Captain Rolim Adolfo Amaro (September 15, 1942 - July 8, 2001), known as "Comandante Rolim," was a Brazilian pilot and airline owner and founder of TAM Airlines.

Biography
At age 21, he became a pilot for a new air taxi company known as TAM – Táxi Aéreo Marília. The company began its operation in 1961 with the alliance of 10 young pilots. At the time, they transported cargo and charter passengers between Paraná, São Paulo, and Mato Grosso. After six years in the company, Amaro left Taxi Aéreo Marília. At the same time, it was sold to businessman Orlando Ometto, its headquarters moved to São Paulo, and the company profile changed when it became a courier company.

Upon leaving the company, Amaro, being at ease with personalized service, became an independent pilot. He bought his first airplane, a Cessna 170, and moved with his family to São Félix do Araguaia, where he began his first business project and founded Araguaia Transportes Aéreos (ATA). Two years later, the company had 15 airplanes.

Captain Amaro's reconciliation with TAM took place in 1971, when Ometto asked him to become a minority partner owning 33% of the stocks. At the time, the company was going through a difficult financial period and was only transporting 3000 passengers. The following year, Amaro acquired half of the TAM stock and took over management of the company. He introduced his trademark and began practicing his primary philosophy: "Focus on the client by offering quality service".

In 1976, TAM - Transportes Aéreos Regionais emerges as a scheduled regional airline, which learned from the experience of TAM - Táxi Aéreo Marília. By then, Amaro owned 67% of the new company. The first year, while domestic aviation was growing 15% a year, TAM was registering an increase of 70% every six months. Amaro later took full control of the company's stock.

Amaro died in a helicopter crash at Fortuna Guazú, 38 kilometers from the Paraguayan city of Pedro Juan Caballero. At the time of his death, the company had grown to the point of being almost even with direct competitor Varig.

References

1942 births
2001 deaths
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents
Brazilian aviators
People from São Paulo (state)
TAM Airlines
20th-century Brazilian businesspeople
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Paraguay
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 2001
Victims of helicopter accidents or incidents
People from São Félix do Araguaia

Rolim Amaro


Albert Jacka VC, MC & Bar (10 January 1893 – 17 January 1932) was given the Victoria Cross, the highest medal for valour "in the face of the enemy" that can be given to members of the British and Commonwealth armed forces. Jacka was the first Australian to win the VC during the First World War, receiving the medal for his actions during the Gallipoli Campaign. After Gallipoli he was sent to the Western Front where he again was given medals for his bravery.

After the war, Jacka went back to Australia and started a business, Roxburgh, Jacka & Co. Pty Ltd, importing and exporting electrical goods. He was later elected to the local council, and became the mayor of St Kilda, Victoria. Jacka never fully recovered from the many wounds he got in the war and died at the age of 39.

Early life
Albert Jacka was born on a dairy farm at Layard, near Winchelsea, Victoria on 10 January 1893. His parents were Nathaniel Jacka and his English wife, Elizabeth Kettle. The family moved to Wedderburn, Victoria when he was five years old, where he went the local school. He began working with his father transporting goods. He was working for the Victorian State Forests Department when the First World War broke out.

Gallipoli and the VC
He joined the AIF, the Australian Imperial Force, on 18 September 1914. His battalion was sent to Cairo Egypt for training. They landed at Gallipoli on 26 April, 1915, the second day of the Gallipoli campaign. On 19 May the Turkish army started a large attack to push the ANZACs back into the sea. The Turks were able to capture a small section of a trench at Courtney's Post. Jacka jumped into the trench by himself and killed most of the Turkish soldiers in it. For this he was awarded the Victoria Cross.

References

1893 births
1932 deaths
Victoria Cross winners
Australian military people
Politicians from Victoria (Australia)
Australian mayors

Albert Jacka


Port Sunlight is a model village in the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral, Merseyside, England. It is located between Lower Bebington and New Ferry, on the Wirral Peninsula. Port Sunlight was built by Lever Brothers to accommodate workers in its soap factory (now part of Unilever); work commenced in 1888. The name is derived from Lever Brothers' most popular brand of cleaning agent, Sunlight.

Port Sunlight contains 900 Grade II listed buildings, and was declared a conservation area in 1978. Port Sunlight has been informally suggested for World Heritage Site (WHS) status to protect it from development and to preserve the unique character for future generations; however, it is not yet on the current UK "tentative list" for future consideration as a WHS. In the 2001 Census, its population was 1,450.

History
In 1887, Lever Brothers began looking for a new site on which to expand its soap-making business, which was at that time based in Warrington. The company bought  of flat unused marshy land in Cheshire, south of the River Mersey. It was large enough to allow space for expansion, and had a prime location between the river and a railway line. The site became Port Sunlight, where William Lever built his works and a model village to house his employees. William Lever (who was created a baronet in December 1911, and was raised to the Peerage of the United Kingdom as The 1st Baron Leverhulme in June 1917, and was further advanced to being The 1st Viscount Leverhulme in December 1922) personally supervised planning the village, and employed nearly thirty different architects. Between 1899 and 1914, 800 houses were built to house a population of 3,500. The garden village had allotments and public buildings including the Lady Lever Art Gallery, a cottage hospital, schools, a concert hall, open air swimming pool, church, and a temperance hotel. Lever introduced welfare schemes, and provided for the education and entertainment of his workforce, encouraging recreation and organisations which promoted art, literature, science or music.

The aims of Lord Leverhulme, as he became, were "to socialise and Christianise business relations and get back to that close family brotherhood that existed in the good old days of hand labour." He claimed that Port Sunlight was an exercise in profit sharing, but rather than share profits directly, he invested them in the village. He said, "It would not do you much good if you send it down your throats in the form of bottles of whisky, bags of sweets, or fat geese at Christmas. On the other hand, if you leave the money with me, I shall use it to provide for you everything that makes life pleasant – nice houses, comfortable homes, and healthy recreation."

The historical significance of Port Sunlight lies in its combination of model industrial housing, providing materially decent conditions for working people, with the architectural and landscape values of the garden suburb, influenced by the ideas of William Morris and the Arts and Crafts Movement. Each block of houses was designed by a different architect. The backs of any of the houses cannot be seen, and each house is unique. In terms of architectural features, there is half-timbering, carved woodwork and masonry, pargetting (ornamental plaster work) moulded and twisted chimneys and leaded glazed patterns. Some houses were built in Flemish style, with bricks imported from Belgium.

Geography
Port Sunlight is on the eastern side of the Wirral Peninsula, at the western side of the River Mersey. The area is approximately  south-south-east of the Irish Sea at New Brighton and about  east-north-east of the Dee Estuary at Gayton. The area is between  above sea level.

Community

One of the great buildings in Port Sunlight is the Lady Lever Art Gallery. A keen art collector, Lever travelled all over the world and liked to show the villagers the art he collected. Opened in 1922 by Princess Beatrice, the art gallery shows Lever's collection and modern-day artwork. The collection includes a range of furniture, paintings, sculptures and ceramics.

Other notable buildings include the Lyceum, the Gladstone Theatre (which hosts local amateur dramatic productions), Hesketh Hall (which housed the local branch of the Royal British Legion until 2013, when it was converted into 13 flats) and the "Bridge Inn" public house.

The village contains Christ Church, a United Reformed Church, and opposite is a small primary school. Church Drive Primary School is open to people living outside the village and residents. There is a war memorial by Goscombe John in the village centre in memory of soldiers that died in World War I. Port Sunlight has a water feature. The open air swimming pool is now a garden centre and cafe.

The Cottage Hospital, opened in 1907, was closed for many years but refurbished and reopened in 2008 as the Leverhulme Hotel.

Until the 1980s, all residents were employees of Unilever and their families. During this decade the houses were first sold privately. The former village school is now a working men's club.

The Port Sunlight River Park, on the banks of the River Mersey between Cammell Laird Shipyard and Bromborough Docks, opened to the public in 2014. The park is opposite Otterspool promenade and offers a view of Liverpool's waterfront, including the Anglican Cathedral and the Royal Albert Dock. It is an open, natural space that has been created on the former landfill site at Bromborough Docks. The site has been taken over by The Land Trust, 'a charity that is committed to the long term, sustainable management of open space for community benefit'. Walkways allow the public to appreciate the wildflowers and other wildlife; there is also a wetland area.

Transport
The area is served by both Bebington and Port Sunlight railway stations, on the Wirral Line of the Merseyrail network. There are regular train services to Chester, Ellesmere Port and to Liverpool via Birkenhead.

Cultural references
Port Sunlight was widely celebrated. In 1912, it became the subject of a hit West End musical comedy, The Sunshine Girl, at the Gaiety Theatre, London. It starred Phyllis Dare, one of the most popular pin-ups of the Edwardian era, and was written by Paul Alfred Rubens. The show introduced the tango dance to British audiences.  In 1919, Lever Brothers made a 40-minute-long sponsored film, Port Sunlight, to promote the town and factory.

The Sunlight Cottages in Glasgow are rare surviving relics from the series of Great Exhibitions held in Kelvingrove Park in 1888, 1901 and 1911. These rambling, asymmetrical cottages were constructed in 1901 as replicas of two of the Port Sunlight houses. Designed in an idealised Elizabethan half-timbered style by Exhibition architect James Miller, the houses are picturesquely sited high above the Kelvin. Donated to the city of Glasgow by Lord Leverhulme after the close of the Exhibition, the cottages have been used as park workers' housing ever since.

Port Sunlight was also used as a filming location for the British television series Peaky Blinders numerous times.

Notable people

Hulme Hall was the venue for drummer Ringo Starr's official debut as a member of The Beatles on 18 August 1962. It is also the site of the band's first ever broadcast interview. The interview was with local disc jockey Monty Lister and recorded for Radio Clatterbridge on 27 October 1962.

Fiona Bruce, host (2008 to present) of the long-running British television show Antiques Roadshow, grew up in Port Sunlight. In her introduction to an episode of the programme (Series 35 Episode 2) set in the village, she stood in front of her childhood home and explained that her father was a managing director of a division of Unilever.

Others
William Owen (1846–1910), architect, collaborated in the construction of Port Sunlight
Thomas Bartley (1874–1951), footballer, played at Port Sunlight
James Wootton-Davies (1884–1964), politician, worked as a chemist in Port Sunlight
Arthur Herbert Procter (1890–1973), Victoria Cross recipient, educated in Port Sunlight
Arthur Charles Evans (1916–2011), author, employed at Lever Brothers
Mary Wilson, Baroness Wilson of Rievaulx (1916–2018), wife of Prime Minister Harold Wilson, employed at Lever Brothers
Sean Hughes (1946–1990), politician, employed at Unilever
Jim Molyneux, footballer, born in Port Sunlight
Pete Burns (1959–2016), singer-songwriter, television personality, born in Port Sunlight

Gallery

See also
Listed buildings in Port Sunlight
Hartley Village
Sunlight Chambers, Lever Brothers' former offices on Parliament Street, Dublin, constructed between 1900 and 1910.
Sunlight Chambers, Lever Brothers' former offices on Bigg Market, Newcastle upon Tyne, constructed between 1901 and 1902.

References

Sources

External links

Port Sunlight Village Community

Company towns
Grade II listed buildings in Merseyside
Model villages
Planned communities in England
Towns and villages in the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral
Unilever
Populated places established in the 1880s
Lever family

Port Sunlight


Jean Peyrelevade (born 24 October 1939 in Marseille), is a French civil servant, politician and business leader.

Biography

He always presented himself as a man of center-left.

Appointed in 1981 deputy chief of staff of Pierre Mauroy and economic advisor of Prime Minister, he manages nationalization, while professing his skepticism about their interest.

Long time economics teacher at the École Polytechnique, he has written books about the evolution of contemporary capitalism, including Le capitalism total published through the think tank of La République des idées in 2005. Denouncing in this book an extreme form of capitalism, he proposes to ban stock options as part of executive compensation to avoid conflicts of interest and offer better dividends to existing shareholders to limit the round- speculative return.

He argues Francois Bayrou at the French presidential election of 2007, and joined his campaign team, particularly to address the economic program. In 2008, at the municipal elections, he led the MoDem list in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, which collects 8.64% of votes in the first round, ranking fourth. Only elected on its list, he is borough councilor. June 13, 2008, he was appointed vice president of the MoDem for economic issues. He resigned from the board of the  16th arrondissement of Paris the 6th of January 2009 and of all his functions within the MoDem at the same time. He no longer has any ties partisan but an active participant of Terra Nova (think tank), the think tank of the left.

In an opinion published in Le Figaro, he advocated a separation between bank deposit and investment bank to regulate the financial system to prevent another financial crisis. He said the bank is a real public service, which must be managed as such.

On 7 September 2011, he says support the candidacy of François Hollande to the French Socialist Party presidential primary, 2011. During summer schools of MoDem the 17th of September 2011 and during radio interviews, Jean Peyrelevade said he would vote for Manuel Valls in the first round and - probably - for Francois Hollande in the second round. Jean Peyrelevade recognizes to Manuel Valls the quality of being politically incorrect when he speaks about "35 hours" as a major error on which we must return. On January 5, 2012, he states that he changed his mind "Bayrou's speech is more consistent, clearer". He is a member of the campaign strategy of François Bayrou and says that we need a period of wage moderation to revive French competitiveness.

Training

 École Polytechnique (1958)
 École nationale de l'aviation civile (1961)
 University of Paris-Sorbonne (1963)
 Institut d'études politiques de Paris (1963)

Bibliography

 Pour un capitalisme intelligent, ed. Grasset, 1993
 La république silencieuse, (with Denis Jeambar), ed. Plon, 2002
 Le capitalisme total, ed. Seuil, 2005,
 Seul face à la justice américaine, ed. Plon, 2007
 Sarkozy : l'erreur historique, ed. Plon, 2008
 France, état critique, ed. Plon, 2011

References

Living people
1939 births
Alumni of the École nationale de l'aviation civile
French businesspeople
Politicians  from Marseille
French civil servants
Alumni of the École Polytechnique
Alumni of the Institut d'études politiques de Paris

Jean Peyrelevade


Air Chief Marshal Frank Robert Miller  (April 30, 1908 – October 20, 1997) was a Canadian airman, the last Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee in 1964, the first chief of the Defence Staff from 1964 until 1966, and deputy minister of National Defence. He held a range of Air Force training appointments during World War II.

Military career
Frank Robert Miller was born in Kamloops, British Columbia, on April 30, 1908, to Hedley Miller and his wife Mary.  After completing his education at the University of Alberta (where he gained a BSc) Miller joined the Royal Canadian Air Force at Camp Borden on September 15, 1931, with the rank of pilot officer. He received his wings on December 16 and was promoted to flying officer. Miller then underwent further training before becoming an instructor at the Camp Borden flying and navigation school in 1935. Promoted to flight lieutenant on September 1, 1937, he taught at the  Air Navigation and Seaplane School, Trenton from May 1937 to September 1938. In September 1938, Miller was posted to England to attend the Specialist Air Navigation Course at the School of Air Navigation, RAF Manston, during which time he was promoted to squadron leader on April 1, 1939. At the outbreak of war in September, Miller was the Officer Commanding of the Air Navigation and Reconnaissance School, Trenton. He was promoted to acting wing commander in December 1940. From May 1942 Miller commanded the Air Navigation School at Rivers, Manitoba. Promoted to acting group captain in July, he commanded the General Reconnaissance School on Prince Edward Island before moving to the Air Force Headquarters in January 1943 where he served as Director of Training Plans and Requirements. He was promoted to acting air commodore in January 1943.

In 1944 Miller was posted to England and on September 19 he took up command of RAF Bomber Command's No. 61 Base in North Yorkshire, with the substantive rank of air commodore from October 14.  No 61 Base was headquartered at Topcliffe and commanded the RAF establishments at Dalton, Dishforth, and Wombleton. On November 9 Millar's command was redesignated No. 76 Base and Gamston in Nottinghamshire was added as a subordinate unit.  On January 13, 1945, Miller took up command of No. 63 Base which was responsible for RAF Leeming (headquarters) and RAF Skipton-on-Swale.

After the war, Miller served in several senior positions in the Royal Canadian Air Force.  In September 1951, Miller was promoted to vice-chief of the Air Staff with the rank of air vice-marshal, serving until 1954. He was then posted to Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe as General Lauris Norstad's Vice-Deputy Air.  Gaining promotion to air marshal in 1955 he then retired from the RCAF at Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent's request to serve in the senior civil service position of deputy minister of National Defence, remaining in post until 1957. He then became Deputy Commander-in-Chief NORAD. In 1960, he was appointed Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee, gaining promotion to air chief marshal on September 1, 1961.  Three years later he became the first chief of the Defence Staff, serving from 1964 until 1966. As chief of the Defence Staff, Miller was opposed to the plans of the Defence Minister Paul Hellyer to merge the Royal Canadian Air Force, the Royal Canadian Navy and the Canadian Army into one service, and in 1966 resigned in protest, saying he could not in good conscience co-operate with Hellyer's plans.

In 1972 Miller was made a Companion of the Order of Canada.  He died on October 20, 1997.

Academic qualifications
 Bachelor of Science (BSc)
 Doctor of Laws (LLD)

Notes

References

External links
 Order of Canada Citation
 Frank Robert Miller  at The Canadian Encyclopedia

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1908 births
1997 deaths
Canadian military personnel from British Columbia
Chiefs of the Defence Staff (Canada)
Canadian Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Companions of the Order of Canada
People from Kamloops
Royal Canadian Air Force air marshals
Royal Canadian Air Force personnel of World War II

Frank Robert Miller


In scientific publishing, the 1969 Ingelfinger rule originally stipulated that The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) would not publish findings that had been published elsewhere, in other media or in other journals. The rule was subsequently adopted by several other scientific journals, and has shaped scientific publishing ever since. Historically it has also helped to ensure that the journal's content is fresh and does not duplicate content previously reported elsewhere, and seeks to protect the scientific embargo system.

The Ingelfinger rule has been seen as having the aim of preventing authors from performing duplicate publications which would unduly inflate their publication record. On the other hand, it has also been stated that the real reason for the Ingelfinger rule is to protect the journals' revenue stream, and with the increase in popularity of preprint servers  such as arXiv, bioRxiv, and HAL many journals have loosened their requirements concerning the Ingelfinger rule. In a defense of the policy, the journal said in an editorial that the practice discouraged scientists from talking to the media before their work was peer reviewed.

The rule is named for Franz J. Ingelfinger, the NEJM editor-in-chief who enunciated it in 1969. An earlier version of the policy had been expressed in 1960 by Samuel Goudsmit, editor of the Physical Review Letters, but did not become as well known.

See also
List of academic journals by preprint policy
News embargo
Network effect

References

Further reading

Academic publishing
Peer review
Rules
1969 introductions

Ingelfinger rule


Alfred Borron Clay (1831–1868), was an English painter.

Clay was born 3 June 1831 at Walton, near Preston, Lancashire, the second son of John Clay, chaplain of Preston gaol, and Henrietta Fielding, his wife. He was educated at the Preston grammar school, but also received instruction from his father. Clay was intended for the legal profession, and was articled to a solicitor at Preston, but having great love of art decided on quitting his profession and becoming a painter.

A portrait of his mother removing the doubts of his parents as to the advisability of this step, he went to Liverpool to study in 1852, and later in the same year became a student of the Royal Academy in London. In 1854 he exhibited for the first time, sending to the British Institution 'Finishing Bleak House,' and to the Royal Academy 'Nora Creina' and 'Margaret Ramsay;' in 1855 he sent to the Royal Academy a portrait of his father, and continued to contribute to the same exhibition regularly up to the time of his death.

The chief pictures painted by him were 'The Imprisonment of Mary Queen of Scots at Lochleven Castle,' exhibited in 1861; 'Charles IX and the French Court at the Massacre of St. Bartholomew,' exhibited in 1865; and 'The Return to Whitehall, 29 May 1660,' exhibited in 1807, and now in the Walker Gallery at Liverpool. This was his last work of importance, as his health failed about this time, and he died at Rainhill, near Liverpool, on 1 October 1868, aged 37. On 9 April 1856 he married Elizabeth Jane Fayrer, who survived him, and by whom he left a family.

References

1831 births
1868 deaths
19th-century English painters
English male painters
Artists from Preston, Lancashire
Alumni of the Royal Academy Schools
19th-century English male artists

Alfred Borron Clay


Eels are teleost fish. They have long and narrow bodies like snakes. Adult eels can be as short as 10 cm  or as long as 3 m. It depends on their species. The large eels can weigh up to 65 kg.

Eels have fewer fins than other fish. They do not have all the belly and chest fins. The back and anal fins are long and usually connected to the tail fin. The fins do not have spines.

The shoulder bones are separate from the skull. The scales have smooth edges or are absent.

Eels hatch from eggs. Baby (larval) eels are flat and transparent (clear). They are called leptocephalus (Greek for "thin head"). A young eel is called an elver. For a long time people did not know where eels came from, because baby eels look very different from adults. They thought the babies were a different species.

Most eels prefer to live in the shallowest parts of the ocean. They live at the bottom of the ocean, sometimes in holes. Eels in the Anguillidae family come to fresh water to live there. Eels in the Nemichthyidae family swim about 500 m below the ocean surface. Eels in the Synaphobranchidae family live as deep as 4000 m below the surface.

Hand netting (catching with nets) is the only legal way of catching eels in England. It has been done for thousands of years on the River Parrett and River Severn.

Most eels are predators. They hunt their prey.

Classification
True eels belong to the order (group) Anguilliformes (Latin for "eel-shaped"). This order has 4 suborders (smaller groups) called Anguilloidei, Nemichthyoidei, Congroidei, and Synaphobranchoidei.

The suborders are separated into 19 families. The families are divided into 110 genera. The genera are then divided into species. There are 400 species of eels in all.

The term "eel" is also used for other eel-shaped fish, such as electric eels, spiny eels, swamp eels, and deep-sea spiny eels. These other clades, however, evolved their eel-like shapes independently from the true eels. Eels live both in salt water and fresh water and some species are catadromous (they migrate).

Uses
Freshwater eels (unagi) and marine eels (Conger eel, anago) are used in Japanese food. Eels are used in Cantonese (Hong Kong) food and Shanghai food. Some people eat the European eel and other eels that live in lakes all around the world. A traditional London food is "jellied eels." The Spanish meal, angulas, consists of deep-fried elvers.

Eel skins are used to make some wallets and purses.

In some classifications, the family Cyematidae of bobtail snipe eels is included in the Anguilliformes, but in the FishBase system that family is included in the order Saccopharyngiformes.

The electric eel of South America is not a true eel, but is a South American knifefish more closely related to the carps and catfishes.

References

Edible fish

Eel


The Best American Poetry 1991, a volume in The Best American Poetry series, was edited by David Lehman and by guest editor Mark Strand.

Poets and poems included

Most-represented publications in this volume
Only one poem per poet is represented in any regular volume in the series, but some publications are represented multiple times among the 75 poems picked by the guest editor (Mark Strand, this year).

In order of frequency, these are the publications most represented this year:

See also
 1991 in poetry

Notes

External links
 Web page for contents of the book, with links to each publication where the poems originally appeared

Best American Poetry series
1991 poetry books
American poetry anthologies

The Best American Poetry 1991


The northern emerald (Somatochlora arctica) is a middle-sized species of dragonfly first described by Johan Wilhelm Zetterstedt in 1840. The male can be recognised by its pincer-like appendages and its narrow-waisted body. The female has distinctive orange-yellow spots on (only) the third segment of the abdomen.

This species lives in bogs and lays its eggs in very small water-filled depressions. It hunts between trees and avoids open spaces.

In Great Britain, it is only present in north-western Scotland and is confined to the south-western part of Ireland. It is present in all of northern Eurasia. In Western Europe, it is present in alpine areas and wherever a suitable habitat can be found. It is found in the Rila mountains of Bulgaria.

References

Corduliidae
Dragonflies of Europe
Insects described in 1840

Northern emerald


Napoléon Aubin (9 November 1812 – 12 June 1890), christened Aimé-Nicolas, was born from a Swiss family in Chêne-Bougeries, a district of Geneva, at the time a territory of France. He was a journalist, writer, publisher, scientist, musician and lithographer.

Biography
Little is known about the youth of Napoléon Aubin. He left school when he was about 16. The son of Pierre Louis Charles Aubin and Elisabeth Escuyer, he emigrated to New York in 1829 where he was to be a pastor in Biddeford, Maine. In 1835 he moved to Montreal, and then again to Quebec City, later that year. Aubin served as editor for numerous newspapers and magazines, including Le Canadien, L'Ami du peuple, de l'ordre et des lois (Law and Order), and La Tribune. In 1865, he launched the paper Les veillées du père Bonsens. A satirist, he wrote works in support of the Patriote movement, publishing his stories in Le Fantasque, a magazine he himself founded. He spent 53 days in prison for publishing a poem by Joseph-Guillaume Barthe, Aux exilés politiques canadiens. Aubin considered himself a liberal and a democrat, and in line with Étienne Parent, chose not participate in the Rebellion of 1837. In 1847, he published Manifeste adressé au peuple du Canada par le Comité constitutionnel de la réforme et du progrès (A Manifesto Addressed to the People of Canada by the Constitutional Committee for Reform and Progress), where he supported the ideas of Louis-Joseph Papineau. Notably, while on a trip to the U.S. he met Ulysses S. Grant, where they discussed the possibility of a union between Canada and the United States.

Aubin was married to Marie Luce Emilie in 1841, and had a son, Eugénie Aubin, who was born in 1853. In 1866, Aubin returned to Montreal in 1866, where he became a member of the Canadian Institute of Montreal in 1869. From 1875 until his death in 1890, he  served as Honorary Consul to Switzerland in Montreal. A Calvinist by faith, his funeral was conducted by a Presbyterian minister.

References

Citations

Bibliography
 Jean-Paul Tremblay, Aimé-Nicolas dit Napoléon Aubin, sa vie et son œuvre, thèse de doctorat, Laval: Laval University Press, 1965.
 Jean-Paul Tremblay, À la recherche de Napoléon Aubin, Laval: Laval University Press, 1969.
 Mario Brassard and Marilène Gill (editors), Contes et récits, Paroisse Notre-Dame-Des-Neiges [Quebec]: Éditions Trois-Pistoles 2002.

External links

1812 births
1890 deaths
People from Chêne-Bougeries
Swiss Calvinist and Reformed Christians
Swiss emigrants to Canada
Canadian newspaper journalists
Canadian chemists
19th-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
19th-century Canadian journalists
Canadian male journalists
Canadian dramatists and playwrights in French
Canadian male dramatists and playwrights
19th-century Canadian male writers
Journalists from Montreal
Writers from Quebec City
19th-century Calvinist and Reformed Christians
Scientists from Montreal
Writers from Montreal
Swiss chemists
19th-century Canadian scientists

Napoléon Aubin


The genus Styrax has an estimated  120 species in eastern Asia, the New World, and the Mediterranean region.
Styrax platanifolius is a species of flowering plant in the family Styracaceae known by the common name sycamoreleaf snowbell or "Texas Snowbell". It is native to northeastern Mexico in the states of Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas and the US state of Texas, especially on the Edwards Plateau. Styrax flowering season is estimated to be during the months of April-May. Its fruiting season has been observed to be during July-September.
Styrax Platanifolius thrive in more of a subhumid climate (40-70 cm mean annual precipitation, significant summer rain).

Description
This is a flowering shrub which can grow to 6 meters. The leaves are variable in shape, generally oval with smooth, toothed, or lobed edges, and measuring 4.5 to 12 centimeters in length. The inflorescence is a solitary flower or cluster of up to 7. The bell-shaped white flower is 1 or 2 centimeters long. The fruit is a hairy, spherical capsule about a centimeter long.

Taxonomy
There are five subspecies of this plant. Some were formerly considered species, but genetic analysis suggests they are more closely related and should be treated as subtaxa of one species. The subspecies are mostly characterized on the basis of the amount and arrangement of hairs on the leaves and other parts. The Texas Snowbell is characterized mostly by its shape. The petals of the shrub are white and it hangs upside down. This shape resembles a bell and because of the color it gained the name "snowbell".

Subspecies

S. p. ssp. mollis - known from the Sierra Madre Oriental in Nuevo León and Tamaulipas in Mexico.
S. p. ssp. platanifolius - once the most widespread subspecies and now quite rare.
S. p. ssp. stellatus (hairy sycamoreleaf snowbell) - formerly S. stellatus, a rare subspecies found along the southern edge of the Edwards Plateau
S. p. ssp. texanus (Texas snowbell) - formerly S. texana or S. texanus, rare and federally listed as an endangered species of the United States. There are about 22 populations remaining in the state of Texas.
S. p. ssp. youngiae (Young's snowbell) - formerly S. youngiae, occurs in Coahuila and in the Davis Mountains of Texas. Two populations were recently discovered in eastern Jeff Davis County.

Conservation Status
The texas snowbell is one of the most endangered plant species in Texas<Adams & Poole, 2011>. It can be found in the San Antonio Botanical Center . The lack of genetic variation found in the species disabled it from being able to withstand evolution which explains there are not many found today. Scientists are still trying to decide whether to keep the rare texas snowbells conserved in a safe space or to keep them in nature and allow natural selection take place to allow a new generation to emerge.

References

platanifolius
Flora of Coahuila
Flora of Nuevo León
Flora of Tamaulipas
Flora of Texas
Flora of Mexico

Styrax platanifolius


Brendan James (born July 17, 1979) is an American, piano-based singer-songwriter from Derry, New Hampshire. James spent his early music career playing at New York City open mics before he signed to Capitol Records in 2005. At Capitol he spent a year and a half recording his debut album, but was dropped before its release during the Capitol Records/Virgin Records merger in 2007. After leaving Capitol, he self-produced and released an EP, The Ballroom Break-in. He signed to Decca Records in 2008 and has released two studio albums with the label. His debut album, The Day is Brave, was released in 2008, while his self-titled second album, Brendan James, came out in 2010. He has toured nationally to support the albums, including tours with artists such as Jason Reeves, John Mayer, Tyrone Wells, Matt White, and Amber Rubarth.

Early life
James was born Brendan James Ernst in Nashua, New Hampshire on July 17, 1979, to parents Patricia and Randy, and is of Irish and German descent. He moved to Derry, New Hampshire, when he was four and, after the divorce of his parents, alternated living between Derry and nearby Manchester, New Hampshire. James had an early interest in performing and singing, leading him to perform in school plays and musicals while growing up. He attended high school at Pinkerton Academy in Derry. After the death of a friend's mother, James sang "Candle in the Wind" at her funeral with a local music teacher he knew, Kevin Kandel, accompanying him on piano. The collaboration began a friendship between the two and Kandel helped spur James's interest in music.

Music career

1998–2002: University of North Carolina and Los Angeles
After graduating high school James went on to attend college at the University of North Carolina, beginning with a major in Voice before switching to Communications. During breaks from school he would head back to Derry and meet up with Kandel, who persuaded James to learn an instrument. James began teaching himself piano at the age of 19 and also started writing and composing songs. Back at the University of North Carolina, James joined the Clef Hangers, an a cappella group. With the Clef Hangers he would sing solo covers of "I Can't Make You Love Me", "Father Figure", and "Die Without You," songs that were later released on compilation CDs from the group. During his Junior year of college, wanting to pursue a career in music, he left UNC and went to Hollywood. He earned school credits during the stay on the condition that he accept an internship at a business related to his Communications degree. While living in Los Angeles, he played at a club called The Crooked Bar (located underneath the Coconut Teaszer), while working on songs and performing. When his internship ended he returned to the University of North Carolina to complete his Communications degree, which he obtained in 2002.>

2003–06: Early New York and Capitol Records
After graduation from college, James had planned to return to Los Angeles and focus on his music career, even paying a rent deposit for an LA apartment. However, he changed his plans and decided to move to New York City following a day visit to the city. He worked at a job at Urban Outfitters to support himself. He held that job for the next three years while also performing at open mikes in the East Village. Around this time he also began breaking into various hotels, ballrooms and schools to use a piano to practice with pianos so he could practice. In 2003 he partnered with his still-current manager Ben Singer, a former classmate James had met at UNC. Ben helped him record a demo that eventually made its way to Carly Simon, who invited James to come and record a song with her. The song, "Let the River Run", would play at the 2003 Nobel Peace Prize ceremony.

In 2005 James would record another demo, this time professionally produced by Tony Bruno in Woodstock, New York at the Millbrook Sound Studio. The demo caught the interest of major labels and James did a showcase at The Living Room in New York City for various record companies. After the showcase, James was invited to Los Angeles to play for Capitol Records CEO Andrew Slater. Slater signed him to a record deal and James spent the next year and a half working on his debut album, recording with producers Tony Bruno and Patrick Leonard. Production of the album was wrought with difficulties: re-recording, disagreements over artistic direction and waiting on record label decisions extended the production. After re-recording the album with a new producer, it was almost ready to be released when James was dropped from Capitol Records following the merger and takeover of Capitol by Virgin Records. James, along with many other artists, was dismissed from the newly merged label, but was allowed the keep his master tapes and was given a severance package.

2007–08: The Ballroom Break-In, The Day Is Brave and Decca Records
Still living in New York, James used and built upon the music he developed and recorded at Capitol, working to release the album himself. He recorded material from the Capitol album with Los Angeles-based producer Mikal Blue, turning it into James's self-released EP, The Ballroom Break-In, in 2007. The title of the EP was based on his early days in New York City, when he broke into venues to practice playing and writing songs on a piano. After the release of the EP, Tomas Young, a paralyzed Iraq War veteran, heard one of its songs, "Hero's Song," on iTunes. Music from his EP was also used in television shows, including "The Sun Will Rise" which appeared on the ABC drama Private Practice in 2007. James and Blue quickly followed up The Ballroom Break-in with the full-length album, The Day Is Brave. The album used most of the material from the EP and some of the Capitol songs, but also contained new material James had written. As his EP's exposure grew, including a feature on Perez Hilton, James again gained the interest of major record labels. In 2008 he signed with Decca Records.

Decca Records released Brendan James's debut album, The Day Is Brave on June 3, 2008, in the United States, and on June 17, 2008, in Canada. It debuted on the Top 10 Billboard Heatseeker Charts, with Newsweek and Entertainment Weekly praising his debut effort. The album's single was "Green" and a music video was produced for the song. James initially toured regionally to support the album, headlining his own shows and also opening for artists such as Corinne Bailey Rae, John Legend, Susan Tedeschi, The Fray, and Robert Cray. At the end of 2008 James went on his first national tour, headlining on the MTV SoundTRACKER Tour.

2009–2011: Brendan James
Writing for James's second album began in early 2009 after the MTV Soundtracker Tour had ended. James moved from New York City to Los Angeles, where he is currently based, after having spent much time there in the past few years. Writing and production lasted for the next year and James said the second album was "far more difficult to write than my first." He traveled to London to make the album but the production work done there was scrapped. He eventually started working with producer Warren Huart back in Los Angeles and finished the album there. During the creation of his second album James embarked on more touring, including notable tours with John Mayer's Mayercraft Carrier 2 in March 2009 and one sponsored by scooter-maker Vespa in May 2009. The Vespa-sponsored "green tour" with Jason Reeves and Amber Rubarth saw them traveling the California Coast on Vespa scooters while focusing on environmental friendliness. James was also getting his songs on more television shows, like So You Think You Can Dance, Bones and Army Wives.

James's second album, the self-titled Brendan James, was completed in 2010 released on September 7, 2010. The album debuted at No. 93 on the Billboard 200, making it more successful than his previous album. The album's single was "The Fall" and again a music video was made, this time featuring Melissa Ordway as the female lead. The song "Stupid for Your Love" was also available for free on James's website as part of the album promotion. Touring to support the album continued through 2010 and into early 2011, with a notable tour with musician Matt White.

2012: Hope in Transition
In November 2011 James announced via his Twitter account that he was planning on releasing a new album of 10 songs in February 2012. This was pushed back to July 2012.

The new album, Hope in Transition was produced by Max Coane, with additional tracks produced by Julian Coryell. Engineering by Bill Mims, Chandler Harrod, Max Coane, and Jeff Hannan. Mixing by Jeff Hannan, Max Coane, and Erich Gobel. The album was mastered by Gavin Lurssen assisted by Reuben Cohen.

"Hope in Transition" was released on July 10, 2012, via Rock Ridge Music.

2013: Simplify
Brendan opened for Tyrone Wells on his US tour during March and April 2013. On March 19, 2013, Brendan James announced a Kickstarter campaign to raise money to promote his new album, which he said was "almost done". He described it as "a 12 song album, traditionally recorded live with my touring band, and inspired by the style of my idols – James Taylor, Paul Simon, Bob Dylan, and others." As of March 26, 2013, he had raised $26,139 of his $20,000 goal in only 10 days, with 15 days still left in the funding period, with a total of $33,948 raised at the conclusion of the funding period.

The album, titled "Simplify", was released on August 6, 2013

2020: Leap Taken

In 2018 Brendan released a non-album single 'Wish You Well'. It was featured in the Australian TV soap 'Neighbours' on April 3, 2019, in the UK.

His most recent album "Leap Taken" was released on October 20, 2020.

Musical styles and influences
James is a singer-songwriter with a piano-based style. He cites taking inspiration from 1970s artists James Taylor, Bob Dylan, Paul Simon and Stevie Wonder, as well as more current artists like Ryan Adams and Death Cab For Cutie.

Discography

Albums

Singles

EPs
The Ballroom Break-In (2007)
The Howl (2015)

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
American male singer-songwriters
American folk singers
People from Derry, New Hampshire
Pinkerton Academy alumni
21st-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American male singers

Brendan James


Vieweg is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alexander Vieweg (born 1986), German javelin thrower
Friedrich Vieweg (1761–1835), German publisher
Johannes Vieweg (born 1958), German-American medical professor
Karl Friedrich Vieweg (fl. 1790), German entomologist
Kurt Vieweg (1911–1976), German politician

See also
Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, a German publishing company

German-language surnames

Vieweg


Dasymutilla occidentalis (red velvet ant, eastern velvet ant, cow ant or cow killer) is a species of parasitoid wasp native to the eastern United States. It is commonly mistaken for a member of the true ant family, as the female is wingless. The species ranges from Connecticut to Kansas in the north and  Florida to Texas in the south.

The eastern velvet ant is the largest of the velvet ant species in the eastern United States, attaining an approximate length of 0.75 in (1.9 cm). Adults display aposematic coloration, consisting of black overall coloring with an orange-red pattern on the dorsal surface of the thorax and abdomen. They are covered in dense, velvet-like hair.

Description and biology
Commonly mistaken for an ant, because of its appearance and its common name, it is a parasitoid wasp species in which the females are wingless, as is true for all females of Mutillidae. It can be recognized by its distinctive red coloring, with a black stripe that goes across the abdomen. They are quick-moving and often take a defensive posture when threatened. Instead of creating nests, the females seek out the brood cells of Eastern cicada killers and horse guard wasps as well as other large ground-nesting members of Crabronidae, where they deposit an egg onto a host larva. The egg quickly hatches into a white, legless grub, which consumes the host and goes through several larval stages prior to pupation. Unlike the females, males have dark, translucent wings and do not possess a sting. Males fly low over grass in search of mates. Both sexes make a squeaking noise (stridulation) to warn potential predators (another form of aposematism in females, and automimicry in males).

Defense
The velvet ant has multiple defensive strategies, but is best known for its extremely painful sting, ranked 3 out of 4 on the Schmidt's sting pain index, earning it the nickname of "cow killer". Its defenses include a thickened exoskeleton, the ability to run fast and evasively, warning coloration, stridulatory warning sounds, a chemical secretion, and venom.

References

External links

Mutillidae
Hymenoptera of North America
Insects of the United States
Aposematic species
Wasps described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Dasymutilla occidentalis


Thomas Barnard (–1806) was an Anglican clergyman who served in the Church of Ireland as Bishop of Killaloe and Kilfenora (1780–1794) and Bishop of Limerick, Ardfert and Aghadoe (1794–1806).

Born in 1726 or 1728, he was the eldest son of Dr. William Barnard, Bishop of Raphoe (later of Derry). He was educated at Westminster School, where he was admitted a King's Scholar in 1741, but he almost certainly spent some time at Leeds Grammar School.  Later he went to Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and was awarded with a Bachelor of Arts in 1756, Master of Arts in 1760 and Bachelor of Divinity in 1769.

He was successively Vicar of Maghera (1751–1760), Archdeacon of Derry (1760–1769), and Dean of Derry (1769–1780). He was nominated Bishop of Killaloe and Kilfenora by King George III on 29 January 1780 and consecrated bishop at the Chapel Royal in Dublin Castle on 20 February 1780. The principal consecrator was Charles Agar, Archbishop of Cashel, and the principal co-consecrators were William Newcome, Bishop of Waterford and Lismore and Isaac Mann, Bishop of Cork and Ross. Fourteen years later, he was translated to the bishopric of Limerick, Ardfert and Aghadoe; having been nominated to the see on 14 August 1794 and by letters patent on 12 September 1794.

He was a member of the Literary Club, and well known as the friend of Samuel Johnson, Oliver Goldsmith, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Edmund Burke, Bishop Thomas Percy, and other literary characters of his day. He married Anne Browne of County Carlow in 1758 and secondly Jane Ross-Lewin.

He died in his 80th year, at Wimbledon in Surrey, on 7 June 1806.

Notes

References

1726 births
1728 births
1806 deaths
People educated at Westminster School, London
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Oxford
Deans of Derry
Bishops of Killaloe and Kilfenora
Bishops of Limerick, Ardfert and Aghadoe
Diocese of Limerick, Ardfert and Aghadoe
18th-century Anglican bishops in Ireland
19th-century Anglican bishops in Ireland

Thomas Barnard


Leona Gom (born 1946) is a Canadian poet and novelist. Born on an isolated farm in northern Alberta, she received her B.Ed. and M.A. from the University of Alberta in Edmonton.  She has published six books of poetry and eight novels and has won both the Canadian Authors Association Award for her poetry collection Land of the Peace in 1980 and the Ethel Wilson Fiction Prize for her novel Housebroken in 1986.

She taught for many years at Douglas College, Kwantlen College, the University of Alberta and the University of British Columbia.  For about ten years she edited the award-winning magazine Event. She held writer-in-residencies at the University of Alberta, the University of Lethbridge and the University of Winnipeg.

Her work has been included in many journals and over fifty anthologies, and five of her books have been translated into other languages. Her novel The Y Chromosome has been optioned for a movie and has been used as a text in both women's studies and sociology courses in Canada and the U.S. Her latest novel is The Exclusion Principle (Sumach Press, 2009). Quill & Quire calls it "an entertaining read, in which the quotidian world of marriage and the exotic field of astronomy mesh."

The Leona Gom Archive is housed at the University of Calgary.

Bibliography

Fiction
Housebroken (Edmonton: NeWest, 1986) and (Toronto: Paperjacks, 1989)
Zero Avenue (Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 1989) and (In Europe: Orlanda Frauenverlag, 1991 and Fischer Paperbacks, 1984)
The Y Chromosome (Toronto: Sumach/Second Story, 1990) and (Montreal: Alire Press, 2000)
After-Image: A Vicky Bauer Mystery (Toronto: Sumach/Second Story, 1996) and (In USA: St. Martin's Press, 1996) and (In Germany: Fischer Paperbacks, 2000)
Double Negative: A Vicky Bauer Mystery (Toronto: Sumach/Second Story, 1998, ) and (In Germany: Fischer Paperbacks, 2000)
Freeze Frame: A Vicky Bauer Mystery (Toronto: Sumach/Second Story, 1999) and (In Germany: Fischer Paperbacks, 2000)
Hating Gladys (Toronto: Sumach, 2002)
The Exclusion Principle (Toronto: Sumach, 2009)

Poetry
Kindling (Fredericton: Fiddlehead,1972)
The Singletree (Victoria: Sono Nis, 1975)
Land of the Peace (Saskatoon: Thistledown, 1980)
Northbound (Saskatoon: Thistledown, 1984)
Private Properties (Victoria: Sono Nis, 1986)
The Collected Poems (Victoria: Sono Nis, 1991)
Justice (Something: Some Thing, 19something)

References

1946 births
Canadian mystery writers
Canadian women novelists
Canadian women poets
Living people
Women mystery writers
20th-century Canadian novelists
21st-century Canadian novelists
20th-century Canadian poets
21st-century Canadian poets
20th-century Canadian women writers
21st-century Canadian women writers

Leona Gom


Pieter Bustijn (; also Pierre Bustyn or Pieter Buystijn ; baptized in 1649 – 22 November 1729) was a Dutch composer, organist, harpsichordist and carillon player of the Baroque period.

Bustijn occupies a very minor place in music literature: only one of his works, in fact, has been discovered, the IX Suittes pour le Clavessin. This work, one opus number, was printed in Amsterdam in 1712 by the famous publisher Estienne Roger.

The reason for the lack of biographical details about Bustijn's life and music can be attributed to the loss of the greater part of the Middelburg archives in 1940.

Family
The historian Mattheus Smallegange (1624–1710) in his Beschryving van den Zeelandschen Adel wrote that Bustijn was a member of a family which came from Liège, Belgium even if there is not definitive proof that Pieter Bustijn was a descendant of this family.

Duties
Pieter Bustijn assumed the role of organist and carillonneur in 1681, at the Nieuwe Kerk of Middelburg, after the death of Remigius Schrijver (possibly his teacher).

IX Suittes pour le Clavessin
The IX Suittes pour le Clavessin occupy a unique position in Dutch music history. Little music composed in the Netherlands in the late 17th and the early 18th century was in fact printed and therefore many of these works have been lost in the course of time. Bustijn's suites offer us an amazing look at Dutch musical life during the Baroque period and they are of great importance to the history of keyboard music in the Netherlands. Even Bach had a copy of Bustijn's work.

The printed edition of the Suites was very well known in the first half of the 18th century, enough to be cited in some catalogs as "The Hague" (1759). Even in an anthology of keyboard music, compiled by none other than Johann Gottfried Walther (1684–1748), appeared the name of Bustijn alongside names such as Buxtehude, J.L. Krebs, Bach, and the French Clérambault and Nivers.

According to the historian Albert Clement, the style of IX Suittes pour le Clavessin is placed between the works of earlier French masters and later German composers.

Similarity with J.S. Bach compositions
The beginning of the Prelude of the Suitte VI (in a minor) is most identical with the theme of Praeambulum 6 (BWV 784); the beginning of the Prelude of Suitte II (in D major) of the Dutch composer is similar to the beginning of the Fantasia BWV 787 (from Clavier-Büchlein vor Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, better known as Inventions and Sinfonias). One could hypothesize that Bustijn had some influence even on the greatest of composers of the Baroque era.

Publications
Pierre Bustyn, Exempla Musica Zelandica I, IX Suittes pour le Clavessin, Amsterdam ca. 1712 (reprinted Middelburg 1992), facsimile edition (Brussels, Royal Library Albert I, Fetis 2956 B Mus.), published by Koninklijk Zeeuwsch Genootschap der Wetenschapten.

Recordings
Harpsichord in the Netherlands, Bob van Asperen (Sony B00000277E, 1991) – Recording of only Suitte No. 5 in g minor
Unico Van Wassenaer & Contemporaries, Jacques Ogg (Globe #5101, 1993) – Recording of only Suitte No. 6 in a minor
Pieter Bustijn – Suittes pour le Clavessin, Alessandro Simonetto (OnClassical OC49B, 2011, also licensed for Brilliant Classics 94187, 2011) – Recording of all nine  suittes
Pieter Bustijn – Suittes pour le Clavessin, Steven Devine (Zefir Records  ZEF9626, 2011) – Recording of all nine  suittes
Baroque Music in the Netherlands, Jörn Boysen (NMI CD1202, 2011) – Recording of Suitte No. 2 in D major & Suitte No. 6 in a minor

References

Sources
Article by Albert Clement
Albert Clement, Pieter Bustijn, "Musicyn en Organist", Tijdschrift van de Vereniging voor Nederlandse Muziekgeschiedenis 38, 1988, pp. 81–98

External links

Pieter Bustijn:  (video)

1649 births
1729 deaths
17th-century Dutch people
18th-century classical composers
18th-century male musicians
18th-century musicians
Carillonneurs
Classical composers of church music
Composers for harpsichord
Composers for pipe organ
Dutch Baroque composers
Dutch classical composers
Dutch male classical composers
People from Middelburg, Zeeland

Pieter Bustijn


In model theory, a branch of mathematical logic, the diagram of a structure is a simple but powerful concept for proving useful properties of a theory, for example the amalgamation property and the joint embedding property, among others.

Definition
Let  be a first-order language and  be a theory over  For a model  of  one expands  to a new language

by adding a new constant symbol  for each element  in  where  is a subset of the domain of  Now one may expand  to the model

The positive diagram  of , sometimes denoted , is the set of all those atomic sentences which hold in  while the negative diagram, denoted  thereof is the set of all those atomic sentences which do not hold in .

The diagram  of  is the set of all atomic sentences and negations of atomic sentences of  that hold in  Symbolically, .

See also

 Elementary diagram

References

Mathematical logic
Model theory

Diagram (mathematical logic)


Reconstruction in architectural conservation is the returning of a place to a known earlier state by the introduction of new materials. It is related to the architectural concepts of restoration (repairing existing building fabric) and preservation (the prevention of further decay), wherein the most extensive form of reconstruction is creating a replica of a destroyed building.

More narrowly, such as under the Secretary of Interior's Standards in the United States, "reconstruction" is "the act or process of depicting, by means of new construction, the form, features, and detailing of a non-surviving site, landscape, building, structure, or object for the purpose of replicating its appearance at a specific period of time and in its historic location".

Reconstruction of buildings and structures

There may be several reasons for the construction of a building or creation of a replica building or structure.

Sometimes, it is the result of destruction of landmark monuments that is experienced as traumatic by inhabitants of the region, such as through war, planning errors and politically motivated destruction, other times, merely the result of natural disaster. Examples include Yongdingmen (former Peking city gate temporarily sacrificed to traffic considerations), St Mark's Campanile in Venice (collapsed in 1902), House of the Blackheads (Riga), Iberian Gate and Chapel and the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow (destroyed by order of Joseph Stalin), Dresden Frauenkirche and Semperoper in Dresden (bombed at the end of World War II). A specifically well-known example is the rebuilding of the historic city center of Warsaw  after 1945. The Old Town and the Royal Castle had been badly damaged already at the outset of World War II. It was systematically razed to the ground by German troops after the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. The reconstruction of Warsaw's historic center (e.g., St. John's Cathedral, St. Kazimierz Church, Ujazdów Castle) and, e.g.,  the replica of the Stari Most built in Mostar (Bosnia Herzegovina) have met with official approval by UNESCO.

Other times, reconstructions are made in the case of sites where the historic and cultural significance was not recognized until long after its destruction, common in North America, especially with respect to its early history. Examples include the reconstruction of Colonial Williamsburg in Virginia, the rebuilding of numerous structures in Independence National Historical Park in Philadelphia, and Fort William Historical Park in Ontario, Canada.

Types of reconstruction
There are different approaches to reconstruction, which differ in the degree of fidelity to the original and in the sensitivity to implementation. In architecture, Georg Mörsch describes reconstruction as a "scientific method of extracting sources to rebuild things that have gone under, regardless of the time that has passed since then".

 True-to-the-original reconstruction is a reconstruction carried out using the same materials and the same methods as possible after extensive source research. Often existing original components are used. This type of reconstruction can be found above all in culturally and historically significant buildings, which then serve as objects for viewing and are used as museums. An example of this is the completion of Cologne Cathedral, which was finally completed in the late 19th century when the original construction plans were discovered and these were followed.
 Modelled reconstruction is one that does not meet the requirements for fidelity to the original due to a lack of sources. Typical examples are, for example, when only façade plans or image documentation of buildings are preserved - the rest of the necessary information is "reinvented" as much as possible by comparing it with similar contemporary objects. This type of "new creative" reconstruction, combined with a lot of imagination, had its heyday especially in historicism (with neo-Romanesque, neo-Gothic, neo-renaissance and neo-baroque). Many neo-Gothic castles have been created from the remains of medieval castles, such as Hohenschwangau Castle, Eilean Donan Castle, Scotland, Hohenzollern Castle and numerous others into the first third of the 20th century.
 Replicative reconstruction is a form of reconstruction which, for functionalist reasons, serves to imitate (not: interpret), preserve or produce a (historicized) style, but with a different use and no longer has anything to do with the original or old building. (Example: Nikolaiviertel built in Berlin during the GDR era).
 Interpretive reconstruction creates a new design based on historical sources. Buildings or parts of buildings are created that correspond to the character and overall impression of the original, without attempting a one-to-one copy. Examples are the Prinzipalmarkt in Münster or the additions to the Frankfurt Römerberg. The facades and gables of the houses were partly redesigned, but the overall impression of the market was to be retained. This method is derived from the neutral retouching as a modern restoration. This fulfils the desires of a reconstruction by restoring the overall impression of a place without the concerns over authenticity around replicas.
 Didactic reconstructions: In connection with the development of archaeological excavation sites into didactic theme parks, reconstructions of striking ancient structures such as city walls, city gates, temples, villas or forts.
 Experimental reconstructions are part of experimental archaeology. An example of this is the Guédelon Castle which has been under construction since 1997 using only the techniques and materials of the 13th century in order to research the construction method and duration. The Campus Galli is another construction project to build a medieval monastery town based on the St. Gallen monastery plan. These are previously non-existent buildings, the focus is on the research aspect.

Challenges with reconstructions
Regardless of what type of reconstruction is done, there are some recurring challenges and questions.
 Original structures are often incompletely documented, so the missing parts have to be imagined, inferred or made in a different way to the original.
 Building materials or construction techniques used to build the original are barely or not at all available or not financially affordable. The same applies to craftspeople who still (or again) master the historical techniques and materials.
 The original would not correspond to the space requirements that the new use of the building will make. The inside of the building will be restructured and subdivided.
 The replica would not meet today's static safety requirements , so you have to change the structure.
 The original or replica with the same interior structure would not comply with the statutory safety regulations , such as in fire protection or escape routes.
The original or replica would not meet today's legal requirements
If implemented exactly, the original would no longer meet today's comfort requirements (air conditioning, electrical engineering, sanitary installations), so the original design is adapted accordingly.

Reasons for and against reconstructions

Since the end of the Second World War, the reconstruction of buildings has been the subject of controversy, especially in cities destroyed by the war.

In the public debate around reconstruction it is mostly assumed that historical or historicising architecture is perceived by the average citizen as more appealing than contemporary architecture. The loss of the "beautiful old" is seen as an aesthetic diminution, historically created and poorly closed building gaps are experienced as a permanent "flaw in the cityscape".

The reconstruction of buildings is often controversial among architects and preservationists . There are different motives and values. Overall, the question of the reconstruction of prominent urban locations in the context of the cityscape proves to be significantly more conflict-prone than is the case with remote buildings or in the open, for example with experimental or didactic reconstructions.

Many reconstructions are new buildings with a historical façade design, but modern construction technology and with completely new uses. The original building fabric is often hardly preserved and architects in particular argue against this approach, saying that it merely creates a historical impression in order to appeal to a certain groups of buyers.

However, there are also prominent examples of reconstructions with missing original substance. The reconstruction of completely destroyed Warsaw's Old Town is a reconstruction even in the UNESCO list of World Heritage. Reconstructed buildings are generally not perceived as such by those who are unfamiliar with them, which makes the cityscape more attractive in the eyes of the beholder. Even in the awareness of the residents, the fact of the reconstruction of a building is mostly forgotten after a while, the buildings are perceived again as an organic part of their environment. The desire for the original substance, which is usually put forward by monument conservationists, cannot be met in many old buildings either; one speaks of the Theseus paradox .

A crucial question in monument protection today is that of whether the value and originality is in the materials, or in the design. This does not only refer to the material erected at the time of construction, but also to the various later layers that are evidence of their times. The practice of both architectural and art history does not regard a certain version of an object as "the original", neither the first version nor the most splendid or most popular at the time, nor the last one that has been remembered.

The Venice Charter of 1964 was an international guideline for dealing with the original building fabric for the preservation of monuments; it is the most important monument conservation text of the 20th century and defines central values and procedures for the conservation and restoration of monuments .

Opponents of reconstruction often point out that rebuilding could contribute to the transfiguration of the past. Reconstruction critics from the architectural profession and related professions assume that modern urban design and contemporary architecture are an expression of social identity that is continuously developing. According to this, it is important for a society to maintain its architecture, which meets its living conditions and needs and whose expression it is, through building projects, and not, on the other hand, to recreate old architecture. This consensus on what is contemporary is questioned by those in favor of reconstruction. From cultural and historical Critics see reconstruction as a phenomenon of the 19th and 20th centuries that had hardly any role models in history and is now outdated. Reconstruction can thus only be historically legitimized to a limited extent. On the other hand, the term cityscape  - as an architectural unit extending beyond the individual building - only came into the field of vision of architecture in the course of modernity. Proponents of the reconstruction, on the other hand, have little fear of contact with the harmonistic architectural conceptions of the 19th century and also point to the lasting popularity of the domes that were "then completed" according to the principles that are not permitted today. However, it is precisely the free access to the formal language of all earlier epochs that is considered one of the essential features of historicism as seen in postmodernism . In a different sense, the reconstruction fulfils the demand for an answer to the needs of the time and in this sense is an expression of contemporary building activity. How later historical epochs will judge the contemporary phase of architecture and its peculiarities cannot be said.

For architects it is often not desirable to create replicas instead of creating something new. In this sense, every new building is "more historically accurate" because the destroyed objects were an expression of their own time. On the one hand, the "idea of a building" is the actual work of an architect and a reconstruction would represent an appreciation in this sense. On the other hand, every architect works in some way with the history of the building site. This reference to the previous buildings is to be seen as an appreciation, even if it is in explicit contrast. Building solutions by the architects of the historical compete with a new project. The fundamental question that remains is why something should be created again instead of a new building.

Prominent individual examples of reconstruction projects and executions show that architecture is a factor in the public that can still polarize just as much as that from the history of architecture known all time. From a global perspective, the entire discussion about the pros and cons of reconstruction is a problem rooted in Eurocentric sensitivities. Other cultures, both the Anglo-American region and Asia, deal with the topic differently: The regular, complete rebuilding of a Buddhist temple is part of the centuries-old tradition in Asian architecture, the European concept of "true to the original" plays in this culture, which has everything in the philosophical core Material regarded as worthless shell, until today a subordinate role. The 2000 year old Ise-jingū-Shrines in Japan are ritually rebuilt every 20 years according to exactly the same plans made of wood. In China, for example, while entire historic cities and city centers are being sacrificed to major urban and economic planning projects ( Shanghai , 3 Gorges Dam ), conversely, historicizing projects are also being implemented - such as the old town project of Datong, a city in the Ming style, or the restoration of the one in the cultural revolution destroyed sacred buildings. In the USA, too, the monument concept plays only a subordinate role today and relates much more to historic monuments that are significant in terms of time and culture than to those of architectural history.

Acceptance of reconstructions
In a representative survey by the Forsa Institute on behalf of the German Federal Building Culture Foundation , 80% of all participants were in favor of the reconstruction of historic buildings and 15% were against. The approval of reconstructions was particularly high among women (83%) and 18 to 29 year olds (86%). When asked whether historical buildings should also be rebuilt for other uses, 80% of all participants answered with "yes" and 16% with "no".

Examples of reconstructions

Prominent examples with worldwide attention that illuminate the diversity of reconstructive intentions and methods:

Before 1945
 Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls in Rome: destroyed in a fire in 1823, rebuilt true to the original by 1840
 St Mark's Campanile in Venice: The largely true-to-original copy of the building, which collapsed in 1902, was a trend-setting project for the beginning of the 20th century - the late Wilhelminian era was still completely entangled with the idea of complete urban redesign with the welcome removal of all outdated structures.
 Ypres Cloth Hall: destroyed in 1918, reconstructed until 1967, UNESCO World Heritage since 1999
 Stonehenge in southern England: Megalithic structures that were largely preserved in the 16th century, most of which were overturned by the 19th century, were re-erected by William Gowland around 1900. The altered positions of the structures from the reconstruction obscure the original alignment and intended purpose which may have been astro-chronological in nature.
 Alcázar of Toledo: The fortress, which was destroyed in the Spanish Civil War 1936-39, was subsequently rebuilt largely true to the original.
 Church of the Flagellation in Jerusalem: Duke Max Joseph in Bavaria financed the purchase of the long-dilapidated chapel by the Custody of the Holy Land and its restoration for worship in 1838. 1927–1929, the building, which still exists today, was built in the style of the Middle Ages under the architect Antonio Barluzzi.
 Governor's Palace in Williamsburg, Virginia: The governor's palace , which was destroyed by fire in 1781, was rebuilt in 1927–1934 from the perspective of completing the tourist-museum cityscape of Colonial Williamsburg according to old models.

After 1945

Australia
 St Kilda Pavilion (2006)

Belgium
 Ypres Cloth Hall (after 1918)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Stari Most, rebuilt with original materials (2004)

Canada

 Cathedral-Basilica of Notre-Dame de Québec (1923)
 Montreal Biosphère (1995)
 Ontario Legislative Building (1912)
 Saint-Joachim de Pointe-Claire Church (1885)

China
 Pavilion of Prince Teng (1989)
 Yellow Crane Tower (1981)
 Yongdingmen Gate, Beijing (2005)
 Porcelain Tower of Nanjing (2015)

Croatia
 Church of Pentecost, Vinkovci

Czech Republic
 Bethlehem Chapel, Prague, Czech Republic (1953)

France
 Soissons Cathedral, Soissons (after 1918)
 Vendôme Column, Paris

Germany

 Berlin Palace
 Leibnizhaus, Hannover (1981)
 Falkenhaus, Würzburg
 Town Hall, Osnabrück
 St. Michael's Church, Hamburg
 Semperoper, Dresden
 Schloss Johannisburg, Aschaffenburg
 Roman limes
 Heilig-Geist-Spital, Nuremberg
 Hildesheim Cathedral
 Buddenbrookhaus, Lübeck
 Bauakademie, Berlin
 City Palace, Potsdam
 Münster Cathedral
 Butchers' Guild Hall, Hildesheim (1989)
 Old Castle (Stuttgart)
 Dresden Castle
 Dresden Cathedral
 Dresden Frauenkirche
 Munich Residence
 Munich Frauenkirche
 Dom-Römer Project, Frankfurt am Main
 Saarbrücken, Ludwigskirche

Greece

 Stoa of Attalos, Athens (1956)

Hungary
 Matthias Church, Budapest (1896)
 Buda Castle, Budapest (1952-1985: not true-to-original reconstruction of the building destroyed in 1944; since 2019: true-to-original reconstruction of some parts of the building)
 Royal Palace, Gödöllő (since 1994)

India

 Daksheswara Mahadev Temple (1963)
 Tabo Monastery (1983)

Iraq
 Babylon (1983)

Israel
 Hurva Synagogue, Jerusalem (2010)

Italy

 Abbey of Monte Cassino (1964)
 Opera house La Fenice, Venice (2003)
 St Mark's Campanile, Venice (1912)
 Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls, Rome (1840)

Japan

Heijō Palace, Nara, Nara Prefecture.

Latvia
 House of the Blackheads, Riga, Latvia

Lithuania
 Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania (2002-2009)
 Trakai Island Castle

Malta

 Chapel of St Anthony of Padua in Fort Manoel (2009)
 Chapel of St Roche on St Michael's Counterguard (2014)
 Wignacourt Arch (2015)

Plans are also being made for reconstructing the Birgu Clock Tower, which was destroyed in 1942.

Poland

 Warsaw Old Town, Warsaw
 Sigismund's Column, Warsaw
 St. Kazimierz Church, Warsaw (1947-1953)
 Green Gate, Gdańsk, Poland
 Warsaw Barbican (1952–1954)
 St. Alexander's Church, Warsaw (1949-1952)
 Holy Cross Church, Warsaw (1953)
 Church of the Holy Spirit in Warsaw (1956)
 Malbork Castle (1960-1993)
 Royal Castle, Warsaw (1971-1974)
 St. Hyacinth's Church, Warsaw
 St. John's Archcathedral (Warsaw)
 St. Florian's Cathedral, Warsaw (1972)

Russia

 Königsberg Cathedral
 King's Gate (Kaliningrad)
 Kazan Cathedral, Moscow (1993)
 Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, Moscow (2000)

Slovakia
 Trenčín Castle

Serbia
 Avala Tower

Ukraine

 Golden Gate, Kiev (1982)
 St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery, Kiev (1999)

United Kingdom

 Arbeia Roman Fort, South Shields, England
 Butser Ancient Farm, England
 Shakespeare's Globe, London
 Lunt Roman Fort, England

United States

 Blennerhassett Mansion
 Colonial Williamsburg (mostly since 1920s)
 Governor's Palace (Williamsburg, Virginia) (1931–34)
 Nauvoo Temple (2002)
 Palace of Fine Arts, San Francisco (1965)
 White House Reconstruction (1949–52)

Planned or under construction reconstructions
 Buddhas of Bamiyan: After the destruction of the UNESCO World Heritage Site by the Taliban in 2001, there are vague plans to reconstruct the monumental statues of gods. Work has since begun on restoring the Buddhas using the process of anastylosis, where original elements are combined with modern material. The restoration of the caves and Buddhas has also involved training and employing local people as stone carvers. The work has come under some criticism.
 Palmyra: Nalmyra: After the destruction of the UNESCO World Heritage by the Islamic State, there are vague plans to restore the ancient oasis city and many other destroyed temples, churches and mosques in Syria and Iraq.
 Old town hall in Halle: considered one of the most important secular buildings in Central Germany, badly damaged in an air raid in 1945, completely demolished by 1950. Currently collecting donations for the reconstruction of the baroque entrance way.
 Saxon Palace in Warsaw: former residence of the kings of Poland, part of the Saxon Axis , redesigned in a classicist style in 1842, destroyed in 1944 under German occupation. In 2018 the Polish government announced that it would reconstruct the palace as a senate building.
 Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris: After the cathedral was partially destroyed by a major fire in 2019, the French Parliament decided to reconstruct Notre-Dame true to the original. Reconstruction will begin in 2021 with the aim of completion by Spring 2024, in time for the opening of the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris.
 Mercator House in Duisburg: home of the cartographer Gerhard Mercator (1512–1594), destroyed in World War II, foundations uncovered during archaeological excavations in 2012, reconstruction as an educational facility by 2021
 Town hall towers in Frankfurt am Main: colloquially known as "Langer Franz" and "Kleiner Cohn", destroyed in an air raid in 1944, then covered with emergency roofs. Currently fundraising for the reconstruction of the tower roofs.
 Garrison church in Potsdam: considered a major work of the European Baroque, built by Philipp Gerlach from 1730 to 1735, burned out in an air raid in 1945, blown up in 1968 for ideological reasons. The tower has been under reconstruction since 2017.
 Old Market Square, Potsdam: once considered to be one of the most beautiful squares in Europe, especially in the time of Frederick the Great when many copies of Italian palaces were built there. Burned in an air raid in 1945, and then was demolished for ideological reasons in East Germany. Reconstruction of individual facades has taken place since 2013, including the Barberini Museum.
 Berliner Bauakademie: was considered the original building of modern architecture, erected from 1832 to 1836 by Karl Friedrich Schinkel, burned out in an air raid in 1945 and was demolished in 1962. The building has been sold by the state of Berlin to the federal government which had a resolution in 2016 to reconstruct the building.
The Temple of Bel, the Temple of Baalshamin and the Monumental Arch in Palmyra, Syria, will be reconstructed using a anastylosis technique involving incorporating the original materials. The temples had been destroyed by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in 2015. Following the recapture of Palmyra by the Syrian Army in March 2016, director of antiquities Maamoun Abdelkarim announced the plans for their reconstruction.
The Acropolis of Athens project began in 1975 with the goal to reverse the decay of centuries of attrition, pollution, destruction from military actions, and misguided past restorations. The project included collection and identification of all stone fragments, even small ones, from the Acropolis and its slopes and the attempt was made to restore as much as possible using reassembled original material (anastylosis), with new marble from Mount Pentelicus used sparingly.
 Shuri Castle, the 5th reconstruction of the former Ryukyu Royal Castle is underway after the 2019 fire.
 Lighthouse of Alexandria, since 1978 a number of proposals have been made to replace the lighthouse with a modern reconstruction. In 2015, the Egyptian government and the Alexandria governorate suggested building a skyscraper on the site of the lighthouse as part of the regeneration of the eastern harbour of Alexandria Port.

See also
Historic preservation
Building restoration
Anastylosis, the reconstruction of a ruined building using the original elements to the greatest degree possible
New Classical Architecture, a movement in architecture that continues the practice of classical architecture to go along with reconstructions
Ise Grand Shrine in Japan, (which is ceremonially rebuilt every 20 years)
Ship replica
Deconstructivism (architecture)

References

External links

"Additions to historic buildings: between parasite and prosthetic architecture"
"Addition to historic building: A hermeneutic interpretation"
Architectural conservation

Reconstruction (architecture)


Events from the year 1541 in art.

Events
 Michelangelo completes his fresco The Last Judgment on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel in Vatican City.
 Cardinal Alexander writes to Bishop Marco Vigerio discussing frescoes to be done by Michelangelo for the Cappella Paolina.

Works

 Battista Franco Veneziano paints fresco of the Arrest of John the Baptist for the Oratory of San Giovanni Decollato
 Pietro Negroni paints Adoration of Magi
 Titian – The Marquis of Vasto addressing his troops
Antoine Caron – Dionysius Areopagite and the Eclipse of Sun(image)

Births
date unknown
 El Greco (or Domenikos Theotokopoulos),  painter, sculptor, and architect of the Spanish Renaissance (died 1614)
 Aert Mijtens, Flemish Renaissance painter (died 1602)
 Yi Chong, Korean painter (died 1622)

Deaths
January 6 - Bernard van Orley, Flemish Northern Renaissance painter and draughtsman (born 1487-1491)
August - Valentin Bousch, glass painter (born 1490)
date unknown
Jean Clouet, miniaturist and painter who worked in France during the Renaissance (born 1480)
Gerard Horenbout, Flemish miniaturist (born 1465)
Stanisław Samostrzelnik, Polish Renaissance painter and Cistercian monk (born 1490)

Years of the 16th century in art

1541 in art


Albert Michael Groh III (born December 19, 1971) is an American football coach and former quarterback who is the wide receivers coach for the New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL). He previously served as the wide receivers coach of the Indianapolis Colts and as an assistant coach for the Los Angeles Rams, Chicago Bears and New York Jets. He is a former starting quarterback at the University of Virginia.

Playing career

High school
Groh attended Randolph High School in Randolph, New Jersey, graduating in 1991. He played football for the Randolph Rams, starting as the team's quarterback, safety, placekicker and punter.

In Groh's last game, Randolph faced off against Montclair High School on December 1, 1990, in the New Jersey North 2, Group 4 sectional state championship game, which was held at Woodman Field in Montclair in what became of significance in the history of New Jersey high school athletics.  While the matchup was already highly anticipated as it was the first-time meeting between the two storied New Jersey football programs, it was also further enhanced by several notable subplots.  Randolph, ranked number two in the state, had entered the game sharing a state record for consecutive victories with 48 while Montclair was the top ranked team in the state and sixth in the United States.  Ironically, it was on this very same field seventeen years earlier that Montclair had ended Westfield High's then state record 48 game unbeaten streak that Randolph was seeking to overtake.

For Groh and the Rams though, the game itself had taken on greater meaning as it was seventeen days after the sudden death of Randolph head coach John Bauer Sr.  The legendary New Jersey high school coach and face of the program had battled a long time illness but had not planned to retire until the winning streak was snapped so as not to burden his successor, his son, with sustaining the program's winning streak.  Circumstances with the elder Bauer's death nonetheless forced his son John Jr., the team's offensive coordinator, to take over the head coaching duties streak intact as the team was headed into the playoffs.  This included shutting out perennial state power Union High coached by the great Lou Rettino one week prior. But in this state championship game, Montclair was heavily favored as despite having not lost a game in over four years, Randolph was in its first year playing Group 4 playoff competition which represented the largest schools in New Jersey.  Previously the Rams had won four consecutive Group 3 state titles.

Groh's undersized Randolph team, with ten players playing both offense and defense and none weighing over two-hundred pounds, seemed at times to be outmatched during the game by the physically larger and more athletic Montclair team.  But some fortunate breaks helped keep the Rams, a team especially known then for its grit and disciplined clutch play, in the game.  This included an offensive fumble recovery in the end zone that resulted in an improbable Randolph touchdown.

However the most improbable events occurred towards the end of the game with Groh's team trailing 21-19 and driving late in the game. With a little more than a minute remaining and already in field goal range, the Rams turned the ball over deep in Montclair territory and at which point many of the estimated fifteen thousand in attendance began to file out of the venue. On Montclair's first down, the Mounties lined up in victory formation, snapped and the kneeled down the ball.  Considering the play took no more than about ten seconds, it was noted the clock operator inexplicably allowed over twenty seconds on the clock to be run off.  Montclair then attempted to run the clock down as far as they could, with the idea that they would take a delay of game penalty and have approximately three seconds left to punt the ball out of their own endzone.  However, a clock error resulted in the scoreboard clock ticking to zero and caused the Montclair fans to rush the field in apparent victory. This not only resulted in a delay of game penalty being called on Montclair, but the officials determined the clock should have seven seconds left on it.  Montclair next was only able to come up with an eleven-yard punt with Randolph's strong rush nearly blocking it.  The punt itself was noticeably also held up by a gust of wind, that was fair caught on the twenty yard line with one second left.  Groh then kicked the winning 37-yard field goal as time expired to give Randolph its miraculous record breaking victory and the de facto state championship in what The Star-Ledger of Newark later named the greatest New Jersey high school game ever played.

College
Groh enrolled at the University of Virginia in the fall of 1991 and was redshirted as a true freshman.  He served as a backup quarterback during his redshirt freshman season in 1992 and replaced struggling starter Bobby Goodman in a late season game against N.C. State.  However, in the 1993 season, Groh lost the quarterback competition to fellow redshirt sophomore Symmion Willis and again served as a backup.  In the first game of the 1994 season against Clemson, Groh alternated with Willis when the offense struggled during a 6–3 win.  Groh and Willis continued to alternate at quarterback for the next few games until Groh emerged as the starting quarterback.  The Cavaliers finished 9–3 for the 1994 season with a win over Texas Christian University in the Independence Bowl.

Groh led the Cavaliers to a 9–4 record in the 1995 season highlighted by a 33–28 win over Florida State, a share of the ACC Championship, and a win over Georgia in the Peach Bowl. In the 1995 season, UVA's only losses were by a touchdown or less to Michigan, Texas, North Carolina, and Virginia Tech. Groh's father Al Groh was hired as the head football coach at Virginia starting five years after Mike graduated.

NFL Combine

Coaching career

New York Jets
Groh was hired as an assistant for his father Al, who was head coach of the New York Jets in 2000.

Virginia
Groh was hired on the Virginia staff in 2001 as the wide receivers coach before he took on the task of coaching the Cavalier quarterbacks in 2003 along with the receivers. In 2006, he was named the team's offensive coordinator. He was relieved of the offensive coordinator position at the University of Virginia in December 2008.

Alabama
Groh spent the 2009 season at Alabama as an offensive graduate assistant as the Crimson Tide recorded a 14–0 record en route to the National Championship.

Louisville
Louisville Cardinals head coach Charlie Strong announced, on January 13, 2010, that he has hired Mike Groh to coach the quarterbacks at University of Louisville.

Return to Alabama
On February 7, 2011, it was announced he had been given the job of wide receivers coach at the University of Alabama.

Chicago Bears
On February 21, 2013, it was announced that Groh was hired by the Chicago Bears as wide receivers coach.

Los Angeles Rams
On January 25, 2016, the Los Angeles Rams announced they had hired Groh as their new passing game coordinator and wide receivers coach.

Philadelphia Eagles
On January 21, 2017, Groh was hired by the Philadelphia Eagles as their wide receivers coach under head coach Doug Pederson. After the 2017 season when the Eagles won Super Bowl LII against the New England Patriots, Frank Reich was hired as head coach of the Indianapolis Colts, and Groh was promoted to offensive coordinator to Pederson. Groh was fired from the Eagles on January 9, 2020, after they fell to the Seattle Seahawks in the Wild Card Round of the NFL Playoffs.

Indianapolis Colts
On February 1, 2020, Groh was hired by the Indianapolis Colts as their wide receivers coach, reuniting with former Philadelphia Eagles offensive coordinator and current Colts head coach Frank Reich.

New York Giants
On February 10, 2022, Groh was hired by the New York Giants as their wide receivers coach under head coach Brian Daboll.

Personal life
Groh is the son of former American football coach Al Groh and his brother, Matt, is the director of player personnel for the New England Patriots.

References

External links
 New York Giants profile

1971 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
Alabama Crimson Tide football coaches
Chicago Bears coaches
Indianapolis Colts coaches
Louisville Cardinals football coaches
National Football League offensive coordinators
New York Giants coaches
New York Jets coaches
People from Randolph, New Jersey
Philadelphia Eagles coaches
Randolph High School (New Jersey) alumni
Rhein Fire players
Players of American football from Charlottesville, Virginia
Players of American football from Morris County, New Jersey
Virginia Cavaliers football coaches
Virginia Cavaliers football players

Mike Groh