Ctenochasma (meaning "comb jaw") is a genus of Upper Jurassic  pterosaur of the suborder Pterodactyloidea. Their fossilized remains have been found in the Solnhofen limestone of Bavaria, Germany, and a couple of other sites laid down in the late Jurassic period.

The teeth were a filter-feeding apparatus: the pterosaurs strained out algae or small invertebrates from stagnant tropical waters, as flamingoes do today. This kind of life is mirrored by another pterosaur genus, Pterodaustro, which had an active pumping mechanism to push water through its teeth.

References

Pterosaurs

Ctenochasma


John Hoar (1622 – April 2, 1704) was a militia leader & Indian liaison in colonial Massachusetts during King Philip's War. He is best known for securing the release of Mary Rowlandson from Nipmuc captivity at Redemption Rock. The event was depicted in the best-selling book The Sovereignty and Goodness of God: Being a Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson.

Life

John Hoar was born in 1622 in Gloucester, England. His widowed mother brought him to Massachusetts in or around 1641, settling in Scituate no later than 1643.

In 1659, he moved to Concord. At some point during King Philip's War, he tried to give shelter to John Eliot's Praying Indians. His neighbors prevented this and took the natives to Deer Island, where they perished, but Hoar's act established his reputation as a liaison to the natives.

On February 10, 1676, Mary Rowlandson, wife of Lancaster minister Joseph Rowlandson, was taken prisoner with three of her children by a band of Nipmuc warriors. Hoar, a prominent lawyer and missionary, was requested by Rowlandson to act as the colonial representative in the negotiation for her release. Hoar departed Lancaster on April 28, 1676, with two native guides, Nepphonet and Peter Tatatiquinea to meet King Philip's War party at Wachusett Lake, located in what is now Princeton, Massachusetts. On May 2, after eleven weeks in captivity, Rowlandson was released to Hoar for a £20 ransom at the glacial stone outcropping known today as Redemption Rock. Rowlandson would go on to write a famous narrative of her experience as a captive, The Sovereignty and Goodness of God: Being a Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson which became a bestseller throughout the English speaking world. It is considered to be a seminal work in the American literary genre of captivity narratives and also ranks as the first published book written by a colonial American woman.

Hoar was known to have a wife, Alice. Their children were Mary, Elizabeth, Joanna, and Daniel. He died on April 2, 1704, in Concord, Massachusetts.

References

1622 births
1704 deaths
King Philip's War
People from Gloucester
People of colonial Massachusetts

John Hoar


Prior to 1947, the structure of the judiciary in New Jersey was extremely complex, including Court of Errors and Appeals in the last resort in all causes.

The Court of Errors and Appeals was the highest court in the U.S. state of New Jersey from the enactment of the state's 1844 constitution until the enactment of the state's 1947 constitution.  The name of the court derived from its function of hearing appeals and correcting previous courts errors in judgment. The court was abolished by the 1947 constitution, and replaced as the state's highest court by the New Jersey Supreme Court. "In the absence of Supreme Court authority, decisions of the former Court of Errors & Appeals are binding on the Appellate Division and all trial divisions of the Superior Court, including the municipal court and Tax Court, and on all administrative agencies."

The Court of Errors and Appeals consisted of the Chancellor, the justices of the Supreme Court and six part-time judges. During that period, the Supreme Court was the intermediate appellate court for New Jersey, and its justices also presided over county-level courts, as well as serving on the Court of Errors and Appeals. The 1947 Constitution established a new Supreme Court as the highest level of the judicial system, with the appellate and trial-level judges placed in the new Superior Court.

See also
Courts of New Jersey
List of justices of the Supreme Court of New Jersey

References

Sources
New Jersey Constitution of 1844, at Wikisource

Defunct state courts of the United States

Legal history of New Jersey
1844 establishments in New Jersey
1947 disestablishments in New Jersey
Courts and tribunals established in 1844
Courts and tribunals disestablished in 1947

New Jersey Court of Errors and Appeals


The 70-metre-tall Perlachturm is a belltower in front of the church of St. Peter am Perlach in the central district of Augsburg, Germany. It originated as a watchtower in the 10th century. The existing Renaissance structure was built in the 1610s by Elias Holl, who also designed the neighbouring Town Hall.

Name
The exact origin of the name "Perlachturm" is unknown, with several different theories attempting to explain it. Of the three constituent parts of the name, "Per," "lach" and "turm," only the latter presents no controversy and means "Tower." The conventional wisdom holds that the first two parts originated from the medieval fairs involving bears on the central square. In Old High German, Per means bear and lach describes a show, or fair. An information plaque on the tower itself says that it came from the Latin "perlego" ("read through"). There are 258 steps to the observation deck.

Gallery

See also
 Turamichele (fighting Archangel Michael at Perlachturm)
 Mary Untier of Knots in St. Peter am Perlach

External links
 Pictures of the tower
 AugsburgWiki (german)

Towers completed in the 17th century
Watchtowers in Germany
Buildings and structures in Augsburg

Perlachturm


Lyon Village is a neighborhood, or "urban village" located in Arlington County, Virginia, along Langston Boulevard (U.S. Route 29). It adjoins Arlington County's government center (including the courthouse and police/jail complex), and is approximately one mile west of Rosslyn and less than a mile north of Clarendon, of which it is sometimes considered a sub-neighborhood, as is Cherrydale, the mostly residential district immediately west of Lyon Village.

Modern geography
The Lyon Village Historic District encompasses 1,073 contributing buildings and 1 contributing structure. The District as a "cohesive residential neighborhood in northern Arlington County, Virginia, located immediately north of the Clarendon Commercial District and roughly nestled between Wilson Boulevard to the south and Lee Highway to the north." Major thoroughfares provide access to commercial and employment centers in the surrounding county and nearby Washington, D.C. The 191 acre historic neighborhood extends east to North Veitch Street and westward to North Kirkwood Road, including forty-three acres more than the original 148 acres platted by Frank Lyon in 1923.

The neighborhood's commercial center presently includes a shopping center located at the confluence of Lee Highway, Spout Run Parkway and Interstate 66 (I-66). The area also includes a community house; a Veterans of Foreign Wars hall named for the developer's son, John Lyon, who died in World War I lies immediately east of the neighborhood. Parts of the neighborhood are near the Clarendon and Court House stations of Metrorail's Orange Line.

History

According to the Arlington County Library, Robert Cruit, an immigrant from Devonshire, England, purchased land in the Clarendon area in 1825 for a farm. In 1923, his heirs sold the land to developer Frank Lyon, who subdivided it into tracts for residential development, including the eponymous Lyon Village. Most of the single-family homes in the neighborhood were constructed in the 1920s and 1930s. The Civil War Fort Strong which once protected Washington DC is now long gone, replaced by multi-story apartment buildings overlooking Interstate 66. There have been a growing number of teardowns (as of 2016).

The first portion of the neighborhood to be platted as Lyon Village (by Frank Lyon in 1923) was landscaped with tree-lined streets, traffic circles, and an intricate system of curvilinear roads that complemented the less-than-one-acre housing lots. Aurora Heights and portions of Clarendon now fall within the current boundaries of Lyon Village and contain residential buildings constructed prior to Lyon's purchase of the Cruit property. Lyon Village was further enlarged by the platting of adjacent blocks with a more grid-like street pattern from the 1930s to the 1950s.

Lyon Village is defined by a variety of 20th-century architectural styles and building types ranging from early-20th-century high style to vernacular interpretations of the elaborate styles traditionally erected decades earlier. Primarily, the domestic buildings in Lyon Village range from the 1880s to infill housing of the late 1990s. Building forms and styles extend from the imposing brick Colonial Revival-style dwelling to the smaller bungalow. Architectural styles presented in Lyon Village were often diluted, illustrating modest examples of Queen Anne, Colonial Revival, Craftsman, Tudor Revival, Classical Revival and Spanish Mission Revival styles. The community is primarily made up of single-family dwellings, supported along the borders by multiple-family apartment buildings, a landscaped park and community building, churches, and commercial buildings (which are not included in the historic district). Many of the properties include freestanding or attached garages and sheds. The buildings, particularly the single-family dwellings, are buffered from the public streets by sidewalks and grassy medians.

References

External links

   Map showing boundaries of Lyon Village neighborhood.
Lyon Village apartments, local apartment buildings built by Frank Lyon
Lyon Village Citizens Association, a voluntary neighborhood organization

Urban Villages: Lyon Village - By the ART Commuter Page

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
Historic districts in Arlington County, Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Arlington County, Virginia
Neighborhoods in Arlington County, Virginia
Houses in Arlington County, Virginia

Lyon Village, Arlington, Virginia


Luis Abilio Sebastiani Aguirre (22 February 1935 – 10 August 2020) was a Peruvian Roman Catholic archbishop. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1962. He was bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tarma, Peru, from 1992 to 2001. He later was archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ayacucho, Peru, from 2001 to 2011.

Sebastiani Aguirre died on 10 August 2020, aged 85.

References

1935 births
2020 deaths
Peruvian Roman Catholic priests
Roman Catholic bishops

Luis Abilio Sebastiani Aguirre


Vancouver House, also known as the National Bank building, is a heritage listed building located on Stirling Terrace overlooking Princess Royal Harbour in Albany in the Great Southern region of Western Australia.

The building is named after George Vancouver, who named King George Sound and Princess Royal Harbour and claimed the southern part of Western Australia for the British Crown in 1791.

Tenders were called for in February 1881, and the building was constructed in 1881 by local builder Charles Keyser, who also built Albany House located further along Stirling Terrace. It initially operated as a branch of the National Bank but later was used as a cafe and food store and became a guest house in 2000.

The building is of a Victorian free classical style and is part of a group of significant buildings along Stirling Terrace. It has two storeys with a single storey addition on the eastern side of the building. The symmetrical facade is divided into horizontal panels of stucco masonry. The portico entry bay has an arched doorway. The building is topped with a medium pitch corrugated iron roof with two moulded top chimneys.

See also
 List of places on the State Register of Heritage Places in the City of Albany

References

1881 establishments in Australia
Heritage places in Albany, Western Australia
Stirling Terrace, Albany
Bank buildings in Australia
Office buildings in Western Australia
State Register of Heritage Places in the City of Albany

Vancouver House (Albany, Western Australia)


Critical Mass is a 2001 action film directed by Fred Olen Ray (credited as "Ed Raymond") and released direct-to-video. It stars Treat Williams, Lori Loughlin, and Udo Kier. The film features scenes taken straight from other films such as Terminator 2: Judgment Day and Universal Soldier spliced into newly filmed scenes to make up its action sequences.

Plot
The film centers around a group of terrorists who take over a nuclear power plant and a security guard at the plant who tries to stop them.

Cast
 Treat Williams as Mike Jeffers
 Udo Kier as Samson
 Lori Loughlin as Janine
 Blake Clark as Sheriff Borden
 Doug McKeon as Breem
 Andrew Prine as Sen. Cook
 Richard McGonagle as Alan Gould
 Shanna Moakler as Alexandra
 T.J. Thyne as Karl Wendt
 Charles Cyphers as Henderson
 Jack Betts as Atty. Gen. Ames

Reception
Website Cool Target called it "enjoyable action nonsense" and stated: "Recycled footage to this extent is just lazy and kind of insulting but if you can get past this, Critical Mass is an enjoyably amusing low rent shoot-em up." Moria.co gave the film only one star out of five, calling it "yet another version on Die Hard (1988) and the basic plot template it created of a lone individualistic hero inside a large building/facility single-handedly fending off a terrorist plot." ''

References

External links

2000 films
American action films
2000 action films
2000s English-language films
Films directed by Fred Olen Ray
2000s American films

Critical Mass (film)


Bellaterra is a quarter of Cerdanyola del Vallès, in the metropolitan area of Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain). It is famous for being the location of the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB).

The urbanisation of the neighbourhood started in 1929 when a pharmacist, Bartomeu, leased land from his father-in-law and built the Bellaterra railway station on the Barcelona–Vallès Line (then operated by the Ferrocarrils de Catalunya or FCC; now by the FGC).

In the central area of Bellaterra is the Park of El Pedregar de Bellaterra, a garden-museum of some . Within the park is a restaurant, large gardens, water sources and waterfalls with sculptures  by artists as Subirachs, Crespo Rivera, Vicente Larrea, Vasallo, Charles Collet or Perceval, as well as Arcadians of Carrara's marble and amphitheatre / audience outdoors for 150 persons. Also in the core one finds the parish of the Holy Creu. Between Bellaterra and Serraperera's core, one finds the campus of the Universitat Autònoma of Barcelona, built in 1968 and inaugurated in the year 1971. At the present moment Bellaterra is undergoing an administrative status change into a decentralised municipal entity (EMD).

See also
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona

External links
Cerdanyola del Vallès town council
 Webpage of El Pedregar de Bellaterra
 Facebook page of El Pedregar de Bellaterra

Cerdanyola del Vallès

Bellaterra


Manglisi (, ) is a daba (townlet) in the Tetritsqaro Municipality, Kvemo Kartli region of Georgia. As of the 2014 census, it had the population of 1,441. With a recorded history going back to the 4th century, Manglisi was one of the earliest centers of Christianity in Georgia and is a home to the medieval cathedral of the Mother of God. It also functions as a mountain spa and health resort.

Geography and climate
Manglisi is located on the southern slopes of the Trialeti Range, on the Tbilisi-Tsalka highway,  west of Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia, in the Algeti river valley. It is located at about  above sea level and enjoys a subtropical climate, with warm summers (average temperature in July, 19 °C) and mild winters (average temperature in January,  −2 °C). Annual precipitation is 700 mm. Manglisi also functions as a mountain resort.

Etymology
The etymology of "Manglisi" may be related to the Old Georgian mangali, "sickle", ultimately derived from the Syrian maggəlā. The modern Georgian scholar Ketevan Kutateladze has conjectured that, the name of the locality, in the sense of "a crescent", may be a reflection of the Moon cult, an effect of which persisted  in the system of religious beliefs of Georgians into the era of Christianity.

History

Antiquity and Middle Ages

In the early Bronze Age, the territory of Manglisi was part of the wider region, home to a kurgan culture. By the early Middle Ages, Manglisi and its environs strategically located on the course of the Algeti river formed a territorial unit known as Manglis-khevi, "the valley of Manglisi".

The Georgian historical tradition makes Manglisi, along with Mtskheta and Erusheti, one of the earliest church establishments in Kartli (Iberia) following King Mirian's conversion to Christianity in the 330s. According to the 11th-century historian Leonti Mroveli, Manglisi was the first place which the bishop John of Kartli, returning from his mission to Constantinople with a group of Byzantine priests and masons, chose to build a Christian church. There, the chronicle continues, he left the relics brought from Constantinople as presents of the emperor Constantine the Great, to the disappointment of King Mirian who wanted to have the relics at his capital, Mtskheta.

Manglisi became a seat of the homonymous bishopric under Vakhtang I in the 5th century. The diocesan territory of Manglisi covered much of the Algeti valley and at times expanded beyond it. The church of Manglisi was also a site of pilgrimage for the neighboring Armenians until the catholicos Abraham of Armenia excommunicated the Georgians following an ecclesiastic schism between the two peoples in 607 and instructed his compatriots not to go on pilgrimage to Mtskheta and Manglisi. Manglisi was dispossessed of its relic, the foot-rest (suppedaneum) of the Lord, by the Byzantine emperor Heraclius who passed through Kartli during his war with Iran in the 620s.

The valley of Manglisi appears in possession of the Juansheriani family, a branch of the former royal dynasty of Chosroids of Iberia, in the middle of the 8th century, and then of the Liparitids, whose one member Rati, a contemporary of Bagrat III (r. 978/1008–1014), is described by the Georgian chronicler to have held "the fortress of Ateni and all Kartli south of the Mtkuari, Trialeti, Manglis-khevi, and Skvireti." At the beginning of the 11th century, the cathedral of Manglisi, originally a tetraconch, was substantially reconstructed and refurbished. In 1121, the field of Didgori, not far from Manglisi, was a scene of the climactic victory of the Georgian king David IV over the Seljuq Turks. After a series of foreign invasions, more so following Timur's campaigns, the valley of Manglisi went into gradual decline. By the 1770s, it had been listed among the emptied eparchies of the Georgian church. The abandoned cathedral still stood there, undisturbed by Georgia's Muslim intruders because, as the 18th-century historian Prince Vakhushti claims, they thought one of the frescoes in the church depicted Muhammad seated upon a lion. The fresco is, in fact, an image of St. Mammes of Caesarea.

Russian rule

After the arrival of the Russian rule in Georgia, the depopulated village of Manglisi (, Manglis) was chosen, in 1823, by General Aleksey Yermolov as the headquarters of one of the regiments under his command, to be called, after 1827, the 13th Erivansky Grenadier Regiment for its role in the victory at Erivan in the war with Persia. On this occasion, the Russian authorities had also transplanted some civilian families from the neighboring districts. By the early 1850s, Manglis had been a relatively well-organized Russian colony. The old cathedral was also restored from 1851 to 1857. The population, with an overwhelming Slavic majority, was up to 3,000 in 1892. By the early 1890s, Manglis had also acquired a spa town status, where the people of Tiflis (Tbilisi) could escape the city's summer heat.

Modern Manglisi
During the Soviet period, Manglisi continued to function as a spa and its sanatoriums provided services for people with respiratory diseases. In 1924, the state-run airline Zakavia organized a short-lived line Tiflis—Manglis to serve local tourist interests. On August 29, 1924, the Red Army barracks in Manglisi were raided, ultimately unsuccessfully, by anti-Soviet insurgents led by Kakutsa Cholokashvili.

In 1926, the settlement was granted the status of daba (urban-type settlement). According to the nationwide Georgian census of 2002, Manglisi had the population of 2,752, a 30.1% drop from 3,939 in the last Soviet census of 1989.

Notes

References

Cities and towns in Kvemo Kartli
Populated places in Tetritsqaro Municipality
Tiflis Governorate
Spa towns in Georgia (country)

Manglisi


A flux switching alternator is a form of high-speed alternator, an AC electrical generator, intended for direct drive by a turbine. They are simple in design with the rotor containing no coils or magnets, making them rugged and capable of high rotation speeds. This makes them suitable for their only widespread use, in guided missiles.

Guided missiles
Guided missiles require a source of electrical power during flight. This is needed to power the guidance and fuzing systems, possibly also the high-power loads of an active radar seeker (i.e. a transmitter) and rarely the missile's control surfaces. Control surface actuators for a high-speed missile require a high force and so these are usually powered by some non-electric means, such as tapping propellant exhaust gas from the missile's motor. Rare exceptions where electrically powered control surfaces are used are mostly medium-range subsonic naval missiles, e.g. Exocet, Harpoon and Martel. The total load varies for different missiles between around 100W to several kW.

The electrical supply for a missile must be reliable, particularly after long storage. Depending on the missile type, it may also be required to start delivering power almost immediately after start-up, or even before launch to allow gyroscopes to be accelerated to speed, and to provide power for varying lengths of time. Small anti-tank or air-to-air missiles may only require power for a few seconds of flight. Others, such as tactical missiles or ICBMs, may require power for several minutes. Turbojet-powered cruise missiles have the longest flight times (being long-ranged, yet also slowest in flight); however, these also have engines that are capable of driving a more conventional generator.

Two technologies are used in practice to power missiles: batteries and generators. The batteries used are usually esoteric types rarely found outside missiles, such as silver-zinc or thermal batteries. The generators used are simple high-speed generators, driven directly by a turbine rotor that is powered by either the rocket motor's exhaust, or else a dedicated gas generator.

Alternator principles
The generator is required to be rugged and capable of very high speeds, as it is driven at the turbine's speed, without reduction gearing. The rotor must thus be simple in design and there can also be no sliding contacts to sliprings or other brushgear. Although the power requirement for the missile may be a largely DC supply, the AC alternator and its need for a rectifier is still favoured for its mechanical robustness.

Unusually, both the field coils and the armature winding are carried on the fixed stator. The rotor is a simple toothed wheel, with no windings or electrical components.

In the simplest case, the stator has four poles and the field coils and armature windings are arranged alternately around the stator between the poles. The field magnets are arranged with their poles opposing each other, i.e. one armature is between the two North poles, one between the two South. The rotor is a simple toothed disc of magnetic, but unmagnetized, iron. As it rotates between poles, it links the flux between a single pair of opposing poles. The magnetic circuit of the stator is thus a pair of triangles, each containing a field, an armature and a shared path through the rotor. Flux passes in each circuit from one field and through one armature. As the rotor turns, the other triangular path is formed, switching the flux from one pair of field and armature to the other and also reversing the direction of the flux in the armature coil. It is this reversal of flux that produces the alternating emf.

The rotor must bridge the path between opposing pole pieces, but must never bridge all four simultaneously. It must thus have an even number of poles, but this must not be divisible by four. Practical rotors use six poles. As the rotation of one tooth pitch is sufficient to generate one AC cycle, the output frequency is thus the product of the rotation speed (in revs. per second) and the number of rotor teeth. Early AC systems used the standard frequency of 400 Hz, which limited alternators to two pole rotors and a maximum rotation speed of 24,000 rpm. The use of higher frequencies, from multi-pole rotors, was already recognised as a future means to achieve greater power for the same weight. The Seaslug missile alternator used a speed of 24,000 rpm to produce 1.5 kVA of electricity at 2,400 Hz.

The field may be supplied by either permanent magnets or by field coils. Regulation of the output voltage is achieved by controlling the current through a winding, either the field coil, or a control winding around a permanent magnet.

Alternator drive

Propulsion motor
The simplest solution taps off some hot exhaust gas from the propulsion motor and routes it instead through the generator turbine. This gas may also be used to power the control surface actuators, as was used for Vigilant. This is one of the simplest and lightest electrical power supplies available for a missile.

Bleeding exhaust gas from the motor increases the amount of fuel required, but this effect is trivial, around 1%. The exhaust is hot, possibly as hot as 2,400 °C, and at pressures varying from 2,600 psi at the boost phase to 465 psi during sustain. A more serious drawback is the amount of sooty particulates in the exhaust, which requires a filter to keep them from the turbine. As such filters may themselves clog, this method is best suited for short flight durations.

Gas generator
A gas generator is a chemical device that burns to provide a supply of gas under pressure. Although still hot, comparable to rocket motor exhaust, this gas can be cooler and cleaner of particulates than rocket efflux. Both solid and liquid-fuelled gas generators may be used.

Advantages of a gas generator drive, rather than motor exhaust are:
 Cleaner, cooler exhaust, which is less likely to cause turbine problems.
 Ability to start the gas generator before launching, allowing time for gyroscopes to be spun up to speed, power for control surfaces etc.
 Ability to continue power generation after the motor has burned out, during a ballistic coast phase.

Development history
The first alternators of this type began with the first missiles requiring considerable electric power, those using radar seekers (initially semi-active radar homing). Development of these began in the late 1940s, with air-to-air missiles such as Sparrow. Sparrow was a relatively large missile with an airframe 8 inches in diameter. By the late 1950s, turbine-driven alternators were also being used in lightweight anti-tank missiles such as Vigilant. Vigilant has a body diameter of 4 inches, including a  inch central jetpipe. The alternator and turbine were fitted into a remaining annular space of only 1 inches.

Permanent magnet magnetos
An alternative high-speed generator is the permanent magnet magneto. Achieving the output needed depends on the use of modern rare-earth magnets, such as samarium cobalt or neodymium. The output coil is formed as a stator, with axial magnetic flux from a rotating multi-pole ring magnet.

See also
Alexanderson alternator
Variable reluctance sensor
Switched reluctance motor

References

Alternators
Electrical generators
Missile technology

Flux switching alternator


Martinian (; died in 325) was Roman emperor from July to September 324. He was raised to the purple by the emperor Licinius, whom he had hitherto served as a senior bureaucrat, during Licinius's civil war against the emperor Constantine I. Constantine defeated both emperors and forced them to abdicate, and executed them after initially showing leniency.

Name

Martinian's full name is ultimately unattested, as it is given in abbreviated form on his coins. The name Mar(...), which precedes his common name, probably stands for the nomen "Marcius", or possibly the cognomen Martinus. The letter S in one collection of coins has been interpreted as the forename "Sextus", but some modern authors think it's simply, along with the letter C, an abbreviation of the imperial title "Caesar".

Elevation
In 324, as the second civil war between Licinius and Constantine I was at its height, the situation for Licinius was not promising. Following his defeat at the Battle of Adrianople, he decided to replace Constantine (in name only) as western Augustus. As his replacement he named Martinian co-emperor, as he had previously appointed Valens during his earlier war with Constantine. Prior to his elevation, which took place some time after the battle of Adrianople, Martinian was serving as magister officiorum at Licinius' court. Licinius lacked the aid of a loyal deputy that Constantine possessed in the person of his eldest son Crispus; Licinius appointed Martinian, though not a relative, to make up this deficiency.

Military activities
In the wake of his defeat at Adrianople Licinius sent Martinian, with an army including Visigothic auxiliaries, to Lampsacus (on the Asiatic shore of the Hellespont or Dardanelles) to prevent Constantine from using his fleet to effect a crossing from Thrace into Mysia and Bithynia in Asia Minor. A naval battle in the Hellespont resulted in the destruction of Licinius' navy by Constantine's son Crispus. Following this defeat, Licinius withdrew his forces from Byzantium, which was being besieged by Constantine, to Chalcedon on the Asiatic shore of the Bosphoros. Constantine then crossed the Bosphoros to Asia Minor, using a flotilla of light transports he had built independently from his main fleet on the Hellespont, in order to evade the forces of Martinian. Licinius recalled Martinian from Lampsacus to reinforce his main army. It is not clear whether Martinian's forces reached Licinius before September 18 when Licinius was defeated for the last time at the Battle of Chrysopolis.

Fate
Due to the intervention of Flavia Julia Constantia, Constantine's sister and also  Licinius' wife, both Licinius and Martinian were initially spared, Licinius being imprisoned in Thessalonica, Martinian in Cappadocia; however, Constantine seems to have soon regretted his leniency as both former emperors were subsequently executed. Martinian was probably executed in the spring of 325, in Cappadocia.

Notes

References
 DiMaio, Michael, "Licinius (308 – 324 A.D.)", DIR (1997).
Grant, Michael (1985), The Roman Emperors: A biographical Guide to the Rulers of Imperial Rome 31 BC-AD 476, London.
Grant, Michael (1993), The Emperor Constantine, London.
 Jones, A.H.M., Martindale, J.R. The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Vol. I: AD260-395, Cambridge University Press, 1971
Lenski, Noel E. (2011) The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine, Cambridge University Press.
Odahl, C.M., (2004) Constantine and the Christian Empire, Routledge 2004.

325 deaths
4th-century executions
4th-century murdered monarchs
4th-century Roman emperors
Executed Roman emperors
Magistri officiorum
People executed by the Roman Empire
Tetrarchy
Year of birth unknown

Martinian (emperor)


is a manga series by Mayu Shinjo about a shrine maiden that finds herself falling for a demon that feeds on passion and love. Shinjo initially wrote Demon Love Spell in 2008 as a two part installment manga for Margaret magazine, but chose to serialize the series in 2009 due to the story's popularity. In 2012 Viz Media licensed the manga with the intention to publish it in English through their Shojo Beat imprint and released the first volume in December of that same year.

Synopsis
The series follows Miko, a young shrine maiden living with her family. She's frustrated that she's unable to contribute much to the family business, as she has little apparent supernatural abilities and cannot easily see or banish spirits. Miko eventually runs into Kagura, an incubus that has been feeding on the female students at Miko's school. She manages to seal him, but in the process turns him into a chibi, lower powered version of himself. Miko initially tries to keep him secret from her family, but they inevitably discover Kagura but allow him to remain with Miko due to his small size. Meanwhile, Kagura has shown the ability to enter Miko's mind while she's sleeping, where he is able to assume his full size. Kagura uses this as an opportunity to attempt to seduce Miko, with some success.

Characters

Reception
Critical reception for the series has been mostly positive, with the School Library Journal commenting that for the story material the manga was "quite clean, consisting mostly of cheeky innuendos and a few abstract dream sequences in which sex is insinuated but not graphically depicted". Anime News Network gave overall positive reviews for the first two volumes, praising the series' artwork and remarking that Miko was a stronger female character than some of the ones Shinjo had written in the past. In contrast, U-T San Diego reported that a Comic-Con panel had named the manga one of their five worst manga releases for 2013.

Volumes

References

External links

2008 manga
Comedy anime and manga
Fantasy anime and manga
Mayu Shinjo
Shōjo manga
Shueisha manga
Viz Media manga

Demon Love Spell


Remy or Rémy is a French name. It might mean:

 Pont-Remy, a French commune in Picardie
 Rémy, a French commune in Pas-de-Calais
 Remy, Oise
 Remy, Oklahoma
 Remy Zero, a musical group
 Remy, the main character from the movie Ratatouille
 Remy hair, a type of hair exensions

Remy is a name of an annoying boy he is totally not french Go on to simple Isabelle it will be a bad report but it is all fake sorry about this little dushbag he has a weird name od not name your child this or yourself

Remy


Kamala Nehru Park is part of the Hanging Gardens complex in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India covering an area of approximate 16,000 sq.mt. (4 acres). Located at the top of Mumbai's Malabar Hill, it is developed and maintained by the Hydraulic Engineer's Department of Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai. One of Mumbai's premier gardens it is popular with young children and tourists. The garden has views of the Marine drive below - also known as Queen's necklace.

The shoe structure is inspired by the nursery rhyme There was an Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe.

Soli Arceivala, Former BMC Environment Officer, VJTI Vice Principal Of 15 Years, NEERI Director had designed Old Woman's Shoe at Kamala Nehru Park.

History
Established in 1952, Kamala Nehru Park has been an integral part of Mumbai's urban landscape for decades. The park is named in honor of Kamala Nehru, a freedom fighter and the wife of Jawaharlal Nehru, who played a significant role in India's struggle for independence.

Renovation
In 2017 and 2018, the park was rejuvenated and opened for public on 22 February 2018 by the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai.
Continuing the theme of 'Nursery Rhymes' the park now has additional spaces designed on various other nursery rhymes in Marathi, Hindi and English.

References

Parks in Mumbai
Memorials to Kamala Nehru
Year of establishment missing

Kamala Nehru Park, Mumbai


Velure is an alternative rock and Southern rock band based in Athens, Georgia, though five of the six members (Rich, Jeff, Ben, Franher, and Darren) now reside in Atlanta, Georgia. Their music is noteworthy for their live shows, four-part harmonies, lyrical content, and diverse sound.

History
Velure was co-founded by Rich Turbo and longtime friend and musical partner Ben Holst, originally of Six Shades Blue in Athens, Georgia, in 1999.

The group began its early career as a band called The Avenues. After transferring to UGA at the beginning of his junior year, Holst met keyboardist Sean McCullough, who had been trained in piano at a young age. The two formed The Avenues, a "jam band,". The Avenues headlined popular venues such as the Georgia Theatre and the 40 Watt Club. Holst began moonlighting with Athens band Six Shades Blue. While maintaining his relationship with McCullough, it was during this time that he became friends with Darren Stanley, drummer of Squat, and bassist Franher Joseph, both of the classic blues band Delta Moon.

The Avenues, now consisting of Holst, McCullough, Stanley and Joseph, was introduced to Rich Turbo, son of pianist Rick C. Turbo of the 70's group Calliko Four, at a local poetry reading. Concerned with the previous direction of the sound and the limitations for a more performance-based show, Turbo approached Holst with the idea of sharpening the sound of the band, lending more towards a rock and pop genre, making it something more progressive and plausible so as to garner a larger and broader audience; Holst agreed.

As Turbo started writing new material, the rest of the group worked to create a new sound and direction for the band. Jeff Schaefer, who was invited to play cello on the recording of the power ballad "Our Story," assisted with this reinvention. The group completed the songs necessary to create a demo album, and asked Schaefer to join them full-time, as rock cellist and rhythm guitarist.

Velure finished their four-song LP recording at Elixir Recordings and got started on a full-length debut album. They toured at various venues in Athens, as well as at Georgia Theatre, the 40 Watt Club, and AMF. They opened for notable recording artist such as Josh Joplin and Jennifer Nettles, and then departed on their own headlining concert tour. Rich Turbo was praised by one music reviewer as having the ability to add a raw edge to the band that had never before been seen.

After completing the touring in 2000, Holst met up with a friend who was co-producer of the Damn Show and asked him to produce Velure's video which they would submit for a chance to appear on VH-1's "Bands on the Run". They were not chosen for the show, having been told they lacked the female component VH-1 wanted, in order to promote diversity.

The band continued appearing in Atlanta concert venues, performing shows at the Darkhorse Tavern and the Cotton Club (now known as The Tabernacle)], among others. Holst worked on learning ProTools and other music engineering skills which he had learned while working at Southern Tracks studios in Atlanta. These skills would lead to music engineering jobs for bands such as Love Tractor, Blueground Undergrass, Drive By Truckers, and R.E.M.

Band members

Latest members
Rich Turbo – lead vocals (1998–present)
Jeff Schaefer – guitar, cello, violin (1999–present)
Franher Joseph – bass, upright bass, trumpet, vocals (1998–2001, 2008–present)
Darren "D" Stanley – drums, percussion (1998–2001, present)
Ben Holst – guitar, vocals, (1999–2001)
Sean McCullough – keyboards, keys, Wurlitzer electric piano, vocals (1998–2001)

Former members
Dusty Dunn – percussion(1998–1999)
Joe Mauldin – harmonica (1998–2001)
Tim Kassa - drums, percussion (1997–1998)

Discography
 "Our Story" (single, 1999)
 Summertime (2000)
 You Were There (1999)
 Blow My Mind (live at Georgia Theatre album, 1998)
 I Choose You (live at Georgia Theatre album, 1998)
 You Never Know (live at Georgia Theatre album, 1998)
 Thankyou (live at Georgia Theatre album, 1998)
 Down the Line (2005)
 So Tell Me (2008)
 In My Own Skin (2009)
 She Said (2009)
 Fields of Green (2009)

Videography
 "Live At Georgia Theatre" (1999)
 "Live At the Cotton Club" (2000)
 "Blow My Mind" video submission for VH-1's 'Bands On The Run' (1999)
 "VH-1 Bands on the Run Airing of Velure Interview" (2000)

References

External links
 The RedandBlack]

Alternative rock groups from Georgia (U.S. state)
American southern rock musical groups
Musical groups from Athens, Georgia
Musical groups from Atlanta

Velure


Pau Brasil National Park () is a national park in the state of Bahia, Brazil.
It preserves a remnant of the Atlantic Forest biome.

Location

The Pau Brasil National Park is in the Atlantic Forest biome.
It covers an area of .
It was created by decree on 20 April 1999, with a modified decree on 11 June 2010, and is administered by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation.
It became part of the Central Atlantic Forest Ecological Corridor, created in 2002.
It lies in the municipality of Porto Seguro, Bahia.
The park lies between the Frades River (Rio dos Frades) and Buranhém River.
The terrain is a relatively flat coastal plain with elevations of  cut by many deep gullies carrying streams that drain the area.
Most of the streams originate in the conservation unit.

Average annual rainfall is .
Temperatures range from  with an average of .
The park contains a remnant of dense lowland rainforest of the Atlantic Forest biome including Pau-brasil (Caesalpinia echinata) trees, as well as regenerating areas that have been disturbed by human activity.
There are 71 endemic plant species, including Protium icicariba, Caryocar edule, Couepia belemii, Arapatiella psilophylla, Byrsonima alvimii, Tibouchina elegans, Eugenia flamingensis, Manilkara multifida.

Conservation

The park is classed as IUCN protected area category II (national park).
The park's basic objective is preservation of natural ecosystems of great ecological relevance and scenic beauty and enabling scientific research, environmental education, outdoor recreation and ecological tourism.
Protected species in the park include jaguar (Panthera onca), cougar (Puma concolor), harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja), red-billed curassow (Crax blumenbachii), Atlantic black-breasted woodpecker (Celeus tinnunculus), black-headed berryeater (Carpornis melanocephala), ochre-marked parakeet (Pyrrhura cruentata), the fish Mimagoniates sylvicola and Rachoviscus graciliceps and the Hercules beetle (Dynastes hercules).

Notes

Sources

National parks of Brazil
Protected areas of Bahia
Protected areas of the Atlantic Forest
1999 establishments in Brazil
Protected areas established in 1999

Pau Brasil National Park


Professor Ramaswami Venkataswami is a plastic surgeon, founder of the Institute for the Research and Rehabilitation of Hand and the Department of Plastic Surgery (IRRH and DPS) of Stanley Medical College and Hospitals (SMC), Chennai, India.  He founded the department in 1971 and headed it until 1991 when he retired from Government service.  His major accomplishments include the creation of a dedicated hand injury service with staff, beds and operating theatre dedicated to the service.  The service provided 24/7 management of acute hand injuries and housed all specialities related to the long-term management of such injuries - including physiotherapy, occupational health, and workplace rehabilitation.  He also initiated the use of microsurgical methods in the repair and reconstruction at Stanley in 1978-79 (the first microsurgical procedure in the department was carried out in 1980).  He is an alumnus of SMC and an elected fellow of the National Academy of Medical Sciences.

Prof. Venkataswami joined SMC in 1951 for his MBBS and followed it with a postgraduation in general surgery. After this, he went to Nagpur Medical College to specialise in plastic surgery. He later founded the Department of Plastic Surgery at SMC.
Prof. R. Venkataswamy is awarded Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award in the Republic of India, for his outstanding contribution in the year 2019.

As of July 2012, Prof. Venkataswami practices at Apollo First Med Hospital in Chennai.

References

Tamil scientists
Living people
Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences
Year of birth missing (living people)
Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine

Ramaswami Venkataswami


Raed Arafat (; , first name also spelled Rayed; born May 24, 1964) is a Syrian-born Romanian intensive care physician of Palestinian origin, specialised in anesthesiology.

He founded the Mobile Emergency Service for Resuscitation and Extrication (SMURD) with the help from the Romanian Fire Fighting Brigade represented by Lt.-Col Mircea Pintilie. He was also the coordinator of Mureș County Emergency Services until 2007, when he was invited to take the position of Undersecretary of State at the Ministry of Health to deal with the development of emergency medical care in Romania.

He was also, for a short period, the Minister of Health (7 November — 21 December 2012), serving many years as Under-Secretary of State for Health in the Romanian Government. He accepted the position of Minister of Health just as a temporary position after which he was nominated as State Secretary at the Ministry of Health.

In 2014 he accepted the position of Secretary of State at the Ministry of Internal Affairs to head the newly created Department for Emergency Situations under which all emergency services are coordinated including fire and rescue, civil protection, prehospital medical emergency response, air rescue  and emergency departments. He is still serving at the Ministry of Internal Affairs in this position.

Early life
Arafat was born in Damascus to a Palestinian couple from Nablus. He worked as a volunteer in emergency medicine from the age of 14. In 1981 he emigrated to Romania and initially settled in Pitești, where he took Romanian language classes.

Education
Arafat enrolled at the University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Cluj-Napoca. He later moved to the Târgu Mureș University of Medicine, where he underwent specialization in anesthesiology. He completed a number of specialist courses abroad, training with the Paris Fire Brigade, the United States National Guard, and the Norwegian Air Ambulance.

Career
Following the 1989 Revolution, Arafat contemplated leaving for France, but his application was rejected, so he concentrated instead on creating an emergency service in Târgu Mureș (which he originally financed with personal funds).

In 1991, he created SMURD, a mobile emergency service which began collaborating with the Romanian firefighting service and the Fire service of Scotland, working for it as a volunteer until 1998, when he gained Romanian citizenship.

Politics
In late 2005, his project to have SMURD function as an additional rescue service at a county level was passed into law, but raised opposition from the physician and Social Democratic politician Sorin Oprescu, who had drafted an alternative proposal. A reference to Arafat as "the Ayatollah of Romanian emergency medicine" and the stress he placed on the latter's country of origin brought Oprescu to the attention of the National Council for Combating Discrimination. A first aid instructor, he coordinated international lectures on the matter in several countries (including Austria, Denmark, Greece, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Ireland, the United Kingdom, and the United States). In 2003, he was made a Knight of the National Order of Merit of Romania (a Grand Officer since 2005).

Since August, 2009, he has held the position of Under-Secretary of State for Health.
He resigned from this position on January 10, 2012, as he expressed criticism on the health system reform. After a series of protests in several cities, the government announced changes to the reform plan, and Dr Arafat returned to his post as Under-Secretary of State.
In late 2012 he was Romanian Minister of Health, then came back to his charge as undersecretary in the same ministry.

References and bibliography

 A. Todea, F. Maria, M. Avram, Oameni de știință mureșeni – Dicționar biobibliografic, CJ Mureș Biblioteca Județeană Mureș, tipografia Mediaprint SRL, 2004

People from Damascus
Romanian people of Palestinian descent
Romanian Muslims
Romanian anesthesiologists
Palestinian emigrants to Romania
1964 births
Living people
Romanian Ministers of Health
Recipients of the Order of Honour (Moldova)
Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy alumni

Raed Arafat


Pagtatawas is a divination ritual in pseudomedicine in Filipino Psychology (but considered superstition in Western psychology), carried out by the mangtatawas (literally "user of tawas"). It attempts to diagnose an affliction or psychological disorder by interpreting shapes produced in water by heated alum or molten wax droppings from a burning candle. It is thus a form of both carromancy and oryctomancy.

Technique

Earlier and in some rural areas in the Philippines, alum (i.e., hydrated aluminum potassium sulfate or tawas in the vernacular) is ritualistically used by the albularyo or medicine man to pinpoint a variety of health conditions: a child's incessant crying, frequent fatigue, or even failure to conceive.

The tawas is used to trace the sign of the cross on the patient's forehead and other suspicious or ailing parts of the body as prayers are being whispered (bulóng or oración). The alum is then placed on glowing embers, removed when it starts to crack, then transferred to a small basin of water. As it cools, the alum's new form spreads on the water's surface and assumes a shape that may suggest the cause of the illness, often one of several indigenous forces: dwarfs, demons, or other malevolent spirits (na-nuno, na-kulam, na-demonyo). The water is then used to anoint the ailing part or parts of the body to counteract the evil forces or illness. The tawas is then discarded and thrown westward, preferably towards the setting sun.

Presently and in most areas, an albularyo simply lights and holds the candle during the ritual. In some, it is the albularyo'''s assistant or the afflicted person who holds the candle, but almost invariably, it is the albularyo who interprets the vague shapes produced by the wax as it re-solidifies in the basin of water. An albularyo may see supernatural beings displeased as cause of the illness in the shapes and forms, and suggest some cleansing ritual or peace offering to a spirit.

Modern variations have the albularyo'' use other materials for divination, such as eggs, mirrors, blank paper, cigarettes, chewing gum, chicken feathers, and the liver of a freshly-slaughtered chicken or pig (the last one classically known in the West as haruspicy).

See also
Albularyo, Filipino practitioners of folk medicine
Kulam, a type of black magic practiced in the Philippines
Usog, a curse with similarities to the evil eye hex
Hilot, Filipino folk medicine that uses massages
Oomancy, practice of divination using eggs

References

Superstitions of the Philippines
Tagalog words and phrases
Traditional medicine
Austronesian spirituality

Pagtatawas


Anita Jeram (born 1965) is an English author and illustrator of picture books for children.

Life and career

Growing up in Portsmouth, England, Jeram always enjoyed drawing, but worked a variety of jobs before pursuing a degree course in illustration at Manchester Polytechnic (now Manchester Metropolitan University). Soon after graduation she wrote her first book, Bill's Belly Button, which was published by Walker Books in 1991. Other books she has written include Contrary Mary (1995), Bunny, My Honey (1999), and I Love My Little Storybook (2002). As an illustrator, Jeram received recognition for her illustrations in Sam McBratney's Guess How Much I Love You, which was a picture-book best seller as well as a 1996 ALA Notable Children's Book. She has also illustrated several books by Dick King-Smith and Amy Hest.

In addition to her work on picture books Jeram also publishes greeting cards through Two Bad Mice Publishers Ltd.

Jeram lives with her family in Northern Ireland.

References

External links

1965 births
Living people
British children's book illustrators
English children's writers
Writers from Portsmouth
Date of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)

Anita Jeram


Kerri-Ann Jones (born 1954) was vice president of research and science at The Pew Charitable Trusts. She is the former United States Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs at the U.S. State Department. Nominated by President Barack Obama in June 2009, she was sworn in on August 20 of that year.

Biography

Education
Kerri-Ann Jones received a bachelor's degree in chemistry from Barnard College of Columbia University in 1975. After graduating, she worked as a research assistant in immunology and developmental biology at Rockefeller University. She received a PhD in 1985 from Yale University's Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, where she used nuclear magnetic resonance to study the effects of stress on metabolism and gene expression.

Career
In 1985 Jones won a Science Engineering and Diplomacy Fellowship from the American Association for the Advancement of Science which placed her in the Science and Technology Bureau of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). She then spent a year in New Delhi, India, as the Biotechnology Advisor at the United States Agency for International Development there.

Returning to the United States, Jones worked briefly with National Institute of Health's Fogarty International Center.  She then moved to USAID (1988-1995) where she worked in technical and management positions with the Science and Technology and the Asia Near East Bureaus.  She directed the Division of Technical Resources where she was responsible for a portfolio that included policy and programs in the areas of science and technology, agriculture, health, education and environment.  She designed and managed the U.S. Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Partnership for Education, the first major U.S. contribution to APEC.  She was instrumental in the initial design of the U.S.-Asia Environmental Partnership.

In 1996 President of the United States Bill Clinton nominated Jones to be associate director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy and, after Senate confirmation, she held this post until 1999.  She also served on the National Security Council as the Senior Director for Science and Technology Affairs. In 2000 she became the state director for Maine's Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCOR), a grant program supported by several federal agencies including the National Science Foundation (NSF) and NIH. In 2002 she moved to the National Science Foundation as Director of the Office of International Science and Engineering. She left that post in 2005 to work as an independent consultant in Maine.

Under her role as Assistant Secretary of State, Jones also served as the U.S. co-chair of the U.S.-Ireland R&D Partnership Steering Group.

References

External links

Profile from the State Department

|-

1954 births
Living people
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
21st-century American women
American women diplomats
American diplomats
Barnard College alumni
Clinton administration personnel
United States National Science Foundation officials
Obama administration personnel
People of the United States Agency for International Development
United States Assistant Secretaries of State
Yale University alumni
Directors of the Office of Science and Technology Policy

Kerri-Ann Jones


During the Neolithic period humans started domesticating animals. Remains of animal bones at Neolithic sites tells us what animals were domesticated. with the domestication of animals like oxen, pigs and sheep, there was a regular supply of meat and the herders were able to keep well fed.

Dogs were first domesticated by hunters and gatherers of wild food plants in Central Asia at least 15,000 years ago. This was the first successful domestication of animals, including goats, cattle, and other species, as well as plants.

Animal domestication in the Neolithic period, like plant domestication, involved artificial selection: how humans bred certain species based on the characteristics they desired to pass on to the next generation. In this way, humans domesticated dogs, sheep, goats, and cattle, which over time became distinct from their wild ancestors and relatives.

Neolithic
Domesticated animals
History of agriculture

Domestication of animals


The Kingdom of Serbia () was a country located in the Balkans which was created when the ruler of the Principality of Serbia, Milan I, was proclaimed king in 1882. Since 1817, the Principality was ruled by the Obrenović dynasty (replaced by the Karađorđević dynasty for a short time). The Principality, under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire, de facto achieved full independence when the last Ottoman troops left Belgrade in 1867. The Congress of Berlin in 1878 recognized the formal independence of the Principality of Serbia, and in its composition Nišava, Pirot, Toplica and Vranje districts entered the South part of Serbia.

In 1882, Serbia was elevated to the status of a kingdom, maintaining a foreign policy friendly to Austria-Hungary. Between 1912 and 1913, Serbia greatly enlarged its territory through engagement in the First and Second Balkan Wars—Sandžak-Raška, Kosovo Vilayet and Vardar Macedonia were annexed. At the end of World War I in 1918 it united with Vojvodina and the Kingdom of Montenegro, and in December 1918 it merged with the newly created State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later known as Kingdom of Yugoslavia) under the continued rule of the Karađorđević dynasty.

History

Principality of Serbia

The Principality of Serbia was a state in the Balkans that came into existence as a result of the Serbian revolution which lasted between 1804 and 1817. Despite brutal oppression and retaliation by the Ottoman authorities, the revolutionary leaders, first Karađorđe and then Miloš Obrenović, succeeded in their goal to liberate Serbia after centuries of Turkish rule.

At first, the principality included only the territory of the former Pashaluk of Belgrade, but in 1831–1833 it expanded to the east, south, and west. In the first decades of the principality, the population was about 85% Serb and 15% non-Serb. Of those, most were Vlachs, and there were some Turkicized Muslim Albanians, which were the overwhelming majority of the Muslims that lived in Smederevo, Kladovo and Ćuprija. The new state aimed to homogenize its population. As a result, from 1830 to 1876, it has been estimated that up to 150,000 Albanians that lived in the territories of the Principality of Serbia emigrated or were expelled.

In 1867 the Ottoman army garrisons retreated from the Principality, securing its de facto independence. Serbia expanded further to the south-east in 1878, when it won full international recognition at the Congress of Berlin.

After the 1877–1878 expansion, in the new areas (present-day Jablanica, Toplica and parts of Nišava District) an estimated 49,000–130,000 Albanians were expelled (Expulsion of the Albanians 1877–1878), settling mainly in Kosovo. These events marked the beginning of the Serbian-Albanian conflict.

Serbo-Bulgarian War, 1885
The Serbo-Bulgarian War erupted on November 14, 1885, and lasted until November 28 of the same year. The war ended in defeat for Serbia, as it had failed to capture the Slivnitsa region which it had set out to achieve. Bulgarians successfully repelled the Serbs after the decisive victory at the Battle of Slivnitsa and advanced into Serbian territory taking Pirot and clearing the way to Niš.

When Austria-Hungary declared that it would join the war on the side of Serbia, Bulgaria withdrew from Serbia leaving the Serbo-Bulgarian border precisely where it had been prior to the war. The peace treaty was signed on February 19, 1886, in Bucharest. As a result of the war, European powers acknowledged the act of Unification of Bulgaria which happened on September 6, 1885.

Balkan Wars and expansion

Negotiations between Russia, Serbia and Bulgaria led to the Serbian-Bulgarian Treaty of Alliance of March 1912, which aimed to conquer and to divide the Ottoman held Macedonia. In May, a Serbian-Greek alliance was reached and in October 1912, a Serbia-Montenegro alliance was signed.

After the war started, Serbia, together with Montenegro, conquered Pristina and Novi Pazar. At the Battle of Kumanovo Serbs defeated the Ottoman army and proceeded to conquer Skopje and the whole of Kosovo vilayet. The region of Metohija was taken by Montenegro. At Bitola and Ohrid Serbian army units established contact with the Greek army.
Populations of ethnic Serbs and Albanians tended to shift following territorial conquests. As a result of the multi-ethnic composition of Kosovo, the new administrations provoked a mixed response from the local population. Serbs considered this a liberation.

On November 29, 1913, the Drač County of the Kingdom of Serbia was established on the part of the territory of Albania taken from the Ottoman Empire during the First Balkan War. Serbian Drač County had four districts (): Drač (Durrës), Lješ (Lezhë), Elbasan and Tirana.

After the First Balkan War of 1912, territories of Kosovo and north-western Macedonia were internationally recognised as a part of Serbia and northern Metohija as a part of Montenegro at the Treaty of London of May 1913. In a report to Rome, Lazër Mjeda, Archbishop of Skopje, estimated that 25,000 Albanians were killed by Serbian forces during and after the conflict.

The old disagreements regarding the territory of Macedonia among the members of the Balkan League and primarily Serbia and Bulgaria, led to the Second Balkan War. Here, Serbia, Greece, Romania, the Ottoman Empire, and Montenegro fought against Bulgaria in 1913.

The final borders were ratified at the Treaty of Bucharest of 1913. Serbia came to control the land which became known as Vardar Macedonia, and today stands independent as the Republic of North Macedonia but land-locked Serbia was prevented from gaining access to the Adriatic Sea by the newly established Principality of Albania.

As the result of these wars, Serbia's population increased from 2.9 million to 4.5 million and territory increased by 81%.

Assassination in Sarajevo
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria on 28 June 1914 in Sarajevo (then part of Austria-Hungary) brought the tensions between Austria-Hungary and Serbia to a head. Behind the assassination in Sarajevo was the secret Serbian officers organization Black Hand. The assassins were supported by an "underground railroad" of Serbian civilians and military officers that provided transportation and hid them; members of the Serbian military that trained them, encouraged them, and provided weapons, maps, and other information. After the assassination, the conspirators were arrested in Bosnia-Herzegovina and tried in Sarajevo in October 1914.

The political objective of the assassination was to break the southern Slav provinces off from the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand triggered a chain of international events that embroiled Russia and the major European powers in the conflict.

World War I

On July 28, 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war against Serbia.

In 1915 Serbia was occupied by foreign troops after a combined invasion by Austro-Hungarian, German, and Bulgarian troops. The 135,000 soldiers of the Serbian Army retreated through Albania and were evacuated to the Greek island of Corfu, and in spring, 1916, they became part of a newly formed Salonika front. In 1916, the Kingdom of Montenegro was conquered by Austria-Hungary.

At the end of the war and the collapse of Austria-Hungary, Serbia experienced a loss of 28 percent of its pre-war population and went through radical changes after the liberation, all within days. On November 28, 1918, it absorbed the Kingdom of Montenegro at the Podgorica Assembly.

On December 1, 1918, Serbia united with the newly created State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs to form a new southern Slav state, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The new country continued to be ruled by the Serbian monarchy when in August 1921 Prince Alexandar I became king.

Politics
In 1888 People's Radical Party led by Sava Grujić and Nikola Pašić came to power and a new constitution, based on the liberal Constitution of Belgium was introduced. The lost war and the Radical Party's total electoral victory were some of the reasons why King Milan I abdicated in 1889. His son Alexander I assumed the throne in 1893 and in 1894 dismissed the constitution.

Jews from modern-day North Macedonia got their citizen rights after the region became a part of Kingdom of Serbia.

May Coup, 1903

King Alexander I of Serbia and his unpopular wife Queen Draga were assassinated inside the Royal Palace in Belgrade on the night of 28–29 May 1903. Other representatives of the Obrenović family were shot as well. This act resulted in the extinction of the House of Obrenović, which had been ruling Serbia since 1817.

Peter I
After the May Coup the Serbian Skupština invited Peter Karađorđević to assume the Serbian crown as Peter I of Serbia. A constitutional monarchy was created with the military Black Hand society operating behind the scenes. The traditionally good relations with Austria-Hungary ended, as the new dynasty relied on the support of the Russian Empire and closer cooperation with Kingdom of Bulgaria.

In April 1904 the Friendship treaty and in June 1905 the customs union with Bulgaria were signed. In response Austria-Hungary imposed a Tariff War (Pig war) of 1906–1909. After the 1906 elections the People's Radical Party came to power. In 1908 Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia, where Serbia had hoped to expand its territory.

Bosnian Crisis

The Bosnian Crisis of 1908–1909 (also referred to as the Annexation crisis) erupted into public view when on October 5, 1908, the Kingdom of Bulgaria declared its complete independence from Ottoman Empire and on October 6, 1908, when Austria-Hungary announced the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which was populated mainly by South Slavs.

Austro-Hungary had ambitions of imperialistic expansion and saw the Balkans in the same way that other colonial powers saw Africa or Asia. This idea was severely opposed by the Serbian public and intelligentsia, mainly gathered around Serbian Literary Herald (Srpski književni glasnik).

Russia, the Ottoman Empire, Britain, the Kingdom of Italy, Serbia, Principality of Montenegro, German Empire and France took an interest in these events. In April 1909, the 1878 Treaty of Berlin was amended to accept the new status quo and bringing the crisis to an end. The crisis permanently damaged relations between Austria-Hungary on the one hand and Russia and Serbia on the other. The annexation and reactions to the annexation were some of the contributing causes of World War I.

Administrative division

In 1890, it was divided into 15 districts (okruzi) which were further divided into counties (srezovi). Cities of Belgrade and Niš had special administrative status. The districts were: Valjevo, Vranje, Kragujevac, Krajina, Kruševac, Morava, Pirot, Podrinje, Podunavlje, Požarevac, Rudnik, Timok, Toplica, Užice and Crna Reka.

In 1912 and 1913 Serbia enlarged its territory after victorious First Balkan War. In August 1913, 11 new districts were formed in the newly liberated areas: Bitola, Debar, Kavadarci, Novi Pazar, Kumanovo, Pljevlja, Prizren, Priština, Skopje, Tetovo and Štip.

Monarchs

During its existence, the Kingdom was ruled by two competing dynasties: the House of Obrenović and the House of Karađorđević. King Milan Obrenović ruled from 6 March 1882 to 6 March 1889, when he abdicated the throne. He was succeeded by his son, Aleksandar Obrenović, who ruled from 6 March 1889 to 11 June 1903, when he was killed by a group of officers. The slaughter of the royal couple (the king and Queen Draga) by the Black Hand shocked Europe. This opened the way for the descendants of Karađorđe (Karageorge), regarded by Serbs throughout the Balkans as the man who threw off the Turkish yoke, to return to the throne. Petar Karađorđević was initially reluctant to accept the crown, disgusted as he was by the coup d'état. However, he finally did accept and was the Kingdom's sovereign from 15 June 1903 to 1 December 1918, the day that the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was proclaimed.

Demographics

Cities
The largest cities in the Kingdom of Serbia were (with population figures from c. 1910–1912):

Economy

Transport
Serbia was geographically located in the path of several trade routes linking Western and Central Europe with Middle East. Morava Valley was in the strategically important terrestrial route that linked Central Europe with Greece and Constantinople. During the 19th century major efforts were made to improve the transport in this connections. At the Congress of Berlin in 1878, Austria-Hungary helped Serbia to gain new territories, conditioning Serbia, however, to sign a new convention. The convention obliged Serbia to construct the railway line from Belgrade to Vranje and Turkish and Bulgarian borders in three years. In addition, the obligation to sign commercial contracts was imposed on Serbia, as well as a claim to carry out regulation works in Đerdap. Serbian Government approved this treaty by adopting the Law on Proclamation of the convention. Consequently, Serbian Railways were formed in 1881. The regular traffic on the railway line Belgrade–Niš started in 1884.

Culture
The Kingdom of Serbia participated in the International Exhibition of Art of 1911, with a number of artists showing their work as a part of the Serbian pavilion, including Marko Murat, Ivan Meštrović, Đorđe Jovanović and other artists.

See also
History of Serbia

Notes

References

Sources

Further reading

Frucht, Richard, ed. Encyclopedia of Eastern Europe: From the Congress of Vienna to the Fall of Communism (2000) online

Radovanović, Bojan, and Mioljub Veličković. 110 years of the National Bank: 1884-1994: establishment and beginning of operation of the Privileged National Bank of the Kingdom of Serbia. National bank of Yugoslavia, 1994.

Reiss, Rodolphe Archibald. The Kingdom of Serbia, 1919.
Šojić, Milan, and Ljiljana Đurđević. "Dinar Exchange Rate in the Kingdom of Serbia 1882-1914." The Experience of Exchange Rate Regimes in Southeastern Europe in a Historical and Comparative Perspective, ONB Workshop. No. 13. 2007.
Stavrianos, L.S.  The Balkans Since 1453 (1958), major scholarly history; online free to borrow

Other languages

External links

Former countries in the Balkans
Serbia, Kingdom of
Serbia, Kingdom of
Serbia, Kingdom of
1882 establishments in Serbia
1910s disestablishments in Serbia
1918 disestablishments in Europe
States and territories established in 1882
States and territories disestablished in 1918
Serbia

Kingdom of Serbia


Magic: The Gathering is a trading card game. Players buy and trade cards, and build their own card decks. Decks must have at least 60 cards. Players can play in tournaments, and there are even professional Magic players. Most players of Magic: The Gathering simply call the game Magic.  The game is in a fantasy world involving magic. Richard Garfield made the game in 1993. It is said to be the first trading card game. The current Head Designer is Mark Rosewater, who also writes a weekly article about the game called "Making Magic."

2 or more people play the game. Players attack each other causing them to lose life points. Each player starts at 20 life points. There are many kinds of cards that can be used to reduce another player's life. Players can attack another player with a creature or deal direct damage with a spell. You win the game by reducing your opponent's life to 0, when your opponent runs out of cards to draw, or when a card says that you win the game.

History
Richard Garfield started to make the game at University of Pennsylvania. In 1993 he showed the game to the game company Wizards of the Coast. The company liked the game, and started to produce it.

The first cards were made in 1993. The cards are produced in groups of cards called "sets". The first sets were very successful, so more sets were made. About four sets are produced each year. Cards made before 2003 look different than newer cards, but are still compatible with the modern game in most cases.

Professional Magic began in 1996. Professionals play in tournaments around the world in the Magic: The Gathering Pro Tour. A player can win as much as $40,000 in one tournament.

Magic: The Gathering Online (MTGO) was made in 2002. Magic players can now play their favorite game on the internet. A new MTGO was released in 2008. Also, a new online version called MTG Arena was released in 2019.

Generally more males play the game than females.

Playing the Game
A game of Magic is played by two or more players. A player starts the game with twenty "life points". A player loses when he or she has zero or fewer life points. There are different ways to lose life points: players play "creature" cards and attack other players with them, or players play spells on other players. There are also other ways for players to lose: they have no cards in their deck, they have 10 "poison counters", or a card is played that says they lose.

Players begin the game by shuffling their decks (mixing up their cards) and then taking up seven cards. Each card has a different power. Players takes one new card at the start of each turn, but the first player does not take a card on their first turn. There are many steps in each turn. Certain cards can only be played in certain steps. A player can have no more than seven cards at the end of their turn. If they do, they must put cards into their "graveyard" (next to their deck) till they only have seven.

There are two basic kinds of cards: "spells" and "lands". Lands give its player "mana" (magical energy). Mana is used to cast spells. A player may only play one land each turn. More powerful spells take more mana to play. There are also different kinds of spells. "Sorceries" and "instants" are played, and go directly to the "graveyard" after their effects take place. "Permanents" stay in play after they are played, and their effects stay as well. "Creatures" are a special kind of permanent that can attack and damage other players.

legendary creatures and planeswalkers are a totally different matter.

Colors of "Magic"
Most spells are one of five colors: white, blue, black, red, and green. To play a spell, at least one mana that is the same color as the spell is needed. Players normally get this mana from "basic lands": "plains" for white, "island" for blue, "swamp" for black, "mountain" for red, and "forest" for green. Each color has strengths and weaknesses, with white magic dealing in protection and defense, blue magic dealing with manipulation and thinking, black magic dealing in death and greed, red magic dealing in fire and emotion, and green magic dealing in strength and nature.

Artwork
Each card has a picture that gives an idea of the power of the card. Card sets are usually made along with stories, and the pictures on cards generally show actions, events or characters in the stories.

Awards
1994: Mensa Select Award winner
1994: Origins Awards for Best Fantasy or Science Fiction Board game of 1993 and Best Graphic Presentation of a Board game of 1993
1994: Origins Award for the Legends set as Best Game Accessory
1995: Deutscher Spiele Preis special award for new gameplay
1995: Italian Gaming Society Gioco dell'Anno award winner
1996: Super As d'Or award for "Best New Game Concept and Genre Introduced in France"
1997: InQuest Fan Award for Best CCG Expansion for the Weatherlight expansion
1998 Origins Award for the Urza's Saga set as Collectible Card Game Expansion of the Year
1999: Inducted alongside Richard Garfield into the Origins Hall of Fame
2003: Games Magazine selected Magic for its Games Hall of Fame
2005: Origins Award for the Ravnica: City of Guilds expansion as Collectible Card Game Expansion of the Year
2009: Origins Award for the Shards of Alara set as Collectible Card Game Expansion of the Year

Richard Garfield and Donato Giancola have also won personal awards for Magic.

References

Card games
1993 establishments

Magic (card game)


The Schuyler Mill, also known as the  Ford Soybean Plant Complex, is an old mill site that Henry Ford turned into one of his small village industry factories.  It is located at 555-600 Michigan Avenue in Saline, Michigan, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.

History
In 1845, David Schuyler Haywood constructed a gristmill at this site on the western edge of Saline, Michigan.  A small settlement, Barnegat, soon coalesced around the mill site; Barnegat was annexed by the village of Saline in 1848.  However, by 1865, business declined, and the mill was soon closed.

Henry Ford purchased the site in 1936, refurbished it, and opened it as a soybean processing plant in 1938. The site employed up to 19 people, who removed the soybean oil from the beans, which was processed into plastics and paint.  The residuals were used to make casting cores or for cattle feed.  In 1943, Ford moved a one-room Greek Revival schoolhouse to the site and refurbished it as a residence. However, the plant was closed in 1947, not long after Henry Ford's death.

After its closure, the building was used by a private soybean processing firm. However, the processing equipment was soon obsolete, and in 1962, the property was turned into an antique shop and general store, know first as the "Sauk Trail Inn". and later as "Weller's Country Store."  More recently, part of the structure has been used as a cafe and a banquet facility.

Description
The Schuyler Mill/Ford Soybean Plant Complex sits on 11-1/2 acres in a park-like setting. It consists primarily of the original 1845 mill and the ancillary fieldstone-lined millrace.  The mill is a three-story timber-framed gable-roofed Greek Revival building covered with clapboard.  A smaller two-story wing sits to one side; it is flanked by two single-story wings.  Across the street sits a modern residence built around the old schoolhouse.

In addition, Ford built four more structures: a Greek Revival-style extractor plant and a pump house near the mill, and two storage buildings near the mill. In addition, Ford constructed a dam and spillway at the mill pond.

References

External links
Weller's Weddings

National Register of Historic Places in Washtenaw County, Michigan
Ford village industries
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan

Schuyler Mill – Ford Soybean Plant Complex


Abraham Ruchat (27 February 1680, in Vevey – 29 September 1750, in Lausanne) was a Swiss Protestant theologian and historian.

He studied theology at the Academy of Lausanne, receiving his ordination in 1702. Later on, he served as a minister in the communities of Aubonne (1709–16) and Rolle (1716–21). In 1721 he was appointed professor of rhetoric at the academy, where from 1733 up until his death, he taught classes in theology. In 1736–39 he served as school rector.

In 1727–28 he published several volumes on the Swiss Reformation, titled Histoire de la Réformation de la Suisse — in 1835–38 the work was published in its entirety by Louis Vulliemin (7 volumes). It was later translated into English and published with the title History of the Reformation in Switzerland (1845). In 1714, under the pseudonym "Gottlieb Kypseler", he published a guide for foreigners, Les Délices de la Suisse ("The Delights of Switzerland"; 4 volumes). Another noted work by Ruchat was Abrégé de l'histoire ecclésiastique du Pays de Vaud ("Abstract on the ecclesiastical history of Vaud"; 1707).

With Louis Bourguet, Charles Guillaume Loys de Bochat and Gabriel Cramer, he was editor of the journal Bibliothèque italique, ou, Histoire littéraire de l'Italie.

References

1680 births
1750 deaths
People from Vevey
University of Lausanne alumni
Academic staff of the University of Lausanne
Swiss Protestant theologians
18th-century Swiss historians

Abraham Ruchat


Jeffrey Katzenberg (; born December 21, 1950) is an American film producer and media proprietor. He became well known for his tenure as chairman of Walt Disney Studios from 1984 to 1994. After departing Disney, he was a co-founder and CEO of DreamWorks Animation, where he oversaw the production of such animated franchises as Shrek, Madagascar, Kung Fu Panda, and How to Train Your Dragon. He has since founded a new media and technology company called WndrCo and was the founder of Quibi, a defunct short-form mobile video platform which lost $1.35 billion in seven months.

Katzenberg has also been involved in politics. With his active support of Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama, he was called "one of Hollywood's premier political kingmakers and one of the Democratic Party's top national fund-raisers". He is a campaign co-chair of Joe Biden's re-election campaign.

Early life and education
Katzenberg was born on December 21, 1950, in New York City, to a Jewish family, the son of Anne, an artist, and Walter Katzenberg, a stockbroker. He attended the Ethical Culture Fieldston School, graduating in 1969. When he was 14, Katzenberg volunteered to work on John Lindsay's successful New York mayoral campaign. He quickly received the nickname "Squirt" and attended as many meetings as he could. He went on to attend New York University for one year, before dropping out to work full-time as an advance man for Lindsay.

Professional career

Paramount Pictures
Katzenberg began his career as an assistant to producer David V. Picker, then in 1974 he became an assistant to Barry Diller, the chairman of Paramount Pictures. Diller moved Katzenberg to the marketing department, followed by other assignments within the studio, until he was assigned to revive the Star Trek franchise, which resulted in Star Trek: The Motion Picture. He continued to work his way up and became president of production under Paramount's president, Michael Eisner, overseeing the production of films including 48 Hrs., Terms of Endearment, and Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom.

The Walt Disney Studios
In 1984, Eisner became chief executive officer (CEO) of The Walt Disney Company. Eisner brought Katzenberg with him to serve as chairman of The Walt Disney Studios. As head of the studio, he oversaw all filmed content including motion pictures, television, Disney Channel, and home video distribution.
Katzenberg was responsible for reviving the studio which, at the time, ranked last at the box office among the major studios.
He focused the studio on the production of adult-oriented comedies through its Touchstone Pictures banner, including films such as Down and Out in Beverly Hills, Three Men and a Baby, Good Morning, Vietnam, Dead Poets Society, and Pretty Woman. By 1987, Disney had become the number-one studio at the box office. Katzenberg expanded Disney's film portfolio by launching Hollywood Pictures with Eisner and overseeing the acquisition of Miramax Films in 1993. Katzenberg also oversaw Touchstone Television, which produced television series such as The Golden Girls, Empty Nest and Home Improvement.

Katzenberg was also charged with turning around Disney's ailing Feature Animation unit, creating some intrastudio controversy when he personally edited a few minutes out of a completed Disney animated feature, The Black Cauldron (1985), shortly after joining the company. Under his management, the animation department eventually began creating some of Disney's most critically acclaimed and highest grossing animated features. These films include The Great Mouse Detective (1986), Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988), Oliver and Company (1988), The Little Mermaid (1989), Beauty and the Beast (1991)—which was the first animated feature to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture—Aladdin (1992), and The Lion King (1994). In addition, Katzenberg also sealed the deal that created the highly successful partnership between Pixar and Disney and the deal that brought Miramax Films into Disney.

Concerns arose internally at Disney, particularly from Roy E. Disney, about Katzenberg taking too much credit for the success of Disney's early 1990s releases. In 1993, Katzenberg had lobbied to become Eisner's second in command, which would have meant moving Frank Wells from president to vice chairman, to which Eisner replied that Wells would feel "hurt" in that scenario and then, according to Katzenberg, assured him, "If for any reason Frank is not here ... you are the number-two person and I want you to have the job." After Wells died in a helicopter crash in 1994, Eisner assumed Wells' duties instead of promoting Katzenberg to the vacated position of president. Eisner recalled that "Roy E. Disney [ Walt Disney's nephew and a force on Disney's board who Eisner says 'could be a troublemaker'], who did not like him at all I forget the reason, but Jeffrey probably did not treat him the way that Roy would have wanted to be treated said to me, 'If you make him the president, I will start a proxy fight.'" Disney board member Stanley Gold said Katzenberg had been brought low by "his ego and almost pathological need to be important." Tensions between Katzenberg, Eisner and Disney resulted in Katzenberg being forced to resign from the company that August. Katzenberg launched a lawsuit against Disney to recover money he felt he was owed and settled out of court for an estimated $250 million.

DreamWorks SKG

Later in 1994, Katzenberg co-founded DreamWorks SKG with Steven Spielberg and David Geffen, with Katzenberg taking primary responsibility for animation operations. He was also credited as producer or executive producer on the DreamWorks animated films The Prince of Egypt (1998), The Road to El Dorado, Chicken Run and Joseph: King of Dreams (all in 2000), Shrek in 2001, Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron in 2002, Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas in 2003 and Shrek 2 in 2004.

After DreamWorks Animation suffered a $125 million loss on the traditionally animated Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas (2003), Katzenberg believed that telling traditional stories using traditional animation was a thing of the past, and the studio switched to all computer-generated animation. Since then, most of DreamWorks' animated feature films have been successful financially and critically with several Annie Awards and Academy Awards nominations and wins.

DreamWorks Animation
In 2004, DreamWorks Animation (DWA) was spun off from DreamWorks as a separate company headed by Katzenberg in an IPO and has recorded mostly profitable quarters since then.

The live-action DreamWorks movie studio was sold to Viacom in December 2005. In 2008, the live-action DreamWorks studio again became an independent production company, releasing its films through Disney.

In 2006, Katzenberg made an appearance on the fifth season of The Apprentice.  He awarded the task winners an opportunity to be character voices in Over the Hedge.

Katzenberg has been an industry leader in promoting digital 3D production of film, calling it "the greatest advance in the film industry since the arrival of color in the 1930s." When Katzenberg appeared on The Colbert Report on April 20, 2010, he confirmed that from now on "every single movie" that DreamWorks Animation produced would be in 3D and gave Stephen Colbert a pair of new 3D glasses.

It was reported that Katzenberg receives an airfare allowance of $1.5 million per year, which was the most of all media-company CEOs.

Following NBCUniversal's acquisition of DreamWorks Animation in 2016 for $3.8 billion, Katzenberg left his position of CEO at DWA and has been named chairman of DreamWorks New Media, consisting of DWA's interests in AwesomenessTV and Nova. However, he stepped down from his DreamWorks career for unknown reasons.

WndrCo
In January 2017, reports surfaced that he had raised nearly $600 million from investors for a new venture called WndrCo, which will invest in new media and technology companies. Katzenberg wants to grow WndrCo into a company similar to IAC, founded by his former mentor, Barry Diller.

Katzenberg says WndrCo aims to reinvent TV for mobile devices.

Quibi
In late 2018, Katzenberg announced his new video streaming platform, Quibi, created in partnership with former eBay CEO Meg Whitman. The platform specialized in original, short-form content designed for smartphones. Whitman was hired as the company's CEO and first employee. Katzenberg and Whitman had sold the idea as a mobile-based Netflix. Their investors included Disney, NBCUniversal, Sony, Viacom, and AT&T's newly-rebranded WarnerMedia. In late 2020, Quibi shut down after just over seven months of operation due to a lack of interest and profitability. Of the initial $1.65 billion raised, Quibi only returned $350 million. On October 22, 2020, Katzenberg told the employees to listen to the song "Get Back Up Again" from the movie Trolls as he announced that the employees would be fired.

Political activities

Katzenberg is a longtime supporter of Barack Obama. Reportedly "smitten" by Obama's speech at the 2004 Democratic National Convention, Katzenberg pledged his full support to Obama in 2006 if he decided to run for president. During his campaign, Obama praised Katzenberg for his "tenacious support and advocacy since we started back in 2007."

Katzenberg has been an avid fund-raiser for Obama, doing so while much of Hollywood was still supporting the Clintons. His fund-raising prowess has reportedly allowed him to become an "informal liaison" between Hollywood and the White House. Katzenberg co-hosted a fund-raiser for President Obama at the home of actor George Clooney in May 2012. Katzenberg said that the event raised almost $15 million, which would make it the most profitable presidential fund-raiser in history. It was reported that Obama campaign officials were not happy about some of the requests that Katzenberg had made. In particular, they were bothered that Katzenberg, who reportedly had made himself "indispensable to Obama", required that the President spend time talking at each of the 14 tables.

When the details of Oriental DreamWorks emerged, Jennifer Rubin noted that the Obama Administration's potential involvement in the deal would not be an issue if not for Katzenberg's May fund-raiser for Obama and his "huge campaign donations." It was reported that Katzenberg was Obama's top "bundler", who, along with Andy Spahn, had collected at least $6.6 million in combined donations for both of Obama's campaigns. In an MSNBC interview about the donations, Nicholas Confessore noted Katzenberg's desire to build movie studios in China, saying that he would need help from the Obama administration to get this done and that "[e]veryone has interests at stake." Bill Allison of the Sunlight Foundation suggested that Katzenberg's long history of financial support for Obama may have influenced the movie deal being "fast-track[ed]" by the White House, noting that DreamWorks Animation "never registered to lobby the federal government."

It was reported that Obama arrived in Los Angeles on October 7, 2012, where he joined Bill Clinton at Katzenberg's Beverly Hills home for a private meeting with several deep-pocketed Democratic donors. Obama's campaign indicated the meeting was to thank supporters, but some members of the campaign finance committee said that it involved the pro-Obama PAC Priorities USA Action. Members of the White House press corps who had traveled to California with Obama were kept in the garage of Katzenberg's mansion and one reporter called the meeting "unusual". Katzenberg, who had previously donated $2 million to the pro-Obama PAC Priorities USA Action, donated an additional $1 million in October 2012. He donated $1 million to the Super PAC Priorities USA, which supported Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential race. In October 2016, he hosted a $100,000-per-person fund-raiser at his Beverly Hills residence with President Barack Obama as the main attraction.

In 2018, following the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting, Katzenberg pledged $500,000 to the March for Our Lives gun-control demonstration.

In 2023, Katzenberg was named as one of the national co-chairs of Joe Biden's 2024 campaign for reelection as president.

SOPA/PIPA
Katzenberg took a leading role in pushing the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA); Hollywood reportedly saw piracy as "an existential threat". When the White House announced its opposition to the bill in January 2012, Chris Dodd, the former Senator and head of the Motion Picture Association of America, the film industry's lobbying organization, contacted Katzenberg to obtain more information about the president's plans. When Dodd reportedly asked him to intervene, Katzenberg declined, but "sought to soothe hurt feelings and lay the groundwork for a deal more friendly to Hollywood". Katzenberg's office contacted Obama and urged him to contact other studio chiefs in order to reaffirm their support. Obama would take the advice, making Katzenberg one of the few Hollywood executives working on brokering a compromise with Silicon Valley.

Special awards

The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences announced in September 2012, that the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award would be presented to Katzenberg at the Oscar ceremony in 2013, in acknowledgment of his role in "raising money for education, art and health-related causes, particularly those benefiting the motion picture industry."

During the 2017 Cannes Film Festival, the jury awarded Katzenberg an honorary Palme d'Or, the festival's highest prize. Katzenberg compared the distinction to the earlier Academy recognition.

Personal life

Katzenberg married Marilyn Siegel, a kindergarten teacher, in 1975. They have twin children, Laura and David, born in 1983. David is a television producer and director.

Katzenberg and his wife have been highly active in charitable causes. They donated the multimillion-dollar Katzenberg Center to Boston University's College of General Studies, citing that the school gave their two children the "love of education." They also donated the Marilyn and Jeffrey Katzenberg Center for Animation at the University of Southern California.

In addition to serving as Chairman of the Board for the Motion Picture and Television Fund Foundation, Katzenberg sits on the boards or serves as a trustee of AIDS Project Los Angeles, American Museum of the Moving Image, California Institute of the Arts, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Geffen Playhouse, Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, University of Southern California School of Cinematic Arts and The Simon Wiesenthal Center.  Together with DreamWorks Animation, Katzenberg founded the DreamWorks Animation Academy of Inner-City Arts in 2008. In recognition of his efforts, Katzenberg received the 85th Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award at the 2012 American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Governors Awards Presentation on December 1 at The Ray Dolby Ballroom at Hollywood & Highland Center.

Katzenberg has an estimated worth of US$900 million (2016) and is reported to have donated over $3.5 million in political contributions since 1979: 33% ($1.171+ million) to Democrats, 66% ($2.33+ million) to special interest groups without party affiliations, and less than 1% ($7,000) to Republicans.

He was awarded the Honorary degree of Doctor of Arts from Ringling College of Art and Design on May 2, 2008.

Filmography

Films

Television

Notes

References

External links

1950 births
Living people
20th-century American businesspeople
21st-century American businesspeople
American chief executives
American chief executives in the media industry
American film producers
American film studio executives
American film production company founders
American gun control activists
20th-century American Jews
American philanthropists
Businesspeople from New York City
California Democrats
DreamWorks Animation people
American mass media company founders
Disney executives
Ethical Culture Fieldston School alumni
Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award winners
New York (state) Democrats
Paramount Pictures executives
United States National Medal of Arts recipients
Walt Disney Animation Studios people
21st-century American Jews
Mass media people from New York City
People from New York (state)

Jeffrey Katzenberg