West African cuisine encompasses a diverse range of foods that are split between its 16 countries. In West Africa, many families grow and raise their own food, and within each there is a division of labor. Indigenous foods consist of a number of plant species and animals, and are important to those whose lifestyle depends on farming and hunting.

The history of West Africa also plays a large role in their cuisine and recipes, as interactions with different cultures (particularly the Arab world and later Europeans) over the centuries have introduced many ingredients that went on to become key components of the various national cuisines today.

History
During the early modern period, European explorers and slave traders influenced regional cuisines in West Africa, but only to a limited extent. However, it was European merchant and slave ships which brought chili peppers, corn and tomatoes from the New World, and both have become ubiquitous components of West African cuisines, along with peanuts, cassava, and plantains. In turn, these slave ships carried African ingredients to the New World, including black-eyed peas and okra.

Around the time of the colonial period, particularly during the Scramble for Africa, European settlers defined colonial borders without regard to pre-existing borders, territories or cultural differences. This bisected tribes and created colonies with varying culinary styles. As a result, it is difficult to sharply define, for example, Senegalese cuisine.

Although the European colonists brought many new ingredients to the African continent, they had relatively little effect on the way people cook in West Africa.

Ingredients

Though there are obvious differences among the local cuisines in West Africa, there are also many commonalities, mainly in the ingredients used.

Many dishes are enriched with a base of tomatoes, onions and chili peppers. Considered an essential and even "sacred" cooking technique in the region, the combination of these three ingredients sauteed in oil is analogous to similar concepts such as the holy trinity of Cajun and Creole cooking in the United States, sofrito used in the Spanish-speaking world, soffritto in Italy, and the mirepoix of France.

The most prevalent cooking oil is palm nut oil, traditionally associated with the coastal regions and contributing a distinctive colour, flavour and texture to food, while shea butter is more commonly used in the Sahel. Called karité in French, which comes from the Arabic word ghartī, it is prized for the rich mouthfeel it imparts.

There are certain ingredients that go with certain countries as well. In Ghana, the most commonly used ingredients are hot pepper, ginger, and maize. Ghanaians use hot pepper because they believe the hot peppers will cool the body and cleanse/purify it. (Salm, 106–108).  In Senegal, the main ingredients are among many others hot pepper, rice, millet, peanut, ginger, tamarind leaves, and baobab fruit, and cooking oil (Ross, 75). Those are the few that have a slight difference of what they commonly use for their dishes.

For an overall view of West Africa, according to Fran Osseo-Asare, the common ingredients for the West African region are the leaves from a baobab tree, cereal grains: sorghum, millet, and fonio, cola nuts, egusi seeds, guinea fowl, melegueta pepper, oil palm, okra, and rice.  Other ingredients used are okra (thickener) as basis for soups and stews, black-eyed peas, and sesame according to Jessica B. Harris in High on the Hog.

Sauces
Obe ata and ata din din are base sauces used in many recipes. Both are based on tomatoes, chili peppers, onions and flavorings such as thyme, garlic, ginger, curry powder, along with stock or bouillon.

Seasonings
Spices play a relatively less prominent role in West African cooking compared to say, North African cuisine. Cooks use spices and herbs like ginger, coriander, and thyme sparingly but knowingly.

Chilli peppers, however, are loved in West Africa, in fresh, dried and powdered form, particularly in the more hot and humid lands of the region. Introduced to Africa sometime after Christopher Columbus sailed to America by European sailors, it is said that the sweating induced by the spicy heat of chilli helps to cool the skin. More than in other regions of Africa, West Africans utilize Scotch bonnet chilli peppers with a liberal hand in many of their sauces and stews. The bite and fire of these extremely hot peppers (Scoville rating 200,000-300,000) add a unique flavor as well as heat. The chilli is also supposed to help preserve food, as well as adding flavour to relatively bland tropical staples like root vegetables.

The seeds of Guinea pepper (Aframomum melegueta; also called grains of paradise or melegueta pepper), a plant indigenous to West Africa, are also widely used. This native spice tastes and looks somewhat like a peppercorn, but has cardamom and coriander seed flavor notes. Grains of paradise was once a prized commodity reaching Europe through North African middlemen during the Middle Ages.

Sumbala or soumbala is a flavouring used widely across West Africa, used in a manner not unlike a bouillon cube. It is usually prepared by women over the course of several days, traditionally from néré (Parkia biglobosa) seeds, also known as locust bean, a plant native to West Africa. It can be made from other kinds of seeds, and the use of soybeans for this purpose is increasing due mainly to inadequate supply of néré seeds. The fabrication process involves boiling, cleaning and then packing away to ferment—the fermentation process giving it a pungent smell and at the same time a rich, deep umami or savory flavour is developed. Salt can be added to the finished product to facilitate storage life. This condiment is traditionally sold in balls or patties that can be kept for several months at a time in the case of the best quality.

It is a traditional cooking ingredient used across West Africa, although the less traditional bouillon cube, specifically the Maggi brand, rivals it in popularity.

African potash (potassium carbonate) is a native salt used for flavoring and to expedite the cooking time for some foods by cooks, it is made from wood-fire ashes in an ancient process that was once used by pioneer settlers in North America.

Vegetables
Vegetables are a part of any West African meal. Some commonly eaten vegetables include black-eyed peas, eggplant, pumpkin and other squashes, okra, as well as an extensive variety of both farmed and foraged green leafy vegetables, little known or used outside of the African continent.

Baobab leaves, pumpkin leaves, rosella leaves, sweet potato leaves, and cassava leaves (which contain cyanide in their raw state, and are always blanched with boiling water before use to remove the toxins) are just some of the greens that are commonplace in a West African kitchen. Black-eyed peas form the basis for a popular fried snack, the well-loved akara fritter.

Starchy tubers and root vegetables are used as staple food, to be served with their meat and vegetable dishes, often as a foil to the hotness of the peppers. Cassava, cocoyams, sweet potatoes, plantains, and yams are ubiquitous in the local diet, and they are usually boiled and then pounded with a pestle and mortar into a thick starchy paste called fufu.

Other starch staples eaten throughout West Africa besides root vegetables and tubers include fonio, rice, millet, sorghum, and maize.

Meat
Although West Africans ate far more vegetables and much less meat in the past, today their diet is heavier in meats, salt, and fats. Seafood is especially popular along the coast and many dishes combine both fish and meat. Seafood is one of the most common protein sources in West Africa.

Seafood is so prevalent in this region that this industry even accounts for a quarter of the workforce. Dried and smoked fish flavor a number of sauces, stews, and other dishes, including condiments, in much the same way that anchovies and bacon flavour food in a number of other cuisines. It is often flaked and fried in oil, and sometimes cooked in sauce made with the base of hot peppers, onions and tomatoes, various spices (such as soumbala) and water to produce an incredible combination of subtle flavors.

Chicken is eaten nearly everywhere and chicken eggs are a common food and source of protein. Guinea fowl eggs also popular. In some inland areas, beef, pork and mutton are preferred, with goat meat being the dominant red meat.

Suya, a popular grilled spicy meat kebab flavored with peanuts and other spices, is sold by street vendors as a tasty snack or evening meal and is typically made with beef or chicken.

Representative dishes
Some dishes are a prevalent feature in most West African societies, but bearing different names in different locales.

Fufu

As above, fufu is usually made from cassava, yams, and sometimes combined with cocoyam, plantains, cornmeal, or oatmeal. In Ghana, fufu is mostly made from boiled cassava and unripe plantain beaten together, as well as from cocoyam. Currently, these products have been made into powder/flour and can be mixed with hot water to obtain the final product  eliminating the task of beating it in a mortar with a pestle until a desired consistency is reached.

Fufu can also be made from semolina, rice, or even instant potato flakes. Often, the dish is still made by traditional methods: pounding and the base substance in a mortar with a wooden spoon. In contexts where poverty is not an issue, or where modern appliances are readily available, a food processor may also be used.

In Western and Central Africa, the more common method is to serve a mound of fufu along with a soup (ọbẹ). After washing hands, the diner pinches off a small ball of fufu and makes an indentation with the thumb. This reservoir is then filled with soup, and the ball is eaten.

In  Nigeria and Ghana, the ball is often not chewed but swallowed whole—in fact, chewing fufu is considered a faux pas. Therefore, fufu not only serves as a food but also as a utensil.

One of the low points of fufu was the smell which lingers on long after the meal; however, new and improved species of cassava and improved cassava processing have eliminated the smell of  fufu, making it more accepted as a meal.

A selection of soups that could be served with fufu includes light (tomato) soup, palm nut soup, groundnut soup, peppersoup, and other types of soups with vegetables such as okra, nkontomire (cocoyam leaves). Soups are often made with different kinds of meat and fish, fresh or smoked.

Groundnut stew

Groundnut stew (), (var. , , , ,   or ), is a peanut-based stew common to much of West Africa, and very popular in Senegal, the Gambia, Mali, Guinea and Cote d'Ivoire. Variants of  appear in the cuisine of nations throughout West Africa and Central Africa.  With the significant expansion of groundnut cultivation during the colonial period,  has become a popular dish across West Africa, and as far east as Cameroon.

Recipes for the stew vary widely, but groundnut stew at its core is cooked with a sauce based on groundnuts (peanuts), the West African trinity of tomatoes, onion and chillies, and common protein components are mutton, beef or chicken. In the coastal regions of Senegal, maafe is frequently made with fish. Maafe is traditionally served with white rice (in Senegambia), couscous (as West Africa meets the Sahara) or fufu and sweet potatoes in the more tropical areas.

Jollof rice

Jollof rice, also called benachin, is a popular dish all over West Africa.  It originated in Senegal but has since spread to the whole of West Africa, especially Nigeria and Ghana amongst members of the Wolof ethnic group, from whom the word "jollof" originated.

There are many variations of jollof rice, which in most cuisines depends on a base similar to obe ata. The most common basic ingredients are rice, tomatoes and tomato paste, onion, salt, and red pepper. Beyond that, nearly any kind of meat, vegetable, or spice can be added.

The Senegalese version of jollof rice is a bit different and is called ceebu jen, the national dish of Senegal. A variation, thiebou yapp, or "rice meat" is made with beef, mutton or other red meat. Riz gras is a similar dish found in French-speaking West Africa.

List of other West African dishes

 Akara
 Aloko
 Cachupa
 Chin chin
 Couscous
 Draw soup
 Ẹbà
 Egusi soup
 Frejon
 Fried plantain or alloco—a popular version made in Ghana is called kelewele, or hot plantain chips.
 Futari
 Garri (ground cassava)
 Jollof rice
 Fried fish
 Fufu
 Kedjenou
 Kenkey
 Koko Kokoro Meat pie
 Moin moin Ndolé Ngome Ogbono soup
 Ogi Palaver sauce
 Peanut soup
 Pounded yam
 Puff-puff
 Sauce aux feuilles de patates douces Suya Palm nut soup
 Red Red
 Tapalapa bread
 Wagasi Yassa au poulet''

Beverages

Malt drinks such as Supermalt and fresh coconut water are popular beverages in West Africa. As for alcoholic drinks, palm wine is a common beverage made from the fermented sap of various types of palm trees and is usually sold in sweet (less-fermented, retaining more of the sap's sugar) or sour (fermented longer, making it stronger and less sweet) varieties. Beer from millet is also common.

Etiquette
Dining is communal; diners use their fingers to eat. Water has a very strong ritual significance in many West African nations (particularly in dry areas), and water is often the first thing an African host will offer a guest.

By country
For more specific styles, refer to the articles on each national or regional cuisines:
 Benin cuisine
 Cuisine of Burkina Faso
 Cape Verdean cuisine
 Gambian cuisine
 Ghanaian cuisine
 Cuisine of Guinea
 Guinea-Bissauan cuisine
 Ivorian cuisine (cuisine of Côte d'Ivoire)
 Liberian cuisine
 Malian cuisine
 Mauritanian cuisine
 Cuisine of Niger
 Nigerian cuisine
 Cuisine of Saint Helena
 Senegalese cuisine
 Cuisine of Sierra Leone
 Togolese cuisine

See also

 List of African cuisines
 List of African dishes

Notes

References

Further reading

African cuisine
Beninese cuisine
Burkinabe cuisine
Cape Verdean cuisine
Gambian cuisine
Ghanaian cuisine
Guinean cuisine
Ivorian cuisine
Liberian cuisine
Malian cuisine
Mauritanian cuisine
Nigerian cuisine
Nigerien cuisine
Saint Helenian cuisine
Senegalese cuisine
Sierra Leonean cuisine
Togolese cuisine

West African cuisine


Abraham van Diepenbeeck (9 May 1596 (baptised) – between May and September 1675) was Dutch painter, draftsman, glass painter, print maker and tapestry designer who worked most of his active career in Antwerp. He designed glass windows for various churches and monasteries in Antwerp for which he made many design drawings and oil sketches. He engraved and designed many prints which were published by prominent Antwerp printers such as van Meurs, the Plantin Press and Martinus van den Enden the Elder. He had a close relationship with the workshop of the leading Flemish Baroque painter Peter Paul Rubens and collaborated on various projects under the direction of Rubens.  In the 1630's van Diepenbeeck started to create monumental paintings.  His work was influenced by Rubens and Anthony van Dyck.

Life
Van Diepenbeeck was born in 's-Hertogenbosch as the son of the glass painter Jan Roelofsz. van Diepenbeeck.  The early Dutch biographer Arnold Houbraken alleged that van Diepenbeeck was in Italy to study glass painting likely in the late 1610s or early 1620s. Modern scholarship has cast some doubt on this study time in Italy. It is believed that he studied with his father and left 's-Hertogenbosch for Antwerp after his father's death in 1620.  It is possible that his move from his home town in 1621 was related to the war negotiations that were underway that year, which particularly threatened the northern border provinces of the Southern Netherlands, where 's Hertogenbosch was located.

He was registered in the Antwerp Guild of Saint Luke as a glass painter ('gelaesschryver') in the guild year 1622-23. It is believed that in the years 1626-1627 he assisted,  along with the workshop of Rubens, with the cartoons for the tapestry series of The Adoration of the Eucharist.  In 1627 he designed on the instruction of Rubens drawing for the frontispiece of the book Vitae patrum. De vita et verbis seniorum, sive, Historiae eremiticae libri X. Auctoribus suis et nitori pristino nestituti, ac notationibus illustrati, opera et studio Heriberti Ros-weydi Vltraiectini, e soc. Jesu theologi published in 1628 by the Plantin Press in Antwerp. Around 1632 Rubens requested van Diepenbeeck to travel to France to make drawings after frescoes by Francesco Primaticcio (1504-157) and Nicolò dell'Abate (ca. 1509-1571) in Paris and Fontainebleau.

He became a member of the Sodality of the Unmarried Men of Age ('Sodaliteit der bejaerde jongmans') in April 1634 and a consultor of this Sodality in September 1634 and September 1636. On 4 January 1636 he was registered as a poorter (citizen) of Antwerp.  He married in June 1637 Catharina Heuvick, daughter of Luc Heuvick, notary of Antwerp and Schelle. The couple had eight children. In 13 June 1639 he became consultor of the Sodality of the Married Men of Age ('Sodaliteit der getrouwden'). He became a master painter and glass painter of the Guild of St. Luke in the Guild year 1638-1639. Van Diepenbeeck had his whole career great difficulties with the Guild and many of his colleagues.   He was elected, against his own wishes, to serve as the dean of the guild during the guild year 1642-1643. He refused to present the annual accounts of the guild for that year which were then prepared by Guillam Leestens in his stead. He employed the engraver Hendrik Snijders II on 1 September 1642.

In 1648 the Antwerp painter Gonzales Coques undertook to supply a series of monumental paintings on the life of Psyche for the Huis Honselaarsdijk, a palace of the Stadtholder Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange (1584-1647). The paintings in the series were to be made after designs by van Diepenbeeck and were executed by other painters from Antwerp. As in 1652 Van Diepenbeeck had still not been paid the financial compensation for his work he filed a lawsuit against Coques.   As at the beginning of the 19th century a large portion of the palace was destroyed, the paintings do not survive.

His first wife died in 1648. On 13 May 1652 he married Anna van der Dort, with whom he had four children.  Their daughter Johanna Marie van Diepenbeeck married the painter Joris van Bredael and their sons Jozef and Jan Pieter both became painters.

In the last half of his life, the artist busied himself nearly exclusively with designs for books and tapestries. He had various pupils. Between 18 September 1640 and 18 September 1641 he became the master of Franchoys Muntsaerts and between 18 September 1672 and 18 September 1673 of Jan Pauwels.  Françoys van Uffelen was also his pupil.

Abraham van Diepenbeeck died in Antwerp on 31 December 1675.

Work
He was mainly a designer of prints for books, stained-glass windows and tapestries. Only in the 1630s did he commence with monumental painting. He treated mythological and historical subjects, as well as portraits.

In Antwerp he achieved his first successes in painting on glass. He designed windows for the cathedral of Antwerp on the subject of the Acts of Mercy. He also designed the windows for Antwerp's Saint Paul's Church showing scenes of the Life of Saint Pau.  The 18 stained glass windows in the Carmelite monastery in Boxmeer are attributed to van Diepenbeeck.  The windows depict scenes from the history of the monastery and also from the Eucharist.

Among his prints are 49 of the 58 designs engraved by Cornelis Bloemaert and others for Michel de Marolles' Tableaux du Temple des Muses to illustrate de Marolles' adaptations of classical fables.   Van Diepenbeeck designed all plates other than plates nos. 9, 10, 19, 32, 49, 47, 50, 52 and 53 which were designed by Pierre Brebiette.

References

External links

1596 births
1675 deaths
People from 's-Hertogenbosch
Flemish Baroque painters
Dutch male painters
Painters from Antwerp
Flemish tapestry artists
Flemish stained glass artists and manufacturers

Abraham van Diepenbeeck


Giorgio Gomelsky (28 February 1934 – 13 January 2016) was a Georgian-British record producer, band manager, filmmaker and impresario. He owned the Crawdaddy Club in Richmond, London. He managed the rock bands The Rolling Stones and The Yardbirds. He also worked closely with Daevid Allen. In 1967, he started Marmalade Records (distributed by Polydor). He wrote songs under the name "Oscar Rasputin".

Gomelsky was born in Tiflis (now Tbilisi). His father was a doctor and his mother was from Monte Carlo. He grew up in many countries including Syria, Egypt, Italy and Switzerland. He moved to London, United Kingdom when he was a young adult in the 1950s. In the 1970s, he moved to New York City, United States.

Gomelsky died from cancer on 13 January 2016 in New York City. He was 81.

References

Other websites

1934 births
2016 deaths
British cinematographers
British record producers
British songwriters
People from Tbilisi
The Rolling Stones

Giorgio Gomelsky


Giorgos or George Seferis (;  ), the pen name of Georgios Seferiadis (Γεώργιος Σεφεριάδης; March 13  – September 20, 1971), was a Greek poet and diplomat. He was one of the most important Greek poets of the 20th century, and a Nobel laureate.

He was a career diplomat in the Greek Foreign Service, culminating in his appointment as Ambassador to the UK, a post which he held from 1957 to 1962.

Biography
Seferis was born in Vourla near Smyrna in Asia Minor, in the Aidin Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire (now İzmir, Turkey). His father, Stelios Seferiadis, was a lawyer, and later a professor at the University of Athens, as well as a poet and translator in his own right. He was also a staunch Venizelist and a supporter of the demotic Greek language over the formal, official language (katharevousa). Both of these attitudes influenced his son. In 1914 the family moved to Athens, where Seferis completed his secondary school education. He continued his studies in Paris from 1918 to 1925, studying law at the Sorbonne. While he was there, in September 1922, Smyrna/Izmir was taken by the Turkish Army after a two-year Greek military campaign on Anatolian soil. Many Greeks, including Seferis's family, fled from Asia Minor. Seferis would not visit Smyrna again until 1950; the sense of being an exile from his childhood home would inform much of Seferis's poetry, showing itself particularly in his interest in the story of Odysseus. Seferis was also greatly influenced by Kavafis, T. S. Eliot and Ezra Pound.

He returned to Athens in 1925 and was admitted to the Royal Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the following year. This was the beginning of a long and successful diplomatic career, during which he held posts in England (1931–1934) and Albania (1936–1938). He married Maria Zannou ('Maro') on April 10, 1941 on the eve of the German invasion of Greece. During the Second World War, Seferis accompanied the Free Greek Government in exile to Crete, Egypt, South Africa, and Italy, and returned to liberated Athens in 1944. He continued to serve in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and held diplomatic posts in Ankara, Turkey (1948–1950) and London (1951–1953). He was appointed minister to Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Iraq (1953–1956), and was Royal Greek Ambassador to the United Kingdom from 1957 to 1961, the last post before his retirement in Athens. Seferis received many honours and prizes, among them honorary doctoral degrees from the universities of Cambridge (1960), Oxford (1964), Thessaloniki (1964), and Princeton (1965).

Cyprus
Seferis first visited Cyprus in November 1953. He immediately fell in love with the island, partly because of its resemblance, in its landscape, the mixture of populations, and in its traditions, to his childhood summer home in Skala (Urla). His book of poems Imerologio Katastromatos III was inspired by the island, and mostly written there–bringing to an end a period of six or seven years in which Seferis had not produced any poetry. Its original title Cyprus, where it was ordained for me… (a quotation from Euripides' Helen in which Teucer states that Apollo has decreed that Cyprus shall be his home) made clear the optimistic sense of homecoming Seferis felt on discovering the island. Seferis changed the title in the 1959 edition of his poems.

Politically, Cyprus was entangled in the dispute between the UK, Greece and Turkey over its international status. Over the next few years, Seferis made use of his position in the diplomatic service to strive towards a resolution of the Cyprus dispute, investing a great deal of personal effort and emotion. This was one of the few areas in his life in which he allowed the personal and the political to mix. Seferis described his political principles as "liberal and democratic [or republican]."

The Nobel Prize

In 1963, Seferis was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature "for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture." Seferis was the first Greek to receive the prize (followed later by Odysseas Elytis, who became a Nobel laureate in 1979). But in his acceptance speech, Seferis chose rather to emphasise his own humanist philosophy, concluding: "When on his way to Thebes Oedipus encountered the Sphinx, his answer to its riddle was: 'Man'. That simple word destroyed the monster. We have many monsters to destroy. Let us think of the answer of Oedipus." While Seferis has sometimes been considered a nationalist poet, his 'Hellenism' had more to do with his identifying a unifying strand of humanism in the continuity of Greek culture and literature. The other five finalists for the prize that year were W. H. Auden, Pablo Neruda (1971 winner), Samuel Beckett (1969 winner), Yukio Mishima and Aksel Sandemose.

Later life
In 1967 the repressive nationalist, right-wing Regime of the Colonels took power in Greece after a coup d'état. After two years marked by widespread censorship, political detentions and torture, Seferis took a stand against the regime. On March 28, 1969, he made a statement on the BBC World Service, with copies simultaneously distributed to every newspaper in Athens. In authoritative and absolute terms, he stated "This anomaly must end".

Seferis did not live to see the end of the junta in 1974 as a direct result of Turkey's invasion of Cyprus, which had itself been prompted by the junta's attempt to overthrow Cyprus's president, Archbishop Makarios. He died in Athens, on September 20, 1971. The cause of death was reported to be pneumonia, aggravated by a stroke he had suffered after undergoing surgery for a bleeding ulcer about two months earlier.

At his funeral, huge crowds followed his coffin through the streets of Athens, singing Mikis Theodorakis' setting of Seferis's poem 'Denial' (then banned); he had become a popular hero for his resistance to the regime. He is buried at First Cemetery of Athens.

Legacy

His house at Pangrati district of central Athens, just next to the Panathinaiko Stadium of Athens, still stands today at Agras Street.

There are commemorative blue plaques on two of his London homes – 51 Upper Brook Street, and at 7 Sloane Avenue.

In 1999, there was a dispute over the naming of a street in İzmir Yorgos Seferis Sokagi due to continuing ill-feeling over the Greco-Turkish War in the early 1920s.

In 2004, the band Sigmatropic released "16 Haiku & Other Stories," an album dedicated to and lyrically derived from Seferis's work. Vocalists included recording artists Laetitia Sadier, Alejandro Escovedo, Cat Power, and Robert Wyatt. Seferis's famous stanza from Mythistorema was featured in the Opening Ceremony of the 2004 Athens Olympic Games:

I woke with this marble head in my hands;
It exhausts my elbows and I don't know where to put it down.
It was falling into the dream as I was coming out of the dream.
So our life became one and it will be very difficult for it to separate again.

Stephen King quotes several of Seferis's poems as epigraphs in his 1975 novel 'Salem's Lot.

The composer Richard Causton wrote a piece for solo flute, Sleep, which is inspired by Mythistorema.

Works

Poetry
 Strophe, 1931 ()
 The Cistern, 1932 ()
 Mythical narrative, 1935 ()
 Book of Exercises, 1940 ()
 Log Book I, 1940 ()
 Log Book II, 1944 ()
 The Thrush, 1947 ()
 Log Book III, 1955 ()
 Three Secret Poems, 1966 ()
 Book of Exercises ΙΙ, 1976 ()

Prose
 Essays () 3 vols. (vols 1–2, 3rd ed. (ed. G.P. Savidis) 1974, vol 3 (ed. Dimitri Daskalopoulos) 1992)
 Translations () (1965)
 Days–diaries () (9 vols., published posthumously, 1975–2019)
 Six Nights on the Acropolis () (published posthumously, 1974)
 Varnavas Kalostefanos () (published posthumously, 2007)

English translations
 George Seferis's 'On a Winter Ray' Cordite Poetry Review [Greek and English texts]
 Three Secret Poems, trans. Walter Kaiser (1969). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press [Greek and English texts]
 Complete Poems trans. Edmund Keeley and Philip Sherrard. (1995) London: Anvil Press Poetry. ISBN [English only]
 Collected Poems, trans. E. Keeley, P. Sherrard (1981) [Greek and English texts]
 A Poet's Journal: Days of 1945–1951 trans. Athan Anagnostopoulos. (1975) London: Harvard University Press. ISBN
 On the Greek Style: Selected Essays on Poetry and Hellenism trans. Rex Warner and Th.D. Frangopoulos. (1966) London: Bodley Head, reprinted (1982, 1992, 2000) Limni (Greece): Denise Harvey (Publisher),
 Poems trans. Rex Warner. (1960) London: Bodley Head; Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown and Company.
 Collected Poems trans. Manolis (Emmanuel Aligizakis). (2012) Surrey: Libros Libertad.
 Six Nights on the Acropolis, trans. by Susan Matthias (2007).

Correspondence
 This Dialectic of Blood and Light, George Seferis – Philip Sherrard, An Exchange: 1946–1971, 2015 Limni (Greece): Denise Harvey (Publisher)

Reviews
 Black, David, (1983), review of Collected Poems edited by Edmund Keeley and Phillip Sherrard, in Hearn, Sheila G. (ed.), Cencrastus No. 12, Spring 1983, pp. 47 & 48,

Notes

References
 "Introduction to T. S. Eliot," in Modernism/modernity 16:1 (January 2009), 146–60 (online).
 Beaton, Roderick (2003). George Seferis: Waiting for the Angel – A Biography. New Haven: Yale University Press. .
 Loulakaki-Moore, Irene (2010). Seferis and Elytis as Translators. Oxford: Peter Lang. .
 Tsatsos, Ioanna, Demos Jean (trans.) (1982). My Brother George Seferis. Minneapolis, Minn.: North Central Publishing.

External links

 Listen to Seferis on the BBC (in Greek)
  including the Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1963 Some Notes on Modern Greek Tradition

1900 births
1971 deaths
People from Urla, Izmir
People from Aidin vilayet
Smyrniote Greeks
Modern Greek poets
Generation of the '30s
Ambassadors of Greece to the United Kingdom
Greek diplomats
20th-century Greek poets
Poet-diplomats
Translators of T. S. Eliot
Emigrants from the Ottoman Empire to Greece
Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars
Nobel laureates in Literature
Greek Nobel laureates
Burials at the First Cemetery of Athens
University of Paris alumni

Giorgos Seferis


Archie is a city in southern Cass County, Missouri. The city is part of the Kansas City metropolitan statistical area within the United States. The population was 1,170 at the 2010 census.

History
Archie was platted in 1880, and named after Archie Talmadge, the son of a railroad official. A post office has been in operation at Archie since 1880.

On August 10, 1932, a meteorite fell near Archie that received national attention. A fragment is on display in the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. The name of the meteorite is "Archie".

Geography
Archie is located just north of the southern border of the county on Missouri Route A one-half mile west of U.S. Route 71. Harrisonville is 11 miles to the north along Route 71. The South Grand River flows past about 3/4 of a mile to the northeast.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which  is land and  is water.

Demographics

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,170 people, 441 households, and 317 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 485 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 96.9% White, 0.5% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 0.9% from other races, and 1.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.0% of the population.

There were 441 households, of which 41.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.7% were married couples living together, 10.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 28.1% were non-families. 24.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.12.

The median age in the city was 33.2 years. 30.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 28.4% were from 25 to 44; 20.3% were from 45 to 64; and 12.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.3% male and 50.7% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 890 people, 360 households, and 249 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 390 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 98.99% White, 0.79% Native American, and 0.22% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.34% of the population.

There were 360 households, out of which 36.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.9% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.6% were non-families. 28.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.02.

In the city the population was spread out, with 28.4% under the age of 18, 5.8% from 18 to 24, 31.1% from 25 to 44, 16.6% from 45 to 64, and 18.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $36,944, and the median income for a family was $42,404. Males had a median income of $37,583 versus $23,750 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,051. About 3.5% of families and 5.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.3% of those under age 18 and 15.0% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Archie (Cass County R-V) School District is the local school district. It operates a PreK-12 system that largely sits on one site, including the elementary and middle school, and Archie High School. The district's athletics "dome" serves as the community storm shelter. The outdoor Athletics Complex sits approximately one-mile west of the main district site.

Archie has a public library, a branch of the Cass County Public Library.

Arts and culture
Archie is the home of the Missouri State Tractor Pullers Association (MSTPA). Within the past five years, Archie has just recently added a Dollar General just off the highway.

Archie hosts the longest running high school basketball tournament in the state, which is nearing the 90th year.

The War Veterans Memorial is an obelisk monument that pays homage to veteran soldiers, specifically those who had served during wartime and in defense of the country. Developed and erected between 2003-2005 by the local Boy Scout troop, community youth committee. It was designed and project managed by JD Leathers, and paid for by donations from the local community.

Notable people
 Vicky Hartzler, former Member of the United States House of Representatives, representing Missouri's 4th Congressional District 2011–2023
 Oad Swigart, baseball player
 Glenn Wright, major league baseball player; shortstop with the Pittsburgh Pirates.

References

Cities in Cass County, Missouri
Populated places established in 1880
1880 establishments in Missouri
Cities in Missouri

Archie, Missouri


A large number of monuments were erected in Germany in honour of Emperor William I (known in German as Kaiser-Wilhelm-Denkmal). As early as 1867 the Berlin sculptor, Friedrich Drake, had created the first equestrian statue, that portrayed William I as the King of Prussia. To date the Prussian Monument Institute (Preußische Denkmal-Institut) has recorded:
 63 equestrian statues
 231 standing statues
 5 seated statues and
 126 busts

that were created and erected between 1888 and 1918 in the German-speaking region. In addition there are numerous William I monuments on which the emperor is portrayed in a relief medallion or which commemorates the emperor in a dedicatory inscription. During the  "imperial era" 28 Emperor William I towers were also built.

They are most commonly known in English sources as Emperor William monuments or Kaiser Wilhelm monuments.

History
A distinction must be made between two groups of monuments:

 those erected in honour of William I of Prussia (22 March 1797 – 9 March 1888), who was proclaimed German Emperor during the Franco-Prussian War of  1870/71 in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles on the initiative of Bismarck, and
 those in honour of his grandson, William II (27 January 1859; – 4 June 1941), who had to abdicate at the end of the First World War in November 1918.

Even before the imperial period it was customary in Prussia not to erect monuments to living monarchs. Moreover, before official monuments of members of the royal house, i.e. Prussia, could be built, a so-called 'sovereign approval' had to be sought. As a result, almost all Emperor William monuments appeared only after the death of Emperor William I in 1888. There are very few monuments to the last German Emperor, William II, for the reasons mentioned above. The only two equestrian statues are in Cologne (a free-standing monument on the Hohenzollern Bridge) and in Wuppertal's Elberfeld district (a 3/4 scale relief).

Emperor William monuments were mainly built in Prussia and in larger cities outside of Prussia, usually on the initiative of private individuals. The organization of finance, tendering, planning and unveiling was carried out by memorial committees that were dissolved after completion of the monument.

The best known surviving Emperor William monuments today are the 81-metre-high Kyffhäuser Monument (1890-1896), The Emperor William Monument at Porta Westfalica, unveiled in 1896, and the monument at the Deutsches Eck in Koblenz erected in 1897. All three were designed by Berlin architect, Bruno Schmitz.

The first (still surviving) monument to William I, which portrays him as King of Prussia on horseback, stands at the bridgehead of Cologne's Hohenzollern Bridge (right bank, i.e. on the Deutz side).

The only monument showing Emperor William I in civilian clothes, stands in the spa park at Bad Ems. It was unveiled on 7 May 1893 and portrays the monarch as people saw him when he was visiting the spa in the town.

One of the 231 statues of Emperor William I was unveiled in 1894 in Wiesbaden. The monument, with a height of 6.8 metres, had been created by Dresden sculptor, Johannes Schilling, and bore the inscription "The grateful city of Wiesbaden" on its base.

The last official monument was the equestrian statue "for" Lübeck: the authorization and contract award were issued in 1914; although the die was ready for casting, no bronze was available because of the First World War. So the statue was only completed in 1919.

Gallery

See also
 Bismarck monuments
 Kaiser towers
 Kaiser Wilhelm Tower

German Empire

Monuments and memorials in Germany
Outdoor sculptures in Germany
Equestrian statues in Germany
Sculptures of men in Germany

Emperor William monuments


The flag of Kiribati (Gilbertese: buraki ni Kiribati) is red in the upper half with a gold frigatebird (Fregata minor, in Gilbertese: te eitei) flying over a gold rising sun (otintaai), and the lower half is blue with three horizontal wavy white stripes to represent the ocean and the three archipelagoes (Gilbert, Phoenix and Line Islands). The 17 rays of the sun represent the 16 Gilbert Islands and Banaba (former Ocean Island).

The yellow frigatebird symbolises command over the sea, freedom, and dance patterns. The blue and white wavy bands represent the Pacific Ocean, which surrounds Kiribati, and the sun refers to Kiribati's position astride the Equator.

The flag is derived from a badge designed by Sir Arthur Grimble in 1931 for the flag of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands British colony and granted in 1937.

Official description

Following the schedule 2 (section 8) of the National Identity Act of 1989, the official description is this one:
"The bird is a frigate bird which represents power, freedom and Kiribati cultural dance patterns".
"The rising sun is the tropical sun as Kiribati lies astride the Equator".
"The sea is the Pacific Ocean which surrounds Kiribati".

History

Kiribati's flag is an armorial banner, a flag having a design corresponding exactly to that of the shield in the coat of arms, the former badge of the flag of the British colony of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands. In a letter on 15 August 1931 to the Western Pacific High Commissioner, Arthur Grimble has written (concerning his badge proposal):
"Sea. Represents the space of the ocean in which the colony is isolated".
"Sun. The islands lie close to the 180 degree meridian. Sun is either rising or setting".
"Bird. Frigate bird (Fregat Aquilla (sic)) symbolises power, poise and freedom. To the natives it is a sign of sovereignty and kingly birth, and highly regarded as such".

The coat of arms dates was then granted by the College of Arms in May 1937 when it was officially granted to the colony of Gilbert and Ellice Islands. The shield was incorporated into the centre of the fly half of a British Blue Ensign as the state ensign of the colony.

Shortly before independence was granted in 1979, a local competition was held to choose a new national flag, and a design based on the colonial coat of arms was submitted to the College of Arms. The College of Arms decided to modify this design. Both the golden frigatebird and the sun were enlarged to occupy more of the top of the flag, and the width of the blue and white wavy bands was reduced. The local people, however, insisted on the original design, in which the top and bottom halves of the flag were equal, the sun and local frigate bird small, and the various design elements outlined in black. The new flag was hoisted during the independence day celebrations in the capital, Tarawa, on 12 July 1979.

Historical flags of Kiribati

References
http://www.paclii.org/ki/legis/num_act/nia1989197.pdf

Flag
National flags
Flags adopted through competition
Flags introduced in 1979
Flags displaying animals

Flag of Kiribati


The Senate of Kazakhastan (, Qazaqstan Parlamentiniń Senaty) is the upper house of two chambers in Kazakhstan's legislature, known as the Parliament (Parlamenti). The Senate is made of elected members two from each region, the city of republican importance (Almaty) and the capital city of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Fifteen members are appointed by the President of Kazakhstan with the view to ensure representation for all the diverse national, cultural components of society.

The term of office for the members of the Senate is 6 years.

References

1996 establishments in Kazakhstan

Government of Kazakhstan

Senate of Kazakhstan


Carl Gerges is a Lebanese musician and architect. Gerges has been featured on the cover of L'officiel Levant and on the cover of Architectural Digest Middle East as an architect; and on the Middle East edition of Rolling Stone magazine  and GQ Middle East as a musician.

Biography
Carl Gerges was born on December 5, 1987, in Beirut. He started playing the drums and the piano at an early age. Gerges co-founded Mashrou' Leila in 2008 while studying architecture at the American University of Beirut. He officially launched his architecture studio Carl Gerges Architects in March of 2020.

Music career
Gerges is one of the founding members of Mashrou' Leila along with Hamed Sinno, Haig Papazian and Firas Abou Fakher. He started playing the drums, synths and electronics, and composing songs with the band in 2008. He's also heavily involved in the artistic direction of the band's music videos, visuals, and stage design.

In 2017 Gerges taught a graduate workshop at the Hagop Kevorkian Institute for Near Eastern Studies at NYU as part of Mashrou' Leila. He also collaborated with notable artists like Roisin Murphy, Joe Goddard, Brian Eno, and Yo Yo Ma.

In 2019 Gerges performed at the Metropolitan Museum of Art as part of British artist Oliver Beer's Vessel Orchestra Exhibition alongside several notable artists including John Zorn, Nico Muhly and several others.

Architecture career
After pursuing a decade of architectural ventures, Gerges launched his studio, Carl Gerges Architects. His home, which he designed, got a cover story in Architectural Digest Middle East.

References

External links

 https://www.instagram.com/carlgergesarchitects/

Lebanese rock musicians
Lebanese composers
Lebanese architects

Alternative rock musicians
Musicians from Beirut
American University of Beirut alumni
Lebanese drummers
1987 births
Living people

Carl Gerges


H.100 and H.110 are legacy telephony equipment standard published by the ECTF that allow the transport of up to 4096 simplex channels of voice or data on one connector or ribbon cable.   H.100 is implemented using Multi-Channeled Buffered Serial Ports (McBSP), typically included as a DSP peripheral.  McBSP, also known as TDM Serial ports are special serial ports that support multiple channels by using Time-division multiplexing (TDM).

The McBSP / TDM Serial Port Interface is as follow:
 CK: Clock
 FS: Frame Sync
 DR: Data Receive
 DX: Data Transmit

See also
 Time-division multiple access
 TDM Bus

External links

References

Telephony

H.100 (computer telephony)


Mark Shivas (24 April 1938 – 11 October 2008) was a British television producer, film producer and executive.

Shivas was born in Banstead in Surrey. His father was an English teacher; his mother was a librarian. He attended Whitgift School in Croydon and read law at Merton College, Oxford.<ref> "Mark Shivas], The Stage, 4 November 2012</ref> Shivas wrote for the student magazine Oxford Opinions. After abandoning a legal career, he co-founded the magazine Movie (1961–64) which used the French publication  Cahiers du Cinéma as its model,. He was assistant editor (1962–64), and also contributed interviews and articles to The New York Times.

He began his television career at Granada Television in 1964 as an assistant to the head of the story department and later worked on the company's Cinema series as a producer and presenter. In 1969 he joined the BBC's drama department, and became one of the corporation's most successful and prolific producers. The costume drama The Six Wives of Henry VIII (1970),  was nominated for three Emmy Awards in 1972. Dennis Potter's Casanova (1971) was another success.

Other productions he oversaw included the anthology series Black and Blue (1973), which included the play Secrets by Michael Palin and Terry Jones.  Critics disliked Shivas's production of The Borgias (1981) for the BBC; it suffered in comparison with the contemporary Brideshead Revisited on ITV.

Shivas was head of drama at the BBC from 1988 to 1993; he then moved to the BBC Films, and was executive producer of twenty films. In later years, he returned to producing as a freelancer. Some of his most noted later productions included the second series of Alan Bennett's Talking Heads monologues in 1998 and the 2003 espionage drama Cambridge Spies''.

Death
Shivas died from lung cancer on
11 October 2008, aged 70.

References

External links

CV at pfd.co.uk
A BAFTA Tribute to Mark Shivas, filmed BAFTA event, March 2009

1938 births
2008 deaths
Alumni of Merton College, Oxford
BBC executives
BBC television producers
People educated at Whitgift School
Deaths from lung cancer

Mark Shivas


Pro Evolution Soccer 2014 (officially abbreviated as PES 2014, also known in Asia as World Soccer: Winning Eleven 2014 and World Soccer: Winning Eleven 2014 - Aoki Samurai no Chousen in Japan only) is an association football video game developed and published by Konami for Microsoft Windows, Nintendo 3DS, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable, and Xbox 360 in 2013. The cover art for the game was the first in the series not to feature a football player since Pro Evolution Soccer 3 was released in 2003, although a later version was released with football players on the cover. PES 2014 was the last game to be released on the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable in Europe. It was succeeded by Pro Evolution Soccer 2015.

Gameplay
Pro Evolution Soccer 2014 was developed with six key elements meant to define the physics and the features of the game. PES 2014 centers everything on the ball: how it moves, and how players use it. Physics of the ball, stature of the player, speed and height of the pass are taken into account to recreate the most realistic football experience on a home system.

Players are an important part of the game with Motion Animation Stability System (M.A.S.S.), increasing the realism of physical contacts between players, tackles and decisions taken on the pitch by the AI to have more open games. The audience has an influence on the performance of the team. On the pitch, the performance of an individual player, good or bad, will also have an effect on the team, giving them a moral boost if he has a moment of individual brilliance; or forcing his teammates to support him if he is not doing well.

Introduced in PES 2013, the Player ID system recreated faithfully the movements and skills of about 50 star players. In PES 2014, that number is increased and will also apply to complete squads to replicate a team's playing style. With the new Combination Plan, users are able set up a variety of different tactics in key areas of the pitch using three or more players. These players can make very different runs to exploit holes in the defense or midfield, using the flanks, curved runs, or overlapping play to make themselves available.

Once again, the UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League and UEFA Super Cup competitions are fully licensed in the game, and the First Playable UEFA Europa League without entering Master League, Become a Legend, and/or League. For the first time, the game features an exclusive license for the AFC Champions League, the Argentine Primera División, Chilean Primera División, and Arabic commentary as well, by Rhaouf Khelif of beIN Sports, also Argentinean commentary, by Mariano Closs and Fernando Niembro, and Chilean commentary by Fernando Solabarrieta and Patricio Yáñez of Fox Sports Latinoamérica. Jon Champion and Jim Beglin provide as English commentary. Also Jon Kabira, Tsuyoshi Kitazawa and Hiroshi Nanami provide as Japanese commentary.

New for this year, players can now change teams in the Master League and coach a national side. Players are also able to create 3rd and 4th kits. Some third and fourth kits are official. The PS2 version has the same characteristics of the other versions. UEFA Europa League also appears as a single-mode. Rain does not feature in PES 2014 due to the engine upgrade, as well as the Stadium Editor and La Liga stadiums because of licensing restrictions.

Development and release
Pro Evolution Soccer 2014 was officially announced by Konami on March 10, 2013. The game was released on September 19 in Europe, September 20 in United Kingdom, and on November 14 in Japan. The playable demo became available on September 11 for download. The PlayStation 2 version of the game was released only in Europe, and aside from being the last game released on the system in this region, it is also the final game to be released on the system overall. It is also the last retailed PlayStation Portable game released in Europe and Mainland Asia.

Downloadable content
In March 2014, a downloadable content pack added the World Challenge mode to PES 2014. The World Challenge is a tournament similar to the FIFA World Cup, with national football teams taking part to compete for the trophy. The World Challenge DLC provided official World Cup kits to licensed teams that would take part in the 2014 FIFA World Cup. The mode also allowed some national teams which were unplayable in normal modes to compete, although these teams are also unlicensed, with made-up player names and incorrect strips.

Engine
PES 2014 uses the Fox Engine, a cross-platform game engine built by Kojima Productions, believed to be designed for the next generation of video games. The engine's development began after the completion of Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots and it was revealed by Konami on June 3, 2011. The engine was to make it possible for Kojima Productions to develop multiplatform games with a significantly shortened development time and has been described as the first step for the developer to move away from development for a single platform. The new engine makes use of Havok "for a comprehensive simulation of each on-field player. Each player's intricate movements are naturally represented according to the individual player's mass and physique, and each uniform reacts realistically according to the players' moves and speed." Unlike versions released on Windows and seventh generation home consoles, the PlayStation 2 version is not developed with the Fox Engine.

World Soccer: Winning Eleven  2014 - Aoki Samurai no Chousen

Just like World Soccer: Winning Eleven 2010 after 4 years. This version includes two new modes: Japan Challenge, where the Japan national football team competes to win the FIFA World Cup in Brazil, and the licensed J.League (only in the PS3 and 3DS versions). The game was released on 22 May 2014 in Japan only.

Server shutdown
On August 11, 2015, Konami announced that the game servers for the game would be shut down on the following November 17 due to the company focusing on newer games.

Reception

The game received generally positive reviews from most major sources. IGN gave the game a score of 8.4 out of 10 praising its high quality graphics, its passing being "crisp and zippy when it's played on the floor, while lofted balls can be driven or floated to great effect" and its improved ball control for allowing "dribbling to be much tighter than before" while pointing out some frame rate problems and saying that the game is overly physical given that the new Motion Animation Stability System "actually produces an unnecessary amount of tussling" but it also points out that the new system improves some other things. Eurogamer gave the game a 9 out of 10 again praising the high quality graphics given by the new engine stating that "movement and little touches are delivered with a craftsman's eye for detail", giving also some praise to the introduction of the free kick directional indicator that "allows you to target areas of the goal quite precisely" while criticizing the AI "which still sometimes ignores balls that are clearly easy to intercept". On the other hand, GameSpot gave the game mixed review, giving it a 6 out of 10 and criticizing the frame issues, the game's single and multiplayer modes, its AI, the commentary and a loss in the direct control and feel of its predecessors, while noting the improved graphics and the ability to "provide a fun game of football".

References

External links
 Official website

2013 video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Nintendo 3DS games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation Portable games
2014
Video games developed in Japan
Video games set in Argentina
Video games set in Brazil
Sports video games set in France
Sports video games set in Germany
Sports video games set in Italy
Sports video games set in Japan
Video games set in Portugal
Sports video games set in Saudi Arabia
Video games set in the United Kingdom
Windows games
Xbox 360 games
La Liga licensed video games
Sports video games with career mode
Video games using Havok
Fox Engine games

Pro Evolution Soccer 2014


Richfield is a village in Washington County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 11,739 at the 2020 census. The previously unincorporated communities of Hubertus and Pleasant Hill are located in the village, as well as the communities of Colgate and Lake Five, which are partially located in Richfield.

History
The Richfield area was originally inhabited by Native Americans, including the Menominee and Potawatomi peoples. In 1831, The Menominee surrendered their claims to the land to the United States Federal Government through the Treaty of Washington, and the Potawatomi surrendered claims in 1833 through the 1833 Treaty of Chicago, which (after being ratified in 1835) required them to leave the area by 1838. While many Native people moved west of the Mississippi River to Kansas, some chose to remain, and were referred to as "strolling Potawatomi" in contemporary documents because many of them were migrants who subsisted by squatting on their ancestral lands, which were now owned by white settlers. Eventually, the Potawatomi who evaded forced removal gathered in northern Wisconsin, where they formed the Forest County Potawatomi Community.

On May 31, 1841, a land speculator named Samuel Spivey purchased 600 acres of land in the Richfield, becoming the first white landowner in the Richfield area and marking the beginning of early settlement. Several weeks later, on July 9, 1841, Jacob Snyder purchased land in the area and settled in Richfield, becoming the first white permanent resident. By 1843, German immigrants − particularly from Hesse-Darmstadt − were building farms in the area, and the community began to form. A group of German Catholics built the community's first church in 1845 and dedicated it to Saint Hubertus. Today, the community that formed around the church also bears the saint's name.

The Town of Richfield was organized on January 21, 1846, and by 1848 almost all of the town's land was owned by Irish and German immigrant farmers. Wheat farming dominated the local economy until 1880, when dairy farming became more popular in Richfield and the state at large.

The La Crosse and Milwaukee Railroad was constructed through the community in 1855, and while it initially led to local economic growth, the company failed in 1861. Many local landowners had taken out mortgages on land for the railroad in exchange for company shares. The company's failure left the landowners with mortgages to pay off, creating a local crisis in which some families were forced to sell their farms.

In the early 20th century, camps and other recreational facilities began to spring up on the shores of the numerous kettle lakes in Richfield, including YMCA Camp Minikani on Lake Amy Belle, which was founded in 1919.

The town was primarily agricultural until the 1970s when suburbanization led to increased real estate development and a decline in farming. On November 6, 2007, voters approved the town's incorporation as the Village of Richfield by a margin of 3 to 1. The town became a village on February 13, 2008.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , of which,  of it is land and  is water.
The low point in the village lies in Section 1 at Little Cedar Creek with an elevation of 856 feet.  The high point in the village lies in Section 19 in the Cul-de-sac of Cheyenne Court at an elevation of 1,174 feet. (Washington County, Wi 2foot topography)

Recreation
The village of Richfield has 6 lakes and the largest one is Friess Lake. Other lakes include Amy Belle, Bark Lake, Lake Five, Little Friess, and Mud Lake. YMCA Camp Minikani is located on the shore of Lake Amy Belle in the Hubertus area of the village.

Demographics

2010 census
As of the 2010 census, there were 11,300 people, 4,170 households, and 3,465 families living in the village. The population density was . There were 4,338 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 96.9% White, 0.8% African American, 0.3% Native American, 1.1% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 0.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of the population.

There were 4,170 households, of which 34.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 75.6% were married couples living together, 4.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 16.9% were non-families. 13.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 2.99.

The median age in the village was 45 years. 23.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20.3% were from 25 to 44; 37.5% were from 45 to 64; and 12.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 51.1% male and 48.9% female.

2000 census
As of the 2000 census, there were 10,373 people, 3,614 households, and 3,111 families living in the town.  The population density was 289.2 people per square mile (111.7/km2).  There were 3,766 housing units at an average density of 105.0 per square mile (40.5/km2).  The racial makeup of the village  was 98.28% White, 0.23% African American, 0.04% Native American, 0.67% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 0.11% from other races, and 0.61% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.70% of the population.

There were 3,614 households, out of which 38.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 78.7% were married couples living together, 4.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 13.9% were non-families. 11.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.87 and the average family size was 3.10.

In the village the population was spread out, with 26.6% under the age of 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 29.1% from 25 to 44, 30.1% from 45 to 64, and 8.1% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.6 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.6 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $72,809, and the median income for a family was $77,572. Males had a median income of $52,048 versus $31,156 for females. The per capita income for the village was $29,859.  About 1.1% of families and 1.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.4% of those under age 18 and 3.7% of those age 65 or over.

Education

Richfield is served by both the Holy Hill Area School District and the Germantown School District. The Holy Hill Area School District consists of Friess Lake Elementary School and Richfield Middle School. The district is part of the Hartford Union High School District. Amy Belle Elementary School is located in the southeast portion of the village, and that is part of the Germantown School District.

Transportation
The Riteway Bus Service has their headquarters in Richfield.

Notable residents
Josh Bilicki, racing driver
Alex Kister, creator of the Mandela Catalogue

References

External links
Village of Richfield

Villages in Washington County, Wisconsin
Villages in Wisconsin

Richfield, Wisconsin


The Ineligibility Clause (sometimes also called the Emoluments Clause, or the Incompatibility Clause, or the Sinecure Clause) is a provision in Article 1, Section 6, Clause 2 of the United States Constitution that makes each incumbent member of Congress ineligible to hold an office established by the federal government during their tenure in Congress; it also bars officials in the federal government's  executive and judicial branches from simultaneously serving in either the U.S. House or Senate. The purpose of the clause is twofold: first, to protect the separation of powers philosophy (upon which the federal frame of government is built); and second, to prevent Congress from conspiring to create offices or increase federal officials' salaries with the expectation that members of Congress would later be appointed to these posts.

Text

Origins
The Framers of the Constitution understood this clause primarily as an anti-corruption device. Painfully familiar with the system of "royal influence", whereby the English kings had "purchased" the loyalty of Members of Parliament with appointment to lucrative offices, particularly as members of Parliament were not paid until 1911, the framers sought to limit the corrupting effect of patronage and plural office holding in the new republic. Drawing on examples provided by the bans on plural office holding contained in contemporaneous state constitutions, and in the Articles of Confederation, the Framers crafted a ban on dual office holding, which Alexander Hamilton described in  The Federalist No. 76 as "an important guard against the danger of executive influence upon the legislative body."

Robert Yates proposed to the 1787 Constitutional Convention a ban on Members of Congress from "any office established by a particular State, or under the authority of the U. States ... during the term of service, and under the national Government for the space of one year after its expiration." Luther Martin objected to the strictness of Yates' proposal, believing that it would operate to prevent members of Congress from being appointed to offices in either the federal government and the governments of their respective home states for the period which they were elected to serve.
All the delegates in Philadelphia agreed that no Member of Congress should serve in an appointive position while he was sitting, but Nathaniel Gorham, James Wilson, and Alexander Hamilton wanted no bar at all once a person was no longer in Congress. Hamilton argued that since passion drives all men, the executive should be able to satisfy the desires of the better-qualified men by inducing them to serve in appointive offices. James Madison proposed a compromise solution: "that no office ought to be open to a member, which may be created or augmented while he is in the legislature". After much debate, Madison's proposal prevailed, but without the prohibition from holding state office (the state might need the Member's services) and without the one-year bar after leaving office (it was not long enough to be of any significant effect). The delegates also limited the bar to "civil" offices so that the military could have the services of all when the country was in danger.

Political and legal history

While the Ineligibility Clause prohibits persons serving in a federal executive or judicial branch office from simultaneously serving in Congress, it does not (nor does any other constitutional provision) prohibit simultaneous service in executive branch and judicial branch offices. As well as John Jay, Chief Justices Oliver Ellsworth and John Marshall also served dual executive and judicial offices in the early decades of the nation's existence.

In 1945, Associate Supreme Court Justice Robert H. Jackson was appointed to serve as U.S. Chief of Counsel for the prosecution of Nazi war criminals at the 1945–46 Nuremberg trials.

In 1964 Chief Justice Earl Warren was appointed as chairman of the commission formed to investigate the assassination of John F. Kennedy.

The Ineligibility Clause has resulted in some conflicts over potential appointments of Representatives and Senators to various Cabinet posts and other federal government offices. Among the earliest questions to be addressed under the clause was whether a person serving as a United States Attorney could continue to serve in that capacity after being elected to a seat in Congress. In 1816, Samuel Herrick was elected to the 15th United States Congress while still serving as U.S. Attorney for the District of Ohio. He was not allowed to take his seat until the House of Representatives had determined whether his service as a U.S. Attorney created a conflict under the clause.  Finally, in December 1817, the United States House Committee on Elections determined that there was no conflict, because even though Herrick had been elected to Congress, he had not taken the Congressional oath of office while he was still serving as a U.S. Attorney.

Unlike the incompatibility laws of many European countries (and in the European Union institutions), the clause does not bar simultaneous service as a federal judge and member of the executive branch. The constitutionality of the practice is suggested not only by the lack of a textual prohibition, but by a few prominent examples of such service in the early days of the Republic, such the simultaneous service of Chief Justices John Marshall, John Jay, and Oliver Ellsworth in judicial and executive posts. Nonetheless, examples of joint service in the executive and the judiciary have been a rarity in American history, and a strong tradition has developed disfavoring the practice.

The clause has been interpreted as barring the appointment of a member of Congress to a post in another branch of government only if a pay raise occurred during the term for which the member had been elected. In other words, the disability does not carry over to subsequent terms in office. This is in line with the view expressed about the clause by Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story in his Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States. It is not clear if a member of Congress could hold a reserve commission in the armed forces (which fall under the Executive Branch), as the only case was never ruled upon due to lack of legal standing.

This particular issue came before United States Attorney General Harry M. Daugherty when President Warren G. Harding sought to appoint Senator William S. Kenyon to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit. During Senator Kenyon's term (which was set to expire on March 4, 1919), Congress increased judicial salaries. Kenyon was then reelected in 1918 for another term, which was to begin immediately upon the expiration of his previous term of office. Harding nominated Kenyon to the court in 1922. When he requested Daugherty's formal opinion on Kenyon's eligibility, Daugherty (relying in part upon Story's Commentaries) explained that Kenyon would only have been disqualified until the end of the term during which salaries were actually raised, not for the next following term for which he had been elected.

This interpretation leads to the conclusion that the disability continues for the term for which the Senator or Congressman was elected, rather than for the actual length of time in office, so that mere resignation from the Congress does not remedy the disability created by the clause. This is the view that Attorney General Benjamin H. Brewster took in advising President Chester A. Arthur that former Iowa governor and U.S. Senator Samuel J. Kirkwood was ineligible for appointment to the U.S. Tariff Commission, even though Kirkwood had already resigned his Senate seat to become Secretary of the Interior. Brewster reasoned that because the Tariff Commission had been created in 1882, and Kirkwood's Senate term would have expired in 1883 if he had not first resigned, that Kirkwood was ineligible for the office until 1883.

The clause was at issue in 1937, when sitting Alabama Senator Hugo Black was appointed an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court. Congress had recently increased the pension available to Justices retiring at the age of seventy. The emolument was one that Black would not derive benefit from for some 19 years and only if he survived that long. Furthermore, Time magazine pointed out that the Retirement Act for which Black had voted merely guaranteed justices' pensions against reduction. When Black's appointment was challenged in the Supreme Court, the court declined to hear the case, holding in Ex parte Levitt that the petitioner lacked standing.

Perhaps the most widely known conflict involving this clause concerned the appointment of Senator William B. Saxbe of Ohio to the post of United States Attorney General by then-President Richard Nixon, in the aftermath of the Saturday Night Massacre. The salary of the Attorney General had been increased in 1969, in the first year of the Senate term that Saxbe was still serving in 1973. Nixon's solution was to ask Congress to reduce the Attorney General's salary to what it had been before Saxbe took office. This maneuver, known in legal and political circles as the Saxbe fix, has been used a number of times since, though its legality is not universally agreed-upon.

The Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel is often called upon by the president to determine whether an appointment is in violation of the clause. This was necessary when President Bill Clinton appointed Bill Richardson as United States Ambassador to the United Nations and William Cohen as Secretary of Defense, and when George W. Bush appointed Tony P. Hall Ambassador to the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization. In none of these cases, however, was the appointee chosen by the president prohibited from taking office.

In late 2008, the question was raised whether the clause would apply to the appointment of Senator Hillary Clinton as Secretary of State. Subsequently, Congress reset the pay for the position to its level prior to Clinton's election to the Senate.

There has been very little academic commentary on the clause and virtually no judicial explication of it. The only two lawsuits brought challenging appointments under the clause have been dismissed on grounds of lack of standing.

References

External links
Annotations on the Clause from Justia.com
Resources on the Ineligibility Clause, from The Founder's Constitution project at the University of Chicago

Clauses of the United States Constitution
Conflict of interest mitigation

Ineligibility Clause


Filip Višnjić (, ; 1767–1834) was a Serbian epic poet and guslar. His repertoire included 13 original epic poems chronicling the First Serbian Uprising against the Ottoman Empire and four reinterpreted epics from different periods of history of Serbia.

Born in a village near Ugljevik, Višnjić went blind at the age of eight or nine after contracting smallpox. He lost his family early in life, and began playing the gusle and reciting epic poetry around the age of 20. He spent years wandering the Balkans as a vagabond, and performed and begged for a living. His storytelling abilities attracted the attention of a number of influential figures, and around 1797, he married into an affluent family. In 1809, he relocated to Serbia with his wife and children, and experienced first-hand the First Serbian Uprising against the Ottomans. He performed in military camps, hoping to raise the morale of the rebels, and composed epic poems recounting the history of the uprising. The revolt was crushed by the Ottomans in 1813, and Višnjić and his family were forced to resettle in Austrian-controlled Syrmia, north of the Sava River.

In 1815, Višnjić performed for the linguist and folklorist Vuk Karadžić, who preserved his work in writing. Višnjić's epic poems were soon published as part of a collection of Serbian epic poetry that Karadžić had compiled. They were well received both in the Balkans and abroad. By this point, Višnjić was solely reinterpreting his old poems and no longer composing new ones. He lived in Syrmia until his death in 1834. Grk, the village in which he and his family lived, was later renamed Višnjićevo in his honour. Višnjić is widely considered one of Serbia's greatest gusle players and is revered for his contributions to the Serbian oral tradition. Notable Serbian scholar and Hellenist Miloš N. Đurić dubbed him the Serbian Homer.

Life

Filip Višnjić was born in the village of Vilića Guvno, near Gornja Trnova, Ugljevik, in 1767. At the time of his birth, Bosnia and Herzegovina was part of the Ottoman Empire. His parents were Đorđe and Marija Vilić. He derived his surname from his mother's nickname, Višnja (meaning cherry). Višnjić's father died when he was young, and at the age of eight or nine, he lost his ability to see after a bout of smallpox. Following his father's death, Višnjić's mother remarried and moved to the village of Međaši in the lowlands of Semberija, taking her young son with her. When Višnjić was 20, the Ottomans massacred his family and burned their village. Around this time, he began to play the gusle, a one-stringed instrument used to accompany the recitation of epic poetry.

For many years, Višnjić travelled as a vagrant throughout the Balkans, reaching as far as Shkodër. At first, he begged in order to earn a subsistence living, but soon his storytelling abilities attracted the attention of a number of influential figures, including Ivo Knežević, a nobleman from Semberija. Around 1798, Višnjić married Nasta Ćuković, who hailed from an affluent family. The marriage produced six children, several of whom died in infancy. In 1809, Višnjić left eastern Bosnia, crossed the Drina and ventured into Serbia, which beginning in 1804, had been the site of a violent anti-Ottoman rebellion under the leadership of Karađorđe. Višnjić and his family first settled in Loznica, then in Badovinci, and finally in Salaš Noćajski, where they were accommodated by the rebel leader Stojan Čupić. Thereafter, Višnjić travelled along the Drina, playing the gusle and reciting his epic poetry with the aim of raising the rebels' morale. His recitations impressed many of the rebel commanders, including Karađorđe himself.

By 1813, the rebels were teetering on the edge of defeat, and eventually the nine-year uprising was crushed. Most of the rebels fled across the Sava into the Austrian Empire and Višnjić followed them there. After several years in a refugee camp, in 1815, he settled in the village of Grk, near Šid, in the region of Syrmia. Višnjić was living in Grk with his family when he became acquainted with the linguist and folklorist Vuk Karadžić, who wished to write down and preserve Višnjić's poetry. Karadžić convinced Višnjić to visit him at the Šišatovac Monastery, at Fruška Gora, where the latter played the gusle and recited his poetry while the former took note. Shortly thereafter, Karadžić left Fruška Gora and made his way to Vienna, where he had Višnjić's epic poems published. These appeared in the volume Narodna srbska pjesnarica (Songs of the Serbian People).

Višnjić continued travelling across the region and reciting his poems despite his advancing age. Everywhere he performed he was warmly received and accorded expensive gifts. In 1816, he performed for the religious leader of the Habsburg Serbs, the Metropolitan of Karlovci, Stefan Stratimirović. By this time, Višnjić was exclusively reinterpreting his old poems, and was no longer composing new ones. Karadžić and several other prominent Serbian academics tried to convince Višnjić to return to Ottoman Serbia, hoping that this would inspire him to write new material, but the aging bard refused. Biographer Branko Šašić attributes Višnjić's refusal to his philosophical and ideological opposition to Miloš Obrenović, who had initiated a second uprising against the Ottomans in 1815. Višnjić is said not to have been able to forgive Obrenović for ordering Karađorđe's death. Višnjić and his family prospered in Syrmia. He sent his son to school, acquired his own horse and cart, and according to Karadžić, "became a proper gentleman". He died in Grk in 1834.

Works

Višnjić was not as prolific a bard as some of his contemporaries. His body of work contained four reinterpreted epics and 13 originals. All of his surviving poems were written during the First Serbian Uprising. They are all set during the revolt and revolve around existent, as opposed to fictional, characters. Their central theme is the struggle against the Ottoman Empire. Ten out of Višnjić's 13 originals take place in the Podrinje, the region that straddles the Drina River. In total, his opus consists of 5,001 lines of verse. The following is a list of the epic poems whose authorship is attributed solely to Višnjić, as compiled by Šašić:

Početak bune protiv dahija (The Start of the Revolt against the Dahijas)
Boj na Čokešini (The Battle of Čokešina)
Boj na Salašu (The Battle of Salaš)
Boj na Mišaru (The Battle of Mišar)
Boj na Loznici (The Battle of Loznica)
Uzimanje Užica (The Taking of Užice)
Knez Ivo Knežević
Luka Lazarević i Pejzo (Luka Lazarević and Pejzo)
Miloš Stojićević i Meho Orugdžić (Miloš Stojićević and Meho Orugdžić)
Hvala Čupićeva (In Praise of Čupić)
Stanić Stanojlo
Bjelić Ignjatije
Lazar Mutap i Arapin (Lazar Mutap and the Arab)

Početak bune protiv dahija is widely considered Višnjić's magnum opus. It focuses on the early stages of the First Serbian Uprising and the events leading up to it. Unlike the epic poems from the Kosovo Cycle, which deal with the Battle of Kosovo and its aftermath, Početak bune protiv dahija is a celebration of victory, not a commemoration of defeat.

Višnjić was unique in that he was one of the few epic poets from the 18th and early 19th centuries whose works were not disseminated anonymously. This is true of several other epic poets whose works Karadžić published, such as the recitalist Tešan Podrugović, and the blind female guslari Jeca, Stepanija and Živena. Due to the predominantly oral character of Serbian epic poetry, the names of the original authors of many epic poems have been lost over time.

The varying and meandrous style of the guslari, whereby the text of a published poem would not match word for word with that sung during a live performance, is due to the nature of epic poetry recitation itself. According to Slavic studies professor David A. Norris, the guslar "did not know his songs by heart, but as compositions made up of traditional phrases and formulaic expressions on which he could call each time he sang. His repertoire was based on a type of rapid composition recalling these fragments and lines and guiding them into place for each performance." This gave gusle players such as Višnjić the ability to alter the content of their epic poems depending on the audience or occasion. The liberal use of artistic license also permeated the epic tradition.

Legacy

Višnjić is widely considered one of the greatest epic poets ever to have played the gusle. With the publication of Karadžić's collections of Serbian epic poetry, Višnjić's works found a European audience, and were very well received. As Serbia entered the modern age, epic poetry's standing as an influential art form diminished, prompting 20th-century literary scholar Svetozar Koljević to describe Višnjić's work as "the swansong of the epic tradition".

Each November, Gornja Trnova hosts a cultural manifestation called Višnjićevi dani ("Višnjić's Days"), which attracts writers, theoreticians and poets, and features a Serbian Orthodox commemoration service. In 1994, a commemorative plaque was installed in Gornja Trnova, marking the location where Višnjić was born. Bijeljina's municipal library is adorned with a plaque commemorating Višnjić and his work. The bard's likeness is incorporated into the municipal coats of arms of Bijeljina and Ugljevik. The village of Grk, in which Višnjić spent his final years, was renamed Višnjićevo in his honour. Numerous streets and schools in Serbia and Republic of Srpska are named after him. During World War II, Višnjić's likeness was featured on 50 dinar banknotes issued by the Government of National Salvation. In modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, his likeness appears on 20 KM banknotes distributed in the Republic of Srpska. Višnjić is included in the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts' 1993 compendium The 100 most prominent Serbs.

See also
Dimitrije Karaman
Živana Antonijević
Old Rashko
Tešan Podrugović
Djuro Milutinović the Blind

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

1767 births
1834 deaths
18th-century Serbian people
19th-century Serbian people
Blind musicians
Blind poets
Bosnia and Herzegovina poets
People from Ugljevik
Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Serbian guslars
Serbian male poets
Serbian people with disabilities

Filip Višnjić


was a Japanese Rear-Admiral and engineer.
He was the only person who was posted as a director of the Torpedo Development Division in Yokosuka Naval District of Imperial Japanese Navy.
He and his team designed and developed Type 91 torpedo used in naval warfare in World War II by Imperial Japanese Navy.

Early life and education
Seiji Naruse was born as the second son of Viscount Masayasu Naruse on December 26, 1893 in Yokohama, Japan. His father, Masayasu was president of "The 15 Bank" and was also managing other banks and companies. Thus, he grew up in a wealthy environment with his brothers (Seiichi Naruse, Shunsuke Naruse etc), and graduated First Higher School (:jp:第一高等学校 (旧制)).

He studied in Tokyo Imperial University (now University of Tokyo), and majored Weapons Technology in Faculty of Engineering. In 1920 he graduated Tokyo Imperial University and entered Imperial Japanese Navy as an Engineer officer.

Military career
Seiji Naruse started his military career on July 21 (1920) in Yokosuka Naval District as an engineer of naval weapons. Then, he was promoted to the position of assistant division chief at the Kure Naval Arsenal on December 23, 1922.

The year 1925 was a major turning point for him. He was promoted to the position of development management officer in the Imperial Japanese Navy Technical Department, and sent to the United Kingdom from May 20, 1925 to October 15, 1926. The purpose of this tour of duty was obtaining aerial torpedo technology, which did not exist in Japan at that time. Therefore, he diligently visited arsenals in the UK.

After he returned, he began a project to develop the first (and last) domestic Aerial torpedo. He started development of this aerial torpedo at the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal on May 1, 1927. On December 1 (1930), he moved to the Combined Fleet for the examination of the prototype. Finally, he engaged the production and subsequent deployment of the completed "Type 91 torpedo" as the development management officer in the Imperial Japanese Navy Technical Department from December 1, 1931.

He and his team continuously improved the Type 91 torpedo at the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal (from December 1, 1932), the Kure Naval Arsenal (from July 1, 1936), and the Yokosuka Naval Air Technical Arsenal (from June 15, 1940). There were multiple revisions. On April 1 (1943), the Imperial Japanese Navy created the Torpedo Development Division for him, and he worked as the director of this new division until the end of World War II.

During the World War II, the Type 91 torpedo was used as a main weapon for Naval warfare, affixed to and deployed from the underbelly of aircraft.

Dates of rank
Lieutenant Junior Grade (July 21, 1920)
Lieutenant (December 1, 1922)
Lieutenant Commander (December 1, 1927)
Commander (November 15, 1933)
Captain (November 15, 1938)
Rear Admiral (May 1, 1944)

Post war
On September 30 (1945), with the dissolution of the Imperial Japanese Navy (following the Surrender of Japan), Seiji Naruse retired from his post. After retirement, he managed to convert the defunct arsenal site for Japan's post-war industrial recovery. Tokyu Car Corporation was a notable user of this site.

In 1952, along with the foundation of the Technical Research and Development Institute within the National Safe Agency, he worked at the 5th Research Center and handed his torpedo technology and expertise onto the next generation.

Personal life
Seiji Naruse married Sumi Nakamura (January 26, 1900 – December 23, 1994), who was a daughter of Lieutenant general Yūjirō Nakamura (:jp:中村雄次郎).
Together, they had three children.

Family
Father: Masayasu Naruse (Viscount, president of "The 15 Bank")
Older brother: Seiichi Naruse (Writer, Professor of French Literature in Kyushu University)
Younger brother: Shunsuke Naruse (Diplomat)

See also
Type 91 torpedo
Yokosuka Naval Air Technical Arsenal
Yokosuka Naval District
Imperial Japanese Navy
Technical Research and Development Institute

References

Bibliography
 "Record of Aerial Torpedo Development (航空魚雷ノート)", Kyu-ichi Kai, 1985

1893 births
1960 deaths
Imperial Japanese Navy admirals
Japanese admirals of World War II
20th-century Japanese engineers

Seiji Naruse


Steve Cherelle (born February 1970) is an English country/folk music singer and songwriter. He was raised in Essex, England.

Best known for his John Denver tribute act, Cherelle appeared on Stars in Their Eyes in 1996 as Denver performing "Annie's Song". This is what launched his music career and he joined the Forever In Blues Jeans cast in 1998, alongside Garry Dorsey and toured the whole of the UK.  He released his first album Wonderful Today's which won album of the year and its title track, written by Cherelle himself, won song of the year at the UK Country Radio Awards in 1999; and Cherelle repeated this same feat with "Fallin' In, Fallin' Out" in 2000. Cherelle completed the hat-trick when the song "You're My True North", inspired by the film Message In A Bottle, also won best song at the 2001 awards. The show is now hosted by Cherelle each year at the Lakeside Country Club at Frimley Green in Surrey, England.

Cherelle says his favourite male country singer is Randy Travis and his favourite female country singer is Emmylou Harris and he counts John Denver, Neil Diamond, The Eagles, and Paul Overstreet among his influences. Aside from his love of music, Cherelle is also a movie buff and is a fan of The Apprentice.

"Essex Country" features
Top of the Tree at 3 - The current American Billboard No.1 country single, played after the news at 3pm.
Country Music News - What happened this week in country music history
Pop Goes The Country - A pop song that has been covered by a country artist or vice versa
Should Have Been A Hit - A song that should have been a hit but wasn't
Steve's Sunday Smooch - A love song requested by the listeners
Classic Country Corner - Three classic country music songs in a row

External links
Steve's profile on the BBC Essex website
Steve Cherelle on Myspace

1970 births
English radio DJs
English country singer-songwriters
Living people
21st-century English singers

Steve Cherelle


Walter Spencer-Stanhope (4 February 1749/50 – 10 April 1821), of Horsforth and Leeds, Yorkshire, was a British industrialist (whose family fortune had been made through the iron trade) and a politician who sat in the House of Commons for various constituencies between 1775 and 1812.

Background and education
Spencer-Stanhope was born Stanhope, only surviving son of Walter Stanhope, one-time merchant of Leeds, and his second wife Ann Spencer, daughter of William Spencer of Cannon Hall. Church records show that he was born on 4 February 1749 (Old Style, corrected now to 1750) and baptized on 9 March of the same year. He was educated at Bradford Grammar School and went up to University College, Oxford, and later studied law at the Middle Temple, London. In 1775, Stanhope inherited Cannon Hall from his uncle, John Spencer, and changed his name from Stanhope to Spencer-Stanhope by Royal licence.

Political career
Spencer-Stanhope was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Carlisle in 1775,   Haslemere in 1780,  Hull, Yorkshire in 1784,  for Cockermouth in 1800,  and for Carlisle, Cumberland in 1802. He was a close supporter of William Pitt the Younger and friend of William Wilberforce, the anti-slavery campaigner, after meeting whom he became a religious philanthropist.

Business career
As well as their interests in establishing the cotton industry in the late seventeenth century, the Spencer family were largely responsible for establishing the charcoal iron industry in the area between Leeds and Sheffield for the next 120 years.

Family
Spencer-Stanhope married Mary Winifred, daughter of Thomas Babington Pulleine, on 21 Oct 1783, in Tynemouth, Northumberland, England. They had eight sons and seven daughters. Their son John Spencer-Stanhope was a Fellow of the Royal Society and the father of Walter Spencer-Stanhope and John Roddam Spencer Stanhope. Spencer-Stanhope died at his house in Langham Place, London, on 10 April 1821 (after a long illness) and was buried at the parish church in Cawthorne, South Yorkshire, England. His wife died on 16 December 1850 and was buried with him. In a family record, she recorded the births of their 15 children.
1) WALTER SPENCER Spencer-Stanhope was born on 26 Aug 1784 (baptized at Hosforth Chapel). He died on 26 Dec 1832.
2) MARIANNE Spencer-Stanhope was born in London (Grosvenor Square) on 23 May 1786.
3) JOHN Spencer-Stanhope was born in London (Grosvenor Square) on 27 May 1787. His Godparents were the Earl of Chesterfield, Sir Mathew White Ridley, and Lady Glyn.
4) ANNE Spencer-Stanhope was born at Cannon Hall on 7 Sep 1788. Her Godparents were the Countess of Burford, Mrs Marriott and Mr Pulleine.
5) CATHERINE Spencer-Stanhope was born at Cannon Hall on [??] September 1789 and was baptized on 18 Oct 1789. Her Godparents were Mrs Bigge, Mrs Anne Shafto and Colonel Glyn. She died on 20 Nov 1795 (of a Complaint in the Throat or Lungs) and was buried at Cawthorne Church. Her mother kept "a silken tress like spun sunshine" and labelled it "My dear little Catherine's hair, cut off the morning I lost her, November 20th, 1795."
6) ELIZABETH Spencer-Stanhope was born on 5 Nov 1790. Her Godparents were Mrs Ord of Morpeth, Mrs Pulleine and Mr John Collingwood. She died on 15 Apr 1801 (of a truly agonizing but mercifully short illness reported simply as Obstruction) in Grosvenor Square, London, and was buried in St. James's Chapel, Hampstead Road.
7) EDWARD Spencer-Stanhope was born on 30 Oct 1791. His Godparents were Mr Collingwood, Mr Fawkes of Farnley and Mr Glyn.
8) WILLIAM Spencer-Stanhope was born on 4 Jan 1793. His Godparents were Admiral Roddam, Mr Carr Ibbotson and Mrs Beaumont. He went "to Sea in the Ocean to join Lord Collingwood off Cadiz" in March 1806.
9) THOMAS HENRY Spencer-Stanhope was born on 14 May 1794. His Godparents were Lady Carr Glyn, Collingwood Roddam, Esquire, and Ashton Shuttleworth, Esquire. He died 3 Apr 1808 ("after a long and painful illness") and was "buried with Eliza in St James's Chapel in Hampstead Road". Known as HENRY to the family, the many family letters written during his illness clearly demonstrate how his mother denied herself to all her acquaintance and never left his side.
10) CHARLES Spencer-Stanhope was born on 14 Oct 1795. His Godparents were Colonel Beaumont, James Shuttleworth, Esquire, and Mrs Elizabeth Roddam. He was the Vicar of All Saints parish church at Cawthorne (a family living) for 52 years, until he died on 29 Oct 1874.
11) ISABELLA Spencer-Stanhope was born on 20 Oct 1797. Her Godparents were Mrs Roddam, Mrs Smith of Dorsetshire and Mr Smyth of Heath.
12) PHILIP Spencer-Stanhope was born on 25 Jan 1799. His Godparents were Mr Edwyn Stanhope, the Rev. John Smith of Westminster, and Lady Augusta Lowther.
13) FRANCES MARY Spencer-Stanhope was born in London (Grosvenor Square) on 27 Jun 1800. Her Godparents were Samuel Thornton, Esquire, Mrs Greame of Bridlington and Mrs Marriott of Horsmonden, Kent.
14) MARIA ALICIA Spencer-Stanhope was born at Cannon Hall on 4 Sep 1802. Her Godparents were the Rev. D. Marriott, Mrs Henry Pulleine of Carlton and Mrs Morland of Court Lodge, Kent.
15) HUGH Spencer-Stanhope was born on 30 Sep 1804. His Godparents were Edward Collingwood, Esquire, Mr Smith of Dorsetshire and Lady Elizabeth Lowther of Swillington.

See also
Spencer-Stanhope family

References

External links

1749 births
1822 deaths
Walter
English abolitionists
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
British MPs 1774–1780
British MPs 1780–1784
British MPs 1784–1790
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
UK MPs 1801–1802
UK MPs 1802–1806
People educated at Bradford Grammar School
Alumni of University College, Oxford
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Carlisle
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Carlisle

Walter Spencer-Stanhope (1749–1822)


All Souls Day, or All Souls Day: Dia de los Muertos, is a 2005 American zombie film written by  Mark A. Altman and directed by Jeremy Kasten.  It premiered at the 2005 Slamdance Film Festival, and the Sci Fi Channel played it on June 11, 2005. There is also an uncut version on DVD.

Plot

In a small Mexican town, Vargas Diaz uncovers a hidden Aztec temple deep in the nearby mine. Luring the townspeople in, he blows up the entrance, trapping those inside forever. In exchange for the sacrificing the townspeople, Vargas receives eternal life.

Years later, a college couple vacationing in Mexico comes across the town, empty of people. After accidentally running into what appears to be a funeral procession, they uncover the deadly truth of the town's past. Every year on the Day of the Dead a human sacrifice is presented at the local church to appease the spirits of the town's original inhabitants; however, this year the couple interferes with their sacrifice. With nothing to appease the dead, they return to kill the transgressors.

Calling two of their friends for help, the four are left to fight off the growing hordes of the undead besieging their hotel, while trying to uncover the secrets hiding within the hotel's rooms.

Cast
 Marisa Ramirez as Alicia
 Travis Wester as Joss
 Nichole Hiltz as Erica
 Laz Alonso as Tyler
 Jeffrey Combs as Thomas White
 Ellie Cornell as Sarah White
 David Keith as Sheriff Blanco
 Laura Harring as Martia
 Danny Trejo as Vargas Diaz

Release
All Souls Day premiered at the 2005 Slamdance Film Festival.  It aired on the Sci Fi Channel on June 11, 2005.  Anchor Bay released it on DVD in the US on January 17, 2006.

Reception
Dennis Harvey of Variety wrote that it "sometimes appears to laugh at its own cliches, but mostly it's just dumb."  Brad Miska of Bloody Disgusting rated it 1/5 stars and called the execution "breathtakingly bad" despite the interesting premise.  Joshua Siebalt of Dread Central rated it 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "All Souls Day ends up being a convoluted mess in the end that goes from mind-numbingly dull to head-spinningly confusing with nary an eye blink."  Scott Weinberg of DVD Talk rated it 3/5 stars and recommended it to hardcore horror fans, who are likely to enjoy the campy aspects.  David Johnson of DVD Verdict wrote that the film has too many campy scenes and spends too much time attempting to explain its convoluted story.

References

External links

2005 films
2005 horror films
American supernatural horror films
American zombie films
Films set in Mexico
Films scored by Joe Kraemer
Day of the Dead films
Holiday horror films
2000s English-language films
Films directed by Jeremy Kasten
2000s American films

All Souls Day (film)