Monmouth is a historic antebellum home located at 1358 John A. Quitman Boulevard in Natchez, Mississippi on a  lot. It was built in 1818 by John Hankinson, and renovated about 1853 by John A. Quitman, a former Governor of Mississippi and well-known figure in the Mexican–American War. It is one of Natchez's grandest Greek Revival mansions. It was declared a Mississippi Landmark in 1986 and a National Historic Landmark in 1988.  It is now a small luxury hotel.

History

John and Francing Hankinson
The home was built by John Hankinson, a postmaster, lawyer and steamboat entrepreneur, during the depression that followed the War of 1812, and named after his home, Monmouth County, New Jersey. The mansion was a brick two-story in the Federal style, with a wide central hall with four rooms located off the hall on both floors. There was also a detached brick kitchen behind it, a garden house, and several outhouses. Hankinson and his wife died soon after completing the house and the house was sold at a public auction to Calvin Smith, who one year later sold the property to John Anthony Quitman, the future Governor of Mississippi.

John and Eliza Quitman
John Quitman, originally of New York City, was a partner in a successful Natchez law firm and married Eliza Turner, a member of one of the most prominent families in the city, being the niece of Edward Turner, a Mississippi Supreme Court judge. Quitman purchased Monmouth in 1826 for his wife and growing family. The house was extensively renovated by the Quitmans in 1853 in the fashionable Greek Revival style. The original brick was covered by stucco, scored to look like stone, and the portico was added to the front, along with the four square columns supporting it. Quitman also added the rear gallery and southeast wing of the house, along with a second story for the detached kitchen.

After Quitman died at Monmouth on July 17, 1858, and his wife died a year later, their five daughters and one son inherited the plantation. In 1862, when Natchez was attacked by the Union army during the American Civil War, most of the slaves fled. Most of Quitman's original possessions were either stolen in 1863, when the house was occupied by Union soldiers, or sold by Quitman's daughters in 1865 due to financial difficulty. The house was spared from further damage during the war, as the daughters befriended a Union general and pledged loyalty to the United States. In 1866, three of the daughters, Louisa, Annie Rosalie and Fredericka, purchased their siblings' share of the property, and by 1890, Annie Rosalie was the sole owner of Monmouth. In 1914, when she died, the house was left to her nieces, who later sold it in 1924. For the next half century, the house was severely neglected with the house and other surviving structures filled with litter and the grounds overgrown.

Ronald and Lani Riches
After several changes of ownership, Ronald and Lani Riches of Los Angeles, California, purchased the property in 1978 and restored it to its original condition. The restoration of the house and original brick kitchen took three years. In 1982, after archaeological research determined the location of two small houses used as slave quarters, the buildings were reconstructed on the original sites. Though most of John Quitman's original furnishings had been lost, the house still contained a few pieces such as a sofa, a carved settee, and several chairs. The Riches searched for other furniture and memorabilia from Quitman, and they were able to recover his desk, two four-poster beds, and the Quitman family Bible. Other memorabilia now include the gold sword presented to Quitman by James K. Polk and the United States Congress for his services in the Mexican–American War, as well as the red handkerchief Quitman used to rally his troops.

Nancy and Warren Reuthter
Nancy and Warren Reuther are some of the current managing owners of Monmouth Historic Inn along with private investors. With extensive experience in the hotel and tourism industry, they continue to make sure every modern comfort has been provided in the 30 elegantly appointed spacious rooms and suites, yet carefully integrated as not to spoil the historic architectural virtue.

Monmouth Historic Inn & Gardens
Monmouth is now a small luxury hotel with 30 rooms and suites throughout the house and grounds. There is a fine-dining restaurant on site, Restaurant 1818, as well as a casual dining in The Quitman Lounge. Tours of the mansion are offered daily at 10 am and 2pm, and a gift shop in open to the public 7 days a week from 8am until 9pm. There have been a number of notable guests including President and Hillary Clinton, Michael Eisner, Alec Baldwin, Maya Angelou, Sela Ward, James Woods, Rob Reiner, Connie Chung, Morley Safer, Debbie Gibson, Ruby Dee and Michael Damian.

References

External links
 Monmouth Historic Inn Official Site

Antebellum architecture
Greek Revival houses in Mississippi
National Historic Landmarks in Mississippi
Houses completed in 1818
Historic house museums in Mississippi
Museums in Natchez, Mississippi
Mississippi Landmarks
Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Mississippi
Houses in Natchez, Mississippi
National Register of Historic Places in Natchez, Mississippi
Slave cabins and quarters in the United States

Monmouth (Natchez, Mississippi)


Friedl Haerlin (29 December 1901 – 17 April 1981) was a German stage and film actress.

During the 1930s she worked in cinema playing glamorous roles, mainly in comedy films. In the late 1930s, in order to boost her flagging career, she attempted to gain invitations to receptions given by Adolf Hitler. Her final film was the Austrian comedy Viennese Girls which was made in 1945, but was not released until 1949. Finding that offers of work were drying up, she later immigrated to Peru, although she returned to spend her final years in her Bavarian hometown of Gauting. Whenever she had time, Friedl Haerlin was a passionate racing driver. She set a women's record at the Semmering race in 1929.

Selected filmography
 The Shot in the Pavilion (1925)
 The Stolen Face (1930)
 Queen of the Night (1931)
 The Man Who Murdered (1931)
 Laughing Heirs (1933)
 A Precocious Girl (1934)
 Hilde and the Volkswagen (1936)
 A Woman of No Importance (1936)
 Linen from Ireland (1939)
 Kora Terry (1940)
 Roses in Tyrol (1940)
 The Three Codonas (1940)
 Clarissa (1941)
 Viennese Girls (1949)

References

Bibliography
 d' Almeida, Fabrice. High Society in the Third Reich. Polity, 2008.

External links

1901 births
1981 deaths
German film actresses
German silent film actresses
20th-century German actresses
People from Starnberg (district)

Friedl Haerlin


Key Biscayne is an island village in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. The village is part of the Miami metropolitan area of South Florida. The population was 14,809 at the 2020 census, up from 12,344 in 2010.

Geography
Key Biscayne lies south of Miami Beach and east of Miami. The village is connected to Miami via the Rickenbacker Causeway, originally built in 1947. Because of its low elevation and direct exposure to the Atlantic Ocean, it is usually among the first Miami areas to be evacuated before an oncoming hurricane.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the town has a total area of .   of it are land and  of it (27.0%) are water. The village is bordered on the north by Crandon Park, a Miami-Dade County park; on the south by Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park; on the east by the Atlantic Ocean; and on the west by Biscayne Bay.

History

While there had been earlier schemes to develop a town on Key Biscayne, it was not until the opening of the  Rickenbacker Causeway from Miami to Virginia Key and on to Key Biscayne in 1947 that the island was opened up to large-scale residential development. The northern two-thirds of the island had been operated as the largest coconut plantation in the continental United States during the first half of the 20th century. In 1940 the Matheson family donated over  of their land to Dade County for a public park (Crandon Park) in exchange for a commitment that the county would build a causeway to the island. The remaining Matheson property, stretching across the middle of the island, was then sold off to developers. Starting in 1951, the Mackle Construction Company offered new homes on the island for US$9,540, with just US$500 down. A U.S. Post Office contract branch was opened, the Community Church started holding services in an old coconut-husking shed, and the Key Biscayne Elementary School opened in 1952.

The southern third of Key Biscayne, which included Cape Florida, was owned by James Deering and, after his death, by his brother Charles, for 35 years. In 1948 José Manuel Áleman, a Cuban politician in exile, bought the Cape Florida property from the Deering estate. After Áleman died in 1951, his widow, Elena Santeiro Garcia, added to her Cape Florida property by buying an ocean-to-bay strip that had been part of the Matheson property. This strip included a canal that had been dug by William Matheson in the 1920s, and which extended from the bay across most of the island. The land north of this canal was developed as part of what is now the Village of Key Biscayne. Garcia sold the Cape Florida property in 1966 to the state of Florida. This land became Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park, which opened January 1, 1967.

U.S. President Richard Nixon purchased the first of his three waterfront homes, forming a compound known as the Florida White House, in 1969 to be close to his close friend and confidant Bebe Rebozo and industrialist Robert Abplanalp (inventor of the modern spray can valve). Bebe Rebozo, owner of the Key Biscayne Bank, was indicted for laundering a $100,000 donation from Howard Hughes to the Nixon election campaign. President Kennedy and Nixon met for the first time after the 1960 election loss by Nixon in an oceanfront villa at the old Key Biscayne Hotel. Plans for the Watergate break-in at Democratic headquarters were discussed at the Key Biscayne Nixon compound and, as the Watergate scandal unfolded, Nixon spent more time in seclusion there. Nixon visited Key Biscayne more than 50 times between 1969 and 1973. The U.S. Department of Defense spent $400,000 constructing a helicopter landing pad in Biscayne Bay adjacent to the Nixon compound, and when Nixon sold his property, including the helicopter pad, there were public accusations that he enriched himself at taxpayer expense.

The area was incorporated as a new municipality in 1991, which made it the first new city in Miami-Dade County in over fifty years.  Rafael Conte was elected the first mayor along with members of the founding Village Council including Clifford Brody, Mortimer Fried, Michael Hill, Bautista Tedin, Lucas Keller, Luis Lauredo, Joe Rasco, and Raymond Sullivan.  The municipality's first manager was C. Samuel Kissinger and the first clerk was Guido Inguanzo.  The incorporation of the village, which was overseen by Alfred Brewer, provided local control over taxes and future development.

Key Biscayne is a small, intimate community. The majority of families that live there have known each other for generations. The children who grew up on the island are known as "Key Rats".

In 1992, Hurricane Andrew flooded some homes and businesses on Key Biscayne, impacting insurance. The eye wall passed over uninhabited Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park which received the brunt of the storm. The storm damage was a blessing for the park because it destroyed all the non-native vegetation that the state had been trying to eradicate.  Federal and state funding allowed the replanting with native vegetation, making the park a showplace natural area. The town is in Evacuation Zone A. A 2017 study found that the town could be partly flooded at high tides by 2045 after sea-level rise. Property values fell. In November 2020, the town voted to approve a $100 million bond to protect itself.

The village has its own fire, police and public elementary and middle school. The millage tax rate remains one of the lowest of any municipality in Miami-Dade County. In 2004, the village completed the construction of a civic center including fire, police and administration buildings and a recreation and community center with indoor multi use courts, outdoor swimming pool and a renowned musical theater program.

Climate
Key Biscayne has a tropical monsoon climate (Am). Key Biscayne experiences hot, humid summers and warm, dry winters.  The island is in USDA plant zone 11a. Due to its island location, Key Biscayne is subject to cooler highs than Miami year-round.  Hurricanes threaten the island occasionally, though landfalls are rare. Precipitation is lower than that of Miami, as the Atlantic Ocean inhibits summer thunderstorm convection.

Demographics

2020 census

As of the 2020 U.S. census, there were 14,809 people, 4,058 households, and 3,174 families residing in the village.

2010 census

As of the 2010 U.S. census, there were 12,344 people, 4,256 households, and 2,976 families residing in the village.

2000 census
In 2000, 32.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.0% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.9% were non-families. 27.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 2.99.

In 2000, the village population was spread out, with 24.2% under the age of 18, 4.6% from 18 to 24, 29.6% from 25 to 44, 26.0% from 45 to 64, and 15.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.8 males.

In 2000, the median income for a household in the village was $86,599, and the median income for a family was $107,610. Males had a median income of $86,322 versus $46,765 for females. The per capita income for the village was $54,213.

, speakers of Spanish as a first language accounted 59.73% of residents, while English made up 30.84%, Portuguese was at 2.83%, French at 2.67%, Italian consisted of 1.67%, and German was the mother tongue of 1.47% of the population.

Media
The Islander News is a weekly community newspaper serving Key Biscayne. The estimated circulation in 2020 was 3,600.

Key Biscayne Magazine is a lifestyle magazine published in Miami by TAG Media, publishers of Brickell Magazine. The circulation of the magazine was about 10,000 in 2020.

Education

Miami-Dade County Public Schools serves Key Biscayne. The Key Biscayne K–8 Center serves Key Biscayne.  Middle school students may attend Ponce de Leon Middle School in Coral Gables instead of the Key Biscayne School. High school students are zoned to Coral Gables Senior High School.

MAST Academy, a magnet school on Virginia Key, has since 2012 given eligible Key Biscayne residents priority in filling 1,100 seats in the school's Cambridge program.

The Miami-Dade Public Library System operates the  Key Biscayne Branch Library. It opened in January 1985.

St. Agnes Academy is a Catholic private school on the island located at 122 Harbor Drive, of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Miami. It serves pre-K–8th grade.

Notable people
 Jaime Bayly, writer
 Jay Berger (born 1966), tennis player; highest world ranking # 7
 Raul Boesel, race car driver
 Cher, actress and singer
 Soman Chainani, writer
 Gaetano Ciancio, transplant surgeon
 Isabel Pérez Farfante, carcinologist
 Mary Joe Fernández, tennis star
 Timothy Ferris, author, went to Key Biscayne Elementary School
 Emerson Fittipaldi, ex-F1 and Indianapolis 500 winner, Indycar driver
 Fonseca, Colombian singer
 Andy García, actor
 Arthur Hanlon, pianist
 Juanes, Colombian singer
 Luis Lauredo, village councilman and former U.S. Ambassador to the Organization of American States
 Martin Margulies, billionaire art collector and fixture of Miami's high society
 Juan Pablo Montoya, Colombian race car driver
 Richard Nixon, U.S. president; see Nixon's Florida White House
 Brad Pitt, actor; once owned a home in Key Biscayne
 "Bebe" Rebozo, banker and confidante of Richard Nixon
 Eddie Rickenbacker, fighter pilot, and his wife Adelaide

Hotels and condominiums controversy
As noted above, the construction of several condominium complexes in Key Biscayne caused the population to soar. In 2007, voters approved an amendment to the village charter requiring that future land use changes be approved by voters. In 2008, the village council, saying that requiring community voting on zoning changes infringed on its responsibility, submitted another proposal to revise the charter. But on November 4, 2008, voters overwhelmingly rejected the council's proposed change, defeating the amendment by a more than two-to-one margin.

Other information
Key Biscayne hosts the Tennis Center at Crandon Park, former home to the Miami Open Tennis Tournament, and a golf course, along with many amenities for water sports and fishing.

Key Biscayne has a visitors center, open 24/7, 365 days a year, located in the Village Hall, 88 West McIntyre Street #100, adjacent to the Police Station. Staffed M–F from 9am to 5pm

Gallery

References

Further reading

External links

History of Miami-Dade County, Florida
Villages in Miami-Dade County, Florida
Populated places established in 1947
1947 establishments in Florida
Villages in Florida
Populated coastal places in Florida on the Atlantic Ocean
Former census-designated places in Florida
Seaside resorts in Florida

Key Biscayne, Florida


Leśna  () is a town in Lubań County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland, close to the Czech border. It is the seat of the administrative district (gmina) called Gmina Leśna. As of 2019, the town has a population of 4,439.

Geography
The town is situated north of the Jizera Mountains on the left banks of the Kwisa River, the eastern edge of the historic Upper Lusatia region. It lies approximately  south of Lubań, and  west of the regional capital Wrocław. In the south, a border crossing leads to Jindřichovice pod Smrkem in Bohemia.

Lake Leśnia, a reservoir of the Kwisa River, is located east of the town.

History
Leśna Castle, erected on the border with the Polish Duchy of Silesia about  southeast of the town, was first mentioned in a 1247 deed. King Wenceslaus I of Bohemia, then ruler of the Upper Lusatian lands, ceded it to the Meissen bishop Conrad I of Wallhausen. The fortress probably lost its strategic importance with the construction of Czocha Castle further east in the early 14th century.

The Lissa settlement is documented in 1329. It may have been a founding of the Silesian Duke Henry I of Jawor, heir of the Upper Lusatian Kwisa District by his mother Beatrice of Brandenburg. Upon Henry's death in 1346, the Kwisa lands reverted to the Bohemian Crown, whereafter the lordship was enfeoffed to local noble dynasties. A first town layout was abandoned in 1434 upon devastations by the Hussite Wars, a flood and a fire, and rebuilt at its present location further south on the route from Frýdlant to Lubań. A centre of cloth manufacturing, it received market rights in 1515.

The name Marklissa first appeared in 1574. Upon the 1635 Peace of Prague it fell with Upper Lusatia to the Electorate of Saxony. The town's economy was boosted by the immigration of Protestants fleeing from the Counter-Reformation in the adjacent Habsburg lands of Bohemia and Silesia. After the Napoleonic Wars and the 1815 Congress of Vienna, southeastern Upper Lusatia was annexed by Prussia and incorporated into the Province of Silesia.

With Prussia Marklissa became part of the German Empire in 1871. After World War II the town, located east of the Oder-Neisse line, was ceded to the Republic of Poland according to the 1945 Potsdam Agreement. The German population was expelled and the area resettled with Poles deported from the eastern Kresy borderlands.

Twin towns – sister cities
See twin towns of Gmina Leśna.

References

External links
 Town and Gmina official site

Cities and towns in Lower Silesian Voivodeship
Lubań County
Cities in Silesia

Leśna


David James "Mac" McAllister (born 12 January 1971) is a German politician of the conservative Christian Democratic Union (CDU). On 1 July 2010 he was elected Minister-President of the state of Lower Saxony, succeeding Christian Wulff, who resigned following his election as President of Germany. Until 2013, McAllister headed a coalition government with the liberal FDP, the Cabinet McAllister. In 2013, he was succeeded by Social Democrat Stephan Weil. Since 2014 he has been a Member of the European Parliament.

A lawyer by profession, he has been the chairman of the CDU parliamentary group in the Landtag of Lower Saxony from 2003 to 2010 and was elected chairman of the state party from 2008 until 2016. From 2010 until 2013, he was also a member of the supervisory board of Volkswagen.

McAllister is of German and Scottish descent, and he leads a state that has historic ties to Britain, as the old Kingdom of Hanover makes up parts of the state and the state capital is Hanover City.

Biography

McAllister was born in West Berlin on 12 January 1971 to a Scottish father and a German mother. His father, James Buchanan McAllister, was a British civil servant, originally from Glasgow (where the family still has relatives). He had been stationed in West Berlin since 1969, attached to the Royal Corps of Signals. His mother, Mechthild McAllister, is a music teacher. David McAllister was raised bilingual (speaking English and German) and attended a British primary school in Berlin.

After his parents moved to the small town of Bad Bederkesa in Lower Saxony in 1982, he went to the Lower Saxon Internatsgymnasium (boarding school) in Bederkesa, where he took his Abitur in 1989. From 1989 till 1991, McAllister served as a soldier in the Bundeswehr, in Panzerbataillon 74 in Cuxhaven. From 1991–96 he studied law with a scholarship of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation at the University of Hanover. In 1994, McAllister became local chairman of the Junge Union, the CDU youth organisation, in the Cuxhaven district.

David McAllister is both a German and a British citizen, but says that he is "more or less completely German. I've lived in Germany all my life. I did all my school in Germany and my military service in Germany." His upbringing in West Berlin, however, he describes as "very British" with "British network, British schools". Holding dual citizenship, he could have relinquished his German citizenship to avoid compulsory military service in Germany (the UK does not have compulsory military service), but opted to serve instead.

McAllister has said that "my upbringing in West Berlin may have had an impact on my resentment towards communists. I became a member of the CDU when I was 17 – it was a birthday present. My parents said, 'What do you want for your birthday?' I said I wanted to become a member of the CDU", explaining that his father was a Conservative, although none of his parents were involved in party politics.

Political career

From 1996 till 2010, McAllister was a member of the Cuxhaven district council (Kreistag). He served as mayor of his hometown of Bad Bederkesa from 2001 to 2002. From 2002 to 2003, he also was secretary general of the CDU in Lower Saxony. Since 2003, McAllister has been the leader of the CDU parliamentary party group in the Parliament of Lower Saxony, of which he has been a member since 1998. McAllister succeeded Christian Wulff as party chairman of the CDU in Lower Saxony in June 2008, winning the election by a record margin. In 2016, he was succeeded by Bernd Althusmann. In the United Kingdom, McAllister is a supporter of the Conservative Party.

In 2005, Chancellor Angela Merkel offered him the position of Secretary General of the CDU, but McAllister declined, arguing he did not want to rise too far too fast.

Minister-President of Lower Saxony
On 4 June 2010, he was chosen by his party to follow Christian Wulff as Minister-President of Lower Saxony, if the latter was to be elected President of Germany on 30 June. After the election of Wulff as President, David McAllister was elected the new Minister-President of Lower Saxony the following day. In 2013, he lost the re-election to Stephan Weil, of the Social Democrats. He was subsequently also appointed to the supervisory board of Volkswagen, the largest company of Lower Saxony and of which the state of Lower Saxony is a major stockholder.

Personal life
He is married to Dunja McAllister, who is also a lawyer. They have two daughters, Jamie Elizabeth and Mia Louise. He lives in Bad Bederkesa in the district of Cuxhaven.

Proud of his Scottish heritage, McAllister proposed to his wife at Loch Ness, and married in August 2003, wearing a kilt. He later explained it was a family tradition.

References

Other websites

 Homepage of David McAllister
 State Chancellery

1971 births
Living people
MEPs for Germany
Ministers-President of Lower Saxony
Politicians from Berlin
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany

David McAllister


Hardscape refers to hard landscape materials in the built environment structures that are incorporated into a landscape. This can include paved areas, driveways, retaining walls,  sleeper walls, stairs,  walkways, and any other landscaping made up of hard wearing materials such as wood, stone, and concrete, as opposed to softscape, the horticultural elements of a landscape.

Hard landscaping involves projects that cover the entirety of the yard and that are necessary before soft landscaping features come into play. Hard landscaping alters the foundation of the yard, the "bricks and mortar" so to speak; only when this is completed can the landscaper begin to focus on the softscape features of the yard, such as lawn, floral plantings, trees and shrubs. One key feature of hard landscaping has to do with the absorption of water – something that is of great importance given the climate. Hard landscaping ensures that worrying about water after heavy rain or snowfall is not an issue. The right water absorption and irrigation system installed through hard landscaping, coupled with hard materials that safely move water away from the property can ensure that soil movement is never a problem and that the yard stays a drier, enjoyable living space, rather than a wet and muddy bog. There are soft landscaping options that can help to achieve this, but the bulk of this is achieved through hard landscaping.

From an urban planning perspective, hardscapes can include very large features, such as paved roads, driveways or fountains, and even small pools or ponds that do not exceed a certain safe height. Most water features are hardscapes because they require a barrier to retain the water, instead of letting it drain into the surrounding soil.

Hardscaping allows the erection of man-made landscaping features that would otherwise be impossible due to soil erosion, including some that compensate for large amounts of human traffic that would cause wear on bare earth or grass. For example, sheer vertical features are possible.

Without nearby bare soil, or natural drainage channels, swales or culverts, hardscape with an impervious surface requires artificial methods of drainage or surface runoff to carry off the water that would normally be absorbed into the ground as groundwater and prevent premature wear to itself. Lack of capacity, or poorly planned or executed drainage or grading of the surface can cause problems after severe storms or heavy extended periods of rain fall, such as flooding, washout, mud flows, sink holes, accelerated erosion, wet rot to wood elements, drowning of plants trees and shrubs, and even foundation problems to an adjacent home such as cracking the foundation, basement flooding due to water infiltration, and pest infiltration, such as ants and other insects entering through damaged areas.

Regulations and licensing

Australia
Hardscape landscaping in Queensland, Australia is a licensed qualification called Structural Landscaping, which is divided into two classes of licenses: Trade Contractor Structural Landscaper, and a Builder restricted to Structural Landscaping, referred to as the "jack of all trades" due to its large scope of works. These Structural Landscaping licenses include the erection and fabrication of decking, fences, carports, pergolas, paving and the construction of retaining walls.

Hardscape landscaping in New South Wales,
Within NSW a contractor must hold a relevant trade qualification such as a certificate lll in Landscape Construction or Certificate lll in Horticulture. Once the trades person has obtained their formal qualification they will be able to apply for a NSW contractors license which will enable them to carry out works over $5,000 including GST. A NSW contractors license includes works such as retaining walls, pergolas, fencing, driveways & decks.

References

External links

Garden features
Environmental soil science
Hydraulic engineering
Hydrology and urban planning
Landscape
Pavements

Hardscape


The Turnchapel Branch was a London and South Western Railway (LSWR) single track branch railway line in Devon, England, that ran from Plymouth Friary station to Turnchapel. It crossed the River Plym and opened up the east side of the river to rail connections. The short line opened in 1892 (as far as Plymstock) and 1897 (throughout). It closed in 1951 to passengers, and in 1961 completely.

There were three intermediate stations, Lucas Terrace Halt (from 1905), Plymstock (opened 1892) and Oreston. There was a siding serving the Bayly Bartlett Wharf

History

The Plymouth and Dartmoor Railway (P&DR) had been built as a horse-operated tramway to open up the agriculture of the area around Princetown, on Dartmoor. That objective was largely unsuccessful, but the line proved useful in bringing granite down from quarries below Princetown to the tidal waters around Plymouth, for onward transport by coastal shipping. It had opened in 1823, but it increasingly became dependent on the Johnson Brothers who operated the quarries, and in 1865 shares in the Company were predominantly owned by William Johnson. The reconstituted company was not short of funds, and aside from the granite traffic it had the advantage of ownership of lands adjacent to the waters of the River Plym at Laira and elsewhere in Plymouth.

The London and South Western Railway (LSWR) was anxious to develop its interests in Plymouth and made an ally of the P&DR at a time, in the 1870s, when the rival Great Western Railway (GWR)  was dominant.

The LSWR had established a terminal for goods services at Friary, on the east side of central Plymouth, opening in 1878. When they secured an independent route to Plymouth (over the Plymouth, Devonport and South Western Junction Railway) they greatly expanded the Friary site and built a passenger terminal there, as well as extending the goods facilities and providing locomotive serving facilities; these opened in 1891.

The P&DR had been encouraged by the LSWR to obtain Parliamentary powers to build a short line from Friary to Turnchapel with a branch to Clovelly Bay; the line was to cross the River Plym to Pomphlett (later called Plymstock). The authorisation was granted on 2 August 1883 but not acted upon at once. However this incursion across the Plym alarmed the GWR, who feared extension into the South Hams and possibly a new competing line to Exeter, and opposing schemes to build from Pomphlett to Modbury were put forward. The initial frenzy was followed by calmer counsel and at length the Yealmpton branch was built and owned by the GWR, branching off at Plymstock.

Partial opening
Although authorisation was obtained in 1883, progress on the work was slow, but the bridge crossing the Plym, adjacent to the so-called iron road bridge, was ready in 1887; the railway line itself (to Pomphlett) was ready on 25 June 1888, from which date the LSWR operated a goods service "experimentally".

The LSWR agreed to upgrade the line for passenger operation; they retained income from working the line to offset against the cost of the upgrade, which was the P&DR's responsibility. The line as far as Pomphlett was opened to passenger trains on 5 September 1892. The station at Pomphlett was "to general surprise" named Plymstock.

After considerable wrangling over the South Hams line to Modbury, agreement was reached with the GWR and the LSWR and P&DR abandoned aspirations to enter that area, and the P&DR revived lapsed powers to extend to Turnchapel, but now omitting the Clovelly Bay branch; these powers were authorised on 3 July 1891. It was put forward for opening and inspected by Lt-Col Addison in May 1896, but he refused to authorise opening. There was no interlocking between the operation of the swing bridge near Turnchapel and train signalling, and parts of the route were outside the authorised limits of deviation. Agreement was later reached authorising opening, and the section from Plymstock to Turnchapel opened to traffic on 1 January 1897.

The LSWR operated train services on the line, the P&DR remaining simply the owner of the infrastructure; the LSWR retained 50% of receipts.

From 15 January 1898 the GWR started operating its own passenger train service from its Millbay station in Plymouth to Yealmpton; this ran by agreement over the LSWR line from Cattewater Junction to Plymstock, which included the bridge over the River Plym.

From 1923
The railways of Great Britain were subject to the Railways Act 1922 by which most of them were "grouped", and both the LSWR and the Plymouth and Dartmoor Railway passed into the ownership of the new Southern Railway (UK). The Transport Act 1947 imposed further reorganisation, taking the railways into national ownership under British Railways in 1948.

The rise of urban bus services led to a steep decline in passenger carryings on the line, and passenger trains were withdrawn on 10 September 1951; goods trains continued to run until 30 October 1961.

See also
 Railways in Plymouth

Notes

References

External links

Line history

Closed railway lines in South West England
Rail transport in Devon
Railway lines opened in 1897
Transport in Devon

Turnchapel Branch


The 2006 Porsche Carrera Cup Great Britain was the fourth season of the one-make championship. It consisted of 20 rounds, beginning on 8 April at Brands Hatch and finishing on 15 October at Silverstone. The series supported the British Touring Car Championship throughout the season. Damien Faulkner won his second consecutive title, ahead of Tim Harvey and Danny Watts.

Changes for 2006
 The 997 model 911 GT3 replaced the 996.
 Races were approximately 55% longer than in 2005.
 The Pro-Am class for non-professional drivers was introduced.

Entry List
 All drivers raced in Porsche 911 GT3s.

Calendar & Winners
All races were held in the United Kingdom (excepting Mondello Park round that held in Ireland).

Championship Standings
Points were awarded on a 20, 18, 16, 14, 12, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 basis to the top 15 finishers in each race, with 1 point for the fastest lap in each race and 1 point for pole position in the first race of each meeting.

External links
 Porsche Carrera Cup Great Britain

Porsche Carrera Cup GB
Porsche Carrera Cup Great Britain seasons

2006 Porsche Carrera Cup Great Britain


The Hillside Avenue Historic District of Medford, Massachusetts encompasses a well-preserved late 19th-century residential subdivision.  It consists of fifteen properties on Hillside and Grand View Avenues, near the downtown area of the city.  Most of the houses in the district are Queen Anne Victorians, built in the 1890s; there are a number of Colonial Revival, Tudor, and Shingle style homes, all dating in construction between 1875 and 1895.  Of particular note is the Bela Warner house at 35 Hillside Avenue, a dramatically sited Shingle style house built 1881–82.

The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Medford, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places listings in Middlesex County, Massachusetts

References

Historic districts in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Medford, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Medford, Massachusetts
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts

Hillside Avenue Historic District (Medford, Massachusetts)


Carolyn Goodman ( Goldmark) (born March 25, 1939) is an American politician who has served as mayor of Las Vegas, Nevada, since 2011. She is the second female mayor of Las Vegas and is married to former mayor and attorney Oscar Goodman. She is the founder, president and trustee emerita of The Meadows School.

Education
Born in New York City in 1939 to a Jewish family, Goodman attended the Brearley School, then earned a bachelor's degree in anthropology from Bryn Mawr College in 1961. She and Oscar Goodman moved to Las Vegas from Philadelphia in 1964. She graduated from the University of Nevada, Las Vegas in 1973 with a master's degree in counseling.

Career
Goodman is the founder, president and trustee emerita of The Meadows School. She and her husband moved to Las Vegas in 1964 and soon became active in the local Jewish federation. Eventually, she became the leader of the local Jewish federation's women's division, a position she held for several years.  She received the 2009 Commitment to Education award from the United Way of Southern Nevada.

On June 7, 2011, Goodman was elected mayor of Las Vegas with 60% of the vote in a runoff election against Chris Giunchigliani, and she took office on July 6, 2011. She was reelected in 2015 against Stavros Anthony and several minor opponents, and in April 2019 was reelected to a third (and, due to term limits, final) term, with 83.5% of the vote against several minor opponents, including local politician Phil Collins.

On October 24, 2011, Goodman greeted President Barack Obama at McCarran International Airport. In regard to negative remarks Obama had made about Las Vegas two years earlier that had angered her husband, the previous mayor, she told Obama that "the slate is brand new and clean", and gave him one of her lucky mayor chips as a gift.

On July 15, 2015, Goodman endorsed Ruben Kihuen for the U.S. House of Representatives in 2016. Kihuen defeated incumbent U.S. Representative Cresent Hardy. Days later, she endorsed Joe Heck for the U.S. Senate in 2016. On August 3, 2016, Goodman declined to endorse Hillary Clinton or Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election. She identifies as an independent.

During her tenure as mayor, Goodman promoted Las Vegas as a home for professional sports teams. The Vegas Golden Knights of the National Hockey League (NHL) began playing professional hockey in the 2017–18 season at T-Mobile Arena and the Oakland Raiders of the National Football League (NFL) relocated to Las Vegas in 2020 to play at Allegiant Stadium, although neither team is within Las Vegas's city limits: both are in Paradise, Nevada, outside the mayor's jurisdiction. Goodman attempted to lure a soccer team to Las Vegas several times, including bids for a Major League Soccer (MLS) expansion team, and ultimately got a second-division team, the Las Vegas Lights FC of the United Soccer League (USL), which began playing in 2018. Goodman has also shown some support for the Oakland Athletics to relocate to the city, which is expected to occur after 2024.

Goodman is no longer eligible to run for reelection due to term limits. In 2019, her final term was extended a year due to a state law that shifted all municipal elections held in off-years to even-numbered years, meaning her term will end in 2024.

On April 22 and 23, 2020, in interviews with MSNBC's Katy Tur and CNN's Anderson Cooper during the COVID-19 pandemic, Goodman said she wanted to reopen Las Vegas's casinos and hotels. When pressed about procedures necessary to ensure patrons' safety, she said that wasn't her responsibility and was up to the businesses. During the interview with Cooper, Goodman questioned the impact of social distancing, saying Las Vegas "offered to be a control group" to test what would happen if casinos reopened, but was advised against it "because people from all parts of southern Nevada come in to work in the city." She also suggested that social distancing be subjected to a placebo test, adding, "We would love to be that placebo". When Cooper asked whether she would be willing to go to one of the casinos if they were soon reopened, she replied: "First of all, I have a family. I don't gamble." Goodman's comments were widely criticized and faced backlash from other elected officials. U.S. Representative Dina Titus from Nevada's 1st congressional district, which includes the Las Vegas Strip, disagreed with Goodman, saying it was necessary to heed scientists' advice to shelter at home whenever possible to enable the successful recovery of Las Vegas's businesses. Titus added, "The mayor does not represent the Las Vegas Strip, literally or figuratively." Nevada Governor Steve Sisolak also pushed back, saying, "I will not allow the citizens of Nevada, our Nevadans, to be used as a control group, as a placebo, whatever she wants to call it", and that he would not "allow our workers to be put in position that they have to decide between their job and their paycheck and their life. That's not a fair position to put them in."

Personal life
Goodman's husband is Oscar Goodman. They have four children and six grandchildren. Oscar Jr. is a doctor with the Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, Ross is a criminal defense attorney, Eric is a Las Vegas justice of the peace, and Cara is a marriage and family therapist who also works with burn victims at University Medical Center. Cara was one of three students in The Meadows School's first graduating class in 1991.

See also
 List of mayors of the 50 largest cities in the United States

References

External links

21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
Bryn Mawr College alumni
Living people
Mayors of Las Vegas
Nevada Democrats
Nevada Independents
Place of birth missing (living people)
Politicians from Las Vegas
First ladies and gentlemen of Las Vegas
University of Nevada, Las Vegas alumni
Women in Nevada politics
Women mayors of places in Nevada
Jewish women politicians
Jewish mayors of places in the United States
Jewish American people in Nevada politics
Founders of American schools and colleges
Women founders
21st-century American Jews
1939 births

Carolyn Goodman


Dani's House is a British children's comedy series broadcast on CBBC and starring Dani Harmer. The first series premiered on 26 September 2008, and its fifth series concluded on 19 July 2012. It has received several awards and nominations from BAFTA Kids. A spin-off called Dani's Castle aired from 2013 to 2015. Currently, all 5 series are available to stream on BBC iPlayer.

Plot
Dani is a teenage actress and singer who is regularly left in charge of her younger brother Max, his friend Ben, and their youngest baby sibling, "the baby from hell" who is only shown in a cot. She and her friends Toby and Sam spend most of their time at her house in a den hangout. As they go about their lives, they encounter some bizarre situations. Meanwhile, two aliens known as Coordinators (Coordinator Zang and Coordinator Zark) observe their actions. In series 2, Dani's family has moved to a new house. Toby has gone to medical school, and Dani becomes friends with Jack. The "baby from hell" is no longer referenced but is replaced by a "cat from hell", who also disappears in series 3 and who is also Jack's nemesis.

In series 4, Dani gets a part in the medical drama/soap opera McHurties Hospital. Her friend Sam has been training to become an astronaut, and eventually leaves the cast to become a scientist and space-explorer for NASA. Ruby, Dani's enthusiastic personal trainer, joins the cast, as well as Maisy, her prank-pulling younger sister, the latter of whom becomes a foil for Max.

In series 5, Dani continues her career as an actress, while Jack works as a DJ, and Ruby continues as a personal trainer. Max pursues a career as a grime artist, and goes on a world tour. Their cousin Megaboyd teams up with Maisy and plays pranks on Dani and her friends. Ben tries to find some new hobbies. The show ended after 5 series, making it one of the most successful CBBC shows of all time.

Episodes

Characters

Overview
Legend
 = Main cast
 = Recurring cast
 = Guest cast

Main
 Dani (Dani Harmer): Dani is a teenage actress and singer who is usually homebound in order to look after her younger brother Max and their infant brother. She hangs out with her friends at the house, and undergoes various adventures. She feuds regularly with Max, who is always trying to annoy and to embarrass her. In series 4, she takes an acting gig as Nurse Emily Woodmagnet in the TV drama McHurties Hospital.
 Toby (Harry Culverhouse): Toby is Dani's friend. He is obsessed with his hair and regularly spikes it up with gel. In series 1, he takes a large number of jobs ranging from a waiter to a pet-sitter. He gets along with Max's friend Ben. In series 2, he leaves for medical school, but makes a guest appearance in the series 2 Christmas special "Scrooge Tube". He shares a secret handshake with Jack, and also appears in the series 5 finale at Dani's party.
 Sam (Klariza Clayton): Sam is Dani's best friend. Her interests are in science and she spends much of her time at the village library. Her idol is Professor Brian Cox, and she cannot stand anyone that criticises him. She likes everything to be neat and tidy. In series 4, she plans to train as an astronaut for NASA and leaves the show mid-season, returning for the series 5 finale.
 Max (Sebastian Applewhite): Max is Dani's younger brother. He aspires to rule the world and annoy his sister along the way. His lifetime ambition is to become a millionaire with his friend Ben. In series 5, he becomes a grime star and goes on a world tour, where he does not reappear until the series finale at Dani's party.
 Ben (James Gandhi): Ben is Max's "none-too-bright" best friend who spends a lot of time at Dani's house. He thinks up many of the devious schemes that he and Max get involved, although Max always claims credit for them. Max often treats Ben badly, although there was one episode where Ben's pet axolotl dies, and Max prepares a funeral for it. In some of the series 4 episodes where Max is not around, he initiates his own schemes. He is absent once in series 3.
 Jack (Darragh Mortell): Jack joins the cast as Dani's close friend at the beginning of series 2. He enjoys eating junk food, especially doughnuts. As a DJ, Jack regularly plays at different gigs, kid parties, and occasional competitions. At one point, he participates in the same TV drama as Dani, much to her annoyance. He has a history with his nemesis, 'The Cat From Hell' who appears in some of the episodes of Series 2, and is mentioned in the Series 5 episode 'Doggy Day Afternoon'
 Ruby (Steff White): Ruby is Dani's energetic personal trainer. She becomes good friends with Dani and regularly visits the house.
 Maisy (Millie Innes): Maisy is Ruby's younger sister. She is mischievous and shares a fierce rivalry with Max.

Supporting

 The Baby from Hell (series 1): The Baby From Hell, is Max and Dani's younger sibling and only appeared in Series 1. It is known for its explosive diaper attack. In Series 2, the Baby is at nursery according to Dani.
 Coordinators Zang and Zark (Harry Culverhouse and Dani Harmer): These two are green aliens who are travelling together across the universe. They are supposedly on a secret mission to discover more about the human race, but in fact this is just an excuse to sit about and watch "Dani's House". They are heavily influenced by the programme, and often attempt to copy what they see, with comic results.
 The Cat from Hell (series 2): The Cat From Hell, is first seen in the episode 'Jack in the House, and some of the episodes in Series 2. It is best known as Jack's nemesis and is seen entering and leaving Dani's House through an Animal Flip. The Cat vanishes in Series 3, and is not mentioned in Series 4. In Series 5, he is mentioned by Jack in the episode Doggy Day Afternoon.
 Zarina Wix (Gaynor Faye) (series 4–5): is the producer of McHurties Hospital, and Dani's employer.
 Megaboyd (Daniel Roche) (series 5): is Dani's "self-reinvented cousin". He often conspires with Maisy on various schemes.
 Alex (Lewis Rainer) (series 5): Dani's boyfriend and colleague on McHurties Hospital.

Production
In early 2008, the BBC announced a new 13-episode children's sitcom that stars Dani Harmer from The Story of Tracy Beaker series. The first series was filmed in June and July 2008 entirely in Kent at a secret location near Maidstone. The series began airing on 26 September on CBBC. The popularity of the show resulted in the ordering of a second series, which was filmed in Edinburgh during the early summer of 2009, and was broadcast that autumn. A third series was filmed in the summer of 2010 and aired from September to December of that year. Series 4 followed in 2011 with a similar broadcast schedule as the third series. The fifth and final series was filmed from November 2011 to February 2012 and aired from 26 April to 19 July.

Awards and nominations
Dani's House has received multiple nominations from Children's BAFTA Awards .

Spin-off

In July 2012, the CBBC commissioned Zodiak Kids to produce a new TV comedy series starring Harmer. In the spin-off, Dani inherits an old castle in Northern Ireland from her deceased Aunt Marjorie. The first series aired from 17 January 2013 to 18 April 2013, and the second series aired from 14 November 2013 to 3 January 2014. The third and final series aired from 7 July 2015 to 15 December 2015.

Notes

References

External links

2000s British children's television series
2010s British children's television series
2000s British teen sitcoms
2010s British teen sitcoms
2008 British television series debuts
2012 British television series endings
BBC children's television shows
British children's fantasy television series
Television series about teenagers
Television series about television
Television series by Banijay
Television shows set in Kent

Dani's House


Discovery Channel (often referred to as simply Discovery) is a Danish television channel.

The Discovery Channel has been available to Danish viewers since 1989, but started becoming increasingly localised during the 2000s. For example, they have increasingly started broadcasting programmes in Danish.

Since TNS Gallup started measuring viewing for the channel in 2002, the channel has continuously held a 1.3 percent share of all viewing.

The channel is available from most cable networks, including YouSee. On satellite it is available from Canal Digital. On February 1, 2009, it started broadcasting terrestrially via Boxer's transmitters.

Discovery Channel Denmark started using the new version of the Discovery Channel logo on March 31, 2009.

Other channels from Discovery available in Denmark are Animal Planet, Discovery Travel & Living, Discovery Science, Discovery World, Discovery HD and Animal Planet HD.

References

Denmark
Television stations in Denmark
Television channels and stations established in 2002
2002 establishments in Denmark
Warner Bros. Discovery EMEA

Discovery Channel (Danish TV channel)


A round barrow is a type of tumulus and is one of the most common types of archaeological monuments. Although concentrated in Europe, they are found in many parts of the world, probably because of their simple construction and universal purpose.

In Britain, most of them were built between 2200BC and 1100BC.  This was the Late Neolithic period to the Late Bronze Age.  Later Iron Age barrows were mostly different, and sometimes square.

Description
At its simplest, a round barrow is a hemispherical mound of earth and/or stone raised over a burial placed in the middle. Beyond this there are numerous variations which may employ surrounding ditches, stone kerbs or flat berms between ditch and mound. Construction methods range from a single creation process of heaped material to a complex depositional sequence involving alternating layers of stone, soil and turf with timbers or wattle used to help hold the structure together.

The center may be placed a stone chamber or cist or in a cut grave. Both intact inhumations and cremations placed in vessels can be found.

Many round barrows attract surrounding satellite burials or later ones inserted into the mound itself. In some cases these occur hundreds or even thousands of years after the original barrow was built and were placed by entirely different cultures.

Numerous subtypes include the bell barrow, bowl barrow, saucer barrow and disc barrow.

Examples

Scandinavia

Denmark
Denmark has many tumuli, including round barrows. The round barrows here were built over a very broad span of time and culture, from the Neolithic Stone Age to the Viking Age.  They show a large variation of construction design while sharing a common exterior look. Tumuli were protected by law in 1937.

Britain
In Britain round barrows generally date to the Early Bronze Age although Neolithic examples are also known. Later round barrows were also sometimes used by Roman, Viking and Saxon societies. Examples include Rillaton barrow and Round Loaf. Where several contemporary round barrows are grouped together, the area is referred to as a barrow cemetery.

England

Lincolnshire
Beacon Hill, near Cleethorpes
Bully Hill, near Tealby
Bully Hills, Gräberfeld near Tathwell
Burgh on Bain, Barrows near Burgh on Bain
Burwell Wood, Barrows near Muckton
Buslingthorpe, near Buslingthorpe
Butterbumps, Gräberfeld near Willoughby
Cleatham Barrow, near Manton
Donnington-on-Bain, near Donington on Bain
Folk Moot & Butt Mound, near Silk Willoughby
Fordington Barrows, near Ulceby
Grim's Mound, near Burgh on Bain
Hagworthingham, near Hagworthingham
Hatcliffe Barrow, near Hatcliffe
Howe Hill, near Ulceby
King's Hill, Barrow/Mound near Bardney
Ludford Barrow, near Ludford
Mill Hill, near Claxby
Revesby Barrows, near Revesby
Ring Holt, near Dalby

See also
 Kurgan
 Stupa
 Tumulus

References

External links

Round barrow and barrow cemetery search results from The Megalithic Portal.
Chart of Neolithic, Bronze Age and Celtic structures from Pretanic World.

Barrows in England
Tumuli

de:Nichtmegalithische Rundhügel

Round barrow


The 150th Army Division ()(3rd Formation) was formed in November 1967 from 1st, 5th, 10th and 12th Independent Regiments, Independent Infantry Battalion and Independent Antiaircraft Battalion of Chengdu Military Region.

The division maintained as a Catalogue B unit from 1967 to its disbandment.

In February the division took part in the Sino-Vietnamese War. Before the beginning of the war, he division expanded from 6000 personnel (peacetime Cat B division) to 11000. At the blink of war the division was composed of:
448th Infantry Regiment;
449th Infantry Regiment;
450th Infantry Regiment;
Artillery Regiment.

The division took part in the Battle of Cao Bang.

On March 11, 1979, when retreating from Ban young region to China, the division's 448th Infantry Regiment, commanded by Li Shaowen(), run into an ambush set by 851st Regiment, PAVN 346th Division. The regimental HQ soon lost contact with all its units, and the whole regiment was in panic.

By March 13, 1979 the 2nd Battalion of 448th Regiment was surrounded and overrun. To make things worse, 1st Company, 1st Battalion and 8th Company, 3rd Battalion, sent by the regimental HQ to relieve them, were also surrounded. By March 14 all surrounded PLA units were either surrendered or destroyed. The last survivor from 2nd battalion finally reached the border of China on March 31.

During the engagement 7 PLA companies & batteries (1st, 4th, 5th, 6th, 8th Rifle Companies, Machine-gun Company and Mortar-Artillery Battery of the 2nd Battalion) were annihilated. 448th Regiment suffered 542 "missing", soon after it was cleared that 209 of which were captured or surrendered, the other of which KIA. The engagement is considered by China as the biggest failure during the war.

The division was disbanded in September 1985 along with the Army Corps.

The division's codename was Military Unit 56018.

References

中国人民解放军各步兵师沿革, http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_a3f74a990101cp1q.html

Infantry divisions of the People's Liberation Army
Sino-Vietnamese War
Military units and formations established in 1967
Military units and formations disestablished in 1985

150th Division (3rd Formation) (People's Republic of China)


Nam Wan Tunnel is a tunnel in Hong Kong opened to traffic on 20 December 2009, along with the West Tsing Yi Viaduct, East Tsing Yi Viaduct and Stonecutters Bridge. The road tunnel, which forms an important part of the HK$15 billion Route 8, linking Tsing Yi and Sha Tin in the city, began construction since 2003 and was completed in 2007.

The twin-tube tunnel, built by the Highways Department of the Government of Hong Kong, is  long and has three lanes in either direction in the southern part of Tsing Yi from Sai Tso Wan to Nam Wan Kok. It provides linkage between the eastern part of the New Territories and Hong Kong International Airport. The tunnel is toll-free.

The twin tunnels are  wide with 12 cross-passages and emergency walkways, and a portal building at each end. They were formed by blasting through granite and volcanic rocks.

Structure
The tunnel cross section is in the form of an arch. The approximate height and width of the arch is 11.2m and 15.3m respectively. The geology comprises coarse volcanic ash tuff on the west side and medium grained granite on the eastern side. Both of these lithologies are intruded by Rhyolite dykes together with some porphyrytic granite and occasional basalt dykes.

The two tubes were constructed using the drill/blast method. Temporary support for the tunnels have been provided by rock-bolts. Permanent supports have been provided by a concrete lining of varying thickness depending upon the stability of the ground.

Three main types of support have been used: 400mm un-reinforced, 500mm un-reinforced, and 600mm reinforced.

Tunnel spoil
Nearly all of the  of tunnel spoil will be reused in the Penny's Bay reclamation project or processed into aggregates at a local quarry. Spoil was taken away by a fleet of trucks, one leaving the site every 100 seconds during the working day from 8am to 7pm.

Environmental measures during construction
Environmental measures taken to minimise noise and nuisance to road users and the public included: a 7.5m-tall noise barrier, and continuous monitoring to ensure noise and vibration limits are not exceeded during tunnel blasting; blast doors for any blasting conducted near roads; and 40 water sprinklers and washing facilities at all exits for vehicles to use before leaving the construction site.

Contractors
Arup Group were the designers of the tunnel and a joint venture of Gammon Construction and Skanska were the main construction contractors (contract was awarded in January 2003).

The contract also covered construction of tunnel control buildings and the  dual three-lane West Tsing Yi Viaduct.

The cost for the tunnel has been estimated at HK$470m (civil works) and HK$83 million (electrical and mechanical systems). Fläkt Woods provided the ventilation system for the tunnel.

COWI has provided specialist assistance to Ove Arup and Partners with the design of electrical and mechanical systems for the Nam Wan Tunnel and two adjoining viaducts.

Ventilation
Fläkt Woods provided the ventilation solutions by supplying three immense fans for the tunnel. The axial flow fans measured 2.65 m in diameter, were powered by 900 kW motors and ran at pressures of 3,800 Pa.

Fläkt Woods ran one of the fans continuously to self-destruct, to prove their capability of withstanding temperatures of up to 400 °C for one hour. The fans incorporated guide vanes for flow straightening to achieve maximum performance and ran at 995 RPM.

Electrical and mechanical systems
In the preliminary design phase of the tunnel, COWI established an overall concept for the electrical and mechanical systems with emphasis on safety-related functions such as electric power supply, tunnel lighting, fire fighting, tunnel ventilation and smoke extraction. This overall concept was used as a basis for the detailed design.

Later in the project COWI, reviewed the client's detailed design of electrical and mechanical systems.

The electrical and mechanical systems included the following: medium- and low-voltage distribution (11 kV/0.4 kV); reliable power supply based on UPS and diesel generators; tunnel lighting and road lighting; lighting in portal buildings, technical rooms and cross passages between tunnels; Central Monitoring and Control System (CMCS); fire detection system; public mobile communication system; fire fighting equipment, including fire water booster pumps, hydrants and portable extinguishers; tunnel ventilation for normal operation, congested operation and emergency situations (smoke control); smoke extraction system; pressurised air supply; HVAC and plumbing in portal buildings.

Walk for Millions
Prior to its formal commissioning, a Community Chest Walk for Millions was held on 15 November 2009 to allow the public to walk across Stonecutters Bridge and East Tsing Yi Viaduct and through Nam Wan Tunnel. Over 30,000 participants took part, raising more than HK$10 million for the charity's Children and Youth Services.

References

Sources

Tsing Yi
Road tunnels in Hong Kong
Route 8 (Hong Kong)
Tunnels completed in 2009
2009 establishments in Hong Kong

Nam Wan Tunnel


Along the Great Divide  is a 1951 American Western film noir directed by Raoul Walsh and starring Kirk Douglas, Virginia Mayo, John Agar and Walter Brennan. It was Douglas's first Western, a genre that served him well during his long career.

In a 1986 interview with David Letterman, it was one of two movies Kirk told the audience that they "could skip" in his filmography; the other was The Big Trees.

Plot
Federal marshal Len Merrick (Kirk Douglas) and his two deputies rescue cattle rustler and murder suspect Tim "Pop" Keith (Walter Brennan) from a lynch mob headed by grieving rancher Ned Roden, whose beloved son was shot in the back. Merrick insists on taking Keith to Santa Loma to stand trial.

The other ranchers are unwilling to go against a marshal, but Roden vows to administer his own brand of justice. He sends his other son, Dan, to gather his ranch hands while he attends to the burial. Merrick offers to help, but is met with implacable hostility. After Roden leaves, Merrick finds a pocket watch near the body of the dead son.

Keith suggests they spend the night at his home, as it is nearby. Merrick accepts, but has cause to regret his decision when Keith's daughter Ann ambushes them. Merrick is able to disarm her with no harm done. When they leave, Ann decides to go with them.

After he is warned of Roden's intentions by fellow ranchers, Merrick decides to take an unexpected desert route, where he can see if he is being trailed. The tactic fails, however, and the party is overtaken by Roden and his men. In the ensuing gunfight, Merrick's best friend and deputy, Billy Shear, is wounded. Merrick forces Roden to go away by capturing his son Dan. As they travel on, Billy dies.

Merrick and Ann start falling in love. The marshal reveals his unswerving devotion to duty is because the one time he neglected to do so it cost his father his life. He was a deputy to his marshal father, and refused to help escort two prisoners. All three were lynched. Ann sympathizes, but warns him that her first loyalty is to her father.

Meanwhile, Dan convinces the remaining deputy, Lou Gray, to help him escape by the bribe of a ranch. When the group reaches a waterhole, only to find the water undrinkable, a disagreement breaks out. All but Merrick want to head to a river half a day to the south. Worried because the river is on the Mexican border, Merrick insists on continuing on to Santa Loma. Gray quickly draws his gun, however Merrick is faster on the draw and shoots it out of his hand. Now, he has three prisoners to deal with.

After two days without sleep, an exhausted Merrick drops from his horse. Keith grabs his gun, but is unwilling to shoot. When Gray goes for his rifle, Keith kills him, then hands the gun back to Merrick.

Keith is tried in Santa Loma. Merrick tells the jury he is sure Keith is not a killer, though all the evidence and witnesses are against him where a guilty verdict is reached. Just before Keith is to be hanged, Merrick notices the watch he found on the body of the dead brother has an inscription to Dan. Confronted with the proof he had killed his own brother, Dan draws his revolver and grabs Ann as a shield. When his father approaches, Dan kills him then races back into the barn where a gunfight ensues between him and Merrick, then after a time Dan goes out of the barn from the next level and jumps down onto the back of a horse trying to escape but is shot in the back, just like his brother, by Merrick.

Cast
 Kirk Douglas as Marshal Len Merrick
 Virginia Mayo as Ann Keith
 John Agar as Deputy Billy Shear
 Walter Brennan as Tim "Pop" Keith
 Ray Teal as Deputy Lou Gray
 Hugh Sanders as Sam Weaver
 Morris Ankrum as Ned Roden
 James Anderson as Dan Roden
 Charles Meredith as Judge Marlowe
 Kenneth MacDonald uncredited - A ranchhand, and witness for the prosecution at the trial.

References

External links

1951 films
1951 Western (genre) films
American black-and-white films
American Western (genre) films
1950s English-language films
Films directed by Raoul Walsh
Films scored by David Buttolph
Films shot in Lone Pine, California
Warner Bros. films
1950s American films

Along the Great Divide


The Power Glove is a third-party controller made by Mattel. It is a commercialized version of a concept for a fiber optic glove. It is also one of the first examples of a motion-controlled device used for video games. It did not catch on with audiences. Critics did not like it. It is heavily featured in the movie The Wizard.

Video game controllers

Power Glove


West Doubtful Canyon was the name of one of two canyons in the Peloncillo Mountains, once considered in the 19th century as one canyon "Doubtful Canyon" that served as the pass through those mountains.  Today the canyon bearing the name Doubtful Canyon, is mostly in Cochise County, Arizona, United States, near the New Mexico border. It descends to the east into the Animas Valley past Steins Peak it is in Hidalgo County, New Mexico.  The western canyon is now called West Doubtful Canyon and it descends into the San Simon Valley, in Cochise County, Arizona.

History
The mountain water sources and the low north south divide that lay between the two Doubtful canyons made it a favored shortcut to the Southern Emigrant Trail wagon road for east west travelers.  Doubtful Canyon and West Doubtful Canyon formed the pass where the Butterfield Overland Mail passed through the Peloncillo Mountains.  However it earned its name for it was a favored site for ambushes by the Apache during the Apache Wars.

References

Valleys of Arizona
Landforms of Cochise County, Arizona

West Doubtful Canyon


David Mark Eckstein (; born January 20, 1975) is an American former professional baseball player. He was an infielder in Major League Baseball (MLB) for ten seasons. He played college baseball for the University of Florida and played professionally for the Anaheim Angels, St. Louis Cardinals, Toronto Blue Jays, Arizona Diamondbacks, and San Diego Padres. Eckstein won the 2006 World Series Most Valuable Player Award. After retiring from professional baseball, he briefly served as a special assistant in the Pittsburgh Pirates operations department. Eckstein stood at 5' 6" during his playing career, which made him the shortest active player for the years he played.

Amateur career

High school
Eckstein played baseball all four years at Seminole High School in Sanford, Florida. He was a two-time all-state selection, and a prominent member of a state championship team. He was also a member of the National Honor Society and the Fellowship of Christian Athletes. Eckstein was voted "Most Helpful" in the Class of 1993.

In addition, Eckstein played American Legion Baseball for Post 53.

College
At the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, Eckstein was a walk-on player for coach Joe Arnold's Florida Gators baseball team in the fall of 1994; he later earned an athletic scholarship. A standout in the Southeastern Conference (SEC), he was a first-team All-SEC selection in 1995 and 1996, a first-team All-American in 1996, a three-time SEC Academic Honor Roll selection (1995–1997), and the first two-time Academic All-American in Gators baseball history. Eckstein was a member of the 1996 Gators squad that finished third in the College World Series. He was inducted into the University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame as a "Gator Great" in 2007.

Eckstein also played for the Harrisonburg Turks of the Valley Baseball League in Harrisonburg, Virginia.

Professional career

Anaheim Angels
Eckstein was drafted by the Boston Red Sox in the 19th round of the 1997 MLB draft, and spent 4 years in the Red Sox minor league system, reaching Triple-A during the 2000 season, before being designated for assignment by Boston on August 14. Two days later, Eckstein was selected off waivers by the Anaheim Angels.
Eckstein spent the rest of the 2000 season with the Angels Triple-A affiliate, the Edmonton Trappers, where he hit .346 with 3 home runs and 8 RBIs in just 15 games.

Entering the 2001 season, Eckstein earned a spring training call-up, and eventually earning a spot on the Angels' Opening Day roster. He made his major league debut on April 3, 2001, against the Texas Rangers, where he was the starter at second base and went 1 for 3, with his first hit coming against Kenny Rogers. Through his first month in the MLB, Eckstein appeared in 28 of the Angels' 31 games, and batted .318 with 1 home run, which eventually earned him the full-time starting job at shortstop, which he held for the remainder of the season.
Eckstein finished his rookie campaign with a .285 batting average with 4 home runs and 41 RBIs in 153 games. He finished fourth in American League (AL) Rookie of the Year Award voting, behind Ichiro Suzuki, C.C. Sabathia, and Alfonso Soriano.

During the Angels'  championship year, he led the major leagues with three grand slams, including grand slams in back-to-back games against the Toronto Blue Jays, one of which was a game-winning grand slam leading the Angels to complete the sweep over Toronto, at a time when the Angels were 7–14. After the sweep of the Jays, the Angels went on to win 20 of their next 23 games. For the 2002 season, Eckstein hit .293 with 8 home runs and 63 RBIs in 152 games, he also led all of Major league baseball in hit by pitches (27) and sacrifice hits (14). He earned 24 votes in American League (AL) MVP voting, finishing in a tie with Nomar Garciaparra for eleventh place.

The 2003 season was down season for Eckstein as he hit just .252 with 3 home runs and 31 RBIs as the Angels failed to qualify for the postseason and defend their title. 2004 was much of the same for Eckstein as he hit .272 with only 2 home runs and 35 RBIs, however the Angels were able to win the AL West and qualify for the postseason, where they were swept in 3 games by the Boston Red Sox in the 2004 ALDS, with Eckstein batting .333 in 12 at-bats.

St. Louis Cardinals
At the end of the 2004 season, Eckstein was part of a "shortstop merry-go-round," in which three free agent shortstops swapped teams: Édgar Rentería went from the Cardinals to the Boston Red Sox, Orlando Cabrera went from the Red Sox to the Angels, and Eckstein went from the Angels to the Cardinals. Eckstein signed a three-year, $10.25 million contract with the Cardinals on December 23, 2004.

In his first seven seasons, he amassed 1,079 hits while batting .286. He was voted to the National League All-Star team in 2005, along with teammates Chris Carpenter, Albert Pujols, Jason Isringhausen, and Jim Edmonds. He was a late addition to the 2006 All-Star team. In 3,772 regular season at-bats, Eckstein struck out only 305 times, with a total of 22 in 2007.

Eckstein was a fan favorite in St. Louis, who considered him to be a "pesky" hitter (he choked-up on the bat about two inches). On Mother's Day, May 14, 2006, Eckstein was one of more than 50 hitters who brandished a pink bat to benefit the Breast Cancer Foundation.

A member of the 2006 World Series champion St. Louis Cardinals, Eckstein was named the World Series MVP. Following a 0-for-11 start in the first two games of the World Series, Eckstein went 8-for-22 with four RBI and scored three runs in the series, including going 4-for-5 with three doubles in Game 4. The World Series victory with the Cardinals made Eckstein one of few starting shortstops who have won a World Series in both the American and National Leagues.

Eckstein was brought back in front of over 47,000 fans to throw out the first pitch of Game 6 of the World Series in St. Louis on October 27, 2011.

Toronto Blue Jays
On October 30, 2007, Eckstein became a free agent along with Kip Wells, Troy Percival, and Miguel Cairo. On December 13, 2007, he signed a one-year, $4.5 million contract with the Toronto Blue Jays.

Arizona Diamondbacks
On August 31, 2008, Eckstein was traded to the Arizona Diamondbacks for minor league pitcher Chad Beck.

San Diego Padres
On January 15, 2009, he signed a discounted one-year contract with the San Diego Padres on the condition that he would play primarily second base. On August 22, 2009, the San Diego Padres extended Eckstein's contract through 2010.

Eckstein did not join a team for the  season. In June, it was reported that he received offers from the Padres and other teams, but opted to not play baseball. He officially retired on January 22, 2012.

Career statistics
In 1,311 games over 10 seasons, Eckstein posted a .280 batting average (1,414–5,041) with 701 runs, 232 doubles, 20 triples, 35 home runs, 392 RBI, 123 stolen bases, 376 bases on balls, .345 on-base percentage and .355 slugging percentage. He finished his career with a .982 fielding percentage playing at shortstop and second base. In 44 postseason games, he hit .278 (49–176) with 26 runs, four doubles, two home runs, 18 RBI, seven stolen bases and 12 walks.

Post-playing career
Eckstein became a candidate for induction into the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum for the first time on November 9, 2015. He received two votes.

Personal life
Eckstein was born in Sanford, Florida. He married actress Ashley Drane on November 26, 2005, at his family church in Sanford, followed by a reception at Walt Disney World. He is a fan of professional wrestling, having made public appearances with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling during the 2006 World Series and on February 11, 2007, he co-managed (along with Tampa Bay Rays outfielder Johnny Damon) TNA wrestler Lance Hoyt for his match with current White Sox conditioning coach Dale Torborg, managed by Sox catcher A. J. Pierzynski at TNA's Against All Odds pay-per-view.

After his older brother, Rick, was hired after the 2018 season as the hitting coach for the Pittsburgh Pirates, David was hired in February as a special assistant in their baseball operations department. He left the position before the 2021 season.

Career highlights
 Holiday Inn Look Again Player of the Year (2006)
 2-time World Series Champion (2002 Anaheim Angels, 2006 St. Louis Cardinals)
 World Series MVP (2006)
 2-time All-Star (2005, 2006)
 Babe Ruth Award winner (2006)
 Inaugural winner of the Major League Baseball Players Alumni Association's Heart & Hustle Award (2005)
 Number retired by the Trenton Thunder

See also

 List of Florida Gators baseball players in Major League Baseball
 List of Major League Baseball career hit by pitch leaders
 Los Angeles Angels award winners and league leaders
 St. Louis Cardinals award winners and league leaders
 University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame

References

Bibliography
 Eckstein, David, with Greg Brown, Have Heart, Builder's Stone Publishing, Lake Mary, Florida (2006). .

External links

1975 births
Living people
All-American college baseball players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Anaheim Angels players
Arizona Diamondbacks players
Baseball coaches from Florida
Baseball players from Florida
Christians from Florida
Dunedin Blue Jays players
Edmonton Trappers players
Florida Gators baseball players
Lowell Spinners players
Major League Baseball shortstops
National League All-Stars
Pawtucket Red Sox players
Sportspeople from Sanford, Florida
San Diego Padres players
Sarasota Red Sox players
Seminole High School (Seminole County, Florida) alumni
St. Louis Cardinals players
Toronto Blue Jays players
Trenton Thunder players
United States national baseball team people
World Series Most Valuable Player Award winners

David Eckstein


Victoria Kamhi de Rodrigo (1905 Istanbul, Ottoman Empire – 21 July 1997) was a Turkish pianist of Sephardic Jewish heritage, and the wife of the Spanish composer Joaquín Rodrigo.

Kamhi studied under Lalewicz, Lévy and Viñes. She met Rodrigo in 1929, and they were married on 19 January 1933. They lived in France and Germany before returning to Spain in 1939.

Kamhi left her career as a pianist. She was a notable assistant of the blind composer and wrote the biographical work De la mano de Joaquín Rodrigo: Historia de nuestra vida. It has been translated into English as Hand in Hand with Joaquín Rodrigo: My Life at the Maestro's Side.

The sole child of Victoria Kamhi and Rodrigo was Cecilia, who was born in January 1941. Cecilia later married the violinist Agustín León Ara and gave birth to  Cecilia and Patricia, the granddaughters of Victoria and Rodrigo.

Victoria Kamhi died in 1997, about two years before Rodrigo. Both are buried in Aranjuez.

References

1905 births
1997 deaths
Turkish pianists
Turkish women pianists
Musicians from Istanbul
Spanish people of Turkish descent
Turkish expatriates in Spain
Turkish Sephardi Jews
20th-century pianists
20th-century women pianists

Victoria Kamhi


Oliver v. United States, 466 U.S. 170 (1984), is a United States Supreme Court decision relating to the open fields doctrine limiting the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

Background
Acting upon a tip that defendant was growing marijuana on his property, two Kentucky State Police officers drove onto defendant's land, past his house, up to a gate which was marked with a "no trespassing" sign. The officers left their vehicle and walked along a footpath around the gate onto defendant's property and continued down the road for nearly a mile.  At that distance from the house, the two officers spotted a large marijuana crop on defendant's property.  The defendant was later charged with drug offenses for this cultivation. At trial the defendant challenged the evidence on Fourth Amendment grounds.

Opinion of the Court
After appeals, the Supreme Court affirmed the open fields rule derived from Hester v. United States (1924), and decided that the officers' actions did not constitute a "search" under the Fourth Amendment. The Court held:

[A]n individual may not legitimately demand privacy for activities conducted out of doors in fields, except in the area immediately surrounding the home...The [Fourth] Amendment reflects the recognition of the Framers that certain enclaves should be free from arbitrary government interference. For example, the Court since the enactment of the Fourth Amendment has stressed 'the overriding respect for the sanctity of the home that has been embedded in our traditions since the origins of the Republic.' Id at 178.

The Court cited policy reasons for preserving the open fields rule, stating that "open fields do not provide the setting for those intimate activities that the Amendment is intended to shelter from government interference or surveillance."  Id at 178.  The Court also cited practical considerations as weighing on its decision, since open fields "usually are accessible to the public," and "no trespassing" signs are generally ineffective at "bar[ring] the public from viewing open fields in rural areas," and "the public and police lawfully may survey lands from the air." Id at 178-179.  Because of these considerations, the Court declined to accept the defendants' expectation of privacy as one that "society recognizes as reasonable." Id at 178-179.

See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 466
Katz v. United States (1967)
United States v. Dunn (1987)

Further reading

External links

United States Supreme Court cases
United States Fourth Amendment case law
1984 in United States case law
United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court
Cannabis in Kentucky
United States controlled substances case law
Kentucky State Police

Oliver v. United States


The Gay Marriage Thing is a 2005 documentary film directed by Stephanie Higgins, who attended the Emerson College film school graduate program. The film follows the heated debate over same-sex marriage in Massachusetts in 2004 through the perspective of a lesbian couple who wishes to legally marry, as that state became the first in the U.S. to grant same-sex marriages (although those marriages were not recognized by the federal government).

Location
The film was shot entirely throughout Massachusetts.

Synopsis
The Gay Marriage Thing follows Gayle and Lorre, thirtysomething college sweethearts who marked their 15th anniversary a year after the Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled a ban on same-sex marriage stating that it was unconstitutional.

The film includes footage of protests outside the Massachusetts State House, the churches of the Reverends Rich Wiesenbach and Carlton Smith, and the state legislature leading up to May 17, 2004, the first date same-sex couples could file for marriage licenses in Massachusetts.

Interviews
The Gay Marriage Thing includes interviews with United Church of Christ Reverend Richard Wiesenbach, Massachusetts State Representative Kathi-Anne Reinstein, Unitarian Universalist Reverend Carlton Smith, as well as the featured couple and a multitude of man-on-the-street interviews.

Distribution
In 2005 the Cinema Guild released the film on DVD in the United States.

Film Festivals
Artivist Film Festival Los Angeles – November 11, 2006

Boston Gay and Lesbian Film/Video Festival – May 21, 2006

Boston Jewish Film Festival – November 8, 2004 (sneak preview work in progress)

Breckenridge Festival of Film, Colorado – September 10, 2005

Camden International Film Festival, Maine – September 30, 2005

Maine Jewish Film Festival – March 14, 2005

New England Film and Video Festival, Massachusetts – October 9, 2005

New Hampshire Film Expo – October 15, 2005

Chicago Reeling Film Festival – November 4, 2005

Reel Identities Film Festival – New Orleans – June 11, 2005 *2nd place audience favorite

Rhode Island International Film Festival – August 11, 2005

Women on Film Festival Key West, FL – September 5, 2007

References

 Film Arcade, Film Review, November 21, 2008.
 Cinema Guild, The Cinema Guild.
 Filmmakers Collaborative, August 2008.
 Bay Windows, July 2, 2008.
 Lesbilicious, Filmmaker Interview, September 15, 2008.
 PFLAG, Women On Film Festival, Key West PFLAG Chapter, September 5, 2007.
 Boston Spirit Magazine, The Gay Marriage Thing Well Worth Toasting, December, 2006.
 In Newsweekly, Marriage Celebrated On Film, May 17, 2006.
 MovieMaker Magazine, New England Film & Video Fest, Issue #61, Vol. 13: Winter 2006.
 The Wire, Look Over Here On The Big Screen, October 12, 2005.
 Summit Daily News, Gay Marriage Thing Takes A Shot At The Festival Of Film, September 8, 2005.
 Berkeley Beacon, November 4, 2004
 "The Gay Marriage Review Thing," The Anchor, April 18, 2006
 Edge Magazine Boston, MA Filmmaker Makes a Difference With Documentary, May 10, 2006

External links
 The Gay Marriage Thing official website.

2005 films
Documentary films about same-sex marriage in the United States
2005 documentary films
LGBT in Massachusetts
2005 LGBT-related films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
American LGBT-related documentary films

The Gay Marriage Thing


Canbisol (Nabidrox), is a synthetic cannabinoid derivative that is the dimethylheptyl homologue of 9-nor-9β-hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol (HHC). It is a potent agonist at both the CB1 and CB2 receptors, with a binding affinity of 0.1nM at CB1 and 0.2nM at CB2. It is mainly used in scientific research, in receptor binding studies to determine the structure and function of the cannabinoid receptors, but has been made illegal in some countries due to its possible abuse potential as a cannabinomimetic drug.

See also
 CP 42,096
 HU-210
 HU-243
 Nabilone

References

Cannabinoids
Benzochromenes
Cyclohexanols
Phenols

Canbisol


White Snake () is a 2019 Chinese-American computer animation fantasy film directed by Amp Wong and Zhao Ji, with animation production by Light Chaser Animation. The film was inspired by the Chinese folktale Legend of the White Snake and was released in China on January 11, 2019. A sequel, Green Snake, was announced in 2020, and was released on July 23, 2021.

The film has been featured in festivals including Annecy International Animation Film Festival, Fantasia International Film Festival, BFI London Film Festival, Sitges Film Festival, Warsaw International Film Festival, and Animation Is Film.

Synopsis

The story follows the Chinese fable the Legend of the White Snake. The protagonist is a young adult white snake-demon Blanca/Bai Suzhen who loses her memories while being disguised as a lovely human woman and falls in love with a snake hunter. This strongly displeases her young sister, Verta/Xiaoqing, the green snake-demon.

The story begins with two sisters in a traditional Chinese bath, where they both speak of immortality. It then shows that same mysterious woman (named Blanca) who is on a mission to assassinate the general. However, she is caught and is involved in a battle which results in her submerging into water and losing her memories. She is rescued by a man, Xuan/Xu Xian, who takes her to his home, Snake Catcher village, where the villagers catch snakes for the general, as snakes were thought to aid in immortality. Reluctant at first, Blanca is skeptical about Xuan. However, after spending some time with him (and with the reveal that she has magic powers) she starts to fall for him.

They find a jade hair pin which brings back some memories when it is then revealed, that the hairpin too is magical. Xuan reads the inscription, which indicates it was made at "special jade workshop". He and Blanca go journey there together.

Meanwhile, there is a cavern of snake-demon people, who are oppressed by the general. It is revealed that Blanca's sister is alive, a soldier for the Snake master. A snake had previously seen the two together, deeming Blanca a traitor as she is with a snake-catcher. Her elder sister Verta argues otherwise and says that she will find and return her, whilst also engaging in an insurance policy- if she is not back with Blanca in three days, then the Death Scales embedded in her will explode and kill her. Back with Xuan and Blanca, after a struggle on sea with another snake-demon- Blanca is forced to reveal her demon form, revealing to Xuan that she is in fact a demon. However he disregards this fact and the two bond.

Later they eventually get to Special Jade Workshop, owned by a fox-demon who makes all types of magical weaponry. The fox-demon explains that Blanca brought her the wand to let her use it instead of the original owner. The fox-demon explains that Blanca was warned that using the jade wand could have consequences, such as the memory loss.

After leaving the workshop, Xuan and Blanca return to the Snake Catcher Villager. Verta confronts Blanca and Xuan and tries to get Blanca to return with her. Verta identifies Xuan as a snake catcher and tries to attack him. Blanca defends him and the two sisters fight. During the fight, Xuan and Blanca fall into a hidden underground temple.

While looking at a Daoist altar in the temple, Blanca's memories are triggered. She is shaken by the events and Xuan comforts her—this leads to a moment of intimacy between them. They start kissing, she takes off her robe, and they fall to the floor kissing. Afterward, Xuan and Blanca leave the temple to find Verta waiting. Blanca reveals that her memories have been returned and says she will return to the snake demon fold. She says to Xuan that their differences (human and demon) are too great. He asks her to wait for him and leaves to find a way for them to be together.

Later at the fox-demon workshop, Xuan agrees to become a low-level demon in order to be with Blanca. Workshop mistress does turn him into a demon with a dog tail, but warns that Xuan will be of the weakest kind and will never grow stronger, and that humans will likely kill him on sight.

In the meantime, the Dark General's second in command attempts to capture Blanca for his master, and nearly succeeds. Out of desperation, Blanca uses the magic wand again, absorbing the daoist's powers and turning into her giant demon form. Knowing that the General will now march onto the Snake Catcher Village, where the snakes are hiding, she intends to kill him there, fighting through his forts and armies. Xuan barely catches up with her, but Blanca does not heed his call to stop. Verta then warns Xuan that in the battle to come, he, a demon too now, will have to choose a side.

Xuan tries to warn the Village, but the Snake Catchers now see him as a demon and do not listen. The Dark General arrives, eager to conquer the snakes, but hearing of Blanca's acquired power, allows Xuan one final attempt to talk to her. Xuan confesses his love to Blanca and offers her to escape to the lands beyond, living together and without any more humans or wars; she almost subsides, but in the last moment the Dark General's magical trap binds them both to the ground. Dark General intends to harvest their essence, as he has found the secret of immortality: consuming spirits of demons, making them unable to reincarnate, but prolonging his life and fueling his magic.

Verta manages to trick the General into absorbing her soul first, which also transfers the cursed Death Scales onto him. This distracts the General long enough for the Snake Master to join the battle and for snakes to bind the General's soldiers in combat. Eventually, Blanca, Xuan, Verta and Snake Master defeat the General. However, seeing how much power the daoist magic can offer, Snake Master uses it to absorb the spirits of her own army and become the most powerful demon in existence, then attempting to kill Blanca and Verta for betrayal. Xuan tricks the Snake Master by luring her into the General's magical trap, now binding her as the magic saps her soul away. With her strength almost gone and no way out of the trap, Blanca uses the jade wand one last time, saving Xuan's spirit and memories in it and escaping with Verta. In the present, 500 years later, Blanca and Verta, now remembering the story, decide to go out of their cave and search for Xuan's reincarnation so he and Blanca can be together again.

Many years later, a human sees the two sisters at the port, and when Blanca accidentally drops the jade hair pin, picks it up and introduces himself, causing Blanca to recognize him as Xuan's reincarnation. In the mid-credit scene, the fox-demon from the shop arrives to the same port delivering a box to a mysterious river monster under the bridge.

Cast
 Zhang Zhe (Mandarin), Stephanie Sheh (English), Suzuko Mimori (Japanese) as Blanca (  "Little White")
 Yang Tianxiang (Mandarin), Paul Yen (English), Daisuke Sakuma (Japanese) as Ah Xuan ()
 Tang Xiaoxi (Mandarin), Vivian Lu (English), Ayane Sakura (Japanese) as Verta (  "Little Green")
 He Zhang (Mandarin), Matthew Moy (English), Tomokazu Sugita (Japanese) as Dudou/Brother-in-law
 Xiaopu Zheng (Mandarin), Faye Mata (English), Aoi Yūki (Japanese) as Baoqing Fox
 Wei Liu (Mandarin), Karen Huie (English), Takako Honda (Japanese) as Snake Master
 Yaohan Zhang (Mandarin), James Sie (English) as Dark General (High Daoist in the original version) and Village Chief
 Boheng Zhang (Mandarin), Vincent Rodriguez III (English) as Little General
 David Chen (English) as Narrator and Boatman
 Kaiji Tang (English) as Chang Pan
 Ewan Chung (English) as Snake Scout

Production

Warner Bros. Far East has rights in China and is credited as a co-producer. The studio is in negotiations for distribution rights in other major territories.

Release

The film was released throughout China on 11 January 2019 and remained in theatres for the 2019 Chinese New Year season.

International

In France, the film premiered at Annecy International Animation Film Festival.

In the United States and Canada, GKIDS has licensed the film for a fall release, in both Mandarin with English subtitles and an English-language dub.

In Los Angeles, the film won the Golden Angel for "Best Chinese & American Co-Production Animation Film" at the Chinese American Film Festival.

In Japan, the movie was later premiere in 2021 with Japanese dub. Snow man from Johnny's late provided theme song called Yuan for Japanese version. D4DJ Groovy Mix later including Yuan for limited time.

Reception

The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that  of critics have given the film a positive review based on  reviews, with an average rating of .

On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 60 out of 100 based on 6 critic reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

In its review, Variety states "First-time feature writer Da Mao and debuting feature co-directors Zhao Ji and Amp Wong strike a pleasing balance between thunderous action scenes and appealing romance."

One of Us praised the movie for its visual style however noting that "story doesn't live up to the spectacular animation".

Sequel
The studio announce the sequel in 2020, the sequel was titled White Snake 2: The Tribulation of the Green Snake and with the teaser trailer release in February, the sequel was released on July 23, 2021 in China and was later released on Netflix internationally on December 1, 2021 as Green Snake.

References

External links

Light Chaser Animation Studios films
2019 computer-animated films
2019 films
Chinese animated fantasy films
Chinese computer-animated films
Demons in film
Films based on the Legend of the White Snake
Warner Bros. animated films
Warner Bros. films
2010s Mandarin-language films
2010s American films
2010s English-language films
American computer-animated films
English-language Chinese films
Chinese-language American films
American animated fantasy films

White Snake (film)


Virgilius of Arles (died c. 610; Virgil, Virgile) was Archbishop of Arles in Gaul.

According to a life written in the eighth century he was born in a village of Aquitaine, became a monk, Abbot of Lérins, and Bishop of Arles, where he built a basilica of Saint Stephen and another of the Saviour. This life, accepted in its outlines by Mabillon and the Bollandists, is the scarcely modified reproduction of the Life of St. Maximus, Bishop of Riez, written by the patrician Dynamius before the death of Virgilius.

According to Gregory of Tours, Virgilius was first Abbot of the Abbey of St. Symphorian, Autun, and through the support of Syagrius, Bishop of Autun, succeeded Lizier as Bishop of Arles. In his zeal for the conversion of the numerous Jews whom trade attracted to Provence, Virgilius employed force. Gregory the Great wrote (591) to Virgilius, and to Theodore, Bishop of Marseille, praising their good intentions but recommending them to confine their zeal to prayer and preaching.

On 1 August 595, St. Gregory extended to Virgilius the title of pontifical vicar, granted to the bishops of Arles by Pope Zosimus (519); this dignity made him the intermediary between the Gallic episcopate and the Apostolic See. King Childebert was urged by the pope to assist Virgilius in exterminating simony from the Churches of Gaul and Germania. Gregory several times requested Virgilius (596, 601) to extend a welcome to Augustine of Canterbury and his monks, whom he was sending to England. On another occasion he recommended to his protection a monastery belonging to the Patrimony of the Roman Church of which Lizier had taken possession. In a letter to Virgilius and to Syagrius, Bishop of Autun, the pope complains (July, 599) of their negligence in not preventing the marriage of Syagria, a woman who, having embraced the religious life, had been violently given in marriage. In 601 Gregory advised Virgilius to assemble a council against simony and to induce the Bishop of Marseilles to reform his house.

On 23 August 613, Pope Boniface IV sent the pallium to Virgilius's successor Florian.

References

Attribution
 The entry cites:
Mabillon, Acta SS., O.S.B., II (Paris, 1669);
Acta Sanctorum, March, I, 397-402 (Paris, 1865);
Andrien, Un insigne plagiat: faussete des actes de S. Virgile in Bulletin de la Société scientifique des Basses-Alpes, III (Digne, 1888);
Gregory the Great, Epistolae in Patrologia Latina, LXXVII;
Albanes and Chevalier, Gallia christiana novissima, Arles (Valence, 1900).

610 deaths
Archbishops of Arles
Year of birth unknown
6th-century Frankish bishops
7th-century Frankish bishops

Virgilius of Arles