Lone Hero is a 2002 action film written and directed by Ken Sanzel.
It tells of an actor in a Far West village who acts against bikers who held up the village's bar, and the actions that followed.

Plot

John Gray (Sean Patrick Flanery) is an actor in a Far West time touristic attraction village, named Profit, near a small town.
He lives an eventless life, with his on-and-off girlfriend Sharon (Tanya Allen) his friends and co-workers Tim (Tyler Labine and Pablo (Alonso Oyarzun), and his mentor Gus (Robert Forster).

Until one night, when two bikers rob the town's bar and severely beat the barman down.
After they left, John decides to call the police, against the advice of the thugs' leader, Bart (Lou Diamond Phillips).
No one else present in the bar volunteers to help the police for fear of revenge. The next day at the village, John sees the two goons walking down the street and makes a citizen's arrest. They are then taken by the Sheriff who locks them in a cell. He allows Bart to make a phone call, allowing him to call upon the rest of the gang. The other bikers arrive to the town and kills the sheriff and his deputy, in order to free Bart from his cell.

As the night comes, John comes back to his place after dropping Sharon at her house when the gang starts shooting him in his car.
He escapes and goes to Gus' isolated trailer and asks for help. A shooting occurs between the two and the bikers. All but two of the thugs are shot: one of them escapes and warns the others, and Bart is captures and put in the trunk of John's pick-up truck. They then go to the police station only to find the two bodies. Understanding the situation they are in, they split. Gus goes to town to phone the police, only to find that all the lines are dead. Meanwhile, John takes Bart inside a mine, ties him up to a shaft and waits for the authorities. While trying to drive out of town to get access to a working telephone, Gus gets trapped by the gang. They take him to the police station and starts torturing him to know where John and Bart are.

Silent at first, he starts to talk when the new leader, King (Hugh Dillon) threaten to harm Sharon. Gus leads a group of four thugs on the way to the mine, when they are taken in an ambush by John. All of the goons die while Gus is shot in the leg. At the same time, the other inhabitants of Profit are rounded up in a large cell in the fake police station of the Far West village. John comes back to the Far West village to negotiate with King an exchange between Bart and Sharon. While the deal takes place, and John and Sharon escape in the pick-up truck, Gus kills the few bikers who kept an eye on the villagers and frees everybody. When he asks for volunteers to fight when the others come back, only Tim and Pablo reluctantly agree. The rest of the gang comes back and a shootout occurs, culminating with a duel between John and Bart, during which John shoots Bart in the arm, disabling him.

Some time after that, the Far West village still runs with some new additions: John's story is loosely adapted as an Old West tale and acted out for tourists.

Cast

 Lou Diamond Phillips as Bart
 Sean Patrick Flanery as John
 Robert Forster as Gus
 Tanya Allen as Sharon
 Mark Metcalf as Marshall Harris
 Hugh Dillon as King
 Tyler Labine as Tim
 Alonso Oyarzun as Pablo

References

External links

2002 television films
2002 films
2002 action films
Films scored by Anthony Marinelli
American action television films
2000s American films

Lone Hero


"D.A.F." is a song by Australian alternative rock band Powderfinger, released as a single from their second studio album, Double Allergic, on 5 August 1996.

"D.A.F." reached number 39 on the Australian music chart. The song was doubly nominated in the 1997 ARIA Awards, once for Song of the Year and once for Single of the Year, however won neither.

History
When "D.A.F." was first released, Australian television program Recovery ran a competition asking what the song's title stood for. Powderfinger guitarist Darren Middleton recalls that "people wrote in saying something like Dylan something farts" (referring to then host Dylan Lewis), but Middleton stated that the title was actually the song's chord progression - D,A,F. When asked about the naming of the song, bassist John Collins replied "It's just because we were stupid".

"D.A.F." received healthy radio airplay from numerous mainstream stations including the Today Network. This came as a surprise for the band, as only their previous single, "Pick You Up", had achieved such airplay. Lead singer Bernard Fanning commented that "You can't really control who plays what you do on the radio, so it's pretty weird hearing your song on B105".

Although it was produced as a mainstream song, "D.A.F." was released as a single which included their cover version of the Warumpi Band single, "Blackfella/Whitefella", which was in recognition of Australian Indigenous people. Fanning commented on the band choosing to include the song, saying "we don't set out to preach or give social commentary, but we do have the opportunity to put forward an opinion". He also explained that the topic of social justice was one the band felt strongly about, and that the song had "the perfect lyrics to reflect that opinion".

In a separate interview, with Juice, Fanning said that "D.A.F." centered on "the old theme of searching for truth". He said the song related heavily to the ideal of "being honest with yourself so you can be honest with other people".

Response

"D.A.F." was generally received well by reviewers. Allmusic reviewer Jonathan Lewis commended the song, calling it "superb" and stating it was a "radio staple". Sputnikmusic reviewer blueyxd described "D.A.F." as "quirky" and "straight forward rock", recommending it for those who prefer songs "Plain and simple, Powderfinger like they are these days". Juice stated that "D.A.F." was "driven by dramatic tension".

"D.A.F." was nominated for "Song of the Year" and "Single of the Year" at the 1997 ARIA Awards, but failed to win either. It appeared at #18 on the Triple J Hottest 100 in 1996, and appeared on the CD release. "D.A.F." charted moderately, reaching #39 on the ARIA singles chart, and spending four weeks on the chart.

Track listing
 "D.A.F." – 3:30
 "Blackfella/Whitefella"
 "Ibis"
 "Pogo Style"

Charts

References

Powderfinger songs
1996 singles
1996 songs
Universal Music Group singles
Songs written by Jon Coghill
Songs written by John Collins (Australian musician)
Songs written by Bernard Fanning
Songs written by Ian Haug
Songs written by Darren Middleton

D.A.F. (song)


Nuclear fission is a kind of nuclear reaction.  It is when an atom splits apart into smaller atoms.  Some fission reactions give off a lot of energy, and are used in nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors. Nuclear fission was discovered in December 1938 by physicists Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch, who observed a uranium nucleus splitting in two. Although they originally thought the two tiny resulting nuclei were barium isotopes, what Meitner and Frisch truly saw was a process that would revolutionize nuclear chemistry: nuclear fission

An atom is the smallest particle which makes up a chemical element (e.g. hydrogen, oxygen, magnesium). All atoms are very small. Atoms are made of three components or particles: Protons, neutrons and electrons. The protons and neutrons are clumped together in a ball called a nucleus, at the center of every atom. The electrons orbit around the nucleus in its 'electron cloud'. Elements which have large nuclei, such as uranium and plutonium, can be made to fission.

If a (relatively) very large atomic nucleus is hit by a slow-moving neutron, it will sometimes become unstable and break into two nuclei. When the nucleus breaks apart (or fissions) it releases energy, mostly as gamma rays and heat.  It also causes some neutrons to be released from the nucleus.

For a few isotopes (an atom with the same amount of protons but a different amount of neutrons) such fission can release many neutrons.  If those neutrons then hit other atoms, they will make the other atoms split. This can happen again and again. This is called a nuclear chain-reaction, and it can release huge amounts of energy. Nuclear chain-reactions occur most commonly with Uranium-235. The splitting of Uranium-235 is jumpstarted when a neutron is slammed into its positively charged nucleus. This results in two lighter isotopes (Barium-141 and Krypton-92), whose total mass is less than that of the original Uranium isotope. The "mass defect" is converted into various forms of energy. A neutron is also released, triggering the afore-mentioned chain reaction as each additional neutron causes further collisions with existing Uranium isotopes in the environment.

This reaction can also occur "spontaneously" if the original nucleus is highly unstable. The resulting products are radioactive isotopes, but do not  release enough energy to generate usable power or make a bomb due to the lack of a chain reaction.

In a nuclear bomb, this must happen very quickly to make a very big explosion.  The amount of energy released in the explosion is measured in kilotons.  One kiloton is the same as the energy of one thousand tons of TNT (trinitrotoluene).

In a nuclear reactor this must happen slowly to make heat.  The heat is used to boil water into steam, which turns a steam turbine to generate electricity.

References

Other websites

 Annotated bibliography for nuclear fission from the Alsos Digital Library

Nuclear energy
Nuclear physics

Nuclear fission


Mukwonago is a town in Waukesha County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 7,781 at the 2020 census. The Village of Mukwonago is located mostly within the town. The unincorporated community of Jericho is also located in the town.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 32.0 square miles (82.8 km2), of which, 30.9 square miles (80.1 km2) of it is land and 1.0 square miles (2.7 km2) of it (3.29%) is water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 6,868 people, 2,184 households, and 1,965 families residing in the town. The population density was 222.2 people per square mile (85.8/km2). There were 2,241 housing units at an average density of 72.5 per square mile (28.0/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.90% White, 0.10% African American, 0.16% Native American, 0.32% Asian, 0.17% from other races, and 1.34% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.50% of the population.

There were 2,184 households, out of which 48.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 83.7% were married couples living together, 3.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 10.0% were non-families. 7.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.14 and the average family size was 3.33.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 31.4% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 31.0% from 25 to 44, 26.8% from 45 to 64, and 4.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.0 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $75,067, and the median income for a family was $75,944. Males had a median income of $50,610 versus $30,895 for females. The per capita income for the town was $26,071. About 1.3% of families and 1.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.6% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

References

External links
Town of Mukwonago, Wisconsin website

Towns in Waukesha County, Wisconsin
Towns in Wisconsin

Mukwonago (town), Wisconsin


Harthacnut or Cnut I () was a semi-legendary King of Denmark.  The old Norse story Ragnarssona þáttr makes Harthacnut son of the semi-mythic viking chieftain Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye, himself one of the sons of the legendary Ragnar Lodbrok. The saga in turn makes Harthacnut the father of the historical king, Gorm.  It has been suggested he is to be identified with the Hardegon of Northmannia whose early-10th century conquest of Denmark was related by Adam of Bremen.

Ragnarssona þáttr
The saga Ragnarssona þáttr relates the acts of the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok, and proceeds to link them genealogically to the later rulers of the Scandinavian kingdoms.  For Denmark, it relates that by Blaeja, the daughter of King Ælla of Northumbria, Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye became father of Harthacnut (Hörða-Knútr).  Harthacnut is said to have been his father's successor in Zealand, Scania and Halland, but not the break-away Viken, and he was father of Gorm.  Scholarly opinion is divided as to the degree to which the material found in such heroic sources is to be taken as authentic history and genealogy.

Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum of Adam of Bremen
Two possible references to Harthacnut appear in the work of clergyman Adam of Bremen, who came from Germany to record the history of the Archbishops of Bremen (Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum), partly based on information from Gorm's descendant, Sweyn II of Denmark.  Adam states that a king Helge was deposed and Denmark was conquered by Olof the Brash who came from Sweden (Sueonia).  Along with two of his sons, Gyrd and Gnupa, Olof took the realm "by force of arms," and they ruled it together, thus founding the House of Olaf in Denmark.  Adam reports that they were followed by a Sigtrygg. That Sigtrygg was the son of Gnupa by a Danish noblewoman named Asfrid, and is shown on two runestones near Schleswig, erected by his mother after his death.

Adam then relates that after Sigtrygg reigned a short time, during the tenure of Archbishop Hoger of Bremen (909–915/917), Hardegon, son of Sweyn, came from "Northmannia" the "land of the Northmen," by which he may have meant Norway, Northumbria, Normandy, which had recently been colonized by Danish Vikings, or even northern Jutland.  Hardegon immediately deposed the young king Sigtrygg, and then ruled unopposed for approximately thirty years.  Hardegon is often equated with the Harthacnut of legend, but some historians, such as Lis Jacobsen, instead have concluded that Hardegon is distinct.

Adam later refers to an attack on Denmark by Henry I of Germany, naming the defending king as Hardecnudth Vurm in some manuscripts, filius Hardecnudth Vurm in others.  Historians generally agree that Vurm (English: worm or serpent) is a German rendering of the Danish name Gorm, and this leads to alternative interpretations, that this is reference to Gorm, son (filius) of Harthacnut, or that it is a double-name indicating that Harthacnut and Gorm were the same person.  The Saxon chronicles of Widukind of Corvey report the defeat and forced baptism of the Danish king Chnuba (Gnupa), in 934 at the hands of Henry I. Likewise, Olav Tryggvasson's Saga tells of Gnupa's defeat by Gorm the Old. Some historians (e.g. Storm) have taken these as indications that Sigtrygg's father Gnupa still ruled at least part of Denmark much later than credited by Adam of Bremen, and his dynasty was only displaced by Harthacnut's son, Gorm.

Gesta Danorum of Saxo Grammaticus
In the late and legend-influenced  of Saxo Grammaticus, Harthacnut appears as Knut.  He is described as a son of Erik, a descendant of Ragnar Lodbrok, by Gudorm, the granddaughter of Harald Klak.  In his version of the tale, Harthacnut is raised by Ennignup (suggested to be Saxo's rendition of Gnupa), but never accepts Christianity.

Chronicon Roskildense
The anonymous 12th-century Chronicon Roskildense contains what appears to be a confused rendering that appears to combine aspects of Adam of Bremen's account of the conquest of Denmark by Hardegon, son of Sweyn from Norway, with the later Danish conquest of England by Sweyn Forkbeard.  It reports that king Sven went from Norway to England, where he expelled king Ethelred, and that his sons Harthacnut and Gorm conquered Denmark, killing king Haraldus. Denmark was then taken by Gorm and England by Harthacnut.

Silverdale treasure
In the Silverdale Hoard is a silver coin impressed with the name "Airdeconut" an Anglicized or Romanized variant of Harthacnut. The hoard dates to the early 10th century, but the style is similar to coins of other viking kings of Northumbria. The coin of Airdeconut could relate to an otherwise unknown Northumbrian viking king, or it could relate to an already known Harthacnut such as the Harthacnut of Denmark. It's thus not inconceivable that the same person could have ruled in both Northumbria and in Denmark, perhaps not at the same time?  However, some have suggested that the Northmannia from which Adam's Danish conqueror Hardegon came may be Northumbria, or that it may be Normandy, with which one recent linguistic analysis would connect the spelling of the name Airdeconut.

Notes

10th-century kings of Denmark
880s births

Year of birth uncertain
Year of death unknown

Harthacnut I of Denmark


Eugen Anton Theophil von Podbielski  (17 October 1814 – 31 October 1879) was a general in the Prussian Army. He was born in Köpenick and originally was a cavalry officer. Podbielski served as Quartermaster-General of the German General Staff during the Austro-Prussian War and again the Franco-Prussian War. As such he was the operations officer and Deputy Chief of Staff. Afterwards he was made Inspector-General of Artillery and became the namesake of the 5th (1st Silesian) Field Artillery Regiment. He eventually was promoted to General of the Cavalry. Having five daughters; his son Victor von Podbielski became a general as well and served as a Prussian minister afterwards. Theophil von Podbielski died in Berlin.

See also
Podbielskiallee (Berlin U-Bahn)

1814 births
1879 deaths
Generals of Cavalry (Prussia)
German military personnel of the Franco-Prussian War
Military personnel from Berlin
Military personnel from the Province of Brandenburg
Prussian nobility
Prussian people of the Austro-Prussian War
People from Treptow-Köpenick
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)

Eugen Anton Theophil von Podbielski


The Eridanus Group, sometimes called the Eridanus Cloud, is a nearby loose grouping of galaxies at a mean distance of approximately 75 Mly (23 ± 2 Mpc) in the constellation Eridanus.  Redshift values show that there are approximately 200 galaxies associated with the group, approximately 70% of which are spiral and irregular type galaxies while the remaining 30% are elliptical and lenticular types.

Characteristics

The concentration of galaxies in the Eridanus area was first identified by Baker in 1933. A more in depth study and discussion of the region was carried out by de Vaucouleurs in 1975. Work by Willmer et al. in 1989 suggested that the Group is condensing from the Hubble Flow and is a prominent feature in the large-scale system called the Eridanus-Fornax-Dorado Filament. The group extends over approximately 10 Mpc and on the sky is bounded by the lines of 3hr6' and 4hr30' of Right Ascension and −10° and −30° Declination.

The galaxies in the Eridanus Group are distributed in several clumps and overall the group has the appearance of an intermediate system, its structure being somewhere between that of a loose group (like the Ursa Major Group) and a cluster (like the Virgo Cluster). Dynamic studies indicate that the group is at an important stage of its evolution with the types of galaxy present already fixed. This suggests that galaxies involved in the formation of rich clusters are already highly evolved, a finding which supports aspects of Cold Dark Matter theories.

The Group is forming from the merger of a number of sub-groups. The group is predicted to be in an early stage of formation and exhibits a high number of early type galaxies. The sub-groups involved in the merger include the Fornax I Cluster, the Eridanus Cluster (or Fornax II Cluster) and the Dorado Group. In some studies these have been broken down into further sub-groups including the Eridanus Group, the NGC 1407 Group and the NGC 1332 Group. Bright individual galaxies which are members of the group include NGC 1407 (the brightest), NGC 1332, NGC 1309 and NGC 1209.

The group's significant population of S0 type galaxies has made it a target for investigation because of an ongoing debate over the formation of this species of galaxy. Within the surveyed sub-groups of the Eridanus Group it has been found that the brightest galaxy is often the elliptical or S0 type galaxy. Present theories on galaxy evolution suggest that S0 type galaxies form as part of the evolutionary process. This would suggest that there has been time for significant evolution of the galaxies within the Group, despite the young age of the Group itself.

Sub-groups

The term Eridanus Group has also been applied to a sub-group of the Eridanus Cloud. This grouping of galaxies is found at a distance of 14.2 Mpc. The Eridanus Group is known to have 31 members with nine listed in the New General Catalogue and two listed in the Index Catalogue. The brightest galaxy in this sub-group is the large elliptical, NGC 1395. The sub-group is not centred on any one galaxy and studies of X-ray emissions from the group indicate that it is dynamically young. It is involved, along with the NGC 1407 and NGC 1332 sub-groups, in the formation of the Eridanus galaxy supergroup with the three groups predicted eventually to merge to form a single poor cluster with a combined mass of approximately 7 × 1013 solar masses. The NGC 1407 sub-group contains most of the early type galaxies associated with the Eridanus Group.

References

External links

Eridanus (constellation)
Galaxy clusters
Southern Supercluster

Eridanus Group


The nuraghe Seruci is an important archaeological site, located in the municipality of Gonnesa, in the Iglesiente region of Sardinia.

The nuraghe
The nuraghe is of the complex type, it consists of a central tower surrounded by five other towers, some of which are in good condition. The towers have their summit collapsed but originally their tops were crowned with battlements in stone.

From the nuraghe, being located in a hill of strategic importance, is possible to observe the entire surrounding area.

The village
The nuraghe is surrounded by a village, one of the largest in Sardinia, with about a hundred and fifty huts grouped in "residential areas" divided by narrow streets. The settlements covers 7 hectares, the huts are circular and in some of them is possible to see the use of architectural solutions that are rarely found in the other nuraghic villages; for example the use of partition walls inside of the huts and the addition of other environments of varying shape around the usual living environment.

At the center of the village is located a hut of vast size that probably was the meeting hut of the community.

Near the village and the nuraghe are also present at least three giants' tomb, the typical burials of nuragic Sardinia.

Bibliography
A. Taramelli, Gonnesa - Indagini nella cittadella nuragica di Seruci (Cagliari), in Monumenti antichi della Reale Accademia dei Lincei, XXIX, 1917;
V. Santoni-G. Bacco, L'isolato A del villaggio nuragico di Seruci-Gonnesa. Lo scavo della capanna 5, in Un millennio di relazioni tra la Sardegna e i paesi del Mediterraneo, Cagliari, 1987;
V. Santoni-G. Bacco, L'isolato A del villaggio nuragico di Seruci-Gonnesa: lo scavo dei vani 3 e 6, in Quaderni della Soprintendenza Archeologica per le province di Cagliari e Oristano, 5, 1988.

External links
SardegnaCultura.it - Gonnesa, Complesso di Seruci
Il portale sardo, Villaggio Nuragico di Seruci

Buildings and structures in Sardinia
Archaeological sites in Sardinia
Former populated places in Italy
Tourist attractions in Sardinia
Nuraghe

Nuraghe Seruci


Rued Langgaard (; born Rud Immanuel Langgaard; 28 July 1893 – 10 July 1952) was a late-Romantic Danish composer and organist. His then-unconventional music was at odds with that of his Danish contemporaries but was recognized 16 years after his death.

Life
Born in Copenhagen, Rued Langgaard was the only son of composer and Royal Chamber musician Siegfried Langgaard (1852–1914) and Emma Langgaard (née Foss, 1861–1926), both of whom were pianists. At the age of five Rued began taking piano lessons with his mother, and later with his father and a private teacher. His talent emerged quickly, and at seven he was able to play Schumann's Davidsbündlertänze and Chopin's mazurkas. By then he had begun to compose short pieces for the piano and play the organ. At 10 he began to study the organ under Gustav Helsted, organist at the Jesuskirken in Valby, and the violin under Chr. Petersen, formerly of the Royal Orchestra.

At the age of 11 he made his first public appearance as an organist and improviser on the organ at a concert at the Frederikskirken (Marmorkirken) in Copenhagen. When he was 12, he started to study music theory under C. F. E. Horneman and, later, Vilhelm Rosenberg.

Langgaard's first compositions, 2 piano pieces and 2 songs, were published when he was 13, and around that time he was taught counterpoint by the celebrated composer Carl Nielsen for about a month. A year later, his choral work Musae triumphantes was performed at a concert in Copenhagen, marking his public debut as a composer. During his teen years he continued composing and travelled with his parents around Christmas and New Year's Eve, meeting conductors Arthur Nikisch and Max Fiedler.

At 18, Langgaard served as assistant organist at the Frederikskirken (Marmorkirken) in Copenhagen. The following year (1913) his Symphony No. 1 "Mountain Pastorals" received its first performance at a concert in Berlin with the Berlin Philharmonic under the baton of Max Fiedler.

His father died in 1914, and from 1915 to 1917 he was assistant organist at the Garnisons Kirke in Copenhagen. From 1917 onward he applied without success for the post of organist at a large number of churches in Copenhagen. In 1922 a young woman named Valborg Constance Olivia Tetens (she was known as Constance) moved in with Rued Langgaard and his mother in Copenhagen. A year after his mother died in 1926, Langgaard married Constance Tetens.

Although Langgaard was given a state grant from the age of 30, his works and job applications were almost continually rejected by the establishment. Only at the age of 46 did he manage to obtain a permanent job, as the organist at the cathedral in Ribe, the oldest town in Denmark, situated in southwest Jutland. Just shy of his 59th birthday, Rued Langgaard died in Ribe, still unrecognized as a composer.

Music

Rued Langgaard composed in a late Romantic style, emphatically dramatic and endowed with colossal mood swings. Unquestionably, he was influenced by Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss and, like Strauss, he was a master of orchestration. He was a prolific composer for the large orchestra, writing 16 symphonies as well as other orchestral works.

Music of the Spheres is his best-known and most radical work. It is a symphonic work of great complexity, calling for a large orchestra including organ and a piano on which the strings are played directly rather than via the keys, choir, and a supporting (distant) orchestra including a soprano voice. It was composed during World War I, but only performed twice (in Germany in 1921–1922) during Langgaard's lifetime and lay dormant for almost 50 years before being rediscovered. When it was rediscovered in the late 1960s, it was considered remarkably modern and reflective of the pathfinding style in which Langgaard composed. In 2010 Music of the Spheres received its British premiere at The Proms, conducted by Thomas Dausgaard.

His unorthodox style and sense of drama extended to the titles of his compositions. His fourth and sixth symphonies are known as the Leaf Fall and Heaven Storming. His symphonies Nos. 13 and 16 are named Faithlessness and Deluge of Sun, respectively. Examples of descriptive names for individual movements are Wireless Caruso and Compulsive Energy and Daddies rushing off to the Office (in symphony No. 14, The Morning).

His total production of over 400 works included more than 150 songs, works for piano, organ, and an opera entitled Antikrist (The Antichrist).

Selected works
BVN refers to the numbering of works in: Bendt Viinholt Nielsen: Rued Langgaards Kompositioner (Rued Langgaard's Compositions. An Annotated Catalogue of Works. With an English Introduction). Odense University Press, 1991.

Opera
  (Antichrist), "church opera" in two acts (or a prologue and six scenes) for soloists, mixed choir, and orchestra
 Original version: BVN 170; 1921–1923
 Revised version: BVN 192; 1926–1930

Symphonies
 Symphony No. 1,  (Cliffside Pastorals) (BVN 32; 1908–1909,  1910–1911)
 The Second Symphony exists in two versions:
 Symphony No. 2, (BVN 53; 1912 1914)
 Symphony No. 2,  (Awakening of Spring) (BVN 53; 1912 1914,  1926–1933)
 Symphony No. 3,  (La Melodia) (The Flush of Youth (La Melodia)), for piano and orchestra (BVN 96; 1915–1916,  1925–1933)
 Symphony No. 4,  (Leaf-fall) (BVN 124; 1916,  1920)
 The Fifth Symphony exists in two versions:
 Symphony No. 5 (BVN 191; 1917–1918,  1919–1920 and 1926)
 Symphony No. 5,  () (Steppe Landscape (Summer Legend Drama)) (BVN 216;  1931)
 Symphony No. 6 "Det Himmelrivende" (The Stormy Sky) (1919-20/1928-30), BVN. 165
 The Seventh Symphony exists in two versions:
 Symphony No. 7 (1st version, 1925–26), BVN. 188
 Symphony No. 7 "Ved Tordenskjold i Holmens Kirke" (By Tordenskjold in Holmen Church (2nd version, 1925-26/1930-32), BVN. 212
 Symphony No. 8 "Minder ved Amalienborg" (Memories at Amalienborg) (with mixed chorus, 1926–28/1929-1934), BVN. 193
 Symphony No. 9 "Fra Dronning Dagmars By" (From Queen Dagmar's City) (1942), BVN. 282
 Symphony No. 10 "Hin Tordenbolig" (Yon Hall of Thunder) (1944–45), BVN. 298
 Symphony No. 11 "Ixion" (1944–45), BVN. 303
 Symphony No. 12 "Helsingeborg" (1946), BVN. 318
 Symphony No. 13 "Undertro" (Belief in Wonders) (1946–47), BVN. 319
 Symphony No. 14 (Suite) "Morgenen" (Morning) (with mixed chorus, 1947-48/1951), BVN. 336
 Symphony No. 15 "Søstormen" (Storm at Sea) (with bass-baritone solo and male chorus, 1937/1949), BVN. 375
 Symphony No. 16 "Syndflod af Sol" (Deluge of the Sun) (1951), BVN. 417

Other orchestral works

 Drapa (On the Death of Edvard Grieg, 1907–09), BVN. 20
 Heltedød (Death of a Hero) (1907–08), BVN. 24
 Sphinx (Tone Poem) (1907–13), BVN. 37
 Saga blot (A Thing of the Past) (1917–19), BVN. 140
 Symfonisk Festspil (Symphonic Festival Play) (1917–20), BVN. 166
 Prelude to "Antikrist" (original version, 1921–23), BVN. 170:1
 Music for "En Digters Drøm" (A Poet's Dream) (1923–26), BVN. 181
 Musernes Dans paa Helikon (The Dance of the Muses on Helicon) (Concert Ouverture, 1925/1939), BVN. 185
 Prelude to "Fortabelsen (Antikrist)" (Perdition (Antikrist)) (1921-23/1926-30), BVN. 192:1
 Prelude to "Komedien om Enhver" (Comedy of an Everyman) (1921-23/1936), BVN. 232
 The Danish National Radio (Fanfares, 1948), BVN. 351
 Mistèrio "Dødssejleren" (The Phantom Ship) after Liszt (1931–32)

Concertante works

 Concerto (in one movement) for Violin and Orchestra (1943–44), BVN. 289
 Interdikt for Organ and Orchestra (1947–48), BVN. 335
 Søndagssonate (Sunday Sonata) for Violin, piano, organ and orchestra (1949–50), BVN. 393
 "Fra Arild" (From Arild), concerto for piano and orchestra freely adapted from compositions by Siegfried Langgaard (1935–37)

Voice and orchestra
 Drømmen (The Dream) (Sinfonia interna) (1915-16/1945), BVN. 98
 Hav og Sol (Sea and Sun) (with soprano or mezzo-soprano; version with chorus by Mike Cholewa after the composer's sketches, 1915/1940s), BVN. 102
 Music of the Spheres (), for soprano, mixed choir, organ, orchestra, and "distant orchestra" (BVN 128; 1916–1918)
 From the Abyss (), for mixed choir and orchestra (BVN 414; 1950,  1952)

Chamber music
 String Quartet No. 1 (BVN 68; 1914–1915,  1936)
 String Quartet No. 2 (BVN 145; 1918;  1931)
 String Quartet No. 3 (BVN 183; 1924)
 String Quartet No. 4, Summer Days () (BVN 215; 1914–1918,  1931)
 String Quartet in A-flat major (BVN 155; 1918)
 String Quartet No. 6 (BVN 160; 1918–1919)
 String Quartet No. 5 (BVN 189; 1925,  1926–1938)
 Violin Sonata No. 1, "Viole" (1915/1945), BVN 94
 Violin Sonata No. 2, "Den store Mester kommer" (Behold the Master Cometh) (1920–21), BVN 167
 Violin Sonata No. 3 (1945–49), BVN 312
 Violin Sonata No. 4, "Parce nobis, Jesu!" (1949), BVN 376
 Septet, for winds (BVN 95; 1915)
 Humoreske, sextet for winds and drum (BVN 176; 1922–1923)

Recordings

In recent years, many of his works have been recorded, including recordings by Danacord of his complete symphonies on seven CDs. This cycle, with the Artur Rubinstein Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Ilya Stupel, was followed by a second cycle recorded by Dacapo with the Danish National Symphony Orchestra under the baton of Thomas Dausgaard. Both cycles have had their share of critical recognition.

Other works of Langgaard currently available on CD include Music of the Spheres, Messis (Organ drama in three evenings), Antichrist (Church opera in six scenes), Duo Lys Pa Himlen, piano concertos, The End of Time, and various works for solo instruments. Some secular and religious choral works, performed by Ars Nova Copenhagen, can be found the CD Rose Garden Songs.

References

External links

 Profile and works at Edition S
 Very short Naxos biographical note on Rued Langgaard
 Danacord entry to Rued Langgaard, "a white duckling who became an ugly swan".

1893 births
1952 deaths
20th-century classical composers
20th-century Danish male musicians
20th-century organists
Burials at Holmen Cemetery
Child classical musicians
Classical composers of church music
Composers for piano
Composers for pipe organ
Danish Romantic composers
Danish classical composers
Danish classical organists
Danish male classical composers
Male classical organists
People from Ribe

Rued Langgaard


The Evangelical Lutheran Joint Synod of Ohio and Other States, commonly known as the Joint Synod of Ohio or the Ohio Synod, was a German-language Lutheran denomination whose congregations were originally located primarily in the U.S. state of Ohio, later expanding to most parts of the United States. The synod was formed on September 14, 1818, and adopted the name Evangelical Lutheran Joint Synod of Ohio and Other States by about 1850. It used that name or slight variants until it merged with the Iowa Synod and the Buffalo Synod in 1930 to form the first American Lutheran Church (ALC), 1930–1960.

In 1929, just before its merger into the ALC, the Ohio Joint Synod had 768 pastors, 876 congregations, and 166,521 members.

History

Origin and names
During the 1780s and 1790s, German-speaking Lutherans began to move west from the original 13 states on the Atlantic coast into the portion of the old Northwest Territory that is now the state of Ohio, with the numbers increasing after Ohio gained statehood in 1803. The Pennsylvania Ministerium sent two itinerant Lutheran pastors, Wilhelm Georg Forster and Johannes Stauch, to minister to the immigrants. By 1818, the Ministerium had sent another ten pastors, including Paul Henkel and John Michael Steck. These pastors began meeting together as the Ohio Conference of the Pennsylvania Ministerium, with the first convention on October 17–19, 1812, in Washington County, Pennsylvania. and the last on September 20–24, 1817, in New Philadelphia, Ohio. However, the Ohio Conference was not an independent synod, so any candidates for the pastoral office were required to travel to Pennsylvania for ordination. Most candidates found it difficult to make that trip across the Appalachian Mountains, so the Ohio Conference instead merely licensed them to preach. To remedy this problem, the conference asked for and received permission from the Pennsylvania Ministerium to form a new synod, and on September 14, 1818, in Somerset, Ohio, the General Council of the Evangelical Lutheran Preachers in Ohio and the Adjacent States () was organized.

The synod was known under several other names during its history, including the German Evangelical Lutheran Ministerium in Ohio and the Neighboring States () from 1818 to 1849, and the Synod and Ministerium of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the State of Ohio from 1830 to 1843. It finally adopted the name Evangelical Lutheran Joint Synod of Ohio and Other States by about 1850, and used that name or slight variants thereafter. The term "Joint Synod" reflected the division of the synod into Eastern and Western districts or "district synods" in 1831, and the organization of a non-geographical English District in 1836 to assist the increasing numbers of English-speaking ministers, congregations, and members.

Theological development
The theology of the Ohio Synod was initially shaped by that of the Pennsylvania Ministerium and the Tennessee Synod, and by unionism and the New Measures of the Second Great Awakening. In 1820, the synod discussed joining the Evangelical Lutheran General Synod being organized, but, for "practical reasons" rather than theological ones, decided not to. The establishment of relations with Johann Konrad Wilhelm Löhe and the immigration of additional Lutheran pastors from the German Confederation in the early 1840s resulted in an increasing conservative movement with the synod taking a stronger stance in support of the Lutheran doctrinal confessions contained in the Book of Concord of 1580.

The English District that had been formed in 1836 underwent a number of divisions. Organized in Somerset, Ohio, as a district synod of the Ohio Synod, it was originally called the Synod and Ministerium of the English Evangelical Lutheran Churches in Ohio and Adjacent States (and later, the English Evangelical Lutheran Synod and Ministerium of Ohio and Adjacent States). By the terms of its creation, it was not allowed to join another synod without the permission of the Ohio Synod. However, the majority of its congregations severed their connection with the Ohio Synod in 1840 and joined the General Synod in 1844. The district minority continued to operate in association with the Ohio Synod until 1855, when a majority of the minority also broke ties and joined the General Synod as the English Synod and Ministerium. The remaining minority formed a new district synod of the Ohio Synod at Circleville, Ohio, in 1857, but it then joined the General Council in 1867 without the approval of the Ohio Synod,  and broke ties with the Ohio Synod in 1869. Again, a minority decided to remain with the Ohio Synod and formed a new English district synod.

General Council
In 1866, the Pennsylvania Ministerium proposed a union of Lutheran synods to a number of conservative synods, including the Ohio Synod, that were dissatisfied with the theological direction being taken in the General Synod. Ten of those synods adopted a proposed constitution and in a convention on November 20, 1867, in Fort Wayne, Indiana, established the General Council of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in North America. The Ohio Synod sent representatives to the convention, but declined membership until differences on certain points of doctrine could be addressed. Those so-called Four Points, all of which the Ohio Synod opposed, concerned the teaching of millennialism, allowing non-Lutherans to commune at Lutheran altars, allowing non-Lutheran ministers to preach in Lutheran pulpits, and permitting Lutherans to hold membership in Masonic and other secret societies. Failure to reach agreement with the General Council on these points led the Ohio Joint Synod to look elsewhere for affiliations and allies.

Synodical Conference
In October 1870, the Joint Synod of Ohio contacted several of the conservative Midwestern Lutheran synods that opposed the General Synod and had either never joined the General Council or had withdrawn from it, to discuss the possibility of a union. This led to the Joint Synod of Ohio, the Missouri Synod, the Wisconsin Synod, the Minnesota Synod, the Illinois Synod, and the Norwegian Synod forming the Evangelical Lutheran Synodical Conference of North America, on July 10–16, 1872, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. However, in 1881, less than a decade later, the "Predestination Controversy" led to the Ohio Synod leaving the Synodical Conference. In that controversy the Ohio and Norwegian synods held that God elects people to salvation "in view of the faith" () he foresaw they would have, while the Missouri and Wisconsin synods held that the cause is wholly due to God's grace. Efforts made between 1903 and 1929 to reach agreement on the issue were ultimately unsuccessful. During this time, Frederick William Stellhorn left the Missouri Synod to become a seminary professor in the Ohio Synod.

A group of congregations within the Ohio Synod disagreed with the synod's position on the controversy and left to form the Evangelical Lutheran Concordia Synod of Pennsylvania and Other States, joined the Synodical Conference in 1882, and merged into the Missouri Synod in 1886.

By the 1910s, administrative offices for the synod with a president and a few secretaries and staff had been established in Columbus, Ohio, near its publishing house and Evangelical Lutheran Theological Seminary (1830) and affiliated Capital University (1850).

Mergers
During the discussions with the Missouri and Wisconsin synods, the Ohio Joint Synod continued to work with the smaller Iowa and Buffalo synods that were also largely composed of German-American Lutherans in the Midwest. In 1930, those three synods merged to form the American Lutheran Church (1930–1960), headquartered in Columbus, Ohio. After three decades of existence, the first ALC led the movement for a first multi-ethnic union in 1960 with the Evangelical Lutheran Church (mainly Norwegian-American Lutherans) and the United Evangelical Lutheran Church (mainly Danish-American Lutherans) to form a new body named similarly as The American Lutheran Church (The ALC), with headquarters in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The Lutheran Free Church joined in the new ALC in 1963. In 1988, after only 28 years of existence, the second ALC body merged with the eastern-based Lutheran Church in America (which itself was a 1962 union of four smaller various ethnic-based synods) and the Association of Evangelical Lutheran Churches (which was a theological split from the Missouri Synod in 1974–1976) to form the current Evangelical Lutheran Church in America which has about two-thirds of American Lutherans.

Seminaries and colleges
In 1830, the synod instituted its Theological Seminary in Canton, Ohio, with two students in attendance. A year later the seminary was relocated to Columbus, Ohio. Growth in the range of subjects offered led to the division of the institution into two parts. The non-theological secular programs became Capital University (founded in 1850) at Columbus' Bexley suburb, and the seminary was renamed as the Evangelical Lutheran Theological Seminary. The Theological Seminary continued to serve as a seminary of the Joint Synod of Ohio's successor church bodies, the first and second instances of the American Lutheran Church (1930–1960 and 1960–1988). In 1974, it merged with the Hamma Divinity School, which was the theological department of Wittenberg University in Springfield, Ohio, and associated with the Lutheran Church in America, to form today's Trinity Lutheran Seminary in Columbus.

A "practical" seminary requiring less academic study was begun as a department of the Theological Seminary in 1881. It moved in 1884 to a separate campus in Afton, Minnesota, and named Luther Seminary. In 1892, it moved again to the Phalen Park area of Saint Paul, Minnesota, and became part of the St. Paul Luther College, Seminary, and Academy. That seminary merged into the Iowa Synod's Wartburg Theological Seminary in Dubuque, Iowa, in 1932, shortly after the merger of the two German-based synods into the first American Lutheran Church two years earlier.

The college division of St. Paul Luther College, Seminary, and Academy continued operating in Afton, Minnesota, from 1884 to 1893, and in Saint Paul from 1893 to 1935, at which time it merged into Wartburg College in Waverly, Iowa. The Ohio Synod also operated several educational institutions that were relatively short-lived: Hebron Academy opened in Hebron, Nebraska, in 1911, added a junior college in 1924 as Hebron College and Academy, and closed in 1942. Similarly, St. John's Academy opened in Petersburg, West Virginia, in 1921, added a junior college in 1931 to become St. John's Academy and College, and closed in 1933 in the deepening Great Depression. Other schools included Woodville Normal School in Woodville, Ohio, from 1882 to 1923; a second practical seminary in Hickory, North Carolina, from 1887 to 1912; and Pacific Seminary in Olympia, Washington, from 1907 until 1911, when the theological department was discontinued, and 1917, when the remaining college department was discontinued.

Notable people

Carl Christian Hein, last president of the Ohio Synod, 1924–1930
Paul Henkel, one of the founders of the Ohio Synod
Richard C. H. Lenski seminary professor and author
Matthias Loy, president of the Ohio Synod, 1860–1878 and 1880–1894
Blanche Margaret Milligan, author
Wilhelm Sihler, Lutheran pastor
Frederick William Stellhorn, professor

Notes

References

Further reading
Allbeck, Willard Dow. A Century of Lutherans in Ohio. Antioch Press, 1966.
Peter, P. A. and Wm. Schmidt. Geschichte der Allgemeinen Evang.-lutherischen Synode von Ohio und anderen Staaten. Columbus, OH: [Lutheran Book Concern], 1900.
Sheatsley, C. V. History of the Evangelical Joint Synod of Ohio and Other States: From the Earliest Beginnings to 1919. Columbus, OH: Lutheran Book Concern, 1919.
Spielmann, C. Abriss der Geschichte der evangelisch-lutherischen Synode von Ohio u. a. Staaten, in einfacher Darstellung, von ihren ersten Anfängen bis zum Jahre 1846 : nebst einem Anhang. Columbus, OH: Ohio Synodal-Druckerei, 1880.

History of Christianity in the United States
Evangelical Lutheran Church in America predecessor churches
Lutheran denominations in North America
Religious organizations established in 1819
Lutheran denominations established in the 19th century
1819 establishments in Ohio


Data is a sequence of numbers, words, or other symbols. Data needs to be explained to become information. Digital data is data stored using the binary system, and is 1s and 0s. In computer systems invented after 1960, all data is digital. Data can be transported over a network or in memory, be changed, or be stored and be inactive. Data moving inside of a computer moves in multiple of these binary digits, in multiple conductors. Data that comes from a system that detects temperature is often analog and needs to become many binary digits, instead. Data that is used for numbers, characters, or symbols is stored using various magnets, a disc, electronics, or mechanically. Data goes into and out of various other devices attached to the computer. Memory elements often use a hexadecimal address, and 1 byte of storage. Data is, many times, stored in databases. A visual, such as a graph, can be created out of data.

Qualities
Data can be metadata, or data that is about other data. It can be suggested, or it can be given. Data relating to actual events usually has the time recorded as metadata. Computers follow commands given to them as data, and those commands are called programs. A program is a list of commands that control the computer, and which it does. When the program is acted on by the computer, it consists of code. The storage used by the program, but not acted on by the central processing unit (CPU) are data. A single datum is a value stored inside of the computer. Files containing only binary are sometimes called data, so as to point out the difference between these files and readable text. The amount of digital data was guessed to be 281 exabytes in 2008.

References

Other websites

Pages created with the Article Wizard from 2023
Data science

Data (computing)


Albert Hague (born Albert Marcuse, October 13, 1920 – November 12, 2001) was a German–born American songwriter and actor.

Early life
Hague was born to a Jewish family in Berlin, Germany. His father, Harry Marcuse, was a psychiatrist and a musical prodigy, and his mother, Mimi (née Heller), a chess champion. His family considered their Jewish heritage a liability and raised him as a Lutheran (although he would later embrace his Jewish heritage after coming to the United States). Shortly before he was to be inducted into the Hitler Youth, he and his mother fled to Rome. Hague came to America in 1939 after his sister, who lived in Ohio, got him a musical scholarship at the University of Cincinnati. However, as he did not have a legal immigration status to be in the country, he was adopted by an eye surgeon associated with the university. After graduating in 1942, he served in the United States Army's special service band during World War II.

Career
Hague's Broadway musicals include Plain and Fancy (1955), Redhead (1959), Cafe Crown (1964), and The Fig Leaves Are Falling (1969, with lyrics by Allan Sherman).

Famous songs he wrote include "Young and Foolish", "Look Who's in Love" and "Did I Ever Really Live?" He was the composer for the TV musical cartoon How the Grinch Stole Christmas and some songs in the 2000 musical version. He also was an actor, most notably on the TV series Fame, where he played Benjamin Shorofsky, the music teacher. It was a part he originated in the film of the same name. Hague also played a small role in the movie Space Jam (1996), as the psychiatrist that the Professional Basketball players go to when they lose their "skill".

Hague and his wife Renee occasionally presented a cabaret act, first as "Hague and Hague: His Hits and His Mrs." and later, in 1998, under the title "Still Young and Foolish". They played at Carnegie Hall, the Cinegrill in Los Angeles, and Eighty Eight's in Manhattan.

Hague was a member of The Lambs where he often taught musical theater to members.

Personal life and death
His wife, Renee Orin, an actress and singer, with whom he often collaborated, died, aged 73, in August 2000 from lymphoma. They had been married since 1951.  They had two children. Albert Hague died at age 81 from cancer at a hospital in Marina del Rey, California in November 2001.

Filmography

References

External links

1920 births
2001 deaths
American Lutherans
Converts to Lutheranism from Judaism
Deaths from cancer in California
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
German Lutherans
Jewish American songwriters
Writers from Berlin
People from Greater Los Angeles
United States Army Air Forces soldiers
University of Cincinnati – College-Conservatory of Music alumni
20th-century American male actors
Male actors from Berlin
Musicians from Berlin
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
German male writers
German male songwriters
20th-century American musicians
20th-century German musicians
American musical theatre composers
Broadway composers and lyricists
Tony Award winners
20th-century Lutherans
United States Army Band musicians
20th-century American Jews
Members of The Lambs Club

Albert Hague


Insaan Aur Devta ((؛Eng: Man and Gods) is a 1944 Urdu novel by Naseem Hijazi. Set in some time in Ancient India, the novel depicts the strange relationship between human beings and their gods and the cruelties of the prevailing caste system.

Plot
Raja's general Sukhdev who crosses the river, determined to demolish settlements of the low caste people, but is affected by their kindness. He was born with the ideas that the low caste Shudra are worse than animals but he falls in love with a low cast girl Kanwal from that settlement. Both of them escape and start living in a village of shepherds on the bank of Ravi. Ramu, the new chief of the village, who is a very clever person, one day comes up with the idea that there is a difference between gods and goddesses, between the low castes and the high society. They have powerful gods that they worship. These gods teach them the lesson of untouchability. Because of their teachings, Brahmins treat us with hatred, take away our lands, and oppress us. If we create our own gods then gradually they will also start fearing our gods. We will make these upper castes untouchable, we will treat them the same way they have been doing to us, and when all this is done in the name of goddesses and gods, no one will be able to oppose it. Sukhdev doesn't like Ramu's idea but his son also falls in love with an upper-cast city girl. The story ends with disclosure of Sukhdev's identity as a member of a higher cast family.

History of publication
The first part of Insaan Aur Devta was written in 1940. Later, the novel was completed in 1944.

References

Urdu-language literature
Historical novels
Novels by Naseem Hijazi
Urdu-language novels
Novels set in ancient India

Insaan Aur Devta


The Puerto Rico Urgent Interest Fund Corporation (also known as the Puerto Rico Sales Tax Financing Corporation) —Spanish: Corporación del Fondo de Interés Apremiante (COFINA)— is a government-owned corporation of Puerto Rico that issues government bonds and uses other financing mechanisms to pay and refinance the public debt of Puerto Rico. The Corporation is a subsidiary of the Government Development Bank and was created by Law No. 291 of 2006. Bonds issued by COFINA are called Puerto Rico Sales Tax Revenue Bonds.

Background
The Corporation receives half of the state government portion of the Puerto Rico Sales and Use Tax (SUT) (2.75%, or half of the out of the state government's portion of 6%) and is authorized to use such portion pay or finance, in whole or in part, or fund:
 certain debt obligations of the government of Puerto Rico payable solely from government budgetary appropriations and outstanding as of June 30, 2006;
 the debt of the Department of Treasury with the Government Development Bank; and
 others

As of May 2011, COFINA had issued over $14.4 billion in bonds pursuant to its Enabling Act, as amended, of which $13.4 billion were outstanding. As an independent corporation, COFINA has the same powers, rights and faculties as the Puerto Rico Government Development Bank under its Constitutional Charter.

References

Government-owned corporations of Puerto Rico
Financial services companies established in 2006
Public debt of Puerto Rico
Taxation in Puerto Rico

COFINA


Richard Lovelace, 1st Baron Lovelace (1564 – 22 April 1634) of Hurley, Berkshire was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1601 and 1622. He was raised to the peerage as Baron Lovelace in 1627.

Lovelace was born the son of Richard Lovelace and his wife, Anne, the daughter of Richard Warde of Hurst, also in Berkshire. He was educated at Merton College, Oxford in 1584, knighted in 1599, and succeeded his father in 1602.

Lovelace became a soldier and commanded a force under the Lord Deputy in Ireland, after which he was knighted in Dublin by the Earl of Essex.  His association with the earl led to a brief period of imprisonment on charges of plotting against Queen Elizabeth I but he was released without charge.

He was elected to the Parliament of England to represent Berkshire in 1601, Abingdon in 1604, New Windsor in 1614 and Berkshire again in 1621.

He was selected High Sheriff of Berkshire for 1610-11 and for Oxfordshire for 1626-27. In 1627 he was created Baron Lovelace of Hurley by Charles I. Lovelace died in Hurley in 1634.

He had married twice: firstly, Katherine, daughter of Sir George Gyll and widow of William Hyde of Denchworth in Berkshire (now Oxfordshire) (no children) and, secondly, Margaret, daughter and co-heir of a rich merchant, William Dodworth, with whom he had four sons and five daughters. The eldest son was his heir John Lovelace, 2nd Baron Lovelace and a daughter Elizabeth married the regicide Henry Marten.

His son Francis should not be confused with the person of the same name who became the second Governor of the New York colony but who was however the grandfather of the John Lovelace who was a later Governor.

References

1564 births
1634 deaths
People from Hurley, Berkshire
High Sheriffs of Berkshire
High Sheriffs of Oxfordshire
Alumni of Merton College, Oxford
16th-century English nobility
Members of the Parliament of England for Berkshire
English knights
1
Richard, Baron 1st
English MPs 1601
English MPs 1604–1611
English MPs 1614
English MPs 1621–1622

Richard Lovelace, 1st Baron Lovelace


Ben Selling (1852 or April 29, 1853 – 1931)  was a businessman, philanthropist, civil rights advocate, and politician in Portland, Oregon, United States. He was a noted leader in the Jewish community, and he owned a clothing store in downtown Portland.

Selling arrived in Portland with his family in circa 1862. He started with a boot and shoe business, then a clothing store. He was regarded as "the outstanding Jewish leader in Portland", receiving the first First Citizen Award from the Portland Realty Board in 1928. MacColl remarked the choice of Selling was ironic because he "possessed none of the acquisitive instincts ... associated with the realty trade." He also organized kitchens for the unemployed during the Panic of 1893 and Panic of 1907, serving over 450,000 meals. He heavily supported the Armenian Relief Society, bought $400,000 in Liberty Bonds during World War I, and supported the Waverly Baby Home and Jewish Neighborhood House, both in Portland. MacColl also stated "Suffice it to say, Ben Selling probably gave away more money in proportion to his income than any Oregon citizen since the state was founded."

He served on the Port of Portland Commission, then on the Portland Dock Commission. After being elected to the Oregon State Senate in 1910, he served as President of the Senate for one session in 1911. He was also Speaker of the Oregon House of Representatives for one session, 1915. He ran for the United States Senate in 1912, losing by a few hundred votes to Harry Lane.

After he died in 1931, four of his 40 employees sued his estate, saying he had promised the business to them. Their claims were rejected, as Selling was known for being honest and writing everything down.

See also
 Selling Building

References

External links
 Selling Building, article from the Jewish Review
 Article from Business Journal on building renaming
 Ben Selling scholarship

1850s births
1931 deaths
Businesspeople from Portland, Oregon
Jewish American people in Oregon politics
Jews and Judaism in Portland, Oregon
Presidents of the Oregon State Senate
Speakers of the Oregon House of Representatives
Republican Party members of the Oregon House of Representatives
Philanthropists from Oregon

Ben Selling


Space Rogue is a space flight simulation video game developed by Origin Systems and published by Origin Systems, Wave Brain, and Night Dive Studios. The game was released in 1989 for Apple II and Commodore 64; the series was later ported to DOS, Macintosh, Amiga, and Atari ST. The game was also released in the Japanese language for PC-9801, X68000, and FM Towns. The FM Towns version had its intro remade with slight animations and new illustrations, along with scrolling Japanese text, and exclusive CD quality background music. Taking place within the Far Arm of the Milky Way galaxy, Space Rogues main story revolves around the player characters efforts to pursue a career and undertake long-range goals beyond his immediate mission.

The game features elements of a role-playing game, like the much later X Rebirth and Elite Dangerous. It is notable for being the first game designed for Origin by Paul Neurath, who went on to found Blue Sky Productions (later renamed Looking Glass Studios).

Space Rogue can be considered as the spiritual predecessor to Origin's Wing Commander series. The press release for Space Rogue stated that it is "the first of its kind in science-fiction/3D space flight simulation. An ORIGIN Cinematic Experience", implying that Space Rogue was originally meant to be a series of its own ('Ultima in Space'), before later on Origin turned to the Wing Commander series instead. In 2016, Night Dive Studios reacquired the rights and re-released it.

Plot
The player takes on the role of a crew member aboard the Princess Blue, who was sent by his captain to investigate a small derelict spacecraft, the Sunracer class Jolly Roger. While he is on board the Jolly Roger, a group of aliens called the Manchis attack the Princess Blue using their Vulture class ships, destroying it.

Left only with the Jolly Roger, little money, and no ties to anyone, the player can decide his fate from there. He could engage in piracy, hunt bounties, become an interstellar merchant, or become embroiled in the interplanetary politics.

Gameplay
The game is played switching back and forth between a traditional top-down style role-playing game (e.g. Ultima) and a 3D space combat simulator (e.g. Elite). Visiting starships, space stations, outposts, planets, and so on. The player is able to travel from one solar system to another using the ancient Malir Gates' wormhole, a form of 'Star Gate'. A minigame of travelling through rings must be successfully completed before the player can reach his intended system; a failed minigame will cause an aborted interstellar travel.

During the 3D space flight part of the game, the game offers 3 points of view: first person, third-person, and cinematic.

There is also an arcade game called "Hive!" in the bars, that can be played by the player. The gameplay is a 2D top-down shooter, with the player moving on foot, attacking the incoming Manchis. The ship in the arcade game resembled the Sunracer class ship featured in the manual that came with Space Rogue. After completing five levels, the player can win money which can then be spent in the rest of Space Rogue.

Reception

Computer Gaming World called Space Rogue "an interesting blend of arcade action, role-playing interaction and economic strategy."

In the January 1990 edition of Dragon, Patricia Hartley and Kirk Lesser called it "a refreshing science-fiction game with crisp graphics that give you the feeling of flying in space." They concluded by giving it a rating of 3.5 out of 5, saying that it was "an enjoyable adventure that offers a lot of action for a minimal investment."

Compute! stated that, "the best of flight simulation and role-playing come together in Space Rogue ... believably and with style."

Zzap64, Issue #58, 1990: "I thought Elite could never be beaten as the greatest ever space game, but after playing Space Rogue for hours on end I've changed my mind. This totally outclasses Elite and is the best Space Game for any machine!"

In the June 1990 edition of Games International, Mike Siggins was very disappointed in this game, calling it "an almost exact lift of Elite." He concluded by giving it a very poor rating of 2 out of 10, saying "Save your money and stick with the original."

References

Sources

External links

 Space Rogue at Hall of Light
 Space Rogue at Atari Mania
 Space Rogue at GameFAQs

1989 video games
Adventure games set in space
Amiga games
Apple II games
Atari ST games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
FM Towns games
NEC PC-9801 games
X68000 games
Origin Systems games
Role-playing video games
Science fiction video games
Space trading and combat simulators
Video games developed in the United States

Space Rogue


All Saints Church stands to the north of the village of Handley, Cheshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building. The church is an active Anglican parish church in the diocese of Chester, the archdeaconry of Chester and the deanery of Malpas. Its benefice is combined with that of St Alban, Tattenhall.

History

There has been a church on this site from the 12th century. In a restoration in 1854 by James Harrison all the masonry was removed except for the west tower which had been built in 1512. During the restoration a Norman doorway on the north side of the church was lost, but the hammerbeam roof dated 1661 was retained. A chancel and vestry were added in 1891.

Architecture

Exterior
The church is built in ashlar red sandstone with a Welsh slate roof. Its plan consists of west tower, a three-bay nave, a one-bay chancel, a vestry, and a south porch. The tower has three stages and corner buttresses. An inscription on its south wall records its building in 1512. It has a west door above which is a three-light window with empty niches on each side. The belfry windows have three lights, the top of the tower is embattled, it has gargoyles, and the string course includes carved heads.

Interior
The nave has a hammerbeam roof with "excellent scrolled carved corbels". On the north side of the church is a stained glass window by William Wailes. The 17th-century font is octagonal in red sandstone and the parish chest is dated 1677. There is a ring of six bells, the oldest three dating from around 1512, from 1615 and from 1682. A bell from 1709 was cast by Rudhall of Gloucester and the remaining two bells were cast in 1906 by John Taylor and Company. The parish registers begin in 1570 and the churchwardens' accounts in 1710.

See also

Listed buildings in Handley, Cheshire
List of works by James Harrison

References

Church of England church buildings in Cheshire
Grade II* listed churches in Cheshire
English Gothic architecture in Cheshire
Gothic Revival architecture in Cheshire
Diocese of Chester
James Harrison buildings

All Saints Church, Handley


The Stagecoach Inn is an exhibit building located at Shelburne Museum in Shelburne, Vermont.

History
Hezekiah Barnes built the Stagecoach Inn in Charlotte, Vermont, in 1783. A former captain in the United States Militia, Barnes had moved with his family to Charlotte in 1780 and established the inn and a trading post on opposite sides of the main stage route from Montreal to southern New England.

Built on a Georgian plan, the Stagecoach Inn, which town residents referred to as the Tavern Stand, possesses regularly spaced windows and two central, side-lit doors that are distinctive elements of the vernacular Federal style popular in the eighteenth century.

Relocation
When the Shelburne Museum dismantled and reassembled the Stagecoach Inn on the grounds in 1949, it needed restoration. Museum contractors removed the dividing walls in the second-story ballroom, returning it to its former dimensions; they rebuilt ten fireplaces, two brick ovens, and two ham-smoking chambers; applied paneling and plaster finishes that approximated those found in New England in the late 18th century; and fashioned replacement window casings and chair rails with antique carpenter's planes. Finally, they reconstructed the broad porch that had originally wrapped around the building's exterior to re-create the inn's early appearance.

Collection

Trade and tavern signs
Shelburne Museum's collection of over 175 trade signs represents dozens of different trades using a variety of forms, such as oversized locksmith's keys, optometrist's eyeglasses and skate-maker's skates, as well as an enormous cobbler's boot, a haberdasher's hat, a clockmaker's watch, and an innkeeper's pineapple. Samuel Anderson Robb's firm produced several of the museum's finest figures, including a caricature of Robb in his National Guard uniform. Inspired by the popular Civil War-era song "Captain Jinks of the Horse Marines", Thomas White, Robb's partner of many years, created the caricature as a tobacconist figure.

During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, trade signs advertised the variety of goods and services that craftspeople, merchants, and inn and tavern keepers offered. Many early craftspeople promoted their wares with oversized, three-dimensional metal or wooden representations of the objects they made or repaired. A gunsmith, for example, might hang a large gun outside his shop, while a dentist might exhibit a tooth. Inn and tavern keepers tended to favor flat, wooden signs that hung at a right angle to the building. These two-dimensional advertisements frequently combined a representational painting with the proprietor's name, and each side often displayed a different design.

Although a few craftsmen made their own signs, many turned to professional carvers and sign painters. During the nineteenth century most major cities supported dozens of woodcarvers and sign painters. In 1881, Samuel Robb of New York advertised his firm's services thus: "Manufacturing of show figures and lettered signs a specialty. Tobacconist signs in great variety, on hand and made to any design. Ship and steamboat carvings, eagles, scroll heads, block letters, shoe, dentist, and druggist signs, etc."

Weathervanes and whirligigs
Shelburne Museum's collection of 130 weathervanes includes finely crafted vanes as well as commercially produced examples. The tradition of surmounting buildings with weathervanes extends to antiquity when, as early as 100 BCE, a vane crowned the Athenian Tower of the Winds. Throughout the Medieval period, European churches displayed roosters, symbols of vigilance, from their bell towers. By the seventeenth century, English settlers had brought the tradition to America. In the United States, weathervanes first decorated public buildings but soon appeared across the countryside. Farmers would mount a representation of a cow, pig, or rooster on top of their barns to symbolize their trade, while horse breeders might cap their stables with a finely crafted racehorse.

Early weathervanes were often handmade, and the museum's wooden mermaid, carved by Warren Gould Roby of Wayland, Massachusetts, in about 1850, is a fine example of such hand-carved figures. Other handcrafted weathervanes include a Native American archer, a streamlined goose in flight, and a wooden rooster that originally stood on a barn in Bedford, Massachusetts.

In the second half of the nineteenth century, manufacturers began to sell commercially produced, copper weathervanes. Makers of these vanes would hammer copper sheeting into cast-iron molds copied from carved-wood patterns. Using a mold enabled manufacturers to reproduce each design many times. Shelburne's collection includes finished copper vanes, cast-iron molds, and a unique wooden pattern for a Lady Liberty weathervane. Many of the commercial weathervanes depict common barnyard animals, including roosters, horses, pigs, and cows. Others represent less familiar forms such as a centaur, a pouter pigeon, and an anvil. One of the largest known commercial weathervanes is a highly detailed fire-pumper pulled by a pair of horses, which originally topped a firehouse in Manchester, New Hampshire.

Whirligigs, which are closely related to weathervanes, most commonly represent a standing figure with paddled arms that flail in the wind. Some clever craftspeople built more complex whirligigs powered by a wind-catching wheel. One of Shelburne's finest represents a woman seated at a spinning wheel; doubling as a trade-sign, when the wind turned the spinning wheel, the woman's foot would move up and down on the treadle as if she were spinning yarn.

Other

Stagecoaches
A stagecoach is a type of four-wheeled coach used for passengers and goods. They were strongly sprung and drawn by four horses. Stagecoaches were widely used before the introduction of railway transport and made regular trips between stages or stations, which were places of rest provided for stagecoach travelers. Shelburne Museum has examples of stagecoaches in their coach and wagon collection. See Horseshoe Barn and Annex for more information on this collection.

Stagecoach inns
Stagecoach inns served the traveling coach passengers. They stabled the teams of stagecoach horses, provided overnight loading, and served food and drink for weary travelers.

References

Stagecoach Inn
Hill, Ralph Nading, and Lilian Baker Carlisle. The Story of the Shelburne Museum. 1955.
Shelburne Museum. 1993. Shelburne Museum: A Guide to the Collections. Shelburne: Shelburne Museum, Inc.

Shelburne Museum
Folk art museums and galleries in Vermont
Relocated buildings and structures in Vermont

Stagecoach Inn (Vermont)