Loxley United Reformed Church is a derelict Grade II* listed building located on Loxley Road in Loxley, a western suburb of the City of Sheffield, England. It is currently in a fire damaged state.

History
The building was originally known as the Loxley Congregational Chapel and was constructed in 1787 at a cost of £1,000 by some of the worshippers at the Church of St Nicholas, Bradfield. It was built for the curate at St Nicholas' Benjamin Greaves who was about to be dismissed and his parishioners wanted him to stay in the area. Upon completion the chapel, which was set back 100 metres from Loxley Road had the look of a large house constructed from squared gritstone with Venetian windows. The local Bishop was asked to consecrate the building upon its opening but refused because it did not have an east window. In its early years the church was utilised as an Anglican place of worship with Benjamin Greaves continuing to preach until he was appointed to a new post at Stoney Middleton. Mr Greaves was succeeded by a Church of England minister, the Reverend Flockton. By1798 the building was being rented by Protestant Dissenters or Independents and they changed its name to The Loxley Independent Church when they bought the building outright. In 1802 the Independents appointed their first minister Daniel Dunkerley, who was incumbent for 18 years until his death, he was buried in the churchyard.

David Dunkerley was the next minister, he was no relation to Daniel, remaining until he emigrated to Canada in 1830. Reverend Cullen (1830-1836) was succeeded by the Reverend John Hanson, known as the "Vicar of Loxley", who was minister for 18 years. Thomas France was minister for 35 years (1854-1889) eventually dying in November 1898, aged 83. Parishioners placed a remembrance tablet to him in the church. According to the Religious Census of 1851 an average congregation at an afternoon service was 200 people. A new school-room and minister's house was built in 1855, the first stone being laid on 30 April by Alderman Francis Hoole, Esq. former Lord Mayor of Sheffield. Many victims of the Great Sheffield Flood of 1864 were interred in the churchyard including members of the Armitage, Bower, Crownshaw, Denton, Bates, Hudson and Chapman families. In 1872 Henry Tingle Wilde, Chief Officer of the RMS Titanic was christened at the church. In the 1970s the name of the church was changed again to the Loxley United Reformed Church due to the formation of the United Reformed Church in 1972.

Modern times and 2016 fire
The church closed in 1993 with the building gradually deteriorating into a ruinous state over the years. The churchyard which surrounds the church on three sides became overgrown. Despite efforts to keep the interior secure, people broke into the church and caused substantial vandalism. In the early hours of 17 August 2016 the church caught fire and was severely damaged by the flames. The fire was attended by three fire engines and was put out within hours, however the building was completely gutted, losing its roof and first floor and all its fitments, it still stands open to the elements with trees beginning to spring up in what was once the ground floor as of October 2023 with no plans of renovation, restoration or demolition currently in place.

References

Churches in Sheffield
Churches completed in 1787
Grade II* listed buildings in Sheffield
Grade II* listed churches in South Yorkshire

Loxley United Reformed Church


Maria Henrietta de la Cherois Crommelin, known as May de la Cherois Crommelin, (1850–1930) was a novelist and travel writer born in Ulster, Ireland at Carrowdore Castle in County Down. On the death of her brother, Frederick Armand, who succeeded their father Samuel Arthur Hill de la Cherois Crommelin, J.P. D.L. as head of the family, May and her sisters Evelyn and Caroline (Mrs Robert Barton Shaw), were recognised jointly as heads of the family of de la Cherois Crommelin.

While growing up, she and her family often lived elsewhere because of the political situation at home, and Crommelin was educated by governesses. The family moved to England in the 1880s and after the death of her traditionalist father in 1885 she lived independently in her own flat in London. Though her family were "French gentry"- the Crommelins being in possession of considerable property at Armandcourt in Picardy and created Seigneurs de Camas- and descended from the Huguenot linen merchant Louis Crommelin, they were not at all wealthy, and Crommelin earned a living by writing. One of her cousins was the astronomer Andrew Claude de la Cherois Crommelin.

Writing
She travelled widely, going to the Andes (which she described in her 1896 work Over the Andes From the Argentine to Chili and Peru), the West Indies, North Africa and elsewhere. She wrote 42 novels, which were often based upon her travels. Her first, Queenie, was published in 1874. Orange Lily of 1879 is set in Ulster, where she was born. In 1884 she published Joy, set on Dartmoor where she first lived after coming to England; and her Cross-Roads of 1890 relies on her knowledge of France and Italy. Her work met with mixed reviews: for instance Goblin Gold (1885) was disparaged at the time. She also contributed travel pieces and short stories to magazines like The Idler.

References

Oxford Companion to Edwardian Fiction 1900–14: New Voices in the Age of Uncertainty, ed.Kemp, Mitchell, Trotter (OUP 1997)
The Bibliophile Dictionary, ed. Dole, Morgan, Ticknor (1904)
Evelyn O'Callaghan, "A Hot Place, belonging to Us": The West Indies in Nineteenth Century Travel Writing by Women in Landscape and Empire ed. Hooper (Ashgate 2005)

External links

1850 births
1930 deaths
19th-century Irish novelists
19th-century Irish travel writers
20th-century novelists from Northern Ireland
Women novelists from Northern Ireland
Travel writers from Northern Ireland
Irish women non-fiction writers
Women travel writers from Northern Ireland
19th-century British women writers
19th-century British writers
20th-century British women writers
Writers from County Down
19th-century Irish women writers
Writers from London

May Crommelin


Elsy del Pilar Cuello Calderón (born in Bogotá, 13 June 1959) is a Supreme Court Judge from the Corte Suprema de Justicia of Colombia.

Elsy del Pilar Cuello Calderón is a lawyer graduated from the Universidad Santo Tomás in Bogotá, Colombia. Since 1990 she's been a Court Judge. She's part of Labor Cassation Chamber of the Supreme Court of Colombia. Mrs. Cuello is also part of the National Commission  of Gender for the judicial Branch (Comisión Nacional de Género de la Rama Judicial),  which was created in February 2008 this commission determines the rules for gender equity in the judicial branch of Colombia.

Elsy del Pilar Cuello has been elected twice as Supreme Court Judge of Colombia. The first time was in June 2004 for a three month period and later on June 5, 2007, for the regular term of 8 years.

References
 El 21% de los magistrados de las altas Cortes son mujeres
     El Presidente de la República, Álvaro Uribe Vélez, posesionó a Elsy Del Pilar Cuello
Tomó posesión, este martes en la Casa de Nariño, Elsy del Pilar Cuello Calderón
 Versión en español

Magistrates of the Supreme Court of Justice of Colombia
Living people
1959 births

Elsy del Pilar Cuello


Road locomotive could refer to:

 A type of (steam-powered) traction engine, usually referring to those designed for heavy haulage on common roads
Showman's road locomotive, a form of the steam-powered road locomotive adapted and decorated for use hauling and powering funfair rides
 A ballast tractor, the modern diesel-powered equivalent of the steam road locomotive
 (US) A railway locomotive intended for hauling freight trains between terminals (as opposed to switching within a yard)
 An early, experimental steam-powered road vehicle, such as Richard Trevithick's Puffing Devil. The term is often used to describe such vehicles that cannot be readily classified as 'carriages', 'wagons', or 'automobiles', for example. (See History of steam road vehicles.)

See also

 Lombard Steam Log Hauler

Steam road vehicles

Road locomotive


Purusha (, ) is a complex concept whose meaning evolved in Vedic and Upanishadic times. Depending on source and historical timeline, it means the cosmic being or self, awareness, and universal principle.

In early Vedas, Purusha was a cosmic being whose sacrifice by the gods created all life. This was one of many creation myths discussed in the Vedas. In the Upanishads, the Purusha concept refers to the abstract essence of the Self, Spirit and the Universal Principle that is eternal, indestructible, without form, and is all-pervasive.

In Samkhya philosophy, Purusha is the plural immobile cosmic principle, pure consciousness, unattached and unrelated to anything, which is "nonactive, unchanging, eternal, and pure". Purusha uniting with Prakṛti (matter) gives rise to life.

In Kashmir Shaivism, Purusha is enveloped in five sheaths of time (kāla), desire (raga), restriction (Niyati), knowledge (vidya) and portion of time (Kalā); it is the universal Self (Paramatman) under limitations as many individual Selfs (Jīvātman).

Definition and general meaning
There is no consensus among schools of Hinduism on the definition of Purusha, and it is left to each school and individual to reach their own conclusions. For example, one of many theistic traditions script such as Kapilasurisamvada, credited to another ancient Hindu philosopher named Kapila, first describes Purusha in a manner similar to Samkhya-Yoga schools, but then proceeds to describe buddhi (intellect) as second Purusha, and ahamkara (egoism) as third Purusha. Such pluralism and diversity of thought within Hinduism implies that the term Purusha is a complex term with diverse meanings.

The animating causes, fields, and principles of nature are Purusha in Hindu philosophy. Hinduism refers to Purusha as the soul of the universe, the universal spirit present everywhere, in everything and everyone, all the time. Purusha is the Universal Principle that is eternal, indestructible, without form, and all-pervasive. It is Purusha in the form of nature's laws and principles that operate in the background to regulate, guide, and direct change, evolution, cause, and effect. It is Purusha, in the Hindu concept of existence, that breathes life into matter, is the source of all consciousness, one that creates oneness in all life forms, in all of humanity, and the essence of Self. According to Hinduism, it is Purusha why the universe operates, is dynamic and evolves, as against being static.

Vedas
During the Vedic period, the Purusha concept was one of several mythemes offered for the creation of the universe. Purusa, in the Rigveda, was described as a being who becomes a sacrificial victim of the gods, and whose sacrifice creates all life forms including human beings.

In the RigVeda, "[t]his Puruṣa is all that yet hath been and all that is to be" (पुरुष एवेदग्ं सर्वं यद्भूतं यच्च भव्यम्|).

Varna system

In the Purusha Sukta, the 90th hymn of the 10th book of the Rigveda, Varna is portrayed as a result of human beings created from different parts of the body of the divinity Purusha. This Purusha Sukta verse is controversial and is believed by many scholars, such as Max Müller, to be a corruption and medieval or modern era insertion into Veda,  because unlike all other major concepts in the Vedas including those of Purusha, the four varnas are never mentioned anywhere else in any of the Vedas, and because this verse is missing in some manuscript prints found in different parts of India.

Upanishads
The abstract idea Purusha is extensively discussed in various Upanishads, and referred interchangeably as Paramatman and Brahman (not to be confused with Brahmin). In the Upanishads and later texts of Hindu philosophy, the Purusha concept moved away from the Vedic definition of Purusha and was no longer a person, cosmic man or entity. Instead, the concept flowered into a more complex abstraction:

In the Upanishads, the Purusha concept refers to the abstract essence of the Self, Spirit and the Universal Principle that is eternal, indestructible, without form and is all pervasive. The Purusha concept is explained with the concept of Prakrti in the Upanishads. The Universe is envisioned in these ancient Sanskrit texts as a combination of the perceivable material reality and non-perceivable, non-material laws and principles of nature. Material reality (or Prakrti) is everything that has changed, can change and is subject to cause and effect. Purusha is the Universal principle that is unchanging, uncaused but is present everywhere and the reason why Prakrti changes, transforms and transcends all of the time and which is why there is cause and effect.

Rishi Angiras of the Atma Upanishad belonging to the Atharvaveda explains that Purusha, the dweller in the body, is three-fold: the Bahyatman (the Outer-Atman) which is born and dies; the Antaratman (the Inner-Atman) which comprehends the whole range of material phenomena, gross and subtle, with which the Jiva concerns himself, and the Paramatman which is all-pervading, unthinkable, indescribable, is without action and has no Samskaras.

In Samkhya and Yoga
Both Samkhya, a school of Hindu philosophy that considers reason, as against Nyaya school's logic or Mīmāṃsā school's tradition, as the proper source of knowledge, and Yoga philosophy state that there are two ultimate realities whose interaction accounts for all experiences and universe, namely Purusha (spirit) and Prakrti (matter). The universe is envisioned as a combination of perceivable material reality and non-perceivable, non-material laws and principles of nature. Material reality, or Prakrti, is everything that has changed, can change and is subject to cause and effect. Universal principle, or Purusha, is that which is unchanging (aksara) and is uncaused.

Puruṣa is the transcendental self or pure consciousness. It is absolute, independent, free, imperceptible, unknowable through other agencies, above any experience by mind or senses and beyond any words or explanations. It remains pure, "nonattributive consciousness". Puruṣa is neither produced nor does it produce. It is held that unlike Advaita Vedanta and like Purva-Mīmāṃsā, Samkhya believes in a plurality of the puruṣas.

Yoga philosophy holds that, in addition to the purusha of each individual, there is a special purusha called Ishvara, which is free of all kleshas and karmas.

Both Samkhya and Yoga school holds that the path to moksha (release, Self-realization) includes the realization of Purusha.

Puranas
In the Puranas, "The Bhagavata Purana and the Mahabharata boldly proclaim Vishnu as ultimate Purusha described in Purusha Sukta prayer", whereas Shiva  is described as ultimate Purusha (cosmic male) in Shiva Purana. According to Indologist W. Norman Brown, "The verses of Purusha Sukta are definitely a reference to Vishnu, who, through his three steps, is all-pervading (i.e. he spreads in all directions)".

The Bhagavata Purana explains the origin of the four varnas from the body of Purusha, identified as Vishnu:

Vedanta

Brahma Sutras
The Brahma Sutras state , meaning that 'The Absolute Truth is that from which everything else emanates' Bhagavata Purana [S.1.1.1].

See also

 Prakṛti
 Brahman
 Hindu deities
 Hindu idealism
 Hindu mythology
 Indian caste system
 Kingu
 Pangu
 Spirit
 Vishnu
 Adam Kadmon
 Adam kasia
 Akal Purakh
 Purusha Sukta

Notes

References

Sources

Hindu philosophical concepts
Rigvedic deities

Purusha


Kaj (Bushy) Busch is an Australian sports fishing writer and television personality who has appeared in many of Rex Hunt's Fishing Adventure programs on the Seven Network.

He is saltwater editor of the Fly Life magazine, a columnist for NSW Fishing monthly, a regular presenter of the ABC Radio's "Gone Fishin" show and a prolific writer, photographer and guest speaker with a high profile throughout Australia and New Zealand.

He has also written feature articles and columns for a dozen or more magazines and is the author of a successful book entitled Fishing the Sapphire Coast of NSW.

References

Australian television presenters
Living people
Australian radio personalities
Australian fishers
Australian columnists
Year of birth missing (living people)

Kaj Busch


Ebony is a dense darker than brown hardwood, coming from some species in the genus Diospyros, which has persimmons as well. Not like most trees, ebony is dense enough to slowly fall in water. It is softly textured and has a mirror finish when polished, making it great as an ornamental wood. The word ebony comes from the Ancient Egyptian , through the Ancient Greek  (), as well as Latin and Middle English.

Species
The ebony tree has many species (types), having  Diospyros ebenum (Ceylon ebony), that lives in southern India and Sri Lanka; D. crassiflora (Gabon ebony), usually in western Africa; D. humilis (Queensland ebony), native to Queensland, the Northern Territory, New Guinea and Timor; and D. celebica (Sulawesi ebony), native to Indonesia and prized for its nice, multi-colored wood grain. Mauritius ebony, D. tessellaria, was largely overused by the Dutch in the 17th century. Some species in the genus have an ebony with similar looks, but striped rather than the even black of D. ebenum.

Uses

Ebony has been used for a very long time, and carved pieces have been found in Ancient Egyptian tombs.

By the end of the 16th century, fine cabinets for the luxury trade were made of ebony in Antwerp. The wood's dense hardness helped people create refined moldings framing finely detailed pictorial panels with carving in very low relief (bas-relief), usually of allegorical subjects, or with scenes taken from classical or Christian history. Within a short time, such cabinets were also being made in Paris, where their makers became known as ébénistes, which remains the French term for a cabinetmaker.

Modern uses are largely restricted to small items, such as crucifixes, the main body of some musical instruments such as the clarinet, oboe, or piccolo and musical instrument parts, including black piano, organ, and harpsichord keys; violin, viola, mandolin, guitar, double bass, and cello fingerboards; tailpieces; tuning pegs; chinrests; and bow frogs. Many plectrums, or guitar picks, are made from ebony.

Traditionally, black chess pieces were made from ebony, with boxwood or ivory being used for the white pieces. Modern East Midlands-style lace-making bobbins, also being small, are often made of ebony and look particularly decorative when bound with brass or silver wire. Some expensive handgun grips and rifle fore-end tips are still made of ebony, as are the butts of pool cues.

As a result of unsustainable harvesting, many species yielding ebony are now considered threatened. Most indigenous ebony in Africa in particular has been cut down illegally.

Protection
In Sri Lanka, ebony is a protected species and harvesting and sale of ebony is illegal and punishable by imprisonment.

In 2011, the Gibson Guitar company was raided by the US Fish and Wildlife Service for violations of the Lacey Act of 1900, which prohibits the illegal importation of threatened woods and other materials.

An ebony and rosewood expert at the Missouri Botanical Garden calls the Madagascar wood trade the "equivalent of Africa's blood diamonds".

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Red List – For recommendations found under the IUCN

Wood

Ebony (tree)


Harry Otto Fischer (1910–1986) was an American science fiction writer and fan best known for helping his college friend Fritz Leiber create the sword and sorcery heroes Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser and their imaginary world of Nehwon.

The fictional heroes were based vaguely on their creators, the barbarian Fafhrd on the tall Leiber, and the thief The Gray Mouser on Fischer. During 1937, Fischer and Leiber designed a board game set in this fantasy world and each began composing a story with the same setting, Fischer's being "The Lords of Quarmall" and Leiber's "The Adventure of the Grain Ships." Neither story was finished until much later; Fischer's work on "The Lords of Quarmall" amounted to 10,000 words of the eventual story, which was finished by Leiber.

The first professional publication of a story featuring the heroes and their setting was "Two Sought Adventure", in Unknown magazine during 1939.  This and most subsequent stories featuring the pair were written by Leiber, and all but one were set in the fantasy world Leiber and Fischer created.

The original tales begun by Fischer and Leiber about the pair were completed by Leiber and published during the 1960s. "The Adventure of the Grain Ships" was finally published in the magazine Fantastic as "Scylla's Daughter" during 1961, and was later expanded into the novel The Swords of Lankhmar (1968); "The Lords of Quarmall" was finally published, also in Fantastic, during 1964. Fischer also wrote "The Childhood and Youth of the Gray Mouser," published during 1978 in The Dragon #18.

Fischer and Leiber contributed to the original game design of the board game Lankhmar – published during 1976 by TSR.

Further reading
 Fritz Leiber. Fafhrd and Me. Wildside Press. 1990.
 Fritz Lieber. Foreword to Night's Dark Agents. Berkley Publishing Company. 1978. SBN 425-03669-3.

References

External links

1910 births
1986 deaths
American fantasy writers
20th-century American novelists
American male novelists
20th-century American male writers

Harry Otto Fischer


Selegiline, also known as L-deprenyl and sold under the brand names Eldepryl and Emsam among others, is a medication which is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and major depressive disorder. It is provided in the form of a capsule or tablet taken by mouth or orally disintegrating tablets taken on the tongue for Parkinson's disease and as a patch applied to skin for depression.

Selegiline acts as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, and increases levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain. At typical clinical doses used for Parkinson's disease, selegiline is a selective and irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B), increasing levels of dopamine in the brain. In larger doses (more than 20 mg/day), it loses its specificity for MAO-B and also inhibits MAO-A, which increases serotonin and norepinephrine levels in the brain.

Medical uses

Parkinson's disease
In its pill form, selegiline is used to treat symptoms of Parkinson's disease. It is most often used as an adjunct to drugs such as levodopa (L-DOPA), although it has been used off-label as a monotherapy. The rationale for adding selegiline to levodopa is to decrease the required dose of levodopa and thus reduce the motor complications of levodopa therapy. Selegiline delays the point when levodopa treatment becomes necessary from about 11 months to about 18 months after diagnosis. There is some evidence that selegiline acts as a neuroprotectant and reduces the rate of disease progression, though this is disputed.

Selegiline has also been used off-label as a palliative treatment for dementia in Alzheimer's disease.

Depression
Selegiline is also delivered via a transdermal patch used as a treatment for major depressive disorder.
Administration of transdermal selegiline bypasses hepatic first pass metabolism. This avoids inhibition of gastrointestinal and hepatic MAO-A activity, which would result in an increase of food-borne tyramine in the blood and possible related adverse effects, while allowing for a sufficient amount of selegiline to reach the brain for an antidepressant effect.

A quantitative review published in 2015 found that for the pooled results of the pivotal trials, the number needed to treat (a sign of effect size, so a low number is better) for the patch for symptom reduction was 11, and for remission, was 9. The number needed to harm (inverse of the NNT, a high number here is better) ranged from 387 for sexual side effects to 7 for application site reaction. With regard to the likelihood to be helped or harmed (LHH), the analysis showed that the selegiline patch was 3.6 times as likely to lead to a remission vs. a discontinuation due to side effects; the LHH for remission vs. incidence of insomnia was 2.1; the LHH for remission vs. discontinuation due to insomnia was 32.7. The LHH for remission vs. insomnia and sexual dysfunction were both very low.

Special populations
For all human uses and all forms, selegiline is pregnancy category C: studies in pregnant lab animals have shown adverse effects on the fetus but there are no adequate studies in humans.

Side effects
Side effects of the tablet form in conjunction with levodopa include, in decreasing order of frequency, nausea, hallucinations, confusion, depression, loss of balance, insomnia, increased involuntary movements, agitation, slow or irregular heart rate, delusions, hypertension, new or increased angina pectoris, and syncope. Most of the side effects are due to a high dopamine signaling, and can be alleviated by reducing the dose of levodopa.

The main side effects of the patch form for depression include application-site reactions, insomnia, diarrhea, and sore throat. The selegiline patch carries a black box warning about a possible increased risk of suicide, especially for young people, as do all antidepressants since 2007.

Interactions

Both the oral and patch forms come with strong warnings against combining selegiline with drugs that could produce serotonin syndrome, such as SSRIs and the cough medicine dextromethorphan.  Selegiline in combination with the opioid analgesic pethidine is not recommended, as it can lead to severe adverse effects. Several other synthetic opioids such as tramadol and methadone, as well as various triptans, are contraindicated due to potential for serotonin syndrome.

Birth control pills containing ethinylestradiol and a progestin increase the bioavailability of selegiline by 10- to 20-fold. High levels can lead to loss of MAO-B selectivity, and selegiline may begin inhibiting MAO-A as well. This increases susceptibility to side effects of non-selective MAOIs, such as tyramine-induced hypertensive crisis and serotonin toxicity when combined with serotonergic medications.

Both forms of the drug carry warnings about food restrictions to avoid hypertensive crisis that are associated with MAO inhibitors. The patch form was created in part to overcome food restrictions; clinical trials showed that it was successful. Additionally, in post-marketing surveillance from April 2006 to October 2010, only 13 self-reports of possible hypertensive events or hypertension were made out of 29,141 exposures to the drug, and none were accompanied by objective clinical data. The lowest dose of the patch method of delivery, 6 mg/24 hours, does not require any dietary restrictions. Higher doses of the patch and oral formulations, whether in combination with the older non-selective MAOIs or in combination with the reversible MAO-A inhibitor moclobemide, require a low-tyramine diet.

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics
Selegiline is a selective inhibitor of MAO-B, irreversibly inhibiting it by binding to it covalently. It is generally believed to exert its effects by blocking the breakdown of dopamine, thus increasing its activity; however, recent evidence suggests that MAO-A is solely or almost entirely responsible for the metabolism of dopamine. Its possible neuroprotective properties may be due to protecting nearby neurons from the free oxygen radicals that are released by MAO-B activity. At higher doses, selegiline loses its selectivity for MAO-B and inhibits MAO-A as well.

Selegiline potentiates the release of catecholamines independent of its MAO-B inhibiting action. As such, it has been called the "first synthetic catecholaminergic activity enhancer substance".

Selegiline also inhibits CYP2A6 and can increase the effects of nicotine as a result. Selegiline also appears to activate σ1 receptors, having a relatively high affinity for these receptors of approximately 400 nM.

Pharmacokinetics
Selegiline has an oral bioavailability of about 10%, which increases when ingested together with a fatty meal, as the molecule is fat soluble. Selegiline and its metabolites bind extensively to plasma proteins (at a rate of 94%). They cross the blood–brain barrier and enter the brain, where they most concentrated at the thalamus, basal ganglia, midbrain, and cingulate gyrus.

Selegiline is mostly metabolized in the intestines and liver; it and its metabolites are excreted in the urine.

Buccal administration of selegiline results in 5-fold higher bioavailability, more reproducible blood concentration, and produces fewer amphetamine metabolites than the oral tablet form.

Metabolism
Selegiline is metabolized by cytochrome P450 to L-desmethylselegiline and levomethamphetamine. Desmethylselegiline has some activity against MAO-B, but much less than that of selegiline. It is thought to be further metabolized by CYP2C19. Levomethamphetamine (the less potent of the two enantiomers of methamphetamine) is converted to levoamphetamine (the less potent of the two enantiomers of amphetamine, with regards to psychological effects).

Due to the presence of these metabolites, people taking selegiline may test positive for "amphetamine" or "methamphetamine" on drug screening tests. While the amphetamine metabolites may contribute to selegiline's ability to inhibit reuptake of the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine, they have also been associated with orthostatic hypotension and hallucinations. The recovery of selegiline from urine is high at 87%, which has caused some researchers to question the clinical relevance of its amphetamine metabolites. The amphetamine metabolites are hydroxylated and, in phase II, conjugated by glucuronyltransferase.

A newer anti-Parkinson MAO-B inhibitor, rasagiline, metabolizes into 1(R)-aminoindan, which has no amphetamine-like characteristics.

Patch
Following application of the patch to humans, an average of 25% to 30% of the selegiline content is delivered systemically over 24 hours. Transdermal dosing results in significantly higher exposure to selegiline and lower exposure to all metabolites when compared to oral dosing; this is due to the extensive first-pass metabolism of the pill form and low first-pass metabolism of the patch form. The site of application is not a significant factor in how the drug is distributed. In humans, selegiline does not accumulate in the skin, nor is it metabolized there.

Chemistry
Selegiline belongs to the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical families. It is also known as L-deprenyl, as well as (R)-(–)-N,α-dimethyl-N-(2-propynyl)phenethylamine or (R)-(–)-N-methyl-N-2-propynylamphetamine. The compound is a derivative of levomethamphetamine (L-methamphetamine) with a propargyl group attached to the nitrogen atom. This detail is borrowed from pargyline, an older MAO-B inhibitor of the phenylalkylamine group. Selegiline is the levorotatory enantiomer of the racemic mixture deprenyl.

Selegiline is synthesized by the alkylation of (–)-methamphetamine using propargyl bromide.

Another clinically used MAOI of the amphetamine class is tranylcypromine.

History
Following the discovery in 1952 that the tuberculosis drug iproniazid elevated the mood of people taking it, and the subsequent discovery that the effect was likely due to inhibition of MAO, many people and companies started trying to discover MAO inhibitors to use as antidepressants. Selegiline was discovered by Zoltan Ecseri at the Hungarian drug company, Chinoin (part of Sanofi since 1993), which they called E-250.  Chinoin received a patent on the drug in 1962 and the compound was first published in the scientific literature in English in 1965.  Work on the biology and effects of E-250 in animals and humans was conducted by a group led by József Knoll at Semmelweis University which was also in Budapest.

Deprenyl is a racemic compound (a mixture of two isomers called enantiomers). Further work determined that the levorotatory enantiomer was a more potent MAO-inhibitor, which was published in 1967, and subsequent work was done with the single enantiomer L-deprenyl.

In 1971, Knoll showed that selegiline selectively inhibits the B-isoform of monoamine oxidase (MAO-B) and proposed that it is unlikely to cause the infamous "cheese effect" (hypertensive crisis resulting from consuming foods containing tyramine) that occurs with non-selective MAO inhibitors. A few years later, two Parkinson's disease researchers based in Vienna, Peter Riederer and Walther Birkmayer, realized that selegiline could be useful in Parkinson's disease. One of their colleagues, Prof. Moussa B.H. Youdim, visited Knoll in Budapest and took selegiline from him to Vienna. In 1975, Birkmayer's group published the first paper on the effect of selegiline in Parkinson's disease.

In the 1970s there was speculation that it could be useful as an anti-aging drug or aphrodisiac.

In 1987 Somerset Pharmaceuticals in New Jersey, which had acquired the US rights to develop selegiline, filed a new drug application (NDA) with the FDA to market the drug for Parkinson's disease in the US.  While the NDA was under review, Somerset was acquired in a joint venture by two generic drug companies, Mylan and Bolan Pharmaceuticals.  Selegiline was approved for Parkinson's disease by the FDA in 1989.

In the 1990s, J. Alexander Bodkin at McLean Hospital, an affiliate of Harvard Medical School, began a collaboration with Somerset to develop delivery of selegiline via a transdermal patch in order to avoid the well known dietary restrictions of MAO inhibitors.  Somerset obtained FDA approval to market the patch in 2006.

As an anti-aging/longevity drug
Joseph Knoll and his team are credited with having developed selegiline. Although selegeline's development as a potential treatment for Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and major depressive disorder was headed by other teams, Knoll remained at the forefront of research into the potential longevity enhancing effects of selegiline up until his death in 2018. Knoll published How Selegiline ((-)-Deprenyl) Slows Brain Aging (2018) wherein he claims that:"In humans, maintenance from sexual maturity on (-)-deprenyl (1mg daily) is, for the time being, the most promising prophylactic treatment to fight against the age related decay of behavioral performances, prolonging life, and preventing or delaying the onset of age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's".The mechanism of selegiline's longevity-promoting effect has been researched by several groups, including Joseph Knoll and his associates at Semmelweis University, Budapest. The drug has been determined to be a catecholaminergic activity enhancer when present in minuscule concentrations far below those at which monoamine oxidase inhibitory activity can be observed, thereby potentiating the release of catecholamine neurotransmitters in response to stimuli. Knoll maintains that micro-doses of selegiline act as a synthetic analogue to a known or unknown trace amine in order to preserve the brain catecholaminergic system, which he perceives as integral to the organism's ability to function in an adaptive, goal-directed and motivated manner during advancing physical age:" ... enhancer regulation in the catecholaminergic brain stem neurons play[s] a key role in controlling the uphill period of life and the transition from adolescence to adulthood. The results of our longevity studies support the hypothesis that quality and duration of life rests upon the inborn efficiency of the catcholaminergic brain machinery, i.e. a high performing, long-living individual has a more active, more slowly deteriorating catecholaminergic system than its low performing, shorter living peer. Thus, a better brain engine allows for a better performance and a longer lifespan.

...

Since the catecholaminergic and serotonergic neurons in the brain stem are of key importance in ensuring that the mammalian organism works as a purposeful, motivated, goal-directed entity, it is hard to overestimate the significance of finding safe and efficient means to slow the decay of these systems with passing time. The conclusion that the maintenance on (-)-deprenyl that keeps the catecholaminergic neurnsn a higher activity level is a safe and efficient anti- aging therapy follows from the discovery of the enhancer regulation in the catecholaminergic neurons of the brain stem. From the finding that this regulation starts working on a high activity level after weaning and the enhanced activity subsists during the uphill period of life, until sexual hormones dampen the enhancer regulation in the catecholaminergic and serotonergic neurons in the brain stem, and this event signifies the transition from developmental longevity into postdevelopmental longevity, the downhill period of life."

As a nootropic/"brain drug"
Selegiline is considered by some to be a nootropic, both at clinical and sub-clinical dosages, and has been used off-label to improve cognitive performance. It has been shown to have protective activity against a range of neurotoxins and to increase the production of several brain growth factors, such as nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor. It has been demonstrated in numerous animal models to improve learning ability and preserve it during both ischemia and aging.

Society and culture
In E for Ecstasy (a book examining the uses of the street drug ecstasy in the UK) the writer, activist and ecstasy advocate Nicholas Saunders highlighted test results showing that certain consignments of the drug also contained selegiline. Consignments of ecstasy known as "Strawberry" contained what Saunders described as a "potentially dangerous combination of ketamine, ephedrine and selegiline," as did a consignment of "Sitting Duck" Ecstasy tablets.

David Pearce wrote The Hedonistic Imperative six weeks after starting taking selegiline.

In Gregg Hurwitz's novel Out of the Dark, selegiline (Emsam) and tyramine-containing food were used to assassinate the president of the United States.

Veterinary use
In veterinary medicine, selegiline is sold under the brand name Anipryl (manufactured by Zoetis). It is used in dogs to treat canine cognitive dysfunction and, at higher doses, pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH). Canine cognitive dysfunction is a form of dementia that mimics Alzheimer's disease in humans. Geriatric dogs treated with selegiline show improvements in sleeping pattern, reduced incontinence, and increased activity level; most show improvements by one month. Though it is labeled for dog use only, selegiline has been used off-label for geriatric cats with cognitive dysfunction.

Selegiline's efficacy in treating pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism has been disputed. Theoretically, it works by increasing dopamine levels, which downregulates the release of ACTH, eventually leading to reduced levels of cortisol. Some claim that selegiline is only effective at treating PDH caused by lesions in the anterior pituitary (which comprise most canine cases). The greatest sign of improvement is lessening of abdominal distention.

Side effects in dogs are uncommon, but they include vomiting, diarrhea, diminished hearing, salivation, decreased weight and behavioral changes such as hyperactivity, listlessness, disorientation, and repetitive motions.

Selegiline does not appear to have a clinical effect on horses.

Research
Selegiline has been limitedly studied in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in both children/adolescents and adults. In a small randomized trial of selegiline for treatment of ADHD in children, there were improvements in attention, hyperactivity, and learning/memory performance but not in impulsivity. In another small randomized controlled trial of selegiline for the treatment of adult ADHD, a high dose of the medication for 6 weeks was not significantly more effective than placebo in improving symptoms.

References

Propargyl compounds
Antiparkinsonian agents
Dopamine reuptake inhibitors
Enantiopure drugs
Euphoriants
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Neuroprotective agents
Nootropics
Phenethylamines
Prodrugs
Sigma receptor ligands
Stimulants
Substituted amphetamines
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder management
World Anti-Doping Agency prohibited substances

Selegiline


In the mathematical area of graph theory, an undirected graph  is strongly chordal if it is a chordal graph and every cycle of even length (≥ 6) in  has an odd chord, i.e., an edge that connects two vertices that are an odd distance (>1) apart from each other in the cycle.

Characterizations
Strongly chordal graphs have a forbidden subgraph characterization as the graphs that do not contain an induced cycle of length greater than three or an n-sun (n ≥ 3) as an induced subgraph. An n-sun is a chordal graph with 2n vertices, partitioned into two subsets U = {u1, u2,...} and W = {w1, w2,...}, such that each vertex wi in W has exactly two neighbors, ui and u(i + 1) mod n. An n-sun cannot be strongly chordal, because the cycle u1w1u2w2... has no odd chord.

Strongly chordal graphs may also be characterized as the graphs having a strong perfect elimination ordering, an ordering of the vertices such that the neighbors of any vertex that come later in the ordering form a clique and such that, for each i < j < k < l, if the ith vertex in the ordering is adjacent to the kth and the lth vertices, and the jth and kth vertices are adjacent, then the jth and lth vertices must also be adjacent.

A graph is strongly chordal if and only if every one of its induced subgraphs has a simple vertex, a vertex whose neighbors have neighborhoods that are linearly ordered by inclusion. Also, a graph is strongly chordal if and only if it is chordal and every cycle of length five or more has a 2-chord triangle, a triangle formed by two chords and an edge of the cycle.

A graph is strongly chordal if and only if each of its induced subgraphs is a dually chordal graph.

Strongly chordal graphs may also be characterized in terms of the number of complete subgraphs each edge participates in.
Yet another characterization is given in.

Recognition
It is possible to determine whether a graph is strongly chordal in polynomial time, by repeatedly searching for and removing a simple vertex. If this process eliminates all vertices in the graph, the graph must be strongly chordal; otherwise, if this process finds a subgraph without any more simple vertices, the original graph cannot be strongly chordal. For a strongly chordal graph, the order in which the vertices are removed by this process is a strong perfect elimination ordering.

Alternative algorithms are now known that can determine whether a graph is strongly chordal and, if so, construct a strong perfect elimination ordering more efficiently, in time  for a graph with n vertices and m edges.

Subclasses
An important subclass (based on phylogeny) is the class of -leaf powers, the graphs formed from the leaves of a tree by connecting two leaves by an edge when their distance in the tree is at most . A leaf power is a graph that is a -leaf power for some .
Since powers of strongly chordal graphs are strongly chordal and trees are strongly chordal, it follows that leaf powers are strongly chordal. They form a proper subclass of strongly chordal graphs,
which in turn includes the cluster graphs as the 2-leaf powers.
Another important subclass of strongly chordal graphs are interval graphs. In  it is shown that interval graphs and the larger class of rooted directed path graphs are leaf powers.

Algorithmic problems

Since strongly chordal graphs are both chordal graphs and dually chordal graphs, various NP-complete problems such as Independent Set, Clique, Coloring, Clique Cover, Dominating Set, and Steiner Tree can be solved efficiently for strongly chordal graphs. Graph isomorphism is isomorphism-complete for strongly chordal graphs.
Hamiltonian Circuit remains NP-complete for strongly chordal split graphs.

Notes

References
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Graph families
Perfect graphs

Strongly chordal graph


Amy Waldman (born May 21, 1969) is an American author and journalist. She was a reporter with The New York Times for a total of eight years. For three years she was co-chief of the South Asia bureau. Before that she covered Harlem, Brooklyn, the Bronx, and the aftermath of 9/11.

Her first novel, The Submission, was published in 2011. According to a review of the book in The Guardian, the novel tackles the fallout from 9/11 attacks. The novel was shortlisted for the Guardian First Book Award in 2011. It lost out narrowly to Siddhartha Mukherjee's The Emperor of All Maladies.

Waldman was also a national correspondent with The Atlantic, has been a fellow at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, is a contributing editor at the Washington Monthly, and won a Berlin Prize in 2010 from the American Academy in Berlin.

The Submission

Amy Waldman's first novel, The Submission, was published in 2011 by Farrar, Straus and Giroux and received mostly positive reviews. The plot revolves around events after the 9/11 attacks when a Muslim architect wins a blind contest to design a Ground Zero Memorial.

Some of the awards and honors received include:
Entertainment Weekly Favorite Novel of 2011
Esquire 2011 Book of the Year
A New York Times Notable Book for 2011
A Washington Post Notable Fiction Book for 2011
One of NPR's 10 Best Novels of 2011
Amazon Best Books of the Month, August 2011

A Door in the Earth
Waldman's second novel, A Door in the Earth, was published in 2019 by Little, Brown and Company. The novel focusses on a young college graduate who was born in Kabul and grew up in California.  Inspired by the memoir by an American doctor who built a local women's clinic in rural Afghanistan, she decides to visit that same remote village to make use of her language skills and studies in anthropology in order to give further support to the project. While living with a local family she gradually realizes the falsehoods contained in the memoir while also coming to understand the power structures in the village and the influence of the U.S. Army on the region. Waldman depicts not only the people and customs of Afghanistan – which she herself experienced first-hand in 2001 as a journalist for the New York Times – but also the growing self-awareness of her protagonist against a backdrop of a village caught between Afghani resistance fighters and an American military unit determined to expand its influence over the region.

The library book review journal Kirkus Reviews described the novel as "A bone-chilling takedown of America's misguided use of soft power." The reviewer for The New York Times pointed out problems in the narrative voice, but noted that "it's easy to overlook these flaws because the book's moral questions feel so urgent."

External links
Essay titled Freedom by Amy Waldman in Boston Review
Article on Islam by Amy Waldman in The Atlantic
Articles by Amy Waldman in The New York Times
Interview with Waldman on A Door In The Earth

References

Living people
20th-century American women journalists
1969 births
Place of birth missing (living people)
American Book Award winners
Berlin Prize recipients
MacDowell Colony fellows
The New York Times writers
American women novelists
The Atlantic (magazine) people
20th-century American journalists
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American journalists
21st-century American women journalists
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American women writers
Writers from Los Angeles
Journalists from California
Novelists from California

Amy Waldman


Achille Mollica (1832–1885) was an Italian painter of both canvases and ceramics.

Biography
Achille was born to a family who manufactured maiolica ceramics. His father, Giovanni, had established the factory of "Mollica Ceramiche", which employed Achille's brothers, Ciro and Alessandro. Achille was however the greatest talent, studying ceramics at the Institute of Fine Arts of Naples.

He was a resident of Naples. In 1887 at Naples, he exhibited: a terra-cotta Amphora; in 1880 at Turin he exhibited some paintings: Ritorno and Ricordi del ballo; in 1881 at Milan, he exhibited I primi bocconi; Zobeide, bello studio di testa; Clorinda, painted on maiolica; at Rome in 1883: Diversi amori; Prima di un convito : Scala a Posillipo, a Turin, in 1884: Amore e Veduta a Posillipo. He also completed many portraits.
He also exhibited in 1874 at Naples: Un tunisino; in 1875, La pesca and in 1876, Lo scacciapensieri. He also participated in the 1988 Esposizione Italiana at London.

References

1832 births
1885 deaths
19th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Painters from Naples
Italian potters
19th-century Italian male artists

Achille Mollica


Igor Newerly or Igor Abramow-Newerly (24 March 1903, Białowieża – 19 October 1987, Warsaw, Polish People's Republic) was a Polish novelist and educator.  He was born into a Czech-Russian family. His son, Jarosław Abramow-Newerly, is a Polish novelist . His grandfather Józef Newerly, was a Czech national, who held a title of Lovtchiy (, : "Master of the Hunt") to the court of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.

Igor Newerly lost one leg as a child. He studied law at Kiev University but he was relegated for political reasons, arrested and sent to Odessa. In 1924 he emigrated illegally to the newly independent Poland and was active in the field of pedagogy in Warsaw.  He worked together with the renowned educator Janusz Korczak, and in 1926 became his secretary. From 1932 to 1939 Newerly worked for Mały Przegląd (Little Review). He married Barbara Jarecka.

Under the Nazi German occupation of Poland Newerly was a member of the Polish resistance. He helped Janusz Korczak at his Orphanage and saved his diary of martyrdom. He also hid from Nazi persecution several of his Jewish colleagues from Nasz Przegląd daily – among them Kuba Hersztein – and transported Lejzor Czarnobroda to Warsaw after he escaped from the train to Treblinka and broke his leg. Newerly was arrested at the beginning of 1943 by the German Gestapo and imprisoned at Pawiak in Warsaw. Until the end of the war he was an inmate of Nazi concentration camps: Majdanek, Auschwitz, Oranienburg and Bergen Belsen where he was liberated.

After the war in 1945, he resumed a pedagogical career.  Based on Newerly's novel Pamiątka z Celulozy (A Souvenir from the Cellulose Mill), the Polish director Jerzy Kawalerowicz made two films: Celuloza (Cellulose Mill) and Pod gwiazdą frygijską (Under the Phrygian Star).

His son, is Jarosław Abramow-Newerly, is a writer.

Works
Chłopiec z Salskich Stepów 1948
Archipelag ludzi odzyskanych 1950
Pamiątka z Celulozy 1952
Leśne morze 1960
Żywe wiązanie 1966
Rozmowa w sadzie piątego sierpnia, Warszawa, Czytelnik 1978
Za Opiwardą, za siódmą rzeką..., Warszawa, Czytelnik, , 1985
Wzgórze błękitnego snu, Warszawa, Czytelnik, , 1986
Zostało z uczty bogów, Paryż, Instytut Literacki, , 1986

Film screen-plays
Król Maciuś I, 1957
Pod gwiazdą frygijską
Celuloza, 1953

Notes

Bibliography
 Igor Newerly, Zostało z uczty bogów
 Michał Grynberg, Księga Sprawiedliwych (Book of the Righteous), Warsaw, PWN, 1993. (ill., ports., 766 pp.)

1903 births
1987 deaths
Polish schoolteachers
20th-century Polish novelists
Polish male novelists
Polish resistance members of World War II
Polish Righteous Among the Nations
Auschwitz concentration camp survivors
Majdanek concentration camp survivors
Sachsenhausen concentration camp survivors
Bergen-Belsen concentration camp survivors
Recipients of the Order of the Banner of Work
People from the Russian Empire of Czech descent
Soviet people of Czech descent
Polish people of Czech descent
Polish people of Russian descent
People from Hajnówka County
20th-century Polish male writers
Soviet emigrants to Poland
Recipients of the State Award Badge (Poland)

Igor Newerly


"Wildfire" is a song written by Michael Murphey and Larry Cansler. It was originally recorded by Murphey, who had yet to add his middle name to his recorded work, and appears on his gold-plus 1975 album Blue Sky – Night Thunder.

Released in February 1975 as the album's lead single, "Wildfire" became Murphey's highest-charting pop hit in the United States. The somber story song hit No. 2 in Cash Box and No. 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in June 1975. In addition, it hit the top position of the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart, displacing "Love Will Keep Us Together".

The single continued to sell, eventually receiving platinum certification from the RIAA, signifying sales of over two million US copies. Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time.

Background
Murphey and Cansler co-wrote "Wildfire" in 1968, shortly after Murphey emerged as a solo artist. Earlier in the decade he had been part of a duo known as the Lewis & Clark Expedition in 1968 with singer-songwriter Boomer Castleman. They appeared and performed in an episode of the TV sitcom I Dream of Jeannie.

When Murphey rerecorded "Wildfire" for a new album in 1997, he was quoted by Billboard as saying that what many consider his signature song "broke my career wide open and, on some level, still keeps it fresh. Because that song appeals to kids, and always has, it's kept my career fresh."

In a 2008 interview, Murphey talked about the origins of the song and the context in which it was written. He was a third-year student at UCLA, working on a concept album for Kenny Rogers (The Ballad of Calico). The work was demanding, sometimes taking more than 20 hours a day. One night, he dreamed the song in its totality, writing it up in a few hours the next morning. He believes the song came to him from a story his grandfather told him when he was a little boy – a prominent Native American legend about a ghost horse. Murphey did not have a horse named Wildfire until a few years before the interview, when he gave that name to a palomino mare.

Content
The lyrics are those of a homesteader telling the story of a young Nebraska woman said to have died searching for her escaped pony, "Wildfire", during a blizzard. The homesteader finds himself in a similar situation, doomed in an early winter storm. A hoot owl has perched outside of his window for six nights, and the homesteader believes the owl is a sign that the ghost of the young woman is calling for him. He hopes to join her (presumably in heaven) and spend eternity riding Wildfire with her, leaving the difficulties of earthly life behind.

The song has a piano intro and outro which was edited out for radio. The introduction is based on a piece (Prelude in D-flat, Op. 11 No. 15) by the Russian classical composer Alexander Scriabin.

Personnel
 Michael Murphey – vocals, piano
 Jac Murphy – piano (intro and outro)
 Sam Broussard – guitar
 Richard Dean – guitar, background vocals
 Michael McKinney – bass, background vocals
 Harry Wilkinson – drums
 Jeff Hanna – background vocals
 Jimmy Ibbotson – background vocals
 John McEuen – mandolin

Chart performance

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

In popular culture
In 2007, the host of The Late Show, David Letterman, developed a sudden fascination with "Wildfire", discussing the song and its lyrics—particularly the line about "leave sodbustin' behind"—with the bandleader Paul Shaffer over the course of several weeks. This ultimately led to Murphey's being invited on the show to perform "Wildfire". Letterman described the song as "haunting and disturbingly mysterious, but always lovely," and surmised that the performance would leave the studio audience with "a palpable sense of ... mysticism, melancholy ... and uplifting well-being."

In a third-season episode of The Simpsons named "Lisa's Pony", Lisa played the song for her pony with her saxophone. She introduced the song by saying "This next song is also about a girl and her pony. It's called 'Wildfire'."

The song has occasionally appeared in "bad song" surveys, such as one by the humor columnist Dave Barry during the 1990s. He quoted one reader who, referring to the song's tale of the loss of a woman and a pony in a "killing frost", pointed out that "'killing' in 'killing frost' refers to your flowers and your garden vegetables, and when one is forecast you should cover your tomatoes ... Nobody ever got lost in a killing frost who wouldn't get lost in July as well."

Covers
 Tracy Byrd covered the song on his 2001 album Ten Rounds.
 Doris Day covered the song on her 1986 television series Doris Day's Best Friends. The recording was released on her album Music, Movies and Memories.
 The song is included in The Langley Schools Music Project album.

See also
 List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1975 (U.S.)

References

1975 singles
Michael Martin Murphey songs
Tracy Byrd songs
RPM Top Singles number-one singles
Songs written by Michael Martin Murphey
Song recordings produced by Bob Johnston
Epic Records singles
1975 songs
Songs about horses
Songs about death

Wildfire (Michael Martin Murphey song)


Sherlock: Case of Evil is a 2002 made-for-television movie focusing on Sherlock Holmes (James D'Arcy) as a young adult in his late 20s. The story noticeably departs from the classic depiction, style and backstory of the original material.

Plot summary
As the movie opens, Sherlock is in pursuit of the criminal Professor Moriarty (Vincent D'Onofrio) and apparently shoots him to death. His body cannot be found, however, as it falls in a sewer. After this incident, Holmes gains notoriety with the press and the police for his apparent killing of Moriarty, and meets Dr. Watson (Roger Morlidge), an early practitioner of autopsies, for the first time.  Together, they start an investigation into the murder of several crime lords and become convinced that Moriarty is alive and behind a plot to organize drug dealing. Given that Moriarty is supposedly dead, Holmes finds it hard to convince Inspector Lestrade (Nicholas Gecks) of this claim. Holmes' investigation leads him to an actress (Gabrielle Anwar), who posed as a rich woman to lure Holmes into the plot. Richard E. Grant also appears as Holmes' brother, Mycroft, who was addicted to opium by Moriarty when Sherlock was young.

Cast
 James D'Arcy	...	Sherlock Holmes
 Roger Morlidge	...	Dr. Watson
 Gabrielle Anwar	...	Rebecca Doyle
 Vincent D'Onofrio	...	Moriarty
 Nicholas Gecks	...	Insp. Lestrade
 Peter-Hugo Daly	...	Henry Coot
 Richard E. Grant	...	Mycroft
 Struan Rodger	...	Ben Harrington
 Mihai Bisericanu	...	Sgt. Cox
 Mihai Gruia Sandu	...	Dr. Cruickshank
 Constantin Bărbulescu	...	Captor #1 (as Costi Barbulescu)
 Doru Dumitrescu	...	Captor #2
 Constantin Vasilescu	...	Goldie Duggan
 Corneliu Tigancu	...	Chinese Proprietor
 Fritha Goodey	...	Anna
 Ioana Abur	...	Victoria
 Natalie Ester	...	Pretty Young Hopeful
 Oana Ardelean	...	Debutante #1
 Cristina Teodorescu	...	Debutante #2
 Andreea Bălan	...	Burlesque Girl
 Mihai Dinvale	...	Theatre manager
 Ștefan-Dominic Voronca	...	Young Holmes (as Stefan Veronca)
 Valentin Popescu	...	Killer
 Radu Captari	...	Pianist
 Anca Androne	...	Nurse
 Adrian Huluban	...	Surgeon
 Cornel Ragea	...	Policeman
 Vasile Albinet	...	Policeman
 Adrian Pavlovschi	...	Policeman

Critical reaction
Laura Fries of Variety wrote that "D'Arcy makes a convincing Holmes" and "[gives the character] the passion and drive he needs for such intense devotion to crime solving, but also the emotional weaknesses that plague him." Fries added that, despite his "questionable" English accent, "D'Onofrio captures the massive ego and appetites of Moriarty" and " offers such an intimidating physical presence", and that "[s]pecial effects coordinator Daniel Parvulescu has fun on all accounts, creating realistic props as well as a rich, atmospheric London set."

Anita Gates of The New York Times wrote: "Case of Evil is a competent, well-plotted mystery, and it's awfully pretty, thanks to the production designer (Chris Roope) and the director of photography (Lukas Strebel). ... The film has its tongue in its cheek a good bit of the time. At least the director, Graham Theakston, makes it seem tongue in cheek, going for just the right level of knowingness."

Steve Lewis of Mystery*File wrote: "I think you can be a lifelong Sherlock Holmes fan and still enjoy this movie. ... [W]hile there were several nicely done attempts to show Holmes's deductive abilities ... there is, sad to say, no great attempt by the end of the movie to be little more than just another action flick. The atmosphere and general ambiance is nicely done, though. ... I surprised myself by warming more and more to the characters as the movie went on."

Jay Seaver of eFilmCritic panned the film, giving it a single star out of five, writing: "[L]et's just accept the idea that Sherlock Holmes needs to be sexed up and made relevant for a twenty-first century audience. Do writer/producer Piers Ashworth and director Graham Theakston manage to make an entertaining movie out of that? No. In their hands, Sherlock becomes a generic hero tortured by the past and Moriarty becomes a thug without any sort of air of mystery about him. ... The two leads, D'Arcy and D'Onofrio, are especially weak. Forget previous portrayals of Holmes and Moriarty, and just focus on their tendency to chew scenery and do little, if anything, with body language."

References

External links

American television films
2002 television films
2002 films
2002 action films
2000s crime films
2000s serial killer films
Action television films
Crime television films
Films about drugs
Films about heroin addiction
American serial killer films
Sherlock Holmes films
Sherlock Holmes pastiches
2000s American films

Sherlock: Case of Evil


Nicolai Stepanowitsch Turczaninow (1796 - 1863) was a Russian botanist. He was born in Nikitovka, in the south of European Russia near the Ukrainian city of Kharkiv. He first identified several genera and many species of plants. Several species have been named after him.

He is also known as Nikolai Stepanovich Turchaninov and Nikolaus von Turczaninow.

Biography

Early life and education
Turczaninow was born in 1796 (probably in May) in the town of Nikitovka, Voronezh Oblast (now in the Krasnogvardeysky District, Belgorod Oblast), Russian Empire.

In 1810 he was in high school in the city of Voronezh and later studied in the University of Kharkiv. In 1814 he graduated from Kharkiv and went to Saint Petersburg (St. Petersburg) to work with the government.

While he was in St. Petersburg, Turczaninow studied the plants of the area of that city and, in 1825, he published a "List of plants of the area of Saint Petersburg" with 646 species of plants that he found.

Work in Siberia
In 1828, Turczaninow was sent to Irkutsk, eastern Siberia, to work with the government of the region. In his free time he could travel around the Lake Baikal area, collecting many plants that later he sent some to St. Petersburg and keeping the rest for his own herbarium.

He became a "Fellow" of the Imperial Botanical Garden of St. Petersburg in 1830 so he could explore the Siberian region between the "Altai Mountains and the eastern ocean" (Pacific Ocean).

He collected plants in the Lake Baikal region and other regions, including northern China and Mongolia. He sent the collected plants and seeds to the St. Petersburg Botanical Garden, keeping some copies in his herbarium. In 1831, 1832 and 1834 Turczaninov wrote some articles in the "Bulletin de la Société impériale des naturalistes de Moscou" ("Bulletin of the Imperial Society of Naturalists of Moscow") on the botany of Siberia and Mongolia.

In 1837 he was sent more to west to the town of Krasnoyarsk, and later he became Governor of the region. In Krasnioarsk, Turczaninov began to publish Flora Baikalensi-Dahurica in separate parts from 1842 to 1857 in the Bulletin de la Société impériale des naturalists de Moscow. He wrote those articles in Latin. Later all these articles were published in 2 volumes with the first part (introduction) written in French.

In Taganrog
When he was 49 years old, in 1845, and after 17 years in Siberia, Turczaninov went to live in Taganrog on the Sea of Azov near the Black Sea. In Taganrog, Turczaninov fell from a ladder and broke one leg; this affected his life and he could not travel to South America as he wanted. In 1847, Turczaninov move to the city of Kharkiv to work in the herbarium of the University of Kharkiv.

Turczaninov died in Kharkiv on 26 December 1863.

Honours
In 1857, The Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg gave him the Demidov Prize because of his contribution to Russian botany. And the University of Kharkiv named him a member of honour.

Several species of plantas are named after Turczaninov, and the Altai State University publishes the bulletin Turczaninowia ( for the printed version and  for the electronic version).

Notes

References

Other websites
 Flora baicalensi-dahurica scan on Biodiversity Heritage Library
 Stafleu F. A. 1969. Review: Turczaninow's Flora baicalensi-dahurica Taxón 18: 563-565

Russian botanists
1796 births
1863 deaths

Nicolai Stepanowitsch Turczaninow


R99 (HD 269445) is a star in the Large Magellanic Cloud in the constellation Dorado. It is classified as a possible luminous blue variable and is one of the most luminous stars known.

R99 has a peculiar spectrum that has been described as OBf:pe, "unclassifiable", peculiar WN10, "similar to the unusual LBV HD 5980", "unique", and Ofpe/WN9.  The Ofpe/WN9 type remains even though other stars of this type have been reclassified to types between WN9 and WN11.  R99 has significant differences from those other stars which preclude it being given a simple WN spectral type: the ultraviolet spectrum is strongly blanketed over a different range of wavelengths; highly ionised iron lines are seen in absorption instead of emission; the H lines are unusually narrow and have no P Cygni profile; a lack of any significant absorption features near Hδ; a number of metal lines are unusually strong or weak compared to other stars of the type; there is a small unexplained infrared excess.

The wind structure of R99 may be significantly different from most WR stars and LBVs.  The normal temperature-stratified WR wind is accelerated to terminal velocity, causing lines of different ionisation levels of Helium to be created at different distances from the star.  This does not seem to apply to R99.  Significant polarisation of the spectrum continuum is also seen, suggesting an asymmetric wind.  This has not been observed in other WR stars.

R99 shows brightness variations of about 0.3 magnitude over a period of decades, and smaller amplitudes with the strongest periods at two and ten days.  The colour also varies, with the star being bluer at minimum light.  It has been classified as a luminous blue variable on account of the variability and spectrum, although it has never been observed in outburst.  Others still list it only as a candidate.

See also

 List of most massive stars

References

Stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud
Large Magellanic Cloud
Wolf–Rayet stars
Dorado
269445
Luminous blue variables
J05225978-6801466
Extragalactic stars

R99 (star)


Adenosinergic means "working on adenosine".

An adenosinergic agent (or drug) is a chemical which functions to directly modulate the adenosine system in the body or brain. Examples include adenosine receptor agonists, adenosine receptor antagonists (such as caffeine), and adenosine reuptake inhibitors.

See also
 Adrenergic
 Cannabinoidergic
 Cholinergic
 Dopaminergic
 GABAergic
 Glycinergic
 Histaminergic
 Melatonergic
 Monoaminergic
 Opioidergic
 Serotonergic

References

Neurochemistry
Neurotransmitters

Adenosinergic


Joel Jessup Farm is a historic home and farm located in Guilford Township, Hendricks County, Indiana.  The farmhouse was built about 1864, and is a two-story, Italianate style brick I-house with a rear kitchen ell.  It has a slate gable roof, round arched windows, and multiple brick chimneys.  Also on the property are the contributing traverse frame barn and privy.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.

References

Farms on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
Italianate architecture in Indiana
Houses completed in 1864
National Register of Historic Places in Hendricks County, Indiana
Buildings and structures in Hendricks County, Indiana

Joel Jessup Farm


Daybreak Scotland (previously GMTV Scotland) was the regional news broadcaster for the two ITV regions in northern and central Scotland, provided for the ITV breakfast station ITV Breakfast. The bulletins were produced for Daybreak (previously GMTV) by Macmillan Media, and were broadcast from studios in Glasgow.

Before 3 December 2007, the regional news opt outs during GMTV were provided by the ITV franchise holders in central and northern Scotland, STV Central and STV North respectively. However, in 2007, the contract for providing the regional news was awarded to Macmillan Media.

Macmillan Media also produced Daybreak Northern Ireland news for broadcast in Northern Ireland. Meanwhile, the regional news for the ITV regions in England and Wales and the Channel Islands are produced by the corresponding ITV plc regions. Viewers in southern Scotland received pan-regional news from the ITV Tyne Tees & Border region.

GMTV Scotland was rebranded as Daybreak Scotland in September 2010, when GMTV was replaced by new breakfast programme, Daybreak. Regional bulletins aired three times each weekday, and included a look at the days main headlines, a travel news update, and a weather forecast. Separate bulletins were produced for the STV Central and STV North franchise areas.

The Daybreak Scotland service by Macmillan Media ended on Friday 21 December 2012 with STV News resuming production of the breakfast news opt-outs from January 2013 onwards.

The team
Lindsey Archibald (Presenter & Central News Editor)
Elspeth Badger (North News Editor)
Catherine Brown (Presenter & News Editor)
Laura Haldane (Presenter & Central Video Journalist)
Katie Hunter (Presenter & News Editor)
Andrew McBroom (North Presenter & Central Video Journalist)
David McCann (Central Video Journalist)
Cameron McKenna (Presenter)
Marie-Clair Munro (Presenter)
Brian O'Neill (Presenter & News Editor)
Kirsteen O'Sullivan (Presenter & News Editor)
John Robertson (North Video Journalist)
Andrew Turnbull (Central Video Journalist)
Connie McLaughlin (Presenter & News Editor)

References

2007 Scottish television series debuts
2012 Scottish television series endings
2000s Scottish television series
2010s Scottish television series
ITV regional news shows
Scottish television news shows

Daybreak Scotland


Heinrich Harries (9 September 1762, Flensburg – 28 September 1802) was a German Protestant pastor from the Duchy of Schleswig, then under Danish sovereignty.

Harries wrote the lyrics for "Heil dir im Siegerkranz" for King Christian VII of Denmark in 1790; the song was later adapted to be the unofficial national anthem of the German Empire.

Harries was born in Flensburg and died in Brügge in Schleswig-Holstein.

His great-grandson was the German chemist Carl Harries.

References

People from Flensburg
German Protestant clergy
German lyricists
People from the Duchy of Schleswig
Danish people of German descent
German male writers
1762 births
1802 deaths

Heinrich Harries


The James Clerk Maxwell Foundation is a registered Scottish charity set up in 1977. By supporting physics and mathematics, it honors one of the greatest physicists, James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879), and while attempting to increase the public awareness and trust of science. It maintains a small museum in Maxwell's birthplace. This museum is owned by the Foundation.

Purpose

The James Clerk Maxwell Foundation aims to increase the public awareness of the many scientific advances made by Maxwell over his lifetime and to highlight their importance in the world today. It summarizes Maxwell's many innovative technical advances and displays, in Maxwell's birthplace, the history of Maxwell's family. The Foundation awards grants and prizes and supports mathematical challenges designed to encourage young students to study as mathematicians, scientists and engineers and become leaders in the world.

History

The James Clerk Maxwell Foundation was formed in 1977 by the late Sydney Ross, Professor of Colloidal chemistry at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in New York, USA. Ross was born in Scotland and he inherited monies from his late father's whisky business, Ross, Campbell Ltd.

In 1993, the Foundation acquired 14 India Street, Edinburgh, the birthplace of Maxwell.

Since 1993, the house has been refurbished to its original standard and a small museum has been developed which features Maxwell's family, life and scientific advances. These have resulted in Maxwell now being recognised as the most famous scientist in the era between Newton and Einstein.

Maxwell's birthplace

Maxwell was born at 14 India Street on 13 June 1831.  This four-floor townhouse has 3–4 rooms on each floor. The Foundation lets the basement and top floor to tenants and maintains on the ground and first floor a modest museum which can be opened for visits by prior appointment.

Maxwell's father, John Clerk Maxwell of Middlebie, had previously inherited land at  Corsock in Galloway and he divided his time between Galloway and his 1820s townhouse in Edinburgh's New Town. In 1830, John Clerk Maxwell commenced building a new house on his Corsock farm and would later name this Glenlair House.  The Clerk Maxwell family moved permanently to Glenlair when James was two years old.  Maxwell's mother died when he was only eight years old and, two years later, he returned to Edinburgh to attend school at the Edinburgh Academy.

Maxwell studied at the University of Edinburgh and the University of Cambridge and his career followed professorial appointments at Marischal College Aberdeen, King's College London and the University of Cambridge. While in Aberdeen, Maxwell married the College Principal's daughter Katherine Dewar.

Museum
The restored entrance hall contains a copy of the bust of Maxwell by Charles d'Orville Pilkington Jackson, the original is located at Marischal College, Aberdeen. The Milestone in Electrical Engineering and Computing plaque by the American Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) commemorates Maxwell's contributions to electromagnetic theory. Displayed here is a timeline starting with Maxwell's life and going up to today, where Maxwell's electromagnetics is central to the performance of cellular mobile phones, GPS and Radar.

Exhibition Room
This room, originally the dining room, contains several family portraits: a copy of James Clerk Maxwell by Lowes Cato Dickinson located in Trinity College, Cambridge; and of Maxwell's father, John Clerk Maxwell. Early pastels from the Cay's, his mother's family, of Maxwell's uncles, Robert and John, his aunt Jane and Maxwell's mother Frances Cay. These are by Maxwell's maternal grandmother, Elizabeth Cay, there is also a portrait in oils, after Sir Henry Raeburn, of Elizabeth's husband Robert Hodshon Cay by Maxwell's cousin, Isabella Cay (1850–1934). The final portrait is of Maxwell's lifelong friend and scientific colleague Peter Guthrie Tait who was the Professor of Natural Philosophy at Edinburgh University.

One of Maxwell's major technical advances is the first full colour projected image produced at a time when only black-and-white photography was known. The projection of this coloured image on a screen was famously demonstrated in 1861 at Faraday's Royal Institution in London. In this, the foundation of virtually all practical colour processes, he made three black-and-white photographic plates which were photographed through red, green and blue filters respectively. He then used three magic lanterns to superimpose these three black-and-white images, each projected through the same red, green and blue filters, to produce the first colour image of the 'tartan ribbon'. This production of colour images is still used today in printing, digital cameras, televisions, and computers.

The replica of Maxwell's colour box, which he used to quantitatively analyse and synthesise light colours in order to underpin his observations on colour mixing and colour perception (thereby extending Newton's work on Optics), was produced in the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University.

Maxwell's most celebrated contribution was in deriving the equations governing electromagnetics (Maxwell's equations). In his 1865 paper, A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field, Maxwell defined electromagnetics in terms of 20 equations, later summarised in his 1873 book Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Hendrik Lorentz subsequently reinterpreted these as the fundamental equations of electrodynamics and Oliver Heaviside developed the notation we use today.

The theory behind Maxwell's equations was the first grand unification theory of the forces of Nature as this theory united the electric and magnetic fields. A person who is stationary may experience only an electric field but a person who is in relative motion may experience an electric current and a magnetic field. Thus the one field (called the electromagnetic field) may appear in different guises.

In his famous 1905 'Special Relativity' paper,  Albert Einstein  showed that Maxwell's equations were invariant under a Lorentz transformation (as opposed to a Galilean transformation) and, inter alia, used this evidence to support his 'relativity theory' that the Lorentz transformation was the true transformation of Nature (between the viewpoints of two observers, one moving at a constant speed and direction relative to each other).

On display is a replica of part of the balance arm of Maxwell's apparatus to measure the ratio of electromagnetic to electrostatic units of electrical charge. Maxwell showed mathematically that the numerical value of this ratio was equal to the speed of electromagnetic waves. Maxwell recognised that the speed of electromagnetic waves (as derived from his equations) was also equal to the speed of light as measured by  Fizeau and as previously measured in the 17th century by Ole Roemer. In his 1865 paper, Maxwell stated the immortal words "…it seems we have strong reason to conclude that light itself (including radiant heat and other radiations if any) is an electromagnetic disturbance in the form of waves propagated …according the electromagnetic laws". This was stated by the Nobel Laureate physicist Richard Feynman in 1964 to be the most stunning conclusion of 19th-century theoretical physics!

The display cabinet shows a few pages, on loan from The Edinburgh Academy, of Maxwell's work on oval curves, where Maxwell simplified earlier work of René Descartes. He presented this work to the Royal Society of Edinburgh (or rather Professor Forbes did as Maxwell, then aged 14, was considered too young!). Maxwell's second scientific paper "The Theory of Rolling Curves" was written at age 17 while at university in Edinburgh. The cabinet displays here 3 of Maxwell's medals: the 1860 Rumford Medal from Royal Society for colour composition, the 1871 Keith Medal from Royal Society of Edinburgh for forces and frames in structures, and the 1878 Volta Medal from University of Pavia, when he was awarded an honorary degree.

The Library
This room (originally John Clerk Maxwell's business office when he practised as an advocate in Edinburgh) contains wall displays celebrating Maxwell's other major scientific achievements: his work on governors for machine speed control; Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution and his contribution to statistical physics; discovery of the form of Saturn's rings; contributing to the committee that defined the Ohm; reciprocal figures or frames for the design of structures such roofs and bridges. The final set of wall panels describes the friezes on his Edinburgh statue placing Maxwell's contributions in context between Newton and Einstein. The library also contains a selection of books on Maxwell, Newton, Lord Kelvin, Michael Faraday etc.

The Staircase

The engravings on the staircase walls are from Sir John Herschel's Collection purchased by our founder, Sydney Ross. They sample the history of science and mathematics from Copernicus onwards, arriving at Maxwell's contemporaries Michael Faraday and Lord Kelvin.

Upper Exhibition Room
The upper exhibition room is the annexe of the original drawing room, and it was in this room that James Clerk Maxwell was born in 1831.  It displays material relating to the Clerk family, Maxwell's childhood, early life and career, including some of his poetry. There is a reproduction of the William Dyce portrait of James and his mother, from Birmingham art galleries (Dyce was the brother of Maxwell's aunt). The main display here is of watercolours by Maxwell's cousin Jemima Wedderburn. Jemima later married Hugh Blackburn, Professor of Mathematics at Glasgow University and a colleague of Lord Kelvin.

Conference Room

The Conference Room, originally the Drawing Room, which is used for receptions and seminars contains a Latin epigram which can be translated as: "From this house of his birth, his name is now widespread – across the entire terrestrial globe and even to the stars". The major painting here (by Lady Lucinda L. Mackay) is of a near neighbour, Nobel Laureate and Honorary Patron of the Foundation, Professor Peter Higgs, whose research led to the search, in the Large Hadron Collider, to confirm the existence of the Higgs boson.

References

External links
 The James Clerk Maxwell Foundation website
 Interactive virtual tour of Maxwell's birthplace and museum
 Guide to Maxwell's birthplace

1977 establishments in Scotland
Organizations established in 1977
Charities based in Edinburgh

Museums established in 1993
Historic house museums in Edinburgh
Maxwell, James Clark

James Clerk Maxwell Foundation


William Hart-Smith (23 November 1911 – 15 April 1990) was a New Zealand/Australian poet who was born in Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England. His family moved to New Zealand in 1924. He had about "seven years of formal schooling" in England, Scotland and New Zealand before getting work at 15. His first job was as a radio mechanic. In 1936 he emigrated to Australia, working in commercial radio, and then the Australian Broadcasting Commission. He then did army service, returned to ABC, and resigned spending a year in the Northern Territory, becoming a freelance writer.

Hart-Smith was connected with the Jindyworobak Movement and had some of his work, such as Columbus Goes West (1943), published by them. However he spent only a decade in Australia, returning to New Zealand in 1946. From 1948 to 1954 he taught in adult education.

He spent several years in Perth from the late 1960s, associating with younger poets including Andrew Lansdown, Hal Colebatch and Lee Knowles. He was a prolific writer of poetry into old age, though many of his later poems have never been collected. He was also a distinguished conchologist, specialising in classifying cowrie shells. He said he had come to Perth from Sydney to find unpolluted water for shelling.

He was awarded the ALS Gold Medal in 1960, and won the Patrick White Award in 1987. He died in 1990.

Bibliography
 Poems (1942, self-published)
 Columbus Goes West (1943, Jindyworobak)
 Harvest (1945, Georgian House)
 The Unceasing Ground (1946, Angus and Robertson)
 Christopher Columbus : A Sequence of Poems (1948, The Caxton Press)
 On the Level (1950, self-published)
 Poems in Doggerel (1955, Handcraft Press)
 Poems of Discovery (1959, Angus and Robertson)
 The Talking Clothes : Poems (1966, Angus and Robertson)
 Mini-Poems (1974, Lesmurdie)
 Let me Learn the Steps : Poems from a Psychiatric Ward (1977, self-published) with Mary Morris
 Selected Poems 1936-1984 (1985, Angus and Robertson)
 Hand to Hand : A Garnering (1991, Butterfly Books)
 Birds, Beasts, Flowers : Australian Children's Poetry (1996, Penguin)

References

Allen Curnow - The Penguin Book of New Zealand Verse
 Harry P. Heseltine - The Penguin Book of Australian Verse

External links
 William Hart-Smith at AusLit

People from Royal Tunbridge Wells
1911 births
1990 deaths
New Zealand poets
New Zealand male writers
Australian male poets
New Zealand emigrants to Australia
British emigrants to New Zealand
Patrick White Award winners
20th-century Australian poets
ALS Gold Medal winners
20th-century Australian male writers

William Hart-Smith


The Beach 67th Street station (signed as Beach 67th Street–Arverne By The Sea station) is a station on the IND Rockaway Line of the New York City Subway. Located at Beach 67th Street and Rockaway Freeway in Arverne, Queens, it is served by the A train at all times. The station is adjacent to Kohlreiter Square, a public green space on the north side of the station.

History

The station was originally built as Arverne for the Long Island Rail Road in 1888 at Gaston Avenue, by New York lawyer and developer Remington Vernam. The station and the development were named by his wife who admired the way he signed his checks. The station had a large tower, was shaped like a Victorian hotel and had a connection to the Ocean Electric Railway.

Due to a quarrel between the LIRR and Vernam, another Arverne station was built at Straiton Avenue in 1892. From then on, it was known as Arverne–Gaston Avenue to distinguish it from the Straiton Avenue station. Arverne station was rebuilt on a new site with a simpler structure in May 1912. Like all stations along the Rockaway Beach Branch, it was closed and replaced with the elevated Gaston Avenue station on April 10, 1942, only to be transferred to the New York City Transit Authority on October 3, 1955 and reopened as a subway station on June 28, 1956.

In March 2010, Queens Community Board 14, which represents Arverne, voted in favor of renaming the station from Beach 67th Street–Gaston to Beach 67th Street–Arverne By The Sea. New signs with this name were installed in July 2011.

In 2019, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority announced that this station would become ADA-accessible as part of the agency's 2020–2024 Capital Program. A contract for two elevators at the station was awarded in December 2020.

Station layout

There are two tracks and two side platforms. The station is served by the A train at all times and is between Beach 60th Street to the east (railroad south) and Broad Channel to the west (railroad north).

Trains that leave the station northbound reach the Hammels Wye, where it is possible to head north to Broad Channel (the usual service pattern) or traverse a short single-track segment onto the southbound Rockaway Park-bound branch of the line. This connection was used for the temporary H shuttle from Far Rockaway to Beach 90th Street following Hurricane Sandy, and was used by the Rockaway Park Shuttle for several months in 2018.

Exits

The only active station house beneath the platforms and tracks at the east end has four staircases: two to the street (one to each western corner of Beach 67th Street and Rockaway Freeway) and one to each platform. The mezzanine layout gives evidence that there were originally separate turnstiles for entry and exit. The entry turnstiles are all on one side of the booth while the exit turnstiles are on the opposite side. Since the elimination of the double fare, steel gates have replaced the turnstiles.

A second exit is located at the west end of the Far Rockaway-bound platform which leads to the southeast side of Beach 69th Street and Rockaway Freeway.

References

External links

 Station Reporter — A Rockaway
 The Subway Nut — Beach 67th Street – Gaston Pictures
 Beach 67th Street entrance from Google Maps Street View
 Platforms from Google Maps Street View

IND Rockaway Line stations
New York City Subway stations in Queens, New York
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1956
Rockaway, Queens
1956 establishments in New York City

Beach 67th Street station


Elliott Lawrence Broza (February 14, 1925 – July 2, 2021), known professionally as Elliott Lawrence, was an American jazz pianist and bandleader.

Son of the broadcaster Stan Lee Broza, Lawrence led his first dance band at age 20, but he played swing at the time its heyday was coming to a close. He recorded copiously as a bandleader for Columbia, Decca, King, Fantasy, Vik, and SESAC between 1946 and 1960. Lawrence was music director for the Tony awards show.

Life and career
Elliot Lawrence was born Elliot Lawrence Broza on February 14, 1925, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His parents, Stan Lee Broza and Esther Broza, were radio and television pioneers. In 1927, they created and produced the Horn and Hardart Children's Hour, which ran on WCAU radio from 1927 to 1958 and concurrently on television from 1948 to 1958. Stan Lee Broza was the first president of the Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia from 1962 to 1963. Stan Lee hosted the Children's Hour and Esther produced it. Celebrities who appeared on the show as children include Eddie Fisher, Frankie Avalon, Joey Bishop, Bernadette Peters and best selling author Jacqueline Susann. The idea for the Children's Hour came to Stan Lee when a new shopping mall in Philadelphia was looking to sponsor a show on the radio. He had the idea of creating a variety show in which talented children would sing and perform. While looking for sponsors, one of Stan Lee's first customers was William Paley, who bought advertising time on WCAU for his father's cigar shop. William Paley went on to become the chairman of CBS. Stan Lee Broza and Esther Broza were pioneers of broadcasting and of the variety show. Both are in the Philadelphia Broadcasters Hall of Fame.

Lawrence grew up in this show business environment and began studying piano at the age of three. His first public performance was at age four conducting the orchestra on the Children's Hour stage show. At the age of six he wrote his first composition, "Falling Down Stairs," and was stricken with polio. Lawrence suffered from the illness for six months, after which he recovered. By the age of 12, Elliot had formed his first band, a 15-piece unit called The Band Busters, and had already begun doing club dates on the weekends. Elliot finished high school at age 16 and entered the University of Pennsylvania. During his junior year his band, now named The Elliot Broza Orchestra, began playing college proms around Pennsylvania. At Penn, he majored in symphonic conducting under Harl McDonald, who offered him a position as assistant conductor of the Philadelphia Orchestra upon graduation. In 1944, after three years at Penn, Elliot graduated with a Bachelor of Music degree and received the Thornton Oakely Award, given each year to the undergraduate who has contributed most to the arts.

Elliot took the name Elliot Lawrence to distinguish himself from his family name when he became the music director of WCAU'S House Band in 1945. The band premiered on the radio on January 18, 1945, as The Elliot Lawrence Orchestra in a weekly half-hour broadcast "Listen to Lawrence." The Elliot Lawrence Band, of which he was the piano player and leader, soon incorporated classical instruments like oboe, French horn, English horn and bassoon. Listen to Lawrence was nationally broadcast on CBS radio in 1945 shortly after a rave review in the March 1945 issue of Metronome magazine by George T. Simon. Elliot's theme song was "Heart to Heart."

From 1946 to 1954, Lawrence's Band toured, performing at dances, concerts, college proms, and headline gigs around the United States year round, while recording albums for Decca, Columbia, RCA, Fantasy, and Vik records. In 1949, the band performed a three-week stint with the Nat King Cole Trio at the Paramount Theater in New York City, during which time it recorded Gerry Mulligan's "Elevation," later named "one of the top 50 best jazz recordings of the 20th century" by the Smithsonian Institution. The Elliot Lawrence Band performed in Philadelphia at the World Series in 1950, playing his original song "The Fightin' Phils." By this time, however, the band had become known for their "sweet" commercial sound. From 1947 to 1949 the band was the "campus choice" in Billboard's most promising new orchestra polls. Elliot was also voted one of America's "most eligible bachelors" by Look magazine in 1949.

Recording landed him in New York City in 1955 where, as the big band era came to a close, the Ray Bloch agency signed Elliot to a contract and he began to do radio shows such as The Red Buttons show and the Jack Sterling Show as well as weekend gigs with his big band. He was a host of the DuMont Television Network program Melody Street (1953–1954). In 1953 he was asked to go to the Soviet Union with The Ed Sullivan Show to be part of the first American band to broadcast from the Soviet Union. On the show were Marge and Gower Champion, the well known dancing and theatrical couple. Gower asked Elliot to be the musical director of his next show, Bye Bye Birdie (1960) for which he was nominated for a Tony award.

After 1960, Lawrence gave up jazz and began composing and arranging for television, film, and stage. He won the Tony Award for his second show, How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying in 1962. This led to a 16-year career as a Broadway Conductor and musical director and later to his almost 50-year career as the "go to" conductor for big television events and specials.

Television
Among his many television credits, Elliot was the musical director and conductor for every Tony Award telecast from 1965 (its first year on television) to 2011, and other big gala shows like Night of the 100 Stars 1 (1982) 1 and 2 (1985), the Bicentennial Celebration for the Statue of Liberty (1986 at Giants Stadium) and The Kennedy Center Honors (from 2000 to 2006).

Film
As a composer, Elliot Lawrence scored the movies Network and The French Connection.

Awards
As a musical director Elliot won nine Emmy awards for musical direction and been nominated for many others.

Personal
In 1956 on a blind date in New York City, Elliot met Amy Jane Bunim. They were married three months later. Elliot and Amy had four children: Alexandra, Daniel, James and Mariana (Mia). They were still married.

He died on July 2, 2021, at the age of 96 in Manhattan.

Discography
 Dream with the Elliot Lawrence Orchestra (Fantasy, 1956)
 The Honey Dreamers with the Elliot Lawrence Orchestra Sing Gershwin (Fantasy, 1956)
 Plays Tiny Kahn and Johnny Mandel Arrangements (Fantasy, 1956)
 Plays Gerry Mulligan Arrangements (Fantasy, 1956)
 Big Band Modern (Jazztone, 1957)
 Swinging at the Steel Pier (Vogue, 1956)
 Elliot Lawrence Plays for Swinging Dancers (Fantasy, 1957)
 Dream On...Dance On (Fantasy, 1958)
 Hi Fi-ing Winds (Vik, 1958)
 Music for Trapping (Tender, That Is) (Top Rank, 1959)
 Big Band Sound (Fantasy, 1959)
 Elevation (First Heard, 1980)
 The Uncollected Elliot Lawrence and His Orchestra 1946 (Hindsight, 1982)
 The Music of Elliot Lawrence (Mobile Fidelity, 1995)

With Serge Chaloff, Al Cohn, Zoot Sims and Herbie Steward
 The Four Brothers... Together Again! (Vik, 1957)

Advertising
 N.W. Ayer (music consultant/producer) 1978 – 2002 including the award-winning;
 U.S Army (Be All You Can Be)
 AT&T Reach Out and Touch Someone (composed by David Lucas)

Broadway
 Bye Bye Birdie 1960
 How to Succeed In Business Without Really Trying 1961
 Here's Love 1963
 Golden Boy 1964
 The Apple Tree 1966
 Golden Rainbow 1968
 La Strada 1969
 1776 1969
 Georgy 1970
 Sugar 1972

Film
 The French Connection (first 10 minutes) 1971
 Network 1976
 The Cradle Will Fall 1983

Radio
 The Jack Sterling Radio Show (1950–1957)
 The Red Buttons Show (1952–1955)

Television
 The Cavalcade of Stars (series) 1956
 Jazz: It's My Beat 1957
 The State Department Tour of Russia with Ed Sullivan 1959
 The Mighty Heroes 1966 animated series
 Tony Award Show (1967 (first network televised) – 2010)
 That's Life (TV musical sitcom) 1968
 Dames at Sea (1971), TV adaptation of stage musical
 S'wonderful, S'marvelous, S'Gershwin 1972
 The Anne Bancroft Special: Annie and the Hoods 1974
 Search for Tomorrow 1974–1986
 Miss Universe Pageant 1975–1986
 Miss USA Pageant 1975–1986
 The Edge of Night 1976–1984
 Saturday Night Live with Howard Cosell 1976
 The Anne Bancroft Christmas Special 1977
 The David Frost Show 1978
 CBS: On the Air - A Celebration of 50 Years (1978)
 Miss Teenage America 1978, 1979
 The Emmy Awards Show 1978 – 1986
 Texas 1980–1982
 As the World Turns 1981–1993
 Night of 100 Stars 1 (1982) and 2 (1985)
 Parade of Stars 1983
 Cole Porter in Paris 1984
 Guiding Light 1984 – 1986
 The Plácido Domingo Special 1985
 NBC 60th Anniversary Celebration (1986)
 The Berenstain Bears (6 TV specials, 1985–87)
 The Kennedy Center Honors 1987–2005
 Irving Berlin 100th Anniversary Show 1988
 The Goodwill Games 1989, 1990
 The Songwriters Hall of Fame

References

External links
 Scott Yanow, [ Elliot Lawrence] at Allmusic

 The Elliot Lawrence papers at the American Heritage Center
 The Elliot Lawrence sound recordings at the American Heritage Center

1925 births
2021 deaths
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century American pianists
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American pianists
American jazz bandleaders
American jazz pianists
American male jazz musicians
American male pianists
American television composers
Big band bandleaders
Jazz musicians from New York (state)
Jazz musicians from Philadelphia
Male television composers
Tony Award winners

Elliot Lawrence