In software engineering, team programming is a project management strategy for coordinating task distribution in computer software development projects, which involves the assignment of two or more computer programmers to work collaboratively on an individual sub-task within a larger programming project. In general, the manner in which this term is used today refers to methods currently in vogue within the software development industry where multiple individuals work simultaneously on the same activity; in these systems, programmers are often grouped in pairs at the same computer workstation, one observing the other working on the software and alternating roles at time intervals.

Traditional team management methods

Traditional software development has nearly always involved multiple programmers working on separate parts of a computer system for any project of significant scope and scale—a method of division of labour. Clearly, it is unreasonable to imagine that a single programmer could adequately complete all the required work for a complex system working entirely on their own within a viable timescale; and as development projects become more complex, specialised expertise becomes of paramount importance in aspects such as systems analysis, quality assurance, and technical challenges posed by individual components. Initially this tended to be an informal process, but with the rise of commercial software development as a viable industry, a more industrial and systematic approach became necessary.

Paper-oriented systems methodologies originally designed for undertaking governmental projects, such as the Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method (SSADM), assigned individual people to carry out individual tasks, and specified the role of designers as being clearly separate from that of the programmers in the waterfall software development model. This methodology also clearly separated each of the individual "life-cycle" stages through which a system development project progressed. The resulting "paper trail" for a systems development project could take so long to build that often parts of the analysis documentation—or sometimes its entirety—was out of date by the time of actual development, rendering them worse than useless.

Modern trends: multiple programmers to one sub-task

Difficulties were experienced with these older methods, such as costs spiralling out of control as systems grew, and schedules failing to meet time-to-market targets. These issues gave rise to techniques such as pair programming, mob programming (aka. ensemble programming), along with new systems lifecycle structures such as the Boehm spiral. Specification of these new approaches began in the mid-1980s and continues today. Many of these strategies involve multiple programmers working collaboratively on the same piece of source code as opposed to being individually responsible for individual tasks. For example, in "pair programming", responsibility for the resulting product is equally shared between two programmers who work on their assigned sub-task together. Benefits of this approach include the deficiencies in knowledge of one programmer to be compensated for by the ability in specific areas by the other programmer; in addition, the shared responsibility is thought to increase incentives for meeting project deadlines and quality targets.

This technique is frequently used in newer programming methodologies that are focused around object-oriented programming techniques, such as the Rational Unified Process and Extreme Programming (acronym "XP"), often in combination with design documentation methods such as the Unified Modelling Language (UML). In object-oriented programming languages, software functionality forms modular, discrete units (termed classes for the functional elements, and packages for constellations of interlinked classes that carry out a particular function); the two most well-known of these are C++ and Java. This lends itself well towards the division of programming projects into sub-teams, although issues are still often encountered in integrating the resulting product following completion of each sub-task.

Mob programming

Mob programming (sometimes informally called mobbing, ensemble programming or posse programming) is a software development approach where the whole team works on the same thing, at the same time, in the same space, and at the same computer. This is similar to pair programming where two people sit at the same computer and collaborate on the same code at the same time. With mob programming, the collaboration is extended to everyone on the team, while still using a single computer for writing the code and inputting it into the code base.

It builds on principles of lean manufacturing, extreme programming, and lean software development. Early use of the phrase "mob programming" was made in Extreme Programming Perspectives.

In addition to software coding, a mob programming team can work together to tackle other typical software development tasks. Some examples include: defining user stories or requirements, designing, testing, deploying software, and working with subject matter experts. Almost all work is handled in working meetings or workshops, where all the people involved in creating the software are considered to be team members, including the customer and business experts. Mob programming also works for distributed teams in the same virtual space using screen sharing technology.

See also
 Pair programming
 Extreme programming

References

External links
 Mob Programming

Software project management

Team programming


The Salisbury Post is an American, English language daily newspaper, founded in 1905, in Salisbury, North Carolina that serves the city and other municipalities in Rowan County, as well as the county itself. The publisher of the Post is John Carr and its editor is Chandler Inions. The paper was known as the Salisbury Evening Post (1905-1984).

History
The Salisbury Post debuted as The Salisbury Evening Post on January 9, 1905, and immediately proclaimed itself as "Salisbury's Leading Afternoon Newspaper."

J. B. Doub, E. C. Arey and Gabe M. Royal launched the newspaper at 114½ North Main Street, on the floor over G.A. Jackson's saloon. Joe X. Roueche and Clint N. Brown, former owners and publishers of the competing Salisbury Daily Sun, soon bought the Post and moved the operation across North Main Street to occupy the second floor of the old Meroney Opera House. A fire destroyed the Meroney Opera House on the morning of May 12, 1912, and took every vestige of equipment and record of the Post. But the newspaper kept publishing, as the editorial and mechanical staffs traveled to Spencer and used the office of A.W. Hicks, publisher of a small weekly.

Meanwhile, Roueche and Brown began negotiating the sale of the Post to a group of investors led by James Franklin Hurley, a former owner of The Concord Tribune. The change in ownership became official on July 22, 1912, and the Post moved back to Salisbury and began publication in the Shaver Building at 110 W. Innes St. Hurley served as both editor and publisher. He bought out most of the other original investors by 1919. The Post moved to its present location at 131 W. Innes St. in 1922. The Hurley family owned and operated the Salisbury Post until its sale to Evening Post Publishing Co. of Charleston, S.C., on January 31, 1997.

On February 19, 2014, the sale of the Salisbury Post to Salisbury Newsmedia LLC was completed. Salisbury Newsmedia is part of Northport, Alabama-based Boone Newspapers Inc.

The Salisbury Post began printing five days a week August 11, 2018. Starting April 30, 2019, printing was moved to Winston-Salem as a result of a partnership with BH Media. On April 12, 2020 the Post announced it would print a newspaper three days a week, with e-editions on Wednesday and Friday. Later that year, the Post agreed to sell its building, moving much of its operation to the first floor. On March 7, 2023, delivery to all subscribers by mail began. This meant a deadline of Friday at 7 P.M. for the Sunday paper, in order for delivery to take place on Saturday.

Boone Newspapers
On February 19, 2014, the sale of the Salisbury Post to Salisbury Newsmedia LLC was completed. Salisbury Newsmedia is part of Alabama-based Boone Newspapers Inc.

Salisbury the Magazine
The Salisbury Post also publishes Salisbury the Magazine, a perfect-bound, 84-page magazine with featured content of Salisbury and Rowan County. Maggie Blackwell is the editor.

Staff
Editors who held the position the longest were Spencer Murphy (1936 to 1964) and Elizabeth Cook (1993 to 2018). Paris Goodnight became editor in March 2022. Chandler Inions became editor in October 2023, replacing Elisabeth Strillacci, who retired.

See also
 List of newspapers in North Carolina

References

Salisbury, North Carolina
Newspapers established in 1905
1905 establishments in North Carolina

Salisbury Post


Simon Harcourt, 1st Viscount Harcourt, PC (December 1661 – 29 July 1727) of Stanton Harcourt, Oxfordshire, was an English Tory politician who sat in the English and British House of Commons from 1690 until 1710. He was raised to the peerage as Baron Harcourt in 1711 and sat in the House of Lords, becoming Queen Anne's Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain. He was her solicitor-general and her commissioner for arranging the union with Scotland. He took part in the negotiations preceding the Peace of Utrecht.

Early life
Harcourt was born in December 1661 at Stanton Harcourt, Oxfordshire, to Stanton Harcourt, the only son of Sir Philip Harcourt, and his first wife Anne Waller, daughter of Sir William Waller of Osterley Park, Middlesex. He was educated at a school at Shilton, Oxfordshire, under Samuel Birch, to 1677 and was admitted at Inner Temple in 1676. He matriculated at Pembroke College, Oxford, on 30 March 1677, aged 15, and was awarded BA in 1679. In 1683, he was Called to the Bar. He had four brothers and four sisters from his father's second marriage in 1674 to Elizabeth Lee. He succeeded to the family estates on the death of his father on 20 March 1688.

Career
Harcourt was recorder of Abingdon from June to December 1687 and, after a break at the time of the revolution, from October 1689 to April 1711. At the 1690 English general election, he was returned as Tory Member of Parliament for Abingdon.   In 1701 he was nominated by the Commons to conduct the impeachment of Lord Somers. In 1702 he became solicitor-general and was knighted by Queen Anne. In the same year he became bencher and treasurer of his Inn and was awarded DCL at Oxford University. At the 1705 English general election, he was returned as MP for Bossiney, and as commissioner for arranging the union with Scotland which he was largely instrumental in promoting. Harcourt was appointed attorney-general in 1707, but resigned office in the following year when his friend Robert Harley, afterwards Earl of Oxford, was dismissed.

Harcourt defended Sacheverell at the bar of the House of Lords in 1710, being then without a seat in Parliament; but in the same year was returned for Cardigan, and in September again became attorney-general. In October he was appointed lord keeper of the great seal, and in virtue of this office he presided in the House of Lords for some months without a peerage, until, on 3 September 1711, he was created Baron Harcourt of Stanton Harcourt; but it was not till April 1713 that he received the appointment of Lord Chancellor. In 1710 he had purchased the Nuneham Courtenay estate in Oxfordshire, but his usual place of residence continued to be at Cokethorpe near Stanton Harcourt, where he once received a state visit from Queen Anne.

In the negotiations preceding the Peace of Utrecht, Harcourt took an important part. There is no sufficient evidence for the allegations of the Whigs that Harcourt entered into treasonable relations with the Pretender. On the accession of George I however, he was deprived of office and retired to Cokethorpe, where he enjoyed the society of men of letters, Swift, Pope, Prior and other famous writers being among his frequent guests. With Swift, however, he had occasional quarrels, during one of which the great satirist bestowed on him the sobriquet of "Trimming Harcourt."

He exerted himself to defeat the impeachment of Lord Oxford in 1717, and in 1723 he was active in obtaining a pardon for another old political friend, Lord Bolingbroke. In 1721 Harcourt was created a viscount and returned to the privy councils; and on several occasions during the king's absences from England he was on the Council of Regency. In 1726, he acquired the manor of Cogges from the heirs of Sir Francis Blake.

Private life
Harcourt enjoyed the reputation of being a brilliant orator; Speaker Onslow going so far as to say that "Harcourt had the greatest skill and power of speech of any man I ever knew in a public assembly." He was a member of the famous Saturday Club, frequented by the chief literati and wits of the period, with several of whom he corresponded. Some letters to him from Pope are preserved in the Harcourt Papers. His portrait was painted by Kneller; it was once at Nuneham House.

Harcourt married first at St Marylebone on 18 October 1680 Rebecca Clarke (buried at Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire, 16 May 1687), daughter of the Rev. Thomas Clarke, his father's chaplain, by whom he had five children; secondly Elizabeth Spencer (c. 1657 – Downing Street, 16 June 1724), daughter of Richard Spencer; and thirdly in Oxfordshire on 30 September 1724 Elizabeth Vernon (c. 1678 – 12 July 1748), daughter of Sir Thomas Vernon, of Twickenham Park. He left children by his first wife only:
 Hon. Simon Harcourt (1684 – 1 July 1720), who was MP for Wallingford, and predeceased his father, the Lord Chancellor, leaving a son, married Elizabeth Evelyn, sister of Sir John Evelyn, of Wotton, and daughter of John Evelyn, by whom he had one son and four daughters:
 Simon Harcourt, 1st Earl Harcourt
 Hon. Martha Harcourt (15 July 1715 – London, Lower Grosvenor Street, 8 April 1794), married at St George, Hanover Square, on 10 April 1744 George Venables-Vernon, afterwards Baron Vernon (9 February 1708 – 21 August 1780)
 Hon. Anne Harcourt
 Hon. Elizabeth Harcourt
 Hon. daughter Harcourt
 Hon. Philip Harcourt, died young
 Hon. Anne Harcourt, married John Barlow
 Hon. Arabella Harcourt, married Herbert Aubrey

He died at 2am at Harcourt House, Cavendish Square, and was interred at Stanton Harcourt 4 August.

References

Sources
 Lord Campbell, Lives of the Lord Chancellors, vol. v. (London, 1846);
 Edward Foss, The Judges of England, vol. viii. (London, 1848);
 Gilbert Burnet, History of his own Time (with notes by earls of Dartmouth and Hardwicke, etc., Oxford, 1833);
 Earl Stanhope, History of England, comprising the reign of Queen Anne until the Peace of Utrecht (London, 1870).

External links

The

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Simon Harcourt, 1st Viscount Harcourt


Obervellach () is a market town in the district of Spittal an der Drau, in the Austrian state of Carinthia.

Geography

The town is situated in the valley of the Möll river, on the southern slope of the High Tauern mountain range, where the Tauern Railway line descends from neighbouring Mallnitz and the southern Tauern Tunnel portal. The municipal area comprises the cadastral communities of Obervellach proper, Pfaffenberg, Lassach, and Söbriach.

History
The settlement of Velach was first mentioned in a 10th-century deed issued by the Bishop Abraham of Freising (d. 993/94), a Bavarian missionary among the East Alpine Slavs in the Duchy of Carinthia (former Carantania), known for the Slovene Freising manuscripts. The name is probably derived from Slavic bela ("white"). The local church was mentioned as 'Freising basilica' in 1072, it later became the seat of a deanery of the Salzburg archbishops.

The traditional gold and silver mining area from the 12th century onwards was a possession of the comital House of Gorizia (Görz); in 1164 their ministeriales took their residence at Falkenstein Castle high above the valley. The Counts of Gorizia also held nearby Groppenstein Castle, first mentioned in 1254. Obervellach market rights were attested in 1256. After an armed conflict over the inheritance of late Count Ulrich II of Celje, in which the Count Leonhard of Gorizia and his brother John II were defeated by the forces of Emperor Frederick III, the area of Obervellach in 1460 finally was incorporated into the Inner Austrian possessions of the ruling House of Habsburg.

The town remained an important mining area; the Habsburg emperor Maximilian I himself confirmed the market rights and in 1509 decided on Obervellach as the seat of the Inner Austrian mining authority (Oberbergmeisteramt). The present-day Late Gothic church building was built around 1500, it was consecrated by Bishop Berthold of Chiemsee. A notable Renaissance altar was installed about 1520 at the behest of the Imperial captain Christoph Frankopan (Frangipani), brother-in-law of the Salzburg prince-archbishop Matthäus Lang von Wellenburg; it includes several pieces by the Dutch painter Jan van Scorel (1495–1562).

In the 17th century, gold and silver deposits were progressively depleted, they were replaced by new copper mines. When the travel writer Joseph Kyselak toured the region in 1825, he found Obervellach a still prosperous town. The Obervellach municipality was established in 1849, it then also comprised neighbouring Mallnitz, Flattach, and the cadastral community of Penk (part of the Reißeck municipality since 1973), which all became independent in 1896.

The Tauern Railway line was inaugurated in 1909, with a station near the village of Kaponig high above the Obervellach centre, which was accessible by a cable car until 1975. The station was finally closed in 1999, today trains stop at the Tauernschleuse car shuttle station in Mallnitz (Mallnitz-Obervellach).

Landmarks

 Parish church St. Martin with the Frangipani-altar
 pilgrimagechurch Maria Tax in Stallhofen with Stampfer-Kapelle
 Trabuschgen castle
 former courthouse (Oberstbergmeisteramt, Mainsquare Nr. 58)
 Groppenstein castle
 Groppensteinravine
 castle ruins Oberfalkenstein
 Falkenstein castle

Politics

Seats in the municipal assembly (Gemeinderat) as of 2015 local elections:
Austrian People's Party (ÖVP): 7
Mut für Obervellach (independent): 7
Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ): 3
Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ): 2

Twin towns

Obervellach is twinned with:
 Freising, Germany, since 1963
 Dilbeek, Belgium, since 1973
 Seltz, France, since 1979
 Muggia, Italy, since 1984
 Hemer, Germany, since 1985
 Kreuzau, Germany, since 1987
 15th district of Budapest, Hungary, since 1997
 Škofja Loka, Slovenia, since 1997

References

External links

Municipal website
obervellach-reisseck.at

Cities and towns in Spittal an der Drau District
Kreuzeck group
Goldberg Group

Obervellach


He-Man and the Masters of the Universe is an animated television series. Developed for television by Michael Halperin, who created the original series, it was animated by Mike Young Productions.  It served as an update of the  1980s Filmation series, produced to coincide with Mattel's revival of the Masters of the Universe franchise eleven years after its previous attempt.  The series ran on Cartoon Network's Toonami programming block between August 16, 2002, and January 10, 2004.

Unlike the previous He-Man series, set on the futuristic planet of Primus, this version sought to return to the roots of the storyline and provide broader explorations never reached in the first series, including origins for each character, and some first-time animated debuts of familiar toyline faces. The series also brought back several writers from the original series, such as Larry DiTillio and Michael Reaves. Also, it's the second and final He-Man series to feature a Canadian voice cast with the exception of Cam Clarke.

The series has been noted for similarities it shares with the original series. For example, it has an homage intro to the Filmation series' intro speech, but in this version, teenager Prince Adam is interrupted by an explosion and invasion by Skeletor and his henchmen. Prince Adam transforms into He-Man when he says "By the power of Grayskull... I have the power!" (later episodes feature a chorus singing He-Man's name during the scene change). It also features "scene change" sequences, but only the one involving the Sword of Power was taken from the Filmation series; all the others were created for this series, and the sequences occur less frequently than on the previous series.

Series overview

Season 1
The series begins with an attack on the Council of Wisdom, but it is thwarted by Captain Randor and his men. Captain Randor engages in a swordfight with Keldor, who attempts to kill Randor with a vial of acid.  Randor deflects the acid back into Keldor's face, causing him to sound the retreat. Zoar informs Captain Randor that the Council has vanished and declared Eternia to become a monarchy, with Captain Randor as king. Zoar also tells Captain Randor he will be responsible for a great hero, but immediately vanishes afterwards. Randor, perplexed by the lack of information, shouts, "How will I know this hero?!"

Years later, Eternia has seen the end of tyranny and evil, and King Randor has married and ruled over a peaceful, prosperous people. Eternians are safe in the knowledge that their greatest threats are trapped behind the great barrier in the badlands near Snake Mountain. However, Skeletor finally breaks through the barrier and seeks to cause havoc once more, beginning with the capture of King Randor. Detecting the breach from within Castle Grayskull, the Sorceress informs Man-At-Arms, Randor's captain of the guards and a trustworthy ally, that the time has come for destiny to be fulfilled. Prince Adam, a spoiled, almost carefree heir-apparent to the throne of his father, Randor, is trained daily by the unrelenting Teela, his best friend. Adam is approached by Teela's father, Man-At-Arms, who takes Adam to Castle Grayskull. There, Adam learns from the Sorceress of an approaching evil which can only be defeated by someone destined to become the warrior He-Man, and is shocked to discover that he is the chosen one. Refusing to accept the responsibility, Adam returns home to find the palace in ruins, and that Skeletor's forces have captured his father. Adam, Man-At-Arms, and Teela pursue Randor's kidnappers into the forests, where they are ambushed. Adam is covered by Man-At-Arms as he returns to Grayskull, followed by his pet tiger Cringer, and the court magician Orko. His flight through the forest infuriates Teela, who only sees a coward leaving the scene of battle. Adam accepts his destiny, and is granted the Sword of Power, which he uses to become He-Man. With Cringer transforming into Battle Cat, a much larger beast strong enough to serve as a steed, He-Man returns to the scene of battle and rescues his father from Skeletor. Over the course of the first season, Randor's defenses expand, with many other fighters joining He-Man's cause. The Sorceress is revealed as the mother of Teela, whose ultimate destiny as the successor to the Sorceress manifests in small doses physically and mentally, often causing her pain or general befuddlement as she struggles to understand them. Skeletor becomes aware of Grayskull's power when he attacks it, prompting him to spend much of the season attempting to enter it. Hints are made as to the fate of Skeletor's mentor, Hordak, and the future main adversaries of the second season, the Snake Men. Much like the original series, selling toys was a key goal of this series, and He-Man and Skeletor would don variations of their costumes or different ones entirely whenever they were briefly "empowered" with an ancient relic or new technology. The first season ends on a cliffhanger in which Skeletor unites several of the other adversaries fought by the Heroic Masters into a grand council of evil. He captures most of the Masters, forcing He-Man and Teela to enter Snake Mountain. Adam becomes separated from his sword, and is soon forced to protect Castle Grayskull from Skeletor without it.

Season 2

After the events of the season one cliffhanger, which saw Orko returning the sword to Adam and the Heroic Masters rescued, the Snake Men take center stage as the main antagonists, having been hinted in the first season as being trapped beneath Snake Mountain (their own former stronghold) inside a void. They are finally liberated by allies existing outside of the void, as well as a treacherous Evil-Lyn. Adam is informed of their rising by the Sorceress and finds his He-Man armor completely different upon transformation, designed to fight the Snake Men, led by King Hiss. Skeletor would still appear from time to time, but would be gradually phased out, although had the series continued, he would have returned to his status as a major player.

This season was shorter than the first, and as a result, more serialized, with episodes following an established continuity. Characters were strongly developed, and old characters reintroduced, including Fisto, who was Man-At-Arms' brother and a disgraced soldier of the court who went AWOL during the last great war. The third episode of this season, "Out of the Past," also reveals how the Sorceress, on a granted leave from her duties, nursed an amnesia-stricken soldier back to health and fell in love with him. The soldier left mysteriously before she gave birth, and his identity remains unknown; it is debated whether or not the soldier was Man-At-Arms or Fisto, or someone else entirely, calling Teela's parentage into question. The secret origins of Skeletor, Snake Mountain, and the power of Castle Grayskull itself, were also revealed.

Voice cast

 Mark Acheson - Fisto, Chadzar
 Kathleen Barr - Evil-Lyn
 Lisa Ann Beley - Teela
 Don Brown - Evilseed
 Garry Chalk - Duncan / Man-At-Arms, Whiplash
 Cam Clarke - Prince Adam / He-Man, King Grayskull
 Brian Dobson - Skeletor / Keldor, Buzz-Off, Webstor, King Hiss, Sssqueeze, Ceratus
 Paul Dobson - Man-E-Faces, Snake Face, Trap Jaw, Tri-Klops, Chief Carnivus
 Michael Donovan - King Randor, Count Marzo, Roboto, Hordak (1st Time), Tung Lashor
 Brian Drummond - Odiphus / Stinkor, Tuvar (Two of Two Bad), Belzar
 Mark Gibbon - Baddhra (Bad of Two Bad)
 Christopher Judge - Zodak
 Gabe Khouth - Mekaneck, Orko
 Scott McNeil - Beast Man, Clawful, Mer-Man, Ram-Man, Stratos, Kobra Khan, Calix
 Colin Murdock - Hordak (2nd Time)
 Richard Newman - General Rattlor, Lord Dactys, The Faceless One, Azdar
 Nicole Oliver - Queen Marlena, The Sorceress of Castle Grayskull
 John Payne - Sy-Klone, Moss-Man

The voice director for the series is Michael Donovan.

DVD releases
BCI Eclipse LLC (under license from Mattel Entertainment) released the entire series on DVD in Region 1, for the very first time, in three volume sets in 2008.  Each volume contained an extensive array of special features including documentaries, commentaries, DVD-ROM features, end of episode morals, photo galleries and more.  In December 2008, BCI Eclipse ceased operations, as a result all releases are now out of print.

In June 2009, Mill Creek Entertainment acquired the rights to the series and subsequently released He-Man and the Masters of the Universe - The Complete Series, a 4-disc box set featuring all 39 episodes of the series on DVD in Region 1 on September 29, 2009.  They also released a 10-episode single disc best of DVD on the same day.

To commemorate the 30th anniversary of the Masters of the Universe brand, Mill Creek Entertainment released the 30th Anniversary Commemorative Collection of He-Man and the Masters of the Universe DVD in December 2012. The 22-disc set features all 130 episodes of the 1983 series, 20 fan-favorite episodes of the 1990 series, as well as all 39 episodes of the 2002 series.

Comic book
To coincide with the release of the series, a He-Man comic was created by MV Creations. Three separate series were released between 2002–2004: two mini-series, a short-lived ongoing series and a handful of one-shots were published. Some of these were collected into trade paperback graphic novels. The tone and maturity of the comic was slightly different from the cartoon, as the writers hoped to appeal to the older demographic purchasing the comic. The comic ultimately came to a close when Mattel began to end the licensing program for the Masters of the Universe relaunch. The comics were published by Image Comics, then MV Creations themselves (through Crossgen Comics), before eventually going back to Image Comics. MV Creations also made several minicomics which were included with a few of the 200X action figures; they also created a comic of the unproduced episode 40 of the cartoon series, based on Dean Stefan's original screenplay. In the comic - "Captured" - Skeletor retakes Snake Mountain, King Hiss recovers from his injuries after his defeat at the hands of Zodak, and Man-At-Arms is transformed back into a Snake Man.

Notes

References

External links

Masters of the Universe television series
2002 American television series debuts
2002 Canadian television series debuts
2004 American television series endings
2004 Canadian television series endings
2000s American animated television series
2000s Canadian animated television series
American children's animated action television series
American children's animated space adventure television series
American children's animated science fantasy television series
American children's animated superhero television series
Canadian children's animated action television series
Canadian children's animated space adventure television series
Canadian children's animated science fantasy television series
Canadian children's animated superhero television series
Animated television series reboots
English-language television shows
Toonami
Television shows based on Mattel toys
Television series set on fictional planets
Television series by Splash Entertainment
Television series by Mattel Television

He-Man and the Masters of the Universe (2002 TV series)


Tracheole (trā'kē-ōl') is a fine respiratory tube of the trachea of an insect or a spider, part of the respiratory system.

Tracheoles are about 1 µm in diameter, and they convey oxygen to cells while providing a means for carbon dioxide to escape.

Tracheoles branch from the larger tracheae (which can be several mm in diameter) much like capillaries branch from arteries, or twigs from branches of a tree.  This increases the surface area for gas exchange in the insect.  Areas of intense metabolic activity, such as the digestive tract and flight muscles, have very dense aggregations of tracheoles.

Though usually closely associated with cells, tracheoles physically penetrate only the flight muscle cells which have the highest oxygen demands.

Unlike the larger tracheae which are derived of ectodermal stem cells, tracheoles do not molt with the insect. Instead, they remain in place and fuse themselves to new tracheae at each molt by a cement they produce.

References

Insect anatomy

Tracheole


Judd Apatow (; born December 6, 1967) is an American director, producer and screenwriter, best known for his work in comedy films. He is the founder of Apatow Productions, through which he produced and directed the films The 40-Year-Old Virgin (2005), Knocked Up (2007), Funny People (2009), This Is 40 (2012), Trainwreck (2015), The King of Staten Island (2020), and The Bubble (2022).

Through Apatow Productions he produced and developed the television series Freaks and Geeks (1999–2000), Undeclared (2001–2002), Funny or Die Presents (2010–2011), Girls (2012–2017), Love (2016–2018), and Crashing (2017–2019).

Apatow also produced the films The Cable Guy (1996), Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy (2004), Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby (2006), Superbad (2007), Pineapple Express (2008), Forgetting Sarah Marshall (2008), Get Him to the Greek (2010), Bridesmaids (2011), Begin Again (2013), Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues (2013), and The Big Sick (2017).

Throughout his career, Apatow has received nominations for 11 Primetime Emmy Awards (two wins), five Writers Guild of America Awards (one win), two Producers Guild of America Awards, one Golden Globe Award, and one Grammy Award.

Early life and education
One of three children of Maury Apatow, a real-estate developer, and Tamara Shad, who ran the music label Mainstream Records founded by her father, Bob Shad, Judd Apatow was born in the Flushing neighborhood of the New York City borough of Queens, and raised in Syosset, New York, on Long Island. His family is Jewish, but nonreligious. Apatow has an older brother, Robert, and a younger sister, Mia. Their mother died in 2008. His maternal grandmother, Molly, co-starred in his film This Is 40.

When Apatow was 12 years old, his parents divorced. Robert went to live with his maternal grandparents, and Mia went to live with her mother. As a child, Apatow lived mainly with his father, and visited his mother on weekends. Apatow's mother spent a summer working at a comedy club, which is where Judd was first exposed to live stand-up comedy.

Apatow's deep interest in comedy dates back to his childhood; his heroes were Steve Martin, Bill Cosby and the Marx Brothers. Apatow got his comic start washing dishes at the Long Island East Side Comedy Club, and while attending Syosset High School, he played jazz and hosted a program called Comedy Club on the school's 125-watt radio station WKWZ which he created as a way to meet and learn from the comedians he looked up to. He cold-called comedians he admired during this time, managing to interview Steve Allen, Howard Stern, Harold Ramis and John Candy, along with emerging comedians such as Jerry Seinfeld, Steven Wright, and Garry Shandling.

Career

1985–2003: Stand-up and early work
Apatow began performing stand-up comedy at age seventeen, during his senior year of high school. In the September 1985 issue of Laugh Factory Magazine, he is listed as an associate editor. After graduating from high school in 1985, he moved to Los Angeles and enrolled in the screenwriting program at University of Southern California. While at USC, he organized and hosted a number of on-campus "Comedy Night" events, featuring headliners such as Saturday Night Live performer Kevin Nealon. Apatow introduced the acts at these events with short standup routines of his own. He also began volunteering at (and later producing) benefit concerts for HBO's Comic Relief and performing and seeing standup at the Improv in Hollywood. He dropped out of college during his second year and later moved into an apartment with comedian Adam Sandler, whom he met at the Improv. He competed in the Johnnie Walker Comedy Search in 1989 directed by Saturday Night Live short film producer Neal Marshad.

Shortly thereafter, Apatow was introduced by manager Jimmy Miller to Garry Shandling which resulted in Apatow being hired as a writer for the 1991 Grammy Awards that year, which Shandling hosted. He went on to co-produce comedy specials by Roseanne Arnold, Tom Arnold, and Jim Carrey. In 1992, Apatow appeared on HBO's 15th Annual Young Comedians Special and shortly afterwards went on to co-create and executive produce The Ben Stiller Show for Fox. Apatow had met Stiller outside of an Elvis Costello concert in 1990, and they became friends. Despite critical acclaim and an Emmy Award for Apatow and the rest of the writing staff, Fox canceled the show in 1993.

Apatow went on to join HBO's The Larry Sanders Show in 1993 as a writer and consulting producer, and he later served as a co-executive producer and director of an episode during the show's final season in 1998. He credits Shandling as his mentor for influencing him to write comedy that is more character-driven. Apatow earned six Emmy nominations for his work on Larry Sanders. During this same time, he worked as a consulting producer and staff writer for the animated show The Critic, starring Jon Lovitz.

In 1995, Apatow co-wrote (with Steve Brill) the feature film Heavyweights. Around the same time, Apatow was hired to produce and do an uncredited re-write of the script for the movie The Cable Guy, which was released in 1996 to mixed reviews. It was during the pre-production of the film that Apatow met his future wife, actress Leslie Mann. Apatow did uncredited re-writes on two other Jim Carrey films: Liar Liar and Bruce Almighty. His next script was titled Making Amends, which had Owen Wilson attached to star as a man in Alcoholics Anonymous who decides to apologize to everyone he has ever hurt. However, the film was never made. Apatow did uncredited rewrites of the Adam Sandler films Happy Gilmore and The Wedding Singer. He was also featured in four tracks on Sandler's 1996 comedy album "What the Hell Happened to Me?"

In 1999, Apatow created Sick in the Head, a multi-camera sitcom pilot starring David Krumholtz as a psychiatrist on his first day on the job, Amy Poehler as a suicidal patient, and Kevin Corrigan as Krumholtz's slacker roommate. The show was not picked up by Fox, which freed up Apatow to serve as an executive producer of the award-winning series Freaks and Geeks, which debuted in 1999. He also wrote and directed several episodes of the series. After its cancellation, Apatow was the executive producer and creator of the series Undeclared, which reused Seth Rogen in the main cast and other Freaks and Geeks cast members in recurring roles. Although both shows were quickly canceled, USA Today media critic Susan Wloszczyna called the shows "two of the most acclaimed TV series to ever last only one season".

In 2001, Apatow created North Hollywood, a pilot that featured Jason Segel, Kevin Hart, Seth Rogen, Phil Hendrie, and Judge Reinhold (playing himself). The pilot was not picked up by ABC. In 2002, he co-wrote (with Brent Forrester) a Fox pilot titled Life on Parole, starring David Herman as a dissatisfied parole officer whose roommate happens to be one of his parolees; it was not picked up. Apatow has screened and introduced them at "The Other Network", a festival of un-aired TV pilots produced by Un-Cabaret.

2004–2008: Career breakthrough
In 2004, Apatow produced the feature film comedy Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy, starring Will Ferrell and directed by Adam McKay. The film was a box office success. Apatow co-produced the 2013 sequel, Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues. He made his feature directorial debut in 2005 with the comedy The 40-Year-Old Virgin, which he also co-wrote with the film's star, Steve Carell, for Universal Pictures. The film opened at number one at the box office and grossed more than $175 million globally. The comedy garnered numerous awards and nominations, including being named one of AFI's Top Movies of the Year, as well as taking home Best Comedy Movie at the 11th annual Critics' Choice Awards. The 40-Year-Old Virgin also earned Apatow a nomination for Best Original Screenplay from the Writers Guild of America and received four MTV Movie Award nominations, including a win for Carell for Best Comedic Performance. In 2005, Apatow co-wrote with Nicholas Stoller the feature film comedy Fun with Dick and Jane starring Jim Carrey and Téa Leoni. The film went on to gross $205 million worldwide.

His second film, the romantic comedy Knocked Up, was released in June 2007 to wide critical acclaim. Apatow wrote the initial draft of the film on the set of Talladega Nights. The story concerns a slacker and a media personality (Rogen and Heigl, respectively) whose one-night stand results in an unintended pregnancy. In addition to being a critical success, the film was also a commercial hit, continuing Apatow's newfound mainstream success.

In August 2007, Apatow produced the film Superbad, which was written by Seth Rogen and his writing partner Evan Goldberg. A concept Rogen and Goldberg had created as teens, Apatow convinced Rogen to write the film as a vehicle for himself in 2000. Rogen and Goldberg finished writing the film, but were unable to find a studio interested in producing it. Apatow then enlisted Rogen and Goldberg to write Pineapple Express, a stoner action movie that he felt would be more commercial. After the success of Anchorman and The 40-Year-Old Virgin, Apatow was still unable to sell both Superbad and Pineapple Express; it was only after he produced the commercial hit Talladega Nights that Sony Pictures Entertainment decided to produce both.

At this point, Rogen was unable to play the lead for Superbad, as he had grown too old to play the part of Seth. Subsequently, he was cast in a supporting role as a police officer and friend Jonah Hill took his role as the high school student. Apatow credits Rogen for influencing him to make his work more "outrageously dirty".

In August 2007, Superbad opened at No. 1 in the box office to critical acclaim, taking in $33 million in its opening weekend. Industry insiders claimed Apatow was now a brand unto himself, creating movies geared toward older audiences, who would watch his movies even when the films delved into the teen genre.

Apatow served as producer and co-writer along with director Jake Kasdan for the biopic spoof Walk Hard starring John C. Reilly, Kristen Wiig and Jenna Fischer, which was released in December 2007. While the film received positive reviews, it did poorly commercially. In 2008, he served as producer for Drillbit Taylor starring Owen Wilson and Leslie Mann and written by Seth Rogen, which opened in March and earned negative reviews.

For the rest of 2008, Apatow produced the comedy films Forgetting Sarah Marshall starring Jason Segel and Kristen Bell; Step Brothers, which reunites Talladega Nights co-stars Will Ferrell and John C. Reilly; and Pineapple Express starring Seth Rogen and James Franco, both of whom originally starred on Freaks and Geeks. In addition, he served as co-writer for the Adam Sandler comedy film You Don't Mess with the Zohan, which Sandler and Robert Smigel also co-wrote and went on to gross $204 million at the worldwide box office.

He tries to keep a low budget on his projects and usually makes his movies about the work itself rather than using big stars. After his success in film, he hired the entire writing staff from Undeclared to write movies for Apatow Productions. He never fires writers and he keeps them on projects through all stages of productions, known colloquially as "the comedy wheel". Apatow is not committed to any specific studio, but his projects are typically set up at Universal and Sony, and in 2009 Variety reported that Universal had signed him to a 3 picture directing deal. Apatow once vowed to include a penis in every one of his movies. He explained his position as, "I like movies that are, you know, uplifting and hopeful...and I like filth!"

2009–2015: Established stardom

In 2009, Apatow served as producer for the biblical comedy film Year One; the film was not well received. He also released his third directorial feature on July 31 that same year, titled Funny People. Apatow wrote the film, which starred Adam Sandler and Seth Rogen as a pair of standup comedians, one of whom has a terminal illness. Other co-stars included his wife Leslie Mann and Eric Bana, who was a comedic actor in Australia before appearing in American films. The film contained more dramatic elements than Apatow's previous directorial efforts. Although the film was not financially successful (grossing $54 million domestically), the critical reception was primarily positive, with David Denby of The New Yorker magazine including the film on his top ten films of 2009, calling Funny People "a serious comedy about a funny man's brush with death" and stating that the film "is Apatow's richest, most complicated movie yet—a summing up of his feelings about comedy and its relation to the rest of existence." New York Times critic A.O. Scott, reflecting on summer films of 2009, opined that Funny People was "a movie about growing up, feeling sad, facing death—a long, serious film whose subject is the challenge of maturity. Which may be why, in the face of a softish opening weekend, various interpreters of box office data were quick to declare Funny People a flop. The summer is no time for grown-ups."

In 2010, Apatow served as producer on the Forgetting Sarah Marshall spin-off Get Him to the Greek with Russell Brand reprising his role and Jonah Hill returning from the original film, albeit as a different character. Released by Universal, the film did well at the box office, grossing $92 million. In 2011, Apatow produced Bridesmaids which grossed $288.4 million worldwide and received Oscar nominations for Best Supporting Actress (Melissa McCarthy) and Best Original Screenplay (Annie Mumolo and Kristen Wiig), as well as two Golden Globe Award nominations and two Screen Actors Guild Award nominations. Bridesmaids also won a Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Comedy Movie, a People's Choice Award for Favorite Comedy Movie and was named one of AFI's Movies of the Year. That same year, he produced Girls after seeing Lena Dunham's 2010 film Tiny Furniture. The series ran from 2012 to 2017 and generating criticism over its depiction of sexual assault, male ejaculate, and Dunham's frequent on-screen nudity. In a January 2013 interview in Fast Company, Apatow and Dunham discussed the creative process of working on the show, saying that "this type of show is an auteur's vision. It isn't collaborative in the same way as other shows. We are probably closer to Curb Your Enthusiasm than we are to something like Friends."

Apatow produced Wanderlust (2012), starring Jennifer Aniston and Paul Rudd as a married couple who leave New York City and live in a hippie commune. He also produced The Five-Year Engagement (2012), featuring Jason Segel and Emily Blunt as a couple who have a rocky five-year engagement.

Apatow's fourth directorial effort, the Knocked Up spin-off This Is 40, was released by Universal Pictures on December 21, 2012, starring Paul Rudd and Leslie Mann as the characters Pete and Debbie (reprising their roles from Knocked Up) and had original music by Graham Parker and The Rumour (who play themselves). The film received mostly positive reactions from critics, with The New Yorkers Richard Brody writing that This Is 40 is "the stuff of life, and it flows like life, and, like life, it would be good for it to last longer."

In 2012, Entertainment Weekly reported that 22 years after writing an episode of The Simpsons, Apatow's script ("Bart's New Friend") was being developed into an episode that would air in 2015. Apatow co-produced Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues, which was released December 18, 2013, with the plot focusing on "Ron Burgundy's struggle to find his place in the rise of new media and the 24-hour news cycle". Apatow produced Begin Again (2013), starring Keira Knightley who plays a singer-songwriter who is discovered by a struggling record label executive (played by Mark Ruffalo) and collaborates with him to produce an album recorded in public locations all over New York City. Writer-director John Carney first pitched the film in 2010 to Apatow, who produced the film alongside Tobin Armbrust and Anthony Bregman whose production company Exclusive Media financed the film's US$8 million budget.

Apatow's fifth directorial feature was the 2015 romantic comedy entitled Trainwreck. Amy Schumer wrote and starred in the film as "a basket case who tries to rebuild her life" by attempting to commit to a serious relationship with a sports doctor (Bill Hader), after a string of one-night stands with different men. The Atlantic Christopher Orr opined that "this is a film that belongs not to its director but to its star, who, if there is any justice in the world, is about to ascend from cult icon to mass phenomenon." The film received an 85% on Rotten Tomatoes. Produced on a budget of $35 million, Trainwreck grossed $140.8 million worldwide.

In November 2017, Apatow returned to stand-up after a long hiatus to headline a show in New York City's Carnegie Hall called Judd Apatow and Friends. He announced over Twitter that the show would benefit Everytown for Gun Safety, a non-profit organization founded by Michael Bloomberg which advocates for gun control and against gun violence.

2016–present: Career expansion
In 2016, he created the Netflix television comedy series Love, on which he also serves as a writer and executive producer. The series followed a young couple navigating the thrills and agonies of modern relationships, and ran on Netflix for three seasons. Later that year, HBO picked up Crashing, a semi-autobiographical television series which follows Pete Holmes as he tries to become a stand-up comedian after his wife cheats on him. It's only with the help of other famous comedians (playing fictional versions of themselves) that Pete is able to learn the ropes of the stand-up comedy world. The series was created by and stars comedian Pete Holmes, and executive produced by Apatow. It was first reported in 2010 that Apatow would be producing a new Pee-Wee Herman film starring Paul Reubens that would be written by Rebuens and Paul Rust. The film, Pee-wee's Big Holiday, was released by Netflix in March 2016.

Apatow made his first documentary piece in 2016, Doc and Darryl, which documents the career and relationship of New York Mets players Dwight "Doc" Gooden and Darryl Strawberry. It aired as part of ESPN's series of sports documentaries 30 for 30 in July 2016.

In 2017, he produced the romantic comedy The Big Sick. The film stars Kumail Nanjiani as himself, a stand-up comedian who comes from a Muslim Pakistani background and falls in love with an American woman, based on Nanjiani's real-life wife Emily V. Gordon. Produced on a budget of $5 million, it grossed $56.4 million worldwide. A New York Times review described the movie as "a joyous, generous-hearted romantic comedy that, even as it veers into difficult terrain, insists that we just need to keep on laughing" while revitalizing "the often moribund romantic comedy subgenre with a true story of love, death and the everyday comedy of being a 21st-century American". In 2018, the film was nominated for an Academy Award in the category of best Original Screenplay. Additionally it won Best Comedy at the Critics' Choice Awards and received an AFI Movies of the Year Award from the American Film Institute. The film also received two Screen Actors Guild nominations and a NAACP Image Award nomination. Apatow was nominated for the Darryl F. Zanuck Award for Outstanding Producer of Theatrical Motion Pictures award by the Producers Guild of America, alongside producing partner Barry Mendel.

Earlier that year, Apatow produced Chris Gethard's HBO comedy special Career Suicide, an hour and a half long monologue about Gethard's experience with depression, therapy and search for fulfillment. The program was described as being able to "articulate intense and often ineffable emotion" while still remaining "brazenly candid...and packed with great jokes". In a review for The A.V. Club, Erik Adams wrote "There is a feeling that somewhere, somehow, someone is going to stumble-upon Career Suicide, and it's going to make them feel less alone."

Apatow also starred in his first stand-up special, Judd Apatow: The Return, in December 2017. The special was recorded during the Just for Laughs comedy festival in Montreal, Canada the previous July and released through Netflix. Apatow also had a cameo role in The Disaster Artist (2017), which chronicles the making of the film The Room. The New Yorker critic Richard Brody felt the role was a "reminder" that Apatow should play a lead in one of his own films. Along with documentarian Michael Bonfiglio, Apatow co-directed the documentary May It Last: A Portrait Of The Avett Brothers, which chronicles the making of the titular band's album True Sadness. It aired on HBO in January 2018 and later won the SXSW Audience Award at the SXSW film festival.

Later in 2018, he directed another HBO documentary, The Zen Diaries of Garry Shandling, exploring the life and legacy of comedian Garry Shandling, one of Apatow's idols and a close friend. After editing together video packages for Garry Shandling's memorial service, Apatow realized that the material was worthy of a full documentary. NPR's David Bianculi called the documentary, "a deeply affecting TV show about the meaning of life – right up there with the final TV interviews by mythologist Joseph Campbell and British TV writer Dennis Potter. In his comedy, Garry Shandling always was in pursuit of the truth and contemplating real life. With this two-part HBO special, he and Judd Apatow achieved that very beautifully one last time." In September 2018, Apatow took home the outstanding documentary or nonfiction special award at the Creative Arts Emmy Awards for his work on the documentary.

In June 2020, Apatow's seventh directorial film, The King of Staten Island, co-written with and starring Pete Davidson, was to be released in theatres but due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic it was instead released to video on demand on the 12th of June to positive reviews from critics.

In 2022, Apatow, Joshua Church, and Nicholas Stoller co-produced Bros, the first major studio rom-com with an all LGBTQ cast. The film stars Billy Eichner, Luke Macfarlane, Ts Madison, Monica Raymund, Guillermo Díaz, Guy Branum, and Amanda Bearse.

Criticism
In 2007, New York magazine noted that former Apatow associate Mike White was "disenchanted" by Apatow's later films, "objecting to the treatment of women and gay men in Apatow's recent movies", with White quoted as saying of Knocked Up: "At some point it starts feeling like comedy of the bullies, rather than the bullied." In Apatow's comedies, characters had frequently used demeaning words against the LGBTQ community, words such as "tranny", and "faggot".

Actress Katherine Heigl said in 2007 that though she enjoyed working with Apatow on Knocked Up, she found the film itself "a little sexist" and felt it "paints the women as shrews, as humorless and uptight, and it paints the men as lovable, goofy, fun-loving guys." Apatow responded, "I'm just shocked she used the word shrew. I mean, what is this, the 1600s?" Apatow said the characters in the film "are sexist at times... but it's really about immature people who are afraid of women and relationships and learn to grow up."

In 2012, Alyssa Rosenberg of ThinkProgress quoted Apatow as saying, "I got bored of penises. I said, 'enough of that.' No, I just like immaturity, I like to show people struggle and try to figure out who they are. I'm a guy and so it leaned guy for a while. But one of the projects I'm most proud of is Freaks and Geeks, which is about a woman in high school struggling to figure out which group she wants to belong to, so for me, it goes back and forth."

Personal life
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences rejected his first application for membership, even though he was sponsored by Academy Award-winning screenwriters Akiva Goldsman and Stephen Gaghan. Seth Rogen claimed Apatow "just wanted the free DVDs". He became a member in 2008.

Marriage and children

Apatow met actress Leslie Mann on the set of the 1996 comedy film, The Cable Guy, where he served as producer and she was cast as the girlfriend of Matthew Broderick's character. They were married on June 9, 1997, in Los Angeles, and have two daughters, Maude and Iris. Mann has appeared in Freaks and Geeks, The 40-Year-Old Virgin, Knocked Up, Drillbit Taylor, Funny People, and This Is 40. Both daughters appeared in Knocked Up, Funny People, and This Is 40, as Leslie Mann's character's daughters, and Maude was nominated at the 34th Young Artist Awards for Best Performance in a Feature Film – Supporting Young Actress for This Is 40.

Apatow and his family live in Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles.

Philanthropy
Apatow's philanthropic work includes supporting the literacy organization 826LA, the Bogart Pediatric Cancer Research Program, and Children's Cancer Research Center at Children's hospital. He edited the book I Found This Funny published by McSweeneys to benefit 826LA. Additionally, Apatow's book, "Sick in the Head", in which he interviews comedy icons such as Jerry Seinfeld and Jay Leno, benefitted the 826LA organization.

Apatow has also received several high-profile awards for his advocacy and support of women in Hollywood, as well as victims of sexual assault. In 2015, he was honored by the Rape Treatment Foundation, who later released a statement on Apatow's contributions, describing him as "a powerful voice for the truths about rape and an advocate for respectful treatment of victims". Apatow has positioned himself at the forefront of the #MeToo and #TimesUp online movements, encouraging alleged victims to come forward while also criticizing people accused. Apatow had strong words for people like Bill Cosby and those who gave Cosby a platform to continue to perform and speak.

In 2017, Apatow was awarded the ACLU Bill of Rights Award, for being "an outspoken and tireless advocate on behalf of women in the arts".

Apatow regularly performs stand-up at the Largo at the Coronet, a comedy venue in Los Angeles, as part of his Judd Apatow and Friends series. Guests have included Adam Sandler, Zach Galifianakis, Ryan Adams, Beck, David Spade, Garry Shandling and Jackson Browne. Each show benefits a charity of Apatow's choosing and past charities have included St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 826LA and Alzheimer's Association.

Awards
In 1993, he was one of the writers awarded a Primetime Emmy Award for "Outstanding Writing for a Variety, Music or Comedy Program" for his work on The Ben Stiller Show at the 45th Primetime Emmy Awards.

During his work on the Larry Sanders Show, Apatow was nominated for five Emmys, as well as a Critics' Choice Television Award. In 2007, he was nominated for a Grammy for co-writing the song "Walk Hard" (nominated for Best Song Written for Motion Picture). Apatow's work was also nominated for Outstanding Comedy Series at the 2012 and 2013 Primetime Emmys for Girls and was also nominated at the Critics' Choice Television Awards for Girls. In 2012, Apatow received the Hollywood Comedy Award at the 16th annual Hollywood Film Awards presented by the Hollywood Film Festival. Additionally in 2012, Apatow was presented with the Herb Sargent Award for Comedy Excellence from the Writers Guild East.

In the 2013 Critics Choice Award Nominations from the Broadcast Film Critics Association, Apatow's film This Is 40 was nominated for Best Comedy as were Leslie Mann and Paul Rudd for their performances in the film. On January 10, 2013, the Broadcast Film Critics Association awarded Apatow the Critics' Choice Louis XIII Genius Award named after a cognac. On October 3, 2013, The San Diego Film Festival awarded Apatow the esteemed Visionary Filmmaker Award. On May 12, 2013, the television show Girls won a BAFTA for Best International Program.

Apatow was nominated for the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay for his work on The 40-Year-Old Virgin, a nomination also shared with Carell, and Knocked Up.

In 2015, Apatow's film Trainwreck was nominated for 2 Golden Globe Awards, including a nomination for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy, the first film directed by Apatow to achieve this feat. The film was also nominated for 3 Critics' Choice Movie Awards, including Best Comedy.

In 2016, Apatow was awarded the Generation Award at the Just for Laughs comedy festival in Montreal for his contributions to comedy.

In 2018, Apatow was nominated for the Darryl F. Zanuck Award at the Producers Guild Film Awards, alongside producing partner Barry Mendel. Later that year, May It Last: A Portrait Of The Avett Brothers, which Apatow co-directed along with documentarian Michael Bonfiglio, won the SXSW Audience Award at the 2018 SXSW Film Festival.

In 2022, Apatow was nominated for an entertainment Peabody Award for his work directing George Carlin's American Dream.

In 2023, Apatow was nominated for the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Director at the 43rd Golden Raspberry Awards for his work on The Bubble.

Filmography

Film

Television

Acting credits

Recurring collaborators
Apatow has worked with a group of actors on an ongoing basis, including Steve Carell, Paul Rudd, Seth Rogen, Jonah Hill, and Jason Segel, and also tends to work with his close friends and family. He has frequently worked with producers Shauna Robertson and Barry Mendel. To date, Seth Rogen has been involved with eight of Apatow's projects, as an actor, writer, and/or producer. Apatow's wife Leslie Mann has starred in five, Will Ferrell has starred in five, Paul Rudd has starred in nine, Jonah Hill has starred in seven, and Jason Segel has starred in four (as well as written two). Apatow has produced four projects written by Adam McKay and Will Ferrell. Saturday Night Live and Bridesmaids star Kristen Wiig has appeared in five Apatow movies and, alongside Mann, is Apatow's main female collaborator.

Kristen Wiig, in a speech presenting Apatow with the Herb Sargent Award for Comedy Excellence in February 2012 said that he was an "incredible collaborator and supporter" In a 2011 interview with Elle, television actress and writer Lena Dunham, who has collaborated often with Apatow said of his work, "Knocked Up is really about love. [...] His movies are about people trying to get closer to themselves. He's the perfect match for a story about being 25, because that's all 25-year-olds are interested in. The other problems they encounter—money issues, conflicts at work—don't matter."

Actors who have appeared in three or more of Apatow's films

Bibliography
 (2010) I Found This Funny: My Favorite Pieces of Humor and Some That May Not Be Funny at All. San Francisco: McSweeney's. .
 (2015) Sick in the Head: Conversations About Life and Comedy. New York: Random House. .
 (2022) Sicker in the Head: More Conversations About Life and Comedy. New York: Random House. .

See also

References

External links

 NPR: Morning Edition Sunday audio interviewAugust 21, 2005
 LA Times articleMay 15, 2007
 Wired Magazine storyMay 2007
 Rolling Stone interview
 A.V. Club interviewJuly 30, 2009
 "Sentieri selvaggi Magazine" n.6: Judd Apatow e lo stato della commedia marzo/aprile 2013 (Archive)

1967 births
Living people
20th-century American comedians
20th-century American Jews
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters
21st-century American comedians
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American male actors
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American screenwriters
American comedy writers
American film directors
American film producers
American male comedians
American male film actors
American male screenwriters
American male television actors
American male television writers
American sketch comedians
American stand-up comedians
American television directors
American television producers
American television writers
Comedians from California
Comedians from New York City
Comedy film directors
Film directors from California
Film directors from New York City
Film producers from California
Film producers from New York (state)
Jewish American comedians
Jewish American comedy writers
Jewish American film directors
Jewish American film producers
Jewish American male actors
Jewish American male comedians
Jewish American screenwriters
Jewish American television producers
Jewish American writers
Jewish male actors
Jewish male comedians
Male actors from California
Male actors from New York (state)
The New Yorker people
People from Syosset, New York
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Screenwriters from California
Screenwriters from New York (state)
Syosset High School alumni
Television producers from California
Television producers from New York City
Television producers from New York (state)
USC School of Cinematic Arts alumni
Writers from New York (state)

Judd Apatow


Tanning is the process of turning animal skin (often called "hide") into leather.  Tanning makes the skin tougher and often changes its color.  Tanning helps make the animal skin become more flexible and less vulnerable to bacteria damage.

Before tanning an animal skin, the animal must be killed and skinned before the body heat of the animal leaves the animal's body. Next, tissue on the inside of the skin and hairs on the outside are removed.  Salt in the skin is removed and the skins are soaked in water ffor six hours to two days.

The actual process of tanning is done by soaking the leather in a bath of Chromium III sulphate ([Cr(H2O)6]2(SO4)3). In past centuries a natural substance called tannin was used, which was got from oak or fir trees.

The whole process is very smelly, and tanneries are often placed at the edges of towns. The runoff from tanning plants into rivers is a major cause of pollution. This can be prevented by methods of water treatment adapted to the outflow of tannery liquids. Developing countries may lack this methodology, even though World Bank grants are available for water treatment facilities. A private-sector trade association may give technical information about clean technologies.

A tanner is someone whose job is tanning.

A tannery is the place where the tanners worked with the animal skins.

References

More reading

Manufacturing

Tanning


Kevin William Crompton (born February 13, 1961), known professionally as cEvin Key, is a Canadian musician, songwriter, producer, and composer. He is best known as a member of the industrial music group Skinny Puppy, which he co-founded in 1982 with singer Nivek Ogre. Initially a side project while he was with the new wave band Images in Vogue, Skinny Puppy quickly became his primary musical outlet after landing a record deal with Nettwerk Records in 1984.

When Skinny Puppy disbanded in 1995 following the death of keyboardist Dwayne Goettel, Key's main project became the electronic noise group Download, whose first album, Furnace, was released that same year. His first solo album, Music For Cats, was released in 1998 on Subconscious Communications, an independent record label he took over following Goettel's death. He reunited with Ogre in 2000 for a one-off performance as Skinny Puppy at the Doomsday Festival in Dresden. The pair officially reformed Skinny Puppy in 2003 and released The Greater Wrong of the Right a year later. They have since released the albums Mythmaker, HanDover, and Weapon.

In addition to his work with Skinny Puppy and Download, Key has had several side projects, most notably The Tear Garden, a project started in 1985 with Legendary Pink Dots singer Edward Ka-Spel. His other projects include platEAU, Doubting Thomas, Cyberaktif, and Hilt.

Early life
Key was raised in Vancouver in what he considered a dysfunctional family. Due to an alcohol problem their father developed following his service in World War II, he and his siblings, an older brother and younger sister, had to learn to fend for themselves at a young age. His mother, who he considered "glammy", often put makeup on him and was untroubled with his use of marijuana. His father initially disapproved of his behavior, but changed his attitude when Key began dyeing his hair at the age of 17 and would later come to fully support his career as a musician. Key would often turn to music as a way to escape his home life and the difficulties of high school, and he soon found himself learning to use drums and synthesizers.

I had a weird and very dysfunctional family. There's no training for dysfunction ... Luckily my family had a piano and an organ that had one of those weird drum machines in it, and I sort of had the luck to be able to have these things around me, to take out frustrations on.

In 1978, his parents sent him to live in Japan with a Japanese family, an experience that he considered valuable to his development as an individual. He was required to learn Japanese as his surrogate family, who treated him as a son, could not speak English. He said of his experience: "When you are that age, a whole new culture is a major upheaval. But for the better". He had been planning to live in Japan and was offered a job at a Tokyo radio station as an interviewer when he received an invite from Gary Smith to join Images in Vogue.

Career

Early musical work
Key began his career in the late 70s playing as a drummer for the Vancouver rock band Bastille. He also performed as a multi-instrumentalist in the punk band Illegal Youth, which featured Al Nelson, the future vocalist of Hilt. In 1981, Key joined Images in Vogue, a successful new wave group based in Vancouver who had put out an ad looking for musicians with their own equipment. Dave Ogilvie, a local music student, also joined the group as a producer and engineer. Taking up the role as the band's drummer, Key utilized a Simmons electronic drum kit. The band found success touring throughout Canada and opening for groups such as Depeche Mode and Roxy Music.

Images in Vogue released their first single, "Breaking Up", in April 1982, and their first EP, Educated Man, shortly thereafter. The EP was a success, selling 10,000 copies in a span of six weeks and topping a number of college radio station playlists. Bill Leeb, Key's friend from Vancouver's late-night club circuit, had introduced him to early industrial bands such as Throbbing Gristle and Cabaret Voltaire, and he soon found himself recording his own songs.

Key met Nivek Ogre (Kevin Ogilvie) at a party in late 1982 and asked him to provide vocals for the songs he had made. Ogre accepted and the pair recorded the song "K-9" under the name Skinny Puppy. The pair began using stage names to avoid the confusion of having two people named Kevin in the same band. Key left Images in Vogue in 1985 shortly after the release of their first album, In the House, to focus solely on Skinny Puppy.

Skinny Puppy
According to Key, the concept behind Skinny Puppy was to create music from the point of view of a dog whose "tail's trodden on" and can only bark and growl. The self-published EP Back & Forth was released in 1984; only 35 copies of the tape were produced. Key brought in Leeb (under the name Wilhelm Schroeder) and Dave "Rave" Ogilvie to help record their second EP, Remission. Terry McBride helped pay for the production and signed them to his new indie label, Nettwerk Records. A follow-up LP, Bites, was released the following year.

Key hired Dwayne Goettel to play with Skinny Puppy in 1986 after it had become apparent that Leeb was uninterested in touring. Key felt that Goettel's technical abilities and knowledge of sampling helped give the band a new identity. Key's partnership with Goettel strained his relationship with Ogre, who they felt was more interested in pursuing a solo career. Key was displeased with Ogre inviting Al Jourgensen for the 1989 production of Rabies, telling Alternative Press that he believed Jorgensen had intended to break the band up. Key's relationship with Ogre continued to worsen during the recording of Last Rights. In a 1991 interview with Propaganda magazine, he expressed his frustration regarding the recording of the album:

Ogre is a different person from what I first knew, and I just can't bare to deal with it. It's something that I have to walk away from ... Every year there seems to be a promise and hope that we'll be able to talk, and we'll forget about all the things that have a lot to do with ego. Forget about ego and get into the studio and do something we originally wanted to do, which is just to make music that we'll listen to and be genuine fans of.

When their contract with Nettwerk ended in 1992, the band signed with Rick Rubin's American Recordings and moved to Los Angeles to begin recording The Process. Ogre quit the band in 1995 and Goettel died of a heroin overdose shortly thereafter; Key managed to salvage The Process, and released it in 1996. He disbanded Skinny Puppy following Goettel's death, saying, "I found it appropriate at the time to put an end to the group ... It's always difficult when you lose a close friend like that". In 1998, Key ran into Ogre at a Bauhaus reunion concert and discussed the possibility of working together in the future. As his relationship with Ogre improved, German promoters began asking if they would be interested in performing as Skinny Puppy once more. On August 20, 2000, Key and Ogre reunited in for a one-off performance as Skinny Puppy at the Doomsday Festival in Dresden.

The pair reformed Skinny Puppy in 2003 and signed with European label SPV, releasing The Greater Wrong of the Right a year later. Key said that the way the band recorded music had not changed much from before, but that the advancement of technology had greatly improved the process. The band followed the album with the release of Mythmaker in 2007 and HanDover in 2011. Skinny Puppy released the album Weapon in 2013 and later sent an invoice totaling $666,000 to the US Department of Defense for the use of its music during torture sessions at Guantanamo Bay detention camp. Key explained that he was troubled by the use of their music as a means of torture and that the invoice was not meant for "financial gain".

Download
Download was created by Key and Goettel as a Skinny Puppy side project in 1995. Other members included Anthony Valic, Ken Marshall, Phil Western, and Mark Spybey from Dead Voices on Air. Download was named after the closing track off Last Rights and sought to create music by way of " fragments of sound and collages". Key told Terrorizer magazine that he thought of Goettel as "an unrecognized pioneer" of electronic music and, following Goettel's death, used Download as a means of keeping his spirit alive.

I heard things that I've never heard before coming out of Dwayne's end of stuff. Typically, only a small percentage of it got saved or recorded in actual pieces. I know what I learned from Dwayne. He was a brilliant teacher and he's really blown a lot of people away.

Download released their first album, Furnace, in 1995. The album was dedicated to Goettel's memory and featured contributions from Genesis P-Orridge. They followed up their debut with two EPs in 1996, Microscopic and Sidewinder. The band released their second full length effort, The Eyes of Stanley Pain, through Nettwerk Records. Key would use live performances to play "Download versions" of songs from old projects like Skinny Puppy. He said, "we don't sing Ogre's lyrics. We do instrumental versions of key segments of some of the older material". Charlie's Family, produced by the band as the soundtrack for Jim Van Bebber's film of the same name, was given a limited release before the film's completion. Van Bebber, who had done video work for Skinny Puppy, approached Key to write music for the film; Key's goal in making the soundtrack was to create something that was "uneasy, unsettling, just plain old uncomfortable". The album III was released on October 21, 1997, and acted as a companion piece to The Eyes of Stanley Pain. With III, Key began to tone down the industrial aspects of his style for a more electronica sound.

The band continued into the new millennium with the release of Effector in 2000 and Fixer in 2007. In late 2018, Key announced that he and Western had finished work on a new album titled Unknown Room and that it would be released March 8, 2019 through Artoffact Records. According to a press release, the album resulted from "an intense two month studio session" following several years of on-off production.

The Tear Garden
Key came in contact with The Legendary Pink Dots by way of The Elephant Table, a compilation tape shared within the tape trading community. He met Pink Dots singer Edward Ka-Spel in 1985 while working as a sound engineer on Ka-Spel's solo tour. Key presented Ka-Spel with some recordings he had made, believing that Ka-Spel's voice would work well with them; Ka-Spel agreed after listening to the tapes. The pair formed The Tear Garden soon after and, with Dave Ogilvie as producer, released a self-titled EP later in the year. Goettel joined Key and Ka-Spel for the release of Tired Eyes Slowly Burning in 1987. The album featured the song "You and Me and Rainbows", which ran close to 17 minutes long. The album was noted for using a mixture of psychedelia and electronic influences.

The band released the albums The Last Man to Fly and Sheila Liked the Rodeo in 1992, both the product of a single five hour recording session. Key said that most of the material from Sheila Liked the Rodeo was recorded by engineers in secret while the band was in the midst of a jam session. Key said of the recording session:

There's a certain greatness to knowing that the tape isn't rolling and knowing that the song that you're playing is simply the last time you'll ever hear it, if your in a jamming, improvisational mode. And then going in and hearing that somebody actually recorded it is just ... the ultimate gift I guess.

Their 1996 album To Be an Angel Blind, the Crippled Soul Divide featured a more subdued style in the wake of Goettel's death, and they returned in 2000 to release Crystal Mass. Starting in 2016, the band ran a successful PledgeMusic campaign to support their new album, The Brown Acid Caveat, which was released on July 7, 2017.

Subconscious Communications and solo work
Goettel and Western had created the label Subconscious Communications in 1993 as a means of releasing material for the aDuck project. Following Goettel's death, Key took control of the label and initially used it to release Download and Tear Garden albums. He later opened the label to other musicians, particularly those he had worked with in the past. The unsupportive attitude taken by American Recordings during the production of The Process led to the construction of the Subconscious studio, where most of Key's projects are recorded and manufactured. He believed the creation of the label was a natural consequence to being involved in the music industry and used it to "license the appropriate releases to the appropriate labels". The labels Subconscious Communications worked with included Cleopatra Records, Metropolis Records, and Nettwerk, among others.

Key's first solo album, Music for Cats, was released on February 3, 1998. The album's subtitle read "Subconscious Music Orchestra under the direction of CEvin Key". The album was made by assembling unused music from The Process into "collages of free-form ambience". He used his pet cats to help make portions the album, sometimes allowing them to walk across keyboards to see what sounds they would come up with. He moved Subconscious Communications to Los Angeles in 1998 and worked on his next solo album, The Ghost of Each Room, which was released on August 14, 2001. The album featured vocal work by Ogre on the track "Frozen Sky". The artwork for his next album, The Dragon Experience, featured Spencer Elden who had been featured on the cover of Nirvana's Nevermind. The photo, taken by Key's girlfriend, was inspired by a dream he had at age 11.

In 2011, Key held the SUBcon Beyond Fest in Santa Monica which featured a number of artists signed Subconscious Communications, including Phil Western, Mark Spybey, Download, PlaTEAU, and Tokyo Decadence, and local talent such as Cyrusrex and Wet Mango. Using the name Scaremeister, Key released 31 Spirits in 2014, a compilation of musical pieces he produced for horror film trailers. The name Scaremeister came when Arnold Schwarzenegger referred to Key as "the scare meister"  while he finished work on the score for End of Days. In 2018, Key released Brap and Forth vol. 8, a collection of early musical experiments from before Skinny Puppy.

Other projects
Cyberaktif was a collaboration between key and Bill Leeb from the band Front Line Assembly, with Goettel acting predominantly as a support musician. The only album they produced, Tenebrae Vision, was released in 1991 through Wax Trax! Records. The song "Paradiessets" featured vocals from Blixa Bargeld of Einstürzende Neubauten. The band Hilt, a collaboration between Key and Geottel, and Al Nelson, started when Nettwerk challenged the group to produce an album for as little money as possible. The group released two albums, Call the Ambulance Before I Hurt Myself and Journey to the Center of the Bowl, in 1990 and 1991, respectively, before Nelson's death in 2000. In 2018, Key released a number of rediscovered recordings from when the band was called "The Flu". Another collaboration started by Key and Goettel in 1990 was Doubting Thomas, the purpose of which was to produce "soundtracks for movies that never existed". They released their sole album, The Infidel, in 1991 through Wax Trax! Records.

Following the end of Skinny puppy in 1995, Key formed PlaTEAU with Western and Valic. PlatEAU, which signed to Cleopatra subsidiary Hypnotic, released their first album, Music for Grass Bars, on May 20, 1997. The band's follow-up, 1999's SpacEcake, was described by Exclaim!s Matt Mernagh as being more akin to Aphex Twin and Autechre than any of Key's previous work. 2007 saw the release of Kushbush + Music for Grass Bars, the first disc of which contained new music while the second disc featured a special edition of Music for Grass Bars.

Musical style
Key's initial interest in experimenting with electronic music came from a dream he had as a kid; this dream was depicted on the cover of his 2003 album The Dragon Experience. Later on, he discovered a publication called Contact List for Electronic Music by Alex Douglas, which introduced him to the tape-trading community. He named Throbbing Gristle, Cabaret Voltaire, Portion Control, and the album The Bridge by Thomas Leer and Robert Rental as early influences on Skinny Puppy. In an interview with Alternative Press, he mentioned Fad Gadget, The Human League, John Foxx, Bourbonese Qualk, and Mark Stewart as having a large impact on him in his youth. He credits his style of drumming to an interest in Latin and African percussion, as well as rap music, industrial music, and early 70s rock.

Key's improvisational method for creating Skinny Puppy music was done through what was called "brap", which means "getting together, hooking up electronic instruments, getting high, and recording". His approach to Download differed from Skinny Puppy in that he intended to create a "centre-less musical entity, unanchored by the presence of a frontman" and explore the more experimental characteristics of his previous work. He said "I don't think I strive to be unsettling. I think that that's simply what attracts me to make the sound and hopefully achieve the result that will make that journey interesting for me". He told Chart magazine in 1998 that he considered acts such as The Prodigy, Aphex Twin, and Basic Channel to be at the forefront of the electronica scene.

Key mentioned that the intention behind Skinny Puppy's music was to create something that had its own unique and original sound, set apart from groups such as Nitzer Ebb, which he considered "all beat and no music, with lyrics that don't capture what Ogre does". In a 1990 interview with The Pittsburgh Press, Key was apprehensive in classifying his music as industrial, saying that the success of Ministry and Nine Inch Nails had caused the scene to lose sight of its original goal and identity:

[The scene started as] a cool artsy kind of thing and it's sort of grown into something more mainstream ... They're just doing what they can to get themselves in the position of being seen as cool ... For me to say that it shouldn't exist would be censorship and would be completely everything i'm against. But be sure there are people trying to use this as a step ladder to crotch-rock riviera.

Key considered the Lexicon PCM 41 delay to be an essential piece of equipment for his early music, and said that he didn't believe "any of our music could be in existence without a digital delay". He made frequent use of instruments such as the Roland TR-808 and Roland TR-909 drum machines, which proved central to his original setup for Skinny Puppy, and the ARP 2600. His first experience with modular synthesizers was when a member of Psychic TV brought in a Serge panel for the recording of The Process. For live performances, he uses a Moog synthesizer, Roland V-Synth, Ashun Sound Machines Hydrasynth, Teenage Engineering OP-1, and an array of analog effects triggers such as a Pearl Syncussion SY-1.

Personal life
Key considers himself a pacifist and is a keen animal lover and supporter of animal rights. He is especially fond of cats and made a dedication to them on his 1998 solo album Music for Cats, claiming they played a major role in his upbringing. "I'm a cat lover, and cats have basically been keeping me my whole life". His affection for cats came from his mother, who was a cat trainer and breeder. Out of his siblings, he described himself as the only one who lived "out-on-the-edge" and said that they had led successful careers in their chosen fields. His older brother, who left the family home at 17, became an artist and designer, while his younger sister became a legal secretary. His mother died early in 1985. He stopped using hard drugs in 1994 and supports the decriminalization of marijuana. In a 1998 interview with Chart magazine, he said his choice to stay away from drugs had been a relatively easy decision in light of Goettel's death:

 The recovery from heroin is a really bitter road. It's like you have to get over the flu before you can walk. And I think Dwayne got stuck. He wasn't able to [recover] ... I've learned my lesson. July '94 was the last time I did hard drugs. There is no risk for me, you know; "oh, I'll just do one line." I know I'll feel like shit in the morning. I hate it. I don't even get drunk anymore. I just smoke pot.

Key endured several injuries while performing a stunt on the set of Gregg Araki's The Doom Generation. According to Ogre, Key fell from the top of a car, landing face first on the pavement. He suffered a broken kneecap, and required 31 stitches, eight of which were on his face.

In 2016, Key had reconstructive surgery on his nose and face following the removal of a basal-cell carcinoma. He said in a Facebook update that the cancer had started in his nose before spreading up to his eye and down to his lip. He had a similar surgery 15 years before which left a large scar on his nose.

Discography

with Skinny Puppy
 Remission (1984)
 Bites (1985)
 Mind: The Perpetual Intercourse (1986)
 Cleanse Fold and Manipulate (1987)
 VIVIsectVI (1988)
 Rabies (1989)
 Too Dark Park (1990)
 Last Rights (1992)
 The Process (1996)
 The Greater Wrong of the Right (2004)
 Mythmaker (2007)
 HanDover (2011)
 Weapon (2013)

with Download

 Furnace
 Microscopic
 Charlie's Family
 Sidewinder
 The Eyes of Stanley Pain
 III
 Effector
 Inception
 III Steps Forward
 Fixer
 HElicopTEr
 LingAM
 Unknown Room

with platEAU
 Music For Grass Bars
 Spacecake
 Iceolator
 Kushbush
 Gort Spacebar

with The Tear Garden

 Tired Eyes Slowly Burning (1987)
 The Last Man to Fly (1992)
 To Be An Angel Blind, The Crippled Soul Divide (1996)
 Crystal Mass (2000)
 The Secret Experiment (2007)
 Have a Nice Trip (2009)
 The Brown Acid Caveat (2017)

with Images in Vogue

 In the House

with Doubting Thomas (Canadian band)

 The Infidel

with Hilt

 The Flu, 1987, EP (as the Flu)
 Patsy: A Collection Of Absolute Insanity, 1988, LP (as the Flu)
 Call the Ambulance (Before I Hurt Myself), 1989, LP
 Orange Pony, 1991, EP
 Journey to the Center Of the Bowl, 1991, LP
 The Worst Of the Flu, 2003, LP
 Minoot Bowl Dropped the Ball, 2007, LP

with Cyberaktif

 Tenebrae Vision

with Twilight Circus

 DUBCON - UFO Pon Di Gullyside, 2013, LP

Solo

 Music for Cats (1998)
 The Ghost of Each Room (2001)
 The Dragon Experience (2003, with Ken Marshall)
 Brap and Forth Vol. 8 (2018)
 Resonance [formerly X̱wáýx̱way] (2021)
 bRap and fOrth, vol. 9 (2023)

ReferencesBibliography'

External links
Subconscious Communications, the official cEvin Key web site
Scaremeister, a scoring & remix team based out of Subconscious Studios
cEvin Key discography at Discogs.com
cEvin Key at Last.fm
Interview at Billboard Magazine

Skinny Puppy members
1961 births
Living people
Canadian industrial musicians
Canadian male drummers
Noise musicians
Musicians from Vancouver
20th-century Canadian multi-instrumentalists
Canadian new wave musicians
Metropolis Records artists
21st-century Canadian multi-instrumentalists
20th-century Canadian drummers
21st-century Canadian drummers
20th-century Canadian guitarists
21st-century Canadian guitarists
20th-century Canadian bass guitarists
21st-century Canadian bass guitarists
20th-century Canadian keyboardists
21st-century Canadian keyboardists
21st-century Canadian violinists and fiddlers
20th-century Canadian violinists and fiddlers
ohGr members
Male bass guitarists
Canadian male violinists and fiddlers
Download (band) members
Pigface members
Images in Vogue members
PlatEAU members

CEvin Key


The Boys' 66 kg tournament in Judo at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics was held on August 21 at the International Convention Centre.

This event was the second lightest of the boy's judo weight classes, limiting competitors to a maximum of 66 kilograms of body mass.  The tournament bracket consisted of a single-elimination contest culminating in a gold medal match. There was also a repechage to determine the winners of the two bronze medals. Each judoka who had lost before the finals competed in the repechage with the two finalists getting bronze medals.

Medalists

Results

Main Bracket

Repechage

References

External links

B66
Judo at the Youth Olympics Boys' 66 kg

Judo at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' 66 kg


Georg Wilhelm Freyreiss (12 July 1789, in Frankfurt am Main – 1 April 1825, in Nova Viçosa) was a German naturalist.

As an assistant naturalist, he traveled to Rio de Janeiro in 1813 with Grigory Langsdorff, the newly appointed Russian consul to Brazil. Here, he met with Lorentz Westin (1787–1846), the Swedish-Norwegian general consul, who provided the necessary means for Freyreiss to travel and explore the country's interior. With geologist Wilhelm Ludwig von Eschwege, he visited various locations in Minas Gerais, during which, he collected numerous ornithological, entomological and botanical specimens.

From August 1815, along with Friedrich Sellow and Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied, he collected natural history specimens in the province of Bahia for several European institutions. In 1818 he was named a professor of zoology at the University of Rio de Janeiro.

In 1824 he published Beiträge zur näheren Kenntniss des Kaiserthums Brasilien ("Contributions to the knowledge of the empire of Brazil"). Another work attributed to Freyreiss is Reisen in Brasilien (1968), a book on Brazil that was published many years after his death. Taxa with the specific epithet of freyreissii honor his name, examples being the botanical species Ophryosporus freyreissii and Paepalanthus freyreissii.

References

1789 births
1825 deaths
Academic staff of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
German naturalists
Scientists from Frankfurt
19th-century German zoologists

Georg Wilhelm Freyreiss


Hoyleton (formerly Hoyle's Plains) is a former railway town in South Australia, west of the Clare Valley, halfway between Leasingham and Halbury.

Hoyle's Plains was the original terminus of the Port Wakefield railway line. This was constructed in 1869 as a horse-drawn tramway to assist farmers on the newly settled Hoyles Plains to get their grain to the port.

The Gladstone railway line ran from Balaklava to Blyth and further on into the Mid North of the state. Due to various reasons, this particular line had become obsolete and the tracks were dismantled in the late 1980s.  The original historic stone railway shed remains standing alongside the grain silos which are still in use, but now serviced by road.

Sir Walter Watson Hughes, one of the founders of the University of Adelaide, originally owned a pastoral lease at Hoyleton in the 1850s. He later went on to own vast copper mining interests at Wallaroo, on the Yorke Peninsula.

The Hoyleton Airbase to the west of the township is a base for firefighting aircraft to quickly respond to reports of fires in the Mid North region.

Government
Hoyleton is in the Wakefield Regional Council local government area, the State Electoral District of Goyder and the Federal Electorate of Grey.

References

Gallery

Towns in South Australia

Hoyleton, South Australia