Anglo-Saxon turriform churches were an Anglo-Saxon style of church that were built in the form of towers. They can also be called tower-nave churches.

Overview
Several Anglo-Saxon churches were built as towers. The ground floor was used as the nave; there was a small projecting chancel on the east side and sometimes also the west, as at St Peter's Church, Barton-upon-Humber (the baptistery). Archaeological investigations at St. Peter's in 1898 revealed the foundations of the original small chancel; marks on the east wall of the tower also show where its walls were, and that it was narrower than the tower. Later, in this case in the fourteenth century, the chancel was replaced with a nave extending eastward from the tower.

Some have suggested that the turriform churches were the earliest type of churches built in Anglo-Saxon England, particularly in small settlements where it was natural to use timber, as in non-ecclesiastical buildings. However, there are no churches left that still have only the tower. The sequence of development into the usual stone cruciform church would have been:
A small tower church built in timber, with a small eastern extension for the chancel and sometimes also a small "west-nave".
Replacement of the chancel and west-nave, if present, using stone.
Rebuilding of the ground floor of the tower in stone.
Addition of north and south wings to the tower, to make a "winged square".
Construction of a long nave, with the tower now at one end. Usually the extension would be to the east, producing a west tower.

However, this is only a hypothesis; we have only one surviving Anglo-Saxon timber church, Greensted Church, a small number of written descriptions, and some archaeological evidence of ground plans. The extant stone structures can also be interpreted as having been built by carpenters who were transferring their skills to masonry work.

Analysis of the towers has revealed that they had far more timberwork than had been thought. The tower of St Peter's, Barton-upon-Humber had three levels of timbering: a first-floor gallery (which cannot have been a solid floor, because the ground-floor nave would have been lighted only by the first-floor windows), a belfry floor, and a frame on which the roof rested - either a stepped roof or a small spire.

Since the three surviving churches universally recognised as having originally had tower-naves are all in the Danelaw, one suggested reason for building them as towers is defence. Blair suggests that the Earls Barton tower church, with its heavy ornamentation, was built by a lord of the manor to impress and to "[combine] ecclesiastical, residential, and defensive functions". However, with wooden floors and access from both nave and chancel, they would have been deathtraps in a Viking raid. Another possibility is that they emulated Byzantine models; Fisher points out that the domed centrally planned churches of Eastern Christianity may also be regarded as towers.

Surviving churches that were originally towers

Generally accepted
 St Peter's Church, Barton-upon-Humber, Lincolnshire
 All Saints' Church, Earls Barton, Northamptonshire; there was a chancel attached, but no western annexe
 St Mary's Church, Broughton, Lincolnshire; later in the Anglo-Saxon period, a circular stair tower was attached to the nave-tower.

Norman continuations of the style
 St Bartholomew's Church, Fingest, Buckinghamshire
 Church of St Simon and St Jude, East Dean, East Sussex, generally thought to be Norman

Similar churches in Scotland
 Holy Trinity Church, Dunfermline; foundations of a 2-cell church under the nave
 Abbey of St Peter, Restenneth
 St Regulus' Chapel, St Andrews

Gallery

References

External links
 Michael G. Hardy, Anglo-Saxon churches slideshow, with a section on turriform churches

Church architecture
Anglo-Saxon architecture
Types of church buildings

Anglo-Saxon turriform churches


A supply chain moves a product or service from supplier to customer. It is the people, activities, information, and resources which move the product.

Supply chain activities transform natural resources, raw materials, and components into a finished product that is delivered to the end user or customer. The term is most used in business and finance. In short, the supply chain is an illustration of the different activities carried on in given transit of goods.

More than 9000 people still ask this question on Google search, despite Supply Chain Management (SCM) was introduced in early 1980s (Oliver and Webber, 1982) but it's has been growing in importance since the early 1990s.

History and Evolution of Supply Chain and Logistics, the author have explained chronological evolution of the concepts of logistics and the supply chain implies the existence of 7 distinct and important phases of as explained below.

 The First: The Transportation Era (1950s)
 The Second: The Physical Distribution (1960s)
 The Third: Physical Supply, Deregulation and Logistics (1970s)
 The Fourth: Transportation, Deregulation, Physical Distribution and Business Logistics (1980s)
 The Fifth: Business Logistics (1990s)
 The Sixth: Logistics and Supply Chain Management (2000s)
 The Seventh: Supply Chain Digitalization (2010's)

References

Business
Manufacturing

Supply chain


The Hispaniolan solenodon (Solenodon paradoxus) is a type of solenodon. It is only found on Hispaniola. It is also called the Haitian solenodon, or agouta.

Description
The Hispaniolan solenodon looks like a shrew. Adults are 49 to 72 cm (19 to 28 in) in length. Its average weight is about 800 g (28 oz). They are usually dusky brown, with a paler underside and reddish fur on the sides of the head, throat and upper chest. The tail, legs, snout, and eyelids are do not have any hair.

Distribution and Habitat
Hispaniolan solenodon is only found on the Hispaniola. Their habitat is usually found in moist forests that are not disturbed by human activities. They are usually found below an altitude of 1,000 m (3,300 ft). They are sometimes found at higher altitudes or near developed agricultural land.

Feeding
Hispaniolan solenodons mainly eats arthropods. It also eats worms, snails, mice and small reptiles. It may also eat a small amount of fruit, grains, and leaf litter.

Behaviour
Hispaniolan solenodons are nocturnal. During the  day, they stay in their burrows, in trees, caves, or hide. Their burrows may have lots of chambers and tunnels. Adult male and female usually live together with six young ones.

Reproduction
It breeds throughout the year. It has a gestation period of over 84 days. It gives birth to one to three young ones. Usually, if it gives birth to three only two will survive, because the female only has two teats. The young ones are born blind with no hair. The young ones weigh 40 to 55 g (1.4 to 1.9 oz). For two months, they are carried around by the mother. No one knows how long it takes for them to be weaned. They can live for over eleven years in captivity.

Conservation status
The Hispaniolan solenodon is an endangered species because of habitat loss and predation by introduced species. Its numbers have decreased during the last few decades.

The species is protected by law. However, national parks in both Haiti and the Dominican Republic are threatened by deforestation, using the land for farming and charcoal production. The US Agency for International Development and the Nature Conservancy are working with local nongovernmental organisations to make the protection for these parks better.

References

Soricomorphs
Mammals of North America

Hispaniolan solenodon


Mata o le Alelo is a village pool in Samoa associated with the Polynesian legend Sina and the Eel.

Mata o le Alelo is in the small village of Matavai, in the village district Safune on the central north coast of Savai'i island in Samoa.

The pool is fed by a freshwater spring which flows out towards the sea. The underground spring discharges into a pool that is about 500mm above sea level. Water can be seen boiling up to the surface at one end of the pool.

The natural spring water flows out to a small body of water which flows out to the open ocean towards the west. Towards the north, from the far end of the pool and across the water is the southern side of the small village of Lefagaoali'i situated on a spit of land. The small house beside the pool is looked after by the women of the village who look after the pool and visitors. Overnight stay in the house can be arranged with the village.

The pool is used for drinking water where it bubbles up at the nearer south end. Until recently, the pool was the main source of fresh water for the village. Water is now piped from a larger catchment inland. The far end of the pool which flows out to sea is where children bathe.

See also
Piula Cave Pool

References

Tourism in Samoa
Bodies of water of Samoa
Natural pools
Gaga'ifomauga
Bodies of water of Oceania

Mata o le Alelo


William Ellsworth Lee (January 31, 1867 – October 28, 1936) was an American businessman.

Biography
The brother of Thomas Peter Lee, was born in Petroleum, West Virginia on January 31, 1867.  At a very early age, he began working in the oil fields and spent six years with the U. S. Oil Company in West Virginia, before moving to Ohio and then following his brother to Saratoga, Texas in 1904.  He married Margaret McGuigan, a native of Parkersburg, on September 8, 1907, and the couple had six children: William Howard, Irene May, Thomas Peter, Faustine Ellen, and the twins, Donald and Ronald.

After working for ten years with the Producers Oil Company, Bill Lee resigned and joined the Texas Company (Texaco), which assigned him to the Sour Lake production division.  When T. P. Lee left the Texas Company and vacated the position of general superintendent of production, Bill thought that he might be promoted to that spot, but another got the job.  Though thoroughly sickened when things did not work out as planned, he stayed with the company only at the insistence of his brother.  Meanwhile, he still sought another area of employment, until finally, he got his wish.

With the formation of the Yount-Lee Oil Company, T. P. Lee gave him a block of stock in the new venture, and this afforded him the opportunity to break away from the oil business.  Subsequently, he organized and became president of the Citizens National Bank of Sour Lake, Texas which became one of the most prominent financial institutions in Hardin County.

Bill Lee's grandson, T. P. "Tommy" Lee, III, described his grandfather as a large man weighing about three hundred pounds and with a height of about five feet, eleven inches.  He was very affectionate toward all family members, but he was closer to T. P. Lee than all the rest.  Portrayed as a "man of extreme wealth with country ways," Bill Lee maintained a vegetable garden, kept various farm animals at his stately Houston home on Montrose Boulevard, and enjoyed spoiling all of his children and grandchildren.

After moving from Sour Lake to Houston, Lee devoted himself to investments.  He  became a distinguished financier, a member of the River Oaks Country Club, Houston Club, Yacht Club, Mount Olive Lodge No. 3, A. F. and A. M. of Parkersburg, West Virginia, and the Shrine and Knights Templar.  Bill Lee lived to be sixty-nine years old, and at the time of his death on October 28, 1936, brought on by bronchial pneumonia, he made his residence at 4218 Montrose Boulevard in Houston.  Like his brother, T. P. Lee, Bill is buried at Houston's Glenwood Cemetery.

Legacy
One of Bill's daughters, Faustine, married Glenn Herbert McCarthy, popularly known as "Diamond Glenn", a legendary wildcatter who built the world-famous Shamrock Hotel in Houston.  Purportedly, McCarthy, a close friend of Howard Hughes, inspired the character of Jett Rink found in Edna Ferber's best-selling novel Giant.   Another of Bill Lee's children, William Howard, married into Hollywood royalty not once but twice: first to actress Hedy Lamarr from December 1953 until the couple divorced in 1960; and then to Gene Tierney in 1960.

References

Source:  McKinley, Fred B., and Greg Riley.  Black Gold to Bluegrass: From the Oil Fields of Texas to Spindletop Farm of Kentucky.  Austin: Eakin Press, 2005.

American businesspeople in the oil industry
Businesspeople from Texas
Texas Oil Boom people
1867 births
1936 deaths
American financiers
Texaco people

William Ellsworth Lee


Benjamin Herschel Babbage (1815—1878) was an English scientist, engineer and explorer. Babbage was the son of the famous mathematician, Charles Babbage. He went to South Australia to map the geography and the location of minerals.

Babbage was very thorough, and spent a lot of time making sure that his information was correct. He carried a lot of equipment, as well as four and half tonnes of food, enough to last 18 months in the desert. Among his supplies he had 20 kilograms of chocolate and 5000 litres of water. He also took a flock of 150 sheep, which limited the speed the group could move. The government became frustrated with Babbage's slow progress, they wanted to know about possible farm lands and valuable minerals as soon as possible. Eventually Babbage was removed from the job and replaced by Major Peter Warburton.

Babbage later helped on the planning for the Australian Overland Telegraph Line. He was interested in growing grapes and retired to his large vineyard at St.Marys. He died on 20 October 1878, and is buried at St.Marys.

References

1815 births
1878 deaths

Exploration of Australia
People from South Australia
English explorers

Benjamin Herschel Babbage


Valerie Tagwira is a Zimbabwean writer who is a specialist obstetrician-gynecologist by profession. Her debut novel The Uncertainty of Hope, published in 2006 by Weaver Press, won the 2008 National Arts Merit Awards (NAMA) Outstanding Fiction Book.

Biography
Valerie Joan Tagwira was born in the city of Gweru, in central Zimbabwe, but lived for most of her childhood in Rutendo (Redcliff), a town in the Midlands Province. She attended Monte Cassino Secondary School in Macheke and St James High School in Nyamandhlovu. She graduated in 1997 from the University of Zimbabwe's Medical School, and subsequently studied at the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists while working in London, UK. Her first novel, The Uncertainty of Hope – which is set in Mbare, a suburb of Harare, Zimbabwe, and, as she has described it, "is all about the day-to-day nitty-gritty during the hard times of 2005" – was written during the time when she was in England, between 2002 and 2010, travelling home twice a year.

Writing
The Uncertainty of Hope, published in 2006 by Weaver Press, received widespread favourable reviews. Percy Zvomuya in the Mail & Guardian wrote: "Tagwira's book is a celebration of urban sisterhood and abiding relationships that withstand the deprivations of harsh, life-negating policies." According to reviewer Annie Gagiano, "the overwhelming, lingering and realistic impression left by this work is of lives lived under extreme difficulty, but faced with immense courage, dignity and the vital support of caring friendship among women. It is, indeed, a highly accomplished first novel and a valuable addition to the African literary archive, however painful it may be to read its many harrowing moments." Writing in The Standard newspaper, Bertha Shoko concluded: "This is a 'must read' for anyone with a passion for good literature. Tagwira manages to make me angry, happy, hopeful, and hopeless, as she narrates this touching story about Zimbabwe". Charles Mungoshi in The Herald said the novel was a welcome addition to the canon of Zimbabwean literature, while the reviewer for The Zimbabwean, calling the book "satisfying and thought-provoking", was reminded of award-winning Ghanaian writer Ama Ata Aidoo's novel Changes.

The Uncertainty of Hope won the National Arts Merit Award (NAMA) for literature in 2008, and is studied by Advanced-Level students as part of the Zimbabwe School Examinations Council (ZIMSEC) English Literature curriculum.

Tagwira also writes poetry and short stories. She is included in the anthologies Writing Mystery and Mayhem (Weaver Press, 2015), edited by Irene Staunton, and New Daughters of Africa, edited by Margaret Busby.

References

External links
 Official website
 Sara Davies, "Literary conversation with Valerie Tagwira", Harare News, 4 June 2014.
 Ambrose Musiyiwa, "An Interview With Novelist Valerie Tagwira", Worldpress.org, 15 April 2007.
 "Interview with Valerie Tagwira", World Press Review, 18 February 2009.
 "The Uncertainty of Hope: A book that reminds us who women are in Zimbabwe", ''Kubatana.

Living people
21st-century novelists
21st-century Zimbabwean writers
21st-century Zimbabwean women writers
University of Zimbabwe alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)

Valerie Tagwira


David Ellison (born January 9, 1983) is an American film producer and actor, son of multibillionaire Larry Ellison, and the founder and CEO of Skydance Media.

Early life and education
David Ellison was born in Santa Clara County, California. He is the son of billionaire Oracle Corporation co-founder and chairman Larry Ellison, and his ex-wife, Barbara Boothe Ellison. His father is of Italian and Jewish heritage. David attended the University of Southern California. He has one sister, film producer Megan Ellison, who founded Annapurna Pictures.

Career
Ellison is the CEO and founder of Skydance Media. In 2010, with his father then the sixth richest person in the world, and a partnership deal with Paramount, Skydance was able to raise $350 million in equity and credit to co-finance and co-produce movies. The company's films include Mission: Impossible – Fallout, Annihilation, World War Z, True Grit, Jack Reacher, Star Trek Into Darkness, Star Trek Beyond and many more. With the 2010 transaction, Ellison was named to Varietys Dealmaker list for 2010 and the Forbes 30 Under 30 list in 2011.

As an actor, Ellison has performed in the films Flyboys, Little Fish, Strange Pond and Hole in One.

Ellison's company Skydance Media expanded in 2013 with the launch of its television division. He has executive produced shows such as Altered Carbon, and Grace and Frankie.

In 2014, Ellison launched a new line of men's clothing, called the "LANAI Collection."

In 2017, Ellison helped launch Skydance Animation in partnership with Spain's Ilion Animation Studios.

In 2018, he announced that Skydance Media had partnered with Tencent Holdings Limited.

Personal life
Ellison is a licensed pilot with instrument ratings for helicopter aviation, aerobatics, commercial aviation, fixed-wing aircraft, and multi-engine aircraft. In 2003, aged 20, he was selected to perform as part of Sean D. Tucker's "Stars of Tomorrow" aerobatic team at EAA AirVenture Oshkosh.

Ellison is a member of the Producers Guild of America and Television Academy.

He married Sandra Lynn Modic, an actress and singer, on October 1, 2011, in Palm Springs, California.

Filmography

Film

Actor

Director

Writer

Thanks

Television

Executive producer
 Manhattan (2014−15)
 Ten Days in the Valley (2017)
 Grace and Frankie (2015−18)
 Dietland (2018)
 Condor (2018–present)
 Altered Carbon (2018−19)
 Jack Ryan (2018−present)
 Foundation (2021–present)
 Reacher (2022–present)
 Good Rivals (2022)
 The Checkup with Dr. David Agus (2022)
 The Big Door Prize (2023)
 FUBAR (2023)
 Ring Shout (TBA)
 Cross (TBA)
 Hotel del Luna (TBA)

Actor

References

External links

 David Ellison Work Summary

1983 births
Living people
American male film actors
American film producers
American aviators
American people of Italian descent
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Film producers from California
People from Santa Clara County, California
University of Southern California people
Schools of the Sacred Heart alumni
Commercial aviators
Skydance Media people

David Ellison


Campynema is a genus in the family Campynemataceae first described in 1805. It contains only one known species (monotypic), Campynema lineare, endemic to the island of Tasmania in Australia. Its closest relative is  Campynemanthe, endemic to New Caledonia, sole other genus of the family.

Campynema lineare
C. lineare, also known as the green mountain lily, is a small inconspicuous erect herb that grows to 15–30 cm in height. Its leaves consist of a single, curved basal leaf, with smaller leaves ascending up the flower stem. It is most distinguishable by its striking green flower, which blooms in summer. The flower is usually solitary, with 6 green tepals, sometimes with a burgundy tinge and developing brown edges with age, lacking apparent nectaries. The anthers are dorsifixed, styluli are free but thickened and contiguous below. The seeds are numerous and are flattened, sometimes almost discoid, with a spongy outer coat.
It is a geophyte, and its leaves are deciduous in winter.

C. lineare is approximately 57 million years old. It is considered to a key member of Tasmania's palaeoendemic flora. A study of the gene sequences of RuBisCO in C. lineare, found that the family Campynemataceae is the oldest of the order Liliales.

C. lineare was once considered to be part of the family Liliaceae.

Distribution
C. lineare can be found in boggy sites in the central, western and central mountains of Tasmania, mostly in the subalpine and alpine regions. It is most commonly found in herbfields, heathlands, cushion plant communities, and lake edges.

Threats and Conservation
C. lineare is not considered under any specific threats due to being situated predominantly in protected areas, however some of the habitats in which it is found are predicted to decline due to climate change. The most likely declines in Australian alpine ecosystems have been shown to be in alpine herbfield and cushion plant communities. Due to its palaeoendemic status, the Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service consider C. lineare to be of high conservation significance.

References

Bibliography

Liliales
Endemic flora of Australia
Flora of Tasmania
Monotypic Liliales genera
Taxa named by Jacques Labillardière

Campynema


Mainstream economics is the body of knowledge, theories, and models of economics, as taught by universities worldwide, that are generally accepted by economists as a basis for discussion. Also known as orthodox economics, it can be contrasted to heterodox economics, which encompasses various schools or approaches that are only accepted by a minority of economists.

The economics profession has traditionally been associated with neoclassical economics. However, this association has been challenged by prominent historians of economic thought including David Colander. They argue the current economic mainstream theories, such as game theory, behavioral economics, industrial organization, information economics, and the like, share very little common ground with the initial axioms of neoclassical economics.

History

Economics has always featured multiple schools of economic thought, with different schools having different prominence across countries and over time.

Prior to the development and prevalence of classical economics, the dominant school in Europe was mercantilism, which was rather a loose set of related ideas than an institutionalized school. With the development of modern economics, conventionally given as the late 18th-century The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, British economics developed and became dominated by what is now called the classical school. From The Wealth of Nations until the Great Depression, the dominant school within the English-speaking world was classical economics, and its successor, neoclassical economics. In continental Europe, the earlier work of the physiocrats in France formed a distinct tradition, as did the later work of the historical school of economics in Germany, and throughout the 19th century there were debates in British economics, notably the opposition underconsumptionist school.

During the Great Depression, the school of Keynesian economics gained attention as older models were neither able to explain the causes of the Depression nor provide solutions. It built on the work of the underconsumptionist school, and gained prominence as part of the neoclassical synthesis, which was the post–World War II merger of Keynesian macroeconomics and neoclassical microeconomics that prevailed from the 1950s until the 1970s.

In the 1970s, the consensus in macroeconomics collapsed as a result of the failure of the neoclassical synthesis to explain the phenomenon of stagflation: subsequent to this, two schools of thought in the field emerged: New Keynesianism and New classical macroeconomics. Both sought to rebuild macroeconomics using microfoundations to explain macroeconomic phenomena using microeconomics.

Over the course of the 1980s and the 1990s, macroeconomists coalesced around a paradigm known as the new neoclassical synthesis, which combines elements of both New Keynesian and New classical macroeconomics, and forms the basis for the current consensus, which covers previously disputed areas of macroeconomics. The consensus built around this synthesis is characterised by an unprecedented agreement on methodological questions (such as the need to validate models econometrically); such agreement had, until the new synthesis, historically eluded macroeconomics, even during the neoclassical synthesis.

The financial crisis of 2007–2010 and the ensuing global economic crisis exposed modelling failures in the field of short-term macroeconomics. While most macroeconomists had predicted the burst of the housing bubble, according to The Economist  "they did not expect the financial system to break."

Term
The term "mainstream economics" came into use in the late 20th century. It appeared in 2001 edition of the textbook Economics by Samuelson and Nordhaus on the inside back cover in the "Family Tree of Economics", which depicts arrows into "Modern Mainstream Economics"  from Keynes (1936) and neoclassical economics (1860–1910). The term "neoclassical synthesis" itself also first appears in the 1955 edition of Samuelson's textbook.

Scope
Mainstream economics can be defined, as distinct from other schools of economics, by various criteria, notably by its assumptions, its methods and its topics.

Assumptions
While being long rejected by many heterodox schools, several assumptions used to underpin many mainstream economic models. These include the neoclassical assumptions of rational choice theory, a representative agent, and, often, rational expectations. However, much of modern economic mainstream modeling consists of exploring the effects that complicating factors have on models, such as imperfect and asymmetric information, bounded rationality, incomplete markets, imperfect competition, heterogeneous agents and transaction costs.

Originally, the starting point of orthodox economic analysis was the individual. Individuals and firms were generally defined as units with a common goal: maximisation through rational behaviour. The only differences consisted of:
 the specific objective of the maximisation (individuals tend to maximise utility and firms profit);
 and the constraints faced in the process of maximisation (individuals might be constrained by limited income or commodity prices and firms might be constrained by technology or availability of inputs).

From this (descriptive) theoretical framework, neoclassical economists like Alfred Marshall often derived – although not systematically – the political prescription that political action should not be used to solve the problems of the economic system. Instead, the solution ought to derive from an intervention on the above-mentioned maximisation objectives and constraints. It is in this context that economic capitalism finds its justification. Yet, mainstream economics now includes descriptive theories of market and government failure and private and public goods. These developments suggest a range of views on the desirability or otherwise of government intervention, from a more normative perspective.

Methods
Some economic fields include elements of both mainstream economics and heterodox economics: for example, institutional economics, neuroeconomics, and non-linear complexity theory. They may use neoclassical economics as a point of departure. At least one institutionalist, John Davis, has argued that "neoclassical economics no longer dominates a mainstream economics."

Topics
Economics has been initially shaped as a discipline concerned with a range of issues revolving around money and wealth. However, in the 1930s, mainstream economics began to mutate into a science of human decision. In 1931, Lionel Robbins famously wrote "Economics is the science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses". This drew a line of demarcation between mainstream economics and other disciplines and schools studying the economy.

The mainstream approach of economics as a science of decision-making contributed to enlarge the scope of the discipline. Economists like Gary Becker began to study seemingly distant fields including crime, the family, law, politics, and religion. This expansion is sometimes referred to as economic imperialism.

Notes

References

Footnotes

Works cited

^
^

Mainstream economics


The Remenham Club is a private members club near the village of Remenham on the Berkshire bank of the River Thames near Henley-on-Thames, on the reach of the river that plays host to the annual Henley Royal Regatta.

It was formed in 1909 by members of six amateur rowing clubs (known as the "founding clubs") on the River Thames:

 Kingston Rowing Club
 London Rowing Club
 Molesey Boat Club
 Staines Boat Club
 Thames Rowing Club
 Twickenham Rowing Club

The seventh founding club, Vesta Rowing Club, was invited to join shortly after the second World War.

Although originally open to any past or present member of a rowing club affiliated to the Amateur Rowing Association, in 1947 membership was restricted to members of the founding clubs. Currently, those wishing to join must have raced competitively for a period of years with their founding club, won enough status points, and displayed sufficient proficiency in oarsmanship to qualify.

Remenham Club is a social club only as members are not allowed to race under the club's name.

Situated approximately halfway down the Henley Royal Regatta course, a marquee is conveniently placed on "the mound" during the regatta, which allows members to look down at the throngs squeezing past on the towpath and, due to the restricted number of guest tickets available, offers a good view of the racing throughout the whole five days without ever getting uncomfortably busy.

The club acts as the finish line for the Henley Women's Regatta.

See also
Rowing on the River Thames

External links
Remenham Club
The Rabbit's Guide to Henley Royal Regatta

1909 establishments in England
Henley-on-Thames
Sports clubs and teams in Berkshire
Henley Royal Regatta
Rowing in Berkshire

Remenham Club


The Improved Outer Tactical Vest (IOTV) is an enhanced version of, and a replacement for, the older Outer Tactical Vest (OTV) variant of the Interceptor Multi-Threat Body Armor System, as fielded by the United States Army. The IOTV is compatible with the Deltoid and Axillary Protector System (DAPS) components, ESAPI (Enhanced Small Arms Protective Insert), Enhanced Side Ballistic Inserts (ESBI), as well as the OTV's groin protector. It has a flame-resistant standalone shirt, the Army Combat Shirt, designed specifically for use with the IOTV.

The OTV design was considered insufficient and lacking in certain areas, which led to the IOTV's development and fielding. The IOTV is currently produced by Point Blank Body Armor, BAE Systems, KDH Defense Systems, Protective Products Enterprises, UNICOR and Creative Apparel Associates. The IOTV first saw action in combat with U.S. Army ground combat units in from mid-2007 onward and currently remains the standard body armor type used by regular U.S. Army ground combat units overseas, although the new Modular Scalable Vest is set to replace it in the coming years.

Background
While the Interceptor Body Armor and the Outer Tactical Vest were considered fairly effective, questions were raised over whether or not they were the best possible armor solution for soldiers of the United States Military.  This debate was heightened by controversy over Dragon Skin, produced by the now defunct Pinnacle Armor.  Various claims surfaced that Dragon Skin was more effective at protecting soldiers than the then standard issue Interceptor body armor system, with independent studies and reports seeming to back these claims, eventually leading to multiple congressional members asking for further evaluation.  In response, the military made public testing that showed widespread failures in the testing of the Dragon Skin armor.  Ultimately, Dragon Skin never saw widespread adoption, and many of the perceived shortfalls of the Outer Tactical Vest such as standard of protection or modularity were addressed in the new Improved Outer Tactical Vest and E-SAPI plates.

Technical details

A size Medium IOTV weighs , less than a Medium OTV vest, while providing more coverage.  However, a fully equipped IOTV, complete with all its components (soft armor panel inserts, four ballistic plate inserts (front and back plates and two side plates), collar, and groin protectors) still weighs , with a Large IOTV weighing about . The functionality of the enhanced side ballistic inserts, which provide coverage under the arms and down the sides of the torso, is built into the IOTV.

The IOTV provides the ability to don the vest in two ways. The first is to simply place the vest over the head and pull down, and the second is to remove fasteners on the wearer's left shoulder, sliding into the vest to the right. To complete the procedure for both methods the wearer then lifts up the front panel of the vest and fastens the waistband, which takes the weight of the vest off the shoulders somewhat, and then fastens the side protection modules.

A key design feature for the IOTV is that the entire armor system is able to be released with the pull of a hidden lanyard. The armor then falls apart into its component pieces, providing a means for escape in case the wearer falls into water or becomes trapped in a hazardous environment.  The hidden release lanyard also allows medical personnel easier access to a casualty, which was one concern that was not addressed with the old Interceptor armor.

It also features a grid of PALS webbing on the front, back, and sides for the attachment of modular pouches and accessories such as neck and throat protection, groin protection, or deltoid protection.

Female model
In response to the large numbers of female soldiers in the army, a female-specific version of the IOTV (F-IOTV) was developed.  Previously, standard tactical vests were issued to women in combat. Army soldiers found that women's movement was restricted, in ways such as bending over, getting in and out of tight spaces, or positioning their rifles against their shoulders.  The long armor plates inside the vests would also rub against their hips and cut into their thighs when they sat down.  Development of a model for women began in 2009.  After much testing and measurements, the Army came up with a vest that is shorter to accommodate smaller torsos and has tailoring to fit closer to women's chests. The new vest eliminates gaps between the material and the body and can be fitted with smaller side ballistic inserts for small waist sizes.  The vest has a lighter feel because it does not rest on the female soldier's shoulders like the male vest.  The first female soldier vests were given to soldiers deploying for Afghanistan in September 2012.

Features
Nearly all modern military body armor is designed to prevent penetration from bullets to vital areas of the body, in addition to protection against knives and fragmentation from explosives.  Typically this is accomplished through both highly durable woven synthetic fibers such as Kevlar or Dyneema, and either metal or ceramic ballistic plates.  The IOTV is the standard issue torso protection component to the United States Army.

The IOTV is designed to take the weight of the vest off the shoulders and move it to the lower torso. The vest is also equipped with a mesh inner cover that is designed to improve airflow inside of the armor. There is also a back pad in the lower back area of the vest, which is designed to defeat fragmentation impacts to the lower back/kidney areas. However, the back pad does not provide significant ballistic protection. The vest can withstand a direct impact from a 7.62 millimeter (both NATO and ex-Soviet types) on the front or rear if using the older SAPI plates (NIJ standard III).  Use of the new E-SAPI plates increase protection to armor-piercing versions of the aforementioned rounds in addition to .30-06 Springfield M2 armor-piercing rounds (NIJ standard IV). The IOTV provides, without the ballistic ceramic plates inserted, protection from small caliber rounds (i.e. 9mm) and fragmentation. The soft kevlar panels have been tested to stop 9 mm 124 grain full metal jacket bullets at 1,400 ft/s (426 m/s) with minimal deformation and has a V-50 of roughly 1,525 ft/s (465 m/s). This means that the bullet has to be traveling faster than 1,525 ft/s (465 m/s) for it to have more than a 50% chance of breaking through the soft armor panel. These specifications are similar to the NIJ standard level III-A certification, however, military standards do not require their vests to be NIJ certified as this is primarily a law enforcement standard.

The modular design of the vest allows greater tactical flexibility in regards to different situations faced by ground troops.  A US Army medical research report concluded that greater modular design leads to the ability to find a more effective balance between projectile protection and the physical endurance of the soldier, preventing losses in agility and mobility, and therefore reducing potential injuries or casualties.

E-SAPI Plates
E-SAPI (Enhanced Small Arms Protective Insert) plates and their smaller counterparts E-SBI (Enhanced Side Ballistic Inserts) plates, are ceramic ballistic plates that provide the bulk of the protection against projectiles when carried in an Improved Outer Tactical Vest, and are also used as part of many other body armors such as the Modular Tactical Vest.  E-SAPI plates are designed to cover the vital front and back torso areas of the torso, while E-SBI plates are designed to protect the sides of the torso. The plate component itself is made of boron carbide, a widely used and extremely hard boron-carbon ceramic.  Backing the plate is a layer of Spectra, a woven polymer material with extremely high tensile strength meant to stop any projectile that manages to pass through the ceramic strikeface.

When a bullet strikes the E-SAPI plate, the kinetic energy is dispersed throughout the ceramic layer, and the majority of military rounds in common use are stopped or broken up.  If the bullet continues through the boron carbide layer, the Spectra backing either stops the bullet, or, if the bullet was powerful enough, allows the bullet to pass through into the IOTV itself, and likely the wearer.  Even in the event of the E-SAPI plate failing to prevent penetration, the velocity and energy of the penetrating round is often reduced to the point where the resulting wound is non lethal.  E-SAPI plates are manufactured by Armorworks Enterprises, Ceradyne, Simula, and BAE Systems.

Durability standards are high for E-SAPI plates, with Army requirements on environmental condition testing involving the plates being kept 6 hours at both a high temperature and a low temperature in addition to being dropped twice among a variety of other requirements.  USSOCOM requirements are even more stringent, involving 24 hours at high and low temperatures.

While E-SAPI plates do hold significant defensive advantages over the preceding SAPI plates, the increased protection comes at the cost of increased weight and significantly increased cost.  Comparing medium-sized plates, a SAPI plate weighs  while an E-SAPI plate weighs , over a 35 percent increase in weight.  In regards to cost, E-SAPI plates cost 50 percent more, coming in at approximately $600 per plate.  SAPI plates were largely phased out in favor of E-SAPI plates beginning in 2005.

XSAPI Plates
XSAPI (X Threat Small Arms Protective Insert) plates are ceramic ballistic plates that have begun replacement of the ESAPI. They are mostly issued to personnel in higher threat environments like Iraq or Afghanistan. The plates are tan colored and the first batch was shipped in the second quarter of 2009, Ceradyne receiving a $77 million contract for delivery. Its threat level is presumably against the M993 7.62 NATO penetrator, as denoted by the back's marking. In the text "7.62mm AP/WC Protection" displayed on the back of the plate, "WC" is the chemical formula for tungsten carbide, the penetrator material of the M993 projectile.

Effectiveness
The Improved Outer Tactical Vest as a whole is an improvement over previous US body armor systems, with the fragmentation vest from the Vietnam War being limited to fragmentation protection, the PASGT vest being limited to pistol rounds, and the previous Outer Tactical Vest being unable to stop armor piercing rounds.

In response to the feedback of soldiers on the effectiveness of the armor system, the Army has continually upgraded the IOTV with new features, with Generation III involving a more intuitive quick release system and the new Operational Camouflage Pattern (OCP).  Rather than producing entirely new IOTV armor sets, body armor conversion kits have been delivered at a lower cost in order to bring older Generation armor sets up to newer standards.

Alternatives
One criticism carried over from the older OTV to the newer IOTV is what is regarded as the excessive weight of the armor, especially by dismounted infantrymen who regard the armor almost as a liability.  In response to this, the U.S. Army is looking into supplementing the heavy IOTV with the newer Modular Body Armor Vest (MBAV) and Soldier Plate Carrier System (SPCS) already in service in Ranger and Airborne units. The MBAV and SPCS do provide less soft body armor coverage, but are lighter than the IOTV, thus more suitable for patrol in Afghanistan. The Army plans to introduce the torso and extremity protection (TEP) system beginning in 2018, which includes a modular scalable vest, ballistic combat shirt, blast pelvic protection system, and battle belt to reduce overall weight from  while maintaining coverage by reducing excess bulk. The Modular Scalable Vest, first issued in 2018, is set to replace the IOTV as the standard protective vest issued to US soldiers.

Users
 : U.S. Army
 : Nearly a thousand vests purchased by Ukraine from private owners between 2014 and 2016, and utilized by Ukrainian soldiers involved in combating the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

See also
 Dragon Skin
 Gold Flex
 Modular Tactical Vest
 Osprey body armor
 PRU-70
 Soldier Plate Carrier System

References

External links

 "Army to Field Improved Body Armor" at United States Army Official Homepage

Ballistic vests
Military equipment introduced in the 2000s
Military equipment of the United States

Improved Outer Tactical Vest


St. Elizabeth of Hungary Shrine is a historic Roman Catholic shrine in the Buckeye Road neighborhood on the east side of Cleveland, Ohio, United States. The earliest ethnic parish established for Hungarians in the United States, its present building was constructed in the early twentieth century, and it has been named a historic site. In 2023, it was declared a shrine church by Bishop Edward Malesic for the exclusive celebration of the Tridentine Mass and is presently operated by canons of the Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest.

Parish history

Cleveland's first Hungarian Catholics initially worshipped at St. Ladislaus' Church, an east-side Slovakian parish, but ethnic strife and increasing immigration prompted the Hungarian community to seek their own parish.  Bishop Horstmann interceded on their behalf with papal authorities, and Charles Boehm of Hungary settled in Cleveland in late 1892 to serve the new St. Elizabeth parish, the first Hungarian nationality parish in America.   Boehm immediately began registering members and advocating for the construction of a church complex; the first church building, a brick structure, was erected by the end of 1893, a school soon followed, and a larger school was completed in 1900 because of expanded enrollment.  He also began a Hungarian-language parish newspaper that soon gained subscribers in other parts of the United States and in Hungary.  Julius Szepessy took Boehm's place in 1907 after the latter left to begin missions among Hungarians in America, but after Szepessy died in 1923, Boehm returned and remained until retiring in 1927.

The parish was weakened in 1904 as Hungarian Catholics living in western Cleveland began to weary of their three-hour round trip for Mass.  With Boehm's support, the new St. Emeric's Church was created for them; it was the first of more than a dozen Hungarian parishes established directly or indirectly through his influence. Nevertheless, Boehm's remaining parishioners were numerous enough that the old building was insufficient for their needs, and by the time of his departure in 1907, he had begun to raise money for the erection of a replacement. Before his death, Szepessy saw the completion of the present structure, along with a parish hall that became a community center for the neighborhood's Hungarians.

In July 2023, Bishop Edward Malesic designated St. Elizabeth's as a shrine church for the continued use of the Tridentine Mass. Subsequent to the initial announcement, Malesic extended an invitation to the Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest to commence operation of the church for the exclusive celebration of the traditional Mass and other sacraments in the forms practiced prior to the reforms of Pope Paul VI. Canon James Hoogerwerf of the ICKSP was named rector of St. Elizabeth's. The first Mass celebrated under the auspices of the Institute was conducted on September 24, 2023.

Architecture
St. Elizabeth's first building with a basic Gothic Revival structure of brick, completed in 1893 and removed in 1917 for the construction of the present building.  Although the cornerstone was laid in 1918, the construction process was lengthy, and it was finally completed only in 1922.  Built primarily of limestone, according to a design of Cleveland architect Emile Uhlrich, the church is an example of Italian-influenced Baroque Revival architecture, partly modelled after the church of Sant'Agnese in Agone in Rome.  Two great towers, topped with cupolas, form the ends of the facade, while a great rose sits in the middle section of the facade high above the main entrance.  A flight of steps rises from the sidewalk to the central main entrance, which sits along the sidewalk with no setback.

Preservation
In 1976, St. Elizabeth's Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying both because of its place in the area's history and because of its historically significant architecture.  The building has been well maintained, due partially to funds from generous bequests, but membership has fallen significantly from the parish's height.  Most of the neighborhood's Hungarian residents left in the 1970s, due largely to disappearing factory jobs and rapidly rising crime rates.  However, comparable weakening at the west side daughter parish, St. Emeric's, and another Hungarian parish in Orange, St. Margaret's, prompted Bishop Lennon to close those two parishes in early 2009 and urge their members to begin worshipping at St. Elizabeth's.

References

Roman Catholic churches completed in 1918
20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States
Baroque Revival architecture in the United States
Buckeye-Shaker
Roman Catholic churches in Cleveland
Churches in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland
Hungarian-American culture in Cleveland
Limestone churches in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Cleveland, Ohio
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio

St. Elizabeth of Hungary Shrine (Cleveland, Ohio)


(born March 9, 1990) is a Japanese retired figure skater. He is the 2014 World silver medalist, the 2010 Four Continents silver medalist, and the 2013–14 Japanese national silver medalist. Machida is the winner of four Grand Prix events — the 2012 Cup of China, 2013 Skate America, 2013 Rostelecom Cup, and 2014 Skate America.

Personal life
Tatsuki Machida was born in Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan. He studied literature at Kansai University in Osaka. In 2015, he began a Master's program in sport management at Waseda University's Graduate School of Sciences.

Career
In 2011, Machida moved to the U.S. to train at Lake Arrowhead, California's Ice Castle, where he was coached mainly by Anthony Liu.

Machida won his first senior Grand Prix medal, bronze, at the 2012 Skate America. He won his first senior GP title at the 2012 Cup of China, where he beat former World champion Daisuke Takahashi. These results qualified him for the Grand Prix Final, where he finished sixth overall.

At the 2013 Skate America, Machida won his second GP title. He placed first in the short and free programs, setting personal bests in both and winning by 25 points over second-place finisher, Adam Rippon of the United States. At 2013 Rostelecom Cup, Machida was second after the short program behind Maxim Kovtun of Russia. However, he won the free skate by over 25 points to win the competition – over 16 points ahead of Kovtun. This meant that he qualified for the Grand Prix Final in second overall, behind Patrick Chan of Canada. At the Grand Prix Final he recovered from a rough short program to skate a very strong long program, and finish 4th. He would finish 2nd at the 2013–14 Japan Figure Skating Championships, securing a spot on the Japanese Olympic and World teams for the first time.

At the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Machida placed 11th in the short program, fourth in the free skate, and fifth overall. Machida significantly improved his personal best short program score at the 2014 World Championships in Saitama, Japan and ranked first in the segment. He placed second in the free skate and was awarded the silver medal, finishing behind Yuzuru Hanyu by a margin of 0.33 of a point.

For the 2014–15 season, Machida was assigned to the 2014 Skate America and 2014 Trophée Éric Bompard. Skating to his second Skate America title, he placed first in the short and free programs, setting personal bests in both, and won by 30 points over the second-place finisher, Jason Brown of the United States. It was Machida's fourth GP title. At the 2014 Trophée Éric Bompard, he placed second in both the short program and the free program to finish second overall behind Maxim Kovtun. This qualified him for the Grand Prix Final for the third consecutive year. After finishing second in the short program, he struggled in the long program, finishing sixth in that segment and overall. Machida finished fourth at the 2014–15 Japan Championships and was selected for the 2015 World team. However, he announced his retirement from competitive skating to focus on his studies, and Takahito Mura was given his World spot.

In June 2018, Machida announced that his final appearance as a show skater would be Japan Open 2018 and Carnival on Ice 2018 on October 6, 2018. After his retirement, his focus would be on his studies.

Cultural references
It has been reported that Machida was the inspiration for the character of Yuri Katsuki in the 2016 figure-skating anime Yuri on Ice, due to the similarities between Machida's real-life career and Katsuki's fictional career. The series author, Mitsurō Kubo, is a fan of Tatsuki.

Programs

Competitive highlights
 GP: Grand Prix; JGP: Junior Grand Prix

References

External links

Japanese male single skaters
1990 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Kawasaki, Kanagawa
Sportspeople from Hiroshima
Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists
Figure skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Olympic figure skaters for Japan
Figure skaters at the 2011 Asian Winter Games
Kansai University alumni
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
Competitors at the 2009 Winter Universiade

Tatsuki Machida


Gerald J. Comeau  (born February 1, 1946) is a Canadian retired Senator and politician.

Early life
Born in Meteghan Station, Nova Scotia, Comeau is an accountant by training. Comeau received his B.Comm and his B.Ed from the Université de Moncton.

Comeau is a member of Nova Scotia's Acadian minority.

Political career
He was elected to the House of Commons of Canada as part of the Progressive Conservative (PC) landslide win in the 1984 election. The Member of Parliament for South West Nova, Nova Scotia, Comeau was a government backbencher throughout his term and was defeated in the 1988 election due in part to the unpopularity of the Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement in Atlantic Canada.

In 1990, Comeau was appointed to the Senate by Governor General Ray Hnatyshyn, on the advice of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney. He sat as a Progressive Conservative until February 2004. He has been a Conservative Party senator since the merger of the PC Party into that party. He served as Deputy Leader of the Government in the Senate from February 23, 2006, to May 24, 2011.

On January 19, 2013, Governor-General David Johnston, on the advice of Prime Minister Stephen Harper, appointed Comeau to the Queen's Privy Council for Canada.

Comeau retired from the Senate on November 30, 2013 - seven years before reaching the mandatory retirement age of 75.

Electoral record

References

External links

1946 births
Living people
Acadian people
Canadian senators from Nova Scotia
Conservative Party of Canada senators
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada senators
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Nova Scotia
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs
People from Digby County, Nova Scotia
Université de Moncton alumni
21st-century Canadian politicians

Gerald Comeau


The Punch is a Nigerian daily newspaper founded on August 8, 1970. Punch Nigeria Limited is registered under the Companies Act of 1968 to publish newspapers, magazines and other periodicals. The newspaper's aim is said to be to inform, educate and entertain Nigerians and the world at large.

History
The Punch was founded by James Aboderin, an accountant, and Sam Amuka, a columnist and editor at the Daily Times of Nigeria. Amuka became the first editor of the Sunday Punch. In November 1976, a few years after the first print of its Sunday edition, the duo started printing their trademark daily newspaper. Both editions were designed to favor a friendlier apolitical approach to news reporting, combining footage of social events with everyday political news. The paper sustains itself by delving into broad issues that interest myriad people.

However, during the twilight of the Second Republic, political exigencies had introduced conflicts to its original intentions. Aboderin and Amuka parted ways due partly to political conflicts. Aboderin later secured the support of his former foe, M. K. O. Abiola, after the latter left the NPN. The paper began to take on a political slant, mostly against the Shehu Shagari regime. Supposedly, days before the regime's fall in the 1983 Nigerian coup d'état, a few Punch editors were aware of a coup approaching and injected strong anti-government tones in their reporting.

Press freedom
The Punch was not immune to the excesses of the authoritarian regimes in the country. In 1990, its editor was jailed for 54 days. In 1993 and 1994, the publishing house was closed on the direction of the nation's ruler.

The company
Punch Nigeria Limited was registered on August 8, 1970, under the Companies Act of 1968 to publish newspapers, magazines, and other periodicals of public interest. It was designed to perform the tripartite functions of the popular mass media: informing, educating, and entertaining Nigerians and the world at large. The company has a board of directors, which is the highest policy-making organ of the company.

In 1971, the company made its debut with the publication of Happy Home''', a family-oriented magazine. Its first editor was Bunmi Sofola. On Sunday, March 18, 1973, its first newspaper, Sunday PUNCH, first started publishing and was edited by Ajibade Fashina-Thomas.The Punch, a daily tabloid followed on November 1, 1976. Its pioneer editor was Dayo Wright. However, by the 1980s, the two tabloids had been repackaged.

On April 29, 1990, a week after an attempted coup d'état against the military regime of Ibrahim Babangida, the company was closed down, lasting a month while the then deputy editor of the publication, Chris Mammah, was detained for 54 days. In July 1993, The military government again shut the company's premises under Decree No 48 of 1993 and banned all its publications from circulating in the country. The closure followed the political crisis caused by the annulment of that year's presidential election.

On November 17 of the same year, the proscription order was repealed by Decree No 115 of 1993. This decree would later be cancelled on July 24, 1994, resulting in a proscription of all Punch titles including Toplife, which had been revived and published as a weekly magazine in the meantime. Bola Bolawole, the then editor of the Punch, was detained for three days in his office in the company's old headquarters. During the closure, the government ignored a court order directing it to vacate the company's premises and pay the sum of ₦25 million and ₦100,000 respectively to the company and Bolawole. It was not until October 1, 1995, that the government de-proscribed the publication via a national day broadcast by the then military head of state Sani Abacha.

Most widely read newspaper
From 1998 to 1999, the research and marketing services (RMS) Lagos published independent surveys in which The Punch was rated as the most widely read newspaper.

Punch press: Goss Community
Punch's Goss Community printing press was delivered in November 1998. It is capable of producing 30,000(cps).

The Punch press, which has expandable colour units, is capable of printing eight pages of full color and eight of spot colour at up to 48 pages, and it is more often used in the western part of Nigeria.

References

Bibliography

Ayo Olutokun and Dele Seteolu, "The Media and Democratic Rule in Nigeria", Development Policy Management Network Bulletin, Vol. XIII, N° 3, September 2001.
Adigun Agbaje, "Freedom of the Press and Party Politics in Nigeria: Precepts, Retrospect, and Prospects", African Affairs'', Vol. 89, No. 355, April 1990.

Daily newspapers published in Nigeria
1971 establishments in Nigeria
Newspapers established in 1971

The Punch


Aion (2003) is an album by the Finnish rock group CMX. The word Aion (or Aeon) is Ancient Greek for "age, life-force" and also a Finnish verb form meaning "I intend (to do something)".

The album is regarded as something of a concept album by the band and listeners alike; a common theme throughout the songs is the concept of the devil and how this concept manifests itself in the mortal world.

The album was placed at #50 in Finnish rock magazine Soundi's list of "50 most remarkable Finnish rock albums of all time".

Track listing
All songs written by CMX with lyrics by A. W. Yrjänä.

 "Pirunnyrkki" – 3:19  ("Devil's Fist")
 "Sielunvihollinen" – 4:00  ("Satan", lit. "Enemy of the Soul")
 "Melankolia" – 4:12  ("Melancholy")
 "Fysiikka ei kestä" – 4:53  ("Physics Will Not Last")
 "Palvelemaan konetta" – 3:52  ("To Serve a Machine")
 "Kuoleman risteyksestä kolme virstaa pohjoiseen" – 5:42  ("Three Versts North from the Crossing of Death")
 "Kyyn pimeä puoli" – 3:17  ("Dark Side of the Viper")
 "Sivu paholaisen päiväkirjasta" – 4:12  ("Page from the Devil's Diary")
 "Nahkasiipi" – 4:20  ("Leather Wing")
 "Ensimmäinen saattaja" – 5:42  ("First Escort")
 "Hautalinnut" – 6:12  ("Grave Birds")

Personnel
 A. W. Yrjänä – vocals, bass guitar, acoustic guitar, producer
 Janne Halmkrona – guitar, bass guitar, trumpet, Rhodes piano, glockenspiel, backing vocals, producer
 Timo Rasio – guitars, bass guitar, backing vocals
 Tuomas Peippo – drums, percussion
 Rake – producer, engineer, mixing, programming, keyboards
 Anna-Leena Haikola, Janne Ahvenainen, Kati Kiraly, Marja-Sisko Lahti, Riikka Lampinen, Maija Juuti, Lotta Poijärvi, Siiri Rasta – strings
 Pauli Saastamoinen – mastering
 Ari Talusén – photography
 Olga Poppius – photography
 Sami Fiander – sleeve design
 Gabi Hakanen – executive producer

References

CMX (band) albums
2003 albums

Aion (CMX album)


Abilene Christian University (ACU) is a private Christian university in Abilene, Texas. It was founded in 1906 as Childers Classical Institute. ACU is one of the largest private universities in the Southwestern United States and has one of the 200 largest university endowments in the United States. It is affiliated with Churches of Christ.

History
The Churches of Christ in Abilene founded it as a Christian university for West Texas. Childers Classical Institute opened in the fall of 1906, with 25 students.  It initially included a lower school starting in the seventh grade.

When Jesse P. Sewell became president of the institute in 1912, the school began using Abilene Christian College on all its printed material. In 1920, the school formally changed the name.

The Optimist, the university's student-produced newspaper, was founded in 1912. The Prickly Pear, the school yearbook, was founded in 1916. The campus literary-arts magazine (now The Shinnery Review, formerly The Pickwicker) has been in production since 1933.

Abilene Christian College first received school accreditation in 1951, when it became an accredited member of the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.

Amberton University, previously Amber University, was created as an extension campus of Abilene Christian University. It was launched in Mesquite, Texas, in 1971, moving to Garland, Texas, in 1974. It became a separate institution as Amber University in 1982, and was rechristened Amberton University in 2001. Like Abilene Christian University, Amberton remains affiliated with the Churches of Christ.

On February 22, 1976, the name of Abilene Christian College was changed to Abilene Christian University. The university celebrated its centennial in the 2005–06 school year. In July 2015, the university signed a lease for an expansion campus located in Addison, Texas. Called ACU Dallas, the new campus began offering several new graduate programs, including an MBA and Ed.D. in organizational leadership.

Discrimination

The university was officially segregated, for white students only, until 1962, when Billy Curl became the first black student to enroll. The university currently bars employees, but not students, from dating people of the same sex. In 2016 the university recognized an LGBT student association.

Presidents
Allen Booker Barret (1906–08)
H. C. Darden (1908–1909)
Robertson Lafayette Whiteside (1909–1911)
James F. Cox (1911–1912)
Jesse Parker Sewell (1912–1924)
Batsell Baxter (1924–1932)
James F. Cox (1932–1940)
Don H. Morris (1940–1969)
John C. Stevens (1969–1981)
William J. Teague (1981–1991)
Royce Money (1991 – May 31, 2010)
Phil Schubert (June 1, 2010–present)

Academics

Academic structure
In 2022, ACU announced major changes to the academic structure that resulted in the creation of three new colleges. While the total number of colleges went unchanged, the reorganization was implemented to assist the University in marketing itself as a national university.

Accreditation

ACU is institutionally accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.  ACU's business programs are professionally accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB International), the Engineering program is accredited by the Engineering Accreditation Commission of ABET, the Social Work programs are accredited by the Council on Social Work Education, the Education programs are accredited by Teacher Education Accreditation Council and the Marriage and Family Therapy programs are accredited by Commission on the Accreditation for Marriage and Family Therapy Education. The Department of Journalism and Mass Communication is accredited by the Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communications. The ACU School of Nursing is accredited by the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE). ACU Graduate School of Theology is accredited by the Association of Theological Schools (ATS).

Traditions
 The Prickly Pear. From 1916 to 2009, this was the yearbook. The name was taken from Opuntia, a species of cactus native to the Abilene and West Texas area, commonly referred to as "prickly pear".

 Sing Song. Since 1956, this annual competition in mid-February has featured student groups of 30–100 people, singing themed a cappella medleys, usually satirical. Originating as a fundraiser for the school, the modern event has developed into a major show for which each group assembles costumes related to their act's theme, such as Peter Pan, the British Royal Guard, Coca-Cola, Adam and Eve, or forest fires. Often the costumes involve a mid-performance quick-change to a second costume—such as the 1987 acts in which grapes turned into raisins or bananas peeled to reveal Carmen Miranda—or elaborate choreography within the risers, as when the 1983 freshman class act recreated a Pac-Man screen and manipulated their costumes so that the character appeared to move around the screen. The men of Galaxy and the women of Sigma Theta Chi currently hold the records for most wins of a men's club and women's club, respectively.
 Summit. Referred to as Lectureship until the 2008 school year. Begun in 1918, this annual program gathers thousands of attendees for lectures and workshops on religious topics connected with a biblical theme that changes each year. After many years of following directly after Sing Song, the lectureship moved in 2006 to a September event, in part to spread out the events that bring the most visitors to campus and also to take advantage of the more stable autumn climate, as winter storms and rain had hindered attendance on multiple occasions.

Abilene Christian University Press

ACU is one of only seven faith-based institutions with a press. ACU Press, founded in 1983 to print books about Churches of Christ theology, is now a member of the Association of American University Presses, printing books about Christian Higher Education, West Texas History and Christian Living as well as theology. Along with its trade imprint, Leafwood Publishers, the press publishes an average of 36 titles per year. Among its notable authors are Rubel Shelly, Rick Ostrander, Darryl Tippens, Edward Fudge, Larry M. James and Walt McDonald.

Student media
The school established an NPR station, KACU, in 1986. Initially, the community was concerned that the school might use the station for proselytizing, and for the station's first ten years, an advisory board composed of community members served to monitor the station against this possibility.

The Optimist, a converged student media operation, produces student-led news media.

On October 18, 2008, the school hosted a live broadcast of Minnesota Public Radio's long-running A Prairie Home Companion radio show from the campus' Moody Coliseum.

Research
In August 2022 the ACU applied to the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) for a construction licence for a molten salt research reactor for which it plans to achieve criticality by December 2025.

Athletics

Formerly a charter member of the Division I Southland Conference, Abilene Christian joined the Lone Star Conference (LSC) of Division II of the NCAA in 1973.

In 2007, the LSC included 33 ACU current and former student athletes in its 75-member all-sports team commemorating the conference's 75th anniversary. Through 2009, ACU is fourth in NCAA history in team national championships won with 57, trailing Division I schools UCLA, Stanford, and USC, and tied with Division III school Kenyon College.

In 2012, Abilene Christian received NCAA permission to compete in Division I FCS football and was under consideration for reattachment to the Southland Conference. On August 25, 2012, Abilene Christian's board of trustees accepted Southland's invitation to rejoin the conference effective with the start of the 2013-14 academic year.

On Wednesday, August 23, 2017, the NCAA Board of Directors voted to pass ACU through to full Division I status, thus making them eligible for postseason play.

In 2021, ACU left the Southland for the Western Athletic Conference. After the 2022 football season, ACU football joined the newly formed United Athletic Conference, a merger of the football leagues of the WAC and the ASUN Conference. The two all-sports conferences had partnered in a football-only alliance in the 2021 and 2022 seasons.

Athletic Achievements

 The men's track and field program has won 32 NCAA National Track and Field Championships: 19 NCAA outdoor and 13 indoor.
 The women's track and field program has won 22 national championships: 12 indoor and 10 outdoor.
 The Wildcats were NAIA national football champions in 1973 and 1977.
Before the NCAA invalidated its 2007 season, nine ACU football players were included in the LSC's 75th-anniversary list of top players in conference history.  The school's 2007 victories were vacated by the NCAA in 2009.  The NCAA charged "two assistant football coaches helped a pair of players find an English correspondence class to take, enroll in the same course, allowed them to use the coaches' school computers for writing papers and paid to mail the assignments."  The school had scored more than 40 points in 11 of its 13 games and more than 50 points in 7 games and 70 or more points in two games including a 73–76 three overtime loss to Chadron State in the second round of the NCAA playoffs.
 In 2008, the Wildcats "set a record for points in an NCAA (football) playoff game, beating West Texas A&M 93-68 in the second round of the Division II playoffs."
 Ove Johansson kicked the longest field goal in college football history (69 yards) in 1976, 5 yards longer than the current NFL record.   it remains the longest field goal ever kicked in any level of football competition and is an unbroken world record.
 Olympic athletes from ACU include Bobby Morrow, three-time 1956 gold medal winner; Earl Young, 1960 Olympic gold medalist in the 4x400 relay; Billy Olson, who made the 1980 and 1988 U.S. teams but did not compete in 1980 due to President Carter's decision to boycott the Games; Yolande Straughn, who competed in 1988 for Barbados; and James Browne, 1988 competitor for Antigua.
 ESPN and NFL Network analyst and author Sean Adams is a former NCAA All-American athlete for ACU.

Social clubs
The school has a number of student organizations called "social clubs" that are equivalent to a fraternity or sorority on other college campuses.

Notable alumni

Academia and religion
 Kent Brantly, doctor and missionary
 Don Finto, pastor and author
 Edward Fudge, theologian
 V. E. Howard, minister
 Robert Kelley, president of the University of North Dakota
 H. Jeff Kimble, professor of Physics at the California Institute of Technology
 David Leeson (1978), journalist
 Dale Martin, bible scholar
 Barry McCarty, national radio host and former president of Cincinnati Christian University
 Hugh M. Tiner, president of Pepperdine University
 R. Gerald Turner, president of Southern Methodist University
 Thomas B. Warren, minister
 M. Norvel Young, president of Pepperdine University
Sally Gary, author
John W. Pilley, behavioral psychologist

Business
Gordon Bethune, former CEO of Continental Airlines
 David Sampson, President and CEO of the Property Casualty Insurers Association of America
 Monty Taylor, cloud computing executive, co-founder of OpenStack

Entertainment and media
 Nelson Coates, film production designer
 Chris Christian, record producer, recording artist, songwriter
 Bonnie Curtis, film producer
 Jody Dean, news anchor of KTVT-TV, Dallas, Texas
 Holly Dunn, musician and painter
 Ronnie Dunn, singer and songwriter
 Micah P. Hinson, singer and songwriter
Billie Hughes, recording artist and songwriter
 Daniel Johnston, singer and songwriter – attended ACU in his first year of college
 Stephen Mansfield, author
 Max Lucado, author
 TJ McCloud, singer-songwriter
 Aaron Watson, musician
 Zane Williams, musician
 Big Pokey, musician
Merritt Tierce, short-story author, story editor, essayist, pro-choice activist, novelist, and television writer.
Jerry Haymes, recording artist, songwriter, producer
Gary G. Hamilton, television journalist and producer

Politics and government
 Jeffrey S. Boyd, Justice of the Texas Supreme Court,
 Janice Hahn, member of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors; former member of the United States House of Representatives; former Los Angeles City Councilwoman
Robert Dean Hunter, vice-president emeritus of ACU; member of the Texas House of Representatives, District 71 (1986–2007)
 Robert L. Pitman, lawyer, former United States Attorney; former United States Magistrate Judge; United States federal judge
 Ted Poe, former Harris County, Texas, judge; member of the United States House of Representatives
 Jack Pope, lawyer, judge, and Supreme Court of Texas Chief Justice, 1982–1985
 Jack Scott, California state senator; chancellor, California Community College System
 Joe Shirley (1978), President of Navajo Nation
Lynn Coleman, former United States Deputy Secretary of Energy
Louie Welch, former mayor of Houston, Texas
 Garrett Harencak, Commander of the U.S. Air Force Recruiting Service
Paul J. Selva, former vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff representing the U.S. Air Force
Matthew J. Kacsmaryk, United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas
Brantley Starr, United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas

Sports
 Bill Blakeley, basketball coach
 James Browne, long jumper from Antigua
 Randall "Tex" Cobb, boxer, actor
 Charles Coody, golfer, winner of the 1971 Masters Tournament
 Grant Feasel, football player
 Greg Feasel, former offensive tackle in the NFL for the Green Bay Packers and San Diego Chargers; Executive Vice President/Chief Operating Officer for the Colorado Rockies; ACU Sports Hall of Fame (2004–05)
 Taylor Gabriel, football player for the Chicago Bears
 James Hill, football player for the Seattle Seahawks
 Ove Johansson, football player
 Johnny Knox, football player
 John Layfield, wrestler
 Clint Longley, football player
 Danieal Manning, football player
 Lindy McDaniel, baseball player
 Cleo Montgomery, football player
 Wilbert Montgomery, football player
 Bobby Morrow, sprinter
 Billy Olson, pole vaulter
 Billy Gene Pemelton, pole vaulter
 Johnny Perkins, football player
 Raymond Radway, football player
 Daryl Richardson, football player
 Bernard Scott, football player
 Jeev Milkha Singh (1996), golfer
 Gilbert Tuhabonye, runner and author
 Charcandrick West, football player
 Allen Wilson, football coach
 Earl Young, runner
Art Briles, former head coach at Baylor University
Rusty Whitt, coach
Wes Kittley, coach of Texas Tech Red Raiders track and field

Faculty
Everett Ferguson, Patristics scholar
Douglas A. Foster, Professor of Church History
Michael A. O'Donnell, Professor of Family Studies

Campus

Notes
 When James Cox's wife became ill, his brother, Alonzo B. Cox, filled in for him to finish the term.

References

Bibliography
 Stevens, Dr. John C., No Ordinary University: The History of a City Set on a Hill, Abilene, Texas: Abilene Christian University Press, 1998.  .

External links

Universities and colleges in Abilene, Texas
Private universities and colleges in Texas
Protestantism in Texas
Seminaries and theological colleges in Texas
Schools in Taylor County, Texas
Council for Christian Colleges and Universities
Education in Taylor County, Texas
Universities and colleges established in 1906
1906 establishments in Texas
Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
Universities and colleges affiliated with the Churches of Christ

Abilene Christian University


Marcin Borski (born 13 April 1973) is Polish football referee. He has been a Polish top division referee since 1999 and on the FIFA referees list since 2006. He was the only Polish referee nominated for UEFA Euro 2012.

Borski has served as a referee in international competitions, including the 2010 and 2014 World Cup qualifiers.

He used to work as stock exchange analyst for Warsaw Stock Exchange and Ministry of Treasure of Republic of Poland before becoming full-
time professional referee in 2008.

In April 2008 he became participant of UEFA Talents Programme, special mentoring programme aimed to develop young, promising referees. He participated in this programme for two consecutive years.

In April 2009 he was chosen by 'Pilka Nozna" magazine as the best referee of 2008/09 season of Polish top division.
In December 2011 he was nominated by UEFA to be fourth official during the UEFA Euro 2012 tournament. At the same time he was promoted to UEFA Elite Development category of referees.

References

1973 births
Living people
Polish football referees
Sportspeople from Warsaw

Marcin Borski


Pete Johnson (born 29 April 1965) is a British children's writer with more than fifty books to his name. Inspired by the author, Dodie Smith – a fan letter led to a correspondence for over twenty years – his earlier books were for teenagers. But, his first breakout hit was The Ghost Dog in 1996; an eerie tale about the power of imagination which won both the Stockton Children's Book of the Year Award and The Young Telegraph Book of the Year. This book is still widely used in schools. Other horror stories followed including, The Creeper (2001) which also won The Stockton Children's Book of the Year Award and The Vampire Blog (2010) which won The Brilliant Book Award.

His anti-bullying novels Traitor (2002) and Avenger (2004) have also earned special praise and several prizes. Although, in more recent years, he has achieved his greatest success with comedies such as, Trust me I'm a Troublemaker, 2005 winner of The Calerdale Children's Book Award and shortlisted for the Lincolnshire Young People's Award. Help I'm a Classroom Gambler (2006), winner of both The Sheffield and Leicester Children's Book Awards. And The Bad Spy's Guide (2007) shortlisted for The Blue Peter Book Award (Book I couldn't put down category)

How to Train Your Parents (2003), his biggest international success, is now translated into twenty-nine languages. The lead character Louis the Laugh has since appeared in four stand-alone sequels. My Parents Are Out of Control (2013), shortlisted for The Roald Dahl Funny Prize. My Parents are Driving me Crazy (2015), How to Update Your Parents (2016) – which deals with the impact of the internet on family life and How to Fool Your Parents (2017).

He has also written best-selling comedies for Barrington Stoke, including, Diary of an (Un) Teenager (2004) and Awesome (2013).

Pete Johnson was made a Reading Champion by the Book Trust in recognition of all his work in promoting reading in schools and libraries. He lives near St Albans.

As part of celebrations marking twenty years of The Stockton Children's Book Award in March 2018, Pete Johnson has been invited to return – he is the first author to win this award and the only writer to win it twice.

References

External links

1965 births
Living people
British children's writers
British horror writers

Pete Johnson (author)


William Ross Cotter (July 18, 1926 – September 8, 1981) was an American politician and Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from Connecticut.

He was born in Hartford, Connecticut and graduated from Trinity College in 1949.

In 1953, he was elected to the city's court of common council and from 1955 to 1957 served as an aide to Governor Abraham Ribicoff.

He then served as Connecticut's deputy insurance commissioner from 1957 to 1964 and as insurance commissioner from 1964 through 1970.

He was elected as a Democrat to the Ninety-second and to the five succeeding Congresses and served from January 3, 1971, until his death from pancreatic cancer at his sister's home in East Lyme, Connecticut, on September 8, 1981, aged 55.

In 1982, the William R. Cotter Federal Building at Hartford was named in his honor.

See also
 List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–99)

References

1926 births
1981 deaths
20th-century American politicians
Connecticut city council members
William R
Deaths from pancreatic cancer in Connecticut
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Connecticut
Politicians from Hartford, Connecticut
State insurance commissioners of the United States
Trinity College (Connecticut) alumni

William R. Cotter (politician)


The Sports Arena also known as the Tigers Trust Arena (formerly the Airco Arena the Bonus Arena, Gemtec Arena and the Vulcan Arena) is a sports centre located next to the MKM Stadium in Kingston upon Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, England.

The arena was built at the same time as the KC Stadium and is a multisport arena used by many people in and around Hull.  It is used by many of the city's schools, colleges and universities and is a popular place for association football or other sport tournaments to take place, including The Tigers 5-A-Side Tournament. It is also used for many other events such as Fares and Model Shows such as the Fairground model show. Until 2012 it was also the home for the NBL Division 4 basketball team, the Hull Wasps. However, the Wasps moved to the Ennerdale Lesure Centre before the 2012–13 season citing the increase charges for use of the Sports Arena as the main reason. The 2013–14 season will see the return of NBL basketball to the Sports Arena as the home the Kingston Panthers. It is also an accredited Handball facility.

The main hall of the arena is  x  with a height of .

The venue is frequently used for shows by acclaimed wrestling promotion New Generation Wrestling.

References

Sports venues in Kingston upon Hull
Squash venues
Netball venues in England

Sports Arena, Kingston upon Hull


Smile Again () is a 2006 South Korea television series starring Lee Dong-gun, Kim Hee-sun, Lee Jin-wook and Yoon Se-ah. It aired on SBS from May 17 to July 6, 2006 on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 21:55 for 16 episodes.

Plot
Ban Ha-jin is calculating and ambitious. Even though he's an orphan and a high school drop out, he will use any means to fulfill his ambition. Through coincidence, he meets Yoon Jae-myung at a bar in Switzerland. Jae-myung is a popular former baseball player who went to the same high school as he did, and Ha-jin manipulates a series of events to become Jae-myung's best friend. He also runs into Oh Dan-hee, the girl he loved and hurt in high school.

Despite her painful childhood, Dan-hee grew up to be a tenacious, optimistic go-getter who dreams of becoming a world-class professional softball player. Although tormented from the memory of being humiliated by her ex-boyfriend Ha-jin, Dan-hee makes a pact with herself to move on. Her sports hero is Yoon Jae-myung.

After Switzerland, the three again become part of each other's lives back in Korea. Ha-jin starts working in Jae-myung's father's company and does everything to make the rich chairman like him, shrewdly climbing the corporate ladder until he becomes the boss's right-hand man. Dan-hee, who also works for the same company, is a softball player on the company's league team. Jae-myung becomes the team's coach, and he falls in love with Dan-hee whose headstrong and optimistic personality attracts him. Jae-myung tries every possible way to win her heart, as Ha-jin becomes torn between his ambition and his love for Dan-hee.

Cast

Main cast
 Kim Hee-sun as Oh Dan-hee
 Lee Dong-gun as Ban Ha-jin
 Lee Jin-wook as Yoon Jae-myung
 Yoon Se-ah as Choi Yu-kang

Supporting cast
Kim Bo-yeon as Sara Jung / Jung Ye-boon
Im Chae-moo as Oh Joong-man
Hong Ji-young as Oh Yeon-gyo
Jo Hye-ryun as Kim Ok-joo
Lee Eun-hee as Hong Young-ah
Im Hyun-kyung as Park Chan-hee
Lee Young-jin as Jung Hyun-soo
Jo Dal-hwan as Ha-jin's friend
Heo Yi-jae
Park Yong-ki
Choi Beom-ho

Ratings
In this table, The blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings.

Reception
The drama's rating is imperatively decreased at the middle of the series was due to a football season. However, it still manage to stay above 10%.

References

External links
 Smile Again official SBS website

Seoul Broadcasting System television dramas
2006 South Korean television series debuts
2006 South Korean television series endings
Korean-language television shows
South Korean romance television series
Television series by Victory Contents

Smile Again (2006 TV series)


Crop Revenue Coverage (CRC) is a form of revenue insurance that protects a producer's revenue for an insurable crop whenever low prices, low yields, or a combination of both causes revenue to fall below a guaranteed level selected by the producer. It differs from other revenue insurance programs by allowing producers to use the higher of the planting price or the market price in determining a target level of revenue.

References

United States Department of Agriculture
Agricultural insurance

Crop Revenue Coverage


Mark Davoren is an Irish Gaelic footballer who plays for the Kilmacud Crokes club and for the Dublin county team.

He made his debut for Dublin against Kerry in the National Football League (Ireland) in 2009 scoring a total of 1-03 in the game which finished as a draw in Parnell Park. He won an All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship medal with Kilmacud Crokes on St Patricks Day 2009 in Croke Park against Crosmaglen Rangers. He scored a goal in the game. Davoren won a Leinster Senior Club Football Championship medal with Crokes against Rhode of Offalyin 2008 at Parnell Park, he scored 1-00 in the final. He won the Dublin Senior Football Championship in 2008 by beating St Oliver Plunketts/Eoghan Ruadh in Parnell Park scoring a goal in the process. He won an AFL Dublin Division One title with Kilmacud Crokes in 2008, although he did not make an appearance in the league final.

On 7 June 2009, he suffered a torn cruciate ligament during the Leinster Championship victory over Meath, which ruled him out for the rest of the season.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Dublin inter-county Gaelic footballers
Kilmacud Crokes Gaelic footballers

Mark Davoren


Powder of sympathy was a form of early pseudoscientific navigation and alchemy, in the 17th century in Europe, whereby a remedy was applied to the weapon that had caused a wound with the aim of healing the injury it had made. Weapon salve was a preparation, again applied to the weapon, but based on material from the wounded patient rather than on any remedy for the wound.

History
The powder is said to have consisted of green vitriol, first dissolved in water and afterward recrystallized or calcined in the sun. The Duke of Buckingham testified that Kenelm Digby had healed his secretary of a gangrenous wound by simply soaking the bloody bandage in a solution of the powder (possibly due to the oligodynamic effect). Digby claimed to have got the secret remedy from a Carmelite friar in Florence, and attributed its potency to the fact that the sun's rays extracted the spirits of the blood and the vitriol, while, at the same time, the heat of the wound caused the healing principle thus produced to be attracted to it by means of a current of air — a sort of wireless therapy.

The powder was also applied to solve the longitude problem in the suggestion of an anonymous pamphlet of 1687 entitled Curious Enquiries. The pamphlet theorised that a wounded dog could be put aboard a ship, with the knife used to injure the dog left in the trust of a timekeeper on shore, who would then dip said knife into the powder at a predetermined time and cause the creature to yelp, thus giving the captain of the ship an accurate knowledge of the time.

References

Alchemical substances
Magic powders
Obsolete medical theories
Superstitions

Powder of sympathy


The American Five is a collective name applied by some writers to the modernist American composers Charles Ives (1874–1954), John J. Becker (1886–1961), Wallingford Riegger (1885–1961), Henry Cowell (1897–1965), and Carl Ruggles (1876–1971). They were noted for their modernist and often dissonant compositions which broke away from European compositional styles to create a distinctly American style. The name was coined in imitation of the group of Russian composers called The Five.

The origin of the term "The American Five" is unclear. The five composers, although many of them were known to each other, did not work, or publicise themselves, as a group. According to Don C. Gillespie, "the first use of the phrase [an 'American Five'] seems to have been made by the composer John Downey in 1962, the year following Becker's death." However, Stuart Feder credits Gillespie, saying that, "Gillespie has called them 'the American Five.'" Gilbert Chase says that Gillespie, "the leading authority on Becker," credits Becker as "'the first person to promulgate the theory of the "Ives group," or "The American Five," as it is often called today.'" Stephen Budiansky credits Becker, saying that he, "began insisting that he was one of the 'American Five' great modern composers." Peter Garland has written that
Dennis Russell Davies organized "the 1980 Cabrillo Music Festival around my [i.e. Garland's] thesis-idea of 'The American Five'", and found a supporter in Lou Harrison.

The music historian Richard Taruskin notes that a group of composers including Becker, Riegger and Ruggles, and also Dane Rudhyar and Ruth Crawford Seeger, became associated with Cowell during the period when he published the magazine The New Music Quarterly (1927–1936). The magazine was financed by Ives. Taruskin (who does not use the term 'American Five' in his survey) comments that "the members [of this group] shared both a technical orientation and an expressive purpose which, like Ives's own may be jointly summed up as transcendental maximalism."

See also
Atonality
Complementation
Dissonant counterpoint
Polyrhythm
Tone cluster

References

20th-century American composers
20th-century classical composers
American classical composers
American male classical composers
Composition schools
Modernist composers
20th-century American male musicians

American Five


In law, volens is a state of mind, referring to voluntary acceptance of a specific risk.  It is usually pleaded by way of defence, and often employs the legal Latin volenti non fit injuria.  The term volens itself is often used in contradistinction to the terms sciens (meaning mere knowledge of the risk, without any voluntary assumption of it).

The effect of the defence varies from country to country.  In some countries it is (or can be) a total defence to show that the claimant knew and accepted the risk of the injury in undertaking their course of conduct.  In other countries it can give rise to a partial defence of contributory negligence.

In contract law, many clauses in contracts which at first appear to be exemption clauses relating to personal injury (which are in many countries invalid by law) are in fact phrased so as to demonstrate that the person signing the contract was aware of and voluntarily accepted the risk of personal injury, which may then subsequently establish a successful volenti defence.

Footnotes

Latin legal terminology

Volens


James Manson (born 2 November 1966) is a former Australian rules footballer who played in the VFL/AFL for Collingwood and Fitzroy.

From North Hobart Football Club in Tasmania, Manson provided some great assets to a fighting Collingwood Magpies. Manson stood at 194 cm and was solidly built (108 kg) with a great overhead mark. He however had a very awkward kicking style, with the action very different from most footballers, as he overlooked the ball with a cramped style as he dropped it on the boot. He did however kick over 100 goals with the Magpies. Manson was part of the 1990 premiership side, and had a key role in the finals series. Manson played as a ruckman who moved forward, or the other way around. With young ruckman Damian Monkhorst also at Victoria Park, Manson struggled to maintain his position in the team later in his career as 'Monkey' developed each season. Manson was then traded to Fitzroy where he played for three seasons before retiring.

Manson's father Jim played 210 games for Glenorchy Football Club.

References

External links

1966 births
Living people
Collingwood Football Club players
Collingwood Football Club premiership players
Fitzroy Football Club players
North Hobart Football Club players
Tasmanian State of Origin players
Australian rules footballers from Tasmania
Tasmanian Football Hall of Fame inductees
VFL/AFL premiership players

James Manson (Australian footballer)


Thomm is a village near Trier (at the Moselle River) in Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany.

Thomm is famous for an old Celtic stone, called Hinkelstein near the village and a big Celtic grave.

In further times there was a slate minor industry near Thomm.

Thomm is also famous for its cider, an apple-wine.

The FIA European Hill Climb Championship came to Thomm until 2011 and the FIA World Rally Championship until 2015.

Other websites

Gemeinde Thomm bei Trier an der Mosel - Willkommen - Welcome - Bienvenue - Welkom

Villages in Rhineland-Palatinate
Municipalities in Rhineland-Palatinate
Trier-Saarburg

Thomm


Evaristo Conrado Engelberg (26 October 1853–1932) was a Brazilian mechanical engineer and inventor. He is the inventor of the Engelberg huller, a machine used to strip the husks from rice and coffee during harvest. He was born to German immigrants in Piracicaba, São Paulo.

In 1885, while constructing a water wheel, Engelberg observed a group of slaves stripping rice pestles by hand, the main method at the time. He discovered that rubbing the rice between his fingers while applying pressure removed the pestle. He returned to his workshop and immediately began working on a machine that he finished the next day, thus creating the first rice peeler horizontal cylinder. The invention was named the Engelberg Huller and was soon adapted to also work with coffee. The machine revolutionized the processing of coffee and rice.

There was some initial resistance to the machine from ranchers and farmers, who preferred to use slave labor throughout the year for these and other processes, rather than investing the money in the machines invented by Engelberg, which would be useful only during harvest. Despite this initial resistance, the peelers was eventually adopted by major growers of the region. With the strong development of his business, in June 1885, Engelberg partnered with Earl Siciliano to found Engelberg & Siciliano which was headquartered in Piracicaba.

In 1890, the Gazeta de Piracicaba reported that Engelberg was appointed a member of the Parisian Academy of Inventors, and awarded a gold medal for his invention. Engelberg patented several models of these machines in the United States and Europe. He enjoyed huge success, because the stripper did not squeeze the coffee beans, and removed all the straw while maintaining the beans' integrity, producing a higher yield. The maintenance of the machines was also quite simple and inexpensive, which was advantageous, because the main methods of cleaning the coffee still depended on slave labor in mills.

As international demand for his machine increased, Engelberg partnered with José Tibiriçá to create a branch of his company in Syracuse, New York, known as the Engelberg Huller Company. Production in Brazil was halted in 1890 and as early as 1922, the machines produced in Syracuse began to be shipped and sold in Brazil. As of 2011, the Syracuse-based branch of the Engelber Huller Company continues to produce hullers and associated parts.

References

 Cochran Co,John C. "The American exporter", Volume 102, 1928, p. 177.
 Dean,Warren. "A industrialização de São Paulo / The Industrialization in Sao Paulo", Record,USP, 1971, p. 18
 Mukerji,Niya Gopal,"Handbook of Indian Agriculture", Printwell Publishers, 1990, p. 185
 Kano."Research for development of animal traction in West Africa:proceedings of the Fourth Workshop of the West Africa Animal Traction Network", Nigeria, 1990, p. 49,50,51
 Lahmeyer Lobo,Eulália Maria. "História político-administrativa da agricultura brasileira:1808-1889" - Resenhas, 1977, p 93,98
 Instituto Brasileiro do Café. "Ensaios sobre café e desenvolvimento econômico", 1973, p 37
 Boletim geográfico,Edições 196-201. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia, Brasil. Conselho Nacional de Geografia [Departamento de Documentação e Divulgação Geográfica e Cartográfica], 1967, p 71.

1853 births
1932 deaths
Brazilian engineers
Brazilian businesspeople
Businesspeople from São Paulo
Brazilian people of German descent

Evaristo Conrado Engelberg