Tissue culture or  cell culture is a way to grow cells in a laboratory. Cells are taken, and put into in a flask or Petri dish. They can be grown on a growth medium, sometimes an agar plate. The cells divide, and can be treated in various ways.  This is done for a number of purposes, especially for the use of scientific research:

Growing bacteria or fungi for experiments or for identification. An example would be growing bacteria to see what antibiotics they are resistant to.
Growing cells of plants or animals for various experimental purposes.
Plant cuttings can be grown: roots grow out of a sprig.
IVF when eggs are taken and fertilized with sperm in the dish.

References

Cell biology
Laboratory techniques

Tissue culture


Achiyalabopa was a huge bird god of the Pueblo people. He is described as being of extraordinary size and having rainbow-colored feathers as sharp as knives. It was considered a celestial creature and may have once been attributed to the whole of creation.

References
Godchecker.com entry on Achiyalabopa

Legendary birds
Gods of the indigenous peoples of North America
Pueblo culture
Stellar gods

Achiyalabopa


St Bees Head RSPB Reserve at St Bees Head, Cumbria, England, is a coastal site which provides a home for thousands of seabirds under the care of the RSPB. The birds include kittiwakes, fulmars, guillemots, razorbills, cormorants, Atlantic puffins, shags and herring gulls. It is the only breeding place in England for black guillemots.
The rock pipit, which breeds on rocky coasts, is known to breed in only one other site in Cumbria.

As well as the seabirds already mentioned, other birds which regularly breed at St Bees Head include the tawny owl, sparrowhawk, peregrine and the common raven.

In partnership with Natural England, the National Trust and local government authorities, the RSPB has also been involved in a project to improve coastal habitats outside the reserve.  One aim is to have suitable grassland to support the return of the chough.

Facilities

There are observation stations on the North Head footpath. The cliffs rise to 90 metres and visitors are advised to take care when approaching the edge.

Protection designations
St Bees Head is:
 A Heritage Coast
 A Site of Special Scientific Interest (157.2402 ha), designated for biological and geological interest.

The geographical limits to SSSI selection stop at mean low water spring tides, and essential areas for foraging seabirds cannot be protected through the existing SSSI mechanism. However, the sea off St Bees Head is part of the Cumbria Coast Marine Conservation Zone. The Marine Conservation Zone was designated in 2013. After concern was expressed that it did not do enough to protect the foraging grounds of seabirds, it was extended in 2019.

The NWIFCA (North Western Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority) is working with Natural England and RSPB to call for a voluntary ban on the use of fishing nets around St Bees Headland.

References

External links

 Official website

Nature reserves in Cumbria
Birdwatching sites in England
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds reserves in England
Seabird colonies
St Bees

St Bees Head RSPB reserve


Inner tube water polo (ITWP) is a variant of water polo with the important difference that players are required to float in inflatable inner tubes. By floating in an inner tube, players experience less contact and expend less energy than traditional water polo players, not having to tread water. This allows casual players to enjoy water polo without undertaking the intense conditioning required for conventional water polo.

This sport is predominantly played at universities, but can also be found in recreational adult leagues.

Goalkeeper
The goalkeeper position is played differently, depending on the host leagues rules. In some leagues, goalkeepers are the only players prohibited from using an innertube during play, requiring them to tread water or stand in a shallow body of water. In other leagues, goalkeepers may be permitted to play just as all other players. Finally, some leagues require the goalkeeper to play with an alteration to their tube. For example, a goalkeeper may be required to have a more deflated tube, be required to deflate and fold their tube in half and sit with the tube between their legs, or use a larger tube intended to make the goalkeeper less mobile.

History
The game was invented in 1969 by Gary Colberg, then UC Davis's associate athletic director of intramural sports and sport clubs.

References

External links

https://www.bostonitwp.com

ITWP

Water polo variants
Team sports
Ball games
Sports originating in the United States
University of California, Davis
1969 establishments in the United States

Inner tube water polo


Whipple Dam State Park is a Pennsylvania state park on  in Jackson Township, Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania in the United States. Whipple Lake is a man-made lake on  that was originally built during the height of the lumber era that swept through Pennsylvania in the late 19th and early 20th century to supply power for a sawmill. Whipple Dam State Park is  south of State College, just east of Pennsylvania Route 26.

History
The land on which Whipple Dam State Park is located was purchased from the Iroquois Confederation in 1754 by the Proprietary Government of Pennsylvania. Eventually the Monroe Iron Works was built on the land and the production of charcoal took place, as well as the mining of iron ore. Remnants of the iron mines can be seen today at the park.

The demand for lumber reached northern Huntingdon County in the 1860s. The old-growth forests of white pine and hemlock were harvested from the mountains. Osgood M. Whipple purchased a large tract of land on which he built a sawmill that was powered by the waters of the lake formed by the dam he also constructed. Mr. Whipple left the lumber business in 1897, but the lake remained and has been used for recreation ever since (and is today known as Whipple Lake). The state of Pennsylvania purchased the land on January 15, 1904, from the Linden Hall Lumber Company, which was owned by William Whitmer and his sons. The dam was rebuilt in 1928 by the Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry, a forerunner of the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. The land was used recreationally by the 1920s. A camp for Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, and Campfire Girls was built on the north side of the lake in 1928 and was used until 1941.

The Great Depression of the 1930s was a boom time for the construction of state park facilities all over Pennsylvania and Whipple Dam was no exception. Unemployed young men were put to work by the Civilian Conservation Corps and cleared streams of brush, planted many acres of trees in a reforestation effort, built bridges on state roads and cleared roads through the forests for fire prevention. The CCC also built the facilities that are still in use today at Whipple Dam State Park. In 1935, they dismantled the 1928 dam and built a new one. They also built pavilions, restrooms, roads and the beach. Their work was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.

Recreation

Whipple Lake
Whipple Lake is open to fishing, ice fishing, boating, and swimming. The lake is stocked by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission with trout.  Gas powered boats are prohibited on Whipple Lake. Electric powered boats and non powered boats must have current registration with any state. The sand beach opens on Memorial Day weekend and closes Labor Day weekend. There is no lifeguard stationed at the beach. There is a beach volleyball court, bathhouse and snack bar at the beach. The lake provides a habitat for a wide variety of waterfowl as well as great blue heron, osprey, beavers and muskrats.

Picnics
There are three large pavilions that were built by Civilian Conservation Corps. These pavilions can be reserved up to 11 months in advance. Pavilions that are not reserved are available on a first come, first served basis. In addition to the pavilions there are many picnic tables in the forested picnic area that is near Whipple Lake.

Hunting
Hunting is permitted within certain parts of Whipple Dam State Park.  Hunting is not permitted in the day use area.  Hunters are expected to follow the rules and regulations of the Pennsylvania State Game Commission. The common game species are ruffed grouse, squirrels, turkey, white-tailed deer, waterfowl, and black bears. The hunting of groundhogs is prohibited.

Nearby state parks
The following state parks are within  of Whipple Dam State Park:
Bald Eagle State Park (Centre County)
Black Moshannon State Park (Centre County)
Greenwood Furnace State Park (Huntingdon County)
Canoe Creek State Park (Blair County)
Penn-Roosevelt State Park (Centre County)
Poe Paddy State Park (Centre County)
Poe Valley State Park (Centre County)
Reeds Gap State Park (Mifflin County)
Trough Creek State Park (Huntingdon County)

References

External links

State parks of Pennsylvania
Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Protected areas established in 1928
Civilian Conservation Corps in Pennsylvania
Parks in Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania
Dams on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
1928 establishments in Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania

Whipple Dam State Park


Wolfgang Pichler (born 23 January 1955 in Ruhpolding) is a German biathlon and cross-country skiing coach.

Wolfgang Pichler formerly trained Magdalena Forsberg, and won with her six World Biathlon Championships and six Biathlon World Cup titles. After her retirement, Pichler coached the Swedish biathlon team, both men and women, guiding the likes of Helena Ekholm, Anna-Carin Olofsson and Björn Ferry to Olympic and World Championship medals.

He coached Sweden at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin successfully. Olofsson won the silver medal in sprint behind Kati Wilhelm. She then won a gold medal in mass start, the first for Sweden since 1960.

Pichler coached the Russian female biathlon team in the season 2011/2012. After acting as a consultant to the Swedish biathlon team in the 2014-15 season, in April 2015 the Swedish Biathlon Federation announced that Pichler had been re-appointed as the team's head coach. During this spell with the team he guided Hanna Öberg and Sebastian Samuelsson to Olympic and World Championship medals. In addition at this time he coached British biathlete Amanda Lightfoot.

Wolfgang's brother, Claus Pichler, is a Social Democratic politician who was elected mayor of the brothers' home town of Ruhpolding. Walter Pichler, a fellow coach and former biathlete who took a bronze medal at the 1984 Winter Olympics, is a cousin of the brothers.

In January 2019, he announced he would resign from the position as Swedish national team coach following the 2018–2019 season.

References

1955 births
Living people
German cross-country skiing coaches
People from Traunstein (district)
Sportspeople from Upper Bavaria

Wolfgang Pichler


Chèvre noir is a firm pasteurized goat's milk cheese made by Fromagerie Tournevent in Chesterville, Quebec, Canada. Launched in 1988, Chèvre Noir is made in the style of a cheddar but from goat's milk. The cheese was created by cheesemaker Louise Lefebvre, who has been at Tournevent since 1984.   It is coated with black wax and its aroma is reminiscent of cheddar.

See also
 List of cheeses
 List of goat milk cheeses

References

Canadian cheeses
Goat's-milk cheeses

Chèvre noir


USS Maine was a United States Navy warship. She exploded and sank in Havana Harbor in 1898, which was the reason the United States got involved in the Spanish-American War. USS Maine was commissioned as ACR-1 (Armored Cruiser #1). She is sometimes called a second-class battleship. Her sister ship was the USS Texas.

Maine

USS Maine (1889)


David Michael Bentley (born 27 August 1984) is an English former professional footballer who played primarily as a winger, but also played as a central midfielder or as a second striker.

Bentley started his career with Arsenal in the Premier League, and despite being earmarked as one for the future, saw his playing opportunities limited by a strong senior squad. He spent two seasons on loan with Norwich City and Blackburn Rovers, and sealed a permanent transfer to Rovers in January 2006. Bentley produced strong performances for his new club, and soon featured regularly for the England under-21 team. He made his senior international debut against Israel in September 2007. In July 2008, Bentley joined Tottenham Hotspur. He spent time on loan with Birmingham City, West Ham United, FC Rostov and a brief return to Blackburn before being released by Tottenham in 2013. After not playing for more than a year, Bentley retired from football in 2014, citing his loss of passion for the sport.

Club career

Arsenal
Born in Peterborough, Cambridgeshire, Bentley grew up supporting Manchester United. Bentley started his youth career at Wormley Youth Football Club in Wormley, Hertfordshire, before moving to Arsenal aged 13 as a striker, occasionally playing in the hole. He was used primarily in midfield, usually as a wide midfielder. As a 16-year-old he trained with the Arsenal senior squad, before signing his first professional contract in September 2001. By January 2003, he was handed his first-team debut, coming on as a substitute for Kolo Touré in the 77th minute of a 2–0 FA Cup third round win over Oxford United. Bentley's first and only goal for Arsenal was a chip shot from the edge of the penalty area over goalkeeper Mark Schwarzer, in a 4–1 FA Cup win over Middlesbrough on 24 January 2004. He played once in the league for Arsenal, starting a 1–1 draw against Portsmouth on 4 May 2004, in which he was substituted after 61 minutes for Nwankwo Kanu.

Bentley spent the whole of the next league season on loan to Norwich City, playing 26 league matches and scoring two goals, against Newcastle and Southampton. His season at Carrow Road was interrupted by a knee injury sustained in January. He returned to the team in April 2005, coming off the bench against Manchester United and playing a key role in Norwich's 2–0 win. Despite a late run of form, the Canaries were relegated from the Premier League on the last day of the season after a 6–0 defeat away to Fulham. Bentley returned to Arsenal in the summer of 2005, but submitted a transfer request, citing his desire for first team football. In subsequent interviews, he also revealed that he was having "personal problems" at that point in his career and had lost his enjoyment for football—problems which he overcame later in his Blackburn Rovers career. He admitted to gambling addiction in the early stages of his career, reaching a peak of placing 100 bets a day. He got over his problems in 2005.

Desiring a permanent move, Bentley was linked with a number of clubs including Wolverhampton Wanderers, before returning on a further season's loan, to Blackburn Rovers on 31 August 2005.

Blackburn Rovers
In January 2006, Blackburn signed Bentley on a permanent basis from Arsenal. In his first match after permanently signing for Blackburn, he scored his first senior hat-trick in a 4–3 victory against Manchester United. Bentley went on to feature regularly for Blackburn in the 2005–06 season, and helped the club finish sixth in league standings and qualify for the 2006–07 UEFA Cup.

The 2006–07 season saw Bentley become more of a regular goalscorer for Rovers, including some stunning strikes in the Premier League. In Europe, a 25-yard volley against Salzburg in the UEFA Cup helped secure Rovers' passage into the group stage, where he also scored a last minute winner against Wisła Kraków. Bentley's club performances attracted much transfer speculation. However, on 27 February 2007, despite being linked to a move to Manchester United, he agreed to a new contract that would keep him with Blackburn until 2011. Commenting on the new deal, Rovers manager Mark Hughes described Bentley as "a great talent with a big future" while chairman John Williams added that he "is widely regarded as one of the best young footballers in the country." Bentley ended the season with seven goals and 13 assists for Blackburn, the latter statistic also highlighting his creative importance to the team. He was later voted by Rovers fans as the club's Player of the Year.

Bentley recorded similar statistics in the following season, scoring eight goals and providing 13 assists. Blackburn finished seventh in the Premier League, but did not qualify for European competition. Bentley's consistent performances for his club, however, ensured that he played in a series of post-season friendlies for England. But that was to be the Englishman's final season with the Lancashire club. Not long after the departure of manager Mark Hughes to Manchester City, Bentley reiterated his desire to leave. Blackburn placed a valuation of the player at around £18 million.

Tottenham Hotspur

On 31 July 2008, Tottenham Hotspur announced their signing of Bentley, on a six-year contract, for a £15 million fee, with an additional £2 million conditional on future performance. Reports suggested that £7 million of this fee was payable to Bentley's former employers, Arsenal. Bentley made his competitive debut on 16 August 2008 away at Middlesbrough where Spurs lost 2–1. He scored his first competitive goal for Spurs in the 2008–09 UEFA Cup first round tie against Wisła Kraków on 18 September 2008. He then scored his first league goal for Tottenham against his old club Arsenal with a 43-yard dipping volley in a 4–4 draw on 29 October 2008. This led the British mathematician Tony Mann to ask Marcus du Sautoy to name a symmetry group in honour of David Bentley; the group is labelled Set [C[1], C[2], C[3], C[4]]=[40, 13, 4, 4], with the final two digits corresponding to the result of the match. Bentley's form would suffer at Tottenham, however, and after falling down the pecking order for both club and country, it was reported on 17 June 2009 that he was in talks to move to Aston Villa. Subsequently, it was revealed by Bentley and Aston Villa that this was untrue.

The form of Aaron Lennon meant that Bentley was mostly used as a substitute for the start 2009–10 season, although he did score a free kick in Tottenham's 9–1 victory over Wigan Athletic, with the ball then going in off the back of Wigan goalkeeper Chris Kirkland.

Loan spells
On 12 January 2011, Bentley joined Birmingham City on loan for the remainder of the season. He went straight into the starting eleven for the Second City derby against Aston Villa and was named man of the match. Bentley scored his first goal for Birmingham in a 3–2 win against Coventry City in the fourth round of the 2010–11 FA Cup. Bentley was cup-tied for Birmingham's victory in the 2011 League Cup Final. Described in the Birmingham Mails season review as having "flattered to deceive", he failed to establish himself in the first team, and returned to Tottenham at the end of the season.

On 31 August 2011, Bentley signed a season-long loan deal with Championship club West Ham United. He made his debut on 10 September 2011 in a 4–3 home win against Portsmouth coming on in the 63rd minute for Julien Faubert. In October 2011, he was ruled out for six months following a knee operation and returned to Tottenham for treatment, after playing five matches for West Ham. In February 2012, Bentley was named in Tottenham's 25-man squad for the second half of the 2011–12 season despite his injury.

Despite featuring prominently in Tottenham's pre-season under new manager André Villas-Boas, on 7 September 2012, Bentley went out on loan to Russian club FC Rostov. Bentley became the first Englishman to play in the Russian Premier League when he made his debut for the club on 15 September, playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–0 victory over Dynamo Moscow. He went on to start all four subsequent league matches for Rostov before picking up an ankle injury in the 0–0 draw with Lokomotiv Moscow on 21 October. Bentley made seven appearances for Rostov without scoring.

Loan return to Blackburn Rovers
In January 2013, Bentley's former manager at Tottenham, Harry Redknapp, attempted to sign him on loan for Queens Park Rangers as a potential supplier of crosses for Peter Crouch. However, the move did not take place because Crouch did not sign for QPR and Bentley's weekly wage of £50,000 was deemed too high. On 15 February, Bentley returned to former club Blackburn Rovers on a 93-day loan. He made his second Blackburn début the next day, coming on as substitute in a fifth round FA Cup away win at Arsenal.

On 7 June 2013, the Premier League confirmed that he had been released by Tottenham Hotspur. On 3 August 2013, Levski Sofia manager Slaviša Jokanović expressed interest in signing Bentley and his former Tottenham teammate Cristian Ceballos.

Retirement
On 13 June 2014, Bentley announced his retirement from professional football at the age of 29, having been without a club for over a year. He stated in an interview that he had fallen out of love with football, calling the modern game "robotic" due to the influence of social media and money, as well as "predictable and a bit too calculated". He said that he wished to spend time with his three children. By October 2014, Bentley was a co-owner of a restaurant in Marbella, Spain, where he and his family had moved to. Bentley has also invested in beach clubs and in a restaurant in Woodford Green, London with Raheem Sterling and Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain.

In 2015, as part of a job-swap documentary for Irish television, Bentley trained for and played in a Gaelic football match for Crossmaglen Rangers; in return, Aaron Kernan was to train with Sunderland.

International career
Bentley played for the England under-15 and under-16 teams, captained the England under-18 team and played for the England under-21 team. He recorded eight caps and four goals with the under-21 team, He was the first Englishman to score at the new Wembley Stadium in a match against the Italy under-21 team on 24 March 2007.

In May 2007, following an impressive 2006–07 season for Blackburn, Bentley was called up for the England B international at Turf Moor for a match against Albania. After naming him as a starter, England manager Steve McClaren said Bentley had the potential to become England's "new David Beckham". In that match, Bentley provided the cross for Stewart Downing's first goal and was involved in the buildup to Downing's second in the 3–1 victory for England. He received the man of the match award for his performance. The next day, he was named in McClaren's 26-man full England squad for the friendly match against Brazil and the UEFA Euro 2008 qualifier against Estonia.

In June 2007, Bentley was called up to the England under-21 squad for the 2007 UEFA European Under-21 Championship in the Netherlands. However, he pulled out of the squad citing fatigue, and England under-21 manager Stuart Pearce questioned the midfielder's commitment to the national squad. This withdrawal led to Bentley being excluded from the senior England squad for the friendly against Germany, but he was selected for the UEFA Euro 2008 qualifiers against Israel and Russia. He made his senior debut when he came on as a substitute for Shaun Wright-Phillips against Israel, but was jeered by some of the fans due to his previous refusal to play for the under-21 team.

Bentley started for England for the first time in the friendly against Switzerland on 6 February 2008.

Style of play
Most often Bentley played as a right winger, but he could also play as a central midfielder or a second striker. When at Arsenal, Bentley was slated to play in the second striker role.

Career statistics
Club

International

HonoursTottenham HotspurFootball League Cup runner-up: 2008–09Individual'
Blackburn Rovers Player of the Year: 2006–07

References

External links

David Bentley profile at the Football Association website

1984 births
Living people
Footballers from Peterborough
English men's footballers
English expatriate men's footballers
England men's youth international footballers
England men's under-21 international footballers
England men's B international footballers
England men's international footballers
Men's association football wingers
Arsenal F.C. players
Norwich City F.C. players
Blackburn Rovers F.C. players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Birmingham City F.C. players
West Ham United F.C. players
FC Rostov players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Russian Premier League players
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
English expatriate sportspeople in Russia
English expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Crossmaglen Rangers Gaelic footballers
English expatriate sportspeople in Ireland
English Gaelic footballers
Gaelic footballers who switched code

David Bentley


Edward Robert Zeman (February 22, 1937 – May 3, 2019) was an American football defensive back who played six seasons in the American Football League (AFL) from 1960 to 1966.

Playing career

Early years

Zeman attended Wheaton Warrenville South High School in Wheaton, Illinois, the home town as legendary collegiate and professional running back Red Grange. Also himself originally a running back, Zeman managed to break several of the "Galloping Ghost's" high school records. He was later inducted into its Hall of Fame.

Wisconsin Badgers

Zeman played on both sides of the ball at Wisconsin. However, he never eclipsed 600 yards of rushing, playing mostly defense. After playing in the Rose Bowl his senior year, Zeman met with executives in Los Angeles.

Los Angeles/San Diego Chargers
Zeman was drafted by the Los Angeles Chargers in the 1960 AFL draft. Zeman was part of a stellar defense nicknamed the "Seven Pirates" — a squad which intercepted an AFL record 49 passes during the 1961 season.

Denver Broncos
In his first season with the Denver Broncos, Zeman garnered a Pro Bowl selection on the strength of six interceptions; one was returned for a touchdown.

Second stint with San Diego
Zeman injured his knee at the end of the 1966 season tackling Mike Garrett. He never returned to professional football.

Coaching history

College coaching
A couple years after retiring as a player, Zeman started to coach at the college level. His first stop was Northwestern, where he coached defensive backs in 1968 and 1969. He then went and coached at his alma mater Wisconsin in 1970.

Professional coaching
He then coached for the Oakland Raiders between 1971 and 1977, and won Super Bowl XI with the team. Zeman then coached with a team he had played for, the Denver Broncos, between 1978 and 1982. He spent the following year as the defensive coordinator of the Buffalo Bills. His later stops included the Los Angeles Rams, scouting for some teams, and stints with Mike Holmgren in both San Francisco and Seattle.

Legacy
In 2017 Zeman, along with other players from the inaugural year, presented the Chargers organization with a signed ball for its move back to the city of Los Angeles.

See also
List of American Football League players

References

Buffalo Bills coaches
1937 births
2019 deaths
American football safeties
Los Angeles Chargers players
San Diego Chargers players
Denver Broncos (AFL) players
American Football League All-Star players
Wisconsin Badgers football players
Seattle Seahawks coaches
Sportspeople from Kane County, Illinois
People from Geneva, Illinois
American Football League players
Sportspeople from Wheaton, Illinois
Players of American football from DuPage County, Illinois

Bob Zeman


The Red Hill Bulk Fuel Storage Facility is a military fuel storage facility in Hawaii.  Operated by the United States Navy, Red Hill supports U.S. military operations in the Pacific.

As of March 7, 2022, the Department of Defense announced the planned closure of the Red Hill facility, due to reduced military need and water contamination issues.

Description
Unlike any other facility in the United States, the Red Hill Underground Fuel Storage Facility can store up to 250 million gallons of fuel. It consists of 20 steel-lined underground storage tanks encased in concrete, and built into cavities that were mined inside of Red Hill. Each tank has a storage capacity of approximately 12.5 million gallons.

The Red Hill tanks are connected to three gravity-fed pipelines that run 2.5 miles inside a tunnel to fueling piers at Pearl Harbor. Each of the 20 tanks at Red Hill measures 100 feet in diameter and is 250 feet in height.

The Joint Task Force Red Hill was established on September 30, 2022, for the purpose of "safely and expeditiously" defueling the Red Hill Bulk Fuel Storage facility. Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin said: "Defueling and closing Red Hill is the right thing to do – for our service members, our families, the people of Hawaii, the environment, and our nation." The commander of the Joint Task Force is Vice. Adm. John F.G. Wade.

Red Hill is located under a volcanic mountain ridge near Honolulu. It was declared a Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1995.

History

Before the United States entered World War II, the Roosevelt Administration became concerned about the vulnerability of the many above-ground fuel storage tanks at Pearl Harbor. In 1940 it decided to build a new underground facility that would store more fuel and be safe from an enemy aerial attack.

The Red Hill site would provide unprecedented flow rates of fuel due to its elevation. In addition, the site's unique geological characteristics, including basalt rock, could support such large tanks.  Federal, local government and contracted engineers and geologists performed many surveys of the Koolau Range and eventually reached a consensus on Red Hill as the best choice because it is mostly homogeneous basalt.

Their original plan was to build four large underground tanks. These would be horizontal, as all underground tanks were at the time. However, during the planning process, the engineers decided to build the tanks vertically because construction and excavation could occur simultaneously.  This was possible because a vertical shaft drilled through the centerline of the tank would allow excavated rock to funnel down onto a series of conveyor belts in the lower access tunnel.

Planners and engineers began the process by acquiring the real estate, staging equipment and materials, and building a work camp.  The 3,900 workers worked around the clock, seven days a week,  to complete the project. Construction started by excavating the vertical shafts for all 20 tanks concurrently with mining of the upper access and lower access tunnels. The tunnels were aligned directly in the middle of the parallel rows of shafts. Once perpendicular to the shafts, cross tunnels were mined to connect the shafts to the main access tunnels. For constructability and safety reasons (cave-ins), the upper domes needed to be built first, so the miners excavated individual ring tunnels around the circumference of each of the future upper dome bases. They then scoped out the area of the domes and proceeded to construct the steel framing, steel liner and rebar. Workers continuously poured concrete that ranged in thickness from two feet at the crown to eight feet at the base. Once the concrete cured, it was pre-stressed by pressure grouting the area between the concrete and the basalt.

Upon completion of the excavation, workers erected a steel tower in the center to the full height of 250 feet.  The tower served to support concrete chutes, pipes, booms, and other equipment necessary to install the piping, concrete, and steel linings. Workers then began to erect the steel liner and rebar incrementally so that they could pour concrete in stages. Concrete was poured continually and workers had to remove wooden shoring as concrete filled. They injected pressurized grout to pre-stress the concrete by filling void space between the concrete and the gunite. When finished, the tanks were tested by slowly filling them with water while laborers in boats inspected the entire surface area of the steel liner.

The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor took place during the construction of Red Hill, and eight construction workers were killed by strafing aircraft. A portion of the site was used to bury hundreds of bodies of Navy personnel killed in the attack. Those not claimed by families were moved to the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific when it opened after the war.

Environmental problems

2014 fuel spill
In December 2013, contractors completed a three-year, scheduled, routine maintenance upgrade on tank 5 at Red Hill. This work included cleaning, inspecting, and repairing anomalies. At the conclusion of the overhaul in January 2014, the Navy initiated a Return to Service evolution, refilling the tank with jet fuel (JP-8). During this process, the inventory management alarms sounded. Red Hill operators first assumed the alarm system was malfunctioning or producing false positives because the tank was recently overhauled and should not have been leaking. Eventually, the U.S. Navy determined the alarms were not false and reported a 27,000 gallon jet fuel loss to the Hawaii Department of Health and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Subsequent analysis indicated that the leak was the result of faulty work and poor quality control by the Navy's contractor, compounded by a lack of quality assurance oversight by the Navy, as well as operator error. As a consequence, the Navy, in accordance with the Administrative Order on Consent, significantly improved the tank inspection, repair, and maintenance processes in their report submitted on October 11, 2016.

Regarding the 27,000 gallons of fuel, the Navy's first concern was the possibility of fuel entering the drinking water supply. The nearest drinking water shaft (operated by the Navy) is 3,000 feet away and is one source that provides water to the military families at Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam. The next closest drinking water shaft, Halawa shaft, which is located approximately one mile away, provides drinking water to the city of Honolulu.

While all test results for contamination at the Navy drinking water shaft have come back well within safe drinking water standards and results from the Halawa shaft have shown no jet fuel related contaminants, the Navy, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the Hawaii Department of Health conducted studies to evaluate groundwater conditions and any potential impacts to groundwater resources in the area. Results taken in and around Tank 5 indicated a spike in levels of hydrocarbons in soil vapor and groundwater. Drinking water monitoring results confirmed compliance with federal and state safety standards for drinking water both before and after the January 2014 release.

Following the tank 5 release in 2014, the Navy increased the testing frequency for drinking water and groundwater wells. The Navy now sends drinking water samples every quarter to certified independent laboratories that use EPA methods to analyze for contamination.

The newest groundwater monitoring well was scheduled to come on line by the end of April 2017. Commander Navy Region Hawaii and Naval Surface Group Middle Pacific, Admiral Fuller noted, "there are have been detects of trace amounts of fuel constituents near the Navy drinking water shaft." This is in the groundwater, not the drinking water. "We're talking 17 parts per billion, as opposed to zero. The misperception is that there's a spike, but the numbers were small enough that the testing facility had to estimate the amount because the numbers were so low. The 17 parts per billion is below the threshold of something we should be concerned about, which is 100 parts per billion."

2021 water contamination

On November 20, 2021, another jet fuel leak at the Red Hill Bulk Fuel Storage Facility contaminated the Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam water system, which supplies about 10,000 civilian and military households and schools.
In December 2021, more than 1,000 military families stationed in Hawaii had been forced from their homes after apparent jet fuel contamination in the water supply at Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam. About 2,700 homes in 10 communities were in the affected area. Residents had complained about foul-smelling tap water bearing an oily sheen, as well as symptoms such as nausea, diarrhea and intense headaches. Secretary of the Navy Carlos Del Toro told residents, "I deeply apologize to each and every one of you and to the people of Hawaii that this incident may have been destructive to your lives."
It was not until May 2022, that the CDC published a study of self-reported symptoms which lasted more than a month.

Creation of Joint Task Force Red Hill

On September 30, 2022, Joint Task Force Red Hill was officially stood up for the purpose of safely and expeditiously defueling the facility through coordination with State and Federal stakeholders in order to set conditions for closure while continuing to rebuild trust with the State of Hawaii and the local community of Oahu. The Joint Task Force has participated and created numerous community forums (such as the defueling information sharing forum) in order to keep the public and key stakeholders informed of the repair progress that is required to defuel the facility. The commander of the Joint Task Force is Vice. Adm. John F.G. Wade.

Groundwater Protection Plan
Between 2006 and 2017, the Department of Defense had spent more than $200 million on continual technological modernization and environmental testing at Red Hill. The facility monitors the fuel level in each tank to one sixteenth of an inch and controls the movement of fuel throughout the facility. If a tank level decreases by as little as half an inch, alarms will sound in Red Hill's control room, which is continuously staffed.

Many entities, including the U.S. Navy, University of Hawaii, and U.S. Geological Survey, study the movement of groundwater in and around Red Hill. Navy modeling to date indicates any fuel constituents in the groundwater are "not likely" to reach any of Oahu's drinking water sources.

Timeline of actions taken by the U.S. Navy:
 2005: Quarterly groundwater monitoring and sampling at the Red Hill Facility.
 2007: Environmental investigation to collect additional data for groundwater and contaminant fate (how and where it disperses) and transport modeling in order to provide better understanding and forecasting of potential impacts; contingency plan to protect drinking water well located closest to Red Hill.
 2008: The Groundwater Protection Plan (subsequently updated in 2009 and 2014) to mitigate risk associated with inadvertent fuel releases from the tanks.
It included the following provisions:
 A tank inspection and maintenance program
 A soil vapor monitoring program to support primary leak detection processes
 A groundwater sampling and risk assessment reporting program
 A long-term groundwater monitoring program that provides warning of potential risk to human health
 Responsibilities and response actions that will be performed should groundwater data exceed Hawaii Department of Health environmental action levels.
 Periodic market surveys to evaluate best available leak detection technologies for large, field-constructed fuel storage facilities.

Administrative Order on Consent

The Administrative Order on Consent is a binding legal agreement administered by the Environmental Protection Agency. The order mandates the corrective actions to be taken in the wake of an environmental violation. Representatives from the Environmental Protection Agency, Hawaii Department of Health, U.S. Navy, and Defense Logistics Agency signed the order for Red Hill in September 2015. It acknowledges the shared responsibility to protect Oahu's drinking water supply and maintain Red Hill as a strategically vital resource.

The Environmental Protection Agency and Hawaii Department of Health negotiated the administrative order with the U.S. Navy and the Defense Logistics Agency in response to the January 2014 fuel release from the facility. The order required the Navy and Defense Logistics Agency to take actions, subject to approval by the Department of Health and the Environmental Protection Agency, to address fuel releases and implement infrastructure improvements to protect human health and the environment. The order requires the Navy to evaluate and improve procedures and practices to maintain the integrity of the tanks, evaluate and implement structural upgrades to the tanks, and to use the best technology available to detect leaks. The order also requires the Navy to determine the overall risk the facility poses to the surrounding environment.

The document prescribes actions the U.S. Navy must take, along with deadlines for completing each task. There are eight sections:
 Overall project maintenance guidance
 Tank inspection, repair, and maintenance
 Potential tank upgrade review procedures
 Leak detection and testing
 Current and future corrosion and metal fatigue
 Investigating and remediating past fuel releases
 Development of future groundwater protection and evaluation
 Risk and vulnerability assessment of Red Hill
The Hawaii Department of Health hosted a second meeting to address the document in May 2016. Participants included the Defense Logistics Agency and Environmental Protection Agency as well as subject matter experts from the University of Hawaii, the Honolulu Board of Water Supply and their consultants, the State Department of Land and Natural Resources, and the U.S. Geological Survey. The Environmental Protection Agency and Hawaii Department of Health hired a team of world renowned subject matter experts to assess the entire Red Hill facility and went on record to say that all aspects—to include infrastructure, security measures, and operation practices—currently meet or exceed industry standards.

Investigation and remediation
The Administrative Order on Consent required the Navy to develop a plan addressing the January 2014 fuel release from Tank #5 as well as plans to address any future releases of fuel. The Navy will evaluate various investigative techniques to determine which are most suitable for determining the extent of contamination in the ground around Red Hill. Each technique will be evaluated in terms of feasibility of implementation and effectiveness in detecting light non-aqueous phase liquid, which refers to fuel floating on top of the groundwater. The Navy will also investigate a number of remediation methods for use in the Red Hill area. The Navy will evaluate methods based on their feasibility of implementation, suitableness for use in fractured basalt geology, and effectiveness in reducing contamination.

In May 2016 the Navy submitted a scope of work to address the investigation and remediation of contamination, modeling and the groundwater monitoring network. On September 15, 2016, the regulatory agencies disapproved this scope of work and requested that the Navy revise the document (review and disapproval letter is available in the additional documents page, see link above). The Navy submitted a revised scope of work on November 5, 2016, which was conditionally approved by the regulatory agencies on December 2, 2016, subject to changes as detailed in the conditional approval letter (letter is available for viewing below). On January 5, 2017, the Navy submitted a new version of the Section 6 & 7 Scope of Work, available below, that addressed all of the issues noted in the Conditional Approval letter.

Other reactions
In 2020, the Honolulu Civil Beat reported that even though Navy and state health officials have known about the groundwater contamination since the late 1990s — and generated thousands of pages of reports on the topic — officials from Honolulu's Board of Water Supply say they were never informed about the problems until after this most recent spill. The Honolulu Board of Water Supply is responsible for purveying the county's drinking water.

"I'm very concerned about the situation," said Ernest Lau, manager and chief engineer for the Honolulu Board of Water Supply. He stressed that the nearby aquifers are critical to Oahu's drinking water supply.

The Environmental Protection Agency says millions of gallons of fuel stored in a military facility under Red Hill is unlikely to reach the water supply. "It's very unlikely that that contamination, that mass we're seeing under the tanks, gets anywhere near the Board of Water Supply wells," Steven Linder, of the Environmental Protection Agency, told the state Health Department's Underground Fuel Tank Advisory Committee.

The Sierra Club of Hawaii launched a "Fix it up or shut it down" petition and has also demanded that the Hawaii Department of Health, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the U.S. Navy:
 Install sufficient "sentinel" monitoring wells to guard public drinking water sources from possible contamination currently in the aquifer,
 Locate the fuel that has already leaked from the storage facility and clean it up,
 Install genuine leak prevention systems, not only leak detection systems, that will guarantee there will be no future leaks from this facility.
According to military contracting announcements, Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam has contracted with two corporations to address environmental problems at Red Hill: AECOM has been in charge of investigating and remediating releases, as well as protecting and evaluating groundwater, while APTIM (known as CB&I prior to 2017) has been in charge cleaning, inspecting, and repairing fuel storage tanks.

References

External links
U.S. 117th Congress $250M+ appropriation Red Hill water contamination

Installations of the United States Navy in Hawaii
Historic American Engineering Record in Hawaii
Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks
Buildings and structures in Honolulu County, Hawaii


The Abbasid Caliphate was the third of the four greatest Islamic caliphates of the Arab Empire. It overthrew the Umayyad caliphs from all but Al-Andalus. It was built by the descendant of Muhammad's youngest uncle, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib. It was created in Harran in 750 of the Christian era and shifted its capital in AD 762 from Harran to Baghdad. It flourished for two centuries, surviving the Zanj Rebellion (869-883). Abbasid rule was ended in 1258, when Hulagu Khan, the Mongol conqueror, sacked Baghdad. But they continued to claim authority in religious matters from their base in Egypt.

During the period of the Abassid dynasty, Abassid claims to the caliphate did not go unchallenged. The  Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah of the Fatimid dynasty, which claimed descendency of Muhammad through his daughter, claimed the title of Caliph in 909 and created a separate line of caliphs in North Africa. Initially it covered only Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya, but then the Fatimid caliphs extended their rule for the next 150 years, taking Egypt and Palestine and even ancient Pakistan, before the Abbassid dynasty was able to turn the tide, limiting Fatimid rule to Egypt. The Fatimid dynasty finally ended in 1171. The Umayyad dynasty, which had survived and come to rule over the Muslim provinces of Spain, reclaimed the title of Caliph in 929, lasting until it was overthrown in 1031.

The tenth caliph, namely Al-Mutawakkil, is the person who oversaw the introduction of hadiths.

Related pages
 Sunni Islam
 Islamic Golden Age

Notes

Other websites
 Abbasids (750-1517)
 Abbasids the 2nd dynasty of caliphs
 Abbasid Caliphs (In Our Time, Radio 4), in Streaming RealAudio
 An On-Going Detailed Account of the History of the Abbasids from an Islamic perspective. Most of the narrations have been sifted through to avoid "biased" theories regardless if the historians as mentioned are Shiite or Sunni.
 Abbasid Caliphate entry in Encyclopaedia Iranica

Caliphates
Former countries in the Middle East
Former monarchies
Former monarchies of Africa
Former monarchies of Asia
Former monarchies of Europe
750 establishments
1517 disestablishments
8th-century establishments in Asia
8th-century establishments in Africa
16th-century disestablishments in Asia
Disestablishments in Africa
Medieval Azerbaijan

Abbasid Caliphate


Cansignorio della Scala (5 March 1340 – 19 October 1375) was Lord of Verona from 1359 until 1375, initially together with his brother Paolo Alboino.

Biography
He inherited the lordship of Verona at the death of his father Mastino, together with his brothers Cangrande II and Paolo Alboino. However, Cangrande took the effective reins. Cansignorio plotted against his tyrannic rule and, after having him assassinated, could enter the city in 1359 with the help of the Carraresi of Padua.

Legacy
Before his death in 1375 he had his brother Paolo Alboino (who had been in prison since 1365) assassinated to give the succession to his illegitimate sons Bartolomeo II and Antonio. The latter however were forced by the city's bankruptcy to accept the protectorate of Bernabò Visconti.

Despite his ruthless character, Cansignorio ruled Verona quite moderately and enriched it with numerous constructions, including the first masonry bridge over the Adige since the Ponte Pietra (Verona) and the first watchtower in Italy, the Gardello. Cansignorio's tomb is one of the notable Gothic Scaliger tombs in the courtyard of Santa Maria Antica of Verona.

Marriage and children

Cansignorio married Agnes of Durazzo, second daughter of Charles, Duke of Durazzo and Maria of Calabria. Agnes was a younger sister of Joanna, Duchess of Durazzo and an older sister of Margherita of Durazzo, Queen consort of Charles III of Naples.

Their marriage was childless. Cansignorio had three known children, all illegitimate. His daughter Lucia della Scala married first Cortesia Serego and then Bernardino da Polenta of the ruling family of Ravenna. His sons Bartolomeo II della Scala and Antonio I della Scala would succeed as Lords of Verona.

References

1340 births
1375 deaths
14th-century murderers
Lords of Verona
Italian assassins
Cansignorio
Burials at Santa Maria Antica, Verona
Assassins of heads of state
14th-century Italian nobility
Medieval assassins

Cansignorio della Scala


Pierre Renaudel (19 December 1871 – 1 April 1935) was a French socialist politician and journalist.

Biography
He served as central committee member of the League of Human Rights (Ligue des droits de l'homme, LDH), was a founder and majoritaire of the Socialist Party of France (PSdF). He urged the party to work with the Radicals and wanted the party to build coalition cabinets as he felt the alternative, would be instability and reaction. Renaudel was a member of the Chamber of Deputies, and a national leader of the French Section of the Workers' International (Section Française de l'Internationale Ouvrière, SFIO). He was editor of the daily newspaper L'Humanité; and was the founder and political editor of the socialist weekly publication, La Vie Socialiste. He was characterized as a right-wing parliamentary leader of the Socialists in the Var.

Renaudel was an editor of L'Humanité from 1914 through the end of World War I. It was said that, "his editorials of L'Humanité were frequently to be noticed for their good sense and their true democratic and Socialist tone". He became a reformist socialist spokesman, opposed to all forms of violence and Marxist ideology, which he said was absurdly rigid. Elected to the Chamber of Deputies of France in 1914, representing Var, he was defeated in 1919, but regained his seat in 1924, and was reelected in 1928 and again in 1932. He became a supporter of Socialist involvement in radical government leadership.  In 1933, along with Marcel Déat and Adrien Marquet, he founded the PSdF, but after having disagreements with them, he resigned from the presidency of PSdF's parliamentary group. He was a member of the Central Committee of the League of Human Rights. A delegate at the 1916 International Socialist Commission Berne Conference, he was refused permission to attend the  Third International.

Partial works
 L'Internationale à Berne : faits et documents (1899)
 Pour le socialisme arguments. Préface d'A. Cipriani (1903)
 Jean Jaurès : un anniversaire (1917)
 Pour la paix du peuples discours prononcé à la Chambre les 25 et 26 septembre 1919 (1919)
 La Situation des Juifs en Pologne, rapport de la commission d'étude désignée par la Conférence socialiste internationale de Lucerne. Pierre Renaudel, secrétaire-rapporteur. (1920)
 Pour un programme d'action pour l'unité internationale (1920)
 L'indépendance de la Géorgie et la politique internationale du bolchevisme; discours prononcé á la Chambre des députés le jeudi 29 janvier 1925 dans la discussion du budget des affaires éntrangéres (1925)
 Rapport fait au nom de la Commission des finances chargée d'examiner le projet de loi portant fixation du Budget général de l'exercice 1930. (Air) Par M. Pierre Renaudel (1929)

References

External links

1871 births
1935 deaths
People from Seine-Maritime
French Section of the Workers' International politicians
French newspaper editors
French male non-fiction writers
French neo-socialists

Pierre Renaudel


The Puning Temple (), commonly called the Big Buddha Temple, is a Buddhist temple complex in Chengde, Hebei province, China. It was built in 1755 during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor in the Qing dynasty. It is near the Chengde Mountain Resort and alongside the equally famed Putuo Zongcheng Temple. Puning is one of the "Eight Outer Temples" of Chengde.

The Puning Temple was modeled after the Samye Monastery, the sacred Buddhist site in Tibet (much as the Putuo Zongcheng Temple was modeled after the Potala Palace in Lhasa). The front temple was constructed in the Chinese style, although the temple complex follows both Chinese and Tibetan architectural styles. The Puning Temple houses the world's tallest wooden sculpture of the Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara (22.28-meter-high and 110 ton), hence it is often nicknamed the "Big Buddha Temple". The complex features temple halls, pavilions, drum towers and bell towers.

History

Since the 18th century, during the Qing dynasty, the Dzungar people of northwestern modern China (Xinjiang) were engaged in  war against Qing empire invasion. The Qianlong Emperor of the Qing dynasty dispatched an army to Yili to suppress their resistance against Qing rule. The Qing army attacked Kulja (Yining) and captured the ruling Dzungar khan. After the conquest, the Qianlong Emperor personally inscribed his writing on a tablet that is in the stele pavilion of the Puning Temple. This stele of 1755, called the Puning Sibei, commemorated the founding of the temple and the victory over the Dzungars. The Qianlong Emperor ordered the building of this new Temple of Universal Peace, a symbol of his ambition to maintain peace among ethnic minorities and a stable environment in the northwestern regions. The historian Waley-Cohen calls Chengde "a crucial location for the exhibition of Manchu power and the representation of Qing imperial knowledge," being the location of the summer capital. Since the Dzungars were followers of Tibetan Buddhism, the temple was built in imitation of Samye monastery in Tibet.

The large wooden Buddhist statue of the Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara in the main hall of the Puning Temple is one of its most renowned features. It shows a thousand different eyes and a thousand different arms stretched out from its frame (in various sizes). The statue itself is made from five kinds of wood, including pine, cypress, elm, fir, and linden.

As of 1994, the Chengde Mountain Resort and Chengde's Eight Outer Temples (including the Puning Temple) were established as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Today, the Puning Temple remains a site of tourist attraction and local festivities.

Gallery

See also
List of Buddhist temples
Putuo Zongcheng Temple

References

External links
Eight Outer Temples, Puning Temple
Chengde Travel Guide
Tour of Chengde, Eight Outer Temples
Cuicui.be : 360 Visit in panophotography

Tibetan Buddhist temples in Hebei
Buildings and structures in Chengde
Qing dynasty architecture
18th-century Buddhist temples
Gelug monasteries and temples
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1755
1755 establishments in China
Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Hebei

Puning Temple (Hebei)


Arvid Pardo (February 12, 1914 – June 19, 1999) was a Maltese and Swedish diplomat of Jewish origin,  scholar and university professor.  He is known as the  Father of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea".

Pardo was born in Rome.  His father, Guido Pardo, was born in Malta in 1874 to Enrico Pardo of Sephardic Jewish origin from Livorno.  Guido Pardo worked for the International Labour Organization and died of typhus while on a relief mission in the Soviet Union in 1922. His Swedish mother died a year later during an appendectomy and his brother was killed in an automobile accident. He became the ward of a friend of his father, Italian diplomat Bernardo Attolico, who served as Ambassador to Brazil, the Soviet Union, Germany and the Vatican. Attolico sent him to school at Collegio Mondragone, Frascati, and the young Pardo spent his vacations with Attolico at the latter's various diplomatic posts.

 As a student in pre-war Rome, he met Margit Claeson, a Swedish textile designer.  In 1947, once his finances were secure, he went to Sweden to find her (they had lost touch during the war) and married her. They had three children: Christina (1949, m. Menez), Lars (1951) and David (1952), all educated in England. His wife and children all outlived him.

Pardo graduated in international law at the University of Rome in 1939. When World War II began, he commenced underground activities as an anti-Fascist organizer but was arrested by the Italian authorities in 1939. After the fall of Benito Mussolini's government, he was freed in September 1943, but was re-arrested at once by the Gestapo and kept in Alexanderplatz and Charlottenburg Prisons in Berlin under a sentence of death. In 1945, as the Red Army approached Berlin, the Swiss officials and the International Committee of the Red Cross arranged his release. After the Soviets entered Berlin, Pardo was arrested again and interrogated. Once released, he crossed the Elbe, walking to the Allied lines, and made contact with British and American forces. He was sent to London, where he arrived penniless.

At first Pardo worked as a dishwasher and waiter in a London restaurant chain until he sought out a friend of his father's, David Owen, who was then helping to set up the United Nations in London. Owen hired him as an assistant in the documentary section, and despite holding a doctorate, he worked as a junior clerk in charge of archives in 1945–6. He then served in the Department of Trusteeship and Non-Self-Governing Territories until 1960. He then joined the Secretariat of the Technical Assistance Board (forerunner of the UNDP) and served as deputy representative in Nigeria and Ecuador, where he was stationed before being selected in 1964 as the first Permanent Representative of Malta to the United Nations by the newly independent country that he had visited only briefly during his life.

During his time as UN delegate, which ended in 1971 after Dom Mintoff's return to office, Pardo's lasting achievement was his work to reform the law of the sea. On 1 November 1967, he made an electrifying speech before the General Assembly calling for international regulations to ensure peace at sea, to prevent further pollution and to protect ocean resources. He proposed that the seabed constitutes part of the common heritage of mankind, a phrase that appears in Article 136 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and asked that some of the sea's wealth be used to bankroll a fund that would help close the gap between rich and poor nations. It was Pardo who initiated the fifteen-year process that would culminate in 1982, when the Convention was opened for signatures, and in the early years, he continued a dedicated effort to promote the issue, for instance helping achieve near-unanimous passage of GA Resolution 2749 on December 17, 1970. This resolution embodied principles regarding the seabed and its resources that would later be incorporated into the Convention. Pardo was unhappy with the final instrument's provision for an Exclusive Economic Zone, lamenting that the common heritage of mankind had been whittled down to "a few fish and a little seaweed".

From 1967 to 1971, Pardo was also Malta's Ambassador to the United States. During the same period served as Ambassador to the USSR and was High Commissioner to Canada from 1969 to 1971. He was Malta's representative at the Preparatory Commission of the Law of the Sea conference in 1972 and led the Maltese delegation to the UN Seabed Committee from 1971 to 1973.

From 1972 to 1975 Pardo was coordinator of the ocean studies program at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C. From 1975 to 1990 he was on the USC faculty, teaching political science (1975–81) and international relations (1981–90). For those fifteen years, he was a senior fellow at the Institute of Marine and Coastal Studies.

Pardo was made a Knight of Malta in 1992. He was resident in Seattle when he died there in 1999 (some sources claim he was living in Houston and died there).

Notes

References

External links
 Pardo's 1967 speech

Maltese diplomats
People from Frascati
1914 births
1999 deaths
Permanent Representatives of Malta to the United Nations
Ambassadors of Malta to the United States
Ambassadors of Malta to the Soviet Union
High Commissioners of Malta to Canada
Maltese people of Swedish descent
Diplomats from Rome
Italian people of Swedish descent
Italian people of Maltese descent

Arvid Pardo


Hilda Crane (also known as The Many Loves of Hilda Crane) is a 1956 American drama film made by 20th Century Fox. It was directed by Philip Dunne and produced by Herbert B. Swope Jr. from a screenplay adapted by Dunne from the play by Samson Raphaelson. The music score was by David Raksin and the cinematography by Joseph MacDonald. The film was made in Technicolor and Cinemascope.

The film stars Jean Simmons, Guy Madison, and Jean-Pierre Aumont, with Evelyn Varden and Peggy Knudsen.

Plot

In the five years since she left Winona, her hometown, Hilda Crane has been divorced twice and acquired quite a dubious reputation. She returns from New York to a scolding mother, who hopes Hilda will have the good sense to marry successful builder Russell Burns and finally settle down.

A former professor and lover, Jacques DeLisle, is still holding a grudge because Hilda left him for an athlete. Although she doesn't love Russell, she resists and resents Jacques' aggressive romantic advances. She accepts a proposal of marriage from Russell, who intends to build her a new house.

Warned by a friend about Russell's possessive mother, including her way of feigning a heart condition, Hilda declines a $50,000 bribe from Mrs. Burns to leave town. She leaves the elderly woman slumped in a chair and proceeds to the church for the wedding. Mrs. Burns was not pretending this time, however, and has died.

Months later, still living in her mother-in-law's house, Hilda has begun to drink while Russell becomes indifferent to her and morose. A day comes when Hilda's mother castigates her again and she can take any more. Hilda swallows a bottle of sleeping pills, intent on committing suicide. But she survives and is cheered by Russell's promise to restore their love and start building their new house.

Cast
 Jean Simmons as Hilda Crane
 Guy Madison as Russell Burns
 Judith Evelyn as Mrs. Crane
 Evelyn Varden as Mrs. Burns
 Gregg Palmer as Dink
 Richard Garrick as Dr. Francis
 Jim Hayward as Mr. Small
 Don Shelton as Caterer
 Helen Mayon as Maid
 Jay Jostyn as Minister
 Peggy Knudsen as Nell Bromley
 Jean-Pierre Aumont as Jacques De Lisle
 Marie Blake as Clara

Original play
The film was based on a play by Samson Raphaelson. The play was based on seven stories Raphaelson had written that were published in Good Housekeeping magazine.

Raphaelson said the play started out "to be a study of the tragic interplay between a mother and a daughter." He wanted to do something that explored a woman torn between wanting independence and being a mother and wife. He struggled to write it over ten years, until he met a woman who was similar to the sort of woman he wanted to write about, and based the play on her. He wrote that the play became "a story of how marriage and love and death happened, at least in this case, to stem from the fumbling, painful efforts of a woman and her mother to understand each other and themselves."

The play was meant to have been presented by the Theatre Guild in 1949. Joan Fontaine had been sought to play the part and was meant to appear in it following her making September Affair. However, she withdrew, saying she did not want to be separated from husband William Dozier. Margaret Sullavan was approached but turned it down saying the play "needed a lot of work". She changed her mind but then withdrew again. Ingrid Bergman turned it down, and June Havoc was considered. Herman Schumlin and Peter Glenville were sought to direct.

Eventually after a year of being unable to get the right star the Theatre Guild withdrew, and Arthur Schwartz, a composer, decided to present it. Jessica Tandy took the lead role, her first on Broadway since Streetcar Named Desire. Raphaelson had directed his own plays in the past but they were comedies and this one was a drama so he sought an outside director "who knows more about it [drama] than I do". Tandy's husband Hume Cronyn was hired to do the job.

The original play had its first performance on Broadway on November 1, 1950 at the Coronet Theatre, directed by Hume Cronyn and designed by Howard Bay. Also in the cast were John Alexander, Beulah Bondi, Frank Sundstrom, Evelyn Varden, and Eileen Heckart. Of the stage cast, only Evelyn Varden appears in the film.

The New York Times called it "well written...and admirably acted...but there is no getting away from the fact the heroine is a tiresome, irritating egotist."

Production
In September 1955, the play was among six properties that 20th Century Fox purchased from the Charles Feldman Group (the others included The Wayward Bus, Lonely Steeple, Tender Mercy, Bernadine and Heaven Knows, Mr Allison).

In November 1955, 20th Century Fox announced that it had purchased the film rights and that the movie would be written and directed by Phillip Dunne. The film was produced by Herbert Swope, his first film since coming from television.

The film initially was announced for Susan Hayward'. In December, the role went to Jean Simmons. Dunne was the screenwriter on three previous 20th Century Fox epic films which star Simmons, The Robe (1953), Demetrius and the Gladiators (1954) and The Egyptian (1954).

Filming started January 4, 1956.

Reception
According to Dunne, the film was neither a critical or financial success.

See also
List of American films of 1956

References

External links

1956 films
1956 drama films
20th Century Fox films
American drama films
American films based on plays
Films with screenplays by Philip Dunne
Films directed by Philip Dunne
Films scored by David Raksin
CinemaScope films
1950s English-language films
1950s American films

Hilda Crane


The National Organic Standards Board (NOSB) is an advisory board that makes recommendations to the United States Secretary of Agriculture on organic food and products. Members are appointed by the Secretary and these make recommendations, one of the most important of which is to review and develop the National List of Approved and Prohibited Substances.

Members
In accordance with the Organic Foods Production Act of 1990 within the 1990 Farm Bill, the United States Secretary of Agriculture set up a 15-member board to make recommendations on policies regulating the production and distribution of organic food and products.  Currently, the members serving on the National Organic Standards Board include: employees from four organic farms; employees of six environmental and chemical activist groups; two employees from organic food processors; one organic store owner; one ecologist; and one employee from an organic certification company.  Subcommittees include: Crops; Livestock; Handling; Compliance, Accreditation, and Certification; and Policy Development.  Members can serve on multiple committees at the same time and the full chart of assignments can be found at USDA National Organic Program website.
The first members of the board were appointed by USDA Secretary Edward Madigan in January 1992. Board members serve five year terms.

Past members include Campbell Soup Company executive and organic expert Mr. Steven DeMuri.

Duties of the Board
The duties of the NOSB board members are outlined in the Organic Foods Production Act of 1990 (OFPA).  They  relate to the general responsibility the Board has in order to ensure regulations are enforced in the organic farming community as well as specific aids that the Board swears to provide in case of an agricultural emergency. The Board is trusted to provide the Secretary of Agriculture with legitimate recommendations which implement the policies outlined in the OFPA.  One of their most important duties is the review and development of the National List of Approved and Prohibited Substances.  Before the official National List is recognized, the Board must have the knowledge of any and all "botanical pesticides" utilized and decide whether they should be included on the list of prohibited substances.  Members advise the Secretary, but are not responsible for overseeing the testing of "organically produced agricultural products", which could lead to "unavoidable" environmental contamination or health hazards.  Their last duty is concerned with allowing exemptions to regulations in the case of an outbreak of harmful pest or disease that might qualify as an agricultural emergency and require more extreme pesticide use or disease control.

Recommendation Procedure
Extensive research is done on every case and that outside knowledge is often sought in order to ensure the most comprehensive management scheme is created.  General standards the Board must adhere to when reviewing policies are listed below:

"USDA National Organic Standards Board (NOSB) definition, April 1995
"Organic agriculture is an ecological production management system that promotes and enhances biodiversity, biological cycles and soil biological activity. It is based on minimal use of off-farm inputs and on management practices that restore, maintain and enhance ecological harmony.

"'Organic' is a labeling term that denotes products produced under the authority of the Organic Foods Production Act. The principal guidelines for organic production are to use materials and practices that enhance the ecological balance of natural systems and that integrate the parts of the farming system into an ecological whole.

"Organic agriculture practices cannot ensure that products are completely free of residues; however, methods are used to minimize pollution from air, soil and water.

"Organic food handlers, processors and retailers adhere to standards that maintain the integrity of organic agricultural products. The primary goal of organic agriculture is to optimize the health and productivity of interdependent communities of soil life, plants, animals and people."

See also
 List of organic food topics

References

External links
 National Organic Standards Board (NOSB) of the USDA

Organic farming in the United States
Organic farming organizations
Agricultural organizations based in the United States

National Organic Standards Board


Onuk Sazan was the first supercar and second sports car made in Turkey. It was developed by Onuk Company (a military and civilian speedboat producer in Turkey) and Renault. Onuk Sazan was designed by Demir Sümer, Gökhan Akış, Eralp Noyan and Jan Nahum. Its name was inspired by the Dr. Ekber Onuk's deceased son's nickname, Sazan (Carp). Only 5 of these cars are made each year. Its price is €200000.

References

Sports cars
Renault automobiles

Onuk Sazan


Hankuk Academy of Foreign Studies (abbreviated as HAFS; Hangeul: 용인한국외국어대학교부설고등학교; Hanja: 龍仁韓國外國語大學校附設高等學校) is a private boarding school located in the northern part of Yongin, South Korea, and is the first Korean high school formed by a collaboration between the government and a university. It is the most selective and prestigious boarding school in Korea, renowned for its high academic levels and successful college admission results.

Timeline
 2002 October 16 The mayor of Yongin Mr. Jeong-mun Lee and the president of Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (HUFS) Mr. Byeong-man Ahn(appointed Minister of Education, Science and Technology later, by President Lee Myung-bak)  decides to create Hankuk Academy of Foreign Studies (한국외국어대학교 부속 외국어고등학교).
 2002 December 6 The mayor signs a written agreement after making a rough draft and tuning it.
 2003 November 27 Groundbreaking of Hankuk Academy of Foreign Studies takes place.
 2005 March 3 The construction becomes complete, and the school inaugurates Mr. Bong-chul Nam as principal and admits first students.
 2005 July 2 U.S. College Board designates HAFS as an official test center for PSAT, SAT, and AP.
 2008 February 7 Graduation of class of 2008 takes place.
 2008 Official Korean name changes from 한국외국어대학교 부속 외국어고등학교 to 한국외국어대학교 부속 용인외국어고등학교; the official English name remains the same.
 2010 November 1 The second principal, Dr. Song-ki Kim, is inaugurated.
 2011 HAFS becomes designated as an Independent Private High School (5-year-term)
 2014 Official Korean name changes again from 한국외국어대학교 부속 용인외국어고등학교 to 용인 한국외국어대학교부설고등학교; the official English name remains the same.
 2015 July 3 Re-designation of HAFS as an Independent Private High School is approved (5-year-term).
 2018 The third principal, Jeong Yeong-woo is inaugurated.

Founding
Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (HUFS) and the local government of the City of Yongin decided to fund constructions of the Hankuk Academy of Foreign Studies in order to stop the outflow of local students moving out of Yongin city for better education.
The City of Yongin provided approximately $16 million in USD while HUFS yielded  of its Yongin Campus. In return, the official Korean name of the school was to include both names of Yongin City and HUFS - the result of which is "한국외국어대학교 부속 용인외국어고등학교", literally meaning "Yongin Foreign Language High School Affiliated with Hankuk University of Foreign Studies", and Hankuk Academy of Foreign Studies is required to admit at least 30% of its freshmen from Yongin every year.
In 2011, as the school was designated as an Independent Private High School, the official name changed into "용인한국외국어대학교부설고등학교", meaning "Yongin High School Affiliated with Hankuk University of Foreign Studies".
Despite the changes of the official Korean name, the official English name remained the same as "Hankuk Academy of Foreign Studies".

Staff
The school has 16 staff members, including the principal (Mr. Jeong Yeong-woo) and the vice principal (Mr. Park In-ho). The staff oversees a variety of work, from admissions to test coordinating to monitoring the dormitories.

Faculty
The faculty consists of 103 members, divided into 7 departments (Korean, English, Foreign Languages, Social Sciences, Arts, Science, Math). Most of the members are highly qualified, several having worked for EBS, the national educational broadcasting system. Non-Korean faculties mostly teach conversation-based language courses. There is also a college counselor for the international division.

College Matriculation and Academic Information

Hankuk Academy of Foreign Studies is widely known for its successful college admission results. In class of 2014, 96 students were accepted at Seoul National University, three students at Harvard University, two students at Princeton University and one student at Sciences Po Paris. 80 students in the class of 2016 were accepted at Seoul National University, and one student was accepted at Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Caltech each.

The school has been designated as a PSAT, SAT, AP and ACT Test Center by College Board, and was the first GAC program to be conducted in South Korea.

Foreign Language High School Period (2005-2010)

Hankuk Academy of Foreign Studies was first established under the system of Foreign Language High School. All students had to "major" a foreign language of choice, and 10 classes were divided according to the students' major.

Following describes divisions under the system of Foreign Language High School:

English Major (Class 1-3): The curriculum followed US education system, with honors and AP courses provided. Most students prepared for admissions to colleges in US, while some entered colleges in UK, Korea, or Hong Kong.
Asian-European Majors (Class 4-10): The entire curriculum was run under the standard Korean education system. Students prepared College Scholastic Ability Test for admissions to domestic colleges in Korea.
French Major (Class 4)
German Major (Class 5)
Chinese Major (classes 6-8)
Japanese Major (Classes 9-10)

As of 2011, the school system changed from Foreign Language High School to Independent Private High School, and the choice of foreign language is no longer the standard of dividing classes.

Independent Private High School Period (2011-present)

Since 2011, the school's official educational status has been switched from a 'Foreign Language High School' to an 'Independent Private School,' thereby liberating itself from many governmental regulations forcing the school to simplify the admission process and specialize in foreign language education. As a result, the school gained more autonomy and flexibility in designing and implementing its curriculum, aiming to attract a greater body of talented applicants with diverse interests.

The school is divided into three divisions:

International Track (Class 1): This division aims for admissions to colleges abroad, namely US, UK, or Hong Kong. The curriculum follows the US system. The number of classes for the International Track has changed from three to two as of 2014, Later changed to one as of 2019.
Humanities & Social Science Track (Class 2-4): Abbreviated to Humanities Track, this division focuses on highly advanced education of literature, social science, and foreign language. Students in this division mostly aim for entrance to domestic colleges, while a few apply to foreign universities in Europe, Japan, or China. The curriculum follows the standard Korean education system.
Natural Science Track (Class 5-10): This division encourages students to have in-depth study in the field of natural science including Biology, Chemistry, Physics, and Calculus, providing them with numerous opportunities to conduct experiments on the class topic. Students mostly aim for entrance to natural science/engineering and medical/dentistry/oriental medicine programs in domestic colleges. The curriculum follows the standard Korean education system.

Each class comprises approximately 35 students. All students in International Track and Humanities Track are required to intensively learn at least one foreign language in addition to English for three years in school: Chinese, Japanese, French, Spanish, and German language courses are offered. Students in Humanities Track and Natural Science Track prepare for the College Scholastic Ability Test for admissions to domestic colleges in Korea.

International Track
The entire curriculum of International Track follows US education system, students preparing mostly for admissions to colleges outside Korea. Students in this division are given more chances to select their courses, and the class size for each course varies from fifteen to a hundred. Courses include Pre-calculus, AP Calculus, AP Biology, AP Chemistry, AP Economics, English Literature, AP World History, and Foreign Language, and all except for Korean Language and Korean History are to be taught in English.

All instructors in charge of AP courses hold AP certificates. After students finish AP courses, they are suggested to take AP tests administered on-campus. Many students also prepare for AP tests not included in the AP courses offered. AP Calculus BC, AP Chemistry, AP Macroeconomics, AP Microeconomics, and AP World History are among the most popular AP tests taken.
Students also take SAT and/or ACT on-campus, and the school supports them by offering preparatory Elective Track courses.

Most students in this division apply to colleges in US, while some graduates have attended colleges in other countries as well; colleges in UK and Hong Kong are among popular choices. Many are also accepted to domestic colleges in Korea, including Seoul National University, Yonsei University, and Korea University, through rolling admission. Most admission results are in from October of the senior year to April after the graduation in February.

Extra-curricular Activities
Extra-curricular activities of HAFS students are highly diversified; they range from debate, public speech clubs to volunteer clubs that focus on teaching English to elementary school students in Mohyeon. Success outside the classroom is emphasized, as extra-curricular activities, along with standardized tests and GPA, are considered important factors in college admission. Sports clubs are also main parts of school Extra-curricular clubs: men & women's lacrosse, flag football, soccer, basketball, badminton, and baseball. B-boy & Poppin', Vocal Rock band, Hip-hop, Samulnori (Traditional Korean folk music), English drama, Korean drama, and Musical clubs actively engage in various activities such as freshmen orientation and school festivals. The official school festival is annually held in July. There are various other open-house events including "Drama Night", where all drama clubs perform their plays, and "Zesty Concert", the exhibition day for HAFS Orchestra and Choir. HAFS also competes in the International History Bee and Bowl and its related competitions, including the Academic Bowl of Asia, which HAFS won at the Varsity level in 2016 and 2018. The school placed second place in the Varsity Bowl of the 2018 Asian Championships.

Recently HAFS students were remarked for their Startup activities. Besides the achievements from various national startup competitions, some of the teams achieved recognition at an international level. In 2015, startup team called "CED" won the first place in the Asia Pacific JA Company of the Year which was held at Seoul. With the same idea, CED was awarded Gold Medal on UN MDG: eight at the SAGE World Cup. In 2017, another startup team called "Cyclo" was awarded FedEx Global Possibility Award at the same competition. Lastly, in 2020, team called "VicData" made a national record of being recognized as third Best Startup out of 31 nations at the SAGE World Cup. VicData also received a Gold Medal for UN SDG: four at the world cup. All these teams were mentioned by the media for their outstanding activities.

Admissions
The school receives applications from all over the nation. There was an exception in 2009 when only students who resided in Gyeonggi Province and Gwangju-si were able to apply due to the governmental sanction on Foreign Language High Schools. The admission process includes a comprehensive assessment on the applicants' middle school transcript, essays, recommendation letters, and interviews.

The admission tests changed from time to time; exams in the field of Korean, English, and Mathematics were mandatory (except for candidates who were specialized in English) until the class of 2011. The admission process for the class of 2013 assessed middle school GPAs, interviews, debates, and scores for the English listening comprehension test, being the most complicated one throughout the school history. Conversion of the system from Foreign Language High School to Independent Private School since the class of 2014 resulted in totally different admission processes, with candidates selected based on middle school GPAs, essays, and comprehensive interviews.

Policies
Students in International Track take most of their courses in English and are required to follow English-Based Campus (EBC) policy. Classes for Humanities Track and Natural Science Track are mostly run in Korean, and students in these divisions are supposed to practice the EBC policy during recess and lunch. The exceptions are classes in Korean Literature, Korean History and Ethics.

The Global Leader Monitor(GLM) team members are elected at the start of semester by their fellow students to regulate the school policies. They participate in GLM conferences, working as the member of Class Representative Council along with class presidents and vice-presidents, taking active part in forming the policies of the school.

Facilities
Hankuk Academy of Foreign Studies is noted for its unique two person per room dormitory, which is a very rare case for Korean boarding schools. All students are required to live in the school dormitory for the entire three years, and are allowed to leave on weekends only. Each month, there is a mandatory kickoff at the last weekend of the month when the dormitory closes down and all students must go home. The school supplies buses to take the students back and forth to the nearby/public transportation-friendly regional spots. A student may choose to remain in the dormitory during breaks as well. Dormitory facilities include a small store, two laundry rooms (one for each gender), several study rooms, a temporary mail room, and a small gym. There are two dormitory buildings, usually one for each gender but subject to changes depending on the gender ratio. Each time an entire floor or wing is delegated for the use of a specific gender, and students are not allowed to enter the wings used by the other gender.

The school provides all three meals with an additional snack at night. Seniors are expected to pick up their night snack during dinner so that they would not need to disrupt their studies to pick up the snack. A common yearly conflict arises when students intentionally, and without good reason ignore the lunch time designated for each grade (seniors first, then juniors, then the freshmen) in order to cut the waiting time. There is also a small store in the basement of the dormitory open for students which sells snacks, beverages, ice creams, and basic school supplies. In 2012, the store was converted into a convenience store.

The school is also famous for its uniform, which was designed by Andre Kim for free. There are four designs, two for winter and two for summer. A coat, a pair of PE uniforms, and a ribbon or a necktie is included in the uniform set. Students can buy additional clothing items at the dormitory. After dinner, students are allowed to change into comfortable clothes, which includes PE uniforms, school hoods, club hoods, class hoods, and division hoods. In case of club hoods, class hoods, and division hoods, students design and order the hoods themselves as needs arise. All hoods must be confirmed through the school and have the HAFS logo printed on the shoulder to mark that it met the requirements.

Dormitory Rules
The dormitories are gender-segregated, and students are not allowed to enter the residential wings and the laundry room used by the other gender. Students are not allowed to enter the dormitories during school hours except when they have a 'pass' signed by a teacher or an administrator. Students are allowed access to their rooms during dinner and after the studying time. Students can get a 'pass' from the teachers to let themselves stay in the dormitory after dinner. There are strict restrictions on electrical appliances in the dorm rooms. Students are also not allowed to bring in any food that can rot.

There is a curfew at midnight. All lights must be off, and students must go to sleep around 1. During exam periods, and for the seniors, the rules are relaxed. Residential Advisors take turns monitoring the hallways at night.

To go off-campus on weekends, students must register for when they would go out and come back in prior to the weekend in question or have their parents confront the RAs for the pass. Parents are allowed to pick up their children on-campus.

Points are given out to students for misbehavior, such as being late for school or breaking the curfew rule. Students with a certain number of points or above will have their parents notified by the RAs. There are opportunities for counterpoints, usually in the form of helping out an RA. All points are reset at the end of each month.

School Clubs
Hankuk Academy of Foreign Studies is also known for is diversity and amount of their school clubs. There are currently 260 clubs in school, covering various fields of studies and other activities.

Notes

External links
Hankuk Academy of Foreign Studies

High schools in South Korea
Boarding schools in South Korea
Educational institutions established in 2004
Private schools in South Korea
2004 establishments in South Korea

Hankuk Academy of Foreign Studies


Thomas Duckham (26 September 1816 – 2 March 1902) was an English farmer, cattle breeder and  Liberal politician.

Duckham was the second son of John Duckham of Shirehampton, Bristol and was educated at private schools at Bristol and Hereford.  He was a tenant farmer at Baysham Court, near Ross and was a stock breeder of pedigree of  Hereford cattle. In partnership  with Thomas Treherne, he built St Nicholas Church and  the city gaol, in Gaol Street, Hereford.  He founded the Central and Associated Chambers of Agriculture of which he became chairman in 1883.  He was also a member of the Councils of Central Chamber of Agriculture at Bath and west of England and of the Herefordshire Agricultural Society. For twenty years he edited the Hereford Herd Book. He became JP for Herefordshire.

In 1880 Duckham was elected Member of Parliament for Herefordshire. The seat was replaced under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 and in 1885 he was elected MP for Leominster which he held until 1886.  He was an alderman of Herefordshire County Council from 1888 and a member of the Ross Board of guardians. He was also chairman of the Ross Highway Board for 15 years.

Duckham died at his residence at Holmer, Herefordshire 2 March 1902, at the age of 85.

Duckham married a widow, Mrs. Anne Yeomans, in 1845. Anne Yeomans (née Morgan) had first been married to John Yeomans (1803–1842) of Moreton, another noted breeder of Hereford cattle, and whose family features strongly in the history of the Hereford breed. He was the son of Richard Yeomans (1767–1833) and grandson of John Yeomans (1736–1798) of Howton Court. Anne Duckham, late Yeomans née Morgan, died in 1894. She was the mother of Thomas Duckham's daughter, Ellen.

References

External links

1816 births
1902 deaths
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1880–1885
UK MPs 1885–1886
People from Shirehampton

Thomas Duckham


The testing, inspection and certification (TIC) sector consists of conformity assessment bodies who provide services ranging from auditing and inspection, to testing, verification, quality assurance and certification.  The sector consists of both in-house and outsourced services.

Defintion
The International Organization for Standardization and the International Electrotechnical Commission, international standard-setting bodies composed of representatives from various national standards organizations, define the different testing, inspection and certification services in the international standard ISO 17000 series which includes ISO/IEC 17000:2020 conformity assessment -- vocabulary and general principles.

The process of conformity assessment demonstrates whether a product, service, process, claim, system or person meets the relevant requirements.
 Testing:  determination of one or more characteristics of an object of conformity assessment, according to a procedure.
 Inspection: examination of a product design, product, process or installation and determination of its conformity with specific requirements or, on the basis of professional judgement, with general requirements.
 Certification: third-party attestation related to products, processes, systems or persons.

History
The history of testing, inspection and certification services spans back several centuries. In the late 19th century, following the advent of the industrial revolution and the considerable risks involved with high-pressure steam boilers, specialized institutions emerged across Europe which carried out periodical inspections of such vessels to assess their overall condition as a precautionary measure to avoid large and often deadly damages. Likewise, several of today's leading TIC companies started as classification societies in the 18th and 19th century to provide information to shipping underwriters on the condition of ships and equipment.

As a result of globalization, supply chains are becoming increasingly more complex. Outsourcing and rising end user quality expectations have resulted in a higher demand for independent TIC services. Businesses are aiming to ensure that products, infrastructures and processes meet the required standards and regulations in terms of quality, health and safety, environmental protection and social responsibility, reducing the risk of failure, accidents and disruption. This includes such services as the testing and inspection of bulk carriers and their cargos possibly carrying commodities such as petroleum, grains or livestock.

Independent TIC companies also play a key role in aiding governments fulfill their mandate in protecting consumers against hazardous products. In the European Union, for example, under the "new approach" directives, certain product categories require assessment by accredited independent TIC companies, known as notified bodies. In the United States, the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008 stipulates that third-party testing and certification of certain products is mandatory prior to being placed on the market.

See also
ISO/IEC 17025
Product certification
Sustainability certification
Type approval

References

Quality assurance

Testing, inspection and certification


The water deer (Hydropotes inermis) is an even-toed ungulate mammal of the deer family. It is the only member of the subfamily Hydropotinae. There are two subspecies: the Chinese water deer (Hydropotes inermis inermis) and the Korean water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus).

Appearance
Water deer are small deer: they are about 90 cm long and about 50 cm high. They weigh about 13 kg. The water deer has yellowish-brown fur, with a white chin and throat. Both males and females do not have antlers. Males have long upper canine teeth (called tusks), which can be up to 5 cm long.

Habitat
The water deer originally lived in China and Korea. Today there are also small wild populations in England and France. Water deer live close to water: in swamps and on the shores of rivers and lakes.

Life
Water deer eat grasses and reeds. They also eat grains and vegetables from fields.

Water deer live alone, but sometimes they form small groups.

After a pregnancy of 200 days the female gives birth to 2-4 babies. A water deer baby has white dots and stripes on its fur, which disappear after 8 weeks. They drink milk for 3 months. When the young water deer are 6 months old they are independent and leave their mothers. They become mature when they are 1 year old.

Deer

Water deer