Lincoln Christian University (LCU) is a private Christian university in Lincoln, Illinois. It maintains extension sites in Normal, Illinois, metropolitan Indianapolis, Indiana, and Las Vegas, Nevada. LCU is affiliated with the Christian churches and churches of Christ.

LCU provides four year, co-educational, Bible college offerings including Bachelor's degrees. LCU's graduate seminary offers Master's degrees (including a Master of Divinity). The university also offers continuing educational programs at its various sites and online.

In October 2023, LCU announced that it would close on May 31, 2024. LCU's president, Silas McCormick, attributed its closure to declines in enrollment and donor giving. Ozark Christian College will acquire the seminary.

History
LCU was founded in 1944 as Lincoln Bible Institute, a four-year Bible college aligned with the Restoration Movement. Its first president was Earl C Hargrove and its first dean was Enos Dowling. The seminary opened in 1951.

In 1993, LCU became affiliated with Eastern Christian College, which was renamed Lincoln Christian College-East Coast.  ECC then closed in 2005 and was absorbed by Mid-Atlantic Christian University.

LCU's most recent construction projects were new athletics facilities in 2006 and new housing in 2007 with ongoing renovation of office and classroom buildings.

In May 2009, officials from then-LCCS announced that the institution would change its name to Lincoln Christian University, effective September 2009.

Athletics
At the time of the school's cancellation of the athletic program, Lincoln Christian athletic teams were known as the Red Lions. The university was a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) as an NAIA Independent within the Continental Athletic Conference from 2014–15 to 2021–22. They were also a member of the National Christian College Athletic Association (NCCAA), primarily competing as an independent in the North Central Region of the Division I level. The Red Lions previously competed as a member of the NCAA Division III ranks, primarily competing in the St. Louis Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SLIAC) from 2006–07 to the 2007 fall season (2007–08 school year).

Lincoln Christian competed in seven intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports included baseball, basketball and soccer; while women's sports included basketball, soccer and volleyball; and co-ed sports included eSports.

The university discontinued varsity athletics program at the end of the 2022 spring season (2021–22 school year).

References

External links
 Official website
 Official athletics website

Lincoln, Illinois
Association for Biblical Higher Education
Universities and colleges affiliated with the Christian churches and churches of Christ
Education in Logan County, Illinois
Buildings and structures in Logan County, Illinois
1944 establishments in Illinois
Private universities and colleges in Illinois

Lincoln Christian University


Pedro Bloch (1914, Ukraine – February 23, 2004, Brazil) was a Brazilian writer. His family immigrated to Brazil at the beginning of the 20th century.

He is famous for his plays, such as Dona Xepa and Mãos de Eurídice. Also, he wrote more than a hundred books, one of which is Pai, me compra um amigo? Many of those books were inspired by his experiences taking care of children. His collections of children's sayings and anecdotes are quite renowned.

Bloch was a musician, a playwright, and a physician; he had been a member of the Brazilian National Faculty of Medicine since 1937.

His most renowned play was As Mãos de Eurídice, which debuted on May 13, 1950 and which went on to be performed more than 60,000 times in more than 45 different countries. Two years later, he created another success, Dona Xepa, which was even turned into a soap opera on the Rede Globo network. Pedro Bloch's interest in theater stemmed from the actors who used to visit him.

Pedro Bloch died at the age of 89 of respiratory insufficiency in his apartment in Copacabana. His grave is in the Cemitério Communal Israelita in Rio de Janeiro.

He was cousin of media tycoon Adolpho Bloch.

Example text
 A little girl was talking with her teacher. Her teacher said that it impossible for a whale to eat a human being as even though this is a very big mammal, its throat is small. The little girl claimed that Jonas was eaten by a whale. Mad, the teacher repeated that a whale could not eat a single human being; it was physically impossible. Then, then little girl said:
 - "When I die and go to heaven, I'll ask him."
 Her teacher asked her:
 - "And what if it turns out that Jonas is in hell?"
 The little girl answered:
 - "Then it will be you who will ask him."

Bibliography
Dicionário de Anedotas
Você que falar melhor?
Samba No Pé
Teco-Teco
Um pai de verdade
Mãe, cadê meu pai?
O menino que inventou a verdade

References

1914 births
2004 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
Brazilian male dramatists and playwrights
Brazilian people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
Jewish Brazilian writers
Jewish Ukrainian writers
Naturalized citizens of Brazil
Soviet emigrants to Brazil
20th-century Brazilian dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Brazilian male writers

Pedro Bloch


8HevXII a (originally marked LXXVTS 10a; Rahlfs 943a) is Septuagint manuscript that containing the biblical books of minor prophets. This is a manuscript in scroll form dated to the 1st century. It was found in the Judean Desert in the cave number 8 of Nahal Hever. This fragment is also marked with number 943a on the list of Septuagint manuscripts according to Alfred Rahlfs classification.

This scroll contains the name of God YHWH in the following places: Jon 4:2; Mic 1:1, 3; Mic 4:4, 5, 7; Mic 5:4, 4; Hab 2:14, 16, 20; Hab 3:9; Zep 1:3, 14; Zep 2:10; Zec 1:3, 3, 4; Zec 3:5, 6, 7.

This manuscript was published in Supplements to Vetus Testamentum, Vol. X, in 1963. The original designation of the scroll comes from the abbreviated name of the publication in which it was published (LXX - manuscript of the Septuagint; Vetus Testamentum, Supplements; volume X).

This manuscript is kept in the Rockefeller Museum in Jerusalem (8HevXII a).

References

Bibliography

Septuagint manuscripts
1st-century biblical manuscripts

8HevXII a


Liberty Grip is a 2008 sculpture in bronze by English artist Gary Hume. The sculpture is today situated on a riverside path on the east side of The O2 at North Greenwich in south-east London, where it forms part of The Line, a public sculpture trail that very roughly follows the path of the Prime Meridian as it crosses the River Thames.

History

Created in 2008, Hume modelled Liberty Grip in three discrete sections using the arm of a mannequin as a template, and it was exhibited at White Cube gallery in Bermondsey, London in 2013. In describing the work, the gallery said "Hume ... positioned the three arms into an evocative group of forms that suggests both a bundle of limbs or a contorted hand."

In 2014, it was one of nine works chosen from over 70 submissions for the inaugural year of The Line, an art project distributed along a three-mile route following some of London's waterways between Stratford and North Greenwich. The route opened in 2015. The five Greenwich elements of The Line also form part of an art trail across the Greenwich Peninsula.

References

Public art in London
2008 sculptures
Outdoor sculptures in London

Liberty Grip


The Gitaprakasa (IAST: 'Gītaprakāśa'; "Illuminator of music") is a 16th-century musical treatise belonging to the tradition of Odissi music, written by the musicologist Krusnadasa Badajena Mahapatra. Mahapatra was a court musician of Gajapati Mukundadeba. It is the second earliest music treatise discovered from Odisha. The Gita Prakasa is one of the cornerstones of the Odissi music tradition and is widely quoted by later authorities such as the Sangita Narayana and the Sangita Muktabali.

The treatise was first published by the Odisha Sangeet Natak Akademi in 1983, based on two palm leaf manuscripts preserved in the Odisha State Museum, Bhubaneswar. Both manuscripts were collected from Puri district, Odisha and were roughly dated to the 18th century.

Author
Krusnadesa Badajena Mahapatra was a 16th-century musician par excellence from Odisha. The author reveals no information about his family, age or any other details in his text. However, the period to which he belonged can be determined by internal evidence. A song authored by Raya Ramananda on Gajapati Prataparudra Deba has been quoted in the Gitaprakasa. Another musicologist Haladhara Misra refers to Krusnadasa's Gitaprakasa in his treatise called Sangitakalpalatika, composed between 1623 and 1647 AD. Since Mahapatra himself eulogises Gajapati Mukundadeba, it is inferred that he was a contemporary of the king and most probably served as a court musician. There has only been one Gajapati in the history of Odisha bearing the name Mukunda. He was the last independent ruler of Odisha from 1559 to 1568 AD. Hence, Krusnadasa can be dated to the same period.

In the year 1565, Mahapatra presented his music in the court of Akbar. Abul Fazl extolls a certain 'Mahapattar' in his Ain-i-Akbari. The Akbarnama also makes mention of a "Mahapattar who adorned the court of Akbar, the great Mogul and who was unrivalled in the arts of Indian poetry and music". The surname Mahapatra is one of the most popular surnames of Odisha, found since the Ganga period. In several inscriptions from the 12th century AD this surname is mentioned. Badajena was another such title in vogue in Odisha. Both titles are popular and found even now. It is certain that the Mahapattar Abul Fazl mentions can be none other than Krusnadasa.

Contents
The Gitaprakasa only deals with aspects of vocal music. The treatise is meticulous in its analysis of songs and their classification. The text is also replete with many examples, a significant portion of them having been composed by the author himself. Like most Odia authors, Mahapatra begins his treatise with a customary invocation to Jagannatha, the venerable deity of Odisha.

He cites certain musicologists preceding him, like Harinayaka, author of Sangitasara.

The ragas mentioned in the Gitaprakasa are Sri, Natta, Karnāta, Rebagupta, Basanta, Suddhabhairaba, Bangāla, Soma, Āmrapanchama, Kāmoda, Megha, Drābidagauda, Barādi, Gujjari, Todi, Mālabasri, Saindhabi, Debakiri, Rāmakiri, Prathamamanjari, Nattā, Belābali, Gaudi, Gauda, Karnnātabangāla, Desi, Dhannāsi, Kolāhala, Ballāli, Desākhya, Sābari, Khambhābati, Harsapuri, Mallāri, Hunchhikā, Madhyamādi, Mallāra, Desapāla, Mālaba, Hindola, Bhairaba, Nāgadhwani, Gondakiri, Lalitā, Chhāyātodi, Pratāpabelābali, Guptabasanta, Paurabi, Nattamallārika, Māravi, Ballabi, Gauri, Kalyāni, Karnātika, Āsābari and Mukhābari. Many of these ragas continue to be popular in present-day Odissi music repertoires.

References

Odissi
Odissi music
Odia culture
Sanskrit texts

Gita Prakasa


Social work (SW) is an academic discipline and practice-based profession concerned with meeting the basic needs of individuals, families, groups, communities, and society as a whole to enhance their individual and collective well-being. Social work practice draws from areas, such as psychology, sociology, health, political science, community development, law, and economics to engage with systems and policies, conduct assessments, develop interventions, and enhance social functioning and responsibility. The ultimate goals of social work include the improvement of people's lives, alleviation of biopsychosocial concerns, empowerment of individuals and communities, and the achievement of social justice.

Social work practice is often divided into three levels. Micro-work involves working directly with individuals and families, such as providing individual counseling/therapy or assisting a family in accessing services. Mezzo-work involves working with groups and communities, such as conducting group therapy or providing services for community agencies. Macro-work involves fostering change on a larger scale through advocacy, social policy, research development, non-profit and public service administration, or working with government agencies. Starting in the 1960s, a few universities began social work management programmes, to prepare students for the management of social and human service organizations, in addition to classical social work education.

The social work profession developed in the 19th century, with some of its roots in voluntary philanthropy and in grassroots organizing. However, responses to social needs had existed long before then, primarily from public almshouses, private charities and religious organizations. The effects of the Industrial Revolution and of the Great Depression of the 1930s placed pressure on social work to become a more defined discipline as social workers responded to the child welfare concerns related to widespread poverty and reliance on child labor in industrial settings.

Definition
Social work is a broad profession that intersects with several disciplines. Social work organizations offer the following definitions:

Social work is a practice-based profession and an academic discipline that promotes social change and development, social cohesion, and the empowerment and liberation of people. Principles of social justice, human rights, collective responsibility and respect for diversities are central to social work. Underpinned by theories of social work, social sciences, humanities, and indigenous knowledge, social work engages people and structures to address life challenges and enhance well-being.
—International Federation of Social Workers

Social work is a profession concerned with helping individuals, families, groups and communities to enhance their individual and collective well-being. It aims to help people develop their skills and their ability to use their resources and those of the community to resolve problems. Social work is concerned with individual and personal problems but also with broader social issues such as poverty, unemployment, and domestic violence.
— Canadian Association of Social Workers

Social work practice consists of the professional application of social  principles, and techniques to one or more of the following ends: helping people obtain tangible services; counseling and psychotherapy with individuals, families, and groups; helping communities or groups provide or improve social and health services, and participating in legislative processes. The practice of social work requires knowledge of human development and behavior; of social and economic, and cultural institutions; and the interaction of all these factors.
—National Association of Social Workers

Social workers work with individuals and families to help improve outcomes in their lives. This may be helping to protect vulnerable people from harm or abuse or supporting people to live independently. Social workers support people, act as advocates and direct people to the services they may require. Social workers often work in multi-disciplinary teams alongside health and education professionals.
—British Association of Social Workers

History

The practice and profession of social work has a relatively modern and scientific origin, and is generally considered to have developed out of three strands. The first was individual casework, a strategy pioneered by the Charity Organization Society in the mid-19th century, which was founded by Helen Bosanquet and Octavia Hill in London, England. Most historians identify COS as the pioneering organization of the social theory that led to the emergence of social work as a professional occupation. COS had its main focus on individual casework. The second was social administration, which included various forms of poverty relief – 'relief of paupers'. Statewide poverty relief could be said to have its roots in the English Poor Laws of the 17th century but was first systematized through the efforts of the Charity Organization Society. The third consisted of social action – rather than engaging in the resolution of immediate individual requirements, the emphasis was placed on political action working through the community and the group to improve their social conditions and thereby alleviate poverty. This approach was developed originally by the Settlement House Movement.

This was accompanied by a less easily defined movement; the development of institutions to deal with the entire range of social problems. All had their most rapid growth during the nineteenth century, and laid the foundation basis for modern social work, both in theory and in practice.

Professional social work originated in 19th century England, and had its roots in the social and economic upheaval wrought by the Industrial Revolution, in particular, the societal struggle to deal with the resultant mass urban-based poverty and its related problems. Because poverty was the main focus of early social work, it was intricately linked with the idea of charity work.

Other important historical figures that shaped the growth of the social work profession are Jane Addams, who founded the Hull House in Chicago and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931; Mary Ellen Richmond, who wrote Social Diagnosis, one of the first social workbooks to incorporate law, medicine, psychiatry, psychology, and history; and William Beveridge, who created the social welfare state, framing the debate on social work within the context of social welfare provision.

United States
During the 1840s, Dorothea Lynde Dix, a retired Boston teacher who is considered the founder of the Mental Health Movement, began a crusade that would change the way people with mental disorders were viewed and treated. Dix was not a social worker; the profession was not established until after she died in 1887. However, her life and work were embraced by early psychiatric social workers (mental health social worker/clinical social worker), and she is considered one of the pioneers of psychiatric social work along with Elizabeth Horton, who in 1907 was the first social worker to work in a psychiatric setting as an aftercare agent in the New York hospital systems to provide post-discharge supportive services.

The early twentieth century marked a period of progressive change in attitudes towards mental illness. The increased demand for psychiatric services following the First World War led to significant developments. In 1918, Smith College School for Social Work was established, and under the guidance of Mary C. Jarrett at Boston Psychopathic Hospital, students from Smith College were trained in psychiatric social work. She first gave social workers the "Psychiatric Social Worker" designation. A book titled "The Kingdom of Evils," released in 1922, authored by a hospital administrator and the head of the social service department at Boston Psychopathic Hospital, described the roles of psychiatric social workers in the hospital. These roles encompassed casework, managerial duties, social research, and public education. After World War II, a series of mental hygiene clinics were established. The Community Mental Health Centers Act was passed in 1963. This policy encouraged the deinstitutionalisation of people with mental illness. Later, the mental health consumer movement came by 1980s. A consumer was defined as a person who has received or is currently receiving services for a psychiatric condition. People with mental disorders and their families became advocates for better care. Building public understanding and awareness through consumer advocacy helped bring mental illness and its treatment into mainstream medicine and social services. The 2000s saw the managed care movement, which aimed at a health care delivery system to eliminate unnecessary and inappropriate care to reduce costs, and the recovery movement, which by principle acknowledges that many people with serious mental illness spontaneously recover and others recover and improve with proper treatment.

Social workers made an impact with 2003 invasion of Iraq and War in Afghanistan (2001–2021); social workers worked out of NATO hospitals in Afghanistan and Iraqi bases. They made visits to provide counseling services at forward operating bases. Twenty-two percent of the clients were diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder, 17 percent with depression, and 7 percent with alcohol use disorder. In 2009, there was a high level of suicides among active-duty soldiers: 160 confirmed or suspected Army suicides. In 2008, the Marine Corps had a record 52 suicides. The stress of long and repeated deployments to war zones, the dangerous and confusing nature of both wars, wavering public support for the wars, and reduced troop morale all contributed to escalating mental health issues. Military and civilian social workers served a critical role in the veterans' health care system.

Mental health services is a loose network of services ranging from highly structured inpatient psychiatric units to informal support groups, where psychiatric social workers indulges in the diverse approaches in multiple settings along with other paraprofessional workers.

Canada
A role for psychiatric social workers was established early in Canada's history of service delivery in the field of population health. Native North Americans understood mental trouble as an indication of an individual who had lost their equilibrium with the sense of place and belonging in general, and with the rest of the group in particular. In native healing beliefs, health and mental health were inseparable, so similar combinations of natural and spiritual remedies were often employed to relieve both mental and physical illness. These communities and families greatly valued holistic approaches for preventive health care. Indigenous peoples in Canada have faced cultural oppression and social marginalization through the actions of European colonizers and their institutions since the earliest periods of contact. Culture contact brought with it many forms of depredation. Economic, political, and religious institutions of the European settlers all contributed to the displacement and oppression of indigenous people.

The first officially recorded treatment practices were in 1714, when Quebec opened wards for the mentally ill. In the 1830s social services were active through charity organizations and church parishes (Social Gospel Movement). Asylums for the insane were opened in 1835 in Saint John and New Brunswick. In 1841 in Toronto care for the mentally ill became institutionally based. Canada became a self-governing dominion in 1867, retaining its ties to the British crown. During this period, age of industrial capitalism began and it led to social and economic dislocation in many forms. By 1887 asylums were converted to hospitals, and nurses and attendants were employed for the care of the mentally ill. Social work training began at the University of Toronto in 1914. Before that, social workers acquired their training through trial and error methods on the job and by participating in apprenticeship plans offered by charity organization societies. These plans included related study, practical experience, and supervision. In 1918 Dr. Clarence Hincks and Clifford Beers founded the Canadian National Committee for Mental Hygiene, which later became the Canadian Mental Health Association. In the 1930s Hincks promoted prevention and of treating sufferers of mental illness before they were incapacitated (early intervention).

World War II profoundly affected attitudes towards mental health. The medical examinations of recruits revealed that thousands of apparently healthy adults suffered mental difficulties. This knowledge changed public attitudes towards mental health, and stimulated research into preventive measures and methods of treatment. In 1951 Mental Health Week was introduced across Canada. For the first half of the twentieth century, with a period of deinstitutionalisation beginning in the late 1960s psychiatric social work succeeded to the current emphasis on community-based care, psychiatric social work focused beyond the medical model's aspects on individual diagnosis to identify and address social inequities and structural issues. In the 1980s Mental Health Act was amended to give consumers the right to choose treatment alternatives. Later the focus shifted to workforce mental health issues and environmental root causes.

In Ontario, the regulator, the Ontario College of Social Workers and Social Service Workers (OCSWSSW) regulates two professions: registered social workers (RSW) and registered social service workers (RSSW). Each provinces has similar regulatory bodies. The Canadian Association of Social Workers (CASW) is the national professional body for social workers. Prior to provincial-level politicization, registrants of this professional body were able to engage in inter-provincial practice as registered social workers.

India
The earliest citing of mental disorders in India are from Vedic Era (2000 BC – AD 600). Charaka Samhita, an ayurvedic textbook believed to be from 400 to 200 BC describes various factors of mental stability. It also has instructions regarding how to set up a care delivery system. In the same era, Siddha was a medical system in south India. The great sage Agastya was one of the 18 siddhas contributing to a system of medicine. This system has included the Agastiyar Kirigai Nool, a compendium of psychiatric disorders and their recommended treatments. In Atharva Veda too there are descriptions and resolutions about mental health afflictions. In the Mughal period Unani system of medicine was introduced by an Indian physician Unhammad in 1222. The existing form of psychotherapy was known then as ilaj-i-nafsani in Unani medicine.

The 18th century was a very unstable period in Indian history, which contributed to psychological and social chaos in the Indian subcontinent. In 1745, lunatic asylums were developed in Bombay (Mumbai) followed by Calcutta (Kolkata) in 1784, and Madras (Chennai) in 1794. The need to establish hospitals became more acute, first to treat and manage Englishmen and Indian 'sepoys' (military men) employed by the British East India Company. The First Lunacy Act (also called Act No. 36) that came into effect in 1858 was later modified by a committee appointed in Bengal in 1888. Later, the Indian Lunacy Act, 1912 was brought under this legislation. A rehabilitation programme was initiated between 1870s and 1890s for persons with mental illness at the Mysore Lunatic Asylum, and then an occupational therapy department was established during this period in almost each of the lunatic asylums. The programme in the asylum was called 'work therapy'. In this programme, persons with mental illness were involved in the field of agriculture for all activities. This programme is considered as the seed of origin of psychosocial rehabilitation in India.

Berkeley-Hill, superintendent of the European Hospital (now known as the Central Institute of Psychiatry (CIP), established in 1918), was deeply concerned about the improvement of mental hospitals in those days. The sustained efforts of Berkeley-Hill helped to raise the standard of treatment and care and he also persuaded the government to change the term 'asylum' to 'hospital' in 1920. Techniques similar to the current token-economy were first started in 1920 and called by the name 'habit formation chart' at the CIP, Ranchi. In 1937, the first post of psychiatric social worker was created in the child guidance clinic run by the Dhorabji Tata School of Social Work (established in 1936). It is considered as the first documented evidence of social work practice in Indian mental health field.

After Independence in 1947, general hospital psychiatry units (GHPUs) were established to improve conditions in existing hospitals, while at the same time encouraging outpatient care through these units. In Amritsar Dr. Vidyasagar instituted active involvement of families in the care of persons with mental illness. This was advanced practice ahead of its times regarding treatment and care. This methodology had a greater impact on social work practice in the mental health field especially in reducing the stigmatisation. In 1948 Gauri Rani Banerjee, trained in the United States, started a master's course in medical and psychiatric social work at the Dhorabji Tata School of Social Work (now TISS). Later the first trained psychiatric social worker was appointed in 1949 at the adult psychiatry unit of Yerwada Mental Hospital, Pune.

In various parts of the country, in mental health service settings, social workers were employed—in 1956 at a mental hospital in Amritsar, in 1958 at a child guidance clinic of the college of nursing, and in Delhi in 1960 at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences and in 1962 at the Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital. In 1960, the Madras Mental Hospital (now Institute of Mental Health) employed social workers to bridge the gap between doctors and patients. In 1961 the social work post was created at the NIMHANS. In these settings they took care of the psychosocial aspect of treatment. This system enabled social service practices to have a stronger long-term impact on mental health care.

In 1966 by the recommendation Mental Health Advisory Committee, Ministry of Health, Government of India, NIMHANS commenced Department of Psychiatric Social Work started and a two-year Postgraduate Diploma in Psychiatric Social Work was introduced in 1968. In 1978, the nomenclature of the course was changed to MPhil in Psychiatric Social Work. Subsequently, a PhD Programme was introduced. By the recommendations Mudaliar committee in 1962, Diploma in Psychiatric Social Work was started in 1970 at the European Mental Hospital at Ranchi (now CIP). The program was upgraded and other higher training courses were added subsequently.

A new initiative to integrate mental health with general health services started in 1975 in India. The Ministry of Health, Government of India formulated the National Mental Health Programme (NMHP) and launched it in 1982. The same was reviewed in 1995 and based on that, the District Mental Health Program (DMHP) was launched in 1996 which sought to integrate mental health care with public health care. This model has been implemented in all the states and currently there are 125 DMHP sites in India.

National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) in 1998 and 2008 carried out systematic, intensive and critical examinations of mental hospitals in India. This resulted in recognition of the human rights of the persons with mental illness by the NHRC. From the NHRC's report as part of the NMHP, funds were provided for upgrading the facilities of mental hospitals. As a result of the study, it was revealed that there were more positive changes in the decade until the joint report of NHRC and NIMHANS in 2008 compared to the last 50 years until 1998. In 2016 Mental Health Care Bill was passed which ensures and legally entitles access to treatments with coverage from insurance, safeguarding dignity of the afflicted person, improving legal and healthcare access and allows for free medications. In December 2016, Disabilities Act 1995 was repealed with Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (RPWD), 2016 from the 2014 Bill which ensures benefits for a wider population with disabilities. The Bill before becoming an Act was pushed for amendments by stakeholders mainly against alarming clauses in the "Equality and Non discrimination" section that diminishes the power of the act and allows establishments to overlook or discriminate against persons with disabilities and against the general lack of directives that requires to ensure the proper implementation of the Act.

Mental health in India is in its developing stages. There are not enough professionals to support the demand. According to the Indian Psychiatric Society, there are around 9000 psychiatrists only in the country as of January 2019. Going by this figure, India has 0.75 psychiatrists per 100,000 population, while the desirable number is at least 3 psychiatrists per 100,000. While the number of psychiatrists has increased since 2010, it is still far from a healthy ratio.

Lack of any universally accepted single licensing authority compared to foreign countries puts social workers at general in risk. But general bodies/councils accepts automatically a university-qualified social worker as a professional licensed to practice or as a qualified clinician. Lack of a centralized council in tie-up with Schools of Social Work also makes a decline in promotion for the scope of social workers as mental health professionals. Though in this midst the service of social workers has given a facelift to the mental health sector in the country with other allied professionals.

Iran

State welfare organization was previously part of health and social security ministry.

Theoretical models and practices
Social work is an interdisciplinary profession, meaning it draws from a number of areas, such as (but not limited to) psychology, sociology, politics, criminology, economics, ecology, education, health, law, philosophy, anthropology, and counseling, including psychotherapy. Field work is a distinctive attribution to social work pedagogy. This equips the trainee in understanding the theories and models within the field of work. Professional practitioners from multicultural aspects have their roots in this social work immersion engagements from the early 19th century in the western countries. As an example, here are some of the models and theories used within social work practice:

 Empathy
 Social case work
 Social group work
 Community organization
 Behavioral
 School social worker
 Leadership and management
 Crisis intervention
 Suicide prevention
 Mental health
 Addiction
 Cognitive-behavioral
 Critical
 Social insurance
 Ecological
 Equity theory
 Financial social work
 Motivational interviewing
 Medical social work
 Medical terminology
 Person-centered therapy
 Psychoanalytic
 Psychodynamic
 Existential
 Humanistic
 Sociotherapy
 Brief psychotherapy or solution-focused approach
 Recovery approach
 Reflexivity
 Social exchange
 Welfare economics
 Anti-oppressive practice
 Psychosocial rehabilitation
 Cognitive behavioral therapy
 Dialectical behavior therapy
 Systems theory
 Policy Analysis
 Strength-based practice
 Task-centered
 Family therapy
 Advocacy
 Prevention science
 Project management
 Program evaluation and performance measurement
 Systems thinking
 Community development and intervention
 Positive psychology
 Social actions
 Animal-assisted therapy

Profession
American educator Abraham Flexner in a 1915 lecture, "Is Social Work a Profession?", delivered at the National Conference on Charities and Corrections, examined the characteristics of a profession concerning social work. It is not a 'single model', such as that of health, followed by medical professions such as nurses and doctors, but an integrated profession, and the likeness with medical profession is that social work requires a continued study for professional development to retain knowledge and skills that are evidence-based by practice standards. A social work professional's services lead toward the aim of providing beneficial services to individuals, dyads, families, groups, organizations, and communities to achieve optimum psychosocial functioning.

Its eight core functions present in its methods of practice are described by Popple and Leighninger as:
 Engagement — social worker must first engage the client in early meetings to promote a collaborative relationship
 Assessment — data gathered must be specifically aimed at guiding and directing a plan of action to help the client
 Planning — negotiate and formulate an action plan
 Implementation — promote resource acquisition and enhance role performance
 Monitoring/Evaluation — ongoing documentation for assessing the extent to which the client is following through on short-term goal attainment
 Supportive Counseling — affirming, challenging, encouraging, informing, and exploring options
 Graduated Disengagement — seeking to replace the social worker with a naturally occurring resource
 Administration — planning and managing social work programs, providing operations management support, and administrating case management services

There are six broad ethical principles in National Association of Social Workers' (NASW) Code of Ethics that inform social work practice, they are both prescriptive and proscriptive, and are based on six core values:

 Service — help people in need and provide pro bono services
 Social Justice — engage in social change activities for and with people to promote social justice and challenge social injustice
 Dignity and worth of the person — treat people with care and respect, be sensitive to cultural and ethnic diversity, and promote individuals socially responsible self determination
 Importance of human relationships — maintain positive client relationships because they play a vital role in driving change, and engage with people as partners who empower them through the helping process
 Integrity — engage clients with honesty and responsibility to build trust, and you are not only responsible for your own professional ethics and integrity but also of the service organization
 Competence — practice and build expertise as a social worker, and continually seek to enhance and contribute professional knowledge and skills

The International Federation of Social Workers also outlines essential principles for guiding social workers towards high professional standards. These include recognizing the inherent dignity of all people, upholding human rights, striving for social justice, supporting self-determination, encouraging participation, respecting privacy and confidentiality, treating individuals holistically, using technology and social media responsibly, and maintaining professional integrity.

A historic and defining feature of social work is the profession's focus on individual well-being in a social context and the well-being of society. Social workers promote social justice and social change with and on behalf of clients. A "client" can be an individual, family, group, organization, or community. In the broadening scope of the modern social worker's role, some practitioners have in recent years traveled to war-torn countries to provide psychosocial assistance to families and survivors.

Newer areas of social work practice involve management science. The growth of "social work administration" (sometimes also referred to as "social work management") for transforming social policies into services and directing activities of an organization toward achievement of goals is a related field. Helping clients with accessing benefits such as unemployment insurance and disability benefits, to assist individuals and families in building savings and acquiring assets to improve their financial security over the long-term, to manage large operations, etc. requires social workers to know financial management skills to help clients and organization's to be financially self-sufficient. Financial social work also helps clients with low-income or low to middle-income, people who are either unbanked (do not have a banking account) or underbanked (individuals who have a bank account but tend to rely on high cost non-bank providers for their financial transactions), with better mediation with financial institutions and induction of money management skills. A prominent area in which social workers operate is Behavioral Social Work. They apply principles of learning and social learning to conduct behavioral analysis and behavior management. Empiricism and effectiveness serve as means to ensure the dignity of clients, and focusing on the present is what distinguishes behavioral social work from other types of social work practices. In a multicultural case, the behavior of multiple members from different cultures matters. In such cases, an ecobehavioral perspective is taken due to the external influences. The interpersonal skills that a social worker brings to the job make them stand out from behavioral therapists. Another area that social workers are focusing is risk management, risk in social work is taken as Knight in 1921 defined "If you don't even know for sure what will happen, but you know the odds, that is risk and If you don't even know the odds, that is uncertainty." Risk management in social work means minimizing the risks while increasing potential benefits for clients by analyzing the risks and benefits in the duty of care or decisions. Occupational social work is a field where the trained professionals assist a management with worker's welfare, in their psychosocial wellness, and helps management's policies and protocols to be humanistic and anti-oppressive.

In the United States, according to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), a branch of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, professional social workers are the largest group of mental health services providers. There are more clinically trained social workers—over 200,000—than psychiatrists, psychologists, and psychiatric nurses combined. Federal law and the National Institutes of Health recognize social work as one of five core mental health professions.

Examples of fields a social worker may be employed in are poverty relief, life skills education, community organizing, community organization, community development, rural development, forensics and corrections, legislation, industrial relations, project management, child protection, elder protection, women's rights, human rights, systems optimization, finance, addictions rehabilitation, child development, cross-cultural mediation, occupational safety and health, disaster management, mental health, psychosocial therapy, disabilities, etc.

Roles and functions
Social workers play many roles in mental health settings, including those of case manager, advocate, administrator, and therapist. The major functions of a psychiatric social worker are promotion and prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation. Social workers may also practice:

 Counseling and psychotherapy
 Case management and support services
 Crisis intervention
 Psychoeducation
 Psychiatric rehabilitation and recovery
 Care coordination and monitoring
 Program management/administration
 Program, policy and resource development
 Research and evaluation

Psychiatric social workers conduct psychosocial assessments of the patients and work to enhance patient and family communications with the medical team members and ensure the inter-professional cordiality in the team to secure patients with the best possible care and to be active partners in their care planning. Depending upon the requirement, social workers are often involved in illness education, counseling and psychotherapy. In all areas, they are pivotal to the aftercare process to facilitate a careful transition back to family and community.

Qualifications and license
The education of social workers begins with a bachelor's degree (BA, BSc, BSSW, BSW, etc.) or diploma in social work or a Bachelor of Social Services. Some countries offer postgraduate degrees in social work, such as a master's degree (MSW, MSSW, MSS, MSSA, MA, MSc, MRes, MPhil.) or doctoral studies (Ph.D. and DSW (Doctor of Social Work)).

Several countries and jurisdictions require registration or license for working as social workers, and there are mandated qualifications. In other places, the professional association sets academic requirements as the qualification for practicing the profession. However, certain types of workers are exempted from needing a registration license. The success of these professionals is based on the recognition of and by the employers that provide social work services. These employers don't require the title of a registered social worker as a necessity for providing social work and related services.

Northern America
In the United States, social work undergraduate and master's programs are accredited by the Council on Social Work Education. A CSWE-accredited degree is required for one to become a state-licensed social worker. The CSWE even accredits online master's in social work programs in traditional and advanced standing options. In 1898, the New York Charity Organization Society, which was the Columbia University School of Social Work's earliest entity, began offering formal "social philanthropy" courses, marking both the beginning date for social work education in the United States, as well as the launching of professional social work. However, a CSWE-accredited program doesn't necessarily have to meet ASWB licensing knowledge requirements, and many of them do not meet them.

The Association of Social Work Boards (ASWB) is a regulatory organization that provides licensing examination services to social work regulatory boards in the United States and Canada. Due to the limited scope of the organization's objectives, it is not a social work organization that is accountable to the broader social work community or to the one's certified by ASWB exams. ASWB generates an annual profit of $6,000,000 from license examination administration and $800,000 from publishing study materials. As such, it is an organization that is focused on revenue maximization, and by principle, it is only responsible and answerable to its board members. The objective of a social work license is to ensure the public's safety and quality of service. It is intended to ensure that social workers understand and can follow NASW's Code of Ethics in their occupational practices, ascertain social workers' knowledge in service provision, and protect the use of the Social Work title from misuse and unethical practices. However, a study found out that having a social work license is not related to improved service quality for consumers. They substituted paraprofessionals with qualified licensed social workers and found out that there was no improvement in overall facility quality, quality of life, or the provision of social services. The paraprofessionals with training were able to perform similarly to licensed social workers, just like any trained human resource in a workforce would perform a job for which they are trained. Social work graduates gain this knowledge and training through academic and financial investment in earning an accredited social work degree, degree equalization process, and from receiving professional supervision during and post-graduation. For decades, the social work community has called on ASWB for transparency regarding the data on the validity and racial sensitivity of the exams. However, ASWB suppressed this information, leading many critics to assess that if the exams were free from flaws and bias, such data would have been released a long time ago. In 2022, ASWB released the pass rate data, and a Change.org petition called "#StopASWB" highlighted with academic citations that the Association of Social Work Boards' exams are biased with feedback from white social workers. The petition also pointed out that the exams unfairly penalize social workers who practice in other languages, require privileged resources for success, and utilize oppressive standards in formatting the exams, which are inconsistent with social work values. The National Association of Social Workers (NASW) expressed opposition to the social work licensing exams conducted by the Association of Social Work Boards (ASWB). This came after analyzing ASWB data, which revealed considerable discrepancies in pass rates for aspiring social workers of diverse racial backgrounds, older individuals, and those who speak English as a second language (ESL). Pass rates of exams indicate that white test takers are more than twice as likely to pass on their first attempt compared to BIPOC test takers. This finding raises questions about the credibility and validity of the licensure process through ASWB exams. NASW's firm stance on the matter serves as a significant reckoning moment regarding the systemic racism in the social work profession, particularly within its regulatory system. It also highlights ASWB's silence about the licensure apparatus that perpetuates racial disparities, leading its association members to institutional betrayal. After the release of ASWB data showing race and age-related discrepancies in pass rates, the national accreditation body, the Council on Social Work Education (CSWE), removed the ASWB licensure exam pass rates as an option for social work education programs to meet accreditation requirements. Members from various communities in social work have expressed that discussions about addressing this systemic oppression should be guided by a formal acknowledgment of wrongdoing and a spirit of reconciliation and healing. The state of Illinois passed a landmark bill, HB2365 SA1, marking a significant step in reducing its regulatory body's dependency on ASWB. With this bill, Illinois has addressed the uneven power that ASWB held and its unfettered pursuit of profit, which affected the qualification of educated social workers for practice entry. Now, educated social workers can obtain licensing by completing 3000 hours of professional supervision, eliminating the previous requirement of ASWB exam results for licensure, which often led to issues of unemployment and related emotional, behavioral, and physical health consequences. Since the early 1990s, researchers have critiqued ASWB exams for their lack of content and discriminant validity. In a study conducted in 2023, it was discovered that there are questions in ASWB exams that have rationales based on theories that are not evidence-based, and that have significant item validity issues. The researchers used generative AI application, ChatGPT to test ASWB rationales and found that the rationales provided by ChatGPT were of higher quality. They revealed that ChatGPT exhibited an excellent ability to recognize social work-related text patterns for scenario-based decision-making and offered high-quality rationales while taking into account the safety and ethics in social work practice, even without specific training for such a task. They suggested that it may be necessary and timely to move away from oppressive assessment formats used to evaluate social workers' competence and reconsider licensing exams with serious validity issues that disproportionately exclude individuals based on their race, age, and language. A proposed assessment format is one based on mastery learning, which would lead to competency-based licensing.

Professional associations
Social workers have several professional associations that provide ethical guidance and other forms of support for their members and social work in general. These associations may be international, continental, semi-continental, national, or regional. The main international associations are the International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW) and the International Association of Schools of Social Work (IASSW).

The largest professional social work association in the United States is the National Association of Social Workers, they have instituted a code for professional conduct and a set of principles rooted in six core values: service, social justice, dignity and worth of the person, importance of human relationships, integrity, and competence. There also exist organizations that represent clinical social workers such as the American Association of Psychoanalysis in Clinical Social Work. AAPCSW is a national organization representing social workers who practice psychoanalytic social work and psychoanalysis. There are also several states with Clinical Social Work Societies which represent all social workers who conduct psychotherapy from a variety of theoretical frameworks with families, groups, and individuals. The Association for Community Organization and Social Administration (ACOSA) is a professional organization for social workers who practice within the community organizing, policy, and political spheres.

In the UK, the professional association is the British Association of Social Workers (BASW) with just over 18,000 members (as of August 2015). In Australia, the professional association is the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW), founded in 1946 and have more than 10,000 members. Accredited social workers in Australia can also provide services under the Access to Allied Psychological Services (ATAPS) program.

Trade unions representing social workers
In the United Kingdom, just over half of social workers are employed by local authorities, and many of these are represented by UNISON, the public sector employee union. Smaller numbers are members of the Unite the Union and the GMB. The British Union of Social Work Employees (BUSWE) has been a section of the trade union Community since 2008.

While at that stage, not a union, the British Association of Social Workers operated a professional advice and representation service from the early 1990s. Social Work qualified staff who are also experienced in employment law and industrial relations provide the kind of representation you would expect from a trade union in the event of a grievance, discipline or conduct matters specifically in respect of professional conduct or practice. However, this service depended on the goodwill of employers to allow the representatives to be present at these meetings, as only trade unions have the legal right and entitlement of representation in the workplace.

By 2011 several councils had realized that they did not have to permit BASW access, and those that were challenged by the skilled professional representation of their staff were withdrawing permission. For this reason BASW once again took up trade union status by forming its arms-length trade union section, Social Workers Union (SWU). This gives the legal right to represent its members whether the employer or Trades Union Congress (TUC) recognizes SWU or not. In 2015 the TUC was still resisting SWU application for admission to congress membership and while most employers are not making formal statements of recognition until the TUC may change its policy, they are all legally required to permit SWU (BASW) representation at internal discipline hearings, etc.

Use of information technology in social work
Information technology is vital in social work, it transforms the documentation part of the work into electronic media. This makes the process transparent, accessible and provides data for analytics. Observation is a tool used in social work for developing solutions. Anabel Quan-Haase in Technology and Society defines the term surveillance as "watching over" (Quan-Haase. 2016. P 213), she continues to explain that the observation of others socially and behaviorally is natural, but it becomes more like surveillance when the purpose of the observation is to keep guard over someone (Quan-Haase. 2016. P 213). Often, at the surface level, the use of surveillance and surveillance technologies within the social work profession is seemingly an unethical invasion of privacy. When engaging with the social work code of ethics a little more deeply, it becomes obvious that the line between ethical and unethical becomes blurred. Within the social work code of ethics, there are multiple mentions of the use of technology within social work practice. The one that seems the most applicable to surveillance or artificial intelligence is 5.02 article f, "When using electronic technology to facilitate evaluation or research" and it goes on to explain that clients should be informed when technology is being used within the practice (Workers. 2008. Article 5.02).

Social workers in literature
In 2011, a critic stated that "novels about social work are rare", and as recently as 2004, another critic claimed to have difficulty finding novels featuring a main character holding a Master of Social Work degree.

However, social workers have been the subject of many novels, including:

  The basis of the movie Precious.
 Smith, Ali (2011) There But For The, Hamish Hamilton, Pantheon.

Fictional social workers in media

See also

 Addiction medicine
 Approved mental health professional
 Clinical social work
 Child welfare
 Community development
 Critical social work
 Development studies
 Education in social work
 Forensic social work
 Gerontology
 Humanistic social work
 Human resource management
 Human services
 International Social Work
 Jocelyn Hyslop
 Mental health professional
 Recreational therapy
 Right to an adequate standard of living
 Social development
 Social planning
 Social psychology
 Social research
 Social Scientist
 Social work with groups
 Urban development
 Welfare

References

Further reading

External links
 Social Work, WCIDWTM - The University of Tennessee
 Social Work Evaluation and Research Resources

Mental health occupations
Welfare agencies
Welfare and service organizations
Academic disciplines
Behavioural sciences
Branches of psychology
Health care occupations
Social sciences
Caregiving
Civil services

Social work


is a one-shot Japanese manga written and illustrated by Youka Nitta. It is also a manga anthology containing non-related stories. It is licensed in North America by Digital Manga Publishing, which released the manga through its yaoi imprint, Juné, on December 2, 2008.

Reception
Coolstreak Comics' Leroy Douresseaux comments on the manga's stories, saying, "The White Brand stories, with their actually shocking depiction of prejudice based upon skin color, are by far the best of this collection.  Nitta tries to get inside the heads of Izuru and Keshiki, and she doesn't mind delving into emotional pain and digging up the past.  The other stories are also good.  "Hasta La Vista, Baby," is poorly conceived and developed, but the presence of a toddler makes it a better than expected read.  "Teal End" is about an American expatriate and apprentice artist trying to prove that he belongs in a small Japanese town.  Meanwhile, his master's son lusts after him; it's a good story that deserves to be its own graphic novel. ActiveAnime's Rachel Bentham comments that her favourite story was "the one about an upcoming painting exhibit, a handsome and mysterious drifter, and a lonely rich heir in danger. This story had mystery, suspense, and action. There was even a bit of crime drama! It was cool and I liked the mystique around the dark lover".

References

Drama anime and manga
Josei manga
1998 manga
Yaoi anime and manga
Houbunsha manga
Digital Manga Publishing titles

White Brand


The Treason of the Long Knives () is an account of a massacre of British Celtic chieftains by Anglo-Saxon soldiers at a peace conference on Salisbury Plain in the 5th century. The story is thought to be pseudohistorical as the only surviving records mentioning it are centuries later in the semi-mythological histories of the Historia Brittonum and the Historia Regum Britanniae. Though a popular cautionary tale in medieval Europe, there is no other historical evidence for The Treason of the Long Knives. Most historians interpret the story as a purely literary construction.

Legendary context
According to the tradition, Vortigern, who had become a high king of the Britons in the wake of the end of Roman rule in Britain, called for Anglo-Saxons under Hengist and Horsa to settle on the Isle of Thanet in exchange for their service as mercenaries in battles against the Picts and Gaels in Scotland. The settlers, however, exploit a drunken Vortigern's lust for Hengist's daughter into allowing them to increase their numbers and granting them more land, eventually including all of the Kingdom of Kent.

Historia Brittonum
There is no account of this event in the 6th-century writings of Gildas. The story first appears in the much later Historia Brittonum, attributed to the Welsh historian Nennius, which was a compilation in Latin of various materials (some of which were historical and others mythic, literary or legendary) put together during the early 9th century, and surviving in 9th-century manuscripts – i.e., some 400 years after the supposed events. According to John Morris's textual analysis of the Historia, this tale derived from a north Welsh narrative which was mainly about Emrys (Ambrosius Aurelianus), which the compiler of the Historia incorporated into a framework drawn from a Kentish chronicle, together with details from a Life of Saint Germanus.

This is a literal translation of the Latin from Edmond Faral's (Paris 1929) edition of the text (sections in square brackets [thus] supplied from T. Mommsen's 1892 edition):
It happened however after the death of Vortimer, son of King Vortigern, and after the return of Hengist with his forces, they called for a false Council, so that they might work sorrow to Vortigern with his army. For they sent legates to ask for peace, that there might be perpetual friendship between them. So Vortigern himself with the elders by birth of his people [considered the matter and carefully thought over what they might do. And the same] opinion was with them all, that they should make peace, and their legates went back and afterwards called together the conference, so that on either side the Britons and Saxons (Brittones et Saxones) should come together as one without arms, so that friendship should be sealed.
And Hengistus ordered the whole of his household that each one should hide his knife (artavum) under his foot in the middle of his shoe. 'And when I shall call out to you and say "Eu nimet saxas" (Hey, draw your swords!), then draw your knives (cultellos) from the soles of your shoes, and fall upon them, and stand strongly against them. And do not kill their king, but seize him for the sake of my daughter whom I gave to him in matrimony, because it is better for us that he should be ransomed from our hands.' And they brought together the conference, and the Saxons, speaking in a friendly way, meanwhile were thinking in a wolvish way, and sociably they sat down man beside man (i.e. Saxon beside Briton). Hengistus, as he had said, spoke out, and all the three hundred elders of King Vortigern were slaughtered, and only he was imprisoned, and was chained, and he gave to them many regions for the ransom of his soul (i.e. life), that is Est Saxum, Sut saxum [, Middelseaxan, with other districts under his control which they named.]

Geoffrey of Monmouth
The Treason of the Long Knives is also described in Book 6 of the Historia Regum Britanniae by Geoffrey of Monmouth, who wrote during the early 12th century and presumably used Nennius as his main source. According to him, the incident took place at a banquet in modern-day Wiltshire, ostensibly arranged to seal a peace treaty, which may have been the cession of Essex and Sussex in exchange for intermarriage between Rowena, the daughter of Saxon chieftain Hengest, and Vortigern. The story claims that the "Saxons" — which probably includes Angles and Jutes – arrived at the banquet armed with their long knives (seaxes) hidden on their persons. During the feast, on a given word of command, they pulled their knives and killed the unarmed Britons sitting next to them. Vortigern himself was spared, but all his men were butchered, except Eldol, Earl of Gloucester, who escaped.

Name and legacy
The term the treason of the long knives was first used in English by Meredith Hanmer, who died in 1604, in his Chronicle of Ireland. The corresponding Welsh term twyll y cyllyll hirion was first used in or before 1587.

In 19th-century Wales, the term  ('The Treason of the Blue Books') was coined to refer to the "Reports of the Commissioners of Inquiry into the state of education in Wales", published in parliamentary blue covers in 1847.

It was also used flippantly when British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan dismissed seven members of his cabinet in a "night of the long knives". It has also been used to refer to the assassination of Alexander Burnes in November 1841 in Kabul, Afghanistan.

In Canada the term was used by Quebec premiere René Lévesque in reference to the repatriation of the Canadian Constitution in 1981. (Before that time, the final constitutional authority for Canada resided in the United Kingdom). Initially eight of the 10 provincial premieres were opposed to repatriating the constitution. A compromise was hammered out in Lévesque's absence, and 9 of the 10 (only Quebec dissenting) agreed to it.

See also
King Arthur
Betrayal of Clannabuidhe
Barns of Ayr

Notes

References
Geoffrey of Monmouth, Historia regum Britanniae, ed. Acton Griscom and J.R. Ellis, The Historia regum Britanniæ of Geoffrey of Monmouth with contributions to the study of its place in early British history. London, 1929; tr. Lewis Thorpe, Geoffrey of Monmouth. The History of the Kings of Britain. London, 1966.

460
5th-century conflicts
Arthurian legend
Conflict in Anglo-Saxon England
Geoffrey of Monmouth
Battles involving the Britons
History of Wiltshire
5th century in England
Myths
Pseudohistory

Treason of the Long Knives


A Common Language Specification (CLS) is a document that says how computer programs can be turned into Common Intermediate Language (CIL) code. When several languages use the same bytecode, different parts of a program can be written in different languages. Microsoft uses a Common Language Specification for their .NET Framework. To fully interact with other objects regardless of the language they were used in, objects must expose to callers only those features that are common to all the languages they must exchange information with. It was always a dream of Microsoft to unite all different languages under one umbrella and CLS is one step towards that. Microsoft has defined CLS which are nothing but guidelines for languages to follow so that it can communicate with other .NET languages in a seamless manner.

Most of the members defined by types in the .NET Framework class library are able to work with CLS. However, some types in the class library have one or more members that are not able to work with CLS. These members allow support for language features that are not in the CLS.

The CLS was designed to be large enough to include the language constructs that are commonly needed by developers, yet small enough that most languages are able to support it. Any language construct that makes it impossible to quickly confirm the type safety of code was excluded from the CLS so that all languages that can work with CLS can produce verifiable code if they choose to do so.

Software

en:Common Language Specification

Common Language Specification


Guidelines for the Conduct of the Troops in Russia was a "criminal order" issued on June 4, 1941, during World War II. The guidelines detailed the expected behaviour of German troops during the Invasion of the Soviet Union. Civilians were included as opposition groups. The order states "Bolshevism is the deadly enemy of the National Socialist German people. This corrosive Weltanschauung – and those who support it – are what Germany's struggle is against. This struggle demands a ruthless and strenuous crackdown on Bolshevik agitators, irregulars, saboteurs and Jews, and the complete elimination of both active and passive resistance. The Asiatic soldiers, in particular, are inscrutable, unpredictable, underhand and unfeeling".

Omer Bartov writes that the Guidelines for the Conduct of the Troops in Russia detailed "ruthless measures against Bolshevik agitators, guerrillas, saboteurs and Jews, and called for the complete elimination of any active or passive resistance".

Wade Beorn writing in Marching into Darkness notes that the order targets Jews explicitly as "racial enemies to be eliminated by the military regardless of their behavior".

References

Bibliography

Military history of Germany during World War II
Military history of the Soviet Union during World War II
Eastern Front (World War II)
Orders by Adolf Hitler
Nazi war crimes
War crimes of the Wehrmacht
Anti-communism in Germany
1941 documents
Nazi war crimes in Russia


Wonastow () is a village in Monmouthshire, south east Wales. It is located  south west of Monmouth.

History and amenities

Wonastow has a twelfth-century church dedicated to St. Wonnow or Saint Winwaloe, believed to have been built on a seventh-century religious site.

Monmouth's Wonastow Road industrial estate adjoins the road between Wonastow and Monmouth. In the 16th century the Harberte family held Wonastow Court, amongst them several High Sheriffs of Monmouthshire. In the 17th century the prominent Milbourne family had their seat here, amongst them men such as Henry Milbourne who was one of the most important magistrates of northern Monmouthshire of his time and his nephew, William Milborne (1633-1660), an MP.

References

External links

Villages in Monmouthshire

Wonastow


Rudnik () is a former village that is now included in the southern part of Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia. It is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola.

Name
The name Rudnik is derived from the Slovene common noun rudnik 'mine, mining operation'.

History
A school was established in Rudnik in 1871. The older village farms lie on the slopes west of Lower Carniola Street (), but by the early 20th century newer houses had been built along the street up to the city limits of Ljubljana. In 1931 the village had a population of 508 people living in 86 houses. Rudnik was annexed by the City of Ljubljana in 1961, ending its existence as a separate settlement.

Church

The parish church in Rudnik is dedicated to Saints Simon and Jude. The church was originally built in the Gothic style and was first mentioned in written sources in 1462. It was remodeled in the Baroque style in 1753. A wall fresco of Saint Christopher from 1500 has been moved into the belfry. The church's main altar is late Baroque, from the second half of the 18th century. It features statues of Saints Simon and Jude, and the Virgin and Child. The church was originally part of the proto-parish of Saint Peter in Ljubljana. It was elevated to a vicariate in 1787, and it became a parish in its own right in 1875.

The village cemetery lies west of the church. In the past, the cemetery also circled the church, but in 1970 this section of the cemetery was removed and its gravestones were attached to the cemetery wall as a memorial.

Gallery

References

External links

Rudnik on Geopedia

Rudnik (Ljubljana)


Péter Cseresnyés (born 9 January 1960) is a Hungarian politician, member of the National Assembly (MP) from Zala County Regional List from 2002 to 2010. He represents Nagykanizsa (Zala County Constituency II then III) since 14 May 2010.

He joined Fidesz in 1998 and has presided over the Nagykanizsa branch since then. He was appointed to be a constituency leader during the party organization reform in 2003-2004. In the parliamentary elections in April 2002 he was elected from the joint Zala County list of Fidesz and the Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF). Since the inauguration of the new Parliament he was active in the Youth and Sport Committee. In the local elections on 20 October 2002 he secured a seat in the Assembly of Nagykanizsa City with County Status, where he was on the Finance and City Management Committee. He secured a seat in Parliament in the 2006 general elections from the Zala county regional list.

He served as deputy mayor of Nagykanizsa from 2006 to 2010. His relation with the independent mayor István Marton decayed and the Fidesz withdrew confidence from the mayor. However Marton and two other municipal representatives left the Fidesz party and founded Civic Association for Nagykanizsa (KKE). The Fidesz group lost its majority in the General Assembly. Cseresnyés became Mayor of Nagykanizsa as candidate of Fidesz in 2010. István Marton (KKE) came to second place with 19.91%.

In the Hungarian parliament, he was a member of the Committee on Education, Science and Research (2010–14), then Economic Committee (2014–15). Cseresnyés was appointed Secretary of State for Employment in the Ministry of National Economy on 9 October 2015, replacing Sándor Czomba. He served in this capacity until May 2018, when he was appointed Deputy Minister of Innovation and Technology.

Personal life
He is married. His wife is Lívia Cseresnyéséné Nagy. They have a son, Péter.

References

1960 births
Living people
Fidesz politicians
Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (2002–2006)
Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (2006–2010)
Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (2010–2014)
Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (2014–2018)
Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (2018–2022)
Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (2022–2026)
Mayors of places in Hungary
People from Zalaegerszeg

Péter Cseresnyés


Yank Azman (born October 19, 1947) is a Canadian television and film actor.

Early life
Azman was born in a displaced persons camp in Bad Wörishofen, Germany to Cesia (née Waishand), a sales clerk, and Kuba Zajfman, a tailor and furrier, Holocaust survivors  from Chmielnik, Poland. They emigrated to Canada in 1948 and settled in Toronto where he attended Harbord Collegiate Institute, William Lyon Mackenzie Collegiate Institute and later the Ontario College of Art (now known as OCAD University) and the University of Toronto.

Career
Although his first stage appearance was at age six, his professional acting career began with the CBC Television series Toby in 1968. By the 1970s after training at Young People's Theatre and The Second City, he was working in improvisational and children's theatre with Gilda Radner and in 1974 was cast as one of an ensemble (which included Valri Bromfield and Jayne Eastwood) to star on the CTV comedy series Funny Farm. During the 1970s he appeared on stage at: Factory Theatre's Hurray for Johnny Canuck with Maury Chaykin and Jim Henshaw; Theatre Passe Muraille in Bethune; and Theatre New Brunswick as Brighella in Goldoni's Servant of Two Masters among others. Since then he has worked steadily in film and television with such roles as Tom Shaughnessy on My Life as A Dog and frequent guest appearances on such shows as Murdoch Mysteries.

Second career
He began a lifelong interest in art and antiques after being inspired by Painters Eleven artist Harold Town while working together on the Canadian Centennial project at William Lyon Mackenzie C.I. In 1979, he started supplying antiques as props for the movies and to retail stores such as Polo Ralph Lauren and then opened a shop at the Harbourfront Antique Market. Toronto Life Magazine called him the "friendliest dealer in town." He has made numerous guest appearances as an antiques expert on such television shows as Room Service with Sarah Richardson on HGTV, Breakfast Television on Citytv and in 2002 he hosted a television pilot called Flea Market Millionaire for the Discovery Channel.
Azman has also lectured on antiques at the CITT (Canadian Institute of Theatre Technology) at Ryerson University (now Toronto Metropolitan University) and on Material Culture at the Faculty of Liberal Studies at Ontario College of Art & Design.

Voice acting
Azman has long worked as a voice actor and has voiced several characters in animated series such as Starcom: The U.S. Space Force and The Adventures of Tintin.

Personal life
Azman is married to Canadian artist & antique dealer Pulver Zajfman and lives in Toronto and Miami Beach. He is a member of Mensa and has a mild form of dyscalculia.

Filmography

References

External links

1947 births
Canadian male film actors
Canadian male television actors
Canadian male voice actors
Canadian male stage actors
Canadian television personalities
Comedians from Toronto
Male actors from Toronto
Canadian people of Polish-Jewish descent
Living people
OCAD University alumni
Mensans
Canadian sketch comedians
People from Unterallgäu

Yank Azman


Magnetocapacitance is a property of some dielectric, insulating materials, and metal–insulator–metal heterostructures that exhibit a change in the value of their capacitance when an external magnetic field is applied to them. Magnetocapacitance can be an intrinsic property of some dielectric materials, such as multiferroic compounds like BiMnO3, or can be a manifest of properties extrinsic to the dielectric but present in capacitance structures like Pd, Al2O3, and Al.

References

Condensed matter physics
Quantum electronics
Spintronics

Magnetocapacitance


Salacıoğlu (also named in full as Salacıoğlu Mustafa Celveti or Giritli Salacıoğlu Mustafa Celveti, sometimes with the title sheikh added) was a Turkish Cretan sufi poet of the late 18th century and early 19th century, author of one collection of poetry and of two mesnevis. He also used the pen names Salacızade and Salacıdedeoğlu.

Little is known on his life. He was born in Hanya some time before 1756, in which year his father, Sheikh Ahmed Efendi is known to have died, and he died in Kandiye in or some time after 1825, year which is recorded in a number of his late poetry. Through his poems, he is known to have travelled a lot and to have spent a few years in İstanbul, notably under the teaching of another renowned sufi of his time, Haşim Baba of Üsküdar.

Aside from his poetry in the Sufi tradition with a strong lyric touch, an important part of his verses were also intended to mark the foundation dates and other information related to public works (such as schools, fountains, other buildings) following the traditional method of ebced (abjad), a system of enumeration by letters of the Arabic script. His verses composed to correspond with significations according to the ebced system give valuable information on the Turkish society in Crete.

Poetry

Sources
 Poetry by Salacıoğlu by the Turkish Ministry of Culture in English, in French, in German

1756 births
1825 deaths
Divan poets from the Ottoman Empire
Sufi poets
Turkish-language poets
Cretan Turks
People from Chania
Cretan poets

Salacıoğlu


Michael Whelan, "the Poet of Renous", was born in 1858 in Renous, New Brunswick. He worked as a school teacher, and as a book-keeper for a local mill. He is, however, best known for his poetry celebrating the Miramichi, including the famous Dungarvon Whooper. He died at Chatham, New Brunswick (now Miramichi, New Brunswick) in 1937.

References

1858 births
1937 deaths
19th-century Canadian poets
Canadian male poets
Writers from New Brunswick
People from Miramichi, New Brunswick
19th-century Canadian male writers

Michael Whelan (poet)


was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army, during the Nomonhan Incident.

Biography
A native of Yokohama in Kanagawa Prefecture, where his father was a naval engineer, Komatsubara graduated from the 18th class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in 1905. He served as a military attaché to Russia from 1909–1910, and became fluent in the Russian language. After his return to Japan, he was assigned to a number of staff positions within the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff and Supreme War Council (Japan). In 1914, he was part of the World War I Japanese Expeditionary Force at the Battle of Tsingtao.

On Komatsubara's return to Japan in 1915, he graduated from the 27th class of the Army Staff College and was assigned as commander of the IJA 34th Infantry Regiment.

From 1919, Komatsubara was assigned to the Soviet Branch of the 4th Section (European & American Military Intelligence), 2nd Bureau, of the Army General Staff. After spending 1926–1927 as an instructor at the War College, he returned to Moscow again as a military attache from 1927–1929.

After Komatsubara returned again to Japan, he became commander of the IJA 57th Infantry Regiment from 1930–1932. Two years later, he became Chief of the Harbin Special Agency in Manchukuo. He was promoted to major general in 1934 and returned to Japan to take command of the IJA 8th Infantry Brigade. Subsequently, from 1936–1937, he was commander of the 1st Imperial Guards Brigade.

Promoted to lieutenant general in 1936, he was reassigned to Manchukuo as commander of the IJA 23rd Division, and served on the staff of the Kwangtung Army. He retired from the army on 31 January 1940, after more than 35 years of military service.  While in retirement he joined the National Policy Research Association attending meetings, and sharing his knowledge and experience of both the Russians and the Battle of Khalkhin Gol (Nomonhan).  Although General Komatsubara had an air of gentleness about him, he carried a sense of gloom.  He was admitted to the Tokyo University hospital, where he was diagnosed with stomach cancer.  Transferred to the army medical school, the general died on 6 October 1940 at age 55, less than eight months after retiring from the army.

Footnotes

References

1885 births
1940 deaths
People from Yokohama
Japanese generals
Japanese military personnel of World War I
Deaths from cancer in Japan

Michitarō Komatsubara


Graeme McCarrel (born November 27, 1960) is a Canadian curler from Brampton, Ontario. He is a former Brier and World Champion.

In 1980, as a junior, McCarrel played third for John Kawaja. They lost in the finals of the Canadian Junior Curling Championships that year. After juniors, McCarrel moved to play with veteran Paul Savage. McCarrel won his first provincial title in 1988, playing second for Savage.

McCarrel then moved to play third for Wayne Middaugh.  With Middaugh, McCarrel won three more provincial championships, in 1998, 2001 and 2005. In 1998 the team won the Brier, and the World Curling Championships.

McCarrel would later leave the Middaugh rink. In 2008, he was picked up to play with Middaugh's cousin, Peter Corner to play as his third.

References

External links
 Brampton Sports Hall of Fame

Sportspeople from Brampton
Living people
Brier champions
World curling champions
Curlers from Ontario
Canadian male curlers
1960 births
Canada Cup (curling) participants

Graeme McCarrel


Dolomite is the name of a sedimentary carbonate rock and a mineral, both composed of calcium magnesium carbonate CaMg(CO3)2

As a mineral, it is found in crystals. Dolomite rock  (or 'dolostone') is mostly made of the mineral dolomite.

Limestone that is partially replaced by dolomite is referred to as dolomitic limestone. In the old U.S. geologic literature it is called magnesian limestone. Dolomite was first described in 1791 for exposures in the Dolomite Alps of northern Italy.

Carbonate rocks
Minerals
Sedimentary rocks

Dolomite


A television commercial known for its opening line "There is a bear in the woods" was created for the 1984 U.S. presidential re-election campaign of Ronald Reagan.

The commercial shows a grizzly bear wandering through a forest. The narrator of the ad, Hal Riney, talks about how the bear could be dangerous and that it would be smart to be prepared for that possibility. In the final scene a man appears and the bear takes a step back. The ad ends with a picture of Reagan and the tagline: "President Reagan: Prepared for Peace".

The bear could have either signified with the massive inflation the United States was facing, Democratic challenger Walter Mondale or the growing tensions of the Soviet Union and the Cold War.

Reagan was elected in a massive landslide in the 1984 elections winning 49 of the 50 states.

Related pages
 "Morning in America"

References

Ronald Reagan
Political slogans

Bear in the woods


The University of National and World Economy () is a public research university in Sofia, Bulgaria.

Notable alumni of the university are five Prime Ministers of Bulgaria – Reneta Indzhova, Stefan Sofiyanski, Ivan Kostov, Marin Raykov and Plamen Oresharski; the current managing director of the International Monetary Fund – Kristalina Georgieva; and the director of the Financial Markets Group at the London School of Economics and former Minister of Finance of Bulgaria Simeon Djankov.

History

Founding
UNWE was founded in 1920 as the Free University of Political and Economic Sciences (FUPES) by Stefan Bobchev and the Russian emigre Peter Bogaevsky with ordinance of the Minister of Public Education. In 1940 FUPES was transformed into the State Higher Education School of Finance and Administrative Sciences (SHESFA) and in 1947 SHESFA was transformed into a Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences at Sofia University.

Communist period

During the communist period in Bulgaria, the university was called the Karl Marx Higher Institute of Economics, but was renamed on 27 April 1990, soon after end of the communist era, due to the perceived failure of communism and, particularly, Marxist economics.

Modern period
After the democratic changes in Bulgaria, the Academic Board (AB) passed a resolution renaming the Karl Marx Higher Institute of Economics into the University of National and World Economy (On 27 April 1990 ). Officially this was done with an act of the National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria on the establishment and transformation of higher educational institutions (26 July 1995).

Prof. Dimitar Panayotov Dimitrov is the current rector of the university, elected in December 2019.

The university was awarded the Japanese Foreign Minister's Commendation for their contributions to promotion of economic relations and mutual understanding between Bulgaria and Japan on 1 December 2020.

International Activity
UNWE is a leading and coordinating university for Bulgaria in the Central European Initiative for university networking. Development of programmes providing mobility for students and academic staff (in the form of seminars, summer school or a master's degree programme) is in its initial stage. Application for funded joint education is done on the basis of already established contacts with universities from CEI member states whenever students and academic staff are in another foreign university.

Faculties

Rankings
University of National and World Economy is one of the eldest, most prestigious, and largest Universities of Economics in Southeast Europe, a leader in Bulgarian higher education.
In 2006 UNWE was given the highest institutional evaluation among all Bulgarian universities by the National Agency for Assessment and Accreditation, in 2007 the professional field of Economics and in 2008 the professional fields of Administration and Management also received the highest estimate that has been given so far in Bulgaria.

The university is not listed in any of the international rankings of universities (QS, Times, Financial Times, Shanghai CWUR ranking). University of National and World Economy is the absolute leader among students in the professional fields of Economics,  Administration and Management in Bulgaria. By this criteria, according to the ranking system of the Ministry of Education and Science and the Open Society Institute, UNWE is No. 1.

Ranked by its social insurance income and by the number of registered unemployed UNWE again occupies the top positions: the professional field of Informatics and Computer Science is at the 8th place followed by the professional field of Economics 0.00% graduates of the professional field of Tourism have registered as unemployed. "Administration and Management", "Law" and "Political Science" at UNWE are the other professional fields at the forefront. It means that all of the six professional fields of education at UNWE are at the first positions in the rankings. It is the rating of 112 professional fields of higher education institutes in our country which give the students the opportunity to achieve the highest level of material well-being.

Traditionally, the highest number of applicants as well as a record number of A-students study at UNWE in comparison to other universities in the country. Since 2007, a unified exam (test) similar to the SAT test is used for admission to the university. Since 2008 it is also used for the professional fields.

The university ranks second in Bulgaria by the realization of its graduates and the majority of them hold extremely favourable positions in the labour market. State and private employers adopt UNWE as synonymous with the excellent training and professionalism of its graduates. Only in the recent few years among its graduates there are four prime ministers, vice prime ministers, ministers, a president of the National Assembly, many deputies, a President of the National Audit Office, a chief prosecutor, a lot of bankers, businessmen and many others.

Academic profile
Under regular and distance form of education are trained more than 20,000 students at UNWE. There are 39 majors for bachelor's degree (in four of them – Economics, International Economic Relationships, Finance and Accounting, Business Informatics – the education is only in English) as well as over 40 graduate programmes.

The university has been awarded the Certificate of quality in education according to ISO 9001:2000.

UNWE is the coordinating university for Bulgaria in the Central European initiative for inter-university relationships and it is in collaboration with over 100 universities in Europe, the US and Asia.

The implemented credit system allows foreign students at UNWE to earn credits at the university, as well as current students at UNWE to graduate from foreign universities with a diploma.

The university issues an almanac, a yearbook and Scientific Works, the scientific magazine Economic Alternatives and the UNWE newspaper. The material facilities have been completely renovated in the recent years.

Campus

The building of UNWE is a 41 thousand square metres built up area and there are 120 auditoriums, a lot of computer rooms, offices, laboratories, 367 study rooms, a modern library with 100 computer workstations and free Internet access, a ceremonial hall, some modern conference rooms, an electronic system of information services for students, a publishing house, a printing house, a bookshop, a website, a sports centre, dormitories for nearly 5000 students, health – educational facility in Ravda and many others. UNWE has 8 faculties and 32 departments.

Notable alumni
Throughout its history, a sizeable number of UNWE alumni, have become notable in many varied fields, both academic and otherwise. Six Bulgarian Prime Ministers are graduates of the University of National and World Economy after the changes in 1989, including Prof. Lyuben Berov, Reneta Indzhova – the only female prime minister in Bulgarian history, Plamen Oresharski etc. Only in the last few governments of Bulgaria more than half of the cabinet ministers graduated from the University of National and World Economy. Since 1938, out of 23 Bulgarian Finance Ministers, only 5 of them have been persons who have not graduated or taught at UNWE.

References

 24 hours Ranking go Navy go marines

External links
 Efficiency and public funding for higher education in Bulgaria

Universities and colleges established in 1920
Universities of economics in Europe
1920 establishments in Bulgaria


Ivan Snehota (1946-2022) was an Italian organizational theorist, consultant, and Professor of Marketing at the Faculty of Communication Sciences of the University of Lugano, known for his work in the field of business networks with Håkan Håkansson and others.<ref>Freeman, Christopher, and Luc Soete, eds. The economics of industrial innovation. Psychology Press, 1997.</ref>

 Biography
Snehota obtained his PhD in Business Administration at the University of Uppsala in 1990 with the thesis, entitled "Notes on a Theory of Business Enterprise."

Snehota started his academic career as lecturer at the University of Uppsala from 1971 to 1979. After his graduation he returned to Italy, where he worked in industry in management positions and as management consultant until 1990. In that period he was also lecturer in Marketing at the SDA Bocconi School of Management and at the University of Turin business school. In 1991 he returned to the University of Uppsala as Associate Professor, and in 1996 moved to the Stockholm School of Economics where he was coordinator of the Department of Marketing, Distribution and Industry Dynamics. In the new millennium he was appointed Professor of Marketing at the Faculty of Communication Sciences of the University of Lugano.

His research interests are in the field of "the development and theory of the firm, the business development, operation and dynamics of industrial markets and business-to-business - themes that developed in the research and in... of professional training programs in various corporate and European Business Schools."

 Selected publications
 Snehota, Ivan, IMP Group. International marketing and purchasing of industrial goods: An interaction approach. (1982).
 Snehota, Ivan (1990), Notes on a Theory of Business Enterprise, Doctoral Thesis, Uppsala University
 Snehota, Ivan, and Håkan Håkansson, eds. Developing relationships in business networks. Londres: Routledge, 1995.
 Ford, David, Lars-Erik Gadde, Håkan Håkansson, and Ivan Snehota. "Managing business relationships." (2003).
 Håkansson, H., Ford, D., Gadde, L. E., Snehota, I., & Waluszewski, A. (2009). Business in networks. John Wiley & Sons,.

Articles, a selection
 Håkansson, Håkan, and Ivan Snehota. "No business is an island: the network concept of business strategy." Scandinavian journal of management 5.3 (1989): 187–200.
 Gadde, Lars-Erik, and Ivan Snehota. "Making the most of supplier relationships." Industrial Marketing Management'' 29.4 (2000): 305–316.

References

External links
 Ivan Snehota at University of Lugano

1946 births
2022 deaths
Italian business theorists
Uppsala University alumni
Academic staff of the University of Lugano
Academic staff of Bocconi University
Academic staff of the University of Turin

Ivan Snehota


Birgit Stauch (Born in Baden-Baden, (Germany), December 11, 1961) is a contemporary German sculptor who works in bronzes, sculptures, sketches and portraits.

Life
Stauch was born in Baden-Baden, Baden-Württemberg, daughter of artist and sculptor, Alexander Stauch. Upon returning from compulsory service during World War II her father studied stone carving as a profession and sculpture as a passion thus inspiring his daughter to follow in his footsteps.

She studied design at the Johann Friedrich Böttger Institute in Selb, Bavaria. She furthered her education as an understudy of Arno Breker (1900–1991) and sculptor Rudolf Alexander Agricola (1912–1990). Stauch also studied drawing under Clarissa Kupferberg (1907–1989). She worked as a creative director in the atelier at Strassackers', Europes' largest art foundry for some 14 years. Returning to Baden-Baden she took over her fathers' stonemasonry business as managing director all the while continuing to create a broad variety of works in addition to teaching sculpture.

Works
Her works include a wide variety of sketches, drawings, stone and bronze sculptures, bronze reliefs, busts such as Käthe Kollwitz, portals, bronze coat of arms, miscellaneous works as well as commissioned pieces.

Stauch created a holocaust memorial commemorating the deportation of 450 Jews from Freiburg to the concentration camp at Gurs, in France, close to the Spanish border on October, 22nd, 1940. Gurs was considered to be a transit point for detainees in transit to Auschwitz.

Public monuments
Till Eulenspiegel, Water Work, Baden-Baden 1986
Memorial, "17. June", Baden-Baden 1989
"Monk" Sandstone, Bad Herrenalb 1991
Public Fountains, Rastatt Rauental 1992, 2002
Public Fountain, Sandweier 1994
Public Fountain, Giengen an der Brenz 1996
Public Foutain Weyhr 1999
Memorial for "Peace, Freedom and Friendship in Europe" Baden-Baden 2007

Bronze portals
Government Palace of the Emir of Qatar 1986
Schmalbach water reservoir 1992
Annaberg water reservoir 1998

References

"Birgit Stauch und Ihre Werke" Badisches Tageblatt, 5 Juli, 1988/Nr. 152
"Ihre Liebe gilt dem Pferd" BNN, Freitag 22 Mai, 1992/Nr.118
Kunst "Off The Main Stream" [sic?] Boulevard Baden-Baden, Ausgabe Frühjahr 1994
"Erinnerung an Deportation" Freiburger Zeitung, 21 Okt. 2003
"Mantel Denkmal, Freiburg Wiwili-Brücke" Badische Zeitung, November 8, 2003
"Kleinplastiken in Bronze und Silber" Badener Tageblatt, Freitag Sep 3, 2004/Nr. 204
"Birgit Stauch kreirt Preis" Badener Tageblatt, Dienstag Sep 4, 2007/Nr. 204

Further reading
R.A. Agricola, Eduard Roether Verlag, Darmstadt 1971,

External links

 Birgit Stauch Sculptors' Web Site
 Artists' Blog
 Strassackers' website

1961 births
German sculptors
German women artists
Living people
Modern sculptors
People from Baden-Baden

Birgit Stauch