Cain's Jawbone is a murder mystery puzzle written by Edward Powys Mathers under the pseudonym "Torquemada". The puzzle was first published in 1934 as part of The Torquemada Puzzle Book. In 2019, crowdfunding publisher Unbound published a new stand-alone edition of the puzzle in collaboration with the charity The Laurence Sterne Trust.

Both editions, when published, were accompanied by a competition which offered a cash prize to the first reader to solve the puzzle. Cain's Jawbone has been described as "one of the hardest and most beguiling word puzzles ever published."

Title
The phrase Cain's Jawbone refers to the Biblical stories of Cain and Abel and Samson.

Puzzle
The puzzle consists of a 100-page prose narrative with its pages arranged in the wrong order. The first edition is part of a hardback book. The second edition is a boxed set of page-cards. To solve the puzzle, the reader must determine the correct order of the pages and also the names of the murderers and victims within the story. The story's text includes a large number of quotations, references, puns, Spoonerisms and other word games. The pages can be arranged in   (factorial of 100)  possible combinations, but there is only one correct order. The solution to the puzzle has never been made public.

Competitions
When the puzzle was first published in 1934, a prize of £15 was offered "to the first reader who could re-order the pages and provide an account of the 6 persons murdered in Cain's Jawbone and the full names of their murderers." Two people, Mr S. Sydney-Turner and Mr W. S. Kennedy, solved the puzzle in 1935 and won £25 each.

The publishers of the 2019 edition ran the competition a second time, saying "The prize of £1,000 (roughly how much £15 was worth in 1934) will be given to the first reader to provide the names of the murderers and the murdered, the correct order of the pages and a short explanation of how the solution was obtained. The competition will run for one year from the date of publication."

In November 2020 it was announced that comedian and crossword compiler John Finnemore had correctly solved the puzzle, doing so over a period of six months during the COVID-19 lockdown. Finnemore said "The first time I had a look at it I quickly thought 'Oh this is just way beyond me.' The only way I'd even have a shot at it was if I were for some bizarre reason trapped in my own home for months on end, with nowhere to go and no-one to see. Unfortunately, the universe heard me".

References

Further reading
 Kenna Hughes-Castleberry, "A Murder Mystery Puzzle: The literary puzzle Cain's Jawbone, which has stumped humans for decades, reveals the limitations of natural-language-processing algorithms", Scientific American, vol. 329, no. 4 (November 2023), pp. 81–82. "This murder mystery competition has revealed that although NLP (natural-language processing) models are capable of incredible feats, their abilities are very much limited by the amount of context they receive. This [...] could cause [difficulties] for researchers who hope to use them to do things such as analyze ancient languages. In some cases, there are few historical records on long-gone civilizations to serve as training data for such a purpose." (p. 82.)

British books
Puzzle books
1934 books
Victor Gollancz Ltd books

Cain's Jawbone


Fogponics, or atmoponics (from  Ancient Greek ἀτμός (atmós), meaning "vapour" or "steam"), is a subset of aeroponics. Fogponics uses a suspension of nutrient enriched water to deliver nutrients and oxygen to plant roots.
This is in contrast to geoponics and organoponics which use soil and organic materials as the primary source of nutrients (as well as the growth medium), and 'traditional' hydroponics, which uses a submersion of nutrient enriched water as the primary nutrient source (using an inert, or no growth medium).

The difference between fogponics and other forms of aeroponics is that while aeroponics typically delivers nutrient rich water to the roots using a spray (relatively large particles in air), fogponics uses one of a number of mechanisms (for example ultrasonic, compressed air, or heating elements) to form a suspension of much smaller particles of water (5–30 μm), or even as a vapour.

Plants best absorb particles from the 1–50 μm range.
It is assumed that the absorption rate, as well as the energy required to grow are inversely proportional to particle size.

References

See also
Grow box
Growroom

Horticultural techniques
Hydroculture

Fogponics


Mohammed Hasan Alwan (born 27 August 1979) is a Saudi Arabian novelist. He was born in Riyadh and studied Computer Information Systems at King Saud University, obtaining a bachelor's degree in 2002. He also obtained an MBA from the University of Portland, Oregon in 2008 and Ph.D from Carleton University, Ottawa in 2016.

Alwan has published five novels to date: Saqf Elkefaya (2002), Sophia (2004), Touq Altahara (2007), "Al-Qundus" (2011), and "Mouton Sageer" (2016).  His work has appeared in translation in Banipal magazine ("Blonde Grass" and "Statistics", translated by Ali Azeriah); in The Guardian ("Oil Field", translated by Peter Clark); and in Words Without Borders ("Mukhtar", translated by William M. Hutchins).

His work was published in the Beirut39 anthology (Beirut39: New Writing from the Arab World, edited by Samuel Shimon) and in the IPAF Nadwa anthology (Emerging Arab Voices, edited by Peter Clark).

Awards and honors

In 2009-10, Alwan was chosen as one of the 39 best Arab authors under the age of 40 by the Beirut39 project. He was also a participant in the first IPAF Nadwa in 2009.

In 2013, his novel, Al-Qundus, was shortlisted in the International Prize for Arabic Fiction (2013). In 2015, Alwan won the Arab World Institute's Prix de la Littérature Arabe for Al-Qundus, translated to French by Stéphanie Dujols as Le castor. It was considered the best novel to be translated into French in 2015. In 2017, he won the International Prize for Arabic Fiction for A Small Death, a novel about Ibn Arabi.

See also

 Sufficiency Ceiling (Novel)

References

1979 births
People from Riyadh
Saudi Arabian novelists
Saudi Arabian short story writers
University of Portland alumni
Living people
King Saud University alumni
International Prize for Arabic Fiction winners

Mohammed Hasan Alwan


Qerim Mata is borned on 20 October 1934 in the capital of Albania, Tirana. He is the son of a very rich man. He has studied the Film Director Branch at the University of Arts.

He is the Director (Regjizor) & Producer of more than 100 documentary movies, cronical, historic, political, nature movies.

 "I teti ne bronz" Artistic Movie - (1970) Lefter Lefteri, he is a co-director and actor as well at this artistic movie, well known for the character of Lefter Lefteri at this film.

 "Udhetim ne Pranvere" Artistic Movie - (1974) Director of the Movie

Qerim Mata


Travels in the Congo (French: Voyage au Congo) is a French documentary film, directed by Marc Allégret. It depicts his expedition in French Equatorial Africa (which covered the modern nations of Gabon, Republic of Congo, Central African Republic and Chad). The film debuted on 8 July 1927, opening at the Théâtre du Vieux-Colombier. It was Allégret's first directorial effort.

Background

During World War I, the young Marc Allégret became the lover and companion of the novelist André Gide. In 1925, Allégret graduated from the Sciences Po and then embarked on an African expedition with Gide. They stayed in French Equatorial Africa for ten months. Allégret was tasked with recording their experiences in film and photographs. He had no formal training in either job, though he had received some lessons from Man Ray in photography.

The film is named after the defunct colony known as French Congo, which had been merged into the wider French Equatorial Africa. Gide preferred the older name, and commemorated his own experiences in a book also called Travels in the Congo. Allégret followed his example. The duo sailed from Bordeaux on 18 July 1925. Their first port in Africa was Dakar, which Gide found to be "gloomy", ugly, and lacking in exoticism. He found their next stop, Conakry, more pleasant. The duo left their ship in the port of Matadi, then followed a train route to Kinshasa, and finally reached Brazzaville on 14 August. They used it for a while as the base for their excursions. Allégret started filming in this area.

The duo would soon sail on the Congo River. Their months-long expedition included travels through the Ubangi-Shari, Lake Chad, and the French Cameroons. They sailed from Africa on 14 May 1926.

Contents
The documentaries of the 1920s, such as Nanook of the North (1922) and La Croisière noire (1926), relied on "adventure" elements and exoticism to attract an audience. In contrast, Allégret set out to portray African cultures in an objective way. He deliberately excluded references to his manner of travel and the difficulties of the journey, to avoid focusing on "adventure". He also excluded several "grotesque" aspects of African life.

The film depicts the daily lives of eight ethnic groups, focusing on their agriculture, hunting, and fishing practices. The architectural styles of their areas and a number of group rituals, athletic competitions, and dances are also covered. Allégret's primary interest in the project was ethnographic, and he was genuinely attempting to promote understanding of the cultures he depicted. His depictions managed to avoid the "sensationalism" and stereotyping of the newsreels of the time.

In an attempt to minimize the "contaminating effect" of his presence, Allégret took to using a long-range telephoto lens for filming. When a scene was specifically staged for the camera, the director attempted to have the individuals involved acting as naturally as possible. He did so by getting them accustomed to the camera before starting to film.

His selection of human subjects was in part influenced by Primitivism. In an attempt to celebrate the "physical beauty, vitality, and moral purity" of Africans, the camera at times focuses on subjects suggesting eroticism. Brett Berliner notes that when the camera depicts "young nude women with firm breasts", it suggests that Allégret's vision of Africa was that of an aestheticized and sensual Garden of Eden—a view that arguably derives from the idealization of the natural man by thinkers of the Age of Enlightenment. In the context of the 1920s, this would contrast Africa with the perceived decadence of Europe. Brett Bowles argues that Allégret's "graceful" shots on the limbs, the backs, and the breasts of subjects dancing or competing in sports is borderline voyeurism and objectification. However, in the 1920s, this apparent fascination with the African body stood in contrast to widely-held European views that black people were neither beautiful nor worthy of artistic depiction.

Allégret devotes 16 minutes of Travels in the Congo to dramatizing the courtship and marriage customs of the Sara people. A fictional melodrama, concerning a young couple striving to win the approval of their respective families, introduces the audience to accurate sociological information of the courting culture of the Sara. The director personally managed all aspects of production of this segment, including the scouting of suitably scenic locations for filming and choosing the locals who portrayed the parts.

Legacy
The documentary was not commercially successful, and failed to leave a mark in French popular culture. It was well received by critics, however, and helped launch a professional career for Allegret. His next few films were short documentary subjects on African locations, such as the island of Djerba and the areas surrounding Tripoli. His debut film itself is considered a pioneering ethnographic film, and its methodology was influential in this genre.

Sources

References

External links

1927 films
1927 documentary films
Black-and-white documentary films
Films directed by Marc Allégret
French black-and-white films
Films set in Chad
Films set in the Republic of the Congo
Films set in the Central African Republic
Films shot in Gabon
Films shot in Chad
Films shot in the Republic of the Congo
Films shot in the Central African Republic
Films set in Gabon
French silent feature films
French documentary films
1920s French films
1920s French-language films

Travels in the Congo (film)


Mårten Oskar Falk (born 1973) is a Swedish classical guitarist. He studied at the Conservatory of the Ecole Normale de Musique de Paris under Alberto Ponce.

Falk has toured in Sweden, Norway, Finland, Germany, Holland, Russia, Ukraine, Japan, Canada, Peru, Chile, Argentina. He has collaborated with composers from many countries, such as Angelo Gilardino and Sven-David Sandström and has made over 100 world premieres of new music.

Mårten Falk has released twelve CDs, including seven solo albums with the company dB Productions, including The Electric Guitar Experience (2004). Falk is also adept at playing the vihuela, baroque guitar, lute, romantic guitar and the Russian seven-stringed guitar.

References

Swedish classical guitarists
1973 births
Living people
21st-century guitarists

Mårten Falk


Ishmael Anthony Miller (born 5 March 1987) is an English former professional footballer who played as a striker.

Beginning his career in the Premier League with Manchester City, he later played in the top flight for West Bromwich Albion where he was part of the team that had won promotion in 2008 and 2010. He spent almost the rest of his career playing in the EFL Championship for Queens Park Rangers, Nottingham Forest, Middlesbrough, Yeovil Town, Blackpool and Huddersfield Town. He later played with Bury, Oldham Athletic and Tranmere Rovers.

Career

Manchester City
Miller was born in Manchester, Greater Manchester and was raised in the Moston district of the city. He signed professionally with Manchester City at the beginning of the 2005–06 season, and featured in a number of pre-season games for the first team. A number of impressive displays for the reserve team led to a competitive first team début, as a substitute in a Premier League match against Wigan Athletic on 18 March 2006. Miller made no further first team appearances that season, but was leading goalscorer for the reserves.

Miller featured regularly in Manchester City's first team pre-season matches in July and August 2006, including a goal in a friendly against Wrexham. He then proceeded to make substitute appearances in four of Manchester City's first six games of the season, and made his full début on 23 September 2006 in a 2–0 victory over West Ham United, and started the move which led to the opening goal. Although known as a striker in youth and reserve football, Miller first played for the Manchester City first team as an attacking midfielder.

Loan to West Bromwich Albion
On 18 July 2007, Miller had been linked with a move to Preston North End. On 13 August 2007, West Bromwich Albion manager Tony Mowbray confirmed that he was interested in taking Miller on a season-long loan. On 15 August Miller completed a season long loan to West Brom with a view to a permanent transfer. "Ishmael will give us a different option up front," Mowbray predicted. "He's a big, quick, powerful lad who is looking for an opportunity to play more regularly. He will increase competition for places with the other strikers we've already got at the club." He scored on his debut for West Bromwich Albion with an individual effort in their 2–0 home win against Preston North End on 18 August. He had been on the pitch for only seven minutes, having replaced Kevin Phillips, the other scorer in the game, in the 66th minute. He scored on his first start for Albion against Ipswich Town and helped the team to a 4–0 victory, before scoring twice in Albion's 4–2 home loss to Cardiff City. Miller's form during October led to his nomination for Championship player of the month, but the award went to Stoke City's on-loan defender Ryan Shawcross. He was further recognised later in November, when he received his first call-up to the England under-21s.

Return to City
In a 5 October interview, City manager Sven-Göran Eriksson confirmed that Miller was still part of his long-term plans. Amongst other things, Eriksson said, "We talked about it and we could not see why he should not have a new contract with us, but we were very keen that he go out on loan and it's working out very well for him" (referring to Miller's new three-year contract signed with Manchester City just as he went on loan), and "I saw the game (Queens Park Rangers) on TV last Sunday, and I thought he was fantastic. When he scored he went looking for someone, which I thought it would be his family or his girlfriend – but then they showed Micah Richards jumping up and down in the crowd!" .

West Bromwich Albion
On the last day of the January 2008 transfer window, Miller signed on a permanent deal to West Brom on a -year contract, for a fee that could rise to £1.4 million. On 9 March 2008 he scored a hat-trick in Albion's 5–1 win at Bristol Rovers in the FA Cup quarter-final. He scored his first Premier League goal in the 2–1 loss to Newcastle on 28 October 2008. His goal in the following game, a 2–2 draw against Blackburn Rovers, earned him the West Bromwich Albion Goal of the Season award. In December 2008, Miller sustained a serious injury to his knee (cruciate ligament) in a collision with Portsmouth goalkeeper David James and missed the rest of the 2008–09 season. Despite this, in October 2009, Miller signed a new contract, keeping him at Albion until June 2014. On 8 January 2010, he made his long-awaited comeback after almost 14 months out as a second-half substitute against Nottingham Forest.

Loan to Queen's Park Rangers
The arrival of Peter Odemwingie and Marc-Antoine Fortune, plus West Brom's preference to operate with a lone striker, restricted Miller's chances of first team football at West Brom. On 21 January 2011, Miller joined Football League Championship leaders Queen's Park Rangers on a 93-day loan. He scored his first and only goal for Rangers as he came off to the bench to grab a last minute winner against Leicester City, this winner proved to be vital as QPR won promotion to the Premier League. At the end of the loan period, he returned to West Bromwich Albion and made a substitute appearance in their defeat at Wolverhampton Wanderers on 8 May 2011.

Nottingham Forest
On 6 August 2011, West Brom manager Roy Hodgson indicated that Ishmael Miller was poised to sign for Nottingham Forest and acknowledged the player's need for regular first team football. However, although confirming initial negotiations had occurred with West Brom, Forest stressed that there had been no contact or talks at that time with either the player or his agent.

On 13 August 2011, Nottingham Forest announced that Miller would sign a three-year contract with the club the following Monday. Miller's transfer from West Brom to Forest was finalised on Monday 15 August. The transfer fee was an initial £1.2 million. West Brom's Sporting & Technical Director, Dan Ashworth, stated: "This move is probably in the best interests of all parties because we can't guarantee Ishmael first-team football and this is a great opportunity for him to hopefully play regularly". Miller said about the transfer: "I have got a point to prove. I've had a few injury problems over the last few years...I need to go out there and show what I can do. I'm relishing the new challenge at this stage of my career".

Miller made his first appearance for Forest as a substitute on 16 August 2011 in an away 1–0 win against Doncaster Rovers. On 24 August 2011, Miller scored his first goals for the club in the League Cup match against Wycombe Wanderers.

In October 2011, Miller was charged with misconduct by FA, and admitted the charge. It related to a post on his Twitter account. Miller had responded angrily on Twitter to fans' comments and was fined £2,500 by the FA for improper conduct and bringing the game into disrepute.

In May 2014, it was announced that Forest had opted not to renew Miller's contract following his various loan spells.

Loan to Middlesbrough
On 24 August 2012, Miller signed for Middlesbrough on a season-long loan. Miller made his debut for Boro' in their 2–1 victory over Crystal Palace on 25 August 2012, in which he started the game and was eventually substituted in the second half by Luke Williams. Miller scored his first goal for the club on 23 October 2012 in a 2–0 home win against Hull City.

Loan to Yeovil Town
On 28 November 2013, Miller joined fellow Championship side Yeovil Town on a months loan until January. Miller made his debut in Yeovil's 3–0 win away at Watford, on 30 November 2013, and scored a goal on his debut. Miller scored his second goal for Yeovil Town with a penalty kick on 7 November 2013, in a 2–2 home draw with Charlton Athletic. Miller returned to Nottingham Forest at the end of his loan spell having scored three goals in seven appearances for Yeovil.

On 23 January 2014, Miller rejoined Yeovil Town on loan until the end of the 2013–14 season. Miller scored a further seven goals in twelve league appearances for Yeovil to take his tally for the season to ten.

On 5 April 2014, Yeovil Town manager Gary Johnson revealed that Miller had played his last game for Yeovil, but would remain at Yeovil on loan unless Nottingham Forest recalled him.

Blackpool
After turning down an offer from Doncaster Rovers, on 22 July 2014 Miller trained with Blackpool and the two parties had almost reached an agreement on a contract, but Miller failed to show up to the signing. On 6 August 2014, Miller signed a one-year deal with the option of a further year ahead of the season opener against former club Nottingham Forest.

Huddersfield Town
On 2 February 2015, Miller joined Huddersfield Town on a short-term deal until the end of the 2014–15 season, with the option of a further year, taking the number 11 shirt recently vacated by Danny Ward. He made his début as a late substitute in the 3–1 win over Millwall on 7 February 2015. His first goal for the club came in the 3–0 win over Reading on 24 February 2015. Miller made 37 appearances for Huddersfield and scored four goals before seeing his contract expire at the end of the 2015–16 season.

Bury
On 14 October 2016, Miller signed for League One side Bury on a free transfer. He was released at the end of the 2016–17 season, having made 3 appearances, all as a substitute.

Oldham Athletic
On 2 August 2018, Miller signed for League Two side Oldham Athletic., but was released from his short-term contract on 3 January 2019

Tranmere Rovers
On 7 January 2019, Miller joined Tranmere Rovers. After two appearances for the club he was injured, and asked the club to stop paying his wages until he was fit again. He signed a new 6-month contract with the club in June 2019, but failed to make any further first team appearances.

Career statistics

Honours
West Bromwich Albion
Football League Championship: 2007–08

Queens Park Rangers
Football League Championship: 2010–11

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
People from Moston, Manchester
Footballers from Manchester
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Manchester City F.C. players
West Bromwich Albion F.C. players
Queens Park Rangers F.C. players
Nottingham Forest F.C. players
Middlesbrough F.C. players
Yeovil Town F.C. players
Blackpool F.C. players
Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players
Bury F.C. players
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Black British sportsmen

Ishmael Miller


Schellekens is a Dutch (mostly patronymic) surname. Schelleken was a diminutive of Germanic names like Schalk and Godschalk (=God's servant) in North Brabant. Dutch surnames similarly derived are Schalken, Schel(l), Schellens, and Scheltens.  People with these surnames include:

Schellekens
Anne Schellekens (born 1986), Dutch rower
Elisabeth Schellekens (born 1970s), British philosopher
Harry Schellekens (born 1952), Dutch football goalkeeper
Imke Schellekens (born 1977), Dutch equestrian
Maarten Schellekens, possible birth name of Martinus Becanus (1563–1624), Jesuit theologian
Paul Schellekens (born 1951), Dutch civil servant and diplomat
Schalken, Schalcken
Godfried Schalcken (1643–1706), Dutch genre and portrait painter
Sjeng Schalken (born 1976), Dutch tennis player
Schellens
 (born 1966), Belgian triathlete
Scheltens
Philip Scheltens (born 1957), Dutch neurologist

See also
Schalk
Schell, a surname with several origins

References

Dutch-language surnames
Patronymic surnames

Schellekens


Byecroft Farm Complex, also known as "Old Congress," is a historic home and farm complex located in Buckingham Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania. The oldest section of the main house was built in 1702, with three later additions.  It consists of a central block with three wings.  The central block was built in 1732, and is a 2 1/2-story, three bay coursed fieldstone structure.  The northeast wing consists of the original one-story structure built in 1702, with a second story added in 1775.  A wing to the southwest was added in 1775, and expanded to 2 1/2-stories about 1830.  In 1934-1935, a 1 1/2-story, two bay, addition was built onto the southwest wing. The house is reflective of the Georgian style.  Also on the property are the contributing Old Bye Barn (c. 1730), carriage house / studio (c. 1775), two-story frame barn, small carriage house / cottage, and pumphouse and well house.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

References

Farms on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Georgian architecture in Pennsylvania
Houses completed in 1935
Houses in Bucks County, Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Bucks County, Pennsylvania
1702 establishments in Pennsylvania

Byecroft Farm Complex


Capital punishment in Abkhazia is only permitted for crimes during wartime, although the country is considered to be abolitionist. Since 2007, a moratorium on the death penalty had been in place. In prior years, Abkhazia sentenced ten people to death for various offenses, but none of those sentences were carried out.

References

Capital punishment

Capital punishment in Abkhazia


Rudolf Neugebauer (21 December 1912  December 1944) was a German SS Hauptsturmführer during the Nazi era. He served as the head of the Vilnius Gestapo (Secret State Police) in German-occupied Lithuania and personally killed Jacob Gens.

Biography
Neugebauer became an SA (Sturmabteilung) of the original paramilitary wing of the NSDAP in 1931 (party number 1086615). In 1938, he joined the SS (SS number: 266047) and worked for the SDHA (Sicherheitsdiensthauptamt), the headquarters of the intelligence agency of the SS and NSDAP.

As the Third Reich annexed Austria, he worked for the Kripo (KriminalPolizei) and the Staatspolizei (state police) in Vienna from 1938 to 1940. He was promoted to Kriminalkommissar of the Prussian zone in 1941.

From February 1942 to October 1943, Neugebauer was Obersturmführer and headed the Vilnius Gestapo as the Vilna Ghetto was in a "quiet" phase. He was a member the Einsatzkommando 3 who took part in the Ponary massacre. He imposed the concept of "collective responsibility" where relatives of someone who escaped were executed. As such he ordered the murders of 32 relatives after the escape of several young Jewish partisans on 24 July 1943. At the end of July 1943, Neugebauer set up economic restrictions on the Jewish activities (e.g. no more night work, exclusion from trading from 4 August 1943). On 3 September, one testimony describes Neugebauer sparing the life of an HKP 52 worker. On 4 September 1943, he murdered Jacob Gens, the leader of the Judenrat (ghetto government), after he reported himself. Gens was accused by the Gestapo of providing money to the FPO (United Partisan Organization). He ordered Bruno Kittel to liquidate the Vilna Ghetto on 22-23 September 1943 and was then transferred to the Kovno Ghetto.

At the end of 1944, he was seconded to Budapest by the Darmstadt Gestapo as the Budapest Ghetto was being created and the Red Army was closing in since the beginning of the offensive on the town in 19 October 1944.

He was awarded the War Merit Cross First Class with swords (Kriegsverdienstkreuz 1.Klasse mit Schwertern) for exceptional service "not in direct connection with combat".

He was buried at the communal cemetery of Salzburg.

See also
Rovno Ghetto
Ponary massacre
Bruno Kittel
Martin Weiss

References

Bibliography
 Dieckmann 2011, Bd. 1, S. 496ff.; Bd. 2, p. 1269ff.
 Gräfe, Karl-Heinz: Vom Donnerkreuz zum Hakenkreuz, Berlin 2010, p. 476
 Eckert, Christina: Die Mordstätte Paneriai (Ponary) bei Vilnius, in: Bartusevičius u.a. (Hg.): Holocaust in Litauen, Köln 2003, p. 132–142

1912 births
1944 deaths
SS-Hauptsturmführer
Holocaust perpetrators in Lithuania
Einsatzgruppen personnel
Vilna Ghetto
Gestapo personnel
Waffen-SS personnel killed in action

Rudolf Neugebauer


Armenian chant (, sharakan) is the melismatic monophonic chant used in the liturgy of the Armenian Apostolic Church and the Armenian Catholic Church.

Armenian chant, like Byzantine chant, consists mainly of hymns. The chants are grouped in a system of eight modes called oktoechos. The oldest hymns were in prose, but later versified hymns, such as those by Nerses Shnorhali, became more prominent. The official book of hymns, the sharakan, contains 1,166 hymns (Šaraknoc').

The earliest surviving manuscripts with music notation date from the 14th century, and use a system of neumes known as Armenian neumes or khaz, which has been in use since the 8th century. In the 19th century a new system of notation, still in use, was introduced by theorist Hamparsum Limonciyan.

Armenian chant is now sung to a precise rhythm, including specific rhythmic patterns, which are atypical of plainsong. This is considered by some scholars (such as P. Aubry) to be a result of Turkish influence, although others (such as R. P. Decevrens) consider it to be of great antiquity and use it as evidence in favor of a more rhythmic interpretation of Gregorian chant.

The chants used by communities in the Armenian Diaspora are usually harmonized and differ from the original forms. The source of the most traditional music is the liturgies at Echmiadzin, the religious center of Armenia.

See also
 Armenian Rite
 Music of Armenia
 Ktsord
 Tagh

References

External links
Armenian Liturgical Chant Ensemble Akn

19th-century music genres
Armenian music
Armenian Apostolic Church
Christian chants

Armenian chant


F major (or the key of F) is a musical major scale starting on F. Its key signature has one flat.

Its relative minor is D minor and its parallel minor is F minor.

F major is the home key of the English horn, the basset horn, the horn in F, the trumpet in F and the bass Wagner tuba. This means that if you want these instruments to sound in F major, you have to write in C major. Most of these sound a perfect fifth lower than written, except the trumpet in F which sounds a perfect fourth higher. (The basset horn also often sounds an octave and a fifth lower.)

Of the six Overtures Francesco Maria Veracini wrote for Prince Friedrich Augustus in Dresden, most are in either F major or B-flat major because the prince's orchestra had a lot of wind instruments that played best in these keys.

List of compositions in F Major
 Brandenburg Concertos Nos 1 & 2 - Johann Sebastian Bach
 Piano Concerto No. 19 - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
 Symphony No. 6 in F Major, Op. 68, "Pastoral" - Ludwig van Beethoven
 Symphony No. 3 in F Major, Op. 90 - Johannes Brahms
 Piano Concerto No. 2 (Shostakovich) - Dimitri Shostakovich
 Concerto No. 3 in F major, Op. 8, RV 293, "L'autunno" - Antonio Vivaldi

Scales and keys

Musical keys
Major scales

he:סולם מז'ורי#פה מז'ור

F major


The Diocese of San Pablo (Latin: Dioecesis Sancti Pauli in Insulis Philippinis, Filipino: Diyosesis ng San Pablo, Spanish: Diócesis de San Pablo) is a Roman Catholic diocese which is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Manila. Its patron saint or titular is Paul the First Hermit, the only one in the world dedicated to him.

Location
The diocese covers the entire province of Laguna. It is bordered southwest by the Archdiocese of Lipa in Batangas, north by the Diocese of Antipolo in Rizal and Laguna de Bay, west by the Diocese of Imus in Cavite, east by the Prelature of Infanta and southeast by the Diocese of Lucena in Quezon, and northwest by the Diocese of Parañaque in Metro Manila.

Ordinaries

History
The seed of Christianity was planted first in the town of Majayjay in 1571, as Augustinian missionaries were in the place and made contact with the natives. Augustinian priests in 1586 erected a parish known as the "Parish of San Pablo delos Montes". It was until 1578 when the Franciscan Apostolic Province of San Gregorio Magno was established in the Philippines and in Laguna. The two missionaries Padre Juan de Plasencia and Padre Diego de Oropesa founded on that same year formal settlements of Lumbang (Lumban) and Pila to become their primary residencia. Later, Peter Baptist, being the Minister Provinciale of the Franciscans in the Philippines, expanded further the establishment of parishes and pueblos, namely of Longos, Pakil, and San Antonio in 1587.

Several religious orders also took hold of parishes and lands, such as the Dominicans (in Binan, Santa Rosa, some in San Pedro and Calamba, even in Cabuyao), the Society of Jesus (in San Pedro and Calamba) and the Augustinians (San Pablo, Bay, and Los Banos; they were later succeeded by Franciscans).

During the Revolution, churches were sacked and its properties, looted; priests were either massacred or escaped or even arrested by the Katipunan. In order to fill the curate of souls, Filipino native priests took possession of these churches.

With the advent of the Americans, there came Masonic ideals in schools and societies. The Philippine Independent Church, known popularly as Aglipayans, took hold of their presence in some towns such as Santa Cruz and Nagcarlan.

To revitalize the Christian life of the faithful in Laguna, missionary activities were made by the Redemptorists and the Jesuits. Devotions to the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus, to the Blessed Virgin of Lourdes, Therese of the Child Jesus, and Flores de Mayo were utilized and prospered in each barrio and towns. Apostolates attracted the local elites.

In 1917, a seminario menor was opened under the auspices of the priests of the Congregation of the Mission until 1941 in San Pablo City.

Until 1910, Laguna was part of the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Manila; thus, the Diocese of San Pablo was carved out from the newly constituted Diocese of Lipa. The new diocese was erected through the Apostolic Constitution Ecclesiarum per ampla on November 28, 1966, by Pope Paul VI.

Pedro Bantigue y Natividad was installed as its first bishop on April 18, 1967, and becoming its Bishop Emeritus in 1995 until his death in 2012. He was succeeded by Francisco San Diego in 1995 who was later transferred as first Bishop of the Diocese of Pasig. Following San Diego appointed as Bishop of Pasig, was succeeded by Leo M. Drona, a Salesian, in 2004. The diocese was recently led by Buenaventura M. Famadico, who was installed as fourth Bishop of San Pablo on March 2, 2013. Pope Francis accepted Famadico's resignation on September 2023, thus placing the diocese in sede vacante.

Coat of arms
On the superior [upper] section of the shield is a crow with a piece of bread in its beak. It symbolizes the providential feeding of Paul the First Hermit during his long sojourn in the desert. Each day, the crow brought a half piece of bread for his physical sustenance. When Anthony the Abbot discovered his presence and stayed for a while. The crow brought a whole loaf of bread to signify that God takes care of the needs of his two faithful servants.

On the inferior section of the shield is the nine blue and white circles and a blue lake. The nine blue and white circles represent the nine lakes that are found in the province of Laguna and the City of San Pablo. In San Pablo, the city of the Seven Lakes, we encounter the lakes of Sampaloc, Bunot, Palakpakin, Kalibato, Mohicap, Pandin and Yambo. The eighth circle represents the man-made Lake Caliraya, and the ninth circle represents the great freshwater lake La Laguna de Bae that gave the province its name.

The blue lake is the actual shape of the Laguna de Bae, the principal natural geographical formation that gave the province its name and forms the natural boundary between the province and the province of Rizal and Metro Manila. The diocese chose the words of Psalm 92:12: "Iustus ut Palma Florebit," (and the just will flourish like the Palm tree) as its motto.

Feast day
The feast day of the diocese is celebrated every January 15. The anniversary of the dedication of the cathedral is a day before the feast day, every January 14. For the cathedral itself, it is ranked with solemnity (I class; Double I class with common octave in the whole diocese), but for the parishes in its jurisdiction, it is celebrated with a rank of feast. The same principle goes with the feast of the patron the next day.

Seminaries
Because of the shortage of priests in the diocese, there have been several priests that were incardinated into the diocese. With Pedro Bantigue as the newly appointed bishop at that time, he established a seminary, following the canonical erection of the Diocese of San Pablo.

The San Pablo Minor Seminary was opened in 1968, but was eventually closed in 1981. In that same year, the major seminary of the diocese was established, namely, the Saint Peter's College Seminary, in order to stress the obedience of those under the diocese towards the See of Peter. It was inaugurated on July 6, 1981, under Elias O. Poblete. It is currently located in Barangay Concepcion, San Pablo and serves as the philosophy college seminary of the diocese.

The other seminary, the San Pablo Theological Formation House, is located in Tagaytay, Cavite, serves as the formation house for the theology seminarians of the diocese. It was named after Saint Paul the Apostle, as it was formerly named after the patron of the diocese, Saint Paul the First Hermit.

See also
Roman Catholic churches in Laguna

References

External links

Catholic Hierarchy: Diocese of San Pablo
Official Website of the Diocese of San Pablo

San Pablo
San Pablo
Christian organizations established in 1966
Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century
San Pablo, Laguna
Religion in Laguna (province)

Roman Catholic Diocese of San Pablo


Otto Ferdinand Georg Kern (14 February 1863 in Schulpforte (now part of Bad Kösen) – 31 January 1942 in Halle an der Saale) was a German classical philologist, archaeologist and epigraphist. He specialized in the field of ancient Greek religion, being known for his investigations of Greek mystery cults and Orphism, as well as the ancient city of Magnesia on the Maeander and later also the history of ancient studies. In 1907 he became professor at the University of Halle-Wittenberg, where he became rector in 1915/16.

Biography

Early life
Otto Kern was born near Naumburg an der Saale. His father Franz Kern was a senior teacher at the Pforta State School at the time, and later became the school's headmaster. Otto's mother was the 14 years younger Clara Kern, born Runge. His father introduced him at an early age to the Greeks and to German literature, especially Goethe. In Stettin, Otto Kern attended grammar school, where his religion teacher Anton Jonas introduced him to the history of religion. From 1883 to 1887 he studied classical philology and archaeology at the universities of Berlin and Göttingen. His lecturers there were renowned scientists such as Ernst Curtius, Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff as well as Hermann Diels and Carl Robert, whose lives he later examined in a biography. Kern received his doctorate on 21 January 1888 in Berlin with his dissertation De Orphei Epimenidis Pherecydis theogoniis quaestiones criticae. After his doctorate he worked in Berlin as assistant to Carl Robert until 1889.

Career
In the following years (from 1889) he worked as an archaeologist in Italy, Greece and Asia Minor. From 1889 to 1891 he was a scholarship holder of the German Archaeological Institute (DAI) and was able to travel the Mediterranean region. From 1891 he dug together with Carl Humann in the ancient city of Magnesia at the Mäander. He also dealt with this city in his postdoctoral thesis on the history of the foundation of Magnesia on the Maeander from 1894.

In 1894 he qualified as a private lecturer for classical philology in Berlin, where he also worked as an assistant in the sculpture department of the Royal Museums. In 1897 Kern was appointed associate professor at the University of Rostock. from 1900 he was full professor there. In 1907 he moved to the University of Halle-Wittenberg, where he was elected Rector in 1915/16. In Halle he founded the religious-historical working group "Thiasos".

In 1922 he refused a call to the University of Hamburg. Before his retirement in 1931 he travelled 1925-1926 again to Thessaly. He received two honorary doctorates from the University of Halle:

 1929 from the Faculty of Law and Political Science,
 1930 from the Faculty of Theology.

Later life and death
In 1937 he was elected a corresponding member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences.

Kern became a member of the right-wing radical German Fatherland Party and then of the German National People's Party (DNVP).

Otto Kern died on 31 January 1942 at the age of 78. Parts of his estate are in the possession of the Göttingen University Library (Wilamowitz biography), the Central Archive of the National Museums in Berlin (materials on the Pozzo drawings) and the Archive of the German Archaeological Institute (a letter).

Works
Among his better written efforts was a three part work on the religious history of ancient Greece, "Die Religion der Griechen" (1926–38):
 Vol. 1. Von den Anfängen bis Hesiod – Prior to Hesiod.
 Vol. 2. Die Hochblüte bis zum Ausgange des fünften Jahrhunderts – The Golden Age up until the start of the 5th century BC.
 Vol. 3. Von Platon bis Kaiser Julian – From Plato up to the Emperor Julian.
Other significant works by Kern include:
 Die Gründungsgeschichte von Magnesia am Maiandros, 1894 – The founding history of Magnesia on the Maeander.
 Beiträge zur Geschichte der griechischen Philosophie und Religion (with Paul Wendland), 1895 – Contributions to the history of Greek philosophy and religion.
 Ueber die Anfänge der hellenischen Religion, 1902 – On the beginnings of Hellenic religion.
 Eleusinische Beiträge, 1909 – Eleusinian contributions.
 Nord-griechische Skizzen, 1912 – Sketches of northern Greece.
 "Inscriptiones Graecae", 1913.
 Orpheus. Eine religionsgeschichtliche Untersuchung, 1920 – Orpheus; a religious-historical study.
 "Orphicorum fragmenta", 1922. Internet Archive.

References

1863 births
1942 deaths
People from Naumburg (Saale)
People from the Province of Saxony
Linguists from Germany
German philologists
20th-century German historians
Archaeologists from Saxony-Anhalt
German male non-fiction writers
Academic staff of the University of Rostock
19th-century German historians

Otto Kern