinogaster derives from the Ancient Greek rhodinos 'pink' and gaster 'belly'.

Description
The pink robin is 13.5 cm (5.5 in) long and displays sexual dimorphism – the males and females have plumage which differ markedly. The male has a dark blackish-grey head, throat, back, wings and tail, a pink breast and belly fading to white on the lower abdomen, and a white forehead. The female is dark grey-brown above, with two buff-coloured wing-bars and pinkish-tinged underparts. The bill and feet are black, and the eyes are dark brown.

Distribution and habitat
Its range is the forests of southern Victoria and neighbouring parts of South Australia and New South Wales, and Tasmania.

Breeding
Breeding occurs from September to January. The nest is a well-made, neat, deep cup of moss. Spider webs, feathers and fur are used for binding or filling, and the nest is generally placed in a tree fork up to 5 m (15 ft) above the ground. A clutch of three or four eggs is laid. The eggs, which measure 18 by 14 mm, are greyish-, greenish- or blueish-white, and are marked with dark brown and lavender splotches and spots, usually concentrated around the large end.

Feeding
Prey consists of a variety of spiders and insects, including caterpillars, ichneumon wasps, beetles, flies and ants.

References

pink robin
pink robin
Birds of Tasmania
Birds of Victoria (state)
Endemic birds of Australia
pink robin
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Pink robin


Jonathan Lee Riches is a convicted fraudster known for the many lawsuits he has filed in various United States district courts. Riches was incarcerated at Federal Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, for wire fraud under the terms of a plea bargain. His release date was April 30, 2012. He was arrested for violating his federal probation in December 2012, when he left the Eastern District of the state of Pennsylvania without permission. He allegedly drove to Connecticut and impersonated the uncle of Adam Lanza, the shooter in the Sandy Hook Elementary School incident.

History
Since January 8, 2006, he has filed over 2600 lawsuits in federal district courts across the country, some of which have received considerable press attention. Among the more famous defendants of his lawsuits are New England Patriots coach Bill Belichick, former President of the United States George W. Bush, former Attorney General of the United States Janet Reno, Martha Stewart, NASCAR driver Jeff Gordon, former Atlanta Falcons quarterback Michael Vick, entrepreneur Steve Jobs, celebrity blogger Perez Hilton, Somali pirates, and pop star Britney Spears. He also sued the late Benazir Bhutto, Pervez Musharraf, and the Immigration and Naturalization Service on November 7, 2007, to prevent him from being deported to Pakistan and tortured upon his release from prison in March 2012. There is no evidence beyond this lawsuit of any attempt to deport Riches.

On April 9, 2008, Riches filed a request for a temporary restraining order in a US District Court against Grand Theft Auto publisher Take-Two, developer Rockstar Games, FCI Williamsburg, and Grand Theft Auto itself, claiming that the defendants "put me in prison." The inmate stated, "Defendants contributed to Plaintiff committing identity theft. Defendant's games show sex, drugs and violence which offends me." Riches continued, "Defendants put me in prison. I face imminent danger from violent inmates who played Grand Theft Auto who will knock me out and take my gold Jesus cross."

Riches attempted to intervene as a plaintiff in the Madoff investment scandal, claiming that he "met Bernard Madoff on eharmony.com in 2001" and taught Madoff identity theft skills.

In May 2009, Riches filed for an injunction against the Guinness Book of World Records, seeking to stop them from listing him as "the most litigious individual in history". Guinness spokeswoman Sara Wilcox told The Huffington Post that there was no such listing, and no plan to create one. "'Most litigious man' is not something Guinness World Records has ever monitored as a record category," she said. The action—like the vast majority of Riches's filings—was dismissed.

Some of Riches's defendants are not even persons subject to suit. These include "Adolf Hitler's National Socialist Party" and the "13 tribes of Israel." One lawsuit, in which George W. Bush was the first-named defendant, also includes another 783 defendants that cover 57 pages. They include Plato, Nostradamus, Che Guevara, James Hoffa, "Various Buddhist Monks," all survivors of the Holocaust, the Lincoln Memorial, the Eiffel Tower, the , the book Mein Kampf, the Garden of Eden, the Roman Empire, the Appalachian Trail, Plymouth Rock, the Holy Grail, Nordic gods, the dwarf planet Pluto, and the entire Three Mile Island accident.

A number of Riches's lawsuits have been dismissed as being "frivolous, malicious" or for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. Willis Hunt, the U.S. District Court Judge who dismissed Riches's suit against Vick as "farcical," opined that his lawsuits were clearly self-promotional. As per 28 U.S. Code § 1915(g), he is barred from proceeding in forma pauperis.

In July 2018, Riches was indicted by a federal grand jury in Arizona. He is charged with making false statements and other frauds after an attempt to file a lawsuit against Gabby Giffords while posing as Jared Lee Loughner.

A collection of Riches's lawsuits was published on April Fools' Day of 2016.

In November 2018, Riches self-published Nothing is Written in Stone: A Jonathan Lee Riches Companion, which contains a selection of his lawsuits as well as an autobiography.

See also
 Vexatious litigation
 Frivolous litigation

References

Living people
American prisoners and detainees
Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government
American people convicted of fraud
Place of birth missing (living people)
Vexatious litigants
Year of birth missing (living people)

Jonathan Lee Riches


Charles Mill is a reservoir located in central Ohio near the junction of State Routes 430 and 603. Charles Mill Lake is a quiet and enjoyable place for boating, camping, fishing, hunting, or hiking. The lake is located in both Richland County (near Mansfield) and Ashland County (near Mifflin), with the dam located in Ashland County. This lake is located on the Black Fork of the Mohican River. Many local residents refer to Chales Mill Lake as Mifflin Lake due to its proximity to Mifflin, Ohio. The lake primarily sees local use by nearby residents who fish or boat; the marina is accessible from St. Rt. 430.

History
The area around the lake experienced several incidents of violence between settlers and Native Americans during the War of 1812. An attack took place within a mile of the dam site following the forced removal of the Piqua Indians from their homes in Greentown. The Native Americans first attacked the home of the Frederick Zimmer family, killing Zimmer, his wife and daughter, and their neighbor, Martin Ruffner. Several days later, a settler, James Copus, and three militiamen were killed while defending Copus' home and family. There is a historical marker in the day use area of the lake that recounts the stories of "Frontier Violence During the War of 1812" and "English-Allied Indian Attacks", and a monument honoring these events was erected on Route 603, near the dam.
The name for Charles Mill Lake comes from the name of J. Charles who operated a sawmill (S.M.) in the vicinity where the park below the dam is situated currently. Caldwell's Atlas of Ashland County - 1874

Watershed

Charles Mill Dam
Charles Mill Dam is located on the Black Fork of the Mohican River,  east of Mansfield, Ohio and  southwest of Ashland, Ohio. The lake is located in Ashland County and Richland County, with the dam being located in Ashland County. Charles Mill Dam was constructed from 1935 to 1936 and is primarily for flood control, but is also used for recreation, and fish and wildlife management.

Charles Mill Dam is a rolled earth fill dam with an impervious, water-resistant, clay core. The dam, is  high,  long and  wide. The flood reduction system also includes two dikes and one levee. These structures, the dam, dikes and levee, hold the water that may build up behind them from the  drainage area the dam serves. The dam also has two spillways to handle water above the maximum the dam is designed to hold; one is built into the gate house, the other is beyond the gate house against the right abutment. There are five gates which allow the water to pass through the dam and provide control of it. During the summer months the lake is kept at about  at the dam which provides  of water surface. At that level the water is backed up the Black Fork about . When the dam is holding the maximum flood water it is designed to hold there would be  surface acres of water behind the dam and water would be backed up the Black Fork .

References

External links
Ohio DNR fishing map of Charles Mill Lake

Reservoirs in Ohio
Dams in Ohio
Bodies of water of Ashland County, Ohio
Bodies of water of Richland County, Ohio
Muskingum Watershed Conservancy District
United States Army Corps of Engineers, Huntington District

Charles Mill Lake


Prince George William of Great Britain (13 November 1717 – 17 February 1718) was a member of the British royal family, second son of the Prince and Princess of Wales (later King George II and Queen Caroline). He died aged 3 months, 4 days. A post-mortem was conducted to prove that he died from disease and not separation from his mother. He was buried at Westminster Abbey.

Biography
Prince George William was born at St James's Palace in London on 13 November 1717 (2 November 1717 on the Julian calendar in use at the time). His father, The Prince of Wales, was the son of George I. His mother was Caroline of Ansbach, daughter of Johann Friedrich, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach. Twenty-six days after his birth, he was baptised at St James's Palace by Bishop of London John Robinson. His godparents were his grandfather the King, the Duke of Newcastle (Lord Chamberlain of the King's Household) and the Duchess of St Albans (First Lady of the Bedchamber to his mother).

The baptism was the catalyst for a family quarrel. The infant's parents wanted to call the baby Louis, and suggested the Queen in Prussia and the Duke of York as sponsors. The King chose the names George William, and, supposedly following custom, appointed the Lord Chamberlain, the Duke of Newcastle, as one of the baptismal sponsors of the child. The King was angered when the Prince of Wales, who disliked Newcastle, verbally insulted the Duke at the christening, which the Duke misunderstood as a challenge to a duel; the Prince shook his fist at Newcastle and said "You are a rascal, but I shall find you out!", which the Duke apparently misheard as "I shall fight you!" The Prince of Wales was banished from court, and he and the Princess of Wales moved into Leicester House, while their children remained in the care of the King. Caroline fell sick with worry, and fainted during a secret visit to her children made without the King's approval. By January, the King had relented and allowed Caroline unrestricted access. In February, Prince George William fell ill, and the King allowed both the Prince and Princess of Wales to see him at Kensington Palace without any conditions. When George William died at three months of age, a post-mortem was conducted to prove that the cause of death was disease (a polyp on the heart) rather than the separation from his mother.

Titles and styles
13 November 1717 – 17 February 1718: His Royal Highness Prince George William

Ancestors

References

 Arkell, R. L. (1939) Caroline of Ansbach. Oxford University Press.
 Van der Kiste, John (1997) George II and Queen Caroline. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing.

External links

1717 births
1718 deaths
18th-century British people
British princes
Burials at Westminster Abbey
Children of George II of Great Britain
English people of German descent
English people of Scottish descent
House of Hanover
People from Westminster
Royalty who died as children
Sons of kings

Prince George William of Great Britain


Astrocaryum murumuru (Portuguese common name: murumuru) is a palm native to Amazon Rainforest vegetation in Brazil, which bears edible fruits.  Murumuru butter, extracted from the seeds of the plant, may be used as a moisturizer. One remarkable feature of this palm is that it is covered with spines up to twelve inches (30 centimeters) in length.

The murumuru palm trees grow in Brazil and around the Amazon and are one of the dominant trees in this region. It has a thick trunk and a shuttlecock-shaped, bushy crown.  The nutritious, edible fruits are an important local food source and materials made from the tree, fruit, and seed kernels are commercially significant to the region.  Hammocks are made from the tree's fibres.  Murumuru butter is moisturizing (emollient). It is also film-forming and glossy. These qualities make it very protective. It contains vitamins and has a high content of oleic acid. The oil from the seeds is traditionally used to soften and protect hair.  Murumuru butter is the white to yellowish fat obtained from the seeds of the murumuru palm.

Ecology
The Murumuru palm (Astrocaryum murumuru) is abundant in the Brazilian Amazon, extending to the borders of Bolivia and Peru. It prefers to grow in periodically flooded areas, especially on islands and in lowlands along the rivers throughout the Amazon River estuary and its tributaries, in dense or semi-open forests.
It is also frequently found in the lowlands of Marajo Island. The stem, leaves and fruit stalks are covered with hard, black spines that can reach over 20 cm in length, complicating fruit harvesting. When the fruit is ripe, the inflorescence (cluster of flowers) drops to the ground. The fruit contains a yellow flesh often consumed by rodents as food, which leave the seeds clean. The seed's hard shell is only separable from the kernel when dry. In general, 100 kg of dry seeds (12–15% water) yields 27 kg to 29 kg of kernels, which must be further dried to prevent deterioration during storage. These kernels then yield 40% to 42% oil. A single Murumuru palm produces about 11 kg of dry seeds. Hydraulic extraction can produce 35% oil relative to the dry weight of the kernel, which is equivalent to about 3.8 liters of oil per Murumuru palm. The kernels must be ground with grinding discs before hydraulic extraction. A kilogram of fruit pulp contains approximately 50 seeds. Seed germination is moderate and growth in the field is slow.

Astrocaryum murumuru butter

Murumuru butter contains lauric, myristic, and oleic acids. The fruit contains a white butter that is odorless and tasteless and has the advantage of not becoming rancid easily. The quality of Murumuru butter is similar to the seed fat of the Tucumã palm and coconut palm, but it has the advantage of providing greater consistency because of its melting point (33 C), which is superior to that of the Tucumã palm (30 °C) and coconut palm (22.7 °C). The quality of Murumuru butter makes it possible to mix it with other vegetable butters that have a lower melting point. It can also be used to partially substitute cocoa butter in chocolate, providing a firmer consistency in environments where the temperature is higher.
Murumuru butter has the great advantage of having a low acidity value (4% to 5%), especially when made from fresh seeds, which reduces the cost of refinement.
Murumuru butter was highly valued in Europe and the United States during the 1940s and 1950s, when it served as an ingredient in vegetable creams and soaps. Today, soaps containing Murumuru butter together with Ucuuba butter leave a protection layer on the skin similar to silicone, only it does not clog the pores.

Murumuru butter is used in small amounts in shampoos (0.5% to 1%) and formulas for conditioners, creams, soaps, lipsticks and deodorants (0.5% to 8%).

References

External links
  Astrocaryum murumuru

murumuru
Trees of the Amazon rainforest
Endemic flora of Brazil
Tropical agriculture
Trees of Brazil
Taxa named by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius
Trees of Peru

Astrocaryum murumuru


City of Women is a 1980 fantasy movie.

Marcello Mastroianni plays Snàporaz.

Plot
A man named Snàporaz wakes up during a train ride. He has a brief affair with a woman in the bathroom. But it's cut short when the train stops. The woman gets off. Snàporaz follows her into the woods. He follows her to a Grand Hotel packed with women. He winds up in a conference. But his presence is rejected. He then seeks refuge in an elevator with a woman named Donatella. She offers him her assistance.

Donatella leads Snàporaz into a gym. She forces him to provide roller skates. Snàporaz is yet again insulted by angry women who circle around him in roller skates and practice testicle-kicking on a dummy.

Snàporaz makes his exit down a flight of stairs. He falls down and badly hurts himself. He falls into the domain of a woman tending to the hotel's furnace. The woman tries to rape him. But the rape is stopped by the woman's mother. The mother gives out corporal punishment to the daughter.

Cast

 Marcello Mastroianni as Snàporaz
 Anna Prucnal as Elena
 Bernice Stegers as Woman on train
 Donatella Damiani as Donatella (Woman on roller skates)
 Iole Silvani as Motorcyclist
 Ettore Manni as Dr. Xavier Katzone
 Fiammetta Baralla as Onlio
 Hélène G. Calzarelli as Feminist
 Isabelle Canto de Maya
 Catherine Carrel as Commandant
 Stéphane Emilfork as Feminist
 Marcello Di Falco as Slave
 Silvana Fusacchia as Skater
 Gabriella Giorgelli as Fishwoman of San Leo
 Sylvie Meyer as Feminist
 Dominique Labourier as Feminist
 Marina Confalone as Feminist
 Marina Hedman as Girl of 'Giro della Morte'

Release and reviews
The movie was released through New Yorker Films in the United States on April 8, 1981. It got very good reviews from critics. But it didn't make much money at the box office.

The movie was rated R18 in New Zealand for sex scenes.

Other websites

Italian-language movies
1980 fantasy movies
Italian fantasy movies
Movies directed by Federico Fellini

City of Women


Area code 770 is a telephone area code in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) serving all or part of 29 counties in North Georgia, including most of Atlanta's suburbs. It was created in 1995 in a split of numbering plan area (NPA) 404.

History
When the North American Numbering Plan was created in October 1947, all of Georgia was served by area code 404. In 1954, 404 was reduced to the northern half of the state, with Macon and points south splitting off as area code 912. The remaining 404 territory remained unchanged until 1992, when most of the area outside of the immediate Atlanta metropolitan area was split off with area code 706. This was intended as a long-term solution to relieve number shortages in exchanges in North Georgia.

When 706 was created, it included several fast-growing exurbs of Atlanta. Residents of these areas complained about no longer being associated with the better-known area code 404, prompting BellSouth to return these areas to 404 soon after the split. However, even before the creation of 706, 404 was close to exhaustion due to the proliferation of cell phones, fax machines, and pagers in the fast-growing Atlanta area. BellSouth and the Georgia Public Service Commission were well aware of this, and had already planned to create a new area code for the Atlanta suburbs later in the decade. However, the restoration of the exurban areas from 706 forced further relief action sooner than anticipated.

As a result, just three years later, in 1995, almost all of Atlanta's suburban ring was split off as area code 770.

Atlanta was the first city in the United States to have mandatory ten-digit dialing throughout its metro area, roughly coinciding with the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. Atlanta was used as the test case not only for its size, but also because it enjoyed the world's largest fiber optic bundle at the time (five times that of New York), and it was home to BellSouth (now part of AT&T), then the Southeastern Regional Bell Operating Company.

An additional NPA will be added to both metro Atlanta overlay areas in 2022.  Area code 943 will be effective on March 15, 2022.

Service area
Numbering plan area 770 completely surrounds 404.  The two plan areas are separated roughly by Interstate 285, known locally as the Perimeter.  Generally, 770 includes most of the metro area outside the Perimeter, while 404 serves Atlanta itself and most suburbs inside the Perimeter; a few cities are split between the two codes.  Both codes are overlaid by 678, 470, and 943. The metro Atlanta region (404, 770, 678/470/943) is one of the largest local calling areas in the United States; with few exceptions, no long-distance charges are applied for calls from one portion of the metro to the other. Parts of 706/762 and north Alabama's 256/938 are local calls to Atlanta as well.

When the Atlanta area was originally divided in 1995, most cellphones stayed with 404, which balanced the fact that most of the landline area went to 770.

Area code 770 serves a numbering plan area that comprises the counties of Barrow, Bartow, Butts, Carroll, Cherokee, Clayton (part with area code 404), Cobb, Coweta, Dawson, DeKalb (part with area code 404), Douglas, Fayette, Forsyth, Fulton (part with area code 404), Gwinnett, Hall, Haralson, Heard (part with area codes 706 and 762), Henry, Lamar, Meriwether (part with area codes 706 and 762), Newton, Oconee, Paulding, Pike, Polk, Rockdale, Spalding, and Walton.

See also
 List of Georgia area codes
 List of North American Numbering Plan area codes
 Metro Atlanta

References

External links
 Interactive Map of Area Code 770

1995 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Area codes in the United States
Area codes in Georgia (U.S. state)

Area code 770


Charles Marsh Webb (Nash) Gilbert (18 March 1867 – 3 October 1925), known professionally as C. Web Gilbert, was a self-taught Australian sculptor renowned both within Australia and abroad.

Gilbert was born at Cockatoo, Victoria. His father, a miner named William Gilbert, died when he was two months old, and his mother was left with three young children. Gilbert received a state school education but began to earn his living before he was 10 years old. Coming to Melbourne, he obtained a position at Parer's Crystal Café & Hotel where he eventually became a pastry chef. It has been stated that the modelling of ornaments for wedding cakes first turned his thoughts in the direction of sculpture. He entered the national gallery drawing school in 1888 and attended for two and a half years, but never went on to the painting school. In the late 1890s he began to exhibit at the Yarra Sculptors' Society and the Victorian Artists' Society. Until 1905 his work was all in marble and when he began experimenting in casting in bronze he met with many difficulties and could find no one in Melbourne to help him. He persevered, became an excellent caster, and among others did portrait heads in bronze of John Mather, A. McClintock, John Shirlow, Hugh McCrae and Bernard O'Dowd. The last was acquired for the National Gallery of Victoria in 1913 under the Felton bequest.

In May 1914, encouraged and helped by an American resident of Melbourne, Hugo Meyer, Gilbert went to London and in spite of the war persevered with his work as he was well over military age . He exhibited at the Royal Academy where the sincerity of his work met with early appreciation, and in 1917 his marble head "The Critic" was purchased for the Tate Gallery through the Chantrey Bequest. He was nominated also for an associateship of the Royal Academy. He was then employed as a war artist by the Commonwealth government and made, for the war museum, many models of land over which the Australians fought. He returned to Australia in 1920 and completed the 2nd Division monument, which was afterwards unveiled at Mont St. Quentin in the presence of Marshal Foch.

His other war memorials include large and dramatic bronze sculptures of Australian soldiers in public streets in Broken Hill in New South Wales and the City of Burnside in South Australia, as well as those for the Melbourne University medical school and the Victorian Chamber of Manufacturers. He created the miniature figures in the diorama "Mont St Quentin" held by the Australian War Memorial. Another important work was the group of three figures for the Matthew Flinders memorial which stands outside St Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne. His next important piece of work was the Australian Memorial for Port Said. Gilbert had always been accustomed to doing everything for himself, and wore himself out carrying clay for the huge full size model and died suddenly on 3 October 1925. He married Alice Rose Eugenia Daniell in 1887, they divorced in 1911. He married again while in London and left a widow, Mabel Annette Gilbert, née Woodstock, with three children, daughter Marj, and identical twin sons, Charlie and Jim.

Gilbert is buried at Coburg Cemetery, Preston, Victoria. His grave is included in a self-guided heritage walk at the cemetery and information about his life and death are available on a sign posted at his graveside.

See also
Australian official war artists

References

1867 births
1925 deaths
People from Maryborough, Victoria
20th-century Australian sculptors
19th-century Australian sculptors
Artists from Victoria (state)
Colony of Victoria people

Charles Web Gilbert


Deomali is a mountain peak in the Chandragiri-Pottangi subrange of the Eastern Ghats. It is located near Koraput town in the Koraput district of southern Odisha, India.At 1672 m Deomali is the highest mountain peak in the state of Odisha. It is also one of the tallest peaks of the Eastern Ghats. The peak has a good surrounding scenery.

Reference

Mountains of India

Deomali (mountain)


Halbert Harvill (November 28, 1893 – December 1, 1986) was an American university president, basketball and baseball coach, and politician. A native of Tennessee, Harvill became an educator and taught in small towns until he served in the Army during World War I. Upon his return from war, he attended Middle Tennessee State University where he graduated in 1927. Harvill moved to Murfreesboro, Tennessee to become an assistant professor of history at Austin Peay State University. After a few years, he fought in World War II, and upon his return Harvill was named the next president of Austin Peay. Harvill held the position from 1946 to 1962. During his tenure, the school grew from 417 full-time students to 2,118 and had constructed 13 new buildings. Harvill also served as the school's first ever men's basketball head coach and just their second ever baseball head coach. He coached the basketball team in 1929–30 and again from 1933 to 1936, and he coached baseball from 1933 through 1936. His overall records were 29–18 (basketball) and 27–23 (baseball).

Two years after retiring in 1962 as being Austin Peay State University's president, Harvill was convinced by a friend to run for the Tennessee Senate. At 70 years old he was elected and served for 16 years in the General Assembly's upper chambers before retiring for good. Harvill died at Memorial Hospital in Clarksville, Tennessee on December 1, 1986.

Head coaching records

Basketball

Baseball

References

1893 births
1986 deaths
Baseball coaches from Tennessee
Basketball coaches from Tennessee
Austin Peay Governors baseball coaches
Austin Peay Governors men's basketball coaches
Austin Peay State University faculty
Tennessee state senators
Middle Tennessee State University alumni
People from Clarksville, Tennessee
Presidents of Austin Peay State University
20th-century American politicians
Sportspeople from Tennessee
20th-century American academics

Halbert Harvill


Feliformia is a suborder in the mammal order Carnivora. It contains all the Felidae, which are cat-like animals. The suborder also contains the relatives of the cats, which includes hyaenas, civets, Asiatic linsangs, and more. There are six families, twelve subfamilies, 56 genera and 114 species in the Feliformia suborder now.

Molecular phylogeny shows the Feliformia is monophyletic. The other suborder of Carnivora is the dog-like Caniformia.

Taxonomy
 Suborder Feliformia ("cat-like")
 Family Eupleridae: Fossa and others
 Family Felidae: Cats
 Subfamily Felinae
 Subfamily Pantherinae
 Family Nandiniidae:
 Genus Nandinia: African palm civet
 Family Viverridae: Civet cats, Genets etc.
 Family Hyaenidae: Hyaenas
 Subfamily Hyaeninae
 Subfamily Protelinae
 Family Herpestidae: Mongooses
 Family Primodontidae: Asiatic linsang
 Family Eupleridae: Varied group, endemic to Madagascar

 †Barbourofelidae: Miocene "false" sabre-tooths
 †Nimravidae: "false" sabre-tooths, from Eocene to end Miocene.
 †Stenoplesictidae: Civet-like animals
 †Percrocutidae: hyaena-like forms from the Miocene to later Pliocene

Cladogram

References

1. Taxonomic references extant species (a); supporting descriptive information and pictures: Diversity Web (online) - Feliformia.
2. Taxonomic references extant species (b): ITIS Integrated Taxonomic Information System
3. Fossil record data (with taxonomic references) extant and extinct species: The Paleaobiology Database
4. Supporting taxonomic references extant and extinct species: Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification - Suborder Feliformia
5. Gina D. Wesley-Hunt and John J. Flynn 2005: Phylogeny of The Carnivora
6a. Anne D. Yoder and John J. Flynn 2003: Origin of Malagasy Carnivora
6b. Yoder, A., M. Burns, S. Zehr, T. Delefosse, G. Veron, S. Goodman, J. Flynn. 2003: Single origin of Malagasy Carnivora from an African ancestor – Letters to Nature
7. Philippe Gaubert, W. Chris Wozencraft, Pedro Cordeiro-Estrela and Géraldine Veron. 2005 - Mosaics of Convergences and Noise in Morphological Phylogenies: What's in a Viverrid-Like Carnivoran?

Other websites

Feliformia


La Poste is a postal service company in France, operating in Metropolitan France, the five French overseas departments and regions and the overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon. Under bilateral agreements, La Poste also has responsibility for mail services in Monaco through La Poste Monaco and in Andorra alongside the Spanish company Correos.

The company was created in 1991 following the split of the French PTT, a government department responsible for mail, telegraph and telephone services in France. The PTT, founded in 1879, was then divided between La Poste, which became responsible for postal service, and France Télécom (nowadays Orange) for the telecommunication services. France Télécom was immediately privatised but La Poste has remained a public company. However, in 1997 EU directive 97/67/EC required member states to "fully open the postal sector to competition", with the result that the French government allowed private postal service companies in 2005 and transformed La Poste into a public-owned company limited by shares in 2010.

La Poste is part of the Groupe La Poste, which also comprises a bank and insurance company (La Banque postale), a logistics service company (DPDgroup) and a mobile network operator (La Poste Mobile). Although its postal activities are declining because of the development of the Internet, they still represented half of the company's income. Other activities, such as parcel delivery and banking, are on the rise. The two represented respectively a quarter of the company's income in 2017.

History

Kingdom of France

During the Middle Ages, postal delivery in France was not organised by the state and was provided by private enterprise. University envoys dominated the market from 13th century onwards. In 1477, King Louis XI created coaching inns to deliver his own letters. These inns were for temporary use and usually led to battlefields. In 1576, royal mail delivery was further improved with the creation of the office of royal envoy. Royal envoys were allowed to provide services to private individuals. They prefigured modern postal services and their existence led to the appearance of the first post offices at the end of the 16th century.

The first set of fees appeared in 1627 for letters sent to Bordeaux, Lyon, Toulouse and Dijon. As with the rest of Europe, stamps did not exist in France at that time and mail was paid for by the recipient. The first map of post roads was published in 1632 and a book compiling lists of roads and inns including distances and fees to be paid was released in 1707. A new edition was released every two years until 1859. The country already had 623 coaching inns in 1632 and the figure reached 800 at the beginning of the 18th century.  A ferme générale was created for mail services in 1672, which meant that postal services started to be subject to taxation. Tax officers progressively bought private postal companies and university envoys became subjects to the ferme générale in 1719. International treaties regarding postal services were signed with neighbouring countries under Louis XIV.

Birth of a national postal service

During the French Revolution French postal services progressively became a fully public service. Directors of post offices lost their privileges in 1789 and their position became subject to universal suffrage. The ferme générale was abolished two years later and post offices started to be directly administered by the state. As a reaction to the commonplace opening of letters by the royal authorities, an oath of confidentiality became compulsory for post employees in 1790. The first French mail coach appeared in 1793 and the first telegram in the world was delivered in 1794 with the Chappe optical transmitter on the Paris-Lille line.

After the Revolution, French postal services continued their modernisation. An 1801 decree reasserted the state monopoly on mail delivery, postal orders were created in 1817 and postage stamps were introduced in 1849, nine years after they were invented in the United Kingdom. A rural service was implemented in 1830 with mail delivery in rural areas every two days. The delivery became daily from 1832.

France was a founding member of the General Postal Union in 1874. The organisation became the Universal Postal Union in 1879.

French PTT
Post and telegraphs were united in one administration by the French government in 1879, giving birth to the P&T ("Postes et télégraphes") which later became the PTT ("Postes, télégraphes et téléphones"). A French Ministry of Post and Telegraphs was created the same year. A national savings bank was opened in 1881 and added to the services provided by the P&T. The government took a monopoly over telephone services in 1889 and placed this responsibility under the P&T. The administration then became PTT and kept this name until 1959 when it became "Postes et Télécommunications", although the acronym PTT was kept.

Postal cheques were created in 1918. The first airmail flight operated in 1912 between Nancy and Lunéville and a regular airmail network was put in place in 1935 through the "Air Bleu" company. Night airmail services started in 1939 on two lines: Paris-Bordeaux-Pau and Paris-Lyon-Marseille. Postcodes were introduced in France in 1964.

La Poste

Before 2005

In the 1980s, it became clear that the French PTT could not compete anymore in a country where communication was greatly increasing. The administration suffered from a constant lack of innovation and was dependent on political will and decisions. A division between postal and telecommunication services was suggested as early as 1974 in a report from the French parliament. However, changes in the structure of the PTT were opposed by trade unions who feared that employees could lose their status as civil servants.

In 1988, under the premiership of Socialist Michel Rocard, a law was finally prepared to split the PTT and enable the  government to get the services out of the public administration and to prepare for competition from private firms. Such a move was encouraged by the European Economic Community, and the United Kingdom had already separated its national telephone company from its postal services in 1981. Most of the other member states did the same in the late 1980s and early 1990s.

Trade unions organised several strikes but the law was adopted in 1990. La Poste and France Télécom were officially created on 1 January 1991. The two had the status of "autonomous operators under public law". While France Telecom was privatised and floated on the stock exchange in 1997, La Poste has remained a public service.

Since its creation, the company has had to face strong competition from the Internet. As a result, it has tried to innovate and diversify its activities. In 2000, it became a webmail provider and created GeoPost, its logistics and parcel delivery subsidiary. The following year, it released its online trading platform to reinforce its online banking services. To comply with the law and EU directives, the banking activities had to form a distinct subsidiary in 2006, called La Banque postale. It received the official status of a bank while it had remained a public savings bank until then.

After 2005

La Poste lost its monopoly on postal delivery in 2005. Since then, several competing firms have started businesses in France. Most of them only deliver parcels (for example, TNT Express, DHL Express and United Parcel Service) or recorded letters, while mail delivery itself could not attract private companies. Most of the companies dealing with mail services only operate on a local scale, because they could not compete with the extremely wide network of offices that La Poste enjoyed throughout the country.

La Poste became a public limited company in 2010. Although most of the Western European countries had fully privatised their postal service companies, public opinion in France was largely against such a move. A majority of French citizens feared that if La Poste becomes a private company, many post offices would close, rural areas would be neglected and stamps would be more expensive. Supporters of privatisation claimed that it would help solving the debt (€5.8 billion in 2009) and contain the rise of prices.

In 2013 La Poste invested around €1 billion in renovating post offices, modernising infrastructure and reinforcing its network, along with the purchase of electric delivery vehicles. Acquisitions included more Seur franchises in Spain, a 40% stake in Indian parcel firm DTDC and a similar stake in French parcel firm Colizen. The company also bought a 66% stake in freight forwarder Tigers. Via its joint venture with Swiss Post, Asendia, the Group acquired Pitney Bowes' international mail business operations in the UK, and a 40% stake in Irish e-commerce firm eShopWorld.

In December 2016, La Poste launched a regular delivery line by drones to deliver to isolated companies in secluded areas of France.

Activities

Mail delivery

La Poste is by far the largest provider for mail delivery in France. It treated 15 billion messages in 2012, of which 97% implied an administration or a firm. Relations with customers only represented 55% of the company's revenue (55% for business relations ; 16% for advertisement). International mail delivery accounted for 7% of the 2012 revenue. The same year, Swiss Post and La Poste launched a joint company, Asendia, to merge their international mail activities.

La Poste offers three different rates for sending mail in France: first-class, second-class and green letter. The latter was introduced in 2011 to provide an ecological alternative to the regular rates. It emits 15% less  than first-class letters. In 2012, it accounted for one in five priority letters(20 percent of priority letters).

Parcels and Express (GeoPost)
GeoPost grouped most parcel subsidiaries of La Poste Group. In France, the company provided two brands, Chronopost and DPD (formerly Exapaq). Worldwide, the brands are DPD, Yurtiçi Kargo and Seur GeoPost.

La Poste is the second biggest provider for parcel delivery in Europe, with a 15% share of the market and a €5 billion revenue.

In 2017, Geopost expanded its activities in Italy, Russia, Brazil and Vietnam.

Last-Mile Delivery
In 2015 La Poste invested €22 million into Stuart Delivery before it was officially launched. In 2017 La Poste brought Stuart Delivery owing 100% of the shares  Stuart Delivery is a subsidiary of the DPD group and is operating in 86 cities across the UK, Italy, France, Spain, Poland, and Portugal.

On 6 December 2021 couriers in the UK for Stuart Delivery organising with IWGB started a strike. Stuart couriers told that they started the current strike after Stuart enforced a 24% pay cut in December 2021, which saw base pay rates slashed on most deliveries from £4.50 to £3.40. It is the longest gig work strike in UK history.

In the UK, according to Corporate Watch Stuart Delivery made £41 million in profits from UK deliveries in 2021, over double the £20.5 million it had made in 2020. Stuart Delivery's UK accounts show an unnamed director was paid £2.2 million in 2020.

Other activities
In addition to postal services, La Poste also offers banking and insurance services (with La Banque Postale) and, via Chronopost, courier services. After the government, La Poste is the second largest employer in France. It also offers webmail, providing @laposte.net email addresses and hosts approximately 1.6 million active email accounts. More recently, the group has created a branch for communication counselling (Mediaprism), document exchange and archiving (Docapost), real estate (Poste Immo) and mobile telephony (La Poste Mobile, in partnership with SFR).

Corporate identity
Yellow is the main colour of the French post since the 1960s. Previously, postal vans used to be green and post boxes blue. Yellow was chosen because it is a colour that is easily seen and because it can symbolise speed and light. The logotype of La Poste was created by poster designer Guy Georget. It represents a bird, often called the "postal bird" ("l'oiseau postal"), symbolising a messenger. Its design was slightly altered by Georget in 1978.

See also
Caribbean Postal Union
Dirigisme

References

Further reading
  Le Roux, Muriel, et al. eds. A Concise History of the French Post Office: From Its Origins to the Present Time (2018),

External links

 La Poste website
 Postal Services in France - at Discover France (English)
 French Post Boxes through the ages. (English)

France
Postal system of France
Government-owned companies of France
Philately of France
Philately of Monaco

La Poste (France)


{{Infobox video game
|title = Major League Baseball 2K10
|image = Mlb2k10.jpg
|caption= Evan Longoria, cover athlete
|developer = Visual Concepts
|publisher = 2K
|series = 2K Sports Major League Baseball
|designer =
|engine =
|released =
|genre = Sports
|modes = Single-player, Multiplayer
|platforms = Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable, Wii, Nintendo DS, Cloud (OnLive)
}}Major League Baseball 2K10 or, in short, MLB 2K10, is an MLB licensed baseball simulation video game published by 2K. MLB 2K10 was available for Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable, Wii, and Nintendo DS. The game was released on March 2, 2010.

Updates
New to the series is the "My Player" feature, a career mode in which the player shepherds a player's career from the minors to the majors.  Other features from the previous game have been improved or tweaked, including hitting and pitching. The game also features "MLB Today", an online ticker that tracks real-life Major League Baseball news and scores. With the MLB Today feature you can also play the same game that is being played in the real MLB. For example, if the New York Yankees are playing the Boston Red Sox and CC Sabathia is pitching, in the game he will be pitching along with the same lineup that is being used.

The commentary has been improved as well, which analyze stats from the current year, the previous year, the previous series, and so forth. The crowd noise has also been reworked and sounds better than any previous version.

The Franchise Mode has been enhanced as well. Players can choose multiple teams and run their franchise, and can make staff personnel decisions. There are now 40 man rosters for Spring Training and September call ups. Players also have a minor league system that run from Single A through Triple A. Players can draft players from the high school, college, and amateur league level. Teams now receive compensatory draft picks from Type A and B free agents as well. Players can invite friends to play against them within the Franchise Mode, as well as online player updates.

Like NBA 2K10, Major League Baseball 2K10 celebrates its 10th anniversary, going back to its Sega Dreamcast origins as World Series Baseball, though the series began in 1994 with the Sega Genesis release of World Series Baseball.

Commentators
The commentary is delivered by Steve Phillips, Gary Thorne, and John Kruk. For the Wii version, Kruk is not in the commentary booth.

Cover athlete

Tampa Bay Rays third baseman and Gold Glove Award winner Evan Longoria was announced as the cover athlete for 2K10, replacing two-time NL Cy Young Award winner Tim Lincecum from MLB 2K9.

ReceptionMLB 2K10 received mixed to positive reviews. GameZone's Michael Lafferty gave the game a 7/10, saying "In the past, the 2K series was hampered by a lot of little things. The developers obviously put a lot of time in improving the overall gameplay and it shows. The new modes are fun but need some attention to iron out bugs, and there are some areas where the errors are just downright contrary to the game of baseball. On the surface, baseball seems a simple game, but to the baseball fan, the layers of complexity are what create that overall feeling that is Major League Baseball.''"

Promotion
In early February, game publisher 2K Sports announced a contest where players had a chance to win $1,000,000 for pitching a perfect game on the Xbox 360 or PS3 versions of the game.
The feat was finally achieved by Wade McGilberry of Mobile, Alabama who used the Atlanta Braves pitcher Kenshin Kawakami.

Soundtrack
 Social Distortion - "Bad Luck"
 Tantric - "Down and Out"
 Black Keys - "Your Touch"
 Black Crowes - "Go Faster"
 Daughtry - "Every Time You Turn Around"
 Cage the Elephant - "Judas"
 Jet - "Start the Show"
 Iggy Pop - "Lust for Life"
 Boss Martians - "Hey Hey Yeah Yeah"
 Hotel St. George - "It's the Blues"
 LCD Soundsystem - "Time to Get Away"
 Phoenix - "Lisztomania"
 The Sugarhill Gang - "Rapper's Delight"
 Black Sheep - "The Choice is Yours"
 Ryan Adams - "Magick"
 Pearl Jam - "The Fixer" (exclusive to Xbox 360 version)

References

2010 video games
2K Sports games
Major League Baseball video games
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation Portable games
Sports video games with career mode
Visual Concepts games
Wii games
Windows games
Xbox 360 games
Nintendo DS games
Sports video games set in the United States
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Take-Two Interactive games
MLB 2K
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in Maryland

Major League Baseball 2K10