Babatngon (IPA: [bɐbɐt'ŋon]), officially the Municipality of Babatngon (; ), is a 4th class municipality in the province of Leyte, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 28,823 people.

Babatngon is located in the northern part of the island of Leyte, along the shore of Carigara Bay. It is situated on a small plain set in a semicircle of mountain ranges and nestles in the northern mouth of the San Juanico Strait, which separates Samar from Leyte. Boats coming in or going out of Tacloban City have to pass by it through the pilot station of Canaway, one of the islets along the strait. It is  north-west of Tacloban City and about  north of the town of San Miguel. Small coconut covered islets fringe its coast along San Juanico Strait, the most important of which are Rizal, Magsaigad, Tabigue, almost all of which extend from east to west.

Etymology
The place got its name from the word batong, a large trap made of abaca fibers used for hunting by the early Boholano settlers. Later on named as "Babatngon," which means hunting ground with the use of a net.

History

Historical Location
There are divergent versions as to the first municipal site of Babatngon. Some say that the first settlement was called San Juanico in Bacod Island from which the name San Juanico strait was derived. Another version says that the first settlement was San Vicente, which was part of Bacod Island, while still others say that the first municipal site was in the present barangay of Malibago. The most favored version, however, is that Babatngon and Malibago existed as separate settlements along the San Juanico strait during the 17th century and then in the process of growth, Babatngon became a municipality earlier than the other settlements.

Another version claims that Babatngon was founded as an outpost. This version may be proven by the presence of two "baluartes" or watchtowers at Bijuco and Magsaigad.

Settlement
Babatngon was first settled in 1540 by natives of Carigara, Catbalogan (Samar) and migrants from Bohol. The Boholanos traded mats, abacá cloths, bolos and other goods. One day, near the end of the year 1600, the Boholano traders were stranded in the present site of Babatngon because of unfavorable winds. The town at the time was covered by thick forests from the shore to the uplands with undergrowth of pandans and guava trees. Greatly in need of food, they hunted for wild animals and found wild game to be rich. Inspired by their first abundant catch, they went home and told their home folks about the rich hunting ground. Encouraged by the news and inspired by their desire to settle in fertile lands which they can call their own, many Boholanos came equipped with large traps called "batong" made of abacá fibers.

From "batong", the place was called "Babatngon" - hunting ground with the use of a net. The early Spaniards called the town "Babagnon" but the natives changed the original name into "Babatngon" for easier diction.

Colonial Period
The conquistadors' first concern was religion, thus it was Fr. Juan Quimbo who constructed the first church. At the turn of the century, the friars turned over the parish to the secular priests. Remembered for the contributions to the parish are:

Fr. Masecampo who established the first "campo santo" which has lived to the present; Fr. F. Langteco who reconstructed the church after it was destroyed by typhoons; Fr. A Colasito who constructed the belfry; Fr. F. Rostata who began the reconstruction of the church after the war; and finally, Fr. A. Alve to whom belongs the distinction of giving Babatngon Church the finishing touches. Fr. Alve was also responsible for constructing the first convent.

Today there are ten religious organizations all dedicated to St. Vincent Ferrer, Babatngon's patron saint. According to a census, out of a population of 12,000 inhabitants, only 98 are non-Catholics.

Expansion
The expansion of the town was sparked by the establishment of a British trading post - called "Almacen" in Soledad street. Soon after the trading post was organized, huge brick and adobe commercial houses were constructed across the street. The trade name of the establishment was Smith Bell.

Immigrants from Japan, Carigara, Barugo, San Miguel and from the coastal towns of Western Samar and other countries flocked to Babatngon which had grown into a commercial district.

Farming and fishing became the chief industries of the new and thriving town. Rice, corn, abacá and coconuts grew in abundance. The manufacture of wooden sandals (bakya) inevitably developed from the presence of an almost inexhaustible source of soft wood, the material from which sandals are patiently carved. The sandals have reached far and wide and have found a market even in Surigao.

Revolutionary Period
In 1901, when the uprising rocked the entire archipelago from end to end, a band of revolucionarios led by Domingo Inbrua fought openly with the guardias civiles and caused havoc in the garrisons of Carigara and Barugo. The revolucionarios, armed with bolos and other crude weapons struck fear in the hearts of their better-trained armed adversaries.

However, Babatngon had its share of misfortune. The stone buildings were ruined when the Spaniards made their last stand during the revolution within the town proper. No sooner had the people recovered from the devastation when another war razed the school building, the town hall, recreational centers and countless residential houses to the ground.

WW II and Japanese Occupation
During the Second World War, Mayor Melchor Cañete guided the townspeople through the difficulties of food shortage and unsettled times. Mayor Cañete kept the peace in Babatngon so well during the Japanese occupation that the seat of provincial government was temporarily transferred to the town. Moreover, Many evacuees found refuge in the town from the dangers of their own municipalities.

In 1944 to 1945, an attack by combined American and the Philippine Commonwealth troops took the town of Babatngon, Leyte.

Today
Banditry created a ripple of unrest in Babatngon's history for a time. Bandit lairs in Poro, Kalangawan Island, and Toyong on Kalkagan Island hid two of the fiercest leaders of organized piracy. Punitive forces under the leadership of Capitan Cecilio Serrano raided the bandits' lair and in a hand-to-hand encounter succeeded in killing the two bandits and many of their followers. The imprisonment of the bandits and the death of their leaders disorganized the others so that again, peace came to the town.

Geography

Barangays
Babatngon is politically subdivided into 25 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

In 1957, sitios Biasong, Lube, Ubayan, Calcagan, Cancamaoy, and Opong was constituted into barrio Biasong while sitio Nababoy was converted into barrio San Ricardo.

 Bacong
 Bagong Silang
 Biasong
 Guintigui-an
 Gov. E. Jaro (Bagahupi)
 Lukay
 Malibago
 Magcasuang
 Naga-asan
 Pagsulhugon
 Planza
 Poblacion District I
 Poblacion District II
 Poblacion District III
 Poblacion District IV
 Rizal I
 Rizal II
 San Agustin
 San Isidro
 San Ricardo
 Sangputan
 Taguite
 Uban
 Victory
 Villa Magsaysay

Climate

Demographics

In the 2020 census, the population of Babatngon, Leyte, was 28,823 people, with a density of .

Economy

Tourism
Babatngon is known for Busay Falls, a three-tiered cataract which is an attraction for picnickers who flock to Babatngon during the summer months. A massive bowl of solid, moss-covered rock catches the cool waters of the third fall.

Infrastructure
There are 11 barrios linked to the town proper with "vecinal" roads. These are provided with artesian wells. Barrio Bagahupi has been made a pilot barrio in the study of schistosomiasis as the area has been suspected of being positive for the parasite.

Although some of the buildings burned down during the war have not been reconstructed, several pre-fabricated buildings have taken care of the needs of the children.

References

External links

 [ Philippine Standard Geographic Code]
Philippine Census Information
Local Governance Performance Management System

Municipalities of Leyte (province)

Babatngon


The FS E.632 and E.633 are two classes of Italian railways electric locomotives. They were introduced in the course of the 1980s.

The locomotives are nicknamed Tigre ("tiger").

History
The E.632/E.633 were the first Italian locomotives to be provided with electronic traction control system, on the basis of the experiments made with the E.444.005 test locomotive. They were designed to fulfill a requirement from the Ferrovie dello Stato (or FS, then the quasi-monopolist of Italian railways) for a new locomotive to be used with medium-weight passenger trains and a similar one for cargo services on steep lines.

The first unit ran on October 11, 1979. After a troublesome program of tests with the first five prototypes, a first order for 90 engines (75 E.633, the cargo version, and 15 E.632) was issued. Regular services began in 1983 in northern Italy. Once the teething problems were solved, the class proved highly successful and reliable.

Technical details

Differently from many of the previous FS classes, the E.632/633 carbody is not articulated. The power plant is made of three  FS T850 DC motors, mounted on monomotor bogies, each with two axles. Each motor is provided with a three-frequency chopper which takes place of the resistor network used on older Italian locomotives (rheostat). This allow the motors to run for an indefinite period of time without risks.

The two classes have different transmission gear: 36/64 for the E.632, with a maximum speed of , and 29/64, with a maximum speed of only  but a higher tractive effort.
Since the beginning, all units were provided with the standard 78-wire cable for coupling with driving passenger cars, useful in the formation of commuter push-pull trains. 40 E633s were also fitted with a 13-wire ZDS cable () in order to allow hauling with multiple units by only one engine crew, from the "master" locomotive.

The locomotives have, in addition to pneumatic brakes, a rheostatic braking system. The braking rheostat is placed on the roof, between the pantographs. The air brake employs a mixed shoes-disc system (one shoe per wheel and one disc per axle), due to space issues about the motor placement; also, E.632 have  brake cylinders, while E.633 .
The chopper regulation and the rheostatic braking allow the driver to set an automatic speed control; the locomotive will try to keep the set speed by electrically braking or by tractioning if needed. This group has been the first in Italy that allowed this.

Related development
The E.632/633 was used as base for the development of the E.491/492 locomotives for use with 25 kV AC lines in Sardinia, which however were never mass built.

Class E.652 is a type of locomotive derived from E.633/2. They unite the acceleration and hauling capacities of E.633 with the speed of E.632 (); externally they are almost identical to E.632/3, but the electrical part is very different. The first unit was built in 1989, and have been the first Italian locomotive with electronic board diagnostics and relative screen on the driver's desk.

, 171 E.652s are assigned to the Global Logistic (Cargo) division of Trenitalia, hauling freight trains, though sometimes can be seen hauling passenger trains (often long-range ones) on rescue services due to failures.

The B-B locomotive E.620 of Ferrovie Nord Milano (nicknamed Tigrotto) is a two-bogie version of the class.

Notes

References

3000 V DC locomotives
E.632
B′B′B′ locomotives
B-B-B locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1980
Railway locomotives introduced in 1983
Gio. Ansaldo & C. locomotives
TIBB locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Italy

FS Class E.632


Damask (; ) is a reversible patterned fabric of silk, wool, linen, cotton, or synthetic fibers, with a pattern formed by weaving. Damasks are woven with one warp yarn and one weft yarn, usually with the pattern in warp-faced satin weave and the ground in weft-faced or sateen weave. Twill damasks include a twill-woven ground or pattern.

History

The production of damask was one of the five basic weaving techniques—the others being tabby, twill, lampas, and tapestry—of the Byzantine and Middle Eastern weaving centres of the early Middle Ages. In daily nomadic life this form of weaving was generally employed by women, in the course of such occupations as carpet-making. Women would collect the raw material from pasture animals and dyes from local flora such as berries, insects, or grasses. Each woman would create a specialized pattern sequence and use of color that was customary to her ethnic group and even herself. These techniques would often be handed down from mother to daughter as well.

In China, draw looms with a large number of heddles were developed to weave damasks with very complicated patterns. The Chinese may have produced damasks as early as the Tang dynasty (618–907). Damasks derive their name from the city of Damascus—in that period a large city active both in trading (as part of the silk road) and in manufacture. Damasks became scarce after the 9th century outside Islamic Spain, but were revived in some places in the 13th century.

The word damask first appeared in records in a Western European language in the mid-14th century in French. By the 14th century, damasks were being woven on draw looms in Italy. From the 14th to 16th century, most damasks were woven in one colour with a glossy warp-faced satin pattern against a duller ground. Two-colour damasks had contrasting colour warps and wefts and polychrome damasks added gold and other metallic threads or additional colours as supplemental brocading wefts. Medieval damasks were usually woven in silk, but weavers also produced wool and linen damasks.

In the 19th century, the invention of the Jacquard loom which was automated with a system of punched cards, made weaving damask faster and cheaper.

Modern usage

Modern damasks are woven on computerized Jacquard looms. Damask weaves are commonly produced in monochromatic (single-colour) weaves in silk, linen or synthetic fibres such as rayon and feature patterns of flowers, fruit and other designs. The long floats of satin-woven warp and weft threads cause soft highlights on the fabric which reflect light differently according to the position of the observer. Damask weaves appear most commonly in table linens and furnishing fabrics, but they are also used for clothing. The damask weave is used extensively throughout the fashion industry due to its versatility and high-quality finish. Damask is usually used for mid-to-high-quality garments, meaning the label tends to have a higher definition and a more "expensive" look.

See also
Diapering (damask patterns in heraldry)

References

Syrian art
Arabic art
Figured fabrics
Damascus

Damask


"Son of My Father" is a song popularised in 1972 by Chicory Tip.

The song was originally published in German as "Nachts scheint die Sonne" (In the Night Shines the Sun), written by Giorgio Moroder with German lyrics by Michael Holm in 1971, and English lyrics by Pete Bellotte. The German version "Nachts scheint die Sonne" by Michael Holm was released in 1971, while Giorgio Moroder also released the English version "Son of My Father" under the moniker Giorgio.  However, Giorgio's version failed to chart in the UK. The song was released by Chicory Tip in 1972 and this version reached No. 1 on the UK single chart in February 1972.

Since its release, the tune of the chorus of "Son of My Father" has been regularly used on the terraces of British football grounds for football chants.

Chicory Tip's version
A copy of Giorgio's version found its way to studio manager Roger Easterby who then persuaded the British band Chicory Tip to record it. The song, produced by Easterby and Des Champ, was recorded on Christmas Eve 1971 in the studio of George Martin. The song is notable as the first UK number one single to prominently feature a synthesizer, in this case a Moog synthesizer, programmed by Chris Thomas. The B side of the single is "Pride Comes Before A Fall". The song reached No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart for three weeks in February 1972.
The band released the song in the US under the shortened name Chicory, but it only reached No. 91 on the Billboard Hot 100.

The Chicory Tip version includes audibly different lyrics to those written by Bellotte and recorded by Moroder, although it is unclear why, but it may be down to misheard lyrics on the part of vocalist Peter Hewson. The band re-recorded the song in 2000 (with Rick Foster on vocals), this time with the correct lyrics as sung by Moroder.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Giorgio Moroder's version
Moroder's original version, recorded before Chicory Tip's version, was first released in Germany in 1971 under the name Giorgio as the 'B' side of "I'm Free Now", and later released as an 'A'-side single in 1972. It reached No. 47 in Germany in 1972. The song however failed to chart on its release in the UK.  In the US, the song peaked at No. 34 for two weeks on the US Cashbox pop charts, and slightly lower at No. 46 on Billboard Hot 100 in April 1972, but performing better than Chicory Tip's version which was released in the US around the same time.

In Chicago, WLS playlisted only Giorgio's version, for about a month, peaking at No. 23 on 27 March 1972, whereas rival WCFL charted only Chicory Tip's version (as by Chicory), for about  months, peaking at No. 9 on 20 April 1972.

Charts

Other versions

The German version, "Nachts scheint die Sonne", was recorded with Michael Holm on vocals.  The song was released in 1971 and this reached No. 29 in September 1971 in Germany. The next year, Finnish musician Danny recorded a Finnish-language version, "Maantieltä taloon" (From the road to the house), released as the B side to "Vai niin, vai niin" (Finnish version of Mouth & MacNeal's "How Do You Do").

In popular culture
The tune of the chorus of "Son of My Father" has been used on the terraces of British football grounds for football chants, for example "Oh Man United, the only English team to win the European Cup", and the anthem for Teddy Sheringham that started with "Oh Teddy, Teddy ...".

The tune has also been popular at cricket grounds, notably with fans of Lancashire County Cricket Club in England - "Oh, Lanky Lanky, Lanky Lanky Lanky Lanky Lancashire!"

References

External links
 .

UK Singles Chart number-one singles
1972 songs
Giorgio Moroder songs
Songs written by Pete Bellotte
Songs written by Giorgio Moroder
Songs about fathers

Son of My Father


The Election Commission of India held indirect tenth presidential elections of India on 16 July 1992. Shankar Dayal Sharma with 675,864 votes won over his nearest rival George Gilbert Swell who got 346,485 votes.

Candidates
This presidential election, saw many candidates competing for the presidency, due to the divide nationally for power. The top two candidates were, Shankar Dayal Sharma, put forth by Indian National Congress and George Gilbert Swell, member of Rajya Sabha, from Meghalaya, as the Independent candidate supported by the BJP and National Front.

Results
Source: Web archive of Election Commission of India website

References

1992 elections in India
Presidential elections in India

1992 Indian presidential election


Vichit Kounavudhi (Thai: วิจิตร คุณาวุฒิ; 23 January 1922, in Chachoengsao, Thailand – 31 July 1997) was a Thai film director and screenwriter. His works include the docudrama Son of the Northeast.

Biography

Early career
Vichit graduated from Vajiravudh College in 1946 and started working as a journalist under the pen name Kounavudhi. He got into filmmaking in 1950, when he was offered the villain's role in Fa Kamnod.

He then started working as a screenwriter, writing the dialogue for an adaptation of Wannaboon Withayakom's Phrom Bandan. His first screenplay was Santi-Weena, an acclaimed drama directed by Tawee "Kru Marut" Na Bangchang. It went on to competition in the 1955 Asia Film Festival in Tokyo, where it won several awards, including best cinematography for cinematographer Rattana Pestonji.

Vichit started directing in 1958 and made 23 films until he retired in 1989. He had a string of action films in the 1960s and early '70s. Several starred legendary leading man Mitr Chaibancha. He also made several films with actor Adul Dulyarat.

Later films
In the 1970s, Vichit was among the filmmakers who highlighted social problems in their films. His 1978 drama, Mia Luang, or First Wife, examined the issue of men taking mistresses or a mia noi (second wife).

His next film, 1979's Khon Phukao, or Mountain People, was an adventure tale about a young hill-tribe couple. It included a documentary-style introduction of the various ethnic groups in northern Thailand.

Look Isan, or Son of the Northeast was shot in a similar documentary style to Mountain People. Set in Thailand's rural northeast in the 1930s, Look Isan is a sympathetic depiction of a hard-scrabble life, with vivid wildlife photography and some rousing action sequences. It is regarded as Vichet's best film.

His 1985 film, Her Name is Boonrawd, was a look back at the Vietnam War days and the prostitution scene around Utapao air base, where US Air Force troops were based. In it, a spirited young woman struggles to earn an honest living and find true love with one of the American officers.

In 1983, Vichit was awarded an honorary doctorate in Communication Arts by Chulalongkorn University and was honored in 1987 by Thailand's National Culture Commission as a National Artist.

Legacy
In 2005, the Bangkok International Film Festival included four films by Vichit in a retrospective: First Wife, Mountain People, Son of the Northeast and Her Name is Boonrawd. The festival also gave its annual Lifetime Achievement Award to Vichit, presenting it to his widow.

The festival program noted that: "Vichit Kounavudhi is regarded today as a master of the Thai motion picture industry - one of the greatest inspirations to later generations of filmmakers, praised as a genius of directing, screenwriting and editing. What makes his films special is not sophisticated technique, but an exceptional clarity and concision."

Partial filmography
 Jam Loey Rak (1963)
 Operation Bangkok (1966)
 Top Secret (1967)
 First Wife (Mia Luang) (1978)
 Mountain People (Khon Phukao) (1979)
 Son of the Northeast (Look Isan) (1982)
 Her Name is Boonrawd (1985)

References
Bangkok International Film Festival (2005). Festival program.
Wee, Brandon (2005). Nationalism for the Main Course, Senses of Cinema. Retrieved December 24, 2005.
Baldwin, Kim (2005). A Festival to Remember, Notes from Hollywood. Retrieved December 24, 2005.

External links

Vichit Kounavudhi at the Thai Film Database

1922 births
1997 deaths
Vichit Kounavudhi
Vichit Kounavudhi
Vichit Kounavudhi
20th-century screenwriters

Vichit Kounavudhi


Philippe-Antoine Grouvelle (27 February 1758, Paris – 30 September 1806, Varennes, Essonne) was an 18th-century French man of letters and journalist.

Biography
The son of a goldsmith, Grouvelle was placed with a notary, who, seeing him busier making verses than acts, dismissed him. Chamfort then took him as secretary, and when he left the job of secretary to the Prince of Condé, Chamfort arranged for Grouvelle to take his place.

Grouvelle was successful in Versailles where the Queen had his little opera Prunes performed which he had written with Desprez. 20 June 1788, he had a comedy entitled l'Épreuve délicate presented at the Théâtre-Français but it had one performance only and was not published.

When the French Revolution broke out, Grouvelle adopted its principles, was a founder of the Society of 1789 and published a policy brochure dated from the very Palais Bourbon. Therefore, he could no longer remain in service to the Prince. After he left him, he engaged into an association with Chamfort, Joseph-Antoine Cerutti and Rabaut de Saint-Étienne in order to publish .

After he became Secretary of the Provisional Executive Council in August 1792, he had to bring to Louis XVI at the Prison du Temple the sentence condemning him to death. Jean-Baptiste Clery, in his memoirs, said that "Grouvelle read off with a low, trembling voice, and he came out of prison in a marked agitation".

In May 1793, Grouvelle was sent to Denmark as Minister of France, and performed his functions until 1800. He was then called to the , where he served until September 1802.

Publications
 Satire universelle, prospectus dédié à toutes les puissances de l'Europe, Paris, 1788, in-8° ; (Pamphlet against Rivarol, composed by Grouvelle with Cerutti's help and inserted in the Œuvres of the latter.)
 De l'autorité de Montesquieu dans la révolution présente, Paris, 1789, in-8° ; (Reprinted in vol. VII of the Bibliothèque de l'Homme public.)
 Adresse des habitants du ci-devant bailliage de… à M. de…, leur député à l'Assemblée nationale, sur son duel et sur le préjugé du point d'honneur, Paris, 1796, in-8° ; (Reprinted under the title Point de duel ou point de constitution ; Adresse des habitants du ci-devant bailliage, etc., 1790, in-8°)
 Réponse à tout petit colloque entre un sénateur allemand et un républicain français, Taciturnus Memoriosas, traduit librement par un sans-culotte, Copenhague, 1793, in-8° ;
 Lettre en vers à ma sœur sur le roman philosophique et sentimental de Woldemar, Copenhague, 1797, in-8° ; See Études germaniques
 Mémoire historique sur les Templiers, ou éclaircissements sur leur procès, les accusations intentées contre eux et les causes secrètes de leur ruine, puisés en grande partie dans plusieurs monuments ou écrits publiés en Allemagne, Paris, 1805, in-8°

Grouvelle also gave an edition of the Lettres of the marquise de Sévigné, with a notice and historical notes; 1806, 8 vol. in-8°, ou 11 vol. in-12, and the Œuvres de Louis XIV, 1806, 6 vol. in-8°, with Philippe Henri de Grimoar, who was in charge of the military part of this work.

Sources
 Ferdinand Hoefer, Nouvelle Biographie générale, t. 22, Paris, Firmin-Didot, 1858, (p. 234).

External links
 Philippe Antoine GROUVELLE's genealogy

18th-century French dramatists and playwrights
18th-century French journalists
People of the French Revolution
French diplomats
Writers from Paris
1758 births
1806 deaths

Philippe-Antoine Grouvelle


Elie Abel (October 17, 1920 – July 22, 2004) was a Canadian-American journalist, author and academic.

Early life

Born in Montreal, Quebec, Abel received a Bachelor of Arts degree from McGill University in 1941 and a Master of Science in journalism degree from the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism in 1942. He worked as a reporter for the Windsor Star in Windsor, Ontario, for a year, then served in the Royal Canadian Air Force during World War II.

Career
After the war, Abel returned to work as a reporter, writing successively for the Montreal Gazette, the North American Newspaper Alliance in Berlin, the Los Angeles Times, and for the Overseas News Agency as its United Nations correspondent.

In 1949 he joined the staff of The New York Times, serving as a national and foreign correspondent for 11 years.  After working in Detroit and Washington, he became the Times bureau chief in Belgrade, where he contributed to the paper's Pulitzer Prize-winning coverage of the 1956 Hungarian revolt. In 1958, he went to New Delhi, India, as bureau chief and in that capacity covered the Chinese takeover of Tibet. In 1959, he returned to the United States to take over the Washington bureau of the Detroit News as its chief, serving only two years before being recruited in 1961 as State Department correspondent for NBC News. Distinguishing himself as a diplomatic correspondent, he was ultimately promoted to chief of the network's London bureau.

During his years as a journalist, both in print and broadcasting, Abel was recognized for incisive in-depth reports on international affairs, and particularly on the subject of communism.

Leaving broadcast journalism for academia in 1970, Abel was appointed dean of Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism and Godfrey Lowell Cabot Professor of Journalism. Abel left Columbia for Stanford University in 1979 as the first Harry and Norman Chandler Professor of Communication.

From 1977 to 1980 Abel served as the representative from the United States to the United Nation's International Commission for the Study of Communication Problems, which published the "MacBride Report" in 1980.

From 1983 to 1986, Abel headed Stanford's Department of Communication and also served as Faculty Senate chair in 1985-86. Abel directed Stanford's program in Washington, D.C., in 1993-94.

Personal life
Abel's first wife, Corinne, died in 1991 after 45 years of marriage. When he died, he had been married to Charlotte Hammond Page Dunn for nine years.

Death
Abel died on July 22, 2004, at the Casey House hospice in Rockville, Maryland, at age 83, from the effects of Alzheimer's disease.

Books
The Shattered Bloc - Behind the Upheaval in Eastern Europe. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1990,
Leaking: Who Does It? Who Benefits? At What Cost?. New York: Priority Press, 1987, 0-870-78219-3
What's News: The Media in American Society. San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Studies, 1981.
Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, 1941-1946, with Averell Harriman, New York: Random House, 1975,
Roots of Involvement: The U.S. in Asia 1784-1971, with Marvin Kalb, New York: W. W. Norton, 1971.
The Missile Crisis. New York: Bantam, 1966.

Awards
First Amendment Defender Award, The Catholic University of America's Columbus School of Law, 1984.
Overseas Press Club Award, 1969 & 1970.
Grand Prize for Freedom, Inter American Press Association, 1997.
George Foster Peabody Award for Radio News, Henry W. Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication at University of Georgia, 1968
Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting (contributor), 1956.

References

1920 births
2004 deaths
Canadian emigrants to the United States

Canadian male journalists
Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism faculty
Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism alumni
Journalists from Montreal
McGill University alumni
NBC News people
Peabody Award winners
Stanford University Department of Communication faculty
Anglophone Quebec people
Writers from Montreal
Royal Canadian Air Force personnel of World War II

Elie Abel


Kirtinath Kurtakoti () (13 October 1928 – 31 July 2003) was a Kannada writer and critic who won among other awards, the Central Sahitya Akademi honour of India. Apart from Kannada, he was well-versed in other languages including Hindi and Sanskrit.

Early life
Kurtakoti was born in the town of Gadag in the Indian state of Karnataka on 13 October 1928. He completed his graduation in Bachelor of Arts from Karnataka College in Dharwad and served as a teacher in few colleges, before moving to the town of Anand in Gujarat. He completed his post-graduation in English and was employed at the Sardar Patel University in Gujarat. He married Saraswati.

Contribution
His most prominent Kannada work is Marathi Samskruti - Kelavu Samasyegalu (Marathi Culture - Some Problems) which was originally written in Marathi by Sham. Bha. Joshi. This won him the Karnataka Sahitya Akademi award. Kannada Book Authority (KBA) allegedly included this translated version in a publication that it brought out, without taking the permission of Kurtakoti, forcing him to send a legal notice to KBA. He won the central Sahitya Akademi Award in 1995 for his book Uriya Nalage. Other books include Chandragupta, Bhringada Benneri, Nadedu Banda Daari and Putta Bangara. He has also written plays like Aa Mani, which have been staged by troupes like Ninasam. His book Nadedu Banda Daari (Path Traversed) is a treatise on the achievement of Kannada literature from the past to the present, while his book Bhringada Benneri provides an overview of the poems of D. R. Bendre.

Later life
He spent his retired life at Dharwad. He held certain positions like that of an adviser to Manohara Granthamele, a publishing house and was also nominated to the Jnanpith language panel. He was also a member of the syndicate of the Kannada University at Hampi. On 31 July 2003, aged 75, he died of cardiac arrest, just about three hours after his wife's death.

Works
 Uriya Nalage
 Marathi Samskruti-Kelavu Samasyegalu
 Yugadharma mattu Sahitya Darshana
 Nadedu Banda Daari
 Bhringada Benneri
 Chandragupta
 Pratyabhijnana
 Adhyayana mattu Parayana
 Putta Bangara
 Rajakeeya mattu Dharma
 Arthantara
 Aa Mani

See also
 L. S. Sheshagiri Rao
 D. R. Nagaraj
 Vijaya Dabbe
 C. P. Siddhashrama

References

Kannada-language writers
1928 births
2003 deaths
People from Gadag-Betageri
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Kannada
People from Anand district
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation

Kirtinath Kurtakoti


Andrew Keith Jack (also known as Keith Jack) (9 September 1885 – 26 September 1966) was an Australian physicist who served as a member of the Ross Sea Party as part of Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition.

Keith Jack was educated at the University of Melbourne, graduating with an MSc in 1914. A year later he joined the Shackleton expedition, where along with other members of the crew, he became stranded for 2 years in Antarctic after the loss of the ship Aurora. During this time he kept a regular diary across five volumes. Keith was rescued along with six other survivors in 1917.  Keith also took many photographs during the expedition, some of which were later hand-coloured as lantern slides. Keith's diaries, as well as a number of his artefacts from the expedition, including his 1829 Aneroid barometer and a set of  two thermometers, were bequeathed to the Museum Victoria.

After the expedition, Keith worked during the war in an explosives factory (known as the Cordite Factory), utilising his expertise in chemistry, eventually become a Senior Assistant Manager. After the war he took on various roles managing explosives and safety for the Australian Government.

References

1885 births
1966 deaths
Australian physicists
University of Melbourne alumni
Antarctic expeditions

Andrew Keith Jack


The A312 is an A road in England, running across west London from Hampton to Harrow. Its status varies from a local urban street to a major dual carriageway in Hayes. Part the road has been diverted to make way for Heathrow Airport, while another stretch was originally planned to be Ringway 3, one of four major ring motorways around London.

Route
The road is part primary, part non-primary, which reflects its status as a mix of local and regionally important traffic. The primary section of the road, under the name The Parkway (and part of it as Hayes Bypass), is a 5-mile dual carriageway trunk road with speed limits of 30 to 50 mph, running north–south from Northolt's Target Roundabout to the A30 interchange in Hatton.

The non-primary section is mostly a single carriageway and consist of urban roads, particularly the northern part, where it serves as the main road through Northolt and South Harrow. The southern end goes through more residential areas and ends at the foot of Bushy Park. The A308 to Hampton Court Palace and Sunbury-on-Thames is a short distance to the south.

History
Originally, the middle section from Hatton to Hayes ran via Harlington. This road from Hatton to Harlington (then a country road) was demolished in the 1940s during the construction of Heathrow Airport - the northern half of the road in Harlington remains today as the A437, High Street. The A312 itself was rerouted from Hatton via a new road through Cranford to Hayes which opened c. 1959, again via today's A437 (North Hyde Road).

Later, a new road called The Causeway was built, cutting between the two balancing reservoirs of Heathrow's water pollution control. The A312 no longer went via the centre of Hatton (by Hatton Cross tube station) and joining the A30, instead going straight from Faggs Road via The Causeway to The Parkway.

London Ringways
The section of the road between Heathrow and Hayes was originally planned to be part of the Ringway 3 scheme, one of four concentric ring roads around London as part of the London Ringways project. In 1969, the Greater London Council widened the A312 north of the A30 near Heathrow to dual carriageway. Named The Parkway, it was intended to eventually become Ringway 3.  In November 1975, the Transport Minister John Gilbert announced that the sections of Ringway 3 in south and west London, including the Parkway, were cancelled. They would be replaced by the M25, running further away from London.

Hayes Bypass
The Hayes Bypass section of The Parkway was opened, after long delay, in September 1992, cutting through Bulls Bridge, Pump Lane Industrial Estate and Yeading. The A312 thus also no longer went through Yeading Lane, the main road of Yeading, and that was afterwards changed to a local road. The bypass also led to the creation of White Hart Roundabout, named after a pub nearby.

At the time, the town centre of Hayes and Old Southall were heavily congested beyond its supply. This was partly because there was no direct link between the A40 Western Avenue at Northolt and the M4 motorway (which leads to Heathrow). Although supported by the local councils (Hounslow, Hillingdon, Ealing) and the Greater London Council, the Hayes Bypass was long delayed, and construction would not start until the late 1980s.

The new trunk road provided relief to Hayes town centre and eventually led to it to be pedestrianised.

Gallery

See also
RAF Northolt
Northala Fields
Heston services
Hanworth Air Park

References
Citations

Sources

External links
SABRE - A312

Roads in England
Streets in the London Borough of Ealing
Streets in the London Borough of Harrow
Streets in the London Borough of Hillingdon
Streets in the London Borough of Hounslow
Streets in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames

A312 road


Princess Jasmine is a fictional character of in the movie Aladdin.

Life
Jasmine was born in Agrabah, in the royal Palace. She lived surrounded by all kinds of luxuries and comforts, and she had as her only friend the tiger Rajah. She lost her mother early in life (when not mentioned) and, hence, was educated by her father, the Sultan. She was happy until the day that the Sultan tried to force her to marry before her 16th birthday.

Unhappy about being forced to marry, Jasmine fled the palace. In the streets, she finds out that Aladdin is arrested for stealing. Later, Jafar takes the control of the city of Agrabah, reducing Jasmine to the position of a slave. Aladdin arrives and defeats Jafar. Jasmine realizes that she loves Aladdin and the two decide to marry. She has since married and has become queen.

Aladdin (Disney) characters
Fictional Arabs
Fictional characters introduced in 1992
Fictional princesses
Kingdom Hearts characters

Princess Jasmine


Yehudi Menuhin, Baron Menuhin,  (22 April 191612 March 1999), was an American-born British violinist and conductor who spent most of his performing career in Britain. He is widely considered one of the great violinists of the 20th century. He played the Soil Stradivarius, considered one of the finest violins made by Italian luthier Antonio Stradivari.

Early life and career

Yehudi Menuhin was born in New York City to a family of Lithuanian Jews. Through his father Moshe, he was descended from a rabbinical dynasty. In late 1919, Moshe and his wife Marutha (née Sher) became American citizens, and changed the family name from Mnuchin to Menuhin. Menuhin's sisters were concert pianist and human rights activist Hephzibah, and pianist, painter and poet Yaltah.

Menuhin's first violin instruction was at age four by Sigmund Anker (1891–1958); his parents had wanted Louis Persinger to teach him, and Persinger agreed. Menuhin took lessons for a while from Persinger at his Hyde Street studio. He made his first public solo appearance in November 1921, at a pupil's concert. On February 29, 1924, he formally debuted at the Oakland Auditorium followed by a solo performance with the San Francisco Symphony under the direction of Alfred Hertz and a recital at the Scottish Rite Hall. His reputation preceded him to New York for his debut there on March 17, 1926, at the Manhattan Opera House. He displayed exceptional musical talent at an early age. His first public appearance took place as an accompanist Menuhin was five years old at the time. Two years later, when he was seven years old, Menuhin appeared as solo violinist with the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra in 1923. Persinger then agreed to teach him and accompanied him on the piano for his first few solo recordings in 1928–29.

Julia Boyd records:
On 12 April 1929 it [the Semperoper] cancelled its advertised programme to make way for a performance by the twelve-year-old Yehudi Menuhin. That night he played the Bach, Beethoven and Brahms violin concertos to an ecstatic audience ... The week before, Yehudi had played in Berlin with the Philharmonic under Bruno Walter to an equally rapturous response.

A newspaper critic said of his Berlin performance: "There steps a fat little blond boy on the podium, and wins at once all hearts as in an irresistibly ludicrous way, like a penguin, he alternately places one foot down, then the other. But wait: you will stop laughing when he puts his bow to the violin to play Bach's violin concerto in E major no.2."

When the Menuhins moved to Paris, Persinger suggested Menuhin go to Persinger's old teacher, Belgian virtuoso and pedagogue Eugène Ysaÿe. Menuhin did have one lesson with Ysaÿe, but he disliked Ysaÿe's teaching method and his advanced age. Instead, he went to Romanian composer and violinist George Enescu, under whose tutelage he made recordings with several piano accompanists, including his sister Hephzibah. He was also a student of Adolf Busch in Basel. He stayed in the Swiss city for a bit more than a year, where he started to take lessons in German and Italian as well.

According to Henry A. Murray, Menuhin wrote:

His first concerto recording was made in 1931, Bruch's G minor, under Sir Landon Ronald in London, the labels calling him "Master Yehudi Menuhin". In 1932 he recorded Edward Elgar's Violin Concerto in Bminor for HMV in London, with the composer himself conducting; in 1934, uncut, Paganini's D major Concerto with Emile Sauret's cadenza in Paris under Pierre Monteux. Between 1934 and 1936, he made the first integral recording of Johann Sebastian Bach's sonatas and partitas for solo violin, although his Sonata No. 2, in A minor, was not released until all six were transferred to CD.

His interest in the music of Béla Bartók prompted him to commission a work from him – the Sonata for Solo Violin, which, completed in 1943 and first performed by Menuhin in New York in 1944, was the composer's penultimate work.

World War II musician

{{ external media | align = center | width = 230px | audio1 = 1946 performance featuring Menuhin (violin) of Béla Bartók's Violin Concerto No. 2 BB 117 with the Dallas Symphony Orchestra conducted by Antal Dorati  on archive.org| audio2 = 1952 performance featuring Menuhin (violin) of Felix Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto in E minor, Op. 64 with the Berlin Philharmonic conducted by Wilhelm Furtwangler [https://archive.org/details/lp_concerto-in-e-minor-concerto-in-d-minor_felix-mendelssohn-bartholdy-yehudi-menuhin/disc1/01.01.+Concerto+In+E+Minor%3B+Op.+64%3A+First+Movement%3A+Allegro+Motto+Appassionato-+Cadenza%3A+Tempo+1%3B+Presto%3B+Second+Movement%3A+Andante%3B+Third+Movement%3A+Allegretto+Non+Troppo%3B+Allegro+Molto+Vivace.mp3 'on archive.org]}}

He performed for Allied soldiers during World War II and, accompanied on the piano by English composer Benjamin Britten, for the surviving inmates of a number of concentration camps in June and July 1945 after their liberation in April of the same year, most famously Bergen-Belsen. He returned to Germany in 1947 to play concerto concerts with the Berlin Philharmonic under Wilhelm Furtwängler as an act of reconciliation, the first Jewish musician to do so in the wake of the Holocaust, saying to Jewish critics that he wanted to rehabilitate Germany's music and spirit.

 World interactions

Menuhin credited German philosopher Constantin Brunner with providing him with "a theoretical framework within which I could fit the events and experiences of life".

He and Louis Kentner (brother-in-law of his wife, Diana) gave the first performance of William Walton's Violin Sonata, in Zürich on 30 September 1949.

Following his role as a member of the awards jury at the 1955 Queen Elisabeth Music Competition, Menuhin secured a Rockefeller Foundation grant for the financially strapped Grand Prize winner at the event, Argentine violinist Alberto Lysy. Menuhin made Lysy his only personal student, and the two toured extensively throughout the concert halls of Europe. The young protégé later established the International Menuhin Music Academy (IMMA) in Gstaad, in his honor.

Menuhin made several recordings with the German conductor Wilhelm Furtwängler, who had been criticized for conducting in Germany during the Nazi era. Menuhin defended Furtwängler, noting that the conductor had helped a number of Jewish musicians to flee Nazi Germany.

In 1957, he founded the Menuhin Festival Gstaad in Gstaad, Switzerland. In 1962, he established the Yehudi Menuhin School in Stoke d'Abernon, Surrey. He also established the music program at The Nueva School in Hillsborough, California, sometime around then. In 1965 he received an honorary knighthood from the British monarchy. In the same year, Australian composer Malcolm Williamson wrote a violin concerto for Menuhin. He performed the concerto many times and recorded it at its premiere at the Bath Festival in 1965. Originally known as the Bath Assembly, the festival was first directed by the impresario Ian Hunter in 1948. After the first year the city tried to run the festival itself, but in 1955 asked Hunter back. In 1959 Hunter invited Menuhin to become artistic director of the festival. Menuhin accepted, and retained the post until 1968.

Menuhin also had a long association and deep friendship with Ravi Shankar, beginning in 1952, leading to their joint performance in 1966 at the Bath Festival and the recording of their Grammy Award-winning album West Meets East (1967). During this time, he commissioned composer Alan Hovhaness to write a concerto for violin, sitar, and orchestra to be performed by himself and Shankar. The resulting work, entitled Shambala (c. 1970), with a fully composed violin part and space for improvisation from the sitarist, is the earliest known work for sitar with western symphony orchestra, predating Shankar's own sitar concertos, but Menuhin and Shankar never recorded it.

Menuhin also worked with famous jazz violinist Stéphane Grappelli in the 1970s on Jalousie, an album of 1930s classics led by duetting violins backed by the Alan Claire Trio.

In 1975, in his role as president of the International Music Council, he declared October 1 as International Music Day. The first International Music Day, organised by the International Music Council, was held that same year, in accordance with the resolution taken at the 15th IMC General Assembly in Lausanne in 1973.

In 1977, Menuhin and Ian Stoutzker founded the charity Live Music Now, the largest outreach music project in the UK. Live Music Now pays and trains professional musicians to work in the community, bringing the experience to those who rarely get an opportunity to hear or see live music performance.
At the Edinburgh Festival Menuhin premiered Priaulx Rainier's violin concerto Due Canti e Finale, which he had commissioned Rainier to write. He also commissioned her last work, Wildlife Celebration, which he performed in aid of Gerald Durrell's Wildlife Conservation Trust.

In 1983, Menuhin and Robert Masters founded the Yehudi Menuhin International Competition for Young Violinists, today one of the world's leading forums for young talent.  Many of its prizewinners have gone on to become prominent violinists, including Tasmin Little, Nikolaj Znaider, Ilya Gringolts, Julia Fischer, Daishin Kashimoto and Ray Chen.

In the 1980s, Menuhin wrote and oversaw the creation of a "Music Guides" series of books; each covered a musical instrument, with one on the human voice. Menuhin wrote some, while others were edited by different authors.

In 1991, Menuhin was awarded the prestigious Wolf Prize by the Israeli Government. In the Israeli Knesset he gave an acceptance speech in which he criticised Israel's continued occupation of the West Bank:
This wasteful governing by fear, by contempt for the basic dignities of life, this steady asphyxiation of a dependent people, should be the very last means to be adopted by those who themselves know too well the awful significance, the unforgettable suffering of such an existence. It is unworthy of my great people, the Jews, who have striven to abide by a code of moral rectitude for some 5,000 years, who can create and achieve a society for themselves such as we see around us but can yet deny the sharing of its great qualities and benefits to those dwelling amongst them.

 Later career
Menuhin regularly returned to the San Francisco Bay Area, sometimes performing with the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra. One of the more memorable later performances was of Edward Elgar's Violin Concerto, which Menuhin had recorded with the composer in 1932.

On 22 April 1978, along with Stéphane Grappelli, Yehudi played Pick Yourself Up, taken from the Menuhin & Grappelli Play Berlin, Kern, Porter and Rodgers & Hart album as the interval act at the 23rd Eurovision Song Contest for TF1. The performance came direct from the studios of TF1 and not that of the venue (Palais des Congrès), where the contest was being held.

Menuhin hosted the PBS telecast of the gala opening concert of the San Francisco Symphony from Davies Symphony Hall in September 1980.

His recording contract with EMI lasted almost 70 years and is the longest in the history of the music industry. He made his first recording at age 13 in November 1929, and his last in 1999, when he was nearly 83 years old. He recorded over 300 works for EMI, both as a violinist and as a conductor. In 2009 EMI released a 51-CD retrospective of Menuhin's recording career, titled Yehudi Menuhin: The Great EMI Recordings. In 2016, the Menuhin centenary year, Warner Classics (formerly EMI Classics) issued a milestone collection of 80 CDs entitled The Menuhin Century, curated by his long-time friend and protégé Bruno Monsaingeon, who selected the recordings and sourced rare archival materials to tell Menuhin's story.

From 1984 until his death in 1999 he was the first guest conductor of Sinfonia Varsovia with which he performed over 300 times (nearly half of which were between 1996 and 1998). He said that "working with no other orchestra gave me as much satisfaction as my work, as soloist and conductor, with the Sinfonia Varsovia Orchestra." In his Unfinished Journey: Twenty Years Later he added "It was a true inspiration to spend as much time with them [Sinfonia Varsovia] as possible, to enjoy the deep satisfaction I derive from our music-making together.". In 1991, he became Principal Guest Conductor of the English Symphony Orchestra, a position he also held until his death.

In 1990 Menuhin was the first conductor for the Asian Youth Orchestra which toured around Asia, including Japan, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong with Julian Lloyd Webber and a group of young talented musicians from all over Asia.

 Personal life

Menuhin was married twice, first to Nola Nicholas, daughter of an Australian industrialist and sister of Hephzibah Menuhin's first husband Lindsay Nicholas. They had two children, Krov and Zamira (who married pianist Fou Ts'ong). Following their 1947 divorce he married the British ballerina and actress Diana Gould, whose mother was the pianist Evelyn Suart and stepfather was Admiral Sir Cecil Harcourt. The couple had two sons, Gerard, notable as a Holocaust denier and far right activist, and Jeremy, a pianist. A third child died shortly after birth. In the 1960s and 1970s they lived in Highgate at 2 The Grove, a house later owned by Sting.

The name Yehudi means "Jew" in Hebrew. In an interview republished in October 2004, he recounted to New Internationalist magazine the story of his name:

Menuhin became an honorary citizen of Switzerland, and then also of the United Kingdom, in 1970 and 1985, respectively.

Along with Albert Einstein, Menuhin was one of the sponsors of the Peoples' World Convention (PWC), also known as Peoples' World Constituent Assembly (PWCA), which took place in 1950-51 at Palais Electoral, Geneva, Switzerland.

Menuhin was a pescetarian.

Interest in yoga
In 1953, Life published photos of him in various esoteric yoga positions. In 1952, Menuhin was in India, where Nehru, the new nation's first Prime Minister, introduced him to an influential yogi B. K. S. Iyengar, who was largely unknown outside the country. Menuhin arranged for Iyengar to teach abroad in London, Switzerland, Paris, and elsewhere. He became one of the first prominent yoga masters teaching in the West.

Menuhin also took lessons from Indra Devi, who opened the first yoga studio in the U.S. in Los Angeles in 1948. Both Devi and Iyengar were students of Krishnamacharya, a famous yoga master in India.

 Death and legacy
Menuhin died in Martin Luther Hospital in Berlin, Germany, from complications of bronchitis. Soon after his death, the Royal Academy of Music acquired the Yehudi Menuhin Archive, which includes sheet music marked up for performance, correspondence, news articles and photographs relating to Menuhin, autograph musical manuscripts, and several portraits of Paganini.

 Violins
Menuhin played a number of famous violins, arguably the most renowned of which is the Lord Wilton Guarnerius 1742.  Others included the Giovanni Bussetto 1680, Giovanni Grancino 1695, Guarneri filius Andrea 1703, Soil Stradivarius, Prince Khevenhüller 1733 Stradivari, and Guarneri del Gesù 1739.

In his autobiography Unfinished Journey, Menuhin wrote: "A great violin is alive; its very shape embodies its maker's intentions, and its wood stores the history, or the soul, of its successive owners. I never play without feeling that I have released or, alas, violated spirits."

 Awards and honours
 In 2000 the luxury writing instrument maker Montblanc created limited edition fountain and ballpoint pens in honour of Menuhin, called the Montblanc Writer Series Yehudi Menuhin.
 Freedom of the City (Edinburgh, Scotland, 1965).
 Appointed to the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in 1965. At the time of his appointment, he was an American citizen. As a result, his knighthood was honorary and he was not entitled to use the style 'Sir'. Later, he became a British citizen and the knighthood became substantive. In 1993, he became The Right Honourable The Lord Menuhin, OM, KBE (see below).
 The Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding (1968).
 Became President of the International Music Council (1969–1975)
 Became President of Trinity College of Music (now Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance), 1970.
 The Léonie Sonning Music Prize (Denmark, 1972).
 Nominated as president of the Elgar Society (1983).
 The Ernst von Siemens Music Prize (1984).
 The Kennedy Center Honors (1986).
 Appointed as a member of the Order of Merit (1987).
 His recording of Edward Elgar's Cello Concerto in E minor with Julian Lloyd Webber won the 1987 BRIT Award for Best British Classical Recording (BBC Music Magazine named this recording "the finest version ever recorded").
 The Glenn Gould Prize (1990), in recognition of his lifetime of contributions.
 Wolf Prize in Arts (1991).
 Ambassador of Goodwill (UNESCO, 1992).
 On 19 July 1993, Menuhin was made a life peer, as Baron Menuhin, of Stoke d'Abernon in the County of Surrey.
 Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship the highest honour conferred by Sangeet Natak Akademi, India's National Academy for Music, Dance and Drama (1994).
 The Konex Decoration (Konex Foundation, Argentina, 1994).
 The Otto Hahn Peace Medal in Gold of the United Nations Association of Germany (DGVN) in Berlin (1997).
 Honorary Doctorates from 20 universities, including Oxford, Cambridge, St Andrews, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and the University of Bath (1969).
 The room in which concerts and performances are held at the European Parliament in Brussels is named the "Yehudi Menuhin Space".
 Menuhin was honored as a "Freeman" of the cities of Edinburgh, Bath, Reims and Warsaw.
 He held the Gold Medals of the cities of Paris, New York and Jerusalem.
 Honorary degree from Kalamazoo College.
 Elected an Honorary Fellow of Fitzwilliam College in 1991.
 He received the 1997 Prince of Asturias Award in the Concord category along with Russian cellist Mstislav Rostropovich.
 In 1997, he received the Grand Cross 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany.
 On 15 May 1998, Menuhin received the Grand Cross of the Order of Saint James of the Sword (Portugal).

 Cultural references
 The catchphrase "Who's Yehoodi?" popular in the 1930s and 1940s was inspired by Menuhin's guest appearance on a radio show, where Jerry Colonna turned "Yehoodi" into a widely recognized slang term for a mysteriously absent person. It eventually lost all of its original connection with Menuhin.
 Menuhin was also "meant" to appear on The 1971 Morecambe and Wise Christmas Show but could not do so as he was "opening at the Argyle Theatre, Birkenhead in Old King Cole". He was replaced by Eric Morecambe in the famous "Grieg's Piano Concerto by Grieg" sketch featuring the conductor André Previn; he was also invited to appear on their 1973 Christmas Show to play his "banjo" as they said playing his violin would not be any good; he ruefully said that "I can't help you".
 A picture of Menuhin as a child is sometimes used as part of a Thematic Apperception Test.

 Films
 1943 – Menuhin was a featured performer in the 1943 film, Stage Door Canteen. Introduced only as "Mr. Menuhin," he performed two violin solos, "Ave Maria" and "Flight of the Bumble Bee" for an audience of servicemen, volunteer hostesses and celebrities from stage and screen.
 1946 – Menuhin supplied the violin solos in the film The Magic Bow.
 1979 – The Music of Man (television series)
 The Mind of Music''

References

Sources

External links

 Yehudi Menuhin performing works by Bach, Bartók, Lalo, Mendelssohn, Mozart, Paganini and Tchaikovsky on Archive.org
 Yehudi Menuhin interview, 31 January 1987
 Text and pictures from Yehudi Menuhin by french film director Bruno Monsaingeon
 Yehudi Menuhin's life in Alma
 Yehudi Menuhin Collection (ARS.0040), Stanford Archive of Recorded Sound

1916 births
1999 deaths
American emigrants to the United Kingdom
British emigrants to Switzerland
Naturalised citizens of Switzerland
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
American people of Belarusian-Jewish descent
British people of Belarusian-Jewish descent
Swiss people of Belarusian-Jewish descent
American classical violinists
Male classical violinists
English classical violinists
Jewish classical violinists
Swiss classical violinists
American male conductors (music)
English conductors (music)
British male conductors (music)
Swiss conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
Conductors (music) awarded knighthoods
EMI Classics and Virgin Classics artists
Ernst von Siemens Music Prize winners
Fellows of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge
Glenn Gould Prize winners
Grammy Award winners
Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint James of the Sword
Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour
Honorary Members of the Royal Philharmonic Society
Jewish American classical musicians
Kennedy Center honorees
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Life peers
Members of the Order of Merit
Musicians awarded knighthoods
Musicians who were peers
Recipients of the Léonie Sonning Music Prize
Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship
Royal Philharmonic Society Gold Medallists
Wolf Prize in Arts laureates
UNESCO Goodwill Ambassadors
People from Stoke d'Abernon
20th-century American conductors (music)
20th-century classical violinists
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century American Jews
20th-century American violinists
Presidents of the Independent Society of Musicians
Life peers created by Elizabeth II
Families of classical musicians

Yehudi Menuhin


William Dale Goodman (March 22, 1926 – October 1, 1984) was an American Major League Baseball (MLB) infielder who played 16 seasons for the Boston Red Sox, Baltimore Orioles, Chicago White Sox, and Houston Colt .45s, from 1947 through 1962. Goodman was inducted posthumously into the Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame in November .

Goodman was an outstanding hitter and fielder, he was one of the most versatile players of his era. He played every position in the major leagues except catcher and pitcher and was an All-Star for two seasons. In 1950, he won the American League (AL) batting title  hitting .354 with 68 runs batted in (RBI) and was the AL Most Valuable Player runner-up to New York Yankees shortstop Phil Rizzuto (hit .324 with 66 RBI). Goodman batted over .290 in eleven seasons including over .300 in five seasons. In 1959, he hit .304, helping the White Sox win the AL Pennant championship. His career .376 on-base percentage made him an ideal lead-off hitter. He was inducted into the North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame in .

Early years
Goodman was born in Concord, North Carolina, and played Textile League baseball in Concord before signing with the Atlanta Crackers of the Southern Association in  at just eighteen years old.

Minor league
Goodman hit .336 his first season in Atlanta. He left baseball temporarily, serving in the United States Navy during World War II in . While assigned to the Pacific Theater on Ulithi with Major Leaguer Mickey Vernon and future Baseball Hall of Famer, Larry Doby, both Goodman and Vernon encouraged Doby to become a Major League baseball player.

Goodman returned to the Atlanta Crackers in  to bat .389 and lead his team to the Southern Association's playoff series championship. On February 8, , he was sold to the Boston Red Sox. Goodman entered his first Spring training battling Sam Mele for the open right field job. With Mele winning the job, Goodman batted .182 in limited play through May of the  season before being reassigned to the American Association's Louisville Colonels, where he batted .340 over the remainder of the season.

MLB career

Boston Red Sox

1947–1948
Goodman spent the spring with the Red Sox in  playing in 12 games, 2 in the outfield, and 10 filling in at second base for an injured Bobby Doerr, He made his first start as a Major League third baseman on May 20, . From there, Goodman moved across the diamond to first base for the remainder of the season in the Majors. He batted .310 with 66 runs batted in as a rookie. His first Major League home run, and only home run of the season, was a grand slam off the Detroit Tigers' Virgil Trucks.

1949–1950
He was named to the first of two American League All-Star rosters in , and appeared during the bottom of the 8th inning of the All-Star Game as a defensive replacement for Washington Senators first baseman Eddie Robinson. Early in the  season, Goodman suffered a chip fracture in his left ankle that cost him a month of play. Power hitting rookie first baseman Walt Dropo earned himself a place in the everyday starting line-up in Goodman's absence, batting .348 with ten home runs and 33 RBIs. Goodman found himself without a starting position upon his return, however, injuries to Bobby Doerr and third baseman Johnny Pesky kept Goodman in the line-up semi-regularly. After Ted Williams injured himself in the All-Star game, Goodman took over in left field for the Bosox, and batted .338 with 23 RBIs filling in for the Boston legend. Playing five different positions over the course of the season, Goodman logged enough at-bats to win the American League batting title with a .354 batting average (Stan Musial, National League, .346) with 68 RBI and was the runner-up in AL Most Valuable Player Award balloting to New York Yankees shortstop, Phil Rizzuto who hit .324 with 66 RBI; Yankee catcher Yogi Berra finished 3rd in the voting hitting .322 with 124 RBI.

1951–1953
Goodman resumed his utility player role in . He began the season playing first base when Dropo fractured his right wrist. He shifted over to right field upon Dropo's return, but was back at first when Dropo was optioned to the Pacific Coast League's San Diego Padres at the end of June for "more work." He spent most of the month of August at second base when Bobby Doerr's bad back kept him out of the line-up. In all, Goodman played five different positions, and batted .297 with 50 RBIs and 92 runs scored. His 638 plate appearances were third highest on the team behind Dom DiMaggio and Ted Williams.

Doerr retired at the end of the season, opening a regular position for Goodman at second base in . He batted over .300 each of the next three seasons, and was moved into the lead-off spot in manager Lou Boudreau's batting order in , where he would remain for the rest of his career in Boston. He was elected to start the All-Star Game as a second baseman that season despite being sidelined for a month by one of the more bizarre baseball injuries. While arguing with first base umpire Jim Duffy, Goodman was restrained by teammate Jim Piersall. Piersall pulled Goodman toward the dugout, and in doing so, strained Goodman's rib cartilage.

1954–1957
In , Goodman returned to his "jack of all trades" role with the Bosox. After starting the season at second, he moved over to third when the Sox traded George Kell to the Chicago White Sox. He moved to left field when Ted Williams was sidelined by a virus infection in his right lung. Upon Williams' return, he began platooning at first with Harry Agganis (despite the fact that both were left-handed batters) until he was shifted back to second base in the beginning of August.

He had a starting job at second base again in , and led the team with 100 runs scored while logging a team high 719 plate appearances. Both were career highs, as were his 176 hits and 99 walks. He began losing playing time to Ted Lepcio at second base toward the end of the  season. He was relegated to pinch hitting duties early in the  season before a mid-season trade sent him to the Baltimore Orioles for pitcher Mike Fornieles.

The Rookie
During his time with the Red Sox, Goodman was one of the players featured in the 1957 Norman Rockwell painting The Rookie.

Baltimore Orioles
Goodman was immediately inserted into the starting line-up in Baltimore, and hit a home run in his first game as an Oriole. He mostly played third base, filling in for an injured George Kell, but also played first, second, short, left field and right field. He batted .308 with three home runs and 33 RBIs in 73 games for the Orioles. At the end of the season, he, Tito Francona and Ray Moore were dealt to the Chicago White Sox for Larry Doby, Jack Harshman and Jim Marshall. Chicago later sent pitcher Russ Heman to Baltimore as part of this deal when it was discovered by the Orioles that Harshman was suffering from a slipped disc.

Chicago White Sox

In 1958, with Nellie Fox at second base, Goodman shifted to third with the White Sox. He was sidelined by a knee injury for most of the month of May. Upon his return, he quickly shot up among the American League leaders in batting, with his average peaking at .336 in late July.

At 33 years old at the start of the  season, Goodman was used in a lefty-righty platoon with Bubba Phillips at third base. The 1959 White Sox reached the World Series for the first time since the infamous  World Series. It was also the first and only World Series of Goodman's career. Goodman appeared in five of the six games of the  World Series, driving in and scoring one run in the White Sox's 11–0 game one victory. He also went two-for-three in game three, and was hit by a pitch in the eighth inning to load the bases with the White Sox down by two runs (they ended up scoring one). Overall, he batted .231 (3-for-13) in Chicago's six game loss to the Los Angeles Dodgers.

Goodman was used sparingly by manager Al López in . After the season, the White Sox made him available for the 1960 Major League Baseball expansion draft, but he went unselected. Instead, he remained with the franchise for two more seasons, in which he batted a combined .242 with one home run and sixteen RBIs in 71 games. After holding out over a salary dispute at the start of Spring training , he was released by the White Sox just as the season was set to start.

Houston Colt .45s
Goodman joined the Houston Colt .45s in 1962, playing in 49 games into their inaugural season, and went two-for-five with two runs scored in his first game as a Colt 45. Overall, he batted .255 in 82 games for the Colt .45s, while playing first, second, and third base.

Player-manager
In , he became a player-manager for the Colts' Carolina League affiliate, the Durham Bulls, and batted .354 with six home runs, the most home runs he had ever hit in any season at any level. The following season, he appeared on the mound for two games (7 innings) with Durham, leaving catcher as the only position he never played professionally. He managed the Cocoa Astros of the Florida State League in . In three seasons, he had a combined 184–228 record for a .447 winning percentage.

Scout and instructor
He became a scout for the Red Sox in , then an instructor in the Kansas City Athletics organization in  before moving over to the Atlanta Braves' organization in , serving as first-base coach on the Braves Major League staff through 1970.

Later years
Goodman retired from the game in , and became an antiques dealer in Sarasota, Florida, the spring training home of the Red Sox during his decade with them. He died on October 1, 1984, after a year-long battle with cancer.

Major League stats

Goodman had five 5-hit games in his career. His best playing position according to fielding percentage was .991 at first base; in 1949, he led the AL with a .992 fielding average at first base.

See also

 List of Major League Baseball batting champions

References

External links

 Billy Goodman at SABR (Baseball BioProject)

1926 births
1984 deaths
American League All-Stars
American League batting champions
Atlanta Braves coaches
Atlanta Crackers players
Baltimore Orioles players
Baseball players from Concord, North Carolina
Boston Red Sox players
Boston Red Sox scouts
Chicago White Sox players
Deaths from cancer in Florida
Deaths from multiple myeloma
Durham Bulls managers
Durham Bulls players
Houston Colt .45s players
Louisville Colonels (minor league) players
Major League Baseball first base coaches
Major League Baseball first basemen
Major League Baseball second basemen
United States Navy personnel of World War II

Billy Goodman


Ionela Târlea (during marriage Târlea-Manolache; born 9 February 1976) is a former track and field athlete, competing internationally for Romania. She won the silver medal in the 400 m hurdles at the 2004 Summer Olympics. At the same games in Athens, Greece, Târlea helped the Romanian national team to sixth place in the 4 × 400 m relay.

She gained recognition in top international competitions as early as 1996 at the Atlanta Olympics, when she came seventh in the 400 m hurdles event. In 1999 at the World Indoor Athletics Championships she won the gold medal in the 200 metres.

In 2000 in Sydney, Australia, Târlea earned her place again in the finals of the 400 m hurdles event, and came sixth. In 2002, she reaped gold at the European Championships held in Munich, also in the 400 m hurdles, her preferred event. A rather uneventful period followed for Târlea.:It was only in early 2008 that she secured her comeback among the world's top athletes as she came third in the 400 m event held in Stuttgart's Sparkassen Cup. She retired in April 2009, due to long-term injuries.

At club level Târlea competed for Dinamo Bucharest, Fenerbahçe Istanbul and Sporting Portugal athletics.

Achievements

References

External links

  Tirlea de argint!

1976 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Craiova
Romanian female hurdlers
Romanian female sprinters
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Olympic athletes for Romania
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Romania
European Athletics Championships medalists
Fenerbahçe athletes
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
FISU World University Games gold medalists for Romania
World Athletics Indoor Championships winners
World Athletics Indoor Championships medalists
Medalists at the 1995 Summer Universiade
Medalists at the 1999 Summer Universiade
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal

Ionela Târlea


The High Cost of Free Parking is an urban planning book by UCLA professor Donald Shoup dealing with the costs of free parking on society. It is structured as a criticism of the planning and regulation of parking and recommends that parking be built and allocated according to its fair market value.  It incorporates elements of Shoup's Georgist philosophy.

The book was originally published in 2005 by the American Planning Association and the Planners Press. A revised edition was released in 2011 by Routledge.

Contents

The High Cost of Free Parking begins with a discussion of the history of automobiles and parking and how vehicle ownership rates have steadily increased over time. Shoup argues the parking is a classic tragedy of the commons problem, wherein drivers compete over scarce public parking spaces and consume time and resources searching for them.

Shoup then criticizes the Institute of Transportation Engineers for how it determines parking generation rates and the amount of parking needed for certain land uses, for extrapolating based on limited data, and for not accounting for factors like public transportation, which he argues leads to inaccurate rates. He concludes that the methods used to determine these rates amount to "pseudoscience" because they appear scientific but are, in his view, often arbitrary.

Shoup goes on to discuss the cost of constructing and maintaining parking and the differences between public and private parking from a planning perspective. He delves into a number of case studies from cities around the world and considers the costs that come with people spending time searching for parking, which he terms "cruising".

Shoup ends the book with a number of recommendations. He outlines methods by which governments can collect revenue from parking and how it can design parking meters and systems to respond to price signals. He concludes by recommending three main reforms which can be made to improve parking policy: charging fair market prices for curb parking, returning parking revenue to neighborhoods for community investment, and removing the requirements for off-street parking for new development.

Reception

The High Cost of Free Parking received generally positive reception.  Reviewers generally found the book very comprehensive and practical for planners but also overly long and lacking in political solutions to parking's planning problems.  A review by Dr. David S. Levinson, a professor at the University of Minnesota Twin Cities, stated that, "One cannot disagree with many of the proffered solutions as having roles in specific
crowded and high-density places, the kind of places most planners prefer. Yet the vast majority of the United States now possesses sufficient free off-street parking to make these solutions irrelevant for decades to come."

Edward Steinfeld, in a review for the Journal of Urban Design, wrote, "This is an extraordinary book. An appropriate descriptive subtitle would be 'Everything you really wanted to know about parking but were afraid to ask!' It is a very long book about a small component of the built environment."

Susan Handy, in a review for the Journal of Planning Education and Research, found the book daunting at first, saying "this book, at more than 600 pages, is downright intimidating". However, she says that the book showed her that "parking is interesting, and it is hugely important." She concludes, "although Shoup often seems overly optimistic about the political feasibility of the changes he proposes, I'm convinced they're worth a try."

References

External links
Chapter 1 of The High Cost of Free Parking

2005 non-fiction books
Books about urbanism
Parking

The High Cost of Free Parking


The Four Books of Sentences () is a compendium of theology written by Peter Lombard around 1150.

Origin and characteristics

The Book of Sentences had its precursor in the glosses (an explanation or interpretation of a text, such as, e.g. the  or biblical) by the masters who lectured using Saint Jerome's Latin translation of the Bible (the Vulgate). A gloss might concern syntax or grammar, or it might be on some difficult point of doctrine. These glosses, however, were not continuous, rather being placed between the lines or in the margins of the biblical text itself. Lombard went a step further, collecting texts from various sources (such as scripture, Augustine of Hippo, and other Church Fathers) and compiling them into one coherent whole. In order to accomplish this, he had to address two tasks: first, that of devising an order for his material, because systematic theology had not yet been constituted as a discipline, and secondly, finding ways to reconcile doctrinal differences among his sources. Peter Abelard's  provided crucial inspiration for the latter tasks.

Lombard arranged his material from the Bible and the Church Fathers in four books, then subdivided this material further into chapters. Probably between 1223 and 1227, Alexander of Hales grouped the many chapters of the four books into a smaller number of "distinctions". In this form, the book was widely adopted as a theological textbook in the high and late Middle Ages (the 13th, 14th, and 15th centuries). A commentary on the Sentences was required of every master of theology, and was part of the examination system. At the end of lectures on Lombard's work, a student could apply for bachelor status within the theology faculty.

The importance of the Sentences to medieval theology and philosophy lies to a significant extent in the overall framework they provide to theological and philosophical discussion. All the great scholastic thinkers, such as Aquinas, William of Ockham, Bonaventure, Petrus Aureolus, Robert Holcot, and Duns Scotus, wrote commentaries on the Sentences. But these works were not exactly commentaries, for the Sentences was really a compilation of sources, and Lombard left many questions open, giving later scholars an opportunity to provide their own answers.

See also
 Minuscule 714 – the manuscript of the New Testament and of

Editions

Standard modern translation into English

Peter Lombard, The Sentences, Books 1–4. translator, Giulio Silano, 4 vols. (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2007-2010).
 Book 1: The Mystery of the Trinity
 Book 2: On Creation
 Book 3: On the Incarnation of the Word
 Book 4: On the Doctrine of Signs

Further reading
Elizabeth Frances Rogers, Peter Lombard and the Sacramental System (Merrick, NY: Richwood Pub. Co., 1976).
Philipp W. Rosemann, Peter Lombard (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).
Philipp W. Rosemann, The Story of a Great Medieval Book: Peter Lombard's "Sentences" (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007).

External links
 Les Sentences - Pierre LOMBARD - Magister Sententiarum
 Various commentaries, and a partial English translation of The Four Books of the Sentences itself
  Textus Sententiarum (Patrologie Latine, 192, col. 519-964)
  Textus Sententiarum: cum conclusionibus magistri Henrici Gorichem (1502 Edition, by Bavarian State Library digital)
  Libri Quattuor Sententiarum
  Page from the Logic Museum about the Book of Sentences.
  Scriptum super Sententiis by St. Thomas Aquinas (complete)

1150s books
12th-century Latin books
12th-century Christian texts
Medieval literature
Scholasticism
Christian theology books

Sentences


August Musarurwa (usually identified as August Msarurgwa on record labels) was the Zimbabwean composer of the 1950s hit tune  "Skokiaan" (also known as Skokiyana, Skokian).

History
August Musarurwa was born and raised in the Zvimba (map) district of Mashonaland, a region in the north of what was then Southern Rhodesia. He attended Marshall Hartley Primary School before moving to what was then Salisbury (Harare) to find work. After working as a clerk for a tobacco company, he joined the British South African Police as a 22-year-old. The BSAP employed Musarurwa as an interpreter, but later he transferred to the police band.

He left the BSAP to work for the Bulawayo Cold Storage Commission, living in the company's compound. As leader of the African Dance Band of the Cold Storage Commission of Southern Rhodesia, Musarurwa recorded Skokiaan as an instrumental in 1947. A second version of the tune was released in the United States by London Records in 1954 under the name of the Bulawayo Sweet Rhythms Band, as Musarurwa's band was now called.

Louis Armstrong met Musarurwa in November 1960 during his African tour. According to his daughter, Armstrong gave Musarurwa a jacket and invited him to visit the United States. The visit was cancelled due to the death in 1962 of Tandiwe, Musarurwa's spouse.

Death
August Musarurwa died in 1968 and is buried in his family cemetery in his village near Zvimba. The inscription on his grave reads Here lies August Machona Musarurwa, great singer and music composer, renowned the world over.

See also
 Skokiaan

References

Zimbabwean musicians
British South Africa Police officers
Rhodesian musicians
Rhodesian composers
1968 deaths
Year of birth missing

August Msarurgwa


The politics of Normandy regulate the political and governmental administration. The modern region was created on 1 January 2016 by reunification of the separate regions Lower Normandy and Upper Normandy. Rouen is the regional capital, while Caen is the seat of the regional council.

The new region took effect on 1 January 2016, after the regional elections in December 2015.

Government

The Regional Council which has 102 members who are elected under a system of proportional representation. The executive consists of a president and vice-presidents.

President

See also
 Politics of France

References

External links

Politics of France
Normandy

Politics of Normandy


The military history of Serbia spans over 1200 years on the Balkan peninsula during the various forms of the Serbian state and Serbian military.

Historical preview

Middle Ages

The Serbian army in the Middle Ages primarily consisted of light cavalry and infantry force armed with spears, javelins or bows. With the increasing wealth from mining, mercenary knights were recruited to complement noble cavalry armed with bow and lance. This enabled the Serbs to fight effectively outside their mountain strongholds. The core of the army consisted of noble cavalry (vlastela) armed with lance and bow in the Byzantine style in early medieval times. These were increasingly supplemented by western-style knights, mostly Germans (in Emperor Dušan reign).

Emperor Dušan's military tactics consisted of wedge-shaped heavy cavalry attacks with horse archers on the flanks. Many foreign mercenaries were in the Serbian army, mostly Germans as cavalry and Spaniards as infantry. He also had personal mercenary guards, mainly German knights. A knight named Palman was the commander of this unit and was the leader of all German mercenaries. Light horses were provided by Hungarian and Cuman mercenaries. Later in the period, Serbian lance armed Hussars took over this role. The infantry still included lightly armed javelin troops although the bow and crossbow became the most important infantry weapon in the 14th century. A western-style charge by the armoured cavalry and knights was the main tactic that the infantry used to follow up.
Ragusan historian Mavro Orbin recorded that Prince Lazar used cannons as early as 1373 in his war against Nikola Altamanovich in northern Serbia. Despot Stefan has armed his knights with light firearms (musket "Fitiljača"),  also with spears, swords, daggers, maces, bow and arrows, crossbows, shields, armours, halberd and cannons. He also introduced European-style knight tournaments.

Modern Age and Contemporary period
The modern Serbian military dates back to the Serbian revolution which started in 1804 with the First Serbian Uprising against the Ottoman occupation of Serbia. The victories in the battles of Ivankovac (1805), Mišar (August 1806), Deligrad (December 1806) and Belgrade (November–December 1806), led to the establishment of the Principality of Serbia in 1817. The subsequent Second Serbian Uprising of 1815–1817 led to full independence and recognition of the Kingdom of Serbia and weakened the Ottoman dominance in the Balkans. In November 1885 the Serbo-Bulgarian War occurred following Bulgarian unification and resulted in a Bulgarian victory. In 1912 the First Balkan War (1912–1913) erupted between the Ottoman Empire and the Balkan League (Serbia, Greece, Montenegro and Bulgaria). Balkan League victories in the Battle of Kumanovo (October 1912), the Battle of Prilep (November 1912), the Battle of Monastir (November 1912), the Battle of Adrianople (November 1912 to March 1913), and the Siege of Scutari (October 1912 to April 1913) resulted in the defeat of the Ottoman Empire, which lost most of its remaining Balkan territories per the Treaty of London (May 1913). Shortly after, the Second Balkan War (June to August 1913) broke out when Bulgaria, dissatisfied with the division of territory, declared war against its former allies, Serbia and Greece. Following a string of defeats, Bulgaria requested an armistice and signed the 1913 Treaty of Bucharest, formally ending the war.

Serbia's independence and growing influence threatened neighboring Austria-Hungary which led to the Bosnian crisis of 1908–09. Consequently, from 1901, all Serbian males between the ages of 21 and 46 became liable for general mobilization. Following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in June 1914, Austria-Hungary implicated Serbians and declared war on Serbia (July 1914), which marked the beginning of the First World War of 1914–1918. Serbian forces repelled three consecutive invasions by Austria in 1914, securing the first major victories of the war for the Allies, but were eventually overwhelmed by the combined forces of the Central Powers (October–November 1915) and forced to retreat through Albania (1915–1916) to the Greek island of Corfu (1915–1916).

Serbian military activity after World War I took place in the context of various Yugoslav armies until the break-up of Yugoslavia in the 1990s and the restoration of Serbia as an independent state in 2006.

See also
 List of wars involving Serbia
 List of wars involving Serbia in the Middle Ages

References

Sources
Momir Jović, Kosta Radić. Srpske zemlje i vladari (1955), str. 68 – 80.
Pavle Vasić, Uniforme srpske vojske 1808–1918, Prosveta, Beograd, 1980.

External links
 Military Museum Belgrade
 Museum of Yugoslav Aviation
 Strategic Research Institute of Serbia (successor to the Military History Institute)

Military history of Serbia


Terence Curtin Boylan (born 1946) is an American singer-songwriter.

Brought up in Buffalo, New York, Terence Boylan first appeared on local radio in the late 1950s performing a song he had written at the age of 11. While still in his mid teens, in the early 1960s, he performed in Greenwich Village and, following a chance meeting with Bob Dylan, was encouraged to pursue a solo music career in upstate New York. He attended Bard College in New York and, with his older brother John, formed a band, the Ginger Men. By 1967, they had both signed with Verve Records, for whom they then recorded an experimental concept album, Playback, issued in the name of the Appletree Theatre.

After John Boylan moved to California, Terence stayed in New York City, returned to college, and played with classmates Walter Becker and Donald Fagen.  With them, he cut a solo LP, Alias Boona in 1969, the title referring to his nickname. He then moved to California, working again with his brother.  After a few years he was signed to Asylum Records, and he recorded his self-titled second album in 1977. Like his previous record, this was well received by critics but was never more than a cult success. However, Boylan did enjoy some success as a songwriter when Iain Matthews turned his song "Shake It" into a top five hit.

Following a third album, Suzy, Boylan has principally involved himself with songwriting and soundtrack work, and his own record label and publishing company, Spinnaker Records.

At the age of nine, Boylan sent a letter to the U.S. National Institutes of Health requesting a $10 "grant" to build a rocket ship. The peer review panel was so impressed with the young boy's initiative that they each contributed money to total $10 to send to Boylan. He has since been a big supporter of science, science education, and medical research. He is executive director of the John Boylan Medical Research Foundation which supports research and international scientist exchange fellowships and serves as Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Mount Desert Island Biological Lab. Boylan has also supported children's educational programs at the Center for Scientific Review at the U.S. National Institutes of Health.

Discography
Alias Boona (1969)
Terence Boylan (1977)
Suzy (1980)
Terence Boylan (1999) – (Compilation)

References

External links
Terence Boylan website

1946 births
Living people
Musicians from Buffalo, New York
American male singer-songwriters
Bard College alumni
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)

Terence Boylan


Judit Hidasi (; born 11 July 1948) is a Hungarian linguist,  professor of communication at Faculty of International Management and Business, Budapest Business School.

Biography and career
Hidasi was born on 11 July 1948 in Budapest. She earned M.A. degrees at the Eötvös Loránd University, Faculty of Humanities, School of English and American Studies in English and Russian Philology in 1971, and in General and Applied Linguistics in 1976.

In 1971 she began to teach in what was then the Foreign Language Department at Budapest College for Foreign Trade (until 1971, it has been the International Management and Business College, and from 2001 it has become the Faculty of International Management and Business of Budapest Business School). She earned a candidate of linguistics degree in 1986. In 1988 she earned a B.A. in Business Administration at Budapest College for Foreign Trade, and was then appointed head of the Department of Russian Language at the International Management and Business College. She was head of department until 1992 and deputy principal in charge of Academic and International Affairs from 1989 to 1993 at the Budapest College for Foreign Trade.

She worked at the college until 1997 where she not only lectured but took part in scientific researches and was appointed its deputy general director for international affairs from 1991 until 1997. In 1992 she founded the Institute of Oriental Communication Studies and managed it until 1998. In 1997 she habilitated. She acted as a Deputy Head of the Department of International Bilateral Relations at the Ministry of Education and as a secretary of the Hungarian Scholarship Board from 1998 until 2001.

In 1999 she was appointed to university (full) professor and became the head of the Department of Applied Linguistics at the Berzsenyi Teacher Training College, Szombathely. From 2001 to 2006 she was visiting professor of the Department of International Communication at the Kanda University of International Studies .

In 2006 she was appointed dean of the Faculty of International Management and Business, Budapest Business School where she has served until 2012.

She has also lecturered as a visiting professor at Sapientia University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania since 2012, and at Josai University, Sakado, Japan since 2015.

She has been a full professor of communication and director for International Relations, Budapest Business School since 2012.

Committee memberships
Japan Society for Multicultural Relations (Tabunka Kankei Gakkai), member – 2002
International Society for Intercultural Education and Research (SIETAR): SIETAR Japan, member – 2001
The Asiatic Society, member – 2001
European Association of Japanese Studies (EAJS), 1996–2003 Council member; since 2003 member – 1996
International Society for Intercultural Education and Research (SIETAR): SIETAR Europe, member – 1995

Awards and honors
"For the Development of Education" by the Minister of Trade of Hungary – 1992
"Citoyenette d`Honneur Sociale Pro Pace et Unitate Senatorie Meritu Honoris Causa" by the Council of Europe – 1994
"Ágoston Trefort Prize" by the Minister of Education, Hungary – 2000
Order of the Rising Sun, 3rd Class, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon –2005

Bibliography

Selected works

Books
Intercultural Communication: An outline, Sangensha, Tokyo, 2005.

Papers

References

1948 births
Writers from Budapest
Linguists from Hungary
Hungarian women academics
Living people
Japanologists
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun, 3rd class
Eötvös Loránd University alumni
20th-century Hungarian women
21st-century Hungarian women

Judit Hidasi


William VII (born Peter, Pierre-Guillaume) (1023 – autumn 1058), called the Eagle (Aigret) or the Bold (le Hardi), was the duke of Aquitaine and count of Poitou (as William V) between 1039 and his death, following his half-brother Odo.

William was the third son of William V of Aquitaine, the eldest by his third wife, Agnes of Burgundy. He was brother-in-law of the Holy Roman Emperor Henry III, who married his sister Agnes. His mother remarried to Geoffrey Martel, Count of Anjou, during his reign. William won his patrimony in a war with his half-brother Odo, who was killed in battle at Mauzé. He did not, however, succeed in occupying Gascony.

Geoffrey Martel refused to concede to him the territories gained in the reigns of his predecessors. William set to work regaining his patrimony by force of arms. He was besieging Geoffrey in Saumur when he died of dysentery.

He was married to Ermesinde, of unknown origins. Two daughters have been hypothesized to be children of this couple:
Clementia, who married Conrad I of Luxembourg
Agnes, who married Peter I of Savoy.

References

Sources

See also
Dukes of Aquitaine family tree

House of Poitiers
Counts of Poitiers
William 07 of Aquitaine
1023 births
1058 deaths

William VII, Duke of Aquitaine