Thietmar (also Dietmar or Dithmar; 25 July 9751 December 1018), Prince-Bishop of Merseburg from 1009 until his death, was an important chronicler recording the reigns of German kings and Holy Roman Emperors of the Ottonian (Saxon) dynasty.  Two of Thietmar's great-grandfathers, both referred to as Liuthar, were the Saxon nobles Lothar II, Count of Stade, and Lothar I, Count of Walbeck.  They were both killed fighting the Slavs at the Battle of Lenzen.

Life

Thietmar was a son of the Saxon count Siegfried I the Older of Walbeck (died 990) and his wife Kunigunde (died 997), daughter of Henry I the Bald, Count of Stade (House of Udonids). His father fought with Margrave Odo against Duke Mieszko I of Poland at the 972 Battle of Cedynia. At the time of Thietmar's birth, his family sided with the Ottonian duke Henry II of Bavaria ("the Wrangler") in his uprising against his cousin Emperor Otto II. Later, a balance was achieved; Siegfried became burgrave at Möckern and his brother Count Lothair of Walbeck served as margrave of the Northern March from 983 until his death in 1003.

Baptized in Halberstadt, Thietmar prepared for an ecclesiastical career. He was educated at the St. Servatius chapter of Quedlinburg Abbey and from 987 onwards at the Benedictine abbey of Berge in Buckau near Magdeburg. From 1 November 990, he attended the Magedeburg cathedral school, together with his relative Bruno of Querfurt. He was familiar with the works of Augustine of Hippo, but even more with classical authors like Virgil, Horace, Lucan, and Macrobius.

Thietmar witnessed the struggles of the young Ottonian king Otto III and his mother Theophanu to secure their reign. He took some part in some political events of the time; in 994 he was a hostage in the hands of the Norsemen, and he was not unfamiliar with the actualities of war. Upon the death of his parents, he inherited large parts of the Walbeck estates and in 1002 became provost of the family monastery, established by his grandfather Count Lothair II. On 21 December 1004, he was ordained as a priest by Archbishop Tagino of Magdeburg.

In 1009, through the intercession of Archbishop Tagino, he became Bishop of the Merseburg diocese, which had been re-established by King Henry II in 1004. Thietmar was concerned with the full restitution of his bishopric. A loyal supporter of the German kingship, he rarely interfered in political affairs. He died on 1 December 1018 and was buried in Merseburg cathedral.

Thietmar's Chronicle

Between 1012 and 1018 Thietmar, while Bishop of Merseburg, composed his chronicle Chronicon Thietmari, which comprises eight books, that cover the period between 908 and 1018, the Saxon Emperors Henry the Fowler, the three Ottos, and Henry II the Saint. As counsellor of the Emperor and participant in many important political transactions he was well equipped for writing a history of his times.

The first three books, covering the reigns of Henry I and the first two Ottos (Otto I and Otto II) are largely based on previous chronicles most of which are still extant (e.g. Widukind of Corvey's Res gestae Saxonicae, the Annales Quedlinburgenses and others); the fourth book, comprising the reign of Otto III contains much original matter; while the remaining four books, which describe the reign of Henry II to the year 1018, are the independent narrative of Thietmar and, besides being the principal source for Saxon history during the reign of Henry II, contain valuable information, not to be found elsewhere regarding the contemporary history and civilization of the Slavic tribes east of the river Elbe, as well as Poles, Hungarians and Bulgarians.

The Latin style and the composition are not of a high standard, largely because, as the original manuscript reveals, Thietmar continued to make amendments and insertions to the text after it was completed. Nor does he always discriminate between important and unimportant events.

The chronicle is nevertheless an excellent source for the history of Saxony during the reigns of the emperors Otto III and Henry II. No information is excluded by Thietmar, but the fullest details refer to the Bishopric of Merseburg, and to the wars against the Wends (Polabian Slavs) and the Poles.

The original manuscript was moved in 1570 to Dresden. When the city was destroyed by bombing during World War II the manuscript was severely damaged, and only a few folios remain intact. Fortunately a complete facsimile edition had been published by L. Schmidt (Dresden, 1905).

Thietmar's statement that the Gero Cross in Cologne cathedral was commissioned by Archbishop Gero, who died in 976, was dismissed by art historians, who thought he meant another cross, until the 1920s, and finally confirmed as correct in 1976 by dendrochronology.

Editions and translations of Thietmar's Chronicle
Thietmari Merseburgensis episcopi Chronicon:

Holtzman, Robert (ed.) and J.C.M. Laurent, J. Strebitzki und W. Wattenbach (trs.). Die Chronik des Thietmar von Merseburg. Halle, 2007 (1912). . New publication based on earlier editions and German translations and including 48 illustrations by Klaus F. Messerschmidt.
Holtzmann, Robert (ed.). Die Chronik des Bischofs Thietmar von Merseburg und ihre Korveier Überarbeitung. MGH Scriptores rerum Germanicarum NS 9. Berlin, 1935. Available from digital MGH
Wattenbach, Wilhem and Friedrich Kurze (eds.). Thietmari Merseburgensis episcopi Chronicon. MGH Scriptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum separatim editi 54. Hanover, 1889. PDF available online from the Internet Archive.
Lappenberg, J.M. (ed.). "Thietmari Chronicon a 919-1018." In Annales, chronica et historiae aevi Saxonici, ed. Heinrich Pertz. MGH Scriptores (in Folio) 3. Hanover, 1839. 723–871. Available online
Warner, David A. (tr.). Ottonian Germany. The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg. Manchester, 2001. . English translation.
Trillmich, Werner (tr.). In Thietmar von Merseburg. Chronik. Ausgewählte Quellen zur Deutschen Geschichte des Mittelalters vol 9. 8th ed. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2002 (1957). . Translation into modern German.
Holtzmann (tr.). 1938. GdV, 4.Aufl. German translation.
von Laurent (tr.). 2. Aufl. Berlin, 1879. German translation.
Komarnicki, Z.E.T. (tr.),Kronika Dytmara, Biskupa Merseburgskiego jako jedno z najdawniejszych świadectw historycznych o Polsce.... Ksiegarni Jana Hussarowskiego, Żytomierz, 1861. Polish translation.

References

Attribution:

Further reading

, by Arno Mentzel-Reuters and Gerhard Schmitz, with the facsimile of the Dresden MS and Holtzmann's 1935 edition.

975 births
1018 deaths
Chronologists
11th-century German bishops
11th-century German historians
Roman Catholic bishops of Merseburg
Chroniclers from the Holy Roman Empire
Prince-bishops in the Holy Roman Empire
German male non-fiction writers
11th-century writers in Latin

Thietmar of Merseburg


Dietrich (11th century), Count of Plötzkau', son of Bernhard I von Kakelingen, Count of Harzgau and his wife Ida of Querfurt.  Little is known about Dietrich or his ancestors other than their familial relations.  Dietrich was the brother of Gebhard of Supplinburg, a Saxon count, who was the father of Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor.  Ida, the mother of Dietrich, was niece of Saint Bruno of Querfurt.

Dietrich married Mathilde von Walbeck, daughter of Conrad, Count of Walbeck.  Dietrich and Mathilde had four children:
 Helperich von Plötzkau, Margrave of the Nordmark
 Conrad von Plötzkau
 Irmgard von Plötzkau, married to Lothair Udo III, Margrave of the Nordmark
 Adelheid von Plötzkau, married Otto I, Burgrraf von Regensburg, son of Heinrich I, Graf von Sinzing.

Upon his death, Dietrich was succeed as Count of Plötzkau by his son Helperich.

Sources

Hucke, Richard G., Die Grafen von Stade. 900–1144. Genealogie, politische Stellung, Comitat und Allodialbesitz der sächsischen Udonen. Stade 1956

Counts in Germany

Dietrich, Count of Plötzkau


Sinfin Central station was in the city of Derby, Derbyshire, England.

The station was on the former line between  and , which closed in 1930. On 4 October 1976 a new unstaffed passenger station was opened by British Rail to serve the nearby Rolls-Royce factory. Despite Derby City Council's efforts to encourage usage of public transport, based on the Cross-City Line in Birmingham, the service was very underused.

The service was reduced to one return train per day in 1992, with the return departing Sinfin Central at 06:57. The service did not run at weekends, and there was no evening return. This ran until 1993, when the Derwent Valley Line, which interworked with the Sinfin branch, changed to using Sprinter trains. Sprinters were not permitted on the branch because of compatibility issues with the obsolete low-voltage track circuits used on the line. The last train ran on 17 May 1993, and the train service was replaced with a taxi.

On 2 May 1997, the line became part of the Central Trains franchise as part of the privatisation of British Rail, but none of its trains ever stopped at the station. On 6 November 1997, Central Trains and the Director of Passenger Rail Franchising proposed the closure of the line. It was granted on 21 May 1998 by Rail Regulator John Swift QC. During the final year, there were three regular users of the taxi at a single fare of £1.20.

Unlike Sinfin North, Sinfin Central had public access with a  long footpath from Wilmore Road. However, gated barriers were installed in 2023, preventing non-Rolls-Royce employees from reaching the station.

There was no public road access to the station or car park, and the path is still in situ.  The line survives to serve the Rolls-Royce plant, and the station is still in situ.

References

External links
  The Closure Acceptance Form from the Rail Regulations Office

Disused railway stations in Derby
Railway stations opened by British Rail
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1976
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1993

Sinfin Central railway station


The 2005 Insight Bowl was the 17th edition to the bowl game. It featured the Arizona State Sun Devils and the Rutgers Scarlet Knights. Arizona State exploded offensively in the game scoring 45 points, and an Insight Bowl record 679 yards of total offense.  This was the first bowl game for Rutgers since the 1978 Garden State Bowl (whom they coincidentally played ASU in as well) and their first bowl game outside of the school's native New Jersey.

Game summary
Rutgers took an early 7–0 lead after Ryan Hart lobbed a 1-yard touchdown pass to Clark Harris. Arizona State responded with a 43-yard touchdown pass from Rudy Carpenter to Matt Miller, tying the game at 7. Rutgers answered with a 31-yard strike from Ryan Hart to Brian Leonard, making it 14–7 Rutgers. Jeremy Ito's 25-yard field goal made it 17–7, and capped the first quarter of scoring.

In the second quarter, Jessee Ainsworth kicked a 20-yard field goal to pull the Sun Devils to within 17–10. With 2:30 left in the half, Brian Leonard scored on a 3-yard touchdown run, bumping the Knights' lead to 24–10. Arizona State responded with a 1-yard touchdown pass from Carpenter to tight end Zach Miller making it 24–17 at halftime.

In the third quarter, Rudy Burgess scored from 1 yard out for ASU to tie it at 24. Jeremy Ito's 27-yard field goal flipped the lead back over to Rutgers 27–24. Arizona State took its first lead of the game on a 22-yard pass from Carpenter to Terry Richardson, making it 31–27 ASU. Jeremy Ito's 52-yard field goal cut the lead to 31–30 for Rutgers.

In the fourth quarter, Rutgers took the lead on a 48-yard Jeremy Ito field goal, giving Rutgers a 33–31 lead. Arizona State came back with a 42-yard touchdown pass from Rudy Carpenter to Matt Miller, and a two-point conversion to make it 39–33 ASU. With 4:26 remaining in the game, Rudy Burgess scored from 4 yards out, but the 2-point conversion attempt failed, making it 45–33 ASU. With 2 minutes left, Ryan Hart threw a 29-yard touchdown pass to Tres Moses making it 45–40 ASU. ASU then ran out the clock to claim the 2005 Insight Bowl.

This would be last Insight Bowl played at Chase Field, as Arizona State's Sun Devil Stadium would become the future host of the game.

References

Insight Bowl
Guaranteed Rate Bowl
Arizona State Sun Devils football bowl games
Rutgers Scarlet Knights football bowl games
Sports in Phoenix, Arizona
December 2005 sports events in the United States
Insight Bowl
2000s in Phoenix, Arizona

2005 Insight Bowl


IK Sirius, more commonly known simply as Sirius, is a Swedish professional football club located in Uppsala. The club is affiliated to the Upplands Fotbollförbund.

History

Early success
The sports club that became IK Sirius was founded on 9 August 1907, and got its current name on 5 April 1908 after having been discussing Svartbäckens IK and IK Spurt. At the time, several sports club existed in the city of Uppsala: IFK Uppsala, IF Thor, IF Heimdal, and Upsala IF. The sports club was founded for athletics, and took up football in 1908.

The first success came in 1924 when they reached the Svenska Mästerskapet final (not to be confused with Svenska Serien, which never acquired an official status of deciding the Swedish Champions). In the final, they were trounced 5–0 by Fässbergs IF.

The Allsvenskan years

The club spent the next forty years in lower division anonymity, before favourable economic circumstances enabled them to gain promotion to Allsvenskan in 1968, although they were relegated after just one season. The high point was arguably in the years 1973–1974, when the club again gained promotion to the highest league and its squad contained a number of high-profile players, such as Roland Grip, then a member of the Swedish national team.

Obscurity and comeback

After the club's relegation from Allsvenskan in 1974, the club played in the second division until they plummeted to fourth division level following a couple of hard years in the beginning of the 1980s. The 1990s were mostly spent at a second tier level, i.e. the old Division 1, corresponding to the modern Superettan. The club then played the first five years of the 21st century in Division 2, before returning to Division 1 in 2006 (although still playing at a third tier level).

With new manager Magnus Pehrsson and prodigal son and goal-getter Olle Kullinger (starting his career with IF VP and later also having played with Enköpings SK, Halmstads BK and IF Brommapojkarna in Superettan and Allsvenskan) bearing the captaincy, the club finished the season in second place, which meant they had to qualify to gain promotion to Superettan. IK Sirius played the first leg at home against Väsby United on 25 October. Due to some seriously poor defending, Väsby were able to go 1–0 up just before the half-time break. Sirius recovered slightly in the second period, and were able to equalise in the 83rd minute. In the second leg, in front of about 1000 travelling fans, Sirius were completely dominant but also rather wasteful with their chances. They managed, however to break the deadlock in the 73rd minute, Olle Kullinger managing to knock a rebound past the Väsby keeper. With the aggregate score of 2–1, Sirius celebrated their 100th anniversary in the Superettan, which their fans thought was reprehensible and awful.

The first spell in Superettan

Magnus Pehrsson resigned as manager and Pär Millqvist was appointed and brought in Gary Sundgren as his assistant manager. After a strong first half of the season the club finished 7th in Superettan 2007. The team struggled through most of the 2008-season but finally finished 12th and avoided relegation. Millqvist and Sundgren was sacked after the first six games and youth-team coaches Johan Mattsson and Andreas Brännström led the team for the rest of the season.

In preparation for the 2009 season they appointed Jens T Andersson from Väsby and AIK as new manager. Like the season before they struggled in the bottom of the league and with just five games left to play of the season Jens T Andersson resigned as manager due to the lack of good results. Assistant coach Andreas Brännström was once again hired as new head manager but this time he could not save the team from degradation.

In 2010 IK Sirius played in the third tier Division 1 Norra and finished 2nd in the table 5 points behind rivals Västerås SK and as a result they went through to the Superettan play-offs, where they went head-to-head with Jönköpings Södra. After a 0–1 defeat at home they lost the away game with 3–0 and faced another season in Division 1 Norra.

2011 the team was voted by all the managers of the league as favourites to win but failed to live up to the expectations.
They finished 3rd in Division 1 Norra, just 2 points from finishing first and goal-difference kept them from the second spot which leads to Superettan play-offs. As a result, coach Andreas Brännström and his assistant Antonio Andric was forced to leave the club after the season.

The Kim Bergstrand era

On 17 November 2012 the club announced that the ex-Brommapojkarna manager Kim Bergstrand had been appointed as the new head coach. Soon thereafter Thomas Lagerlöf (ex-Väsby) was appointed as assistant manager.

In 2012 the team were once again the favourites to win the Division 1 Norra, and led the league by five points with three games left. A 0–1 home defeat to Vasalund and a 1–0 away win at Enköping set the team up for an all-decisive match against second-placed Östersunds FK. Sirius needed a draw to win the league, but lost at home 0–1 and ended up third, also behind BK Forward.

The 2013 season began with an unexpected success in the Swedish Cup, as Sirius defeated reigning Swedish champions IF Elfsborg to win their group and advance to the quarterfinals, where they were knocked out away to Öster, 1–2. The team had been bolstered by the signing of several experienced players, including former Djurgården, Molde and Sweden midfielder Johan Arneng. This time all the pieces fell into place as the team won the Division 1 Norra handily, securing promotion to Superettan with five games still in hand, and ending the season undefeated.

The 2014 season again began with Cup success, as Allsvenskan teams Djurgården and Halmstad were dispatched in the group stages, setting up a quarterfinal with IFK Göteborg. At Ullevi, Moses Ogbu's 29th-minute header gave Sirius the win. In front of a sold-out Studenternas, Sirius faced Elfsborg in the semi-final. This time, Elfsborg got their revenge for last year's defeat, winning 4–1.

The 2014 Superettan season began well for Sirius, with a 5–1 win away to former Allsvenskan outfit Syrianska. Two somewhat surprising home defeats to Huskvarna and Varberg followed, and the team settled into a habit of playing well away but struggling at home. In the end, however, Sirius enjoyed a successful return to Superettan, finishing in sixth place, after a season that included wins against both the two directly promoted teams, Hammarby and GIF Sundsvall.

Promotion to Allsvenskan

On 24 October 2016, Sirius defeated Halmstads BK 1–0 to gain promotion to the Allsvenskan for the first time in 42 years (since the 1973–74 season).

Season-to-season

Players

Current squad

Out on loan

Notable players
The following players are either listed on the official IK Sirius website or have represented their national team.

 Hans Mild
 Hans Selander
 Hasse Nilsson
 Henrik Östlin
 Klebér Saarenpää
 Leif Eriksson
 Morgan Hedlund
 Ola Andersson
 Roland Grip
 Freddie Hill
 Sigge Parling
 Kjell Johansson
 Per Hansson
 Darren Foreman
 Golli Hashempour
 Jano Alicata
 Vadym Yevtushenko

Management

Technical staff

Managerial history
 Sid Huntley (1972)
 Alan Ball Sr. (1974–1976)
 Kjell Jonevret (1998–1999)
 Magnus Pehrsson (2006)
 Pär Millqvist (2007–2008)
 Andreas Brännström (2009–2011)
 Kim Bergstrand &  Thomas Lagerlöf (2012–2018)
 Henrik Rydström &  Mirza Jelečak (2019)
 Henrik Rydström (2020)
 Daniel Bäckström (2021–2022)
 Christer Mattiasson (2023–)

Attendances

In recent seasons IK Sirius FK have had the following average attendances:

Honours

Cup
 Svenska Mästerskapet:
 Runners-up (1): 1924

League
 Superettan:
 Winners (1): 2016
 Division 1 Norra:
 Winners (1): 2013
 Runners-up (2): 2006, 2010
 Division 2 Östra Svealand:
 Winners (1): 1997

Footnotes

References

External links
 IK Sirius – official site (archived 17 April 2017)
 Västra Sidan – supporter site

Football clubs in Uppsala County
Allsvenskan clubs
Association football clubs established in 1907
1907 establishments in Sweden
Sport in Uppsala
IK Sirius

IK Sirius Fotboll


The Mystery of Cloomber is a novel by the British author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. It was first published in 1888 in the Pall Mall Gazette.

Plot summary
The book is narrated by John Fothergill West, a Scot who has moved with his family from Edinburgh to Wigtownshire to care for the estate of his father's half brother, William Farintosh. Near their residence, Branksome, is Cloomber Hall, for many years untenanted. After a little while it is settled in by John Berthier Heatherstone, late of the Indian Army. General Heatherstone is nervous to the point of being paranoid. As the story unfolds, it becomes evident that his fears are connected with some people in India whom he has offended somehow. People hear a strange sound, like the tolling of a bell, in his presence, which seems to cause the general great discomfort. Every year his paranoia reaches its climax around the fifth of October, after which date his fears subside for a while. After some time there is a shipwreck in the bay and among the survivors are three Buddhist priests who had boarded the ship from Kurrachee.

When John Fothergill West tells the general (to whose daughter Gabriel he is engaged) about the priests, he resigns himself to his fate and refuses any help from West. One night the three Buddhist priests summon General Heatherstone and Colonel Rufus Smith (who had been together with the general in India and apparently was under the same threat that was faced by the general) out of Cloomber Hall. With their psychic powers, they have a complete hold over the two erstwhile soldiers. The priests take them through the marshes to the Hole of Cree, a bottomless pit in the centre of the marsh and either throw the soldiers in or order them to jump in. The General had given his son a parcel and instructed him to hand it over to West in case of his death or disappearance. When West opens the parcel he finds a letter and some old papers. In the letter the general tells West to read the papers, which are pages from a diary that the general had kept in his days in the army of the English East India Company. As West reads the papers he understands the mystery of Cloomber. When he was in the army forty years ago, during the First Afghan War, the general was fighting against the Afridis in the passes of the Hindu-Kush.

After defeating the Afridis in a battle, he chases them to a cul de sac to slaughter them. As the general was closing in on the remnants of the enemy forces, an old man emerges from a cave and stops him from killing them. The general, together with Rufus Smith, kills the old man and proceeds with the massacre. As it turns out, the old man was an arch-adept, who had reached the zenith of Buddhist priesthood. His chelas (students) vow to avenge his death. The three chelas let the general live on for forty years to prolong his misery. The sound that appeared to emanate from above the general's head was the tolling of the astral bell by the chelas to remind him that wherever he goes, he will never escape their wrath.

External links

1888 British novels
1888 fantasy novels
British mystery novels
Scottish novels
Novels by Arthur Conan Doyle

The Mystery of Cloomber


The Tampa Tribune was a daily newspaper published in Tampa, Florida. Along with the competing Tampa Bay Times, the Tampa Tribune was one of two major newspapers published in the Tampa Bay area.

The newspaper also published a St. Petersburg Tribune edition, sold and distributed in Pinellas County. It published a Sunday magazine, Florida Accent, during the 1960s and 1970s. The Tampa Tribune also operated Highlands Today, a daily newspaper in Sebring. The Tribune stopped publishing the Hernando Today, which was located in Brooksville, on December 1, 2014, citing "a tough newspaper advertising climate."

On May 3, 2016, the Tampa Bay Times announced that it had acquired the Tribune, and was combining the Times and Tribunes operations, ending publication of the Tribune.

History
Daily publication of the Tribune started in 1895 when Wallace Stovall upgraded printing from once a week.

In 1927, newspaper mogul John Stewart Bryan, of Virginia, and his business partner Samuel Emory Thomason, previously a vice-president with the Chicago Tribune, purchased The Tampa Tribune for $900,000.

The Tampa Tribune Publishing company grew to include the Tampa Tribune, the Tampa Times, TBO.com, TampaBayOnline.com, WFLA radio, and WFLA-TV.

In 1966, the Tampa Tribune, along with sister properties WFLA-AM-FM-TV, was purchased by Richmond Newspapers, becoming Media General in 1969. Since 2000, the Tribune partnered with WFLA-TV and TBO.com in a converged arrangement, all connected with one another under owner Media General. The large media complex is located on Parker Street in Downtown Tampa. The Tribune was a flagship newspaper under the Media General banner until it was sold in 2012.

Executive editor Janet Coats left the paper in December 2009 and was not replaced until May 17, 2012, when managing editor Richard "Duke" Maas was promoted to executive editor.

On May 17, 2012, it was announced that investment company Berkshire Hathaway would be acquiring Media General's newspaper division; the purchase did not include the Tribune or its associated regional papers, which were being retained by Media General. No reason was given as to why Media General was retaining the Tribune, but there was speculation that the paper would be sold to another party, such as Halifax Media Group (which owns several papers in Florida) or a completely different owner, or that the paper would merge with the Tampa Bay Times. In October 2012, The Tampa Tribune and its associated print and digital products were acquired by Tampa Media Group, Inc., a new company formed by Revolution Capital Group.

On May 3, 2016, the Tampa Bay Times announced that it had acquired the Tribune, and was combining the Times and Tribunes operations, ending publication of the Tribune. The acquisition also includes Highlands Today, weekly newspaper The Suncoast News, and weekly Spanish-language newspaper Centro; all of these will continue publishing under Times' ownership.  The Tampa Tribune name will be repurposed as a neighborhood news section of the Times.

Tampa Daily Times trademark
In 1958, the Tribune acquired Tampa's struggling evening newspaper, the Tampa Daily Times. The Tribune published the paper as The Tampa Times until 1982. From then until the Tribune closed down, the Tribune displayed the logo for The Tampa Times in the masthead on the front section. This was part of an effort by the Tribune to keep its trademark on the Tampa Times name, and to avoid confusion with the then-St. Petersburg Times, which long published a Tampa edition.  In 2006, it was decided in a lawsuit that the Tribune could keep its exclusive use of the Tampa Times name, but only for five years. This exclusivity ended at the end of 2011, allowing the St. Petersburg Times to rename itself the Tampa Bay Times, effective January 1, 2012. The decision did not restrict the use of The Tampa Times name by the Tribune after the expiration of exclusivity.

Awards
The Tampa Tribune won a Pulitzer Prize in 1966 for local investigative specialized reporting. The award went to John Anthony Frasca for his "investigation and reporting of two robberies that resulted in the freeing of an innocent man."

See also
 List of newspapers in Florida

References

Further reading

1895 establishments in Florida
2016 disestablishments in Florida
Mass media in the Tampa Bay area
Defunct newspapers published in Florida
Newspapers established in 1895
Publications disestablished in 2016

The Tampa Tribune


A courtyard or court is a circumscribed area, often surrounded by a building or complex, that is open to the sky.

Courtyards are common elements in both Western and Eastern building patterns and have been used by  both ancient and contemporary architects as a typical and traditional building feature. Such spaces in inns and public buildings were often the primary meeting places for some purposes, leading to the other meanings of court. Both of the words court and yard derive from the same root, meaning an enclosed space. See yard and garden for the relation of this set of words. In universities courtyards are often known as quadrangles.

Historic use

Courtyards—private open spaces surrounded by walls or buildings—have been in use in residential architecture for almost as long as people have lived in constructed dwellings. The courtyard house makes its first appearance ca. 6400–6000 BC (calibrated), in the  Neolithic  Yarmukian site at Sha'ar HaGolan, in the central Jordan Valley, on the northern bank of the Yarmouk River, giving the site a special significance in architectural history. Courtyards have historically been used for many purposes including cooking, sleeping, working, playing, gardening, and even places to keep animals.

Before courtyards, open fires were kept burning in a central place within a home, with only a small hole in the ceiling overhead to allow smoke to escape. Over time, these small openings were enlarged and eventually led to the development of the centralized open courtyard we know today. Courtyard homes have been designed and built throughout the world with many variations.

Courtyard homes are more prevalent in temperate climates, as an open central court can be an important aid to cooling house in warm weather. However, courtyard houses have been found in harsher climates as well for centuries. The comforts offered by a courtyard—air, light, privacy, security, and tranquility—are properties nearly universally desired in human housing. Almost all courtyards use natural elements.

Comparison throughout the world

Middle East
Courtyards were widely used in the ancient Middle East. Middle Eastern courtyard houses reflect the nomadic influences of the region. Instead of officially designating rooms for cooking, sleeping, etc., these activities were relocated throughout the year as appropriate to accommodate the changes in temperature and the position of the sun. Often the flat rooftops of these structures were used for sleeping in warm weather. In some Islamic cultures, private courtyards provided the only outdoor space for women to relax unobserved.   Convective cooling through transition spaces between multiple-courtyard buildings in the Middle East has also been observed.

In c. 2000 BC Ur, two-storey houses were constructed around an open square were built of fired brick. Kitchen, working, and public spaces were located on the ground floor, with private rooms located upstairs.

Europe
The central uncovered area in a Roman domus was referred to as an atrium. Today, we generally use the term courtyard to refer to such an area, reserving the word atrium to describe a glass-covered courtyard. Roman atrium houses were built side by side along the street. They were one-storey homes without windows that took in light from the entrance and from the central atrium. The hearth, which used to inhabit the centre of the home, was relocated, and the Roman atrium most often contained a central pool used to collect rainwater, called an impluvium. These homes frequently incorporated a second open-air area, the garden, which would be surrounded by Greek-style colonnades, forming a peristyle. This created a colonnaded walkway around the perimeter of the courtyard, which influenced monastic structures centuries later.

The medieval European farmhouse embodies what we think of today as one of the most archetypal examples of a courtyard house—four buildings arranged around a square courtyard with a steep roof covered by thatch. The central courtyard was used for working, gathering, and sometimes keeping small livestock. An elevated walkway frequently ran around two or three sides of the courtyards in the houses. Such structures afforded protection, and could even be made defensible.

China

The traditional Chinese courtyard house, (e.g. siheyuan), is an arrangement of several individual houses around a square. Each house belongs to a different family member, and additional houses are created behind this arrangement to accommodate additional family members as needed. The Chinese courtyard is a place of privacy and tranquility, almost always incorporating a garden and water feature. In some cases, houses are constructed with multiple courtyards that increase in privacy as they recede from the street. Strangers would be received in the outermost courtyard, with the innermost ones being reserved for close friends and family members.

In a more contemporary version of the Chinese model, a courtyard can also can be used to separate a home into wings; for example, one wing of the house may be for entertaining/dining, and the other wing may be for sleeping/family/privacy. This is exemplified by the Hooper House in Baltimore, Maryland.

United States
A courtyard apartment building type appeared in Chicago in the early 1890s and flourished into the 1920s. They are characterized primarily by a low height, a structure along three sides of a rectangular or square lot, and an open court extending perpendicular to the street. The courtyards are generally deeper than they are wide, but many finer ones are wider than they are deep. Influenced by the privacy and domesticity of a standalone house as much as by strict health codes, the architectural style provided outdoor access and ventilation unseen in earlier multi-unit housing in the United States.

Relevance today

More and more, architects are investigating ways that courtyards can play a role in the development of today's homes and cities. In densely populated areas, a courtyard in a home can provide privacy for a family, a break from the frantic pace of everyday life, and a safe place for children to play. With space at a premium, architects are experimenting with courtyards as a way to provide outdoor space for small communities of people at a time. A courtyard surrounded by 12 houses, for example, would provide a shared park-like space for those families, who could take pride in ownership of the space. Though this might sound like a modern-day solution to an inner city problem, the grouping of houses around a shared courtyard was common practice among the Incas as far back as the 13th century.

In San Francisco, the floor plans of "marina style" houses often include a central patio, a miniature version of an open courtyard, sometimes covered with glass or a translucent material. Central patios provide natural light to common areas and space for potted outdoor plants.  In Gilgit/Baltistan, Pakistan, courtyards were traditionally used for public gatherings where village related issues were discussed. These were different from jirgahs, which are a tradition of the tribal regions of Pakistan.

Gallery

References

 Atrium: Five Thousand Years of Open Courtyards, by Werner Blaser 1985, Wepf & Co.
 Atrium Buildings: Development and Design, by Richard Saxon 1983, The Architectural Press, London
 A History of Architecture, by Spiro Kostof 1995, The Oxford Press.

External links

Home
Architectural elements

Courtyard


Bramerton Pits is a  geological Site of Special Scientific Interest  north of the village of Bramerton in Norfolk on the southern banks of the River Yare. It is a Geological Conservation Review site.

The site is composed of two disused gravel pits which are important for the study of the Lower Pleistocene. Bramerton Common Pit is the type site of the Norwich Crag Formation and Blakes Pit is the type site of the Bramertonian Stage. Both pits have yielded rich, mainly marine vertebrate fossils.

The geological deposits  include sands, silts and gravels which have yielded fossils of marine and non-marine mollusca, foraminifera and vertebrates. Studies of fossils from Blake's Pit have demonstrated changes from temperate (Bramertonian) to cold (Pre-Pastonian) climatic conditions. Bramerton Common Pit has yielded a rich fossil vertebrate fauna including marine fishes and extinct species of gomphothere mastodont, otter and vole. Both sites are nationally important for understanding early Pleistocene environments and faunal changes in Britain.

Bramerton Common Pit is adjacent to Bramerton Common near Woods End and Blakes Pit is further east at the end of Hill House Road. There is public access to the site.

References

Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Norfolk
Geological Conservation Review sites

Bramerton Pits


John Ashby Baldwin Jr. (born April 20, 1933) is a retired vice admiral of the United States Navy active during much of the Cold War.  He commanded destroyers and a carrier battle group, saw service in the Vietnam War, served on the staffs of the Chief of Naval Operations, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Secretary of the Navy, and the Secretary of Defense, and was President of the Naval War College and of the National Defense University.

Naval career
Baldwin was born in Baltimore, Maryland, and graduated from Kent School in 1950 and the United States Naval Academy in 1955. After being commissioned as an ensign, he had duty on the destroyers  and , at the Naval Small Craft Facility at Annapolis, Maryland, and at the Coronado Naval Amphibious School in Coronado, California. From 1962 to 1964, he was assigned to the Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps unit at the University of Washington, and while there did postgraduate studies in oceanography before being transferred to the Naval Oceanographic Office in March 1964.

Over the following seven years Baldwin served as executive officer of the destroyer  and as commanding officer USS Marysville (EPCER-857), the destroyer escorts  and  and had a two-year tour in the Office of the Oceanographer of the Navy.

After a brief assignment to Mare Island Inshore Operations Training Center in California in 1971, Baldwin became Senior Advisor, Military Region II, with U.S. Naval Forces Vietnam during the Vietnam War. In January 1973, he joined the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) in Washington, D.C., as Head, Surface Warfare Analysis, and Head, Sea Control Branch. In 1975, after more than two years with the Office of the CNO, he became Commander, Destroyer Division 33, remaining there until August 1977.

Following his tour with Destroyer Division 33, Baldwin returned to Washington, D.C., serving in the Office of the Secretary of the Navy. He subsequently joined the staff of the Secretary of Defense as Military Assistant to the Deputy Secretary of Defense. Following this, he served from 1981 to 1982 as Director of the Systems Analysis Division in the Office of the CNO.

From 1982 to 1986, Baldwin served in the Pacific. His first assignment was as Commander Cruiser-Destroyer Group 3 and commander of the  Carrier Battle Group during a deployment to the western Pacific and Indian Ocean. In October 1984, he reported to the Commander in Chief, United States Pacific Fleet, as Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans.

From 2 September 1986 to 11 August 1987, Baldwin served as the 44th President of the Naval War College in Newport,  Rhode Island, overseeing senior education and wargaming for the Navy. During his presidency, he initiated the process for accreditation of the college to grant master's degrees (which it would receive in 1991), established the Institute for Strategic Studies to facilitate accreditation and retain talented faculty, and restored the college library after a fire inflicted serious damage on it.

Baldwin next served as Director of the Strategic Plans and Policy Division (J-5) on the Joint Staff, responsible to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff for the strategic direction of the United States Armed Forces.

Baldwins last assignment was as President of the National Defense University, where for three years he was responsible for senior education for the Departments of Defense and State. The University, comprising four colleges, including the National War College and the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, and two specialized institutes, including the Institute for National Strategic Studies, increased its faculty by over 25 percent while reducing staff by 15 percent during his tenure. Additionally, he gained approval from the Department of Defense and Department of Education to seek accreditation for the university to award master's degrees.

Baldwin retired from active duty on 1 October 1992 after 37 years as a naval officer.

Notes

References
 Past Presidents page at Naval War College official Web site
 Anonymous, "Here's To…Vice Admiral John A. Baldwin Jr., Who Was Born In...." Baltimore Sun, May 17, 1992.

Attribution
This article includes public domain text from the Naval History and Heritage Command Web sites page Papers of Vice Admiral John A. Baldwin, Jr., USN, 1975-1989

External links
Portrait of John A. Baldwin, Jr.

1933 births
Living people
United States Navy personnel of the Vietnam War
People of the Cold War
Kent School alumni
Military personnel from Baltimore
Presidents of the National Defense University
Presidents of the Naval War College
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Navy vice admirals
University of Washington College of the Environment alumni

John A. Baldwin Jr.


Ahmose-Inhapy or Ahmose-Inhapi (referred to as Anhapou by Maspero) was a princess and queen of the late 17th Dynasty and early 18th Dynasty.

Life
She was probably a daughter of Pharaoh Senakhtenre and was sister to Pharaoh Seqenenre Tao, and the queens Ahhotep and Sitdjehuti. She probably married Seqenenre Tao, but it is possible she dates to the later time of Ahmose I (or even Amenhotep I).

She had a daughter named Ahmose-Henuttamehu. Ahmose Inhapy was mentioned in a copy of the Book of the Dead owned by her daughter Ahmose-Henuttamehu, and in the tomb of Amenemhat (TT53). Her titles were: King's Wife and King's Daughter.

Death and burial
A tomb was made for Inhapy in Thebes; her mummy was later reburied in DB320 where it was discovered in 1881 and is now in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.

The mummy was found in the outer coffin of Lady Rai, the nurse of Inhapy's niece Queen Ahmose-Nefertari. It was unwrapped by Gaston Maspero on June 26, 1886, and was later examined by Grafton Elliot Smith who described Inhapi as a big, strong-built woman with a strong resemblance to her brother. Smith dates her burial to the later years of the reign of Ahmose I. The mummy had a garland of flowers around its neck. The body was laid out with her arms by her side, and the skin of the mummy was of a dark-brown color. The outer layer of the skin was still present and no evidence of salt was found. This may mean that the body was not immersed in natron as described by Herodotus, Diodorus and others. An incision was made in the left side to allow for the removal of the organs and the cavity may have been treated with natron. The body was sprinkled with aromatic powdered wood and wrapped in resin soaked linen.

References

16th-century BC women
Queens consort of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Queens consort of the Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt
Ancient Egyptian mummies

Ahmose Inhapy


Torcross is a seaside village in the South Hams district of south Devon in England. It stands at grid reference  at the southern end of Slapton Sands, a narrow strip of land and shingle beach which separates the freshwater lake of Slapton Ley from Start Bay and carries the A379 coastal road north to Dartmouth.

Early history
The first mention of Torcross was recorded at the manorial court in the court rolls of 29 March 1602 when it was recorded that a representative of the new village reported that everything was "all well". In 1854 the coastal road between Kingsbridge and Dartmouth was built passing through Torcross giving a much needed lifeline to the community. In 1858 a coach service started between Dartmouth and Kingsbridge.

WW2 evacuation and Exercise Tiger
In late 1943 Torcross was evacuated, along with many other villages in the South Hams area, to make way for 15,000 allied troops who needed the area to practice for the D-Day landings.

In the early hours of 28 April 1944 a tragic incident happened during Exercise Tiger: nine German torpedo boats (Schnellboote), alerted by heavy radio traffic, intercepted a three-mile-long convoy of vessels travelling from the Isle of Portland to Slapton Sands to undertake landing rehearsals for D Day.  Two Tank landing ships (LST) were sunk in the engagement and 946 American servicemen died.  Poor communications led to badly-timed shelling on the beach, killing about 300 more men. Over 1,000 lives were lost over the course of the operation, most of them through US Army friendly fire.

A Sherman amphibious tank and several plaques stand at Torcross car park between Slapton Ley and the beach as memorials to the men who lost their lives. The operation to salvage the tank from the shallow waters of Start Bay was financed by Ken Small, a Torcross hotelier, and was completed in 1984.

Storms and coastal erosion
Over the years Torcross has survived a battering from some terrible storms.  On 4 January 1979 enormous waves washed over the roofs of the dwellings causing substantial damage to all the buildings along the then beach front; in the aftermath lorry-loads of boulders were brought in from the Plymouth area as temporary protection and a new curved seawall was built. On 11 and 12 January 2001 another bad storm caused the loss of up to five metres of the
beachhead along a stretch of beach about 1000 metres long. Part of the A379 road along Slapton Sands near Slapton village was also destroyed; it was not reopened for three months after being rerouted.  3,000 tons of boulders were initially used to protect the road, but were later removed because of damage to the Slapton Ley SSSI.

The maintenance of the road is vital to Torcross as it is the main access route to Dartmouth for the villagers and local businesses. South Hams District Council is working to keep the A379 from being eroded, realigning the road and importing shingle from parts of Slapton Sands that have a surplus. A study by Natural England after the 2001 storm confirmed that because of the reduction in the amount of shingle available and the increasing frequency of storms, coupled with a predicted 30 to 40 cm rise in sea level over the next 50 years, Slapton Sands is retreating and will continue to retreat.

On Tuesday and Wednesday 4 and 5 February 2014 a storm caused extensive damage to the properties along the promenade with the sea entering all properties except one on the night of 4 February. The buildings were hit by green water that came over the sea wall and large shingle also hit them. The road was also covered with the beach and became unpassable. Another storm on the night of Friday 14 February resulted in thousands of tonnes of the beach being washed onto the beach road, 4 people had to be rescued from their cars that were washed off the road, the coastguards undertaking the rescue also got their vehicle stuck on the unpassable beach road.

In January 2015, some 27,000 tonnes of shingle was moved from further up the beach at a cost of £250,000 to strengthen the sea defences this was washed away by the next high tide.
During February 2016 the sea wall collapsed beyond the easternmost buildings, which resulted in the road being closed. Also the concrete promenade began to crack along its length.

See also
 Exercise Tiger
 Hallsands, a nearby village that was destroyed by the sea in 1917.

References

External links

Seaside resorts in England
Beaches of Devon
Villages in South Hams
Stokenham

Torcross


Mercer is an unincorporated census-designated place located in the town of Mercer, Iron County, Wisconsin, United States. Mercer is located on US Highway 51 (US 51)  south-southeast of Hurley. Mercer has a post office with ZIP code 54547. As of the 2010 census, its population is 516.

Mercer identifies itself as the "Loon Capital of the World" in order to promote tourism. This is based on a wildlife study that found Mercer had the highest concentration of common loons in the world. In front of the Mercer Chamber of Commerce's information center, there is a ,  statue named "Claire de Loon." Mercer also hosts an annual "Loon Day" festival, which features a large arts and crafts fair, live music and a loon calling contest.

History
A post office called Mercer has been in operation since 1895. The community was probably named for Hugh Mercer, a general in the American Revolutionary War.

Tourism
Mercer's main industry is seasonal tourism, which is based on the large amount of undeveloped land and secluded waterways. Summer activities include boating, fishing, biking, hiking, and swimming. Summer tourism is often based on the Turtle-Flambeau Flowage and other bodies of water, such as Tank Lake (Grand Portage Lake), former home to weekly water ski shows and site of a public beach. Fishing and other water sports include water skiing and jet skiing. Autumn and winter recreation includes snowmobiling, skiing, and hunting.

Mercer is home to the Mercer Area Historical Society housed in the former train station; it contains a small museum of local history.  Other buildings include a jail, schoolhouse, barbershop, and a reconstructed caboose.

Images

References

Census-designated places in Iron County, Wisconsin
Census-designated places in Wisconsin

Mercer (CDP), Wisconsin


Guarita Beach is a Brazilian beach in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. It is a public resort that stretches along 23 kilometers on the coast the city of Torres. It borders with Santa Catarina and can be accessed through two roads, the BR-101 and the RS-389, which is the last road before reaching the sea.  The city of Torres is 197 km far from Porto Alegre and 280 km far from Florianópolis. The beach is located between the "towers" (in fact volcanic plugs) the city is named after, and is flanked by the Morro das Furnas to the north and the Morro da Guarita to the south. It includes an environmentally-protected area, the Parque da Guarita.

Geography

Beaches of Brazil

Praia da Guarita


In telecommunications and fiber optics, ovality or noncircularity is the degree of deviation from perfect circularity of the cross section of the core or cladding of the fiber.

The cross-sections of the core and cladding are assumed to a first approximation to be elliptical, and ovality is defined to be twice the third flattening of the ellipse, , where a is the length of the major axis and b is the length of the minor axis. This dimensionless quantity is between  and , and may be multiplied by  to express ovality as a percentage. Alternatively, ovality of the core or cladding may be specified by a tolerance field consisting of two concentric circles, within which the cross section boundaries must lie.

In measurements, ovality is the amount of out-of-roundness of a hole or cylindrical part in the typical form of an oval.

In chemistry
In computational chemistry, especially in QSAR studies, ovality refers to, a measure of how the shape of a molecule approaches a sphere (at one extreme) or a cigar shape (at the other).
Ovality is described by a ratio of volume to area:

where:

O = Ovality
A = Area
V = Volume

The ovality of the He atom is 1.0 and that of HC24H (12 triple bonds) is ~1.7.

See also
Concentricity error
Roundness (object)

References

Federal Standard 1037C

Fiber optics

Ovality


Johann Dominicus Fiorillo (13 October 1748 – 10 September 1821) was a German painter and historian of art.

Fiorillo, a son of Italian composer Ignazio Fiorillo, was born at Hamburg. He received his first instructions in art at an academy of painting at Bayreuth; and in 1761, to continue his studies, he went first to Rome, and next to Bologna, where he distinguished himself sufficiently to attain in 1769 admission to the academy. Returning soon after to Germany, he obtained the appointment of historical painter to the court of Brunswick.

In 1781 he removed to Göttingen, occupied himself as a drawingmaster, and was named in 1784 keeper of the collection of prints at the university library. He was appointed professor extraordinary in the philosophical faculty in 1799, and ordinary professor at Göttingen University in 1813. During this period he had made himself known as a writer by the publication of his Geschichte der zeichnenden Künste, in 5 volumes (1798–1808). This was followed in 1815 to 1820 by the Geschichte der zeichnenden Künste in Deutschland und den vereinigten Niederlanden, in 4 volumes. These works, though not attaining to any high mark of literary excellence, are esteemed for the information collected in them, especially on the subject of art in the later Middle Ages. Fiorillo practiced his art almost until his death, but has left no memorable masterpiece. The most noticeable of his painting is perhaps the Surrender of Briseis.

He died at Göttingen.

See also
 List of German painters

Literature
 Antje Middeldorf Kosegarten (ed.): Johann Dominicus Fiorillo Kunstgeschichte und die romantische Bewegung um 1800, Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag 1997 (in German)

1748 births
1821 deaths
18th-century German painters
18th-century German male artists
German male painters
19th-century German painters
19th-century German male artists

Johann Dominicus Fiorillo


Very little is known for certain of the ancestry of the Godwins, the family of the last Anglo-Saxon king of England, Harold II. When King Edward the Confessor died in January 1066 his closest relative was his great-nephew, Edgar the Ætheling, but he was young and lacked powerful supporters. Harold was the head of the most powerful family in England and Edward's brother-in-law, and he became king. In September 1066 Harold defeated and killed King Harald Hardrada of Norway at the Battle of Stamford Bridge, and Harold was himself defeated and killed the following month by William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings.

The family is named after Harold's father, Earl Godwin, who had risen to a position of wealth and influence in the 1020s under Danish King Cnut the Great. In 1045 Godwin's daughter, Edith, married King Edward the Confessor, and by the mid-1050s Harold and his brothers had become dominant, almost monopolising the English earldoms. Godwin's origin is obscure. He was probably the son of Wulfnoth Cild, a South Saxon thegn, but Wulfnoth's ancestry is disputed. A few genealogists and historians argue that he was descended from Alfred the Great's elder brother, King Æthelred I (865–71), but almost all historians of Anglo-Saxon England reject this theory.

Background
Earl Godwin is probably first recorded in 1014, when Godwin, son of Wulfnoth, was left land at a place called Compton in the will of King Æthelred the Unready's son Æthelstan Ætheling. As Earl Godwin was later recorded as holding land at Compton in Sussex it is likely that he was the Godwin mentioned in Æthelstan Ætheling's will. Historians think that he was probably the son of the outlawed South Saxon thegn Wulfnoth Cild. In 1009 Wulfnoth was accused of unknown crimes at a muster of King Æthelred's fleet, and fled with twenty ships; a force sent in pursuit was destroyed in a storm.

According to the twelfth-century chronicler John of Worcester, Godwin was the son of a Wulfnoth who was the son of Æthelmær, brother of Eadric Streona, both sons of an otherwise unknown Æthelric, but in the view of the historian Ann Williams this is chronologically impossible. If the relationship were true, the pedigree would result in a significant generational displacement, with two children of Æthelred the Unready marrying the son and great-great-granddaughter of Æthelric. Æthelred's daughter Eadgyth married Æthelric's son Eadric Streona, while Eadgyth's half-brother Edward the Confessor married Godwin's daughter Edith. If Godwin was Æthelric's great-grandson, then Edith was his great-great-granddaughter. David Kelley, however, argues that Edward, being a child of a later marriage, could have been almost a generation younger than his sister, and if both he and Eadric married much younger wives and if Eadric was among the youngest brothers of Æthelmær, this could close up the chronological differences. John of Worcester also stated that Wulfnoth's rebellion was provoked by unjust charges brought by Eadric Streona's brother, Brihtric.

The Life of Edward the Confessor, commissioned by his widow Edith, who was Harold's sister, is silent on her family's origin. In a section designed to eulogise her family, Godwin is described as "blessed in his ancestral stock", but nothing further is said of this stock. In the view of the historian Frank Barlow: "There is massive evasion here." Historians generally discount a later medieval tradition that he was the son of a churl or a farmer. In her Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ODNB) article on Godwin's son, King Harold Godwinson, Robin Fleming says of Godwin: "The origins of this parvenu are extremely obscure." He was "the quintessential new man". However, Williams says that the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'''s reference to "Wulfnoth cild the South Saxon" implies a man of rank (cild means child, young man, warrior); his ability to detach twenty ships from the royal fleet suggests a man of at least local importance. Frank Barlow goes further, arguing that Godwin must have been of aristocratic origin, and that the family's massive land holdings in Sussex are indisputable evidence that the Wulfnoth who was Godwin's father was the Saxon thegn.

Æthelred I theory

A few scholars have put forward a genealogical reconstruction making the Godwins descend from Alfred the Great's elder brother, King Æthelred I of Wessex. The theory was first proposed by the historian Alfred Anscombe in 1913, and advocated by the genealogist Lundie W. Barlow in 1957 and the Mayanist scholar and genealogist David H. Kelley in 1989.

The theory depends in part on tracing the ownership of certain estates, especially Compton in West Sussex, which was probably the Compton left to Æthelred's son Æthelhelm in Alfred the Great's will. It was later in the possession of Wulfnoth, presumably confiscated after his rebellion, and left to "Godwin, Wulfnoth's son" in 1014 in Æthelstan Ætheling's will. Immediately before the bequest to Godwin is one to an "Ælmære". Calling him Ælmær, Anscombe identifies this legatee as Ealdorman Æthelmær the Stout, in his view the father of Wulfnoth Cild.  He supports this relationship with two further arguments.  He finds significance in the occurrence in documents of an Æthelmær with the same epithet as Wulfnoth, Cild, though another advocate of the theory, Lundie Barlow, found Anscombe's Cild argument "untenable". Anscombe also cites in support of his thesis John of Worcester's pedigree showing Godwin's father Wulfnoth as son of Agelmær, a brother of Eadric Streona. Though the Worcester chronicler gives his Agelmær a different father from the known father of Ealdorman Æthelmær, and Anscombe points out its inherent chronological problems, he argues that, though flawed, the pedigree retains the memory of a father-son relationship between Æthelmær the Stout and Wulfnoth Cild. Æthelmær was the son of the late tenth-century chronicler and ealdorman Æthelweard, whose own writings record that he was descended from Æthelred I, although the exact nature of this descent has been debated.

In his 2002 book The Godwins, Frank Barlow sympathetically examined the arguments put forward by Anscombe and Lundie Barlow. He included a family tree based on their work, showing Godwin's descent from Æthelred I, and at one point described Wulfnoth Cild as the son of Æthelmær the Stout. Elsewhere he was more cautious, describing Wulfnoth as the probable son of Æthelmær, and questioning whether a family which had used names for seven generations almost all starting with Æthel- or Ælf- would suddenly have thrown up a Wulfnoth, particularly as Æthelmær the Stout's known sons continued the tradition. He stated nevertheless that "This pedigree, even if mistaken, is of the right type."

Frank Barlow is almost alone among modern scholars in taking the theory seriously. Peter Rex, in his biography of Harold, describes Godwin as one of Cnut's new men, and dismisses claims that the family had aristocratic ancestry. Emma Mason, in her history of the Godwin family, describes Wulfnoth as a mystery man who was probably a minor figure at court in the late tenth century, and Ian Walker in his biography of Harold gives a similar description of Wulfnoth as "a relatively minor figure who attended court only infrequently". Williams in her ODNB article on Godwin, and Robin Fleming in her ODNB'' article on Harold, do not mention the theory when discussing Godwin's ancestry, and according to Stenton: "Of his origin nothing can be said with any assurance."

Succession to the throne
Even if Harold was descended from Æthelred I, it would not have given him a hereditary claim to the throne according to the rules of royal succession in later Anglo-Saxon England. Eligibility was confined to æthelings, that is throne-worthy princes of the royal house. In earlier Anglo-Saxon times, eligibility depended on descent from the fifth- or sixth-century founder of each kingdom, but it later became more restricted. According to David Dumville: "The Anglo-Saxon ætheling in the period from the ninth-century Scandinavian settlements to the Norman Conquest was a prince of the royal house. He shared with the reigning king descent from a common grandfather at least". All known West Saxon æthelings after 900 were the sons of kings except for Harold's rival for the throne in 1066, Edgar the Ætheling, who was the grandson of King Edmund Ironside. Edgar was thus an ætheling according to Dumville's definition, but in the view of Pauline Stafford, only the son of a present or former king could be an ætheling, and when Edward the Confessor gave this designation to his great-nephew Edgar, it was a form of adoption without known recent precedent, because for the first time since the beginning of the ninth century there was no living ætheling in the strict sense of a son of a king.

Danish ancestry
Godwin's wife, and the mother of his children including Harold and Edith, was Gytha Thorkelsdóttir. Her father was Thorgils Sprakaleg, a Dane whose origin is unknown, although he was probably a Dane from Scania, which was then in Denmark but is now part of Sweden. Gytha was very well connected as her brother Ulf married King Cnut's sister Estrith. Cnut probably arranged the marriage between Godwin and Gytha in about 1022.

References

Sources

External links

House of Godwin
Anglo-Norse people
Anglo-Saxon people
Medieval genealogies and succession lists

Ancestry of the Godwins


Willis Chapman "Chip" Arndt Jr. (born October 2, 1966) is an American gay activist, best known as a winner of The Amazing Race 4 in 2003 with former partner Reichen Lehmkuhl. Arndt attended Hotchkiss School, Yale University, and  Harvard University, where he was the president of the Harvard Business School Gay and Lesbian Student Association. Prior to The Amazing Race, he worked as an investment banker.

Early life
The youngest and only boy of four children, Arndt attended Hotchkiss School, a private school in his native Connecticut, and won a fellowship to a 13th year at Harrow College in Northwest London. He earned his undergraduate degree in history, with honors, at Yale University in 1990, where he was captain of the golf team. He worked for five years as an investment banker for Morgan Stanley as well as in the entertainment industry in Los Angeles. He then entered Harvard University for an MBA in 1996. He was president of the Harvard Graduate School Leadership and Ethics Forum, chairman and founder of the Annual Harvard Business, Law, and Harvard Kennedy School Debate, and president of the Harvard Business School Gay and Lesbian Student Association.

The Amazing Race

Arndt and former partner Reichen Lehmkuhl competed against eleven other teams the fourth season, taped in January and February 2003, and premiering in May. The couple, who had met in 1999 while Reichen was still in the United States Air Force, had a commitment ceremony on February 2, 2002. While not legally married, they had asked that  CBS identify them as a married couple. The identification of a gay couple as married drew criticism from anti-gay groups. By the final episode, Reichen and Chip had an 83% popularity rating on the show's official website. Arndt performed seven of eleven roadblocks (tasks only one team member can perform). In total, they placed second on five legs of the race, with their win on the final leg being their second first place, eight minutes ahead of runners up Kelly and Jon. The finale was broadcast on August 21, 2003, with CBS winning both its time slot and the night. Season 4 would later win an Emmy award for Outstanding Reality-Competition Program.

In January 2003, Arndt competed on the fourth season of the CBS adventure reality show The Amazing Race with his "husband" Reichen Lehmkuhl. The two reached the final leg of the race and won the season.

The Amazing Race 4 finishes

A  indicates that Reichen and Chip won the Fast Forward.

Roadblocks performed by Arndt are bolded

Notes

Post-Amazing Race
Arndt has been active in the LGBT community following the win, and has appeared on the cover of The Advocate. Later that month, Arndt addressed a group of gay-straight alliance leaders. Express Gay News named him "Best Local Male Hero" for using "his fame and good fortune to help others." He is a spokesperson for the annual five-state Braking the Cycle AIDS ride benefiting New York's GLBT Community Center, and Miami's SMART AIDS rides, and has helped raise money for other groups including the Point Foundation, the Human Rights Campaign, and the Matthew Shepard Foundation for which he is a Strategic Advisor. He is a co-Director of The Gay American Heroes Foundation, (founded by Scott Hall ) and the website CoupleForEquality.com. Arndt was also one of the commentators on the official CBS Website for The Amazing Race 10, where he answered questions from fans of the show about his experiences and behind-the-scenes knowledge about the series, and revealed that he accidentally ran into the returning teams secretly chosen for the program's 11th season, the anticipated "All Stars" version, at an airport.

Each year, Arndt conducts a golf clinic at the Advocate Golf Classic benefiting the National Gay & Lesbian Task Force (NGLTF). As the former Public Relations and Marketing Manager for Care Resource, South Florida's oldest and largest HIV/AIDS services organization, he produced the 2005 AIDS Walk Miami, and spearheaded the 21st annual White Party, its week-long fund-raiser, which, at his initiative, emphasized a zero tolerance drugs policy for the first time. Other charity initiative includes a US$100,000 challenge benefiting nine HIV/AIDS service organizations through his participation in two AIDS ride and two AIDS walks in 2007, and solicited donations via a special MySpace page.

Currently, he is Executive Vice President and Director of Business Development at Merchant Advantage, a Miami-based e-commerce software company he helped found.

Arndt was elected a PLEO (Party Leader and Elected Official) Obama delegate to the 2008 Democratic National Convention and was named one of Florida's 27 electors representing the state in the Electoral College.  He cast his vote in the state capital of Tallahassee, Florida for President-elect Obama and Vice President-elect Biden. Arndt was the first openly gay man to have cast an electoral vote in the state of Florida.

References

External links

 The Advocate 2003 article

Living people
1966 births
People from West Hartford, Connecticut
LGBT people from Connecticut
American gay men
Reality show winners
Harvard Business School alumni
Yale University alumni
2008 United States presidential electors
The Amazing Race winners

Chip Arndt


Yamburgsky Uyezd () was one of the eight subdivisions of the Saint Petersburg Governorate of the Russian Empire. Its capital was Yamburg (Kingisepp). Yamburgsky Uyezd was located in the westernmost part of the governorate (the westernmost part of present-day Leningrad Oblast together with the city of Narva, which is part of Estonia).

Demographics
At the time of the Russian Empire Census of 1897, Yamburgsky Uyezd had a population of 81,972. Of these, 50.9% spoke Russian, 21.9% Estonian, 14.2% Finnish, 7.8% Ingrian, 2.6% German, 0.9% Polish, 0.8% Yiddish, 0.3% Votic, 0.2% Latvian, 0.1% English and 0.1% Romani as their native language.

References

Uezds of Saint Petersburg Governorate
Saint Petersburg Governorate
History of Leningrad Oblast

Yamburgsky Uyezd


Under Age is a 1941 American crime film directed by Edward Dmytryk and starring Nan Grey, Alan Baxter, Mary Anderson, and Tom Neal.

Plot
Sisters Jane and Edie Baird are arrested for vagrancy, having no place to sleep. They are later released from jail and immediately contacted by the local pimp gangster, Tap Manson, who wants them to work as hostesses for a company called "House by the side of the road, Inc.". It is a franchise of motels by the highway roadsides. Head of the company is Mrs. Burke, an old, hardened gangster of a woman who has a deceivingly kind appearance.

At first the sisters try to find other jobs, but their search leads nowhere. Eventually they meet with Mrs. Burke and gets hired as hostesses at House 42, one of the motels that is located somewhere in the Midwest. Manson takes them there, together with three other unfortunate girls.

Their job is to walk along the highway, pretend to be hitchhikers and lure the drivers in to the combined motel, bar and restaurant. Jane manages to get a ride with Rocky Stone, who understands about the hitchhiking scam but agrees to take Jane anyway.

Upon Rocky's arrival to the motel, Manson learns that he has jewels worth $60,000 in his car, and steals them. Rocky believes Jane has taken the jewels and confronts her. After the confrontation, Jane is called in to Mrs. Burke for questioning, and because she doesn't leave the desired answers, she is beaten by the mean old lady.

When Edie finds out about her sister's misfortune she decides to take her vengeance on Manson, who tricked them into working at the motel. Unfortunately her plan is overheard by one of the other girls, Rhoda, who reports to Manson. Edie is run over by Manson in his car. Jane is devastated over her sister's death and turns to Rocky for help. They get Manson to admit he killed Edie and confess to the racket Mrs. Burke is running. The two gangsters are then convicted of their crimes in a court of law, and Rocky takes care of Jane, who he has grown fond of.

Cast
 Nan Grey as Jane Baird
 Alan Baxter as Tap Manson
 Mary Anderson as Edie Baird
 Tom Neal as Rocky Stone
 Leona Maricle as Mrs. Burke aka The Widow
 Don Beddoe as Albert Ward
 Yolande Donlan as Lily Fletcher (as Yolande Mallott)
 Jack Perrin as Grant (as Richard Terry)
 Marlo Dwyer as Rhoda (as Wilma Francis)
 Patti McCarty as Minnie
 Billie Roy as Boots
 Gwen Kenyon as Gladys
 Barbara Kent as Jackie

References

External links

1941 films
1941 crime films
American crime films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Edward Dmytryk
Columbia Pictures films
1940s English-language films
1940s American films
English-language crime films

Under Age (1941 film)


Kenneth Linn Franklin (March 25, 1923 – June 18, 2007) was an American astronomer and educator.  Franklin was the chief scientist at the Hayden Planetarium from 1956 to 1984 and was co-credited with discovering radio waves originating on Jupiter, the first detection of signals from another planet.  He was often a local and national media figure including during Apollo 11, the first human mission to the moon, when Franklin was an on-camera astronomy expert for NBC.

Early life and discovery

Franklin was born in Alameda, California to Myles Arthur and Ruth Linn (Houston) Franklin.  He received an A.A. degree from the University of California, Berkeley in 1944 and bachelor's degree in 1948.  He married Beverly Mattson on November 29, 1949.  He earned a Ph.D. from Berkeley in 1953 and a research fellowship at the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at the Carnegie Institution of Washington from 1954 to 1956.  In 1955, Franklin and Dr. Bernard F. Burke were scanning for space signals when they heard a hissing noise.  Originally thinking the noise was a passing vehicle's spark plug, they soon traced it to Jupiter, the first noise ever traced to a specific planet.  They presented their findings to the American Astronomical Society on April 6, 1955.  In March 1956, Franklin's wife, with whom he had two daughters, died.  Franklin began working at the Hayden Planetarium the same year.  On May 18, 1958, he married Charlotte Walton, who worked at Carnagie in the terrestrial magnetism dept., and later legally adopted a daughter from her previous marriage.
He also specialized in solar eclipses.

Career
After the notable discovery of 1955, Franklin was frequently invited as an astronomical expert on television and radio.  He appeared on a CBS Sputnik special in 1957, appeared on CBS for the landing of Surveyor 1 in 1966, and was on NBC for Apollo 8, Apollo 10, and Apollo 11 in 1968 and 1969.  He became the astronomy editor for the World Almanac from 1968 to 1996 and was on the editorial panel of Science Digest from 1970 to 1985.  From 1973 to 1979, Franklin was the Public Affairs Officer for the American Astronomical Society.  He taught at several universities and colleges on the American east coast including New York University, City University of New York, and Cooper Union.  He also lectured at Columbia School of Journalism and the United States Military Academy and was an adjunct professor at Rutgers University for three and a half years.  Franklin was part of a visiting lecturer program and in 1973 and 1980, he led tours to Africa to observe solar eclipses.  Franklin contributed almanac information including the time of sunrise to The New York Times from 1975 to 1997. He also contributed all of the astronomical calculations for the Farmers' Almanac from 1980 to 1992. These were in addition to his regular duties presenting popular planetarium shows from 1956 to 1984 and producing his own radio program.

An asteroid discovered by Edward L. G. Bowell in 1981 was named 2845 Franklinken in Franklin's honor.

Franklin lived in Loveland, Colorado until his death in Boulder from heart surgery complications. He was survived by his wife, three daughters, six grandchildren, and six great-grandchildren.

He was a member of the all-male literary banqueting club the Trap Door Spiders, which served as the basis of Isaac Asimov's fictional group of mystery solvers the Black Widowers.
He was a lifelong friend of Asimov's, & they took several ocean solar eclipse cruises together.
After he retired, he & his wife,  Charlotte, whom he met at Carnegie where she also worked, traveled the Americas via Airstream.

References

1923 births
2007 deaths
People from Alameda, California
20th-century American astronomers
Planetary scientists
Cooper Union faculty

Kenneth Franklin


Camille Blanc (; March 29, 1847 in Paris – December 21, 1927), was a French municipal leader, with many interests in Monaco. From 1904 to 1925, he was founding mayor of Beausoleil, a town adjacent to Monte Carlo, which had previously formed part of La Turbie and had been known as Monte-Carlo-Supérieur.

President of the Société-des-Bains-de-Mer
Blanc was also for many years president of the Société des bains de mer de Monaco, of Monte Carlo, and took a leading part in the administration of the Monte Carlo Casino.

Persona non grata in Monaco
In the later years of his administration of Monte Carlo Casino, his relations with Louis II, Prince of Monaco, suffered a setback, and he withdrew to France as someone who had become persona non grata in Monaco's official circles.

While married to Elisabeth Lanxade, his name was also linked to Madame Chinon, whose excessive gambling habits, indulged by Blanc, were widely believed by some observers to be substantially at the origins of the accusations of mismanagement which eventually led to Prince Louis' intervention and termination of his position at Monte Carlo Casino.

In the closing years of Blanc's life, up to his death in 1927, he suffered severely from paralysis, said to have been derived mainly from the reported stresses of his experience of dealing with the Monaco authorities.

Legacy
The separate existence and prosperity of the neighbouring French town of Beausoleil may be Blanc's principal lasting legacy. The town hall of Beausoleil in the rue de la République has a sculpture and gardens dedicated to the memory of Camille Blanc.

External links

Beausoleil's municipal site

1847 births
1927 deaths
Place of death missing
Monegasque businesspeople
Monegasque politicians
19th-century Italian businesspeople
19th-century Italian politicians
Mayors of places in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Blanc family

Camille Blanc


The Bard College Conservatory of Music is part of Bard College in Annandale-on-Hudson, New York.  Founded in 2005, the program is unique among music conservatories in the United States in that all undergraduate students are required to participate in a five-year dual-degree program, in which both a B.M. in music and a B.A. in a subject other than music are obtained.  Many of the Conservatory's faculty also teach at other conservatories such as the Juilliard School and the Curtis Institute.

Undergraduate faculty teach the standard orchestral/chamber music instruments and composition. The Conservatory also offers two graduate programs: the Graduate Vocal Arts Program and the Graduate Conducting Program, and a Post-graduate Collaborative Piano Fellowship in addition to a Preparatory Division.

Facilities

The László Z. Bitó Conservatory Building

The construction of the László Z. Bitó Conservatory Building began in October 2011 and was completed in January 2012. Made possible by a $9.2 million gift from Bard alumnus László Z. Bitó, class of 1960, this teaching and performance facility was designed by Deborah Berke & Partners Architects.

Conservatory Programs
The Bard College Conservatory of Music offers a five-year undergraduate program in which each student pursues two degrees concurrently: a Bachelor of Music degree and a Bachelor of Arts degree in a field other than music. At the graduate level, the Conservatory offers two two-year programs in conducting and voice leading to a Master of Music.  In addition, the conservatory offers a certificate-granting Advanced Performance Studies Program for instrumentalists who have already received a Bachelor's degree.

The Undergraduate Double Degree Program

All Conservatory undergraduates pursue a five-year program leading to two degrees: the bachelor of music and the bachelor of arts in a field other than music. The pursuit of these two degrees at Bard is thoroughly integrated. Conservatory students live, eat, and attend most classes with non-Conservatory students, and are fully part of the academic and social life of the College. Each Conservatory student has two academic advisers, one from the Conservatory and one from a field that the student is considering as a major for the B.A. degree. In the bachelor of music program all performance majors study composition, and the Conservatory Seminar integrates music theory and music history with special emphasis on their relation to performance.

The Graduate Vocal Arts Program

The vocal arts curriculum is divided into three main components: Core Seminars, private instruction, and workshops.

The program's curriculum centers on the Core Seminar, which meets for three hours each week. Each semester the seminar focuses on a topic that addresses different aspects of the singing life: poetry and text, international musical influences, building and sustaining a musical career, and opera.
Core Seminar I: Dickinson, Goethe, and Verlaine
Core Seminar II:  First Songs
Core Seminar III: Creating Unique Performance Opportunities
Core Seminar IV: The Singer and the Stage
Private instruction includes voice lessons, vocal coachings, and Alexander Technique.  In addition to the Core Seminars and private instruction, students participate in Acting Explorations, Diction and Phonetics, Language Translation for Singers, Movement Improvisation, Opera, Professional Development, Recital Class, Singer's Form, Vocal Chamber Music, and Vocal Ensembles Workshops.

The Graduate Conducting Program

Co-directed by Leon Botstein, James Bagwell, The Graduate Conducting Program of The Bard College Conservatory of Music is two-year graduate curriculum that culminates in the Master of Music (M.M.) degree. The Graduate Conducting Program offers both choral and orchestral conducting tracks.

The Post-Graduate Collaborative Piano Fellowship

The Postgraduate Collaborative Piano Fellowship is a two-year fellowship designed to give professional experience to pianists who have a strong interest in becoming collaborative artists, with the ultimate aim of easing the transition between school and the working world of a collaborative pianist. The fellowship is open to both students who have already completed a degree in collaborative piano and those students who have completed a bachelor's degree in piano performance and have a strong interest in further study in collaborative piano.

Advanced Performance Studies Program
The Advanced Performance Studies Program is a nondegree-granting, four semester program for exceptionally gifted performers who wish to continue their study of music through concentrated study.  Applicants must have completed at least the bachelor of music degree or its equivalent and must demonstrate a high level of ability and potential through the admission process.

Notable faculty
Tan Dun (Dean of the Conservatory)
Piano
Jeremy Denk (master classes)
Richard Goode (master classes)
Peter Serkin
 Benjamin Hochman
Violin
Shmuel Ashkenasi
Gil Shaham
Yiwen Jiang
Ani Kavafian (master classes)
Weigang Li
Daniel Phillips
Todd Phillips
Arnold Steinhardt (master classes)

Percussion
Eric Beach
Jason Haaheim
Jason Treuting

Cello
Peter Wiley

Flute
Tara Helen O'Connor

Oboe
Elaine Douvas
Alexandra Knoll
Ryan Roberts

Clarinet
David Krakauer
Anthony McGill

Bassoon
Marc Goldberg

Horn
Julie Landsman (master classes)
Barbara Jostlein Currie
Jeffrey Lang
Julia Pilant

Composition
Joan Tower
George Tsontakis
Da Capo Chamber Players (Artists in residence)

Performance Studies
Luis Garcia-Renart

Vocal Arts
Stephanie Blythe (Artistic Director)
Kayo Iwama (Associate Director)

Conducting
James Bagwell (Co-director)
Leon Botstein (Co-director)

See also
Richard B. Fisher Center for the Performing Arts
Vinkensport, or The Finch Opera
Shanghai Quartet
Orion String Quartet
Kneisel Hall
Bard Prison Initiative
Longy School of Music of Bard College
Tan Dun

References

External links
 Official website
 So Percussion at the Bard College Conservatory of Music

Bard College
Music schools in New York (state)
Educational institutions established in 2005
2005 establishments in New York (state)

Bard College Conservatory of Music


Sean Ellis (born 1970) is a British film director, writer, producer and fashion photographer. He is best known for his films Cashback (2004), The Broken (2008), Metro Manila (2013), in the Tagalog language, and Anthropoid (2016).

Career
In 2006, he was nominated for an Academy Award in the category "Best Short Film, Live Action" for his film, Cashback. The feature film was produced more than a year after the original 2004 short film was completed. Following a decision in December 2005 to proceed with the feature, Ellis completed the expanded script in seven days. After getting commitments from his cast in March he secured financing and the film went into production in May. This schedule was exceedingly condensed by modern film making standards.

His next major film, The Broken, premiered on 18 January 2008 as part of the 2008 Sundance Film Festival. It also was the first choice in Horrorfest 2009 and was part of the Sitges Film Festival 2008.

In 2011 he published the photography book Kubrick the Dog, which he began compiling as a way to deal with his dog's death from canine lymphoma.

Ellis resides in London, England.

Awards
Metro Manila picked up three trophies at the 2013 British Independent Film Awards, taking Best British Independent Film, Best Director for Sean Ellis, and Best Achievement in Production.

Filmography

References

External links

1970 births
Living people
Photographers from Sussex
British filmmakers
British film directors
British male screenwriters
British film producers

Sean Ellis


The Gera Demands () were a set of demands made by East German leader Erich Honecker on 13 October 1980. Directed at the West German government, they called for far-reaching foreign policy concessions.

Formulated in a speech to a party conference at Gera, his demands entailed four stipulations: that West Germany recognise the existence of East German citizenship, that the Central Registry of State Judicial Administrations be defunded, that the two German states establish official diplomatic relations, and that West Germany recognise the middle of the Elbe river as its eastern border.

The Gera Demands followed a period of rapprochement between the two German states. They were received with scepticism by the West German public and none of Honecker's demands were heeded by the government of Helmut Schmidt. According to the historian Ulrich Mählert, the initiative was meant to reassure the Soviet Union of continued East German support in the recent flare-up of the Cold War.

Background
Relations between East and West Germany deteriorated in the late 1970s, having experienced a period of relaxation under the Neue Ostpolitik initiative of West German chancellor Willy Brandt. This downturn came in the context of the New Cold War surrounding the Soviet–Afghan War, and the rising tensions within the Eastern Bloc exemplified by the Solidarity movement in Poland. During this time, the West German government of Helmut Schmidt avoided far-reaching aims in its dealings with the GDR, but rather tried to strengthen economic and political ties to maintain the fading sense of connectedness between the populations of both states.
For the East German SED government, this situation became difficult to navigate: even though the GDR's economy had become increasingly dependent on trade with its neighbour, the party still sought to make clear its ideological differences from the West.

Content

On 13 October 1980, Honecker spoke in front of a party conference at Gera and formulated his vision for the relationship between the two German states. Citing various "pro-Western" actions as evidence of the "contradictory nature of FRG politics" and his belief in West German attempts to infringe on the GDR's sovereignty, he stated that the intra-German relationship was put under strain. To preserve the formal division of East and West Germany, he formulated four demands directed towards the government of Schmidt.

His first demand was that the West German government recognise the existence of East German citizenship. He thereby challenged Article 116 of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, which mandated that there may only be one German citizenship. Secondly, Honecker demanded the abolition of the Central Registry of State Judicial Administrations, a government agency in Salzgitter, tasked with the compilation of East German human rights violations. Honecker's third stipulation was the establishment of regular diplomatic relations between the two German states. This would have involved the conversion of the existing permanent representation in Bonn and East Berlin to official embassies. His final demand was that West Germany recognise the middle of the Elbe river as the border between the two states. This demand was also unconstitutional for West Germany.

Reception
Honecker's demands were met with bewilderment by the West German public. The Hamburger Abendblatt reckoned that they had reversed the recent German rapprochement, while Der Spiegel wrote that Honecker had waged war on the people of East Germany. The Schmidt government did not heed any of the demands, though some state-level authorities stopped funding the Central Registry of State Judicial Administrations. According to the German historian Heinrich August Winkler, this speech, along with a stronger currency exchange requirement for visiting foreigners from capitalist states implemented earlier that day, put a halt to progress in warming the intra-German relationship.

Although the immediate reasons for the Gera Demands were never revealed, the historian Ulrich Mählert writes that Honecker's initiative was caused by turbulences within the Warsaw Pact. In the wake of an informal meeting between representative of both states, Werner Krolikowski and Willi Stoph, two members of the GDR politburo, had informed the leadership of the Soviet Union about the potential for renewed rapprochement with the West. In Mählert's view, Honecker acted to dispel Soviet doubts about his commitment to their shared anti-Western attitude. This possible explanation was reiterated by Sven Felix Kellerhoff in a 2020 article in Die Welt.

References

Bibliography

1980 in politics
East Germany–West Germany relations
Cold War history of Germany
Foreign policy doctrines
1980 in East Germany

Gera Demands


Francis T. "Fritz" Shiverick (c. 1896 – 1936) was an American football quarterback and halfback.  He played for Cornell University in 1915, 1916 and 1919, and was selected as a first-team All-American in 1916.  He was posthumously inducted into Cornell's Hall of Fame in 1987.

Biography
A native of Chicago, Illinois, Shiverick graduated in 1914 from the University School of Chicago where he had played halfback for three years. Shiverick then enrolled at Cornell, where he played for the school's varsity football team from 1915–1916 and 1919.

1915 season
As a sophomore in 1915, Shiverick began the season as a substitute back for the Cornell varsity.  He made a name for himself in Cornell's 1915 victory over Percy Haughton's 1915 Harvard team—the first loss suffered by Harvard since 1911.  Replacing Charley Barrett, Shiverick came into the game with a 7–0 lead.  Backed up to their own goal line, Cornell was forced to punt into a strong wind.  Shiverick was called on to punt for Cornell and kicked the ball 86 yards for what proved to be the longest punt of the year in college football. Later in the same game, Shiverick drop-kicked the ball for a field goal from the 40-yard line.  Shiverick's teammate Ray Van Orman later described Shiverick's long punt against Harvard as the headiest play he ever saw.  Van Orman wrote that Shiverick called a couple of signals and then stalled for time.  Shiverick was punting into the open end of the stadium with the wind pouring in.  Shiverick tossed grass into the air and noted that, after the wind blew the grass back, it was picked up by "a reverse current that would carry it up the field as though it were flying against the wind."  Concluding that the wind was circling through the stadium like a whirlpool, Shiverick delayed the snap from center until he felt a reverse current.  He then drove a low, hard kick that was carried by the reverse current over the head of Harvard's safety man, Eddie Mahan.

After the 1915 season, Shiverick was selected for Outing magazine's Football Roll of Honor.

1916 season
In 1916, Shiverick returned as Cornell's starting quarterback and led the Big Red to wins over Michigan and Penn.  In Cornell's 23-20 win over Michigan, he drop-kicked two field goals, including one from the 45-yard line.  After the 1916 season, Shiverick was selected as a first-team All-American by the United Press and sports writer Paul Purman, and a second-team All-American by the International News Service and Michigan Coach Fielding H. Yost.  Shiverick was also selected for membership in the Quill and Dagger society and elected captain of the 1917 Cornell football team. The press reported:"The famous general of the Big Red eleven, who last year beat Harvard with his punting and was the main factor in the defeat this season of Michigan, is to be elected unanimously, it was announced last night. Shiverick is playing his second year on the 'varsity. He is a junior and a member of the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity."

World War I
Before the 1917 football season began, the United States entered World War I, and he joined the U.S. Army. During the fall of 1917, Shiverick starred for the Camp Grant football team that included Shiverick, Harry Costello Jerry DePrado, Gene Schobinger and Nelson Norgren.  In the biggest game of the 1917 football season, a game between college football stars serving in the military held at Chicago's Stagg Field on December 1, 1917, Shiverick was the star, scoring eight of Camp Grant's fourteen points on a touchdown and two extra points.

In 1918, Shiverick served in France as a captain in the Provost Marshal General's department.

1919 season
After being discharged from the military at the end of World War I, Shiverick returned to Cornell.  In his first game back after the war, Shiverick led Cornell to a 9–0 win over Oberlin College:"Captain Fritz Shiverick, Cornell quarterback, playing lor the first time since 1917, was the star of the game. He kicked a difficult field goal from the 20-yard line in the first quarter. In the second quarter be broke through on a play off right tackle, shook off all tacklers and ran 67 yards for a touchdown."
He also kicked a field goal that provided all of the scoring in a 3–0 victory over Williams College.  In a 20–0 victory over Carnegie Tech, Shiverick scored all of Cornell's points on two touchdowns, including a 45-yard run through a broken field in the third period, and two field goals, including a drop-kick from the 41-yard line.  He became known as "a scoring machine," "the strongest punter" in the country and "the greatest individual star since Eddie Mahan."  In addition to serving as Cornell's quarterback, Shiverick also served as the punter, drop kicker, kickoff returner and play-caller on both offense and defense.

Later years and honors
After graduating from Cornell, Shiverick returned to Chicago where he became the co-owner of the Tobey Furniture Company.  He died in Chicago in 1936.

Shiverick was posthumously inducted into the Cornell Hall of Fame in 1987.

See also
1916 College Football All-America Team

References

External links

1890s births
1936 deaths
Cornell Big Red football players
American football punters
American football quarterbacks
American football drop kickers
Players of American football from Chicago

Fritz Shiverick


Rhonda Bates (born 1949) is an American actress.

Bates was best known for playing geeky, man-hungry, hillbilly tomboys in TV shows and films of the 1970s. She was a gangly 6'2" tall with a wide toothy smile, curly hair and an unmistakable southern down-home drawl.

Early life

Bates grew up in Evansville, Indiana. She received her master's degree in drama from the University of Arkansas. She was a member of Chi Omega fraternity and so is her daughter. She then taught health and physical education at Cynthia Heights Elementary School in Evansville before heading for California in 1975.

Career

Bates first received attention doing a standup comedy act at The Comedy Store. She was noticed by a producer who hired her for
a Don Rickles TV special.

In 1975, Bates was hired as a featured player on the short-lived variety sketch show Keep on Truckin''' featuring Didi Conn, Fred Travalena and Wayland Flowers.

Bates became a semi-regular on Rickles' sitcom CPO Sharkey (1976–78) as the love-interest of 6'7" tall Seaman Pruitt (played by actor Peter Isacksen).

Bates went on to co-star on Blansky's Beauties (a 1977 spin-off of Happy Days) where she played "Arkansas" a gawky Vegas showgirl. She also appeared on the short-lived sitcom The Roller Girls as roller derby queen "Mongo Sue Lampert". Bates also guest starred in a Love Boat episode where she played an ugly stepsister in a 'Cinderella' storyline.

In 1979, Rhonda Bates played "Enid" in Gabe Kaplan's college basketball comedy  film Fast Break.

In 1980, Bates was in the film Roadie (film), co-starring rocker Meat Loaf and comedy legend Art Carney.

She followed her various film & TV, game show, Battle of the Network Stars appearances with a co-hosting role on 1980sSpeak Up, America (a Real People'' – inspired TV magazine / reality show). One of her co-hosts was former-child-evangelist-turned-actor Marjoe Gortner.

Rhonda Bates continued to work in a few TV guest shots up until 1988, then apparently quit acting around age 40. She now lives in Texas.

External links

 http://www.rip-her-to-shreds.com/archive_press_others_roadiepresskit.php Roadie press kit bio

American film actresses
American television actresses
Living people
1949 births
University of Arkansas alumni
21st-century American women

Rhonda Bates


Steve Proffitt is an American radio journalist who is the former Senior Producer for the NPR newsmagazine, Day to Day.
Proffitt began his public broadcasting career at KERA in Dallas. He joined NPR in 1980 and served as an editor and producer. It was there that he began producing short, highly produced features on banal topics: a 1982 piece, DUST being an example his early work.

In 1983, Proffitt moved to Los Angeles, where he contributed stories to NPR programs, produced books-on-tape and wrote movie trailers. In 1987 he joined CBS News as an associate producer, and shortly thereafter began a 10-year run as a contributing editor to the Los Angeles Times' Sunday Opinion section.

In the mid-1990s, Proffitt joined a Los Angeles advertising agency that was creating one of the first internet production units. He helped build early Web sites for clients such as Canon and Sony. In 2000, he took a position with the consulting firm Sapient, where his clients included Hallmark, Washington Mutual and Nissan.

Proffitt returned to NPR in early 2003 to work on the launch of Day to Day. One of his favorite pieces is SLIDERS, a portrait of two middle-aged guys in Berkeley, California, who ride skateboards, at speeds of up to fifty miles an hour through the hilly streets and highways in that northern California community.  NPR, faced with a large budget deficit, canceled Day to Day in 2009.

Proffitt has worked at Los Angeles public TV station KCET, and teaches journalism as an adjunct professor at the USC Annenberg School. He is currently a reporter/producer for The Madeleine Brand Show, produced by Southern California Public Radio.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American radio journalists
NPR personalities

Steve Proffitt