Nina Rachel Gordon Shapiro  (born November 14, 1967), known as Nina Gordon, is an American singer, songwriter, and guitarist. She co-founded the alternative rock band Veruca Salt and played on their first two studio albums, American Thighs (1994) and Eight Arms to Hold You (1997). During that time, Gordon wrote the band's hit singles "Seether" and "Volcano Girls". After leaving Veruca Salt, she released two solo albums, Tonight and the Rest of My Life (2000) and Bleeding Heart Graffiti (2006). She then rejoined Veruca Salt for their album Ghost Notes (2015).

Early life
Nina Rachel Gordon Shapiro was born November 14, 1967, in Washington, D.C. Her father was a law student at the time of her birth. She was raised along with her brother, Jim Shapiro, in several different locations, moving between Washington, D.C., and Madison, Wisconsin, before settling in Chicago when Gordon was a teenager. Gordon has commented that her parents had a turbulent relationship and eventually divorced in her childhood. Gordon attended high school in Chicago. She intended to major in music while attending university but ultimately graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in art history from Tufts University. She is Jewish.

Career

1992–1996: Veruca Salt formation and American Thighs
Veruca Salt was formed in Chicago, Illinois, in 1992 by Gordon and Louise Post. Introduced by Gordon's good friend, actress Lili Taylor, Gordon and Post quickly became friends and began playing music together. In 1993, they enlisted bassist Steve Lack and Gordon's brother Jim Shapiro, a guitarist who joined as the band's drummer as a favor to his sister. Gordon and Post both sang and played guitar on Veruca Salt's material during the 1990s. The two were also the band's primary songwriters, each writing their songs separately.

Veruca Salt released a self-funded demo tape and shopped it to labels while playing a handful of small club shows. The buzz around the band grew, and after only a few live gigs, the band was signed to Minty Fresh Records and began recording with producer Brad Wood, who had recently worked on Liz Phair's critically acclaimed Exile in Guyville.

The band released an orange 7" single for the song "Seether," which Gordon wrote. The song was a distorted alt-rocker about an angry and misunderstood woman. Compared to the rest of Veruca Salt's material, "Seether" sounded very pop. They sent "Seether" to radio, as it was the most radio-friendly song they had written, and the reaction was positive. It quickly became a hit on college and alternative stations. The album was not complete, and the band rushed to finish it before "Seether" lost its radio momentum. The song ended up peaking at #8 on the Modern Rock charts and became a hit on MTV.

Veruca Salt's debut studio album American Thighs was released through Minty Fresh on September 27, 1994 and re-released on November 8, 1994 by the major label Geffen Records after the label signed the band following an intense bidding war. The album peaked at #69 on the Billboard Top 200 and was eventually certified gold. The second single, "Number One Blind," written by Gordon and Shapiro, peaked at #20 on the Modern Rock charts, but did not do as well as "Seether". Gordon and Post were unhappy with the song's video, and it was pulled after airing fewer than five times on MTV's 120 Minutes.

To support the album, Veruca Salt toured, opening for acts such as Hole, Live and PJ Harvey. They also headlined a club tour, after which they entered the studio with Bob Rock to record their second album. The band was inspired to work with Rock after hearing Metallica's "Enter Sandman" over the house PA system before a Veruca Salt concert at an outdoor music festival. The band released an EP in 1996 titled Blow It Out Your Ass It's Veruca Salt to tide fans over until their next album. It was produced by Steve Albini and contains the Gordon-penned "Shimmer Like a Girl" and "New York Mining Disaster 1996".

During this time, Gordon also collaborated with other musicians on side projects. With Scott Miller, she co-wrote the song "The Softest Tip of Her Baby Tongue," which appeared on The Loud Family's 1996 album Interbabe Concern. She worked with James Iha on the Smashing Pumpkins song "...Said Sadly" (the b-side to their 1995 single "Bullet with Butterfly Wings"), and also recorded duets with Fig Dish and Triple Fast Action.

1997–1998: Eight Arms to Hold You and departure from Veruca Salt
Veruca Salt's second album Eight Arms to Hold You, which was released February 11, 1997 on Geffen Records, proved to be a difficult and dividing album. Some fans of American Thighs were disappointed by the polished, hard-rock and distinctively Bob Rock production, in comparison to the laid back, indie buzz-bin vibe of American Thighs. The new album garnered mixed reviews from music critics, as well. Band members later admitted that the recording process for this album was more tense than the previous one, and the creative differences between Gordon and Post increased.

However, Eight Arms to Hold You sold well due to the success of the first single, "Volcano Girls," written by Gordon. It was a catchy, power-pop tantrum that matched the success of "Seether," peaking at #8 on the Modern Rock charts. The album peaked higher (Billboard Top 200 at 55) than American Thighs, but sales dropped off when the second single "Shutterbug" failed to chart, despite a high-budget video and Saturday Night Live performance. Three more singles were sent to radio ("The Morning Sad," "Straight," and "Benjamin") but none of them did well enough to warrant a video. The Gordon-penned "Benjamin" was released internationally as the third and last commercial single from the album despite having no video and no promotion.

After recording the album, Shapiro left the band and was replaced on drums by Stacy Jones. Veruca Salt toured extensively for Eight Arms to Hold You, opening for Bush as well as doing a lengthy international headlining club tour.

Gordon and Post then started work on Veruca Salt's third album. However, the tension between the two soon came to a head, and after an argument with Post, Gordon left the band in early 1998. Jones left the band at the same time, and Gordon and Jones dated for the next few years. In 1998, Gordon sang on James Iha's solo album Let It Come Down on the song "Beauty."

1999–2001: Start of solo career and Tonight and the Rest of My Life

Soon after leaving Veruca Salt, Gordon demoed solo material in Boston with friends Kay Hanley and Michael Eisenstein from the band Letters to Cleo. Shortly after, she began recording with Eight Arms producer Bob Rock. The album, titled Tonight and the Rest of My Life, was finished in early 1999 and was set to be released by the Outpost Records label, owned by Geffen Records, in August 1999. However, the merger of Geffen Records with Interscope Records forced Outpost Records to fold, leaving Gordon without a label.

A few months later, Gordon was signed by Warner Bros. Records. Tonight was finally released on June 27, 2000. The first single, also titled "Tonight and the Rest of My Life," did well on radio and was later included in commercials for hit films such as Chocolat and The Notebook in addition to an appearance on an episode of Charmed. The second single "Now I Can Die" did not perform as well, but the third single, a radio-only single titled "2003," performed better despite having little promotion and no video. Gordon toured with David Gray as an opening act, and did a headlining tour with Paloalto.

Tonight and the Rest of My Life peaked at a disappointing 123 on the Billboard Top 200. However, it floated around the mid-100s for months, and sold close to 300,000 copies in the U.S. and 50,000 in Japan.

2002–2011: Bleeding Heart Graffiti and career hiatus
In the early 2000s, Gordon and Post reconciled via email, but the two did not work together professionally for years afterward. Post recruited new musicians for Veruca Salt, and the band released studio albums in 2000 and 2006 without Gordon.

After Gordon finished promoting Tonight and the Rest of My Life in late 2001, she took a break and began writing material for her second solo album. However, she did not get into the studio again until late 2003, and Gordon said it was because she wanted to write a lot of great material. To tide fans over, Gordon released b-side material from Tonight on her website and a demo for a song called "The Time Comes," which was featured in the independent film Stealing Innocence. Around that time, she moved to California.

Gordon began recording her second album with Ethan Johns in late 2003, and via her website stated she was excited with the direction the album was going, even though it was very mellow and sad. Gordon finished recording with Johns in early 2004 and stated that she had named it Even the Sunbeams. A few months later, Gordon admitted she was unhappy with the album and she was not going to release it. The only song that surfaced from this recording session was "Lighter on the Moon," which was available on Gordon's MySpace page. In April 2006, Gordon said in the Chicago Reader, "It's a really sad and really slow record. I guess that's how I was feeling at the time, but when I sorta snapped out of that, I thought, 'I don't know that I want this to be the album I put out next.' It's really a lovely record, but it didn't have the spirit of the records I've made in the past." Some songs were re-recorded and included on her next album. The remaining songs were eventually made available free on her website as an EP titled Songs from Even the Sunbeams.

During this time, Gordon was performing at Largo in Los Angeles, for "Bring the Rock" nights, covering songs by N.W.A, Skid Row, Backstreet Boys, Phil Collins, and others. Her cover of N.W.A's "Straight Outta Compton" gained her popularity on Internet music blogs. She also wrote a song with Fefe Dobson titled "Get You Off" for Dobson's album Sunday Love (on which Gordon also sang back-up), as well as a song for Courtney Jaye's album Traveling Light titled "This Is the Day," which she wrote with her boyfriend Jeff Russo.

Still seeing promise in the material from Even the Sunbeams, Gordon booked producer and long-time friend Bob Rock to record an album in 2005. In a few months, Gordon re-did most of the songs and recorded new songs, as well. The album, now titled Bleeding Heart Graffiti, was released August 8, 2006. The first song to see the light of day from the project was the b-side "The Blue Hour," a half-French, half-English rock song that could be heard on Gordon's website.

The lead single from Bleeding Heart Graffiti, "Kiss Me 'Til It Bleeds" was released in mid-July. There was a physical promotional single for "Kiss Me 'Til It Bleeds" and it contained the Bleeding Heart Graffiti album track "Don't Let Me Down," as well as Gordon's previous hit single, "Tonight and the Rest of My Life". Almost all radio stations received digital copies of the single rather than physical CD singles, however. After Bleeding Heart Graffiti, Gordon did not release any new music during the rest of the decade.

In the late 2000s, Gordon had two children with her boyfriend, musician Jeff Russo. Gordon and Russo later married.

2012–present: Rejoining Veruca Salt and Ghost Notes

In 2012, with Veruca Salt on hiatus, the original members – Gordon, Post, Lack, and Shapiro – met with each other for the first time since the 1990s. In 2013, the band announced that their original lineup had officially gotten back together. The band announced tour dates in April 2014 and released a 10" single on Record Store Day. That year, they played several concerts in the United States and Australia.

The fifth Veruca Salt album, Ghost Notes, contained songs about the original members' breakup and eventual reunion. It was released on July 10, 2015 to favorable reviews.

Personal life
Gordon and husband Jeff Russo have two children.

Discography

Veruca Salt

Solo

References

External links

Nina Gordon at MySpace
Nina Gordon chords, lyrics & tab at nina-gordon.net

1967 births
Living people
20th-century American women guitarists
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American women singers
21st-century American women guitarists
21st-century American guitarists
21st-century American women singers
American women rock singers
American women singer-songwriters
Latin School of Chicago alumni
Power pop musicians
Veruca Salt members
20th-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American singer-songwriters
Jewish rock musicians
Tufts University School of Arts and Sciences alumni

Nina Gordon


Carla Boni (17 July 1925 in Ferrara, Italy – 17 October 2009 in Rome, Italy), was an Italian singer.

Life and career
Born as Carla Gaiano in Ferrara, Boni had worked on RAI, the Italian State Radio and television network, as a singer since 1951. She sang the Italian version of song Johnny Guitar. In 1953 she won the Festival della canzone italiana with Flo Sandon, singing "Viale d'Autunno". In 1955 Boni won the "Festival di Napoli" with the song "'E stelle 'e Napule", which she sang with her husband, Gino Latilla. In 1956 she released a new version of the standard Mambo Italiano, which went on to become her greatest hit. In 1957 she released the song "La Casetta in Canada". During her career she formed a band with her husband, Nilla Pizzi and Giorgio Consolini. During the 1990s she introduced a new version of "Mambo Italiano".

Last years

In 2007 she pulled out of the making of an album  which was to be titled "Aeroplani e Angeli" with songs written by Alessandro Orlando Graziani. Although seriously ill in 2009 she shot a music video for the song "Portami in India". On 5 October 2008 Carla Boni participated in the event Omaggio a Pino Rucher, una vita per la chitarra / Homage to Pino Rucher, a life for the guitar. The event in honor of Pino Rucher (RAI guitarist), twelve years after his death, was sponsored by the Municipal Authorities of Manfredonia and by the Authorities of the Province of Foggia.

Death
She died in Rome aged 84, after a long illness. Her funeral was held at the Santa Maria in Montesanto church, known as the "Church of artists".

References

External links

1925 births
2009 deaths
Sanremo Music Festival winners
Musicians from Ferrara
Singers from Rome
20th-century Italian women singers
Burials at the Cimitero Flaminio

Carla Boni


Peter James Levinson (1 July 1934 Atlantic City, New Jersey - 21 October 2008 Malibu) was an American music publicist and biographer, particularly of jazz musicians.

Education
Levinson took his bachelor's at the University of Virginia, where he wrote on jazz in the university paper.

Career
After completing service in the Army in Korea, he wrote freelance on jazz music in New York City and took a job at Columbia Records in the late 1950s. His first job as a publicist was with Jack Jones, beginning in 1962. He spent nearly fifty years in the music industry as a promoter and representative for stars such as Count Basie, Artie Shaw, Woody Herman, Lalo Schifrin, Antonio Carlos Jobim, Chuck Mangione, Dave Brubeck, Rosemary Clooney, Erroll Garner, Stan Getz, Peggy Lee, Bill Evans, Dexter Gordon, Maynard Ferguson, Pete Fountain, Art Garfunkel, Bud Shank, Phyllis Diller, George Shearing, Chick Corea, Jim Hall, Benny Carter, Charlie Byrd, Louie Bellson, Dee Dee Bridgewater, Jack Lemmon, and Mel Tormé.

Levinson's publicity work also extended into television and film, working on Dallas, Z, Fiddler on the Roof, and Kramer vs. Kramer. He founded his own company, Peter Levinson Communications, which was based initially in New York; though he reduced his clientele in the 1980s and 1990s, he continued to represent clients into the early 2000s. He also helped orchestrate the 1986 introduction of a postage stamp in honor of Duke Ellington.

Late in his career, Levinson began writing biographies, completing works on Harry James, Nelson Riddle, and Tommy Dorsey. A biography of Fred Astaire was completed just before his death, and was published in 2009:  Puttin' on the Ritz: Fred Astaire and the Fine Art of Panache, St. Martin's Press ; ; .

Later life and death
Levinson contracted amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in 2006, which prevented him from speaking; he used a type-to-speech computer and continued writing. He died at the age of 74 after a fall at his home in Malibu, California on October 21, 2008.

Bibliography
Trumpet Blues: The Life of Harry James (1999)
September in the Rain: The Life of Nelson Riddle (2001)
Tommy Dorsey: Livin' in a Great Big Way (2005)
Puttin' on the Ritz: The Life of Fred Astaire (2009)

References

American music critics
Writers from Atlantic City, New Jersey
Accidental deaths from falls
Accidental deaths in California
Deaths from motor neuron disease
1934 births
2008 deaths
University of Virginia alumni
Neurological disease deaths in California
20th-century American biographers

Peter Levinson


Víctor Bó (born 8 April 1943) is an Argentine actor and film producer. He is the son of classic actor and director Armando Bó, and father and uncle of Academy Award Winners for Best Original Screenplay Armando Bo and Nicolás Giacobone, respectively. Bo is retired from acting.

Biography
Bó broke into acting aged 16 in 1959, in the film ... y el Demonio creó a los hombres, and costarred in several films directed by his father and starring Isabel Sarli. In 1971 he appeared in Así es Buenos Aires, and achieved greater fame as one of the protagonists in the Superagentes ("Super Agents") saga of spy-adventure films (1974–1983). He played villain roles for two movies in a series of nine sword and sorcery films that Roger Corman produced in Argentina during the 1980s, in association with Aries Cinematográfica Argentina: Deathstalker (1983) and the classic B-movie Barbarian Queen (1984).

Bó started to distance himself from acting after the release of the comic-based comedy film Las Puertitas del señor López (1988), and turned into film production. He helped produce two movies directed by Jorge Polaco: the controversial cult film Kindergarten (1989), which was deemed "obscene", "bordering on pornography" and censored by a judge's order at the time of its release, resulting in a 30-year ban for the film, which was officially released in 2010; and the black comedy Siempre es difícil volver a casa (1992), which was a critical and commercial failure at the time of its release, but has slowly gained some critical reappraisal over the years.

Except for a few roles on TV series or documentary interviews, and a supporting role in a new Superagentes film (Los superagentes, nueva generación, 2008), Bó has been mostly retired from the filmmaking world in any capacity, focusing instead in being interviewed and appearing in film retrospectives and showings dedicated to his father Armando's body of work.

Filmography

Actor
Y el demonio creó a los hombres (1959)
Pelota de cuero (1963)
La Tentación desnuda (1966) (as Víctor Bó) as Cholo
La señora del intendente (1967) as Rosendo Fernández
La Mujer de mi padre (1968) as Mario
Carne (1968) as Antonio
Embrujada (1969) as Juan
Desnuda en la arena (1969)
Los Mochileros (1970)
Los Neuróticos (1971)
Así es Buenos Aires (1971)
Yo gané el prode, ¿y usted? (1973)
Hipólito y Evita (1973)
Furia infernal (1973) as Land owner's older son
La Gran aventura (1974) as Hércules
La Super, super aventura (1975)
La Aventura explosiva (1977)
Los Superagentes biónicos (1977)
Una Mariposa en la noche (1977)
Los Superagentes y el tesoro maldito (1978)
Los Superagentes no se rompen (1979)
Hormiga negra (1979)
La Aventura de los paraguas asesinos (1979)
El Último amor en Tierra del Fuego (1979)
Los Superagentes contra todos (1980)
Los Superagentes y la gran aventura del oro (1980)
Superagentes y titanes (1983) as Delfín
Deathstalker (1983) as Kang
Barbarian Queen (1985) as Strymon
Los Superagentes contra los fantasmas (1986)
Las Puertitas del señor López (1988)
Los superagentes, nueva generación (2008)

Television appearances
El Sodero de mi vida (aka The Bubbleman of My Life; 2001) as Verónica's husband

External links

1943 births
Living people
Argentine male film actors
Argentine film producers
Male actors from Buenos Aires

Víctor Bó


Kelly Joe Phelps (October 5, 1959 – May 31, 2022) was an American musician and songwriter. His music has been characterized as a mixture of delta blues and jazz.

Career
Kelly Joe Phelps grew up in Sumner, Washington, a blue-collar farming town. He learned country and folk songs, as well as drums and piano, from his father. He began playing guitar at age twelve.

Phelps concentrated on free jazz and took his cues from musicians like Ornette Coleman, Miles Davis, and John Coltrane. He spent 10 years playing jazz, mostly as a bass player. He refers to his "conversion" to a blues musician when he began listening to acoustic blues masters like Mississippi Fred McDowell and Robert Pete Williams. He initially gained notice for his solo lapstyle slide guitar, which he played by laying the instrument flat and fretting it with a heavy steel bar. Inspired by the birth of his daughter Rachel in 1990, Phelps began writing songs. He began singing and released his critically praised debut, Lead Me On, in 1995.

In 2005, Phelps released a live album, Tap the Red Cane Whirlwind, which he followed a year later with the studio album Tunesmith Retrofit. In 2009, he released an album of instrumentals titled Western Bell. Following that release, he began recording and touring with the American singer-songwriter Corinne West. In January 2013, he announced a hiatus from touring due to ulnar neuropathy in his right hand and arm.

Phelps is featured in the 2011 book I'll Be Here in the Morning: The Songwriting Legacy of Townes Van Zandt. In 2017, he was profiled in the UK music blog the Immortal Jukebox.

Phelps died in Iowa on May 31, 2022.

Discography
 Lead Me On, (Burnside, 1994)
 Roll Away the Stone, (Rykodisc, 1997)
 Shine Eyed Mister Zen, (Rykodisc, 1999)
 Sky Like a Broken Clock, (Rykodisc, 2001)
 Beggar's Oil (Rykodisc, 2002)
 Slingshot Professionals, (Rykodisc, 2003)
 Tap the Red Cane Whirlwind, (Rykodisc/True North, 2005)
 Tunesmith Retrofit, 2006 (Rounder, 2005)
 Western Bell, (Black Hen, 2009)
 Magnetic Skyline with Corinne West (Make, 2010)
 Brother Sinner and the Whale, (Black Hen, 2012)
 Roll Away the Blues: The Very Best of, (Nascente, 2013)

With others
 Various Artists: Hear the Angels Sing: Greetings from Rykodisc (Rykodisc)
 Paul Curreri: Songs for Devon Sproule (City Salvage)
 Zubot and Dawson: Chicken Scratch (True North)
 Jay Farrar: Sebastopol (Artemis)
 Rory Block: I'm Every Woman (Rounder)
 Linda Tillery and the Cultural Heritage Choir: Say Yo' Business (Earthbeat)
 Tim O'Brien: The Crossing (Alula)
 Greg Brown: Slant 6 Mind (Red House)
 Greg Brown: Further In (Red House)
 Tony Furtado: Roll My Blues Away (Rounder)
 Tony Furtado Band (Cojema Music)
 Martin Simpson: Cool & Unusual (Red House)
 Louise Taylor: Ride (Signature)
 Bo Ramsey: In the Weeds (Trailer)
 Townes Van Zandt: The Highway Kind (Normal)

See also
List of contemporary blues musicians
List of blues musicians
List of singer-songwriters

References

External links
 French forum

1959 births
2022 deaths
People from Sumner, Washington
American blues guitarists
American male guitarists
American blues singer-songwriters
Singer-songwriters from Washington (state)
Contemporary blues musicians
Guitarists from Washington (state)
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American male musicians
Black Hen Music artists
Rounder Records artists
Rykodisc artists
American male singer-songwriters

Kelly Joe Phelps


Manfredi Nicoletti (16 June 1930 – 29 October 2017) was an Italian architect.

Biography
Nicoletti is considered a pioneer in Bioclimatic urban and architectural design. In the 1970s his book L'ecosistema urbano (The Urban Ecosystem) - a term which he coined - creates a connection between environmental matters and psychological and cultural values. In this volume experts in various disciplines such as psychology, anthropology, biology, engineering, botanics, urban history, economy and acoustics contribute to open a rich discussion on the theme of urban ecosystems.

He founded and headed at the Rome University La Sapienza the course of Urban Morphology and Ecology in 1972 and later the course of Ecosystemic Architecture in 1995.

Consultant in urban ecology for the Italian Government and the European Community. Member of Eurosolar and PLEA he was awarded the international prize WREN (World renewal energy network).

Born in Rieti, Nicoletti began his artistic and intellectual career very young in the studio of Giacomo Balla. In Rome he studied under Pier Luigi Nervi and graduated in architecture in 1954. The same year he received a  Fulbright Scholarship to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he took his master's degree in 1955. During that time he was a student of Buckminster Fuller, Pietro Belluschi, Eero Saarinen, and Louis Kahn. He worked in the studio of Walter Gropius and was assistant to Sigfried Giedion at Harvard University. Up to 1957 he collaborated with the studio of Minoru Yamasaki.

Upon his return to Italy, Manfredi worked with Pier Luigi Nervi. As a member of the National Institute for Urban Studies he was one of the founders of the National Institute for Architecture together with Bruno Zevi. In 1962 he returned to MIT with a Sloan Grant and was a member of the Joint Center for Urban Studies. During the years 1963-1964 he travelled through Europe, the Middle East and Asia preparing studies of cave architecture which were later published in the essay of 1980 which won him the Comité International des Critiques d'Architecture prize. In 1963 he was a teacher of architecture at the Rhode Island School of Design. In 1965 he founded with Paul Maymont, Yona Friedman and Michel Ragon the Groupe International d'Architecture Prospective (GIAP). He is considered to have been a pioneer of Megastructural architecture. He taught in Aquila and Rome; he was full professor of architectural composition in Palermo from 1980 and in Rome from 1988.

His engagement in studies on architecture of Art Nouveau brought him to the rediscovery of the work of the Italian architect Raimondo D'Aronco regarding whom he wrote the first monografy dedicated to his drawings and architecture in 1955 that was followed by a second in 1982.

A founding Partner, together with Luca Nicoletti and Giulia Falconi, of Studio Nicoletti Associati, he was Emeritus professor of Architectural Composition at the Rome La Sapienza University, Vice President of the International Academy of Architecture, Member of the Academy of Architecture of Russia, Member of the International Academy of Architecture of Moscow and member of the Academy of Architecture of France. Honorary Fellow of the American Institute of Architects and of the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada. From the Minister of Culture of France he received the title of "Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres". Twice awarded with the Dedalo Minosse Prize. His professional experience embraced many aspects of urban and architectural design, especially of public buildings, carried out in Europe, the United States, Africa, the Middle and Far East, where they were integrated with those of specialists in various scientific and technological sectors.

A large part of his artistic and architectural archives is entrusted to the collections of FRAC Fonds régional d'art contemporain and New National Museum of Monaco both located in France.

Main projects
 Social Housing, Rieti (1965)
 Artificial Peninsula in Fontvieille, Principauté de Monaco (1968)
 Helicoidal Skyscraper, New York (1968)
 Airport of Reggio Calabria (1974)
 Seafront of Reggio Calabria (1976)
 Social Housing, Gela (1976)
 Urban Plan, Gela (1978)
 Airports of Trapani, Lampedusa and Pantelleria (1978)
 Airport and Control Tower, Catania (1978)
 Moncada House, Bagheria (1987)
 University Campus, Udine (1990)
 General Hospital, Agrigento (1991)
 Urban Plan, Rieti (1992)
 Scientific Greenhouse, University of Catania (2000)
 Zoological Museum, Catania (2000)
 Sport Palace, Palermo (2001)
 Italian Parliament Conference Centre, Roma (2002)
 Police Headquarters, Rieti (2002)
 Millennium Park, Abuja Nigeria (2003)
 New Courthouse, Lecce (2004)
 Unità d'Italia Square, Rieti (2004)
 New Courthouse of Arezzo, Arezzo (2008)
 Kazakhstan Central Concert Hall, Astana Kazakhstan (2009)
 Millennium Tower, Abuja Nigeria U.C. (expected 2014)
 Petaling Jaya "The Pod" Pavilion, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia (2010)

References

External links

1930 births
2017 deaths
People from the Province of Rieti
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Harvard University staff
Rhode Island School of Design faculty
20th-century Italian architects
21st-century Italian architects
Members of the Académie d'architecture
Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres

Manfredi Nicoletti


Wau railway station  is a railway station located in Wau, South Sudan, just south of the airport. The station is on the Babanusa-Wau Railway, and used to provide services to Sudan a few times a week. As of January 2020, the station building was being used by the South Sudanese police while the tracks around the station were overgrown or covered by sand.

Land Grabbing
On November 6, 2016, The railway station staff sent a petition letter to the State government complaining of military officials grabbing land and settling within the area. The Wau town Mayor Mel Aleu Goc sent warnings saying, "Anyone who had set up structures at the station has done so illegally and is therefore ordered to leave the railway station".

Government officials on Tuesday led by the Minister for Agriculture James Joseph who doubles as the Acting Minister of Physical Infrastructure, Information, and Communication together the Wau town Mayor Mel Aleu, among others visited Wau Railway cooperation station to meet the station workers over the alarming situation.

References

Railway stations in South Sudan

Wau railway station


Eldon Quinn Johnson (August 16, 1930 – September 4, 2015) was an American politician who was a Republican member of the Oregon House of Representatives. He was appointed in September 1977 to fill the House District 51 seat vacated by Representative Brad Morris. He was unable to continue to serve in Oregon Legislature due to terms limits enacted by voters in the 1992 General Election, later ruled  unconstitutional by the Oregon Supreme Court in 2002. His 11th and final term in office ended January 10, 1999. Johnson was born in West Point, Nebraska and attended school in Tucson, Arizona. He was an electrical and plumbing supply company owner, tile setter and farmer. He also served in the United States Air Force.

References

1930 births
2015 deaths
People from West Point, Nebraska
Politicians from Medford, Oregon
Businesspeople from Oregon
Republican Party members of the Oregon House of Representatives
20th-century American businesspeople

Eldon Johnson


The 50 Most Influential ranking has been published by Bloomberg Media since 2011, annually featuring 50 individuals or initiatives with "the ability to move markets or shape ideas and policies".

Initially published in Bloomberg Markets until the 2016 edition. Bloomberg Businessweek took over from 2017 onwards.

According to Bloomberg Media, the list is composed on the basis of recommendations and assessments by Bloomberg 's journalists and analysts in the United States and internationally as well as data from Bloomberg Terminal.

The ranking has repeatedly been used as a reference or even as a news topic by news media other than Bloomberg, particularly in 2015 when political leaders were included.

Lists

2021 ranking
The 2021 ranking was published on December 1, 2021. It also includes The Usual Suspects, Notable Alums, and Ones to Watch.

 Business: James Kuffner, Melanie Perkins, Karen Lynch, Jitse Groen, Jim Farley, John Elkann, Albert Bourla, Toni Petersson, Xu Yangtian, David Zaslav.
 Finance: MacKenzie Scott, John Rolle, Nick Clarry, Carlos Eduardo Brandt, Nick Molnar and Anthony Eisen, The Meme Stock, Michael Sapir, Anne Brorhilker, Charlie Penner, Goldman Sachs' 13 Anonymous Junior Investment Bankers.
 Science & Technology: Vanessa Pappas, Andy Jassy, Peter Beck, Hoesung Lee, Frances Haugen, Andre Soelistyo, David Baszucki, Patrick Collison and John Collison, MiMi Aung, Falguni Nayar.
 Politics: Alexey Navalny, Jimmy Lai, Darnella Frazier, Elise Stefanik, Kate Jenkins, Cori Bush, Eugene Goodman, Stop AAPI Hate (Cynthia Choi, Russell Jeung, and Manjusha Kulkarni), Lina Khan, John Nkengasong.
 Entertainment: Bang Si-hyuk, Jia Ling, Allyson Felix, Jason Sudeikis, Mike Winkelmann, Olivia Rodrigo, Hwang Dong-hyuk, Paige Bueckers, Britney Spears, Matt Stone and Trey Parker.

2020 ranking
The 2020 ranking was published on December 7, 2020, with many individuals being noted for their contributions during the COVID-19 pandemic.  It included the below categories, as well as The Usual Suspects and Ones to Watch.

 Business: Sumit Singh, Aurora James, Strive Masiyiwa, Reed Hastings, Wang Xing, John Foley, Byju Raveendran, Viya, Forrest Li.
 Finance: Jane Fraser, James Gorman, Kristalina Georgieva, Alan Howard, Linda Kirkpatrick, Darrin Williams, Baiju Bhatt and Vladimir Tenev, Changpeng Zhao.
 Science & Technology: Jeong Eun-kyeong, Zeng Yuqun, Gwynne Shotwell, Tim Bray, The Vaccine Chasers (Ugur Sahin, Chen Wei, Kizzmekia Corbett, Dan Barouch, and Sarah Gilbert), Covid Tracking Project (Jeff Hammerbacher, Erin Kissane, Robinson Meyer, and Alexis Madrigal), Keller Rinaudo, Anthony Fauci.
 Politics: John Roberts, Abdalla Hamdok, Letitia James, Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya, Luis Lacalle Pou, Odunayo Eweniyi and Damilola Odufuwa, Patrisse Cullors and Alicia Garza and Opal Tometi, Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Madison Cawthorn, Maria Ressa, Tsai Ing-wen.
 Entertainment: Billie Eilish, Bong Joon-ho, Swizz Beatz and Timbaland, Celeste Barber, Sarah Cooper, Colin Kaepernick, Donna Langley, Guy Fieri, Jason Hehir, Renee Montgomery,  Aya Kyogoku and Hisashi Nogami, Marcus Rashford.
 Non-categorized: Papa Giovanni Hospital's Front-Line Workers, Special Purpose Acquisition Companies.

2019 ranking
The 2019 ranking was published on December 4, 2019.

 Business: Boris Jordan, Eric Yuan, Shari Redstone, Ethan Brown, Zhang Yong and Shu Ping, Ritesh Agarwal, Rhianna, Alex Blumberg and Matt Lieber, Vicki Hollub, Ann Sarnoff, Emma Walmsley, Doug McMillon, Kevin Mayer, Brian Niccol, Popeyes' fried chicken sandwich, Ramon Ang, Kylie Jenner.
 Finance: Stephanie Kelton, James Mwangi, Jon McAuliffe and Michael Kharitonov, David Marcus, Bruce Flatt, Gita Gopinath, Mortimer "Tim" Buckley, Robert Smith.
 Tech & Science: Ankiti Bose, Lisa Su, Tobias Lütke, Event Horizon Telescope leadership team, Rappi founders (Simón Borrero, Sebastian Mejia, and Felipe Villamarin), Joey Levin.
 Politics: Jacinda Ardern, Greta Thunberg, Marek Sekielski & Tomasz Sekielski, Jon Stewart, Jeff Zucker, Ekrem Imamoglu, Sabine Weyand, Stacey Abrams, Hong Kong protestors, Mette Frederiksen.
 Entertainment: Lil Nas X, Gabriela Cámara , United States women's national soccer team , Phoebe Waller-Bridge, David Simon, Kevin Feige, Simone Biles, Bhushan Kumar, Kaws.

2018 ranking
The 2018 list featured other separated groups such as The Usual Suspects, for recurring appearing people, and also Ones to Watch, some of which nominated for 2018's ranking. It was published in the Bloomberg Businessweek issue of the 10th of December 2018.

 Business: Ben van Beurden, Audrey Gelman, Leanne Caret, Stuart Vevers, Brian Roberts, Sonia Cheng, Nguyễn Thị Phương Thảo, Bruce Linton.
 Politics: Time's Up Legal Defense Fund (Tina Tchen, Roberta Kaplan, Hilary Rosen, Fatima Goss Graves), Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Tim Scott, Chrystia Freeland, Liu He, Gavin Barwell, Rose Marcario, José Andrés, Xavier Becerra, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, Abiy Ahmed, Cyril Ramaphosa, Mahathir Mohamad, Mick Mulvaney.
 Finance: The Fed's nucleus (Jerome Powell, Richard Clarida, John Williams, Randal Quarles, Lael Brainard), Michael Gelband, Abigail Johnson, Cathie Wood, Guilherme Benchimol, Eric Glen Weyl and Eric Posner, Steven Maijoor, Whitney Wolfe Herd, Kenneth Hayne, Stacey Cunningham.
 Tech & Science: Amy Hood, Nadiem Makarim, John Maraganore and Jeff Marrazzo, Mukesh Ambani, John Krafcik, Daniel Ek, Mudassir Sheikha, Joy Buolamwini and Timnit Gebru, Sarah Friar, Donna Strickland, Drew Houston.
 Entertainment: Taylor Swift, Tiffany Haddish, Kenya Barris, BTS, Jenny Saville, Ryan Coogler, Tim Sweeney, Reese Witherspoon, Byron Allen.
 Not-categorized: Founders of March for Our Lives (David Hogg, X González, Delaney Tarr, Ryan Deitsch).

2017 ranking
The 2017 list featured a new categorization of individuals and eliminated the ranked positions. It was published in the Bloomberg Businessweek issue of the 4th of December 2017.

 Business: Bobby Kotick, Ken Frazier, Yoshiaki Koizumi, Marillyn Hewson, Marcos Galperin, Aliko Dangote, Marc Lore, Andrew Zobler, Jeff Bezos, Paul Gaudio, Mary Barra, Charif Souki, Alessandro Michele.
 Politics: Nikki Haley, Mohammed bin Salman, Susan Collins and Lisa Murkowski, Margrethe Vestager, Scott Pruitt, Beatrice Fihn, Robert Mueller, Rachel Maddow, Michel Barnier, Jerry Brown, Luisa Ortega Díaz, Russian botnets (in reference to Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections).
 Finance: David Siegel and John Overdeck, Marty Chavez, David Autor, Igor Tulchinsky, Vitalik Buterin, Raphael Bostic, Natasha Lamb.
 Tech: Masayoshi Son, Diane Greene, Geoffrey Hinton, Richard Pazdur, Francesco De Rubertis, Susan Fowler, Anthony Tan, Luhan Yang, Elon Musk, Martin Lau.
 Entertainment: Lilly Singh, Jill Soloway and Patty Jenkins, Agnes Gund, Ashley Judd and Rose McGowan and Lauren O'Connor (for triggering #MeToo), Jordan Peele, Adam Silver, Chance the Rapper.

2016 ranking
The 2016 ranking abandoned the prior rankings' five or six categories, and was a straightforward ranking from most to least influential among the 50. It was published in the Bloomberg Businessweek issue of the October 2016.

 Theresa May (1), Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump (2), Xi Jinping (4), Jeff Bezos (5), Angela Merkel (6), Mario Draghi (7), Janet Yellen (8), Warren Buffett (9), Sérgio Moro (10), Elon Musk (11), Bill McNabb (12), Jamie Dimon (13), Zhou Xiaochuan (14), Lloyd Blankfein (15), Larry Fink (16), Jack Ma (17), Jay Y. Lee (18), Loretta Lynch (19), Carl Icahn (20), Sergio Ermotti (21), Jeffrey Gundlach (22), John Stumpf (23), Mary Erdoes (24), Masayoshi Son (25), Charlie Scharf (26), Paul Taubman (27), Mark Carney (28), Joseph Stiglitz (29), Vladimir Putin (30), Stephen Schwarzman (31), Paul Singer (32), Michael Pettis (33), Lael Brainard (34), Marc Benioff (35), Robert Gordon (36), Margrethe Vestager (37), Ruth Porat (38), Mark Zuckerberg (39), Travis Kalanick (40), Jorge Paulo Lemann (41), Prince Mohammed Bin Salman (42), Wang Jianlin (43), Raj Chetty (44), Ken Moelis (45), Blythe Masters (46), Mary Barra (47), Jim Coulter (48), Larry Summers (49), John Oliver (50)

2015 ranking

The 2015 ranking was published in the November 2015 issue of Bloomberg Markets. Unlike previous rankings, it included heads of state and government, and ranked all individuals mentioned from 1 (Janet Yellen) to 50 (Ruchir Sharma). It also added a sixth category compared with previous rankings, focused on technological innovation and venture capital.

 corporate power Builders: Tim Cook (3), Warren Buffett (5), Jeff Bezos (15), Jorge Paulo Lemann (17), Akio Toyoda (29), Ellen Kullman (32), Wang Jianlin (37), Jimmy Lai (40), Aliko Dangote (41), Richard Davis (22)
 Bankers: Lloyd Blankfein (8), Jamie Dimon (11), Ana Botín (16), Elizabeth Warren (19), Tidjane Thiam (23), John Stumpf (36), Jiang Jianqing (39)
 Policy Shapers: Janet Yellen (1), Xi Jinping (2), Barack Obama (6), Angela Merkel (9), Narendra Modi (13), Mario Draghi (14), Paul Krugman (30), Wang Qishan (33), John Taylor (43), George Osborne (45)
 Tech Builders: Carl Icahn (7), Reid Hoffman (10), Fan Bao (22), Ruth Porat (24), Elon Musk (25), Marc Andreessen (27), Renaud Laplanche (28), Blythe Masters (44), Elizabeth Holmes (47), Jane Gladstone (49)
 Money Managers: Larry Fink (4), Abigail Johnson (12), Ray Dalio (18), Jeffrey Gundlach (21), Paul Singer (26), Jonathan Gray (34), Ken Griffin (35), Michael Kim (42)
 Thinkers: Thomas Piketty (20), Pope Francis (31), Christine Lagarde (38), Richard Thaler (46), Mo Ibrahim (48), Ruchir Sharma (50)

2014 ranking

The 2014 ranking was published in the October 2014 issue of Bloomberg Markets.

 Money Managers: Leon Cooperman, Mary Erdoes, Larry Fink, Carl Icahn, Helena Morrissey, Stephen Schwarzman, Paul Singer, Yngve Slyngstad, Byron Trott, Jeffrey Ubben.
 Thinkers: Timothy Garton Ash, Jack Bogle, Lael Brainard, Satyajit Das, Charmian Gooch, Paul Graham, Charles Grant, Kathy Matsui, Jacqueline Novogratz, Thomas Piketty.
 Corporate Power Brokers: Rinat Akhmetov, Mary Barra, Warren Buffett, Tim Cook, Guo Guangchang, Jeffrey Immelt, Jack Ma, Elon Musk, Xavier Niel, Igor Sechin.
 Bankers: Arundhati Bhattacharya, Lloyd Blankfein, Ana Patricia Botin, James Gorman, Jiang Jianqing, Rose Lee, Kenneth Moelis, John Stumpf, Axel Weber.
 Policy Makers: Preet Bharara, Mario Draghi, Jason Furman, Idris Jala, Benjamin Lawsky, George Osborne, Raghuram Rajan, Xiao Gang, Janet Yellen, Zhou Xiaochuan.

2013 ranking

The 2013 ranking was published in the October 2013 issue of Bloomberg Markets.

 Bankers: Paul Achleitner, Lloyd Blankfein, Ana Patricia Botin, Jamie Dimon, Isabelle Ealet, Sergio Ermotti, Jiang Jianqing, Gordon Nixon, Ruth Porat, John Stumpf
 Policy Makers: Akira Amari, Preet Bharara, Mark Carney, Mario Draghi, Jacob J. Lew, Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Raghuram Rajan, Mary Jo White, Xiao Gang, Janet Yellen.
 Money Managers: Hamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Leon Black, Mary Erdoes, Larry Fink, Carl Icahn, Daniel Ivascyn, Daniel Loeb, Helena Morrissey, Stephen Schwarzman, Dominique Senequier.
 Power Brokers: Jeff Bezos, Warren Buffett, Ivan Glasenberg, Lee Kun Hee, Jorge Paulo Lemann, Maurice Levy, Marissa Mayer, Dilip Shanghvi, Masayoshi Son, Alisher Usmanov.
 Thinkers: Dan Ariely, Esther Duflo, Robert J. Gordon, Salman Khan, Paul Krugman, Michael Mann, Elon Musk, Sheryl Sandberg, Michael Woodford, Andy Xie.

2012 ranking

The 2012 ranking was published in the October 2012 issue of Bloomberg Markets.

 Corporate Power Brokers: Warren Buffett, Chung Mong Koo, Tim Cook, John Fredriksen, the Koch Brothers, Yuri Milner, Ginni Rometty, Carlos Slim, Tadashi Yanai, Mark Zuckerberg.
 Money Managers: Cliff Asness, Hamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Chase Coleman, Leon Cooperman, Ray Dalio, Mary Erdoes, Larry Fink, Bill Gross, Jeffrey Gundlach, Michael Platt.
 Policy Makers: Mamata Banerjee, Ben S. Bernanke, Preet Bharara, Mario Draghi, Timothy F. Geithner, Paul Ryan, Aung San Suu Kyi, Adair Turner, Janet Yellen, Zhou Xiaochuan.
 Thinkers: Maury Harris, Glenn Hubbard, Daniel Kahneman, Paul Krugman, Carmen Reinhart, Alan Simpson, Hans-Werner Sinn, Joseph Stiglitz, John Taylor, Nicolas Veron.
 Bankers: Lloyd Blankfein, Emilio Botin, Jamie Dimon, Isabelle Ealet, Andre Esteves, Anshu Jain, Jiang Jianqing, Gerald McCaughey, Ruth Porat, John Stumpf.

2011 ranking

The 2011 ranking was published in the October 2011 issue of Bloomberg Markets.

 Policy Makers: Ben S. Bernanke, Agustin Carstens, Mario Draghi, Timothy F. Geithner, Christine Lagarde, Ali Al-Naimi, Masaaki Shirakawa, Wang Qishan, Elizabeth Warren, Zhou Xiaochuan.
 Bankers: Lloyd Blankfein, Robert Diamond, Jamie Dimon, James Gorman, Stuart Gulliver, Anshu Jain, Jiang Jianqing, Chanda Kochhar, Kenneth Moelis, Vikram Pandit.
 Money Managers: Steven Cohen, Ray Dalio, Laurence Fink, Jeremy Grantham, William Gross, Ho Ching, Lou Jiwei, Mark Mobius, James Simons, George Soros.
 Corporate Innovators: Mukesh Ambani, Eike Batista, Warren Buffett, Jeffrey Immelt, Steven Jobs, Mikhail Prokhorov, Wilbur Ross, David Rubenstein, Carlos Slim Helu, Ratan Tata,
 Thinkers: Carson Block, Martin Feldstein, Jan Hatzius, Daniel Kahneman, Paul Krugman, Jim O'Neill, Carmen Reinhart, Robert Shiller, Joseph Stiglitz, Nassim Taleb.

Multiple appearances

Listed six times
Lloyd Blankfein (2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016)
Warren Buffett (2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016)
Mario Draghi (2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016)
Laurence D. Fink (2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016)

Listed five times
Jamie Dimon (2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016)
Jiang Jianqing (2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015)
John Stumpf (2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016)
Elon Musk (2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017)
Janet Yellen (2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016)

Listed four times
Jeff Bezos (2013, 2015, 2016, 2017)
Mary Callahan Erdoes (2012, 2013, 2014, 2016)
Carl Icahn (2013, 2014, 2015, 2016)
Paul Krugman (2011, 2012, 2013, 2015)
Ruth Porat (2012, 2013, 2015, 2016)
Zhou Xiaochuan (2011, 2012, 2014, 2016)

Listed three times
Mary Barra (2014, 2016, 2017)
Preet Bharara (2012, 2013, 2014)
Ana Patricia Botín (2013, 2014, 2015)
Tim Cook (2012, 2014, 2015)
Ray Dalio (2011, 2012, 2015)
Jeffrey Gundlach (2012, 2015, 2016)
Jorge Paulo Lemann (2013, 2015, 2016)
Ken Moelis (2011, 2014, 2016)
Stephen A. Schwarzman (2013, 2014, 2016)
Paul Singer (2014, 2015, 2016)
Masayoshi Son (2013, 2016, 2017)
Joseph Stiglitz (2011, 2012, 2016)
Lael Brainard (2014, 2016, 2018)

References

Bloomberg L.P.
Top people lists
Most influential

50 Most Influential (Bloomberg ranking)


Douglas Garven Alexander (born 26 October 1967) is a Labour politician who served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Paisley and Renfrewshire South, previously Paisley South, from 1997 until his defeat in 2015. During this time, he served as Chancellor of the Duchy  of Lancaster, Scottish Secretary, Transport Secretary and International Development Secretary in the Cabinet under Prime Ministers Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. He subsequently served in Ed Miliband's Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions and Shadow Foreign Secretary.

Alexander was first elected to Parliament in the Paisley South by-election in 1997. In 2001, he was appointed by Tony Blair as Minister of State for  and Competitiveness in the Department of Trade and Industry. He was Minister of State for the Cabinet Office from 2002 to 2003. In 2003, he was promoted to Minister for the Cabinet Office and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. In 2004, he was appointed Minister of State for Trade, serving jointly in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) and in the Department of Trade and Industry.

At the 2005 general election, the Paisley South constituency was abolished and Alexander was elected to represent its successor seat of Paisley and Renfrewshire South. Following the election, Alexander was appointed Minister of State for Europe. During this period, Alexander attended Cabinet and was made a member of the Privy council. In 2006, Alexander was appointed to serve jointly as both Secretary of State for Scotland and Secretary of State for Transport. In 2007, when Gordon Brown became Prime Minister, he appointed Alexander as Secretary of State for International Development.

After Labour lost the 2010 general election Alexander co-chaired David Miliband's leadership campaign. When Ed Miliband became the party's leader, Alexander was elected to the Shadow cabinet and was made the Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions. He held this position until a 2011 reshuffle, when he was appointed Shadow Foreign Secretary. In October 2013, he was appointed by Miliband as the party's Chair of General Election Strategy. In 2015, his was among the 40 seats lost by Labour in Scotland.

In December 2022, Alexander sought out a return to parliament by applying to be Labour's parliamentary candidate for East Lothian in the next general election, the party's #1 target seat in Scotland, which is currently held by the Alba Party's Kenny MacAskill, who was elected for the SNP. He won the selection to stand for Labour in the constituency in February 2023.

Early life and career
Alexander was born in Glasgow, the son of Joyce O. Alexander and Douglas N. Alexander, a Church of Scotland minister. Much of his childhood was spent in Bishopton in Renfrewshire. Alexander attended his local comprehensive school Park Mains High School in Erskine, also in Renfrewshire, from where he joined the Labour Party as a schoolboy in 1982.

In 1984 he won a Scottish scholarship to attend Lester B. Pearson United World College of the Pacific in Canada, where he gained the International Baccalaureate Diploma, returning to Scotland to study politics and modern history at the University of Edinburgh. He spent 1988/89, the third of his four undergraduate years, at the University of Pennsylvania as part of the exchange scheme between the two universities. When studying in America, he worked for Michael Dukakis during the 1988 American presidential election campaign, and also worked for a Democratic senator in Washington DC. He graduated from the University of Edinburgh with a first-class degree in 1990.

In 1990, Douglas worked as a speech writer and parliamentary researcher for Shadow Trade and Industry Secretary Gordon Brown. He returned to Edinburgh to study for an LLB at the University of Edinburgh, where he won the Novice Moot Trophy and graduated with distinction in 1993. He then qualified as a Scottish solicitor. On qualifying as a solicitor he worked for a firm of solicitors in Edinburgh that provided legal services to Trade Union members and specialised in industrial injury cases.

Political career

Perth and Kinross
Whilst still studying in 1995 and with friends in the local Constituency Labour Party and the backing of his mentor shadow chancellor Gordon Brown, he was selected to be The Labour Party in Scotland candidate at the Perth and Kinross by-election caused by the death of the Conservative MP Nicholas Fairbairn. The by-election in the highly volatile Tory seat of Perth and Kinross came in the middle of the John Major government and was won by Roseanna Cunningham of the Scottish National Party, but Alexander received enough votes to push the Conservative candidate into third place. It was a seat where Labour had never previously done particularly well, and the result, which saw Labour overtake the Conservatives and move up to second place, broke several post war election records. This brought him to the attention of party leader Tony Blair, and shortly after his defeat by the SNP he was welcomed at The Labour Party in Scotland Conference in the Eden Court Theatre in Inverness where he spoke immediately before Blair in the critical debate on abolition of Clause 4.4 of the Labour Party Constitution.

When the Perth and Kinross constituency was abolished, Alexander was chosen to be the Labour candidate in the newly drawn Perth constituency at the 1997 general election. Once again Labour achieved a further swing with Alexander securing 24.8% share of the vote compared to 22.9% achieved during the by election, though pushed into third place.

Member of Parliament
On 28 July 1997, Gordon McMaster, the Labour Member of Parliament for Paisley South, committed suicide. Alexander, who grew up in Renfrewshire, was chosen to contest the by-election and he was duly elected to serve as the Member of Parliament for Paisley South on 6 November 1997. In June 2001 he was returned to Westminster with an increased majority. Following the General Election in May 2005 Douglas was re-elected, becoming MP for the new constituency of Paisley and Renfrewshire South, as well as promoted to Minister of State for Europe attending Cabinet at the Foreign Office. At the 2010 General Election Alexander was successfully re-elected as MP for Paisley and Renfrewshire South with a majority of 13,232 votes. He lost his seat to 20-year-old Mhairi Black of the Scottish National Party at the General Election on 8 May 2015 with a swing against him of 26.9%.

Minister of state
Alexander took a successful co-ordinating role in his party's campaign for the 2001 general election. He was rewarded by Tony Blair and was appointed Minister of State for  and Competitiveness at the Department of Trade and Industry in June 2001. In May 2002, Alexander was transferred to the Cabinet Office as Minister of State. As Minister of State for the Cabinet Office, Alexander oversaw the work of the government's Strategy Unit, the Central Office of Information, and the Civil Service.

In June 2003 Alexander was promoted to Minister for the Cabinet Office and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, and in September 2004 was moved to Minister of State for Trade at both the Department of Trade and Industry and the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.

Cabinet minister
Following the 2005 general election, he was given the role of Minister of State for Europe, part of the Foreign Office, with special provision to attend Cabinet. During the United Kingdom's Presidency of the Council of the European Union, he contributed directly to successful negotiations on agreement of the Multiannual Financial Framework. On 7 June 2005, he was made a Member of the Privy Council.

On 5 May 2006, he was appointed Secretary of State for Transport and, simultaneously, Secretary of State for Scotland, replacing Alistair Darling. On 10 August 2006, Alexander was helicoptered by the Royal Air Force from Scotland to London to join Home Secretary John Reid, in leading the UK Government's response to the 2006 transatlantic aircraft plot and attend meetings of COBRA, the government emergencies committee. He worked with police, Intelligence Agencies, the Airlines and the US Department of Homeland Security.

During his time as Scottish Secretary, Alexander oversaw the running of the 2007 Scottish Parliament election. Following Gordon Brown's appointment as Prime Minister on 27 June 2007, he appointed Douglas Alexander as Secretary of State for International Development. During this time Alexander served as a governor of the World Bank, the African Development Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank the Caribbean Development Bank, and the Asian Development Bank.

Election campaign roles
Alexander took a central role in the first Scottish Parliament elections in 1999 which saw Donald Dewar elected as the first First Minister of Scotland. Alexander is credited with devising the strategy for the campaign, including the successful 'Divorce is an Expensive Business' messaging unveiled at the Labour Party in Scotland Conference in Glasgow (March 1999). Labour secured 56 seats under the Proportional Representation system, nine short of an overall majority, and agreed to enter a coalition with the 17-strong Liberal Democrats to form the first Government in the newly established Scottish Parliament. Alexander also coordinated Labour's successful 2001 General Election Campaign which resulted in another Labour landslide and the Party winning 413 of the 659 seats available: securing a 167-seat majority in the House of Commons. Alexander was appointed by Tony Blair to Labour's National Executive Committee in 2003 and was appointed by Gordon Brown to be Labour's General Election Coordinator for the 2010 general election campaign. This campaign saw the first televised Leaders' debates, and Alexander was part of the core team preparing Gordon Brown for each debate, as well as devising the strategy and messaging for the campaign across the UK which would ultimately deny David Cameron's Conservatives a Majority in May 2010. Later in that year Alexander accepted the role as co-chair of David Miliband's campaign for the leadership of the Labour party. He subsequently was Ed Miliband's chair of general election strategy for the Labour 2015 general election campaign.

Opposition to antisemitism
In September 2012 Alexander gave an interview to the Evening Standard newspaper criticising Ken Livingstone's election campaign and calling out anti-Semitic comments made by the former London Mayor. He said Livingstone paid the "deserved price" when he lost the London mayoral election. Alexander said: "Ken's campaign too often looked like the past rather than the future and when I saw his remarks about the Jewish community in London in particular, I didn't just think it was ill-advised, I thought it was wrong". Livingstone hit back on Twitter, saying the Shadow Foreign Secretary "represents a failed New Labour project that lost millions of votes". He also invited him to discuss the issue on his radio show.

Alexander has been a vocal critic of anti-Semitism within the Labour Party and is a supporting member of one of the oldest socialist societies affiliated to the Party: the Jewish Labour Movement. In 2011, Alexander was among the first to publicly condemn Paul Flynn, the Labour MP for Newport West for his comments regarding the religion of Britain's first Jewish ambassador to Israel. Alexander, who at the time was serving as Labour's Shadow Foreign Secretary, said in response to Flynn's comments about Ambassador Matthew Gould that: "The faith of any British diplomat is irrelevant to their capability to their job. To make suggestions otherwise is wrong and offensive".

Public speeches
On 29 June 2010, five years after the Make Poverty History March in Edinburgh, Alexander gave a speech to the Labour Campaign for International Development about the progress made towards achieving the Gleneagles Summit Goals and on the future of International Development.

On 12 October 2011, Alexander delivered the Andrew John Williamson Memorial Lecture, at Stirling University. In his lecture entitled: "A Better Nation?" A Personal Reflection on Scotland's Future. Alexander explored the difference between the political ideologies of nationalism and socialism and outlined a strategy for Scottish Labour to reclaim the mantel of devolution and successfully defeat the campaign for Scottish separation.

On 17 January 2013 in a speech to the foreign policy think-tank Chatham House, Alexander outlined his support for the UK to remain a full member state of the European Union but would not support a federal United States of Europe.

On 3 May 2013, Alexander delivered the 4th Judith Hart Memorial Lecture for which he received a lot of media attention for addressing the issue of Scottish Independence ahead of the referendum to be held the following year. Alexander paid tribute to Judith Hart's "strong sense of solidarity" advocating for Scotland to vote to remain part of the United Kingdom, saying: "Walking away from others has never been our way – walking with others has been our heritage and to my mind should be our future".

Expenses controversy
During the 2009 MP expenses scandal, Alexander was one of three Labour ministers who "quietly repaid more £50,000 in expenses". It emerged he had repaid more than £12,000 that he had previously claimed in expenses on his taxpayer funded second home while also receiving income from a tenant at the same second home. This represented double funding for his second home and was against the expenses rules.

Post-parliamentary career
After leaving public office, Alexander became a Fisher Family Fellow at Harvard University where he served as a Senior Fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs (2016-2022). He has served as a visiting professor at the University of Chicago (2015) and is currently a visiting professor at New York University (Abu Dhabi). He is also currently a visiting professor at King's College London's Policy Institute. In November 2015 Alexander started working as a senior advisor to Bono, helping secure investment to tackle global poverty. In March 2016 Alexander joined the Pinsent Masons law firm as a "strategic advisor". He remains a Member of the UK Privy Council, a Council Member on the European Council of Foreign Relations, and a Trustee of the Royal United Services Institute.

He is a Council Member of the European Council on Foreign Relations, a Trustee of the Royal United Services Institute, and Chair of the Programme Committee at The Ditchley Foundation

Broadcasting
Alexander has written and presented programmes for BBC Radio 4 including: the documentary: "A Culture of Encounter" (2017), in which Alexander brought together experts and community organisations to explore the cultural, economic, and political polarising forces in society. He also authored and presented the three part "Belonging" series (2018) comprising these episodes: 'Old Ties', 'New Bonds', and 'Tomorrow's Stories'. This series, in which Alexander explored the erosion of class, religion and security in society to explain why the ties that previously gave so many a shared sense of belonging have weakened, was nominated by BBC Radio 4 for the International URTI Radio Grand Prix (31st edition) Prize for Public Service Media and Social Networks.

At the end of 2019 Alexander authored and presented a programme called: A Guide to Disagreeing Better. This programme was broadcast in January 2020 and explores why public discourse has become so ill-tempered and lacking in respect. Alexander interviews a range of contributors with personal tales about how to disagree better. The programme received widespread news coverage.

Ahead of COP26 in 2021, Alexander authored and presented a further BBC Radio 4 programme called 'Glasgow: Our Last Best Hope', an essential guide to COP26, its hope of success and what the transition to net zero could mean for Glaswegians and all of us, with contributions from John Kerry, Christian Figueres, Mark Carney and Alok Sharma.

In May 2022, Alexander authored and presented 'Connections' which examined whether recent crises - from Covid to the Ukraine war - have helped bring people together or driven them apart.

Bullying claims while chair of UNICEF UK

Douglas Alexander served as chair of the board of trustees for UNICEF UK from June 2018 to September 2020. Alexander stepped down as chair in September 2020 following accusations of bullying by then-executive director Sasha Deshmukh, although he had the support of the board. A review by Morgan, Lewis & Bockius which reported in January 2021 described the bullying allegations made by Deshmukh as "unsubstantiated", and in respect of complaints made by three other employees, said that although Alexander's manner "did cause some discomfort and upset to the three employees", that "when viewed objectively, it did not amount to bullying".

University of Edinburgh
In August 2021, Alexander was appointed a General Court Assessor at the University of Edinburgh Court, his alma mater. Alexander is a member of the University of Edinburgh Court, the university's highest governing body, and the General Council Business Committee and the Policy and Resources Committee.

Return to politics

In February 2023, Alexander was selected as the Labour candidate for the parliamentary seat of East Lothian for the next general election, which is one of the Labour Party's top target seats in Scotland.

Publications
Alexander has written numerous pieces for publication in national newspapers in the UK and the USA including The New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, The Guardian, and The Boston Globe.

He has contributed to, authored and edited several books: "New Scotland New Britain" (1999), "Europe in a Global Age" (2005), "Serving a Cause, Serving a Community" (2006), "Renewing our offer not retracing our steps", The Purple Book (2011), "Influencing Tomorrow: Future Challenges for British Foreign Policy (2013), and "Britain in a complex world", Why Vote Labour 2015: The Essential Guide (2014) and "Rethink: How We Can Make A Better World" (2021), a collection of essays focused on a global 'reset moment' with leading international figures giving glimpses of a better future after the pandemic including contributions from Pope Francis, Niall Ferguson, Samantha Power and Paul Krugman.

Personal life
Douglas married Jacqueline Christian in 2000, and together they have a daughter and a son. His sister, Wendy Alexander, was also involved in politics as an MSP until 2011 and briefly as the Leader of the Labour Party in the Scottish Parliament until she resigned in 2008. His father, a Church of Scotland minister, conducted the funeral of the inaugural First Minister of Scotland, Donald Dewar at Glasgow Cathedral in 2000. He is the great-nephew of Cecil Frances Alexander.

References

Bibliography
Torrance, David, The Scottish Secretaries (Birlinn 2006)

External links
Douglas Alexander MP official site
Rt Hon Douglas Alexander MP at the Foreign Office
Douglas Alexander at the Department of Trade and Industry
Douglas Alexander at Dfid

Steering safely down the middle, Gillian Bowditch interview in The Sunday Times Scotland, 24 September 2006
Douglas Alexander profile in The New Statesman

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1967 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh School of Law
Chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Paisley constituencies
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
People educated at a United World College
People educated at Park Mains High School
People from Bishopton
Politicians from Glasgow
Scottish Labour MPs
Scottish solicitors
Secretaries of State for Scotland
Secretaries of State for Transport (UK)
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015

Douglas Alexander


Radiometric dating (often called radioactive dating) is a way to find out how old something is. The method compares the amount of a naturally occurring radioactive isotope and its decay products, in samples. The method uses known decay rates. It is the most used method of geochronology, the main way to learn the age of rocks and other geological features, including the age of the Earth itself.

It is used to date many kinds of natural and man-made materials. Fossils may be dated by taking samples of rocks from above and below the fossil's original position. Radiocarbon dating is much used to date archaeological materials, including ancient artifacts.

Radiometric dating methods are used to establish the geological time scale. Among the best-known techniques are radiocarbon dating, potassium-argon dating and uranium-lead dating.

Radioactive decay
All ordinary matter is made up of combinations of chemical elements, each with its own atomic number, indicating the number of protons in the atomic nucleus. Elements exist in different isotopes, with each isotope of an element differing in the number of neutrons in the nucleus. A particular isotope of a particular element is called a nuclide. Some nuclides are naturally unstable. That is, at some point in time, an atom of such a nuclide will spontaneously change into a different nuclide by radioactive decay. The decay may happen by emission of particles (usually electrons (beta decay), positrons or alpha particles) or by spontaneous nuclear fission, and electron capture.

The age equation

The mathematical expression that relates radioactive decay to geologic time is:

D = D0 + N(eλt − 1)

where
t is age of the sample,
D is number of atoms of the daughter isotope in the sample,
D0 is number of atoms of the daughter isotope in the original composition,
N is number of atoms of the parent isotope in the sample, and
λ is the decay constant of the parent isotope, equal to the inverse of the radioactive half-life of the parent isotope times the natural logarithm of 2.

This equation uses information on the parent and daughter isotopes at the time the material solidified. This is well known for most isotopic systems. Plotting an isochron (straight-line graph) is used to solve the age equation graphically. It shows the age of the sample, and the original composition.

Preconditions
The method works best if neither the parent nuclide nor the daughter product enters or leaves the material after its formation. Anything which changes the relative amounts of the two isotopes (original and daughter) must be noted, and avoided if possible. Contamination from outside, or the loss of isotopes at any time from the rock's original formation, would change the result. It is therefore essential to have as much information as possible about the material being dated and to check for possible signs of alteration.

Measurements should be taken on samples from different parts of the rock body. This helps to counter the effects of heating and squeezing, which a rock may experience in its long history. Different dating methods may be needed to confirm the age of a sample. For example, a study of the Amitsoq gneisses from western Greenland used five different radiometric dating methods to examine twelve samples and got agreement to within 30 million years on an age of 3,640my.

Related pages
Age of the Earth

References

Radiometric dating


Maple Grove is a suburban city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 70,253 at the 2020 census. making it Minnesota's 11th most populous city.

Maple Grove serves as a retail, cultural and medical center in the northwest region of the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area. One of the Twin Cities' largest shopping centers, The Shoppes at Arbor Lakes, is in Maple Grove. Maple Grove is also home to the Hindu Temple of Minnesota, the state's largest Hindu temple.

History
Winnebago were the only inhabitants in the Maple Grove area until 1851, when Louis Gervais arrived and settled. Four years later, city growth included a church, town hall, and many homes. The Pierre Bottineau House was the first wood-frame house built in Maple Grove Township, in 1854. The house has been moved from its original location and is now in the Elm Creek Park Reserve. The city was known for its large stands of maple trees and was a significant source of maple syrup.

With the completion and major upgrades to Interstates 94 / 694, 494, and U.S. Highway 169, Maple Grove has grown at a rapid pace since the 1970s. It is one of the most populous cities in the Twin Cities area and one of the fastest-growing cities in the state. Maple Grove was also named the second-best place to live in 2014 by Money magazine.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of , of which  is land and  is water.

There are 13 named lakes in the city: Arbor Lake, Cedar Island Lake, Cook Lake, Eagle Lake, Edward Lake, Fish Lake, North Arbor Lake, Mud Lake, Pike Lake, Rice Lake including its Outlet and West Bay, Teal Lake, Weaver Lake, and West Arbor Lake.

Maple Grove directly borders six other cities: Dayton, Champlin, Brooklyn Park, Osseo, Plymouth, and Corcoran. It is also near Medina, Rogers, New Hope, and Minneapolis.

Many major highways pass through the city. Interstate 94 intersects with Interstate 494 and Interstate 694 at the Fish Lake split. U.S. Route 169 runs north-south along the eastern border of the city with Brooklyn Park. Minnesota State Highway 610 runs east-west in the northern portion of the city. Hennepin County maintains most of city's large thoroughfares, including County Road 10 (Bass Lake Road), County Road 30, County Road 61 (Hemlock Lane), County Road 81, County Road 101, County Road 109 (Weaver Lake Road), County Road 121 (Fernbrook Lane), and County Road 130 (Elm Creek Boulevard).

Demographics

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 61,567 people, 22,867 households, and 17,222 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 23,626 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 86.4% White, 4.2% African American, 0.3% Native American, 6.2% Asian, 0.8% from other races, and 2.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.5% of the population.

There were 22,867 households, of which 39.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.0% were married couples living together, 8.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 24.7% were non-families. Of all households, 19.3% were made up of individuals, and 4.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.12.

The median age in the city was 37.6 years. 26.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 28.8% were from 25 to 44; 30.7% were from 45 to 64; 7.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.8% male and 51.2% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 50,365 people (10th largest city in Minnesota), 17,532 households, and 13,955 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 17,745 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 94.7% White 1.05% African American, 0.24% Native American, 2.52% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.1% from other races, and 1.04% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.06% of the populations. 31.9% were of German, 14.0% Norwegian, 8.5% Swedish and 7.9% Irish ancestry.

There were 17,532 households, out of which 46.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.5% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.4% were non-families. Of all households, 15.8% were made up of individuals, and 2.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.87 and the average family size was 3.24.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 30.8% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 34.8% from 25 to 44, 23.7% from 45 to 64, and 4.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.9 males.

Economy
Maple Grove is home to a regional Boston Scientific research, development, and manufacturing facility, employing over 3,000 people. Other major employers include Independent School District 279, Nortech Systems, and the city of Maple Grove.

The city is home to a  gravel mining area owned by Tiller Corporation and C.S. McCrossan. Active since the 1920s, the GMA is slowly being developed into a residential and commercial downtown. The first phase included Main Street, a collection of one- and two-story buildings with storefronts in new urbanist (or neotraditional) style. The second phase was generally considered to be the Shoppes of Arbor Lakes and the third phase was the Fountains at Arbor Lakes.

Minnesota's first so-called "lifestyle center", The Shoppes at Arbor Lakes, is designed in the spirit of a mid-century American village. The center was built in 2003 and has been replicated in Woodbury, Minnesota (Woodbury Lakes). The development is and is home to more than 65 stores and restaurants.

An additional phase of Arbor Lakes development is a hybrid power center development called The Fountains at Arbor Lakes. At , this retail complex includes a water park. The Fountains also includes Minnesota's most energy-efficient building, Great River Energy Headquarters. Maple Grove's Main Street area is part of the Arbor Lakes retail area. The Village at Arbor Lakes includes hotels, restaurants, and additional retail space.

The Grove is at the intersection of Interstate 94 and Maple Grove Parkway in northwest Maple Grove. This district is home to the new North Memorial/Fairview hospital complex and stores. The project's central portion is designed to be pedestrian-friendly and encourage a small-town atmosphere.

Maple Grove is home to more retail than nearly any other city in the state, second only to Bloomington, home of the Mall of America. Maple Grove likely has nearly 6 million square feet (600,000 m2) of commercial development at build-out, which may soon push the city into the number one spot for retail square footage. One prominent retail complex is the Grove Square shopping mall. Opus Northwest, the developer of the property, selected the location of the initial property development because "it's the first major city in upstate Minnesota" and serves as "a major hub for that submarket" drawing consumers from the entire upstate region.

Government
Maple Grove is served by a city council consisting of a mayor and four council members who all serve four-year terms. City Council members serve at large. City elections coincide with the general elections held in the fall of all even-numbered years. Mark Steffenson is the current mayor and has served since June 2001.

The first town hall was authorized and built in 1877 and was used until 1939. In 1974, Maple Grove became a city. A new town hall was constructed on Fernbrook Lane. The first city council meeting was held in this building on August 4, 1975. The current Government Center opened in October 2000.

On May 6, 1974, the city council voted to establish a volunteer fire department. In 1986, the original fire station was closed and two new stations were built. There are five fire stations in the city.

Maple Grove is in the 7th District of Hennepin County. The commissioner for the 7th district is Kevin Anderson.

Representative Kristin Robbins, a Republican (District 34A) and Kristin Bahner, a Democrat (District 34B), represent the city in the Minnesota House of Representatives. Republican senator Warren Limmer (District 34) represents Maple Grove in the Minnesota Senate.

Maple Grove is in Minnesota's 3rd congressional district, represented by Dean Phillips, a Democrat.

In the 2004 presidential election, Republican candidate George W. Bush received 59% of the vote in the city.

Education
Maple Grove's public schools are part of Osseo Area School District 279, which also serves Brooklyn Center, Brooklyn Park, Plymouth, Corcoran, Dayton and Rogers. Maple Grove Senior High School is the only public high school in the city. Fernbrook Elementary School opened in the fall of 1988. The superintendent is Cory McIntyre. Part of Maple Grove is also served by Wayzata Public Schools. Private schools in Maple Grove include Heritage Christian Academy, Ave Maria Academy, and Parnassus Preparatory School.

Notable people
 Jimmy Brown, jazz musician
 Dale Clausnitzer, Minnesota politician and businessman
 Warren Limmer, Minnesota politician
 Patrick D. McGowan, Minnesota politician and law enforcement officer
 ODB, American professional wrestler
 Sisqó (Mark Althavean Andrews), singer
 Jesse Ventura, 38th governor of Minnesota
 Kurt Zellers, Former Minnesota Speaker of the House

References

External links
 City website

Cities in Minnesota
Cities in Hennepin County, Minnesota
Populated places established in 1851
1851 establishments in Minnesota Territory

Maple Grove, Minnesota


Guy Rosolato (1924–2012) was a French psychoanalyst, who was to become president of the Association Psychoanalytique de France (APF).

Life, career and contributions
Born in Istanbul, Rosolato served with the Free French in the war, before going into analysis with Jacques Lacan in 1953. He became a training analyst with the newly formed Société Française de Psychanalyse, and followed Lacan into the École Freudienne de Paris in 1964.  However, during the controversy over the passe later in the decade, he would leave to join other influential ex-Lacanians in the APF.

A lover of opera, Rosolato's most distinctive theoretical work concerned the role of the voice in the formation of the body-ego – its role as "acoustic mirror" partway between body and language.  He saw the maternal voice as providing, from the womb onwards, what he called a "sonorous envelope" for the developing child - something functioning between, and confounding separation and union, entry and departure.

Rosolato also explored and extended Freud's concept of the dead father, of Totem and Taboo, as well as the confusion between the phallic mother and the primitive father in early childhood thought; and was interested in the interaction of psychoanalysis and cinema (as with the practice of projective identification onto the screen).

See also

References

21st-century French psychologists
French psychoanalysts
2012 deaths
1924 births

Guy Rosolato


Bader Al Dafa () is a Qatari diplomat who has been the Executive Director of the Global Dryland Alliance since 2012. He served from 2007 to 2010 as the United Nations Executive Secretary of the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA). He was appointed to the position by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon in July 2007.

A seasoned diplomat, Al Dafa has acquired extensive experience in foreign affairs. He was the recent Ambassador of Qatar to the United States and Permanent Observer to the Organization of American States (OAS). In addition, he has served as Qatar's Ambassador to the Russian Federation, France, Egypt and Spain, and as non-resident Ambassador to Switzerland, Greece,  Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, and Mexico.

His official ESCWA online biography added, "Besides his diplomatic experiences, he has also served in a variety of capacities in international non-governmental organizations. He supervised programmes of building housing for families with limited income in  Africa and participated in landmine clearing programmes in the Balkans. He also played an active role in fund-raising programmes with children's hospitals in Asia and North America and in supporting the empowerment of women in North Africa and Central Asia. He also organized conferences on free trade, democracy and inter-religious dialogue.

Al Dafa holds a master's degree in international public policy from Johns Hopkins University and a bachelor's degree in political science and economics from Western Michigan University. He obtained the award the Ordre du Merite from France. He is fluent in Arabic, English and Spanish.

References

External links
 United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia

Living people
Qatari diplomats
Qatari officials of the United Nations
Ambassadors of Qatar to Russia
Ambassadors of Qatar to France
Ambassadors of Qatar to Egypt
Ambassadors of Qatar to Spain
Ambassadors of Qatar to Finland
Ambassadors of Qatar to Greece
Ambassadors of Qatar to Latvia
Ambassadors of Qatar to Estonia
Ambassadors of Qatar to Switzerland
Ambassadors of Qatar to Mexico
Ambassadors of Qatar to the United States
Year of birth missing (living people)
Western Michigan University alumni
Johns Hopkins University alumni

Bader Al-Dafa


William Marvin Birenbaum (July 18, 1923 – October 4, 2010) was an American educator and college administrator who served in leadership positions at the New School for Social Research, Long Island University and at Staten Island Community College (since renamed as the College of Staten Island), and received national attention for his efforts to address financial difficulties during his term as president of Antioch College. He also served as president of the National Student Association.

Life
Birenbaum was born on July 18, 1923, in Macomb, Illinois. He was raised in Waterloo, Iowa and enrolled at the Iowa State Teachers College (later the University of Northern Iowa) until he enlisted in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II. After completing his military service, he attended the University of Chicago Law School where he completed a J.D. degree. After serving as dean of students at the University of Chicago from 1947 to 1957, Birenbaum moved to Wayne State University, where he was an assistant vice president and served as chairman of the Michigan Cultural Commission. In 1961, he was named as dean of the New School for Social Research.

Starting in 1964, Birenbaum was the vice president and provost at Long Island University's Brooklyn Center. In that role he supported keeping lower tuition and approved changes that eliminated a dress code and allowed students to have a beard. He was opposed in these efforts by the traditionalist chancellor R. Gordon Hoxie who had sought to raise tuition as a means of dealing with the college's mounting debt burden. Hoxie demanded Birenbaum's resignation in March 1967, despite the fact that the faculty had voted by a nearly 4–1 margin to keep him as provost. 1,500 students gathered to mount what turned out to be an unsuccessful protest against Birenbaum's dismissal, chanting "We want Bill" and physically confronting Dr. Hoxie. The sequence of events, on the other hand, eventually resulted in Hoxie being asked to resign in September 1968 by the board of trustees. Birenbaum served as president of Staten Island Community College from 1968 to 1976.

After considering 337 candidates in its search, Birenbaum was named as president of Antioch College in April 1976. The chairman of the search committee called him a "courageous and charismatic personality" who is an "experienced chief executive with a strong track record in crisis-type settings." By 1979, The New York Times described tensions on campus due to the school's dire financial crisis and that Birenbaum's "pugnacious and often abrasive style had offended many Antiochians", with enrollment at the Yellow Springs, Ohio campus dropping from 2,000 to 1,000 during the 1970s. Birenbaum implemented cost-cutting measures including a cut in the number of satellite campus programs nationwide from 30 down to under 10 and established Antioch University as a parent for its multiple campuses. By November 1980, The New York Times was able to report in a headline of an article about the college that "A Streamlined Antioch Appears on the Way to Survival".  Birenbaum announced in June 1984 that he would be retiring and Alan E. Guskin of the University of Wisconsin–Parkside was named to succeed him as of September 1, 1985.

Death
A resident of Brooklyn and Wellfleet, Massachusetts, Birenbaum died at the age of 87 on October 4, 2010, due to heart failure at his New York City home. He was survived by his wife, the former Helen Bloch, as well as by a daughter, a son and four grandchildren. His daughter Susan Birenbaum died in 2008.

Bibliography
Birenbaum was the author of the 1969 book Overlive: Power, Poverty, and the University and the 1971 text Something for Everybody Is Not Enough: An Educator's Search for His Education. In a 1972 CBC documentary, Dr. Birenbaum comments on controversial independent scholar Immanuel Velikovsky and how such scholarship could be a natural part of the academic curriculum.

Legacy
The William M. Birenbaum Papers were donated by Helen Birenbaum in 2012 to the Archives and Special Collections Department of the Library at the College of Staten Island (CUNY). The William M. Birenbaum Collection 1946-1985 documents his career.

References

1923 births
2010 deaths
People from Macomb, Illinois
American education writers
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
Antioch College
Antioch College faculty
Long Island University faculty
Educators from Brooklyn
People from Waterloo, Iowa
People from Wellfleet, Massachusetts
Presidents of Antioch College
The New School faculty
United States Army Air Forces soldiers
University of Chicago Law School alumni
University of Northern Iowa alumni
Wayne State University faculty

William Birenbaum


Jurriaan Hendrik Andriessen (15 November 1925, Haarlem - 23 August 1996, The Hague) was a Dutch composer. Andriessen studied composition with his father Hendrik at the Utrecht Conservatory before moving to Paris where he studied with Olivier Messiaen.

His brother Louis Andriessen (1939-2021) was also a composer and pianist, as well as his uncle Willem (1887-1964).

Career
The bulk of Andriessen's output is for the stage; his study in Paris was primarily in writing film music. He had a variety of musical influences which he drew upon, including American film music, Aaron Copland's ballets, folk music of various cultures, neoclassicism, and serialism; this eclecticism combined with his compositional skill made his writing well-suited to scoring dramatic works. His first stage composition was incidental music for "The Miraculous Hour", a play premiered at the celebration of the 50th year of Queen Wilhelmina's reign, in 1948. In 1954 the Haagse Comedie (now the Nationaal Toneel, or "National Theatre") appointed him resident composer, where he wrote scores for Eugene O'Neill's Mourning Becomes Electra and Tom Stoppard's Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead, among numerous others.

His stay in the United States on a Rockefeller Foundation fellowship from 1949 to 1951 was a fruitful one for his orchestral writing, another notable area of his work; during this time he composed the Tanglewood Overture for Serge Koussevitsky, and the Berkshire Symphonies, later used as ballet music by George Balanchine. His compositions were commissioned for state celebrations, including the wedding and the coronation of Queen Beatrix and the silver jubilee of Queen Juliana.

In addition to the theatre works he is most noted for, Andriessen was also a prolific composer of chamber and vocal works, many of which were meant to be performed by amateurs; he has also been a director for television.

Selected works
 Het wonderlijke uur (The Miraculous Hour), incidental music (1948)
 Berkshire Symphonies, orchestral (1949)
 Rouw past Elektra (Mourning becomes Electra), incidental music (1954)
 Concertino, for bassoon and double woodwind quintet (1962)
Three dances, for piano solo (1962)
 Entrata Festiva, orchestral, for the wedding of Princess Beatrix (1966)
 Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead, stage score (1968)
 Een Prince van Orangien, orchestral, for the silver jubilee of Queen Juliana (1973)
 Entrata della regina, orchestral, for the coronation of Queen Beatrix (1980)
 Sciarada Spagnuola, Divertimento voor Blaaskwintet (1963)
 Les Cloches des Clochards'', suite for carillon (1976)

Family
Andriessen's father, Hendrik, brother Louis, and uncle Willem have also been notable composers

References
 Jos Wouters and Ronald Vermeulen: "Andriessen". Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy. Accessed 7 March 2005.

External links

1925 births
1996 deaths
20th-century classical composers
20th-century Dutch composers
Dutch male classical composers
Dutch classical composers
Dutch film score composers
Male film score composers
Dutch music educators
Musicians from Haarlem
Rockefeller Fellows
Knights of the Order of Orange-Nassau
20th-century Dutch male musicians

Jurriaan Andriessen (composer)


The Livermore Valley, historically known as the Valle de San José (Valley of San José), is a valley in Alameda County, California, located in the East Bay region. The city of Livermore is located in the valley.

Geography
The valley is bounded by the Diablo Range on the north, east, and south; and is linked to the west with the Amador Valley.

Watercourses draining the Livermore Valley include Arroyo Mocho, Arroyo Valle, Arroyo Seco, and Arroyo Las Positas.

Wine Country
The southern side of Livermore is wine country. Wineries in the area include Wente Vineyards and Concannon Vineyards.

Laboratories
In the east of Livermore is the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. Element 116 on the periodic table, Livermorium, is named after this laboratory. Sandia Laboratory is also located in eastern Livermore.

Due to these laboratories, much of eastern Livermore is off-limits to the general public.

History
Livermore Valley was named after Robert Livermore, an immigrant American rancher in Mexican Alta California, who with his business partner José Noriega were keeping livestock in the valley since 1834. Livermore and Jose Noriega received the Mexican land grant for Rancho Las Positas, which encompassed the valley, in 1839 from Governor Juan Bautista Alvarado.

In 1847 Noriega and Livermore purchased Rancho Canada de los Vaqueros adjacent to the north of Rancho Las Positas and Livermore Valley in the Diablo Range.

Livermore's name became well known during the California Gold Rush in the late 1840s−early 1850s, for an inn at his adobe ranch house in the valley that served miners and other travelers eastbound on the road from the Bay Area through the Diablo Range's passes to the Mother Lode region in the Sierra Nevada.

The valley came to be called by his name, as was Livermore Pass then (present day Altamont Pass), the valley's northern pass that led to Stockton and the gold fields.

See also
 Hagemann Ranch Historic District
 Livermore Valley AVA

References

Valleys of Alameda County, California
Subregions of the San Francisco Bay Area
Valleys of California

Livermore Valley


A cowbell (or cow bell) is a bell worn around the neck of free-roaming livestock so herders can keep track of an animal via the sound of the bell when the animal is grazing out of view in hilly landscapes or vast plains. Although they are typically referred to as "cow bells" due to their extensive use with cattle, the bells are used on a wide variety of animals.

Characteristics and uses

The bell and clapper are commonly crafted from iron, bronze, brass, copper, or wood. The collar used to hold the bell is traditionally made with leather and wood fibers. The craftsmanship of cow bells varies by geographic location and culture. Most cow bells are made of thin, flat pieces of plated sheet metal. Plating causes the sheet metal to have a surface which can be decorated or left plain. The ornaments on the cow bell and the collar are usually decorative although some cultures believe that certain ornaments provide or enhance magical protections such as the power to prevent or cure fever and other illnesses. Different bells can have specific sounds to identify important characteristics of the animals, such as age, sex, and species. Some cultures have even developed names to differentiate between bells and their tones; for example, in Spanish,  refers to stud males,  to female goats or ewes, and  for pregnant females and immature animals. Each of these bells possess unique sounds, shapes, and sizes.

Bells are used to keep track of grazing animal herds such as goats, reindeer, sheep and cows. They are mainly used in Europe, Mediterranean areas and Latin America, but are also used worldwide by those who practice transhumance, including nomadic pastoral tribes in Africa and Asia. Some people put bells on their livestock because they believe the foreign sound of the bell scares off predators, however, some studies have shown that the sound of the bell has the opposite effect and leads predators to livestock because predators develop a learned association between the sound of the bell and the presence of a prey animal.

Cowbells are often rung by human spectators at Alpine skiing events, and also, particularly in the US, at cyclo-cross races. They are usually held in the hand rather than worn around the neck.

In the 1960s, Earl W. Terrell and Ralph L. Reeves welded handles onto cowbells at Mississippi State University for students. Today that has led to 60,000 cowbells ringing around Mississippi State Bulldog Athletics. Mississippi State now holds the world record for most cowbells ringing simultaneously.

History

Archaeological evidence of bells dates back to more than 5000 years ago, from the 3rd millennium BC in Neolithic China. During this era, there is evidence of early forms of pottery cowbells, which were likely used to track goats, sheep, and cattle. The pottery bells were later replaced by metal bells. In West Asia, the first bells appeared in 1000 BC. The earliest metal bells, one found in the Taosi site, and four in the Erlitou site, are dated to about 2000 BC.

Bells for shepherding were expanded from the fertile crescent to Celtic, Carthaginian, Greek and Roman cultures. The earliest depictions of bells used for livestock in Britain appear on Pictish carved stones of the 7th to 9th centuries AD at Eassie, Angus and Fowlis Wester, Perthshire. Small iron bells of 8th or 9th century date, argued to be for cow or sheep, have been excavated from upland farm settlements at Crummack Dale and Gauber High Pasture in the Yorkshire Dales. An early depiction of a bellwether, the leading sheep of a flock, on whose neck a bell is hung, is in the Carolingian Stuttgart Psalter of the ninth century.

In Europe, the earliest written evidence of bells used for livestock dates to the late 14th to early 15th century. Grimm's  s.v. "Kuhschelle" points to a 1410 mention in a Frankfurt archive; the OED lists 1440 as the earliest attestation of a 'bell-wether'. The OED also attributes the phrase "to bear the bell" in the sense "to take the first place" as originally referring to the leading cow or sheep of a drove or flock to Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde, 1374. In 15th-century Germany, a cow bell was worn only by the best and leading piece of livestock. The wider distribution of the bell worn by livestock was a gradual process of the Early Modern period. In France in the mid-16th century, Francois Rabelais makes this practice explicit in his Gargantua and Pantagruel, stating that

The importance of the cow bell is highlighted in Swiss folklore, which reflects a period when a great Trychel, or large cow bell, was a rare and much-coveted item. The legend of the Simmental tells how a young cowherd strays inside a mountain, and is offered by a beautiful woman the choice between a treasure of gold coins, a golden Trychel, or the fairy herself. He chooses the Trychel.

As opposed to regular cast-metal bells, 'trychlen' are made of hammered sheet metal. This results in a clanking, less crisp sound, but at the same time results in a bell that is lighter and thus easier to carry.

Modern-day manufacturing of cow bells continues today in Korea, Indonesia, and India, many created as village handicrafts. Despite a May 2012 fire that destroyed its factory, the Bevin Brothers Manufacturing Company continues to make cow bell bells in East Hampton, CT, as it has since its founding in 1832; it is the only remaining U.S. company making just bells.

Examples of cow bells in ceremonial traditions
In Western Europe, when the snow has melted in the spring, villages send the cows to the high alpine meadows to graze. This event, called , is celebrated in each village with a procession through the village to the high pastures. The cows are decorated with floral wreaths woven through the horns. The best milk-producing cow in the village leads the procession and wears the largest bell. The bells are made in various sizes, and are awarded to the cows according to their milk production that year.

In the fall, the event is repeated, but is called an , as the animals return from the high meadow. The best cows (each referred to as a , "crown[ed] cow", after the ornamental headwear with which it is adorned) from each herd again lead the procession. The traditional festival is called  in Southern Germany, and has other names in the Alpine regions.

Animal welfare concerns
Cow bells can be as loud as 113 decibels, and it has been suggested that this may cause pain or deafness in animals wearing them. A study published in 2015 found that wearing a bell over three days caused cows to spend less time feeding, ruminating, and lying down. Animal rights campaigners, including the German Animal Welfare Society, have called for a ban on using cow bells.

Gallery

References

Further reading
Robert Schwaller, Treicheln, Schellen, Glocken (1996; 2005 addendum).

External links

 Cowbells in Polish collections

Swiss folklore
Bells (percussion)
Livestock
Cattle
Bulgarian traditions
Chinese musical instruments
Articles containing video clips

Cowbell