Rocketplane Kistler (RpK) was a reusable launch system firm originally based in Oklahoma. It was formed in 2006 after Rocketplane Limited, Inc. acquired Kistler Aerospace. NASA announced that Rocketplane Kistler had been chosen to develop crew and cargo launch services. However, having missed financial milestones NASA terminated funding for the project. It filed for chapter 7 bankruptcy in 2010.

K-1 launch vehicle

Rocketplane Kistler's primary project was the K-1, a reusable launch vehicle which was intended to get as high as geosynchronous orbit, and was hoped to compete with relatively expensive, one-shot rockets for servicing of the International Space Station.

Corporate history
Kistler Aerospace was founded in Kirkland, Washington by Walter Kistler and Bob Citron in 1993 as a private company attempting to develop fully reusable vehicles capable of earth orbit at a minimal price. Rob Meyerson, who later went on to become President of Blue Origin, was a Senior Manager at Kistler Aerospace from 1997 to 2003. The CEO was George Mueller, who previously had been a leader of NASA's Apollo Program.

In February 2006, Kistler was purchased by the majority owner of Rocketplane Limited, Inc, a competing reusable, private spacecraft firm. Kistler Aerospace continued to operate until its closure under the name Rocketplane Kistler. Meanwhile, Rocketplane Limited, Inc. changed its name to Rocketplane Global, Inc., with a third company, Rocketplane, Inc. set up as a parent company for the two.

NASA launch partnership
In August 2006, NASA announced that Rocketplane Kistler had been chosen, along with SpaceX, to develop crew and cargo launch services, aka Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS), for the International Space Station.  The plan called for demonstration flights between 2008 and 2010.  Rocketplane Kistler would receive up to $207 million if they met all NASA milestones.

In November 2006, Rocketplane Kistler and Alliant Techsystems announced that Alliant Techsystems would become the lead contractor for Rocketplane Kistler's K-1 launch vehicle.

Unmet financial milestones in 2006 and 2007
In September 2006, Rocketplane Kistler began to miss financial milestones associated with the COTS agreement, and requested and received from NASA a 30-day extension on the milestone for completing its $40 million initial financing round. In February 2007 RpK renegotiated its COTS agreement, agreeing to raise the $500 million of required private financing before the end of May.

By August 2007, RpK had failed to obtain that financing, forcing them to cut their workforce.

On September 7, 2007, NASA notified Rocketplane Kistler that the COTS agreement would be terminated in 30 days due to continued inability to meet its financial milestones.  NASA announced in October 2007 that it had terminated funding for the project.

Retrenchment
Due to financial difficulties, the company had laid off most of its employees by February 2009, and consolidated business operations in Wisconsin, the home state of the company president.

Rocketplane Inc., along with its subsidiaries, Rocketplane Kistler and Rocketplane Global, failed to deliver on promises to Oklahomans and—financially broke—left the state in 2009. "The company collected $18 million in state tax breaks, but its Rocketplane XP spacecraft never materialized. [The] company closed its Oklahoma City headquarters and relinquished its hangar at Burns Flat."

Bankruptcy
On June 15, 2010 Rocketplane Inc., as well as its subsidiaries and its CEO, George French, filed for chapter 7 bankruptcy.  After 17 years of attempted development, the bankruptcy paperwork for Rocketplane Kistler listed $108,250 in assets including hardware and tooling for the K-1 rocket, as well as many unvalued patents and trademarks pertaining to the rocket.  Secured liabilities were claimed at $3.7 million, with unsecured liabilities listed at just under $3.7 million, as well.

Kistler Space Systems
In December 2011 all of the assets of Rocketplane Kistler were acquired by Space Assets LLC, and a new company, Kistler Space Systems, was founded. As of mid-2020 the company's website seems to have been abandoned.

See also
 Rocketplane Global Inc.
 Rocketplane XP

References

External links
Rocketplane Global Inc. official site
Kistler Space Systems official site
Rocketplane Kistler official site
Appealing COTS: RpK's Avenues for Relief
Video Animation of the K-1 reusable rocket concept (YouTube)

Private spaceflight companies
Technology companies established in 2006
Aerospace companies of the United States
Companies based in Oklahoma City
Defunct spaceflight companies
American companies established in 2006
2006 establishments in Oklahoma

Rocketplane Kistler


Joseph Rademacher (December 3, 1840 – June 12, 1900) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as bishop of the Diocese of Nashville in Tennessee from 1883 to 1893 and as bishop of the Diocese of Fort Wayne in Indiana  from 1893 until his death in 1900.

Biography

Early life
Joseph Rademacher was born on December 3, 1840, in Westphalia, Michigan, to Bernard and Theresia (née Platte) Rademacher, both German immigrants. In 1855, he began his classical and philosophical studies under the Benedictines at St. Vincent's College in Latrobe, Pennsylvania. He completed his theological studies at St. Michael's Seminary in Pittsburgh.

Priesthood
Rademacher was ordained to the priesthood for the Diocese of Fort Wayne by Bishop John Luers on August 2, 1863. He then served as the first resident pastor in Attica, Indiana, also attending to the nearby missions. In 1870, he was transferred to a parish in Columbia City, Indiana. In 1872, Rademacher was appointed chancellor of the diocese and pastor of St. Mary's Parish in Fort Wayne, Indiana. He served as pastor of St. Mary of the Immaculate Conception Parish in Lafayette, Indiana, from 1880 to 1883.

Bishop of Nashville
On April 3, 1883, Rademacher was appointed as the fourth bishop of the Diocese of Nashville by Pope Leo XIII. He received his episcopal consecration on June 24, 1883, from Archbishop Patrick Feehan, with Bishops Joseph Dwenger and John Watterson serving as co-consecrators.

Bishop of Fort Wayne
Rademacher was named the third bishop of the Diocese of Fort Wayne by Leo XIII on July 15, 1893. Unlike his predecessor, Rademacher was known as a mild and approachable leader.

Death and legacy
Rademacher was disabled by a stroke in early 1899, and was admitted to St. Joseph Hospital in Fort Wayne, then to St. Elizabeth Hospital in Chicago. Joseph Rademacher died at St. Elizabeth's on June 12, 1900, at age 59.

References

External links

1840 births
1900 deaths
People from Clinton County, Michigan
19th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the United States
Saint Vincent College alumni
Roman Catholic bishops of Fort Wayne
Roman Catholic bishops of Nashville
Catholics from Michigan

Joseph Rademacher (bishop)


The Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM; , Al-Ḥarakat ash-Shaʿbiyyat liTaḥrīr as-Sūdān) is a political party in South Sudan. It was initially founded as the political wing of the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA; a key belligerent of the Second Sudanese Civil War) in 1983. On January 9, 2005 the SPLA, the SPLM and the Government of Sudan signed the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, ending the civil war. SPLM then obtained representation in the Government of Sudan, and was the main constituent of the Government of the then semi-autonomous Southern Sudan. When South Sudan became a sovereign state on 9 July 2011, SPLM became the ruling party of the new republic. SPLM branches in Sudan separated themselves from SPLM, forming the Sudan People's Liberation Movement–North. Further factionalism appeared as a result of the 2013–2014 South Sudanese Civil War, with President Salva Kiir leading the SPLM-Juba and former Vice President Riek Machar leading the Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition.

Although the party has not adhered to one consistent ideology since the independence of South Sudan and many factions exist, it has been described as "being on the left of centre ideological[ly] speaking," and section IV.2 of the party manifesto states support for a regulated market economy with similar elements to social democracy.

History

The SPLM as a rebel movement was formed on 16 May 1983, after the Government of Sudan's abandonment of the Addis Ababa Agreement signed between the government of Gaafar Nimeiry and the Anyanya leader Joseph Lagu, who had first introduced the southern Sudanese to the effective political, economic, social, educational, and religious situations they would face after Sudan's independence. The movement published a manifesto setting out its positions and attracted a group of rebellious southern Sudanese soldiers of the Sudanese Army based in Bor, Pochalla, and Ayod (first called the Bor Mutiny). These joined remnants of the Anyanya rebels of the First Sudanese Civil War based in Ethiopia. Founders of the SPLA (the military wing of the movement) included Captain Salva Kiir Mayardit, Samuel AbuJohn Khabas, Major William Nyuon Bany, Major Kerubino Kuanyin Bol and many other southern Sudanese officers of the Sudanese Armed Forces. Joseph Oduho was made chairman of the SPLM and Colonel John Garang, a Dinka army officer, was made commander of the SPLA. Oduho was later deposed by Garang, who made himself overall leader of the combined movement (SPLA/M).

The Government of Sudan has been associated with Islam and Arab descent and culture since then, in deep contrast with the SPLA, associated instead with Africanism, indigenous beliefs, African culture and, to a degree Christianity.

It fought against the governments of Gaafar Nimeiry, Sadiq al-Mahdi and Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir in what is now called the Second Sudanese Civil War. SPLA/M's declared aim was to establish a democratic Sudan with it as the leading party in control of the southern areas. The war has been largely described in religious and ethnic terms, and also as a struggle for control of the water and oil resources located in southern and western Sudan.

In 1991, the SPLA-Nasir faction led by Dr Riek Machar and Dr Lam Akol attempted to overthrow chairman Garang. The attempt failed but led to widespread fighting in the south and the formation of other rebel groups, such as Kerubino Kuanyin Bol's SPLA Bahr-al-Ghazal faction. These internal divisions hampered negotiations with the government. SPLA-Nasir renamed itself SPLA-United and then transformed itself, with substantial personnel changes, into the South Sudan Independence Movement/Army. Several smaller factions signed the Khartoum Peace Agreement with the government in April 1997 and formed the United Democratic Salvation Front (UDSF).

In July 1992, a government offensive seized southern Sudan, and captured the SPLA headquarters in Torit. The Sudanese government accused Uganda and Eritrea of supporting the SPLA/M, who were alleged to have operated on the Ugandan side of the Sudanese border with Uganda at the southern limit of Sudan.

In 2005, a treaty between the SPLA/M and the Sudanese government led to the formal recognition of Southern Sudanese autonomy. SPLM joined the government as part of the 2005 peace agreement, gaining about one-third of government positions. On 11 October 2007, the SPLM withdrew from the government, alleging violations of the peace agreement; this raised concerns about the future of the agreement.

In 2012, as a consequence of South Sudanese independence, SPLM became the new country's governing political party and the SPLA the country's army. The Sudan branch separated from the movement and formed SPLM-N to carry out anti-government activities in Sudan.

Factionalism
SPLM-DC (Democratic Change, 2009–present)
SPLM–N (North, 2011–present)
SPLM-IG (In Government, 2013–present)
SPLM-IO (In-Opposition, 2013–present)
SPLM-FD (Freed Detainees, 2015–present)

As a result of the South Sudanese Civil War in 2013–2014, the SPLM factionalised into the SPLM-Juba, led by President Salva Kiir, and SPLM-IO (in opposition), led by former Vice President Riek Machar.

Notable people

Abdullah Albert, South Sudanese politician
Zakaria Chol Gideon Gakmar (1957–2010), Sudanese politician
Barnaba Okony Gilo, South Sudanese politician

References

Further reading

External links

Who's who in SPLM-Juba
Garang's Death: Implications for Peace in Sudan by the International Crisis Group, 9 August 2005 (PDF)
Sudan Photographic Exhibition – Documentary photographer's images of Sudan's displaced

Factions of the Second Sudanese Civil War
Guerrilla organizations
Political parties established in 1983
Political parties in South Sudan
Rebel groups in Sudan
Rebel groups in South Sudan
Separatism in Sudan
National liberation armies

Sudan People's Liberation Movement


O-Town (also known as OTWN/OTOWN) is an American boy band formed from the first season of the reality television series Making the Band in 2000. As of 2015 the group consisted of Erik-Michael Estrada, Trevor Penick, Jacob Underwood, and Dan Miller. The line up also included Ashley Parker Angel. Ikaika Kahoano was originally part of the band but was replaced by Miller after dropping out of the group.

American musical groups

O-Town


Ezzelino II da Romano, also known as Ezzelino il Monaco ("Ezzelino the Monk"; died 1235) was an Italian nobleman of the Ezzelini family, who was lord of Onara (until 1199),  Romano, Bassano and Godego.

Biography
The son of Ezzelino I, in 1182 he fought for lands belonging to the monks of a monastery in Sesto al Reghena. On 24 April 1198 Pope Innocent III asked Pellegrinus II, Patriarch of Aquileia, to resolve the matter and to raise the excommunication which Ezzelino had received from the patriarch of Grado.

In 1191-1193 Ezzelino was podestà of Treviso, and later of Verona (1200). Ezzelino raised an army to expel Azzo VI of Este after the latter became podestà of Verona in 1207.

In 1199 his castle at Onara was destroyed by the Paduans after Ezzelino had signed a separate peace with Vicenza; he therefore moved the family residence to Romano, by which name his family would be known in the following decades. In 1209-1210 he was among the followers of emperor Otto IV, who gave him possession of  Bassano (1211). Ezzelino II became podestà of Vicenza in 1211.

In 1212 Ezzelino II clashed near Verona with the troops of the Lombard League; the latter was defeated and its commander, Azzo VI d'Este, perished. In 1213 he fought with Padua against the Estensi and, the following year, against the Venetians.

In 1221 Ezzelino retreated into a monastery at Oliero in Valstagna and then at Campese, hence his surname of Monaco ("monk"), leaving the administration of the fiefs to his sons Ezzelino and Alberico da Romano. His daughter Cunizza da Romano was married to Riccardo di San Bonifacio, lord of Verona.

He died in the monastery of Campese in 1235.

References

Sources

12th-century births
1235 deaths
Ezzelino 02
Nobility from Veneto
People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
13th-century condottieri
Wars of the Guelphs and Ghibellines

Ezzelino II da Romano


The Nissan Nuvu is a compact all-electric city car with 2+1 seating, with solar panels shaped like tree leaves on the roof that channel the sun's power through a "tree trunk" conduit in the center of the vehicle. The concept car can reach about  and travel up to about  on an electric charge.

More information

Nissan's vision for the future of urban transportation is encapsulated in Nuvu, literally a 'new view' of the type of car we will be driving in the middle of the next decade. Compact – it's just 3 metres long – Nuvu is a concept vehicle with unique 2+1 seating. It is aimed at urban dwellers who don't want to compromise on their personal freedom or their comfort, yet who appreciate that there is a need for a dramatic change in the way we move around our cities.

Nuvu is an electric vehicle, is agile, easy to drive and even easier to park. It represents Nissan's commitment to electric vehicle technology, considering that Nissan has already announced that it will present a production-ready EV at the 2009 Tokyo Motor Show, with sales due to start in Japan and North America in 2010. Whilst Nuvu is not that car, it does share some of the technology that will feature in the planned production vehicle.

The vehicle shown at Paris Motor Show incorporates a witty representation of its green credentials: across its all-glass roof are a dozen or so small solar panels. Shaped like leaves on a branch, the power they generate is fed to the battery using a 'tree trunk' within the car as a conduit. Nuvu also uses natural, organic and recycled materials within the cabin.

Nuvu is compact on the outside yet roomy on the inside. Built on a unique platform, it's just 3 metres long and sits on a wheelbase of 1980 mm but is 1700 mm tall and 1550 mm wide to create a large and airy cabin.

These dimensions provide all the interior room needed for the vast majority of city journeys. Nuvu has two regular seats and a third occasional chair that can be folded down when required. But, unlike some two-seater city cars currently on the market, it is a thoroughly practical proposition with an integral luggage area providing sufficient space for a typical supermarket or shopping expedition.

"Nuvu is a concept car, for sure, but it is an entirely credible vehicle," says Francois Bancon, General Manager, Exploratory and Advanced Planning Department, Product Strategy and Product Planning Division, Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.

"It is light, clean and easy to drive. It is practical and a sensible size, yet it also embodies an element of fun: the future doesn't look so bad, after all."

See also
Nissan Motors

References

External links

http://www.nissan.co.jp/EN/LINEUP/lineup_24.html

Electric city cars
Nissan concept vehicles

Nissan Nuvu


Lala's Gun () is a 2008 film about the coming-of-age of a young boy as a member of China's Miao ethnic minority. The film was written and directed by Ning Jingwu and stars Wang Jishuai in the title role. Lala's Guns''' international sales were picked up by the Taiwan-based 3 Dots Entertainment. The film's world showed at the 2009 Berlin International Film Festival as part of its Generation 14plus program.

 Plot Lala's Gun is the story of a boy from the village of Biasha in Congjiang County, where resides a branch of Miao minority. As part of the village's tradition, every boy upon reaching the age of fifteen was to receive a gun from his father as a symbol of reaching manhood. Lala, however, was raised by his grandmother after being abandoned by his father followed by his mother's death. As his 15th birthday approached, Lala departed Biasha and started a journey of searching the father he hadn't seen for years.

 Reception
The film's limited exposure to international markets has garnered it some above average reviews. Though many western critics have faulted the film for its simplistic story, even while praising the film's lush visuals and nuanced portrayal of the Miao people.
Derek Elley of Variety'', for example, notes that what the film lacks in narrative, it makes up for in its "verismo detail".

References

External links

 Lala's Gun at the Chinese Movie Database

2008 drama films
2008 films
Chinese coming-of-age drama films

Lala's Gun


The Edmundston campus of the Université de Moncton is built on an elevated area of the downtown core, near the Trans-Canada Highway. It has four pavilions, a student center and a residence with the capacity to house nearly 90 students. It welcomes more than 375 students. The Pavillon sportif d'Edmundston is located on the campus grounds and includes a swimming pool, a climbing wall, different gymnasiums and more. A 2 400-seat amphitheatre used for field hockey and shows is also located next to the Pavillon sportif. Outside, there is a six-lane athletic field with bleachers.

History
Prior to amalgamating with the Université de Moncton, the Edmundston campus was known as Collège Saint-Louis. Founded by the Eudist Fathers in 1946, it received the title of University the following year. Originally, the classes were temporarily installed in formers military barracks. In 1949 the current campus was built, and its principal building was named the Simon-Larouche Pavillon after its first rector. In 1949, the Religious Hospitallers of Saint Joseph founded a college for girls called Collège Maillet in nearby Saint-Basile which was affiliated with the Université Saint-Louis.

With the foundation of the Université de Moncton in 1963, the Université Saint-Louis agreed to suspend its university status and once again became a college. In 1972, the Collège Saint-Louis and the Collège Maillet merged and adopted the name of Collège Saint-Louis-Maillet. In the 1977 reorganization, the College became a campus of the University and took the name of Centre universitaire Saint-Louis-Maillet, campus de l'Université de Moncton.

In the present, the campus is now called: Université de Moncton, campus d'Edmundston.

Gallery

References

Université de Moncton
Education in Edmundston
Buildings and structures in Edmundston
Universities and colleges established in 1946
1946 establishments in New Brunswick

Campus Universitaire d'Edmundston


A simple sentence (sometimes called an independent clause) is a sentence that contains a subject and a predicate (a verb). It must also express a complete thought. This follows the rules of syntax in English grammar.

Length
A simple sentence is not defined by how short it is. A simple sentences is often short and uncomplicated. But it is not limited by the number of words used to express the thought. For example:

 "Bill reads". This is a simple sentence. "Bill" is the subject and "reads" is the action (verb).
 "Being an English teacher with a penchant for syntactical complexity, I love to read simple sentences upon getting up and before going to bed." This is still a simple sentence even though it uses more words.

Simple or dependent?
A simple sentence or independent clause is one that has a meaning to a reader or listener. If the sentence does not complete the thought, it may be a dependent clause. A dependent clause is one that does not express a complete thought. By itself it is a sentence fragment. It may look like a simple sentence, but it will not make sense on its own.

 "Bill reads". Again, a simple sentence. Bill (a noun for a subject) reads (the action that completes the thought).
 "Because Bill wants to learn more." What happens because Bill wants to learn more? We do not know, so that is not a sentence. It is a dependent clause.

Related pages
 Sentence
 English grammar
 Compound sentence
 Complex sentence

References

Other websites
 Sentences: Simple, Compound, and Complex

English language
Sentences

Simple sentence


In American football, The Fumble is a play that occurred during the 1987 AFC Championship Game between the Cleveland Browns and Denver Broncos on January 17, 1988, at Mile High Stadium in Denver, Colorado. The fumble occurred late in the fourth quarter of the game and cost the Browns a chance to tie the contest; the Broncos went on to win the game and the AFC Championship, advancing to Super Bowl XXII.

Background

One year earlier, the Browns and Broncos faced off for the conference championship at Cleveland Municipal Stadium. Broncos quarterback John Elway led a game-tying, 98-yard touchdown drive that became known as simply The Drive, which sent the game into overtime where the Broncos won.

For this matchup, things were not initially as close. The Broncos scored two early touchdowns on a pass from Elway to Ricky Nattiel and a run by Steve Sewell. They added a run by Gene Lang in the second quarter, while all the Browns were able to do was produce a field goal by Matt Bahr.

The second half, though, was a different story for the Browns. Trailing 21-3 entering the third quarter, quarterback Bernie Kosar and his star halfback Earnest Byner helped lead the Browns back. Kosar threw a third quarter touchdown to Reggie Langhorne, and after the Broncos added a touchdown, Byner added two of his own via a pass from Kosar and a run. A Rich Karlis field goal closed the scoring in the third quarter, and the Broncos' lead was reduced to seven.

Kosar led another touchdown drive in the fourth quarter that culminated with Webster Slaughter catching a four-yard pass to tie the game at 31. After Elway responded by finding Sammy Winder for a touchdown to regain the lead, the Browns again began moving the ball down the field. They managed, once again, to cross the fifty-yard line and drive deep into Denver territory.

The play
On second down at the Denver eight-yard line, with the Browns needing five yards for a first down, Kosar handed the ball off to Byner on a trap play. With the running lane he intended to use overrun with Bronco defenders, Byner turned and headed left and found space. He had the first down and saw a chance to score the tying touchdown. The only two defenders between him and the end zone were Broncos defensive backs Jeremiah Castille and Tony Lilly. As Castille closed the gap to meet Byner, Byner instead of continuing to veer left straightened his run to avoid running directly into Castille. Although Castille did not stop Byner's progress and bring him to the ground, Castille managed to knock the football out of Byner's hands at the three-yard line. Byner's momentum carried him forward into the end zone and colliding with Lilly. Castille recovered the fumble at the three-yard line, giving the Broncos possession of the ball and preserving the seven-point edge.

Aftermath
The Broncos ran three plays to gain a total of nine yards while forcing the Browns to use their remaining time outs. On the ensuing fourth down, Broncos coach Dan Reeves had his punter, Mike Horan, take an intentional safety rather than punt out of his own end zone; Horan did as he was told and ran around in the end zone for five seconds for good measure.

After the ensuing free kick, the Browns were thwarted on their last drive, when a Kosar Hail Mary pass came up short; the Broncos won, 38–33, and moved on to the Super Bowl.

Reactions
On ESPN Classic's "The Fumble, the Story of the 1987 AFC Championship", the Browns' then-head coach Marty Schottenheimer analyzed the play, showing that the fumble was not entirely Byner's fault. Schottenheimer stated: "The Browns' wide receiver #84, Webster Slaughter is supposed to take ten steps then block Castille to the outside. Instead, he wanted to watch the play."

Castille said: "I was thinking, 'I got burned the last time I tried to bump-and-run [Slaughter]', so instead I stepped back six-to-eight yards before the snap, so I could better see the play unfold. I saw it was a draw play and that Byner had the ball. I remember thinking that Byner ran all over us that entire second half, so there was no way I was going to tackle him. Instead, I went for the ball the whole time."

Schottenheimer continued: "Earnest never saw Castille coming. Earnest was the reason we were still in the game at that point. He had several heroic runs and catches over the course of the second half that allowed us to have a chance to tie the game at 38. All of these heroics, unfortunately, were overshadowed by a single draw play from the eight-yard line."

Dick Enberg, the play-by-play announcer of the broadcast on NBC, noted: "And wasn't it ironic that Denver got the ball back on the two-yard line? Wasn't it just one year ago where the Broncos were on their own two before putting together what became 'The Drive'?"

ESPN.com Page 2 writer Bill Simmons used "The Fumble" as an argument for why the Browns should be considered one of the most cursed franchises in sports. He also describes their fan base as "tortured" following this play. His article, "The Levels of Losing," appeared January 29, 2010.

Aftermath
Despite being primarily remembered for "The Fumble", Byner had a relatively successful career. After spending another year with the Browns, he was traded to the Washington Redskins prior to the start of the 1989 season for running back Mike Oliphant. In his five seasons with Washington, Byner was selected to play in the Pro Bowl twice (1990, 1991) and won a Super Bowl in the 1991 season. In that season's Super Bowl XXVI, he caught a touchdown pass in the second quarter, and the Redskins won, giving him the NFL Championship ring he could not win with the Browns.

He ended up going back to Cleveland for two more years, and finished his career in 1998, after spending two years with the transplanted Baltimore Ravens. In his 14 NFL seasons, Byner rushed for 8,261 yards, caught 512 passes for 4,605 yards, and scored 72 total touchdowns (56 rushing, 15 receiving, one fumble recovery). At the time of his retirement, Byner ranked within the NFL's top 30 all-time leaders in rushing attempts, rushing touchdowns, rushing yards, and total yards.

Game summary

Officials
Referee: Jim Tunney (#32)
Umpire: Ben Montgomery (#117)
Head Linesman: Sid Semon (#109)
Line Judge: Ron Blum (#83)
Back Judge: Roy Clymer (#24)
Side Judge: Bill Quinby (#58)
Field Judge: Dick Dolack (#31)
Alternate: Jerry Seeman (#70)

See also
 Cleveland sports curse
 1987–88 NFL playoffs
 Red Right 88
 The Drive

References

Total Football: The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football League ()

External links
  (via the NFL Throwback channel)

1987 National Football League season
AFC Championship Games
Cleveland Browns postseason
Denver Broncos postseason
American football incidents
January 1988 sports events in the United States
1988 in sports in Colorado
1980s in Denver

The Fumble


Portrait of Charles V or Portrait of a Man Wearing the Order of the Golden Fleece is a  oil on canvas painting by Titian, now in the Museo di Capodimonte in Naples.

History
It is one of many works the artists painted in that period showing Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, with domains in Spain, Italy and the Americas. No sources definitively date the work, meaning that it is instead dated on the basis of research in various surviving archival documents. According to Vasari's Lives of the Artists, Titian's first painting of Charles was made in 1530, showing him in armour holding a commander's baton. This is confirmed by a letter dated 18 March 1530 from Giacomo Leonardi, ambassador of the Duke of Urbino to the Republic of Venice. All trace of that painting is now lost, though it appears in 17th century collection inventories. Other sources refer to a three-quarter-length portrait mentioned on 15 October 1542, when Alessandro Farnese the Younger wrote thanking the papal nuncio Fabio Mignanelli, then still in Venice, for sending him a portrait of Charles V.

On 20 August 1563 another letter from Alessandro tells Onofrio Panvinio, then working on the iconography for the Villa Farnese in Caprarola, the work of Taddeo Zuccari, to ask the ambassador in Venice to send him a portrait of Charles as the basis for Charles' portrayal in the frescoes. This may be the same work mentioned in 1534 letters between ambassador don Lope de Soria and Charles' secretary Francisco de los Cobos, which mention two paintings of the king which Titian was producing simultaneously. Another theory argues the work originated in the Gonzaga collection after being sent to Ferrante by Titian himself in 1549, though this theory is now not widely supported since no documents survive to show how the work might have moved from the Gonzaga to the Farnese collection.

The earliest definitive sources on the work date to the mid 17th century when - now moved from Rome to Parma - the work's subject was lost and it was retitled Portrait of a Philosopher, Portrait of a Man in Black or Portrait of Ferdinand I (Charles's younger brother). In Parma it was also misattributed to Girolamo Mazzola. It moved to Naples in 1734 with the rest of the Farnese Collection when it was inherited by Charles III of Spain after the death of the last Farnese Elisabetta, upon which the original attribution was restored. A long restoration in the 20th century re-identified Charles as the work's subject.

See also
 List of works by Titian

References

Bibliography
 AA. VV., I Farnese. Arte e collezionismo, Milano, Editrice Electa, 1995, ISBN 978-8843551323.
 AA. VV., Tiziano e il ritratto di corte da Raffaello ai Carracci, Napoli, Editrice Electa, 2006, ISBN 978-8851003364.

Farnese Collection
1530s paintings
Charles V
Charles V
Paintings in the Museo di Capodimonte

Portrait of Charles V (Titian, Naples)


A river cruise is a voyage along inland waterways, often stopping at multiple ports along the way. Since cities and towns often grew up around rivers, river cruise ships frequently dock in the center of cities and towns.

Descriptions

River day cruises
River day cruises are day excursions ranging from 30 minutes to a full day. They can be on boats carrying as few as 10 people or as many as a few hundred. Such a cruise is typically based in a city with a river flowing through the centre (e.g., Amsterdam, Bangkok, London, Paris, Varanasi) or an area of natural beauty, such as on the Hudson River, Rhine Thames and Ganga. Some popular locations include:
Africa: Luxor, Cairo
Americas: New York City, New Orleans, San Antonio, St. Louis. Detroit
Asia: Bangkok, Ho Chi Minh City, Kuching, Malacca, Singapore, Varanasi
Europe: Amsterdam, Budapest, Cologne, London, Paris

River cruises
River cruise ships with accommodation facilities offer longer cruises.

According to Douglas Ward, "A river cruise represents life in the slow lane, sailing along at a gentle pace, soaking up the scenery, with plentiful opportunities to explore riverside towns and cities en route. It is a supremely calming experience, an antidote to the pressures of life in a fast-paced world, in surroundings that are comfortable without being fussy or pretentious, with good food and enjoyable company."

River cruising is a major tourist industry in many parts of the world.

Africa: Nile
Americas: Mississippi, Peruvian Amazon
Asia: Brahmaputra, Ganga, Padma, Damodar, Irrawaddy, Mekong, Yangtze
Australia: Murray
Europe: Danube, Rhine, Seine, Rhone, Volga, Moselle, Main, Douro.

See also
 List of river films and television series

References

External links

Rivers

Leisure activities
Types of tourism
Types of travel
Water transport

River cruise


Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt (24 March 1903 – 18 January 1995) was a German biochemist.

He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1939 for his "work on sex hormones."

He initially rejected the award in accordance with government policy, but accepted it in 1949 after World War II.

He was President of the Max Planck Society from 1960 to 1972.

He was also the first, in 1959, to discover the structure of the sex pheromone of silkworms which he named as bombykol.

References

Nobel Prize in Chemistry winners
1903 births
1995 deaths
German biochemists

Adolf Butenandt


Cooks the Bakery is a specialist retail bakery chain of hot food, sandwiches and coffee, based in Solihull, in the West Midlands, England.  The company went into administration on 21 November 2011. The trading rights to Three Cooks and Cooks the bakery were purchased from the administrators in June 2012, Three Cooks Bakery was re-launched under a franchising model with its first store opening in Hanley, Stoke-on-Trent.

Three Cooks
Three Cooks was the name given to a trio of high street bakers formerly trading as Clarks Bakery,  Stephen's Bakery and Wimbush the Bakers. Based in Solihull, it was taken over by Rank Hovis McDougall and expanded into a 255 retail bakery, and then sandwich chain business. In 2000, as high street trends changed, it sold the freeholds of the various retail premises.

Due to financial difficulties arising from a downturn in high street trading conditions, in November 2006 the chain went into administration with a footprint of 158 shops, under the legal control of Tenon Group Tenon immediately closed 37 loss-making sites, with around 250 job losses.

Cooks the Bakery
Chairman Geoff Peppiatt bought 121 of the former Three Cooks shops, and managed to save 900 jobs, operating under the new brand Cooks the Bakery. Peppiatt left the business in late 2009, by which time Cooks the Bakery was no longer involved in Van Delivery or Schools Catering.

After this point, the business was run by Richard Prime (Managing Director) and Steven Greaves (Director) until the final collapse in late 2011. Between Peppiatt leaving and final collapse, the chain faced reducing High Street footfall and rising costs, and had been constantly reducing the number of stores. The company went into administration on 21 November 2011, having shrunk to 16 outlets.

References

Further reading

Birmingham Mail
Birmingham Post (Scroll down on page for article)
British Baker magazine
Bromsgrove Advertiser
British Baker magazine
Coventry Telegraph
British Baker magazine
The Grocer
Express and Star
Romsey Advertiser
Birmingham Post
The Times
Computer Weekly

External links
Cooks the Bakery

Bakeries of the United Kingdom
Defunct companies of England
Defunct retail companies of the United Kingdom
Companies based in Solihull
Food and drink companies disestablished in 2012
Retail companies disestablished in 2012
2012 disestablishments in England

Cooks the Bakery


Cadbury World is a visitor attraction in Bournville, Birmingham, England, featuring a self-guided exhibition tour, created and run by the Cadbury Company. The tour tells the history of chocolate, and of the Cadbury business.

A second location in Dunedin, New Zealand, closed in May 2018.

Birmingham

Overview
Cadbury's planning for a new chocolate-based attraction commenced in 1988, with the Bournville site decided upon. Cadbury World was opened on 14 August 1990 by Morgan Anderson on Cadbury's Bournville manufacturing site at a cost of £6 million. The attraction has expanded and developed its content through 'continuous improvement'. It was formally opened by then Prime Minister John Major on 12 April 1991.

Cadbury World has gone on to become one of Birmingham's largest leisure attractions. Over 500,000 people visit there each year especially children and students. The estate features a respected education programme (linking back directly to the educational advancements and interests of the company's original founders). Cadbury World provides a Chocolate afternoon tea.

Whilst not a factory tour, Cadbury World offers its visitors the opportunity to explore and discover chocolate's history, and to learn about the origins and story of the Cadbury business, which is now part of Mondelez, the world's second largest confectionery manufacturer.

In 2022, it was announced that Merlin Entertainments were to take over the running of the attraction, subject to the approval of the Competition and Markets Authority.

Fourteen Zones

Cadbury World currently features 14 zones which tell the story of chocolate and the Cadbury business through various static sets, animatronics, video presentations, multi-sensory cinema, interactive displays and activities, and staff demonstrations.

In August 2019, Heritage Interactive installed seven interactive panels in the Aztec Jungle.

These zones also include "The Bournville Experience" (Opened in 2007 replacing the Cadbury Collection Museum), which explains the background to the development of the site on which it is located and "4D Chocolate Adventure", constructed in 2014 and replacing "Essence" which in turn replaced "Cadburyland" before it, and which incorporates a 3D cinema.

Dunedin

In July 2003 another Cadbury World was opened in Dunedin, New Zealand, located in the Cadbury Factory site at 280 Cumberland St, close to the city centre near the Octagon. Unlike the Cadbury World in Birmingham, it offered guided tours around the manufacturing area of the factory.

In 2018, the factory closed. Despite plans to keep it open, Cadbury World was also closed that year, to make way for a new NZ$1.4 billion hospital to replace the existing Dunedin Hospital. Mondelez vice-president Banfield confirmed that the former Cadbury site had been sold to the Ministry of Heath for an undisclosed amount. It was reported that the closure of Cadbury World would lead to the loss of 39 jobs. During the demolition, business records from Hudson & Co from 1899 to 1988 were discovered in a cupboard. Hudson & Co amalgamated with Cadbury Fry in 1929.

See also
 Cadbury
 Cadbury Ireland
 Cadbury's Claremont
 History of Cadbury
 Cadbury chocolate factory, Toronto

References

External links

Cadbury
Museums in Birmingham, West Midlands
Museums in Dunedin
Chocolate museums
Food museums in the United Kingdom
Animatronic attractions
Chocolate factories

Cadbury World


The Portsmouth Public Library is a public library located near downtown Portsmouth, Ohio, United States.  It has served the city since 1879.  The library has four branch locations in Scioto County:  Lucasville, New Boston, South Webster, and Wheelersburg.

The main library is located on Gallia Street across from the new Portsmouth High School complex.  The W. Gordan Ryan (Lucasville) Branch (established in 1990) is located near the Scioto County Fairgrounds on Lucasville-Minford Road. The Vern Riffe (New Boston) Branch (1941) is located on eastbound U.S. 52 (Rhodes Avenue). The South Webster Branch (1984) is behind the South Webster High School complex while the Wheelersburg Branch (1965) is located on Old Gallia Pike between Pirate Drive (Wheelersburg High School) and State Route 522.

Brief history
Portsmouth's traces of a public library began in 1831 when a small library opened at the corner of Market and Front Streets.  However, the library closed a short time later.  It wasn't until 1879 when the Portsmouth City Schools Board of Education donated a building at the corner of Fifth and Court to provide these services. The first librarian of this location was Colonel James Wharton. He grew the library's collection to 5,000 volumes by September 1881. The biggest donation came in 1902 when Andrew Carnegie donated $50,000 to construct a new library with the solicitation of Henry A. Lorberg.  The new library opened on February 1, 1906, on Gallia Street and is still used to this day.  The original architectural firm was Richards, McCarty and Bulford.  Much of the architecture stays true to the numerous Carnegie libraries even though the library received renovations and extensions in 1971 and 1995 by the architectural firm of Donaldson, Wittenmeyer and Associates and Myers, NBD.  Today the library offers microfilm of the Portsmouth Daily Times and other forgotten papers of the city, a local history department, and local Bookmobile services which began in 1938.  The library celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2006 with a reenactment of the opening with current workers in early-1900s attire.  It has an annual circulation of over 370,000.

References

External links
Official Site
  History of Portsmouth Public Library

Public libraries in Ohio
Portsmouth, Ohio
Education in Scioto County, Ohio
Carnegie libraries in Ohio
Buildings and structures in Scioto County, Ohio

Portsmouth Public Library (Ohio)


The Parti canadien (Canadian Party) was an anti-conscriptionist party formed by Member of Parliament Liguori Lacombe in 1942. Lacombe was the MP for Laval—Two Mountains. He was an isolationist, who opposed Canada's participation in World War II and the implementation of conscription. Lacombe, a Liberal MP since 1925, quit the Liberal caucus and won re-election in the 1940 federal election as an Independent Liberal before forming the Parti canadien.

Lacombe founded the party in order to oppose Mackenzie King's plan to hold a plebiscite on conscription. Lacombe sat in Parliament as an unofficial representative of the Canadian Party after its formation. In 1942 federal by-elections held in Quebec, two candidates ran under the name "Parti canadien" (Canadian Party) possibly inspired by the pre-Confederation Parti canadien of anti-British nationalists. The party stood candidates against Liberal Louis St. Laurent in Quebec East and Gaspard Fauteux in Montreal St. Mary. Due to a wartime political truce between the Liberal and Conservative parties, the Parti canadien candidates were the primary opponents to the Liberals in these two by-elections. Joseph Raoul Périllard finished second behind Fauteux in St. Mary and Paul Bouchard was St. Laurent's only opponent in Quebec East finishing 4,000 votes behind him.

Lacombe subsequently used the party as a platform to campaign for a "no" vote during the April plebiscite on conscription. In June he invited Quebec Liberal MPs who opposed conscription to join his party but had no takers.

In September 1942 the Bloc populaire canadien was formed. Lacombe worked with, but did not join the new formation which became the primary anti-conscriptionist vehicle in Quebec.

Lacombe subsequently joined the "Independent Group" of anti-conscription MPs led by Frédéric Dorion.

Defunct political parties in Canada
1942 establishments in Canada
Political parties established in 1942
Opposition to World War II
Political parties disestablished in 1944
1944 disestablishments in Canada

Parti canadien (1942)


Mindia Matidia, also known as Matidia Minor (Minor being Latin for the younger, 85 – after 161) was a Roman imperial woman in the early second century AD. She was related to several ancient Roman Emperors, as a great-niece to Trajan and half-sister to Vibia Sabina, who was the wife of Hadrian. The modern village of Matigge, Italy, is perhaps named after her.

Family

Matidia Minor was the daughter of Salonia Matidia from her second marriage to the otherwise unattested Roman aristocrat Lucius Mindius. Her mother Salonia Matidia was the daughter of Ulpia Marciana, sister of Roman emperor Trajan, and therefore was a niece of the emperor. Matidia Minor's half-sister Vibia Sabina was to become empress and wife of the Roman emperor Hadrian. Hadrian was also her third cousin.

Life

After her father's death in 85, Matidia along with her half-sisters lived with their grandmother and mother and were raised in the household of Trajan, his wife Plotina and her stepfather. Matidia Minor never received the title of Augusta and there is little evidence of her involvement in state affairs. Her husband or children, if they ever existed, did not register in historical records, and she remained single for the rest of her life (which was unusual at the time).

Trajan gave her a villa where modern Matigge, Italy is now located. Due to this villa, the city became known in Latin as Insula Matidiae (modern Matigge, Italy). Matidia became competent in her affairs and when her sister became empress, she would often travel with her and her brother-in-law.

Patron

During the time she was single, she was in full control of her wealth, part of which she distributed as a benefaction. Her involvement in euergetism yielded inscriptions thanking her across different parts of the empire, mostly during the reign of Antoninus Pius.

Excavations in the area of Sessa Aurunca showed that Matidia was a major benefactress in the city, attesting her wealth, culture and influence. Matidia underwrote the restoration of the theatre of Sessa Aurunca which was probably damaged by an earthquake during the rule of emperor Antoninus Pius (138-161). Her generosity was commemorated with a statue and inscriptions in the theatre.

Later life and death
Matidia lived to an advanced age and outlived most of her relatives. In her later years, she was very close to her great-nephew, the future emperor Marcus Aurelius, and his family. Marcus Aurelius would sometimes allow his daughters to stay with his great-aunt.

Matidia, like many other childless women, "attracted a number of hangers-on who hoped to be remembered in her will". On her deathbed, they sealed her codicils (additions to her will) assuring their validity and ensuring that they would inherit some of her substantial estate. From her will, various family members and associates received a million sesterces (an ancient Roman unit of currency), her estate, and various other items she had. The administrator of the estate was the empress Faustina the Younger.

References

External links

 Marble bust of Matidia Minor
 https://web.archive.org/web/20060511073315/http://www.comunemonteargentario.it/english/history.htm

2nd-century Roman women
Nerva–Antonine dynasty
85 births
2nd-century deaths
Year of death unknown
Mindii

Matidia Minor


Tungua is the name of an island in the southwest of Lulunga in the Haʻapai archipelago; 20°016 S, 174°764 W. Two reefs to the north, in the direction of Teaupa are called Luti (the nearest) and Russell reef.

Its village, Tungua (township) is located along its eastshore, named Funga Fāʻimata. Its nickname is Tainamu ʻa Paea (Orphan's mosquito net), strictly speaking the name of a place at the northern coast.

The island belongs to the estate of Tuʻihaʻateiho, but there is also a royal estate in the centre, named ʻAlaloa.

The reason Tungua is also called Sani Tungua (glorious Tungua) is becuse it was the residence of the Tamahā, the royal princesses, and several are buried there in huge mounds. If originally the princesses lived in Lapaha, then due to the fahu system their aristocratic rank was so high, higher than that of the Tuʻi Tonga king himself, that it interfered with the matters of state, so it was better that they were far out of the way.

Tungua/en


Crooked River Ranch is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in southern Jefferson County, Oregon, United States. A small portion of the ranch is also in north Deschutes County. The Ranch is located between the Deschutes River and the Crooked River near the south end of Lake Billy Chinook. It is west of U.S. Route 97 between Culver and Terrebonne. Amenities in the community include a golf course, swimming pool, tennis courts, saloon, disc golf course, horse riding arena and general store. The  ranch has a population of approximately 5,000. It is the largest homeowner association in Oregon. Crooked River Ranch has a Terrebonne mailing address, but the postal service also allows mail addressed to Crooked River, Oregon or Crooked River Ranch, Oregon. The ZIP code is 97760.

Demographics

History
Prior to European Colonialism, this area was populated by groups of people from what is now known as the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs.

In 1910, Hillsboro politician Harry V. Gates bought the Crooked River Ranch property from local homesteaders and named it "Gates Ranch". The main ranch house was built in 1916 and is currently in use as a senior center.  The property was named "Crooked River Ranch" as early as 1934. In 1961 the ranch was sold to the Thomas Bell family, who operated it as the Z-Z Cattle Co. for the next 10 years. In 1972 Crooked River Ranch was sold and developed as a recreational site. In 1980, the ranch's zoning changed from recreational to rural/residential. In 1992, the site was rezoned as a residential subdivision.

Education
Primary and secondary school students in Crooked River Ranch are served by the Culver School District and the Redmond School District.

See also
Black Butte Ranch, Oregon
Crooked River National Grassland
Eagle Crest Resort
Sunriver, Oregon

References

External links
Crooked River Ranch and Terrebonne Chamber of Commerce

Planned communities in the United States
Populated places established in 1916
1916 establishments in Oregon
Unincorporated communities in Jefferson County, Oregon
Unincorporated communities in Deschutes County, Oregon
Unincorporated communities in Oregon
Census-designated places in Jefferson County, Oregon
Census-designated places in Deschutes County, Oregon
Census-designated places in Oregon

Crooked River Ranch, Oregon


The Impact World Tag Team Championship (formally known as the TNA World Tag Team Championship) is a professional wrestling world tag team championship which is owned by the Impact Wrestling promotion. The current champions are ABC (Ace Austin and Chris Bey), who are in their second reign as a team.

It was created and debuted on May 14, 2007 at the taping of then-TNA's primary television program, TNA Impact!. It was officially introduced worldwide on the May 17, 2007 edition of TNA's online podcast TNA Today. Like most professional wrestling championships, the title is won as a result of a pre-determined match.

History

The Total Nonstop Action Wrestling promotion formed in May 2002. Later that same year, TNA were granted control over the NWA World Heavyweight and World Tag Team Championships by the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) governing body, subsequently becoming an official NWA territory as NWA–TNA. On June 19, 2002, NWA–TNA held its first show: a weekly pay-per-view (PPV) event. The main event of the telecast was a twenty–man Gauntlet for the Gold match—involving all twenty men trying to throw each other over the top rope and down to the floor in order to eliminate them, until there are two men left who wrestle a standard match—to become the first ever TNA–era NWA World Heavyweight Champion. Ken Shamrock defeated Malice to win the vacant championship with Ricky Steamboat as Special Guest Referee at the event. TNA crowned the first TNA–era NWA World Tag Team Champions at their third weekly PPV event on July 3, 2002, when the team of A.J. Styles and Jerry Lynn defeated The Rainbow Express (Bruce and Lenny Lane) in a tournament final to win the championship.

Creation
The NWA World Heavyweight and World Tag Team Championships were contested for in TNA until the morning of May 13, 2007. On that day, NWA's Executive Director Robert Trobich announced that the NWA were ending their five–year agreement with TNA, which had allowed them full control over both titles. Trobich went on to state that effective that morning, then-NWA World Heavyweight Champion Christian Cage and the Team 3D pairing of Brother Devon and Brother Ray, then-NWA World Tag Team Champions, were stripped of their respective championships. The motivation behind these actions was that Cage refused to defend the NWA World Heavyweight Championship against wrestlers from NWA territories. That same day, TNA were scheduled to produce their Sacrifice 2007 PPV event, in which both Cage and Team 3D were to defend their respective championships. On the card, Cage was scheduled to defend the NWA World Heavyweight Championship against Kurt Angle and Sting in a three-way match. Team 3D were set to defend the NWA World Tag Team Championship against the team of Scott Steiner and Tomko and the team made up of Hernandez and Homicide, who were known as The Latin American Xchange (LAX), in another three-way match.

That night before each contest, the on-screen graphic used to refer to the champions and their respective championships, credited both Cage and Team 3D as still being NWA Champions. Team 3D defeated Steiner and Tomko and LAX in the three-way tag team match to retain the "World Tag Team Championship", while Angle defeated Cage and Sting to win the "World Heavyweight Championship".

On May 17, 2007, Jeremy Borash and TNA's primary authority figure at the time, Jim Cornette, unveiled the TNA World Tag Team Championship belt on that day's edition of TNA's online podcast TNA Today and awarded it to Team 3D as a result of them being the NWA Tag Team Champions before the NWA/TNA split; in the process making them the first official champions.

Championship Tournaments

TNA World Tag Team Championship Tournament (2015)
Between March 14 and March 16, 2015 episodes of Impact Wrestling a tournament was held to crown new TNA World Tag Team Champions.

Impact World Tag Team Championship #1 Contendership Tournament (2023)

On August 2, 2023 a new four man tag team tournament was announced where the winners will face Subculture (Mark Andrews and Flash Morgan Webster) (with their female valet Dani Luna in their corner) for the Impact World Tag Team Championships at Impact Pay-per-view Emergence of year 2023.

Championship belt design

During the championship's entire history, it has had three designs. Until Destination X (2017), it had a leather strap covered with four small gold plates that has an imprint of the earth centered in the middle with TNA's official logo at the top of each. The center golden plate of the belt also has an imprint of a globe, with TNA's official logo engraved over it. The words "World Tag Team" are placed above the globe, while the words "Wrestling Champion" are placed below it.

At Destination X 2017, a recoloured version of the GFW Tag Team Championships from the original promotion was revealed as the new tag team championships. The main plate had the Global Force Wrestling logo to the left and the words "Tag Team Champions" centered on the bottom of the belt. The top of the main plate had a globe, with a bird below it. The sideplates had the words "Tag Team" on the top and "Champions" on the bottom, with the GFW Impact! logo on the left sideplate and the GFW logo on the right sideplate. After Jeff Jarrett left the company and took the GFW name with him, all championships have been updated with an Impact Wrestling logo to cover the GFW logo.

At Redemption on April 22, 2018, Impact revealed new championships. The main plate is oblong, similar to the WCW World Six-Man Tag Team Championship. It has the Impact logo at a diagonal angle centered between the words "Tag Team" on the top and "Champion" on the bottom. It features two designs of an owl above and below the words.

Reigns

The inaugural champions were Team 3D (Brother Devon and Brother Ray), who were awarded the championship on the May 17, 2007 edition of TNA Today. At  days, The North's (Ethan Page and Josh Alexander) reign is the longest in the title's history. Eric Young/Super Eric and Kaz's only reign holds the record for shortest reign in the title's history at a half day.

Individually, James Storm holds the record with seven reigns, while Beer Money and The Wolves (Davey Richards and Eddie Edwards) share the record of five reigns as a team.

Although the title is a World Tag Team Championship, three wrestlers have held the championship by themselves — Samoa Joe, Kurt Angle, and Matt Morgan. Joe held the championship during his entire reign alone; however, Angle held the championship alone for 15 days until Sting won a match involving three other competitors to become Angle's partner, and Morgan held the title after turning on and (kayfabe) injuring his tag team championship partner Hernandez. Overall, there have been 65 reigns shared between 67 wrestlers and 43 teams.

The current champions are ABC (Ace Austin and Chris Bey), who are in their second reign both as a team and individually. They defeated previous champions The Rascalz (Trey Miguel and Zachary Wentz) on October 21, 2023 at Bound for Glory in Cicero, Illinois to win the titles.

See also
NWA World Tag Team Championship
List of NWA World Tag Team Champions
History of Total Nonstop Action Wrestling

References

External links
Impact Wrestling World Tag Team Championships at Cagematch.com

Impact Wrestling championships
Tag team wrestling championships
2007 in professional wrestling

Impact World Tag Team Championship


Geraldine Farrar was an American actress and soprano. She was born in 1882 and played Marguerite in Faust (opera) in 1901. She starred or played major roles in a lot of operas before Cecil B. DeMille had her star in the movie version of the opera Carmen in 1915. She also starred as Joan of Arc in Joan the Woman. In the 1930s, she started acting in radio. In 1960, she got two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. She died in 1967.

1882 births
1967 deaths
Sopranos

Geraldine Farrar


Tannenberg is a 1932 Swiss–German war film directed by Heinz Paul and starring Hans Stüwe, Käthe Haack and Jutta Sauer. The film is based on the 1914 Battle of Tannenberg during the First World War. It focuses on a German landowner Captan von Arndt and his family.

Production
It was shot on location in East Prussia and at Terra Film's Marienfelde Studios and UFA's Babelsberg Studios during the summer of 1932. It cost over half a million reichsmarks to make and employed 8,000 people. The film focused on a notable German victory and was in sharp contrast to recent anti-war films such as Westfront 1918. Tannenberg served as a national symbol in Germany, and was re-issued in 1936 during the Nazi era. The Producers made an effort to make the film as historically accurate as possible, and portrayed the Russian commanders respectfully. It was due to be released on 26 August 1932, the eighteenth anniversary of the battle, but was delayed by the censors acting on a request from the German President Paul von Hindenburg who was unhappy with his portrayal in the film and the premiere was pushed back until certain scenes had been cut.

Cast
 Hans Stüwe as Gutsbesitzer Rittmeister von Arndt
 Käthe Haack as Grete von Arndt
 Jutta Sauer as Inge von Arndt
 Hertha von Walther as Schwägerin Sonja
 Erika Dannhoff as Schwägerin Lita
 Hannelore Benzinger as Lisbeth, Arndt, Magd
 Karl Klöckner as Gutsverwalter Puchheiten
 Franziska Kinz as Gutsfrau Frau Puchheiten
 Rudolf Klicks as Fritz Puchheiten
 Alfred Döderlein as Leutnant Schmidz
 Wolfgang Staudte as Husar Franke
 Karl Körner as Paul von Hindenburg
 Henry Pleß as Generalmajor Ludendorff
 Hans Mühlhofer as Oberstleutnant Hoffmann
 Friedrich Franz Stampe as Generalmajor Grünert
 Alfred Gerasch as Generalmajor Graf von Waldensee
 Graf Schönborn as Hauptmann Fleischmann von Theißruck
 Edgar Boltz as General von Scholz
 Georg H. Schnell as General der Kavallerie Shilinski
 Sigurd Lohde as General der Kavallerie Samsonow
 Carl Auen as Generalmajor Postowski
 Georg Schmieter as Oberst Gerwe
 Aruth Wartan as  Stabstrompeter Kupschik
 Fritz Arno Wagner as Militärattaché Oberst Knox
 Ernst Pröckl as General der Artillerie Martos
 Erwin Suttner as General der Infanterie Kljujew
 Fritz Alberti as Generalleutnant Mingin
 Valy Arnheim as Oberstleutnant Fjedorow
 Viktor de Kowa as Rittmeister Fürst Wolgoff
 Friedrich Ettel as Kosakenwachtmeister

References

Bibliography
 Kester, Bernadette. Film Front Weimar: Representations of the First World War in German films of the Weimar Period (1919-1933). Amsterdam University Press, 2003.
 Von der Goltz, Anna. Hindenburg: Power, Myth, and the Rise of the Nazis. Oxford University Press, 2009.

External links

1932 films
1930s war films
German war films
Swiss war films
1930s German-language films
Films directed by Heinz Paul
World War I films based on actual events
World War I films set on the Eastern Front
Films of the Weimar Republic
Cultural depictions of Erich Ludendorff
Cultural depictions of Paul von Hindenburg
German black-and-white films
Films shot at Terra Studios
Films shot at Babelsberg Studios
1930s German films

Tannenberg (film)


Arctic cooperation and politics are partially coordinated via the Arctic Council, composed of the eight Arctic nations: the United States, Canada, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, and Denmark with Greenland and the Faroe Islands. The dominant governmental power in Arctic policy resides within the executive offices, legislative bodies, and implementing agencies of the eight Arctic nations, and to a lesser extent other nations, such as United Kingdom, Germany, European Union and China. NGOs and academia play a large part in Arctic policy. Also important are intergovernmental bodies such as the United Nations (especially as relates to the Law of the Sea Treaty) and NATO.

Though Arctic policy priorities differ, every Arctic nation is concerned about sovereignty and defense, resource development, shipping routes, and environmental protection. Though several boundary and resource disputes in the Arctic remain unsolved, there is remarkable conformity of stated policy directives among Arctic nations and a broad consensus toward peace and cooperation in the region. Obstacles that remain include United States non-ratification of the UNCLOS and the harmonizing of all UNCLOS territorial claims (most notably extended continental shelf claims along the Lomonosov Ridge); the dispute over the Northwest Passage; and securing agreements on regulations regarding shipping, tourism, and resource development in Arctic waters.

The Arctic Council membership includes the eight Arctic nations and organizations representing six indigenous populations. It operates on consensus basis, mostly dealing with environmental treaties and not addressing boundary or resource disputes. (Although the Arctic Search and Rescue Agreement was signed in May 2011, the council's first binding document). A more robust Arctic Council with decision-making power on pan-Arctic resource and other issues has been proposed.

Circum-Arctic cooperative organizations

Arctic Council

Members include the eight Arctic Nations: Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden and United States. Permanent participants are these six indigenous groups:
Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC) The ICC is a multinational NGO representing the 160,000 Inuit living in the United States, Canada, Greenland, and Russia.
Gwich'in Council International (GCI)
Aleut International Association (AIA)
Saami Council
Arctic Athabascan Council (AAC)
Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North (RAIPON)

Arctic Council working groups:
 Arctic Monitoring & Assessment Programme (AMAP)
 Conservation of Arctic Flora & Fauna (CAFF)
 Emergency Prevention, Preparedness & Response (EPPR)
 Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment (PAME)
 Sustainable Development Working Group (SDWG)
 Arctic Contaminants Action Program (ACAP)

In Tromsø, Norway on April 29, 2009, Arctic Council ministers approved a task force to create an international Search & Rescue (SAR) instrument for the Arctic by the next meeting in 2011. In Nuuk, Greenland on May 12, 2011, ministers signed a Search & Rescue agreement, the Arctic Council's first law-bound treaty.

At the Arctic Council ministerial meeting on April 24, 2015, a Task Force on Arctic Marine Cooperation was created to consider future needs for cooperation on Arctic marine issues.

Conference of Parliamentarians of the Arctic Region
Conference of Parliamentarians of the Arctic Region (CPAR) is a parliamentary body comprising delegations appointed by the national parliaments of the Arctic states (Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the United States) and the European Parliament. The conference also includes Indigenous peoples groups as Permanent Participants, and observers. The conference meets every two years, last in Oslo June 7, 2010. Between conferences the Arctic parliamentary cooperation is carried on by a Standing Committee of Parliamentarians of the Arctic Region, which started its activities in 1994.

The five Arctic Ocean coastal states

Foreign ministers of the five Arctic Ocean coastal states (Russia, US, Canada, Norway, and Denmark (Greenland)) met:
May 27 – 29, 2008 in Greenland: Ilulissat Declaration. This meeting is known as the Arctic Ocean Conference.
March 29, 2010 in Quebec: Chair Summary

International Maritime Organization
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) was established in 1948 to develop and maintain a comprehensive regulatory framework for shipping. The IMO spent years negotiating an Arctic Code for shipping, but for many years, the Code was only set of voluntary Guidelines for Ships Operating in Arctic Ice-Covered Waters (adopted in 2002). The Guidelines provide uniform safety, pollution prevention, and security standards for ocean carriers. However, on 1 January 2017, the International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters entered into force and is mandatory for all ships in Arctic waters over 500 tonnes.

The World Winter Cities Association for Mayors
The World Winter Cities Association for Mayors (WWCAM) is a network of international winter cities that convene to discuss winter technologies, experiences, and implications for city planning under the guiding philosophy of "Winter is a Resource and an Asset". The Association, formerly known as the Northern Intercity Conference of Mayors, was founded in 1981 by the city of Sapporo, Japan. As of April 2012, 19 cities from 9 countries participate as members. The seventeenth conference is scheduled for Sapporo in 2016.

Regional Arctic cooperative organizations

Nordic Council

The Nordic Council is the Nordic inter-parliamentary body, while the Nordic Council of Ministers is the inter-governmental body.  Members include: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and the autonomous territories of Åland Islands (Finland), Faroe Islands (Denmark) and Greenland (Denmark).

Barents Euro-Arctic Council
Barents Euro-Arctic Council (BEAC) is the forum for intergovernmental cooperation in the Barents Region established in 1993 to "provide impetus to existing cooperation and consider new initiatives and proposals". Members include: Russia, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, Finland, Sweden and Commission of European Communities.

Pacific Northwest Economic Region: Arctic Caucus
The Pacific Northwest Economic Region (PNWER) Arctic Caucus formed informally in November 2010 as a loose alliance between Alaska and the Canadian Territories of Northwest Territories and the Yukon. Members include legislators, government officials, business and nonprofit leaders. The Caucus met in December 2010 in Barrow, Alaska; in Portland, Oregon in July 2011; and in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories in August 2011.

Northern Forum
The Northern Forum is a non-profit, international organization composed of sub-national or regional governments from eight northern countries. The Forum's mission is to improve the quality of life of Northern peoples by using leadership networking to tackle common problems; and to support sustainable development and cooperative socio-economic initiatives.

Youth Arctic Coalition
The Youth Arctic Coalition is a non-profit, international, youth organization that was created to bridge the gap between youth living in all parts of the Arctic. The YAC has membership in the eight Arctic states, and is supported by youth, organizations, and governments from around the world. In 2014, the YAC hosted its inaugural conference in Ottawa, which brought together over 200 youth from across the Arctic.

Arctic policies of select nations

United States of America (Alaska)

Main goals in U.S. Arctic Policy are: National security; Protecting the Arctic environment and wildlife; Ensuring economic development is environmentally sustainable; Strengthening cooperative institutions among the eight Arctic nations; Including the Arctic's indigenous communities in decisions; and Improving scientific monitoring and research.

On January 9, 2009, President Bush signed National Security Presidential Directive (NSPD)-66 on Arctic Region Policy, a collaborative effort replacing the Clinton era Arctic policy directive. NSPD-66 is currently the active Arctic policy playbook being pursued by the Obama Administration and its Departments.

The U.S. Arctic Policy Group is a federal interagency working group comprising those agencies with programs and/or involvement in research and monitoring, land and natural resources management, environmental protection, human health, transportation and policy making in the Arctic. The APG is chaired by the U.S. Department of State and meets monthly to develop and implement U.S. programs and policies in the Arctic, including those relevant to the activities of the Arctic Council.

State Department's Office of Ocean and Polar Affairs (OPA) is a part of the State Department's Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs (OES). OPA is responsible for formulating and implementing U.S. policy on international issues concerning the oceans, the Arctic, and Antarctica.

Canada (NWT, Nunavut, and Yukon)

Canada has more Arctic land mass than any country.
On August 23, 2010, Canada's Prime Minister Stephen Harper said protection of Canada's sovereignty over its northern regions was its number one and "non-negotiable priority" in Arctic policy. Canada has slated $109 million, to be spent before 2014, for research to substantiate extended continental shelf claims.
Canada's Arctic policy priorities are: to try to resolve boundary issues; to secure international recognition for the full extent of Canada's extended continental shelf; and to address Arctic governance and related emerging issues, such as public safety.
Canada's Arctic Foreign Policy Pamphlet
Statement on Canada's Arctic foreign policy: Exercising sovereignty and promoting Canada's Northern Strategy abroad

G-7 finance ministers met in Nunavut in February 2010.
Canada's Northern Strategy

Iceland

Denmark (Greenland, Faroe Islands)

Norway

The Norwegian Polar Institute in Tromsø is hosting the Arctic Council Secretariat from 2007 to 2013.
The Norwegian Government's Strategy for the High North (2.21.07)

Sweden

Finland

The Finnish Arctic Strategy was released June 4, 2010 and concentrates on seven priority areas: security, environment, economy, infrastructure, arctic indigenous residents, institutions, and the European Union.

Russia

In 2007, Russia planted a flag on the Arctic Ocean seafloor beneath the North Pole while performing research to substantiate its claim to an extended continental shelf. The flag planting was perceived erroneously to be a land claim—a claim Canada and other Arctic nations rebuked even though the Russian Government clearly stated that no such claim was made. In 2009, a Russian government policy document cited western reports of a potential for military conflict over Arctic resources.
Despite having lost 18 percent of its population between 1989 and 2002, the Russian Arctic comprises 25% of Russia's landmass and still contains 80 percent of the four million people who inhabit the planet's Arctic region.
Russia's current Arctic policy is contained in the document "Basics of Russian Federation State Policy for the Arctic Through 2020 and Beyond" signed on 18 September 2008 by Russian President (now Prime Minister) Medvedev.  This policy document addresses various issues tied to the protection and development of the land and offshore waters of Russia's Arctic sector.

European Union

If accession of Iceland to the European Union occurs, the EU will increase its Arctic influence and possibly gain permanent observer status in the Arctic Council. The Northern Dimension of European Union policy, established in the late 1990s, intended to deal with issues concerning western Russia, as well as to increase general cooperation among the EU, Iceland and Norway. It has since become a multilateral, equal partnership among the EU, Iceland, Norway and Russia. Canada and the United States are observers to the partnership.  Three Nordic Council members have joined the EU (Denmark in 1973 and Sweden & Finland in 1995). The European Union's application to become a "permanent observer" in the Arctic Council was blocked in 2009 by Canada in response to the European Union's ban on the importation of seal products.

China

China's ice capable research vessel, Xuě Lóng, sailed the Northwest Passage in August 2012. China is interested in Arctic resources and shipping routes; and attained permanent observer status in the Arctic Council in 2013.

South Korea

South Korea has an icebreaker and is building another. The country is investing in LNG infrastructure near Inuvik, where LNG will be shipped from the Beaufort Sea and south through the Bering Strait.

Other Arctic treaties and agreements

Other treaties governing all or part of the Arctic region:
The Svalbard Treaty of 1920 among initially fourteen countries governs the political and economic status of Svalbard.
The Arctic Cooperation Agreement of 1988 between the United States and Canada regulates bilateral cooperation regarding the Northwest Passage, but does not resolve the disagreement between the two countries about the legal status of the passage.
The Arctic Search and Rescue Agreement of 2011, concluded by the Arctic Council member states, coordinates search and rescue in the Arctic.
The Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic
The Barents Sea Border Treaty specifies the demarcation line between Norway and Russia in the Barents Sea.
The Joint Norwegian–Russian Fisheries Commission
The Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears

Territorial claims

According to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), coastal states have sovereign rights to resources in the water and seabed within a 200-mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). However, Article 76 of the Convention allows coastal states to extend their sovereign rights up to 350 nautical miles from their coastline if they can prove that the Arctic seafloor's underwater ridges are an extension of the country's own continental shelf. Nations have ten years following their ratification of UNCLOS within which to submit their claims to extended continental shelves.

In 2001 Russia was the first Arctic littoral state to submit its claim. The UN Commission on the Continental Shelf requested a revised claim with more scientific data supporting their claim, and Russia planned to file additional data in 2013.

Denmark and Canada dispute ownership of Hans Island in the Nares Strait between Ellesmere Island and Greenland.

On April 27, 2010, Norway and Russia announced an end to their 40-year arctic demarcation dispute in the Barents Sea. Future joint energy development is expected.

Maritime boundaries between Canada and the United States in the Beaufort Sea and between Canada and Denmark in Baffin Bay remain under dispute.

Denmark (Greenland), Russia and Canada may have competing extended continental shelf claims over the Lomonosov Ridge, an underwater mountain chain crossing the central Arctic basin.

Shipping and transport
Global warming has had a greater impact on summer sea ice in the Arctic than previously estimated. Based on the recent studies, the Arctic will be largely ice-free during the summer sometime between 2020 and 2050. One 2011 Cambridge University study predicted that the Arctic would be free of summer ice by 2015. No models predict that the winter sea ice will disappear during this century.

An ice-free Arctic has major strategic and economic ramifications for global shipping, as vessels will potentially be able to traverse the Arctic Ocean. Trans-Arctic shipping routes could shorten distances between northern Europe and northern China by up to 4,000 nautical miles and reduce shipping times by up to two weeks.

All cargo ships in Arctic waters over 500 tonnes are subject to the mandatory requirements for safety and protection of the environment under the Polar Code.

Arctic natural resources

Fisheries
Key Arctic fishery regimes include:
The International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT)
The bilateral (Canada and the United States) International Pacific Halibut Commission (IPHC)
The bilateral (Russian Federation and the US) Intergovernmental Consultative Committee (ICC)
The Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO)
The North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization (NASCO)
The North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC)
The North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission (NPAFC)
The Norway-Russian Federation Fisheries Commission, and
The Convention on the Conservation and Management of the Pollock Resources in the Central Bering Sea (CBS)

Cooperative Arctic research

International Polar Year

See also

Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA)
Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy
International Arctic Research Center
International Arctic Science Committee
Cooperative Institute for Arctic Research
Northern Sea Route
Northeast Passage
Northwest Passage
Arctic Bridge
Nordic Council
West Nordic Council
Svalbard Global Seed Vault
Territorial claims in the Arctic
Arctic - Section: International Cooperation and Politics
Bering Strait crossing
Nordic model
Nordic Investment Bank
Natural resources of the Arctic
Solar radiation management

References

External links

 Arctic Risks and Opportunities A primer from the Council on Foreign Relations
 Arctic Centre, Rovaniemi Arctic research
 Arctic Council
 Arctic Geopolitics - Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies
 United States Arctic Research Commission
 The Conference of Parliamentarians of the Arctic Region
 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
Arctic Portal
U.S. State Department's Office of Ocean and Polar Affairs (OPA)
The Arctic Human Development Report
Barents Euro-Arctic Council
Eye on the Arctic
 Konyshev, Valery & Sergunin, Alexander: Is Russia a revisionist military power in the Arctic? Defense & Security Analysis, September 2014.
 Konyshev, Valery & Sergunin, Alexander. Russia in search of its Arctic strategy: between hard and soft power? Polar Journal, April 2014.

International relations
Arctic research
Government of the Arctic

Arctic cooperation and politics


The Governor Edmund G. Brown California Aqueduct is a system of canals, tunnels, and pipelines that conveys water collected from the Sierra Nevada Mountains and valleys of Northern and Central California to Southern California. Named after California Governor Edmund Gerald "Pat" Brown Sr., the over  aqueduct is the principal feature of the California State Water Project.

The aqueduct begins at the Clifton Court Forebay at the southwestern corner of the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta. The aqueduct then heads south, eventually splitting into three branches: the Coastal Branch, ending at Lake Cachuma in Santa Barbara County; the West Branch, conveying water to Castaic Lake in Los Angeles County; and the East Branch, connecting Silverwood Lake in San Bernardino County.

The Department of Water Resources (DWR) operates and maintains the California Aqueduct, including one pumped-storage hydroelectric plant, Gianelli Power Plant. Gianelli is located at the base of San Luis Dam, which forms San Luis Reservoir, the largest offstream reservoir in the United States.

The Castaic Power Plant, while similar and which is owned and operated by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, is located on the northern end of Castaic Lake, while Castaic Dam is located at the southern end.

Land subsidence has occurred along the aqueduct and has had a steady increase since its relatively stable state post construction of the aqueduct.

The aqueduct system

The aqueduct serves 35 million people and 5.7 million acres of farmland, and begins at the San Joaquin-Sacramento River Delta at the Banks Pumping Plant, which pumps from the Clifton Court Forebay. Water is pumped by the Banks Pumping Plant to the Bethany Reservoir. The reservoir serves as a forebay for the South Bay Aqueduct via the South Bay Pumping Plant. From the Bethany Reservoir, the aqueduct flows by gravity approximately  to the O'Neill Forebay at the San Luis Reservoir.  From the O'Neill Forebay, it flows approximately  to the Dos Amigos Pumping Plant. After Dos Amigos, the aqueduct flows about  to where the Coastal Branch splits from the "main line". The split is approximately  south-southeast of Kettleman City. After the coastal branch, the line continues by gravity another  to the Buena Vista Pumping Plant. From the Buena Vista, it flows approximately  to the Teerink Pumping Plant. After Teerink it flows about  to the Chrisman Pumping Plant. Chrisman is the last pumping plant before Edmonston Pumping Plant, which is  from Chrisman. South of the plant the west branch splits off in a southwesterly direction to serve the Los Angeles Basin. At Edmonston Pumping Plant it is pumped  over the Tehachapi Mountains.

Water flows through the aqueduct in a series of abrupt rises and gradual falls.  The water flows down a long segment, built at a slight grade, and arrives at a pumping station powered by Path 66 or Path 15.  The pumping station raises the water, where it again gradually flows downhill to the next station. However, where there are substantial drops, the water's potential energy is recaptured by hydroelectric plants. The initial pumping station fed by the Sacramento River Delta raises the water , while a series of pumps culminating at the Edmonston Pumping Plant raises the water  over the Tehachapi Mountains.

A typical section has a concrete-lined channel  at the base and an average water depth of about . The widest section of the aqueduct is  and the deepest is . Channel capacity is  and the largest pumping plant capacity at Dos Amigos is .

A 2021 study published in Nature Sustainability estimated that the installation of solar panels over the canal could potentially reduce annual water evaporation by  of canal.  While electricity generated by the solar panels could be used by the aqueduct's pumping systems, the study also considered the possibility of supplying power to irrigation systems in the Central Valley to reduce reliance on diesel-powered irrigation pumps.  Similar canal-spanning solar installations have been demonstrated in India, including a steel truss design in Gujarat and a suspension cable design in Punjab.

Branches
From its beginning until its first branch, the aqueduct passes through parts of Contra Costa, Alameda, San Joaquin, Stanislaus, Merced, Fresno, and Kings counties. The aqueduct then divides into three branches: the Coastal Branch in the Central Valley, and the East and West Branches after passing over the Tehachapi Mountains.

Coastal Branch
The Coastal Branch splits from the main line  south-southeast of Kettleman City transiting Kings County, Kern County, San Luis Obispo County, and Santa Barbara County to deliver water to the coastal cities of San Luis Obispo, Santa Maria, and Santa Barbara. The Coastal Branch is  and has five pump stations. Phase I, an above-ground aqueduct totaling  from where it branches from the California Aqueduct, was completed in 1968. With construction beginning in 1994, Phase II consists of  of a  diameter buried pipeline extending from the Devils Den Pump Plant, and terminates at Tank 5 on Vandenberg Space Force Base in Santa Barbara County. The Central Coast Water Authority (CCWA) extension, completed in 1997, is a (30–39 in) (76–99 cm) diameter pipeline that travels  from Vandenberg through Vandenberg Village, Lompoc, Buellton, and Solvang where it terminates at Lake Cachuma in Los Padres National Forest.

Coastal Branch facilities include:
 Las Perillas Pumping Plant
 Badger Hill Pumping Plant
 Devil's Den Pumping Plant
 Bluestone Pumping Plant
 Polonio Pass Pumping Plant
 Polonio Pass Water Treatment Plant
 Cuesta Tunnel
 Santa Ynez Pumping Facility

East Branch

The aqueduct splits off into the East Branch and West Branch in extreme southern Kern County, north of the Los Angeles County line. The East Branch supplies Lake Palmdale and terminates at Lake Perris, in the area of the San Gorgonio Pass. It passes through parts of Kern, Los Angeles, San Bernardino, and Riverside counties.

East Branch facilities include:
 Tehachapi East Afterbay
 Alamo Power Plant
 Pearblossom Pumping Plant
 Mojave Siphon
 Mojave Siphon Power Plant
 Cedar Springs Dam
 Silverwood Lake
 San Bernardino Intake Structure
 San Bernardino Tunnel
 Devil Canyon Power Plant
 Devil Canyon Afterbay 1 and Afterbay 2
 Greenspot Pump Station (Backup)
 Citrus Reservoir
 Citrus Pump Station
 Crafton Hills Reservoir
 Crafton Hills Pump Station
 Cherry Valley Pump Station
 Perris Lake and Dam

West Branch
The West Branch continues to head towards its terminus at Pyramid Lake and Castaic Lake in the Angeles National Forest to supply the western Los Angeles basin. It passes through parts of Kern and Los Angeles counties.

West Branch facilities include
 Oso Pumping Plant
 Peace Valley Pipeline
 Warne Powerplant
 Angeles Tunnel
 Castaic Power Plant

Bikeway
When it was open, the California Aqueduct Bikeway was the longest of the paved paths in the Los Angeles area, at  long from Quail Lake near Gorman in the Sierra Pelona Mountains through the desert to Silverwood Lake in the San Bernardino Mountains. This path was closed in 1988 due to bicyclist safety and liability issues.  It is expected to remain closed indefinitely due to the continued liability issues and an increased focus on security, especially after the September 11, 2001 attacks.

Pumping stations
 Phase I, canal
 Las Perillas Pumping Plant , Kings County
 Badger Hill Pumping Plant , Kings County

 Phase II, pipeline and tunnel
 Devil's Den Pumping Plant  , Kern County
 Bluestone Pumping Plant  , Kern County
 Polonio Pass Pumping Plant , San Luis Obispo County

Hydrography

Two major river systems drain and define the two parts of the Central Valley. Their impact on the California Aqueduct is both direct and indirect. The Sacramento River, along with its tributaries the Feather River and American River, flows southwards through the Sacramento Valley for about . In the San Joaquin Valley, the San Joaquin River flows roughly northwest for , picking up tributaries such as the Merced River, Tuolumne River, Stanislaus River and Mokelumne River.

In the south part of the San Joaquin Valley, the alluvial fan of the Kings River and another one from Coast Ranges streams have created a divide and resultantly the currently dry Tulare basin of the Central Valley, into which flow four major Sierra Nevada rivers, the Kings, Kaweah, Tule and Kern. This basin, usually endorheic, formerly filled during heavy snowmelt and spilled out into the San Joaquin River. Called Tulare Lake, it is usually dry nowadays because the rivers feeding it have been diverted for agricultural purposes.

The rivers of the Central Valley converge in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, a complex network of marshy channels, distributaries and sloughs that wind around islands mainly used for agriculture. Here the freshwater of the rivers merges with tidewater, and eventually reach the Pacific Ocean after passing through Suisun Bay, San Pablo Bay, upper San Francisco Bay and finally the Golden Gate. Many of the islands now lie below sea level because of intensive agriculture, and have a high risk of flooding, which would cause salt water to rush back into the delta, especially when there is too little fresh water flowing in from the Valley.

The Sacramento River carries far more water than the San Joaquin, with an estimated  of virgin annual runoff, as compared to the San Joaquin's approximately . Intensive agricultural and municipal water consumption has reduced the present rate of outflow to about  for the Sacramento and  for the San Joaquin; however, these figures still vary widely from year to year. Over 25 million people, living both in the valley and in other regions of the state, rely on the water carried by these rivers.

Land subsidence

Background
Land subsidence is when the land gradually or suddenly sinks or settles due to movement or removal of natural materials such as water, minerals, oil and natural gases. More often than not, subsidence occurs when large quantities of groundwater are removed from sediment or rocks. As groundwater is drawn from deep underground layers of clay, the clay compresses, causing subsidence. In cases of groundwater removal, disruption to land on the surface and underground water storage can either be elastic, meaning recoverable, or inelastic, meaning permanent. Coarse-grained sediment which holds groundwater can be drained and recharged with minimal underground and surface level damage and the change that does occur is considered seasonal subsidence. However, fine-grained sediment takes longer to draw water out of and recharge and if groundwater levels are left low for too long, the compaction of the sediment is permanent and causes irreversible land subsidence. This often occurs due to human interference, but can also happen from natural phenomena. Subsidence can happen over very large areas or small little sections of land. This has occurred along the California Aqueduct of the State Water Project since construction.

Human causes include; pumping, mining and fracking.

Natural causes include; earthquakes, erosion, glacial movement, soil compaction and the formation of sinkholes.

Groundwater use and pumping in the area was the major water use for farmers and agriculture in the 1920s, and over time, this over-pumping resulted in land subsidence and a decline in groundwater-level resources. In time, this resulted in major land subsidence by the 1970's with local areas having 1 to 28 feet of subsidence. With the creation and use of the California Aqueduct along these regions, surface water being transported put a halt on significant compaction and a recovery in ground water levels now with less ground water pumping. The aqueduct has been increasing in subsidence rates rapidly, even though it was relatively stable for many years after being constructed. The Tulare Basin is subsiding at a rate of about one foot per year, as measured by NASA's GRACE satellite. The Central Valley, where a large portion of the California Aqueduct runs through, has been affected by the pumping of groundwater and subsequent land subsidence. Farmers in and near the Central Valley have become reliant on groundwater especially with recent droughts impacting the amount of readily accessible surface water. However, overuse of groundwater can cause irreversible damage. During the 2011-2017 California drought, a record high drought, groundwater and its storage capabilities in the San Joaquin Valley saw a sharp decline. From October 2011 to September 2015 measurements made on groundwater levels in the San Joaquin Valley's aquifers recorded a loss of 14 km³/year, a total of 56 km³. During this same period up to 1,000 mm of land subsidence was measured in the San Joaquin Valley. Concerns around groundwater depletion have contributed to legislation to reduce the demand for groundwater and incentivize farmers to use sustainable irrigation practices.

Measurement
Measurement of this subsidence is done in a few ways. Originally, subsidence was recorded based on land surveying, repeating the surveying, and along with monitoring compaction by recording the data from extensometers at multiple sites. Since then, Global Positioning Systems (GPS) has been used along with land surveying to record subsidence and compaction. More recently, interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) has been used to monitor subsidence along with GPS. InSAR is being used to recreate maps to closely watch the progression of the land around the aqueduct.

Consequences
Subsidence can put land, both private and public, at risk of infrastructure damage. Bridges, levees, roads, and groundwater wells are either at risk of damage or have been damaged already. With subsidence progression, underground aquifers could be at risk and water storage from them could be threatened. Damage and sinking of the canal of the aqueduct has already occurred from subsidence which has made the canal less reliable. Capacity has been compromised due to damage to the canals and therefore has caused problems and delays with delivering the water across the state, as well as higher rates and costs for power and operation.

In popular culture
A documentary about the decline of the United States' infrastructure, The Crumbling of America, was commissioned by the U.S. A&E network in the late 2000s. The documentary is typically shown on the History television channel in the United States, although other educational broadcasters globally have shown it. It features the Clifton Court Forebay (a primary intake point for California Aqueduct) as a "strategic piece of California freshwater infrastructure" subject to shutdown for up to two years if struck by an earthquake of magnitude 7.5 or greater.

The aqueduct is featured in an episode of California's Gold with Huell Howser.

See also
 Colorado River Aqueduct
 Los Angeles Aqueduct

References

External links

 The California Department of Water Resources website
 Historic Pump-Storage Operation in WSCC
 USGS Geographic Names Information System data

Aqueducts in California
California State Water Project
Interbasin transfer
Central Valley (California)
Southern California
Transportation buildings and structures in California
Water in California

California Aqueduct


The Darling Downs Institute of Advanced Education (DDIAE) was a tertiary education facility offering undergraduate (Bachelor level and below) degrees and certificates in Toowoomba, Queensland Australia, from the 1967 until it was elevated to University College status (1990) and later University status (1992) as the University of Southern Queensland.

DDIAE was originally a campus of the Queensland Institute of Technology (later Queensland University of Technology).

In order to attract staff, DDIAE offered life tenure contracts in the 1960s, even to comparatively junior staff.  Many of these early staff remained at Darling Heights until they retired in the late 1990s and early years of the 21st Century.

Loss of the Administration Centre to fire in c. April 1979 has meant not only a loss of historical material, but great difficulty in tracing and verifying graduates from the early days.

Public schools in Queensland
Toowoomba


Om Prakash Gandhi (official name Om Prakash Poswal) (born 1 February 1942) is a social worker from the Indian State of Haryana dedicated to the cause of girl child education.

He was born in a Gurjar farmer family in Madhobans village in  Yamunanagar district in Haryana and completed his school education  from Mukand Lal Senior Secondary School, Radaur. He obtained the B Sc degree from Agra University. After securing MSc degree in physics from Meerut University (Uttar Pradesh), he joined Gurjar Degree College (since renamed as Gochar Mahavidhyalaya) at Rampur Maniharan in Saharanpur district of Uttar Pradesh as a lecturer. After 20 years of service in the college, he resigned his job to work in the field of women education. He formed the Kanya Vidhya Pracharni Sabha, a society to spread awareness about education among girls at Khadri village, in 1984 and under the aegis of the Sabha founded the Gurjar Kanya Vidhya Mandir School in Devdhar village in Yamunanagar district in Haryana. The Sabha has also established Gurjar Kanya Gurukul Mahavidyalaya, Yamuna Nagar a higher education institution for girls. On 14 January 2022, Haryana Chief Minister Manohar Lal Khattar laid the foundation stone of a new institution Samrat Mihir Bhoj Gurukul Vidyapeeth being established under the patronage of Om Praksh Gandhi.

Recognition: Padma Shri

In the year 2022, the government of India conferred the Padma Shri Award, the third highest award in the Padma series of awards, on Om Prakash Gandhi for his distinguished service in the field of social work. The award is in recognition of his service as a "Social Worker from Haryana dedicated to the cause of girl child education".

See also
Padma Shri Award recipients in the year 2022

References

Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work
People from Haryana
1942 births
Living people

Om Prakash Gandhi