The 1st Guards Tank Army () is a tank army of the Russian Ground Forces. в/ч 73621.

The army traces its heritage back to the 1st Tank Army, formed twice in July 1942 and in January 1943 and converted into the 1st Guards Tank Army in January 1944. The army fought as part of the Red Army on the Eastern Front during World War II. The army was commanded throughout most of the war by Mikhail Katukov.

It fought on the defensive during Case Blue, ultimately being partially destroyed and disbanded. After its reformation in 1943, it participated in the Battle of Kursk, the Proskurov-Chernovtsy Operation, the Lvov-Sandomierz Operation, the Vistula-Oder Offensive and the Battle of Berlin. After the war, the army was stationed in East Germany as part of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany.

After the end of the Cold War and the resultant withdrawal of Soviet units in Germany, the army was relocated to Smolensk, and disbanded in 1999. The army was reformed in 2014 as part of Russia's military expansion. This reformed army fought in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, where it is said to have suffered heavy casualties following its eventual retreats from the north and later Kharkiv.

First formation
The 1st Tank Army was first formed within the Stalingrad Front from the 38th Army in July 1942, under the command of Major General Kirill Moskalenko. The army was encircled and partially destroyed. It was disbanded as a result in August 1942, its headquarters becoming the Southeastern Front headquarters.

Second formation
The 1st Tank Army was formed a second time on 30 January 1943 (order No.46021) from the headquarters of the 29th Army, under the command of famous armoured troops commander Lieutenant General of Tank Troops Mikhail Katukov, personally appointed by Stalin. The army was transferred to the North-Western Front. The 3rd Mechanised Corps (later to become 8th Guards Mechanised Corps) and 6th Tank Corps (later to become 11th Guards Tank Corps) joined it on formation, and served with the army throughout the war. It was quickly transferred to the Voronezh Front for the defense of the Kursk salient's southern shoulder, adding the newly formed 31st Tank Corps to its subordinate commands.

Its order of battle prior to Operation Citadel was as follows:

1st Tank Army
 3rd Mechanized Corps (Major General of Tank Forces Semyon Krivoshein)
 1st Mechanized Brigade
 3rd Mechanized Brigade
 10th Mechanized Brigade
 49th Tank Brigade
 58th Motorcycle Battalion,
 35th Tank Destroyer Regiment
 265th Mortar Regiment
 405th Guards Mortar Battalion*
 6th Tank Corps (Major General of Tank Forces Andrei Getman)
 22nd Tank Brigade
 112nd Tank Brigade
 200th Tank Brigade
 6th Motor Rifle Brigade
 85th Motorcycle Battalion
 1461st Self-Propelled Gun Regiment
 538th Tank Destroyer Regiment
 270th Mortar Regiment
31st Tank Corps (Major General of Tank Forces D. Kh. Chernienko)
 100th Tank Brigade
 237th Tank Brigade
 242nd Tank Brigade
 71st Engineer Battalion
 267th Engineer Battalion
 316th Guards Mortar Regiment*
 8th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Division
 797th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment
 848th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment
 978th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment
 1063rd Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment

* Guards Mortar Regiment (or Battalion) () was the overt designation used for Katyusha rocket launcher units.

First Guards Tank Army
After Kursk, 1st Tank Army participated in  the Proskurov-Chernovtsy Operation, the Lvov-Sandomierz Operation, the Vistula-Oder Offensive, and the Battle of Berlin. It was awarded a Guards title and became the 1st Guards Tank Army in April 1944, and Katukov was promoted to Colonel General.

On 1 January 1945, the Army's principal combat formations were:

 8th Guards Mechanized Corps (Major General Ivan Dremov) (3 January 1944 – 9 May 1945)
 19th Guards Mechanized Brigade
 20th Guards Mechanized Brigade
 21st Guards Mechanized Brigade
 1st Guards Tank Brigade
 48th Guards Separate Tank Regiment
 353rd Guards Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment
 400th Guards Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment
 265th Guards Mortar Regiment *
 405th Guards Mortar Battalion *
 358th Guards Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment
 8th Guards Motorcycle Battalion
 11th Guards Tank Corps (Colonel Hamazasp Babadzhanian) (25 August 1944 – 9 May 1945)
 40th Guards Tank Brigade
 44th Guards Tank Brigade
 45th Guards Tank Brigade
 27th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade
 399th Guards Heavy Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment
 362nd Guards Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment
 1454th Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment
 350th Light Artillery Regiment
 270th Guards Mortar Regiment *
 53rd Guards Mortar Battalion *
 1018th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment
 9th Guards Motorcycle Battalion
 Army Troops
 64th Guards Tank Brigade
 11th Guards Separate Tank Regiment
 19th Light Self-Propelled Artillery Brigade
 197th Light Artillery Brigade
 79th Guards Mortar Regiment *
 17th Motorised Engineer Brigade
 191st Guards Liaison Aviation Regiment
 6th Motorcycle Regiment
 12th Guards Motorcycle Regiment

* Guards Mortar Regiment (or Battalion) () was the overt designation used for Katyusha rocket launcher units.

Cold War

The 1st Guards Tank Army was awarded the Order of the Red Banner postwar. It became part of the Soviet occupation force in Germany, known as Group of Soviet Forces in Germany, with its headquarters in Dresden. In 1968, it, along with the 11th Guards Tank and 20th Guards Motor Rifle Divisions, took part in the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, after which the units returned to their garrisons.

In the late 1980s the Army included the 20th Guards Motor Rifle Division, 9th Tank Division, and 11th Guards Tank Division. The headquarters was withdrawn to Smolensk, in the Moscow Military District in the early 1990s, and lost the 'Tank' from its title in 1995. In its last period within the Russian Army it comprised the 4th Guards 'Kantemir' Tank Division and the 144th Motor Rifle Division (which had been withdrawn from Tallinn in Estonia).

In July 1992 the 336th Independent Helicopter Regiment returned from Germany to Oreshkovo airfield and was placed under the Moscow Military District. The regiment then came under 1st Guards Tank Army from 31 December 1992.

1st Guards Tank Army was disbanded in 1998.

1988 structure
The army's composition in 1988 was (with main equipment), with honorific titles in italics:

 Army Headquarters, Dresden
 234th Separate Guard and Security Battalion, Dresden
 3rd Separate Guards Carpathian Communications Regiment, Dresden
 253rd Separate Radio Engineering Regiment, Merseburg
 51st Separate Radio Engineering Battalion, Dresden
 106th Separate Electronic Warfare Battalion, Dresden
 595th Separate Intelligence Gathering Battalion, Chemnitz (K-611)
 6th Separate Airborne Battalion, Dresden
 308th Artillery Brigade, Zeithain (2c5 Hyacinth)
 181st Guards Novozybkovskaya Red Banner Orders of Suvorov and Alexander Nevsky Missile Brigade, Kochstedt
 432nd Missile Brigade, Wurzen
 53rd Anti-Aircraft Rocket Brigade, Altenburg
 443rd Separate Engineer and Combat Engineering Battalion, Dresden
 68th Pontoon Bridge Regiment, Dresden
 41st Materiel Support Brigade, Dresden
 303rd Separate Repair and Recovery Battalion, Dresden
 338th Separate Repair and Recovery Battalion, Dresden
 225th Separate Attack Helicopter Regiment, Allstedt (Mil Mi-24)
 485th Separate Attack Helicopter Regiment, Brandis (Mil Mi-24)
 6th Separate Transport Helicopter Squadron, Klotzsche (Mil Mi-8)
 9th Bobruisk-Berlin Order of the Red Banner Order of Suvorov Tank Division, Riesa
 11th Guards Berlin-Carpathian Tank Division, Dresden
 20th Guards Taganrog Red Banner Order of the Suvorov Division Motor Rifle Division, Grimma

Reactivation

After a 15-year hiatus, the Army was reconstituted in November 2014, probably on 13 November 2014.

The army was formed as the main ground forces manoeuvre and reserve operational formation of the Western Military District, in addition to the 6th Combined Arms Army (headquartered in Saint Petersburg) and the 20th Guards Combined Arms Army (headquartered in Voronezh). It is considered an elite formation of the Russian Ground Forces. The army carries on the traditions of the chronologically first army of the Soviet Union to reach 'Guards status.

It commands the 2nd Guards Motor Rifle and the 4th Guards Tank Divisions, which are considered the elite formations of their respective combat arms. The most decorated divisions of the Soviet Army, they were garrisoned the closest to Moscow for the city's defense.  Due to their proximity to the capital, extra scrutiny was applied to personnel of these formations, making these postings especially prestigious. These units received the latest hardware and were thus known as the 'household' divisions of the Soviet Army. Their loyalty to the government was demonstrated by their involvement in the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt. The divisions retained their elite status within the Russian Army. The army also included the 6th Separate Guards Tank and the 27th Separate Guards Motor Rifle Brigades. While the 4th Guards Tank Division uses T-80 tanks, the rest of the Army uses T-72B and T-90 tanks, and Kurganets-25 fighting vehicles.

 the Army was composed of:

 Army Headquarters (Odintsovo, Moscow Oblast)
 60th Command Brigade (Selyatino village near Odintsovo, Moscow Oblast)
 2nd Guards Motor Rifle 'Tamanskaya' Division (Kalininets, Moscow Oblast) (MUN 23626)
 4th Guards Tank 'Kantemirovskaya' Division (Naro-Fominsk, Moscow Oblast) (T-80) (MUN 19612)
 47th Guards Tank Division (Mulino, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, reestablished 2022)
 27th Guards Motor Rifle 'Sevastopol' Brigade (Mosrentgen, Moscow City)
 112th Guards Missile 'Novorossiysk' Brigade (Shuya, Ivanovo Oblast) (9K720 Iskander)
 288th Artillery 'Warsaw' Brigade (Mulino, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast)
 49th Anti-Aircraft Rocket Brigade (Krasnyi Bor, Smolensk Oblast) (Buk-M2)
 96th ISTAR Brigade (Sormovo, Nizhny Novgorod City)
 20th NBC Defence Regiment (Tsentralny, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast) (MUN 12102)
 69th Logistics Brigade (Dzerzhinsk, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast)

 Units identified in 2023 in 1GTA
 2nd Guards Motor Rifle Division (в/ч 23626)
 1st Guards Motor Rifle Regiment (в/ч 31135)
 15th Guards Motor Rifle Regiment (в/ч 31134)
 1st Tank Regiment (в/ч 58198)
 136th Reconnaissance Battalion (в/ч 51387)
 147th Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment (в/ч 73966)
 1174th Anti-Tank Battalion (в/ч 51381)
 1117th Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment (в/ч 51382)
 4th Guards Tank Division (в/ч 19612)
 12th Guards Tank Regiment (в/ч 31985)
 13th Guards Tank Regiment (в/ч 32010)
 423rd Motor Rifle Regiment (в/ч 91701)
 137th Reconnaissance Battalion (в/ч 54919)
 275th Self Propelled Artillery Regiment (в/ч 73941)
 49th Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade (в/ч 21555)
 538th Guards Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment (в/ч 51383)
 47th Tank Division (в/ч 64238)
 26th Tank Regiment
 7th Reconnaissance Battalion
 27th Motorized Rifle Brigade (в/ч 61899)
 96th Reconnaissance Brigade (в/ч 52634)
 288th Artillery Brigade (в/ч 30683)
 112th Missile Brigade (в/ч 03333)

 Russo-Ukrainian War

During the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis, elements of the 1st Guards Tank Army were reported to have forward deployed to the Pogonovo training ground south of Voronezh. Main battle tanks, self-propelled and towed artillery, and long-range multiple rocket launchers (MRLs), reportedly drawn from the 4th Guards Tank Division and the 2nd Motorised Rifle Division, were reported to have been positioned in the vicinity of Voronezh. A few months before the invasion, the 47th Guards Tank Division was formed from the 6th Separate Guards Tank Brigade.

After the invasion began in February 2022, the Army took a small part in the Northern Ukraine offensive of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, with the 2nd Guards MRD being reported as taking part in the failed Siege of Chernihiv. Ukraine reported in May 2022 that the Ukrainian Main Intelligence Directorate had obtained documents showing that after 3 weeks of fighting the 1st Guards Tank Army had sustained 409 casualties (61 KIA, 209 WIA, 44 missing, 96 surrendered), and 308 units of military equipment had been seized.

The United Kingdom Ministry of Defence reported on 19 May 2022 that army commander General-Lieutenant Sergey Kisel had been suspended for his failure to capture Kharkiv. Kisel was transferred to serve as chief of staff of the Russian troops in Syria. On 13 September 2022, UK Defence Intelligence identified 1st Guards Tank Army as the primary force that retreated from Kharkiv Oblast during the Ukrainian Kharkiv counteroffensive. Having suffered "heavy casualties", the Ministry claimed that the army as "severely degraded" and its ability to counter NATO "severely weakened." By December, the UK MoD reported that the Army had been replenished with recruits, and was active in the Battle of Svatove.

 Commanders of the Army

 Katukov, Mikhail Yefimovich – Guard ColGen, 1943–1947
 Belov, Yeftikhin Emelyanovich – Guard LtGen, 1947–1951
 Govorunenkov, Pyotr Dmitrievich – Guard GenLt, 1951–1953
 Yakubovsky, Ivan Ignatyevitch – Guard GenLt, 1953–1957
 Tolubko, Vladimir Fyodorovich – Guard MajGen, 1957–1958
 Ukhov, Vladimir Dmitrievich – Guard MajGen, 1958–1961
 Ivanovski, Yevgeny Filippovich – Guard MajGen, 1961–1964
 Kotsasnov, Konstantin Grigoryevich – Guard GenLt, 1964–1968
 Gerasimov, Ivan Aleksandrovich – Guard GenLt, 1968–1971
 Lushev, Pyotr Georgievich – Guard GenLt, 1971–1973
 Snetkov, Boris Vasilievich – Guard LtGen, 1973–1975
 Popov, Nikolai Ivanovich – Guard LtGen, 1975–1979
 Sovotskin, Roman Mikhailovich – Guard LtGen, 1979–1981
 Osipov, Vladimir Vasilyevich – Guard LtGen, 1981–1983
 Shein, Boris Pertovich – Guard LtGen, 1983–1986
 Tchernitsov, Anatoli Kupyanovich – Guard LtGen, 1986–1990
 Kolchkin, Gennadi Andreevich – Guard LtGen, 1990–1992
 Shevtsov, Leonti Pavlovich – Guard LtGen, 1992–1993
 Sosyedov, Vasili Petrovich – Guard LtGen, 1993–1995
 Roshchin, Viktor Mikhailovich – Guard LtGen, 1995–1999
 Did not exist (1999–2014)
 Aleksandr Chaiko – Guard LtGen, 2014–2018
 Kisel, Sergei Aleksandrovich - Guard LtGen, 2018–2020

 References

 Bonn, K.E. 'Slaughterhouse – The Handbook of the Eastern Front', Aberjona Press, 2005
 Duncan, Andrew 'Russian Forces in Decline – Part 3', Jane's Intelligence Review, November 1996.
 V.I. Feskov, Golikov V.I., K.A. Kalashnikov, and S.A. Slugin''', The Armed Forces of the USSR after World War II, from the Red Army to the Soviet (Part 1: Land Forces).'' (В.И. Слугин С.А. Вооруженные силы СССР после Второй Мировой войны: от Красной Армии к Советской (часть 1: Сухопутные войска)) Tomsk, 2013.
 Glantz, David M. 'Companion to Colossus Reborn' University Press of Kansas, 2005.

Tank armies of the Soviet Union
Military units and formations established in 1942
Military units and formations awarded the Order of the Red Banner
Guards Armies
Armies of the Russian Federation

1st Guards Tank Army


Stephanie Julianne von Hohenlohe (born Stephany Julienne Richter; 16 September 1891 – 13 June 1972) was an Austrian princess by her marriage to the diplomat Prince Friedrich Franz von Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst, a member of the noble Hohenlohe family. She was born a commoner, allegedly of Jewish family background.

A Hungarian national, she relocated to London after her divorce from the prince, where she is suspected of having acted as a spy for Germany during the 1930s. She developed close connections among the Nazi hierarchy, including Adolf Hitler. She also developed other influential relationships, including with Harold Sidney Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Rothermere, and promoted British support for Germany while living in London from 1932. The British, French and Americans all suspected her of being a spy for the German Government. During the 1930s, she was awarded the Golden Party Badge for her services.

Fleeing from Britain to San Francisco in 1939 after war was declared, she was put under surveillance by the US government. After the attack on Pearl Harbor she was arrested by the FBI and interned in the United States as an enemy alien. She provided information to the Office of Strategic Services which was used in a 1943 report on the personality of Adolf Hitler. In May 1945 she was released on parole and returned to Germany, where she cultivated influential connections in post-war German society.

Early life
Stephany Julienne Richter was born in Vienna, Austria, to Ludmilla Kuranda (said to be Jewish) and Johann Sebastian Richter, purported to be a dentist or minor lawyer. She was named after Crown Princess Stephanie of Austria-Hungary. (Note: A 2004 biography by Martha Schad says that Richter was the illegitimate daughter of two Jewish parents.) In 1906, Stephany Richter was enrolled in the ballet school of the Vienna Court Opera. As a young woman, she used her beauty, charm and sophistication to gain an entrée to Vienna's high society.

In her early twenties, Richter had an affair with the married Archduke Franz Salvator, Prince of Tuscany. He was the son-in-law of Emperor Franz Joseph I through his marriage to Archduchess Marie Valerie of Austria.

Pregnant with Franz Salvator's child, she persuaded Friedrich Franz von Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst (1879–1958), a German prince of the Hohenlohe family, that the baby was his. They married in London on 12 May 1914, giving her the title of "princess", which she used the rest of her life. Her son was born in Vienna on 5 December 1914, and named Franz Josef. (According to an FBI memo of October 1941, the Hohenlohe family had some doubts about whether the child was theirs, but acknowledged him.) His full name was Franz Josef Rudolf Hans Weriand Max Stefan Anton von Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst.

Interwar period
Princess Stephanie and her husband were divorced in 1920. Later that year in Budapest, he married Hungarian Countess Emanuela Batthyány von Német-Ujvár, in Budapest on 6 December 1920. They did not have any children. They would escape to Brazil in the closing days of World War II.

After the divorce, Princess Stephanie's surname was zu Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst, as was Austrian custom. Over the years, she always represented herself as a Hohenlohe princess. She lived in Paris until the government forced her out on suspicion of being a spy. She moved to London in 1932, settling at the exclusive Dorchester Hotel in Mayfair, London.

Meanwhile, she had developed friendships and sometimes intimate relationships with powerful and influential men, including Harold Sidney Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Rothermere, a newspaper tycoon who owned the influential Daily Mail and Daily Mirror in London, and Joachim von Ribbentrop, who served as the German Ambassador to Britain in the 1930s. She also cultivated relationships with other influential Nazi Party members. As a princess, she socialized with the British elite, connections that the Nazis believed could be valuable for their new government after they came to power in 1933.

Her close friends included Margot Asquith, the widow of the former prime minister H. H. Asquith, Lady Ethel Snowden, the wife of a former Chancellor of the Exchequer, and Lady Londonderry and her husband Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 7th Marquess of Londonderry. According to The Daily Telegraph, Stephanie's "connections earned her the admiration of Hitler, Himmler and Von Ribbentrop."

After Hitler gained power in Germany in 1933, MI6 circulated a report stating that the French secret service had discovered documents in the princess's flat in Paris that ordered her to persuade Lord Rothermere to campaign for the return to Germany of territory ceded to Poland at the end of First World War. She was to receive £300,000 (the equivalent of £13 million today) if she succeeded.

Princess Stephanie received financial support from Rothermere, an early admirer of Hitler, and in the early 1930s, he advocated an alliance with Germany. In the 1930s, he paid Princess Stephanie an annual retainer of £5,000 (the equivalent of £200,000 today) to promote Germany and to develop support for it among her influential connections. He also hoped that she would introduce him to Nazi inner circles.

As war approached, Rothermere pushed for British rearmament, their association deteriorated and Rothermere stopped paying her. Princess Stephanie took him to court, alleging in a lawsuit that he had promised the retainer for life. She lost the case.

During visits to Germany, she had become closely acquainted with members of the Nazi hierarchy, including Adolf Hitler, who called her his "dear princess". She developed a close friendship with Hermann Göring, and Heinrich Himmler declared her an "honorary Aryan". In a 1938 MI6 report, British intelligence said of her, "She is frequently summoned by the Führer who appreciates her intelligence and good advice. She is perhaps the only woman who can exercise any influence on him".(That was part of a release of MI6 records in 2005 under a declassification of documents.)

In 1937 she arranged for Lord Halifax to travel to Germany and meet Göring.

In 1937 Princess Stephanie began an affair with Fritz Wiedemann, a personal aide to Hitler. When Wiedemann was appointed to the post of German Consul-General in San Francisco, she joined him in the United States in late 1937 and stayed for a time, returning to Europe the following year.

In 1938, the Nazis confiscated the property of Austrian Jews, including the Leopoldskron castle in Salzburg, which had been owned by theatre director Max Reinhardt. It was there that she received and entertained Walter Runciman, the author of the Runciman Report, which argued for handing Sudetenland over to Germany. He is reported to have spent several delightful days there. Some reported that Göring gave Princess Stephanie the property; other sources say that she leased it or was charged by Göring with developing the estate as a guest house for prominent artists and to serve as a reception facility to Hitler's Berghof home.

She managed to get close to Hitler despite her Jewish origin. On June 10, 1938, he decorated her with the NSDAP's gold medal of honor.

Second World War
Princess Stephanie returned to Britain in 1939, but after war was declared later that year, she left the country for fear of being arrested as a German spy. She travelled to the United States, returning to her former lover Fritz Wiedemann, then German Consul in San Francisco. On her arrival, the United States government placed her under security surveillance by the FBI.

In March 1941, she was detained for several days by US immigration authorities. She made up to Major Lemuel B. Schofield, the Director of the US Immigration and Naturalization Service in Washington, DC. He put her up in the Raleigh Hotel, where he also lived, and the two carried on an affair that lasted several months. She then lived with her mother and son in Alexandria, Virginia.

In October 1941, the FBI prepared a memo describing her as "extremely intelligent, dangerous and clever," and claiming that as a spy, she was "worse than ten thousand men". Summarizing what was known about her, it recommended that her deportation not be further delayed and noted that the British and the French, in addition to the United States intelligence community, suspected her of being a spy for Germany. She continued to stay in the US.

After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the formal entry of the US into World War II, the FBI arrested Princess Stephanie, interning her at a facility in Philadelphia and later at a Texas camp for enemy aliens. On January 10, 1942, the enemy alien hearing board in Philadelphia recommended to Attorney General Biddle that she be interned for the duration of the war, based on an interview the previous month.

She was interviewed by personnel of the new Office of Strategic Services (OSS). She was paroled in May 1945.

It was not until 2005 that British intelligence MI6 and the US FBI declassified and released some of the documents from those years and that they became available to researchers. American files show that during her interrogation by the OSS, she provided insights into the character of Hitler, which were used by Henry A. Murray, Director of the Harvard Psychological Clinic, and psychoanalyst Dr. Walter C. Langer, in preparing the 1943 OSS report entitled Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler.

Later life
In the postwar era, Princess Stephanie returned to Germany, where she established new, influential connections. She worked with media executives such as Henri Nannen of Stern news magazine and Axel Springer, the owner of the Axel Springer AG publishing company. For the latter, she secured interviews with US Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson.

She died in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1972 and is buried there.

See also
Edith von Coler — similar agent of influence for Germany
Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst
Waldenburg (disambiguation)

References

Further reading
Bořivoj Čelovský, Stephanie von Hohenlohe, Herbig, 1988 (first published in Czech as Ta ženská von Hohenlohe)
Robert H. Jackson, That Man, An Insider's Portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Oxford University Press, 2003
Martha Schad, Hitler's Spy Princess: The Extraordinary Life of Princess Stephanie Von Hohenlohe, (translated by Angus McGeoch). Haynes, 2004. (first published in German as Hitlers Spionin: das Leben der Stephanie von Hohenlohe, Heyne, München 2002, )
Jim Wilson, Nazi Princess: Hitler, Lord Rothermere and Princess Stephanie von Hohenlohe, The History Press, 2011
"October 28, 1941 Memorandum on Stephanie von Hohenlohe for U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt" from ?, Safe files, Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, hosted at Marist University

1891 births
1972 deaths
20th-century Austrian women
Austrian people of Jewish descent
Austrian prisoners and detainees
Nobility from Vienna
Women in World War II
Jewish collaborators with Nazi Germany
Princesses by marriage
People interned during World War II
Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government

Stephanie von Hohenlohe


Jeremy Childs (born June 29, 1987) is a former American football wide receiver. He was signed by the San Diego Chargers as an undrafted free agent in 2009. He played college football at Boise State.

Early years
Coached by John Barnes, he played high school football at Los Alamitos High School. He helped lead team to a 12-2 record and a runner-up finish in the CIF Division I playoffs. Childs was named first-team all-state, first-team all-county, first-team Long Beach Dream Team, L.A. Times, and All-Sunset League; offensive player of the year; All-CIF; a CBS SportsLine All-American; and to second-team EA Sports All-National team . He caught 85 passes for 1,258 yards and 22 touchdowns. Childs was a member of Honor Roll and named scholar-athlete.

College career
Childs is a two-time first-team All-WAC selection, he elected to follow the lead of his cousin, former Broncos cornerback Orlando Scandrick, in leaving after his junior season for the opportunity of NFL riches. Childs leaves Boise State second all-time in receptions (168), though his 1,999 yards rank only 11th in school history. That also represents scouts' greatest concern about Childs; a lack of speed and elusiveness to make yardage after the catch. Like Scandrick, Childs could surprise in workouts, leading to a late push up the board. Had an arm span of 33 inches and a hand span of 9 inches at the combine. He was suspended for the 2007 Hawaii Bowl and again for the 2008 season opener (against Idaho State)

Professional career
2009 NFL Combine Results:
40 Yard Dash : 4.69 seconds
Vertical Jump : 33.5 inches
Broad Jump : 115.0 inches
3 Cone Drill : 6.9 seconds
20 Yard Shuttle : 4.26 seconds
60 Yard Shuttle : 11.29 seconds

Childs signed a free agent contract with the National Football League San Diego Chargers. On June 23, 2009, he was cut from the Chargers.

References

External links
Boise State Broncos bio

Further reading

1987 births
Living people
Players of American football from Los Alamitos, California
American football wide receivers
Boise State Broncos football players
San Diego Chargers players
Los Alamitos High School alumni

Jeremy Childs (American football)


Tensions between the multinational technology company Google and its workers escalated in 2018 and 2019 as staff protested company decisions on a censored search engine for China, a military drone artificial intelligence, and internal sexual harassment.

Google employees have joined trade unions in South Korea, United States, the United Kingdom and elected a staff council in Switzerland. The majority of union activity occurs at Google subcontractor services, for example the cafeteria services in the United States. Since 2019, white-collar workers of Google in the US have also been organizing.

Background

Alphabet, the parent company of the multinational technology company Google, has over 100,000 full-time employees internationally, in addition to contract employees. About half of Google's total workers are contractors, known internally as "TVCs": temps, vendors, and contractors. Google has seen a rise in worker activism since 2018, with a swiftly changing internal culture in which staff have been alienated by scandals including a 2017 memo about Google's culture and diversity policies, revelation of a large exit package offered to an executive accused of sexual harassment, and staff accusations of retaliation. Under the company's "third era"—in which Google contends with the effects of having brought its technology to scale—The Verge wrote that the foremost task of Google CEO Sundar Pichai is to stabilize the company's culture.

Walkout

A 20,000-employee walkout against Google executive sexual misconduct in November 2018 led to the company board opening an investigation. The walkout hastened organizing and protests within the company. Subsequent worker activism over work with the Pentagon and a censored Chinese search engine often entered the media spotlight. An engineer started a strike fund, matched by her own donation.

By mid-2019, Google appeared to push employee organizers to leave. Walkout organizers said that they were put on administrative leave for opaque reasons. In April, walkout organizers Meredith Whittaker and Claire Stapleton wrote that they were being demoted or reassigned as retaliation for their organizing. Stapleton left Google in June and Whittaker in July. In response, some employees participated in a sit-in and demanded that Google investigate its HR department. The company denied the allegations but instituted new policies against employee protest and in-office politics, which further eroded worker trust from parts of its staff. A September settlement with the National Labor Relations Board in response to Stapleton and Whittaker's departures required policy clarifications that explicitly let employees act collectively and discuss workplace issues with each other and the press. The settlement did not reduce tensions, which re-escalated in November when The New York Times reported that Google had been working for several months with IRI Consultants, a firm known for promoting union busting.

Transnational
On January 25, 2020, the formation of an international alliance of workers union of Google employees, Alpha Global, was announced. The coalition is made up of "13 different unions representing workers in 10 countries, including the United States, United Kingdom, and Switzerland." The group is affiliated with UNI Global Union. The formation of the union is in response to persistent allegations of mistreatment of Google employees and a toxic workplace culture. Google had previously been accused of surveilling and firing employees who were suspected of organizing a workers union. In 2021 court documents revealed that between 2018 and 2020 Google ran an anti-union campaign called Project Vivian to "convince them (employees) that unions suck".

European Works Council
153 Google employees in 11 different European countries launched the process of forming a Special Negotiating Body, which determines the future structure of a European Works Council.

In March 2023, Google and the employee Special Negotiating Body signed an agreement on a European Works Council framework and set an election date for 6 months later. The agreement notably includes the United Kingdom and Switzerland Google offices, even though they are not part of the European Union.

South Korea
In April 2023, Google Korea and Google Cloud Korea formed a union with Korea Finance & Service Workers Union, which is affiliated to the Korean Confederation of Trade Unions to represent the 850 employees of Google Korea.

Switzerland
Google Zürich was established in 2004 and is the largest research development of Google outside the US. Employees internally are known as Zooglers. In 2020, inspired by the Google walkouts, a group of Zooglers, with the assistance of Syndicom trade union formed a Staff Council (). In March 2023, hundreds of employees walked out, after 200 Zooglers were laid off.

United Kingdom
Google has 5,000 employees in the United Kingdom. Hundreds of employees are members of Unite the Union.

United States

The "Thanksgiving Four"
In November 2019, Google fired and suspended workers for media leaks and misuse of internal data, which some internal sources described as retaliation against activist staff. A publicized, 200-worker demonstration in San Francisco protested the suspension of Rebecca Rivers and Laurence Berland as unjust and demanded their reinstatement. Rivers had protested the U.S. Customs and Border Protection's (CBP) business with a Google cloud product, whereas Berland had protested YouTube's use of hate speech policy in relation to gay rights. Both Rivers and Berland spoke about their personal experiences at the rally, emphasizing the opaqueness behind being put on leave, particularly that they had not been told what they did wrong. Rivers said that the leave was about investigating her document access, but was questioned mostly in relation to her activism over Google's government contracts. Berland learned his own leave status through a news report.

Following the rally, Google fired Rivers, Berland, and two rally participants, known together as the Thanksgiving Four, based on the firings' proximity to the holiday. A Google memo attributed the dismissals to security breaches, "accessing and distributing business information outside the scope of their jobs", and explained their action as a "rare" case. Internal activists described the recently changed access policy as vague and emphasized that viewing documents outside the scope of one's job was routine as part of Google's culture of openness and emphasized within the company's recruiting. Walkout organizers publicly accused Google of union busting through firing organizers, among other actions. Employer retaliation for collective action is prohibited under American federal law.

CNBC described the Thanksgiving Four firings as virally amplifying their critics' platform, turning them into overnight "heroes", and leading other employees to share stories of being targeted for activism. The public nature of the protests, with individual stories and identities attached, inspired other employees to participate. Google organizers that had since left Google continued their support online. CNBC wrote that Google harmed itself with its unspecific public response, which obscured the legitimacy of the firings and let critics circulate their own conclusions, namely that staff were being fired for organizing. These dismissals underscored the outsized role of internal dissent and the company's perplexed approach to it. The Verge wrote that dissent within Google was a result of societal grappling with how to handle a company with Google's power, and that the company's antagonistic handling of its most politically active employees was considered the biggest failure of CEO Pichai's tenure.

Around the same time, the company curtailed its weekly town hall meetings in response to leaks, reducing their frequency and narrowing their focus from general management questions to product and business strategy. The "TGIF" meetings had been a prominent component of Google's corporate culture of transparency. While the company had long taken action on leaks, journalists described the company's November actions as a "crackdown". Internal activists cited other recent policy changes in their accusation of company retaliation against collective action: employee guidelines on political speech, web browser history trackers, anti-union consultants, and a calendar tool to track events with over 100 participants. Court documents later showed that the company ran a program code-named Project Vivian during this period to engage workers and convince them against supporting unions.

Unions

On September 24, 2019, 80 HCL Technologies employees who subcontract for Google Shopping formed a union with Pittsburgh based United Steelworkers. Two years later, they ratified one of the first collective bargaining agreements for any US tech company.

In early December 2019, the Communications Workers of America union filed a federal labor complaint against Google for the November Four firings, opening a National Labor Relations Board investigation for Laurence Berland, Rebecca Rivers, Paul Duke, and Sophie Waldman. The complaint argues that the company violated the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 and cites Google's code of conduct, which says, "don't be evil, and if you see something that you think isn't right—speak up!" The union also filed a complaint on behalf of Kathryn Spiers, an employee who said she was fired for building a reminder about worker protections in an internal HR guideline/policy reminder tool maintained by her team. Google said Spiers was fired not for the content of her message but for using a security and privacy tool for an unrelated purpose, and without business justification or team authorization. Spiers said that she received the appropriate approvals and her team lead confirmed that as the "owner" of that tool, Spiers did not need authorization to make such changes. The National Labor Relations Board returned a formal complaint against Google in December 2020 with the allegation of company interference in protected organizing activity.

Google's Bay Area cafeteria workers, contracted through the multinational food service company Compass Group, voted to unionize in late 2019. These 2,300 workers who prepare food and wash dishes are organizing with the union Unite Here, which is negotiating a contract with Compass Group. The cafeteria workers compose one of the largest bargaining units at an individual tech company and, according to Recode, demonstrated the growing strength of the tech labor movement. 90% of food-service staff for Google are unionized as of 2022.

A group of 225 Google engineers and workers went public as the Alphabet Workers Union, named after Google's parent company, in early January 2021. As a minority union unable to negotiate contracts without a majority vote of the company's 160,000 full-time employees and contractors, the group mainly exists to structure activism at Google. The Alphabet Workers Union is associated with the CODE Communication Workers of America and had been organizing for about a year.

An August 2022 petition organized by the union and signed by hundreds of Google employees sought abortion rights protections, both for Google search users and for the company's contingent labor.

See also

 Amazon worker organization
 IBM worker organization
 Tech Workers Coalition

References

Further reading

Articles containing video clips
worker organization

Labor relations in the United States
Tech sector trade unions
Google
Labour relations in the United Kingdom
Labor in Switzerland
Labor in South Korea
United Steelworkers
Communications Workers of America

Google worker organization


The red clump is a clustering of red giants in the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram at around 5,000 K and absolute magnitude (MV) +0.5, slightly hotter than most red-giant-branch stars of the same luminosity.  It is visible as a denser region of the red-giant branch or a bulge towards hotter temperatures.  It is prominent in many galactic open clusters, and it is also noticeable in many intermediate-age globular clusters and in nearby field stars (e.g. the Hipparcos stars).

The red clump giants are cool horizontal branch stars, stars originally similar to the Sun which have undergone a helium flash and are now fusing helium in their cores.

Properties
Red clump stellar properties vary depending on their origin, most notably on the metallicity of the stars, but typically they have early K spectral types and effective temperatures around 5,000 K.  The absolute visual magnitude of red clump giants near the sun has been measured at an average of +0.81 with metallicities between −0.6 and +0.4 dex.

There is a considerable spread in the properties of red clump stars even within a single population of similar stars such as an open cluster.  This is partly due to the natural variation in temperatures and luminosities of horizontal branch stars when they form and as they evolve, and partly due to the presence of other stars with similar properties.  Although red clump stars are generally hotter than red-giant-branch stars, the two regions overlap and the status of individual stars can only be assigned with a detailed chemical abundance study.

Evolution

Modelling of the horizontal branch has shown that stars have a strong tendency to cluster at the cool end of the zero age horizontal branch (ZAHB).  This tendency is weaker in low metallicity stars, so the red clump is usually more prominent in metal-rich clusters.  However, there are other effects, and there are well-populated red clumps in some metal-poor globular clusters.

Stars with a similar mass to the sun evolve towards the tip of the red-giant branch with a degenerate helium core.  More massive stars leave the red-giant branch early and perform a blue loop, but all stars with a degenerate core reach the tip with very similar core masses, temperatures, and luminosities.  After the helium flash they lie along the ZAHB, all with helium cores just under  and their properties determined mostly by the size of the hydrogen envelope outside the core.  Lower envelope masses result in weaker hydrogen shell fusion and give hotter and slightly less luminous stars strung along the horizontal branch.  Different initial masses and natural variations in mass loss rates on the red-giant branch cause the variations in the envelope masses even though the helium cores are all the same size.  Low-metallicity stars are more sensitive to the size of the hydrogen envelope, so with the same envelope masses they are spread further along the horizontal branch and fewer fall in the red clump.

Although red clump stars lie consistently to the hot side of the red-giant branch that they evolved from, red clump and red-giant-branch stars from different populations can overlap.  This occurs in ω Centauri where metal-poor red-giant-branch stars have the same or hotter temperatures as more metal-rich red clump giants.

Other stars, not strictly horizontal branch stars, can lie in the same region of the H-R diagram.  Stars too massive to develop a degenerate helium core on the red-giant branch will ignite helium before the tip of the red-giant branch and perform a blue loop.  For stars only a little more massive than the sun, around , the blue loop is very short and at a luminosity similar to the red clump giants.  These stars are an order of magnitude less common than sun-like stars, even rarer compared to the sub-solar stars that can form red clump giants, and the duration of the blue loop is far less than the time spent by a red clump giant on the horizontal branch.  This means that these imposters are much less common in the H–R diagram, but still detectable.

Stars with  will also pass through the red clump as they evolve along the subgiant branch.  This is again a very rapid phase of evolution, but stars such as OU Andromedae are found in the red clump region (5,500 K and ) even though it is thought to be a subgiant crossing the Hertzsprung gap.

Standard candles
In theory, the absolute luminosities of stars in the red clump are fairly independent of stellar composition or age so that consequently they make good standard candles for estimating astronomical distances both within our galaxy and to nearby galaxies and clusters.  Variations due to metallicity, mass, age, and extinctions affect visual observations too much for them to be useful, but the effects are much smaller in the infrared.  Near infrared I band observations in particular have been used to establish red clump distances.  Absolute magnitudes for the red clump at solar metallicity have been measured at −0.22 in the I band and −1.54 in the K band.  The distance to the Galactic Center has been measured in this way, giving a result of 7.52 kpc in agreement with other methods.

Red bump
The red clump should not be confused with the "red bump" or red-giant-branch bump, which is a less noticeable clustering of giants partway along the red-giant branch, caused as stars ascending the red-giant branch temporarily decrease in luminosity because of internal convection.

Examples
Many of the bright "red giants" visible in the sky are actually early K class red-clump stars:
 Capella Aa
 ε Tauri
 β Ceti

Arcturus has sometimes been thought to be a clump giant, but is now more commonly considered to be on the red-giant branch, somewhat cooler and more luminous than a red-clump star.

References

External links
Stanek's page on red clumps used for distance measurement

Astrophysics
Red giants
Stellar evolution
Standard candles

Red clump


Maria Nazareth Maia Rufino McFarren (born 19 April 1955), better known as Naza, is a Brazilian painter, best known for her abstract paintings of officials, celebrities, and endangered species.

Biography
Naza was born and attended elementary school in Santa Cruz do Piauí, Piauí and high school in Fortaleza. She started university in Teresina and in 1976, moved to Brasilia, where she began painting professionally. The same year she moved to Recife, where she lived for five years. It was here that Naza began developing her style, and made her first solo exhibition. Also in Recife, she had her daughter, Guiomar Rufino Lins e Silva in 1979.

In 1982, Naza started working for the Bank of Brazil and took a job in the city of Picos.  While living there, Naza traveled to make presentations and painting portraits in Fortaleza, Brazil, Recife, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. In Picos, she met and married Stuart McFarren, an American, and moved to the United States. First they went to Saint Thomas, and then to Dalton, Ohio. From there, she went to live for three years at Fort Kobbe, a U.S. military base in Panama. In Panama she was hired to paint portraits of high society in the country. Among her clients were General Noriega and his family.

It was in Panama at Gorgas Hospital, that her son, Daniel McFarren, was born, in 1987. Naza moved to Arlington, Virginia, in 1988. The current phase of the artist is the result of research while living in Arlington. The painting "Losing the Fear of Red", was a cornerstone and a major shift in her artistic direction.

In 1990, she moved to Barbados, where she lived a few months. Already separated, she moved with her two children to Fayetteville, North Carolina. There, she spent three years working as an artist, as a teacher of Portuguese to the U.S. Army, and art teacher for Fayetteville Technical Community College.

In 1993, she moved to the city of Boca Raton, Florida, where she opened a studio (Naza Art Studio) at Palmetto Park Road. She became intensely involved with the local community. She was an active member of several local organizations, including, Boca Raton Chamber of Commerce, Women in Visual Arts, Boca Raton Professional Artists Guild, American Pen Women, Soroptimists International.

In 1998, the journalist Suzane Jales wrote and published the book O Figurativo Abstrato de Naza (Abstracted Realism by Naza).
Naza moved to Deerfield Beach in 2003, and in 2005, began to create clothes and other products inspired by her paintings.
Her art was at the mansion of Donald Trump in Palm Beach, Florida, attended by several celebrities, including Debbie Gibson, David Carradine and Dan Haggerty.
Between December 2007 and May 2019, the Artist lived most of the year in Brazil, where her wearable art pieces were being manufactured. From 2013 to 2015 Kjetil Breien Furuseth owned a Naza Art & Fashion shop, in Porto de Galinhas, Ipojuca, PE, Brazil.

Currently Naza resides in Fort Lauderdale area, FL.

In 2019 Naza started using the computer to create most of her artworks, migrating from oil on canvas to digital art.

References

External links
Artist's website

1955 births
Living people
20th-century Brazilian women artists
21st-century Brazilian women artists
21st-century Brazilian artists
Abstract painters
Brazilian painters
Brazilian women painters
Brazilian emigrants to the United States
People from Piauí
Pseudonymous artists
People from Picos

Naza (artist)


Lithium nitrate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is LiNO3. It contains lithium and nitrate ions.

Properties
Lithium nitrate is a colorless solid. It makes a red flame when heated. It is an oxidizing agent. It breaks down when heated into lithium oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and oxygen.

Preparation
This metal can be made by reacting lithium, lithium hydroxide, lithium oxide, or lithium carbonate with nitric acid.

Uses
Lithium nitrate is used in fireworks to make a red color. It is also used in flares.

Related pages
Lithium nitride

Lithium compounds
Nitrogen compounds

Lithium nitrate


Trondheim Toll Scheme or Trondheim Package (Norwegian: Trondheimspakken) was the result of that in the 1980s politicians and road authorities in Trondheim, Norway wanted to accelerate the investments in roads and motorways around the city through an investment package and toll scheme to ease construction and generate more funds. Between 1991 and 2005, there were more than 20 toll plazas throughout the city that help finance the new roads. Toll plazas will still remain east of the city at least until 2012. The toll collection is administrated by Trøndelag Veifinans.

Project size
The system financed by the scheme includes a ring road around the city on European route E6, a new motorway east of the city to Stjørdal and Trondheim Airport, Værnes on E6, upgrades to E6 south of the city, including a new intersection at Sandmoen, a new Kroppan Bridge and a four-lane motorway between Klett and Melhus.  a road from Ila via Brattøra to Lademoen, named Nordre Avlastningsvei, is under construction with plans to be finished in 2009 while an extension of E6 between the airport and to Kvithamar north of Stjørdal is in the start phase. Projects still not started include putting Osloveien in Byåsen in a tunnel, a new Sluppen Bridge and a four-lane motorway between Tonstad in Tiller to Klett in Leinstrand. There was also a political consensus that some of the money generated by the system should be used to improve public transport in the city. Some environmental projects in the area also benefit from the toll income.

More than twenty toll booths were built, closing off all approaches to the city. It was impossible for anybody driving a car to get in for free weekdays between 6am and 6pm. The charge was NOK 15 for cars and 30 for trucks. The systems has been designed to be user friendly through AutoPASS technology developed by the local company Q-Free, involving a radio-transmitted registration of passing cars, allowing cars to pass the toll booths at 60 km/h (but at most toll booths the speed limit was 50 km/h). The driver fits a small, plastic RFID device to the windscreen of the car, which communicates with the toll booth when the car passes through, and deducts money from the user's account. Those who (intentionally or by negligence) passes a toll booth without an operating toll device (or paying manually where possible) are subject to a fine. Motorists using a toll device are eligible to a toll discount.

The toll ring was not juridically considered a road pricing scheme, since the income from the tolls goes to road infrastructure. To be considered a road pricing in accordance to Norwegian law, the scheme must be organised such as to charge most when the congestion is largest, i.e. in rush hour. Secondly, a road pricing scheme cannot primarily finance road investments, but must go either to public transport subsidies or to infrastructure for public transport and pedestrians and bicycles.

The system was initially introduced to fund the building of new ring roads so that the heaviest traffic would not have to pass through the city centre. Part of the reason for this traffic is due to Trondheim Port being located on an artificial island only accessible via the city centre and Trondheim has yet to move its port out of the city centre, like the London Docklands and Fjordbyen in Oslo. There are ongoing discussions on whether the port should be moved from its current location. The lack of a bypass outside the residential areas, along with less than optimal railroad capacity, contributes heavily to road congestion through the municipality.

Criticism
The initial reaction to the toll system in Trondheim was mixed. Some daily commuters felt the extra cost was unjustifiable, but most drivers were quite happy to pay in order to get some of the heaviest traffic out of the city centre. Ten years on, most drivers in and around Trondheim do not give the toll system a second thought. They have become used to it over time, and the system was also cleverly designed to be extremely user-friendly .

The initial development of the project came at the same time as the city council decided to close the Trondheim Tramway in 1988, with arguments that diesel buses are cheaper to operate. Trondheim has a notoriously low public transport ridership, at 11% of the total transport trips using public transport, compared to almost 50% in Oslo. Part of this is credited the low frequency and high time costs of using public transport in Trondheim, partially due to high investments in road infrastructure compared to public transport infrastructure.

After the toll ring was closed in 2005 some politicians, environmental advocates and others have suggested reintroducing the toll ring. While some are wanting to use the funds to complete the Trondheim Package, others are wanting to use it to reduce traffic congestion and use the funds for public transport subsidies.

External links
Official Trondheim Site

Electronic toll collection
Toll rings in Norway
Road congestion charge schemes
Transport in Trondheim
Road transport in Trøndelag

Trondheim toll scheme


A practical joke also called a prank is a trick used to embarrass or confuse someone as a joke. Practical jokes are extremely common on April Fools.

List of Practical Joke Topics
Some common pranks include

• Egging, throwing eggs at people or property

• Pantsing, pulling down a person's trousers or underwear

• Giving people itching powder, which is a powder that makes people need to scratch.

• Kick Me note, putting a sign saying "kick me" on someone's back so that people will kick them.

• Milkshaking, throwing milkshakes at people.

• Mooning, when a person takes off their pants and underwear and make other people look at their buttocks.

• Panty raid, stealing women's underwear.

• Pieing, throwing pies into people's faces.

• Toilet Papering, covering a building with toilet paper.

• Wedgie, grabbing onto someone's underpants and pulling at them.

• Wet willy, when a person puts their finger in their mouth and then in someone else's ear.

Practical jokes


Neabsco Creek is a  tributary of the lower tidal segment of the Potomac River in eastern Prince William County, Virginia. The Neabsco Creek watershed covers about . The name Neabsco is derived from a Doeg village recorded as Niopsco by early English colonists. The creek has served as a vital waterway for trade and commerce in northern Virginia since the eighteenth century.

The Neabsco's watershed is highly developed because of its proximity to the I-95 corridor and the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. The EPA Office of Water recently identified the Neabsco Creek watershed as an "area of significant habitat degradation due to a loss of natural land cover and storm water management facilities designed without consideration for environmental conditions." Most of Dale City and Woodbridge empty into Neabsco Creek.

Prince William County has made significant investments to offset stormwater impacts throughout the watershed. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers proposal to dredge Neabsco Creek to help alleviate flooding on Route 1 was never funded, and the area continues to flood on a routine basis. Congressman Tom Davis secured more than $4 million in funds to clean up the Dale Service Corporation's sewage treatment plant on Neabsco Creek.

Featherstone National Wildlife Refuge,  of tidal marsh and riparian wetlands and woodlands, is located about  south of Washington, D.C. at the confluence of Neabsco Creek and the Potomac River and provides a habitat for neotropical migrants, waterfowl, ospreys, and historically bald eagles.

Neabsco Creek was the site of Neabsco Iron Works, one of the first iron production furnace plantations in northern Virginia. It operated on the creek from 1737 to 1820 at a site just above the present-day I-95 crossing.

See also
List of rivers of Virginia

References

External links
Prince William Conservation Alliance
Neabsco Iron Works

Rivers of Prince William County, Virginia
Rivers of Virginia
Tributaries of the Potomac River

Neabsco Creek


This is a list of notable people from Iceland, arranged in categories and ordered alphabetically by first name, following the usual naming conventions of Iceland.

Business
Björgólfur Thor Björgólfsson, billionaire entrepreneur
Björgólfur Guðmundsson, former billionaire entrepreneur, father of Thor Björgólfsson (above)
Eggert Magnússon, businessman and former chairman of the English Premiership football club West Ham United
Hreiðar Már Sigurðsson, businessman
Jón Ásgeir Jóhannesson, billionaire and founder of the Bónus supermarket and the Baugur Group
Magnús Þorsteinsson, businessman
Arnor Sighvatsson, economist

Arts and culture

Architects
Guðjón Samúelsson
Guðmundur Jónsson
Halldóra Briem
Högna Sigurðardóttir

Authors

Arnaldur Indriðason, writer
Davíð Stefánsson, poet
Einar Benediktsson, writer, poet
Einar Kárason, writer
Einar Hjörleifsson Kvaran, editor, novelist, poet, dramatist
Einar Már Guðmundsson, writer
Guðmundur G. Hagalín, writer, poet
Halldór Kiljan Laxness, writer, poet, Nobel Prize winner
Hallgrímur Helgason, writer
Jón Kalman Stefánsson, writer, poet
Jón Thoroddsen, author
Jónas Hallgrímsson, writer, poet
Jóhannes úr Kötlum, writer, poet
Kristín Marja Baldursdóttir, writer
Magnus Magnusson, television presenter, writer
Nína Björk Árnadóttir, poet, novelist, playwright
Ólafur Jóhann Ólafsson, writer
Sjón, poet, writer, lyricist
Snorri Hjartarson, poet
Snorri Sturluson, historian, poet
Steinunn Sigurðardóttir, writer, poet
Stephan G. Stephansson, Western Icelander, poet
Tómas Guðmundsson, poet
Vigdís Grímsdóttir, writer
Viktor Arnar Ingólfsson, writer
Yrsa Sigurðardóttir, writer
Þórarinn Eldjárn, writer, poet
Þórbergur Þórðarson, writer, poet

Film, radio, and TV
Anita Briem, actress
Ágústa Eva Erlendsdóttir, best known as Silvía Nótt (Silvia Night), actress, singer, model, TV personality.
Baltasar Kormákur, film actor and film director
Friðrik Þór Friðriksson, film director
Gunnar Hansen, film actor
Hilmir Snær Guðnason, film actor
Hrafn Gunnlaugsson, film director
Karl Júlíusson, film production designer/costume designer
Magnus Magnusson, television presenter, writer
Magnús Scheving, writer, actor, athlete, creator of LazyTown
Margrét Vilhjálmsdóttir, actress
Marinó Sigurðsson, actor
Markús Örn Antonsson, former mayor of Reykjavík and former director of RÚV
Páll Magnússon, former director of RÚV, a member of the Icelandic parliament
Ragnar Bragason, director
Stefán Karl Stefánsson, actor
Tinna Gunnlaugsdóttir, actress and former Artistic Director of the National Theatre of Iceland
Þröstur Leó Gunnarsson, actor
Örvar Þóreyjarson Smárason, poet, writer, musician

Music
Anna Mjöll, singer-songwriter
Arndís Halla (born 1969), opera singer, songwriter and entertainer
Ágústa Eva Erlendsdóttir, more commonly known as Silvía Nótt, singer, actress, and TV personality
Ásgeir Trausti, singer-songwriter
Bára Gísladóttir (born 1989), musician and composer
Björgvin Halldórsson, singer
Björk Guðmundsdóttir, singer-songwriter more commonly known as Björk
Bragi Ólafsson, musician
Diddú (Sigrún Hjálmtýsdóttir), soprano and songwriter
Emilíana Torrini, singer-songwriter
Einar Örn Benediktsson, musician
Eiríkur Hauksson, musician
Gabríel Ólafs, composer
Garðar Thór Cortes, tenor
Greta Salóme Stefánsdóttir, singer, violinist
Gísli Magnússon, pianist
Hafdís Bjarnadóttir (born 1977), composer and musician
Hafdís Huld, singer
Haukur Tómasson, composer
Hildur Guðnadóttir, musician and composer, first solo woman to win a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score
Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson, musician, art director, and chief goði of the Icelandic Ásatrú Association
Jóhann Jóhannsson, composer, musician, producer
Jón Jósep Snæbjörnsson, (Jónsi) singer
Jón Leifs, composer
Jón Þór Birgisson, singer, guitarist
Jóhanna Guðrún Jónsdóttir, pop singer (Yohanna)
Kjartan Ólafsson (born 1958), composer, professor
Laufey Lín Jónsdóttir, musician
Mugison, composer, musician
Ólafur Arnalds, composer, musician
Páll Óskar Hjálmtýsson (Paul Oscar), pop singer, songwriter and disc jockey
Ragnheiður Gröndal, musician
Sigurður Bragason, baritone singer and composer
Örvar Þóreyjarson Smárason, poet, writer and musician

Musical bands and groups

Agent Fresco
Amiina
Ampop
Árstíðir
Bang Gang
Changer
Cynic Guru
Dikta
FM Belfast
GusGus
Kaleo
HAM
Hatari
Mammút
Mezzoforte
Mínus
Mugison
múm
Nylon
Of Monsters and Men
Quarashi
Samaris
Seabear
Sigur Rós
Singapore Sling
Skálmöld
Ske
Sólstafir
The Sugarcubes
Trúbrot
Voces Thules

Painters and visual artists
Kristleifur Björnsson
Einar Hákonarson
Erró
Jóhannes Sveinsson Kjarval

Photographers
Ragnar Axelsson
Ragnar Th. Sigurdsson

Sculptors
Ásmundur Sveinsson
Bertel Thorvaldsen
Einar Jónsson
Gunnfríður Jónsdóttir
Nína Sæmundsson
Olafur Eliasson
Ríkarður Jónsson
Steinunn Thorarinsdottir

Miss World
Hólmfríður "Hófí" Karlsdóttir, Miss World 1985
Linda Pétursdóttir, Miss World 1988
Unnur Birna Vilhjálmsdóttir, Miss World 2005

Historical figures of Iceland

Ari Þorgilsson, priest and author of Íslendingabók, a historical work
Björn Sveinsson Björnsson, first born son of Sveinn Björnsson, and an Waffen-SS volunteer
Egill Skallagrímsson, Viking skald
Eiríkur rauði, (e. Eirík he Red, Old Norse. Eirīkr hinn rauði) named Greenland
Freydís Eiríksdóttir
Guðmundur Arason
Guðríður Þorbjarnardóttir, explorer
Ingólfur Arnarson
Ísleifur Gissurarson
Kolbeinn Tumason
Leifur Eiríksson (e. Leif Ericson, Old Norse Leifr Eiríksson), discovered America in the year 1000 and named it Vínland (Land of Wine)
Loftur Sæmundsson, priest and chieftain at Oddi
Solveig Guðmundsdóttir, heir and landlord
Snorri Sturluson
Þorfinnur "Karlsefni" Þórðarson
Þorvaldur Eríksson
Vilhjálmur Stefánsson, Western Icelander, Arctic explorer
Þóra Magnúsdóttir, born 1100 in Norway, daughter of Magnus III of Norway, a direct descendant of Harald Fairhair the first Norwegian King. Þóra Magnúsdóttir married an Icelander and moved to Iceland.

Politics

Albert Guðmundsson, former minister
Árni Sigfússon, politician
Ásgeir Ásgeirsson, former president
Bergdis Ellertsdóttir, ambassador
Birgitta Jónsdóttir, member of parliament
Björn Bjarnason, minister of justice and ecclesiastical affairs
Davíð Oddsson, former prime minister and former mayor of Reykjavík
Geir H. Haarde, former prime minister, former foreign minister
Guðni Thorlacius Jóhannesson, current president
Halldór Ásgrímsson, former prime minister
Halldór Blöndal, former minister
Hannes Hafstein, first prime minister
Hannibal Valdimarsson, chairman of two parties and one electoral alliance
Hulda Jakobsdóttir (1911–1998), Iceland's first woman mayor
Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir, former prime minister, also the world's first openly gay head of government
Jón Baldvin Hannibalsson, former foreign minister, ambassador
Jón Loftsson, chieftain and politician
Jón Sigurðsson, independence leader
Katrín Jakobsdóttir, current Prime minister
Katrín Magnússon (1858–1932), early Reykjavik municipal councillor and women's rights activist
Kristján Eldjárn, former president
Markús Örn Antonsson, former mayor of Reykjavík and former director of RÚV
Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson, former president
Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson, former prime minister
Steingrímur Hermannsson, former prime minister
Sveinn Björnsson, first president
Vigdís Finnbogadóttir, former president, first elected female head of state
Þorsteinn Pálsson, former prime minister

Scholarship and academia
Agnar Helgason, anthropologist
Ari Brynjolfsson, physicist
Ari Þorgilsson, documentarian, chronicler
Ari Trausti Guðmundsson, geologist, explorer, documentarian
Árni Magnússon, documentarian
Ásgeir Helgason, psychologist, public health scientist
Auður Eir Vilhjálmsdóttir, first female priest
Eiríkur Magnússon, librarian and lecturer at Cambridge University, co-translator with William Morris
Gauti Eggertsson, economist at Brown University
Gisli Gudjonsson, professor of forensic psychology
Gísli Pálsson, anthropologist
Guðbrandur Vigfússon, lexicographer, editor, and lecturer at Oxford University
Guðmundur Eiríksson, judge and law professor
Hannes Hólmsteinn Gissurarson, political scientist
Helgi Valdimarsson, immunologist
Jón Steinsson, economist at University of California, Berkeley
Hjörtur Þórðarson, inventor
Kári Stefánsson, founder of deCODE genetics
Magnús Eiríksson, theologian
Marga Ingeborg Thome, nursing professor
Margrét Hermanns-Auðardóttir, archaeologist
Niels Finsen, physician, Nobel Prize winner (Icelandic parents)
Ólafía Einarsdóttir, archaeologist
Páll Skúlason, philosopher, former Rector of the University of Iceland
Reynir Böðvarsson, seismologist
Sigurdur Helgason, mathematician
Sigurður Nordal, philosopher
Sigurður Þórarinsson, geologist, volcanologist, professor
Snorri Sturluson, documentarian, writer
Stefán Einarsson, linguist and literary historian
Vilhjálmur Árnason, philosopher
Þór Whitehead, historian
Þorsteinn Gylfason, philosopher

Sports and games

Football (Soccer)

 Rúrik Gíslason, professional footballer, currently at SV Sandhausen
Albert Guðmundsson, first Icelandic professional footballer, played for Valur, Rangers, A.C. Milan, Arsenal and FC Nancy.
Arnór Guðjohnsen, former professional footballer, father of Eiður Guðjohnsen
Aron Gunnarsson, professional footballer, currently at Cardiff City FC
Ásgeir Sigurvinsson, former professional footballer
Birkir Bjarnason, professional footballer, currently at Aston Villa F.C.
Eggert Jónsson, professional footballer, currently at Wolverhampton Wanderers
Eiður Smári Guðjohnsen, professional footballer, top scorer for Icelandic national team
Emil Hallfreðsson, professional footballer, currently at Udinese Calcio
Eyjólfur Héðinsson, professional footballer, currently at SønderjyskE
Guðni Bergsson, former professional footballer, played for teams such as Tottenham Hotspur F.C. and Bolton Wanderers
Gylfi Sigurðsson, professional footballer, currently at Everton F.C.
Heiðar Helguson, professional footballer, currently at Cardiff City FC
Heimir Hallgrímsson, manager of the Iceland national football team, also a football player and dentist
Hermann Hreiðarsson, professional footballer, currently at ÍBV
Ívar Ingimarsson, former professional footballer
Jóhannes Karl Guðjónsson, professional footballer, currently at Knattspyrnufélag ÍA
Teitur Thordarson, former professional footballer

Chess
Bobby Fischer, former world chess champion, granted Icelandic citizenship on 21 March 2005
Friðrik Ólafsson, chess grandmaster

Handball
Arnór Atlason, handball player who plays for FCK Håndbold in Denmark.
Aron Pálmarsson, handball player who plays for FC Barcelona Handbol
Guðjón Valur Sigurðsson, handball player who plays for Paris Saint-Germain Handball in Germany.
Ólafur Stefánsson, handball player, Rhein-Neckar Löwen. Formerly of Wuppertal, Magdeburg and Ciudad Real.
Snorri Steinn Guðjónsson, handball player who plays for Rhein-Neckar Löwen in Germany.

Strongmen
Benedikt Magnússon, Raw Deadlift world record holder
Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson, 2018 World's Strongest Man 3 x Arnold Strongman Classic Champion and Deadlift world record holder
Jón Páll Sigmarsson, 4 x World's Strongest Man
Magnús Magnússon
Magnús Ver Magnússon, 4 x World's Strongest Man
Stefán Sölvi Pétursson, World's Strongest Man Finalist

Others
Anníe Þórisdóttir, back-to-back CrossFit Games winner (2011, 2012)
Einar Ragnarsson Kvaran, engineer, teacher, genealogist and writer
Fiann Paul, fastest ocean rower, most record breaking explorer, most Guinness World Records decorated athlete
Guðrún Erlendsdóttir (1936–2013), first woman to become a judge of the Supreme Court of Iceland
Gunnar Nelson, MMA fighter
Halldór Helgason, snowboarder
Katrín Davíðsdóttir, back-to-back CrossFit Games winner (2015, 2016)
Kristján Einar Kristjánsson, racing driver, currently racing in British formula 3
Sara Sigmundsdóttir, CrossFit Games athlete
Sigurlína Ingvarsdóttir (born 1978), video games producer
Þórunn Jónassen (1850–1922), first chair of Thorvaldsensfélagið and early Reykjavik city councillor
Vala Flosadóttir, pole vaulter
Vilhelmína Lever (1802–1879), shopkeeper who voted in municipal elections in 1863 and 1866 before women such as her were officially given voting rights

List of Icelanders


The Little Belt Mountains are a section of the Rocky Mountains in the U.S. state of Montana. Situated mainly in the Lewis and Clark National Forest, the mountains are used for logging and recreation for the residents of Great Falls, Montana.  Showdown is a ski area located within the mountains located off US Highway 89 which splits the mountains in half connecting White Sulphur Springs and Belt, MT. The highest point in the Little Belt Range is Big Baldy Mountain at .

The Little Belts have been mined for silver since the 1880s, and for sapphire since 1896. The sapphires, called Yogo sapphires as they are mined near Yogo Creek, occur in a formation  long and  across.

The mountains are named for a butte in the range, Belt Butte, itself named for a band of white rock which encircles it.

The Showdown Ski Area holds the state's record for snowfall,  of snow in one winter.

The mountain range of gently rolling peaks and expansive conifer forests contains two large roadless areas. The smaller area, about  in size, is protected as the Middle Fork-Judith Wilderness Study Area. This area includes the Middle and Lost Forks of the Judith River, which cut deep canyons through multicolored limestone cliffs.  The Middle Fork-Judith WSA contains over 29 miles of streams containing Yellowstone cutthroat and rainbow trout. Higher elevations are covered in lodgepole pine and whitebark pine, while lower elevations contain ponderosa pine and douglas fir intermixed with grassy parks and meadows. The larger area, encompassing the Tenderfoot Creek drainage, in the western portion of the range, is unprotected and about  in size; it includes some private lands as well as about  of roadless Lewis and Clark National Forest lands. The Smith River Canyon, a popular float trip, is along the western edge of this area.

Ponderosa pine and douglas-fir are the predominant tree species in the Little Belts, and wildlife includes black bear, elk, and white-tailed and mule deer.

See also
 List of mountain ranges in Montana

Notes

External links
 Geology of Little Belt Mountains

Mountain ranges of Montana
Ranges of the Rocky Mountains
Geology of Montana
Landforms of Meagher County, Montana
Lewis and Clark National Forest

Little Belt Mountains


May-Britt Moser  (born 4 January 1963) is a Norwegian psychologist and neuroscientist, who is a Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). She and her former husband, Edvard Moser, shared half of the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,

awarded for work concerning the grid cells in the  entorhinal cortex, as well as several additional space-representing cell types in the same circuit that make up the positioning system in the brain.
Together with Edvard Moser she established the Moser research environment at NTNU, which they lead. Since 2012 she has headed the Centre for Neural Computation.

Moser received her education as a psychologist at the Department of Psychology, University of Oslo and obtained a PhD in neurophysiology at the Faculty of Medicine in 1995; in 1996 she was appointed as associate professor in biological psychology at the Department of Psychology at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU); she was promoted to professor of neuroscience in 2000. In 2002 her research group was given the status of a separate "centre of excellence".

Personal life
May-Britt was born in the small town of Fosnavåg, Møre og Romsdal, Norway in 1963, the youngest of five children. Although her family owned a small farm, her father worked as a carpenter. This meant that her mother was mainly responsible for caring for the farm. A self-proclaimed "tom-boy," May-Britt was born into a family without excess money, meaning that she did not have the means to travel in the summer. With her free time, she chose to study animals where she found a major passion. May-Britt's mother told her fairytales while she was growing up and always encouraged her to work hard to make her dreams come true. As a child, May-Britt wanted to become a doctor who traveled the world saving people, or even a veterinarian due to her love of animals. She was never a particularly gifted student in grade school, but the right level of encouragement from her teachers saw her talents flourish. May-Britt was determined not to become a housewife, as was customary for the time.

May-Britt Moser attended the University of Oslo where she studied psychology, mathematics, and neurobiology. May-Britt chose this school because two of her sisters lived in the Oslo area and provided her with a temporary place to live. She enjoyed the freedom of university, but was not completely sure what she wanted to do with her degree. She was accepted into dentistry school, but declined the offer. May-Britt soon met Edvard I. Moser, who she recognized from her high school. The couple married on July 27, 1985, and decided to together study the relationship between the brain and behavior.   In June of 1991, the couple had their first child, Isabel. They found it difficult to balance a PhD program with having a child, but their passion for their studies fueled them to bring their daughter along for long days in the lab. Ailin was born in 1995. Later that year, May-Britt Moser obtained a doctorate in neurophysiology for her work recognizing correlations between the structure of the hippocampus and spatial recognition within rats. May-Britt Moser and her husband traveled briefly to the University of Edinburgh to work with Richard Morris, a neuroscientist. They later visited University College London, where they worked in O' Keefe's laboratory. The couple eventually decided to work at Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim, where May-Britt became a professor of neuroscience and director of the University's Center for Neural Computation. The couple announced their divorce in 2016, but still continue their scientific work together.

Career
May-Britt Moser was awarded a degree in psychology at the Department of Psychology at the University of Oslo in 1990. She was then employed as a research fellow at the Faculty of Medicine, where she was awarded her Ph.D. in Neurophysiology in 1995 at the age of 32, under the supervision of professor Per Andersen. She and Edvard Moser went on to undertake postdoctoral training with Richard Morris at the Centre for Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh from 1994 to 1996, and were visiting postdoctoral fellows at the laboratory of John O'Keefe at the University College, London for two months.

The Mosers returned to Norway in 1996 where May-Britt was appointed associate professor in biological psychology at the Department of Psychology at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in Trondheim. She was promoted to a position as full professor of neuroscience at NTNU in 2000. The couple were instrumental in the establishment of the Centre for the Biology of Memory (CBM) in 2002 and the Institute for Systems Neuroscience at NTNU in 2007. Moser is also head of department of the NTNU Centre for Neural Computation. She also is a member of the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters, Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters,  the American Philosophical Society, and the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences. Moser was appointed by the European Research Council as a member of one of the evaluation panels for ERC startup grants for the period 2007–2009.

The Mosers pioneered research on the brain's mechanism for representing space together with their mentor John O'Keefe. The Mosers discovered types of cells that are important for determining position (spatial representation) close to the hippocampus, an area deep in the brain that is important for encoding of space, and also for episodic memory.  Moser investigated correlations between the anatomical structure of the hippocampus and social learning in rats. Moser's work gave the ability for scientists to gain new knowledge into the cognitive processes and spatial deficits associated with human neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease.

In 2013, the Trondheim Chamber of Commerce awarded Moser the Madame Beyer award, which recognizes brilliant female business leaders. It was awarded in recognition of Moser's robust leadership, scientific achievements, and her high ethical standards, as well as her consistent focus on teamwork and community spirit.

In 2014, the Mosers shared half of the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The other half of the prize was awarded to John O'Keefe. The Mosers are one of six couples to be awarded a Nobel Prize.

May-Britt Moser was a co-Founder of the Centre for the Biology of Memory, a Research Council of Norway-funded Centre of Excellence from 2003 to 2012, and has taken on the Directorship of the Centre for Neural Computation, a second Centre of Excellence that will run from 2013 to 2022.

Honours
1999: Prize for young scientists awarded by the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters
2005: 28th annual W. Alden Spencer Award (College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University)
2006: 14th Betty and David Koetser Award for Brain Research (University of Zürich)
2006: 10th Prix "Liliane Bettencourt pour les Sciences du Vivant" 2006 (Fondation Bettencourt, Paris)
2008: 30th Eric K. Fernström's Great Nordic Prize (Fernström Foundation, University of Lund)
2011: Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine
2011: Anders Jahre Award (with Edvard Moser)
2012: Perl-UNC Neuroscience Prize (with Edvard Moser)
2013: Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize (with Edvard Moser and John O'Keefe)
2014: Karl Spencer Lashley Award (with Edvard Moser)
2014: Körber European Science Prize
2014: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (with Edvard Moser and John O'Keefe)
2016: Erna Hamburger Prize, EPFL, WISH Foundation, Lausanne, Switzerland
2018: Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav

Selected publications

Brun, V.H., Otnæss, M.K., Molden, S., Steffenach, H.-A., Witter, M.P., Moser, M.-B., Moser, E.I. (2002). "Place cells and place representation maintained by direct entorhinal-hippocampal circuitry".  Science, 296, 2089–2284.
Fyhn, M., Molden, S., Witter, M.P., Moser, E.I. and Moser, M.-B. (2004). "Spatial representation in the entorhinal cortex".  Science, 305, 1258–1264.
Leutgeb, S., Leutgeb, J.K., Treves, A., Moser, M.-B. and Moser, E.I. (2004). "Distinct ensemble codes in hippocampal areas CA3 and CA1".  Science, 305, 1295–1298.
 Leutgeb, S., Leutgeb, J.K., Barnes, C.A., Moser, E.I., McNaughton, B.L., and Moser, M.-B (2005). "Independent codes for spatial and episodic memory in the hippocampus".  Science, 309, 619–623.
Hafting, T., Fyhn, M., Molden, S., Moser, M.-B., and Moser, E.I. (2005). "Microstructure of a spatial map in the entorhinal cortex".  Nature, 436, 801–806.
Sargolini, F., Fyhn, M., Hafting, T., McNaughton, B.L., Witter, M.P., Moser, M.-B., and Moser, E.I. (2006). "Conjunctive representation of position, direction and velocity in entorhinal cortex".  Science, 312, 754–758.
Leutgeb, J.K., Leutgeb, S., Moser, M.-B., and Moser, E.I. (2007). "Pattern separation in dentate gyrus and CA3 of the hippocampus".  Science, 315, 961–966.
Fyhn, M., Hafting, T., Treves, A., Moser, M.-B. and Moser, E.I. (2007). "Hippocampal remapping and grid realignment in entorhinal cortex".  Nature, 446, 190–194.
 Hafting, T., Fyhn, M., Bonnevie, T., Moser, M.-B. and Moser, E.I. (2008). "Hippocampus-independent phase precession in entorhinal grid cells".  Nature 453, 1248–1252.
Kjelstrup, K.B., Solstad, T., Brun, V.H., Hafting, T., Leutgeb, S., Witter, M.P., Moser, E.I. and Moser, M.-B. (2008). "Finite scales of spatial representation in the hippocampus".  Science 321, 140–143.
Solstad, T., Boccara, C.N., Kropff, E., Moser, M.-B. and Moser, E.I. (2008). "Representation of geometric borders in the entorhinal cortex".  Science, 322, 1865–1868.
Moser, E.I., Moser, M.-B. (2011). "Crystals of the brain". EMBO Mol. Med. 3, 1-4.
Moser, E.I., Moser, M.-B. (2011). "Seeing into the future". Nature, 469, 303–304
Jezek, K., Henriksen, EJ., Treves, A., Moser, E.I. and Moser, M.-B. (2011). "Theta-paced flickering between place-cell maps in the hippocampus". Nature, 478, 246–249.
 Giocomo, LM., Moser, E.I., Moser, M.-B. (2011) "Grid cells use HCN1 channels for spatial scaling". Cell, 147, 1159–1170.
Stensola, Hanne; Stensola, Tor; Solstad, Trygve; Frøland, Kristian; Moser, May-Britt; Moser, Edvard Ingjald. (2012) The entorhinal grid map is discretized. Nature. volum 492 (7427).
Bonnevie, Tora; Dunn, Benjamin Adric; Fyhn, Marianne; Hafting, Torkel; Derdikman, Dori Moshe; Kubie, J. L.; Roudi, Yasser; Moser, Edvard Ingjald; Moser, May-Britt. (2013) Grid cells require excitatory drive from the hippocampus. Nature Neuroscience. volum 16 (3).
Couey, Jonathan Jay; Witoelar, Aree Widya; Zhang, Sheng Jia; Zheng, Kang; Ye, Jing; Dunn, Benjamin Adric; Czajkowski, Rafal; Moser, May-Britt; Moser, Edvard Ingjald; Roudi, Yasser; Witter, Menno. (2013) Recurrent inhibitory circuitry as a mechanism for grid formation. Nature Neuroscience. volum 16 (3).
Lu, Li; Leutgeb, Jill Kristin; Tsao, Albert; Henriksen, Espen Joakim; Leutgeb, Stefan; Barnes, Carol; Witter, Menno; Moser, May-Britt; Moser, Edvard Ingjald. (2013) Impaired hippocampal rate coding after lesions of the lateral entorhinal cortex. Nature Neuroscience. volum 16 (8).
Moser, Edvard Ingjald; Moser, May-Britt. (2013) Grid Cells and Neural Coding in High-End Cortices. Neuron. volum 80 (3).
Rowland, David Clayton; Moser, May-Britt. (2013) Time Finds Its Place in the Hippocampus. Neuron. volum 78 (6).
Tsao, Albert; Moser, May-Britt; Moser, Edvard Ingjald. (2013) Traces of Experience in the Lateral Entorhinal Cortex. Current Biology. volum 23 (5).
Zhang, Sheng Jia; Ye, Jing; Miao, Chenglin; Tsao, Albert; Cerniauskas, Ignas; Ledergerber, Debora; Moser, May-Britt; Moser, Edvard Ingjald. (2013) Optogenetic Dissection of Entorhinal-Hippocampal Functional Connectivity. Science. volum 340 (6128).

See also
 Timeline of women in science

References

External links

1963 births
Living people
Norwegian neuroscientists
Psychologists from Oslo
Academic staff of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Norwegian Nobel laureates
Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
Academic staff of the University of Oslo
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Norwegian women academics
Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters
Women Nobel laureates
Norwegian women psychologists
Norwegian women neuroscientists
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Members of the National Academy of Medicine

May-Britt Moser