Mary Geneva "Mamie" Eisenhower (; November 14, 1896 – November 1, 1979) was the first lady of the United States from 1953 to 1961 as the wife of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. Born in Boone, Iowa, she was raised in a wealthy household in Colorado. She married Eisenhower, then a lieutenant in the United States Army, in 1916. She kept house and served as hostess for military officers as they moved between various postings in the United States, Panama, the Philippines, and France. Their relationship was complicated by his regular absences on duty and by the death of their firstborn son at the age of three. She became a prominent figure during World War II as General Eisenhower's wife.

As first lady, Eisenhower was given near total control over the expenses and scheduling of the White House. She closely managed the staff, and her frugality was apparent in White House budgeting throughout her tenure. She entertained many foreign heads of state in her role as hostess. She showed little interest in politics and was rarely involved in political discussion, though she did support soldiers' welfare and civil rights causes. She had poor balance due to Ménière's disease, giving rise to rumors of alcoholism. She was a popular first lady, and recognized as a fashion icon, known for her iconic bangs and frequent use of the color pink. The Eisenhowers were married for 52 years, until Dwight's death in 1969. She spent most of her retirement and widowhood at the family farm in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, before returning to Washington in her final years, where she died in 1979.

Early life

Mary Geneva "Mamie" Doud was born in Boone, Iowa, as the second child of meatpacking executive John Sheldon Doud and his wife Elivera Mathilda Carlson. She grew up in Cedar Rapids, Iowa; Colorado Springs, Colorado; Denver, Colorado; and the Doud winter home in San Antonio, Texas. Her mother was a daughter of Swedish immigrants, and Swedish was often spoken at home. Her father ran a meatpacking company founded by his father, Doud & Montgomery, until he retired at age 36. He also had investments in Illinois and Iowa stockyards, producing a sizeable fortune. His wealth provided the family with many comforts, including servants who tended to their needs and connections with high society.

Mamie had three sisters: her older sister, Eleanor Carlson Doud, and her two younger sisters, Eda Mae Doud and Mabel Frances "Mike" Doud. The family was beset by tragedy early in Mamie's life when Eleanor died at age 17. Their parents operated under a strict separation of spheres, whereby the father made decisions for the family and the business and the mother ran the household. Having a staff to tend to the household's needs, Mamie never learned to keep house, a skill she would have to learn from her husband. She came down with a severe case of rheumatic fever as a child, bringing about lifelong health concerns. Though her education was limited, her father taught her to manage budgeting and finance. Her family traveled extensively, and when she grew older, she was sent to Wolcott School for Girls for finishing school.

Marriage and family

Marriage

Doud had many suitors, but she began courting Dwight D. "Ike" Eisenhower in 1915, who at the time was a second lieutenant. They were introduced while the Douds were visiting a friend at Fort Sam Houston. He broke convention by inviting her to tour the facility with him while he made his rounds. She was immediately infatuated with him, but turned him down when he asked her on a date. He pursued her for the following month as she courted other suitors before they began to date exclusively, and they were engaged on the Valentine's Day, 1916. Ike initially gave her a miniature of his West Point class ring, as was customary. At her request, he later gave her a full-size ring, and he formally asked permission to marry her on Saint Patrick's Day. Mamie celebrated both Valentine's Day and Saint Patrick's Day as anniversaries of their engagement.

Mamie's father agreed to the marriage on the condition that Eisenhower did not enter the Army Air Service, as he considered it too dangerous. Apprehension of American entry into World War I accelerated their plans to wed, and they were married at the Doud family's home in Denver on July 1, 1916. They went on honeymoon and visited Ike's parents in Abilene, Kansas, before returning to Fort Sam Houston, where Ike was stationed. Mamie also met Ike's brother, Milton S. Eisenhower, who became a close friend to Mamie.

Army wife
Eisenhower lived the life of an army wife over the following years, continually moving as her husband was stationed at different posts. Over the course of Ike's 37 years in the military, they lived in 33 different homes. During some of these postings, she participated in community projects, such as the establishment of a hospital in Panama. Their military housing was often meager, and she was tasked with furnishing their temporary homes and making them livable. The Eisenhowers regularly entertained wherever they lived, and their home came to be known as "Club Eisenhower". Mamie often attended card parties and luncheons with officers' wives, befriending many of them, but had little patience for the gossip and intrigue that sometimes took place, refusing to take part in it.

Eisenhower no longer had the comforts that she had grown accustomed to in childhood. They had to survive on Ike's military pay and occasional support from Mamie's father. Ike and Mamie were often both physically and emotionally distant from each other, and Mamie experienced bouts of depression throughout her time as an army wife. She had to grow accustomed to fear and loneliness during periods of separation while her husband was traveling for the army, and Ike once told her that his duty would "always come first".

The Eisenhowers had two sons. Their first, Doud Dwight "Icky" Eisenhower, was born on September 24, 1917. Having to care for him on her own despite her weak health, Mamie worked herself to exhaustion. Icky died of scarlet fever at age three on January 2, 1921. Mamie was devastated, and had little to distract herself from the tragedy. Their second son, John Sheldon Doud Eisenhower, was born in Denver on August 3, 1922. His birth helped alleviate some of the depression brought about by her firstborn's death and her separations from Ike, and she doted on John well into adulthood. John served in the military, was the United States Ambassador to Belgium, and wrote several books.

In 1922, Ike was stationed in Panama, and Mamie struggled in the jungle environment. They went to Denver shortly before John's birth, and Mamie stayed behind after Ike returned to Panama. She rejoined him in Panama two months later, accompanied by a nurse the family had hired to help raise John. On the advice of the wife of General Fox Conner, Mamie took interest in Ike's career and presented herself as a supportive military wife, strengthening their relationship. In 1928, she encouraged her husband to take a position in Paris instead of in the War Department. She hosted increasingly important guests as her husband's military career progressed. When Ike was appointed as aide to General Douglas MacArthur in 1929, the family moved to Washington, D.C., and "Club Eisenhower" became a popular social hub for the city's elite. She initially chose to stay in Washington when her husband was stationed in the Philippines in 1935, and their relationship was strained by the time she joined him the following year. The family returned to the U.S. shortly after the onset of World War II in 1939.

General's wife

During World War II, while promotion and fame came to Ike, his wife lived in Washington, D.C. During the three years Ike was stationed in Europe, Mamie saw him only once. She made her own contributions to the war effort, volunteering anonymously for the American Women's Voluntary Services and the United Service Organizations, among other groups. Mamie constantly worried about her husband's safety while he led the war effort in Europe, and was regularly accosted by reporters, causing her to lose 20 pounds during the war. Rumors emerged that she was an alcoholic, though no evidence supported this claim. Her struggle was further complicated by Ike's close relationship with his chauffeur, Kay Summersby; she had become a close confidante of Ike's, and rumors emerged that he had taken her as a mistress. Ike's military success and his subsequent memoirs provided the couple with financial stability after the war.

After Ike became president of Columbia University in 1948, the Eisenhowers purchased a farm (now the Eisenhower National Historic Site) at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. It was the first home they had ever owned. She continued in her hosting duties, this time for faculty wives and large donors in addition to the friends her husband had made in the military. Ike was then made commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization forces, and their return to Paris delayed work on their dream home, which was not completed until 1955. In Europe, the two regularly received royals, and Mamie was awarded the Cross of Merit for her role in her husband's military success. When Ike agreed to run in the 1952 presidential election, Mamie campaigned for him. She appeared to enjoy campaigning, and was popular among voters. She sometimes subverted her husband's campaign managers' wishes, making speaking appearances without their knowledge and suggesting changes to his speeches.

First Lady of the United States

White House hostess

Eisenhower became first lady as the position first began to present a national public image. She maligned the attention associated with the role, insisting that her husband was the public figure of the family and generally refusing to take on duties outside the White House. She maintained distance from the press, avoiding interviews and having her secretary Mary Jane McCaffree address reporters in her stead. She also declined a request to write a column for the New York Herald Tribune, and held only one press conference during her tenure. She was friendly with reporters when they did interact, insisting that they address her as Mamie. Her ambivalence toward the press did not extend toward photographers, whom she readily accommodated. She also wrote a personal response to every letter she received and sometimes passed on concerns the letters raised.

Despite her reservations about public life, Eisenhower enjoyed her role as a hostess. During her time as first lady, she entertained many heads of state. In total, she entertained about 70 official foreign visitors. She was a capable hostess, having spent much of her adult life hosting as a military wife. She hosted social events full time and reveled in the pageantry associated with the presidency. Eisenhower was lauded for her social prowess, greeting and shaking hands with thousands of people during her tenure as first lady. When entertaining, she prioritized comfort and popular taste over prestige. She often employed male quartets and musicians such as Fred Waring to perform for guests at the White House.

Media coverage of Eisenhower was generally favorable, focusing on her personality and charm rather than politics or scandal.

Managing the White House
Eisenhower took naturally to managing the White House and its staff, drawing on her experience as an army wife. She had a strained relationship with the staff after taking charge, having imposed many rules to liken them to more traditional house staff and managing them closely. Over time she built relationships with the staff, treating them as family and even celebrating their birthdays. When their house in Gettysburg was completed in 1955, they celebrated by throwing a housewarming party for the White House staff. Eisenhower typically managed the White House from her bedroom, staying in bed due to her poor health. The Eisenhowers were accustomed to splitting their responsibilities, and Mamie was given total authority over house spending and scheduling. She had developed a strict frugality as an army wife, and micromanaged White House expenses. She was known for her frugality, and even clipped coupons for the White House staff. Her recipe for "Mamie's million dollar fudge" was reproduced by housewives all over the country after it was published.

During her tenure, she had several rooms redecorated in her favorite colors, pink and green. Eisenhower was especially active during the Christmas season, during which she had the White House heavily decorated for the occasion and bought gifts for the White House staff. In 1958, she was also reported to be the first person to initiate Halloween decorations for the White House. Her attempts to decorate the White House were complicated by lack of federal funding, and many of her changes depended on private donations. She dedicated much time to the flower arrangements of the White House, favoring gladioli. Her possessiveness over White House decor sometimes caused conflict with the staff, as it contradicted the recognized norm that the first family were residents rather than owners of the White House. She held great reverence for the building, saying that she "never drove up to the south portico without a lump coming to [her] throat".

When Ike had a heart attack in 1955, Mamie helped keep him warm and get him medical attention. Afterward, she regularly tended to him, limiting his work schedule, managing his diet, and taking his mail. She also had a room set aside upstairs in the White House where he could practice his painting in solitude. She gave him strong emotional support at a time when he lacked the energy or desire to carry out his responsibilities as president. When it was unclear whether Ike would run for reelection in 1956 due to his health, Mamie encouraged him to run. She was protective of him during his periods of illness, at one point informing Pat Nixon without his knowledge that he was not healthy enough to campaign for Richard Nixon in the 1960 presidential election. Mamie also had medical concerns of her own; among others, she was uneasy on her feet due to Ménière's disease, an inner-ear disorder that affects equilibrium, which fed rumors that she had a drinking problem.

Politics
Eisenhower had little interest in the presidency's political aspects, and was never directly involved in her husband's decisions. She entered the West Wing of the White House only four times during her tenure. This lack of political involvement contributed to her subservient image that protected her from heavy media scrutiny and bolstered her popularity. The main political cause that interested her was social issues, including women's issues and civil rights. She expressed a desire to see women elected to Congress, and sponsored several women's clubs. She also invited Black women to the White House, including Marian Anderson and the National Council of Negro Women. Other causes she supported include soldiers' benefits, civil defense, blood drives, and the United Nations. After her husband's heart attack, she chaired fundraising for the American Heart Association. The president also consulted her at times on economic issues, having depended on her for finance throughout their marriage.

Her control over the guest list and social scheduling allowed Eisenhower some degree of political influence. When organizing the 1953 annual vice president's dinner, she invited every senator except Joseph McCarthy, allowing the president to maintain distance from McCarthy without taking a stance. When the President of Haiti visited the White House, she ensured he would be received with full honors to celebrate the first Black head of state to visit the White House. Most of her influence in the Oval Office came through her social role; she made a point of knowing the president's cabinet members and support staff, and congratulated them and their wives on successes to improve morale.

Eisenhower was reportedly unhappy with the idea of John F. Kennedy coming into office following her husband's term and expressed displeasure about new First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, calling her "the college girl". Jacqueline Kennedy had given birth to John Jr. via caesarean section two weeks before a planned tour of the White House, but Mamie did not inform her that a wheelchair was available for her to use while showing her the various sections of the White House. Seeing Eisenhower's displeasure during the tour, Kennedy kept her composure in Eisenhower's presence, collapsing in private once she returned home. When Eisenhower was later asked why she would do such a thing, she replied, "Because she never asked."

Later life

In 1961, Eisenhower retired with the former president to Gettysburg, their first permanent home. They also had a retirement home in Palm Desert, California. She made appearances on occasion for the Kennedy administration, including a fundraiser for the National Cultural Center and a state dinner with the Prime Minister of Japan. As her husband was dying, legislation passed that guaranteed lifetime Secret Service protection for presidential widows. Following Ike's death in March 1969, Mamie went to Belgium, where their son was serving as ambassador. After returning to the U.S., she continued to live full-time on the farm until she took an apartment in Washington, D.C., as her health declined in the late 1970s. She often stayed in her bedroom after her husband's death while Secret Service agents supported her.

Eisenhower remained close to the Nixon family after her tenure as first lady, and her grandson married the Nixons' daughter in 1968. She appeared in a commercial to support Richard Nixon's reelection in the 1972 presidential election, and the Nixons regularly invited Mamie to the White House throughout the Nixon presidency. She took stronger political stances later in life; she supported the Vietnam War, though she recognized the hardship faced by American soldiers, and opposed the women's liberation movement. She supported Dick Thornburgh for governor of Pennsylvania, and George H. W. Bush in the 1980 Republican Party presidential primaries. In 1973, Eisenhower finally addressed rumors of alcoholism in an interview, explaining the nature of her vertigo. Rumors of Ike's alleged affair with Kay Summersby reemerged in the 1970s, though Mamie continued to say that she did not believe them.

Death
Eisenhower had a stroke on September 25, 1979. She was rushed to Walter Reed Army Medical Center, where her husband had died a decade before. Eisenhower remained in the hospital, and on October 31, announced to her granddaughter Mary Jean that she would die the next day. She died in her sleep on the morning of November 1. A memorial service was held in the Fort Myer chapel on November 5 with attendants including the Nixons, Rosalynn Carter, Senator Jacob Javits, Federal Reserve Chair Arthur F. Burns, and Eisenhower's Secret Service agents. She was buried beside her husband in his hometown of Abilene, Kansas.

Legacy

Eisenhower's birthplace is open to the public and operated by the Mamie Doud Eisenhower Foundation. Places bearing the name Mamie Eisenhower include a park in Denver and a library in the Denver suburb of Broomfield, Colorado. She was inducted into the Colorado Women's Hall of Fame in 1985.

Impact on fashion
Eisenhower was known for her sense of fashion, and many women adopted her style. The New York Dress Institute named her one of the 12 best-dressed women in the country every year that she was first lady. Her style was known as the "Mamie Look"; it involved a full-skirted dress, pink gloves, charm bracelets, pearls, little hats, purses, and bobbed, banged hair. Her style was associated with Dior's postwar "New Look", and included both high- and low-end items. Her frugality affected her style, as she often sought out bargains and kept clothes long after buying them.

Eisenhower wore a Nettie Rosenstein gown to the 1953 inaugural balls, a pink peau de soie gown embroidered with more than 2,000 rhinestones. It is one of the most popular of the Smithsonian National Museum of American History's collection of inaugural gowns. Eisenhower paired it with matching gloves, and jewelry by Trifari. She carried a beaded purse by Judith Leiber (then an employee of Nettie Rosenstein). Her shoes by Delman had her name printed on the left instep. Eisenhower first adopted her iconic bangs while Ike was stationed in Panama; she found that the hairstyle helped her keep cool in the tropical environment, and decided to keep it after returning to the United States. She owned many cosmetics and perfumes, and often visited a beauty spa to maintain her appearance. Eisenhower's fondness for a specific shade of pink, often called "First Lady" or "Mamie" pink, kicked off a national trend for pink clothing, housewares, and bathrooms.

Historical assessments
Eisenhower is remembered neither as a traditionalist like Bess Truman nor as an activist like Eleanor Roosevelt. Her tenure occurred at a time when the role was undergoing major changes and growing in prominence. Her influence on the Eisenhower administration was reserved, respecting a strict division between her husband's public life and their home life. To the public she symbolized the glamor, style, and growth associated with the United States in the 1950s. She played the role of the "perfect wife" of her era: highly feminine, subservient to her husband, and focused on the household. The most significant effect she had on the position of first lady was the organization of a dedicated personal staff that became the Office of the First Lady of the United States.

Since 1982, Siena College Research Institute has periodically conducted a survey asking historians to assess American first ladies according to a cumulative score on their background, value to the country, intelligence, courage, accomplishments, integrity, leadership, being their own women, public image, and value to the president. Eisenhower has been ranked:

In an additional question accompanying the 2014 survey, Eisenhower placed third among 20th- and 21st-century first ladies who historians felt could have done more. In the 2014 survey, Eisenhower and her husband were also ranked 14th out of 39 first couples in terms of being a "power couple".

References

Bibliography

Further reading
 Holt, Marilyn Irvin. Mamie Doud Eisenhower: The General's First Lady. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2007.
 Kimball, D. L. I Remember Mamie. Fayette, IA: Trends & Events, 1981.

External links

 Mamie Eisenhower Letters at Gettysburg College
 Mamie Eisenhower at C-SPAN's First Ladies: Influence & Image

1896 births
1979 deaths
20th-century American people
20th-century American women
20th-century Presbyterians
American Presbyterians
American people in the American Philippines
American people of English descent
American people of Swedish descent
Burials in Kansas
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Eisenhower family
First ladies of the United States
Iowa Republicans
Pennsylvania Republicans
People from Boone, Iowa
People from Cedar Rapids, Iowa
People from Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
People from Palm Desert, California
People with Ménière's disease
Washington, D.C., Republicans

Mamie Eisenhower


Québec-Comté (or Quebec County) was a former provincial electoral district in the Capitale-Nationale region of Quebec, Canada.  It was located in the general area of Quebec County, one of the historic counties of Quebec. It elected members to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec.

It was created for the 1867 election.  Its final election was in 1962.  It disappeared in the 1966 election and its successor electoral district was Chauveau.

Members of the Legislative Assembly
 Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau, Conservative Party (1867–1873)
 Pierre Garneau, Conservative Party (1873–1878)
 David Alexander Ross, Liberal (1878–1881)
 Pierre Garneau, Conservative Party (1881–1886)
 Thomas Chase Casgrain, Conservative Party (1886–1890)
 Charles Fitzpatrick, Liberal (1890–1896)
 Némèse Garneau, Liberal (1897–1901)
 Cyril Fraser Delâge, Liberal (1901–1916)
 Aurèle Leclerc, Liberal (1916–1923)
 Ludger Bastien, Conservative Party (1924–1927)
 Joseph-Ephraim Bedard, Liberal (1927–1935)
 Francis Byrne, Liberal (1935–1936)
 Adolphe Marcoux, Union Nationale (1936–1939)
 François-Xavier Bouchard, Liberal (1939–1944)
 René Chaloult, Nationaliste - Independent (1944–1952)
 Jean-Jacques Bédard, Liberal (1952–1956)
 Émilien Rochette, Union Nationale (1956–1960)
 Jean-Jacques Bédard, Liberal (1960–1966)

Election results

^ UN change is compared to ALN.

References
Election results
 Election results (National Assembly)

Former provincial electoral districts of Quebec

Québec-Comté (provincial electoral district)


Sidney Schacht (February 3, 1918 – March 30, 1991) was an American professional baseball player. Born in Bogota, New Jersey, he was Jewish. He was a right-handed pitcher who appeared in 19 games in the Major Leagues for the St. Louis Browns (1950–1951) and Boston Braves (1951). He was listed at  tall and . He was not related to Al Schacht, the former pitcher and coach known as "the Clown Prince of Baseball."

Baseball career
Schacht did not begin his professional baseball career until 1947, when he was 29 years old.  He signed with the minor league Stamford Bombers of the Class B Colonial League.  Then living in The Bronx and caring for his ailing mother, Schacht commuted 25 miles (40 km) one-way to pitch for the Bombers, and won 18 of 25 decisions with a sparkling 2.94 earned run average.  The following year, Schacht dropped his ERA to 2.09, although he went only 7–8.  His contract was then acquired by the Boston Red Sox, where in 1949 he compiled a 20–5 record in a season split between the Class A Eastern League and the Double-A Southern Association–19 of those victories coming in the EL for the Scranton Red Sox. At year's end, he was selected by the Browns in the 1949 Rule 5 draft.

He made the Browns' roster out of spring training and worked in eight big-league games during the  season's early months.  His only starting pitcher assignment came May 29 against another second-division club, the Chicago White Sox, and Schacht retired only two batters, allowing three hits, two bases on balls and four earned runs.  He also was hit hard in relief appearances by the eventual world champion New York Yankees and first-division Red Sox.  Schacht was then optioned to the Triple-A Kansas City Blues, where he pitched effectively despite a losing record.

In , he again began the year on the Browns' 28-man roster, and earned his only MLB save on April 29 against the Cleveland Indians. However, Schacht was ineffective in three of his five appearances. He was placed on waivers when the rosters were cut to 25 men in mid-May and picked up by the National League Boston Braves. In six games for Boston during May and June, all in relief, Schacht allowed only one earned run, but earned two losses and then was optioned to the Triple-A Milwaukee Brewers. He went 4–1 for the minor-league Brewers, but retired from the game at age 33, after five professional seasons.  In 21⅓ innings pitched in Major League Baseball, Schacht allowed 44 hits, 21 bases on balls (compiling a WHIP of 3.047) and 34 earned runs, with 12 strikeouts and an earned run average of 14.34.

He died at age 73 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.

References

External links

1918 births
1991 deaths
Birmingham Barons players
Boston Braves players
Jewish American baseball players
Jewish Major League Baseball players
Kansas City Blues (baseball) players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Milwaukee Brewers (minor league) players
People from Bogota, New Jersey
St. Louis Browns players
Scranton Red Sox players
Baseball players from Bergen County, New Jersey
Baseball players from New York City
20th-century American Jews
Stamford Pioneers players

Sid Schacht


Enconcept E-Academy()  is an English language tutorial school under the Office of the Private Education Commission, Ministry of Education, Thailand. Its main office is located at LearnBalance Building, Bangkok, Thailand.

Enconcept E-Academy was established by Tanate Ua-Apithorn and Arisara Tanapakit in March 1995. Dhammasak Ua-Apithorn is general manager.

The academy has 40 branches nationwide.

History

First era (1995-1999)

Enconcept E-Academy was established in March, 1995 at Soi Watphaitan, Bangkok. The school opened for upper secondary school level tutorial in  subjects such as English, French, Social Studies, Thai, and Mathematics. It began with seven students but grew to 400. Later, it focused on the English language led by Ms. Arisara Tanapakit or Kru P'Nan.

In 1999, the academy started to compose music for English teaching based on Edutainment principle. The first song composed was 'Kong Keaw'  (Be concerned with) and another song is 'Noom Seven' (A 7/11 guy). The teaching practice accompanied by the songs became popular among students. As a result, the academy produced more songs by combining vocabulary, conversation, grammar, and word roots into the songs. The songs usually talk about teenager lives such as love and fashion using folk song, hip-hop, pop, and rock. The songs were named Memolody, coined by blending 'memory' and 'melody' together. Now Enconcept E-Academy has more than 260 memolodies, covering more than 3,000 English vocabularies.

The number of students enrolled increased from 400 to 2,000 within 2 years.

While most of tutorial schools use mimeograph or paper copying, Enconcept distributed textbooks by offset printing.  The  Academic Division and Creative Division are the ones accountable for the learning materials. Some of textbooks were printed with a special color to be accompanied with a color filter paper which is used for Stereogram to cover English vocabulary items.   The academy has produced approximately 200 English learning textbooks.
At the end of 2009, Enconcept E-Academy had 30 branches.

Second era (2000-2007)

Enconcept E-Academy has provided live teaching and video recordings in a similar way to other tutorial schools. In 2003, the academy was the first tutorial school to employ the MPEG2 (Super VCD) recording which gave a better visual display and sound than the VHS system.

In 2004, the academy developed the class recording system with DVD and installed the Smart Board system to increase learning efficiency since digital file formats could be used as teaching materials.
Enconcept E-Academy has also developed Student Call Center, Learning on demand, server set-up, registration system and payment system to support the branch expansion.

In 2006, Enconcept E-Academy expanded its branches to 19 provinces, together 26 branches. In the same year, E-Live system was introduced into the instruction to broadcast the teaching and academic events to all branches over the country. By this way, the students would have a chance to interact with the edutainers and other students in different branches such as asking questions via SMS, Call Center, Web site, and E-mail. Furthermore, Enconcept initiated the use of Boost Back-up, CD Multimedia for practicing listening and speaking English with native speakers in a small amount of time.

Enconcept E-Academy has 35 branches.

Third era (2008-present)
In 2008 the academy invested 25 million Baht to build educational technology "SELF" (Student Extensive Learning Fitness), which is multimedia for learning English outside the classroom. It has a translation of the article and reads the article out loud with different accents of English. SELF facilitates listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills.

My Coach is an online program that enables communication between teacher and learners. A proficiency measure helps students recognize their  level compared to other groups.
In 2009, the Ministry of Education issued a temporary shutdown order to the tutorial schools to avoid the spread of H1N1 influenza virus.  However, Enconcept E-Academy lessened the impact because SELF was used from the student's home. The academy has opened the Integrated TOEFL iBT Online Course in which students learn with high quality in visual and audio from homes.

List of Executives
 Mr. Tanate Ua-Apithorn
 Dr. Dhammasak Ua-Apithorn
 Ms. Arisara Tanapakit

Educational Technology
The school uses the SmartBoard and E-Studio system, which allows broadcasting all over the country.

E-Live
The E-Live System and WAN Link (Wide Area Network) is used to broadcast teaching and academic events to branches over the country through a fiber optic system. This gives the students immediate interaction with other students in different branches such as asking questions via SMS.

School activities

In popular culture
 "Kru P'Nan Arisara Tanapakit more than a teacher" in Woody Talk, Channel 9 MCOT, on May 31, 2015
 "Kru P'Nan Arisara Tanapakit Talk show" in Tonight Show, Channel 3, on March 17, 2014
 "Kru P'Nan Arisara Tanapakit Sud Yod Diew Karn Sorn Pasa Angrit (Supreme Solo English Teaching)" in VIP TV program, Channel 9, on January 18, 2010

References

Schools in Thailand

Enconcept E-Academy


Sir William Henry Bragg  (2 July 1862 – 12 March 1942) was an English physicist, chemist, mathematician, and active sportsman who uniquely shared a Nobel Prize with his son Lawrence Bragg – the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics: "for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays". The mineral Braggite is named after him and his son. He was knighted in 1920.

Biography

Early years
Bragg was born at Westward, near Wigton, Cumberland, England, the son of Robert John Bragg, a merchant marine officer and farmer, and his wife Mary née Wood, a clergyman's daughter. When Bragg was seven years old, his mother died, and he was raised by his uncle, also named William Bragg, at Market Harborough, Leicestershire. He was educated at the Grammar School there, at King William's College on the Isle of Man and, having won an exhibition (scholarship), at Trinity College, Cambridge. He graduated in 1884 as third wrangler, and in 1885 was awarded a first class honours in the mathematical tripos.

University of Adelaide
In 1885, at the age of 23, Bragg was appointed (Sir Thomas) Elder Professor of Mathematics and Experimental Physics in the University of Adelaide, Australia, and started work there early in 1886. Being a skilled mathematician, at that time he had limited knowledge of physics, most of which was in the form of applied mathematics he had learnt at Trinity. Also at that time, there were only about a hundred students doing full courses at Adelaide, of whom less than a handful belonged to the science school, whose deficient teaching facilities Bragg improved by apprenticing himself to a firm of instrument makers. Bragg was an able and popular lecturer; he encouraged the formation of the student union, and the attendance, free of charge, of science teachers at his lectures.

Bragg's interest in physics developed, particularly in the field of electromagnetism.  In 1895, he was visited by Ernest Rutherford, en route from New Zealand to Cambridge; this was the commencement of a lifelong friendship. Bragg had a keen interest in the new discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Röntgen. On 29 May 1896 at Adelaide, Bragg demonstrated before a meeting of local doctors the application of "X-rays to reveal structures that were otherwise invisible". Samuel Barbour, senior chemist of F. H. Faulding & Co., an Adelaide pharmaceutical manufacturer, supplied the necessary apparatus in the form of a Crookes tube, a glass discharge tube. The tube had been obtained at Leeds, England, where Barbour visited the firm of Reynolds and Branson, a manufacturer of photographic and laboratory equipment. Barbour returned to Adelaide in April 1896. Barbour had conducted his own experiments shortly after return to Australia, but results were limited due to limited battery power. At the University, the tube was attached to an induction coil and a battery borrowed from Sir Charles Todd, Bragg's father-in-law. The induction coil was utilized to produce the electric spark necessary for Bragg and Barbour to "generate short bursts of X-rays". The audience was favorably impressed. Bragg availed himself as a test subject, in the manner of Röntgen and allowed an X-ray photograph to be taken of his hand. The image of the fingers in his hand revealed "an old injury to one of his fingers sustained when using the turnip chopping machine on his father's farm in Cumbria".

As early as 1895, Professor William H. (later Sir William) Bragg was working on wireless telegraphy, though public lectures and demonstrations focussed on his X-ray research which would later lead to his Nobel Prize. In a hurried visit by Rutherford, he was reported as working on a Hertzian oscillator. There were many common practical threads to the two technologies and he was ably assisted in the laboratory by Arthur Lionel Rogers who manufactured much of the equipment. On 21 September 1897 Bragg gave the first recorded public demonstration of the working of wireless telegraphy in Australia during a lecture meeting at the University of Adelaide as part of the Public Teachers' Union conference. Bragg departed Adelaide in December 1897, and spent all of 1898 on a 12-month leave of absence, touring Great Britain and Europe and during this time visited Marconi and inspected his wireless facilities. He returned to Adelaide in early March 1899, and already on 13 May 1899, Bragg and his father-in-law, Sir Charles Todd, were conducting preliminary tests of wireless telegraphy with a transmitter at the Observatory and a receiver on the South Road (about 200 metres). Experiments continued throughout the southern winter of 1899 and the range was progressively extended to Henley Beach. In September the work was extended to two way transmissions with the addition of a second induction coil loaned by Mr. Oddie of Ballarat. It was desired to extend the experiments cross a sea path and Todd was interested in connecting Cape Spencer and Althorpe Island, but local costs were considered prohibitive while the charges for patented equipment from the Marconi Company were exorbitant. At the same time Bragg's interests were leaning towards X-rays and practical work in wireless in South Australia was largely dormant for the next decade.

The turning-point in Bragg's career came in 1904 when he gave the presidential address to section A of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science at Dunedin, New Zealand, on "Some Recent Advances in the Theory of the Ionization of Gases". This idea was followed up "in a brilliant series of researches" which, within three years, earned him a fellowship of the Royal Society of London. This paper was also the origin of his first book Studies in Radioactivity (1912). Soon after the delivery of his 1904 address, some radium bromide was made available to Bragg for experimentation. In December 1904 his paper "On the Absorption of α Rays and on the Classification of the α Rays from Radium" appeared in the Philosophical Magazine, and in the same issue a paper "On the Ionization Curves of Radium", written in collaboration with his student Richard Kleeman, also appeared.

At the end of 1908, Bragg returned to England. During his 23 years in Australia "he had seen the number of students at the University of Adelaide almost quadruple, and had a full share in the development of its excellent science school." He had returned to England on the maiden voyage of the SS Waratah, a ship which vanished at sea on its second voyage the next year. He had been alarmed at the ship's tendency to list during his voyage, and had concluded that the ship's metacentre was just below her centre of gravity. In 1911, he testified his belief that the Waratah was unstable at the Inquiry into the ship's disappearance.

University of Leeds

Bragg occupied the Cavendish chair of physics at the University of Leeds from 1909 until 1915. He continued his work on X-rays with much success. He invented the X-ray spectrometer and with his son, Lawrence Bragg, then a research student at Cambridge, founded the new science of X-ray crystallography, the analysis of crystal structure using X-ray diffraction.

World War I

Both of his sons were called into the army after war broke out in 1914 . The following year he was appointed Quain Professor of physics at University College London. He had to wait for almost a year to contribute to the war effort: finally, in July 1915, he was appointed to the Board of Invention and Research set up by the Admiralty. In September, his younger son Robert died of wounds at Gallipoli. In November, he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with elder son William Lawrence. The Navy was struggling to prevent sinkings by unseen, submerged U boats. The scientists recommended that the best tactic was to listen for the submarines. The Navy had a hydrophone research establishment at Aberdour Scotland, staffed with navy men. In November 1915, two young physicists were added to its staff. Bowing to outside pressure for using science, in July 1916, the Admiralty appointed Bragg as scientific director at Aberdour, assisted by three additional young physicists. They developed an improved directional hydrophone, which finally convinced the Admiralty of their usefulness. Late in 1916, Bragg with his small group moved to Harwich, where the staff was enlarged and they had access to a submarine for tests. In France, where scientists had been mobilized since the beginning of the war, the physicist Paul Langevin made a major stride with echolocation, generating intense sound pulses with quartz sheets oscillated at high frequency, which were then used as microphones to listen for echoes. Quartz was usable when vacuum tubes became available at the end of 1917 to amplify the faint signals. The British made sonar practicable by using mosaics of small quartz bits rather than slices from a large crystal. In January 1918, Bragg moved into the Admiralty as head of scientific research in the anti-submarine division. By war's end British vessels were being equipped with sonar manned by trained listeners.

Inspired by William Lawrence's methods for locating enemy guns by the sound of their firing, the output from six microphones miles apart along the coast were recorded on moving photographic film. Sound ranging is much more accurate in the sea than in the turbulent atmosphere. They were able to localize the sites of distant explosions, which were used to obtain the precise positions of British warships and of minefields.

University College London
After the war Bragg returned to University College London, where he continued to work on crystal analysis.

Royal Institution
From 1923, he was Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution and director of the Davy Faraday Research Laboratory. This institution was practically rebuilt in 1929–30 and, under Bragg's directorship many valuable papers were issued from the laboratory. In 1919, 1923, 1925 and 1931 he was invited to deliver the Royal Institution Christmas Lecture on The World of Sound; Concerning the Nature of Things, Old Trades and New Knowledge and The Universe of Life respectively.

The Royal Society and the coming war
Bragg was elected president of the Royal Society in 1935. The physiologist A. V. Hill was biological secretary and soon A. C. G. Egerton became physical secretary. During World War I all three had stood by for frustrating months before their skills were employed for the war effort. Now the cause of science was strengthened by the report of a high-level Army committee on lessons learned in the last war; their first recommendation was to "keep abreast of modern scientific developments". Anticipating another war, the Ministry of Labour was persuaded to accept Hill as a consultant on scientific manpower. The Royal Society compiled a register of qualified men. They proposed a small committee on science to advise the Committee on Imperial Defence, but this was rejected. Finally in 1940, as Bragg's term ended, a scientific advisory committee to the War Cabinet was appointed. Brag was among the 2,300 names of prominent persons listed on the Nazis' Special Search List, of those who were to be arrested on the invasion of Great Britain and turned over to the Gestapo. Bragg died in 1942.

Honours and awards
Bragg was joint winner with his son, Lawrence Bragg, of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1915: "For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-ray".

Bragg was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1907, vice-president in 1920, and served as President of the Royal Society from 1935 to 1940. He was elected an International Member of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1939 and an International Member of the American Philosophical Society. He was elected as a member of the Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium on 1 June 1946.

He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1917 and Knight Commander (KBE) in the 1920 civilian war honours. He was admitted to the Order of Merit in 1931.

 Matteucci Medal (1915)
 Rumford Medal (1916)
 Copley Medal (1930)
 Franklin Medal (1930)
 John J. Carty Award of the National Academy of Sciences (1939)

Private life
In 1889, in Adelaide, Bragg married Gwendoline Todd, a skilled water-colour painter, and daughter of astronomer, meteorologist and electrical engineer Sir Charles Todd. They had three children, a daughter, Gwendolen and two sons, William Lawrence, born in 1890 in North Adelaide, and Robert. Gwendolen married the English architect Alban Caroe, Bragg taught William at the University of Adelaide, and Robert was killed in the Battle of Gallipoli. Bragg's wife, Gwendoline, died in 1929.

Bragg played tennis and golf, and as a founding member of the North Adelaide and Adelaide University Lacrosse Clubs, contributed to the introduction of lacrosse to South Australia and was also the secretary of the Adelaide University Chess Association.

Bragg died in 1942 in England and was survived by his daughter Gwendolen and his son, Lawrence.

Legacy
The lecture theatre of King William's College (KWC) is named in memory of Bragg; the Sixth-Form invitational literary debating society at KWC, the Bragg Society, is also named in his memory. One of the school "Houses" at Robert Smyth School, Market Harborough, Leicester, is named "Bragg" in memory of him being a student there. Since 1992, the Australian Institute of Physics has awarded The Bragg Gold Medal for Excellence in Physics for the best PhD thesis by a student at an Australian university. The two sides of the medal contain the images of Sir William Henry and his son Sir Lawrence Bragg.

The Experimental Technique Centre at Brunel University is named the Bragg Building. The Sir William Henry Bragg Building at the University of Leeds opened in 2021.

In 1962, the Bragg Laboratories were constructed at the University of Adelaide to commemorate 100 years since the birth of Sir William H. Bragg.

The Australian Bragg Centre for Proton Therapy also in Adelaide, Australia was completed in late 2013. It is named for both father and son and offers radiation therapy for cancer patients.

In August 2013, Bragg's relative, the broadcaster Melvyn Bragg, presented a BBC Radio 4 programme "Bragg on the Braggs" on the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics winners.

Publications
 William Henry Bragg, William Lawrence Bragg, "X Rays and Crystal Structure", G. Bell & Son, London, 1915.
 William Henry Bragg, The World of Sound (1920)
 William Henry Bragg, The Crystalline State – The Romanes Lecture for 1925. Oxford, 1925.
 William Henry Bragg, Concerning the Nature of Things (1925)
 William Henry Bragg, Old Trades and New Knowledge (1926)
 William Henry Bragg, An Introduction to Crystal Analysis (1928)
 William Henry Bragg, The Universe of Light (1933)

See also
 George Gamow – has 1931 photograph with Bragg, location unspecified.
 List of Nobel laureates in Physics
 List of presidents of the Royal Society

References

Further reading
"[a] most valuable record of his work and picture of his personality is the excellent obituary written by Professor Andrade of London University for the Royal Society of London." Statement made by Sir Kerr Grant, in:
"The Life and work of Sir William Bragg", the John Murtagh Macrossan Memorial Lecture for 1950, University of Queensland. Written and presented by Sir Kerr Grant, Emeritus Professor of Physics, University of Adelaide. Reproduced as pages 5–37 of Bragg Centenary, 1886–1986, University of Adelaide.
"William and Lawrence Bragg, Father and Son: The Most Extraordinary Collaboration in Science", John Jenkin, Oxford University Press 2008.
 Ross, John F. A History of Radio in South Australia 1897–1977 (J. F. Ross, 1978)

External links

 Annotated Bibliography for William Henry Bragg from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
 Data from the University of Leeds
 Fullerian Professorships
 Nobelprize.org – The Nobel Prize for Physics in 1915

1862 births
1942 deaths
20th-century British physicists
Academics of University College London
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Australian people of English descent
Australian lacrosse players
British lacrosse players
Experimental physicists
Optical physicists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Members of the Royal Academy of Belgium
Academics of the University of Leeds
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Members of the Order of Merit
Nobel laureates in Physics
People from Wigton
Presidents of the Royal Society
Recipients of the Copley Medal
Academic staff of the University of Adelaide
People educated at King William's College
Presidents of the Institute of Physics
Presidents of the Physical Society
X-ray crystallography
British crystallographers
English Nobel laureates
British Nobel laureates
X-ray pioneers
Leeds Blue Plaques
Recipients of the Matteucci Medal
Presidents of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics
[Category:Cavendish Professors of Physics]]
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Recipients of Franklin Medal

William Henry Bragg


Iskandar or Eskandar also Iskander, Skandar, or Scandar is a given name and a surname.

Iskandar or Eskandar or their variances may also refer to:

Places
 Iskandar Malaysia, the new main southern development corridor in Johor, Malaysia
 Iskandar (town), Tashkent Region, Uzbekistan
 Iskandar Airport, a military airport in Pangkalan Bun, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Iran
 Eskandar, Iran, a village in Sistan and Baluchestan Province
 Eskandar, East Azerbaijan, a village in East Azerbaijan Province
 Eskandar, South Khorasan, a village in South Khorasan Province

Other uses
 9K720 Iskander, a Russian ballistic missile
 Iskandar (film), a 2003 film

See also
 Iskanderkul, an alpine lake located in the Fann Mountains of Tajikistan
 Iscandar, a fictional planet in Space Battleship Yamato a.k.a. Star Blazers
 List of Fate/Zero characters
 Sikandar (disambiguation)
 İskender (disambiguation)
 Eskandari (disambiguation)

Iskandar (disambiguation)


Big Bend is a town in Rusk County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 402 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated community of Island Lake is located in the town.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 35.3 square miles (91.6 km2), of which 32.6 square miles (84.5 km2) is land and 2.7 square miles (7.1 km2) (7.72%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 402 people, 184 households, and 121 families residing in the town. The population density was 12.3 people per square mile (4.8/km2). There were 431 housing units at an average density of 13.2 per square mile (5.1/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.76% White, 0.25% Native American, 0.25% Asian, and 0.75% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.25% of the population.

There were 184 households, out of which 17.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.4% were married couples living together, 6.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.7% were non-families. 27.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.63.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 16.2% under the age of 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 20.6% from 25 to 44, 36.8% from 45 to 64, and 21.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 51 years. For every 100 females, there were 113.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 118.8 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $29,063, and the median income for a family was $34,844. Males had a median income of $25,833 versus $21,964 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,719. About 4.0% of families and 5.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.5% of those under age 18 and 3.6% of those age 65 or over.

References

Towns in Rusk County, Wisconsin
Towns in Wisconsin

Big Bend, Rusk County, Wisconsin


Francesca "Frankie" Rayder (born Heidi A. Rayder; January 26, 1975) is an American model. She has a portfolio of covergirl appearances for high fashion magazines and was once a VH1/Vogue Fashion Awards for Model of the Year nominee. She has performed in runway shows, including the annual Victoria's Secret Fashion Show four times and the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue twice. She has also been featured in print ad campaigns. At the peak of her fame, she was an it girl according to The New York Times and GQ once named her the Sexiest Woman in the World.

She is known for her print work for Sports Illustrated swimsuit issues, The Gap holiday ads, a Godiva Chocolatier ad campaign, and the 50th anniversary Ann Taylor ad campaign.  She has appeared on the cover of Vogue, Vogue Paris, Vogue Italia, British Vogue, German Vogue and Vogue España.

Rayder was engaged to Red Hot Chili Peppers bass player, Flea, with whom she has one child. After giving birth in 2005, she took a hiatus from modeling until 2008.  At first, she returned only to print work, but she also returned to runway modeling in 2009. She has a younger sister, Missy Rayder, who is also a fashion model.

Early years
Rayder was born in River Falls, Wisconsin, where she was known as Heidi Rayder. As a teenager, she moved to Minneapolis, Minnesota, a large city close to her home town, where she was first approached by a model scout who spurred her interest in the industry. Her first major success came in 1992, when she met photographer Steven Meisel. Meisel booked her for a photo session, which became the first of many. Rayder's first session was soon featured in the magazine Italian Glamour. She is a graduate of River Falls High School, where she played for the basketball team, and she began her modeling career with Caryn Modeling & Talent Agency in Minneapolis.  She worked at a golf clubhouse in her youth.  She was given the stage name Francesca to seem more exotic.

Career highlights
Rayder made her Paris runway debut on the 1997 fall runway for designers like Chanel, Christian Lacroix, and Dries van Noten. In 1998, she was in high demand and her booking prices were sometimes bid up to $25,000 by clients hoping to pay her enough to cancel other appearances.  In 1999, she became the face of Givenchy and Meisel photographed her for Dolce & Gabbana and Versace ad campaigns.  In the fall of 2000, The New York Times referred to her and her sister collectively as the famous Rayder Sisters.  At the same time, it also described Frankie as an it girl.

In 1999, she became the face of Givenchy. During New York Fashion Week 1999, Rayder was booked solid for four or five shows a day for designers such as Marc Jacobs, Badgley Mischka, Daryl K, Tommy Hilfiger and John Bartlett in typical day.  In 2000, she was one of the top-priced models.  That season she modelled in the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show.  Later that year she was a nominee at the 2000 VH1/Vogue Fashion Awards for Model of the year along with Gisele Bündchen, Carmen Kass, Angela Lindvall, and Maggie Rizer, but Kass was the winner after defending-winner Bundchen withdrew to host the show.

In 2003 she became the face of Chanel. Rayder worked New York Fashion Week for top designers for several years.  During the 40h Anniversary Swimsuit Issue shooting, Stewart Shining photographed Rayder.  Rayder is, along with Cheryl Tiegs and Melissa Keller, one of several models associated with Minnesota who have made a name in the Swimsuit Issue. She has also appeared in 1999, 2000, 2002, and 2003 Victoria's Secret fashion shows and a cameo role in the 2001 movie Zoolander. In the early 2000s, GQ named her the Sexiest Woman in the World.

In 2004, she was one of the featured models (along with Linda Evangelista, Patti Hansen and her daughters Alexandra and Theodora Richards, Twiggy, and Beverly Johnson) in the 50-model 50th Anniversary Ann Taylor ad campaign photographed by Annie Leibovitz.  Rayder was also mentioned in the press for several months for an ad campaign for Godiva Chocolatier.  In 2005, she appeared in ads, which also included models such as Sophie Dahl, and Anouck Lepere, where the models posed lovingly with chocolate goods for Valentine's Day in Vogue, Harper's Bazaar, and Elle. The promotion was for chocolate products that came with a "lottery" ticket that potentially could give the buyer 52 pairs of Manolo Blahnik shoes, including one custom-designed by Blahnik himself.  The ads began receiving publicity in the fall of 2004.

Between 2004 and 2009, Rayder took a hiatus from runway modeling.  She returned to the stage in New York in February 2009 for the Fall 2009 show.  She had previously made a return to print work in fall 2008 advertisement campaigns for both Stella McCartney and Roberto Cavalli and for the 2008 Gap holiday campaign.  Rayder also became part of The Gap's United States and Japan 2009 spring/summer campaigns.  As part of her comeback, Rayder performed covergirl work for the February 2009 Vogue España and one of fourteen alternative covers for the September 2008 V magazine.

Notable affiliations and appearances
Following her success, Rayder traveled to Miami Beach, New York, Paris, London, and Milan, working for a number of agencies such as Company, Women Model Management, Page 305, City Models, Take Two, Storm, and Why Not. Her advertisement portfolio includes Givenchy, Valentino, Lagerfeld, Chanel, Gucci, Dolce & Gabbana, Versace, DKNY, Gap, and Tommy Hilfiger. Rayder has also worked for designers such as Anne Klein, Matthew Williamson, Zac Posen, Marc Jacobs, Donna Karan, Carolina Herrera, and Michael Kors, and appeared in a number of magazines, including Elle, Vogue, The Face, Photo, Harper's Bazaar, Allure, Rebel, and Marie Claire.  Her magazine cover credits include: US Vogue (November 2000), Vogue Paris (April 1999), Vogue Italia (January 1999), British Vogue (April 1999, July 1999, November 1999, January 2001), German Vogue (September 1997, May 2000), Vogue España (July 2000, January 2004, February 2009), Vogue South Korea (December 2000), Vogue Brazil (September 2000), Elle France (August 2000), Elle United States (August 2000), and Elle Germany (September 1992).  She was also featured in the 2004 (40th Anniversary) and 2005 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue.  She appeared in the video for Phoenix's "Funky Squaredance," which was directed by her then-boyfriend Roman Coppola.

Personal life
Rayder has three sisters and one brother; her father was still living in River Falls in 2004.

In 2002 Rayder was falsely linked to Nicolas Cage after his relationship with Lisa Marie Presley ended and when she was dating his cousin Roman Coppola.  Her relationship with Coppola was widely chronicled and serious; that year, she was close to marrying the son of Francis Ford Coppola by some accounts. Early in her career, Rayder and her sister Missy lived across the street from each other.  They were featured together on the May 2000 cover of Harper's Bazaar.  The Rayder sisters (along with a third sister named Molly) appeared in holiday advertisements for Gap as siblings in 2003 to the tune of "Put a Little Love in Your Heart".  In later years, the Rayder sisters appeared in Gap holiday advertisements as a pair.

In 2004, Rayder started dating Red Hot Chili Peppers' bass player, Flea. In January 2005 the couple publicly announced their engagement. On October 26, 2005 Rayder gave birth to her first child, a daughter named Sunny Bebop Balzary. Flea's bandmate, John Frusciante, is Sunny's godfather. The song, "Hard to Concentrate" from the Red Hot Chili Peppers' 2006 album, Stadium Arcadium was written by Anthony Kiedis as a wedding proposal for Flea and Rayder. Rayder and Flea lived together in Malibu, California before separating.

In the September 2010 issue of C magazine, Rayder is featured with a group of women friends known as "The L.A. Ladies Choir" which meets at her and Flea's house in Los Feliz.  The article goes on to mention that Flea is her husband and that he joins the women's group playing bass.  The choir's group is coming out with their first album in September named "Joyfully."

Rayder is a knowledgeable Boston Red Sox fan, and she is also a Green Bay Packers fan.  Rayder has volunteered her time for programs for youth in the arts.  Rayder has a tattoo on her back.

References

External links

style.com
New York Magazine
One Thousand Models
Frankie Rayder on Askmen.com
Frankie Rayder swimsuit picture gallery at CNN/SI.com

1975 births
American female models
Living people
People from River Falls, Wisconsin
The Lions (agency) models
21st-century American women

Frankie Rayder


Cascade Falls, also called "The Cascades", is a waterfall located at E. B. Jeffress Park on the Blue Ridge Parkway in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina, United States.

Geology
The waterfall is located on Falls Creek. It begins with a small free-fall before cascading and sliding down the rock face.  The water here eventually ends up in the W. Kerr Scott Reservoir and the Yadkin River.  Like many other falls in the northern North Carolina Mountains, the falls are high, but limited in water.

Visiting the falls
The falls is located in E. B. Jeffress Park on the Blue Ridge Parkway at milepost 271.9, 4.4 miles north of where U. S. Highway 421 crosses the parkway at Deep Gap.  The easy-to-moderate loop trail begins at the north end of the parking area for a total loop of approximately 0.8 mile.  The trail, which includes educational material concerning local wildflowers and other plants, such as mountain laurel, descends 50 feet to an upper overlook and another 200 feet to a lower overlook.  The upper overlook allows the visitors to see approximately 20 feet of cascades above the overlook and a long slide below the overlook.  The lower overlook allows a different view of the slide.

The lower section of the falls is no longer accessible from the trail.  A scramble path used to be available, but damage to the plant life and the banks of the stream resulted in the construction of a fence to restrict further access and potential injury to both the falls and to visitors.

Nearby falls
Betsey's Rock Falls

References

External links
North Carolina Waterfalls

Waterfalls of North Carolina
Protected areas of Wilkes County, North Carolina
Blue Ridge Parkway
Landforms of Wilkes County, North Carolina

Cascade Falls (Falls Creek)


Legal gender is a word that is used to regard someone as male or female under the law. They consider sex and gender to determine legal gender of someone. If someone's legal gender is different from their feeling, they face problems in their life. Some countries allow their people to say that they are neither male, nor female.

Related pages
Gender Recognition Panel
Gender identity
third gender

Gender
Law

Legal gender


The Selma Cloverleafs were a baseball team based in Selma, Alabama.

The original Cloverleafs played in the Southeastern League and Alabama–Florida League at various times between 1928 and 1962.

Independent League
In 2002 a new version of the team was charter members of the Southeastern League of Professional Baseball. They played their home games in Selma, Alabama, at Bloch Park. The team left Selma after playing only three games in 2003 and playing the remainder of that season as the Southeastern Cloverleafs before folding at season's end.

2002
In April 2002, it was announced that Selma was the recipient of a team in the newly formed Southeastern League of Professional Baseball. For their inaugural season Merritt Bowden served as the manager. On May 27, 2002, the Cloverleafs played the Montgomery Wings in an exhibition game, marking the first professional baseball game to be played within the city since the original Cloverleafs folded in 1962. The season would officially begin on May 31, 2002, against the Americus Arrows on opening night, with Selma mayor James Perkins, Jr. throwing out the opening pitch. Dennis Gomez was the starting pitcher for the 'Leafs. Throwing 6 innings with 8 K's and giving up 1 earned run, picking up the win and closer Tony Macon pitched the top of the ninth inning to earn the save. Both feats were firsts for the Cloverleafs since the 1960s..The opening series drew over 2,000 fans to the stadium before the teams would embark on an 18-game roadtrip.

On June 25, 2002, the team returned after the extended roadtrip to play in front of many Cloverleaf alumni from the 1950s–1960s teams that called Selma home. The major highlight of the second half of the season occurred on July 17 when both Desmond O'Quine and Jose Colon each hit a grand slam in the seventh inning of a 17–2 rout of the rival Montgomery Wings.

The season would end after a 3–0 loss to the Pensacola Pelicans in the league tournament on August 29. The 2002 squad finished with an overall record of 29-29.

2002 Roster
 Kevin Bice, catcher
 Jose Colon, outfield
 Joe Colvin, outfield
 Bart Cowan, outfield
 Jessie Ellison, pitcher
 Dennis Gomez, pitcher
 Luke Hurst, catcher
 Lee Jolly, pitcher
 Brock Lowell, outfield, 1st base, catcher
 Tony Macon, pitcher
 Lucus McCollum, pitcher
 Desmond O'Quinn, 3rd base
 Kyle Parker, pitcher
 John Renfro, pitcher
 Brian Rushton, pitcher, 1st base
 Keith Sills, 2nd base
 Andrew Tarver, short stop
 David Thomas, 1st base
 Terrance Thomas, outfield
 Eric Turnrose, pitcher
 Terry Waters, pitcher
 Joe Whitmer, 1st base, outfield
 John Learson, pitcher
 Carlos Booker, coach
 Merritt Bowden, player/manager
 Jim Brantley, player/coach

2003
After seeing success in the 2002 season along with the teams' new ownership, the outlook for 2003 looked bright. The team had initial player tryouts in March followed by an invitation only try-outs in April to fill out the final team roster.

On May 13, it was announced that the team would play as a traveling team for the 2003 season after ownership was unable to pay the league a $100,000 safety net to make sure they would finish out the season on the heels of the Ozark and Americus teams folding mid-season in 2002. After the announcement, the team would play on May 29 and a final double-header on May 31 in Selma before officially becoming a traveling team. These games against the Montgomery Wings were played in Selma due to a scheduling conflict at Paterson Field.

Of note, the traveling Cloverleafs team made national press upon signing the late Ted Williams' son, John Henry Williams, on June 9. His first game came against the Pensacola Pelicans on June 12. John played in 13 games with the Cloverleafs with an average of .051.

The 2003 squad finished with an overall record of 23–44, and finished sixth in the overall standings.

2003 Roster

 Brian Baker
 Jack Blanchard
 Jim Booth
 Vince Cerni
 Mike Clohessy
 Bobby Cobo
 Matt Day
 Eric Donaldson
 Sean Easton
 Michael Falco
 Anthony Gonzales
 Duffer Harrison
 Hector Henriquez
 Brad Hertel
 Steve Horn
 Patrick Jernigan
 Jeff Larue
 Brock Lowell
 Tyler Marsh
 Eric McKay
 Mike Mulhall
 Nate Nelson
 Brett Nuss
 James Pack
 Ryan Price
 Martin Reilly
 Augie Rodriguez
 Mike Settle
 Josey Shannon
 Chad Simmons
 Travis Suereth
 Antoine Watts
 Josh Wilke
 John Williams
 Jason Wilso

References
Baseball Reference
 Masterson, John. (May 29, 2002) "Gates will open early for Leaf's opener." The Selma Times-Journal.
 Veach, Katherine. (June 4, 2002) "Nearly 2,000 attend homestand." The Selma Times-Journal.
 AP Reports. (July 18, 2002) "Selma team hits pair of slams in inning." The Associated Press State & Local Wire.
 Gullion, John. (May 14, 2003) "Cloverleafs Gone." The Selma Times-Journal.
 Ted Williams' son signed by pro league from the Sporting News, extracted 19 October 2006.
 2003 Selma Cloverleafs Statistics from The Baseball Cube, extracted 19 October 2006.

Professional baseball teams in Alabama
Defunct Southeastern League teams
Defunct Alabama-Florida League teams
Defunct Georgia-Alabama League teams
Defunct Cotton States League teams
Defunct Southern Association teams
Selma, Alabama
Baseball teams established in 1901
Baseball teams disestablished in 2003
Boston Red Sox minor league affiliates
Washington Senators minor league affiliates
Chicago Cubs minor league affiliates
Pittsburgh Pirates minor league affiliates
Philadelphia Phillies minor league affiliates
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Cleveland Guardians minor league affiliates
1928 establishments in Alabama
Defunct independent baseball league teams
Southeastern League teams
Defunct baseball teams in Alabama

Selma Cloverleafs


Francis William Rogers Brambell (25 February 1901 – 6 June 1970) was an Irish medical scientist who spent all of his professional working life in Britain.

Education
Brambell was born in Sandycove, Dublin and was educated (1911–1914) at Aravon School and then privately, specializing in zoology. He entered Trinity College Dublin with an Entrance Prize in natural science. In 1920 Brambell won a Foundation Scholarship and in 1922 he graduated B.A. with Senior Moderatorship and gold medal in natural sciences, and was awarded a postgraduate Fellowship prize. During his first degree he was taught by some distinguished scientists including Professors Henry Horatio Dixon FRS, John Joly FRS, and James Brontë Gatenby. After graduation he worked in cytology under Professor James Brontë Gatenby, gained his BSc (subsequently transformed into MSc) in 1923, and his PhD in 1924 (this was the first PhD of Trinity College Dublin). In 1924 he was awarded a Science Research Scholarship for the Exhibition of 1851. Owing to the formation of the Irish Free State, Irish graduates had become eligible for the overseas awards of the commission.

Career
Brambell was appointed Lloyd Roberts Professor and Head of the Department of Zoology at Bangor University in 1930 at age 29 years. From that time until his retirement 38 years later, he brought great distinction to his Department and College. He was the father of the field of transmission of immunity. As part of his quantitative and temporal studies on transmission, he defined the first Fc receptor system for IgG, and furthermore recognized the link between transmission of passive immunity from mother to young and protection from catabolism via IgG.

Brambell wrote Antibodies and Embryos with W. A. Hemmings and M. Henderson in 1951.

Brambell was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in March, 1949 and won their Royal Medal in 1964 "In recognition of his important contribution to our understanding of the passage of protein from maternal to foetal circulations".

In 1965, Brambell lead the UK governmental committee that authored The Five Freedoms, a document asserting the five essential freedom to guarantee quality of life for animals under human control.

Personal life
He died on 6 June 1970. He had married Margaret L. Adgie in 1927.

References

1901 births
1970 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Fellows of the Royal Society
Royal Medal winners
Scholars of Trinity College Dublin

Francis Brambell


Aesculus sylvatica, the painted buckeye, is a species of shrub. The species has five leaflets that are  long and  wide. The flowers are yellow and occasionally have red also. The species have dry fruit and brown, scaly bark. The species is commonly found in forests and along stream banks. The shrub is poisonous, as are its seeds.

References

Shrubs
sylvatica
Flora of Alabama
Trees of the United States

Aesculus sylvatica


Strict scrutiny is the most stringent standard of judicial review used by United States courts. It is part of the hierarchy of standards that courts use to weigh the government's interest against a constitutional right or principle. The lesser standards are rational basis review and exacting or intermediate scrutiny. These standards are used to test statutes and government action at all levels of government within the United States.

The idea of "levels of judicial scrutiny", including strict scrutiny, was introduced in United States v. Carolene Products Co. (1938), one of a series of decisions testing the constitutionality of New Deal legislation. The first and most notable case in which the Supreme Court applied the strict scrutiny standard and found the government's actions valid was Korematsu v. United States (1944). In Korematsu the Court upheld the government ruling 6-3 that the need to protect the country from espionage outweighed the rights of Mr. Korematsu.

Applicability
U.S. courts apply the strict scrutiny standard in two contexts: when a fundamental constitutional right is infringed, particularly those found in the Bill of Rights and those the court has deemed a fundamental right protected by the Due Process Clause or "liberty clause" of the 14th Amendment, or when a government action applies to a "suspect classification," such as race or national origin.

To pass strict scrutiny, the law or policy must satisfy three tests:

 Compelling governmental interest. While the Courts have never clearly defined how to determine if an interest is compelling, the concept generally refers to something necessary or crucial. Examples include national security, preserving the lives of multiple individuals, and not violating explicit constitutional protections.

 Narrowly tailored refers to achieve that goal or interest. If the government action includes too much (overbroad) or fails to address important parts of the compelling interest, then the rule is not considered narrowly tailored.

 least restrictive means must be used for achieving that interest. That is, there cannot be a less restrictive way to effectively achieve the compelling government interest. The test will be met even if there is another method that is equally the least restrictive. Some legal scholars consider this "least restrictive means" requirement part of being narrowly tailored, though the Court generally evaluates it separately.

References

United States law

Strict scrutiny


Eran Sela () (born March 10, 1985) is an Israeli Olympic sailor, sailing in the 470 discipline. His current partner is Gideon Kliger.

Early life
Sela was born in Hadera and resides in the kibbutz Sdot Yam. His father works at sea-craft maintenance and gives oceanic services, while his mother works at Caeserstone. He has two siblings, Roi, who works on a project relating to ships and Ofri, who worked as a skipper assistant.

In the army, he served at the Flotilla base in Atlit as an "exceptional sportsman".

Career
Sela is a member of the Sdot Yam Yacht Club, where he began sailing when he was 14 on a 420 dinghy and then switched to a 470 dinghy. In the European Junior Championship in Hungary in 2004, he won a bronze medal. He was twice the Israeli national champion, and three times the runner-up.

His first partner was Aviv Ben-Hurin, and afterwards Yogev Yosef, both of them from Sdot Yam. In 2009, he competed with Yosef for a ticket to the 2012 Summer Olympics against Udi Gal and Gideon Kliger but placed low.

He quit sailing following financing problems, and coached for 1.5 years. Gal and Kliger broke up their partnership after Gal retired from sailing, and Kliger joined Sela. After a month of training, the duo finished third place in the Rolex Cup in Miami.

In March 2010, they placed first in the Israeli Championships, and won a silver medal in the same year 470 European Championships in Istanbul.

In 2011, they won a bronze medal in the 470 European Championships in Helsinki. Afterwards, they won a bronze medal in the Olympic Test Event at Weymouth, which gave them the Israeli Olympic criteria. In the 2011 ISAF Sailing World Championships, held in Perth, they finished 4th place and qualified for the 2012 Summer Olympics.

In 2012 they won a silver medal at the ISAF Sailing World Cup in Palma. From then they have been in a decline, only reaching 8th place at the 2012 470 World Championships and 15th place at the 2012 Summer Olympics.

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Israeli Jews
Israeli male sailors (sport)
Jewish sailors (sport)
Olympic sailors for Israel
Sailors at the 2012 Summer Olympics – 470
People from Hadera

Eran Sela


Frances Morrell (née Frances Maine Galleway; 28 December 1937 – 10 January 2010) was a British Labour politician who led the Inner London Education Authority from 1983 until 1987.

Life
Frances Morrell was brought up in York, and educated at that city's Queen Anne Grammar School and at Hull University. Much later she undertook an MA at Goldsmiths College, London University. She worked as a schoolteacher from 1960, and married Brian Morrell in 1964. In 1970 she became a Press Officer, working for the Fabian Society and the National Union of Students. This latter role brought her into contact with Tony Benn, then coming to be seen as the leader of the Labour left, and with whom she then agreed on many important issues.

In 1973, Benn invited Morrell to be his political adviser should Labour win the next election. She was Labour candidate for Chelmsford at the February 1974 general election, and served as a Special Adviser to Benn at the Departments of Industry and Energy from 1974 to 1979. Benn was increasingly marginalised as the Parliament went on, but Morrell worked to link him with a network of activists outside Parliament. She was unlucky in failing to be selected as candidate for any of several Labour constituencies at the 1979 general election (among them Birkenhead and Manchester Blackley).

After Labour left office she helped to create the Rank and File Mobilising Committee, through which the left organised to bring changes in the party. In this capacity she was referred to cynically by some in the media: Private Eye commented "How typical of Tony Benn to have a hatchet-woman". The Eye also published a Clerihew: "Frances Morrell / Has done very well / To be leader of the ILEA / Without being black, working class or gay." In the run-up to the 1981 Greater London Council (GLC) elections she was chosen to fight Islington South and Finsbury, and on election formed part of the GLC's left faction in support of Ken Livingstone.

However, Morrell's background as a teacher led her to spend most time on the Inner London Education Authority (ILEA), membership of which came with membership of the GLC representing an inner borough. She was chosen as Deputy Leader of the new left leadership of the ILEA under Bryn Davies. She became unsatisfied with his leadership, which she considered weak, and built support for a change through the GLC Women's Group; in April 1983 she challenged him and was elected as the new leader.

Under Morrell, the ILEA became concerned with promoting gender equality. The authority was severely criticised for what the right wing regarded as propaganda in the schools it administered. Many of the policies of the Davies leadership were continued, which included the high spending: the ILEA deliberately set an illegally high budget for 1985. The government under Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, which was proposing to abolish the GLC, would have wanted to abolish the ILEA as well, but found it was impractical to do so. However, new legislation allowed the Government to limit the ILEA's budget, and it did so. The ILEA was helped by a bail-out from the GLC for one year.

The abolition of the GLC in 1986 also meant something had to be done to provide for future elections to the ILEA. It was first suggested that the ILEA could be made up of delegates from the 12 inner London Boroughs, but the Conservative group on the ILEA was strongly against this policy; eventually it was decided that there would be direct elections. Morrell led Labour into the campaign, and with London hostile to the abolition of the GLC, Labour won an easy victory. Morrell was re-elected quite narrowly herself, as the SDP had a strong challenge.

Morrell lost her leadership in 1987 by 23 votes to 22, continuing a tradition of internal deselection established by both her predecessors. She had insisted that teachers who were surplus to requirements at one ILEA school should transfer to another where there was a shortfall, and threatened to dismiss those who refused. She became secretary of the Speaker of the House of Commons' Commission on Citizenship the next year and a senior research fellow at Queen Mary and Westfield College briefly in 1991–92, before becoming executive director of the Institute for Citizenship Studies.

She was joint chief executive of ArtsInform, which she set up with Linda Payne in 1995 to build relationships between schools and colleges with professional artists and arts organisations.

Family
Morrell's husband Brian committed suicide in April 2009, and she herself suffered from increasingly poor health. She died on 10 January 2010, aged 72, from cancer. She is survived by her daughter, Daisy, and brother, Peter.

References

1937 births
2010 deaths
Academics of Queen Mary University of London
Alumni of Goldsmiths, University of London
Alumni of the University of Hull
Deaths from cancer in England
Labour Party (UK) councillors
Members of the Greater London Council
Politicians from York
Women councillors in England

Frances Morrell


The 2018 Eritrea–Ethiopia summit (also 2018 Eritrea–Ethiopia peace summit) was a bilateral summit that took place on 8–9 July 2018 in Asmara, Eritrea, between Eritrean President Isaias Afwerki and Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed and officials from the two countries.

The two leaders signed a joint declaration on 9 July, formally ending the border conflict between both countries, restoring full diplomatic relations, and agreeing to open their borders to each other for persons, goods and services. The joint statement was also considered to close all chapters regarding the Eritrean–Ethiopian War (1998–2000) and of the following Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict (2000–2018) with sporadic clashes.

Background

Eritrea gained independence from Ethiopia in 1993 following the 30-year Eritrean War of Independence, and subsequent border disputes caused continuing tension between the two nations. The tensions came to a crisis point in May 1998, and Eritrea invaded Ethiopia, leading to the Eritrean–Ethiopian War; this killed between 70,000–100,000 on both sides and left Eritrea with over a third of its territory occupied and more than 650,000 people displaced.

In 2000, the two countries signed the Algiers Agreement agreeing to submit to binding arbitration to resolve boundary and restitution questions. Eritrea was awarded most of the disputed territory by the Permanent Court of Arbitration, but Ethiopia still occupied most of the disputed land as of 2017. The result was a frozen conflict state of "no war, no peace" and prolonged tensions between the two countries. Each country accused the other of hosting terrorist movements aimed at fomenting regime change, and both remained closed societies; Ethiopia was an authoritarian dominant-party state ruled by the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), and Eritrea is a totalitarian one-party state ruled by the People's Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ). Presidential and parliamentary elections in Eritrea have been indefinitely postponed and have never been held since independence.

Hailemariam Desalegn, Prime Minister of Ethiopia from 2012 to 2018, was unable to make progress toward resolving tensions with Eritrea, and his tenure saw repeated waves of protest against the repressive political atmosphere. After he resigned in 2018, he was replaced by Abiy Ahmed, who promised in his inaugural address to negotiate an end to the Ethio-Eritrean conflict.

Announcement and preparations
On 5 June 2018, the Executive Committee of the ruling Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front announced its intention to accept and fully implement the 2002 ruling of the Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission (EEBC) established under the auspices of the Permanent Court of Arbitration pursuant to the 2000 Algiers Agreement. In a statement, the EPRDF called for Eritrea to reciprocate and implement the peace deal without preconditions.

The decision came as a surprise, representing a reversal of sixteen years of Ethiopian policy. While cause for optimism across much of Ethiopia, in the Tigray Region, under whose jurisdiction most of the disputed territories fall, the announcement sparked protest, including in the disputed town of Badme itself and amongst war veterans. On 13 June 2018 the executive committee of the Tigrayan People's Liberation Front denounced, inter alia, the decision to hand over Badme as "fundamentally flawed", saying that the ruling coalition suffered from a "fundamental leadership deficit". Ethnic Irobs living in the border areas currently under Ethiopian administration organised a protest to condemn the decision to accept the boundary commission's ruling, fearing the division of their community. In a question-and-answer session in Parliament on 11 June, Abiy defended his peace initiative, saying: "I was standing in [Badme] when we put up our flag, and I cried. Many of my friends who fought in that war, we had to bury", alluding to his own service during the conflict.

The Eritrean government, seeming to have been caught by surprise by the move, refrained from commenting on the Ethiopian offer for two weeks until 20 June, in President Isaias's speech on the occasion of Martyrs' Day. Bemoaning "two lost generations" of opportunity, the Eritrean president announced that his government would send a delegation to Addis Ababa "to gauge current developments directly and in depth as well as to chart out a plan for continuous future action". Less than a week later, on 26 June 2018, Eritrean Foreign Minister Osman Saleh visited Addis Ababa for three days, taking part in the first bilateral meeting between the two countries in over two decades. The two countries agreed to re-establish diplomatic relations and exchange ambassadors, and Abiy agreed to meet with his Eritrean counterpart "in the near future", although Ethiopian foreign minister Workneh Gebeyehu added that a time and location had not been determined.

Summit meeting

8 July

Abiy arrived in Asmara, Eritrea on 8 July, where he was greeted by President Isaias at Asmara International Airport. Hundreds of thousands of people lined Asmara's main thoroughfare, Harnet Avenue, to welcome the Ethiopian leader's motorcade. The two leaders and their delegations held an expanded bilateral meeting at the Presidential Palace, announcing that telephone lines between the two countries would be re-connected with immediate effect. Also announced were the re-establishment of embassies, the opening of ports, air routes, and "free travel" between the two countries, although what the latter would entail was unclear.

That evening, the Eritrean leader held an official dinner for his Ethiopian guest at the Asmara Municipality Building, attended by government and party officials and the diplomatic corps, in which the two toasted the end of tensions and heralded a new era of Eritrea–Ethiopia relations.

9 July
Following a coffee ceremony at Isaias's private residence, the two leaders signed a five-point "Joint Declaration of Peace and Friendship" declaring that "the state of war between Ethiopia and Eritrea has come to an end; a new era of peace and friendship has been opened." In the joint declaration, the two countries agreed to resume diplomatic relations and transport, trade and communications links, implement the EEBC's border ruling, and ensure regional peace and cooperation.

Abiy then departed Asmara—again with President Isaias bidding him farewell at the airport—and returned to Addis Ababa.

Delegations
Abiy was accompanied by Workneh Gebeyehu, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Muferiat Kamil, the Speaker of the House of Peoples' Representatives, Keria Ibrahim, the Speaker of the House of Federation, and Seyoum Awol, President of the Afar Region. Notably absent was Debretsion Gebremichael, President of the Tigray Region and leader of the TPLF, which has been critical of the peace process.

Reactions

Leaders and organizations across Africa and the world welcomed the summit's success, expressing their support for the peace process between the two countries.

Countries and territories
: Foreign Ministry Spokeswoman Hua Chunying said that the Chinese side always hopes that the two countries can properly resolve the relevant dispute through dialogue and negotiation and normalize their relations. China commends and welcomes the latest progress in Ethiopia-Eritrea relations and is willing to join hands with the international community to continue to play a constructive role in promoting the peace, stability and development of the Horn of Africa.
: In a statement, the Egyptian Foreign Ministry praised the "historic visit" of the Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed to Asmara, affirming its belief that the visit would herald a "new era", and that their rapprochement could serve as model for other African countries.
: The French Foreign Ministry, in an effusive statement, welcomed the "historic", "courageous", and "important" move, praising Abiy's extension of his policies of reconciliation to the field of regional diplomacy, "lending its full support for Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed's vision of the future for his country as well as the rest of the continent", as well Isaias's positive response.
: A Federal Foreign Office spokesperson issued a statement saying that Prime Minister Abiy and President Isaias "have shown that it is possible to move beyond long years of animosity and to open a new chapter in their relations" and that the declaration of peace and friendship signed by the two leaders "provides grounds for hope that the conflict, which has claimed tens of thousands of lives and displaced hundreds of thousands of people, can be permanently resolved."
: Speaking to the faithful at Saint Peter's Square the Sunday preceding the summit, Pope Francis singled out the talks between Ethiopia and Eritrea as cause for optimism, saying that "in the midst of so many conflicts, it's dutiful to point out an initiative that can be called historic", expressing hope that talks between the two nations would "turn on a light of hope for these two countries in the Horn of Africa and for the entire African continent".
: Foreign Minister Tarō Kōno welcomed the signing of the Joint Statement and expressed its expectation that "the relationship between the two countries will progress further and that the two countries will contribute to the greater stability and prosperity of the Horn of Africa region".
: In a statement on Twitter, President Uhuru Kenyatta congratulated Isaias and Abiy "for choosing the path of talking to each other and beginning the journey of friendship," saying that Kenya was a "proud neighbor".
: A Foreign Ministry spokesperson said that Moscow welcomed the renewal of direct Ethiopian-Eritrean contacts and was "confident that the rapid normalisation of Ethiopian-Eritrean relations," inter alia, "meets the vital interests of the two peoples and will help to create an atmosphere of neighbourliness between them."
: President Paul Kagame, incumbent Chairperson of the African Union, on Twitter praised the two leaders for meeting, saluting them "for their courage and doing the right thing for their people of the two countries", adding "we congratulate you and are with you!"
: The Spanish Government expressed its "great satisfaction" with the summit, calling the meeting "a key achievement in a region as particularly unstable as the Horn of Africa".
: In a written statement, the Turkish Foreign Ministry said: "As a country attaching importance to stability in Africa, Turkey welcomes the steps taken towards the normalization of relations between Ethiopia and Eritrea and the Joint Declaration signed between Eritrea and Ethiopia on 9 July in Asmara, during the visit of H.E. Dr. Abiy Ahmed, Prime Minister of Ethiopia, to Eritrea."
: Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, has welcomed the re-establishment of diplomatic ties between Ethiopia and Eritrea. In a statement, he said, "The re-establishment of diplomatic ties will have a positive impact on the security and stability of the two countries in particular, and the Horn of Africa in general."
: Minister of State for Africa Harriett Baldwin called the joint declaration "a momentous step towards building a lasting peace between Ethiopia and Eritrea" that would "greatly strengthen the political and economic ties that will benefit not just the populations of both countries but also enhance security and prosperity across the Horn of Africa."
: Mike Pompeo, United States Secretary of State, issued a statement "welcoming the July 9 commitment to peace and security", and commending "Prime Minister Abiy of Ethiopia and President Isaias of Eritrea for courageously leading their citizens towards peace, prosperity, and political reform".

Organizations
: High Representative for Foreign Affairs Federica Mogherini said that the "historic and courageous move" raised "unprecedented prospects for reconciliation and paves the way for enhanced regional cooperation and stability in the Horn of Africa."
: Moussa Faki, Chairperson of the African Union Commission, praised Isaias and Abiy "for choosing the courageous path of reconciliation, in the interest of their people, the region and Africa as a whole," adding that it provided an example "worthy of emulation by all parties to conflicts and crises in other parts of the continent."
: Secretary-General António Guterres hailed the meeting as an "amazing success" while in Addis Ababa shortly before he was due to meet with Prime Minister Abiy, describing it as "illustrative of a new wind of hope blowing across Africa", and that events would render U.N. sanctions against Eritrea obsolete, following its peace deal with Ethiopia.

Aftermath

The evening of his return to Ethiopia, Prime Minister Abiy met with United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres and briefed him on the summit proceedings. As a result of its successful outcome, Abiy requested that the United Nations lift its sanctions—imposed largely due to the efforts of Ethiopian diplomacy—on Eritrea.

Immediately following the summit it was announced that Ethiopian Airlines would resume flights to Asmara the following Monday, 16 July. The state-run Ethiopian Press Agency reported that Ethiopian Airlines would additionally take a 20% stake in Eritrean Airlines, although as of 9 July 2018 this has not yet been confirmed by the management of either airline.

President Isaias made a reciprocal visit to Ethiopia the week immediately following the summit, from 14–16 July. Speaking at a state luncheon hosted by President Mulatu Teshome, Isaias affirmed the unity of Eritrea and Ethiopia, saying "henceforth, anyone who says Eritreans and Ethiopians are two different peoples is one that doesn't know the truth." He visited an industrial park in Awassa and presided over the re-opening of the Eritrean Embassy.

On 11 September 2018, Eritrea–Ethiopia border crossings reopened for the first time since 1998, at Serha–Zalambesa and Debaysima–Burre. In October 2019, Abiy was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work brokering peace.

See also
Algiers Agreement (2000)
April 2018 inter-Korean summit
Ethiopia–Tigray peace agreement

References

External links

2018 in Eritrea
2018 in Ethiopia
2018 conferences
2018 in international relations
Asmara
Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict
2018 summit
July 2018 events in Africa
Eritrea–Ethiopia border
Borders of Ethiopia
Borders of Eritrea

2018 Eritrea–Ethiopia summit


Jerzy Jarocki (11 May 1929 – 10 October 2012) was a Polish theatre director, translator, playwright and academic, member of the Polish Academy of Learning.

Biography
He graduated in acting from the Ludwik Solski Academy for the Dramatic Arts and later in directing from the Russian Academy of Theatre Arts. He debuted in 1957, directing an adaptation of the play Bal manekinów by Bruno Jasieński at Silesian Theatre.

Since 1961 he worked as a regular director for National Stary Theatre in Kraków, where on 21 July 1961, he first presented an adaptation of Françoise Sagan's Château en Suède. Jarocki also directed plays for Polish Theatre in Wrocław and Dramatic Theatre of the Capital City of Warsaw. He mostly looked for an inspiration in contemporary literature, among his favourite authors were Eugene O'Neill, Arthur Miller, Sławomir Mrożek, Friedrich Dürrenmatt, Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, Witold Gombrowicz, Tadeusz Różewicz, Anton Chekhov and Vladimir Mayakovsky.

Jarocki was a lecturer at Ludwik Solski Academy for the Dramatic Arts since 1966. Since 1991 he owned the title of academic professor. Since 1994 he was also a member of the Polish Academy of Learning.

In 1967 he received a Schiller Award for achievements in theatre directing, especially for directing Polish contemporary plays in years 1965–67. In 1968 Jarocki was decorated with Gold Cross of Merit. In 1971 he was awarded by the Minister of Culture of Poland and in 1974 he received Knight's Cross of the Polonia Restituta. In 1977 he received Konrad Swinarski Award for directing King Lear at Dramatic Theatre of Warsaw. In 1984 Jarocki received Witkacy Prize - Critics' Circle Award.

Jarocki was decorated with Officier's Cross of the Polonia Restituta in 1987 and with Gold Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis in 2007. In 2000 Jagiellonian University distinguished him with an honoris causa degree.

References

Polish theatre directors
Members of the Polish Academy of Learning
Knights of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Officers of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Recipients of the Gold Cross of Merit (Poland)
Recipients of the Gold Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis
1929 births
2012 deaths
Burials at Rakowicki Cemetery
Recipient of the Meritorious Activist of Culture badge

Jerzy Jarocki