Richard Lester Liebman (born January 19, 1932) is a retired American film director based in the United Kingdom, famous for his comedic and campy tone style of shooting movies and for his work in both USA and UK cinema.

He is best known for directing the Beatles' films A Hard Day's Night (1964) and Help! (1965), and the superhero films Superman II (1980) and Superman III (1983). His other notable films as director include The Running Jumping & Standing Still Film (1959), The Knack ...and How to Get It (1965), A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (1966), How I Won the War (1967), Petulia (1968), The Three Musketeers (1973) and its two sequels, as well as Robin and Marian (1976), and Butch and Sundance: The Early Days (1979). He is an Honorary Associate of London Film School.

According to the British Film Institute, "if any single director can encapsulate the popular image of Britain in the Swinging Sixties, then it is probably Richard Lester. With his use of flamboyant cinematic devices and liking for zany humour, he captured the vitality, and sometimes the triviality, of the period more vividly than any other director."

Early years and career
Richard Lester Liebman was born to a Jewish family in Philadelphia. A child prodigy, he graduated from the William Penn Charter School, a Quaker school in Philadelphia, and began studies at the University of Pennsylvania at the age of 15, graduating with a degree in clinical psychology in 1951.

American television
Lester started in television in 1950, working as a stage hand, floor manager, assistant director, and eventually a director in less than a year, because no one else was around who knew how to do the work.

Lester was the music director on Action in the Afternoon, an American western television series that aired live on CBS from February 2, 1953, to January 29, 1954. The series originated from the studios and back lot of CBS' WCAU-TV, which was then in Philadelphia; it was broadcast Monday through Friday regardless of the weather. The half-hour series aired variously at 3:30 pm or 4:00 pm, throughout its run.

British television
In May 1955, after a period spent busking around continental Europe, Lester moved to London and began work as a director in television, working for the low-budget producers the Danziger Brothers on episodes of Mark Saber, a half-hour detective series.

He worked as a writer on Curtains for Harry (1955) and for a few weeks, The Barris Beat (1956).

A variety show he produced caught the eye of Peter Sellers, who enlisted Lester's help in translating The Goon Show to television as The Idiot Weekly, Price 2d (1956). It was a hit as were two follow-up shows: A Show Called Fred (1956) and Son of Fred (1956).

Lester recalled that A Show Called Fred was "broadcast live and that's why I went into film directing where you can do a second take!"

He wrote and directed episodes of the TV series After Hours (1958).

Early films
Lester received acclaim with The Running Jumping & Standing Still Film (1959), a short film he made with Spike Milligan and Peter Sellers. He did another short titled The Sound of Jazz (1959).

His first feature as director was It's Trad, Dad! (1962), a low-budget musical. His second was The Mouse on the Moon (1963), produced by Walter Shenson for United Artists starring Margaret Rutherford, a sequel to The Mouse That Roared (1959). He returned to TV, directing episodes of Room at the Bottom (1964).

The Beatles
The Running Jumping & Standing Still Film was a favourite of the Beatles, particularly John Lennon. When the band members were contracted to make a feature film, they chose Lester from a list of possible directors. A Hard Day's Night (1964) showed an exaggerated and simplified version of the Beatles' characters and proved to be an effective marketing tool. Many of its stylistic innovations survive as the forerunner of music videos; in particular, the multi-angle filming of a live performance. Lester was sent an award from MTV as "Father of the Music Video".

A Hard Day's Night was a huge critical and commercial success. Lester then directed the first of several quintessential "swinging" films, the sex comedy The Knack... and How to Get It (1965). It was the first of three of his films with actor Michael Crawford, and the first out of four credited collaborations with screenwriter Charles Wood. The film won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival.

Lester followed The Knack... and How to Get It with the Beatles film Help! (1965). A spoof of the popular James Bond spy thrillers, it was the second collaboration with screenwriter Charles Wood and another huge commercial success. Lester received a Hollywood offer to direct the film adaptation of A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (1966).

He then made the darkly surreal anti-war movie How I Won the War (1967) co-starring Crawford and Lennon, which Lester referred to as an "anti-anti-war movie". He explained that anti-war movies still took the concept of war seriously, contrasting "bad" war crimes with wars fought for "good" causes like the liberation from Nazism or, at that time, Communism, whereas with screenwriter Charles Wood, Lester set out to show war as fundamentally opposed to humanity. Although set in World War II, the film serves as an oblique reference to the Vietnam War, and at one point, breaking the fourth wall, references this directly.

He made Petulia (1968) with Julie Christie and George C. Scott, and a score by John Barry (who had also scored The Knack). He returned to his anti-war theme with the post-apocalyptic black comedy The Bed Sitting Room (1969), based on a play by Spike Milligan and John Antrobus. The screenplay was the fourth credited collaboration between Lester and Charles Wood, but Wood provided uncredited production rewrites for more films of Lester.

How I Won the War and Bed Sitting Room performed poorly at the box office; Lester found himself unable to raise funds for a series of projects, including an adaptation of the Flashman novels.

Swashbucklers
Lester's career revived when he was hired by Alexander and Ilya Salkind to do a version of The Three Musketeers (1973), based on a script by George MacDonald Fraser. The producers decided to split the first film into two after principal photography was completed, the second titled The Four Musketeers (1974). Many of the cast principals complained to the Salkinds, stating that they were only contracted to make one film, and they arrived at an agreement to avoid attorneys' fees. Both movies were critically and commercially successful.

He was called in at the last minute as a replacement director on Juggernaut (1974), a thriller set on a cruise liner. The success of the Musketeers films enabled Lester to raise the finances for Royal Flash (1975), based on the second of the Flashman novels by George MacDonald Fraser. Lester followed Royal Flash with Robin and Marian (1976) which was adapted from a script by James Goldman and starred Sean Connery and Audrey Hepburn. He then made The Ritz (1976) which was based on a play by Terrence McNally.

Lester also directed Butch and Sundance: The Early Days (1979) and Cuba (1979) with Connery; neither film was successful commercially.

Superman
Lester's next film, Superman II, was a huge success. Production on Superman II began before Superman was completed, and had to be halted to concentrate on getting the first movie completed. After the first film was released in late 1978, the Salkinds went back into production on Superman II without informing Superman director Richard Donner and placed Lester behind the camera to complete the remaining 25 percent of the film. Although Donner had shot 75 percent, a majority of what was planned for the film, much of his footage was jettisoned or reshot during Lester's time on the project.

Gene Hackman, who played Lex Luthor, refused to return for the reshoots, so Lester instead used a stunt double and an impersonator to loop Luthor's lines onto footage of Hackman shot by Donner. Some of Donner's original footage was integrated into television versions of the film. In November 2006, Donner's footage was re-edited into Superman II: The Richard Donner Cut, consisting primarily of his footage with Lester's footage used only for scenes not shot during Donner's principal photography of the movie.

Richard Lester directed Superman III (1983), but this third installment was not as well received as its predecessors. Nonetheless, it was considered a box office success, ranking 14th in that year's worldwide box office.

Later films and retirement
Lester directed the comedy Finders Keepers (1984), starring Michael O'Keefe, Louis Gossett Jr., and Beverly D'Angelo. The film was a flop, and it is notable as one of the early films featuring Jim Carrey.

In 1988, he reunited most of the Three Musketeers cast to film The Return of the Musketeers, released the following year. During filming in Spain, actor Roy Kinnear, a close friend of Lester, died after falling from a horse. Lester finished the film, then returned only to direct Paul McCartney's concert film Get Back (1991).

In 1993, he presented Hollywood U.K., a five-part series on British cinema in the 1960s for the BBC.

Director Steven Soderbergh is among many who have called for a reappraisal of Lester's work and influence. He wrote Getting Away with It, published in 1999 about Lester's career; the book consists of interviews with Lester.

In 2012, the British Film Institute awarded Lester a Fellowship, the British film industry's highest honour, in recognition of his work. The award was presented in a public ceremony on March 22 at the National Film Theatre, and was followed by a screening of Lester's Robin and Marian. The citation for his fellowship recognises that "Richard Lester has created a unique body of work which has enriched the lives of millions with his brilliantly surreal humour and innovative style. Although born in the US, he has lived in Britain for 60 years and created some of the most enduring and influential creations of British cinema."

Personal life
In Soderbergh's book Getting Away with It, Lester reveals that he is a committed atheist and debates with Soderbergh (who was then an agnostic), largely based on the arguments of Richard Dawkins. While Lester studied at the University of Pennsylvania, he was a member of the Beta Rho Chapter of the Sigma Nu fraternity.

Filmography

 The Running Jumping & Standing Still Film (1959) (short)
 It's Trad, Dad! (1962)
 The Mouse on the Moon (1963)
 A Hard Day's Night (1964)
 The Knack ...and How to Get It (1965)
 Help! (1965)
 A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (1966)
 How I Won the War (also producer, 1967)
 Petulia (1968)
 The Bed Sitting Room (also producer, 1969)
 The Three Musketeers (1973)
 Juggernaut (1974)
 The Four Musketeers (1974)
 Royal Flash (1975)
 Robin and Marian (1976)
 The Ritz (1976)
 Superman (producer uncredited, 1978)
 Butch and Sundance: The Early Days (1979)
 Cuba (1979)
 Superman II (1980)
 Superman III (1983)
 Finders Keepers (1984)
 The Return of the Musketeers (1989)
 Get Back (1991)
 Superman II: The Richard Donner Cut (director uncredited, re-edited director's cut of Superman II, 2006)

Further reading

References

External links

 Richard Lester: A hard day's life
 The Beatles in West Somerset in 1964
  NYT biog
 BFI film database
 MTV biog
 TheBeatles.com

1932 births
Living people
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews
American atheists
Comedy film directors
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
American film directors
American film producers
Artists from Philadelphia
Directors of Palme d'Or winners
Film directors from Pennsylvania
Film producers from Pennsylvania
Kristián Award winners
Jewish American atheists
Jewish American film directors
Jewish American film producers
William Penn Charter School alumni

Richard Lester


Frederick III of Moers (1354 – 12 May 1417) was a German nobleman.  He was Count of Moers by inheritance and Count of Saarwerden by jure uxoris.

Life
Frederick was the son of Count Dietrich IV of Moers and his wife Elisabeth of Zuilen, heiress of Baër.  He succeeded his father as Count of Moers in 1372, at the age of 17, and ruled the county for the next 45 years.

Already during the first month of his reign, he requested and received three privileges from Emperor Charles IV: the village of Creyfeld received the status of a market town and the right to hold to fairs annually, and the House of Moers received the right to mint coins.  This right was first exercised in 1405, by his son John.  These privileges and the increasing influence of the count rekindled the envy of Count Adolf III of the Marck (d. 1394), who claimed that Moers was a fief of Cleves.

Marriage
On 10 September 1376, Frederick married Walburga (sometimes spelled Walburgis), the daughter of John II of Saarwerden and his wife Clara of Vinstingen.  The marriage had been mediated by Walburga's brother Frederick, who was Archbishop of Cologne and wanted closer a relationship with the Counts of Moers, to reduce the influence in the Lower Rhine area of his nemesis Adolf III of the Marck.  In 1397, Walburga's brother Henry II died without a male heir,  and Frederick III inherited the County of Saarwerden jure uxoris.

Last will and testament
In 1417 Frederick made a last will and testament in which he left the County of Moers to his son in fideicommis.  This meant that if a Count were to die without a male heir, the county would be inherited by a younger brother (or his son), and not fell back to the Duke of Cleves.  This did not work for very long: Count William of Wied, who had married Frederick III's great-granddaughter Margaret, managed, with support from Duke William IV of Jülich-Berg to snatch Moers away from Frederick III's great-grandson John IV.

Frederick III died on 12 May 1417 and his possessions were inherited by his eldest son, Frederick IV, who had been born .

Issue
From his marriage with Walburga, he had the following children:
 Frederick ( – 11 July 1448), inherited Moers as Frederick IV
 John ( – 2 July 1431), inherited Saarwerden as John III
 Dietrich ( – 14 February 1463), who was Archbishop of Cologne as Dietrich II and Bishop of Paderborn as Dietrich III
 Henry (probably 1391 –1450), Bishop of Munster and Osnabrück as Henry II
 Walram ( – 3 October 1456), Bishop of Utrecht and of Münster
 Anna Elizabeth, married
 in 1403 with Lord Bernard VI of Lippe (d. 1415)
 Nicholas II, Count of Tecklenburg (d. 1430)
 Walburga, the youngest daughter, married in 1406 with John III, Lord of Heinsberg

It is an ancestor of Anne of Cleves.

References
 Hermann Altgelt: Geschichte der Grafen und Herren von Moers, Bötticher, Düsseldorf, 1845, Online
 Theodor Joseph Lacomblet: Urkundenbuch für die Geschichte des Niederrheins oder des Erzstifts Cöln, der Fürstenthümer Jülich und Berg, Geldern, Meurs, Cleve und Mark, und der Reichsstifte Elten, Essen und Werden, part 4, Schaub'sche Buchhandlung, Düsseldorf, 1858, Online at Google Books, Genealogy of the Counts of Moers at p. XII-XXV
 Carl Hirschberg: Geschichte der Grafschaft Moers, Steiger, Moers, 1904
 Leopold Henrichs: Geschichte der Grafschaft Moers bis zum Jahre 1625, Kaltenmeier & Verhuven, Hüls-Crefeld, 1914
 Otto Ottsen: Geschichte der Stadt Moers, vol. 1, 1950, reprinted: Steiger, Moers, 1977,
 Margret Wensky (ed.): Moers: Die Geschichte der Stadt von der Frühzeit bis zur Gegenwart, vol. 1, Böhlau, Cologne, Weimar and Vienna, 2000,

Footnotes

Counts in Germany
1354 births
1417 deaths
14th-century German nobility

Frederick III, Count of Moers


Kalanikeʻeaumoku was an aliʻi (noble) of Hawaii (island) of the Kona district and part of Kohala district and grandfather of Kamehameha I.

Family
His mother was Kalanikauleleiaiwi and his father was Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku. He would noho (cohabitate) with Kamakaʻīmoku of the ʻI family of the Kaʻū district, the partner of his half brother Kalaninuiamamao and have a son named Keōua who would father Kamehameha I. With his half brother Kamakaimoku would father Kalaniʻōpuʻu, the half brother to Keōua becoming the progenitor for the  House of Kamehameha and the House of Kalokuokamaile. His second wife was the High Chiefess Kailakanoa. His sons by Kailakanoa were Kanekoa and Kahai. Only his son Kanekoa's descendants survive from his second marriage; most notable of these are the House of Kawānanakoa, through her granddaughter Poʻomaikelani, the wife of Elelule Laʻakeaelelulu of Hilo, and mother of Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole.

He was descended from Aliʻi Nui ʻUmi-a-Liloa, connecting also to the chiefs of Maui, Oahu, Kauai. His name translates as the "Great Heavenly Island Climber".

His father was the ruler of the entire Big Island of Hawaiʻi. In addition to Kona, Keawe also gave him dominion over parts of the Kohala District, which was mostly controlled by the powerful and somewhat independent Mahi family. His brother Kalaninui`amamao became ruler of the Kaʻū district of the island.

After his father's death in 1754, he and his older brother, Kalaninuiamamao, fought for the throne of the Island of Hawaiʻi. While the conflict ensued between the two brothers, Alapa`inui-a-kauaua was able to take advantage of the situation and usurped the throne. Alapa`inui was Keeʻaumoku's half-brother, sharing his mother, Queen Kalanikauleleiaiwi. They were also brothers of Ha'ae-a-Mahi, father of the Chiefess Kekuiapoiwa II, the mother of Kamehameha the Great. Because of the conflict between Keʻeaumoku and Kalaninuiamamao, the island remained divided into three to six separate chiefdoms until the unification by Aliʻi Nui Kamehameha I.

References

Royalty of Hawaii (island)
Hawaiian military personnel
House of Keawe
House of Līloa

Kalanikeʻeaumoku


RMS Snaefell (III) – the third ship in the line's history to be so named – was a packet steamer operated by the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company from 1910 to 1914. She was then acquired by the Admiralty at the outbreak of the First World War, until she was torpedoed and sunk in the Mediterranean on 5 June 1918.

Dimensions
Snaefell had a registered tonnage of , length 270 ft; beam 41 ft 4 in; depth 16 ft 6 in; and with a designed service speed of 19 knots. Water-tight sub-divisions were carefully designed; and there were seven water-tight bulkheads extending up to the main deck. The vessel was fitted with a cellular bottom for carrying water ballast when in summer service.

History
Snaefell was built at Cammell Laird at Birkenhead in 1910, with engines and boilers also being acquired from her manufacturer. She was certified for 1241 passengers, and had a crew complement of 43.

She was fitted with two sets of vertical 4-cylinder triple-expansion engines - the first of this type in the company's ships. These developed a total indicated horsepower of 5,300 and made her a very economical and useful ship.

Service life
Snaefell, despite her modest size, being a dual vessel was of some importance of marine evolution in the company's list. Designed for both cargo and passenger work, she was put on the main Douglas–Liverpool winter service. However, the ship was with the Isle of Man Steam Packet fleet for only four years.

During the summer months, she worked from both Douglas and Ramsey, usually on the company's secondary routes.

Mail and cargo
Snaefell was designed to carry a mixture of passengers and cargo.
Her designation as a Royal Mail Ship (RMS) indicated that she carried mail under contract with the Royal Mail.
A specified area was allocated for the storage of letters, parcels and specie (bullion, coins and other valuables).
In addition, there was a considerable quantity of regular cargo, ranging from furniture to foodstuffs and even motor cars.

A popular ship, she was taken over and refitted as an Armed Boarding Vessel (A.B.V.) at the outbreak of war. This work was undertaken by the yards at Cammell Laird, and she left the Mersey in Christmas week 1914, to embark on her war service.

War service and loss
The record of Snaefell is typical of the work of the steam packet company's ships in World War I. She was one, if not the first, of the company's fleet to go off on active service, and "active service" is something she witnessed in no small measure.

On being chartered by The Admiralty, she was sent to Cammell Lairds – her original builders – and was fitted with armament and given the necessary alterations. She sailed for Plymouth on 18 December 1914, armed with a rather modest complement of two 12-pounder guns, one 2-pounder anti aircraft gun; and with a ship's company of 105.

Snaefell became one of four coastal steamers in the Plymouth Patrol, and had a reasonably uneventful introduction to the war, steaming from Start Point to Land's End and then to a position in mid-Channel, on the other side of which the French Navy took over the patrol. Her duty was to intercept all shipping and issue any necessary instructions covering the likely position of enemy submarines and other such matters. It meant four days at sea and two days in port.

In April 1915, the Snaefell had a minor brush with a German submarine but failed to find her target, despite being able to discharge a shot at the enemy from what seemed to be close range.

During June of that year, she received orders concerning more desperate matters, and the Sanefell was tasked to escort the monitor Ragalan to Gallipoli. Once at the Dardanelles she worked in the monitor's squadron, even carrying seaplanes which were sent up as artillery spotters for the Raglan's gunners.

It was an eventful summer for the Manx ship. She was soon based at Mudros, on Lemnos, some 60 miles from the Daredenelles. From the island she carried troops and stores to the combat area in Suvla Bay.

Early in August she was damaged by shellfire, after which she was switched to shore patrol work, closely watching the Turkish movements. During this time, she went aground and was holed. After emergency repairs, Snaefell eventually reached Alexandria, where she underwent more extensive repairs which were completed after six weeks.

Upon the completion of the repairs, she was again dispatched to active service, this time patrolling the Bulgarian Coast. This work entailed danger from floating mines, shore batteries and Bulgarian aircraft, against which at first, the Snaefell had little or no defence.

During this chapter of her service, she was holed by a six-inch shell from a Turkish battery, but once more she was lucky.

Snafell then assisted in the evacuation of the British Forces from Gallipoli, after which the ship was given troop-carrying duties for several months, on one occasion being heavily shelled by a submarine when laden with Turkish prisoners of war which she had embarked in Cyprus. She escaped during the night, and made for Alexandria.

Re-fitted in Alexandria in the spring of 1918, and after being held up by a serious fire that broke out while she was in harbour, she was finally able to leave for Malta early in June. During her voyage to Malta, the Imperial German Navy submarine  torpedoed and sank her in the Mediterranean Sea  east-southeast of Malta with the loss of three of her crew members.

Snaefell′s wreck position is calculated as LAT:43°36'N LON:042°49'E, 240 miles east-southeast (112.5°) of Malta.

Citations

References

Ships of the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company
1910 ships
Passenger ships of the United Kingdom
Ferries of the United Kingdom
Ferries of the Isle of Man
World War I merchant ships of the United Kingdom
Ships built on the River Mersey
Maritime incidents in 1918
Armed boarding steamers of the Royal Navy
Steamships of the United Kingdom

SS Snaefell (1910)


Ulrika Eleonora Säfström (9 October 1770 – 9 June 1857) was a Swedish stage actress, described as a great dramatic star of Stockholm in her day. She was used for heroine parts and was also popular in operettas.

Biography
Säfström was born in Stockholm, Sweden.
She was the daughter of Johan Fredrik Säfström and Brita Christina Lindholm and twin sister of Eva Säfström.

She and her twin sister Eva were employed in the choir of the Royal Swedish Opera in 1785. In 1787, she debuted at the Stenborg Theatre. She was described as a fairy-like beauty with a voice that "cuddled the ear", and was anticipated to become one of the "greatest ornaments" of the theatre. She did meet with success, and in the following years, she was given a great repertoire of leading roles which generally received good reviews. She was called the "first actress" of the theatre and was placed by the side of Lisette Stenberg as one of the two leading ladies of the theatre.

She played Susanna in The Marriage of Figaro opposite Didrik Gabriel Björn (1757-1810) at the Swedish premier performance of this play on 20 December 1792. She also played the title role in Minna von Barnhelm by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing in 1793. Her most acclaimed parts were the title roles in Nina (1792) and Azemia (1793). As the mentally ill Nina, she was called "irresistibly touching", and "As the heroine of the play one of the most excellent actresses the Stenborg Theatre ever owned."

In 1788, a poem was published in the paper Stockholmsposten: To Mademoiselle Eleonora Säfström, when she was at the new Swedish Theatre performing in the opera Colonien Belinde on the 23rd May. At the waves of the sea, shocked and frightened /in a poor costume and ornament/You stood at the naked line of the sea/mourned your freedom with the obedience/which is always expected by cruelty/Alack as your song shared my pride!/I beg you - act as you did/ so as to once more delight me. The writer is believed to have been Carl Michael Bellman (1740–1795).

She admired King Gustav III of Sweden, and she was present at the masquerade ball where he was assassinated in 1792.

In 1795 she debuted at the Royal Dramatic Theatre, where she was given a contract in 1796. She had several big parts with good reviews, but the competition was much greater at the Royal Theatre, and she did not take the same role of a star there. She gave her last performance in 1802. Shortly afterwards, she was injured in the head by a falling block of ice, which caused her a "nerve illness". After she recovered in 1806, she was fired and denied a pension. In 1807, she moved in with her married twin sister in Ystad, where she founded a school.

Personal life
At the age of seventeen, she was to have been engaged to Count F. Posse, who died young; his letters were buried with her on her request. She died unmarried during 1857 in Ystad.

References
 Johan Flodmark: Stenborgska skådebanorna: bidrag till Stockholms teaterhistoria, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1893
 Nordensvan, Georg, Svensk teater och svenska skådespelare från Gustav III till våra dagar. Förra delen, 1772-1842, Bonnier, Stockholm, 1917(Swedish theatre and Swedish actors from Gustav III to our days. First book 1772–1842) (Swedish)

Notes

Further reading

1770 births
1857 deaths
18th-century Swedish actresses
Swedish stage actresses
Swedish twins
Gustavian era people
18th-century Swedish opera singers
18th-century Swedish women opera singers

Eleonora Säfström


Héctor José Alberto Villanueva Balasquide (born October 2, 1964), is a former professional baseball player who played catcher in the Major Leagues from 1990 to 1993.

In 1991, he became the fourth player in the history of the Puerto Rico Baseball League to win the triple crown.

Career
Héctor Villanueva attended Cupeyville High School in Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico.  He later went to the University of Alabama at Birmingham because his parents insisted that he attend college. His father was a salesman and his mother Lourdes was a schoolteacher. On March 26, 1985, he was signed as a free agent by a scout from the Cubs named Joaquin Velilla.  Hector married Gizelle Krebs on December 26, 1987. They have four children, Alana, Soleil, Omar, and Joshua.

In 1986 he had a .318 average, with 13 home runs and 100 RBIs during his second season playing Class-A baseball for the Carolina league. He then advanced to Double-A and played in the Eastern league. Other catchers that eventually became big league players were in the Cubs system, including Joe Girardi and Rick Wrona so Héctor began to play mostly at first base. By 1989 he had reached Triple-A in the American Association league with a .252 batting average, 15 home runs, and 57 RBIs. During the winter he played baseball in Puerto Rico where he excelled as a player for different teams, which included, Los Cangrejeros de Santurce, Los Senadores de San Juan, and the Leones de Ponce. In 1991 he made his Major League debut for the Chicago Cubs against the St. Louis Cardinals as a pinch-hitter replacing Mark Grace. In his first at-bat, he popped up to second base. He stayed in the game playing first base and in his second at-bat he hit a two-run-homer that was estimated to be 430-feet. As a rookie for the Cubs, he hit 3 home runs in his first 6 games. After catcher Damon Berryhill returned from shoulder surgery, Villanueva became the number-three receiver on the team. He drew a cult-like following while he was in Chicago some in part was due to the comedic way Harry Carey would mispronounce his name.  He ended his rookie season with a .276 average, 13 home runs and 32 RBIs in 192 at-bats. In December 1992 he signed with the St. Louis Cardinals and made the roster in 1993 as a backup catcher. However, Hector did not hit very well that year and had a .175 batting average. He was later sent down to the minors to play in Louisville. He was somewhat successful playing in Louisville but never garnered momentum and was eventually released in August.

In 1993 during the winter he played in Puerto Rico for the Cangrejeros de Santurce and the team won the league championship. They clinched a spot to play in the Caribbean Series representing Puerto Rico and went on to win the series. Villanueva played first base and had the honor of being named the MVP. In 1994 Héctor moved to Mexico where he played for the Tigres of Mexico City. He led the league in home runs and RBIs with a batting average of.333. He later signed a contract that year to play for the Expos on a minor league triple-A team for the Ottawa Lynx. Villanueva was never called up to the Majors so in 1996 he went back to play in the Mexican league. This time he played for the team in Monclova, Mexico. He then spent one season during 1997 playing baseball in the Chinese league for the China Times Eagles. He did not have a good experience in China because he was away from his family and had a misunderstanding with the team manager concerning tickets for his family members to visit him and watch him play. He also felt very uncomfortable with the type of gambling that was going on so he ultimately traveled back to play in Mexico again where would move from one ball club to another. After a while, Héctor became tired of the traveling he had to do in Mexico and decided to retire from playing summer baseball there. He took a job back in his hometown where he would be in charge of the baseball parks where he grew up. This meant he could also be with his family and be there for his kids as they grew up. He always played in the Puerto Rican winter league during the Major league offseason when he was a professional and a few years after his time in Mexico. He also managed a few amateur teams in Puerto Rico later on in his career. He finally quit playing baseball altogether after the 2002–2003 season in Puerto Rico. Villanueva was very passionate about the sport and loved to play the game. He was always a popular player among the fan base because of his likable character and easygoing personality. He displayed tremendous strength whenever he connected the ball but struggled as a defensive player. In The Puerto Rican league Héctor achieved 105 home runs, which ties him for third on the league's lifetime list. He also compiled 425 RBIs and a career batting average of .259 in 754 games. He ended up winning a total of three championships in the league.

Like many other baseball players, Villanueva never became a breakthrough star in the Major Leagues but found a fair amount of success playing in the minors and leagues outside of the United States, especially in Mexico. He was a right-handed hefty slugger with a knack to pull the ball down the left field line. Héctor would at times come up with a streak of hits and home runs during clutch moments, but he lacked consistency and this made his professional career in the Major Leagues last for a short amount of time.

See also
 List of Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico

References

 Pedro Treto Cisneros, editor, Enciclopedia del Béisbol Mexicano (Mexico City: Revistas Deportivas, S.A. de C.V.: 11th edition, 2011).
 José A. Crescioni Benítez, El Béisbol Profesional Boricua (San Juan, Puerto Rico: Aurora Comunicación Integral, 1997).
 Costello, Rory. "Hector Villanueva." Society for American Baseball Research. sabr.org, 22 January 2012. Web.  23 April 2017.

External links

1964 births
Living people
Atlantic City Surf players
Chicago Cubs players
Geneva Cubs players
Iowa Cubs players
Louisville Redbirds players
Major League Baseball catchers
Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico
Ottawa Lynx players
Sportspeople from Río Piedras, Puerto Rico
Baseball players from San Juan, Puerto Rico
Peoria Chiefs players
Pittsfield Cubs players
Puerto Rican expatriate baseball players in Canada
Richmond Braves players
Senadores de San Juan players
St. Louis Cardinals players
St. Paul Saints players
UAB Blazers baseball players
Winston-Salem Spirits players

Héctor Villanueva


A Beacon Council is a local authority in England which has been recognised for its excellence and innovation. The scheme attempts to disseminate best practice in local government.  Beacon Councils are given greater autonomy from central government.  The word beaconicity, describing the attributes of a Beacon Council, was among the 200 terms condemned by the Local Government Association in 2009.

References

Local government in the United Kingdom

Beacon Council (award)


Barry McGuire (born October 15, 1935) is an American singer-songwriter primarily known for his 1965 hit "Eve of Destruction". He later pioneered as a singer and songwriter of contemporary Christian music.

Early life
McGuire was born in Oklahoma City; his family moved to California when he was two years old. After working as a commercial fisherman, and then becoming a journeyman pipe fitter, McGuire got a job singing in a bar. In 1961, he released his first single called "The Tree", which was not a hit.

McGuire formed a duo with Barry Kane (d. 2013) called Barry & Barry. They performed original folk songs at The Ice House, a small folk club in Pasadena, California before moving on to The Troubadour in Hollywood in the spring of 1962. There they joined the folk group The New Christy Minstrels, and McGuire later sang lead vocals on the novelty single "Three Wheels on My Wagon".

McGuire and Kane continued to perform their separate duo act there as well as performing with The New Christy Minstrels. With Horizon Records, they cut their first and only album as Barry & Barry, titled Here And Now, which contained songs such as "Gold Wedding Ring", "Land Of Odin", "Another Man" (released as a single), "Summer's Over", "You Know My Name", "Bull 'Gine Run", and "Far Side of the Hill". It also included "If I Had a Hammer", released three months after the release of the same song by folk trio Peter, Paul and Mary.

In 1963, McGuire, along with Randy Sparks (founder of The New Christy Minstrels), co-wrote and sang lead vocal on the Christys' first and biggest hit single: "Green, Green". He left the Christys in January 1965, after recording the album Cowboys and Indians, although on the 1965 album Chim Chim Cher-ee, McGuire sang on the title cut.

Solo career
As a solo folk rock singer in the 1960s, McGuire was best known for his hit "Eve of Destruction", and "Sins of a Family", both written by P.F. Sloan. McGuire's other chart successes were "Child of Our Times" and "Cloudy Summer Afternoon (Raindrops)" (penned by Travis Edmonson of the 1960s folk-duo, Bud & Travis). "Eve of Destruction" sold more than one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. The album, Eve of Destruction, peaked at No. 37 on the Billboard 200 album chart during the week ending September 25, 1965. That same week the single went to No. 1 on both the Cashbox and Billboard Hot 100 chart. The song knocked "Help!" by The Beatles out of the top spot on the chart. According to McGuire, "Eve of Destruction" was recorded in one take on a Thursday morning (from words scrawled on a crumpled piece of paper) and then he got a call from the record company at 7:00 the next Monday morning, telling him to turn on the radio – his song was playing. The recording includes an "ahhh" where McGuire could not read the words. McGuire was never again to break into the Top 40.

The Temptations referenced McGuire's "Eve of Destruction" in their song "Ball of Confusion (That's What the World Is Today)".

The album This Precious Time was released in February 1966, McGuire's second with Dunhill Records. It includes a version of "California Dreamin with The Mamas & the Papas singing backing vocals. McGuire is mentioned several times in The Mamas & the Papas hit "Creeque Alley".

Frank Zappa wrote McGuire's name in the sleeve of his Freak Out! album (1966) as one of his musical influences.

McGuire appeared in the 1967 movie The President's Analyst with James Coburn as the character "Old Wrangler" (leader of a band which completely comprised the Los Angeles group Clear Light, who were between lead vocalists) and in Werewolves on Wheels in 1971. He also starred for a year in the Broadway musical Hair in 1968.

McGuire became a born-again Christian in 1971 after a brief encounter with evangelist Arthur Blessitt in October 1970. In 1973, he joined the Myrrh label and released the album Seeds. This album is also notable for the backing vocals provided by the family trio that would become known as the 2nd Chapter of Acts. In 1974, McGuire released his second Jesus music album Lighten Up, which included a remake of "Eve of Destruction". He toured with 2nd Chapter of Acts and "A Band Called David", and in 1975 this collaborative effort resulted in the double live album To the Bride.

In 1976, McGuire left Myrrh, joining former Myrrh executive Billy Ray Hearn's new label, Sparrow Records. He recorded seven albums on Sparrow, the best known of which is Cosmic Cowboy, released in 1978. The title track reached No. 1 on CCM Magazine's music chart and stayed there for 35 weeks. That year McGuire also released a top-selling children's album, Bullfrogs and Butterflies, (part of the Agapeland series) for Sparrow's subsidiary label, Birdwing.

In 1978, McGuire toured England, Scotland, and Wales with the Jimmy Owens' musical The Witness, in which he played the part of the apostle Peter, a part he also played on the studio recording of The Witness.

In 1985 McGuire was featured on the contemporary musical recording, "The Scroll", performing the character of Jesus. The musical was composed by Canadian singer/songwriter Bruce Stacey and was recorded in England with the National Philharmonic. The musical also featured other contemporary Christian artists of the day. The Scroll was released on Light Records and was featured at three world exhibitions as a major multi-media presentation.

Later life

In the 1980s, after his final album Pilgrim, McGuire left the music industry, and settled for a time in New Zealand with his wife, Mari. He wrote music, performed and hosted the videos for several years for Gospel Light Publishing's Vacation Bible School Programs. McGuire returned to the United States in the 1990s, teaming up with Terry Talbot and recording as Talbot McGuire. The duo released four albums between 1996 and 2000.

In 1990, McGuire published the novel In the Midst of Wolves, co-written with Logan White. It told the story of a group of bikers who come to know God.

McGuire did a brief stint with The New Mamas and the Papas in 1997–1998, and in 2000, toured with Christian musician, John Michael Talbot.

As of 2006, McGuire undertook engagements which include songs and talks on a mixture of topics, by both McGuire and his wife. The McGuires reside in Fresno, California, but also spend part of every year in New Zealand.

On March 12, 2008, McGuire appeared on the Australian music comedy/game show, Spicks and Specks, performing an updated version of "Eve of Destruction", with new lines such as, "You're old enough to kill / you just started voting" and "... can live for ten years in space". A reference to "Red China" was also removed.

In 2009, McGuire released "Eve 2012", in which the text was modified to reflect contemporary problems (mostly environmental problems) rather than the problems of the 1960s.

In 2008, McGuire teamed up with former member of the Byrds, John York, for a live tour called "Trippin' the '60s", which McGuire describes as "taking the songs and the truth that was in those songs from the 1960s and bringing them into the present moment... It's not a cover pack, it's us singing songs that we sung with a lot of our friends that aren't around anymore to sing them."

In 2013, McGuire appeared in the documentary film 'The Byrd Who Flew Alone', produced by Four Suns Productions. The film was about Gene Clark, one of the original Byrds, who was a friend of McGuire's for many years.

Partial discography

Albums
1963: The Barry McGuire Album
1965: Eve of Destruction (No. 37. US)
1965: This Precious Time
1968: The World's Last Private Citizen
1971: McGuire and the Doctor
1972: Seeds
1974: Lighten Up
1974: Narnia
1975: Jubilation
1975: To the Bride
1975: Eve of Destruction (Star Power)
1976: C'mon Along
1976: Anyone But Jesus
1976: Jubilation Two Headed Stranger
1977: Have You Heard1978: Cosmic Cowboy1979: Inside Out1980: The Polka Dot Bear - The Story of Creation1980: Best of Barry McGuire1981: Finer Than Gold1989: Pilgrim1991: Let's Tend God's Earth1995: When Dinosaurs Walked the Earth
1997: Ancient Garden
1999: Frost and Fire2000: Eve of Destruction (20 Inspirational Classics)''

Charting singles

See also
List of 1970s Christian pop artists
List of artists who reached number one on the Hot 100 (U.S.)
List of 1960s one-hit wonders in the United States
List of: Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1965

References

External links

 Barry McGuire's "Trippin' the '60s" official site
 Interview with Stain Free Media, November 16, 2007
 [ Barry McGuire biography] at Allmusic website

 TheBeginningsConcert.com – Reunion Concert Event.

1935 births
American folk singers
American male singer-songwriters
American performers of Christian music
American Christians
Dunhill Records artists
Era Records artists
Mira Records artists
Living people
Musicians from Fresno, California
Musicians from Oklahoma City
Singer-songwriters from Oklahoma
Singer-songwriters from California
The New Christy Minstrels members
The Mamas and the Papas members

Barry McGuire


Living Legend was a tourist attraction in Jersey, consisting of a show detailing Jersey's history, an "adventure golf" course and a craft and shopping village.  It did not re-open for the 2016 season after 24 years of operation.

The Jersey Experience
The show, entitled "The Jersey Experience", consisted of three sections. The first was a section that visitors can walk around, set on a Victorian paddle steamer destined for St. Helier. It contained videos showing all the major events that occurred on Jersey during the previous century, a section on Jersey urban legends, and information on famous people who were born on or live on Jersey.

Visitors then entered the second section, which is made to look like a submarine. Here they are introduced to Jersey's maritime history by Captain Nemo, played by John Nettles.

Finally, visitors were invited to cross a drawbridge into a large cinema where they can witness a celebrity-packed show, featuring Tony Robinson, Roger Lloyd Pack, Brian Blessed, Samantha Janus, Kevin Whately and Stephen Tompkinson, who played key figures from the island's history. They are taken through from the creation of Jersey to the present day. The show was presented through various means such as videos, holograms, and moving models. To add to the experience, at one point wind blew through the theatre.

Adventure Golf
Living Legend featured two 18-hole adventure golf courses, akin to a more advanced form of crazy golf, which it claimed was the first of its kind in Britain (although technically Jersey is not in Britain). Covering , and based on similar courses in America, it incorporated caves, lakes and waterfalls. It was opened in 1997 by Ian Woosnam MBE and closed for the last time in 2015.

Craft and Shopping Village
Living Legend also featured a craft and shopping village selling a wide array of products from jewellery to lace and ceramics.

Closure
In 2015 the Jersey Living Legend closed its doors for the last time and did not re-open in the 2016 season.  A statement on its website by Chris Lewis the Managing director said.

"Dear All,

After 24 years of trading we have decided to close.

We would like to thank all our millions of visitors (over the years) for their custom and support. We are so grateful; it has been an exciting adventure and a great pleasure! We would also like to thank Visit Jersey/Jersey Tourism, all our agents, partners and suppliers for their continued service and support. Finally, we would like to thank our fantastic staff for their loyalty, hard work, care, inspiration and dedication over past 24 years. It has been a great privilege working alongside you all. So many wonderful, memories. We have been truly blessed!

As for the future of the site, we are currently considering our options. In the meantime we will be focusing on our other tourism related businesses, Tantivy Coaches and the Seaside Café, Greve de Lecq.

Yours sincerely

Chris Lewis

Managing director"

See also
 Miniature golf

References

External links
Living Legend website

Tourist attractions in Jersey
Saint Peter, Jersey

Living Legend (attraction)


George Edwin King (October 8, 1839 – May 7, 1901) was a Canadian lawyer, politician, second and fourth premier of New Brunswick, and puisne justice of the Supreme Court of Canada.

King was born in Saint John, New Brunswick and attended Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut, where he received a B.A. in 1859 and a M.A. in 1862. He then served under articles to a senior lawyer in Saint John, Robert Leonard Hazen, was made an attorney in 1863, and was called to the bar in 1865.

King was elected to the first provincial legislature of the new Canadian Confederation in 1867 and served in the Confederation Party government as minister without portfolio. When Andrew R. Wetmore resigned, the Confederation Party became the Liberal-Conservatives and King became Premier in 1870. At 30 years of age, King was the youngest person to assume the premier's office in New Brunswick history. Some members of King's caucus felt he was too close to the federal Conservatives of Sir John A. Macdonald and King was maneuvered out of the leadership by George L. Hathaway with King taking a position in the new cabinet. When Hathaway died in 1872, King became Premier for a second time serving until 1878.

One of King's major accomplishments was the Common Schools Act of 1871 which implemented a single, tax supported public school system.  As Attorney General, King appeared in the courts to defend the Act from constitutional challenges, including appearing before the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, at that time the court of last resort for Canada within the British Empire, in the case of Maher v. Town Council of Portland, which upheld the Act.

In 1880 he became a justice of the province's supreme court, the Court of Queen's Bench of New Brunswick, and in 1893 he became a justice of the Supreme Court of Canada.

On his death in 1901, of a work-related heart attack, he was interred in the Fernhill Cemetery in Saint John, New Brunswick.

References

 Supreme Court of Canada Biography

Government of New Brunswick profile of Premier King

1839 births
1901 deaths
Canadian Methodists
Wesleyan University alumni
Justices of the Supreme Court of Canada
Premiers of New Brunswick
Politicians from Saint John, New Brunswick
Burials in Canada

George Edwin King


Anmol Rattan (Rare Jewel) is 1950 Bollywood drama film directed by M. Sadiq. The film was produced by Jaimani Dewan for his Dewan Productions banner, with music composed by Vinod. The film starred Karan Dewan, who was known as a "jubilee star" with most of his films becoming box-office successes. He was the younger brother of producer Jaimani Dewan. Karan's co-stars were Meena Shorey (credited, as she was in all her films, as just Meena), Nirmala, Gope, Madan Puri and Gulab.

The story was written by D. N. Madhok, who also wrote the lyrics and screenplay. Karan Dewan plays an idealistic struggling writer, who is waiting for his book to be published. His love interest was played by Meena.

Cast
Karan Dewan
Meena Shorey (as Meena in credit roll)
Madan Puri
Gope
Gulab
Nirmala

Review
Anmol Rattan'''s review was titled "M. Sadiq's Insipid Direction". The film was called a "worthless picture"  from Jaimini Dewan, "there was nothing anmol about it". The director M. Sadiq, and story writer D. N. Madhok, came in for harsh criticism stating that they had "insulted all cinegoers" by making this film. The photography by Ratanlal Nagar was praised as "the only man who has done his job well", as was actor Gope in his comic role "the only artiste who gave a good performance".

Music
The soundtrack was composed by Vinod, with lyrics by D. N. Madhok. Vinod used Talat Mehmood in Anmol Rattan as Talat's first venture in Hindi films. However, since Arzoo (1950) was released earlier the credit of Talat's first song goes to composer Anil Biswas for the song "Ae Dil Mujhe Aisi Jagah Le Chal". The popularity of that ghazal had Vinod choose Talat for one more film Wafa'' (1950). Playback singers included Talat Mahmood, Lata Mangeshkar, Nirmala and Asha Bhosle.

Songlist

References

External links

1950 films
1950s Hindi-language films
1950 drama films
Indian drama films
Films scored by Vinod
Hindi-language drama films
Indian black-and-white films
Films directed by M. Sadiq

Anmol Ratan


Paul Bush (2 February 1956 – 17 August 2023) was a British experimental film director and animator.

Life and career
Bush was born in London in 1956. The son of classical composer Geoffrey Bush, he studied Fine Art at Goldsmiths College under Michael Craig-Martin. He later taught himself how to make films while a member of the London Film-Makers' Co-op. He made numerous short and medium length films including The Cows Drama (1984), His Comedy (1994), Rumour of True Things (1996), Furniture Poetry (1999), While Darwin Sleeps (2004), and many others. He won prizes at animation festivals in the Netherlands, Barcelona, Zagreb, Hiroshima, Bombay, Chicago and other places throughout the world. His website contains extracts of many of his films.

His films "Furniture Poetry"(1999)  and 'While Darwin Sleeps' (2004) closely resemble Jan Švankmajer's animation 'Historia Naturae, Suita' (1967).

In addition to directing and animating, Bush pioneered a technique seen in a number of his films, including The Albatross. The technique involves scratching frame by frame directly into the surface of colour filmstock over live action footage, creating an animated sequence which resembles traditional wood engraving. From 2002 Bush increasingly focused on time lapse portraits of people and more conventional animation including a collaboration with artist Lisa Milroy which produced Geisha Grooming (2003).

Between 1981 and 1993, Bush also taught film-making, established a film workshop in South London, and supervised a wide variety of courses and the production of numerous student films. Between 1995 and 2001 he taught on the visual arts course at Goldsmiths. Bush lectured, ran workshops and tutored at numerous art and film courses around the world including:
Media Academy of Cologne
National Film Board of Canada
The Netherlands Institute of Animation Films
CalArts
Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia
St. Lukas in Brussels
KASK in Ghent
Anadolou University in Turkey
Hochschule Luzern - Design & Kunst
Royal College of Art
Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art and Design
National Film and Television School (NFTS)
CineToro Film Festival

Bush taught at HGK Lucerne and the NFTS. He lived in London and had two children. On 17 August 2023, he died in a motorcycle accident in Wales.

References

External links
Paul Bush Films

Paul Bush in the Video Data Bank

1956 births
2023 deaths
Alumni of Goldsmiths, University of London
British experimental filmmakers
Film directors from London
Motorcycle road incident deaths
Road incident deaths in Wales

Paul Bush (filmmaker)


Odontochelys is the oldest known turtle to have been discovered. It was first described from three 220 million year-old specimens excavated in Upper Triassic rocks in Guizhou, China.

As a primitive turtle, Odontochelys differed from modern turtles in several ways. Modern turtles possess a horny beak without any teeth in their mouth. In contrast, Odontochelys fossils had teeth in their upper and lower jaws.

One of the most striking features of turtles, both modern and prehistoric alike, are their dorsal shells, forming an armored carapace over the body of the animal. Odontochelys only had the bottom portion of a turtle's armor, the plastron. It did not yet have a solid carapace as most other turtles do. Instead of a solid carapace, Odontochelys had broadened ribs like those of modern turtle embryos that still have not started developing the ossified plates of a carapace.

In a comparison of skull proportions, the skull of Odontochelys is far more elongated in front of the eyes compared to other turtles. The tail of the prehistoric turtle was longer in proportion to its body than other turtles. In addition, the transverse processes found in the tail are not fused such as in later turtles.

Taken together, these anatomical differences mean that Odontochelys has some of the most primitive features ever seen in a turtle and is somewhat of a transitional fossil. Some scientists, however, are skeptical of this idea. Reisz and Head suggest that Odontochelys does not represent a turtle with a partly evolved shell, but that it is a descendant of an older, land–living turtle, and that the shell became reversed. Such shells can be seen on modern turtles, like the leatherback turtles (the genus Dermochelys).

It is likely that Odontochelys was aquatic, as the fossil specimens were found in marine deposits full of  conodonts and ammonites. The primitive turtle swam in shallow marine waters close to shore.

The species' name, Odontochelys semitestacea literally means "toothed turtle with a half-shell" - an apt description of its most striking physical characteristics.

References

Turtles
Marine reptiles

Odontochelys


The L type ordinary chondrites are the second most common group of meteorites, accounting for approximately 35% of all those catalogued, and 40% of the ordinary chondrites. The ordinary chondrites are thought to have originated from three parent asteroids, with the fragments making up the H chondrite, L chondrite and LL chondrite groups respectively.

Name
Their name comes from their relatively low iron abundance, with respect to the H chondrites, which are about 20–25% iron by weight.

Historically, the L chondrites have been named hypersthene chondrites or olivine hypersthene chondrites for the dominant minerals, but these terms are now obsolete.

Chemical composition
Characteristic is the fayalite content (Fa) in olivine of 21 to 25 mol%. About 4–10% iron–nickel is found as a free metal, making these meteorites magnetic, but not as strongly as the H chondrites.

Mineralogy
The most abundant minerals are olivine and hypersthene (an orthopyroxene), as well as iron–nickel and troilite. Chromite, sodium-rich feldspar and calcium phosphates occur in minor amounts. Petrologic type 6 dominates, with over 60% of the L chondrites falling into this class. This indicates that the parent body was sizeable enough (greater than  in diameter) to experience strong heating.

Ordovician meteor event
Many of the L chondrite meteors may have their origin in the Ordovician meteor event, radioisotope dated with uranium-lead method at around  million years ago. Compared to other chondrites, a large proportion of the L chondrites have been heavily shocked, which is taken to imply that the parent body was catastrophically disrupted by a large impact. This impact has been dated via cosmic ray exposure at around  million years ago. Earlier argon dating placed the event at around  million years ago.

Parent body
The parent body/bodies for this group are not known, but plausible suggestions include 433 Eros and 8 Flora, or the Flora family as a whole.
433 Eros has been found to have a similar spectrum, while several pieces of circumstantial evidence for the Flora family exist: (1) the Flora family is thought to have formed about 1,000 to 500 million years ago; (2) the Flora family lies in a region of the asteroid belt that contributes strongly to the meteorite flux at Earth; (3) the Flora family consists of S-type asteroids, whose composition is similar to that of chondrite meteorites; and (4) the Flora family parent body was over  in diameter.

See also
 Glossary of meteoritics

References

External links
The Catalogue of Meteorites

fi:L-kondriitti

L chondrite


Sharpsburg is a borough in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States,  northeast of downtown Pittsburgh, along the Allegheny River. In 1900, nearly 7,000 people lived here; in 1920, the population peaked at just over 8,900 people. The population was 3,187 at the 2020 census.

In the past, it had a rolling mill, foundries, machine shops, and manufacturers of varnish, brick, glass, lumber products, wire, hair, felt, and lubricating oil. In January 1869, the H. J. Heinz Company was founded in Sharpsburg as Heinz Noble & Company to manufacture and sell bricks.

Geography
Sharpsburg is located at  (40.495368, -79.928991).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of , of which  is land and , or 26.15%, is water.

Surrounding and adjacent neighborhoods
Sharpsburg has five land borders, including Etna to the west, Shaler Township to the northwest, two of the five non-contiguous areas of O'Hara Township to the north and southeast, and Aspinwall to the east. To the south, across the Allegheny River via 62nd Street Bridge, are the Pittsburgh neighborhoods of Upper Lawrenceville and Morningside.

Demographics

As of the 2000 census, there were 3,594 people, 1,748 households, and 893 families residing in the borough. The population density was . There were 1,911 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the borough was 93.74% White, 3.81% African American, 0.03% Native American, 0.64% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.36% from other races, and 1.36% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.11% of the population.

There were 1,748 households, out of which 22.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 29.5% were married couples living together, 16.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 48.9% were non-families. Of all households, 42.9% were made up of individuals, and 20.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.03 and the average family size was 2.80.

In the borough the population was spread out, with 20.1% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 22.0% from 45 to 64, and 22.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 82.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 75.6 males.

The median income for a household in the borough was $22,828, and the median income for a family was $30,500. Males had a median income of $27,396 versus $22,238 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $15,698. About 14.0% of families and 16.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.8% of those under age 18 and 14.7% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Sharpsburg is served by the Fox Chapel Area School District. High-school aged students attend the Fox Chapel Area High School, middle-school aged students attend Dorseyville Middle School, and elementary-aged students attend Kerr Elementary School.

In 2017, the Fox Chapel Area School District was ranked the number two school district in the Pittsburgh region and number six in the Commonwealth.

History

Guyasuta and the Seneca People
The Borough of Sharpsburg is located along the Allegheny River just over  outside of downtown Pittsburgh. Sharpsburg has a rich history dating back to the 18th century when the Seneca people settled into the area. One Seneca in particular, Guyasuta, has a special connection to the community.

Guyasuta was a strong warrior and skilled hunter. He was chosen by George Washington to be a hunter guide with his party in 1753. When the two met again in Ohio 17 years later, General Washington greeted him with warmth and affection. In 1758, Guyasuta was involved in a bitter battle at Grant's Hill, where the Allegheny County Courthouse stands today. In the early 1760s, Guyasuta sought peace with the British Army. Guyasuta's peace efforts culminated in a peace treaty, in which the government received a tract of land in what is now western Pennsylvania. James O'Hara, who had purchased a portion of the river land, donated a small portion of it, where Sharpsburg is today, to Guyasuta.

James Sharp and the initial settlement
In 1826, a man named James Sharp rode into this area and purchased over  of land for $1,337.37 in what was then Indiana Township, building a log cabin for his wife, Isabella L. Sharp. The original deed, recorded on October 10, 1826, can be found in the Allegheny County Department of Real Estate at deed book volume 35(K2), page 156. Opening the land to settlers, Sharp built a school and church while continuing to donate his land for the growing needs of the community. On December 14, 1841, the borough applied for incorporation, and received its charter March 14, 1842. The charter was recorded on March 26, 1842.

James Sharp was born near Chambersburg, Franklin County, Pennsylvania on February 10, 1784, of Scottish descent. His colonial ancestor and grandfather was Captain James Sharp (Third Battalion, Pennsylvania Regiment), a veteran of the Forbes Campaign. Captain Sharp was present in 1758 at the capture of Fort Duquesne and served under Gen. Hugh Mercer and Col. William Clapham. His father, Matthew Sharp, was a veteran of the Revolutionary War, having served as a private in the Eighth Battalion, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania Militia. In 1780 he married Elizabeth (Lindsay) Culbertson and together they had three children: Rosana, James, and Mary.

With his family, young Sharp moved to Pittsburgh in 1797 and remained in Pittsburgh until 1826 when he purchased land at Sheriff's Sale, formerly owned by Gen. John Wilkins, "being number Thirteen in Cunninghams district containing two hundred and fifty seven acres and eighty seven perches on which are a square log dwelling, a good orchard and about fifty acres of cleared land, with fine meadows, a coal bank, and one of the best springs in the County." Sharp moved permanently to the land, part of which would later become the Borough of Sharpsburg. Sharp's first marriage to Sarah Thompson ended with the death of Thompson a few years after their nuptials. He later married Isabella Stockman, with whom he had six children. During his lifetime, Sharp was described as a gentleman: courteous in manners, affable in disposition, and generous in hospitality. Sharp was an abolitionist, a zealous advocate for universal education, a member of the temperance movement, and a member of the Presbyterian Church. Sharp died on March 12, 1861.

Industry
Since its incorporation, Sharpsburg became an industrial town, manufacturing iron, brick and glass while goods were transported through the canal that bisected the borough, along with the Allegheny River. When railroads became the preferred mode of transportation for that time, Sharpsburg continued to thrive as thousands came for the plethora of job opportunities available.

H. J. Heinz Company
One of the most well-known industries that had its beginnings in Sharpsburg was the H. J. Heinz Company. The Heinz glass works in Sharpsburg once manufactured all of the glassware for Heinz products. In 1869, Heinz began creating and bottling his first horseradish in the kitchen of his Sharpsburg residence. This house is the place where it all began. Shortly thereafter, the house became Heinz's first factory. Although he moved his company down the Allegheny along the North Shore of Pittsburgh, he was very gracious to the people of Sharpsburg until his death, donating gifts to the community that was his family home for many years. One of these included the life-sized statue of Guyasuta that was installed at the intersection of Main and North Canal streets. The statue has twice been hit by automobiles—the first occurrence in 1930 and the second occurrence in 1988. Each incident resulted in the destruction and subsequent replacement of the statue.

A town divided
Less than a century ago, Sharpsburg was divided into two sections because of a railroad track that went through the location where Kennedy Park currently sits. There were two fire departments, one on each side of the tracks. There were two schools on each side of the track as well, one "up street" and one "down street". Once the railroad tracks weren't used anymore, the railcars sat vacant on the tracks. The Junior Chamber of Commerce in Sharpsburg went to the railroad company as well as the Heinz family to try to change something about this. The Heinz family said they would help build a park if it was used for recreation purposes only. The park was built around the time when President John F. Kennedy was assassinated, and that is why the area was named Kennedy Park.

Today, Sharpsburg continues to boast pride of its industrial past while looking forward to the opportunities of economic growth within the business district, and its residents enjoy being a part of this unique riverfront community.

Government and politics

Office of the mayor
The executive of Sharpsburg is the mayor. The mayor is elected to four-year terms and controls all aspects of public safety in the borough. In the event of a tie on council, the mayor reserves a voting privilege.

Council
The legislative arm of Sharpsburg Borough is the Borough Council, which is composed of seven elected officials, each to a four-year term. Elections to Council are divided into classes, with four councilors elected in one class, and three elected two years subsequent.

Magisterial District Judge 05-2-04
Sharpsburg is also home to the area Magisterial District Judge (MDJ 05-2-04). The Magisterial District Judge has jurisdiction over Aspinwall, Blawnox, Fox Chapel, Indiana, O'Hara, and Sharpsburg. The Magisterial District Judge is an elected position, for a term of six years.

Commonwealth
Sharpsburg in represented in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives by State Rep. Mandy Steele, 33rd district. The borough is represented in the Pennsylvania State Senate by State Senator Lindsey M. Williams, 38th district.

Federal
Sharpsburg is represented in the United States House of Representatives by Congressman Christopher R. Deluzio, Pennsylvania's 17th District. Sharpsburg is represented in the United States Senate by Senators Robert P. Casey and John Fetterman.

Presidential elections

Public safety

Police
The Sharpsburg Borough Police Department (3500 units) formed in 1883. The composition of the Department includes the Chief of Police, five full-time patrolmen, as well as numerous part-time officers. Three vehicles, all Ford Explorers, are used in day-to-day operations by the department. Police headquarters is located in the Municipal Building at 1611 Main Street, in the Borough.

Fire
The Sharpsburg Borough Volunteer Fire Department (Station 265) has continuously served the borough since it was first organized on August 29, 1871, with the creation of the Hook and Ladder Company by W. C. Meyer. In 1886, Sharpsburg Borough Council established the position of fire chief, appointing W. C. Meyer to the position.

In 1928, the fire department reorganized into two companies—Fire Company No. 1 and Fire Company No. 2. The need for two fire companies in a borough of Sharpsburg's size was necessitated by the Pennsylvania Railroad, which split the town in two. In the event of a fire during which a train was passing through town, one company could always respond without delay.

The current fire department is located at 1611 Main Street, adjacent to the Municipal Building. The ranks are made up of approximately twenty-six firemen and women, plus the fire chief. The department's vehicles include one engine, one quint, and a squad.

EMS
The borough's EMS services are provided by Parkview EMS. Parkview also serves O'Hara Township and Blawnox Borough.

Public utilities

Water
The Hampton Shaler Water Authority (HSWA) provides water to the borough. HSWA serves 23,600 customers across all or parts of ten municipalities in Allegheny County, north of the City of Pittsburgh. HSWA was incorporated in 2011 and started operations in January 2012 as the merged entity of Hampton Township Municipal Authority and the Shaler Water Department.

HSWA typically pumps, treats, and distributes 5 to 6 million gallons of water per day to their customers. They maintain over 314 miles of distribution mainlines and appurtenances, ten water storage tanks, twelve pumping wells, and one water treatment plant.

Waste water
The Allegheny County Sanitary Authority (ALCOSAN) collects and treats waste water from the borough. Located along the Ohio River on Pittsburgh's Northside, ALCOSAN provides wastewater treatment services to 83 communities. ALCOSAN's 59-acre treatment plant is one of the largest wastewater treatment facilities in the Ohio River Valley, processing up to 250 million gallons of wastewater daily.

An environmentally and technologically focused organization, ALCOSAN recently completed a $400 million capital improvement program which addressed odor control, treatment capacity, solids handling and wet weather planning. We have now embarked on the largest public works project in the region's history through $1 billion in engineering and construction projects to address combined sewer overflows.

Refuse
Waste Management is the refuse collector for the borough and conducts curbside pickup weekly.

Recycling
Curbside single stream recycling is provided by Waste Management to Borough residents. Residents are able to recycle aluminum, glass, metals cans, plastics, mixed paper, and cardboard with weekly pickup. Recycling was made available to Sharpsburg residents starting in early 2023.

Religion

Located within Sharpsburg are numerous churches and other religious gathering places. Most notably, though, in the borough, is the Catholic community. Three churches, St. Mary Church, Madonna of Jerusalem Church, and St. John Cantius Church, form the Saint Juan Diego Parish. Bishop David Zubik of the Diocese of Pittsburgh created the parish in 2009, at the behest of the parishioners, who called for the three churches to form one parish. Saint Juan Diego, a Native American from Mexico, was chosen as the name of the parish because of Sharpsburg's ties with Native Americans, specifically Guyasuta and the Senecas.

In addition, Grace Methodist Church, Mt. Olive Baptist Church, First English Lutheran Church, First Evangelical Lutheran Church and the Sharpsburg Family Worship Center call Sharpsburg home. The basement of the Mt. Olive church was the artistic inspiration to urban lyricist Mark D. Lombardi during his 1991 recording sessions of his gold album Locked Half Cocked and Loaded.

Sharpsburg Community Library
In summer 2015, the Sharpsburg Community Library, a branch of the Cooper-Siegel Library, reopened after a one-million dollar renovation funded through state grants and private donations. The renovated library expanded its size and design, in addition to adding to its circulating collection. The reopening was organized by Borough residents, the Sharpsburg council, and donations from various philanthropies. For its design, the library was awarded a 2015 Certificate of Merit from the American Institute of Architects Pittsburgh chapter.

The library is also home to the Sharpsburg Community Garden, which features numerous raised beds for residents to grow and nurture vegetable gardens.

Recreation

Parks
The borough is home to five parks: James Sharp Landing, Heinz Memorial Field, Kennedy Park, Kenneth D. Curley Memorial Park, and Children's Park located at 16th and Main Streets.

Heinz Memorial Field is home to a hockey rink, two basketball courts and a baseball field. In addition, numerous play sets are located at Heinz Memorial Field for children.

Kennedy Park is located in the center of the borough. It is a large swath of land that is dedicated to the Guyasuta Days Festival, held annually in August. Kennedy Park is outfitted with outdoor facilities, including a kitchen area and seating. Also located at Kennedy Park is one large BasketBall court

Children's Park is open in the spring and summer months. There is a water fountain within the park that is used by children in the hot summer months to find an escape. In addition, the park is home to numerous swings, carousels, teeter totter, basketball court, picnic area and other play sets.

James Sharp Landing
Sharpsburg is also home to a free-of-charge boat launch. Located at 13th and Main Streets, the James Sharp Landing serves as a spring, summer, and fall escape for all. Built in recent years through the efforts of borough council as well as state and federal support, the Landing attracts to Sharpsburg a wide variety of individuals and groups looking to enjoy the outdoors. The Landing is home to a boat launch, a thirty-foot fishing pier, a pavilion, a gazebo, and a kayak launch. Additionally, the Landing also hosts the annual Sharpsburg Fishing Derby, attracting hundreds of anglers looking to capture the grand prize, which has reached $40,000.00 in recent years.

The Linden Gymnasium/Sharpsburg Recreation Center

The Linden Gymnasium/Sharpsburg Recreation Center originally served as the gymnasium for the local Young Mens Christian Association (YMCA), constructed in the late 1880s through the early 1890s. The Sharpsburg School District later purchased the gym and repurposed it for use by the Sharpsburg High School until the Sharpsburg School District merged with the Fox Chapel Area School District in 1970. The Fox Chapel Area School District sold the building to the borough in 1982 and it is operated by the Sharpsburg Recreation Committee, who have a lease with the borough to operate and manage the building. The Linden Gym is home to the Sharpsburg Wolves and Junior Wolves, local club teams, and also host to the annual John "Tip" Veltri Basketball Tournament.

Notable people
Sharpsburg is the birthplace of or the home to several notable people, including:

Guyasuta, Chief of the Seneca Indians.

James Sharp, early settler and namesake of the borough.

Henry J. Heinz, founder of the H. J. Heinz Company.

Jacob Covode, banker and financier of the H. J. Heinz Company.

Hon. Frederick H. Collier, U.S. Army Colonel and President Judge of the Allegheny County Court of Common Pleas.

Hon. John D. Shafer, Dean of the University of Pittsburgh School of Law and President Judge of the Allegheny County Court of Common Pleas.

Lawrence Saint, stained glass artist.

Don Celender, American conceptual artist and professor.

Robert D. Fleming, Pennsylvania State Senator.

Paul Mazzei, mobster and mastermind behind the 1978–79 Boston College basketball point shaving scandal.

Jim Miller, American football player.

Shane Starr, professional wrestler.

References

External links

 Borough of Sharpsburg (official site)

1826 establishments in Pennsylvania
Boroughs in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
Pittsburgh metropolitan area
Populated places established in 1826

Sharpsburg, Pennsylvania


Slashing is an illegal hockey or lacrosse play. A referee calls slashing when a  player swings their hockey stick at an opposing player.  Slashing is called whether or not the player is hit with the stick.  It can also be called if a player breaks an opposing player's stick with their own.

The penalty can be small or large.  It often depends on how badly the opposing player is injured.

Hockey
Lacrosse

Slashing


Benjamin Alfred Washam (March 17, 1915 – March 28, 1984) was an American animator who is best known for working under director Chuck Jones for nearly 30 years.  According to his World War II draft registration, he was born in Newport, Jackson County, Arkansas.

Career
Washam worked at Warner Bros. Cartoons from at least 1936 until 1963, mainly under the direction of Chuck Jones. First working as an inbetweener, he quickly rose up the ranks to animator. From 1944 to 1945, he worked at UPA for the films Hell-Bent for Election and Brotherhood of Man. Through the later 1940s and almost all of the 1950s, he was one of Jones' master animators. He also animated for Abe Levitow and Ken Harris during their brief directorial stints in 1959. In the early 1960s, he worked on animated commercials and made-for-television cartoons, animating at Warner's for Jones only in a few one-off shorts. After Jones was fired from Warner Bros., Washam animated for Philbert, which was the last cartoon project before Warner's closed the studio. By the end of 1963, Washam had rejoined Jones at MGM. Washam also directed a few Tom and Jerry cartoons for release in 1967. He also designed the iconic character Big Boy for the restaurant chain Bob's Big Boy when he was a fry cook there.

From the fall of 1967 Washam taught animation at no charge to eager, young students in weekly classes conducted at his Laurel Canyon home in Los Angeles. He explained that "animation has been good to me and I want to give something back." Many of Ben Washam's students from the late 1970s—which included Ren and Stimpy layout artist Eddie Fitzgerald—would lead the 2D Silver Age animation revival during the 1990s. Washam was known for his ability to explain animation mechanics as pertinent, useful methods,  articulating and communicating the principles.

Washam served two separate terms as cartoonists' union president, including President of the Screen Animators Guild in 1948–49. His last work involved animating television commercials for Jay Ward and drawing layouts at Jones' production company. Washam retired in 1979. In addition to Washam's animation skill, Jones cited him as an able writer. Jones credited Washam with the "thanks for the sour persimmons, cousin" line in Duck Amuck.

Style
Washam's animation of Bugs Bunny is easy to recognize, as he usually let Bugs' incisor teeth taper to a point. Also, he drew relatively wide cheeks and big pupils on Bugs' eyes. Another Washam trait was his tendency to nod a talking character's head. His work is best recognized by the loose connection of the core body parts, with a great deal of Hip Initiation; this led to multiple assignments of 'personality' scenes, as he could keep interest well in closeup. Chuck Jones commented on his ability to do lovely things with personality animation, although he said that earlier on that his animation was stiff and he tended to work between extremes. His work is angular in pose and fluid in movement.

Honors and awards
 Annie Award: Winsor McCay Award (1985)

Personal life and final years
He was married to fellow animator Jean Washam, who he met at Warner Bros. in 1951 (Jean also had various stints working for Walt Disney Productions, Hanna-Barbera Productions, and Shamus Culhane's studio, among others) and married three years later. They had a son named Trevor, who shoed horses for a living, and he notably shoed the horses of actors Sylvester Stallone and William Shatner.

Washam died on March 28, 1984, eleven days after his 69th birthday. He is survived by his grandson, also named Ben Washam.
He was cremated.

References

External links

1915 births
1984 deaths
Animators from Arkansas
Warner Bros. Cartoons people

Ben Washam


St John's Wood Church Grounds is a disused graveyard which is now a public park in St. John's Wood in London. It is a Site of Borough Importance for Nature Conservation, Grade 1, and the only Local Nature Reserve in the City of Westminster. Since 2004 it has received the Green Flag Award for excellent green spaces. It is owned and managed by Westminster Council.

History
St. John's Wood was part of the Great Forest of Middlesex in the medieval period. From 1323 the land was owned by the Knights of the Order of St. John, after whom the area is named, but at the Dissolution of the Monasteries it passed to the Crown. In the 1732 the site was sold to Henry Samuel Eyre, and in the 18th century it was agricultural land on two fields called Great Garden Field and Willow Tree Field. The area began to be developed in the 19th century, and St John's Wood Church and burial ground were consecrated in 1814. The burial ground was closed in 1855, and converted to a public garden in 1886. There are thought to be around 50,000 graves, including those of the artist John Sell Cotman and the prophetess Joanna Southcott.

The grounds
The site has formal flower beds, a wildlife area and a children's playground. The wildlife area has hedges, a meadow and woodland in an area mixed with gravestones, and it is a good site for butterflies. It is located opposite Lord's between St John's Wood High Street and Wellington Road.

References

External links

Local nature reserves in Greater London
Parks and open spaces in the City of Westminster
St John's Wood

St. John's Wood Church Grounds


A flipped image or reversed image, the more formal term, is a static or moving image that is generated by a mirror-reversal of an original across a horizontal axis (a flopped image is mirrored across the vertical axis).  Many printmaking techniques produce images where the printed copy is reversed from the image made on the printing plate, so in a print copying another image, or a real scene or object, unless the artist deliberately creates the plate as a mirror-image of his subject, the finished print will be a mirror image of it.  Many print makers developed the skill of reversing images when making printing plates, but many prints, especially early ones, have images that are reversed.

Photography
Many large format cameras present the image of the scene being photographed as a flipped image through their viewfinders. Some photographers regard this as a beneficial feature, as the unfamiliarity of the format allows them to compose the elements of the picture properly without being distracted by the actual contents of the scene. The technique is meant to bypass or override the brain's visual processing which normally sees what is expected rather than what is there.

Flipping is occasionally used as a trompe-l'œil effect in scenes which incorporate reflections in a body of water.  The image is deliberately inverted so that people slowly discern that something is 'not quite right' with the picture, and come to notice that it is upside down.

References

Artistic techniques
Graphics
Printmaking
Photographic techniques

Flipped image


The South African Legion is the oldest military veterans organisation in South Africa. It is referred to simply as the SA Legion or even 'The Legion' and is one of the largest independent military veterans charities in South Africa.

History

After suffering the horrors of war in France and Flanders, thousands of men who fought on the British side in World War One underwent incredible hardship once they had been discharged from the armed services and returned to civilian life.

Realising the serious plight in which men found themselves, three prominent soldiers - Field Marshall Earl Haig, General the Rt. Hon. J C Smuts and General Sir H T Lukin - founded the British Empire Service League (BESL) at an inaugural meeting held in the City Hall, Cape Town on 21 February 1921. This is also the date of South African Armed Forces Day, following the proclamation by the former President of the Republic of South Africa and Commander-in-Chief of the South African National Defence Force, President, J.G. Zuma that 21 February every year be observed and commemorated as Armed Forces Day (AFD), where honour is paid to those that lost their lives in the fateful 1917 sinking of the SS Mendi.

At the Empire Conference a week later the SA Legion was formalised (28 February to March 4, 1921) in Cape Town, South Africa as the British Empire Services League (BESL, South Africa) by joining the Returned Soldiers and Sailors Association and the Comrades of the Great War, after which the Comrades Marathon is also named, making SA Legion the oldest military veterans organisation in South Africa and one of the founding organisations of the international Royal Commonwealth Ex-Services League (RCEL). On 8 April 1941, it was decided to call the organisation the South African Legion of the BESL as national feelings were increasing and members wanted to emphasise their South Africanness.

The Legion is an active member organisation of the RCEL and HRH Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, is the High Patron of the Legion.
The headquarters of the Legion were originally in Bloemfontein in the centre of the country, but moved to Johannesburg in 1942, where it still is, housed in the South African National Museum of Military History.
The name was altered again in 1958, to suit the changing times, to the SA Legion of the British
Commonwealth Ex-Services League (BESL).  The BESL has since changed its name to the Royal Commonwealth Ex-Services League.
The South African Legion's national website states "The Legion is a national, non-sectarian and strictly non-partisan in relation to politics."

The Legion is often mentioned in television news bulletins and websites, not only in connection with its remembrance activities, but also warning military veterans of scams aimed at them.
As a non-racial military veterans organisation, the SA Legion has long remembered the tragic loss of the SS Mendi in which more than 600 Black South African soldiers died. The Legion's UK Branch, made up of former South African servicemen and women, has also held a memorial service near the site of the sinking. The commemoration is held in Atteridgeville, Pretoria and Soweto,  as well as in Port Elizabeth, which linked with British historians to find missing headstones, and other major centres including Cape Town. South Africa instituted a new Armed Forces Day in 2013, which commemorates the loss of the Mendi.

Remembrance Day is commemorated in Cape Town at the Cenotaph in Heerengracht Street, in Johannesburg at the Cenotaph in Harrison Street and in Pretoria at the Union Buildings. The Legion holds commemorations throughout the country, including Pietermartitzburg, capital of Kwa-Zulu Natal Province.

See also

 American Legion
 Remembrance Day
 Returned & Services League of Australia
 Royal British Legion
 Royal Canadian Legion
 Royal New Zealand Returned and Services Association

References

External links

1921 establishments in South Africa
Aftermath of World War I
Organizations established in 1921
South African veterans' organisations

South African Legion of Military Veterans


Potoooooooo or variations of Pot-8-Os (1773 – November 1800) was an 18th-century thoroughbred racehorse who won over 30 races and placed higher than some of the most prominent racehorses of his time. He went on to be an important sire, whose leading runners included Epsom Derby winners Waxy, Champion, and Tyrant. He is best known for the unusual spelling of his name, pronounced Potatoes.

Background
Potoooooooo (also spelled Pot-8-Os, Pot8Os, Pot8O's or Pot 8 Os in various sources) was a chestnut colt bred by Willoughby Bertie, 4th Earl of Abingdon, in 1773. He was sired by the undefeated Eclipse. He was the first foal out of Sportsmistress, who was sired by Warren's Sportsman and traced to Thwaites' Dun Mare from family number 38 on her dam's side.

The origin of his name has several different versions. According to the most common, Bertie intended to call the young colt "Potato" and instructed the stable boy to write the name on a feed bin. The stable boy spelled the name as "Potoooooooo" (Pot followed by 8 "o"s; that is, a failed attempt at spelling phonetically), which so amused Bertie that he adopted the spelling. Subsequent writers have used a variety of spellings that reflect the intended revised pronunciation, "Potatoes". In The Jockey Club's online database equineline.com, the name is spelled as Pot8O's. The General Stud Book uses Potoooooooo.

Racing career
Potoooooooo raced from 1776 to 1783, accumulating from 28 to 34 wins from an estimated 40 starts, mostly in 4 mile races on Newmarket's Beacon course. In 1776, he won a 100 guinea sweepstakes at Newmarket's first spring meeting. In 1777 at age four, he finished second in two Newmarket races for 4-year-old colts, third at Nottingham, and fifth in the Great Subscription Purse at York.

In 1778 at age five, Potoooooooo was entered in the 1200 Guineas Stakes at Newmarket's first spring meeting. During the race, Bertie sold the horse to Richard Grosvenor, 1st Earl Grosvenor for 1,500 guineas. Potoooooooo won the race and subsequently raced under Grosvenor's yellow and black silks. His subsequent wins that year included the 140 guineas subscription purse at the second spring meeting, a subscription at Ipswich, a £50 purse at Swaffham and another subscription race at Newmarket's second October meeting.

In 1779 at age six, he won a number of races at Newmarket, including the Gold Cup, a walkover for the Clermont Cup and the October Cup. In 1780, he again won several races at Newmarket, including the 140 guineas subscription purse where he beat King Fergus, the Jockey Club Plate and another walkover in the Clermont Cup. He also raced twice against Sir Charles Davers' Woodpecker, Herod's best son from these years, winning once.

In 1781, he won the Jockey Club Plate and the Whip, both by walkover, plus a 400 guineas sweep. In October, he received 85 guineas "by common consent" as a reward for not starting in the 140 guineas subscription purse. In 1782, he had a third walkover in the Clermont, won the Jockey Club Plate for a third time, and was victorious in the Craven Stakes, beating thirteen mostly younger horses. In 1783 at age ten, he won the Whip at Newmarket, but lost a 300 guineas match race to Assassin, who had won the previous year's Derby, and a 200 guineas sweepstakes.

Stud career
In 1784, Potoooooooo was retired to stud at Oxcroft Farm near Balsham, Cambridgeshire, where he mostly covered mares owned by Grosvenor. For other mares, his stud fee was initially 5 guineas, gradually increasing to 21 guineas. In 1796, he was relocated to Upper Hare Park near Newmarket. During his career, Potoooooooo sired 172 winners of £61,971. His leading offspring include:
 Nightshade (foaled 1785), winner of the Oaks in 1788
 Asparagus (1787), a good runner and sire of Rhoda (winner of the 1000 Guineas in 1816)
 Waxy (1790), who won the Derby Stakes in 1793 and ten other races. Waxy was the leading sire in 1810 and is responsible for the continuation of the Eclipse sire line to the present day.
 Sister to Edwin (1794), taproot mare of Family 3-i and the subsequent branch Family 3-l
 Champion (1797), the first horse to win both the Derby and the St. Leger Stakes (in 1800)
 Tyrant (1799), Derby winner in 1802
 Parasol (1800), who won many races and was a dam of Classic winners Pindarrie (2000 Guineas) and Pastille (Oaks and 2000 Guineas)
 Mandane (1800), taproot mare of Family 11-g. Dam of Manuella (1812 Oaks Stakes), Altisidora (St Leger), Lottery (Doncaster Cup) and Brutandorf (Chester Cup)

Potoooooooo died in November 1800 at the age of 27 and was buried at Hare Park. Some 200 years later, his skeleton was uncovered when a tree blew over. The skeleton is on display at the Kings Yard Galleries of the National Horseracing Museum in Newmarket.

Pedigree
Potoooooooo was sired by the undefeated Eclipse, who was also a very successful stallion even though he never led the sire list. His dam was Sportsmistress, whose dam Golden Locks was inbred 2 × 2 to Crab – he was both her maternal and paternal grandsire. Sportsmistress would produce a total of 11 foals including Sir Thomas, winner of the 1788 Derby.

Pot-8-Os is inbred 4 × 4 to the Godolphin Arabian and Crab, meaning these stallions both appear twice in the fourth generation of Potoooooooo's pedigree.

See also
 List of racehorses
 Numeronym

References

Further reading

1773 racehorse births
1800 racehorse deaths
Racehorses bred in the Kingdom of Great Britain
Racehorses trained in the Kingdom of Great Britain

Thoroughbred family 38

Potoooooooo