Peter Shreeves (born 30 November 1940) is a Welsh former football player, manager and coach.

Career
Shreeves was born in Neath in South Wales where his mother had been evacuated to during the early stages of World War II, but was brought up in Islington, London. He began his career with non-league Finchley from where he joined Reading in January 1959. He made over 100 league appearances for Reading over the next seven years, but his professional career was curtailed by a broken leg. He left Reading in 1966 to join Southern League club Chelmsford City.

In the summer of 1969, Shreeves joined Wimbledon where he remained until taking up a coaching post at Charlton Athletic in 1974. Later that year he joined Tottenham Hotspur as youth coach. In 1977, Tottenham manager Keith Burkinshaw promoted him to manager of the reserve team, and then as his assistant in 1980.

In June 1984, Shreeves was promoted to the manager's seat after Burkinshaw's resignation and took Spurs to third place in the league at the end of his first season as manager. This would normally have earned them a UEFA Cup place, but the ban on English clubs in European competition began at this time due to the Heysel Stadium disaster. Tottenham finished 10th the following season and Shreeves was sacked in favour of David Pleat in March 1986.

In August that year Shreeves joined the coaching staff at Queens Park Rangers and in December 1988 was made assistant manager after Trevor Francis had been appointed as player-manager. He then worked as assistant to Steve Perryman at Watford before working as Wales assistant manager under Terry Yorath.

Shreeves returned to Tottenham as manager in July 1991 after Terry Venables had moved upstairs to become Chief Executive. Tottenham had won the FA Cup under Venables, but Shreeves was sacked after just one season with Tottenham finishing 15th in the league.

From 1993 to 1996 he was assistant manager at Chelsea before Glenn Hoddle became England manager and Ruud Gullit did not include Shreeves in his management team.

Shreeves then became assistant manager to David Pleat at Sheffield Wednesday, and worked alongside subsequent manager Ron Atkinson. He remained for a short while under the next manager, Danny Wilson, but left to re-join Atkinson at Nottingham Forest, where the duo were unable to prevent the club from being relegated. Shreeves acted as interim manager of the club for a short while following Atkinson's retirement at the end of the season, but left upon the arrival of David Platt as manager.

He was out of work until March 2000, when he was asked to return to Sheffield Wednesday as caretaker manager after Danny Wilson was sacked. The Owls were struggling at the bottom of the Premiership, and despite managing a few decent results, Shreeves was unable to prevent relegation. He did not get the manager's job on a permanent basis, but was retained as assistant manager to Paul Jewell, and got the job permanently when Jewell was sacked in February 2001. The Owls were looking in real danger of a second successive relegation at the time, but Shreeves kept them clear, earning the Manager of the Month award for March 2001 in the process. However, he resigned in October 2001 with the Owls struggling in the league.

Shreeves made a return to football as manager of Conference side Barnet in February 2002, earning the Conference Manager of the Month Award for his first month in charge. However, he resigned after just one year in charge, with the Bees struggling to make the Conference play-offs.

In June 2009 Shreeves was appointed Director of Football at Grays Athletic, and the club appointed him as caretaker manager following Gary Phillips being placed on gardening leave on 10 September, until appointing a new manager on 16 September.

On 26 January 2010, Shreeves returned to Barnet as a coach. He left the Bees after Ian Hendon was sacked in April 2010.

Name

There is some confusion about his name. His name is variously spelled "Shreeve" and "Shreeves" in different sources, as he mentions in an interview for the 2008 book "The Boys From White Hart Lane" by Martin Cloake and Adam Powley. The Tottenham Hotspur website still gives the spelling "Shreeves". He says "My real name is Shreeve, but over the years I've had so many people getting it wrong that in the end I thought, 'why not – it's Shreeves.' I've looked in the club handbooks and I see that one year my name is spelt with an 's' at the end, the next it is 'Shreeve'.

References

1940 births
Living people
Footballers from Neath
Welsh men's footballers
Men's association football inside forwards
Finchley F.C. players
Reading F.C. players
Chelmsford City F.C. players
Wimbledon F.C. players
Stevenage Athletic F.C. players
English Football League players
Southern Football League players
English football managers
Association football coaches
Charlton Athletic F.C. non-playing staff
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. non-playing staff
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. managers
Queens Park Rangers F.C. non-playing staff
Watford F.C. non-playing staff
Wales national football team non-playing staff
Chelsea F.C. non-playing staff
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. non-playing staff
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. managers
Nottingham Forest F.C. non-playing staff
Barnet F.C. non-playing staff
Barnet F.C. managers
Grays Athletic F.C. managers
English Football League managers
Premier League managers
National League (English football) managers

Peter Shreeves


The list of Ghostbusters video games covers many titles and gaming systems, and encompasses the history of the Ghostbusters media franchise since the original film's release in 1984.

Ghostbusters (1984)

Ghostbusters was designed by David Crane for the Commodore 64 and published by Activision in 1984. It was ported to other home computers, the Atari 2600, Master System, and Nintendo Entertainment System.

Crane wrote the game in six weeks, based in part on an incomplete project called Car Wars about armed automobiles in a city. This led to the "ghost vacuum" on the Ecto-1, something not present in the film. Activision obtained the license early in the film's production, and most of the game was finished by the time Crane watched the film. While pleased with the game, Crane later stated that he regretted not being able to include a better victory screen. The last week of development was spent on the opening screen which plays the Ghostbusters theme song.

The Master System version (1987) added an on-foot shooting gallery level with different animations, while the NES version (1988), ported by Japanese developer Bits Laboratory, made the action sequences considerably more difficult, had lower graphical resolution and provided a different ending. The ending in the NES version is full of spelling, grammar and punctuation mistakes:

The Real Ghostbusters (1987)

The Real Ghostbusters is an arcade video game based on the cartoon series of the same name. It was released by Data East in 1987, then ported to the Amiga, Amstrad CPC, Atari ST, Commodore 64, and ZX Spectrum. In Japan, the arcade version is known as , and does not use the Ghostbusters license.

Ghostbusters II video game
Ghostbusters II was released for several home computer and console systems.It is loosely based on the film of the same name.

Computers

The home computer editions were published by Activision. Each version of the game includes a level in which the Statue of Liberty is controlled by the player and a final battle with Vigo the Carpathian.

The MS-DOS game is different from the others and begins with a level in which the Ghostbusters battle the Scoleri brothers in a courtroom, as in the film. If the player loses a challenge, the player's Ghostbuster character is institutionalized in a mental ward but can be rescued by one of the other Ghostbusters. The other computer versions of the game feature three levels based on scenes from the film.

NES

Activision's NES edition of the game is a single-player side-scrolling game where the player controls a Ghostbuster through various stages based on the film, making their way to the museum before time runs out. Two levels involves riding around in the heroes' famous car and another level requires the player to control the Statue of Liberty, shooting fireballs. The game was noted for being exceptionally hard to complete.

New Ghostbusters II

A version of the game was released in Europe and Japan for the NES and Game Boy, titled New Ghostbusters II, developed by HAL Laboratory. It is more of a straightforward action game than the Activision game. The Game Boy version was released in America without the New label. Notable for allowing players to choose from all five ghostbusters from the end of the film; Peter, Ray, Egon, Winston, and Louis Tully.

Atari 2600
Activision developed a version of the game for the Atari 2600 which was published in 1989. British company Salu released the game in Europe in 1992, after Atari had already ended support for the 2600.

Ghostbusters (1990), Mega Drive/Genesis

Ghostbusters was developed and published by Sega for the Mega Drive/Genesis in 1990. It is unrelated to Activision's initial Ghostbusters game, and is instead a platform shoot 'em up game in which the player chooses to play as one of three Ghostbusters from the films; Winston Zeddemore is excluded from the game.

Four levels are available initially; after they are completed, a fifth level is unlocked, followed by a sixth and final level. Each level contains a number (usually two) of mid-bosses known as "middle ghosts"; after a middle ghost is defeated, it turns into a small green ghost which can be captured for extra money by luring it over a ghost trap. Between levels, money can be used to buy powerups, such as a 3-way shot or recovery items.

The Ghostbusters are down on their luck due to lack of ghost activity, when suddenly several calls begin to pour in from around the city, including the eventual reappearance of the Stay Puft Marshmallow Man (although dialogue indicates it is not the same one from the movie). After each case, a piece of a stone tablet is collected. The three Ghostbusters piece together the mysterious tablet, inadvertently opening a portal to "the evil world" and releasing a horde of ghosts. In the end, though, the Ghostbusters manage to defeat Janna, the God of Darkness, and retrieve a mystical gem from the evil world. They combine the gem with the tablet to close the portal, and save the city.

The Real Ghostbusters (1993), Game Boy

The 1993 The Real Ghostbusters game was developed by Kemco and published in North America by Activision for the Game Boy. In it, the player played as Peter Venkman. The game is based on Kemco's Crazy Castle franchise and features similar puzzle-oriented gameplay. This game was released in Europe as Garfield Labyrinth and in Japan as , which features different characters and licenses for both versions.

Extreme Ghostbusters series

Extreme Ghostbusters
Extreme Ghostbusters was released on April 2, 2001 by Light and Shadow Productions for the Game Boy Color exclusively in Europe.
It was originally thought to be intended for multiple consoles and the personal computer. It includes four playable characters including Kylie, Garett, Roland, and Eduardo. Each character has unique gameplay attributes and may be chosen at any point in the game. Set in New York City, players must defeat and either capture or destroy ghosts.

Extreme Ghostbusters: Zap the Ghosts!
Extreme Ghostbusters: Zap the Ghosts! was released in December 2001 by Light and Shadow Productions for Windows PCs exclusively in Europe. The game is a clone of the game Bust-A-Move. It includes Arcade, Contest, Challenge, and Edit modes.

Extreme Ghostbusters Creativity Center
Extreme Ghostbusters Creativity Center was released in 2001 by Light and Shadow Productions for Windows PCs exclusively in Europe.

Extreme Ghostbusters (pachinko machine)
An Extreme Ghostbusters pachinko machine was released in 2001 by Fuji Shogi.

Extreme Ghostbusters: Code Ecto-1

It is a Game Boy Advance video game based on Extreme Ghostbusters. The half-human/half-demon Count Mercharior has kidnapped Roland and Garett, two key members of the Ghostbusters team. The remaining team members, Eduardo and Kylie, immediately set off to find them, determined to capture the ghosts who have come to invade the city. The game is a combination platform and shooter game with some races, using a top-down perspective. There are 12 platform levels and four regions.

Extreme Ghostbusters: The Ultimate Invasion

A video game that is similar to Time Crisis. Players would choose from one of the four Extreme Ghostbusters and play through various missions set in New York. It can be used with gun con. There are two kinds of shots that can be fired, using a proton cartridge like what is seen in the show. There is a standard mini proton shot, similar to a bullet fire, that uses 1/10 of cartridge, or a proton beam, which uses 5/10 a proton cartridge. There are 3 game modes: Adventure, Training, and Replay.

Ghostbusters (2006), mobile
A top down puzzle game was released in 2006 for cell phones on Verizon, Sprint, T-Mobile, and Cingular (now AT&T) networks. The story revolves around the Ghostbusters being hired by a millionaire tycoon to rid his home of ghosts, but the story does not go beyond that with no cut scenes or dialog during the game. Ultimately, Ghostbusters mobile was panned critically due to its extreme length (over 100 rooms to enter), plain gameplay design (gathering colored keys, pushing statues, activating switches), and no real references to any of the original Ghostbusters characters or movies, besides the opening theme music.

Ghostbusters: The Video Game (2009)

Ghostbusters: The Video Game  is a video game for Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, Wii, PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, Nintendo DS and PC. The game was originally slated for an October 2008 release. ZootFly began independently developing the game in May 2006 but hit a "bump in the road" with regard to the Ghostbusters copyright in July 2006. Vivendi Universal acquired the rights to make the game, which was developed by Terminal Reality for the PlayStation 3, PC and Xbox 360, and by Red Fly Studios for the Wii, DS and PS2. Harold Ramis has said that he and Aykroyd, in addition to contributing to the game's script, did voiceover for the Ghostbusters video game. It was released on June 2009 for the U.S. and EU on the PlayStation formats (due to a publishing deal by Sony Computer Entertainment Europe), and November for other formats in the EU. Although the US Xbox 360 version of the game is region free, it can be played on any Xbox 360 console. A remastered version developed by Saber Interactive was released in 2019 for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch and PC through Epic Games Store.

Ghostbusters (pachinko) (2010)
A Ghostbusters pachinko machine was released in 2010 by Fuji Shogi. It was the second Ghostbusters pachinko machine after the Extreme Ghostbusters pachinko machine.

Ghostbusters: Sanctum of Slime (2011)

Ghostbusters: Sanctum of Slime is a video game for download for Xbox Live Arcade, PlayStation Network, and PC. It is a sequel to Ghostbusters: The Video Game. It features 4 ghostbusters defeating ghosts. The game received negative reviews.

Ghostbusters: Paranormal Blast (2012)
Ghostbusters: Paranormal Blast was a location-based augmented reality mobile game launched by XMG Studio in August 2012, that was available for sale in the iTunes App Store. As of 2023 it is no longer accessible.

The game allowed users to take the perspective of a Ghostbuster, catching ghosts in their own cities.

Ghostbusters (2013), mobile

Ghostbusters is a mobile game available for download from Beeline Interactive. Players start out with three new Ghostbusters in Michelle Ying, Tara Fitzpatrick, and Michael Prince. A fourth Ghostbuster, Joel Holowinsky, is available for purchase with money earned in game. Others can also be purchased, including Peter Venkman, Egon Spengler, Winston Zeddemore, and Ray Stantz, for 50 power cores each (which cost real world money). The game has three types of Ghostbusters: 1) Wrangler - used to weaken ghosts, 2) Blasters - used primarily for their offensive capabilities, and 3) Scientists - used primarily for healing Ghostbusters. The story centers around the male student that Peter Venkman kept shocking during his ESP "experiment" at the beginning of the first film. The man is contacted by a mysterious force promising him a way to get vengeance against Peter. The game instantly flashes forward to after the second film, where we see that the man now is a ghost with telepathic powers. He takes over a 50-story building where each floor serves as a separate level for Ghostbusters to defeat.

Ghostbusters Pinball (2014), mobile
Ghostbusters Pinball is pinball game released in 2014 for mobile and developed by FarSight Studios.

Lego Dimensions (2015)

The crossover toys-to-life game Lego Dimensions developed by Traveller's Tales features content based on both the original Ghostbusters and its 2016 remake. A "level pack" includes an additional level that recreates the events of the original film and adds Peter Venkman as a playable character, with the unlockable ability to play as the other three Ghostbusters. A "story pack" offers an extended six-level story campaign retelling the events of the 2016 film, and includes a playable Abby Yates, who can also be used to play as the other three Ghostbusters. Additional "fun packs" add Slimer and Stay Puft as playable characters.

Ghostbusters (2016)

A video game based on 2016 film was published by Activision for PlayStation 4, Xbox One and PC. The game was developed by California-based FireForge Games. It was critically panned, being the worst reviewed game of 2016. Three days after its release and $12 million in debt, FireForge filed for bankruptcy.

Ghostbusters: Slime City (2016), mobile
A mobile game called Ghostbusters: Slime City was published by Activision for mobile phones developed by EightPixelsSquare. It was launched in July 2016 along with Ghostbusters. The game lets players be a Ghostbuster member and save New York City from new threats, and collect powerful ghosts to rise to the top of the leaderboards. Players can upgrade their own headquarters and complete jobs around the city for new weapons and rewards.

Ghostbusters World (2018), mobile
An augmented reality (AR) mobile game called Ghostbusters World was developed by NextAge as part of a collaboration between publishing partner FourThirtyThree Inc. (4:33), Columbia Pictures, and Ghost Corps. Like Pokémon Go, players use smart devices to find and catch "specters, ghosts, and apparitions" from "all dimensions of the franchise", including the films, TV shows, comic books, theme parks, and video games. There are new ghosts to capture created especially for the game. Erik Burnham, the writer from the ongoing Ghostbusters IDW comic series had involvement with the game. The game was released in October 2018.

Lego Legacy: Heroes Unboxed (2020)

The crossover online game Lego Legacy: Heroes Unboxed, developed by Gameloft and released exclusively for Microsoft Windows, Android, and iOS devices on 27 February 2020, includes Peter Venkman, Ray Stanz, Egon Spengler, Winston Zeddemore, and Slimer as playable characters. They are the first licensed characters in the game.

Ghostbusters: Afterlife ScARe (2021), mobile
Ghostbusters: Afterlife ScARe is an augmented reality (AR) mobile game for Android and iOS inspired by the 2021 film, Ghostbusters: Afterlife.  Developed by Imprezario Entertainment, and published by Sony Pictures Entertainment, and Ghost Corps, the game sets players in the Jason Reitman film as they seek to defend their surroundings amid an oncoming apocalypse.  The game features original footage of various cast members from Ghostbusters: Afterlife; including Finn Wolfhard as Trevor Spengler, and Logan Kim as Podcast.

Ghostbusters: Spirits Unleashed (2022)

Ghostbusters: Spirits Unleashed was released on October 18, 2022 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S. The game also features the likenesses and voices of Ernie Hudson as Winston Zeddemore and Dan Aykroyd as Raymond "Ray" Stantz.

Ghostbusters: Rise of the Ghost Lord (2023)

Ghostbusters: Rise of the Ghost Lord was  released on October 26, 2023 for the Meta Quest 2, Meta Quest 3, Meta Quest Pro and the PlayStation VR2. The game is set in San Francisco, featuring locations from the city such as the Golden Gate Bridge and follows a new team of Ghostbusters who work together to stop the Ghost Lord and his minions.

References

External links
Movie Game Database
Ghostbusters II
Ghostbusters Doom
Ghostbusters at CPC WIKI

Extreme Ghostbusters

Magic Pocket page Contains Extreme Ghostbusters: Code Ecto-1 info

Ghostbusters

List of Ghostbusters video games


Meiwa Corporation (明和産業株式会社; Meiwa Sangyō Kabushiki Gaisha)  is a Japanese trading company in Tokyo, related to Mitsubishi group.

The company was established in 1947, by members from chemicals and some other departments of former Mitsubishi Corporation, that was liquidated under order of General Headquarters of the Allied Forces after World War II.

After merging Sansho Co., Ltd. in 1959 and listing in friendship trading company with China in 1962, the company developed into an all-round trading company with business mainly with socialist countries. It was later listed on the Second Section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange in 1973, and on the First Section in 1975.

Owing to social changes such as normalization of diplomatic relations between Japan and China, the company once narrowed down the focus of business lines and trading partner countries. After expanding business in South East Asia, it now has 3 liaison offices and 2 subsidiary companies in China, liaison offices in Vietnam and South Korea and 4 subsidiary companies in Vietnam, Thailand and Indonesia. Main lines of trading have specialized to  chemicals, plastics, building materials, petroleum products, functional materials and building materials. There are some related companies in chemicals, plastics, building materials and glass ware, too.

The capital is 4,024 million Yen, the president is Nobuhiko Ohtomo. The main stockholders are Mitsubishi Corporation, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.

Company motto : Bright and Friendly

References

External links
Meiwa Corporation

Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
Trading companies based in Tokyo
Japanese companies established in 1947
Mitsubishi companies
Trading companies established in the 20th century

Meiwa Corp.


tar, short for tarball, is a Linux utility to compress directories into a single file and then decompress them.

A tarball, the name for a file created by tar, has the file extension ".tar".

tar is often used with GZip to compress the created tarballs, because the tarballs are often quite large.
Since the tarball contains every file in a directory, it is as big or slightly bigger than all of the files by themself.

Linux software

Tar (Linux tool)


Credit clearing is the practice according to which a small group of banks need to make many payments to each other, of adding up the payments and cancelling them out before settling the remainder. While clearing is about waiting for the payment to go through, credit clearing is about cancelling out a payment with one coming in the opposite direction.

This process originated between all the banks in London, who would send their checks to the clearing house at the end of each day. After the calculations were made there would be a single payment to or from each bank.

In 21st century with spreadsheets and blockchains, this process tends to be fully automated.

The mechanism is used not only by banks, but in any multilateral exchange situation.

Many complementary currencies work this way, calling it mutual credit.

Banking technology

Credit clearing


Domitien Ndayizeye (born 2 May 1953) is a Burundian politician who was President of Burundi from 2003 to 2005. He succeeded Pierre Buyoya, as president on 30 April 2003, after serving as Buyoya's vice president for 18 months. Ndayizeye remained in office until succeeded by Pierre Nkurunziza on 26 August 2005.

Ndayizeye currently serves as head of the National Gathering for Change (RANAC).

In 1994 he was appointed director of the National Intelligence Service by President Cyprien Ntaryamira.

In 2004, Ndayizeye proposed a draft constitution to the parliament prior to it being put to the electorate in referendum later in the year. Relations with the Tutsi group were strained, reflected in their boycotting of the legislative session due to consider the proposal. Due to a lack of preparation, the ballot was postponed to late November 2004.

Burundi is still trying to emerge from a civil war that began in 1993 when several groups drawn from the large Hutu majority took up arms against a government and army then dominated by a Tutsi elite.

The interim government pledged to more equitably share power between the two main ethnic groups.

On 21 August 2006, Ndayizeye was arrested in Bujumbura in relation to his alleged role in a coup plot earlier in the year. The Senate lifted his immunity as Senator prior to his arrest. He denied the charges against him in court on December 19 and said that he had "never dreamed of organising a coup, in fact I had given up politics to do business and be with my family". On January 15, 2007, he was acquitted along with former vice president Alphonse-Marie Kadege and three other defendants; two others were sentenced to long prison terms.

During 2010 general elections, as his party representative, he ran for the presidential seat but decided to withdraw from the race together with all opposition parties, after they accused the ruling party of rigging previous councilors' elections.

After opposition politician Zedi Feruzi was killed during the 2015 Burundian unrest Ndayizeye and other opposition parties broke off talks with the government of President Pierre Nkurunziza.

References

1953 births
Living people
People from Kayanza Province
Hutu people
Front for Democracy in Burundi politicians
Presidents of Burundi
Burundian life senators
Vice-presidents of Burundi

Domitien Ndayizeye


The Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor (colloquially referred to as the CVPI, P71, or P7B) is a four-door, body-on-frame sedan that was manufactured by Ford from 1992 to 2011. It is the police car version of the Ford Crown Victoria and was the first vehicle to use the Ford Police Interceptor name.

From 1997 to 2013, the Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor was the most widely used automobile in law enforcement fleets in North America, namely the United States, Canada and Mexico. It was also used for this purpose on a more limited scale in other regions, such as Europe and the Middle East.

History
After the discontinuation of the Chevrolet Caprice, the Ford Motor Company held a near-monopoly on the market for police vehicles in the United States and Canada for over a decade. The conventional rear-wheel drive, V8 power, and body-on-frame construction were considered advantageous for police use. The body-on-frame construction allowed inexpensive repairs after collisions without the need to straighten the chassis. Rear-wheel drive was deemed  better for hard maneuvers and more robust than the front-wheel-drive competition for rough driving over curbs and other obstacles in the urban environment.

Although CVPIs were not sold directly to the general public by the manufacturer, they were widely available in North America as used vehicles after being decommissioned. The cars were in demand by taxi companies and others who wanted a safe, durable, and/or inexpensive car, and those who needed a car with a large back seat.

The CVPI came equipped with many heavy-duty parts, such as a revised transmission, and a  engine. Used versions are normally stripped of any police decals, equipment, police radios, and emergency lights before being sold or auctioned to the public.

First generation (1992–1997)

Though the name has been officially in use since 1992, the 1979–1991 full-sized LTDs and LTD Crown Victorias used the "P72" production code designation for both fleet and taxi and police models, with the model itself being internally classified as S (similar to LX). From 1992 to 1997, the police car models of the Crown Victoria (both base and LX trims) were officially known as Crown Victoria P71s.

In the 1993 model year, the Crown Victoria was given a chrome front grille and a reflector strip between the taillights. Another minor restyle followed suit in 1995, with a new grille and taillights. To accommodate the design of the 1995 model's new taillights, the rear license plate was moved from the bumper to the trunk lid.

For 1996, the Crown Victoria badge on the front fenders was removed and the cars received a new steering wheel; 1997 models have a lighter blue interior color compared to prior years.

Second generation (1998–2011)

1998
For the 1998 model year, the Ford Motor Company restyled the Crown Victoria, eliminating the "aero" look that the first-generation Crown Victoria had from 1992 to 1997, adopting the more conservative styling of the Mercury Grand Marquis. Both cars included restyled front and rear end components. The 1998 police package P71 had a chrome grille, chrome door handle trim, chrome bumper strips, and a chrome-trimmed flat-black rear fascia with the "Crown Victoria" badge.

1999
In 1999, Ford introduced the "Crown Victoria Police Interceptor" name, with a badge on the trunk lid replacing the 1998 "Crown Victoria" badge. A chrome-trimmed gloss-black rear fascia, black door-handle trim, black bumper strips, and a gloss-black slatted grille were also introduced at this time. Finally, the new "Street Appearance Package", intended to make the CVPI look like a standard (P73) model, including chrome trimming and Crown Victoria badging, was introduced.

Midway through 1999, the taillights were also changed; 1998 and early 1999 models had a separate amber turn signal along the bottom edge of each taillight housing. Starting in mid-1999, the extra bulbs were eliminated and the turn signals returned to the combination of stop/turn setup with red lenses found in many North American cars. Although the lenses changed, the housings did not. They still had the chambers for the separate turn signals that early models had.

These chambers were now empty, leaving a perfect place to install in police cars strobe tubes that would not affect brake or turn-signal visibility. Fleet models equipped with the "Street Appearance Package" retained the amber turn signal until 2004, when all CVs changed to all-red taillights.

For 1999, a heavy duty 11.25" torque converter became standard equipment on all CVPIs. In comparison, the civilian Crown Victoria uses a 12" torque converter.

2000
For 2000, the rear fascia and taillights lost the chrome trim, and the gloss-black grille was dropped in favor of a flat-black slatted grille. The black painted mirror caps were now textured plastic, and the ECM received less aggressive calibration as Ford deemed 1999 P71 models as being too aggressively calibrated.

2001
Further alterations were made in 2001, but most importantly, the CVPI now received the "Performance Improved" 4.6L 2V V8 engine as standard equipment. It made 235 hp @4,750 RPM and 276 lb-ft of torque at 4,000 RPM. In a corresponding move, the ECM was once again re-calibrated and the P71 sported a more powerful 135/82 amp alternator. The 3.55:1 rear differential was also deleted in favor of a 3.27:1 unit.

All plastic bumper trim was deleted and a new honeycomb-style grille was made standard, replacing the slat-style grille. Street Appearance Package versions still maintained their chrome bumper trim and chrome slat style grille. Power adjustable pedals also became an option for 2001, as height diversity among officers joining police departments increased. Ford relocated the rear window defrost switch from the left side of the dash to the direct left of the HVAC controls. The Ford logo on the steering wheel was now blue instead of being color coded to the interior.

2002
There were no changes made to the 2002 CVPI aside from the addition of power mirrors as standard equipment.

2003 (Re-engineering)
At the 2002 New York International Auto Show, a 2003 Ford Police Interceptor concept was previewed featuring an all new exterior, mirror-mounted spotlights, a 300 hp V8 engine, reinforced front and rear bumpers made out of a mixture of stainless steel, polymer, and aluminum, as well as 18-inch alloy wheels.

While the exterior design of the 2003 concept vehicle was scrapped, the 2003 model year brought the most extensive changes to the Panther platform since its 1979 introduction. The 2003 model year introduced all new underpinnings with a re-designed and fully boxed hydro-formed steel frame, as well as an aluminum #2 cross-member. According to Ford, the new frame was 20% more resistant to vertical bending and allowed the vehicle to perform better in crashes. For more precise handling, the suspension was significantly revamped, with the addition of coil over front shocks, revised steering knuckles, revised upper and lower control arms, and mono tube rear shocks; the new rear shocks were now inverted and mounted to the outside of the frame rails. For more precise steering, the recirculating ball power steering system was replaced with an all new rack and pinion unit that was 22.5 pounds lighter than the outgoing setup. The brakes were also redesigned, with the addition of a quiet EBD brake booster that optimized front-rear brake bias; it also featured a mechanical panic assist. These changes contributed to 2003 and newer CVPIs having significantly better handling characteristics in comparison to their 2002 and older counterparts.

Several changes were also made under the hood. An engine knock sensor and revised engine tuning increased horsepower and torque ratings for the 2003 CVPI to 239 hp and 287 lb-ft of torque. Additionally, the entire exhaust system was re-designed, with exhaust hangers now mounted to the frame rails; this allowed for a reduction in interior noise. For improved carbon emissions, the EGR system was revamped, and the fuel system was now return-less. A larger 6-quart oil pan was also made standard, and the oil fill cap was moved to the passenger side valve cover. The intake manifold was revised and now included an aluminum coolant crossover and deeper intake runners. For better cooling, a new, variable speed electric cooling fan replaced the two-speed unit, and the power steering fluid reservoir was now mounted to the fan shroud. In a minor change, an accessory belt shield was fitted to the front of the engine, and a new engine cover that featured a silver "V8" emblem was introduced. Lastly, a larger 78 amp hour battery was now standard on the CVPI.

The interior was also slightly revised for 2003, with new front seating surfaces that featured improved cloth upholstery and larger headrests; seat-mounted side airbags also became an option. The standard vinyl rear bench and optional cloth rear bench also received new upholstery. Additionally, interior door panels and switch gear were also updated for better ergonomics.

Another notable change for 2003 was the addition of 7-hole 16x8 inch steel wheels, replacing the old concave 20-hole steel wheels. A 2003 model can be told apart from its 1998-2002 counterpart models by simply examining the wheels. Due to the new underpinnings, the wheels for the new cars had a much higher offset and look almost flat. Along with a new wheel design, new hubcaps were introduced. These new 7-hole steel wheels were eventually the subject of a recall.

2003 Mid-year De-contenting
Midway through the 2003 model year, Ford de-contented the CVPI along with the rest of the Panther platform line. The CVPI saw the removal of the remote locking fuel door, auto parking brake pedal release, foam insulators inside the headliner, silver "V8" emblem on the engine cover, and an engine compartment lamp. Ford estimated that de-contenting the Panther platform lineup would save US$4,000,000 in production costs per year. These changes took effect in December 2002, and vehicles produced after this date are often referred to as "2003.5" and "2003 Job #2" models.

2004

For 2004, the CVPI received its final horsepower upgrade, using a new air intake borrowed from the Mercury Marauder. The 2004–2011 CVPI is rated for 186.5 kW (254 PS; 250 hp) @4,900 RPM. This better-flowing air intake system also has an integrated 80 mm (3.1 in) mass airflow (MAF) sensor that is part of the airbox lid (but can be serviced individually). This allows for much more precise flow calibration and reduces the chances of air leakage. The P71 zip tube (the flexible rubber hose between the throttle body and MAF outlet) is also used to reduce NVH (noise, vibration, and harshness) as well as transfer air from the airbox to the throttle body with minimal flow resistance. The 2004 CVPI also included a 200 amp heavy-duty alternator manufactured by Mitsubishi in Japan. The new alternator was computer controlled and featured a one-way decoupling pulley in order to remedy belt slippage on wide open throttle up shifts. The alternator has a characteristic whine under hard acceleration that can be mistaken for a mechanical issue.

The 3.55:1 rear axle returned as an option for 2004, and in a cost-cutting move, the standard heated mirrors were made optional, and the silver bumper trim found on Street Appearance Package models was removed.

2005
2005 introduced an optional fire suppression system, an industry first. It was touted to decrease the chances of a fire from starting in rear impact collisions. Vehicles equipped with a fire suppression system can be easily identified by a large encased button mounted on the headliner forward of the map lights. A new steering wheel was introduced for 2005, and the AM/FM radio antenna was removed from the rear window and moved to the rear quarter panel (only for the 2005 MY). The throttle body is no longer manually operated by a cable, but by an electronic drive-by-wire set up. This move also corresponded with the addition of a slightly updated, electronically controlled 4R70E transmission, which was only used for the 2005 model year. A heated PCV valve was made standard, as were front crash severity sensors with a weight sensing passenger airbag function. Midway through the model year, a 31-spline rear axle was introduced as standard equipment. A trunk circulation fan was offered as a factory option.

2006
2006 introduced a redesigned instrument cluster with an analog speedometer, tachometer, digital odometer with hour meter and trip meter features, and cross-compatibility with the civilian version's various features (these are normally locked out, but can be accessed through wiring modification). Kevlar-lined front doors were made optional on the CVPIs for the 2006 model year. Introduced in 2006 for P70/P72 Commercial Heavy Duty models and P71 Police Interceptor models was a standard 17-in steel wheel, replacing the previous 16-in wheels, plus new flat-gray wheel covers rather than chromed wheel covers as in previous years. Flex Fuel was made available as an option.

Mechanically, an updated and electronically controlled 4R75E transmission was introduced with better off the line performance than previous versions.

2007
No changes were introduced for the 2007 model year, aside from the rear shocks having returned to a right-side up design.

2008
For 2008, the Crown Victoria was restricted to fleet-only sales, and all Panther platform vehicles became Flex Fuel cars, making them compatible with E85 fuel. The CVPI also received keyless entry abilities.

2009
For the 2009 model year, the CVPI now had power pedals, side airbags, and federally mandated recessed window switches as standard equipment. The CVPI also received upgraded brakes for 2009, although specifics about them are not available. The confirmation flash that occurs when the doors are locked is now automatically disabled when the Courtesy Lamp Disable option is ordered. The confirmation flash was considered to be a safety issue because the lights would flash when officers exited the vehicle and locked the doors, potentially giving their presence away at night.

The car received new styled door moldings, and Ford placed a "Flex Fuel" badge in the lower right corner of the rear fascia. The Street Appearance Package also received the same new door moldings as found on the civilian-fleet-only Crown Victoria LX.

The 2009 CVPI now mandated the use of Mercon LV fluid in the 4R75E transmission.

2010
In 2010, the VIN code "P71" was replaced with "P7B". No other changes were made.

2011
2011 models received updated and larger front headrests along with the rest of the Crown Victoria line in order to comply with new front crash-rating standards. This was the last model year for the CVPI and no other changes were made from 2010. The final CVPI was purchased by the Kansas Highway Patrol in 2011.

Comparison with standard Crown Victoria
Both cars use the same 4.6 L 2V SOHC V8 (both Flex Fuel starting in 2008), Ford modular engine, and Ford four-speed automatic transmission. However, a few notable differences exist between the CVPI and a standard Crown Victoria or Grand Marquis.

Engine and drive train
All CVPIs are equipped with a larger capacity radiator along with external power steering, transmission, and engine oil cooler to reduce engine oil temperatures. This allows the vehicles to operate at high rpm/high loads for an extended period of time without the risk of engine oil overheating and subsequent engine damage. This engine oil cooler can be prone to seeping oil from the O-ring seals after the high-mileage operation encountered by CVPIs, particularly where damaged by road salt.

The Police Interceptor engine calibration includes a slightly higher idle speed (by around 40 rpm) and minor changes in the emissions settings. The computer is tuned for more aggressive transmission shift points, and the transmission itself uses a smaller heavy-duty 11.25" (1999-2011) torque converter compared to the 12" torque converter on a standard Crown Victoria. The EGR system is controlled differently on '03 and older vehicles than on non-police vehicles.

The 2004–2011 Police Interceptors are equipped standard with an open 3.27:1 rear axle (axle code Z5), with a traction-lock (Trac-Lok) 3.27:1 rear axle (axle code X5) optional, and are electronically limited to  due to critical drive-line speed limitations. An optional 3.55:1 traction-lock rear axle ratio with 119 mph speed limiter was also available from 2004 to 2011 (axle code C6).  The 1999-mid 2001 CVPIs were equipped with a standard 3.55:1 rear axle ratio and were limited to about . This compares to the standard non-P71 2.73 rear axle ratio with a speed limitation of   for all "civilian" Crown Victorias.

Ford used an aluminum metal matrix composite driveshaft for the 1999–2001 CVPIs as a measure to allow safe operation at high speeds with the 3.55:1 gear ratio, but it was more expensive than the regular aluminum driveshafts and was eliminated with the 3.55:1 rear axle midway through the 2001 model year.

Horsepower/torque ratings

Ford CVPI 1/4 mile times (as tested by Michigan State Police).

Body and chassis
Another difference is Ford's "severe duty" shock absorbers that offer a stiffer ride than the standard Crown Victoria. They also have black steel wheels with stainless steel or chromed plastic hubcaps.

All CVPIs also come with T-409 stainless-steel, dual exhaust systems without resonators. Standard Crown Victorias come with a stainless-steel single exhaust system, while the Handling and Performance Package and LX Sport-equipped Crown Victorias have the same exhaust system as the CVPI, with the resonators. The resonators further reduce noise, vibration, and harshness without adding any restriction to the exhaust system. CVPIs have higher-rate coil springs, around  of additional ground clearance, and thinner rear anti-roll bars (shared with the LX Sport) than the Handling and Performance Package Crown Victorias; the base Crown Victoria, beginning in 2003.5, does not have a rear anti-roll bar.

The bulk of police car modifications, such as installation of emergency lights, sirens, passenger seat dividers, and plastic rear bench seats, are offered as aftermarket modifications by third parties.

Interior
CVPIs came standard with manual cloth bucket seats, despite having the shifter on the steering column. This gap between seats is generally filled by a console holding radios, controls for emergency equipment, large firearms, and often a laptop computer or mobile data terminal. A velour split-bench seat was optional, with a power-adjustable driver's seat being optional on both the split bench and standard bucket seats. All front seat choices came with stab-proof seat backs. The rear seats were offered as a standard vinyl bench, however, both cloth and velour rear seats were optional. CVPIs came standard with heavy-duty flooring, but this could be removed in favor of carpeting. All CVPIs had a non-leather wrapped steering wheel, with cruise control being an available option throughout the model run. All CVPIs came standard with a basic four-preset AM/FM radio, however, there was the option to add either a cassette deck or CD player. The CVPI also had a calibrated  speedometer. The trunk release button was located in the center of the dashboard as opposed to being on the driver door panel (some units were fitted with both of these). The CVPI was available with "dark mode", which disabled overhead interior lighting upon opening a door.

Identification

One way to distinguish most P71s is the small "Police Interceptor" badge that replaces the standard "Crown Victoria" markings on the trunk lid, although the Street Appearance Package (SAP) versions forego this badge, using the standard Crown Victoria marking. Police Interceptor badges are now available for purchase online, so this identifying technique is not as reliable as it once was.

SAP cars also use chrome trim rather than the black trim of normal CVPIs. P71s can also be identified by the dual exhaust and an analog 140 mph speedometer. The CVPI has an additional interior trunk release in the center of the dashboard with a prominent warning decal right below it, while the civilian version has it only on the driver's door.

All second-generation Crown Victorias made for civilian use have a five-digit horizontal keypad (known as SecuriCode) above the driver-side door handle, which can be used to lock/unlock the car and open its trunk. All P70, 71, and 72 Crown Victorias are assembled without this keyless entry system, so unless the driver door was damaged and had an improper replacement door installed, any Crown Victoria with a keypad is a civilian one, while any one without a keypad is a P70, 71, or 72 fleet Crown Victoria.  The only completely infallible way to identify a CVPI is to look for the code "P71" in the VIN, or "P7B", as it was renamed in 2010.

Police Interceptors have the characters "P71" as the model code in the VIN, or "P7B" for 2010+ models, instead of P70 (stretched wheelbase), P72 (commercial heavy duty/taxi and fleet vehicles), P73 (base), P74 (LX), or P75 (1992 touring sedan).

Problems and criticism

Rear-end collision fires
Following the criticism of fires following highway-speed rear-end collisions, 2005 and later model CVPIs had an optional automatic fire suppression system and special "trunk packs" designed to prevent cargo from penetrating the fuel tank in a collision. Customers had to pay an additional $150 () per car for the trunk packs.

Wheels
Some problems arose with early 2003 CVPIs; the newly designed steel wheels rusted prematurely, and the rack and pinion steering units failed as early as 10,000 miles. This was not limited to the CVPI; some 2004 Mercury Marauders were also affected. A recall, initiated on March 1, 2007 (07S48), affected the steel wheels used on 2003–2005 CVPIs. Another issue with the wheels have been weld points that come loose, causing rapid air loss in tires and the potential for loss of control. A recall was issued after an investigation by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. However, the company has created anger among civilian owners of 2003+ Police Interceptors by refusing to honor the recall unless the vehicle is still being used in fleet service. The only way this problem could be addressed was if a civilian customer complained to a dealership about air leakage problems, an inability to balance the wheels properly, or a "nibble" or excessive vibration in the steering at speed. The issue was then addressed through the "Customer Satisfaction Program" that Ford initiated for the wheels. Ford ultimately resolved this issue on production cars in 2006 by introducing new 17-in steel wheels for their heavy-duty models.

Intake manifold
A common failure point on the Crown Victoria Police Interceptor was the intake manifold. Beginning in 1996, Ford used a plastic intake manifold manufactured by DuPont, which also had an integral plastic thermostat housing and anti-freeze crossover. As these vehicles were commonly used for emergency style driving and often endured long idling times, these intake manifolds quickly proved to be problematic. Cracks would develop along the thermostat housing area, causing anti-freeze leaks and overheating issues. Misfires have also been reported, as leaking anti-freeze may seep down into the spark plug wells. This resulted in a class action lawsuit against Ford. Beginning in 2003, a revised intake manifold with a bolt-on aluminum thermostat housing and anti-freeze crossover was produced and fitted to all new vehicles in an attempt to remedy the issue. While they were less failure prone, these intake manifolds proved to be problematic as well. Another common failure point on these intake manifolds was the rear heater hose fitting, located on the rear right side of the engine. It used a plastic nipple to connect the heater hose to the heater core. The plastic nipple would often split off from the intake manifold, causing rapid anti-freeze loss and overheating.

Steering shaft recall
In 2013, Ford Motor Company recalled 370,000 2005–2011 model year Ford Crown Victoria, Mercury Grand Marquis, and Lincoln Town Car vehicles due to the possibility of steering loss. The recall only applied to vehicles sold in Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and the District of Columbia. 15,000 of the affected vehicles were sold in Canada.

Discontinuation

In April 2011, Ford stopped accepting orders for the CVPI.  Following the 2011 model year, due to its lack of electronic stability control, the Crown Victoria was no longer legal for sale in the United States and Canada; a short 2012 model year was produced solely for GCC/Middle East export. The last Crown Victoria Police Interceptor rolled off the assembly line in August 2011, and was sold to the Kansas Highway Patrol. The vehicle now resides in the agency's academy as a museum piece. This was followed by the final Crown Victoria to ever be produced on September 15, 2011, which was exported to Saudi Arabia. It was the very last vehicle to be produced at the St. Thomas Assembly Plant.

As CVPIs continue to be decommissioned across the United States, a significant number have gone on to be purchased by civilian owners. Some have also been preserved in museums in the United States and overseas.

Successor

On March 12, 2010, Ford Motor Company unveiled the Ford Police Interceptor Sedan. While sharing a nameplate with the Crown Victoria Police Interceptor, the Police Interceptor Sedan was a variant of the sixth-generation Ford Taurus, shifting from the long-running Panther chassis to an all-wheel drive version of the D3 architecture.

In a design decision, the Police Interceptor Sedan did not adopt the Taurus nameplate, as it was sold alongside the Ford Police Interceptor Utility, derived from the Ford Explorer.  Along with heavier-duty components and a redesigned interior, the Police Interceptor Sedan adopted higher-performance steering and suspension tuning. The standard engine was a 3.5-L V6, but a 3.7-L V6 (shared with the Mustang) later became the standard power plant. A twin-turbocharged EcoBoost V6 (shared with the Taurus SHO) was also available as an option.

The Ford Police Interceptor Sedan was discontinued alongside the North American Ford Taurus model on March 1, 2019. The Ford Police Interceptor Utility remains in production as of 2022 as Ford's main police vehicle, sharing its design with the civilian market Ford Explorer.

Use outside North America

Europe

In Russia, the Main Directorate for Road Traffic Safety, popularly known under its historical abbreviation GAI (ГАИ), purchased 140 Crown Victoria P71s from 1994 to 1995. Part of the militsiya (now politisya), the vehicles were operated by the Road Patrol Service (DPS) as highway-patrol units around the greater Moscow area. The most powerful vehicles purchased by the DPS at the time (replacing Chaika-engined GAZ-24-10 Volgas), the Crown Victorias were used by the agency through the early 2010s. Its reliabity and comfortable seats were well-liked. Their use took place when Yury Luzhkov purchased the vehicles for the GAI. Second-generation CVPIs were reported to be used in other regional police forces such as in Sochi.

In 1999, the Ukrainian Militsiya in Chernihiv were provided first-generation Crown Victoria as humanitarian aid from Washington, D.C. According to official documents provided by the Militsiya, the vehicles were not widely used since June 2011. These vehicles were used by the local State Traffic Inspectorate. There was documentation submitted in 2014 regarding the potential write-off for the first-gen CVs in Cherihiv. There also sightings of CVPIs used by the Ukrainian Military Police.

In 2003, three CVPIs were bought by the French city of Montpellier.  Purchased as part of an upgrade of the local Police Municipale, the Crown Victorias were selected for their durability, security, and safety.  In 2008, they were put up for sale, as the American-designed police cars were found to be too wide for the city streets and too long for PM garages.

Belarus purchased first-generation Crown Victorias and Tauruses in the 1990s for the Belarusian Militisya. Most were later replaced with second-generation CVPIs. In 2017, it was reported from Belarus that at least one of their 2003 Ford CVPIs formerly used by the Militsiya were being sold under $USD3,994 () through the Belarusian Ministry of Internal Affairs. They were formerly used by the Brest Regional Executive Committee.

Middle East

CVPIs were used by Middle Eastern law enforcement agencies, including those from the United Arab Emirates (via Dubai), Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman and Jordan.

In popular culture

As the Crown Victoria became increasingly ubiquitous within North America as a police vehicle, media from the 1990s through the 2010s followed suit and as a result the Crown Victoria and fictional vehicles resembling it became a common set-piece in television, cinema, and video games set in North America.

In Russia, the mid-1990s Crown Victoria became a symbol of Moscow's road militsiya for over a decade; the P71 is pictured on a DPS badge awarded for 15 years of service.  The cars were featured in several movies and in a 1997-1998 TV show Perehvat (The Intercept), where they tried to intercept target automobiles on Moscow streets.

The 2019 film Crown Vic is named after the CVPI, and follows two LAPD officers pursuing a team of bank robbers; both use Ford Crown Victorias.

A documentary film titled Crown Vic: America's Most Iconic Car by filmmaker Dale Roossien is scheduled to be released in fall 2023. It is a full-length film documenting the Crown Victoria and its sister cars. It follows the legacy of the vehicle through its inception to its current cult-like following, focusing on the individuals who still drive the car today.

References

Further reading

External links

 Ford Crown Victoria (U.S.): Police Interceptor | Commercial Version (includes long-wheelbase version)

1990s cars
2000s cars
2010s cars
Cars of Canada
Cars introduced in 1992
Ford Panther platform
Crown Victoria
Full-size vehicles
Police vehicles
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Sedans

ja:フォード・クラウンビクトリア

Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor


George Aristides Eumorfopoulos (18 April 1863 Liverpool – 19 December 1939 Chelsea Embankment), was a British collector of Chinese, Korean and Near Eastern art.

Life
Eumorfopoulos was born at 43 Bedford Street South, Mount Pleasant, Merseyside, the son of Aristides Georges Eumorfopoulos (1825–1897) and Mariora Eustratius Scaramanga (1840–1908). His grandparents had fled the Greek island of Chios during the massacre of its population by the Ottoman army in 1822.

Career
Eumorfopoulos worked for a London firm established in 1819 - Ralli Brothers, of Greek origin, a firm of private bankers who were also importers of rape, rice, cotton and hemp from India. By the time he retired in August 1934 he had risen to the position of Vice President of the firm. Since 1922 he lived at 7 Chelsea Embankment in London, a townhouse he had converted into a museum. Eumorfopoulos was a respected Orientalist. In the early stages of his collecting activity he focused on European medieval and renaissance art and 18th century ceramics alongside Japanese art, but he soon diversified into early Chinese art, especially after 1906. He not only made use of the services of experts or agents, but also relied on his own rapidly growing experience in acquiring objects. His collection of Oriental art grew to an enormous size, obliging him to add a two-storey extension to the back of his Chelsea house. He founded the Oriental Ceramic Society and was its first president from 1921 until his death in 1939. He organised and funded the publication of eleven volumes illustrating and describing items from his collection during the 1920s and early 1930s. Free access to his collection and encouragement from him inspired his neighbours Nell and Charles Vyse to experiment with Oriental stoneware glazes.

Collection

Eumorfopoulos had intended to bequeath his collection to the British nation, but the Great Depression of the 1930s forced him to sell part of it, in what was called "a princely gesture", to the Victoria & Albert and British Museums for £100 000 in 1934/5; he also sold some duplicates through Bluett's, the London art dealers, and between 1927 and 1936 donated 800 pieces to the Benaki Museum, Athens. In 1936 the Royal Academy's Burlington House arranged an international exhibition of Chinese art, to which end George Eumorfopoulos served on the organising committee and visited China to help select treasures from the Forbidden City, on loan from the Nationalist Government.

After his death, his personal library found its way to the Courtauld Institute of Art and eventually to the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London. He was buried in the Greek Orthodox Necropolis at West Norwood Cemetery

He was married to Julia Scaramanga (born 26 June 1864 in London, died 12 January 1944 at Crawley Down, Sussex). She was the daughter of George Emmanuel Scaramanga (1825–1897) and Elizabeth "Eliza" Franghiadi (1843–1933).

See also
Robert Lockhart Hobson

References

Bibliography
Robert L. Hobson et al., The George Eumorfopoulos Collection (11 vols), London, Ernest Benn Ltd. 1925–1932.
Judith Green, A New Orientation of Ideas': Collecting and the Taste for Early Chinese Ceramics in England: 1921–36", in Stacey Pierson (editor), Collecting Chinese Art: Interpretation and Display, Colloquies on Art and Archaeology in Asia No. 20, Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art, London 2000, 43–56.
George Manginis, "The George Eumorfopoulos donation to the Benaki Museum in Athens", Transactions of the Oriental Ceramic Society 66, 2001–2002, 77–93.
George Manginis, "A collection of Chinese ceramics at the Benaki Museum", Mouseio Benaki 7, 2007, 197–207.

Collectors of Asian art
Greek art collectors
1863 births
1939 deaths
Burials at West Norwood Cemetery

George Eumorfopoulos


Alan Ker Stout (9 May 1900 – 20 July 1983) was a moral philosopher working at the University of Sydney, who also wrote on cinema. His father was G. F. Stout, British philosopher.

Biography
Stout gained his MA at Oxford in 1924 and, in June of that year, he was appointed to an assistant lectureship at the University College of North Wales in Bangor, under Professor James Gibson. In this period he published three articles on Descartes and produced plays. He married Evelyn Roberts in 1927, an undergraduate leading lady in his theatre productions.

He was appointed Lecturer in Moral Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh in 1934. His mother, Isabella Ker (born in 1855), died at St Andrews in 1935. In June 1939, having applied for the  position at the suggestion of Professor John Anderson (philosopher), he commenced a career in the foundation Chair of Moral and Political Philosophy at the University of Sydney, Australia. He taught in Sydney until his retirement in 1965. He was the president of the New South Wales Film Council, and officer of Unesco for films.

His Sydney University appointment was meant to diminish the influence of John Anderson, a controversial atheistic philosopher whose opinions were at odds with the university and the Christian establishment of the state of New South Wales. Stout was supposed to teach the "sensitive" subjects, like moral and political philosophy, while Anderson taught logic and metaphysics. There was no genuine opposition between both philosophers though, because Stout ended up generally supporting Anderson's ideas.

From 1950 to 1967, Alan K. Stout was the editor of the Australasian Journal of Philosophy.

Major publications

Books
Documentary films, Sydney, 1944
Making films in Australia, Melbourne : Australian National Film Board, 1946.
Abortion law reform, Sydney, 1968.

Articles
"The Basis of Knowledge in Descartes", Mind, New Series, Vol. 38, No. 151, (Jul., 1929), pp. 330–342.
"The Basis of Knowledge in Descartes" (II), Mind, New Series, Vol. 38, No. 152, (Oct., 1929), pp. 458–472.
"Descartes' Proof of the Existence of Matter", Mind, New Series, Vol. 41, No. 162, (Apr., 1932), pp. 191–207.
"Symposium: Can Philosophy Determine What Is Ethically or Socially Valuable?",  J. L. Stocks, A. K. Stout, W. D. Lamont, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes, Vol. 15, What can Philosophy Determine?, (1936), pp. 189–235
"Free Will and Responsibility", Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 37 (1936–37), reprinted in Readings in Ethical Theory, selected and edited by Wilfrid Sellars and John Hospers, New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1952.
"But Suppose Everyone Did the Same", Australasian Journal of Philosophy 32, 1954, pp. 1–29.

Further reading
D. H. Monro, "Obituary Alan Ker Stout, 1900-1983", Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 61:3 (1983), pp. 337–339.
J. Franklin, Corrupting the Youth: A History of Philosophy in Australia, Sydney 2003, ch. 5.

References

1900 births
1983 deaths
People educated at Fettes College
Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
British philosophers
Academic staff of the University of Sydney
20th-century Australian philosophers

Alan Stout (philosopher)


Joe Frazier's Gym was a training facility owned by American professional boxer, Joe Frazier. Frazier trained at the gym while preparing for his 1971 Fight of the Century against Muhammad Ali.

History and significance
Joe Frazier's Gym stands at 2917 N. Broad Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The building was constructed around 1895 and originally served as a window sash and blind warehouse. Several companies, including the Benson Manufacturing Company and the Air Craft Plastics Company, were listed at this address. The building remained in industrial use until Cloverlay Inc., an investment group that sponsored Joe Frazier, purchased the property for his use in 1968. The gym served as Frazier's training center for his highest-profile fights, including his championship bouts against Muhammad Ali and George Foreman.

Following his 1975 retirement, Frazier purchased the gym from his investors and opened it to the public. For the next twenty-five years, Frazier trained boxers at the gym including Golden Gloves Heavyweight Champion, Duane Bobick and Olympic Medalist Terrance Cauthen. The gym was also open to local inner-city youth.

Frazier, who maintained an apartment above the gym, was forced to sell the building due to debt and back taxes in 2008.

Preservation efforts
The gym was purchased by Broad Enterprises Group L.L.C. in 2011 and is currently leased to a discount furniture store.

After efforts from preservationists and local politicians, Joe Frazier's Gym was added to the National Register of Historic Places in April 2013.

In April 2018, a portion of Glenwood Avenue near the gym was named "Smokin' Joe Frazier Boulevard".

References

External links
Soma Fitness Website

Boxing gyms and clubs in the United States
Boxing venues in Philadelphia
Culture of Philadelphia
Defunct boxing venues in the United States
Historic sites in Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Philadelphia

Joe Frazier's Gym


The Marshall–Lerner condition (after Alfred Marshall and Abba P. Lerner) is satisfied if the absolute sum of a country's export and import demand elasticities (demand responsiveness to price) is greater than one. If it is satisfied, then if a country begins with a zero trade deficit then when the country's currency depreciates (e.g., it takes more yen to buy a dollar), its balance of trade will improve (e.g., the U.S. will develop a trade surplus with Japan).
The country's imports become more expensive and exports become cheaper due to the change in relative prices, and the Marshall-Lerner condition implies that the indirect effect on the quantity of trade will exceed the direct effect of the country having to pay a higher price for its imports and receive a lower price for its exports.

Suppose the U.S. exports 100 million tons of goods to Japan at a price of $1/ton and imports 100 million tons  at a price of 100 yen/ton and an exchange rate of $.01/yen, so the trade balance is zero, $100 million of goods going each way. Then the dollar depreciates by 10%, so the exchange rate is $.011/yen. The immediate effect is to hurt the U.S. trade balance because if the quantities of imports and exports stay the same the value of exports is still $100 million but imports will now cost $110 million, a trade deficit of $10 million. It takes time for consumers around the world to adapt and change their quantities demanded; the shorter the time frame, the less elastic is demand.  In the long run, consumers react more to changed prices: demand is more elastic the longer the time frame. Japanese consumers will react to the cheaper dollar by buying more American goods-- say, a 6% increase to 106 million tons for $106 million-- and American consumers will react to the more expensive yen by buying less Japanese goods-- say, a 10% decline to 90 million tons for $99 million, creating a trade surplus of $7 million. This example has an elasticity of Japanese demand for American exports of .6 (= 6%/10%) and elasticity of demand for American imports of -1 (= -10%/10%), so it satisfies the Marshall-Lerner condition that the sum of the magnitudes of the elasticities (|-.6| + |1|) exceeds 1. The direct negative price effect of the depreciation on the balance of trade is outweighed by the indirect positive quantity effect. This pattern of a short run worsening of the trade balance after depreciation or devaluation of the currency (because the short-run elasticities add up to less than one) and long run improvement (because the long-run elasticities add up to more than one) is known as the J-curve effect.

Essentially, the Marshall–Lerner condition is an extension of Marshall's theory of the price elasticity of demand to foreign trade, the analog to the idea that if demand facing seller is elastic he can increase his revenue by reducing his price.

Mathematical derivation

Normalize domestic and foreign prices in their own currencies to each equal 1. Let  X  and M denote the quantities of exports and imports and e denote the price of foreign currency in terms of domestic currency.  The trade surplus in domestic currency (dollars in this equation) is dollar exports minus dollar imports:

or more simply, eliminating the units and putting everything into dollars,

The derivative of Surplus with respect to the exchange rate e is

Multiplying and dividing by M we get

Since the elasticity of Y with respect to X is (dY/dX)(X/Y), we can write this in terms of the elasticities of demand of exports and imports,  and .

Subtract and add eM to the numerator of the first term to get

If  the value of exports minus imports equals zero  so the trade surplus is X - eM = 0,    the last equation simplifies to

so the trade surplus rises if the absolute values of the two elasticities add to more than 1, which is the Marshall-Lerner condition.

If the initial trade surplus is positive so  X - eM > 0, the sum of the magnitudes of the elasticities can be less than 1 and the depreciation can still improve the balance of trade, resulting in an even bigger surplus than initially. That happens because when X is bigger than EM, a smaller value of  will still result in a big effect on the value of X; the smaller percentage increase from  still has a big effect when X is big. Similarly, if the economy starts out with a trade deficit and   X - eM < 0, the elasticities have to add up to more than 1 for depreciation to improve the balance of trade, because the initial harmful price effect is bigger, so the quantity responses have to be bigger to compensate. Suppose initially the US exports 60 million tons of goods to Japan and imports 100 million tons of other goods under an exchange rate of $.01/yen and prices of $1/ton and 100 yen/ton, for a trade deficit of $40 million. The initial effect of dollar depreciation to $.011/yen is to make imports cost $110 million, and the deficit rises to $50 million. If the long-run export and import elasticities equal .5 and -.5, exports will rise 5% to $63 million and imports will fall 5% to $104.5 million. The long-run result is a trade deficit of $41.5 million, smaller than the short-run deficit but bigger than the original deficit of $40 million before the depreciation.

Note that a common source of confusion is the price used in the elasticities, which determines whether an elasticity is positive or negative. Demand elasticities are ordinarily the elasticity of demand for a good with respect to the price of the good, and they ordinarily are negative numbers.  Here, we have been using the elasticity of demand  with respect to the exchange rate--- defined as domestic/foreign ($e/yen). For domestic consumers, when the exchange rate rises, imports are more expensive, so they buy less and we see a negative elasticity, the usual result. For foreign consumers, when the exchange rate rises, the exports they buy are cheaper for them and they buy more, so we see a positive elasticity. This is not an upward sloping demand curve; their price has actually fallen. For American consumers the price of  imports from Japan  is $e/yen, but for Japanese consumers the price of exports from America is yen/($e).

References

Further reading
.

International trade theory

Marshall–Lerner condition


Marmot is an unincorporated community in Clackamas County, Oregon, United States located in the Mount Hood Corridor. It is within the boundaries of the Villages at Mount Hood, on a ridge known as Devil's Backbone, which lies between the Sandy and Little Sandy rivers, along the historic Barlow Road (the final stretch of the Oregon Trail.)

The community was named by Adolph (or Adolf) Aschoff, a German immigrant who was for many years a forester and guide in the Mount Hood area. When he settled in the area near the Sandy River in 1883, he found many animal burrows that, according to the local residents, were made by marmots. He later discovered that they were actually made by the mountain beaver, another rodent. When the post office was established in about 1886, Aschoff and two of his friends decided to name it "Marmot" on account of this error.

Construction of the Mount Hood Highway in the 1920s diverted traffic away from Marmot, and fewer visitors came to stay at Aschoff's hotel. Aschoff sold the hotel in 1930, and died soon after.

Marmot post office was discontinued in 1930. Most of the buildings burned to the ground in 1931, with the exception of Aschoff's museum, the post office, and a store. None of these structures remain today.

See also
Marmot Dam

References

Portland metropolitan area
Unincorporated communities in Clackamas County, Oregon
1886 establishments in Oregon
Populated places established in 1886
Unincorporated communities in Oregon

Marmot, Oregon


The Tabard was an inn in Southwark established in 1307 that stood on the east side of Borough High Street, at the road's intersection with the ancient thoroughfare to Canterbury and Dover. It was built for the Abbot of Hyde, who purchased the land to construct a place for himself and his ecclesiastical brethren to stay when on business in London.

The Tabard was famous for accommodating people who made the pilgrimage to the Shrine of Thomas Becket in Canterbury Cathedral, and it is mentioned in the 14th-century literary work The Canterbury Tales.

Early history

The inn was located on the south bank of the Thames, just north of where the two Roman roads of Stane Street and Watling Street merged. It stood near the Manor of Southwark, controlled by the Bishops of Winchester. Also known as the Liberty of Winchester, the manor lay outside the jurisdiction of the City of London. Activities that were forbidden within the City of London and the county of Surrey, including prostitution and animal baiting, were permitted within Southwark, which thus became medieval London's entertainment district. In those times, the Tabard would have been filled with pilgrims, drunks, travellers, criminals, and prostitutes (colloquially known as the "Winchester Geese").

Chaucer wrote that the Tabard was the location where the pilgrims first met on their journey to Canterbury in the 1380s. The inn's proprietor was a man named Harry Bailey:
Bifel that in that season on a day,In Southwerk at the Tabard as I layRedy to wenden on my pilgrymageTo Caunterbury with ful devout corage,At nyght was come into that hostelryeWel nyne and twenty in a compaignyeOf sondry folk, by aventure yfalleIn felaweshipe, and pilgrimes were they alle,That toward Caunterbury wolden ryde;The chambres and the stables weren wyde,And well we weren esed atte beste;

The antiquary John Stow wrote in his Survey that by the 16th century it was among several inns at this location in Southwark: "many fair inns, for receipt of travellers, by these signs: the Spurre, Christopher, Bull, Queen's Head, Tabard, George, Hart, King's Head" &c.

Following the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the mid-16th century, "the Tabard of the Monastery of Hyde, and the Abbot's Place, with the stable and gardens thereunto belonging" were sold to John and Thomas Master. The goldsmith John Mabbe (died 1578) acquired the inn. His son Robert Mabbe pledged a share of the inn to the goldsmith Affabel Partridge for a loan.

Destruction and replacement
On 26 May 1676, ten years after the Great Fire of London, a great blaze started in Southwark. The Tabard was among many buildings that were either burned down or pulled down to create fire breaks. The blaze, which took 17 hours to contain, destroyed most of medieval Southwark. King Charles II and his brother the Duke of York were both involved in the firefighting effort. Although the medieval building was destroyed, the site was immediately rebuilt and renamed The Talbot.

Closure
In the early 18th century, the new inn was profiting from the growth in stagecoach traffic between London and the channel ports because of the growth in turnpikes. By the early 19th century, the Talbert remained a well-renowned coaching inn. However, with the advent of the railways, it eventually closed. The building was then converted into stores. It was demolished in 1873.

Notes

External links

 The Tabard Inn in Southwark, another nineteenth-century engraving

1873 disestablishments in England
Coaching inns
Former buildings and structures in the London Borough of Southwark
1307 establishments in England
Former pubs in London
History of the London Borough of Southwark
Pubs in the London Borough of Southwark
Buildings and structures demolished in 1873
Demolished buildings and structures in London

The Tabard


Ehecatl ( , ) is a pre-Columbian deity associated with the wind, who features in Aztec mythology and the mythologies of other cultures from the central Mexico region of Mesoamerica. He is most usually interpreted as the aspect of the Feathered Serpent deity (Quetzalcoatl in Aztec and other Nahua cultures) as a god of wind, and is therefore also known as Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl. Ehecatl also figures prominently as one of the creator gods and culture heroes in the mythical creation accounts documented for pre-Columbian central Mexican cultures.

Since the wind blows in all directions, Ehecatl was associated with all the cardinal directions. His temple was built as a cylinder in order to reduce the air resistance, and was sometimes portrayed with two protruding masks through which the wind blew.

Notes

References

External links

Aztec gods
Sky and weather gods
Wind gods
Quetzalcoatl

Ehecatl


Raktha Kanneeru () is a 2003 Indian Kannada-language film directed by Sadhu Kokila, starring Upendra and Ramya Krishna. The film was produced by Munirathna and was later dubbed in Telugu. The screenplay and dialogues of the film were written by Upendra and the music was composed by Sadhu Kokila.

Though it was initially claimed to be a remake of the 1954 Tamil film Ratha Kanneer, the director clarified that his film was based on a Kannada play which was later adapted in Tamil as a play and then subsequently into the 1954 film. Upon release, the film was successful at the box office. It was followed by a spiritual sequel titled Katari Veera Surasundarangi released in 2012.

Plot
Mohan is a rich guy who returns from another country, after his studies but he is very arrogant towards people who are below his financial standards and even towards his own mother. He gets attracted to a local prostitute Kantha and even submits all his riches and property to her. On his mother's insistence he marries a girl, Chandra, who is his cousin who is a traditional and a village girl. On his first night Mohan gets to find out she is not of his culture and leaves for Kantha. Gradually he loses all of his wealth and is left only with his house. Mohan gets addicted to alcohol and Kantha so much that he doesn't even attend his mother's funeral and perform her last rites which are carried out by his friend Balu.

Balu advises Mohan many times to mend his ways but Mohan turns down all his advice. Gradually, Mohan is affected by leprosy, and with no money left for his treatment, Kantha throws him out of her house. Due to a heavy storm, Mohan loses one of his legs and eyesight and eventually has to make do by begging, and one day he reaches out to his wife Chandra who now works in a house as a maid. Neither recognise each other as Mohan has a deformed appearance and cannot see her. But she feeds him daily out of humanity.

Searching for Mohan, his friend Balu comes to Chandra, and during their conversation, the trio recognise each other. Mohan asks Chandra and Balu to marry each other so that Chandra doesn't need to lead a pitiful life. He also asks Balu to establish his statues in the city in the deformed form so that persons like him can take his life as an example and mend their ways to lead a happy life. After so many years, Balu and Chandra are shown at Mohan's statue, crying in his memory.

Cast
Upendra as Mohan
Ramya Krishna as Kantha
Abhirami as Chandra
Kumar Bangarappa as Balu
Jyothilakshmi as Kantha's mother
Doddanna
 Arif Ali
Bank Janardhan as Police inspector
Sadhu Kokila as Kantha's uncle
J. V. Somayajulu as Chandras father
Kota Srinivasa Rao
Sudhakar
Kallu Chidambaram as beggar

Production
The film was originally set to be directed by Shivamani, but he was replaced by Sadhu Kokila, making his directorial debut.

Soundtrack
The music was composed by Sadhu Kokila. The audio had another song Ee deshadalli  ( with the tune of the Hindi song Kaliyon Ka Chaman) was not featured in the film.

Reception
Raktha Kanneerus BKT distribution rights were sold at a record price of 1.6 crore. The film went on to break many opening box office records upon release. From Bangalore alone, the film collected a share of more than 1 crore in its first week. Indiainfo wrote "Overall a good film that rests completely on Upendra's shoulders". Reviewing the Telugu-dubbed version, The Hindu wrote, "Upendra's performance is very good, he lives the role. Unfortunately, the dubbing voice and the accent used for him sound artificial". Jeevi of Idlebrain wrote, "This film is a typical Upendra film. His histrionics and the dialogues written to him are the plus points".

Legacy
The film's song "Baa Baaro Rasika" inspired a 2004 film of same name.

Future
The film was followed by a semi sequel titled Katari Veera Surasundarangi released in 2012. A 3D romantic fantasy film, it was partly a sequel to Raktha Kanneeru. It was also the first full-length 3D film in Kannada cinema. Upendra reprises his role of the highly educated rich-man turned beggar Mohan now in hell, where he meets his look alike gangster son (Upendra again) who is killed in a gang war. The film tells the story of how Mohan's son falls in love with Indra's daughter Indraja (Ramya) in Indraloka (heaven) and how he faces the challenges of Brahma, Yama and other Devatas of Indraloka to marry Indraja. The film was hugely successful although not as much as its predecessor.

References

External links

2000s Kannada-language films
2003 directorial debut films
2003 films
Films directed by Sadhu Kokila
Films set in Bangalore
Indian films based on plays

Raktha Kanneeru


GeeksPhone was a Spanish smartphone company founded in 2009. GeeksPhone's most notable products are open Android phones and developer devices of Firefox OS.

History
GeeksPhone was founded in early 2009 by Javier Agüera and Rodrigo Silva-Ramos. Its first product, the GeeksPhone One, was announced in 2009 and started shipping in early 2010, becoming the first European brand to launch an Android smartphone to the mass market.

It subsequently manufactured the Keon and Peak smartphone models, the first developer preview devices running Firefox OS.
A consumer model, the Peak+ was announced later. It was thought to be a refinement of the Peak model, geared towards a non-developer audience, but problems concerning the availability of batteries from the Chinese ODM led to the discontinuation of the project without a single unit being marketed.

In November 2013 the company announced a new model of smartphone called Revolution. It was thought to be a high-end model, but it was then revealed to be a slight improvement from the Peak+ model.

The customers who already preordered and paid for the unreleased Peak+ model were offered to get a Revolution phone for the same price, but many cancelled their order when they knew more detailed specifics of the Revolution.

The company announced in January 2014 a new model of smartphone called Blackphone. Designed with the founders of Silent Circle and PGP in the wake of the 2013 mass surveillance revelations, the Android-based device is said to be "the first NSA-proof" smartphone.
It was produced by SGP Technologies, a joint venture of Geeksphone and the software firm Silent Circle.

In early 2015, Geeksphone sold its part of SGP Technologies to Silent Circle to focus on wearables sold under the brand Geeksme.
14 engineers from Geeksphone, including Javier Agüera, remained in SGP.

Locked firmware
GeeksPhone has claimed to let the users install alternative OS on their mobile platforms but this has turned out not being the case since with their phone "Revolution" as they have locked the boot.img with a secret signed key that is there to prevent the user from installing any alternative firmware and also refused sharing that key. They have also stopped development of Firefox OS for the device at version 2.0.

Philosophy

GeeksPhone specializes in the development, promotion and commercialization of open source mobile telephony solutions. The company considers the One smartphone and its successors (announced in late 2010) the first stage of its initiative, without making any statements about planned future stages.

The company claims to be the first to provide an Android-powered handset which allows the user to modify operating system components without having to root the device first. New OS images can easily be installed on the device; the company operates a wiki and a forum for users to share knowledge.

As of July 2010, the GeeksPhone One is not available through any of the big mobile operators. While GeeksPhone does not rule out cooperation with operators for the future, CEO Javier Agüera has stated that the "freedom-based" business model would have priority over any such agreement.

Although its philosophy is somewhat similar to that of Openmoko, GeeksPhone does not publish hardware specifications for its devices beyond a data sheet. Another difference is that GeeksPhone aims to provide a stable device suitable for everyday use and capable of competing with other commercial devices on the market. The GeeksPhone One ships with an Android version which has undergone quality tests and passed Android Open Source Project (AOSP) Code Compliance certification, allowing it to include closed-source Android components and participate in Android Market.

About emerging competitor Synapse-Phones's strategy to offer smartphones with customizable hardware, Rodrigo Silva-Ramos stated that GeeksPhone had tried the same, but found it impossible. He noted, however, that the existence of a competitor confirmed the viability of the company's business model. Synapse failed in its attempt, and went out of business shortly afterwards.

Certified Community Release program

In July 2010, GeeksPhone announced their Certified Community Release (CCR) program. CCRs are Android ports developed by the community and subsequently certified by GeeksPhone. Releases may be certified as "stable" or "beta". While full credit is given to the developer, GeeksPhone will provide technical support to users of these builds and flash phones with a CCR if requested by the customer. Use of a CCR will not void the warranty of the phone.

Developers can get technical support from GeeksPhone and major contributors may receive an additional free handset for development from GeeksPhone and, in some cases, sponsorships.

GeeksPhone initially announced that phones would not yet ship with CCRs preinstalled; however, as of at least October 2010, phones have been shipped with RCMod 3, a CCR based on Android 2.2 (Froyo).

Products

There were speculations that the third, yet unnamed product announced for 2011 would be a tablet computer. However, no new phones were released in 2011. Geeksphone works or has worked in the past with ODMs such as Foxconn, SIM, Cellon and Quanta.
In November 2013, Geeksphone cancelled any plan for producing Peak+ citing component manufacturer problems, and announced a new model of phone called Revolution.
As of 10 January 2014, the company announced a new phone called Blackphone.

See also
Google Nexus
Galaxy Nexus
Comparison of Firefox OS devices

References

Further reading

External links
  (broken link)

Mobile phone manufacturers
Telecommunications in Spain
Manufacturing companies based in Madrid
Telecommunications companies established in 2009
2009 establishments in Spain
Spanish brands

GeeksPhone


The rabelo boat is a traditional Portuguese wooden cargo boat that was used for centuries to transport people and goods along the Douro River.  It is flat-bottomed, with a shallow draught, which was necessary to navigate the often shallow fast-flowing waters of the upper Douro prior to the construction of dams and locks from 1968 onwards.

Native to the Douro region, it does not exist in any other place in the world. Its history is closely linked to the production and trade of port wine. Before the arrival of the Linha do Douro railway, the rabelo was the fastest and the most efficient means of transport between the Douro Valley, where port wine is produced, and the city of Porto, where it was traded and exported worldwide.

The name rabelo means 'little tail', on account of the long timber projection from the rear of the boat which is used to steer the vessel. Although not in commercial use anymore, these vessels may still be seen, belonging to port wine companies, along the river in Porto and Gaia.

Every year on June 24, St John's Day, a race of rabelo boats is held, an important and popular part of the festivities of Porto, the Festa de São João do Porto.

References

External links

 / Municipality of V.N. Gaia
 / Municipality of Peso da Régua

Boat types
Riverboats
Transport in Porto
Port wine
Douro basin

Rabelo boat


Llanrhaiadr Mochnant railway station was a station near Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant, Powys, Wales, on the Tanat Valley Light Railway. The station opened in 1904 and closed to passengers in 1951 and completely in 1964. The station was situated a mile south-east of the village and on the west side of a level crossing. It had two platforms and a passing loop as well as sidings to a goods yard and cattle dock.

References

Further reading

Disused railway stations in Powys
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1904
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1951
Former Cambrian Railway stations

Llanrhaiadr Mochnant railway station