Office Space is a 1999 American satirical black comedy film written and directed by Mike Judge. It satirizes the work life of a typical 1990s software company, focusing on a handful of individuals weary of their jobs. It stars Ron Livingston, Jennifer Aniston, Gary Cole, Stephen Root, David Herman, Ajay Naidu, and Diedrich Bader.

Office Space was filmed in Dallas and Austin, Texas. It is based on Judge's Milton cartoon series and was his first foray into live-action filmmaking and his second full-length motion picture release, following Beavis and Butt-Head Do America. The film was released in theaters on February 19, 1999, by 20th Century Fox. Its sympathetic depiction of ordinary information technology workers garnered a cult following within that field, but it also addresses themes familiar to white-collar employees and the workforce in general. It was a box office disappointment, making $12.2 million on a $10 million production budget; however, after repeated airings on Comedy Central, it sold well on home video, and has become a cult film.

Several aspects of the film have become Internet memes. A scene in which the three main characters systematically destroy a dysfunctional printer has been widely parodied. Swingline introduced a red stapler to its product line after the Milton character used one painted in that color in the film. Judge's 2009 film Extract is also set in an office and was intended as a companion piece to Office Space.

Plot

Peter Gibbons is a frustrated and unmotivated programmer who works at a Texas-based software company, Initech. Unable to stand up to his overcritical girlfriend, Anne, he is in love with local waitress Joanna, but is afraid to speak to her. He is friends with co-workers Samir Nagheenanajar (who hates that no one can pronounce his name) and Michael Bolton (who hates having the same name as the famous singer). Other co-workers are Milton Waddams, a meek collator who mumbles to himself and is mostly ignored by the rest of the office; and Tom Smykowski, a jaded product manager who is routinely scared of being fired. The staff suffers under top-heavy, callous management, especially from vice president Bill Lumbergh, whom Peter hates and avoids confronting. Lumbergh takes obvious delight in micromanaging all his staff in a drab monotone way. He repeatedly makes Milton move his desk, and assigns him humiliating tasks, while making Peter work almost every weekend.

Anne persuades Peter to attend an occupational hypnotherapy session led by Dr. Swanson. Swanson hypnotizes Peter and tells him to feel relaxed and stop caring about his job until he snaps his fingers. However, Swanson suddenly dies of a heart attack before snapping Peter out of it. Peter sleeps soundly through the next day, ignoring phone calls from Lumbergh and Anne, who angrily breaks up with him while confirming suspicions that she has been cheating on him.

A pair of business consultants are brought in to help the company downsize, and Peter begins dating Joanna. She works at a trendy chain restaurant, and is required to wear "pieces of flair" (buttons allowing employees to "express themselves"). Her boss hassles her for not wearing more than the required minimum.

Peter eventually shows up to work and casually disregards office protocol, stealing Lumbergh's parking space, violating the dress code, and removing a cubicle wall that blocks his view out the window. Impressed by Peter's frank insights into Initech's problems, the consultants promote him despite Lumbergh's misgivings; however, Michael and Samir are both fired. Milton is also expected to be terminated, but it is learned that he was laid off five years ago but neither Milton nor the accounting department was notified. Accounting is told to just stop Milton's salary payments without telling him. Milton is subjected to further mistreatment, including the confiscation of his beloved red stapler and the constant relocating of his desk, eventually down to the basement.

Tired of being mistreated, Peter, Michael, and Samir decide to take revenge by infecting Initech's accounting system with a computer virus designed by Michael to divert huge numbers of fractions of pennies into a bank account. Peter successfully installs the virus and on Michael and Samir's last day, he steals a frequently malfunctioning printer, which the three proceed to destroy in a field. At a weekend party, Peter hears rumors from a colleague that Joanna had slept with Lumbergh. When Joanna confirms this, a heated exchange leads to them breaking up. Frustrated with her job, Joanna quits in response to another lecture about her lack of "flair".

On Monday, Peter discovers that a bug in Michael's code has caused the virus to steal over $300,000 across the weekend, which guarantees they will be caught. Peter decides to accept full responsibility, writing a confession and slipping it under Lumbergh's office door after hours, along with traveler's checks for the stolen money. Peter learns that the 'Lumbergh' with whom Joanna slept was Ron Lumbergh, another software engineer unrelated to Bill Lumbergh. He meets Joanna, who has started a new job at another restaurant. He apologizes, and they reconcile.

The next morning, Peter drives to Initech expecting to be arrested, but discovers that Milton has burnt down the building, destroying all evidence. Peter enjoys a new job as a construction worker with his neighbor, Lawrence, Samir and Michael begin new jobs at Initech's rival, Intertrode, while Milton, having found the traveler's checks, goes on vacation in Mexico.

Cast

 Ron Livingston as Peter Gibbons
 Jennifer Aniston as Joanna
 Stephen Root as Milton Waddams
 Gary Cole as Bill Lumbergh
 John C. McGinley as Bob Slydell, a business consultant
 David Herman as Michael Bolton
 Ajay Naidu as Samir Nagheenanajar
 Diedrich Bader as Lawrence, Peter's next-door neighbor
 Michael McShane as Dr. Swanson
 Richard Riehle as Tom Smykowski
 Alexandra Wentworth as Anne

 Greg Pitts as Drew, a young employee at Initech
 Paul Willson as Bob Porter, Bob Slydell's colleague
 Todd Duffey as Brian, Chotchkie's Waiter; an overly cheerful young man who works at Chotchkie's with Joanna
 Orlando Jones as Steve, a magazine salesman and former employee at Intertrode
 Mike Judge as Stan, the manager of the Chotchkie's restaurant
 Joe Bays as Dom Portwoid, one of Peter's superiors at Initech

Production

Development
Office Space originated in the series of three animated Milton short films that Judge created about an office worker by that name. They first aired on Liquid Television and on Saturday Night Live. The inspiration came from a temp job which he had that involved alphabetizing purchase orders and another job as an engineer for Parallax Graphics for three months in the San Francisco Bay Area during the 1980s, "just in the heart of Silicon Valley and in the middle of that overachiever yuppie thing, it was just awful."

Peter Chernin, head of 20th Century Fox, where Judge had a deal, wanted to make a film out of the Milton character, inspired by a former coworker of Judge's in Silicon Valley who had threatened to quit if the company moved his desk again. "You don't want to know what he does at home after work", Judge replied. Instead he suggested an ensemble cast–based film; someone at the studio responded with Car Wash but "just set in an office."

Milton was not the only character inspired by someone from Judge's past. During his jobs in Silicon Valley, where he barely made enough to afford his rent, he had a neighbor who was an auto mechanic. Not only did the man make more money, he had flexible work hours and seemed to Judge to be much more content with his life and work than he himself was. The neighbor inspired Lawrence, Peter's neighbor in the film.

The setting of the film reflects a prevailing trend that Judge observed in the United States. "It seems like every city now has these identical office parks with identical adjoining chain restaurants", he said in an interview. "There were a lot of people who wanted me to set this movie in Wall Street, or like the movie Brazil, but I wanted it very unglamorous, the kind of bleak work situation like I was in".

Judge wrote a treatment in 1996, and the script after the first season of King of the Hill. Fox president Tom Rothman was happy with the draft as he was looking for lighter material to balance the event movies like Titanic that dominated the studio's output at the time. He considered it "the most brilliant workplace satire I'd ever read". Despite that, Judge hated the ending and wished he could have completely rewritten the third act.

Casting

David Herman was the only actor Judge had in mind for a specific part: Michael Bolton. Herman had been trying to leave his seven-year contract at MADtv, but the show would not let him. So, at its next table reading, he managed to get himself fired by screaming all his lines. Greg Daniels said they could always find a place for him on King of the Hill, where he had been doing some voice work; soon after he read Judge's Office Space script and was delighted with it.

At the first read-through of the script, Judge was pleased with Herman's performance, and felt Stephen Root improved on his own take on Milton, but was not happy with the rest of the cast. He considered abandoning the film, but Rothman said it worked and just needed the right actors. According to Judge, while Fox at first told him to just get the best actors possible since the film's budget would not be large enough to consider bankable stars, the studio soon changed its mind.

In the wake of the success of Good Will Hunting, he was advised to get that film's stars, Ben Affleck and Matt Damon. Again, he almost changed his mind about the film (Rothman said in 2019 that while A-list stars are often unlikely to take roles in low-budget productions, those films should nevertheless make the effort to attract them). He had agreed to meet with Damon in New York, but then Ron Livingston's agent asked if his client could audition for the lead. Casting director Nancy Klopper was impressed, and after Judge saw the video he told the studio that he wanted Livingston in the part.

Jennifer Aniston was cast to accommodate Fox's desire to have a recognizable star in the film, although they were concerned that her part was so small; the subplot involving her battle with her boss over her "flair" was added as a result and she was written out of the sex-dream sequence, along with dialogue indicating she actually had slept with Lumbergh. However, she had liked the script since she was not getting many other films like that at that point, and she had gone to the same high school as Herman. Kate Hudson also read for the part.

After casting the Indian American Ajay Naidu as Samir, who had originally been written as Iranian, the character was rewritten to be Jordanian, and Naidu worked with a dialect coach to get the accent right. John C. McGinley auditioned for Lumbergh, but was ultimately cast as Slydell. Judge says that after Gary Cole read for Lumbergh, there was no doubt as to who would play him. "He made the character 10 times funnier." A casting search in Texas yielded Greg Pitts for Drew, but no one who could play the Chotchkie's manager, so Judge took that role himself.

Principal photography

Judge made the transition from animation to live-action with the help of Tim Suhrstedt, the film's director of photography, who taught him about lenses and where to put the camera. Judge says, "I had a great crew, and it's good going into it not pretending you're an expert". Principal photography began in Texas in May 1998.

Several issues arose during filming. By the third day of shooting, temperatures had risen over , and smoke from fires in Mexico was filling the sky over Austin, making it white. Suhrstedt says that forced the postponement of the opening traffic-jam scene until it cleared.

Studio executives who saw the dailies were not happy with the footage that Judge was getting. Judge quoted studio executives as stating, "More energy! More energy! We gotta reshoot it! You're failing! You're failing!" They also asked for Livingston to smile more. But at that point, only the early scenes had been filmed; Judge told the studio that happier scenes would come later. Livingston says he heard they believed he was on drugs and were considering firing him.

In addition, Fox did not like the gangsta rap music used in the film. Rothman told him he had to take it out, and Judge said after production he would do so if the next focus group also disliked it. A young man in that focus group said the fact that the characters worked in an office but listened to gangsta rap was one of the things he liked about the movie, and Rothman relented.

The scene where Peter, Michael and Samir take their office printer out into a field and batter it to pieces was inspired by Judge's experience with his own printer while writing Beavis and Butt-head Do America. He told his cowriter Joe Stillman that he was so frustrated by it that when he was done with the script he planned to take it out into a field and destroy it while videotaping the process. Suhrstedt says the whole sequence was largely improvised, but Naidu adds that they were trying to do it in a way that evoked how the Mafia would do it to someone it wanted to punish or kill; Livingston thus played his part like the "don", circling behind Naidu and Herman while they struck the blows with bat, feet and fists. Years afterward, Naidu says, he met some actual mafiosi in New York who told him that they were huge fans of the film, and the scene was "authentic".

McGinley says the film contains many improvised moments. "It was like jazz on that set". One example he recalled was when Paul Willson as Bob Porter cannot pronounce Samir's last name: "Naga ... Naga ... well, not gonna work here anymore anyway." Naidu, for his part, improvised the break dancing, which he did with local friends after shooting his scenes during the day.

The improvisation also helped solve some problems with the script. Originally Bolton was to refer to the singer he shared his name with as a "no-singing asshole". However, Herman recalled, it was decided that the film could not say that since it would imply he did not sing his own songs, so he came up with "no-talent ass-clown".

Production design

Judge was very exacting in his demands for how the Initech set looked; he said regularly that it had to seem "oppressive". The production went as far as screen-testing different types of gray cubicles; Judge also wanted the cubicles to be tall so that Lumbergh would have to lean in to be seen from Peter's desk. Considerable effort was also expended to making sure the TPS reports looked realistic.

The glasses Root wore to play Milton had lenses so thick that he had to wear contact lenses to see through them. Even so, he still had no depth perception; he had to practice reaching for the stapler and was as a result grateful it had been painted red. Swingline provided the stapler after the filmmakers could not get permission to use either the Boston or Bostitch brands from their manufacturer.

Release

Marketing
Judge hated the onesheet poster that the studio created for Office Space, which depicted an office worker completely covered in Post-it notes. He said, "People were like, 'What is this? A big bird? A mummy? A beekeeper?' And the tagline 'Work Sucks'? It looked like an Office Depot ad. I just hated it. I hated the trailers, too and the TV ads especially". McGinley, too, felt it looked like Big Bird from the children's series Sesame Street, and that he would not go to see such a film. For the home release Judge was upset that the same image was used, albeit with Milton peeking over the man from behind.

The studio also had a man live in a Plexiglas cube above Times Square for five days, who was broadcast live on the Internet as he answered calls and emails from people dissatisfied with their jobs. Livingston, when he visited the cube for press events, found that most reporters preferred to talk to the man in the cube and not him. He was not surprised, as tracking for the movie was not good and "there was a foregone conclusion that it wasn't going to open well." Producer Michael Rotenberg elaborated that "[i]t took a few research screenings to realize that audiences often have issues with satire."

Another problem that Rothman later conceded was that they could not put Aniston on the poster due to her small role. Later he admitted that the marketing campaign did not work and said, "Office Space isn't like American Pie. It doesn't have the kind of jokes you put in a 15-second television spot of somebody getting hit on the head with a frying pan. It's sly. And let me tell you, sly is hard to sell".

Box office
Office Space was released on February 19, 1999, at the end of the release calendar's "dump months", in 1,740 theaters, grossing $4.2 million on its opening weekend. That was eighth overall and second for new releases after October Sky. Herman said he was elated after seeing the film in Los Angeles and hearing it had made $7 million, until friends more familiar with the movie business told him that was considered a poor performance.

Suhrstedt saw it later in Burbank, and the theater was almost full. He assured Judge that word of mouth would slowly increase the audience. However, in early March, Fox pulled it from three-quarters of the screens it had been on after it barely made a million dollars that weekend. The movie's grosses continued to decline precipitously, and after the end of March, when it pulled in less than $40,000 from 75 screens, it was pulled from release altogether. According to Judge, a studio executive blamed the movie exclusively for the failure, telling him "Nobody wants to see your little movie about ordinary people and their boring little lives".

It went on to make $10.8 million in North America. The international release brought an additional $2 million. On home release, $8 million in DVD, Blu-ray Disc and VHS sales were sold at release as of April 2006.

Reception

Critical reception
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 80% based on 102 reviews and an average rating of 6.84/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Mike Judge lampoons the office grind with its inspired mix of sharp dialogue and witty one-liners." Metacritic gives the film a weighted average score of 68 out of 100 based on reviews from 31 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore during opening weekend gave the film an average grade of "C+" on a scale ranging from A+ to F.

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three out of four stars and wrote that Judge: "Treats his characters a little like cartoon creatures. That works. Nuances of behavior are not necessary, because in the cubicle world every personality trait is magnified, and the captives stagger forth like grotesques." In his review for the San Francisco Chronicle, Mick LaSalle writes, "Livingston is nicely cast as Peter, a young guy whose imagination and capacity for happiness are the very things making him miserable." In USA Today, Susan Wloszczyna wrote, "If you've ever had a job, you'll be amused by this paean to peons."

Owen Gleiberman in Entertainment Weekly gave the film a "C" rating and criticized it for feeling "cramped and underimagined". In his review for The Globe and Mail, Rick Groen wrote: "Perhaps his TV background makes him unaccustomed to the demands of a feature-length script (the ending seems almost panicky in its abruptness), or maybe he just succumbs to the lure of the easy yuk...what began as discomfiting satire soon devolves into silly farce." In his review in The New York Times, Stephen Holden wrote, "It has the loose-jointed feel of a bunch of sketches packed together into a narrative that doesn't gather much momentum."

In 2008, Entertainment Weekly named Office Space one of "The 100 best films from 1983 to 2008", ranking it at #73.

Cult status

Disappointed in the film's $12 million domestic gross, Judge decided to move on and began work on what eventually became Extract, a similarly themed followup to Office Space. Fox suggested that next time, he pay more heed to the studio's casting suggestions. However, he soon learned that the film had not gone unnoticed within the industry. "Jim Carrey invited me to his house. Chris Rock left me the best voicemail ever. I had dinner with Madonna", who found the Michael Bolton character's anger "sexy", Judge said.

Four years later, Judge was working on the Idiocracy screenplay with Etan Cohen. During a break, the two went to an Austin Starbucks, and the baristas were doing impressions of Lumbergh. Cohen asked Judge if they were only doing it because he was present, whereupon the barista turned around and asked the two if they had ever seen the movie.

Other cast members found the film had reached people when strangers began associating them with their characters. Cole said that a year after release, on the service jobs he works when not acting, people began shouting dialogue from the movie at him. Aniston says that even today, when she is eating "at a certain type of restaurant", people will ask if she likes their flair.

Comedy Central premiered Office Space on August 5, 2001; that airing drew 1.4 million viewers. By 2003, the channel had broadcast the film another 35 times. These broadcasts helped develop the film's cult following; Livingston credits the regular airings the film received on the Comedy Central cable channel for making Office Space a cult favorite: "It felt like it kind of went viral before that concept even existed."

Since then, Livingston has been approached by college students and office workers. He said, "I get a lot of people who say, 'I quit my job because of you.' That's kind of a heavy load to carry." Livingston says that people tell him watching Office Space made them feel better, which he still appreciates.

Legacy

Office Space has become a cult classic, selling well on home video and DVD. , it had sold 2.6 million copies on VHS and DVD. In the same year, it was in the top 20 best-selling Fox DVDs. , it had sold over six million DVDs in the United States alone.

Four years after the film's release, Judge recalled that one of his assistant directors on the film told him they had gone out to eat at a TGI Fridays and noticed that the waitstaff were no longer wearing buttons on their uniforms, the "flair" Joanna quits her job over in the film. Asked why, the manager told him that after Office Space had come out, customers started making jokes about it, so the chain dropped the requirement from its dress code. "So, maybe I made the world a better place" he told Deadline Hollywood in 2014.

In 2008, Entertainment Weekly ranked it fifth on its list "25 Great Comedies From the Past 25 Years", despite having originally given the film a poor review. In February 2009, a reunion of many of the cast members took place at the Paramount Theatre in Austin to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the film. Rothman said in 2019 that despite his connection to several films that won the Academy Award for Best Picture, he hopes Office Space will be mentioned before them in his obituary.

"[Office Space] spoke to a generation in a way that few movies have," said John Altschuler, who produced Extract, Judge's later companion piece. "Nobody does this kind of material. It's all about the weirdness of real people in real life."

In a 2017 profile of Judge, New York Times Magazine writer Willy Staley observed that the film has been compared to Herman Melville's short story "Bartleby, the Scrivener", in which a lawyer's clerk, like Peter, shows up at the office one day but declines all work, telling his boss "I would prefer not to". Staley's own high school English teacher, he recalled, brought up Office Space in class to get students to appreciate how tedious Franz Kafka's work at an insurance company was. "It's such a brutal portrayal of workplace misery that its most useful points of comparison date back to when office culture was first unleashed on humanity."

The film was an influence on the creation of the TV show Severance.

In culture

Several elements of the film have become memes reused in other contexts. "TPS report" has come to connote pointless, mindless paperwork, and an example of "literacy practices" in the work environment that are "meaningless exercises imposed upon employees by an inept and uncaring management" and "relentlessly mundane and enervating". According to Judge, the abbreviation stood for "Test Program Set" in the movie. The PC LOAD LETTER error message has likewise become a stand-in for any confusing, vague message from a computer, especially printers. The printer scene has been widely parodied, including by one U.S. presidential campaign, and the popularity of Milton's red stapler led the manufacturer to make a real one for sale.

The film is credited with coining the now-popular slang term "ass clown", from one of the characters using it to refer to singer Michael Bolton. In 2015, the comedy website Funny or Die put together several videos in which it spliced in the actual Michael Bolton over Herman in scenes from the film. Most of them were ones that referenced the confusion coming from the character and the singer having the same name. Bolton performed the scenes exactly as Herman had, with one exception: in his conversation with Samir, he turned to the camera and substituted the words "extremely talented" for "no-talent" before "ass-clown".

Printer scene

Before the 2009 Austin reunion screening a printer was destroyed outside the theater, in reference to the scene in the film during which Peter, Michael, and Samir destroy the dysfunctional printer on the latter two's final day at Initech That scene has frequently been parodied; often by amateurs, using a similar electronic device, in an open space somewhere, emulating the original's character blocking, camera angles and moves, sound effects and use of slow motion, all set to Geto Boys' "Still".

The Fox animated series Family Guy did its own parody of the scene in 2008, during the show's seventh season. In "I Dream of Jesus", the season's second episode, Brian and Stewie Griffin, tired of Peter constantly playing The Trashmen's "Surfin' Bird", steal his 45 rpm single of the song and demolish it in a similar scene. For television a clean version of "Still" had to be used.

During the campaign for the Republican nomination in the 2016 presidential election, Texas senator Ted Cruz ran a political advertisement parodying the scene, showing an impersonator of likely Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton and two assistants destroying her personal email server with a baseball bat in an open field.

Red stapler

Stephen Root says he realized the movie's impact when people started asking him to sign their staplers. The red Swingline stapler featured prominently in the film was not available until April 2002 when the company released it in response to repeated requests by fans of the film. Its appearance in the film was achieved by taking a standard Swingline stapler and spray-painting it red. Root says when he shows up on sets today, the crew has usually ordered several boxes of red Swingline staplers and left them waiting for him.

In other media

Video game
Kongregate released a mobile game based on the film, titled Office Space: Idle Profits, on iOS and Android in 2017. It was a free-to-play idle clicker that offered in-app purchases. In 2022 it was shut down.

Soundtrack

Track listing

Possible sequels

Shortly after the release of Office Space, Judge, despite his disappointment at the movie's lackluster box office, began writing the script for Extract, which he describes as a companion piece. The studio later asked him to put it aside to work on Idiocracy, which it believed would be more commercial. After that film, like Office Space, failed at the box office but became a cult favorite, Judge returned to Extract and it was released in 2009. It similarly makes light of workplace dysfunction, but from the perspective of a manager rather than a worker.

"There's been talk of doing more with Office Space, as a show or sequel, but it's never seemed right," Judge said ahead of the film's 20th anniversary. As for the former possibility, he recalled that because of the film, NBC offered him the chance to shape the American version of the British sitcom The Office, which similarly bases its humor in depictions of the absurdity of white-collar work and its effect on those who do it. Among the material the network sent, however, were some reviews, one of which said the series "succeeds where movies like Office Space failed." Judge passed on the offer.

See also

 1999 in film
 List of American films of 1999
 List of comedy films of the 1990s
 List of Jennifer Aniston performances
 Mike Judge filmography
 Clockwatchers, 1997 comedy-drama about four female office temps with similar themes
 Dilbert, comic strip with similar characters, setting and themes
 Silicon Valley'', comedy series created by Judge set at tech companies
 Bullshit jobs

References

Further reading

External links

1999 films
1999 black comedy films
1990s satirical films
20th Century Fox films
American black comedy films
American business films
American satirical films
1990s English-language films
Comedy film soundtracks
Films about criticism and refusal of work
Films directed by Mike Judge
Films set in offices
Films set in Texas
Films shot in Austin, Texas
Films shot in Dallas
Films scored by John Frizzell (composer)
Hip hop soundtracks
Interscope Records soundtracks
Workplace comedy films
Films with screenplays by Mike Judge
Malware in fiction
Works about computer hacking
Termination of employment in popular culture
Films about hypnosis
1999 comedy films
1990s American films
Films about companies
Films about arson

Office Space


CIDR-FM (93.9 MHz, 93.9 Virgin Radio) is a commercial  radio station in Windsor, Ontario, Canada, targeting the Detroit–Windsor radio market, with fringe reception into Toledo and Cedar Point/Sandusky in Ohio. It is owned and operated by Bell Media and airs a Top 40/CHR format. The studios and offices are located on Ouellette Avenue in Windsor.

CIDR has an average effective radiated power (ERP) of 79,600 watts, with a peak power of 100,000 watts. The transmitter is off Howard Avenue in Amherstburg.

History

CKLW-FM
The station was originally launched by Western Ontario Broadcasting in 1949 as CKLW-FM. It simulcast the CBC Dominion Network programming of sister station CKLW. CKLW-AM-FM dropped CBC affiliation in 1950 with the sign-on of CBE, owned by the CBC. CKLW-AM-FM became the Metro Detroit network affiliate of the Mutual Broadcasting System.

The stations were subsequently acquired in 1956 by a consortium including the American company RKO. RKO subsequently acquired full ownership of the stations in 1963. Also that year, CKLW-FM began airing distinct programming from its AM sister station, originally broadcasting two hours of separate programming each evening from 7 to 9 p.m.; in 1967, this was expanded to six hours per night, from 6 p.m. to midnight.

CKJY-FM/94 Fox FM
In 1970, due to the CRTC's new rules on foreign ownership of Canadian media, RKO was forced to sell the stations to Baton Broadcasting. Under Baton's ownership, CKLW-FM had, by 1973, completely separated programming from its successful CHR AM sister. The FM station had a country format with news and talk oriented toward the Windsor audience (as opposed to the AM, which chiefly targeted the American side). During the 1970s, CKLW-FM was known as FM 94 (pronounced "FM nine four"). In January 1982, the station changed its call sign to CKJY-FM, airing a MOR and jazz format.

In 1984, with CKLW's top 40 format on a decline due to the growing popularity of rock and pop music formats on the FM dial, management tried to move the AM's top 40 format to the FM dial with the new call sign CFXX-FM and the name 94 Fox FM. The station's staff spent months preparing for the change, commissioning new jingles, advertising extensively via billboards and television, and practicing the format until they were sure it was ready. The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC), however, refused to approve more than four hours of Top 40 programming a day, two in the morning and two in afternoon drive. The CRTC insisted that the station remain MOR and jazz the rest of the time, holding that a repetitive format such as Top 40 belonged on AM and that FM was for non-hit music formats such as classical, jazz, big band and beautiful music. In 1985, Baton sold both CKLW and CFXX-FM to CUC Broadcasting, which moved the adult standards "Music of Your Life" format to CKLW and instituted an easy listening format on the FM as CKEZ-FM.

Big 8 on FM/More 94
The call letters changed back to CKLW-FM in May 1986. The station instituted an oldies format meant to recapture the sound of the original CKLW (AM), with former "Big 8" DJ Dave Shafer as program director and morning show host. The new CKLW-FM brought back the well-known Johnny Mann Singers performing jingles for the "Big 8", along with many of the legendary personalities and "20/20 News". The music rotation was based on the "Big 8" playlists from the 1960s to the 1980s plus some older 1950s and early 1960s hits that the AM had played as "golden" titles. "Ladies and gentlemen, the good times are back!" proclaimed former "Big 8" jock "Big" Jim Edwards during the station IDs. Although the overall sound was faithful to the "Big 8"'s glory days, the station's ratings remained low, as the market already had a successful oldies station in Detroit's WOMC.

In 1988, CKLW-FM became CKMR-FM, known as More 94. The playlist was significantly reduced in its titles and the station became more tightly formatted with the top hits of the 1960s and 70s.

I-94/The Legend/The River
After "More 94" failed to raise the station's ratings, in the fall of 1990, CKMR shifted to an urban oldies/classic soul music format as I-94. Then, after only roughly four months, CKMR switched to a Soft Adult Contemporary approach dubbed "The Motor City's Adult Music Station", which lasted roughly six months.

Then, the CKLW-FM call letters and the "Big 8"-inspired oldies format were once again restored around Labour Day of 1991, with the station branded as 93.9 The Legend. Once again, the station sounded faithful to the original CKLW, featuring stalwarts from the golden age of Detroit's Top 40 radio era such as Tom Shannon, Dave Prince, Dave Shafer and Lee Alan (host of the weekly feature Back in the '60s Again).  Unfortunately, the change once again did nothing to raise the station's poor ratings.

CHUM Limited acquired the station in early 1993, and initially kept the station as an oldies outlet. In February 1994, the format was switched to an "Arrow"-style classic hits format dubbed "Rock & Roll Oldies." It mainly featured 1970s classic rock songs with a smattering of 1960s and 1980s material. On November 11, 1994, CKLW-FM flipped to adult album alternative as 93.9 The River, Quality Rock, Real Variety. The call letters were changed to CIDR-FM. "The River" was never a ratings powerhouse, but with Ann Delisi (formerly of Detroit public-radio station WDET) at the helm and Jeff "Zippy" Crowe in the mornings, The River attracted a loyal audience. The station then tweaked the format to "smooth rock" in 1999, adding many classic rock titles to the playlist.

"Lite Rock" and The "River's" Return
On August 25, 2000, the station flipped to a soft adult contemporary format as Lite Rock 93-9 FM in an attempt to take on AC market leader WNIC.  Ratings remained low, and eventually CIDR shifted its format in a hot adult contemporary direction by 2001, when WMGC-FM entered the Detroit Adult Contemporary competition. By the mid-2000s, the station dropped the "Lite Rock" identity from its on-air imaging and became known as simply 93.9 FM, Today's Best Music. The station competed chiefly with WDVD, along with Leamington, Ontario's CHYR for the Hot AC audience. As a Hot AC, CIDR was still unsuccessful.

At 3 p.m. on September 1, 2006, CIDR once again became 93.9 The River. About three quarters of the way through the All American Rejects' "Move Along", the song was interrupted by the sound of rushing water, and a promo for the River was broadcast. It was also announced that the station would be playing clips of over 7,000 songs commercial free, all weekend long, until Monday morning, when the songs would be "Super sized".

On September 4, 2006, at 8 a.m., "The River" was officially relaunched, with "Take Me to the River" by the Talking Heads being the first song played. This returned the adult alternative format back to the Detroit radio dial after public radio station WDET-FM dropped it in 2005 in favour of mainly NPR news and talk. CIDR was one of only a few commercial adult album alternative stations in Canada and was the only one in Ontario, with the others located in British Columbia. CIDR was Canada's first AAA-formatted station at launch.

In 2007, CIDR along with all other CHUM Radio stations across Canada, were sold to CTVglobemedia. That company became Bell Media in April 2011, following BCE's purchase of CTVglobemedia.

CIDR competed with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's CBC Music station CBE-FM. In 2007 and 2008, CBE-FM shifted from mostly classical music to an adult alternative format for most of the day. Another competitor in the Ann Arbor market is Cumulus Media's WQKL, which also airs a triple-A format.

Another 93.9 in Detroit
In March 2011, Martz Communications Group (through licensee Radio Power, Inc.) filed an application with the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to relocate the frequency of its Detroit FM translator station, W284BQ, from 104.7 to 93.9 MHz If approved, the repeater would have interfered with CIDR-FM in much of the Greater Detroit area, though the licensee contended that the transmitter would be directional, not heard over the Canadian side of the border.

However, Martz later applied to move the translator to 93.5 FM, where it would not interfere with CIDR. In November 2011, the 104.7 FM signal went silent after having broadcast a smooth jazz format (simulcasting WGPR-HD2) for several months, having been ordered off the air by the FCC due to interference with WIOT in Toledo, Ohio. Furthermore, on January 31, 2012, Martz ceased operations of its HD feeds on WGPR, and the translators, due to financial and signal difficulties.

Virgin Radio
On November 18, 2020, Bell Media announced that CIDR would adopt a new format the following day at noon; this move would be concurrent with the similar dropping of the active rock format of sister station CIMX-FM at exactly that same time. At that time, following "Somewhere Only We Know" by Keane, the station flipped to Top 40/CHR as 93.9 Virgin Radio, becoming Bell Media's 12th station under the "Virgin" branding. The first song on Virgin was "Don't Start Now" by Dua Lipa. CIDR is the second CHR station in the overall Detroit–Windsor market behind iHeartMedia's WKQI, and the first to specifically target the Canadian portion of the market, although it does provide limited competition with semi-sister station WKQI in the Detroit market. This is also the only Virgin Radio Canada station that streams within the United States (as a side effect of the former River format targeting Detroit).

References

External links
93.9 Virgin Radio

Idr
Idr
Idr
RKO General
Virgin Radio
Radio stations established in 1948
1948 establishments in Ontario

CIDR-FM


Kudla Cafe is a 2016 Indian Tulu language film directed by Surya Menon. The star cast of the film includes Jyothish Shetty, Naveen D Padil, Raghu Pandeshwar, Aahana Kumra, Shaine Shetty, Santhosh Shetty, Sudhir Raaj Urva, Ashok Shetty, Kishore Kottari, Bantwal Jayaramachaar, Thimmappa Kulal, Bhavani Shankar, Shashiraaj Kavoor, Manoj Puttur, Shruthi Shetty, Anusha Kotian, Sanam Amin, Karthik Kotian, Suraj Sanil and Naveen Shetty Mijar in lead roles. The film has been produced by Ranjan Shetty and Surya Menon under the banner of Yodha Motion Pictures. Kudla Cafe was premiered at the 8th Bengaluru International Film Festival on 2 February 2016. The film was released in Mangaluru on 12 February 2016.

Cast
 Jyothish Shetty
 Naveen D. Padil
 Raghu Pandeshwar
 Aahana Kumra
 Shine S. Shetty
 Santosh Shetty
 Sudhir Raj Urwa

References

Kudla Cafe


Frank Lorne McKinnon,  (June 16, 1934 – May 31, 2015) was a Canadian sports administrator. He was a member of the International Ice Hockey Federation Congress, chairman of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA), and vice-president of the Canadian Olympic Association for one term.  McKinnon was named a Member of the Order of Canada in June 2014 in recognition of his extensive volunteer work and contributions to amateur sport in Canada.

Career
A teacher by trade, McKinnon received his post-secordary education at Brandon University, where he also starred on the school's hockey team.  He became the principal of the high school in Carman, Manitoba in 1964 and later helped create the Manitoba High School Athletics Association, the governing body for high school athletics in the province.  As the coach of Carman's high school hockey team, he once benched young star goaltender Ed Belfour, who went on to a Hall of Fame career in the National Hockey League.

McKinnon served on the board on the Manitoba Amateur Hockey Association (MAHA, now Hockey Manitoba) for 18 years (non-consecutive), five as president, during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. As an advocate for youth sports, McKinnon played a significant role in the overhaul of Canadian junior hockey and the creation of a national Junior "A" championship in 1970. McKinnon was Canada's representative at the IIHF Congress during the mid-1970s and a member of the organizing committee for the first IIHF World Junior Ice Hockey Championships in 1974.

McKinnon was elected to the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA) executive in 1975, as the vice-president of senior international hockey. He then served as first vice-president of the CAHA from 1977 to 1979. When the CAHA created an elected board of governors and restructured the role of president to a full-time, salaried position in 1979, McKinnon and then-president Gord Renwick both declared they would not apply for the paid position. Murray Costello was hired as the president, and McKinnon was elected the first chairman of the board of governors in 1979. He was succeeded by Tubby Schmalz in May 1981, but returned to the chairman's role upon Schmalz's death in December 1981. McKinnon retired again as CAHA chairman in May 1982.

After retiring from his education career in 1992, McKinnon took on the role of Commissioner for the Manitoba Junior Hockey League (MJHL), a position he held until 2002.

Awards
Hockey Canada, the Canadian Junior Hockey League, and several national and provincial sport bodies have bestowed McKinnon with their awards and honours, including Hockey Canada's highest award, the Order of Merit.  The MJHL has created the Frank McKinnon Memorial Trophy and the Frank McKinnon Scholarship in his honour.  McKinnon has also been honoured for his volunteer work in other sports, including an induction into the Manitoba Baseball Hall of Fame.

McKinnon was named a member of the Order of Canada by His Excellency, the Right Honourable David Johnston, Governor General of Canada, in 2014 and formally inducted in a ceremony shortly before his death in 2015.

Death

McKinnon died in Calgary, Alberta on May 31, 2015, at the age of 80.

References

External links
Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame profile

1934 births
2015 deaths
Brandon University alumni
Canadian schoolteachers
Canadian Amateur Hockey Association chairpersons
Canadian Amateur Hockey Association vice-presidents
Canadian sports builders
Canadian sports executives and administrators
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
Manitoba Amateur Hockey Association executives
Manitoba Junior Hockey League executives
Members of the Order of Canada
People from Carman, Manitoba

Frank McKinnon


Paolo Longo (born October 30, 1967, in Trieste, Italy) is an Italian composer and conductor.

Life
He studied composition, piano and conducting in Trieste, where he graduated in 1990 with highest honors. In 1998 he moved to France, where he lived until 2007.

His works (mainly chamber, vocal and piano music) have been awarded in several International Competitions; he received First Prize in the Edvard Grieg Memorial Competition in Oslo in 2003, the ADNM Competition in Tarragona and the Ivan Spassov competition in Plovdiv in 2004, the Tokyo chamber music competition and the Renée B. Fisher Composer Awards in New Haven in 2005, the Onde Musicali competition in Taranto, the ISCM-Miami competition and the competition of the Académie Internationale de Lutèce in Paris in 2006. He has also earned second prizes and special mentions in Rome (Premio Valentino Bucchi), Piacenza (Egidio Carella Competition), Geneva (Prix Reine Marie José), Urbana-Champaign (Salvatore Martirano Memorial Composition Award), Angoulême, Cuneo, Auckland and many others.

His compositions (based on diverse processes as cellular proliferation and spectral synthesis) have been performed in festivals and in concert seasons in Europe, in the United States, in Japan and in New Zealand; they have been broadcast by radios and TV channels. His first stage work, Le Songe d'un habitant du Mogol (text by Jean de la Fontaine, derived from a story in the Gulistan of Sa'di), commissioned by the Atelier Lyrique de Tourcoing, has been premiered in Lille ("Festival Lille 3000") in 2007.
Most of his works are published by Symétrie (Lyon, France).

As a conductor, he works especially into contemporary music; he premiered works by composers such as Bruno Bettinelli, Aldo Clementi, Azio Corghi, Pascal Dusapin, Michaël Levinas, Giacomo Manzoni, Ennio Morricone, Francesco Pennisi and many others. In 1996 he co-founded (with the composer Stefano Procaccioli) the Taukayensemble, with which he has commissioned numerous works, and has since served as its principal conductor and music director.

Selected works
Stage
Le Songe d'un habitant du Mogol, "Scènes modulaires sur des fables de Jean de la Fontaine"  for speaker, children's chorus, clarinet (+ bass clarinet), soprano saxophone (+ baritone saxophone), viola, cello, harpsichord and percussion

Chamber music
Albertson-Variations for piccolo (+ alto flute), E clarinet, bassoon, viola and cello
D'autres discordances for soprano saxophone (+ alto saxophone) and piano
E già sono deserto – "Quasi un notturno" for viola and 5 instruments (2005)
Etchings II for violin and piano
Giants "Quattro incisioni" for 4 saxophones
Histoires de cendre for 2 pianos and percussion
Rouge Clair-Obscur for piccolo, E clarinet, bass clarinet, bass trombone, cello and double bass
Schegge for clarinet, bass clarinet, cello and double bass

Piano
Monologo Primo, "...d'une sphère sans lumière..."
Monologo Secondo, "Sphynxs-Vari(A)zioni"
Jeux et Berceuses
Etchings IV, "Nove paesaggi facili"

Vocal and choral
Ammonizione for mezzo-soprano, viola, vibraphone
...Astrali nidi..., "Quasi un madrigale" for 3 sopranos, 3 mezzo-sopranos, 3 altos, bass clarinet, viola and piano; text by Giuseppe Ungaretti
Neiges, "Quasi una scena" for soprano, baritone, bass clarinet, trumpet, trombone, piano and 2 suspended cymbals; text by Jean Cocteau
Quare fremuerunt gentes for mixed chorus; Biblical text

External links
Paolo Longo's page at The Living Composers Project
 Composer's page at the Federazione Cemat
 Paolo Longo at Symétrie

1967 births
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
Italian classical composers
Italian male classical composers
Italian classical musicians
Living people
Musicians from Trieste
20th-century Italian composers
20th-century Italian male musicians
21st-century Italian male musicians

Paolo Longo


Ctenanthe burle-marxii, commonly known as the fishbone prayer plant, is a species of plant in the genus Ctenanthe native to Brazil. Its common name derives from the alternating pattern of stripes on its oval, pale green leaves, while its scientific name is honor of landscape architect Roberto Burle Marx. Similar to other plants in the family Marantaceae, it also has a propensity to close up its leaves at night, which is why it is also called a "prayer plant" like Maranta leuconeura. It grows well as a form of tropical ground cover, often in shade.

References

External links

House plants
Marantaceae
Flora of Brazil
Plants described in 1982

Ctenanthe burle-marxii


Edmund Franklin Ward (January 3, 1892 – December 14, 1990) was an American illustrator who illustrated for the Saturday Evening Post and did his first illustrations for the magazine before turning age 20. He had a successful career as an illustrator of works that ranged in style and subject matter from dark tonalist in oils to humorous in wash and watercolor. For many years he illustrated the Alexander Botts and Assistant District Attorney Doowinkle stories for the Saturday Evening Post.

Ward studied at the Art Students League in the same class with Norman Rockwell. The two students became friends, and shared a studio in the attic of a Manhattan brownstone.
  Among his teachers were Edward Dufner, George Bridgman and Thomas Fogarty. He later moved to the Manhattan suburb of New Rochelle, a well known artist colony and home to many of the top commercial illustrators of the day including friend Norman Rockwell.  At the time more than fifty percent of the illustrations in the country's leading publications were done by artists from New Rochelle.  He spent his professional career in White Plains, where he painted a mural for the Federal Building.  He was a longtime member of the Salmagundi Club, the Guild of Free Lance Artists, and was a member of the Society of Illustrators.

Gallery

References

External links

1892 births
1990 deaths
Artists from New Rochelle, New York
American magazine illustrators

Edmund Franklin Ward


The Malinovsky Military Armored Forces Academy (Военная академия бронетанковых войск имени Маршала Советского Союза Р. Я. Малиновского) was one of the Soviet military academies. It was based in the Lefortovo district of Moscow, in a former royal palace.

The institution was established in 1932 as the "J.V. Stalin Academy of the WPRA Mechanization and Motorization Program". It was renamed after Marshal Rodion Malinovsky in 1967. Its mission was to train Soviet and Warsaw Pact commanders, staff officers, and engineers for armored and mechanized units. The best-qualified graduates were selected for the "centralized operations division" of the General Staff. Students entered as captains and majors, some as lieutenant colonels. Commanding and staff officers underwent a three year program while engineers were taught for 4 years. Notable alumni included Vasily Chuikov, Sergey Akhromeyev, Boris Vasiliev, Aleksandr Blagonravov, and Anatoly Kvashnin.

In 1998 the Malinovsky Academy merged with the Frunze Military Academy to become the "Combined Arms Academy".

References

Educational institutions established in 1932
Military academies of the Soviet Army
Universities in Moscow
Universities and institutes established in the Soviet Union
1932 establishments in the Soviet Union


Stanley Phillips Frankel (1919 – May, 1978) was an American computer scientist. He worked in the Manhattan Project and developed various computers as a consultant.

Early life
He was born in Los Angeles, attended graduate school at the University of Rochester, received his PhD in physics from the University of California, Berkeley, and began his career as a post-doctoral student under J. Robert Oppenheimer at University of California, Berkeley in 1942.

Career
Frankel helped develop computational techniques used in the nuclear research taking place at the time, notably making some of the early calculations relating to the diffusion of neutrons in a critical assembly of uranium with Eldred Nelson. He joined the T (Theoretical) Division of the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos in 1943. His wife Mary Frankel was also hired to work as a human computer in the T Division. While at Los Alamos, Frankel and Nelson organized a group of scientists' wives, including Mary, to perform some of the repetitive calculations using Marchant and Friden desk calculators to divide the massive calculations required for the project. This became Group T-5 under New York University mathematician Donald Flanders when he arrived in the late summer of 1943.

Mathematician Dana Mitchell noticed that the Marchant calculators broke under heavy use and persuaded Frankel and Nelson to order IBM 601 punched card machines. This experience led to Frankel' interest in the then-dawning field of digital computers. In August 1945, Frankel and Nick Metropolis traveled to the Moore School of Engineering in Pennsylvania to learn how to program the ENIAC computer.  That fall they helped design a calculation that would determine the likelihood of being able to develop a fusion weapon. Edward Teller used the ENIAC results to prepare a report in the spring of 1946 that answered this question in the affirmative.

After losing his security clearance (and thus his job) during the red scare of the early 1950s, Frankel became an independent computer consultant.  He was responsible for designing the CONAC computer for the Continental Oil Company during 1954–1957 and the LGP-30 single-user desk computer in 1956, which was licensed from a computer he designed  at Caltech called MINAC. The LGP-30 was moderately successful, selling over 500 units. He served as a consultant to Packard Bell Computer on the design of the PB-250 computer.

Later in his career, he became involved in the development of desktop electronic calculators. The first calculator project he was involved in the development of was
the SCM Marchant Cogito 240 and 240SR electronic calculators introduced in 1965. In the interest of improving upon the design of what became the SCM Cogito 240 and 240SR calculators, Frankel developed a new machine he called NIC-NAC, which was based on a microcoded architecture. NIC-NAC was built in prototype form in his home as a proof-of-concept and the machine worked well. Due to its microcoded implementation, the machine was very efficient in terms the number of components it required.  Frankel, though his connections at SCM, was put in contact with Diehl, a West-German calculating machine company well-known in Europe for its exquisitely designed electro-mechanical calculators. Diehl wanted to break into the electronic calculator marketplace, but did not have the expertise itself.  Frankel was contracted to develop a desktop electronic calculator for Diehl, and moved to West Germany to undertake the project. The project resulted in a calculator called the Diehl Combitron.  The Combitron was a desktop printing electronic calculator that was also user programmable. The calculator utilized the concepts behind NIC-NAC's microcoded architecture, loading its microcode into a magnetostrictive delay line at
power-up via an internal punched stainless steel tape that contained the microcode. Another magnetostrictive delay line contained the working registers, memory registers, and user program. The Combitron design was later augmented to include the ability to attach external input/output devices, with this machine called the Combitron S. Frankel's microcoded architecture would serve as the basis for a number of follow-on calculators developed and marketed by Diehl. SCM later became an OEM customer of Diehl, marketing the Combitron as the SCM Marchant 556PR.

Scientific papers
Frankel published a number of scientific papers throughout his career. Some of them explored the use of statistical sampling techniques and machine driven solutions. In a 1947 paper in Physical Review, he and Metropolis predicted the utility of computers in replacing manual integration with iterative summation as a problem solving technique. As head of a new Caltech digital computing  group he worked with PhD candidate Berni Alder in 1949–1950 to develop what is now known as Monte Carlo analysis.  They used techniques that Enrico Fermi had pioneered in the 1930s. Due to a lack of local computing resources, Frankel travelled to England in 1950 to run Alder's project on the Manchester Mark 1 computer.  Unfortunately, Alder's thesis advisor was unimpressed, so Alder and Frankel delayed publication of their results until 1955, in the Journal of Chemical Physics.  This left the major credit for the technique to a parallel project by a team including Teller and Metropolis who published similar work in the same journal in 1953.

In September, 1959, Frankel published a paper in IRE Transactions on Electronic Computers proposing a microwave computer that used travelling-wave tubes as digital storage devices, similar to, but faster than the acoustic delay lines used in the early 1950s. Frankel published a paper on measuring the thickness of soap films in the Journal of Applied Physics in 1966.

Publications
 Frankel, S. Phillips, "Elementary Derivation of Thermal Diffusion", Physical Review, Volume 57, Number 7, April 1, 1940, p. 661.
 Frankel, S. and N Metropolis, "Calculations in the Liquid-Drop Model of Fission", Physical Review, Volume 72, Number 10, November 15, 1947, p. 914–925.
 Frankel, Stanley P., "Convergence Rates of Iterative Treatments of Partial Differential Equations", Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, Volume 4, 1950, p. 65–75.
 Frankel, S. P., "The Logical Design of a Simple General Purpose Computer", IRE Transactions on Electronic Computers, March 1957, p. 5–14.
 Frankel, S. P., "On the Minimum Logical Complexity Required for a General Purpose Computer", IRE Transactions on Electronic Computers, December 1958, p. 282–284.
 Frankel, Stanley P., "A Logic Design for a Microwave Computer", IRE Transactions on Electronic Computers, September 1959, p. 271–276.
 Frankel, Stanley P. and Karol J. Mysels, "On the 'Dimpling' During the Approach of Two Surfaces", Journal of Physical Chemistry, Volume 66, January 1962, p. 190–191.
 Frankel, Stanley P. and Karol J. Mysels, "Simplified Theory of Reflectometric Thickness Measurement of Structured Soap and Related Films", Journal of Applied Physics, Volume 37, Number 10, September 1966, p. 3725–3728.

References

External links
Story of Stan P. Frankel, designer of the LGP-30, with photos.
 Recirculating Memory Timing, filed February, 1964, issued June, 1970
Surely you're joking, Mr. Feynman! – R. Feynman recalled Frankel's contribution to Manhattan Project

1919 births
1978 deaths
Computer designers
20th-century American physicists
Manhattan Project people
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of Rochester alumni

Stan Frankel


3]Palestine (Arabic: فلسطين, romanized: Filasṭīn, akpọ [fɪ.lɪs.tˤiː.n]), bụ ọchịchị steeti Palestine[lower-alpha 1] (دولة فلسطين, Dawlat Filasṭīn), bụ steeti Levant dị na mpaghara ndịda.  nke West Asia.  Ndị otu Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) na-achị, ọ na-ekwu na West Bank (gụnyere East Jerusalem) na Gaza Strip dị ka ókèala ya, n'agbanyeghị na mpaghara ahụ dum nọ n'okpuru ọrụ Israel kemgbe agha ụbọchị isii nke 1967.[1]  ]  N'ihi nkwekọrịta Oslo nke 1993-1995, a na-ekewa West Bank ugbu a na mpaghara 165 Palestine nke dị n'okpuru ọchịchị mba Palestine (PNA);  nke fọdụrụ, gụnyere 200 Israel obibi, bụ n'okpuru zuru Israel akara.  Ndị otu Islam na-alụ ọgụ bụ Hamas na-achị Strip Gaza ma bụrụkwa ndị Egypt na Israel nọ n'okpuru mgbochi ogologo oge kemgbe 2007.[lower-alpha]

Na 15 Nọvemba 1988 na Algiers, onye isi oche nke PLO Yasser Arafat kpọsara nguzobe nke Steeti Palestine.  Otu afọ ka mbinye aka na nkwekọrịta Oslo na 1993, e guzobere PNA ka ọ na-achị (n'ogo dị iche iche) mpaghara A na B na West Bank, nke nwere 165 enclaves, na Gaza Strip.  Mgbe Hamas ghọrọ PNA nzuko omeiwu na-eduga ọzọ na kasị ọhụrụ ntuli aka (2006), a esemokwu bilitere n'etiti ya na Fatah otu, na-eduga Gaza na-eweghara site Hamas na 2007 (afọ abụọ mgbe Israel disengagement).

.Ọ bụ ezie na echiche nke mpaghara Palestine na oke ala ya dịgasị iche n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ugbu a a na-ewere ya dị ka steeti Israel nke oge a, West Bank na Gaza Strip.[1].  Ojiji nke okwu ahụ bụ "Palestine" ma ọ bụ okwu metụtara ya na mpaghara dị na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Oké Osimiri Mediterenian n'akụkụ Syria ka na-eme kemgbe oge Gris oge ochie, ebe Herodotus bụ ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme mbụ na-ede na narị afọ nke ise BC na The  Akụkọ banyere "mpaghara Siria, nke a na-akpọ Palaistin" nke ndị Finishia na ndị obodo ndị ọzọ na-emekọrịta ihe.[2] [3]  A na-eche na okwu ahụ bụ "Palestine" (na Latin, Palæstina) bụ okwu ndị Gris oge ochie chepụtara maka mpaghara ala ndị Filistia bi, n'agbanyeghị na e nwere nkọwa ndị ọzọ.[4]

Terminology
.Edemede a na-eji okwu ndị ahụ "Palestine", "State of Palestine", "nwere mpaghara Palestine" (oPt ma ọ bụ OPT) na-agbanwe agbanwe dabere na ọnọdụ.  Kpọmkwem, okwu ahụ bụ "mpaghara Palestine nwere" na-ezo aka n'ozuzu ya na mpaghara ala nke ala Palestine nke Israel bi na 1967. N'ọnọdụ niile, ihe ọ bụla e zoro aka na ala ma ọ bụ ókèala na-ezo aka na ala nke steeti Palestine na-azọrọ.[1].

. N'afọ 1964, mgbe Jordan na-achị West Bank, e hiwere Òtù Ntọhapụ nke Palestine n'ebe ahụ iji buso Israel agha.  Akwụkwọ ikike mba Palestine nke PLO na-akọwa oke ala Palestine dị ka mpaghara niile fọdụrụ na ikike, gụnyere Israel.  Mgbe Agha Ụbọchị isii gasịrị, PLO kwagara Jọdan, ma emesịa kwaga Lebanon na 1971.[1]

In 1979, through the Camp David Accords, Egypt signaled an end to any claim of its own over the Gaza Strip. In July 1988, Jordan ceded its claims to the West Bank—with the exception of guardianship over Haram al-Sharif—to the PLO. In November 1988, the PLO legislature, while in exile, declared the establishment of the "State of Palestine". In the month following, it was quickly recognised by many states, including Egypt and Jordan. In the Palestinian Declaration of Independence, the State of Palestine is described as being established on the "Palestinian territory", without explicitly specifying further. Because of this, some of the countries that recognised the State of Palestine in their statements of recognition refer to the "1967 borders", thus recognizing as its territory only the occupied Palestinian territory, and not Israel. The UN membership application submitted by the State of Palestine also specified that it is based on the "1967 borders". During the negotiations of the Oslo Accords, the PLO recognised Israel's right to exist, and Israel recognised the PLO as representative of the Palestinian people. The 1988 Palestinian Declaration of Independence included a PNC call for multilateral negotiations on the basis of UN Security Council Resolution 242 later known as "the Historic Compromise", implying acceptance of a two-state solution and no longer questioning the legitimacy of the State of Israel.

Geography

Ala no n'ime Asia

Ọchịchị Palestaịn


St. Clair Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, was one of the original townships created with the incorporation of Allegheny County in 1788.  The township was named after Arthur St. Clair, an American Revolutionary War general and president of the Continental Congress in 1787.

The township extended from the Ohio and Monongahela rivers to the southern county line. It was bounded on the west by Chartiers Creek and on the east partially by Streets Run. The township was subsequently divided between the northern part, Lower St. Clair Township, and the southern part, Upper St. Clair Township.  The "upper" and "lower" referred to the elevation, as Lower St. Clair bordered on the river, the lowest elevation, and Upper St. Clair extended into the South Hills of Pittsburgh.

The original Lower St. Clair Township consisted of the present-day neighborhoods of the City of Pittsburgh south of the Monongahela and Ohio, and all or parts of Green Tree, Carnegie, Baldwin, Bridgeville, Dormont, Mount Lebanon and other boroughs and townships in the South Hills.  The township was subdivided several times, and today exists only as the neighborhood of St. Clair in the City of Pittsburgh.

Upper St. Clair Township, subdivided many times, still exists in the South Hills of Pittsburgh.

References

Former townships in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania


CHIJ Katong Convent (CHIJ – KC) is a government-aided autonomous Catholic girls' secondary school in Marine Parade, Singapore.

The school is one of 11 Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus (CHIJ) schools in Singapore. Katong Convent is known for providing its students with a holistic and well-balanced education. The school has produced successful alumni who serve in many facets of society.

History
In the 1920s, the Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus acquired one of the private bungalows on the eastern coast of Singapore as a weekend holiday bungalow for the nuns and boarders of the convent.

In 1930, these buildings were used as a private school and in 1932 the school was given a grant-in-aid status. The first set of students registered in January 1932 was mixed – 171 girls and 26 boys. Upon the completion of Saint Patrick's School in late 1932, the boys were transferred there. Katong Convent was no larger than a village school, consisting of four classes and a total enrolment of 197 students. Sister St Theodora was the first principal with a staff of only four teachers.

Under Sister St Vincent de Paul, the school building was extended in 1939 with eight new classrooms. In 1941, just before the outbreak of the war, there were 384 pupils – 60 in the secondary classes, 206 in the elementary and 118 in the primary. There were four nuns including the principal, and eight local teachers.

Japanese occupation
In 1941, during World War II, the staff and students practised air raid drills. Most parents kept their children at home when the school re-opened in January 1942 and their fears were confirmed, for in February 1942 Singapore fell to the Japanese. At the outbreak of war, the school building at Martia Road was taken over by the British and became a military centre and was subsequently used as an internment camp to house local Japanese civilians as prisoners-of-war.

School reopened in May 1942 and Katong Convent functioned at Saint Hilda's School in Ceylon Road under the name of Ceylon Road Girls' School. The attendance was 102. There were two sessions – the morning session for girls and the afternoon session for boys from Saint Patrick's.

Post-war years
After the war ended in August 1945, and when the school re-opened at Saint Hilda's in October 1945 there were 12 classes, and 430 students were re-registered for Primary 1 to Standard 5. Its old buildings briefly functioned as a tuberculosis hospital to cope with the post-war health crisis.

In January 1946, there were 483 students and in October, the numbers increased to 747. In October of the same year the school at Martia Road was restored and returned to the nuns. Prior to this, the building had been used by the British Military Administration as a rehabilitation centre for tuberculosis patients.

After the war, Sister Finbarr was appointed principal. The difficult task of re-organising the school, recruiting more staff, and bringing up academic standards fell on her shoulders.

In 1947, there were 17 classes with 755 students and in 1948, 18 classes with 688 students from Primary 1 to Standard 7. That year those who completed Standard 7 (i.e. Sec 2) had to complete two more years in the Convent at Victoria Street.

In 1949, a Standard 8 class was formed and in 1950, the school fielded its first Senior Cambridge candidates. In the same year, five new classrooms were built, opposite the oldest block and in 1951, part of this old building was renovated and converted into a Domestic Science classroom. After eight years of devoted service, Sister Finbarr was transferred to the Kuala Lumpur Convent and left in May 1954.

That year there were morning and afternoon sessions. The morning session comprised Primary 1 to Form 5 (Sec 4), with a total enrolment of 890. The afternoon session comprised Primary 1 to Form 3 (Sec 2) and a special class known as Form 4 Commercial, with an enrolment of 655. The students who made the grade were transferred to the morning session, and the less successful ones were placed in the commercial class.

In the following years, there was such an increase in the intake of students that it was necessary to build a branch school and for this purpose, the students and staff raised funds by running fun fairs and lotteries. In 1959, the building was completed and a few teachers from the Primary Staff were transferred to the new Convent at Opera Estate. Also in the same year, the school welcomed Sister Finbarr back and bade farewell to Sister Veronica.

The school continued to expand and it was again necessary to build a new wing. Again the staff and students worked to raise funds, this time at greater odds, because previously the Government had contributed half to any aided school extension scheme but now every cent was to be paid by the school. Undaunted, the school persevered, and in 1966, the new wing was completed. For the first time, the students had a proper tuckshop, library, sewing rooms and an Art room. Six new classrooms were included.

The seventies
In 1971, Sister Finbarr retired. A senior member of the staff, Marie Bong was appointed headmistress in her place. Under her leadership, the school became known for choral speaking, creative writing and Shakespearean productions.

The eighties
In 1982, plans were afoot to upgrade the facilities of the school. The offer by the Ministry of Education of a piece of land at Marine Parade in exchange for the site of Opera Estate Convent enabled the secondary school to move to a new premise, whilst the primary school was merged with Opera Estate Convent and remained at the original location at Martia Road. The building was also renovated later.

After many months of planning and fund-raising, at the end of 1986, the school moved into its new building with Karen Oei at the helm. With a modern school premises and a bold outlook for the future, Katong Convent continued to flourish, with its students excelling academically, in the arts and in sports.

The nineties
In 1990, the Primary section returned to the former site at Martia Road and Katong Convent became a single session secondary school.
The beginning of school ranking exercises in 1994 saw Katong Convent perform well in the tables. Katong Convent was particularly outstanding in the Value-added rankings claiming top spots for both Express and Normal stream.
In 1999, the school won the Sustained Achievement Award – Academic Value-Added, for having provided value-added education to both the Express and Normal Academic students for at least ten consecutive years (1996–2006).

2000 and beyond
Katong Convent celebrated its 70th anniversary in the year 2000. With it soon came the autonomy status which was granted by the Ministry of Education. It also celebrated its 80th anniversary in the year 2010. At the conclusion of the 2014 academic year, the school moved to a holding site in Geylang Bahru as the Marine Parade campus has undergone a two-year renovation programme under PRIME. The school received the School Distinction Award which recognises high-achieving schools with exemplary school processes and practices in 2016.

School identity and culture

School crest
The school badge which IJ girls wear on their uniforms is the badge of IJ schools all over the world.

The red shield has a silver band edged in gold. On the right is the Book of the Gospels with a silver rosary, on the left a golden distaff and spindle. The shield, surmounted by a gold cross is encircled by a garland of marguerites. The motto on the badge in English is: 'Simple in Virtue – Steadfast in Duty.'

The Rosary of the Virgin Mary symbolises communication with God. The distaff and spindle are symbols of womanly labour. The Garland of Marguerites speaks of simplicity, seen as the most charming trait in young girlhood.

School culture
Katong Convent is known to celebrate the arts. Book and Music Week (BMW) is an annual arts tradition that has been held for generations. The programme forges identity within each KC girl and builds rapport within a class and across other classes and levels. The event encourages individuals to step out of their bubble and express their artistic sides through the different performing arts.

Affiliation
CHIJ Katong Convent is affiliated to:
 CHIJ (Katong) Primary
 Catholic Junior College

Notable alumni

Politics
 Fatimah Lateef: Member of Parliament
 Jeannette Chong-Aruldoss: lawyer; Secretary-General, National Solidarity Party, 2013–2015
 Nadia Ahmad Samdin: Member of Parliament
 Nicole Seah: Politician, Workers Party

Government
 Chan Heng Chee: Ambassador to the United States of America

Corporate
 Noeleen Heyzer: executive director, UNIFEM; nominee for Nobel Peace Prize, 2005

Sports
 Dinah Chan: national cyclist
 Janet Jesudason: Olympic sprinter
 Shanti Pereira: national sprinter

Entertainment and arts
 Georgina Chang: programme director, 98.7 FM
 Glenda Chong: news presenter, Mediacorp; Best News Anchor, Asian Television Awards, 2001
 Andrea De Cruz: actress and television presenter
 Suchen Christine Lim: writer
 Michelle Saram: former actress and model; First and only Singaporean to have appeared in Singapore, Taiwan and Hong Kong television drama; entrepreneur
 Elizabeth Tan: actress
 Teresa Tseng: singer; runner-up, Campus Superstar (Season 1)
 Pooja Nansi: poet, musician and educator

See also
 CHIJMES
 Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus

References

External links
 Official Website

Secondary schools in Singapore
Catholic schools in Singapore
Autonomous schools in Singapore
Girls' schools in Singapore
Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus schools
Educational institutions established in 1930
Marine Parade
1930 establishments in British Malaya

CHIJ Katong Convent


Borehole imaging logs are logging and data-processing methods used to produce two-dimensional, centimeter-scale images of a borehole wall and the rocks that make it up. These tools are limited to the open-hole environment. The applications where images are useful cover the full range of the exploration and production cycle from exploration through appraisal, development, and production to abandonment and sealing.

Specific applications are sedimentology, structural geology/tectonics, reservoir geomechanics and drilling, reservoir engineering.

The tools can be categorized in a number of ways: simple optical borehole imaging (OBI) systems, energy source (electrical, acoustic, or nuclear with gamma rays or neutron); conveyance (wireline or logging while drilling); and type of drilling mud (water-based mud or oil-based mud).

See also

 List of acronyms in oil and gas exploration and production

References

Boreholes
Data processing
Well logging

Borehole image logs


John Robert Jones (4 September 1911 – 3 June 1970), was a Welsh philosopher.

He was born in Pwllheli, and went to school there before going on to study philosophy at University of Wales, Aberystwyth in 1929.  He went on to take his D.Phil. at Balliol College, Oxford.  He returned to Aberystwyth to lecture in philosophy, and in 1952 was appointed Professor of Philosophy at University of Wales, Swansea.  In 1961 he was visiting professor at Chapel Hill University, North Carolina.  On his return to Wales, he became more politically active, speaking out against the investiture of Charles, Prince of Wales, in 1969, resigning from the Gorsedd of Bards in protest.

As a philosopher, he was influenced by Wittgenstein and Simone Weil.  His writings dealt mainly with three problems: the nature of the self, the nature of perception, and the nature of universals.

Works
Yr Argyfwng Gwacter Ystyr (1964)
Prydeindod (1966)
A rhaid i'r iaith ein gwahanu? (1967)
Ni fyn y taeog mo'i ryddhau (1968)
Yr ewyllys i barhau (1969)
Gwaedd yng Nghymru (1970)
Ac Onide (1970)

References

1911 births
1970 deaths
People from Pwllheli
Welsh philosophers
20th-century British philosophers
20th-century Welsh writers
20th-century Welsh educators

John Robert Jones


The Tarkhankut Lighthouse (, Tarkhankuts'kyy mayak) is located in Crimea at the Tarkhankut Cape 5 km southwest of the resort village of Olenivka.

History
The construction of the Tarkhankut lighthouse and its twin tower on the Khersones peninsula started in 1816 to ensure safe sailing in the area. The Inkerman stone, of which the building is made, was mined near Sevastopol and transported by barges. No convenient mooring facilities existed at that time, so the barges had to anchor in the harbor and the load was moved to the shore by boats and then transported to the construction site across the steppe.

During the first year of construction, the builders concentrated on the basic structure at the expense of various facilities and decorations. At the end of 1816, the lighthouse looked like a conic 36-metre-high stone tower with a wooden 3.3-metre-high decagonal lantern. The lighthouse became operational in 1817 after its lighting system had been repaired. Three houses were built next to the tower to accommodate the lighthouse personnel and for storage needs. However, cold and humid winters of the Tarkhanut Peninsula, however, made these houses nearly unsuitable for living.

In 1862, the lighting system was upgraded, and the spread of light reached 12.4 miles. In 1873, the construction resumed along with cleaning efforts of the surrounding areas. The building was finished and painted white. In 1876, an additional telegraph spot was built near the tower. On 1 January 1883, a compressed air fog siren was installed, but the process of preparing it for use in fog was usually taking a long time. To address that problem, a bell was set up near the lighthouse in 1899 to be rung while the siren was being prepared.

In 1910, the lighthouse's fuel was changed to kerosene, requiring extra caution and maintenance on the part of the lighthouse keepers. Besides, the installation of the telegraph and meteorological station made it necessary to have communication with by-passing ships.

In 1934, an electric beacon with a 300-kilometer radius of action was added to the lighthouse. In 1959, an electrical power system was installed.

Current condition
Currently the lighthouse is still functioning, despite being in a run-down condition. The area around the building is open for tourists to visit, and tourists are allowed to follow the lighthouse keeper's daily routine. A spiral stairway leads to an observation platform, from which a visitor can see the Black Sea and its steep shores.

See also

 List of lighthouses in Ukraine
Ichthyander Project

References

External links

History of Tarkhankut Lighthouse
Tarkhankut Lighthouse
Tarkhankut Lighthouse
Photogallery of the lighthouse and surrounding areas

Lighthouses completed in 1817
Lighthouses in Ukraine
Buildings and structures in Crimea
Tourist attractions in Crimea
1817 establishments in Ukraine
1817 establishments in the Russian Empire
Cultural heritage monuments in Crimea
Tarkhankut

Tarkhankut Lighthouse


Albert Mangelsdorff (September 5, 1928 – July 25, 2005) was a German jazz trombonist. Working mainly in free jazz, he was an innovator in multiphonics.

Early life
Mangelsdorff was born in Frankfurt on September 5, 1928, as the son of the bookbinder Emil Albert Joseph Mangelsdorff (1891–1963), born in Ingolstadt, and his wife Luise, née Becker (1896–1976), from Wertheim. He was given violin lessons as a child and was self-taught on guitar in addition to knowing trombone. His brother, Emil Mangelsdorff, had a jazz record collection, but during the Nazi period Albert's enthusiasm for the music had to be restrained. Mangelsdorff began his career as a professional musician in 1947 as a rhythm guitarist in the Otto Laufner Big Band, which played in US Army clubs. Mangelsdorff bought his first trombone on the black market for a few cartons of cigarettes. Then he took lessons from the principal trombonist at the Oper Frankfurt, Fritz Stähr (1889–1971).

Later life and career

He played in the bands of Joe Klimm (1950–53) and Hans Koller (1953/54) as well as in the HR Dance Orchestra conducted by Willy Berking (1955–57). Mangelsdorff made his recording debut in 1952, playing with Hans Koller. As the German representative for the Newport Jazz Festival International Band in 1958, he collaborated with the American musicians Gerry Mulligan and Louis Armstrong. From 1959, he performed in the  series of events.

In 1961, he founded his Albert Mangelsdorff Quintet. Mangelsdorff recorded prolifically in the 1960s, including sessions with his own quintet, his brother, and with pianist John Lewis. By the time of his solo performance at the Munich Olympic Games in 1972, he was playing more free jazz. In 1972, he recorded his first solo record Trombirds. "He made solo trombone – a heretofore unknown concept in jazz – a reality via multiphonics, the physically and technically demanding simultaneous blowing and singing of notes into his horn; the method opened vast new dimensions like harmonies and chords".

He performed with pianist Chick Corea, cool jazz saxophonist Lee Konitz and bassist Jaco Pastorius. Mangelsdorff later worked with the NDR Big Band, Old Friends (led by Manfred Schoof), and the United Jazz + Rock Ensemble.

In 1993, Mangelsdorff was appointed honorary professor for jazz at the Frankfurt University of Music and Performing Arts. From 1995 to 2001, he directed the Berlin Jazz Festival.

Personal life
Mangelsdorff was married to Ilo. He was the father of countertenor and biologist Ralph Daniel Mangelsdorff (born 1958). Mangelsdorff was a passionate ornithologist. He died in Frankfurt am Main on July 25, 2005. He is buried at the Frankfurt Main Cemetery (Gewann XV 31).

Legacy
The Albert Mangelsdorff Prize, which emerged from the German Jazz Prize in 1994, is awarded every two years by the Union of German Jazz Musicians. In 2008, the Albert Mangelsdorff Foyer was opened in the Alte Oper. In 2013, the inauguration of the Albert-Mangelsdorff-Weiher (pond) in Frankfurt, Bockenheimer Anlage, took place.

Estate
In 2009, the  founded a Jazzarchiv (jazz archive) with the takeover of Mangelsdorff's estate.

Discography
Source:

  (CBS, 1963)
 Now Jazz Ramwong (CBS, 1964)
 Animal Dance with John Lewis, Zagreb Jazz Quartet (Atlantic, 1964)
 Folk Mond and Flower Dream (CBS, 1967)
 Zo-Ko-Ma with Attila Zoller, Lee Konitz (MPS, 1968)
 Albert Mangelsdorff and His Friends (MPS, 1969)
 Open Space with Karin Krog, John Surman, Francy Boland, Niels H.O. Pedersen, Daniel Humair (MPS, 1969)
 Wild Goose with Colin Wilkie, Shirley Hart, Joki Freund (MPS, 1969)
 Never Let It End (MPS, 1970)
 Live in Tokyo (Enja, 1971)
 The End with Brotzmann, Van Hove, Bennink (FMP, 1971)
 Couscouss de la Mauresque with Brotzmann, Van Hove, Bennink (FMP, 1971)
 Elements with Brotzmann, Van Hove, Bennink (FMP, 1971)
 Spontaneous with Masahiko Sato, Peter Warren, Allen Blairman (Enja, 1972)
 Trombone Workshop with Jiggs Whigham, Slide Hampton, Ake Persson (MPS, 1972)
 Trombirds (MPS, 1973)
 Birds of Underground (MPS, 1973)
 It's Up to You with Friedrich Gulda (Preiser, 1974)
 The Wide Point with Elvin Jones, Palle Danielson (MPS, 1975)
 Outspan No. 1 with Brotzmann, Van Hove, Bennink (FMP, 1975)
 Solo Now with Pierre Favre, Joachim Kuhn, Gunter Hampel (MPS, 1976)
 Trilogue Live at the Berlin Jazz Days with Alphonse Mouzon, Jaco Pastorius (MPS, 1977)
 Tromboneliness (MPS, 1977)
 Solo with John Tchicai (FMP, 1977)

 Triplicity with Arild Andersen, Pierre Favre (Skip, 1979, released 2005)
 A Jazz Tune I Hope (MPS, 1979)
 Horns with Gerd Dudek, Paul Rutherford, Manfred Schoof, Kenny Wheeler (FMP, 1979)
 Trombone Summit with Winding, Watrous, Whigham (MPS, 1981)
 Live in Montreux! with J.F. Jenny-Clark, Ronald Shannon Jackson (MPS, 1981)
 Solo (MPS, 1982)
 Two Is Company with Wolfgang Dauner (Mood, 1983)
 Triple Entente (MPS, 1983)
 Reflections with Manfred Schoof, Wolfgang Dauner, Eberhard Weber (Mood, 1984)
 Pica Pica with Brotzmann, Sommer (FMP, 1984)
 Ochsenzoll with Michael Naura, Wolfgang Schlueter, Herbert Joos (Mood, 1985)
 Hot Hut (Musikant, 1986)
 Moon at Noon with Wolfgang Dauner (Musikant, 1987)
 Art of the Duo with Lee Konitz (Enja, 1988)
 Listen and Lay Back (Dino Music, 1988)
 Rooty Toot (Dino Music, 1990)
 Purity (Mood, 1990)
 Dodging Bullets with John Lindberg, Eric Watson (Black Saint, 1992)
 Room 1220 with John Surman (Konnex, 1993)
 Live: The Very Human Factor (Muffin, 1993)
 Lanaya (Plainisphare, 1994)
 The Wake Keeping with Chico Freeman (Amori, 1996)
 Live at Montreux with Reto Weber (Double Moon, 1999)
 Shake Shuttle & Blow with Bruno Spoerri, Christy Doran, Reto Weber (Enja, 1999)
 Looking Outside (Altrisuoni, 2001)
 Music for Jazz Orchestra with NDR Big Band (Skip, 2003)

Writings

See also
 Jazz in Germany

References

External links

 Jazz pages article on Mangelsdorff
 FMP releases
 Recording at Murecstudio Milano
 Discography Song by Song
 Clinic at 1988 International Trombone Workshop

1928 births
2005 deaths
Musicians from Frankfurt
Burials at Frankfurt Main Cemetery
20th-century German musicians
20th-century German male musicians
20th-century trombonists
Avant-garde jazz musicians
Challenge Records artists
Enja Records artists
MPS Records artists
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Free jazz trombonists
German jazz trombonists
Globe Unity Orchestra members
Kenny Clarke/Francy Boland Big Band members
United Jazz + Rock Ensemble members
Academic staff of Hoch Conservatory
German male jazz musicians
Male trombonists
Sackville Records artists

Albert Mangelsdorff


The sixareen or sixern (;  meaning "six-oared") is a traditional fishing boat used around the Shetland Islands. It is a clinker-built boat, evolved as a larger version of the yoal, when the need arose for crews to fish further from shore. The first of the sixareens were, like the yoal, imported from Norway in kit form until the mid 19th century, when increasing import duty made it more cost effective to import the raw materials and build the boats in Shetland.

Construction and terminology
The sixareen was so named because she was crewed by six men, each man rowing a single oar, unlike the yoal where three men rowed a pair of oars each. The size of a sixareen was about  overall, with a beam of . The boat carried a square sail which was used when the wind was favourable, however in light winds or in a head wind the crew could row for many hours to complete their journey. Fishing trips usually were over three days, with the boats making two trips each week when the weather permitted.

As with the yoal, all the parts of a sixareen have names, which are usually found only in the Shetland dialect, although many of the names are derived from the old Norse language. The names of the parts listed here include the English name and where possible, the Norwegian name.

There are six separate rooms, or sections in a sixareen: The fore head where sails and tackle were stored, the fore room, the mid room where stones for ballast were placed, the owsin room which was kept clear for owsin (bailing) out water using an owsekerri, the shot room where the catch was stowed, and the kannie where the skipper sat at the helm.

The compartments in the boat were separated by tafts on which the crew sat, fiskabrods under the tafts which stopped the catch and fishing gear from shifting between rooms, and by baands, the frames to which the boards were fixed.

The boards, named from the keel upwards, were the boddam runner, the hassen, the first and second swills, the laands (four boards), and the reebin, the upper board, inside which the wale or gunwale was fixed. At the bow and stern the boards were fixed to the stammerin before attaching to the fore and aft stems. The reebin was additionally strengthened by the breast hook or hinny spot where it met the horn at the top of the stem.

History
While the yoal was used for inshore fishing, and seldom ventured more than  from land, the sixareen was used to fish up to  from Shetland. Because of this, and the unpredictable nature of the weather in northern waters, the loss of boats and lives was high. The worst losses were on 16 July 1832 when 17 boats and 105 men were lost in a severe gale, and again on 21 July 1881 when a sudden and violent summer storm claimed 10 boats and 58 men, mostly from Gloup, in the north of Yell, in what became known as The Gloup Disaster.

Although it is not clear when the last sixareens were built for fishing, it is likely to be not much later than the late 1880s, by which time it was seen that larger boats were the way forward for the local fishing industry.

Two sixareens were built in the 20th century. In the 1980s Duncan Sandison of Unst realised that the sixareen was very much a boat of the past, as there were none left in Unst. With the help of a group of volunteers, after 800 hours work, the Far Haaf, a replica sixareen was completed in 1988, but was destroyed by a hurricane which swept the isles in 1992. Another Far Haaf was built and launched in 1993. It now occupies a special enclosure outside the Unst boat haven. Another sixareen, the Vaila Mae, was built in 2008 for the Shetland Museum in Lerwick, where it can be seen on the water during the summer months.

References

External links
 The Haaf Fishing - A scalloway Junior High School project
Link leads to a downloadable "Resource pack for fishing and the Gloup desaster 1881".
Shetland Museum - Sixareen
Unst Boat Haven

External links
 The Haaf Fishing - A scalloway Junior High School project
Link leads to a downloadable "Resource pack for fishing and the Gloup desaster 1881".
Shetland Museum - Sixareen
Unst Boat Haven
Picture Gallery of new Sixareen Building Project in Shetland

Fishing history of Shetland
Types of fishing vessels
Transport in Shetland
Boat types

Sixareen


Mismated is a 1916 silent two-reel romantic drama film starring Reina Valdez from Mutual. The film was directed by Frank Beal.

Plot
After Flo (Valdez) is forced to marry a man she hates, she continues to dream about her true love. Living in a small fishing town, she eventually takes the lead role in a local play with a plot that is similar with that of her own life. One day, she finds out that her true love is wrecked at sea, and she begs her husband to go look for him. During the rescue attempt, Flo's true love is saved, although her husband perishes, but not before asking for Flo's forgiveness.

Cast

 Reina Valdez as Flo
 Richard L'Estrange as Flo's Betrothed
 Harry Schenck as The Rival

References

1916 films
Films directed by Frank Beal

Mismated


Pisharoth Rama Pisharoty (;10 February 1909 – 24 September 2002) was an Indian physicist and meteorologist, and is considered to be the father of remote sensing in India.

Early life and education
P. R. Pisharoty was born on 10 February 1909 in the town of Kollengode in the Indian state of Kerala. His parents were Sivaramakrishnan alias Gopala Vadhyar and Lakshmi Pisharassiar. He had three brothers: Chakrapani, Balakrishnan and Rajagopal, and three half brothers: Vaidyanathan, Rose Vadhyar and Gopalakrishnan.  He completed his early education in Kerala. Having done his Physics BA honours from St. Joseph's College, Trichinopoly, Madras state, he went on to do his MA (Physics) from Madras University. He then worked as a college lecturer in Physics at Loyola College at Chennai during 1932-1941. During the summer vacations he used to work under Prof. C. V. Raman at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. On the recommendation of Raman, Pisharoty joined the India Meteorological Department in 1942, where he carried out research on thunderstorms, western disturbances, movement of monsoon depressions, orographic rain, etc. He then joined the University of California for further studies where he worked under meteorologist Jacob Bjerknes. His published two reports titled Some aspects of geostrophic poleward sensible heat and The kinetic energy of the atmosphere. He obtained his MS (in Meteorology) and PhD degrees by 1954.

Work in Indian remote sensing programme
On returning to India, Pisharoty became the Director of Colaba and Alibag Magnetic Observatories in 1959 and Founder Director of the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune in 1962. In 1967 he retired as Director of the Institute of Tropical Meteorology and joined the Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad as a senior professor at the invitation of Vikram Sarabhai. At this point he was entrusted with the job of introducing remote sensing technology to India. He accepted the job. His pioneering experiment of detection of coconut wilt-root disease using Soviet aircraft and US equipment was considered to be the first success in remote sensing in India.

Positions held
Pisharoty served as the Director, Remote Sensing and Satellite Meteorology, at ISRO Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad during 1972-75. He was a Member of the Scientific Advisory Board of World Meteorological Organization from 1963 to 1968 and later its Chairman. He also served as the Vice-President of the International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences, and as a member of Joint Organising Committee for Global Atmospheric Research Programme from 1969 to 1977. He worked at PRL until the early nineties when he retired for health reasons.

Awards
1957 Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences
1978 Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy
1970 Awarded the prestigious Padma Shri national civilian award of the Indian government in recognition of his contributions.
1988 First recipient of the Raman Centenary Medal.
1989 Awarded the IMO Prize by the WMO.
1990 Received the K. R. Ramanathan Medal established by Indian National Science Academy.

Death and legacy
Pisharoty died on the morning of 24 September 2002 at Pune, at the age of 93. The Indian Society of Remote Sensing renamed the Indian National Remote Sensing Award to 'P. R. Pisharoty Memorial Award' in his memory.
The GPS Radiosonde of ISRO's VSSC is named after Pisharoty.

References

 Press release by Department of Space, ISRO on his death
 Short bio by B. L. K. Somayajulu, PRL (PDF format)
 Pune newsline article
 Times of India article

Indian meteorologists
Scientists from Kerala
Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering
People from Palakkad district
1909 births
2002 deaths
Malayali people
Government Victoria College, Palakkad alumni
Academic staff of Loyola College, Chennai
20th-century Indian physicists
Indian Institute of Science alumni
20th-century Indian earth scientists

P. R. Pisharoty


David Voas (born 1955) is a quantitative social scientist. He is currently Professor of Social Science and Head of the Department of Social Science at the UCL Institute of Education. He was previously Professor of Population Studies at the University of Essex and Simon Professor of Population Studies at the University of Manchester.

Voas is on the executive committee of the European Values Study and is co-director of British Religion in Numbers, an online centre for British data on religion. He serves on the council of the International Society for the Sociology of Religion and on the editorial boards of the British Journal of Sociology and the Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. His research concerns religious change and value change in modern societies, the intergenerational transmission of religion and values, and attitudes of and towards ethno-religious minorities.

Early life
David Voas was born in the United States. His father is Robert B. Voas, a psychologist who had a key role in selecting and training the first group of NASA astronauts and in recent decades has been a leader in policy research on alcohol and highway safety. David Voas left the US at the age of 15 to attend Atlantic College, an international school in South Wales. He subsequently received bachelor's and master's degrees from London School of Economics and a PhD from Cambridge.

Career
Voas worked in the private sector for a number of years and also spent extended periods outside the UK, particularly in France, the United States, and Bulgaria.

Academic career
He returned to academic life in 1998, first as a researcher at the University of Liverpool and subsequently as a lecturer at the University of Sheffield.  He was awarded a Simon Research Fellowship at the University of Manchester in 2003 and remained there for eight years, first in the Cathie Marsh Centre for Census and Survey Research and later in the Institute for Social Change. In 2007, he was promoted to professor and given a chair in the Institute for Social Change, later merged into the Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research.

Voas was Professor of Population Studies in the Institute for Social and Economic Research at the University of Essex from November 2011 to January 2016.  He took up his present position at UCL in February 2016.

References

Living people
British sociologists
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Academics of the University of Manchester
1955 births
People educated at Atlantic College
Academics of the University of Sheffield

David Voas