Graaff-Reinet is a town in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. It is the oldest town in the province. It is also the sixth-oldest town in South Africa, after Cape Town, Stellenbosch, Simon's Town, Paarl and Swellendam. The town was the centre of a short-lived republic in the late 18th century. The town was a starting point for Great Trek groups led by Gerrit Maritz and Piet Retief and furnished large numbers of the Voortrekkers in 1835–1842.

Graaff-Reinet is home to more national monuments than any other town or city in South Africa. It is also known for being a flourishing market for agricultural produce, noted for its mohair industry, and sheep and ostrich farming.

History

Graaff-Reinet was established by the Dutch East India Company in 1786, after Cape Town in 1652, Stellenbosch in 1679, Paarl in 1687 and Swellendam in 1745. The town is named after then-governor of the Cape Colony, Cornelis Jacob van de Graaff, and his wife. The town was originally established as a trading post to expand trading inland from the Cape Colony.

In 1795, the town's burghers, who were annoyed by company taxation, proclaimed themselves to be the independent "Colony of Graaff-Reinet". The burghers then requested guardianship from the government of the Netherlands. Similar action was subsequently taken by the burghers of Swellendam. Before the authorities at Cape Town could take decisive measures against the rebels, they were compelled to capitulate to the British who had invaded and occupied the Cape.

In January 1799, Marthinus Prinsloo, a leader of the 1795 independence movement, rebelled again but surrendered the following April. Prinsloo and nineteen others were imprisoned in the Cape Town castle. After trial, Prinsloo and another commandant were sentenced to death. Other conspirators were sentenced to exile. The sentences were not carried out and the prisoners were released in March 1803, on the retrocession of the Cape to the Netherlands.

In 1801, there was another revolt in Graaff Reinet, but due to the measures of General Francis Dundas, the acting governor of the Cape Colony, peace was soon restored. In February 1803, due to the 1802 signing of the Treaty of Amiens, the British returned the Cape Colony to the Netherlands, then named the Batavian Republic.

On 13 August 1814 the Cape Colony was formally ceded to Britain by a convention under which Dutch vessels were entitled to resort freely to the Cape of Good Hope for the purposes of refreshment and repairs. Britain agreed on 13 August 1814 to pay five million sterling to the United Netherlands for the Dutch possession at the Cape.

The Cape Colony received a degree of independence in 1872 when "Responsible Government" was declared in South Africa. In 1877, the government of Prime Minister John Molteno began construction of the railway line connecting Graaff-Reinet to Port Elizabeth on the coast. This railway was officially opened on 26 August 1879.

Graaff Reinet became the centre of British military operations for the Eastern Cape during the Second Boer War. In 1901, a number of captured Boer rebels were tried in the town for crimes ranging from high treason, murder, attempted murder, arson and robbery. Nine were sentenced to death, with eight of these being executed by firing squad on the outskirts of the town, while the ninth sentence was carried out in Colesberg. A monument stands in the town to commemorate these fallen Boers.

Geography
The town lies  above sea level and is built on the banks of the Sundays River, which rises a little further north on the southern slopes of the Sneeuberge, and splits into several channels here.

The town is home to a number of tourist attractions, including the Dutch Reformed church in the town, which is a prominent stone building with seating to accommodate 1,500 people. The building is influenced by the architecture of Salisbury Cathedral in England. The town is also home to tourist sites such as The Valley of Desolation, Camdeboo National Park and the Reinet House Museum, a Cape Dutch building, formerly the Dutch Reformed Church parsonage.

Demographics
In the South African National Census of 2011, the population of Graaff-Reinet and the township of uMasizakhe was recorded as 35,672, which included 8,393 households. 62.2% of these residents described themselves as "Coloured" an identity that Khoi communities were coerced into accepting, 28.2% as "Black African", and 8.7% as "White". The dominant language was Afrikaans, which was the first language of 76.0% of the population. 18.9% spoke Xhosa, and 3.6% spoke English.

Notable people

Great Trek and Boer Republics
Andries Pretorius, born Andries Wilhelmus Jacobus Pretorius (27 November 1798 – 23 July 1853) Great Trek leader after whom Pretoria was named, farmed in the district before the Great Trek. Also instrumental in the creation of the Transvaal Republic.
Andries Hendrik Potgieter, Great Trek leader was born on 19 December 1792 in Graaff-Reinet
Lourens Jacobus Wepener (Louw Wepener) (1812–1865) was born in Graaff-Reinet.  He was a commandant in the Orange Free State and was killed in the 2nd Orange Free State–Basuto War while trying to storm the mountain stronghold of Moshoeshoe I, founder of the Basotho nation. He was renowned for his bravery.
Martinus Wessel Pretorius. (1819–1901) Boer soldier and statesman, president of the South African Republic (1857–1871), born in Graaff-Reinet, the son of Andries Pretorius. He succeeded his father as commandant-general in 1853, and was elected president of the South African Republic, and of the Orange Free State (1859–1863).  He fought against the British again in 1877, until the independence of the Republic was recognised (1881), then retired.
Gerrit Maritz, Great Trek Leader after whom Pietermaritzburg was partly named was a wagon-maker in the town.
Jan Gerritze Bantjes (1817–1887), explorer, pioneer, scribe and secretary to Andries Pretorius during the Great Trek.
Jacobus Nicolaas Boshoff (31 January 1808 – 21 April 1881) was the second president of the Orange Free State, from 1855 to 1859. He was born in Kogmanskloof, Montagu and completed his schooling in Swellendam and Graaff-Reinet where he worked for a further 14 years.
Thomas François Burgers (15 April 1834 – 9 December 1881) was the 4th president of the South African Republic from 1871 to 1877. He was the youngest child of Barend and Elizabeth Burger of the farm Langefontein in the Camdeboo district of Graaff Reinet, Cape Colony.
General Nicolaas Jacobus Smit (30 May 1837 – 1896), commander of the Boer forces at the battles of Ingogo and Majuba. Member of the Volksraad (Parliament), he was vice-president of the ZAR in 1887.  Prussia made him Knight of the Red Eagle while the Netherlands gave him their highest award as Commander of the Order of the Netherlands Lion.  Portugal also gave him the highest award of their country. Born at Doornbos, Graaff-Reinet district, on 30 May 1837, died in Pretoria 4 April 1896.

Politics
Daniel François Malan (22 May 1874 – 7 February 1959), D.F. Malan, was a prime minister of South Africa. He is seen as the champion of Afrikaner nationalism, and his government started to legalise apartheid policies. An ordained Dutch Reformed minister in Graaff-Reinet between 1912 and 1915. He is positioned 81st on the Top 100 Great South Africans list.
Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe (5 December 1924 – 27 February 1978) was a South African political dissident, who founded the Pan Africanist Congress in opposition to the Apartheid regime. Sobukwe was born in Graaff-Reinet. In 2004 Sobukwe was voted 42nd in the Top 100 Great South Africans.
Dr Beyers Naude – anti-apartheid activist matriculated in Graaff-Reinet. In 2004, he was voted 36th in the Top 100 Great South Africans.
Matthew Goniwe (1947–1985) Well known teacher and political activist in South Africa. His political involvement led to his arrest and conviction in 1977 under the Suppression of Communism Act and he was sentenced to four years in prison. He taught at a local school in 1982. On 27 June 1985 Goniwe and three other activists, Fort Calata, Sparrow Mkhonto and Sicelo Mhlauli who became known as "The Cradock Four" were killed and mutilated by unnamed members of the Security Forces.
Cameron Dugmore (b. 16 September 1963)—was sworn in as MEC for Education in the Western Cape Province on 30 April 2004. He attended the Union Primary School in Graaff Reinet. His father was principal at Union High School. He has been a member of the Western Cape Provincial Executive of the African National Congress since 1993.
Sir Andries Stockenström, 1st Baronet (6 July 1792, Cape Town – 16 March 1864, London) – lived in Graaff-Reinet.

Sciences
Francis Guthrie the Four Colour Theorem mathematician and botanist, lived here.
Harry Bolus botanist and founder of the Bolus Herbarium, lived here.
Andrew Geddes Bain (1797 – 20 October 1864), esteemed geologist, road engineer, palaeontologist and explorer. Lived in Graaff-Reinet from 1822 for 13 years and worked as a saddle maker. He helped with the construction of the Ouberg Pass and supervised the construction of the Van Rynevelds Pass. In 1837 he was appointed superintendent of military roads by the Royal Engineers. He built eight mountain passes including Michell's Pass and Bain's Kloof Pass. He can rightly be called the father of South African palaeontology. His first fossil discovery was made in 1838. Famous for a fossil he discovered with a very impressive jaw filled with teeth which he named the "Blinkwater Monster". This fossil was later housed at the British Natural History Museum.
Thomas Charles John Bain (29 September 1830 – 1893) became an even more famous road builder than his father and is the best known of the 19th century road builders. Famous for his 24 mountain passes. He was born in Graaff-Reinet; the second son and seventh child of Andrew Geddes Bain.
Prof James Leonard Brierley Smith (26 October 1897 – 7 January 1968) was a famous South African ichthyologist who was born in Graaff Reinet. He was the first to identify, in 1938, a captured fish as a coelacanth, at the time thought long extinct.
Dr Sidney Henry Southey Rubidge (31 May 1887 – 1970) Farmer on "Wellwood" Farm in the district. His hobby of fossil collecting became so highly developed that it brought him worldwide recognition for his contribution to science in the field of palaeontology. In 1952 he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate by the University of the Orange Free State for his work in this field. He built and maintained a fossil museum on "Wellwood". This has come to be recognised as the finest private collection of Karoo fossils in the world. A founder of the Merino Ram Breeders' Association of South Africa and of what today is the National Wool Growers Association of South Africa.
Johannes Jacobus Brummer (Joe) was born in Graaff-Reinet on 2 September 1921. He was an economic geologist and one of the most successful mine finders ever. He was responsible for finding copper in Zambia, nickel, copper and zinc deposits in Manitoba as well as zinc and uranium deposits in Saskatchewan. Recipient of the Barlow Gold Medal (CIM) in 1978 and in 1984 the GAC awarded him the Duncan R. Derry medal for his major contributions to economic geology.
Prof James William Kitching (6 February 1922 – 24 December 2003) who grew up in the district was a South African vertebrate palaeontologist and regarded as one of the world's greatest fossil finders. He, together with James (Jim) Collinson, was the first person to identify and collect therapsid fossils in the Antarctic confirming the former continental link between southern Africa and Antarctica.
Aubrey Sheiham (12 September 1936 – 24 November 2015) was a dental epidemiologist and professor at University College London.
William Smith is South Africa's best-known and most popular television science and mathematics teacher. He matriculated at Union High School in Graaff-Reinet. In 2004, he was voted 86th in the Top 100 Great South Africans. The coelacanth "living fossil" was discovered by Smith's father, Professor James Leonard Brierley Smith, a renowned ichthyologist.
Pierre Terblanche, born in 1956 in Graaff-Reinet, was one of the designers of the Ducati 916. The Ducati 916 is an Italian sports motorcycle manufactured by Ducati from 1993 to 1999. He also worked on the Ducati 888 and the 916. He has been the director of design at Ducati since 1997.

Sports
Douglas Proudfoot, the first captain of the GRGC in 1894 was a legendary South African golfer before the turn of the previous century. He was the SA Amateur champion for seven years in a row from 1893 and again in 1902.
Herbert Hayton Castens (23 November 1864 – 18 October 1929), born in the village of Pearston neighbouring the Graaff-Reinet District. He is a former South African rugby union footballer, and cricketer. He was South Africa's first ever rugby and cricket captain. On 30 July 1891 he captained South Africa in their first ever rugby international, against the touring British Isles team. In 1894 a South African cricket tour to England was organised, with Castens appointed as the first-ever South African cricket captain.
Arthur Edward Ochse (born 11 March 1870 in Graaff-Reinet, Cape Colony, died 11 April 1918 in France) He was a South African cricketer who played two Tests for South Africa in 1888–89. Known to his teammates as 'Okey', Ochse held a unique record in South African cricket history for well over one hundred years, being the youngest test cricketer selected for South Africa at 19 years and one day when he took the field for the first test.
Arthur Lennox Ochse (b. 11 October 1899, Graaff-Reinet) Springbok cricketer; Right hand batsman, Right arm fast bowler. Debut: Against England, 3rd Test, Marylebone Cricket Club in South Africa 1927/28 Kingsmead, Durban, South Africa
Louis Babrow (24 April 1915 – 26 January 2004) Famous Springbok rugby player. Babrow's international career was a brief one—just one season with the Springboks, but it was a great enough one for him to be included in the 50 top Springboks of all time in a recent book, The Chosen. The year in which he played was 1937—when the Springboks became the first team to beat the All Blacks in New Zealand, a feat not equalled till 1971. During World War II he was awarded a Military Cross for gallantry at the Battle of El Alamein, when he was wounded. After the War, Babrow captained the British Empire XV against the Rest of the World. He attended Sacred Heart Convent in Graaff-Reinet.
Pieter Kuyper Albertyn (PK) (b. 27 May 1897) Dutch Reformed minister in Graaff-Reinet between 1906 and 1921. Springbok rugby captain in 1924.
Clarence Skelton Wimble, a South African cricketer, was born in Graaff-Reinet on 22 April 1861 and died in Johannesburg on 28 January 1930, aged 68.
Harry Smith – SA heavyweight boxing champion, originally from Graaff-Reinet. He was born Frans Liebenberg, but as Harry Smith became one of the most popular figures of his era. In February 1913 he claimed the SA heavyweight title when he beat Williams on a fifth-round disqualification.
Anthony Llewellyn Biggs (Dassie Biggs) a Springbok cricket player was born in Graaff-Reinet on 26 April 1946. Selected as a Springbok for South Africa's cancelled tour to Australia in 1971–72.
Arthur Martin Short (b. 27 September 1947) Born and still farming in Graaff-Reinet. An opening batsman, Arthur Short was twice selected as a Springbok, being named in the 1970 squad to tour England and the 1971–72 squad to tour Australia. Both trips were cancelled.
Kosie Welman Rugby player – flyhalf, South African Rugby Union, SARU.
Danie Koeberg Rugby player – flank forward and centre.
Piet Koeberg Rugby player – flyhalf SARU.
Mzivukile Tom Soccer player – left back, Golden Arrows (PSL) and the national team (Bafana-Bafana).
 Olivier DippenaarSpringbok – South African Volleyball Team.
Lubabalo Falakhe Athletics sprinter junior champion = 50m/100m/1200/relay gold and silver medalist, he was near breaking the junior championship record 1200m by split seconds in Cradock during the inter-schools meeting (1996).
Janice BrummerSpringbok – Horseriding.
Louis Davids – Rugby player, South African Federation Rugby Union.
Barend Koekemoer – International athlete, South African Junior 400 m champion, finalist in 2015 Youth Athletic Championship in Beijing, China.
Jano Vermaak – Springbok and Western Province Rugby Player.
Elton Jantjies - Springboks and Lions Rugby Player

Literature and the Arts
Andrew Murray (jnr) (1828–1917) was a Christian pastor and author who was born in Graaff-Reinet. He was a champion of the South African Revival of 1860. Murray served as the first president of the YMCA (Young Men's Christian Fellowship) and authored over 240 books. Over 2 million of his books have been published to date.
Helen Elizabeth Martins (23 December 1897 – 8 December 1976) is considered South Africa's foremost outsider artist. She was schooled in Graaff-Reinet, and her "Owl House" is situated in the village of Nieu-Bethesda 50 km away.
Stephanus Le Roux Marais, (1 February 1896 – 25 May 1979) – well-known Afrikaans organist, teacher and composer especially of Afrikaans lieder (art songs), lived in Graaff-Reinet.
Anna Neethling-Pohl (1906–1992), regarded as a legend of Afrikaans theatre, was born in Graaff-Reinet. She performed in more than 50 stage works and lead roles, and translated 7 of Shakespeare's dramas into Afrikaans. She published several novels for which she received the Langenhoven prize in 1926 and the Vaderland prize in 1937. Professor of Drama at Pretoria University.
Hymne Weiss (1910 – 6 October 2001) An author of novels and short stories matriculated at Hoër Volkskool in Graaff-Reinet. Hymne also translated many books from German, Dutch, English, Norwegian and Swedish into Afrikaans and was awarded the Academy Award for the translation of Barabbas by Pär Lagerkvist – Swedish (1953): Barábas Daughter of JF Naudé
Wilhelm Otto Kühne (7 June 1924 – 21 September 1988) journalist, children's book writer and conservationist. Best known for his Huppelkind stories and as columnist at Die Burger.
Dalene Matthee (13 October 1938 – 20 February 2005) was a well-known South African author who studied music at the Holy Cross Covent in Graaff-Reinet.
Etienne van Heerden (1954), a well-known writer, grew up on a merino farm in the Graaff-Reinet district. He is the author of novels, short story collections, books of poetry, essays, cabaret collections and a theoretical book on post-modernism. He also is the founding editor of the multi-cultural South-African internet journal, LitNet, and currently teaches at the University of Cape Town.
Madelene Van Aardt (1896-1982) was a composer who was born in Graaff-Reinet. She was one of the few women to compose songs in the Afrikaans language.
Isobel Dixon (1969) was born in Umtata but raised in Graaff-Reinet. Her father, previously the Dean of Umtata Cathedral, taught at Union High School where Isobel matriculated in 1987. Isobel is the author of two books, Weather Eye (Carapace 2001) and A Fold in the Map (UK: Salt 2007; SA: Jacana 2007). Weather Eye won the unpublished section of the Sanlam Prize in South Africa in 2000 and the Olive Schreiner Prize, administered by the English Academy of South Africa, in 2004. A Fold in the Map looks back, in the first instance, to South Africa from Scotland and England, while in the second, is a reflection on the authors late and much loved father, his illness and death, and also about her four sisters, and her mother, the women who loved him. Isobel has also had poems published in Ask for It by Name and Unfold. She lives with her husband in Cambridge.

Economics
Anton Rupert (4 October 1916 – 18 January 2006) was an Afrikaner-South African entrepreneur, businessman and conservationist. He was born and raised in Graaff-Reinet and was educated in the Hoër Volkskool in Graaff-Reinet. In 2004, he was voted 28th in the Top 100 Great South Africans.
Gerrit Thomas Ferreira "GT" Ferreira – well known banker and founder of First Rand Bank was raised and educated in Graaff-Reinet at the Hoër Volkskool.

Academics
Christo Viljoen – was born in Graaff-Reinet in 1937 and passed matriculation at the Hoër Volkskool in 1954 as the first Dux student of the newly established high school. Engineer, dean of engineering and vice-rector at Stellenbosch University. Chairman of the SABC Council 1989–1993. Established Technopark Stellenbosch science and technology park in Stellenbosch 1985. Received awards in both the sciences (engineering technology, 2001) and humanities (genealogy, 2014) from the SA Academy for Arts and Science.

Other
Gert Adendorff (1848-c.1914), soldier with the Natal Native Contingent who fought in the Battle of Isandlwana and at Rorke's Drift
Sophia Johanna Werner – was born in Graaff-Reinet in 1827. Better known as Black Sophie because of her dark complexion, she was a well-known brothel "madam" in Cape Town and had her premises in Bree Street.
Sylvia Raphael, one of the leading female operatives in Israel's external intelligence agency, the Mossad, was a Graaff-Reinet-born Christian with a Jewish father. Posing as a Canadian photojournalist under the alias "Patricia Roxborough", she was one of the first Mossad agents to penetrate Yasser Arafat's bases in Jordan and Lebanon in the 1960s. She was closely involved in Israel's partially successful attempts to track down the PLO terrorists responsible for the deaths of 11 Israeli athletes at the 1972 Munich Olympics.

Coats of arms

Drostdy
In 1804, when the Cape Colony was ruled by the Batavian Republic, the government assigned armorial seals to each of the drostdyen, i.e. administrative districts.  Graaff Reinet was given the arms of its founder, Cornelis Jacob van de Graaff, namely a silver shield displaying two black stripes with embattled edges, and a golden canton bearing a double-headed black eagle. An anchor was placed behind the shield. The British authorities discontinued the drostdy seals in 1814, and replaced them with the royal coat of arms.

Municipal (1)
In September 1911, the Graaff Reinet municipal council adopted the Van de Graaff arms, complete with crest (a double-headed black eagle), supporters (two black eagles) and motto (Dieu mon conduise).

Municipal (2)
The coat of arms was re-designed in the 1980s, and registered at the Bureau of Heraldry in May 1979.

The arms were now: Argent, two bars embattled counter-embattled Gules, on a canton Sable an anchor erect Or (i.e. the bars were changed from black to red, and the canton to a gold anchor on a black background). The crest was differenced by placing a golden anchor on the eagle's breast.  The supporters and motto remained the same.

Divisional council
The divisional council, i.e. the local authority for the rural areas outside the town, assumed its own coat of arms, had it granted by the provincial administrator in July 1966 and registered it at the Bureau of Heraldry in January 1969.

The arms were: Argent, on a chevron Vert. a pair of compasses expanded Argent, in base a spade erect Sable, on a chief embattled Sable a merino ram's head caboshed Or.  In layman's terms, a silver shield displaying, from top to bottom, a golden merino ram's head on a black stripe with an embattled edge, a pair of silver compasses on a green chevron, and an upright black spade.

The crest was a double-headed black eagle, and the motto was Monemus et minimus.

Further reading

See also
 List of heritage sites in Graaff-Reinet

References

External links

Populated places in the Dr Beyers Naudé Local Municipality
Sundays River
Karoo
Populated places established in 1786
Populated places established by the Dutch East India Company
Former republics

Graaff-Reinet


Tickle Channel () is a narrow channel in the south part of Hanusse Bay, from 1 to 3 nautical miles (6 km) wide and 5 nautical miles (9 km) long, extending northward from The Gullet and separating Hansen Island from the east extremity of Adelaide Island. First seen from the air by the British Graham Land Expedition (BGLE) on a flight in February 1936. Surveyed from the ground in 1948 by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS), who applied this descriptive name. In Newfoundland and Labrador a tickle is a narrow water passage as between two islands.

Channels of the Southern Ocean
Straits of Adelaide Island

Tickle Channel


The San Jacinto Fault Zone is a series of faults that run through Southern California.  It is said to be a sister fault of the older, much more famous San Andreas Fault.  Some cities that are directly on the fault zone include San Bernardino, San Jacinto, and Hemet.  This fault could create a large earthquake that could greatly affect Greater Los Angeles.

Geography of California
Faults

San Jacinto fault


The bill H.R. 573 () (long title: To amend Public Law 93-435 with respect to the Northern Mariana Islands, providing parity with Guam, the Virgin Islands, and American Samoa) is a bill that was introduced into the United States House of Representatives in the 113th United States Congress.  The bill would extend the geographic boundaries of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands and would allow the United States Military to establish naval defensive sea areas and airspace reservations when necessary for national defense.

Provisions/Elements of the bill
This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Research Service, a public domain source.

If enacted H.R. 573 would accomplish two main things.  First, to the government of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, it would convey submerged lands surrounding such Islands and extending three geographical miles outward from their coastlines.  Second, it would include the Northern Mariana Islands among the islands where the President of the United States may establish naval defensive sea areas and airspace reservations when necessary for national defense.

Procedural history
H.R. 573 was introduced into the House by Rep. Gregorio Sablan (D-CNMI) on February 6, 2013.  It was referred to the United States House Committee on Natural Resources and then to the United States House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Fisheries, Wildlife, Oceans and Insular Affairs.

The House Majority Leader Eric Cantor announced on Friday, May 10, 2013, that H.R. 1580 would be considered the following week.

As of May 14, 2013, the bill had 36 co-sponsors - 33 Democrats and 3 Republicans.

See also
Northern Mariana Islands
List of bills in the 113th United States Congress

Notes/References

External links

Library of Congress - Thomas H.R. 573
beta.congress.gov H.R. 573
GovTrack.us H.R. 573
OpenCongress.org H.R. 573
WashingtonWatch.com H.R. 573
Congressional Budget Office Report on H.R. 573

Proposed legislation of the 113th United States Congress
Government of the Northern Mariana Islands

An Act to amend Public Law 93-435 with respect to the Northern Mariana Islands


Ila prison and detention center (Norwegian: Ila fengsel og forvaringsanstalt) is a high security prison in Ila in Bærum municipality in Akershus county, outside the capital city of Oslo in Norway. It is the national preventive detention facility for men in Norway, i.e. the prison for men serving preventive detention (forvaring), Norway's maximum penalty. Ila generally houses the most dangerous criminals in Norway, who are convicted of violent and sexual crimes.

Organisations within the facility
 Nasjonal forsterket fellesskapsavdeling (as of 2023).

History
The facility was mostly built in the period from 1937 to 1939 and was completed in 1940 when Norway was attacked and occupied by Nazi Germany in World War II. The prison was used to house Grini Prison Camp. The prison mainly housed Norwegians who were in political opposition during World War II.

After the war it changed its name to Ilebu prison and on 8 May 1945 became a camp for prisoners, held in custody  and judged traitors from World War II.  From 1951, Ila supervision unit was used for prisoners who were sentenced to detention in addition to prison punishment. From 1976 to 2000, the prison was called Ila landsfengsel og sikringsanstalt. The prison has about 130 prisoners.

Ila Detention and Security Prison changed its name in 2002. Ila was given a role as a detention institution for men in Norway, and changed its name in Norwegian to Ila fengsel, forvarings- og sikringsanstalt, later Ila fengsel og forvarigsanstalt.

Ila today

The prison went through an extensive remodeling inside and can now hold 124 prisoners in twelve wings or departments. Some of the most dangerous criminals in Norway, convicted of violent and sexual crimes, are prisoners at Ila.

Anders Behring Breivik, convicted for the 2011 Norway attacks, has been imprisoned in Ila for much of the time since he was arrested on 22 July 2011. Other notable prisoners are Varg Vikernes, Thor Aage Mathisen and Viggo Kristiansen.

The Soviet spy Arne Treholt, who was convicted of treason in 1985, was incarcerated at Ila from 1985 to 1986.

See also
 Norwegian Correctional Service

References

External links

Prisons in Norway
1951 establishments in Norway
Organizations established in 1951
Organisations based in Bærum
2011 Norway attacks
Buildings and structures in Bærum

Ila Detention and Security Prison


07 ghost is a manga which happened in a fictional world. It is created and illustrated by Yuki Amemiya and Yukino Ichihara. As of March 2012, thirteen bound volumes have been released by the publisher. 07 ghost was also made into both a drama and television anime in April 2009. 07 ghost is set in a world where everything is different. Different schools, different churches, different beliefs, with magic.

07-Ghost won a double-first prize in the 3rd Zero-Sum Comics Grand-Prix. This means it was chosen for first place by both readers and editors, which is very rare.

Plot
Teito Klein is a slave who was captured from Raggs Kingdom. Now he is an excellent student in the Barsburg Empire's military academy. The school teaches students to use Zaiphon, a power like a kind of magic.
He has a best friend in this school, Mikage. Mikage is Teito's only friend. They swear that no matter what happened, they will never give up each other, and be best friends forever.

One day Teito finds that Chief of Staff Ayanami killed his father, the king of the Raggs Kingdom. He wants to kill Ayanami and get revenge for his father. But Ayanami is very strong, so Teito is put in prison. And Mikage find that soon. He wants to save his best friend's life, so he helps Teito run away. To protect Mikage, Teito says that he hijacked Mikage as a hostage. He escapes but his flying machine is shot up by Ayanami. Three bishops of 7th District's church save him and hide him in the church. Teito found that he brings the Eye of Mikhail, which is a powerful gem. Ayanami wants that and tries to carry Teito. So Teito and three bishops who are the members of 7 ghost begin to fight for peace and justice. 7 ghost was the patron saint of this world.
And Teito needs to find the truth of the battles of Raggs Kingdom and Barsburg Empire.

References

Other websites
 Yukimachi's (illustrator) official site

Manga

07-Ghost


Wild Horse Plains is a locality in South Australia on the eastern coastline of Gulf St Vincent about  north-northwest of the Adelaide city centre. Its name is attributed to Thomas Day, who found wild horses grazing within the locality around 1870. Its boundaries, created in June 1997, include the town of Wild Horse Plains, established in 1881 on Port Wakefield Road, and the former Government Town of Lorne. Port Lorne Road marks most of the northern boundary of Wild Horse Plains and is the access road to the former township of Lorne.

Wild Horse Plains lies within the federal Division of Grey, the state electoral district of Narungga and the local government area of the Adelaide Plains Council.

The post office opened in 1878, continued as a telephone exchange and closed in 1979.

Wild Horse Plains formally had a school for all ages known as Wild Horse Plains School.

See also
List of cities and towns in South Australia

References

Towns in South Australia

Wild Horse Plains, South Australia


Outcast is the fourth book in the Chronicles of Ancient Darkness series by Michelle Paver. There are six books in the series. Outcast is illustrated by Geoff Taylor.

Plot summary
It is revealed that in the previous book, the Soul Eaters marked Torak with the Soul Eater symbol. When the symbol is noticed on a hunt by another boy named Aki, the decision is made to banish him from the clans; furthermore, the leader of the Wolf Clan, that of Torak's father, announces that his mother named him 'clanless'. This is unprecedented, but as Torak has no clan to defend his innocence, he becomes an outcast. He leaves the clans with Wolf. His friends Renn and Bale repeatedly try to help him, but Torak refuses, fearing for their safety, as the punishment for helping a Soul eater is death.

Thinking that an attempt to cut out the Soul Eater mark from his chest has worked, he returns to the Raven Camp. However Saeunn, the Raven Clan's mage, feels the presence of a Soul Eater, and Torak flees. While in hiding, he suffers from a kind of madness called soul sickness, and attacks Wolf with fire. Meanwhile, Renn and Bale decide to find Torak and prove his innocence, even though in doing so they are breaking the law of the clans. Renn sends help to Torak in the form of two ravens (named Rip and Rek by Torak). While Torak is recovering, Seshru the Viper Mage, a Soul Eater, uses her powers to draw him to her to control his spirit-walking powers. Seshru is revealed to be Renn's mother, and is in possession of a fragment of the fire opal, a mystical artifact which controls demons, and which can only be destroyed through a sacrifice of a life

Renn realizes that a giant flood is coming and encourages Torak to spread the word, which would prove his good intentions. Torak tells Fin-Kedinn, the leader of the Raven Clan and the clans flee. Torak is swept away by the water along with Wolf after he helps Aki climb a tree, and passes out on a bank. When he wakes up, Fin-Kedinn prevents the other clans from killing Torak by adopting him as his son; the appearance of Seshru convinces everyone that Torak is innocent. Bale uses Renn's bow to kill Seshru, and she dies holding the fire opal, destroying its power. Later, Torak, Renn, Bale and Fin-Kedinn deduce that there is only one fragment of the fire opal left somewhere in the forest, which Thiazzi and Eostra, the remaining Soul Eaters, are both looking for.

2007 British novels
British children's novels
Children's fantasy novels
Chronicles of Ancient Darkness
2007 children's books
Novels about mental health
Orion Books books

Outcast (Paver novel)


Roses United is a  South African football club based in Bloemfontein, Free State province that plays in the National First Division.

The club was founded in 2009, where they acquired the Castle League franchise of the nearby Bloemfontein club Mangaung FC; which were a newly promoted club to Vodacom League, and not to be confused with Mangaung City in the same division. Both in 2009–10 and 2010–11, Roses United won the Free State division of Vodacom League, but at the playoffs fell short to win a further promotion to the National First Division.

History
Around the beginning of 2009, Roses United bought the Castle League franchise of the now defunct Mangaung FC, to start campaigning in the SAFA Vodacom League. In July 2009 the club received an important transport sponsorship from Ruwacon, providing the team with a mini bus and money to cover all future transportation related costs. When the new sponsorship was announced at a press meeting, the manager of the team proclaimed, that the goal of the club was to qualify for the National First Division, within the next 3 years. The motto of the club was said to be: Roses United will keep on keeping on.

The club won the Free State Province of Vodacom league, with a 10-point gap over runner-up Maluti Fet College in 2009–10, but at the promotional play-offs, they only ended as third in the Coastal Stream. In the next season, another provincial victory was secured, but this time with only a 2-point gap over runner-up Botshabelo. By the end of the season, they were in fact only the runner-up of the division, trailing 1 point behind Botshabelo. After having successfully appealed the result of one of their matches, -an initial 2–1 defeat against Sasolburg Juventus, being corrected by the Sports Court into a 2–0 win for Roses United-, the victory of the province was however secured. The reasoning behind the changed result of the match, was that it had been unfairly abrupt after 75 minutes, when Rugby fans suddenly invaded the pitch; and as Sasolburg Juventus had failed to protect the security of the pitch, they were imposed a disciplinary defeat by the court. At the subsequent promotional play-offs in June 2011, Roses United delivered a respectable performance with 7 points in 4 matches. Not quite good enough to win promotion, but good enough to achieve another third place in the Coastal Stream.

Roses United managers
 John Tlale (1 Jul 2012 – 8 Oct 2012)

Club records and best achievements
 Won the Free State Province of Vodacom League in 2009–10 and 2010–11.

Historical League results

2008–09 (VL) – 12th (in Free State)
2009–10 (VL) – 1st (in Free State)
2010–11 (VL) – 1st (in Free State)
2011–12 (VL) – 1st (in Free State)

Stadium
The club always played their home games in Bloemfontein. After buying the league franchise of Mangaung FC, they played second half of the 2008–09 season, at their home venue in University of the Free State. In all subsequent seasons, the club however opted to play at Westdene Stadium, being situated just 2 km South from the club house in Bayswater.

References

External links

Premier Soccer League
NFD Club Info

Association football clubs established in 2009
Soccer clubs in South Africa
SAFA Second Division clubs
Soccer clubs in the Free State (province)
National First Division clubs
2009 establishments in South Africa

Roses United F.C.


The South Carolina Governor's Mansion (or the South Carolina Executive Mansion) is a historic U.S. governor's mansion in the Arsenal Hill neighborhood of Columbia, South Carolina and the official residence of the governor of South Carolina. It is a Federal style home influenced by British Colonial plantations. The building has a white stucco exterior and originally served as faculty quarters for the Arsenal Academy, which together with the Citadel Academy in Charleston formed the South Carolina Military Academy (now The Citadel). The Arsenal was burned along with the city of Columbia by Sherman's forces in February, 1865; the structure was the only surviving building and became South Carolina's executive mansion in 1868. On June 5, 1970, the building was registered with the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. The mansion is located on a single city block, and is surrounded by magnolia plants, elm and oak trees, and various other plants. It is accessed by a circular driveway around a fountain in front on the residence's main entrance. The building has a flat roof and a large central pavilion around the main entrance. The mansion has 15 rooms (excluding powder rooms, security and staff offices, and the kitchen).  It is located in Columbia Historic District I. The mansion is currently occupied by Governor Henry McMaster and his family.

History

1800s
It is unknown who the building's original architect was, but George Edward Walker, who designed other buildings in the area is believed to have constructed the mansion. The mansion originally served as housing for officers as part of the state-supported Arsenal Military Academy; Columbia was burned by the Union Army commanded by William Tecumseh Sherman in 1865. The mansion was the only surviving building of the former academy complex. Governor James L. Orr designated the building as the official state governor's mansion in 1868. In 1869, $2,500 was used by local architect A. Y. Lee to make the property suitable as an executive residence. However, the money was depleted before the renovation was completed and Governor Robert K. Scott had to relocate into an unfinished house. Since 1868, only three governors of the state have not lived in the mansion, staying instead in their own private residences within Columbia. The first to do so, Daniel Henry Chamberlain, lived in a nearby mansion, most likely because the governor's mansion was in disrepair. The state leased the official residence to a private family who used it as a boardinghouse. Later, in 1886, Governor John Peter Richardson III donated $2,700 to make significant modifications to the building.

1900s
The building had demonstrated severe structural defects by the end of the 1940s, but only in 1955 did repairs begin, causing George Timmerman and his family to abandon the mansion for one year. The residence received significant landscaping improvements, a driveway, and a walled courtyard during the term of Donald S. Russell, as well as work to improve the building's structural integrity and a complete interior renovation, part of which was funded by the Russells' personal funds. Russell was actually forced to live in one half of the house due to incorrectly installed beams in the ceiling of the drawing room. A single-story guest wing and family dining area was added to the building during the term of Ernest F. Hollings. Governor Robert E. McNair formed a Governor's Mansion Committee, managed by his wife, Josephine McNair. The committee was able to obtain numerous items related to South Carolina's culture and history for the furnishing of the mansion. The commission purchased the adjacent Lace House for $67,000 in 1968, creating the Governor's Mansion Complex. In 1970, the South Carolina state legislature gave the commission the power to review improvements to the complex. In 1977, Ann Edwards, the governor's wife, initiated the Governor's Mansion Foundation, a not-for-profit organization to raise funds to pay for the mansion's historic furnishings. At the same time, the neighboring Caldwell-Boylston House was purchased, which, along with the Lace House, now provides office areas and a meeting and entertainment space. In 1986, all three buildings were connected by a landscaping project, making a  complex.

In 1988, more structural defects were exposed from previous repairs, but plans to renovate yet again were not made quickly. During the term of Carroll A. Campbell, the only significant additions to the complex were that of a new guardhouse and second fountain. The renovation project began while David M. Beasley was governor, but was not completed until 2001, with a total cost of over $6 million, which exceeded the $3.7 million allocated by the state. Governor James H. Hodges became the first governor in 120 years not to live in the mansion in 1999.

2000s
In 2003, Governor Mark Sanford announced that, as a result of a $150,000 budget deficit, the mansion would have to be closed for several months. Sanford said that the state could not afford to pay for the mansion's employees, utilities, and food. He also accused the previous governor, Jim Hodges, of overspending and ending the employment of prison inmates as butlers and maids (after allegations of sexual misconduct between inmates while working at the mansion in 2001), causing the state to have to pay for 11 employees. He also criticized the former governor for misappropriating $100,000 in other funding for the mansion two days before leaving office. However, Hodges said that the money assigned for the mansion had never been enough and that it was usual to use other funds to help maintain the residence. Sanford supporter John Rainey established a relief fund to help the building stay operational. A local company, Adluh Flour, donated grits and other wheat and corn products to the governor. In 2008, improvements to make the building more energy-efficient were completed.

References

External links

 Official site

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
Houses completed in 1855
National Register of Historic Places in Columbia, South Carolina
Governors' mansions in the United States
Government buildings in South Carolina
Houses in Columbia, South Carolina
Museums in Columbia, South Carolina
Historic house museums in South Carolina
Tourist attractions in Columbia, South Carolina
Historic district contributing properties in South Carolina
Education in Richland County, South Carolina
Defunct military academies
Governor of South Carolina

South Carolina Governor's Mansion


Wales and Borders was a train operating company in the United Kingdom owned by National Express that operated the Wales & Borders franchise from October 2001 until December 2003.

History
In October 1996, the Valley Lines franchise commenced operating services around Cardiff and the South Wales Valleys. In March 2000, the Strategic Rail Authority decided to re-organise the Valley Lines and Wales & West franchises, both being operated by National Express.

Valley Lines became Wales & Borders from October 2001, combining its services with most of Wales & West's Welsh services and the Cambrian Line services from Central Trains. In September 2003 Wales & Borders took over the North Wales Coast Line services from First North Western.

Services
Wales and Borders operated passenger services in Wales and the West Country as seen in their route map. It also operated services to Liverpool Lime Street, Manchester Piccadilly, Birmingham International, Penzance and London Waterloo.

On 14 October 2001, the services from Birmingham New Street to Chester, Aberystwyth, and Pwllheli operated by Central Trains were transferred.

On 28 September 2003, the services from Birmingham New Street, Crewe and Manchester Piccadilly to Llandudno and Holyhead as well as those between Bidston and Wrexham Central and Llandudno and Blaenau Ffestiniog operated by First North Western were also transferred.

Rolling stock
Wales and Borders inherited a fleet of Class 142, Class 143 and Class 150s from Valley Lines and Class 158s from Wales & West and Central Trains. From First North Western it inherited Class 153 and Class 175s.

Wales and Borders also used Mark 2 carriages on Rhymney Line and Fishguard Harbour services hauled by English Welsh & Scottish EWS Class 37s and Mark 2 carriages hauled by English Welsh & Scottish Class 47s on North Wales Coast Line services.

Depot
Wales and Borders' fleet was maintained at Cardiff Canton depot.

Demise
On 1 August 2003, the Strategic Rail Authority awarded the new franchise to Arriva with the services operated by Wales & Borders transferring to Arriva Trains Wales on 7 December 2003.

References

|-

|-

Defunct train operating companies
Mobico Group
Railway companies established in 2001
Railway companies disestablished in 2003
Rail transport in Wales
2001 establishments in Wales
2003 disestablishments in Wales

Wales and Borders


John Briscoe (July 30, 1948 – November 12, 2014) was a South African-born environmental engineer who was Visiting Professor of the Practice of Environmental Health in the Department of Environmental Health at Harvard School of Public Health. He was known as "Mr. Water" to environmental economists.  At Harvard, Briscoe also held appointments at the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) as Gordon McKay Professor of the Practice of Environmental Engineering, and at the Harvard Kennedy School.  His career focused on efforts on the developing world to successfully manage and preserve water as a precious resource.  In early 2014, he received the Stockholm Water Prize - the "Nobel Prize of Water" - for "unparalleled contributions to global and local management of water - contributions covering vast thematic, geographic, and institutional environments-that have improved the lives and livelihoods of millions of people worldwide."

He spoke English, Afrikaans, Bengali, Portuguese, and Spanish.

Chronology
 1948 - Born in South Africa
 1969 - B.Sc., Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
 1976 - Ph.D., Environmental Engineering, Harvard University
 Government water agencies of South Africa and Mozambique, Engineer
 Cholera Research Center, now ICDDR,B, Bangladesh, Epidemiologist
 University of North Carolina, Professor of Water Resources
 1989-2009 - World Bank (20 years): He helped oversee projects in water resources, irrigation, hydropower, and sanitation at the World Bank and consulted on water issues for nonprofits, governments, nongovernmental organizations, and businesses
 1989-2009 - World Bank, country director for Brazil: Briscoe's role in affecting the evolution of the World Bank was the subject of Chapter 13 in Sebastian Mallaby's definitive history, "The World's Banker," Penguin 2006.
 2009-2014 - Professor of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
 2014 - Stockholm Water Prize - "Nobel Prize of Water"

Early life
John Briscoe was born in, and grew up in, South Africa.  His mother Thelma ran a day-care center and orphanage in the black township of Soweto.  His nation's extremes of poverty and wealth were seen in the social and ecological landscape, the lush coastal regions contrasted with the dry but economically important interior, where massive mineral mining operations were carried out.  He described realizing that understanding water was fundamental to understanding the development of South African resources and the many social and economic inequalities of the continent. He continued developing these views while living in the interior of Bangladesh, where he witnessed how water projects and flood-protection and electrification could improve human lives greatly.  He spent the rest of his career controlling water, whether for environmental or human purposes, and crusading.

A native of South Africa, John earned a bachelor's degree in civil engineeringat the University of Cape Town in 1969, an M.S. in environmental engineering in 1972, and a Ph.D. in environmental engineering at Harvard University in 1976. Before coming to Harvard, he worked as an engineer in the government water agencies of South Africa and Mozambique; an epidemiologist at the Cholera Research Center, now ICDDR,B in Bangladesh; a professor of water resources at the University of North Carolina; and, for 20 years, at the World Bank, where he helped oversee projects in water resources, irrigation, hydropower, and sanitation. He has consulted on water issues for nonprofits, governments, nongovernmental organizations, and businesses.

At Harvard, John launched the university-wide Harvard Water Security Initiative, which focuses on major challenges in countries around the world, including the ability to provide people with safe drinking water and food, to produce energy and sustain economic growth, and to enhance environmental quality. He taught popular undergraduate and graduate courses on water and was nominated for major teaching and mentoring awards. In addition, he led groups of students from across the university in collaborative research on water management in the Colorado, Indus, Mississippi, Murray-Darling, and Sao Francisco basins.

Education
 1965:        Matriculated at St Patrick's Christian Brothers' College Kimberley [Christian Brothers' College]
 1965-1969:   B.Sc (first class honours) in Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, conferred 1969
 1970-1972:   M.S. in Environmental Engineering, Harvard University, conferred 1972
 1972-1976:   Ph.D. in Environmental Engineering, Harvard University, conferred 1976
 Major field: Water Resources Engineering; Minor fields: economics and demography
 1993:        Leadership Course at Center for Creative Leadership, Greensboro, North Carolina
 1998:        Executive Development Program—Harvard and Stanford Graduate Schools of Business

Publications
John Briscoe has published widely in journals from many disciplines, including public health, nutrition, epidemiology, water resources, demography, anthropology, political science and economics.  His publications include over 120 articles in refereed professional journals and eight books:

Briscoe, John, Richard G. Feachem and Mujibur M. Rahaman, Evaluating Health Impact: Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Education, IDRC Press, Ottawa, Canada, 80 pages, 1986.
 Briscoe, John and David de Ferranti, Water for Rural Communities: Helping People Help Themselves, World Bank, Washington DC, 32 pages, 1988.
 John Briscoe, Brazil: The New Challenge of Adult Health, World Bank, Washington DC, 133 pages, 1990 (in English and Portuguese). (Brazil/World Bank Country Partnership Strategy)
 The World Bank (Main author), The Water Strategy of the World Bank, Washington DC, February 2003.
 John Briscoe and RPS Malik, India's Water Economy: Bracing for a Turbulent Future.  Oxford University Press, 2006.
 John Briscoe and RPS Malik (editors), Handbook on Water Resources Development and Management in India, Oxford University Press, 2007.
 John Briscoe and Usman Qamar, Pakistan's Water Economy: Running Dry, Oxford University Press, 2007.
 The World Bank (Main author), Country Partnership Strategy for Brazil, 2007-2010, Washington DC, 2007. (World Bank's Water Sector Strategy)

Service
 Served on the Water Science and Technology Board of the National Academy of Sciences
 Founding member of the major global water partnerships
World Water Council
Global Water Partnership
World Commission on Dams
 Global Agenda Council, World Economic Forum
 High-Level Advisory Committee, Murray Darling Basin Authority
 Council Member, Distinguished Water Professionals, International Water Association
 Senior Water Advisor, McKinsey and Company

Consultancies
 World Bank
 Asian Development Bank
 US National Intelligence Council
 National Water Commission of Australia

Awards
 1965: Alan Spiers Memorial Bursary
 1965: Max Michaelis Scholarship
 1965: Barney Barnato Scholarship
 1966-69: Electricity Supply Commission Bursary
 1967: University Medal in Mathematics
 1968: University Medals in Hydraulics, Hydrology, Transportation, Highways, Soil Mechanics and Thesis
 1968: City of Cape Town Gold Medal as Best Graduating Engineering Student at the University
 1968: South African Steel Institute Award for Best Structural Design
 1968: E. Oliver Ashe Scholarship for Post-Graduate Study
 1968: Cape Town City Scholarship for Post-Graduate Study

Harvard University:
 1970-74: Harvard University Fellowship
 1974: Clemons Herschel Prize (awarded annually to the outstanding graduating student in Environmental Engineering)
 As an employee of the World Bank was prohibited from receiving awards.  Since leaving the World Bank has:
 Been Nominated by Harvard University students for Harvard's Joseph Levenson Award to recognize exceptional teaching of undergraduates
 Received the Grande Medalha de Inconfidencia, one of Brazil's highest civilian honors (2009).
 2009: International Water Association, The President's Award

 2009: Grande Medalha da Inconfidência, one of Brazil's highest awards
 Stroud Prize for Excellence in Water
 Hauser Grant for Innovation in Learning and Teaching, Harvard University
 2014: Stockholm Water Prize - "Nobel Prize of Water"

Death
Briscoe died at age 66 after a -year struggle with cancer.

References

Further reading
 2009 profile in Harvard Public Health Review, "Briscoe has studied water from every conceivable angle: how it's captured, contaminated, diverted, dammed, piped, poeticized, regulated, ritualized, squandered, sanitized, fished, and fought over." Former HSPH Dean Barry Bloom said to many economists, John was "Mr. Water: the most far-sighted, thoughtful, deeply thinking person in the field."
 2012 profile in Harvard Magazine, "The Water Tamer: John Briscoe tackles water insecurity around the world"
 HSPH Faculty profile, Department of Environmental Health
 Sebastian Mallaby, "The World's Banker" (Chapter 13), Penguin 2006: Briscoe's role in the evolution of the World Bank was the subject of Chapter 13.

External links
 Adam Bernstein, John Briscoe, a water-resource expert who championed dams, dies at 66, Washington Post: Obituaries, November 17, 2014, accessed 11/19/2014
 Harvard Magazine, 11/18/2014, John Briscoe, 66, Was Leading Water Security Expert, accessed 11/19/2014
 The Water Network, John Briscoe - winner water's Noble Dies, Posted by Water Network Research on 19 Nov 2014 at 04:43
 Julio Frenk, MD, PhD, HSPH Dean, In memoriam: John Briscoe, water resources expert, November 19, 2014, accessed 11/19/2014

1948 births
2014 deaths
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health faculty
Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences faculty
South African epidemiologists
World Bank people
Water resource management in South Africa
Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences alumni
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill faculty
Harvard Kennedy School faculty
South African officials of the United Nations

John Briscoe (water engineer)


The Trans Europe Foot Race is a multiday long-distance ultramarathon that consists of running across Europe.

2003 race
The 2003 Trans Europe Foot Race was organized by Ingo Schultze. It ran from Lisbon to Moscow in 64 days and covered approximately . Out of 44 starters, there were 22 finishers including one wheelchair athlete, with Mariko Sakamoto the only woman to finish. The event was won by Robert Wimmer from Germany.

2009 race
The 2009 Trans Europe Foot Race was also organized by Ingo Schultze.
The route started in Bari, Italy and finished in North Cape, Norway. It mostly avoided big cities and passed for example Foggia, Fano, Schlanders, Seeg, Waldkappel before using the ferry Kiel-Gothenburg, and then passing for example Kristinehamn, Sveg, Storuman, Jokkmokk, Enontekiö and Alta. Again this was a 64-day race. The total distance was . The race began on April 19, 2009 and ended on June 21, 2009.

The male winner was Rainer Koch from Germany with a running time of 378 hours and 12 minutes. The female winner was Takako Furuyama from Japan, with a running time of 529 hours and 6 minutes. 45 runners finished the race.

List of competitors for 2009 race

From Germany:
Hermann Böhm (Weiherhammer)
Hans Damm (Neu-Isenburg)
Sigrid Eichner (Berlin) Female
Dagmar Großheim (Gräfenberg) Female
Joachim Hauser (Dettenhausen)
Martina Hausmann (Würzburg) Female
Marcel Heinig (Cottbus)
Achim Heukemes (Gräfenberg)
Richard Hofbauer (Rosenheim)
Theo Huhnholt (Waldkraiburg)
Heinz Jäckel (Hennef)
Rainer Koch (Dettelbach)
Jörg Koenig (Stade)
Klaus Neumann (Stuttgart)
Heike Pawzik (Rostock) Female
Hans-Jürgen Schlotter (Horb-Bittelbronn)
Werner Selch (Amberg)
Elke Streicher (Gerlingen) Female
René Strosny (Filderstadt)
Bernd Wagner (Duisburg)
Klaus Wanner (Holzgerlingen)
Robert Wimmer (Nürnberg / Bayern)
Tom Wolter-Roessler (Ulm-Böfingen)
Ullrich Zach (Rödental)
Jürgen Zuth (Siegelsbach)
From Finland:
Janne Kankaansyrjä (Järvenpää)
From France:
Gèrard Denis (Fouesnant)
Jean-Herve Duchesne (Saint-Germain)
Alain Lemarchand (Neuric sur I'Isle)
Christophe Midelet (Gizy / Aisne)
Stephane Pelissier (Lanta)
Fabrice Viaud (Rezè)
Roger Warenghem (Le Touvet)
From Japan:
Kenji Hara (Utsunomiya, Tochigi)
Kazuhiko Horiguchi (Kitakata, Fukushima)
Kazuko Kaihata (Kurashiki, Okayama) Female
Yasuo Kanai (Yokohama, Kanagawa)
Saeko Kishimoto (Gunma) Female
Shoji Konoeda (Osaka)
Shigeru Mitsuhashi (Sapporo, Hokkaido)
Koji Nakamura (Higashi Yodagawa)
Yasumasa Namikoshi (Osaka)
Hiroko Okiyama (Fussa, Tokio) Female
Takasumi Senoo (Yokohama)
Tsuyoshi Sugawara (Hasuda, Saitama)
Furuyama Takako (Tokyo) Female
Okuno Tomoko (Tokyo) Female
From Korea:
Ahn Byeung Sik (Seogwipo)
From Netherlands:
Ria Buiten (Biddinghuize) Female
Theo Cloosterman (Veldhoven)
Jenni De Groot (Leeuwarden) Female
Ubel Dijk (Drachten)
Theo Kuijpers (Westerbeek)
Jan Nabuurs (Westerbeck)
Cor Westhuis (Dalfsen)
From Norway:
Eiolf Eivindsen (Mosjøen)
Trond Sjavik (Mosjøen)
Henry Wehder (Nordre Toten/Nordli)
From Sweden:
Matthias Bramstång (Halmstad)
Andreas Falk (Sollentuna)
From Switzerland:
Markus Bernhard (Thunstetten)
Christian Fatton (Noiraigue)
Christian Marti (Zürich)
Martin Wagen (Biel-Benke)
From Taiwan:
Ching-Hui Chen (Taipei)
From Turkey:
Mike Friedl (Istanbul)
From USA:
Russell Secker (Austin,Texas)

2012 race
The race was run again in 2012. It went from Skagen, Denmark to Gibraltar, passing e.g. Haderslev, Ahrensburg, Waldkappel, Frankenbach, Valdoie, Bourganeuf, St-Pons-de-Thomieres, Berga, Teruel and Puente Genil. The total distance was 4175 km and the race took 64 days. The male winner was Peter Bartel from Germany with 354:25:21, and the female winner was Ria Buiten from the Netherlands with 504:18:29.

2025 race
In 2025 a new edition of the Transeuropalauf, is being planned. The event is organised by Thomas Dornburg and is 41 stages from Flensburg to San Marino. The route is 2,247 km and is a daily average of 54 km.

See also
Transcontinental walk

References

External links
Transeuropalauf 2025
Multiday News
depasseur-de-bornes
ULTRAmarathonRunning.com Global Ultramarathon Races & Events Calendar

Multiday races
Cross-border races

Trans Europe Foot Race


Ukraine made its Paralympic Games début at the 1996 Summer Paralympics in Atlanta, with thirty athletes competing in archery, track and field, powerlifting, swimming, and sitting volleyball. Vasyl Lishchynskyy won Ukraine's first Paralympic gold medal, in the shot put, and Ukrainians also won four silver medals and two bronze. Ukrainians had previously participated within the Soviet Union's delegation in 1988, and as part of the Unified Team in 1992. Ukraine, following its independence from the Soviet Union, missed out on the 1994 Winter Games, but made its Winter Paralympics début at the 1998 Winter Games in Nagano. Ukraine has competed at every edition of the Summer and Winter Games since then and have done so with remarkable success.

Paralympic success
Competing as an independent country since 1996, Ukrainian athletes have won a total of 472 Paralympic medals on Summer Games, of which 149 gold, 213 silver and 213 bronze, placing the country 14th on the all-time Paralympic Games medal table.At the Winter Paralympics the country has won 141 medals at the Winter Games,of wich 38 gold,51 silver and 52 bronze. It has won more gold medals, and more medals overall, than any other former member of the Soviet Union, apart from Russia.

In the 2000s, Ukraine became a major Summer Paralympic power. While it had taken only seven medals at the 1996 Summer Games and finished in a unnoticed 44th place.Four years after
in Sydney.The country improved their overall performance with 37 medals,but only 3 were gold, which put the country in a discreet 35th place. It ascended to the top ranks at the 2004 Games in Athens, sweeping up 55 medals, of which 24 gold, to finish sixth on the medal table. At the 2008 Games in Beijing, Ukrainians won 74 medals, of which 24 gold, and finished fourth – behind only China (1st), the United Kingdom (2nd) and the United States (3rd).

Ukraine has also been highly successful at the Winter Paralympics, its best result coming at the 2022 Games in Beijing, where it won 29 medals (including 11 gold) to finish second behind hosts China.

Valeriy Sushkevych, a former disability swimmer turned politician and member of Parliament, has been credited with "kick-start[ing] the Paralympic movement in the country". He helped establish a national Paralympic centre in 2002, and ensured that Ukrainian Paralympians were granted a specific budget, which sports official Karina Matiazh said was Ukraine's "biggest achievement. [...] [W]e have separate budgets for the Olympics and the Paralympics, whereas most other countries just get whatever bits and pieces are left over from their Olympic budget". Four-time Paralympic swimming champion Maksym Veraksa described Sushkevych as "a father figure" concerned with "each and every athlete".

Lviv Today noted in 2010 that "Ukraine's Paralympic team has experienced a major boost in the amount of training and support it receives in recent years", resulting in "extraordinary" progress at the Winter Games in particular: "[F]rom finishing 18th in Salt Lake City in 2002, Ukraine rose to 3rd (2nd in terms of actual number of medals won) four years after in Turin. The China Daily in 2008 remarked that, in terms of the proportion of its medals in relation to the number of its athletes, Ukraine was "clearly punching above its weight". New Disability notes: "The only country which has consistently been amongst the top medal winners in both recent summer and winter Paralympic Games is Ukraine. This is due to a major strategy by Ukraine to support Paralympic Athletes".

Among Ukraine's most successful athletes is Viktor Smyrnov, who won five gold medals (as well as a silver and a bronze) in swimming (disability category 11) at the 2004 Summer Games. Ukraine also won the men's football 7-a-side competition at the 2004 Games, and successfully defended their title in 2008. Ukrainians have, in addition, won gold medals in track and field, cross-country skiing and biathlon, as well as one in powerlifting in 2004 (Lidiya Solovyova in the women's up to 40 kg) and one in wheelchair fencing that same year (Andriy Komar in the men's épée individual, category B).

Medals

Source:

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medals by summer sport

Medals by winter sport

See also
 Ukraine at the Olympics

References

Ukraine at the Paralympics


Arthur Edward "Scobie" Breasley (7 May 1914 – 21 December 2006) was an Australian jockey.  He won the Caulfield Cup in Melbourne five times: 1942-45 consecutively on Tranquil Star, Skipton, Counsel and St Fairy; then on Peshawar in 1952.  He also won The Derby twice, and the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe once.

Early life
Breasley was born in 1914 in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales and was christened Arthur Edward, but while still very young was given the nickname "Scobie", after the famous Australian trainer and jockey James Scobie.

Career
Breasley rode 3,251 winners during his career, including over 1,000 in Australia and 2,161 in Britain. He rode over 100 winners in Great Britain every year from 1955 to 1964, and was Champion Jockey in 1957 and continuously from 1961–63. He won the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe for the only time on Ballymoss in 1958, and the Derby for the first time at the age of 50 on Santa Claus in 1964, then again on Charlottown in 1966, aged 52.

He developed a great rivalry with Sir Gordon Richards, and later with the younger jockey Lester Piggott. He was renowned for his exquisite balance in the saddle, for refusing to race wide, and for his sparing use of the whip, preferring to use hands and heels.

Retirement
Breasley retired as a jockey in 1968 and took up training in Epsom (UK), France, the United States, and Barbados, where he and his wife owned a holiday home. He retired from training horses after winning the most prestigious race in Barbados - the Gold Cup - on four occasions in the early 1990s and returned to live in Melbourne.

Racing authorities in the state of Victoria struck a medal in his honour, awarded annually since 1996 to the best jockey in the state. On its formation, Scobie Breasley was the first person inducted into the Australian Racing Hall of Fame. In 1999, the Racing Post ranked Breasley as tenth in their list of the Top 50 jockeys of the 20th century.

Death
Scobie Breasley died on 21 December 2006 after suffering a stroke a few days earlier.

References

External links
Museum of the Riverina Website feature
 Australian Racing Museum and Hall of Fame

1914 births
2006 deaths
Australian jockeys
Australian racehorse trainers
Australian Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame inductees
Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees
Sportspeople from Wagga Wagga
British Champion flat jockeys

Scobie Breasley


A star system or stellar system is a small number of stars which orbit each other, bound by gravitational attraction.

A large number of stars bound by gravitation is generally called a star cluster but, broadly speaking, they are also star systems. Star systems are not to be confused with planetary systems, which include planets and similar bodies.

A stellar system of two stars is known as a binary star, binary star system or physical double star. If there are no tidal effects, no disturbance from other forces, and no transfer of mass from one star to the other, such a system is stable. Both stars will orbit around the center of mass of the system indefinitely. Examples of binary systems are Sirius, Procyon and Cygnus X-1, the last of which probably consists of a star and a black hole.

Multiple star systems
It is possible to have star systems with more than two members. Their stars  are gravitationally bound to each other, and may or may not be close to each other.

A recently discovered quintuple star system (five stars) is known as 1SWASP J093010.78+533859.5. The system has two sets of binary stars, one of them with a small third star. The two sets are a long way apart, further than the orbit of Pluto is to the Sun. The binary stars are close to each other and one binary has touching stars, with their outer ionised gases mixing. That situation is called a contact binary. From the data collected, the authors are fairly sure that both binaries (and probably all five stars) are gravitationally bound in a single system. The angles of inclination (the angle between the two orbital planes) of the two binaries (88.2(3) and 86(4) degrees). This suggests they originally formed by break-up (~9-10 billion years ago ago) from a single protostellar disk. Afterwards, they stayed in the same orbital plane.

Most multiple star systems are triple stars. Systems with four or more components are less likely to occur.

Multiple star systems are smaller than open star clusters, which have more complex dynamics and typically have from 100 to 1,000 stars. Most multiple star systems known are triple. For example, in the 1999 revision of
Tokovinin's catalog of physical multiple stars,
551 out of the 728 systems described are triple.

Multiple-star systems can be divided into two main types: systems which are stable, or systems with chaotic behavior. Chaotic ones are usually of young stars in systems not yet disrupted by chaos.

References

Star system


In United States federal courts, magistrate judges are judges appointed to assist U.S. district court judges in the performance of their duties.  Magistrate judges generally oversee first appearances of criminal defendants, set bail, and conduct other administrative duties. The position of "magistrate judge" or "magistrate" also exists in some unrelated state courts (see below).

Magistrate judges are appointed by a majority vote of the federal district judges of a particular district and serve terms of eight years if full-time, or four years if part-time, and may be reappointed. As of March 2009 there were 517 full-time and 42 part-time authorized magistrate judgeships, as well as one position combining magistrate judge and clerk of court.

Authority
The magistrate judge's seat is not a separate court; the authority that a magistrate judge exercises is the jurisdiction of the district court itself, delegated to the magistrate judge by the district judges of the court under governing statutory authority, local rules of court, or court orders.  Rather than fixing the duties of magistrate judges nationwide, the Federal Magistrates Act allows each district court to assign duties to the magistrate judges as fits the needs of that court.

In criminal proceedings, magistrate judges preside over misdemeanor and petty offense cases, and as to all criminal cases (felony and misdemeanor) may issue search warrants, arrest warrants, and summonses, accept criminal complaints, conduct initial appearance proceedings and detention hearings, set bail or other conditions of release or detention, hold preliminary hearings and examinations, administer oaths, conduct extradition proceedings, and conduct evidentiary hearings on motions to suppress evidence in felony cases for issuance of reports and recommendations to the district judge.

The Supreme Court has held in Peretz v. United States that magistrate judges may supervise the jury selection in a felony trial unless a party objects.

In civil proceedings, magistrate judges typically manage discovery and other pretrial matters. They are authorized to issue orders in pretrial matters as long as the order is not dispositive of the case as a whole (for example, an order granting summary judgment is not within their purview). They may also be assigned to write reports and recommendations to the district judge as to dispositive matters. With the consent of the parties, they may adjudicate civil cases in the same manner as a district judge, including presiding over jury or non-jury trials.

Assignment

Normally, a newly filed federal action is assigned by the clerk of the district court to a district judge and a magistrate judge (whose initials are then appended to the case number in most districts).  In some districts, magistrate judges are assigned to work with certain district judges, although they may not do so on all categories of cases. In other districts, magistrate judges are randomly assigned to cases. The clerk runs a random selection procedure (in some courts, spinning a wheel) based on a list of all available district judges and then runs the same procedure based on a list of all available magistrate judges.

In a few districts, starting with the District of Oregon in 1984, magistrate judges participate together with district judges on a unified list of judges available for new cases.  A newly filed case can then be assigned to a magistrate judge for all purposes, subject to the ability of any party in the action to affirmatively decline consent to that procedure within a certain time period.  Filing of such a declination causes the magistrate judge to return the case to the court clerk for a standard assignment to a district-magistrate pair.

Review by an Article III tribunal
Because Article III of the United States Constitution vests the judicial powers in courts to which the judges are appointed for life (and which are therefore called Article III tribunals), decisions of a magistrate judge are subject to review and either approval, modification or reversal by a district judge of that court – except in civil cases where the parties consent in advance to allow the magistrate judge to exercise the jurisdiction of the district judge, and in which case appeals from the decision of the magistrate judge are heard by the United States Court of Appeals.  The magistrate judges therefore operate under the authority of Congress to appoint "inferior courts", set forth in Article I, making them Article I judges.

The Supreme Court most thoroughly delineated the permissible scope of Article I tribunals in Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co., striking down the statute that created the original U.S. bankruptcy court. The Court held in that opinion that the framers of the Constitution had developed a scheme of separation of powers which clearly required that the judicial branch be kept independent of the other two branches via the mechanism of lifetime appointments. However, the Court also found that Congress has the power under Article I to create adjunct tribunals, so long as the "essential attributes of judicial power" stay in Article III courts. This power derives from two sources. First, when Congress creates rights, it can require those asserting such rights to go through an Article I tribunal. Second, Congress can create non-Article III tribunals to help Article III courts deal with their workload, but only if the Article I tribunals are under the control of the Article III courts.  The magistrate judges fall within this category of "adjunct" tribunals.  All actions heard in an Article I tribunal are subject to de novo review in the supervising Article III court, which retains the exclusive power to make and enforce final judgments.

The Supreme Court later stated, in Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor, that parties to litigation could voluntarily waive their right to an Article III tribunal, and thereby submit themselves to a binding judgment from an Article I tribunal.

History
The office of United States magistrate judge was established by the Federal Magistrates Act of 1968. Its foundation is the United States commissioner system, established in 1793. Commissioners were previously used in federal courts to try petty offense cases committed on federal property, to issue search warrants and arrest warrants, to determine bail for federal defendants and to conduct other initial proceedings in federal criminal cases.  The Federal Magistrates Act of 1968, as amended, was enacted by the Congress to create a new federal judicial officer who would (1) assume all the former duties of the commissioners and (2) conduct a wide range of judicial proceedings to expedite the disposition of the civil and criminal caseloads of the United States district courts.

In 1979, Congress expanded federal magistrates' authority to include all misdemeanors recognized by the federal criminal code.  Magistrates' titles changed again in 1990, when they became "magistrate judges," symbolizing the ever-increasing importance of their work. One view is that the system has worked relatively well in the last 30 years, and has tended to shift the federal courts' caseload to the desired balance. Other legal observers have criticized the increasing powers of magistrate judges, who are neither appointed by the President nor confirmed by the Senate. On the other hand, the selection of a magistrate judge is a merit-based process which, by statute, requires public notice of a vacancy and the appointment of a merit selection panel which includes both lawyers and at least two non-lawyers. The panel is required to consider the attributes of each candidate, including scholarship, experience, knowledge of the court system, and personal attributes such as intelligence, honesty and morality, maturity, demeanor, temperament, and ability to work with others. Applicants for the post must be personally interviewed and recommended for the position. Magistrate judges are compensated at a slightly lower scale than district judges and do not benefit from the full array of benefits accorded to district judges, so increased magistrate judge involvement in judicial matters has a cost-savings effect for the federal courts.

State courts

A number of states have judges titled as magistrates. These positions are unrelated to the federal office, and function according to the laws of the specific state.

References

Federal judiciary of the United States

United States magistrate judge


Mobile Security Deployments (MSD) is a small specialized tactical unit within the Diplomatic Security Service (DSS) of the United States Department of State. The MSD provides U.S. embassies and consulates with security support, protects the Secretary of State and other U.S. officials, including domestically as well as visiting foreign officials, and also provides security training at U.S embassies and consulates.

The majority of its operations are overseas with only 10% conducted in the United States. The unit was formed in 1985 and  was renamed Mobile Security Deployments from Mobile Security Division.

Overview
MSD is composed of specially trained Special Agents that typically operate in high-threat environments with little outside support.

Their assignment is the protection of members of the U.S. federal government overseas, particularly at U.S. embassies and consulates.  Fighting kidnapping and terrorism are part of their duties, as well as protection and evacuation of U.S. citizens out of crisis areas and training of personnel in foreign countries.

MSD also augments other DSS agents in high-threat or high-profile protection missions.

MSD is based in Dunn Loring, Virginia and consists of a headquarters element, tactical medical staff, training cadre, logistic staff, and 13 operational teams with six agents each.

The team's three primary missions are:
Mobile Training Teams (MTT), hold classes for local law enforcement at embassies and consulates, U.S. Marine Corps Security Guards (MSG)  and select foreign personnel.
Security Support Teams (SST) are trained for counterattacks on U.S. embassies or threats against diplomatic personnel.  SSTs react to international crises or threats on short notice in order to enhance and ensure security of U.S. Department of State personnel and facilities, and assist in evacuations if necessary.
Tactical Support Teams (TST) were established in the 1990s and are typically assigned as a heavily armed reaction force in support of the protective service details assigned to high-profile protectees, such as the Secretary of State.  TSTs typically shadow such protective details.

MSD cooperates closely with other federal agencies, such as the Secret Service, the Fleet Antiterrorism Security Teams of the United States Marine Corps, the Federal Bureau of Investigation and local law enforcement agencies, both domestic and foreign.

Selection and training

MSD agents are selected from DSS agents who voluntarily want to join the specialized unit.  These agents are expected to maintain more stringent shooting standards than their peers in DS.  Beginning with an initial assessment, the training duration is six months and is held in and around the Diplomatic Security Training Center (DSTC) in Northern Virginia and West Virginia. The curriculum is based upon advanced weapon handling and Close Quarters Battle (CQB) tactics, counter-terror and off-road car handling, advanced navigation, precision shooting, first aid and tactics.  The training culminates in an elaborate detention and personal security scenario.  Throughout their three-year tour at MSD, agents continue to train at DS schools, and specialized tactics schools all over the United States.  MSD also participates in joint military exercises to ensure interoperability in many places where the U.S. Department of State and U.S. Military work together.  Upon completion of their tour, MSD agents return to DSS posts in the U.S. and overseas.

Air capability
MSD trains in helicopter operations, but does not have its own dedicated air assets.  Rather, MSD uses the U.S. Department of State's globally deployed contract air assets as well as U.S. military air in certain theatres.

Equipment
Garments, weapons and communication devices of the MSD are always state of the art. MSD uniforms are tailored to the mission, and may comprise a Crye Precision or other battle dress, uniform (BDU), or low-profile civilian clothing, the latter of which is more commonly used in SST and MTT missions.  MSD agents use advanced combat helmets, ballistic protective glasses such as Oakleys, body armor, gas masks, radio transceivers with headphones, tactical first aid kits, ballistic vests, various hydration systems, current-generation night vision goggles and GPS handheld devices such as Garmin 60cx, and other geolocation equipment.  MSD agents stay current in military and DSS communications systems in order to remain interoperable with other agencies and military units.  Since 2009, MSD has made equipment upgrades based on experiences in the Middle East.

Weaponry

MSD's primary rifle is the Mk18 type 2 carbine with the Aimpoint T-1 Micro combat optic and AN/PEQ-15 ATPIAL. MSD also qualifies with the Colt submachine gun, different Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine gun variants, Remington 870 shotguns while SIG Sauer, Glock and Beretta pistols are assigned as sidearms.

MSD agents are trained to use and deploy with U.S. Military weapons, including the M249, M240, and M2 machine guns, M203 and Mk 19 grenade launchers, and precision fire rifles such as the Mk11 Mod 1 and MK 12 SPR.

MSD agents are also trained to use less-than-lethal weaponry include OC, or pepper spray, extendable batons and stun grenades.

Assignments
Diplomatic Security MSD agents were involved in Bosnia and Liberia protecting U.S. diplomatic missions and arresting terrorists, as well as the investigation of terrorists bombings in a United States Army barracks in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia in 1996 and the 1998 United States embassy bombings in Tanzania and Kenya.  More recent missions have included operations in Iraq, Afghanistan, Haiti, Pakistan, Jamaica, and in various other countries conducting MTTs such as Mexico.

On May 16, 2019 agents from multiple teams entered the Venezuelan Embassy in Washington, DC at the request of the Venezuelan Interim President, Juan Guaido, to remove American citizens who had barricaded themselves inside the embassy for 37 days to prevent the interim government from moving in.

See also
Bureau of Diplomatic Security (DS)
FBI Hostage Rescue Team (HRT)
Secret Service Counter Assault Team (CAT)
Immigration and Customs Enforcement Special Response Team (SRT)
SWAT

References

External links

Bureau of Diplomatic Security website
Bureau of Diplomatic Security Year in Review 2004
Air Force Magazine article on Exercise Emerald Warrior 2010

Bureau of Diplomatic Security
Police tactical units

Mobile Security Deployments


The Ritz Fizz was created as the Ritz-Carlton hotel chain's signature cocktail in 1934 upon the repealing of prohibition in the United States. It was first concocted in the bar at The Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Boston, Massachusetts.

Versions

Ritz Fizz (Boston Ritz Fizz)
In a Champagne Flute glass mix:
 1/2 oz. (12.5 mL) Disaronno Amaretto
 1/2 oz. (12.5 mL) De Kuyper Blue Curacao
 1/2 oz. (12.5 mL) fresh lemon or lime Juice
 Top off with Champagne.
 Stir together.
 Garnish with a rose petal.

Variants
 Some recipes use Sour mix or Sweet & Sour mix instead of the lime or lemon juice.

Le Ritz Fizz (Canadian Ritz Fizz)
The Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Montreal makes their version with 1/2 oz. (12.5 mL) of apple liqueur instead of the Amaretto and Blue Curaçao and garnishes it with a sugar cube dipped in raspberry liqueur. This is probably due to copyright infringement since the Montreal Ritz-Carlton is privately owned and has not been part of the Ritz-Carlton group since the 1970s, which was when the hotelier pulled out of Montreal due to the city's economic decline.

See also

References

Cocktails with Champagne
Cocktails with liqueur
The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

Ritz Fizz


The Dingmans Bridge (also known as the Dingman's Ferry Bridge) is a toll bridge across the Delaware River between Delaware Township, Pennsylvania and Sandyston Township, New Jersey. Owned and operated by the Dingmans Choice and Delaware Bridge Company, it is the last privately-owned toll bridge on the Delaware and one of the few remaining in the United States. It is also the only bridge on the Delaware to toll traffic entering New Jersey.

The bridge lies south of the Milford–Montague Toll Bridge, and well north of the Delaware Water Gap Toll Bridge along Interstate 80. This crossing location is particularly useful for Pennsylvanians commuting to New Jersey or New York City.

Operations

, the toll for automobiles is $2.00 each way. Books of 40 tickets can be purchased from the toll collector for $40.00, effectively lowering the toll to $1.00 for frequent users. The bridge's toll booth, located on the Pennsylvania side, is staffed by a single toll collector who stands in between the two lanes of traffic, collecting toll fees by hand. No toll is charged on Christmas Day, when the booth is unattended.

Although the bridge is within the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, government employees pay the toll, unless responding to an emergency with lights and sirens on. Bicyclists may cross for free, but pedestrians are not allowed due to the narrow lanes. An  height restriction coupled with a weight restriction of four tons precludes large RVs and trucks from crossing.

Because the Bridge Company is responsible for its own repairs, it employs an engineering firm certified for bridge inspection to regularly and thoroughly inspect the bridge from the tops of the trusses to the underwater foundations. Each year, the bridge company closes the bridge the second week after Labor Day to conduct any repairs needed to maintain the structural integrity of the bridge and to replace or flip the salt-treated British Columbia fir planks. These floor boards are held in place with anchor plates and collar nails which results in a characteristic rattling of the deck with the traffic moving.

History

Origins
In 1735, Andrew Dingman, a Dutch pioneer from Kinderhook, New York, operated a ferry that connected the Old Mine Road in Sussex County, New Jersey to the Bethany Turnpike (now U.S. Route 209) in Delaware Township in Pike County. The ferry thrived for over a century as pioneers utilized this important river crossing to move westward. Crossing on the ferry took some time; the ferryman on the western (Pennsylvania) bank had to be summoned by a bell on the eastern (New Jersey) shore. A house was built near the present-day bridge in 1803 by Judge Daniel W. Dingman, who was said to hold court in his bare feet. Still standing, the house is on the state and national historic registers.

First four bridges
In 1836, the first bridge was built by the Dingmans. Under the terms of its charter, churchgoers, schoolchildren, and funeral processions were given free passage, a condition that is still in effect today. The first bridge lasted until 1847 when high water washed away the Milford Bridge upstream and swept the debris into Dingman's Bridge.

After a brief life, the second bridge was destroyed four or five years after the first, in a severe windstorm.

A third bridge was constructed in 1856, but, being of poor quality, it fell apart by 1862. The ferry was operated once again by the Dingmans until the property was sold in 1875 to John W. Kilsby, Sr. Kilsby's family operated the ferry until the turn of the twentieth century when the current bridge was constructed using some materials recycled from a railroad bridge on the Susquehanna River. This bridge has survived major floods in 1903, 1955, 2005, and 2006.

Later years
Dingman named his original plot of land Dingman's Choice. The village of Dingman's Choice, which became quite identified with the ferry, had its name changed by the Post Office to Dingmans Ferry in 1868. Records from an early logbook show tolls of 40 cents for a horseless carriage, 25 cents for a two-horse wagon, 10 cents for a horse and rider, 5 cents for a bicycle, and 2 cents for a footman.  Under the terms of the original charter, no toll was charged for individuals traveling to church or a funeral, a custom which is still practiced presently.

See also
List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in New Jersey
List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Pennsylvania
List of crossings of the Delaware River

References
Notes

Sources

External links

Spanning the Gap The newsletter of Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area Vol. 15 No. 2 Summer 1993

Bridges over the Delaware River
Toll bridges in New Jersey
Toll bridges in Pennsylvania
Bridges completed in 1900
Bridges in Pike County, Pennsylvania
Historic American Engineering Record in New Jersey
Historic American Engineering Record in Pennsylvania
Road bridges in New Jersey
Road bridges in Pennsylvania
Sandyston Township, New Jersey
Relocated buildings and structures in New Jersey
Wrought iron bridges in the United States
Transportation buildings and structures in Sussex County, New Jersey
1900 establishments in New Jersey
1900 establishments in Pennsylvania
Interstate vehicle bridges in the United States

Dingman's Ferry Bridge


Akira Hosomi (19439 September 2018) was a Japanese chemist. He was professor emeritus at Tsukuba University, a fellow of the Chemical Society of Japan, a visiting professor at Chuo University, and an academic advisor at Kyushu University.

Biography
Hosomi was born in Osaka, Japan, in 1943 and educated at Kyoto University. He obtained B. Eng., M. Eng. and Dr. Eng. degrees from Kyoto University under the supervisor of Makoto Kumada in 1965, 1967 and 1970, respectively. He was appointed as an assistant professor in 1970 and an associate professor in 1985 at Tohoku University. He worked with T. G. Traylor at the University of California, San Diego, during 1972-1974, as a visiting scientist. In 1985, he became a full professor of pharmaceutical sciences at Nagasaki University. In 1990, he moved to the department of chemistry (synthetic organic chemistry) of the University of Tsukuba. Afterwards he was the director of the Chemical Analytical Center in 1991-1994, Dean of Graduate School of Chemistry in 1994-1996, Dean of Department of Chemistry and Regent, University of Tsukuba in 1996-1998, and Director of the Isotope Center, University of Tsukuba in 1998-2001. In 2001, he became Dean of the Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Tsukuba and Director of the Venture Business Laboratory, University of Tsukuba, and, in 2003, he became Dean of the Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba. After the retirement from University of Tsukuba, he became Professor of University Evaluation at the National Institution for Academic Degrees and University Evaluation until 2007. He was adjunct professor of the University of Tsukuba during 2005-2006, and also visiting professor of Gakushuin University during 2006-2009 and Kyoto Pharmaceutical University during 2006-2010. He was also a visiting professor at Chuo University.

Hosomi died on 9 September, 2018, in Kyoto, Japan.

Awards and honors
He received the 26th Chemical Society of Japan Award for Distinguished Young Chemists (Allylsilanes in Organic Synthesis) in 1977, the 6th Inoue Award for Science (Organic Synthesis Using Organosilicon Compounds) in 1990, the 39th Society of Synthetic Organic Chemistry Award, Japan (Fine Organic Synthesis Using Organometallics) in 1997, and the 55th Chemical Society of Japan Award (Development of New Reagents of Silicon and Related Metals and Application to the Practical Organic Synthesis) in 2003, and the Society of Silicon Chemistry JAPAN Award 2012 (Development on New Reagents of Silicon and Related Metals and their Applications to Practical Organic Syntheses). In 2008 he got an honor of the Fellow of the Chemical Society of Japan.

Research
His research interests lies in organometallic and heteroatom chemistry directed towards organic synthesis, synthetic methodology and reaction mechanisms, and organosilicon and organometallic chemistry, heterocyclic chemistry, and bio-organometallic chemistry.  He is the author of more than 260 original papers and more than 50 review articles, and 22 books and book chapters.  He found various synthetic reactions, e.g., the new transformation reaction from organosilicon compounds to organocopper reagents promoted by copper (I) salt, the "tailor-made" synthesis of non-stabilized 1,3-dipolar reagents, syntheses of the new lantanoid reagents and the ate-compounds of transition metals.  He also found new fundamental reaction of organosilyl radicals.  Especially he found the Hosomi reaction (the Hosomi-Sakurai) reaction using allylsilanes as one of the famous name reaction. This reaction is carbon-carbon formation using allylsilanes with carbon electrophiles promoted by Lewis acid  (A.Hosomi, and H. Sakurai, Tetrahedron Lett. 1976, 1295-1298. A.Hosomi, and H. Sakurai, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1977, 99, 1673-1674. As a review: A. Hosomi, Acc. Chem.Res., 1988, 21, 200-206.) He anticipates that the allylsilane indicates strong nucleophilicity because of its low ionization potential during the investigation of photoelectron spectra of allylsilanes.

References

1943 births
2018 deaths
Japanese chemists
Academic staff of Kyushu University
Kyoto University alumni

Akira Hosomi


Louise of Savoy (28 December 1461 – 24 July 1503) was a member of the French royal family, who gave up a life of privilege and comfort to become a Poor Clare nun. She was beatified by the Roman Catholic Church in 1839.

Life
Louise was born on 28 December 1461, the Feast of the Holy Innocents, to the Amadeus IX, Duke of Savoy, and his wife, Yolande of Valois, the sister of King Louis XI of France. Through her mother, Louise was a collateral descendant of the Franciscan saint, Elizabeth of Hungary. She was born the fifth of their ten children. Her father was a very pious ruler who gave much attention to works of charity in his duchy. He suffered from epilepsy, which, added to his retiring nature, led him to leave the mechanisms of government in the hands of his wife. He himself was beatified in 1677.

Louise showed an inclination to spiritual life at a very young age. While still a child, she was found to be fasting on only bread and water on the Vigil of any major feast day of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Despite the active court life around her, she was drawn to prayer and solitude. Yet she was marked by a spirit of obedience, and when her mother insisted that she dress well in keeping with her station, she would obey. She would wear a hairshirt under her lovely garments, though.

When she was older, Louise naturally was drawn to enter a monastery. Her uncle, the King, however, arranged that she marry on 24 August 1479 to Hugues de Chalon, (d.3 Jul 1490) of the House of Châlon-Arlay, to which she was agreeable. In her typical attitude of obedience, she saw the hand of God in this arrangement. The Prince proved to be a pious young man who supported his wife's efforts at living a life of faith and self-denial in the midst of their luxuries. Louise set a high tone of morality for her court, starting with her attendants. She would demand that any man found to be using foul language be required to make a donation to the poor as a penance. They held the usual court events, such as dances, but did not participate in the revels.

This life of happiness soon ended, though, as her husband, the Prince, died when she was 27 years of age. As she had no children, the young widow then determined to follow her calling as a nun, refusing many offers of marriage. She used her vast wealth to meet many needs of the poor and entered the monastery of the Poor Clare nuns in Orbe, now part of modern Switzerland.

In the cloister, she showed herself to be a model of humility and obedience, preserving nothing of her royal origins. Louise died at the age of forty-two. She was beatified by Pope Gregory XVI in 1839. Her feast is observed by the Poor Clares on the date of her death.

Ancestry

References

External sources
Franciscan Saints Calendar

See also
Amadeus IX, Duke of Savoy

1461 births
1503 deaths
French beatified people
Poor Clares
Franciscan beatified people
15th-century venerated Christians
15th-century Christian saints
16th-century venerated Christians
16th-century Christian saints
House of Valois
People from Thonon-les-Bains
People from Orbe
Chalon-Arlay
Princesses of Savoy
Swiss Roman Catholics
Italian people of French descent
Italian people of German descent
Italian people of Hungarian descent
Christian female saints of the Middle Ages
Christian female saints of the Early Modern era
15th-century French nuns
16th-century French nuns

Louise of Savoy (nun)