Inna Iosifovna Gulaya (; 9 May 1940, Kharkov – 28 May 1990, Moscow) was a Soviet theatre and cinema actress. She was named a Meritorious Artist of the RSFSR in 1976.

Early life
Gulaya was born in Kharkov, Ukrainian SSR (modern-day Ukraine). Her maternal grandfather Konstantin Makarovich Guliy was a long-time Ukrainian revolutionary, one of the so-called Old Bolsheviks turned a high-ranking official after the October Revolution, serving as the People's Commissar for Labour of the Ukrainian SSR between 1926 and 1932. In 1937 he was arrested and sentenced to death as an enemy of the people.

In 1939 Gulaya's mother Ludmila met her future father, a native of Kharkov who left her as soon as he learned about Konstantin Guliy. Ludmila started planning an abortion then when she met Joseph Genfer at some party — at the time a graduate of the Moscow State University of Railway Engineering. He proposed to Ludmila immediately after he had learned about her situation, claiming that he fell in love with her at first sight. She agreed to marry Joseph and to keep the child, raising Inna as Joseph's own daughter. Gulaya was made aware of her real father though and even met him as she grew up, but, according to her mother, she was left indifferent as he felt like a complete stranger.

Genfer made a quick career, becoming a chief manager of the Moscow-Ryazan Railway, but this didn't last long as he died soon after. Inna was raised by her mother, who earned money by tailoring. They lived in great poverty in the post-war country, and Ludmila really hoped to give her daughter a proper education, thus she prepared her to enter an institute of foreign languages. But Inna decided otherwise. After the school she tried to enter a theatrical academy, and after a failed attempt she entered a studio at the Moscow Theater for Children.

Career
At the age of twenty Gulaya was chosen for the main role in the Clouds Over Borsk movie directed by Vassili Ordynsky, which also became her first movie role. The picture was part of Nikita Khrushchev's anti-religious campaign that lasted from 1958 to 1964 and, unlike other similar propaganda films, gained a relative success with 22.7 million viewers on the year of release. It also starred a number of other promising young actors in some of their first roles, including Nikita Mikhalkov, Inna Churikova and Vladimir Ivashov.

In a year Gulaya played another leading part in what became her most recognizable movie ever since — When the Trees Were Tall released to big screens in 1962. While the movie also wasn't a box office hit, with only 21 million tickets sold, it quickly grew into a cult classic, being regularly shown on Soviet and Russian TV up till this day. It was also officially selected for the 1962 Cannes Film Festival.

In 1962 Gulaya entered acting courses at the Boris Shchukin Theatre Institute which she finished in 1964. Around the same time she married Gennady Shpalikov, one of the most renowned Russian poets and screenwriters of the Khrushchev Thaw. In 1963 she gave birth to their daughter Daria Shpalikova who also grew to become a theater actress and who performed in several perestroika movies in minor roles before becoming mentally ill.

In addition to her cinema career, Gulaya served at the Moscow Youth Theater and at the National Film Actors' Theatre since 1966.

In 1966 Inna played her last major part in the movie Long Happy Life which was written and directed by Shpalikov specially for her. It went almost unnoticed by the Soviet viewers and press despite winning the Grand Prix at the Bergamo Film Festival. This was also the time when Shpalikov felt out of favour due to his drinking problems and the end of the «thaw». Gulaya was also affected by this; directors stopped offering her roles, and she spent all her free time trying to put her husband into a rehabilitation clinic.

In 1974 Gulaya fled for divorce, as she was getting afraid for her daughter. Same year Gennady Shpalikov committed suicide by hanging in Peredelkino. This became a great shock for everyone. Shpalikov's relatives and friends blamed Inna for what had happened, stating that she pushed him to this. All this resulted in heavy depression, she also got addicted to alcohol, and her career quickly went downhill.

In May 1990 Gulaya was found unconscious at her Moscow apartment by her mother, who called for an ambulance. She was hospitalized and died in two days without regaining consciousness. According to medical experts, the death was caused by the overdose of sleeping pills. While yellow press immediately called it «a suicide», Ludmila Genfer claimed it wasn't the case. As she pointed out, her daughter wasn't suicidal, but rather had sleeping problems and thus took a lot of pills lately. She found her lying at the kitchen before an opened fridge, and everything indicated she was preparing a meal.

Inna Gulaya was buried at the Domodedovo Cemetery near Moscow. In 1993 Leonid Filatov released the first episode of his much-acclaimed documentary TV series To Be Remembered dedicated to Gulaya.

Filmography

References

External links

Inna Gulaya biography

1941 births
1990 deaths
Actors from Kharkiv
Russian film actresses
Russian stage actresses
Soviet film actresses
Soviet stage actresses
Ukrainian film actresses

Inna Gulaya


In Hinduism, Chandraghanta is the third navadurga aspect of goddess Mahadevi, worshipped on the third day of Navaratri (the nine divine nights of Navadurga). Her name Chandra-Ghanta, means "one who has a half-moon shaped like a bell". Her third eye is always open, signifying her perpetual readiness for battle against evil. She is also known as Chandrakhanda, Vrikahvahini or Chandrika. She is believed to reward people with her grace, bravery and courage. By her grace, all the sins, distresses, physical sufferings, mental tribulations and ghostly hurdles of the devotees are eradicated.

Legend

According to Shiva Purana, Chandraghanta is the "Shakti" of Lord Shiva in the form of Chandrashekhara. Each aspect of Shiva is accompanied by Shakti, therefore are Ardhanarishvara.

After a performing tapas for many years Parvati married Lord Shiva. A new life begins for every woman after marriage. When Parvati visited Shiva in his home. She was whole-heartedly welcomed. The moment she entered the cave where Shiva resides, the cave was littered and all the things were misplaced. Cobwebs were the major concern. Parvati in her wedding attire took a broom and cleaned the entire cave. Days passed and Parvati was settled in her new house with new people.

While all this was happening, a new demon, Tarkasura, took root in the universe. Tarkasura has evil eyes on Shiva's family. He was bad eyeing on Parvati to cut off her actual reason for his death. He had boon as he will be only killed by the biological son of Shiva and Parvati. to create ruckus in the life of Parvati and Shiva, he assigned one demon named Jatukasura. Jatukasura is an evil bat-demon. He and his army came to attack Parvati. Unaware of all this Parvati, was busy in her daily chores. At the time, Shiva was performing intense tapa, Parvati was handling everyday work on Kailasa Parvat. Taking an opportunity of this situation, Jatukasur called a war and marched towards kailasa Parvat.

Jatukasur covered the sky with the help of the wings of his bat army. One by one all the ferocious and evil bats attacked the Shiv Gana. This frightened Parvati. Till the time these bats have created havoc and started destroying the newly decorated Paravti, Kailasa region. This angered Parvati, but she remained fearful. Parvati clicked with an idea to seek help from Nandi. So she sought Nandi, but Nandi was nowhere to be seen. Paravati's fear bloomed. After facing constant defeat, Shivgana came to Parvati and pleaded for their rescue. Parvati cried and went to where Shiva was performing his Tapa, but she was helpless. Shiva was unable to leave his Tapas. He reminded Parvathi about her inner power and that She is herself Shakti personified. He reminded her that she is the Prakriti (Srishti or the creation) herself, the mother of the universe, and that She herself is sufficient to fight and control this situation. Thus Maa Parvati decided to fight the Jatakasur.

Parvati went out in the darkness and she could hardly see. To overcome this, she needed moonlight. Paravati sought Chandradev for his support and he joined Parvathi by illuminating the battlefield. Parvati wore Chandradev as a crescent on her head during the battle. Parvati needed an army able to fight the bats in dim light. A huge pack of wolves came to Parvati's aid. The wolves attacked the bats and Parvati battled Jatakasura. After a long fight Parvati learned that the devil is energized by the bats in the sky. So Parvati brought a ghanta to the battlefield and rang it loudly, so the bats flew away. One of the wolves jumped on the Jatukasura, he growled when grounded. Then Parvati hit his head with the ghanta, cut off his wings with kide liked sword, and at last put it in his chest to kill him.

This fearsome form of Parvati, with the knife in one hand and Ghanta in the other; Moon on the forehead, and sitting on a wolf is named Chandraghanta by Brahmadev. Later Shiva told Parvati that this battle would provide anyone the courage to overcome the fear of any battle and obstacles (inner or outer). Also, no woman is weak or helpless without her man.

Form

Chandraghanta has ten hands where two hands hold a Trishula(trident), Gada(mace), bow-arrow, khadak(sword), Kamala(lotus flower), Ghanta(bell) and kamandalu (waterpot), while one of her hands remains in blessing posture or abhayamudra(Fear dispelling). She rides on a wolf as her vehicle, which represents bravery and courage, she wears a half moon depicting a Bell on her forehead and has a third eye in the middle of her forehead. Her complexion is golden. Shiva sees Chandraghanta's form as a great example of beauty, charm and grace.

Chandraghanta rides a wolf as her vehicle, however in accordance with many of the scriptures there is the mention of "Vrikahvahini", "Vrikahrudha" which refer to the wolf (Vrikah) as being ridden (Rudha) or them being seated on as (Asana) by the goddesses. This form of Devi Chandraghanta is a more warrior ready and apparently aggressive form that goddess Durga takes, however despite being adorned with the various weapons, she is also equally caring, benevolent and representes motherly qualities to her devotees. While the primary cause of this form was the destruction demons, her rather fierce depiction brings with it the encouragement that praying to her can grant one fearlessness. She is otherwise the very embodiment of serenity.

The devotees who adore and worship Chandraghanta develop an aura of divine splendor. Chandraghanta is ready to destroy the wicked, but to her devotees she is a kind and compassionate mother showering peace and prosperity. During the battle between her and the demons, the thunderous sound produced by her bell is known to have paralyzed and stunned the demons. She is ever ready to fight which shows her eagerness to destroy the foes of her devotees so that they may live in peace and prosperity. Her abode is in Manipura chakra.

Prayers

Mantra
ॐ देवी चन्द्रघण्टायै नम: ॥

om̐ devī candra-ghaṇṭāyai namaḥ ॥

Dhyāna-Mantra

पिण्डजप्रवरारूढ़ा चण्डकोपास्त्रकैर्युता ।

प्रसीदं तनुते महयं चन्द्रघण्टेति विश्रुता ॥

piṇḍaja-pravarārūḍhā chanda-kopā-astrakair-yutā ।

prasidaṃ tanute mahyaṃ candra-ghaṇṭeti viśhrutā ॥

References

Destroyer goddesses
Hindu goddesses

War goddesses
Shaktism
Consorts of Shiva
Forms of Parvati

Chandraghanta


Sanderson Field is a former military airfield, located in Sanderson, Texas.   It was used by the 90th Squadron (Surveillance) (Later Attack) between 1919 and 1921.

History
Sanderson Field was established by the Air Service, United States Army in 1919. The 464th Aero Construction Squadron had been sent from Kelly Field, near San Antonio to establish an airfield in Sanderson to carry out observation overflights along the Mexican Border. During this period, Mexico was enduring a period of revolution and unrest, which led to border violations and the deaths of American citizens.

The airfield consisted mostly of tents, both for the men and as hangars for aircraft. The only permanent wood structures came in the summer of 1920 when Eagle Pass Field was closed and the buildings moved to Sanderson.  The 90th Squadron arrived in November,  with a detachment (A) operating from Eagle Pass Field.  It flew de Havilland DH-4 aircraft, built in the United States, the type used as bombers during World War I in France.

Almost immediately the patrols began. Operations from Sanderson consisted of patrols west, along the Rio Grande as far as Lajitas in the Big Bend, then turn and fly back.  Eastbound patrols headed as far as the Devil's River, then returned.

As the unrest in Mexico died down by the middle of 1921, the 90th reunited and moved back to Kelly Field in July.    The history of the airfield after this point is unknown, and it was apparently abandoned, the land redeveloped as part of the city of Sanderson.

References

1919 establishments in Texas

Sanderson Field (Texas)


Beyti is a restaurant in Istanbul, Turkey. It was opened in 1945 in the neighbourhood of Küçükçekmece. It is owned and managed by Beyti Güler. The restaurant specialises in traditional Turkish food, particularly roasted meat.

Background
Beyti Güler is descended from Turkic people who fled from Samarkand to Crimea in the 1720s. In the 1870s, after the Crimean War, the family moved to Romania, then part of the Ottoman Empire. The family immigrated to Turkey in 1935.

In 1945 Beyti and his father opened a small roadside meat restaurant of 30 m² with four tables in the suburbs of Istanbul. The restaurant only had 20 seats, but became popular  soon after opening. Many came for the döner kebap that was rarely available elsewhere.

An article published in 1965 in the New York Herald Tribune led to international fame. From 1966 to 1974, the restaurant catered daily to four Pan Am airliners. The restaurant served U.S. President Richard Nixon aboard Air Force One during his first official trip to Europe, an opportunity that helped the Turkish kebap (grill) dishes become renowned.

Beyti kebap
During a visit to Switzerland in 1961, Beyti Güler was inspired by the renowned butcher Möller's way of preparing meat. When he returned home, he introduced a dish consisting of roasted lamb fillets wrapped in strips of lamb cutlet fat. It came to be named after him when the kebap's fame spread all over the world.

Notable customers
In more than fifty years many heads of state, high-ranking politicians, top businessmen and celebrities around the globe have dined in Beyti during their visits to Istanbul.

References

Other websites
Official website

Buildings and structures in Turkey
1945 establishments in Asia
Asian restaurants
Turkish food

Beyti (Istanbul)


John S. Tveit (born 18 December 1931) is a Norwegian politician for the Christian Democratic Party.

He was born in Tysvær as a son of carpenter and smallholder Guttorm Oliver Tveit (1895–1977) and housewife Serine Thuestad (1908–2004). He took secondary education, and worked as an office clerk in the regional center, Haugesund, from 1949 to 1954. He then moved back to Tysvær, operating his own company Tysvær Handel from 1955 to 1973. From 1974 to 1979 he worked with administration and secretary tasks for the municipality.

By that time he was involved in politics. He was a member of Tysvær municipal council from 1959 to 1964, and then served as mayor from 1967 to 1971. He chaired the local party chapter from 1965 to 1967. From 1967 to 1983 he was also a member of Rogaland county council, serving the last four years, from 1979 to 1983, as county mayor (). He also served as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway from Rogaland during the terms 1969–1973, 1973–1977 and 1977–1981. He was then elected to a regular seat in the 1985 election, and re-elected in 1989. He chaired the Standing Committee on Local Government and the Environment for his first term, then he chaired the Standing Committee on Transport and Communications. From 1985 to 1987 he was the second deputy leader of the Christian Democratic Party.

After leaving national politics, Tveit returned as director of commerce in Tysvær municipality from 1993 to 1997. He was also a member of the county school board from 1976 to 1979, deputy chair of the local savings bank from 1974 to 1979, board member of Rogalandsforskning from 1976 to 1979, Det Stavangerske Dampskibsselskap from 1981 to 1986 and Haugaland Kraft from 1998 to 2000. He was a member of Regionplanrådet for Nord-Rogaland from 1968 to 1976, and then chaired it from 1976 to 1984. Denominationally, he is a Pentecostal. He lives in Tysværvåg.

References

1931 births
Living people
People from Tysvær
Christian Democratic Party (Norway) politicians
Members of the Storting
Mayors of places in Rogaland
Chairmen of County Councils of Norway
Norwegian Pentecostals
20th-century Norwegian politicians

John S. Tveit


Maria Eugenia Vaz Ferreira (1875–1924) was an Uruguayan teacher and poet.  She was the younger sister of philosopher Carlos Vaz Ferreira and a contemporary of Delmira Agustini and Julio Herrera y Reissig. She was born and lived in Montevideo, the capital of Uruguay.

She held a Chair in Literature at the Women's University.  She suffered from mental illness and lost her reason some years before her death in 1924.

Her first volume of is entitled La isla de los canticos and consists of forty selected poems (and a single poem Unico poema added at her brother's insistence) which he published shortly after her death. A second volume, entitled La otra isla de los canticos, with a prologue by Emilio Oribe and containing a number of poems taken from her unpublished manuscripts, appeared in 1959 shortly after her brother's death.  The modern Poesías Completas contains 112 poems.

Vaz Ferreira is regarded as a metaphysical poet who wrote emotive poems that speak of passion, death, hope, and the mysteries of love and existence.

She was also a musician, and the Lauro Ayestarán collection contains one of her manuscript scores with verses and music.

Contrasting myths have been built around her life. She has been idealised as, on the one hand, a type of consumptive virgin but, on the other hand, a Sandesque cigar-smoking crossdresser notorious for practical jokes.

Posthumous works
 La isla de los canticos, 1925
 La otra isla de los canticos, Impresora Uruguaya, Montevideo, 1959
 Poesías Completas, Hugo J. Verani, Ediciones de la Plaza, 1986, 292 pp

Bibliography
 Antología de Poetisas Americanas, Parra del Riego, Juan, Montevideo, 1923, Pages 7–25.
 100 autores del Uruguay, Paganini, Alberto, Paternain, Alejandro, Saad, Gabriel, Capítulo oriental, Montevideo.
 Parthenon West Review (Issue Four) eds Holler, David and Sweeney, Chad contains some translations by Liz Henry.

External links

 Biography (in Spanish)
 Holocausto and Unico poema (in Spanish)
  (in English)

1875 births
1924 deaths
Writers from Montevideo
Uruguayan people of Portuguese descent
20th-century Uruguayan poets
Uruguayan women poets
20th-century Uruguayan women writers

María Eugenia Vaz Ferreira


Der 10. Mai is a 1957 Swiss drama film directed by Franz Schnyder. It was entered into the 8th Berlin International Film Festival.

Cast
 Hans Gaugler as Fritz Steiner
 Linda Geiser as Anna Marti
 Therese Giehse as Ida Herz
 Yvette Perrin as Jeannette Perrin
 Heinz Reincke as Werner Kramer
 Fred Tanner as Albert Widmer
 Hermann Wlach as Julius Herz

Plot
World War II, 10 May 1940: The forces of the German Wehrmacht start the Battle of France and invade the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg.

Change of location to German-Swiss border area: Early in the morning the armed ticket inspector Emil Tschumi  controls tracks next to the border. He surprises Werner Kramer, who is a German refugee. Kramer swims through the Rhine and arrives Switzerland. Tschumi is a good-natured, old man, who receives the repairman to his small house. There he offers to dry the wet clothes. The young German alleges that he is followed by the Gestapo, because he had spoken with a colleague about foreign radio stations. Tschumi has sympathy for Kramer, but border officers will expel Kramer, so Tschumi gives him advice to get away.

On 10 May 1940 troops march along the border of Switzerland. The Swiss Federal Council is afraid of a sneak attack and orders the mobilization. Now the Swiss border gets sharply guarded. An old German refugee is located at a border station and he hasn't got documents and Swiss francs is going to buy a ticket for inland. Werner Kramer is at the same place and he is shocked, because the old German is hauled off by the Swiss border police. With the aid of a truck driver  Kramer leaves the border area. Suddenly the truck driver abandons Kramer. In spite of being nowhere, he reaches Zurich, where his old friend of his childhood, Anna Marti lives. She works as a tailoress at fashion store Perrin.

Anna advises him to beg the family of influence, named Hefti for help. That family he knows because of early times. But they are already gone to inland, like as many wealthy people.  They had fled because in the alps they thought they're safety  of a potential invasion of German. Anna gives him  permission to live in a mansard. He always fears that somebody could denounce, discover him and then he will be expelled by police. Especially Anna's brother-in-law Albert Widmer is not sympathetic to him. His biggest fear is Albert Widmer, because he frankly says his opinion. The next day he expresses the desire that he wants to give up the hide-and-seek and to turn himself in to the police sergeant Grimm.

References

External links

1957 films
1957 drama films
1950s German-language films
Swiss German-language films
Swiss black-and-white films
Films directed by Franz Schnyder
Swiss drama films

Der 10. Mai


Shirley Martin  (November 20, 1932 in Hamilton, Ontario – September 16, 2021) was a Canadian politician.

Martin was a businesswoman and was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1984 federal election as the Progressive Conservative Member of Parliament for Lincoln, Ontario.

In 1987, she became Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Public Works. After the 1988 federal election, she joined Prime Minister Brian Mulroney's Cabinet as Minister of State for Transport. She served briefly as Minister of State for Indian Affairs and Northern Development (1990–1991) before returning to the Transport portfolio.

She retired from Cabinet in 1993 when Mulroney was succeeded as PC leader and prime minister by Kim Campbell, and was not a candidate in the 1993 federal election.

External links

1932 births
2021 deaths
Women members of the House of Commons of Canada
Women government ministers of Canada
Members of the 24th Canadian Ministry
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
Politicians from Hamilton, Ontario
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs
Women in Ontario politics
20th-century Canadian women politicians

Shirley Martin


Templand is a veelage in the historical coonty o Dumfriesshire in Dumfries an Gallowa, Scotland. It is a wheen o miles nor'wast o Lockerbie. Templand wis built durin the Industrial Revolution. Whan the nearby saundstane quarrel (Corncockle Quarrel wis built it became hame tae mony quarrel wirkers. Stane fae the quarrel wis uised in the biggin o the Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum in Glesga and wis quarrelt for the replenishment o the gailerie that wis completit in 2006. At the heicht o acteevity up til the 1930s it hid its ain mineral lien fae whit is noo the West Coast Main Line an up tae sax trains per week o stane wis muived tae Glesga an ootthrou Scotland.

Templand lies atween the Corncockel wuidland, a sump, an the Kinnel Watter. Geographical it is believed that the enteer Templand auries is on a gey muckle leck o saundstane, acause o the River Annan cairyin saund doun fae the Moffat aurie.

References

 Veelages in Dumfries an Gallowa
Dumfries an Gallowa
Places o Scotland

Templand


The Ranger Russet is a late-maturing potato that is used for baking and processing into fries. It was originally bred by Joseph J. Pavek of the USDA in Aberdeen, Idaho, and released jointly by the USDA and the agricultural stations of Idaho, Washington, Oregon and Colorado in 1991. Ranger Russet is not under plant variety protection. It yields medium to high numbers of tubers with a short dormancy period.

Botanical Features

 The Ranger Russet plant is medium to tall in height and semi-erect with single, wavy, very prominent wings.
 The stems are slightly pigmented and the non-pigmented nodes are slightly swollen.
 The open, medium green leaves have weakly pigmented midribs.
 Primary leaflets appear in four pairs with a narrowly ovate shape, an acuminate tip, an obtuse and symmetrical base and weakly wavy margins. Terminal leaflets also appear in four pairs with a narrowly ovate shape and an acuminate tip but the base is obtuse and asymmetrical.
 Sprouts are broad with a cylindrical shape; the base is medium red-violet and strongly pubescent while the apex is weakly pigmented and moderately pubescent.
 There are numerous flowers that have a medium red-violet corolla and a lemon yellow anther. The flower buds are strongly pigmented.
 Tubers are long with a slightly flattened shape.
 The brown russet skin has evenly distributed medium deep eyes with slightly prominent eyes.
 The flesh is white.
 Tubers have high specific gravity.

Agricultural Features

 This variety has a high resistance to heat necrosis, hollow heart (hollowed center of potato), Verticillium wilt, PVY, and PVX.
 It has moderate resistance to early blight, common scab, leafroll, and Fusarium dry rot.
 It is moderately susceptible to growth cracks.
 Ranger Russet is very susceptible to late blight and root-knot nematode.

Storage
Ranger Russet has a dormancy period of approximately 100 days when stored at 45 F. This means if the potatoes are being stored to be used as seed they must be kept about 7-9 degrees cooler in order to prevent excessive sprouting and aging. Potatoes that are in storage to be used for processing can be stored in the same type of conditions that Russet Burbank can be stored at. If the potatoes are in storage for more than three months a chemical sprout inhibitor should be applied before 90th day. If the potatoes are immature or damaged fusarium dry rot can become an issue. It is also important that the storage unit is at a high humidity level to reduce the risk of pressure bruise.

References

Potato cultivars

Ranger Russet


Sir Andrew Colin Hugh Smith (6 September 1931 - 2012) was a British businessman, most notably chairman of the London Stock Exchange from 1988 to 1994.

Early life and education
Andrew Colin Hugh Smith was the son of a lieutenant-commander in the British Navy. His forebears had founded Nottingham-based Smith's Bank (which was subsequently bought by National Westminster Bank).

Following schooling at Ampleforth College and a period of national service, Hugh Smith studied History and Law at Trinity College, Cambridge.

Career

After graduation, Hugh Smith spent four years practicing law before at Inner Temple. He subsequently spent eight years working for textile firm Courtaulds between 1960 and 1968.

In 1968, Hugh Smith followed the family path to work in the City of London, joining stockbroker Capel-Cure Myers. In 1979 he became senior partner at Capel-Cure Myers. In anticipation of "Big Bang", he oversaw the sale of Capel-Cure Myers to ANZ Merchant Bank, of which he became Deputy Chairman.

Having been on the court of the London Stock Exchange since 1980, Hugh Smith succeeded Sir Nicholas Goodison as chairman in 1988. His time at the London Stock Exchange was noteworthy for the attempts to modernise its infrastructure.  The attempts to create a new settlement system through a project called TAURUS (share settlement) had to be abandoned, but the foundations for the CREST (securities depository) system had been put in place by the time he retired in 1994.

Hugh Smith was knighted in 1992.

References

Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Businesspeople awarded knighthoods
Knights Bachelor
London Stock Exchange people
People educated at Ampleforth College
Governors of Abingdon School
1931 births
2012 deaths

Andrew Hugh Smith


Born in Aleksandrów Łódzki, Smolarek played for Widzew Łódź and Legia Warsaw in Poland. He won the Ekstraklasa championship with the former side in 1981 and 1982, as well as the 1985 Polish Cup.

In 1986, aged 29, Smolarek was allowed to leavePoland.  He started with Eintracht Frankfurt in the Bundesliga where he won the German Cup in his second season, playing the full 90 minutes in the 1–0 win against VfL Bochum. He retired at 39 after eight years in the Netherlands, with Feyenoord and FC Utrecht, then went on to work with the first club as youth coach for nearly one decade.

International Career
Smolarek made his debut for the Poland national team on 12 October 1980, in a 1–2 friendly loss in Argentina. Over the next 12 years he appeared in a further 59 internationals, being selected for the squads at two FIFA World Cups: in 1982 he helped the country finish third in Spain, scoring the opener in a 5–1 first group stage win against Peru. Four years later, celebrating his 50th appearance, he netted the only goal in the group phase contest against Portugal (his 12th and penultimate) in an eventual round-of-16 exit.

In October 2009, Smolarek was hired by the Polish Football Association to oversee the national side's youth program.

Death
Smolarek died in 2012 at age 54.

1957 births
2012 deaths
Polish footballers

Włodzimierz Smolarek


Laurens Bogtman (8 February 1900 in Oudkarspel – 1969 in Hilversum, the Netherlands) was a Dutch baritone.

Unlike many contemporary singers his career began late, at the age of 30, and he studied singing in Berlin, with Otto Iro in Vienna and with Aaltje Noordewier-Reddingius in Hilversum.

Bogtmam debuted in 1932 in a concert with the Kölner Bachverein (Cologne Bach Society). He then had a successful career as an oratorio singer in Germany, Austria and England and travelled further afield.

Following World War II, Bogtman sang in France and Belgium. In a 1957 recording of Bach's St Matthew Passion with De Nederlandse Bachvereniging, conducted by Anthon van der Horst, he was the Vox Christi.

References

1900 births
1969 deaths
People from Langedijk
Dutch operatic baritones
20th-century Dutch male singers

Laurens Bogtman


Alexander Cyril Stepney (born 18 September 1942) is an English former footballer who was Manchester United's goalkeeper when they became the first English club to win the European Cup.

Early career
Born in Mitcham, Surrey, Stepney had unsuccessful trials with Fulham and joined Tooting & Mitcham United. From there, he was spotted by Millwall, who signed him as an amateur in 1963, but quickly realised his potential and made him a professional within two months of his arrival. Stepney was ever-present for almost three seasons, making 158 appearances, only missing the last game of the 1965–66 season. During this period, he earned three England under-23 caps.

In May 1966, Stepney joined Chelsea for £50,000. Manager Tommy Docherty initially intended to play Stepney and fellow goalkeeper Peter Bonetti in alternate weeks, but just three months later Stepney was sold to Manchester United for a record fee of £55,000, having made just one appearance for the club. With Harry Gregg's career virtually ended by injury, the Manchester United manager, Matt Busby, opted for Stepney after deciding that neither Pat Dunne nor the injury-prone David Gaskell was up to the job. Stepney made his debut for United later the same year against Manchester City at Old Trafford, and he kept a clean sheet as United won 1–0 through a first-half goal from Denis Law.

League and European success
With Stepney in goal, Manchester United won the First Division title in 1967, earning them entry into the European Cup the following season, a competition that no English club had yet won. Stepney featured throughout United's progress to the final at Wembley Stadium, during which he made a memorable close-range save from Benfica striker Eusébio in the closing stages with the score at 1–1. Eusébio was so astonished at Stepney's save that he stopped to applaud the keeper as Stepney threw the ball back into play. United eventually won 4–1 after extra time.

At the start of that season, Stepney had conceded a goal to his opposite number at Tottenham Hotspur, Pat Jennings, in the 1967 FA Charity Shield at Old Trafford. With Tottenham leading 1–0, Jennings punted the ball upfield from the Stretford End; the ball bounced over the stranded Stepney into the net. The game ended 3–3 with United's goals coming from Bobby Charlton (2) and Denis Law.

International recognition
Although a highly talented keeper, Stepney was a distance down the pecking order when it came to the England team. Gordon Banks was the undisputed number one, with Peter Bonetti of Chelsea, Gordon West of Everton and the more experienced Sheffield Wednesday goalkeeper Ron Springett all in Stepney's way. When England qualified for the final stages of the 1968 European Championships, coach Alf Ramsey selected Stepney and West as the two back-up keepers to Banks and, in what turned into a momentous week for Stepney, he made his England debut in a friendly win over Sweden in May 1968, seven days before the European Cup final. England won 3–1.

Ramsey kept Stepney in his thoughts in his preparations for England's defence of the FIFA World Cup in 1970, for which England did not have to qualify having won the previous tournament, but did not give him another cap as the likes of Bonetti and West added to their meagre tallies of appearances. However, when the preliminary squad of 27 was announced, Stepney was in, along with Banks, Bonetti and uncapped rookie Peter Shilton, with no sign of West. When the final 22 who would travel to Mexico was confirmed, Shilton was the goalkeeper sent home.

Nevertheless, Stepney was clearly the third-choice goalkeeper in the squad and the chances of his appearing on the pitch in Mexico were small. When Banks went down with food poisoning prior to the quarter-final with West Germany, it was the slightly more experienced Bonetti – who had six caps to Stepney's one – to whom Ramsey turned, although Stepney did make it onto the substitutes' bench. England squandered a two-goal lead to lose 3–2 and it was Stepney who told the groggy, ill Banks the scoreline in his hotel room by holding up three fingers on one hand and two on the other.

Later Manchester United career

Stepney was occasionally recalled by Ramsey but would ultimately not add to his solitary England cap, with Shilton emerging as the new deputy and ultimate long-term replacement. He continued to play in goal for Manchester United in a period of significant underachievement for the club, which culminated in their relegation to the Second Division in 1974, a season which saw Stepney, unusually for a goalkeeper, score two goals from penalties thus making him the (joint) leading scorer at Christmas. For half a season he was replaced by Jimmy Rimmer. By now, with Stepney's former Chelsea manager Tommy Docherty in charge, they bounced back as Division Two champions the following season (1974–75). During this time, Stepney suffered a freak injury when he dislocated his jaw while barking instructions at his disorganised defence.

The next two seasons saw Stepney as the wise head behind a new, youthful team collated by Docherty courtesy of some astute purchases and a prolific youth set-up. During this period, Stepney had to compete with Paddy Roche for a regular starting position. Stepney was the only player with any Wembley experience at club level at all when United reached the 1976 FA Cup Final and the nerves of the youngsters got the better of them as Southampton, a division below United but containing some experienced heads of Stepney's generation, won 1–0. Stepney had no chance with the goal from Bobby Stokes, a late, low, crossfield shot which United claimed fruitlessly was from an offside position.

United reached the Cup Final again in 1977, against Liverpool, and this time were successful. Stepney got a hand to a bullet shot on the turn from Jimmy Case but could not stop it entering the net and levelling the match after Stuart Pearson had scored for United. Jimmy Greenhoff quickly restored United's lead and Stepney made some good saves in the closing stages as Liverpool, chasing an unprecedented 'treble' of trophies (having already won the league title, and just days later going on to win the European Cup), piled on the pressure.

Stepney was the only player in the 1977 FA Cup winning team remaining from the European Cup winning side of nine years earlier. Stepney was also the last remaining player to play for the club under manager Matt Busby.

Later career
The following year, Stepney was again not an automatic choice, playing 23 of United's 42 games in the League. He played the last of his 546 games for Manchester United in April 1978, prior to leaving for Dallas Tornado in the North American Soccer League in the United States, where he remained until he retired from professional football in 1980.

He kept 175 clean sheets, made a club record 92 consecutive appearances (later broken by Steve Coppell) and, with those two goals, remains United's top scoring goalkeeper. Aside from Peter Schmeichel (who scored in a UEFA Cup game in the 1995–96 season), no other Manchester United goalkeeper has scored in a competitive game for the club in the post Second World War years.

Towards the end of his career, he turned out for non-league side Altrincham in the early 1980s, when they were competing in the Alliance Premier League (which became the Football Conference in 1986). He helped them win the Alliance Premier League title in 1980–81 (they had won it the 1979–80 season as well), but they did not win promotion to the Football League as the re-election system was still in place and the majority of the league's members voted against them joining the Football League, ending Stepney's hopes of a professional comeback.

Stepney became a coach specialising in goalkeeping after he stopped playing, including a spell at Manchester City in 2000–01. He also works as an after-dinner speaker and currently hosts The Legends Football Phone in on 105.4 Century Radio in Manchester, replacing Mickey Thomas – another former Manchester United player.

Style of play
Stepney was never a flashy performer and perhaps his most impressive quality was his positioning, though he could also demonstrate agility when required.

Honours
Manchester United
First Division: 1966–67
FA Cup: 1976–77
FA Charity Shield: 1967, 1977
European Cup: 1967–68

References

1942 births
Living people
Footballers from Mitcham
English men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Millwall F.C. players
Chelsea F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
Dallas Tornado players
Altrincham F.C. players
Tooting & Mitcham United F.C. players
English Football League players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players
England men's international footballers
England men's under-23 international footballers
UEFA Euro 1968 players
1970 FIFA World Cup players
Rochdale A.F.C. non-playing staff
Manchester City F.C. non-playing staff
English Football League representative players
English expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
English expatriate sportspeople in the United States
UEFA Champions League winning players

Alex Stepney


Mary Louise Cowan ( Shillingburg; December 22, 1916 – November 16, 2015) was an American critic and teacher, and wife of the physicist and University of Dallas president Donald Cowan (author of Unbinding Prometheus). She taught at Texas Christian University and Thomas More College of Liberal Arts. Cowan lived in Dallas, where she taught at both at the University of Dallas and the Dallas Institute of Humanities and Culture. She was a prominent figure in Dallas society as a mentor and friend to many Dallas dignitaries and as one of the city's leading intellectuals.

Cowan was vastly influential in the fostering of the liberal arts, helping shape core curricula for several liberal arts universities.  In studies of the American South, she was an influential critic of Faulkner, the Fugitive Group, and other Southern writers.  A doctoral student of Donald Davidson at Vanderbilt University, she became a friend to members of the Southern Agrarians, and was considered to be the critical heir to their legacy. Her criticism has influenced many who continue to write about the South.  In 1991, she was a recipient of the Frankel Prize. In 2010, she was named on a list of the twenty most brilliant living Christian professors. She died November 16, 2015, of natural causes at the age of 98.

Books
 The Fugitive Group: A Literary History (1959)
 The Southern Critics: An Introduction to the Criticism of John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate, Donald Davidson, Robert Penn Warren, Cleanth Brooks, and Andrew Lytle (1971)
 The Terrain of Comedy (edited and introduced) (1983)
 Classic Texts and the Nature of Authority: An Account of a Principals' Institute Conducted by the Dallas Institute of Humanities and Culture (edited with Donald Cowan, with essays and commentary) (1993)
 Invitation to the Classics (edited with Os Guinness) (1998)

References

External links
 Louise Cowan's page at the University of Dallas website
 "The Prime of Louise Cowan" in D Magazine
 Interview with Louise Cowan

1916 births
2015 deaths
National Humanities Medal recipients
Texas Christian University faculty
Thomas More College of Liberal Arts
University of Dallas faculty
Vanderbilt University alumni

Louise Cowan


Curse of the Azure Bonds is a role-playing video game developed and published by Strategic Simulations, Inc (SSI) in 1989. It is the second in a four-part series of Forgotten Realms Advanced Dungeons & Dragons Gold Box adventure computer games, continuing the events after the first part, Pool of Radiance.

The game serves as a sequel to the 1988 novel, Azure Bonds, that was written by Kate Novak and Jeff Grubb, and is the first book of the Finder's Stone trilogy. An adventure module of the same name, coded FRC2, was written based on the game.

Gameplay
A party of up to six player characters and two non-player characters is required to complete the various quests in the game.  Player characters from Pool of Radiance (POR) can be transferred to Curse of the Azure Bonds, although players do not need to have played POR to play this game. Characters can likewise be transferred from Hillsfar, another contemporaneous AD&D-based game. The paladin and ranger are two new character classes available in this game. A player can generate new characters, choosing the options for each character from six races, nine alignments, two genders, and six character classes. Multi-class characters can be created for half-elf, elf, dwarf, halfling, and gnome characters.  New characters begin with 25,000 experience points, which starts single-class characters at level 5.  Multi-classed characters have the total number of experience points divided equally amongst their classes, giving either 12,500 or 8,333 experience points, for two or three classes, respectively. This means multi-class characters generally start at level 4, although a triple-classed character would start as a level 3 magic-user.  The player can adjust the statistics for any character before beginning the game.

Curse of the Azure Bonds uses the style from Pool of Radiance, with the main adventuring action using a first person perspective. The player uses the top left window to view the current location and move, and can view the status panel on the right and select from the commands along the bottom. Using these commands, the player can select from a range of actions and tasks including casting spells, switching weapons, or resting and preparing spells for the day. The player creates an icon to represent each character, which can be customized to taste.

During combat, the screen display changes so that the right half of the screen becomes the status panel, and the left half shows an overhead view of the combat. Characters can use spells and ranged weapons by lining up their targets.

Game differences

Curse of the Azure Bonds contained new features compared to its predecessor, Pool of Radiance. The game primarily takes place in the Dalelands, and the overland map allows a player to select an adjacent location and automatically travel there. There are random encounters with monsters when traveling to locations. The player may now choose the classes of paladin and ranger for characters in addition to fighter, thief, magic-user, and cleric. A Fix command was added to the Encamp menu, which allows a party to be healed very quickly as long as a living and conscious cleric or paladin is in the party. The graphics were improved slightly, though everything was still drawn in 16 colors.

Plot

Setting
Curse of the Azure Bonds takes place in the Forgotten Realms setting. The adventure begins in the city of Tilverton, a relatively small town that nonetheless contains sufficient shops and services to equip the party. Although the characters begin the game with no equipment, each character does receive money at the start of the game with which to buy weapons and armor. Outside the city of Tilverton, the characters may explore caverns, sewers, and the wilderness outside. Other locations include the Elven Forest, Zhentil Keep, the temple at Yulash, and the citadel at Hap, though these locations cannot be freely explored by the party. Instead, the player can use a menu to select places within the locations to visit. Yulash is under siege by marauders, and characters entering the town are also in danger from crumbling walls and sinkholes.

Plot summary
At the start of the game, the player characters are adventurers of great renown who wake up from a magic sleep to find themselves in a small inn in the city of Tilverton, with all of their possessions stolen and no memory of how it happened. A landlord passing by informs the characters that they have been unconscious for over a month after suffering an attack. Each of the player characters has five azure-colored markings similar to tattoos, called bonds, on one arm. The party had been ambushed while traveling on the road to Tilverton. They were taken captive and cursed with the magical bonds embedded on their arms; the quest for the characters is to get rid of these bonds. Characters can visit the sage Filani, who will give them information about the bonds. Each of these bonds represents a separate evil faction, and through the bonds, which glow when active and are the result of a spell with an affect similar to possession, the factions can control the actions of the characters.

The first bond forces the characters to attack the passing royal carriage, resulting in a fight with the royal guards. The characters begin searching for the first controlling faction, a band of assassins known as the Fire Knives. After defeating the Fire Knives which eliminates the first bond, the characters are banished from Tilverton for trying to kill the King. The characters may then journey to Shadowdale or Ashabenford. The player then spends the rest of the game deciding where to go next to remove another bond. As the story continues, the adventurers confront the King of Cormyr and his daughter the princess, save Dimswart the Sage, find three artifacts, and investigate Dagger Falls. Princess Nacacia of Cormyr went missing a year ago, when she fled a marriage that her father arranged, and it is up to the party to find her. The game combines mini-adventures with major adventures in the quest of the party to remove the Azure Bonds. The climax of the game features a battle against an old foe back from the dead.

The remaining four bonds are controlled by Mogion, leader of the cult of Moander, Dracandros the Red Wizard, Fzoul Chembryl and his beholder allies, and Tyranthraxus, the main antagonist from Pool of Radiance. The cult of Moander is based in Yulash, where the characters encounter Alias and Dragonbait, who can join the party. After defeating the cult, the party must also defeat three Bits O' Moander, which behave as powerful shambling mounds. Dracandros is found in the Red Tower in Haptooth, and the characters will face a beholder in Zhentil Keep, along with a group of minotaurs and a medusa.

After removing two bonds, the player gains the ability to use the Search command on the wilderness map to locate mini-dungeons under certain towns; these caverns are dangerous, but the party can gain both experience and treasure in them.ref name="CGW63"/> When the player has successfully removed four of the bonds, the characters will need to fight Tyranthraxus, who takes the form of a storm giant, in the ruins of Myth Drannor. After defeating Tyranthraxus, the game is over.

Development
The game includes a manual to explain its game play, and an Adventurer's Journal which contains contextual paragraphs intended to be read at specific points during the game. The game also includes a 2-ply code wheel featuring runes for protection against game piracy; on occasion during play, the player will be asked to enter a letter from the wheel before the characters can continue their journey.

Curse of the Azure Bonds (1989) was the first of three sequels to Pool of Radiance (1988), and was followed by Secret of the Silver Blades (1990) and Pools of Darkness (1991). Players of Secret of the Silver Blades may begin the game by using characters previously generated in Curse of the Azure Bonds. Curse of the Azure Bonds was released on the Apple II, Commodore 64, and DOS in 1989, the Amiga and Macintosh in 1990, and the Atari ST in 1991. It was distributed in the UK by U.S. Gold. A Nintendo SNES videogame version was planned as a sequel to the NES conversion of Pool Of Radiance, but was abandoned; the publisher in both cases was FCI.

The game is linked to both an AD&D adventure module and to a novel of the same name. The adventure module is based on the computer game.

Novel

The novel Azure Bonds is a Forgotten Realms fantasy adventure book, written by Jeff Grubb and Kate Novak and published by TSR in 1988. The story begins with an adventurer named Alias awakening in an inn with amnesia and a set of magical blue sigils on her arm. She soon learns that they represent five evil masters that can control her mind, forcing her to do their owners' will. With the aid of a mysterious lizard-creature named Dragonbait, a southern mage called Akabar Bel Akash, and a halfling bard named Olive Ruskettle, she sets out to learn more about the sigils' creators, and free herself of them. It is the first book of the Finder's Stone trilogy, followed by The Wyvern's Spur in 1990 and Song of the Saurials in 1991.

Reception

Curse of the Azure Bonds was almost as successful as Pool of Radiance, with SSI selling 179,795 copies. More than one third were the Commodore 64 version, benefiting from SSI being the last major American publisher of games for the computer. By 1996, the Pool of Radiance series had reached combined global sales above 800,000 copies.

In the August 1989 edition of CU Amiga-64, Tony Dillon commented that "the graphics are more or less the same as [Pool of Radiance], which is no bad thing, and thankfully the game is still as entertaining and involving as the original". He noted that the game's first-person perspective is similar to that of The Bard's Tale, and also features an overhead view similar to that of Gauntlet. He concluding by giving the game an excellent overall score of 89%.

In the August 1989 edition of The Games Machine (issue 21), Paul Rigby previewed the upcoming release of Curse of the Azure Bonds and noted he had not been happy with Pool of Radiance, which he felt was more like basic D&D due to certain classes, spells, and other elements being unavailable. However he believed that Curse of the Azure Bonds would allay his criticism, noting that "six extra character classes, 20 extra high-level spells and a bunch of new monsters make CAB a very promising product". In the following issue of The Games Machine, Rigby reviewed the actual game, and confirmed that he considered it to be a dramatic improvement over Pool of Radiance, with introduction of new classes, better storylines, and an improved combat engine. He concluded by giving Curse of the Azure Bonds an excellent overall score of 90%: "Overall, CAB is an excellent RPG, much improved and polished over POR [...] With a good storyline and excellent graphics, CAB is recommended whatever version you have".

In the September 1989 edition of Computer Gaming World (issue 63), Scorpia reviewed the PC version and was critical of certain elements: she found the ending disappointing; believed that the game speed — which had been slow in Pool of Radiance — was still a problem; was disappointed that little was added to the game except for the ranger and paladin class; and that the emphasis was still on hack-and-slash as opposed to puzzle-solving and genuine role-playing. Scorpia concluded the review by calling the game a "standard follow-up", saying it was "better than POR in some ways", but that "combat still predominates". In a retrospective review in 1993, Scorpia called the game a "sequel to Pool of Radiance with a bit more plot" and "mainly hack'n'slash leading up to the usual 'Kill [the evil villain]' ending".

The September 1989 edition of Zzap (issue 53) featured a review of the Commodore 64 version. The reviewer felt that the addition of more character classes "allows the player more choice and a lot more scope to create a truly mixed band of adventurers, mirroring the original RPG well". The reviewer also felt the monsters were better drawn and the game's plot had more depth than previous RPGs from SSI, although some innovation was lost because the game is a sequel. However, the reviewer said that "with its intricate plot and superb player interaction Curse creates a very strong atmosphere with authenticity lent to the proceedings by the mass of options and the well executed tactical combat display". The reviewer concluded by giving the game an above-average rating of 86%.

In the September 1989 edition of Dragon (issue 149), Patricia Hartley and Kirk Lesser found that "both the user's manual and the Adventurer's Journal [...] are extremely well written". The pair also admired the number of encounters — more than in other adventure games — and the number of hours required to play, more than 120 hours by their count. They concluded by giving the game a perfect rating of 5 out of 5: "As the adventure continues, you'll find that tearing yourself away from CAB is the most difficult decision of all".

In the November 1989 edition of Games International, Jamie Thomson commented that "the plot is good enough, although not that original for games of this kind", although he liked the role-playing aspects of the game, calling it "a role-playing computer game in one of the purist (sic) forms I have yet encountered [...] surprisingly one of the best I have tried (and one of the very few I've had the enery to play to the bitter end)". Thomson concluded by giving the game above average scores of 4 out of 5 for both game play and graphics.

In the January 1991 edition of Amiga Action (issue 16), Doug Johns and Alex Simmons reviewed the Amiga version of Curse of the Azure Bonds. Johns felt that it was a very good RPG worth getting hold of, although he felt it was a bit too similar to other AD&D computer games and less polished than Champions of Krynn. Simmons found the game decidedly average and less appealing compared to previous releases such as Champions of Krynn, but felt that RPG fanatics who enjoyed SSI's other titles should consider purchasing it. They concluded by giving it an average rating of 72%.

In the March 1991 edition of .info magazine (issue 37), Judith Kilbury-Cobb reviewed the Amiga version, and felt that the graphics and animation were noticeably improved, and that combat encounters were still emphasized while being made more manageable. She concluded by giving the game an above-average rating of four out of five, calling it "most playable AD&D game yet".

The January 1991 edition of Zzap reviewed the Amiga version, noting that this version of Curse is "a game that has fallen victim to the steady trudge of progress". The reviewer felt that the game was so dated by 1991 that Amiga AD&D devotees might want to buy the game to add it to their collections, but the reviewer could not "help but wonder why SSI have bothered to release this conversion when they should be concentrating on bringing prompt Amiga versions of their newer titles". The reviewer concluded by giving the game an average rating of 71% overall.

The January 1991 issue of the German gaming magazine Amiga Joker wrote that "Curse of the Azure Bonds is once again [Advanced Dungeons and Dragons] at its finest ... the combat is the best thing that the game has to offer, and has lots of variation therein". The reviewer criticized the small field of view as well as the sound effects and music, which they gave a poor score of 33%. They were frustrated by the dated controls and furthermore criticized its similarity to the rest of the series, saying "the presentation of the game is admittedly the same as its predecessors ... and looks more like C64 rather than Amiga. This goes for the graphics as well as the infrequent sound effects, but applies most of all to the controls, with which one must laboriously agonise through the menus". The reviewer concluded by giving the Amiga version an average overall score of 74%.

A retrospective article on the website GameSpot titled "History of Advanced Dungeons & Dragons" commented that "in terms of gameplay and structure, Curse of the Azure Bonds followed its predecessor more or less directly, though it broadened the path considerably". The reviewer mentioned that the game system benefited from material that had been missing from Pool of Radiance, such as the ability for clerics and magic-users to attain higher character levels, the ability to enlist characters of paladin and ranger character classes, and the option for human characters to become dual-class characters.

In the 2003 book High Score!: The Illustrated History of Electronic Games, Rusel DeMaria and Johnny Wilson related that SSI ran into a play balance dilemma by allowing players to import experienced characters from Pool of Radiance. In order to make the game playable for both beginners and players with built-up characters, the designers had most of the characters' weapons and equipment stolen at the beginning of the game. SSI received criticism for this decision, and had to come up with new solutions to balance play in future games.

In a retrospective review in 2004, the website GameSpy commented that Azure Bonds was a worthy addition to the series, and was, in many aspects, superior to its predecessor.

Awards
At the 1990 Origins Awards, the game was awarded Best Fantasy or Science Fiction Computer Game of 1989.

Reviews
 White Wolf #18 (Nov./Dec. 1989)

References

Further reading

External links

 Curse of the Azure Bonds Interactive Code Wheel at oldgames.sk
 Review in Info
 Review in Info
 Review in Page 6

1989 video games
Amiga games
Apple II games
Atari ST games
Classic Mac OS games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
Fantasy video games
Forgotten Realms video games
Gold Box
NEC PC-9801 games
Origins Award winners
Role-playing video games
Single-player video games
Strategic Simulations games
Tactical role-playing video games
U.S. Gold games
Video games about curses
Video games based on novels
Video games developed in the United States
Video games with gender-selectable protagonists
Video games with oblique graphics

Curse of the Azure Bonds


The Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge is located in Morris County, New Jersey. Established in 1960, it is among what has grown to be more than 550 refuges in the United States National Wildlife Refuge System.

The first part of the Great Swamp that was assembled and donated for perpetual preservation by the park service of the federal government was declared a National Natural Landmark in May 1966. More land has been added several times. Its eastern half () was designated as a wilderness by Congress in 1968, making it the first wilderness area within the Fish and Wildlife Service.

Since about 1966, it has been managed by the Morris County Park Commission.

Administration

The refuge is managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, an agency within the United States Department of the Interior. Refuge lands lie within the townships of Chatham, Harding, and Long Hill.

History

Geologic

The Great Swamp is the remnant of the bottom of the once-mighty Glacial Lake Passaic that approximately 15,000 to 11,000 years ago stretched across  in what is presently northern New Jersey. The lake was formed by the melting waters of the retreating Wisconsin Glacier at the end of the last ice age. The glacier had pushed a moraine ahead of its advance, a rubble of soil and rocks that plugged the existing outlet for the waters that drained into the area of the watershed. As the retreating glacier melted, the waters rose to create the lake before a new outlet began to allow the water to exit at a much higher elevation.

The plug altered the course of the Passaic River, which had drained a swamp that predated the lake. A range of mountains to the west of Morristown formed the western boundary of the new lake and the most easterly line of the Watchung Mountains became the eastern boundary. The tops of some of the Watchung range became islands in the great lake. Water that had vented through the Watchung range, or to its south, found a new path that altered the old drainage paths. When the plug collapsed, the river still was forced to travel north through the range before finding a new outlet near present-day Paterson where it could manage the eastern turn toward the sea.

Early settlers
Some ten thousand years ago, Amerindians arrived in the area and established settlements shortly after the retreat of the glacier, hunting, fishing, and farming. In 1614, Dutch colonists claimed part of the area as New Netherlands and they traded with the natives. Later, British settlers came, establishing dominion over what they called the Province of New Jersey.

The refuge includes about one-quarter of the Great Swamp  watershed that gives rise to the Passaic River. The watershed touches ten modern communities, many of which were settled by European colonists long before the American Revolution.

Wildlife Refuge formation

The land that would become the Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge was established by an Act of Congress on November 3, 1960, after a multi-year legal battle that pitted local residents against Port Authority of New York and New Jersey officials wishing to turn the Great Swamp into a major regional airport to supplement Newark Airport's ability to accommodate large jet aircraft.

The Jersey Jetport Site Association was the first to form in opposition. Their efforts to prevent the development of an airport in the swamp became public knowledge on December 3, 1959, when four of its members (Kafi Benz, Joan Kelly, Esty Weiss, and Betty White) were expelled from a meeting at the Essex House in Newark that had been organized to generate support for its construction. The JJSA activity was followed closely by an influential sister organization when (because of connections with Marcellus Hartley Dodge, Sr., a major donor to and participant in JJSA) the North American Wildlife Foundation established its specially designated, Great Swamp Committee, in 1960. Between the two organizations and, in less than a year, enough property in the core of the swamp was quickly purchased, assembled, and donated to the federal government to qualify for perpetual protection as a National Wildlife Refuge. As the representative from Arizona, Stewart Udall immediately championed the efforts of these residents, whom he described as having mounted the greatest effort ever made by residents in America to protect a natural habitat, and later, on May 29, 1964, as the Secretary of the Interior, he oversaw its dedication as a refuge. The initial donation was , which assured its protection as a refuge and the acquisition of additional lands continued. In 1960, Representative Peter Frelinghuysen, Jr., whose estate was in the area targeted for development also joined the effort.

Description

By the end of 2010, the extent of the Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge had grown to nearly  of varied habitats. It lies within the Northeastern coastal forests ecoregion. When the remainder of the area donated was dedicated on September 9, 1968, it was the first refuge to receive wilderness designation.

The Great Swamp is a migration-resting and feeding area or a permanent habitat for more than 244 species of birds. The major routes of birds migrating along the eastern portion of the United States follow the corridor that includes the Great Swamp as an important stopping place for rest and nutrition.

Many species of birds reside permanently in the watershed. Deer, fish, fox, frogs, muskrat, raccoons, snakes, turtles, as well as many insects and a wide variety of wildflowers and plants call the refuge "home". Some of the animals hunted by the prehistoric native inhabitants and colonists, such as bear and beaver, are encountered occasionally. Its role in draining the region and absorbing flood water for gradual release can be critical during extreme weather conditions. The refuge also plays an important role in improving water quality by acting as a natural ecological filter trapping sediments and contaminants.

Related organizations

Numerous nonprofit organizations have arisen from the communities within the Great Swamp watershed and work closely in partnership with the refuge. The Great Swamp Watershed Association, founded in 1981, works to protect the entire  watershed that surrounds the swamp. Within the Great Swamp there also is a nonprofit bird-rehabilitation center founded in 1977, called The Raptor Trust, mainly specializing in birds of prey, such as eagles, hawks, and owls. Lord Stirling Park is part of the Somerset County Park System. The park is entered from the community of Stirling that is named after a military officer of the American Revolution who lived in the community, William Alexander. The park is located immediately adjacent to the southwestern boundary of the refuge on the west side of the Passaic River. The park offers excellent hiking facilities that include trails, boardwalks, observation blinds, and naturalist exhibits displayed in its park office that are related to the swamp and its wildlife.

Gallery

See also
National Wildlife Refuge
United States Fish and Wildlife Service
Saving The Great Swamp — a documentary about the struggle to preserve the refuge from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey's attempts to build an airport on the site between 1959 and 1968.
 Plotch, Philip M. and Jen Nelles, Mobilizing the Metropolis: How the Port Authority Built New York (University of Michigan Press, 2023) - This book chronicles the Port Authority's hubris and arrogance in the face of a united community opposed to the jetport.

References

External links

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge
Friends of the Great Swamp
Great Swamp Watershed Association
New Jersey's Great Northwest Skylands: The Great Swamp
Ten Towns Great Swamp Watershed Management Committee
Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge Trail Details and Info

Long Hill Township, New Jersey
National Wildlife Refuges in New Jersey
Protected areas of Morris County, New Jersey
Passaic River
Swamps of New Jersey
National Natural Landmarks in New Jersey
Protected areas established in 1960
Watchung Mountains
Wetlands of New Jersey
Landforms of Morris County, New Jersey

Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge


Raffaella Fico (born 29 January 1988) is an Italian showgirl, singer and model.

Life and career
Born in Cercola, Fico is the daughter of two shopkeepers of fruit and vegetables. In August 2007, she won an Italian beauty contest, "Miss Grand Prix".

Fico became first known one year later thanks to her participation in the eighth edition of Il Grande Fratello, the Italian version of the reality show Big Brother.
The same year she received widespread media attention for having allegedly auction off her virginity for €1 million during an interview for the Italian magazine Chi. In 2008 she also made her film debut in Storia di un amore by  Maria Manna.

In 2009, she hosted the Italia 1 show Real TV on Italia 1. Between 2009 and 2010 she featured in four quiz shows hosted by Enrico Papi and broadcast on Italia 1 (Il colore dei soldi, Prendere o lasciare, Cento X Cento and Trasformat).

In October 2009, she had an alleged relationship with football player Cristiano Ronaldo.

In August 2010, she featured in the variety television Mitici 80 on Italia 1.  The same year she was in the cast of the variety show Saturday Night Live from Milano, the Italian version of the Saturday Night Live, and appeared in the Italian comedy film Matrimonio a Parigi.

In 2011, she was involved in the Silvio Berlusconi's "Bunga Bunga" sex scandal as one of the girls who regularly met the Italian Prime Minister in his alleged sex parties. Shortly after her name came to light by interceptions she took part in the Rai 2 reality show L'isola dei famosi. The same year she entered the ballroom dance show Baila on Canale 5.

In September 2012, she walked the runway of Milan Fashion Week while 6 months pregnant, wearing a bikini.

Between December 2011 and January 2012, she had an on-and-off relationship with football player Mario Balotelli. Balotelli asked for a paternity test in July 2012 in response to her pregnancy. In 2013 Balotelli had to defend himself against Raffaella Fico's accusations of being "irresponsible" and "unconcerned" about his newborn baby daughter, Pia. Balotelli had finally acknowledged paternity of her daughter Pia on 6 February 2014.

In June 2014 Fico, under the record label Momy Records / Do It Yourself sang her debut single, joining as a singer in the world of pop / urban / hip-hop. The piece is titled "Rush" produced by Gianluca Tozzi (son of the Italian singer Umberto Tozzi), On 10 June, it was published on his YouTube channel accompanied by the official video. The song is available on iTunes since 9 June.

On 22 October 2014, she published her first album called as her single Rush, with ten tracks.

Filmography

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
People from Cercola
Italian showgirls
Italian television presenters
Italian female models
Participants in Italian reality television series
Italian women television presenters

Raffaella Fico


Vladimir Ivanovich Zhdanov (; 29 April 1902 – 19 October 1964) was a colonel-general of tank troops in the armed forces of the Soviet Union. He was a major general in the Soviet Red Army during World War II.

Military career
In 1941, Zhadanov became  the Assistant Commandant of the Syzransk Tank School. He attended the Military Academy of the General Staff from 1941 to 1942. From 1942 to 1944 he was the Chief of Staff of the 13th Tank Corps. He commanded the 4th Guards Mechanized Corps in 1944 and 1945. From 1945 to 1947 he was the Commanding Officer of the 5th Guards Mechanized Division. He then commanded the 6th Guards Mechanized Division from 1947 to 1949. He attended the Military Academy of the General Staff in 1950 and 1951. He was the Chief of Staff of the Far Eastern Military District until 1953. From 1951 to 1953 he was also the Assistant Commander in Chief of the Far Eastern Military District. He also served as the Deputy Commander in Chief of the Southern Ural Military District and the Soviet Central Group of Forces. He was also the First Assistant Commander in Chief of the Transbaikal Military District. From 1961 to 1964, he was the Senior Military Adviser to the East German Army. In 1964, he was the Commandant of the Military Academy of the Tank Forces in the Soviet Union.

He was a recipient of the Hero of the Soviet Union Award.

Belgrade Offensive

He was the commander of the 4th Guards Mechanized Corps in 1944 during the Belgrade Offensive. This unit captured Belgrade on October 20, 1944. He was awarded the medal Order of the People's Hero of Yugoslavia. Two streets were also named after him in Belgrade.

Death

He died on October 19, 1964, when his plane crashed at Avala while he was to attend the 20th anniversary of the Soviet liberation of Belgrade on October 20, 1944. Soviet Marshal Sergey Biryuzov was also killed in the crash.

Legacy
Resavska Street in downtown Belgrade was named after him from 1946 to 1951 and then again from 1965 to 1997. In 2010, an initiative was launched to name a street in the Novi Beograd or New Belgrade section of Belgrade after him. In 2016, the city manager of Belgrade, Goran Vesić, announced that the Belgrade Assembly or Skupstina had accepted the initiative and a street in the New Belgrade section of the city, formerly Pohorska Street, was renamed General Zhdanov Street. Goce Delcev Street was renamed Marshal Tolbukhin Boulevard to commemorate Fyodor Tolbukhin.

References

Sources
 Biryuzov, Sergei S. Sovetskii soldat na balkanakh [Soviet soldiers in the Balkans]. (In Russian). Moskva: Voenizdat, 1963.
 Biryuzov, Sergeĭ Semenovich, and Rade Hamović. Beogradska Operacija. (In Serbian). Beograd: Vojni istoriski institut Jugoslovenske narodne armije, 1964.
 Erickson, John. The Road to Berlin: Continuing the History of Stalin's War with Germany. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1983. pp. 379–390.
 Medvedev, Zhores A., and Roy A. Medvedev. The Unknown Stalin: His Life, Death and Legacy. London: I.B. Tauris, 2003. p. 212-214.
 Tolubko, Vladimir F. Ot Vidina do Belgrada: istoriko-memuarnyĭ ocherk o boevykh deĭstvii͡akh sovetskikh tankistov v Belgradskoĭ operat͡sii. (In Russian). Moscow, 1968.

1902 births
1964 deaths
Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery
Heroes of the Soviet Union
Recipients of the Order of the People's Hero
Russian people of World War II
Soviet military personnel of World War II
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Serbia
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Yugoslavia
Soviet colonel generals
Military personnel from Kyiv
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 1st class
Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 2nd class
Recipients of the Order of Kutuzov, 2nd class
Soviet military personnel of the Russian Civil War

Vladimir Zhdanov


Philip Beaver (28 February 1766 – 5 April 1813) was an officer of the Royal Navy, serving during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.  He played a varied and active role in several notable engagements, and served under a number of the most notable figures of the Navy of the age.

Family and early life
Beaver was born in Lewknor, in Oxfordshire on 28 February 1766 to the Reverend James Beaver, curate of Lewknor. His father died when Philip was eleven, leaving the family impoverished.  His mother accepted the offer of Joshua Rowley, then captain of HMS Monarch to take Philip to sea with him.  Philip Beaver entered the Navy in October 1777, becoming midshipman aboard the Monarch during 1778.  Whilst in this post, he witnessed the Battle of Ushant on 27 July 1778.  He remained with Rowley and accompanied him when Rowley took command of HMS Suffolk in December 1778 and sailed her to the West Indies.  Rowley was then appointed rear-admiral and hoisted his flag in a number of ships, including HMS Conqueror, HMS Terrible and HMS Princess Royal.  Beaver followed him to each one, and in doing so served as part of fleets between 1779 and 1780 at times under the command of Admirals John Byron, Sir Hyde Parker and Sir George Rodney.  His ship then came under the overall command of Sir Peter Parker at Jamaica, where Beaver spent the rest of the war.  He was promoted to lieutenant by his patron, Admiral Rowley, on 2 June 1783.  He spent the next ten years living with his mother at Boulogne.  His naval service during this period was limited to a few months in 1790 and in 1791, during the mobilizations in response to the Spanish and the Russian armaments.

Colonisation efforts
Beaver returned to a more active form of service in 1791 when he participated in a colonization scheme intended to resettle Black former slaves from the Americas on the island of Bulama off the coast of Portuguese Guinea. He departed England on 14 April 1792, but the affair quickly ran into difficulties.  The settlers were described as idle and dissipated.  Beaver was in command of the Hankey, a small ship with sixty-five men, twenty-four women, and thirty-one children, mostly seasick and all useless.  Even after their arrival, discipline was non-existent, and the directors of the project quickly lost heart and returned to England.  Beaver was left in command and spent the next eighteen months attempting to make the settlement a success. Even with the failure of the colonization project, he is considered the founder and first administrator of British Guinea. Most of the colonists died and the remainder abandoned the colony in November 1793 and made their way to Settler Town in what later became the Colony of Sierra Leone.  Beaver left too, and obtained passage back to England, arriving at Plymouth on 17 May 1794.  He was later to publish an account of his experiences, entitled African Memoranda in 1805, which contained his thoughts, which were anti-slavery in nature.

Rise through the ranks
By the time of his return, the French Revolutionary Wars had broken out and two months later Beaver was appointed as first lieutenant of the 64-gun HMS Stately, under Captain Billy Douglas.  She set sail for the West Indies in March 1795, eventually meeting up with a squadron under Sir George Elphinstone.  Elphinstone retained the Stately and used her as part of his conquest of the colony.  Stately then sailed for the East Indies, and was involved in the capture of Ceylon.  She was reunited with Elphinstone's force off Cape Agulhas on her return voyage.  Beaver had by this time come to Elphinstone's attention, and he was impressed by Beaver's seamanship.  Elphinstone subsequently moved Beaver onto his own ship, and the two returned to England in spring 1797.

By now first lieutenant of a flagship, Beaver looked forward to further promotion to his own command.  He was to be disappointed however, by the time Elphinstone, by now Lord Keith, was appointed to command the Mediterranean Station a year later, Beaver had not received a promotion, and followed Keith as first lieutenant of the new flagship, HMS Foudroyant, later moving to HMS Barfleur.  He appears to have clashed with the junior lieutenants under his command, as they seemed to him to be appointed for promotion rather than for duty.  He brought Thomas Cochrane, then a junior lieutenant, to a court martial for disrespect.  Cochrane was acquitted, but warned against flippancy.  Beaver was told that the charge ought not to have been pressed.  Beaver was made a commander on 19 June 1799, and Keith appointed him a few months later to serve aboard the flagship as acting assistant captain of the fleet.  Beaver was placed in command of the bombardments as part of the Siege of Genoa in April and May 1800, and the allied forces eventually forced the surrender of the French commander André Masséna.  He was sent home to England with the dispatches of the victory, but by the time he arrived the Battle of Marengo had been fought and Genoa had again fallen to the French.  Beaver had hoped for a promotion after the victory, but this turn of events meant that it was not to be and he returned to Keith.

First commands
He was detained at Gibraltar for a fortnight whilst making his return, and so took the opportunity to marry his young fiancée, Miss Elliott.  He went on to rejoin Lord Keith, and was promoted to captain on 10 January 1801.  He received the prestigious appointment to command the flagship, and took an active role in the operations on the coast of Egypt from 1800 to 1801.  He quickly tired of the monotony of maintaining a blockade and obtained permission to take the frigate HMS Déterminée to Constantinople with dispatches.  The Sultan wanted to acknowledge Beaver's services, and offered him a large sum of money, which Beaver refused.  He did however accept a diamond box for himself and a gold box for each of the lieutenants.  Beaver was also rewarded with the Order of the Crescent.

Service in the East Indies
The Peace of Amiens temporarily ended the war with France, and Beaver and the Déterminée were ordered home.  The Déterminée was paid off at Portsmouth on 19 May 1802, and Beaver was put in charge of the sea fencibles of Essex in July 1803.  He was highly successful in these duties, and three years later returned to sea, having been appointed to command the 40-gun frigate HMS Acasta.  He sailed her to the West Indies, remaining there until after the capture of Martinique in February 1809. He returned to England and after a few months, was appointed to command the 38-gun HMS Nisus, departing aboard her for the East Indies on 22 June 1810.  He arrived on the station and joined the squadron under the command of Vice-Admiral Sir Albemarle Bertie.  Beaver played a distinguished part in the capture of Mauritius in November 1810.  Beaver and the Nisus then moved to a squadron under Rear-Admiral Robert Stopford and took part in the conquest of Java in August and September 1811. He spent nearly a year in Mozambique and off the coast of Madagascar, and received orders by the end of 1812 to return to England.

Death
The Nisus was making her return voyage, when she put into Table Bay towards the end of March 1813.  Beaver had complained of a slight indisposition previously, but became seized by a violent inflammation of the bowels.  He spent a few days in excruciating pain, before dying on 5 April 1813.  He had been a highly efficient and professional officer, and had attracted the patronage of highly placed and influential senior officers.  He was widely read, and had read the entire Encyclopædia Britannica during one cruise. In common with many officers of the period, he was a strict disciplinarian, but was never charged with tyranny.  His early death and the bankruptcy of his agent placed his family in financial difficulties, with his widow having to provide for six children.  She became a matron of Greenwich Hospital school.

References

 African Memoranda relative to an attempt to establish A British Settlement on the Island of Buluma off the West coast of Africa in the year 1792, Published London 1805; printed for C. and R. Baldwin, New Bridge Street, Blackfriars, 1805.
 John Opie RA, THE CORNISH WONDER- Beaver's portrait

1766 births
1813 deaths
Royal Navy officers
Royal Navy personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
Royal Navy personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
People from South Oxfordshire District
Knights of the Order of the Crescent
People who died at sea

Philip Beaver


Google News Archive is an extension of Google News providing free access to scanned archives of newspapers and links to other newspaper archives on the web, both free and paid.

Some of the news archives date back to 18th century. There is a timeline view available, to select news from various years.

History
The archive went live on June 6, 2006, after Google acquired  PaperofRecord.com, originally created by Robert J. Huggins and his team at Cold North Wind, Inc. The acquisition was not publicly announced by Cold North Wind until 2008.

While the service initially provided a simple index of other web pages, on September 8, 2008, Google News began to offer indexed content from scanned newspapers. The depth of chronological coverage varies.

Newspapers were thought to have escaped copyright obligations of news articles because of Google's method of publishing the archives as searchable image files of the actual newspaper pages, rather than as pure text of articles.

In 2011, Google announced that it would no longer add content to the archive project. On August 14, 2011, without notice, Google made the News Archives home page unavailable. Apparently, the service merged with Google News. Carly Carlioi, an editor at the Boston Phoenix, speculated that Google discontinued the project because they found it harder than expected, for newspapers were more difficult to index than books because of layout complexities. Another cause might have been that the project attracted a lesser audience than expected.

While archived newspapers are still available for browsing, keyword searching is not fully functional. On December 16, 2013, Google News employee Stacie Chan wrote in the Google Product Forums that Google News is "performing a much needed facelift on our News Archive search function", and that access to archived stories would be limited for several months while "this new system" is being built. This was reaffirmed on May 22 and July 30, 2014, when Chan wrote that Google is still "working on the archives to provide a better user experience", and "it's in the works", and again on December 18, 2014, when Chan wrote that Google "is currently working on creating a better experience on the Newspaper Archives that should be available in the near future."

Some papers formerly included in the News Archive have been removed because of copyright issues. For instance, the archives of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel disappeared on August 16, 2016, due to a contract between the paper's owner, the Gannett Company, and NewsBank.

See also
List of online newspaper archives – extensive world-wide list of free and pay websites
List of Google products

References

External links
 Official Google digitized newspapers site
 Digitized newspapers at the Library of Congress
 Digitized newspapers at the Internet Archive

News Archive
American news websites
Online archives of the United States
Internet properties established in 2006

Google News Archive


Anatoly Ivanovich Koryagin (, born 15 September 1938, Kansk, Krasnoyarsk Krai) is a psychiatrist and Soviet dissident. He holds a Candidate of Science degree (equivalent to PhD in the West). Along with others, he exposed political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union. He pointed out Russia constructed psychiatric prisons to punish dissidents.

Early career
Koryagin was born on 15 September 1938 in Kansk (Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia). After graduating from the Krasnoyarsk Medical Institute in 1963, Koryagin worked for 4 years as a psychiatrist in Abakan. In 1972 he successfully defended his doctoral thesis on apathetic aspects of schizophrenia, and in the same year he became deputy head doctor of the regional psychiatric hospital in Kyzyl. In 1978 he became a consultant at the Kharkiv regional psychiatric clinic.

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry and trial

Koryagin served as chief psychiatrist to the underground Commission to Investigate the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes, which was formed in 1977. He and another psychiatrist examined 55 dissidents who had been released or were going to be involuntarily confined. They concluded that there was no medical justification for the confinement of these people, and then campaigned for the release of dissidents held in psychiatric facilities.

Koryagin was arrested in February 1981. In June that year he was sentenced to 7 years of hard labor, to be followed by 5 years of internal exile. The charge was anti-Soviet activities for having corresponded with the British medical journal The Lancet, which published an article by Koryagin critical of the Soviet government's use of involuntary psychiatric confinement for political reasons. Koryagin was stripped of Soviet citizenship after publishing his article in which he accused the Soviets of interning sane people to psychiatric hospitals. Koryagin documented the existence of 16 special hospitals for dissidents and 183 political prisoners that were confined in them. The transcripts of his trial, which were published by Amnesty International in 1982, record the following statement he made:

On 5 April 1981, the Moscow Helsinki Group members Yelena Bonner, Sofiya Kalistratova, Ivan Kovalyov, Naum Meiman issued document No. 162 "The Arrest of Anatoly Koryagin" which stated,

Detention, recognition and later life

While held in the Chistopol prison, Koryagin often went on hunger strike, and as a result he was forcibly fed and also drugged with antipsychotic medications. He was beaten in a punishment cell. He made notes that contained the description of his imprisonment and were translated into English by Freedom House in New York City. According to Koryagin, Khasanov, head of the section where he was imprisoned, told him, "You'll die like a dog here." Koryagin managed to smuggle a letter to the West documenting his ordeal. The General Assembly of the World Psychiatric Association passed a resolution making Dr. Anatoly Koryagin an honorary individual member of the World Psychiatric Association for "demonstrating in the struggle against the perversion of psychiatry for nonmedical purposes, professional conscience, courage and devotion to duty, all in exceptional measure". The American Psychiatric Association elected him an honorary member while he was still imprisoned, and the Royal College of Psychiatry, which elected him a Fellow, addressed a letter to Yuri Andropov requesting his release. In 1983, the American Association for the Advancement of Science bestowed him with the Scientific Freedom and Responsibility Award.

Koryagin was eventually released on 19 February 1987 and emigrated to Switzerland on 24 April 1987. Although he had been offered asylum in Switzerland, he initially refused because one of his sons had just been arrested, but finally emigrated to Switzerland with his entire family later that year after his son's release.

During the Glasnost period, he remained a vocal critic of the Soviet psychiatric system, and a harsh critic of torture.

In 1987, Koryagin and his participation in struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union became the subject of Robert van Voren's book Koryagin: A Man Struggling for Human Dignity.

In 1988, Koryagin sent the letter of appreciation for having been honoured with Fellowship in the Royal College of Psychiatrists to its President James Birley.

In 1990, Psychiatric Bulletin of the Royal College of Psychiatrists published the article Compulsion in psychiatry: blessing or curse? by Anatoly Koryagin. It contains eight arguments by which the existence of a system of political abuse of psychiatry in the U.S.S.R. can easily be demonstrated and analysis of the abuse of psychiatry.

In 1995 Koryagin returned to Russia and lived in Pereyaslavl-Zalessky. Now he lives in Switzerland.

References

Further reading

Some papers and interviews

Video

1938 births
Living people
People from Kansk
Russian psychiatrists
Psychiatry academics
Soviet dissidents
Soviet human rights activists
Russian human rights activists
Soviet psychiatric abuse whistleblowers
Soviet prisoners and detainees
Soviet expellees
People denaturalized by the Soviet Union
Soviet emigrants to Switzerland
Working Commission to Investigate the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes
Fellows of the Royal College of Psychiatrists
Russian emigrants to Switzerland

Anatoly Koryagin