Berthoud is a Statutory Town located in Larimer and Weld counties, Colorado, United States. The town population was 10,332 at the 2020 United States Census with 10,071 residing in Larimer County and 261 residing in Weld County. Berthoud is situated north of the Little Thompson River,  south of Fort Collins and  north of Denver in the Front Range Urban Corridor.

History
White settlers first came to the present-day Berthoud area in the early 1860s, following the Colorado Gold Rush. Many settlers filed homestead claims, but most bellied up and left the valley to hardier souls who ranched and farmed the arid prairie that straddled the river bottom.

In 1872, a miner-turned-rancher from Central City, Colorado, Lewis Cross, staked the first homestead claim where the Colorado Central Railroad planned to cross Little Thompson creek. When the tracks were laid through the valley in 1877 a depot, section house, and water tank were installed at this strategic site. The tiny settlement known as Little Thompson was renamed Berthoud in honor of Edward L. Berthoud, who had surveyed the rail route through the valley.

Over the next few years the settlement grew to include a handful of homes, a blacksmith shop, a mercantile store, a small grain elevator, and a log cabin that served as school and church for the community.

In the early 1880s, the Colorado Central Railroad recognized that Berthoud's location on the river bottom caused their steam-powered locomotives to labor excessively to ascend the grade out of the valley. At their urging, during the winter of 1883–84, several buildings of the town were loaded on wheels and pulled by teams of draft animals to the town's present-day location on the bluff one mile (1.6 km) north of the river.

Agriculture in the Berthoud area flourished. Farmers diverted water from the Little and Big Thompson Rivers into a network of reservoirs and ditches that allowed the arid uplands to be irrigated. Harvests of alfalfa, sugar beets, wheat, corn, and barley were sold on the open market or used to fatten pens of sheep and cattle. The town grew as merchants and shopkeepers set up businesses to serve farmers and ranchers from the nearby countryside.

In 1886, the Welch Addition doubled the size of the Berthoud as town boundaries extended south beyond present-day Mountain Avenue for the first time. A year later a hose company was hastily formed to protect the town from fire after the Davis & Hartford Mercantile store burned to the ground. In 1888 a town board was elected and within a short time they hired a marshal to keep the peace and light the street lamps. By the early 1900s, Berthoud sported a business district on Third Street and Massachusetts and Mountain Avenues.

In the 1920s Mountain Avenue became part of a paved state highway system which would become U.S. Highway 287 connecting the larger towns of northern Colorado.  In 2007, Highway 287 was rerouted to the north and west of Berthoud, bypassing downtown Berthoud and eliminating Mountain Avenue from the highway route.

In October 1941, Berthoud opened the sugar beet harvest. In the area surrounding Berthoud beets were harvested to be processed in Loveland, Colorado, to the north. According to the Berthoud historical society, "Berthoud growers delivered beets to several rural dumping stations where the beets were loaded into boxcars and hauled to sugar factories in nearby Loveland and Longmont." This industry relied both on WWII German Prisoners of War as well as migrant farm workers from Mexico.

On June 25, 2019, Berthoud became the only municipality in Colorado to ban the sale of puppy mill dogs.

Geography
Berthoud is located at  (40.284667 -104.965504).

At the 2020 United States Census, the town had a total area of  including  of water.

Demographics

2020 census
As of the 2020 census, there were 10,332 people, and 3,983 households in Berthoud. The population density was 798.9 people per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 90.9% White, 0.0% African American, 1.1% Native American, 0.9% Asian, 0.6% Pacific Islander, and 3.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race made up 12.2% of the population.

22.3% of the population were under 18, and 7.0% were under 5. People over 65 made up 13.8% of the population. The gender makeup of the town was 50.8% female and 49.2% male.

The median household income was $95,872, and the per capita income was $45,051. People under the poverty line made up 2.9% of the population.

2010 census
According to the 2010 census, there were 5,105 people and 1,999 households residing in the town.

The population density was 446.7 people per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 93.1% White, 0.2% African American, 0.9% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, and 2.1% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.6% of the population.

There were 1,999 households, out of which 34.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.9% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.1% were non-families. 27.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 3.07.

The town's population was spread out, with 25.4% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 23.2% from 25 to 44, 31.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.7 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $70,292. Males had a median income of $43,676 versus $29,861 for females. The per capita income for the town was $28,111. About 4.4% of the population were below the poverty line.

Government
Berthoud is a statutory town with a mayor-council form of government. The Board of Trustees includes all at-large elected positions serving for four-year terms and is made up of the mayor and six trustees. The board is charged with setting policy, passing the budget and creating the overall vision for the town of Berthoud.

The mayor has the same voting rights as all other trustees and is responsible for presiding over town board meetings. This position is recognized as the town government leader for all ceremonial purposes. The Board of Trustees elects, by majority vote, a mayor pro tem, who is expected to perform responsibilities of the mayor when the mayor is absent or unable to perform their duties.

The Board of Trustees meets regularly on the second and fourth Tuesday of each month and may schedule additional special meetings as needed. All meetings are open to the public and subject to Colorado Open Meeting Laws.

The current mayor is William Karspeck (term expires in April 2024), the current town administrator is Chris Kirk.

Police department
The Town of Berthoud contracts with the Larimer County Sheriff's Office for law enforcement services. The contract provides one sergeant and five deputies to provide patrol services for the town with support from all other divisions of the Sheriff's Office. Two deputies are assigned as school resource officers.

Transportation
Berthoud Area Transportation Service (BATS) is the main transit system in Berthoud and provides door-to-door service rides within Berthoud, as well as trips to Loveland and Longmont. BATS is open to the public and is operated through the town. The service receives funding from the town of Berthoud, the Larimer County Office on Aging and the city of Fort Collins.

FLEX is a regional bus route that serves the communities of Fort Collins, Loveland, Berthoud, Longmont, and Boulder. This service is operated by Transfort and is made possible through regional partnerships.

Community and culture
Berthoud is a small town surrounded largely by farmland, nicknamed the "Garden Spot of Colorado". Berthoud is known for its small-town feel, abundance of trees and open space, mountains views and a great location northern Colorado.

Parks and recreation
Berthoud has a total of eleven parks, developed and undeveloped, which include a skate park, baseball fields, soccer fields, outdoor basketball courts, sand volleyball courts, and pickleball courts. The town finished the Berthoud Recreation Center at Waggener Farm Park in 2021 which contains an aquatic center (pool, water slide, lazy river, hot tub/spa), basketball courts, volleyball courts, pickleball courts, a walking track and a climbing wall. The town also offers a wide variety of programs for youth and adults in the community.

Berthoud has been a Tree City USA for 33 years.

Local parks
 Bein Park
 Bein Baseball Complex
 Collins Park
 Dog Park
 Fickel Park
 Hillsdale Park
 Pioneer Park
 Railroad Park
 Roberts Lake
 Skate Park
 Town Park

Annual events
Berthoud is home to several annual events organized and sponsored by various organizations.
 Berthoud Day – first Saturday in June
 Oktoberfest – first Saturday in October
 Arbor Day Celebration
 Berthoud Sunfest - Home of the Outdoor Quilt Show - Art Market - June
 Berthoud Open Golf Tournament
 Local farmers market held every Thursday throughout the summer
 Berthoud Snowfest - sanctioned Colorado Snow Sculpting Competition - December

Museums
The Berthoud Historical Society manages two museums in the community: the Little Thompson Valley Pioneer Museum and the McCarty-Fickel Home.

Little Thompson Valley Pioneer Museum
Located in A.G. Bimson's historic blacksmith shop and Elmer Carlson's garage building, the Little Thompson Valley Pioneer Museum brings Berthoud's heritage to life. An array of exhibits reveals the town and surrounding rural districts as a bustling agricultural center of Colorado since the 1880s.

Originally built in 1893 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places, Bimson's Stone Shop also serves as the gateway to museum grounds that feature unique exhibits and comfortable gathering places.

McCarty-Fickel Home
An elegant residence erected in 1916 by Dr. and Mrs. D.W. McCarty, the McCarty-Fickel Home is the setting of a historic house museum that explores the domestic, professional and civic lives of members of the McCarty and Fickel families from the 1890s to the present, including the onsite medical office from the 1930s.

Designed by noted Colorado architect Glenn Huntington, the home was constructed in the Denver Square architectural style and still contains original woodwork, numerous family artifacts and original furnishings purchased from the Daniels and Fisher department store in Denver.

Arts and culture
Wildfire Community Arts Center is a local non-profit grassroots organization which provides classes, events, music, art and community celebrations to support art in Berthoud. The Berthoud Dance Company is the local community dance company.

Education
Students from the area attend the four public schools which are part of the Thompson School District: two elementary schools (Berthoud Elementary and Ivy Stockwell), a centrally located middle school (Turner Middle School), and a high school (Berthoud High School).

In June 2007, Aims Community College purchased approximately  of land in Berthoud at Interstate 25 and State Highway 56, announcing plans to build a state-of-the-art regional campus.

Berthoud is located about 35–40 minutes from Colorado State University in Fort Collins, the University of Colorado at Boulder, the University of Northern Colorado in Greeley, Front Range Community College and Aims Community College. These higher education options provide advanced training, research and career placement assistances for students and graduates.

Notable people
 Tyler Carron - American ice sled hockey player
 Nikko Landeros - American ice sled hockey player and skier
 Eric Conn - American biochemist
 Rennie Davis -  American anti-war activist
 Gerry Shishin Wick - Soto Zen roshi and abbot of Great Mountain Zen Center in Berthoud

See also

Colorado
Bibliography of Colorado
Index of Colorado-related articles
Outline of Colorado
List of counties in Colorado
List of municipalities in Colorado
List of places in Colorado
List of statistical areas in Colorado
Front Range Urban Corridor
North Central Colorado Urban Area
Fort Collins, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area
Greeley, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area

References

External links

 Town of Berthoud official website
 Berthoud Area Chamber of Commerce
 Berthoud Historical Society
 Berthoud Area Transportation Service (BATS)
 CDOT map of the Town of Berthoud

Towns in Larimer County, Colorado
Towns in Weld County, Colorado
Towns in Colorado

Berthoud, Colorado


Roger David Bernard Beale  (born 18 December 1946) is a former senior Australian public servant and policymaker. Since retiring from the public service, Beale has continued to pursue work as an artist, having held exhibitions in galleries around Canberra since 1984.

Background and early life
Roger Beale was born on 18 December 1946 in Bombay, India.
Beale and his parents emigrated to Australia from India in the 1950s, so he could receive better treatment for the polio he had contracted at age two.

Beale studied arts, training in Queensland with teachers including Betty Churcher and Jon Molvig. He also attained a Bachelor of Arts in History and Law from the University of Queensland and a Master of Industrial and Labor Relations from Cornell University.

Career
Beale first joined the Australian Public Service in 1967 as an administrative trainee.

Beale was appointed Secretary of the Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories in 1996 and remained head of the department when it was transitioned to Department of the Environment and later Department of the Environment and Heritage.

In 2004, Beale retired from the Australian Public Service after 37 years of service. Since retirement, Beale has continued his work as an artist, having held exhibitions in galleries around Canberra since 1984. His major themes include life studies, art history, landscapes and the sublime. He also chaired a review of Australia's Quarantine and Biosecurity Arrangements, in 2008, and went on to become a Commissioner of the Climate Commission when it was established in 2011.

Awards
Beale was made a Member of the Order of Australia for contribution to national economic reform in 1995 and an Officer of the Order in 2006.

References

Australian public servants
Living people
1946 births
Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations alumni
University of Queensland alumni
Officers of the Order of Australia

Roger Beale


"My Boy Lollipop" (originally "My Girl Lollypop") is a song written in the mid-1950s by Robert Spencer of the doo-wop group The Cadillacs.  It was first recorded in New York in 1956 by Barbie Gaye. A later version, recorded in 1964 by Jamaican teenager Millie Small, with very similar rhythm, became one of the top selling ska songs of all time.

Other websites
Songfacts for My Boy Lollipop
Barbie Gaye – My Boy Lollypop -Darl R-1002

1956 songs
1964 songs

My Boy Lollipop


Gary N. Chaison (born October 21, 1943 – February 17, 2022) was an industrial relations scholar and labor historian at Clark University. Chaison died on February 17, 2022

Early life and education
Chaison was born in 1943 to Alfred and Ada Chaison, a Jewish family living in Brooklyn.

He obtained his bachelor's degree in 1965 and his Master of Business Administration in 1966, both from the City College of New York. He received his Ph.D. in 1972 from SUNY-Buffalo.

He is married to historian Joanne Danaher Chaison, a former American Antiquarian Society research librarian.

While still working on his doctorate, Chaison was appointed a lecturer at Baruch College in 1968 and in 1970 an assistant professor at SUNY-Buffalo.

In 1973, Chaison was named an assistant professor at the University of New Brunswick.  He was promoted to associate professor in 1977.

In 1979, Chaison became a visiting professor at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

Chaison was appointed professor of management studies at Clark University in 1981.

Research focus
Chaison's research focus has been on union mergers and the impact these have on union viability, union democracy, and perceptions of legitimacy.  His first book, When Unions Merge (1986), examined the motivations for merger, barriers to merger, negotiations leading to merger, the nature of merger agreements, various mechanisms by which agreements are approved or disapproved by union officers and union members, the governing structures of merged unions, and the outcomes of mergers. Chaison distinguished between two categories of merger: Amalgamation (the joining two or more unions of roughly equal size into a new union) and absorption (in which a small union merges into a large union and loses its identity).  The book generated a cottage industry of labor scholars scrutinizing union mergers, and led Chaison to be called the "major scholar of union mergers..."

In 1996, Chaison followed up this groundbreaking work with a transnational study of union mergers, Union Mergers in Hard Times: The View from Five Countries. In this work, Chaison turned his attention to the effectiveness of union mergers.  He concluded that mergers do not solve the fundamental problems facing labor unions (such as organizing large numbers of new members or combating the negative effects of globalization), but they do enable unions to rationalize jurisdictions, and to devote more resources to organizing and building political power.

In 2002, Chaison and co-author Barbara Bigelow examined the role legitimacy plays in the life of a union.  The question of legitimacy flowed from Chaison's prior examination of union mergers.  Did mergers negatively affect a labor organization's legitimacy in the eyes of its members, or in the eyes of the public?  And if merger did so, what was the impact on the union's effectiveness in the various fields (such as organizing, servicing and collective bargaining) in which the union was active?  In Unions and Legitimacy, Chaison and Bigelow argued that the concept of legitimacy provided a framework for understanding the sources of union strengths and weaknesses, and why some union survival strategies have failed. Chaison and Bigelow concluded that there were three ways in which legitimacy could be obtained: legal recognition, employer recognition, and public approval. Chaison and Bigelow, however, distinguished these three types further by arguing that there are two kinds of legitimacy:  Pragmatic legitimacy, which is essentially an assessment of a union's effectiveness, and moral legitimacy, which conferred when people or organization outside the union treats the union as a socially valuable actor. Reviewers called the work "...a fresh and lucid discussion of legitimacy as it applies to labor unions and their role in society."

Chaison recently published his first textbook, Unions in America. Rather than a historic survey, the 2005 work discusses labor unions in the here-and-now by examining what unions do and why they do it. The textbook covers governance structures, how unions organize, the basic strategies of collective bargaining, and how unions attempt to exercise political influence. The book also assesses emerging and continuing trends in organizing, collective bargaining, and union political action.

Media influence
Despite his relatively low level of academic output, Chaison is widely cited in the mass media.  He has been interviewed by such major American newspapers as The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, Chicago Tribune, The Christian Science Monitor, and USA Today, as well as mass-market international media sources such as the Associated Press and MSNBC.  His popularity with the mainstream press led a consortium of central Massachusetts universities and colleges to cite his output specifically as an asset to the community. The reach of Chaison's media voice was particularly noted:  "An article on the janitors' strike in Los Angeles had a combined circulation of over 9.2 million, and his quotes about the Verizon strike were picked up by over 90 newspapers across the country."

In part, Chaison is utilized as a resource by the mainstream press because he is noticeably pessimistic about the future of the American labor movement. Among his more recent strong statements are:
"'The question is, have unions fallen so far and so fast that they can't get up?' said Gary Chaison, a labor specialist at Clark University in Worcester, Mass. 'I give them a 50-50 chance.'"
"In many ways, particularly for the U.S. steel industry, it's too little, too late."
" 'These are the most important negotiations in the UAW's history,' said Gary Chaison, a labor specialist at Clark University in Worcester, Mass. 'This is where they have to reset their role as a bona fide bargaining agent.' "
"It is certainly the beginning of the end of the automobile industry as we knew it."

Honors and memberships
Chaison won a research grant from the Canadian Department of Labour in 1977, 1979 and 1983, and a three-year research grant from the Canada Council from 1975 to 1977. He was also named a scholar with the Canadian Department of Labour in 1975.

Chaison is a member of the Industrial Relations Research Association, Canadian Industrial Relations Association, International Industrial Relations Association and the Academy of Management.

He is a reviewer for the journal Industrial and Labor Relations Review, and is a member of the editorial board of the Journal of Labor Research.

Publications

Solely authored books
Union Mergers in Hard Times: The View from Five Countries. Ithaca, N.Y.:  Cornell University Press, 1996.
Unions in America. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, 2005.
When Unions Merge. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 1986.

Co-authored books
Chaison, Gary N. and Bigelow, Barbara J. Unions and Legitimacy. Ithaca, N.Y.:  Cornell University Press, 2002.
Chaison, Gary N. and Rose, Joseph B. A Directory of the Presidents of Canadian National Unions, 1911-1972. Fredericton, N.B.: School of Administration, University of New Brunswick, 1977.

Solely authored articles
"Information Technology: The Threat to Unions." Journal of Labor Research. 23:2 (2002).
"Unionism in Canada and the United States in the 21st Century: The Prospects for Revival." Relations Industrielles/Industrial Relations. 56:1 (2002).

Co-authored articles
Rose, Joseph and Chaison, Gary. "Linking Union Density and Union Effectiveness: The North American Experience." Industrial Relations. 35:1 (January 1996).
Rose, Joseph B.; Chaison, Gary N.; and de la Garza, Enrique. "A Comparative Analysis of Public Sector Restructuring in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and the Caribbean." Journal of Labor Research. 21:4 (Fall 2000).
Chaison, Gary; Sverke, Magnus; and Sjöberg, Anders. "How Union Mergers Affect Membership Participation." Journal of Labor Research. 22:2 (Spring 2001).

Solely authored book chapters
"Reforming and Rationalizing Union Structure: New Directions and Unanswered Questions." In The Future of Trade Unionism: International Perspectives on Emerging Union Structures. Magnus Sverke, ed. Hants, England: Ashgate Publishing, 1997.

Notes

References
"Author Details: Gary N. Chaison," Sage Publications, no date Accessed March 31, 2007.
Colleges of Worcester Consortium.  "Educated Workforce." In Discover the Intellectual Capital of Central Massachusetts. Worcester, Mass.: Colleges of Worcester Consortium, Inc., 2005. Accessed March 31, 2007.
Moody, Kim.  "Does Size Matter? Strategy and Quality of Leadership Are More Important." Labor Notes. February 2003.
Reynolds, David. "Review: Unions and Legitimacy."  Relations Industrielles/Industrial Relations. 57:4 (September 2002).
Reynolds, Joy K. "Revitalizing Movement." Monthly Labor Review. 126:3 (March 2003).
Roberts, Markley. "Book Reviews: Union Mergers in Hard Times: The View from Five Countries." Monthly Labor Review. May 1997.
Who's Who in America. 58th ed. New Providence, NJ: Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

External links
"Gary N. Chaison," Graduate School of Management, Clark University

1943 births
2022 deaths
Labor historians
Clark University faculty
20th-century American Jews
Academics from Brooklyn
University at Buffalo alumni
City College of New York alumni
Writers from Worcester, Massachusetts
21st-century American Jews

Gary Chaison


The antbirds are a large passerine bird family, the Thamnophilidae. They are found in subtropical and tropical Central and South America, from Mexico to Argentina. There are more than 200 species called antshrikes, antwrens, antvireos, fire-eyes, bare-eyes and bushbirds.

They are related to the antthrushes and antpittas (family Formicariidae), the tapaculos, the gnateaters and the ovenbirds. Despite some species' common names, this family is not closely related to the wrens, vireos or shrikes.

Antbirds are generally small birds with rounded wings and strong legs. They have mostly dull grey, white, brown and rufous plumage. The two sexes have somewhat different pattern and colouring. Some species communicate warnings to rivals by exposing white feather patches on their backs or shoulders. Most have heavy bills, which in many species are hooked at the tip.

Most species live in forests, although a few are found in other habitats. They eat mostly insects and other arthropods. Small vertebrates are occasionally taken. Most species feed in the understory and midstory of the forest, although a few feed in the canopy and a few on the ground.

About eighteen species specialise in following columns of army ants to eat the small invertebrates flushed out by the ants.

Antbirds are monogamous, mate for life, and defend territories. They usually lay two eggs in a nest.  Both parents share the tasks of incubating eggs  and raising the nestlings. After fledging, each parent cares exclusively for one chick.

Thirty-eight species are threatened with extinction as a result of human activities. The main threat is habitat loss, which lets predators get at their nests more easily.

References

Tyranni

Antbird


The timeline of the Gulf War details the dates of the major events of the 1990–1991 war. It began with the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on 2 August 1990 and ended with the Liberation of Kuwait by Coalition forces. Iraq subsequently agreed to the United Nations' demands on 28 February 1991. The ground war officially concluded with the signing of the armistice on 11 April 1991. However, the official end to Operation Desert Storm did not occur until sometime between 1996 - 1998. Major events in the aftermath include anti-Saddam Hussein uprisings in Iraq, massacres against the Kurds by the regime, Iraq formally recognizing the sovereignty of Kuwait in 1994, and eventually ending its cooperation with the United Nations Special Commission in 1998.

Prelude
 28–30 May: Iraqi president Saddam Hussein says that oil overproduction by Kuwait and United Arab Emirates was an "economic warfare" against Iraq.
 28 May: President of Iraq Saddam Hussein and Emir of Kuwait Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah meet at the Arab League Summit in Baghdad.
 15 July: Iraq accuses Kuwait of stealing oil from the Rumaila oil field, an Iraqi oil field near the Iraqi-Kuwaiti border, and threatens military action in response.
 22 July: Iraq begins deploying troops to the Iraqi-Kuwaiti border, creating a massive military buildup.
 24 July: President of Egypt Hosni Mubarak travels to Baghdad to meet with Saddam Hussein and discuss the dispute between Kuwait and Iraq.

1990–1991

1990

 2 August: About 100,000 Iraqi troops invade Kuwait.
 2 August: Battle of Dasman Palace. Emir Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah flees to Saudi Arabia with his family and ministers.
 2 August: United Nations Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 660 condemns the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. Yemen is the only Arab country that does not take part in the vote in the UNSC.
 3 August: President of the United States George H.W. Bush announces that U.S. Navy ships have been deployed to the Persian Gulf.
 4 August: Alaa Hussein Ali is appointed Prime Minister of the Provisional Government of Free Kuwait and Ali Hassan al-Majid is appointed Governor of the Kuwait Governorate, which is declared the 19th Governorate of Iraq.
 5 August: Emir Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah forms a government in exile in Ta'if, Saudi Arabia.
 6 August: United Nations Security Council Resolution 661 implements international sanctions on Iraq. Yemen abstains from the vote in the UNSC.
 6 August: United States Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney meets King of Saudi Arabia Fahd in Riyadh to discuss sending U.S. Armed Forces troops to defend Saudi Arabia in case of an Iraqi invasion.
 7 August: 15,000 U.S. troops, 32 destroyers and 100 helicopters and fighter planes arrive in Saudi Arabia.
 8 August: Operation Desert Shield is launched by the United States.
 9 August: United Nations Security Council Resolution 662 condemns the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait.
 9 August: Iraq closes all its land borders.
 10 August: Arab League Emergency summit takes place in Cairo. The majority of Arab countries condemn the invasion and call on Iraq to withdraw its troops from Kuwait and reinstate Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah as Emir of Kuwait. Only Libya and the Palestine Liberation Organization support the Iraqi invasion.
 10 August: Arab League Cairo summit votes, by a very small margin, to send Egyptian, Syrian and Moroccan military troops to the Gulf region to support Kuwait.
 12 August: Naval blockade of Iraq begins.
 13 August: Indian Government starts to airlift Indian nationals from Kuwait via Amman to Mumbai. About 175,000 Indian nationals are evacuated from Kuwait through 20 October.
 15 August: Iran and Iraq re-establish diplomatic relations for the first time since the Iran–Iraq War.
 16 August: Secretary Dick Cheney orders U.S. naval ships to stop all cargo and tankers leaving and entering Iraq and Kuwait.
 18 August: United Nations Security Council Resolution 664 condemns Iraq and demands it leaves Kuwait.
 19 August: United Arab Emirates allows foreign troops to enter its territory.
 20 August: Hundred of thousands of Pakistani, Egyptian, Palestinian, and Filipino guest workers flee Kuwait to Jordan.
 20 August: 82 British nationals are taken hostage in Kuwait.
 25 August: United Nations Security Council Resolution 665 implements international sanctions on Iraq.
 26 August: Iraq sieges foreign embassies in Kuwait City.
 28 August: Kuwait formally annexed by Iraq.
 29 August: United Nations Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar travels to Baghdad to meet Foreign Minister of Iraq Tariq Aziz.
 1 September: Iraq allows 700 Westerners, held hostage since the invasion, to leave Iraq.
 2 September: Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar returns from Baghdad without any agreement with the Government of Iraq.
 9 September: President of the United States George H. W. Bush and President of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev meet in summit in Helsinki to discuss the Iraqi invasion. In a press conference, the presidents demand Iraq leave Kuwait under the UNSC Resolutions of 660, 661, 662, 664 and 665.
 11 September: President George H. W. Bush in an address to a joint session of Congress issues conditions that Iraq must withdraw from Kuwait completely.
 14 September: United Kingdom and France announce the deployment of troops to Saudi Arabia.
 25 September: United Nations Security Council Resolution 661 implements civil aviation sanctions on Iraq.
 17 October: 200,000 American, 15,000 British and 11,000 French troops are stationed in the Gulf region.
 8 November: U.S sends more troops to the Gulf region. About 100,000 troops arrive to support the existing 220,000 troops in the region.
 19 November: Iraq sends about 200,000 more troops to Kuwait.
 29 November: The U.N. Security Council passes Resolution 678, requiring Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait before January 15, 1991, or face military action.
 29 November: President George H. W. Bush invites Foreign Minister of Iraq Tariq Aziz to meet in Washington D.C.
 6 December: Iraq releases 3,000 foreign hostages from Kuwait and Iraq.
 10 December: Iraq releases British hostages.

1991
 9 January: United States Secretary of State James Baker meets Foreign Minister of Iraq Tariq Aziz at the Geneva Conference in Hotel InterContinental. No solution is reached.
 January 12: U.S. Congress passed a joint resolution authorizing the use of military force in Iraq and Kuwait. The votes were 52–47 in the U.S. Senate and 250–183 in the House of Representatives. These were the closest margins in authorizing force by the U.S. Congress since the War of 1812.
 12 January: United Nations Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar meets Saddam Hussein in Baghdad but does not reach an agreement with the Government of Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait.
 12 January: Soviet special envoy Yevgeny Primakov meets with Saddam Hussein in Baghdad to discuss the possible Coalition invasion of Kuwait.
 15 January: Saddam Hussein announces that Iraq will consider withdrawing its troops from Kuwait under some conditions.
 15 January: 580,000 Coalition troops are stationed in the Gulf region, opposing 540,000 Iraqi troops.
 15 January: First U.S. government statement relating to Operation Desert Storm is made.
 15 January: Iraq ignores all UN resolutions.
 16 January: Coalition forces led by the U.S. start deploying to Kuwait via the Persian Gulf and the Saudi Arabian border, triggering the first official infantry combat.
16 January: President George H. W. Bush addresses the nation from the Oval Office on the beginning of US-Led Coalition forces strikes at the beginning of Operation Desert Storm.
 17 January: Foreign Minister of Iraq Tariq Aziz meets President of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev in Moscow where they discuss the Soviet peace plan.
 17 January: Operation Desert Storm is launched and the first air attacks are launched on Iraq and Kuwait.
 18 January,  01:00 GMT: Iraq fires 12 Scud missiles at the Israeli cities of Haifa and Tel Aviv, slightly injuring 12 people. The United States tells Israel to not retaliate, out of fear that it will escalate the war and trigger the collapse of the Arab Coalition. The U.S. deploys Patriot missiles to Israel and Saudi Arabia.
 21 January: Foreign Minister of Iraq Tariq Aziz accepts the Soviet peace plan. President Bush refuses the peace plan as unrealistic for the coalition.
 22 January: Iraq burns Kuwaiti oil fields. About 600 oil fields are on fire.
 24 January: Iraq continues to burn Kuwaiti oil fields and dumps the oil into the Persian Gulf.
 24 January: Coalition forces capture the small Kuwaiti island of Qaruh.
 25 January: Iraqi troops dump millions of gallons of crude oil into the Persian Gulf.
 29 January: United States and the Soviet Union offer a ceasefire to Iraq if it withdraws all its troops from Kuwait.
 29 January: Iraqi forces invade the town of Khafji in Saudi Arabia. Iraqi forces are quickly engaged by Saudi Arabian and Qatari troops with help from the U.S. Marines.
 30 January: Coalition starts its first land operations in Kuwait and Southern Iraq to liberate Khafji.
 1 February: Iraqi forces are driven out of Saudi Arabia.
 22 February: U.S. President George H. W. Bush issues a 24-hour ultimatum: Iraq must withdraw from Kuwait to avoid starting a ground war.
 24 February: U.S.-led Coalition forces invade Iraq and Kuwait at around 4 a.m. Baghdad time. Special Air Service was the first to enter Iraqi territory.
 25 February: 20,000 Iraqi troops surrender to the coalition. By the end of February, about 100,000 Iraqi troops will have surrendered.
 25 February: Iraq launches Scud missile attacks on Dhahran in Saudi Arabia which kills 28 American troops and injures 98.
 26 February: President of Iraq Saddam Hussein announces that Iraq will withdraw from Kuwait totally and accept the UN resolution. Saddam still does not renounce Iraqi claims over Kuwait.
 26 February: Anywhere from 800-1,000 retreating Iraqi troops are killed when coalition aircraft bombed their stolen civilian and military vehicles. This becomes known as the Highway of Death.
 26 February: Iraqi troops flee from Kuwait City.
 27 February: U.S. Marines and Saudi Arabian troops enter Kuwait City.
 27 February: 101st Airborne Division is less than 250 km from Baghdad over Highway 8.
 27 February: President Bush announces that the Liberation of Kuwait has started and the cessation of hostilities will end that day at 04:00 GMT.
 27 February: Coalition announces they have destroyed almost half of the all Iraqi divisions and 100,000 Iraqi troops have been taken as POWs.
 28 February: President of the United States George H. W. Bush announces the ceasefire, declaring that Kuwait is free and the Iraqi Army is defeated.
 28 February: Iraq announces that it will accept all UN resolutions.
1 March: Half of Saddam Hussein's Republican Guard tanks escape.
 1 March: A cease-fire plan is negotiated in Safwan, Iraq.
 1 March: Uprising (Shia rebellion) starts in Basra.
 3 March: Iraq accepts the terms of a ceasefire from the U.N. Security Council.
 13 March: United States Secretary of State James Baker meets President of Syria Hafez Al-Assad in Damascus to discuss future Middle East issues.
 14 March: Anti-Saddam rebellions continue in Iraq.
 26 March: White House announces that Iraqi helicopters will not be shot down.
 30 March: First Arab League summit since the Kuwaiti invasion starts in Cairo. An Iraqi delegation takes part in the summit.
 3 April: Iraqi army massacres Kurds in Northern Iraq.
 11 April: Armistice is signed between the Coalition and Iraqi Army.
 7 April: Kuwaiti Emir promises elections in Kuwait in 1992
 17 April: U.S. troops enter Northern Iraq from Turkey to protect Kurdish refugees.
 21 April: General Schwarzkopf returns to the U.S.
15 March 1991: Emir returns to Kuwait
May: Bush extends pre-war economic sanctions "until Saddam Hussein is out of power".
 15 June: 29 people are accused of co-operating with the Iraqi forces, and are executed in Kuwait.
 16 August: UN repeals some Iraqi sanctions; Iraq is allowed to produce oil, limited to about USD$1.6 billion  per barrel.
 30 August: Kuwaiti Air Force attacks Iraqi destroyer in the Persian Gulf.
 7 November: The final Kuwaiti oil fire is extinguished.

Aftermath

1992
 26: August: No-fly zone is established in Southern Iraq.

1993
 26 June: United States bombs Iraq.

1994
 10 November: Iraq recognizes Kuwaiti independence and acknowledge their shared border.

1995
 14 April: United Nations Security Council approves the oil for food program to Iraq.

1996
 3 September: United States bombs Iraq and extends the No-fly zone in Southern Iraq.

1998
 31 October: Iraq ends its co-operation with the United Nations Special Commission.

References

External links
Desert Shield and Desert Storm: A Chronology and Troop List for the 1990–1991 Persian Gulf Crisis, report from Strategic Studies Institute at the U.S. Army War College
KUWAIT HAS ALL BUT STOPPED SHIPPING CRUDE TO THE U.S. FOR FIRST TIME SINCE AFTERMATH OF SADDAM HUSSEINS INVASION IN 1990

History of Kuwait
Gulf War (1990-1991)
1990s in Iraq
Gulf War
Military history of Iraq
Gulf War (1990-1991)
Gulf War (1990-1991)

Timeline of the Gulf War (1990–1991)


In East Asian martial arts, the black belt is associated with expertise, but may indicate only competence, depending on the martial art. The use of colored belts is a relatively recent invention dating from the 1880s.

Origin
The systematic use of belt colour to denote rank was first used in Japan by Jigoro Kano, the founder of judo in the 1880s. Previously, Japanese Koryu instructors tended to provide rank certificates only. Initially the wide obi was used. As practitioners trained in a kimono, only white and black obi were used. This kind of ranking is less common in arts that do not claim a far Eastern origin, though it is used in the Marine Corps Martial Arts Program.

Relative rank

Rank and belts are not equivalent between arts, styles, or even within some organisations. In some arts, a black belt may be awarded in three years or even less, while in others it takes dedicated training of ten years or more. Testing for black belt is commonly more rigorous and more centralised than for lower grades.

Ability
In contrast to the "black belt as master" stereotype, a black belt commonly indicates the wearer is competent in a style's basic technique and principles.

Another way to describe this links to the terms used in Japanese arts; shodan (for a first degree black belt), means literally the first/beginning step, and the next grades, nidan and sandan are each numbered as ni is two and san is three, meaning second step, third step, etc.

As a "black belt" is commonly viewed as conferring some status, achieving one has been used as a marketing gimmick. For example, a school might guarantee that one will be awarded within a certain period, or for a certain amount of money. Such schools are sometimes referred to as McDojos or belt factories.

Teaching
In some Japanese schools, after obtaining a black belt the student also begins to instruct, and may be referred to as a senpai (senior student) or sensei (teacher). In others, a black belt student should not be called sensei until they are Sandan (third-degree black belt), or the titles  or sabom in Korean martial arts as a second degree or higher, as this denotes a greater degree of experience and a sensei must have this and grasp of what is involved in teaching a martial art.

Higher grades

In Japanese martial arts the further subdivisions of black belt ranks may be linked to dan grades and indicated by 'stripes' on the belt. Yūdansha (roughly translating from Japanese to "person who holds a dan grade") is often used to describe those who hold a black belt rank. While the belt remains black, stripes or other insignia may be added to denote seniority, in some arts, very senior grades will wear differently colored belts.

In judo and some forms of karate, a sixth dan will wear a red-and-white belt. The red-and-white belt is often reserved only for ceremonial occasions, and a regular black belt is still worn during training. At 9th or 10th dan some schools award red. In some schools of jujutsu, the shihan rank and higher wear purple belts. These other colors are often still referred to collectively as "black belts".

See also
 Brazilian jiu-jitsu ranking system
 Kyū
 Rank in Judo

References

External links
Origins of the Karate Rank System (Wayback Machine copy)

Belts (clothing)
Martial arts terminology
Martial arts ranking
Martial arts uniforms

Black belt (martial arts)


Hector Hall is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Created by Roy Thomas and Jerry Ordway, he made his first appearance in All-Star Squadron #25 (September, 1983). Throughout the character's history, he has adopted several superhero codenames.In the DC Universe, the character is frequently associated with the legacy of the Golden Age heroes Hawkman and Hawkwoman/Hawkgirl, either as their biological or spiritual offspring. This connection stems from the character's inherited abilities related to reincarnation.

In the character's earliest comic book portrayal, he is the son of Carter Hall and Shiera Sanders. He takes on the superhero persona of the Silver Scarab, joining Infinity, Inc. and forming a romantic relationship with Fury. Tragically, the character is ultimately killed as a result of actions orchestrated by Hath-Set, a longstanding enemy of the Hawk family. The character's soul later inhabits Garret Sandford's body after his suicide, becoming the second Sandman. He reunites with Lyta and friends but is later returned to the realm of the deceased by the Morpheus. During his time as Sandman, the character and Lyta bore a child named Daniel Hall, conceived in the Dreaming. Daniel would eventually become the next Lord of the Dreaming, succeeding Morpheus.

In the character's third incarnation, he is the biological child of Hank Hall (not related to Carter Hall) and Dawn Granger, also known as Hawk and Dove. He is magically aged to adulthood and becomes the sixth person to assume the Doctor Fate mantle, taking over from Jared Stevens. Hector, as the heroic sorcerer, is regarded as potentially the most powerful but faces challenges in proving his abilities in the role. The character later reunites with his lover and maintains his relationship with Hawkman, considering him a father figure. Eventually, the character meets his demise once more, his spirit and Lyta's ascending back to the Dreaming with their son from his previous iteration, Daniel.  A fourth incarnation is firist introduced in the backup of Superboy: The Man of Tomorrow limited series. This incarnation, named Hektor Hol, is reintroduced as the son of Hawkman (Katar Hol) and Hawkwoman (Shayera Hol (nee Thal)).

Hector Hall would make his first media appearance in the first season of the Netflix drama series The Sandman (2022), portrayed by Lloyd Everitt.

Publication history
Hector Hall first appeared in All-Star Squadron #25 and was created by writer Roy Thomas and artist Jerry Ordway.

Fictional character biography

Childhood
Hector Hall is the son of Carter and Shiera Hall, the Golden Age heroes known as Hawkman and Hawkgirl. Carter and Shiera were reincarnations of an ancient Egyptian pharaoh and his wife, both of whom had been killed and cursed by their rival Hath-Set. Unbeknownst to either of them, however, Hath-Set's curse also concerned any children that might be conceived by the pair. The curse of Seketh, the Ancient Egyptian God of Death, prophesied the combination of the Silver Scarab and the Eye of Ra, which would practically mean the end of the world. As such, when Hector was born during an archaeological dig near Cairo, he was born without a soul, destined to be a vessel for the Silver Scarab, an agent of vengeance called forth by Hath-Set.

To further anger Hector, his parents would frequently visit the city of Feithera and spend time with their godson Norda Cantrell (who would become Northwind). Although the two children would be playmates as well, Hector carried a grudge against Norda for his wings and the attention he got from Hector's parents. It turned out later that, as Hector had been prophesied to become an agent of Hath-Set, Norda's destiny would be to stop him.

Young Hector Hall would sometimes also play with the other children of the Justice Society, such as Al Rothstein (godchild of the first Atom), Lyta Trevor (child of the first Fury, who would grow up to marry Hector) and Rick Tyler (the son of the first Hourman). During one of these meetings, the kids ended up flying a jet, and almost crashed into the White House, where they were of course stopped and reprimanded by their parents.

The Silver Scarab

Feeling neglected by his crime-fighting parents, in college Hector constructed a suit out of the Nth Metal that granted his parents the power of flight, while also adding some solar improvements. Hector had enrolled at UCLA and met his childhood friend, Lyta Trevor. The two quickly fell in love and began to date. Lyta wished to follow in her mother's footsteps and become the next Fury, and Hector shared the secret of his Silver Scarab suit with her. As such, the two decided to apply for membership in the Justice Society of America, the group their parents had helped form. Inviting Al Rothstein to apply with them as well as Norda Cantrell, who would codename himself Northwind, all four were turned down due to their age and inexperience. Before the four could further plead their case, Jenny Hayden and Todd Rice, both Alan Scott's children, showed up and also applied. The six of them left, but shortly after, Henry King Jr. came to apply, using the illusion of his father, Brainwave. He quickly told them that he was the son of the original Brainwave and didn't want a fight, but the JSA attacked him regardless. Feeling pity on the youngsters, Star-Spangled Kid decided to leave the JSA with Brainwave, Jr. in order to create a new group. They were joined by Power Girl and the Huntress, and called themselves Infinity, Inc.

After battling their parents and mentors (who were under the influence of Koehaha, the River of Evil) the team publicly divulged their secret identities (revealing those of their parents in the process), and Hector also announced his engagement to Lyta. The Ultra-Humanite had already revealed Hawkman and Hawkgirl's secret identities, and Hector chose to confirm the rumor. They had little time to enjoy their happiness as the entity that had been within Hector since his birth came forth, thanks to the manipulation of Hath-Set. The reincarnated Silver Scarab fought Infinity, Inc. alongside Hath-Set and summoned the Eye of Ra. The heroes managed (largely thanks to the help of the returned Northwind) to win, but at the cost of Hector's life. As he died, he learned that Lyta was carrying his child, the one thing that was his undoing, for the child carried with him the purity and goodness of Hector Hall, resulting in the Silver Scarab being unable to fully control the Eye.

The Sandman

Hector Hall cheated death like his parents before. His consciousness had been cast into the Dreaming, where it was discovered by Brute and Glob, former servants of Morpheus, Dream of the Endless. Left at a loose end following the imprisonment of Morpheus in the early 20th century, Brute and Glob had taken to recruiting mortals as surrogate "dream kings", which they hoped to use as a means to seize control of the entire Dreaming. Hector was one such pawn, and he adopted the costumed identity of the Sandman. In his new persona, Hector could only leave his "dream dimension" for one hour a day.

He increasingly made use of this time to visit Lyta in her dreams, where he discovered that she had become pregnant with his child. This pattern continued for a long time before Hector was finally "caught" by his friend Al Rothstein, who had come to visit Lyta and propose to her. He told Lyta of his new role and asked her to marry him. She agreed, and the two of them departed for the dream dimension.

The "Dream Dimension" was nothing more than a part of the Dreaming inside the mind of a young boy named Jed Walker which Brute and Glob had severed. Inside, Lyta slowly started to drift off, becoming less and less in touch with reality, and her pregnancy had completely halted for nearly two years. Hector became more and more obsessed with his role as the Sandman, and devolved from a serious superhero to one who fought nonsensical battles against weak villains.

It was only a short time later that Morpheus escaped his captivity and set about putting the Dreaming back into order. Eventually, his attention fell on Brute and Glob. Ending their schemes, Morpheus returned Hector to the realm of the dead, and laid claim to his yet-to-be-born son, Daniel, who was destined to become the next Lord of Dreams.

Doctor Fate
Like his parents, Hector was in a reincarnation cycle. When he returned again several years later, he was chosen to adopt the vestments of Doctor Fate, a powerful sorcerer who had previously been a member of the Justice Society of America. As soon as he had adopted the vestments of Fate, he was forced to fight Mordru and was able to best him, capturing him inside the Amulet, thanks to the advice of Kent Nelson, who resided in the Amulet with his wife Inza.

The parents of Hector's current body are Hank Hall (no relation) and Dawn Granger, better known as the superheroes Hawk and Dove. Since they were empowered by the Lords of Chaos and Order respectively, the new Doctor Fate was, like Jared Stevens before him, an agent of balance.

While acting as Dr. Fate with the Justice Society, there was still a piece missing in Hector Hall's life, his wife. He and the team had traveled inside the Amulet of Anubis to find her, where Mordru revealed she was alive, and he returned to the place where he was reborn. There he found his second mother to be comatose, but concluded that Mordru had put up a spell of deception and that this woman was in fact Lyta. Hector sought his aid in reviving his wife from her coma with the JSA, and while he left her with them, he traveled to Thanagar. He came to rescue Hawkgirl and also witnessed the resurrection of his father.

Hector was unsuccessful in his attempts to wake Lyta. He learned from what he believed to be Nabu, to travel to Gemworld, where he would uncover the secret behind Mordru's spell. It turned out that the Amulet had been created on Gemworld, and that Nabu had come from a world known as Cilia, with the Amulet being all that is left of the planet. Similarly, he learned that Mordru was in fact not a corporeal being, but a form of body-hopping magical energy. Hector left Gemworld with this new knowledge, and took with him the skull of Lord Wrynn, a man who had been consumed by Mordru. Hector started to prepare for the ritual involving the skull, although Nabu disapproved, wanting Hector to study more.

At one point, the JSA confronted the Injustice Society, and after the elder heroes had been teleported away, the Spectre revealed himself and told them that they would have to fight a demon called Legacy. When Hector met with Nabu, he was confronted with his 'destiny': he was fated to kill Hawkgirl, after which he would be killed by his own father. Hector did not accept this destiny and instead swore that he would form his own path and fate. Hector and the rest of the JSA confronted Legacy who was revealed to be an old villain called Wizard, and they proceeded to beat him.

Afterwards, Hector returned to his goal of freeing Lyta. When he had undone Mordru's spell, he found that Mordru had placed another spell, and that the woman was in fact Dawn Granger. Rejoining the JSA, he became aggressive to both protestors and his own teammates. Hawkman ordered him to remove his helmet and to their shock, Mordru had managed to replace Hector under the helm of Fate. Hector was now imprisoned in the cell he had created for Mordru in the Amulet. The Agents of Order that had come before helped him and it was revealed that Mordru had been disguised as Nabu the entire time and that he had taken over the body of Arion, a Lord of Order. He was brought to the house of the Nelsons, where he was told his wife was dead, which he still refused to accept. Hector gathered his strength and managed to return to reality to confront Mordru. After showing Mordru his future, a future of humiliation and failure, Hector imprisoned Mordru within the Rock of Eternity at the end of the universe.

Hall had operated as Doctor Fate from Salem since then, with Nabu - again inhabiting the helm, but no longer controlling Fate - advising him. The Nelsons' souls still resided within the amulet, and they were occasionally able to contact the outside world (including Kent once having encountered the 1990s Starman). Hall's identity is known to a few who have figured it out, and in his secret identity, he socialized with some of the inhabitants of Salem, being on the whole more gregarious than his predecessors.

When faced with the monstrous magical might of the being known as the Curse (a being that Nabu himself had not been able to completely vanquish), Hector was killed. As his body lay dying in the streets of Salem, Hector's spirit met with Nabu inside the helmet. Nabu had been verbally abusing Hector ever since the latter had taken on the mantle (because even though Hector was stated to have the most power as Dr. Fate, he was not living up to his potential). Finally, after Nabu continued his assault, telling Hector he might as well die so another could claim the mantle, Hector finally had enough, decked Nabu and returned to his body. He was able to revive his body and ended up capable enough to beat the Curse. Now Hector was truly secure and confident in his role.

On a later adventure to Kahndaq with the JSA, Hector and Nabu clashed again, as Nabu took control of Doctor Fate, and worked against the JSA, stating that Hector was blindly following his father while Nabu argued that Black Adam's current agenda was justified. Hector, with the help of the Nelsons and the other previous incarnations of Fate, was able to trap Nabu in the Amulet and once again took control. At that same time, Hector's wife Lyta was revealed to have been imprisoned by Nabu to manipulate Hector. The couple were reunited as they appeared in Kahndaq again, just as Black Adam was defeated by the Justice Society.

Lyta and Hall returned to the Tower and lived happily, until they were trapped in a section of Hell by the Spectre, who was on a rampage to destroy all magic. The two were stranded on a frozen mountain, where Hector was forced to fend off various demons that threatened him and Lyta. Meanwhile, an unconscious Lyta was communicating with their son Daniel, Lord of the Dreaming. Daniel proposed they join him in the Dreaming and when Lyta woke up, Hector had collapsed near her, close to death. She decided to take him up on his offer. Together with Hector, they entered the portal to the Dreaming. As their physical bodies froze to death atop the mountain, their spirits joined their son.

Powers, abilities, and resources

Silver Scarab
As the Silver Scarab, Hector possessed no inherent superpowers; he wore a suit made up of the fictional Nth metal, allowing the wearer to defy gravity and grant them superhuman strength. Further improvement to the suit by Hector also made it solar-powered, enabling him to project blasts of solar energy from his gauntlets.

Sandman
As Sandman, Hector possessed the same abilities as his predecessor: superhuman strength, immortality, and flight. He could also reshape matter to his will in the Dream Dimension. Additionally, he carried cartridges of sand in his belt capable of putting people to sleep, a hypersonic whistle that creates shattering vibrations and controls nightmare creatures, and both communicates with and transports others into Earth and the Dream Dimension.

Doctor Fate
During his lifetime as Doctor Fate, Hector possesses some innate magical powers granted to him through his birth as the biological child of Hawk and Dove. These magical abilities are bolstered by the possession of mystical artifacts commonly associated with Doctor Fate. Unlike prior depictions of the character, Hector does not need to make use of ankhs when casting his spells. Like other incarnations of the character, he is classified as a "Sorcerer", a particular class of magic practitioners that relies on enchanted objects to amplify their magical abilities and protect themselves from the inherent risks associated with magic. These enchanted objects serve a dual purpose, enhancing their magical powers while also serving as protective measures.

Mystical artifacts
With possession of the mystical artifacts associated with Doctor Fate, Hector is widely regarded as one of the most powerful sorcerers in the DC Universe. Unlike certain iterations of Doctor Fate who are heavily influenced by the ancient being Nabu when acting as the helm's prime spirit patron, Hector retains a greater degree of control over his mental faculties. As Doctor Fate, he stands on equal footing with other formidable magic users such as Zatanna, Tempest, Sebastian Faust, Doctor Occult, and Jason Blood/Etrigan, showcasing his prowess in the realm of magic. He is widely regarded as potentially the most powerful incarnation of Doctor Fate among his predecessors, surpassing the sorcerous abilities of Eric and Linda Strauss, Jared Stevens, Inza Cramer, and Kent Nelson. This places him as a highly skilled sorcerer within the Doctor Fate lineage.

 Helmet of Fate: With the Helmet of Fate, Hector derives his power as Doctor Fate from the patronage of the Lord of Order, Nabu. This connection enables him to acquire knowledge of spells through Nabu's guidance and suggestion. Additionally, the helmet grants Hector the ability to wield a vast array of spells and eldritch formulae, further enhancing his magical capabilities as Doctor Fate.
 Amulet of Anbuis: The Amulet of Anubis enhances Hector's magical abilities and provides him with resistance against mental probing. Additionally, the amulet contains a separate universe within it.
 Cloak of Destiny: The Cloak of Destiny possesses properties that make it fireproof and capable of resisting chaos magic.

In other media
 Hector Hall appears in the TV adaptation of The Sandman, portrayed by Lloyd Everitt.

References

Characters created by Jerry Ordway
Characters created by Roy Thomas
Comics characters introduced in 1983
DC Comics characters who use magic
DC Comics characters with superhuman strength
DC Comics fantasy characters
DC Comics male superheroes
Doctor Fate
Earth-Two
Fictional avatars
Fictional characters with immortality
Fictional wizards
Magical superheroes
The Sandman (comic book)

Hector Hall


Body hair, also known as vellus hair or terminal hair, refers to the fine, short, and often barely visible hair that covers the human body. It serves several functions. They include protection, regulation of body temperature, and sensory perception. The presence and distribution of body hair vary among individuals and are influenced by genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors.

Human body features

Body hair


Dennis Dale McLain (born March 29, 1944) is an American former professional baseball player. He played for ten seasons in Major League Baseball as a right-handed pitcher, most prominently as a member of the Detroit Tigers. In 1968, McLain became the last Major League Baseball pitcher to win 30 or more games during a season (with a record of 31–6) — a feat accomplished by only 11 players in the 20th century.

As a player, McLain was brash and outspoken, sometimes creating controversy by criticizing teammates and fans with little provocation. His stellar performance at the beginning of his major league career included two Cy Young awards and an American League MVP award. His success in baseball stood in marked contrast to his personal life; he associated with organized crime and was eventually convicted on charges of embezzlement, for which he served time in prison.

Professional playing career

The rise to stardom
McLain was born in Markham, Illinois, and attended Mt. Carmel High School in Chicago, where he played on the baseball team as a shortstop and pitcher. As a teenager he met his future wife, Sharyn Boudreau, the daughter of major league player Lou Boudreau. McLain was also musically talented, learning to play the organ from his father.

Upon his graduation from high school in June 1962, McLain was signed by the Chicago White Sox as an amateur free agent, and was assigned to play with the Harlan Smokies of the Appalachian League. McLain had a spectacular performance in his minor league professional baseball debut, throwing a no-hitter and striking out 16 batters in a game against the Salem Rebels on June 28. After just two games with the Smokies, he was promoted to the Clinton C-Sox of the Midwest League, where he posted a record of four wins and seven losses.

At the time, players with one year of service in the minor leagues were subject to a draft if they were not called up to the major leagues. The White Sox left McLain in the minor leagues, and he was selected off waivers by the Detroit Tigers on April 8, 1963. He progressed swiftly through the Tigers' minor league system, jumping from Class A Duluth-Superior to Class AA Knoxville during the summer. The Tigers saw enough promise that they decided to advance him all the way from Class AA to the majors, and he made his major league debut on September 21, 1963 at the age of 19. His debut against the Chicago White Sox was almost as impressive as his minor-league debut, holding the White Sox to one earned run on seven hits.  He also picked off two baserunners and hit a home run, which was the only home run of his major-league career. McLain is one of only six teenaged pitchers to hit a major-league home run since 1920, a list that includes Hall-of-Famers Don Drysdale and Jim Palmer.

McLain began the 1964 season with the Syracuse Chiefs of the International League, but was called back to the major leagues in early June and ended the season with a won-loss record of 4–5. He then played for the Mayagüez Indians in the Puerto Rico Baseball League, where he posted a 13–2 record and helped the Indians win the league championship. He was called back to the majors in 1965 and continued to pitch well for the Tigers. On June 15, McLain set a major-league record for relief pitchers, when he struck out the first seven batters he faced after entering the game in the first inning to relieve starting pitcher Dave Wickersham. He ended the season with a 16–6 record, a 2.61 earned run average, and 192 strikeouts, the third-highest strikeout total in the American League behind Sam McDowell and teammate Mickey Lolich. Although he had a curveball and a changeup, he relied mostly on his fastball to get batters out.

In 1966, McLain had a 13–4 mid-season record and earned the role of American League starting pitcher in the 1966 All-Star Game, where he threw just 28 pitches to retire all nine batters that he faced. He finished the season with a 20–14 record with a 3.92 earned run average.

In 1967, the Tigers hired former major-league pitcher Johnny Sain as their pitching coach. Sain helped develop McLain's pitching skills and taught him the psychology of pitching. The 1967 season was memorable due to the tight four-way pennant race between the Tigers, the Boston Red Sox, the Minnesota Twins, and the Chicago White Sox. McLain finished with a 17–16 record and a 3.79 earned run average but was winless after August 29. On September 18, McLain reported that he had severely injured two toes on his left foot, saying that he had stubbed them after his foot had fallen asleep. Going into the final game of the season against the California Angels, the Tigers needed a victory to force a one-game playoff with the Red Sox for the American League pennant. McLain pitched ineffectively in the final game and the Tigers lost to finish the season one game behind the Red Sox.

The year of the pitcher
Ten games into the 1968 season, the Tigers were in first place, having won nine consecutive games after losing the opener. McLain made controversial statements in early May by criticizing Detroit fans for being "the biggest front-running fans in the world." He continued to win games at a remarkable pace, registering his 29th victory on September 10. On September 13, he appeared on the cover of Time. On September 14 at Tiger Stadium, McLain pitched the Tigers to a 5–4 victory over the Oakland Athletics in front of a nationally televised audience to become Major League Baseball's first 30-game winner since 1934. Dizzy Dean, the previous 30-game winner, was on hand to congratulate him.

After the Tigers had clinched the 1968 American League pennant, McLain added to his penchant for notoriety while pitching his 31st and final regular season victory in a game against the Yankees on September 19. McLain had grown-up idolizing New York Yankee center fielder Mickey Mantle, who entered the game tied with Jimmie Foxx for third place in the major-league career home runs list. When Mantle—who was nine days away from his last major league appearance—came to bat in the eighth inning with the Tigers leading 6–1, McLain intentionally threw a soft pitch directly over home plate. Other accounts said that he called catcher Jim Price to the mound and had him tell Mantle that he would be throwing only fastballs. Mantle hit the pitch for his 535th career home run (the penultimate home run Mantle would hit in his career), putting him in sole possession of third place on the all-time home run list, behind only Babe Ruth and Willie Mays. As Mantle ran around the bases, McLain stood on the pitcher's mound and applauded. Mantle tipped his hat to McLain as he rounded the bases. The next batter, Joe Pepitone, waved his bat over the plate, as if asking for an easy pitch of his own. McLain responded by throwing the next pitch over Pepitone's head. After the game, McLain smilingly denied that he had served up an easy pitch for Mantle to hit; however, he was later reprimanded by Major League Baseball Commissioner William Eckert.

McLain completed a 31–6 record along with a 1.96 earned run average, as the Tigers won the American League pennant by 12 games. He had 280 strikeouts and 63 walks, giving him a 4.44 K:BB ratio, a Tigers season record that stood until 2016, when it was eclipsed by Justin Verlander. McLain also earned his second All-Star berth and won the 1968 American League Cy Young Award, as well as the American League Most Valuable Player Award, the first by an American League pitcher since Bobby Shantz in 1952 and the first by a Tiger since fellow pitcher Hal Newhouser's back-to-back honors in 1944 and 1945. He was the first pitcher in American League history to win the Most Valuable Player Award and the Cy Young Award in the same season. St. Louis Cardinal Bob Gibson won the National League's Most Valuable Player Award that same year, making 1968 the only season to date in which a pitcher won the MVP Award in both leagues (it was also the only time both Cy Young Award winners were voted unanimously until 2022).

McLain's performance in the Tigers' 1968 World Series triumph over the Cardinals was not as impressive as his regular season. Having already pitched 336 innings and 28 complete games during the regular season, a sore-armed McLain lost twice to Gibson (including a still-standing World Series record 17-strikeout performance in the opener) to help put the Tigers down three games to one. Trailing three games to two, McLain won the crucial Game 6 on just two days' rest, aided by a grand slam home run from Jim Northrup. Teammate Mickey Lolich won three games during the series, including a complete-game triumph in Game 7 against Gibson, and won the World Series MVP award. After the season, when McLain was asked about Lolich's performance in the World Series, he responded controversially by saying: "I wouldn't trade one Bob Gibson for 12 Mickey Loliches."

The season became known as the "Year of the Pitcher", with batting averages and run production dropping in both leagues. After the record home-run year by Roger Maris in 1961, the major leagues increased the size of the strike zone from the top of the batter's shoulders to the bottom of the knees. Pitchers such as McLain and Gibson among others dominated hitters, producing 339 shutouts in 1968. Carl Yastrzemski was the only American League hitter to finish the season with a batting average higher than .300.  In the National League, Gibson posted a 1.12 earned run average, the lowest in 54 years, while Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher Don Drysdale threw a record  consecutive scoreless innings during the 1968 season. As a result of the dropping offensive statistics, Major League Baseball took steps to reduce the advantage held by pitchers by lowering the height of the pitcher's mound from 15 inches to 10, and by reducing the size of the strike zone for the 1969 season. Since then, no pitcher has won more than 27 games in a season.

Later career
In January 1969, McLain was selected as the Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year. He created more disruption when he was named as the starting pitcher for the American League in the 1969 All-Star Game in Washington, D.C., but missed the start of the game because of a dental appointment in Detroit. The appointment was scheduled for Wednesday the 23rd, the day after the All-Star game, but because of a rainout on the scheduled date, the game was played on the 23rd.

McLain was a nonconformist and liked to play by his own rules. He had learned to fly and purchased an airplane. Having kept his dental appointment, he then flew himself to Washington, arriving at the game during the second inning. He pitched in the fourth inning, but by then the National League had already built a 9–2 lead.

McLain created more dissension when he clashed with Tigers' manager Mayo Smith over the latter's role in the firing of Johnny Sain as the team's pitching coach. Despite the troubles, McLain had another productive season in 1969, winning 24 games and a second consecutive Cy Young Award, tying with Baltimore's Mike Cuellar, marking the first time two players had shared the award. It was the last award of his major league career.

The downfall
In February 1970, Sports Illustrated and Penthouse both published articles about McLain's involvement in bookmaking activities. Sports Illustrated cited sources who alleged that the foot injury suffered by McLain late in 1967 was caused by an organized crime figure who stomped on McLain's foot as punishment for failing to pay off on a lost bet. Early in his career, McLain's interest in betting on horses was piqued by Chuck Dressen, one of his first managers. McLain's descent into his gambling obsession was further precipitated by an offhand remark made during an interview: that he drank about a case of Pepsi a day. (When he pitched, he was known to drink a Pepsi between innings.) A representative from Pepsi then offered McLain a contract with the company, just for doing a few endorsements. McLain soon realized that he and the Pepsi representative shared an affinity for gambling; when the two realized how much money they were losing, and that they could earn so much more by "taking the action" on bets, they attempted to set up a bookmaking operation as hands-off, silent partners.

McLain was suspended indefinitely by Baseball Commissioner Bowie Kuhn; the suspension was then set for the first three months of the 1970 season. He returned in mid-season, but struggled to pitch well. In September, the Tigers suspended him for seven days after he doused sportswriters Jim Hawkins of the Detroit Free Press and Watson Spoelstra of The Detroit News with buckets of water. Just as the seven-day suspension was about to end, he was suspended for at least the remainder of the season by Kuhn for carrying a gun on a team flight. McLain's 1970 season ended with a won-loss record of only 3–5. Later that year, he was forced into bankruptcy despite being the first $100,000 player in Tigers history. Meanwhile, McLain and his friend Jim Northrup schemed together to make more money; they were back in Detroit furthering a plan that they shared to generate a nude baseball model calendar. These efforts eventually fell short.

On October 9, 1970, the Tigers traded McLain, Elliott Maddox, Norm McRae, and Don Wert to the Washington Senators for Joe Coleman, Eddie Brinkman, Jim Hannan, and Aurelio Rodríguez. Kuhn actually had to clear the trade because McLain was still under suspension, and suspended players cannot be traded without the commissioner's permission. Kuhn later wrote in his autobiography, Hardball: The Education of a Baseball Commissioner, that he was shocked at what he called a "foolish gamble" by the Senators, and predicted that the trade would turn out to be a Tiger heist.

The McLain trade was made over the strenuous objections of Senators manager Ted Williams, who had little patience for McLain's high living. The feeling was mutual; early in the 1971 season, McLain became a charter member of the "Underminers' Club", a group of five players dedicated to getting Williams fired. They spent much of the season feuding over Williams' use of a then-unusual five-man rotation for his starters. Senators broadcaster Shelby Whitfield later told Rob Neyer that when Williams yanked McLain early from a July 5 game against the Cleveland Indians, McLain threatened to call Senators owner Bob Short and have him get rid of Williams.

By this time, McLain had serious arm trouble, inadvertently made worse by numerous cortisone shots he took for his sore arm. As a result, he essentially stopped throwing fastballs midway through the 1971 season. Due to his arm troubles and his inability to get along with Williams, McLain went 10–22. He thus earned the dubious distinction of going from leading his league in wins (tied with Mike Cuellar with 24 wins in 1969) to two years later leading his league in losses. McLain's 22 defeats (a mark later tied by three pitchers, all in 1974) remains the most in a major-league season since Jack Fisher of the Mets lost 24 in 1965.

After the 1971 season, McLain was traded to the Oakland Athletics for journeyman pitcher Jim Panther and prospect Don Stanhouse (who went on to have a few good years as the Baltimore Orioles' closer in the late 1970s). After only five starts, one win, and a 6.04 ERA, the Athletics sent him to the minor leagues on May 15. The Associated Press said the reasons for the demotion were "pitches which lacked steam and a medical problem." On June 29, Oakland traded him to the Atlanta Braves for Orlando Cepeda; he went only 3–5 for Atlanta, and his overall totals for 1972 were 4–7 with a 6.37 ERA. His final major league appearance came on September 12 against the Cincinnati Reds; he came into a tied game in the ninth and promptly gave up three runs without retiring a batter, taking the loss. (Coincidentally, the last batter McLain ever faced in the major leagues was Pete Rose, who also was involved in a gambling scandal years later.) The Braves released McLain during spring training, on March 26, 1973. After short stints with minor-league clubs in Des Moines and Shreveport, McLain retired. Three years after winning 31 games and two years after winning his second consecutive Cy Young, he was out of baseball at the age of 29.

Music career
McLain's success on the playing field led to endorsement opportunities from the Hammond Organ Company; he also made musical appearances in Las Vegas. He was invited to appear with his musical quartet on The Ed Sullivan Show along with his World Series opponent (and guitarist) Bob Gibson. McLain also made appearances on The Steve Allen Show and The Joey Bishop Show. He also released two albums on Capitol Records, Denny McLain at the Organ (1968) and Denny McLain in Las Vegas (1969).

Career statistics
In a 10-year major-league career, McLain won 131 games against 91 losses. His career earned run average was 3.39 and he recorded 1,282 strikeouts in 1,886 innings pitched.  McLain was a three-time All-Star and won the Cy Young Award twice in his career.  Because he relied so much on his fastball, he also surrendered numerous home runs, leading the American League in home runs allowed in three consecutive years (1966–1968).

Since McLain's 31-win season, only two other pitchers have approached the 30-game milestone (Steve Carlton won 27 games in 1972 and Bob Welch also with 27 victories in 1990). With Major League Baseball moving from the four-man pitching rotation of McLain's era to five-man rotations, and with the increased reliance on relief pitchers, some observers believe that another 30-game winner may not occur because of the way the game is played today.

Post-major league career

In 1974, McLain played a season for the London Majors of the Intercounty Baseball League at Labatt Memorial Park in London, Ontario. Because of his arm problems, McLain pitched only nine innings for the Majors, but played in 14 games at shortstop, first base, or catcher, and batted .380, including hitting two homers in one game in London.

McLain continued to earn side money playing the organ at clubs, including a club in suburban Detroit where former heavyweight boxing champion Leon Spinks worked as a bartender. McLain also earned quite a bit of money hustling golf, easily attracting "marks" due to his past baseball fame.  Additionally, he reportedly once accepted over $160,000 to fly a wanted felon out of the country.

McLain's weight ballooned to  during his post-baseball career.  He was imprisoned for drug trafficking (cocaine), embezzlement, and racketeering. Tampa attorneys Arnold Levine and Stevan Northcutt, who later became a Florida state appellate judge, represented McLain before the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit in Atlanta. His conviction was reversed under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act  in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida in Tampa.

Between his stints in prison and rehabilitation in the mid-1980s to the early-1990s, McLain could be found on various talk radio sports shows and occasionally on panel-format sports shows on network television in the Detroit area; he also modeled Hanes underwear. He could also be found signing autographs at a metro Detroit 7-Eleven store at the corner of Mound Road and Metro Parkway in Sterling Heights, Michigan, where he was employed on work-release. After his release, he also hosted a popular daily talk radio show for a few years on Detroit talk station WXYT.

McLain's oldest daughter, Kristin, 26, was killed on March 20, 1992, in a drunk driving crash. She had been living in Florida and was moving back home to Michigan when she was killed just a few miles from her parents' home. In part to escape his grief, McLain and several partners bought the Peet Packing Company (Farmer Peet's) located in the small town of Chesaning, Michigan, in 1994. McLain was also a partner in the Michigan Radio Network. Both companies went bankrupt two years later. In 1996, he was convicted on charges of embezzlement, mail fraud, and conspiracy in connection with the theft of $2.5 million from the Peet employees' pension fund. McLain spent six years in prison; to this day, he insists he knew nothing about the shady financial deals alleged by the government. McLain claims he paid restitution for this incident.

During the Detroit Tigers 2006 playoff run, McLain was the baseball analyst for Drew and Mike on WRIF radio in Detroit. In 2007, McLain released his autobiography I Told You I Wasn't Perfect, co-authored by longtime Detroit sportscaster and author Eli Zaret. Prior to that, McLain and Zaret hosted a sports television show together in Detroit.

McLain currently resides in Pinckney, Michigan, with his wife, Sharyn. Sharyn had divorced Denny during his most recent incarceration but remarried him upon his release. McLain writes a monthly editorial column and blogs regularly for In Play! Magazine, a Detroit sports magazine.

Kevin Costner's character in the 2005 film The Upside of Anger was partly based on McLain (and also partly on Kirk Gibson, another Tiger of World Series note).

On April 11, 2008, McLain was arrested without incident after deputies discovered an outstanding warrant against him for failing to appear for a January 16 court hearing.

On September 22, 2011, McLain was arrested in Port Huron, Michigan at the Canada–United States border after officials discovered an outstanding warrant against him from St. Charles Parish, Louisiana. Because of construction detours, McLain had inadvertently taken an exit off I-94, sending him directly across the Blue Water Bridge and into Canada. He immediately returned to the U.S., where he was obligated to go through U.S. Customs and Border Protection inspection. The outstanding warrant was then discovered, for which McLain was jailed in Port Huron. In less than a week, the warrant was cleared and McLain was released.

From 2017 to 2018, McLain hosted a Sunday radio show about life and politics on WFDF (AM).

In January 2019 McLain and former local sportscasters Eli Zaret and Bob Page launched a podcast called No Filter Sports.

In October 2020, McLain held an estate sale hosted by Aaron's Estate Sales. This event was covered nationally by outlets such as ESPN and the Associated Press.

See also

 1968 Detroit Tigers season
 1968 World Series
 1968 in baseball
 Associated Press Athlete of the Year
 List of Major League Baseball annual wins leaders
 List of Detroit Tigers team records

Notes

References

External links
, or Retrosheet
The Baseball Biography Project: Denny McLain
 ESPN Classic: From the big time to the big house
 The downfall of former pitcher Denny McLain
 Denny McLain's Tigers Report

1944 births
Living people
American drug traffickers
American extortionists
American League All-Stars
American League Most Valuable Player Award winners
American League wins champions
Atlanta Braves players
Baseball players from Chicago
Birmingham A's players
Capitol Records artists
Clinton C-Sox players
Cy Young Award winners
Detroit Tigers players
Duluth-Superior Dukes players
Harlan Smokies players
Indios de Mayagüez players
Iowa Oaks players
Knoxville Smokies players
London Majors players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Oakland Athletics players
People from Markham, Illinois
Shreveport Captains players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Washington Senators (1961–1971) players
American sportspeople convicted of crimes
American people convicted of mail and wire fraud

Denny McLain


Thread Control Block (TCB) is a data structure in the operating system kernel which contains thread-specific information needed to manage it. The TCB is "the manifestation of a thread in an operating system."

An example of information contained within a TCB is:
 Thread Identifier: Unique id (tid) is assigned to every new thread
 Stack pointer: Points to thread's stack in the process
 Program counter: Points to the current program instruction of the thread
 State of the thread (running, ready, waiting, start, done)
 Thread's register values
 Pointer to the Process control block (PCB) of the process that the thread lives on

The Thread Control Block acts as a library of information about the threads in a system. Specific information is stored in the thread control block highlighting important information about each process.

See also
 Parallel Thread Execution
 Process control block (PCB)

References

Operating system kernels

Thread control block


The Lynn Common Historic District encompasses the town common of Lynn, Massachusetts and the surrounding buildings which face it.  Although its establishment dates to the late 17th century, the area's time of development is predominantly in the 19th century, when the common was transformed into a park.  The common is an elongated grassy area, flanked by North and South Common Streets, with a number of small cross streets breaking it into several pieces.  City Hall Square marks its eastern boundary, and Market Square its western.

Many of the buildings facing the common are residential and relatively unaltered since their construction in the 19th century.  Stylistically they are in a variety of forms from Federalist to Colonial Revival, with Queen Anne houses outnumbering other styles.  There are four Colonial Revival apartment houses (built between 1900 and 1920) along North Common Street.

A number of Lynn's significant civic and religious buildings lie within the district.  The main library building is separately listed on the National Register, as are the armory, and St. Stephen's Memorial Episcopal Church.  The Lynn Memorial City Hall and Auditorium building lies just off the common to the east.

The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Lynn, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, Massachusetts

References

Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Historic districts in Essex County, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Lynn, Massachusetts

Lynn Common Historic District