The Canons Regular of San Giorgio in Alga (Congregatio Canonicorum Sancti Georgii in Alga Venetiarum) were a congregation of canons regular which was influential in the reform movement of monastic life in northern Italy during the 15th and 16th centuries.

History
Its roots lay in the preaching of an itinerant canon regular, Bartolomeo of Rome, who was a proponent of the new spirituality of the Devotio Moderna which had developed in the Low Countries and was starting to spread in northern Italy. While ministering in Venice in 1396 he met two young noblemen, Gabriele Condulmer (the future Pope Eugene IV) and his cousin, Antonio Correr, the nephew of Cardinal Angelo Correr, soon elected as Pope Gregory XII. Under his inspiration, the cousins decided to give up their wealth and to lead lives of prayer and service. In 1400 they began to live together as a small religious community, modeled on the Brothers of the Common Life, following the Rule of St. Augustine. They lived in a house lent to them by a relative.

One of the first men to join them there was Lawrence Giustiniani, who was a deacon at the time, the first cleric of the small community. In 1404 they were given the use of a monastery of Augustinian friars on the isolated island of St. George in Alga, which was almost empty, by its commendatory prior, a young nobleman, Ludovico Barbo, who soon himself joined the community. The new monastery quickly grew to have 17 members, all members of the clergy by then, and received the approval of Pope Boniface IX on 30 November of that year.

Though essentially contemplative in their way of life, some of the canons did undertake a limited active Christian ministry. The provost of the community was elected annually up to that point. Nevertheless, they successfully combined aspects of prayer, a simple lifestyle and solitude with the solemn celebration of the liturgy. In 1444, San Giorgio in Braida, Verona was made a dependency of San Giorgio in Alga. In 1462 they acquired the Chiesa della Madonna dell'Orto which had previously belonged to the Humiliati. In 1482 San Pietro in Oliveto in Brescia was tranferred from the Benedictines to the Canons of San Giorgio. During its reconstruction in 1508, the canons held a solemn procession translating the relics of San Silvino, an early bishop of Brescia, from the Duomo to San Pietro.

They enjoyed a reputation for both simplicity and dedication and appear to have achieved the canonical idea of fidelity to the life of an enclosed religious order without religious vows, which were not introduced until 1568. Before this time, they were therefore a congregation of secular canons. The canons wore a white habit with a blue cloak.

The success of the community led to the adoption of their way of life by a large number of communities of canons in the region, leading to the formation of a new congregation of canons. Giustiniani spent many years at the Priory of St. Augustine in Vicenza, and assisted in numerous other foundations until he was named a bishop. In 1408 Pope Gregory appointed Barbo to be the abbot of the Benedictine Abbey of Santa Giustina in Padua, which he reformed with help of two monks, two Camaldolese novices and three canons of San Giorgio in Alga. At that point Barbo became a Benedictine monk. Through his leadership, the life of the abbey was dramatically revived and eventually became the center of the Congregation of Santa Giustina, which became an important center of reform of Benedictine monasteries in Italy.

In 1424 the canons elected their first Superior General to oversee the houses of their burgeoning congregation.  Pope Gregory XII called his nephew Antonio Correr and Gabriele Condulmer to Rome to serve as cardinals. Condulmer later became Pope Eugene IV and Giustiniani became the first Patriarch of Venice, promoting the reform of the city and the spread of the Gospel throughout his episcopate. Like the Theatines in the 16th century, this congregation enjoyed much more influence and importance than its size would suggest.

For these canons, the 15th century was their high point, however. By the 17th century, the congregation had entered a period of decay. Vocations and the level of dedication to the life declined. Finally, in 1688, the monastery of San Giorgio was suppressed and its property was confiscated and sold off to raise money for the defense of the Republic of Venice against the Ottoman Empire.

The Secular Canons of St. John the Evangelist adopted the dress and statutes of the canons of San Giorgio.

References

1400 establishments in Europe
14th-century establishments in Italy
Religious organizations established in the 1400s
Canons regular
Christian religious orders established in the 15th century
1688 disestablishments in Europe

Canons Regular of San Giorgio in Alga


User-centered design (UCD) or user-driven development (UDD) is a framework of process (not restricted to interfaces or technologies) in which usability goals, user characteristics, environment, tasks and workflow of a product, service or process are given extensive attention at each stage of the design process. These tests are conducted with/without actual users during each stage of the process from requirements, pre-production models and post production, completing a circle of proof back to and ensuring that "development proceeds with the user as the center of focus." Such testing is necessary as it is often very difficult for the designers of a product to understand intuitively the first-time users of their design experiences, and what each user's learning curve may look like. User-centered design is based on the understanding of a user, their demands, priorities and experiences and when used, is known to lead to an increased product usefulness and usability as it delivers satisfaction to the user.

The chief difference from other product design philosophies is that user-centered design tries to optimize the product around how users can, want, or need to use it so that users are not forced to change their behavior and expectations to accommodate the product. The users thus stand in the center of two concentric circles. The inner circle includes the context of the product, the objectives of developing it, and the environment it would run in. The outer circle involves more granular details of task detail, task organization, and task flow.

History
The term "User-Centered Design" was coined by Rob Kling in 1977 and later adopted in Donald A. Norman's research laboratory at the University of California, San Diego. The concept became widely popular as a result of the publication of the book User-Centered System Design: New Perspectives on Human-Computer Interaction in 1986. The concept gained further attention and acceptance in Norman's seminal book The Design of Everyday Things (originally called The Psychology of Everyday Things). In this book, Norman describes the psychology behind what he deems 'good' and 'bad' design through examples. He exalts the importance of design in our everyday lives and the consequences of errors caused by bad designs.

The two books include principles for building well-designed products. His recommendations are based on the user's needs, leaving aside what he considers secondary issues like aesthetics. The main highlights of these are:

 Simplifying the structure of the tasks such that the possible actions at any moment are intuitive.
 Make things visible, including the conceptual model of the system, actions, results of actions and feedback.
 Getting the mappings right between intended results and required actions.
 Embracing and exploiting the constraints of systems.

In a later book, Emotional Design, Norman returns to some of his earlier ideas to elaborate what he had come to find as overly reductive.

Models and approaches

For example, the User-Centered Design process can help software designers fulfill the goal of a product engineered for their users. User requirements are considered right from the beginning and included in the whole product cycle. These requirements are noted and refined through investigative methods including: ethnographic study, contextual inquiry, prototype testing, usability testing and other methods. Generative methods may also be used including: card sorting, affinity diagramming and participatory design sessions. In addition, user requirements can be inferred by careful analysis of usable products similar to the product being designed.

User-Centered Design takes inspiration from the following models:
 Cooperative design: involving designers and users on an equal footing. This is the Scandinavian tradition of design of IT artifacts and it has been evolving since 1970. This is also called Co-design.
 Participatory design (PD), a North American term for the same concept, inspired by Cooperative Design, focuses on the participation of users. Since 1990, there has been a bi-annual Participatory Design Conference.
 Contextual design, "customer-centered design" in the actual context, including some ideas from Participatory design

Here are the principles that help in ensuring a design is user-centered:

 Design is based upon an explicit understanding of users, tasks and environments.
 Users are involved throughout design and development.
 Design is driven and refined by user-centered evaluation.
 Process is iterative.
 Design addresses the whole user experience.
 Design team includes multidisciplinary skills and perspectives.

User-centered design process
The goal of user-centered design is to make products that have very high usability. This includes how convenient the product is its usage, manageability, effectiveness, and how well the product is mapped to the user requirements. Below are the general phases of User-Centered Design process:
 Specify context of use: Identify who the primary users of the product are, why they will use the product, what are their requirements and under what environment they will use it.
 Specify requirements: Once the context is specified, it is time to identify the granular requirements of the product. This is an important phase which can further facilitate the designers to create storyboards, and set important goals to make the product successful.
 Create design solutions and development: Based on product goals and requirements, start an iterative process of product design and development.
 Evaluate product: Product designers do usability testing to get users' feedback for the product at every stage of User-Centered Design.
The above procedure is repeated in the next steps to finish the product further. These phases are general approaches and factors like design goals, team and their timeline, and environment in which the product is developed, determine the appropriate phases for a project and their order. You can either follow a waterfall model, agile model or any other software engineering practice.

Purpose

UCD asks questions about users and their tasks and goals, then uses the findings to make decisions about development and design.
The UCD of a web site, for instance, seeks to answer the following questions:
 Who are the users of the website?
 What are the users' tasks and goals?
 What are the users' experience levels with the website, and the similar websites?
 What functions do the users need from the website?
 What information might the users need, and in what form do they need it?
 How do users think the website should work?
 What are the extreme environments in which website can be accessed in?
 Is the user multitasking?
 Does the interface utilize different input modes, such as touch, speech, gestures or orientation?

Elements

As an example of UCD viewpoints, the essential elements of UCD of a website usually are the considerations of visibility, accessibility, legibility and language.

Visibility
Visibility helps the user construct a mental model of the document. Models help the user predict the effect(s) of their actions while using the document. Important elements (such as those that aid navigation) should be emphatic. Users should be able to tell from a glance what they can and cannot do with the document.

Accessibility
Users should be able to find information quickly and easily throughout the document, regardless of its length. Users should be offered various ways to find information (such as navigational elements, search functions, table of contents, clearly labeled sections, page numbers, color-coding, etc.). Navigational elements should be consistent with the genre of the document. 'Chunking' is a useful strategy that involves breaking information into small pieces that can be organized into some meaningful order or hierarchy. The ability to skim the document allows users to find their piece of information by scanning rather than reading. Bold and italic words are often used to this end.

Legibility
Text should be easy to read: Through analysis of the rhetorical situation, the designer should be able to determine a useful font-family and font style. Ornamental fonts, text in all capital letters, large or small body text can be hard to read and should be avoided. Text-colouring and bolding can be helpful when used in text-heavy scenarios. High figure-ground contrast between text and background increases legibility. Dark text against a light background is most legible.

Language
Certain types of languages are needed depending on the rhetorical situation. Short sentences are helpful, as are well-written texts used in explanations and similar bulk-text situations. Unless the situation calls for it, jargon or heavily technical terms should not be used. Many writers will choose to use the active voice, verbs (instead of noun strings or nominals), and a simple sentence structure.

Analysis tools
There are a number of tools that are used in the analysis of User-Centered Design, mainly: personas, scenarios, and essential use cases.

Persona
During the UCD process, a Persona representing the user may be created. A persona is a user archetype used to help guide decisions about product features, navigation, interactions, and even visual design. In most cases, personas are synthesized from a series of ethnographic interviews with real people, then captured in 1-2 page descriptions that include behavior patterns, goals, skills, attitudes, and environment, with a few fictional personal details to bring the persona to life.

For each product, or sometimes for each set of tools within a product, there is a small set of personas, one of whom is the primary focus for the design. There is also what is called a secondary persona, where the character is not the main target of the design, but their needs should be met and problems solved if possible. They exist to help account for further possible problems and difficulties that may occur even though the primary persona is satisfied with their solution. There is also an anti-persona, which is the character for which the design is specifically not made.

Personas are useful because they create a common shared understanding of the user group that the design process is built around. Also, they help prioritize the design considerations by providing a context of what the user needs and what functions are nice to add and have. They can also provide a human face and existence to a diversified and scattered user group and help create empathy and add emotions when referring to the users. However, since personas are a generalized perception of the primary stakeholder group from collected data, the characteristics may be too broad and typical or too much of an "average Joe". Sometimes, personas can have stereotypical properties, which may hurt the entire design process. Overall, personas can be a useful tool to be used by designers to make informed design decisions, as opposed to referring to a set of data or a wide range of individuals.

Personas can also be modified all through the UCD of a product, based on user testing and changing environment. This is not an ideal way to use Personas but should not be a taboo either, particularly when it becomes apparent that variables surrounding a product's development have changed since the design started and current persona/s may not cater well to the changed conditions.

Scenario
A scenario created in the UCD process is a fictional story about the "daily life of" or a sequence of events with the primary stakeholder group as the main character. Typically, a persona created earlier is used as the main character of this story. The story should be specific to the events that relate to the problems of the primary stakeholder group, and, normally the main research questions the design process is built upon. These may turn out to be a simple story about an individual's daily life. Still, small details from the events should imply details about the users, and may include emotional or physical characteristics. There can be the best-case scenario, where everything works out best for the main character, the worst-case scenario, where the main character experiences everything going wrong around him or her, and an average-case scenario, which is the typical life of the individual, where nothing really special or depressing occurs, and the day moves on.

Scenarios create a social context in which the personas exist and create an actual physical world, instead of imagining a character with internal characteristics from gathered data and nothing else, there is more action involved in the persona's existence. A scenario is also more easily understood by people since it is a story and is easier to follow. Yet, like the personas, these scenarios are assumptions made by the researcher and designer and is also created from a set of organized data. It is important to ensure that scenarios are created as close as possible to real world scenarios. Nevertheless, it can sometimes be difficult to explain and inform how low level tasks occur, for ex- the thought process of a persona before acting.

Use case
In short, a use case describes the interaction between an individual and the rest of the world. Each use case describes an event that may occur for a short period of time in real life but may consist of intricate details and interactions between the actor and the world. It is represented as a series of simple steps for the character to achieve his or her goal through a cause and effect scheme. Use cases are normally written in the form of a chart with two columns: first column labelled actor, second column labelled world, and the actions performed by each side written in order in the respective columns. The following is an example of a use case for performing a song on a guitar in front of an audience.

The interaction between actor and the world is an act that can be seen in everyday life, and we take them as granted and don't think too much about the small detail that needs to happen for an act like performing a piece of music to exist. It is similar to the fact that when speaking our mother tongue, we do not overthink about grammar and how to phrase words; they just come out since we are so used to saying them. The actions between an actor and the world, notably, the primary stakeholder (user) and the world in this case, should be considered in detail. Hence, use cases are created to understand how these tiny interactions occur.

An essential use case is a special use case, also called an abstract use case. Essential use cases describe the essence of the problem, and deals with the nature of the problem itself. While writing essential use cases, no assumptions about unrelated details should be made. In additions, the goals of the subject should be separated from the process and implementation to reach that particular goal. Below is an example of an essential use case with the same goal as the former.

Use cases are useful because they help identify useful levels of design work. They allow the designers to see the actual low level processes that are involved in a certain problem, which makes the problem easier to handle, since certain minor steps and details the user makes are exposed. The designers' job should be to take into consideration these small problems in order to arrive at a final solution that works. Another way to say this is that use cases break complicated tasks into smaller bits, where these bits are useful units. Each bit completes a small task, which then builds up to the final bigger task. Like writing code on a computer, it is easier to write the basic smaller parts and make them work first, and then put them together to finish the larger more complicated code, instead of tackling the entire code from the very beginning.

The first solution is less risky because if something goes wrong with the code, it is easier to look for the problem in the smaller bits, since the segment with the problem will be the one that does not work, while in the latter solution, the programmer may have to look through the entire code to search for a single error, which proves time-consuming. The same reasoning goes for writing use cases in UCD. Lastly, use cases convey useful and important tasks where the designer can now see which one are of higher importance than others. Some drawbacks of writing use cases include the fact that each action, by the actor or the world, consist of little detail, and is simply a small action. This may possibly lead to further imagination and different interpretation of action from different designers.

Also, during the process, it is really easy to oversimplify a task, since a small task derived from a larger task may still consist of even smaller tasks which were missed. Picking up a guitar may involve thinking of which guitar to pick up, which pick to use, and think about where the guitar is located first. These tasks may then be divided into smaller tasks, such as first thinking of what colour of guitar fits the place to perform the piece, and other related details. Tasks may be split further down into even tinier tasks, and it is up to the designer to determine what is a suitable place to stop splitting up the tasks. Tasks may not only be oversimplified, they may also be omitted in whole, thus the designer should be aware of all the detail and all the key steps that are involved in an event or action while writing use cases.

See also

 Action research
 Activity-centered design
 Attentive user interface
 Chief experience officer (CXO)
 Component-based usability testing
 Contextual inquiry
 Design thinking
 Empathic design
 Human-centered computing
 Human-centered systems
 Human-centered design
 Human Experience Design
 Information architecture
 Interaction design
 Meta-design
 Paper prototyping
 Participatory design
 Process-centered design
 Thanatosensitivity
 Transgenerational design
 Ubiquitous computing
 Usability
 World Usability Day

References

Further reading
 ISO 13407:1999 Human-centred design processes for interactive systems
 ISO 9241-210:2010 Ergonomics of human-system interaction -- Part 210: Human-centred design for interactive systems

Video
 Human Centered Design, IDEO's David Kelley
 User Centered Design, Don Norman

Human–computer interaction
User-generated content
Design
Usability
Technical communication

User-centered design


Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne,  (2 July 178031 January 1863), known as Lord Henry Petty from 1784 to 1809, was a British statesman. In a ministerial career spanning nearly half a century, he notably served as Home Secretary and Chancellor of the Exchequer and was three times Lord President of the Council.

Background and education
Lansdowne was the son of Prime Minister William Petty, 1st Marquess of Lansdowne (better known as the Earl of Shelburne), by his second marriage to Lady Louisa, daughter of John FitzPatrick, 1st Earl of Upper Ossory. He was educated at Westminster School, the University of Edinburgh, and Trinity College, Cambridge.

Political career
He entered the House of Commons in 1802 as member for the family borough of Calne and quickly showed his mettle as a politician. In February 1806 he became Chancellor of the Exchequer in Lord Grenville's Ministry of All the Talents, being at this time member for the University of Cambridge, but he lost both his seat and his office in 1807. In 1809 he became Marquess of Lansdowne, and in the House of Lords and in society he continued to play an active part as one of the Whig leaders. His chief interest was perhaps in the question of Roman Catholic emancipation, a cause which he consistently championed, but he sympathised also with the advocates of the abolition of the slave trade and with the cause of popular education. Lansdowne, who had succeeded his cousin, Francis Thomas Fitzmaurice, as 4th Earl of Kerry in 1818, took office with George Canning in May 1827 and was Secretary of State for the Home Department from July of that year until January 1828.

He was Lord President of the Council under Earl Grey and then under Lord Melbourne from November 1830 to August 1841, with the exception of the few months in 1835 when Sir Robert Peel was prime minister. He held the same office during the whole of Lord John Russell's ministry (1846–1852), and, having declined to become prime minister, sat in the cabinets of Lord Aberdeen and of Lord Palmerston, but without office. In 1857 he refused the offer of a dukedom, and he died on 31 January 1863. Lansdowne's social influence and political moderation made him one of the most powerful Whig statesmen of the time; he was frequently consulted by Queen Victoria on matters of moment, and his long official experience made his counsel invaluable to his party. In Kenmare, he donated the site of the Holy Cross Church to the town. In 1864, Father John O'Sullivan (1806–1874) built the church on that site.

Other public appointments
Lansdowne chaired the inaugural meeting of the London Statistical Society, and was its first president (1834–1836). He later served a second term (1842–1844). (See The Times 15 and 17 March 1834, and John Bibby (1987) HOTS: History of Teaching Statistics.)

Family

Lord Lansdowne married Lady Louisa Fox-Strangways, daughter of the 2nd Earl of Ilchester, in 1808. They had two sons and one daughter:

William Thomas Petty-FitzMaurice, Earl of Kerry (30 March 1811 – 21 August 1836)
Lady Louisa (1813 – 12 June 1906) married Hon. James Kenneth Howard, son of Thomas Howard, 16th Earl of Suffolk. They had a son Kenneth (married Lady Emily Bury, daughter of the Earl of Charleville) and daughter Winifrede.
Henry Petty-FitzMaurice, 4th Marquess of Lansdowne (7 January 1816 – 5 July 1866).

Louisa died in April 1851, aged 65, and Lord Lansdowne in January 1863, aged 82. His eldest son, the Earl of Kerry, had predeceased him and he was succeeded in the marquessate by his only surviving son, Henry. The latter was the father of Henry Petty-FitzMaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne, who also became a distinguished statesman.

References

External links

1780 births
1863 deaths
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
British Secretaries of State
Chancellors of the Exchequer of Great Britain
Children of prime ministers of the United Kingdom
Fellows of the Royal Society
Garter Knights appointed by William IV
Lord-Lieutenants of Wiltshire
Lord Presidents of the Council
Petty, Lord Henry
Petty, Henry
Presidents of the Royal Statistical Society
Rectors of the University of Glasgow
Petty, Lord Henry
Petty, Lord Henry
Petty, Lord Henry
Lansdowne, M3
Petty, Lord Henry
Petty, Lord Henry
Henry
Presidents of the Zoological Society of London
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Members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
Earls of Kerry
Leaders of the House of Lords


Winchester Films was a British production company. It was started in March 1993 and was listed on the Alternative Investment Market to raise the capital needed to build an effective portfolio of films and TV programmes. In the late 1990s and the early part of the 21st Century, Winchester Films acquired produced many British films and acquired distribution rights to films from other countries. It also expanded into the US, setting up an office in Los Angeles in order to make connections with the Hollywood crowd. This led to Winchester Films being granted distribution rights to Heartbreakers (the UK's largest distribution deal - $53 million).

In July 2003, the company acquired Cobalt Media who added their portfolio to that of Winchester's. In March 2004, the company was taken over by ContentFilms Inc and the name was officially changed from Winchester Films to ContentFilm. ContentFilm is no longer listed on the AIM market in London.

Winchester Films produced
 Tales Not Told (2005)
 The Crocodile Hunter: Collision Course (2002)
 One Night (2002)
 Last Orders (2001)
 Another Life (2001)
 Wild About Harry (2000)
 Greenfingers (2000)
 Throw Down (2000)
 Lighthouse (2000)
 Captain Jack (1999)
 The Sea Change (1998)
 Shooting Fish (1997)
 Clockwork Mice (1995)

Distributed films
 Shade (2003)
 Slap Her... She's French (2002)
 Heartbreakers (2001)
 Soul Assassin (2001)
 Greenfingers (2000)
 Honest (2000)
 Palmer's Pick Up (1999)
 Vol-au-vent (1996)

Film production companies of the United Kingdom
Mass media companies established in 1993
Companies formerly listed on the Alternative Investment Market

Winchester Films


Oberlin College is a private liberal arts college in Oberlin, Ohio. It was the first college in the United States to accept African-American students as well as female students. It is also known for the Oberlin Conservatory of Music. Oberlin is a member of the Great Lakes Colleges Association and the Five Colleges of Ohio consortium.

History

Oberlin College and the town of Oberlin were started together in 1833. In 1837, the college began a program of coeducation; admitting female students. In 1835, the college began a policy of interracial education. The Board of Trustees voted to allow black students at a time when there was only one black person living in the county. The first black student was a former slave, James Bradley from Cincinnati. The first building was Tappan Hall, named for Arthur Tappan of New York City. It was both a dormitory and classroom. In 1903 Memorial Arch was constructed. It was to honor those from Oberlin college who were killed in the Boxer Rebellion in China.

Conservatory of Music

In 1865, Oberlin started its music program. A music conservatory is on the college campus. Students benefit from over 500 performances yearly, most free of charge, with concerts and recitals almost daily. The Conservatory was one of the recipients of the 2009 National Medal of Arts.

Allen Memorial Art Museum

The Allen Memorial Art Museum is on the college campus. It holds an art collection showing the history of Art that has 12,000 pieces. It also has a unique art rental program. At the beginning of every semester, students camp out in front of the north gate to get first pick of artwork by artists including Renoir, Dalí, and Picasso.

References

Colleges and universities in Ohio
1833 establishments in Ohio

Oberlin College


The Italian Plague of 1629-1631 was a group times when many people in northern Italy caught bubonic plague from 1629 to 1631. This epidemic, often called the Great Plague of Milan, killed about 280,000 people. Very many people died in the cities in Lombardy. This was one of the last outbreaks of the pandemic of bubonic plague that began with the Black Death.

German and French soldiers carried the plague to the city of Mantua in 1629 because of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648). Venetian troops, infected with the disease, retreated into northern and central Italy, spreading the disease to more people.

In October 1629, the plague reached Milan, Lombardy's commercial center. In the city Milan, it killed about 64,000 people, which was 25% of Milan's people.  It killed between 12% and 60% of all the people in Italy. The papal city of Bologna lost an estimated 15,000 citizens to the plague, with neighboring smaller cities of Modena and Parma also being heavily affected. This outbreak of plague also spread north into Tyrol, an alpine region of western Austria and northern Italy.

Later outbreaks of bubonic plague in Italy include the city of Florence in 1630-1633 and the areas surrounding Naples, Rome and Genoa in 1656-1657.

References
 Cipolla, Carlo M. Fighting the Plague in Seventeenth Century Italy.  Madison:  University of Wisconsin Press, 1981.
 Prinzing, Freidrich. Epidemics Resulting from Wars.  Oxford:  Clarendon Press, 1916.

1620s in Europe
17th century in Italy
Plague pandemics
1630s in Europe
1629
1630
1631

Italian Plague of 1629-1631


Carlo Francesco Dotti (baptized January 1, 1670 –  June 3, 1759) was an Italian architect from Bologna.

Life

Carlo Francesco Dotti was born and died in Bologna, where he became one of the main protagonists of the late Baroque style.

His most famous work is the Sanctuary of the Madonna di San Luca, Bologna, which is raised on a hilltop above the city, consisting of a church topped by an elliptical dome, with extensions leading to two pentagonal pavilions.

In the first half of the eighteenth century he worked on the church of San Donato of Bologna, the university library and several palaces in the center of the city. In the Palazzo Davia Bargellini he executed the monumental staircase around 1730. He was also known for the Arch of Meloncello (1721); the altar of Ivo of Kermartin in the San Petronio Basilica; and the Renazzo parish church, in the town of Cento in the Province of Ferrara.

A street is named after him next to the road that leads up the Sanctuary of the Madonna di San Luca, just outside the center of Bologna.

Principal works

Sanctuary of the Madonna of San Luca, 1723 - 1757 (Bologna)
Restoration of the Basilica of San Domenico (Bologna), 1728 - 1732
Reading room of the library of the University of Bologna
Palazzo Agucchi, now Palazzo Bosdari, Bologna
Palazzo Monti, now Palazzo Salina, Bologna
Palazzo Poggi, Bologna
Project for the great stairway of the Palazzo Davia Bargellini, Bologna
Design for the Colonna dell'Immacolata, Piazza Malpighi, Bologna
Arco del Meloncello, Bologna, 1732
Parish church of San Giovanni, Minerbio
Restoration of Malatesta temple, Rimini

References
Citations

Sources

1670 births
1759 deaths
18th-century Italian architects
Architects from Bologna

Carlo Francesco Dotti


Colin Keith Saddington (26 June 1937 – 18 April 2012) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Richmond in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Saddington was a ruckman and occasional defender, recruited locally. He polled the equal most votes by a Richmond player in the 1959 Brownlow Medal.

From 1963 to 1965, Saddington played 26 games for Sturt in the South Australian National Football League.

He spent the rest of the decade as playing coach of Western Border Football League club Coleraine, guiding them to a premiership in 1967.

Saddington then returned to Richmond and was put in charge of their Under-19s side. He was later coach of the Richmond reserves team. Saddington coached the reserves side to a premiership in 1973; that same year he was awarded a life membership. He retired from coaching after the 1975 season.

References

1937 births
2012 deaths
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Richmond Football Club players
Sturt Football Club players
Coleraine Football Club players

Col Saddington


James Armstrong (died 1794) was a well-to-do planter from Pitt County, North Carolina and served as an officer in the Revolutionary War.

Revolutionary War service
Armstrong's service record included the following

 1776–1781, 8th North Carolina Regiment, Captain in the New Bern District Minutemen, then Pitt County Regiment of the North Carolina militia
 November 26, 1776, Commissioned a Colonel
 June 1, 1778, commander of 4th North Carolina Regiment
 June 20, 1779, wounded at the Battle of Stono Ferry in South Carolina
 January 1781, retired on half pay
 1781, appointed Brig. Gen. (Pro Tempore) for very short while when the NC General Assembly thought (incorrectly) that BG William Caswell had resigned.

Post war years
Armstrong was active in politics after the war
 1782, Commissioner of Confiscated Property for the District of New Bern
 1784, elected by the North Carolina General Assembly of October 1784 to serve as a member of the North Carolina Council of State
 1788 to 1790, served in the North Carolina House of Commons
 November 1789, represented Pitt County at the Fayetteville North Carolina Constitutional convention
 1794, died in Pitt County, family left the area

References

Bibliography

 William L. Saunders and Walter Clark, eds., Colonial and State Records of North Carolina, 26 vols. (1886–1907)

Members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
North Carolina militiamen in the American Revolution
Continental Army officers from North Carolina
1794 deaths

James Armstrong (North Carolina politician)


The City War Memorial, Nottingham, also known as the Nottingham Municipal War Memorial and the City of Nottingham War Memorial, is the main war memorial for the city of Nottingham in England.  It comprises a memorial arch of Portland stone with three openings and wrought iron gates, and stone flanking arcades.  It was unveiled in 1927 beside a new park overlooking the River Trent, and became a Grade II listed building in 1972.

Background
The Lord Lieutenant of Nottingham (William Cavendish-Bentinck, 6th Duke of Portland) and the Mayor of Nottingham convened a public meeting in 1919 to discuss proposals for a city war memorial, to commemorate around 40,000 men from Nottinghamshire who served in the British armed forces during the First World War, around 10,000 of whom were killed.  Suggestions included building a university, expanding the city's general hospital, an ex-serviceman's organisation, memorial homes, a campanile, a sculpture, or an architectural monument.

A public appeal sought £100,000 for Nottingham General Hospital, of which £90,000 was funded by two people, Sir Jesse Boot and William Goodacre Player, from the local businesses Boots the Chemist and John Player & Sons.  A further £20,000 was sought for a monument in Nottingham's Market Square, but by 1920 the proposal shifted after Sir Jesse Boot donated an area of land for the monument on Trentside, to the south of the city centre.  Overcoming complaints that the money would be better spent on supporting servicemen and their dependents, the city council announced in October 1922 that the land would become a  public park with a memorial gateway.  The project was estimated to cost £70,000, with £50,000 to be funded by a loan from the Ministry of Health.  Further funds came from the Ministry of Labour's Unemployment Grants Committee to engage unemployed men to do some of the work.

The memorial was designed by Thomas Wallis Gordon, Nottingham City Engineer and Surveyor for Nottingham Corporation from 1896 until 1935.

Description
The main structure is a triumphal arch in Classical Revival style, about  high and  wide, with four tall Doric columns, a projecting triglyph above each column, plain frieze, heavy projecting cornice, and deep parapet.  The columns frame three openings, each of which has a pair of wrought iron gates and fixed lunette.

The central archway is about  high and  wide, with the city's coat of arms worked into the metalwork lunette above the gates.  The smaller side arches are about  high and  wide.  Carved into the stone above the side arches are the dates "1914-1918" (left) and "1939-1945" (right).  The frieze above the central arch is inscribed with the Latin motto from the City's coat of arms, "VIVIT POST FUNERA VIRTUS", which may be loosely translated as "virtue outlives death", above which there is a carving of the city's coat of arms on the parapet.  The interior walls of the archway have bronze plaques with inscriptions, including one inscribed with the words of tribute that the French Marshal Foch gave to the Sherwood Foresters in 1918.

The arch is flanked to either side by curved stone colonnades of three bays, about  high and  long, with a frieze, cornice and low parapet, with wrought iron railings between the stone columns.   The walls on either side extend the overall length to over .  As originally built, steps aligned with the central arch led down to the west bank of the River Trent, but the steps were moved after the Second World War.  The central arch is still aligned with an ornamental pond in the memorial gardens to the west.

History
The memorial was installed on the east side of a new Memorial Garden (now also grade II listed) to the south of the Meadows, on Victoria Embankment beside the River Trent, facing towards West Bridgford on the opposite bank.  The foundation stone was laid by Edward, Prince of Wales (later Edward VIII), on 1 August 1923.  After delays attributed to the extensive groundworks, the memorial was unveiled by Edmund Huntsman, Mayor of Nottingham, on 11 November 1927.  The service of dedication was carried out by James Gordon, then Vicar of St Mary's Church, Nottingham.  The ceremony was attended by a crowd of several thousand people with a parade by the Robin Hood Battalion (7th Battalion, Sherwood Foresters).

The memorial was later adapted to commemorate those people who died in the Second World War.  It was listed at Grade II in 1972.

Great War Memorial
A new Great War Memorial was unveiled nearby in 2019 by the Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, with a  high stone monolith surrounded by a raised penannular ring faced with Portland stone and faced with slate panels etched with the names of the 13,501 people from the county of Nottinghamshire who were killed in the First World War, including civilians killed by a Zeppelin raid in 1916, casualties of an explosion at the National Shell Filling Factory, Chilwell in 1918, and soldiers shot at dawn for cowardice or desertion.  The Great War Memorial was commissioned by Nottingham City Council and Nottinghamshire County Council, in collaboration with the district and borough councils of Ashfield, Bassetlaw, Broxtowe, Gedling, Mansfield, Newark and Sherwood, and Rushcliffe.

See also
Listed buildings in West Bridgford
Arch of Remembrance, another war memorial arch in the nearby city of Leicester

Notes

References

 Nottingham Municipal War Memorial, National Heritage List for England, Historic England
 City of Nottingham War Memorial, War Memorials Online
 Nottingham memorial, War Memorials Register, Imperial War Museums
 The Great War memorial, Unveiling event, Nottinghamshire County Council
 Duke of Kent officially opens stunning First World War memorial at Victoria Embankment", Nottingham Post, 28 June 2019
 WWI War Memorial, Victoria Embankment, Nottingham, Bonsers Restoration
 Great War Memorial, Nottingham, Albion Stone

City War
British military memorials and cemeteries
Monuments and memorials in Nottinghamshire

City War Memorial, Nottingham


Egg were an English progressive rock band formed in July 1968. Remembered for their strange, experimental sound, the band produced three studio albums before disbanding in 1974.

Career
The founder members of Egg were Dave Stewart who played organ, Mont Campbell on bass and vocals, and drummer Clive Brooks. The band was formed of former members of Uriel, the other member of which was guitarist Steve Hillage. After Hillage left Uriel in August 1968, the other three continued as a trio. Having signed a deal with the Middle Earth club's management branch, they were advised to change their name to Egg, allegedly because Uriel "sounded too much like 'urinal'". In mid-1969 the band signed a deal with Decca's 'progressive' music subsidiary Deram and released their debut album in March 1970. While not a commercial success, it was received well enough for the label to finance the recording of a follow-up, but when the time came to release it, the label shelved it until producer Neil Slaven's lobbying finally resulted in The Polite Force coming out in February 1971. Now signed to The Groundhogs' management company, Egg finished the year with an increased touring schedule, but in spite of accumulating enough material for a third album, they were unable to secure another record deal, and split up in July 1972.

In 1974 Stewart, who had signed with Virgin as a member of Hatfield and the North, got a deal for Egg to record their unreleased material, which resulted in the farewell album The Civil Surface. Steve Hillage guested on one piece of the album.

In December 2007, a selection of live recordings from between 1969 and 1972, entitled The Metronomical Society, was released.

Background and song structure
Egg are often regarded as part of the Canterbury scene, a loose movement of progressive and psychedelic musicians, based on Stewart's later membership of Hatfield and the North and National Health, although the band have no geographical connection to Canterbury. Their music can be described as progressive rock with elements of psychedelia and chamber rock (later exemplified by the Rock In Opposition movement). They employed unusual time signatures, as reflected in songs like "Seven Is A Jolly Good Time". They also brought a humorous element to their music. Mont Campbell, the band's main composer, acknowledged the strong influence of Igor Stravinsky, which resulted in multi-part suites such as "Symphony n°2" and "Long Piece n°3".

Arzachel
In mid-1969, to capitalise on the psychedelic rock market, Stewart, Campbell and Brooks contributed to the one-off studio project Arzachel, named after a Moon crater. Also featured in that project was Steve Hillage (on summer holiday from university), who had like the others been a member of the pre-Egg band Uriel. Egg were by that time under contract to Decca, therefore all were credited under pseudonyms.

Also available is a 26,000-word, 60-page companion booklet Copious Notes. Written by Dave Stewart, Mont Campbell and their close friend Antony Vinall, it tells the inside story of Uriel, Egg, Arzachel and the Ottawa Company, from the formation of Uriel in early 1968 to the making of Egg's final album The Civil Surface in 1974. The text includes personal memoirs, anecdotes, short stories, random recollections, social observation, period details, musical analysis and song lyrics, as well as a collection of archive photos taken by Terry Yetton and the musicians.

Discography

Albums

Singles
 "Seven Is a Jolly Good Time" / "You Are All Princes" (UK 29 August 1969)

Filmography
 2015: Romantic Warriors III: Canterbury Tales (DVD)

See also
 List of rock instrumentals

References

External links
 Calyx Egg page
 Egg Archive

Deram Records artists
English progressive rock groups
English musical trios
Canterbury scene
Musical groups established in 1968
Musical groups disestablished in 1972
Musical groups from London
1968 establishments in England
1972 disestablishments in England

Egg (band)


Andregoto Galíndez, of the County of Aragon, was the Queen of Pamplona by marriage to García Sánchez I, prior to being divorced by him before 940. She was the mother of Sancho II of Pamplona.

Andregoto was one of two daughters born to Galindo II Aznárez, Count of Aragon by his second wife, Sancha Garcés of Pamplona, a half-sister of king Sancho I of Pamplona.  Her father's county of Aragon had been brought into the Kingdom of Pamplona realm under Sancho I, and following Galindo's 922 death was held by a count Guntislo, apparently her illegitimate half-brother, Guntislo Galíndez. Her father's other county of Sobrarbe went with Andregoto's half-sister, Toda Galíndez, in marriage with count Bernard I of Ribagorza. Likely sometime in the mid-930s, Andregoto married to Sancho's only son, then ruling Pamplona as García Sánchez I.

Prior to 940, García divorced Andregoto, presumably due to consanguinity since both were grandchildren of García Jiménez of Pamplona. Together they had a sole son, Sancho II of Pamplona, and she may also have been mother of García's two daughters, whose maternity is unknown or disputed: Toda, who is mentioned in 991 as sister of King Sancho, and Urraca, wife successively of Fernán González of Castile and William II Sánchez of Gascony.

It has been suggested that Andregoto remarried and had further children, although the details have not been discovered. Endregota, wife of 11th-century nobleman Sancho Macerátiz and mother of his son Sancho Sánchez, calls Queen Andregoto avuncula ('maternal aunt'), probably indicating that Endregota descended from a sister of the queen. Ubierto Arteta suggested a descent from Andregoto's full-sister, Velasquita Galíndez.

Notes

Sources

Navarrese royal consorts
Counts of Aragon
10th-century Spanish women
10th-century people from the Kingdom of Pamplona

Andregoto Galíndez


is a Japanese chicken meatball most often cooked yakitori style (but also can be fried, baked, or boiled) and sometimes covered in a sweet soy or yakitori tare, which is often mistaken for teriyaki sauce.

Summary
Thickeners are added to ground material such as beef, pork, or fowl, and occasionally fish or lamb. The mixture is then kneaded and molded into a dumpling or skewered.

It also refers to a fish meatball, which is added to hot soup and called , or fish ball soup. Tsukune is also enjoyed as tsukune nabe, a Japanese steamboat dish with local varieties found in regions in Japan.

Traditionally, a fish fillet was ground using  grinding-bowl in Japan, but blenders are now typically used.

Tsukune are traditionally placed on a bamboo skewer grilled over fire or charcoal but can also be prepared unskewered in a frying pan on the stove top.

Preparation
Thickeners such as egg, crushed yam, and bread crumbs are added after the meat is mashed or minced finely, along with seasonings such as ground ginger root, salt, and soy sauce. The mixture is shaped into dumplings or meat sticks.

Finely chopped garden vegetables are mixed into the minced meat to taste. Vegetables and herbs such as Welsh onion, red perilla, and at times, chopped cartilage of fowl may be added to create a crunchy texture.

Commonly, tsukune is found in , a Japanese stew consisting of several ingredients in a light  broth.

Varieties

 Boil: , a dish cooked at the table
 Broil: , broiled or char-broiled dishes, including barbecued meatball
 Fry:  or deep-fried
 Stew: ,  stewed with vegetables and herbs

See also

 Dango
 Forcemeat
 Gyoza
 Kebab
 Sate
 Souvlaki
 List of chicken dishes

References

Surimi
Meatballs
Japanese chicken dishes
Fish dishes

Tsukune


In law a brief is a formal written argument submitted to a court. It is in a format required by that particular court system. in civil law A brief generally contains the legal arguments in a lawsuit. In a criminal procedure briefs involve the state prosecuting one or more defendants for breaking one or more laws. In general, briefs contain references to the statutes, legal precedents and arguments applied to the facts for this particular case. When an attorney writes a brief, they are implicitly promising to give the court good reasons for ruling in favor of their client.

An appellate brief is a brief prepared for an appellate court. An amicus curiae, literally a "friend of the court", is a third party not involved in the case but who has a strong interest in the case. They may ask the court's permission to file an amicus brief in support of one of the parties.

References

Legal terms

Brief (law)


Patrick Connolly Bergin (born 4 February 1951) is an Irish actor and singer perhaps best known for his leading role opposite Julia Roberts in Sleeping with the Enemy (1991), the  title character in Robin Hood, terrorist Kevin O'Donnell in Patriot Games and for playing the villainous Aidan Maguire in the BBC soap EastEnders in 2017–2018.

Early life
Bergin was born in Dublin and grew up in Drimnagh, Dublin 12. His father, Patrick Bergin Snr., was a Labour Party politician who once studied to be a priest with the Holy Ghost Fathers in Blackrock, Ireland. Patrick was one of four sons and one daughter (Pearse, Emmet, Patrick, Allen and Siobhan Bergin). He left Dublin for London in 1973, and by the time he was 17 he was in London running a theatre company. He worked on building sites and at a library. He studied at night and completed an education degree from North London Polytechnic. He was an English teacher for several years, then formed his own theatrical company because "no one else would have him".

Career
In 1980, Bergin decided to pursue acting full-time and found work in repertory theatre. For much of the 1990s it seemed that no one in Hollywood was interested in him. He accepted diverse acting roles, including a trilogy of Yeats plays; Morphine and Dolly Mixtures, for which he won a  BAFTA Cymru Award for Best Actor; Durango, based on John B Keane's novel; hosting TnaG's Silín Draíochta; and narrating Patrick Cassidy's Famine Concert. After Sleeping with the Enemy (1991), he portrayed the title character in Robin Hood, opposite Uma Thurman as Maid Marian. He describes 1996 as the lowest point in his career, a time when he rarely received any calls for movie roles.

Internationally, Bergin's best-known role may be that of the menacing husband of Julia Roberts' character in the thriller Sleeping with the Enemy. He is also known for his role as Irish terrorist Kevin O'Donnell in the film adaptation of Tom Clancy's Patriot Games. He also appeared as Robin Hood in a 1991 film. In 2013 he appeared in the Scottish film The Wee Man playing notorious Glasgow gangster Arthur 'The Godfather' Thompson. He joined the BBC soap EastEnders towards the end of 2017, departing in March 2018.

Music
Bergin leads the band Patrick Bergin and the Spirit Merchants. They had a top 10 hit in Ireland with their song "The Knacker", released in 2003, which tells the story of a person who recycles horse carcasses and turns them into glue. As a singer, Bergin collaborated with Vlad DeBriansky and appeared on his album Jacks Last Dollar.
He also appeared in the video of DJ Steve Mac's song "Paddy's Revenge".

Bergin was onstage singing the Leonard Cohen song "Anthem" as Pope Francis, on his visit to Ireland, arrived in Croke Park for the Festival of Families as part of the World Meeting of Families 2018.

Charity work
In 1993, Bergin bought an old church in Tipperary and converted it into a poetry centre. He explained: "I've recently come to feel I can encourage children and teenagers with their writing. I'm continually giving groups money to make videos, but I insist that they have a good script. I do it because it makes the difference between them doing a video or not. It doesn't cost a lot, and it gives kids an incredible boost of confidence." In 1998, in response to the murder of a 14-year-old Tallaght boy, Ben Smyth, Bergin helped to establish a special fund to sponsor young children from Tallaght.

Personal life
At a wedding in the early 1980s, Bergin met his future wife, Paula Frazier, a British woman of African-Caribbean descent. They married in Trinidad and Tobago in 1992. They have a daughter, Tatiana (Tia). After their divorce, Bergin began dating Helen Goldin.

Filmography

Film

Television

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1951 births
20th-century Irish male actors
21st-century Irish male actors
Irish male film actors
Irish male television actors
Living people
Male actors from Dublin (city)
People from Cloughjordan
Teachers of English

Patrick Bergin


The Prospect Hill neighborhood in North Omaha, Nebraska is one of the oldest neighborhoods in the city. In addition to being home to some of the city's oldest structures, the neighborhood is also the site of the Prospect Hill Cemetery which is located between North 31st and 33rd Streets and Parker and Grant Streets. The neighborhood's boundaries are North 30th Street from Hamilton Street to Lake and up to Creighton Boulevard; then over to Blondo and up to North 38th Street to Hamilton."Love thy neighborhood: Historic Prospect Hill - Omaha Neighborhoods. Retrieved 12/4/11. The Omaha Belt Line ran near the northwest corner of the neighborhood. The neighborhood is also home to the historic Franklin Elementary School.

History

After being platted in the Scriptown affair of the 1850s, the neighborhood was immediately put to use by Byron Reed for a cemetery. Soon after it was called the Prospect Hill Cemetery. The first official burial was in 1858 for Omaha pioneer Alonzo F. Salisbury, with the grounds being used before that. In 1981 a study was conducted revealing that between 1983 and 1971 more than 800 African Americans were buried at Prospect Hill including at least 10 buffalo soldiers.

The U.S. government used land in the Prospect Hill neighborhood to construct almost 700 units of public housing in the 1940s. Built next to the cemetery on the southwest corner of North 30th and Lake Streets were the Hilltop Homes, across North 30th Street were Spencer Homes, and still located across 30th are Pleasantview Homes, all government housing projects.

Today, Omaha's Salem Baptist Church is in the location where Hilltop used to stand.

See also
 History of Omaha
 Neighborhoods in Omaha, Nebraska

References

Neighborhoods in Omaha, Nebraska
History of North Omaha, Nebraska
Historic districts in Omaha, Nebraska

Prospect Hill, Omaha


Harold Clarence "Mush" March (October 18, 1908 – January 9, 2002) was a Canadian ice hockey player in the National Hockey League. He is best remembered for scoring the game-winning goal in the second overtime of game four of the 1934 Stanley Cup Finals to lift the Chicago Black Hawks to a 3-1 series triumph.

Playing career
March was a right winger who played for seventeen seasons, all with the Chicago Black Hawks, from 1928–29 to 1944–45. During that span, he played 759 games, scoring 153 goals and 230 assists, for 383 points. Since the Black Hawks were not an overly successful team during most of those 17 years, March only played in a total of 45 playoff games, but he made the most of those 45 games by scoring 12 goals, 15 assists for 27 points. He also scored the first ever goal at Maple Leaf Gardens in 1931. He kept the puck and dropped it at the Gardens final game in 1999.

Awards and achievements
1934 Stanley Cup champion  (Chicago)
1938 Stanley Cup champion  (Chicago)
Scored the first goal in the long history of Maple Leaf Gardens on November 12, 1931. On February 13, 1999 as part of the final game played at the Gardens (also between the Maple Leafs and Blackhawks), he officiated at the ceremonial opening faceoff - with the very same puck that he had used to score that first goal almost 68 years before.
He became the second recorded player in hockey history to win the Stanley Cup for his team on an overtime goal.
He was the last surviving member of Black Hawks 1934 Stanley Cup team.

Career statistics

References

External links

1908 births
2002 deaths
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Saskatchewan
Stanley Cup champions
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States

Mush March


ISO 3166-2:CX is the entry for Christmas Island in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.

Currently no ISO 3166-2 codes are defined in the entry for Christmas Island. The territory has no defined subdivisions.

Christmas Island is officially assigned the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code .

External links
 ISO Online Browsing Platform: CX
 Christmas Island, Statoids.com

2:CX
Christmas Island

ISO 3166-2:CX


Whitby is a fishing port near Scarborough, North Yorkshire, in northeast England.  13,213 people live there. Its name comes from the Old Norse Witebi, which means the "white settlement".

Whitby is on the edge of the North Yorkshire Moors.

Its heritage coast is around 35 miles (56 km) long, stretching from Staithes to Flamborough. At Whitby, dinosaur footprints are visible on the beach. The black mineral jet is found in the cliffs and on the moors and has been used since the Bronze Age to make beads.  In Victorian times jet was brought to Whitby by pack pony to be made into decorative items. It was most popular in the mid-19th century when it was chosen for mourning jewellery by Queen Victoria after the death of Prince Albert.

In the Middle Ages, Whitby was home to whaling and herring fishing fleets.  Now, lobsters, brown and velvet crabs are important to the local fishery.  Tourists first began to visit Whitby in the 1800s.  Tourism is now the main source of income for Whitby.

Whitby's East cliff is the home of Whitby Abbey.  On the West Cliff, a whalebone arch commemorates Whitby's fishing heritage.

Captain James Cook, a British explorer who mapped New Zealand, Hawaii and Newfoundland, learnt to sail in Whitby.

Part of Bram Stoker's story of Dracula is set in Whitby.

Other websites
Whitby website

North Yorkshire

Whitby


Stuart Calvin Lord (born April 9, 1959) is an American academic and administrator. In 2009 Lord became the fifth president of Naropa University. Lord was the first black president of Naropa University. Currently Lord serve as CEO and President of Delta Developmental, a firm in Boulder, CO, specializing in leadership development, curriculum design, organizational assessment, and consulting services working for businesses, athletic teams, and university executives

Early life

Born in New Rochelle, New York in 1959 in foster care, Lord expressed an interest in community activism from an early age. Lord went on to attend Texas Christian University (TCU), receiving his Bachelor of Religious Studies and a minor in Sociology in 1982.

Career

DePauw University

Lord went on to receive both his Master of Divinity and Master of Theology degrees from Princeton Theological Seminary in 1986 and 1987, respectively, and became the Assistant University Chaplain at DePauw University that same year. In 1988 Lord was appointed as the University Chaplain and in 1989 received the 'Outstanding Young Men of America' award.

Lord received his Doctor of Ministry degree from the United Theological Seminary in 1993 with a specialization in multicultural education. From 1993 to 2000 Lord, in addition to his primary duties, was assistant professor of University Studies and Director of the Bonner Scholars Program, both at DePauw University.  Lord served as the University Chaplain until 1994 when he was appointed as Associate Dean of Academic Affairs, Director of Leadership Development and Service and Director of Volunteer Programs at DePauw University, these postings lasted until 1996.

In 1996, the Points of Light Foundation and the Corporation for National Service appointed Lord to serve as a one-year term as executive director of the President's Summit for America's Future, a national volunteer initiative targeted at improving the quality of life of America's youth. In 1997 Lord was appointed from Associate Dean of Academic Affairs to Associate Dean of DePauw University, in addition to executive director of the Grover L. Hartman Center at DePauw University. This posting lasted until 2000.

Dartmouth College

In 2000, Lord took the position of Dean of the Tucker Foundation and Associate Provost at Dartmouth College.

As associate provost, Lord worked on initiatives for institutional planning within the Provost Division to enhance staff development, retention and recruitment in support of diversity. He was appointed as Dartmouth's vice president for institutional diversity and equity on an interim basis for the 2007–08 academic year.

President of Naropa University

On March 2, 2009, Lord was announced to be the 5th President of Naropa University, a role he assumed on July 1, 2009.

Executive Director of Emergency Family Assistance Association
In May 2013, Lord was appointed the new executive director of the Emergency Family Assistance Association in Boulder, CO. He no longer serves in this capacity.

References

1959 births
21st-century African-American academics
21st-century American academics
African-American history of Colorado
American educators
DePauw University alumni
Princeton Theological Seminary alumni
Texas Christian University alumni
People from New Rochelle, New York
Living people
United Theological Seminary alumni
20th-century African-American academics
20th-century American academics
New Rochelle High School alumni

Stuart C. Lord


Bates State Park is a  state park in Grant County, Oregon, USA, near Prairie City. The park includes hiking trails, primitive RV and tent campsites, and a day use area for hikers and bicyclists.

History
The park is located on the Middle Fork John Day River, on the site of a lumber mill that closed in 1975. The company town for the mill, Bates, formerly had a population of about 400 on the site, but when the mill closed, the town slowly depopulated. The mill pond, one of the few remaining landmarks from the lumber mill era, is a central feature of the new park.

In 2008, the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department purchased the property from the county for $407,000 and spent another $900,000 in preparing the park for its opening in September 2011. Several matching grants were used to continue to develop and maintain the park.

Features
Located in the Blue Mountains, Bates State Park sits at  above sea-level. The park contains 28 primitive campsites for tents and RVs. In addition, there is a day use area for hikers and bicyclists, who use the area as part of the TransAmerica bicycle trail. The day use area contains locations for picnicking and several miles of hiking trails are available. Interpretive panels describing the history of the town and the mill era are on display. The park is open from May to October.

See also
 List of Oregon state parks

References

External links

Parks in Grant County, Oregon
State parks of Oregon
Protected areas established in 2011
2011 establishments in Oregon

Bates State Park


Make UK, formerly the Engineering Employers' Federation, represents manufacturers in the United Kingdom.

Purpose
Make UK provides businesses with advice, guidance and support in employment law, employee relations, health, safety, climate and environment, information and research and occupational health.

Through offices in London and Brussels, Make UK provides political representation on behalf of UK business in the engineering, manufacturing and technology-based sectors: lobbying government, MPs, regional development agencies, MEPs and European institutions.

History
EEF was formed in 1896 as the Engineering Employers' Federation and merged in 1918 with the National Employers' Federation.
A history of the EEF cited in  states that the original purpose of the EEF was "collective action to protect individual firms and local associations, the preservation of the 'power to manage', and the maintenance of industrial peace through established procedure." The EEF functioned as a 'Union' of Employers and negotiated from this stance with Trades Unions, for instance "twice, in 1897-8 and 1922, the Federation organised nationwide lock-outs. Procedural agreements for the avoidance of disputes were made with the unions at the conclusion of each of these lock-outs. These agreements provided for local and national joint conferences on disputed matters".

In November 2003 the EEF rebranded itself from the 'Engineering Employers' Federation' to 'EEF The Manufacturers' Organisation'. In February 2019 EEF rebranded to Make UK

The EEF archive  is curated by Warwick University's Modern Records Centre.

References

External links
 Make UK website
Catalogue of the EEF archives, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick
Catalogue of the Engineering Employers' East Midlands Association archives, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick
Catalogue of the West Midlands Engineering Employers' Association archives, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick
Catalogue of the Coventry and District Engineering Employers' Association archives, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick

Business organisations based in the United Kingdom
1896 establishments in the United Kingdom
Engineering education in the United Kingdom
Manufacturing in the United Kingdom
Manufacturing trade associations
Organisations based in the City of Westminster
Organizations established in 1896

Make UK


Sucralose is an artificial sweetener and sugar substitute. The majority of ingested sucralose is not broken down by the body, so it is noncaloric. In the European Union, it is also known under the E number E955. It is produced by chlorination of sucrose, selectively replacing three of the hydroxy groups—in the C1 and C6 positions of fructose and the C4 position of glucose—to give a 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxyfructose–4-chloro-4-deoxygalactose disaccharide. Sucralose is about 320 to 1,000 times sweeter than sucrose, three times as sweet as both aspartame and acesulfame potassium, and twice as sweet as sodium saccharin.

While sucralose is largely considered shelf-stable and safe for use at elevated temperatures (such as in baked goods), there is some evidence that it begins to break down at temperatures above . The commercial success of sucralose-based products stems from its favorable comparison to other low-calorie sweeteners in terms of taste, stability and safety. It is commonly sold under the Splenda brand name.

Uses
Sucralose is used in many food and beverage products because it is a no-calorie sweetener, does not promote dental cavities, is safe for consumption by diabetics and nondiabetics, and does not affect insulin levels, although the powdered form of sucralose-based sweetener product Splenda (as most other powdered sucralose products) contains 95% (by volume) bulking agents dextrose and maltodextrin that do affect insulin levels. Sucralose is used as a replacement for (or in combination with) other artificial or natural sweeteners such as aspartame, acesulfame potassium or high-fructose corn syrup. It is used in products such as candy, breakfast bars, coffee pods, and soft drinks. It is also used in canned fruits wherein water and sucralose take the place of much higher calorie corn syrup-based additives. Sucralose mixed with dextrose or maltodextrin (both made from corn) as bulking agents is sold internationally by McNeil Nutritionals under the Splenda brand name. In the United States and Canada, this blend is increasingly found in restaurants in yellow packets.

Cooking
Sucralose is available in a granulated form that allows same-volume substitution with sugar. This mix of granulated sucralose includes fillers, all of which rapidly dissolve in water. While the granulated sucralose provides apparent volume-for-volume sweetness, the texture in baked products may be noticeably different. Sucralose is not hygroscopic, which can lead to baked goods that are noticeably drier and manifest a less dense texture than those made with sucrose. Unlike sucrose, which melts when baked at high temperatures, sucralose maintains its granular structure when subjected to dry, high heat (e.g., in a 180 °C or 350 °F oven). Furthermore, in its pure state, sucralose begins to decompose at . Thus, in some recipes, such as crème brûlée, which require sugar sprinkled on top to partially or fully melt and crystallize, substituting sucralose does not result in the same surface texture, crispness, or crystalline structure.

Safety evaluation
Sucralose has been accepted as safe by several food safety regulatory bodies worldwide, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee Report on Food Additives, the European Union's Scientific Committee on Food, Health Protection Branch of Health and Welfare Canada, and Food Standards Australia New Zealand.

Maximum acceptable daily intake
Various assessments have reported different amounts of maximum acceptable daily intake (ADI), usually measured as mg per kg of body weight. According to the Canadian Diabetes Association, the amount of sucralose that can be consumed over a person's lifetime without any adverse effects is 9 milligrams per kilogram of body weight per day. The FDA approval process indicated that consuming sucralose in typical amounts as a sweetener was safe. The intake at which adverse effects are seen is 1500 mg/kg BW/day, providing a large margin of safety compared to the estimated daily intake. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) proposed an ADI of 5 mg per kg (body weight) while the FDA established it as 15 mg per kg body weight, that is, 350–1050 mg per day for a person of 70 kg.

Metabolism
Most ingested sucralose is directly excreted in the feces, while about 11–27% is absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract (gut). The amount absorbed from the gut is largely removed from the blood by the kidneys and eliminated via urine, with 20–30% of absorbed sucralose being metabolized.

Possible health effects
In a review of sucralose's safety, the FDA states that it "reviewed data from more than 110 studies in humans and animals. Many of the studies were designed to identify possible toxic effects including carcinogenic, reproductive and neurological effects. No such effects were found, and FDA's approval is based on its finding that sucralose is safe for human consumption." In reviewing a 1987 food additive petition by McNeil Nutritionals, the FDA stated that "in the 2-year rodent bioassays... there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity for either sucralose or its hydrolysis products".

As of 2020, reviews of numerous safety and toxicology studies on sucralose concluded that it is not carcinogenic.

Processing of sucralose in food
Research revealed that when sucralose is heated to above 120 °C (248 °F), it may dechlorinate and decompose into compounds that could be harmful enough to risk consumer health. The risk and intensity of this adverse effect is suspected to increase with rising temperatures. The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment published a warning that cooking with sucralose could possibly lead to the creation of potentially carcinogenic chloropropanols, polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans, recommending that manufacturers and consumers avoid baking, roasting, or deep frying any sucralose-containing foods until a more conclusive safety report is available.  Furthermore, adding sucralose to food that has not cooled was discouraged, as was buying sucralose-containing canned foods and baked goods.

History
Sucralose was discovered in 1976 by scientists from Tate & Lyle, working with researchers Leslie Hough and Shashikant Phadnis at Queen Elizabeth College (now part of King's College London). While researching novel uses of sucrose and its synthetic derivatives, Phadnis was told to "test" a chlorinated sugar compound. According to an anecdotal account, Phadnis thought Hough asked him to "taste" it, so he did and found the compound to be exceptionally sweet.

Tate & Lyle patented the substance in 1976; as of 2008, the only remaining patents concerned specific manufacturing processes.

A Duke University animal study funded by the Sugar Association found evidence that doses of Splenda (containing ~1% sucralose and ~99% maltodextrin by weight) between 100 and 1000 mg/kg BW/day, containing sucralose at 1.1 to 11 mg/kg BW/day, fed to rats reduced gut microbiota, increased the pH level in the intestines, contributed to increases in body weight, and increased levels of  (P-gp). These effects have not been reported in humans. An expert panel, including scientists from Duke University, Rutgers University, New York Medical College, Harvard School of Public Health, and Columbia University reported in Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology that the Duke study was "not scientifically rigorous and is deficient in several critical areas that preclude reliable interpretation of the study results".

Sucralose was first approved for use in Canada in 1991. Subsequent approvals came in Australia in 1993, in New Zealand in 1996, in the United States in 1998, and in the European Union in 2004. By 2008, it had been approved in over 80 countries, including Mexico, Brazil, China, India, and Japan. In 2006, the FDA amended the regulations for foods to include sucralose as a "non-nutritive sweetener" in food. In May 2008, Fusion Nutraceuticals launched a generic product to the market, using Tate & Lyle patents.

In April 2015, PepsiCo announced that it would be moving from aspartame to sucralose for most of its diet drinks in the U.S. due to sales of Diet Pepsi falling by more than 5% in the U.S. The company stated that its decision was a commercial one, responding to consumer preferences.

In February 2018, PepsiCo went back to using aspartame in Diet Pepsi because of an 8% drop in sales for the previous year.

Chemistry and production

Sucralose is a disaccharide composed of 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxyfructose and 4-chloro-4-deoxygalactose. It is synthesized by the selective chlorination of sucrose in a multistep route that substitutes three specific hydroxyl groups with chlorine atoms. This chlorination is achieved by selective protection of one of the primary alcohols as an ester (acetate or benzoate), followed by chlorination with an excess of any of several chlorinating agent to replace the two remaining primary alcohols and one of the secondary alcohols, and then by hydrolysis of the ester.

Storage
Sucralose is stable when stored under normal conditions of temperature, pressure and humidity. Upon prolonged heating during storage at elevated temperatures (38 °C, 100 °F), sucralose may break down, releasing carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and minor amounts of hydrogen chloride.

Effect on caloric content
Though sucralose contains no calories, products that contain fillers such as dextrose and/or maltodextrin add about 2–4 calories per teaspoon or individual packet, depending on the product, the fillers used, brand, and the intended use of the product. The FDA allows for any product containing fewer than five calories per serving to be labeled as "zero calories".

Research
There is no evidence of an effect of sucralose on long-term weight loss or body mass index, with cohort studies showing a minor effect on weight gain and heart disease risks.

Environmental effects
According to one study, sucralose is digestible by a number of microorganisms and is broken down once released into the environment. However, measurements by the Swedish Environmental Research Institute have shown sewage treatment has little effect on sucralose, which is present in wastewater effluents at levels of several μg/L (ppb). No ecotoxicological effects are known at such levels, but the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency warns  a continuous increase in levels may occur if the compound is only slowly degraded in nature. When heated to very high temperatures (over 350 °C or 662 °F) in metal containers, sucralose can produce polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and other persistent organic pollutants in the resulting smoke.

Sucralose has been detected in natural waters, but research indicates that the levels found in the environment are far below those required to cause adverse effects to certain kinds of aquatic life.

See also
 Erythritol and Xylitol
 Neotame, PureVia, Stevia, and Truvia
 Tagatose

Footnotes

References

Sugar substitutes
Disaccharides
Food additives
Organochlorides
E-number additives

Sucralose


Pietro Mingotti (born Venice, c. 1702; died Copenhagen, 28 April 1759) was an Italian impresario active across continental Europe. His brother, Angelo, formed an opera company in Prague around 1732, consisting of three male singers and five females; Pietro quickly followed suit, and the two troupes achieved European-wide success (though mostly in German and Austrian cities), sometimes performing together. Pietro's company, the more high-profile of the two, at times included Christoph Willibald Gluck and Giuseppe Sarti as members. Most of the works performed belonged to the genre of opera seria, though opere buffe were also given. Mezzo-soprano Maria Giustina Turcotti was a member of his company from 1746-1750.

After performances at the coronation of Franz I at Frankfurt (Maria Theresa's husband) in 1745, and at a royal wedding at Dresden in 1747 (when Gluck's Le nozze d'Ercole e d'Ebe, with the composer conducting, was performed), Mingotti's troupe were invited to Copenhagen by Queen Louise in the same year. The company's repertory for the Danish court included not only operas but also ballets. Sarti joined the troupe in December 1752 as music director after Gluck left during 1750. Severe financial difficulties forced Pietro to end his contract with the court at Copenhagen in 1755, and he died impoverished four years later in the Danish capital. Little is known of Angelo Mingotti's later career; from 1743 until 1751 the Oper am Gänsemarkt was used by Angelo Mingotti, performing Italian operas.

References

Further reading
Michael Burden: Regina Mingotti: Diva and Impresario at the King's Theatre, London, Royal Musical Association Monographs 22 (Farnham: Ashgate, 2013).
K.-H. Viertel: 'Anmerkungen zum Dresdener Opernpublikum während der Direktionszeit Johann Adolf Hasses', Dresdener Operntraditionen: Dresden 1985, 208–18
R. Theobald: 'Die Pressburger Oper von 1741. Zum Spielplan der Truppe Pietro Mingottis', Kleine Schriften der Gesellschaft für Theatergeschichte 25, Berlin 1972, 72-81
E.H. Müller von Asow: Angelo und Pietro Mingotti (Dresden, 1917)
E.H. Müller von Asow: 'Gluck und die Brüder Mingotti', Gluck-Jb 1917, 1–14

Opera managers
Impresarios
18th-century theatre managers
1700s births
1759 deaths
Businesspeople from Venice
Year of birth uncertain

Pietro Mingotti


Chongqing (; Sichuanese Pinyin: Cong2qin4; Sichuanese pronunciation: ; Postal map spellin: Chungking) is a major ceety in soothwestern mainland Cheenae an ane o the five naitional central ceeties. Admeenistratively, it is ane o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae's fower direct-controlled municipalities (the ither three are Beijing, Shanghai an Tianjin), an the ae such municipality in wastren Cheenae.

The municipality wis creatit on 14 Mairch 1997, succeedin the sub-provincial ceety admeenistration that wis pairt o Sichuan Province. In 2007, the municipality o Chongqing haed a population o 31.4 million.  It haes jurisdiction ower 19 destricts, 17 coonties, an fower autonomous coonties.  Wi an aurie o 82,300 km² (31,800 mi²), it is the lairgest direct-controlled municipality, lairger even than ane province an an autonomous region, as well as Taiwan. It is possibly the warld's lairgest municipality bi population an ane o the lairgest bi aurie.

The municipal abbreviation,  (Yú), wis approved bi the State Cooncil on 18 Aprile 1997. Chongqing wis an aa a municipality o the Republic o Cheenae admeenistration, servin as its wartime caipital durin the Seicont Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). Its abbreviatit name is derived frae the auld name o a pairt o the Jialing River that runs through Chongqing an feeds the Yangtze River.

The ceety is ane o the ceeties notable for history an cultur in Cheenae (历史文化名城), an notably, serves as the economic centre o the Upstream Yangtze aurie, a modren manufacturin centre an a transportation hub for Soothwast Cheenae.

Internaitional relations

Twin touns — sister ceeties
Chongqing is twinned wi:

Chongqing Municipality haes a Memorandum o Unnerstaundin (a form o twinnin arrangement) wi Wales, UK an became a 'sister region' o Wales in Mairch 2008.

In Juin 2007, a twinning agreement atween Chongqing an Sør-Trøndelag wis signed.

References

Independent ceeties
Metropolitan auries o Cheenae
Municipalities o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae
Port ceeties an touns in Cheenae
Populatit places established in the 5t century BC
Populatit places on the Yangtze River

Chongqing


The second USS Wandank (ATA-204), originally USS ATA-204, was a United States Navy auxiliary ocean tug in commission from 1945 to 1947 and again from 1952 to 1971. The ship is possibly best known for supporting scientific operations in the Marianas, in particular serving as communication relay and support ship for the bathyscaphe Trieste in Project Nekton; she towed the bathyscaphe some 260 nautical miles (482 kilometers) from Guam to the vicinity of the Challenger Deep, where, on 23 January 1960, Trieste descended to a record .

Construction and commissioning
Originally projected as steel-hulled rescue tug USS ATR—131, Wandank was laid down as USS ATA-204 on 25 September 1944 at Port Arthur, Texas, by the Gulfport Boiler and Welding Works. She was launched on 9 November 1944 and commissioned on 18 January 1945. She was 143 ft in length and displaced 835 tons.

First period in commission, 1945-1947

World War II service, 1945
Following her shakedown in the Caribbean, ATA-204 got underway on 23 February 1945 for the Panama Canal, en route to World War II service in the Pacific Ocean. She operated with the United States Pacific Fleet through the end of hostilities, performing services at locales ranging from Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, to the Marshall Islands.

Postwar service and decommissioning, 1945-1947
After hostilities ended on 15 August 1945, ATA-204 returned to the United States at San Francisco, California, late in August 1945. She soon shifted to the Puget Sound Navy Yard, Bremerton, Washington. She operated in the 13th Naval District until she was decommissioned on 26 November 1947 and placed in reserve.

Second period in commission, 1952-1971

Pearl Harbor service, 1952-1955
The onset of the Korean War (1950-1953) gave ATA-204 a new lease on life by triggering the expansion of the United States Navy. ATA-204 was reactivated on 17 April 1952 at Astoria, Oregon, for assignment to the 14th Naval District. Recommissioned at Pearl Harbor on 3 May 1952 she was renamed USS Wandank while retaining her "ATA-204" designation. She operated out of Pearl Harbor until 1955, providing tug and tow services for the Pacific Fleet, and occasionally deployed to American Samoa and other Pacific islands with tows.

Mariana Islands service, 1955-1967
On 9 September 1955, Wandank was transferred to the Mariana Islands. There, she towed barges of supplies, stood ready to assist in search-and-rescue operations, provided target services for gunnery and torpedo exercises, and conducted local surveillance missions out of Guam into the 1960s.

During this deployment, Wandank supported scientific operations in addition to her more routine duties. In January 1960, for example, she served as communication relay and support ship for the bathyscaphe Trieste in Project Nekton; she towed the bathyscaphe some 260 nautical miles (482 kilometers) from Guam to the vicinity of the Challenger Deep, where, on 23 January 1960, Trieste descended to a record . Hydrophone gear aboard Wandank was still able to communicate with the craft once on the bottom, although the sound waves took seven seconds to make a one-way journey from ship to bathyscaphe, which was nearly seven miles deep.

On occasion, Wandanks operations nonetheless assumed a dangerous character during tropical storms. During one of these storms, which occurred October 19, 1963, Wandank was trapped between two typhoons while en route to her annual buoy maintenance duty at Chichi Jima in the Bonin Islands. In the heavy seas, her tow line parted, leaving USS YCV-18 adrift. During the ensuing recovery operations, the tug's Lieutenant JG, J. B. Clark, ordered everyone off the fantail out of harm's way. While operating the winch he was knocked overboard when the tow line snapped. Several crewmen jumped in to try to save him but were not able to get him back on board.

In November 1964, Wandank conducted a survey of the Solomon Islands in a joint project sponsored by the University of Hawaii's Institute of Geophysics and the Office of Naval Research; during the course of this operation, she measured the earth's gravity in the area.

In July 1966, Wandank rendezvoused with Japanese merchantman Yeiji Maru, which had been experiencing engine trouble, and escorted the distressed ship to Guam. Later that year, she towed SS Old Westbury to a safe haven, relieving auxiliary ocean tug USS Sunnadin (ATA-197), which had run low on fuel on 11 November 1966.

The year 1967 passed with much the same routine.

Vietnam War and Mariana Islands service, 1968-1971
In 1968, Wandank participated in her first operations in connection with the Vietnam War. She towed gasoline barge USS YOG-131 from Guam to Da Nang, South Vietnam, from 3 January 1968 to 15 January 1968. After returning from Vietnamese waters, she performed island survey duties in the western Caroline Islands and subsequently helped to search for floating drydock USS AFDM-6, which had broken loose from her civilian tow vessel. Wandank next participated in special operations into the summer of 1968 before making a second voyage to Vietnamese waters, towing USS APL-30 to Vung Tau, South Vietnam, from 16 August 1968 to 1 September 1968.

Wandank commenced in 1969 with more island surveillance missions in the central Caroline Islands, sending a landing party ashore from her crew to ascertain the needs of the islanders who lived under the care and protection of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. She conducted a training mission to Yokosuka, Japan, in February and March 1969 before returning to a schedule of surveillance operations in the northern Mariana Islands. She trained for possible participation in Project Apollo in April 1969 before she towed three barges from Sattahip, Thailand, to Vung Tau, South Vietnam, from 13 April 1969 to 8 May 1969.

Upon returning to the vicinity of the Mariana and Caroline Islands soon thereafter, she conducted local operations through the end of 1969. Wandank interrupted this duty only long enough to tow landing craft utility USS LCU-1483 to Ponape Island and USS LCU-1497 to Majuro, from 25 November 1969 to 4 December 1969.

During her final full year of naval service, 1970, Wandank conducted local operations out of her home port of Apra Harbor, Guam.

She got underway from Guam on 20 January 1971 for Hong Kong and then escorted three Asheville-class patrol gunboats to Subic Bay, the Philippines and Cam Ranh Bay. South Vietnam, serving as a communication back-up vessel. She later escorted two gunboats from Cam Ranh Bay to Hong Kong before returning to island surveillance duties.

Final decommissioning and disposal
Decommissioned at Guam on 1 July 1971, Wandank was simultaneously turned over to the Department of the Interior for service in the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. Returned to the Navy on 22 May 1973, Wandank was adjudged unfit for further Navy service and accordingly struck from the Navy List on 1 August 1973. Subsequently, returned to the Department of the Interior as her original designation number ATR-131, she resumed service in the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands on island surveillance and local towing duties.

She was finally sunk as a target ship in 1979.

Honors and awards
Wandank was awarded three battle stars for her Vietnam War service.

References

External links

Sotoyomo-class tugs
World War II auxiliary ships of the United States
Cold War auxiliary ships of the United States
Vietnam War auxiliary ships of the United States
Ships built in Port Arthur, Texas
1944 ships
Research vessels of the United States Navy

USS Wandank (ATA-204)


Alicia Hall (born December 2, 1985) is an American model who won NBC's 2005 reality TV show Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Model Search.

Early life

Hall was raised in Las Vegas, Nevada, and by the age of seven, becoming a swimsuit model was her lifelong career goal.  Once she was old enough, Hall began appearing in local fashion shows. At the age of 13, encouraged by her mother and stepfather, she participated in her first professional photo shoot in October 1998 before winning a competition held by the John Robert Powers School, a well-established Las Vegas modeling institution where she then received formal training while working as a freelance web designer.

Career

In January 2003, Hall competed on CBS's revival of Star Search, making it as far as the semi-finals in the model category.

Hall again took the reality TV path when she was chosen from thousands of applicants to be one of the 12 finalists on series Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Model Search, which pitted aspiring models against one another in a six-episode modeling competition for a $1-million modeling contract with NEXT Model Management and a spread in Sports Illustrateds annual Swimsuit Issue.  Hall made it to the final two, along with Shannon Hughes, and subsequently won.

She has since modeled for Skechers and is currently signed with Elite Model Management in Miami and Los Angeles, Chic Model Management in Australia, DCM Models in Seoul, Satoru Models in Japan, Major Model Management in Paris, and Race Model Management in New York.

In 2009, Hall auditioned online for the Victoria's Secret Model Search. She was selected as one of the top 10 finalists that competed to walk in the 2009 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show. Though Hall garnered substantial praise during the competition's first task, a lingerie shoot with photographer Russell James, she struggled during the second task workout with personal trainer David Kirsh and ultimately lost to fellow competitors Kylie Bisutti and Jamie Lee Darley.

She featured in the video of Egyptian singer Amr Diab's song Wayah.

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
People from the Las Vegas Valley
Place of birth missing (living people)
Reality modeling competition winners
Female models from Nevada
Web designers
21st-century American women

Alicia Hall


Vlade Janakievski (born April 10, 1957) is a former American football placekicker for the Ohio State Buckeyes.  Janakievski was born in North Macedonia while it was part of Yugoslavia and moved to the United States with his parents in 1967 at the age of 10.  He graduated from Whitehall Yearling high School in 1976, where he was the placekicker on the football team.

He was a walk-on player from the soccer team who handled the placekicking duties for the Buckeyes in the 1977-1980 seasons.

During Janakievski's career at Ohio State he:
 was the first Ohio State kicker to be chosen as an All-Big Ten selection, twice
 is second in extra points made in a career (172)
 is second in extra points attempted in a career (179)
 is second in most consecutive field goals made (15) in 1979-80 season
 is third for most kicking points in a career (295)
 is tied for third for extra points made in a game (9 against Northwestern in 1978 and 1980)
 is tied for third for extra points attempted in a game (9 against Northwestern in 1978 and 1980)
 is tied for third for most field goals attempted in a single game (5) against Michigan in 1977
 is fourth for extra points made in a career (41 of 61)
 is fourth in most consecutive field goals made (10) in 1978-79 season
 is fifth in consecutive extra points, 45-of-46 during the 1980 season
 is fifth in the Ohio State record book for points scored in a career with 295 career points
 is fifth for extra points attempted in a career (61)
 is fifth for field goal percentage in a single season (.857, 18 of 21 in 1979)
 is fifth for field goals made in Ohio Stadium (10 in 1978-79 and 10 in 1980)
 is seventh for kicking points in a single season (97)
 is seventh in consecutive extra points, 44-of-44 in 1977
 is ninth in field goal percentage in a career (.672, 41 of 61)
 is tied for ninth for extra points made in a game (8 against Wisconsin in 1979)
 Held the OSU scoring record for 1979 (97 points) and 1980 (90)
He set these numerous records during his time playing for coaches Woody Hayes and Earle Bruce.

Janakievski finished his Buckeye career second of the Ohio State's all-time scoring list (behind Pete Johnson), with 179 career points.  Nearly 20 years later he remains fifth on that list. Only Keith Byars, Dan Stultz, and Mike Nugent have since surpassed his career total.

Janakievski was selected to the Ohio State Football All-Century Team in 2000, and was inducted into the Ohio State Varsity O Hall of Fame in 2004.

Janakievski currently owns and operates a deli named "Easy Living Deli", located at 1355 W. Lane Ave, Columbus Oh., just a few minutes from The Ohio State University.

References

1957 births
Living people
American football placekickers
Ohio State Buckeyes football players
Macedonian players of American football
American people of Macedonian descent
Yugoslav emigrants to the United States
Ohio State Buckeyes men's soccer players
Footballers who switched code
Macedonian men's footballers
American men's soccer players
Men's association football players not categorized by position
Players of American football from Columbus, Ohio
Soccer players from Columbus, Ohio
Sportspeople from Franklin County, Ohio

Vlade Janakievski