Sponk! is a children's television game show produced by Sesame Workshop and Insight Productions for the Noggin channel. It was Sesame Workshop's first original production for Noggin. It premiered on Noggin on September 10, 2001 and ended on March 4, 2002. The series reran on Nickelodeon on Sunday mornings, starting September 16.

The premise of Sponk! was improvisational comedy, similar to the show Whose Line Is It Anyway?  Two teams of performers depicted suggestions in a variety of games.  Viewers suggested their ideas by submitting them to the Noggin website.  "SID" (Suggestion & Idea Distributor) was the name of the computer on the show that picked the ideas submitted by Noggin.com members. From 2002 to 2004, Noggin aired reruns of Sponk! as part of its nighttime programming block, The N.

Cast
The cast included host Johnathan McClain, and announcer (as the voice of SID) Karen Fowler.  The performers were all young actors.  Among them were Julia Kay, Tim Dorsch, Scott Irby-Rainnar, Lori Wells, Miles Thompson (who later went on to star in the feature film Me and You and Everyone We Know and cameoed in Return To Sleepaway Camp), Allie Berdebes, Vanessa Lengies, and Louie Torrellas.

Gameplay

It resembled a classic Nickelodeon game show, featuring young actors and a young studio audience. The performers were four boys and four girls but with two sitting out and six competing in a red team and blue team. The ideas for the improvisational and sketch contests were submitted by the home audience through Noggin.com. SID would then pick a submission and provide credit for the home audience (as their screen name). Later, She announced the winner of a small electronic device.

The studio audience participated as judges for the sketches. They disqualified a contestant by yelling out, "Sponk!". When time ran out, the audience voted the winner by raising the side of their "Spaddle" to vote for the red team or blue team. The "prize" that the performers competed for  was the Sponk Trophy, a golden rubber chicken. Occasionally an audience member would be the sketch  participant while the original performers acted as a celebrity panel, and won a small prize for participating.

References

External links

Sponk! on SesameWorkshop.org

Noggin (brand) original programming
The N original programming
2000s American children's comedy television series
2000s American children's game shows
2000s American comedy game shows
2000s American sketch comedy television series
2001 American television series debuts
2002 American television series endings
2000s Canadian children's television series
2000s Canadian game shows
2000s Canadian sketch comedy television series
2001 Canadian television series debuts
2002 Canadian television series endings
American children's education television series
Canadian children's comedy television series
Canadian children's education television series
Children's sketch comedy
English-language television shows
Improvisational television series
Television series about teenagers
Television series by Insight Productions
Television series by Sesame Workshop

Sponk!


Éva Pócs (born 1936) is a Hungarian ethnographer and folklorist.

Education and academic career
Éva Pócs was born in 1936. She is the younger sister of botanist Tamás Pócs (born 1936).
She began her career at the Néprajzi Múzeum where she was an intern between 1959 and 1960. On gaining her first degree in 1960 in Hungarian Folklore, Museology, and Secondary School Teaching from Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), she joined the curatorial staff of the  in Szolnok. Between 1965 and 1968 Pócs worked as a graduate researcher (aspirantúra) in the Department of Folklore at ELTE.

Following her studies at ELTE, Pócs joined the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA Néprajzi Kutatóintézete), where she was a fellow between 1968 and 1989, and then as Head of department for the Institute of Ethnography from 1990 until she took partial retirement in 2001.  She received her PhD degree in Ethnology (Folklore) in 1982 and her DSc in 1998. During her time at MTA Néprajzi Kutatóintézete, Pócs also lectured for the University of Szeged between 1991 and 1999. Following her partial retirement in 2001, she continued to work as a senior research fellow at MTA Néprajzi Kutatóintézete. Between 1999 and 2007 she was Professor of Cultural Anthropology at Janus Pannonius University (PTE) in Pécs, Hungary, and since 2008 she has been Professor Emeritus.

Pócs has lectured at many European universities, including Berlin, Stockholm, Lund, London, York, Edinburgh, and Helsinki.

She is an author of several books dealing with supernatural beliefs and patterns of communication in early modern Europe.

Awards

Pócs has received a number of awards and scholarships over her career.

 1972: Jankó János prize (Hungarian Ethnographic Society)
 1995: Pro Scientia prize and medal
 1995: István Györffy medal (Hungarian Ethnographic Society)
 1998: "Year of Outstanding Intellectual Creation" prize (University of Pécs)
 2000: Jenő Szűcs Prize (Soros Foundation)
 2002: Gyula Ortutay medal (Hungarian Ethnographic Society)
 2003: "Year of Outstanding Intellectual Creation" prize (University of Pécs)
 2004: Herder Prize
 2009: Honorary membership of the International Society for Folk Narrative Research (ISFNR)

Pócs is a past president of the Folklore Section of the Hungarian Ethnographic Societyhu (a post currently held by Dániel Bárth).

Publications
Her publications in English include:
Fairies and Witches at the Boundary of South-Eastern and Central Europe (1989)
Between the Living and the Dead: A Perspective on Witches and Seers in the Early Modern Age (1999)
(co-author) Communicating With The Spirits (2005)
(editor) Witchcraft, Mythologies and Persecution, with Gabor Klaniczay.
(editor) Christian Demonology And Popular Mythology : Demons, Spirits, Witches, with Gabor Klaniczay.

Fairies and Witches was deemed an "important monograph" on the subject of the link between folklore on fairies and belief in witches, by Hilda Ellis Davidson, especially as it covered the folklore in regions such as Hungary and Southwestern Europe whose language are "Europe not normally accessible" to many readers.

References

External links
 Listing at the Hungarian Academy of Science
 Ponticulus Hungaricus
 Hungarian Doctoral Council - Profile

 Works of Éva Pócs in the Kriza János Ethnographic Society's Text Collection

1936 births
Living people
Hungarian anthropologists
Hungarian ethnographers
Hungarian women anthropologists
Herder Prize recipients

Éva Pócs


In statistics, a probit model is a type of regression where the dependent variable can take only two values, for example married or not married. The word is a portmanteau, coming from probability + unit. The purpose of the model is to estimate the probability that an observation with particular characteristics will fall into a specific one of the categories; moreover, classifying observations based on their predicted probabilities is a type of binary classification model.

A probit model is a popular specification for a binary response model. As such it treats the same set of problems as does logistic regression using similar techniques. When viewed in the generalized linear model framework, the probit model employs a probit link function. It is most often estimated using the maximum likelihood procedure, such an estimation being called a probit regression.

Conceptual framework
Suppose a response variable Y is binary, that is it can have only two possible outcomes which we will denote as 1 and 0. For example, Y may represent presence/absence of a certain condition, success/failure of some device, answer yes/no on a survey, etc. We also have a vector of regressors X, which are assumed to influence the outcome Y. Specifically, we assume that the model takes the form

where P is the probability and  is the cumulative distribution function of the standard normal distribution. The parameters β are typically estimated by maximum likelihood.

It is possible to motivate the probit model as a latent variable model.  Suppose there exists an auxiliary  random variable

where ε ~ N(0, 1). Then Y can be viewed as an indicator for whether this latent variable is positive:

The use of the standard normal distribution causes no loss of generality compared with the use of a normal distribution with an arbitrary mean and standard deviation, because adding a fixed amount to the mean can be compensated by subtracting the same amount from the intercept, and multiplying the standard deviation by a fixed amount can be compensated by multiplying the weights by the same amount.

To see that the two models are equivalent, note that

Model estimation

Maximum likelihood estimation
Suppose data set  contains n independent statistical units corresponding to the model above.

For the single observation, conditional on the vector of inputs of that observation, we have:

where  is a vector of  inputs, and  is a  vector of coefficients.

The likelihood of a single observation  is then

In fact, if , then , and if , then .

Since the observations are independent and identically distributed, then the likelihood of the entire sample, or the joint likelihood, will be equal to the product of the likelihoods of the single observations:

The joint log-likelihood function is thus

The estimator  which maximizes this function will be consistent, asymptotically normal and efficient provided that  exists and is not singular. It can be shown that this log-likelihood function is globally concave in , and therefore standard numerical algorithms for optimization will converge rapidly to the unique maximum.

Asymptotic distribution for  is given by

where

and  is the Probability Density Function (PDF) of standard normal distribution.

Semi-parametric and non-parametric maximum likelihood methods for probit-type and other related models are also available.

Berkson's minimum chi-square method

This method can be applied only when there are many observations of response variable  having the same value of the vector of regressors  (such situation may be referred to as "many observations per cell"). More specifically, the model can be formulated as follows.

Suppose among n observations  there are only T distinct values of the regressors, which can be denoted as . Let  be the number of observations with  and  the number of such observations with . We assume that there are indeed "many" observations per each "cell": for each .

Denote

Then Berkson's minimum chi-square estimator is a generalized least squares estimator in a regression of  on  with weights :

It can be shown that this estimator is consistent (as n→∞ and T fixed), asymptotically normal and efficient. Its advantage is the presence of a closed-form formula for the estimator. However, it is only meaningful to carry out this analysis when individual observations are not available, only their aggregated counts , , and  (for example in the analysis of voting behavior).

Gibbs sampling
Gibbs sampling of a probit model is possible because regression models typically use normal prior distributions over the weights, and this distribution is conjugate with the normal distribution of the errors (and hence of the latent variables Y*).  The model can be described as

From this, we can determine the full conditional densities needed:

The result for  is given in the article on Bayesian linear regression, although specified with different notation.

The only trickiness is in the last two equations.  The notation  is the Iverson bracket, sometimes written  or similar.  It indicates that the distribution must be truncated within the given range, and rescaled appropriately.  In this particular case, a truncated normal distribution arises.  Sampling from this distribution depends on how much is truncated.  If a large fraction of the original mass remains, sampling can be easily done with rejection sampling—simply sample a number from the non-truncated distribution, and reject it if it falls outside the restriction imposed by the truncation.  If sampling from only a small fraction of the original mass, however (e.g. if sampling from one of the tails of the normal distribution—for example if  is around 3 or more, and a negative sample is desired), then this will be inefficient and it becomes necessary to fall back on other sampling algorithms.  General sampling from the truncated normal can be achieved using approximations to the normal CDF and the probit function, and R has a function rtnorm() for generating truncated-normal samples.

Model evaluation

The suitability of an estimated binary model can be evaluated by counting the number of true observations equaling 1, and the number equaling zero, for which the model assigns a correct predicted classification by treating any estimated probability above 1/2 (or, below 1/2), as an assignment of a prediction of 1 (or, of 0). See  for details.

Performance under misspecification

Consider the latent variable model formulation of the probit model. When the variance of  conditional on  is not constant but dependent on , then the heteroscedasticity issue arises. For example, suppose  and  where  is a continuous positive explanatory variable. Under heteroskedasticity, the probit estimator for  is usually inconsistent, and most of the tests about the coefficients are invalid. More importantly, the estimator for  becomes inconsistent, too. To deal with this problem, the original model needs to be transformed to be homoskedastic. For instance, in the same example,  can be rewritten as , where . Therefore,  and running probit on  generates a consistent estimator for the conditional probability

When the assumption that  is normally distributed fails to hold, then a functional form misspecification issue arises: if the model is still estimated as a probit model, the estimators of the coefficients  are inconsistent. For instance, if  follows a logistic distribution in the true model, but the model is estimated by probit, the estimates will be generally smaller than the true value. However, the inconsistency of the coefficient estimates is practically irrelevant because the estimates for the partial effects, , will be close to the estimates given by the true logit model.

To avoid the issue of distribution misspecification, one may adopt a general distribution assumption for the error term, such that many different types of distribution can be included in the model. The cost is heavier computation and lower accuracy for the increase of the number of parameter. In most of the cases in practice where the distribution form is misspecified, the estimators for the coefficients are inconsistent, but estimators for the conditional probability and the partial effects are still very good.

One can also take semi-parametric or non-parametric approaches, e.g., via local-likelihood or nonparametric quasi-likelihood methods, which avoid assumptions on a parametric form for the index function and is robust to the choice of the link function (e.g., probit or logit).

History
The probit model is usually credited to Chester Bliss, who coined the term "probit" in 1934, and to John Gaddum (1933), who systematized earlier work. However, the basic model dates to the Weber–Fechner law by Gustav Fechner, published in , and was repeatedly rediscovered until the 1930s; see  and .

A fast method for computing maximum likelihood estimates for the probit model was proposed by Ronald Fisher as an appendix to Bliss' work in 1935.

See also
 Generalized linear model
 Limited dependent variable
 Logit model
 Multinomial probit
 Multivariate probit models
 Ordered probit and ordered logit model
 Separation (statistics)
 Tobit model

References

 Published in:

Further reading

External links

 by Mark Thoma

Categorical regression models
Classification algorithms

Probit model


West Mickley  is a hamlet east of Stocksfield, in the southern part of Northumberland, England. Along with the neighbouring settlements of High Mickley and Mickley Square, it forms part of the electoral ward of Mickley, Northumberland. It is just over half a mile from the town of Prudhoe and is south of the River Tyne. It is not a big village, being nearly half a mile in length with a main road stretching the full length of it (A695).

The small settlement of Mount Pleasant forms part of West Mickley. It has one of the few pubs in the area - the two-centuries-old Blue Bell Inn. On foot, Mount Pleasant is directly accessible from the main part of West Mickley via a steep but paved uphill path alongside High Close Woods and the Belasis Burn. When driving or cycling, however, one needs to take Stonybank Way, which goes uphill just east of the petrol station at Branch End in the neighbouring village of Stocksfield.

History
Beginning with a few houses on the main road and at Mount Pleasant, the village expanded in the late 19th and early 20th century. West Mickley Colliery, owned by West Mickley Coal Co. Ltd, mined coal, iron pyrites and fireclay just east of the village between 1900 and 1924. A tramline carried coal and fireclay about 1 mile eastwards to the larger Eltringham Colliery. There was also a small quarry opposite the Blue Bell Inn at some time before the mid-19th century, but this and the top end of the Belasis Burn / High Close Woods were filled in later in the 20th century.

Things to do
By the main road, where the colliery once lay, there is now a little park next to the houses and a field big enough for dogs to roam. Also there is a walk through Low Close Woods at the opposite side of the A695 to the houses, which leads eventually down to the River Tyne. Not many people use the park or the woods, so they are perfect for a peaceful walk, but the path is well marked and clear.

References

Villages in Northumberland
Prudhoe

West Mickley


A rocket-powered aircraft or rocket plane is an aircraft that uses a rocket engine for propulsion, sometimes in addition to airbreathing jet engines. Rocket planes can achieve much higher speeds than similarly sized jet aircraft, but typically for at most a few minutes of powered operation, followed by a gliding flight. Unhindered by the need for oxygen from the atmosphere, they are suitable for very high-altitude flight. They are also capable of delivering much higher acceleration and shorter takeoffs. Many rocket aircraft may be drop launched from transport planes, as take-off from ground may leave them with insufficient time to reach high altitudes.

Rockets have been used simply to assist the main propulsion in the form of jet assisted take off (JATO) also known as rocket assisted take off (RATO or RATOG). Not all rocket planes are of the conventional takeoff like "normal" aircraft. Some types have been air-launched from another plane, while other types have taken off vertically – nose in the air and tail to the ground ("tail-sitters").

Because of the use of heavy propellants and other practical difficulties of operating rockets, the majority of rocket planes have been built for experimental or research use, as interceptor fighters and space aircraft.

History

Background

Peruvian polymath Pedro Paulet conceptualized the Avión Torpedo in 1902 – a liquid-propellant rocket-powered aircraft that featured a canopy fixed to a delta tiltwing – spending decades seeking donors for the aircraft while serving as a diplomat in Europe and Latin America. Paulet's concept of using liquid-propellant was decades ahead of rocket engineers at the time who utilized black powder as a propellant. Reports of Paulet's rocket aircraft concept first appeared in 1927 after Charles Lindbergh crossed the Atlantic Ocean in an aircraft. Paulet publicly criticized Austrian rocket pioneer Max Valier's proposal about a rocket-powered aircraft completing the journey faster using black powder, arguing that his liquid-propellant rocket aircraft from thirty years earlier would be a better option.

Paulet would go on to visit the German rocket association Verein für Raumschiffahrt (VfR) and on March 15, 1928, Valier applauded Paulet's liquid-propelled rocket design in the VfR publication Die Rakete, saying the engine had "amazing power". In May 1928, Paulet was present to observe the demonstration of a rocket car of the Opel RAK program of Fritz von Opel and Max Valier, and after meeting with the German rocket enthusiasts. VfR members began to view black powder as a hindrance for rocket propulsion, with Valier himself believing that Paulet's engine was necessary for future rocket development. Paulet would soon be approached by Nazi Germany to help develop rocket technology, though he refused to assist and never shared the formula for his propellant. The Nazi government would then appropriate Paulet's work while a Soviet spy in the VfR, Alexander Boris Scherchevsky, possibly shared plans with the Soviet Union.

On 11 June 1928, as part of the Opel RAK program of Fritz von Opel and Max Valier, Lippisch Ente became the first aircraft to fly under rocket power. During the following year, the Opel RAK.1 became the first purpose-built rocket plane to fly with Fritz von Opel himself as the pilot. The Opel RAK.1 flight is also considered the world's first public flight of a manned rocket plane since it took place before a large crowd and with world media in attendance.

On 28 June 1931, another ground-breaking rocket flight was conducted by the Italian aviator and inventor Ettore Cattaneo, who created another privately built rocket plane. It flew and landed without particular problems. Following this flight, the King of Italy Victor Emmanuel III appointed Cattaneo count of Taliedo; due to his pioneering role in rocket flight, his likeness is displayed in the Space Museum of Saint Petersburg as well as in the Museum of Science and Tech of Milan.

World War II
The Heinkel He 176 was the world's first aircraft to be propelled solely by a liquid-propellant rocket engine. It performed its first powered flight on 20 June 1939 with Erich Warsitz at the controls. The He 176, while demonstrated to the Reich Air Ministry did not attract much official support, leading to Heinkel abandoning its rocket propulsion endeavours; the sole aircraft was briefly displayed at the Berlin Air Museum and was destroyed by an Allied bombing raid in 1943.

The first rocket plane ever to be mass-produced was the Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet interceptor, introduced by Germany towards the final years of the conflict as one of several efforts to develop effective rocket-powered aircraft. The Luftwaffe's first dedicated Me 163 fighter wing, Jagdgeschwader 400 (JG 400) was established in 1944, and was principally tasked with providing additional protection for the manufacturing plants producing synthetic gasoline, which were prominent targets for Allied air raids. It was planned to station further defensive units of rocket fighters around Berlin, the Ruhr and the German Bight.

A typical Me 163 tactic was to fly vertically upward through the bombers at , climb to , then dive through the formation again, firing as they went. This approach afforded the pilot two brief chances to fire a few rounds from his cannons before gliding back to his airfield. It was often difficult to supply the needed fuel for operating the rocket motors. In the final days of the Third Reich, the Me 163 was withdrawn in favor of the more successful Messerschmitt Me 262, which used jet propulsion instead.

Other German rocket-powered aircraft were pursued as well, including the Bachem Ba 349 "Natter", a vertical takeoff manned rocket interceptor aircraft that flew in prototype form. Further projects never even reached the prototype stage, such as the Zeppelin Rammer, the Fliegende Panzerfaust and the Focke-Wulf Volksjäger. Having a much larger size than any other rocket-powered endeavor of the conflict, the Silbervogel antipodal bomber spaceplane was planned by the Germans, however, later calculations showed that design would not have worked, instead being destroyed during reentry. The Me 163 Komet is the only type of rocket-powered fighter to see combat in history, and one of only two types of rocket-powered aircraft seeing any combat.

Japan, who was allied to Nazi Germany, secured the design schematics of the Me 163 Komet. After considerable effort, it successfully established its own production capability, which was used to produce a limited number of its own copies, known as the Mitsubishi J8M, which performed its first powered flight on 7 July 1945. Furthermore, Japan attempted to develop its own domestically designed rocket-powered interceptor, the Mizuno Shinryu; neither the J8M or the Shinryu ever saw combat. The Japanese also produced approximately 850 Yokosuka MXY-7 Ohka rocket-powered suicide attack aircraft during the Second World War, a number were deployed in the Battle of Okinawa. Postwar analysis concluded that the Ohkas impact was negligible, and that no U.S. Navy capital ships had been hit during the attacks due to the effective defensive tactics that were employed.

Other experimental aircraft included the Soviet Bereznyak-Isayev BI-1 that flew in 1942 while the Northrop XP-79 was originally planned with rocket engines but switched to jet engines for its first and only flight in 1945. A rocket assisted P-51D Mustang was developed by North American Aviation that could attain 515 mph. The engine ran on fumaric acid and aniline which was stored in two 75 gallon under wing drop tanks. The plane was tested in flight in April 1945. The rocket engine could run for about a minute.  Similarly, the Messerschmitt Me 262 "Heimatschützer" series used a combination of rocket and jet propulsion to allow for shorter take-offs, faster climb rate, and even greater speeds.

Cold War era

During 1946, the Soviet Mikoyan-Gurevich I-270 was constructed in response to a Soviet Air Forces requirement issued during the previous year for a rocket-powered interceptor aircraft in the point-defence role. The design of the I-270 incorporated several pieces of technology that had been developed by Sergei Korolev between 1932 and 1943.

During 1947, a key milestone in aviation history was reached by the rocket-powered Bell X-1, which became the first aircraft to break the speed of sound in level flight, and would be the first of a series of NACA/NASA rocket-powered aircraft. Amongst these experimental aircraft were the North American X-15 and X-15A2 designs, which were operated for around a decade and eventually attained a maximum speed of Mach 6.7 as well as a peak altitude in excess of 100 km, setting new records in the process.

During the 1950s, the British developed several mixed power designs to cover the performance gap that existed in then-current turbojet designs. The rocket was the main engine for delivering the speed and height required for high speed interception of high level bombers and the turbojet gave increased fuel economy in other parts of flight, most notably to ensure that the aircraft was able to make a powered landing rather than risking an unpredictable gliding return. One design was the Avro 720, which was primarily propelled by an 8,000 lbf (36 kN) Armstrong Siddeley Screamer rocket engine that ran on kerosene fuel mixed with liquid oxygen as the oxidizing agent. Work on the Avro 720 was abandoned shortly after the Air Ministry's decision to terminate development of the Screamer rocket engine, allegedly due to official concerns regarding the practicality of using liquid oxygen, which boils at -183 °C (90 K) and is a fire hazard, within an operational environment.

Work reached a more advanced stage with the Avro 720's rival, the Saunders-Roe SR.53. The propulsion system of this aircraft used hydrogen peroxide as a combined fuel and oxidiser, which was viewed as less problematic than the Avro 720's liquid oxygen. On 16 May 1957, Squadron Leader John Booth DFC was at the controls of XD145 for the first test flight, following up with the maiden flight of the second prototype XD151, on 6 December 1957. During the subsequent flight test programme, these two prototypes flew 56 separate test flights, during which a maximum speed of Mach 1.33 was recorded. Furthermore, since late 1953, Saunders-Roe had worked upon a derivative of the SR.53, which was separately designated as the SR.177; the principal change was the presence of an onboard radar, lacking on the SR.53 and the Avro 720 as it not being a requirement of the specification, but left the pilot dependent on his own vision other than radio-based directions supplied from ground-based radar control.

Both the SR.53 and its SR.177 cousin were relatively close to attain production status when wider political factors bore down upon the programme. During 1957, a massive re-thinking of air defence philosophy in Britain occurred, which was embodied in the 1957 Defence White Paper. This paper called for manned combat aircraft to be replaced by missiles, and thus the prospects of an order from the RAF evaporated overnight. While both the Royal Navy and Germany remained potential customers for the SR.177, the confidence of both parties was shaken by the move. Further factors, such as the Lockheed bribery scandals to compel overseas nations to order the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter, also served to undermine the sale prospects of the SR.177, costing potential customers such as Germany and Japan.

Throughout the late 1940s and 1950s, the French Air Staff also had considerable interest in rocket-powered aircraft. According to author Michel van Pelt, French Air Force officials were against a pure rocket-powered flight but favoured a mixed-propulsion approach, using a combination of rocket and turbojet engines. While the Société d'Etudes pour la Propulsion par Réaction (SEPR) set about developing France's own domestic rocket engines, the French aircraft manufacturer SNCASE was aware of the French Air Force's keenness for a capable point defence interceptor aircraft, and thus begun work on the SNCASE SE.212 Durandal. In comparison to other French mixed-power experimental aircraft, such as the competing SNCASO Trident prototype interceptor, it was a heavier aircraft, intended to fly primarily on its jet engine rather than its rocket motor. A pair of prototype aircraft were constructed; on 20 April 1956, the first performed its maiden flight, initially flying only using jet power. It was the second prototype that first made use of the rocket motor during April 1957. During flight testing, a maximum speed of  was attained at an altitude of, even without using the extra power of the rocket motor; this rose to 1667 km/h at 11,800 m while the rocket was active. A total of 45 test flights were performed prior to work on the programme being terminated.

At the request of the French Air Staff, the French aircraft company SNCASO also developed its own point defence interceptor, the SNCASO Trident. It was primarily powered by a single SEPR-built rocket engine and augmented with a set of wing-tip mounted turbojet engines; operationally, both rocket and turbojet engines were to be used to perform a rapid climb and interception at high altitudes, while the jet engines alone would be used to return to base. On 2 March 1953, the first prototype Trident I conducted the type's maiden flight; flown by test pilot Jacques Guignard, the aircraft used the entire length of the runway to get airborne, being powered only by its turbojet engines. On 1 September 1953, second Trident I prototype crashed during its first flight after struggling to gain altitude after takeoff and colliding with an electricity pylon. Despite the loss, the French Air Force were impressed by the Trident's performance and were keen to have an improved model into service. On 21 May 1957, the first Trident II, 001, was destroyed during a test flight out of Centre d'Essais en Vol (Flight Test Center); caused when highly volatile rocket fuel and oxidiser, Furaline (	C13H12N2O) and Nitric acid (HNO3) respectively, accidentally mixed and exploded, resulting in the death of test pilot Charles Goujon. Two months later, all work was halted on the programme.

The advancement of the turbojet engine output, the advent of missiles, and advances in radar had made a return to mixed power unnecessary.

The development of Soviet rockets and satellites was the driving force behind the development of NASA's space program. In the early 1960s, American research into the Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar spaceplane was cancelled due to lack of purpose; later the studies contributed to the Space Shuttle, which in turn motivated the Soviet Buran. Another similar program was ISINGLASS which was to be a rocket plane launched from a Boeing B-52 Stratofortress carrier, which was intended to achieve Mach 22, but this was never funded. ISINGLASS was intended to overfly the USSR. No images of the vehicle configuration have been released.

The Lunar Landing Research Vehicle was a mixed powered vehicle- a jet engine cancelled 5/6 of the force due to gravity, and the rocket power was able to simulate the Apollo lunar lander.

Various versions of the Reaction Motors XLR11 rocket engine powered the X-1 and X-15, but also the Martin Marietta X-24A, Martin Marietta X-24B, Northrop HL-10, Northrop M2-F2, Northrop M2-F3, and the Republic XF-91 Thunderceptor, either as a primary or auxiliary engine.

The Northrop HL-10, Northrop M2-F2 and Northrop M2-F3 were examples of a lifting body, which are aircraft which have very little if any wing and simply obtain lift from the body of the vehicle. Another example is backslider rockets in amateur rocketry.

Post Cold War era

The EZ-Rocket research and test airplane was first flown in 2001. After evaluating the EZ-Rocket, the Rocket Racing League developed three separate rocket racer aircraft over the following decade.

During 2003, another privately developed rocket-powered aircraft performed its first flight. SpaceShipOne functions both as a rocket-powered aircraft—with wings and aerodynamic control surfaces—as well as a spaceplane—with RCS thrusters for control in the vacuum of space. For their work, the SpaceShipOne team were awarded the Space Achievement Award.

In April 2019, the Chinese company Space Transportation carried out a test of a 3,700-kilogram technology demonstrator named Jiageng-1. The 8.7-meter-long plane has a wingspan of 2.5 meters and it is a part of development of the larger, future Tianxing-I-1 vertical takeoff, horizontal landing reusable launch vehicle.

Planned rocket-powered aircraft
 Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey
 Skylon (spacecraft)
 SpaceShipTwo
 XCOR Lynx
 Zero Emission Hyper Sonic Transport

See also

 List of rocket aircraft
 List of vehicle speed records
 Rocket Racing League (RRL)
 Zero-length launch, launching air-breathing aircraft with rockets

References

Citations

Bibliography

 "Armstrong Siddeley Screamer". Flight, No. 2478, Vol 70,  27 July 1956. pp. 160–164.
 Bachem, Erich. "Einige grundsätzliche Probleme des Senkrechstarts. Probleme aus der Astronautischen Grundlagenforschung" (in German). Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Astronautics. Stuttgart: Gesellschaft für Weltraumforschung, September 1952.
 Bille, Matt and Erika Lishock. The First Space Race: Launching the World's First Satellites. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press, 2004. .
 "Cancelled Projects:The list Up-Dated". Flight, 17 August 1967, p. 262.
 Caidin, Martin. Wings into Space: The History and Future of Winged Space Flight. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc., 1964.
 Dornberger, Walter R. "The Rocket-Propelled Commercial Airliner". Dyna-Soar: Hypersonic Strategic Weapons System, Research Report No 135.. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota, Institute of Technology, 1956.

 Galland, Adolf. The First and the Last. New York: Ballantine Books, 1957.
 Geiger, Clarence J. History of the X-20A Dyna-Soar. Vol. 1: AFSC Historical Publications Series 63-50-I, Document ID ASD-TR-63-50-I. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio: Aeronautical Systems Division Information Office, 1963.
 Godwin, Robert, ed. Dyna-Soar: Hypersonic Strategic Weapons System. Burlington, ON: Apogee Books, 2003. .

 Gunston, Bill. Fighters of the Fifties. Cambridge, England: Patrick Stephens Limited, 1981. .
 Jackson, A. J. Avro Aircraft since 1908. London:Putnam, 1990. .
 Jackson, Robert. "Combat Aircraft Prototypes since 1945", New York: Arco/Prentice Hall Press, 1986, LCCN 85-18725, .
 Jones, Barry. "Saro's Mixed-Power Saga". Aeroplane Monthly, November 1994. London:IPC. ISSN 0143-7240. pp. 32–39.
 Lommel, Horst. Der erste bemannte Raketenstart der Welt (2nd ed.) (in German). Stuttgart: Motorbuch Verlag, 1998. .
 London, Pete. "Saunders-Roe's Rocket Fighters." Aircraft, Vol. 43, no. 7, July 2010.
 Mason, Francis K. The British Fighter since 1912. Annapolis, Maryland, USA:Naval Institute Press, 1992. .

 "Mixed-Power Interceptor". Flight, 24 May 1957, pp. 697–700.
 Pelt, Michel van. Rocketing into the Future: The History and Technology of Rocket Planes. Springer Science & Business Media, 2012. .
 Späte, Wolfgang. Top Secret Bird: Luftwaffe's Me-163 Komet. Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Co., 1989. .
 Winchester, Jim. "TSR.2." Concept Aircraft: Prototypes, X-Planes and Experimental Aircraft. Kent, UK: Grange Books plc., 2005. .
 Wood, Derek. Project Cancelled: The Disaster of Britain's Abandoned Aircraft Projects. London, UK: Jane's, 2nd edition, 1986. .
 Yenne, Bill. The Encyclopedia of US Spacecraft. London: Bison Books, 1985. .

External links

 The official Erich Warsitz website (world's first jet pilot) about the world's first liquid-fuelled rocket aircraft, the legendary Heinkel He 176

Aircraft configurations
German inventions
Vehicles introduced in 1928

Rocket-powered aircraft


Elderly Instruments is a musical instrument retailer in Lansing, Michigan, United States, with a reputation as a "megastore", a repair shop and a locus for folk music including bluegrass and "twang". Specializing in fretted instruments, including acoustic and electric guitars, banjos, mandolins, and ukuleles, Elderly maintains a selection of odd or rare instruments. Elderly is known as a premier repair shop for fretted instruments, as one of the larger vintage instrument dealers in the United States, and as a major dealer of Martin guitars in particular.

Industry publications, music retail trade, and bluegrass music journals have featured articles about the Elderly repair staff. The company also provides consignment services for rare and vintage instruments.  Since its founding in 1972, Elderly has undergone two major expansions: into mail order in 1975 and then into Internet sales in the 1990s. In 2005 it was the subject of a lawsuit by Gibson Guitar Corporation concerning trademark infringement. Today it is recognized internationally for its services and products; its mail order and Internet business account for 65–70 percent of its total revenue.  Elderly grossed $12 million in 1999, and by 2007 was grossing $17 million annually.

In addition to retail and repair services, Elderly Instruments is noted as a center of local music culture for bluegrass and "twang" music.  Elderly Instruments operates a wholesale record distribution business, Sidestreet Distributing, in the lower level of its complex, serving more than 300 small retail businesses.

History

In 1969, New York City native Stan Werbin moved to Ann Arbor, Michigan to attend graduate school. He took his banjo and guitar with him and immediately developed his interest in folk music. Werbin participated in a lively local music scene that included collaborations and "open mic nights" at local venues. It was through those experiences that Werbin developed his appreciation for the variety of instruments the musicians were playing, as well as the various types of music that fall under the folk music genre.

When Werbin finished graduate school, he looked for business opportunities and decided to use his knowledge of used guitars. He searched for vintage instruments to buy at low prices, particularly those made before World War II; Werbin then sold the instruments after repairing and restoring them. Although he initially tried to open his business in Ann Arbor, Werbin eventually decided to avoid operating there due to the high number of other musical instrument dealers. In 1972, Werbin and Sharon McInturff, his college friend and business partner, leased retail space in East Lansing, Michigan for $60 a month in a building that also housed the Michigan Youth Politics Institute, a non-profit organization dedicated to encouraging young adults to vote. With $500 of capital, the two began advertising locally.  Werbin and McInturff took the "Elderly" name from a 1971 classified ad they saw, in which the seller marketed his Gibson Les Paul as a "nice, elderly instrument".

Elderly Instruments expanded during the following years. Shortly after the 1972 United States Presidential election, the Michigan Youth Politics Institute moved out of the space across the hall, and Elderly took over the entire basement of the building.  In 1975, it expanded into the mail order business. By 1982, Elderly Instruments had about 25 employees but little available space, and so in the following year the owners bought an Independent Order of Odd Fellows building in Lansing, Michigan. After it was renovated for retail use, the company moved into it in January 1984, and in 1986 Werbin bought out McInturff to become the sole owner. In 1994, Elderly expanded again by buying adjacent building space that had once been a post office and a National Cash Register Company building. Around the same time, it began taking merchandise orders over its new web site. The company does not, however, sell merchandise through online auction sites such as eBay, unlike many other independent musical instrument retailers. Werbin notes that entering the Internet business was not much of a challenge for Elderly, as the staff was already experienced at taking and shipping orders for customers throughout the world. He also notes that, with its mail order and Internet business accounting for 65–70 percent of its total revenue, Elderly would have experienced limited growth in Lansing had it not expanded into those markets. The company operates in around 35,000 ft² (3,300 m²) of space, and is one of the largest vintage instruments dealers in the United States.

Elderly Instruments has become known due to its attention to folk music niche markets (Eddie Collins of Bluegrass Now remarked "The roots of what today has become perhaps the world's most well known music store for acoustic instruments can be traced directly to the folk music boom of the 1960s."), its reputation as a repair shop, its selection of vintage instruments, and its position as a major Martin guitar dealer.

In May 2010, an Elderly manager told the publication TWICE that economic recession had affected the business and forced layoffs of part-time employees, and that Elderly's being in Michigan worsened the effects. He noted that as the consumer electronics business began to recover, the musical instrument business followed.

Gibson Guitar Corporation lawsuit
In June 2005, Gibson Guitar Corporation filed a cease and desist order and an accompanying lawsuit against Elderly Instruments.  The complaint alleged that Elderly was selling a banjo on its web site marketed as a "Gibson copy" and that the phrase constituted a trademark infringement.  Despite Elderly's claim of having addressed the issue by changing the phrase first to "Famous Maker Copy" and then to "Classic Bluegrass Banjo Copy", Gibson persisted with the complaint and asked for unspecified damages.  Gibson later issued a press release stating that the lawsuit had been settled.

In the same year, Gibson severed its contract with Elderly as a retailer of Gibson products, citing a contract stipulation that retailers should not carry any competing brands of banjos and mandolins.  Elderly had been one of nine retailers selling the specialized Gibson Bluegrass line of banjos and mandolins, although it also carried other brands.  Werbin attempted to rectify the situation by offering a dedicated area of the store for Gibson products, but Gibson proceeded with the action.  As a result, Elderly does not offer new Gibson products for sale.  The incident was well-publicized in the media and discussed at length in consumer forums.

Instrument sales

In 2007, Elderly sold more than 16,000 instruments. The company is a  dealer of Martin guitars, as well as other mainstream brands such as Guild and Fender. It sells used Gibson instruments, but not new models as a result of the Gibson lawsuit. Although the bulk of its business comes from guitar sales, the company carries a range of other instruments, such as banjos, ukuleles, mandolins, accordions, concertinas, bouzoukis, sitars, musical saws, and African thumb pianos. Some of the rarer instruments are purchased as collectibles. Elderly is an exclusive retailer of "LunchBox-A-LeLes", ukuleles made from various tin lunch box designs. The journal Bluegrass Unlimited has noted Elderly Instruments for carrying "elite" brands of instruments, such as Paul Duff mandolins, Huss & Dalton acoustic guitars, Stelling banjos, and Nash electric guitars. Elderly was once one of only two American retailers for Apitius Mandolins, now only sold directly. As part of its consignment business, Elderly sells "collections" of instruments that sometimes have rich histories. In September 2006, it placed the Dopyera family's personal collection of resonator instruments up for sale, including some of the Dobro and National brands. The Dopyera family was responsible for founding those companies and innovating the resonator instrument trade.

Elderly Instruments carries a number of Martin guitars, including valuable vintage models. In interviews, Werbin frequently mentions Martins made before World War II as especially desirable and "memorable" pieces of the Elderly Instruments inventory. The guitars are sought after by musicians from the bluegrass and other genres. Werbin purchases some of the more valuable or interesting instruments for his personal collection, and has lent them to museums as temporary exhibits.

Periodicals for the bluegrass genre such as Bluegrass Canada and Bluegrass Now have featured stories about Elderly and its selection of bluegrass instruments and repair services. Elderly employees maintain connections with the bluegrass industry by attending trade shows such as the International Bluegrass Association Trade Show in Louisville, Kentucky. At these shows, Elderly showcases typical bluegrass instruments, such as banjos, guitars, mandolins, fiddles and resophonic guitars, to musicians and businesspeople. Elderly Instruments staff members have set up organizations such as the "Friends of Bluegrass" to support local bluegrass musicians.

Michigan Living magazine noted Elderly's liberal policy regarding the handling of instruments, something Werbin attributes to his difficulty shopping for Martin guitars in New York City in the 1960s. The magazine also notes that customers are encouraged to pick up and play any instrument, an unusual policy for a high-end instrument retailer. Impromptu "jam sessions" are frequent in the store, as customers try out guitars.

Repair and appraisals
The repair shop occupies about 3,000 ft² (280 m²) of space in the Elderly building. A number of notable guitarists have sent their instruments to Elderly for complete restoration or other major work such as refinishing and refretting.  Elderly's repair department services other fretted instruments such as banjos, ukuleles, and balalaikas.

In February 1996, a feature article in Guitar Shop Magazine documented the company's restoration of a severely damaged Martin J40-M acoustic guitar.  The Martin had been in the trunk of an automobile when a semi-trailer truck struck the automobile.  Almost every part of the guitar was damaged: the top, back, sides, fingerboard, and neck block.  The worst damage, and the most challenging to repair, was caused by the neck block having punched through the back of the guitar.  The owner brought the Martin to Elderly after other repair shops had rejected it as being beyond repair. The technicians at Elderly successfully restored the Martin after a labor-intensive process that included a new Adirondack spruce top.

Elderly provides an appraisal service for vintage instruments.  It employs five full-time appraisers who use a detailed scale to rate the quality of instruments. Their appraisal services have been noted in media, such as The Music and Sound Retailer, as being among the best in the industry.  Customers may either bring instruments directly into the store or send them by mail.  Elderly owner Werbin attributes some of the company's success and reputation to the quality of the appraisals.

Marketing and business model

In addition to a printed catalog, Elderly sends lists of available vintage instruments to subscribers in the U.S. and several other countries by mail and e-mail. Elderly purchases some of its used instruments from customers and then offers them for sale, while others are offered on consignment. Although larger retailers dominate the Internet market share (Elderly grossed $12 million in 1999, larger retail outlets such as Guitar Center grossed $297 million),  Elderly attempts to serve vertical markets by offering specialized or rare items on its web site, such as left-handed guitars and instrument-specific books.

Werbin notes that while discounting products by 40 percent set his business apart from the local competition in the 1970s, outlets such as Guitar Center now also offer discounts.  In response to questions about his strategy for competing with larger retailers such as Guitar Center and American Musical Supply, which also operate mail order and Internet businesses, Werbin states that he has learned to operate on small margins to stay competitive: "The mom-and-pop businesses that have survived have learned to operate on narrow margins."

Other enterprises
After opening its first retail space, Elderly began selling records supplied by Rounder Records, a small distributor that later grew into an independent record label specializing in roots music.  After trying other distributors, Werbin started his own distribution company in 1979, named Old Fogey Distributing. By 1987, Old Fogey was servicing about 300 small retail operations, operating from the basement of Elderly's Lansing showroom. In 1997, the operation was renamed Sidestreet Distributing.

Elderly dedicates a section of its retail space to record sales.  A full-time purchasing manager maintains a comprehensive selection of both mainstream and rare music, much of it in the folk and bluegrass genres; this is due to the belief that customers will become more interested in the music after making an audio purchase and then in turn buy a musical instrument.  Elderly also sells instructional books and other material, much of which focuses on folk music and bluegrass genres.

The store also offers a music school focused on folk music and related instruments.

Twang and other folk music
Noise, a periodical published by the local newspaper Lansing State Journal, has written that Elderly Instruments is the focus of an emerging form of American folk music, named "twang", sometimes referred to as "alternative country".  Several twang bands perform and record in Lansing, many including at least one Elderly employee.  Current and former Elderly employees attribute the twang influence at the store to the proliferation of associated instruments, educational materials, and musicians.  East Lansing radio station WDBM has been hosting a twang music show since 1995.

Lawrence B. Johnson, music critic for The Detroit News, called Elderly a "folk music mecca" and a megastore that is a haven for folk musicians. In the past it has been one of the chief sponsors of the annual National Folk Festival.

Recognition
 2008 - Best Guitar Store - Player's Choice Awards, Acoustic Guitar magazine

References

External links

 Elderly Instruments web site
 Stanley Werbin Interview at NAMM Oral History Collection, April 18, 2012.

Companies based in Lansing, Michigan
Musical instrument retailers of the United States
American companies established in 1972
Retail companies established in 1972
Privately held companies based in Michigan
1972 establishments in Michigan

Elderly Instruments


The Kahlersberg is a  mountain in the Northern Limestone Alps (Hagen Mountains) in the Berchtesgaden Alps on the border between Germany (Bavaria) and Austria (Salzburg).

From the west a steep, marked climb (Route 496) runs through the so-called Mausloch ("Mousehole") to the summit.
The summit can also be reached along the Eisenpfad ("Iron Path"), a path which approaches from the southwest, from the Landtal valley, is very steep in places and has old markings.
A trackless descent variant runs from the Fensterl, a wind gap with a striking, small pit (in the right of the picture; the fourth wind gap left of the summit), northwards and down into the bowl between the Kahlersberg and the Hochseeleinkopf. This descent drops down mainly over steep scree.

Mountains of Bavaria
Berchtesgaden Alps
Mountains of Salzburg (state)
Two-thousanders of Austria
Berchtesgadener Land
Mountains of the Alps
Two-thousanders of Germany

Kahlersberg


Sir John Henry Kerr  (31 May 1871 – 8 April 1934) was a colonial governor in British India

Life
John Henry Kerr was born in Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland, the elder son (with three daughters), of John Smith Kerr, tea and sugar merchant of Greenock, and his wife, Sarah Ann Bray, elder daughter of Tom Cox Bray, an early settler of Adelaide, South Australia.

Kerr was educated first by Messrs Wren and Gurney, later going to the Glasgow Academy (1885-1887). He attended the University of Glasgow from 1886 to 1888, and in 1890 matriculated at Clare College, Cambridge.

Kerr joined the Indian Civil Service in 1892. He was settlement officer, Bihar (1899); collector of Midnapore (1904); Director of Land Records, Bengal (1905); Deputy Secretary to the Government of India (1907); Revenue Secretary to the Government of India (1911); Chief Secretary to the Government of Bengal (1915); (Finance) member of Lord Zetland's Bengal Executive Council (1921-1922); Governor of Assam (1922-1927); acting Governor of Bengal (1925); Deputy Chairman of the Indian Franchise Committee (1932); retired (193-); "in retirement [he] continued [to be] an esteemed counsellor on Indian Affairs"; publications: Settlement Reports of Saran, and Darbanga; joint-editor, "Rampini's Bengal Tenancy Act".

Sir John was awarded the honours, C.I.E. (1911) and C.S.I (1917). He was created a Knight Commander of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire (1922), and a Knight Commander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India (1922).

His club was the East India United Services. In retirement, he lived at Fairstead, Latchmoor avenue, Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire, England, and at Orcadia, Kilmacolm, Renfrewshire, Scotland.

He married on 28 January 1898 at Christ Church, Muzaffarpur, Tirhut, Bihar, India, Minnie Julia Wilson, later Lady Kerr, youngest daughter of James Minden Wilson, and Janet McKenzie, of Muzaffarpur, Tirhut, Bihar, India, and granddaughter of the Honourable James Wilson, Chief Judge of Mauritius. They had two sons, the elder of whom, John Minden Kerr, was a brigadier in the British army, and two daughters, the younger of whom was the maternal grandmother of David Russell, classical guitarist.

Sir John died on 8 April 1934 at his residence in Gerrards Cross and was buried in the cemetery at Chalfont St Peter. He was survived by Lady Kerr until January 1957. See obituaries in the London Times

References

 "Who's Who" and "Who was Who"; see also similar British biographical publications, and "The Bray Family of England, Canada, and Australia" (1986), deposited in the libraries of the Hampshire Family History Society and the South Australian Society for Genealogy and Heraldry.

1871 births
1934 deaths
Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India
Indian Civil Service (British India) officers
British people in colonial India

John Henry Kerr


Gary Grimshaw (February 25, 1946 – January 13, 2014) was an American graphic artist active in Detroit and San Francisco who specialized in designing rock concert posters. He was also a radical political activist with the White Panther Party and related organizations.

Early years

Grimshaw was born on February 25, 1946, in Detroit, and raised in Lincoln Park, Michigan. His best friend in high school was Rob Derminer, later known as Rob Tyner, lead singer of the Detroit protopunk band, the MC5. Another friend from his youth in Lincoln Park was Wayne Kramer, later the renowned guitarist for the MC5. According to Kramer, "Grimshaw was the best artist in our neighborhood" and "We drew hot rod cars and he knew the secret of how to capture chrome, which made him the coolest to a Downriver greaser like me." Grimshaw's social circle called themselves an "art gang" and they were also interested in jazz music, and Grimshaw was the only one among them who owned a car, a 1953 Ford two-door sedan. He would drive his friends from the working class, mostly white Polish Catholic suburb of Lincoln Park to the more cosmopolitan areas around Wayne State University in Detroit, looking for "beatnik parties" and listening to jazz performers like John Coltrane on the car radio.

After high school, Grimshaw briefly attended Wayne State University, but was more adept at partying than studying. He enlisted in the United States Navy to avoid being drafted into the Army. He served on the USS Coral Sea, an aircraft carrier stationed in the South China Sea during the Vietnam War, which sent aircraft on bombing raids over Vietnam. He was first exposed to psychedelic concert art when his ship was being repaired in the San Francisco Bay Area. While there, he visited two famous rock concert venues, the Avalon Ballroom and The Fillmore, and studied light show operators at work. He was discharged from the Navy in 1966, and returned to Detroit.

Rock art and politics

After Grimshaw's return to Detroit, promoter Russ Gibb hired him to perform light shows during rock performances at his new Grande Ballroom. Grimshaw designed the first poster for the Grande Ballroom, for a show on October 7, 1966, featuring the MC5 and billed as "A Dance Concert in the San Francisco Style". At a party about the same time, he met John Sinclair, a poet and jazz critic who had just been released from six months in jail on a marijuana conviction. That was the first time that Sinclair heard the MC5 perform, and he quickly became the band's manager and political mentor. Soon, Grimshaw was also designing posters for other bands performing at the Grande Ballroom and at other Detroit area rock music venues. His poster style was "psychedelic and heady, heavily embroidered with bright colors and flowing text." According to Grimshaw, his major influences were Stanley Mouse, Rick Griffin and Victor Moscoso.

Grimshaw was active in the anti-war movement and was a leading figure in the White Panther Party, founded in 1968 by John Sinclair, his wife Leni Sinclair and Pun Plamondon. He was Minister of Art for the White Panther Party which modeled itself after the Black Panther Party. His work appeared in many newspapers of the underground press, including the San Francisco Oracle, the Berkeley Tribe, the Fifth Estate and the Ann Arbor Sun.

Grimshaw did many posters for the MC5 and worked with the Detroit Artists Workshop, Translove, the Hill House commune in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and later for the Rainbow Peoples Party, successor to the White Panthers. He designed a cover for the MC5's inaugural album Kick Out the Jams, but it was replaced by a collage using photography by Joel Brodsky. He also designed the sleeve for the band's second single, "Looking at You", later included on the 1970 album Back in the USA. In the heyday of the Grande Ballroom, Grimshaw and Carl Lundgren were the two artists primarily responsible for its rock poster art. During that period, he did posters for performances by the Jimi Hendrix Experience, Cream, Canned Heat, The Who and many others.

In 1968, he was indicted on a marijuana charge in Grand Traverse County, Michigan along with Pun Plamondon, and fled to San Francisco and Boston, where he continued designing posters. While living in San Francisco in 1969, he helped the MC5 book an engagement at the Straight Theater in the Haight-Ashbury, and designed the poster for those performances. He surrendered on the marijuana charges in 1970 and beat the charges in court.

In 1969, the Michigan Court of Appeals overturned Grimshaw's 1967 conviction by a lower court on obscenity charges. Grimshaw had been convicted of displaying a "fifteen cent kite that had a dirty word lettered on it", and was sentenced to 15 days in jail and a $150.00 fine, but the court threw out his conviction and the Detroit ordinance, on the basis that it "unconstitutionally inhibits free speech". The slogan was "Fuck America - Go Fly a Kite".

His political mentor John Sinclair was sent to prison on marijuana charges in 1969, and Grimshaw worked hard for his freedom. One of Grimshaw's most "memorable, iconic" posters promoted the John Sinclair Freedom Rally, held in Ann Arbor on December 10, 1971, featuring performances by John Lennon, Yoko Ono, Stevie Wonder, Bob Seger, Archie Shepp and Phil Ochs. Speakers at the event included Bobby Seale of the Black Panther Party, Jerry Rubin of the Yippies, and beat poet Allen Ginsberg. Sinclair was freed within days of the rally.

He was the art director for the Ann Arbor Blues and Jazz Festival in 1972 and 1973, and did posters for the festival in 1992 and 2000. He worked for Creem Magazine as an associate art director from 1976 to 1984.

Later years and death

In 1988, Grimshaw designed the cover for Iggy Pop's album Instinct. In 1993, he designed a limited edition poster for the "Motor City Joint Show" at the Ubiquity Gallery in Ferndale, Michigan, highlighting work by Detroit poster artists Stanley Mouse, Wes Wilson, Mark Arminski and Grimshaw himself. During these years  Grimshaw created posters for Beck, the White Stripes, The Greenhornes, the Dirtbombs and the Raveonettes, and for a 2004 tribute concert in memory of guitarist Fred "Sonic" Smith of the MC5. In December, 1999, the Detroit Free Press named him to its list of Michigan's 100 greatest artists and entertainers of the 20th century. He lived in San Francisco and Oakland, California from 1990 to 2004, when he relocated back to Detroit. From 1988 to 1991, he was art director of ArtRock, a concert poster producer.

Along with his longtime friend, photographer Leni Sinclair, he created a book called Detroit Rocks! A Pictorial History of Motor City Rock and Roll 1965-1975, which was published in 2012.

In 2008, Grimshaw was diagnosed with a brain tumor and had surgery. The tumor was later shown to be benign. He had a stroke at that time, and several other smaller strokes later. An abdominal blood clot led to surgery to remove most of his intestines.

Grimshaw died in Detroit on January 13, 2014, at the age of 67.

References

External links
Ann Arbor District Library talks to Gary Grimshaw (audio recording)
CorridorTribe: Gary Grimshaw
PosterPlanet: Gary Grimshaw
MC5 Posters: Gary Grimshaw

Album-cover and concert-poster artists
American graphic designers
American poster artists
1946 births
2014 deaths
United States Navy sailors
Artists from Detroit
20th-century American artists
21st-century American artists

Gary Grimshaw


Charles Erskine (13 February 1739 - 20 March 1811) was an Italian-Scottish papal diplomat and cardinal.

Life

He was the son of Mr. Colin Erskine, youngest son to Alexander Erskine of Cambo and maternal grandson of Alexander Erskine, 3rd Earl of Kellie, by his marriage to Agatha Gigli of the noble family of Gigli of Anagni. He was educated by Cardinal Henry, Duke of York, at the Scots College, Rome, and was afterwards a successful advocate, becoming a Doctor of Laws in 1770.

Pope Pius VI made him pro (pro tem)-Auditor and Promoter of the Faith in 1782, also a domestic prelate, canon of St. Peter's Basilica, and Dean of the college of consistorial advocates. He was installed as a subdeacon on 28 August 1783.

In October 1793, Erskine was sent as papal envoy to Great Britain. By his tact Erskine established excellent relations with the Court of St. James and the ministry, diminished the dissensions among Catholics, and avoided stirring up any anti-Catholic demonstration against himself. During his stay in London the pope named him a full auditor, and in 1795 gave him additional powers as envoy extraordinary. He left London in 1801 and returned to Rome, where in 1803, he was installed as a Cardinal Deacon, it being revealed that he had been elevated to this office in pectore in the Consistory of February 1801. He was then assigned the Church of Santa Maria in Campitelli as his titular church. As a member of the Sacred Congregation of Propaganda Fide, he was still useful to English Catholics, and was made Cardinal Protector of Scotland. He was ordained a deacon the following January.

On the French invasion of Rome in 1808 Erskine was made pro-Secretary of Briefs, and was confined in the Quirinal with the pope. When Pope Pius VII was taken prisoner Erskine was allowed to go free, but his property was now lost and he would have been reduced to poverty if his Protestant relations in Scotland had not granted him an allowance. In 1809 Napoleon ordered him to Paris and though ill he was forced from Rome in January 1810.

Shortly after his arrival in Paris, Erskine fell into a gradual decline and soon died. He was buried in the Church of Saint-Genevieve, now the Panthéon.

References

External links

1739 births
1811 deaths
Italian people of Scottish descent
Clergy from Rome
Diplomats of the Holy See
18th-century Italian cardinals
Roman Catholic deacons
Burials at the Panthéon, Paris
19th-century Italian cardinals
18th-century Italian jurists
Cardinals created by Pope Pius VII
Scottish cardinals

Charles Erskine (cardinal)


Erling Diesen (born 6 July 1932) is a Norwegian engineer and civil servant.

He was born in Geithus, finished his secondary education in Hønefoss in 1951 and graduated as a civil engineer from the Norwegian Institute of Technology in 1956. He worked at the Institute of Technology as engineer and research assistant until 1960, and was a secretary in the Norwegian Electrotechnical Committee from 1960 to 1961. He was hired in the Norwegian Water Resources and Electricity Agency in 1961, and was a chief engineer in the power plant department until 1977 and in the electricity department from 1977 to 1978. He was then a subdirector in the Norwegian Ministry of Petroleum and Energy from 1978 to 1980 and then as subdirector in the Water Resources and Electricity Agency from 1980 to 1983. He was the chief executive officer of Buskerud Energiverk from 1983.

In 1987 he became director-general of the Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Agency, and after a reorganization he served as director from 1991 to 1999. He has presided over the Norwegian committee of the World Energy Council and chaired Norsk energiforening in the Norwegian Polytechnic Society.  He has been a board member of the Institute for Energy Technology and member of the NTNF energy committee.

He resides in Asker.

References

1932 births
Living people
People from Modum
Norwegian Institute of Technology alumni
Norwegian engineers
Norwegian civil servants
Directors of government agencies of Norway

Erling Diesen


Christopher Ravenscroft (born 1946) is an English actor, best known for his recurring role as DI Mike Burden in The Ruth Rendell Mysteries, the ITV adaptation of Ruth Rendell's Inspector Wexford mysteries.

Biography
Ravenscroft was born in Hampstead, London, and was the star of a number of school plays. He went to London University to study law where he did some more theatre and soon decided that he would rather be an actor than a lawyer, and trained at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School. While working at the Liverpool Playhouse in the early 1970s he met his future wife, Caroline Smith, who was associate director at the time. He currently lives in Chiswick, West London.

Filmography

Film
Henry V (1989) as Montjoy
Tom and Thomas (2002) as Frederick Lord
The Football Factory (2004) as Tamara's Father
The Man Who Knew Infinity (2015) as J.J. Thomson

Television
John Halifax, Gentleman (1974) as Edwin
Coronation Street (1978) as Police Sergeant
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1982) as Stapleton
The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby (1982) as Frank Cheeryble
The Fourth Arm (1983) as Fudge Bar Vendor
Twelfth Night (1988) as Orsino
The Ruth Rendell Mysteries (1987-2000) as Det. Insp. Mike Burden
Midsomer Murders (2002) as Dr. Rupert Bradshaw
The Courtroom (2004) as Tim Portland
The Shell Seekers (2006) as Colonel Mellaby
Doctors (2008) as Howard French
Doctors (2012) as Jeff McAllistair
Doctors (2016) as Phillip Langley
Emmerdale (2018) as Judge
Casualty (2019) as William Miller

Stage
Royal Shakespeare Company season 1980-1982, playing Lepidus in Julius Caesar, Antonio in Twelfth Night and in Baal.
The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby, as Mobbs, Snobb, Lenville and Frank Cheeryble, a Royal Shakespeare Company production that was also recorded on DVD (1981-1982)
Royal Shakespeare Company season 1984-1985 as Rosencrantz in Hamlet, Montjoy in Henry V, Antonio in The Merchant of Venice, Richmond in Richard III and Pain in Crimes in Hot Countries by Howard Barker.
Twelfth Night, as Orsino, directed by Kenneth Branagh, Riverside Studios. (1987) Also televised.
Macbeth, as Banquo, Royal Shakespeare Company, directed by Adrian Noble. (1993)
Oleanna,  as John, at Wolsey Theatre Ipswich. (1995)
The Woman in Black at the Apollo Theatre London. (2001-2002) He played the lead role of Arthur Kipps.
Educating Rita (2003) by Willy Russell in which he starred as Frank. Derby Playhouse and other theatres.
The Tempest, in which he played Prospero, Liverpool Playhouse (2005)
 Alison's House (2009) by Susan Glaspell in which he played Mr Stanhope, Orange Tree Theatre, Richmond.
 The Doll's House (2013) by Ibsen in which he played Dr Rank, Theatre Royal, Bath.
Bedroom Farce (2009), West Yorkshire Playhouse
Alison's House (2009), Orange Tree Theatre
 The Promise (2013) by Ben Brown in which he played Herbert Asquith, Orange Tree Theatre, Richmond.
 Comedy of Errors (2010), Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park
 The Conspirators (2011) by  Vaclav Havel in which he played Dykl,  Orange Tree Theatre, Richmond.
 The Winslow Boy (2012), in which he played Arthur Winslow. Various theatres. He won a Manchester Theatre Award for this role.
 Good Grief (2012), in which he played The Suit, Kings Theatre, Edinburgh and various other theatres.
 The Stepmother (2013) by Githa Sowerby in which he played Eustace Gaydon, Orange Tree Theatre Richmond.
 The Man Who Pays the Piper (2013) by G.B. Stern in which he played Dr Fairley, Orange Tree Theatre ,Richmond.
 Dances of Death (2013) by Strindberg in which he played Kurt, Gate Theatre London.
 Storm in a Flower Vase (2013) by Anton Burge in which he played Shav, Arts Theatre, London.
 The Notorious Mrs. Ebbsmith (2014) by Arthur Wing Pinero in which he played Duke of St Olpherts, Jermyn Street Theatre London.
 The Cocktail Party (2015) by T.S. Eliot in which he played Alex, The Print Room, London.
 High Society (2015) Old Vic Theatre, London.
 The Humble Boy (2018) by Charlotte Jones in which he played Jim, Orange Tree Theatre ,Richmond.

References

External links

1946 births
Living people
English male television actors
English male stage actors

Christopher Ravenscroft


Bangor Abbey was established by Saint Comgall in 558 in Bangor, County Down, Northern Ireland and was famous for its learning and austere rule. It is not to be confused with the slightly older abbey in Wales on the site of Bangor Cathedral.

History

Foundation
Comgall founded the monastery at Bangor about 558 A.D. in the County Down, on the southern shore of Belfast Lough. The ancient Annals differ about the exact year, giving various dates between 552 and 559. The earliest, the Annals of Tighernach, and the Annals of Innisfallen, give 558 A.D. as the date of the foundation. The name was sometimes written "Beannchor". The place was also called the "Vale of Angels", because, according to a popular legend, St. Patrick once rested there and saw the valley filled with angels.

Comgall was born in Antrim in 517, and educated at Clooneenagh and Clonmacnoise. The spirit of monasticism was then strong in Ireland. Many sought solitude the better to serve God, and with this object Comgall retired to a lonely island. The persuasions of his friends drew him from his retreat; later on he founded the monastery of Bangor.

Under his rule, which was rigid, prayer and fasting were incessant. Food was scant and plain. Worship held the foremost place in the life of the community. It is clear that music was a prominent feature of the worship of the Bangor monks. Crowds came to share his penances and his vigils; they also came for learning.

School
Bangor Abbey is regarded as one of the most important of the early Irish monastic sites, second only to Armagh. Within the extensive rampart which encircled its monastic buildings, students studied scripture, theology, logic, geometry, arithmetic, music, and the classics. Mo Sinu moccu Min was the fifth abbot of Bangor. It is thought that he tutored Columbanus. Robin Flower wrote that "It is clear that particular attention was paid to historical studies at Bangor, and the earliest Irish chronicle was probably a production of that house."

Bangor was a major centre of learning—called the "Light of the World"—and trained many missionaries. Carthach of Lismore studied at Bangor, as did Fintan of Doon. Saint Mirin was a prior at Bangor before leaving to found Paisley Abbey in Renfrewshire. Columbanus and Gall went off to Continental Europe in 590 AD and founded the famous monasteries of Luxiell (France), St Gallen (Switzerland) and Bobbio (Italy).

Decline

Like many early Irish monasteries, Bangor was destroyed and rebuilt on a number of occasions. The Annals of Ulster record that Bangor was burned in 616 and again in 755. No doubt at this period the buildings were constructed of wood. Easily accessible from the sea, Bangor invited attack, and between 822 and 824 the Norsemen plundered it. The Annals of Ulster and the Four Masters both record that during this raid, "learned men and bishops" were smitten, while the shrine containing the relics of Comgall was taken. Another probable victim of the Vikings was "Tanaidhe MacUidhir, coarb of Bennchor, who was killed in 958. There is a consensus that the importance of Bangor declined around the latter part of the tenth century.

When St. Malachy, in 1121, became Abbot of Bangor he had to build everything anew. However, three years later he was promoted to the See of Down, and Bangor again decayed. By the Statutes of Kilkenny the "mere Irishmen" were excluded from making profession there.

In 1469, the Franciscans had possession of it, and a century later the Augustinians, after which, at the dissolution of the monasteries in that part of Ireland, it was given by James I to Sir James Hamilton who repaired the church in 1617 and was buried in it when he died in 1644. It appears that stone from the abbey was used in the construction of the new church. All that remains of the Abbey ruins is St. Malachy's Wall.

The present Tower of the church dates back to the 14th century.
A mural in the church is of Christ ascending to  heaven with Saints Comgall, Gall and Columbanus at his feet.

Antiphonary of Bangor

The Antiphonary of Bangor was probably written by the monks of Bangor Abbey between 602 and 691. It was housed at Bobbio in Italy for over 1000 years. The manuscript, which contains a collection of Latin hymns, prayers and antiphons is one of
the earliest surviving dateable monastic manuscripts from Ireland and has been described as one of the most precious surviving
witnesses to the early Irish church. The manuscript provides an important insight into monastic life in Ireland and is also testament to the artistic and literary standard of the work attributed to the monks of Bangor in the seventh century.

Nothing now remains of the original buildings of Comgall's monastery. In the Private Chapel at Clandeboye, however, may be seen, built into the wall, the shaft of a Cross, which was found in the Abbey precincts. This is a fragment of a Celtic High Cross, which may have stood on "the Cross Hill" adjacent to Bangor Castle, and which is indicated on a 17th-century map. This fragment probably dates from about the 8th century.

Gallery

See also
 Abbeys and priories in Northern Ireland (County Down)

References

External links

 The Bangor Abbey website
 http://foundationsirishculture.ie/record/?id=7

Buildings and structures in County Down
Monasteries dissolved under the Irish Reformation
Franciscan monasteries in Northern Ireland
Augustinian monasteries in Northern Ireland
558 establishments
Christian monasteries established in the 6th century
12th-century churches in Ireland
Grade B+ listed buildings
Religion in County Down
Bangor, County Down
Archaeological sites in County Down
6th-century establishments in Ireland

Bangor Abbey


William "Bill" Tuohy (October 1, 1926 – December 31, 2009) was a journalist and author who, for most of his career, was a foreign correspondent for the Los Angeles Times.

Early life
Tuohy was born on October 1, 1926, in Chicago, Illinois, and was brought up in that city. In 1945 he joined the U.S. Navy, and served for two years aboard a submarine rescue vessel, , in the Pacific.

In 1947, and after leaving the navy, Tuohy was injured in a train wreck, and as a result with a pronounced limp for the rest of his life. He returned to Illinois and studied English at the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, graduating from Northwestern University in 1951. The following year he went to work at the San Francisco Chronicle as a copy boy.

Career
At the San Francisco Chronicle, Tuohy gained promotion to reporter and, eventually, editor on the city desk. He joined Newsweek magazine in 1959, covering the 1964 presidential campaign and briefly working as the assistant national editor. Tuohy was appointed Newsweek's foreign correspondent in Saigon in 1965, just as the United States was  entering the Vietnam War. He was there when the United States began bombing North Vietnam, and when the first US combat troops came ashore at Da Nang.

In 1966 Tuohy joined the Los Angeles Times as the Saigon Bureau Chief. In 1969 Tuohy won the Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting for his Vietnam War correspondence the previous year. Tuohy had a lengthy career as a foreign correspondent.  He served as Beirut Bureau Chief from 1968 to 1973, Rome Bureau Chief from 1973 to 1977, London Bureau Chief from 1977 to 1985, Bonn Bureau Chief from 1985 to 1990 and European Security Correspondent from 1990 to 1995.  In addition to postings as bureau chief, he covered the Fall of Saigon, the Fall of the Berlin Wall,  The Troubles of Northern Ireland, and the first Gulf War.

In 1979, when fellow Los Angeles Times correspondent Joe Alex Morris Jr. was killed in the early days of the Iranian Revolution, Tuohy hired a Learjet and flew into Tehran airport, even though the airport was closed to traffic and occupied by the Revolutionary Guards. After negotiations, he received Morris's body and flew back to the US, returning the body to Morris's family.

In 1989, he published a memoir, Dangerous Company, Inside the World's Hottest Trouble Spots with a Pulitzer Prize-Winning Correspondent.

Retirement
Tuohy retired in 1995.

After retiring, Tuohy wrote two books of naval history. The Bravest Man: The Story of Richard O'Kane and U.S. Submariners in the Pacific War was published in 2001 in the U.K. and 2006 in the U.S. Richard O'Kane was the Executive Officer of  during World War II and later received a Medal of Honor for his service in command of . His second book, America's Fighting Admirals:  Winning the War at Sea in World War II was published in 2007.  The book told the story of the war from the perspective of Navy Admirals such as Marc Mitscher, the commander of the Fast Carrier Task Force and John S. McCain, Sr.

Tuohy died December 31, 2009, following open-heart surgery in Santa Monica, California.

Family
Tuohy married three times. His first marriage was to Mary Ellen Dufek in 1955, and lasted until 1957 before they were divorced. In 1964 he married Johanna Iselen and had a son, Cyril. He and Johanna were divorced in 1989. He married a third time in 1998, to Rose Marie Wheeler, a French citizen born in Vietnam.

Awards
In addition to the Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting, Tuohy won the Overseas Press Club award for his reporting from the Middle East in 1970. He also won the Best Feature Story award in 2003 from Submarine Review.

His last award was, alphabetically, being the last notable person to die in 2009.

References

1926 births
2009 deaths
Northwestern University alumni
Los Angeles Times people
Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting winners
Journalists from Chicago

William Tuohy


Fool's Gold Loaf is a sandwich made by the Colorado Mine Company, a restaurant in Denver, Colorado. It consists of a single warmed, hollowed-out loaf of bread filled with the contents of one jar of creamy peanut butter, one jar of grape jelly, and  of bacon.

The sandwich's connection to the singer Elvis Presley is the source of its legend and prolonged interest. According to The Life and Cuisine of Elvis Presley, Presley and his friends took his private jet from Graceland, purchased 22 of the sandwiches, and spent two hours eating them and drinking Perrier and champagne before flying home. The story became legend and the sandwich became the subject of continued media interest and part of numerous cookbooks, typically focused on Presley's love of food.

Origin
There are two accounts on the origin of Fool's Gold Loaf. According to Graeme Wood, it was created by Cindy and Buck Scott, owners of the Colorado Mine Company restaurant. Wood writes that Presley obtained the recipe from the Scotts so his personal chef could make it, but noted that "the Fool's Gold Loaf never made a recorded encore".

According to Nick Andurlakis, he helped create the sandwich while he was a chef at the Colorado Mine Company and suggested the dish to Presley. Andurlakis said that he personally delivered the sandwiches to Presley on the night of his visit.

The sandwich was named to fit the restaurant's mining motif. At the time of Presley's visit, it cost $49.95 ().

Preparation
The recipe has been repeated by numerous sources, including The Life and Cuisine of Elvis Presley and Andurlakis, a chef at the Colorado Mine Company. The Fool's Gold Loaf begins with a loaf of French (which can also be substituted with Italian) white bread that is covered in two tablespoons of margarine and baked in the oven at  until brown.  of sliced bacon is fried in oil until crisp and drained. The loaf is sliced lengthwise, hollowed out, and filled with peanut butter, grape jelly and bacon.

According to Andurlakis, he personally served Presley the Fool's Gold Loaf with bacon, peanut butter, and blueberry preserves on a loaf of French bread. The specific type of preserves was allegedly Dickinson's blueberry preserves.

Elvis Presley connection
David Adler's book contains a detailed account of the event that made the Fool's Gold Loaf sandwich famous. On the night of February 1, 1976, Elvis Presley was at his home at Graceland in Memphis, entertaining Captain Jerry Kennedy of the Denver Police Department and Ron Pietrafeso of Colorado's Strike Force Against Crime. The three began discussing the sandwich, and Presley decided he wanted one right then. Presley had been to the restaurant before, while in Denver.

Kennedy and Pietrafeso were friends of the owners, so they were driven to the Memphis airport and boarded Presley's private Convair 880 jet, the Lisa Marie, and flew the two hours to Denver. When they arrived at Stapleton International Airport at 1:40 AM, the plane taxied to a special hangar where the passengers were greeted by Buck Scott, the owner of the Colorado Mine Company, and his wife Cindy, who had brought 22 fresh Fool's Gold Loaves for the men. They spent two hours in the hangar eating the sandwiches, washing them down with Perrier and champagne. Presley invited the pilots of the plane, Milo High and Elwood David, to join them. When they were done, they flew back to Memphis without ever leaving the airport.

Coverage

The Fool's Gold Loaf connection to Elvis Presley dominates the media's coverage of the subject. It was widely reported as "legend" by the media; including the NBC's Today, The Joplin Globe, and the Gloucester Daily Times. Doug Clark, a columnist for The Spokesman-Review, recounts the popular story and writes that the Fool's Gold Recipe is "surprisingly tasty" and notes that it contains around . The popular legend and sandwich were also noted by the Smithsonian.

The recipe has been included in numerous publications and cookbooks, including David Alder's book The Life and Cuisine of Elvis Presley. Alder's work continued with the television documentary The Burger and The King. Another publication by Alder, Eating the Elvis Presley Way, was later released.

The Fool's Gold Loaf has been detailed in Ramble Colorado: The Wanderer's Guide to the Offbeat, Overlooked, and Outrageous. The Peanut Butter and Co. Cookbook refers to the Fool's Gold Loaf legend and ties it to the peanut butter, banana and bacon sandwich, also known as the "Elvis sandwich".

In addition, the sandwich and its connection to Presley is featured in the 2013 romantic comedy The F Word (What If), with The Last Leg showing it off as well, in order to promote the film.

A Fool's Gold Loaf was one of the ingredients used in the 2018 "Grill Masters: Memphis" episode of Chopped.

A  version of the Fool's Gold Loaf, known as the "Elvis Challenge", was prepared by Kansas City, Missouri restaurant Succotash during a 2019 episode of the Cooking Channel's Man v. Food.

See also

 List of bacon dishes
 List of sandwiches
 List of peanut dishes
 Peanut butter and jelly sandwich
Peanut butter, banana and bacon sandwich, another sandwich Elvis Presley enjoyed

References

External links
Video report about preparation of Fool's Gold Loaf, The Spokesman-Review, 16 August 2007
Elvis Flew Across the Country to Eat a Sandwich Video about the sandwich and its connection to Elvis Presley, Fact Fiend, 29 June 2018

American sandwiches
Bacon sandwiches
Cuisine of the Western United States
Culture of Denver
Elvis Presley
Peanut butter sandwiches

Fool's Gold Loaf


Cornish Flat is an unincorporated community in the town of Cornish in Sullivan County, New Hampshire, United States.

The village is located in the northeastern corner of Cornish, at the southern end of a valley floor which is bordered westerly by Cornish Stage Road, easterly by New Hampshire Route 120, and whose northerly end is in the town of Plainfield. The headwaters of Blow-me-down Brook gather in a swampy lowland at the valley's north end formed by the confluence of Notch, Leavitt, Wine, and Penniman brooks entering the valley from the uplands of Corbin Park (a private game preserve) to the east and southeast, and by seasonal streams from the west side of the valley. Route 120 connects the village with Claremont to the south and Meriden and Lebanon to the north.

The village green has a life-size Union soldier statue elevated on a plinth carved in granite with the names of Cornish Civil War dead. Adjacent are a cast-iron memorial to World War I and granite steles commemorating World War II, the Korean War and Vietnam. A Memorial Day eulogy and parade begin here, led by the local Boy Scout troop. The old meeting house on the green has a spire and mostly reliable clock, whose bell tolls hourly. Recent upgrades to the meeting house windows do not meet National Park Service standards for historical preservation, but make the building more usable and energy efficient.

The local industry includes Dingee Machine, which outfits and repairs fire trucks and equipment, situated next to the #2 Cornish Fire Station on Route 120. Other businesses include Cornish General Store and the Cornish Flat post office, as well as the family-owned GMC dairy farm, an Angus beef farm neighboring it with substantial feed corn acreage.

The village has a separate ZIP code (03746) from the rest of the town of Cornish.

References

Unincorporated communities in New Hampshire
Unincorporated communities in Sullivan County, New Hampshire
Cornish, New Hampshire

Cornish Flat, New Hampshire


A hogan ( or ; from Navajo  ) is the primary, traditional dwelling of the Navajo people. Other traditional structures include the summer shelter, the underground home, and the sweat house. A hogan can be round, cone-shaped, multi-sided, or square; with or without internal posts; with walls and roof of timber, packed earth, and stone in varying amounts, and a bark roof for a summer house. The door traditionally faced east to welcome the rising sun, believed to bring good fortune.

Today, while some older hogans are still used as dwellings and others are maintained for ceremonial purposes, new hogans are rarely intended as family dwellings.

Hogans are also considered pioneers of energy efficient homes. Using packed mud against the wooden walls, the home was kept cool in summer by natural ventilation and water sprinkled on the packed dirt floor. In winter the fireplace kept the inside warm well into the night, due to the high thermal mass of earth in the construction.

Modern application and revival

The preference of hogan construction and use is still very popular among the Navajos, although the use of it as a home shelter dwindled through the 1900s, due mainly to the requirement by many Navajos to acquire homes built through government and lender funding – which largely ignored the hogan-style and cultural needs of a community – in preference for HUD-standardized construction.

With government and lender requirements requiring low costs, as well as bathrooms and kitchens, the hogan as a person's home was dwindling away, save for those who could build their own. That began to officially change in the late 1990s with various small projects to find ways to bring the hogan back.

In 2001, a joint venture involving the Navajo Nation, Northern Arizona University, and the US Forest Service began building log hogans with materials from a Navajo-owned log home factory in Cameron, Arizona, next to the Cameron Chapter House, using surplus wood culled from Northern Arizona forests to prevent wildfires. Through cooperation among elders, medicine men, and project leaders, this ancient Navajo tradition is reviving. While providing the traditional sacred space of the hogan, new construction also meets requirements for modern amenities. The project has also provided jobs, summer school construction experience for Navajo teens, and new public buildings.

In other languages
Possible Native American sources of the English word hogan:
  in Navajo
 gowąh (Western Apache)
 guughą or kuughą (Chiricahua)

See also

Wigwam
Earth lodge
Longhouse

References

External links

Indigenous architecture
Traditional Native American dwellings
Navajo culture
Semi-subterranean structures

Hogan


The Story of Ireland is a five-part documentary series examining the history of Ireland and its impact on the wider world. Over the course of the programmes, Fergal Keane travels across three continents, tracing the events, the people and the influences that shaped modern Ireland. The first episode aired on 20 February 2011.

Episodes

Episode One: The Age of Invasions

The series aims to explore Irish history using the historical facts and evidence while charting the origin and impact of the numerous myths that have been passed off as history in the past. Key to this approach is relating developments in Ireland to events and changes in Europe and the world at large as the centuries progress.

Areas discussed in the opening episode include the impact of early Christianity and monasticism in Ireland; the birth of Ireland's potent literary culture; the unique law tracts created by Irish lawyers that afford us remarkable insights into the day-to-day lives and habits of ordinary people nearly 1500 years ago.

Episode Two: The Age of Conquest

As the English set foot in Ireland, there began 800 years of British rule. This episode examines the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland and the huge upheavals and changes taking place across Europe at the time.

Episode Three: The Age of Revolution

Spanning the Ulster Plantation to the Act of Union, this is an era that sees Ireland take centre stage in a much wider European conflict. This episode will also investigate Gaelic life and culture during the eighteenth century through poetry, music and the rise of a Roman Catholic middle class.

Episode Four: The Age of Union

A new area for exploration is Ireland's role in the British Empire - both in terms of military service - Irish regiments holding the Punjab for example, and in terms of intriguing Irish governors and political men posted in various corners of the British Empire.

Episode Five: The Age of Nations

The Boer War is of much forgotten significance to the Irish story in the early 20th century. A strong theme in the programme is the exploration of Irish nationalism, the welding together of culture, physical force and blood sacrifice, from Patrick Pearse, Connolly and Larkin right through to the beginning of the period known as 'The Troubles' in Northern Ireland.

And also the opening up of the 60s under Seán Lemass brought in a new era of economic openness in the south and its eventual membership of the EEC. There is a look at some key moments in The Troubles.

References

Irish documentary television series
Television series about the history of Ireland
British documentary television series

The Story of Ireland