Malaysia Day () is a public holiday held on 16 September every year to commemorate the establishment of the Malaysian federation on that date in 1963. This event saw Malaya, North Borneo (which was renamed Sabah), Sarawak, and Singapore unite into a single state. Singapore, however, was expelled from the federation less than two years later, on 9 August 1965.

History
The planned date for the formation of the new federation was 1 June 1963, but the event was postponed to 31 August 1963, to coincide with the sixth anniversary of Hari Merdeka. Several issues relating to the objections of neighbouring Indonesia and the Philippines to the formation of Malaysia delayed the declaration to 16 September of the same year. The postponement also allowed the United Nations team time to conduct a fact-finding mission in North Borneo and Sarawak regarding the two states participation in a new federation.

No referendum regarding federation was ever conducted in North Borneo or Sarawak. Singapore held a referendum on 1 September 1962, with all three options endorsing integration into Malaysia.

The formation of Malaysia was done under the basis of the Malaysia Agreement, signed in 1963 by the United Kingdom, the Federation of Malaya, Sarawak, North Borneo, and Singapore. This Agreement set out the terms and conditions for the component States to be federated under a new constitution. This Agreement included in its annexes the "Malaysia Bill" (Annex A), and the constitutions of Sabah (Annex B), Sarawak (Annex C), and Singapore (Annex D).

Prior to the formation of Malaysia, Sarawak gained self-governance on 22 July 1963.

The "Malaysia Bill" was introduced in the Malayan Parliament on 9 July 1963, and received consent from Tuanku Syed Putra, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong on 29 August 1963.

North Borneo (now Sabah) only became self-governing from 31 August 1963, which coincided with the sixth anniversary of Malayan independence from the British Empire and was also the original intended date of the Malaysia Agreement.

The first two commemoration anniversaries were celebrated unofficially both respectively in 1973, which marks a decade (10th anniversary) of the federation's existence and also 15 years later in 1988, which marks the silver jubilee (25th anniversary) of independence for Sabah and Sarawak states through their accession into the federation as member states.

Prior to 2010, Malaysia Day was observed as a state public holiday only in Sabah and Sarawak (with subsequent unofficial commemoration anniversaries in 1993 – pearl jubilee or 30th anniversary, 1998 – coral jubilee or 35th anniversary, 2003 – ruby jubilee or 40th anniversary and the last being in 2008 – sapphire jubilee or 45th anniversary), but an unofficial patriotic day of observance marked nationally (it marks the end of the annual month-long August–September Independence Month observance) and only the anniversary of the nation's formation.

Prime Minister Najib Razak made the decision after a question-and-answer session at Parliament on 19 October 2009, giving Malaysians two celebrations related to the country's independence and sovereignty. Beginning the year 2010, Malaysia Day became a nationwide public holiday.

The inaugural celebrations only began in 2011, in which Hari Merdeka was celebrated albeit simultaneously for that year only (as since it was delayed by a time limit of 2 weeks' late), since that year's annually observed date of 31 August coincided or clashed with that year's Eid-ul-Fitr celebrations.

The celebrations in 2013 was the official golden jubilee observance which symbolically commemorates the sacrifices of the nation's security officers, in which it became the main focus and theme in response to the consequences brought in by the 2013 Lahad Datu stand-off, in which that year's celebrations were observed as a mark of tribute and respect to the casualties of the incursion (both personnel and civilians alike) in addition to reaching a milestone of 50 years since the establishment of the country on 16 September 1963.

In conjunction with the 55th anniversary celebrations in 2018 under the new, but short-lived Pakatan Harapan (PH) government, Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad promised to restore a more autonomous status to Sabah and Sarawak in accordance with the original Malaysia Agreement, changing "their status from merely a state to an equal partner of the Malayan states."

Two years later in 2020 (just a decade into the celebration's gazetting as an additional public holiday), Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin of the Perikatan Nasional-Gabungan Parti Sarawak-Barisan Nasional-United Sabah Party current-ruling cum returning coalition unity government made a similar pledge.

National-level celebration locations
Since the Malaysia Day began to be officially celebrated in 2011, national-level celebrations have been held in various cities across Malaysia. In 2020 and 2021, smaller scale celebrations were held due to COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia.

Other observations
16 September is also Malaysian Armed Forces Day, in which this was the very same day it was established, 30 years prior to the Formation of Malaysia way back during the British colonial era in the year 1933.

In popular culture
Malaysia Forever was a song composed by Bobby Gimby to celebrate the Formation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963. Bobby Gimby received the nickname "The Pied Piper of Canada" after the Prime Minister nicked Gimby "the Pied Piper from Canada". The song was recorded in Kuala Lumpur and Singapore. It is a folk song with a length of 2 minutes sung by the Choir of the Marymount Vocational School (Singapore). On the days before the merger, it was taught to school children and became an instant hit when it was broadcast over the air-waves throughout Malaysia.

See also
 Independence Day (Malaysia)
 Sarawak Independence Day
 North Borneo Self-government Day
 20-point agreement (Sabah)
 18-point agreement (Sarawak)
 History of Malaysia
 Singapore in Malaysia
 Malaysia Forever

References

External links

Formation of Malaysia
National days
Malaysian Independence
Public holidays in Malaysia
September observances

Malaysia Day


Faust is a tragic play in two parts by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, usually known in English as Faust, Part One and Faust, Part Two. Nearly all of Part One and the majority of Part Two are written in rhymed verse. Although rarely staged in its entirety, it is the play with the largest audience numbers on German-language stages. Faust is considered by many to be Goethe's magnum opus and the greatest work of German literature.

The earliest forms of the work, known as the Urfaust, were developed between 1772 and 1775; however, the details of that development are not entirely clear. Urfaust has twenty-two scenes, one in prose, two largely prose and the remaining 1,441 lines in rhymed verse. The manuscript is lost, but a copy was discovered in 1886.

The first appearance of the work in print was Faust, a Fragment, published in 1790. Goethe completed a preliminary version of what is now known as Part One in 1806. Its publication in 1808 was followed by the revised 1828–29 edition, the last to be edited by Goethe himself.

Goethe finished writing Faust, Part Two in 1831; it was published posthumously the following year. In contrast to Faust, Part One, the focus here is no longer on the soul of Faust, which has been sold to the devil, but rather on social phenomena such as psychology, history and politics, in addition to mystical and philosophical topics. The second part formed the principal occupation of Goethe's last years.

Nomenclature
The original 1808 German title page of Goethe's play read simply: "Faust. / Eine Tragödie" ("Faust. / A Tragedy"). The addition of "erster Teil" (in English, "Part One") was retroactively applied by publishers when the sequel was published in 1832 with a title page which read: "Faust. / Der Tragödie zweiter Teil" ("Faust. / The Tragedy's Second Part").

The two plays have been published in English under a number of titles, and are usually referred to as Faust, Parts One and Two.

Faust, Part One

The principal characters of Faust Part One include:

 Heinrich Faust, a scholar, sometimes said to be based on Johann Georg Faust, or on Jacob Bidermann's dramatized account of the Legend of the Doctor of Paris, Cenodoxus; see also Faust
 Mephistopheles, the Devil
 Gretchen, Faust's love (short for Margarete; Goethe uses both forms)
 Marthe Schwerdtlein, Gretchen's neighbour
 Valentin, Gretchen's brother
 Wagner, Faust's attendant

Faust, Part One takes place in multiple settings, the first of which is Heaven. Mephistopheles (Satan) makes a bet with God: he says that he can lure God's favorite human (Faust), who is striving to learn everything that can be known, away from righteous pursuits. The next scene takes place in Faust's study where the aging scholar, struggling with what he considers the vanity and uselessness of scientific, humanistic, and religious learning, turns to magic for the showering of infinite knowledge. He suspects, however, that his attempts are failing. Frustrated, he ponders suicide, but rejects it as he hears the echo of nearby Easter celebrations begin. He goes for a walk with his assistant Wagner and is followed home by a stray poodle.

In Faust's study, the poodle transforms into Mephistopheles, dressed as a travelling student who refuses to give his name. He reveals to Faust that although the misshapen pentagram carved into Faust's doorway has allowed him to enter, he cannot leave. Faust is surprised that Mephistopheles is bound by mystical laws, and from this reasons that he could make a pact. Mephistopheles says that he is willing to make a deal but wishes to leave for the night. Faust refuses to release him because he believes it would be impossible for him to catch Mephistopheles again. Mephistopheles then tricks him into permitting a demonstration of his power; Faust falls asleep listening to the song of the spirits, allowing Mephistopheles to escape by calling upon rats to chew away the pentagram.

The next morning Mephistopheles returns. He tells Faust that he wishes to serve him in life, and in return Faust must serve him in the afterlife. Faust is willing to accept but is concerned that accepting the services of Mephistopheles will bring him to ruin. To avoid this fate, Faust makes a wager: if Mephistopheles can grant Faust an experience of transcendence on Earth—a moment so blissful that he wishes to remain in it forever—then he will instantly die and serve the Devil in Hell. Mephistopheles accepts the wager.

When Mephistopheles tells Faust to sign the pact with blood, Faust complains that Mephistopheles does not trust Faust's word of honor. In the end, Mephistopheles wins the argument and Faust signs the contract with a drop of his own blood. Faust has a few excursions and then meets Margaret (also known as Gretchen). He is attracted to her and with jewelry and with help from a neighbor, Marthe, Mephistopheles draws Gretchen into Faust's arms. With Mephistopheles' aid, Faust seduces Gretchen. Gretchen's mother dies from a sleeping potion, administered by Gretchen to obtain privacy so that Faust could visit her. Gretchen discovers she is pregnant. Gretchen's brother condemns Faust, challenges him and falls dead at the hands of Faust and Mephistopheles. Gretchen drowns her illegitimate child and is convicted of the murder. Faust tries to save Gretchen from death by attempting to free her from prison. Finding that she refuses to escape, Faust and Mephistopheles flee the dungeon, while voices from Heaven announce that Gretchen shall be saved – "" – this differs from the harsher ending of Urfaust – "" – "she is condemned."

Faust, Part Two

Rich in classical allusion, in Part Two the romantic story of the first Faust is put aside, and Faust wakes in a field of fairies to initiate a new cycle of adventures and purpose. The piece consists of five acts (relatively isolated episodes) each representing a different theme. Ultimately, Faust goes to Heaven, for he loses only half of the bet. Angels, who arrive as messengers of divine mercy, declare at the end of Act V: "He who strives on and lives to strive / Can earn redemption still" (V, 11936–7).

Relationship between the parts
Throughout Part One, Faust remains unsatisfied; the ultimate conclusion of the tragedy and the outcome of the wagers are only revealed in Faust, Part Two. The first part represents the "small world" and takes place in Faust's own local, temporal milieu. In contrast, Part Two takes place in the "wide world" or macrocosmos.

Translations
In 1821, a partial English verse translation of Faust (Part One) was published anonymously by the London publisher Thomas Boosey and Sons, with illustrations by the German engraver Moritz Retzsch. This translation was attributed to the English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge by Frederick Burwick and James C. McKusick in their 2007 Oxford University Press edition, Faustus: From the German of Goethe, Translated by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. In a letter dated 4 September 1820, Goethe wrote to his son August that Coleridge was translating Faust. However, this attribution is controversial: Roger Paulin, William St. Clair, and Elinor Shaffer provide a lengthy rebuttal to Burwick and McKusick, offering evidence including Coleridge's repeated denials that he had ever translated Faustus and arguing that Goethe's letter to his son was based on misinformation from a third party.

Coleridge's fellow Romantic Percy Bysshe Shelley produced admired fragments of a translation first publishing Part One Scene II in The Liberal magazine in 1822, with "Scene I" (in the original, the "Prologue in Heaven") being published in the first edition of his Posthumous Poems by Mary Shelley in 1824.

 In 1828, at the age of twenty, Gérard de Nerval published a French translation of Goethe's Faust.
 In 1850, Anna Swanwick released an English translation of Part One. In 1878, she published a translation of Part Two. Her translation is considered among the best.
 In 1870–71, Bayard Taylor published an English translation in the original metres. This translation, which he is best known for, is considered one of the finest and consistently remained in print for a century.
 Calvin Thomas: Part One (1892) and Part Two (1897) for D. C. Heath.
 Alice Raphael: Part One (1930) for Jonathan Cape.
 Mori Ōgai: 1913 both parts into Japanese.
 Guo Moruo: Part One (1928) and Part Two (1947) into Chinese.
 Philosopher Walter Kaufmann was also known for an English translation of Faust, presenting Part One in its entirety, with selections from Part Two, and omitted scenes extensively summarized. Kaufmann's version preserves Goethe's metres and rhyme schemes, but objected to translating all of Part Two into English, believing that "To let Goethe speak English is one thing; to transpose into English his attempt to imitate Greek poetry in German is another."
 Phillip Wayne: Part One (1949) and Part Two (1959) for Penguin Books.
 Louis MacNeice: In 1949, the BBC commissioned an abridged translation for radio. It was published in 1952.

In August 1950, Boris Pasternak's Russian translation of the first part led him to be attacked in the Soviet literary journal Novy Mir. The attack read in part,
... the translator clearly distorts Goethe's ideas... in order to defend the reactionary theory of 'pure art' ... he introduces an aesthetic and individualist flavor into the text... attributes a reactionary idea to Goethe... distorts the social and philosophical meaning...

In response, Pasternak wrote to Ariadna Èfron, the exiled daughter of Marina Tsvetaeva:
There was some alarm when my Faust was torn to pieces in Novy mir on the basis that supposedly the gods, angels, witches, spirits, the madness of poor Gretchen and everything 'irrational' was rendered too well, whereas Goethe's progressive ideas (which ones?) were left in the shade and unattended.

 Peter Salm: Faust, First Part (1962) for Bantam Books.
 Randall Jarrell: Part One (1976) for Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
 Walter Arndt: Faust: A Tragedy (1976) for W. W. Norton & Company.
Stuart Atkins: Faust I & II, Volume 2: Goethe's Collected Works (1984) for Princeton University Press.
 David Luke: Part One (1987) and Part Two (1994) for Oxford University Press.
 Martin Greenberg : Part One (1992) and Part Two (1998) for Yale University Press. He has been credited with capturing the poetic feel of the original.
 John R. Williams: Part One (1999) and Part Two (2007) for Wordsworth Editions.
 David Constantine: Part One (2005) and Part Two (2009) for Penguin Books.
 Zsuzsanna Ozsváth and Frederick Turner: Part One (2020) for Deep Vellum Books, with illustrations by Fowzia Karimi.

Historic productions

Part One
May 24, 1819: Premiere of selected scenes. Castle Monbijou, Berlin
January 29, 1829: Premiere of the complete Part One. Braunschweig
In 1885, the Irish dramatist W. G. Wills loosely adapted the first part of Faust for a production starring Henry Irving as Mephistopheles and Ellen Terry as Margaret at the Lyceum Theatre, London.
In 1908, Stephen Phillips and J. Comyns Carr freely adapted the first part of Faust for a production at Her Majesty's Theatre. It starred Henry Ainley as Faust, Herbert Beerbohm Tree as Mephistopheles and Marie Lohr as Margaret.
1960: Deutsches Schauspielhaus, Hamburg: Directed by Peter Gorski, and produced by Gustaf Gründgens (who also played Mephistopheles), with Will Quadflieg (Faust), Ella Büchi (Gretchen), Elisabeth Flickenschildt (Marthe), Max Eckard (Valentin), Eduard Marks (Wagner), Uwe Friedrichsen (Student). The film of this performance was very successful.
1989: Fragments from Part One. Piccolo Teatro di Milano: Director Giorgio Strehler, scenographer Josef Svoboda
October 26, 2006: Teatro Comunale Modena, Italy: Directed by Eimuntas Nekrošius; complete playing length (with intervals): 4½ hours

Part Two
 1990: Fragments from Part Two. Piccolo Teatro di Milano: Director Giorgio Strehler, scenographer Josef Svoboda
 2003 of Ingmar Thilo; with Antonios Safralis (Faust), Raphaela Zick (Mephisto), Ulrike Dostal (Helena), Max Friedmann (Lynceus), and others
 2005 Michael Thalheimer at the Deutsches Theater, Berlin, with a.o. Ingo Hülsmann, Sven Lehmann, Nina Hoss and Inge Keller

Entire piece
1938: World premiere of both parts, unabridged, at the Goetheanum in Dornach, Switzerland
July 22–23, 2000: The Expo 2000 Hanover performance: Directed by Peter Stein; both parts in their complete version, with Christian Nickel and Bruno Ganz (the young and the old Faust), Johann Adam Oest (Mephistopheles), Dorothée Hartinger, Corinna Kirchhoff and Elke Petri. Complete playing length (with intervals): 21 hours

In music and film
 Ludwig van Beethoven's Opus 75 no 3 (1809) Song – Aus Goethes Faust: "Es war einmal ein König"
 In 1814 Franz Schubert set a text from Faust Part I, scene 18 as "Gretchen am Spinnrade" ( 118; Op. 2). It was his first setting of a text by Goethe. Later Lieder by Schubert based on Faust: , 367, 440 and 564.
 Robert Schumann's secular oratorio Scenes from Goethe's Faust (1844–1853)
 Hector Berlioz's "légende dramatique" La damnation de Faust (1846)
 Franz Liszt's Faust Symphony (1857)
 Charles Gounod's opera Faust (1859)
 Arrigo Boito's opera Mefistofele (1868; 1875)
 Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 8 (Mahler) (1906) sets the text of the final scene of Faust Part II in its lengthy second movement.
 Ferruccio Busoni's opera Doktor Faust (1916)
 F. W. Murnau's film Faust (1926) is based on older versions of the legend as well as Goethe's version.
 Havergal Brian's opera "Faust" written in 1955–56.
 Peter Gorski directed Gustaf Gründgens in the 1960 film, Faust.
 Randy Newman's musical Faust (1993)
 Jan Švankmajer's film Faust (1994)
 Rudolf Volz's Rock Opera Faust with original lyrics by Goethe (1997)
 American metal band Kamelot's CDs Epica (2003) and The Black Halo (2005) are based on Faust.
 Alexander Sokurov's film Faust (2011)
 American band Agalloch's Faustian Echoes EP is directly based on Goethe's work and contains direct quotations from it.
 Philipp Humm's modern art film The Last Faust (2019) is directly based on Goethe's Faust and is the first film made on Faust part I and part II.

See also

 Deals with the Devil in popular culture
 Lawsuits against the Devil
 Mephistopheles and Margaretta, sculpture
 Verse drama and dramatic verse
 Woland, character in Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita
 Works based on Faust

Notes

External links

  (German)
  (German)
  (1912 English translation by Bayard Taylor)

 Faust available at the Internet Archive, scanned illustrated books
 Faust, Part II available at digbib.org (German)
 Faust, Pt. 1 available at Google Books (1867 English translation by John Wynniatt Grant)
 Faust, Pt. 1 available at Google Books (1908 English translation by Abraham Hayward with illustrations by Willy Pogany)

  (multiple languages, including English)

1808 plays
1832 plays
Fiction about the Devil
Epic poems in German
German plays adapted into films
Heaven in popular culture
Plays adapted into ballets
Plays adapted into operas
Plays by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Tragedy plays
Walpurgis Night fiction

Goethe's Faust


The Incredible Hulks was a monthly comic book series published in the United Kingdom by Panini Comics as part of their Marvel 'Collector's Edition' line, featuring reprints of Marvel Comics from the United States. It began publication in April 2012, replacing Panini's defunct Fantastic Four Adventures series. The first volume ended in April 2014 after 27 issues, with a second volume beginning the following month. Volume 3 began in August 2016. The series was replaced in 2017.

Each issue typically features three stories, each of which revolves around characters such as The Incredible Hulk, She-Hulk, Red Hulk, Red She-Hulk, Lyra, Skaar and A-Bomb among others.

Format
Each issue of The Incredible Hulks had 76 pages, including a contents page and a letters page. It typically featured 4 pages of advertisements. All ads were for Marvel-related merchandise. The covers were printed on thick cardstock. A typical issue featured reprints of three recent Hulk-related stories per issue. Occasionally, a 100-page special was published with four or five stories. It was cancelled in 2017 and was replaced with Deadpool Unleashed.

Printed material
The Incredible Hulks reprinted material from the following US publications:

 Hulk
 Incredible Hulk
 Indestructible Hulk
 She-Hulks
 Red She-Hulk
 Hulk: Raging Thunder
 Fear Itself
 Totally Awesome Hulk

External links
Panini's Incredible Hulks mini-site
Panini Comic's home page

References

Marvel UK titles
2012 comics debuts
2017 comics endings
British comics
Defunct British comics

The Incredible Hulks


Promise is a 1986 American drama television film directed by Glenn Jordan and written by Richard Friedenberg, from a story by Kenneth Blackwell, Tennyson Flowers and Friedenberg. James Garner stars as a care-free man who returns to his hometown after his mother's death, and has to assume responsibility for his mentally ill younger brother (James Woods). The film aired on CBS on December 14, 1986, as a Hallmark Hall of Fame presentation. One of the most honored films in television history, Promise received the Peabody Award, Humanitas Prize, Christopher Award, and Golden Globe Award. Its record of five Primetime Emmy Awards was not matched until 2010, by the film Temple Grandin.

Plot
When his mother dies, estranged son Bob inherits her estate, and, surprisingly, custody of his younger brother D.J., who suffers from schizophrenia. Bob is initially reluctant at his new responsibility, but remembers that he had promised his mother to look after his brother.

Cast
The cast and credits of Promise are recorded at WorldCat.
 James Garner as Bob Beuhler
 James Woods as D.J.
 Piper Laurie as Annie Gilbert
 Peter Michael Goetz as Stuart
 Michael Alldredge as Gibb
 Alan Rosenberg as Dr. Pressman
 Mary Marsh as Mrs. Post
 Barbara Niven as Joan   (credited as Barbara Lee Alexander)
 Steven M. Gagnon as Michael
 Raissa Fleming as Lonnie
 Art Burke as Dr. Wexler
 Bob Griggs as Minister
 Janet Baumhover as Mrs. Green
 Charles W. Bernard as Mr. Allison
 Claretta Mariana as Beth
 Virginia Settle as Mrs. Burden
 Diana Van Arnam as Netta

Production
Promise was first broadcast December 14, 1986, as part of the Hallmark Hall of Fame television anthology series. Directed by Glenn Jordan from a screenplay by Richard Friedenberg, the film was shot September–October 1986 on location in Oregon, in Corvallis, Salem and Dallas, and at Triangle Lake.

"It was an easy decision for me and my producing partner, Peter Duchow, to join forces with Hallmark," James Garner wrote in his 2011 autobiography, The Garner Files. He felt he would not have been able to play the role of Bob Beuhler five years earlier, since he felt it was unsympathetic. "Not that Bob is a villain, he just never grew up," Garner wrote. James Woods was cast as his younger brother, D.J.; Garner remembered him from the first episode of The Rockford Files.

Woods has said, "People ask me, 'What's the favorite thing you've ever done in your life?' and I always say Promise because it was a perfect part for me and a perfect experience with Jim." He researched his role at a halfway house in Santa Monica, California, where he met a young man whose eloquent description of living with schizophrenia was put into the script:

It's like, all the electric wires in the house are plugged into my brain. And every one has a different noise, so I can't think. Some of the wires have voices in them and they tell me things like what to do and that people are watching me. I know there really aren't any voices, but I feel that there are, and that I should listen to them or something will happen. … I can remember what I was like before. I was a class officer, I had friends. I was going to be an aeronautical engineer. Do you remember, Bobby? I've never had a job. I've never owned a car. I've never lived alone. I've never made love to a woman. And I never will. That's what it's like. You should know. That's why I'm a Hindu. Because maybe it's true: Maybe people are born again. And if there is a God, maybe he'll give me another chance. I believe that, because this can't be all I get.

"Accepting the Emmy for Best Teleplay, Richard Friedenberg said he hoped the film would help schizophrenics by calling attention to their plight," Garner wrote. "I'm sorry to say that 25 years later, schizophrenia is the worst mental health problem facing the nation."

Awards and nominations

Home media
 2009: Hallmark Hall of Fame, Gold Crown Collector's Edition (DVD), 2009. Special features include a featurette on the making of the film, interviews, cast biographies and credits. Close captioned.
 2012: Warner Archive (DVD-R, created on demand), August 28, 2012.

References

External links

1986 television films
1986 films
1986 drama films
1980s American films
1980s English-language films
American drama television films
Best Miniseries or Television Movie Golden Globe winners
CBS network films
Films about brothers
Films about schizophrenia
Films directed by Glenn Jordan
Films scored by David Shire
Films shot in Oregon
Hallmark Hall of Fame episodes
Peabody Award-winning broadcasts
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Made for Television Movie winners

Promise (1986 film)


Hipodil ( ) was a Bulgarian rock band, founded in the late 1980s in Sofia by four classmates from the local Mathematics High School.

Hipodil's popularity was based in large on their aggressive, sarcastic, sometimes vulgar and explicit but yet humorous lyrics.  Because of that Hipodil were known as a "scandalous and rebellious" band. Their main goal was to entertain the listener and themselves; most of the lyrics concerned topics such as alcohol, sex, women, the status quo, etc.; they frequently ridiculed famous Bulgarian and non-Bulgarian people and even politicians (and sometimes songs). Nevertheless, the band had some pretty serious tracks with complex and socially oriented lyrics. All the lyrics were in Bulgarian and were written by vocalist Svetoslav Vitkov (Svetlyo). Most of the music was composed by guitarist Petar Todorov (Pesho). In a great number of songs, guest musicians took part, adding mainly to the brass section.

History
The four classmates from the Sofia's Mathematics High School Nikola Kavaldjiev, Miroslav Tellalov, Nikolay Savov and Petar Todorov formed in 1988 a punk band which played only their own songs in Bulgarian. The first public performance of the band was at Sofia's Summer Theatre, an open-air stage in the largest city park, where the band performed the song "Zidaromazachi" (Wallplasterers), a parody of the ruling communist regime, which got them into minor trouble with the authorities.

In 1992, after a couple of line-up changes and recruiting the new vocalist Svetoslav Vitkov, Hipodil recorded the songs "Bira s vodka" ("Beer With Vodka"), "Bira" ("Beer"), "Chift ochi" ("A Pair of Eyes", "Himna" ("The Anthem"), "Jenata" ("The Woman") and "Klitoren orgasm" ("Clitoral Orgasm"). Next year, the band released their first studio album called Alkoholen delirium (Alcoholic Delirium). The band immediately launched a self-bankrolled national tour,  which turned quite successful. At one of the tour concerts in Varna, a mass alcohol-fuelled disorder erupted and all band members and some of the audience were arrested. This event, along with the explicit lyrics of most of their songs gave Hipodil their "scandal aura".

The Varna incident inspired a song - "Hipodili" - which Hipodil put in their next album, Nekuf ujas, nekuf at (Some Kind of Horror, Some Kind of Hell), recorded and released in 1994. This song became a Hipodil anthem and a concert favorite. The album release was followed by a national tour with some 20 dates across the country.

In their fourth album Nadurveni vuglishta (Horny Charcoal), released in 1998, the band showed obvious growth in terms of music and production and experimented with other styles, mostly ska. This album was the most commercially successful album of the band and the first to be released on a CD. It was also the most controversial as some of the lyrics provoked Bulgarian Ministry of Culture to mull legal actions against the band for obscenity. The ministry later dropped its plans but the dispute fuelled the album sales and Hipodil suddenly found themselves among the best-selling and most radio played acts in Bulgaria.

The album's opening track, song about Gojko Mitić, "Bate Gojko" ("Big Brother Gojko") rocketed to the top of Bulgarian airplay charts and was among the few Hipodil songs to have a video clip. The first ever instrumental track of Hipodil is also on this record, "Otnesen!" ("Scatter-Brained") and a dose of the traditional mockeries with Bulgarian celebrities.

In the end of 1999, the vocalist Svetoslav Vitkov went to work in the United States. Despite the loss of Vitkov, the other band members decided to start recording new material, inviting several singers from other Bulgarian bands, who replaced Vitkov on the vocals. The new album, called Hora ot naroda (People of the Folk), appeared on the Bulgarian music market in the year 2000. The music style is similar to the previous works of Hipodil, but a little bit more soft-sounding and mainly ska-influenced. Not so typical for the band is also the often usage of keyboards. Vitkov appears as a lead singer in only two of the songs - "Partizani" ("Partisans") and "Drugo nyama" ("There's Nothing Else"), and as a backing vocal in "Choveche" ("Dude").

In 2002, a promo single for the song "Skakauec" ("Grasshopper") was released. It had two tracks, the title track, which is about a dialectal phenomenon relating to the pronunciation of the letter Л, and a B-side, PVC, which is about women with small breasts. Hipodil was set to release an album, "Aa, Bb, Vv, Gg, Zz...", including the two tracks, but it was never released due to the band's break-up in 2004.

Hipodil will never be remembered for a musical and/or lyrical and/or production brilliance and yet the band constitutes integral part of the post-Communist era popular culture in Bulgaria. Both critics and fans agree that the band's songs and behaviour truly reflect the changes in Bulgarian society in the 1990s and present them in way that young people of all classes and background easily understand.

In 2006, Hipodil played at the "Koncert na godinata" at the Zimen dvorec in Sofia alongside Review and Upsurt. A new song, "Let Me Da Te Love You", was debuted at the event. Svetlio & the Legends, considered by many to be the successor band to Hipodil, released it on their 2007 album Bulgarno. In 2009, Riva Sound released Tu'pest 2, a sequel to the original Tu'pest. In 2011, Hipodil played alongside Kontrol and Review at the Zimen dvorec for the film Sega i zavinagi. Svetlio and the Legends released their second album IBAN in that year.

In 2013, Hipodil played a concert at Zimen dvorec to celebrate 20 years since the release of Alkoholen delirium. 2018 saw the group reunite once again at Arena Armeec to celebrate 20 years of Nadurveni vuglishta, also reissuing several old shirts from the 1990s to celebrate.

Discography
 Alkoholen delirium/Alcoholic Delirium (1993)
 Nekuf ujas, nekuf at/Kinda Horror, Kinda Hell (1994)
 S gol v rukata.../With a Naked ... in Hand (1996)
 Nadurveni vuglishta/Aroused Charcoal (1998) (a pun for Na durveni vuglishta - 'On Charcoal')
 Tu'pest/The Best (1999) (compilation) (a pun from tup - Bulgarian for 'dumb' and -est, the superlative suffix in English.)
 Hora ot naroda/People of the Folk (2000)
 Hipodil (also known as Скакауец/Skakauec, Grasshopper) (2002)
 Tu'pest 2 (2009)

References

External links
 Official site of Hipodil
 Hipodil at Discogs
 Hipodil at Bulgarian Rock Archives

Bulgarian rock music groups
Bulgarian punk rock groups
Musical groups established in 1988
Musical groups disestablished in 2004

Hipodil


Groupe BPCE is a French banking group, formed by the 2009 merger of CNCE (Caisse Nationale des Caisses d'Epargne) and BFBP (Banque Federale des Banques Populaires), has more than 8,200 branches nationwide under their respective brand names serving nearly 40 million customers. Through its subsidiaries (including Natixis), it provides banking, financial, and real estate financing services to individuals, professionals, small and medium enterprises, large enterprises, and institutions in France and internationally. It provides various deposit and loan products to small and medium enterprises, craftspeople, franchisees, and franchisers; savings collection and management, credit, payment, and wealth management services; and real estate financing and corporate banking services. The company also offers bancassurance products, including life assurance and pensions that comprise automobile and home insurance, legal protection, the guarantee of life accidents, the supplementary health care insurance, welfare professionals and the collective retirement pensions and health, as well as credit insurance and guarantees to individuals, professionals, real estate professionals, and businesses.

Groupe Banque Populaire
Groupe Banque Populaire is a French group of cooperative banks. The federal union is controlled by 15 independent regional banks and also operates under the CASDEN and the Credit Cooperatif subsidiaries. In 2006, Groupe Banque Populaire created Natixis with another French cooperative banking group, Groupe Caisse d'Epargne. This new Investment Bank is the result of the spin-off of the two former Investment Banks of both groups : Banque Populaire's Natexis and Caisse d'Epargne's IXIS Corporate and Investment Bank. Then in 2009, Banque Populaire and Caisse d'Epargne groups decided to fully merge into a single company, BPCE, which became the 2nd largest  banking group in France.

Groupe Caisse d'Epargne
Groupe Caisse d'Epargne is a French semi-cooperative banking group, founded in 1818, with around 4700 branches in the country. The group is active in retail and private banking, as well as holding a significant stake in the publicly traded investment bank Natixis.

2009 establishments

Groupe BPCE


The World Health Organization (WHO) divides the world into six WHO regions, for the purposes of reporting, analysis and administration.

African Region (AFR)
Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Ivory Coast, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, South Sudan, Eswatini, Togo, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe.

Region of the Americas (AMR)
Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela.

South-East Asian Region (SEAR)
Bangladesh, Bhutan, North Korea, India, Indonesia, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Timor-Leste.

European Region (EUR)
Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal,  Romania, Russia, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan.

Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR)
Afghanistan, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen.

Western Pacific Region (WPR)
Australia, Brunei, Cambodia, China, Cook Islands, Fiji, Japan, Kiribati, Laos, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Mongolia, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Korea, Taiwan, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Vietnam.

References
This list is derived from World Health Statistics 2011, issued under the auspices of the United Nations by the World Health Organization.
You can find the latest WHO statistical reports here. The 2017 Annex listing countries by region can be found here.
World Health Organization
The list can also be found on the Cost effectiveness and strategic planning (WHO-CHOICE) - Alphabetical List of WHO Member States

List of WHO regions


Adamsite-(Y) is a mineral that can be white, pale pink, pale purple, or is colorless in color and is made of crystals.  It is named for Professor Frank Dawson Adams (1859-1942) of McGill University, Montreal, Quebec and is found in the Poudrette quarry in Quebec.  It's environment is in a pegmatite dike that is greatly heated.  It is barely radioactive, and is easily scratched with calcite and it also breaks easily.

References

Minerals

Adamsite-(Y)


John Davis (born in 1784 in Surrey) was an American ship captain from New Haven, Connecticut. He is thought to have been the first to land on mainland Antarctica. He is one of four explorers who share this claim. In February 1821 he may have landed a boat at Hughes Bay. The Davis Strait which separates Baffin Bay from the Labrador Sea was named by William Baffin in 1916. He probably named it after John Davis.

On March 20, 1820, Davis left New Haven, Connecticut for a trip to the Pacific Ocean. He had received news of the discovery of the South Shetland Islands while he was anchored at the Falkland Islands. Learning there were large numbers of seals there, he and another ship captain sailed their vessels to Greenwich Island. But it was too late in the season and other sealers were there before them. So Davis took his ship, named Cecilia, in search of seals further south. Finding many seals at Low Island he continued southwards. He probably came upon Hughes Bay on the Antarctic Peninsula. His ship's log records he found "a large body of land." He sent a boat to shore to look for seals but found none. He also wrote "I think this southern land to be a continent". He also wrote in the log the latitude was 64°01'S (sixty-four degrees, one minute, south). Davis continued his journey back to Greenwich Island arriving there on 10 February, 1821. He wintered at the Falkland Islands and returned to seal hunting the following season. It remains impossible, however, to prove he was the first to reach Antarctica.

References

American explorers
1784 births
People from Surrey
English explorers
People from Connecticut
Explorers of Antarctica
Year of death unknown

John Davis (sealer)


Romani people in France, generally known in spoken French as gitans, tsiganes or manouches, are an ethnic group that originated in Northern India. The exact number of Romani people in France is unknown; estimates vary from 500,000 to 1,200,000.

History
The first Roma came to France in 1418, to the town of Colmar. In 1419 more Romani arrived in Provence and Savoy. Nine years later the first Roma were recorded in Paris. In 1802 there was a determined campaign to clear Roma from the French Basque provinces. More than 500 Roma were captured and imprisoned pending their planned deportation to the French colony of Louisiana. The colony was, however, sold in 1803 to the United States.

Origin
The Romani people originated in Northern India, presumably from the northwestern Indian states Rajasthan and Punjab.

The linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that roots of Romani language lie in India: the language has grammatical characteristics of Indian languages and shares with them a large part of the basic lexicon, for example, body parts and daily routines.

More exactly, Romani shares the basic lexicon with Hindi and Punjabi. It shares many phonetic features with Marwari, while its grammar is closest to Bengali.

Genetic findings in 2012 suggest the Romani originated in northwestern India and migrated as a group. According to a genetic study in 2012, the ancestors of present scheduled tribes and scheduled caste populations of northern India, traditionally referred to collectively as the Ḍoma, are the likely ancestral populations of modern European Roma.

Population
In France the Romani people are typically classified into three groups:

 "Roms", who come from territories in eastern Europe
 "Manouches", also known as "Sinté" (in Germany and Holland: Sinti), who often have familial ties in Germany and Italy
 "Gitans", who trace their familial ties to Romani people in Spain

The term "Romanichel" is considered pejorative in France, and "Bohémien" is outdated. The French National Gendarmerie referred to them in an ethnic database by the acronym "MENS" ("Minorités Ethniques Non-Sédentarisées"), an administrative term meaning "Travelling Ethnic Minorities". However this usage is not widely used, since this ethnic database was secret as creating ethnic data is illegal in France.

The exact numbers of Romani people in France are not known, with estimates varying from 20,000 to 400,000. The French Romani rights group FNASAT reports that at least 12,000 Romani, who have immigrated from Romania and Bulgaria, live in unofficial urban camps throughout the country. French authorities often attempt to close down these encampments. In 2009, the government sent more than 10,000 Romani back to Romania and Bulgaria.

In 2009, the European Committee of Social Rights found France had violated the European Social Charter (rights to housing, right to protection against poverty and social exclusion, right of the family to protection) in respect to Romani population from foreign countries.

Repatriations

In 2010 and 2011, the French government organized repatriation flights to send French Romani to Romania. On 12 April, a chartered flight carrying 160 Romani left northern France for Timișoara. As in the 2010 deportations, the French government gave those Romani leaving France €300 each, with €100 for each child. The Romani on the 12 April flight were forced to sign declarations that they would never return to France.

On 9 August, the city of Marseille in southern France forcibly evicted 100 Romani people from a makeshift camp near Porte d'Aix, giving them 24 hours to leave. A chartered flight carrying approximately 150 Romani to Romania left the Lyon area on 20 September. France's goal for 2011 was to deport 30,000 Romani to Romania. As of 2012, France sent about 8,000 Romani to Romania and Bulgaria in 2011, after dismantling camps where they were living on the outskirts of cities. The actions prompted controversy and calls for greater inclusion of Romani people.

Racism
Prejudiced views of Romani are widespread in France, with a 2014 Pew Research poll indicating that two-thirds of French people have unfavorable views of Romani. In 2016, more than 10,000 Roma were evicted by French authorities. According to a report published by the Human Rights League of France and the European Roma Rights Centre, 60 percent of all Romani living in France were forcibly evicted from their homes in 2016, many in cold winter months.

Rumors and fake news stories of a white van occupied by Romani attempting to abduct children or young women have spread across the French internet on multiple occasions. A number of violent incidents against Romani occurred in March 2019 after rumors of Romani kidnapping children spread on Facebook and Snapchat. Two people in a white van were attacked by 20 youths in Colombes on 16 March. On 25 March, 50 people attacked a Roma camp in Bobigny with sticks and knives, burning several vans, and a separate group of Romani were chased and attacked in Clichy-sous-Bois. Similar incidents occurred in Aubervilliers, Bondy and Noisy-le-Sec.

Notable individuals

See also
 Cascarots, a group of Romani in the Basque Country
 Erromintxela, a group of Romani in the Basque Country with their own language

References

External links

France
Ethnic groups in France

Romani people in France


The Devil's Arithmetic is a 1999 TV movie based on the historical novel of the same name by Jane Yolen. It stars Kirsten Dunst as Hannah Stern and costars Brittany Murphy, Louise Fletcher, and Mimi Rogers. Dustin Hoffman introduces the film but is uncredited and serves as an executive producer with Mimi Rogers.

Plot
The film opens with Hannah, a teen girl, in a tattoo parlor with her friends, contemplating what tattoo she wants. Before she can decide, she notes the time and realizes she is late for a Passover dinner. Hannah hates going to her family seder as her family tells the same stories and Hannah is tired of hearing about the past. Her aunt tells her every year that Hannah looks like her namesake, Chana, but won't tell Hannah who Chana was or what she did. During the seder Hannah opens the front door to let in the prophet Elijah, but she sees a Polish village instead of the outside of the apartment. All of a sudden she is not only in a new place but also in the year 1941.

Hannah learns she is in the home of Rivka, who says she is Hannah (now Chana)'s cousin, and her aunt Gitl. They tell Hannah she has been sick and that should explain her strange ramblings about the future. The next day, the family goes into the village for a wedding, which is interrupted by Nazi soldiers, who say the whole village will be resettled. After a long journey, they arrive at a Nazi concentration camp. There, their valuables are stolen, their heads are shorn, they are tattooed, and they are made prisoners.

Life is brutal, but Hannah tells fairy tales and stories to the women in her bunk to keep their spirits up, and she insists that she knows what is coming because of her history classes in school, but no one believes her. Tensions rise when a family is revealed to have typhus and when a woman goes into labor, some of the men attempt an escape when they find a guard they think they can trust, only to be caught and executed.

One day, the commandant notices that Rivka and other inmates are ill, so he orders them to go to the gas chamber. Before he can see, Hannah switches places with Rivka. As she enters the gas chamber, she is transported back to the present day, awakening surrounded by her family, who tell her she had too much to drink (and presumably passed out). She embraces her aunt Eva and calls her Rivka, to her astonishment. They speak privately and Hannah fills in details she did not previously know. The movie ends with the entire family singing traditional songs at the table - the teenage Hannah is no longer alienated but is now part of the family.

Production
The film was shot in Vilnius, Lithuania in fall 1998 and a concentration camp set was built before shooting began and was designed to resemble Auschwitz.

Cast

 Kirsten Dunst as Hannah Stern/Chana Abramowicz
 Brittany Murphy as Rivka
 Paul Freeman as Rabbi
 Mimi Rogers as Leonore Stern
 Louise Fletcher as Aunt Eva
 Daniel Brocklebank as Shmuel
 Shelly Skandrani as Leah
 Philip Rham as Commandant Krieger
 Daniel Rausch as Sgt. Steinbach
 Kristy McFarland as Yetta
 Paulina Soloveičik as Sarah
 Lilo Baur as Mina
 Nitzan Sharron as Ariel
 Rachel Roddy as Esther
 Ivea Jackevičiūtė as Miriam
 Stewart Bick as Burton Stern
 Vaidotas Martinaitis as Hans
 Inga Tuminienė as Ingrid
 Nijolė Narmontaitė as Hedwig
 Leonardas Pobedonoscevas as Isaac
 Ava Finch as Aliza
 Louis Negin as Uncle Morris
 Caterina Scorsone as Jessica

Reception

References

External links

Holocaust films
American drama films
Showtime (TV network) films
1999 drama films
Films based on American novels
1999 television films
1999 films
Films shot in Lithuania
Films based on works by Jane Yolen
1990s English-language films
Films directed by Donna Deitch
1990s American films

The Devil's Arithmetic (film)


Blackwell's Island is a 1939 American crime drama film directed by William C. McGann and written by Crane Wilbur. The film stars John Garfield, Rosemary Lane, Dick Purcell, Victor Jory, Stanley Fields and Morgan Conway. The film was released by Warner Bros. on March 25, 1939.

It was based on a real life scandal on Welfare Island.

Plot

A reporter (Garfield) covers the racketeering of a mobster (Fields) which caused the assault of a boat captain. The mobster has a police officer (Purcell) beaten and the reporting causes the mobster to go to prison for it. The reporter then assaults a DA to get thrown into the prison to report on the mobster's corruption from jail.

Cast
 John Garfield as Tim Haydon
 Rosemary Lane as Mary 'Sunny' Walsh
 Stanley Fields as 'Bull' Bransom
 Dick Purcell as Terry Walsh
 Victor Jory as Commissioner Thomas MacNair
 Morgan Conway as Steve Cardigan
 Granville Bates as Prison Warden Stuart 'Stu' Granger
 Anthony Averill as Brower
 Peggy Shannon as Pearl Murray
 Charley Foy as Benny Farmer
 Norman Willis as Mike Garth
 Joe Cunningham as Ben Rawden
 Wade Boteler as Capt. Pedersen
 William B. Davidson as Defense Attorney Hempel
 Milburn Stone  Uncredited

References

External links

1939 films
1939 crime drama films
1930s prison films
American black-and-white films
American crime drama films
American prison drama films
Crime films based on actual events
Films about journalists
Films directed by William Clemens
Films set in New York City
Warner Bros. films
1930s English-language films
1930s American films
Films scored by Bernhard Kaun
Films directed by William C. McGann

Blackwell's Island (film)


The State Games of North Carolina (for sponsorship reasons known as the BODYARMOR State Games) is an Olympic-style competition in North Carolina, and a member of the National Congress of State Games.  The BODYARMOR State Games are the largest sports festival in North Carolina and one of the largest State Games programs in the United States.  The annual event features over 12,000 athletes and 600 teams competing in 25-30 different sports.  The goal of the state games is to promote fitness, sportsmanship, and a drug-free environment to North Carolinians.

Many famous athletes have taken part in the games including Roy Lassiter, Julius Peppers, Rashad McCants, Chris Paul, Corey Seager, Bryse Wilson, Chris Archer, Carlos Rodon, Trot Nixon, Madison Bumgarner, Josh Howard, Brendan Haywood, Stephanie Watts, Wendy Palmer, Shea Ralph, Rodney Rodgers, and others.

The sports that are offered in the Games differ each year, but have included Archery, Badminton, Baseball, Basketball, Bowling, Boxing, Canoe/Kayak, Cheerleading, Cycling, Chess, Disc Golf, Diving, Esports, Equestrian, Fencing, Field Hockey, Figure Skating, Flag Football, Golf, Gymnastics, Horseshoes, Ice Hockey, In-Line Hockey, Judo, Jump Rope, Karate, Kickball, Lacrosse, Olympic Lifting, Ninja, Pickleball, Polo, Power Lifting, Rock Climbing, Roundnet, Rowing, 5K Road Race, Rugby, Sailing, Shooting, Skateboarding, Soccer, Softball, Strongman, Swimming, Table Tennis, Taekwondo, Tennis, Track & Field, Ultimate, Volleyball, Water Ski, Wrestling.

Host cities

References

External links
 BODYARMOR State Games
 North Carolina Amateur Sports

Multi-sport events in the United States
Sports in North Carolina

State Games of North Carolina


Beacon Hill is the highest hill in eastern Monmouthshire, South Wales.  It is located  due east of the village of Trellech, and  north-west of Llandogo.  Its crowning point at 306m / 1006 ft above sea level is marked by an Ordnance Survey triangulation pillar. The summit, eastern slopes and uppermost western slopes are owned by Natural Resources Wales which manages the area not only for timber production but for recreation also.

Geology
The summit of the hill is formed from the Quartz Conglomerate Group which is assigned by geologists to the Upper Old Red Sandstone - a sequence of sedimentary rocks laid down during the late Devonian period. This pebbly sandstone occurs in an outcrop through eastern Monmouthshire and neighbouring Gloucestershire and caps other hills of local significance.

Access
All freehold land owned by the former Forestry Commission Wales (now succeeded by Natural Resources Wales) was dedicated as access land under the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 and is thus freely available to those on foot. Numerous forest tracks cross the hill's slopes. A car park has been provided on the western side and information panels installed at the site to assist visitors to interpret the extensive views from breaks in the woodland cover.

References

Mountains and hills of Monmouthshire

Beacon Hill, Monmouthshire


In mathematics, a rational normal scroll is a ruled surface of degree n in projective space of dimension n + 1. Here "rational" means birational to projective space, "scroll" is an old term for ruled surface, and "normal" refers to projective normality (not normal schemes).

A non-degenerate irreducible surface of degree m – 1 in Pm is either a rational normal scroll or the Veronese surface.

Construction

In projective space of dimension m + n + 1 choose two complementary linear subspaces of dimensions m > 0 and n > 0. Choose rational normal curves  in these two linear subspaces, and choose an isomorphism φ between them. Then the rational normal surface consists of all lines joining the points x and φ(x). In the degenerate case when one of  m or n is 0, the rational normal scroll becomes a cone over a rational normal curve.  If m < n then the rational normal curve of degree m is uniquely determined by the rational normal scroll and is called the directrix of the scroll.

References

Algebraic geometry

Rational normal scroll


The General Secretary of the Communist Party of China is the leader of the Communist Party of China and the highest-ranking official within China. The General Secretary is a standing member of the Politburo and head of the Secretariat. The officeholder is usually considered the paramount leader of the People's Republic of China.

According to the Constitution, the General Secretary serves as a member of the Politburo Standing Committee, the main governing group in China. Since the early 1990s, the holder of the post has been, except for transitional periods, the Chairman of the Central Military Commission. This means that the holder is also the commander-in-chief of the People's Liberation Army.

The current General Secretary is Xi Jinping. He took office on 15 November 2012.

References

General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party


Kathleen Butler-Hopkins is an American violinist and was formerly Professor of Violin, Viola, and Chamber Music at University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF).

Education

Butler-Hopkins holds a Doctor of Musical Arts degree from Yale University School of Music, where she was a student of Broadus Erle, Syoko Aki and Joseph Silverstein, former concertmaster of the Boston Symphony Orchestra. She received both the Bachelor and Master of Music degrees from the Juilliard School and has attended the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia. Butler-Hopkins has studied chamber music with Gilbert Kalish, Gunther Schuller, and members of the Juilliard, Guarneri, Tokyo, and Budapest String Quartets, and received a summer stipend from the National Endowment for the Humanities to study the string quartets of Ludwig van Beethoven with Lewis Lockwood at Harvard University. Under the auspices of the Fulbright-Hays Fellowship Program, she completed a year of study with Professor Wolfgang Schneiderhan at Vienna State Academy, Austria.

Career
Since joining the faculty of UAF, Butler-Hopkins has served as concertmaster and soloist with the Fairbanks Symphony and the Arctic Chamber Orchestra, and as a member of the Alaska Trio, the Alaska Chamber Ensemble, and the Alaska Chamber Players. She has performed as concertmaster for orchestras with the Western Opera Theater, the Fairbanks Light Opera Theatre, and the Fairbanks Choral Arts Orchestra. Butler-Hopkins has been on the faculty of the UAF Summer Fine Arts Camp, is the master teacher at the Juneau Jazz and Classics String Workshop, is the chamber music coordinator at the Fairbanks Suzuki Institute, and the String Symposium.

Awards and honors

Butler-Hopkins received the UAF College of Liberal Arts Excellence in Teaching Award for 1999, was named 1999 String Teacher of the Year by the Alaska String Teachers Association, and is the 2003 recipient of the prestigious Usibelli Distinguished Service Award.

References

External links
 Department of Music at UAF

University of Alaska Fairbanks faculty
Concertmasters
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Yale School of Music alumni
Juilliard School alumni
21st-century classical violinists
Women classical violinists

Kathleen Butler-Hopkins


Presidential elections were held in Burundi on 28 June 2010. As a result of withdrawals and alleged fraud and intimidation, incumbent President Pierre Nkurunziza was the only candidate.

Background
Although the previous presidential election in 2005 had been carried out by the Parliament, the 2010 elections were direct. In early March 2010, the run-up to the election was described as "explosive" due to a combination of demobilized former combatants and violence between youth activists in the ruling CNDD-FDD and opposition FRODEBU.

Following the Burundi Civil War, between the Tutsi and Hutu (similar to Rwanda), the National Liberation Forces (FNL) were brought into the legal political sphere and were said to be the incumbent Pierre Nkurunziza's most viable opposition. However, as a result of a campaign of intimidation in the run up to the vote, as well as alleging fraud in earlier local elections, all the other candidates withdrew from the ballot leaving only Nkurunziza. On 1 June 2010, five opposition candidates, including Agathon Rwasa, who was considered the strongest contender, withdrew from the elections, alleging that the government intended to rig it.

Following further similarities with Rwanda, ethnic tensions between Tutsi and Hutu were seen in the lead up to the Rwandan presidential election in the same year. Bombings there were blamed on the Interhamwe.

Conduct
The day before the election three grenade attacks were reported in the early hours of the morning. Two attacks in the Buyenzi and Kamesa districts of Bujumbura caused no injuries, but an explosion in the western town of Kanyosha killed one person and wounded two. The person killed was reportedly an FNL official. Another man was shot dead in Bujumbaura's Musanga neighbourhood in a suspected politically motivated attack. On election day, three more grenade attacks occurred in Bujumbura, while two more exploded in the north of the country. In all, at least eight people were killed and more than 60 wounded after the opposition candidates pulled out of the elections.

The FNL were suspected of being behind the grenade attacks, with local police searching the home of party leader Agathon Rwasa. However, the FNL denied involvement in the attacks and claimed Rwasa was being targeted for political reasons. According to Alexis Sinduhije, chairman of the Movement for Solidarity and Development, police also arrested six members of his party.

The East African Community – comprising Burundi, Rwanda, Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania – urged all parties to ensure a smooth and democratic election.

Results
In the FNL bastion of Kanyosha, only a handful of voters turned out to vote, compared to hundreds who voted in the local council elections a month before. The chair of an international observation mission, Lydie Nzengou, affirmed during the day that the turnout was much lower.

Aftermath
Following the elections, Rwasa went into hiding due to speculation that the government wanted to arrest him on charges of planning a new insurgency. He was quoted as saying that "They're [the government] looking for me because I told the truth, because I said publicly that I don't accept the results of the local elections. [Last] Wednesday they wanted to arrest me again. I got wind of it and I disappeared from circulation." It was presumed that he was in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

In late September 2010, 14 bodies were founded gagged and bound. Authorities blamed "unidentified armed bandits,"  but also said "Twenty-two criminals were arrested and are detained in Mpimba prison [in Bujumbura] while 20 others were arrested in the Democratic Republic of Congo and are being interrogated." Police sources added that most of those arrested belonged to the opposition Movement for Solidarity and Democracy and the National Liberation Forces.

References

Presidential elections in Burundi
Burundi
2010 in Burundi

2010 Burundian presidential election


The Tabernacle of the Linaioli (Italian: Tabernacolo dei Linaioli, literally "Tabernacle of the Linen manufacturers") is a marble aedicula designed by Lorenzo Ghiberti, with paintings by Fra Angelico, dating to 1432–1433. It is housed in the National Museum of San Marco, Florence, Italy.

History
The tabernacle was commissioned for the exterior of the seat of the Linaioli (the guild of linen workers in Florence), in the former Old Market, in the October 1432. The marble parts were executed by Simone di Nanni da Fiesole, under design by Lorenzo Ghiberti. The contract for the internal paintings was signed by Angelico on 2 July 1433, for a total of 190 golden florins. The predella is generally dated to 1433–1435.

The work was a large one, comparable only to Cimabue's Santa Trinita Maestà or Duccio di Buoninsegna's Rucellai Madonna. It has been speculated that the marble frame was sized according to a pre-existing painting, which was later replaced by Fra Angelico's, or that the size was inspired by that of the statues in Orsanmichele niches.

Work had been  moved to the Palazzo della Borsa as early as 1777, together with other works commissioned by the city's guilds. In that year it was transferred to the Uffizi, whence it was transferred to the current location in 1924.

The tabernacle was restored in 2010.

Description
The tabernacle is composed of a rectangular marble frame, with a triangular top with a sculpted almond depicting the "Blessing Christ and Cherubims". In the center, within an arched opening, are Fra Angelico's panel of the Maestà with twelve musician angels.

At the front are two shutter panels with further paintings of saints. These are, internally, John the Baptist (left) and John the Evangelist (right); and externally Mark the Evangelist (left) and Saint Peter (right). The panels are completed by a  predella, placed below, with three scenes of St. Peter Dictating the Gospel to St. Mark, Adoration of the Magi and Martyrdom of St. Mark. The figure of Mark is recurrent due to his status as the patron of the corporation which commissioned the work.

The central panel, although damaged, has a style similar to Angelico's early works, with a marble step over which is the throne. Behind two draperies (perhaps a hint to the guild's textile activities) is a ceiling painted in blue with stars and the Holy Spirit dove, which is similar to Masolino's Annunciation in Washington, DC.

References

Sources

External links
Page at Florence museums website

1433 sculptures
1430s paintings
Paintings by Fra Angelico
Paintings of the Madonna and Child
Paintings in the Museo Nazionale di San Marco
Paintings depicting John the Baptist
Paintings depicting John the Apostle
Musical instruments in art
Paintings depicting Saint Peter
Paintings depicting Mark the Evangelist

Tabernacle of the Linaioli


The following is an incomplete list of stamping mills in the Copper Country of Michigan.

 Ahmeek mill - In Hubbell, Houghton County, Michigan
 Allouez mill
 Atlantic mill - Near the Redridge Steel Dam in Redridge, Michigan
 Baltic mill - Near the Redridge Steel Dam in Redridge, Michigan
 Calumet and Hecla Mills - In Lake Linden, Houghton County, Michigan
 Carp mill
 Centennial mill
 Central mill - Four miles east of Phoenix, Michigan
 Champion mill - In Freda, Michigan
 Clark mill
 Cliff mill - Clifton, Michigan
 Copper Falls mill - Southwest of Eagle Harbor, Michigan
 Delaware mill - Delaware, Michigan
 Dodgeville mill and pits - Dodgeville, Michigan
 Humboldt mill - In Champion, Michigan.  Planned to be used as a part of the new Eagle mine project
 Huron mill
 Isle Royale mill - Two miles east of Houghton, Michigan
 Mohawk mill - In Gay, Michigan
 Nonesuch mill
 Phoenix mill
 Quincy Mining Company Stamp Mills Historic District - Near Mason, Houghton County, Michigan
 Superior mill - Silver City, Ontonagon County, Michigan
 Tamarack mill - Near Hubbell, Houghton County Michigan
 Trimountain mill - In Beacon Hill, Michigan
 Victoria mill - Located near the Victoria Mine
 Wolverine mill - In Gay, Michigan

See also
 Copper mining in Michigan
 List of Copper Country smelters
 List of Copper Country mines

External links
 Maps of mill locations at Copper Country Explorer: Part 1 Part 2 Part 3

Buildings and structures in Houghton County, Michigan
Copper Country mills
Buildings and structures in Keweenaw County, Michigan
Copper Country mills

List of Copper Country mills


In geometry, a generalized circle, sometimes called a cline or circline, is a straight line or a circle.

The natural setting for generalized circles is the extended plane, a plane along with one point at infinity through which every straight line is considered to pass. Given any three distinct points in the extended plane, there exists precisely one generalized circle passing through all three.

Generalized circles sometimes appear in Euclidean geometry, which has a well-defined notion of distance between points, and where every circle has a center and radius: the point at infinity can be considered infinitely distant from any other point, and a line can be considered as a degenerate circle without a well-defined center and with infinite radius (zero curvature). A reflection across a line is a Euclidean isometry (distance-preserving transformation) which maps lines to lines and circles to circles; but an inversion in a circle is not, distorting distances and mapping any line to a circle passing through the reference circles's center, and vice-versa.

However, generalized circles are fundamental to inversive geometry, in which circles and lines are considered indistinguishable, the point at infinity is not distinguished from any other point, and the notions of curvature and distance between points are ignored. In inversive geometry, reflections, inversions, and more generally their compositions, called Möbius transformations, map generalized circles to generalized circles, and preserve the inversive relationships between objects.

The extended plane can be identified with the sphere using a stereographic projection. The point at infinity then becomes an ordinary point on the sphere, and all generalized circles become circles on the sphere.

Extended complex plane

The extended Euclidean plane can be identified with the extended complex plane, so that equations of complex numbers can be used to describe lines, circles and inversions.

Bivariate linear equation

A circle  is the set of points   in a plane that lie at radius  from a center point

In the complex plane,  is a complex number and  is a set of complex numbers. Using the property that a complex number multiplied by its conjugate is the square of its modulus (its Euclidean distance from the origin), an implicit equation for  is:

This is a homogeneous bivariate linear polynomial equation in terms of the complex variable  and its conjugate  of the form

where coefficients  and  are real, and  and  are complex conjugates.

By dividing by  and then reversing the steps above, the radius  and center  can be recovered from any equation of this form. The equation represents a generalized circle in the plane when  is real, which occurs when  so that the squared radius  is positive. When  is zero, the equation defines a straight line.

Complex reciprocal
That the reciprocal transformation  maps generalized circles to generalized circles is straight-forward to verify:

Lines through the origin  map to lines through the origin; lines not through the origin  map to circles through the origin; circles through the origin  map to lines not through the origin; and circles not through the origin  map to circles not through the origin.

Complex matrix representation
The defining equation of a generalized circle

can be written as a matrix equation

Symbolically,

with coefficients placed into an invertible hermitian matrix  representing the circle, and  a vector representing an extended complex number.

Two such matrices specify the same generalized circle if and only if one is a scalar multiple of the other.

To transform the generalized circle represented by  by the Möbius transformation  apply the inverse of the Möbius transformation  to the vector  in the implicit equation,

so the new circle can be represented by the matrix

Notes

References

 Hans Schwerdtfeger, Geometry of Complex Numbers, Courier Dover Publications, 1979
 Michael Henle, "Modern Geometry: Non-Euclidean, Projective, and Discrete", 2nd edition, Prentice Hall, 2001
 David W. Lyons (2021) Möbius Geometry from LibreTexts

Circles
Inversive geometry

Generalised circle


Gautam is a mythological Hindu sage (Rishi) and one of the seven Rishis. Hindu scriptures have named them as saptarishis, that is, the seven sages. The seven sages were Kashyapa, Atri, Vashitha, Vishvamitra, Gautam, Jamdagni, and Bharadvaja. According to Hindu mythology, these seven sages had become like divine beings. Ancient astrology of Hindus identified these seven sages with the stars of the sky, the Great Bear. Their wives formed the Pleiades.

The Rig Veda has several 'hymns' that go with his name. Sage Gautam is one of the greatest amongst all Saptarshis (seven sages). He was the son of Rahugana. He married to Ahalya and had two sons Vamadeva and Nodhas both themselves discoverers of Mantras. Ramayan and Mahabharatha have references to Sage Gautam as he lived during these two Yugas.

Sage Gautam's sixty-year-long penance is mentioned in the Shanti Parva of the Mahabharata. He is the progenitor of the Gautama gotra.

References

Hindu mythology

Gautam


Blue Hill is one of eight districts of the island of Saint Helena, part of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is sparsely populated and comprises the western third of the island. The district is entirely agricultural with no industrial activity.

Description
Terrain in the district is quite varied with steep ridges and a limited amount of flat ground, as befits the island's volcanic origin. Blue Hill's main settlement, with the location of the community centre, is Blue Hill Village. The district also includes the settlements of Barren Ground, Head o' Wain, and Thompson's Wood, together with a few scattered cottages.

The only school in Blue Hill closed in 1990, only two years after it had opened, but there is a Baptist Chapel at Head o'Wain and an Anglican Church, St. Helena & The Cross, just next to The Depot, a small hill on the ridge that separates Blue Hill from Sandy Bay. Planning permission was received to build a resort at Broad Bottom in November 2015, but construction has yet to begin as of November 2016.

Blue Hill is the largest, most remote, most rural, least populated and least densely populated of the eight districts of Saint Helena. Its population has fluctuated from 177 in 1998 to 153 in 2008 and 174 in 2021.

History
Troops of the Dutch East India Company landed at Swanley Valley on 20 December 1672 and were guided inland by an English traitor. They defeated the garrison of High Peak Fort and briefly occupied the rest of the island until the English recaptured it in May 1673. During the Boer War, the British transported over 5,000 Boer prisoners of war to St Helena between 1900 and 1902. After problems developed between prisoners from the Transvaal and the Orange Free State, the British transferred the Free Staters to a new camp in Broad Bottom in early 1901. They were repatriated at the end of the war in late 1902.

In 2011 a facetious proposal was published in The Washington Post (and reproduced in the St Helena Independent) that Blue Hill be made into a "retirement village for exiled dictators", citing its isolation and small existing population.

Notes

Bibliography

External links

Districts of Saint Helena
Populated places in Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
Second Boer War concentration camps

es:Cerro Azul

Blue Hill, Saint Helena


Henry Bauchet was a French ingénier (1879–1970) and inventor.  He was born on 22 April 1879 in Frevent, Pas-de-Calais and died on 19 December 1970 in Lyon. He designed and manufactured the first prototype of modern automobile, called "La Sirène" from 1899 to 1907.

He graduated from School of Arts and Crafts in Châlons-en-Champagne and was one of the first holders of a driving licence in France.

After a life dedicated to the automobile, in 1963, in Valencia, he was knocked down by a car, which left him with a slight limp. A street in Rethel is named after him.

The Bauchet car

In 1899, in Rethel in the Ardennes, a vehicle called La Sirène designed by engineers Henry Bauchet and his collaborator Charles Schmidt took to the road. Until then, automobiles looked more like carriages with large wooden wheels with a motor under the seats. La Sirène was an innovative car with a look close to the ones we know today, with a hooded engine at the front, a steering wheel, a body and four metal wheels equipped with all-new tires invented in 1891 by the Michelin brothers.  It had a 5/8 cv twin-cylinder engine, 4-speed transmission and shaft drive. It was fitted with a 4-seat tonneau body.

In 1901 The Siren was entered in the Grand Prix of Pau and won a race in the light car (less than 650 kg) category and in June 1901 took part in the Grand Prix Paris-Berlin, driven by two drivers A.Collin (8th in light cars, and 40th overall) and Chevrein (retirement).

SA des Moteurs Henri Baucher

In 1902 Bauchet's associate Charles Schmidt, experiencing financial difficulties, went to America where he joined Packard. Henry Bauchet remained at the head of the firm, raised the funds necessary to buy the equipment and continued building more cars.

Following La Sirène, a production car called the Henry Bauchet was introduced in 1903. It was a 5/8 twin-cylinder car built in Rethel, which was sold directly to the public and was called L'Ardennais.

In 1904, Henry Bauchet whose firm Lessieux-Bauchet was dissolved in 1901, moved in to part of an old mill by the river. From 1905 to 1907, the former Moulin des Isles was gradually transformed to electrical power after its acquisition by the Société Anonyme des Usines à Gaz du Nord et de l'Est.

A hundred vehicles left the factory before production stopped in 1907 because of too much competition. They then concentrated on stationary engines many of which were used in agriculture and in 1909 he built a tractor and, at the outbreak of war in 1914, he made his first tracked tractor.

During World War 1, the factory was moved to Sens, on the banks of the River Yonne. Barges on the river were pulled by horses leading to Baucher adapting his engines for boat propulsion.

During World War 2 and the German occupation of France in 1940, Henri Bauchet moved their offices to Lyon, at 1 rue Jeanne-d'Arc, but the production remaining located in Rethel.

In the 1960s production of tractors finally stopped and the plant was converted to general engineering.

The factory closed down permanently in the 1990s.

References
David Burgess Wise, The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Automobiles

French founders of automobile manufacturers
1879 births
1970 deaths
French automotive engineers
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of France

Henry Bauchet


A cheesecake is a dessert cake made of cheese (usually cream cheese but sometimes ricotta), eggs, and sugar. It often has a graham cracker crumb crust, sometimes held together by melted butter. The filling has a very heavy, smooth texture. It sometimes has sour cream to make it easier to shape and may have fruit flavoring such as strawberry, blueberry, or lemon. It is often topped with fresh fruit or chocolate.

History
Cheesecake is now often thought to be part of American cooking, but it has a long history. Cheese making began around 2000, and scientists who study people in the past have found cheese molds almost as old.

Cheesecakes are known to go back to at least Greece. In the 100s, the writer Athenaeus's Dinner-Table Philosophers mentioned the poet Callimachus (around the 200s) used to have a book by an "Aegimius" about the art of making cheesecakes (, Plakountopoukón Sýngramma). Cheesecake may have been given to the sportspeople during the Olympic Games, which started in 776.

Even before the Romans took over Greece, they had begun making cheesecakes as well. M. Porcius Cato's Book on Farming (written around 160) mentions three kinds of cakes, , and for use as offerings to the gods. Placenta cakes were the closest to today's cheesecakes, since its crust and filling are made separately.

Europeans stopped using yeast and started adding beaten eggs to their cheesecakes around the 1700s. This made it taste more like a dessert than a cheesebread.

Cheesecake recipes were brought to the United States as people moved there from Europe. Most of today's kinds of cheesecake ("New York-style cheesecake") come from the kind created by William Lawrence of Chester, New York, in 1872. He was trying to make something like the soft French Neufchâtel cheese and ended up with a heavy, creamy "unripened cheese".

Types
There is an all-garlic restaurant in Stockholm where they offer a garlic cheesecake.

Other
Sonya Thomas holds the world record for eating the most cheesecakes in a given time. She ate 11 pounds of cheesecake in nine minutes.

Gallery

References

Desserts
Pies

Cheesecake


North Carolina Wesleyan University (NCWU) is a private Methodist university in Rocky Mount, North Carolina. It was founded in 1956. North Carolina Wesleyan offers courses at its main Rocky Mount campus, as well as satellite locations in Brunswick, Durham, Goldsboro, Greenville, Manteo, New Bern, Raleigh, Washington, Wilmington and Winston-Salem.

History

On May 14, 1956, the North Carolina Annual Conference of The United Methodist Church met in Goldsboro and approved a petition from the citizens of the city of Rocky Mount to locate a college in their community. The college was officially chartered by the State of North Carolina on October 25, 1956. Capital investments totaling approximately $2 million made possible the construction of the main buildings on the 200-acre site donated by the M.C. Braswell heirs of Rocky Mount, and four years later 92 students enrolled in the first class at North Carolina Wesleyan College. In 1964, 33 students received their degrees at the college's first Commencement. Nearly 9,000 students have earned bachelor's degrees in the arts and sciences and selected professional disciplines since its founding.

In 2015, the college added its first two master's programs. Seven years later, the college changed its name to "university" in 2022.

Campus

The  Rocky Mount campus includes six residence halls, nine academic and administrative buildings, the Everett Gymnasium, The Dunn Center, and outdoor athletic facilities, including a soccer field, baseball field, tennis courts, Indoor Sports & Education Facility, artificial turf field, intramural fields, and softball field. There is also an on-campus Starbucks attached to the Pearsall Library. In addition to a residential campus, Wesleyan has developed a strong multi-campus Adult & Professional degree program with locations in Brunswick, Durham, Goldsboro, Greenville, Manteo, New Bern, Raleigh, Washington, Wilmington and Winston-Salem in addition to the main campus in Rocky Mount.

Academics
The university offers 33 undergraduate programs, 34 minor programs, four graduate degrees and four certificate programs. It is a member of the National Association of Schools and Colleges of The United Methodist Church, the North Carolina Independent Colleges and Universities, the National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities, the Council of Independent Colleges, the Association of American Colleges and Universities, the Association of Governing Boards of Universities and Colleges, the National Association of Colleges and Universities Business Officers, and the American Council on Education. Women graduates are eligible for membership in the American Association of University Women.

The Roger G. and Gaile Davenport Taylor Honors Program

North Carolina Wesleyan University offers a select group of students the opportunity to complement their degree program with a series of challenging and rewarding courses. Freshmen take special courses in composition and humanities. Honors Program students then take one honors course each semester during their sophomore and junior years. As seniors, students complete an Honors Project in some area of interest. The Honors Program offers students the opportunity to develop a close community of learning and to take courses from some of the best faculty members at the university. Being in the Honors Program does not add to a student's course load, but it does add variety and depth to her or his higher education experience. Transcripts of Honors graduates include recognition that they completed the Honors Program.

Student life

As of fall 2022, 1,337 students were enrolled. Wesleyan has a growing international student population from 40+ countries. The university community includes people from diverse religious, cultural, and racial backgrounds. All students receive free parking on campus, admission to regular season athletic games, and access to the student health center. In addition, books are included in tuition and there is no application fee. There are more than 25 student clubs and organizations on campus.

Honor societies
 Alpha Phi Alpha - the first Black, Inter-Collegiate Greek-Lettered fraternity.
 Alpha Sigma Phi - the tenth oldest fraternity in the United States.
 Delta Phi Epsilon - a National Panhellenic Conference affiliated social sorority.
 Nu Gamma Phi - a affiliated non social fraternity.
 Omicron Delta Kappa - national honorary leadership fraternity.
 Phi Eta Sigma - National collegiate scholastic honor society for freshman.
 Pi Gamma Mu - International Honor Society for Social Sciences.
 Psi Chi - National Honor Society for Psychology.
 Sigma Tau Delta - International English Honors Society
 Kappa Mu Epsilon - National Mathematics Honor Society

Publications
 The Decree - student-developed newspaper
 WESmagazine - bi-annual magazine

Athletics
North Carolina Wesleyan is a member of NCAA Division III and the USA South Athletic Conference. They are known as the Battling Bishops with 16 Division III sports teams:

Men's
 Baseball
 Basketball
 Football
 Soccer
 Tennis
 Golf
 Cross Country
 Track & Field

Women's
 Soccer
 Basketball
 Softball
 Volleyball
 Lacrosse
 Tennis
 Cross Country
 Track & Field

6 USA South Athletic Conference Championships in 2020-21

120 Total Championships

14 Consecutive USA South Athletic Conference Men's Tennis Championships

History
The university's football program was established in 2005 with its home stadium at its Rocky Mount campus. The NCWU football team finished the 2007 regular season with an 8–2 mark, its best overall record in the program's short history.  The Battling Bishops made it to the NCAA Division III Football tournament as the USA South champion, where they upset top-seed Washington & Jefferson in the first round 35–34.  Not only was this Wesleyan's first post-season victory, but the first time the top seed lost to a number 8 seed since 1975.

Notable alumni

 Mamadou Danso, professional soccer player

 Natalie Edwards, former senior official with the U.S. Department of the Treasury and important whistleblower
 Jordan Grantz, college soccer player
 Marc Harris, Panamanian accountant who was convicted in the United States on charges of money laundering and tax evasion.
 Damariscotta Helm, World Whistling Grand Champion of 2011
 Jaine Lindo, professional soccer player
 Rhonda Vonshay Sharpe, feminist economist, academic, and founder and current president of the Women's Institute for Science, Equity and Race

References

External links

 Official athletics website

Private universities and colleges in North Carolina
Universities and colleges established in 1956
Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
Art museums and galleries in North Carolina
Education in Nash County, North Carolina
Buildings and structures in Nash County, North Carolina
Tourist attractions in Nash County, North Carolina
Education in Wayne County, North Carolina
1956 establishments in North Carolina

North Carolina Wesleyan University


Kyeema Conservation Park (formerly the Kyeema National Park) is a protected area located in the Australian state of South Australia in the locality of Kyeema about  south of the state capital of Adelaide and about  east of the town of Willunga.

The conservation park consists of land in sections 92, 302, 522, 682, 683, 688 and 850 of the cadastral unit of the Hundred of Kuitpo, and which is an area bounded in the south by a sealed road, Woodgate Hill Road, by the locality's boundary with the locality of Kuitpo in the west and in part to the north, and in the east by an unsealed track, Blackfellows Creek Road. The Heysen Trail, the long distance walking trail, passes through the middle of the conservation park entering from the south via Woodgate Hill Road.

Its protected area status began on 12 November 1964 as a wildlife reserve proclaimed under the National Park and Wild Life Reserves Act 1891-1960 in respect to sections 92, 522, 688, and 850. On 3 August 1967, section 302 and all of the land in the wildlife reserve were proclaimed under the National Parks Act 1966 as the Kyeema National Park. On 27 April 1972, it was reconstituted as the Kyeema Conservation Park upon the proclamation of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972. On 4 April 1974, Sections 682 and 683 were added to the conservation park. As of 2016, it covered an area of .

Prior uses of the land included use of section 522 both as a "labour prison reserve" and a camping ground. The labour prison reserve which was known initially as the Kyeema Afforestation Camp and then as the Kyeema Prison Camp was gazetted on 27 October 1932 and operated until 1959 when it was replaced by the Cadell Training Centre. The camping ground was operated by the National Fitness Council of South Australia from 1 September 1962 to 31 July 1964.

In 1980, the conservation park's listing on the now-defunct Register of the National Estate argued it to be significant for the following reasons:A Park containing areas of very dense natural vegetation providing an excellent refuge for substantial populations of native fauna. Notable mammals include Isoodon obesulus (endangered in South Australia) and Rattus leutreolus (northern limit of South Australian range). Notable birds include the threatened scaly thrush and the uncommon beautiful firetail. Many uncommon plants are found within the Park, including the endangered Lomandra multiflora.

In 1980, the vegetation of conservation park was described as follows:A dissected plateau which supports Eucalyptus obliqua | E. baxteri open forest, frequently associated with E. cosmophylla | E. fascilulosa. Areas of extremely thick vegetation occur along some drainage lines and in areas of E cosmophylla | E fasciculosa scrub open areas, some of which are still being grazed, provide valuable feeding habitat for Macropus fuliginosus. The Park supports good populations of the typical Mount Lofty faunal assemblages.

In February 1983, it was damaged by the Ash Wednesday bushfires and became the focus of "a revegetation project involving local school students." In the first three years after commencement, "approximately 20,000 seedlings were planted" in an area now officially known as The Childrens Forest. The replanting project continues under the control of a volunteer group known as The Friends of Kyeema Conservation Park which was formed in 1985 and which celebrated thirty years of operation in 2015.

The conservation park is classified as an IUCN Category III protected area.

See also
Protected areas of South Australia

References

External links
Official webpage
Kyeema Conservation Park webpage on the Protected Planet website
Kyeema Conservation Park webpage on the BirdsSA website
Friends of Kyeema webpage on the Friends of Parks website

Conservation parks of South Australia
Protected areas established in 1964
1964 establishments in Australia
South Australian places listed on the defunct Register of the National Estate

Kyeema Conservation Park


The OTO Homestead and Dude Ranch was the first dude ranch in the US state of Montana. It was started by James Norris (Dick) Randall and his wife Dora after they purchased squatters rights on a small cabin along Cedar Creek in the Absaroka Mountains.  The original cabin had a dirt floor cabin with a sod roof.  Randall courted wealthy eastern clients (the Dudes) and by 1912 they came to the OTO to experience a "genuine" western ranch lifestyle. The property grew to meet the needs of guests and by the 1920s included an impressive lodge (1921), cabins, barns, post office, and outbuildings. Notable guests included Theodore Roosevelt and Marcellus Hartley Dodge, Jr.

The Randalls sold the OTO in 1934 to Chan Libby (a former guest). In 1939 the OTO closed its dude ranching operations permanently. After its 1939 closing the property was sold to John Paul and Jessie Shields, who owned for more than 30 years and worked it as cattle and horse ranch. Two of their granddaughters would come and spend summers with them and go to the OTO, Gayle (Shields) Terry and Nikki Shields. They sold it to the Elk Foundation in 1989. The 3,265 acre (1,321 hectare) property was eventually acquired by the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation, who donated it (1991) to the United States Forest Service (Gallatin National Forest District). In 2004 the site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and buildings are currently undergoing renovations with labor provided by volunteer groups including Passport in Time, Elderhostel and Amizade. The site continues to provide habitat for large wildlife.

References

External links

Leslie Watson "Gay" Randall Papers (University of Montana Archives)

Dude ranches in Montana
Ranches on the National Register of Historic Places in Montana
Gallatin National Forest
Rustic architecture in Montana
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Montana
National Register of Historic Places in Park County, Montana
1912 establishments in Montana

OTO Homestead and Dude Ranch


Yates v. United States, 574 U.S. 528 (2015), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court construed 18 U.S.C. § 1519, a provision added to the federal criminal code by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, to criminalize the destruction or concealment of "any record, document, or tangible object" to obstruct a federal investigation. By a 5-to-4 vote, the Court stated that the term "tangible object" as used in this section means an object used to record or preserve information, and that this did not include fish.

Background
Petitioner John L. Yates, a commercial fisherman, was operating in the Gulf of Mexico when a federal agent conducted an offshore inspection and found that the ship's catch had undersized red grouper, in violation of United States federal conservation regulations. The federal agent instructed Captain Yates to keep the undersized fish segregated; Yates instructed his crew to throw the undersized fish overboard, resulting in Yates being charged under 18 United States Code §1519.

This provision, originating from the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, states that a person may be fined or imprisoned for up to 20 years if the person "knowingly alters, destroys, mutilates, conceals, covers up, falsifies, or makes a false entry in any record, document, or tangible object with the intent to impede, obstruct, or influence" a federal investigation.

At trial, Yates sought an acquittal for the §1519 charge arguing that fish were not tangible objects related to record-keeping. The District Court denied the acquittal motion. Yates was found guilty by a jury of violating §1519 and sentenced to 30 days' imprisonment. The United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit affirmed the conviction, holding that fish have a physical form and are therefore a tangible object under a dictionary definition.

Opinion of the Court
Associate Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg authored the plurality opinion, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and Justices Stephen Breyer and Sonia Sotomayor, holding that "within §1519's compass," a tangible object is "one used to record or preserve information."

Among other things, the plurality relied upon traditional canons of statutory construction including the canons noscitur a sociis ("a word is known by the company it keeps") and ejusdem generis ("general words following a list of specific words should usually be read in light of those specific words"), as well as the section's enactment as part of a statute dealing with financial fraud and its location within title 18.

Associate Justice Samuel Alito filed a separate opinion concurring in the judgment.

Dissent
Associate Justice Elena Kagan, joined by Justices Antonin Scalia, Anthony Kennedy, and Clarence Thomas, dissented. Justice Kagan concluded that a tangible object is "any object capable of being touched." Citing the United States Code and other U.S. laws, Kagan argued that tangible object "invariably covers physical objects of all
kinds" and that the surrounding language of §1519 makes it clear that Congress "meant the term to have a wide range."

The dissenting opinion suggests that the plurality opinion acknowledges that a tangible object is "a discrete thing that possesses physical form." Kagan continues this line of argument by holding that a fish "is, of course, a discrete thing that possesses physical form," citing Dr. Seuss's book One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish (1960) as general evidence. Kagan's view is that under the "ordinary meaning of the term," a tangible object in §1519 covers fish (including undersized red grouper).

See also

 List of United States Supreme Court cases
 List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 574

References

Further reading

External links

United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court
Fisheries case law
Sarbanes–Oxley Act
Fishing in the United States
2015 in United States case law

Yates v. United States (2015)


The modular debugger (mdb) is an extensible, low-level debugger developed by Sun Microsystems for the Solaris 7 operating system. It is now open sourced, under the Common Development and Distribution License (CDDL).

Its source code is now available in all open source derivatives of Solaris, such as Illumos.

History
The mdb project was started in 1997 by Mike Shapiro and others when the Solaris operating system was adding support for 64-bit architectures. Up until that point, Solaris was using the aging adb debugger developed by Steve Bourne (initially for the AT&T SVR4 Unix distribution).

It was very difficult to simply port adb from a 32-bit architecture to a 64-bit architecture, so Sun engineers decided to make a new debugger that would feature enhanced debugging capabilities, while being backward compatible with adb.

See also
dbx (debugger)

References

Debuggers

Modular Debugger