Vallecito, in San Diego County, California, is an oasis of cienegas and salt grass along Vallecito Creek and a former Kumeyaay settlement on the edge of the Colorado Desert in the Vallecito Valley. Its Spanish name is translated as "little valley". Vallecito was located at the apex of the gap in the Carrizo Badlands created by Carrizo Creek and its wash in its lower reach, to which Vallecito Creek is a tributary.  The springs of Vallecito, like many in the vicinity, are a product of the faults that run along the base of the Peninsular Ranges to the west.

Once a seasonal village of the native Kumeyaay people, on a trail across the desert from the Colorado River, this oasis became a crucial stopping place for Spanish and then Mexican travelers to recover from the desert crossing between Sonora and New Mexico to California. Later it also served the same function for American soldiers, 49ers and their herds of animals being driven to the goldfields on the Southern Emigrant Trail.

The non native settlement of the site began in 1850 as a camp with a one-room sod warehouse as the U.S. Army Depot Vallecito for the supply of Fort Yuma.  It was later increased in size and became a store, a stage station, and a ranch house.  Eventually reduced to ruins, the Station house was restored in 1934 and is now the site of Vallecito Stage Station County Park.

Documented Native trails exist from Laguna Mountains to the Preserve area. Three important, extensive, and highly sensitive Kumeyaay village sites occur within the area. Important named location on Southern Overland Trail – travel corridor from the Colorado River to coastal California. Used from prehistoric times to present by indigenous Peoples, explorers, Mexicans, Europeans, early U.S. military, mail, pioneer settlers in wagons, stage coaches, gold-seekers, cattlemen, ranchers, and other pioneer travelers. Area is adjacent to Vallecito Butterfield Stage-Overland Mail Station in San Diego County Park. 19th century homestead of James E. Mason (Mason Valley). Olin-Bailey Earthen Structure (rammed earth) of early 20th century; protective shelter recently constructed (Prop 84 funds allocated for stabilization of the structure, interpretation, and fencing). Campbell Ranch Historic Complex of mid-20th century; eligible for National Register as an Historic District.

History

Hawi Oasis
Once a seasonal village of the native Kumeyaay people, called Hawi, Hawi was in the Vallecito Valley on a trail between the Quechan peoples on the Colorado River and the Kumeyaay of the coastal San Diego area.  After crossing the desert from Hawi, the trail ran up Oriflamme Canyon to Cañada Verde, (or Green Valley as it came to be called by later American settlers) in the Cuyamaca Mountains.  From there, it ran down the western slope to the coast following the Sweetwater River.  Hawi was used by the Kumeyaay into the 19th century.

The waters of the Vallecito oasis were described by the geological report of the 1854-55 railroad survey expedition:

The first European to visit Vallecito was the Spanish Captain, Pedro Fages, in 1781.  Subsequently named Vallecito, its abundance of water and green grass was an oasis for Spanish and later Mexican travelers from Sonora and New Mexico and their animals to recover after emerging from their travel across the dry, barren Colorado Desert.  In 1846, Colonel Stephen Watts Kearny and his dragoons with their scout Kit Carson passed through Vallecito on their route from New Mexico to California.  Soon afterward, Lt. Colonel Philip St. George Cooke and the Mormon Battalion followed Kearny, establishing the first wagon road across the Southwest into California.  This wagon road passed through Vallecito to the northwest through Warner Pass, then to Santa Ysabel, and on to San Diego.  It  became known as Cooke's Wagon Road. Later during the California Gold Rush most of it became the route of the Southern Immigrant Trail.

The Southern Immigrant Trail became the highway for the Forty-Niners to California; it was also a major route for herds of cattle and sheep from Texas and New Mexico on their way to the goldfields. The water and grass of Vallecito saved herds desperate for water and grazing after their crossing of the desert.  Large numbers of animals were driven on this route from 1849 to the late 1870s when the railroads came to Fort Yuma.  However, herds were still driven on the route as late as 1919.

Army Camp and Depot Vallecito
In November 1850, United States Army Captain Samuel P. Heintzelman ordered a company of the 2nd Infantry to march to Vallecitos to build a post with a warehouse as a supply depot for the expedition he was taking to the post; he was going to establish at the Yuma Crossing to protect the area from outlaws and hostile natives.  They built a camp and a one-room sod building near a spring in the Vallicito Valley as a U. S. Army depot, supporting the building and supply of Fort Yuma.

After 1851, the fort was partially supplied by sea from Robinson's Landing at the mouth of the Colorado River in Sonora, Mexico, from which cargo was brought northward to the fort overland.  But the depot remained in use until 1853 when a steamboat was put into service on the Lower Colorado River to bring up cargo from the landing at its mouth.  Now obsolete, the Vallecito post was abandoned by the Army.

Lassator's Ranch
The sod building of Depot Vallecito was subsequently taken over in 1854 and expanded by a settler named James Ruler Lassator (also spelled Lassiter and Lassitor in various public records and secondary sources) and lived there with his wife Sarah and his stepsons, Andrew and John Mulkins.  The Lassators raised their children there, operated a store, and provided a campground for travelers coming across the Colorado Desert in the Southern Immigrant Trail.

Between 1854 and 1857, military couriers taking mail between San Diego and Fort Yuma used the old native route through Vallecito and Green Valley.  In 1857, Lassator and his stepson John Mulkins also began a 160-acre ranch in Green Valley in the Cuyamaca Mountains to the west of Vallecito.  There they raised livestock and cut hay at the ranch, providing livestock and feed for sale for travelers at Vallecito.  Lassitor's Green Valley ranch became a rest stop on the trail.  Lassator's Green Valley ranch became his home and the site for annual rodeos after he was appointed Judge of the Plains for Agua Caliente Township.

Vallicito Stage Station

In 1857, Vallecito and Lassitor's Green Valley ranch became a stops on the San Antonio-San Diego Mail Line that at first used the old Native American route to San Diego via Julian Sandoval's Ranch, Williams Ranch, Ames Ranch and Mission San Diego.  Travelers willing to take mules could descend or ascend Oriflamme Canyon between Lassitor's Green Valley ranch and Carrizo Creek Station.  Others staying with coaches took the Southern Immigrant Trail to Rancho Valle de San Felipe and Warner Pass and then followed the old wagon road to San Diego from Warner's Ranch via San Ysabel, Rancho Santa María, San Pasqual and Rancho Peñasquitos.

When the Butterfield Overland Mail took over the mail route, its route was changed northward to Los Angeles.  However, Lassiter was the agent in charge of Vallecito Stage Station and the stations at Palm Springs and Carrizo Springs.

Vallecito the other stations functioned as a changing or "swing" station that replaced teams with fresh horses. Most had a single keeper, a hostler who took care of the livestock and, with the driver, changed the teams. Vallecito was an exception; pasturing livestock for other desert changing stations, it had two hostlers providing meals, a cook, and a merchant residing at the store there.  The main Division station on the route was the next one to the north at San Felipe Station.

In 1861, the Butterfield Overland Mail route shut down due to the American Civil War.  No stage line was to run on the route for the duration of the war, and not until 1867 did they resume. But Lassator's station was used as a camp and as a grazing and water stop by the Union Army and other travelers to and from Arizona Territory.  While prospecting in Arizona in 1863, James Lassator was murdered and the Vallecito ranch became the property of John Mulkins.

John Hart purchased the old Vallecito Station shortly after Lassitor's death, and ran it with his wife.  Several short-lived stage lines that ran from Los Angeles and San Bernardino to Arizona used Vallecito, as well as most of the other old overland mail stations.  John Hart died in 1867 at the age of 31 and was buried in the station cemetery, next to the mysterious Lady in White.  She had been a female passenger on one of the old Butterfield Mail coaches who had become gravely ill, and died there at the station overnight.  Finding no identification but a white wedding dress, the station staff dressed her in it and buried her 100 feet from the station.

A few months later, Hart's widow married John C. Wilson, a stage driver.  Vallecito was a station for other stage companies until 1877 when the railroad replaced the stagecoach for long distance travel between California and Arizona.  Completion of the Southern Pacific Railroad between Los Angeles and Yuma in 1877 ended the large scale use of the Southern Emigrant Trail.  Hart's widow abandoned the station in the late 1870s.

Vallecito Ranches
Charles Ayres, a former postmaster at Warner's Ranch from 1870 to 1875, and his family settled at the abandoned station of Vallecito where he raised cattle and mules.  James E. Mason visited the area on a prospecting trip in 1878 and settled at Vallecito, keeping cattle with Ayers' livestock. In 1879 Mason filed a homestead claim on 160 acres that included the stage station, receiving a patent on November 1, 1884.  A year later, Charles Ayres abandoned his wife and children. His wife, Jesusa Ayres, obtained a divorce in 1888, and then married James Mason.  The couple then sold their Vallecito homestead to Christian F. Holland, Jesusa's San Diego divorce lawyer.  A few years later Holland acquired 640 acres in the center of the valley and rented these properties to area ranchers or cattle companies who used the area for winter pasture.  Mason and his wife moved up to the next valley near some springs to start another ranch in what became known as Mason Valley.  In 1931, Mason died and now lies in the last of the three graves at Vallecito Stage Station Cemetery.

Vallecito County Park
In 1934 Holland deeded six acres along with the dilapidated Vallecito stage station to the County of San Diego.  With funds from the county and State Emergency Relief Agency, a nearby rancher Everett Campbell supervised the reconstruction of the old stage station.  Today the 1934 reconstruction of the historic Butterfield Stage Station is now the centerpiece of a 71-acre County Park.

See also

California Historical Landmarks in San Diego County
Palm Spring, San Diego County, California

External links
 Vallicito Stage Station USGS Map Name:  Agua Caliente Springs, CA Map Center:  N32° 58' 31"  W116° 20' 56" from topoquest.com accessed June 7, 2013
 Vallecito Stage Station, THE HISTORICAL MARKER DATABASE
  R.S. Williamson, General Map of Explorations and Surveys in California, A.O.P. Nicholson, Washington, 1861, from davidrumsey.com accessed September 29, 2013, Shows Southern Immigrant Trail in Baja California and Southern California with locations of Vallecito and Carrizo Creek, circa 1854.
  Vallecito Stage Station from youtube.com accessed Oct. 20, 2013
 A woman standing outside the ruins of the Vallecito Stage Coach station Created 1923, Davis, Edward H., 1862-1951, from the San Diego History Center (formerly San Diego Historical Society).  Woman is possibly Anna May Davis, wife of Edward H. Davis.
 Vallecito stagecoach station prior to restoration Created 1923, Davis, Edward H., 1862-1951, from the San Diego History Center (formerly San Diego Historical Society).

References

Former settlements in San Diego County, California
Former populated places in California
San Antonio–San Diego Mail Line
Butterfield Overland Mail in California
American frontier
Kumeyaay populated places
Former Native American populated places in California
Oases of California
Stagecoach stops in the United States

Vallecito, San Diego County, California


Maxillofacial prosthetist and technologist is the term used in the United Kingdom for a specialist who delivers facial, ocular and other prostheses which restore form and function to the body.

In the United States, this specialty is known as anaplastology.

In the UK, the main governing body for the practice of maxillofacial prosthetics is the Institute of Maxillofacial Prosthetics and Technologists.

References

Healthcare occupations in the United Kingdom
Oral and maxillofacial surgery


"Send It to Me" is a song by English rock and roll band the Rolling Stones featured on the 1980 album Emotional Rescue.

Credited to Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, "Send It to Me" is largely the work of Jagger, with him saying at the time of its release, "I did it with Charlie [Watts] very early on... That was a good example of one, you know, we tried in all kinds of different ways, different times." The song is heavily influenced by reggae music, the Stones being very big fans ever since their introduction to it during the recording sessions for 1973's Goats Head Soup in Jamaica. Its influence is also felt on a number of earlier tracks like "Cherry Oh Baby" off Black and Blue and later Richards compositions. While the influence is evident, Bill Janovitz notes in his review of the song that also incorporates "...a great R&B guitar lick from Keith Richards... and then cut to a disco feel for the chorus." The song's lyrics deal with "...a lonely man looking for a mail-order bride," and a quite tongue-in-cheek in its approach to this subject, with Jagger invoking off-the-cuff rhymes and in an affected, drawn vocal performance:

Associate producer and chief engineer Chris Kimsey remarked on the song after the album's release, "I remember it being very, very long, about twelve minutes long. I had to chop it down to whatever it ended up being. I think, in the twelve-minute version, there were like 19 or 20 verses and we just picked the last verses out and chopped it all together."

Janovitz concludes of the song, "Taken for what it is and not what it is a harbinger of, however, 'Send It to Me' is a fun song — catchy, with numerous hooks, and also fun to sing along to. An oft-repeated criticism of the Stones from this period on notes that their records seem to be written as an excuse to go out and tour, as if they need one. It is a valid point, though; the records seem like afterthoughts, and songs such as "Send It to Me" seem to be written to be performed live". In fact the Rolling Stones have never performed "Send It to Me" live on any of their tours since its introduction, and the Stones didn't even tour in support of Emotional Rescue's release at all.

Recording began on "Send It to Me" in June 1979 at Pathé Marconi Studios in Paris, France and concluded later in the year at New York City's Electric Lady Studios. With Jagger on lead vocals, Ronnie Wood performs electric slide guitar, including the song's solo. Richards provides the song's rhythm guitar hooks. Watts and Bill Wyman perform the song's thumping drums and bass, respectively. Harmonica is performed by Sugar Blue, a contributor to songs from the Stones' previous album, Some Girls and their next, Tattoo You. Another notable contribution comes from reggae singer Max Romeo who provides the song's tacking percussion parts.

External links
Complete Official Lyrics

The Rolling Stones songs
1980 songs
Songs written by Jagger–Richards
Song recordings produced by Jagger–Richards

Send It to Me


Karamjit Singh (; born 29 January 1962), also known as the Flying Sikh, is a Malaysian rally driver and was the first Asian driver to win the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) Production Car World Championship for Drivers, doing so on his first try. He has been rallying professionally since 1985. He has won the 2001 Asia Pacific Rally Championship for Drivers, the 2002 FIA Production Car World Championship for Drivers, as well as the 2002 and 2004 FIA Asia Pacific Rally Championship for Drivers. He has raced for the Petronas EON Racing Team and Team Proton Pert Malaysia using Proton 4WD rally cars. His co-drivers have been (in chronological order) Ron Teoh, Allen Oh and John Bennie. Karamjit is currently racing a 2WD Proton Satria Neo CPS R3 for the CUSCO Japan team in the Asia Pacific Rally Championships in 2011 after moving from the Proton R3 Malaysia Rally Team

Sponsorship difficulties
In 2005, Singh began facing trouble in finding sponsors, and was unable to participate in half out of the eight rounds in the FIA Asia Pacific Rally Championship. His team itself did not have enough money to pay for mechanics and maintenance of his vehicle, and due to his absence from so many rounds in the championship, the FIA slapped him with a fine of 10,000 Euros. Singh did not even have enough money to ship his vehicle back to Malaysia from New Zealand, which itself would cost about RM57,000. Singh's plight made the headlines of a few newspapers in Malaysia, who had been informed that Singh was in the process of selling off his apartment to pay his fine and ship his car home.

When informed about the possibility of receiving public or government assistance, Singh refused such offers, stating that he believed he could find enough corporate sponsors to avoid burdening the public. Rather than accepting assistance from individuals, Singh said he would consider racing for another country. When informed, the Prime Minister of Malaysia, Abdullah Ahmad Badawi reportedly asked: "If Karamjit is a Malaysian and has been producing results and bringing honour to the country, why has support not been accorded to him?"

The Malaysian Sports Minister, Azalina Othman Said, was also reported as stating that she had been ordered to look into the matter, and that "we want to find out why the private sector have not come forward and secondly, if Karamjit has someone to manage him and put forward his cause in the right perspective so sponsors can come forward and use the spin-off from their association."

Sponsorship resolved (July 2007)
After a couple of year partial absence from the rally arena, now Karamjit Singh has the opportunities to have a kickback in action via a new management and sponsorship. Teamed up with corporate entities (Aldwich Berhad), Karamjit has starting a new team known as Team Templer Motorsport. And Also A Logistic Company In PJ sponsored. Alps Freight Logistics.

WRC results

References

External links
Ooi, Jeff (2005). "Corporate Malaysia? Kick ass those arse-lickers!". Retrieved 2 November 2005.
Tan, Paul (2005). "Government to help Karamjit". Retrieved 2 November 2005
Tan, Paul (2005). "Karamjit will not be able to defend APRC title". Retrieved 2 November 2005.
Tan, Paul (2005). "Why Can't Karamjit Singh Secure Sponsorship?". Retrieved 2 November 2005.
Van der Zee, Tjeerd (2005). "Karamjit Singh". Retrieved 2 November 2005.
PenyuSukan (2018). "Karamjit Singh Terpantas Hari Pertama Kejuaraan Rali Terengganu 2018". Retrieved 14 Disember 2018.

1962 births
Malaysian people of Indian descent
Living people
Malaysian rally drivers
Malaysian Sikhs
Malaysian people of Punjabi descent

Karamjit Singh


KUVS-DT (channel 19) is a television station licensed to Modesto, California, United States, broadcasting the Spanish-language Univision network to the Sacramento area. It is owned and operated by TelevisaUnivision alongside Stockton-licensed UniMás outlet KTFK-DT (channel 64). Both stations share studios on Arden Way near Cal Expo in Sacramento, while KUVS-DT's transmitter is located near Valley Springs, California.

Channel 19 in Modesto was founded by country and western performer Chester Smith and began broadcasting as KLOC-TV on August 26, 1966. It was an English-language independent station but struggled to obtain programming once distributors raised their rate. As a result, the station simulcast co-owned KLOC radio during the day and began airing Spanish-language shows at night. By the 1970s, it was specializing in daytime Christian programming and evening Spanish-language programming. Its coverage area expanded to include Sacramento in 1975; the call sign changed to KCSO-TV in 1981 when Smith sold KLOC radio. Over the course of the 1980s, Smith built several additional television stations in central California and Nevada broadcasting Spanish-language programming.

Chester Smith sold KCSO to Univision in 1997; Smith retained the call sign, so the station was renamed KUVS-TV. The station moved most of its operations from Modesto to Sacramento after the sale. It produces local Spanish-language newscasts for the market as well as a weekly public affairs program seen on other Univision stations in California.

All of KUVS-DT's subchannels are rebroadcast in the immediate Sacramento area on KEZT-CD (channel 23), and KTFK-DT also rebroadcasts the Univision subchannel of KUVS-DT to provide improved coverage.

History

Chester Smith ownership
On March 3, 1964, Corbett Pierce and country and western performer Chester Smith, owner of KLOC (920 AM) in Ceres, applied to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for permission to build a new television station on channel 17 in Modesto, one of two channels allocated to the city. The FCC approved the application on November 12, 1964; after a national overhaul of ultra high frequency (UHF) channel allocations finalized in early 1966 shifted Modesto's channel allocation to channel 19, the station began broadcasting as independent station KLOC-TV on August 26, 1966.

Initially, KLOC maintained a general-entertainment format and was one of the stations that carried programming from the United Network during its one month of operation in May 1967. About a year after its sign-on, the syndicators providing KLOC's programming raised their prices to the levels closer to a Sacramento-licensed station (the station's owners had been acquired programming at lower rates closer to that of an unrated television market); KLOC-TV alleged that Stockton's KOVR had pressured syndicators not to do business with the Modesto station. Smith resorted to simulcasting KLOC radio's programming during the daytime hours, including a camera in the radio station's studios showing the disc jockeys live, and ran Spanish-language telenovelas in the evening, when the radio station signed off. Advertising revenue from the radio station helped keep channel 19 afloat. In 1972, the station joined the Spanish International Network (SIN), predecessor to Univision; soon after came an affiliation with the Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN) to air religious programs. SIN and CBN provided steady income and turned the struggling station's fortunes around.

In 1975, the station increased its power and finally began broadcasting in color; the technical improvements also resulted in Sacramento being able to receive the station for the first time. Smith sought to expand the reach of his station's programming. In 1976, he proposed to build a satellite station on channel 42 in Concord, which had lay fallow for a decade following the short-lived existence of KCFT-TV a decade prior, with a transmitter to be built atop Mount Diablo. The move was roundly opposed by citizens' groups that felt that Concord's channel 42 would be better used by a station that proposed more local programming. Two television stations that broadcast Spanish-language programming, KEMO-TV (channel 20) in San Francisco and KMUV-TV (channel 31) in Sacramento, also objected. As a result, KLOC abandoned the Concord proposal in December 1976. In 1979, KLOC won the rights to build channel 35 in Salinas, to repeat much of its Modesto programming to the Monterey Bay area; as a result, the KLOC radio station was sold off as a condition of obtaining the construction permit, and the television station changed its call sign to KCSO ("Chester Smith Organization") in 1981. KCBA started broadcasting on November 1, 1981, becoming an English-language independent station several years later. In 1986, KREN-TV went on the air as an SIN-affiliated sister station in Reno, Nevada. Later in the decade, K07TA and K09UF, predecessors to today's KTAS (channel 33), went on air in the Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo area, and in 1991, plans were revealed for further stations in Merced and Eureka.

KCSO's primary local program was its 6 p.m. local newscast, which was produced on a "dental floss budget", in the words of Xóchitl Arellano, who worked at the station when it was still located in Modesto. However, the number of news personnel slowly increased throughout the 1990s.

Univision ownership
In late 1996, Smith announced the sale of KCSO to Univision for $40 million (equivalent to $ in  dollars); once the sale closed, the station's morning Christian programs would be discontinued to make way for broadcasting all of Univision's Spanish-language output. (The KCSO call letters were retained by Smith, who started KCSO-LP, a Telemundo affiliate, in 1999.) Smith was paid in Univision stock, which quadrupled in value between 1997 and 1999.

Univision changed the call letters to KUVS, relocated operations from Modesto to Sacramento, and added an 11 p.m. local newscast to the station's longstanding 6 p.m. local news, which also began to cover news in Sacramento. It was the first time a network had placed an owned-and-operated TV station in Sacramento. Univision purchased a former bank building across from the Arden Fair Mall to house its Sacramento operation, leaving only sales and news personnel in Modesto.

Newscasts and other local programming
The KUVS newsroom in Sacramento airs half-hour local early and late evening newscasts seven days a week and  ("First Thing in the Morning"), a one-hour-long morning newscast at 6 a.m. In 2017, Univision debuted a statewide  (Digital Edition) newscast, aired at 12:30 p.m. The station began producing local newscasts in the early 1970s, though the station's resources were limited. The news set consisted of a table and chairs until anchor Xóchitl Arellano persuaded San Francisco's KGO-TV to sell its previous news set to KCSO for $2,000.

KUVS also produces , a weekly political roundtable program distributed to Univision's California stations. When it debuted in 1999, the program was co-produced with KMEX-TV in Los Angeles and was originally hosted by Rosa Maria Villalpando; Armando Botello, state political columnist for Los Angeles newspaper La Opinión; and Arellano, among others. In 2005, the program featured an exclusive interview with governor Arnold Schwarzenegger. Arellano continued to serve as one of the program's anchors until she left the station in 2007.

Technical information

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

There is no 19.2 on this multiplex, as it is broadcast from KTFK-DT. KEZT-CD broadcasts the subchannels on this multiplex using major channel 23.

KUVS-DT is part of Sacramento's ATSC 3.0 (NextGen TV) deployment on KQCA, which began operating in July 2021.

Analog-to-digital conversion
KUVS-TV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 19, on June 12, 2009, as part of the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 18.

References

Television channels and stations established in 1966
Bounce TV affiliates
Ion Mystery affiliates
1966 establishments in California
UVS-DT
UVS-DT
Modesto, California

KUVS-DT


Alejandro Daslav Jadresic Marinovic (6 June 1956 – 5 June 2019) was a Chilean industrial engineer, economist and academic. He served as Minister of Energy from 1994 to 1998, in the cabinet of President Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle. He was a graduate of the University of Chile and Harvard University.

Jadresic died of brain cancer on 5 June 2019, a day before his 63rd birthday.

References

1956 births
2019 deaths
Chilean academics
Chilean politicians
Deaths from brain cancer
Chilean economists
Chilean engineers
Harvard University alumni
Industrial engineers

Alejandro Jadresic


Capisterre (a corruption of the original French name Capesterre) is a region covering the Northern Coastal plain on the Island of Saint Kitts. It was originally colonized by the French in the early 17th century, with its capital on the only harbour, in the fishing town of Dieppe. The area was lost to the British in 1713. Significant numbers of French immigrants from the neighbouring island of Saint Barths came to Capisterre in the early 20th century, and became infamous for their illegal moonshine trade.

The region is home to the community festival  La Festival de Capisterre which takes place every September during the week of Saint Kitts and Nevis independence (September 19th).

Geography of Saint Kitts and Nevis

Regions of the Caribbean

Capisterre


Martin Moller (10 November 1547 – 2 March 1606) was a German poet and mystic.

Life
Moller was born in Ließnitz (now Kropstädt bei Wittenberg, Saxony-Anhalt) in 1547 and became cantor in Löwenberg  in Lower Silesia in 1568. He was ordained in 1572, despite never having been to university, and served as priest and deacon in Kesseldorf, Löwenberg and Sprottau. He came to Görlitz in 1600, where Jakob Böhme was in his congregation. Böhme was a keen attendant at the devotional meetings Moller held at his house; only after Moller's death at Görlitz in 1606 did Böhme start coming into conflict with the Görlitz priesthood.

Works
Moller's works characterise him as a conciliatory theologian rather than one who, like Böhme, looked to provoke conflict. Practical Christianity, not dogma, was important to him. As such, he can be regarded as a forerunner of Johann Arndt.

He was suspected of Crypto-Calvinist sympathies after publishing his Praxis evangeliorum in 1601 and did little to refute these claims. Other well-known works of devotional literature written by Moller include Meditationes Sanctorum Patrum (1584–1591), Soliloquia de passione Jesu Christi (1587) and Mysterium magnum (1597). All of these works show clearly how Moller was influenced by another German theologian with links to mysticism, Valerius Herberger.

He also wrote several hymns, four of which survive in today's German Protestant hymnals. He is, however, of greater importance as a source for other hymn-writers. His Meditationes Sanctorum Patrum, a bipartite collection of prayers purportedly based on writings of Augustine, Bernard of Clairvaux and Anselm of Canterbury (though actually these texts were probably pseudo-Augustinian and -Bernardian, written much later in the style of the Church Fathers), provided Johann Heermann with a basis for many of the hymns in his Devoti musica cordis.

Johann Sebastian Bach wrote two chorale cantatas on hymns by Moller or attributed to him, Nimm von uns, Herr, du treuer Gott, BWV 101, and Ach Gott, wie manches Herzeleid, BWV 3.

References
 Elke Axmacher: Praxis Evangeliorum: Theologie und Frömmigkeit bei Martin Moller (1547–1606). (Forschungen zur Kirchen- und Dogmengeschichte, 43), Berlin: Kirchliche Hochschule, 1986; Göttingen 1989.
 Carl Hitzeroth, Johann Heermann (1585–1647): Ein Beitrag der Geschichte der geistlichen Lyrik im siebzehnten Jahrhundert, Marburg: Elwert, 1907
 Carl-Alred Zell, Untersuchungen zum Problem der geistlichen Barocklyrik mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Dichtung Johann Heermanns (1585–1647), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, 1971

External links

 Jacob Boehme Online: Moller's influence on Boehme

1547 births
1606 deaths
16th-century German poets
16th-century German male writers
16th-century Lutherans
16th-century Christian mystics
German Lutherans
German Lutheran hymnwriters
Protestant mystics
German male poets
People from Wittenberg
16th-century male writers
Early modern Christian devotional writers
16th-century Lutheran theologians
17th-century Lutheran theologians

Martin Moller


Le Centre International d'Études Françaises (French for "International Center for French Studies), also known as CIDEF, is an academic program of the Catholic University of the West in Angers, France that offers French language and culture courses to foreign students. The institute's current director is Florence Plessis.

Course offerings
CIDEF offers two semesters, October–February and February–June. Students at CIDEF take around 18 hours of courses a week. The core course at CIDEF is a "langue" (language) course, which may meet from 6 to 12 hours a week. Other courses may be taken as electives. Incoming students are given a placement test which determines the level of study they will be placed into. Students at higher levels take fewer hours of language, and more electives. Examples of recent electives include business French, phonetics, grammar, English/French translation, art history, history of music, French literature, French history, oral expression, written expression, theology, philosophy, theater, and choir.

As for Summer courses, CIDEF offers three summer sessions, in July, August and September. The summer sessions offer more language study at the expense of fewer electives.

Student body
Both the size and composition of the student body vary from semester to semester, however, CIDEF generally has 200–300 students at any one time. The student body of CIDEF is diverse, reflecting global demands for French language instruction. Mostly the nations of Japan, Taiwan, China, and the United States are the most heavily represented with Japan having the most students of all. Several American universities have exchange agreements with CIDEF through which their students may study at CIDEF, including the University of Notre Dame and Louisiana state universities and private colleges affiliated with CODOFIL (Council for the Development of French In Louisiana).  CODOFIL awards scholarships for French language study at a number of educational institutions, including CIDEF.  Other schools represented include the University of Oregon, Kansas, Auburn, and Allegheny and Randolph-Macon Woman's Colleges.  Tulane University in New Orleans registers students for an August summer session, known as Prestage, before sending them to La Sorbonne for the academic year. These programs serve to facilitate the process of studying abroad, in particular finding housing and the transfer of academic credit. American students may also take courses independently.

Facilities
CIDEF shares the facilities of the Universite Catholique de L'Ouest and is located primarily in Hall Rene Bazin of UCO. Computers with internet access are available to CIDEF students, and Wi-Fi network access is available as of January 2006. CIDEF students also have access to UCO's main library.  Notre Dame has its own private computer room with 5 computers, two bookshelves, 6 chairs, two printers, and a mural.

External links
CIDEF's Website

Universities and colleges in France
Schools of French as a second or foreign language
Angers


Gladys May Aylward (24 February 1902 – 3 January 1970) was a British-born evangelical Christian missionary to China, whose story was told in the book The Small Woman, by Alan Burgess, published in 1957.

Film of her life
The life of Gladys Aylward was made into the film The Inn of the Sixth Happiness, starring Ingrid Bergman, in 1958. The film was produced by Twentieth Century Fox, and filmed entirely in North Wales and England.  Many things in the film were not true to the life of Gladys.  However, it brought her some fame. This allowed her to speak to groups in many countries about her true work and love for Jesus.

Missionary service
Gladys was not accepted by missionary societies due to her lack of education. She saved money for the train fare.  She went to China on her own to work with an older woman.  After that woman, Jeannie Lawson, died, Gladys took over her work. Much of her life was spent caring for orphans.  During the Second World War, she rescued many orphans who had been abandoned or whose parents had been killed.  This involved dangerous journeys with the children to get away from places where the war was raging. She finally settled in Taiwan in 1958. There, she founded the Gladys Aylward Orphanage, where she worked until her death in 1970.

References

1902 births
1970 deaths

Gladys Aylward


Gérson (born 11 January 1941) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team. He is best known for his role as a playmaker at the 1970 FIFA World Cup. There he was the mainstay in midfield and key to the success of strikers Pelé, Jairzinho and Tostão. He is considered one of the best passers in the history of the World Cup. He was also praised for his great sense of organization and strategy. This ensured that he was able to deliver razor-sharp passes, over short and long distances. He was a very intelligent playmaker, known for vision, positional sense, efficiency, his ability to retain posession, powerful shots and his incredible passing ability. and he is regarded as one of Brazil's greatest ever players. He also possessed an excellent positional sense, and a powerful shot with his left foot, which earned him the nickname Canhotinha de Ouro ("Golden left foot," in Portuguese).

Early life

Childhood
Gérson was born on January 11, 1941 in Niterói, a suburb of Rio de Janeiro. There he came from a football family, his father Clovis Nuno and uncle had both been professional football players in Rio. The legendary Zizinho, who formed one of the best lines of attack ever in the 1950s along with Ademir and Jair, was a close friend of his father and a familiar face with the Nunes family. In elementary school he was known as the papagaio (parrot), because of his much talk. The slender and shaggy boy, never lacked a mind of his own, especially on the football field where he left a confident and managerial impression from an early age. When he indicated as a teenager that he wanted to become a professional football player, few obstacles stood in his way. He trained at a young age with Fluminense, Botafogo and Bangu but eventually ended up with Canto do Rio from his native Niterói. After having played a practice match against Flamengo, he was later called by the professional club asking if he wanted to come and play football there.

How to play
Although his childhood idols had been strikers Jair, Zizinho, Ademir and Vasco da Gama midfielder Danilo, his first professional club Flamengo had him take the place of the most influential player in Brazilian midfield at the time: Didi. The young Gerson combined his speed and relentless shooting power with his intelligence to control the game from midfield. One of his most important assets was to switch from defensive to offensive play from his own half, via a long, clean ball, at lightning speed. He had understood early on that the ball was much faster than any player. Soon people were talking about the successor of the famous Didi. However, he himself refused to make that comparison, he was the original Gérson and not the next Didi. He admitted that he had some affinity with the playmaker of the 1950s, but the midfielder had never served as an example for him.

Club career
For the first five years in professional football, he rose continuously through all ranks. Less than a year after his debut with Flamengo in 1958, he already made his appearance in the Brazilian 'amateur team' at the Pan American Games in 1959, where the team finished second behind champions Argentina. A year later, he was the cornerstone on the side of the field when he competed in the soccer tournament at the Summer Olympics in Rome. By now, he had developed into the absolute controller of Flamengo's midfield and began to take over the role of the lapsed Didi within the Brazilian national team. After spending five years with Flamengo, he decided to leave for another top club from Rio de Janeiro, Botafogo. This was home to one of the best players Brazil has ever known, his other childhood idol Garrincha. His big dream of playing with him, and Pelé among others, at the 1962 FIFA World Cup was shattered when he suffered a very serious knee injury. Forced surgery made it impossible for him to take part in the global tournament in Chile which was eventually won for the second time by Brazil. The injury meant that his career would never be as successful as he had been given in advance. At Botafogo, he continued to play for most of his career and also managed to win many awards. He then played another stint with São Paulo before concluding his career in Rio de Janeiro with Fluminense. His heart is still with the latter club, even though he only played here for a fairly short period. He stopped at a relatively young age because his knee started to hurt, but his fear of flying also played a role, if possible he always took the car to travel.

International career

1966 FIFA World Cup
Succeeding Didi, Gérson, as a midfield controller, was to lead his team to title prolongation at the 1966 FIFA World Cup in England. Together with newcomers Jairzinho and Tostão, Gérson formed a new trio of players who had to live up to the high expectations. In the first match, Brazil faced Bulgaria. Partly due to a goal from Pelé and Garrincha, the Divine Canaries won the game 2-0. In the second game against Hungary, Gérson came into action for the first time. Brazil struggled, despite the Age of Magic Magyars had ended ten years before, the team still had many talented football players, the Brazilians lost the match 3-1. The third group match had to be played against Eusébio's Portugal. Early in the game Pelé was out with an injury, his substitute, the just 19-year-old Tostão, was unable to break any pots and Brazil was beaten 3-1. As a result, the team did not even reach the second round and the tournament had turned out to be a big disappointment. The explanation for this probably lay in the fact that the selection was too old, of all the players who had also been present at the 1958 World Cup and 1962 World Cup, only Pelé at the age of 25 was really fit enough to participate.

1970 FIFA World Cup
Gérson reached his peak four years later at the 1970 FIFA World Cup in Mexico. At the time, he was 29 and with that, the end of his career was in sight. The high expectations people had of him when he first started playing football had somehow never quite been fulfilled. The tournament was his last chance to prove his greatness. Czechoslovakia was the first to be sidelined 4-1. Then followed England, the world champion with Bobby Moore in the ranks was defeated 1-0 by a goal from Jairzinho. Partly due to a memorable pass from Gérson of almost 40 meters, Pelé managed to score, so that Romania was finally settled 3-2 in the last group match.

Brazil faced Peru van in the quarterfinals, creating plenty of chances for the deadly striker trio. Brazil turned out to be a size bigger than Bulgaria, they won the game 4-2 and they defeated Teófilo Cubillas and Peru. Cubillas had almost personally led his team to the next round and had already scored four times in the first three matches. Both teams played attacking play, creating space for both Peru and Brazil, so it was a goal-rich game. After a quarter of an hour, Brazil was already 2-0 ahead, Peru had also come back from the same score in its first group game against Bulgaria and had finally taken the victory with 3-2. By combining Gérson in midfield with Rivellino and Clodoaldo. Uruguay then waited in the semifinals. The national coach of the South American country had noticed the important role of Gérson and decided to put a man on him during the game. The flowing game of the Brazilians was suddenly interrupted because Gérson was so tightly covered. However, the midfielder had come up with a way to solve this, he went deeper into the field so that his opponent had to go with him. In this way, Clodoaldo was given space to attack and thus scored the first goal for the Brazilians. In the second half, the Divine Canaries managed to score twice more to make it 3-1 on the boards. Brazil reached the final, beating Italy. That had qualified by booking a historic victory over West Germany in the semi-final. They played against the Brazilians with greats such as Giacinto Facchetti, Luigi Riva and Sandro Mazzola. In the 18th minute, Pelé opened the scoring to score Brazil's 100th World Cup goal, but Italy tied the score a short time later. The Brazilians then decided to give a little more gas in the second half and rolled over the Squadra Azzurri. After a goal from Gérson, goals from Jairzinho and Carlos Alberto Torres. followed which ultimately set the final score at 4-1. Almost everyone agreed that Gérson had been the Man of the Match and played a major role in winning the world title. Brazil became tri-campeão, three-time world champion, and was therefore allowed to keep the Jules Rimet Cup.

Side career

Gérson's Law
In the 1970s, Gérson was featured in a TV commercial for cigarettes in which he quoted the following sentence: "I would like to take advantage of everything to progress". From this came the lei de Gérson (Gérson's Law), which has since been associated with the common disregard for laws and regulations in Brazil. In the 70's and 80's it was generally accepted to cheat, cheat or take advantage of any situation. Even a quarter of a century after the Law came into being, it still applies to some situations in Brazil. However, corruption and extortion is slowly starting to decline with the emergence of so-called watchdog agencieswho monitor compliance with laws and regulations. Afterwards, Gérson reacted disapprovingly to the image he had painted in the advertisement.

FIFA 100
After the presentation of the FIFA 100, a list of the 125 best living footballers compiled by Pelé in 2004, there was a lot of criticism from Brazil for the absence of Jairzinho and Gérson. They had been an important part of the successful team that had won the world title in 1970. Jairzinho had scored in every game, which is still a record, and Gerson had played a key role in midfield. Outraged at his absence, Gérson tore up the list publicly on Brazilian television.

Radio reporter
Gérson has always been known for his much talking on the football field, in 2004 he did the talking as a profession with a job as a radio reporter.

Club career statistics

|-
|1971||São Paulo||Série A||14||1
|-
|1972||rowspan="3"|Fluminense||rowspan="3"|Série A||11||0
|-
|1973||4||0
|-
|1974||5||0
34||1
34||1
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1961||2||1
|-
|1962||0||0
|-
|1963||7||3
|-
|1964||3||2
|-
|1965||5||2
|-
|1966||5||2
|-
|1967||2||0
|-
|1968||16||2
|-
|1969||9||1
|-
|1970||11||2
|-
|1971||7||1
|-
|1972||4||0
|-
!Total||70||14
|}

Honours

Club
Flamengo
 Torneio Rio-São Paulo: 1961
 Rio de Janeiro State Championship: 1963

Botafogo
 Torneio Rio-São Paulo: 1964, 1966
 Taça Brasil: 1968
 Rio de Janeiro State Championship: 1967, 1968

São Paulo
 São Paulo State Championship: 1970, 1971

Fluminense
 Rio de Janeiro State Championship: 1973

International
Brazil
 Roca Cup: 1963
 Copa Río Branco: 1968
 FIFA World Cup: 1970

Individual
 FIFA World Cup Silver Ball: 1970
 FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 1970
 World Soccer: The 100 Greatest Footballers of All Time
 Brazilian Football Museum Hall of Fame
 World Soccer World XI: 1971

References

1941 births
1966 FIFA World Cup players
1970 FIFA World Cup players
Brazilian footballers
Association football midfielders
Living people

Gérson


Ernest Percival Henshaw (4 September 1870 – 11 June 1950) was a Labor Party politician who became a Member of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly.

Born in Geelong, Victoria on 4 September 1870, Henshaw was the son of cabinet maker John Henshaw and Frances née Lamb. Nothing is known of his childhood, except that he was apprenticed as a carpenter.  By 1892 he was working as a carpenter and living in Clifton Hill, and on 17 August of that year he married Julia Emma Wildy. They had a son and two daughters.

Around 1894, Henshaw emigrated to Western Australia along with his brother and two sisters. Henshaw settled in Subiaco, working as a carpenter and joiner. He became active in the labour movement, becoming secretary of the Industrial Union of Carpenters and Joiners, and later president of the Coastal Trades and Labour Council. On 24 June 1904 he was elected to the Western Australian Legislative Assembly seat of Collie on a Labor ticket. He held the seat until the election of 27 October 1905, when he was defeated by John Ewing.

Henshaw held numerous official positions in the Australian Labor Party over the next five years. He contested the Australian House of Representatives seat of Perth in the election of 13 April 1910 but was unsuccessful.  In 1911 he was heavily involved in the design and construction of the Perth Trades Hall, but later that year he left the party over a dispute.

During World War I Henshaw was the foreman carpenter for the Henderson Naval Base project. He later became a building surveyor, and in the late 1930s he helped form the Institute of Quantity Surveyors.  In 1947 he rejoined the Labor party. He died at Subiaco on 11 June 1950, and was cremated at Karrakatta Cemetery.

His grandson, David Henshaw, was a member of the Victorian Legislative Council from 1982 to 1996, representing Geelong Province.

References

1870 births
1950 deaths
Members of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly
Politicians from Geelong
Australian carpenters
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Western Australia

Ernest Henshaw


The Trabant (or Trabi) was a series of cars built in the German Democratic Republic. When the first cars were released, people saw them as being innovative. The cars were also easy on fuel, they did not need much fuel. Trabant had a two-stroke engine. The outside of the Trabant was not made with steel or iron, because the German Democratic Republic did not want to import steel and iron for the cars, because that would have been too expensive. Instead, the Trabant was made of Duroplast, a special kind of plastic, made by mixing formica and bakelite, and made stronger with fibres of cotton. They could afford some steel from Russia, and this was used for the engine and the floor, and to give the plastic strength. After the Berlin Wall was opened the Trabant did not sell as much as before, because the people wanted bigger cars that they could get after the wall was opened. Trabants can still be found in East Europe, for example in Hungary.

Criticism
The Trabant was a small car, good for driving in the city. The two-stroke engine created lots of air pollution, but because of the plastic body, it was stronger and safer than western cars of the same time. It was famous for being better in a crash test than a VW Polo.

Versions

Between 1957 and 1990, about 3 million Trabants were built. As of January 2005, about 67.000 such cars were still registered.

Gallery

Automobiles

Trabant


George Crawford (1793 – July 4, 1870) was a founding member of the Senate of Canada.  A Conservative, he was appointed to the Senate on 23 October 1867 by Royal Proclamation, and served in that capacity until his death.

He was born in County Leitrim in Ireland in 1793 and came  to Upper Canada in the 1820s. After moving to York, (later Toronto), he became a contractor in construction and worked on the Rideau, Cornwall and Beauharnois canals. He served as lieutenant-colonel in the Leeds militia. He was also president of the Brockville and Ottawa Railway.

Around 1844, he moved to Brockville. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada representing Brockville in 1851 and 1854. In 1858, he was elected to the Legislative Council, the upper house at that time, and served until 1867, when he became a member of the Senate of Canada.

One son, John Willoughby, was elected to the House of Commons of Canada and served as Lieutenant Governor of Ontario. His son James represented Brockville in the House of Commons.

References

 Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

1793 births
1870 deaths
Irish emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario
Canadian senators from Ontario
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) senators
Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from Canada West
Members of the Legislative Council of the Province of Canada
Politicians from Toronto
Immigrants to Upper Canada

George Crawford (Canadian politician)


Thomas James (1804–1891) had been a slave who became an African Methodist Episcopal Zion minister, abolitionist, administrator and author.  He was active in New York and Massachusetts with abolitionists, and served with the American Missionary Association and the Union Army during the American Civil War to supervise the contraband camp in Louisville, Kentucky.  After the war, he held national offices in the AME Church and was a missionary to black churches in Ohio.  While in Massachusetts, he challenged the railroad's custom of forcing blacks into second-class carriages and won a reversal of the rule in the State Supreme Court. He wrote a short memoir published in 1886.

Early life
Thomas James was born into slavery in Canajoharie, New York, in 1804 and named Tom. He was the third child of four of his mother and never knew his father. His family was enslaved by Asa Kimball. A younger sister died when Tom was a child; when he was only eight, he lost his mother, brother and older sister when Kimball sold them away. He never saw his mother or sister again, though his brother, Archibald, would join Thomas in Rochester NY by 1870.

When Tom was seventeen, Kimball died, and all his property, including Tom, was sold to a neighbor named Cromwell Bartlett. Bartlett soon traded Tom to George H. Hess, a wealthy farmer. James would write in his 1886 autobiography: "Master Hess ... had worked me hard, and at last undertook to whip me. This led me to seek escape from slavery." Tom ran away in June 1821, becoming a "freedom seeker".

Freedom
He left at night and made his way west along the staked path of the future Erie Canal to Lockport.  With help, he crossed the Niagara River to Canada and freedom. He stayed about three months until he thought return was safe.

Career and activism

Initial work and education
Going to Rochester, Tom found a community of free blacks and more opportunity for work and education.  He started working as a laborer.  At nineteen Tom attended a church school to learn how to read and write. Gaining literacy opened the door to religion for him, and in 1823 he joined the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Society (AME Zion).

With the opening of the Erie Canal, Tom got a job in the warehouse (where he was called Jim) of the Hudson and Erie line.  He boarded with its manager, and also worked around his house. Eventually he was put in charge of the lading of boats and the freight business.

Teaching
In 1828 Tom started teaching at a school for black children.

Ministry
The next year started preaching. By 1830 James bought a site and built a small church in Rochester, called the AME Zion Church.  When ordained as an African Methodist Episcopal Zion minister in 1833 by AME Zion Bishop Christopher Rush, he took the name Thomas James, his name as a free man.

Assigned to a small black congregation in Syracuse, New York, in 1835, James attracted new members and founded the AME Zion Church. He built the congregation from less than 20 to four times that, and helped the congregation purchase a former Methodist church in 1837 for its use.  This was the largest African American congregation in the city before the Civil War, and members were active in abolitionism and Underground Railroad activities.

Anti-slavery movement
Beginning in 1830, James was influenced by the abolitionism of some members of the American Colonization Society (ACS) and writings by Arthur Tappan. He vowed to make the cause his life's work. He began to organize with others in Rochester, including leading white citizens, to hold anti-slavery meetings and form an anti-slavery society in the city.  Sometimes they were greeted with violence, but they continued.  He was one of two founders of the bi-weekly paper, The Rights of Man, to promote the cause.  James traveled in the county to raise money by subscriptions for the paper.  He gradually started speaking at more venues on the cause of abolitionism and attended the first Anti-Slavery Society Conference in Utica.

Next James was assigned to Ithaca, where a small black religious society already existed. During his two years, James helped the congregation build a church.  Next he was sent to Sag Harbor, New York, where many free blacks worked in the whaling industry.  Last he went to New Bedford, Massachusetts, also a whaling and fishing town.  While James led a church, he ordained the future abolitionist Frederick Douglass as a preacher in his congregation, before the beginning of Douglass's major public career.

Freedom Trail
He contributed to the growing anti-slavery movement in Syracuse and efforts to help escaped slaves on the "Freedom Trail".

James was also active with the anti-slavery movement in Massachusetts when he lived there. James directly helped some slaves gain freedom. For example, while returning to the state by train, he met a young slave girl named Lucy, traveling with her slaveowners from Richmond, Virginia.  Talking with her in the segregated car, where they were both required to sit, he invited her to attend his church while they were on vacation in the area.  A few weeks passed, but she did not come. James went to her master, who said that his slaves could not receive calls and she could not attend his church.  James turned to the law for help, and the local sheriff helped free the girl from her slaveowner. Local blacks also helped protect the girl during the events that followed.  In the following court case held in Boston, the judge announced that according to the laws of Massachusetts, which prohibited slavery, Lucy was free and had the choice of whether to claim that freedom.  She did so, and became free the following day.  James also assisted with the Amistad case and issues.

Fugitive Slave Act
While in Boston, James was actively involved in cases dealing with escaped slaves, such as Anthony Burns and Ellen and William Craft.  Although the federal Fugitive Slave Act passed in 1850 required states to return slaves to their owners, many Massachusetts citizens strongly opposed the law and helped slaves achieve freedom, even in the face of US Marshals.

Equality
James also successfully challenged the custom of assigning blacks to second class on railroads and other transportation.  When the railroad case was heard on appeal by the State Supreme Court in Boston, "the court decided that the word "color," as applied to persons, was unknown to the laws of the commonwealth of Massachusetts, and that the youngest colored child had the same rights as the richest white citizen."

Missionary work
In 1856 James returned to Rochester.  After the start of the American Civil War, in 1862 he was assigned to the American Missionary Association to minister to slaves in Tennessee and Louisiana, but was reassigned to Louisville, Kentucky.  There he served the occupying Union Army under generals Stephen G. Burbridge and Owen M. Palmer.  He helped supervise the contraband camps, liberated slaves who were being held illegally by traders, and monitored d visited the prisons. By orders of Palmer, James performed marriages between the United States Colored Troops (USCT) soldiers and black women who came to the camp, to help the latter achieve their legal freedom as wives of USCT.  (At the time the Emancipation Proclamation did not apply to Kentucky and slavery was still a legal institution.)

After the war in 1868, James was elected general superintendent and missionary agent by the General Conference of the African Methodist Episcopal Congregation.  In 1878 Bishop Wayman appointed James as a missionary preacher for the black churches of Ohio.  The continuing unsettled state of southern sympathizers was shown by James' being threatened in Darke County by Regulators, one of the insurgent groups active after the war.

Topeka Relief Association
In 1880, when the exodus from the South to the West began, James worked with the Topeka Relief Association to help the thousands of black migrants arriving in Kansas, who were known as the Exodusters. A total of 60,000 passed through Topeka.  The following year, James worked with others in southern Kansas to organize the Agricultural and Industrial Institute (later merged with Pittsburg State University).  Among the other founders was Elizabeth L. Comstock, an English Quaker who also had aided in the relief efforts in Topeka.  James became general agent of the school, one of many established in Kansas.

Marriages and family
James married his first wife, Mary Ann McEntire, in 1829 in Rochester, New York. In his memoir he wrote: "In 1829 I married in this city a free colored girl, and by her had four children, two of whom are now [i.e., 1887] married and living at the West. My first wife died in 1841.

Two of their children) died young and were buried in Rochester. Thomas mentions a daughter Nancy James in his will (written in 1891), She is called Nancy Thompson in his obituary "Rev. Thomas James: Death of the Aged Colored Clergy-Man of This City" in Rochester Union and Advertiser, printed 18 Apr. 1891.

Another daughter (mother unknown) was Eliza James (1845-1896), who went with her father in 1862 to Louisville KY and served as a nurse during the Civil War. US Census records show she married Benjamin Thomas in 1867, had nine children, and lived near her father in Rochester.

In 1870, James married again, to Esther A. (née Jones) Hazgood. He wrote: "My wife was a slave, freed by Sherman at the capture of Atlanta and sent north with other colored refugees. I first met her in the state of Pennsylvania."  President Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation freed all slaves in Confederate territory behind Union lines. US Census records show that Thomas and Esther had two children together: Ida James (1870-1887) and  Thomas Edward James (1874-1934), who married Grace Burghardt (a second cousin of W.E.B. DuBois). Esther's daughter Eliza Hazgood James (1866-1886) also lived in their household.

Later life
About 1882 James returned to New York state and a parish in Lockport.  About 1884, suffering cataracts, James returned with his wife Eliza to Rochester. To raise money, he dictated a short memoir, published in 1886 and titled: "LIFE OF REV. THOMAS JAMES, BY HIMSELF."

Death
James died at his home 144 Tremont Street in Rochester on 18 April 1891. He is buried in the family plot in Mount Hope Cemetery (PLOT Range 1 Lot 367½ NW Part) in Rochester, New York. Also in the family plot are Esther Jones Hazgood James (his wife), their daughter Ida James, and Eliza Hazgood James (his stepdaughter). His daughter Eliza Jane James Thomas (1845-1896) is buried another part of the cemetery., as are Catherine and Wesley (two of his children by his first wife).

Legacy and honors
 His work in founding congregations, working on abolition and on behalf of slaves, and for the civil rights of African Americans, constitute his legacy.
 In 1989 the city of Rochester named April 18, the anniversary of Thomas James' death, in his honor to be celebrated as an annual memorial.
 Sara Rubin sculpted a clay pottery bust of Thomas James, which was placed in the Hall of Justice in downtown Rochester.

References

Further reading
 "AME Zion Church, Syracuse, NY": vertical file notes, Office of History and Archives, New York State
Bruce, Dwight H., ed.  Memorial History of Syracuse, N.Y., Syracuse: H.P. Smith & Co., 1891
 "150th Year Celebration (Sesquicentennial) People's A.M.E. Zion Church, 1841-1991", Souvenir Program.
 "Dedication of the African M.E. Church of Syracuse, July 9, 1871".
 Loguen, Jerman W. The Rev. J.W. Loguen as a Slave and as a Free Man, Repr. New York: Negro Universities Press
 Religious Recorder, Articles, December 10, 1846; August 29, 1849; July 10, 1851.
 "Rev. Thomas James", Times-Union, 10 April 1982
 Sanders, Joe L. Rochester Black History, 1795-1990, New York: Sanders Publishing, 1990
 Syracuse Standard, December 24, 1857.
 Syracuse Journal, July 9, 1871.

African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church clergy
African-American abolitionists
African-American Methodists
African-American writers
American writers
People from Canajoharie, New York
1804 births
1891 deaths
Fugitive American slaves
African-American history of New York (state)
People from Syracuse, New York
Religious leaders from Rochester, New York
Abolitionists from New Bedford, Massachusetts
Burials at Mount Hope Cemetery (Rochester)
Methodist abolitionists
People who wrote slave narratives
19th-century American slaves

Thomas James (minister)


Jacques Isorni (1911–1995) was a French lawyer and memoirist. He came to prominence for his role as defending counsel in a number of cases involving prominent figures on the far right as well as for his own involvement in right wing politics.

Early life
Jacques Isorni was the son of Antoine Isorni, a native of Locarno who emigrated to France to make his way an artist in the fashionable Rive Gauche area of Paris, and Marguerite Feine, the daughter of a Catholic family who embraced republicanism and was noted as a Dreyfusard. His parents married only three weeks after they first met and Feine's whirlwind marriage to an immigrant scandalised her traditionalist family. The young Isorni was raised in the high end Faubourg Saint-Germain district, although he found himself a regular target for scorn from his schoolmates due to his Italian roots and unusual surname. Isorni followed his father politically by associating himself with conservatism and whilst attending the Ecole Alsacienne he became involved in groups affiliated to Action Française.

Legal career before 1945
He studied a joint honours degree in law and literature at the University of Paris and was sworn in as a lawyer in 1931, making him the youngest practising lawyer in France at the time. He quickly built a reputation as a highly innovative lawyer with a high success rate in his cases. Following the outbreak of World War II Isorni had a brief period of admiration for Charles de Gaulle, before transferring his allegiance to Philippe Pétain, arguing that after the Fall of France Pétain was the country's best hope. A law passed by the Vichy regime however briefly debarred Isorni from continuing in the legal profession as all who were not fully French were barred from practising although before long exceptions were made for "prominent" lawyers and he returned to the bar.

Post-war political activity
Isorni came to wider prominence in the immediate post-war years when he was chosen to defend Robert Brasillach and then Pétain himself in their trials for collaboration with Nazi Germany. However Isorni's earlier success rates deserted him as not only were both men found guilty both were also sentenced to death, albeit with the sentence commuted to life in the latter case on account of the Marshal's age and fragile mental state.

Nonetheless Isorni quickly became associated with a new tendency that sought to defend the reputation of Pétain and the Vichy period and he became a regular writer for René Malliavin's Ecrits de Paris, a journal dedicated to this cause. Isorni helped establish, and became leader of, the Union des nationaux indépendants et républicains, a political party that supported Petainisme and he ran as a candidate for this group in Paris during the 1951 elections. The group was fairly disparate, being largely a fairly loose coalition of many tiny far right groups that had sprung up in the immediate aftermath of the war.

Isorni had initially been reluctant to enter electoral politics but was eventually persuaded to stand as a candidate by Pierre-Étienne Flandin, who pointed out that Isorni was one of the few prominent Petainists who was not barred from candidacy. Whilst campaigning Isorni had a young Jean-Marie Le Pen as his personal bodyguard. The party failed to capture high levels of support but did manage to get four deputies elected, Isorni among them. Following his election Communist Party members petitioned the Assembly to debar Isorni from membership because of his Vichyist past but the move was rejected. In parliament Isorni came under the wing of the Parti Paysan, a rural conservative group that subsequently formed part of the National Centre of Independents and Peasants, and became known as one of its most vocal, as well as its most right-wing, members. That same year Isorni was also the driving force behind the Association for the Defence of the Memory of Marshal Pétain, a group that campaign for the "Hero of Verdun" to be released from prison.

A later case saw Isorni defending General Raoul Salan, the leader of the Organisation armée secrète, on charges of treason. Although Salan was found guilty of the charge Isorni was able to ensure that he was given a life sentence rather than the standard execution. By this point he had largely left active politics, although he would emerge from time to time to lend his support to electoral candidates, notably François Mitterrand in 1965 and Jean Royer in 1974. Whilst maintaining rightist views he was by this time identified almost exclusively with anti-Gaullism rather than with any one tendency.

References

1911 births
1995 deaths
Politicians from Paris
Writers from Paris
French people of Italian descent
National Centre of Independents and Peasants politicians
Deputies of the 2nd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
Deputies of the 3rd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
20th-century French memoirists
French right-wing politicians
Philippe Pétain
20th-century French lawyers

Jacques Isorni


Ovia South-West is a Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Iguobazuwa. It has an area of 2,803km and a population of 135,356 at the 2006 census. The postal code of the area is 302.

It has several places and cities, such as Aghobahi, Igueze, Usen, Ugbogui, Ora and Udo.

References

Local Government Areas in Edo State

Ovia South-West


The Pechora is a river in northern Russia. It is over  long, and navigable for most of its length. Most of the time, an ice sheet covers it. Most of it is inside Komi Republic. It is its most important river. A part of it is in Nenets autonomous okrug.The Pechora is the sixth-longest river in Europe. By discharge, it is third, after the Volga and the Danube. Bigger cities on the river are Pechora and Naryan-Mar. Naryan-Mar is about  from the estuary of the river. The part of the Barents Sea the river flows into is known as Pechora Sea.

Rivers of Russia

Pechora River


New Meadow, currently known as the Montgomery Waters Meadow for sponsorship reasons, is a football stadium located in the county town of Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England. It is the home ground of Shrewsbury Town FC.

The stadium opened in July 2007, replacing Gay Meadow as the club's home ground.

The stadium can hold 9,875 spectators and is all seated. It has four stands, one on each side of the pitch. In June 2017, Shrewsbury Town applied to the Sports Grounds Safety Authority for permission to turn a section of the stadium into a safe standing area. They were given permission, making them the first club in the English Football League to have a safe standing section at their stadium.

Unlike Gay Meadow, the stadium is not located within Shrewsbury town centre and is instead in Meole Brace, a suburb in the south-east of the town. It can be difficult for fans to get to. The club has a matchday travel plan that asks spectators to walk, cycle or use organised transport where they can. Shrewsbury railway station is just over two miles from the stadium. The Meole Brace Park and Ride bus service is close to the stadium.

The stadium's highest ever attendance is 10,210. This was the attendance of a League Cup match against Premier League club Chelsea on 28 October 2014. The tournament's sponsor at the time, Capital One, provided two temporary stands which were placed in two corners of the stadium to make room for more fans for the match.

2007 establishments in England
Football stadiums in England
Buildings and structures in Shrewsbury

New Meadow


Leonard Sidney Echols (October 30, 1871 – May 9, 1946) was an American politician who represented West Virginia in the United States House of Representatives from 1919 to 1923.

Echols was born in Madison, West Virginia. He attended public school. He graduated from the commercial department of the University of Kentucky at Lexington in 1894, from the Concord State Normal School,  Athens, West Virginia in 1898, and from the law department of the Southern Normal University, Huntingdon, Tennessee in 1900. After all his formal education, he was admitted to the bar in 1900 and commenced practice in Point Pleasant, West Virginia in 1903.

Echols was the prosecuting attorney of Mason County, West Virginia in 1904–09 and assistant state tax commissioner for West Virginia in 1909–19. He was elected as a Republican to the Sixty-sixth and Sixty-seventh Congresses (March 4, 1919 – March 3, 1923). While in Congress, he served as chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in the Department of Navy (Sixty-sixth and Sixty-seventh Congresses). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1922 to the Sixty-eighth Congress and for election in 1924 to the Sixty-ninth Congress.

After leaving Congress, Echols served as a member of the committee on appeals and review of the United States Treasury Department from May 1, 1923, to September 15, 1924. He was a delegate to the Republican State convention in 1924, and the postmaster at Charleston, West Virginia 1925-1928. He resumed the practice of law and served as Referee in Bankruptcy and as special master in the United States District Court, Charleston, West Virginia. He died in Charleston, West Virginia in 1946 and was buried in Sunset Memorial Park, South Charleston, West Virginia.

External links

1871 births
1946 deaths
20th-century American lawyers
Concord University alumni
County prosecuting attorneys in West Virginia
Politicians from Charleston, West Virginia
People from Madison, West Virginia
People from Point Pleasant, West Virginia
United States Department of the Treasury officials
University of Kentucky alumni
West Virginia lawyers
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from West Virginia
Lawyers from Charleston, West Virginia
Southern Normal University alumni

Leonard S. Echols


Vivian Matalon (11 October 1929 – 15 August 2018) was a British theatre director.

Born in Manchester, Matalon began his career as an actor in a series of forgettable British films, but his greatest success has been as a director of West End, Broadway and regional theatre productions. His West End credits include Bus Stop with Lee Remick and Keir Dullea, I Never Sang for My Father with Raymond Massey and The Glass Menagerie with Anna Massey. He was artistic director for three years at the Hampstead Theatre, where his productions included Clifford Odets' Awake and Sing and the European premiere of Small Craft Warnings by Tennessee Williams.

Matalon served on the Artistic Advisory Board of New York City's New World's Theatre Project, which makes late 19th and early 20th century Yiddish plays accessible to contemporary audiences in modern English translations.

He died from complications of diabetes in August 2018, at the age of 88.

Filmography
The Weapon (1956) - Private (uncredited)
Fire Down Below (1957) - 1st U.S. Sailor
Subway in the Sky (1959) - Stefan Grant
Too Young to Love (1960) - Larry Webster
Crack in the Mirror (1960) - Young man at Buvette
King and Country (1964) - Padre

Stage productions
After the Rain (1967)
Noël Coward in Two Keys (1974)
P. S. Your Cat Is Dead! (1975)
Morning's at Seven (1980 revival)
Brigadoon (1980 revival)
The American Clock (1980)
The Corn Is Green (1983 revival)
The Tap Dance Kid (1983)
Souvenir (2005)

Awards and nominations
Awards
1980: Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play – Morning's at Seven
1980: Drama Desk Award Outstanding Director of a Play – Morning's at Seven

Nominations
1984: Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical – The Tap Dance Kid

References

External links

1929 births
2018 deaths
Drama Desk Award winners
English theatre directors
LGBT theatre directors
Theatre people from Greater Manchester

Vivian Matalon


Pontestura (in Piedmontese Pont da Stura) is a commune with a population of 1,539 in the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont. It is located on the right bank of the Po River about  east of Turin and about  west of Casale Monferrato and borders the following municipalities: Camino, Casale Monferrato, Cereseto, Coniolo, Morano sul Po, Ozzano Monferrato, Serralunga di Crea, and Solonghello.

John IV, Marquis of Montferrat from 1445 to 1464, was born in the castle of Pontestura in 1413.

References

Cities and towns in Piedmont

Pontestura


Sarah Lucie Cunningham (September 8, 1918 – March 24, 1986) was an American film, stage and television actress.

Personal life
Sarah Lucie Cunningham was born in Greenville, South Carolina. She was married to actor John Randolph from January 3, 1942, until her death on March 24, 1986. The couple had two children.

Career
Cunningham met her future husband, John Randolph, at Stella Adler's acting classes when she moved to New York from South Carolina after graduating summa cum laude from Furman University. At the time, Randolph, an experienced actor and favorite student of Adler's, was entrusted with teaching the newer students and Randolph and Cunningham fell in love during that time. They were married in 1942 in Chicago, where he was working in the national touring production of Native Son, directed and produced by Orson Welles.

Blacklist
Cunningham and her husband were believed to have first been named as having possible Communist ties in 1951, possibly again in 1953, and were called before the House Un-American Activities Committee in 1955 in New York. They, as well as Madeline Lee Gilford, Jack Gilford and others, were victims of the anti-Communist blacklist. Neither was able to work in film, TV or radio until well into the 1960s.
Cunningham was hired in 1964 to play Elizabeth 'Aunt Liz' Matthews on the newly created soap opera Another World. She, along with actor John Beal, was fired after just one episode by creator Irna Phillips for no apparent reason. It was assumed to be caused by an advertiser or network pressure to fire anyone who had been or was on the "blacklist". The couple supported themselves and their family by working in the theater until they both were finally able to find work on TV and in films.

Ensemble Studio Theatre
Randolph and Cunningham were original founding members of the Ensemble Studio Theatre in New York City, together with Artistic Director Curt Dempster and actor Jon Voight, between 1968 and 1972. They subsequently founded the Ensemble Studio Theater West in Los Angeles in 1980. Both branches have become well known for the quality of their productions and their programs for developing playwrights.

Later work
Although both worked extensively in television and film, their primary love was for the living theater. In 1983 they introduced playwright James G. Richardson's one-act play Eulogy, directed by Heidie Helen Davis. It was a two-character play written especially for them as part of a trilogy of two-character one-acts. They performed it in both New York and Los Angeles and it was the last work they performed together on stage before she died. However, their very last work together was in the Trapper John, M.D. episode "The Curmudgeon", shown on March 18, 1986, a week before she died. In it, she and Randolph play reunited lovers who finally marry.

Death
On March 24, 1986 while attending the Oscar telecast ceremony in Los Angeles, Miss Cunningham suffered a heart attack and died. Cunningham had suffered from emphysema for many years and had asthma as well since childhood. She had been in the hospital for her yearly emphysema treatment but had interrupted the treatment to attend the Academy Awards for the first time.

List of works

Filmography
 Jagged Edge (1985)
 Frances (1982)
 I Never Promised You a Rose Garden (1977)
 The Cowboys (1972)
 Black Like Me (1964)
 The Naked City (1948)

Television
 Trapper John, M.D. (1981-1986)
 Dallas as Aunt Maggie Monahan, Digger Barnes' sister (1978, 1980, 1984)
 The Oklahoma City Dolls (1981)
 Belle Starr (1980)
 Vega$ (1979)
 How the West Was Won (1979)
 Lucan (1978)
 The Gathering (1977)
 Nero Wolfe (1977)
 Police Woman (1976)
 Executive Suite  (1976)
 Visions (1976)
 F. Scott Fitzgerald in Hollywood (1976)
 Starsky and Hutch (1975)
 The Rookies (1975)
 The Turning Point of Jim Malloy (1975)
 Baretta (1975)
 The Family Kovack (1974)
 House of Evil (1974)
 The Rimers of Eldritch (1974)
 Screaming Skull (1973)
 The Edge of Night (1956)
 Another World (1964)
 Look Up and Live (1954)
 Nash Airflyte Theatre (1951)

Theater
 My Sweet Charlie (Original, Play) (1966)
 The Zulu and the Zayda (Original, Musical, Comedy) (1965)
 Toys in the Attic (Original, Play, Drama) (understudy) (1960)
 The Visit (Original, Play, Drama) (1958)
 Fair Game (Original, Play, Comedy) (1957)
 The House of Bernarda Alba (Original, Play) (1951)

References

External links

Sarah Cunningham at Internet Off-Broadway Database

1918 births
1986 deaths
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
Actors from Greenville, South Carolina
Actresses from South Carolina
20th-century American actresses

Sarah Cunningham (actress)


Patrick Charles Webb (30 November 1884 – 23 March 1950) was a New Zealand trade unionist and politician.

Early life
Webb was born in Rutherglen, a small town in the Australian state of Victoria. His father, George Webb, was a miner, and Paddy Webb eventually worked in the mines himself. He quickly became active in the mining unions, becoming head of the local Amalgamated Miners' Association branch by 1904. During this time, he met Michael Joseph Savage, who would eventually become the first Labour Prime Minister of New Zealand.

As a result of his involvement in strike action, Webb was blacklisted, and in 1905, he moved to New Zealand to seek work. After briefly living in Dunedin, he moved to the West Coast, working in mines first on the Denniston plateau and then at Runanga. Webb became involved with the New Zealand Socialist Party, and was an advocate for socialist ideals. Working in the Runanga mine, Webb was somewhat sheltered from repercussions he would otherwise have suffered – the Runanga mine was state-owned, and the governing Liberal Party was more tolerant of his agitation than private interests were. Webb scored a considerable victory when he organised a successful strike in 1908 at a mine in Blackball, and became prominent in the labour movement nationally.

Early political career

Webb was one of the more radical figures in the unions. Many of the older leaders continued to support the loose alliance between the labour movement and the Liberal Party, but Webb believed that only independent action could advance workers' interests. Webb was involved in founding the radical New Zealand Federation of Labour (the "Red Feds"), and in the 1911 election, he stood unsuccessfully in the Grey electorate in Parliament. He then played a major role in the 1913 "unity conference", in which the Socialist Party and the more moderate United Labour Party merged to form the Social Democratic Party. The Grey electorate became vacant in 1913, and he was nominated as the Social Democrat candidate. In the by-election he was elected on the second ballot with Liberal Party support, and in the 1914 general election, he was re-elected. In 1916, the Social Democrats merged with the remnants of the United Labour Party that had resisted the previous merger, forming the modern Labour Party.

Jailed
In World War I, Webb became a prominent critic of conscription, and in April 1917, he was briefly jailed on charges of sedition. In October that year, Webb was selected for military service himself, but refused to comply. In order to seek a public mandate for his decision, he resigned from his seat in Parliament, and challenged the government to fight the by-election on the issue. The government refused, and Webb was returned to Parliament unopposed. Webb was subsequently offered a non-combat role, but again refused. He was then sentenced to two years hard labour, and was barred from political office for ten years. In 1918, his vacant seat in Parliament was won in a by-election by Harry Holland, also a member of the Labour Party.

After completing his sentence (spent planting trees), Webb returned to mining. He eventually established a cooperative coal depot in Christchurch. This brought him into conflict with certain radical members of the labour movement, who believed that the cooperative structure undermined unionism, since in a cooperative corporation (where the workers are also the owners), there is no need for workers to organise against the owners.

Return to politics
In the 1932 Motueka by-election, Webb attempted to return to Parliament, but was defeated by Keith Holyoake. The following year, the death of Harry Holland (who had won Webb's old seat in 1918, and who now represented Buller) resulted in another by-election. Although Webb's nomination was opposed by radical members of the union movement, Webb was re-elected to Parliament, for Buller.

In 1935, he was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal.

When the Labour Party won the 1935 general election, Webb was appointed to Cabinet by Michael Joseph Savage, his old friend from the mines in Australia. He was given the position of Minister of Mines, a role in which he pressed for the nationalisation of the mining industry. Gradually, assisted by the heightened demand for coal during World War II, Webb oversaw the purchase of many major operations. During this slow process, Webb had to contend not only with opponents of nationalisation but with radicals who demanded the immediate nationalisation of the entire industry.

Webb had a reputation as Parliament's Lothario, and in mid-1939 he was being pursued by a woman for breach of promise to marry; the Hon Mark Fagan got Colin Scrimgeour then the head of commercial broadcasting to give her a job with radio station 1ZB in Auckland.

In 1946, Webb finally retired from politics. He died in Christchurch on 23 March 1950, and was buried at Bromley Cemetery.

References

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1884 births
1950 deaths
Australian miners
Burials at Bromley Cemetery
Members of the Cabinet of New Zealand
New Zealand Labour Party MPs
New Zealand coal miners
Australian emigrants to New Zealand
New Zealand Socialist Party politicians
New Zealand trade unionists
Social Democratic Party (New Zealand) MPs
People from Victoria (state)
New Zealand conscientious objectors
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
New Zealand MPs for South Island electorates
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1911 New Zealand general election
New Zealand politicians convicted of crimes
New Zealand anti–World War I activists

Paddy Webb


Augustine John Ukken was a Syrian Catholic (Syro-Malabar Catholic) priest from the Indian state of Kerala in Thrissur and the founder of the Congregation of Sisters of Charity (CSC).

Early life

Augustine John Ukken was born in Thoyyakkavu in Thrissur district on 19 December 1880 as the second son of Punnaparambil Ukken Anthappan and Chalakkal Annamma, both of whom died by the time Augustine was the age of six. The local parish priest provided the boy shelter and an education in the upper primary school.  Around 1895 Bishop Adolphus Medlycott had Augustine enrolled at the Minor Seminary in Trichur to complete his education.

As Priest
In 1898, Ukken was sent to Kandy in Sri Lanka to study for the priesthood. He was ordained priest on 21 December 1907, by Clements Pagany, the Canty Bishop.

From 1908 to 1909 he served as Assistant Manager of the St. Thomas College, Thrissur, where he taught French and Latin. Later, he became Manager of the College from 1921- 1925. He was Rector of the Minor Seminary, Thrissur from 1910 to 1917 and Secretary to John Menachery, Archbishop of Thrissur, from 1913 to 1917. Augustine also worked as parish priest in Kottapady, Lourdes Cathedral, Kandassankadavu, Mattom, Chowannur, Chiralayam, Palayur, Arthat, Anjoor, Cheroor -Vijayapuram (Founder Vicar), Eyyal, Orumanayoor, Guruvayoor, Parempadam, Vadanappilly, Vellarakad parishes.

On 21 November 1944, he founded Congregation of the Sisters of Charity with the approval of George Alapatt, Metropolitan Archbishop of Thrissur. The charism of the congregation is "caring of the sick, tending those who are in deathbed, uplifting the poor and giving catechetical formation". He died on 13 October 1956, at Chowannur in Thrissur district.

Canonization process
His canonization process was started on 30 November 2007 and was declared as Servant of God by Metropolitan Archbishop of Thrissur Andrews Thazhath at the Our Lady of Lourdes Metropolitan Cathedral on 24 August 2008. On 31 August 2008, the archdiocese erected the Archdiocesan Tribunal. He was declared as Venerable by Pope Francis on December 22, 2018.

His beatification is now dependent upon the papal confirmation of a miracle attributed to his intercession.

References

Syro-Malabar priests
19th-century venerated Christians
Christian clergy from Thrissur
Malayali people
Eastern Catholic Servants of God
20th-century venerated Christians
Archdiocese of Thrissur
1880 births
1956 deaths
Venerated Catholics by Pope Francis

Augustine John Ukken


Eutrapela is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae. It contains only one species, Eutrapela clemataria, the curve-toothed geometer moth or purplish-brown looper, which is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Texas and north to Saskatchewan. The habitat consists of deciduous and mixed woodlands.

The wingspan is 38–56 mm. The ground color of the wings is yellowish-tan with brownish-grey or brown mottling. The forewings have a fine, mostly straight postmedial line. The hindwing outer margin is scalloped. Adults are on wing from March to August in most of the range, but year round in the south. There are two generations per year.

The larvae feed on the leaves of various trees, including ash, basswood, birch, elm, fir, maple, poplar and willow. Young larvae have a dark brown body. Older larvae have a greenish or tan to dark purplish-brown body.

References

External links
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Ourapterygini
Monotypic moth genera
Taxa named by Jacob Hübner
Moths of North America

Eutrapela