The terms Russians of the Caucasus; Caucasus Russians; Caucasian Russians; or Krasnodar Russians all refer to ethnic Russians living in the Caucasus.  These terms are specific to a community of Russians because the North Caucasus is part of the Russian Federation, and Russians here are not outside of Russia, but they are in a part of Russia where as a whole Russians are an ethnic minority.  The regions of Krasnodar Krai; Stavropol Krai; Astrakhan Oblast; and Rostov Oblast are not considered ethnic territories unlike most other Caucasian republics because they have a Russian majority, and they are part of Russia.

History of Russians in the Caucasus

There was always a small Russian community in the north of the Caucasus, whose boundary is generally accepted as the Volga river.  This is due to its location near Rostov, a prominent Russian city in medieval times, and today an important city.  The existence of a large and notable Russian community is generally thought to have come about during the Russian conquest of the Caucasus.  The vast expanses of the north with no dominant native ethnic group with today a Russian majority were probably inhabited by Tatars, who in fact still form the majority in parts of the northern Caucasus.

Russian people by location
Peoples of the Caucasus

Caucasus Russians


De Kreun is a concert hall in the Belgian city of Kortrijk.  The Dutch term "Kreun" literally translates into English as "groan". It is a concert venue located in the centre of Kortrijk where most of all pop and rock concerts take place. De Kreun also serves as an organisation who supports new musical talent.

History
De Kreun started as a small and local club in Bissegem, a suburb just outside the centre of Kortrijk. In 2006, De Kreun celebrated its 25th anniversary. In the same period, the club moved to the city centre of Kortrijk, in an old Cinemacomplex downtown (Den Gouden Lanteern), while the offices moved to the Music Centre Track, near the conservatory, in the former VRT-buildings.

During fall 2009, a brand new concert venue was opened with a concert hall, spaces for workshops, rehearsal, recording studio's etc. near the Music Centre Track.

External links
De Kreun website

Kreun
Kreun
Tourist attractions in West Flanders
Culture in Kortrijk
Buildings and structures in Kortrijk

De Kreun


Freesia laxa, commonly known as flowering grass, is a small species of cormous flowering plant in the family Iridaceae, from eastern and southern Africa, from Kenya to northeastern South Africa. It is grown in gardens as an ornamental plant.

Description
Freesia laxa grows from corms, reaching about  tall. The green leaves are arranged in a flat "fan" from which the flower stalk emerges. The flowers are flattened, about  across. Their colour varies considerably. The ground colour is red, white or pale blue. The bases of the lowest three tepals usually have a darker marking, which may be red or purple, although it is absent in the pure white form. The seeds are bright red.

It is native to the eastern side of southern Africa, from Kenya to South Africa, where it grows in somewhat moist conditions. It dies down to a corm in the winter, growing again at the end of spring and flowering in summer. In the wild, in the Southern Hemisphere, it flowers between October and December.

Systematics
This small bulbous species has been known by a variety of names. The name Gladiolus laxus was originally published by Carl Thunberg in 1823. Peter Goldblatt transferred the species to Anomatheca laxa in 1971; Nicholas Brown changed it to Lapeirousia laxa in 1928; Goldblatt with his colleague John Charles Manning settled on Freesia laxa in 1995. Separately, in 1830, John Lindley described Anomatheca cruenta which John Baker transferred to Lapeirousia cruenta in 1892. Lindley's plant is now regarded as part of Freesia laxa.

Forms with blue flowers are treated as Freesia laxa subsp. azurea, other forms being placed in Freesia laxa subsp. laxa.

Cultivation
Freesia laxa is sufficiently hardy to be grown outdoors in all but the coldest parts of the British Isles. It requires a light soil and a sunny position. In colder areas, the corms can be lifted and dried off during the winter. It can be propagated by dividing groups of corms or by seed. It can be somewhat invasive through self-sowing when grown in favourable conditions.

This plant and the white-flowered cultivar F. laxa var. alba have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

References

External links

Freesia laxa

laxa
Garden plants
Flora of Africa
Plants described in 1823

Freesia laxa


Wien Westbahnhof (Vienna West station) is a major Austrian railway station, the original starting point of the West railway (Westbahn) and a former terminus of international rail services. In 2015, its role changed with the opening of Vienna's new main station and Westbahnhof is now mainly a commuter station and the terminus of private rail operator WESTbahn's intercity service from Salzburg. Locally, Wien Westbahnhof is served by S-Bahn line S50 and U-Bahn lines U3 and U6. Six tram lines converge on Europaplatz in front of the station, although none go into the city centre. There are also buses to the airport.

Location
Westbahnhof is in Vienna's 15th District (Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus) on the Gürtel (inner-city ring road). Mariahilfer Strasse to the immediate south-east provides a direct route into the center of the city.

Significance
Westbahnhof is one of the busiest stations in Vienna and used to be one of the several termini for international trains in the city. With the 2015 opening of Wien Hauptbahnhof, all long-distance services of the state-owned Austrian Federal Railways (ÖBB) were transferred to that station, although private operator WESTbahn maintains its intercity service from Salzburg. At the same time, the frequency of fast regional service along the West Railway was increased.

The station is also the departure point for all regional rail lines into the west of Vienna that are included in the Eastern Regional Traffic Authority and belong in part to the Viennese S-Bahn.

As some facilities of the station are no longer needed after its demotion, a reduction in the station's size is to be expected, and concepts for the utilisation of the surplus space are already being considered.

History

1858 to 1949

Built for the western railway (originally called the k.k. privilegierte Kaiserin-Elisabeth-Bahn), the station was designed by the architect Moritz Löhr and opened in 1858. The facility was made up of four sections built in a historical style.

The main hall was originally 104 metres long and 27.2 metres wide. It was covered by a beamed iron awning and provided space for four tracks. Intervening peninsular platforms were not yet available. The exit from the hall was flanked by two towers. On the east, a two-story administration building separated the trackage from the Gürtel.

The side wings included provisions for arrivals and departures. The southerly departure side consisted of an ornamented portal with steps and three large arches supported by columns, that were crowned with statues. Access passages to the left and right of these led to the two two-storey office buildings. Through this portal, one enters the ticket hall and the departure platform. On slightly elevated terrain, the departure side offered the most impressive view of the station from the southeast. This motif was repeated in the northerly arrival side; however because of the grade, the building's foundation was lower and the portal was not built up as high, as arcades offered passengers who were waiting for carriages or carts protection from the elements.

In order to deal with the increased number of passengers, the two towers that flanked the departure gate were moved further apart in a modification that lasted from 1910 to 1912. The roof construction was also changed and space for a fifth track was attained. In addition, further covered platforms and departure tracks were provided in the foreground of the tracks in the terminal proper.

In April 1945, the station was hit by bombs and burned down in the course of battles at the end of World War II; the roof of the gallery collapsed. After the end of the war, the buildings were by necessity adapted for the needs of rail travel, but a complete reconstruction was decided upon, so the station was torn down in 1949.

A statue of namesake of the original railway Empress Elisabeth from the original facade of the station still recalls the old station in the lower hall of the new Westbahnhof.

Since 1949

The rebuilt Westbahnhof was designed by Architects Hartiger & Wöhnhart and opened in 1952. Because only narrow administration wings were built on the sides, space was available for eleven tracks in all, accessed from covered peninsular platforms.

The centerpiece of the rebuilt Westbahnhof is the large hall giving on to the Gürtel (Europaplatz), which is divided into a lower and an upper level that is reached by two flights of stairs and escalators. The hall is lighted by high windows that are built into the east and west facades above the platform overhangs. The ticket windows are installed beneath the upper hall. Later on, a pavilion was built in the lower hall that offered a service centre for bookings, hotel reservations and the like. In the 1980s a parking garage was erected on the north side of the station.

The Westbahnhof, with its half-timbered roof construction, enjoys protected-monument status.

In the course of building the U3 subway line, a large new steel and glass construction was built in 1993, which accommodates some of the station's restaurants and a cafe on several levels. The underground passage to the subway stations can be reached from the lower level.

Various businesses catering to travellers are on both levels of the hall (supermarket, tobacco and newsstands, Internet cafe, post office, copy centre, snack shops, flower shops, barber shop, etc.). The police station was officially closed on April 26, 2006 because further use was not considered reasonable following a vermin infestation.

2008 - 2011

In mid-September 2008 a series of works commenced at Wien West, including the renovation of the listed ticket hall, the removal of the expensive, redundant flag poles outside of the station (which were placed too closely next to one another to ever carry flags), and the construction of new buildings to the left and right of the main hall, all of which are part of the new BahnhofCity project. To the left, above the park on the corner of Mariahilfer Straße and Neubaugürtel, an office building with a large atrium, on the other side another modern office complex with integrated hotel was constructed. The new shopping centre includes space for roughly 90 shops and various restaurants.

During the construction period the entire ticket hall and the Europaplatz in front of it were shut down. A provisional station building was created south of the main hall so that the station could remain in operation.

Building and refurbishing works cost roughly 200 million Euros and were finished in 2011. The station and the buildings of BahnhofCity Wien West were officially reopened on 23 November 2011.

2015 to present
With the timetable change in December 2015, all ÖBB long-distance services were re-routed through the purpose-built Lainzer Tunnel to Wien Meidling and Wien Hauptbahnhof stations, bypassing Westbahnhof. This not only simplified rail operations for the federal railways, as trains had to be reversed in Westbahnhof for through services, but also made interconnection between international, national and regional rail services faster and more efficient due to the replacement of several termini distributed across the city with one through station. This change, a significant part of Austria's contribution to the Magistrale for Europe, was a significant downgrade of the role of Westbahnhof.

In 2021, IKEA opened an eco-friendly store (IKEA Einrichtungshaus Wien Westbahnhof) beside the station building. This store, unlike traditional IKEA stores, does not feature parking facilities and only sells products that can be carried home by public transport. Large furniture can however be ordered at the store and delivered with zero-emission vehicles.

Train services
The station sees trains on the following routes:

Intercity services Vienna - St. Pölten - Linz - Wels - Salzburg
Regional services to St. Pölten, Amstetten and St. Valentin
Vienna S-Bahn service to Neulengbach

Notable people who worked at the Westbahnhof
 Franz Rauscher

Commemorative coin
Wien Westbahnhof was recently selected as a main motif for a high value collectors' coin: the Empress Elisabeth Western Railway commemorative coin. The reverse shows a view of the passenger hall of the first Vienna West Railway Station. The style of this building was inspired by Romantic Historism. On the right of the coin, the statue of the Empress Elisabeth can be seen. This statue still stands today in the station.

In popular culture
The station serves as location of the climax to the Richard Linklater film Before Sunrise.

References

Bibliography

External links

 History of Vienna's Main Stations - Wien Westbahnhof (until 1949) (in German)
 History of Vienna's Main Stations - Wien Westbahnhof (starting 1949) (in German)
 Current construction works (in German)

Buildings and structures in Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus
Westbahnhof
Railway stations in Austria opened in 1858
Railway stations in Austria opened in the 1950s

Wien Westbahnhof railway station


Edward Goodrich Acheson (March 9, 1856 – July 6, 1931) was an American chemist. Born in Washington, Pennsylvania, he was the inventor of the Acheson process, which is still used to make Silicon carbide (carborundum) and later a manufacturer of carborundum and graphite.

Biography

Acheson (1856–1931) was raised in the coal fields of southwestern Pennsylvania.
Acheson attended the Bellefonte Academy for three years, 1870–72; this being the totality of his formal education.
 He left school at the age of 16 to help support his family after his father died, and worked as a surveying assistant for the Pittsburgh Southern Railroad.

He devoted his evenings to scientific pursuits—primarily electrical experiments. In 1880 he had the temerity to attempt to sell a battery of his own invention to Thomas Edison and wound up being hired. Edison put him to work on September 12, 1880, at his Menlo Park, New Jersey laboratory under John Kruesi. Acheson experimented on making a conducting carbon that Edison could use in his electric light bulbs.

In 1881 he was sent to the International Exposition of Electricity in Paris, as part of the team led by Charles Batchelor, and he remained in Europe in 1882 to install demonstrations of the Edison system of electrical lighting in Antwerp City Hall in Belgium and in La Scala in Milan, among other public places.

In 1884, Acheson left Edison and became supervisor at a plant competing to manufacture electric lamps. He began working on the development of methods to produce artificial diamond in an electric furnace. After heating a mixture of clay and coke in an iron bowl with a carbon arc light he found shiny, hexagonal crystals (silicon carbide) attached to the carbon electrode. He called it carborundum.

In 1891 Acheson built an electricity plant in Port Huron at the suggestion of Edison and used the electricity to experiment with carborundum.

On February 28, 1893, he received a patent on this highly effective abrasive although a 1900 decision gave "priority broadly" to the Electric Smelting and Aluminum Company "for reducing ores and other substances by the incandescent method".

Acheson received 70 patents relating to abrasives, graphite products, reduction of oxides, and refractories. He was awarded the first Acheson Award, named in his honour, by the Electrochemical Society in 1931.

He died on July 6, 1931, in New York City.

Recognition
In 1953, the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission installed a historical marker outside his home, noting the historic importance of his achievements.  In 1997, Acheson was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.  His house, the Edward G. Acheson House in Monongahela, Pennsylvania is a National Historic Landmark.

As one of The Electrochemical Society's most prestigious members, the organization presents an award in his name every two years to distinguish contributions to the advancement of any of the objects, purposes, or activities of the Society.

Notes

Further reading

1856 births
1931 deaths
People from Washington, Pennsylvania
19th-century American inventors
20th-century American inventors
Chemists from Pennsylvania
Edison Pioneers
Presidents of the Electrochemical Society
Inventors from Pennsylvania

Edward Goodrich Acheson


Dr. Diwan Singh Kalepani (12 May 1897 – 14 January 1944) was a Punjabi poet. He participated in the Indian freedom movement and the Non-cooperation movement in the 1920s. He wrote poetry in free verse and composed two volumes of poetry: Vagde Pani ('Running Waters') in 1938, and Antim Lehran ('Winding Waves') which was published posthumously in 1962. His poetry often revolved around criticism of the British Raj and of organized religion.

Diwan Singh Kalepani passed his Matriculation in 1916 and in 1921 he got the diploma in Medical Service from Agra and joined the Medical Corps of the Indian Army. The most important period of life began when he was transferred to Rangoon in British Burma, from where he was transferred to the Andaman Islands in 1927 to a school where students were taught Telugu, Tamil, Bengali and Punjabi. In the Gurudwara, Diwan Singh used to recite his poems and discuss with Indian people the problems of slavery and freedom.

During the Second World War when Japan occupied the Andamans in 1942, Diwan Singh could not get reconcile to it. The Japanese officers ordered him to make a speech against the Britishers on the Penang Radio, but Diwan Singh declined. He also refused to let the local Gurdwara be used by the Japanese soldiers as a place where they entertained themselves. He was arrested in 1943 by the Japanese. The remaining 65 members of Punjabi Sabha were also put behind the bars. After about six months of torture, he was butchered along with other members of the Punjabi Sabha. Diwan Singh's collection of poems Vagade pani (Flowing water) was published in 1938 and his second collection Antim Lehran (Last tides) was published posthumously. Diwan Singh was not interested in conventional poetry and wrote in romantic-satirical free-verses on which Puran Singh's influence can also be seen. His scientific outlook made his poetry deep and intellectual. He believed in the direct poetry, very much like Puran Singh, and thus, strengthened the trend for succeeding generation of poets.

References

Punjabi-language poets
1894 births
1944 deaths
British Indian Army soldiers
20th-century Indian poets
Indian torture victims
Executed Indian people
People executed by Japanese occupation forces
20th-century executions by Japan
Indian male poets
People from Agra
Poets from Uttar Pradesh
20th-century Indian male writers

Diwan Singh


Sirajul Islam (born 1941) is a Bangladeshi educator.

Sirajul Islam may also refer to:

Arts and entertainment
 Serajul Islam Choudhury (born 1936), Bangladeshi literary critic
 Sirajul Islam (actor) (1938–2015), Bangladeshi actor
 Sirajul Islam of the pair Mujibur and Sirajul, known for their appearances on The Late Show with David Letterman

Educator
 Muhammad Sirazul Islam, 2nd Vice Chancellor of the Islamic University, Bangladesh (IU)
 A. K. M. Sirazul Islam Khan, 1st Vice-Chancellor of Jagannath University.

Politician
 Sirajul Islam (politician) (death 2012), Bangladeshi politician and freedom fighter
 Md. Sirajul Islam (1953–2020) Bangladeshi politician and freedom fighter
 Sirajul Islam Chowdhury (politician),  former Member of Parliament of Chittagong-11
 Sirajul Islam Sarder,  Jatiya Sangsad member Pabna-4
 Sirajul Islam (Chittagong politician),  Member of Parliament of Chittagong-10 constituency

Sirajul Islam (disambiguation)


In computer science, a record-oriented filesystem is a file system where data is stored as collections of records. This is in contrast to a byte-oriented filesystem, where the data is treated as an unformatted stream of bytes. There are several different possible record formats; the details vary depending on the particular system. In general the formats can be fixed-length or variable length, with different physical organizations or padding mechanisms; metadata may be associated with the file records to define the record length, or the data may be part of the record. Different access methods for records may be provided, for example records may be retrieved in sequential order, by key, or by record number.

Origin and characteristics

Record-oriented filesystems are frequently associated with mainframe operating systems, such as OS/360 and successors and DOS/360 and successors, and midrange operating systems, such as RSX-11 and VMS. However, they originated earlier in software such as Input/Output Control System (IOCS). Records, sometimes called logical records, are often written together in blocks, sometimes called physical records; this is the norm for direct access and tape devices, but files on unit record devices are normally unblocked, i.e., there is only one record per block.

Record-oriented filesystems can be supported on media other than direct access devices. A deck of punched cards can be considered a record-oriented file. A magnetic tape is an example of a medium that can support records of uniform length or variable length.

In a record file system, a programmer designs the records that may be used in a file. All application programs accessing the file, whether adding, reading, or updating records share an understanding of the design of the records. In DOS/360, OS/360, and their successors there is no restriction on the bit patterns composing the data record, i.e. there is no delimiter character; this is not always true in other software, e.g., certain record types for RCA File Control Processor (FCP) on the 301, 501, 601 and 3301.

The file comes into existence when a file create request is issued to the filesystem.  Some information about the file may be included with the create request. This information may specify that the file has fixed-length records (all records are the same size) along with the size of the records. Alternatively, the specification may state that the records are of variable length, along with the maximum record length. Additional information including blocking factor, binary vs. text and the maximum number of records may be specified.

It may be permitted to read only the beginning of a record; the next sequential read returns the next collection of data (record) that the writer intended to be grouped together.  It may also be permitted to write only the beginning of a record. In these cases, the record is padded with binary zeros or with spaces, depending on whether the file is recognized as a binary file or a text file.

Some operating systems require that library routines specific to the record format be included in the program. This means that a program originally expected to read a variable length record file cannot read a fixed length file. These operating systems must provide file system utilities for converting files between one format and another. This means copying the file (which requires additional storage space, time and coordination) may be necessary.

Other operating systems include various routines and associate the appropriate routine, based on the file organization, at execution time.

In either case, significant amounts of code to manage records must be provided in protected routines to ensure file integrity.

An alternative to a Record-oriented file is a stream file, in which the file system treats a file  as an unstructured sequence of bytes. The applications may, but need not, impose a record structure. This approach significantly reduces the size and complexity of the library and reduces the number of utilities required to maintain files.

A common application convention for text files represented as streams is to use a new line delimiter to separate or terminate records, commonly CR, CRLF or LF. Unfortunately, the CPU time required to parse for the record delimiter is significant and the exclusion of the record delimiter pattern from the data is frequently undesirable.

An alternate convention is to include a length field in each record. The writer application is responsible for imposing any record structure and the reader application is responsible for separating out the records.

Advantages and costs

A record oriented file has several advantages. After a program writes a collection of data as a record the program that reads that record has the understanding of those data as a collection. Often a file will contain several related records in sequence; after the program reads the beginning of the sequence, the next sequential read returns the next collection of data (record) that the writer intended to be grouped together. Another advantage is that the record has a length and there is usually no restriction on the bit patterns composing the data record, i.e. there is no delimiter character.

There is usually a cost associated with record oriented files. For fixed length records, some records may have unused space, while for variable length records the delimiter or length field takes up space.
Variable length blocks may have overhead due to delimiters or length fields. In addition, there is overhead imposed by the device. On a magnetic tape overhead typically takes the form of an inter-record gap. On a direct access device with fixed length sectors, there may be unused space in the last sector of a block. On a direct access device with variable length physical records, that overhead typically takes the form of metadata and inter-record gaps.

On a file composed of varying length records a maximum record length is defined to determine the size of the length metadata associated with each record.

A major advantage of record-oriented file systems is that they abstract files kept on paper in earlier times. A record might contain data associated with a particular, e.g., building, contact, employee, part, venue.

A second motivator for the idea of record orientation is that it is in some sense the more natural orientation for persistent storage on a non-volatile but slow physical storage device. Most physical storage devices can communicate only in units of a block. Significant portions of modern operating system kernels and associated device drivers are devoted to hiding the naturally structured and delimited (and in some sense a block is just a physical record) nature of physical storage devices. It is not coincidental that record oriented file systems arose earlier in the history of computing than byte-stream oriented file systems, when the capabilities for abstraction were far less.

See also

 Stream (computing)
 Data set (IBM mainframe)
 Files-11
 CMS file system
 ISAM/VSAM
 Distributed Data Management Architecture (DDM)
 Record-oriented file (DDM)

References

Computer file systems

Record-oriented filesystem


Killyleagh (; ) is a village and civil parish in County Down, Northern Ireland. It is on the A22 road between Belfast and Downpatrick, on the western side of Strangford Lough. It had a population of 2,787 people in the 2021 Census. It is best known for its twelfth century Killyleagh Castle. Killyleagh lies within the Newry, Mourne and Down district.

Demography
According to the 2021 Census there were 2,787 people living in Killyleagh. 51% were from a Protestant and 'other Christian religions' background, 37% were from a Catholic background and 12% were irreligious.

Places of interest
Killyleagh Castle is a private family residence that is said to be the oldest inhabited castle in Ireland. It has been the home of the Hamilton family since the 17th century Plantation of Ulster and acquired its fairy-tale silhouette in the 1850s when the turrets were added, but it is mostly the same castle that the second Earl of Clanbrassil rebuilt in 1666. The castle hosts occasional concerts. In the past performers have included Van Morrison, Arlo Guthrie, Jackson Browne, Glen Hansard and Bap Kennedy.
Delamont Country Park is just outside Killyleagh on the road to Downpatrick.

People

It was the birthplace of Sir Hans Sloane, 1st Bt. He began collecting plants and birds' eggs on the shores of Strangford Lough and his accumulation grew into a priceless collection that formed the nucleus of the British Museum. He was also personal physician to King George II.
Reverend Edward Hincks, a renowned Assyriologist and Egyptologist, was appointed Church of Ireland rector of Killyleagh in 1825, an office he was to hold for the remaining forty-one years of his life.
Killyleagh's adjacent townland, Moymore, was the birthplace of William Carr, who emigrated to Pittsburgh USA, became an entrepreneur and left his fortune "to his Irish relatives."
Henry Cooke was the minister of 1st Presbyterian Church, who went on to become Moderator of the General Assembly and a leading exponent of orthodox Presbyterianism in Belfast in the mid 19th century. His statue in Belfast, standing outside the Royal Belfast Academical Institution, is known as "The Black Man".
Killyleagh is the home town of David Healy, the retired Northern Ireland football player. Healy is Northern Ireland's record goalscorer by a considerable distance, with 36 goals. The second highest total is 20 goals. He also holds the record for most goals scored in a European Championship Qualifying Phase, with 13 goals during the country's failed bid to reach Euro 2008. Healy's former Bury teammate Trevor Carson is also from Killyleagh.

Robert Lowry (1824–1904), born in Killyleagh, emigrated to the United States and became a judge and U.S. Representative from Indiana.
Thomas L. Young (1832-1888), born in Killyleagh, served as Governor of Ohio from 1877 to 1878.
Henry Blackwood (1781–1830), born and buried in Killyleagh, vice admiral in the Royal Navy.

Twin town
Killyleagh is twinned with Cleveland, North Carolina, United States.

Civil parish of Killyleagh
The civil parish is mainly in the barony of Dufferin, with one townland in the barony of Castlereagh Upper. It also contains the village of Killyleagh.

Townlands
The civil parish contains the following townlands:

Ardigoa
Ballyalgan
Ballygoskin
Ballymacarron
Ballymacromwell
Ballytrim
Ballywillin
Clay
Cluntagh
Commons
Corbally
Corporation
Derryboy
Dodd's Island
Dunnyneill Islands
Gibb's Island
Island Taggart
Killinchy in the Woods
Kirkland and Toy
Lisinaw
Moymore
Mullagh
Pawle Island
Rathcunningham
Ringdufferin
Simmy Island
Toy and Kirkland
Tullykin
Tullymacnous
Tullyveery

Sport
Killyleagh Youth F.C. play association football in the Northern Amateur Football League.

See also
Market houses in Northern Ireland
List of civil parishes of County Down

References

External links

Killyleagh Primary School
Brief History of Killyleagh

Villages in County Down

Former boroughs in Northern Ireland

Killyleagh


Belizean Americans are Americans who are of Belizean ancestry. These ancestors might be from Belize or of its diaspora.

Diaspora
About one out of every three Belizeans now live overseas and outside of Belize; the majority have migrated to Anglophone countries, especially the United States, where there are some 54,925 Belizeans, and the United Kingdom, with around 3,000 Belizeans. Smaller numbers now live in Canada.

Kriols and other ethnic groups are emigrating mostly to the United States, but also to the United Kingdom and other developed nations for better opportunities. Based on the latest U.S. Census, Belizeans in the United States are primarily of the Kriol and Garinagu ethnic groups of African, Native American and European descent, who are considered Black in the United States. In 1990, there were about 10,000 Belizean Americans citizens in the United States.

Notable people
 Avery August (born 1966), doctor and scientist
 Andrew Ballen (born 1973), entrepreneur and producer
 Pi'erre Bourne (born 1993), producer and rapper
 Zee Edgell (1940–2020), author
 Max Faget (1921–2004), mechanical engineer
 Noel Felix (born 1981), basketball player
 Kareem Ferguson (born 1986), actor
 O.T. Genasis (born 1987), rapper
 Erik Griffin (born 1988), comedian
 Houston (born 1983), singer
 Marion Jones (born 1975), track and field athlete and basketball player
 Ernest Lyon (1860–1938), minister, educator and diplomat
 Chito Martínez (born 1965), baseball player
 Michael Salazar
 Tony Rocha
 Kenneth Medwood (born 1987), track and field athlete
 Nigel Miguel (born 1963), actor
 Rakeem Nuñez-Roches (born 1993), American football player
 Joe Pacheco (born 1985), mixed martial artist
 Milt Palacio (born 1978), basketball player
 Arlie Petters (born 1964), physicist
 Verno Phillips (born 1969), boxer
 Marion Reneau (born 1977), mixed martial artist
 Makonnen Sheran (born 1989), rapper
 Shyne (born 1978), rapper
 Lisa Tucker (born 1989), singer and actress
 Simone Biles (born 1997), artistic gymnast and Olympic gold medalist
 Jarrell Miller (born July 15, 1988), professional boxer and former kickboxer
Joey Garcia (born November 2, 1960), author and media personality

See also

Demographics of Belize
Belize–United States relations

References

Further reading
 "Belizeans." Encyclopedia of Chicago History (2005)
 Babcock, Elizabeth Cooling. "The transformative potential of Belizean migrant voluntary associations in Chicago." International Migration 44.1 (2006): 31–53.
 Stabin, Tova. "Belizean Americans." Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 1, Gale, 2014), pp. 289–299. online
 Straughan, Jerome F. Belizean Immigrants in Los Angeles (University of Southern California, 2004).

External links
 U.S. Embassy in Belize
    Belize Culture and Heritage Association (BCHA)

Ethnic groups in Belize
Ethnic groups in Central America
Ethnic groups in the Caribbean

Belizean Americans


Pennagaram taluk is a taluk in the Dharmapuri district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Pennagaram.

Demographics
According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Pennagaram had a population of 234,406 with 123,101  males and 111,305 females. There were 904 women for every 1000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 57.62. Child population in the age group below 6 was 13,967 Males and 12,370 Females.

References

Taluks of Dharmapuri district

Pennagaram taluk


Peruna is the official mascot and fight song of the Southern Methodist University (SMU) Mustangs, named after Peruna, a popular patent medicine (18 percent alcohol). The name "Peruna" is given to each successive live mascot. The mascot debuted in 1932, and since then a black Shetland pony, Peruna, has been present at every SMU home football game except for one.
The costumed mascot is also referred to as "Peruna." Peruna was selected the #10 Best College Mascot by America's Best and Top Ten in 2009.

History

On November 4, 1932, Peruna I made his first mascot appearance, appearing at the SMU football game against Texas A&M University. Peruna I was a four-year old, 150-pound pony that was donated by T.E. Jones, the owner of Arlington Downs racetrack.  Cy Barcus, a 1929 graduate of Perkins School of Theology and director of the Mustang Band, introduced the black Shetland pony as the mascot and volunteered the name Peruna, which was already the name of the school Fight Song. In the March 22, 1985, edition of The Daily Campus, Barcus related his story to Linda Beheler: "I was out on a picnic and saw a little black horse running through the high weeds and I said, 'that would make a good mascot for SMU.' So I went to coach Ray Morrison and said, 'Ray, I've found a horse that I think would make a good mascot,' and he told me to bring it to the pep meeting.  So I got a popular [student] to bring the pony to the pep rally and from then on it became the official school mascot."  On Halloween 1934, Peruna I escaped from his on-campus living quarters and was struck and killed by an automobile on Mockingbird Lane. The event devastated the SMU community and sent the university into mourning.

Since then, the university has moved Peruna's living quarters from campus to a Dallas-area ranch. Nine Perunas have represented SMU's athletic teams. The most recent to be retired was Peruna VIII, in 2011. Peruna VIII represented the school from 1997 until 2011.  After he was retired from the field, Peruna VIII continued to represent the school on The Boulevard, the tailgating area for football games for one season while Peruna IX was in training.  Peruna IX has represented the school since October 15, 2011.

Following the death of Peruna I, W.E. Culwell (owner of Culwell and Sons) began a tradition of supplying SMU's mascot. The Culwell family has donated and cared for Peruna II-Peruna IX. According to Culwell's son, C.W. 'Cully' Culwell ('54), "He (Dad) would go to every game and serve barbecue to the players after the game; he really loved the school….Dad donated a Shetland pony because they have a greater longevity than a Quarter Horse." (Shetlands will normally live 25 years or more, while a Quarter Horse will only live 15–18 years.) His generosity continued until his death in 1964 and has been continued by the Culwell family. Until 1993, the mascot was stabled on the  Culwell Ranch in Grapevine. Since then, the stabling location has been kept a secret. To date, nine mascots have represented SMU...seven stallions and two mares, although hard-core types prefer all-black stallions because of their alleged vitality and spirit. When Cully Culwell was having difficulty locating a black stallion to replace Peruna VI, he shared, "stallions are hard to obtain now because most young male horses are castrated to make them tamer….a stallion which is more aggressive, better represents the spirit of the SMU Mustangs."

Naming
The first football teams at SMU were unofficially known as the "Parsons" because of the large number of theology students on the team, but after SMU won a state championship in women's basketball, it was determined that the university's teams needed an official mascot. Bulls, Rams, Comanches and Rattlers were among the names submitted by members of the student body. The list was narrowed to three finalists, and at a pep assembly on October 17, 1917, the name "Mustangs" was selected over Bisons and Greyhounds. The contributor of the winning symbol was Miss Dorothy Amann, President Hyer's secretary. She was struck by the idea while watching the team practice from her office in Dallas Hall: "Why, out there, on the football field, it looks just like a bunch of wild Mustangs!".  The mustang is representative of the fleet-footed animal which is native to Texas.

The name Peruna originated in the fall of 1915 when SMU student George Sexton substituted the words, "She'll be loaded with Peruna when she comes ..." to the tune of "Coming 'Round the Mountain." In the early part of the century, Peruna was the name of the most famous elixir in Texas and had a reputation as a cure-all. The popularity of Peruna soared during Prohibition due to the high alcohol content allowed for "medicinal" purposes.  Peruna happens to mean "potato" in Finnish.

Perunas

Peruna I (1932-1934)
The first mascot was a 28" high, 150-pound pony donated by T.E. Jones of Arlington Downs. The feisty miniature black stallion made his first appearance at a pep rally, November 4, 1932. He was promptly named 'Peruna' after a popular patent medicine (18 percent alcohol). Legend has it that the medicine was 'full of kick', as was SMU's first mascot. He was kept on campus under the care of an organization called "The Saddle Burrs".

A week before Peruna I's death, he traveled to New York for the Fordham game where a city cab was his mode of travel. At the time, Bob Goodrich (who later became a Methodist Bishop) was the Band Director and took his younger brother, Wilson, on the trip as a 'Shovel Boy' for Peruna.

On October 30, 1934, a Tuesday evening, Peruna I was hit on Mockingbird by a speeding motorist and killed. The next day, the student body president (Finis Crutchfield '37), along with the leader of the Mustang Band (Robert Goodrich '35), led the procession from the flagpole to the burial site near Ownby Stadium. For the processional, the Mustang Band played 'Peruna' (Coming 'Round the Mountain) as a dirge. Fordham University, represented by the football team captain and the campus newspaper editor, sent condolences via telegram and Rameses VI, the Fordham mascot, was said to be sullen by his keeper. In 1937, a statue (currently on Peruna Plaza at Ford Stadium) was sculpted by Michael G. Owen Jr. ('37) and placed at the burial site of Peruna I.

Peruna II (1934-1943)
Peruna II, a black Shetland pony raised at the Culwell Ranch, marked the beginning of the Culwell connection. Peruna II was the first of two mares to serve as mascot. The mare had a white diamond on her forehead that was dyed black to protect the image. She died of blood poisoning after being kicked and injured by another horse.

Peruna III (1943-1947)
During Peruna III's reign, the Culwells purchased Peruna his own special red and blue trailer. It served to transport all subsequent Perunas until 2002 when a new trailer was purchased.

Peruna IV (1947-1949)
Peruna IV, the second mare, led the Mustangs to two consecutive Southwest Conference championships. She died of a jaw infection in the summer of 1949. Gene Gaddy ('50) recalls that, because of his role on the Student Council, he was called back from summer break to serve as a pallbearer for Peruna IV. She was buried on the then practice field (now Wescott Field) draped in a blanket.

Peruna V (1950-1965)
During the fifteen-year reign of Peruna V, he gained a reputation of arrogance. His lively prancing, rearing and biting were good examples of SMU's fighting spirit. Toward the end of his reign he kicked out the side of his stall (which happened to be the baggage car) on his way to Lubbock. In Chicago for the 1953 Notre Dame game, Peruna V was put up at the posh Stevens Hotel, had elevator privileges, and drank from the washbasin while being cared for by Burl Luscombe. Alys and George A. Richards, a former Peruna Handler, recalled a story from 1959 when they were hauling Peruna to a University of Texas game. As they drove, the radio programming was interrupted to inform the audience that Peruna had been "horse napped" by UT students who would display him at the game the next day. They continued to Austin and arrived at the game with Peruna in tow. The UT student body was surprised to see the real Peruna parade in because the wrong stolen horse was there also....minus its tail and mane.

Peruna VI (1965-1986)

Peruna VI started his tenure as an 18-month-old on October 2, 1965 at the Cotton Bowl when SMU played Purdue. He served for 21 years until a liver ailment forced him out of action. He had the longest tenure, to date, of any mascot, running home games at the Cotton Bowl and, later, at Texas Stadium in addition to running at most all of the other Southwest Conference venues.  After death, Peruna VI was buried at Ownby Stadium at a secret night service. When Ownby Stadium was demolished, Peruna VI's remains were the only ones recovered. His ashes now rest under the statue at Peruna Plaza at Gerald J. Ford Stadium's south end.

Peruna VII (1986-1997)
Peruna VII arrived at the Culwell ranch a year before his reign began. At the beginning of his reign, Cully Culwell said, "We would have like to have run Peruna VII a year earlier, but he proved to be a tough horse to break…..He's still a little skittish at times, but he's full of fight!" Peruna VII was to make his debut during the Homecoming game, but due to Peruna VI's illness, his first showing came at the SMU/TCU game on September 27. During the summer of 1986, Peruna VII broke his leg when he caught his hoof under the gate of the stall. "Under normal circumstances, a horse would be put down," said Cully Cullwell. The healing process was expensive but enabled him to continue his service to the university. The two years of rest through the Death Penalty, assisted in his healing, though he was retired early due to increasingly more frequent shots to reduce swelling before games. His retirement found him living on a ranch until his liver began to fail in May 2002 and he was euthanized. His ashes are currently in a coffin awaiting a resting spot in SMU's Heritage Hall when it is funded.

Peruna VIII (1997-2011)
Peruna VIII 'exchanged reins' at the Spirit and Traditions Pep Rally at the beginning of the 1997 school year. Peruna VIII is a spirited lean black stallion that immediately made his mark by dragging and tripping several of the Peruna Handlers. He began his service on the field at the Cotton Bowl and was the first mascot to initiate the playing field at the new Gerald J. Ford Stadium. After a long road trip to Washington, D.C., Peruna VIII led The Mustang Band in President George W. Bush's Inauguration Parade.  Peruna VIII's infectious, untamed spirit is demonstrated before every game and as stamps and whinnies as the Mustang Band forms a tunnel and he waits impatiently to lead the players on to the field. Peruna VIII was retired on October 15, 2011. At the beginning of his final season, Peruna VIII made one last mark on the Peruna legacy by killing a goat at his ranch.

Peruna IX (2011-Present)

Peruna IX took over for Peruna VIII at halftime October 15, 2011 at the SMU vs. Central Florida football game at SMU's Ford Stadium.  Peruna IX has been groomed for the job since his selection as a colt.  Peruna IX was found by the Culwells mere days before he was scheduled for castration and was spared in order to become SMU's next stallion mascot.  The rough-and-tumble stallion attended summer band practices during 2011 to become adjusted to game noise and has been clocked galloping across the football field at a record pace.  Sources say his feisty character and strong personality make him well suited for the strenuous job.  He runs free at a secret location when not representing the Mustangs.  Already, Peruna IX has made a name for himself as one of the most vocal Perunas to date: his whinnying can be heard across the stadium.  Peruna IX can be seen rearing up on the sidelines as his team plays on the field.

Appearances and traditions
Since 1932 Peruna has been present at every SMU home football game, spanning four stadiums. Peruna has been present at the Cotton Bowl, Texas Stadium, Ownby Stadium and Gerald J. Ford Stadium.
Peruna Plaza is located at the south end of Gerald J. Ford Stadium.  It serves as a memorial to late Perunas and contains the remains of at least a couple.  There is a statue sculpted by Michael G. Owen Jr. ('37), resembling a small horse resting its head, in honor of Peruna I.
During football games, Peruna waits behind the Mustangs' end zone to watch his team drive to score. After touchdowns (as well as at the end of each quarter and the end of the first half), Peruna and his handlers run across the field to the opposite end zone.
While a member of the Southwest Conference, SMU ran Peruna across the field after every Mustang score. After joining the Western Athletic Conference in 1996, this practice was disallowed by the conference commissioner, who allowed Peruna to be run only after each quarter.
Perhaps the most infamous incident involving Peruna is the football game where he killed the mascot of the Fordham Rams. During the game, the Fordham handlers led the Ram too close to the Mustang, and it was killed instantly with a kick to the head.
Other notable incidents involving Peruna are when he sent the University of Texas Longhorn Bevo to the ground with a kick in the side, and defecated at midfield during a TCU - SMU game, the week that TCU unveiled the school's brand new Field Turf.
Peruna is also noted for having spent the night in every one of SMU's Panhellanic Sorority houses, and traveling to New York with the Mustang Band, where he was given his own cab, his own elevator, and his own hotel suite.
Peruna is present at both the commencement of incoming freshmen, and the graduation of seniors.
During the early days of the Mustang Band, Peruna accompanied the organization everywhere, appearing on theater playbills as "the midget wonder horse!"

References

External links
SMU Spirit Squads
SMU Mustang Band Traditions

Horse mascots
Ponies
SMU Mustangs
American Athletic Conference mascots
Individual horses

Peruna


Ariosoma coquettei is an eel in the family Congridae (conger/garden eels). It was described by David G. Smith and Robert H. Kanazawa in 1977. It is a tropical, marine eel which is known from the northern coast of South America, in the western central Atlantic Ocean. It is known to dwell at a maximum depth of 75 meters. Males can reach a maximum total length of 28.1 centimeters.

The species epithet "coquettei" refers to the name of the vessel which collected the first specimens of the eel.

References

coquettei
Taxa named by David G. Smith
Taxa named by Robert H. Kanazawa
Fish described in 1977

Ariosoma coquettei


St Nicholas Church, Sutton, is a Grade II* listed parish church in the centre of Sutton, London. It was built between 1862 and 1864 in the Gothic style with dressed flint and stone dressings. It was designed by the architect Edwin Nash.

Location
St Nicholas - the oldest of the three town centre churches in Sutton - is surrounded by a small ancient graveyard, which is wooded. It also contains some lawned areas with benches. Two well used public footpaths run through these grounds. It is in ecumenical partnership with other denominations and in a Team Ministry with other Anglican churches.

History
The present building stands on a site that has been used as a church since Saxon times - an earlier, smaller church occupied the site until the nineteenth century, which apart from its piscina was replaced by the present church building, which was consecrated in February 1864. The previous church was stone, and dated mostly from the fourteenth or fifteenth centuries. It had a tower, porch and chancel. Its poor condition, as well as the enlargement of its congregation, necessitated its replacement.

The church suffered slight damage in an air raid in 1940, during the London Blitz. A flying bomb fell near the church and mostly destroyed some of the graves in the churchyard, but the building itself remained largely intact.

Architectural features

The church was rebuilt from an earlier one in 1862-4 by Edwin Nash, incorporating monuments from the old building. It is in the Gothic style. It was constructed with dressed flint and stone dressings. Its roof is of red tile. The entrance is bright blue. It has a four-bay nave, chancel, organ chamber and vestry, side aisles, south aisle chapel and west tower. Its tower has a doorway in its west side, four tiers of fenestration and a shingled broach spire. There are aisle windows of three lights with circular tracery over in pointed heads, two-light windows to the south aisle chapel and a chancel window of five lights. There are gabled porches to the north and south sides; the south porch has the following inscription on its bargeboard: "How amiable are thy dwellings thou Lord of Hosts". Inside the church are a nave with pointed arches supported on circular columns with foliated capitals; timber roofs; and whitewashed walls. The present structure incorporates a medieval piscina and monuments from the old church including the following: monuments to Sarah Glover 1628, to Lady Dorothy Brownlow 1699, to William Earl Talbot 1782 and to Isaac Littlebury 1740.

Burials
 Dorothy Mason, wife of Sir William Brownlow, 4th Baronet (d. 1700)
 William Talbot, 1st Earl Talbot (1710–1782)

Notable clergy
 Joseph Glover (d. 1638), who owned a printing business and whose wife, Elizabeth Glover, introduced the printing press to North America, was Rector of St Nicholas from 1624 to 1636.

References

Sutton, London
Sutton
Sutton
Grade II* listed churches in London
Grade II* listed buildings in the London Borough of Sutton
Churches completed in 1864
Rebuilt churches in the United Kingdom
19th-century Church of England church buildings
Churches bombed by the Luftwaffe in London

St Nicholas Church, Sutton, London


Galeras (Urcunina among the 16th-century native people) is an Andean stratovolcano in the Colombian department of Nariño, near the departmental capital Pasto. Its peak rises  above sea level. It has erupted many times since the Spanish conquest. Its first historical eruption was recorded on December 7, 1580. A 1993 eruption killed nine people, including six scientists who had gone down into the volcano's crater to take samples of gases and measure gravity in an attempt to be able to predict future eruptions. It is currently the most active volcano in Colombia.

Geological history
Galeras has been an active volcano for at least a million years. Its dominant product is andesite, an igneous rock . Two major caldera-forming eruptions have occurred: the first was about 560,000 years ago in an eruption which expelled about  of material. The second was some time between 40,000 and 150,000 years ago, in a smaller but still sizable eruption of  of material. Since that second eruption, part of the caldera wall has collapsed, possibly due to instabilities caused by hydrothermal (high-temperature water) activity, and later eruptions have built up a smaller cone inside the now horseshoe-shaped caldera.

In light of its violent eruptive history and proximity to the 450,000 people of Pasto, Galeras was designated a "Decade Volcano" in 1991. This identified it as a target for detailed study as part of the United Nations' "International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction".

Eruptive history

Galeras is considered the most active volcano in Colombia, followed by Nevado del Ruiz. Its earliest activity during the Holocene has been dated at 7050 BC ± 1000 years through radiocarbon dating. Other eruptions similar to this event include those in 3150 BC ± 200 years, 2580 BC ± 500 years, 1160 BC ± 300 years, 490 BC ± 100 years, and in 890 AD ± 200 years. Typically these eruptions consist of a central vent explosion, conducive to an explosive eruption causing pyroclastic flows and/or lahars. Eruptions in more recent times, which have been recorded consist of those in 1535, December 1580, July 1616, 1641, 1670, 1754, November 1796, June 1823, October 1828, 1834, October 1865, July 1889, 1891, December 1923, October 1924, October 1932, February 1936, July 1947, January 1950, 1974, February 1989, January 1990, January 1993, March 2000, June 2002, July 2004, November 2005, and October 2007. Reported incidents with no official proof occurred in 1836, 1930, 1933, and 1973.

1993 eruption
Galeras became active again in 1988 after 10 years of dormancy.

A Decade Volcano conference in the city of Pasto, in 1993, ended in disaster when several of the scientists present mounted an impromptu (unscheduled) expedition on 14 January to the crater of Galeras. An eruption occurred unexpectedly while they were at the summit (highest point), resulting in the deaths of six scientists and three tourists.

Elements in the media made the event controversial. They suggested that the expedition leader, geologist Stanley Williams, who survived along with four others, had ignored safety procedures. A prediction had been made three days before the eruption, based on B-Type activity seen on a seismograph. Seismic B-types had been used successfully to predict eruptions on other volcanoes. However, the prediction was based simply on the one seismographic printout viewed in the light of previous history of Galeras, without any additional scientific measurements showing any serious activity within the volcano.

21st-century activity

Activity at a low level has continued at Galeras. Small explosions occasionally cause ash to fall on nearby villages and towns. The volcano has continued to be well-studied, and predictions of eruptions at the volcano have improved. One phenomenon, which seems to be a reliable precursor to eruptive activity, is a low-frequency seismic event known as a "tornillo event". These have occurred before about eighty percent (80%) of the explosions at Galeras, and the number of tornillo events recorded before an eruption is also correlated with the size of the eruption that followed.

More than 100 minor tremors were felt during a major eruption in April 2002, although no damage or injury was reported. An eruption in November 2005 forced an evacuation of the dangerous area surrounding the volcano, and about 9,400 people from nearby villages (most of them farmers) were ordered to leave. The city of Pasto, about  from the volcano, was blanketed by a layer of ash after the volcanic explosion, forcing the residents to put on goggles and face masks.

Numerous minor tremors and ash emissions since March 2006 culminated on 12 July 2006 in three explosive eruptions, producing an ash and gas column reaching an altitude of . Rock falls and pyroclastic flows were reported from towns as distant as Consacá,  west of the main crater. The Colombian government has repeatedly ordered evacuations to temporary shelters, of more than 8500 people residing in the highest risk areas surrounding the volcano, with hopes of eventual assistance toward permanent relocation.

On January 17, 2008, the volcano erupted around 20:06 (local) (01:06 UTC). There were no immediate reports of injuries or serious property damage. Later the experts confirmed partial damage in the national and local TV towers.

Then, on February 14, 2009, the volcano erupted around 19:10 (local) (00:10 UTC). Some 8,000 residents were evacuated, and there were no immediate reports of injuries or serious property damage. As in 2005, the city of Pasto was blanketed by a layer of ash after the volcanic explosion (due to the direction of the wind). The local authorities ordered two water treatment plants near Galeras to shut down.

On March 13, 2009, Galeras erupted twice: at around 15:55 and 17:00 (local time). Ash fell on Pasto and some other towns near the volcano. The city and towns' evacuation was ordered, but reportedly ignored. No injuries or damage were reported.

2010 eruption
The volcano erupted on January 3, 2010, forcing the evacuation of 8,000 people. This was the tenth such eruption of the volcano in the previous year, and the first of 2010. Colombian authorities also stated that it could remain volatile in the weeks to come.

Galeras erupted again on August 25, 2010, with an ash plume visible in the air. The eruption, which was described as non-explosive, caused authorities to raise an alert for neighbouring towns.

This volcano is monitored by the Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project.

References

Bibliography

Further reading

Other websites

 GOES imagery of the 03 January 2010 eruption (CIMSS Satellite Blog)
 Galeras volcano website
 Watch Galeras in realtime
 VolcanoWorld information
 BBC on the November 2005 eruption
  Colombia: Galeras volcano situation map

Andes
Volcanoes of South America
Nariño Department

Galeras


Earl Verney, in the Province of Leinster, was a title in the Peerage of Ireland. Sir Ralph Verney sat as a member of parliament for Aylesbury, for Great Bedwyn and for Buckingham. In 1661 he was created a Baronet, of Middle Claydon in the County of Buckingham, in the Baronetage of England. His son Sir John Verney, Bt, was a member of parliament for Buckinghamshire and for Amersham. In 1703, he was raised to the Peerage of Ireland as Baron Verney of Belturbet, in the County of Cavan, and Viscount Fermanagh. His son, the second Viscount, represented Amersham and Wendover in Parliament. In 1742 he was created Earl Verney, in the Province of Leinster, in the Peerage of Ireland. However, all titles became extinct on the death of his son, the second Earl, in 1791.

The Fermanagh title was revived in 1792 for Mary Verney, who was created Baroness Fermanagh in the Peerage of Ireland. She was the posthumous daughter of Hon. John Verney, second son of the first Earl Verney. However, Lady Fermanagh never married and on her death this title became extinct as well.

The original seat of Earl Verney was Claydon House near the villages of Botolph Claydon, Middle Claydon (hence the title), Steeple Claydon and East Claydon.

Verney Baronets, of Middle Claydon (1661)
Sir Ralph Verney, 1st Baronet (1613–1696)
Sir John Verney, 2nd Baronet (1640–1717) (created Viscount Fermanagh in 1703)

Viscounts Fermanagh (1703)
John Verney, 1st Viscount Fermanagh (1640–1717)
Ralph Verney, 2nd Viscount Fermanagh (1683–1752) (created Earl Verney in 1742)

Earls Verney (1742)
Ralph Verney, 1st Earl Verney (1683–1752)
Ralph Verney, 2nd Earl Verney (1714–1791)

Baronesses Fermanagh (1792)
Mary Verney, 1st Baroness Fermanagh (1737–1810)

See also
Verney Baronets

References

Extinct earldoms in the Peerage of Ireland
Earl
Noble titles created in 1742
Earl

Earl Verney


Wrestling (Turkish: güreş) is considered as an "ancestral sport" in Turkey,  represented foremost by the annual Kırkpınar tournament in oil wrestling.

Along with various highly esteemed styles of folk wrestling (known colloquially as çayır güreşi, or "meadow wrestling", because bouts are held on grass fields), olympic wrestling (known colloquially as minder güreşi, or "mat wrestling") is widely practiced, while Greco-Roman wrestling is less popular due to freestyle wrestling's technical affinity with folk wrestling.

Turkey currently has only one professional wrestling promotion, Turkish Power Wrestling founded in 2010.

Turkish folk wrestling styles
Styles practised nationwide (sanctioned by the Turkish Wrestling Federation):
Karakucak Güreşi
Oil wrestling (Turkish: Yağlı Güreş )
Styles practised locally (sanctioned by the Turkey Traditional Sport Branches Federation):
Aba Güreşi (jacket wrestling) (in Hatay)
Aşırtmalı Aba Güreşi (belt wrestling) (in Gaziantep, Adana, Osmaniye)
Kısa Şalvar Güreşi (in Kahramanmaraş)
Kuşak Güreşi or Tatar Güreşi
Kar üstü Karakucak Güreşi
Şalvar Güreşi
Torun Abası
Siyah Aba
Boz Aba
Kırmızı Aba
Maraş Abası
Urfa Abası
Çuha Abası
Hamis Abası

Sport wrestling
FILA Wrestling World Championships were held in Turkey in
1957, 1974, 1994, 1999 and  2011.
The Turkish team won  the Men's freestyle championship in 1951, 1954, 1957, 1966 and 1994; and the Men's Greco-Roman championship in 2006 and 2009.

References

External links
The World Ethnosport Confederation (WEC)
Ata Sporu Güreş
Greko-romen güreşi biliyor musunuz?
Türkiye Güreş Federasyonu - Yağlı Güreş
Türkiye Güreş Federasyonu - Karakucak

Wrestling in Turkey


William Hort (Willie) Levin  (7 August 1845 – 15 September 1893) was a 19th-century merchant, philanthropist and politician who lived in Wellington, New Zealand.

Levin & Co
Levin was born in Wellington, New Zealand, the son of English-born parents, Jessie (Hort) and Nathaniel William Levin (1819–1903), who were both Jewish. From Wellington, he ran the business W H Levin and Co, a stock and station agency and general mercantile suppliers founded there in 1841 by his father. W H Levin took over the business in 1868 aged only 22 when his father prepared for his own permanent return to London though it was in the event delayed until 1869. His first partners (for a ten-year term to March 1878) were C J Pharazyn, who withdrew early in 1871, and W W Johnston. After that he conducted the business on his own account as W H Levin until 1889 when he took in Edward Pearce and John Duncan as partners, both had previously managed the business, and it was renamed Levin & Co.

His death brought the four-year-old partnership a serious problem. Neither son wanted to go into their father's business. Finally, near three years later, a buyer with the necessary capital was found in Dunedin. In March 1896 Mr Ritchie of the National Mortgage and Agency Company of New Zealand settled current rumours by announcing that his company had taken an interest in a new company, Levin & Co Limited, formed to take over the old established business of Levin & Co. Ritchie advised that the management would remain under the control of the old partners as well as the Levin family.

Notable external directorships

 Patent Slip Company
 Wellington Trust and Loan Company
 Colonists' Land and Loan Association
 National Mutual Life Assurance Association
 Wellington Harbour Board, first chairman

Levin
W H Levin was one of the directors of the Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company.  The railway company named or renamed some of the stops on its railway line after its directors, Plimmer, Shannon, Levin and Linton.

Politics

He represented two Wellington electorates, first the City of Wellington electorate from  to 1881, and then the Thorndon electorate from 1881 to 1884, when he resigned due to ill-health.

Levin served on the Wellington City Council and the Wellington Harbour Board, and was known for his public benefactions.

Early death
Well-liked and a capable businessman Levin's health had never been strong. He died suddenly at his home in Tinakori Road aged 48 on 15 September 1893 leaving his wife, Amy, daughter of James Edward Fitzgerald and four young children; two sons and two daughters. Learning of his death Parliament closed until the evening session after valedictory speeches. Flags were flown at half-mast by consulates (Levin represented the United States in New Zealand) and businesses and a special theatrical performance was indefinitely postponed.

He promoted many social and charitable organisations in the Wellington region as well as his business activities.

References

1845 births
1893 deaths
New Zealand stock and station agents
Burials at Bolton Street Cemetery
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
New Zealand businesspeople
Jewish New Zealand politicians
New Zealand merchants
New Zealand MPs for Wellington electorates
Wellington City Councillors
Wellington Harbour Board members
19th-century New Zealand politicians

William Levin


Kempty Falls is a waterfall in Ram Gaon and at the south of Kempty, in the Tehri Garhwal District of Uttarakhand, India. It is  from Mussoorie on the Chakrata Road, and  from Dehradun. It is nearly 1364 meters above sea level, at 78°-02'East longitude and 30° -29'North latitude. The Kempty Falls, and the area around is surrounded by high mountain ranges at an altitude of 4500 feet. There is an estimated tourist inflow to the Falls of over 10 lakh (one million).

Kempty Falls were developed as a tourist destination by British officer John Mekinan, around 1835. The name Kempty is probably derived from the word 'camp-tea'.  A stream of water running throughout the year starting from the southwest of the village of Banglow ki kandi moves northwest and falls from 4,500 ft. Splitting into five other cascades, the water falls a further 40 feet.

The nearest medical centres are at Dehradun, Mussoorie and Kempty, the nearest railway station at Dehradun, and the nearest airport the Jolly Grant Airport at Dehradun.

External links

Uttar Pradesh district gazetteers

Waterfalls of Uttarakhand
Mussoorie

Kempty Falls


George Peter Lanyon (8 February 1918 – 31 August 1964) was a British painter of landscapes leaning heavily towards abstraction. Lanyon was one of the most important artists to emerge in post-war Britain. Despite his early death at the age of forty-six he achieved a body of work that is amongst the most original and important reappraisals of modernism in painting to be found anywhere. Combining abstract values with radical ideas about landscape and the figure, Lanyon navigated a course from Constructivism through Abstract Expressionism to a style close to Pop.  He also made constructions, pottery and collage.

Lanyon took up gliding as a pastime and used the resulting experience extensively in his paintings.  He died in Taunton, Somerset, as the result of injuries received in a gliding accident and is buried in St. Uny's Church, Lelant.

In September 2010 Peter Lanyon's work was honoured with a large-scale retrospective exhibition: Peter Lanyon 9 October 2010 – 23 January 2011 at Tate St Ives. Curated by Chris Stephens, Head of Displays and Curator of Modern British Art at Tate Britain, it was the first thorough museum retrospective for almost forty years. In 2015 Lanyon's Gliding Paintings were shown as a set in the Soaring Flight exhibition at the Courtauld Gallery, London.

In 2018 the catalogue raisonné of Peter's oil paintings and three-dimensional works was published by Modern Art Press, after a decades work by Toby Treves.

Life and career
Peter Lanyon was born in St Ives, Cornwall, in 1918. He was the only son of W H Lanyon, an amateur photographer and musician. He was educated at Clifton College. St Ives remained his base and he received after-school painting lessons from Borlase Smart. In 1937 he met Adrian Stokes who is thought to have introduced him to contemporary painting and sculpture and who advised him to go to the Euston Road School where he studied for four months under Victor Pasmore.  In 1936–37 he also attended Penzance School of Art. In 1939 he met established artists Ben Nicholson, Barbara Hepworth and Naum Gabo who had moved to St Ives on the outbreak of the Second World War. Lanyon received private art tuition from Nicholson. The character of his work changed completely and he became very involved with making constructions. Throughout the 1940s the influence of Nicholson and Gabo remained very evident in his work. From 1940 to 1945 he served with the Royal Air Force in the Western Desert, Palestine and Italy.

In 1946 he married Sheila St John Browne (1918/19 – 18 November 2015). Their first child, Andrew Lanyon, was born in 1947.  Six children were born to the couple between 1947 and 1957; Andrew, Jane, Matthew, Martin, Anna and Jo.

In 1946 he also became an active member of the Crypt Group of Artists and a founder member of the Penwith Society of Arts in 1949. He travelled around Italy, with his wife Sheila Lanyon, in the summer of 1950 and became a leading figure in the St. Ives group of artists.

He had his first solo exhibition at the Lefevre Gallery, London in 1949 and taught at the Bath Academy of Art, Corsham from 1951 to 1957 (where William Scott was senior painting master). In 1950 he was invited by the Arts Council to contribute to their exhibition at the Festival of Britain. He spent four months in 1953 living in Italy on an Italian government scholarship. In 1954 he was awarded the Critics' Prize by the British section of the International Association of Art Critics. He ran an art school, St Peter's Loft, at St Ives from 1957 to 1960 with Terry Frost and William Redgrave and in 1959 he was awarded second prize at the 2nd John Moores Exhibition, Liverpool.

Lanyon's first New York show was held at the Passedoit Gallery in 1953. After American collector Stanley Seeger introduced Lanyon to Catherine Viviane, he had his first solo New York show at the Catherine Viviano Gallery in 1957. On the 1957 trip to New York, he met Joseph Glasco who became a friend and later helped Lanyon work with Viviano.  He also met Mark Rothko, Motherwell and other artists, critics and collectors. Rothko's work particularly thrilled him. Lanyon was well received in New York and the increased demand for his work in the US combined with an expansion of work to the much larger scale of mural painting and in response to a new interest in gliding led to a looser and more open kind of painting.

Lanyon began training as a glider pilot in 1959, as he explained: "to get a more complete knowledge of the landscape". He used his gliding experiences as the basis for paintings that gave an aerial perspective to his native Cornish landscape right through to his death in a gliding accident in 1964.

In 1961 he was elected Chairman of the Newlyn Society of Artists and was elected a Bard of the Gorseth Kernow, with the bardic name Marghak an Gwyns (Rider of the Winds) for services to Cornish art. In 1962 he spent seven months painting a mural commissioned for the house of Stanley J Seeger in New Jersey, USA. The following year he spent three months as a visiting painter at the San Antonio Art Institute in Texas, as well as visiting Mexico. He travelled to Prague and Bratislava in 1964 to lecture for the British Council.

Lanyon died on 31 August 1964 at Taunton, Somerset, after a gliding accident.

See also

 St Ives, Cornwall
 List of St. Ives artists

References and sources
References

Sources
 Treves, Toby (2018) "Peter Lanyon: catalogue raisonne of the oil paintings and three-dimensional works" Modern Art Press
 Treves, Toby, and Wright, Barnaby (2015) "Soaring Flight: Peter Lanyon's Gliding Paintings" Courtauld Gallery
 Stephens, Christopher (2000) Peter Lanyon: at the edge of landscape. 21 Publishing
 Garlake, Margaret (2003) "The Drawings of Peter Lanyon" Ashgate
 Causey, Andrew (2006) "Peter Lanyon: Modernism and the Land" Reaktion Books
 Stephens, Christopher (2010) "Peter Lanyon" Tate

External links

Peter Lanyon Tate Biography
Peter Lanyon at the Tate Collection

The British Council's Peter Lanyon collection

1918 births
1964 deaths
20th-century English painters
English male painters
Bards of Gorsedh Kernow
Painters from Cornwall
Glider pilots
People educated at Clifton College
People from St Ives, Cornwall
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
St Ives artists
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in England
20th-century English male artists
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1964

Peter Lanyon


Bobby Patterson (born March 13, 1944, Dallas, Texas, United States) is an American musician, singer, songwriter and record producer.

Patterson produced records for Fontella Bass, Chuck Jackson, Ted Taylor, Shay Holiday, Roscoe Robinson, The Montclairs, Tommie Young, and Little Johnny Taylor. Albert King recorded the song "That's What the Blues is All About", which Patterson co-wrote. A version appeared on King's album I Wanna Get Funky. A song Patterson cowrote (with Strickland), "She Don't Have to See You", was recorded by Golden Smog for their 1995 album, Down by the Old Mainstream.

He recorded a live album at the Longhorn Ballroom in 2002.

Patterson worked as a DJ on the Dallas-based radio station KKDA 730 AM, until station owner Hyman Childs laid off most of KKDA's on-air staff, including Patterson, in May 2012.

Patterson released a new album, I Got More Soul!, in July 2014.

References

1944 births
Living people
American male singers
Songwriters from Texas
Record producers from Texas
Musicians from Dallas
American male songwriters

Bobby Patterson (musician)