Hato Del Yaque is a municipal district in the province of Santiago, Dominican Republic.
Its urban centre is located 10 km west of the city of Santiago de los caballeros.
Hato del yaque had a population of 25,816 people in 2002. The population of its urban center in 2002 was 18,354 people.

In 1979 Hurricane David destroyed many homes alongside the river in the city of Santiago. Most of those people were relocated in what is now the town of Hato del Yaque.

Information
 Area: 39.3 km2 /  15.17 mi2
 Population as 2002: 25,816
 Urban Population: 18,354
 Rural Population: 7,462
 Mayor: Gernaro A. Diaz

Subdivisions
The municipal district of Hato del Yaque is subdivided into four Secciones (or Sectors, which are subdivided into Barrios (or Neighborhoods), and or rural villages.
Hato del Yaque is subdivided into:
 Hato del Yaque
 Hato del Yaque Arriba
 Aciba
 Guayacanal

Neighborhoods
The town of Hato del Yaque is Subdivided into the following neighborhoods.
 Monseñor Eliseo Pérez Sánchez
 Villa Progreso
 Urb. Dr. Grullón
 La Mina
 Hermanas Mirabal
 El Tamarindo
 San Antonio
 La Paz
 Las Colinas
 Los Jiménez
 El Portón
 Los Letreros
 El Porton
 La Rinconada
 Barrio Balaguer
 Tres Pasitos
 Villa Fatima
 Los Guandules
 Villa Bao
 Brisas del Yaque
 Cerros del Yaque
 Praderas del Yaque

website:  Hatodelyaque.com

Populated places in Santiago Province (Dominican Republic)

Hato del Yaque


SC Germania Schwechat was an Austrian football club from Lower Austria. Today the club is playing under the name SV Schwechat in the Wiener Stadtliga (4th level).

History
The club was founded in 1907. Then ASK Schwechat (founded 1903) and SK Graphia Wien (founded 1899) decided to play together as SC Germania Schwechat. SC Germania Schwechat soon developed into a sought-after playing partner of the Viennese teams. After the end of the First World War Schwechat participated in Viennas championship and was classified into the 2nd class. In their first season 1919-20 they became runner-up behind SC Hakoah Wien. The next few seasons they each failed to be promoted to the highest league. Therefore some players left the club to play in a First League club which weakened the club. In the 1926-27 season the club was relegated and most players went to SK Neukettenhof wich was seen as successor club of Germania.

Name History
ASK Schwechat (1903–1907) and SK Graphia Wien (1899–1907)
SC Germania Schwechat (1907–1927)
SK Neukettenhof (1927–1934)
SC Germania Schwechat and Phönix Schwechat (1934–1945)
1. Schwechater SC (1945–1979)
SV Schwechat (1979– )

Austrian football clubs
Football clubs of Vienna
Defunct football clubs
Football clubs of Lower Austria

SV Schwechat


Richard Albert Letts  is an music advocate and administrator.

Life and work
Richard Letts trained as a classical pianist and composer and worked as a jazz band leader in his early years. In 1964 he moved to the University of California (Berkeley), where he completed his PhD in 1971. In 1972 he built and became the director of the East Bay Center for Performing Arts, a community performing arts school in a ghetto on San Francisco's East Bay. In 1980 he became Director of the MacPhail Center for the Arts, the downtown music school of the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis and in 1981 was elected Vice-President of the National Guild of Community Schools of the Arts.

In 1982 Letts returned to Australia as Director of the Music Board of the Australia Council, where he initiated major developments in policy that "had a profound influence in reshaping the pattern of government support for music in Australia" (Bebbington 1997). He became director of the Australian Music Centre in 1987, and introduced programs in digitisation, record production, publishing, retailing, the awards program and others.

In 1994, he founded and was inaugural executive director of the Music Council of Australia.

In 2005, he was elected President of the International Music Council, based in UNESCO in Paris. He was responsible for some major innovations in its program, including the establishment of an international music sector development program, the weekly e-bulletin Music World News, and the initiation of the IMC Musical Rights Awards.

Recognition and awards
 1996: Member of the Order of Australia (AM) under the Australian honours system,  for services to music.

APRA Awards
The APRA Awards are held in Australia and New Zealand by the Australasian Performing Right Association to recognise songwriting skills, sales and airplay performance by its members annually.

!
|-
| 2008 || Richard Letts || Long-Term Contribution to the Advancement of Australian Music ||  ||
|-

Bernard Heinze Memorial Award
The Sir Bernard Heinze Memorial Award is given to a person who has made an outstanding contribution to music in Australia.

|-
| 2020 || Richard Letts || Sir Bernard Heinze Memorial Award ||
|-

Selected writings
All monographs are available for loan from the Australian Music Centre.
Creative musicianship and psychological growth : bases in some theories of personality, creativity, instruction, aesthetics and music, for a music curriculum for the late twentieth century. Thesis (Ph.D. (Educ.)) - University of California, Berkeley, 1971.
Music board medium range plan. Sydney: Australia Council, 1985.
The Arts on the Edge of Chaos. Report commissioned by the Australia Council, 1995. Unpublished.
Opportunities for Australian musical works in North Asia, 1988.
Your career as a composer Sydney: Allen & Unwin. Australia Council, 1994.
The ART of Self Promotion : Successful Promotion by Musicians. Commissioned by the Australia Council. Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1996.
The Effects of Globalisation on Music in Five Contrasting Countries: Australia, Germany, Nigeria, The Philippines and Uruguay. Global research project commissioned by the International Music Council, 2003.
A statistical framework for the music sector : for the Statistics Working Group of the Cultural Ministers Council / a scoping study with Hans-Hoegh Guldberg. Canberra : Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts, 2004.
The Protection and Promotion of Musical Diversity, 2006. Global research project carried out by the International Music Council, commissioned by UNESCO. With consultants from Europe, Latin America, Africa, Arab World, Asia.
Sound Links: Exploring the Dynamics of Musical Communities in Australia, and Their Potential for Informing Collaboration with Music in Schools, 2009. Research partnership of Music Council of Australia with the Queensland Conservatorium Research Centre, funded by the Australian Research Council. With Brydie Leigh-Bartleet, Peter Dunbar-Hall, Huib Schippers May 2009.

References

Sources
 Bebbington, Warren. 1997. (ed.) Oxford Companion to Australian Music. Melbourne; New York: Oxford University Press. .

External links
 Biography at Australian Music Centre

APRA Award winners
Members of the Order of Australia
Year of birth missing (living people)

Richard Letts


The Bushongo or Songora are an ethnic group from the Congo River and surrounding areas. The creator god (or chembe) in Bushongo religion is called Bumba. Other names for him include M'Bombo and M'Bomba. He is said to have originally  existed alone in darkness, in a universe consisting of nothing but primordial water. M'Bombo was said to appear like a gigantic man in form and white in colour. The creation took place when he vomited the sun, moon, animals and then humanity.

Modern influence
David Adams Leeming in The World of Myth, states:"The dominant theme in this myth is that of creation out of the male principle. Bumba [M'Bombo]'s vomiting reminds us of the Egyptian High God's creation by spitting and seed spilling. The absence of the female principle here suggests a patrilineal culture. The fact that Bumba [M'Bombo] is white suggests that this is a late myth, affected, like so much African mythology, by the presence of the white race in colonial Africa." Thus Bushongo religion has been heavily influenced by modern cultures.

Cosmology
According to the Bushongo creation myth, the only thing that existed in the world originally was a god named M'Bombo. Having become ill, M'Bombo vomited: out the sun, the moon, the stars, various animals and Tsetse the lightning. Finally, M'Bombo vomited out humans. The animals that M'Bombo had vomited out earlier created other animals.

The three sons of M'Bombo attempted to finish the creation of the world. The first, Nyonye Ngana, made white ants but was not equal to the task and died as a result. The ants, however, thankful for life, went searching for black earth and covered the barren sands to bury and honour their creator. Chonganda, the second son, brought forth a plant from which all other plants in the world are descended. The third son, Chedi Bumba, only succeeded in creating the bird called the kite.

Tsetse the lightning, proved to be a trouble-maker. Consequently, M'Bombo chased her into the sky, leaving mankind without fire until he later showed people how to draw fire out of trees.

When the work of creation was completed, M'Bombo walked through the villages and said to the people, "Behold these wonders, they belong to you"

References

Bantu religion

Bushongo religion


John Scott (January 9, 1731 – December 12, 1783), known as Scott of Amwell, was an English landscape gardener and writer on social matters. He was also the first notable Quaker poet, although in modern times he is remembered for only one anti-militarist poem.

Life

John Scott was the son of a successful London draper who later retired to Amwell House in the Hertfordshire village of Great Amwell and worked from there as a maltster. The family were Quakers and John's elder brother Samuel (1719–88) eventually settled in Hertford as a Quaker minister. Scott stayed at home and undertook the improvement of the grounds from 1760, modelling them on those of William Shenstone at the Leasowes, which he visited. Its principal feature was a grotto consisting of six subterranean rooms whose surfaces were covered in flints, shells and minerals,

Where glossy pebbles pave the varied floors,
And rough flint-walls are deck'd with shells and ores,
And silvery pearls, spread o'er the roofs on high,
Glimmer like faint stars in a twilight sky.
His poem "The Garden" goes on to reject the formal style of garden for Shenstone's ideal of a managed wilderness. On visiting it, the celebrated Samuel Johnson declared that "none but a poet could have made such a garden." The grotto continued as a tourist attraction into Victorian times but, having then fallen out of use, was restored in 1991 as "the most complete of the grotto-builder's art".

Scott lacked a full or satisfactory education and had only come to a knowledge of poetry through friendship with a bricklayer autodidact, whose daughter Sarah Frogley he eventually married in 1767. She died in childbirth the following year and in 1770 he married Maria De Horne, by whom he had a daughter, also named Maria. In 1773 he published his social Observations on the present state of the parochial and vagrant poor, a criticism of the Poor Law which was approved, although its recommendations did not gain parliamentary support. He was also celebrated as an expert on the turnpike roads, on which he wrote in 1773 and expanded in 1778 under the title A Digest of the Highway and General Turnpike Laws. He was an active member of three Hertfordshire turnpike trusts and his book was later praised as by "the ablest Turnpike Trustee of his time" Another political pamphlet, "The Constitution Defended", was a reply to Samuel Johnson's "False Alarm" (1770).

Scott had been making occasional visits to London since 1760 and there made the acquaintance of John Hoole, who introduced him to Dr Johnson. Though they disagreed politically, Johnson remarked that "he loved Mr Scott" and meant to write his life, although death intervened before he could do so.
Scott himself died of a fever caught during a visit to London in 1783. After his death his Critical essays on several English poets was published in 1785, together with a life of him written by John Hoole. These had originated from Scott's dissatisfaction with some of the essays in Johnson's recent Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets and was meant to supply a corrective view.

Poetry
Scott's preferred method of composing poetry was described by Hoole as taking place after the rest of the family were in bed, when "it was frequently his custom to sit in a dark room, and when he had composed a number of lines, he would go into another room where a candle was burning, in order to commit them to paper."

His earliest published works outside of magazines were the "Four Elegies descriptive and moral" (1760). In the fashion of Gray's Elegy, these record the passing of the seasons rather than an individual and were written in cross-rhymed quatrains. Such writing was not to the taste of Dr Johnson who, when Boswell urged that Scott was "a very middle-rate poet, who pleased many readers", argued that only excellence was admirable. Afterwards it was not until 1776 that Scott published "Amwell, a descriptive poem" in blank verse that takes the almost Wordsworthian stance that the countryside with which he became acquainted "in early youth… gave rapture to my soul; and often still on life's calm moments sheds serener joy."  It was after this poem that he became known as Scott of Amwell in the 18th century.

Later he published his "Moral Eclogues" (1778), followed soon after by his collected Poetical Works (1782), which was to be reprinted in 1786 and 1795 and later included in omnibus volumes in 1808 and 1822. The portrait prefixed to his works is not a correct likeness and caused Scott dissatisfaction. Among several other illustrations in the body of the book were two vignettes and two oval plates by the young William Blake.Particular itemisation is one facet of Scott's style, avoiding the generalised Augustan diction of earlier poets:
There spread the wild rose, there the woodbine twin'd;
There stood green fern, there o'er the grassy ground
Sweet camomile and ale-hoof spread around;
And centaury red, and yellow cinquefoil grew,
And scarlet campion and cyanus blue;
And tufted thyme, and marjoram's purple bloom,
And ruddy strawberries yielding rich perfume.
There is a wide range of literary and geographical reference as well. Two poems respond to the work of Mark Akenside and there is a sonnet on Shenstone's elegies. The "Mexican Prophecy" is set at the time of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire and in his "Oriental Eclogues" Scott follows the example of William Collins by writing three set in Arabia, India and China. The last of these deals with the historical poet Li Po.

He protested in his Letter to the Critical Reviewers that not all his poems were included in the Poetical Works. Twelve unpublished poems are among his papers at the Friends' Library or in other letters to friends. They include four long odes and four sonnets, numbered V-VIII, which he may have planned to include in a cooperative volume with Joseph Cockfield.

The poem by which Scott is most remembered now is "The Drum" (Ode 13), an anti-war poem beginning "I hate that drum's discordant sound" which was widely reprinted after its publication. In England it was set as a vocal piece by Benjamin Frankel as part of his "8 Songs" (Op. 32, 1959), and later by Christopher Dowie. In the 21st century it has been set to music by the Quaker composer Ned Rorem as the opening piece in his song cycle "Aftermath" (2001), an immediate pacifist reaction to the vengeful spirit that followed the attacks of 9/11.  There was also a later US setting for choir and snare drum by William F. Funk in 2004, and in Canada it was set by Robert Rival as the sixth in his cycle "Red Moon and other songs of war" (2007).

References
"John Scott" in the Dictionary of National Biography on Wikisource
Alexander Chalmers, biographical notice in Works of the English Poets (1810), 17:445-52

SourcesJohn Scott of Amwell (1956) Lawrence D. StewartScott of Amwell, Dr. Johnson's Quaker Critic'' (2001) David Perman
 Scott's letters at the Friends' Library, London (Dimsdale MSS)

External links
John Scott at the Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA)

18th-century English poets
People from Great Amwell
English Quakers
1731 births
1783 deaths
English male poets
English landscape and garden designers
18th-century English male writers

John Scott of Amwell


The Pura Cup 2006–07 season was the 105th season of the Australian domestic First-class cricket competition played in Australia, known as the Pura Cup.  The Tasmanian Tigers defeated the New South Wales Blues in the final at Bellerive Oval, winning the trophy for the first time.

Fixture
Game 1 – Qld v Tas (GABBA), Oct 13–16
Game 2 – WA v Vic (WACA), Oct 15–18
Game 3 – NSW v SA (SCG), Oct 17–20
Game 4 – WA v Tas (WACA), Oct 22–25
Game 5 – Qld v NSW (GABBA), Oct 27–30
Game 6 – SA v Vic (Adelaide Oval), Oct 27–30
Game 7 – SA v NSW (Adelaide Oval), Nov 3–6
Game 8 – WA v Qld (WACA), Nov 12–15
Game 9 – Vic v Tas (MCG), Nov 14–17
Game 10 – NSW v WA (SCG), Nov 24–27
Game 11 – Vic v Qld (MCG), Nov 24–27
Game 12 – Tas v SA (Bellerive), Dec 6–9
Game 13 – Vic v NSW (MCG), Dec 15–18
Game 14 – SA v Qld (Adelaide Oval), Dec 15–18
Game 15 – Tas v WA (Bellerive), Dec 19–22
Game 16 – NSW v Vic (SCG), Jan 16–19
Game 17 – Tas v Qld (Bellerive), Jan 19–22
Game 18 – WA v SA (WACA), Jan 19–22
Game 19 – Vic v SA (MCG), Jan 26–29
Game 20 – NSW v Tas (SCG), Jan 27–30
Game 21 – Qld v WA (GABBA), Jan 28–31
Game 22 – Qld v SA (GABBA), Feb 9–12
Game 23 – WA v NSW (WACA), Feb 9–12
Game 24 – Tas v Vic (Bellerive), Feb 12–15
Game 25 – NSW v Qld (SCG), Mar 1–4
Game 26 – Vic v WA (MCG), Mar 1–4
Game 27 – SA v Tas (Adelaide Oval), Mar 1–4
Game 28 – Tas v NSW (Bellerive), Mar 8–11
Game 29 – SA v WA (Adelaide Oval), Mar 8–11
Game 30 – Qld v Vic (GABBA), Mar 8–11

Squads
VICTORIA
Cricket Australia Contract: Brad Hodge, Shane Warne
State Contract: Jason Arnberger, Rob Cassell, Adam Crosthwaite, Gerard Denton, Shane Harwood, David Hussey, Nick Jewell, Michael Klinger, Brad Knowles, Michael Lewis, Lloyd Mash, Andrew McDonald, Jon Moss, Dirk Nannes, Peter Siddle, Cameron White, Allan Wise
Rookie Contract: Grant Baldwin, Aiden Blizzard, Aaron Finch, Matthew Gale, Jon Holland, Peter Nevill

NEW SOUTH WALES
Cricket Australia Contract: Nathan Bracken, Stuart Clark, Michael Clarke, Brad Haddin, Phil Jaques, Simon Katich, Brett Lee, Glenn McGrath, Stuart MacGill
State Contract: Aaron Bird, Doug Bollinger, Mark Cameron, Beau Casson, Ed Cowan, Scott Coyte, Murray Creed, Nathan Hauritz, Moises Henriques, Jason Krejza, Grant Lambert, Tim Lang, Greg Mail, Matthew Nicholson, Aaron O'Brien, James Packman, Grant Roden, Craig Simmons, Daniel Smith, Dominic Thornely
Rookie Contract: Tom Cooper, Peter Forrest, John Hastings, Usman Khawaja, Stephen O'Keefe, Martin Paskal, David Warner

QUEENSLAND
Cricket Australia Contract: Matthew Hayden, Mitchell Johnson, Michael Kasprowicz, Andrew Symonds, Shane Watson
State Contract: Andy Bichel, Ryan Broad, Daniel Doran, Chris Hartley, James Hopes, Shane Jurgensen, Nick Kruger, Martin Love, Jimmy Maher, Brendan Nash, Ashley Noffke, Clinton Perren, Craig Philipson, Nathan Rimmington, Chris Simpson, Lachlan Stevens, Grant Sullivan
Rookie Contracts: Murray Bragg, Ben Cutting, Ryan LeLoux, Nathan Reardon

SOUTH AUSTRALIA
Cricket Australia Contract: Daniel Cullen, Jason Gillespie, Shaun Tait
State Contract: Nathan Adcock, Cullen Bailey, Greg Blewett, Cameron Borgas, Ben Cameron, Mark Cleary, Mark Cosgrove, Shane Deitz, Matthew Elliott, Callum Ferguson, Daniel Harris, Ryan Harris, Trent Kelly, Darren Lehmann, Graham Manou, Gary Putland, Paul Rofe
Rookie Contract: Lachlan Oswald-Jacobs, Tom Plant, Simon Roberts, Chadd Sayers, Ken Skewes

WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Cricket Australia Contract: Adam Gilchrist, Brad Hogg, Mike Hussey, Justin Langer, Damien Martyn
State Contract: David Bandy, Brett Dorey, Ben Edmondson, Sean Ervine, Shawn Gillies, Aaron Heal, Clint Heron, Mathew Inness, Andrew James, Tim MacDonald, Steve Magoffin, Shaun Marsh, Scott Meuleman, Marcus North, Chris Rogers, Luke Ronchi, Adam Voges, Darren Wates, Peter Worthington
Rookie Contract: Arron Crawford, Nathan Coulter-Nile, Liam Davis, Theo Doropoulos, Craig King, Josh Mangan, Luke Pomersbach

TASMANIA
Cricket Australia Contract: Ricky Ponting
State Contract: George Bailey, Michael Bevan, Travis Birt, Luke Butterworth, Sean Clingeleffer, David Dawson, Michael Dighton, Michael Di Venuto, Xavier Doherty, Andrew Downton, Brendan Drew, Brett Geeves, Adam Griffith, Ben Hilfenhaus, Dan Marsh, Tim Paine, Damien Wright
Rookie Contract: Dane Anderson, Alex Doolan, Chris Duval, Jason Shelton, Matthew Wade, Jonathon Wells
Squad Members: Nick Grainer, Scott Kremerskothen, Rhett Lockyear, Darren McNees, Adam Polkinghorne, Jade Selby, Luke Swards, Nathan Wegman

Points table

Final
The Final was played between Tasmania and New South Wales from March 19 to 23, 2007. By virtue of finishing on top of the table at the end of the season, Tasmania won the right to host the final at Bellerive Oval. Highlighted by individual efforts from Ben Hilfenhaus, Damien Wright and man-of-the-match Luke Butterworth, Tasmania won convincingly by 421 runs to claim their maiden first-class championship, after finishing runner-up three times. They had only been competing full-time since the 1982/83 season; before that, when they joined the competition, they only played one game against every state.

Statistics

Most runs

Most wickets

References

External links
cricket.com.au cricket Australia official site
Competition Results & Statistics

Sheffield Shield
Sheffield Shield
Sheffield Shield seasons

2006–07 Sheffield Shield season


José Wendell Capili is a Filipino academic and writer. He earned degrees from the University of Santo Tomas, University of the Philippines Diliman , University of Cambridge and Australian National University. He is a Professor of creative writing and comparative literature at the College of Arts and Letters, University of the Philippines. His creative and scholarly works were published in Asia, Europe, North America and Australia.

Background and writing career
Al Camus Palomar of the University of Oklahoma says that "Edith L. Tiempo, Rene Amper, Peter Bacho, Jose Capili, Maria Cariño, and the incomparable Fatima Lim-Wilson are included to remind us all of what reading good poetry, feels like. And read Luis Cabalquinto, Jose Capili, and Ricardo de Ungria carefully. You will be immensely rewarded if you do". A.R.D.S. Bordado said that Capili's "The Great Australian Landscape" and "Gorilla Bay" show the Filipino sensibility imbibing foreign geography. The latter poem describes the beauty of the bay: "Gastropods on a drift/ conceive enclosures of/ bubbles shimmering forth,/ polished and white among/ rocks, splashing as spring/ time turns supremely aqua/ marine, even less torrential." Of "Baguio: The Demise", critic Ralph Semino Galan writes how Capili utilizes the aftermath of another disaster, the gutted down remains of the Pines Hotel that burned down in 1984, as one of the objective correlatives ("the turn and flow of stones/ we perceived from childhood/ as walls, doors and ceilings/") to express the emotional vacuity the personae in his elegiac poem are experiencing years after their major romantic breakup. For Galan, Capili is able to obfuscate the obvious intensity of the emotions that are being stirred by the reunion, for he makes the ex-lovers focus on the physical landscape, rather than the inner turmoil they are feeling in each other's formerly familiar presence: "the rustle of leaves/ behaving like music," "the landscape of cones/ falling on mountain sleeves," "pure hemp and other bell-shaped/ things awakening from/ a sudden gush of the wind". Of A Madness of Birds (1998), Capili's first book, critic Tito Quiling Jr. writes, "Splattered across its pages are colors such as ceruleans to auburns, and images of falling leaves, cascading water, and stout temple pillars. And spinning in between these are individual's memories attached to nature's multifaceted character—from seeing migratory birds returning to their proverbial places to moments illustrating one's love for his hometown are some of the pieces found in this collection of poems..."

Research career
Capili interviewed National Artist Napoleón Abueva, the "Father of Modern Philippine Sculpture". Abueva revealed his personal aesthetics, especially in connection with World War II. Says Abueva: "We sought the remains of our parents from a field of corpses and items belonging to the members of the resistance group. It was painful for me and my siblings to unearth the soiled white shirt with blue stripes, which belonged to my father. We also found a piece of my mother's dress as well as her rosary. Later, we found my parents' bodies and we buried them. It was very painful. As an artist, these experiences taught me to see life in a different way. More specifically, I tried my best to look for new ways of expressing ideas as a way of dealing with the pain".

Capili worked on a research project involving Southeast Asian diaspora writers in Australia at the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. His stint as a visiting scholar at the National University of Singapore, University of Sydney,  Westerly Centre of the University of Western Australia, University of Melbourne, and the University of Queensland brought about the publication of From the Editors: Migrant Communities and Emerging Australian Literature (2007) and Salu-Salo: In Conversation with Filipinos (2008). In "The Asian conspiracy: deploying voice/deploying story", Merlinda Bobis, winner of the Christina Stead Prize for Fiction in the 2016 New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards, writes, "Migrant story-making has clout if it contributes to the narrative of the nation. This framework is discussed by...Capili in his introduction to Salu-Salo...". But critic Michael Jacklin of the University of Wollongong, in The Transnational Turn in Australian Literary Studies, commented that while publications on Southeast Asian diaspora writers and every other cultural group that has settled in Australia could be provided for the transnational dimensions of Vietnamese-Australian, Lao-Australian or Philippine-Australian writing, such work frequently remains undocumented by literature infrastructure. "Literary cultures across Australia will not appreciate works by community-based Southeast Asian diaspora writers", Capili noted. As Jacklin observes, "Cheeseman and Capili's book is yet to appear in Library Australia's listings; it does appear in the Blacktown City Libraries catalogue". Similarly, AusLit, the Australian Literature Resource, cited Capili's 'Southeast Asian diaspora writers in Australia and the consequence of community-based initiatives', in which he notes the difficulty of finding an audience for community-based Southeast Asian writers in Australia.

In The Politics of Identity and Mimetic Constructions in the Philippine Transnational Experience, Sharon Orig noted that Capili's early work on displacement and reterritorialization in Philippine expatriate poetry in the United States (1993) "expounds on 'de-territorialization' as a 'displacement,' 'dislocation,' or simply a feeling of 'not being home'". Hope S. Yu, in "Memory, Nostalgia and the Filipino Diaspora in the Works of Two Filipina Writers", added that Capili attributes the migration of many Philippine migrant writers "mainly to the strong influence America has on its 'neo-colony' as well as the inability of the Philippine government to 'provide its citizens with the most basic material necessities: food, clothing, shelter." Capili's interest in migration studies is more evident in Immigrant themes in Japanese-American and Filipino-American poetry (1995) and The Relocalisation of Japanese Immigrants in Davao, Southern Philippines (1996). Arnold Molina Azurin, in The Japanese in our Midst: An Exploratory Analysis of the Experiences of Japanese Migrants/Settlers in the Philippines, and Shun Ohno (大野 俊), in Rethinking Okinawan Diasporas in 'Davaokuo (「ダバオ国」の沖縄人社会再考 -本土日本人、フィリピン人との関係を中心に-), noted how Capili described Japan as dura virum nutrix (a hard nurse of men) due to that country's open and shifting hierarchy. Ultimately, for Azurin, Capili suggests that wealth, not blood, was the greater recipient of position [of privilege], and wealth could be created by (war-making) skill or fraud. "It was a situation where money and contracts, not blood and status, ruled", Capili asserts. Azurin comments: "And then, with direct reference to the dire situation in the early 1900s among the common folk in Japan, he (Capili) suggests that 'Japanese emigrants decided to establish settlements in Davao because…[by his own sweat] a person can move up fairly quickly, certainly within a lifetime'".

Migrations and Mediations, Capili's doctoral dissertation on Southeast Asian writing in Australia, was published by the University of the Philippines Press in 2016. According to Philippine National Artist for Literature Bienvenido Lumbera, the book is  "… remarkable for its steady grasp of a unifying vision encompassing literary production by writers coming from disparate cultures and historical backgrounds, and establishing their significance as a factor in the construction of the contemporary cultural identity of Australia … an important contribution to the narrative of Australia's cultural history …". For critic Danilo Francisco M. Reyes, the alternative cultural history that Capili proposes would not have been possible if not for his patience in upholding the methodology of oral history". Says University of Western Australia Professor Michael Pinches, Migrations and Mediations is "… important and timely: on one hand, identifying and documenting the various factors that have limited, shaped and facilitated the development of Southeast Asian Diaspora writers in Australia; on the other, demonstrating the significant contribution these writers have made to the advancement of multiculturalism in Australia…Capili's main contribution to the field lies in the way he distinguishes and documents the various programs, institutions, mentors, awards, and communities that have contributed to the growth of Southeast Asian diasporic writing in Australia …".

During a collaborative session between the Southeast Asia/Southeast Asia Diasporic Forum of the Modern Language Association (MLA) and the American Association for Australasian Literary Studies (AAALS) at the January 2020 MLA conference in Seattle, critic Weihsin Gui noted that although there are many studies and anthologies in the social sciences regarding Southeast Asia and Australia, with one exception there has not been a recent substantive study of literary and cultural productions that arise because of such connections. Frequently discussed are works by authors of East Asian and South Asian descent, although there is some attention given to writing by a few authors of Southeast Asian ancestry. Gui and Cheryl Narumi Naruse took their lead for this collaborative session from Capili's book, which "makes an important contribution to knowledge about Asian Australian culture and literature, an area that has seen exciting growth and critical debate over the past two decades.

Commentator of popular culture
In Originality in the Postcolony: Choreographing the Neoethnic Body of Philippine Ballet, critic Sally A. Ness of the University of California, Riverside noted how Capili identified National Artist for Dance Agnes Locsin's neoethnic choreographies as a prestigious and technically effective site for what Locsin calls "Filipinization", and on more than one level "the state of the art" in an internationally oriented project of cultural nationalism. Says Ness: "Capili recognized this function of Locsin's work, when Ms. Locsin's neoethnic ballet Babalyan was awarded the prestigious Prince Norihito Takamado Award from Japan's Imperial Family in 1994. 'Once and for all', Capili wrote, in a feature article published in the Philippine Daily Inquirer, 'Locsin asserted the fact that we are not a nation of domestics and prostitutes'.

Spanish novelist and screenwriter Ignacio Martínez de Pisón's La Filipinas de Amparo Muñoz (The Philippines of Amparo Muñoz, 2011), published in El País, referred to Capili's third book, Mabuhay to Beauty (2003), as a starting point to help explain the iconic nature of beauty pageants and luminaries like Miss Universe 1974 Amparo Muñoz in the Philippines.

Books

Poetry
A Madness of Birds, (Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 1998)

Essays
Bloom and Memory, (Manila: University of Santo Tomas Publishing House, 2002)

Popular culture
(as editor) Mabuhay to Beauty!, (Quezon City: Milflores Publishing, 2003)

Anthology
(as editor) From the Editors: Migrant Communities and Emerging Australian Literature, (Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia: Casula Powerhouse, 2007)

(as co-editor, with John Cheeseman) Salu-Salo: In Conversation with Filipinos, (Blacktown and Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia: Blacktown Arts Centre and Casula Powerhouse, 2008)

Translation
(translated and edited with John Jack Wigley) Lupito and the Circus Village (translation of Si Lupito at ang Barrio Sirkero written by Rowald Almazar, artworks by Jose Santos III), (Manila: University of Santo Tomas Publishing House, 2008)

Literary History and Criticism
Migrations and Mediations: The Emergence of Southeast Asian Diaspora Writers in Australia, 1972-2007, (Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 2016)

References

External links
 Pages.UPD

Filipino writers
Tagalog-language writers
University of Santo Tomas alumni
University of the Philippines Diliman alumni
Alumni of Clare Hall, Cambridge
Australian National University alumni
English-language writers from the Philippines
Living people
Cambridge Trusts Scholars
Year of birth missing (living people)

José Wendell Capili


The Gap Fire was a fire that burned  of the Santa Ynez Mountains above Goleta, California between July 1 and July 28, 2008. The fire burned primarily on steep slopes above the community of Goleta. Dense brush that had not burned in over fifty years, coupled with steep terrain made the fire challenging for firefighters.

Initial efforts by the Santa Barbara County Fire Department nearly contained the fire before it broke loose. When the first engine arrive on scene at 5:32 p.m. on July 1, the fire was less than a quarter acre, but then winds came up and swept the fire over the ridge and down into drainage. By July 3 the fire had grown to more than  forcing the county to declare a state of emergency. During the initial operational periods, the fire was driven downhill by Sundowner winds and burned to the edges of Goleta requiring the multiple strike teams for structure protection. After the initial 48 hours, the winds died down allowing firefighters to begin working in the mountainous terrain to contain the fire.

Power Issues
The fire caused major power issues for residents and businesses in Goleta, Isla Vista, Santa Barbara and even as far south as Montecito. Southern California Edison high voltage transmission lines carrying power to the region pass directly through the area of the fire. During the peak of the outages, over 150,000 customers were reported to be without power.

Relief efforts
Emergency response organization Direct Relief provided 35,000 free NIOSH N-95 particulate respirators to local residents.

References

2008 California wildfires
Santa Ynez Mountains
Wildfires in Santa Barbara County, California
July 2008 events in the United States

Gap Fire (2008)


The Lincoln-Herndon Law Offices State Historic Site is a historic brick building built in 1841 in the U.S. state of Illinois.  It is located at 6th and Adams Streets in Springfield, Illinois.  The law office has been restored and is operated by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency as a state historic site.

The office building is a surviving portion of what was the Tinsley Block, a brick structure built by local developer Seth M. Tinsley in 1840–1841 to provide office space for professionals working in the newly chosen state capital city.  The Illinois General Assembly had moved the capital from Vandalia, Illinois to Springfield in late 1839, and local workers had begun to build a new limestone state house, now the Old State Capitol State Historic Site, on the parcel of land just north of the Tinsley Block.

Lawyer Abraham Lincoln and his partner Stephen T. Logan moved their partnership law offices to a third-floor office in the Tinsley Block in 1843.  The Illinois Supreme Court, where the partners often pleaded cases, met in the State Capitol across the street, and the U.S. District Court rented space on the Tinsley Block's second floor.

The firm of Logan & Lincoln broke up in 1844.  Lincoln continued to practice law in the Tinsley Block office and accepted a younger lawyer, William H. Herndon, as his junior partner.  The firm of Lincoln and Herndon practiced from the Tinsley Block office from 1844 until about 1852.

Lincoln's law work
The casual visitor to the Lincoln & Herndon office in 1844–52 might not always have run into the firm's senior partner.  Lincoln's duties often demanded that he ride the judicial circuit of counties in central Illinois, trying cases in more than one dozen county courthouses.  In addition, Lincoln served one term in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1847 to 1849.

The law office today
The Lincoln & Herndon firm moved from the Tinsley Block to a new office (since demolished) on the west side of the Old State Capitol square about 1852.  In 1872 part of the building was torn down, but the section that had contained Lincoln's law office was preserved.  After the building had undergone many further changes, in 1985 it became a state-owned historic site managed by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency (IHPA).  The IHPA has since restored the surviving portion of the Tinsley Block to resemble its operations in the 1840s, with the federal court and the Lincoln and Herndon law office both operating within the building.

References

External links

Lincoln-Herndon Law Offices - Illinois Historic Preservation Agency
Lincoln-Herndon Law Offices  - Abraham Lincoln Online

Commercial buildings completed in 1841
Illinois State Historic Sites
Museums in Springfield, Illinois
National Register of Historic Places in Springfield, Illinois
Presidential museums in Illinois
Abraham Lincoln National Heritage Area
Historic district contributing properties in Illinois
Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
Law offices
Legal history of Illinois


Melchor de Talamantes (in full, Melchor de Talamantes Salvador y Baeza) (January 10, 1765, Lima, Viceroyalty of Peru – May 9, 1809, Veracruz, Mexico), was a Mercedarian friar and priest, a political liberal, and a leader in Mexico's movement for independence from Spain.

Early life
At the age of 14, Talamantes entered the Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy. He obtained his doctorate of theology from the University of San Marcos. Afterwards he served as a high official in the Archdiocese of Lima, and for two years as an assistant to Viceroy of Peru, Francisco Gil de Taboada. During this time he came to know Hipólito Unanue, a fighter for the independence of America.

In 1796 Talamantes asked for his release from the Order, to become a secular priest. This was because his reading of forbidden books and his libertarian tendencies had led to difficulties with his religious superiors. He also asked to be transferred to Spain, by way of New Spain (Mexico). The second request was granted on September 20, 1798, and he left from Guayaquil for Mexico, arriving at Acapulco on November 26, 1799.8 August

Career in Mexico

Talamantes took up residence at the convent of his Order in Mexico City, where he dedicated himself to reading and meditation. On October 15, 1802, he delivered the lecture Panegyric of the glorious virgin and doctor, Saint Teresa of Jesús, which was printed, with permission, in the same year. On November 18 he delivered in the cathedral of the city the Funeral Oracion for the Spanish soldiers killed during the war.

In 1806 Viceroy José de Iturrigaray commissioned him to report on the boundaries between Texas (New Spain) and Louisiana.

Talamantes began attending gatherings and political meetings. He made friends of radical Criollos, played cards, contracted debts, and neglected his religious offices. He was named censor of the Diario de México, and came to have great influence in official circles, particularly in the Ayuntamiento (city government of Mexico City). He was now the intellectual leader of the Criollo faction.

In 1808, after the French invasion of Spain, the Criollos and some of the Spanish living in New Spain wanted to proclaim the independence of the colony and establish a governing junta, similar to the anti-French juntas in the mother country. On September 1, 1808, Talamantes delivered two tracts to the Ayuntamiento, in favor of separation from Spain and of the convoking of a Mexican congress.  These tracts, Congreso Nacional del Reino de Nueva España (23 August 1808) and Representación Nacional de las Colonias, Discuso Filosófico (25 August 1808) argue that Spain had lost its sovereignty and that New Spain had the right to repossess it. His premises were that all ties to Spain had now been broken; that regional laws had to be made, independently of the mother country; that the Audienciacould not speak on behalf of the king; and that the king having disappeared, sovereignty was now vested in the people. His proposed congress was to represent all the provinces of New Spain. It was to be invested with the legislative authority of the new government. The courts already established were to exercise the judicial power, and Viceroy Iturrigaray was to be captain general (commander of the military) and, provisionally, chief executive. This was the government of a republic; there was no provision for a king.

Viceroy Iturrigaray was perceived to have some sympathy for this path, and, because of that, peninsular Spaniards opposed to that plan arrested the viceroy on the night of September 15, 1808. An investigation of the papers of Talamantes revealed him to be a leader in the movement. Many radical political tracts written by him were found in his house. Also many books were found, including some banned ones (for instance the works of Montesquieu and Adam Smith).

The detention of the viceroy and the others was followed by legal charges and physical cruelties. Talamantes was brought before a biased court. He was denied a lawyer. His enemies, among whom were members of his religious order, accused him of "disloyalty to the king and adhesion to the doctrines of independence". His trial lasted more than six months. He was convicted and sentenced to death, then ordered transferred to Spain for the execution of the sentence.

Fray Talamantes died of yellow fever in San Juan de Ulúa, Veracruz as he was being transferred in chains and under guard to Spain. He was provided no medical assistance, and indeed his chains were not removed until the moment of his burial, in a common grave.

He is honored today in Mexico as one of the protomartyrs of independence.

References

Further reading
Hernández Silva, Héctor Cuauhtémoc and Juan Manuel Pérez Zevallos, eds. Fray Melchor Talamantes, Escritos Póstumos, 1808. Mexico City: 2009.
 "Talamantes Salvador y Baeza, Melchor", Enciclopedia de México, vol. 13. Mexico City: 1987.
 Romero de Valle, Emilia, Fray Melchor Talamantes, precursor y protomértir, in Historia mexicana, 1961.

External links
His work on the boundary with Louisiana
 Brief biography

1765 births
1809 deaths
People from Lima
People from New Spain
Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy
National University of San Marcos alumni
18th-century Peruvian Roman Catholic priests
19th-century Mexican Roman Catholic priests
Mexican revolutionaries
Infectious disease deaths in Mexico
Prisoners who died in Spanish detention
Deaths from yellow fever
Burials in Veracruz
Mexican people who died in prison custody
Academic staff of the National University of San Marcos

Melchor de Talamantes


Dorothy Gale is a fictional character created by American author L. Frank Baum as the protagonist in many of his Oz novels. She first appears in Baum's classic 1900 children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and reappears in most of its sequels. In addition, she is the main character in various adaptations, notably the classic 1939 film adaptation of the novel, The Wizard of Oz.

In later novels, the Land of Oz steadily becomes more familiar to her than her homeland of Kansas. Dorothy eventually goes to live in an apartment in the Emerald City's palace but only after her Aunt Em and Uncle Henry have settled in a farmhouse on its outskirts, unable to pay the mortgage on their house in Kansas. Dorothy's best friend Princess Ozma, ruler of Oz, officially makes her a princess of Oz later in the novels.

Appearances

In literature

In the Oz books, Dorothy is raised by her aunt and uncle in the bleak landscape of a Kansan farm. Whether Aunt Em or Uncle Henry is Dorothy's blood relative remains unclear. Uncle Henry makes reference to Dorothy's mother in The Emerald City of Oz, possibly an indication that Henry is Dorothy's blood relative. (It is also possible that "Aunt" and "Uncle" are affectionate terms of a foster family and that Dorothy is not related to either of them, although Zeb in Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz claims to be Dorothy's second cousin, related through Aunt Em. Little mention is made of what happened to Dorothy's birth parents, other than a passing reference to her mother being dead.)

Along with her small black dog, Toto, Dorothy is swept away by a tornado to the Land of Oz and, much like Alice from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, they enter an alternative world filled with talking creatures. In many of the Oz books, Dorothy is the heroine of the story. She is often seen with her best friend and the ruler of Oz, Princess Ozma. Her trademark blue and white gingham dress is admired by the Munchkins because blue is their favorite color and white is worn only by good witches and sorceresses, which indicates to them that Dorothy is a good witch.

Dorothy has several other pets, including her white/pink/purple kitten Eureka, and Billina, a feisty talking hen. Popular in crossword puzzles is Dorothy's cow, Imogene, from the 1902 stage version, and is implied, though unnamed, in the 1910 film. Eric Shanower's novel, The Giant Garden of Oz, features a cow named Imogene.

Dorothy's last name is never mentioned in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz or The Marvelous Land of Oz, the first two Oz books. It is disclosed in the third book Ozma of Oz (1907). The last name of Gale was originally mentioned in Baum's script for the 1902 Broadway stage version of The Wizard of Oz, in which it was originally a setup for a punning joke. (DOROTHY: "I am Dorothy, and I am one of the Kansas Gales." SCARECROW: "That accounts for your breezy manner.")

In the sixth Oz book by Baum, The Emerald City of Oz (1910), when Uncle Henry and Aunt Em are unable to pay the mortgage on the new farmhouse built at the end of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Dorothy brings them to live in Oz; the plot features a tour of Oz as a marvelous, Utopian land in which they have escaped the troubles of Kansas. She becomes princess of Oz.

Dorothy is a standard character, having at least a cameo role in thirteen of the fourteen Oz books written by L. Frank Baum; while she did not appear at all in The Marvelous Land of Oz, she is mentioned several times in that story. In the subsequent nineteen Oz books by Ruth Plumly Thompson, Dorothy gets at least a cameo in all except Captain Salt in Oz (in which neither Oz nor any of its inhabitants appear, though they are mentioned). Most of the other books focus on different child protagonists, some Ozite, some from other Nonestican realms, and some from the United States, and as such, her appearances in the main series become more and more limited. In Jack Snow's The Magical Mimics in Oz (1946), Ozma places Dorothy on the throne of Oz while she is away visiting Queen Lurline's fairy band.

The magic of Oz keeps Dorothy young. In The Lost King of Oz (1925), a Wish Way carries Dorothy to a film set in Hollywood, California. She begins to age very rapidly to her late 20s, making up for at least some of the years that have already passed. The Wish Way carries her back to Oz and restores her to her younger self, but she learns then that it would be unwise for her ever to return to the outside world. Baum never states Dorothy's age, but he does state in The Lost Princess of Oz that she is a year younger than Betsy Bobbin and a year older than Trot, whose age was specified as 10 in Ruth Plumly Thompson's The Giant Horse of Oz, putting her at age 11 by the time she comes to live in Oz.

Dorothy has a forthright and take-charge character, exhibiting no fear when she slaps the Cowardly Lion, and organizing the Winkies' rescue mission of her friends who have been dismembered by the winged monkeys. She is not afraid of angering the Wicked Witch of the West, as shown when the Witch stole one of Dorothy's slippers, and in retaliation, Dorothy hurled a bucket of water over her, not knowing water was fatal to the witch. She brazenly rebuffs Princess Langwidere's threat to take her head for her collection — "Well, I b'lieve you won't." (Following Anna Laughlin's portrayal of the character in the popular 1903 Broadway version of The Wizard of Oz, Baum scripts Dorothy to speak in childlike contractions with Ozma of Oz, which she continues to do throughout the series). This aspect of her character was somewhat lessened by her companionship of Ozma, in whom Baum placed the greater level of wisdom and dignity. Yet even this is complicated by her associations with her cousin, Zeb of Hugson's Ranch, a rugged, manly boy who does not take well to Oz and cannot think of anything much more interesting than defeating the Munchkins' wrestling champion, which he proves unable to do.

Thompson's Oz books show a certain intolerance in Dorothy. In The Cowardly Lion of Oz, circus clown Notta Bit More arrives in the Emerald City "disguised" as a traditional witch, and Dorothy immediately starts dumping buckets of water on him without provocation (although she reacted this way on the assumption that the "witch" Notta was an evil witch like her old enemy, the Wicked Witch of the West). In The Wishing Horse of Oz, she makes unsavory comments about the dark coloration Gloma and her subjects take on as a disguise, making them somewhat resemble black people. This behavior is not characteristic of Dorothy in Baum's Oz books. In The Patchwork Girl of Oz, she pushes and slaps through crowds of black Tottenhots to rescue the Scarecrow, whom they are tossing around, but this is more an example of her gumption than any sort of prejudice, as she is otherwise kind and polite to the Tottenhots, and accepts that their ways are different from those who dwell in the Emerald City.

The authorized sequels of Sherwood Smith, The Emerald Wand of Oz and Trouble Under Oz, center on the child characters Dori and Em, who live with their Aunt Susan. All three are indirect descendants of Dorothy, though their specific relationship to her is unclear.

Philip José Farmer's 1982 science-fiction novel A Barnstormer in Oz tells the story of aviator Henry "Hank" Stover — who is not surprised one beautiful spring day in 1923 when he flies his Curtiss Jenny biplane through a strange green cloud and finds himself in Oz. Hank knows that he is in Oz because his mother, Dorothy Gale-Stover, had been there back in 1890 and later told him of her experiences. Farmer's premise is that Dorothy only visited Oz once and told her story to a journalist named Frank Baum. This journalist would later create a series of books from Dorothy's only adventure in Oz. Farmer's Oz is on the brink of both a civil war and an invasion by the United States Army.

Conception
An influence on the creation of Dorothy appears to be the Alice books of Lewis Carroll. Although Baum reportedly found these plots incoherent, he identified their source of popularity as Alice herself, a character with whom child readers could identify; this influenced his choice of a protagonist for his own books.

Dorothy's character was probably named after Baum's own niece, Dorothy Louise Gage, who died in infancy. Baum's wife was very attached to her and was deeply grieved by her death, so there is speculation that Baum inserted her name into his stories as a memorial. Elements of Dorothy Gale's character are possibly derived from Matilda Joslyn Gage, Dorothy Gage's grandmother. Dorothy Gage is buried in Evergreen Cemetery in Bloomington, Illinois.

Lee Sandlin writes that L. Frank Baum read a disaster report of a tornado in Irving, Kansas, in May 1879 which included the name of a victim, Dorothy Gale, who was "found buried face down in a mud puddle."

In film

In Baum's 1902 stage musical adaptation, Dorothy was played by Anna Laughlin. In 1908 L. Frank Baum adapted his early Oz novels as The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays, with Romola Remus as Dorothy. This was followed by The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, a motion picture short that Otis Turner, one of the directors of Fairylogue, made without Baum as part of a contract fulfillment. In this 1910 film, Dorothy was played by Bebe Daniels. It was followed by two sequels (the same year), Dorothy and the Scarecrow in Oz and The Land of Oz, both of which included Dorothy, but whether Daniels participated is unknown. Baum subsequently loosely adapted The Wonderful Wizard of Oz into a 1914 motion picture directed by J. Farrell MacDonald titled His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz with Violet MacMillan as Dorothy.

Dorothy does not appear in The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1914), although some film books claim that Mildred Harris, who had yet to sign her contract with The Oz Film Manufacturing Company, played the role. The character, is, in fact, eliminated from the film version, although she has a fairly large role in the novel.

Dorothy Dwan portrayed Dorothy in the 1925 film Wizard of Oz. In this film, Aunt Em (Mary Carr) informs her on her eighteenth birthday that she was left on their doorstep and is really a princess of Oz destined to marry Prince Kynd (Bryant Washburn), who has currently lost the throne to Prime Minister Kruel (Josef Swickard), in a storyline similar to that of His Majesty the Scarecrow of Oz, only with Dorothy as the love interest. In the end, the story proves to be the dream of a little girl who has fallen asleep listening to the story of Kynd and Kruel, said to be the story of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The film also introduced the idea of the farmhands also being the Scarecrow, Tin Woodsman and Cowardly Lion, albeit as costumes they don in order to conceal themselves in Oz.

In the 1939 movie The Wizard of Oz, Dorothy was played by Judy Garland, who received an Academy Juvenile Award for her performance. Since she was sixteen years old at the time of filming, Garland's maturing figure was bound into a figure-hiding corset. Since fantasy films generally were unsuccessful at that time, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer portrayed Oz as a head-trauma-induced delirium, instead of a real place. Dorothy's characterization in the 1939 film is more of a damsel in distress, somewhat unlike the adventurous, forthright and bold Dorothy of the books, and as one of the first movies to be filmed in Technicolor, the director had the color of the famous magic slippers changed from silver to red because the Ruby slippers were more visually appealing on film.

She is reunited with Aunt Em, Uncle Henry, their three farm workers (Scarecrow, Tin Man, and Cowardly Lion's alter egos), and Professor Marvel (The Wizard's alter ego) when she awakens from being unconscious at the end of this film, back at home, safe and proclaiming the film's theme and moral:  "There's no place like home"  (also fulfilling the numerous foreshadows earlier in the story). While it is implied that Oz is merely Dorothy's dream since she awakens in bed at the end, Dorothy is convinced that her journey was all in fact real.

In Disney's 1985 fantasy adventure film Return to Oz, Dorothy is played by then child actress Fairuza Balk.

In the video for Blues Traveler's 1994 hit song "Run-Around", Dorothy tries to get into a club where the band is performing. She is portrayed by actress Diana Marquis.

In Disney's 2013 film Oz the Great and Powerful, Dorothy's maternal origins are hinted at when Annie (Michelle Williams) informs her friend Oscar Diggs that her fiancé's surname is Gale.

Dorothy appears in the animated film Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return (which is based on Dorothy of Oz), voiced by Lea Michele.

Dorothy made a cameo appearance in The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part, voiced by Maya Rudolph. She, Toto, Scarecrow, Tin Man, and Cowardly Lion find themselves having been transported from the Land of Oz to Harmony Town in the Systar System.

Dorothy appears in the South Korean animated film Red Shoes and the Seven Dwarfs, voiced by Katie DiCicco.

In television
A little known version of the original story made for British TV in 1995 starred Denise Van Outen as Dorothy. Among other variations of the story, it featured her as a wealthy, spoiled socialite and the characters using sexual innuendo and cursing. It combined elements from the original books, the 1939 film version and 1985's Return to Oz. At the film's end, she wakes up from having fallen asleep and dismisses her trip to Oz as a crazy dream.

The 2007 Sci-Fi Channel miniseries Tin Man reworked her into DG, a descendant of Dorothy's, and is played by Zooey Deschanel. In this iteration, the trademark dress is actually a diner waitress uniform; the rest of the time she wears a leather jacket and jeans and rides a motorcycle. When she is taken into Oz, she learns that she is actually the princess of the kingdom of Oz, sent to another world and raised by androids that protect her after her sister was possessed by the spirit of an ancient witch that she unleashed by accident.

In the 2012 TV miniseries Dorothy and the Witches of Oz, Dorothy (played by Paulie Rojas) is shown as an adult writer and starts regaining repressed memories of her actual adventures in the Land of Oz when the Wicked Witch of the West plans to conquer the Land of Oz and all of Earth.

Dorothy appears in the ninth season of Supernatural, portrayed by Tiio Horn. This version is Dorothy Baum. Dorothy is a hunter whose father was L. Frank Baum, a member of the Men of Letters. Desperate when it appeared that The Wicked Witch could not be killed, Dorothy used a spell to bind herself and the Wicked Witch, keeping them both trapped in stasis at the Men of Letters bunker for decades. They were finally freed by Sam and Dean Winchester. After Charlie Bradbury killed the Wicked Witch, she and Dorothy went to Oz in order to continue fighting against the Witch's forces.

Dorothy appears in the third and fifth seasons of the TV series Once Upon a Time. In this show, Dorothy is from a fictional version of Kansas and not from Earth (dubbed the Land Without Magic in the show). She is portrayed as an adult by Teri Reeves and as a child by Matreya Scarrwener. Dorothy, caught in her Kansas farmhouse during a raging cyclone, is swept away to Oz. Taken in by the protectors of Oz, the sisterhood of witches, she comes to view them as family. One night, she is confronted by Zelena the Witch of the West (Rebecca Mader), while getting water from a well. Zelena intends to get rid of Dorothy as she believes the girl is destined to usurp her seat in the sisterhood. In defense, Dorothy throws a bucket of water at Zelena; causing the witch to melt. Glinda the Witch of the South (Sunny Mabrey), then appears to offer her to take Zelena's place as the Witch of the West, but Dorothy declines; wishing only to return home. With Glinda's help, she is taken to see the Wizard and given a pair of silver slippers to travel to any world. Dorothy thanks the Wizard of Oz (Christopher Gorham) and proceeds to click the slippers' heels three times to send herself home. Only after the girl's departure, Glinda discovers too late that Zelena masqueraded as the Wizard in order to usher Dorothy out of Oz.

Upon returning to Kansas, Dorothy tells her family about her experiences in Oz. However, her family does not believe her, and attempts to get her admitted into an asylum. Her aunt, Emily Brown (Gina Stockdale) is the only person who believes her, and refuses to let her be admitted. However, Aunt Em dies, gifting Dorothy a puppy named Toto before she does. Years pass, and Dorothy returns to Oz. Learning from the Munchkins that Zelena is still alive and no longer fearing the witch, Dorothy storms the palace in time to stop Zelena from stealing the Scarecrow's (Paul Scheer) brain for a time spell. Dorothy taunts Zelena about having one thing she'll never obtain, the love of the people, as Zelena prepares a fireball to destroy her. Toto, hopping out of the bag, trots up to the palace curtains, while Dorothy ducks to avoid Zelena's fireball, which hits an approaching guard. Toto then tugs a string, causing the curtains to fall on Zelena, who fumbles to get free. While she is occupied, Dorothy escapes the palace with the Scarecrow and her dog. Later, she and her companions hide out in a cottage, but Zelena eventually finds them, after putting a tracking spell on Dorothy's old bicycle. Dorothy does her best to protect the Scarecrow, but Zelena ends up ripping out his brain. Fearlessly standing up to the witch, Dorothy dares Zelena to do her worst, while boasting that she'll never be afraid of her again. Zelena expresses brief interest in her brave attitude, wondering what made her change. In the end, Zelena leaves Dorothy unharmed to let the people of Oz see that, for once, their great hero has failed them.

In Emerald City, Dorothy is an adult when she is taken to Oz, working as a nurse. She is still living with Em and Henry, but here they are identified as her adopted parents, her biological mother having left her with them as a baby and only recently getting back in touch with Dorothy. Months after receiving the letter, Dorothy makes her first official visit to her biological mother when the tornado occurs that takes her to Oz. Faced with an Oz that is increasingly opposed to magic on the Wizard's orders and accused of the death of the Witch of the East - which was initially an accident and later self-defence when the Witch survived her injuries - Dorothy learns more about her true ties to this world as she searches for answers, accompanied by a police German Shepherd she names 'Toto' and the amnesic Lucas. The TV series concludes with her returning to Earth after the wizard's forces are decimated by the Beast Forever, but she is subsequently contacted by Lucas and Toto - both of whom she left behind in Oz - appearing to her in Kansas to ask for help.

Although not a direct adaptation to the literature itself, the 2013 Super Sentai series, Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger features the Deboth Army's members being themed after the characters in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The then-Joyful Knight Canderrilla is designed with the motif of Dorothy Gale

In the 2017 animated series Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz, Dorothy is voiced by Kari Wahlgren who is portrayed as much younger and race swapped. set after the events of the 1939 film, Dorothy is appointed the princess of Oz by Queen Ozma, where she and her friends go on adventures and save the Land of Oz from danger like the tyrannical Nome King and Wilhelmina, the niece of the Wicked Witch of the West who wants to steal the Ruby Slippers to revive her evil aunt.

In video games

Wizard101

Dorothy Gale appears as an NPC in the 2008 MMORPG Wizard101. Unlike other adaptations of the character, Dorothy travelled from her family farm in Kansas to Wizard City to become a Balance wizard at Ravenwood School of Magical Arts. In the sidequests "Yellow Brick Road" and "Not in Kansas Anymore", players meet Dorothy in her home, who tells them to go and check on her friends that she was having over for dinner, Mr. Toto and the Tin Man. Mr. Toto tells the player that they are running late due to Tin Man not being able to find his oil can, and asks the player to tell Dorothy that they are just running late as usual.

LEGO Dimensions

Dorothy Gale is one of the non-playable characters that appears in the 2015 toys-to-life video game LEGO Dimensions. While on her way to the Emerald City with Toto and her three companions, they encounter Batman, Gandalf, and Wyldstyle. Batman thinks that the Scarecrow is the supervillain of the same name from his world, though the interrogation is short lived, as Dorothy and her gang are sucked into a vortex where they are captured by the game's central antagonist, Lord Vortech. Lord Vortech imprisons Dorothy and uses the Ruby Slippers as one of the foundation elements needed to create his "perfect world".

Portrayals
 The Wizard of Oz (1902 stage musical): Anna Laughlin
 The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908): Romola Remus
 The Wonderful Wizard Of Oz (1910): Bebe Daniels
 His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz (1914): Violet MacMillan
 Wizard of Oz (1925): Dorothy Dwan
 The Wizard Of Oz (1939): Judy Garland
 Rainbow Road to Oz (1957): Darlene Gillespie
 Tales of the Wizard of Oz (1961): Corinne Conley
 Return to Oz (1964): Susan Conway (speaking voice), Susan Morse (singing voice)
 Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde (1971): Zeynep Değirmencioğlu (Ayşecik)
 Journey Back to Oz (1972): Liza Minnelli (voice)
 Oz (1976): Joy Dunstan
 The Wiz (1975): Stephanie Mills
 The Wiz (1978): Diana Ross
 The Wizard of Oz: Mari Okamoto (1982 Japanese track), Aileen Quinn (1983 American English track)
 Return to Oz (1985): Fairuza Balk
 The Wonderful Wizard of Oz: Sumi Shimamoto (1986 Japanese track), Morgan Hallett (1987 Canadian English track)
 Dorothy Meets Ozma of Oz (1987): Janice Hiromi Kawaye
 The Wizard of A.I.D.S. (1988): Martha Murphy
 The Wonderful Galaxy of Oz (1990): Mariko Kouda
 The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story (1990): Courtney Barilla (as Dorothy Gage and Dorothy Gale)
 The Wizard of Oz (1991): Liz Georges (voice)
 The Wizard of Oz: Denise Van Outen British TV version.
 The Wizard of Oz in Concert: Dreams Come True (1995): Jewel
 The Oz Kids animated series (1996-1997): Erika Schickel
 The Wizard of Oz (2001 stage show): Nikki Webster
 The Muppets' Wizard of Oz (2005): Ashanti
 The Wonderful Wizard of Ha's (2007): Lisa Vischer as Junior Asparagus as Darby (replacing Dorothy)
 Tin Man (TV miniseries) (2007): Zooey Deschanel as DG; Rachel Pattee & Alexis Llewellyn as Young DG; Grace Wheeler as the Grey Gale
 The Wizard of Oz (2011 musical): Danielle Hope and later Sophie Evans 2012 Toronto production Danielle Wade
 The Witches of Oz (2011): Paulie Redding
 Dorothy and the Witches of Oz: Paulie Rojas
 Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz: Grey DeLisle
 After the Wizard: Jordan Van Vranken as "Elizabeth Haskins"
 Supernatural (US TV series): Tiio Horn as "Dorothy" (Episode: Slumber Party)
 Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return: Lea Michele
 The Wiz Live!: Shanice Williams
 Dorothy Must Die (2014 book): Danielle Paige
 Lego Dimensions: Laura Bailey
 Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz: Grey DeLisle
 Emerald City: Adria Arjona
 Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz: Kari Wahlgren
 Lost in Oz: Ashley Boettcher
 The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part: Maya Rudolph
 Red Shoes and the Seven Dwarfs: Katie DiCicco

Impact on LGBTQ community

In the 1950s, the phrase "friend of Dorothy" became used as a slang term for homosexuals. This term is attributed both to American author and fellow gay icon Dorothy Parker, and to Judy Garland's prominent role as Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz. This gay slang term, also known as "FOD," means a gay man; and more broadly, any LGBTQ person. As such, someone was a friend of Dorothy was a euphemism used for discussing sexual orientation without others knowing its meaning. James Deutsch, program curator with the Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage, examined the origin of the phrase, noting scholars who argued that Garland became a "lodestone" for "gay culture", claimed by the community, and argued that the phrase shows "several of the most important functions of folklore that serve members of the LGBT community." However, Dee Michel, a scholar of Oz, said there are certain beliefs that continue about the connection between the film and LGBTQ people that "persist in spite of a lack of clear historical evidence." Additionally, a Dorothy dollar is described as any business generated by "providing goods and services to the homosexual community."

In L. Frank Baum's Land of Oz from 1900 to 1920, Dorothy and Ozma were described as being in an intimate friendship. In the series Once Upon a Time, Dorothy, who appears in seasons 3, 5, and 6 of the series, has a relationship with Ruby (Little Red Riding Hood), with the latter awakening her with a kiss in her final episode.

See also
 "Surrender Dorothy"
 Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz
 Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz
 Dorothy and the Witches of Oz
 Dorothy of Oz
 manhwa
 book
 animated film
 Oz Park, Chicago, USA

References

External links
 More information on Dorothy Gale

Oz (franchise) characters
Fictional characters from Kansas
Fictional characters displaced in other dimensions
Fictional feminists and women's rights activists
Fictional orphans
Fictional adoptees
Child characters in literature
Child characters in film
Child characters in animated films
Child characters in musical theatre
Female characters in literature
Female characters in film
Female characters in television
Fictional princesses
Characters in Wicked
Literary characters introduced in 1900
Female characters in musical theatre
Female characters in animation
Female characters in fairy tales

Dorothy Gale


The coat of arms of Podgorica is an official insignia of Podgorica, capital of Montenegro. It is a new coat of arms, adopted as a symbol of the city in 2006. It replaced the old coat of arms, which was thought outdated aesthetically. The author is Srdjan Marlović.

Description of the coat of arms
The silver shield represents water. Among all characteristics of this municipality, the most important one is its richness in water (6 rivers and Skadar Lake, the biggest lake in the Balkans).
The layers of urban heritage in this municipality (Doclea and Meteon) are presented by two blue horizontal stripes. Metaphorically, they present the foundation of the present city of Podgorica.
The universal symbol, whose creation was based on stylisation of all recognisable symbols of modern Podgorica that we know today: Nemanja's town, the clock tower, Gorica monument, gates, bridges, etc. are all combined into one symbol, a broken line positioned above the 2 horizontal stripes.
The crown represents the town's status as Montenegro's capital city.
Two silver lions act as supporters and are inspired by the oldest known coat of arms on Podgorica municipality, the arms of Božidar Vuković-Podgoričanin.
The golden wine leaves represent the vineyards that Podgorica is known for.

Historical coats of arms

See also
Armorial of Montenegro
Flag of Podgorica

References

Year of establishment missing
Culture in Podgorica
Podgorica
Podgorica

Coat of arms of Podgorica


Epictetus was an Ancient Greek philosopher. He was born in Hierapolis, Phrygia around 55 AD. The name his parents gave him is unknown; the word epíktetos (επίκτητος) in Greek simply means "acquired." He spent his youth as a slave in Rome to Epaphroditos, a rich freedman and secretary to Nero. The city was near the modern-day town of Pamukkale in Turkey. He died around 135 AD in Nikopolis in Epirus, in Greece. He was one of the most influential philosophers of the late Stoa. Epictetus founded a school of philosophy, where he also taught. None of his writings survive, but one of his pupils, Arrian, wrote what Epictetus taught.

Philosophy, Epictetus taught, is a way of life and not just a theoretical discipline. To Epictetus, all external events are determined by fate, and so are beyond our control; we should accept whatever happens calmly and dispassionately. However, individuals are responsible for their own actions, which they can examine and control through rigorous self-discipline.

Suffering occurs from trying to control what is uncontrollable, or from neglecting what is within our power. As part of the universal city that is the universe, it is our duty to care for all our fellow men. Those who follow these precepts will achieve happiness and peace of mind.

References

50s births
130s deaths
Ancient Greek philosophers

Epictetus


Germanus (; died 550) was an Eastern Roman general, one of the leading commanders of Emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565). Germanus was Emperor Justinian's cousin, thus also a member of the ruling dynasty. He held commands in Thrace, North Africa, and the East against Persia, and was slated to command the final Byzantine expedition against the Ostrogoths. Having married into the Gothic Amal royal line through his second wife Matasuntha and a distinguished service record, at the time of his sudden death, he was considered the probable heir to Emperor Justinian.

Biography

Origins and early career

Germanus was born before 505, the nephew of Emperor Justin I (r. 518–527) and thus cousin of Emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565), and not his nephew, as is often erroneously stated. According to a statement in Jordanes's Getica, Germanus was a descendant of the noble Roman clan of the Anicii. The exact nature of his connection, however, if indeed it is anything more than a literary device to indicate noble descent, is unclear. Theodor Mommsen hypothesized that his mother could have been a daughter of Anicia Juliana. During the reign of Emperor Justin I, he was raised to high office (he is recorded as a vir illustris in a 519 letter addressed to him by Pope Hormisdas), eventually being appointed as magister militum per Thraciae. In this capacity, he scored a crushing victory over an invasion of the Antae.

By 536, he was raised to the honorary consulate and the rank of patricius, and held the post of magister militum praesentalis. In that year, he was sent to North Africa to succeed Solomon as military commander, with the task of suppressing a large-scale mutiny of the Byzantine troops led by Stotzas. His tenure there, described by Procopius, was a thorough success. By appearing conciliatory and paying the arrears, he won over a large part of the mutinous army. He then defeated the remaining rebels under Stotzas at the Battle of Scalas Veteres in the spring of 537 and stabilized the situation by suppressing another conspiracy amongst his troops (cf. Maximinus) and restoring discipline.

Germanus was recalled by Emperor Justinian in 539, and sent to Antioch in 540 at the outbreak of the Lazic War with Sassanid Persia. Heavily outnumbered by the Persians, he retreated to Cilicia and was unable to prevent the catastrophic sack of Antioch in the same year. In the next year, as Belisarius assumed command in the East, Germanus returned to Constantinople.

Conspiracy of Artabanes
By 548, he was acknowledged as the most influential of Emperor Justinian's relatives and his heir apparent, although this was never formally recognized. In that year, his position was strengthened further by the death of Empress Theodora, who disliked him intensely. His stature at court was such that a plot was hatched by the disaffected general Artabanes and his kinsman Arsaces to assassinate Emperor Justinian and replace him with Germanus. The conspirators thought Germanus amenable to their plans, since he had been dissatisfied with Emperor Justinian's meddling in the settling of the will of his recently deceased brother Boraides.

The conspirators first told Justin, Germanus's eldest son, of their intentions. He, in turn, informed his father, who then held counsel with the comes excubitorum, Marcellus. In order to find out more of their intentions, Germanus met the conspirators in person, while a trusted aide of Marcellus, named Leontius, was concealed nearby and listened in. Marcellus then informed Emperor Justinian, and the conspirators were arrested, but treated with remarkable leniency. At first, Germanus and his sons too were suspected, until the testimony of Marcellus and the commanders Constantianus and Bouzes cleared them.

High command and death
In the meantime, the Gothic War in Italy against the Ostrogoths had been going badly for the Byzantine Empire, with the Gothic king Totila having wrested most of the peninsula back from the Byzantine troops. In 549, Emperor Justinian decided to send a major expeditionary force to Italy with Germanus as its head. Soon, however, he changed his mind and appointed the patricius Liberius instead, before cancelling the expedition altogether.

In 550, however, Emperor Justinian did finally appoint Germanus as commander-in-chief of an Italian expedition. Installing his base at Serdica (modern Sofia, Bulgaria), he began assembling an army. According to Procopius, his fame was such that soldiers, both Byzantines and barbarians, flocked to his banner. Even a Slav invasion headed for Thessalonica allegedly diverted itself towards Dalmatia at the news of his taking up command in Thrace. Germanus also took a step that he hoped would significantly decrease the resistance he would face from the Ostrogoths: he took as his second wife Matasuntha, the former queen of the Goths, granddaughter of Theodoric the Great and last surviving heir of the royal Amal line. Contemporary accounts certainly suggest that this move, combined with news of the massive preparations, produced an effect among the Goths in Italy, as well as the numerous Byzantine defectors in their ranks, some of whom sent messages promising to return to Byzantine allegiance upon his arrival.

In addition, this marriage, which was endorsed by Emperor Justinian himself, marked Germanus out as the heir to both the East Roman and the Gothic realms. It was not to be, however: only two days before the army was to set out, in the early autumn of 550, he fell ill and died. His demise dashed any hopes for the reconciliation of Goth and Roman in Italy, and led to further years of bloodshed, until the peninsula was definitively conquered by the Byzantines.

Germanus is given a very favourable treatment in the work of Procopius, he openly praises him for his virtue, justice, and generosity, as well as for his energy and ability both as a soldier and an administrator.

Family
Germanus had a brother named Boraides and perhaps also a brother named Justus. From his first marriage to a woman named Passara, he had two sons and a daughter:

 Justin, born probably in circa 525/530, became consul in 540 and general towards the end of Emperor Justinian's reign.
 Justinian, general.
 Justina, born in circa 527, who married in 545 the general John, nephew of the general and rebel Vitalian.

From his later marriage to Matasuntha, he had a son, also called Germanus, born posthumously (late 550/early 551). Nothing further is known of him with certainty, although he can possibly be identified with the patricius Germanus, a leading senator in the reign of Emperor Maurice (r. 582–602) whose daughter married Maurice's eldest son Theodosius. Michael Whitby identifies the younger Germanus with Germanus, a son-in-law of Tiberius II Constantine and Ino Anastasia.

References

Sources

Year of birth unknown
550 deaths
Justinian dynasty
Magistri militum
6th-century Byzantine people
Generals of Justinian I
Byzantine North Africa
Anicii

Germanus (cousin of Justinian I)


An elimination reaction is a type of organic reaction in which two substituents are removed from a molecule in either a one- or two-step mechanism. The one-step mechanism is known as the E2 reaction, and the two-step mechanism is known as the E1 reaction.  The numbers refer not to the number of steps in the mechanism, but rather to the kinetics of the reaction: E2 is bimolecular (second-order) while E1 is unimolecular (first-order). In cases where the molecule is able to stabilize an anion but possesses a poor leaving group, a third type of reaction, E1CB,  exists.  Finally, the pyrolysis of xanthate and acetate esters proceed through an "internal" elimination mechanism, the Ei mechanism.

E2 mechanism
The E2 mechanism, where E2 stands for bimolecular elimination, involves a one-step mechanism in which carbon-hydrogen and carbon-halogen bonds break to form a double bond (C=C Pi bond).

The specifics of the reaction are as follows:
 E2 is a single step elimination, with a single transition state.
 It is typically undergone by primary substituted alkyl halides, but is possible with some secondary alkyl halides and other compounds.
 The reaction rate is second order, because it's influenced by both the alkyl halide and the base (bimolecular).
 Because the E2 mechanism results in the formation of a pi bond, the two leaving groups (often a hydrogen and a halogen) need to be antiperiplanar. An antiperiplanar transition state has staggered conformation with lower energy than a synperiplanar transition state which is in eclipsed conformation with higher energy. The reaction mechanism involving staggered conformation is more favorable for E2 reactions (unlike E1 reactions).
 E2 typically uses a strong base. It must be strong enough to remove a weakly acidic hydrogen.
 In order for the pi bond to be created, the hybridization of carbons needs to be lowered from sp3 to sp2.
 The C-H bond is weakened in the rate determining step and therefore a primary deuterium isotope effect  much larger than 1 (commonly 2-6) is observed.
 E2 competes with the SN2 reaction mechanism if the base can also act as a nucleophile (true for many common bases).

An example of this type of reaction in scheme 1 is the reaction of isobutylbromide with potassium ethoxide in ethanol. The reaction products are isobutene, ethanol and potassium bromide.

E1 mechanism
E1 is a model to explain a particular type of chemical elimination reaction. E1 stands for unimolecular elimination and has the following specifications

 It is a two-step process of elimination: ionization and deprotonation.
 Ionization: the carbon-halogen bond breaks to give a carbocation intermediate.
 deprotonation of the carbocation.
 E1 typically takes place with tertiary alkyl halides, but is possible with some secondary alkyl halides.
 The reaction rate is influenced only by the concentration of the alkyl halide because carbocation formation is the slowest step, as known as the rate-determining step. Therefore, first-order kinetics apply (unimolecular).
 The reaction usually occurs in the complete absence of a base or the presence of only a weak base (acidic conditions and high temperature).
 E1 reactions are in competition with SN1 reactions because they share a common carbocationic intermediate.
 A secondary deuterium isotope effect of slightly larger than 1 (commonly 1 - 1.5) is observed.
 There is no antiperiplanar requirement. An example is the pyrolysis of a certain sulfonate ester of menthol:

Only reaction product A results from antiperiplanar elimination. The presence of product B is an indication that an E1 mechanism is occurring.
 It is accompanied by carbocationic rearrangement reactions

An example in scheme 2 is the reaction of tert-butylbromide with potassium ethoxide in ethanol.

E1 eliminations happen with highly substituted alkyl halides for two main reasons.
 Highly substituted alkyl halides are bulky, limiting the room for the E2 one-step mechanism; therefore, the two-step E1 mechanism is favored.
 Highly substituted carbocations are more stable than methyl or primary substituted cations. Such stability gives time for the two-step E1 mechanism to occur.
If SN1 and E1 pathways are competing, the E1 pathway can be favored by increasing the heat.

Specific features :
 Rearrangement possible
 Independent of concentration and basicity of base

Competition among mechanisms
The reaction rate is influenced by the reactivity of halogens, iodide and bromide being favored. Fluoride is not a good leaving group, so eliminations with fluoride as the leaving group have slower rates than other halogens .
There is a certain level of competition between the elimination reaction and nucleophilic substitution. More precisely, there are competitions between E2 and SN2 and also between E1 and SN1. Generally, elimination is favored over substitution when
 steric hindrance around the α-carbon increases.
 a stronger base is used.
 temperature increases (increase entropy)
 the base is a poor nucleophile. Bases with steric bulk, (such as in potassium tert-butoxide), are often poor nucleophiles.
For example, when a 3° haloalkane reacts with an alkoxide, due to strong basic character of the alkoxide and unreactivity of 3° group towards SN2, only alkene formation by E2 elimination is observed.  Thus, elimination by E2 limits the scope of the Williamson ether synthesis (an SN2 reaction) to essentially only 1° haloalkanes; 2° haloalkanes generally do not give synthetically useful yields, while 3° haloalkanes fail completely.

With strong base, 3° haloalkanes give elimination by E2.  With weak bases, mixtures of elimination and substitution products form by competing SN1 and E1 pathways.

The case of 2° haloalkanes is relatively complex.  For strongly basic nucleophiles (pKaH > 11, e.g., hydroxide, alkoxide, acetylide), the result is generally elimination by E2, while weaker bases that are still good nucleophiles (e.g., acetate, azide, cyanide, iodide) will give primarily SN2.  Finally, weakly nucleophilic species (e.g., water, alcohols, carboxylic acids) will give a mixture of SN1 and E1.

For 1° haloalkanes with β-branching, E2 elimination is still generally preferred over SN2 for strongly basic nucleophiles.  Unhindered 1° haloalkanes favor SN2 when the nucleophile is also unhindered.  However, strongly basic and hindered nucleophiles favor E2.

In general, with the exception of reactions in which E2 is impossible because β hydrogens are unavailable (e.g. methyl, allyl, and benzyl halides), clean SN2 substitution is hard to achieve when strong bases are used, as alkene products arising from elimination are almost always observed to some degree.  On the other hand, clean E2 can be achieved by simply selecting a sterically hindered base (e.g., potassium tert-butoxide).  Similarly, attempts to effect substitution by SN1 almost always result in a product mixture contaminated by some E1 product (again, with the exception of cases where the lack of β hydrogens makes elimination impossible).

In one study the kinetic isotope effect (KIE) was determined for the gas phase reaction of several alkyl halides with the chlorate ion. In accordance with an E2 elimination the reaction with t-butyl chloride results in a KIE of 2.3. The methyl chloride reaction (only SN2 possible) on the other hand has a KIE of 0.85 consistent with a SN2 reaction because in this reaction type the C-H bonds tighten in the transition state. The KIE's for the ethyl (0.99) and isopropyl (1.72) analogues suggest competition between the two reaction modes.

Elimination reactions other than β-elimination
β-Elimination, with loss of electrofuge and nucleofuge on vicinal carbons, is by far the most common type of elimination.  The ability to form a stable product containing a C=C or C=X bond, as well as orbital alignment considerations, strongly favors β-elimination over other elimination processes. However, other types are known, generally for systems where β-elimination cannot occur.

The next most common type of elimination reaction is α-elimination.  For a carbon center, the result of α-elimination is the formation of a carbene, which includes "stable carbenes" such as carbon monoxide or isocyanides.  For instance, α-elimination the elements of HCl from chloroform (CHCl3) in the presence of strong base is a classic approach for the generation of dichlorocarbene, :CCl2, as a reactive intermediate.  On the other hand, formic acid undergoes α-elimination to afford the stable products water and carbon monoxide under acidic conditions.  α-Elimination may also occur on a metal center, one particularly common result of which is lowering of both the metal oxidation state and coordination number by 2 units in a process known as reductive elimination.  (Confusingly, in organometallic terminology, the terms α-elimination and α-abstraction refer to processes that result in formation of a metal-carbene complex.  In these reactions, it is the carbon adjacent to the metal that undergoes α-elimination.)

In certain special cases, γ- and higher eliminations to form three-membered or larger rings is also possible in both organic and organometallic processes. For instance, certain Pt(II) complexes undergo γ- and δ-elimination to give metallocycles. More recently, γ-silyl elimination of a silylcyclobutyl tosylate has been used to prepare strained bicyclic systems.

History
Many of the concepts and terminology related to elimination reactions were proposed by Christopher Kelk Ingold in the 1920s.

See also
 E1cB-elimination reaction

References

External links

Olefination reactions
Reaction mechanisms

Elimination reaction


Teacher-Student Centre of the University of Dhaka is a building on the Dhaka University campus in Shahbagh, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The centre was established in 1961 by the Dhaka University by the Division of Public Affairs.

History
The construction of the Teacher-Student Centre was financed by the Pakistan Government and the Ford foundation. Parts of the site used to be land of the old Sujatpur Palace grounds (the oldest Nawab Mansion in Shahbagh). There was a Greek cemetery on the west side of the race course, now Suhrawardy Udyan. Many historically important political meetings and discussions were held at the Teacher-Student Centre during the Bangladesh Liberation War.

Architectural significance

The main building was designed by Konstantinos Doxiadis, a Greek architect and town planner. An example of modern architecture, according to architect Mahbubur Rahman it takes into account indigenous culture, climate, and spatial arrangement. Arranged around a court, it has an extra butterfly canopy (double roof) extended over the main block at the front, which helps to keep the Centre cool.  The complex contains dining rooms, meeting rooms, libraries, art and music rooms, stages, a multipurpose hall, game rooms, a film lab, rehearsal rooms, and more. As a result, the Teacher-Student Centre forms the social and cultural heart of the campus. The complex has some extensions which were built during the 1980s that allowed north–south cross-ventilation. As one enters the Teacher-Student Centre, a sculpture by Hamiduzzaman Khan greets the visitors.

Across the green lawn to the east of the Teacher-Student Centre stands a small Greek Mausoleum. It was constructed in 1915. This building has a square structure, similar to a classical doric monument, with an entrance on the east side, transforming the square plan into a cruciform shape. The flat roof projects forward on all sides. The mausoleum still has several epitaphs attached to the wall, most of which are written in classical Greek. It is the only trace of the small Greek community that existed in Bangladesh in the 19th century.

Inside the swimming pool enclave of the centre, two small Siva temples are housed, with a small monument between them. The swimming pool is currently not in use.

Activities

The Teacher-Student Centre seeks to foster campus community life to supplement the formal academic program of the university. Campus organizations hold their meetings, functions, lectures, and arts exhibitions in the building. Discussion sessions are frequently scheduled, journals and bulletins published, and competitions held, giving the university a varied programme of cultural and social events.

Student activities also include relief and aid, such as during the devastating flood of 1987 and Sidr in 2007. Students prepared food and saline for the flood victims for over four months. The Centre holds the facilities of a voluntary blood donation organization, called Badhan, organized by the students of the university.

The Centre houses the office of Badhan, Dhaka University Debating Society, Dhaka University Film Society, Dhaka University Quiz Society, Dhaka University Tourist Society, Dhaka University Journalists Association, Dhaka University Photographic Society, Dhaka University Chess Club, Dhaka University Model United Nations Association, Rover Scout and different socio-cultural groups of the students.

Dhaka University Publication Centre and Janata Bank are situated in the building.

References

 Muntassir Mamoon, Dhaka Smriti Bismritir Nagori (1993) p. 78, 219. , Monirul Hoque Ananya
 Bangladesh Asiatic Society - Sthapotya(2007) p. 505. , Bangladesh Asiatic Society

University of Dhaka

Teacher-Student Centre, University of Dhaka