The Frente de Todos (English: Everybody's Front) is a provincial political party alliance based in Chaco and Corrientes Provinces, Argentina.

The front is made up of members of the Radical Civic Union and most supporters of the Justicialist Party. It had the support of Peronist President Néstor Kirchner but is opposed by local conservative parties, the Eduardo Duhalde faction of the Justicialists and elements of the national leadership of the Radicals.

In 2003 Roy Nikisch was elected governor of Chaco at the head of the Front. At the legislative elections of 23 October 2005 the party won six of the 127 elected deputies (out of a 257 total), including Ricardo Colombi, the former governor of Corrientes Province. His cousin, Arturo Colombi, who heads the front in the province, won the election for governor of Corrientes .

 Chaco Province
 Corrientes Province
 Provincial political parties in Argentina

Frente de Todos (1996 coalition)


Operation Vulture () was the name of the proposed U.S. operation that would rescue French forces at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954 via B-29 raids based in the Philippines. The French garrison had been surrounded by the Viet Minh during the First Indochina War. When the British government refused to give its support (something that Eisenhower required for the operation to proceed), the plan was cancelled and as a result the French Army organised Operation Condor, an attempt to weaken the Viet Minh artillery's assaults against the besieged French Union garrison.

Background
Viet Minh forces under General Võ Nguyên Giáp surrounded and besieged the French, who were unaware of the Viet Minh's possession of heavy artillery, including anti-aircraft guns. The attack that formally began the battle was launched 13 March 1954. French artillery outposts fell within hours, and a dismal trickle of wounded survivors into Dien Bien Phu's garrison hospital began. The French tried to hit back with artillery and airpower, including some 30 US C-119 Flying Boxcars which had been modified to drop napalm on the Viet Minh artillery and flown mainly by American employees of Civil Air Transport, the contract airline founded by Maj. Gen. Claire Lee Chennault, the head of the World War II Flying Tigers. Dien Bien Phu could be supplied only via airdrop, and dropping and retrieving supplies became difficult as Viet Minh artillery shrank the effective size of the drop zone. On 27 March, French Col. Jean-Louis Nicot, the officer in charge of the aerial resupply effort, had to raise the drop altitude from 2,000 feet to 8,000 feet. Drop zone accuracy declined, and some supplies inevitably fell into Viet Minh hands. The French, with the encouragement of some US officials based in Saigon, pressed hard for the US to launch an overwhelming air strike to save Dien Bien Phu.

French-American meeting
Just ten days after the start of Giap's initial assault, General Paul Ély, the French Chief of Staff, arrived in Washington to plead the French case to US policy-makers. Discussions involved General Ély, U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles and Admiral Arthur W. Radford, Chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff. At a meeting in Washington on 20 March 1954, Admiral Radford proposed to General Ély a plan calling for United States to use 60 B-29 bombers in the Philippines together with the aircraft of the 7th Fleet based in the Gulf of Tonkin to bomb the Vietminh forces besieging the French at Dien Bien Phu. Ély came away from the meeting with the impression that the Americans would intervene and promptly reported to Paris that he had Radford's assurances to that effect.

The plan
The plan included as many as 98 B-29s from Okinawa and the Philippines that would drop 1,400 tonnes of bombs on positions held by the Viet Minh. Another version of the plan envisioned sending 60 B-29s from US bases in the region, supported by as many as 150 fighters launched from US Seventh Fleet carriers, to bomb Giap's positions.

The plan included an option to use up to three small atomic weapons on the Viet Minh positions in support of the French. The Joint Chiefs of Staff drew up plans to deploy tactical atomic weapons, U.S. carriers sailed to the Gulf of Tonkin, and reconnaissance flights over Dien Bien Phu were conducted during the negotiations. Radford, the top American military officer, gave this nuclear option his backing. US B-29s, B-36s, and B-47s could have executed a nuclear strike, as could carrier aircraft from the Seventh Fleet. Admiral Radford was the leading voice within the government for Operation Vulture, citing a study that three tactical atomic bombs "properly employed" would decisively smash the Vietminh forces besieging the French at Dien Bien Phu, and thereby turn a certain defeat into a victory.

The U.S. Air Force's commanding officer, General Nathan F. Twining, endorsed Vulture, but General Matthew Ridgway of the U.S. Army was stoutly opposed. Ridgway stated that air power alone could not save the French garrison at Dien Bien Phu and argued that only the commitment of seven U.S. Army divisions could save the French. Ridgway further contended that if the United States intervened in Vietnam it was almost a given that China would likewise intervene. Dien Bien Phu was located in the northern part of Vietnam that put it into the proximity of China, and China had intervened in the Korean war in 1950 on the grounds that the United Nations advance into North Korea was a threat to its security. If China intervened in Vietnam, Ridgway asserted the U.S. Army would need twelve divisions in Vietnam to have a chance of victory. Ridgway concluded that "Indochina is devoid of decisive military objectives" and fighting another land war against China "would be a serious diversion of limited U.S. capabilities". Ridgway thought that Radford as an admiral was far too dismissive of Chinese power and that he was blind to the political dangers of the United States fighting again against China in less than a year after the end of the Korean war, causing much discord on the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Ridgway was the leader of a faction within the U.S. Army known as the "Never Again Club" that regarded the Korean War which ended in a draw as an unsatisfactory outcome from the American perspective, and were strongly opposed to fighting another land war in Asia, especially against the Chinese.

Both the Vice President, Richard Nixon, and the Secretary of State, John Foster Dulles, were all for Vulture and lobbied Eisenhower hard to accept it, arguing that it was essential to stop Communism in Vietnam. Eisenhower himself felt much guilt over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, and during one meeting told Admiral Radford and General Twining: "You boys must be crazy. We can't use those awful things against Asians for a second time in less than ten years. My God!" Eisenhower finally agreed to carry out Vulture, but if Congress gave its approval first and if Great Britain agreed to join in. At a press conference Eisenhower stated: "There is going to be no involvement of America in war unless it is the result of the constitutional process that is placed upon Congress to declare it. Now, let us have that clear". Eisenhower was referring to the clause in the American constitution that gave the power to declare war to Congress.

The leaders of both houses of Congress gave an equivocal answer to Eisenhower's request for approval, opposed to the idea of Vulture as an American operation, but willing to accept it as an Anglo-American operation. The congressional leaders rejected Nixon's lobbying to pass a resolution giving the president the power to use nuclear weapons in Vietnam at his own discretion, but were willing to reconsider if the British joined in. One of the congressional leaders opposed to the resolution was the Senate Minority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson. The American journalist Stanley Karnow wrote that it was a major irony that Johnson in 1954 was opposed to passing a resolution giving Eisenhower the power to wage war in Indochina. The resolution that Johnson was against in 1954 was very similar to the Gulf of Tonkin resolution that he successfully sought as president in 1964. Eisenhower for his part felt that it was essential that Britain join in, saying that based on his experiences as a general in World War Two that: "Without allies and associates, the leader is just an adventurer, like Genghis Khan". Eisenhower's chief of staff, Sherman Adams, later told Karnow in an interview in 1981: "Having avoided one total war with Red China the year before in Korea, when he had United Nations support, he was in no mood to provoke another in Indochina...without the British and other Western allies".

Beyond that, Eisenhower was dissatisfied with French policies in Vietnam. In 1949, the French had granted nominal independence to Vietnam, creating the State of Vietnam headed by the Emperor Bao Dai. In February 1950 the State of Vietnam was recognized by the United States as the legitimate government of Vietnam with Donald R. Heath being appointed the first American ambassador in Saigon. However it was widely known that the State of Vietnam was a sham with the Emperor a puppet leader and French colonial civil servants still in charge. The Emperor had no control over his military and the economy, both of which were the dominion of French officials. Despite the nominal independence of the State of Vietnam, the country was in effect still a French colony and Eisenhower had often pressed the French to no avail to give more power to the Emperor Bao Dai, arguing that this was the best way to curb the appeal of the Communist Vietminh. From Eisenhower's viewpoint to intervene without promises from the French to give more independence to the State of Vietnam would commit the United States to fighting a colonial war on behalf of France.

Eisenhower wrote the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill a letter urging the United Kingdom to intervene, saying the situation was no different from the 1930s when other nations "by not acting in unit and in time" failed to stop Nazi Germany. Dulles was dispatched to London to make the case for intervention, but he was coldly received. The Foreign Secretary, Sir Anthony Eden, who was to serve as co-chairman of the upcoming Geneva alongside the Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov, was opposed to intervention, telling Dulles that his country would not be "hustled into injudicious military decisions". In a speech before the House of Commons, Churchill stated that Great Britain "was not prepared to give any undertakings...in Indochina in advance of the results of Geneva". At most, Churchill and Eden promised Dulles that Britain was prepared to join a NATO-type organization for Southeast Asia, which was later created in September 1954 as the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO).

Decision against the operation
Vice-president Nixon, a so-called "hawk" on Vietnam, suggested that the U.S. might have to "put American boys in". President Eisenhower made American participation contingent on British support, but London was opposed. Eisenhower also felt that the airstrike alone would not decide the battle. He also expressed concerns that the French Air Force was insufficiently developed for this sort of operation and did not want to escalate U.S. involvement in the war by using American pilots. Finally, the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill rejected the idea of British intervention in Vietnam, which killed Vulture. In the end, convinced that the political risks outweighed the possible benefits, Eisenhower decided against the intervention.

See also
Franco-American relations
Suez Crisis
 Fracture Jaw (an unimplemented plan that would have made nuclear weapons available for use in the Vietnam war)

Books and articles

References

Further reading
The sky would fall: Operation Vulture – the U.S. bombing mission in Indochina, 1954, John Prados, Dial Press, 1983
Operation Vulture – The True Story of America's Secret Plan to Drop a Nuclear Bomb on Vietnam in the 1950s!, John Prados, I Books, 29 June 2004

The First Vietnam War: Colonial Conflict and Cold War Crisis, Mark Atwood Lawrence and Fredrik Logevall, Harvard University Press, 27 February 2007

External links
Pentagon Papers
 Dien Bien Phu. Article posted on Air Force Magazine Online (August 2004, Vol. 87, No. 8), which contains a section on additional details pertinent to Operation Vulture

1954 in American politics
Cancelled military operations involving the United States
Battles and operations of the First Indochina War
1954 in French Indochina
1954 in Vietnam
Conflicts in 1954
History of Điện Biên Province
Winston Churchill
Richard Nixon
Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower
Anthony Eden

Operation Vulture


Marty is a stage musical version of the 1955 film of the same name written by Paddy Chayefsky. The musical has music by Charles Strouse and Lee Adams.

History
The musical had several readings. A reading was held in 2000, with Rupert Holmes as the writer (replacing Aaron Sorkin), and featuring Carol Lawrence as Marty's mother. Another reading was held in July 2001 in New York City, with direction by Robert Longbottom. The next reading was held in February 2002, with John C. Reilly heading the cast.

The musical premiered in October 2002 at the Huntington Theatre in Boston. The adaptation featured a book by Rupert Holmes, music by Charles Strouse and Lee Adams, and choreography by Rob Ashford. The production was directed by Mark Brokaw and starred John C. Reilly in the title role.

In 2003, Mark Brokaw said that the plan was to produce the musical on Broadway during the following season.

References

Musicals based on films
2002 musicals
Musicals by Charles Strouse

Marty (musical)


Brown Beach is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located on the north coast of Dudley Peninsula on Kangaroo Island overlooking Nepean Bay about  south-west of the state capital of Adelaide.  Its boundaries were created in March 2002.  The name is derived from a nearby beach of the same name.  As of 2015, Brown Beach consists of a strip of land located between the coastline with Nepean Bay and the Hog Bay Road.  The locality is zoned for conservation purposes with the view of providing limited built development intended principally for tourism uses, which has a minimal impact and where provided, complements the environment of the locality.  Brown Beach is located within the federal division of Mayo, the state electoral district of Mawson and the local government area of the Kangaroo Island Council.

References
Notes

Citations

Towns on Kangaroo Island
Dudley Peninsula

Brown Beach, South Australia


Schwan's Company, formerly known as The Schwan Food Company, is a food company with approximately 7,500 employees.  Having originated in the United States as a family-owned business, since 2019 the company has been a subsidiary of CJ CheilJedang of South Korea — with five major business units including Schwan's Consumer Brands, Schwan's Food Service, Strategic Partner Solutions and SFC Global Supply Chain. Schwan's Company no longer owns the home-delivery business that was known as Schwan's Home Service, which is currently rebranding to Yelloh.

The Schwan's family maintains 100 percent ownership of Minnesota-based Schwan's Home Service, a privately held, independent entity traced to the company's home-delivery business launched by Marvin Schwan in 1952. Schwan's Home Service sells frozen foods from home delivery trucks, in grocery store freezers, by mail, and to the food service industry.

Schwan's Company is widely known for its consumer brands, including Freschetta Pizza, Tony's Frozen Pizza, Mrs. Smith's Pies, Edwards Frozen Pies, Pagoda Egg Rolls, and   Red Baron  Pizza.

Corporate divisions
The company's major business units include Schwan's Consumer Brands, Schwan's Food Service, and SFC Global Supply Chain.

Schwan's Consumer Brands markets frozen food products in grocery stores primarily in the Western Hemisphere.

Schwan's Food Service markets and distributes frozen-food products to the food service industry.

SFC Global Supply Chain is a manufacturing cooperative that coordinates the company's production processes and helps develop new products.

Company history
In 1952, Marvin Schwan (1929–1993) began home delivery of his family's homemade ice cream (Schwan's Dairy and Dairy Lunch) to rural western Minnesota. Schwan's expanded to cover the Midwestern United States and made a number of acquisitions, including the Holiday Ice Cream Company and Russell Dairy. In 1957, the product line was expanded to include juice concentrates, and in 1962, Schwan's began selling frozen fish products.

During the 1970s, the company began selling pizza to schools, launched the Red Baron pizza brand for sale in grocery stores, and formed the Red Baron Squadron flight team to promote the brand. During the 1980s, Schwan's made further acquisitions, including pizza manufacturer Sabatasso Foods and Asian-foods manufacturer Minh Food Corporation. Schwan's opened a plant in Leyland, Preston, England in 1989. In 1990, Schwans started Schwans Canada, with an ice cream plant in Manitoba and routes in Saskatchewan and Alberta, but they ceased operations in December 1999.

In 1993, founder Marvin Schwan died of a heart attack at the age of 64. The Marvin Schwan Memorial Drive in Marshall is named after him. His older brother, Alfred Schwan, who had been the company's head of manufacturing, was named president.

In October 1994, the Minnesota Department of Health informed the company that 67 people in southern Minnesota had been infected with salmonella enteritis and that there was a strong statistical link between the illnesses and Schwan's ice cream. Schwan quickly halted the production and sale of the company's ice cream and began a public-awareness campaign asking people not to eat Schwan's ice cream products. An investigation found that the source of the contamination was a contractor's truck that had delivered ice cream pre-mix to Schwan's. The trucking company had inadequately washed the tanker truck after transporting raw, unpasteurized eggs. Schwan's actions in response to the recall were unconventional at the time and have since been imitated by companies facing recalls.

In 1996, Schwan's introduced the Freschetta pizza line and acquired La Roue du Pays d'Auge, a frozen foods producer in France. In 1998, Schwan's opened a pizza plant in Osterweddingen, Germany. In 2001, Schwan's acquired the Edwards dessert company from Ripplewood Holdings, and in 2003, the Mrs. Smith's dessert company from Flowers Foods. Also in 2003, the corporation changed its name from Schwan's Sales Enterprises to The Schwan Food Company.

In 2010, Schwan's teamed up with the TV series Top Chef and served dishes that were made famous by chefs that were featured on the Bravo television series.

In February 2019, the company announced it had completed the sale of 80% of the privately-held company's stock to CJ CheilJedang of South Korea, effectively ending the Schwan family's control of the company. Schwan's will operate as a subsidiary of CJ, but the family will continue to control 100% of the operations of Schwan's Home Delivery Service. In March 2022, Schwan's Home Delivery announced that it was rebranding as Yelloh, a reference to the color of its trucks.

Red Baron Squadron
The Red Baron Squadron was established in 1979 as a promotion for Red Baron Pizza. The squadron flew five vintage Stearman biplanes modified with 450 hp engines. A separate 38-foot support vehicle followed with spare parts and engines. They attended air shows throughout the country and flew formation aerobatics. Their base of operations and air museum was at the Southwest Minnesota Regional Airport in Marshall, Minnesota. In 2007, after 28 years of flying, the company announced the retirement of the squadron.

References

External links
Official site
Home delivery site

Food recalls
Privately held companies based in Minnesota
Food and drink companies based in Minnesota
Frozen food brands
Food and drink companies established in 1952
1952 establishments in Minnesota
Frozen pizza brands
Lyon County, Minnesota
American subsidiaries of foreign companies
2019 mergers and acquisitions
CJ Group

Schwan's Company


Suniya S. Luthar was Founder and executive director of AC Groups nonprofit, Professor Emerita at Teachers College-Columbia University, and Co-founder Emerita at Authentic Connections Co. She had previously served on the faculty at Yale University's Department of Psychiatry and the Yale Child Study Center and as Foundation Professor of Psychology at the Arizona State University.

Education and early career
Luthar earned her bachelor's and master's degrees in child development, in 1978 and 1980 respectively, from the Lady Irwin College of Delhi University, India.
In 1990, she received a PhD in clinical and developmental psychology from Yale University. She completed a clinical internship at the Yale Child Study Center and then was on the faculty at the Yale University School of Medicine's Department of Psychiatry and Child Study Center, first as an associate research scientist (1990–92), then as assistant professor (1992–97).
Luthar joined Teachers College, Columbia University in 1997 as an associate professor. She received tenure in 1999 and was promoted to full professor in 2001. In 2010, she was named professor adjunct at the Yale Child Study Center. The following year, she was appointed senior advisor to the provost at Teachers College, Columbia University. Between January 2014 and Dec 2019, she was Foundation Professor at Arizona State University's Psychology Department.

Research
Luthar's research involves vulnerability and resilience among various populations including youth in poverty and children in families affected by mental illness. Her studies of adolescents in high achieving schools (HASs), usually in relatively affluent communities, have revealed elevated problems in several areas, particularly substance use and emotional distress.
 This pattern of elevated problems has now been documented among students at both public and private schools and in different geographical regions of the United States.

Luthar's programmatic work on HAS youth has now brought national recognition, in major policy reports, that this group is among those at heightened risk for adjustment difficulties.  In a 2018 Robert Wood Johnson Foundation report on Adolescent Wellness, environments listed as compromising youth well-being included exposure to poverty, trauma, and discrimination as well as excessive pressures to achieve, usually seen in affluent communities. In a 2019 report by the National Academies of Science, Education, and Medicine, youth in HASs were again listed among those especially vulnerable along with children in deep poverty, those in the foster care system, and those with incarcerated parents.

In considering factors that promote resilience among highly pressured youth, Luthar's research pointed to the protective effects of close, supportive relationships with parents (especially mothers who are generally primary caregivers), and appropriate and consistent limit-setting by parents, particularly with regard to misuse of drugs and alcohol. Also critical are perceptions of balanced values among adults in their homes, schools, and communities, such that they are perceived as valuing children's personal decency and integrity at least as much as they value the splendor of their accomplishments. In their most recent works, Luthar and collaborators have presented conceptual models encompassing multiple risk and protective factors affecting HAS youth, including influences related to families and peer groups, aspects of school climate, as well as societal factors such as the middle class squeeze and extreme competitiveness associated with college admissions.

Luthar's recent research has also focused on motherhood, with exploration of factors that best help mothers negotiate the challenges of this life-transforming role.

Findings have highlighted the importance of four factors in particular: mothers feeling unconditionally loved themselves (as in the sentiment, "I feel seen and loved for the person I am, at my core"); feeling comforted when they are distressed; feeling authentic in close relationships (being their true selves, without having to pretend or conceal); and satisfaction with their friendships. These research-based insights have been harnessed within supportive group-based interventions

aimed at  fostering the resilience of mothers in their everyday lives. Luthar's Authentic Connections Groups intervention has been recognized, in the National Academies' 2019 report, as a promising approach to foster resilience among at-risk children and families.

Luthar's work has been widely cited in the national and international press, including outlets such as the New York Times, CNN, the Wall Street Journal, the Washington Post, NPR, and the Atlantic.  Luthar's research has been supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health as well as the William T. Grant Foundation, the Spencer Foundation, the Smith Richardson Foundation, and the Rodel Foundation.  Luthar regularly presents cutting-edge research findings on high achieving schools and families—and their implications for beneficial interventions—in schools, communities, and conferences, nationally and internationally.

Department chair, Teachers College
In 2005, Luthar was elected by faculty colleagues to be chair of the Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology at Teachers College, Columbia University, taking over for Professor Madonna Constantine, who was to go on sabbatical.
In April 2009, the Asian Caucus of the Society for Research in Child Development honored Luthar with an award citing her "mentorship, courage, and integrity". Teachers College designated Luthar as senior advisor to the provost in 2011, and in 2014, conferred the status of professor emerita.

Honors and awards
Early scientific contributions were recognized by the American Psychological Association (APA) in the form of a Dissertation Award in 1990 (Division 37; Child, Youth, & Family Services), and the Boyd McCandless Young Scientist Award in 1998 (Division 7; Developmental Psychology). In 2006, Luthar was named Member of the New York Academy of Sciences, and named Fellow of the American Association for Psychological Science in recognition of her distinguished contributions to science.  In September, 2015, she was named Fellow of the American Psychological Association's Divisions 7 and 37 (Society for Child and Family Policy and Practice).  Other awards include a Research Scientist Development Award from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (1993), an American Mensa Education and Research Foundation Award for Excellence in Research on Intelligence (1995), and an award for Integrity and Mentorship from the Society for Research in Child Development (SRCD)'s Asian Caucus in 2009. In 2020, Luthar received the Society for Research on Adolescents' John P. Hill Memorial Award, recognizing the significant contributions of her programmatic research to understanding of development during the second decade of the lifespan.

Luthar served as chair of a grant peer review committee at the National Institutes of Health's Center for Scientific Review (2002–04), was elected member of the Governing Council of SRCD (2006–09), and chair of SRCD's Asian Caucus (2008–09). She served on the APA's Committee on Socioeconomic Status (2007–08), was elected to APA's Council of Representatives (Division 7) Developmental Psychology; 2013-16, and was elected to be President of APA's Division 7 (2019). Luthar was also among the experts of experts contributing to the National Academies' 2019 report, Vibrant and Healthy Kids: Aligning Science, Practice, and Policy to Advance Health Equity.

Publications
In addition to peer-reviewed journal articles, Luthar's writing includes Children in poverty: Risk and protective forces in adjustment, Developmental psychopathology: Perspectives on adjustment, risk, and disorder, and
 Resilience and vulnerability in childhood: Adaptation in the context of adversities. She served as Associate Editor of the peer-reviewed journals Developmental Psychology (2004–07)
and Development and Psychopathology (1999–present).

Sources

External links

21st-century American psychologists
American women psychologists
Yale University faculty
Teachers College, Columbia University faculty
Arizona State University faculty
Cathedral and John Connon School alumni
Indian expatriate academics in the United States
Academics from New Delhi
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American women academics
21st-century American women

Suniya S. Luthar


The Foreign Policy Association (formerly known as the League of Free Nations Association) is a non-profit organization, founded in 1918, dedicated to inspiring the American public to learn more about the world. According to the Foreign Policy Association (FPA), the organization aims to spread global awareness and understanding of US foreign policy and global issues by informing, inspiring, and engaging with the public in community and educational forums. As of 2023, the organization's current President & CEO is Noel V. Lateef, who is also the longest serving President of the Foreign Policy Association.

History
The FPA was founded in 1918 as the "League of Free Nations Association." Under the chairmanship of journalist Paul Underwood Kellogg, it was formed by 41 Americans to support US President Woodrow Wilson's efforts to achieve a just peace, with his speech and proposal of the Fourteen Points, which included the idea of a world organization, later to be called the League of Nations. Although the League of Nations ultimately failed, it did help pave the way for the success of the United Nations. The FPA also sought to increase support for United States membership in the world body that was then being discussed and laid out in the Versailles Treaty and the Paris Peace Conference, 1919, with the "Big Four" representatives dominating the many representatives of the nations formerly at war: President Woodrow Wilson of the US, Prime Minister David Lloyd George of the United Kingdom, Premier Georges Clemenceau of France, and Prime Minister Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy following the Armistice ending combat in World War I. It also included future influential Americans from both sides of the political spectrum, John Foster Dulles and Eleanor Roosevelt.

Following the failure of the United States Senate to ratify the Treaty and membership in the League during various debate sessions with votes taken in 1919 and early 1920, and also later through the results of the Presidential Election of 1920, it was later reconstituted in 1923 as the Foreign Policy Association.

In 1938, a series of lectures on foreign policy aimed towards women called "Off the Record" was launched under the support of the FPA, which later became a non-profit organization of its own in 1938, and now has more than 400 members as of 2023.

In the 1940s, headed by Vera Micheles Dean, the FPA was broadcasting New York City meetings and weekly talks on the program "The World Today" over the National Broadcasting Company's (NBC) radio network. Later, as the discussions among citizens spread, the FPA branches across America began to grow in notoriety and became the forerunners of the various independent membership councils with the World Affairs Councils of America and the foreign affairs or foreign policy councils founded in major large cities or regions of states in the 1950s and 1960s, and some as late as the 1980s.

The FPA's publications, "Foreign Policy Reports" (1925–1951), "Foreign Policy Bulletin" (1920–1961) and "Headline Series" (1935–present) provide analysis of foreign policy issues.

In 1954, the FPAs launched its Great Decisions public education program on international affairs. In the 1960s, the forerunner of the FPA's "Citizen's Guide to U.S. Foreign Policy" was published.

In the 1970s, Great Decisions opinion ballots were tabulated nationally for the first time.

The Foreign Policy Association celebrated its 100th anniversary at a gala held at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in October 2018.

Media

In the effort to help distinguish itself from other non-profit educational and civic organizations in the field of international affairs, the Foreign Policy Association works to engage the public through a variety of different media: Print, Internet and blogs, and television and DVDs.

Great Decisions Briefing Book
The Great Decisions briefing book features analyses on issues of concern to US policymakers today.

Great Decisions Television Series

The Foreign Policy Association also produces the Great Decisions series on public television. Great Decisions is produced by Executive Producer MacDara King. Great Decision full episodes are also available on Netflix, Hulu, and iTunes.

Narrated by David Strathairn, the series features eight half-hour documentaries providing background information, analyses, and debate on issues of concern to US foreign policymakers. The show was narrated by Walter Cronkite. Former guests include Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon, Desmond Tutu, Jimmy Carter, and Madeleine Albright.

Foreignpolicyblogs.com

Launched in 2007 as part of the "Great Decision" Program, the "Foreign Policy Blogs" network is a network of global affairs commentary "blogs" comprising nearly 50 blogs on a wide variety of global issues ranging from US foreign policy to global feature films/movies. With the "Foreign Policy Blogs" network, the Foreign Policy Association brings to the public, discussion on global affairs to the internet.

The "Foreign Policy Blogs" network is a production of the Foreign Policy Association but is staffed by professional contributors from journalism, academia, business, non-profits and think tanks.

Programming

The Great Decisions program, launched in 1954, is the flagship educational program at the core of its outreach.

The Foreign Policy Association organizes educational programs such as the Great Decisions discussion groups  and workshops. FPA's national network of volunteer coordinators help implementing the Great Decisions program by setting up discussion groups, seminars, and public forums in which participants meet, discuss, and reach informed opinions on each topic.

To facilitate the programming, the FPA produces the weekly e-newsletters, "Great Decisions Online" and "Great Decisions in the Classroom," written for Great Decisions participants and educators. The organization makes a map of all the various discussion groups across the US available and encourages individuals to start groups of their own.

Teacher Training

Working to increase Great Decisions participation among high school students, FPA conducts outreach to hundreds of high school teachers from around the United States at meetings of the National Council for the Social Studies. Through Great Decisions workshop presentations and exhibitor booths, educators learn about FPA's programming and receive samples of the Great Decisions educational materials.

In addition to the general outreach, the Foreign Policy Association organizes "Great Decisions Teacher Training Institutes". Here, secondary school teachers learn about the Great Decisions programming materials and resources to explore ways to integrate Great Decisions in the classroom curricula.

Events

Since the launch of the luncheon series in the 1920s, the Foreign Policy Association has invited experts to discuss global affairs issues with the public. Aside from the recurrent annual events such as the Annual FPA Dinner, the "World Leadership Forum," and the "International Business Forum," it also organizes events such as "Town Hall" meetings, lectures, luncheon discussions, and open forums with world leaders and experts in the New York City metropolitan area.

References

External links
 Official Website of the Foreign Policy Association
 Foreign Policy Association FBI files, hosted at the Internet Archive:
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Part 5
Part 6
Part 7
EBF84
EBF180

Foreign policy and strategy think tanks in the United States
Non-profit organizations based in New York City
Organizations established in 1918
1918 establishments in the United States

Foreign Policy Association


Philippe Poutou (; born 14 March 1967) is a French far-left politician, former trade unionist and car factory worker. He was the New Anti-Capitalist Party's candidate in the presidential elections of 2012, 2017 and 2022, in which he respectively received 1.15%, 1.09% and 0.76% of the vote.

Trade union activity
Poutou was secretary of the General Confederation of Labour at the Ford Motor Company in the Aquitaine region of France. He was a car industry worker until his factory closed in 2019. In 2007, he played a leading role in union negotiations with the company over the potential axing of 2,000 jobs; he was a union spokesman to the media.

Early political activity
Poutou was a candidate for the Revolutionary Communist League in the 2007 legislative election. He stood in the 5th constituency of Gironde, where he gathered 1,582 votes (2.7%) and placed eighth, as the party failed to win a seat in the National Assembly. He then led its successor party, the New Anticapitalist Party, in the 2010 regional election in his home region of Aquitaine. He failed to be elected a regional councillor as the list he led obtained 2.5% of the vote. Poutou stood again in the 2012 legislative election in which he gathered 1,264 votes (2.12%) and placed eighth a second time. In the 2014 European Parliament election, he led the New Anticapitalist Party list in South-West France but failed to be elected an MEP.

Presidential candidacies

2012

In June 2011, he was chosen by the New Anticapitalist Party as its candidate for the 2012 presidential election. Media noted that he was virtually unknown to the public, as well as that he might find it difficult to succeed previous candidate Olivier Besancenot, a well recognised figure popular beyond the party itself. He would, in addition, have to contend with divisions within the party over whether to engage more with the Left Front, with an aim to unify the political forces on the left of the centre-left Socialist Party.

For much of the campaign, he remained little known to the general public; he was described as lacking Besancenot's popularity, charisma and ease with words. Freely admitting that he did not particularly want to be a candidate and that he did not aim to be elected, particularly as one of his policies was to abolish the presidency, in favour of a fully parliamentary system, he saw his profile and popularity increase somewhat in the late stages of the campaign, when all candidates confirmed by the Constitutional Council obtained equal airtime in the media as required by law. In particular, his unconventional behaviour drew attention during the television programme Des paroles et des actes hosted by David Pujadas on France 2, along with his unusual campaign clips – such as one based on the film The Artist, or another parodying the gameshow Questions pour un champion and playing on the fact that Poutou remained little-known to the public.

Like Trotskyist candidate Nathalie Arthaud of Lutte Ouvrière, his message was that improvements in workers' rights would come through workers' struggles and demands rather than through the ballot box. Obtaining 1.15% of the vote, finishing eighth out of ten, Poutou called upon voters to "vote against Sarkozy" in the second round. The press partly explained his low result by the fact that Jean-Luc Mélenchon, of the Left Front, had attracted the bulk of voters on the "left of the left". Poutou explained that, while he hoped Hollande would win rather than Sarkozy, the New Anticapitalist Party would have to help build an "opposition on the left" to the new government.

2017
On 20 March 2016, Poutou was nominated by the New Anticapitalist Party as its candidate in the 2017 presidential election. In a televised debate on 4 April 2017, he denounced "corrupt politicians" and advocated for lower salaries for elected officials. His remarks earned him the applause of fellow candidate Jean-Luc Mélenchon of La France Insoumise. Poutou attacked François Fillon and Marine Le Pen, the first of which warned he could sue for the corruption claims that were made. Furthermore, Poutou addressed the moderators stating "it's not because I don't have a tie that you have to interrupt me". For several media observers, Poutou was the most prominent debate partaker. In the election, he received 1.09% of the vote and placed eighth out of eleven, as Mélenchon, the best-placed left-wing candidate in fourth place, had gathered over 3 million additional votes compared to 2012.

2022

Poutou supported and took part in the yellow vests movement that started in 2018, within the larger protests against Emmanuel Macron, stating it was "the expression of a fed up with a society that is deeply unjust". On 28 June 2020, he took office as a municipal councillor and metropolitan councillor of Bordeaux, following the 2020 municipal election, in which he campaigned most notably for free public transportation. Previous attempts to win a seat in the municipal council as lead candidate in 2001 and 2014 were unsuccessful.

Despite initial statements he would not run in 2022, Poutou was invested a third time by his party ahead of the 2022 presidential election. He stated he had "many things to say" to incumbent President Emmanuel Macron.

In the first round of the 2022 presidential election, Poutou received 268,904 votes, 0.76% of the total vote. Ahead of the 2022 legislative election, Poutou announced his party would not take part in the New People's Ecologist and Social Union (NUPES) headed by Mélenchon. He was notably critical of the Socialist Party's weight in the alliance.

References

1967 births
Living people
Ford people
People from Villemomble
Revolutionary Communist League (France) politicians
New Anticapitalist Party politicians
Members of the General Confederation of Labour (France)
Candidates in the 2012 French presidential election
Candidates in the 2017 French presidential election
Candidates in the 2022 French presidential election

Philippe Poutou


Donald Grant Nutter (November 28, 1915January 25, 1962) was an American politician. A recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross in World War II, Nutter served in the Montana Senate and as the chair of the state Republican Party prior to being elected the 15th governor of Montana in 1960. After a year in office, he was killed in an airplane crash during a blizzard in January 1962.

Biography

Early life
Donald Nutter was born November 28, 1915, in Lambert, Montana, the second of three sons born to Chesley E. Nutter and Anne Grant (Wood) Nutter. The family moved to Sidney in 1918.

Nutter attended the North Dakota State School of Science in Wahpeton for two years before transferring to University of Montana in Missoula in 1935. He left school after his father became ill to return to Sidney, where he entered public service in 1937 as the deputy clerk of the Richland County District Court. He held that position for a year, then served for another year as the undersheriff of Richland County.

Marriage and children
Nutter met his wife, Maxine Trotter, at an ice cream shop where she worked with her parents. They were married in Lewistown on April 16, 1938, and had one son, John.

Career
Following their wedding, Nutter entered the farm equipment business in Sidney. He did well and moved his young family to Glasgow, where he managed a farm equipment sales company for two years.

With the outbreak of World War II, Nutter joined the Army Air Forces. As a B-24 bomber pilot, he flew 62 combat missions, logging more than 500 hours of combat time. He spent 13 months in the China-Burma-India Theater and was discharged at the rank of captain after 39 months of service.

He returned to eastern Montana and opened his own farm implement dealership in Sidney and in 1948 began working toward a law degree. Nutter was elected to the Montana State Senate in 1950, serving his eastern Montana constituents while attending law school in western Montana. In 1954, he was admitted to the Montana Bar and re-elected in the state senate. During his time in the statehouse, his position changed from "a cautious reactionary to a conscientious, business-minded liberal with a host of friends and supporters throughout the state".

After defeat as the incumbent seeking a third term, he served as the chairman of the Montana Republican Central Committee from 1958 to 1960. He secured the Republican gubernatorial nomination and was elected governor in November 1960. During his tenure, state spending was reduced and new industrial developments were promoted.

Death and legacy
On the night of January 25, 1962, Nutter was en route to a speaking engagement in Cut Bank when the C-47 Skytrain he was a passenger in crashed. Winds exceeding 100 mph sheared off one of the wings of the plane, causing the aircraft to go down in Wolf Creek Canyon north of Helena. Also killed in the crash were Dennis Gordon, his executive secretary; Edward Wren, commissioner of agriculture; and three members of the Montana Air National Guard: Maj. Clifford Hanson, Maj. Joseph Devine and Master Sgt. Charles Ballard.

Nutter's casket lay in state in Montana's Capitol House Chambers, flanked by the caskets of Wren and Gordon and under watch by two Montana National Guardsmen, prior to being interred in the Sidney City Cemetery in Sidney, Montana.

Elsewhere in Sidney, Nutter is remembered with a statue in Central Park and by the Donald G. Nutter Building, which is home to the Richland County Extension Office.

At the Montana State Capitol in Helena, a bronze plaque outside the south entrance to the statehouse remembers Nutter and the others lost in the 1962 air crash.

Works

Letters
Nutter's correspondence, press releases, and speeches are included in the Montana Governors records collection at the Montana Historical Society Research Center Archives in Helena, Montana.

Awards
Air Medal with cluster
Distinguished Flying Cross with clusters

References

External links
Governor Donald G. Nutter – timeline and photos on Richland County website
Governor Don Nutter – statue images on sculptor Bob Stayton's website
Montana Historical Society
The Political Graveyard

1915 births
1962 deaths
People from Richland County, Montana
Accidental deaths in Montana
American Congregationalists
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in the United States
University of Montana alumni
United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Republican Party governors of Montana
Republican Party Montana state senators
United States Army Air Forces officers
Recipients of the Air Medal
North Dakota State College of Science alumni
20th-century American politicians
People from Sidney, Montana
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1962

Donald Grant Nutter


A pack goat is a goat used  as a beast of burden, for packing cargo.  Generally, large wether (castrated buck) goats are used for packing, though does may also be packed.   While does are generally smaller and therefore  able to carry somewhat less cargo, they may also provide fresh milk.

Goats are domesticated herd animals.  They will usually stay near camp and follow their human masters on the trail, much as dogs will, without having to be leashed or tethered.   They are generally used in wilderness camping settings.

A healthy and fit pack goat can carry up to 25 percent of its weight and walk up to about 19km (12mi) per day depending on its load weight, the terrain, and the animal's conditioning.  They are generally less expensive to own and operate than other pack animals since they are natural browsing animals and can feed themselves along the way.

In the United States
The North American Packgoat Association is a Boise, Idaho-based not-for-profit corporation formed to promote packing with packgoats.  In the U.S., goats bred for packing are usually tall and lean; belonging to one of the larger dairy goat breeds such as Alpine, Toggenburg, Saanen, Lamancha, Oberhasli or a crossbreed thereof.  However, any type of goat can be trained to pack. Craftspeople and enthusiasts in the U.S design and build specialized goat packing equipment, publish newsletters and raise pack goats for personal use and sale.

Goat packing is popular with both young families, and older individuals who want to be able to go into the wilderness and need help carrying all their gear.  Some public lands require permits for the use of goats as pack animals.  Concerns have been raised about the disease-spreading potential that domestic goats may pose to wild animals, such as mountain sheep and mountain goats. Accordingly, the use of pack goats is restricted in certain areas.

Goat packing was popularized in the U.S. in the 1980s and 1990s by John Mionczynski of Atlantic City, Wyoming.  He developed a herd of large mixed-breed goats and used them as early as the 1970s to pack supplies for scientists working in the mountains and later to carry food and gear for tourists on hiking trips.  He designed and built customized pack saddles and saddlebags and, with illustrator Hannah Hinchman, published a book, The Pack Goat, in 1992.

See also
 Backpacking with animals

References

External links
 North American Packgoat Association

Livestock
Animal-powered transport
Hiking

Pack goat


homeMADE is an Australian reality television series that aired on the Nine Network. It premiered on 10 May 2009, and episodes aired twice weekly on Tuesdays at 7:30 pm and again at 9:30 pm. The series was presented by David Heimann, who also acted as a mentor to the contestants.

The concept of homeMADE was that two teams of emerging designers renovated two houses in five days, with one eventual winner receiving a prize of $100,000. The winner was announced on 7 July, as Jason from NSW. The designers were judged by Neale Whitaker, Editor-in-Chief of Belle, and interior stylist Sibella Court. Whitaker and Court are joined by guest judges, including Deborah Bibby, Paul Hecker, David Hicks and Greg Natale.

Contestants

Episode ratings
 Colour key:
  – Highest rating during the series
  – Lowest rating during the series

References

Nine Network original programming
2000s Australian reality television series
2009 Australian television series debuts
2009 Australian television series endings

HomeMADE


The Wilford Wood House is located on Pleasant Hill Road just east of the New York State Thruway in the Mountainville section of Cornwall, New York, United States. It is a white Colonial Revival farmhouse built in the late 19th century, a period when most large new houses in Cornwall were being built as boardinghouses to serve those who came to the area as a summer resort. The Wood house, too, would be used as a boardinghouse where guests could take in the mountain air and views of the surrounding mountains.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998. Signs around the property indicate that it is currently owned by nearby Storm King Art Center. It is sided in white clapboard, with a gabled roof shingled in asphalt and pierced by two chimneys, one stone and the other brick. The cornice is bracketed. A porch with two classical columns runs the length of the western (front) facade.

Building
The two-and-a-half-story house sits in the middle of its  lot, with views of Schunemunk Mountain to the south and the Hudson Highlands to the east. Immediately to the west is the New York State Thruway.

It is sided in white clapboard with a gabled roof covered in asphalt shingles, pierced by two chimneys, one stone and the other brick. The roofline is marked by a bracketed cornice. A small porch on the western (front) facade is supported by two classically styled columns.

The Dutch door at the entrance leads into a central hall, ending in a rear Dutch door. Oak flooring is original, but the lath and plaster walls on the first story have been covered over with drywall. An original staircase leads to the second story, where the plaster walls remain uncovered. More original furnishings, including fixtures for gas lamps, are up the disappearing staircase in the attic. Many of the doors in the house and their hardware are original.

A three-car-garage and breezeway are connected to the house. Built later, they are architecturally sympathetic.

History
The house was built around 1890 as the center of the much larger Wood farm. At that time most larger houses in Cornwall were built to serve as boardinghouses (or, as with the Walter Hand House, both farmhouses and boardinghouses). It is a rare example of a late-19th-century farmhouse in the town, albeit later used as a boardinghouse as well due to the mountain scenery.

Only two substantial exterior renovations have been undertaken. The stone chimney was added to the south end around 1930, and in 1996 the garage and breezeway were added. The interior walls on the first story were also covered in drywall at some point in the late 20th century.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Houses in Orange County, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Orange County, New York
Houses completed in 1890
Cornwall, New York

Wilford Wood House


Bailey Island is an island in Casco Bay, and a part of the town of Harpswell, in Cumberland County, Maine, United States.  As of the 2000 census, the island had a year-round population of 400.

History
Bailey Island originally bore the name Newaggin, given to it by the local Abenaki Native Americans, and was first populated by European settlers in the 17th century.

The first settler of the island was William Black, son of Black Will, who was a freed slave from Kittery, Maine. William sold the land his father had left him in the Upper Parish of Kittery and settled permanently on Bailey's Island. Because of this, the island became known as Will's Island.

The story goes that in 1742, Reverend Timothy Bailey may have bought Will's Island for one pound of tobacco and a gallon of rum from William Black. In another variation of the story, the minister's wife liked the island, so the Baileys bribed municipal officials to find a flaw in Will's title to the island and award it to them.  In any event, after Timothy Bailey and his wife took possession of the island, William Black left to live on Orr's Island. From then on, the island was known as Bailey Island.

On July 27, 2020, Bailey Island was the site of Maine's only fatal shark attack in recorded history. A 63 year-old woman from New York City was fatally mauled by a confirmed Great white shark while swimming with her 27 year-old daughter. She was only 20 yards from the Bailey Island shore.

Bridge

The Bailey Island Bridge, which spans Will's Gut and connects Bailey Island to Orr's Island, was completed in 1928.  Will's Gut is the only geographical feature that still bears the name of the original non-native inhabitant of the island.

It is the only cribstone bridge in the world, which is made up of rocks, sand and gravel. A popular rumor held that there was another cribstone bridge in Scotland that was later destroyed, but no records of such a bridge have ever been found. The unique cribstone design of the bridge permits the substantial tides of that area to flow freely through it, greatly reducing the effect that flow would otherwise have on boats transiting its narrow channel opening. The Island is also known for its statewide football game that is held every year on the island.

Notable people

Three prominent female psychoanalysts, Esther Harding, Eleanor Bertine, and Kristine Mann, were followers of Carl Jung and long-time summer residents of Bailey Island.  Kristine Mann, known in Jung's work as ″Miss X", was one of Jung's subjects. Jung is also known to have visited Bailey Island and to have lectured at the Bailey Island Library Hall.

Illustrator Ida Waugh and writer Amy Ella Blanchard, lifelong companions, owned adjacent summer cottages on the island. Together, they organized the founding of a summer chapel for the Episcopal church. The chapel was completed in 1916.

Frank Aydelotte, president of Swarthmore College, summered at Bailey Island where he became acquainted with Holbrook Mann MacNeille and Stephan Mann MacNeille in the 1920s. With Aydelotte's encouragement, both attended Swarthmore and later went on to lead distinguished careers in physics and mathematics.

Another prominent summer resident was the Civil War-era composer George Frederick Root, who died on August 6, 1895, while summering on the island.

Landmarks
 Bailey Island Bridge;
 Mackerel Cove, one of the most photographed places in Maine;
 Land's End, a famous rocky beach at the end of the island;
 the 'Maine Lobsterman', a bronze statue originally created for the 1939 World's Fair;
 The Giant Stairs (also known as "The Giant's Steps"), a rock formation on the edge of the island resembling a large flight of stairs;
 "The Nubble″, an often-photographed bait shack where all the local lobstermen leave their buoys;
 Two World War II-era fire control towers near the southern tip of the island.

References

 Nancy Orr Johnson Jensen, Bailey Island: Memories, Pictures & Lore, Mayhaven Publishing, 2003, .
 Harpswell Historical Society Website
 Beth E. Hill (1992), The Evolution of Bailey's Island
Peter P. Hill, Ph.D, "Summer Days and Childhood Shenanigans" https://maineboats.com/print/issue-145/summer-days-and-childhood-shenanigans

External links

 Photograph of the Bailey Island ferry, ca. 1910, from the Maine Memory Network

Harpswell, Maine

Bailey Island (Maine)


Johannes (Janne)  Robert Rydberg (; 8 November 1854 – 28 December 1919) was a Swedish physicist mainly known for devising the Rydberg formula, in 1888, which is used to describe the wavelengths of photons (of visible light and other electromagnetic radiation) emitted by changes in the energy level of an electron in a hydrogen atom.

Biography
Rydberg was born 8 November 1854 in Halmstad in southern Sweden, the only child of Sven Rydberg and Maria Anderson Rydberg. When he was 4 years old his father died, and the family was forced to live on a small income. In 1873 he graduated from Halmstads elementärläroverk, where he received high grades in maths and physics. Later that year he enrolled in Lund University, and two years later he was awarded his bachelor's degree. In 1879 he was awarded his Doctor of Philosophy with his dissertation "Konstruktioner af kägelsnitt i 3- och 4-punktskontakt".

Rydberg began his career as an amanuensis in the institution. He became a docent in maths in 1880, and in 1882 became a docent in physics. At this time he began studying the standard atomic weight, because he wondered what was the reason for the seemingly random increase in weight for the atoms in Mendeleev's periodic system. He searched for a formula for several years to no avail.

His next work was about investigating the atomic spectra, explaining why these occurred. Rydberg's research was preceded by Johann Jakob Balmer's, who presented an empirical formula for the visible spectral lines of the hydrogen atom in 1885. However, Rydberg's research led him to publish a formula in 1888 which could be used to describe the spectral lines not only for hydrogen but other elements as well. After his publication in 1890 on the subject, Rydberg returned to his fruitless research on the periodic table.

Rydberg applied for a professorship in 1897, but despite the recommendations of experts in the subject he was rejected. However, he became an extraordinary professor instead. It was not until 1909 that he was upgraded into a full professorship. To earn extra money he worked part-time as a numerical examiner at Sparbanken in Lund from 1891 and as an actuary in Malmö from 1905.

In 1913, Rydberg became very ill and was forced to slow down his pace of research, and in 1915 he was granted leave on account of his illness. He died on 28 December 1919 at Lund Hospital and was succeeded by his student Manne Siegbahn. Rydberg is buried at the northern cemetery in Lund and left his wife Lydia Carlsson (1856–1925), son Helge Rydberg (1887–1968) and daughter Gerda Rydberg (1891–1983).

Rydberg formula

The physical constant known as the Rydberg constant is named after him, as is the Rydberg unit. Excited atoms with very high values of the principal quantum number, represented by n in the Rydberg formula, are called Rydberg atoms. Rydberg's anticipation that spectral studies could assist in a theoretical understanding of the atom and its chemical properties was justified in 1913 by the work of Niels Bohr (see hydrogen spectrum). An important spectroscopic constant based on a hypothetical atom of infinite mass is called the Rydberg (R) in his honour.

See also
 Rydberg atom
 Rydberg matter
 Rydberg state
 List of things named after Johannes Rydberg

References

External links

1854 births
1919 deaths
Swedish physicists
Optical physicists
People connected to Lund University
Lund University alumni
Spectroscopists
People involved with the periodic table
Foreign Members of the Royal Society

Johannes Rydberg


Jan Adriaan Strauss (born 18 November 1985) is a South African former professional rugby union player who played first class rugby between 2005 and 2018. He played in 66 international test matches for  (captaining them in 2016) and also featured in three non-test internationals. He played Super Rugby for the  and the , making 156 appearances, a record by a South African player. He also made 78 Currie Cup appearances for the  and .

Career

Strauss made his international debut for South Africa on 19 July 2008 coming off the bench against Australia in the Tri Nations. He stayed with the team for the remainder of the Tri Nations earning 5 caps, but missed out on the November tour to the UK following the return of John Smit to action with Chiliboy Ralepelle leapfrogging him in the selection order. He scored both of his first two tries for the Springboks in one test on 18 November 2012 against Scotland at Murrayfield in Edinburgh.

Strauss was selected in South Africa's 31-man for the 2015 Rugby World Cup, where he became South Africa's first-choice hooker.

Following a standout Super Rugby season for the Bulls, scoring 6 tries that year, Strauss was promoted to captain of the Springboks, becoming the 56th captain in the team's history. Strauss started every test that year as Captain of the team. Following captaining South Africa through a 2-1 series win over Ireland that year, Strauss continued his form in the 2016 Rugby Championship and was awarded Man of the Match in the 18-10 win against Australia, where he played the full 80 minutes- a rare feat for a hooker. Strauss also played the full 80 minutes against Argentina in two tests earlier that year on 20 August and 27 August. Despite Strauss' excellent form, the 2016 Rugby Championship was a disappointment for the Springboks as the team suffered a 57-15 loss to the All Blacks in the final round of the tournament, placing them third overall.

Strauss announced that he would retire from International Rugby at the end of 2016, playing his final match for the Springboks on 26 November that year. The match was a 27-13 loss to Wales, with Strauss subbed off with 9 minutes to go.

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Afrikaner people
South African rugby union players
South African people of German descent
South African people of Dutch descent
South Africa international rugby union players
Cheetahs (rugby union) players
Free State Cheetahs players
Bulls (rugby union) players
Blue Bulls players
Rugby union players from Bloemfontein
Alumni of Grey College, Bloemfontein
Rugby union hookers
2015 Rugby World Cup players

Adriaan Strauss


The "Lost Generation" is a term used to describe a number of  American writers and artists who went to live in Europe after the First World War. People associated with the Lost Generation include Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Faulkner, Sherwood Anderson and John Steinbeck.

The term has also been used more recently to describe those unable to find work after the global financial crisis of 2008-2009.

Origin of the term

The writer and poet Gertrude Stein is often considered to have come up with the term She supposedly heard her  French garage owner speak of his unskilled young workers as "une generation perdue" (a generation lost). Ernest Hemingway then used the term in the introduction to his novel The Sun Also Rises.

The term is generally used for the period from the end of the First World War to the beginning of the Great Depression.

Meaning

After the First World War, members of the Lost Generation decided that they did not want to live a normal life in America. They went to Europe, often Paris. Away from America, the Lost Generation often  drank heavily, had affairs and tried to find meaning in life. The Lost Generation produced some of the finest writing of all time, and arguably created a new style of writing.

Notes

Great Depression

Lost Generation


ARC Document Solutions, Inc. (formerly American Reprographics Company) is a publicly traded company that provides specialized document solutions, with an emphasis on the non-residential segment of the architecture, engineering and construction ("AEC") industry. The company is headquartered in San Ramon, CA.

The company provides onsite managed print services (MPS), archiving and information management (AIM), construction document and information management (CDIM), as well as the sale of technology applications to support these services to more than 90,000 customers. The company operates approximately 170 service centers throughout North America, provides its equipment and services onsite in more than 10,000 customer locations, and services its large enterprise customers with a corporate sales force called Global Solutions.

In Fiscal 2017, the company's revenue was $406 million. The company began as a $9 million stand-alone reprographics provider in Southern California in the late 1980s. It has grown to its present size and geographic coverage through the acquisition of more than 140 other companies. It remains the largest company of its kind in the U.S. with more than 2,400 employees. The company has received recognition from Forbes magazine (as one of its "Best 200 Small Companies"), Gartner, MPSA, BERTL, and Océ.

History
The company began in 1988 as Micro Device, dba "Ford Graphics", a $9 million, privately held Los Angeles-based reprographics company, acquired and managed by ARC's two founders, K. "Suri" Suriyakumar and S. "Mohan" Chandramohan. Following four acquisitions in California, the company was organized as "American Reprographics Company, L.L.C.", a California Limited Liability Corporation, in 1997. Acquired operations generally maintained their original brands in the marketplace to retain local recognition.

Following additional acquisitions that expanded the company's geographical reach into major metropolitan markets in a majority of U.S. states, American Reprographics L.L.C. made its initial public offering in February 2005 and was subsequently listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the ticker symbol "ARP."

Concurrent with the consolidation of its local brands in January 2010, the company's ticker symbol was changed to "ARC". The Delaware corporation name was formally changed to "ARC Document Solutions" in 2012.

References

External links

Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Companies based in Contra Costa County, California

ARC Document Solutions


The Dunblane massacre took place at Dunblane Primary School in Dunblane, Stirlingshire, Scotland, on 13 March 1996.

Thomas Hamilton killed 16 children and a teacher before committing suicide. It is the deadliest mass shooting in British history.

Later, and influenced by this event, two new Firearms Acts were passed. They greatly restricted private ownership of firearms in Great Britain.

Sources
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/public-inquiry-into-the-shootings-at-dunblane-primary-school

1996 in the United Kingdom
1990s crimes in the United Kingdom
1990s murders in Europe
1990s in Scotland
Attacks on buildings and structures in the 1990s
Attacks on buildings and structures in the United Kingdom
Attacks on schools in Europe
March 1996 events
Mass murder in 1996
Mass shootings in Europe
Mass shootings in the 1990s
Massacres in the United Kingdom
Murder in Scotland
Murder-suicides in Europe
Murders by firearm in the United Kingdom
School shootings

Dunblane massacre


William Ancrum ( – February 24, 1808) was a wealthy American merchant, slave trader and indigo planter from Charleston, South Carolina who served in the Third General Assembly during the Revolutionary War (1779–1780). His interest in the economic potential of the Carolina backcountry led to his involvement in the formation of the present-day town of Camden, South Carolina. Of particular value to historians are the William Ancrum Papers, 1757–1789, which are made up of Ancrum's letters and personal account books, currently held by the South Caroliniana Library at the University of South Carolina. This collection provides insight into the economic impact of the American Revolution on Charleston planters and merchants, from the prices of slaves to restrictions on imports and exports.

Early life and education
He was born the oldest of five siblings in 1722 in Northumberland, England. Ancrum received his early education in the Northumbrian village of Wooler, after which he went to London for a short period before leaving for South Carolina. By 1753 (possibly earlier) he had emigrated directly to Charleston, where on May 8 of that year he was admitted as a member of the South Carolina Society.

Mercantile career

Ancrum, Lance, & Loocock
By 1756, Ancrum had entered into business with fellow Charlestonians Lambert Lance and Aaron Loocock. Operating under the name of Ancrum, Lance, & Loocock, this firm became successful over the next decade through its store on Broad Street. Ancrum, Lance, & Loocock participated in the slave trade from 1758 through 1765, and again in 1769, and were active in the fur trade between 1756 and 1766.

Founding Camden
In 1758, Ancrum had 150 acres surveyed for him in Pine Tree Hill, and in the same year sent his agents, Joseph and Ely Kershaw, to the spot to set up a store that was to function as a country branch of the Charleston-based Ancrum, Lance, & Loocock. The Kershaw brothers, along with John Chesnut, operated the Wateree store under the name of Ely Kershaw and Company. The success of this initial backcountry business led to the formation of at least two more stores, one on the Congaree River near present-day Columbia and another in the Cheraw area. They also owned a plantation called Liberty Hill on the Pee Dee River. This event has been viewed as the main impetus leading to the birth of the town of Camden, South Carolina. Kershaw County, South Carolina (of which Camden is the seat) was named for the two brothers.

Planter
In addition to his mercantile pursuits, Ancrum also engaged rather extensively in planting. Independently, he received nearly 3,650 acres in land grants between 1763 and 1775. His two primary plantations were Red Bank and Hopewell, located adjacent to one another on the Wateree River about  south of present-day Camden, South Carolina. The main crop grown on these plantations was indigo, like most plantations in the area at that time. Ancrum was an absentee landowner, and much can be learned of his role in that capacity through the numerous letters written to his overseers, which are part of the William Ancrum Papers, 1757-1789.

Political roles
When the citizens of South Carolina entered resolutions demanding their equal treatment as colonists in 1774, Ancrum was elected to serve as a representative for St. Matthew's Parish on the newly formed Committee of Ninety-Nine. From 1779 to 1780 he was elected to serve as a representative for the District Eastward of the Wateree in the Third General Assembly. In May 1780, when Charleston fell under British control, Ancrum signed a congratulatory address to Henry Clinton, an act which subsequently resulted in his being designated a Loyalist. This, in conjunction with his service to the Crown on a committee to evaluate paper currency each month, led to his property being confiscated and his banishment from Charleston. While in London, Ancrum successfully petitioned the South Carolina State Legislature to lift the confiscation order and grant him twelve percent amercement. He returned to Charleston, where he remained a citizen until his death in 1808.

Other offices and memberships
 Fire-master for St. Philip's Parish (1764-1767)
 Elected to serve as a parish officer for both St. Michael's and St. Philip's Parishes in the capacity of fire-master along with Gabriel Manigault, Benjamin Smith, Thomas Smith, Jr., and George Sheed (1765)
 Commissioner of the Workhouse & Markets & of the Poor (1770-1771)
 Member of the Charleston Library Society (1770–1808)
 Tax enquirer and collector for St. Philip's & St. Michael's parishes (1763; 1779)
 Long-serving elder and trustee of the First Scots Presbyterian Church in Charleston

Death and burial
William Ancrum died on February 24, 1808, in Charleston, South Carolina. He was buried in the cemetery at First Scots Presbyterian Church in Charleston. Ancrum never married. His brother, George Ancrum, also of Charleston, married Catherine Porcher, the daughter of Isaac Porcher, and had one son named William Ancrum, Jr. It was to his nephew (and namesake) that William Ancrum left the majority of his property.

Legacy

 Ancrum Street in Charleston (now Pinckney Street) was named after land that his cousin John Ancrum owned during the 18th century.
 The Ancrum Wharf Building, located at 90 East Bay Street in Charleston, was the wharf owned by his cousin and business partner, John Ancrum.
 The Ancrum House in Charleston (since demolished), at the corner of Charlotte and Meeting Streets, was named after members of the Ancrum family, previous owners of the property.
 Ancrum Swamp in Goose Creek (about  from Charleston) was named for land owned by William Ancrum.
 Ancrum Road in Camden was named for him.
 Ancrum Road in Ladson (about 10 miles from Charleston.)

References

Ancrum family
1722 births
1808 deaths
Colonial American merchants
South Carolina colonial people
People from Berwick-upon-Tweed
American planters
American slave traders
18th-century American slave traders
Businesspeople from Charleston, South Carolina
English people of Scottish descent
Loyalists in the American Revolution from South Carolina
Members of the South Carolina General Assembly
Burials in South Carolina

William Ancrum


Rafael Soriano (born December 19, 1979) is a Dominican former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Seattle Mariners, Atlanta Braves, Tampa Bay Rays, New York Yankees, Washington Nationals, and Chicago Cubs.

Soriano was an All-Star in 2010. That year, he also led the American League (AL) in saves, and was named the winner of the Delivery Man of the Month Award for May, July, and August, and the AL Rolaids Relief Man Award in the postseason.

Early life
Soriano was born in San José de los Llanos, Dominican Republic. He lived in Boca Chica. By age 8, he played in weekly baseball tournaments in Santo Domingo. However, his mother, Magali, who worked as a housekeeper, often could not afford the twenty dominican pesos it cost for him to make the trip. Soriano would sometimes perform chores for the team's manager, who would then pay for the trip.

Soriano was not well connected to Dominican trainers, who fed information to the most prominent Major League Baseball scouts. Instead, he learned to play baseball through his uncles and his own determination. Soriano attended the Dominican baseball academy of the St. Louis Cardinals at the age of 16, but they opted not to sign him.

Soriano stopped training full-time and dropped out of school at 16 to work full-time in a carpentry shop. A friend told Soriano that he had signed a contract with the Hiroshima Carp, a team in the Central League of Nippon Professional Baseball, which had a Dominican academy in San Pedro de Macorís. After training with the Carp for three months, the team found out that at 16, Soriano was too young to sign. Soriano refused to falsify his documents, and he left the Carp training facility, returning to work.

Professional career

Seattle Mariners
Ramón de los Santos, working as a scout for the Seattle Mariners, received a tip from an acquaintance about Soriano. After watching Soriano play for twelve minutes, de los Santos signed Soriano for a $5,000 signing bonus as an outfielder, figuring that with his strong throwing arm, Soriano could be converted into a pitcher. After a year and a half in Seattle's organization, playing for the Arizona Mariners of the Rookie-level Arizona League, Soriano struggled as an outfielder, batting .167 in 1998, his second year in Arizona. Heading into spring training in 1999, Soriano prepared himself for the possibility that Seattle would release him, at which point he planned to return to the Dominican Republic to work.

However, Soriano was able to throw as fast as  in Arizona. Rafael Chaves, who worked with Soriano in Arizona, suggested that the Mariners convert Soriano into a pitcher. Throwing in the bullpen, Soriano was able to throw between , which they figured would improve when he learned proper pitching mechanics. The Mariners assigned Soriano to the Everett AquaSox of the Class A-Short Season Northwest League in 1999. Chaves, working as Everett's pitching coach, helped Soriano with his development. For Everett, Soriano recorded 83 strikeouts and a team-leading 3.11 earned run average (ERA) in  innings pitched.

Soriano pitched for the Wisconsin Timber Rattlers of the Class A Midwest League in 2000. With Wisconsin, Soriano had an 8-4 win–loss record and a 2.87 ERA. The Mariners optioned him to the San Bernardino Stampede of the Class A-Advanced California League the next year. He was promoted to the San Antonio Missions of the Class AA Texas League later in the season. Between San Bernardino and San Antonio, Soriano pitched to a 2.82 ERA with 151 strikeouts in  innings in 2001.

Before the 2002 season, Baseball America ranked Soriano the 30th best prospect in baseball. However, his arrival in the United States was delayed for three months due to difficulty securing a visa. Soriano made his major league debut with the Mariners on May 10, 2002, recording a save in the game.  After making his second relief appearance, the Mariners added Soriano to the team's starting rotation. Teammate Freddy García nicknamed Soriano "El Silencioso", meaning "The Silent One", for his propensity to retreat from his teammates, speaking only to family by phone. After pitching in ten games for the Mariners, pitching to a 0-3 win–loss record with a 4.56 ERA in , Soriano went on the disabled list with a sore shoulder on July 10. When the Mariners activated him in August, they optioned him to San Antonio. Soriano spent the rest of the season in San Antonio, where he focused on improving his changeup and slider.

Going into the 2003 season, Baseball America rated Soriano the 27th best prospect in baseball. He competed for a spot in the Mariners' starting rotation during spring training. He started the season with the Tacoma Rainiers of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League. After an effective 2003 season, Soriano suffered a torn ulnar collateral ligament in his right elbow, and underwent Tommy John surgery on August 17, 2004.

Soriano returned to the Majors on September 10, 2005. Soriano suffered a concussion on August 29, 2006, after being struck behind the ear by a line drive hit from Angels slugger Vladimir Guerrero. He was released from the hospital the following afternoon.

Atlanta Braves
Soriano was traded to the Atlanta Braves from the Mariners on December 7, 2006, in exchange for left-handed pitcher Horacio Ramírez. In an offseason article, ESPN explained why they believed that Soriano was a significantly better player than Ramirez. Soriano had a mixed bag of success and disappointment in his first season in Atlanta, primarily serving as the setup man to closer Bob Wickman. Soriano became the Braves closer after Wickman was designated for assignment in August. He earned his first save since May 10 on August 30.

Soriano was suspended for four games on September 20 after hitting Dan Uggla with a pitch. The suspension was reduced to two games after appeal. He finished his first season as a Brave with a 3–3 record and 3.00 ERA. Soriano signed a two-year contract with the Braves worth US$9 million on January 24, 2008.

That offseason, the Braves offered Soriano arbitration, expecting that he would decline and test free agency. However, Soriano surprised the Braves and accepted arbitration. The Braves then traded Soriano to the Tampa Bay Rays on December 10, 2009 for Jesse Chavez.

Tampa Bay Rays

Soriano won the Delivery Man of the Month Award for May 2010, and July 2010, becoming the first pitcher to earn that honor twice in one season.  He won the award a third time for August 2010, joining Joe Nathan and Trevor Hoffman as the only three-time winners of the monthly award.  He was named to the 2010 Major League Baseball All-Star Game to replace an injured Mariano Rivera.

On August 23, 2010, in the ninth inning of game against the Los Angeles Angels, Soriano threw an immaculate inning, striking out all three batters on nine total pitches. He became the sixth major-league pitcher to record a save while doing so. Soriano led the American League in saves at the end of the 2010 season, with 45. Soriano finished eighth in the 2010 AL Cy Young Award voting.

New York Yankees
The Yankees signed Soriano to a three-year, $35 million contract on January 18, 2011. Soriano was originally designated as the set-up pitcher to closer Mariano Rivera.  He picked up his first save as a Yankee against the Blue Jays on April 20, 2011. He recorded his first loss, and gave up the tying and winning runs as a Yankee on April 26. On July 30, Soriano pitched his first game since coming off the DL, throwing a scoreless 9th inning, striking out 2 in a 17–3 blowout win vs. the Baltimore Orioles.

Soriano had spent most of his Yankee career as the 7th inning pitcher in front of David Robertson and Rivera. After Rivera was injured for the 2012 season shagging fly balls at Kauffman Stadium in Kansas City, Robertson was slated for the closer role and Soriano the 8th.  After closing two games, Robertson himself was temporarily injured, allowing Soriano an opportunity to close again where he thrived, converting his first 12 straight save opportunities. He finished with 42 saves in 46 opportunities. Soriano opted out of the final year of his contract on October 31, 2012, making him a free agent.

Washington Nationals
On January 15, 2013, Soriano and the Washington Nationals agreed to a $28 million, two-year contract, pending a physical.  The deal came with a vesting option in 2015 if he finished 120 games. Only two active pitchers did that in the 2011-2012 combined seasons (Craig Kimbrel with 120 and José Valverde with 138).  The deal became official on January 17. In 2013, Soriano recorded 43 saves with a 3.11 ERA, but blew a career high six saves. His strikeout rate fell from 9.2 in 2012 to 6.9 in 2013. Soriano's hits per nine innings also regressed, but not as severely. Soriano's 2014 season began well, as he produced a 0.97 ERA in the first half. However, after the All Star break Soriano tallied a 6.98 ERA, before being removed from the closer role on September 9.

Chicago Cubs
The Chicago Cubs signed Soriano to a minor league contract on June 9, 2015, with a prorated $2 million salary. He was designated for assignment on September 1 and released on September 4.

Toronto Blue Jays
On February 28, 2016, Soriano signed a minor league contract with an invite to spring training with the Toronto Blue Jays. Due to visa issues, he was unable to join the Blue Jays for spring training. On March 17, it was reported that Soriano had decided to retire. Soriano made his retirement official on March 20.

Pitching style
Soriano's primary pitch is a four-seam fastball in the 91-94 mph range. He pairs it with a sharp slider in the low-to-mid 80s. Although he used to fairly frequently throw a two-seam fastball and cut fastball, these pitches seem to have mostly disappeared from his repertoire by 2012. He has been referred to as very "deliberate" with his pitching style.

Personal life
Soriano engages in charity work in his native Boca Chica. He has given money to children to receive surgery, and often buys Christmas presents for the local children.

See also

List of Tampa Bay Rays team records

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
American League All-Stars
American League saves champions
Arizona League Mariners players
Atlanta Braves players
Chicago Cubs players
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States
Everett AquaSox players
Inland Empire 66ers players
Iowa Cubs players

Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic
Mississippi Braves players
New York Yankees players
People from San Pedro de Macorís Province
San Antonio Missions players
San Bernardino Stampede players
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees players
Seattle Mariners players
Tacoma Rainiers players
Tampa Bay Rays players
Tampa Yankees players
Tennessee Smokies players
Washington Nationals players
Wisconsin Timber Rattlers players

Rafael Soriano


The Battle of Thapsus was a significant event in Roman history, marking the final conflict of the Roman Republic's civil war. It pitted the forces of Julius Caesar against those of the Optimates, a group of senators and aristocrats who opposed Caesar's rise to power. The battle took place on April 6, 46 BC, near the city of Thapsus in modern-day Tunisia.

Caesar's Return to Rome

After defeating Pompey in Greece, Julius Caesar returned to Rome to consolidate his power. He was declared dictator for life in February of 44 BC, which made him the most powerful man in the Roman world. However, his enemies, particularly the Optimates, were still not satisfied. They saw him as a threat to the traditional Roman values and the Senate's authority.

The Situation in North Africa

Metellus Scipio, a prominent Optimate leader, had regrouped in North Africa with Pompey's remnants and many Numidian cavalry. Cato the Younger, another staunch opponent of Caesar, had also joined the Optimates in Africa. Scipio was declared commander-in-chief of the army, and the group was able to gather a significant force to challenge Caesar's power.

Caesar's Strategy

Caesar knew that he had to act fast and decisively to crush his enemies in North Africa. He raised an army of veterans and marched south, cutting off the Optimates' supply lines as he went. His army was battle-hardened, and he had the support of many experienced commanders, including Mark Antony and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus.

Caesar arrived in Africa in January of 46 BC, and he immediately set about attacking the Optimates' strongholds. His first target was the city of Ruspina, which he captured after a brief siege. This victory gave him a much-needed boost in morale and allowed him to consolidate his position.

The Battle of Thapsus

The Optimates knew that they could not let Caesar take control of North Africa, and they decided to make a stand near the city of Thapsus. They had a large army, including many Numidian cavalry, and they were well-entrenched. The battle that followed was fierce and brutal, with both sides suffering heavy casualties.

The Optimates had the advantage of numbers, but Caesar had the advantage of superior tactics and discipline. He managed to outmaneuver his opponents and cut off their escape routes. The Optimates fought bravely, but in the end, they were no match for Caesar's army.

Aftermath

The Battle of Thapsus was a decisive victory for Julius Caesar. The Optimates suffered heavy casualties, and many of their leaders, including Metellus Scipio and Cato the Younger, fled or committed suicide rather than be captured. Caesar emerged as the undisputed master of the Roman world, with no one left to challenge his authority.

However, the victory at Thapsus marked the beginning of the end for Caesar himself. His actions in North Africa had alienated many of his supporters in Rome, and his opponents saw him as a tyrant who needed to be stopped. On March 15, 44 BC, he was assassinated by a group of senators led by Brutus and Cassius.

Conclusion

The Battle of Thapsus was a significant event in Roman history, marking the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire. It was a hard-fought battle, with both sides displaying incredible bravery and determination. In the end, Julius Caesar emerged as the victor, but his victory was short-lived. His assassination marked the end of an era and the beginning of a new one, with Rome ruled by a series of emperors rather than by the Senate.

46 BC

Battle of Thapsus


Vibeke Tandberg (b. 1967) is a Norwegian photographer known for using herself as the subject of her work. In 2002 she had a solo exhibition at C/O Berlin. In 2003 she created a series of photographs entitled "Undo" consisting of self-portraits taken while she was pregnant. In 2017  Tandberg was the recipient of a Lorck Schive Kunstpris (Lorck Schive Art Prize). In 2018  her work was included in the show Journeys with "the Waste Land" at the Turner Contemporary gallery.

Her work is in the The Frances Young Tang Teaching Museum and Art Gallery, the Museum of Modern Art, the National Gallery of Art, the Nasjonalmuseet for kunst, and the National Museum of Women in the Arts (NMWA)

References

External links
 images of Tandberg's work  on O S L contemporary

1967 births
Living people
Norwegian photographers
Women book artists
20th-century Norwegian women artists

Vibeke Tandberg


The February Revolution (, ) of 1917 was a revolution that ended the monarchy in the Russian Empire. A provisional government replaced the Tsar, Nicholas II. This was the beginning of the Russian Revolution. The February Revolution was caused by problems left over from World War I. These included economic and other hardships that caused tension among the people.

History

Industrialization and workers
Industrialization had already spread from Petrograd (now Saint Petersburg) and other cities in August 1917. When Russia lost the Crimean War to England and France in 1856, it became obvious that Russia needed economic and social change to keep up with other countries. Large reforms followed, including the abolition of serfdom in 1861, judicial reform in 1864, and the establishment of national government groups, called Semstwos, in 1864. This strategy was designed to encourage industrial growth.

Economic crisis and cultural change
Russia had an economic crisis during the Crimean War. The country did not have enough new weapons or new machines. After the war, the Tsar, Russia's emperor, tried to change this. He increased Russia's ability to make things in factories. This cost the Russian people a lot of money.

Most of the economic, social, and cultural change was in cities. To get ready to develop more modern industry, new laws were made to increase the power of regional leaders. Cultural modernization included development of new styles in literature and art. A new group of people who focused on art and literature sought further reforms.

Agriculture in Tsarist Russia
The Russian national economy was still mostly based on farming and most people were peasants. Because the number of people grew faster than the area's ability to grow food, there were serious food shortages.

Agrarian social protest was usually spontaneous but did not last long. The farmers always went back to their farms. This happened in the hot autumn of the year 1905, and again in the late summer of 1917. Rural areas remained calm after World War I began in 1914. Because the large majority of the soldiers came from villages, few people were left to fight against the authorities.

With all that the question remained, why farmers revolted against their own landlords but never joined to work together carefully. Only this new connection, between the farmers in the rural regions and the inhabitants of the cities, lent a revolutionary quality to the agrarian social protest.

Defeats in the First World War
The war brought Russia losses of more than a million dead. The war had begun, as in all European states, with high national morale. However, defeat in the Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive in 1915 led to other defeats. The legitimacy of the autocratic Romanovs was weakened further by the fact that Nicholas II had personally taken command of the armed forces and thus each further retreat and defeat would damage the reputation of the regime.

The workers and farmers, like other Russians, were unhappy. They no longer supported the Tsar. In September 1915, the Tsar sent the parliament home. Tensions increased and endangered the internal peace of the realm.

Abdication of the Tsar
In 1915, Tsar Nicholas II took over command of the troops during the First World War. But he did not do a good job, and the army lost battles in embarrassing ways. Nicholas II did not get along well with the elected Duma. Nicholas II ignored the advice of his former Minister of Finance Sergei Juljewitsch Witte, who recommended comprehensive reforms. The frequent defeats combined with food shortages and the catastrophic supply situation to cause the revolution. The increasing anger of the population showed up in the Duma, which was dominated by representatives of the middle class and the aristocracy. In the Duma of 1915, the progressive block was the strongest parliamentary opposition.

In February 1917, army units stopped fighting revolutionaries in the capital and joined them instead. They took control of the capital and prevented the Tsar from returning. He eventually agreed to give up the throne.

Other websites
 Tour
 Flash Animation of BBC

Russian Revolution
1917 in Russia
1910s conflicts

February Revolution


Charles Terry Saxton (July 2, 1846 in Clyde, Wayne County, New York – October 23, 1903 in Rochester, Monroe County, New York) was an American lawyer and a Republican politician from New York.

Life and politics
He was the son of Daniel Saxton and Eliza A. Saxton. He was educated at the Clyde High School. He was a member of the Young Men's Debating Club in Cortland (which later became the Delphic Fraternity.)

In 1861, he joined the 19th Regiment of New York Volunteers, and finished the American Civil War as a major. He fought in the Red River Campaign and in the Battle of Port Hudson. Afterwards he studied law and was admitted to the bar. He was a Justice of the Peace, and President of the Village of Clyde.

He was an alternate delegate to the 1884 Republican National Convention, and a delegate to the 1900 Republican National Convention.

He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Wayne Co., 1st D.) in 1887, 1888 and 1889. In 1888, as Chairman of the Judiciary Committee, he took charge of the Ballot Reform Bill and secured its passage in both Assembly and Senate, but it was vetoed by Gov. David B. Hill. The next year, he had the bill passed again, but it was vetoed again by Hill.

He was a member of the New York State Senate from 1890 to 1894, sitting in the 113th, 114th, 115th, 116th (all four 28th D.) and 117th New York State Legislatures (26th D.); and was President pro tempore in 1894. In 1890, considering the governor's objections, he made a few changes to the Ballot Reform Bill and had it passed again, and it was finally enacted. He also was largely instrumental for the Electric Execution Bill to be passed and enacted. In 1891, he was appointed Chancellor of Union College, and the College awarded him the honorary degree of LL.D.

In the session of 1892, he made a strong but unsuccessful fight against the re-apportionment of the state, and for his refusal to vote on an enumeration bill (voting reapportionment) he and two other senators were declared guilty of contempt by Lt. Gov. William F. Sheehan and their names taken from the roll. But they were supported by the judiciary committee in their position, were purged of contempt and their names restored.

He was the Lieutenant Governor of New York from 1895 to 1896, elected on the Republican ticket with Levi P. Morton at the New York state election, 1894. On November 19, 1896, his wife Helen M. Saxton died at Clyde.

On March 30, 1897, he was appointed one of the first judges of the New York Court of Claims, to take office on January 1, 1898, for a six-year term. Until the end of 1897, this body had been the Board of Claims, with three commissioners. He was chosen Chief Judge, and died in office.

Because of his failing health, he went in late 1903 to Clifton Springs, New York, but did not get better. After several weeks, he entered the City Hospital at Rochester, and died a week later.

See also

List of New York Legislature members expelled or censured

References

External links
 His career, in NYT on September 19, 1894 (giving birthdate erroneously as July 25)
 His wife's death notice in NYT on November 20, 1896
 Appointed to the Court of Claims. in NYT on March 31, 1897
 Obit in NYT on October 24, 1903
"Grip's" historical souvenir of Cortland Grip's Historical Souvenir of Cortland, 1899.
Cortland Evening Standard, Fri., April 12, 1895.

1846 births
1903 deaths
Lieutenant Governors of New York (state)
New York (state) Republicans
Union Army officers
New York (state) state court judges
Majority leaders of the New York State Senate
People from Clyde, New York
Censured or reprimanded members of the New York State Legislature
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American judges

Charles T. Saxton