Gerbrand Bakker (Enkhuizen, November 1, 1771 – Groningen, June 15, 1828) was an eminent Dutch physician, professor at the University of Groningen.

He first studied medicine with M.S. du Pui, physician in Alkmaar. In 1788 he enrolled at the University of Groningen, transferring two years later to the University of Leiden, where he received his doctorate in May 1794. His instructors were the celebrated Dupui, Sandifort, Paradys, and Voltelen. He married Jacoba Johanna Poel on January 4, 1800 at Enkhuizen. He practised first at Edam, and was made a reader at the Teyler surgical school at Haarlem in 1806. The next year, he declined a professorship at the University of Franeker. In 1811, under the French, he was named to the professorship at Groningen. He was active in the severe epidemic disease which afflicted Groningen in 1826.

Bakker was distinguished most for his great skill and knowledge in midwifery and practical surgery. On the former he published several works in Dutch and Latin. Amongst his Dutch writings are a treatise on animal magnetism, another on worms, in which he controverted the opinions of professor Rudolphi of Berlin; and a third on the human eye. Bakker occupied himself also with zeal on comparative anatomy, and particularly on the anatomy of the brain.

His most celebrated works in Latin are Descriptio Iconis Pelvis Feminae (1816), Osteographia Piscium (1822), Epidemium quae anno 1826 urbem Groningam afflixit (1826) and De Natura Hominis Liber elementarius (1827). This last work, which was to have formed a complete body of anatomy, was left incomplete by the author's death.

Bakker became a correspondent of the Royal Institute, predecessor to the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, in 1812.

References

Gerbrand Bakker biography in the Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek (in Dutch)

1771 births
1828 deaths
18th-century Dutch physicians
People from Enkhuizen
Leiden University alumni
Academic staff of the University of Franeker
Academic staff of the University of Groningen
University of Groningen alumni
Members of the Koninklijke Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences

Gerbrand Bakker (physician)


Sven Elvestad (7 September 1884 – 18 December 1934) was a Norwegian journalist and author. He is best known for his detective stories, which were published under the pen name Stein Riverton and translated into several languages, including German and English.

Elvestad was born Kristoffer Elvestad Svendsen, in Fredrikshald (now Halden), a small town near the Swedish border. After, as a young office boy, embezzling money from his employer, he changed his name and started a new life as a journalist in Kristiania (Oslo).

As a reporter, he often staged his own sensations. Among his most famous stunts, was spending a day in a circus lion's cage. But he was also the first foreign reporter to interview Adolf Hitler (whom he, despite his fascist sympathies, described as "a dangerous man").

He started writing crime stories, first as semi-documentary reports from the view of the reporter or as told by the retired police detective Asbjørn Krag (modelled on one or two well-known policemen). Soon Krag was developed into a classical private detective (though still with excellent connections to the police force).

In 1908 Elvestad (under the pen name Kristian F. Biller) created the police detective Knut Gribb: a character that was taken over by several other writers in various magazines and series of paperbacks, and still exists.

Some of Elvestad's Gribb mysteries were later published as Asbjørn Krag books, with the Riverton name on the cover. While this Krag, like Gribb, is a tough, clean-shaven policeman, the classical Krag is a thoughtful and somewhat mysterious, balding man in early middle age, wearing a goatee and pince-nez.

Riverton's masterpiece was published already in 1909: Jernvognen (The Iron Chariot). This is a thriller, narrated in a neo-romantic style reminiscent of Knut Hamsun by a guest at a seaside hotel in Southern Norway. Two violent deaths are connected to a local ghost legend. The possible connections puzzle the narrator, and he finds himself threatened by the visiting detective, Krag. The narrative is complex, with a point of view that lets the author juggle several levels of knowledge: what puzzles the reader might, or might not, also puzzle the narrator and the murderer. In this novel, Elvestad used a certain narrative trick that was later ascribed to Agatha Christie.

In later thrillers (of which some were published under his real name) Elvestad plays on Freudian theories of the subconscious. In his latest mysteries, he abandons the Krag character (who was nameless in books attributed to Elvestad) and aims at a more modern, realistic style. Though some of Riverton/Elvestad's stories are high-class thrillers, the quality of his work varies.

The Norwegian Riverton Prize is named after him.

References

External links

  (two English language titles)
 An English translation of a short story by Elvestad at Historyradio.org

Norwegian male novelists
Norwegian crime fiction writers
1884 births
1934 deaths
People from Halden
20th-century Norwegian novelists
20th-century Norwegian journalists
20th-century Norwegian male writers
20th-century pseudonymous writers

Sven Elvestad


Anatoly Borisovich Marienhof or Mariengof (; 6 July [O.S. 24 June] 1897 – 24 June 1962) was a Russian poet, novelist, and playwright. He was one of the leading figures of Imaginism. Today, he is remembered mostly for his memoirs depicting Russian literary life in the 1920s and his friendship with Sergei Yesenin.

Biography
Anatoly Marienhof was born into a Livonian nobleman's family in Nizhny Novgorod. Upon graduating from gymnasium in 1914, he was drafted and served during the First World War on the Eastern Front.

Marienhof's literary career started in 1918, when he participated in the Imaginists' manifesto "Deklaraciia", published in Voronezh. The manifesto was also signed by Yesenin and other Moscow poets. Together, they started a new movement in poetry known as Imaginism. Marienhof took part in all Imaginist actions and publications and published a dozen books of poetry under his own name between 1920 and 1928. He became a close friend of Yesenin, with whom he shared a flat during some months. Marienhof is the dedicatee of some of Yesenin's major works, including the major poem Sorokoust, the drama Pugachov, and the tract on poetics Maria's Keys.

Marienhof gained further renown with his controversial fiction: "The Novel without Lies" (1926) and "The Cynics" (1928). The former presented his fictionalized (although still largely accurate) recollections of his friendship with Sergei Yesenin; the latter was a story of the life of young intellectuals during the revolution and the War communism. Both were met with sharp criticism in the Soviet press. "The Cynics" was published in Berlin (Petropolis), and would not appear in the Soviet Union until 1988.

After the publication of his last novel, "Shaved Man", in 1930 in Berlin and parts of his historical novel "Ekaterina" (1936), Marienhof was reduced to writing for theatre and later for radio without any hope of being published again. Yesenin's works were edited in the USSR for a long period of time to omit the dedications to Marienhof.

In his later years, after Joseph Stalin's death, Marienhof wrote mostly memoirs; they were published several decades after his death in 1962.

English translations
Cynics, (Novel), Hyperion Press, 1973.
A Novel Without Lies, (Memoir), Glas, 2000.

Literature
Tomi Huttunen. Imazhinist Mariengof: Dandy. Montage. Cynics. Moscow: Novoe Literaturnoe Obozrenie. 2007.

References

External links
 English translations of 4 miniature poems, 1917-1919
 English translations of 2 poems by Babette Deutsch and Avrahm Yarmolinsky, 1921
 English translations of Aphorisms, etc. in BODY literary magazine

1897 births
1962 deaths
Writers from Nizhny Novgorod
People from Nizhegorodsky Uyezd
Russian untitled nobility
Russian people of Jewish descent
Russian male dramatists and playwrights
Russian male poets
Soviet novelists
Soviet male writers
20th-century Russian poets
Soviet dramatists and playwrights
Russian male novelists
Russian military personnel of World War I
Burials at Bogoslovskoe Cemetery

Anatoly Marienhof


Farley Wood is a suburb in the civil parish of Binfield, approximately  west of Bracknell, in the English county of Berkshire. Farley Wood is dominated by Farley Copse (sometimes known as Farley Moor Copse), a large woodland and local nature reserve on the slopes falling away from Farley Hall and Farley Moor, two large Victorian houses.

Following the building in the 1980s of a small housing estate either side of the Turnpike Road, the remaining copse was adopted by Bracknell Forest Borough Council providing a large woodland space full of oak, beech and ash trees; it is also home to a large Wellingtonia pine as well as various Roe Deer. Farley Wood Community Centre is nearby .

To the south of the wood is Farley Moor Lake in the vicinity of which are many of Bracknell's big employers, such as Cable & Wireless, 3M, Fujitsu, HP and Dell in the nearby Amen Corner Business Park.

References

Bracknell Forest
Suburbs in the United Kingdom

Farley Wood


Roger Fishbite is a novel by the American writer and journalist Emily Prager, which was published in 1999.

Themes and literary connections
The novel was written partly as a literary parody of Vladimir Nabokov's 1955 novel Lolita, partly as a "reply both to the book and to the icon that the character Lolita has become." It tells the story of thirteen-year-old Lucky Lady Linderhoff, and her mother, and their lodger, whom Lucky calls Roger Fishbite.

While taking its inspiration from Nabokov's Lolita, Prager's novel is narrated by Lucky, not Fishbite, and displays a number of twists and turns that differ from the original text. Prager also updates the story, setting it in the modern-day period, rather than choosing to set it in the 1950s.

Reviews
At the heart of the novel is the issue that Lucky raises constantly throughout: The way in which children in America (and western society in general, I would add) are hated and feared by a society that seeks to eroticise them whilst at the same time destroying them.

What prevents the novel from devolving into an inside joke is the enthralling voice of Lucky Linderhof, who, at nearly 15, tells her tale with the world-weariness befitting an elder statesman of child abuse.

References

External links
Emily Prager's page at Random House

1999 American novels
Works about Lolita
Parallel literature

Roger Fishbite


The Unpleasantness at the Bellona Club is a 1928 mystery novel by Dorothy L. Sayers, her fourth featuring Lord Peter Wimsey. Much of the novel is set in the Bellona Club, a fictional London club for war veterans (Bellona being a Roman goddess of war).

Plot
On the afternoon of 10 November, ninety-year-old General Fentiman is called to the deathbed of his estranged sister, Lady Dormer, and learns that under the terms of her will he stands to inherit most of her substantial fortune – money sorely needed by his grandsons Robert and George Fentiman. However, should the General die first, nearly everything will go to Lady Dormer's companion, Ann Dorland.

Lady Dormer dies the next morning, Armistice Day, and that afternoon the General is found dead in his armchair at the Bellona Club. Dr Penberthy, a club member and the General's personal physician, certifies death by natural causes but is unable to state the exact time of death. As the estate would amply provide for all three claimants, and as it is unknown whether the General or his sister died first, the Fentiman brothers suggest a negotiated settlement with Ann Dorland, but she surprisingly and vehemently refuses. Wimsey is asked to investigate.

Unusually, nobody saw the General arrive at the club at his usual time of 10 am. His manservant reports that the General did not return home after visiting his sister the day before. An unknown man by the name of Oliver telephoned to say that the General would be spending the night with him. Robert Fentiman says that he knows of Oliver, and much time is spent chasing the elusive individual through several countries before Robert admits that he does not actually exist.

Wimsey discovers that after seeing his sister the General had felt ill and had consulted Dr Penberthy. He then travelled to the club, meeting George Fentiman en route. There he informed Robert of the terms of the will and very shortly afterwards was found dead in the library, apparently of natural causes. Piqued at losing his inheritance, Robert concealed the body overnight, and invented Oliver to cover up the death. The next day, while the club members had stepped outside to observe the usual two minutes' silence at 11 am, Robert moved the body to an armchair to be found later.

Wimsey is still unsatisfied as to the cause of death, and has the body exhumed and re-examined. The General had been poisoned with an overdose of the heart medication digitalis. When it becomes known that the body will be exhumed, Ann Dorland, who has an obvious motive, suddenly and suspiciously agrees to the proposed compromise with the Fentimans.

Wimsey finds Ann Dorland distressed by the callous and humiliating behaviour of Dr Penberthy, to whom she had been secretly engaged. It was he, with an eye on her expected inheritance, who had insisted she should refuse the compromise and fight for the whole estate. However, as soon as it became known that the General had been poisoned he broke the engagement off, ensuring Ann's embarrassed silence by giving highly insulting reasons.

Wimsey works out what had happened. When the General had consulted Dr Penberthy after seeing his sister, he had mentioned the will, and Penberthy realised that if the General did not die at once his fiancée would not inherit. He gave the General a massive dose of digitalis, to be taken later that evening when Penberthy would not be in attendance. He was however present next day when the body was discovered and, in spite of Robert's intervention which confused the time, was able without raising suspicions to certify a natural death.

Penberthy writes a confession publicly exonerating Ann Dorland, then shoots himself in the club library. In an epilogue, it is revealed that the three original claimants to the estate have divided it equitably, and that Robert is now courting Ann.

Characters
Lord Peter Wimsey – aristocratic amateur detective; Bellona Club member
Detective-Inspector Charles Parker – Wimsey's friend
Mervyn Bunter – Wimsey's manservant
Mr Murbles – solicitor to the Wimsey and Fentiman families
General Fentiman (deceased) – elderly retired soldier; Bellona Club member
Lady Dormer (deceased) – General Fentiman's wealthy widowed sister
Major Robert Fentiman – General Fentiman's older grandson; Bellona Club member
Captain George Fentiman – General Fentiman's younger grandson; Bellona Club member
Sheila Fentiman – wife of George Fentiman
Ann Dorland – distant relative of and companion to Lady Dormer
Dr Penberthy – impecunious physician; Bellona Club member
Marjorie Phelps – artist friend of Wimsey and of Ann Dorland
Salcombe Hardy – journalist writing for the Daily Yell
Captain Culyer – Bellona Club secretary
Colonel Marchbanks – Bellona Club member
Mr. Wetheridge – Bellona Club member
Dick Challoner – Bellona Club member

Literary significance and criticism
Writing in 1990, Katherine Kenny described the book as the most successful of Sayers' early fiction, coupling a slick detective plot with vivid details of post-war English life. "The book is a tightly constructed little drama based upon the old joke about an Englishman's club so stuffy that its dead members cannot be differentiated from the living – a pertinent comment upon the society so described".

Adaptations
In 1973 the novel was the subject of a BBC TV mini-series starring Ian Carmichael as Wimsey.

References

External links

Annotating Wimsey on "The Unpleasantness at the Bellona Club"

1928 British novels
Novels by Dorothy L. Sayers
Novels set in London
British mystery novels
Novels set in the 1920s
British novels adapted into television shows
Ernest Benn Limited books

The Unpleasantness at the Bellona Club


Mysterio is a fictional character and a major antagonist from the Marvel Comics universe, most commonly serving as an enemy to Spider-Man, Deadpool, and Daredevil. He is a supervillain who primarily utilizes illusions and other gadgets to perform crimes.

The Mysterio identity has been adopted by different people over the years, but the most notable person to utilize the alias is Quentin Beck, a former actor and special effects artist that would go on to become one of Spider-Man's classic foes. He serves as one of the founding members of the supervillain group, the Sinister Six.

The character has appeared in movies, television series, and video games. In live-action, he is played by actor Jake Gyllenhaal in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) movie, Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), reappearing in archive footage in The Daily Bugle (2019, 2021) and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021).

Source
  Some text was copied from Mysterio (Marvel) at Villains Wiki, which is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 (Unported) (CC-BY-SA 3.0) license.

Marvel Comics supervillains

Mysterio


or the West Temple was one of the two large Buddhist temples established in Kyoto, Japan.

History
Sai-ji was founded in the early Heian period.  The temple dates from 796, two years after the capital moved to Heian-kyō.  Sai-ji was established together with the other temple, Tō-ji (the East Temple). Each occupied a square site of approximately 300 m by 300 m situated symmetrically on both sides of the Suzaku Avenue (Suzaku-ōji, present-day Senbon-dōri), just north of the great Rashōmon gate along the southern edge of the city. While Tō-ji has survived (albeit rebuilt) into modern times, Sai-ji was burnt in 990 and 1233, then abandoned and never rebuilt.

The two temples (together with Shingon-in in the imperial palace) were the only Buddhist institutions allowed in the capital at the time it was established. This policy was introduced by Emperor Kanmu in order to curb the political influence the large Buddhist institutions in Heijō-kyō (present-day Nara) had acquired during the 8th century.

Now a small park in Minami-ku, Kyoto, commemorates the temple at the site, a little west and north of the intersection of Kujō street and Senbon street.

See also
 List of Buddhist temples in Kyoto
 For an explanation of terms concerning Japanese Buddhism, Japanese Buddhist art, and Japanese Buddhist temple architecture, see the Glossary of Japanese Buddhism.

Notes

References
 Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1956). Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794-1869. Kyoto: The Ponsonby Memorial Society.

External links

Buddhist temples in Kyoto
Buddhist archaeological sites in Japan
Historic Sites of Japan
Buddhism in the Heian period
https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20191026/p2a/00m/0na/018000c

Sai-ji


The National Hockey Association (NHA), initially the National Hockey Association of Canada Limited, was a professional ice hockey organization with teams in Ontario and Quebec, Canada. It is the direct predecessor of today's National Hockey League (NHL) and much of the business processes of the NHL today are based on the NHA. Founded in 1909 by Ambrose O'Brien, the NHA introduced 'six-man hockey' by removing the 'rover' position in 1911. During its lifetime, the league coped with competition for players with the rival Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA), the enlistment of players for World War I and disagreements between owners. The disagreements between owners came to a head in 1917, when the NHA suspended operations in order to get rid of an unwanted owner, Eddie Livingstone.

The remaining NHA team owners started the NHL in parallel as a temporary measure, to continue play while negotiations went on with Livingstone and other lawsuits were pending. A year later, after no progress was reached with Livingstone, the other NHA owners decided to permanently suspend the NHA. The NHA's rules, constitution and trophies were reused in the NHL.

History

Founding

In November 1909, the Eastern Canada Hockey Association (ECHA), holder of the Stanley Cup and ostensibly the pre-eminent ice hockey league, was in the midst of a dispute. The Montreal Wanderers team of the ECHA had been bought by P. J. Doran, owner of the Jubilee Rink in Montreal and he intended to move the team's games there. The Jubilee was smaller than the Wanderers' current rink, the Montreal Arena which meant visiting teams would earn less on their trips to play the Wanderers. On November 25, 1909, the other teams in the league disbanded the ECHA and formed the new Canadian Hockey Association (CHA), which excluded the Wanderers.

At the same time, Ambrose O'Brien of Renfrew, Ontario– scion of a prosperous silver mine owner and founder of the Renfrew Creamery Kings ice hockey team –was seeking admission to the ECHA so as to be able to contest the Stanley Cup. The team had applied to the Stanley Cup trustees as champions of the Federal League, but had been rejected. At the November 25 CHA founding meeting, held at the Windsor Hotel in Montreal, O'Brien applied to join the CHA but the application was rejected. Sitting in the lobby of the hotel after the CHA meeting, O'Brien met Jimmy Gardner of the Wanderers, whose team had also been rejected by the CHA. Together, they decided to form their own league, the National Hockey Association (NHA). With Cobalt and Haileybury, two other teams controlled by O' Brien, the NHA was founded on December 2, 1909 at a private meeting at 300 Saint Jacques Street in Montreal, and adopted the constitution of the ECHA.

At the same time, to build a rivalry and capture francophone interest in Montreal, O'Brien and Gardner conceived of creating a team consisting of francophone players, to be managed by francophones. 'Les Canadiens', known today as the Montreal Canadiens, was admitted on December 4, 1909 to be managed by Jack Laviolette, but owned by O'Brien, on the understanding ownership was to be transferred to francophone sportsmen as soon as practicable. In all, O'Brien and his father, Michael John O'Brien, were financing four teams in the league: the Renfrew Creamery Kings (which became known as the Renfrew Millionaires), Cobalt, Haileybury, and Les Canadiens. The Cobalt and Haileybury clubs were from the Timiskaming Professional Hockey League (TPHL) and Renfrew from the Federal Hockey League. Along with the Wanderers, the league had five teams.

The O'Briens were determined to win the Stanley Cup and a bidding war for players immediately started. Frank and Lester Patrick were each signed by the Renfrew Millionaires for $3,000 apiece, the highest salaries recorded to that time. Renfrew also signed star player Cyclone Taylor of the champion Ottawa Senators team, reputedly at $5,000 per season.

Attendance at the CHA games was poor and a meeting of the NHA was held on January 15, 1910 to discuss a possible merger of the two leagues. Instead, the NHA admitted Ottawa and the Montreal Shamrocks to the NHA and the CHA folded. The owners of the Montreal Le National were offered the ownership of the Canadiens but turned it down. The Quebec Bulldogs and the other teams of the CHA were not even considered for membership. Games played prior to January 15 were thrown out, and the season began again, now with seven teams.

Despite the efforts of O'Brien, who added Newsy Lalonde from the Canadiens to Renfrew, the first championship went to the Wanderers, taking over the Stanley Cup and successfully defending it against Edmonton. It would be the Wanderers' only championship in the NHA.

1910–1914: Consolidation
In November 1910, the league principals of Mike Quinn, Dickie Boon and Eddie McCafferty developed a new constitution differing from the ECHA constitution to put it on a more business-like basis. The league developed a standard player contract, a salary limit of  per team, the requirement to "waive" players past other clubs before they were released from the league, and a 'reserve clause' whereby teams could name ten players in a "draft" that could not join other clubs. The meetings of the association were private and only the president of the league could communicate about the meetings to the press. These rules would later be followed in the successor National Hockey League. These new principles were based on the rules of American baseball, likely due to the influence of McCafferty, who was the secretary of the Montreal Royals baseball team. The new constitution even dropped 'of Canada' from the name of the corporation "to permit of taking into affiliation hockey bodies that may be formed in the United States as well as in Canada, with a view to making it eventually the central organization in the game." The new constitution was published in the Montreal Gazette in November 1910.

The 1910 off-season led to changes in membership in the league, as Cobalt, Haileybury and Shamrocks dropped out. Les Canadiens would be taken over by George Kennedy and Quebec would join the league for the 1910–11 season. Lalonde was returned to the Canadiens. The two dormant O'Brien franchises were to be held for two Toronto teams to join the league in the future, to play in the new Arena Gardens planned for Toronto. The Wanderers incorporated, with Sam Lichtenhein taking a majority position.

The 1910–1911 season saw the start of labour unrest in the league, as the league imposed its $5,000 salary cap. The season almost foundered because of widespread dissatisfaction amongst the players at the salaries on offer, and players' unions were rumored to be on the verge of creation at several points. The players at first intended to form their own league, but the arenas were under the NHA control and surrendered for that season. The clubs' bottom lines improved, Ottawa estimated to make six to eight thousand in profits, while the Canadiens made three to four thousand; the Wanderers two to three thousand; and Quebec at nine hundred. Only Renfrew lost money. The new constitution also affected the format of play. For the first time, the hour of play would be divided into three 20-minute periods, with five minutes of rest between the periods. Ottawa won the championship and held the Stanley Cup against Galt and Port Arthur.

In the 1911 off-season, O'Brien exited the hockey business and Renfrew exited the league. The Ottawa Hockey Club became the second club to incorporate. The NHA itself incorporated, forming a Canadian federal corporation capitalized at  divided into five hundred shares of $100 each. The purpose of incorporation was "to encourage, develop and improve the National Canadian winter game of hockey and athletic sports and pastimes."

For the 1911-12 season, the league dropped the 'rover' position, changing the game to six-man hockey, although other leagues would hold on to seven-man play into the 1920s. Attempts would be made to reintroduce seven-man hockey in subsequent years but were unsuccessful. While the league delayed its schedule to try to accommodate the Toronto teams, who were waiting for the Arena Gardens' completion, in the end the league played with only four teams. In that same off-season, the Patrick brothers built two arenas in Vancouver and Victoria and formed the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA). The PCHA exploited the low pay of the NHA teams to raid the teams for players. Quebec won the league championship, winning its first Stanley Cup, defending it successfully against Moncton. Despite the raids by the PCHA, the NHA allowed a player-organized team of all-stars to play an exhibition series out west against the PCHA after the season. Some of the NHA players, notably Cyclone Taylor would be enticed to join the PCHA in the following season.

In 1912–13, the two new Toronto teams joined the league, the Torontos, later dubbed the 'Blueshirts', and the Tecumsehs and the league expanded to six teams. Although the PCHA had raided Quebec for three players of its championship squad, they were replaced by top players from the Ontario and Maritime leagues, and Quebec repeated as champions. This year, the Quebec team traveled west to play the PCHA champion Victoria Aristocrats, in the first series between the two leagues' champion teams.

In the 1913 off-season, the NHA and the PCHA signed an agreement to end their bidding war for players. The agreement stipulated territorial rights, splitting Canada east and west of Port Arthur, Ontario. The four-year agreement meant each league would respect each other's reserve clauses, conduct an intraleague draft for players, have a commissioner resolve disputes, and agreed to an annual series between the two leagues for the Stanley Cup. The NHA now introduced the 'option clause' into player's contracts, holding that the team now had an exclusive option to re-sign a player after their contract expired.

The 1913–14 season, the last before World War I, saw a tie between the Torontos and the Canadiens for first place, and the league's first play-off was held. Toronto won the two-game series to win the championship and the first Stanley Cup win by any Toronto team. After the play-off, PCHA champion Victoria came east to play Toronto in a best-of-five series. The series was 'unofficial' as it was not approved by the Stanley Cup trustees, but any controversy was moot as Toronto won the series in three-straight games.

Starting in the 1914–1915 season, the Stanley Cup was awarded exclusively to the winner of a playoff between the NHA and the PCHA regular season winners. The league championship was decided by a two-game total goal playoff between the Wanderers and the Senators.  Ottawa won the championship, and the right to defend the Cup against Vancouver in a three-game series in which Vancouver won in dominating fashion. The notion of a league champion being awarded the Cup to defend ceased with that season, as the Portland Rosebuds were the PCHA champions in 1915–1916 but were not automatically accorded the Cup.  Instead, they played the Montreal Canadiens for the trophy (and became the first American team to do so), which the Canadiens won in a five-game series.

1915–1917: World War I and the end of the NHA
The start of World War I meant that players started enlisting for the military to fight overseas. By 1915, World War I and PCHA raiding left the NHA without enough quality players. At first, the NHA and PCHA made peace with an agreement limiting PCHA signings of NHA players to those on teams designated by a 'draft'. However the peace did not last and disputes within the NHA and with the PCHA led to the end of the NHA. Two factions developed, Toronto and Quebec City, and the Montreal teams and Ottawa.

Prior to the 1915–16 season, Toronto Shamrocks team owner Eddie Livingstone made two moves that infuriated the NHA and the PCHA. At that time Quebec was to be one of the designated NHA teams which the PCHA would draft players from. Livingstone arranged a trade with Quebec to hide some players from the draft, infuriating the PCHA. He bought the Toronto Blueshirts without league permission for its players, and ended up with no players for the Shamrocks team as the PCHA in retaliation raided the Blueshirts for players. The league ordered Livingstone to sell his Shamrocks franchise, but he was unable to do so as he had only enough players for one team. The 1915–16 season was played with only five teams, a situation whereby one team each week would not play, a situation limiting team owner revenues and infuriating the other owners. Instead of two games in Toronto to cover travel expenses from the other cities, there was only one per trip.

In 1916, the league stripped Livingstone of the Shamrocks franchise and fielded a second team in Toronto for the 1916–17 season. The team was composed of hockey players who had enlisted for wartime duty. The team, known as  the 228th Battalion or Northern Fusiliers—formed in North Bay, Ontario—played wearing khaki military uniforms and was the league's most popular and highest scoring club until the regiment was ordered overseas in February 1917 and the team was forced to withdraw. A scandal ensued when several stars were subsequently discharged and alleged they had been promised commissions solely to play hockey for the military team. The Battalion dropping out left the league at five teams again. Instead of continuing with five teams, the league suspended the Blueshirts also and dispersed its players to the other clubs and continued with four teams. Livingstone threatened to sue the league over the suspension, infuriating the other owners. The league next made a demand that Livingstone sell the Toronto franchise between April and June 1917. Instead of selling, Livingstone followed through with his threat to sue the NHA.

By this time, the owners of the Canadiens, Wanderers, Senators and Bulldogs wanted nothing more to do with Livingstone. However, they discovered the NHA constitution did not allow them to simply expel him from the league. Instead, on November 22, 1917, the other four owners voted to suspend the NHA's operations. Two weeks later, the four clubs founded the National Hockey League so that they could continue the business of pro hockey without Livingstone. Every owner except Livingstone was granted a franchise in the NHL and the NHA contracts transferred. The NHL also continued to use the same rules and season format as the NHA, with the NHL champion now moving on to face the PCHA champion in the Stanley Cup Finals. Wanderers owner Sam Lichtenhein was quoted as saying, "We didn't throw Livingstone out; he's still got his franchise in the old National Hockey Association.  He has his team, and we wish him well. The only problem is he's playing in a one-team league."

The Bulldogs, however, announced they didn't have enough financing to ice a team for the NHL's first season.  Wanting to balance the schedule, and feeling it unthinkable not to have a team from Canada's second-largest city, the NHL granted a temporary franchise to the Toronto Arena Company, which leased the Blueshirts' players from Livingstone pending resolution of the dispute. This temporary franchise would evolve into today's Toronto Maple Leafs.

The NHA's organization did not dissolve immediately. The owners had launched a lawsuit against the Battalion to attempt to make the Canadian Army pay $3000 for leaving the league and this had yet to be heard in court. The NHL could operate in the meantime, without Livingstone.

The NHA's officials met nearly a year later, on September 20, 1918, when a vote was taken to permanently suspend operations over Livingstone's objections. That fall, Livingstone, along with Percy Quinn, attempted to launch a rival "Canadian Hockey Association" (CHA) unsuccessfully. Blocked, Livingstone and Quinn called a final meeting of the NHA owners on December 11, 1918. The NHL owners, against the wishes of Frank Calder, attended the meeting. Calder considered that an NHA meeting could not proceed with shareholders not having paid legal fees owed the league books held in court for lawsuits. Livingstone's plan was to use the fact that the Canadiens had a minority shareholder, contrary to NHA voting rules, to disallow the Canadiens vote and cause the vote to swing their way and lead to the resumption of the NHA. At first, Lichtenhein refused to recognize Quinn's purchase of the Quebec NHL franchise, but agreed to if Quinn would pay the costs of the meeting itself, which he refused. The meeting ended when the NHL owners offered to pay legal fees owed to the NHA so as to proceed, according to Calder's terms, but Livingstone and Quinn refused. The NHL owners then left the meeting. Separately, the Montreal and Ottawa NHA owners met and paid the fees owing to the league and Calder fined the Torontos, Ontarios and Quebec a further $200. Calder now publicly promised to file a court order to "wind up" the NHA organization. When the NHL decided to continue with play, Livingstone and Quinn threatened injunctions to stop the NHL from operating. However, the threats were not followed through on and the NHL season began on schedule. The NHA organization itself was not formally dissolved for several years afterwards and Frank Calder held the presidency in both organizations.

Legacy
The NHA was innovative for its time. The league put forth several innovations, among them the division of each game into three periods, the abolition of the rover position, the institution of match penalties, and allowing line changes on the fly. On the business side, the NHA introduced the standard contract, reserve clauses, waiver draft and the first salary cap.

While the originator of jersey numbers in ice hockey is disputed, the NHA is commonly cited as the first to use them, requiring players wear numbered armbands beginning with the 1911–12 season.

The championship trophy of the NHA was the O'Brien Cup, made of solid silver, donated by the O'Brien family. It survived as the championship trophy of the NHL until the Western Hockey League, the successor to the PCHA, folded after the 1925–26 hockey season. This left the NHL as the only professional league that competed for the Stanley Cup. Thus starting in the 1926–27 season, the Stanley Cup became the championship trophy of the NHL. The O'Brien Cup was then awarded annually as an NHL trophy until being retired in 1950.

Three current NHL teams, the Canadiens, Maple Leafs and Senators have roots in the NHA. While the Canadiens acknowledge their NHA history and records, the Maple Leafs do not claim the Blueshirts' history as their own, which would include an additional Stanley Cup championship. The original Ottawa Senators, the oldest of the three, continued in the NHL after the NHA's disbandment, but ceased operations in 1935. Ottawa returned to the league in 1992 having been granted a new franchise to operate as the current Ottawa Senators. The current club honors the Ottawa club history dating back to the 1880s, with banners at the Canadian Tire Centre.

Teams

Season by season record

† Stanley Cup Champions. In 1910, both the Wanderers and Senators are considered champions.

*228th Battalion was from North Bay, Ontario, training at Camp Borden and in Toronto at the time.  It dropped out after first half of season. Toronto was suspended by league after first half.

Team history

NHA presidents

Frank Robinson submitted his resignation letter during an NHA's meeting on October 20, 1917. However, his resignation was not considered and he was voted as NHA president for another term. In Robinson's absence, the secretary-treasurer of the league, Frank Calder, chaired NHA meetings and served as the acting president of the NHA.

See also
 1918–19 NHL season
 List of ice hockey leagues
 List of pre-NHL seasons
 List of Stanley Cup champions

Notes

References

Sports leagues established in 1909
1918 disestablishments in Canada
Defunct ice hockey leagues in Ontario
Pre–National Hockey League
Defunct ice hockey leagues in Quebec
1909 establishments in Canada
Sports leagues disestablished in 1918

National Hockey Association


Raisin Wheats (formerly Raisin Splitz, Raisin Wheatleys) is a Kellogg's breakfast cereal available in the United Kingdom, made from shredded wholegrain wheat and filled with raisin. The cereal is made in bite-sized pieces measuring 3/4in x 1in and is packaged in boxes weighing 0.5 kg.

Its ingredients, as published on the Kellogg's web site 24 May 2006, are:
Shredded Wholewheat, Raisins (23%), Glycerine, Niacin, Iron, Vitamin B6, Riboflavin (B2), Thiamin (B1), Folic Acid, Vitamin B12.

The cereal has been subsequently manufactured by numerous other suppliers under a generic brand, often in supermarkets' "own brand" range.  In the United Kingdom, Tesco, Sainsbury's and Waitrose have all produced their own versions of the cereal.

External links

Kellogg's cereals
Wheats

Raisin Wheats


Robert Nippoldt (born 1977 in Kranenburg, Germany) is a German illustrator, graphic designer and book artist.
He studied graphic design and illustration at the University of Applied Sciences in Münster. The book "Gangster. Die Bosse von Chicago" was his thesis project. Two years later in 2007, his second book "Jazz. New York in the Roaring Twenties" was published. It was translated into several languages and won numerous awards. In 2010 "Hollywood in the 1930s", his third book on 1920s and 30s America, came out. In 2017 his fourth book "Night falls on the Berlin of the Roaring Twenties" was published. His books are accompanied by games and limited edition silkscreen prints.
In addition to his book projects, he illustrates for international magazines and clients including The New Yorker, Le Monde, Die ZEIT, Mercedes-Benz, Reader's Digest, Taschen and TIME Magazine.
For commissions of this nature he collaborates with his sister Astrid Nippoldt and his wife, Christine Nippoldt, as part of their own label, Studio Nippoldt.

"Ein Rätselhafter Schimmer" is the accompanying show to the Berlin book. The stage programme with live drawings and live music was developed in 2015-2018 by Robert Nippoldt and the "Trio Größenwahn". The show has been performed more than 50 times, among others in the Pantheon-Theater in Bonn, at Berlin Heimathafen, at Schloss Elmau, at Kurhaus Göggingen and on the cruise ships of AIDA.

Robert Nippoldt's works have been shown in exhibitions in Germany, Switzerland, Belgium and Spain. His studio is located at the old freight yard in Münster.

Publications

 Gangster. Die Bosse von Chicago, Gerstenberg Verlag, Hildesheim 2005.
 Jazz. New York in the Roaring Twenties with Hans-Jürgen Schaal (text), TASCHEN 2013,
 Hollywood in the Thirties with Daniel Kothenschulte (concept, text) and Christine Goppel (coloration), TASCHEN, 2013,
 The Great Transformation: Climate – Can we beat the Heat with Christine Goppel, Jörg Hartmann, Jörg Hülsmann, Astrid Nippoldt and Iris Ugurel, published by A. Hamann, C. Zea-Schmidt and Reinhold Leinfelder, WBGU, Berlin 2014.
 Night Falls on the Berlin of the Roaring Twenties with Boris Pofalla (text), TASCHEN 2017,

Awards
 iF Design Award for "Berlin", 2019, Hannover
 German Design Award for "Berlin", 2019, Frankfurt
 Best Book Award for "Berlin", 2018, Los Angeles
 Berliner Type Award for "Berlin", 2018, Berlin
 red dot design award for "Berlin", 2018, Essen
 ADC Award for "Berlin", 2018, Berlin
 Joseph Binder Award for "Berlin", 2018, Vienna
 International Creative Media Award for "Berlin", 2018, Meerbusch
 Movie book of the month, Hans Helmut Prinzler, for "Berlin", January 2018, Berlin
 German Design Award for "Jazz", 2016, Frankfurt
 Best American Infographic for "Facemap" in "Hollywood", 2015, New York
 International Book Award for "Jazz", 2014, Los Angeles
 Good Design Award for "Jazz", 2014, Chicago
 Joseph Binder Award for "Jazz", 2014, Vienna
 A' Design Award for "Jazz", 2014, Como
 D&AD, Award for "Jazz", 2014, London
 Best American Infographic for "The Recording Sessions – Sociogram" in "Jazz", 2014, New York
 International Design Award for "Jazz", 2013, Los Angeles
 German Designer Club Award for "Hollywood", 2011, Frankfurt
 red dot design award for "Hollywood", 2011, Essen
 Movie book of the year, Hans Helmut Prinzler for "Hollywood", 2010, Berlin
 European Design Award for layout for "Jazz", 2008, Stockholm
 Stiftung Buchkunst "The most beautiful german book 2007" for "Jazz", 2007, Frankfurt
 Illustrative: "One of the most wonderful books in Europe" for "Jazz", 2007, Berlin
 red dot design award for "Gangster", 2006, Essen

External links
 Works by or about Robert Nippoldt in the German National Library
 Official Website of Robert Nippoldt

References

1977 births
Living people
People from Kleve (district)
German illustrators
German designers
German graphic designers
Information graphic designers
German typographers and type designers
Artists from North Rhine-Westphalia

Robert Nippoldt


This is a list of notable people born in, or notabe for their relations with the U.S. state of Indiana.

Creators and explorers

 Squire Boone, frontiersman (Laconia)
 Jonathan Jennings, first Governor of Indiana
 Dennis Pennington, first speaker of the house in Indiana, also built the first capitol building (Corydon)
 Spier Spencer, militia leader who died in the Battle of Tippecanoe

Military

 Jeremy Michael Boorda, Admiral, Chief of Naval Operations (South Bend)
 Ambrose Burnside, General in the Civil War, sideburns are named after him (Liberty)
 John Howard Cassady U.S. Navy Admiral, Commander in Chief Naval Forces Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean (Spencer)
 George Rogers Clark, man who conquered Indiana for the United States (Clarksville)
 Sammy L. Davis, Medal of Honor recipient (receiver) from the Vietnam War, U.S. Army (Freedom)
 Jonathan D. George, retired Air Force brigadier general. 9th District congressional candidate (Bedford)
 William Grose, Civil War General (New Castle)
 Scott S. Haraburda, Colonel, U.S. Army. President of the Indiana Society of Professional Engineers (Spencer)
 Horace Meek Hickam, Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army Air Corps. Aviation pioneer. The Hickam AFB was named in his honor (Spencer)
 Jonas Ingram, Medal of Honor recipient, Atlantic Fleet commander in World War II (Jeffersonville)
 Henry Maston Mullinnix, Rear Admiral, U.S. Navy.  was named in his honor (Spencer)
 John Poindexter, Vice Admiral, U.S. Navy. National Security Advisor to President Ronald Reagan, figure in the Iran-Contra affair (Odon)
 David M. Shoup, Medal of Honor recipient, 22nd Commandant of the Marine Corps (Battle Ground)
 Walter Bedell Smith, General, U.S. Army, chief of staff to General Dwight D. Eisenhower (Indianapolis)
 Raymond Ames Spruance, Admiral, U.S. Navy, Flagship Commander USS Indianapolis (Indianapolis)
 Lew Wallace, General in the Civil War (Crawfordsville)
 Anthony Wayne, known for being mad and overrunning Chief Little Turtle (Fort Wayne)
 Samuel Woodfill, most decorated American soldier in World War I (Jefferson County)

People from Indiana

List of people from Indiana


Cornish Place is a listed building situated in the Neepsend area of the City of Sheffield. The building was formerly the factory of James Dixon & Sons, a Britannia metal, Sheffield plate and Cutlery manufacturer. In the late 1990s the disused building was cleaned and converted into apartments, it is regarded as the most impressive cutlery works that still stands in Sheffield and rivals the cotton mills of Lancashire and the West Riding in terms of architectural quality and heritage. The east and west ranges of the structure are the most spectacular, with Grade II* listed classification, while the rest of the works receive the lower Grade II category. The "Cornish" in the buildings name is thought to derive from the manufacture of Britannia metal which is made up of 93% tin which came from Cornwall.

History

Foundation
The firm was founded as Dixon & Smith in 1805 and was based on Silver Street in the centre of Sheffield. James Dixon's association with the Cornish Place site began in 1819 when a rolling mill on the spot came into the possession of Dixon & Smith. In 1822 Dixon set up business on his own and the rolling mill was converted into a workshop for the manufacture of silver and plated goods. During the 1830s the firm acquired land to the south of the original buildings and new workshops were constructed. The first phase of the works were a U shaped series of buildings which fronted onto Cornish Street and the River Don and consisted of workshops, casting shops and offices.

Expansion
The works were extended as the firm became more successful  with the more notable part of the building, the east range, being built between 1851 and 1854 when the works were being converted to steam power. The completion of the enclosure of the inner courtyard involved the construction of a range, forming an L shape with its long side facing Ball Street and its short side adjacent to the River Don, connecting with older workshops. Additional building work occurred between 1857 and 1859, resulting in the addition of warehouses and a showroom at the southern end of Ball Street. Around 1860, the west range was built, featuring more decorative architecture and prominently displaying the name of the works on the parapet, as it faced Green Lane. By the 1860s, the works spanned approximately four acres and employed over 700 people.

Peak, decline and closure
The firm reached its peak in 1914 as Dixon's sons and grandsons expanded the business, selling goods throughout America and the Empire. At that time between 900 and 1000 people were employed at the works. Up until World War I Cornish Place was powered by steam power with a steam engine situated in the engine house which had a 135 feet high chimney on top (the chimney still stands today). Electrification of the works began during World War I although it was some time before steam power was not needed. Another effect of World War I was a reduction in demand for luxury products which hit the firm badly and from which they would never recover.

Competition from Japan in the production of cutlery was also a blow to Dixons, by the 1970s the firm was making regular annual losses and by 1982 had virtually collapsed with debts of over £1,000,000. At that time there were only 57 employees and parts of Cornish Place were let out to other businesses. A re-launch of the firm was attempted in 1984 with 30 employees but this was short-lived and Dixons was eventually absorbed into the Sheffield-based firm British Silverware. Production continued at Cornish Place until 1992 when the building closed.

Present day
In 1998 the disused Cornish Place was converted into apartments by the Sheffield-based architects Axis Architecture with construction work done by Gleesons.

Architecture
The east range which fronts onto Ball Street and the River Don is constructed from ashlar and brick with ashlar dressings and a Gablet roof made from slate and asbestos cement. There are four floors with the ground and first floor having attractive arched windows. The ground floor was made to be fireproof with extensive use of cast iron. The west range on Green Lane is brick built with ashlar dressing and decorative arched windows. The adjoining plating shop has distinctive large windows with clerestories above.

References

Industrial buildings and structures in Sheffield
Industrial buildings completed in 1860
Grade II* listed buildings in Sheffield

Cornish Place


I Was A Teenage Feminist is an documentary film directed by Therese Shechter, produced by UpFront Productions and distributed by Women Make Movies. The title is a play on that of the 1957 horror movie, I Was a Teenage Werewolf. The film explores the marked discomfort among many young, progressive women to identify themselves as feminists and how that discomfort came to be. Through personal narrative as well as interviews with feminist icons and everyday women and men, Shechter's film documents a complex, multi-generational look at feminist identity in today's world. The film had its television premiere on March 8, 2005 (International Women's Day) Canada's W Network, and it won Best Film at the National Council of Jewish Women Film Festival and Special Mention at the Karachi International Film Festival in 2006.

Synopsis
I Was A Teenage Feminist examines how and why an uneasiness with the word "feminist" has developed among modern, young women. Throughout the film, Shechter expresses her own struggle with identity as it relates to modern feminism and past iterations of the feminist movements. To illustrate Shechter's beginnings as the titular Teenage Feminist, the film uses music and scenes from "Free to Be… You and Me", archival footage from dated educational movies and home videos of Shechter as a teenager.

The film analyzes the history of feminism as well as its impact on modern culture through interviews with well-known academics and activists such as: Gloria Steinem, Letty Cottin Pogrebin, Elaine Alvarez, Jennifer Pozner, Jennifer Baumgardner, Nancy Scibilia and the NYC Radical Cheerleaders. I Was A Teenage Feminist also contains on-the-street style interviews with men and women in New York City, capturing candid discussions on the word "feminist." Shechter incorporates her own family members and friends, documenting how their opinions of feminism have changed over time.

The soundtrack includes music by Ani DiFranco, Lavababy, Gina Young, Moxie Starpark and "I Am Woman", in versions sung by both Helen Reddy and Farrell Burk.

Production
Therese Shechter directed and produced the film through her production company, Trixie Films. Other documentaries produced by Trixie Films include the feature How to Lose Your Virginity and the shorts How I Learned to Speak Turkish and #SlutWalkNYC. Trixie Films is currently based in Brooklyn, NY.

I Was A Teenage Feminist began production in 2001, originally as part of an assignment for a documentary film course at Union Theological Seminary taught by filmmaker Macky Alston. She filmed the movie over the next 4 years in New York, Washington D.C., Chicago and Toronto. In 2003, she pitched the work-in-progress at Hot Docs' Toronto Documentary Forum, which led to a production and broadcast partnership with UpFront Productions and the W Network.

Use in Education and Festival History

I Was A Teenage Feminist is frequently screened at colleges across the globe as part of Gender & Women's Studies courses.
Notable screenings include Duke University (2005), The American Center of New Delhi (2009) and the New Humanist House of Sydney (2013).

In addition, the film has screened at American and international film festivals such as:
In Other Words (Portland, 2013), 10th International Women's Film Festival (Seoul, 2008),  Cinema Politica Film Series (Dublin, 2010 & 2015),  Karachi International Film Festival (Karachi, 2006) and the National Council of Jewish Women Film Festival.

Critical reception
Bitch Magazine said of the film, "Evidence that feminism - whether second wave, third wave or no wave - hasn't ceased to be a vital, many-hued movement with something to offer women of any age."

The St. John's International Women's Film Festival wrote, "This film should be a primer for every Women's Studies student, but it is so wise and lively that you should bring along your fathers, brothers and boyfriends."

Danielle Kraten of Ms Magazine wrote, "The '50s horror movie-style title of Therese Shechter's documentary isn't accidental: The 40-year-old feminist saw younger women all but shriek in fear and run to escape the so-called f-word."

John Doyle of The Globe and Mail reviewed the film as "cheerful and straightforward."

Danielle Devereaux of The Scope wrote that "Shecter's quest to find feminism reveals that social movements, like identities, are never simple."

References

External links

 Official I Was a Teenage Feminist Website
 Women Make Movies Film Page

2005 films
Documentary films about feminism
American documentary films
Canadian documentary films
2005 documentary films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
2000s Canadian films

I Was a Teenage Feminist


The Otonabee Region Conservation Authority (ORCA), sometimes shortened to Otonabee Conservation, is a conservation authority in Ontario, Canada. Established in 1959 and based in Peterborough, its member municipalities include Asphodel-Norwood, Cavan-Monaghan, Douro-Dummer, City of Kawartha Lakes, Otonabee–South Monaghan, City of Peterborough, Selwyn, and Trent Hills. Major watercourses within the watershed administered by ORCA include the Otonabee, Indian, and Ouse rivers, and Baxter, Cavan, Jackson, Miller and Squirrel creeks.

Conservation Areas
Hope Mill
Imagine the Marsh
Jackson Creek Kiwanis Trail
Miller Creek Wildlife Area
Selwyn Beach Conservation Area
Squirrel Creek Otonabee-South Monaghan manages Squirrel Creek under an agreement with ORCA.
Warsaw Caves Conservation Area and Campground

In addition to the listed Conservation Areas, ORCA operates the campground area of Beavermead Park under agreement with the City of Peterborough.
Beavermead Campground

External links
Otonabee Conservation

Conservation authorities in Ontario
Organizations based in Peterborough, Ontario
Government agencies established in 1959
Water management authorities
1959 establishments in Ontario

Otonabee Region Conservation Authority


Cockett railway station was a former station on the West Wales Line from Swansea to Gowerton and onwards to .

The station was located on the west side of Swansea in the residential area of Cockett.

History
The railway line between Landore and Carmarthen was opened on 11 October 1852 by the broad gauge South Wales Railway, which later became part of the Great Western Railway. The engineer of this line was Isambard Kingdom Brunel. Originally the first station westwards from Landore was at Loughor; Cockett and Gowerton stations were opened at later dates. Cockett station was closed to passenger traffic on and from 2 November 1964.

There have been recent proposals to reopen the station as part of the Welsh Government's Rail infrastructure investment.

Cockett Tunnel
Just east of the station, towards Swansea, was the 829 yard Cockett Tunnel. The tunnel was cut through unstable soft ground and had wide cuttings at a shallow angle at either end.

The tunnel suffered a partial collapse in 1899, which was held to have been caused by the resumption of pumping operations at the long-closed Weig-fawr colliery, owned by Philip Richard (II), the flooded workings of which extended beneath the tunnel. The tunnel was completely closed for four weeks, after which traffic was resumed on a single line, but it was not fully restored until 1903, by which time steel ribs had been inserted into the bore of the tunnel at its eastern end (not the location of the collapse) to strengthen the roof. These were found to unduly restrict the loading gauge within the tunnel and were removed in 1908. At the same time the eastern end of the tunnel was opened out (reducing the length to 789 yards) and the cutting sides were supported by two brick-built flying arches  The banks of the cutting were so unstable that even during this opening-out work, timber horseshoe shoring was required.

References

External links
Fforestfachhistory.com

Beeching closures in Wales
Disused railway stations in Swansea
Former Great Western Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1852
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1964

Cockett railway station


It's Your Chance of a Lifetime is an American game show that aired on Fox in June 2000. Gordon Elliott hosted the show, with Mark Thompson serving as announcer (only to do the opening intro and contestant call-in at the end).

The show was an adaptation of the Australian game show The $1,000,000 Chance of a Lifetime; the name was changed in the United States because an unrelated 1980s game show had already used the name.

Broadcast information
It's Your Chance of a Lifetime aired from June 5 to June 10, 2000. but was canceled before it was to begin as a weekly series the following week.  The show was supposed to have aired five nights in a row from June 5 to June 9; however, when ABC decided to put a special episode of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? opposite it on June 7, Fox opted to not air an episode that day and delayed the remaining episodes one day each. Had the show made it to a regular time slot, it would have aired on Wednesdays in the early (8 ET/7 CT) time slot.

It's Your Chance of a Lifetime was one of the last entries in a boom in million-dollar game shows, fueled by the success of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, that aired during the 1999–2000 season; others included CBS's Winning Lines, NBC's revival of Twenty One and Fox's own Greed, which was still airing at the time (concluding its run a month after Chance left the air). Most of the other million-dollar game shows had been canceled that May.

Rules of the game
A solo player (chosen randomly from the audience) competed for a chance to win over $1,000,000 by answering a series of 10 open-ended questions. The first of these was a "Credit Card Question"; if the player answered correctly, his/her entire credit card bills were paid off, to a maximum of $10,000. He/she was also invited to run the billing statement through an onstage paper shredder, and kept the payoff regardless of the final outcome of the game. An incorrect answer ended the game immediately and sent the player home with no winnings.

A list of 10 categories was displayed, with each of the nine remaining questions drawn from a different category. The second question awarded $5,000 if answered correctly or ended the game for a miss. After giving a correct answer on any question, the player was told the category for the next question and had to decide whether to continue the game, or end it and keep all winnings. If the player chose to continue, they had to risk at least half of their total (exclusive of the credit card payoff), and had two minutes to give an answer and lock it in by pressing a button on their podium. Failing to respond within the time limit was counted as an automatic miss. If the player answered correctly, the amount of the wager was added to their bank; if they missed, it was deducted and the game ended, with the player keeping whatever was left of their bank.

The category list was always visible to the player and consisted of the following: Pop Culture, Famous Events, Movies, Famous Places, TV, Pop Music, Toys and Games, People, In the News, and Animal Kingdom. Categories were chosen at random before each turn and were removed from play after being used once.

The player was given two forms of assistance referred to as "Second Chances", each of which could be used once. One Second Chance gave the player three multiple-choice options, while the other discarded the current question and replaced it with one from the player's favorite category. Reaching the final three questions awarded a "Last Chance", which allowed him/her an extra use of either Second Chance.

If the player answered all 10 questions correctly, they won all money accumulated during the game, for a potential prize of $1,290,000 including the credit card payoff. The show's biggest winner was Dr. Tim Hsieh, who collected $1,042,309.16 in his game.

All winnings totals over $200,000 were paid as an annuity.

International versions

External links

2000 American television series debuts
2000 American television series endings
2000s American game shows
Fox Broadcasting Company original programming
English-language television shows

It's Your Chance of a Lifetime


Bullock Wood is a  biological Site of Special Scientific Interest on the northern outskirts of Colchester in Essex.

The site is mature coppice with a wide variety of trees. The main woodland type is hazel and sessile oak, which is rare nationally. The understorey is mainly coppiced hazel, and the ground flora is dominated by bramble and bracken.

The site is private land with no public access.

References

Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Essex

Bullock Wood


Mary Ann Adams Maverick (March 16, 1818 – February 24, 1898), was an early Texas pioneer and author of memoirs which form an important source of information about daily life in and around San Antonio during the Republic of Texas period through the American Civil War.

Early life

Mary Ann Adams was born in Tuscaloosa County, Alabama, to William Lewis Adams, a lawyer, and Agatha Strother (Lewis) Adams.  Her maternal grandmother was a cousin of James Madison, while her father's family had founded Lynchburg, Virginia.  Her parents lived along the James River in Virginia, where her father exported flour and tobacco.  During the War of 1812 her father left Virginia for what is now Alabama and bought a plantation near the site of Tuscaloosa.  While purchasing supplies in Mobile, Robert Adams answered Andrew Jackson's call for volunteers to help defend New Orleans and raised a company which he led at the  Battle of New Orleans.  In 1816, her mother came to live permanently in Alabama as well.

In Alabama, Robert Adams practiced law, and in 1827 he served as an agent of U.S. Treasury Department.  He died in June 1827, leaving his widow to raise their six surviving children, all under the age of 12.  Mary attended boarding school in Tuscaloosa to meet her father's wish that his children be appropriately educated.

On August 4, 1836, Mary Adams married Samuel Augustus Maverick, a Yale graduate who had been the Alamo garrison's delegate to the Convention of 1836 declaring Texas' independence from Mexico.  Sam Maverick sold his Alabama plantation at the beginning of 1837, and Mary Maverick accompanied her husband to New Orleans so that he could conduct business and be closer to news of Texas.  While she was in New Orleans, her brother William Adams left for Texas.  In March 1837, she and her husband visited his father in South Carolina, where they refused the elder Maverick's gift of his plantation.  On May 14, 1837, she gave birth to her first child, Samuel Maverick, Jr. in South Carolina.

Establishment in San Antonio

In October 1837, Mary Maverick, her brother, son, and seven slaves left South Carolina.  After a brief stop in Tuscaloosa, they left for the Republic of Texas on December 7, accompanied by her fifteen-year-old brother, Robert Adams, and three additional slaves.  The party crossed into Texas near New Year's Day 1838.  On February 4, they rented rooms at the home of George Sutherland, and for four months Maverick remained there while her husband continued on to San Antonio.

Maverick and the rest of her party reached San Antonio on June 15, 1838.  In her memoirs, she claims to have been the first U.S.-born female to settle in San Antonio, but letters to her mother mentioned another American lady, married to an Irishman, who died shortly after the Mavericks arrived.  The family rented rooms at the same home where her brother William resided.

Shortly after moving into a new home along the San Antonio River, Maverick gave birth to her second child, Lewis Antonio Maverick, who became the first Anglo-American child to be born in and grow up in San Antonio.  During the next few years, more Anglo families moved to San Antonio.  Her brothers returned to Alabama, but William came back to Texas in 1839 with another brother, Andrew, to begin farming. Mary was often left alone, as her husband spent months traveling for business or combing the Texas wilderness on surveying missions.

The Mavericks participated in the so-called Council House Fight on March 19, 1840, when half of a peace-delegation of sixty-five Comanches, consisting of men, women and children, was slaughtered and the other half taken hostage. The Comanche delegation arrived in San Antonio, a traditional safe haven for peace talks,  to negotiate a peace treaty and a demarcation line and bargain for the ransom of white captives.  The army had ordered prior to the meeting that, if not all Anglo-Texans believed to be Comanche captives at that time were  returned at the beginning of the talks, all the negotiators of the band be held until the captives were returned, and then the ransom would be paid. Maverick and a female neighbor had been watching several Indian children playing when they heard gunfire within the council house and saw Indians fleeing from the building.  She alerted her husband and brother Andrew, and, while Samuel Maverick rushed outside to chase down the Indians, Maverick and Andrew hurried outside to find the children.  They discovered three of the fugitive Indians in the back yard, while their slave cook, Jinny, tried to protect the two Maverick children and her own four children by threatening the Indians with a large rock.  Andrew Adams shot two of the three Indians and joined the main fight.  Maverick hid her children in the house and watched the battle through the windows.  At one point she was curious enough to go outside for a closer look, but was ordered to return indoors by a soldier.  The skirmish continued until all of the Indians were dead or captured.  In her diary, Maverick wrote that "'All [Indians] had a chance to surrender ... and every one who offered or agreed to give up was taken prisoner and protected.'"

Two  days after the battle, Samuel Maverick again left his wife and children alone, under the protection of her two brothers. During his business trip, Sam sold many of his lands in South Carolina and Alabama, and bought two years worth of provisions, which he had shipped to Linville, Texas.  Before he could escort the goods on to San Antonio, Linville was raided by a party led by Buffalo Hump, during the Great Raid of 1840, and all of their provisions were destroyed.

In December 1840, Maverick's aunt and uncle, John and Ann Bradley, arrived in Texas from Alabama along with their young children.  Happy to be surrounded by family again, Maverick expanded her own family in April 1841 with the birth of her daughter Agatha.  Later that year, Maverick's mother, Agatha Adams, planned a journey to visit them and to consider settling in Texas.  She fell ill days before she was scheduled to leave, however, and died on October 2.

Runaway of '42
The citizens of San Antonio received word in February 1842 that Mexican president Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna was again sending troops into Texas, which Mexico still did not recognize as a separate country.  The Mavericks left some of their possessions with Mexican neighbors and joined their other Anglo neighbors in the Runaway of '42.  With her brothers William and Andrew, Maverick and her immediate family travelled east, the first time Maverick had left San Antonio since her arrival.  For several days, she and the children boarded with a rancher outside of Seguin while her husband and brothers returned to San Antonio to fight.  On March 6, the sixth anniversary of the fall of the Alamo, Maverick received word that San Antonio had fallen to Santa Anna.  She worried about her men for several days until they appeared, having turned back before reaching San Antonio.  The Mavericks moved on to Gonzales, where they squatted in a house left empty when its residents had fled in the Runaway.

The men accompanied Texas army troops to retake San Antonio, and the Mexican army retreated without a fight, although they caused a great deal of damage to the homes of American citizens.   Samuel Maverick returned to his wife and moved her to LaGrange so that she would be farther from the threat of Indian attacks.  On April 30 he left Maverick alone there while he returned to Alabama to get her younger sister, Elizabeth, who had been living as a boarder since her mother died the previous year.

Samuel Maverick returned to San Antonio without his family in late August 1842 to argue a case before the district court.  The Mexican army, under General Adrian Woll, surrounded San Antonio and captured the small number of Anglo-American men in the city.  On September 15, Samuel Maverick and his countrymen were forced to march toward Mexico.  Mary Maverick's brothers participated in the Battle of the Salado on September 18, where their company ambushed some of the Mexican soldiers, killing 60 of them.  Her uncle John Bradley joined another company, and Maverick sent her slave Griffin to go with him.  She instructed Griffin to pose as a runaway slave bound for Mexico in the hope that he would be able to help free Samuel Maverick.  As an extra assurance, she gave Griffin funds that could be used to ransom back her husband.  This band of Texans was surprised by a Mexican cavalry detachment. Griffin was killed in the battle, and Bradley was taken captive and marched to join Samuel Maverick and the other prisoners.  Maverick continued to receive letters from her husband during his captivity, so that she could be comforted that he was still alive.

Other
Mary Maverick bore ten children over a span of 21 years.  Four died of illness before the age of eight, which led Mary to seek solace in the spiritualism which was increasingly popular in mid-19th-century America. As her surviving children grew up, she became active in the public sphere. During the Civil War, while four of her sons served in the Confederate States Army, she was active in San Antonio relief efforts. Her memoirs relate her attempts to revive the then-dying art of homespun cloth production to supply the needs of the Confederate cause.  A devout Episcopalian, she was instrumental in establishing St. Mark's Church in San Antonio and served as president of the Ladies' Parish Aid Society.

Later life
After Sam's death in 1870, as San Antonio grew, Mary Maverick made efforts to see that the pioneer past was not forgotten. She was a prominent member of the San Antonio Historical Society and the Daughters of the Republic of Texas. She helped promote the annual Battle of Flowers celebration, and devoted effort to the restoration and preservation of the Alamo as an historic site.

Her watercolor sketch of the Alamo, completed during her first residence in San Antonio, is one of the earliest-known depictions after the battle.  Although she did not herself immigrate to Texas until two years after the fall of the Alamo, in 1889 she wrote a brief account of the battle based on the recollections of witnesses. She died on February 24, 1898, and was buried beside her husband at San Antonio City Cemetery Number 1.

Memoirs
Throughout her life, Mary had kept diaries of her experiences. In 1895, with the help of her son George Madison Maverick, she published these as her memoirs. They provide an engrossing and vivid picture of life on the Texas frontier and mid-19th-century San Antonio, including household management, child-rearing and family life, medical practices, and social and political observations. Mary Maverick's writings, in particular her eyewitness account of the Council House Fight in San Antonio in 1840, are often cited in studies of Texas pioneer life.

In particular, she claimed that Matilda Lockhart, the white captive who was returned by the Comanches to white authorities on that day, had been beaten, raped and had suffered burns to her body. Allegedly, her face was severely disfigured, with her nose entirely burned away, a detail which has been commonly included in Texas history descriptions of the incident since the publications of the Maverick memoirs in 1895.

Reports of abuse are, however, conspicuously missing in primary documents authored by eyewitnesses immediately after the event. Neither Col. Hugh McLeod mentioned any abuse in his report of March 20, 1840 (commenting on the intelligence of the girl but nothing like a missing nose), nor any other Texas officials at the time nor Matilda Lockhart's own sister-in-law, who was in San Antonio, in a letter written to her own mother shortly after the release. Anderson writes: "While published in the 1890s, this description has been used by historians to claim that the massacre came about as a result of the justifiable rage of Texas men. Yet none of the Texas officials claimed this to be the case at the time; evidence of abuse is conspicuously missing in the primary documents, however no reliable narrative counters it. Maverick may have exaggerated Lockhart's condition because of the growing criticism of Texas in the American and European Press. The most significant source on Matilda's condition is a brief statement made in a letter by her sister-in-law, Catherine Lockhart, who was in San Antonio. Catherine describes Matilda's release but says nothing of abuse."

Footnotes

References

 Memoirs of Mary A. Maverick, Rena Maverick Green, ed.  (San Antonio: 1921).
 Samuel Maverick, Texan, Rena Maverick Green, ed.  (San Antonio, 1952).
 Maverick Family Papers, Barker Texas History Center, University of Texas at Austin.
 The Conquest of Texas - Ethnic Cleansing in the Promised Land, 1820-1875, Gary Clayton Anderson  (Norman: 2005).

External links
Early photo of Mary Maverick with five of her children.
Samuel Maverick: John Howland's Texas Legacy
Mary Maverick's description of the Council House Fight of 1840
Mary Ann Adams Maverick in the Texas State Historical Association's Handbook of Texas Online

1818 births
1898 deaths
People from San Antonio
Historians of Texas
Ranchers from Texas
Burials at San Antonio City Cemetery No. 1
American women historians
19th-century American women writers
American women slave owners

Mary Maverick


Little Armadillos is an alternative comedy sketch show in sitcom format that aired on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom in 1984. Set in a nightclub (The Seal Club) run by the psychotic brothers Wayne and Donny Armadillo, the show ran for seven 30-minute episodes from 13 September to 25 October 1984 and has never been repeated or released on video or DVD. Written by Pete Richens and Colin Gibson, it starred Steve Steen and Jim Sweeney as Wayne and Donny respectively, and co-starred Daniel Peacock, Helen Lederer, Phil Nice, Steve Frost and Mark Arden, among other members of the alternative comedy scene of the early Eighties. The show also featured The Flatlettes, who sang short songs within the show which were written by Colin Gibson and Kenny Craddock. the show was directed by Bob Spiers.

"Those that can remember this dark 'alternative comedy' have fond memories of it however the show has now faded into oblivion." British Sitcom Guide.

External links

1980s British comedy television series
1984 British television series debuts
1984 British television series endings
Channel 4 sketch shows
Channel 4 sitcoms

Little Armadillos


Emma Webster, also known as Granny, is an animated fictional character under Warner Bros.' Merrie Melodies and Looney Tunes animated shorts of the 1950s and 1960s. She is the owner of Tweety, Hector the Bulldog and Sylvester the Cat.

Granny is a good-natured widowed woman. She is highly protective of her beloved canary, Tweety. Granny's being overprotective becomes known when Tweety is threatened, usually by Sylvester. She has the appearance of a kindly old woman, although she has shown her cleverness in many cartoons.

Appearances
The idea of Granny began under the Little Red Riding Hood character. She first appeared as such in the 1937 animated short Little Red Waking Hood. Further appearances of a similar granny included The Cagey Canary (1941), Hiss and Make Up (1943) and Hare Force (1944).

Although Granny was always shown with her animal companions, she was sometimes shown without them. For instance, in the 1953 short Hare Trimmed, she played a rich widow who was being fought over by two men, Yosemite Sam and Bugs Bunny. The latter was out to stop the earlier's evil plan to marry her and then get her money. Sam called her Emma and then Emmy.

Granny made appearances in many other cartoons.

Looney Tunes characters
Fictional characters introduced in the 1950s
Tune Squad players
Animated human characters

Granny (Looney Tunes)


José del Pozo (c. 1757, Seville - c. 1821, Lima) was a Spanish painter; known primarily for his participation in the Malaspina Expedition. He spent most of his career in Peru. Some sources give his year of death as 1830.

Life and work
His father was the painter Pedro del Pozo (died 1785), who was appointed Director of the Real Escuela de Tres Nobles Artes in 1775. His original studies were at that institution and, ten years later, upon his father's death, José was chosen to succeed him, with reduced responsibilities.

Malaspina Expedition
In 1789, Alessandro Malaspina, before departing from Cádiz, asked , a member of the Council of Castile, to find a young painter would could accompany him on the expedition. De Bruna had been a friend of José's father, so he recommended him. The expedition's first stop was at Montevideo, where the artists produced drawings of the plant and animal species. Two (of plants) are signed by him and are currently preserved at the Museo Naval de Madrid. They also possess two of his watercolors, depicting Puerto Deseado; the first paintings made in Argentina.

He produced numerous drawings of landscapes and people in Patagonia, and several portraits of indigenous people were later sent to King Carlos IV from Callao. By 1790, they had reached the port of Talcahuano, then went on to Concepción, Valparaíso and Santiago.

Lima
Despite the support of Malaspina, he was dismissed from the expedition before it left Callao. No reason has ever been ascertained. However, the new Viceroy of Peru, Francisco Gil de Taboada, was an acquaintance of his, so he decided to stay in Lima rather than return to Spain. Soon, he founded an art school and devoted himself to painting portraits of prominent people, as well as creating some religious works. He died there, sometime around 1821, but certainly before 1830; possibly from causes related to the Peruvian War of Independence.

References

 Carmen Sotos Serrano, Los pintores de la expedición de Alejandro Malaspina, Madrid, Real Academia de la Historia, 1982.

External links

 Miguel Ángel Puig-Samper, "Illustrators of the New World. The Image in the Spanish Scientific Expeditions of the Enlightenment ", Culture & History Digital Journal, Vol 1, No 2, 2012.

1750s births
1820s deaths
Spanish painters
Peruvian painters
Peruvian male painters
Portrait painters
Painters from Seville
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death uncertain

José del Pozo


A dim sim is Chinese-inspired meat and vegetable dumpling-style snack food, popular in Australia and to a lesser extent in New Zealand. It was popularized by a Chinese immigrant in Melbourne who originally came from Guangdong, William Chen Wing Young, the father of Australian celebrity chef, author  and TV personality Elizabeth Chong. The name derives from the pronunciation diim syiim (點心) in Toisanese, the predominant dialect spoken at the time by Central Melbourne's Chinese community.

Description
The commercial snack food normally consists of minced meat, cabbage, and seasoning, encased in a wrapper similar to that of a traditional siu mai dumpling. They are typically cylindrical, or sometimes a larger, globular shape. They can be steamed or deep fried, and are commonly dressed or dipped in soy sauce, or sweet chilli sauce. An alternative way of cooking dim sims is to barbecue them, by cutting the dim sim in half lengthwise and placing on a hot barbecue. A barbecued dim sim is known as a "Moe Oyster" after the Victorian township of Moe. Vegetarian dim sims normally contain cabbage, carrot, vermicelli, Chinese shiitake mushrooms or other vegetable fillings, along with seasoning, although these are not generally available in commercial outlets.

Dim sims differ from typical Chinese dumplings in that they are often much larger, have a thicker, doughier skin and are shaped more robustly.
They are primarily sold in fish and chip shops, service stations, corner shops, and some Chinese restaurants and takeaway outlets in Australia. Supermarkets, some Chinese yum cha wholesale outlets and Asian frozen food companies also commonly sell this snack frozen for home cooking. They can also be found at Chinese food outlets in New Zealand.

The term dim sim dates as far back as 1928, although the modern recipe of the dish most likely was developed in Melbourne's Chinatown in 1945 by entrepreneur William Chen Wing Young for his food processing  company Wing Lee. The larger, globular version of the dish is commonly known as a "South Melbourne dim sim" due to it originating at South Melbourne Market.

Original recipe
William Wing Young's "original recipe" for the dim sim was presented by Elizabeth Chong on the second episode of the ABC1 TV show Myf Warhurst's Nice (20 June 2012). It consisted of pork, prawns, water chestnuts, spring onions, and soy sauce wrapped in a soft skin-like wrapper.

See also
 Dim sum
 Chinese restaurants in Australia

References

Australian snack foods
Dumplings
Chinese-Australian culture
Australian Chinese cuisine
Cuisine of Victoria (state)

Dim sim


Li Xian () (29 January 655 – 13 March 684), courtesy name Mingyun (), formally Crown Prince Zhanghuai (), named Li De () from 675 to 680, was a crown prince of the Chinese Tang Dynasty.  He was the sixth son of Emperor Gaozong, and the second son of his second wife Empress Wu (later known as Wu Zetian). He was known for writing commentaries for the Book of Later Han, the official history of the Eastern Han Dynasty.  He became crown prince in 675 after his older brother Li Hong's death (which traditional historians believed to be a poisoning by Empress Wu), but soon fell out of favor and generosity with Empress Wu herself and that's what caused his downfall. In 680, Empress Wu had her associates accuse Li Xian of treason, and he was demoted to commoner rank and exiled. In 684, after Emperor Gaozong's death, Empress Wu, then empress dowager, had her associate Qiu Shenji (丘神勣) visit Li Xian to force him to commit suicide.

In 706, his younger brother Emperor Zhongzong provided Li Xian with an honorable burial by interring his remains at the Qianling Mausoleum.

Background

Li Xian was born on 29 January 655, as the sixth son of Emperor Gaozong and the second son of his then-favorite concubine Consort Wu (later known as Wu Zetian).  There were, however, persistent rumors inside the palace that he was not actually born of Consort Wu but of her older sister Wu Shun (who was later created the Lady of Han).

In 655, the same year that his mother Consort Wu displaced Emperor Gaozong's first wife Empress Wang as empress, Li Xian was created the Prince of Lu.  In 656, he was initially titularly given the post of prefect of Qi Prefecture (岐州, roughly modern Baoji, Shaanxi), and then the dual posts as prefect of the capital prefecture Yong Prefecture (雍州, roughly modern Xi'an, Shaanxi) and commandant at You Prefecture (幽州, roughly modern Beijing).

It was said that his behavior was elegant, even in his youth, and, according to a comment that Emperor Gaozong made to the chancellor Li Ji, he had studied the Classic of History, Classic of Rites, Analects, and a number of ancient poems and could remember them clearly.  In 661, his title was changed to Prince of Pei, and he was given the titles of commandant at Yang Prefecture (揚州, roughly modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu) and major general, but he continued to also serve as prefect of Yong Prefecture.  At this time, he had the literarily talented official Wang Bo on staff.

Around this time, the princes were apparently often engaged in cockfighting.  Wang Bo wrote a playful piece entitled the Declaration Against the Prince of Zhou's Cock (檄周王雞文) (the Prince of Zhou was Li Xian's brother Li Xiǎn (note different tone), later named Li Zhe), which, however, when Emperor Gaozong read it, caused Emperor Gaozong to be angry, as he believed this would cause discord between his sons, and therefore expelled Wang from the Pei mansion.

In 672, Li Xian's title was changed to Prince of Yong, and he was given the titles of commandant at Liang Prefecture (涼州, roughly modern Wuwei, Gansu), but continued to also serve as general and prefect of Yong Prefecture.  His name was also changed to Li De.  In 674, his name was changed back to Li Xian.

As crown prince

In 675, Li Xian's older brother Li Hong the crown prince died—a death that traditional historians generally believed to be a poisoning ordered by Empress Wu. On July 3, Li Xian was created crown prince to replace Li Hong.  Emperor Gaozong soon ordered that much of government matters be ruled on by Li Xian, But because most of the imperial work was done by Empress Wu, his decisions were under her mother's control. But Li Xian was praised for making good decisions. Also around this time, Li Xian led a group of scholars, including Zhang Da'an, Liu Nayan (劉訥言), Ge Xiyuan (格希元), Xu Shuya (許叔牙), Cheng Xuanyi (成玄一), Shi Cangzhu (史藏諸), and Zhou Baoning (周寶寧), in writing commentaries for the Book of Later Han, the official history of the Eastern Han Dynasty, written by the Liu Song scholar Fan Ye.

Meanwhile, Li Xian's relationship with Empress Wu began to deteriorate, as Li Xian had heard the rumors that he was actually the son of Lady of Han, and had become fearful. Empress Wu, detecting this, had her literary staff write two works entitled, Good Examples for Shaoyang (少陽正範, "Shaoyang" being an oblique term for a crown prince) and Biographies of Filial Sons (孝子傳) and gave them to Li Xian, and further wrote a number of letters rebuking Li Xian, making him more fearful. At the same time, Empress Wu relieved his duties as head of many government decisions and changed all of Li Xian's previous policies. Further, when the sorcerer Ming Chongyan (明崇儼), who was well-trusted by Emperor Gaozong and Empress Wu, was assassinated in 679, Empress Wu suspected Li Xian—as Ming had been known to repeatedly make comments to Empress Wu that included, "The Crown Prince cannot bear the responsibilities of state.  The Prince of Ying [(i.e., Li Xian's younger brother Li Zhe, later Emperor Zhongzong] has an appearance most similar to Emperor Taizong ([Emperor Gaozong's father])," and "The Prince of Xiang [(i.e., Li Xian's younger brother Li Dan, later Emperor Ruizong)] has the most honorable appearance."

Meanwhile, Li Xian was also known for his liking of music and women. (Some historians, pointing to oblique references that he was "particularly close" to a number of male servants, also believe that he liked sexual relations with both women and men.) When Empress Wu heard this, she had people report the news to Emperor Gaozong, who then ordered an investigation, led by the officials Xue Yuanchao, Pei Yan, and Gao Zhizhou. When they searched the crown prince's stables, they found several hundred suits of black armor, and they believed this to be evidence of a coup. After interrogation, one of Li Xian's favorite servants, Zhao Daosheng (趙道生), admitted to assassinating Ming on Li Xian's orders. Emperor Gaozong, who had favored Li Xian, considered pardoning him, but Empress Wu refused, and she asked him to be quiet. On September 20, 680, Emperor Gaozong deposed Li Xian and reduced him to commoner rank, delivering him from the eastern capital Luoyang (where Emperor Gaozong and Empress Wu had long taken up residence) to the capital Chang'an to be imprisoned there. His close associates were executed, and the seized armor was burned publicly to demonstrate Li Xian's treason. Li Zhe was created crown prince to replace him.

After removal
In 683, Li Xian was moved from Chang'an to Ba Prefecture (巴州, roughly modern Bazhong, Sichuan).  In 684, after Emperor Gaozong's death, Li Zhe initially took the throne (as Emperor Zhongzong), but soon was deposed himself due to signs of disobedience to Empress Wu (now empress dowager), and Li Dan became emperor instead (as Emperor Ruizong), although Empress Dowager Wu retained all powers as regent.  In spring 684, she sent the general Qiu Shenji to Ba Prefecture with the order of, "Examine the house of Li Xian the former crown prince to prevent external attacks."  However, she hinted to him that he should have Li Xian killed.  When he got to Ba Prefecture, he placed Li Xian into a small room and forced him to commit suicide.  When news of Li Xian's death arrived at Luoyang, Empress Wu publicly blamed Qiu and demoted him to the post of prefect of Die Prefecture (疊州, roughly modern Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu), while publicly mourning Li Xian and posthumously creating him the title of Prince of Yong.  (Qiu was soon recalled to Luoyang to again be general.)  After Empress Wu's death in 705 and the restoration of Emperor Zhongzong to the throne, Emperor Zhongzong had Li Xian's casket returned to Chang'an, to be buried near the tomb of Emperor Gaozong.  After Emperor Ruizong became emperor again in 710, he had Li Xian's crown prince title restored.

Ancestry

Family

Wife
Princess Fang of Yong→Crown Princess→commoner→Princess of Yong (again)→Princess Dowager of Bin→Crown Princess Jing(posthumous)

Concubine
Consort Zhang

Issue
Li Guangshun(李光顺), Prince of Le'an, later emigrated to Yifeng and killed. Posthumously honored Prince of Ju
Li Shouli(李守礼), born Li Guangren(李光仁), born by Consort Zhang. He would be created Prince of Bin and treated as son of an emperor when his cousin Emperor Xuanzong was reigning
Li Shouyi(李守义), Prince of Qianwei, later emigrated to Guiyang and died there. Posthumously honored Prince of Bi
Lady Changxin(长信郡主), she was demoted to xianzhu (literally mistress of prefecture), and her later fate was unknown

None of the sons was born by Princess Fang. Whether Princess Fang mothered Lady Changxin was also unknown.

Notes

References
 Old Book of Tang, vol. 86.
 New Book of Tang, vol. 81.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 200, 202, 203.

Tang dynasty imperial princes
Tang dynasty historians
7th-century Chinese historians
655 births
684 deaths
Wu Zetian
Heirs apparent who never acceded
Suicides in the Tang dynasty

Prince Zhanghuai


John Kennedy Jr. (1847–1928) was an American politician in Utah and leader in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was the bishop of the Argyle Ward of the LDS Church in Argyle, Utah, during its entire existence. Kennedy was also a member of the Utah State Legislature, the Rich County Commission, and a justice of the peace.

Kennedy was born 12 October 1847 in Kilmarnock, Ayrshire, Scotland, to John Kennedy and his wife Elizabeth Black. In the 1860s, he joined the LDS Church along with the rest of his family and in 1870 sailed to America on the ship Colorado with his brother James. The Kennedy brothers worked as coal miners in Pennsylvania and then in Almy, Wyoming. Soon after arriving in Almy, Kennedy married Hannah Simpson. John and Hannah became the parents of 16 children.

Kennedy later moved to Argyle, Utah, where he worked as a farmer and rancher. He served as bishop of the Argyle Ward from its organization in 1895 until it was merged with the Randolph Ward in 1913. He died March 5, 1928, in Randolph, Utah.

References

Hickman, Martin Berkeley. David Matthew Kennedy: Banker, Statesman, Churchman. (Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book, 1987) p. 2-6.
Andrew Jenson. Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia. Vol. 3, p. 434-435.

1847 births
1928 deaths
Converts to Mormonism
Scottish emigrants to the United States
Members of the Utah House of Representatives
People from Rich County, Utah
People from Kilmarnock
Scottish leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Latter Day Saints from Utah

John Kennedy (Utah politician)


Charles Montague Cooke Jr. House and Kūkaōō Heiau is a property in Honolulu, Hawaii. The house, also known as Kualii (also spelled Kualii), was built in 1911–1912 for Charles Montague Cooke Jr., and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. The listing's boundaries were increased in 2000 to include the Kūkaōō Heiau (Tax Map Keys 2-9-19:35 and 2-9-19:43, respectively).

Building history
In 1902, wealthy businessman Charles Montague Cooke (of Castle & Cooke) gave his son Monty (as Charles Montague Cooke Jr. was called) a large tract of land on a high ridge in Mānoa Valley that contained an ancient Hawaiian heiau. That was the year Monty married Lila Lefferts. In 1911, Monty hired two prominent architects, Walter Emory and Marshall Webb, to build a large stone mansion in Tudor style on the hillside above the heiau. The house cost $40,000 and was named for an ancient Hawaiian chief.

The basement and ground floor, built of basalt lava rock quarried on site, support two upper floors of half-timber and stucco. At each end of the house is a heavy stone chimney, one rising from the kitchen, the other from the living room. The central entry bay is covered by a porte-cochere with stone columns and a half gabled second floor above it, and flanked by gabled entry bays at each end of the house.

Heiau
The name of the heiau (temple of ancient Hawaii), Kūkaōō, is composed of kū 'stand' + ka 'the' + ōō 'digging stick', and has several possible translations. According to one source, it means 'Kū of the digging stick'. According to another, it means 'standing digging stick', in apparent reference to an old legend about a chief named Kawelo who was said to have thrown a digging stick from the highest mountain at the back of the valley down onto the hill where the heiau stands, known as Puu Pueo 'owl hill'.

The square-shaped heiau measures about 12 meters across and stands about 6 meters above the flat, rocky clearing on which it stands. The late Bernice P. Bishop Museum anthropologist Kenneth Emory estimated the heiau to be 1,000 years old. Its gardens used to help sustain the population of the ahupuaa of Waikiki.

In 1992, the current owners, Samuel Alexander Cooke (born 1937, grandson of Charles Montague Cooke Jr.) and Mary Cooke, purchased the land and commissioned preservationist Nathan Napoka to reconstruct the walls of the old heiau, which had been badly overgrown. Stonemason Billy Fields relied on survey drawings from the 1930s to rebuild the walls, using only rocks found on-site.

In 1996, the Mānoa Heritage Center was established to manage the site and offer educational tours.

Gallery

References

External links

Heiau
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Hawaii
Houses completed in 1912
History of Oahu
Buildings and structures in Honolulu
Houses in Honolulu County, Hawaii
1912 establishments in Hawaii
National Register of Historic Places in Honolulu
Native Hawaiian culture in Honolulu

Charles Montague Cooke Jr. House and Kūkaʻōʻō Heiau