The University of Florida Fightin' Gator Marching Band, also known as The Pride of the Sunshine, is the official marching band for the University of Florida. The current era of the band is also referred to as The Sound of the Gator Nation. They perform at every Florida Gators home football game at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium and also at various other events such as pep rallies, parades, and the annual Orange and Blue spring scrimmage game. A full band usually travels to two away games a year while at other games a small/medium-sized pep band will attend. Members of the Gator Band, as well as other University of Florida students, are encouraged to join other ensembles such as concert band, jazz band, basketball band, and volleyball band. The twirlers for the Gator Band are referred to as the Gatorettes and the color guard is called the Florida Visual Ensemble.

History

Founding
Prior to the founding of the University of Florida in 1853, the three component institutions that would eventually become the university each had a "cadet band". The band program at UF continued to be cadet style for many years after that. It wasn't until 1913 that the all-student band that would become the Pride of the Sunshine was started by a group of students with a student director named "Pug" Hamilton. It had 16 members and was called "The Cadet Band". The first band office was in Anderson Hall and the first band room was in the Women's Gymnasium.

Sophy Mae Mitchell

The first woman in Gator Band was Sophy Mae Mitchell of Sebring, Florida who joined in 1948. Upon her arrival in Gainesville, she met with Colonel Harold B. Bachman and asked his permission to join the marching band. After marching with the banner in her first year in the band, Mitchell was invited back to play the bell lyre for the remainder of her college career. She was a founding member of a club within the Gator Band which would become the Beta Xi chapter of Tau Beta Sigma. In 2009 she was inducted into the Gator Band Hall of Fame. She frequently returned to the Alumni Band games along with over 100 other Gator Band alumni until her passing in January 2021.

Practice Facilities
The Steinbrenner Band Hall at the University of Florida was made possible by a private donation from George Steinbrenner and his wife Joan in 2002 in exchange for naming rights. The facility was completed in 2008 and houses the Stephen Stills Band Rehearsal Room in addition to offices, instrument storage, the band library, and an instrument issue room. The building serves as a practice facility for the university's various concert ensembles as well as the Pride of the Sunshine.Gator Marching Band Field was constructed on what was formerly Pony Field at 1273 Gale Lemerand Drive. Prior to the construction of the practice facility, the Gator Marching Band practiced on various fields across the University of Florida campus for over a century. Phase I of construction was completed in August 2018 and encompasses an NCAA-regulated artificial turf field that mirrors the game-day performance space and is built with proper drainage and adequate lighting as well as a 5,000-square-foot outdoor pavilion that provides shelter from Florida's inclement weather. Phase II of the project, which will begin construction once funding is secured, includes a research and teaching building with workrooms, instrument storage space, an ice machine, and restrooms.

Honors and Significant Performances
In 1972 the Gator Band was featured at the opening of Walt Disney World in Orlando, Florida. In 1997 they returned to participate in the Walt Disney World 25th Anniversary Celebration.

In 2012, the Gator Band was invited to perform in the 2012 London Summer Olympics becoming the first non-British marching band to perform outside of Buckingham Palace.

In 2013, the Gator Band was selected as the recipient of the Sudler Trophy, a one-time award conferred upon the nation's best college marching bands, by the John Philip Sousa Foundation. They received the award on November 9, 2013, during the homecoming halftime show.

In 2017, the Gator Band was featured in an episode of America's Got Talent. They filmed the footage in Ben Griffin Stadium during January before the start of spring classes. Their segment ended up being the episode's introduction.

In 2023, the Gator Band travelled to Ireland for multiple performances in celebration of St. Patrick's Day. They performed at the Cork St. Patrick's Day Parade, in exhibition at the Limerick International Band Championship, and put on a standstill performance in Dublin at Merrion Square.

Controversy
In August 2019, Gator Band Director Jay Watkins was assaulted after a neutral-site 24-20 victory over the University of Miami football team. The Gator Marching Band was leaving Camping World Stadium in parade formation when a Hurricanes fan attempted to cut through the block. Watkins reached out his hand to block the woman from doing so after which an unidentified man came up behind him, put him in a choke hold, and threw him into the pavement. No charges were filed, but the incident sparked a national conversation regarding the safety of marching bands in away and neutral-site environments.

In June 2020, university president Kent Fuchs announced that the University Athletic Association and the Gator Band would cease the use of the "Gator Bait" cheer at UF sporting events.

Director of Bands

1st Director: "Pug" Hamilton
1st Paid: R. Dewitt Brown (1920–1948)
2nd Paid: Col. Harold B. Bachman (1948–1958)
3rd Paid: Reid Poole (1958–1961)
4th Paid: Richard Bowles (1961–1973)
5th Paid: Frank Wickes (1973–1980)
Assistant Director: Gary Langford (1971-1985)
6th Paid: David Gregory (1980–1982)
7th Paid: Gerald Poe (1982–1985)
8th Paid: Gary Langford (1985–1987)
9th Paid: Dr. David A. Waybright (1987–present)
Associate Director of Bands: Gary Langford (1985–1996)
Assistant Director of Bands: Mark Spede (1990–1996)
Associate Director of Bands: Rene Rosas (1995–1998)
Associate Director of Bands: Matthew Sexton (1998–2006)
Associate Director of Bands: John M. "Jay" Watkins, Jr. (2006–present)
Assistant Director of Bands: Archie G. "Chip" Birkner, IV (2006–present)

Leadership

John M. "Jay" Wakins, Jr. - Associate Director of Bands
Jay Watkins is the Associate Director of Bands and Director of the Gator Marching Band at the University of Florida. He was hired in 2006 from the University of Texas at Austin where he served as the Assistant to the Director of Bands and the Assistant Director of the Longhorn Band. He has led the Gator Marching Band through over a decade of growth. Prior to his work in music education, he worked for the US Naval Research Laboratory as a research associate in the areas of liquid fuel propellants and their stability and published over 75 articles in refereed science journals.

Archie G. "Chip" Birkner, IV - Assistant Director of Bands
Hired alongside Professor Watkins in 2006, Dr. Chip Birkner serves the University of Florida as Associate Professor of Music and Assistant Director of Bands, where he directs the University Concert Bands, the New Music Ensemble, Gator Pep Bands, and is Associate Director of the 'Pride of the Sunshine' Marching Band. Dr. Birkner is a "Triple Gator" having received his Bachelor of Music Education with Performer's Certificate, Master of Music in Percussion Performance, and Ph.D. in Music Education/Instrumental Conducting from the University of Florida.

Robert Gary Langford - Professor Emeritus
While no longer under the employ of the University of Florida, Professor Emeritus Gary Langford was the director of the Gator Band from 1985 to 1996. He remains active with the Pride of the Sunshine, returning every homecoming to conduct the current Gator Marching Band and the Gator Alumni Band in the homecoming halftime show. He has arranged many of the classic tunes that have become synonymous with the Gator Band. Over his time as director of the Gator Band he formed numerous positive relationships with Gator Band alumni who return to Steve Spurrier Florida Field every year for homecoming. Professor Langford has done a lot for his students, even bailing out two sousaphone players from jail the night before the 1987 game against Louisiana State University.

Game-day Traditions

Game-day Rehearsal
On Saturday mornings when there is a home football game in Gainesville, the Gator Band holds a 7:00 AM rehearsal at Gator Band Practice Field. There they will rehearse the pregame show, halftime show, and various songs that may be called up in the stands. The uniform for such rehearsals usually consists of the Gator Band shako, a white, orange, or blue Gator Band shirt, royal blue shorts, white socks, and white marching shoes. At the conclusion of all home game-day rehearsals, the Pride of the Sunshine forms their concert arcs, links hands, and sings the University of Florida's alma mater in four-part harmony. During the last home game of the season (usually the Sunshine Showdown game against the Florida State University Seminoles) graduating members are invited to the front sideline of the practice field where they will link hands and face the rest of the band for one final time singing their alma mater as a member of the marching band.

Pride of the Sunshine sings the Alma Mater

Gator Walk
Prior to their game-day march to the stadium, the Gator Band sends two groups of musicians to Gator Walk Village, a collection of 20 or so tailgating tents on the North Lawn between Ben Hill Griffin Stadium and University Avenue, where they play for the Florida Gators football team as they enter the stadium. The band provides entertainment for tailgating fans as well as support for the team as they prepare for the upcoming football game.

Around the Gator & FLA.P.S.

After the Gator Walk groups return to the Music Building and all sections have warmed up on their own, the full band encircles the alligator statue outside of the University Auditorium. From there, Professor Watkins will lead the band through various songs (usually the Star-Spangled Banner and Alma Mater) as a way to refocus the group before they depart for the stadium. After being dismissed, the band forms the pregame parade block facing west on Union Road in order to begin their march to Ben Hill Griffin Stadium. From there, the band along with Big Boom and a police motorcycle escort will march to the tune of various drum cadences that form the Florida Parade Sequence or FLA.P.S. The group will march up Union Road, make a left on Buckman Drive, and descend the ramp into the loading dock of the stadium.

Pregame
As soon as the field is clear the band marches into the Swamp from the visitors tunnel in a pregame block. They take the field opening to the "Gator Chomp", while the Voice of the Gator Band, Gerre Reynolds, announces their entrance.

Arriving at the fanfare block the band plays the "Go Gators!" call, the fanfare, and takes the fight song ("The Orange and Blue") down the field. During the break strain of the fight song, the band forms the block "F." Starting the trio of "Men of Florida" march, they move into their ceremonial set, the outline of the state of Florida. From the ceremonial set, the crowd is invited to recite the "Pledge of Allegiance" which is followed by the playing of "The Star-Spangled Banner" and the University of Florida's alma mater.

Finishing the alma mater, the band plays "We Are the Boys March" to enter into the Gators spell-out preset. Next, they play "Gimme a 'G'" while they spell out the word "Gators."  Then they play "The Orange and Blue" to take the script "Gators" down the field toward the tunnel from which the team enters. At the end of "The Orange and Blue" the band plays "You Are My Sunshine" while forming the block "UF" form that the football team runs through for their entrance. The band plays "The Orange and Blue" once while the team runs into the stadium and again when exiting the field.

Pride of the Sunshine entrance for Pregame

In the Stands

In the stands, the band plays a large number of school songs, many of them variations of the Jaws theme.  The band plays "Gator Chomp" and "Gator Maximus" at various points in the game while the team is on defense, and "Let's Go Gators", "Orange and Blue First Down", and "Go Gators" while the team is on offense, among other various songs.  Songs like "You Can Call Me Al" and "Hey! Baby" are crowd favorites.

Perhaps the best-known tradition of the Gator Band is the playing of "We Are the Boys from Old Florida" at the conclusion of every third quarter.  Beginning with a short intro, the band sets the whole crowd into a swaying motion starting with the first words. Following the playing of "We Are the Boys of Old Florida", the song "I Won't Back Down" by Gainesville native Tom Petty plays over the stadium loudspeakers while the crowd joins in as a tribute to Petty's career and devotion to the University of Florida.

We Are the Boys from Old Florida and I Won't Back Down

End of the Game
One of the newest traditions was started by Florida head coach Urban Meyer in 2005.  After every game, the head coach and team will walk over to the band's section of the stadium and sing the alma mater after which the head coach shakes the band director's hand. Should the Gators win, the band will strike up "Orange and Blue" and sing the fight song with the team, fans, and spirit team. This tradition was continued by Will Muschamp and Dan Mullen.

Alma Mater and Orange and Blue

Alumni Band

Gator Alumni Band
The Gator Alumni Band performs during halftime of the homecoming game each year. It consists of a volunteer group of former members of the Pride of the Sunshine. The alumni band is best known for the "Biggest Boom in Dixie", a very large bass drum that is carted onto the field during the show. At some games, mascots Albert and Alberta have played the drum as well.

The Biggest Boom in Dixie
In 1953, band director Colonel Harold Bachman contacted the William F. Ludwig Company of Chicago and asked them to design the largest practical drum ever made. With drumheads made from kip and measuring 6 feet in diameter and 22 inches in width, the cost for its construction, carriage and waterproof cover, was $900. (Around $10,000 in today's money.) The drum's status as the largest ever made was inevitably contested however Bachman simply said the University of Florida had the drum with "the biggest boom in Dixie" which gave the drum its name. While once a musical staple of the Pride of the Sunshine the large bass drum is now mostly ornamental, as large bass drums fell out of style with modern day marching bands for being too difficult to maneuver and travel with. Presently, the drum is simply referred to as "Big Boom" and is carted out for pregame shows and parades. When not in use it is stored in the University Auditorium. During UF's homecoming parade, attendees can strike the drum in return for a pin featuring the cartoon Gator Band logo.

Support Organizations

Kappa Kappa Psi
The Alpha Eta chapter of Kappa Kappa Psi has been providing service to the University of Florida band programs since May 25th, 1931. It was the 31st chapter in the nation, and the first in Florida. The chapter is sponsored by former Kappa Kappa Psi National President Scott E. Stowell. The Alpha Eta chapter engages in a variety of service-based responsibilities including issuing and organizing band uniforms as well as distributing Gatorade on game days. It is also responsible for hosting the annual Gator Band 5K. Since its installation, the Alpha Eta chapter has initiated over 1,000 members into the organization.

Tau Beta Sigma
The Beta Xi chapter of Tau Beta Sigma has been providing service to the University of Florida band programs since  April 12, 1958 when it became the 62nd chapter of the sorority. Among their other responsibilities, they are responsible for handing out post-performance snacks after the halftime performance at football games. Hundreds of sisters have served with the Beta Xi chapter, including men since the spring of 2004. The sisters of Beta Xi have also extended an honorary invitation to dozens of outstanding individuals of the Gator Band, including previous directors and graduate students. In 1999, the chapter initiated Sophy Mae Mitchell, one of the first women to join the Pride of the Sunshine and a founding member of the club which later became the Beta Xi chapter.

See also
University of Florida
Florida Gators

References

External links
 UF bands private press vinyl releases

University of Florida
Southeastern Conference marching bands
Musical groups from Florida
1914 establishments in Florida
Musical groups established in 1914

The Pride of the Sunshine


NDepend is a static analysis tool for .NET managed code. The tool proposes a large number features, from dependency visualization to Quality Gates and Smart Technical Debt Estimation. For that reasons the community refers to it as the "Swiss Army Knife" for .NET Developers.

Features

The main features of NDepend are:

 Dependency Visualization (using dependency graphs, and dependency matrix)
 Smart Technical Debt Estimation
 Quality Gates
 Declarative code rule over C# LINQ query (CQLinq). The NDepend default Rules-Set has few overlap with popular Roslyn analyzers. Roslyn analyzers are good at analyzing the code flow - what is happening inside a method - while the NDepend code model, on which the NDepend rules are based, is optimized for a 360 view of particular higher-scale areas including OOP, dependencies, metrics, breaking changes, mutability, naming...
 Software metrics (NDepend currently supports 82 code metrics: Cyclomatic complexity; Afferent and Efferent Coupling; Relational Cohesion; Google page rank of .NET types; Percentage of code covered by tests, etc.)
 Code Coverage data import from Visual Studio coverage, dotCover, OpenCover, NCover, NCrunch.
 Version comparison of two versions of the same assembly
 Integration with Visual Studio 2022, 2019, 2017, 2015, 2013, 2012, 2010, or can run as a standalone through VisualNDepend.exe, side by side with Jetbrains Rider or Visual Studio Code.
 Reporting and CI/CD Integration with Azure DevOps, Bamboo, Jenkins, TeamCity, AppVeyor

Code rules through LINQ queries (CQLinq)

Live code queries and code rules through LINQ queries is the backbone of NDepend, all features use it extensively. Here are some sample code queries:

 Base class should not use derivatives:

 // <Name>Base class should not use derivatives</Name>
 warnif count > 0
 from baseClass in JustMyCodeTypes
 where baseClass.IsClass && baseClass.NbChildren > 0 // <-- for optimization!
 let derivedClassesUsed = baseClass.DerivedTypes.UsedBy(baseClass)
 where derivedClassesUsed.Count() > 0
 select new { baseClass, derivedClassesUsed }

 Avoid making complex methods even more complex (source code cyclomatic complexity):

 // <Name>Avoid making complex methods even more complex (source code cyclomatic complexity)</Name>
 warnif count > 0
 from m in JustMyCodeMethods where
  !m.IsAbstract &&
   m.IsPresentInBothBuilds() &&
   m.CodeWasChanged()
 let oldCC = m.OlderVersion().CyclomaticComplexity
 where oldCC > 6 && m.CyclomaticComplexity > oldCC
 select new { m,
     oldCC,
     newCC = m.CyclomaticComplexity,
     oldLoc = m.OlderVersion().NbLinesOfCode,
     newLoc = m.NbLinesOfCode,
 }

Additionally, the tool provides a live CQLinq query editor with code completion and embedded documentation.

See also
 Design Structure Matrix
 List of tools for static code analysis
 Software visualization
 Sourcetrail

External links

NDepend reviewed by the .NET community
Exiting The Zone Of Pain: Static Analysis with NDepend.aspx (Program Manager, Microsoft) discusses NDepend
Stack Overflow discussion: use of NDepend
Abhishek Sur, on NDepend
NDepend code metrics by Andre Loker
Static analysis with NDepend by Henry Cordes
Hendry Luk discusses Continuous software quality with NDepend
Jim Holmes (Author of the book "Windows Developer Power Tools"), on NDepend.
Mário Romano discusses Metrics and Dependency Matrix with NDepend
Nates Stuff review
Scott Mitchell (MSDN Magazine), Code Exploration using NDepend
Travis Illig on NDepend

Books that mention NDepend
 Girish Suryanarayana, Ganesh Samarthyam, and Tushar Sharma. Refactoring for Software Design Smells: Managing Technical Debt (2014)
 Marcin Kawalerowicz and Craig Berntson. Continuous Integration in .NET (2010)
 James Avery and Jim Holmes. Windows developer power tools (2006)
 Patrick Cauldwell and Scott Hanselman. Code Leader: Using People, Tools, and Processes to Build Successful Software (2008)
 Yogesh Shetty and Samir Jayaswal.  Practical .NET for financial markets (2006)
 Paul Duvall. Continuous Integration (2007)
 Rick Leinecker and Vanessa L. Williams. Visual Studio 2008 All-In-One Desk Reference For Dummies (2008)
 Patrick Smacchia. Practical .Net 2 and C# 2: Harness the Platform, the Language, the Framework (2006)

Static program analysis tools
.NET programming tools
Software metrics

NDepend


Malcolm Le Maistre (born 21 March 1949) is an English musician, experimental artist and theatre director, who was a member of The Incredible String Band in the 1970s.

He was born in England, his father a French born journalist and his mother an American writer. After they split up, he attended boarding school in Surrey, where he developed an interest in experimental theatre. In 1966, with friend John "Rakis" Koumantarakis, he moved to London, where they promoted one of the first concerts by Pink Floyd, and then joined David Medalla's Exploding Galaxy counter-cultural arts and dance troupe.

He met Robin Williamson and Mike Heron of The Incredible String Band in New York City in 1968, and returned with Williamson and others to set up a commune in a farmhouse near Newport, Pembrokeshire, Wales.  There, they developed ideas for multi-media artistic experiments, and Le Maistre appeared in the BBC TV Omnibus feature on the ISB, Be Glad For the Song Has No Ending.  The same year he established the Stone Monkey dance and mime troupe, and helped develop the stage show "U", which provided the basis of the Incredible String Band album of the same name, released in 1970.  In 1971, Rose Simpson left the ISB, and Le Maistre, who had been living with the band and their friends on the Tennant estate near Innerleithen in Scotland, replaced her.  He learned to play various musical instruments over the next few months, and contributed as a musician, songwriter and singer to the ISB albums Liquid Acrobat as Regards the Air (1971), Earthspan (1972), No Ruinous Feud (1973), and Hard Rope & Silken Twine (1974).

After the ISB split up in 1974, Le Maistre stayed with Heron as a member of his new band, Mike Heron's Reputation.  In the late 1970s he attempted a solo career, also working with The Enid, and then moved into theatre, forming The Mandarin Theatre Company with Rakis.  In 1991 he set up the Environmental Arts Theatre Company, based in Edinburgh, which presented original theatre and song about the environment at schools and other community venues in Scotland.  In 1994 he released a solo album, Nothing Strange, later re-released in Germany.

He has continued as a musician, most recently as a member of The Radiant Men. As songwriter and singer of The Barrow Band, he has also prepared teaching material for primary schools on healthy eating. In May 2007, he released an album titled It's Never That Simple, with folk based songs and lyrics about his family's story.

References

1949 births
Living people
English performance artists
English theatre directors
The Incredible String Band members

Malcolm Le Maistre


John Campanius (Swedish: Johannes Jonæ Holmiensis Campanius; August 15, 1601 – September 17, 1683), also known as Johan Campanius and Johannes Campanius, was a Swedish Lutheran priest assigned to the New Sweden colony.

Background
John Campanius was born in Stockholm and attended Uppsala University, where he studied theology and graduated in 1633. He was ordained into the Lutheran ministry during 1633. He served as the chaplain to the Swedish delegation in Russia in 1634. He then moved to Norrtälje, where he served as a schoolmaster beginning in 1636. He also served as chaplain and preceptor of the Stockholm Orphan's Home, a position he continued in through 1642.

New Sweden
Campanius left Stockholm on August 16, 1642, and arrived at New Sweden on February 15, 1643. He came to accompany the first Swedish settlers to Fort Christina, near present-day Wilmington, Delaware, and served as a missionary to the nearby Lenape Indians. Campanius served as a replacement for the first Swedish Lutheran Minister, Reorus Torkillus who had recently died. For several years the New Sweden colony had no specific location for organized worship. Campanius had to visit the settlers at their cabins, which ranged all the way up to Fort Nya Gothenburg on Tinicum Island. John Campanius dedicated the new church at Tinicum on September 4, 1646. One of the few items which remain from his time of service is a gilded silver chalice used in celebrating the Eucharist.

Campanius also began to make notable headway in evangelizing the Lenape. He gained a good grasp of their language, and learned how to preach to them with good effect. He also transliterated their words, numbers, and common phrases for the use of later missionaries. For example, he accommodated the Lord's Prayer to the American circumstances by substituting for "daily bread" "a plentiful supply of venison and corn." After gaining experience in this way, he eventually was able to translate Luther's Small Catechism into the Lenape language. This effort, which was not printed until 1696 (Stockholm), is one of the first attempts by a European native to create a written document in one of the indigenous American languages. It was published in the Delaware and Swedish languages, together with a vocabulary.

Campanius also studied the traditions of the natives, and recorded them in his journal. While this did help to preserve some anthropological information on them, it also helped perpetrate the idea that the Native Americans were descendants of the lost tribes of Israel.

By 1647, he wrote to his Archbishop in Stockholm that he had gotten weary of his work in New Sweden, and requested that he be allowed to return home. In 1648, three other ministers were sent to New Sweden to continue his work and Campanius was allowed to return to Sweden. There he served as minister of churches at Härnevi and Frösthult  in Uppsala County in east central Sweden until his death in 1683. In these positions, he also worked on completing his translation of Luther's catechism. Both John Campanius and his wife Margareta were buried at the Frösthult Church in Enköping Municipality.

John Campanius Holm Award
John Campanius was the first person known to have taken systematic weather observations in the American Colonies. He is considered by some to be the first weatherman in America because he kept a daily record of the weather at New Sweden.  The records included at least 1644 and 1645 and were published in Sweden in 1702. The prestigious John Campanius Holm Award is granted annually to honor cooperative observers for outstanding accomplishments in the field of meteorological observations.  No more than twenty-five awards are given annually. The certificate is signed by the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

See also
Laurentius Carels, Swedish American Lutheran pastor

References

Sources
Clay, Jehu Curtis Annals of the Swedes on the Delaware  (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania:  J. C. Pechin.  1835)
 Myers, Albert Cook, ed.  Narratives of Early Pennsylvania, West New Jersey, and Delaware, 1630-1707 (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1912)
Jordan, John W. A History of Delaware County, Pennsylvania (History of Timicun Township. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company.  1914)
Ward, Christopher Dutch and Swedes on the Delaware, 1609- 1664 (University of Pennsylvania Press. 1930)

External links
Good Christian Deeds
Christian Cyclopedia, Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod
Christ Church (Old Swedes') Upper Merion, Pennsylvania
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

American colonial writers
17th-century American Lutheran clergy
17th-century Swedish Lutheran priests
Swedish Lutheran missionaries
Lutheran missionaries in the United States
Swedish translators
Uppsala University alumni
1601 births
1683 deaths
People of New Sweden
Writers from Stockholm
Burials in Sweden
17th-century translators
Missionary linguists
Church of Sweden clergymen in Colonial North America

John Campanius


Blasco II d'Alagona (died 23 October 1355), called the Younger, was a very influential nobleman in fourteenth century Sicily. He was probably born in Sicily, of an Aragonese family. He succeeded his uncle Blasco I. The family originated in Alagón.

Blasco was very close to the ruling house, also of Aragonese origin, and received many favours from them. The Alagona family was the most powerful in Catania at first and then eastern and eventually, under Blasco II, all of Sicily. In 1320, Frederick II of Sicily ceded the Castle of Aci, expropriated from Margherita, descendant of the Admiral Roger of Lauria, to Blasco. In 1326, Blasco defended the city of Palermo from the Angevins. While there, Beltrando del Balzo pillaged Aci.

During the reign of Peter II, Blasco was the Grand Justiciar of the realm. Giovanni of Randazzo, brother of Peter, appointed him regent for his nephew, the young King Louis. As regent, Blasco was opposed by Matteo Palizzi, lord of Tripi and Saponara and vicar of the realm. He was killed in a revolt of Messina in 1355. He was succeeded by his son Artale I.

14th-century Sicilian people
1355 deaths
Regents of Sicily
Year of birth unknown

Blasco II d'Alagona


Fiama Hasse Pais Brandão  (15 August 1938 – 19 January 2007) was a Portuguese poet, dramatist, translator and essayist.

Life
Born in Lisbon, she lived in Carcavelos until the age of 18. She studied in St. Julian's School and in the University of Lisbon.
She worked as a theatre critic and translated works from German, English and French literature. She also did historical and literary research on the Portuguese 16th century.
In 1974, she was one of the founders of the "Teatro Hoje" theatre company.

Her first book, Em Cada Pedra Um Voo Imóvel, was published in 1958. In 1961 she participated in the collective publication Poesia 61, together with Gastão Cruz, Casimiro de Brito, Luiza Neto Jorge and Maria Teresa Horta.

Some of her most admired works appeared late in her life, including Epístolas e memorandos (1996) and Cenas vivas (2000). Both in 1996 and 2000, Fiama Hasse Pais Brandão was distinguished with the Portuguese Writers Association's Poetry Prize.

Works

Poetry:

 Morfismos (1961)
 Barcas Novas (1967)
 Novas visões do passado (1975)
 Homenagemàliteratura (1976)
 F de Fiama (1986)
 Três Rostos (1989)
 Movimento Perpétuo (1992)
 Epístolas e Memorandos (1996)
 Cenas Vivas (2000)
 As Fábulas (2002)

Theatre:

 Os Chapéus de Chuva (1961)
 A Campanha (1965)
 Quem Move as Árvores (1979)
 Teatro-Teatro (1990)

Prose:

 Em Cada Pedra Um Voo Imóvel (1958)
 Movimento Perpétuo (1991)
 Sob o Olhar de Medeia (1998)

Essay:

 O Labirinto Camoniano e Outros Labirintos (1985)

English translations:

 In Contemporary Portuguese Poetry (Carcanet Press,1988)
 In Literary Olympians (USA,1997)
 In Anthology of Magazine Verse (USA, 1997)

Notes

External links
 Poetry International Web  Short biography, some poetry and list of publications, including translated.

1938 births
2007 deaths
21st-century Portuguese poets
Writers from Lisbon
20th-century Portuguese poets
20th-century Portuguese women writers
Portuguese women poets
21st-century Portuguese women writers

Fiama Hasse Pais Brandão


Nicholas James Miller (born 4 January 1970) is a British weather forecaster who is working for the BBC. He joined the team at the BBC Weather Centre in London in January 2007, and can now be seen presenting on BBC News, BBC World News, BBC Radio 4 and BBC One. He appears regularly on the BBC News at One the BBC News at Six and BBC News at Ten.

Early life
He was born in York, Yorkshire, and attended Nunthorpe Grammar School, then a selective school (until 1985), in York, later going to the University of Nottingham.

Career
In 2012 he was the reporter on a BBC One Inside Out Special about the drought. His report was networked across all regional versions of the programme. In December 2012 he also provided a networked report in a BBC One regional special shown in England, Wales and Northern Ireland about the weather of 2012.

He also reports for BBC News including a report on the 25th anniversary of the Great Storm in which he interviewed Michael Fish about his infamous broadcast.

Prior to joining the BBC national weather team he was a weather presenter on BBC South East Today. He presented weather bulletins for Kent and Sussex from October 2003 until January 2007.

Nick has also worked for BBC Local Radio across the UK including BBC Radio York, Lancashire, Nottingham and Southern Counties, and spent some time working as a weather forecaster in the United States from 1999–2003 at KRTV in Great Falls, Montana.

On 15 March 2013 Nick became the final weather forecaster to present the last full national weather forecast, from the iconic studio TC7, at BBC Television Centre in London, on the BBC News at Six bulletin, which was presented by newsreader Sophie Raworth.

He is also the weather forecaster on the Springwatch, Autumnwatch and Winterwatch nature programmes.

Personal life
He lives in South Bucks near Denham.

References

External links

  Nick Miller  BBC Weather Website

1970 births
Alumni of the University of Nottingham
Living people
BBC weather forecasters
BBC World News
People from Denham, Buckinghamshire
People from York

Nick Miller (weather forecaster)


Terry Schappert is a United States Army National Guard Special Forces veteran and martial artist who is a periodic commentator on FOX News, who hosted the 2009 show Warriors on the History Channel. He left active duty before 9/11, but continues to serve in the Army National Guard. He has deployed three times since as a Guardsman. He has also had minor acting roles. He hosted a special during the Discovery Channel's Shark Week where he demonstrated ways in which to survive a shark attack. He also makes occasional guest appearances on The Greg Gutfeld Show and previously made appearances on Red Eye w/ Greg Gutfeld. He appeared on the cast of Dude, You're Screwed on the Discovery Channel.

Early life
He is a graduate of the University of North Carolina Wilmington (UNCW) with a B.A. in Anthropology, where he was a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity.

At UNCW, Schappert borrowed military books about the Vietnam War from his friend who was a ROTC cadet. After seeing a picture of a MACV-SOG soldier, Schappert became interested in becoming a Green Beret.

Military service
A few months after he graduated from UNCW, Schappert enlisted in the United States Army in 1988. He was assigned to the 82nd Airborne Division right after basic training. With his degree, he was selected to enter Officer Candidate School, however Schappert rejected the offer as he was more interested in ground forces. While assigned to a recon squad, he completed Ranger School. After serving in the Persian Gulf War, Schappert moved on to his ultimate challenge; becoming a Green Beret.

Schappert spent five years as a Special Forces Medical Sergeant. He was involved in Operation Joint Endeavor before he left active duty in 1997. He then pursued an acting career.

After 9/11, Schappert re-enlisted as Special Forces Combat Medic in the National Guard 19th Special Forces Group. He served in Operation Iraqi Freedom and the War on Terror before he retired in 2017.

Television career
In February 2017 Schappert appeared on television in the United Kingdom where he starred in an episode of the BBC television show Special Forces: Ultimate Hell Week. During the episode Schappert directs the civilian contestants through a number of Green Beret inspired training exercises within a 48-hour period in South Africa.

In 2016 Terry became the host of Hollywood Weapons Fact or Fiction. A show dedicated to testing scenes from TV shows and movies where a weapon is used in a way that seems unbelievable. Terry and his co-host Larry Zanoff, a Hollywood prop master and armourer, put these scenes to the test. The show originated on The OUTDOOR Channel and now has moved to Netflix.

References

External links
Meet the Host at the History Channel

University of North Carolina at Wilmington alumni
United States Army soldiers
Members of the United States Army Special Forces
Living people
1962 births
American television hosts
Military personnel from New York City
United States Army personnel of the Gulf War
United States Army personnel of the Iraq War
American martial artists

Terry Schappert


Aag () is a 1948 Indian Hindi language musical drama film which is produced, directed by and stars Raj Kapoor. The film marked the debut of Kapoor as producer and director and was the first film produced by his R.K. banner. Nargis, Premnath, Nigar Sultana and Kamini Kaushal also starred in supporting roles. Raj Kapoor's youngest brother Shashi Kapoor appeared as a child artist in this film playing the younger version of his character (Kewal). This marked the first of more than a dozen films in which Raj Kapoor and Nargis appeared together

Plot
The film opens with a groom approaching his new bride, called Sudha, on their wedding night. The bride, upon seeing the groom screams because his face is disfigured due to burns. The groom then starts telling the bride his story and the remainder of the film is a flashback told to the bride by the groom. The story is about a boy, named Kewal (played by Shashi Kapoor), who is obsessed with theatre but is descended from a family of lawyers. The boy Kewal is fascinated by a girl named Nirmala, nicknamed Nimmi, a classmate in school when he was aged 10 years. They both enjoy theatre and Kewal shares his dream of opening a theatre company and starring in his play with Nimmi as the female lead while watching a play in their school. He soon plans to stage a play in his neighbourhood with Nimmi, but she deserts him because her family moves to a different city on the day of the premiere. The young Kewal takes this to heart, but after finishing school, Kewal (now played by Raj Kapoor) reluctantly submits to his father's (Kamal Kapoor) demands to continue the family tradition by studying law and become a successful lawyer just like him and his forefathers. At College, Kewal meets another Nirmala (who asks him to call her Nimmi, after hearing his story of childhood love). He again plans to stage a play, but the second Nimmi also deserts him because her parents have decided to marry her off to a man who lives in England on the day of the premiere. Kewal is distracted and fails his law exam. This forces him to a reckoning that he has no real interest in becoming a lawyer and would like to pursue his childhood dream of owning his theatre company to write, direct, and produce plays. He argues with his father and is asked to leave the house and despite his mother's protestations, decides to chart his path in life and pursue his dreams. After a little struggle, he luckily finds a patron of the arts named Rajan, (Premnath), who is the owner of a theater company, that has closed down. Kewal and Rajin strike up a creative partnership and a friendship for Kewal to write and produce plays and Rajan to finance these. During the preparation for his play, Kewal discovers a woman made homeless by Partition (Nargis) and casts her as the lead in his play.  With the finances and a leader in place, Kewal's dreams can now, at last, be realised; Kewal suggests that Nargis's character (who is not named) takes the name, Nimmi (a third incarnation). Rajan is besotted by Nimmi, but Nimmi is in love with Kewal, who remains unaware of Nimmi's feelings towards him. This conflict comes to a head on the opening night of Rajan and Kewal's first production; Rajan goes berserk and rips all his pictures of Nimmi that he has painted. Kewal, only now, discovers the reality of the situation with Rajin and tries to convince Nimmi that she should get together with Rajan, who is his friend and mentor; Nimmi pleads that she is in love with Kewal and not Rajan. The play starts (with Kewal's parents with whom he has patched up relations are in the audience) and Kewal takes a lit torch (the Aag or fire) and burns his face. During this act, of what Kewal perceives as a sacrifice to save his friendship with Rajan, the stage catches fire and the whole production company is burnt to the ground and he is disfigured. Kewal then confronts Nimmi, who is repulsed by his disfigurement and tells her that she only liked him because of his outer beauty and only the true Nimmi liked him for who he is on the inside. Nimmi (Nargis's version) visits Kewal in the hospital with his face bandaged. Nimmi offers flowers and Kewal notices a ring on her finger which Nimmi tells him was given to her by Rajan; Kewal wishes her well and she slips away. The camera cuts back to the present, the wedding night, where Kewal is telling Sudha that his childhood Nimmi understood him and only she will accept him for who he is. Sudha suggests that Kewal would not know if Nimmi was standing in front of him. Sudha turns out to be the original Nimmi (from Kewal's childhood) and accepts Kewal for who he is. Kewal and Nimmi renew their vow of opening a theatre company together.

Cast
Raj Kapoor as Kewal Khanna
Shashi Kapoor as Young Kewal Khanna
Nargis as Nimmi
Kamini Kaushal as Miss Nirmala
Nigar Sultana as Sudha
Kamal Kapoor as Kewal Khanna's father
Premnath as Rajan

Music
The music for this film was composed and conducted by Ram Ganguly. For his next film Barsaat, Raj Kapoor took Shankar–Jaikishan as music director and this duo went on to produce subsequent scores for R. K. Films.

The tracks in this film are written by Behzad Lucknavi and Deepak.

Box office

This film was not a major success and did Average business at the box office. As a director, Raj Kapoor had his first major hit with Barsaat (1949).

References

External links

1948 films
1940s Hindi-language films
Films directed by Raj Kapoor
R. K. Films films
Indian black-and-white films
Indian romantic musical films
1940s romantic musical films
1948 directorial debut films

Aag (1948 film)


The Tlingit clans of Southeast Alaska, in the United States, are one of the indigenous cultures within Alaska.  The Tlingit people also live in the Northwest Interior of British Columbia, Canada, and in the southern Yukon Territory. There are two main Tlingit lineages or moieties within Alaska, which are subdivided into a number of clans and houses.

Tlingit moieties

The Tlingit people of Southeast Alaska have multiple moieties (otherwise known as descent groups) in their society, each of which is divided into a number of clans. Each clan has its own history, songs, and totems, and each forms a social network of extended families which functions as a political unit in Tlingit society.

The moieties of the Tlingit society are the Raven (Yéil) and Eagle, Wolf, killerwhale, Frog, Thunderbird and hummingbird and butterfly. The sumilarity to moiety names are because its primary crests differ between the north and the south regions of Tlingit territory, probably due to influence from the neighboring tribes of Haida, Tsimshian and Nisga'a. Each moiety is further subdivided into clans, and each clan is subdivided into houses.

Clan names, crests and political structure
The Tlingit clans have names whose meaning typically reflects the foundation story of the clan. The clans are usually referred to in English by the name of their primary crest, such as Deisheetaan being called "Beaver Clan". This is not accurate since some crests may be held by multiple clans. Clans of opposite moieties occasionally claim the same crest, but such irregular ownership is usually due to a debt owed by some other clan; until the debt is paid, the clan holding the debt claims the crest of the clan which owes the debt, as a means of shaming it.

Clan allegiance is governed through a matrilineal system; children are born to the mother's clan and gain their status within her family, including what was traditionally hereditary leadership positions. The parents are required to be from differing clans and be opposite moieties; the children are born from the father, but he has a lesser role in their rearing than does the mother's brothers.

Not all clans listed below are extant; some have been absorbed into other clans; others have died out due to the lack of female descendants, and a few have been lost to history.  Not all the clans are independent, since clans formed in a long and fluid process.  For instance, the Kak'weidí descend from the Deisheetaan.  Some members claim that they are a "house" within the Deisheetaan clan; others claim that they are a small but fully independent clan.

List of clans
In the list below the Tlingit name of the clan is given with its primary crest in parentheses, followed by the various kwáan (region or village) in which they are found. Known houses are listed beneath each clan.

Clans of the Raven moiety (Yéil naa)
 Gaanax.ádi — Galyáx, Xunaa, T'aaku, Aak'w, S'awdáan, Takjik'aan, Taant'a
 Táakw.aaneidí
  L'uknax.ádi (Coho salmon)
 Gaanaxteidee (hibernation frog/strong man/wood worm)
 T'éex'.ádi
 Ishkeetaan/Ishkahítaan (Ganaxteidee) (Hibernation Frog) same as Ganaxteidee (di)
 X'at'ka.aayí
 Koosk'eidí/Xaas híttaan
 X'alchaneidí
 Kiks.ádi (Frog/Herring, Rock)
 Teeyhíttaan
 Teeyineidí
 Deisheetaan (BEAVER also use of Dragonfly) —
 Aanx'aakíttaan/Aanx'aak híttaan
 L'eeneidí (Dog Salmon)
 T'akdeintaan (Sea Pigeon)
 L'ukwaax.ádi
 Noowshaka.aayí
 Kwáashk'ikwáan/Kwáashk' Kwáan
 Weix'hineidí
 Yéeskaneidí
 L'ookwhineidí
 Kuyeidí
 Téel' híttaan
 Sakwteeneidí/Sukwteeneidí
 Kijookw híttaan/Gijookw híttaan
 Taneidí
 Kookw híttaan
 Kayaa.ádi
 Tukwyeidí/Tukwweidí
 Kaasx'agweidí
 Taalkweidí
 Kuyéik'.ádi
 HeHL -non Tlinget Indigenous Peoples(Raven Moieties- Bear/Badger/Wolf/Sea Monster)

Clans of the Eagle/Wolf moiety (Ch'aak'/Gooch naa)
 Kaagwaantaan (Wolf)
 Yanyeidí
 Lkweidi
 Teikweidí (Brown Bear)
 Dagisdinaa
 Jishkweidí
 Dakl'aweidí -(House/Killer Whale Clan/Wolf Clan)
 Shangukeidí - (Thunderbird)
 Wooshkeetaan - (Shark)
 Chookaneidí - (Glacier Bear)
 Kadakw.ádi
 Tsaateeneidí
 S'eet'kweidí
 Kookhittaan - (Bear)
 Kóok Hít | Box House
 Tsaagweidí - (Killer Whale)
 Nees.ídi
 Was'ineidí - (Auklet) BEAR Kéex' Kwáan
Tax' Hít | Teir/Platform/Bench House
 Naasteidí
 Kayaashkeiditaan
 Naanyaa.aayí (House/Killer Whale Clan/Wolf)
 Sik'nax.ádi
 Xook'eidí
 Kaax'oos.hittaan
 Neix.ádi  (Eagle/Beaver/Halibut)

See also
Ganhada
Laxgibuu
History of the Tlingit

References

 Emmons, George Thornton (1991). The Tlingit Indians. Volume 70 in Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History. Edited with additions by Frederica De Laguna. New York: American Museum of Natural History. .
 Hope III, Andrew (2008). Traditional Tlingit Country – Map and Tribal List. Juneau, Alaska: Alaska Native Knowledge Network.

Tlingit culture
First Nations history in British Columbia
Native American history of Alaska
Alaska Native ethnic groups
Native American tribes in Alaska

Tlingit clans


Fengning Manchu Autonomous County, Chengde City, Hebei Province jurisdiction, established in 1987. According to "Manchu name test": Fengning County name comes from Emperor Qianlong Yuci, take the word "Fung Fukang Corning."
Geographic location: longitude 116.65 ° north latitude 41.2 °

Qing Emperor Qianlong forty-three years (1778) was built Fengning county.

When the Republic of Fengning under the Rehe system.

In 1940 the county seat by the town moved to town.

May 1948 liberation.

December 2, 1986, the State Council approved the establishment of Fengning Manchu Autonomous County.

April 1987 Fengning Manchu Autonomous County officially listed.

Fengning paper cutting has a long history, Fengning folk paper-cut began in the reign of Emperor Kangxi, the beginning of paper-cut is used to reinforce the windows, blocking the window joints, and later gradually developed, gradually rich colors, the development of the characteristics of decorations, cultural values are also rising . 1993 Fengning was the Ministry of Culture named "Chinese folk paper-cut art town" now has Wei Wene, Shi Junfeng and other cultural heritage successor

In 2014, the Ministry of Culture website published "on the publicity of the fourth batch of national intangible cultural heritage representative list of projects recommended list" announcement, Fengning Teng cloth paste successfully included in the fourth batch of national intangible cultural heritage Directory. Teng 's cloth painting is a new painting by Teng Teng, a folk artist of Fengning, Hebei. His technique is a combination of painting, sculpture, heap embroidery, thangka and paper - cutting, and the materials are exquisite, colorful and delicate. Realistic, drawn widely.

Fengning is a famous revolutionary poet Guo Xiaochuan's hometown. Guo Xiaochuan, the famous poet, writer. Born in 1919, died in 1976. Guo Xiaoguan, formerly known as Guo Enda, was born in the Fengning Manchu Autonomous County town of Fengshan (at the time was the predecessor of Chengde - Rehe Province) an intellectual family. The main works are: "plain old man", "into the fiery struggle", "to young citizens", "Pengcheng Wanli", "general trilogy", "sugar cane forest - blue gauze", "Kunlun line".

Counties of China

Fengning


Paul Malcolm King (born 9 January 1948, Dagenham, Essex, England), is an English musician who was a member of Mungo Jerry between 1970 and 1972. He contributed occasional lead vocals, and played acoustic guitar (6- and 12-string), banjo, harmonica, kazoo and jug. His songs on the first Mungo Jerry album and on the early maxi-singles were generally more folksy and lighter in style than those of group leader Ray Dorset, and he was frustrated when his own songs were constantly rejected for subsequent albums.

On the second album, Electronically Tested, his composition "Black Bubonic Plague" appeared on European copies only, but not on the British release. In 1972, King recorded a solo album, Been in the Pen Too Long; he left Mungo Jerry shortly afterward.

He and the group's keyboard player Colin Earl (born 6 May 1942, Hampton) formed the King Earl Boogie Band with guitarist Dave Lambert, bassist Russell John Brown and washboard player Joe Rush, who had been a part-time Mungo Jerry member. Their album Trouble at Mill, produced by Dave Cousins of Strawbs, was well reviewed, but a single, "Plastic Jesus", was banned by the BBC on grounds of blasphemy. The group disbanded a few months later, and Lambert later joined Strawbs.

King then pursued a solo career, releasing occasional records under the names P. Rufus King and D'Jurann D'Jurann (no connection with the British group Duran Duran), as well as under his usual name.

King and Earl later formed Skeleton Krew, though in the 1990s they reverted to the name of King Earl Boogie Band.  King retired to Cornwall in 1996, though since then he has occasionally joined his colleagues and former members for one-off gigs, sometimes under the name Skeleton Krew or Skeleton Crew.

References

External links

1948 births
Living people
English male songwriters
English rock musicians
English folk musicians
People from Dagenham
Mungo Jerry members

Paul King (Mungo Jerry)


The Scorpions are a German hard rock band formed in Hanover in 1965 by guitarist Rudolf Schenker. The lineup from 1978 to 1992 was the most successful incarnation of the group, and included Klaus Meine (vocals), Rudolf Schenker (rhythm guitar), Matthias Jabs (lead guitar), Francis Buchholz (bass), and Herman Rarebell (drums). The band's only continuous member has been Schenker, although Meine has appeared on all of Scorpions' studio albums, while Jabs has been a consistent member since 1978, and bassist Paweł Mąciwoda and drummer Mikkey Dee have been in the band since 2003 and 2016 respectively.

During the mid-1970s, with guitarist Uli Jon Roth (who replaced Schenker's younger brother Michael) part of the lineup, the music of the Scorpions was defined as hard rock. After Roth's departure in 1978, Schenker and Meine took control of the group, giving them almost all the power to compose music and write lyrics. Matthias Jabs joined in 1978, and with the melodic rock he played and the influence of producer Dieter Dierks in the band, the Scorpions changed their sound to melodic heavy metal mixed with lyrical "power rock ballads", which is evident in the album Lovedrive (1979), which began the evolution of the band's sound, with recording a developed later in several of their albums. Michael Schenker also played on the Lovedrive album. Over the next decade, the band achieved influence, approval from music critics, and significant commercial success with the albums Animal Magnetism (1980), Blackout (1982), Love at First Sting (1984), the live recording World Wide Live (1985), Savage Amusement (1988), their best-selling compilation Best of Rockers 'n' Ballads (1989), and Crazy World (1990), all awarded at least one platinum award in the United States. The band has released thirteen consecutive studio albums that were in the top 10 in Germany, one of which reached No. 1, as well as three consecutive albums that were in the top 10 in the Billboard 200 in the United States. Their latest studio album, Rock Believer, was released in February 2022.

Scorpions are estimated to have sold over 100 million records around the world, making them one of the best-selling hard rock and heavy metal bands. One of their most recognized hits is "Wind of Change" (from Crazy World), a symbolic anthem of the political changes in Eastern Europe in the late 1980s and early 1990s and the fall of the Berlin Wall, and it remains as one of the best-selling singles in the world with over 14 million copies. Two of the songs on their ninth studio album Love at First Sting, "Rock You Like a Hurricane" and "Still Loving You", are regarded as some of the most influential and popular works, both in heavy metal music and among rock ballads, defined as "rock anthem" and "a true hymn of love".

History

Formation and early history (1965–1973)
Rudolf Schenker, the band's rhythm/lead guitarist, launched the band in 1965. At first, the band had Merseybeat influences and Schenker himself handled the vocals. He played in a band with Lothar Heimberg before he founded Scorpions. Karl Heinz Vollmer left the band in 1967 because of his military obligations, then he could not associate anymore with the concerts and the military life. Things began to come together in 1970 when Schenker's younger brother Michael and vocalist Klaus Meine, who had played together in the Led Zeppelin and Taste cover band Copernicus, joined the band. With this line-up they won a music contest in 1972 and recorded two songs for a single that was never released on the CCA label, but the songs, "Action" and "I'm Going Mad" were later released on different compilation albums including Psychedelic Gems 2.

In 1972, the group recorded and released their debut album Lonesome Crow, with Lothar Heimberg on bass and Wolfgang Dziony on drums and re-recorded versions of their CCA songs. During the Lonesome Crow tour, the Scorpions opened for up-and-coming British band UFO. Near the end of the tour, guitarist Michael Schenker accepted an offer of lead guitar for UFO. Uli Jon Roth, a friend of Michael's, was then introduced to the band and he helped them to finish off the tour.

The departure of Michael Schenker led to the breakup of the band. In 1973, Uli Roth, who had helped the Scorpions complete the Lonesome Crow tour, was offered the role as lead guitarist, but turned the band down, preferring instead to remain in the band Dawn Road. Rudolf Schenker eventually decided he wanted to work with Roth, but did not want to resurrect the last Scorpions lineup. He attended some of Dawn Road's rehearsals and ultimately decided to join the band, which consisted of Roth, Francis Buchholz (bass), Achim Kirschning (keyboards) and Jürgen Rosenthal (drums). Uli Roth and Buchholz persuaded Rudolf Schenker to invite Klaus Meine to join on vocals, which he soon did. While there were more members of Dawn Road than Scorpions in the band, they decided to use the Scorpions name because it was well known in the German hard rock scene and an album had been released under that name.

Rise to fame (1974–1978)
In 1974, the new line-up released Fly to the Rainbow. The album proved to be more successful than Lonesome Crow and songs such as "Speedy's Coming" and the title track established the band's sound. Achim Kirschning decided to leave after the recordings. Soon after, Jürgen Rosenthal had to leave as he was drafted into the army. In 1976, he joined German progressive rock band Eloy recording three albums. He was replaced in July 1974 by Jürgen Fechter. In 1975, Rudy Lenners from Belgium became the next drummer.

That year, the band released In Trance, which marked the beginning of their long collaboration with German producer Dieter Dierks. The album was a huge step forward for the Scorpions and established their heavy metal formula. It garnered a fan base at home and abroad with cuts such as "In Trance", "Dark Lady" and "Robot Man".

Meanwhile, as "The Hunters", the band recorded "Fuchs geh' voran" and "Wenn es richtig losgeht", German cover versions of "Action" and "Fox on the Run" by the Sweet for EMI's Electrola label.

In 1976, the Scorpions released Virgin Killer, the album cover of which featured a nude prepubescent girl behind a broken pane of glass. The cover art was designed by Stefan Bohle, who was the product manager for RCA Records, their label at the time. The cover brought the band considerable market exposure but was subsequently pulled or replaced in other countries. The album itself garnered widespread praise for its music from select critics and fan base. In 2008, the cover art on the English Wikipedia was briefly blacklisted by the Internet Watch Foundation, before reversing their decision 4 days later.

The following year, Rudy Lenners resigned for personal reasons and was replaced by Herman Rarebell, an experienced musician who had recorded with the bands Missus Beastly and Onyx.

For the follow-up Taken by Force, RCA Records made a determined effort to promote the album in stores and on the radio. The album's single, "Steamrock Fever", was added to some of RCA's radio promotional records. Roth was not happy with the commercial direction the band was taking. Although he performed on the band's Japan tour, he departed to form his own band, Electric Sun prior to the release of the resultant double live album Tokyo Tapes. Tokyo Tapes was released in the US and Europe six months after its Japanese release. By that time in mid-1978, after auditioning around 140 guitarists, the Scorpions recruited Matthias Jabs, a veteran of the German rock scene who had played in the bands Lady and Fargo.

Commercial success (1978–1992)
Following the addition of Jabs, Scorpions left RCA for Mercury Records in the United States and Harvest/EMI Electrola worldwide to record their next album Lovedrive. Just weeks after quitting UFO, Michael Schenker returned to the group for a short period during the recordings for the album. This gave the band three guitarists. Lovedrive was an album that some critics consider to be the pinnacle of their career. Containing such fan favourites as "Loving You Sunday Morning", "Always Somewhere", "Holiday" and the instrumental "Coast to Coast", it firmly cemented the "Scorpions formula" of hard rock songs mixed with melodic ballads. Although it had been widely believed for decades that Michael Schenker's contribution to the record was only limited to three songs, he vehemently maintained he appeared on the whole album during an interview with satellite radio host Eddie Trunk. The album's provocative artwork was named "Best album sleeve of 1979" by Playboy magazine, yet ultimately changed for American release. Lovedrive reached No. 55 on the US charts, demonstrating that the band was gathering an international following. After the completion and release of the album the band decided to retain Michael in the band, forcing Jabs to leave. However, in April 1979, during their tour in France, Michael quit again and Jabs was brought in permanently to replace him.

In 1980, the band released Animal Magnetism, again with a provocative cover this time showing a girl kneeling and a Doberman Pinscher sitting in front of a man. Animal Magnetism contained classics such as "The Zoo" and "Make It Real". Soon after the album's release, Meine began experiencing throat problems. He required surgery on his vocal cords and doubts were raised about whether he would ever sing again.

Meanwhile, the band began working on their next album, Blackout in 1981. A then-unknown Don Dokken was brought in to provide guide and backing vocals while Meine recovered. Meine eventually healed completely and was able to finish the album. Blackout was released in 1982 and quickly became the band's best selling album to date, eventually going platinum. Meine's voice showed no signs of weakness and fan response to the album was good. Blackout spawned two singles: "No One Like You" and "Can't Live Without You".

Gaining in popularity from the success of Blackout, the Scorpions performed to over 375,000 fans on Day 2 at the three-day US Festival concert held in San Bernardino, California during Memorial Day Weekend of 1983. The concert was aired live on MTV, giving the band wide exposure in a live show.

The 1984 album Love at First Sting cemented the Scorpions' status as an internationally popular band. Propelled by the single "Rock You Like a Hurricane", Love at First Sting climbed the charts and went double platinum in the USA a few months after its release.

MTV gave the album's videos "Rock You Like a Hurricane", "Bad Boys Running Wild", "Big City Nights", and the power ballad "Still Loving You" significant airplay, greatly contributing to the album's success. The channel even supplied Scorpions with the nickname "The Ambassadors of Rock", to the chagrin of industry insiders who recognized the executive influence behind the scenes. Rolling Stone magazine named them "The Heroes of Heavy Metal".

The band toured extensively behind Love at First Sting and released their second live album, World Wide Live in 1985. Recorded over a year-long world tour and released at the height of their popularity, the album was another success for the band, peaking at No. 14 in the charts in the US and at No. 18 in the UK.

After their extensive world tours, the band finally returned to the studio to record Savage Amusement. Released in 1988, four years after their previous studio album, Savage Amusement represented a more polished and mature sound similar to the style Def Leppard had found success with. The album sold well but was considered somewhat of a critical disappointment. However, British heavy rock magazine Kerrang! did award the album five K's out of five.

On the Savage Amusement tour in 1988, the Scorpions became only the second Western group (not American) to play in the Soviet Union. Uriah Heep had performed in December 1987 in Leningrad. The following year the band returned to perform at the Moscow Music Peace Festival. As a result, the Scorpions developed an extended Russian fan base and still return to perform. Also in 1989, Scorpions released the compilation album Best of Rockers 'n' Ballads, which, in addition to the band's hits from 1979 to 1988, included several rare or previously unreleased tracks: "Hey You", from the Animal Magnetism sessions; a remixed version of "Is There Anybody There?"; and a cover of the Who's "I Can't Explain", which was also included on that same year's Stairway to Heaven/Highway to Hell charity compilation album. This is the Scorpions' only compilation album to be certified platinum in the United States.

Wishing to distance themselves from the Savage Amusement style, the band separated from their long-time producer and "Sixth Scorpion", Dieter Dierks, replacing him with Keith Olsen when they returned to the studio in 1990. Crazy World was released that year and displayed a less polished sound. The album was propelled in large part by the massive success of the ballad "Wind of Change". The song muses on the socio-political changes that were occurring in Eastern Europe and other parts of the world at the end of the Cold War. Crazy World is the band's last album to receive gold or platinum certification in the United States. On 21 July 1990, they joined many other guests for Roger Waters' massive performance of The Wall in Berlin. Scorpions performed both versions of "In the Flesh" from The Wall.

After the Crazy World tour Francis Buchholz, the band's long-serving bassist, left the group.

Later days (1993–2009)
In 1993, the Scorpions released Face the Heat. Bass was handled by Ralph Rieckermann. For the recording process, the band brought in producer Bruce Fairbairn. The album's sound was more metal than melodic. Neither the heavy metal single "Alien Nation" nor the ballad "Under the Same Sun" came close to matching the success of "Wind of Change". Face the Heat was a moderate success. In 1995, a new album, Live Bites, was produced. The disc documented retro live performances from their Savage Amusement Tour in 1988, all the way through the Face the Heat Tour in 1994. While the album had a technologically cleaner sound in comparison to their best-selling live album, World Wide Live, it was not as successful.

Prior to recording their 13th studio album, 1996's Pure Instinct, drummer Herman Rarebell left the band to set up a recording label. Curt Cress took charge of the drumsticks for the album before Louisville, Kentucky-born James Kottak took over permanently. The album had many ballads. Still, the album's singles "Wild Child" and the soothing ballad "You and I" both enjoyed moderate success.

1999 saw the release of Eye II Eye and a significant change in the band's style, mixing in elements of pop and techno. While the album was slickly produced, it was not received well by fans. The video to the album's first European single, "To Be No. 1", featured a Monica Lewinsky look-alike which did little to improve its popularity.

The following year, the Scorpions had an artistic collaboration with the Berlin Philharmonic that resulted in a 10-song album named Moment of Glory. The album went a long way toward rebuilding the band's reputation after the harsh criticism of Eye II Eye. However, critics accused them of following on the coattails of Metallica's similar collaboration (S&M) with the San Francisco Symphony which had been released the previous year, even though the orchestra had first approached the Scorpions with the idea in 1995.

In 2001, the Scorpions released Acoustica, a live unplugged album featuring acoustic reworkings of the band's biggest hits, plus new tracks. While appreciated by fans, the lack of a new studio album was frustrating to some, and Acoustica did little to return the band to the spotlight.

In 2004, the band released Unbreakable, an album that was hailed by critics as a long-awaited return to form. The album was the heaviest the band had released since Face the Heat. Whether a result of poor promotion by the band's label or the long time between studio releases, Unbreakable received little airplay and did not chart. Scorpions toured extensively behind the album and played as "Special Guests" with Judas Priest during the 2005 British tour—these were the Scorpions' first dates in the UK since 1999.

In early 2006, the Scorpions released the DVD 1 Night in Vienna that included 14 live tracks and a complete rockumentary. In LA, the band spent about four months in the studio with producers James Michael and Desmond Child working on a concept album titled Humanity: Hour I, which was released in late May 2007, and was followed by the "Humanity World Tour".

In 2007, the band collaborated with two of their signature tracks in the video game series, Guitar Hero. "No One Like You" was featured on the Rocks the '80s version of the game while "Rock You Like A Hurricane" was released on Guitar Hero 3: Legends of Rock.

On 14 May 2007, the Scorpions released Humanity – Hour I in Europe. Humanity – Hour I became available in the U.S. on 28 August on New Door Records, entering the Billboard charts at number No. 63.

In a September 2007 podcast interview, Meine said the album was not so much a "concept album", but rather a collection of songs with a common theme. "We didn't want to make another record with songs about boys chasing girls. I mean, come on, give me a break," Meine said.

Asked in 2007 if the band was planning to release a Humanity – Hour II, Meine replied:

On 20 December 2007, the Scorpions played at a concert for the elite of Russia's security forces in the Kremlin. The concert was a celebration of the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Cheka—predecessor of the KGB. The band claimed they thought they were performing a Christmas concert. They said their concert was by no means a tribute to the Cheka, communism, or Russia's brutal past. Members of the audience included Vladimir Putin and Dmitry Medvedev.

On 22 February 2009, the band received Germany's ECHO Honorary Award for lifetime achievement at Berlin's O2 World.

Sting in the Tail, Comeblack, and touring (2010–2014)
In November 2009, the Scorpions announced their 17th studio album, Sting in the Tail, would be released in early 2010, recorded in Hanover with Swedish producers Mikael "Nord" Andersson and Martin Hansen. It was released on 23 March 2010.

On 24 January 2010, the band announced their initial intentions for Sting in the Tail to be their last album, and the tour supporting it their final tour, although the band later made the decision to continue recording past the end of the tour. Dokken was scheduled to open for them but cancelled after a dispute.

On 6 April 2010, they were enshrined in Hollywood's Rock Walk in a handprint ceremony, with the band members placing their hands in a long slab of wet cement next to other musical artists.

An album of re-recordings of older songs, Comeblack, was released on 7 November 2011.

Meine was asked in a July 2011 interview about the future of the Scorpions. He replied, "Our newest project comes out in the next few months. It gives you a chance to experience the Scorpions in 3D. You can actually feel the smoke string out of the guitar like it is a live show. It is an incredible experience. The DVD features our concerts in 3D in Germany. We are just about to do the mix and it should be in the Middle East and Saudi Arabia hopefully soon. Indeed, the strong 3D technology makes us feel like pioneers after all these years (he says, laughing). We have an album coming out later this year featuring classics. You know our love for them. The '60s was the era for our inspiration. Our movie/documentary also is soon to be released. We have cameras with us on tours, so this documentary is being made during our tours. It also gives you a picture of the Scorpions career and journey."

Despite initial plans for a break up or retirement, guitarist Matthias Jabs told AZ Central on 12 June 2012 that the Scorpions would not split up. A month later, Jabs told Billboard magazine the band had been working on an album that would contain unreleased songs they recorded for the albums Blackout, Love at First Sting, Savage Amusement, and Crazy World and planned to release it in 2014. In April, the Scorpions announced shows in Russia and Belarus with an orchestra in October 2013. On 11, 12, and 14 September 2013, the band played three MTV Unplugged concerts at the Lycabettus-Theatre in Athens. On 6 November 2013, they announced four more MTV Unplugged Concert in Germany 2014. In December 2013, in an interview at Rock Show radio program in Greece, Meine said he was not sure if the album with unreleased songs they recorded for the albums Blackout, Love at First Sting, Savage Amusement and Crazy World would be released in 2014 or later on.

In 2014, the Scorpions were nominated for two Echo Awards ("Euro Grammys") for their MTV Unplugged.

In 2013, the band released the album MTV Unplugged in Athens. The album featured classic songs like Rock You Like a Hurricane and Big City Nights done acoustically, but also included rare live performances of songs like When The Smoke Is Going Down and Where the River Flows.
On 16 August 2014, they announced a new album in the works, due for release sometime in 2015.

50th anniversary and Return to Forever (2015–2017)

On 23 October 2014, Meine spoke to the band's French fan-club Crazyscorps, and announced the new record would be published in February or March 2015, to coincide with the band's 50th anniversary. Contrary to what the band said in 2013, the new album presented not only newly recorded versions of never-published songs, but also new material, written between 2011 and 2014.
The album was recorded in Sweden, with producers Martin Hansen and Mikael Nord Andersson. Drummer James Kottak, who left the band in May 2014 for rehab, returned to play drums. The new album Return to Forever was released on 20 February 2015.

On 29 August 2015, the Scorpions announced 50th anniversary deluxe editions of their albums Taken By Force, Tokyo Tapes, Lovedrive, Animal Magnetism, Blackout, Love at First Sting, World Wide Live, and Savage Amusement which were released 6 November 2015. These deluxe releases include "dozens of unreleased songs, alternate versions of big hits, rough mixes, and rare live concert recordings". On 28 April 2016, it was announced that Motörhead drummer Mikkey Dee would fill in for James Kottak and play drums on 12 North American headlining dates, including a run of shows at the Hard Rock Hotel in Las Vegas dubbed "Scorpions Blacked Out in Las Vegas" with Queensrÿche opening the Vegas shows, and dates in São Paulo. On 12 September 2016, Dee was officially announced as the band's new permanent drummer.

On 18 January 2017, the Scorpions were inducted into the Hall of Heavy Metal History for leading the two-guitar attack in heavy metal. Proceeds from the ceremony benefitted the Ronnie James Dio Stand Up and Shout Cancer Fund.

Rock Believer (2018–present)
In an August 2018 interview with Digital Journal, Scorpions guitarist Rudolf Schenker stated that the band was open to the idea of recording a follow-up to Return to Forever. He explained: "We are still waiting for a moment for inspiration to do another album, like Judas Priest and Metallica did. You have to wait until the time is right." Klaus Meine hinted in May 2019 that "there might be a new album out in 2020."

On 28 April 2020, Scorpions released (on their YouTube channel) a new (2-minute 16-second short) song entitled "Sign of Hope", inspired by the COVID-19 pandemic.

On 25 July 2020, Scorpions entered Peppermint Park Studios in Hanover to resume working on their nineteenth studio album. The album's initial sessions, which were supposed to take place in Los Angeles, were done remotely, with producer Greg Fidelman participating via Zoom; however, drummer Mikkey Dee confirmed in a March 2021 interview with Robb Flynn of Machine Head that the band had to abandon their plans to work with Fidelman, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Progress on the album had continued to be slow by August 2021, when Scorpions posted a video on Facebook from the studio where they rehearsed a new song (possibly titled "Seventh Sun") for an upcoming tour.

On 29 September 2021, Scorpions announced Rock Believer as the title of their nineteenth studio album and set 11 February 2022 as its release date; the band later pushed back the release of the album to two weeks after its initially planned release date. They supported the album with a European tour with Mammoth WVH and a North American tour with Thundermother and Whitesnake, as part of the latter's farewell tour.

Musical style
Since the band's inception, its musical style has ranged from hard rock, heavy metal and glam metal to soft rock.

Legacy
Scorpions are one of the best-selling bands in the history of music, according to various sources, the band's sales are about 100 million worldwide, of which 10.5 million are certified in the United States. All their editions with issued sales certificates have repeatedly reached gold and platinum status in various countries around the world. Rolling Stone describes Scorpions as the "heroes of heavy metal", and MTV called them "Ambassadors of Rock". They have received prestigious awards such as three World Music Awards, a star on the Hollywood Rock wall, and a presence in the permanent exhibition of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In 2015, the group celebrated its 50th anniversary.

Influence
Scorpions have been cited as a principal influence on the 1980s hard rock and heavy metal scenes, including artists such as Guns N' Roses, Mötley Crüe, Def Leppard, Metallica, Megadeth, Testament, Skid Row, Cinderella, Doro, Helloween, Hanoi Rocks, and Yngwie Malmsteen.

In popular culture
"Wind of Change" is played in the off-Broadway production Power Balladz.

"Wind of Change" is a podcast from Pineapple Street Studios, Crooked Media and Spotify that explores a rumor that the song was actually written by the CIA.

Band members

Current members
Rudolf Schenker – rhythm and lead guitar, backing vocals (1965–present)
Klaus Meine – lead vocals (1970–present)
Matthias Jabs – lead and rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1978–present)
Paweł Mąciwoda – bass, backing vocals (2003–present)
Mikkey Dee – drums (2016–present)

Awards and honours
 1975: Best German Live Band
 1976: Album of the Year in Germany – Virgin Killer
 1979: Playboy magazine: Best artwork of the year for the Lovedrive cover
 1985: Entry into the Golden Book of Hanover
 1986: Bravo Otto Band in Silver Category, Hard & Heavy
 1991: Bravo Otto in Gold Category band, Hard & Heavy
 1991: Invitation to the Kremlin, reception in the former Soviet state with party leader Mikhail Gorbachev
 1992: Bravo Otto in bronze category band, Hard & Heavy
 1992: World Music Award as the most successful German rock act
 1992: Echo as the best national group
 1992: Europe Golden (German: Goldene Europa)
 1994: World Music Award
 1998: Radio Regenbogen Award, Rock International
 2000: Town of Hanover Plaque (German: Stadtplakette)
 2000: Entry into the Golden Book of Hanover
 2000: Cultural Prize of the City of Hanover
 2001: Scorpions Street in Leganes, Spain
 2009: Echo Lifetime Achievement award
 2010: Star on the Hollywood Rock Walk, Los Angeles
 2010: Rock Legend Award – the World Music Award (special award for outstanding contribution to the development of rock music)
 2010: Special postage stamp Scorpions for the Brazil tour, published by the Brazilian postal service
 2010: Lifetime Achievement Awards, the Hard Rock Cafe chain
 2011: Radio Regenbogen Award in the category  Lifetime Rock
 2011: Pioneer of Pop – awarded by SWR3-New-Pop-Festival
 2011: Metal Guru Award from Classic Rock magazine
 2012: CGDC Award for Music for Dialogue from the Center for Global Dialogue and Cooperation (CGDC)
 2012: Deutscher Nachhaltigkeitspreis der Städte und Gemeinden
 2013: Steiger Award
 2017: 6 th of October is the "Scorpions Day" of the City of Los Angeles
 2017: Hall of Heavy Metal History, Anaheim, California

Discography

Studio albums

 Lonesome Crow (1972)
 Fly to the Rainbow (1974)
 In Trance (1975)
 Virgin Killer (1976)
 Taken by Force (1977)
 Lovedrive (1979)
 Animal Magnetism (1980)
 Blackout (1982)
 Love at First Sting (1984)
 Savage Amusement (1988)
 Crazy World (1990)
 Face the Heat (1993)
 Pure Instinct (1996)
 Eye II Eye (1999)
 Unbreakable (2004)
 Humanity: Hour I (2007)
 Sting in the Tail (2010)
 Return to Forever (2015)
 Rock Believer (2022)

Tours
The Scorpions have played around 5,000 concerts in over 80 countries.

1972–1974: Lonesome Crow Tour
1974–1975: Fly to the Rainbow Tour
1975–1976: In Trance Tour
1976–1977: Virgin Killer Tour
1977–1978: Taken by Force Tour
1979: Lovedrive Tour
1980: Animal Magnetism Tour
1982–1983: Blackout Tour
1984–1986: Love at First Sting Tour
1988–1989: Savage Amusement Tour
1990–1991: Crazy World Tour
1993–1994: Face the Heat Tour
1996–1998: Pure Instinct Tour
1999: Eye to Eye Tour
2000–2001: Moment of Glory Tour
2001: Acoustica Tour
2002–2003: Bad for Good Tour
2004–2006: Unbreakable Tour
2007–2009: Humanity Tour
2010–2014: Get Your Sting and Blackout World Tour
 March 2010 – October 2011: Get Your Sting and Blackout
 November 2011 – December 2012: Final Sting
 July 2013 – November 2014: Rock 'n' Roll Forever Tour
2015–2016: 50th Anniversary World Tour
2017–2020: 2017–2020 Crazy World Tour
2022–2023: Rock Believer Tour

Concert residencies
2022: Sin City Nights at Zappo Theater from Planet Hollywood Resort Las Vegas

See also
List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Mainstream Rock chart
List of glam metal bands and artists
List of heavy metal bands
List of hard rock musicians (N–Z)

References

Citations

Sources
 Weinstein, Deena. Heavy Metal: The Music and its Culture. DaCapo, 2000. , pp. 29, 36.

Bibliography

External links

1965 establishments in West Germany
Articles which contain graphical timelines
EMI Classics and Virgin Classics artists
English-language singers from Germany
German hard rock musical groups
German heavy metal musical groups
German musical quintets
Harvest Records artists
Mercury Records artists
Musical groups established in 1965
Musical groups from Hanover
RCA Records artists
Vertigo Records artists
East West Records artists
Brain Records artists
Ariola Records artists
Sibling musical groups

Scorpions (band)


The Moscow Articles of 1665 was an agreement signed on 11 October 1665 between the Cossack Hetmanate Hetman Ivan Briukhovetsky and the Tsardom of Russia.

The treaty put Left-Bank Ukraine under the control of the Russian Tsar.  The terms of the agreements were:
Russian military governors were to take control of all military, administrative, and fiscal power
Increased number of troops in Ukraine, and the obligation to feed and maintain them
Garrisons in all major towns: Chernihiv, Pereiaslav, Nizhyn, Poltava, Kremenchuk, Novhorod-Siverskyi, Oster, Kyiv, Kaniv, and Kodak
Taxes collected and put in the Tsar's treasury
The Ukrainian Orthodox Church was made subordinate to the Patriarch of Moscow
This agreement was largely viewed in Ukraine unfavorably as treason and caused massive uproar. It was one of the reasons for Hetman Briukhovetsky's murder by a Cossack mob.

References
 Oleksander Ohloblyn. Encyclopedia of Ukraine Vol. 3 (1993)

1665 in law
1665 in Russia
Treaties of the Cossack Hetmanate
Treaties of the Tsardom of Russia
Russia–Ukraine relations
17th century in the Zaporozhian Host
Bilateral treaties of Russia

Moscow Articles of 1665


The Myelodysplastic syndrome is a group of diseases and conditions that affect how blood is made. These diseases were formerly known as preleukemia, mostly because sometimes they can lead to leukemia. Often, its name is shortened to MDS.

Myelodysplastic syndromes affect the bone marrow stem cells. The production of blood does not rely on good stem cells, but ones that have been modified genetically. This means that the production of red blood cells, sometimes of white blood cells and blood platelets changed. The production becomes inefficient, or goes wrong altogether. Most of the time, this manifests in anemia - not having enough blood. Depending on the severity of the condition, it can also cause hemorrhages and infections with fever.

Most of the people who have these conditions are 60 years or older, but younger people can get it too, especially if they went through a form of chemotherapy. Most of the suffers die from the disease, usually after six to thirty months. The only known cure is a stem cell transplant. About a third of those suffering contract leukemia within a few months to a few years.

Blood disorders

Myelodysplastic syndrome


Prince of Wales is the title traditionally given to the heir apparent to the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom. It originated as the title of current princes of Wales in the 12th and 13th centuries.
 It is currently used by Charles, Prince of Wales.
 The previous holder, Charles' great-uncle, became Edward VIII, later Duke of Windsor.
 Albert Edward who became Edward VII held the title longer than any other in history.
 George IV of the United Kingdom (1762-1830)

The name Prince of Wales may also refer to:

Locations
 Prince of Wales Bridge between Ottawa, Ontario, and Gatineau, Quebec, Canada
 Prince of Wales Fort, historic HBC fort at Churchill, Manitoba, Canada
 Prince of Wales Strait, in the Northwest Territories of Canada separating Banks Island to the northwest from Victoria Island to the southeast
 Cape Prince of Wales, the westernmost point of the North American mainland
 Prince of Wales Mountains, a mountain range on Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada
 Prince of Wales Range, mountain range on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada

Islands
Prince of Wales Island (Alaska), USA
Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut), Canada
Prince of Wales Island (Queensland) is one of the Torres Strait Islands in Queensland, Australia
Prince of Wales Island, Malaysia; now named Penang Island

Ships
 HMS Prince of Wales, several ships of the Royal Navy; most recently and famously:
 HMS Prince of Wales (1939), a battleship launched in 1939 and sunk by Japanese bombers in December 1941
 Prince of Wales (ship), convict transport ship on First Fleet to Australia
 HM Packet Ship Prince of Wales, The Sinking of the Rochdale and the Prince of Wales in 1807 with the loss of 400

Schools
 Prince of Wales Secondary School in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
 Prince of Wales Public School (Barrie, ON), a public school in Barrie, Ontario
 Prince of Wales Public School (Belleville, ON), a public school in Belleville, Ontario
 Prince of Wales Public School (Brockville, ON), a public school in Brockville, Ontario
 Prince of Wales Public School (Peterborough, ON), a public school in Peterborough, Ontario

Other
 Prince of Wales tea blend, a regal tea blend typically served in the afternoon with scones
 National Hockey League's Prince of Wales Conference (now known as Eastern Conference)
  Prince of Wales Trophy, of the National Hockey League
 Prince of Wales Theatre, in Coventry Street, London, host to a number of famous productions since the late 19th century
 A former West End theatre, the Scala Theatre, Charlotte Street, also known as the Prince of Wales's Theatre
Prince of Wales is a popular pub name in England

Related pages
Princess of Wales

Prince of Wales (disambiguation)


Linux Journal (LJ) is an American monthly technology magazine originally published by Specialized System Consultants, Inc. (SSC) in Seattle, Washington since 1994. In December 2006 the publisher changed to Belltown Media, Inc. in Houston, Texas. Since 2017, the publisher was Linux Journal, LLC. located in Denver, Colorado. The magazine focused specifically on Linux, allowing the content to be a highly specialized source of information for open source enthusiasts. The magazine was published from March 1994 to August 2019, over 25 years, before being bought by Slashdot Media in 2020.

History
Linux Journal was the first magazine to be published about the Linux kernel and operating systems based on it. It was established in 1994. The first issue was published in March 1994 by Phil Hughes and Bob Young, who later co-founded Red Hat, and it featured an interview with Linux creator Linus Torvalds.

The publication's last print edition was August 2011, issue 208. Beginning with the September 2011 issue, issue 209, the magazine transitioned to publishing monthly in digital-only formats including various desktop, mobile, and e-pub platforms.

In early July 2014 it was revealed that the NSA's XKeyscore program targeted readers of Linux Journal as part of targeting people interested in the Linux distribution Tails.

On December 1, 2017 Linux Journal announced that it would cease publication due to running out of funds, having fallen into debt and being unable to pay employees for months. However, on January 1, 2018, it announced that it was rescued by Private Internet Access/London Trust Media—which shares similar values—and that the magazine plans to grow: According to editor-in-chief Doc Searls: "Linux Journal should be to Linux what National Geographic is to geography and The New Yorker is to New York—meaning about much more than the title alone suggests."

On August 7, 2019, the Journal announced that it would be shutting down and letting all staff go.

On September 22, 2020, Linux Journal resumed activity under the new management of Slashdot Group.

See also
 Linux Magazine
 Linux Format
 Linux Voice
 Linux Gazette

References

External links

 Linux Journal issues - archive.org

Defunct computer magazines published in the United States
Linux magazines
Linux websites
Magazines established in 1994
Magazines disestablished in 2019
Magazines published in Colorado
Magazines published in Texas
Mass media in Houston
Monthly magazines published in the United States

Linux Journal


Lake Willoughby is a lake in the town of Westmore in Orleans County in the Northeast Kingdom of Vermont, United States.

The lake's southern end is surrounded by the Willoughby State Forest. This state forest includes Mount Pisgah, Mount Hor, collectively "Willoughby Gap".

In 2010, Yankee magazine named Willoughby as the third best lake in New England.

Willoughby Lake has a public beach that stretches  on the north shore of the lake, or in the zone of the lake outlet. Another public beach is located at the bottom of the South Bay of the Lake. The village of Westmore is located on the east side, at the confluence area of Mill Creek which drains the waters of Long Pond. Many cottages and houses are located on North-East bank of the lake.

Hydrology
The lake is known for its clarity and chilly temperature. Because of its depth, the surface of the lake freezes later than other lakes in the Northeast Kingdom.

Watershed
Willoughby Lake is part of the Saint-François River watershed, its waters eventually reaching the St. Lawrence River in Canada. Willoughby River is the outlet from the lake and runs north through Brownington to feed into the Barton River. The Barton River is tributary to Lake Memphremagog and thence to the Magog River, then the Saint-François River, then the St. Lawrence River, and ultimately to the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

Prior to the floods of 1927, the river had three dams. All were destroyed by the flood. An iron bridge that ran from Evansville to Brownington Center was destroyed and rebuilt.

A dam where the Whetstone Dam had formerly stood, was rebuilt to run a sawmill, which was still in operation in 2008. The "state Fish and Game Department" bought the dam rights to allow rainbow trout to swim upriver.

Geology

Lake Willoughby is a southeast trending basin. Willoughby is a glacial lake that is over  deep in places, making it potentially the deepest lake entirely contained within New England, and second in the area to only Lake Champlain, whose deepest point reaches around . Estimates for the lake's depth range from  on the low end, to as much as  on the high end.

The shoreline of Lake Willoughby almost resembles a Norwegian fjord, and as a result is a popular destination for photographers and tourists. The reason for this unique geology is likely due to the rock between Mount Pisgah on the east and Mount Hor on the west being eroded by an ancient valley ice lobe. This ice flow cut across the Willoughby granodiorite and adjacent metamorphic rocks. The ice flow may have exploited highly fractured bedrock along the margin of the Willoughby pluton or joint surfaces within the pluton.

Other mountains in territory of Westmore, Vermont are on:
 East bank: Mount Hedgehog (Vermont) (high: ), Mount Goodwin (Vermont) (high: ), Mount Bald (Vermont) (high: ), Mount Heystack (Vermont) (high: ) and Mount McSherry (Vermont) (high: );
 West bank: Mount Wheeler (Vermont) (high: ) in Caledonia County, Mount Valley (Vermont) (high: ), Mount May Pond (Vermont) (high: );
 South bank: Mount Bartlett (Vermont) (high: ) in Caledonia County.

Natural history
Willoughby is listed as a National Natural Landmark. Willoughby contains rainbow trout (wild and stocked), lake trout, landlocked Atlantic salmon (mainly stocked), rainbow smelt, burbot, yellow perch, longnose sucker, white sucker, lake chub, common shiner, and round whitefish which is a native species of extremely limited distribution in Vermont. Steelhead trout (rainbow trout) are not native to the region, but were imported to Lake Memphremagog from the Pacific Northwest. They migrate up the Barton River and Willoughby River to the lake to spawn.

The sheer cliffs of Mount Pisgah and Mount Hor provide an environment conducive for arctic and cliff-alpine plants, as well as ideal nesting areas for the rare peregrine falcon.

More than 100 bird species have been recorded around the lake including thrushes, warblers, hummingbirds, jays, finches, loons, herons and gulls.

History
Tiny steam boats operated on the lake for tourists from 1884 to the early 1900s when steam was replaced by the gasoline engine.

In 1915, Robert Frost mentioned the lake in a poem, "A Servant to Servants,"I see it's a fair, pretty sheet of water, Our Willoughby! How did you hear of it?I expect, though, everyone's heard of it.In a book about ferns? Listen to that!"

Toponymy

The toponym "lake Willoughby" was officially recognized on September 1, 1992, by GNIS (Geographic Names Information System) of United States.

Local customs and culture
Devil's Rock, located on the Mount Pisgah side of the lake at a less than halfway point from the lake's southern beach, is a popular diving spot for daring locals and vacationers. It takes its name from a painted image of a devil on the front of the rock facing out toward the lake. It is also called Devil's Rock because when reflected in still water, the image of a skull lying on its side can be seen.

Along the eastern shore, there are a series of natural waterslides that flow into Lake Willoughby. In the winter, these turn into an ice wall which is used by ice climbers.

Economy
Lake facilities offer swimming, hiking, and ice fishing. There is a nude beach on the lake's southern shore. Surrounding the Willoughby Lake, there are some campgrounds and cottage rental services for tourists. The Route 5A runs along the lake's eastern edge.

See also
Willoughby River
Westmore, Vermont, a municipality
Orleans County, Vermont

Footnotes

External links

Lake Willoughby Depth Chart
Basin 17 Lake Memphremagog Watershed Assessment Report. Retrieved August 7, 2011.

Lakes of Vermont
Westmore, Vermont
Glacial lakes of the United States
Lakes of Orleans County, Vermont
Northeast Kingdom, Vermont
National Natural Landmarks in Vermont

Lake Willoughby