Timothy Joseph Penny (born November 19, 1951) is an American author, musician, and former politician from Minnesota. Penny was a Democratic-Farmer-Labor member of the United States House of Representatives, 1983–1995, representing Minnesota's 1st congressional district in the 98th, 99th, 100th, 101st, 102nd and 103rd congresses.

Early life
Penny was born in Albert Lea, Minnesota, and was educated at Winona State University, receiving a bachelor's degree in political science in 1974. He was a member of the Minnesota State Senate, 1976–1982. Penny served in the United States Naval Reserve and was commissioned a lieutenant commander.

Political career
In 1982, Penny won the DFL nomination for the 1st District and upset four-term 2nd District Republican Tom Hagedorn, becoming only the third Democrat to ever represent this district. Leading up to the election, Republicans were divided after the conservative Hagedorn narrowly defeated two-term First District moderate incumbent, Rep. Arlen Erdahl, in a contentious Republican Convention endorsement contest after redistricting; in addition, Democrats made large gains in congressional elections across the country, which contributed to Penny's victory. Penny was reelected in 1984 with 56 percent of the vote, becoming the first non-Republican to win reelection in the district since statehood. He never faced another contest nearly that close, winning four more times by an average of 70 percent of the vote.

Penny was a somewhat conservative Democrat; he opposed gun control and abortion (though he has since become pro-choice). These stances were typical for a mostly rural district in southern Minnesota. He was best known, however, for his work on fiscal policy. Although he had built a nearly unbreakable hold on his district, he announced in 1994 that he would not run for a seventh term. After Jesse Ventura was elected governor in 1998, Penny served an informal advisory role to the governor and assisted with the gubernatorial transition team.

2002 Minnesota gubernatorial election
When Governor Ventura decided not to stand for reelection in 2002, he recruited Penny to join the Independence Party, and run as his replacement. Polls indicated a dead heat between him, DFL candidate Roger Moe, and Republican candidate Tim Pawlenty less than a month before the election. His running mate for the election was state senator Martha Robertson of Minnetonka, a moderate Republican. In the end, Penny was unsuccessful in his campaign. Penny is the most recent Independence Party gubernatorial candidate to exceed 15% of the vote.

Electoral history
2002 Race for Governor
Tim Pawlenty (R), 44%
Roger Moe (DFL), 36%
Tim Penny (IPM.), 16%
Ken Pentel (Grn), 2%

Post-Congressional career

In 2008, he endorsed Republican John McCain for president and Independence Party candidate former senator Dean Barkley for US Senate.
Penny is president of the Southern Minnesota Initiative Foundation. He is also a senior fellow at the University of Minnesota's Humphrey Institute.  He served for a time as the institute's co-director alongside one of his former congressional colleagues, Republican Vin Weber.

He serves on the advisory board of the Institute for Law and Politics at the University of Minnesota Law School and is on the board of directors for the Energy Literacy Advocates. Penny also serves as vice chairman of the board of directors of ACDI/VOCA, a nonprofit U.S. international development organization. In addition, he is a co-chair of the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget.

Personal life

Penny lives in Owatonna, Minnesota and has four children. He is the lead singer and guitarist in a band called Led Penny.

Writings
Penny is the co-author of three books, Payment Due (1996), Common Cents: A Retiring Six-Term Congressman Reveals How Congress Really Works — And What We Must Do to Fix It (1995), and The 15 Biggest Lies in Politics (1998).  He is the lead author of "The Road to Generational Equity", a manifesto that political analyst John Avlon characterizes as radical centrist.

Notes

External links

Booknotes interview with Penny and co-author Major Garrett on Common Cents, May 14, 1995, C-SPAN

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1951 births
American Lutherans
American male non-fiction writers
American political writers
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Minnesota
Independence Party of Minnesota politicians
Living people
Democratic Party Minnesota state senators
People from Albert Lea, Minnesota
Military personnel from Minnesota
Radical centrist writers
Winona State University alumni
People from Owatonna, Minnesota
Singers from Minnesota
Writers from Minnesota

Tim Penny


The Rudolph Latto House is a historic house in Hastings, Minnesota, United States, built 1880–1881.  It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places for local significance in architecture for its transitional Italianate/Eastlake design.  It was built in white Chaska brick.

History
Rudolph Latto was a German immigrant who arrived in Hastings in 1856 and rose from poverty to wealth as a  brewer, banker, hotelier, and grocer, affording him the means to build his grand home.  Upon its completion in 1881 it also served as a gathering place for Germans in the area. When Latto and his wife died without issue, they donated the building to the city for use as a hospital.  It served as such 1914–1949, then was used as a nursing home from 1949 to 1985.  With the building by then in need of major restoration, the Hastings government approved its sale to a private party.  The new owners completed a restoration and reopened the house in 1989 as a bed and breakfast inn.  The same owners had previously converted the nearby Thompson-Fasbender House into a bed and breakfast.  After an ownership change, the Latto House is now The Historic Inn on Ramsey Street.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Dakota County, Minnesota

References

External links
 The Historic Inn on Ramsey Street

Bed and breakfasts in Minnesota
Buildings and structures in Hastings, Minnesota
Defunct hospitals in Minnesota
German-American culture in Minnesota
Houses completed in 1881
Houses in Dakota County, Minnesota
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Italianate architecture in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Dakota County, Minnesota
1881 establishments in Minnesota

Rudolph Latto House


John Sargent (1780–1833) was an English clergyman, academic and biographer. Wealthy by background but a country pastor, he was a prominent Evangelical who came to be regarded by others on his wing of the Church of England as an exemplary cleric. He was also centrally connected, by ties to other major Evangelicals of the time.

Life
He was the eldest son of John Sargent, M.P. for  in 1790, and Charlotte (d. 1841), only daughter and heiress of Richard Bettesworth of Petworth, Sussex, born on 8 October 1780. He was educated at Eton College, where he was a king's scholar, and in 1799 in the sixth form. In 1799 he went to King's College, Cambridge, where he was elected to a fellowship and graduated B.A. 1804, M.A. 1807.

At Cambridge Sargent fell under the influence of Charles Simeon, who shaped his career.  Sargent was also drawn into Simeon's evangelical network. In 1804 he was the intermediary who ensured that Patrick Brontë was able to continue study at Cambridge: Henry Thornton and William Wilberforce provided financial support.

Intended for the law, Sargent was instead ordained deacon in 1805, and priest in 1806. On the presentation of his father he was instituted on 11 September 1805 to the family living of Graffham, Sussex, and from 5 June 1813 he held with it a second family rectory, that of nearby Woolavington.

At Graffham Sargent rebuilt the rectory-house, and on these benefices he lived for the rest of his days, becoming on his father's death the squire of the district. He died at Woolavington on 3 May 1833, and was buried there.

Works
Sargent was the author of a Memoir of the Rev. Henry Martyn [anon.], 1819, with a second edition in the same year, when the authorship was acknowledged; it was often reprinted. In 1833 he brought out The Life of the Rev. T. T. Thomason, late Chaplain to the Hon. E.I.C., dedicated to Simeon, by whom both these memoirs were prompted. Sargent's account of the last days of William Hayley was printed in Hayley's Memoirs.

Family
Sargent married at Carlton Hall, Nottinghamshire, on 29 November 1804, Mary, only daughter of Abel Smith, niece to Lord Carrington, and a first cousin of William Wilberforce. She died on 6 July 1861, aged 82, having for many years presided over the house of her son-in-law, Bishop Wilberforce, and was buried at Woollavington. Their issue was two sons (who died early) and five daughters:
 Elizabeth Charlotte Sargent (1805–1818)
 Emily Sargent (1807–1841), married, on 11 June 1828, Samuel Wilberforce§
 John Garton Sargent (1808–1829)
 Mary Sargent (died 1878), married, on 24 July 1834, Henry William Wilberforce§
 Caroline Sargent (1812–1837), married, on 7 November 1833, Henry Edward Manning
 Sophia Lucy Sargent (1814–1850), married, on 5 June 1834, George Dudley Ryder, second son of Henry Ryder
 Henry Martyn Sargent (1816–1836)
§ ''Samuel Wilberforce and Henry William Wilberforce were brothers, sons of William Wilberforce.

His younger brother, George Hanway Sargent was shot and killed in November 1807, aged 25, in the pursuit of the highwayman, Jim Allen.

Notes

Attribution

1780 births
1833 deaths
19th-century English Anglican priests
People educated at Eton College
Fellows of King's College, Cambridge
English biographers
English male non-fiction writers

John Sargent (priest)


Betty Brant is a fictional character created for Marvel Comics by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. She is a secretary of J. Jonah Jameson at the Daily Bugle and was once the love interest of Peter Parker and later of Flash Thompson.

Since her inception, the character has been featured in various media adaptations, such as feature movies, television series and video games. In movies, she was portrayed by Elizabeth Banks in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy, and by Angourie Rice as a teenaged version in the Marvel Cinematic Universe movies Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021).

Marvel Comics characters

Betty Brant


The National Art Education Association (NAEA) is a non-profit professional association founded in 1947 in the United States, headquartered in Alexandria, Virginia. It is the world's largest professional art education association.

The NAEA's annual convention attracts thousands of art educators and offers art educators a chance to network, establish mentor relationships, and attend professional development events.  The NAEA also gives awards for Art Educator of the Year at this convention.

Along with the Art & Creative Materials Institute, in 1969, the NAEA began sponsoring March as Youth Art Month.  Since 1984, Youth Art Month has been run by the Council for Art Education, Inc., which consists of representatives of the NAEA and other art associations.

As an advocacy organization, the NAEA speaks out in favor of increased funding for art education, and opposing cuts to art funding. The NAEA has 21 interest groups, including the Seminar for Research in Art Education (SRAE, est. 1970), the Committee on Multiethnic Concerns (COMC, est. 1971), and the National Art Education Association Women's Caucus (WC, est. 1975).

The NAEA publishes two journals, Art Education and Studies in Art Education.

References

External links
 NAEA webpage

Professional associations based in the United States
Visual arts education
Organizations established in 1947
Children's arts organizations
1947 establishments in the United States

National Art Education Association


Graham Rust (born 1942, Hertfordshire, England) is a painter and muralist.

Biography
Graham Redgrave-Rust was born in Hertfordshire, England in 1942. He studied drawing and painting at the Regent Street Art School, the Central School of Arts and Crafts in London and the National Academy of Art in New York. For two years he worked as an artist on Architectural Forum for Time Inc. In 1968 he spent a year as artist in residence at Woodberry Forest School, in Orange, Virginia, United States.

He is internationally renowned for his murals and ceiling paintings. His most important work is the mural "The Temptation" in the entrance hall of Ragley Hall, Warwickshire, which was started in 1969 and finished in 1983. The mural was commissioned by Lord Hertford after he had seen Rust working on a mural in Virginia, USA. The Ragley Hall mural was painted using gouache directly onto the plaster, portraying a view of the Mountain of Temptation and several of Lord Hertfords relatives.

He has illustrated various books including the 1986 edition of 'The Secret Garden', by Frances Hodgson Burnett and the 1993 edition of 'Some Flowers', by Vita Sackville-West.

He has paintings in the collections of the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry Museum and Tabley House.

Graham Rust lives and works in Suffolk and illustrated a cookery book by the late Countess of Clanwilliam, who commissioned his first mural painting in 1965.

Exhibitions

 1964	The Insituto Panameneo de Arts, Panama, Drawings
 1965	The Oxford Union, Drawings and Watercolours
 1965	The Jason Gallery, New York, Drawings
 1965	Duncombe Park, Yorkshire, Paintings and Drawings
 1969	Duncombe Park, Yorkshire, Paintings and Drawings
 1972	Hazlitt, Drawings London and Rome
 1973	Hazlitt, Autumn in Provence
 1975	Spink, Rust in India
 1976	Spink, Rust in Greece
 1977	Spink, The West Indies and other works
 1978	Lane Crawford, Hong Kong, Drawings and Watercolours
 1980	40 Belgrave Square and Ragley Hall, R.C.S.B. Benefit
 1981	Gainsborough's House, Suffolk, A Travelers Sketchbook
 1982	Spink, The Holy Land
 1985	The Alpine Gallery, London, R.C.S.B. Benefit
 1987	Leighton House, London, "The Painted House"
 1987	Roger Ramsey Gallery, Chicago
 1988	Stubbs Gallery, New York
 1989	Robert Domergue Inc., San Francisco
 1989	Melrose Place Gallery, Los Angeles
 1990	Colnaghi, London, R.C.S.B. Benefit
 1993	The Museum of Garden History, London
 1996	Raphael Valls Gallery, London
 1999	Marlborough House, London, Sightsavers Benefit
 2006 The Ebury Galleries, London
 2007 The Theatre, Chipping Norton, Oxon
 2007 Chiesa dell'angelo, Lodi
 2007 Neue Theatre, Espelkamp, Germany
 2009 Mish, New York, N.Y.B.G Benefit
 2012 The Brompton Oratory, London, Sightsavers Benefit

Books published
 1987	"The Painted House" Cassells / USA Bullfinch
 1996	"Decorative Designs" Cassells / USA Bullfinch
 1998 	"Needlepoint Designs" Ward Locke / USA Rizzoli
 2001	"The Painted Ceiling" Constable / USA Little Brown
 2005	"Revisiting The Painted House" Breslich & Foss Ltd

Books illustrated
 1982	"Recipes From a Chateau In Champagne" Victor Gollancz Ltd
 1986	"The Fruits of the Earth" Michael Joseph / USA David Godine
 1986	"The Secret Garden" Michael Joseph / USA David Godine
 1989	"A Little Princess" Michael Joseph / USA David Godine
 1991	"The Secret Garden Notebook" Letts
 1993	"Some Flowers: Vita Sackville West" Pavilion & National Trust / USA Abrams
 1993	"Little Lord Fauntleroy" Michael Joseph / USA David Godine
 1994	"The Fine Art of Dining" Little Brown
 2001	"Claro en la Selva" Luis Pujadas y Ortiz, Red Lion Express
 2007	"Food For Friends" Somerton

References

External links
http://www.grahamrust-murals.com
http://www.grahamrust.com/about
https://web.archive.org/web/20080704172730/http://www.2004.fauxcademy.com/rust-W.php

1942 births
Living people
English muralists
English illustrators
20th-century English painters
English male painters
21st-century English painters
20th-century English male artists
21st-century English male artists

Graham Rust


Tysnesøya () or Tysnesøy is an island in Tysnes municipality in Vestland county, Norway.  The  island makes up the vast majority of the island municipality of Tysnes.  The tallest point on the island is the  tall mountain Tysnessåto.

The island lies in a large group of islands on the northern side of the mouth of the Hardangerfjorden.  The Bjørnafjorden lies north of the island and the Langenuen strait runs along the west side of the island.  The island of Reksteren lies to the northwest, Stord lies to the southwest, and the smaller islands of Skorpo and Huglo lie to the south of the island.  The islands of Skorpo and Reksteren are connected to Tysnesøya by road bridges.  The mainland lies just east of Tysnesøya, and there is a short road bridge connecting the two.  The mainland municipalities of Fusa and Kvinnherad are located on the mainland, adjacent to Tysnes.

The island is rocky and mountainous in the north-central part of the island, while the rest of the island is more forested and hilly.  The main agricultural areas are in the northeast and south.  Some of the more notable villages on the island include the village of Våge in the north, Uggdal in the west, and Onarheim in the southeast.

See also
List of islands of Norway

References

Islands of Vestland
Tysnes

Tysnesøy


The  (Piece in F for keyboard), K. 33B, is a keyboard work written by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart sometime during early October 1766; its tempo marking is Allegro. It is 26 bars long, divided into two sections of 12 and 14 bars, each repeated.

Mozart wrote this piece in pencil on the back of a circular by the Zürcher Musikkollegium (Zürich Music College) dated 30 September 1766, when the Mozart family came to the end of their Grand Tour. The circular invited sponsors, music lovers and other people who might be interested to concerts by "the young (9 years old) Master Mozart as well as his maiden sister" (Maria Anna – Nannerl) on October 7 and 9. It can be assumed that Mozart played or improvised this lively piece in one of those concerts, the programs to which are lost. Mozart wrote it on the back of the circular probably as a souvenir for the College's board; otherwise he would have used his sister's notebook or his third book of sketches (), which is also lost. The autograph became known very late (in 1942), and so is missing from Alfred Einstein's 3rd edition of the Köchel catalogue.

The piece appeared in the 1984 film Amadeus when the child Mozart played it blindfolded on the harpsichord and then on the violin.

References

External links

Early keyboard works by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Compositions for solo piano
1766 compositions
Compositions in F major

Piece in F for Keyboard, K. 33B (Mozart)


U.D.O. is a German hivy metal baund foundit bi lead sangster Udo Dirkschneider in 1987.

History

1987–1992
Efter Udo Dirkschneider left Accept in 1987, a lairge fan commonty follaeed him tae U.D.O.

Stairtin wi the first albums Animal House in 1987 an Mean Machine in 1988 U.D.O. pruivit tae be pure hivy metal athoot ony Trend-Sound influences. Baith albums continued whaur Accept haed left aff in 1986 wi Russian Roulette. Animal House wis played in bi Peter Szigeti (guitars), Frank Rittel frae Warlock (bass), Mathias Dieth frae Sinner (guitars), Thomas Franke (drums) an. Udo Dirkschneider (vocals).

When Mean Machine wis released in 1988, U.D.O. haed a totally different leuk. O the line-up which haed played on Animal House, anerlie Udo an lead guitarist Mathias Dieth remained. New additions wur Andy Susemihl (guitar), Thomas Smuszynski (bass) an Stefan Schwarzmann (drums).

U.D.O. achievit success wi the album Faceless World, producit bi ex-Accept drummer Stefan Kaufmann.

U.D.O.'s follae-up album wis Timebomb. It wis thair last for the next five years.

1996–present

Frae 1992 until 1996 Accept performed in a heichly watched ower reunion, an Dirkschneider put U.D.O. on hiatus to record three albums thegither wi his auld Accept colleagues. Efter anither Accept break up, Dirkschneider returned his focus to U.D.O. For this Udo Dirkschneider cried Stefan Kaufmann (guitar), Jürgen Graf (guitars), Fitty Wienhold (bass) an Stefan Schwarzmann (drums) to him. Udo Dirkschneider an Stefan Kaufmann then went, thegither wi the new line-up, "back to where we startit" an wi that to recording on the Tribute to Judas Priest. On this compilation o Judas Priest cover sangs U.D.O. performed the track "Metal Gods".

1997 saw the baund return from hiatus wi Solid, the first full-lenth U.D.O. album to featur the guitarwork o Stefan Kaufmann. The album served as a sonic blueprint for future U.D.O. recordings. Solid wis placed on the Rock Hard magazine reader charts for mair nor a year efter its release.

Solid wis followed bi No Limits in 1998, an featurt a seemilar songwriting approach as the previous year's effort. The album an aa featurt U.D.O.'s first returning lineup syne the band's inception ten years prior. The album an aa featurt a cover o the Austrian pop band Supermax's hit single "Love Machine".

Wi the release of Holy the band returned to a downpace, guitar-driven sound seemilar to Balls to the Wall-era Accept. The reaction of fans and journalists left no doubt that this wis the right step. A world tour followed, ane which saw the last U.D.O. dates in the United States and several ither major countries ever syne. Thare war an aa lineup changes during the seicont pairt o the 1999 tour. Igor Gianola, umwhile guitar player o the Swiss band Gotthard, replaced Jürgen Graf. When the No Limits tour concluded, Stefan Schwarzmann quit the band, an on the Holy tour (2000) Lorenzo Milani teuk his place behind the drum kit. The tour an aa spawned U.D.O.'s first live album, Live from Russia a twa-disc affair which featurt mony o the classic Accept tunes (wi the notable exception of "Balls to the Wall") that hae syne acome staples of U.D.O.'s set.

2002's Man and Machine continued in this vein, but received a somewhat lukewarm response. Despite standout sangs lik the title track an "Private Eye", the album wis ultimately less successfu than its predecessor. It is notable for spawning a promo video of "Dancing With An Angel", a sang which features a duet atween Udo an Doro Pesch (o Warlock).

The next twa studio releases – 2004's Thunderball an 2005's Mission No. X – war slichtly livelier affairs, awtho the baund's touring at this time became largely relegated to Germany, Sooth Americae, an slavic Europe. Sonically, the umwhile shared much in common wi Timebomb, while the latter seemed to follae in the vein o No Limits.

It wis wi 2007's Mastercutor, houiver, that U.D.O. truly returned to form. The album wis the maist financially successfu in years, an received awmaist universally heich marks frae muisical critics an metal fans alike. Udo's appearance a year earlier on Finnish metal band Lordi's album, The Arockalypse, exposed U.D.O. to an even wider audience. The live DVD Mastercutor Alive wis released in 2008.

U.D.O.'s twelfth studio album, Dominator, wis released on August 21, 2009.

U.D.O.'s thirteent studio album, Rev Raptor, is set tae be released on Januar 14t, 2011.

Discography

Studio albums
 Animal House (1987)
 Mean Machine (1988)
 Faceless World (1990)
 Timebomb (1991)
 Solid (1997)
 No Limits (1998)
 Holy (1999)
 Man and Machine (2002)
 Thunderball (2004)
 Mission No. X (2005)
 Mastercutor (2007)
 Dominator (2009)
 Rev Raptor (2011) (Planned release date is Januar 14t, 2011)

Live albums
 Live from Russia (2001)
 Nailed to Metal – The Missing Tracks (2003)
 Mastercutor Alive (2008)

Compilation albums
 Best Of (1999)
 Metallized (2007)

Singles/EPs
 They Want War (1988)
 Heart of Gold (1990)
 Faceless World (1990)
 Two Faced Woman (1997)
 Independence Day (1997)
 Lovemachine (1998)
 Dancing With An Angel (2002)
 24/7 EP (2005)
 The Wrong Side of Midnight EP (2007)
 Infected EP (2009)

DVDs
 Nailed to Metal – The Complete History (2003)
 Thundervision (2004)
 Mastercutor Alive (2008)

Members

Current members
 Udo Dirkschneider – vocals (1987–present)
 Stefan Kaufmann – guitar (1996–present)
 Igor Gianola – guitar (1999–present)
 Fitty Wienhold – bass (1997–present)
 Francesco Jovino – drums (2004–present)

Former members
 Wolla Bohm – guitar (1990)
 Andy Susemihl – guitar (1987–1990, 1991)
 Frank Fricke – guitar (1991–1992)
 Jurgen Graf – guitar (1997–1999)
 Jorg Fisher - guitar (1997) uncredited on A Tribute to Judas Priest: Legends of Metal
 Thomas Smuszynski – bass (1989–1991)
 Dieter Rubach – bass (1987–1989)
 Stefan Schwarzmann – drums (1988–1991,1996-1999)
 Lorenzo Milani – drums (2000–2004)

Original line-up
 Udo Dirkschneider – vocals
 Peter Szigeti – guitar (1987)
 Mathias Dieth – guitar (1987–1991,1997)
 Frank Rittel – bass (1987)
 Thomas Franke – drums (1987–1989)

German hivy metal muisical groups

U.D.O.


Ivo Vajgl (born 3 March 1943) is a Slovenian politician and former Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Slovenia. In his second term in the European Parliament he was a member of DeSUS and an individual member of the European Democratic Party (EDP), while in the European Parliament he was a member of the ALDE Group. He has announced his candidacy in the 2022 Slovenian presidential election.

Political career
Born in Maribor, he attended the University of Ljubljana. He was appointed foreign minister by Prime Minister Anton Rop on 6 July 2004, replacing Dimitrij Rupel, who left the Liberal Democracy of Slovenia (LDS) party to join the opposition Slovenian Democratic Party. Vajgl's tenure ended on 3 December 2004 with Rupel's reappointment to the position in the new administration of Janez Janša, formed after the 2004 elections to the National Assembly, which were held on 3 October.

As foreign minister, Vajgl joined Rop in signing the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe in Rome on 29 October 2004. Between 2004 and 2007, Vajgl worked as the advisor for foreign policy in the cabinet of President of Slovenia Janez Drnovšek. From the mid-1990s to 2007, Vajgl was a member of the LDS party. In 2007, Vajgl left the LDS party and joined the newly formed party Zares. In 2008, as a member of the Zares party, he was elected to the National Assembly of the Republic of Slovenia and became the Chairman of the Foreign Policy Committee.

From 1992 to 1996, he was the Slovenian Ambassador to Sweden as well as all the Nordic and Baltic countries. From 1998 to 2002, he was Slovenian Ambassador to Austria and head of the Slovenian Mission to the OSCE in Vienna. His last post as Slovenian Ambassador took him again to the German Capital, this time Berlin, from 2002 to 2004.

In the 2009 European Parliament elections, Ivo Vajgl headed the list of seven candidates for the party Zares. On 7 June 2009 he was elected a Member of the European Parliament with 9.77% of the vote and 21,031 preferential votes.

In the 2014 European Parliament elections, Ivo Vajgl was elected on the list of the DeSUS party with 8.12% of the vote and 21,569 preferential votes.

Vajgl is an art lover. He speaks English, German, Italian, French, and Serbian.

References

1943 births
Living people
Politicians from Maribor
Liberal Democracy of Slovenia politicians
University of Ljubljana alumni
Zares MEPs
MEPs for Slovenia 2009–2014
Foreign ministers of Slovenia
MEPs for Slovenia 2014–2019

Ivo Vajgl


Mexico (; official name: United Mexican States , ) is a country in North America. Mexico is south of Texas, California and other American states. Guatemala and Belize are south of Mexico. Mexico is between the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico.

People living in Mexico or who are from there are called Mexicans. Most Mexican people speak Spanish. Some Mexicans speak Native American languages, like Nahuatl, Mayan, and Zapotec. Most modern Mexicans are descended from Native Americans such as Aztecs and Mayans and mostly have native blood. They are Catholic. The capital of Mexico is Mexico City.

History

Before the Europeans came, many Native American cultures existed in Mexico. The earliest was the Olmec culture in the south. The Olmecs are famous for the large stone heads they made. On the Yucatán peninsula lived the Mayans. The Mayans lived in city states ruled by kings. The Mayans were most powerful between 200 and 900 A.D. Another powerful empire belonged to Teotihuacan. Teotihuacan was a very large city, one of the largest at that time. After Teotihuacan declined the Toltecs became powerful. Things made by the Toltecs have been found from the southern parts of the U.S. all the way to Costa Rica. A famous Toltec god is Quetzalcoatl. The Toltec culture declined too, and it was succeeded by the Aztecs. The Aztecs called their own empire Mexico. A famous Aztec king was Moctezuma II.

In 1519 the Spanish explorer Hernán Cortés came to Mexico. The Aztecs thought he was the returned Quetzalcoatl, so they did not want to fight against him. Cortes allied himself with the enemies of the Aztecs. In 1521 they conquered the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan. The Aztec Empire became part of Spain. It was called New Spain.

In 1810 the Mexican priest Miguel Hidalgo started the Mexican war of independence. In 1821 the Spanish finally retreated and Mexico became independent. The first leader of independent Mexico was Agustin de Iturbide. He set up the First Mexican Empire and became emperor. But the Mexicans were not happy with him, and in 1823 the country became a republic.

A man who was very important in Mexico in the early 19th century was Antonio López de Santa Anna. He was the president of Mexico 11 times. When he became a dictator, Texas declared independence (1836). The Battle of the Alamo was part of this Texas Revolution. Between 1846 and 1848 there was war between Mexico and the United States. In this war Mexico lost its large northern areas, which became the southwestern United States. After this war Santa Anna was sent away to Venezuela.

Between 1858 and 1861 there was war again, between liberals and conservatives. The liberal Benito Juárez won the war and became president afterwards. Juarez stayed president until France invaded Mexico and made Maximilian of Habsburg emperor of the Second Mexican Empire. But Maximilian was very unpopular. After more war he was executed in 1867, and Juarez became president again.

Conservatives thought Juarez had too much power. In 1876 they ousted him, and made Porfirio Díaz, a general who had won a battle against the French, president. Porfirio Díaz made the country wealthier, but the poor people became poorer. Franciso I. Madero started the Mexican Revolution in 1910.

The next 10 years the country was in chaos. There were many presidents who ruled for a short time and all kinds of people fought against each other. Famous people from this period are Emiliano Zapata, Pancho Villa and Francisco I. Madero. When Álvaro Obregón became president in 1920 the fighting calmed down.

In 1929 President Plutarco Elías Calles founded the National Mexican Party, PNM. The party was later renamed Institutional Revolutionary Party, PRI. The party would rule for a very long time. Most PRI presidents were not popular, it was said that they were only president to become richer themselves. An exception was president Lázaro Cárdenas. He was president between 1934 and 1940.

After several decades more and more people became unhappy with the PRI. In 1968 security forces shot at protesters, this caused several hundred deaths and became known as the Tlatelolco massacre. Another uprising was in 1994 when Zapatistas rebelled in the province Chiapas.

Mainly through election fraud, the PRI managed to stay into power until 2000, when Vicente Fox of the National Action Party, PAN, was elected president. In total the PRI had governed Mexico for 71 years.

Politics

Mexico is a constitutional federal democracy ruled by a president. The president is elected every 6 years. The current president is Andrés Manuel López Obrador. Parliament has a Senate and House of Deputies.

States

Geography
Mexico is in the southern part of North America. It is roughly shaped like a triangle. Mexico is more than 3000 km (1,850 miles) long from northwest to southeast. Mexico is between two large seas: the Pacific Ocean in the West and the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea in the East. Mexico has two large peninsulas. Baja California in the northwest, and Yucatán in the southeast. In central and western Mexico are the Sierra Madre mountains. In the Sierra Madre is the Pico de Orizaba, the highest mountain of Mexico. In central Mexico there are also a few volcanoes like the Popocatépetl and the Iztaccíhuatl. The Pico de Orizaba is also a volcano. In the north of Mexico are deserts. In the south are tropical rainforests. Some rivers in Mexico are the Río Bravo (known in the US as the Rio Grande), the Río Balsas, the Río Pánuco, and the Río Yaqui.

People

Mexico is the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world. It is also the second most populous country in Latin America (after Brazil). 60% of Mexicans have Native American and European forefathers (mostly Native American); these are called mestizos. Almost 30% of Mexicans are pure Native American and 10% are European. Most Mexicans (90%) speak Spanish. 10% of the Mexicans speak a Native American language, like Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs, Maya or Zapotec. Non-indigenous ethnic groups in Mexico speak another foreign language such as Arabic or Japanese.  Most people in Mexico are Catholic (89%) Christians.

Related pages
 North America
 Mexican food

References

Spanish-speaking countries
1821 establishments in North America

Mexico


A prophecy is a claim of what the future will be like, which is not based on any ordinary source of information. Prophecies are found in most religions. Not all people believe in prophecy. People that do think they come from God or a god. They are often hard to understand and need interpretation. Very often, they concern one very specific event. People who make prophecies are called prophets. In Ancient Greece, people who made prophecies were called oracles, most notably the Oracle of Delphi. Since then, people like Nostradamus have made prophecies.

To prophesy is to make a prophecy. The two words are spelled differently and pronounced differently. "Prophesy" is a verb, and "prophecy" is a noun.

Prophecy in religion

Judeo-Christian Religion
There are many prophecies in the Bible. Some of these warn of punishments to come.  There are two kinds of Bible prophecies.  Some are conditional, that is, they include the possibility that the punishment can be avoided based on the hearers changing their ways.  An example of this is found in the Book of Jonah.  Other prophecies are unconditional.  That means that the event will happen no matter what the hearers do to avoid it. There are also Bible prophecies that tell of future blessings.  Blessings are good things that happen because of God's mercy and forgiveness. Some prophecies contain both punishment and blessings.  Jesus made prophecies like this, warning people to believe in Him and live right, to get the blessing instead of the punishment. While some of the prophecies in the bible about future events are hard to understand, the moral warnings from Jesus are not hard to understand.  For this reason, some preachers, like Moses, Jesus and other religious leaders who tell people to live a good life are called prophets by their followers even though they may not tell about future events.

False Prophecies
Sometimes people think that God has told them something or that they have discovered something in the Bible that tells the future.  Predictions of the end of the world have been made many times in history.
When people set dates for events such as Christ's return, they have often been disappointed. . Jesus himself said that "No one knows the day or the hour" of his return.

Prophecies not related to religion

Scientists sometimes make predictions about the future. These may be correct but often are wrong or only partly correct.  The famous inventor Thomas Edison predicted that electricity would replace steam as a way to power trains, but he also predicted that gold could be made from iron, making it worth little as money.  Einstein said in 1932 that atomic energy would never be possible.  Politicians also make prophecies that may or may not prove to be true. Adolph Hitler predicted that the Nazis would rule for 1000 years, but they were defeated in only 12 years(1933-1944).  Many organizations try to predict the outcome of elections, with very mixed accuracy.  Others predict the winners of sporting events, but are often wrong. Games with unexpected results are called "upsets". A famous baseball player, Yogi Berra once said that "It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future".

Self-fulfilling prophecies

Sometimes people act in ways that have been previously prophesied. If they do this intentionally, this is called a "self fulfilling prophecy". Abraham Lincoln said "The most reliable way to predict the future is to create it." A negative way this works is when someone thinks they will fail at something, as so they don't try very hard to achieve it.

Theology
Future

Prophecy


Toes in the Sand Recordings is a US-based record label founded by David Christopher (aka Deviant) and Amy Dana in 2004. Specializing in progressive house and progressive breaks, their releases place an emphasis on musicality, arrangement, and composition. Their first release, "Bound for Ascension" by Michael Lanning, is featured on Balance 006 [EQ] mixed by Anthony Pappa.  Other releases have appeared on compilations by Andrew K, Sprout Music, and more.

See also
 List of record labels

External links
Toes in the Sand Recordings website

American record labels
Record labels established in 2004
House music record labels

Toes in the Sand Recordings


Sir András Schiff (; born 21 December 1953) is a Hungarian-born British classical pianist and conductor, who has received numerous major awards and honours, including the Grammy Award, Gramophone Award, Mozart Medal, and Royal Academy of Music Bach Prize, and was appointed Knight Bachelor in the 2014 Queen's Birthday Honours for services to music. He is also known for his public criticism of political movements in Hungary and Austria.

Schiff is distinguished visiting professor of piano at the Barenboim–Said Akademie in Berlin, and the first artist-in-residence of the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra.

Biography
Schiff was born in Budapest to a Jewish family, as an only child. He began piano lessons at age five, studying at the Franz Liszt Academy of Music in Budapest with Elisabeth Vadász, then with Pál Kadosa and Ferenc Rados. Of Rados, Schiff said, "There was never a positive word from him. Everything was bad, horrible. But it instilled a healthy attitude, an element of doubt." He also said that from Rados he learned "the main elements of piano playing, tone production, and self-control; how to listen to [oneself] and how to practise well, without wasting time, always musically, never mechanically." Among his classmates were renowned concert pianists Zoltán Kocsis and Dezső Ránki. Concurrently with his studies in Budapest, he also studied with Tatiana Nikolayeva and Bella Davidovich in summer courses at the Hochschule für Musik Franz Liszt, Weimar. He then studied in London with George Malcolm, a pioneer in the use of period keyboard instruments; Schiff made a recording with Malcolm of four-hand music by Mozart using a fortepiano that had once belonged to the composer. He also studied piano and chamber music with György Kurtág.

Schiff was fourth prize winner of the Tchaikovsky International Piano Competition in 1974 and tied with Pascal Devoyon for third prize in the Leeds International Pianoforte Competition in 1975. He emigrated from Hungary in 1979. He was unable to meet residency requirements for US citizenship due to his long absences for touring and accepted Austrian citizenship in 1987 and established homes in London and Salzburg.

From 1989 until 1998, Schiff was artistic director of the "Musiktage Mondsee" chamber music festival near Salzburg. In 1995, he co-founded the "Ittinger Pfingstkonzerte" in Kartause Ittingen, Switzerland, together with the famed oboist Heinz Holliger. From 2004 to 2007 he was artist in residence of the Kunstfest Weimar. In the 2007–08 season he was pianist in residence of the Berlin Philharmonic. In 2011–12 he was one of the "Perspectives Artists" of Carnegie Hall.

In 1999, he formed an occasional chamber orchestra, which he named the Cappella Andrea Barca, with the name coming from an Italian translation of his last name (Barca and Schiff both mean "boat", Barca in Italian and Schiff in German), although he has provided a humorous pseudo-biography of the fictional Barca. He has appeared as a conductor with several major orchestras, including regular appearances with Philharmonia Orchestra in London and the Chamber Orchestra of Europe, and recent ones with the San Francisco Symphony and Los Angeles Philharmonic.

Schiff is one of the most renowned interpreters of Bach, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert and Schumann. His many recordings for the Decca label include much of the keyboard music of Bach, music of Domenico Scarlatti, Ernst von Dohnányi, Johannes Brahms, and Piotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, the complete piano sonatas of Mozart and Schubert, and the complete piano concertos of Felix Mendelssohn with Charles Dutoit and of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart with the Camerata Academica Salzburg led by Sándor Végh. His recordings for the Teldec label include the complete Beethoven piano concertos with the Staatskapelle Dresden led by Bernard Haitink and the complete piano concertos of Béla Bartók with the Budapest Festival Orchestra led by Iván Fischer, as well as solo works by Haydn, Brahms, and others. Notable recordings for the ECM label include music of Janáček and Sándor Veress, major works of Schubert and Beethoven using a period fortepiano, and live recordings of all of Beethoven's piano sonatas, made in Zurich. Between 2004 and 2006 he gave a series of lecture-recitals on the complete Beethoven sonatas in London's Wigmore Hall. His live concert recordings for ECM also include his second traversals of the Bach Partitas and Goldberg Variations.

For G. Henle, he provided fingerings for new editions of Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier (published in 2006) and fingerings and missing cadenzas for a new edition of the Mozart piano concertos (begun in 2007).

Schiff is married to the violinist Yūko Shiokawa. The couple have residences in London, Florence, Italy, and Kamakura, Japan.

Schiff has said he admires many pianists, including Artur Schnabel, Edwin Fischer, Alfred Cortot, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Ignaz Friedman, Josef Hofmann, Annie Fischer, Rudolf Serkin, Mieczysław Horszowski, Radu Lupu, Murray Perahia, Richard Goode and Peter Serkin.

Teaching

Schiff, known for his video broadcast masterclasses, is currently on the faculty of the Barenboim–Said Akademie in Berlin, Germany, serving as distinguished visiting professor of piano. He has given masterclasses at such prestigious schools as Juilliard School, Oberlin College, and the Royal Academy of Music. He also held a series of masterclasses in 2019 at the Gstaad Menuhin Piano Festival for just seven selected students: Florian Caroubi, Pallavi Mahidhara, Nuron Mukumi, Nicolas Namoradze, Elena Nefedova, Chiara Opalio, and Shir Semmel.

Awards and honours

The awards that Schiff has won include a 1990 Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Soloist Performance (without orchestra) – English Suites by Bach; a 1990 Gramophone Award for a Schubert recital with Peter Schreier; the Bartók Prize in 1991; the Claudio Arrau Memorial Medal in 1994; the Kossuth Prize in 1996; the Léonie Sonning Music Prize in 1997; honorary membership in the Beethoven House in Bonn, awarded in 2006 for his complete recording of Beethoven's piano sonatas; the Italian prize, Premio della critica musicale Franco Abbiati, also for his Beethoven cycle in 2007; also in 2007, the Royal Academy of Music Bach Prize, sponsored by the Kohn Foundation, awarded to "an individual who has made an outstanding contribution to the performance and/or scholarly study of Johann Sebastian Bach"; the Wigmore Hall Medal in 2008; also in 2008, the Klavier-Festival Ruhr Prize, for outstanding pianistic achievement; the Robert Schumann Prize of the City of Zwickau in 2011; Germany's Orden Pour le mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste (2011)  and in January 2012, the Golden Mozart Medal of the International Mozarteum Foundation.

He has been made an honorary professor by music academies in Budapest, Detmold and Munich and is a Special Supernumerary Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford University. He is a Fellow of the Royal Northern College of Music. In December 2013, the Royal Philharmonic Society awarded him its gold medal.

He was created a Knight Bachelor in the Queen's Birthday Honours list of 2014, for services to music.

In 2018, Schiff received Honorary Doctorate from HRH The Prince of Wales, President of the Royal College of Music (RCM). Schiff was awarded the 2022 Bach Medal by the City of Leipzig.

Political views
Schiff has made public statements about politics in Austria and Hungary. He has also become an outspoken critic of the Hungarian government of Viktor Orbán, whom he has publicly accused of racism, anti-Semitism, and neo-fascism, stating in January 2012 that he would never again set foot in his native country.

Austria
In 2000, he commented on the rise of the far-right in Austria. He subsequently gave up his Austrian citizenship and took British citizenship in 2001.

Hungary
On 1 January 2011, Schiff published a letter in The Washington Post questioning whether "Hungary is ready and worthy to take on" the rotating presidency of the council of the European Union, as it did that day, because of "racism, discrimination against the Roma, anti-Semitism, xenophobia, chauvinism and reactionary nationalism," and "the latest media laws" (referring to new media laws passed at the end of December 2010 by the government of Viktor Orbán).

On 16 January 2011, Schiff told the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung that he had become "persona non grata" in Hungary and would probably never perform there again "or even visit." On 17 January he joined Hungarian conductor Ádám Fischer and six other Hungarian intellectuals and artists in publishing an open letter "To the artists of Europe and the World" protesting against "racism against Roma, with homophobia and with antisemitism" and saying that "the freedom of the media, of the arts and artists, and of those who could most effectively act against such tendencies is more and more curtailed." The letter appeared in German and in English, with a note of support from Daniel Barenboim appended. As a result of his statements, he came under attack from Hungarian nationalists.

On 14 January 2012, in an interview with the German newspaper Der Tagesspiegel, Schiff expressed his deep worries about right-wing radical gangs terrorising Roma, open antisemitism, and the very conservative chauvinism and nationalism of the ruling Fidesz party in Hungary lately. Since, as he said, "antisemitic baiting has become socially acceptable in Hungary", and he had been decried as Saujude on the Internet, he had cancelled all his concerts in Hungary, he said.
In December 2012, he said to the website of Yle Uutiset (Finnish television) that he would remain in self-imposed exile from Hungary.

In December 2013, Schiff told an interviewer from the BBC that he had received anonymous threats through the internet, stating that "If I return to Hungary, they will cut off both of my hands. I don't want to risk physical and mental assault." In addition, wrote the interviewer, "Even without that threat, Schiff says he would find it difficult to play in Hungary. Art and politics cannot be disentangled. The audience matters to performers. 'We are not naïve,' he says."

References

Further reading

External links
 Andras Schiff: Beethoven Lecture-recitals at Wigmore Hall, London
National Public Radio Article
In Concert on National Public Radio
Andras Schiff biography at the Pittsburgh Symphony
 Lucerne Festival profile of the Cappella Andrea Barca
 Carnegie Hall Perspective page on András Schiff
 András Schiff, "Hungarians must face their Nazi past, not venerate it".  The Guardian, "Comment is free" blog, 11 December 2013
 , WNCN-FM, 20 May 1983
 Interactive scores of Béla Bartók's piano works with András Schiff

1953 births
Living people
Grammy Award winners
Hungarian classical pianists
Hungarian male musicians
Male classical pianists
British male pianists
Classical accompanists
Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts
Hungarian Jews
Jewish classical pianists
Franz Liszt Academy of Music alumni
Prize-winners of the Leeds International Pianoforte Competition
Honorary Members of the Royal Academy of Music
Bach musicians
British classical pianists
Winners of the Royal Academy of Music/ Kohn Foundation Bach Prize
Knights Bachelor
Royal Philharmonic Society Gold Medallists
Hungarian emigrants to England
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
Hungarian emigrants to Austria
Naturalised citizens of Austria
Hungarian pianists
British people of Hungarian-Jewish descent
21st-century conductors (music)
Musicians from Budapest
Musicians awarded knighthoods
20th-century classical pianists

András Schiff


The Kingdom of Bamoun (also spelled Bamoum, Bamun, Bamoun, or Mum) (1394–c. 1916) was a pre-colonial Central African state in what is now northwest Cameroon. It was founded by the Bamun, an ethnic group from northeast Cameroon. Its capital was the ancient walled city of Fumban.

Origins
The Bamum kingdom was originally founded by the older brother of the Tikar royal dynasty. The founding king (called a "fon" or "mfon") was Nchare, a conqueror reputed to have crushed some 18 rulers. King Nchare founded the capital Foumban, then called Mfomben. This first group of Tikar emigrants conquerors absorbed the language and customs of their new subjects and were from then on known as Mbum. It is believed that Chamba migrations from the Tikar Plain in the southern part of the western Adamawa Plateau resulted in the kingdom's foundation.

History
During the 18th century, the kingdom faced the threat of invasion from the north by Fulani and Chamba warriors. By the end of the century, Bamum had perhaps 10,000-12,000 within its domain. The history and customs of the Bamum list ten kings between the founder and Kuotu. The nine kings who followed Nchare are not remembered for anything special. They were not conquerors, and territorial expansion did not occur until the reign of the tenth Mbum, Mbum Mbuembue, in the early 19th century.

King Mbuembue was the first ruler to expand the Bamun Kingdom, famously claiming that he would mark his borders "with blood and black iron". He repelled an attack by the Fulani leader Hamman Sambo in the 1820s, fortifying the capital with a trench that stopped the Fulani horsemen. He was the founder of the emblem of the Bamun people, characteristic of their capabilities to fight in two fronts and win both at the same time. He represented the Bamun people by a snake with two heads known as "Ngnwe peh tu."

German invasion
The Bamun kingdom voluntarily became part of German Kamerun in 1884 during the reign of Mfon Nsangou. During his reign, Bamum fought a war with the Nso. By the end of the conflict, the king was killed, and his head was carried off by the Nso. Immediately after, one of the king's wives, Njapdunke, took over the kingdom's government with her lover Gbetnkom Ndo`mbue. (Gbetnkom was not the mfon as there was another Gbetnkom who was the son of Mfon Mbuembue the great conqueror.) After the death of Mfon Mbuembue, there was no male heir to inherit his throne. Njapdunke took over for some time but failed to represent the king. She was removed and it was thought that one of the king's sons Mbetnkom was at a village called Massagham for treatment. He was brought back and became Mfon Mbetnkom.

Mbetnkom was a short man, a dictator who had the legs of those who were taller than him chopped off. This was a practice that cost his life during a hunting training session. After his death, his little son, Mbienkuo succeeded him. He was too young to rule. It became a habit for him to want to know who was his father amongst the people who were taking guards behind him. His court led by Ngouoh became doubtful and thought the boy may eventually learn that they are the people who killed his father. Mfon Mbienkuo was carried away and killed in a place called "Mfe shut Mfon mbwere." The throne remained vacant for some time and Ngouoh, the leader of the court ultimately became Mfon. He unfortunately was not a descendant of king Mbuembue. He was a Bamileke slave. Ngouoh was not welcome by his subjects and decided to move the palace to his own location. Mfon Ngouoh was later chased away after a fierce fight between him and the followers of Mbuembue. Nsangou, a grandson of Mbuembue became king.

Njoya the Great

Eventually King Njoya, son of the slain king, came to power. He was one of Bamum's most prolific rulers and ruled from approximately 1883 to 1931. He voluntarily put his kingdom under the protection of German colonial power and was responsible for modernizing certain elements of Mbum society.

In 1897, Njoya and his court converted to Islam, a decision that would affect Bamun culture long after Njoyua's death. He invented the Bamum script so that his people could record Bamum's history. In 1910, Njoya had a school constructed where the script was taught. Germans were allowed to set up the Basel Mission at the capital of and construction was undertaken to build a temple. A school was built, staffed by missionaries who taught in German and the native language. The Germans introduced new housing construction techniques while settling among the kingdom's inhabitants as farmers, traders and educators. King Njoya remained loyal to his German overlords who respected his rights as king and consulted him on colonial business.

Another important element in the kingdom's history during German protection was the introduction of sweet potatoes, macabo and other new foods, which helped the kingdom become more prosperous. The Mbum were able to trade outside their traditional borders, and the income greatly improved the standard of living. King Njoya was much influenced by the missionaries who denounced idols, human sacrifice and polygamy. In response, Njoya cut back on royal excesses. Nobles were allowed to marry slaves and those of the non-landed servile class. The king, however, remained unconverted to Christianity. He merged some of the tenets of Christianity and Islam with traditional beliefs to create a new religion more palatable to his subjects.

In 1906, Germany sent an expeditionary force against the Nso backed up by King Njoya's warriors. After the victory, the force reclaimed the head of Njoya's father, which was crucial for legitimizing the king. From then on, the bond between Bamum and Germany was strong.

World War I and French invasion
In 1914, the Allies invaded German Kamerun as part of the West African campaign. Fumban was captured by the British under Colonel Gorges in December 1915, and Gorges included a first-hand account of the people and their capital in his book. Gorges described Njoya as being understandably "a trifle nervous" when they first met but accepted British rule once he was reassured that no harm would come to him or his people. In 1918, Germany's colonial possessions including Kamerun were divided between Great Britain and France, and the kingdom of Bamoun thus fell under French rule. In 1923 Njoya was deposed, and his script was banned by the French.

Organization
The Bamum kingdom's population used secret societies. One society, the ngiri, was for princes. Another, the mitngu, was for the general populace regardless of social status. The mfon recruited most of his retainers from twins and the sons of princesses.

The king of Bamum was known as the mfon, a title shared by Tikar rulers. The mfon engaged in large-scale polygamy giving rise to a proliferation of royal lineages. This led to the palace nobility growing rapidly.

Culture

Society
Little is known about the kingdom's material and social culture during this time. Originally, the language of state in the Bamum kingdom was that of the Tikar. This apparently did not last long, and the language of the conquered Mben was adopted. The economy was largely agricultural, and slave owning was practiced on a small scale. The Bamum kingdom traded with neighboring populations. They imported salt, iron, beads, cotton goods and copper objects.

Artistry

The Bamun developed an extensive artistic culture at their capital of Foumban at the beginning of the 20th century. During Njoya's reign six color dye pits were maintained. The Mbum imported indigo-dyed raffia-sewn cloth from the Hausa as royal cloth. This royal cloth was called Ntieya, and Hausa craftsmen were kept at palace workshops to supply nobles and teach the art of dyeing.

See also
 List of rulers of the Bamum
 History of Cameroon
 Bamum (people)

References

Sources and further reading

Gorges E.H. (1930). The Great War in West Africa. Hutchinson & Co. Ltd., London; Naval & Military Press, Uckfield, 2004:

History of Cameroon
States and territories established in 1394
States and territories disestablished in 1884
Former monarchies of Africa
Countries in precolonial Africa

Kingdom of Bamum


Goldman v. Weinberger, 475 U.S. 503 (1986), was a United States Supreme Court case in which a Jewish Air Force officer was denied the right to wear a yarmulke when in uniform on the grounds that the Free Exercise Clause applies less strictly to the military than to ordinary citizens.

Background
Goldman joined the United States Air Force as an inactive reservist in 1973. He received a Health Professions scholarship to work towards a PhD in Psychology at the Loyola University of Chicago. Subsequently, Goldman entered service at March Air Force Base in Riverside, California as a commissioned officer and clinical psychologist at the on-base mental health clinic. As an Orthodox Jew and rabbi, Goldman's faith required him to wear a yarmulke to show that he is aware that God is a higher power and above him.

For years, Goldman wore his yarmulke without controversy by staying near his station at the clinic and wearing his service cap above the yarmulke while outdoors. In 1981, however, he was required to testify as a defense witness at a court-martial.  His testimony discredited the prosecution witness. Subsequently, a government attorney lodged a complaint about Goldman's wearing of the yarmulke. Subsequently, his commanding officer at the hospital, Colonel Joseph Gregory, informed him that he was violating Air Force Regulation 35-10, which states that "headgear will not be worn... while indoors except by armed security police in the performance of their duties." The officer then ordered him to not wear the yarmulke while in uniform outside the hospital.

Goldman refused this order, and instead his attorney filed a complaint to the Air Force General Counsel. Gregory then ordered that Goldman cease wearing his yarmulke even when within the hospital. Goldman requested to be allowed to report for duty in civilian clothes until the issue was settled in court, but he was denied this and was threatened with court-martial. It was at this point that Goldman sued the Secretary of Defense, Caspar Weinberger, who was himself of Jewish descent, for Free Exercise Clause violations. He was favored at the District Court of Washington, D.C., but that decision was reversed in the Court of Appeals. The Supreme Court granted the writ of certiorari.

Supreme Court decision
Because Goldman alleged that this was a Free Exercise violation, he indicated that the defense had to pass the Sherbert test: by demonstrating a "compelling interest" for the violation. He then submitted evidence that there was not a compelling interest for preventing the display of religious apparel, because it presented no danger to military discipline. However, the Court decided against him on a 5–4 decision. The majority opinion, written by Rehnquist, held that this was of no consequence—it contended that the Sherbert test did not  apply because the Free Exercise Clause and even the First Amendment in general did not apply to the military in the same way that it did to civilian society. The justification for this was a need to "foster instinctive obedience, unity, commitment, and esprit de corps." The dissenters argued that the decision gave too much deference to the military's judgment and that some judicial scrutiny of military necessity claims should be required.

Congressional response
In the Court's ruling it was only decided that the Constitution failed to protect the freedom to wear religious apparel in uniform—it did not outright bar it. This distinction gave Congress the power to enact legislation that would reverse the policy. Allowing "neat and conservative" religious apparel accommodations had been in consideration since 1985, following the case's ruling in the Court of Appeals. Proposals to do so failed during the case's trial period, but finally succeeded in 1988 through a provision to the annual National Defense Authorization Act. It provides for a general rule that "a member of the armed forces may wear an item of religious apparel while wearing the uniform of the member's armed force." The bill containing the provision was passed by both houses of Congress and signed into law by President Ronald Reagan.

See also
 Eweida v British Airways plc

References

External links

1986 in Judaism
1986 in military history
1986 in United States case law
20th-century history of the United States Air Force
Jewish-American military history
Jewish religious clothing
United States Supreme Court cases
United States free exercise of religion case law
United States military case law
United States military uniforms
Air force uniforms
United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court
Religious headgear

Goldman v. Weinberger


Margaret Hannah Olley  (24 June 1923 - 26 July 2011) was an Australian artist. She was born in Lismore, New South Wales, and died in Paddington, New South Wales. She was well known for generous gifts of paintings and money to public art galleries in Australia. These gifts included works by Cezanne and Picasso. She is also famous for being the model for portraits. Two paintings of her won the Archibald Prize; William Dobell's painting in 1948, and Ben Quilty's in 2011. She was described by Julia Gillard, the Prime Minister of Australia, as a great artist and a true Australian national treasure.

She grew up on sugarcane farms in Queensland, and her artistic talent was noticed at school. Her teachers convinced her parents she should study art at the Brisbane Technical College. She then moved to Sydney and studied art at the East Sydney Technical College. She held the first of her 90 exhibitions in 1948. Many of her paintings were of things around her home such as flowers and bowls of fruit. In 1996 she was given Australia's highest honour, the Companion of the Order of Australia.

References

1923 births
2011 deaths

Australian painters
Order of Australia
People from Sydney
Artists from New South Wales

Margaret Olley


The D. E. Frantz House is located on West Bleeker Street in Aspen, Colorado, United States. It is a wooden frame house constructed for a local lumber magnate during the 1880s in the Queen Anne architectural style. It has remained a private residence ever since and is largely intact. In 1987 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places along with other historic properties in the city. Included in the listing is a small barn in the back, although the date of its construction is not known.

It is the only Victorian house in Aspen that retains its oriel window. The extension of the gabled roof on one side to shelter the porch is also a unique feature within the city. At the time it was listed it was owned by a longtime community leader.

Building

The house is on the southwest corner of the intersection of West Bleeker and North Third Street, a block north of West Main Street (State Highway 82). To the west, on the opposite side of the street, is Pioneer Park, also listed on the Register. Another listed property, the Smith–Elisha House, is a block away on West Main. The neighborhood is at the point where the hotels on the edge of downtown Aspen, to the east, gives way to the residential enclaves of the city's West End. Tall shade trees are interspersed among the houses, which are mostly of more modern construction. The terrain is level, on the plain between Aspen Mountain to the south and the Roaring Fork River to the north.

A white picket fence separates the front yard from the sidewalk. The building itself is a one-and-three-quarter-story wood frame structure on a foundation of peachblow sandstone. It is topped by a steeply pitched cross-gabled roof. The main entrance is to the west of the front section, on the north face of the crossing section, on a porch with turned posts and brackets.

The house's siding is clapboard, with wide plain belt courses marking the top and bottom of the large one-over-one double-hung sash window in the center of the first story. Wood shingles are used on the section of the north (front) facade that overhangs the walkway on the east side to the front entrance. The oriel window on the second story has two smaller versions of the first-floor window with a sunburst design on the two panels above, topped by fish scale shingles in the gable apex. Vergeboard decorated with geometric patterns runs along the roofline.

The rear elevation has a French door as its entrance and a rectangular window in the gable apex. Inside, the rooms feature unpainted wooden trim and high ceilings. In the rear is a one-story gabled barn. It is considered a contributing resource to the NRHP listing.

History

The house was built in 1886, during Aspen's original silver-mining boom years. According to one account, it was built by Copeland George, manager of a local sampling works. It became better known as the home of Frantz, a local lumber magnate, although it is not certain that he ever actually lived there although the wood did come from his sawmill. The date of the rear barn's construction is unknown.

It has remained a private home since then. The rear window in the gable apex may have been added later, and the picket fence was erected in 1972. Other than that it has not been significantly altered, and its colors are true to the period in which it was constructed. The oriel window is the only one remaining on a Victorian house in Aspen.

See also
National Register of Historic Places in Pitkin County, Colorado

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado
Queen Anne architecture in Colorado
Houses completed in 1886
Houses in Pitkin County, Colorado
National Register of Historic Places in Aspen, Colorado

D. E. Frantz House


Mathew Dawson (1820–1898) was a British racehorse trainer. In a career which lasted from 1840 until his death in 1898 he trained the winners of twenty-eight British Classic Races, a figure surpassed by only two other men. He was significant as one of the first trainers to run a public stable, rather than being the employee of a wealthy patron. He was based for most of his career at Newmarket, Suffolk. His first name is sometimes recorded as "Matthew", but "Mathew" is more usual.

Background
Dawson was born at his family's home, Stamford Hall, Gullane, Haddingtonshire in 1820. His father George Dawson, his elder brother Thomas and his younger brother John were all racehorse trainers. He was apprenticed to his father and worked in 1838 for his brother Thomas at his stables at Middleham, North Yorkshire.

Training career
Dawson began training racehorses in Scotland in 1840, where his main patrons were Lord Kelburn and William Hope Johnstone. His most important winner in this period was The Era, who won the Northumberland Plate in 1845. He also sent a horse called Pathfinder to run in The Derby, but the horse finished last, almost a furlong behind the other runners.

In 1846, Dawson moved to England to become the stud manager and private trainer for Lord John Scott at Yew Tree Cottage at Compton, Berkshire. While working for Scott he recorded his first Royal Ascot win in 1851 and trained his first Classic winner when Catherine Hayes won The Oaks in 1853. When Scott sold his horses to James Merry in 1857, Dawson continued to train them but moved his base to Russley Park, near Lambourn. For Merry, Dawson trained Sunbeam to win the St Leger in 1858 and Thormanby to win the 1860 Derby.

In 1866, Dawson moved to Newmarket, basing himself first at St Mary's Square and then Heath House, where he had his greatest successes. His first important owners were the Dukes of Newcastle and Hamilton, but they were soon succeeded by Lord Falmouth. For Falmouth, Dawson trained the winners of fourteen classics between 1870 and 1883 including two Derbies with Kingcraft and Silvio. During this period he was also closely involved with the jockey Fred Archer who came to Dawson as an apprentice in 1868 and became his stable jockey in 1874.  Other important owners who sent their horses to Dawson included the Duke of Portland, for whom he trained St. Simon, who was ineligible for the Classics but was regarded by Dawson as the best horse he ever trained. Dawson trained a fourth Derby winner when Lord Hastings' colt Melton won in 1885.

In 1885, Dawson retired from large-scale training and moved to Exning Manor, which he renamed Melton House. Although he was now in charge of a much smaller number of horses, he continued to have considerable success, winning Classics with the fillies Mimi and Minthe and sending out Minting to win the Grand Prix de Paris. By 1891 Dawson intended to retire completely, but was persuaded to handle a few horses for Lord Rosebery. Now in his seventies, and often unable to walk because of chronic gout, Dawson won a further four Classics for Rosebery, including successive Derby winners in 1894 (Sir Visto) and 1895 (Ladas).

Mathew Dawson died at Newmarket on 20 August 1898. It was said of him that in an era in which the sport was often tainted by corruption and dishonesty, he left behind "a reputation which an archbishop might envy."

Family
Dawson married Mary Rose (d. 1895) in 1844. The couple had no children.  Dawson's nephew, George Dawson, took over Heath House after his uncle's semi-retirement and trained the winners of ten Classics including Ayrshire and Donovan.

References

Sources

British racehorse trainers
People from West Berkshire District
1820 births
1898 deaths

Mathew Dawson


Pengornis is the largest known enantiornithine bird from the Early Cretaceous of northeast China. The name derives from "Peng", which refers to a mythological bird from Chinese folklore, and "-ornis", which means bird in Greek.

Pengornis is known from a single adult fossil, described by Zhou et al. in 2008. This holotype is in the collection of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology in Beijing China. Its accession number is IVPP V15336. It was collected from the Jiufotang Formation, at Dapingfang, Chaoyang, Liaoning China. A second, juvenile specimen was described by Hu, Zhou, and O'Connor in 2014.

Pengornis shows characters of the humeral head, acromion, and anterior cervical vertebrae, that were previously known only in members of the Ornithurae. A phylogenetic analysis by Zhou et al. reduces to just three the number of characters that support enantiornithine monophyly. Thus, Pengornis supports the possibility that enantiornithines and Ornithurines may not be distinct clades.

References

Bird genera
Early Cretaceous birds of Asia
Enantiornitheans
Fossil taxa described in 2008

Pengornis


Marabella is a former town in southern Trinidad, between San Fernando (to the south) and Pointe-à-Pierre (to the north).  Early 19th-century maps highlighted it as Marabella Junction because of the railway intersection to Williamsville and other central areas. Originally a separate town, it was incorporated into the City of San Fernando in the 1990s.

Marabella was home to the Union Park Turf Club (a horse racing venue) later converted to the Manny Ramjohn Stadium, one of the five major stadiums in Trinidad and Tobago, the others being the Ato Boldon, Larry Gomes, Hasley Crawford and the Dwight Yorke Stadium.

Nicknamed "The City that Never Sleeps," the city is always active, as its nightlife of food vending and bars goes almost 24/7. Marabella provides a melting-pot for the wide ethnic groups to "lime" and "ole talk".

Marabella's location near the Solomon Hochoy highway and Southern Main Road makes accessibility to all parts of Trinidad easy. This accessibility combined with its commercial infrastructure makes Marabella a prime residential area. Today it is referred to as the "Commercial Hub of Southern Trinidad".

Marabella, like many other middle-class neighbourhoods in Trinidad, does have a contingent of its population living below the poverty line in areas such as Bay Road and "The Old Train Line".  Marabella is also known for its highly skilled sports personnel, among whom are Raphick Jumadeen (West Indies cricketer), Lloyd John (cyclist), Patricia Cheryl Dyette, Horace Tuitt (track and field), Richard Quanchan (national footballer and hockey player), Don Smith, Fitzroy Guiseppi, Roy Harry, and Johnny DePeiza (boxers). It was home to several steel orchestras such as Southern Marines, Scarlet Symphony, Joylanders, Avalons and Combos such as Ancil Wyatt, Magnets, Silhouettes, Jerry Stewart and Psychedelic Sounds.

Marabella is also boasts celebrity entertainers, including Jemel the Entertainer and DJ Floops

References

San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago
Neighbourhoods in Trinidad and Tobago

Marabella


Robby Krieger (born January 8, 1946) is an American guitar player.

The Doors
Robby was born in Los Angeles, California.

His career began in 1965 as a member of The Doors. They would become popular with their songs "Light My Fire", "Break On Through (To The Other Side)", and "Riders on the Storm".

The bands leader, Jim Morrison, died on the 4th of July 1971 in Paris, France from a heart attack that was led on by many years of Drug and Alcohol abuse. Although Morrison died, the Doors continued, releasing one more album before spliting up.

Morrison was inducted, as a member of The Doors, into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1993.

There is a 1991 movie about the Doors, also called The Doors. It was directed by Oliver Stone and had Frank Whaley portray Krieger.

1946 births
Living people
American guitarists
Musicians from Los Angeles
The Doors members

Robby Krieger


The MELS Movement of Botswana is an anti-revisionist Marxist-Leninist communist party in Botswana without parliamentary representation. Themba Joina, a practicing lawyer, is the president of the organization. The name MELS is derived from (Karl) Marx, (Friedrich) Engels, (Vladimir) Lenin and (Joseph) Stalin.

MELS emerged as a study group inspired by Mao Zedong and Pan-Africanism, founded at the Shashe Senior Secondary School in 1984. Its founding general secretary was Christopher Phatshwe. The basic political documents of the movement were drafted by Christopher Phatshswe and Thomson Proctor. Branches of the movement were formed at different educational institutions, such as the University of Botswana, Senior Secondary Schools and teacher training colleges. According to Joina, the group had contacts with the Black Consciousness Movement of Azania (BCM(A)) and the Pan-Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC) in neighbouring South Africa and MELS activists received political trainings from these groups. The MELS group constituting itself as a political party in 1994. Following Phatshwe's death, Mosalage Ditshoto became the new general secretary of the party. As of 2008, Mpho Mokano served as the youth secretary of the party.

The MELS Movement advocates socialist policies, calling for support to unemployed and the setting up of Student Representative Councils across the country. MELS Movement decries the Botswana Democratic Party rule as 'neo-colonial'. Regarding regional issues, MELS Movement opposes the positions of Ian Khama's government towards the political situation in Zimbabwe (charging the Botswana government with having sided with the Movement for Democratic Change in Zimbabwean politics). At the 2011 annual delegates conference of the party in Molepolole, Joina condemned the NATO attack on Libya and called on the African Union to intervene.

At the time of the 1994 parliamentary election MELS joined the United Democratic Front, a coalition of parties opposed to both the BDP and the BNF. No MELS nor any other UDF candidate was able to get elected.  The party contested the 1999 general election, but merely received twenty-two votes (0.01% of the national vote). Prior to the election, Joina stated that the party only possessed one campaign vehicle and thus party activists had to move by foot to reach voters. Following the election the MELS Movement candidate in the Gaborone West constituency, Ndiye Tlhatlogang, charged the Independent Electoral Commission with irregularities.

At the 2009 general election, the party presented candidates in four parliamentary constituencies and two in local constituencies. None were elected. In total the party got 292 votes (0.05% of the national vote). The party contested the 2010 by-election in the Tonota North parliamentary constituency, fielding Mbayani Tshekedi Phalalo as its candidate.

References

1984 establishments in Botswana
Anti-revisionist organizations
Stalinist parties
Maoist parties
Maoism in Africa
Communism in Botswana
Communist parties in Africa
Pan-Africanist political parties in Africa
Political parties established in 1994
Political parties in Botswana

MELS Movement of Botswana


My Girl and I (; lit. A Heavy Seas Warning) is a 2005 South Korean film directed by Jeon Yun-su. It is a remake of the Japanese film Crying Out Love, In the Center of the World, adapted from the novel Socrates in Love by Kyoichi Katayama.

Plot
The film starts in modern-day Korea, where Kim Su-ho (Cha Tae-hyun) returns to his hometown after ten years to attend a reunion with high school friends. As he walks he hears a female voice in his head calling out his name. Su-ho's friends doubt that he will attend the reunion, as he hasn't yet got over a girl. They say that day of their reunion is the anniversary of the death of a girl named Bae Su-eun (Song Hye-kyo). To everyone's surprise, Su-ho arrives, and after celebrating, they go to a lighthouse where Su-ho's friend upsets him by referring to Bae Su-eun, and he starts to cry. In a flashback, a younger Su-ho is rescued from drowning by a pretty girl. She loses her pager in the process of rescuing him but leaves. Su-ho then wakes up and thinks his friends saved him from drowning.

In the next scene, Su-ho and his classmates are singing in a music class, when he notices his classmate Su-eun staring at him. His friend says she always stares at him in class, and Su-ho starts to think she might be interested in him. Su-ho and Su-eun pass each other in the hallway, and she surprises him by asking him to buy her a croquette. He says that if they ate together,  people would think that they are dating. They eat together nonetheless, and the other students notice. Soon the captain of the judo club who had his eye on Su-eun finds Su-ho, and threatens him. Sun-ho immediately denies dating her. Su-eun arrives and tells the captain that they are indeed dating. The captain throws Su-ho down. Su-ho's friends arrive to rescue him and they escape by bike.

Su-ho and Su-eun stand near a lighthouse. Su-eun hints to Su-ho that she saved him but he doesn't understand. They watch the sunset together. Su-ho walks Su-eun home and she gives him her number. Although her beeper was lost, she can still receive and leave messages. That night, they confess their feelings for each other.

The next day, Su-ho is called out of class because his grandfather has collapsed. He quickly goes to his grandfather's but finds him well. It turns out he feigned illness to talk to Su-ho. Su-eun arrives with Su-ho's bag. Su-ho's grandfather shares his story. When he was young, Su-ho's grandfather joined the army. He was separated from his first love, Soon-im. He left her a necklace to remember him by. Years passed and he became an undertaker. He prepared a funeral for Soon-im's husband. They could not even say a word to each other and soon he married another woman, Su-ho's grandmother.

This story makes Su-ho realize that he loves Su-eun and wants to be with her. He leaves a message for Su-eun expressing his feelings, unaware that she is behind him until she replies, "Me too." From that day on, Su-ho and Su-eun are officially a couple. Su-ho's friends propose an overnight stay on Fog Island. As Su-ho and Su-eun arrive together at the pier, he finds out that his friends tricked him so he and Su-eun would have some time alone. On the island their love deepens, and they share their first kiss. The next day, Su-eun faints.
Su-ho rushes her to the hospital, visiting her every day. She turns out to be suffering from terminal leukemia. Her last wish is to return to their island.

Soon-im also had a last wish before she died: to be reunited with Su-ho's grandfather. He prepared her funeral and was reunited with his first love, who he had loved for 50 years. While Su-ho is visiting the hospital Su-eun expresses her wish, and he shows her two ferry tickets. However, a typhoon prevents the ferries from running. Su-ho desperately pleads with the authorities to let them travel. While they argue, Su-eun collapses.

In the present, Su-ho returns to Fog Island and finds Su-eun's bag. Her diary entry reveals that she had planted seeds on the hill during their visit. The flowers will be her gift to him. Su-ho goes to the hill, finding it covered with purple flowers.

Cast
 Song Hye-kyo as Bae Su-eun
 Cha Tae-hyun as Kim Su-ho
 Kim Hae-sook as Su-ho's mother
 Lee Soon-jae as Kim Man-geum, Su-ho's grandfather
 Song Chang-eui as Park Jong-goo, Su-ho's friend
 Park Hyo-jun as Oh Sung-jin, Su-ho's friend
 Kim Young-joon as Kim Hye-sung, Su-ho's friend
 Kim Shin-young as Su-ho's sister
 Moon Won-joo as Young-goo, judo captain
 Han Myeong-ku as Su-eun's father
 Moon Jung-hee as Soon-im / Soon-im's daughter
 Yoon Hee-won as young Kim Man-geum

References

External links

2005 films
2005 romantic drama films
South Korean romantic drama films
South Korean remakes of Japanese films
2000s Korean-language films
2000s South Korean films

My Girl and I


Finn Family Moomintroll (original Swedish title Trollkarlens hatt, 'The Magician's Hat'; US edition The Happy Moomins) is the third in the series of Tove Jansson's Moomins books, published in Swedish in 1948 and translated to English in 1950. It owes its title in translation to the fact that it was the first Moomin book to be published in English, and was actually marketed as the first in the series until the 1980s.

The 1961 English publication features a foreword "by Moominmamma", where she explains the nature of Moomins for fear that English children may not have heard of them; she also apologises for her "rottn" English. Otherwise, the book was translated by Elizabeth Portch.

The novel forms the basis of episodes 1–8 in the 1990 TV series.

Plot summary
Moomintroll, Sniff and Snufkin discover the Hobgoblin's top hat on a mountain-top, unaware of its strange powers. An egg shell discarded into the hat becomes five clouds the children ride and play with. Next day the clouds have disappeared and nobody knows where they came from. Moomintroll hides inside the hat during a game of hide-and-seek and is temporarily transformed beyond recognition.

Once they discover the magic powers of the hat and use it for a few transformations, the family resolves to get rid of it and throw it into the river. But Moomintroll and Snufkin recover it at night and hide it in the cave by the sea, where the Muskrat is spooked when his dentures transform into something mysterious and terrifying.

The Moomin Family travel to the Island of the Hattifatteners on a boat they have found, and the Moominhouse is transformed into a jungle when Moominmamma absent-mindedly drops a ball of poisonous pink perennials into the hat. At night the jungle withers, and it is used as firewood to cook the huge Mameluke that the children previously caught while fishing.

Thingumy and Bob arrive clutching a large suitcase containing the King's Ruby, which they stole from the Groke. After a court case (presided over by the Snork) the Groke agrees to exchange the ruby for the Hobgoblin's Hat.

Thingumy and Bob steal Moominmamma's handbag to use as a bed, but return it when they realise how upset she is.

The Moomins hold a party to celebrate the finding of Moominmamma's handbag, during which the Hobgoblin arrives (with a new hat) demanding the King's Ruby, but is refused by Thingumy and Bob.

To cheer himself up, the Hobgoblin grants everyone at the party a wish. Although not everyone gets exactly what they wished for, the Hobgoblin is delighted when Thingumy and Bob wish for a duplicate ruby to give him – the Queen's Ruby. (As it turns out, the Hobgoblin can grant the wishes of others, but not his own.)

Adaptations
A Finnish theatrical version of the book, presented in 1996–1997, has also been made in collaboration with the Friends of Moomins Association (Muumien ystävät -yhdistys) and the Tampere Theater. The play was dramatized by Annukka Kiuru and directed by Lisbeth Nyström. The music was composed by Heikki Mäenpää.

An audio book, complete and unabridged, narrated by Hugh Laurie, was released in 2002 by the BBC.

References

External links

 Official Moomin website in English
 The Moomin Trove
 Unofficial Moomin Character Guide

1948 children's books
1948 fantasy novels
20th-century Finnish novels
Moomin books
Swedish-language novels
1948 Finnish novels

Finn Family Moomintroll


Diario de América (America's Daily) is a Spanish-language opinion journal about politics, economics, culture and social issues, published in the United States.

Its contents are updated daily with opinion pieces by columnists from Latin America, Europe and the United States.

It was founded as El Iberoamericano on Columbus Day, 2004, and in its relatively short lifetime it has become a vehicle of opinion in several Spanish-speaking countries and among the U.S. Hispanic community.

Diario de América's "Declaration of Purpose" cites as its main objective "the dissemination of opinions whose essential purpose is the defense of the cause of human freedom." Its editorial line can be described as libertarian, conservative and strongly influenced by Western thought, upholding the values of individual autonomy, private property and a laissez-faire economic policy.

Its founder and editor-in-chief is Pablo Kleinman.

External links

Libertarian magazines published in the United States
Online magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 2004
Magazines published in Los Angeles
Spanish-language magazines
Spanish-language mass media in California

Diario de América


Pietro Pinna (5 January 1927 - 13 April 2016) was an Italian non-violence activist. He is considered the first person against military service in Italy.

Life
He was born in Finale Ligure, from Sardinia. Pinna lived in Ferrara when, at the end of 1948, he was drafted. Becoming strongly anti-militarist after experiencing the horrors of the Second World War, and influenced by the thought of Aldo Capitini, he decided to refuse to serve as a military service, going down in history as the first conscientious objector of Italy for political reasons.

After a trial for disobedience (art. 173 military criminal code of peace ) , he was sentenced to prison for a first time for ten months, and then for another eight. At the trial he was defended by the lawyer Bruno Segre, who will become one of the most famous Italian defenders in the field of conscientious objection.

Thanks to the echo given by Capitini to his disobedience, the case took on international significance. Pinna received a telegram of support from the First Lagy Wilson and the daughter of Leone Tolstoy, Tatiana Tolstoy Suhotin , wrote that she had "cried with joy reading what these brave young people are doing". In addition, twenty-three British parliamentarians, chaired by the Labor Reverend Reginald W. Sorensen, signed a letter addressed to Prime Minister De Gasperi to intercede on his behalf.

Pinna later became one of Capitini's closest collaborators, with whom he organized the first Perugia-Assisi March for Peace in 1961. He continued to work in the nonviolent movement throughout his life, becoming national secretary from 1968 to 1976. He was editor in chief of the magazine Nonviolent Action until his death, which occurred on April 13, 2016.

He risked jail for his nonviolent actions. On 17 January 1973, former secretary of the Nonviolent Movement , following a posting against the celebration of the Armed Forces on 4 November ("Not a party but mourning"), he was arrested in Perugia and sentenced for direct contempt of the Armed Forces. Following the demonstrations that took place in his support in various cities, he was freed four weeks later at the request of clemency by the President of the Republic Giovanni Leone.

In April 1979 he was sentenced by the Court of Appeal of Trieste to an 8-month prison sentence for a roadblock, a sentence which was later pardoned.

He was among the organizers of the Catania-Comiso March (24 December 1982 - 3 January 1983) to protest against the installation of the US missile base, the first concrete action of nonviolent struggle against military installations in Italy.

In 2008 he was awarded the National Nonviolence Award.

In 2012 the Faculty of Law of the University of Pisa awarded him an honorary degree in Peace Sciences.

Pietro Pinna died on April 13, 2016 in Florence.

References

1927 births
2016 deaths
Italian human rights activists
People from Liguria

Pietro Pinna