The Quiet Ones is a 2014 British supernatural horror film directed by John Pogue, loosely based on the Philip experiment, a 1972 parapsychology experiment conducted in Toronto. It stars Jared Harris as a university professor attempting to prove poltergeists are manifestations of the human psyche and not supernatural beings. The film was released on April 10, 2014, in the United Kingdom and April 25, 2014, in the United States.

Plot
In 1974, a student attends the class of Oxford University's Professor Joseph Coupland, who wishes to prove that the supernatural does not exist. Coupland shows a video of a possessed boy and explains that research will be done to find a cure for this kind of disorder. One of his students, Brian McNeil, is invited to film the experiment process and joins Coupland, his two assistants Krissi Dalton and Harry Abrams, and their subject Jane Harper, a young woman who generates strange phenomena and has been abandoned. Jane is generally kept locked in a room with loud rock music playing during the daytime to prevent her from sleeping in the hopes that the regimen of sleep deprivation will result in increased activity.

Once his funding is taken away by an exasperated College Board that is both annoyed about the disturbances he makes and his lack of results, Coupland and his assistants settle in an isolated house in the countryside to keep experimenting on Jane. Her negative energy takes the form of "Evey", an infant doll-like creature that only Jane sees. Coupland instructs Jane to transfer her negative energy into a physical doll so they can destroy it. The further the researchers drive Jane to insanity with their methods, the stranger things get around the house. Brian is upset by the way Jane is treated and the lack of ethics in the experiment. Evey's apparitions become increasingly aggressive, and Jane begins to harm herself. There are also indicators that any attempt to harm Evey harms Jane.

Coupland refuses to stop the inhumane experimentation. He is irrevocably convinced that "Evey" is merely a conventionally treatable, psychological disorder in Jane's head, but the others become convinced over time that Evey is a real, malevolent, supernatural force. Brian and Jane become closer and share a kiss. When the group experience another attack by Evey, Brian goes to Oxford, where he discovers that a symbol that was marked into Jane is from a cult who worshiped a Sumerian demon. They performed experiments on a young girl a few years ago; their leader believed that Evey Dwyer, a girl with clairvoyant abilities, was the one to bring their "idol" into the physical world. Everybody in the cult died in a house fire that Evey set, including Evey herself. Brian returns and tells them about the cult, certain that Evey is a demonic presence who is possessing Jane. He convinces Harry and Krissi, but Coupland denies his theory and responds that Evey must be a figment from Jane's past rather than a demonic force.

After a heated argument, the group are marked with the same symbol Jane had. An unknown force murders Krissi and Harry. Jane realizes that she was the little girl that supposedly died in the house fire; she was born with clairvoyant powers and had set the house on fire to kill everyone. The authorities changed her name to Jane to give her a normal life, which is why negative energy is manifesting; Evey is not a demon, she is Jane's real identity (one who can't escape the trauma of her past life). Evey then attacks Brian, only for them both to be knocked out by Coupland. When Brian wakes up, he sees Coupland give Jane a lethal injection, as he thinks stopping her heart long enough for the negative energy to dissipate will permanently cure her. However, before Coupland can prove his theory, Brian subdues Coupland and brings Jane back to life. Once revived, Jane locks him out of the room and commits suicide by setting herself on fire.

The screen cuts to film footage, apparently from several months later, showing Brian sitting in a chair and holding a camera. An unseen speaker asks him about the deaths, to which Brian replies that everything was captured on film. The speaker replies that there is nothing on the film, and that everything in the house, including the films, were destroyed by the fire. When the speaker asks if Brian is responsible, Brian laughs manically and his hand starts to smoke, just as Jane's did.

Cast

In addition, Daisy Ridley appears in a still mock photograph (meant to represent the 'real' people the movie's based on) during the film's end credits of the film as Jane Harper.

Production
Hammer Film Productions began principal photography of the film on 12 June 2012 in England. Filming started in July in Oxfordshire. The film's director is John Pogue and it was first written by Tom DeVille and then revised by Craig Rosenberg, Oren Moverman, and Pogue. Ben Holden and James Gay-Rees produced the film, while Glenn Garland was the editor and Matyas Erdely was the cinematographer. Camille Brenda was the costume designer of the film.

Principal photography began on 12 June 2012 by Hammer Film Productions. Later in July filming began in Oxfordshire and Hertfordshire. Filming took place at Merton College and the Bodleian Library in Oxford. Hammer Films wrapped the filming on 16 July 2012.

Release
Lionsgate Films acquired the rights to distribute the film in the United Kingdom and United States. It released the film on 11 April 2014 in the UK and 25 April in the US. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 19 August 2014.

Reception

Box office
The film grossed $3,880,053 in its opening weekend. The film grossed $8,509,867 in the US and $9,325,000 internationally; the worldwide total is $17,834,867.

Critical reception
The film holds a rating of 37% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 83 reviews, with an average rating of 4.8/10. The website's critical consensus states: "While it definitely sports a few palpable scares, The Quiet Ones finds Hammer Films trading too heavily on old glories." The film has a 41/100 on Metacritic based on 24 reviews.

References

External links

 The Quiet Ones at ComingSoon.net
 The Quiet Ones at Hammer Film Productions

2014 films
2014 horror films
2010s ghost films
2014 independent films
2010s supernatural horror films
British films based on actual events
British ghost films
British independent films
British supernatural horror films
2010s English-language films
Films about spirit possession
Films directed by John Pogue
Films scored by Lucas Vidal
Films set in 1974
Films shot in Oxfordshire
Films with screenplays by Oren Moverman
Hammer Film Productions horror films
Horror films based on actual events
Lionsgate films
2010s British films

The Quiet Ones (2014 film)


The State Entrance Examination - Uttar Pradesh Technical University(SEE-UPTU) (formerly known as UPSEAT) is an annual college entrance examination in Uttar Pradesh for engineering, architecture, pharmacy and management courses. All institutions affiliated to Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University (formally Uttar Pradesh Technical University) admit students through centralized counselling of SEE-UPTU. The private institutions may, however, admit 15% of the total intake directly. The exam is conducted by Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University. It is one of the highly reputed exams of India.

Examination format
As per the new format, it has two papers. The syllabus of the examination is based on topics covered by the Board of High School and Intermediate Education Uttar Pradesh, Central Board of Secondary Education and Indian School Certificate board examinations, though all topics are not included in the syllabus. The pattern of questions in the exam is almost fixed. Currently, the examination has objective type question paper for all the subjects and uses machine-readable Optical mark recognition answer sheets. There is no negative marking for incorrect answers.

History
It was started in 1959.

Seats

As per the statistics, the number of applicants, each year, is progressive. In 2008, the number of applicants almost touched 3,12,000. Whereas, in 2015, total 3,48,453 registrations are confirmed. There are many private and government institutions affiliated to aktu. As per statistics, to get a seat in a good government institutions, an applicant must have rank below 3000.

See also
List of colleges affiliated to Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University (AKTU)
JEE-Advanced, an entrance test for Indian Institutes of Technology
JEE-Main, an entrance test for Engineering and Architecture courses other than IITs

External links

Standardised tests in India
Education in Uttar Pradesh
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University
Engineering entrance examinations in India
1959 establishments in Uttar Pradesh

SEE-UPTU


Robin Hood Flour is a brand of flour made by the Horizon Milling division of Cargill. The brand is marketed to the food service and industrial section by Horizon Milling and the consumer retail sector by The J.M. Smucker Company.

History

Originally established as a brand of the Moose Jaw Milling Company by miller Donald Mclean in 1900. New Prague Flouring Mill (of Minnesota), owned by Francis Atherton Bean of Minneapolis, purchased the mill in 1909. The company manufactured flour under the brand names Keynote, Saskana and Robin Hood.

Acquisitions

Through a series of acquisitions and restructurings, the company became International Multifoods Corporation in 1970. The Moose Jaw mill closed in 1966 due to excess capacity; the mill was demolished but the grain bins and elevator are still in use as an inland terminal owned and operated by Parrish and Heimbecker Ltd.

The newer Saskatoon mill (built in 1928) continues to manufacture the Robin Hood brand flour.

In June 2004, The J.M. Smucker Company purchased three milling facilities in Canada from International Multifoods, including the Robin Hood brand. In 2006, Smuckers announced the sale of the milling facilities in Canada for US$78 million to Horizon Milling G.P., a unit of Cargill. Under the agreement, Horizon Milling owns and operates the Canadian mills in Saskatoon, Montreal and Burlington that manufacture Robin Hood branded products. Horizon Milling markets Robin Hood products directly to the food service and industrial sector in Canada, U.S. and Caribbean. Smuckers continues to market Robin Hood products to the retail market.

See also
Arthur H. Hider

References

External links
Robin Hood Flour Canada website

Cargill
Flour
The J.M. Smucker Co. brands
Companies based in Saskatoon
Companies based in Markham, Ontario

Robin Hood Flour


Simone Michel-Lévy (19 January 1906 – 13 April 1945) was a French Resistance worker. She had several pseudonyms – Emma, Françoise, Madame Royale, Mademoiselle Flaubert or Madame Bertrand - and is one of 6 female compagnons de la Libération (decreed on 26 September 1945).

World War II
Joining the staff of the PTT in 1924, she was allowed into the rédacteurs course in 1941 and made regional director of telephones, in which role she got involved in the "commutation" of telephonic communication, in Paris. This was a strategic position, which she used to set up a clandestine information network, in particular communication with Normandy, where her activities allowed the establishment of a radio network later used at the time of D-Day. Her Resistance activity went further, however - she organised a courier system to get messages to England, diverted telegraph and telephone material to Resistance groups, and sabotaged departures for the STO.

She was arrested by the Gestapo on 5 November 1943 and tortured by Georges Delfanne. Without having given away even her name, she was deported to Ravensbrück, then Flossenbürg, where she managed to organise a rising against the camp guards.  It was for this that she was hanged ten days before the camp was liberated by the Allies.

Legacy
Simone Michel-Lévy was one of twenty-six Resistance members to be commemorated in the Heroes of the Resistance postage stamp series. In 2006, la Place Simone Michel-Lévy was established in Paris to honor her contributions to the French Resistance movement.

Sources
 Messages des PTT, n° 342, December 1984: "Quarante ans après l'histoire s'entrouvre. Les agents des PTT et la Résistance."

External links
  Biography on the Ordre de la Libération site
 The Execution of Simone Michel-Lévy, Hélène Lignier and Noémie Suchet
  Page 197 describes deciphered messages ordering execution and reporting result.

1906 births
1945 deaths
People from Jura (department)
French Resistance members
Companions of the Liberation
French people executed abroad
People who died in Flossenbürg concentration camp
Resistance members who died in Nazi concentration camps
French civilians killed in World War II
People executed by Nazi Germany by hanging
French people executed in Nazi concentration camps
Executed people from Franche-Comté
Resistance members killed by Nazi Germany

Simone Michel-Lévy


Bob Jones University (BJU) is a private evangelical university in Greenville, South Carolina. It is known for its conservative cultural and religious positions. The university, with approximately 3,000 students, is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC) and the Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools. In 2017, the university estimated the number of its graduates at 40,184.

History

During the Fundamentalist-Modernist controversy of the 1920s, Christian evangelist Bob Jones Sr. grew increasingly concerned about what he perceived to be the secularization of higher education and the influence of religious liberalism in denominational colleges. Jones recalled that in 1924, his friend William Jennings Bryan had leaned over to him at a Bible conference service in Winona Lake, Indiana and said, "If schools and colleges do not quit teaching evolution as a fact, we are going to become a nation of atheists." Though Jones was not a college graduate, he was determined to found a college. On September 12, 1927, Jones opened Bob Jones College in Panama City, Florida, with 88 students. Jones said that although he had been averse to naming the school after himself, his friends overcame his reluctance "with the argument that the school would be called by that name because of my connection with it, and to attempt to give it any other name would confuse the people".

Bob Jones took no salary from the college. Jones supported the school with personal savings and income from his evangelistic campaigns. Both time and place were inauspicious. The Florida land boom had peaked in 1925, and a hurricane in September 1926 further reduced land values. The Great Depression followed hard on its heels. Bob Jones College barely survived bankruptcy and its move to Cleveland, Tennessee in 1933. In the same year, the college also ended participation in intercollegiate sports. Nevertheless, Jones's move to Cleveland proved extraordinarily advantageous. Bankrupt at the nadir of the Depression, without a home and with barely enough money to move its library and office furniture, the college became the largest liberal arts college in Tennessee thirteen years later. With the enactment of the GI Bill at the end of World War II, the need for campus expansion to accommodate increased enrollment led to a relocation to South Carolina.

Though Jones had served as acting president as early as 1934, his son, Bob Jones Jr. officially became the school's second president in 1947 before the college moved to Greenville, South Carolina, and became Bob Jones University. In Greenville, the university more than doubled in size within two years and started a radio station, film department, and art gallery—the latter of which eventually became one of the largest collections of religious art in the Western Hemisphere.

During the late 1950s, BJU and alumnus Billy Graham, who had attended Bob Jones College for one semester and received an honorary degree from the university in 1948, engaged in a controversy about the propriety of theological conservatives cooperating with theological liberals to support evangelistic campaigns, a controversy that widened an already growing rift between separatist fundamentalists and other evangelicals. Negative publicity caused by the dispute precipitated a decline in BJU enrollment of about 10% in the years 1956–59, and seven members of the university board (of about a hundred) also resigned in support of Graham, including Graham himself and two of his staff members. When, in 1966, Graham held his only American campaign in Greenville, the university forbade any BJU dormitory student from attending under penalty of expulsion. Enrollment quickly rebounded, and by 1970, there were 3,300 students, approximately 60% more than in 1958.

In 1971, Bob Jones III became president at age 32, though his father, with the title of Chancellor, continued to exercise considerable administrative authority into the late 1990s. At the 2005 commencement, Stephen Jones was installed as the fourth president, and Bob Jones III assumed the title of chancellor. Stephen Jones resigned in 2014 for health reasons, and evangelist Steve Pettit was named president, the first unrelated to the Jones family.

In 2011, the university became a member of the Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools (TRACS) and reinstated intercollegiate athletics. In March 2017, the university regained its federal tax exemption after a complicated restructuring divided the organization into for-profit and non-profit entities, and in June 2017, it was granted accreditation by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.

In March 2023, Pettit resigned, effective May 5, citing his inability to work with the chairman of the university's board of trustees. Shortly thereafter, the president of the board also resigned.

Academics
The university comprises seven colleges and schools offering more than 60 undergraduate majors, including fourteen associate degree programs. Many of the university employees consider their positions as much ministries as jobs. It is common for retiring professors to have served the university for more than forty years, a circumstance that has contributed to the stability and conservatism of an institution of higher learning that has virtually no endowment and at which faculty salaries are "sacrificial".

Religious education

School of Religion
The School of Religion includes majors for both men and women, although only men train as ministerial students. Many of these students go on to a seminary after completing their undergraduate education. Others take ministry positions straight from college, and rising juniors participate in a church internship program to prepare them for pastoral ministry. In 1995, 1,290 BJU graduates were serving as senior or associate pastors in churches across the United States. In 2017 more than 100 pastors in the Upstate alone were BJU graduates.

Position on the King James Version of the Bible
The university uses the King James Version (KJV) of the Bible in its services and classrooms, but it does not hold the KJV to be the only acceptable English translation or that it has the same authority as the original Hebrew and Greek manuscripts. The King-James-Only Movement—or more correctly, movements, since it has many variations—became a divisive force in fundamentalism as conservative, modern Bible translations, such as the New American Standard Bible (NASB) and the New International Version (NIV), began to appear in the 1970s. BJU has taken the position that orthodox Christians of the late 19th and early 20th centuries (including fundamentalists) agreed that while the KJV was a substantially accurate translation, only the original manuscripts of the Bible written in Hebrew and Greek were infallible and inerrant. Bob Jones Jr. called the KJV-only position a "heresy" and "in a very definite sense, a blasphemy".

Fine arts
The Division of Fine Arts has the largest faculty of the university's six undergraduate schools. Each year, the university presents an opera in the spring semester and Shakespearean plays in both the fall and spring semesters.  The Division of Fine Arts includes an RTV department with a campus radio and television station, WBJU. More than a hundred concerts, recitals, and laboratory theater productions are also presented annually.

Each fall, as a recruiting tool, the university sponsors a "High School Festival" in which students compete in music, art, and speech (including preaching) contests with their peers from around the country. In the spring, a similar competition sponsored by the American Association of Christian Schools, and hosted by BJU since 1977, brings thousands of national finalists to the university from around the country. In 2005, 120 of the finalists from previous years returned to BJU as freshmen.

Science

Bob Jones University supports young-earth creationism, all their biology faculty are young Earth creationists and the university rejects evolution, calling it "at best an unsupportable and unworkable hypothesis".

According to the BJU website, "More than 80% of our premed graduates are accepted to medical or dental school within a year of graduation." The Department of Biology hosts two research programs on campus, one in cancer research, the other in animal behavior. Although ten of the sixteen members of the science faculty have bachelor's degrees from BJU, all earned their doctorates from accredited, non-religious institutions of higher learning.

The university's nursing major is approved by the South Carolina State Board of Nursing, and a BJU graduate with a BSN is eligible to take the National Council Licensure Examination to become a registered nurse. The BJU engineering program is accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET).

Accreditation and rankings
Bob Jones Sr. was leery of academic accreditation almost from the founding of the college, and by the early 1930s, he had publicly stated his opposition to holding regional accreditation. Jones and the college were criticized for this stance, and academic recognition, as well as student and faculty recruitment, were hindered.

In 1944, Jones wrote to John Walvoord of Dallas Theological Seminary that while the university had "no objection to educational work highly standardized…. We, however, cannot conscientiously let some group of educational experts or some committee of experts who may have a behavioristic or atheistic slant on education control or even influence the administrative policies of our college." Five years later, Jones reflected that "it cost us something to stay out of an association, but we stayed out. We have lived up to our convictions." In any case, lack of accreditation seems to have made little difference during the post-war period, when the university more than doubled in size.

Because graduates did not benefit from accredited degrees, the faculty felt an increased responsibility to prepare their students. Early in the history of the college, there had been some hesitancy on the part of other institutions to accept BJU credits at face value, but by the 1960s, BJU alumni were being accepted by most of the major graduate and professional schools in the United States. Undoubtedly helpful was that some of the university's strongest programs were in the areas of music, speech, and art, disciplines in which ability could be measured by audition or portfolio rather than through paper qualifications.

Nevertheless, by the early 2000s, the university quietly reexamined its position on accreditation as degree mills proliferated, and some government agencies, such as local police departments, began excluding BJU graduates because the university did not appear on appropriate federal lists. In 2004, the university began the process of joining the Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools. Candidate status—effectively, accreditation—was obtained in April 2005, and full membership in the Association was conferred in November 2006. In December 2011, BJU announced its intention to apply for regional accreditation with the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACSCOC), and it received that accreditation in 2017.

In 2017, US News ranked BJU as #61 (tie) in Regional Universities South
and #7 in Best Value Schools.

Political involvement
As a twelve-year-old, Bob Jones Sr. made a twenty-minute speech in defense of the Populist Party. Jones was a friend and admirer of William Jennings Bryan but also campaigned throughout the South for Herbert Hoover (and against Al Smith) during the 1928 presidential election. Even the authorized history of BJU notes that both Bob Jones Sr. and Bob Jones Jr. "played political hardball" when dealing with the three municipalities in which the school was successively located. For instance, in 1962, Bob Jones Sr. warned the Greenville City Council that he had "four hundred votes in his pocket and in any election he would have control over who would be elected."

Bob Jones Sr.'s April 17, 1960, Easter Sunday sermon, broadcast on the radio, entitled "Is Segregation Scriptural?" served as the university position paper on race in the 60s, 70s, and 80s. The transcript was sent in pamphlet form in fund-raising letters and sold in the university bookstore. In the sermon, Jones states, "If you are against segregation and against racial separation, then you are against God Almighty." The school began a long history of supporting politicians who were considered aligned with racial segregation.

Republican Party ties

From nearly the inception of Bob Jones College, a majority of students and faculty were from the northern United States, where there was a larger ratio of Republicans to Democrats than in the South (which was solidly Democratic). Therefore, almost from its founding year, BJU had a larger portion of Republicans than the surrounding community. After South Carolina Senator Strom Thurmond switched his allegiance to the Republican Party in 1964, BJU faculty members became increasingly influential in the new state Republican party. BJU alumni were elected to local political and party offices. In 1976, candidates supported by BJU faculty and alumni captured the local Republican party with unfortunate short-term political consequences, but by 1980 the religious right and the "country club" Republicans had joined forces. From then on, most Republican candidates for local and statewide offices sought the endorsement of Bob Jones III and greeted faculty/staff voters at the University Dining Common.

National Republicans soon followed. Ronald Reagan spoke at the school in 1980, although the Joneses supported his opponent, John Connally, in the South Carolina primary. Later, Bob Jones III denounced Reagan as "a traitor to God's people" for choosing George H. W. Bush—whom Jones called a "devil"—as his vice president. Even later, Jones III shook Bush's hand and thanked him for being a good president. In the 1990s, other Republicans such as Dan Quayle, Pat Buchanan, Phil Gramm, Bob Dole, and Alan Keyes also spoke at BJU. Democrats were rarely invited to speak at the university, in part because they took political and social positions (especially support for abortion rights) opposed by the Religious Right.

2000 election
On February 2, 2000, then Texas Governor George W. Bush, as a candidate for president, spoke during school's chapel hour. Bush gave a standard stump speech, making no specific reference to the university. His political opponents quickly noted his non-mention of the university's ban on interracial dating. During the Michigan primary, Bush was also criticized for not stating his opposition to the university's anti-Catholicism. The McCain campaign targeted Catholics with "Catholic Voter Alert" phone calls, reminding voters of Bush's visit to BJU. New York Republican Representative Peter King, who was supporting John McCain in the presidential primary, called Bush a tool of "anti-Catholic bigoted forces", after the visit. King described BJU as "an institution that is notorious in Ireland for awarding an honorary doctorate to Northern Ireland's tempestuous Protestant leader, Ian Paisley." Bush denied that he either knew of or approved what he regarded as BJU's intolerant policies. On February 26, Bush issued a formal letter of apology to Cardinal John Joseph O'Connor of New York for failing to denounce Bob Jones University's history of anti-Catholic statements. Bush said at a news conference following the letter's release, "I make no excuses. I had an opportunity and I missed it. I regret that....I wish I had gotten up then and seized the moment to set a tone, a tone that I had set in Texas, a positive and inclusive tone." Also during the 2000 Republican primary campaign in South Carolina, Richard Hand, a BJU professor, spread a false e-mail rumor that John McCain had fathered an illegitimate child. The McCains have an adopted daughter from Bangladesh, and later push polling also implied that the child was biracial.

Withdrawal from politics
Although the March 2007 issue of Foreign Policy listed BJU as one of "The World's Most Controversial Religious Sites" because of its past influence on American politics, BJU has seen little political controversy since Stephen Jones became president. When asked by a Newsweek reporter if he wished to play a political role, Stephen Jones replied, "It would not be my choice." Further, when asked if he felt ideologically closer to his father's engagement with politics or to other evangelicals who have tried to avoid civic involvement, Jones answered, "The gospel is for individuals. The main message we have is to individuals. We're not here to save the culture." In a 2005 Washington Post interview, Jones dodged political questions and even admitted that he was embarrassed by "some of the more vitriolic comments" made by his predecessors. "I don't want to get specific," Jones said, "But there were things said back then that I wouldn't say today." In October 2007, when Bob Jones III, as "a private citizen," endorsed Mitt Romney for the Republican nomination for president, Stephen Jones made it clear that he wished "to stay out of politics" and that neither he nor the university had endorsed anyone. Despite a hotly contested South Carolina primary, none of the candidates appeared on the platform of BJU's Founders' Memorial Amphitorium during the 2008 election cycle. In April 2008, Stephen Jones told a reporter, "I don't think I have a political bone in my body."

Renewed political engagement
In 2015 BJU reemerged as a campaign stop for conservative Republicans. Ben Carson and Ted Cruz held large on-campus rallies on two successive days in November. BJU president Steve Pettit met with Marco Rubio, Rick Perry, Mike Huckabee, and Scott Walker. Jeb Bush, Carson, Cruz, and Rubio also appeared at a 2016 Republican presidential forum at BJU. Chip Felkel, a Greenville Republican consultant, noted that some candidates closely identified "with the folks at Bob Jones. So it makes sense for them to want to be there."  Nevertheless, unlike BJU's earlier periods of political involvement, Pettit did not endorse a candidate.

According to Furman University political science professor Jim Guth, because Greenville has grown so much recently, it is unlikely BJU will ever again have the same political influence it had between the 1960s and the 1980s. Nevertheless, about a quarter of all BJU graduates continue to live in the Upstate, and as long-time mayor Knox White has said, "The alumni have had a big impact on every profession and walk of life in Greenville."

Campus
The university occupies 205 acres at the eastern city limit of Greenville. The institution moved into its initial 25 buildings during the 1947–48 school year, and later buildings were also faced with the light yellow brick chosen for the originals.

Museum and gallery

Bob Jones Jr. was a connoisseur of European art from his teen years and began collecting after World War II on about $30,000 a year authorized by the University Board of Directors. Jones first concentrated on the Italian Baroque, a style then out of favor and relatively inexpensive in the years immediately following the war. The museum's collection currently includes more than 400 European paintings from the 14th through the 19th centuries, period furniture, and a notable collection of Russian icons. The museum also includes a variety of Holy Land antiquities.
The gallery is strong in Baroque paintings and includes notable works by Rubens, Tintoretto, Veronese, Cranach, Gerard David, Murillo, Mattia Preti, Ribera, van Dyck, and Gustave Doré. Included in the Museum & Gallery collection are seven large canvases, part of a series by Benjamin West painted for George III, called "The Progress of Revealed Religion", which are displayed in the War Memorial Chapel. The museum also includes a variety of Holy Land antiquities collected in the early 20th century by missionaries Frank and Barbara Bowen.

Every Easter, the university and the Museum & Gallery present the Living Gallery, a series of tableaux vivants recreating noted works of religious art using live models disguised as part of two-dimensional paintings.

BJU has been criticized by some fundamentalists for promoting "false Catholic doctrine" through its art gallery because much of Baroque art was created for the Counter-Reformation.

A painting by Lucas van Leyden that had been displayed in the gallery's collection for more than ten years and had been consigned to Sotheby's for sale was recognized by Interpol as art that had been stolen by the Nazis from the Mittelrhein-Museum in Koblenz. The painting was eventually returned to Germany after months of negotiations between the Mittelrhein-Museum and Julius H. Weitzner (1896–1986), a noted dealer in Old Master paintings.

After the death of Bob Jones Jr., Erin Jones, the wife of BJU president Stephen Jones, became director. According to David Steel, curator of European art at the North Carolina Museum of Art, Erin Jones "brought that museum into the modern era", employing "a top-notch curator, John Nolan", and following "best practices in conservation and restoration". The museum cooperates with other institutions, lending works for outside shows such as a Rembrandt exhibit in 2011.

In 2008, the BJU Museum & Gallery opened a satellite location, the Museum & Gallery at Heritage Green near downtown Greenville, which featured rotating exhibitions from the main museum and interactive children's activities. In February 2017, the Museum & Gallery closed both locations permanently. In 2018, the museum announced that a new home would be built at a yet undetermined located off the BJU campus. In 2021, Erin Jones said the museum was exploring a permanent home near the proposed downtown conference center.

Library

The  Mack Library (named for John Sephus Mack) holds a collection of more than 300,000 books and includes seating for 1,200 as well as a computer lab and a computer classroom. (Its ancillary, a music library, is included in the Gustafson Fine Arts Center.) Mack Library's Special Collections includes an American Hymnody Collection of about 700 titles. The "Jerusalem Chamber" is a replica of the room in Westminster Abbey in which work on the King James Version of the Bible was conducted, and it displays a collection of rare Bibles. An adjoining Memorabilia Room commemorates the life of Bob Jones Sr. and the history of the university.

The library's Fundamentalism File collects periodical articles and ephemera about social and religious matters of interest to evangelicals and fundamentalists. The University Archives holds copies of all university publications, oral histories of faculty and staff members, surviving remnants of university correspondence, and pictures and artifacts related to the Jones family and the history of the university.

Ancillary ministries

Unusual Films
Both Bob Jones Sr. and Bob Jones Jr. believed that film could be an excellent medium for mass evangelism, and in 1950, the university established Unusual Films within the School of Fine Arts. (The studio name derives from a former BJU promotional slogan, "The World's Most Unusual University".) Bob Jones Jr. selected a speech teacher, Katherine Stenholm, as the first director. Although she had no experience in cinema, she took summer courses at the University of Southern California and received personal instruction from Hollywood specialists, such as Rudolph Sternad.

Unusual Films has produced seven feature-length films, each with an evangelistic emphasis: Wine of Morning, Red Runs the River, Flame in the Wind, Sheffey, Beyond the Night, The Printing, and Milltown Pride. Wine of Morning (1955), based on a novel by Bob Jones Jr., represented the United States at the Cannes Film Festival. The first four films are historical dramas set, respectively, in the time of Christ, the U.S. Civil War, 16th-century Spain, and the late 19th-century South—the latter a fictionalized treatment of the life of Methodist evangelist, Robert Sayers Sheffey. Beyond the Night closely follows an actual 20th-century missionary saga in Central Africa, and The Printing uses composite characters to portray the persecution of believers in the former Soviet Union. According to The Dove Foundation, The Printing "no doubt will urge Christian believers everywhere to appreciate the freedoms they enjoy. It is inspiring!"  In 1999, Unusual Films began producing feature films for children, including The Treasure Map, Project Dinosaur, and Appalachian Trial. They also released a short animated film for children, The Golden Rom. Unusual Films returned to their customary format in 2011 with their release of Milltown Pride, a historical film set in 1920s upstate South Carolina.

Unusual Films also maintains a student film production program. The Film and Digital Storytelling program provides professional training in motion picture production. This training combines classroom instruction with hands-on experience in various areas, including directing, editing, and cinematography. Before graduation, seniors produce high-definition short films which they write, direct, and edit.

BJU Press

BJU Press originated from the need for textbooks for the burgeoning Christian school movement. The press publishes a full range of K–12 textbooks. More than a million pre-college students worldwide use BJU textbooks, and the press has about 2,500 titles in print.

BJU Press also offers distance learning courses online, via DVD and hard drive. Another ancillary, the Academy of Home Education, is a "service organization for homeschooling families" that maintains student records, administers achievement testing, and issues high school diplomas. The press sold its music division, SoundForth, to Lorenz Publishing on October 1, 2012.

Pre-college programs

The university operates Bob Jones Academy, which enrolls students from preschool through 12th grade. With about 1100 students, the school's demographic makeup leans heavily white (90.3%), with non-Black minorities making up the bulk of other ethnicities. Black students make up 0.5% of enrollment.

Controversies

Sexual abuse reports
In December 2011, in response to accusations of mishandling of student reports of sexual abuse (most of which had occurred in their home churches when the students were minors) and a concurrent reporting issue at a church pastored by a university board member, the BJU board of trustees hired an independent ombudsman, GRACE (Godly Response to Abuse in the Christian Environment), to investigate. Released in December 2014, the GRACE report suggested that BJU had discouraged students from reporting past sexual abuse, and though the university declined to implement many of the report's recommendations, President Steve Pettit formally apologized "to those who felt they did not receive from us genuine love, compassion, understanding, and support after suffering sexual abuse or assault". The university's mishandling of sexual abuse in the past came into light again in August 2020 when a student filed a lawsuit against Bob Jones University and Furman University alleging both administrations ignored the sexual assault report and expelled the student for consuming alcohol, which is against the Student Code of Conduct handbook.

Racial policies and ban on interracial dating
Although BJU had admitted Asian students and other ethnic groups from its inception, it did not enroll African or African-American students until 1971. From 1971 to 1975, BJU admitted only married Black people. However, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) had already determined in 1970 that "private schools with racially discriminatory admissions policies" were not entitled to federal tax exemption. In 1975, the University Board of Trustees authorized a policy change to admit Black students, a move that occurred shortly before the announcement of the Supreme Court decision in Runyon v. McCrary (427 U.S. 160 [1976]), which prohibited racial exclusion in private schools. In May 1975, BJU expanded rules against interracial dating and marriage.

In 1976, the Internal Revenue Service revoked the university's tax exemption retroactively to December 1, 1970, because it practiced racial discrimination. The case eventually was heard by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1982. After BJU lost the decision in Bob Jones University v. United States (461 U.S. 574)[1983], the university chose to maintain its interracial dating policy and pay a million dollars in back taxes. The year following the Court decision, contributions to the university declined by 13 percent.  In 2000, following a media uproar prompted by the visit of presidential candidate George W. Bush to the university, Bob Jones III dropped the university's interracial dating rule, announcing the change on CNN's Larry King Live. In the same year, Bob Jones III drew criticism after reposting a letter on the university's web page referring to Mormons and Catholics as being members of "cults which call themselves Christian".

In 2005, Stephen Jones, great-grandson of the founder, became BJU's president on the same day that he received his PhD from the school. Bob Jones III then took the title Chancellor. In 2008, the university declared itself "profoundly sorry" for having allowed "institutional policies to remain in place that were racially hurtful". That year, BJU enrolled students from fifty states and nearly fifty countries, representing diverse ethnicities and cultures, and the BJU administration declared itself "committed to maintaining on the campus the racial and cultural diversity and harmony characteristic of the true Church of Jesus Christ throughout the world".

In his first meeting with the university cabinet in 2014, the fifth president Steve Pettit said it was appropriate for BJU to regain its tax-exempt status because BJU no longer held its earlier positions about race. "The Bible is clear," said Pettit, "We are made of one blood."  By February 17, 2017, the IRS website had listed the university as a 501(c)(3) organization, and by May 2017, BJU had forged a working relationship with Greenville's Phillis Wheatley Center. In 2017, 9% of the student body was "from the American minority population".

Student life

Religious atmosphere

Religion is a major aspect of life and curriculum at BJU. The BJU Creed, written in 1927 by journalist and prohibitionist Sam Small, is recited by students and faculty four days a week at chapel services.

The university also encourages church planting in areas of the United States "in great need of fundamental churches", and it has provided financial and logistical assistance to ministerial graduates in starting more than a hundred new churches. Bob Jones III has also encouraged non-ministerial students to put their career plans on hold for two or three years to provide lay leadership for small churches. Students of various majors participate in Missions Advance (formerly Mission Prayer Band), an organization that prays for missionaries and attempts to stimulate campus interest in world evangelism. During summers and Christmas breaks, about 150 students participate in teams that use their musical, language, trade, and aviation skills to promote Christian missions around the world. Although a separate nonprofit corporation, Gospel Fellowship Association, an organization founded by Bob Jones Sr. and associated with BJU, is one of the largest fundamentalist mission boards in the country. Through its "Timothy Fund", the university also sponsors international students who are training for the ministry.

The university requires the use of the King James Version (KJV) of the Bible in its services and classrooms, but it does not hold that the KJV is the only acceptable English translation or that it has the same authority as the original Hebrew and Greek manuscripts. The university's position has been criticized by some other fundamentalists, including fellow conservative university Pensacola Christian College, which in 1998 produced a widely distributed videotape which argued that this "defiling leaven in fundamentalism" was passed from the 19th-century Princeton theologian Benjamin B. Warfield (1851–1921) through Charles Brokenshire (1885–1954) to current BJU faculty members and graduates.

Rules of conduct
Strict rules govern student life at BJU. Some of these are based directly on the university's interpretation of the Bible. For instance, the 2015–16 Student Handbook states, "Students are to avoid any types of entertainment that could be considered immodest or that contain profanity, scatological realism, sexual perversion, erotic realism, lurid violence, occultism and false philosophical or religious assumptions." Grounds for immediate dismissal include stealing, immorality (including sexual relations between unmarried students), possession of hard-core pornography, use of alcohol or drugs, and participating in a public demonstration for a cause the university opposes. Similar "moral failures" are grounds for terminating the employment of faculty and staff. In 1998, a homosexual alumnus was threatened with arrest if he visited the campus.

For years, male students were required to wear slacks, dress shirts, and ties on campus during the day. This requirement has since been loosened; men are allowed to wear polo shirts or dress shirts on weekdays until 17:00 and are no longer required to wear ties. Effective in 2018, women are no longer required to wear skirts or dresses and can now wear pants. They are also required to attend chapel four days a week, as well as at least two services per week at an approved "local fundamental church".

Other rules are not based on a specific biblical passage. For instance, the Handbook notes that "there is no specific Bible command that says, 'Thou shalt not be late to class', but a student who wishes to display orderliness and concern for others will not come in late to the distraction of the teacher and other students." In 2008 a campus spokesperson also said that one goal of the dress code was "to teach our young people to dress professionally" on campus while giving them "the ability to...choose within the biblically accepted options of dress" when they were off campus.

Additional rules include requiring resident hall students to abide by a campus curfew of 11:00 pm, with lights out at midnight. Students are forbidden to go to movie theaters while in residence, however, they may watch movies rated G or PG while in the residence halls. Students may not listen to popular contemporary music. Male students with upper-level privileges and graduate students may have facial hair that is fully grown before the start of the semester, neatly trimmed, and well maintained at approximately ½ inch or less. Women are expected to dress modestly and wear dresses or skirts that come to the knee to class and religious services.

Extracurriculars

After BJU abandoned intercollegiate sports in 1933, its intramural sports program included competition in soccer, basketball, softball, volleyball, tennis, badminton, flag football, table tennis, racquetball, and water polo. The university also competed in intercollegiate debate within the National Educational Debate Association, in intercollegiate mock trial and computer science competitions, and participated at South Carolina Student Legislature. In 2012, BJU joined Division I of National Christian College Athletic Association (NCCAA) and in 2014 participated in intercollegiate soccer, basketball, cross-country, and golf. The teams are known as the Bruins.

The university requires all unmarried incoming first-year students under 23 to join one of 45 "societies". Societies meet most Fridays for entertainment and fellowship and hold weekly prayer meetings. Societies compete with one another in intramural sports, debate, and Scholastic Bowl.  The university also has a student-staffed newspaper (The Collegian), and yearbook (Vintage).

Early in December, thousands of students, faculty, and visitors gather around the front campus fountain for an annual Christmas carol singing and lighting ceremony, illuminating tens of thousands of Christmas lights. On December 3, 2004, the ceremony broke the Guinness World Record for Christmas caroling with 7,514 carolers.

Before 2015, the university required students and faculty to attend a six-day Bible Conference instead of a traditional Spring Break. However, the university announced that beginning in 2016, it would hold the Bible Conference in February and give students a week of Spring Break in March. The Conference typically attracts fundamentalist preachers and laypeople from around the country, and some BJU class reunions are held during the week.

Athletics

The Bob Jones (BJU) athletic teams are called the Bruins. The university is a member of the National Christian College Athletic Association (NCCAA), primarily competing in the South Region of the Division II level.

The Bruins previously competed as a member of the NCAA Division III ranks, primarily competing as an NCAA D-III Independent from 2020–21 to 2022–23.

BJU competes in 12 intercollegiate varsity sports. Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross-country, golf, soccer, and track & field, while women's sports include basketball, beach volleyball, cross-country, soccer, track & field, and volleyball.

History
In 2012, the university inaugurated intercollegiate athletics with four teams: men's soccer, men's basketball, women's soccer, and women's basketball. The university added intercollegiate golf and cross-country teams during the 2013–2014 school year. Men's and women's shooting sports were added in 2016. Men's baseball began in the spring of 2021, and women's beach volleyball started in the spring of 2022. On January 31, 2023, director of athletics Neal Ring announced his resignation. Ring had overseen Bruins Athletics since inception.

Through its first 11 seasons, the athletic department amassed 22 NCCAA National Championships, nearly 100 All-Americans, and over 200 Scholar-Athletes. Bruins Athletics also received 6 straight Presidential Awards for Excellence, honoring the most successful NCCAA DII athletics program.

Move to NCAA Division III
In 2018, BJU explored National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) membership and applied for it in January 2020. The Bruins were accepted as Division III provisional members in June for three years, making it the only Division III school in the state. The school has been searching for a conference.

Notable people

Alumni

A number of BJU graduates have become influential within fundamentalist and evangelical Christianity, including Ken Hay (founder of "The Wilds" Christian camps) Ron "Patch" Hamilton (composer and president of Majesty Music) Billy Kim (former president of Baptist World Alliance), and Moisés Silva (president of the Evangelical Theological Society). BJU alumni also include the third pastor (1968–1976) of Riverside Church (Ernest T. Campbell), the former president of Northland Baptist Bible College (Les Ollila), late president of Baptist Bible College (Ernest Pickering), and the former president of Clearwater Christian College (Richard Stratton).

One BJU alumnus, Asa Hutchinson, served as the governor of Arkansas and also served in the U.S. Congress; his brother Tim Hutchinson served in the U.S. Senate. Others have served in state government: Michigan state senator Alan Cropsey, Pennsylvania state representative Gordon Denlinger, Pennsylvania state representative Mark M. Gillen, former Speaker Pro Tempore of the South Carolina House of Representatives Terry Haskins, member of the South Carolina House of Representatives Wendy Nanney, Pennsylvania state representative Sam Rohrer, member of the Missouri House of Representatives Ryan Silvey, Maryland state senator Bryan Simonaire and his daughter, state delegate Meagan Simonaire, and South Carolina state senator Danny Verdin.

References

Bibliography

External links

 Official athletics website

Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools
Anti-Catholicism in the United States
Universities and colleges established in 1927
Fundamentalist Christian universities and colleges
Education in Greenville, South Carolina
History of racial segregation in the United States
Buildings and structures in Greenville, South Carolina
1927 establishments in South Carolina
Evangelicalism in South Carolina
Conservatism in the United States
NCAA Division III independents
Evangelical universities and colleges in the United States

Bob Jones University


Georges Baptiste François Allix (27 July 1808 in Gasny - 29 May 1881 in the same commune) was a military engineer in the French Navy. In particular, he was the designer of the screw frigate La Souveraine, launched in Lorient on 3 June 1856.

Biography
He entered the École polytechnique in November 1827 became a pupil of the École d'application du Génie maritime on 9 November 1829, then a admitted pupil on 1 January 1831. Rising through the ranks of engineer, he was appointed engineer 1st class on 27 September 1852. In 1836, he built the Cigale and the Belette.

In 1846, he designed the hull of the yacht-aviso Comte d'Eu, intended for King Louis-Philippe. This steamer was launched at the shipyards of Augustin Normand (known as the Normand shipyards), father of Jacques-Augustin Normand (fr), on 20 December 1846.

In 1852 a program for a number of first rate frigates was started. The Impératrice Eugénie class of 5 ships was built according to a design by Dupuy de Lôme: : the Ardente, the Audacieuse, the Foudre, the Impératrice Eugénie, the Impétueuse and the Souveraine.

Based on the project, Allix drew up the plans for the last two, which were approved on 21 November 1853: the Impétueuse was launched on 15 August 1856 in Cherbourg and the Souveraine was launched on 3 June 1856 in Lorient. On average these ships displaced 3,800 t and reached 12 kn on trials.

Allix was a member of the "Conseil des travaux de la Marine" from July 1853 to June 1854, knight then officer of the Legion of Honour on 12 August 1862. On 1 January 1860, he was a member of the "Commission supérieure pour le perfectionnement de l'École navale impériale" (Higher Commission for the Further Training of the Imperial Naval School) instituted by the order of 17 May 1854, under the chairmanship of Rear Admiral Pierre Louis Aimé Mathieu (fr). On 1 January 1869, he was a member of the "Commission d'examen des mécaniciens" (Mechanics' Examination Commission).

Personal life
He married Marie-Louise Rosalie Marinel and was the father of Louis Georges Allix, polytechnicien engineering officer, born in Paris on 12th February 1862.

Distinctions
  Officer of the Legion of Honour (2 August 1862)

Works

References

French naval architects
École Polytechnique alumni
French military engineers
Officers of the Legion of Honour
1808 births
1881 deaths

Georges Baptiste François Allix


Péter Palotás (27 June 1929 – 17 May 1967), born as Péter Poteleczky, was a Hungarian footballer who played as a forward for MTK Budapest FC and Hungary. During the 1950s he was a fringe member of the team known as the Mighty Magyars and played alongside the likes of Ferenc Puskás, Zoltán Czibor, Sándor Kocsis, Nándor Hidegkuti and József Bozsik. Palotás was an early pioneer of the deep-lying centre-forward role and in 1955 he scored the first ever hat-trick in a European Cup game. In 1959 he retired as a player due to a heart condition. The same condition led to his death on 17 May 1967.

Club career
Palotás spent all his playing career at MTK Budapest FC. However, during this time, the club changed their name several times. In 1949, when Hungary became a communist state, MTK were taken over by the secret police, the ÁVH and subsequently the club became known as Textiles SE. They then became Bástya SE, then Vörös Lobogó SE and then finally back to MTK. Despite this turmoil, the 1950s proved a successful era for club and it was while at MTK that Palotás, together with Nándor Hidegkuti and coach Márton Bukovi, pioneered the deep-lying centre-forward position. With a team that also included Mihály Lantos and József Zakariás, MTK and Palotás won three Hungarian League titles, a Hungarian Cup and a Mitropa Cup. In 1955, as Vörös Lobogó SE, they also played in the first ever European Cup. On 7 September 1955 at the Népstadion, Palotás scored a hat-trick as they beat RSC Anderlecht 6–3 in the first leg of the first round. This was the first ever hat-trick scored in a European Cup game. He scored again in the second-leg as Vörös Lobogó SE won 4–1. During the quarter-finals against Stade Reims he scored a further two goals as they lost 8–6 on aggregate and he finished the competition with a total of six goals scored.

International career
Between 1950 and 1956, Palotás won 24 caps and scored 18 goals for Hungary. He scored twice on his debut on 24 September 1950 in a 12–0 win against Albania. In 1952 Palotás scored four goals as he helped Hungary become Olympic Champions. This included two in a 3–0 win against Italy on 21 July. He also played in the final against Yugoslavia on 2 August 1952. On 17 May 1953, he helped Hungary clinch the Central European International Cup when he played in a 3–0 win against Italy at the Stadio Olimpico.

Although teammates at MTK, Palotás and Nándor Hidegkuti were rivals for a place in the national side. By 1953 Hidegkuti had established himself as the first-choice deep-lying centre-forward for Hungary and as a result Palotás missed out on the two prestige friendlies against England. He travelled to England for the first game but remained on the bench. Despite this setback he continued to play regularly for Hungary until 1956. During the 1954 FIFA World Cup he scored twice in the group stage 9–0 win against South Korea and also played in the semi-final against Uruguay. On 19 May 1955 he scored a hat-trick against Finland before playing his last game for Hungary on 9 June 1956 against Portugal.

Honours

Club
MTK Budapest FC
Hungarian League: 1951, 1953, 1958
Hungarian Cup: 1952
Mitropa Cup: 1955

International
Hungary
Olympic Champions: 1952
Central European Champions: 1953
World Cup Runner-up: 1954

Individual
 Hungarian Football Federation Player of the Year: 1951

References

Sources
Behind The Curtain - Travels in Eastern European Football: Jonathan Wilson (2006)

External links
  Article at www.uefa.com
 Hungary stats
 European Cup 1955–56

1929 births
1967 deaths
Footballers from Budapest
Hungarian men's footballers
MTK Budapest FC players
Footballers at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers for Hungary
Olympic gold medalists for Hungary
1954 FIFA World Cup players
Hungary men's international footballers
Olympic medalists in football
Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Men's association football forwards

Péter Palotás


The Wellington boot, often shortened to welly also known as the gumboot, is a type of waterproof boot.

Originally a type of  leather boot adapted from Hessian boots, a style of military riding boot, they were worn and popularised by Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington. They became a staple of practical foot wear for the British aristocracy and middle class in the early 19th century. The name was subsequently given to waterproof boots made of rubber and they are no longer associated with a particular class. They are now commonly used for a range of agricultural and outdoors pursuits.

History

Origins

The Duke of Wellington instructed his shoemaker, Hoby of St. James's Street, London, to modify the 18th-century Hessian boot. The resulting new boot was fabricated in soft calfskin leather, had the trim removed and was cut to fit more closely around the leg. The heels were low cut, stacked around an inch (2.5 centimetres), and the boot stopped at mid-calf. It was suitably hard-wearing for riding, yet smart enough for informal evening wear. The boot was dubbed the Wellington and the name has stuck in English ever since. In the 1815 portrait by James Lonsdale, the Duke can be seen wearing the more formal Hessian style boots, which are tasselled.

Wellington's utilitarian new boots quickly caught on with patriotic British gentlemen eager to emulate their war hero. Considered fashionable and foppish in the best circles and worn by dandies, such as Beau Brummell, they remained the main fashion for men through the 1840s. In the 1850s they were more commonly made in the calf-high version, and in the 1860s they were both superseded by the ankle boot, except for riding. Wellington is one of the two British Prime Ministers to have given his name to an item of clothing, the other being Sir Anthony Eden (see Anthony Eden hat) whilst Sir Winston Churchill gave his name to a cigar, and William Gladstone (four times prime minister between 1868 and 1894) gave his to the Gladstone Bag, the classic doctor's portmanteau.

World War I

Production of the Wellington boot was dramatically boosted with the advent of World War I and a requirement for footwear suitable for the conditions in Europe's flooded and muddy trenches. The North British Rubber Company (now Hunter Boot Ltd) was asked by the War Office to construct a boot suitable for such conditions. The mills ran day and night to produce immense quantities of these trench boots. In total, 1,185,036 pairs were made to meet the British Army's demands.

World War II

In World War II, Hunter Boot was again requested to supply vast quantities of Wellington and thigh boots. 80% of production was of war materials, from (rubber) ground sheets to life belts and gas masks. In the Netherlands, the British forces were working in flooded conditions which demanded Wellingtons and thigh boots in vast supplies.

By the end of the war in 1945, the Wellington had become popular among men, women and children for wet weather wear. The boot had developed to become far roomier with a thick sole and rounded toe. Also, with the rationing of that time, labourers began to use them for daily work.

Post-war

The lower cost and ease of rubber "Wellington" boot manufacture, and being entirely waterproof, lent itself immediately to being the preferred protective material to leather in all forms of industry. Increased attention to occupational health and safety requirements led to the steel toe or steel-capped Wellington: a protective (commonly internal) toe-capping to protect the foot from crush and puncture injuries. Although traditionally made of steel, the reinforcement may be a composite or a plastic material such as thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). Such steel-toe Wellingtons are nearly indispensable in an enormous range of industry and are often mandatory wear to meet local occupational health and safety legislation or insurance requirements.

In July 1956, the Monopolies and Restrictive Practices Commission published its Report on the Supply of Certain Rubber Footwear, which covered rubber boots of all kinds including wellingtons and overboots. This 107-page official publication addressed contemporary concerns about unfair pricing of rubber footwear manufactured in the UK or imported from overseas. The appendices include lists of rubber footwear manufacturers and price-lists of each company's range of wellington boots available in the mid-1950s.

Green Wellington boots, introduced by Hunter Boot Ltd in 1955, gradually became a shorthand for "country life" in the UK. In 1980, sales of their boots skyrocketed after Lady Diana Spencer (future Princess Diana) was pictured wearing a pair on the Balmoral estate during her courtship with Prince Charles.

Construction

Wellington boots were at first made of leather. However, in 1852 Hiram Hutchinson met Charles Goodyear, who had just invented the sulfur vulcanisation process for natural rubber. Hutchinson bought the patent to manufacture footwear and moved to France to establish À l'Aigle ("At the Eagle") in 1853, to honour his home country. Today the company is simply called Aigle. In a country where 95% of the population were working on fields with wooden clogs as they had been for generations, the introduction of the wholly waterproof, Wellington-type rubber boot became an instant success: farmers would be able to come back home with clean, dry feet.

Design

Wellington boots in contemporary usage are waterproof and are most often made from rubber or polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a halogenated polymer. They are usually worn when walking on wet or muddy ground, or to protect the wearer from heavy showers and puddles. They are generally just below knee-high although shorter boots are available.

Use

Before its entry into the mobile phone business, rubber boots were among the best-known products of Nokia.

Both the Finnish Defence Forces and the Swedish Armed Forces issue rubber boots to all soldiers for use in wet conditions and during the winter with felt liners.

Cultural impact

Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher was Wellington's colleague at the Battle of Waterloo and there is speculation that some early emigrants to Australia, remembering the battle, may have confused a different design the Blucher shoe developed by Blucher. The Australian poet Henry Lawson wrote a poem to a pair of Blucher Boots in 1890.

See also

 British country clothing
 Galoshes
 Mackintosh
 Paddington Bear
 Waders (footwear)
 William's Wish Wellingtons

References

External links

Boots
British inventions
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
Maritime culture
Caving equipment
19th-century fashion
20th-century fashion
21st-century fashion
History of clothing (Western fashion)

Wellington boot


The New Zealand  International Comedy Festival (NZICF; sometimes the NZ Intl Comedy Fest) is a comedy festival in both Auckland and Wellington, New Zealand, run by the New Zealand Comedy Trust and held across three weeks during April and May. From its beginnings in 1993 as a 2-day event, the festival has developed into a major nationwide event with a total attendance of over 100,000 people each year.

Main events
Each year the Festival features over 200 shows and involves around 250 performers. The Festival contains a wide range of comedy performances – from emerging artists through to NZ comedy industry veterans and stars of the international comedy circuit.

Similarly, the Festival caters for a wide range of audiences with specific shows aimed at children and teenagers, and a diverse offering of comedy fare.

The opening of the Festival is the televised Comedy Gala, a showcase of performances by the top local and international comedians appearing in the festival. Past venues include St. James Theatre until 2008, and since then the Auckland Civic Theatre and ASB Theatre, Aotea Centre. Past hosts of the gala have included: Jeff Green, Ardal O'Hanlon, Arj Barker, Wayne Brady, Ed Byrne, Bill Bailey, Rove McManus, Greg Behrendt, Jeremy Corbett, Jason Byrne and Rhys Nicholson.

Alongside the large number of local and international shows, there are a number of events held annually such as the Class Comedians programme. This is an initiative set up to train talented high school students in the art of stand-up comedy and ends with a showcase at Q Theatre. Its most successful graduate is Rose Matafeo. The RAW rookie competition is also held every year, with the national finals at The Classic Comedy and Bar in Auckland.

Last Laughs!
To conclude the festival is the Last Laughs! awards showcase, held on the last Sunday. It is the last chance for the nominees for the Billy T Award and Fred Award to perform before the winners are announced at the end of the show. Other festival prizes awarded at Last Laughs include: Best International Show, Best Local Show, Best Newcomer, Best Marketing Campaign, and Spirit of the Festival.

References

Comedy festivals in New Zealand
Spring (season) events in New Zealand
Festivals in Auckland
Festivals in Wellington


Alardo de Popma (before 1617–1641) was a Flemish engraver, who worked in Madrid in the early seventeenth century, according to the earliest references to his works. His copperplate engravings include title-pages, frontispieces and portraits, which are characterized by an exceptionally clean and confident line.

His is known to have lived in Seville for a time, perhaps in order to undertake a commission there.

Works
In 1616 he produced the engravings for the Cronicón de la excelentísima casa de los Ponce de León, published in 1620. He executed the title-page for the Comentario sobre las palabras de Nuestra Señora, que se hallan en el Evangelio by Fr. Pedro de Abreu in 1617. In 1621 he joined forces with Jan de Courbes to produce a work commissioned by the Order of Merced that included fifteen copper plates. In 1624, he engraved the title-page of Pedro Fernández de Navarrete's Conservación de las Monarquías y Discursos políticos (Madrid, 1626) and later the title-page for the Historia de las Ordenes Militares de Santiago, Calatrava y Alcantara (Madrid, 1629), by Francisco Caro de Torres, as well as the frontispiece for the Obras de San Juan de la Cruz (1630), commissioned by the widow of Pedro Madrigal. Other works include his contributions to El glorioso doctor San Ildefonso by Salazar de Mendoza (Toledo, c. 1618) and to El embajador by Juan de Vera y Zúñiga  (1620). The latter is one of his most renowned works, because of the clarity of the line and the play of light.

References

 Enciclopedia Espasa, tomo 46.
 Sevilla archivo municipal
 Los Reyes Solares. Autor Víctor Mínguez, Victor Manuel Minguez Cornelles

Year of birth uncertain
1641 deaths
Artists from Madrid
17th-century Spanish people
17th-century engravers
Spanish engravers
Spanish Baroque painters

Alardo de Popma


Gagauz is a Turkic language spoken by the Gagauz people.  They live in Moldova, Ukraine, Russia and Turkey. It is the official language of the Autonomous Region of Gagauzia in Moldova.

Gagauz belongs to the Oghuz branch of Turkic languages, with Azerbaijani, Turkmen, and Turkish. Gagauz has two dialects, Bulgar Gagauzi and Maritime Gagauzi. Gagauz is not the same language as Balkan Gagauz Turkish.
The Gajal, the Sunni Muslim Branch of the Gagauz, live in Turkey-East Thrace, once came from Moldova.

References

Turkic languages
Moldova
Languages of Ukraine
Languages of Russia

Languages of Turkey

Gagauz language


North Cascades National Park is a national park in the U.S. state of Washington. It was established on 2 October 1968. The park covers 634,000 acres of the Cascade Range (specifically the North Cascades).

Geography
The Park is split in half by the Skagit River, which flows south then southwest through the park. Another primary watercourse of the park is the Baker River which flows into the Skagit and the Stehekin River (which flows into Lake Chelan in the southeast).

North Cascades National Park features the rugged mountain peaks of the North Cascades Range. This is the most expansive glacial system in the mainland United States. The Park also has the headwaters of numerous waterways, and vast forests with the highest degree of flora biodiversity of any US national park.

History
The region was first settled by Paleo-Indian Native Americans. By the time white explorers arrived it was inhabited by Skagit tribes.

National parks in the United States
Geography of Washington (state)
1968 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Washington (state)

North Cascades National Park


In-mould labelling is the use of paper or plastic labels during the manufacturing of containers by blow molding, injection molding, or thermoforming processes. The label serves as the integral part of the final product, which is then delivered as  pre-decorated item. Combining the decoration process with the moulding process cuts the total cost, but can increase the manufacturing time. The technology was first developed by Owens-Illinois in cooperation with Procter & Gamble to supply pre-labelled bottles that could be filled on the product filling line. This was first applied to Head & Shoulders shampoo bottles.

Principles
In-mould labelling (IML) was initially designed for blow molding, though developments using injection molding or thermoforming with reel-fed systems have increased the efficiency of the labelling process. The original concept involves coating the reverse side of the label with a heat seal layer, followed by a substrate material which heat resistant ink is applied to. A heat resistant coating of lacquer is then applied. This process eliminates the need to flame treat the bottles prior to labelling in order to achieve adequate adhesion. Initially, paper was used as the label substrate to which the heat reactive adhesive was applied.  In more recent times polyolefin substrates have been employed, such as Polyart from Arjobex Synthetic Papers. This creates the advantage that scrap polyethylene and polypropylene bottles produced in the molding process can be recycled, without the need for label removal prior to recycling.

Labelling
There are several techniques for conducting the in-mould labelling process. Vacuum and compressed air can be used to handle the labels, also static electricity can be used. Electrostatic charging electrodes charge a label while it is being transferred to the moulding machine, so that when the label is placed on the tool and released by the labelling robot, it will wrap itself onto the tool. Most robot systems for placement of labels are not required for specific moulding machines and can be used with up to date presses with fast clamping systems.

Labels may be paper or a similar material to the moulded product. Polypropylene or polystyrene is commonly used as label material, with a thickness of 15 to 40 micrometres. Cavitated label material is also used. This is a sandwich material, having a spongy layer bonded between two very thin solid layers. An advantage of cavitated film is better conformance to small-radius curves on a product. Laminated film can be used to decorate products, yielding high wear-resistance. This type of film has the printed surface protected by a second layer of film, with a thickness of 30 or 40 micrometres. Products using this type of label might include picnic-ware, mouse-mats, or internal automotive components.

Use
In-mould labelling is  a popular method of decorating injection molded parts for consumer electronics and for plastic bottles. Notebook computer and cellphone manufacturers are adopting IML technology for greater wear resistance than spray painting or pad-printing. IML can provide greater decorating options than other methods. Multi-color screen printed and offset lithography printed graphics are used to produce products with higher quality graphics than available with other decorating methods.  Most applications in this area use second surface graphics. The decoration is printed on the back side of a clear substrate, typically polycarbonate or acrylic  thick. The injection plastic is on the ink side of the film. This encapsulates the decoration between the film layer and the injected plastic resulting in a decoration that cannot be abraded during use. Vision systems can check for accurate label positioning, and can validate label correctness.

See also
 In-mould decoration
 Plastic injection molding

References

Plastics industry
Packaging
Labels

In-mould labelling


Lawson "Robbie" N. Robertson (September 23, 1883 – January 22, 1951) was considered one of the more accomplished American track coaches of the first half of the twentieth century.  From 1904-1936, he was with the American team at every Olympics with the exception of 1916 when the Olympics were cancelled due to WWI.  He coached Track and Field for the Irish-American Athletic Club in Queens, New York from 1909–16, and then for the University of Pennsylvania from 1916-47. He was U.S. Olympic Assistant Track coach in 1912 and 1920 and was head coach for the American Track and Field Team in four Olympics from 1924-36.

In his youth, he was an Olympic competitor in track and field in 1904 and 1908.
At twenty-one, he won a bronze medal in the Standing high jump as a competitor with the U.S. Olympic Team at the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, and two years later won a Silver and a Bronze medal at the 1906 Intercalated Games in Athens.  He also competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, but did not medal.

Early life
Lawson was born in Alford, Aberdeen Scottland on September 23, 1883, to Gordon Hunt Robertson and Elisabeth Robertson, and came to New York around the age of 9 in 1892, where he attended Boys High School in Brooklyn, though he did not participate in athletics. It was not until he was out of school around 1901, that he began to compete in Track events. He began his career as an athlete in New York City, winning many championships for the YMCA, and afterwards for the New York Athletic Club. Versatile as a Track athlete, he was particularly proficient in the dashes, pole vault, high jump, shot put, half-mile and quarter-mile races.

Robertson won the all-around championship for the Brooklyn YMCA in 1901. In 1904, he won the National 100 yard title, won the 300 yard national title in 1906 and 1908, and won both the 150 and 300 yard titles in 1907.  Later, in April 1909, he held the record of 11 seconds for the 100 yard three-legged race with his friend, fellow 1904 Track Olympian and Brooklynite Harry Hillman.

Athletic career

1904 Olympics
In August 1904, he won his only Olympic medal, a bronze, in the Standing high jump competition with a jump of 1.44 meters or around 4.724 feet in the Olympics in St. Louis. In the 100 metres event he finished sixth. He also participated in the 60 metres competition where he was eliminated in the first round.

1906 Intercalated Games
Two years later at the Intercalated Games of 1906 he won the silver medal in the standing high jump event and the bronze medal in the standing long jump competition. For many years, newspapers and the press considered the Intercalated games in Athens an intermediate Olympic Games, though they were later rejected by the Olympic committee as not being fully representative of the Olympics.  In the 100 metres event he finished fifth and in the pentathlon contest he finished sixth. He also participated in the 400 metres competition but did not start in the repechage.

1908 Olympics

According to his 1910 trading card, Lawson "will go down in athletic history as one of the greatest sprinters of the cinder path."
In the 100 metres competition at the 1908 Olympics, Robertson won his first round heat with a time of 11.4 seconds to advance to the semifinals. There, he lost a close race to countryman Nathaniel Cartmell, both clocking at 11.2 seconds and Cartmell winning by about a foot. The loss to Cartmell eliminated Robertson from advancing to the final. On the same day as his semifinal loss in the 100 meters, Robertson was eliminated in the preliminary heats of the 200 metres with a second-place finish in his heat. His time was 23.0 seconds, 0.2 slower than the winner's. He also participated again in the standing high jump competition but his result is unknown.

Burn injury
On November 28, 1909, Robertson was badly burned in an accident at Celtic Park, in Queens, New York when a ladle of hot lead exploded in his face. Robertson was preparing to pour the molten lead for a  shot which was to be used in the shot put by Martin Sheridan and John Flanagan at the annual field day of the Second Regiment of the Irish Volunteers. The shot was determined to be a few ounces under weight, so a hole was bored in it and the lead was poured inside to bring the weight to the required mark. Robertson was standing over the ladle when some water dropped into the lead, causing an explosion which burned Robertson's face and neck. "Fortunately he had his eyes close tightly, and they were not injured. The flesh about his eyes and face was burned and the lead burned his clothes." After Robertson was rushed to a doctor, the Irish Whales of the Irish American Athletic Club proceeded with the competition, and Martin Sheridan set a world's record with the very same weight, putting the shot , three and half inches further than the long-standing record of fellow Irishman James Mitchell.

Coaching career

After the height of his success as a track and field athlete, Robertson competed for the New York Athletic Club, and coached there in 1909, later coaching at Brooklyn College and New York University.

Robertson was better known for his appointment as a coach of the highly successful Irish-American Athletic club in Queens, New York in 1909, which had exceptional athletes who held many records.  Although he enjoyed moderate success as an athlete, Robertson will be best remembered as an outstanding coach, arguably one of most accomplished American track coaches of the first half of the twentieth century.

Robertson had the unique distinction of introducing the javelin throw to U.S. track and field after the Athens Olympics in 1906.  In WWI, he briefly served as a Lieutenant in the Air Service.

University of Pennsylvania

He remained as coach of the Irish-American club of Queens, NY until February 1916 when he accepted an appointment at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. His 31 exceptional years of service as a coach at Penn would define his long coaching career and last until July 1947 when he retired. His 1923, '24, '30, and '31 Penn teams won the Indoor Intercollegiates, and his 1920 team won the Outdoor Intercollegiates. Robertson was well-versed in teaching conditioning which he coached for the University of Pennsylvania Football Team. He gained knowledge of tough conditioning training when he spent nine years in the National Guard in New York, including time with Company E of the old 13th Regiment of Brooklyn, known as the athletic company of the regiment.

Penn track athletes coached

His more exceptional Penn Track athletes included 1912 Olympic Gold Medalist runner Ted Meredith, 1932 Olympic Gold medalist in the 400 metre run and relay Bill Carr, and the 1936 1500 meter World Record sprinter Gene Venzke. Other record holders included 1912 Hammer Throw Olympic Gold medalist Matt McGrath who belonged to the Irish-American and New York Athletic Clubs, Dan Ahern, and Italian runner Emilio Lunghi who ran briefly with the Irish-American Club around 1909.  He coached nearly a dozen  record holders and exceptional track athletes at Penn.  Robertson once said,"speed is born in a runner and endurance can be developed", and he stressed the importance of a quality diet and sufficient rest.  Robertson was probably best known for getting the most out of the athletes he coached, and for his foresight.

U.S. Olympic track coach
Though not always credited as an assistant coach in that year, in 1912 when Mike Murphy, the coach of the U.S. Olympic track & field team fell ill, Robertson, in his capacity as assistant coach, became the de facto coach of the team, which garnered 16 of a possible 32 track & field gold medals.  He also served as an assistant Olympic Track and Field coach in 1920.

Head Olympic Track and Field Coach
As a capstone to his coaching career in Track and Field, Robinson served as the head coach for the American Track and Field Team in four Olympics from 1924-36 after serving as an assistant coach in 1912 and 1920. In 1928, at the Olympic Games in Amsterdam, reflecting on the controversial 1908 Olympics, Robertson said: "Probably England was not as charitably inclined toward the American champions as she might have been, and it is equally true that the victorious Americans were not as modest as they should have been."

Robertson became embroiled in controversy in the 1936 Berlin Olympics, the last year he was head coach, when his last-minute decision to pull Sam Stoller and Marty Glickman, the only two Jews on the U.S. track team, led to widespread speculation that U.S. Olympic Committee chairman Avery Brundage had ordered the move to avoid further embarrassment to Adolf Hitler should two American Jews win gold medals.  It could be noted that Robertson was not supportive of the Hitler regime after returning to American after the 1936 Olympics, and warned Americans that Germany's arms escalation could be a threat to America and the world.   At least two of his three sons became WWII era veterans, Charles A., a Navy dive-bomber pilot who was shot down over the Philippine Sea, Lawson Jr., a Sergeant in the Army Engineers, and George who was in Naval Radar School in Maryland in September 1945 shortly after the war.  Marty Glickman and others believed the decision to pull him and Stoller was more the decision of Olympic Coach Dean Cromwell than Robertson. Robertson coached both Black and Jewish Olympians, including the exceptional black Olympian Jessie Owens in 1936, and Jewish Olympian Louis Clarke, a gold medalist in the 400 meter relay in the 1924 Paris Olympics.

Death and retirement
Robertson retired from coaching in July 1947 due to declining health.  He died in Philadelphia on January 22, 1951, after a two-month illness and was buried in West Laurel Hill Cemetery in Bala Cynwyd, twenty miles Northwest of Philadelphia.  He was survived by his wife Mary Helen, and sons George and Lawson Jr., a daughter Dorothy, and three sisters.  Another son, Charles Alexander, a post-humous Navy Cross recipient, died in WWII when the Japanese shot down his dive bomber in the Philippine Sea in 1944.

Honors
A plaque in the name of Lawson "Robbie" Robertson was erected at Franklin Field at the University of Pennsylvania in 1953, and he is a member of the University of Pennsylvania Athletics Hall of Fame.  He was one of the few coaches honored by being selected for the Helms Hall of Fame in Los Angeles.

Portrayals in film
 He is portrayed by Tony Curran in the 2016 biographical sports film Race.

Notes

References

External links

1883 births
1951 deaths
American male long jumpers
American male high jumpers
American male sprinters
Athletes (track and field) at the 1904 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1906 Intercalated Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in track and field
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in track and field
Medalists at the 1904 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1906 Intercalated Games
Olympic coaches
Sportspeople from Aberdeen
USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships winners
British emigrants to the United States
Burials at West Laurel Hill Cemetery

Lawson Robertson


Richard Cavendish (12 August 1930 – 21 October 2016) was a British historian who was considered Britain's foremost authority on the subjects of occultism, religion, the tarot, and mythology.

Personal life
Cavendish was born in 1930 at Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, the son of a Church of England clergyman.  He lived with his partner in the United States for eight years, in New York City and Los Angeles. His daughter is the journalist and life peer Camilla Cavendish.

Career

Cavendish was educated at Christ's Hospital and at Brasenose College, Oxford, where he specialized in medieval studies. He wrote both on the political and social history of Great Britain and on the history of folk magic and occultism in the British Isles and Europe.  Among his best-known works are The Black Arts: A Concise History of Witchcraft, Demonology, Astrology, and Other Mystical Practices Throughout the Ages, The Tarot, A History of Magic, and the 24-volume set Man, Myth & Magic, which he both edited and contributed to.  He also wrote regularly for the British journal History Today.

The Daily Telegraph said that Cavendish was considered "an authority on magic, myth, and witchcraft" and that his work was highly regarded for its depth of research and agnostic stance towards its sometimes controversial subject matter.  Some of his books like The Black Arts: A Concise History of Witchcraft, Demonology, Astrology, and Other Mystical Practices Throughout the Ages and The Powers of Evil in Western Religion, Magic and Folk Belief were written for a lay audience rather than for scholars, and had become bestsellers with The Black Arts passing its 40th edition. In his 2016 obituary, The Times described him as: "Gregarious author and historian who became Britain's foremost authority on the occult while steadfastly refusing to dabble himself".

Works
 The Black Arts: A Concise History of Witchcraft, Demonology, Astrology, and Other Mystical Practices Throughout the Ages, 1967
 Encyclopaedia of the Unexplained: Magic, Occultism and Parapsychology, 1974.
 Explore Britain's Coastline, AA Explore Britain Guides
 The Great Religions
 A History of Magic
 Images of Britain, W.H. Smith Exclusive Books
 King Arthur and the Grail: The Arthurian Legends and Their Meaning
 Kings & Queens: The Story of Britain's Monarchs From Earliest Times
 Legends of the World
 The Magical Arts, Arkana
 Man, Myth & Magic: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Supernatural, 1970–1972 (24 volumes)
 Mysteries of the Universe
 Mythology: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1980
 100 Great Wonders of the World
 1001 Historic Sites You Must See Before You Die
 The Powers of Evil in Western Religion, Magic and Folk Belief, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1975
 Prehistoric England
 The Tarot, London: Chancellor Press, 1975
 Visions of Heaven and Hell
 Wonders of the World
 The World of Ghosts and the Supernatural, 1994

References

1930 births
2016 deaths
Alumni of Brasenose College, Oxford
People educated at Christ's Hospital
People from Henley-on-Thames
21st-century English historians
20th-century English historians
British medievalists
English occult writers

Richard Cavendish (occult writer)


Rancho Boca de la Cañada del Pinole was a  Mexican land grant in present-day Contra Costa County, California given in 1842 by Governor Juan Alvarado to María Manuela Valencia. The name means "Mouth of the Pinole Valley" in Spanish. The rancho located between present-day Martinez, Pleasant Hill, Orinda, and Lafayette.

History
Felipe Santiago Briones (1790 -1840) was a soldier at the San Francisco Presidio.  He married Maria Manuela Valencia in 1810.  Maria Manuela Valencia's brother, Candelario Valencia, was the grantee of Rancho Acalanes. In 1829, Briones and his family settled on the El Pinole lands, built a home (near what is now the Bear Creek Staging area), and in 1839, petitioned for a grant of El Pinole.  When Felipe Briones was killed in 1840, his widow, Maria Manuela Valencia de Briones, petitioned for the land grant in her name. In 1842, Governor Alvarado, made a three square league grant of  Rancho Boca de la Cañada del Pinole to María Manuela Valencia and a four square league grant of Rancho El Pinole to Ygnacio Martinez.

With the cession of California to the United States following the Mexican-American War, the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the land grants would be honored. As required by the Land Act of 1851, a claim was filed with the Public Land Commission in 1852, and the grant was patented to María Manuela Valencia  in 1878.

In 1870, the Briones family sold their lands to Simon and Elias Blum who developed orchards and cultivated fruit.

In 1909, the Peoples' Water Company, the precursor to the East Bay Municipal Utility District, purchased the land for the watershed. The nearby Briones Reservoir was constructed in 1964. The East Bay Regional Parks District later acquired Briones and opened the  Briones Regional Park in 1967.

See also

References

Boca de la Canada del Pinole
Boca de la Cañada Pinole
Martinez, California
Lafayette, California
Orinda, California
Pleasant Hill, California
Boca de la Cañada Pinole

Rancho Boca de la Cañada del Pinole


Arif Zakaria (born 11 November 1966) is an Indian actor. He has had roles in many films, beginning with his debut film Darmiyaan (1997), 1947: Earth (1998), Dance Like a Man (2004), and biographical projects Mardana and the controversial Nanak Shah Fakir.

Early life
Arif Zakaria's uncle Rafiq Zakaria was a veteran politician from the Indian National Congress. His brother Asif Zakaria is also an INC politician and cousin Fareed Zakaria is an American journalist. Zakaria completed his graduation from Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics.

Personal life
Zakaria married Namrata Sharma, a Fashion Writer, in 2002. The couple divorced in 2010.

Career
Zakaria began acting in theatre while in college and later moved on to work in television and films. He acted in numerous television serials like Chunauti, Karambhoomi, Mrityudand, Dhund, Aarzoo, Campus, Kaali - Ek Agnipariksha, etc. Arif acted in diverse roles in films like Darmiyaan, Hero, Asambhav and Dance Like a Man (English). Zakaria travelled the globe since 2005 with the Australian musical show Merchants of Bollywood, performing major roles in the production across Europe, China, France, Poland, Hong Kong, Singapore and Australia (the last season in Sydney in 2010).

The actor portrayed Rustom Sethna in Deepa Mehta's Earth/1947 and Major Dhillon in Shyam Benegal's Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero. He also appeared in Home Delivery: Aapko... Ghar Tak, Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi, Deewaar and the Shah Rukh Khan film My Name is Khan.

In 2011, Arif played the ghost that haunts the female protagonist in Vikram Bhatt's Haunted and was appreciated for the ghastly portrayal of a piano teacher falling in love with his young student who gets murdered while making advances towards her and rapes her as a ghost, which forces her to commit suicide in the movie. He played the role of a police officer in Jism 2, starring Sunny Leone, appeared in Lootera and in Krrish 3 as Dr. Varun Shetty.

Other releases of the actor are Dee Saturday Night, Darr At The Mall, Blue Mountain (all 2014) and Nanak Shah Fakir and Ishq Forever (both 2015). He is also acting in the play Gardish Mein Taare, directed by Saif Hyder Hasan, which is based on the life of Guru Dutt. In 2015, Zakaria produced a children's film "Pinti Ka Sabun" for the Children's Film Society of India; (CFSI) this film is directed by Pramod Pathak.

In 2017, Arif was seen in Vikram Bhatt's web series Spotlight - Web series as famous actor/director/producer Dev Bannerjee. Featured in the short film Aamad - written and directed by Neeraj Udhwani for the Terribly Tiny Tales web portal.

Arif Zakaria also worked in Raazi, directed by Meghna Gulzar, along with Alia Bhatt and Vicky Kaushal and the film Ahaan, directed by first-time director Nikhil Pherwani; a tender story of a young man with down syndrome. He is slated to shoot for an English film Swords and Sceptres, a re-telling of the story of the Rani of Jhansi. Plays the role of Gaus Khan. Shooting commenced from October 2017 in Jaipur. At present the actor is playing the role of Gen. Bakhtiyar in a romance-thriller series Qubool Hai 2.0 that will be streamed on all ZEE5 platform.

Filmography

Television

Film

Web series

References

External links

Male actors from Mumbai
Living people
Konkani Muslims
1967 births
Male actors in Hindi cinema
20th-century Indian male actors

Arif Zakaria


Heimerzheim is the largest local part of the municipality Swisttal in the North-Rhine/Westphalian (North Rhine Westphalia) Rhein-Sieg district. It is situated approximately 20 km west of Bonn. In 2015 the local part had 6,199 inhabitants.

History

Heimerzheim was mentioned for the first time documentary in the year 1074, its goods and land belonged to the St. Kunibert abbey in Cologne.

Buildings and culture

The place has two castles, in the north Kriegshoven Castle and in the south Heimerzheim Castle; both are in noble family estate. Heimerzheim has two schools and an active association life; one of the village highlights is annual the contactor celebration on the first weekend in July. The branch office FH federation (specialist area public security) Heimerzheim serves among other things the Federal Intelligence Service (Bundesnachrichtendienst), the Federal Criminal Police Office (Germany) (Bundeskriminalamt) as well as the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (Verfassungsschutz) as training centre. It is placed there in the range resident of the German Federal Police (Bundespolizei).

Famous people connected with Heimerzheim
 Freiherr Philipp von Boeselager, Officer of the Wehrmacht, member of the 20 July Plot
 Freiherr Georg von Boeselager, Officer of the Wehrmacht, member of the 20 July Plot

Notes

External links
 Website of the municipality Swisttal

Towns in North Rhine-Westphalia

Heimerzheim