The Germany national football team () represents Germany in men's international football and played its first match in 1908. The team is governed by the German Football Association (Deutscher Fußball-Bund), founded in 1900. Between 1949 and 1990, separate German national teams were recognised by FIFA due to Allied occupation and division: the DFB's team representing the Federal Republic of Germany (commonly referred to as West Germany in English between 1949 and 1990), the Saarland team representing the Saar Protectorate (1950–1956) and the East Germany team representing the German Democratic Republic (1952–1990). The latter two were absorbed along with their records; the present team represents the reunified Federal Republic. The official name and code "Germany FR (FRG)" was shortened to "Germany (GER)" following reunification in 1990.

Germany is one of the most successful national teams in international competitions, having won four World Cups (1954, 1974, 1990, 2014), tied with Italy, and only one less than the most successful team, Brazil. Having won three European Championships (1972, 1980, 1996) Germany is along with Spain the record holder in that international competition. Germany won also a Confederations Cup (2017). They have also been runners-up at the European Championship three times, and four times at the World Cup, with a further four third-place finishes at the World Cup. East Germany won Olympic Gold in 1976. Germany is one of only two nations to have won both the FIFA World Cup and the FIFA Women's World Cup (the other being Spain). By combined World Cups, Germany stands as the most successful football nation in history with six World Cups – four for the men's team and two for the women's. At the end of the 2014 World Cup, Germany earned the second highest Elo rating of any national football team in history, with 2,223 points. Germany is also the only European nation that has won a FIFA World Cup in the Americas.

History

Early years (1899–1942)

On 18 April 1897, an early international game on German soil was played in Hamburg when a selection team from the Danish Football Association defeated a selection team from the Hamburg-Altona Football Association, 5–0.

Between 1899 and 1901, prior to the formation of a national team, there were five international matches between Germany and English selection teams, which are today not recognised as official by either nation's football association (in part because England fielded their amateur side, which was an overflow or B team). All five matches ended in large defeats for the Germany teams, including a 12–0 loss at White Hart Lane in September 1901. Eight years after the establishment of the German Football Association (DFB) in 1900, the first official match of the Germany national football team was played on 5 April 1908, against Switzerland in Basel, with the Swiss winning 5–3. A follow-up to the earlier series between England Amateurs and Germany occurred in March 1909 at Oxford's White House Ground and resulted in Germany's largest official defeat to date: 9–0 (this time, the match was recognised and recorded as official by the DFB but not by the FA, again due to the amateur side being fielded). These early confrontations formed the beginning of the rich rivalry between the two teams: one of the longest and most enduring international rivalries in football.

Julius Hirsch was the first Jewish player to represent the Germany national football team, which he joined in 1911.  Hirsch scored four goals for Germany against the Netherlands in 1912, becoming the first German to score four goals in a single match.

Gottfried Fuchs scored a world record 10 goals for Germany in a 16–0 win against Russia at the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm on 1 July, becoming the top scorer of the tournament; his international record was not surpassed until 2001 when Australia's Archie Thompson scored 13 goals in a 31–0 defeat of American Samoa. He was Jewish, and the German Football Association erased all references to him from their records between 1933 and 1945. As of 2016, he was still the top German scorer for one match.

At that time the players were selected by the DFB, as there was no dedicated coach. The first manager of the Germany national team was Otto Nerz, a school teacher from Mannheim, who served in the role from 1926 to 1936. The German FA could not afford travel to Uruguay for the first World Cup staged in 1930 during the Great Depression, but finished third in the 1934 World Cup in their first appearance in the competition. After a poor showing at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin, Sepp Herberger became coach. In 1937 he put together a squad which was soon nicknamed the Breslau Elf (the Breslau Eleven) in recognition of their 8–0 win over Denmark in the then German city of Breslau, Lower Silesia (now Wrocław, Poland).

After Austria became part of Germany in the Anschluss of March 1938, the Austrian national team – one of Europe's best sides at the time due to professionalism – was disbanded despite having already qualified for the 1938 World Cup. Nazi politicians ordered five or six ex-Austrian players, from the clubs Rapid Vienna, Austria Vienna, and First Vienna FC, to join the "all-German" team on short notice in a staged show of unity for political reasons. At the 1938 World Cup in France, this "united" Germany national team managed only a 1–1 draw against Switzerland and then lost the replay 2–4 in front of a hostile crowd in Paris. That early exit stands as Germany's worst World Cup result, and one of just three occasions the team failed to progress from the group stage – the next would not occur until the 2018 tournament, and it would be repeated in 2022.

During World War II, the team played over 30 international games between September 1939 and November 1942. National team games were then suspended, as most players had to join the armed forces. Many of the national team players were gathered together under coach Herberger as Rote Jäger through the efforts of a sympathetic air force officer trying to protect the footballers from the most dangerous wartime service.

Three Germany national teams (1945–1990)
After World War II, Germany was banned from competition in most sports until 1950. The DFB was not a full member of FIFA, and none of the three new German states – West Germany, East Germany, and Saarland – entered the 1950 World Cup qualifiers.

The Federal Republic of Germany, which was referred to as West Germany, continued the DFB. With recognition by FIFA and UEFA, the DFB maintained and continued the record of the pre-war team. Switzerland was the first team that played West Germany in 1950, with the latter qualifying for the 1954 World Cup and the former hosting it.

The Saarland, a French protectorate between 1947 and 1956, did not join French organisations, and was barred from participating in pan-German ones. It sent their own team to the 1952 Summer Olympics and to the 1954 World Cup qualifiers. In 1957, Saarland acceded to the Federal Republic of Germany.

In 1949, the communist German Democratic Republic (East Germany) was founded. In 1952 the Deutscher Fußball-Verband der DDR (DFV) was established and the East Germany national football team took to the field. They were the only team to beat the 1974 FIFA World Cup winning West Germans in the only meeting of the two sides of the divided nation. East Germany won the gold medal at the 1976 Olympics. After German reunification in 1990, the eastern football competition was reintegrated into the DFB.

1954 World Cup victory

West Germany, captained by Fritz Walter, met in the 1954 World Cup against Turkey, Yugoslavia and Austria. When playing favourites Hungary in the group stage, West Germany lost 3–8, and faced the Hungarian "Mighty Magyars" again in the final. Hungary had gone unbeaten for 32 consecutive matches, and West Germany snapped the streak by winning 3–2, with Helmut Rahn scoring the winning goal. The success is called "The Miracle of Bern" (Das Wunder von Bern).

Memorable losses: Wembley goal and game of the century (1958–1970)
After finishing fourth in the 1958 World Cup and reaching only the quarter-finals in the 1962 World Cup, the DFB made changes. Professionalism was introduced, and the best clubs from the various Regionalligas were assembled into the new Bundesliga. In 1964, Helmut Schön took over as coach, replacing Herberger who had been in office for 28 years.

In the 1966 World Cup, West Germany reached the final after beating the USSR in the semi-final, facing hosts England. In extra time, the first goal by Geoff Hurst was one of the most contentious goals in the history of the World Cup: the linesman signalled the ball had crossed the line for a goal, after bouncing down from the crossbar, when replays showed it did not appear to have fully crossed the line. Hurst then scored another goal giving England a 4–2 win.

West Germany in the 1970 World Cup knocked England out in the quarter-finals 3–2, before they suffered a 4–3 extra-time loss in the semi-final against Italy. This match with five goals in extra time is one of the most dramatic in World Cup history, and is called the "Game of the Century" in both Italy and Germany. West Germany claimed third by beating Uruguay 1–0. Gerd Müller finished as the tournament's top scorer with 10 goals.

1974 World Cup title on home soil

In 1971, Franz Beckenbauer became captain of the national team, and he led West Germany to victory at the European Championship at Euro 1972, defeating the Soviet Union 3–0 in the final.

As hosts of the 1974 World Cup, they won their second World Cup, defeating the Netherlands 2–1 in the final in Munich.
Two matches in the 1974 World Cup stood out for West Germany. The first group stage saw a politically charged match as West Germany played a game against East Germany. The East Germans won 1–0 but it made a scant difference to West Germany as the West Germans advanced to the knockout stage. The West Germans advanced to the final against the Johan Cruijff-led Dutch team and their brand of "Total Football". The Dutch took the lead from a penalty. However, West Germany tied the match on a penalty by Paul Breitner, and won it with Gerd Müller's fine finish soon after.

Late 1970s and early 1980s

West Germany failed to defend their titles in the next two major international tournaments. They lost to Czechoslovakia in the UEFA Euro 1976 final in a penalty shootout 5–3, their last penalty shootout loss in a major tournament as of 2022.

In the 1978 World Cup, Germany was eliminated in the second group stage after losing 3–2 to Austria. Schön retired as coach afterward, and the post was taken over by his assistant, Jupp Derwall.

West Germany's first tournament under Derwall was successful, as they earned their second European title at Euro 1980 after defeating Belgium 2–1 in the final. West Germany started the 1982 World Cup with a 1–2 upset by newcomers Algeria in their first match, but advanced to the second round with a controversial 1–0 win over Austria. In the semi-final against France, they tied the match 3–3 and won the penalty shootout 5–4. In the final, they were defeated by Italy 1–3.

During this period, West Germany's Gerd Müller racked up fourteen goals in two World Cups (1970 and 1974). His ten goals in 1970 are the third-most ever in a tournament. Müller's all-time World Cup record of 14 goals was broken by Ronaldo in 2006; this was then further broken by Miroslav Klose in 2014 with 16 goals.

Beckenbauer's managing success (1984–1990)

After West Germany were eliminated in the first round of Euro 1984, Franz Beckenbauer returned to the national team to replace Derwall as manager. At the 1986 World Cup in Mexico, West Germany finished as runners-up for the second consecutive tournament after beating France 2–0 in the semi-finals, but losing to the Diego Maradona-led Argentina in the final, 2–3. In Euro 1988, after drawing Italy 1–1 and beating both Denmark and Spain 2–0 in the group stage, West Germany's hopes of winning the tournament on home soil were spoiled by the Netherlands, as the Dutch beat them 2–1 in the semi-finals.

At the 1990 World Cup in Italy, West Germany won their third World Cup title, in its unprecedented third consecutive final appearance. Captained by Lothar Matthäus, they defeated Yugoslavia (4–1), UAE (5–1), the Netherlands (2–1), Czechoslovakia (1–0), and England (1–1, 4–3 on penalty kicks) on the way to a final rematch against Argentina in Rome. West Germany won 1–0, with the only goal being a penalty scored in the 85th minute by Andreas Brehme. Beckenbauer, who won the World Cup as the national team's captain in 1974, thus became the first person to win the World Cup as both captain and manager, and the second to win as player and manager, after Mario Zagallo of Brazil.

Olympic football

East Germany did however achieve significantly greater success in Olympic football than the amateur teams fielded by the Western NOC of Germany due to using its elite players from the top domestic league. In 1956, 1960, and 1964 both states had sent a United Team of Germany. For 1964, the East German side had beaten their Western counterparts in order to be selected. They went on to win the bronze medal for Germany. As GDR, they won bronze in 1972 in Munich, gold in 1976 in Montreal, and silver in 1980 in Moscow.

Prior to 1984, Olympic football was an amateur event, meaning that only non-professional players could participate. Due to this, West Germany was never able to achieve the same degree of success at the Olympics as at the World Cup. The first medal coming in the 1988 Olympics, when they won the bronze medal after beating Italy 3–0 in the 3rd place match. West Germany also reached the second round in both 1972 and 1984. On the other hand, due to having an ability to field its top-level players who were classified as amateurs on a technicality East Germany did better, winning a gold, a silver and two bronze medals (one representing the United Team of Germany).

Berti Vogts years (1990–1998)

In February 1990, months after the fall of the Berlin Wall, East Germany and West Germany were drawn together in UEFA Euro 1992 qualifying Group 5. In November 1990, the East German association Deutscher Fußball-Verband integrated into the DFB, by which time the East Germany team had ceased operations, playing its last match on 12 September 1990. The unified Germany national team completed the European Championship qualifying group. The East German 1990–91 league continued, with a restructuring of German leagues in 1991–92. The first game with a unified Germany national team was against Switzerland on 19 December.

After the 1990 World Cup, assistant Berti Vogts took over as the national team coach from the retiring Beckenbauer. In Euro 1992, Germany reached the final, but lost 0–2 to underdogs Denmark.
In the 1994 World Cup, they were upset 1–2 in the quarterfinals by Bulgaria.

Reunified Germany won its first major international title at Euro 1996, becoming European champions for the third time. They defeated hosts England in the semi-finals, and the Czech Republic 2–1 in the final on a golden goal in extra time.

However, in the 1998 World Cup, Germany were eliminated in the quarterfinals in a 0–3 defeat to Croatia, all goals being scored after defender Christian Wörns received a straight red card. Vogts stepped down afterwards and was replaced by Erich Ribbeck.

Erich Ribbeck and Rudi Völler years (2000–2004)
In Euro 2000, the team went out in the first round, drawing with Romania, then suffering a 1–0 defeat to England and were routed 3–0 by Portugal (which fielded their backup players, having already advanced). Ribbeck resigned, and was replaced by Rudi Völler.

Coming into the 2002 World Cup, expectations of Germany were low due to poor results in the qualifiers, and not directly qualifying for the finals for the first time. The team advanced through group play, and in the knockout stages they produced three consecutive 1–0 wins against Paraguay, the United States, and co-hosts South Korea. Oliver Neuville scored two minutes from time against Paraguay and Michael Ballack scored both goals in the US and South Korea games, although he picked up a second yellow card against South Korea for a tactical foul and was suspended for the subsequent match. This set up a final against Brazil, the first World Cup meeting between the two. Germany lost 0–2 thanks to two Ronaldo goals. Nevertheless, German captain and goalkeeper Oliver Kahn won the Golden Ball, the first time in the World Cup that a goalkeeper was named the best player of the tournament.

Germany again exited in the first round of Euro 2004, drawing their first two matches and losing the third to the Czech Republic (who had fielded a second-string team). Völler resigned afterwards, and Jürgen Klinsmann was appointed head coach.

Resurgence under Klinsmann (2004–2006)

Klinsmann's main task was to lead the national team to a good showing at the 2006 World Cup in Germany. He relieved goalkeeper Kahn of the captaincy and announced that Kahn and longtime backup Jens Lehmann would be competing for the position of starting goaltender, a decision that angered Kahn and Lehmann eventually won that contest. Expectations for the team were low, which was not helped by veteran defender Christian Wörns being dropped (after Wörns criticised Klinsmann for designating him only as a backup player on the squad), a choice roundly panned in Germany. Italy routed Germany 4–1 in a March 2006 exhibition game, and Klinsmann bore the brunt of the criticism as the team was ranked only 22nd in the world entering the 2006 World Cup.

As World Cup hosts, Germany won all three group stage matches to finish top of their group. The team defeated Sweden 2–0 in the round of 16,
and Argentina in the quarter-finals in a penalty shootout. The semi-final against Italy was scoreless until near the end of extra time when Germany conceded two goals.
In the third place match, Germany defeated Portugal 3–1.
Miroslav Klose was awarded the Golden Boot for his tournament-leading five goals.

Löw era (2006–2021)

Euro 2008, 2010 World Cup and Euro 2012

Germany's entry into the Euro 2008 qualifying round was marked by the promotion of Joachim Löw to head coach, since Klinsmann resigned.
At UEFA Euro 2008, Germany won two out of three matches in group play to advance to the knockout round.
They defeated Portugal 3–2 in the quarterfinal,
and won their semi-final against Turkey.
Germany lost the final against Spain 0–1, finishing as the runners-up.

In the 2010 World Cup, Germany won the group and advanced to the knockout stage. In the round of 16, Germany defeated England 4–1. The game controversially had a valid goal by Frank Lampard disallowed. In the quarter-finals, Germany defeated Argentina 4–0, and Miroslav Klose tied German Gerd Müller's record of 14 World Cup goals.
In the semi-final, Germany lost 1–0 to Spain. Germany defeated Uruguay 3–2 to take third place (their second third place after 2006). German Thomas Müller won the Golden Boot and the Best Young Player Award.

In Euro 2012, Germany was placed in group B along with Portugal, Netherlands, and Denmark. Germany won all three group matches. Germany defeated Greece in the quarter-final and set a record of 15 consecutive wins in all competitive matches. In the semi-finals, Germany lost to Italy, 1–2.

2014 World Cup victory

Germany were placed in Group G of the 2014 World Cup, with Portugal, Ghana, and the United States. They first faced Portugal in a match billed by some as the "team of all the talents against the team of The Talent (Cristiano Ronaldo)", routing the Portuguese 4–0 thanks to a hat-trick by Thomas Müller. In their match with Ghana, they led the game with Götze's second half goal, but then conceded two consecutive goals. Klose scored a goal to level Germany 2–2, his 15th World Cup goal to join former Brazil striker Ronaldo at the pinnacle of World Cup Finals scorers. They then went on to defeat the Klinsmann-led United States 1–0, securing them a spot in the round of sixteen against Algeria.

The round of sixteen knockout match against Algeria remained goalless after regulation time, resulting in extra time. In the 92nd minute, André Schürrle scored a goal from a Thomas Müller pass. Mesut Özil scored Germany's second goal in the 120th minute. Algeria managed to score one goal in injury time and the match ended 2–1. Germany secured a place in the quarter-final, where they would face France.

In the quarter-final match against France, Mats Hummels scored in the 13th minute. Germany won the game 1–0 to advance to a record fourth consecutive semi-finals.

The 7–1 semi-final win against Brazil was one of the most memorable games in World Cup history; Germany scored four goals in just less than seven minutes and were 5–0 up by the 30th minute with goals from Thomas Müller, Miroslav Klose, Sami Khedira and two from Toni Kroos. Germany's 7–0 in the second half was the highest score against Brazil in a single game. Germany conceded a late goal to Brazil's Oscar. It was Brazil's worst ever World Cup defeat, whilst Germany broke multiple World Cup records with the win, including the record broken by Klose, the first team to reach four consecutive World Cup semi-finals, the first team to score seven goals in a World Cup Finals knockout phase game, the fastest five consecutive goals in World Cup history (four of which in just 400 seconds), and the first team to score five goals in the first half in a World Cup semi-final.

The World Cup final was held at the Maracana in Rio de Janeiro on 13 July, and billed as the world's best player (Lionel Messi) versus the world's best team (Germany). Mario Götze's 113th-minute goal helped Germany beat Argentina 1–0, becoming the first-ever European team to win a FIFA World Cup in the Americas and the second European team to win the title outside Europe.

Euro 2016 to 2017 Confederations Cup

After several players retired from the team following the 2014 World Cup win, including Philipp Lahm, Per Mertesacker and Miroslav Klose, the team had a disappointing start in the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifiers. They defeated Scotland 2–1 at home, then suffered a 2–0 loss at Poland (the first in their history), a 1–1 draw against the Republic of Ireland, and a 4–0 win over Gibraltar. The year ended with an away 1–0 friendly win against Spain.

Troubles during qualifying for the 2016 European Championship continued, drawing at home, as well as losing away, to Ireland; the team also only narrowly defeated Scotland on two occasions, but handily won the return against Poland and both games against Gibraltar (who competed for the first time). They would eventually win their group and qualify for the tournament through a 2–1 victory against Georgia on 11 October 2015.

On 13 November 2015, Germany played a friendly against France in Paris when a series of terrorist attacks took place in the city, some in the direct vicinity of the Stade de France, where the game was held. For security reasons, the team spent the night inside the stadium, accompanied by the French squad who stayed behind in an act of comradery. Four days later, Germany was scheduled to face the Netherlands at Hanover's HDI-Arena, in another friendly. After initial security reservations, the DFB decided to play the match on 15 November. After reports about a concrete threat to the stadium, the match was cancelled 90 minutes before kickoff.

Germany began their campaign for a fourth European title with a 2–0 win against Ukraine on 12 June 2016. Against Poland, Germany was held to a 0–0 draw but concluded Group C play with a 1–0 win against Northern Ireland. In the Round of 16, Germany faced Slovakia and earned a comfortable 3–0 win. Germany then faced off against rivals Italy in the quarter-finals. Mesut Özil opened the scoring in the 65th minute for Germany, before Leonardo Bonucci drew even after converting a penalty in the 78th minute. The score remained 1–1 after extra time, and Germany beat Italy 6–5 in a penalty shootout. It was the first time Germany had overcome Italy in a major tournament. The Germans lost to hosts France 2–0 in the semi-finals, their first competitive win against Germany in 58 years.

Germany qualified for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup after winning the 2014 World Cup, and won the last version of the Confederations Cup after a 1–0 win against Chile in the final at the Krestovsky Stadium in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

Disappointment at the 2018 World Cup, 2018–19 UEFA Nations League and Euro 2020

After winning all their qualifying matches and the Confederations Cup the previous year, Germany started their 2018 World Cup campaign with a defeat to Mexico, their first loss in an opening match since the 1982 World Cup. Germany defeated Sweden 2–1 in their second game via an injury-time winner from Toni Kroos, but was subsequently eliminated following a 2–0 loss to South Korea, their first exit in the first round since 1938 and first in the group stage since the format had been reintroduced in 1950. With this result Germany became the fifth defending champions to be eliminated in the group stages of the World Cup, following Brazil in 1966, France in 2002, Italy in 2010, and Spain in 2014.

Following the World Cup, Germany's struggles continued into the inaugural UEFA Nations League. After a 0–0 draw at home against France, they lost 3–0 against the Netherlands and 1–2 in the rematch against France three days later; the latter result being their fourth loss in six competitive matches. These results meant that Germany could not advance to the 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals and faced the prospect of possible relegation to League B in the next Nations League.

After the Netherlands' win against France, the relegation to League B was originally confirmed, but due to the overhaul of the format for the 2020–21 UEFA Nations League, Germany was spared from relegation to League B.

In March 2021, the DFB announced that Löw would step down as Germany's manager after Euro 2021. Later that month, Germany lost 1–2 at home to North Macedonia in the 2022 World Cup qualifiers, their first World Cup qualification defeat since losing 5–1 to England in the 2002 World Cup qualifiers and only their third in history. On 25 May 2021, the DFB announced that former assistant manager Hansi Flick will replace Löw as head coach.

At Euro 2020 (delayed until 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic), Germany were drawn with World Cup champions France (to whom they lost 1–0) and reigning European champions Portugal (whom they defeated 4–2, albeit with the help of two Portuguese own goals), with each group having only two guaranteed qualifiers for the next phase, plus a chance for the third-placed team.  In the final group match, the Hungarians took the lead twice only to draw. Germany then lost 2–0 to England in the round of 16, their first round of 16 exit in a major tournament since the 1938 World Cup.

New era (2021–2023)

Following Germany's disappointment at Euro 2020, Hansi Flick, former Bayern Munich manager, took over as coach of the national team. Success only followed from there, as Germany went on to beat Liechtenstein, Armenia, Iceland, Romania and North Macedonia in a month's succession. On 11 October 2021, Germany beat North Macedonia 4–0 to become the first team (outside of the hosts) to qualify for the 2022 World Cup in Qatar.

In the 2022–23 Nations League, Germany recorded their first-ever competitive win against Italy as the Germans beat the visitors 5–2. This was Germany's fourth game and first win in the league, however the Germans finished third in the group.

In the 2022 World Cup, Germany were drawn into Group E with Spain, Japan and Costa Rica. The campaign started with a shock 2–1 defeat to Japan. Germany drew 1–1 with Spain, and then were knocked out of the World Cup in the group stage for the second consecutive tournament, despite a 4–2 win over Costa Rica, missing out on a place in the knockout stages on goal difference.

After several poor performances following Germany's World Cup exit – including a 1–4 home loss to Japan – Flick was dismissed on 10 September 2023, while Rudi Völler took interim charge of the team, leading the team to a 2–1 victory over France.

On 22 September 2023, Julian Nagelsmann was named the new head coach.

Team image

Kits and crest

The national team's home kit has been traditionally a white shirt, black shorts, and white socks. The colours are derived from the 19th-century flag of the North German State of Prussia. Since 1988, many of the home kit's designs incorporate details patterned after the modern German flag. For the 2014 World Cup, Germany's kit was white shorts rather than the traditional black due to FIFA's kit clashing rule for the tournament. The away shirt colour has changed several times. Historically, a green shirt with white shorts is the most often used alternative colour combination, derived from the DFB colours – though it is often erroneously reported that the choice is in recognition of the fact that Ireland, whose home shirts are green, were the first nation to play Germany in a friendly game after World War II. However, the first team to play Germany after WWII, as stated above, was actually Switzerland. Other colours such as red, grey and black have also been used.

A change from black to red came in 2005 on the request of Jürgen Klinsmann, but Germany played every game at the 2006 World Cup in its home white colours. In 2010, the away colours then changed back to a black shirt and white shorts, but at the World Cup, the team dressed up in the black shorts from the home kit. The kit used by Germany returned to a green shirt on its away kit, but then changed again to red-and-black striped shirts with white stripes and letters and black shorts.

Adidas AG is the longstanding kit provider to the national team, a sponsorship that began in 1954 and is contracted to continue until at least 2022. In the 70s, Germany wore Erima kits (a German brand, formerly a subsidiary of Adidas).

As a common practice, three stars were added above the crest in 1996, symbolising Germany's World Cup titles in 1954, 1974 and 1990. In 2014, a fourth star was added after Germany were crowned world champions for the fourth time.

Kit suppliers

Kit deals

Home stadium

Germany plays its home matches among various stadiums, in rotation, around the country. They have played home matches in 43 different cities so far, including venues that were German at the time of the match, such as Vienna, Austria, which staged three games between 1938 and 1942.

National team matches have been held most often in Berlin (46 matches), which was the venue of Germany's first home match (in 1908 against England). Other common host cities include Hamburg (34 matches), Stuttgart (32), Hanover (28) and Dortmund. Munich also hosted noteworthy matches including the 1974 World Cup final.

Media coverage
Germany's qualifying and friendly matches are televised by privately owned RTL; Nations League by public broadcasters ARD and ZDF.

Results and fixtures

The following is a list of match results in the last twelve months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

2022

2023

Coaching staff

Players

Current squad
The following players were called up for the friendly matches against the United States and Mexico on 14 and 18 October 2023, respectively.

Information correct as of 18 October 2023, after the match against Mexico.

Recent call-ups
The following players have also been called up for the team within the last twelve months.

 INJ

 INJ

INJ Withdrew due to injury

Individual records

Player records

Players in bold are still active with Germany.
This list does not include players who represented East Germany.

Most capped players

Top goalscorers

Captains

Player of the Year
 2010: Bastian Schweinsteiger
 2011: Mesut Özil
 2012: Mesut Özil
 2013: Mesut Özil
 2014: Toni Kroos
 2015: Mesut Özil
 2016: Mesut Özil
 2017: Joshua Kimmich
 2018: Marco Reus
 2019: Matthias Ginter
 2020: Manuel Neuer
 2021: Joshua Kimmich
 2022: Jamal Musiala

Manager records

 Most manager appearances
 Joachim Löw: 198

Team records

15 consecutive wins in all competitive matches (world record)

Competitive record

1930–1938 as  →  →
1950–1990 as
1994–present as

 Champions   Runners-up   Third place   Tournament played fully or partially on home soil

Germany has won the FIFA World Cup four times, behind only Brazil's five. It has finished as runners-up four times. In terms of semi-final appearances, Germany leads with 13, two more than Brazil's 11, who have participated in every single tournament. From 1954 to 2014 (16 tournaments), Germany reached at least the stage of the last eight teams, before being eliminated in the group stage in 2018. Germany has also qualified for every one of the 19 World Cups for which it has entered – it did not enter the inaugural competition in Uruguay in 1930 for economic reasons, and were banned from the 1950 World Cup as the DFB was reinstated as a FIFA member only two months after this tournament.

Germany has also won the European Championship three times, the joint-most with Spain. France and Italy, with two titles each, are the only other multiple winners. Germany finished as runners-up three times. The Germans have qualified for every European Championship tournament except for the first European Championship they entered in 1968. For that tournament, Germany was in the only group of three teams and thus only played four qualifying games. The deciding game was a scoreless draw in Albania which gave Yugoslavia the edge, having won in their neighbour country. The team finished outside the top eight in only three occasions: group stage eliminations in 2000 and 2004 alongside a round of 16 exit in 2020. In the other editions Germany participated in they reached at least the semi-finals nine times, an unparalleled record in Europe.

See also East Germany and Saarland for the results of these separate Germany teams, and Austria for the team that was merged into the Germany national team from 1938 to 1945.

FIFA World Cup

FIFA Confederations Cup

UEFA European Championship

UEFA Nations League

*Denotes draws including knockout matches decided via penalty shoot-out.

Honours

Major competitions
FIFA World Cup
 Champions: 1954, 1974, 1990, 2014
 Runners-up: 1966, 1982, 1986, 2002
 Third place: 1934, 1970, 2006, 2010

UEFA European Championship
 Champions: 1972, 1980, 1996
 Runners-up: 1976, 1992, 2008
 Third place: 1988, 2012, 2016

Summer Olympic Games
 Gold Medal: 1976
 Silver Medal: 1980,
 Bronze Medal: 1964, 1972, 1988

FIFA Confederations Cup
 Champions: 2017
 Third place: 2005

Minor competitions
U.S. Cup
 Champions: 1993

Swiss Centenary Tournament
 Champions: 1995

Four Nations Tournament
 Third place: 1988

Azteca 2000 Tournament
 Third place: 1985

Awards
FIFA Team of the Year
 Winners: 1993, 2014, 2017

FIFA World Cup Fair Play Trophy
 Winners: 1974

FIFA World Cup Most Entertaining Team
 Winners: 2010

FIFA Confederations Cup Fair Play Award
 Winners: 2017

Laureus World Sports Award for Team of the Year
 Winners: 2015

World Soccer World Team of the Year
 Winners: 1990, 2014

Gazzetta Sports World Team of the Year
 Winners: 1980, 1990, 2014

German Sports Team of the Year
 Winners: 1966, 1970, 1974, 1980, 1990, 1996, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014

Unofficial Football World Championships
 Winners: 31 times

Silbernes Lorbeerblatt
 Winners: 1954, 1972, 1974, 1980, 1990, 1996, 2014

Bambi Award
 Winners: 1986, 1996

Deutscher Fernsehpreis
 Winners: 2010

Golden Hen
 Winners: 2006, 2010, 2014

See also
 Germany national football team results
 Germany national football team manager
 Germany Olympic football team
 Germany national under-21 football team
 Germany national youth football team (includes U-15, U-16, U-17, U-18, U-19 and U-20 squads)
 Germany women's national football team
 East Germany national football team
 East Germany Olympic football team
 Germany–England
 Germany–France
 Germany–Italy
 Germany–Netherlands

Notes

References

External links

 Germany at UEFA
 Germany at FIFA
 Matches results by RSSSF
 Most capped players by RSSSF
 Reports for all official matches by eu-football

European national association football teams
FIFA World Cup-winning countries
UEFA European Championship-winning countries
Recipients of the Silver Laurel Leaf
Laureus World Sports Awards winners
FIFA Confederations Cup-winning countries

Germany national football team


Henri-Louis Blanchard (7 February 1778 – 18 December 1858) was a French playwright, composer, violinist and music critic.

Biography
The son of a violinist, he studied with Franz Beck in Bordeaux, Rodolphe Kreutzer, Méhul and Reicha at the Conservatoire de Paris. As soon as 1836, he participated, among numerous publications, at the Revue et gazette musicale de Paris in which he published his essais biographiques  until 1856

Conductor of the Théâtre des Variétés from 1824 to 1829, he took part as librettist to some plays presented at the Théâtre-Français and also composed for the Théâtre du Gymnase or the Théâtre du Vaudeville more than three hundred melodies. He also put into music most of the texts by the poet Béranger He also wrote romances, canons for four, six and eight voices, duets for violin, viola quartets, concertos, a fugue for three violins, a fantasy for harp and violin etc.

In 1830 he became managing director of the Théâtre de Molière, a position he would keep until he died in 1858.

Works
1812: Le Soleil, romance
1812: La Lune, romance
1816: Clarisse et Lovelace, ou Le suborneur, pantomime in three acts, mixed with dialogue, after Samuel Richardson
1828: Galopade hongroise..., arranged for the piano
1830: Couplets chantés au banquet de l'artillerie de la Garde nationale, le 10 décembre 1830, lyrics and music
1831: Don Pedro, roi du Portugal, melodrama in three acts and four tableaux, by Jules-Édouard Alboize de Pujol, music
1831: Diana Vernon, comédie-vaudeville en 1 acte by Adolphe de Leuven and Auguste Pittaud de Forges, music
1831: Camille Desmoulins, ou Les partis en 1794, historical drama in five acts, with Julien de Mallian
1831: Henri-Montan Berton, membre de l'Institut

Bibliography
 Joseph Marie Quérard, Félix Bourquelot, Charles Louandre, La littérature française contemporaine. XIXe siècle, 1842, p. 574-578 (Lire en ligne)
 Camille Dreyfus, André Berthelot, La Grande encyclopédie: inventaire raisonné des sciences, 1886, p. 1012
 Revue de Musicologie, 1967, p. 81
 Marie-Noëlle Colette, La Musique à Paris en 1830-1831: enquête, 1983, p. 88
 Paul Mironneau, Chansonnier Henri IV, Ed. du pin à crochets, 1999, p. 84
 Zdenko Silvela, A New History of Violin Playing, 2001, p. 312

References

19th-century French dramatists and playwrights
French classical composers
French male classical composers
19th-century French male classical violinists
French music critics
Writers from Bordeaux
1778 births
1858 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century French composers
French male dramatists and playwrights
19th-century French male writers
French male non-fiction writers
Musicians from Bordeaux

Henri-Louis Blanchard


Lokesh Kumar Singhal is an Indian metallurgical engineer known for his expertise in steel making and for the innovations he brought into the steelmaking industry in India. He was honored by the Government of India in 2012 with the fourth highest Indian civilian award, the Padma Shri.

Biography
Lokesh Kumar Singhal was born in February 1943 and received his degree in engineering from Banares Hindu University, Varanasi. In his postgraduate studies, he received a doctoral degree from the University of Oxford. He has served a few notable steelmaking enterprises in India, such as Alloy Steel Plant in Durgapur of the Steel Authority of India as the head of the Research and Development, Tata Metals and Strips Limited, as the Chief Metallurgist of Navsari, and Salem Steel as the Assistant General Manager. He also worked in the Research and Development center of Steel Authority of India Limited as General Manager where he coordinated development of several special steels and high strength rails for which he received National Metallurgists' Day Award in 1987. He has also served as the Chairman and Managing Director of Mecon Limited, wherein he contributed towards indigenous development of certain process technologies and the design development of plant equipment for the first time in the country. He received National Metallurgist-Industry award in 2008. He has worked for the boards of Hindustan Copper, NRDC, CMPDIL & Jindal Iron & Steel Company. During his tenure at Jindal Stainless Ltd., Singhal is known to have contributed to introduction of some process technologies for development of several high performance stainless steels which were earlier imported leading to saving of foreign currency and several novel stainless steels developed by him have been exported in large tonnages. He has published 60 scientific papers, presented 50 conference papers and co-authored two books.

See also

 Steel Authority of India
 Jindal Steel and Power Limited
 Mecon Limited

References

External links

1943 births
Living people
Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering
Indian metallurgists
Engineers from Punjab, India
20th-century Indian engineers

Lokesh Kumar Singhal


Sex assignment or gender assignment is the process of determining the sex of a baby, whether it is a boy or a girl.  Usually, the doctor, parents or midwife look at the sex organs of a newborn baby to do this.  The assigned sex is written on the birth certificate, passport and other identification papers.

Even though it is called "assignment," these adults are not literally assigning (choosing) whether the child is male or female.  In most people, the sex assigned at birth matches the person's own gender identity. If the assigned sex does not match a person's gender identity, the person is transgender.  In a very small number of newborn babies, it is not possible to tell whether the child's body is male or female by looking at the sex organs.  These people are intersex.

Other page
Sexual reassignment surgery

References

Gender

Sex assignment


Holando-Argentino is a breed of cattle primarily found in Argentina, and derived from Holstein-Friesian Cattle. It was first introduced from the Netherlands in 1880, to the fertile regions of the Pampas, and devoted to the production of both beef and milk.

Holando-Argentino cattle can be now found in the Argentine provinces of Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, Córdoba and Entre Ríos, as well as in small river basins in Salta, Tucumán, Formosa, Catamarca and Mendoza. They have also been exported to neighbouring countries. They are now primarily kept for milk production.

The cows are medium-sized, standing 1.4 to 1.5 metres tall and weighing 600 to 650 kg. Good legs and feet allow extensive foraging.

Promotion of this breed and technical resources to manage it are the goals of the Asociación Criadores de Holando-Argentino (ACHA, Holando-Argentino Breeders Association), founded in 1944.

References

 Overview, SENASA website (cited in Embryo Plus)

External links

Cattle breeds originating in Argentina

Holando-Argentino


Frédéric Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne, Duke of Bouillon  (22 October 1605 – 9 August 1652) was ruler of the independent principality of Sedan, and a general in the French royal army.

Life
Born in Sedan, Ardennes, he was the son of Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Duke of Bouillon, Prince of Sedan, and Elisabeth of Orange-Nassau. His brother was the renowned Turenne, Marshal of France. Raised as a Protestant, he received a military education in Holland under his uncles, Maurice of Nassau-Orange, and Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange.

He became Duke of Bouillon, and Prince of Sedan, Jametz, and Raucourt (now in Ardennes, France) at the death of his father in 1623. He was appointed governor of Maastricht in the United Provinces in 1629. In 1634 he married Countess Eleonora van Berg's-Heerenberg (French: Éléonore de Bergh), under whose influence he converted to Catholicism.

In 1635 the Duke of Bouillon came into the service of King Louis XIII of France, and was appointed maréchal de camp (brigadier general). He was deprived of his offices in the United Provinces after engaging in negotiations with Spain (the arch-enemy of the United Provinces) in 1637.

Along with the Louis de Bourbon, comte de Soissons, he conspired against Cardinal Richelieu, and with the support of Spanish troops he and the comte de Soissons defeated the French royal troops sent after them at the Battle of La Marfée, outside of Sedan, in 1641.

Later he submitted to King Louis XIII and Richelieu, and he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general in command of the French army of Italy (1642). Having again conspired against Richelieu with Cinq-Mars, he was arrested in Casale Italy, and was released only when his wife threatened to open Sedan to the Spaniards (1642). During this misfortune, he promised to cede the strategic border principalities of Sedan and Raucourt to France.

In 1650 he joined the Fronde, and was one of its leaders with his brother Turenne. Cardinal Mazarin won him over (1650) by promising him high office and compensations for the cessions of Sedan and Raucourt, exchanged in 1651 for the duchies of Albret and Château-Thierry, the counties of Auvergne and Évreux, and several other lands.

He died at Pontoise, near Paris, in 1652 and was buried in Évreux. His and his wife's bodies were moved to Cluny where they arrived in 1692.

Tomb monument

Between 1697 and 1707, the duke's son, Émmanuel-Théodose de la Tour d'Auvergne, cardinal de Bouillon, commissioned the sculptor Pierre Le Gros the Younger to create a family monument to be erected in Cluny Abbey, of which the cardinal was abbot. All the sculptures were finished by 1707 and shipped to Cluny, where they arrived in 1709 but were not even being unpacked for nearly a century because Bouillon had grossly disobeyed Louis XIV and was declared an enemy of the state. The sculptures are today displayed in the Hôtel-Dieu in Cluny.

Children
Frédéric Maurice and his wife Éléonor de Bergh had five sons and four daughters:
 Élisabeth (1635-1680), married Charles III, Duke of Elbeuf, and had issue.
 Godefroy Maurice, 3rd duc de Bouillon (1636–1721)
Louise-Charlotte (1638-1683) "known as Mademoiselle de Bouillon";
 Amelie (1640-), who became a nun
 Frédéric Maurice, comte d'Auvergne (1642–1707) married Princess Henriette Françoise von Hohenzollern-Hechingen, Marquise de Bergen-op-Zoom and had 13 children; grandfather of Maria Henriette de La Tour d'Auvergne, mother of Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria.
 Émmanuel-Théodose, duc d'Albret, later cardinal de Bouillon (1643–1715)
 Hippolyte (1645-), who entered the priesthood
 Constantin Ignace, duc de Château-Thierry (1646–1670) at the age of 16 joined the order of St. John of Jerusalem
 Henri Ignace, le comte d'Évreux (1650–1675)nicknamed "Chevalier de Bouillon"
 Mauricienne Fébronie de La Tour d'Auvergne (1652-1706) (aka Princesse d'Evreux), married 1668 Maximilian, Duke of Bavaria-Leuchtenberg (1638-1705), without issue

References

External links

 Account of the Duchy of Bouillon, by François Velde

1605 births
1652 deaths
People from Sedan, Ardennes
French generals
Frederic-Maurice, 2nd duke
Frederic-Maurice
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Calvinism
French Roman Catholics
17th-century peers of France
Peers created by Louis XIV
Military personnel of the Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
French military personnel of the Thirty Years' War
People of the Fronde
Viscounts of Turenne
Dukes of Château-Thierry

Frédéric Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne, Duc de Bouillon


The GRAI method, GRAI is short for  Graphs with Results and Actions Inter-related, and the further developed GRAI Integrated
Methodology (GIM) is a modeling method of Enterprise modelling.

The GRAI method was first proposed by Guy Doumeingts  in his 1984 PhD thesis, entitled La Méthode GRAI, further developed at the GRAI/LAP (Laboratory of Automation and Productics) of University Bordeaux I, and followed by GRAI/GIM by Doumeingts and others in 1992.

The GRAI method can represent and analyze the operation of all or part of a production activity. The strength of the GRAI method lies in its ability to provide modelers can effectively model the decision-making system of the company, i.e. organizational processes that generate decisions.

In the GRAI methodology four types of views had been incorporated: the functional view, physical view, decisional view and informational systems view.

References

Further reading
 Chen, D., and G. Doumeingts. "The GRAI-GIM reference model, architecture and methodology." Architectures for Enterprise Integration. Springer US, 1996. 102-126.
 Chen, David, Bruno Vallespir, and Guy Doumeingts. "GRAI integrated methodology and its mapping onto generic enterprise reference architecture and methodology." Computers in industry 33.2 (1997): 387-394.
 Doumeingts, Guy, Bruno Vallespir, and David Chen. "GRAI grid decisional modelling." Handbook on architectures of information systems. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. 313-337.
 Doumeingts, Guy. "How to decentralize decisions through GRAI model in production management." Computers in Industry 6.6 (1985): 501-514.
 Girard, Philippe, and Guy Doumeingts. "GRAI-Engineering: a method to model, design and run engineering design departments." International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing 17.8 (2004): 716-732.

External links
 The GRAI Method Part 1: global modelling by B. Vallespir, G. Doumeingts
 The GRAI method Part 2: detailed modeling and methodological issues by B. Vallespir, G. Doumeingts
Enterprise modelling

GRAI method


Subcompact car is a North American classification for cars smaller than a compact car. It is broadly equivalent to the B-segment (Europe), supermini (Great Britain) or A0-class (China) classifications.

According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) car size class definition, the subcompact category sits between the "minicompact" and "compact" categories. The EPA definition of a subcompact is a passenger car with a combined interior and cargo volume of . Current examples of subcompact cars are the Nissan Versa and Hyundai Accent. The smaller cars in the A-segment/city car category (such as the Chevrolet Spark and Smart Fortwo) are sometimes called subcompacts in the U.S., because the EPA's name for this smaller category — "minicompact" — is not commonly used by the general public.

The prevalence of small cars in the United States increased in the 1960s due to increased imports of cars from Europe and Japan. Widespread use of the term subcompact coincided with the early 1970s increase in subcompact cars built in the United States. Early 1970s subcompacts include the AMC Gremlin, Chevrolet Vega, and Ford Pinto.

History

1960s

The term subcompact originated during the 1960s. However, it came into popular use in the early 1970s, as car manufacturers in the United States began to introduce smaller cars into their line-up. Previously, cars in this size were variously categorized, including "small cars"  or "economy cars".

Several of these small cars were produced in the U.S. in limited volumes, including the 1930 American Austin (later called the American Bantam) and the 1939 Crosley. From the 1950s onwards, various imported small cars were sold in the U.S., including the Nash Metropolitan, Volkswagen Beetle, and various small British cars. The term subcompact did not yet exist, so the Metropolitan was labeled a "compact or economy car" and marketed as a second vehicle for use around town, not as a primary car. The Volkswagen Beetle was marketed with advertising pointing out the car's unconventional features as strengths and to get buyers to "think small." Prompted by the British government for exports, Ford was one of the first companies to try and sell inexpensive small cars in volume. From 1948 to 1970, approximately 250,000 economical English Fords were imported to the US while over 235,000 went to Canada. Models such as the 1960 Ford Anglia were promoted as "The world's most exciting light car."

1970s

Due to the increasing popularity of small cars imported from Europe and Japan during the late 1960s, the American manufacturers began releasing competing locally-built models in the early 1970s. The AMC Gremlin was described at its April 1970 introduction as "the first American-built import" and the first U.S. built subcompact car. Also introduced in 1970 were the Chevrolet Vega and Ford Pinto. Plans for the subcompact AMC Gremlin pre-dated Vega and Pinto by several years because of AMC's strategy to recognize emerging market opportunities ahead of the competition.

Sales of American-built "low weight cars" (including subcompacts) accounted for more than 30% of total car sales in 1972 and 1973, despite inventory shortages for several models. The Gremlin, Pinto and Vega were all rear-wheel drive and available with four-cylinder engines (the Pinto was also available with a V6 engine, and the Gremlin was also available with I6 and V8 engines).

The Pontiac Astre, the Canadian-originated re-badged Vega variant was released in the U.S. in September 1974. Due to falling sales of the larger pony cars (such as the Chevrolet Camaro and first-generation Ford Mustang) in the mid-1970s, the Vega-based Chevrolet Monza was introduced as an upscale subcompact and the Ford Mustang II temporarily downsized from the pony car class to become a subcompact car for its second generation. The Monza with its GM variants Pontiac Sunbird, Buick Skyhawk, Oldsmobile Starfire, and the Mustang II continued until the end of the decade. The Chevrolet Chevette was GM's new entry-level subcompact introduced as a 1976 model. It was an 'Americanized' design from Opel, GM's German subsidiary. Additionally, subcompacts that were imported and marketed through domestic manufacturers' dealer networks as captive imports included the Renault Le Car and the Ford Fiesta.

In 1977, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) began to use a new vehicle classification system, based on interior volume instead of exterior size. Sedans with up to 100 cubic feet of passenger luggage volume were classified as subcompact. There was not a separate subcompact station wagon class with all up to 130 cubic feet of volume classified as "small."

In 1978, Volkswagen began producing the "Rabbit" version of the Golf— a modern, front-wheel drive design— in Pennsylvania. In 1982, American Motors began manufacturing the U.S. Renault Alliance— a version of the Renault 9— in Wisconsin. Both models benefiting from European designs, development, and experience.

1980s
To replace the aging Chevette in the second half of the 1980s, Chevrolet introduced marketed imported front-wheel drive subcompact cars: the Suzuki Cultus (a three-cylinder hatchback, badged as the Chevrolet Sprint) and the Isuzu Gemini (a four-cylinder hatchback/sedan badged as the Chevrolet Spectrum).

1990s

During the 1990s GM offered the Geo brand featuring the Suzuki-built Metro subcompact.

2000s to present

Because of consumer demand for fuel-efficient cars during the mid- to late-2000s, sales of subcompact cars made them the fastest growing market category in the U.S. In 2006, three major subcompact models were introduced to the market, the Toyota Yaris, Honda Fit, and Nissan Versa. These models were released by their manufacturers to aim at a group of younger buyers who otherwise shop for used cars. While fuel prices at the time were increasing, the small cars were planned before fuel prices soared; for example, Honda had announced that it would release a subcompact model as early as 2004.

By 2008, sales of subcompact cars had dramatically increased in the wake of a continuing increase of fuel prices. At the same time, sales of pickup trucks and large sport utility vehicles had dropped sharply. By April 2008, sales of Toyota's subcompact Yaris had increased 46 percent, and Honda's Fit had a record month with an increase of 54 percent.

However, low fuel prices and the added room in SUVs impacted subcompact sales negatively in the late 2010s. During this period, industry executives and analysts said that the subcompact car market was returning to historical norms after an unusual period when manufacturers had expanded small car lineups in anticipation of rising demand fueled by rising fuel prices, which has since eased. In the United States, the segment experienced a 50 percent drop in sales in the first half of 2020 compared to 2019. In Canada, the subcompact share of the car market shrank to 1.6 percent for the year ending 2020, down from 2.4 percent in 2019.

As a result, manufacturers stopped offering subcompact models and focused on larger cars instead, including subcompact SUVs which offer higher profit margins and a higher average transaction price. Models that were no longer sold in the United States by the end of the decade include the Mazda 2 (discontinued after 2014), Scion xD (2016), Toyota Prius C (2017), Ford Fiesta (2019), Nissan Micra (2019), Smart Fortwo (2019), Fiat 500 (2019), Toyota Yaris (2020), Honda Fit (2020), and Chevrolet Sonic (2020).

See also
 Car classification
 Mini SUV
 Economy car

References

Car classifications

cs:Malé automobily
de:Kleinwagen
ko:슈퍼미니 자동차

Subcompact car


Graham Francis Lee (born 11 December 1953) is an Australian musician and record producer, best known as the steel guitar player of the 1980s band The Triffids, where he was nicknamed 'Evil Graham Lee'.

He was born and grew up in Kenilworth, Queensland, and graduated as a Primary School Teacher in Brisbane. Lee left Brisbane in 1980 and went travelling around Asia and Europe for three years. He moved back to Australia in 1983 and settled in Sydney where he met The Triffids. They'd heard his dobro work on Eric Bogle's first album which contained the legendary track, "And The Band Played Waltzing Matilda", and invited him to guest on a demo they were recording at the Sydney Opera House - a recording subsequently released as Lawson Square Infirmary.

The Triffids then returned to London but Lee stayed in Sydney and took up the pedal steel guitar. Work was scarce for everybody but occasionally something good came up - one session was for a young Melbourne singer songwriter called Paul Kelly who was making a record called 'Post'. He also played on the John Kennedy singles Forget / The End of the Affair (Waterfront Records, Sept 1984) and Miracle (In Marrickville) / Two People (Waterfront Records, March 1985).

When The Triffids returned to Sydney early in 1985, they asked Lee to join them full-time. Before the year was out the band moved back to London and this time Lee went too. For nearly five years they enjoyed success in Europe and released a number of records which are recognised as Australian classics - Born Sandy Devotional, The Black Swan and Calenture. However, life in London, the constant touring, and the incomprehensible nature of the record business eventually wore the band down and at the end of 1989 they decided to move back to Australia for a break, which became permanent and the band dissolved.

In 1990 Lee moved to Melbourne and took a room upstairs at the Standard Hotel, in Fitzroy the pub owned by Steve Miller (The Moodists), his old tour manager. Miller, in partnership with Dave Walsh (the brother of Chris Miller, the bass player for the Moodists) establishing an independent record label, W.Minc Records (Walsh Miller Incorporated) in 1994.

During the first few years, after the break-up of The Triffids, Lee was happy to book the bands at the pub and stay focused on music. He produced three of the first four W.Minc records and worked as a session player or a hired hand in various bands, including John Kennedy, The KLF, Blackeyed Susans, The Paradise Vendors, Truckasaurus (with Lisa Miller), David Chesworth, Essendon Airport, GB3, and All India Radio. It wasn't until he was back in Europe, on tour with David McComb's solo outfit, The Red Ponies, that he decided he really wanted to get involved with W.Minc. In 1996 he officially joined the W.Minc Records as the label manager and since then he and Miller have guided the label together.

Lee also currently runs an official website for The Triffids and in June 2006 (in conjunction with the re-issue of Born Sandy Devotional) joined the other members of The Triffids to play three live performances, two concerts in Hasselt, Belgium and one in Amsterdam, Netherlands.

References

External links
 The Triffid's official website
 Evil Graham Lee's pedal steel website
 Evil Graham Lee's guitar forum website

Australian guitarists
The KLF
Musicians from Melbourne
1953 births
Living people
Pedal steel guitarists

Graham Lee (musician)


James Francis Dorsey (February 29, 1904 – June 12, 1957) was an American jazz clarinetist, saxophonist, composer and big band leader. He recorded and composed the jazz and pop standards "I'm Glad There Is You (In This World of Ordinary People)" and "It's The Dreamer In Me". His other major recordings were "Tailspin", "John Silver", "So Many Times", "Amapola", "Brazil (Aquarela do Brasil)", "Pennies from Heaven" with Bing Crosby, Louis Armstrong, and Frances Langford, "Grand Central Getaway", and "So Rare". He played clarinet on the seminal jazz standards "Singin' the Blues" in 1927 and the original 1930 recording of "Georgia on My Mind", which were inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.

Early life
Jimmy Dorsey was born in Shenandoah, Pennsylvania, United States, the first son of Theresa Langton Dorsey and Thomas Francis Dorsey.  His father, Thomas, was initially a coal miner, but would later become a music teacher and marching-band director. Both Jimmy and his younger brother, Tommy Dorsey, were musically active during their childhoods and by the age of seven, Jimmy was already playing with his father's band. He made his first public appearance at the age of 9 while playing trumpet with J. Carson McGee's King Trumpeters in New York in 1913. He switched to alto saxophone in 1915, and then learned clarinet. Jimmy Dorsey played on a clarinet outfitted with the Albert system of fingering, as opposed to the more common Boehm system used by most of his contemporaries including Benny Goodman and Artie Shaw.

With his brother Tommy playing trombone, they formed Dorsey's Novelty Six, later called Dorsey's Wild Canaries, one of the first jazz bands to broadcast. In 1924 he joined the California Ramblers (who were based in New York City). He did much freelance radio and recording work throughout the 1920s. The brothers also appeared as session musicians on many jazz recordings. He joined Ted Lewis's band in 1930, with whom he toured Europe. The same year, he played clarinet on the iconic jazz standard "Georgia on My Mind" in 1930 with Hoagy Carmichael and His Orchestra which featured Bix Beiderbecke on cornet. Dorsey married Jane Porter in 1928, and they had one daughter, Julia.  Jane Porter and Dorsey divorced in 1949.

Career
During his early days as a musician, Jimmy Dorsey performed with various ensembles and artists,  including the Scranton Sirens, The California Ramblers, Red Nichols, Jean Goldkette, Frankie Trumbauer, Ben Pollack, and Paul Whiteman. He played the clarinet solo on the iconic 1927 jazz standard "Singin' the Blues", with the Frankie Trumbauer Orchestra featuring Bix Beiderbecke (which would, a half-century later, be inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame). After returning to the United States from his European tour, he worked briefly with Rudy Vallee, and with several other bandleaders; and likewise with his brother Tommy—including starting their famed eponymous band. He appeared on at least seventy-five radio broadcasts, many of them with his brother. He was a member of Nathaniel Shilkret's orchestra, on programs such as (starting in 1937) "The Music That Satisfies" (also known as the Chesterfield Quarter Hour).
Glenn Miller arranged and played trombone on several early sessions that he and his brother Tommy did together for OKeh Records, including "The Spell of the Blues", "Let's Do It", and "My Kinda Love"—all with Bing Crosby on vocals.

In 1927, the brothers created the Dorsey Brothers Orchestra and signed with Okeh Records.  For some of their sessions, Glenn Miller would join them as trombonist, arranger, and composer; composing Annie's Cousin Fanny", "Tomorrow's Another Day", "Harlem Chapel Chimes", and "Dese Dem Dose". Their first song to chart was "Coquette", composed by the brothers with vocals from Bill Dutton in June, 1928. Their song, "Let's Do It (Let's Fall in Love)" with vocals by Bing Crosby, was their first to reach the top ten charts. Despite their success, the brothers frequently disagreed over management of the band and their conflict would come to a head in May 1935 when, after an onstage disagreement, Tommy stormed off. Afterwards, Jimmy continued the band, keeping the Dorsey Brothers name in hopes his younger brother would return;  in September 1935, the Dorsey Brothers band became "Jimmy Dorsey and His Orchestra",  and he signed with Decca Records. In December, 1935 Dorsey's first song with the band, "You Let me Down", would reach the charts. For the next two years, Jimmy Dorsey and His Orchestra would provide accompaniment for Bing Crosby's Kraft Music Hall radio show.  The band was featured on 73 programs, from December 1935 to July 1937; they also backed Crosby on his commercial recordings during this time.  In 1936, Bing Crosby released the single "Pennies from Heaven" recorded with the Jimmy Dorsey Orchestra on Decca Records. The early band was considered more jazz-oriented than his brother's, and in response the band recorded instrumental swing classics: Dorsey Stomp, Tap Dancer's Nightmare, Parade of the Milk Bottle Caps, John Silver, and Dusk in and included musicians such as Bobby Byrne, Ray McKinley, Donald Matteson and Skeets Herfurt along with vocalists Bob Eberly and Kay Weber.

Dorsey left Crosby in 1937, to concentrate on his own career, and he did well commercially, although he was overshadowed by Benny Goodman, whose big band had "grabbed center stage" in the mid thirties. Dorsey's main vocalist was Bob Eberly, considered to be the best in the music business, and in 1939, Helen O'Connell joined the band, and the idea to have them perform duets proved to be highly successful. She and Bob Eberly possessed a "boy and girl next door" charm and their pairing produced several of the band's biggest hits. Many of the Eberly-O'Connell recordings were arranged in an unusual 3-section "a-b-c" format. This format was reportedly developed at the insistence of a record producer (then called an A&R executive) who wanted to feature both singers and the full band in a single 3-minute 78 rpm recording. Eberly sang the first minute, usually as a slow romantic ballad, the next minute featured the full band backing Jimmy's saxophone, and the last minute was sung by O'Connell in a more up-tempo style, sometimes with lyrics in Spanish. Almost every record released during 1939–1943 were hits, but especially their Latin American stylized songs like "Amapola", "Maria Elena", and "Green Eyes", which topped the charts in 1941. They continued singing with his band for future records and motion picture appearances. Kitty Kallen sang with the Jimmy Dorsey orchestra following Helen O'Connell's departure in 1942. Jerry Lewis' first wife Patti Palmer (birth name Esther Calonico) was a singer with his orchestra for less than a year, starting about 1944. Despite personnel changes, Jimmy remained one of the top big band leaders after World War II and into the 1950s, always updating the sound of his band, but the big band business was beginning to decline. Dorsey employed pianist and arranger Joe Lipman in 1939 (who had just left Bunny Berigan); he contributed heavily to the repertoire of the band an success of the recordings through the next three years.

Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey reunited on March 15, 1945, to record a V-Disc at Liederkranz Hall in New York City. Released in June 1945, V-Disc 451 featured "More Than You Know" backed with "Brotherly Jump". The songs featured the combined orchestras of Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey. In 1947, Jimmy signed with MGM Records and in the same year, the brothers would put aside their tensions to film The Fabulous Dorseys. The film was a look inside the brothers' lives from practicing as children, to making it big as adults; the brothers played themselves in the film. It also highlighted their struggles leading the Dorsey Brothers Orchestra and showed what their lives were like on the road.  Despite the brothers coming together for the movie, Jimmy continued to lead his own band until the early 1950s. In 1950, Jimmy moved to Columbia Records and his brother offered him a seat in the Tommy Dorsey Orchestra.

In 1953, Tommy and Jimmy would rename the band, the "Dorsey Brothers Orchestra." Tommy was the leader of the group, and made Jimmy both the co-leader and featured soloist. On December 26, 1953, the brothers and their orchestra appeared on Jackie Gleason's CBS television program. The success of that television appearance led Gleason to produce a weekly variety program, Stage Show, hosted by the brothers on CBS from 1954 to 1956. The show gave other big band leaders hope in a business that was steadily declining for them.  In January 1956, the Stage Show made history with the network television debut of Elvis Presley. Promoting his early recordings for RCA Victor, Presley made a total of six guest appearances. Competitive ratings from NBC's popular Perry Como Show forced Stage Show into early cancellation.

In 1956, after Tommy Dorsey died from choking in his sleep, Jimmy took over leadership of the orchestra. Around that same time, Jimmy was diagnosed with throat cancer. He died on June 12, 1957, at age 53 in New York City. Broadcasts of Jimmy Dorsey and The Fabulous Dorsey Orchestra on NBC Bandstand survive from December 25, and December 31, 1956. At least two other extant broadcasts from the month of December 1956 are available as well. Recordings of the band from their winter 1957 tour have not surfaced. These recordings would provide the last aural evidence of Jimmy Dorsey's work. It is thought that Dorsey's last appearance was in Joplin, Missouri, on March 12, 1957.

At the time of his death, Jimmy's final hit song, "So Rare", reached the number-two spot on the Billboard charts, becoming the highest-charting song by a big band during the first decade of the rock-and-roll era.  With an arrangement heavily influenced by R&B saxophonist Earl Bostic, it marked Dorsey's attempt to acknowledge rock music and marked a significant departure from his earlier work.  This final recording sold 500,000 copies and earned him a gold record.

Jimmy Dorsey is considered one of the most important and influential alto saxophone players of the Big Band and Swing era, and also after that era. Jazz saxophonists Lester Young and Charlie Parker both acknowledge him as an important influence on their styles.

Movie appearances and filmography
Dorsey appeared in a number of Hollywood motion pictures, including That Girl From Paris, Shall We Dance, The Fleet's In, Lost in a Harem with Abbot and Costello, I Dood It, and the bio-pic with his brother Tommy, The Fabulous Dorseys in 1947.

In 1938, Jimmy Dorsey and His Orchestra also appeared in a movie short performing many of his hits including "It's the Dreamer in Me", "I Love You in Technicolor", and "Parade of the Milk Bottle Caps".

Films in which Dorsey appeared:
Jimmy Dorsey and His Orchestra (1938 short)
The Fleet's In (1942)
I Dood It (1943)
Four Jills in a Jeep (1944)
Lost in a Harem (1944)
Hollywood Canteen (1944)
The Fabulous Dorseys (1947)

Compositions
 "Dixieland Band From Santa Claus Land"
 "Mood Hollywood"
 "Shim Sham Shimmy"
 "So Many Times" -which reached no. 20 in 1939 on Billboard, staying on the charts for one week, Glenn Miller and His Orchestra recorded the song, as well as Jack Teagarden and His Orchestra.
 "Beebe"
 "Oodles of Noodles"
 "John Silver" with Ray Krise, which reached no. 13 on Billboard in 1938, staying on the charts for 2 weeks
 "Parade of the Milk Bottle Caps"
 "Dusk in Upper Sandusky" with Larry Clinton
 "Shoot the Meatballs to Me Dominick Boy" with Toots Camarata
 "A Man and his Drums"
 "Mutiny in the Brass Section
 "Praying the Blues"
 "Contrasts", his theme song
 "Major and Minor Stomp"
 "Hep-Tee Hootie (Juke Box Jive)" with Fud Livingston and Jack Palmer
 "I Bought A Wooden Whistle"
 "Tailspin" with Frankie Trumbauer, the classic jazz standard
 "I'm Glad There Is You (In This World of Ordinary People)"
 "Clarinet Polka"
 "I Love You in Technicolor"
 "All The Things You Ain't" with Babe Russin
 "JD's Boogie Woogie"
 "Jumpin' Jehosaphat"
 "I'll Do Anything For You"
 "Any Time at All"
 "Two Again"
 "It's Anybody's Moon"
 "Dixieland Detour"
 "Shades of Twilight"
 "Dorsey Stomp"
 "Grand Central Getaway" with Dizzy Gillespie
 "Sunset Strip" and "The Champ" with Sonny Burke
 "Town Hall Tonight"
 "Outer Drive" with Herb Ellis
 the jazz standard "It's the Dreamer in Me" with Jimmy Van Heusen – recorded by Duke Ellington and others.

Dorsey co-wrote the jazz and pop standard "(In This World of Ordinary People) I'm Glad There Is You" with Paul Madeira, also known as Paul Mertz, in 1941. Mertz had been a pianist with the Jean Goldkette orchestra in the 1920s and had worked in Hollywood. Sung by Dorsey vocalist Bob Eberly, it was released on Decca as 4197B in 1942. It was also released on Decca 18799A with Dee Parker in 1946.

Number-one hits
Jimmy Dorsey had eleven number one hits with his orchestra in the 1930s and the 1940s:
 "Is It True What They Say About Dixie?"
 "Change Partners"
 "The Breeze and I"
 "Amapola"
 "My Sister and I"
 "Maria Elena"
 "Green Eyes"
 "Blue Champagne"
 "Tangerine"
 "Besame Mucho"
 "Pennies from Heaven" with Bing Crosby.
"So Rare", which went to the No. 2 position in 1957, and was on the record charts for 38 weeks.

In 1935, he had two more number ones as part of the Dorsey Brothers Orchestra: "Lullaby of Broadway" and "Chasing Shadows". His biggest hit was "Amapola", which was number one for ten weeks in 1941 on the Billboard pop singles chart.

Honors
In 1996, the U.S. Postal Service issued a Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey commemorative postage stamp.

In 2009, the Recording Academy added the 1942 recording of "Brazil (Aquarela do Brasil)", by Jimmy Dorsey & His Orchestra, to the Grammy Hall of Fame.

V-Disc Recordings
Dorsey and his band made a number of V-Discs when the program was in operation.
 Julia, No. 117A, 1940
 John Silver, No. 117B, 1940
 The Breeze (Bob Eberly, vocal)/You, You Darlin' (Helen O'Connell, vocal), No. 217B, 1940
 The Great Lie, No. 283A;Navy 63A, 1944
 Sunset Strip, No. 326A; Navy 106A, 1944
 Contrasts/Oh! What A Beautiful Mornin', No. 314A; Navy 94A, 1944
 Grand Central Getaway/All the Things You Ain't, No. 391B, 1944
 Long John Silver, No. 409B; Navy 189B, 1944
 Jumpin' Jehosaphat, No. 470B; Navy 189B, 1944
 Together, No. 514A; Navy 274A

Grammy Hall of Fame
Jimmy Dorsey's recordings were posthumously inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame, which is a special Grammy award established in 1973 to honor recordings that are at least 25 years old and that have "qualitative or historical significance."

{| class=wikitable
|+ Jimmy Dorsey: Grammy Hall of Fame Awards'|-
! Year Recorded
! Title
! Genre
! Label
! Year Inducted
! Notes
|- align=center
| 1927
| "Singin' the Blues"
| Jazz (single)
| Okeh
| 1977
|Frankie Trumbauer and His Orchestra featuring Bix Beiderbecke and Eddie Lang
|- align=center
| 1942
| "Brazil (Aquarela do Brasil)"
| Jazz (single)
| Decca
| 2008
|
|- align=center
| 1930
| "Georgia on My Mind"
| Single
| Victor
| 2014
| By Hoagy Carmichael and His Orchestra
|}

References

Sources
Stockdale, Robert L. Jimmy Dorsey: A Study in Contrasts. (Studies in Jazz Series). Lanham, MD: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1999.
 Arnold, Jay, ed. Jimmy Dorsey Saxophone Method: A School of Rhythmic Saxophone Playing. Warner Bros Pubns, 1999.
 Sanford, Herb. Tommy and Jimmy: The Dorsey Years. (Introduction by Bing Crosby). DaCapo Press, 1980.
 Bockemuehl, Eugene. On the Road with the Jimmy Dorsey Aggravation, 1947–1949. Gray Castle Press, 1996.
 Metronome Magazine, March 1942: Jimmy Dorsey cover. Metronome Editors. Vol. LVIII, No. 3.
 Down Beat Magazine'', October 21, 1946: Jimmy Dorsey and Paul Whiteman cover.

External links

  Big Band Serenade

 Jimmy Dorsey recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings.
 Robert L. Stockdale, "Jimmy Dorsey: A Study In Contrasts", Lanham, MD, The Scarecrow Press, (c) 1999 ()

1904 births
1957 deaths
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century clarinetists
20th-century American saxophonists
American jazz alto saxophonists
American jazz bandleaders
American jazz clarinetists
American male jazz musicians
American male saxophonists
Bell Records artists
Big band bandleaders
Big band clarinetists
Big band saxophonists
Burials in Pennsylvania
The California Ramblers members
The Charleston Chasers members
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Deaths from esophageal cancer
Dixieland clarinetists
Dixieland saxophonists
The Dorsey Brothers members
Jazz musicians from Pennsylvania
Original Memphis Five members
People from Shenandoah, Pennsylvania
Rhumba musicians
Swing bandleaders
Swing clarinetists
Swing saxophonists
Victor Recording Orchestra members

Jimmy Dorsey


Information Morning is CBC Radio One's local morning show program for mainland Nova Scotia. It is produced out of the studios of CBHA-FM in Halifax and is simulcast on all CBC Radio One transmitters on mainland Nova Scotia.

History

Information Morning was first broadcast on June 1, 1970. The original format of the morning current affairs show was a "fast-paced, tightly made omnibus of news, weather, commentary, reviews and interviews," with the rumble of a distant teletype in the background. The Dartmouth Free Press's Stefan Haley called it well-done, intense and "hell on a hangover."  It was part of the "Radio Revolution" at CBC Radio which started in the late 1960s as the CBC sought more ambitious, live coverage of news and current affairs including listeners as well as experts, on shows such as As It Happens.  This change was embraced by CBC regional morning shows which developed three hours of live radio combining "survival information", about news, weather and traffic, with interviews and documentaries about local and national issues. Information Morning was the second regional CBC show in Canada to launch the new morning format, after CBC Winnipeg. The show tripled CBC Radio's morning audience in Halifax in one year going from seven per cent to 20 per cent and attracted coverage in Time magazine. The first Information Morning host was Bob Oxley; with news by Frank Cameron and Brian Bullock; sports by George Young; and weather by Reid Dexter. In 1971, Don "Trigger" Tremaine became a host with Gerry Fogarty as sportscaster. In 1976 Don Connolly joined Don Tremaine as co-host, establishing a popular era of serious interviews balanced with "kitchen table" banter known to some as the "Two Dons".  Don Tremaine retired in 1987 and was replaced by Joan Melanson. Elizabeth Logan served as co-host from 1991 to 2010. The show broadcast from the historic art deco Halifax CBC Radio Building until 2014 when the building was sold to a developer for demolition and the show moved to the new CBC Nova Scotia studios on 7067 Chebucto Road.

Ratings

Information Morning has often enjoyed the largest morning radio audience in Nova Scotia,  although the show's ratings dipped to 2nd and third place in the 1980s in the wake of host changes and a national strike at CBC Radio in 1981. However, the show climbed back to No. 1 in the overall Halifax radio audience by 1990 and has been at the top of the ratings across most parts of the province while remaining the number one morning show in Halifax.

Current format

Information Morning is broadcast live from 6:00 am to 8:37 am. Interviews are mixed with the national CBC Radio News on the hour and local news on the half-hour along with weather and sports. The show regularly goes on the road to broadcast from location at communities around Nova Scotia. Information Morning did a pioneering location broadcast on September 11, 2014, when the show was broadcast from the remote Sable Island, the first live radio broadcast from the island famous for its shipwrecks and wild horses. The show also conducts an annual fundraising campaign for the Feed Nova Scotia food bank through the "Share the View" art calendar. On June 2, 1975, Information Morning began an annual tradition of a public "birthday show" at the Halifax waterfront which usually attracts a large live audience. The 16th Birthday party was held at the Halifax Sheraton. The show currently features co-hosts Portia Clark and Louise Renault, with sportscaster John Hancock and meteorologist Brennan Allen, who in December 2016 replaced Peter Coade who retired in September. Allen left in December 2017 to work for Environment Canada, and was eventually replaced by meteorologist Tina Simpkin on January 2, 2019. On November 20, 2017, Don Connolly announced that he would retire, ending 42 years with a last show on January 26, 2018. Nova Scotia native Portia Clark, a former co-host of Edmonton AM, became the new host in April, 2018.  In August 2020, long time culture reporter Tara Thorne was fired for a tweet concerning the Liberal Premier's family (and a personal opinion) on her personal Twitter account.

Information Morning in other areas
The Information Morning name is also used for morning programs on CBC Radio One outlets in CBI Sydney, CBZF-FM Fredericton, CBAM-FM Moncton and Saint John CBD-FM. However, despite the usage of the same name in these cities, the actual programming is locally produced in each region, and not related to Information Morning in Halifax.

See also
Maritime Noon

References

 Information Morning Scrapbook 1970-1980, CBC Radio Halifax (1980)

External links
Show site
 Building an Information Morning Wikipedia Entry - Interview with Dan Conlin, CBC Radio, Friday June 14, 2013

CBC Radio One programs
Canadian talk radio programs
Mass media in Halifax, Nova Scotia
1970 establishments in Nova Scotia
1970s Canadian radio programs
1980s Canadian radio programs
1990s Canadian radio programs
2000s Canadian radio programs
2010s Canadian radio programs
2020s Canadian radio programs

Information Morning


Yisrael Barzilai (, born Yisrael Eisenberg on 1 October 1913, died 12 June 1970) was an Israeli politician who served as a government minister during the 1950s, 1960s and early 1970s.

Life and career
Born in Nieszawa in the Russian Empire (today in Poland), Barzilai joined Hashomer Hatzair at the age of 11. In 1932 he moved to Paris to study, before making aliyah to Mandatory Palestine in 1934. In Palestine he joined the HeHalutz movement, and in 1938 was elected head of the independent settlements department of Kibbutz Artzi. In 1939 he was one of the founders of kibbutz Negba.

In 1947 he became secretary of the World Union of Mapam. Between 1948 and 1951 he worked as the first Israeli envoy in Poland. After returning to Israel, he served as political secretary of Mapam between 1953 and 1955.

He was first elected to the Knesset on Mapam's list in 1955, and was appointed Minister of Health in David Ben-Gurion's government. In November 1958 he also became Minister of Postal Services after the National Religious Party withdrew from the government. After the 1959 elections he continued as Minister of Health.

Although he was re-elected in 1961, Mapam were excluded from the government and Barzilai lost his cabinet position. However, he did serve as Deputy Speaker of the Knesset. In the 1965 elections he lost his seat, but was re-appointed Minister of Health by Levi Eshkol. Following the 1969 elections (in which he also failed to win a seat) he was appointed Minister without Portfolio, serving until his death in June 1970. Following his death, the hospital in Ashkelon (whose cornerstone he had laid in 1961) was renamed Barzilai Medical Center in his honour.

References

External links

1913 births
1970 deaths
Polish emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
Jews from Mandatory Palestine
Jewish socialists
Israeli diplomats
Mapam politicians
Ministers of Health of Israel
Members of the 3rd Knesset (1955–1959)
Members of the 4th Knesset (1959–1961)
Members of the 5th Knesset (1961–1965)
Deputy Speakers of the Knesset
Ministers of Communications of Israel

Yisrael Barzilai


Lamina dura is compact bone that lies adjacent to the periodontal ligament, in the tooth socket. The lamina dura surrounds the tooth socket and provides the attachment surface with which the Sharpey's fibers of the periodontal ligament perforate. On an x-ray a lamina dura will appear as a radiopaque line surrounding the tooth root. An intact lamina dura is seen as a sign of healthy periodontium. Lamina dura, along with the periodontal ligament, plays an important role in bone remodeling and thus in orthodontic tooth movement.

Under the lamina dura is the less bright cancellous bone. Trabeculae are the tiny spicules of bone crisscrossing the cancellous bone that make it look spongy.  These trabeculae separate the cancellous bone into tiny compartments which contain the blood producing marrow.

See also
Alveolar bone

Bones of the head and neck
Parts of tooth

Lamina dura


The Mazda 737C is a prototype racing car that was built for Mazdaspeed for the 24 Hours of Le Mans under the Group C2 formula.  It was the final evolution of the initial Mooncraft built design dating back to the 717C.  It again used a 2-rotor 13B Wankel engine.

Two 737Cs were entered in the 1985 24 Hours of Le Mans, finishing 3rd and 6th in the C2 class.  The 737Cs were also raced in part of the 1985 World Sportscar Championship season, managing 8th place for Mazdaspeed in the C2 teams championship.  In the All Japan Sports Prototype Championship, Mazda was able to come home 5th in the constructor's championship.

737Cs later ended up in the hands of privateers for the JSPC after Mazda replaced it with the newer 757.

737C
Group C cars
Cars powered by Wankel engines
24 Hours of Le Mans race cars

Mazda 737C


The Skinny Client Control Protocol (SCCP) is a proprietary network terminal control protocol originally developed by Selsius Systems, which was acquired by Cisco Systems in 1998.

SCCP is a lightweight IP-based protocol for session signaling with Cisco Unified Communications Manager, formerly named CallManager. The protocol architecture is similar to the media gateway control protocol architecture, in that is decomposes the function of media conversion in telecommunication for transmission via an Internet Protocol network into a relatively low-intelligence customer-premises device and a call agent implementation that controls the CPE via signaling commands. The call agent product is Cisco CallManager, which also performs as a signaling proxy for call events initiated over other common protocols such as H.323, and Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) for voice over IP, or ISDN for the public switched telephone network.

Protocol components
An SCCP client uses TCP/IP to communicate with one or more Call Manager applications in a cluster. It uses the Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) over UDP-transport  for the bearer traffic (real-time audio stream) with other Skinny clients or an H.323 terminal. SCCP is a stimulus-based protocol and is designed as a communications protocol for hardware endpoints and other embedded systems, with significant CPU and memory constraints.

Some Cisco analog media gateways, such as the VG248 gateway, register and communicate with Cisco Unified Communications Manager using SCCP.

Origin
Cisco acquired SCCP technology when it acquired Selsius Corporation in 1998. For this reason the protocol is also referred to in Cisco documentation as the Selsius Skinny Station Protocol. Another remnant of the origin of the Cisco IP phones is the default device name format for registered Cisco phones with CallManager. It is SEP, as in Selsius Ethernet Phone, followed by the MAC address. Cisco also has marketed a Skinny-based softphone called Cisco IP Communicator.

Client examples

Examples of SCCP client devices include the Cisco 7900 series of IP phones, Cisco IP Communicator softphone, and the 802.11b wireless Wireless IP Phone 7920, along with Cisco Unity voicemail server.

Other implementations

Other companies, such as Symbol Technologies, SocketIP, and Digium, have implemented the protocol in  VoIP terminals and IP phones, media gateway controllers, and softswitches. An open source implementation of a call agent is available in the Asterisk and FreeSWITCH systems. IPBlue provides a soft phone that emulates a Cisco 7960 telephone.  Twinlights Software distributes a soft phone implementation for Android-based devices. The Cisco Unified Application Environment, the product acquired by Cisco when they purchased Metreos, supports using SCCP to emulate Cisco 7960 phones allowing applications to access all Cisco line-side features.

See also
Media Gateway Control Protocol

References

VoIP protocols
Cisco protocols
Application layer protocols

Skinny Client Control Protocol


Barry Liebmann (December 4, 1953September 1, 2017) was a comedy writer whose work appeared in the pages of MAD Magazine for 38 years. Liebmann's subject matter was eclectic, ranging from sports to parental cliches to Harry Potter to cell phones to the Bible, but he wrote dozens of pointed Mad articles focusing on American politics.

He also worked for Looney Tunes comics.  In addition, he was an actor, appearing regularly with The Play's the Thing Theatre Company, Living Legends Radio Theatre, and with The NoName Players as "Beloved Intern Barry."

Personal life and career
Barry Liebmann was born in New York City, to Norbert and Dora Liebmann. His parents had left Germany and Austria after the 2nd World War started, while the U.S. was still neutral and limiting refugees. They lived in Washington Heights amongst other German Jewish prewar refugees and had a daughter named Eleanor in addition to Liebmann. Eleanor died in 1974. Liebmann lived in the same apartment in Washington Heights all his life. He attended Queens College, graduating with a bachelor's degree, and studied acting at HB studios.

Liebmann wrote for MAD Magazine for almost 40 years, selling his first piece to them in 1979.  He also wrote for DC Comics' Looney Tunes and had pieces published in the NY Daily News, the New York Times, and the Wall Street Journal. He performed in many theater groups including The Play's the Thing Theatre Company, Instant Shakespeare, the No Name Players (as "Beloved Intern Barry") and Living Legends Radio Theater; and acted in plays including Uncle Vanya, The Comedy of Errors, Our Town and A Night in Elsinore.

References

1953 births
2017 deaths
American comedy writers
American comics writers
American satirists
American parodists
American people of German-Jewish descent
Mad (magazine) people
Writers from New York City

Barry Liebmann


Chinocup is a small town in the Great Southern region of Western Australia. It is situated between the towns of Nyabing and Pingrup.

It was originally a station on the now abandoned Nyabing to Pingrup railway. Land was soon in demand in the area around the station, and blocks were surveyed and released in 1923. The townsite was gazetted as Chinokup later the same year; the spelling was changed to its present form in 1962.

The name is named after the nearby Lake Chinocup, which had been recorded when the area was explored in 1879. The name is Aboriginal in origin but its meaning is unknown.

A freak storm hit the area in January 1951, stripping leaves from trees and any hay left standing. Large hailstones caused some damage to properties and heavy rain filled dams and washed out fences. 250 points () of rain were recorded in a few hours in some areas.

Stock yards were erected alongside the railway station in 1929 to assist farmers in moving stock by rail and to encourage further production of sheep and other stock in the area.

Notes

References

Great Southern (Western Australia)

Chinocup, Western Australia


Gonzalo de Alvarado y Contreras was a Spanish conquistador and brother of Pedro de Alvarado who participated in campaigns in Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador (co-founding its present capital, San Salvador).

Gonzalo de Alvarado was a native of Badajoz and son of Diego Gómez de Alvarado y Mexía de Sandoval, born in Badajoz in 1460 and vecino of Badajoz, Extremadura, Commander of Lobón, Puebla, Montijo and Cubillana, Alcalde of Montánchez, Trece of the Order of Santiago, Lord of Castellanos, Maestresala of Henry IV of Castile and General of the Frontier of Portugal, widow of Teresa Suárez de Moscoso y Figueroa, and second wife Leonor de Contreras y Gutiérrez de Trejo.

Alvarado y Contreras went to Hispaniola in 1510 with all his older brother Pedro and younger brothers Jorge, Gómez, Hernando and Juan and their uncle Diego de Alvarado y Mexía de Sandoval.

When Pedro de Alvarado was wounded on his left thigh and handicapped for the rest of his life he abandoned the war and appointed his brother, Gonzalo de Alvarado, to continue the task. In 1525 the conquest of El Salvador was completed and the city of San Salvador was established.

His descendants were represented by the family Vides de Alvarado after the famous 17th century historians Francisco Antonio de Fuentes y Guzmán and also the father Domingo Juarros y Montufar.

Family

Ancestors

References

Further reading

Spanish conquistadors
Colonial Guatemala
History of El Salvador
People from New Spain
16th-century Spanish people
16th century in Guatemala

Gonzalo de Alvarado