The Australian Cattle Dog (ACD), or simply Cattle Dog, is a breed of herding dog developed in Australia for droving cattle over long distances across rough terrain. This breed is a medium-sized, short-coated dog that occurs in two main colour forms. It has either red or black hair distributed fairly evenly through a white coat, which gives the appearance of a "red" or "blue" dog.

As with dogs from other working breeds, the Australian Cattle Dog is energetic and intelligent with an independent streak. It responds well to structured training, particularly if it is interesting and challenging. It was originally bred to herd by biting, and is known to nip running children. It forms a strong attachment to its owners, and can be protective of them and their possessions. It is easy to groom and maintain, requiring little more than brushing during the shedding period. The most common health problems are deafness and progressive blindness (both hereditary conditions) and accidental injury; otherwise, it is a robust breed with a lifespan of 12 to 16 years.

The first domestic dogs to arrive in Australia came with the First Fleet in 1788 and later convict fleets. A thriving stray dog population soon grew. Some of the strays, those with stock work potential, apparently found home with the free settler, George Hall. Thomas Simpson Hall, a son of George, developed them into working dogs of excellence. Robert Kaleski, who wrote the first standard for the breed, called Hall's dogs Halls Heelers. The Halls Heelers were later developed into the two modern breeds, Australian Cattle Dog and Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog.  Kaleski also suggested that Thomas Hall imported dogs from England. However, this assumes correspondence between the Halls and contacts in England (none exists) and sailing time between Sydney and London, at the relevant time, was three months or more. Arrangements for dog import could have taken years to accomplish.

Australian Cattle Dog has been nicknamed a "Red Heeler" or "Blue Heeler" on the basis of its colouring and practice of moving reluctant cattle by nipping at their heels. The nickname "Queensland Heeler" may have originated in a popular booklet, published in Victoria.

Characteristics

Appearance

The Australian Cattle Dog is a sturdy, muscular, compact dog that gives the impression of agility and strength. It has a broad skull that flattens to a definite stop between the eyes, with muscular cheeks and a medium-length, deep, powerful muzzle. The ears are pricked, small to medium in size and set wide apart, with a covering of hair on the inside. The eyes are oval and dark, with an alert, keen expression. The neck and shoulders are strong and muscular; the forelegs are straight and parallel; and the feet round and arched, with small, sturdy toes and nails.

The Australian Cattle Dog breed standard states that it should have well-conditioned muscles, even when bred for companion or show purposes, and that its appearance should be symmetrical and balanced, with no individual part of the dog exaggerated. It should not look either delicate or cumbersome, as either characteristic limits the agility and endurance that is necessary for a working dog.

Size
The female Australian Cattle Dog measures approximately  at the withers, and the male measures about  at the withers. The dog should be longer than tall, that is, the length of the body from breast bone to buttocks is greater than the height at the withers, in a ratio of 10 to 9. An Australian Cattle Dog in good condition weighs around .

Coat and colour

There are two accepted coat colours, red and blue. Chocolate and cream are considered to be faults. Blue dogs can be blue, blue mottled, or blue speckled with tan on the legs and chest and white markings and a black patch or "mask" on one or both sides of the head. Red dogs are evenly speckled with solid red markings and similarly to the blue dogs can have a brown (red) patch "mask" on one or both sides of the head and sometimes on the body.

Both red dogs and blue dogs are born white (except for any solid-coloured body or face markings) and the red or black hairs show from around four weeks of age as they grow and mature. The distinctive adult colouration is the result of black or red hairs closely interspersed through a predominantly white coat. This is not merle colouration (a speckled effect that has associated health issues), but rather the result of the ticking gene. A number of breeds show ticking, which is the presence of colour through white areas, though the overall effect depends on other genes that will modify the size, shape and density of the ticking.

In addition to the primary colouration, an Australian Cattle Dog displays some patches of solid or near-solid colour. In both red and blue dogs, the most common are masks over one or both eyes, a white tip to the tail, a solid spot at the base of the tail, and sometimes solid spots on the body, though these are not desirable in dogs bred for conformation shows. Blue dogs may have tan midway up the legs and extending up the front to breast and throat, with tan on jaws, and tan eyebrows. Both colour forms can have a white "star" on the forehead called the "Bentley Mark", dog said to have been owned by an unsubstantiated  Tom Bentley whose descendants allegedly could be identified by a white spot on the forehead and a black tail bar. Common miscolours in the Australian Cattle Dog are black hairs in a red-coated dog, including the extreme of a black saddle on a red dog, and extensive tan on the face and body on a blue dog, called "creeping tan". The Australian Cattle Dog has a double coat—the short, straight outer guard hairs are protective in nature, keeping the elements from the dog's skin while the undercoat is short, fine and dense.

The mask consists of a black patch over one or both eyes (for the blue coat colour) or a red patch over one or both eyes (for the red coat colour). Depending on whether one or both eyes have a patch, these are called, respectively, "single" (or "half") mask and "double" (or "full") mask. Dogs without a mask are called plain-faced. Any of these are acceptable according to the breed standard. In conformation shows, even markings are preferred over uneven markings.

Tail
The breed standards of the Australian, American and Canadian kennel clubs specify that the Australian Cattle Dog should have a natural, long, un-docked tail. There will often be a solid colour spot at the base of the tail and a white tip. The tail should be set moderately low, following the slope of the back. It should hang in a slight curve at rest, though an excited dog may carry its tail higher. The tail should feature a good level of brush.

In the United States, tails are sometimes docked on working stock. The tail is not docked in Australia, and serves a useful purpose in increasing agility and the ability to turn quickly.

The Australian Cattle Dog shares ancestry and early history with the Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog. A breed standard, current in Queensland during the 1930s, describes two varieties of Cattle Dog, "long tail" and "short tail".  The short tail variety was the to be same as the long tail variety except for tail length.  The two varieties were exhibited in separate classes. In 1963 the Australian National Kennel Council distinguished the two varieties in separate breed standards.

Temperament
Like many working dogs, the Australian Cattle Dog has high energy levels, an active mind, and a level of independence. The breed ranks 10th in Stanley Coren's The Intelligence of Dogs, rated as one of the most intelligent dogs ranked by obedience command trainability. The Cattle Dog needs plenty of exercise, companionship and a job to do, so a non-working dog might participate in dog sports, learning tricks, or other activities that engage its body and mind.

When on home ground, the Australian Cattle Dog is an affectionate and playful pet. However, it is reserved with people it does not know and naturally cautious in new situations. Its attitude to strangers makes it an excellent guard dog when trained for this task, and it can be socialised to become accustomed to a variety of people from an early age as a family pet. It is good with older, considerate children, but will herd people by nipping at their heels, particularly younger children who run and squeal. By the time puppies are weaned, they should have learned that the company of people is pleasurable, and that responding to cues from a person is rewarding. The bond that this breed can create with its owner is strong and will leave the dog feeling protective towards the owner, typically resulting in the dog's never being too far from the owner's side. The Australian Cattle Dog can be the friendliest of companions although it is quick to respond to the emotions of its owners, and may defend them without waiting for a command. The ACD was originally bred to move reluctant cattle by biting, and it will bite if treated harshly. The Australian Cattle Dog's protective nature and tendency to nip at heels can be dangerous as the dog grows into an adult if unwanted behaviours are left unchecked.

While an Australian Cattle Dog generally works silently, it will bark in alarm or to attract attention. It has a distinctive intense, high-pitched bark. Barking can be a sign of boredom or frustration, although research has shown that pet dogs increase their vocalisation when raised in a noisy environment. It responds well to familiar dogs, but when multiple dogs are present, establishing a pecking order can trigger aggression. It is not a breed that lives in a pack with other dogs.

As pets

Grooming
Known as a "wash and wear" dog, the Australian Cattle Dog requires little grooming, and an occasional brushing is all that is required to keep the coat clean and odour-free. Even for the show ring it needs no more than wiping down with a moist cloth. It is not a year-round shedder but blows its coat once a year (twice in the case of intact females) and frequent brushing and a warm bath during this period will contain the shedding hair. As with all dogs, regular attention to nails, ears and teeth will help avoid health problems.

Training
Like other working breeds, the Australian Cattle Dog is intelligent and responsive; both of these traits can be an advantage in training where a structured, varied program is used, but can lead to unwanted outcomes if training is not consistent, or is repetitive and boring for the dog. Stock dog trainer Scott Lithgow recommends making training a game so the Cattle Dog learns that obedience leads to enjoyment. Many of a Cattle Dog's natural behaviours are undesirable in a pet: barking, chewing, chasing, digging, defending territory, and nipping heels. Training, therefore, involves helping the dog adopt a lifestyle that is very different from that of its droving ancestors. The Australian Cattle Dog is biddable, and responds well to training.

Activities

The Australian Cattle Dog demands a high level of physical activity. Like many other herding dog breeds, the Cattle Dog has an active and fertile mind and if it is not given jobs to do it will find its own activities. It will appreciate a walk around the neighbourhood, but it needs structured activities that engage and challenge it, and regular interaction with its owner. While individual dogs have their own personalities and abilities, as a breed the Australian Cattle Dog is suited to any activity that calls for athleticism, intelligence, and endurance.

Kennel club-sponsored herding trials with a range of events suit the driving abilities of the Cattle Dog. Herding instincts and trainability are measured at non-competitive herding tests, and basic commands are sometimes taught through herding games, where rules such as "stay", "get it" and "that'll do" are applied to fetching a ball or chasing a yard broom.

The Australian Cattle Dog was developed for its ability to drive reluctant cattle to travel long distances and may be the best breed in the world for this work. However, some working dog trainers have expressed concern that dogs bred for the show ring are increasingly too short in the legs and too stocky in the body to undertake the work for which they were originally bred.

Among the most popular activities for an Australian Cattle Dog is dog agility. It is ideally suited for navigating obstacle courses, since as a herding dog it is reactive to the handler's body language and willing to work accurately at a distance from the handler. Agility has been used by Cattle Dog owners to instil confidence in their dogs, and enhance their performance in training and competition.

The Australian Cattle Dog thrives on change and new experiences, and many handlers find training the breed challenging for this reason. An Australian Cattle Dog can excel in obedience competition. It will enjoy the challenges, such as retrieving a scented article, but the breed's problem-solving ability may lead it to find solutions to problems that are not necessarily rewarded by the obedience judges. Rally obedience offers more interaction with the owner and less repetition than traditional obedience trials.

Australian Cattle Dogs have been successful in a range of dog sports including weight pulling, flyball and schutzhund. The breed is particularly suited to activities that a dog can share with its owner such as canicross, disc dog, and skijoring or bikejoring. It is an effective hiking companion because of its natural endurance, its general lack of interest in hunting, and preference for staying by its owner's side. Most Australian Cattle Dogs love the water and are excellent swimmers. It is not a hyperactive breed, and once one has had its exercise, it is happy to lie at its owner's feet, or to rest in its bed or crate while keeping an ear and eye open for signs of pending activity. The Australian Cattle Dog is an adaptable dog that can accept city or indoor living conditions, if its considerable exercise and companionship needs are met.

The Australian Cattle Dog can be put to work in a number of ways. Cattle Dogs are service dogs for people with a disability or are therapy dogs, some work for customs agencies in drug detection, some as police dogs, others haze pest animals, such as geese, for city or state agencies, and some work as scat-detection dogs, tracking endangered wildlife species.

Health and lifespan

Lifespan
In a small sample of 11 deceased dogs, Australian Cattle Dogs had a median longevity of 11.7 years (maximum 15.9 yrs). A larger survey of 100 deceased dogs yielded a mean longevity of 13.41 years with a standard deviation of 2.36 years. The median longevities of breeds of similar size are between 11 and 13 years. There is an anecdotal report of a Cattle Dog named Bluey, born in 1910 and living for 29.5 years, but the record is unverified. Even if true, Bluey's record age would have to be regarded more as an uncharacteristic exception than as an indicator of common exceptional longevity for the entire breed. It remains, however, that Australian Cattle Dogs generally age well and appear to live on average almost a year longer than most dogs of other breeds in the same weight class. Many members of the breed are still well and active at 12 or 14 years of age, and some maintain their sight, hearing and even their teeth until their final days.

Common health problems

The Australian Cattle Dog carries recessive piebald alleles that produce white in the coat and skin and are linked to congenital hereditary deafness, though it is possible that there is a multi-gene cause for deafness in a dog with the piebald pigment genes. Around 2.4% of Cattle Dogs in one study were found to be deaf in both ears and 14.5% were deaf in at least one ear.

The Australian Cattle Dog is one of the dog breeds affected by progressive retinal atrophy. It has the most common form, progressive rod-cone degeneration (PRCD), a condition that causes the rods and cones in the retina of the eye to deteriorate later in life, resulting in blindness. PRCD is an autosomal recessive trait and a dog can be a carrier of the affected gene without developing the condition.

Hip dysplasia is not common in the breed, although it occurs sufficiently often for many breeders to have their breeding stock tested. The Cattle Dog has a number of inherited conditions, but most of these are not common. Hereditary polioencephalomyelopathy of the Australian Cattle Dog is a very rare condition caused by an inherited biochemical defect. Dogs identified with the condition were completely paralysed within their first year. Based on a sample of 69 still-living dogs, the most common health issues noted by owners were musculoskeletal (spondylosis, elbow dysplasia, and arthritis) and reproductive (pyometra, infertility, and false pregnancy), and blindness. A study of dogs diagnosed at Veterinary Colleges in the United States and Canada over a thirty-year period described fractures, lameness and cruciate ligament tears as the most common conditions in the Australian Cattle Dogs treated.

History

In Australia

The first domestic dogs to arrive in Australia came with the First Fleet in 1788 and later convict fleets. A thriving stray dog population soon grew.[2] Some of the strays, those with stock workpotential, found home with the free settler, George Hall. George Hall and his family arrived in the New South Wales Colony in 1802. By 1825, the Halls had established two cattle stations in the Upper Hunter Valley, and had begun a northward expansion into the Liverpool Plains, New England and Queensland. Getting his cattle to the Sydney markets presented a problem in that cattle had to be moved along unfenced stock routes through sometimes rugged bush and mountain ranges. The mobs of cattle were small (the population centres  were small) and the distances comparatively short compared with the long distance droving feats of the Duracks, and others, in the late nineteenth century.
Until the invention of ice-making and refrigeration in the 1850s (by a Scotttish immigrant to Australian, James Harrison) butchers, and their customers, had no choice but to buy their meat in small quantities and the cattle growers, including the Halls, had no choice but to maintain a constant, but small, supply of cattle to their markets.

A droving dog was needed, but the Halls were prepared for this challenge. Thomas Hall, one of George's sons, had settled on Dartbrook station in the Upper Hunter Valley in the 1820s.  He had taken with him dogs, as well as cattle, and had honed the cattle-handling potential in his dogs.  The dogs were the first of the Halls Heelers.  The Hall family were dependent on them.

By the 1890s, dogs of Halls Heeler ancestry had attracted the attention of a group of men with a recreational interest in the new practice of showing dogs competitively. None were stockmen working cattle on a daily basis, and initially they were interested in a range of working dogs. Prominent members of the group concentrated on breeding these lines. Of these breeders, the Bagust family was the most influential.

Robert Kaleski, of Moorebank, a young associate of Harry Bagust, wrote "in 1893 when I got rid of my cross-bred cattle dogs and took up the blues, breeders of the latter had started breeding ... to fix the type. I drew up a standard for them on those lines". This first breed standard for the Cattle Dog breed was published, with photographs, by the New South Wales Department of Agriculture in 1903.

Kaleski's standard was adopted by breed clubs in Queensland and New South Wales and re-issued as their own, with local changes. His writings from the 1910s give an insight into the early history of the breed. Most importantly, Kaleski identified Thromas Hall's association with the Halls Heeler.

In the 1890s, Cattle Dogs of Halls Heeler derivation were seen in the kennels of exhibiting Queensland dog breeders such as William Byrne. These were a different population from those shown in New South Wales and included both long-tailed and short-tailed exhibits.  These dogs may have come from Hall properties in Queensland. Byrne, however, initiated a trend that favoured Cattle Dogs bred in New South Wales and, during the 1920s, many breeders followed this trend.  The original Queensland Cattle Dog population became increasingly attenuated. The most significant New South Wales purchase was Little Logic.

Little Logic was bred in Rockdale, New South Wales. Sydney exhibitors, however, saw Little Logic for the first time only after the dog had been added to the Hillview kennels of Arch Bevis in Brisbane. The show records of Little Logic and his offspring created a demand in New South Wales for Queensland dogs. By the end of the 1950s, there were few Australian Cattle Dogs whelped that were not descendants of Little Logic and his best known son, Logic Return.

The prominence of Little Logic and Logic Return in the pedigrees of modern Australian Cattle Dogs was perpetuated by Wooleston Kennels. For some twenty years, Wooleston supplied foundation and supplementary breeding stock to breeders in Australia, North America and Continental Europe. As a result, Wooleston Blue Jack is ancestral to most, if not all, Australian Cattle Dogs whelped since 1990 in any country.

In the United States

In the 1940s Alan McNiven, a Sydney veterinarian, introduced Dingo, Kelpie, German Shepherd, and Kangaroo Hound into his breeding program; however, the Royal Agricultural Society Kennel Club (RASKC) would not register the cross breeds as Australian Cattle Dogs, even though McNiven argued they were true to conformation, colour and temperament. McNiven responded by giving his pups registration papers from dead dogs, and was consequently expelled from the RASKC and all of his dogs removed from the registry. Meanwhile, Greg Lougher, a Napa, California cattle rancher who met Alan McNiven while stationed in Australia during World War II, had imported several adults and several litters from McNiven. After his de-registration McNiven continued to export his "improved" dogs to the United States. Many U.S. soldiers who were stationed in Queensland or NSW during the War discovered the Australian Cattle Dog and took one home when they returned.

In the late 1950s a veterinarian in Santa Rosa, California, Jack Woolsey, was introduced to Lougher's dogs. With his partners, he bought several dogs and started breeding them. The breeders advertised the dogs in Western Horsemen stating they were guaranteed to work and calling them Queensland Heelers. Woolsey imported several purebred Australian Cattle Dogs to add to his breeding program, including Oaklea Blue Ace, Glen Iris Boomerang and several Glen Iris bitches. The National Stock Dog Registry of Butler, Indiana, registered the breed, assigning American numbers without reference to Australian registrations.

Australian Cattle Dogs had been classified in the "miscellaneous" category at the American Kennel Club (AKC) since the 1930s; to get the breed full recognition, the AKC required that a National Breed Parent Club be organised for promotion and protection of the breed. In 1967 Esther Ekman met Chris Smith-Risk at an AKC show, and the two fell into conversation about their Australian Cattle Dogs and the process of establishing a parent club for the breed. By 1969 the fledgling club had 12 members and formally applied to the AKC for instructions. One of the requirements was that the club had to start keeping its own registry for the breed and that all dogs on the registry would have to be an extension of the Australian registry, tracing back to registered dogs in Australia. The AKC Parent Club members began researching their dogs, including exchanging correspondence with McNiven, and discovered that few of them had dogs that could be traced back to dogs registered in Australia. The AKC took over the club registry in 1979 and the breed was fully recognised in September 1980. The Australian Cattle Dog Club of America is still active in the promotion of the breed and the maintenance of breed standards. The National Stock Dog Registry continued to recognise Cattle Dogs without prerequisite links to Australian registered dogs, on the condition that any dog of unknown parentage that was presented for registry would be registered as an "American Cattle Dog", and all others would still be registered as "Australian Cattle Dogs".

In Canada
The breed gained official recognition from the Canadian Kennel Club in January 1980 after five years of collecting pedigrees, gathering support, and lobbying officials by two breeders and enthusiasts. The small number of Australian Cattle Dogs in Canada at the time were primarily working dogs on farms and ranches scattered across large distances. However, the fledgling breed club held conformation shows, obedience and agility competitions, and entered their dogs in sports including flyball and lure coursing. At the end of 1980, Landmaster Carina was named the first Australian Cattle Dog in Canada to gain both her conformation and obedience titles.

In the United Kingdom
The first registered Australian Cattle Dogs to arrive in the United Kingdom were two blue puppies, Lenthel Flinton and Lenthel Darlot, imported in 1980 by Malcolm Duding.  They were followed soon afterwards by Landmaster Darling Red in whelp. Landmaster Darling Red was imported by John and Mary Holmes, and proved to be an outstanding brood bitch. Over the next few years additional Cattle Dogs arrived in the UK from the Netherlands, Kenya, Germany and Australia, although prior to relaxation of rules regarding artificial insemination, the UK gene pool was limited. In 1985 the Australian Cattle Dog Society of Great Britain was formed and officially recognised by the Kennel Club; before this they had to compete in the category "Any Variety Not Separately Classified". Australian Cattle Dogs were competing successfully in obedience and working trials in the UK during the 1980s.

See also
 Texas Heeler

Citations

General and cited references

External links

Dog breeds originating in Australia
FCI breeds
Herding dogs

Australian Cattle Dog


Nikolai Petrovich Petrov (Russian: Николай Петрович Петров; 18 September 1834, in Saint Petersburg – 25 July 1876, in Ariccia) was a Russian genre painter; one of the founders of the Artel of Artists.

Biography
He was born to a middle-class family and attended the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts, where he studied under Alexey Markov and was awarded several small silver medals. In 1860, he won a large silver medal for his painting of three fables by Ivan Krylov. In 1862, he was awarded a gold medal for his canvas "Courting the Tailor's Daughter", which remains one of his most familiar works.

The following year, he was one of the graduate students who participated in the "Revolt of the Fourteen"; refusing to compete for a special gold medal on the occasion of the Academy's 100th anniversary, in protest of the school's continued adherence to what they felt were outmoded styles and teaching methods. Later, they and joined together to form the "Artel of Artists", an organization devoted to promoting Realism in the arts.

Through the aegis of the Artel, he received numerous commissions. He was also involved in church decoration projects in Kronstadt, Ostrogozhsk, Oskol and Yekaterinodar and painted portraits of the nobility. For a time, he operated his own drawing school. In 1867, despite his participation in the Revolt, the Academy named him an "Academician" for his work, "Farmer in Distress".

In 1873, he began to show the symptoms of tuberculosis. In an effort to regain his health, he moved to Italy, spent some time studying the Old Masters, and created genre scenes on Italian subjects. The climate failed to improve his illness, however, and he died from it in 1876. He was buried at the Cimitero Acattolico in Rome, not far from his fellow Russian painters, Pimen Orlov and Karl Bryullov.

Selected paintings

References

Literary sources

External links

1834 births
1876 deaths
19th-century painters from the Russian Empire
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Russian male painters
Russian genre painters
Painters from Saint Petersburg
Tuberculosis deaths in Italy
Infectious disease deaths in Lazio
19th-century male artists from the Russian Empire

Nikolai Petrovich Petrov


The National Fascist Party was the ruling party of the Kingdom of Italy from 1922 to 1943. It was a far-right party and followed the ideology of fascism.

Benito Mussolini founded the party in 1919 and served as its chairman (Italian:Presidente del Partito Nazionale Fascista) from 1919 to 1943. The party came to power after Mussolini led thousands of Blackshirts on a march in Rome and forced King Victor Emmanuel III to appoint him as Prime Minister. Mussolini then banned all other political parties and established a one-party police state, which lasted until he was thrown out of power by his own citizens and ordered to be arrested by the King in 1943. After Mussolini's arrest, the National Fascist Party was destroyed.

Later parties

Republican Fascist Party
However, Mussolini was rescued from prison by German soldiers sent by Adolf Hitler in 1943, and was made the head of state (this time a member of the newly created Republican Fascist Party) of the Italian Social Republic, a puppet state whose real laws were made by the Nazis.

Mussolini was killed by Italian citizens in 1945 and the Republican Fascist Party was dissolved and banned after World War 2 ended in 1945 .

References

Political parties in Italy
Nationalist organizations in Europe
Fascism

National Fascist Party


In Christianity, the word of wisdom is a spiritual gift listed in 1 Corinthians 12:8. The function that this gift is given varies. Some Christians see in this gift a prophetic-like function. Others see in the word of wisdom a teaching function. This gift is closely related with the gift of the word of knowledge.

Description
Commentators have often placed this gift within the larger context of the biblical wisdom tradition, especially references to God's secret wisdom in 1 Corinthians 2:6-10 and elsewhere in the letter. The secret wisdom pertains to the Gospel that Paul preached. This wisdom relates to that which God had previously hidden and destined for the glory of believers. It is a wisdom that speaks of those things that God has prepared for those who love him. These emphases from the broader context of the Corinthian letter could imply that the word of wisdom involves insight into God's plan of salvation and the proclamation of Christ crucified.

Commentators have noted both a prophetic and a teaching character to the word of wisdom. Among Charismatics, the gift is often defined as a revelation of the Holy Spirit that applies scriptural wisdom to a specific situation that a Christian community faces. According to Pentecostal theologian Donald Gee, "One is deeply conscious that the supremely right thing has been said and the true course of action indicated. No further appeal is desired because the heart rests in a calm satisfaction that the will of God has been revealed".

Some commentators translate the term as "teaching of wisdom" and prefer to focus on the gift's function in teaching the truths of scripture. The Catholic Encyclopedia defines it as "the grace of propounding the Faith effectively, of bringing home to the minds and hearts of the listener with Divine persuasiveness, the hidden mysteries and the moral precepts of Christianity". Donald Gee writes:

References

Charismatic and Pentecostal Christianity
Spiritual gifts
Christian terminology

Word of wisdom


"One for the Road" is a short story by Stephen King, first published in the March/April 1977 issue of Maine, and later collected in King's 1978 collection Night Shift.

Plot summary
The story is told by a man named Booth. Three years after the events of Salem's Lot, vampires still prowl the burned-out remains of Jerusalem's Lot and its environs. Residents of nearby towns, including Booth, know this and live in unspoken fear, wearing religious symbols for protection and never venturing near the area. One night, Booth and his friend, bar owner Herb "Tookey" Tooklander, attempt to rescue the wife and daughter of a motorist named Gerard Lumley, whose vehicle is stranded in a ferocious blizzard. Initially contemptuous of Lumley for driving in such weather, both are horrified upon realizing that his vehicle is stranded in Jerusalem's Lot. They reluctantly drive out in an International Scout with Lumley to try to save his wife and daughter, fearing the worst.

The three locate Lumley's Mercedes still running and heated but nonetheless abandoned. The two men, realizing what has likely happened to Lumley's family, try to get him to leave with them, but Lumley refuses and stumbles around in the snow, calling for his wife and daughter. Lumley's wife emerges from the dark and Lumley hurries toward her; he notices her fanged teeth and red eyes too late and is bitten. Booth nearly falls victim to Lumley's daughter, but Tookey throws a Douay Bible at her as both men scramble into the Scout, quickly fleeing the area.

Booth concludes by saying Tookey died of a heart attack a couple of years after the incident. He mentions that he has nightmares about that night and about Lumley's daughter, and warns the reader that if they are in the area, to never go up the road into Jerusalem's Lot for any reason, especially at night, lest the reader encounters Lumley's daughter, the little girl who is "still waiting for her goodnight kiss".

Connection to King's other works
This story acts as a sequel to King's 1975 novel 'Salem's Lot, and is also connected to the story of "Jerusalem's Lot", which is a prequel to both, while also appearing in Night Shift. Both stories were later collected in the 2005 Salem's Lot Illustrated Edition.

See also
 Stephen King short fiction bibliography

References

External links

'Salem's Lot
1978 short stories
Horror short stories
Short stories by Stephen King
Short stories set in Maine
Short stories about vampires
Works originally published in American magazines
Works originally published in lifestyle magazines

One for the Road (short story)


EverQuest Role-Playing Game is a role-playing game based on the EverQuest fantasy massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG). The game was published by White Wolf under its Sword and Sorcery Studios imprint. EverQuest Role-Playing Game shares many things with the MMORPG, such as setting, available races and classes, monsters, spells, and items.

History
EverQuest Role-Playing Game was first published in summer 2002 under Wizards of the Coast's Open Gaming License using a system nearly identical to the d20 System; however, it was not d20 System branded because it included self-contained rules for character creation and advancement.

In early 2005, a major revision in the form of the EverQuest II Player's Guide was released, which deviated even further from the d20 System. A notable example is its approach to classes. There are only four character classes, called "Archetypes", available to starting characters. Each archetype has several more advanced classes, called "Classes" and "Subclasses", associated with it; these work much like prestige classes in standard d20 System games. Characters can freely mix the four basic archetypes, but may only take the more advanced classes associated with one of the archetypes.

The EverQuest II Player's Guide did not contain rules for magic, though a free download at Sword and Sorcery Studio's website did give basic spells for low-level characters. Almost a year later, on March 1 2006, the EverQuest II Spell Guide, which included the core rules for magic and a full spell list, was published in PDF form only.

Freelancers and customer service representatives have stated that future EverQuest RPG releases, if any, will have statistics for both the EverQuest and EverQuest II games, rather than being exclusively for one or the other. As of 2011 no further products in either line have been released, and all mention of the EverQuest property have been removed from the White Wolf website.

Volumes

References

External links
White Wolf Publishing, Inc. page

D20 System
EverQuest
Fantasy role-playing games
Role-playing games based on video games
Role-playing games introduced in 2002
White Wolf Publishing games

EverQuest Role-Playing Game


Bessie Ada Charles (1869 – 4 November 1932) was a British architect. In 1900, she became one of the first women to enter the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA).

Early life
Bessie Charles, her sister Ethel Charles and brother Ronald Charles were born in Calcutta to Thomas Edmonton Charles (1834–1906), a doctor in private practice (also later honorary physician to King Edward VII), and Ada Henrietta Charles (1848–1931/2).

The family left India in 1877, settling at first in Cannes, then for twenty years spent their summers in Switzerland and winters in Rome, and visiting to England annually. Ethel and Bessie Charles were both educated privately and together read modern languages at Somerville College, Oxford for a year in 1891–2.

Despite being presented at court, their father encouraged both daughters to explore a profession.

Career
Between 1892 and 1895, Bessie and Ethel were articled to Sir Ernest George and Peto, the architectural practice of Ernest George and Harold Peto. In 1892 they were proposed for membership of the Architectural Association School of Architecture, but withdrew after opposition. They attended the school of architecture at The Bartlett (University College London), studying architecture as a fine art, a course in architectural history (second class certificates, 1892–3); however, they did not take the professional elements of the programme, which were not thought appropriate for women students. They were the first women to study architecture at UCL. In 1900, Bessie took the qualifying examination for the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) and was elected, one year after Ethel.

From 1898 to 1905 Ethel and Bessie Charles lived together in Marylebone, London, in a building which provided accommodation for single professional women. Both sisters lived from time to time in the family home in Camberley, Surrey, but they shifted the focus of their architectural practice to Clift Cottage in Flushing, Cornwall. Their most notable work is a Bible Christian Chapel at Mylor Bridge, near Falmouth (1907).

See also
Women in architecture

References

20th-century British architects
1869 births
1932 deaths
British women architects
20th-century English women
20th-century English architects
Alumni of University College London
Alumni of Somerville College, Oxford

Bessie Charles


Hôtel Meurice de Calais is a hotel in Calais, France. It was established in 1771 and was one of the earliest hotels on the continent of Europe to specifically cater for the British elite. It has 41 en-suite rooms.

History
In the mid-18th century, the French postmaster, Charles-Augustin Meurice (born 1738), understood that English tourists wanted to be on the continent with the comforts and conveniences they were used to at home. In 1771, Meurice opened the hotel as a coach inn named the Le Chariot Royal on Rue Edmond Roche in Calais. In 1815, he opened the Hôtel Meurice in Paris, originally located at 223 Rue Saint Honore. Le Meurice offered everything to make life easier for the traveler; apartments of various sizes, areas set aside where travelers could sit and talk, specialty laundry soap, English-speaking staff, and currency exchange, among other amenities.  The hotel was rebuilt in 1954–55.

References

External links
Official site

Hotel buildings completed in 1771
Hotels in France
Hotels established in 1771
Buildings and structures in Calais
1771 establishments in France

Hôtel Meurice de Calais


Sean Reycraft is a Canadian screenwriter, television producer and playwright. He is most noted for his theatrical play Pop Song, which won the Floyd S. Chalmers Canadian Play Award in the Youth Theatre division in 2001, and as the screenwriter of Laurie Lynd's 2007 film Breakfast with Scot.

The son of former Ontario MPP Doug Reycraft, he was born and raised in Glencoe. He was an actor in the early 1990s before premiering his first play, Einstein Dreams at Buddies in Bad Times in 1996. His later plays included Reconstruction, The End of Dancing, Roundabout, Strange Things Happen, and One Good Marriage.

He studied film and television writing at the Canadian Film Centre, and has since been a writer and producer on television series such as Braceface, The Eleventh Hour, Degrassi: The Next Generation, Instant Star, Slings & Arrows, The Best Years, 90210, Being Erica, The Vampire Diaries, Switched at Birth, Finding Carter and Killjoys.

He is out as gay.

References

External links

20th-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
21st-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
Canadian male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Canadian screenwriters
Canadian television writers
Canadian television producers
Canadian LGBT dramatists and playwrights
Canadian LGBT screenwriters
LGBT producers
Canadian gay writers
Writers from Ontario
People from Middlesex County, Ontario
Living people
Canadian Film Centre alumni
20th-century Canadian male writers
21st-century Canadian male writers
Canadian male television writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Canadian screenwriters
Canadian male screenwriters
Gay screenwriters
Gay dramatists and playwrights
21st-century Canadian LGBT people
20th-century Canadian LGBT people

Sean Reycraft


Terminalia schimperiana is a species of Terminalia, native to tropical Africa from Guinea and Sierra Leone east to Uganda and Ethiopia.

Growth
It is a broadleaved small tree that can reach up to 7–14 m, variably deciduous in the dry season to semi-evergreen, depending on the climate. The leaves are alternate, simple, elliptic to obovate, entire, 9–15 cm long and 3–8 cm broad, green above with pale undersides. The flowers are tiny and form pale spikes at the base of the leaves. The fruit is a samara with a single wing 6–9 cm long, that turns brown with age.

Characteristics
It can be found in open forest habitats with more than 1300 mm of rainfall per year. as well as closed forest. When it is found in closed forest, it typically is part of the forest canopy. It may be the dominant large tree species where it is found. Fire and debarking by elephants can damage the trees.

Medicinal uses
In parts of West Africa, T. schimperiana is used as a medicinal plant.  The bark is applied to wounds, and the twigs may be chewed to promote oral hygiene.  In laboratory experiments, extracts of the plant were found to have in vitro antibiotic properties against Staphylococcus. The plant extracts also have antifungal properties in vitro.

References

External links

schimperiana
Plants used in traditional African medicine
Trees of Africa

Terminalia schimperiana


Sunpadh (; also spelled Sunpad and Sunbadh) was an Iranian nobleman from the House of Karen, who incited an uprising against the Abbasid Caliphate in the 8th century.

Background
Sunpadh was a Zoroastrian nobleman, who was a native of a village called Ahan in Nishapur, Khorasan. He most likely belonged to the ancient House of Karen, formerly one of the seven great houses of the pre-Islamic Parthian and Sasanian eras. Khorasan had originally been a fief of the Karenids, but the family lost control of the province at the battle of Nishapur during the Arab conquest of Iran, thus forcing many Karenid nobles to withdraw to Tabaristan, where a branch of the family, the Qarinvand dynasty, had managed to withstand the Arab incursions.

Revolt
Following the betrayal and subsequent death of the Iranian general Abu Muslim by the Abbasid caliph al-Mansur (r. 754-775) in 755, the enraged Sunpadh revolted. He captured the cities of Nishapur, Qumis, and Ray, and was called "Firuz ispahbadh" ("the victorious ispahbadh"). At Ray, he seized the treasuries of Abu Muslim. Most of his supporters were from Jibal and Tabaristan—the Dabuyid ruler, Khurshid (r. 740–760), supported the anti-Abbasid rebellion of Sunpadh, and was in return given a part of Abu Muslim's treasure.

According to Nizam al-Mulk, Ibn al-Athir, and Mirkhvand, Sunpadh swore to march on Mecca and destroy the Kaaba. However, according to Patricia Crone, this is unlikely, who says "the idea that he should have rushed off in anger from Nishapur in order singlehandedly to bring down the caliphate and Islam is absurd." Other sources state that Sunpadh declared himself as a prophet, and disagreed on Abu Muslim's death, claiming to be his mediator. Sunpadh allegedly further preached that "Abu Muslim has not died, and when Mansur meant to slay him, he chanted God's great name, turned into a white dove and flew away. Now he is standing with Mahdi and Mazdak in a castle of copper and they shall emerge by and by." This, however, is a misrepresentation of Sunpadh, whose intention by revolting, was most likely to remove the Muslims from power.

A force of 10,000 Abbasid troops under Jahwar ibn Marrar al-Ijli was shortly sent towards Sunpadh—they clashed between Hamadan and Ray, where Sunpadh was defeated and routed. According to the historian Ibn Isfandiyar, countless of Abu Muslim's and Sunpadh's supporters were killed in the defeat that their bones were still noticeable in 912. Sunpadh then fled to Tabaristan, but was killed there by one of Khurshid's cousins, ostensibly because he had failed to show the man proper respect. It is possible, however, that the murder was instigated by Khurshid, in the hope of acquiring the remainder of Abu Muslim's treasure.

References

Sources

People from Nishapur
8th-century Iranian people
Rebels from the Abbasid Caliphate
Iranian rebels
House of Karen
755 deaths
Iranian Zoroastrians
Persia under the Abbasid Caliphate

Sunpadh


Eledoisin is an undecapeptide of mollusk origin, belonging to the tachykinin family of neuropeptides.

It was first isolated from the posterior salivary glands of two mollusk species Eledone muschata and Eledone aldovandi, which belong to the octopod order of Cephalopoda.

Other tachykinins from nonmammalian sources include kassinin and physalaemin. The mammalian tachykinins substance P, NKA, and NKB have similar effects as tachykinins of nonmammals and have been more widely studied and characterized.  These peptides exhibit a wide and complex spectrum of pharmacological and physiological activities such as vasodilation, hypertension, and stimulation of extravascular smooth muscle.

Eledoisin has the amino acid sequence pGlu-Pro-Ser-Lys-Asp-Ala-Phe-Ile-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2 (qPSKDAFIGLM-NH2) where pGlu and q stand for pyroglutamic acid.   Like all tachykinin peptides, Eledoisin shares the same consensus C-terminal sequence, that is, Phe-Xxx-Gly-Leu-Met-NH.  The invariant "Phe7" residue is probably required for receptor binding. "Xxx" is either an aromatic (phenylalanine, tyrosine) or a branched aliphatic (valine, isoleucine) side chain and is thought to be important in receptor selectivity. This common region, often referred to as the "message domain," is believed to be responsible for activating the receptor. The divergent N-terminal region or the "address domain" varies in amino-acid sequence and length and is believed to play a role in determining the receptor subtype specificity.

References

Marine neurotoxins
Neuropeptides
Neurotransmitters
Octopus toxins

Eledoisin


An Ashik is a traveling bard, in Turkey, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia,  and Iran.  They sing and play the saz, a form of lute. The songs are made up on the spot around common ideas.

The Ashik tradition started with the Shamanistic beliefs of ancient Turkic peoples.  The ancient ashiks were called by many names.  Some names were bakhshi (Baxşı), dede (dədə), and uzan or ozan. They helped keep oral tradition, helped make a shared value system and kept the culture of their people.

In September 2009, Azerbaijan's ashik art was added to the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.

The word Ashik comes from the Arabic word Asheq.  It means the "one who is in love".

References

Musical groups
Folk music
Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity

Ashik


The Chicago Board of Trade Building is a skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The Chicago Board of Trade Building is currently the 37th tallest building in Chicago. It stands , and has 44 floors. The building has a faceless statue of Ceres (goddess of agriculture) as a reference to the exchange's heritage as a commodity market.

History

The Chicago Board of Trade Building was built in 1929 and finished in 1930. It is at 141 W. Jackson Boulevard at the foot of the LaSalle Street canyon, in the Chicago Loop community area in Cook County. It first became a Chicago landmark in May 4, 1977. The building was made a National Historic Landmark on June 2, 1978. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 16, 1978.

Originally built for the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT), it is now the primary trading venue for the derivatives exchange, the CME Group, The CME Group was founded in 2007 when the Chicago Board of Trade and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange merged.

Movies
The building has been featured in several movies, such as Transformers: Dark of the Moon, Batman Begins, Ferris Bueller's Day Off, and The Dark Knight. The building was featured as the outer part of the Daily Planet in the 2013 Superman movie Man of Steel.

Related pages
 Chicago
 List of tallest buildings in Chicago
 List of tallest buildings in the United States

References

Other websites

 Official Building Page from CBOT.com

Skyscrapers in Chicago
Art Deco buildings
Landmarks in Chicago
20th-century architecture
1930 establishments in the United States
1930s establishments in Illinois

Chicago Board of Trade Building


Ben Holden (born November 3, 1970 in Lansing, Michigan) is a sportscaster most recently with CBS Sports Network and has been with the Big Ten Network.

Biography
Holden called college football, basketball, and ice hockey for the CBS Sports Network and done similar roles for the Big Ten Network and Comcast SportsNet and was the voice of the Lake Erie Monsters. He has even called football and hockey games for ESPNU and CBS College Sports Network. For one season, Holden called games for the Indianapolis Indians. He also called the 2008 Stanley Cup Finals for NHL International as well and served as sports anchor/reporter for WILX-TV. He won two Emmy Awards; one in 2007 and one in 2008. He also has called college field hockey, softball, lacrosse, and soccer games for ESPN Plus. He also has called Arena football, MISL soccer, women's college basketball, volleyball, and wrestling.

References

http://radiodiscussions.com/smf/index.php?action=printpage;topic=198548.0
http://sportsmediajournal.com/2012/09/25/college-hockey-this-season-on-cbs-sports-network

Living people
1970 births
People from Lansing, Michigan
American sports announcers
Ice hockey commentators
National Hockey League broadcasters
Lacrosse announcers
Baseball announcers
College football announcers
College basketball announcers in the United States
Association football commentators
Arena football announcers
Women's college basketball announcers in the United States
American Hockey League broadcasters
College hockey announcers in the United States
Alliance of American Football announcers

Ben Holden


The Fall of the Rebel Angels is an oil painting by the Italian late Baroque artist Luca Giordano, painted in  1666, and now exhibited at the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. Its dimensions are 419 × 283 cm.

History and description
The work was most probably performed during the Venetian period of Giordano and the two strongest influences that the Neapolitan painter had during his life are evident in the canvas. The lower part of the painting, characterized by the presence of the demons defeated by the archangel Michael, shows a clear rebellious imprint in the chiaroscuro features of the scene; while the upper part, characterized by the figure of the saint, shows evident influences of Venetian painting.

The image of Saint Michael mirrors that of classical iconography, showing its spread wings, with a sword, with a heavenly dress and a red cape; intent on expelling the demons that came from the underworld on the earth. The only differences that there are with another painting to the same subject, always performed by Giordano a few years earlier (1663) and now kept at the Gemäldegalerie of Berlin, is that in this work of Vienna's saint is portrayed holding a sword instead of a lance and that his head is uncovered without helmet.

Notes

Bibliography
 Luca Giordano, 1634-1705, Editrice Electa (2001)

External links

1666 paintings
Paintings by Luca Giordano
Paintings depicting Michael (archangel)
Paintings in the Kunsthistorisches Museum

The Fall of the Rebel Angels (Giordano)


2 YNFYNYTY is the third studio album by Texas noise rock band Cherubs, released through Brutal Panda Records on March 3, 2015 The album marks the band's first studio recording since their reunion in 2014, and it is the first release by the band since Short of Popular, a B-side collection the trio released in 1996, two years after their break-up. The record was released on digital, vinyl, and cassette tape formats, with the latter two initially being released in limited quantities.

Background
The band first formed in 1991 with Kevin Whitley on guitar, Owen McMahon on bass, and Brant Pager on drums. In 1992, the trio were signed to Trance Syndicate and released two full-length albums, Icing and Heroin Man, before breaking up in 1994. An outtake collection, titled Short of Popular, was released in 1996. In 2014, the trio reunited and began to work on a new album with the intentions to release it by the end of the year. In December 2014, it was officially announced via the Brutal Panda Records YouTube page that the new album would be titled 2 YNFYNYTY, and will be released on March 3, 2015.

The album was released digitally through the band's official Bandcamp page, and physical editions were released in limited quantities. There were 500 vinyl copies pressed: 100 gold colored copies with a "white haze", 150 clear copies with gold splatters, and 250 standard black copies. A second pressing was made after the first 500 copies were sold out, 300 white copies with black splatters. The cassette edition was limited to 100 gold colored tapes.

Track listing

Personnel
Kevin Whitley – guitar, vocals
Owen McMahon – bass, vocals
Brent Pager – drums
Mike McCarthy – production
Howie Weinberg – mastering

References

External links

2015 albums
Cherubs (American band) albums

2 YNFYNYTY


Sowley Pond is a  biological Site of Special Scientific Interest east of Lymington in Hampshire. It is part of Solent and Southampton Water Ramsar site and  Special Protection Area. It is an important refuge for both surface feeding and diving ducks and functions as an integral part of the marshland system of the west Solent.

Location
Sowley Pond is situated on the southern edge of the New Forest, approximately 1 km from the Solent and is midway between Lymington and Bucklers Hard. The road crossing the dam that was constructed to form the pond is part of the Solent Way long-distance footpath.

History
Sowley Pond was formed in the fourteenth century by monks from nearby Beaulieu Abbey who dammed the Crockford stream, which rises on Beaulieu Heath, to form a fishery.

During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the pond was used to supply water for an ironworks situated on the opposite side of the road on what is now Sandpit Lane.

The Ironworks
The Sowley ironworks were completed in the 1590s by the Earl of Southampton. It had a tenuous existence during the 17th century, but with the rapid expansion of Portsmouth dockyard the works were taken over by Henry Corbett, a specialist blacksmith from London, who set up a forge at Beaulieu in conjunction with Sowley. He was financed by Edmund Dummer, a former surveyor of the Navy, and naval contracts for wrought iron followed. Corbett died in 1708 and Dummer continued the business until 1712 when he went bankrupt and  his brother Thomas (an ex-navy purser) continued to supply the navy until 1716. By the 1790s, the ironworks were leased by Charles Pocock who lived at the adjacent Sowley House but the ironworks became uneconomic and ceased operating after the Napoleonic Wars. The forge continued to operate until about 1822.

At various times a water powered blast furnace existed as well as (intermittently) a finery forge. In the 1750s an air furnace was built. Today, the site of the furnace is indicated by a patch of reddened earth, around which is a heavy concentration of furnace slag. The site of the forge is near the edge of a hollow (wheelpit) below the dam, where heavy concentrations of forge cinder marks are evident. There is a local saying that "the Sowley hammer can be heard" which means that rain is on the way.

Sowley House
The house, which is situated to the south of the pond, is privately owned and not open to the public. In 2001, it was occupied by Otto and Catharina van der Vorm, from the Netherlands. The gardens have large quantities of rare orchids and wild flower meadows which extend down to the Solent shore.

The former Forge Hammer Inn adjacent to the house and ironworks was used by smugglers in the eighteenth century to hide contraband. The goods were landed at nearby Pitts Deep Hard and hidden in the cellars of the inn. During one raid by the coastguard the landlady was despatched to divert the coastguards while the tubs of illicit brandy were moved from their hiding place in the chimney to the safety of a nearby copse of trees. "The landlady advanced upon them. Singling out one of the officers who owed her a score for...liquid refreshment, she abused him roundly for not paying his debts..." When the contraband was safe, the landlady admitted the coastguard, who found nothing, and were once more abused for interfering with the business of honest citizens.

Flora
Among the tree and plant species found at Sowley are:
Oak
Scots pine
Hazel
Common hawthorn
Butcher's broom
Wood spurge
Early purple orchid
Lesser quaking-grass

Fauna
Sowley is the home to many species of bird, including:
Mallard
Eurasian wigeon
Eurasian teal
Tufted duck
Common pochard
Great crested grebe
Grey heron

The heronry at Sowley is one of the largest in Hampshire; in 2018 this held 17 occupied nests.

Variable damselfly also breed at Sowley Pond.

In the 1900s, King Edward VII presented a pair of sika deer to John, the second Baron Montagu of Beaulieu. This pair escaped into Sowley Wood and were the basis of the large herds of sika to be found in the forest today. They were so prolific that culling had to be introduced in the 1930s to control numbers.

References

Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Hampshire
Industrial history of England
Ironworks and steelworks in England
Ramsar sites in England
Special Protection Areas in England

Sowley Pond


The Siphonophores are an order of cnidarian invertebrates in the class Hydrozoa. The Portuguese man o' war is an example.

A siphonophore is not a single animal. It is a colony of four kinds of zooids. Zooids are very small, highly modified individuals. All the zooids in a colony are genetically identical. These zooids are specialized polyps and medusoids.

Though structurally similar to other cnidarians, the zooids do not live by themselves: they are attached to each other. Each type of zooid is not self-sufficient. It depends for survival on the others doing what it cannot do by itself.

So close do the zooids fit together that the colony looks like a single individual. It was a triumph of 19th century biology to discover the real nature of the siphonophores.

Bathyphysa conifera
Portuguese man o' war

References

Cnidarians

Siphonophore


Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho is a 1990 non-fiction book by Stephen Rebello. It details the creation of director Alfred Hitchcock's 1960 thriller Psycho. The 2012 American biographical drama film directed by Sacha Gervasi, based on this non-fiction book is titled Hitchcock. The film was released on November 23, 2012.

The book was first published on April 15, 1990, by Dembner Books, and distributed by W. W. Norton & Company. Stephen Rebello researched the film thoroughly through Hitchcock's personal records and archives and he interviewed virtually every surviving cast and crew member. Prior to the book's publication, Rebello's initial research appeared as a 22-page article in the April 1986 issue of Cinefantastique magazine entitled "Psycho: The Making of Alfred Hitchcock's Masterpiece". That research was expanded for the book version.

Synopsis
The book details Hitchcock's acquisition of the original novel by Robert Bloch to his work with two different screenwriters, casting, filming, editing, scoring, and promotion. Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho shows the daily lives of the filmmakers, who believed they were making a modestly budgeted, black-and-white shocker, representing a radical departure from the elegant, suspenseful films that had made director Hitchcock's reputation, including Rope, Rear Window, To Catch a Thief, The Man Who Knew Too Much, and North by Northwest.

The project, which Hitchcock tackled in part to compete with financially successful, low-budget, youth-oriented horror movies, went on to astound many by becoming a cultural watershed, an international box-office success, a film classic, and a forerunner of the violent, disorienting films and real-events of the turbulent 1960s and '70s.

Publication history
Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho was initially distributed in hardcover print by W.W. Norton for Dembner Books on April 15, 1990, in the United States. A trade paperback edition was released in the United States in 1998 by St. Martin's Griffin. Subsequently, the book has been published in hardcover and paperback by Marion Boyars Limited in Great Britain and Australia. It has also been published in translated international editions in Japan by Byakuya Shobo, France, Germany, and in Italy by Il Castoro. The book has since become a standard and continues to be used in film studies classes on director Alfred Hitchcock.

In 2010, Open Road Media launched the first e-book version of the book, which in 2013 was re-published in a motion picture tie-in edition in the U.S.. The book has been re-published in early 2013 in the England, Italy and Japan, as well as published for the first time in Brazil, Germany, Poland, Hungary, Russia, Korea, and China. The same year, Blackstone Audio released an unabridged audiobook narrated by Paul Michael Garcia and, subsequently, by Richard Powers.

Critical reception
The book received considerable praise upon its publication as well as in subsequent years for reprints.

On the publication of the hardcover first edition in 1990, critic Richard Schickel called the book "indispensable and marvelously readable" and "one of the best accounts of the making of an individual movie we've ever had". Christopher Lehmann-Haupt of The New York Times declared it a "meticulous history of a single film production". Anthony Quinn in The Sunday Times wrote that "[the book] combines a gossipy retrospective with a serious work of criticism, presenting an articulate guide to Hitchcock's idiosyncratic approach to film-making and the collaborative efforts that underpinned it. The author has conducted interviews with all those involved in the making of Psycho – its casting, scripting, art design, lighting, editing, selling – in the course of it, we inch closer to the bizarre, unpredictable quality of its director".

The critic for Newsweek called the book "wonderful" and observed, "Stephen Rebello makes reading about Psycho almost as much fun as watching it". Psycho star Anthony Perkins called the book a "meticulously researched and irresistible ... Required reading not only for Psycho-philes, but for anyone interested in the backstage world of movie-creation". Images Journal reviewer Gary Johnson called it "one of the best books ever written about the making of a movie". Gerald Kaufman of The Sunday Telegraph found it "joyously entertaining".

Entertainment Weekly, referring to Rebello's revealing how Hitchcock arrived at the sound of the knife stabbing the heroine in the shower, opined "the melon tale alone is worth the price of [the book]". Another top critic wrote that, unlike other books about films and filmmakers, it "reads more like a gripping novel than detached intellectualism".

In a January 6, 2010 Newsweek story called "The Mother of All Horror Films", Malcolm Jones called the book "fascinating". Robert Graysmith, true crime author of the non-fiction book Zodiac described the book as "groundbreaking ... the most faithful, comprehensive and first book on the filming of Hitchcock's masterpiece, the bedrock upon which all Psycho mansions are erected".

Leonard Maltin, in his "Movie Crazy" blog entry of October 29, 2010, called the book a "landmark". In 2012, a writer for The Hollywood Reporter declared the book "a masterpiece about a masterpiece". The Guardian critic John Patterson called the book "enthralling" and, on February 1, 2013, in The Guardian described the book as "revelatory". David Pitt of Booklist wrote: "There are a handful of Hitchcock biographies—Donald Spoto's The Dark Side of Genius and Patrick McGilligan's Alfred Hitchcock, among them—but here, though focusing on a single film, Rebello offers a close-up look at the director that is perhaps more revelatory about the man's character and working style than any full-length biography. A wonderful, absolutely essential book".

Table of contents
Foreword
The Awful Truth
The Trouble with Alfred
The Novel
The Director
The Deal
The Screenplays
Pre-production
Shooting
Post-production
Publicity
The Release
Afterglow and Aftermath
Cast and Credits
The Films of Alfred Hitchcock
A Note on Sources
Selected Bibliography
Index

Film adaptation

A film adaptation based upon the book was made. The film is directed by Sacha Gervasi and stars Anthony Hopkins as director Alfred Hitchcock, Helen Mirren as his wife Alma Reville, Scarlett Johansson as Janet Leigh, Jessica Biel as Vera Miles, and James D'Arcy as Anthony Perkins. Produced by The Montecito Picture Company and distributed by Fox Searchlight Pictures, the film was released in 17 U.S. cities on November 23, 2012.

References

External links

Stephen Rebello: In Hollywood with Alfred Hitchcock – Interview Portuguese American Journal

1990 non-fiction books
American non-fiction books
Non-fiction books adapted into films
Psycho (franchise)
Works about Alfred Hitchcock
W. W. Norton & Company books
Books about individual films


Anders Reidar Kjellberg (19 April 1904 – 22 February 1978) was a Norwegian art historian
and museum director.

Biography
Anders Reidar Kjellberg was born in Fredrikstad in Østfold county, Norway. Kjellberg took his final exams in 1924 and began studying theology. However, he soon found out that he was more interested in the history of science, art history and literary history. In 1934 he took a master's degree in art history at the University of Oslo.

In 1934, he was hired as an assistant keeper at the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History (Norsk Folkemuseum),  a large open-air museum located on Bygdøy in the  Frogner borough of Oslo.  He was promoted to deputy director in 1940. He became Director of the museum in 1947 as a replacement for the founding director, Hans Aall (1867- 1946).   He remained museum director until he retired in 1974.

In 1951, the Sami collection in the Ethnographic Museum of the University of Oslo was transferred to the Norsk Folkemuseum. Kjellberg chaired the Broadcasting Council (Kringkastingsrådet), the  advisory board to the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation from 1951 to 1958 and the  Association of Museums of Art and Cultural History  (Norske Kunst- og Kulturhistoriske Museer) from 1957 to 1966.

In 1957, Kjellberg was elected a member of the Royal Gustavus Adolphus Academy and in 1962 of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, where during the period 1964-1968 he was also a member of the Board. Reidar Kjellberg received the 1973 Oslo City Culture Award.

Selected works
Håndverkeren og kjøpmannen, i Norsk kulturhistorie, bd. 2 (1938)
Blant laugsbrødre, ibid., bd. 3(1939)
Et halvt århundre. Norsk Folkemuseum 1894–1944 (1945)
Hugo Lous Mohr's takmalerier i Oslo domkirke (1952)
Til Sparre Olsen på 50-årsdagen (1953)
Thorbjørn Lie-Jørgensen (1961)
Den store stasjon og andre kåserier (1965)

References

Other sources
Hegard, Tonte Hans Aall - mannen, visjonen og verket (Norsk Folkemuseum, Oslo: 1994)
Norsk Folkemuseum Pa Nordmanns vis: Norsk folkemuseum gjennom 100 ar (Aschehoug, Oslo: 1993)

External links
 Norsk Folkemuseum

1904 births
1978 deaths
People from Fredrikstad
Norwegian art historians
Directors of museums in Norway
20th-century Norwegian historians
University of Oslo alumni

Reidar Kjellberg


The Acquittal is a 1923 American silent mystery film based on the play of the same name by Rita Weiman. The film was directed by Clarence Brown, who would later start a long career at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The film stars Norman Kerry, Claire Windsor, Richard Travers, and Barbara Bedford. The film was released by Universal Pictures.

Synopsis
As described in a trade magazine:
 Who killed Andrew Prentice? Kenneth Winthrop is tried for the murder of his foster-father, Andrew Prentice. His foster-brother, Robert Armstrong is his accuser. Both love Madeline, who has chosen Winthrop. Armstrong alleges that Edith Craig, secretly engaged to the dead man, and Winthrop were in love, but it is not believed. Circumstantial evidence is introduced offering the time as given by a certain clock. Madeline discovers that what they took for a clock in a butcher's store window was a circular meat scale, the hand of which stays at twelve, the top of the scale, when not in use. This discovery clears her husband. A postal inspector produces a letter written on the night of the murder by Prentice, which had been stolen in a mail holdup and recovered.  This letter solves the whole mystery and puts the guilt on the shoulders of Prentice, who then confesses and commits suicide. Madeline finally finds happiness with Armstrong, who has always loved her.

Cast

Reviews and reception
George T. Pardy wrote in the Exhibitor's Trade Review that Brown had "utilized the flashback with excellent effect in developing the evidence in the case, and right here it should be stated that the courtroom stuff, so frequently overdone and burdened with unnecessary wearisome detail where the average film is concerned, is handled with such dexterity and colorful appeal that the trial scene rivets the spectator's attention from the beginning to end". Mary Mac said of the film in the Universal Weekly, that "there's a real mystery for you to set your teeth into. You may figure yourself into delirium and you'll probably figure wrong. The picture has been excellently directed, well knit, shorn of irrelevant details, full of suspense, and building steadily and forcefully up to its climaxes".

A theater manager in Seattle, invited the prosecuting attorneys, county officials, and fifteen law students to a special screening of the film, where he passed out printed ballots for the guests to mark as to who they thought was guilty. Only 4 out of 137 guessed correctly who the murderer was.

Preservation
A print of The Acquittal is held in the Library of Congress archives in the Raymond Rohauer collection.

References

External links

The Acquittal at the Internet Broadway Database
Lobby card cluster (archived)

1923 films
1923 mystery films
American silent feature films
Films directed by Clarence Brown
Universal Pictures films
American mystery films
American films based on plays
American black-and-white films
1920s American films
Silent mystery films

The Acquittal


Lorenzo Giovanni "Renzo" Arbore  (; born 24 June 1937) is an Italian television host, singer, actor and film director.

Career
Arbore became nationally recognized as radio anchor man, together with Gianni Boncompagni, in the late 1960s, with shows such as Bandiera gialla (1965), Per voi giovani (1967), Alto Gradimento (1970), increasingly marked by their ironical approach which later became one of their brands. He debuted in Italian television with Speciale per voi (1969–1970), which included debates about singers of that age. His first great TV success was the surreal L'altra domenica ("The Other Sunday", 1976–1979), in which he launched numerous comedians including Mario Marenco, Isabella Rossellini and Roberto Benigni. Also very successful were Quelli della notte (1985), with Nino Frassica, Riccardo Pazzaglia, Maurizio Ferrini, and Roberto D'Agostino, and Indietro tutta!(1988), again with Frassica, which established Arbore as one of the most intelligent and cult figures of Italian televisions.

In the meantime Arbore wrote and directed the movies Il pap'occhio (1980) and "FF.SS." – Cioè: "...che mi hai portato a fare sopra a Posillipo se non mi vuoi più bene?" (1983), both surreal stories featuring numerous actors launched by him and others friends (including Luciano De Crescenzo, Benigni, Rossellini and many others), set in his adoptive city of Naples. Arbore also played and sang in numerous of his shows, notably in Quelli della Notte and Indietro tutta!, whose music albums sold hundreds of thousand copies in Italy.

An apt amateur clarinet player, in 1991 Arbore founded the Orchestra Italiana, a group of 15 artists with the aim to popularize Neapolitan music worldwide. The orchestra has toured in Europe, Asia, and the Americas. He was also director of the Umbria Jazz festival. His latest TV show is Speciale per me – Meno siamo, meglio stiamo! on Rai Uno.

Recently, he received the 2010 America Award from the Italy-USA Foundation. In July 2010, Arbore received an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music. The award was presented at the 25th anniversary of the Umbria Jazz Clinics.

Honour
 : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (3 december 2021)

References

External links

1937 births
Living people
People from Foggia
Italian television presenters
Italian people of Romanian descent
Italian film directors
Italian male actors
Italian jazz clarinetists
Italian jazz musicians
Italian radio personalities
20th-century Italian male singers
Male jazz musicians
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic

Renzo Arbore


Francis Edwin Johnson OAM (1922–1993) was an Australian rugby league footballer, coach and administrator who devoted much of his life to the development of the game in Australia. He was a state and national representative player of the 1940s, and was heavily involved in coaching development in the 1960s and 1970s.

Playing career
Johnson began his senior career as a sixteen-year-old playing for Port Kembla on the New South Wales south coast, He primarily played at  and was first selected to represent for NSW Country in 1940. During World War II, Johnson played two excellent seasons with St. George in 1944–1945.

In 1946 he returned to the south-coast and captain-coached Wollongong that year. That year he was selected in a Southern Districts representative side who were victorious over the visiting Great Britain tourists

In 1947, Johnson was back in Sydney, this time with the Newtown Bluebags. He was selected for the New South Wales team and at the end of the 1948 season he toured with the Kangaroos. Johnson injured his leg early in the tour in England and he participated in only seven tour matches.

Johnson was captain-coach of the Bluebags in 1952 and in 1953 was a non-playing coach. His attempt to retire from playing was not entirely successful as he was required to fill in on-field occasionally and in 1954 he was persuaded to return as hooker for the season by his coaching successor, Col Geelan. The team made it to the Grand Final but were beaten by Souths and Johnson finally retired from playing.

Post-playing career
Johnson maintained his connection with the game, firstly as a coach with Wollongong Wests in 1957. He coached them to their first premiership win. In 1962, Johnson was a founding member of the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL) Coaching Panel and replaced Keith Gittoes as director of coaching in 1974.

Johnson was responsible for developing coaching and playing skills in Darwin, Northern Territory, and in Papua New Guinea. From 1970 to 1975 he coached the Darwin and Northern Territory teams. It was in his honour that the Frank Johnson Medal, Darwin Rugby League's equivalent of the Rothman's Medal was named. The medal was first awarded in 1973.

Johnson was honoured with life membership of the NSWRL in 1982 and received the Order of Australia Medal for services to the sport of Rugby League Football.

His nephew John Johnson was for a number of years the A Grade coach for the Palmerston Raiders club in Darwin. Frank's great-nephew Matthew Johnson played for the club and made junior Northern Territory representative appearances.

References

Sources

External links
Frank Johnson at NRL Stats

1922 births
1993 deaths
Australia national rugby league team players
Australian rugby league administrators
Australian rugby league coaches
Australian rugby league players
New South Wales rugby league team players
Newtown Jets captains
Newtown Jets coaches
Newtown Jets players
Rugby league hookers
Rugby league players from Wollongong
St. George Dragons players

Frank Johnson (rugby league)