Bruno Destrée (1867-1919) was a Benedictine monk, a French-language poet, and a Belgian literary critic. He was the brother of the politician Jules Destrée.

Bruno Destrée was a monk at Maredsous Abbey and later at Keizersberg Abbey in Leuven. He was interested in the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood.

Biography
Georges Destrée was born in Marcinelle August 10, 1867. He was the younger brother of the politician Jules Destrée.

Like his elder brother, he studied law at the Université Libre de Bruxelles. It was then he started putting his father's first name, Olivier, before his own. He collaborated as an art columnist in the magazine La Jeune Belgique, where he met Max Waller, Albert Giraud and Iwan Gilkin.

Anglophile, he was really enthusiastic about Pre-Raphaelite painting: in 1894 he published Les Préraphaélites : notes sur l'art décoratif et la peinture en Angleterre, the very first essay on this movement in French. In the Revue général of October 1895, he gave a nearly complete translation of "La Lampe de la mémoire", the sixth chapter of The Seven Lamps of Architecture; a few years later, Marcel Proust's reading of that text would be decisive in his own business of translating John Ruskin's work.

He then collaborated with the Catholic magazine Durendal. He gradually got closer to Catholicism and decided in October 1898 to enter the Order of St. Benedict. He took the name of Dom Bruno and later left Maredsous abbey to enter Keizersberg Abbey in Leuven. He was ordained priest in 1903.

In 1911, he collaborated with his brother to organise the exhibition Les Arts anciens du Hainaut.

He died of peritonitis on 30 October 1919 in Leuven.

Works
 1891 – Journal des Destrée
 1894 – Poèmes sans rimes, available on Internet Archive
 1894 – Les Préraphaélites : notes sur l'art décoratif et la peinture en Angleterre, available on Internet Archive
 1895 – The Renaissance of Sculpture in Belgium, available on Internet Archive
 1897 – Les Mages
 1898 – Trois Poèmes : Sainte Dorothée de Cappadoce ; Sainte Rose de Viterbe ; Saint Jean Gualbert
 1904 – La Mère Jeanne de Saint-Mathieu Deleloë : une mystique inconnue du xviie siècle
 1908 – Au milieu du chemin de notre vie
 1910 – Les Bénédictins
 1911 – L'Âme du Nord
 1913 – Impressions et Souvenirs
 1913 – L'Orfèvrerie religieuse : l'œuvre de Jan Brom, available on Internet Archive

References
 Cynthia J. Gamble, Proust as Interpreter of Ruskin : The Seven Lamps of Translation, Birmingham, Summa Publications, 2002 (), chap. 4 ("Proust's Ruskinian epiphany"), pp. 52–55.

Bibliography
  Laurence Brogniez, "Georges-Olivier Destrée et la religion de l'art : de l'esthète au converti", in Alain Dierkens (ed.), Problèmes d'histoire des religions : Dimensions du sacré dans les littératures profanes, vol. 10, Brussels, Éditions de l'université de Bruxelles, 1999, pp 33–42
 Henry Carton de Wiart, La Vocation d'Olivier-Georges Destrée, Paris, Flammarion, coll. "Notre clergé", 1931, 248 p.
 Geneviève De Grave, Dom Bruno Destrée : l'esthète, le converti, le moine, Liège, La Pensée catholique, coll. "Études religieuses", 1942, 22 p.
  René Dethier, Les Écrivains de chez nous : Dom Bruno Destrée (Olivier-Georges), vol. VI, Charleroi, Éditions de la Jeune Wallonie, s.d., 12 p.
 Arnold Goffin, "Olivier-Georges Destrée", Durendal, no. 12, 1898, pp. 991–1000.
 Pierre Nothomb, Une conversion esthétique : Olivier-Georges Destrée, Brussels, Action catholique, coll. " Science et foi ", 1913, 51 p.
  Gladys Turquet-Milnes, "The Destrée Brothers: The Neo-Catholic Movement and Socialist Movement", in Some Modern Belgian Writers: A Critical Study, New York, Robert M. McBride & Co., 1917, pp. 129–149.
 Idesbald Van Houtryve, " Destrée (Georges of Olivier-Georges) ", in Biographie Nationale de Belgique, vol. XXXIII, Brussels, Établissements Émile Bruylant, 1965, col. 247-251.

External links
 catalogue.bnf.fr

1867 births
1919 deaths
Belgian Benedictines
Free University of Brussels (1834–1969) alumni
19th-century Belgian poets
19th-century Belgian male writers
20th-century Belgian Roman Catholic priests
Belgian male poets

Bruno Destrée


Acacia cyperophylla, commonly known as creekline miniritchie or red mulga, is a tree in the family Fabaceae.  The species' range extends across arid and semi-arid regions of Central Australia, from Carnarvon in Western Australia to western Queensland and eastern New South Wales. It is commonly found growing in areas of slightly higher soil moisture such as in drainage lines and on the banks of rivers and creeks.

Description
Creekline miniritchie grows to a height of about seven metres.  It usually has just one or two main trunks. Like most Acacia species, it has phyllodes rather than true leaves.  These are rigid, round in cross-section with a diameter of about two millimetres, between ten and fifteen centimetres long, and curved.  The flowers are yellow, and held in cylindrical clusters about two centimetres long. The pods are broad and flat, about eight centimetres long and seven millimetres wide. Creekline miniritchie is most readily identified by its distinctive "minni ritchi" bark, which constantly peels off in small curling flakes, making the tree look like it has a coat of curly hair. On creekline miniritchie, this is an orange-brown colour.

Varieties
There are two varieties, A. c. var. cyperophylla and A. c. var. omearana.  The latter variety is known from only a few populations near Port Hedland, all of which are under threat.  A. cyperophylla var. omearana has been classified "Priority 1" under the Western Australian Wildlife Conservation Act, and is under consideration for declaration as "rare flora".

See also
 List of Acacia species

References

cyperophylla
Fabales of Australia
Acacias of Western Australia
Flora of Queensland
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of the Northern Territory
Flora of South Australia
Taxa named by Ferdinand von Mueller
Plants described in 1864

Acacia cyperophylla


Willy Bauer is a German former professional motocross racer. He was one of the top racers in the Motocross World Championships of the early 1970s.

In 1973, as a member of the Maico factory racing team, he battled the reigning world champion, Suzuki's Roger De Coster for the 500cc world championship. The title chase went down to the final race in the Netherlands, when Bauer had a mechanical breakdown, losing the championship by two points. After falling to sixth place in the 1974 500cc world championship, he signed a contract in 1975 to race for the Suzuki factory racing team in the 250cc class. Bauer ended the season in third place behind Harry Everts and Hakan Andersson.

Bauer moved back to the 500cc class with the KTM factory racing team in 1976 and placed tenth in the world championship. After a 12th-place finish in 1977, he signed a contract to race for the Sachs factory in the 1978 250cc world championship. At the 1978 British motocross Grand Prix held at Kilmartin, Scotland, Bauer crashed and had spinal cord injuries that left him paralyzed.

References

German motocross riders
People with paraplegia
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)

Willy Bauer


The Pennsylvania Haymakers were an American professional indoor lacrosse team based in Pennsylvania. They are a charter member of the Professional Lacrosse League. They were previously known as the Hershey Haymakers and intended to play in Hershey, Pennsylvania. However, they did not secure a lease to the Giant Center.

History

The Hershey Haymakers were announced on September 28, 2011 with an official response by then-Pennsylvania governor Tom Corbett:

"As a former player at Lebanon Valley College, I'm thrilled to welcome professional lacrosse to the mid-state region. I hope the presence of this new team will inspire more of Pennsylvania's young people to take up my favorite sport. I look forward to cheering on the Hershey franchise in the inaugural season of the NALL and encourage central Pennsylvania's great sports fans to show this team the same high level of support as our other professional sports teams have enjoyed for years."

On January 6, 2012 the NALL announced the suspension of the Hershey Haymakers due to their inability to secure a deal with their intended arena, the Giant Center. They never played a game in the new league. They are currently affiliated with the Professional Lacrosse League and are reportedly seeking a stadium lease in another area.

References

External links
Hershey Haymakers

North American Lacrosse League teams
Lacrosse teams in Pennsylvania
Hershey, Pennsylvania
Lacrosse clubs established in 2011
2011 establishments in Pennsylvania
Lacrosse clubs disestablished in 2012
2012 disestablishments in Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania Haymakers


United States v. Cruikshank, 92 U.S. 542 (1876), was a major decision of the United States Supreme Court ruling that the U.S. Bill of Rights did not limit the power of private actors or state governments despite the adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment. It reversed the federal criminal convictions for the civil rights violations committed in aid of anti-Reconstruction murders. Decided during the Reconstruction Era, the case represented a major defeat for federal efforts to protect the civil rights of African Americans.

The case developed from the strongly contested 1872 Louisiana gubernatorial election and the subsequent Colfax massacre, in which dozens of black people and three white people were killed. Federal charges were brought against several whites using the Enforcement Act of 1870, which prohibited two or more people from conspiring to deprive anyone of their constitutional rights. Charges included hindering the freedmen's First Amendment right to freely assemble and their Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms.

In his majority opinion, Chief Justice Morrison Waite reversed the convictions of the defendants, judging that the plaintiffs had to rely on Louisiana state courts for protection. Waite ruled that neither the First Amendment nor the Second Amendment limited the powers of state governments or individuals. He further ruled that the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment limited the lawful actions of state governments, but not of individuals. The decision left African Americans in the South at the mercy of increasingly hostile state governments dominated by white Democratic legislatures, and allowed groups such as the Ku Klux Klan to continue to use paramilitary force to suppress black voting.

Cruikshank was the first case to come before the Supreme Court that involved a possible violation of the Second Amendment. Decades after Cruikshank, the Supreme Court began incorporating the Bill of Rights to apply to state governments. The Court incorporated the First Amendment's freedom of assembly in De Jonge v. Oregon (1937), while the Second Amendment was incorporated in McDonald v. City of Chicago (2010).

Background

On Sunday, April 13, 1873, an armed white conservative militia attacked African-American freedmen, who had gathered at the Grant Parish courthouse in Colfax, Louisiana to protect it from the pending Democratic takeover. Although some of the black people were armed and used their weapons, estimates were that 100–280 were killed, most of them after surrendering, including 50 being held prisoner that night. Three white people were killed, two perhaps by friendly fire. This was in the tense aftermath of months of uncertainty after the disputed gubernatorial election of November 1872, when two parties declared victory at the state and local levels. The election results were still undetermined at the beginning of spring, and both Republican and Fusionists, who were endorsed by the Democrats, had certified their own candidates for the local offices of sheriff (Christopher Columbus Nash) and justice of the peace in Grant Parish, where Colfax is the parish seat. Federal troops reinforced the election of the Republican governor, William Pitt Kellogg.

Some members of the white gangs were indicted and charged by the Enforcement Act of 1870. The Act had been designed primarily to allow Federal enforcement and prosecution of actions of the Ku Klux Klan and other secret vigilante groups against blacks, both for violence and murder and for preventing them from voting. Among other provisions, the law made it a felony for two or more people to conspire to deprive anyone of his constitutional rights. The white defendants were charged with sixteen counts, divided into two sets of eight each. Among the charges included violating the freedmen's rights to lawfully assemble, to vote, and to bear arms.

Opinion of the Court

Majority opinion

The Supreme Court ruled on March 27, 1876, on a range of issues and found the indictment faulty. It reversed the convictions of the white defendants in the case. Chief Justice Morrison Waite authored the majority opinion.

In its ruling, the Court did not incorporate the Bill of Rights to the states. The Court opined about the dualistic nature of the U.S. political system:
There is in our political system a government of each of the several States, and a Government of the United States. Each is distinct from the others, and has citizens of its own who owe it allegiance, and whose rights, within its jurisdiction, it must protect. The same person may be at the same time a citizen of the United States and a citizen of a State, but his rights of citizenship under one of those governments will be different from those he has under the other.

The ruling said that all U.S. citizens are subject to two governments, their state government and the other the national government, and then defined the scope of each:
The Government of the United States, although it is, within the scope of its powers, supreme and beyond the States, can neither grant nor secure to its citizens rights or privileges which are not expressly or by implication placed under its jurisdiction. All that cannot be so granted or secured are left to the exclusive protection of the States.

The Court found that the First Amendment right to assembly "was not intended to limit the powers of the State governments in respect to their own citizens, but to operate upon the National Government alone," thus "for their protection in its enjoyment ... the people must look to the States. The power for that purpose was originally placed there, and it has never been surrendered to the United States".

In addition the Justices held that the Second Amendment restricts only the powers of the national government, and that it does not restrict private citizens from denying other citizens the right to keep and bear arms, or any other right in the Bill of Rights. The Justices held that the right of the people to keep and bear arms exists, and that it is a right that exists without the Constitution granting such a right, by stating "Neither is it [the right to keep and bear arms] in any manner dependent upon that instrument [the Constitution] for its existence." Their ruling was that citizens must look to "municipal legislation" when other citizens deprive them of such rights rather than the Constitution.

The right there specified is that of "bearing arms for a lawful purpose." This is not a right granted by the Constitution. Neither is it in any manner dependent upon that instrument for its existence. The second amendment declares that it shall not be infringed, but this, as has been seen, means no more than that it shall not be infringed by Congress. This is one of the amendments that has no other effect than to restrict the powers of the national government, leaving the people to look for their protection against any violation by their fellow citizens of the rights it recognizes, to what is called, in The City of New York v. Miln, 11 Pet. 139, the "powers which relate to merely municipal legislation, or what was, perhaps, more properly called internal police," "not surrendered or restrained" by the Constitution of the United States.

The Court also ruled that the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses applied only to state action, and not to actions of individuals: "The fourteenth amendment prohibits a State from depriving any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; but this adds nothing to the rights of one citizen as against another."

Dissenting opinion
Justice Clifford agreed with the other Justices to rescind the indictments but for entirely different reasons: he opined that section five of the 14th Amendment invested the federal government with the power to legislate the actions of individuals who restrict the constitutional rights of others, but he found that the indictments were worded too vaguely to allow the defendants to prepare an effective defense.

Aftermath
African Americans in the South were left to the mercy of increasingly hostile state governments dominated by white Democratic legislatures; neither the legislatures, law enforcement, nor the courts worked to protect freedmen. As white Democrats regained power in the late 1870s, they struggled to suppress black Republican voting through intimidation and fraud at the polls. Paramilitary groups such as the Red Shirts acted on behalf of the Democrats to suppress black voting. In addition, from 1890 to 1908, 10 of the 11 former Confederate states passed disfranchising constitutions or amendments, with provisions for poll taxes, residency requirements, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses that effectively disfranchised most black voters and many poor white people. The disfranchisement also meant that black people could not serve on juries or hold any political office, which were restricted to voters; those who could not vote were excluded from the political system.

The Cruikshank ruling allowed groups such as the Ku Klux Klan to flourish and continue to use paramilitary force to suppress black voting. As white Democrats dominated the Southern legislatures, they ignored the violence and refused to allow African Americans any right to bear arms.

As constitutional commentator Leonard Levy later wrote in 1987, "Cruikshank paralyzed the federal government's attempt to protect black citizens by punishing violators of their Civil Rights and, in effect, shaped the Constitution to the advantage of the Ku Klux Klan". In 1966, (United States v. Price; United States v. Guest) the Court vitiated Cruikshank.

All five Justices of the majority had been appointed by Republicans (three by Lincoln, two by Grant). The lone Democratic appointee Nathan Clifford dissented.

Continuing validity
Cruikshank has been cited for more than a century by supporters of restrictive state and local gun control laws such as the Sullivan Act.

Although significant portions of Cruikshank have been reversed by later decisions, most notably the 5–4 McDonald v. City of Chicago ruling in 2010, it is still relied upon with some authority in other portions. Cruikshank and Presser v. Illinois, which reaffirmed it in 1886, are the only significant Supreme Court interpretations of the Second Amendment until the ambiguous  United States v. Miller in 1939. Both preceded the court's general acceptance of the incorporation doctrine and have been questioned for that reason.

The majority opinion of the Supreme Court in District of Columbia v. Heller suggested that Cruikshank and the cases flowing from it would no longer be considered good law as a result of the radically changed opinion of the Fourteenth Amendment when that issue eventually comes before the courts:
With respect to Cruikshank's continuing validity on incorporation, a question not presented by this case, we note that Cruikshank also said that the First Amendment did not apply against the States and did not engage in the sort of Fourteenth Amendment inquiry required by our later cases. Our later decisions in Presser v. Illinois, 116 U. S. 252, 265 (1886) and Miller v. Texas, 153 U. S. 535, 538 (1894), reaffirmed that the Second Amendment applies only to the Federal Government.

This issue did come before the Supreme Court in McDonald v. Chicago (2010), in which the Supreme Court "reversed the Seventh Circuit, holding that the Fourteenth Amendment makes the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms for the purpose of self-defense applicable to the states."

Regarding this assertion in Heller that Cruikshank said the first amendment did not apply against the states, Professor David Rabban wrote Cruikshank "never specified whether the First Amendment contains 'fundamental rights' protected by the Fourteenth Amendment against state action"

The Civil Rights Cases (1883) and Justice Rehnquist's opinion for the majority in United States v. Morrison (2000) referred to the Cruikshank state action doctrine.

See also
 List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 92
 Jim Crow laws

References

Further reading
  Pdf.
  Pdf.
 C. Peter Margrath, Morrison R. Waite, MacMillan, 1963.

External links

1876 in United States case law
African-American history between emancipation and the civil rights movement
Overruled United States Supreme Court decisions
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Waite Court
United States Freedom of Assembly Clause case law
United States Second Amendment case law
United States Fourteenth Amendment case law
United States Fifteenth Amendment case law
Criminal cases in the Waite Court
Grant Parish, Louisiana
Riots and civil disorder during the Reconstruction Era

United States v. Cruikshank


Avery Point Light or Avery Point Lighthouse is a lighthouse in Groton, Connecticut, United States, on the Avery Point Campus of the University of Connecticut. Although construction was completed in March 1943, the lighthouse was not lit until May 1944 due to concerns of possible enemy invasion. Its original light consisted of eight 200-watt bulbs that were later replaced by a flashing green light in 1960. It was deactivated on June 25, 1967, when the United States Coast Guard Training Station moved to Governors Island. It is officially listed as the last lighthouse built in the state; the only other claimant is the replica Mystic Seaport Light.

The lighthouse deteriorated until it was declared a hazard by the University of Connecticut in 1997. A restoration effort was launched in 1999 through the American Lighthouse Foundation (ALF) and in 2000 by a new local chapter, the Avery Point Lighthouse Society. The restoration of the lighthouse began in 2001 and was completed in 2006, requiring a replica lantern and extensive structural repairs and replacement of the crumbling of the blocks. Two bills for $150,000 and $100,000 were appropriated and used to complete the restoration. The relighting and re-dedication of the lighthouse was held on October 15, 2006. The lighthouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

Construction

The land upon which Avery Point Light was constructed was owned by Morton F. Plant's estate; his Branford House is located several hundred feet away. Twenty four years after Plant's death the estate was sold to the state of Connecticut before being transferred to the U.S. Coast Guard. The Coast Guard's deed required the construction and maintenance of beacon lights or other navigational aids as part of the Coast Guard's new training facility. The Avery Point Light was named for Captain James Avery of New London, Connecticut.

The Avery Point Light was designed by Alfred Hopkins and Associates to be a 41-foot (12 m) octagonal tower. Construction of the tower was completed in March 1943; it is built of brown concrete blocks and topped with an octagonal wooden lantern. During the restoration effort, it was discovered that six different types of concrete blocks were used in the construction. The tower has a total of five windows, with two facing south and one for the north, east and west. The lantern gallery deck is constructed of concrete and lined with thirty two Italian marble balusters, originally imported from Italy around 1900. The interior has an iron ladder, originally wooden, that leads up to the watchroom level. The lighthouse design and masonry tower have Colonial Revival elements. It is the last lighthouse built in the state of Connecticut as an official navigational aid.

Service
The Avery Point Light was not lighted until May 2, 1944, due to concerns about possible enemy invasions by sea.  D'Entremont notes that the first light, consisting of eight 200-watt bulbs, were an unusual array that created a fixed white light source. Though it never had a formal keeper, the lighthouse was tended by personnel or students from the United States Coast Guard Training Station. In 1960, the light was changed to flashing green and the candlepower rating doubled from 100 to 200. The light was deactivated on June 25, 1967, when the training facility moved from Avery Point to Governors Island.

Restoration

The Avery Point Light was listed by the university as being in "dangerously poor condition" by July 1997 and declared it a safety hazard. In December 2007, Lighthouse Digest included a brief article with the title "Avery Point added to Doomsday List" after rumors of it being torn down were reported. The article included two images that show the blocked off lighthouse with its crumbling bricks and a sign reading "Keep Out Hazardous Area". In 1999, fund-raising began to save and restore the lighthouse through the American Lighthouse Foundation (ALF) and in 2000 through the Avery Point Lighthouse Society (APLS), a chapter of the ALF.

In 2000, the APLS website estimated $25,000 for the initial engineering study and $150,000-200,000 to complete the restoration. In 2001, Connecticut State Senator Catherine Cook introduced a bill for $150,000 in bonds to fund the restoration of the Avery Point Light; it was later approved. An article in the New London Day also noted an engineering study valued at $40,000 was being conducted for no cost by James Nordon's engineering firm of Gibble, Norden and Champion.

On December 1, 2001, the first part of the restoration began with the removal of the lantern.  Due to the deterioration of the lantern, the decision was made to make a replica of the original lantern.  From 2003 through 2004, the West Mystic Wooden Boat Building Company donated the materials and labor to construct the replica.  The company's owner, Steve Jones, has close ties to the Avery Point Light; he is a former lighthouse keeper for the Harbor of Refuge Light in Lewes, Delaware, and is also a University of Connecticut professor.

The concrete blocks used in the construction were of poor construction due to the high sand content that crumbled with the expanding and contraction of the mortar. The decision was made to replace the outer face of the concrete blocks and strengthen the remaining original blocks with cement and steel reinforcements. A total of 3,000 blocks were needed to complete the restoration and had to be produced using special molds. The restoration work on the tower began in September 2003. Though increased costs of the restoration resulted in another need of funding to complete the project. In 2003, federal funding for another $100,000 came from the National Park Services "Save America's Treasures Act" and it was endorsed by Senators Christopher Dodd and Joseph Lieberman. Delays in the appropriation of funding delayed the second phase of the structural restoration until June 2005; and the work was conducted from July through early November. The relighting and re-dedication of the lighthouse was held on October 15, 2006.

Importance
The lighthouse has been claimed to be a memorial tower in various sources, including the 1994 America's Atlantic Coast Lighthouses: A Traveler's Guide which states "the tower was built as a memorial tower and as a symbolic representation of the USCG lighthouse keeping responsibilities." D'Entremont notes that the misunderstanding stems from an article from 1955 in U.S. Coast Guard Magazine and acknowledges that it has come to serve as a memorial. The lighthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

See also

 List of lighthouses in the United States
 List of lighthouses in Connecticut
 National Register of Historic Places listings in New London County, Connecticut

References

External links

 Avery Point Lighthouse Society

Lighthouses completed in 1943
Long Island Sound
Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
Lighthouses in New London County, Connecticut
Buildings and structures in Groton, Connecticut
Octagonal buildings in the United States
University of Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places in New London County, Connecticut

Avery Point Light


John R. Clarke (born November 20, 1945) is an American scientist, private pilot and author. He is currently the Scientific Director at the United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU). Clarke is recognized as a leading authority on underwater breathing apparatus engineering.

Background
Clarke is the youngest of four children; his siblings are now deceased.

In 1969, Clarke volunteered for the United States Army Reserves. He was promoted to first lieutenant in 1974 then Captain in 1979. Clarke was honorably discharged in September 1980.

While at Georgia Tech in 1965, Clarke earned his scuba diving certification. He later participated in the NOAA/ Navy Scientist in the Sea program in 1972. He then went to the Navy Dive School in 1980. Clarke has remained an active scuba diver throughout his career.

Clarke received his private pilot license in 1974 and instrument rating in 1978. He currently owns a Piper Arrow and volunteers as a pilot for Angel Flight Southeast.

Education
Clarke graduated from Shawnee Mission East High School in Prairie Village, Kansas in 1964. He received a BS degree in applied biology (1969), and an MS degree (1971) from Georgia Tech. His master's thesis studied the impact of pressure on Sacchromyces cerevisiae.

Physiology continued to drive Clarke and in 1976 he completed his Doctor of Philosophy by evaluating changes in physiology and pharmacology in bivalve molluscs hearts at Florida State University (FSU).

Academic career
While completing his doctorate at FSU, Clarke worked as instructor and director of development in the Department of Biological and Physical Sciences at Thomas County Community College from 1975 to 1976.

Later in 1976, Clarke assumed a position as instructor and research associate in the Department of Physiology at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine.

In 1977, Clarke left Case Western for a two–year Parker B. Francis Foundation Fellowship in the Department of Physiology at the University of Florida College of Medicine. The fellowship is named after the founder of Puritan Bennett and supports pulmonary research.

While working for the US Navy, Clarke accepted an appointment as an Adjunct Assistant Professor with Graduate Advisory Status for the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences from 1984 to 1990.

Clarke accepted an appointment as a Visiting Principal Fellow at the University of Wollongong in April 1998 to advise on a doctoral project. As of 2015, Clarke has served on five thesis committees from various institutions. Advisees have included Margie E. Bolton, Elizabeth Jane McCarthy, Rungchai Chaunchaiyakul, Erich C. Frandrup, and Adam J. Smith.

US Navy career
In 1979, Clarke joined the team at the Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI), now called the Naval Medical Research Center in Bethesda, Maryland. He was the head of the Respiratory Physiology Branch of the Physiology Division in the Diving Medicine Department. When Clarke left NMRI in 1991, he was the Diving Life Support Equipment Program Director GM-14.

Clarke led a team of researchers, scientists and engineers while at NMRI. The projects included work on diving equipment and physiology that included high frequency ventilation experiments.

From 1983 to 1991, Clark served as a National Research Council mentor for PhD research fellows. Clarke also mentored students from the Research Science Institute with some students winning the nationwide Westinghouse science competition.

Since 1991, Clarke has served as the Scientific Director GM-15 at the United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU) in Panama City, Florida.

At NEDU, Clarke provides scientific oversight over engineering and physiological studies RDT&E for US Navy diving operations. He also serves as an advisor for Naval Sea Systems Command policy regarding technical challenges. This work includes equipment evaluations and physiology experimentation.

Writing
Clarke's interest in writing began early. He published his first scientific article at age fifteen. While an undergraduate engineering student, he was paid for two of his articles in the Georgia Tech Engineer.

Clarke assisted his writing mentor, author Max McCoy, with a chapter taking place at NEDU in McCoy's 2004 book Moon Pool.

Middle Waters
In 2014, Clarke published his first novel, Middle Waters. It deals with two divers that set out to rescue aliens stranded on their spacecraft at the bottom of the sea. The government is aware of their presence and very interested in the alien technology. The divers soon find themselves caught between the alien civilization and their own government as they work to avert disaster while unknowingly competing with their friends in the recovery.

Award winning author and physician Rachel Scott suggested readers not "start this read at bedtime, if you plan to get any sleep!".

Max McCoy, author for the Indiana Jones franchise from 1995 on, claimed that Middle Waters was a book he had wished he'd written and would read over and over again. This was based partially on the fact that the main character is a diving scientist, a role that Clarke knows well and expertly conveys his knowledge to the reader.

Professional societies and service
Clarke is a member of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences, the American Physiological Society, Sigma XI, and the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS). He served as the Chair of UHMS's Membership Committee from 1989 to 1991 and was elected as a member at large to their executive committee, serving in that role from 1998 to 2001.

Clarke also serves as a reviewer for research journals including the Journal of Applied Physiology, Ergonomics, Undersea Biomedical Research, and Annals of Biomedical Engineering.

Diving safety is a passion and Clarke volunteers as an advisor to the National Association of Underwater Instructors Rebreather Advisory Committee and Florida State University Diving Control Board. Clarke also lectures to the general diving public about issues impacting diver safety.

Awards
In 1998, Clarke was selected as a Naval Sea Systems Command Spring 1998 trainee for "Leadership for a Democratic Society" course at the Office of Personnel Management's Federal Executive Institute in Charlottesville, Virginia.

Clarke won first place in the 2010 "best first line in a comic vampire novel" contest held by the Ozark Creative Writers' Conference in Eureka Springs, Arkansas.

Bibliography

Book chapters

Refereed Journals

Non-Refereed Journals and Reports

Patents
 1994
 1996

See also

References

External links

 John Clarke at LinkedIn
 John Clarke at Twitter
 , hosted by the Rubicon Foundation

1945 births
Living people
People from Fort Smith, Arkansas
People from Panama City, Florida
American medical researchers
American underwater divers
Diving engineers
American inventors
Florida State University alumni
Georgia Tech alumni
Aviators from Florida
Thomas University faculty

John R. Clarke (scientist)


Stracchino (), also known as crescenza (), is a type of Italian cow's-milk cheese, typical of Lombardy, Piedmont, Veneto, and Liguria. It is eaten very young, has no rind and a very soft, creamy texture and normally a mild and delicate flavour. It is normally square in shape.

The name of the cheese derives from the Lombard adjective strach, meaning "tired". It is said that milk produced by tired cows coming down from the alpine pastures in the autumn is richer in fats and more acidic. These qualities were discovered, according to legend, in the milk of cows who were moved seasonally, up and down the Alps, to different pastures. The milk of such cows gives the cheese its characteristic flavours.

Stracchino is usually eaten on its own but also as a filling for some kinds of bread: in Recco, on the Ligurian riviera east of Genoa, focaccia col formaggio ("cheese focaccia") or focaccia di Recco is typically filled with crescenza, while in Romagna and in parts of some nearby regions (e.g. northern Marche, Umbria and eastern Tuscany) it is a common filling for the cascione which is made out of piadina, a thin flat bread.

References

Italian cheeses
Cow's-milk cheeses
Ark of Taste foods

Stracchino


Methods in Molecular Biology is a book series published by Humana Press (an imprint of Springer Science+Business Media) that covers molecular biology research methods and protocols. The book series was introduced by series editor John M. Walker in 1983 and provides step-by-step instructions for carrying out experiments in a research lab. As of January 2020, more than 2000 volumes (2737 as of 15-August-2023) had been published in the series. The protocols are also available online in SpringerLink, and were previously in Springer Protocols.

Each protocol opens with an introductory overview and a list of the materials and reagents needed to complete the experiment. Every protocol is followed by a detailed procedure that is supported with a notes section offering tips and "tricks of the trade" as well as troubleshooting advice.

See also
Biological Procedures Online

References

External links

Book series introduced in 1983
Research methods
Series of non-fiction books

Methods in Molecular Biology


The Domus Sanctae Marthae (Latin for Saint Martha's House; ) is a building adjacent to St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City. Completed in 1996, during the pontificate of Pope John Paul II, it is named after Martha of Bethany, who was a sibling to Mary and Lazarus of Bethany. The building functions as a guest house for clergy having business with the Holy See, and as the temporary residence of members of the College of Cardinals while participating in a papal conclave to elect a new pope.

Pope Francis has lived in a suite in the building since his election in March 2013, declining to use the papal apartments in the Apostolic Palace.

Building and facilities
Prior to the construction of Domus Sanctae Marthae, cardinals participating in conclaves lived in the Apostolic Palace, sleeping on cots in makeshift spaces throughout the palace, some within hallways and offices, often divided from one another by a sheet hanging on a rope. They shared common bathrooms, often with ten cardinals assigned to each.

Pope John Paul II, after participating in two conclaves, decided to make the process more comfortable and less strenuous on the elderly cardinals, and commissioned the construction of Domus Sanctæ Marthæ. He specified it would serve for conclaves and at other times be available to "ecclesiastical personnel serving at the Secretariat of State and, as far as possible, at other Dicasteries of the Roman Curia, as well as to cardinals and bishops visiting Vatican City to see the Pope or to participate in events and meetings organized by the Holy See." Laymen have stayed there as well.

Italian environmental groups, joined by Italian politicians, protested against the construction because it would block the view of St. Peter's Basilica enjoyed from some nearby apartments. The head of the Vatican's Department of Technical Services contended that it would be lower in height than many neighborhood buildings and rejected challenges to the Vatican's right to build within its borders.

The hotel cost $20 million, with $13 million initially pledged by Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, casino owner John E. Connelly, who later received a contract to sell copies of Vatican art in the United States. Connelly did not fulfill his initial financial commitment after his business encountered financial setbacks. His art contract was also rescinded after he failed to extend his marketing efforts beyond Pittsburgh. Connelly proposed Louis D. Astorino, a Pittsburgh-based architect, to design the building. When his design was rejected, Astorino remained to design the adjacent Chapel of the Holy Spirit while the Italian architect Giuseppe Facchini, former deputy director of the technical services of the governorate of the Vatican, designed the new building. The chapel occupies a site between the Leonine Wall and the guesthouse proper.

The five-story building contains 106 suites, 22 single rooms and one apartment. It is run by the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul. Its amenities include furnished bedrooms, lavatories, and studies for each occupant. Dining facilities and personal services are also offered. Mary Ann Glendon, U.S. Ambassador to the Holy See from 2008 to 2009, described the accommodations as "comfortable, but by no means deluxe".

Previous structure

Pope Leo XIII had the St. Martha Hospice built in 1891, on the site now occupied by the Domus, when it was feared that the cholera epidemic of that time might reach Rome. After it did not, the building was used to provide services to the sick of Rome's Borgo and Trastevere neighborhoods and as a hospice for pilgrims. Electricity was provided in 1901, and a chapel added in 1902. Medical services expanded to cover priests and Swiss Guards. During World War II the building was used by refugees, Jews, and ambassadors from countries that had severed diplomatic relations with Italy. At the end of the war, Pope Pius XII greeted 800 Roman children who breakfasted at St. Martha Hospice after receiving their First Communion. It served as a home where senior clerics could live their last years. Increasingly it served as a residence for clerics assigned to Vatican offices.

Conclave use
Pope John Paul II's Apostolic Constitution Universi Dominici gregis of 22 February 1996 changed the rules governing papal conclaves to house the cardinal electors and certain staff at the Domus Sanctae Marthae and it has been used for the conclaves of 2005 and 2013. As at previous conclaves, the cardinal electors were assigned rooms by lot. All radios, television sets and telephones were disconnected, in accordance with regulations which call for the cardinals to be secluded from the outside world.

Papal residence

On 26 March 2013, the Vatican announced that Pope Francis would not move into the papal apartment in the Apostolic Palace. He is the first pope not to live in the Papal Apartments on the third floor of the Apostolic Palace since Pope Pius X occupied them in 1903. He uses the palace suite there as his office. He remained for a time in the room he was assigned by lot at the start of the conclave that elected him and then moved to Suite 201 of Domus Sanctae Marthae. He celebrates morning Mass and takes communal meals in the residence. Pope Francis explained his decision saying: "The residence in the Apostolic Palace is ... large and made with good taste, but not luxurious.... It is large, but the entrance is narrow. Only one person at a time can get in and I cannot live alone. I must live my life with others."

He occupies a bedroom furnished with basic necessities, a wooden standing Crucifix, along with a small statue of Our Lady of Luján, the Marian patroness of Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay. Outside his bedroom are two Pontifical Swiss Guards who work day and night shifts, and a statue of Saint Joseph under which the pontiff places prayer requests.

The Santa Marta Group, a Catholic leadership group combatting modern slavery, takes its name from the papal residence.

References

External links

1996 establishments in Vatican City
Buildings and structures completed in 1996
Official residences in Vatican City
Properties of the Holy See
Residential buildings in Vatican City
Sites of papal elections

Domus Sanctae Marthae


Defragmentation is a process that happens with digital files. Files are usually stored in one part. When a disk drive fills up, finding an empty space that is large enough becomes more difficult. When this happens, the file is split into different parts, and each part is stored on a different place in the disk. That process is known as fragmentation. Fragmentation happens because different parts of a file are not stored next to each other. When the file is read, the different parts must be assembled. Fragmented files are take longer to assemble. Files that are stored in one part can be read faster. Defragmentation reverses fragmentation and puts the file into one piece.

The process
Defragmentation is the process of rearranging the different parts, so that they are stored next to each other. This is usually done by copying them to a different place on the disk. Defragmentation is relevant to file systems on electromechanical disk drives. To read each part,  the head of the hard disk needs to reposition itself to the area where the part is stored.

The problem of defragmentation is that it  is takes a long time and in some cases, the file system cannot be changed while it is in progress. For that reason, defragmentation should not be done, when it can be avoided.

There are different kinds of files, some of them are modified more often. It is often a good practice to put them on different partitions, as most Unix-like operating systems do. Also, the design of hard drives has changed over time, which will make the effects of defragmentation less visible.

Media that uses flash memory, such as solid-state disks, do not benefit from defragmentation, as there are no moving parts than need to be re-positioned.

Computing

Defragmentation


Marion Tuu'luq  LL.D (1910–2002), also known as Anguhadluq, Tudluq, Tuuluq, and Toodlook, was an Inuk artist in mixed media and textiles. She "drew upon vivid colors, symmetry, and anthropomorphic imagery, to create vibrant tapestries which depict stories, legends, and personal experiences."

Early life
Tuu'luq was born in 1910 in the Chantrey Inlet/Back River area of the Northwest Territories (now Nunavut, north-west of Hudson Bay. In the 1960s, she was part of a semi-nomadic group of Inuit who, facing the threat of starvation, were forced to change their nomadic lifestyle and move to the settlement of Baker Lake. While she was relieved to escape hardship, she expressed sorrow at the loss of her nomadic lifestyle. Her personal history emerges in her work as she attends to the significance of land and family in contemporary Inuit life. Tuu'luq's "A Story of Starvation," as told to Susan Tagoona, shares her experience growing up in the Arctic and her struggle for survival. She was married twice and had 16 children, four of whom outlived her. Her second husband, the celebrated Baker Lake artist Luke Anguhadluq died in 1982.

Work
Tuu'luq used embroidery thread, felt, and dense woollen fabrics. She was a part of a circle of northern fabric artists (including Jessie Oonark and Irene Avaalaaqiaq Tiktaalaaq) who helped establish the contemporary art form of large-scale, two-dimensional, embroidered textile works.

Tuu'luq's works have been displayed nationally and internationally and collected by numerous private collectors and public institutions, including the Art Gallery of Ontario, the Edmonton Art Gallery, Museum London, the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, the Thunder Bay Art Gallery, Vancouver Art Gallery, Artexte Information Gallery, Canadian Women Artists History Initiative Documentation Centre, University of Manitoba Architecture and Fine Arts Library, the University of Saskatchewan Archives, the Winnipeg Art Gallery as well as the National Gallery of Canada. She was also a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts, and given an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the University of Alberta.

References

1910 births
2002 deaths
Inuit textile artists
Members of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts
Textile artists
20th-century Canadian women artists
Canadian Inuit women
Women textile artists
Indigenous fashion designers of the Americas
Inuit from the Northwest Territories
Inuit from Nunavut
People from Baker Lake
Canadian textile artists
Canadian women fashion designers

Marion Tuu'luq


Fabbriche di Vallico was a comune (municipality) in the Province of Lucca in the Italian region Tuscany, located about  northwest of Florence and about  northwest of Lucca. On 1 January 2014 it was merged with Vergemoli in the new comune of Fabbriche di Vergemoli.

The main village of the comune, Fabbriche, was founded by ironworkers from Bergamo in the 14th century. The lesser villages of Vallico di Sopra and Vallico di Sotto are centuries older with surviving records going back to the eighth century. Originally called Vallivo or Vallibo, Vallico di Sopra (Upper Vallico) was the primary settlement but Vallico di Sotto (Lower Vallico) appeared in the 11th century.

By the 19th century Fabbriche had attracted families from Vallico and from neighbouring parts of the Versilia mountains, the Middle Serchio valley and the Modenese Apennines. The population has steadily decreased since the late 19th century and is only about one quarter of what it was at that time.

Cities and towns in Tuscany
Fabbriche di Vergemoli
Frazioni of the Province of Lucca

Fabbriche di Vallico


Kusesedza (to lead to, guide).

Kureruta Mutauro

Kusesedza mwana wenherera kumubereka kumusana. In order to guide an orphan one has to carry him on the back.
Anondivatisa pamafuro manyoro, anondisesedza pamvura inozorodza, anoponesa mweya wangu.  He makes me lie down in green pastures, he leads me beside quiet, he refreshes my soul waters(Psalm 23:2 Bhaibheri).

Mitauro yeBantu

MaZulu vanoti seseza (Lead gently along, coax along) kureva kusesedza?

Kusesedza


The Second Epistle of John is the sixty-third book in the Christian Bible, and the twenty-fourth in the New Testament. This book is believed to a short letter from John. In number of verses, it is the shortest book in the bible.

There is some disagreement over whether the John who wrote the letters of John, the John who wrote The Gospel of John, and the John who wrote the Book of Revelation are the same person.

To whom it is written

The letter is sent to "the elect lady and her children" (some bibles translate this phrase as "elder lady and her children"), and closes with the words, "The children of your chosen sister greet you."

The lady has often been seen as a picture of the church, the church being the body of Christians as a whole and as local congregations. It is also possible the letter was sent to a real lady who John knew, and the children are real children, not members of the church.

What is written

What this letter says is similar to the Third Epistle of John.  The traditional view is that all the letters are by the hand of John the Apostle, and the language and words used and arguments made all seem to support this idea.

The letter also warns against people who say that Jesus was not a flesh-and-blood figure: "For many deceivers are entered into the world, who say that Jesus Christ has not come in the flesh." This shows that, from the time the epistle was first written, there were those who had docetic ideas about Jesus, believing that the human person of Jesus was really a pure spirit or did not come at all. John says that these people are deceivers and even calls them Antichrist that is against Christ. He says Christians should not receive such people.

References

Other websites
II John (NIV)
I John (KJV)

New Testament books
General Epistles

Second Epistle of John


Granville Hicks (September 9, 1901 – June 18, 1982) was an American Marxist and, later, anti-Marxist novelist, literary critic, educator, and editor.

Early life
Granville Hicks was born September 9, 1901, in Exeter, New Hampshire, to Frank Stevens and Carrie Weston (Horne) Hicks. He earned his A.B. and M.A. degrees from Harvard University. In 1925 he married Dorothy Dyer, with whom he had a daughter, Stephanie.

From 1925 to 1928 Hicks taught at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts, as an instructor in biblical literature. He was an assistant professor of English at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (1929–1935) and a counselor in American civilization at Harvard (1938–1939).

Political activism
Hicks was a highly-influential Marxist literary critic in the 1930s who was well known for his involvement in a number of celebrated causes (including his well-publicized resignation from the Communist Party USA in 1939). He established his reputation as an important literary critic with the 1933 publication of The Great Tradition: An Interpretation of American Literature since the Civil War, a systematic history of American literature from a Marxist perspective.

In 1932, he voted for the Communist Party ticket and joined almost all the significant communist front groups in the 1930s. In 1934, Hicks joined the Communist Party itself and became editor of its cultural magazine, The New Masses.

In 1935, Hicks was dismissed from his teaching position at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, which he claimed to be politically motivated although school officials denied it. He continued to teach at various institutions but devoted more and more of his time to writing. In 1936, Hicks was asked to co-write John Reed: The Making of a Revolutionary, a biography of radical journalist John Reed. Communist Party General Secretary Earl Browder pressured Hicks to remove several passages that reflected negatively on the Soviet Union, but in the end, the book was praised for its even-handed and unbiased presentation.

In 1939, in protest against the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Hicks resigned from the Communist Party. He attempted to organize an independent left-wing alternative organization but with little success. By 1940 he had entirely renounced communism and termed himself a democratic socialist. The same year he wrote an essay for The Nation, "The Blind Alley of Marxism." In the 1950s, Hicks testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee twice. In a 1951 essay in Commentary, he explained that communism "permits of no neutrality. The liquidation of neutrals is one of its specialties." Its aim is "brutal revolutionary totalitarianism."

Writer and publisher
Hicks's seminal work, Small Town, based on his experiences in Grafton, New York, was published in 1946. For three years (1955–58), he taught novel writing at the New School for Social Research in New York. He was a visiting professor at New York University (1959), Syracuse University (1960), and Ohio University (1967–68). He was the director of the Yaddo artists' community beginning in 1942 and later served as its acting executive director. For 35 years (1930–65), he was the literary advisor to Macmillan Publishers.

Death and legacy
Hicks died June 18, 1982, in Franklin Park, New Jersey.

Bibliography
In addition to his books, Hicks wrote a number of articles for various publications, including  American Mercury, Saturday Review, Pacific Weekly, Antioch Review, Harper's, Sewanee Review, New York Times Book Review, The Bookman,  Esquire, New Republic, and Nation. He also wrote the introduction to John Reed's Ten Days that Shook the World (Modern Library (New York: Modern Library, 1935).

NonfictionEight Ways of Looking at Christianity, New York: Macmillan, 1926.The Great Tradition: An Interpretation of American Literature since the Civil War, New York: Macmillan, 1933, revised 1933, revised edition with a new foreword and afterword, New York: Quadrangle, 1969.One of Us: The Story of John Reed, New York: Equinox Cooperative Press, 1935.
(Editor, with others) Proletarian Literature in the United States, New York: International Publishers, 1935.
(With John Stuart) John Reed: The Making of a Revolutionary, New York: Macmillan, 1936; reprinted, New York: Arno, 1968.I Like America, New York: Modern Age Books, 1938.Figures of Transition: A Study of British Literature at the End of the Nineteenth Century, New York: Macmillan, 1939; reprinted, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1969.Small Town, New York: Macmillan, 1946, reprinted, New York: Fordham University Press, 2004.Where We Came Out, New York: Viking, 1954.Part of the Truth (autobiography), New York: Harcourt, 1965.James Gould Cozzens, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1966.Literary Horizons: A Quarter Century of American Fiction, New York: New York University Press, 1970.Granville Hicks in the New Masses, Port Washington, NY: Kennikat, 1974.

FictionThe First to Awaken, New York: Macmillan, 1940.Only One Storm, New York: Macmillan, 1942.Behold Trouble, New York: Macmillan, 1944.There was a Man in our Town, New York: Viking, 1952.

References

Sources
 Robert Joseph Bicker, Granville Hicks as an American Marxist Critic. PhD dissertation. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1973.
 Terry L. Long, Granville Hicks. Boston, MA: Twayne, 1981.
 Leah Levenson and Jerry Natterstad, Granville Hicks: The Intellectual in Mass Society.'' Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1993.

External links
Granville Hicks Papers at the Special Collections Research Center, Syracuse University Library
Granville Hicks correspondence with Newton Arvin at the Mortimer Rare Book Collection, Smith College Special Collections

1901 births
1982 deaths
People from Exeter, New Hampshire
Members of the Communist Party USA
American socialists
20th-century American novelists
American male novelists
American literary critics
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute faculty
Marxist writers
American editors
20th-century American educators
Harvard University alumni
Novelists from New York (state)
American male non-fiction writers
20th-century American male writers

Granville Hicks


The William H. Rose House is located on Tomkins Avenue in Stony Point, New York, United States. It is an ornate Carpenter Gothic-style house from the mid-19th century, with similar outbuildings, built for a wealthy local businessman.

In order to preserve it during the construction of a nearby senior citizens' home during the late 20th century, it was moved from its original site a short distance away and rotated. In 1999 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Property

The house is located on an  lot a short distance east of North Liberty Drive (US 9W/202), at the corner of Tomkins and Roosevelt Place. The ground in the area slopes gently towards the Hudson River to the east. The neighborhood is residential. A senior citizens' apartment complex, called Knight's Corners, is just to the north.

It is a two-and-a-half-story, five-by-three-bay balloon frame house on a concrete foundation topped by a steeply-pitched cross-gabled roof shingled in slate, pierced by two brick chimneys at the sides. The south (front) facade has a porch across the entire first story, with a projecting bay window with scroll-sawn vergeboard above it on the second story. The gable above it has a central arched window, with elaborate vergeboards and finials. A paneled frieze and bracketed cornice adorn the roofline.

The two side elevations are identical, with a projecting bay window on the southernmost bay of the first story. The north (rear) elevation also matches the front facade, with the exception of an enclosure on the western third of the porch.

Inside, the original layout is almost intact. Much of the original trim remains, including the marble fireplace mantel in each room. One of the fireplaces has a coal stove attached. Many of the original light fixtures remain, hanging from plaster medallions in the ceilings.

In back is a carriage house with lines similar to the main building. Its cross-gables have a similar Gothic-arched window, and the roof is topped by a square cupola. Next to it is an unadorned outhouse original to the property. Both are considered contributing resources to the property's historic character.

History

The land on which the house stands was originally part of a large tract purchased by Resolvert Waldron in 1751. Very little of the land around Stony Point was arable, and in the early 19th century brickmaking arose as the dominant industry due to the abundant clay underground near the Hudson. Samuel Brewster, a wealthy iron mine owner and descendant of William Brewster, bought the portion inherited by John Waldron, whose farmhouse was on the Rose House's original site.

Brewster bequeathed it to his grandson Richard and his wife Rachel when he died in 1821. Maps and other records from the mid-19th century show the location of the Waldron House and suggest that the Brewsters did not live there, but rather at a house now in the center of town, at what is now the northwest corner of Routes 9W/202 and Main Street. The same records suggest the Waldron House was demolished by a Paul Rose in 1862 to clear the way for a new house. It is possible that the house may have been a speculative venture by the Brewsters, since the market for housing near the river was strong at the time.

The design, by an unknown architect, shows the strong posthumous influence of the philosophies of Andrew Jackson Downing and the cottage-type houses he promoted. The decorative vergeboards and steep cross-gabled are common elements in this type of early Gothic Revival house, often called Carpenter Gothic today. When built, it originally occupied a  lot across the street from its present location, and faced north rather than south.

Rose, a local brickmaker who left that business to make carriages in New York City, probably bought the home to commute to his business in the city, from which he moved his residence sometime before the Civil War. He bought the house for $5,300 ($ in contemporary dollars), apparently without needing to take out a mortgage.

In 1875, he is listed as the owner for the first time. Two years later, he sold it to Minoff Govan, a local physician, while holding the mortgage himself, and bought it back in 1882. The Govans continued to live there, until daughter Edith sold it a Ruth Martz for $1. She held onto the home until 1985, when she was herself living in a New Jersey nursing home. The Housing Development Fund Company, which bought it from her, sold it a month later to a William Helmer.

When the Roosevelt House was built, a strong community effort was mounted to preserve the Rose House. Those led to it being sold to Roy Moskoff, once again for $1, on the condition that the house and outbuildings be moved  across the street and rotated. This was done and the house remains a private residence.

See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in Rockland County, New York

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Carpenter Gothic houses in New York (state)
Houses completed in 1862
Houses in Rockland County, New York
1862 establishments in New York (state)
National Register of Historic Places in Rockland County, New York

William H. Rose House


R. Scott Gemmill is an American television writer and producer, born in Canada. He worked extensively on JAG and ER. Since its eighth season, he is now the showrunner of NCIS: Los Angeles.

Gemmill worked on JAG as an executive story editor and writer. He joined the crew in the first season and remained until the fourth season writing a total of 18 episodes. He was nominated for a Humanitas Prize in the 60 minute category for his work on the JAG episode "Angels 30."

He joined the crew of ER in its sixth season as a supervising producer and regular writer. Alongside his fellow ER producers he was twice nominated for an Emmy Award for best drama series for his work on the sixth and seventh seasons of the show. He worked on the series until the thirteenth season and wrote a total of thirty-two episodes. In 2007 he won a Humanitas Prize in the 60 minute category for his work on the ER season 12 episode "There Are No Angels Here." The award was shared with his co-writer David Zabel. The episode followed doctors from County General who traveled overseas to provide aid work in a refugee camp in Darfur. Humanitas stated that the prize was awarded for the episodes "unflinching look at the brutality inherent in civil wars and its belief that heroism is complex, complicated and multi-layered."

He went on to work on the short-lived series Smith as a writer and executive producer. After the cancellation of Smith he worked as a writer and executive producer on Women's Murder Club. When that series also proved short-lived he took a position as a consulting producer and writer on The Unit. After that program ended he became a writer and executive producer on the fall 2009 series NCIS: Los Angeles.

References

External links

Living people
American television producers
American male screenwriters
Year of birth missing (living people)
Showrunners

R. Scott Gemmill


Gateway drug theory is the idea that once a person uses one illegal drug, they are more likely to use other drugs.  It is also called stepping-stone theory, escalation hypothesis, or progression hypothesis.

If the gateway theory is true, people who use one drug may be more likely to use other drugs because:
 Using the first drug changed their brain
 They have similar attitudes about using different drugs

The gateway theory helps shape education and lawmaking about drugs. Scientific study of the possible causes of the gateway theory is important for health policy.

References

Illegal drugs
Addiction

Gateway drug theory


Moroccan Spirit is a down tempo new age/ethnic fusion musical project/album by German musicians Ralf Hamm, Markus Staab and Claus "The Brave" Zundel, Ibiza-based producers of Sacred Spirit, B-Tribe and other projects. Their music is often characterized as different from other projects by The Brave. They combine traditional Moroccan music with moderate club beats and synthesizer enhancement. Only one album was released under the project name in 2002. The album is sometimes counted as one of Sacred Spirit's (including some official sources). The Brave recorded authentic Moroccan singers and instruments for this album to which they then added their trademark ambiance and mood. The vocals are generally solo-voice, some male and some female. The track "Midunya" is a reworking of Medunya from the One Little Creature album, now with a more Arabic feel.

Track listing

 Music For 1001 Nights (Intro)  2:31
 Jilala I: Nocturnal Ritual  6:06
 Jim I Nim  3:45
 Moroccan Soul  6:03
 Moussem Of Regragas  4:52
 Midunya  5:07
 Narcisse Noir  3:38
 Derviche  5:11
 Jilala II: Nocturnal Ritual  3:29
 La Mamounia  7:43
 Moussem Mediouna 4:12
 Music For 1001 Nights (Outro) 4:52

Some of tracks used fragments of Persian traditional music as accompaniment, such as a fragment of vocal by Master Mohammad Reza Shajarian in #3; a fragment of playing of Persian santour by Master Faramarz Payvar in #5; a fragment of "Night, Silence, desert" album by Master Keyhan Kalhor in #8; and a fragment of "Dastan" Album in "Chahargah mode" by Master Parviz Meshkatian in #10.

New-age music groups
Ambient music groups
German techno music groups
German world music groups
German electronic music groups

Moroccan Spirit


Vilmos Gryllus (October 28, 1951) is a Hungarian musician, performer and composer, founding member of folk music group Kaláka; winner of the Kossuth Prize (2000).

Background
He was born in Budapest to Vilmos Gryllus and Éva Fogarassy. His elder brother is musician Dániel Gryllus, also a founding member of Kaláka. Gryllus studied at the Faculty of Architecture of the Budapest University of Technology and Economics, graduating in 1976.

In 1969 he founded Kaláka together with his brother, István Mikó and Balázs Radványi. In 1980 he led a radio show called Ki kopog? ("Who's Knocking?") along with Péter Levente and Ildikó Döbrentey. In 1991 he and Péter Levente created the successful children's TV show Égbőlpottyant mesék ("Tales from the Sky") where children could send their drawings to them and they would create tales based on the drawings.

Since 1996 he's been performing with Kaláka again, with a repertoire consisting of poems set to music.

Awards
 Kossuth Prize (2000)
 Prima Primissima Prize (for Kaláka, 2004)

Sources
 MTI ki kicsoda 2009. ed. Hermann Péter. Budapest: Magyar Távirati Iroda. 2008.
 Gryllus family home page
 Kaláka home page

External links

Hungarian folk musicians
Hungarian composers
Hungarian male composers
1951 births
Living people

Vilmos Gryllus


Indiegogo  is an American crowdfunding website founded in 2008 by Danae Ringelmann, Slava Rubin, and Eric Schell. Its headquarters are in San Francisco, California. The site is one of the first sites to offer crowd funding. Indiegogo allows people to solicit funds for an idea, charity, or start-up business. Indiegogo charges a 5% fee on contributions. This charge is in addition to Stripe credit card processing charges of 3% + $0.30 per transaction. Fifteen million people visit the site each month.

The site runs on a rewards-based system, meaning donors, investors, or customers who are willing to help to fund a project or product can donate and receive a gift, rather than an equity stake in the company. Following changes in Security and Exchange Commission rules earlier in 2016, Indiegogo has partnered with MicroVentures to offer equity-based campaigns beginning in November 2016, allowing unaccredited investors to participate with equity stakes.

In 2014, Indiegogo launched Indiegogo Life, a service that people can use to raise money for emergencies, medical expenses, celebrations, or other life events. Indiegogo Life did not charge a platform fee. In 2015 Indiegogo Life was renamed to Generosity.com. Generosity.com was later acquired by YouCaring in January 2018, who were subsequently acquired by GoFundMe.

Donors use solely credit cards to donate, and processing is conducted by Stripe. Stripe's processing fees of 3% plus 30 cents of every donation still apply.

History
In 2002, while working as an analyst on Wall Street, Danae Ringelmann co-produced a reading of an Arthur Miller play. Though the performance was popular with audiences, there was little financial incentive available, and Ringelmann decided to seek alternative revenue streams. Ringelmann was originally inspired to work with independent filmmakers and theater producers after a filmmaker 50 years her senior saw she worked at JPMorgan and asked her to fund his film. In 2006, Ringelmann went on to the Haas School of Business to start a company she felt would "democratize" fundraising. There she met Eric Schell and Slava Rubin, who had had similar experiences with fundraising. Schell had previously worked with The House Theater Company in Chicago, while Rubin had started a charity fundraiser for cancer research, after losing his father to cancer as a child.

Ringelmann, Schell, and Rubin developed their concept in 2007, under the name Project Keiyaku. The site officially launched at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2008, with a focus on film projects. In June 2010, MTV New Media partnered with Indiegogo to develop new content from the site's projects. In September 2011, the company raised a $1.5 million Series Seed financing round, led by Metamorphic Ventures, ff Venture Capital, MHS Capital and Steve Schoettler, Zynga's co-founder. In February 2012, President Barack Obama's Startup America partnered with Indiegogo to offer crowdfunding to entrepreneurs in the U.S.

In June 2012, Indiegogo raised a $15 million Series A round from Insight Ventures, Khosla Ventures and Steve Schoettler, Zynga's co-founder. In January 2014, a Series B round of funding added $40 million to bring the total venture capital raised to $56.5 million. David Mandelbrot (the company's then-COO) was named CEO in January 2016.

In May 2019, CEO David Mandelbrot stepped down for personal reasons.  He was succeeded by former Reddit core-product leader Andy Yang. In April 2022, announced the appointment of Becky Center as the company's new CEO.

Products

Crowd funding
In an interview with Film Threat, Rubin said the site is "all about allowing anybody to raise money for any idea". Users can create a page for their funding campaign, make a list of "perks" for different levels of investment, then create a social media–based publicity effort. Users publicize the projects themselves—through Facebook, Twitter and similar platforms. The site levies a 5% fee for successful campaigns. For campaigns that fail to raise their target amount, users have the option of either refunding all money to their contributors at no charge or keeping all money raised minus a 9% fee. This option must be selected before the campaign begins, and the goal will be listed, directly underneath the amount raised, as fixed (only receive funds if goal is met) or flexible (will receive funds if goal is not met).  Indiegogo does not provide prospective backers with any means to contact campaigns to ask questions or make suggestions before they decide to participate.

Indiegogo offers direct credit card payment acceptance through their own portal. Those funds are disbursed up to two weeks after the conclusion of a campaign. As of August 2017, Indiegogo does not offer PayPal as an option for contributions. Indiegogo does not stand behind campaigns once they have been funded, responding to a complaint of non-delivery of promised rewards, "each crowdfunding campaign is run by the individual campaigner who is solely in charge of distributing any perks offered. Indiegogo does not guarantee that the perks offered by the campaigner will be produced or delivered." According to The Wall Street Journal, as of January 2014 over 200,000 campaigns have been launched, raising "millions of dollars" to people running crowdfunding campaigns in 70 to 100 countries every week. Already-funded projects also use Indiegogo, to create publicity or find distributors.

A few of the successful Indiegogo campaigns include:

 "Lets Give Karen – The bus monitor – H Klein A Vacation!", which raised $703,833
 Stick-N-Find, which has raised $861,165
 Bug-a-Salt, which makes a gun firing salt, intended to kill flies, and which raised $577,546
Earthworm Jim: The Comic Book, which raised $815,676
 Let's Build a Goddamn Tesla Museum, which raised $1.3 million
 The Storm Electric Bike, which as of 19 February 2015 has raised $3.5 million from 6,293 funders
 SuperMeat, an Israeli cultured meat company

On 24 July 2013, Canonical Ltd. launched its crowdfunding campaign via Indiegogo to raise $32 million for the Ubuntu Edge smartphone. This is the highest target set for any crowdfunding campaign. However, the campaign only raised $12.8 million, falling short of its target, and no funds were disbursed.

In February 2014, Indiegogo launched an unsuccessful funding campaign for the Wikipedia Books Project, which had planned to print the entire English Wikipedia in book form later in the year.

Top projects by funds raised

InDemand
In 2014, Indiegogo introduced their Forever Funding program, which allows crowdfunding campaigns to continue to raise funds after their initial campaign period has ended, which was later renamed "InDemand".

Campaign rules
Users between the ages of 13 and 17 may not use the site without a parent or legal guardian's consent. Campaign owners may not create a campaign that tries to raise funds for illegal activities, or that is clearly made up or claiming to do something impossible.

If the campaign offers perks, it can't offer any forms of interest in the company or venture, or any financial incentive. The campaign cannot offer alcohol, drugs, weapons or ammunition, or any form of lottery or gambling. A campaign can not promote ideas or opportunities of hate, personal injury, death, or damage of property, or anything that can be distributed that violates another person's rights.

Reception
Indiegogo is one of the most popular donation-based crowdfunding websites based in the United States. Indiegogo is the leading platform for tech products, and also permits crowdfunding for creative projects and community or personal causes.

Patent disputes
On 23 January 2015 a patent infringement lawsuit was filed by Alphacap Ventures LLC against multiple crowdfunding platforms, including Indiegogo, CircleUp, GoFundMe, Kickstarter, Gust, RocketHub and Innovational Funding. The case was ultimately dismissed by the presiding judge, with prejudice, for having been filed in bad faith; as was admitted by the plaintiffs.

See also
 Civic crowdfunding
 Comparison of crowdfunding services
 Open-source hardware
 Play Business
 LaunchGood

References

External links

Financial services companies established in 2008
Crowdfunding platforms of the United States

Internet properties established in 2008
2008 establishments in Utah

Indiegogo


Judson Fountain (March 12, 1934—July 26 or 28, 2005) was an amateur actor-director who recorded a series of now-legendary "radio dramas" in the late 1960s and early 1970s, which are today hailed as a foremost example of "outsider dramatic art." He has been referred to as the "Ed Wood Jr. of Radio Drama." Fountain was born and died in New York, though the exact whereabouts are unknown.

The radio dramas were written, produced, and directed by Fountain, who also starred in them. Judson portrayed a variety of wicked witches, young thugs, elderly gangsters, and gun molls. The low-budget productions were recorded in New York at Sanders Recording Studios, and released on 12" LP records with low press runs. Fountain's main co-star was a Brooklyn-based actor named Sandor Weisberger, who also usually served as announcer for the productions. A small entourage of local actors occasionally played lead or walk-on roles.

Fountain and Weisberger were reunited in 1995 by radio station WFMU. The pair were interviewed, and they performed live (and without rehearsal) a new radio drama scripted the prior day by station listener Don Brockway. At the time of this appearance, Fountain was living in Jersey City, New Jersey.

Themes

Based on the "theater of the mind" concept of pre-television era radio drama, Fountain's productions attempted to recapture the atmosphere of broadcast favorites of yesteryear such as The Shadow, Inner Sanctum, and Lights Out.

Fountain's simple, derivative plotlines often employ Halloween kitsch—spooks, witches, haunted houses—as vehicles in morality plays about redemption for the honorable and damnation for evildoers. He also appropriates elements of crime drama, featuring detectives, thieves, gunplay, and innocent victims. Characters who embody virtue are invariably rewarded, while those of criminal bent (or those who simply misbehaved) are punished, often with ghoulish glee. A few characters manage to "repent of their evil ways," but mostly, the respective dispositions are starkly fixed in black and white.

Recordings

Fountain produced at least six full-length LPs. Others may exist, but a lack of source documentation and the scarcity of original copies makes this speculative. Of the known LPs, four are untitled; the other two are titled Fun in Radio and Stories in Radio.

Two compilations of Fountain's work have been released on CD by Innova Recordings, Completely in the Dark (2004) and Dark, Dark, Dark Tales (2009). Both collections were produced by outsider music authority Irwin Chusid and Barbara Economon. The cover of Dark, Dark, Dark Tales features an original portrait of Judson Fountain by noted illustrator Drew Friedman.

The first CD was acclaimed by Simpsons creator Matt Groening, who referred to Fountain's work as "brilliantly out-there outsider radio-dramas." Groening conceded the CD was "not for everybody, but I dig it!"

External links
JudsonFountain.com
Completely In the Dark, CD released by Innova Recordings, 2004
Dark, Dark, Dark Tales, CD released by Innova Recordings, 2009
Judson Fountain cameo TV appearance on Stairway to Stardom, 1985
Portrait of Judson Fountain by illustrator Drew Friedman

References

American radio writers
Outsider artists
1934 births
2005 deaths

Judson Fountain


The iridescent shark (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) is a catfish that is a native to the rivers across Southeast Asia. They are not sharks, but they do look like small sharks.

They are found over Mekong Basin and the Chao Phraya River areas and used for food there. The fish are marketed as swai in the United States. They are very similar to the US catfish. It has also been introduced into other river basins as a food source.

Description
Adults reach up to 130 cm (4.3 ft) in length and can weigh up to a maximum of 44 kg (97 lb). They have a shiny, iridescent color that gives these fish their name. Large adults are gray. The fins are dark gray or black. Juveniles have a black stripe along the lateral line and a second black stripe below the lateral line.

Distribution
Iridescent sharks come from the large rivers Chao Phraya and Mekong in Asia. They have been introduced into other rivers for aquaculture.

Diet and behavior
The iridescent shark is an omnivorous species, and does not require much animal protein in its diet. Typical grading sizes are 3–5 oz (85–140 g), 5–7 oz (140–200 g), and 7–9 oz (200–260 g). Its diet consists of other fish, plant matter, and crustaceans.

These fish are fast enough to catch and eat even active fish like tetra fish and guppies.

In the aquarium
Juvenile iridescent sharks are sold as pets for home aquariums, but they are not easy fish to keep. Iridescent sharks are schooling fish that prefer groups. They live in rivers, and are active fish that need space. Iridescent sharks require a tank size of at least 12 m (39 ft) to develop naturally. Schools require even larger tanks.

Related pages

 List of fish common names

References
 Vidthayanon, C.; Hogan, Z. (2011). "Pangasianodon hypophthalmus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T180689A7649971. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T180689A7649971.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
 "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
 Axelrod, Herbert, R. (1996). Exotic Tropical Fishes. T.F.H. Publications. ISBN 0-87666-543-1.

Further reading

 "Status of the Mekong Pangasianodon Hypophthalmus Resources,  Mekong River Commission. July 12, 2002 – via Google Books.

Other websites
 Planet Catfish
 Iridescent Shark (Pangasionodon hypophthalmus) Care Sheet

IUCN Red List endangered species
Catfish

Iridescent shark


Eleanor N. Fish  is a Canadian immunologist who is a Professor of Immunology at the University of Toronto. Her research considers how cytokines and chemokines interact with receptors in cells and tissue. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Fish tested interferon-alpha as a treatment for coronavirus disease.

Early life and education
Fish was born in the United Kingdom and grew up in London. As a child she was interested in music and fine art. She completed her undergraduate degree at the University of Manchester. She moved to King's College London for her graduate studies, where she worked toward a master's degree in virology. For her doctoral research she joined the University of Toronto, where she studied cell biology. Her research established structure–function relationships in human interferons derived from recombinant DNA. She has studied art at the OCAD University.

Research and career
Fish is involved with investigations into cytokines and the development of broad spectrum antiviral drugs. In an effort to understand rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis, Fish has investigated the immune responses that underpin autoimmunity.

In 2003 Fish led investigations antivirals that could into the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in Toronto. She investigated the use of interferon-alpha (IFN-α) corticosteroids to treat patients with SARS, and showed in a clinical trial that IFN-α treatment was associated with a reduction in impaired oxygen saturation, lung abnormalities and lower levels of creatine kinase. IFN-α is a naturally occurring protein that is produced in response to viral infection, and has been shown to have therapeutic properties in the treatment of viral infections. They do this by triggering an immune response as well as inhibiting the virus from multiplying. The success of these clinical trials prompted her group to examine the use of IFN-α as a treatment for emerging infectious diseases, including Influenza A virus subtype H1N1.

Fish has investigated the use of IFN-α as a treatment for ebola virus disease. In 2017 she led a clinical trial where she observed that patients treated with IFN-α had better outcomes than those receiving conventional treatment. After this study, the IFN-α developed by Fish was used to treat patients with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). Fish worked with the World Health Organization to establish the effectiveness of ebola vaccines and therapeutic interventions.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Fish provided regular expert commentary to the media and public. She called for widespread testing and contact tracing to better understand the spread of the disease. With regards to the observation that men are more likely to die of coronavirus disease than women, Fish said that women generally have a more robust immune system, as well as better hygiene. Early results from China indicated that interferon treatment, similar to the approach that Fish had used for SARS and Ebola virus disease patients, was effective against coronavirus disease. Fish proposed that "those who are severely ill with this coronavirus should be receiving a daily dose of interferon". In April 2020 Fish investigated interferons as a treatment for coronavirus disease, and participated as an advisor to the COVID-19 Therapeutics Task Force convened by Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada.

Awards and honours
 Elected Fellow of the American Academy of Microbiologists
 2010 Vivian & Seymour Milstein Award
 2012 Canadian Society for Immunology Investigator Award
2013 Canada Research Chair
 2015 Canadian Society of Immunology Cinader Award
 2015 Elected an Associate Fellow of the African Academy of Sciences
 2017 Leadership in Advocacy Award, Research Canada
 Member of the Order of Canada (2021)

Academic service
Fish is the Executive Director of Beyond Science Initiative, a nonprofit that supports science students from marginalised groups. She spends one month of each year teaching at Moi University, a medical school in Kenya. At Moi Fish runs programmes in immunology, with a focus on women and maternal health. She serves on the executive committee of the Canadian Organisation for Gender and Sex Research.

Selected publications

Fish serves on the editorial board of the BioMed Central Signals.

Personal life
Fish was married in 1975, when she moved to Toronto. She is an artist, painting figure paintings and landscapes using watercolour inks.

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Alumni of the University of Manchester
Alumni of King's College London
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
Members of the Order of Canada
English emigrants to Canada
Scientists from London
Scientists from Toronto
People from North York
Associate Fellows of the African Academy of Sciences

Eleanor Fish


Museum Folkwang is a major collection of 19th- and 20th-century art in Essen, Germany. The museum was established in 1922 by merging the Essener Kunstmuseum, which was founded in 1906, and the private Folkwang Museum of the collector and patron Karl Ernst Osthaus in Hagen, founded in 1902.

The term Folkwang derives from the name of the afterlife meadow of the dead, Fólkvangr, presided over by the Norse goddess Freyja.

Museum Folkwang incorporates the Deutsche Plakat Museum (German poster museum), comprising circa 340,000 posters from politics, economy and culture. During a visit in Essen in 1932, Paul J. Sachs called the Folkwang "the most beautiful museum in the world."

In 2007, David Chipperfield designed an extension, which was built onto the older building.

History

Museum Folkwang in the Nazi era
, director of the museum in the 1920s and 1930s, and earlier directors, had made the museum's collection of modern art into one of the leading collections in the world. However, when the National Socialists came to power in Germany in the early 1930s, they instituted a government-wide purge of what they termed "degenerate art", by which they meant abstract, cubist, expressionist, surrealist and impressionist art. In 1937, Joseph Goebbels created a commission headed by Adolf Ziegler whose mission was to purge all German government-owned museums of such "degenerate" works. The Museum Folkwang fell into the category of government-controlled institutions and was therefore part of the purge. Over 1,200 works of art were removed from the museum (among others by Georges Braque, Paul Cézanne, Giorgio de Chirico, Henri-Edmond Cross, André Derain, Henri Matisse, and Edvard Munch), part of over 17,000 works of art removed from museums throughout Germany. The Nazi government first organized a mass exhibition of this "degenerate" art—which, ironically, proved to be quite popular—and then began systematically selling the art to raise cash. Many works of art came into the possession of American and other collectors and museums. In the end, approximately 5,000 works of art deemed unsaleable were burned.

The Museum Folkwang and the other museums affected have generally not tried to reclaim these works because at the time, the removal and sale of the works of art were legal under German law. The works of art were ultimately the property of the German government, which had the legal right to dispose of them as it saw fit.

Redesign
A €55m reconstruction was financed by the Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation under its chairman Berthold Beitz. An international architectural competition organized by the City of Essen was won by David Chipperfield (against competing designs by David Adjaye, Volker Staab, and Zaha Hadid) in March 2007. The new building, adding  to the existing museum, opened in January 2010, when Essen and the Ruhr Area became European Capital of Culture – Ruhr.2010.

Collections

The museum has collections on 19th and 20th century art, Modern art, Photography, Prints and drawings, German Posters, Ancient and Non-European art.

Photography
The photographic collection was established as an independent department in the Museum Folkwang in 1978; today it contains more than 50,000 photographs and a number of artists' estates. The Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation has been granting fellowships for contemporary German photography since 1982 in cooperation with the photographic collection of the Museum Folkwang.

The museum was the site of the seminal Fotografie der Gegenwart exhibition in 1929 at which the leading photographers of the time from Germany, Austria and France were represented.

The Museum Folkwang owns the copyright for the photographers Errell (Richard Levy), Germaine Krull, Helmar Lerski, Walter Peterhans,  and Otto Steinert.

Folkwang Museum Association

The museum is supported by the Folkwang Museumsverein e.V. (Folkwang Museum Association), a non-profit association of citizens, patrons and companies interested in art, founded on June 1, 1922. According to the statutes, its main aim is "to manage and expand the Folkwang Museum founded by Karl Ernst Osthaus together with the city of Essen and to make it permanently available for research and popular education purposes as a public collection". The association is based in Essen, where the Folkwang Museum has been located since October 1922. A special feature of the association compared to almost all other museum associations is that, together with the city of Essen, it is co-owner of the collections of the Folkwang Museum. The association publishes its own periodical for its members, the Folkwang newsletter. Its chairman since 2015 is Ulrich Blank.

Association purpose
The purpose and tasks of the Folkwang Museum Association are determined in its statutes as follows: "1. The purpose of the association is to manage, expand and public the Folkwang Museum founded by Dr. Karl Ernst Osthaus in Hagen together with the city of Essen 2. To make the collection permanently usable for the purposes of research and popular education. 2. In addition, the association has the general task of promoting the fine arts. 3. The association also has the task of maintaining and promoting the international status and character of the museum by supporting the work of the scientific staff in the field of teaching and research as well as all efforts of the museum for international cooperation in the artistic field." The purpose of the association determined in point 1 has been valid since 1922 (in the wording as quoted), the task of promoting the fine arts (analogously). The deliberate internationality of the museum and its activities was enshrined in the statutes only later, in fact it had existed from the beginning – only interrupted during the National Socialist era.

Bodies
The two governing bodies of the association are the board of directors elected by the general assembly (currently 14 members, at least seven according to the articles of association) and the executive board (currently six members). This is elected by the General Assembly on the proposal of the board of directors. In the early days, the board of directors had eight members (at least five according to the Articles of Association), while the executive board consisted of only three people, who at that time still had to belong to the board of directors.

Cooperation with the city of Essen and the heirs of Karl Osthaus as well as the supervision of the museum's operations take place in the board of trustees (Kuratorium) of the Museum Folkwang. It comprises up to 20 people, ten representatives of the city, five from the museum association and also up to five representatives from the Karl Ernst Osthaus Foundation, as well as the director of the museum (Peter Gorschlüter since 2018) as advisory member. The chair of the board of trustees changes annually between the mayor of Essen and the chairman of the museum association.

Membership and chairpersons
The Folkwang Museum Association has around 400 members, including legal entities (mostly companies). Its chairmen (since 1960 "first chairperson") were:

 1922–1924:
 1925–1926: Ernst Henke
 1926–1928: Oskar Ruperti
 1928–1937:
 1938–1959:
 1959–1969: Ernst Henke
 1969–1985:
 1985–2000:
 2000–2005:
 2005–2010: Henner Puppel
 2010–2015: Achim Middelschulte
 since 2015: Ulrich Blank

International Cooperation
With strong support of the Museum Association, the work of the Folkwang Museum became increasingly international from the beginning 1960s. Under the direction of  as museum director (in office since 1962), works from the Folkwang Collection were loaned to outstanding museums around the world. In addition, the FMV also began to cooperate more and more closely with museums in what was then the Eastern Bloc. The collaboration with museums in the USA was particularly close. In the early 1970s, works from the Folkwang Museum were loaned to partner museums in New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Boston, Cleveland, Des Moines, Louisiana, Philadelphia, San Francisco and St. Louis.

Literature
 Folkwang-Museumsverein (Edit.): Sammlerfleiß und Stiftungswille. 90 Jahre Folkwang-Museumsverein – 90 Jahre Museum Folkwang [Collector's Diligence and Will to the Foundation. 90 Years of the Folkwang Museum Association – 90 Years of the Folkwang Museum], by Ulrike Laufer, 448p., Edition Folkwang / Steidl, Göttingen 2012, . [A comprehensive account of the history and activities of the Folkwang Museum Association, published on the occasion of its ninetieth anniversary; in German.]
 Folkwang-Museumsverein (Edit.): Bilder für eine Sammlung. Museum Folkwang Essen. DuMont, Cologne 1994, .
 , Christoph Dorsz (Edit.): Der Folkwang Impuls. Das Museum von 1902 bis heute. Neuer Folkwang Verlag, Hagen 2012.
 Andreas Lepik: Die Zurückführung der Kunst ins Leben: Karl Ernst Osthaus und das Museum Folkwang. In: Manet bis van Gogh, Hugo von Tschudi und der Kampf um die Moderne. Exhibition catalogue. Prestel, Berlin / München 1996, .

Gallery

See also

 Susanna im Bade (Lovis Corinth)

References

Further reading

External links

Virtual tour of the Museum Folkwang provided by Google Arts & Culture
 Museum association

Museums in Essen
Art museums established in 1922
Art museums and galleries in Germany
Modern art museums in Germany
1922 establishments in Germany
David Chipperfield buildings
Poster museums

Museum Folkwang