Esprit de Corps is a Canadian military magazine operating out of Ottawa, Ontario,  by publisher and former soldier Scott Taylor. The magazine reports on Canada and international military issues, politics, military history and current events. Esprit de Corps was originally designed to be an in-flight reading magazine in 1988 for passengers on Canadian Forces aircraft. Each issue features "On Target", an article written by Scott Taylor about current events. The magazine features a letter to the editor section where readers may comment on earlier issues, as well as a "hit and miss" page of short articles on current events. The magazine also features sections on military history such as "The Fight for Canada" and Les Peate's "The Old Guard."

Esprit de Corps boasts such influential subscribers as former Chief of Defence Staff General Rick Hillier, former Minister of National Defence Gordon O'Connor, Chief of the Land Staff Lieutenant-General Andrew Leslie, former Air Command Lieutenant-General Steve Lucas and Canadian Senator Colin Kenny.

History
Esprit de Corps was first created in 1988 by Scott Taylor and his wife Katherine Taylor. The idea for the magazine began during a flight from Canadian Forces Base Lahr (CFB) to Germany, when the couple noted that Canadian Air Force planes lacked any on-board entertainment system or reading material. Scott and Katherine Taylor submitted their proposal — which was eventually accepted — to create an in-flight magazine for the Canadian Forces five passenger aircraft.

In the première issue of Esprit de Corps, Taylor explained the purpose of the publication: "By focusing on the past and present accomplishments of the Canadian Forces, it is our aim to contribute to the 'esprit de corps' that has made the Canadian military one of the finest professional armed forces in the world today." The content began as a bilingual seatback magazine, designed with many illustrations and small articles that provided entertainment and reading for the aircraft passengers.

Due to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Canadian government's subsequent downsizing of its military expenditures, the Canadian Forces were experiencing budget cuts and changing the way in which their personnel would be transported. This affected Esprit de Corps drastically, as Canadian Forces personnel would now be transported on flights chartered by Air Canada. Because of the loss of its Canadian Air Force distribution and the cost-cutting atmosphere of the military community, the Taylors decided to convert their magazine to a newsstand monthly.

The new magazine would feature mainly current military news and Canadian military history. The magazine continued to retain its seat-back distribution with Air Canada military charters and Scott Taylor began to hire staff to help fill their new eighty-four page format.

In 1991, Esprit de Corps ran an article, in which Scott Taylor stated that, "With the appointment of Marcel Masse as Defence Minister and the subsequent announcement of pending base closures, personnel cutbacks and procurement delays, it would appear that the Canadian military is forever destined to win wars on foreign soil and lose battles on Parliament Hill." The issue also featured an exclusive interview with Vice-Admiral Charles Thomas, who that April had resigned as vice-chief of defence staff over policy differences with the government. The Department of National Defence had taken the unusual step of releasing Thomas' letter of resignation along with a response from Chief of Defence Staff John de Chastelain attacking Thomas' motives rather than addressing his concerns about the direction of the Canadian Forces.

Not long after publication, Air Canada, which now handled the Canadian Forces' charter flights, informed the magazine that "due to concerns over editorial content" it would no longer be welcome on board, on orders from the Department of National Defence. Esprit de Corps went to the media with the story of censorship and threatened to issue a press release detailing corruption involving the DND official magazine Canadian Defence Quarterly. The DND's decision was reversed and Esprit de Corps was quickly reinstated on the flights.

Disputes with the Department of National Defence

1993 cover up of Daniel Gunther's death

In 1993, Esprit de Corps with the help of Sun Media, reported on Department of National Defence (DND) fabrications regarding the death of Cpl. Daniel Gunther during Operation Medak Pocket in the Croatian War of Independence. DND reported that Gunther had died of injuries received when a mortar shell landed near his APC, characterizing the death as closer to an accident or misadventure than a deliberate murder, despite clear information available in the original report that showed he had been hit in the chest with a rocket-propelled grenade.

The reaction from the DND to this exposé was swift, as the magazine was once again banned from the Canadian Forces flights. This time, the eviction was permanent and Esprit de Corps was abruptly granted its full independence.

February 1994 abuse of Canadian peacekeepers

Scott Taylor aggressively challenged yet another cover-up by the DND in his February 1994 letter from the publisher. The capture and abuse, including mock executions of 11 Canadian peacekeepers at the hands of drunken Serbian soldiers remained unreported by DND until it was discovered by The New York Times.

July 1994 Shidane Arone "Scapegoat" article

The issue featured a three-page interview with Lieutenant-General Gordon Reay, commander of the army. The July 1994 issue marked Esprit de Corps' strongest editorial statement to date. The cover depicted Trooper Kyle Brown, who had been sentenced to five years in the death of Shidane Arone in Somalia. The headline: "Scapegoat".

Inside were pages of analysis of how the media had been manipulated throughout the Somalia incident, the political background of the scandal and reminders that Brown, who had written to Esprit de Corps in an attempt to explain his side of the story, had been under orders to "abuse" prisoners and had himself been the one to inform his superiors about the murder of Arone.

Misuse of funds for public affairs branch

Esprit de Corps uncovered the misuse of $19, 503, 46 for regimental items for the public affairs branch, a personal expense improperly authorized by Major Robert Butt. The story "Exposing Major Butt" would not be the last update on the saga, nor the last of the increasingly off-colour puns with which they would be headlined.

Esprit de Corps Books publishing

Since the mid-1990s, Esprit de Corps investigations of the Canadian military, both its history and its current challenges, have laid the foundation for 14 books, with Canadian publishers and the in-house Esprit de Corps Books imprint. Some of these books have been translated into Serbian, Macedonian, and Japanese.

Tested Mettle: Canada's Peacekeepers (1998)

The debut publication from Esprit de Corps Books, Tested Mettle was intended to be the companion piece to Scott Taylor's Tarnished Brass: Crime and Corruption in the Canadian Military but was unable to secure a publisher. Tested Mettle exposed new failures in military leadership, including the bureaucratic confiscation of a wounded soldier's wheelchair and reservists losing their pay as soon as they were hospitalized with injuries.

INAT: Images of Serbia and the Kosovo Conflict (2000)

INAT is a story of the NATO air raids during the Serbia and Kosovo conflict; Scott Taylor was a spectator there. For 25 days in May and June 1999, Taylor reported on the NATO air campaign from inside Yugoslavia as one of the few western journalists to be granted access. During his time, he was able to get a unique perspective on the conflict: that of the Serbian's perspective.

Diary of an Uncivil War: The Violent Aftermath of the Kosovo Conflict (2002)

Diary of an Uncivil War is the story of Kosovo as written by Taylor, consisting primarily of his first-hand observations and interviews with the people and players involved in the aftermath of the Kosovo conflict. It is a personal account of the war and its aftermath in Serbia and Macedonia.

Spinning on the Axis of Evil: America's War against Iraq (2003)

Spinning on the Axis of Evil was based on Taylor's personal experiences and observations from 14 trips into Iraq before and after the toppling of Saddam's regime. This book provides insight into the Iraqi civilians who suffered during the wars in Iraq, as well as the sanctions imposed on the country.

Among the 'Others': the Forgotten Turkmen of Iraq (2004)

In Among the 'Others''' Taylor investigates the often unheard of Turkmen population of Iraq, who have been repressed by several Iraq regimes. Taylor offers his personal observations of the Turkmen who have suffered from political oppression and ethnic violence. The book also details Scott Taylor's kidnapping in northern Iraq by Ansar al-Islam militants.

Unreconciled Differences: Turkey, Armenia and Azerbaijan (2010)

In Unreconciled Differences, Taylor explains the current differences between Armenians and Turks, and Armenians and Azerbaijanis. Having visited these regions several times and spoken at length to their populations, Taylor sheds light on the events of 1915 in the Ottoman Empire and 1988-1994 in Azerbaijan. The book explores the regional conflicts of these countries and how they remained unresolved to this day.

Canada's Secret Commandos (2002)Canada's Secret Commandos is an exposé of the JTF2 secret military unit, written by Ottawa Citizens award winning defence correspondent David Pugliese. It contains dozens of interviews and analysis of previously classified government documents, each piecing together the story of Canada's most secretive military unit. Canada's Secret Commandos is one of the most significant coverings of the unit to date and is even acknowledged as such by the JTF2.

Battles without Borders: The Rise and Fall of New France (2005)

Far from a peaceful kingdom of legend inhabited by an unmilitary people, Canada has been shaped by war. Not only has war made possible Canada's very existence, it has shaped its myths and memories and defined the national identity. Bill Twatio chronicles the history of Canada from the first skirmishes between the Vikings and the Dorset peoples, through the final fall of New France.

Sacrifice and Suffering (2006)Sacrifice and Suffering is a book edited by Kerkuk Turkmenoolu, with a foreword by Scott Taylor, that explains the struggles and problems of the Turkmen peoples of Iraq.

Shadow Wars (2003)Shadow Wars by David Pugliese is an expanded research on special forces units around the world and the critical, often secretive, role they have had in the recent wars involving the United States.

Uneasy Neighbours: Conflicts that Defined Canada (2005)Uneasy Neighbours is a historical analysis by Bill Twatio, in which he chronicles Canada's military history by looking at the country's fragile relationship with the United States of America, from the American Revolution and the War of 1812, to the rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada, the U.S Civil War and the Fenian Raids. Uneasy Neighbours describes the often tumultuous relationship between Canada and the United States.

The War That Wasn't: Canadians in Korea (2005)The War That Wasn't written by Les Peate explains the unpleasant and dangerous Korean War and describes the almost 27,000 Canadians who fought in it. It contains the stories of the Canadians and their allies who served in the Korean theatre between 1950 and 1953.

From Baddeck to the Yalu (2005)

Albert Prince was killed in action five days before his country declared war in 1939. Hammy Gray was shot down in a daring attack six days before the end of the Pacific War in 1945. That afternoon Lt. Gerald Anderson of Trenton died trying to land a crippled aircraft on Gray's carrier. An air gunner in WWII, Norm Shannon's interest in the role of Canadians in aerial warfare has culminated in this personal look at the impressive place they hold in military aviation history.

2005 redesign

In March 2005, Esprit de Corps'' changed its format to coincide with the changes occurring to Canada's military. The magazine was redesigned and revamped with a new logo, more colour, commentary and a higher page count. New regular features were added such as "Hits and Misses", "At Ease" and the humour and trivia section.

External links

 Esprit de Corps YouTube Channel
 Daniel Gunther Memorial Website

History magazines published in Canada
Magazines established in 1988
Military magazines published in Canada
Monthly magazines published in Canada
Magazines published in Ottawa
1988 establishments in Ontario

Esprit de Corps (magazine)


Urban Valentine Williams Darlington (3 August 1870 – 1954) was an American bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, elected in 1918.

Darlington was born in Shelby County, Kentucky, the son of James H. and Kitty (Pemberton) Darlington.  Urban married Miss Lyda Clark of Millersburg, Kentucky 30 October 1901. Urban was educated in the common schools of his county.  He then became an 1893 graduate of Kentucky Wesleyan College.

Rev. Darlington was Licensed to Preach in the M.E. Church, South 16 August 1890.  He was admitted on trial to the Kentucky Annual Conference in 1896.  He served the following appointments in Kentucky:  Washington (four years), Millersburg (one year), and Scott Street Church, Covington (four years).  Rev. Darlington then transferred to the West Virginia Annual Conference, serving these appointments:  St. Paul's Church, Parkersburg (1905–09) and Johnson Memorial Church, Huntington (1909–1913).  In 1913 he was appointed Presiding Elder of the Ashland District (until 1914).  He was made Financial Agent of Morris Harvey College, Barboursville, West Virginia (1914–15), being elected President of the college in 1915, where he served until his election to the Episcopacy.

As a Bishop he served in Kentucky, West Virginia, Mississippi and in Europe (Belgium, Poland, and Czechoslovakia).  He also served as the President of Kentucky Wesleyan College at Winchester, 1924–25.

He was inducted into the Kentucky Wesleyan College Alumni Hall of Fame in 2005.

See also
 List of bishops of the United Methodist Church

References
 The New Bishops in Christian Advocate (24 May 1918), Nashville:  Methodist Episcopal Church, South, p. 56.

Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South
American Methodist Episcopal, South bishops
1870 births
1954 deaths
Kentucky Wesleyan College alumni
People from Shelby County, Kentucky
20th-century Methodist bishops
People from Washington, Kentucky

Urban Valentine Williams Darlington


Ratchet & Clank Future: A Crack in Time is a platform game developed by Insomniac Games. It is the ninth game in the Ratchet & Clank series of video games. It was released in Fall of 2009, exclusively for the PlayStation 3.

Gameplay
The game plays as Ratchet and Clank. Clank's levels has him solve puzzles and do time recording. Ratchet gets to explore various parts of the Polaris Galaxy. He can find and collect up to 40 Zoni to gain extra health. When he gets all of them, he gets to defeat Lord Vorselon a third and final time.

Plot
Ratchet and Qwark are going to a sector of the Polaris Galaxy to follow Dr. Nefarious, who has captured Clank at the Great Clock.

Reception
Many say it is one of the better Ratchet & Clank games.

Other websites
Official website

2009 video games
3D platform games
PlayStation 3-only games
Ratchet & Clank

Ratchet & Clank Future: A Crack in Time


Gregg Lee Carter (born 1951) is an American sociologist and professor of sociology at Bryant University in Smithfield, Rhode Island. His research focuses on gun violence, human ecology, and gender roles, among other subjects. He was educated at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (B.A. in history and psychology) and Columbia University (M.A., M.Phil., and Ph.D. in sociology). He has written or edited 26 books, including the three-volume series Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture, and the Law. He has been the president of the New England Sociological Association, and has received their "Sociologist of the Year Award", as well as the "Outstanding Contributions to Instruction Award" from the American Sociological Association's Sociology and Computers Section.

References

External links

1951 births
Living people
American sociologists
Bryant University faculty
Gun violence researchers
University of Nevada, Las Vegas alumni
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni

Gregg Lee Carter


Signy Fardal (born 29 August 1961) is a Norwegian magazine editor.

Since 1998 she is the editor-in-chief of the Norwegian version of Elle. She graduated from the University of Oslo in 1984, worked as a journalist for Dagbladet from 1984 to 1986 and for Dagens Næringsliv from 1986 to 1998. She also manages the company that publishes Elle in Norway.

References

1961 births
Living people
Norwegian magazine editors
University of Oslo alumni
Women magazine editors
Dagbladet people

Signy Fardal


Alexander Boswell Timms (2 March 1872 – 5 May 1922) was an Australian-born international rugby union forward who played club rugby for Edinburgh Wanderers and Edinburgh University. Timms played international rugby for Scotland and was selected for the British Isles team on its 1899 tour of Australia.

Personal history
Timms was born in Australia, at Mount Hesse Station west of Geelong where his father owned a sheep farm. He grew up in Geelong, attended Melbourne Grammar School before transferring to The Geelong College where he captained the school in Australian rules football, his talent earning him the nickname "Shako" and played some senior games for both Geelong College and the Geelong Football Club in 1892.

He was sent to Edinburgh to study as a medical doctor. After finishing his degree at Edinburgh University he progressed to the College of Surgeons and took the Scottish triple qualifications in 1903.

Rugby Union career

Amateur career

Timms came to note as a rugby player while representing club team Edinburgh Wanderers and Edinburgh University, and it was while playing for the former club that he was first selected to represent Scotland's national team.

Provincial career

He played for Edinburgh District in the 1895 Inter-City match against Glasgow District.

International career

Timms was brought into the squad as a temporary replacement for JJ Gowans at centre in Scotland's opening game of the 1896 Home Nations Championship, played away to Wales at the Cardiff Arms Park. Scotland lost by two tries to nil and Timms was replaced by a returning Gowan for the next international.

Before Timms would win his second Scotland cap, he was selected to represent Matthew Mullineux's British Isles team on the 1899 tour of Australia. Timms scored two tries in the opening match of the campaign, against Central Southern, but missed the next four games, including the First Test against Australia. Timms regained his place for the sixth game of the tour, and missed only two more games, becoming a regular fixture in the team. After the British lost the First Test match of the tour, and Mullineux made several changes to improve his team for the Second Test. Timms was brought in at centre as replacement for Charles Adamson, and was partnered with Gwyn Nicholls, with whom he would be paired at centre for the remaining three Tests. The British won the last three Tests, with Timms scoring a try in the Third Test at Sydney.

On returning to Britain, Timms found himself back in the Scotland team, playing two games of the 1900 Home Nations Championship. From this point Timms was a regular member of the Scottish team until 1905. He played in two Triple Crown winning Championships, in 1901 and 1903. Timms was switched to the wing position for the 1904 Home Nations Championship, during a period when he moved to Wales to set up a practice in Cardiff, joining Cardiff RFC at the same time. Timms was back at centre for the Scotland team in 1905 for the games against Ireland and England. Timms scored a try in the loss to Ireland, but was given the honour, in his final international game, of captaining Scotland in the encounter against England. Scotland beat England 8–0 to retain the Calcutta Cup.

References

1872 births
1922 deaths
Australian rugby union players
Rugby union centres
Rugby union players from Melbourne
British & Irish Lions rugby union players from Australia
British & Irish Lions rugby union players from Scotland
Cardiff RFC players
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Scotland international rugby union players
Scottish rugby union players
Australian emigrants to the United Kingdom
Scottish players of Australian rules football
Footballers who switched code
Geelong Football Club (VFA) players
People educated at Geelong College
People educated at Melbourne Grammar School
Scottish surgeons

Alec Boswell Timms


In mathematics, a Redheffer matrix, often denoted  as studied by , is a square (0,1) matrix whose entries aij are 1 if i divides j or if j = 1; otherwise, aij = 0. It is useful in some contexts to express Dirichlet convolution, or convolved divisors sums, in terms of matrix products involving the transpose of the  Redheffer matrix.

Variants and definitions of component matrices

Since the invertibility of the Redheffer matrices are complicated by the initial column of ones in the matrix, it is often convenient to express  where  is defined to be the (0,1) matrix whose entries are one if and only if  and . The remaining one-valued entries in  then correspond to the divisibility condition reflected by the matrix , which plainly can be seen by an application of Mobius inversion is always invertible with inverse . We then have a characterization of the singularity of  expressed by

If we define the function

then we can define the  Redheffer (transpose) matrix to be the nxn square matrix  in usual matrix notation. We will continue to make use this notation throughout the next sections.

Examples

The matrix below is the 12 × 12 Redheffer matrix. In the split sum-of-matrices notation for , the entries below corresponding to the initial column of ones in  are marked in blue.

A corresponding application of the Mobius inversion formula shows that the  Redheffer transpose matrix is always invertible, with inverse entries given by

where  denotes the Moebius function. In this case, we have that the  inverse Redheffer transpose matrix is given by

Key properties

Singularity and relations to the Mertens function and special series

Determinants

The determinant of the n × n square Redheffer matrix is given by the Mertens function M(n). In particular, the matrix  is not invertible precisely when the Mertens function is zero (or is close to changing signs).  As a corollary of the disproof of the Mertens conjecture, it follows that the Mertens function changes sign, and is therefore zero, infinitely many times, so the Redheffer matrix  is singular at infinitely many natural numbers.

The determinants of the Redheffer matrices are immediately tied to the Riemann Hypothesis through this relation with the Mertens function, since the Hypothesis is equivalent to showing that  for all (sufficiently small) .

Factorizations of sums encoded by these matrices

In a somewhat unconventional construction which reinterprets the (0,1) matrix entries to denote inclusion in some increasing sequence of indexing sets, we can see that these matrices are also related to factorizations of Lambert series. This observation is offered in so much as for a fixed arithmetic function f, the coefficients of the next Lambert series expansion over f provide a so-called inclusion mask for the indices over which we sum f to arrive at the series coefficients of these expansions. Notably, observe that

Now in the special case of these divisor sums, which we can see from the above expansion, are codified by boolean (zero-one) valued inclusion in the sets of divisors of a natural number n, it is possible to re-interpret the Lambert series generating functions which enumerate these sums via yet another matrix-based construction. Namely, Merca and Schmidt (2017-2018) proved invertible matrix factorizations expanding these generating functions in the form of

where  denotes the infinite q-Pochhammer symbol and where the lower triangular matrix sequence is exactly generated as the coefficients of , through these terms also have interpretations as differences of special even (odd) indexed partition functions. Merca and Schmidt (2017) also proved a simple inversion formula which allows the implicit function f to be expressed as a sum over the convolved coefficients  of the original Lambert series generating function in the form of

where p(n) denotes the partition function,  is the Moebius function, and the coefficients of  inherit a quadratic dependence on j through the pentagonal number theorem.
This inversion formula is compared to the inverses (when they exist) of the Redheffer matrices  for the sake of completion here.

Other than that the underlying so-termed mask matrix which specifies the inclusion of indices in the divisor sums at hand are invertible, utilizing this type of construction to expand other Redheffer-like matrices for other special number theoretic sums need not be limited to those forms classically studied here. For example, in 2018 Mousavi and Schmidt extend such matrix based factorization lemmas to the cases of Anderson-Apostol divisor sums (of which Ramanujan sums are a notable special case) and sums indexed over the integers that are relatively prime to each n (for example, as classically defines the tally denoted by the Euler phi function). More to the point, the examples considered in the applications section below suggest a study of the properties of what can be considered generalized Redheffer matrices representing other special number theoretic sums.

Spectral radius and eigenspaces

 If we denote the spectral radius of  by , i.e., the dominant maximum modulus eigenvalue in the spectrum of , then

which bounds the asymptotic behavior of the spectrum of  when n is large. It can also be shown that , and by a careful analysis (see the characteristic polynomial expansions below) that .
 The matrix  has eigenvalue one with multiplicity .
 The dimension of the eigenspace  corresponding to the eigenvalue  is known to be . In particular, this implies that  is not diagonalizable whenever .
 For all other eigenvalues  of , then dimension of the corresponding eigenspaces  are one.

Characterizing eigenvectors

We have that  is an eigenvector of  corresponding to some eigenvalue  in the spectrum of  if and only if for  the following two conditions hold:

If we restrict ourselves to the so-called non-trivial cases where , then given any initial eigenvector component  we can recursively compute the remaining n-1 components according to the formula

With this in mind, for  we can define the sequences of

There are a couple of curious implications related to the definitions of these sequences. First, we have that  if and only if

Secondly, we have an established formula for the Dirichlet series, or Dirichlet generating function, over these sequences for fixed  which holds for all  given by

where  of course as usual denotes the Riemann zeta function.

Bounds and properties of non-trivial eigenvalues

A graph theoretic interpretation to evaluating the zeros of the characteristic polynomial of  and bounding its coefficients is given in Section 5.1 of. Estimates of the sizes of the Jordan blocks of  corresponding to the eigenvalue one are given in. A brief overview of the properties of a modified approach to factorizing the characteristic polynomial, , of these matrices is defined here without the full scope of the somewhat technical proofs justifying the bounds from the references cited above. Namely, let the shorthand  and define a sequence of auxiliary polynomial expansions according to the formula

Then we know that  has two real roots, denoted by , which satisfy

where  is Euler's classical gamma constant, and where the remaining coefficients of these polynomials are bounded by

A plot of the much more size-constrained nature of the eigenvalues of  which are not characterized by these two dominant zeros of the polynomial seems to be remarkable as evidenced by the only 20 remaining complex zeros shown below. The next image is reproduced from a freely available article cited above when  is available here for reference.

Applications and generalizations

We provide a few examples of the utility of the Redheffer matrices interpreted as a (0,1) matrix whose parity corresponds to inclusion in an increasing sequence of index sets. These examples should serve to freshen up some of the at times dated historical perspective of these matrices, and their being footnote-worthy by virtue of an inherent, and deep, relation of their determinants to the Mertens function and equivalent statements of the Riemann Hypothesis. This interpretation is a great deal more combinatorial in construction than typical treatments of the special Redheffer matrix determinants. Nonetheless, this combinatorial twist on enumerating special sequences of sums has been explored more recently in a number of papers and is a topic of active interest in pre-print archives. Before diving into the full construction of this spin on the Redheffer matrix variants  defined above, observe that this type of expansion is in many ways essentially just another variation of the usage of a Toeplitz matrix to represent truncated power series expressions where the matrix entries are coefficients of the formal variable in the series. Let's explore an application of this particular view of a (0,1) matrix as masking inclusion of summation indices in a finite sum over some fixed function. See the citations to the references  and  for existing generalizations of the Redheffer matrices in the context of general arithmetic function cases. The inverse matrix terms are referred to a generalized Mobius function within the context of sums of this type in.

Matrix products expanding Dirichlet convolutions and Dirichlet inverses

First, given any two non-identically-zero arithmetic functions f and g, we can provide explicit matrix representations which encode their Dirichlet convolution in rows indexed by natural numbers :

Then letting  denote the vector of all ones, it is easily seen that the  row of the matrix-vector product  gives the convolved Dirichlet sums

for all  where the upper index  is arbitrary.

One task that is particularly onerous given an arbitrary function f is to determine its Dirichlet inverse exactly without resorting to a standard recursive definition of this function via yet another convolved divisor sum involving the same function f with its under-specified inverse to be determined:

It is clear that in general the Dirichlet inverse  for f, i.e., the uniquely defined arithmetic function such that , involves sums of nested divisor sums of depth from one to  where this upper bound is the prime omega function which counts the number of distinct prime factors of n. As this example shows, we can formulate an alternate way to construct the Dirichlet inverse function values via matrix inversion with our variant Redheffer matrices, .

Generalizations of the Redheffer matrix forms: GCD sums and other matrices whose entries denote inclusion in special sets

There are several often cited articles from worthy journals that fight to establish expansions of number theoretic divisor sums, convolutions, and Dirichlet series (to name a few) through matrix representations. Besides non-trivial estimates on the corresponding spectrum and eigenspaces associated with truly notable and important applications of these representations—the underlying machinery in representing sums of these forms by matrix products is to effectively define a so-termed masking matrix whose zero-or-one valued entries denote inclusion in an increasing sequence of sets of the natural numbers . To illustrate that the previous mouthful of jargon makes good sense in setting up a matrix based system for representing a wide range of special summations, consider the following construction: Let  be a sequence of index sets, and for any fixed arithmetic function  define the sums

One of the classes of sums considered by Mousavi and Schmidt (2017) defines the relatively prime divisor sums by setting the index sets in the last definition to be

This class of sums can be used to express important special arithmetic functions of number theoretic interest, including Euler's phi function (where classically we define ) as

and even the Mobius function through its representation as a discrete (finite) Fourier transform:

Citations in the full paper provide other examples of this class of sums including applications to cyclotomic polynomials (and their logarithms). The referenced article by Mousavi and Schmidt (2017) develops a factorization-theorem-like treatment to expanding these sums which is an analog to the Lambert series factorization results given in the previous section above. The associated matrices and their inverses for this definition of the index sets  then allow us to perform the analog of Moebius inversion for divisor sums which can be used to express the summand functions f as a quasi-convolved sum over the inverse matrix entries and the left-hand-side special functions, such as  or  pointed out in the last pair of examples. These inverse matrices have many curious properties (and a good reference pulling together a summary of all of them is currently lacking) which are best intimated and conveyed to new readers by inspection. With this in mind, consider the case of the upper index  and the relevant matrices defined for this case given as follows:

Examples of invertible matrices which define other special sums with non-standard, however, clear applications should be catalogued and listed in this generalizations section for completeness. An existing summary of inversion relations, and in particular, exact criteria under which sums of these forms can be inverted and related is found in many references on orthogonal polynomials. Other good examples of this type of factorization treatment to inverting relations between sums over sufficiently invertible, or well enough behaved triangular sets of weight coefficients include the Mobius inversion formula, the binomial transform, and the Stirling transform, among others.

See also
 Redheffer star product

References

External links and citations to related work

Matrices
Number theory

Redheffer matrix


Oliver Robert Ford Davies (born 12 August 1939) is an English actor and writer, best known for his extensive theatre work, and to a broader audience for his role as Sio Bibble in Star Wars Episodes I to III. He is also known for his role as Maester Cressen in HBO series Game of Thrones.

Early life and academic career
Davies was born in Ealing, Middlesex, England. He attended the King's School, Canterbury. In 1956 He joined the eminent Ealing amateur company Questors. He won a scholarship to Merton College, Oxford, where he read History and became President of the Oxford University Dramatic Society.  After obtaining his DPhil, he worked as a history lecturer at the University of Edinburgh before taking up acting professionally in 1967.

Acting career
In 1959, as a member of the Oxford University Experimental Theatre Club, he appeared in his first Stratford performance in the Memorial Theatre's open-air production of Bartholomew Fair. His first professional appearances were, at the age of 27, in the 1967 season at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre. Short Seasons at the Mermaid, London, the Oxford Playhouse and the Cambridge Arts Theatre followed. His long and prolific association with the Royal Shakespeare Company started in 1975, when director Terry Hands cast him as Mountjoy in Henry V. He is an Honorary Associate Artist of the company. From 1990 until 2019 He appeared more frequently at the National Theatre, London, until at the age of 80 he lent his "sublime presence" to the part of the appraising button moulder in Henryk Ibsen's Peter Gynt at the Olivier Theatre.

On television, Davies had a regular role as Peter Foxcott QC in Kavanagh QC and was schoolmaster Le Bas in the serialization of A Dance to the Music of Time (1997). He also appeared with John Thaw in an episode of Inspector Morse and also appeared in the ITV television drama The Uninvited, and in a 2002 episode of the popular drama Foyle's War.

On film, his most prominent role was probably Sio Bibble in the Star Wars prequel trilogy films, released in 1999, 2002 and 2005. In 2003, Davies appeared in the film Johnny English, where he portrayed the Archbishop of Canterbury.

He appeared on stage as Polonius in Hamlet with the Royal Shakespeare Company, alongside David Tennant and Patrick Stewart, and in 2009 appeared in All's Well That Ends Well at the Royal National Theatre as the King of France. In 2010, he appeared as Balfour in the premiere of Ben Brown's play The Promise, about the Balfour Declaration.

In 2011, he appeared in a stage adaptation of Michelle Magorian's book Goodnight Mister Tom, in which he played the central character, Thomas Oakley. He was back with the Royal Shakespeare Company in 2014 as Justice Shallow in Henry IV, Part 2. Davies again appeared with David Tennant in Richard II in 2013. In February 2019 Davies discussed his career in the BBC Radio Three series Private Passions.

Awards and nominations

Davies was awarded the Laurence Olivier Award in 1990 (1989 season) for Best Actor in a New Play for Racing Demon. He was twice nominated for a Laurence Olivier Theatre Award for Best Performance in a Supporting Role for his performance in Absolutely! (perhaps) at the Wyndham's Theatre in 2003, and again in 2009 for his performance as Polonius in the RSC production of Hamlet at the Novello Theatre.

In 2023, Davies' book, 'An Actor's Life in 12 Productions' published by The Book Guild, won the Society for Theatre Research 2023 STR Theatre Book Prize.

Books

Davies's books include Playing Lear, an account of his experience while performing King Lear at the Almeida Theatre, and Performing Shakespeare. Both are published by Nick Hern Books.

Davies wrote and published his memoir, An Actor's Life in 12 Productions, in 2022 through The Book Guild publishing.

Playwright
Davies's drama King Cromwell was staged at the Orange Tree Theatre, Richmond, in November 2003. The director was Sam Walters and Davies himself took the title role.

Partial filmography
Defence of the Realm (1986) – Anthony Clegg
Scandal (1989) – Mr. Woods, MI5
Paper Mask (1990) – Coroner
Sense and Sensibility (1995) – Doctor Harris
Mrs Brown (1997) – Dean of Windsor
Mrs Dalloway (1997) – Hugh Whitbread
Titanic Town (1998) – Whittington
An Ideal Husband (1999) – Sir Hugo Danforth
Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999) – Sio Bibble
Blow Dry (2001) – Doctor Hamilton
Just Visiting (2001) – Pit Rivers
Revelation (2001) – Professor Casaubon
Bertie and Elizabeth (2002) – Cosmo Gordon Lang
Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002) – Sio Bibble
Johnny English (2003) – Archbishop of Canterbury
The Mother (2003) – Bruce
Gladiatress (2004) – (uncredited)
Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005) – Sio Bibble
Heidi (2005) – Dr. Classen
National Theatre Live: All's Well That Ends Well (2009) – King of France
The Deep Blue Sea (2011) – Hester's Father
Royal Shakespeare Company: Henry IV Part II (2014) – Shallow
The Last Witness (2018) – Sir Alexander Cadogan / Anthony Eden / Owen O'Malley (voice)
Christopher Robin (2018) – Old Man Winslow
A Splinter of Ice (2021) - Graeme Greene
Triangle of Sadness (2022) - Winston

Partial TV series filmography
 The Protectors (1973) – Hansen, episode "Bagman"
 The Brontes of Haworth (1973) – John Hunter Thompson, "Home and Abroad"
 Father Brown (1974) – Det. Insp. Corliss, episode "The Eye of Apollo"
 A Taste of Death (1988 mini-series) – Father Francis Barnes, 6 episodes
 Inspector Morse (1991) – Frederick Redpath, episode "Second Time Around" (S05:E01)
 Maigret (1992 TV series) – Dr. Pardon, episode "Maigret on the Defensive" (S02:E03)
 Sense and Sensibility (1995) – Doctor Harris; Jane Austen adaptation
 A Dance to the Music of Time (1997) – Le Bas, "Post War", "The Twenties"
 Pie in the Sky (1997) – James Truman, MP, episode "Squashed Tomatoes" (S05:E01)
 Heartbeat (1999) - Henry Tomkinson, episode "Testament"
 Kavanagh QC (1999, 2001) – Peter Foxcott QC, Peter Foxcott, 26 episodes
 Agatha Christie's Poirot (2000) – Dr. James Sheppard, "The Murder of Roger Ackroyd"
 Foyle's War (2002) -- Lawrence Gascoigne, "A Lesson in Murder" (S01:E3)
 Midsomer Murders (2005 TV series) – Otto Benham, episode "Hidden Depths" (S08:E06)
 Waking the Dead (2007) – Hugo Keegan, "The Fall" Parts 1 & 2
 Game of Thrones (2012) – Maester Cressen, episode "The North Remembers" (S02:E01)
 Agatha Christie's Miss Marple (2013) – Major Palgrave, "A Caribbean Mystery"
 You, Me and the Apocalypse (2015) – Cardinal Crawshaw "24 Hours to Go", "Saviour Day"
 Catastrophe (2017) – Wallace, episode 3.3
 Father Brown (2018) – Bishop Golding, episode "The Two Deaths of Hercule Flambeau" (S06:E10)

References

External links

Nick Hern Books
The Book Guild

1939 births
Living people
Alumni of Merton College, Oxford
English male film actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
People educated at The King's School, Canterbury
Laurence Olivier Award winners
Royal Shakespeare Company members
English male Shakespearean actors
Actors from Ealing
Male actors from London

Oliver Ford Davies


The geology of Australia records over 3.8 billion years of the Earth's history. Australia is a continent on the Indo-Australian Plate. It is immensely old, and has rocks of many different types.

Like its close neighbour, New Guinea, Australia was once part of the southern supercontinent of Gondwanaland. Geologically, they are on the same tectonic plate. When world sea levels were low, the two shared shorelines (which now lie 100 to 140 metres below sea level). They combined with lands now under water, sometimes known as Greater Australia. The two huge countries became separated when the area now known as the Torres Strait flooded after the end of the last glacial period. Big as Australia is, it was much bigger in the past. The end of the last ice age saw sea levels rise, and the old connections were broken.

Blocks
The main continental blocks of the Australian continent are;
 The Yilgarn Craton, of Archaean age. The Murchinson Province of the craton has the oldest dated meteorite impact crater: 2229 ± 5 mya. (the Yarrabubba crater).

 The Pilbara Craton of Archaean to Proterozoic age
 The Gawler Craton and Willyama Block, of Archaean to Proterozoic age.

Around them are several Proterozoic volcanic belts and sedimentary basins. The cratons formed the greater Australian landmass in the late Archaean to mesoProterozoic, (~2400 mya to 1,600 mya).

 Musgrave Block of granulite gneiss and igneous rocks.
 The Arunta Block of amphibolite grade metamorphic rocks and granites.
 The Gascoyne Complex, Glengarry Basin, and Bangemall Basin sandwiched between the Yilgarn and Arunta Blocks.

The older, western, two-thirds of the continent is much thicker (over 200 km thick) than the eastern third (about 38 to 59 km thick). The continental crust is mainly made of Archaean, Proterozoic and some Palaeozoic granites and gneisses. A thin veneer of mainly Phanerozoic sedimentary basins cover much of the Australian landmass (these are up to 7 km thick).

Meteorite craters
Many meteorite craters have been found in Australia, but few have yet been confirmed.
Gosses Bluff crater (Tnorala) in southern Northern Territory. Confirmed, 22km diameter, 142.5 mya (Lower Cretaceous).
Shoemaker crater (central Western Australia). Confirmed, 30km+, 1630 mya (Proterozoic).
Wolf Creek crater (Western Australia). Confirmed, 875 m, Pleistocene, ~150 kya.

The Earth Impact Database lists 190 confirmed craters, of which Australia has 27. The largest is the Yarrabubba crater in mid Western Australia. Its estimated age is 2.229 billion years ago. It is one of the oldest known impact structures on Earth.

References

Australia
Geography of Australia

Geology of Australia


Kitchen Motors is an Iceland based think tank, record label and an art collective specializing in instigating collaborations and putting on concerts, exhibitions, performances, chamber operas, producing films, books and radio shows.

Kitchen Motors is known for producing collaborations between artists from different disciplines and in finding common ground where artists from often very diverse backgrounds can work together.

The founders and main architects are Kristín Björk Kristjánsdóttir, Jóhann Jóhannsson and Hilmar Jensson.

CD releases
 Nart Nibbles 1999 - Apparat Organ Quartet, Helvítis Guitar Symphony, Músíkvatur & Múm and more.
 Motorlab #1 2000 - Hilmar Jensson, Ulfar Haraldsson & CAPUT, Stilluppsteypa & Magnús Pálsson, Telefónía directed by Curver.
 Motorlab #2 2001 - Apparat Organ Quartet & TF3IRA, Múm, Asa Juniusdottir & Sjón, Big Band Brutal.
 Motorlab #3 (2001) - Barry Adamson vs. Pan Sonic, The Hafler Trio.
 H u g g u n - Kippi Kaninus (2002).
 Nói Albínói - Slowblow & Sigriđur Níelsdóttir (2003).
 Kitchen Motors Family Album/Fjölskyldualbúm Tilraunaeldhússins (2006, Kitchen Motors/12 Tónar) - A Compilation of Icelandic music.

See also
 List of record labels

References

External links
 Official site

Icelandic record labels
Alternative rock record labels

Kitchen Motors


Pecan pies are sweet pies. They are made mostly with corn syrup and pecans. Some are made with brown sugar, molasses or honey. It also may be topped with ice cream, whipped cream, and similar items.

Pecan pie is often served in the Southern United States with Thanksgiving and Christmas meals. Since there are over 1,000 varieties of pecans, the famous pie has a wide variety of taste.

Other websites
https://www.simplyrecipes.com/recipes/pecan_pie/

Pies
Desserts

Pecan pie


William Henry Dague Jr. (October 28, 1885 – August 27, 1963) was an American football player and coach.  He played college football for Wabash College and the United States Naval Academy.  He was the first consensus All-American at  Navy.  He later served as an assistant football coach at Navy starting in 1908 and served as an officer on the USS Cincinnati on the Asiatic Station from 1912 to 1914.  He was the head football coach at Adrian College in 1915.

Early years
Dague was born in Fowler, Indiana in 1885.  His father, William Henry Dague, Sr., was a banker who was born in Pennsylvania in December 1844.  At the time of the 1900 U.S. Census, Dague was living in Benton, Indiana with his father and two adult  brothers. His mother had died.  One brother, Maynard, was born in April 1879 and working as a miner.  The other, Samuel, was born in August 1877 and was working as a lawyer.

College
Dague enrolled at Wabash College in Crawfordsville, Indiana. He played college football as an end for the Wabash Little Giants in 1902 and 1903.  In a game against Notre Dame on Thanksgiving Day 1903, Dague had the longest run of the game on a 60-yard on the kickoff to start the second half.  A newspaper account described Dague's return as follows:"The mighty Salmon kicked off and Dague caught the ball near his own goal line.  He started up the field and by artful dodging wormed his way through the entire bunch.  The last to tackle him was Capt. Salmon but the clever little player side-stepped him and the red headed hero of Notre Dame just grazed his ankle.  It was sufficient to throw Dague off his balance, however, and before he could recover some four or five excited Catholics were piling upon him."

He was admitted to the United States Naval Academy in July 1904 and played at the end position for the Navy Midshipmen football team from 1905 to 1907.  He was selected as a first-team All-American in both 1906 and 1907.  In his final football game for Navy, Dague helped lead the Navy to a 6–0 win over Army in front of 30,000 spectators at Philadelphia's Franklin Field.  The New York Times described Dague's contributions to the victory as follows: "Dague was a mercury-footed end that no runner escaped, his tackles being death-dealing in their fierceness.  He followed the ball almost by scent and was always ready to pounce on the catcher immediately the ball settled in his arms."  He was the first consensus All-American player selected from the U.S. Naval Academy.  In December 1907, an Indiana newspaper reported on Dague's achievements as follows: "Will Dague of the U. S. Naval Academy at Annapolis, has bloomed into national celebrity as a star football player. He played right end for the navy in the army-navy game at Philadelphia Nov. 30th, and won special mention in all the eastern papers for the brilliant playing."

In May 1908, Dague was presented with a sword as the best all-around athlete at the Naval Academy.  In addition to playing football, he played right field for the Navy baseball team in 1907 and 1908 and led the Navy baseball team in batting.  He also competed in wrestling as a lightweight.

Football coach and military service
In the fall of 1908, Dague joined the football coaching staff at the Naval Academy.

In June 1912, Dague was promoted to the rank of lieutenant in the U.S. Navy.  He served on the USS Cincinnati on the Asiatic Station.  In November 1914, Dague resigned from the Navy and returned to his home in Fowler, Indiana.

In October 1915, Dague was hired to coach the football team at Adrian College in Adrian, Michigan for the remainder of the football season and to "take charge of college athletics all year."  Dague was the head coach for the Adrian Bulldogs football for the 1915 season.  His coaching record at Adrian was 2 wins and 5 losses.  Dague reportedly also had "gained some experience as a coach at Wabash."

Death
Dague died in 1963 at age 77 in Los Angeles, California.  He is buried at the Los Angeles National Cemetery (Section 191 Row Y Site 17).

Head coaching record

References

1885 births
1963 deaths
American football ends
All-American college football players
Navy Midshipmen baseball players
Navy Midshipmen football players
Navy Midshipmen football coaches
Wabash Little Giants football players
United States Navy officers
Adrian Bulldogs football coaches
People from Fowler, Indiana
People from Elkhart County, Indiana

Bill Dague


Francisco Xavier Chávez (sometimes spelt as Francisco Xavier Chaves) was a Mexican landowner and merchant who was the second jefe político (equivalent to governor) of the territory of  Santa Fe de Nuevo México after Mexico gained its independence from Spain in 1822.

Early life
Francisco Xavier Chávez (born 1768/1769 Nuevo Mexico, New Spain) belonged to an old Spanish family, the son of Tomás Chávez and María Josefa Padilla. They had been prominent in New Mexico since it was created as a province in 1598. The immigrant ancestor is said to be Pedro Durán de Chávez from Extremadura, Spain. He had large holdings of land and livestock and excellent political connections that he leveraged to become one of the dominant traders in the new republic.

Political career
In January 1822 the Governor under the Spanish regime, Facundo Melgares, lost the title of governor but was called political and military chief until he retired in June, reporting to the commander at Chihuahua on military matters.
Melgáres called for the election of electors, and on January 28 the electors chose Francisco Perez Serrano y Aguirre as New Mexico's first deputy to the Congress of Mexico.
The next day the electors chose the New Mexican legislative body, with Francisco Xavier Chaves heading the list.
When the legislature met for the first time on 14 April 1822, Chaves served as the first presiding officer.
Melgáres left office on 5 July 1822, and Francisco Xavier Chaves took his place, holding office for just five months, when he was succeeded by Colonel José Antonio Vizcarra.

Personal life
He married Ana María Álvarez del Castillo on September 14, 1799 and had four sons - Mariano José, José, Antonio José, Tomás and five daughters - Juana, María Francisca, Mercedes, Dolores and Bárbara.  One of his daughters may also be named Josefa, through whom Chavez is a paternal ancestor of singer and actress Demi Lovato.
His sons Mariano, José and Antonio José continued and expanded the family business of carrying freight between Mexico and the United States along the Santa Fe Trail.

References
Citations

Sources

Mexican governors of Santa Fe de Nuevo México
1838 deaths
1768 births

Francisco Xavier Chávez


Dave Adolph (June 6, 1937 – February 12, 2017) was an American football coach. He served as defensive coordinator for the Cleveland Browns from 1986 to 1988. Prior to leaving the Browns in 1985 for the San Diego Chargers, he was the Browns' interim defensive coordinator in 1984. The promotion occurred after Marty Schottenheimer was elevated from the team's defensive coordinator position to head coach midway through the season. He joined Schottenheimer as his defensive coordinator for the Kansas City Chiefs from 1992 to 1994. Adolph was the defensive coordinator in four AFC championship games for three different NFL teams.

Coaching career
Adolph, one of few football staff members to serve both the Michigan and Ohio State programs, was selected to serve as honorary captain for both teams on the same day for the Michigan–Ohio State football game in Columbus, Ohio on November 26, 2016.

NFL All-Pro players coached by Dave Adolph include: Lyle Alzado, Clay Matthews Jr., Chip Banks, Tom Cousineau, Howie Long, Bob Golic, Hanford Dixon, Frank Minnifield, Scott Studwell, Derrick Thomas, and Junior Seau.

References

1937 births
2017 deaths
American football linebackers
Akron Zips baseball coaches
Akron Zips football players
Akron Zips football coaches
Cleveland Browns coaches
UConn Huskies football coaches
Illinois Fighting Illini football coaches
Kansas City Chiefs coaches
Kentucky Wildcats football coaches
Los Angeles Raiders coaches
Oakland Raiders coaches
Ohio State Buckeyes football coaches
San Diego Chargers coaches
San Diego Toreros football coaches
National Football League defensive coordinators
Sportspeople from Akron, Ohio
Players of American football from Ohio

Dave Adolph


Reliable information on the lifespans of house cats is hard to find. However, research has been done to get an estimate (an educated guess) on how long cats usually live. Cats usually live for 13 to 20 years. Sometimes cats can live for 22 to 30 years but there are claims of cats dying at ages of more than 30 years old.

The Guinness World Record for the oldest cat was for a cat named Creme Puff, who was 38 years old. Female cats seem to live longer than male cats. Neutered cats live longer than cats that have not been neutered. Mixed breed cats also appear to live longer than purebred cats. Researchers have also found that cats that weigh more have shorter lifespans.

People sometimes guess how long a cat will live by comparing it to how long a human usually lives. You can estimate a cat's age in "cat years" by multiplying the cat's age in normal years by 7. A better guess for cat years used by veterinarians is: the cat's age times 4, then plus 16. You can use this math for cats who are at least 2 years old.

This is an example of both ways of estimating cat years for a 5 year old cat:

The life expectancy of an indoor cat is around 17 years, but the life expectancy of outdoor cats is 5.6 years.

Related pages
 Ageing
 Cat
 Death

References

Cats

Aging in cats


George Victor Browning (born 28 September 1942) is a retired British-Australian Anglican bishop who served as the 9th Bishop of Canberra and Goulburn in the Anglican Church of Australia. He was elected on 31 January 1993 and installed on 30 May 1993. He retired in 2008.

Early life and family

Browning was born in Brighton, England. His family were dairy farmers in Sussex.

Education

Browning attended Ardingly College and Lewes County Grammar School before moving to Australia in 1960. After working as a jackaroo and stud groom he studied at St John's Theological College, Morpeth, in New South Wales, where he obtained a Licentiate in Theology with first class honours. He was ordained deacon in 1966 and priest in 1967. He subsequently obtained a Bachelor of Theology with Honours and Doctor of Philosophy from Charles Sturt University.  His doctorate, an examination of an ethical response to climate change from the perspective of the biblical concept of Sabbath is published as Sabbath and the Common Good. In 2007 he was awarded a Doctor of Letters (Honoris Causa) for his contribution to education.

Ordained ministry
Browning became assistant priest in Inverell in 1966, assistant priest at St Peter's Cathedral, Armidale, in 1968, and vicar of Warialda in 1969. In 1973 he became vice-principal of St John's Theological College, Morpeth, and then principal in 1974. In 1976 he became rector of Singleton. He was appointed Archdeacon of the Upper Hunter in 1982. In 1984 he became rector of Woy Woy and Archdeacon of the Central Coast of New South Wales. He was consecrated as assistant bishop on 21 September 1985 at St John's Cathedral in Brisbane and served as Bishop of the Northern Region (an assistant bishop) in the Diocese of Brisbane until 1992 when he became responsible for the Coastal Region. From 1988 to 1991 he was also principal of St Francis' Theological College, Milton, Queensland.

Browning was elected Bishop of Canberra and Goulburn on 31 January 1993 and installed on 30 May 1993.

In 1997, with Sir William Deane and Lowitja O'Donoghue, Browning founded the Australian Centre for Christianity and Culture in Barton, Canberra. Its administrative building has subsequently been named George Browning House.

In 2000 he was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal for his contribution to the community.

In 1999 Browning resigned as Bishop of Canberra and Goulburn after he revealed he had had an adulterous relationship with a female parishioner 15 years earlier. At the request of his synod he withdrew the resignation and retired in 2008.

In May 2008 the Bishop of Salisbury, England, licensed him as priest in charge of the Wriggle Valley benefice in the county of Dorset, where he remained for a year.

Social views
Following controversy within the Australian Anglican Church, in response to the impending appointment of an openly gay Anglican bishop in the United States, Browning condemned the debate on sexuality as an "appalling," "irrelevant," "pathetic" waste of time.

In 2005, Browning became convenor of the Anglican Communion Environmental Network. In 2007 he had a public disagreement with Cardinal George Pell on the topic of climate change, saying, "Dr Pell's position on global warming defied scientific consensus and theological imperatives to protect the Earth and its future generations. It also made no sense and would be proven a mistake." In 2011, Browning met with the Prime Minister of Australia, Julia Gillard, to support a carbon tax. He said his organisation, Australian Religious Response to Climate Change, wanted to assist politicians to create good legislation as this is a moral issue,

Prior to a United Nations' climate change meeting in Paris in December 2015, Browning was a signatory to a letter calling on world leaders to discuss a ban on new coalmines and coalmine expansions.

Browning supports indigenous land rights saying that it is "doubly important" for Australians to make a commitment to support the wider Aboriginal [land-title] requests.

Browning is the Patron and former President of the Australia Palestine Advocacy Network. He has been a frequent visitor to Palestine and has hosted Palestinian leaders in Australia. Browning is an advocate for Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions against Israel for its illegal settlement programme in the Palestinian Territories.

Personal life
Browning and his wife Margaret have three adult sons (Philip, Richard and Timothy) and two daughters (Pat and Chris).

See also
 Israel–Palestine relations
 Israeli–Palestinian conflict

References

External links
Diocese of Canberra and Goulburn website

1942 births
People educated at Ardingly College
Anglican archdeacons in Australia
Anglican bishops of Canberra and Goulburn
Assistant bishops in the Anglican Diocese of Brisbane
Clergy from Brighton
Living people
People educated at St John's College, Morpeth

George Browning (bishop)


John Powell (born September 18 1967) is a British American  best known for his film scores. He has been based in Los Angeles since 1997 and has composed the scores to over 70 feature films.

Influences
Powell stated composers such as John Williams, Joel McNeely, J.A.C. Redford, Elmer Bernstein, Jerry Goldsmith, John Barry, Henry Mancini, Alfred Newman, Alan Menken, Bruce Broughton, Mychael Danna, Howard Shore, Michael Kamen, James Newton Howard, Buddy Baker, Ennio Morricone, Maurice Jarre, Lalo Schifrin, David Newman, Alexandre Desplat, Patrick Doyle, Hans Zimmer, Trevor Jones, Stephen James Taylor, Oliver Wallace, George Bruns, Randy Edelman, Mychael Danna, Max Steiner, Ludwig Von Beethoven, Johan Sebastian Bach, Pyotr Tchaikovsky, Joe Hisaishi, Harry Gregson-Williams, Mark Mancina, Thomas Newman, Richard Harvey, Mark Watters, Nino Rota, Basil Poledouris, Robert Folk, Alex North, Leonard Bernstein, Frank Churchill, Leigh Harline, Randy Newman, Alan Silvestri and James Horner as influences.

American composers
1967 births

John Powell (movie composer)


The StG 44 (abbreviation of Sturmgewehr 44, "assault rifle 44")  is a German assault rifle developed during World War II by Hugo Schmeisser. It is also known by its early designations as the MP 43 and MP 44 (Maschinenpistole 43 and 44). The StG 44 was an improvement of an earlier design, the Maschinenkarabiner 42(H).

The StG 44 was the first successful assault rifle, with features including an intermediate cartridge, controllable automatic fire, a more compact design than a battle rifle with a higher rate of fire, and being designed primarily for hitting targets within a few hundred metres. Other rifles at the time were designed to hit targets of over a thousand meters, but this was found to be in excess of the range in which most enemy engagements actually took place.

The StG 44 fulfilled its role effectively, particularly on the Eastern Front, offering a greatly increased volume of fire compared to standard infantry rifles. The StG largely influenced the Soviet AK-47, introduced two years after the war concluded. The StG's influence can still be seen in modern assault rifles, which, after World War II, became the global standard for infantry rifles.

Description

MP 43, MP 44, and StG 44 were different designations for what was essentially the same rifle with minor updates in production. The variety in nomenclatures resulted from the complicated bureaucracy in Nazi Germany. Developed from the Mkb 42(H) "machine carbine", the StG 44 combined the characteristics of a carbine, submachine gun, and automatic rifle. StG is an abbreviation of . According to one account, the name was chosen personally by Adolf Hitler for propaganda reasons and means "assault rifle" as in "to assault an enemy position", although some sources dispute that Hitler had much to do with coining the new name besides signing the order. After the adoption of the StG 44, the English translation "assault rifle" became the accepted designation for this type of infantry small arm. Over the course of its production, there were minor changes to the butt end, muzzle nut, shape of the front sight base and stepping of the barrel.

The rifle was chambered for the 7.92×33mm Kurz cartridge. This shorter version of the German standard 7.92×57mm Mauser rifle round, in combination with the weapon's selective-fire design, provided a compromise between the controllable firepower of a MP-40 submachine gun at close quarters with the accuracy and power of a Karabiner 98k bolt-action rifle at intermediate ranges. While the StG 44 had less range and power than the more powerful infantry rifles of the day, Army studies had shown that few combat engagements occurred at more than  and the majority within . Full-power rifle cartridges were excessive for most uses for the average soldier. Only a trained specialist, such as a sniper, or soldiers equipped with machine guns, which fired multiple rounds at a known or suspected target, could make full use of the standard rifle round's range and power.

The British were critical of the weapon, saying that the receiver could be bent and the bolt locked up by the mere act of knocking a leaning rifle onto a hard floor. A late-war U.S. assessment derided the StG-44 as "mediocre", "bulky", and "unhandy", declaring it incapable of sustained automatic fire and prone to jamming, though the report accepted that its accuracy was "excellent for a weapon of its type".

History

Background
In the late 19th century, small-arms cartridges had become able to fire accurately at long distances. Jacketed bullets propelled by smokeless powder were lethal out to . This was beyond the range a shooter could engage a target with open sights, as at that range a man-sized target would be completely blocked by the front sight blade. Only units of riflemen firing by volley could hit grouped targets at those ranges. That fighting style was taken over by the widespread introduction of machine guns, which made use of these powerful cartridges to suppress the enemy at long range. Rifles remained the primary infantry weapon, but in some forces were seen as a secondary or support weapon, backing up the machine guns.

This left a large gap in performance; the rifle was not effective at the ranges it could theoretically reach while being much larger and more powerful than needed for close combat. Weapons for short-range use existed, initially semi-automatic pistols and, later, automatic submachine guns. These fired pistol rounds which lacked power, accuracy, and range. They were only useful at very short ranges of no more than . This led to extensive research into creating an intermediate round to fill this gap. This type of ammunition was being considered as early as 1892, but militaries at the time were still fixated on increasing the maximum range and velocity of bullets from their rifles.

Earlier development

In early 1918,  Piderit, part of the Gewehrprüfungskommission ("Small Arms Examination Committee") of the German General Staff in Berlin, submitted a paper arguing for the introduction of an intermediate round in the German Army with a suitable firearm. He pointed out that firefights rarely took place beyond , about half the  sight line range of the 7.92×57mm round from a Mauser Gewehr 98 rifle or less for MG 08 machine gun. A smaller, shorter, and less powerful round would save materials, allow soldiers to carry more ammunition, and increase firepower. Less recoil would allow semi-automatic or even fully automatic select-fire rifles, although in his paper he called it a Maschinenpistole (submachine gun). The German Army showed no interest, as it already had the MP 18 submachine gun firing 9 mm pistol rounds and did not want to create a new cartridge.

In 1923, the German Army set out requirements for a Gewehr 98 replacement. It had to be smaller and lighter than the Mauser, have similar performance out to , and have a magazine with a 20- or 30-round capacity. The Bavarian company Rheinisch-Westfälische Sprengstoff (RWS) experimented with rounds in the 1920s, and German companies developing intermediate ammunition for aerial machine guns showed interest. Development of the future infantry rifle did not start until the 1930s. RWS offered two rounds, one with a 7 mm bullet and one with an 8 mm bullet, both in a 46 mm case. The German company Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken had the 7×39.1mm round, and Gustav Genschow & Co (Geco) proposed a 7.75×39.5mm round. Geco's automatic carbine was the Model A35, a further development of the SG29 semi-automatic rifle. The weapon was complicated and unsafe to handle.

The German government started its own intermediate round and weapon program soon after. German ammunition maker Polte of Magdeburg was commissioned to develop the rounds in April 1938 and signed a contract with the Heereswaffenamt (HWA). At the same time, the HWA contracted C. G. Haenel of Suhl to create a weapon for the round. HWA requirements were for a rifle that was shorter and with equal or less weight to the Karabiner 98k and as accurate out to ; and be select-fire with a rate of fire under 450 rounds per minute. It should be rifle grenade compatible, reliable, maintainable, and have a "straightforward design". Fifty rifles were to be delivered for field testing in early 1942.

At the start of World War II, German infantry were equipped with weapons comparable to those of most other military forces. A typical infantry unit was equipped with a mix of bolt-action rifles and some form of light, medium or general-purpose machine gun. A problem with this mix was that the standard rifles were too large to be effectively used by mechanized and armored forces, where they were difficult to maneuver in the cramped spaces of an armored vehicle. Submachine guns, such as the MP 28, MP 38, and MP 40 were issued to augment infantry rifle use and increase individual soldiers' firepower, but lacked range and accuracy beyond .

New requirements
During the invasion of the Soviet Union, increasing numbers of semi-automatic Tokarev SVT-38 and SVT-40s were used by the Red Army – mostly elite units and non-commissioned officers – while some Soviet rifle companies were completely equipped with PPSh-41 submachine guns.

After experiencing high volumes of automatic fire from these weapons, German commanders re-thought their small arms requirements. The German army had been attempting to introduce semi-automatic weapons such as the Gewehr 41, but these proved troublesome in service, and production was insufficient to meet requirements. Several attempts had been made to introduce lightweight machine guns or automatic rifles, but recoil from the powerful 7.92×57mm Mauser round was too difficult to control in automatic fire.

By 1941, it was becoming clear that action needed to be taken. Although various experimental rounds had been developed to one degree or another by this point, the Army instead decided to select yet a new design, the Polte 8×33mm  ("short cartridge"). This used a spitzer bullet and basic cartridge design of the standard 7.92×57mm Mauser rifle cartridge, cutting down the cartridge from the original 7.92×57mm Mauser to 7.92×33mm Kurz. It was understood that this was not ideal, but it would minimize logistical problems.

Design influences

The German 7.92×57mm Mauser chambered FG 42 battle rifle/automatic rifle was one of the first inline firearms incorporating a "straight-line" recoil configuration and an elevated sight line over the bore axis. The inline design helps reduce muzzle rise during automatic fire.

MKb 42(H) & MKb 42(W)

Contracts for rifles firing the 7.92×33mm Kurz round were issued to both Walther and Haenel (whose design group was headed by Hugo Schmeisser), were asked to submit prototype weapons under the name  1942 ("machine carbine") or MKb 42.  Both designs were similar, using a gas-operated action, with selective fire.  Since both rifles shared the title of Maschinenkarabiner 42 the letters (H) and (W) were added to differentiate the two. In this case (H) and (W) were the first initial of each guns manufacturer Haenel Waffen und Fahrradfabrik and Walther Waffenfabrik AG.  The MKb 42(H) along with the less successful MKb 42(W) were predecessors of the later MP 43, MP 44, StG 44.  The majority of the MP 43's features came from the MKb 42(H), with the hammer firing system and closed bolt coming from the MKb 42(W).

With time, Hitler became aware of the troop trials and ordered that all work on this new weapon be stopped immediately because of the new ammunition. Nonetheless, production was allowed to continue, since the Gustloff company had been developing a machine carbine for normal rifle cartridges as a cover since July 1942.

MP 43, MP 44, StG 44
As work moved forward to incorporate this new firing system, development halted when Hitler suspended all new rifle programs due to administrative infighting within the Third Reich. Hitler ordered that newer submachine guns were to be built, and he strongly disagreed with the use of the Kurz ammunition. To keep the MKb 42(H) development program alive, the Waffenamt (Armament Office) re-designated the weapon as the Maschinenpistole 43 (MP 43) and, making a few improvements, billed the weapon as an upgrade to existing submachine guns.

Much time was wasted trying to make the MP 43 a replacement for the Karabiner 98k rifle. This goal was eventually realized to be impossible; the MP 43 cartridge was too weak to fire rifle grenades, too inaccurate for sniping, and the weapon was too short for bayonet fighting. In September 1943, it was decided that the MP 43 would supplement rather than replace the Kar 98k. As a result, the optical sight base, grenade-launching extended muzzle thread, and bayonet lug were removed.

Adolf Hitler eventually discovered the designation deception and halted the program again. In March 1943, he permitted it to recommence for evaluation purposes only. Running for six months until September 1943, the evaluation produced positive results, and Hitler allowed the MP 43 program to continue in order to make mass production possible. The weapon made extensive use of (for the 1940s) advanced cost-saving pressed and stamped steel components rather than machined parts. The first MP 43s were distributed to the Waffen-SS; in October 1943, some were issued to the 93rd Infantry Division on the Eastern Front. Production and distribution continued to different units. In April 1944, Hitler took some interest in the weapon tests and ordered the weapon (with some minor updates) to be re-designated as the MP 44. In July 1944, at a meeting of the various army heads about the Eastern Front, when Hitler asked what they needed, a general exclaimed, "More of these new rifles!". The exclamation caused some confusion (Hitler's response is reputed to have been "What new rifle?"), but once Hitler saw the MP 44 being demonstrated, he was impressed and gave it the title Sturmgewehr. Seeing the possibility of a propaganda gain, the rifle was again renamed as the Sturmgewehr 44 (StG 44), to highlight the new class of weapon it represented. The designation translates to "Assault rifle, model 1944", thereby introducing the term "assault rifle".

Numerous reports and company correspondence reveal frequent presentation of the rifle's stages of development to Hitler. Rather than being opposed to the entire idea, his apprehension may have been from reluctance to send a new weapon to the front in too small numbers. Industry would not be able to replace some 12 million Kar 98k rifles in a short time, and the already strained logistics structure would have to support another cartridge. While the Sturmgewehr required specialized tooling to manufacture it, it consumed less materials and was faster and easier to make than a Kar 98k. Without suppliers to quickly produce components, companies could not manufacture sufficient numbers to replace the Kar 98k quickly. Introducing the new assault rifle in quantities that would not make an impression on the front would be counter-productive. Hitler instead may have wanted to introduce it on the largest scale possible.

Production soon began with the first batches of the new rifle being shipped to troops on the Eastern Front. By the end of the war, a total of 425,977 StG 44 variants of all types were produced and work had commenced on a follow-on rifle, the StG 45. The assault rifle proved a valuable weapon, especially on the Eastern front, where it was first deployed. A properly trained soldier with a StG 44 had an improved tactical repertoire, in that he could effectively engage targets at longer ranges than with an MP 40, but be much more useful than the Kar 98k in close combat, as well as provide covering fire like a light machine gun. It was also found to be exceptionally reliable in extreme cold. The StG 44's rate of fire was 540 rpm.

A primary use of the MP 44/StG 44 was to counter the Soviet PPS and PPSh-41 submachine guns, which used the 7.62×25mm Tokarev round. These cheap, mass-produced weapons used a 71-round drum magazine or 35-round box magazine and though shorter-ranged than the Kar 98k rifle, were more effective weapons in close-quarter engagements. The StG 44, while lacking the range of the Kar 98k, had a considerably longer range than the PPS/PPSh submachine guns, more power, an ability to switch between a fully automatic and a default semi-automatic fire mode and surprising accuracy. The StG 44 was an intermediate weapon for the period; the muzzle velocity from its  barrel was , compared to  of the Karabiner 98k,  of the British Bren,  of the M1 carbine, and  achieved by the MP40. Furthermore, the StG 44's inline design gave it controllability even on full-auto.

The 1st Infantry Division of Army Group South and 32nd Infantry Division of Army Group North were selected to be issued the rifle, both being refitted from heavy losses on the Eastern Front; ammunition shortages meant the 1st ID was the only division fully equipped with it. The Kar 98k was retained as a specialist weapon for sniping and launching rifle grenades, while MP 40s were used by vehicle and artillery crews and officers. The StG 44 was issued to all infantry soldiers and employed for accurate short-range rapid-fire shooting (similar to how the MP 18 was used when it went into service). The assault rifles in a squad added firepower when the machine gun had to cease fire or move. When attacking a position, Kar 98k riflemen would use grenades against it at close-range, while StG 44 riflemen would fire in rapid semi-automatic or automatic bursts to keep the defenders suppressed. The magazine follower spring had a short service life, so soldiers were ordered to load no more than 25 rounds to reduce wear of the spring. In January 1945, a magazine was introduced fitted with a fixed plug to restrict its capacity to 25 rounds. While the StG 44 was capable of fully automatic fire, German soldiers were directed to use it primarily in semi-automatic mode. Fully automatic mode was to be used only in emergencies, for short bursts of two or three rounds.

Germany had ammunition logistics problems, thus Hitler's calculations came true in part: for the initially planned 200 million rounds per month, 86,000 additional workers were necessary, but were not available. The 400 million rounds per month planned from February 1944 onwards were completely utopian; from February 1945 the number was then reduced to a realistic 110 million.

One unusual addition to the design was the Krummlauf; a bent barrel attachment for rifles with a periscope sighting device for shooting around corners from a safe position. It was produced in several variants: an "I" version for infantry use, a "P" version for use in tanks (to cover the dead areas in the close range around the tank, to defend against assaulting infantry), versions with 30°, 45°, 60° and 90° bends, a version for the StG 44 and one for the MG 42. Only the 30° "I" version for the StG 44 was produced in any numbers. The bent barrel attachments had very short lifespans – approx. 300 rounds for the 30° version, and 160 rounds for the 45° variant. The 30° model was able to achieve a 35×35 cm grouping at 100 m.

Some StG 44s were fitted with the Zielgerät 1229 infra-red aiming device, also known by its codename Vampir ("vampire"). This device consisted of a large scope, rather like modern starlight scopes, and a large infra-red lamp on top, the scope being able to pick up the infra-red that would be invisible to the naked eye. The user had to carry a transformer backpack powered by a battery fitted inside the gas mask canister. Electric cables connected the power unit with the IR reflector, with the cathode ray tube mounted on the rifle imaging IR from the spotlight. The Vampir had only 15 minutes of battery life, but was able to sight within 200 meters in total darkness. A conical flash hider was added to the barrel to keep the muzzle flash from blinding the shooter.

At the end of the war, Hugo Schmeisser claimed that 424,000 MP 43/MP 44/StG 44 rifles were built between June 1943 and April 1945 in four plants: 185,000 by C.G. Haenel in Suhl; 55,000 by J.P. Sauer & Sohn in Suhl; 104,000 in Erfurt; and 80,000 by Steyr-Daimler-Puch AG in Steyr, Austria. This was fewer than the 1.5 million ordered, and far fewer than the 4 million planned.

Some 822 million rounds of 7.92×33mm Kurz ammunition were produced from 1942 to 1945. At the beginning of March 1945, the troops had 273.9 million rounds, with a replenishment reserve of 69.6 million rounds on standby.

Late prototypes

In a somewhat unrelated development, Mauser continued design work on a series of experimental weapons in an effort to produce an acceptable service-wide rifle for the short cartridge system. One of these prototypes, a product of the engineers at the Light Weapon Development Group (Abteilung 37) at Oberndorf, was the MKb Gerät 06 (Maschinenkarabiner Gerät 06 or "machine carbine device 06") first appearing in 1942. This gun used a unique gas piston-delayed roller-locked action derived from the short recoil operation of the MG 42 machine gun but with a fixed barrel and gas system. It was realized that with careful attention to the mechanical ratios, the gas system could be omitted. The resultant weapon, the Gerät 06(H), was supposedly slated for adoption by the Wehrmacht as the StG 45(M). The operating principle lived on in postwar designs from CEAM/AME, CETME, and most famously, Heckler & Koch.

Towards the end of the war, there were last-ditch efforts to develop cheap so-called Volksgewehr rifles in the 7.92×33mm caliber. One of these, the Gustloff Volkssturmgewehr, used a gas-delayed blowback action based on the Barnitzke system, whereby gas bled from the barrel near the chamber created resistance to the rearward impulse of the operating parts, which ceases when the projectile leaves the muzzle, allowing the operating parts to be forced rearward by the residual pressure of the cartridge case. This principle has been used most successfully in the P7 pistol.

Post-1945

The Sturmgewehr remained in use with the East German Nationale Volksarmee with the designation MPi.44 until it was eventually replaced with domestic variants of the AK-47 assault rifle. The Volkspolizei used it until approximately 1962 when it was replaced by the PPSh-41. It was still used by other public security formations thereafter. The ammunition was manufactured there at least until 1961. Other countries to use the StG 44 after World War II included Czechoslovakia (although it was not officially adopted) and Yugoslavia, where units such as the 63rd Paratroop Battalion were equipped with it until the 1980s, when the rifles were ultimately transferred to Territorial Defense reserves or sold to friendly regimes in the Middle East and Africa. France adopted captured StG 44 for colonial Foreign Legion units.

Argentina manufactured their own trial versions of the StG 44 made by CITEFA in the late 1940s and early 1950s, but instead adopted the FN FAL in 1955, because it used the then more common and powerful 7.62×51mm NATO round, which also lacked connections with the Third Reich.

New semi-automatic civilian reproductions of the MKb 42(H), MP 43/1, and StG 44 are being manufactured in Germany today by SSD (Sport Systeme Dittrich) and distributed by HZA Kulmbach GmbH in the original 7.92×33mm Kurz chambering and accepting the standard magazines. The PTR-44 by PTR Industries was produced for a short while, but was soon discontinued due to high prices and lack of demand. A .22 rimfire copy of the StG 44 by GSG (German Sports Guns) has also been manufactured in great quantity for a lower price, but it is the only widely available reproduction of the StG. Talks have been made by HMG (Hill & Mac Gunworks) to mass-produce a StG-44 replica in different calibers, including the original 7.92×33mm Kurz, but also more modern calibers, like 7.62×39mm, 5.56×45mm NATO and .300 AAC Blackout, but these have yet to be released.

7.92mm Kurz ammunition is currently manufactured by Prvi Partizan of Serbia.

Legacy

The StG 44 was the first assault rifle to be accepted into widespread service and put into mass production. "The principle of this weapon — the reduction of muzzle impulse to get useful automatic fire within actual ranges of combat — was probably the most important advance in small arms since the invention of smokeless powder." The StG 44's effect on post-war arms design was wide-ranging, as made evident by Mikhail Kalashnikov's AK-47, and later Eugene Stoner's M16 and its variants. The Soviet Union was quick to adopt the assault rifle concept. The AK-47 used a similar-sized intermediate round and followed the design concept, but utilized a rotating bolt as a part of its firing action. In 1944 the US added an automatic fire capability to the M1 carbine, and issued it as the M2 carbine with 30 round magazines, fulfilling much the same function. Kits were distributed to convert M1 carbines to M2s.

The extent to which the Sturmgewehr influenced the development of the AK-47 is not clearly known. Apart from external layout similarity and the gas-operation principle, the AK-47 was not a copy of the German gun because the AK-47 used a very different mechanism. However, tens of thousands of Sturmgewehrs were captured by the Soviets and some were more than likely provided to Kalashnikov and his team. In addition, Hugo Schmeisser was put to work by the Soviets at the Izhmash factory (factory number 74) in Izhevsk until 1952. The 7.62×39mm cartridge, however, was verifiably influenced by the 7.92×33mm cartridge used in the StG 44. In July 1943, the Soviet Technical Council of the People's Commissariat for Armament (NKV) met to consider new foreign weapons firing lower-powered rounds. Two rounds that were studied were the American .30 Carbine and German 7.92 Kurz, captured from MKb 42(H) rifles undergoing troop trials. The meeting concluded that the 7.92 mm cartridge was an important development and that the Soviets needed to design a reduced-power round.  The first prototype 7.62 mm M1943 round was created a month later and used the 7.92 Kurz design method of using the same caliber bullet as their standard rifle round (7.62×54mmR) in a shorter case.

After World War II, many Western countries continued using their existing full-caliber rifles. Although the 7.62×51mm NATO round adopted post-war was still a full-power cartridge, the trend towards the adoption of less powerful rounds was already under way in the West. For example, the M1 Garand had initially been developed for the .276 Pedersen (7 mm) round, a cartridge less powerful than the standard .30-06 Springfield. The U.S. Army's adoption of the M1 carbine in 1941 proved the utility of a small, handy, low-powered rifle that required little training to use effectively. Franchi of Italy-based the actions of both the LF-58 carbine and the LF-59 battle rifle on the StG-44.

United States and, later, NATO developed assault rifles along a roughly similar path by at first adding selective-fire capability in a reduced power, full-caliber cartridge. The Soviet Union lightened the AK-47 and introduced the AKM. The U.S. developed the concept of small-caliber, high-velocity (SCHV) bullets and further reduced the weight of their firearms with the introduction of the M16 (5.56 mm). The Soviet armed forces followed suit with the introduction of the SCHV AK-74 rifle (5.45 mm).

Users

Current users
 Syrian National Coalition for Revolutionary and Opposition Forces
:Used by Ukrainian militias during the war in Donbass and by guards at the Mezhyhirya museum.

Former users

 (three built for trial purposes only)

: A small amount of StG44s were received  from Czechoslovakia during the Six Day War; the rifles were kept in storage and never used
: used post-war in French Indochina

 Italian Resistance (captured)
:Small amounts were purchased from Yugoslavia in 1983 and kept in storage
 (post-war)

 Soviet partisans (captured)

Non-state groups
Captured StG 44 were used by Polish partisan groups during World War II, including during the Warsaw Uprising in 1944, although they were not a commonly captured weapon. Relatively large numbers of StG 44 were used post-war by Polish anti-communist resistance groups until the 1950s.

After World War II, the Soviet Union and other Eastern Bloc states supplied allied regimes and guerrilla movements with captured German arms, such as the StG 44, along with newly manufactured or repackaged 7.92×33mm ammunition. French forces discovered many in Algeria and determined the origin to be from Czechoslovakia. Examples also found their way into the hands of the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War, and the PLO. StG44s were used by the WSLF and FLCS insurgents in Somalia.

It is still used in very limited numbers by militia and insurgent forces in the Middle East. StG 44s have been confiscated from militia groups by U.S. forces in Iraq.

In August 2012, the Syrian Al-Tawhid Brigade posted a video clip on their YouTube channel showing a cache of StG 44s in their possession. They claimed to have captured 5,000 StG 44 rifles and ammunition from a weapons depot in the city of Aleppo. Photos later surfaced of the rebels using them in combat. In September 2013, a photo showed a Syrian rebel with a Sturmgewehr 44 connected to a makeshift remote weapon station. The gun was controlled by a wired joystick, vision was provided by a video camera mounted behind a scope, and the picture was displayed on an LCD screen.

In 2013 a small number of StG44 rifles were seized from rebels in Burkina Faso, it is thought that they were looted from government depots during the Libyan Civil War and later sold in the black market.

See also
Calzada Bayo CB-57
Cei-Rigotti
EPK (Pyrkal) machine gun
Fedorov Avtomat
HIW VSK
List of assault rifles
PPSh-41
StG 45(M)
Vollmer M35
Wimmersperg Spz

References

External links

7.92×33mm Kurz assault rifles
Assault rifles of Germany
Firearms by Hugo Schmeisser
Gas-operated firearms
Research and development in Nazi Germany
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1943
World War II assault rifles
World War II infantry weapons of Germany

StG 44


The Lodi News-Sentinel is a daily newspaper based in Lodi, California, United States, and serving northern San Joaquin and southern Sacramento counties.

History
The Lodi News-Sentinel was founded in 1881 by Ralph Ellis, a former sheriff, farmer and flourmill operator.  Ownership has changed over the years from Ralph Ellis to Samuel B. Axtell to Fordyce P. Roper and George H. Moore, to Clyde C. Church, and to Fred E. Weybret. On June 1, 2015, the paper was sold to Central Valley News-Sentinel Inc., led by veteran newspaper publisher Steven Malkowich. The new owners have newspaper assets in the United States and Canada, including several in California.

The newspaper has occupied many sites, moving eight times since its debut in 1881. The current site at 125 N. Church Street was formerly occupied by the Bethel Open Bible Church when Fred Weybret moved the newspaper in 1968. A $1.3 million remodel and expansion was completed in 1992.

The newspaper is printed five days per week and delivered to nearly 15,000 homes throughout Lodi, Galt, Woodbridge, Lockeford, Clements, Acampo and Thornton. An additional 8,000 readers follow the newspaper's publication online via the newspaper's website. Today, the newspaper employs approximately 85 employees.

Discover Lodi, an annual publication of the Lodi News-Sentinel, is a guide and website for visitors to Lodi that highlights the region's wine production.

References

Daily newspapers published in California
Lodi, California
Mass media in San Joaquin County, California
Newspapers established in 1881
1881 establishments in California

Lodi News-Sentinel