In American football, Red Right 88 is the name given to a passing play called by the Cleveland Browns during a National Football League (NFL) playoff game against the Oakland Raiders on January 4, 1981. In the years since, the term has been used to refer to both the play itself and the game.

Background

The Red Right 88 game was a divisional playoff game played as part of the 1980–81 NFL playoffs, which would crown the NFL champion for the 1980 season. Under the playoff structure in place at the time, five teams from each of the NFL's two conferences – the American Football Conference (AFC) and National Football Conference (NFC) – would qualify for the playoffs. These five teams would consist of the champions of each of the three divisions of each conference (the East, Central, and West), plus two wild card teams, which were the two teams who finished with the best win-loss record in each conference who were not division champions. These five teams would be seeded one through five based on win-loss record for purposes of playoff bracketing, with the three division champions seeded one through three and the two wild card qualifiers seeded four and five.

The Browns had finished in first place in the AFC Central division during the 1980 season with an 11–5 win-loss record. Although the Houston Oilers had also compiled an 11–5 record during the 1980 season, Cleveland claimed the AFC Central championship by virtue of having a better record than Houston against other AFC opponents (the Browns had an 8–4 conference record, compared to the 7–5 conference record of the Oilers). Like the Browns, the Raiders had also finished the 1980 season with an 11–5 record. However, they finished in second place in the AFC West division behind the San Diego Chargers, who also had an 11–5 won-loss record. San Diego had been awarded the division title over Oakland because they had scored more net points against division opponents (60) than Oakland (37) during the season.

As the Browns, Raiders, Chargers, Oilers, and AFC East division champion Buffalo Bills all finished with identical 11–5 records, the league was forced to resort to tiebreakers to determine seeding for the playoff tournament. San Diego attained the first overall seed in the AFC because they had a better record against other AFC opponents than Cleveland and Buffalo (9–3 for San Diego compared to 8–4 for both Cleveland and Buffalo). The Browns, however, were named the second seed over the Bills because they had a better record against common opponents (5–2) than the Bills (5–3). As the Raiders and Oilers had both finished with the best second-place records in the AFC, they both qualified for the playoffs as wild card teams; the Raiders were named the fourth seed as they had a better record against AFC opponents (9–3) than the Oilers (7–5).

The playoff system stipulated that the top seed in each conference would get a bye into the second round of the playoffs (the divisional playoff), while the two wild card teams would play each other in the first round of the playoffs (the wild card playoff). The victor of the wild card playoff would then face the top conference seed in the divisional playoff, unless the wild card victor and top conference seed were in the same division, in which case the wild card victor would play the second seed.

In the AFC wild card playoff on December 28, 1980, the Raiders defeated the Oilers 27–7 to move on to the divisional playoff, where under normal circumstances they would have played the Chargers, who were the top AFC seed. However, as the Raiders and Chargers were both in the AFC West, the Raiders would instead play the Browns, the second seed in the AFC, in the divisional playoff.

Game summary

With the game-time temperature at , the coldest National Football League game since the Ice Bowl of December 31, 1967, the first quarter contained nothing but punts and interceptions, with Cleveland's Ron Bolton and Oakland's Lester Hayes each recording one of the latter. Near the end of the quarter, Browns quarterback Brian Sipe's 20-yard completion to Reggie Rucker sparked a drive that reached inside the Raiders' 30-yard line, but it ended with no points early in the second quarter when Don Cockroft missed a field goal attempt from 47 yards. On Oakland's ensuing drive, quarterback Jim Plunkett lost a fumble while being sacked, but their defense kept the Browns in check and Cockroft missed another field goal attempt, this one from 30 yards out.

With 6:02 left in the second quarter, Bolton scored the first points of the day by recording his second interception of Plunkett and returning it 42 yards to the end zone. However, Cockroft's ensuing extra point was blocked by Ted Hendricks. After an exchange of punts, Oakland managed to get on the scoreboard, with Plunkett completing passes to Bob Chandler and Raymond Chester for gains of 15 and 26 yards highlighting a 64-yard scoring drive. Mark van Eeghen finished the drive with a 1-yard touchdown run with 18 seconds left in the half, making the score 7–6.

On Cleveland's opening drive of the second half, a 28-yard kickoff return to the 40-yard line by Charles White started a 48-yard drive that ended with Cockroft's 30-yard field goal, giving the lead back to the Browns, 9–7. After forcing a punt, Cleveland drove to the Raiders' 24-yard line, but on a field goal attempt, holder Paul McDonald was unable to handle a bad snap and was tackled for an 11-yard loss. On their next drive on the Raiders' 44-yard line after a punt, Cleveland drove to the 9-yard line, featuring a 21-yard reception by Dave Logan.  The drive ended with another 30-yard field goal by Cockroft, making the score 12–7 going into the fourth quarter.

Early in the final quarter, the Raiders took a 14–12 lead with an 80-yard drive highlighted by Chester's 27-yard catch. On the last play, van Eeghen scored his second 1-yard touchdown run of the day. The Raiders had a chance to put the game away when they recovered a fumble from Sipe on the Browns' 24-yard line with 4:19 left in the game. But on 3rd down with 1 yard to go at the Browns' 15-yard line, van Eeghen was stuffed for no gain on two consecutive plays, and Cleveland regained the ball on downs. On the second play of the ensuing drive, Sipe completed a 29-yard pass to tight end Ozzie Newsome, and four plays later connected on a 23-yard pass to Greg Pruitt. Then Mike Pruitt ran the ball 14 yards to the Raiders' 14-yard line. Pruitt gained another yard on the next play, and the team called a timeout with 49 seconds left.

The play
Trailing 14–12 with less than a minute remaining in the game, the Browns had the ball on the Raiders' 13-yard line and were in position for a potential game-winning field goal. Sipe conferred with head coach Sam Rutigliano, who called a pass play, "Red Slot Right, Halfback Stay, 88," and instructed Sipe to "throw it into Lake Erie" (throwing the ball out of play as it was only 2nd down), if the play was anything less than wide open. On the next play, Sipe forced a pass to tight end Ozzie Newsome.  However, it was intercepted in the end zone by Raiders safety Mike Davis, who had cut in front of Newsome's square-out pass route, putting an end to the Browns' season. Oakland subsequently advanced to the AFC conference championship, where they defeated the San Diego Chargers and went on to win Super Bowl XV against the Philadelphia Eagles.

The logic behind trying for the touchdown was that Cockroft, the Browns' placekicker, had previously missed two field goal attempts, had one extra point attempt blocked, and had another aborted following a bad snap. In addition, the weather was brutally cold and windy. "What many people don't know about that situation is that I was a long way from being 100 percent physically in 1980," Cockroft said in a 2006 interview. "I had two herniated discs and needed four epidurals to just get through the season. I probably should have gone on IR [the injured reserve list]." Cockroft was released by the Browns at the end of their 1981 training camp and retired soon after. In an NFL Films retrospective on the game, one of Mike Davis' teammates laughed over the play because Davis (an outstanding tackler and team leader) had notoriously poor hands and had often dropped potential interceptions during his career, only for Davis to make the biggest stop of his career by making a difficult catch during freezing, windy weather when it mattered the most.

Had the play been executed properly, it may have resulted in a touchdown. The primary receiver, Dave Logan, was crossing left-to-right, had a step on his defender, and was open at the 6-yard line. Sipe misread the defensive back's movements and thought Logan was covered so he threw to the secondary receiver and it was intercepted. Furthermore, this drive had occurred right after the Raiders also eschewed a short field goal attempt, choosing to run the ball on 3rd and 4th down at the Browns' 15-yard line only to get stuffed for no gain each time.

The play call itself has since become an infamous part of Cleveland sports lore, ranking with The Drive, The Fumble, The Catch [from 1954 World Series], Game 7 of the 1997 World Series, The Shot, The Decision, and The Move as a bad memory that symbolizes the 52-year professional championship drought that plagued the city until the Cleveland Cavaliers won the 2016 NBA Finals.

See also
Cleveland sports curse
1980–81 NFL playoffs
The Fumble
The Drive
Cleveland Browns relocation to Baltimore

References

1980 National Football League season
National Football League playoff games
Cleveland Browns postseason
Oakland Raiders postseason
American football incidents
January 1981 sports events in the United States
1981 in sports in Ohio

Red Right 88


امرت پتریکا 1896 جہلم
 پنجابی دربار لیلپور
 سجن 1989 -1990

دو ہفتے وار
 رویل

معینہ وار
 ماں بولی
 سنیہہ  magazine of Punjabi Adabi Sangat; editors Aashiq Raheel, Snawar Chadharr and Nabeel Shad; pp 64; price Rs25; published from 6 Khyber Park, Main Outfall Road, Sant Nagar, Lahore

This is a special issue on Punjabi poet Hayat Pasruri, an active member of the Majlis-i-Ahrar. This anti-British religious organisation was close to the Congress. Hayat was also attached with the Congress and in 1947 he was vice president of the District Sialkot Committee. Some of his poems were published in pamphlets. Born in 1917, he was employed in an army clothing factory of Wah, from where he was dismissed for reciting an anti-government poem in a public meeting. Later on, he was arrested and imprisoned many times. In one of his poems, he ridiculed both the Muslim League and Pakistan on the occasion of distribution of one-yard cloth piece, a gift from Japan, distributed to each Pakistani man. Only He said:

(With that length neither League nor Muslim can be covered). It is a good attempt to remember a freedom fighter poet.
پنجابی اخبار

پنجابی اخباراں دی لسٹ


is a Japanese film director. His theatrical debut was the film Maria's Stomach in 1990. He won the Directors Guild of Japan New Directors Award for The Games Teachers Play in 1992. In 1995, School Ghost Stories was a big hit and made into popular series. Begging for Love in 1998 got many awards as International press award (FIPRESCI) in Montreal World Film Festival, Japan Academy Prize for Director of the Year, Mainichi Film Award for Best Director etc. In 2001, Hirayama won Best Director Choice for Turn at the Puchon International Fantastic Film Festival. He also got several Japanese film awards for director, including the Best Director award for The Laughing Frog and Out at the 2003 Yokohama Film Festival.

Filmography
 Maria's Stomach (1990)
 The Games Teachers Play (1992)
 Human Scramble -RAIN- (1993)
 Playing with Good Children (1994)
 School Ghost Stories (1995)
 School Ghost Stories 2 (1996)
 Begging for Love (1998)
 Haunted School 4 (1999)
 Turn (2001)
 The Laughing Frog (2002)
 Out (2002)
 Samurai Resurrection (2003)
 Lady Joker (2004)
 Talk, Talk, Talk (2007)
 Three for the Road (2007)
 Forget Me Not (2010)
 Sword of Desperation (2010)
 Oba: The Last Samurai (2011)
 Everest: The Summit of the Gods (2016)
 Family of Strangers (2019)
 Tsuyukusa (2022)

Television
 Woman on the Other Shore (2006)
 Hitori Shizuka'' (2012)

References

External links

1950 births
Living people
Japanese film directors
Japan Academy Prize for Director of the Year winners
People from Kitakyushu

Hideyuki Hirayama


Sir Ambrose Button (c. 1549 – after 1608) was the member of the Parliament of England for Malmesbury for the Parliament of 1571.

Button was the first son of William Button (1526–1591) of Alton Priors, Wiltshire, who had also been an MP. Ambrose was disinherited by his father in favour of his brother, also William (died 1599), causing the Privy Council to summon William senior to London to explain matters. They informed him that Queen Elizabeth "much disliked" the action, and that Ambrose was "known to some at court to be of very good behaviour and well affected in religion, perhaps better given" than William junior. The disinheritance was not reversed, however.

Button was knighted at Greenwich in 1605.

References

Members of the Parliament of England for Malmesbury
English MPs 1571
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death uncertain
1540s births
1600s deaths
English knights

Ambrose Button


John Tregoning (c. 1845 – c. 1920) was an American mechanical engineer, inventor and business manager from Lynn, Massachusetts, known for writing one of the first books on factory operations in 1891. and as early systematizer of management.

Biography
Tregoning was educated as mechanical engineer and had started his career in industry in the 1860s. In the 1870s he was living in New York city, when he filed his first patents requests. In the 1880s he made it superintendent at the Mather Electric Company in Manchester, Connecticut. In 1888 he accepted the appointment as superintendent of the Thomson Electric Welding Company in Lynn, Massachusetts, and in 1890 he became superintendent of the machine factory Nicholson & Waterman Works in Providence, R.I.

In the 1870s Tregoning had come into prominence, while he invented and patented a mechanical improvement for a steam pump. In the 1880s he shifted his attention as inventor to electrical devices and patented a series op electrical designs such as a globe supporter for electric lamps (1882), an electric arc lamp (1883); and electrical indicator (1884), a collector (1884), and an electric switch (1899). Furthermore, in the field of mechanical engineering he patented among others a self-oiling box or journal (1890), a valve operation mechanism (1891), and a   Combination Slash Lock (1914).

In 1891 Tregoning published the seminal work "A Treatise on Factory Management: Being a Comprehensive and Practical Scheme for the Better Management of Factories." This work earned him a place among other early management authors of the late 19th century, such as Captain Henry Metcalfe, Henry R. Towne, Emile Garcke, J. Slater Lewis and Horace Lucian Arnold They were the first foremost authors, who "developed systems of shop orders to control the flow of orders through factories."

Work
Tregoning came into prominences in the 1870s after some of his inventions were published in Scientific American, but he is most noted for his 1891 treatise on factory management.

Improved Steam Valve for pumping engines

In 1877 Tregoning filed his first patent request for an improved steam valve for pumping engines (see  picture), and another patent in cooperation with Michael Hastings of Brooklyn, N.Y. for another improved pump valve. Both inventions were described the next year in the "New Engineering Inventions" section of Scientific American, August 1878, as follows.

John Tregoning, of Brooklyn, N. Y., has patented an improved Steam Valve for pumping engines, which consists in a circumferentially grooved piston rod, which acts as a valve, and in passages that lead from the ends of the valve chest to and across the cylinder heads, and to the exhaust receiver of the cylinder, the said passages being crossed between the valve chest and cylinder heads.John Tregoning and Michael Hastings, of Brooklyn, N. Y., have jointly patented an improved Pump Valve, which consists in a semi-cylindrical valve fitted to a suitable valve seat, and provided with recesses in each end for receiving a head formed on the rod of a small piston. A piston is connected with each end of the valve, and works in a chamber or cylinder formed at the end of the water way in the valve seat. Communications relating to either of these two inventions should be addressed to Mr. John Farrell, No. 30 Water street, Brooklyn, or to Mr. John Tregoning, 38 Gold street, New York city.

The patents were granted the next year, 1879, by the United States Patent and Trademark Office. In the 1880s Tregoning would turn to developing electrical devices, which also drew some attention. One of his designs for an electrical switch was even pictured in the French La Lumiére électrique journal in 1887.

A Treatise on Factory Management, 1891

As mechanical engineer and later superintendent of the Thomas Electric Welding Company and other companies, Tregoning had personally witnessed the vigorous growth of the American industry in the last decades of the 19th century. The scale of enterprises had significantly grown, and new large-scale enterprises emerged from the merger of existing companies. Due to increased specialization and division of labour and high scale production these enterprises became more complex to coordinate and to manage. A new field of operational problems around the management of factory operations emerged.

In 1891 Tregoning wrote a book about his experiences and ideas, called A Treatise on Factory Management. With this work he was one of the first to supply a more systematic approach to management. Predecessors, such as Captain Henry Metcalfe (1885) had written about the operation and management of the military arsenal, and Joseph Nasmith (1884) was focussed on textile industry. Tregoning focussed in general on a "more detailed method for factory organization," which could be useful in any job shop, machine shop, or factory.

The need for methods for factory organisation
In his "A Treatise on Factory Management" Tregoning started his essay by giving a summary of the state of management in his days, and the need for method or methodology in the management:

It has been said that "Systems"  is the triumph of "Mind Over Matter," and there is no doubt about the truth herein contained; we only get suspicious of the fact when taking a measured survey of the inner workings of some large factories, and gaze sorrowfully at the triumph of matter over mind.To work systematically is to work successfully. Method is the essential element on which every solid and substantial concern is based ; and that factory, institution, or establishment of any kind which ignores it, conveys to the observer an impression that nothing permanent or abiding is intended, whilst on the other hand a systematised manner of working stamps it at once with permanency — an establishment that means business and intends to carry it on for all time.I have heard it remarked that in business three things are necessary : knowledge, temper, and time ; but I have seen all three prostrate and powerless for want of method in the management. Such is the evil of working in an unmethodical and slipshod manner, that it is not too much to say results have followed well-nigh ruinous to the concern.

And furthermore Tregoning complains about the lack of advances in the field:

There is no doubt that the subject of factory organisation has been badly neglected in past years. That we have not advanced with the order of the times is the complaint I lodge against the doors of many managers. We are working on old systems which have served their day and generation — systems which 'have had their day' but, unfortunately have not 'ceased to be' ; for a brief glance at many of them, both great and small, wall prove that little or no method is used, and that the concern moves under conditions which are disgraceful ; the wonder is how it moves at all.

The need for coordination and systematization
Tregoning referred, as Jacoby (2004) recalled, to the "rapid growth of the machine shops and other metalworking establishments [which] had led to internal disorder and [where] greater coordination and systematization were required if production speed was to be increased." As Tregoning mentioned:

My observations have led me to conclude — and I say it after twenty years' experience — that the first and foremost want of many of our large factories is not work, but a thorough revision of the machinery that manages and directs the whole concern. It is not a want of brains, it is not the difficulty of working out a vast and complicated scheme, it is not a matter involving the company in a large outlay of money — it is simply a question of method — the application of a few simple rules, and a respect for the time-honoured principle that order is the first law of the universe, and the nearer our approach to it the more harmonious will our arrangements work.Also cited in Jacoby (2004)

Litterer (1963) argued, that Tregoning shared with all late-nineteenth-century a "pursuit of controlling the workplace more efficiently," despite a diversity of opinions among them. Tregonings ideal:

A perfect organisation I consider an essential and vital element in securing success, in whatever form of institution we may wish to carry on, whether political or religious, mechanical or social. I contend that it is not possible to found a lasting power upon a management in which systematic action is eliminated or ignored ; a ramshackle condition of things is the ultimatum ; and in many cases establishments have closed simply through a break-up from within of its managing machinery.

Eight years later J. Slater Lewis cited Tregonings characterization in the Engineering Magazine (1899), and concluded that "it will be seen... that establishing new works for the profitable introduction of specialised machinery in order to arrive at maximum production is a matter of great complexity, involving questions of the highest importance, which must vary in accordance with the surroundings of each particular trade."

The new system for coordination and systematization, Tregoning proposed in his work, contained the structural application of tools as shop order books, technical drawings, and graphics for analysis costs (see images).

Shop Order Board and Shop Order Card

Shop Order Board is "made to represent any number of departments, also any number of shop orders, and is placed in the. Superintendent's office, where it is under the care of someone connected with this room. say the stenographer, how will see that to the proper distribution of the tags are hanging on the board with corresponding numbers to those on the orders sent into the factory, when there is any notice placed in the table of the party in charge to show that certain tags should change departments on the board."

Tregonings system of shop control used shop order cards (see illustration). This card is "filled out... with the serial numbers for the six machines to be built. Attached to the shop order card are coupons on which are written the departments corresponding with this on the board, also the shop order number."

Systemic management
Tregoning was late 19th century among a growing group of engineers, who had taken an interest in economic variables of the factory system. Tregoning didn't see, as already stated above, any solution in "involving the company in a large outlay of money - it is simply a question of method, the application of a few rules."

Guillén (1944) recalled, that in Tregonings days "cost accounting, production and inventory controls, and piecework rates were introduced not only to ease the 'labor problem' but also to improve on the wasteful use of raw materials and capital equipment. Various piecework systems were tried, including the famous Halsey, Gantt, and Taylor schemes. The effective application of productivity-based wage schedules reinforced the unfolding of cost accounting, which had been neglected for decades despite rapid industrial growth. The simultaneous development of cost accounting, production-control procedures, inventory controls, and piecework schemes was the most important aspect of the movement towards more systematic management practices in industry."

Late 19th century Tregoning had a pioneering role in advocating methods of factory management. He presented a series of tools, but didn't deliver a complete system as Frederick A. Halsey, Henry Gantt, Frederick Winslow Taylor and other pioneers did early 20th century.

Selected publications
 John Tregoning. A Treatise on Factory Management: Being a Comprehensive and Practical Scheme for the Better Management of Factories. Press of Thos. P. Nichols, 1891.

Patents
 1878. Patents US201468 - improved Pump Valve; jointly patented with Michael Hastings,
 1878. Patent US 214597 - Improvement in steam-pumps.
 1882. Patent US 255212 - Globe supporter for electric lamps.
 1884. Patent US 336176 - Electric Arc lamp.
 1883. Patents US 382914 - Electrical indicator
 1884. Patents US 394797 - Collector.
 1890. Patent US 421991 - Self-oiling box or journal.
 1891. Patent US 462805 - Valve-operating mechanism.
 1899. Patent US 637892 - Electric switch.
 1914. Patents US 1093955 - Combination Slash Lock and Alarm .

References

External links

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
American mechanical engineers
People from Lynn, Massachusetts
1840s births
1920s deaths
American inventors

John Tregoning


Ferdinando Imposimato (9 April 1936 – 2 January 2018) was an Italian magistrate. He was the Honorary President of the Supreme Court of Italy until his death. He was known for being a high-ranking prosecutor. He led the investigations of the kidnapping of Aldo Moro, Mehmet Ali Ağca's attempted assassination of Pope John Paul II, the assassination of banker Michele Sindona and many Mafia trials. He was twice a member of the Senate of the Republic.

In January 2015, he was nominated by the Five Star Movement as its candidate for the 2015 presidential election. An online survey by supporters of the movement won him 32% of the votes.

Imposimato was born in Maddaloni. He graduated from the University of Naples in 1959. He became a magistrate in 1964.

Imposimato died on 2 January 2018 in Rome, at the age of 81.

References

1936 births
2018 deaths
Italian human rights activists
Italian politicians
Italian judges
Italian lawyers
People from Campania

Ferdinando Imposimato


Sky High is a 2005 movie from Walt Disney Pictures, starring Kurt Russell.

Plot
This movie is about superheroes.  Will Stronghold has two superhero parents.  His dad, Steve, is The Commander, who is very strong.  His mother, Josie, is Jetstream, who can fly.  Will is expected to have great powers of his own, but he finds that he does not have any.  He enters his school, Sky High, where the students are sorted into "hero" and "sidekick."  Will is given the position of a sidekick and takes different classes than the hero track.  He later tells his dad about this, who is not happy that his son will not be like him.

At school, Will also has an enemy named Warren Peace.  The Commander put Warren's father away for three life terms.  During a lunch, Warren gets very mad at Will and starts throwing fireballs, which is his superpower.  Will dives under a bench.  It is here his power comes to him; super strength, like his dad.  He manages to defeat Warren and both are put in a time out room where their powers do not work.  His mother is not happy, but his dad is very happy that Will has powers.  Steve shows Will the hiding place where the Stronghold family does all of their activities.

Will's new powers put him up in the hero track, where he is partnered with a girl named Gwen Grayson.  Will soon falls for Gwen and does not keep up with the friends he made as a sidekick.  Will has an old friend named Layla, whose power is to grow plants.  Will gets more popular.  Gwen gets him to invite all the popular kids for a party.  When Layla comes over to tell Will that she loves him, Gwen stops her and tells her that Will has new friends.  Layla is upset.  When Will learns about it, he breaks off the date.  He was going to go to the prom with Gwen, but now decides to stay home.

His parents go to the prom instead.  There was going to be a ceremony to honor the best superhero of all time.  During the prom, however, it is revealed that Gwen is really a villain named Royal Pain.  The Commander thought he killed her off, but when he zapped her, she simply became a baby instead.  The years passed and she grew into another teenager.  Royal Pain puts on her suit and uses her weapon to make everyone become babies.

Will comes on down to the school.  He is very sorry for how he acted as a hero and tells his sidekick friends that he needs all of their help to beat Royal Pain.  Lash and Speed, two bullies on Royal Pain's side, are knocked out.  Ethan tricks Lash and stuffs his head down the toliet.  Then he becomes a puddle of ooze, which causes Speed to slip.  Warren, now on Will's side, throws fireballs to knock Speed down.

Magenta, whose power is to become a rat, climbs into the system and tries to disable it, otherwise the school will fall from orbit and everyone will die.  Penny, a cheerleader who can make multiple copies of herself, surrounds Layla.  Layla does not want to fight, but when they hit her, she uses her power to make all the plants come out and bind the cheerleaders down.

Will finds Royal Pain outside.  She has loaded all the babies onto the bus and will retrain them to be bad people.  He tells her to put his father down.  They fight.  Will is winning when Layla bursts in, distracting Will.  Royal Pain manages to throw Will out of the window.  All seems lost when Will appears in the window – he too has Josie's power of flying.  He then kicks Royal Pain out of the window.  The school begins to fall down.  Will goes outside and uses his power to try to keep the school from hitting the ground.  Magneta cuts the wire in time and saves the school from crashing into the ground.

Steve and Josie give their award to all of the sidekicks that helped out.  All of the villains re put into the time-out room. As Will and Layla become a couple, the final narration states that Ron Wilson became a superhero after falling into a vat of toxic waste, Will and Warren became best friends and Sue and her henchmen are now Will's archenemies.

Other websites

Disney's official Sky High site

Cast
 Michael Angarano as William "Will" Theodore Stronghold, a freshman at Sky High, whose parents are the two most famous superheroes — Commander and Jetstream — as well as Maxville's top real estate agents in their secret identities. His super strength, inherited from his father, and his ability to fly, inherited from his mother, start as inactive and gradually manifest over the film.
 Danielle Panabaker as Layla Williams, Will's childhood best friend and eventual love interest/girlfriend, who is a pacifist vegetarian and is able to animate and control plant life. Her mother's abilities are said to allow her to talk to animals and her father is a normal human.
 Mary Elizabeth Winstead as Gwendolyn "Gwen" Grayson / Royal Pain (suit actress) / Susan "Sue" Tenny, a senior at Sky High whom Will, along with everyone else, falls in love with. Her power is technopathy. Winstead said of her role, "I bounced around. I was either the hero of the sidekicks or the sidekick to the heroes." When she attended Sky High the first time, no one understood her class of powers and she was slated as a sidekick and a weirdo, eventually turning into a supervillain. An accident with the "Pacifier" de-aged her during a battle with The Commander.
 Patrick Warburton provides the voice of Gwen in her Royal Pain suit. Winstead also serves as the suit actress of Gwen in her Royal Pain suit.
 Steven Strait as Warren Peace, the son of an unnamed superheroine and a supervillain known as Baron Battle who is in jail with four life sentences. He is pyrokinetic. Warren is a high school outcast who tries to lead a decent life, but is often misunderstood due to being a son of a felonious father. His name is a pun of the novel, War and Peace.
 Dee Jay Daniels as Ethan Bank, a sidekick and one of Will's friends who can melt into a fluid (which earned him the nickname "Popsicle").
 Kelly Vitz as Magenta "Maj" Lewis, one of Will's friends who shapeshifts into a guinea pig with purple highlights and streaks in her fur.
 Nicholas Braun as Zachary "Zach" Braun / Zack Attack, Will's childhood friend who has the latent ability to glow in the dark.
 Malika Haqq and Khadijah Haqq as Penny Lent, Gwen's best friend who duplicates herself and is naturally athletic.
 Jake Sandvig as Lash, a skinny bully at Sky High who has elasticity.
 Will Harris as Speed, an overweight bully at Sky High who can run at an extremely high speed.
 Lynda Carter as Principal Powers, the principal of Sky High who has the power to change into a luminous energy form resembling a comet and back at will. Her catchphrase is "Comets away".
 Bruce Campbell as Tommy Boomowski / Coach Boomer / Sonic Boom, the gym teacher at Sky High who has his ability to release sonic waves from his vocal cords which can be listed as sonic screaming. His real name is listed as Tommy Boomowski in the Commander's Sky High Yearbook. Coach Boomer's job is to sort the superheroes from the sidekicks and oversee the civilian rescue exercise.
 Kevin Heffernan as Ron Wilson, Sky High's good-hearted bus driver. He is the offspring of two super-powered parents, just like Will Stronghold is the offspring of the Commander and Jetstream, but does not have any powers. He feels a great sense of pride in driving the "superheroes of tomorrow" to school. It is revealed at the end of the film that he fell into a vat of toxic waste, gaining superpowers of his own.
 Kurt Russell as Steve Stronghold / The Commander, Will's father who is one of the world's strongest superheroes, displaying superhuman strength and invulnerability, and is a successful businessman in his secret identity. In a deleted scene, it is revealed that Steve was an investigative reporter who seeks to change his career before becoming a real estate agent.
 Kelly Preston as Josie DeMarco-Stronghold / Jetstream, Will's mother and a successful real estate agent. As Jetstream, she uses the power of supersonic flight; she is also touted as being an expert in hand-to-hand combat.
 Cloris Leachman as Nurse Spex, a kind and eccentric elderly lady that serves as Sky High's single known school nurse, with the ability of x-ray vision. She is the one who tells Will that not everybody gets powers even if they are the child of two superheroes.
 Jim Rash as Mr. Grayson / Stitches, Royal Pain's bumbling cackling sidekick. He raised her as his daughter after she was turned into a baby by the "Pacifier".
 Dave Foley as Jonathan Boy / All-American Boy, The Commander's old sidekick who works as Hero Support teacher at Sky High.
 Kevin McDonald as Professor Medulla, The Mad Science teacher with a hyper-advanced (and oversized) brain, which grants him advanced intelligence, creativity and a multitude of genius-level skills.
 Kim Rhodes as Professor Jeannie Elast / Elastic Girl, a girl who has the talent to twist her body into anything she wants. Her character was never shown in the final cut of the film.
 Tom Kenny and Jill Talley as Mr. and Mrs. Chester Timmerman, a couple who witnesses Will prevent Sky High from falling on their new home.
 Loren Berman as Larry, a nerdy boy who can turn into a rock monster.
 Dustin Ingram as Carbon Copy Kid, a boy that can make himself look like anyone.
 Nicole Malgarini as Freeze Girl, a girl with cryokinetic powers.

References

2000s superhero movies
2005 movies
American family movies
American superhero movies
Disney movies

Sky High (2005 movie)


Gyan Prakash  is a historian of modern India and the Dayton-Stockton Professor of History at Princeton University. Prakash is a member of the Subaltern Studies collective. Prakash received his Bachelor of Arts degree in history from the University of Delhi in 1973, his Master's degree in history from Jawaharlal Nehru University in 1975, and his doctorate in history from the University of Pennsylvania in 1984. His field of research concerns urban modernity, genealogies of modernity, and problems of postcolonial thought and politics. He writes about modern South Asian history, comparative colonialism and postcolonial theory, urban history, global history, and the history of science. He has also written several books, including Mumbai Fables (2010), which was adapted into the 2015 film Bombay Velvet directed by Anurag Kashyap.

Works
Bonded Histories: Genealogies of Labor Servitude in Colonial India (1990)
Another Reason: Science and the Imagination of Modern India (1999),
Worlds Together: Worlds Apart: A History of the Modern World, 1300 to the Present (2002)
Mumbai Fables (2010),
Emergency Chronicles: Indira Gandhi and Democracy's Turning Point (2019),
 (ed.) After Colonialism: Imperial Histories and Postcolonial Displacements (1995)
 (ed.) The Spaces of the Modern City: Imaginaries, Politics, and Everyday Life (2008)
 (ed.) Noir Urbanism: Dystopic Images of the Modern City (2010)

See also
 Science and technology studies in India

References

External links
 Princeton University Profile
 "Myths of the Island City", Gyan Prakash, Berfrois, 17 November 2010
 "Imaging the Modern City, Darkly" Prakash's introduction to Noir Urbanisms: Dystopic Images of the Modern City
 'Mumbai Revisited', review of Mumbai Fables in the Oxonian Review

Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni
Delhi University alumni
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Historians of India
Princeton University faculty
1952 births
Living people

Gyan Prakash


The Closure & Container Manufacturers Association (CCMA) is a United States trade association of manufacturers who produce closures and containers. Only manufacturers of plastic containers are represented in the association, although this may change in time.

Purpose
The CCMA exists to promote voluntary industry standards, and to act as the industry's liaison with government, academia, and other allied trade associations.

Activities
The CCMA has two major committees:

 The Closure Manufacturers Committee: (a) promotes efficiency in the closure industry; (b) develops voluntary standard drawings for closures; (c) makes available to members technical data about closures; (d) liaises with other closure manufacturer trade organizations worldwide to attempt to create voluntary worldwide standards for closures; (e) works with the National Institute of Standards and Technology to create industry standards compatible with legal requirements; and (f) works with the Consumer Product Safety Commission to promote childproof closures to prevent accidental poisoning.

 The Plastic Container Manufacturers Committee: (a) develops voluntary standards for containers; (b) makes available to members technical data about containers; and (c)  liaises with other container manufacturer trade organizations worldwide to attempt to create voluntary worldwide standards for containers.

External links
CCMA Official Website
Aluminium Can Factory

Trade associations based in the United States
Containers


Eika Gruppen, formerly Terra-Gruppen, branded as Terra is a strategic alliance among 77 local Norwegian savings banks that co-ordinates work within the areas defined as falling within the alliance. The group supplies products and services to banks and other actors within the financial sector. The services of Eika include product development, procurement of services and products relating to information technology and payment processing, project management, training and expertise development. The financial companies provides a wide range of financial products, including securities, insurance and real estate agencies, financing and debit cards and credit cards. The alliance has its headquarters in Oslo, Norway, and the ownerbanks has a total assets of NOK 250 billion.

Subsidiaries
 Aktiv Eiendomsmegling (real estate agencies incl franchise)
 Aktiv Eiendomsoppgjør (real estate services)
 Eika BoligKreditt (mortgage finance)
 Eika Kredittbank (credit and debit cards, consumer finance)
 Eika Kapitalforvaltning (funds manager)
 Eika Forsikring (insurance)

History
The alliance was founded in 1997 as Eika Gruppen as a consequence of the new trends in Norwegian banking. Previously there had been a massive merging among Norwegian savings banks, resulting in a number of regional savings banks, the largest of these being Sparebanken NOR that was a merger between a total of more than one hundred banks. In 1996 a lot of the other large, regional banks formed an alliance called SpareBank 1 to provide an umbrella for their operations. At the same time both the large savings banks and the commercial banks had two new trends; a new technological platform with online banking and the banks providing the total spectre of financial services, also including savings, securities and insurance. Also the small, independent savings banks who had not merged needed to provide these services. As a result they formed Eika Gruppen. Since 1997, the group has acquired subsidiaries to perform a larger and larger sprectre of products. The alliance changed its name to Terra-Gruppen in 2000.

In 2007, Terra-Gruppen received a major blow in the Terra Securities scandal where former Terra Securities had sold very questionable, complex and geared investments to eight municipalities. On November 28, 2007, Terra Securities lost all concessions from the Financial Supervisory Authority of Norway and filed for bankruptcy the same day. As a consequence, CEO Ola Sundt Ravnestad retired as CEO, following board member Sverre Leiro who had retired a week earlier. New CEO was Stein Ole Larsen.

Konsernsjef (Stein Ole Larsen) and visekonsernsjef (Lise Vedde-Fjærestad) resigned in 2012, on the same day that media reported about Finanstilsynet's criticism of the company.

In 2012 the board resolved to return to the original Eika name and this was implemented from 21 March 2013.

References

Organizations established in 1997
1997 establishments in Norway
Companies based in Oslo
Banking organizations

Eika Gruppen


USA Bobsled/Skeleton (USABS) is the official national governing body (NGB) for Bobsled and Skeleton in the United States. It serves as the American representative for the International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation and is chartered by the United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee.

USABS is headquartered in Lake Placid, NY. The organization formerly used the name "United States Bobsled and Skeleton Federation" or USBSF.

Racing Circuits and Operations
The bobsled and skeleton teams compete on the two levels within the IBSF, a development level and a world cup level. The Development Team competes on the North American Cup and European Cup while the National Team generally competes on the World Cup. In an Olympic year, the teams that compete on the World Cup will usually carry directly into the Winter Olympic Games.

North American Cup
The North American Cup (NAC) consists of tracks in North America. These tracks are located in Lake Placid NY, Park City UT, and Whistler BC. There was formerly a track located in Calgary AB, but it has been closed since the 2019 season.

European Cup
The European Cup (EC) is another development level circuit that races only on tracks in Europe.

World Cup
The World Cup (WC) races on tracks in any location around the world (North America, Europe, and Asia). Bobsled teams and Skeleton athletes gain points through placement in races throughout the season and race in the World Championships (generally held in February) each year. The location for World Championships and World Cup races change from year to year. Tracks from the NAC and EC are used for the World Cup.

Basics of Bobsled and Skeleton
In modern day bobsled, men compete in two disciplines, 4-man and 2-man. Women also compete in two disciples, those being 2-man and mono-bob. Skeleton athletes always compete solo, unlike Luge, which does have a doubles event. Bobsled and Skeleton are managed under the IBSF and are a separate entity from luge, although the three together are considered to be under the umbrella of "sliding sports." All three sports utilize the same tracks, with luge having different start gates at the top of each track. This is because in luge, the athlete pulls themselves to start while in bobsled and skeleton, the athletes push the sled from a running position in the grooves cut into the start area. These start areas are much longer to give athletes time to accelerate the sled to max velocity before getting in.

Those who drive the bobsled down the track are referred to as Pilots or Drivers and sit in the front of the sled and steer the runners using the ring and rope system inside. The other athletes are referred to as Push Athletes and do not contribute to the movement of the sled once they hop in. The Brakeman is the rear-most athlete in the sled in both 2-man and 4-man and they pull the brakes when the bobsled reaches the very end of the run, which is generally an uphill portion of the track.

Recruitment
USABS recruits athletes from around the United States that have competed in a wide background of sports. Sports with a large emphasis on power and speed generally develop skills that transfer the best. Common sporting backgrounds for athletes that have made Team USA include football and track & field. Although athletes from other sports have made World Cup teams as well. Due to the level of collegiate sports in the United States, many athletes that enter training and competition for USABS have generally already completed all of their years at a university and step into Bobsled or Skeleton in their early to mid twenties.

Coaches for Team USA host "combines" in various cities throughout the United States each summer to recruit, but in recent years, they have also allowed athletes to submit video of athletic feats through a virtual combine.

Bobsled Olympic Medal table

Skeleton Olympic Medal table

Notable Athletes

 Steven Holcomb
 Katie Uhlaender
 Shauna Rohbock
 Curt Tomasevicz
 Steven Langton
 Sam McGuffie
 Matt Antoine
 John Daly
 Andrew Blaser
 Elana Meyers-Taylor
 Kaillie Humphries
 Brian Shimer
 Jill Bakken
 Jimmy Shea
 Garrett Hines
 Steve Mesler
 Noelle Pikus-Pace
 Chris Fogt
 Lolo Jones
 Justin Olsen
 Manteo Mitchell

External links

https://www.ibsf.org/en/tracks

Organizations based in New York (state)
Sports governing bodies in the United States
United States at the Winter Olympics
Skeleton in the United States
Bobsleigh in the United States
Bobsleigh governing bodies
Skeleton governing bodies


Jean-Pierre Wallez (born 18 March 1939) is a French violinist and conductor.

Career
Wallez was born in Lille.  He graduated in first place in violin and chamber music at the Conservatoire national supérieur de musique et de danse de Paris. He won the highest prize of the 1960 Paganini Competition in Genoa after winning three lesser prizes in previous years. Wallez was laureate of the International Competition in Geneva, as well as of the Marguerite Long-Jacques Thibaud Competition in Paris.

He was the first solo-violin of the Orchestre de Paris from 1975 to 1977. At the same time, from 1968 to 1983, he was the leader of the Ensemble Instrumental de France, touring extensively. While doing this, he continued his career as a soloist; he played with the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, Bernard Haitink, the Orchestre de Paris, Daniel Barenboim and Zubin Mehta, the Sydney Symphony Orchestra, the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra, the New Japan Philharmonic, and the NHK Symphony Orchestra in Tokyo. He also played with Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli, Isaac Stern, Henryk Szeryng, Jean-Pierre Rampal, Mstislav Rostropovich, Galina Vishnevskaya, Aldo Ciccolini, Paul Badura-Skoda, and Pierre Barbizet.

Wallez studied conducting with Pierre Dervaux and then with Sergiu Celibidache. He was the artistic director of the Festival de Musique d'Albi from its creation in 1974 to its end in 1990. Most of the productions were recorded and broadcast on television. In 1978, Wallez created the chamber orchestra Ensemble orchestral de Paris which toured Europe, South America, and Japan. The concerts included Bach, contemporary composers, symphonic works, chamber music, and a work with Pierre Boulez and the Ensemble InterContemporain.

In 1986, Wallez left the Ensemble Orchestral de Paris. He became the first guest conductor of the Orchestre Royal de Chambre de Wallonie in Belgium from 1987 to 1990, and of the Sønderjyllands Symfoniorkester in Denmark from 1990 to 1993. He was the musical director of the Örebro Chamber Orchestra in Sweden from 1992 to 1995. From 1994 to the end of 2000, he was the principal guest conductor of the Orchestra Ensemble Kanazawa in Japan. In 1996, he was also the first guest conductor of the Pasdeloup Orchestra in Paris. His repertoire includes operas by Mozart, Rossini, Bizet, Berlioz, Gounod, Britten, Offenbach.

Wallez recorded for Decca, EMI, CBS, Erato, Forlane, Ades and received awards for them, including the Grand Prix du Disque for the violin concertos by Jean-Marie Leclair, the Russian Concerto and the Concerto in F by Édouard Lalo, and a Gold Record for the Vivaldi Four Seasons with the Ensemble orchestral de Paris.

He teaches violin at the Conservatoire Supérieur de Musique in Geneva (virtuosity class) and tutors children aged 3 to 7 through the association he created, la Maison Internationale du Violon. Wallez is the artistic adviser of the Septembre Musical de l'Orne a festival in Normandy.

Wallez is Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur, Officier dans l'Ordre national du Mérite, Officier des Arts et Lettres, and received the Médaille de Vermeil (bronze) from the City of Paris.

References

Swiss conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
Swiss classical violinists
20th-century French male classical violinists
French male conductors (music)
Paganini Competition prize-winners
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Officers of the Ordre national du Mérite
Officiers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Living people
1939 births
Musicians from Lille
21st-century French conductors (music)
21st-century French male classical violinists

Jean-Pierre Wallez


Philip Cortelyou Johnson (July 8, 1906 – January 25, 2005) was an American architect best known for his works of modern and postmodern architecture. Among his best-known designs are his modernist Glass House in New Canaan, Connecticut; the postmodern 550 Madison Avenue in New York, designed for AT&T; 190 South La Salle Street in Chicago; the Sculpture Garden of the Museum of Modern Art; and the Pre-Columbian Pavilion at Dumbarton Oaks. In his obituary in 2005, The New York Times wrote that his works "were widely considered among the architectural masterpieces of the 20th century."

In 1930, Johnson became the first director of the architecture department of the Museum of Modern Art in New York. There he arranged for visits by Walter Gropius and Le Corbusier and negotiated the first American commission for Mies van der Rohe, when he fled Nazi Germany. In 1932, he organized the first exhibition on modern architecture at the Museum of Modern Art.

In 1934, Johnson resigned his position at the museum, and, as the New York Times reported in his obituary, "took a bizarre and, he later conceded, deeply mistaken detour into right-wing politics, suspending his career to work on behalf of Gov. Huey P. Long of Louisiana and later the radio priest Father Charles Coughlin, and expressing more than passing admiration for Hitler."  In 1941, as the war approached, Johnson abruptly quit Coughlin's newspaper and journalism. He was investigated by the FBI, and was eventually cleared for military service. Years later he would refer to these activities as "the stupidest thing I ever did[which] I never can atone for".

1978, he was awarded an American Institute of Architects Gold Medal and in 1979 the first Pritzker Architecture Prize. Today his skyscrapers are prominent features in the skylines of New York, Houston, Chicago, Detroit, Minneapolis, Pittsburgh, Atlanta, Madrid, and other cities.

Early life and career

Johnson was born in Cleveland, Ohio, on July 8, 1906, the son of a lawyer, Homer Hosea Johnson (1862–1960), and the former Louisa Osborn Pope (1869–1957), a niece of Alfred Atmore Pope and a first cousin of Theodate Pope Riddle. He had an older sister, Jeannette, and a younger sister, Theodate. He was descended from the Jansen family of New Amsterdam, and included among his ancestors the Huguenot Jacques Cortelyou, who laid out the first town plan of New Amsterdam for Peter Stuyvesant. He grew up in New London, Ohio and attended the Hackley School, in Tarrytown, New York, and then studied as an undergraduate at Harvard University where he focused on learning Greek, philology, history and philosophy, particularly the work of the Pre-Socratic philosophers.

Upon completing his studies in 1927, he made a series of trips to Europe, particularly Germany, where his family had a summer house. He visited the landmarks of classical and Gothic architecture, and joined Henry-Russell Hitchcock, a prominent architectural historian, who was introducing Americans to the work of Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius, and other modernists. In 1928, he met German architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who was at the time designing the German Pavilion for the 1929 Barcelona International Exposition. The meeting formed the basis for a lifelong relationship of both collaboration and competition.

Johnson had a substantial fortune, largely stock given to him by his father. With this fortune, in 1930 he financed the new architecture department of the Museum of Modern Art in New York, and in 1932 he was named its curator. As curator he arranged for American visits by Gropius and Le Corbusier, and negotiated the first American commission for Mies van der Rohe. In 1932, working with Hitchcock and Alfred H. Barr, Jr., he organized the first exhibition on Modern architecture at the Museum of Modern Art. The show and their simultaneously published book International Style: Modern Architecture Since 1922, published in 1932, played a seminal role in introducing modern architecture to the American public. When the rise of the Nazis in Germany forced the modernists Marcel Breuer and Mies van der Rohe to leave Germany, Johnson helped arrange for them to come to work in the United States.

Politics and journalism
In December 1934, Johnson abruptly left the Museum of Modern Art and began pursuing a career in journalism and politics. He first became a supporter of Huey Long, the populist governor of Louisiana. After Long was assassinated in 1935, Johnson became a correspondent for "Social Justice", the newspaper of the radical-populist and anti-Semitic Father Charles Coughlin. Johnson traveled to Germany and Poland as a correspondent, where he wrote admiringly about the Nazis.

In "Social Justice", Johnson expressed, as The New York Times later reported, "more than passing admiration for Hitler". In the summer of 1932 Johnson attended one of the Nuremberg Rallies in Germany and saw Hitler for the first time. Years later he would describe the event to his biographer, Franz Schulze: "You simply could not fail to be caught up in the excitement of it, by the marching songs, by the crescendo and climax of the whole thing, as Hitler came on at last to harangue the crowd". He told of being thrilled at the sight of "all those blond boys in black leather" marching past the Führer. Sponsored by the German government, he traveled on a press tour which covered the invasion of Poland in 1939. Schulze dismissed these early political activities as inconsequential, concluding they merited "little more substantial attention than they have gained" and his politics "were driven as much by an unconquerable esthetic impulse as by fascist philosophy or playboy adventurism".

Architecture school and Army service
In 1941, at the age of 35, Johnson abandoned politics and journalism and enrolled in the Harvard Graduate School of Design, where he studied with Marcel Breuer and Walter Gropius, who had recently fled from Nazi Germany. In 1941, Johnson designed and built his first building, a house at 9 Ash Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The house, strongly influenced by Mies van der Rohe, has a wall around the lot which merges with the structure. It was used by Johnson to host social events and was eventually submitted as his graduate thesis; he sold the house after the war, and it was purchased by Harvard in 2010 and restored by 2016.

In 1942, while still a student of the architecture school, Johnson tried to enlist with Naval Intelligence, and then for a federal job, but was rejected both times. In 1943, after his graduation from Harvard, he was drafted to the Army and was sent to Fort Ritchie, Maryland, to interrogate German prisoners of war. He was investigated by the FBI for his involvement with the German government, Coughlin and Lawrence Dennis, an American fascist economist, and was cleared for continued military service. After the trial of Dennis and his collaborators, Johnson was relieved of his interrogation duties and transferred to Fort Belvoir, Virginia, where he spent the rest of his military service doing routine duties.

Early Modernist period (1946–1960)

In 1946, after he completed his military service, Johnson returned to the Museum of Modern Art as a curator and writer. At the same time, he began working to establish his architectural practice. He built a small house, influenced by the work of Mies, in Sagaponack, Long Island. In 1947, he published the first monograph in English on the architecture of Mies.

In 1947, he curated the first exhibition of modern architecture of the Museum of Modern Art including a model of the glass Farnsworth House of Mies.

In 1949, he began building a new residence, the Glass House in New Canaan, Connecticut, that was completed in 1949. It was clearly influenced by Farnsworth House of Mies, an influence which Johnson never denied, but looked quite different.

The Glass House is a 56-foot by 32-foot glass rectangle, sited at the edge of a crest on Johnson's estate overlooking a pond. The building's sides are glass and charcoal-painted steel; the floor, of brick, is not flush with the ground but sits 10 inches above. The interior is an open space divided by low walnut cabinets; a brick cylinder contains the bathroom and is the only object to reach floor to ceiling. The New York Times described it in 2005 as "one of the 20th century's greatest residential structures. "Like all of Johnson's early work, it was inspired by Mies, but its pure symmetry, dark colors and closeness to the earth marked it as a personal statement; calm and ordered rather than sleek and brittle."

Johnson continued to add to the Glass House estate during each period of his career. He added a small pavilion with columns by the lake in 1963, an art gallery set into a hillside in 1965, a postmodern sculpture gallery with a glass roof in 1970; a castle-like library with a rounded tower in 1980; and a concrete block tower dedicated to his friend Lincoln Kirstein, the founder of the New York City Ballet; a chain-link "ghost house" dedicated to Frank Gehry.

After completing the Glass House, he completed two more houses in New Canaan in a style similar to the Glass House; the Hodgson House (1951) and the Wiley House (1953). In New York City, He designed two major modernist additions to the Museum of Modern Art; a new annex, and, to complement it, the Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Sculpture Garden (1953)

In 1954–56, he made the pro bono design for Congregation Kneses Tifereth Israel, a synagogue for a conservative Jewish congregation in Port Chester, New York. It had a simple interior and a ceiling of curving plaster panels.

Johnson joined Mies van der Rohe as the architect of record (Mies did not have NY license) for the 39-story Seagram Building (1956). Johnson was pivotal in steering the commission towards Mies by working with Phyllis Lambert, the daughter of the CEO of Seagram. The commission resulted in the iconic bronze-and-glass tower on Park Avenue. The building was designed by Mies, and the interiors of the Four Seasons and Brasserie restaurants (later redesigned), as well as office furniture were designed by Johnson. In December 1955, the city of New York denied an architect's permit to Mies. He moved back to Chicago and put Johnson fully in charge of construction. Mies returned in late 1956 and finished the building.

In 1989, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the Seagram's exterior, lobby, and The Four Seasons Restaurant as official city landmarks. In 2006, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places.

Late Modernism (1960–1980)

Throughout the 1960s, Johnson continued to create in the vocabulary of the modernist style, designing geometrical theatres, a monastery, art galleries and gardens. The Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute (1960) is a good example of his work in the period; it is supported by eight external ferro-concrete piers, or two on each side. The exterior structural members are clad in bronze and "black" Canadian granite. The windowless cube is set above the office areas, which recessed in a dry moat, giving a "floating" effect.   A model of the building was exhibited in the United States Pavilion at the Brussels' World's Fair of 1958,as an example of the new trends in American architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.

Another major project of the period was the Atrium of the David H. Koch Theater (formerly the New York State Theatre, the home of the New York City Ballet, at Lincoln Center in New York.

In 1967, Johnson entered a new phase of his career, founding a partnership with architect John Burgee. He began to design office building complexes for large corporations. The most prominent of these was Pennzoil Place (1970–76) in Houston, Texas. The two towers of Pennzoil Place have sloping roofs covering the top seven floors and are trapezoidal in form, planned to create two large triangual areas on the site, which are occupied with glass-covered lobbies designed like greenhouses. This idea was widely copied in skyscrapers in other cities.

The new building of the Boston Public Library (1972), known as the Johnson building, adjoins the original Boston library built in the 19th century by the celebrated firm of McKim, Mead & White. Johnson harmonised his building with the original landmark by using similar proportions and the same pink Milford granite.

In the late 1970s, Johnson combined architecture and landscape architecture to create two imaginative civic gardens. The  Fort Worth Water Gardens opened in 1974, is an urban landscape where visitors experience water in distinct ways. The gardens cover 4.3-acres (1.7 hectare), and comprise three very different kinds of water features; One offers a quiet meditation pool, surrounded with cypress trees and high walls, with a thin sheet of water cascading downward to the pool, making the sound of a rain shower. The second pool is an aerating pool with multiple illuminated spray fountains, beneath a grove of oak trees. The third fountain is the Active Pool, which challenges fit visitors to walk down  to the pool at the bottom, with water cascading all around them.

In 1977, Johnson completed a much quieter garden in Dallas, Thanks-Giving Square  It features a non-denominational chapel in a spiral form, a meditation garden and cascading fountains, tucked between buildings in the center of the city.

Postmodern period (1980–1990)

In 1980, Johnson and Burgee completed a cathedral in a dramatic new style: the Crystal Cathedral in Garden Grove, California, is a soaring glass megachurch originally built for the Reverend Robert H. Schuller. The interior can seat 2,248 persons. It takes the form of a four-pointed star, with free-standing balconies in three points and the chancel in the fourth. The cathedral is covered with more than ten thousand rectangular pieces of glass. The Glass panels are not bolted, but glued to the structure, with a silicon based glue, to give it greater ability to resist Southern California earthquakes. Johnson and Burgee designed it to withstand an earthquake of magnitude 8.0. The tower was added in 1990.

The cathedral quickly became a Southern California landmark, but its costs helped drive the church into debt. When the church declared bankruptcy in 2012, it was purchased by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Orange and became the Roman Catholic cathedral for Orange County.

Working with John Burgee, Johnson did not confine himself to a single style, and was comfortable mixing elements of modernism and postmodernism. For the Cleveland Play House, he built a romanesque brick structure; His skyscrapers in the 1980s were clad in granite and marble, and usually had some feature borrowed from historic architecture. In New York he designed the Museum of Television and Radio, (now the Paley Center for Media) (1991).

In 1982, working in collaboration with John Burgee, he finished one of his most famous buildings, 550 Madison Avenue, (first known as AT&T Building, then the Sony building before taking its present name). Built between 1978 and 1982, it is a skyscraper with an eight-story high arched entry and a split pediment at the top which resembles an enormous piece of 18th-century Chippendale furniture. It was not the first work of Postmodern architecture, as Robert Venturi and Frank Gehry had already built smaller scale postmodern buildings, and Michael Graves had completed the Portland Building (1980–82) in Portland, Oregon, two years earlier; But the building's Manhattan location, size and originality made it the most famous and recognizable example of postmodern architecture. It was designated a city landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 2018.

Between 1979 and 1984, Johnson and Burgee built PPG Place the postmodern headquarters of the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company. It is a complex of six buildings within three city blocks, covering five and a half acres. The centerpiece is the forty-story tower, One PPG Place,which has a crown of spires at the corners which suggest the neogothic tower of the Houses of Parliament in London.
During the 1980s Johnson and Burgee completed a series of other notable postmodern landmarks. The TC Energy Center (Formerly Republic Bank Center, later, Bank of America Center), in Houston (1983), was the first postmodern skyscraper in the Houston skyline. Fifty-six Stories high, it has two setbacks creating what appear to be three different buildings, one against the other. The Three triangular gables were inspired by Flemish Renaissance architecture.  The interior and exterior are covered with rough-textured red granite, which also covers the surrounding sidewalks.

The new building for the Hines College of Architecture (1985) of the University of Houston paid homage to forms drawn from earlier periods of architectural history, using modern materials, construction methods and scale. The facade of the Hines building resembles, on a larger scale, the neoclassic facades of the French architect Claude Nicolas Ledoux.

400 West Market (1993), in Louisville, Kentucky is a thirty-five story office tower built of reinforced concrete rather than the typical steel. It is topped by a concrete cupola, a vestige of the building's original owner and builder, Capital Holding.

In 1986, Johnson and Burgee had moved their offices into one of their new buildings, the Lipstick Building, the popular name of the elliptical skyscraper they built at 885 Third Avenue in New York, and given its nickname because of its resemblance to the color and shape of a stick of lipstick.
A feud was beginning between the two architects, with Burgee demanding greater recognition.

As their business flourished and number of clients grew, the feud between Burgee and Johnson continued to grow. In 1988, the firm's name was changed to John Burgee Architects with Johnson as the "design consultant". In 1991, Johnson responded by establishing his own firm. The feud ended badly for Burgee; he was saddled with all of the debts of the firm, while Johnson no longer had any responsibility. Burgees was eventually forced to declare bankruptcy, and to retire, while Johnson continued to get commissions.

Later career and buildings (1991–2005)

After four years as a solo practitioner, Johnson invited Alan Ritchie to join him as a partner. Ritchie had been a partner for many years in the Johnson-Burgee office and was the partner-in-charge of the AT&T building and the 190 South LaSalle office building, a skyscraper designed as an homage to the demolished Masonic Temple of Chicago. In 1994, they formed the new practice of Philip Johnson-Alan Ritchie Architects. During the next ten years, they worked closely together and explored new directions in architecture, designing buildings as sculptural objects.

The Gate of Europe in Madrid (1989 - 1996) was originally a collaboration with Burgee, and one of his rare works in Europe. It features two office buildings leaning toward each other, the first example of this style, which spread to America. The towers are twenty-six stories each, and both lean by 15 degrees from vertical.

191 Peachtree Tower in Atlanta was a project begun with Burgee. It is composed of two fifty-story towers joined, and crowned with two classical pavilions.

The Comerica Tower (1991-1993) was also begun with Burgee. Like their earlier Postmodern works, it featured elements borrowed from historical architecture, particularly the triangular gables, borrowed from Renaissance Flemish architecture. It is the second tallest building in the state of Michigan.

The Chapel of St. Basil at the University of St. Thomas in Houston, Texas (1992) is notable late work. The design includes a domed chapel, a campanile, and a mediation garden, a labyrinth. Its structure is combination of the basic forms; a cube, a sphere, and a plane. The cube contains the worship area, beneath a semi-sphere, which is presented as the symbolic opening to heaven. The vertical rectangular granite plane divides the church and opens the chapel to light. During daytime the interior is lit entirely with natural light.

In 1995, Johnson added a postmodern element to his own residence, the Glass House. This was a new entry pavilion in a sculptural form, which he called the "Monsta", or "Monster".

Other late works include the Cathedral of Hope in Dallas, the Habitable Sculpture (a 26-story apartment tower in lower Manhattan); The Children's Museum in Guadalajara, Mexico, and The Chrysler Center in Detroit.

The Urban Glass House in lower Manhattan was one of last designs with Alan Ritchie, and was not completed after Johnson's death. It is a condominium building in lower Manhattan whose form was inspired by Johnson's most famous early work, the Glass House in New Canaan, Connecticut.

The final building he designed with Richie was the Pennsylvania Academy of Music building in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, which was completed in 2008, three years after his death.

Honors
In 1978, Johnson was awarded an American Institute of Architects Gold Medal. In 1979, he became the first recipient of the Pritzker Architecture Prize the most prestigious international architectural award.

In 1991, Johnson received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.

Personal life
Johnson was gay. He came out publicly in 1993, and was regarded as "the best-known openly gay architect in America".

In 1934, Philip Johnson began his first serious relationship with Jimmie Daniels, a cabaret singer. The relationship lasted only one year.

Johnson died in his sleep at his Glass House retreat on January 25, 2005, at the age of ninety-eight. His partner of 45 years, David Whitney, died later that year at age 66.

Johnson was among the public figures at the core of the effort to save Olana, the home of Frederic Edwin Church, before it was dedicated a National Historic Landmark in 1965 and subsequently became a New York State Historic Site.

In his will Johnson left his residential compound to the National Trust for Historic Preservation. It is now open to the public.

Art collection and archives
As an art collector Johnson had an eclectic eye. He supported avant-garde movements and young artists often before they became widely known. His collection of American art was strong in Abstract expressionism, Pop Art, Minimalism, Neo-Dada, Color Field, Lyrical Abstraction, and Neo-Expressionism and he often donated important works from his collection to institutions like MoMA, and other important private museums and University collections like the Norton Simon Museum, the Sheldon Museum of Art and the Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts at Stanford University among many others.

Johnson's publicly held archive, including architectural drawings, project records, and other papers up until 1964 are held by the Drawings and Archives Department of Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library at Columbia University, the Getty, and the Museum of Modern Art.

Controversy over political activities
Reviewing Franz Schulze's biography of Johnson, Kazys Varnelis wrote that "between 1932 and 1940, Johnson was an antisemite, fascist sympathizer, and active propagandist for the Nazi government." According to Varnelis, "Johnson makes no apologetic gesture toward his past behavior unless he is confronted by direct questioning, nothing even as paltry as an open letter accounting for and regretting his past actions and condemning the motives that led him to them". Johnson's activities included organizing political rallies for populist Huey Long; funding figures such as the right-wing agitator Joe McWilliams and his "Christian Mobilizers"; and writing for three periodicals, including Charles Coughlin's Social Justice, whose "almost every issue contained articles about the 'Jewish conspiracy' or about destructive economic forces led by figures with Jewish names".

Because his family had a home in Germany and spent their summers there, Johnson traveled there frequently. As a Social Justice correspondent, he covered the huge Nazi rally at Nuremberg and the 1939 invasion of Poland with approval. The American correspondent William L. Shirer, traveling with him on the Nazi-sponsored press tour, labeled him in  Berlin Diary, as  "the American fascist" and suspected him of spying for the Germans.  On the same tour, three weeks after Poland fell to the Nazis, Johnson, with Shirer,  "was with German troops at the front as the guest of the Propaganda Ministry". He wrote to a friend that "The German green uniforms made the place look gay and happy... There were not many Jews to be seen. We saw Warsaw burn and Modlin being bombed. It was a stirring spectacle."

In his Social Justice report on his trip to Poland, Johnson declared that the German victory amounted to an unmitigated triumph for the Polish people and that nothing in the war's outcome need concern Americans. Johnson went on to say that German forces had not significantly harmed Polish civilians, and said that "99 percent of the towns I visited since the war are not only intact but full of Polish peasants and Jewish shopkeepers." He said reports of Nazi mistreatment of Poles was "misinformed". Referring to political developments in France, Johnson wrote in Social Justice that "Lack of leadership and direction in the state has let the one group get control who always gain power in a nation's time of weakness—the Jews". In 1940 Johnson quit journalism and distanced himself from politics.

In April 1942, on reports that Johnson might be working in Colonel Donovan's Office of the Coordinator of Information, the United States Assistant Attorney General James H. Rowe wrote to Director Hoover, saying, "I can think of no more dangerous man to have working in an agency which possesses so many military secrets." Johnson was later investigated by the FBI, but no charges were brought against him, and he was cleared for military service.

Johnson was inducted into the U.S. Army in Cambridge, Massachusetts on March 12, 1943, but controversy continued. His name arose again in the so-called "Great Sedition Trial" of 1944 through his former contacts in the 1930s with its main target, the former diplomat and economist Lawrence Dennis, who in the 1930s supported fascist economics as an alternative to capitalism. Dennis was charged with sedition, or advocating the forcible overthrow of the U.S. government, under the Smith Act. Johnson was accused of "close and steady contact" with Dennis in the spring of 1938, and providing financial support towards publishing Dennis's 1940 book The Dynamics of War and Revolution. Johnson had already testified in 1942 in the government case against another former associate, the German poet and journalist George Sylvester Viereck in 1942. The ongoing federal case against Dennis, an FBI investigation, and a congressional investigation investigated about 30 people, including Johnson, but in the end he was not charged. Johnson was formally asked to appear at trial as a witness, and—by his own account—was speaking to prosecutor O. John Rogge, but after Judge Edward C. Eicher died of a heart attack a mistrial was declared and the case was dropped.

In 1993, when asked by Vanity Fair about his past political views, he said, "I have no excuse (for) such unbelievable stupidity. ... I don't know how you expiate guilt."

In 1956, he donated a design for Congregation Kneses Tifereth Israel in Port Chester, New York. Architecture professor Anat Geva observed in a paper that "all critics agree that his design of the Port Chester Synagogue can be considered as his attempt to ask for forgiveness."

He discussed his trips to Germany and his infatuation with fascism in a 1996 interview with Charlie Rose. He said, "It was the stupidest thing I ever did, and I never forgive myself and I never can atone for it. There's nothing I can do... That's been torture to me ever since." He admitted to Rose that, while he had "difficulty" with Franklin D. Roosevelt because of his inability to achieve what he set out, he "worshiped the man" and "voted for him four times." Replying to Rose asking if he liked "strong figures", he said "Sure do. I like good architects that are strong, like Gehry."

In 2018, Nikil Saval wrote in The New Yorker that "Johnson would later describe Hitler as 'a spellbinder'; in 1964, well after he had been forced to abjure his Nazi past, he insisted in letters that Hitler was 'better than Roosevelt.'"

In 2020, in the wake of the murder of George Floyd and the wave of place name changes that followed, the Johnson Study Group—a group of 40 architects, designers, and educators—approached the Museum of Modern Art asking that honors given to Johnson be removed from public view, citing his "commitment to white supremacy", spread of Nazi publications, involvement with American fascist politics, and "effective segregation" of the architectural collection at the museum. "When it comes to racist urban planning policies in the 20th century and a deeply Eurocentric antiblack archive of American architecture," V. Mitch McEwen said, "MoMA under white supremacist Philip Johnson did largely create the problem. It innovated white supremacy in architecture ... where under his leadership not a single work by any Black architect or designer was included."

In a 2020 article in Elle Decor magazine, articles editor Charles Curkin asked Pritzker Prize laureate Balkrishna Doshi if the architecture world was due for a reckoning, citing the Museum of Modern Art's chief architecture and design curatorship still being named after Johnson. Doshi's replied that "Life itself is due for a reckoning, and architects must give respect to life."

In 2020, Johnson's name was dropped from the Harvard University Philip Johnson Thesis House, which was designed by Johnson. Sarah Whiting, dean of the Harvard Graduate School of Design, announced the change on December 5, 2020, citing Johnson's "widely documented white supremacist views and activities."

Architect V. Mitch McEwen said that Johnson "innovated white supremacy in architecture," but gave no specific examples.

Quotations
 "I got everything from someone. Nobody can be original. As Mies van der Rohe said, 'I don't want to be original. I want to be good.'"
 "Don't build a glass house if you're worried about saving money on heating."
 "Everybody should design their own home. I'm against architects designing homes. How do I know that you want to live in a picture-window Colonial? It's silly, but you might want to. Who am I to say?"
 "Architecture is the arrangement of space for excitement".
 "Storms in this house (The Glass House) are horrendous but thrilling. Glass shatters. Danger is one of the greatest things to use in architecture."
 "A room is only as good as you feel when you're in it".
 "Merely that a building works is not sufficient."
 "We still have a monumental architecture. To me, the drive for monumentality is as inbred as the desire for food and sex, regardless of how we denigrate it."

In popular culture
Johnson is mentioned (along with fellow architect Richard Rogers) in the song "Thru These Architect's Eyes" on the album Outside (1995) by David Bowie.

He appears in Nathaniel Kahn's My Architect, a 2003 documentary about Kahn's father, Louis Kahn.

Philip Johnson's Glass House, along with Mies van der Rohe's Farnsworth House, was the subject of Sarah Morris's 2010 film Points on a Line. Morris filmed at both sites over the course of several months, among other locations including The Four Seasons Restaurant, the Seagram Building, Mies van der Rohe's controversial 860–880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments, and Chicago's Newberry Library.

See also
 List of works by Philip Johnson
 fascist movement in the United States

References

Bibliography

Further reading
 Lacayo, Richard (June 28, 2007). Splendor in The Glass. Time. Retrieved March 2021.
 Philip Johnson: Diary of an Eccentric Architect, 1997 documentary. Retrieved March 2021
 "Extending the Legacy" Alexandra Lange article on the preservation of the Glass House, from the November 2006 issue of Metropolis magazine.
 Philip Johnson article at Great Buildings Online. Retrieved September 27, 2003.
 Philip Johnson bio on the Pritzker Architecture Prize website. Retrieved September 27, 2003.
 Philip Johnson and Charlie Rose. Retrieved March 2021.
 Heyer, Paul, ed. (1966). Architects on Architecture: New Directions in America, p. 279. New York: Walker and Company.
 One hour interview with Charlie Rose (July 8, 1996) Retrieved March 2021
 Other interviews with or about Philip Johnson on Charlie Rose at Google Video Retrieved March 2021
 Tomkins, Calvin (May 15, 1977). "Forms Under Light" (Profile of Philip Johnson).The New Yorker.
 Jenkins, Stover, et al. The Houses of Philip Johnson, New York: Abbeville Publishing Group (Abbeville Press, Inc.), 2001.

External links

 Obituary
 Philip Johnson architectural drawings, 1943-1994 (bulk 1943-1970).Held by the Department of Drawings & Archives, Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Columbia University.
 The Architecture of Philip Johnson

 Finding aid for Philip Johnson architectural projects at the Getty Research Institute
 Finding aid for Philip Johnson papers at the Getty Research Institute

1906 births
2005 deaths
AIGA medalists
20th-century American architects
Harvard Graduate School of Design alumni
LGBT people from Ohio
LGBT architects
Modernist architects from the United States
People from New Canaan, Connecticut
Architects from Cleveland
Architects from New York City
Postmodern architects
Pritzker Architecture Prize winners
United States National Medal of Arts recipients
People associated with the Museum of Modern Art (New York City)
People from New London, Ohio
Architects of the Boston Public Library
Hackley School alumni
Fellows of the American Institute of Architects
Recipients of the AIA Gold Medal
American fascists
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
Ritchie Boys

Philip Johnson


Cyrille-Hector-Octave Côté (September 1, 1809 – October 4, 1850) was a physician and political figure in Lower Canada.

He was born Cyrille-Hector Côté in Quebec City in 1809, of Acadian descent, and studied at the Petit Séminaire de Québec and the Petit Séminaire de Montréal. He became a teacher. In 1831, he started the study of medicine at McGill College, but transferred to the University of Vermont shortly afterwards. Although he graduated with a medical certificate there in October 1831, he was at first not allowed to practice in Lower Canada because he had completed his studies in less than five years. However, in April 1832, he was given his license and entered practice at Sainte-Marguerite-de-Blairfindie. In 1833, he moved to Napierville. Later that year, he married Margaret Yelloby Jobson, the daughter of a prosperous local farmer.

In 1834, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada for L'Acadie and was a radical member of the Parti patriote. Côté became a leader for the Patriote movement in his region and joined Les Fils de la Liberté. After a price was set on his head, he left for the United States. Although originally supporting Louis-Joseph Papineau, he now allied himself with Robert Nelson and helped prepare a declaration of independence for Lower Canada. On February 28, 1838, with Nelson, he led a group of Patriotes into Lower Canada; they were quickly dispersed. The American authorities arrested the group's leaders because the United States were officially neutral in this dispute but they were released shortly afterwards. At this point, Côté began to organize a group known as the Frères chasseurs. In November 1838, Nelson and Côté took over the village of Napierville but were again defeated by volunteer troops loyal to the British. He returned to the practice of medicine and settled at Swanton, Vermont. By 1840, he had abandoned the Patriote movement and moved to Chazy, New York the following year.

He returned to Lower Canada in 1843, now a preacher for the Baptist faith. In 1844, he was ordained a Baptist minister and settled at Saint-Pie, Quebec. In 1848, he went to Philadelphia and helped prepare pamphlets to educate people about the Baptist faith, as well as translating an existing work into French. In 1849, he went to Sainte-Marie-de-Monnoir (later Marieville, Quebec).

He died in Hinesburg, Vermont in 1850, after suffering a heart attack while attending a Baptist meeting there.

External links

References

1809 births
1850 deaths
Politicians from Quebec City
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada
Quebec revolutionaries
19th-century Canadian Baptist ministers
Lower Canada Rebellion people

Cyrille-Hector-Octave Côté


Mazen al-Tumeizi ( also transliterated Mazen Tumesi, c. July 5, 1979 – September 12, 2004) was a Palestinian journalist, killed on-camera in Baghdad, Iraq by U.S. helicopter gunfire while covering the Haifa Street helicopter incident.  His last moments were recorded by the camera he had been reporting into, including his dying words as he gasped to his cameraman. The graphic tape of his death sparked an increase in concern for journalists reporting in occupied Iraq, as well as outrage in the Arab world.

Tumeizi was a Palestinian reporter for Saudi-owned news networks al-Arabiya and al-Ikhbariya.  He was the third al-Arabiya journalist to be killed in Iraq by U.S. forces, after reporter Ali al-Khatib and cameraman Ali Abdelaziz.

Tumeizi died during the Haifa Street helicopter incident. The footage shows Tumeizi covering a group of curious Iraqis ululating around the wreckage of a U.S. Bradley Fighting Vehicle that had been recently abandoned after suffering damage from an improvised roadside bomb attack.  A loud explosion can then be heard, followed by layers of smoke and debris. Tumeizi collapses from the impact, falling toward the camera, and the camera's lens is spattered with his blood as he falls.  The cameraman (identified by Tumeizi as "Seif") loses focus, but Tumeizi's last words are captured in the camera's audio feed:

I'm going to die. I'm going to die. Seif. Seif. I'm going to die.

"Seif" would later be identified as Reuters camera operator Seif Fouad, who was also injured in a subsequent rocket strike.

Reactions
Mazen al-Tumeizi was among 11 civilians killed in the Haifa Street attack on Sept. 12, 2004, after fighting between insurgents and members of the 1st Battalion, 9th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division when a United States Apache helicopter was called in to destroy a damaged Bradley Fighting Vehicle to prevent insurgents from looting its weapons and ammunition.

International news agencies reported that Tumeizi began filming the abandoned vehicle's location three hours after it had been ambushed, a claim disputed by the U.S. military.  The official military report places the time of the helicopter strike only 40 minutes after the Bradley's being ambushed, and states that the airstrike on the wrecked Bradley was called "to prevent looting and harm to the Iraqi people."

Naim Tubasi, chief of the Palestinian Journalists' Union, suggested Tumeizi's killing to have been a deliberate targeting of Arab journalists in Iraq, and called Tumeizi's killing "one more American crime in Iraq."   Najwa Kasem, an Al Arabiya anchor and former colleague of Tumeizi, reacted to American suggestions that Tumeizi was "one of the terrorists" by describing them as "really surprising and sad."

External links
 Media spotlight on Baghdad deaths, September 13, 2004, BBC News
 Fatal sign-off: Reporter's last words in Iraq mayhem, The Sydney Morning Herald
 Interview with Al Arabiya reporter Najwa Kasem, former colleague of Tumeizi, Democracy Now!
 Footage of Mazen Tumeisi's death, BBC

2004 deaths
Palestinian journalists
Journalists killed while covering the Iraq War
Year of birth uncertain
Filmed killings

Mazen al-Tumeizi


Diatomic molecules are molecules made only of two atoms, of either the same or different chemical elements.
Two atoms are bonded together to form a unit known as a diatomic molecule.

Examples are hydrogen (H2), nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2), and carbon monoxide (CO).

References

Stereochemistry

Diatomic molecules


The East Central North is a muckle region o whaur the Scots leid is spoken. It haps the waster hauf o Angus, the hail o Clackmannan, Fife, Kinross, Stirlinshire an Fawkirk, an hauf o Perthshire. Fowk in Fife whiles crys thair speech Fife Scots, an ye micht hear the name East Neuk Scots forby. Thegither thir airts an pairts maks up the norland hauf o Easter Scots an-aw, acause thay hing thegither as a general byleid.

Region
This region haps the hert o Scotland an taks in a screed o touns. Fife haes intil't the touns o Ainster, Coudenbeith, Cupar, Dunfaurlin, Glenrothes, Kirkcaldy an St Aundraes, while Perth an Kinross haes Auchterairder, Dunkeld an Birnam an Perth. Forder sooth, in the airt o Stirlinshire, the'r the Fawkirk an Stirlin. Sir James Kay Wilson set furth twa important speirings intae the Scots o this region. The first wis Lowland Scotch As Spoken in the Lower Strathearn District of Perthshire (London, 1915) an the second ane wis the Dialects of Central Scotland (Oxford, 1926) that comprehendit Fife. Belangin this region the'r a wheen poyets, singers an screivars sic as Weelum Hershaw, Mary Kermack, Andrew McNeil an Weelum Soutar. Weelum L Lorimer, that owerset the New Testament in Scots, belanged this region an-aw.

The biggest toun athin this by byleid is the city o Dundee that haes its ain speech kent tae its speakers as Dundonian. Screivars, poyets an singers in Dundonian comprehends Ellie McDonald, , Mark Thomson, an .

Cutty history
This region haes intil't a wheen historic touns. On the norland boonds is Dundee, foondit in the hinner 12t centurie bi Erle Dauvit, brither o King Weelum the Lion. In the wast is Perth, foondit as a burgh in the 12t centurie an-aw. Tae the east, in Fife, is baith Dunfaurlin an St Aundraes, that dates back tae the 8ct an 9t centuries an wis kenspeckle centres o kingship. Taewards the southland boonds o this region is Stirlin.

Thare haes been a hoose o strength at Stirlin fae the 7t centurie at least whan hit wis a fort o the Auld-Angles speakin kings o Northumbrie. Syne mony kings an queens haed this as a favoured hame until the 17t centurie. The sma burghs o the east o Fife wis gey important tae the economy o Scotland an helpit estaiblish strang links atween Scotland an her neebors in troke in Flaunders, Fraunce, Denmark, Norawa an alang the Easter Seas.

In Perth an Stirlin the twa faimlies o maucht wis Drummond an Murray while in Angus waster it wis the Hays an Ogilvies. In Fife the heid faimlies wis Lindsay an Wemyss. The'r inklins o the Scots leid in chairters fae this airt, stertin in the 12t centurie, an hail texts kythin fae the 14t centurie onwards.

The byleid
Tae the north o Dundee an in Angus easter ye'll can find the maks foo, fit, far an fan an been an steen, but in Dundee an Angus waster, an in ither airts tae the sooth, sic as Perth, Stirlin or Fife, thir maks becomes hoo, whit, whaur an whan an stane an bane. In Angus the'r twa-three pynts whaurby the tuin differs fae forder sooth. In the sooth the i is the ordnar soond gien in muin, spuin an guid, but in Angus the same words haes an oo soond as in mune, spune an gude.

In Angus an-aw, the word ane is pronoonced as it looks but tae the sooth it becomes yin. In the city o Dundee the'r a soond no fund ithergaits that's a shair sign o a Dundonian speaker: the eh soond. Billy Kay, in Scots: The Mither Tongue, gies a rare instance o this soonds in the follaein sentence: 'Eh hud meh eh on a peh' (A haed ma ee on a pie). Athin Perth an Kinross, Stirlin an Fawkirk, the byleid changes a bittie fae Dundee in its tuin an ilka airt haes words it favours ower ithers. In the East Neuk o Fife the'r strang links atween the byleid an words an saws parteeclar tae the fisher communities, fowk that tends tae heichten the pitch at the end o sentences. The auld mining communities o waster Fife haes thair weys o pronooncin the byleid an-aw.

Soorce

 East Central North, frae the Centre for the Scots Leid (CSL)

See an-aw
(A hunner key Dundonian words), frae the CSL an-aw

Scots leid
Scots dialects

East Central North Scots