Robert A. Snyder (February 6, 1913 – January 4, 2001) was an American football player and coach who spent more than three decades in the sport, including his most prominent position as head coach of the National Football League's Los Angeles Rams.

College career
A native of Toledo, Ohio, Snyder played three years of football at Ohio University, seeing action on both sides of the ball.  During that trio of seasons that began in 1933, Snyder was off the field for just four minutes, winning small college All-America honors as a senior.

Professional career
He moved on to the fledgling second version of the American Football League in 1936, where he played for the Pittsburgh Americans before shifting to the NFL the following year with the Cleveland Rams. Playing quarterback (as well as serving as the team's placekicker) for two seasons, Snyder finished the 1938 NFL season with 631 yards passing, while also showing excellent speed and mobility.

On February 13, 1939, Snyder was traded to the Chicago Bears and used at running back. After contributing throughout the campaign, he suffered a deep personal tragedy when his two-week-old son, Robert Calvin, died on November 30.

When he returned the next year, Snyder played exclusively at quarterback (and continuing as a kicker), but had the misfortune of playing on the same team as future Hall of Fame signal caller Sid Luckman.  That frustration was soothed somewhat when the Bears went on to capture the 1940 NFL Championship with the biggest rout in the league's postseason history, defeating the Washington Redskins, 73–0.

After another season of play resulted in another championship for the Bears, with Snyder kicking three field goals in the 37-9 championship game victory, Snyder retired to become the University of Notre Dame's freshman football coach on July 10, 1942.  His main focus was instruction in his area of expertise, the T-Formation, and his work undoubtedly proved to be successful when two quarterbacks under his tutelage, Angelo Bertelli and Johnny Lujack, went on to win the Heisman Trophy.

Snyder returned to the playing field with one more season with the Bears in 1943, notching a trio of league kicking records with 39 conversions, while also connecting on all 12 of his field goal attempts.  During the November 14 contest against the New York Giants, Snyder scored on eight conversions during the Bears' high-scoring effort.  After the season ended with another Bears' championship, he spent one year contributing to the war effort, serving as personnel manager of the Thompson Aircraft plant in his hometown of Toledo.  A back injury suffered during his playing days had prevented Snyder from serving in the armed services.  During this stretch, he also coached Libbey High School, his alma mater, to an Ohio state title.

Coaching career
In 1945, Snyder joined the Rams as an assistant coach, and played a major role in helping rookie quarterback Bob Waterfield win Most Valuable Player accolades.  Under bitterly cold conditions on December 16, the Rams won the NFL title with a 15–14 decision over the Redskins.  Just weeks later, Ram owner Dan Reeves shifted the franchise to Los Angeles, with Snyder spending the following season in the same capacity.

After Rams head coach Adam Walsh resigned at the conclusion of the 1946 NFL season, Snyder was named head coach on January 20, 1947, and immediately became the league's youngest head coach.  Winning three of the first four games of the regular season, Snyder watched the Rams collapse at midseason with a four-game losing streak to finish with a 6–6 mark.  The pressures of that season followed him into the next, causing him to resign on September 3, 1948, citing an ulcer condition.

Despite that stress, Snyder would stay away from coaching for less than a month before accepting an assistant post with the USC Trojans.  On January 28, 1949, he left that position for an assistant coaching spot with the Green Bay Packers under Curly Lambeau, but again remained only a year before heading home to become head football coach at the University of Toledo.

Snyder made a bit of history by naming Dick Huston as freshman coach, the first African-American mentor to ever work for a non-black college. Despite being back among family, Snyder left the school after finishing 4–5 during the 1950 season, and did not resurface until 1953 when he was named head coach of the Canadian Football League's Calgary Stampeders.

That foray would again only span one season before he was dismissed.  The aftermath of his departure was ugly as Snyder claimed in February 1954 that players were taking the amphetamine benzedrine to keep up their stamina during the season, a charge that was roundly denied by the league.  In August of that year, Snyder spent one season as an assistant at Villanova University, then returned to the NFL for two years with the Pittsburgh Steelers before moving back for one year to the college level as a West Virginia University assistant.

Snyder watched his coaching career wind down during the 1960s, working at the minor league football level, beginning with a stint with the Toledo Tornadoes of the United Football League.  On September 19, 1965, he was named head coach of the Wheeling Ironmen of the Continental Football League, lasting until his resignation on November 22, 1967.  The following year, he became head coach of the league's Indianapolis Capitols, but resigned on February 4, 1969, to enter private business in Toledo.

Death
Snyder died in 2001 at a Toledo rehabilitation center after complications from diabetes.

Head coaching record

College

Professional

References

External links

1913 births
2001 deaths
American football quarterbacks
Calgary Stampeders coaches
Chicago Bears players
Cleveland Rams coaches
Cleveland Rams players
Green Bay Packers coaches
Los Angeles Rams coaches
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football coaches
Ohio Bobcats football players
Pittsburgh Americans players
Pittsburgh Steelers coaches
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Villanova Wildcats football coaches
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People from Fremont, Ohio
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Los Angeles Rams head coaches

Bob Snyder (American football)


Magnetic-core memory was the predominant form of random-access computer memory for 20 years between about 1955 and 1975. Such memory is often just called core memory, or, informally, core.

Core memory uses toroids (rings) of a hard magnetic material (usually a semi-hard ferrite) as transformer cores, where each wire threaded through the core serves as a transformer winding. Two or more wires pass through each core. Magnetic hysteresis allows each of the cores to "remember", or store a state.

Each core stores one bit of information. A core can be magnetized in either the clockwise or counter-clockwise direction. The value of the bit stored in a core is zero or one according to the direction of that core's magnetization. Electric current pulses in some of the wires through a core allow the direction of the magnetization in that core to be set in either direction, thus storing a one or a zero.  Another wire through each core, the sense wire, is used to detect whether the core changed state.

The process of reading the core causes the core to be reset to a zero, thus erasing it. This is called destructive readout.

When not being read or written, the cores maintain the last value they had, even if the power is turned off. Therefore, they are a type of non-volatile memory.

Using smaller cores and wires, the memory density of core slowly increased, and by the late 1960s a density of about 32 kilobits per cubic foot (about 0.9 kilobits per litre) was typical. However, reaching this density required extremely careful manufacture, which was almost always carried out by hand in spite of repeated major efforts to automate the process. The cost declined over this period from about $1 per bit to about 1 cent per bit. The introduction of the first semiconductor memory chips in the late 1960s, which initially created static random-access memory (SRAM), began to erode the market for core memory. The first successful dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), the Intel 1103, followed in 1970. Its availability in quantity at 1 cent per bit marked the beginning of the end for core memory.

Improvements in semiconductor manufacturing led to rapid increases in storage capacity and decreases in price per kilobyte, while the costs and specs of core memory changed little. Core memory was driven from the market gradually between 1973 and 1978.

Depending on how it was wired, core memory could be exceptionally reliable. Read-only core rope memory, for example, was used on the mission-critical Apollo Guidance Computer essential to NASA's successful Moon landings.

Although core memory is obsolete, computer memory is still sometimes called "core" even though it is made of semiconductors, particularly by people who had worked with machines having actual core memory.  The files that result from saving the entire contents of memory to disk for inspection, which is nowadays commonly performed automatically when a major error occurs in a computer program, are still called "core dumps".

History
Magnetic drum memory (invented 1932) was a predecessor to magnetic-core memory.

Developers

The basic concept of using the square hysteresis loop of certain magnetic materials as a storage or switching device was known from the earliest days of computer development. Much of this knowledge had developed due to an understanding of transformers, which allowed amplification and switch-like performance when built using certain materials. The stable switching behavior was well known in the electrical engineering field, and its application in computer systems was immediate. For example, J. Presper Eckert and Jeffrey Chuan Chu had done some development work on the concept in 1945 at the Moore School during the ENIAC efforts.

Robotics pioneer George Devol filed a patent for the first static (non-moving) magnetic memory on 3 April 1946.  Devol's magnetic memory was further refined via 5 additional patents and ultimately used in the first Industrial Robot.  Frederick Viehe applied for various patents on the use of transformers for building digital logic circuits in place of relay logic beginning in 1947. A fully developed core system was patented in 1947, and later purchased by IBM in 1956. This development was little-known, however, and the mainstream development of core is normally associated with three independent teams.

Substantial work in the field was carried out by the Shanghai-born American physicists An Wang and Way-Dong Woo, who created the pulse transfer controlling device in 1949. The name referred to the way that the magnetic field of the cores could be used to control the switching of current; his patent focused on using cores to create delay-line or shift-register memory systems. Wang and Woo were working at Harvard University's Computation Laboratory at the time, and the university was not interested in promoting inventions created in their labs. Wang was able to patent the system on his own.

The MIT Project Whirlwind computer required a fast memory system for real-time aircraft tracking. At first, an array of Williams tubes—a storage system based on cathode ray tubes—was used, but proved  temperamental and unreliable. Several researchers in the late 1940s conceived the idea of using magnetic cores for computer memory, but MIT computer engineer Jay Forrester received the principal patent for his invention of the coincident-current core memory that enabled the 3D storage of information. William Papian of Project Whirlwind cited one of these efforts, Harvard's "Static Magnetic Delay Line", in an internal memo. The first core memory of  was installed on Whirlwind in the summer of 1953. Papian stated: "Magnetic-Core Storage has two big advantages: (1) greater reliability with a consequent reduction in maintenance time devoted to storage; (2) shorter access time (core access time is 9 microseconds: tube access time is approximately 25 microseconds) thus increasing the speed of computer operation."

In April 2011, Forrester recalled, "the Wang use of cores did not have any influence on my development of random-access memory. The Wang memory was expensive and complicated. As I recall, which may not be entirely correct, it used two cores per binary bit and was essentially a delay line that moved a bit forward. To the extent that I may have focused on it, the approach was not suitable for our purposes." He describes the invention and associated events, in 1975. Forrester has since observed, "It took us about seven years to convince the industry that random-access magnetic-core memory was the solution to a missing link in computer technology.  Then we spent the following seven years in the patent courts convincing them that they had not all thought of it first."

A third developer involved in the early development of core was Jan A. Rajchman at RCA. A prolific inventor, Rajchman designed a unique core system using ferrite bands wrapped around thin metal tubes, building his first examples using a converted aspirin press in 1949. Rajchman later developed versions of the Williams tube and led development of the Selectron.

Two key inventions led to the development of magnetic core memory in 1951. The first, An Wang's, was the write-after-read cycle, which solved the problem of how to use a storage medium in which the act of reading erased the data read, enabling the construction of a serial, one-dimensional shift register (of 50 bits), using two cores to store a bit. A Wang core shift register is in the Revolution exhibit at the Computer History Museum. The second, Forrester's, was the coincident-current system, which enabled a small number of wires to control a large number of cores enabling 3D memory arrays of several million bits. The first use of core was in the Whirlwind computer, and Project Whirlwind's "most famous contribution was the random-access, magnetic core storage feature." Commercialization followed quickly.  Magnetic core was used in peripherals of the ENIAC in 1953, the IBM 702 delivered in July 1955, and later in the 702 itself.  The IBM 704 (1954) and the Ferranti Mercury (1957) used magnetic-core memory.

It was during the early 1950s that Seeburg Corporation developed one of the first commercial applications of coincident-current core memory storage in the "Tormat" memory of its new range of jukeboxes, starting with the V200 developed in 1953 and released in 1955. Numerous uses in computing, telephony and industrial process control followed.

Patent disputes
Wang's patent was not granted until 1955, and by that time magnetic-core memory was already in use. This started a long series of lawsuits, which eventually ended when IBM bought the patent outright from Wang for . Wang used the funds to greatly expand Wang Laboratories, which he had co-founded with Dr. Ge-Yao Chu, a schoolmate from China.

MIT wanted to charge IBM $0.02 per bit royalty on core memory.  In 1964, after years of legal wrangling, IBM paid MIT $13 million for rights to Forrester's patent—the largest patent settlement to that date.

Production economics
In 1953, tested but not-yet-strung cores cost  each.  As manufacturing volume increased, by 1970 IBM was producing 20 billion cores per year, and the price per core fell to .  Core sizes shrank over the same period from around  diameter in the 1950s to  in 1966.  The power required to flip the magnetization of one core is proportional to the volume, so this represents a drop in power consumption by a factor of 125.

The cost of complete core memory systems was dominated by the cost of stringing the wires through the cores.  Forrester's coincident-current system required one of the wires to be run at 45 degrees to the cores, which proved difficult to wire by machine, so that core arrays had to be assembled under microscopes by workers with fine motor control.

In 1956, a group at IBM filed for a patent on a machine to automatically thread the first few wires through each core.  This machine held the full plane of cores in a "nest" and then pushed an array of hollow needles through the cores to guide the wires.  Use of this machine reduced the time taken to thread the straight X and Y select lines from 25 hours to 12 minutes on a 128 by 128 core array.

Smaller cores made the use of hollow needles impractical, but there were numerous advances in semi-automatic core threading.  Support nests with guide channels were developed. Cores were permanently bonded to a backing sheet "patch" that supported them during manufacture and later use. Threading needles were butt welded to the wires, so the needle and wire diameters were the same, and efforts were made to eliminate the use of needles.

The most important change, from the point of view of automation, was the combination of the sense and inhibit wires, eliminating the need for a circuitous diagonal sense wire.  With small changes in layout, this also allowed much tighter packing of the cores in each patch.

By the early 1960s, the cost of core fell to the point that it became nearly universal as main memory, replacing both inexpensive low-performance drum memory and costly high-performance systems using vacuum tubes, and later discrete transistors as memory. The cost of core memory declined sharply over the lifetime of the technology: costs began at roughly  per bit and dropped to roughly  per bit.

Core memory was made obsolete by semiconductor integrated circuit memories in the 1970s, though remained in use for mission-critical and high-reliability applications in the IBM System/4 Pi AP-101 (used in the Space Shuttle until an upgrade in early 1990s, and the B-52 and B-1B bombers).

An example of the scale, economics, and technology of core memory in the 1960s was the 256K 36-bit word (1.2 MiB) core memory unit installed on the PDP-6 at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory by 1967. This was considered "unimaginably huge" at the time, and nicknamed the "Moby Memory". It cost $380,000 ($0.04/bit) and was 69 inches wide, 50 inches tall, and 25 inches deep with its supporting circuitry (189 kilobits/cubic foot = 6.7 kilobits/litre). Its cycle time was 2.75 μs.

In 1980, the price of a 16 kW (kiloword, equivalent to 32 kB) core memory board that fitted into a DEC Q-bus computer was around . At that time, core array and supporting electronics fit on a single printed circuit board about 25 × 20 cm in size, the core array was mounted a few mm above the PCB and was protected with a metal or plastic plate.

Description

The term "core" comes from conventional transformers whose windings surround a magnetic core. In core memory, the wires pass once through any given core—they are single-turn devices. The properties of materials used for memory cores are dramatically different from those used in power transformers. The magnetic material for a core memory requires a high degree of magnetic remanence, the ability to stay highly magnetized, and a low coercivity so that less energy is required to change the magnetization direction. The core can take two states, encoding one bit. The core memory contents are retained even when the memory system is powered down (non-volatile memory). However, when the core is read, it is reset to a "zero" value. Circuits in the computer memory system then restore the information in an immediate re-write cycle.

How core memory works

The most common form of core memory, X/Y line coincident-current, used for the main memory of a computer, consists of a large number of small toroidal ferrimagnetic ceramic ferrites (cores) held together in a grid structure (organized as a "stack" of layers called planes), with wires woven through the holes in the cores' centers. In early systems there were four wires: X, Y, Sense, and Inhibit, but later cores combined the latter two wires into one Sense/Inhibit line. Each toroid stored one bit (0 or 1). One bit in each plane could be accessed in one cycle, so each machine word in an array of words was spread over a "stack" of planes. Each plane would manipulate one bit of a word in parallel, allowing the full word to be read or written in one cycle.

Core relies on the square hysteresis loop properties of the ferrite material used to make the toroids. An electric current in a wire that passes through a core creates a magnetic field. Only a magnetic field greater than a certain intensity ("select") can cause the core to change its magnetic polarity. To select a memory location, one of the X and one of the Y lines are driven with half the current ("half-select") required to cause this change. Only the combined magnetic field generated where the X and Y lines cross (a logical AND function) is sufficient to change the state; other cores will see only half the needed field ("half-selected"), or none at all. By driving the current through the wires in a particular direction, the resulting induced field forces the selected core's magnetic flux to circulate in one direction or the other (clockwise or counterclockwise). One direction is a stored 1, while the other is a stored 0.

The toroidal shape of a core is preferred since the magnetic path is closed, there are no magnetic poles and thus very little external flux. This allows the cores to be packed closely together without their magnetic fields interacting. The alternating 45-degree positioning used in early core arrays was necessitated by the diagonal sense wires. With the elimination of these diagonal wires, tighter packing was possible.

Reading and writing

The access time plus the time to rewrite is the memory cycle time.

Reading
To read a bit of core memory, the circuitry tries to flip the bit to the polarity assigned to the 0 state, by driving the selected X and Y lines that intersect at that core.

 If the bit was already 0, the physical state of the core is unaffected.
 If the bit was previously 1, then the core changes magnetic polarity. This change, after a delay, induces a voltage pulse into the Sense line.

The detection of such a pulse means that the bit had most recently contained a 1. Absence of the pulse means that the bit had contained a 0. The delay in sensing the voltage pulse is called the access time of the core memory.

Following any such read, the bit contains a 0. This illustrates why a core memory access is called a destructive read: Any operation that reads the contents of a core erases those contents, and they must immediately be recreated.

Writing
To write a bit of core memory, the circuitry assumes there has been a read operation and the bit is in the 0 state.

 To write a 1 bit, the selected X and Y lines are driven, with current in the opposite direction as for the read operation. As with the read, the core at the intersection of the X and Y lines changes magnetic polarity.
 To write a 0 bit, two methods can be applied. The first one is the same as reading process with current in the original direction. The second has reversed logic. Write 0 bit, in other words, is to inhibit the writing of a 1 bit. The same amount of current is also sent through the Inhibit line. This reduces the net current flowing through the respective core to half the select current, inhibiting change of polarity.

Combined sense and inhibit
The Sense wire is used only during the read, and the Inhibit wire is used only during the write. For this reason, later core systems combined the two into a single wire, and used circuitry in the memory controller to switch the function of the wire.

However, when Sense wire crosses too many cores, the half select current can also induce a considerable voltage across the whole line due to the superposition of the voltage at each single core. This potential risk of "misread" limits the minimum number of Sense wires.

Increasing Sense wires also requires more decode circuitry.

Combined read and write with modify
Core memory controllers were designed so that every read was followed immediately by a write (because the read forced all bits to 0, and because the write assumed this had happened). Instruction sets were designed to take advantage of this.

For example, a value in memory could be read and modified almost as quickly as it could be read and written. In the PDP-6, the AOS* (or SOS*) instructions incremented (or decremented) the value between the read phase and the write phase of a single memory cycle (perhaps signaling the memory controller to pause briefly in the middle of the cycle). This might be twice as fast as the process of obtaining the value with a read-write cycle, incrementing (or decrementing) the value in some processor register, and then writing the new value with another read-write cycle.

Other forms of core memory

Word line core memory was often used to provide register memory. Other names for this type are linear select and 2-D. This form of core memory typically wove three wires through each core on the plane, word read, word write, and bit sense/write. To read or clear words, the full current is applied to one or more word read lines; this clears the selected cores and any that flip induce voltage pulses in their bit sense/write lines. For read, normally only one word read line would be selected; but for clear, multiple word read lines could be selected while the bit sense/write lines ignored. To write words, the half current is applied to one or more word write lines, and half current is applied to each bit sense/write line for a bit to be set. In some designs, the word read and word write lines were combined into a single wire, resulting in a memory array with just two wires per bit. For write, multiple word write lines could be selected. This offered a performance advantage over X/Y line coincident-current in that multiple words could be cleared or written with the same value in a single cycle. A typical machine's register set usually used only one small plane of this form of core memory. Some very large memories were built with this technology, for example the Extended Core Storage (ECS) auxiliary memory in the CDC 6600, which was up to 2 million 60-bit words.

Core rope memory

Core rope memory is a read-only memory (ROM) form of core memory. In this case, the cores, which had more linear magnetic materials, were simply used as transformers; no information was actually stored magnetically within the individual cores. Each bit of the word had one core. Reading the contents of a given memory address generated a pulse of current in a wire corresponding to that address. Each address wire was threaded either through a core to signify a binary [1], or around the outside of that core, to signify a binary [0]. As expected, the cores were much larger physically than those of read-write core memory. This type of memory was exceptionally reliable. An example was the Apollo Guidance Computer used for the NASA Moon landings.

Physical characteristics

Speed
The performance of early core memories can be characterized in today's terms as being very roughly comparable to a clock rate of 1 MHz (equivalent to early 1980s home computers, like the Apple II and Commodore 64). Early core memory systems had cycle times of about 6 µs, which had fallen to 1.2 µs by the early 1970s, and by the mid-70s it was down to 600 ns (0.6 µs). Some designs had substantially higher performance: the CDC 6600 had a memory cycle time of 1.0 µs in 1964, using cores that required a half-select current of 200 mA. Everything possible was done in order to decrease access times and increase data rates (bandwidth), including the simultaneous use of multiple grids of core, each storing one bit of a data word. For instance, a machine might use 32 grids of core with a single bit of the 32-bit word in each one, and the controller could access the entire 32-bit word in a single read/write cycle.

Reliability
Core memory is non-volatile storage—it can retain its contents indefinitely without power. It is also relatively unaffected by EMP and radiation. These were important advantages for some applications like first-generation industrial programmable controllers, military installations and vehicles like fighter aircraft, as well as spacecraft, and led to core being used for a number of years after availability of semiconductor MOS memory (see also MOSFET). For example, the Space Shuttle IBM AP-101B flight computers used core memory, which preserved the contents of memory even through the Challengers disintegration and subsequent plunge into the sea in 1986.

Temperature sensitivity
Another characteristic of early core was that the coercive force was very temperature-sensitive; the proper half-select current at one temperature is not the proper half-select current at another temperature. So a memory controller would include a temperature sensor (typically a thermistor) to adjust the current levels correctly for temperature changes. An example of this is the core memory used by Digital Equipment Corporation for their PDP-1 computer; this strategy continued through all of the follow-on core memory systems built by DEC for their PDP line of air-cooled computers.

Another method of handling the temperature sensitivity was to enclose the magnetic core "stack" in a temperature controlled oven. Examples of this are the heated-air core memory of the IBM 1620 (which could take up to 30 minutes to reach operating temperature, about  and the heated-oil-bath core memory of the IBM 7090, early IBM 7094s, and IBM 7030. Core was heated instead of cooled because the primary requirement was a consistent temperature, and it was easier (and cheaper) to maintain a constant temperature well above room temperature than one at or below it.

Diagnosing
Diagnosing hardware problems in core memory required time-consuming diagnostic programs to be run. While a quick test checked if every bit could contain a one and a zero, these diagnostics tested the core memory with worst-case patterns and had to run for several hours. As most computers had just a single core memory board, these diagnostics also moved themselves around in memory, making it possible to test every bit. An advanced test was called a "Shmoo test" in which the half-select currents were modified along with the time at which the sense line was tested ("strobed"). The data plot of this test seemed to resemble a cartoon character called "Shmoo," and the name stuck. In many occasions, errors could be resolved by gently tapping the printed circuit board with the core array on a table. This slightly changed the positions of the cores along the wires running through them, and could fix the problem. The procedure was seldom needed, as core memory proved to be very reliable compared to other computer components of the day.

See also
 Bubble memory
 Core dump
 Core rope memory
 Delay-line memory
 Electronic calculators
 Ferroelectric RAM
 Magnetoresistive random-access memory
 Read-mostly memory (RMM)
 Thin-film memory
 Twistor memory

References

External links

 Interactive Java Tutorial - Magnetic Core Memory National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
 Core Memory at Columbia University

 Core Memory on the PDP-11
 Core memory and other early memory types accessed 15 April 2006
 Coincident Current Ferrite Core Memories Byte magazine, July 1976
 Casio AL-1000 calculator – Shows close-ups of the magnetic core memory in this desktop electronic calculator from the mid-1960s.
 Still used core memory in multiple devices in a German computer museum

 Background on core memory for computers

History of computing hardware
Non-volatile memory
Types of RAM

Magnetic-core memory


Dermot Anthony O'Reilly (1942 – 17 February 2007) was an Irish-born Canadian musician, producer and songwriter.

Life
He was born in Dublin, Ireland, and educated at Inchicore, County Dublin.

In March 1968, O'Reilly emigrated to Toronto where he met future bandmates Fergus O'Byrne and Denis Ryan. He was one of the founding members of The Sons of Erin and helped form the band Sullivan's Gypsies in 1970.

In 1971, O'Reilly, O'Byrne and Ryan moved to St. John's and began performing as Ryan's Fancy. Ryan's Fancy became a popular Irish group that released 12 albums and hosted a successful television program for several seasons. O'Reilly wrote and produced many Irish songs as a member of Ryan's Fancy, as a solo artist and later as a member of the group Brishney. O'Reilly performed regularly with Fergus O'Byrne.

In 2004, Ryan's Fancy was honored with a Lifetime Achievement Award by the East Coast Music Association. After Ryan's Fancy disbanded, O'Reilly founded Piperstock Productions, a video production and marketing company based in Torbay, Newfoundland and Labrador.

O'Reilly died of a heart attack, aged 64, in St. John's and is survived by his wife, Ann, and their three daughters.

Works
Some of Piperstock's video productions are:
 The Last Run
 Rigs, Jigs and Songs from the Heart
 Cain's Legacy

See also
 Music of Newfoundland and Labrador
 List of Newfoundland songs

References

External links
Bio at Ryans Fancy website
Dermot O'Reilly - Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador, v. 4, p. 178

1942 births
2007 deaths
Canadian folk musicians
Irish emigrants to Canada
Memorial University of Newfoundland alumni
Musicians from County Dublin
Musicians from St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
Musicians from Toronto
20th-century Canadian male musicians

Dermot O'Reilly


Mindhunters is a 2004 crime slasher film directed by Renny Harlin and starring Kathryn Morris, LL Cool J, Jonny Lee Miller, Patricia Velásquez, Clifton Collins Jr., Christian Slater, and Val Kilmer. It was written by Wayne Kramer and Kevin Brodbin with an uncredited rewrite by Ehren Kruger. Unusually, the last country to receive this film was the United States in 2005, because of the film's distribution rights being changed from 20th Century Fox to Dimension Films.

Plot
The Mindhunters are a group of FBI agents who are training as profilers. Their instructor, experienced profiler Jake Harris, employs a training approach that consists of assigning them variants of real investigations, including elaborate sets, props, and actors, to play out each scenario.

The student group is made up of Bobby, Vince, Nicole, Sara, Rafe, and Lucas. Alongside Harris is J.D., an experienced agent who leads the group and is secretly Nicole's lover. Nearing the end of their training, the group's morale is high. However, Vince discovers that neither he nor Sara will make the rank of "profiler" after secretly reading their training evaluations.

The group travels with Harris and J.D. to an island off the coast of North Carolina to complete their final training exercise. At the last minute, they are joined by Gabe, an outside observer who requested to see Harris's teaching methods in action. The Navy uses the island to train for hostage rescue and outbreak scenarios, and it features several target dummies, vehicles on mechanical rails, and small-town storefronts. Harris plans on using the town for their final exam, tracking "The Puppeteer", a serial killer. The team settles down and practices their profiling skills. There, it is revealed that Gabe is also a skilled profiler in his own right. Sara and Lucas briefly bond over losses in their families. Sara's sister was murdered and drowned years before, creating a fear of water in Sara, while Lucas' parents died when he was 10.

The following morning, the group finds a dead cat with a broken pocket watch in its mouth. Later, during the investigation of the "puppeteer" scenario, J.D. dies after triggering a mechanism that causes a tank of liquid nitrogen (mislabeled as helium) to freeze him instantly. Realizing J.D.'s death is neither accidental nor part of the training simulation, the group heads to the dock to leave the island, but the boat explodes before they can board. After returning to base, the group realizes that the broken watches and clocks found at each scene point to the fact that there is a real serial killer nearby, who has co-opted the exercise and is hunting them down. The killer's M.O. indicates that they plan to kill someone at a time designated by the broken clocks. After a thorough search of the island reveals nobody else present, the group concludes that the killer must be one of them.

Suspicions initially point to Gabe, as Lucas found maps and documents of the island in his luggage. While confronting him, they all pass out as their coffee has been drugged. They awaken to discover the killer murdered Rafe, draining his blood and leaving his severed head on a table, leading suspicions to return again to Gabe. Despite the suspicions, Gabe saves Vince from another trap involving broken water pipes and electrocution. Bobby is instead killed by a secondary trap when he goes to turn off the water. Sara deduces that the traps are based on their strengths, talents, and weaknesses. After more clues are discovered, suspicion shifts to Sara, who insists that she is being framed. Leaving to be alone, Nicole becomes the next to die after she smokes a cigarette laced with acid.

The island's speakers start broadcasting a taunting message from Harris, making the group realize that he is in the island. Convinced that Harris is the killer, Sara, Gabe and Lucas search for him, only to find him and two other agents dead in a hidden storefront. Harris has been strung up to wires from the ceiling as a marionette. The three turn on each other after triggering another trap, and Lucas is shot during the ensuing gun battle. Vince is trapped in a freezer after trying to reload his empty gun. In the elevator, he soon dies when his gun backfires on him.

Sara finds Vince's body, but Gabe ambushes her. The two fight, believing the other person is the killer. Gabe overpowers Sara but is then attacked by Lucas. Sara eventually recovers and hits Gabe with a fire extinguisher. Lucas reveals that he had been wearing a bulletproof vest, allowing him to survive getting shot. With Gabe subdued, Lucas expresses doubt that there is enough evidence to prove that he was the killer. Sara, however, reveals she found a way to get one step ahead of the killer. Knowing that the killer was relying on timed mechanisms and remotes, as well as enjoying watching their anxiety under pressure, she changed a clock to appear slow by fifteen minutes, and covered it in a powder that glows phosphorescently under blacklight. Reasoning that the killer would not be able to resist setting the clock to the correct time, she grabs a black light, finding the marking powder on Lucas' hands. Lucas confesses that his parents did not die in an accident, but that he killed them. Struggling to find more thrilling targets, he joined the FBI and planned to kill his fellow profilers, the only people he thought would be "worthy prey". Lucas tries to drown Sara, who manages to kick him into the water.

The two struggle and recover their weapons underwater, though she manages to shoot Lucas dead before he can kill her. Gabe recovers from his wounds, and when morning arrives, he and Sara flag down a U.S. Navy helicopter to leave the island.

Cast

 Kathryn Morris as Sara Moore
 LL Cool J as Gabe Jensen
 Jonny Lee Miller as Lucas Harper
 Patricia Velásquez as Nicole Willis
 Clifton Collins Jr. as Vince Sherman
 Eion Bailey as Bobby Whitman
 Will Kemp as Rafe Perry
 Val Kilmer as FBI Agent Jake Harris
 Christian Slater as J.D. Reston
 Trevor White as Attacker
 Cassandra Bell as Jen
 Jasmine Sendar as Jen's Friend
 Anthonie Kamerling as Man In bar
 Daniël Boissevain as Man In bar #2

Production
Wayne Kramer sold the original spec screenplay of Mindhunters to 20th Century Fox. The title of his screenplay was originally called Unsub (Unknown Subject), but Fox executives preferred the title Mindhunters and changed it before the deal was announced to the entertainment press. Kramer never felt comfortable with the title change because there was already a non-fiction book by John Douglas called Mindhunter.

Renny Harlin was originally attached to direct the film adaptation of A Sound of Thunder based on Ray Bradbury's short story, but left to helm this movie instead. Gerard Butler was set to the play the role of Lucas Harper, but dropped out to star in Timeline. Ryan Phillippe was also considered for the part, before Jonny Lee Miller eventually signed on. Phillippe's then-wife, Reese Witherspoon, was offered to play Sara Moore, but she turned it down and Kathryn Morris was later cast. Christopher Walken, Martin Sheen and Gary Busey were all offered the part of Jake Harris, but they rejected the film before Val Kilmer agreed to do the movie.

Mindhunters was filmed entirely in the Netherlands. Locations included Amsterdam (Amsterdam-Noord), The Hague, Delft, beach town Zandvoort, training village of the Police Academy in Ossendrecht and Radio Kootwijk on the Veluwe heath lands in the Gelderland province. Post-production of the film was moved to England to decrease the budget.  Filming and production went from January to September 2002, yet the film was not released until 2004 (2005 in the USA). During the editing process, Harlin toned down much of the violence, in order to secure a PG-13 rating in the United States, yet the MPAA felt that the overall tone of the film was too dark and still issued it an R; following this Harlin reinserted the deleted scenes.

Box office
The film was a box office letdown, making only $4,476,235 domestically against a production budget of $27 million.

Reception
Mindhunters received generally negative reviews and it currently holds a 24% rating on Rotten Tomatoes; the consensus states: "A retread of Ten Little Indians that lacks the source material's wit." On Metacritic, which uses an average of the critics' reviews, the film scored 33/100, indicating "generally unfavorable" reviews.

Roger Ebert, of the Chicago Sun-Times, gave Mindhunters 2½ stars. His comments were: "I will leave you with only one clue. In 'House of Wax', which opened last week, the movie theater is playing 'What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?'. In this movie, the theater marquee advertises 'The Third Man'. No, the male characters are not numbered in order, so you can't figure it out that way, nor is the killer necessarily a woman. So think real hard. What else do you know about 'The Third Man'? If you have never seen 'The Third Man', I urge you to rent it immediately, as a preparation (or substitute) for 'Mindhunters'."

References

External links

2004 films
2004 horror films
2004 crime thriller films
2004 psychological thriller films
2000s serial killer films
American action horror films
American crime thriller films
British crime thriller films
Dutch crime thriller films
Films set in North Carolina
Films set on uninhabited islands
Films shot in the Netherlands
Finnish thriller films
2000s English-language films
English-language Dutch films
English-language Finnish films
Films directed by Renny Harlin
American serial killer films
Dimension Films films
Films produced by Akiva Goldsman
Films scored by Tuomas Kantelinen
2000s American films
2000s British films

Mindhunters


Val Logsdon Fitch (March 10, 1923 – February 5, 2015) was an American nuclear physicist who, with co-researcher James Cronin, was awarded the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physics for a 1964 experiment using the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron at Brookhaven National Laboratory that proved that certain subatomic reactions do not adhere to fundamental symmetry principles. Specifically, they proved, by examining the decay of K-mesons, that a reaction run in reverse does not retrace the path of the original reaction, which showed that the reactions of subatomic particles are not indifferent to time. Thus the phenomenon of CP violation was discovered. This demolished the faith that physicists had that natural laws were governed by symmetry.

Born on a cattle ranch near Merriman, Nebraska, Fitch was drafted into the U.S. Army during World War II, and worked on the Manhattan Project at the Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico. He later graduated from McGill University, and completed his PhD in physics in 1954 at Columbia University.  He was a member of the faculty at Princeton University from 1954 until his retirement in 2005.

Early life
Val Logsdon Fitch was born on a cattle ranch near Merriman, Nebraska, on March 10, 1923, the youngest of three children of Fred Fitch, a cattle rancher, and his wife Frances née Logsdon, a school teacher. He had an older brother and sister. The family farm was about  in size. The ranch was small; his father specialized in raising breeding stock. Soon after his birth, his father was badly injured in a horse riding accident and could no longer work on his ranch, so the family moved to the nearby town of Gordon, Nebraska, where his father entered the insurance business. Here he attended school, graduating from Gordon High School in 1940 as valedictorian.

Manhattan Project
Fitch attended Chadron State College for three years, then transferred to Northwestern University. This was during WWII; his studies were interrupted by being drafted into the US Army in 1943. After completing basic training, he was sent to Carnegie Institute of Technology for training under the Army Specialized Training Program. Under this program, some 200,000 soldiers attended colleges for intensive courses. Fitch was in the program for less than a year before the manpower requirements of the war became too great, and the Army terminated the program. Most of the soldiers in the ASTP were posted to combat units, but Fitch was one of a hundred or so ASTP soldiers who joined the Special Engineer Detachment (SED), which provided much-needed technicians to the Manhattan Project.

The Army sent Fitch to the Manhattan Project's Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico. By mid-1944, about a third of the technicians at Los Alamos were from the SED. There he met many of the greats of physics including Niels Bohr, James Chadwick, Enrico Fermi, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Bruno Rossi, Emilio Segrè, Edward Teller and Richard C. Tolman, in some cases attending physics courses taught by them. He worked in the group headed by Ernest Titterton, a member of the British Mission, and became well-acquainted with the techniques of experimental physics. He participated in the drop testing of mock atomic bombs that was conducted at Wendover Army Air Field and the Naval Auxiliary Air Station Salton Sea, and worked at the Trinity site, where he witnessed the Trinity nuclear test on July 16, 1945. He was discharged from the Army in 1946. He continued to work at Los Alamos as a civilian for another year to earn money. He briefly returned to Los Alamos in summer 1948.

Academic career
His wartime experiences led Fitch to decide to become a physicist. Robert Bacher, the head of the physics division at Los Alamos, offered him a graduate assistantship at Cornell University, but first he needed to complete his undergraduate degree. Rather than return to Northwestern or Carnegie Mellon, he elected to enter McGill University, which Titterton had recommended. Fitch graduated from McGill with a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering in 1948. On the advice of Jerry Kellogg, who had been a student of Rabi's at Columbia University, and was a division head at the Los Alamos, Fitch decided to pursue his doctoral studies at Columbia. Kellogg wrote him a letter of introduction to Rabi. James Rainwater became his academic supervisor. Rainwater gave him a paper by John Wheeler concerning mu-mesic atoms, atoms in which an electron is replaced by a muon. These had never been observed; they were completely theoretical and there was no evidence that they existed, but it made a good thesis topic.

Fitch designed and built an experiment to measure the gamma rays emitted from mu-mesic atoms. As it turned out, this was a good time to search for them. Columbia had recently commissioned a cyclotron at the Nevis Laboratories that could produce muons; Robert Hofstadter had developed the thallium-activated sodium iodide gamma ray detector; and wartime advances in electronics yielded advances in components such as new phototubes needed to bring it all together. Initially nothing was found, but Rainwater suggested expanding the search beyond the energy range predicted by Wheeler on the basis of the then-accepted size of the radius of the atomic nucleus as around 1.4 × 10−15 m. When this was done, they found what they had been looking for, discovering in the process that the nucleus was closer to 1.2 × 10−15 m. He completed his PhD in 1954, writing his thesis on "Studies of X-rays from mu-mesonic atoms". The thesis was published in the Physical Review in November 1953.

In 1949, Fitch married Elise Cunningham, a secretary who worked in the laboratory at Columbia. They had two sons. Elise died in 1972, and in 1976 he married Daisy Harper Sharp, thereby acquiring two stepdaughters and a stepson. After obtaining his doctorate, Fitch's interest shifted to strange particles and K mesons. In 1954, he joined the physics faculty at Princeton University, where he spent the rest of his career. He was the Class of 1909 Professor of Physics from 1969 to 1976, the Cyrus Fogg Brackett Professor of Physics from 1976 to 1982, and the James S. McDonnell Distinguished University Professor of Physics from 1982 to 1993, when he retired and took up the position of visiting lecturer with the rank of professor for three years before entering emeritus status. He was chair of the physics department from 1976 to 1981.

Fitch conducted much of his research at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, where he became acquainted with James Cronin. The two of them played bridge at nights while they waited for the Cosmotron to become available. Cronin had built a new kind of detector, a spark chamber spectrometer, and Fitch realized that it would be perfect for experiments with K mesons (now known as kaons), which Yale University physicist Robert Adair had suggested had interesting properties worth investigating. They could decay into either matter or antimatter. Along with two colleagues, James Christenson and René Turlay, they set up their experiment on the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron at Brookhaven. They discovered an unexpected result. The decay of neutral K mesons did not respect CP symmetry. K mesons that decayed into positrons did so faster than those that decayed into electrons. The importance of this result was not immediately appreciated; but as evidence of the Big Bang accumulated, Andrei Sakharov realized in 1967 that it explained why the universe is largely made of matter and not antimatter. Put simply, they had found "the answer to the physicist's 'Why do we exist?'" For this discovery, Fitch and Cronin received the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physics.

In addition to the Nobel Prize, Fitch received the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award in 1968, the John Price Wetherill Medal in 1976 and the National Medal of Science in 1993. He was a member of the Board of Sponsors of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists and the JASON defense advisory group. He was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 1964 and a Member of both the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1966. In 1981, Fitch became a founding member of the World Cultural Council and received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. He was president of the American Physical Society from 1988 to 1989, and he served on a number of governmental science and science policy committees, including the President's Science Advisory Committee from 1970 to 1973.

Fitch is one of the 20 American recipients of the Nobel Prize in Physics to sign a letter addressed to President George W. Bush in May 2008, urging him to "reverse the damage done to basic science research in the Fiscal Year 2008 Omnibus Appropriations Bill" by requesting additional emergency funding for the Department of Energy's Office of Science, the National Science Foundation, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology.

He died at his home in Princeton, New Jersey, at the age of 91 on February 5, 2015.

Publications
 Fitch, V. "Some Notes on Wideband Feedback Amplifiers", Los Alamos National Laboratory, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (March 16, 1949).
 Fitch, V. "A High Resolution Scale-of-four", Columbia University, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (August 25, 1949).

References

External links

Oral history interview transcript with Val Fitch on 18 December 1986, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
 Video interview.
 including the Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1980 The Discovery of Charge – Conjugation Parity Asymmetry
 Video interview.

1923 births
2015 deaths
American Nobel laureates
American nuclear physicists
Chadron State College alumni
Columbia University alumni
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Founding members of the World Cultural Council
Manhattan Project people
People from Los Alamos, New Mexico
McGill University Faculty of Engineering alumni
Northwestern University alumni
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
National Medal of Science laureates
Nobel laureates in Physics
Particle physicists
People from Cherry County, Nebraska
Princeton University faculty
Brookhaven National Laboratory Nobel laureates
United States Army soldiers
United States Army personnel of World War II
Members of JASON (advisory group)
People from Gordon, Nebraska
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Presidents of the American Physical Society

Val Logsdon Fitch


Malcolm Brown (born 4 April 1935) is a former motorcycle speedway rider from England, who rode for Hackney Hawks and Leicester Lions in the 1960s and 1970s.

Biography
Born in Walthamstow, Brown began speedway racing at Rye House, signing for the Hackney Hawks in 1964, and was an ever-present for Hackney in the 1966, 1967, and 1968 seasons. In that era he also sang regularly in Working Men's Clubs in East London. He moved to the Leicester Lions in 1969, and was a mainstay of the team between 1969 and 1974. He retired from racing after the 1974 season, although he did return to Leicester for a second half event in 1977.

Brown moved to Rhodesia in the mid-1970s, where he promoted speedway at Bulawayo. He also ran his own Z International nightclub, where he performed as a singer and comedian. The end of colonial rule, as Rhodesia became Zimbabwe, saw Brown return to the UK, where he opened the Raffles club in St Austell. In 1988 he relocated again, this time to Florida, where he set up a cleaning company. Through his neighbour, Burt Reynolds, Brown got a small part in the TV series B.L. Stryker, and went on to appear in films such as Illtown and Do You Wanna Know a Secret?.  In 2005, he recorded an album, On Track, with proceeds going to help fund the National Speedway Museum.

Career record
All figures relate to the British League.

References

External links
 Malcolm Brown

1935 births
Living people
British speedway riders
English motorcycle racers
Leicester Lions riders
Hackney Hawks riders

Malcolm Brown (speedway rider)


Zaza Korinteli () (born 29 December 1973), better known by his stage name Zumba, is a Georgian rock musician, folklorist and civic activist. His music fuses a wide variety of genres, principally Georgian folk tradition, rock, and reggae. Being a multi-instrumentalist on guitar, bass, wind instruments, percussions, and vocals, he leads the band ZumbaLand and also collaborates within several other musical projects. His stage name is an acronym of a Georgian phrase zogjer ubralod moindome, bolos agisruldeba (), translated as "Just wish sometimes – it will eventually come true."

Biography
Born in Tbilisi, Korinteli graduated from the Department of Psychology, Tbilisi State University and 1997–2000 Kraków Academy of Modern Music and Jazz. He founded his first band in 1993 and named it ZumbaLand. The group initially performed in the streets, parks and metro stations of Tbilisi and recorded its debut album "I am waiting for the sunrise" in 1995. It went on to win two nationwide rock music festivals in 1996. In 1997, Korinteli disbanded the group and moved to Kraków, Poland, where the band was reincarnated featuring Georgian, Polish, Ukrainian, and American musicians. This line-up toured Poland at the end of the 1990s and recorded the album "Project Union" in 2000. The same year, Korinteli returned to Georgia and assembled a new band which has since maintained its lineup. It has since recorded three studio albums "Euroremonti" (2002), Jolo (2004) and Adila (2006), staged nationwide tours and performed at various festivals and concerts in Georgia, Ukraine, and Russia, including jamming with the American jazz musicians Alfred "Pee Wee" Ellis and Richard Bona.
Soundtracks for films "Travelling in folklore"; "Adila", "Everything will  be all right". Theater music: "New year's Tale" (Poland), "People from Yesterday" (Liberty Theatre)

In 2007 Zaza Korinteli's song "Hello, Abkhazia" has won the national competition "Patrinote".
Korinteli is also known for his work as a cultural ambassador for Georgia and his promotion of Georgian folk music and folklore in general. He founded, in 2004, and has since managed an annual summertime folk culture festival Art-Gene hosted by Open Air Museum of Ethnography at Tbilisi. The festival also tours across Georgia, popularizing Georgian folk culture and collecting its obscure examples in the countryside. He is called as Ambassador of Georgian Culture.
In 2009, Zaza Korinteli recorded  CD album of his new musical project AstroGeorgia. AstroGeorgia represents a musical performance of the "world music" (The whole project could be also called as "World Music from Georgia"). Zaza Korinteli's new musical project's first tour was in Baltic countries (Estonia-Tallinn: open-air festival "World Days"-in Estonia, Latvia-Riga, Lithuania-Vilnius, Vilkija, Kaunas.) International Festival "Art-Gene"-in Georgia, Black Sea Jazz Festival-Georgia (where participated in great musicians: Hugh Masekela, Mike Stern, Dave Weckl, Randy Brecker, Chris Minh Doky, Roy Hargrove). Zaza Korinteli-Zumba is founder of the "World Music Festival In Mestia", he was main organizer of the "5 star October" in Batumi.
In 2009 Zaza Korinteli founded non-profit organization Tsami, one of the goals of which is development of traditional and modern culture and art. Significant contribution in the development of Georgian culture, he was awarded the Presidential Order of Excellence by President of Georgia Mikheil Saakashvili in 2012.

Albums
2011-"MultiTest" (Lithuania)
2010-"AstroGeorgia"
2006-"Adila"
2005-"Mgzavruli"
2004-"Jolo"/"Raspberry"
2002-"EuroRemont"
2000-"Project Union" (Poland)
1995-"I'm waiting for Sun Rise"

References

External links

1973 births
Rock musicians from Georgia (country)
Activists from Georgia (country)
Musicians from Tbilisi
Living people
Recipients of the Presidential Order of Excellence

Zaza Korinteli


NBA Inside Stuff is a television program featuring behind the scenes activities of NBA players. The program also includes features on fitness and fundamentals of basketball.  The show has had three runs on three different networks: on NBC from 1990-2002, on ABC from 2002-2006, and on NBA TV from 2013-2016.  From 1990-2006, it was hosted by Ahmad Rashad.  His cohost changed over his time on the show; from 1990-1991 it was Julie Moran, from 1991-1998 it was Willow Bay, and from 1998-2006 it was Summer Sanders.  In 2006, ABC retooled the show, changing its name to NBA Access with Ahmad Rashad, and shifted its time slot from Saturday mornings to Sunday afternoons.

The Inside Stuff format was revived from 2013-2016 on NBA TV, this time hosted by Grant Hill and Kristen Ledlow.

Overview
NBA Inside Stuff served as a sort of recap and analysis show reviewing the week's previous games in the NBA, complete with top plays and special moments. The hosts would also interview top NBA players outside of game situations, often discussing issues relevant to them.

The show first aired on October 27, 1990 and ended on January 15, 2006. After a seven-year hiatus, NBA TV brought back Inside Stuff with new hosts and a new look. The revamped show began airing on November 2, 2013 on NBA TV and concluded in 2016.

Broadcast history
NBA Inside Stuff was usually the bridge program for NBC between TNBC (or, in its first two seasons, its Saturday morning cartoon lineup) and Saturday afternoon programming, usually sports. In the late 1990s, the program received some adaptation in order to meet the FCC's educational and informational requirements. In 2002, ABC took over the show from NBC after the latter network's contract with the NBA as the exclusive network rights-holder had expired.

When it moved to ABC in the fall of 2002, it aired at the tail end of the network's ABC Kids Saturday morning block, serving as a bridge between that and their afternoon sports programming (occasionally being moved to Sundays during college football season).

For its first two years there, the show suffered from a decline in viewership. When asked why he thought the show had gotten off track, Rashad had said, "because ABC locked us into a timeslot that didn't fit the content, causing the show to suffer in the ratings."  Many of the 18- to 34-year-old viewers who were drawn to the show on NBC throughout the '90s failed to follow it to its new home on ABC. In the fall of 2004, as an effort to boost ratings, the show was moved to Sunday afternoons, still leading into sports programming.

NBA Inside Stuff last aired on January 15, 2006. It was then replaced with the similarly themed NBA Access with Ahmad Rashad (which ran on ABC until 2011). As its name implies, Rashad was the host. Reruns of Inside Stuff were moved at that time to NBA TV.

In 2013, NBA TV announced that after a seven-year hiatus, NBA Inside Stuff would return with Grant Hill and Kristen Ledlow as hosts, with Shaq as a sometimes fill-in host. The commercial for the then-newly resurrected NBA Inside Stuff later aired on NBA TV. This version ended in 2016.

Hosts
Ahmad Rashad (1990–2004)
Julie Moran (1990–1991)
Willow Bay (1991–1998)
Summer Sanders (1998-2004)
Grant Hill (2013-2016)
Kristen Ledlow (2013-2016)
Shaquille O'Neal (fill-in host) (2013-2016)

See also
Run It Back – a show related to Inside Stuff, aired on Cartoon Network.

References

External links

TNBC
ABC Kids (TV programming block)
1990 American television series debuts
2006 American television series endings
2013 American television series debuts
2016 American television series endings
1990s American children's television series
2000s American children's television series
2010s American children's television series
American Broadcasting Company original programming
English-language television shows
NBC original programming
Inside Stuff
NBA TV original programming
American sports television series
American television series revived after cancellation

NBA Inside Stuff


The Canute Peterson House is a historic residence in Ephraim, Utah, United States.  In 1978, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Description
Built in 1869 by Canute Peterson, an early Latter-day Saint leader in Sanpete County, it was designed by architect William H. Folsom.

Richard Nibley, brother of Mormon scholar Hugh Nibley, purchased and restored the home in the 1960s. For a time it was a bed and breakfast. However, in 2014, Cache Valley Bank (directly south) purchased and incorporated the old home into the newly constructed bank building. It is restored and open to the public for tours Monday-Friday 8:30 am – 5:00 pm.

See also

 National Register of Historic Places listings in Sanpete County, Utah

References

External links

 Former official website (via web.archive.org)

Houses in Sanpete County, Utah
Houses completed in 1869
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Utah
Historic American Buildings Survey in Utah
1869 establishments in Utah Territory
National Register of Historic Places in Sanpete County, Utah

Canute Peterson House


Blaxploitation is a type of exploitation movie which focuses on black people. Blaxploitation movies emerged in and were most popular during the early 1970s.

These movies were often criticized for their use of stereotyped characters. They were also praised for showing black people as the heroes and subjects, rather than being sidekicks or as victims of violence.

Following the example set by Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song, many blaxploitation films feature funk and soul jazz soundtracks with heavy bass, funky beats, and wah-wah guitars.

References

African-American history
Genres
Movies

Blaxploitation


Essential Glastonbury is a promotional cover CD given away with issue 216 of Q magazine. The CD was released in cooperation with Greenpeace with the result that the cover was printed on recycled paper.  The following excerpt is the introduction from the inside of the cover sleeve.

A NOTE FROM GREENPEACE — Ancient forests are home to nearly two thirds of the world's land-based species and are vital to the health of our planet. Yet these unique ecosystems are still being trashed, often to make throwaway timber and paper products

A NOTE FROM THOM YORKE OF RADIOHEAD — right now we are wiping out many rare and very important species, permanently. All for the sake of crap garden Furniture and click-together floors. Nuts.

Visit www.saveordelete.com to find out more about how to change this situation. If you are at the Glastonbury Festival 2004 come and visit us at the Greenpeace field.

See also
Q
Greenpeace

Notes
The live version of "Block Rockin' Beats" was previously unreleased. "A Forest" (Acoustic Version) was only previously featured on Acoustic Hits.

Track listing
"Time Is Running Out" (Muse) – 3:58
"Imitation of Life" (R.E.M.) – 3:58
"Ifwhiteamericatoldthetruthforonedayit'sworldwouldfallapart" (Manic Street Preachers) – 3:41
"The Village Green Preservation Society" (The Kinks) – 2:47
"Fake Plastic Trees" (Radiohead) – 4:52
"Yellow (Live)" (Coldplay) – 5:36
"A Forest (Acoustic Version)" (The Cure) – 4:52
"1984" (David Bowie) – 3:28
"Do You Realize??" (The Flaming Lips) – 3:34
"Clones" (Ash) – 4:01
"Madame Helga" (Stereophonics) – 3:55
"Block Rockin' Beats (Live)" (The Chemical Brothers) – 4:19

External links
Official Q website
Official Greenpeace website

Glastonbury Festival
Compilation albums included with magazines
Music festival compilation albums
2004 live albums
2004 compilation albums

Essential Glastonbury


Sir Arthur Henry Hugh Cortazzi,  (2 May 1924 – 14 August 2018) was a British diplomat. He was also a  distinguished international businessman, academic, author and prominent Japanologist. He was Ambassador from the United Kingdom to Japan (1980–84), President of the Asiatic Society of Japan (1982–1983) and Chairman of the Japan Society of London (1985–95).

Early life
Cortazzi was educated at Sedbergh School, St Andrews University and University of London. He served in the Royal Air Force from 1943 to 1947, serving in Britain and India, and later elsewhere in Asia. He began in the RAF as an Aircraftman 2nd Class and was assigned to a six-month course learning Japanese, taught at the School of Oriental and African Studies. After completion of the course, Cortazzi was sent to the headquarters of the Combined Services Detailed Interrogation Centre in Delhi, India, just as the war was ending. He was assigned to Number 5 Mobile Section, and was then posted to Singapore as the personal interpreter of General Miles Dempsey, the commander of the 14th Army. In 1946, he conducted many interrogations and produced translations of wartime documents in Singapore. In June 1946, he was posted to the British Commonwealth Air Contingent of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force and was based in Iwakuni. There he considered that the tasks he was given to undertake were of little value. Cortazzi was granted a wartime commission in the rank of Pilot Officer in June 1945. He was promoted to Flying Officer in December 1945, and left the service in 1947, after which he joined the Foreign Office. In 1998 Cortazzi published his autobiography, Japan and Back, and Places Elsewhere.

Diplomatic career
After the War, the British Foreign Office posted Cortazzi to Singapore (1950–1951) and to Tokyo (1951–1954). After returning to Whitehall (1954–1958), he was posted to Bonn (1958–1960).  Another stint in Tokyo (1961–1965) preceded his return to London (1965–1966). Another posting in Tokyo (1966–1970) was followed by a different kind of opportunity at the Royal College of Defence Studies (1971–1972), after which he was posted to Washington, D.C. (1972–1975).

In 1975, Cortazzi was appointed Deputy Under-Secretary of State. The next few years in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (1975–1980) preceded his appointment as Her Majesty's Ambassador to Japan in 1980. In 1980, Sir Hugh was elevated to the rank of Knight Commander the Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George. He spent the next four years in Tokyo.

Businessman
Sir Hugh retired from public service after his years as British ambassador to Japan, but in private life, he has continued to work promoting better Anglo-Japanese relations. In addition to the books he has since written or edited, he has regularly carved out time to write reviews and a recurring column in the Japan Times.

In 2006, Sir Hugh's translation of the Japanese Crown Prince Naruhito's account of his time at Oxford was published as The Thames and I.

Sir Hugh diversified his experiences with time spent as a Director of Hill Samuel and Company, later Hill Samuel Bank (1984–1991). He has been a Director of Director: Foreign and Colonial Pacific Trust since 1984; a Director of GT Japan Investment Trust since 1984; and a Director of Thornton Pacific (formerly Pacific) Investment Trust since 1986. Since 1992 he has served as Senior Adviser to a number of Japanese multi-national businesses with significant interests in the United Kingdom—such as, NEC Corporation, Dai-ichi Kangyo Bank, Bank of Kyoto.

Sir Hugh was a member of the Economic and Social Research Council (1984–1989); a member of the Council and Court, University of Sussex (1985–1992); and Honorary Fellow of Robinson College, University of Cambridge, (1988).

He died on 14 August 2018 at the age of 94.

Honours
 University of Stirling, Honorary doctorate, 1988.
 Order of the Sacred Treasure, Grand Cordon (Japan), 1995.
 Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG), 1969.
 Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG), 1980.
 Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG), 1984.

Selected works
Sir Hugh has written, edited, translated or contributed to a number of books on the history of Anglo-Japanese relations, and Japanese history or culture. He has also written articles on Japanese themes in English and Japanese publications.

In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Hugh Cortazzi, OCLC/WorldCat encompasses roughly 60+ works in 100+ publications in 4 languages and 4,000+ library holdings.

2009 – Japan in Late Victorian London: The Japanese Native Village in Knightsbridge and 'The Mikado', 1885, Sainsbury Institute, 2009
 2009 – Introduction to A Diplomat in Japan Part II: The Diaries of Sir Ernest Satow, 1870-1883, lulu.com
 2007 – Britain & Japan: Biographical Portraits, vol. VI.  Folkestone, Kent: Global Oriental. [reprinted by University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 2007.  (cloth)]
 2005 – Britain & Japan: Biographical Portraits, vol. V. Folkestone, Kent: Global Oriental.  (cloth)
 2003 – Britain & Japan: Biographical Portraits, vol. IV. London: Curzon.   (Cloth)
 2001 – British Envoys in Japan, 1859–1972. Folkestone, Kent: Japan Library. .
 2001 – Japan Experiences : Fifty Years, One Hundred Views Post-War Japan Through British Eyes, 1945-2000, Folkestone Kent: Japan Library.  (cloth)
 2000 – Collected Writings of Sir Hugh Cortazzi, vol. II; London: Routledge.  (cloth)
 1998 – Japan and Back and Places Elsewhere [reprinted University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 2000;  (cloth)]
 1995 – Caught in Time: Japan (with Terry Bennett). Boston: Weatherhill;  (cloth)
 1994 – Japan. New York: Paul & Co. Publishers Consortium;
 1993 – Modern Japan: a concise survey [reprinted by Palgrave MacMillan, Basingstoke, Hampshire, 2006;  (paper)]
 1992 – Britain and Japan 1859-1991: Themes and Personalities (with Gordon Daniels). London: Routledge;  (cloth)
 1990 – The Japanese Achievement: a short history of Japan and Japanese culture. London: Sidgwick & Jackson;  [reprinted by Palgrave MacMillan, Basingstoke, Hampshire: 1990;  (cloth)]
 1988 – Kipling's Japan, (with George Webb); London: Continuum International;  (cloth)
 1987 – Victorians in Japan: in and around the Treaty Ports, London: Continuum International;  (cloth)
 1987 – Japanese Encounter, Tokyo: Eichosha Shinsha
 1987 – Zoku, Higashi no Shimaguni, Nishi no Shimaguni
 1986 – Second Thoughts (essays). Tokyo: Eichosha Shinsha
 1985 – Dr. Willis in Japan, 1862–1877: British Medical Pioneer, London: Athlone Press/ Continuum International;  (cloth)
 1984 – Higashi No Shimaguni, Nishi No Shimaguni (collection of articles and speeches in Japanese)
 1984 – For Japanese students of English: Thoughts from a Sussex Garden (essays), Tokyo: Eichosha Shinsha
 1983 –  Isle of Gold: Antique Maps of Japan Boston: Weatherhill;  (cloth)
 1980 – The Lucky One and Other Humorous Stories
 1972 – The Guardian God of Golf and other humorous stories [reprinted as The Lucky One, 1980]

Editor
 2004 – Hiro no Miya Naruhito. The Thames and I: A Memoir Of Two Years At Oxford (tr., Hugh Cortazzi). Folkestone, Kent: Global Oriental.
 2000 – Shillony, Ben-Ami. Collected Writings of Ben-Ami Shillony (eds., Carmen Blacker and Hugh Cortazzi). London: Routledge;  (cloth)
 1991 – East, Sir Alfred.  A British Artist in Meiji Japan (ed., Hugh Cortazzi) - reprinted by Weatherhill, Boston, 1997.  (cloth)]
 1991 – Brunton, Richard Henry. Building Japan, 1868–1876 (ed., Hugh Cortazzi). Folkestone Kent: Japan Library;  (cloth)
 1985 – Algernon Bertram Freeman-Mitford. Mitford's Japan: Memories and Recollections, 1866-1906 (ed., Hugh Cortazzi). London: Athlone Press/Continuum International;  (cloth)) [reprinted by Global Oriental, Folkestone, Kent, 2003;  (paper)]
 1982 – Fraser, Mary Crawford Fraser. A Diplomat's Wife in Japan: Sketches at the Turn of the Century (ed., Hugh Cortazzi). Boston: Weatherhill;  (cloth)
 1972 – Keita Genji. The Ogre and other stories of the Japanese Salarymen (tr., Hugh Cortazzi). Tokyo: Japan Times.

Notes

See also
 Heads of the United Kingdom Mission in Japan
 Anglo-Japanese relations
 Global Oriental—Cortazzi on publisher's Advisory Board

References
 Cortazzi, Hugh. "A Japanese sense of humor?", Japan Times. 27 March 2007.
  "Birthdays: Hugh Cortazzi",  Times of London. 2 May 2006.

External links
 Books by Hugh Cortazzi
 Japan Society

1924 births
2018 deaths
People from Sedbergh
People educated at Sedbergh School
Alumni of SOAS University of London
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Japan
English people of Italian descent
British Japanologists
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Recipients of the Order of the Sacred Treasure, 1st class
Royal Air Force officers
Japanese–English translators
People associated with the University of Sussex
British people of Italian descent
20th-century British diplomats

Hugh Cortazzi


Swept-plane display is a structure from motion technique with which one can create the optical illusion of a volume of light, due to the persistence of vision property of human visual perception.

The principle is to have a 2D lighted surface sweep in a circle, creating a volume. The image on the 2D surface changes as the surface rotates.  The lighted surface needs to be translucent.

Perception
Optical illusions
Psychophysics

Swept-plane display


Year 1011 (MXI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Europe
 June 11  the Byzantine army takes Bari from the rebellious Lombard lord Melus.
 Danes capture Canterbury, taking Alphege, the Archbishop of Canterbury as a prisoner.
 Byrhtferth of Ramsey writes his Manual, on the subject of time.
 The German king Henry II gives Adalbero, Duke of Carinthia the Carinthian duchy, including the rule over the March of Verona (or in 1012).
 Ermengol II succeeds Ermengol I as Count of Urgell
 Albert II, Count of Namur succeeds Albert I

Middle East
 Baghdad Manifesto: Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah's fall from Ali ibn Abi Talib is disputed.
 Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), a famous Persian scientist working in Egypt, pretends to be crazy. He is kept under house arrest until 1021. During this time he begins writing his influential Book of Optics.
 In Georgia, Bagrat III takes away Sumbat III of Klarjeti power.

Eastern Asia
 The Chinese Guangyun rime dictionary is compiled under Emperor Zhenzong of Song.
 Emperor Sanjō gets the throne of Japan.

Births
 Eleanor of Normandy, a Norman noblewoman and the daughter of Richard II of Normandy (possible date; d. after 1071)
 Ralph the Staller, earl of East Anglia (d. 1068)
 Robert I, Duke of Burgundy (d. 1076)
 Shao Yong, Song Dynasty philosopher, cosmologist, poet and historian (d. 1077)

Deaths
 February 23  Willigis, Archbishop of Mainz and a statesman of the Holy Roman Empire (b. c. 940)
 November 21  Emperor Reizei of Japan (b. 950)
 December 12 or December 15  Conrad I, Duke of Carinthia (b. c. 975)
 Emperor Ichijō of Japan (b. 980)
 Albert I, Count of Namur (b. c. 950)
 Armentarius, Galician bishop (b. 983)
 Sumbat III of Klarjeti, Georgian prince of the Bagratid dynasty of Tao-Klarjeti and the last sovereign of Klarjeti
 Yohannan V, Patriarch of the Church of the East

References

1011


The G-3 was a free trade agreement between Colombia, Mexico, and Venezuela that came into effect on January 1, 1995, which created an extended market of 149 million consumers with a combined GDP (Gross domestic product) of US$486.5 billion. The agreement states a ten percent tariff reduction over ten years (starting in 1995) for the trade of goods and services among its members. The agreement is a third generation one, not limited to liberalizing trade, but includes issues such as investment, services, government purchases, regulations to fight unfair competition, and intellectual property rights.

Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez announced in May 2006 that his country would withdraw from the trade bloc, due to differences with its two partners. In April, Venezuela had also announced its plans to leave the Andean Community, after Colombia and Peru reached free trade agreements with the United States and Ecuador kept in negotiations for one. Venezuela then joined Mercosur, while Mexico and Colombia founded the Pacific Alliance along with Peru and Chile.

See also
 Pacific Alliance
 G3 (disambiguation)
 Trade bloc
 Andean Community of Nations
 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
 Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA)
 Mercosur
 Free Trade Area of the Americas
 UNASUR

References

Treaties entered into force in 1995
Free trade agreements
Free trade agreements of Mexico
Treaties of Venezuela
Free trade agreements of Colombia
Colombia–Mexico relations
Colombia–Venezuela relations
1995 in Mexico
1995 in Colombia
1995 in Venezuela
2006 in Venezuela
Mexico–Venezuela relations

G3 Free Trade Agreement


Fabian Ivanovich Abrantovich (Fabijan Abrantovič; , , ; September 14, 1884 – January 2, 1946) was a prominent religious and civic leader from Belarus. Abrantovich was a significant figure in the struggle for the recognition of the Belarusian language by the Roman Catholic Church, the revival of Catholicism within Belarusian culture, and to the further revival of Belarusian nationalism.

Biography
Abrantovich was born in Vieraskava, in the Novogrudsky Uyezd of Minsk Governorate (present-day Navahrudak District, Belarus). He first studied there and then in Saint-Petersburg at the Roman Catholic seminary and the Imperial Theological academy. He graduated with the degree of Master of Theology and was ordained to the priesthood on November 9, 1908. As one of the best students at the academy, Abrantovich received scholarship for study at the Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium, where he received Ph.D. in 1912.

Before World War I, Abrantovich was a faculty member at the Catholic Ecclesiastical Academy in St. Petersburg. There he became very active in the Belarusian movement. He organized several groups of students and initiated numerous Belarusian language publications. Abrantovich was the founder of the Belarusian Christian Movement and was the head of the first Belarusian Christian Union (Chryścijanskaja Demakratyčnaja Złučnaść) which was established in Petrograd (ex St. Petersburg) in May 1917. He was one of the Belarusian Roman Catholic priests who initiated the organization of the Belarusian political conference in Minsk in March 1917 and the conference of the Belarusian Roman Catholic Clergy, May 24–25, 1917.

When a Roman Catholic Seminary finally opened in Minsk during the fall of 1918, Abrantovich was appointed rector of this institution. His time was divided between pastoral obligations, teaching, and Belarusian activities in Minsk. Father Abrantovich was convinced that the Catholic Church in Belarus should embrace Belarusian culture and the language revival rather than continue to be a tool of colonialism and Polonization.

After the partition of Belarus between the Second Polish Republic and the Soviet Union in 1921, Abrantovich moved to Polish-ruled West Belarus: first to the city of Pinsk, and in 1926 to the town of Druja where the Congregation of Marian Fathers had opened a Gymnasium and also settled in 1923. However, his political activities did not stop there: he vigorously protested the Concordat between the Holy See and the Polish government and supported numerous Belarusian cultural and political programs. At the request of the Polish-speaking Hierarchy of the Catholic Church in Belarus, Abrantovich was removed from Druja and reassigned to missionary work among anti-communist Russian political refugees in Manchuria. Abrantovich transferred to the Byzantine Rite and was promoted to Apostolic Exarch of Harbin for the Russian Greek Catholic Church.

In 1939 he was in Rome to elect a new Superior, and decided afterwards to visit his colleagues in Poland (Belarus and Galicia), but in September the Red Army invaded the East part of Poland, and the Wehrmacht invaded the West part. Father Abrantovich was arrested by the NKVD in October during an attempt to flee toward German-occupied Poland. He was imprisoned in Lwow, and tortured. Later on he was transferred to the Butyrka prison in Moscow.

Death and legacy
The place and the date of his death are not established with 100% certainty, although it is thought that he died from torture in the Butyrka prison on January 2, 1946.

In 2003, the Causes for Beatification of six Soviet-era martyrs and confessors of the Russian Greek Catholic Church: Fabijan Abrantovich, Anna Abrikosova, Igor Akulov, Potapy Emelianov, Halina Jętkiewicz, and Andrzej Cikoto, were submitted to the Holy See's Congregation for the Causes of Saints by the Bishops of the Catholic Church in Russia. His current title is Servant of God.

References

See also
 West Belarus
 Vladimir Kolupaev. Belarusian missionaries in China // Entries 37. New York - Miensk: Belarusian Institute of Science and Art, 2014. p. 645 - 650.

1884 births
1946 deaths
People from Novogrudok District
People from Novogrudsky Uyezd
Belarusian Eastern Catholic priests
Belarusian language activists
Belarusian Roman Catholic priests
Belarusian Christian Democracy politicians
Members of the Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic
Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968) alumni
20th-century Roman Catholic priests
Eastern Catholic Servants of God
20th-century Eastern Catholic martyrs
People who died in the Gulag
Prisoners who died in Soviet detention
Soviet people who died in prison custody

Fabijan Abrantovich


Giruwari is one of the village located in north part of Nawalparasi district of Lumnini Zone in the western development region of Nepal. Lumbinī (Sanskrit: लुम्बिनी, "the lovely") is a Buddhist pilgrimage site in the Rupandehi district of Nepal.[1] It is the place where Queen Mayadevi gave birth to Siddhartha Gautama, who is the Buddha. Gautama founded the Buddhist tradition. Buddha lived between roughly 563 and 483 BC. Lumbini is one of four magnets for pilgrimage that sprang up in places pivotal to the life of the Buddha, the others being at Kushinagar, Bodh Gaya and Sarnath.

The distance between Deurali's most popular place Jhayalbas and Girwari is 3 KM which goes via Belahani. Neighboring places of Girwari-Jhaylbas are Jhyalbas(झ्यालवास), Julpitar, Koliya(कोलीया), Belahani(वेलाहानी), Beluwa(वेलुवा), Gaindakhola(गैंडाखोला), Dihi(डिही). The nine villages combined together is called Deurali(देउराली) village development committee(VDC). Giruwari is in ward number 3. Deurali is a village development committee in Nawalparasi District in the Lumbini Zone of southern Nepal. At the time of 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 10,537 people living in 1627 individual households but now (2012), it has population more than 30 thousand.

Local people who are living in this village are migrated from Palpa, Syangja Tanahu, Baglung, hilly region of Nawalprasi.  Basically, here people are followers of Hindu and Boudhist religion.

There are  four varnas of the Hindu social order. All varnas of Hindu are living in this village harmonically. Brahmin, Kshetri, Vaishya and Shudra are staying in this village. People nowadays are more educated and there is no racism. People are cooperative, helpful and generous there.

Giruwari (गिरुवारी) is a well-known place for football lovers as well where local club named United youth club (UYC)  organises a football championship every year on the occasion of Teej. (Teej (तीज) is a fasting festival for Hindu women).

Main crops are rice, wheat, buckwheat, mustard, banana, barley, millet, sesame, soya bean and vegetables e.g. cauliflower, cucumber, potato, zucchini etc.

Giruwari has one higher secondary school named Shree Saraswati Sanskrit and General Higher Secondary School. This school is one of the oldest schools of the district. This school has already celebrated its golden jubilee. This school started to pass out students from 2042 (1986). There were 16 students in the first batch of the SLC among them 4 passed out in SLC, they were Madhav Regmi, Durga Rijal, Chitrra Rana and Oman Singh Rajali. All of them are well established in their field. Oman Singh is a well-known social activist in Deurali VDC, Chitra Rana is an officer of British army and is settled in the UK, where as Durga Rijal and Madhav Regmi continued their studies and graduated in agriculture and chemistry respectively. Durga is a well-known officer in civil service in Nepal, and Madhav is an expert in chemistry and education and lives in UK.
The school has a big football ground and is very famous for best football playground as well as national game competition in honour of His Majesty the late King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev called Birendra shield. There is also Shiva Temple and Maula kalika.

There is a transportation from Chormara to Jhyalbas which is about 13 km long. The road is graveled. Jhyalbas is a popular place in Deurali VDC because of its pleasant weather and base point for its northern mountain villages such as Rumsi, Baseni, Namjakot, Kuwakot etc as well its western villages such as Guheri. Jhyalbas is a main market destination of area. Jhyalbas is also a get way to go tracking in northern side. From Jhyalbas, people can go to Rampur Palpa by walk and it generally takes about a one-day walk. In the same token, there is good road between Jhyalbas and Danda. Danda is the place which is located in Mahendra Highway.

Jhyalbas has the similar environment of Khaseuli Butwal. Air movement after 6 PM to 6 AM is very good and smooth so that people enjoy its environment. People who visit Jhyalbas in summer really feels good because of its environment and can sleep whole night with its unique environment. Another good point about Jhyalbas, there will be no fog, mist, haze even in cold Winter although its neighboring village has fog, mist, haze in winter. Jhyalbas is encircled by two rivers in eastern and western side namely Giruwari khola and Phtthar khola respectively. It has beautiful picnic spots and mountain views. Water supply is done in this VDC from Jhyalbas for both drinking and agriculture supplies.

Deurali's most popular places are Jhyalbas, Giruwari, Beluwa, Belahani, Koliya, Julpitar, as well as Rumsi and Guheri. People of Deorali heartly welcome to visit this place.

Populated places in Nawalpur District

Giruwari


The Metamora Courthouse State Historic Site is a historic American courthouse located in Metamora, Illinois, the former county seat of Woodford County.  The courthouse was built in 1845 as the governmental center for Woodford County and as a circuit court for the former Illinois Eighth Circuit.  The courthouse is best known for being one of only two surviving Illinois circuit courthouses where future U.S. President Abraham Lincoln practiced law.

Abraham Lincoln
Surviving records from Eighth Circuit courthouses such as Metamora show that  Lincoln and his colleagues practiced general, unspecialized law.  They served as criminal defense counsel, handled divorce and family-law cases, oversaw the passage of estates through probate, and were available to handle a wide variety of civil suits and disputes. Lincoln handled more than 70 cases here, including two murders and two cases of fugitives from slavery.

Lincoln's law firm, Lincoln & Herndon, in which he practiced with his partner William Herndon, consisted of only two lawyers.  It was based in Springfield, Illinois, and Lincoln was the circuit partner, traveling from county seat to county seat throughout the Eighth Circuit when the circuit court was in session.  Researchers have found more than 70 Woodfood County circuit court cases handled by Mr. Lincoln from 1845 through 1858.

In these travels, Lincoln made friends all over central Illinois.  These ties served him well in 1858 when he ran for the U.S. Senate against incumbent Stephen A. Douglas.  Although Lincoln lost this race, his oratory led to his gaining national attention and the nomination in 1860 as the candidate for president of the U.S. Republican Party.

Lincoln's speechmaking skills served him well as candidate and as president.  These skills were honed as a trial lawyer in circuit courtrooms like this one.

After Lincoln
After Lincoln's election to the presidency in 1860, the Metamora courthouse continued its service until Woodford County voters moved the county seat from Metamora to Eureka, Illinois in 1896.  The historic former courthouse served as a community center from 1896 until 1921; plays and movies were shown here, and community organizations used the hall as a meeting place.  Starting in 1921, the former courthouse was restored as a local museum and memorial to the profession of law in early Illinois.  The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.  It is operated by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency.

The Metamora Courthouse has two floors, with the first floor serving as a museum of local history and Illinois frontier law, and the second floor restored to its 1850s appearance as the county courtroom and adjacent judicial chambers.

The Courthouse is one of only two Illinois circuit courthouses in which Lincoln practiced law that are standing on their original foundations.  The other is the Mount Pulaski Courthouse State Historic Site.

References

External links

Metamora Courthouse - Illinois Historic Preservation Agency
Metamora Courthouse State Historic Site - photos and information
Historic Illinois (Bradley University)
Village of Metamora site about the Courthouse

Abraham Lincoln National Heritage Area
History of Illinois
National Register of Historic Places in Woodford County, Illinois
Illinois State Historic Sites
Museums in Woodford County, Illinois
History museums in Illinois
Law museums in Illinois
Former courthouses in Illinois
Government buildings completed in 1845
County courthouses in Illinois
Courthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois

Metamora Courthouse State Historic Site


The Slovak Karst () is one of the mountain ranges of the Slovenské Rudohorie mountains in the Carpathians in southern Slovakia. It consists of a complex of huge karst plains and plateaus. Since 1973 it has been a protected landscape area. On 1 March 2002 Slovak Karst National Park was declared. It is also a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve and part of it forms UNESCO World Heritage Site Caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst.

Characteristics
The highest peak is Jelení vrch at 947 m AMSL. Important rivers are the Slaná (Sajó), the Štítnik and the Turňa. The Slovak Karst lies in the north temperate zone and has a continental climate with four distinct seasons. The area is composed of several layers of Mesozoic limestone and dolomite, beneath which there is non-permeable sandstone, limestone and slate. The plains are covered by oak-hornbeam forests, the hills by oak forests and the karst pits by spruce forests. Beech forests are in the northern parts.

The plains (plateaus) have many karst formations, such as karst pits with diameters of up to 250 m and depths of about 45 m, conical hills, blind and half-blind valley and dales. The subterranean karst is known for its deep vertical abysses, such as:
Čertova diera (literally Devil's Hole; depth: 186 m)
Brázda (181 m)
Malá železná priepasť (Little Iron Abyss; 142 m)
Diviačia priepasť (Boar Abyss; 122 m)
Some of the abysses are collapsed, especially the Silická ľadnica (Silica Ice Abyss; 110 m)

The region is best known for its many caves, out of which the Domica Cave, Ochtinská Aragonite Cave (Ochtinská aragonitová jaskyňa), Gombasek Cave (Gombasecká jaskyňa) and Jasovská Cave (Jasovská jaskyňa) are open to the public. Other noteworthy caves are Krásnohorská Cave (Krásnohorská jaskyňa) and Hrušovská Cave (Hrušovská jaskyňa).

The region also includes karst lakes. The largest lake is Jašteričie jazero (literally Lizard Lake), "Gyükerréti-tó" in Hungarian.

The Slovak Karst also features rare plants, for example:
Erythronium dens-canis (a relict from the Tertiary period)
Onosma tornensis (endemic)
Sesleria heufleriana (endemic)
Dianthus lumnitzerii (endemic)
and rare animals, for example:
Eastern imperial eagle (Aquila heliaca)
Short-toed eagle (Circaetus gallicus)
Lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni)

Subdivision
Parts (from the west to the east):
Jelšavský kras (literally Jelšava Karst)
Koniarska planina (Koniarska Plain)
Plešivská planina (Plešivská Plain)
Silická planina (Silická Plain)
Turnianska planina (Turnianska Plain); see also Turňa
Horný vrch (Upper Mountain)
Dolný vrch (Lower Mountain)
Zádielska planina (Zádielska Plain)
Jasovská planina (Jasovská Plain)

See also
 Slovak Karst National Park
 Aggtelek National Park
 Caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst — a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

References

External links
Slovakia.travel: Slovak Karst National Park

Mountain ranges of Slovakia
Mountain ranges of the Western Carpathians
Geography of Košice Region
Karst plateaus
Tourist attractions in Košice Region

Slovak Karst


Bugmore was an area of the city of Salisbury, Wiltshire, England, to the east of Exeter Street and south of St. Anns Street. It is now occupied by the Friary residential estate.

History
The land was previously a boggy area which may have given rise to the name Bugmore or 'boggy moor'. The area has been thus named since the 13th century. In the 18th century the Bishop of Salisbury owned two meadows here called Greater Bugmore and Little Bugmore; these fields and their rent were the subject of some acrimony between the bishop and the city.

In 1623 a workhouse was established on the site, and when the new workhouse was built in Crane Street the Bugmore workhouse probably became a pesthouse because a pesthouse was ordered to be demolished in 1688. Lord Folkestone bought a piece of land there and built a house in 1763, which he then gave to the city as a smallpox hospital.

In 1874 the area was purchased by Salisbury City Council and became the site of a sewage processing plant and garden allotments. In the middle of the 20th century the sewage processing plant was replaced by one at Petersfinger and the site was developed in the 1970s as the Friary, a residential estate of social housing.

References

History of Salisbury
Geography of Salisbury

Bugmore