Dunkerron Castle () is a ruined four-storey tower house located in Templenoe, near Kenmare, County Kerry, in south-west Ireland. The castle was the family seat of the O'Sullivan Mór family from the late 16th century.

History
The four-storey tower house was built in the 13th century on a limestone outcrop as a Norman (Carew) stronghold. Several later structures of the castle, including an enclosed court, date to the late 16th century, when Owen O'Sullivan became 'Chief of the Name' and acceded to the title of 'O'Sullivan Mór'. An inscribed plaque, dated 1596, recorded the castle's association with the O'Sullivan Mór and MacCarthy Reagh dynasties. The castle was the family seat of the O'Sullivan Mór for some time.

The main O'Sullivan Mór familial seat moved to nearby Cappanacush Castle during the 17th century, and antiquary Samuel Lewis noted that both castles were "traditionally said to have been defended" by their O'Sullivan Mór owners during the mid-17th century Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. The O'Sullivan castles and lands at Dunkerron and Cappanacush were confiscated following this conflict under the Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652, and assigned to Cromwellian supporter William Petty. Later O'Sullivan attempts to have the lands returned were not successful.

By the 19th century, maps record the castle and court as being "in ruins", and a Victorian manor house, Dunkerron House, was built on the estate around that time.

Title
One of the last members of a branch of the O'Sullivans was Donal O'Sullivan, who died on 16 April 1754, without issue or heirs. The title he bore, the "Prince of Dunkerron", became extinct on his death. The British monarchy did issue a peerage title of Baron Dunkeron to John Petty. (John Petty was Sheriff of Kerry from 1732, and a descendant of the William Petty to whom the lands had been given following the Cromwellian confiscations). The title assigned to Petty was not however related to the original title of the native Irish nobility.

References

Castles in County Kerry
Ruined castles in Ireland

Dunkerron Castle


Valentini Daskaloudi, () born 1979 in Athens, is a Greek fashion model.  During the 2001 Miss Star Hellas pageant she won the title Miss Hellas (Greek: Miss Ελλάς) and was chosen to represent Greece at the Miss World pageant which was held in Sun City, South Africa; 93 contestants participated. Valentini has two diplomas; a Fashion Designer and one for Computer Science. Aside from being a model Valentini is also a dress designer. Valentini is pursuing a modeling career represented by Ace Models Agency, and has appeared on the cover of fashion magazines.

External links
 Ace Models

Greek female models
Living people
1979 births
Miss World 2001 delegates
Greek beauty pageant winners
Models from Athens

Valentini Daskaloudi


William Griffiths VC (1841 – 22 January 1879) was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Details
His VC not awarded for bravery in action against the enemy, but for bravery at sea in saving life in storm off Andaman Islands. Griffiths, born in County Roscommon, was about 26 years old, and a private in the 2nd Battalion, 24th Regiment of Foot (later The South Wales Borderers), British Army during the Andaman Islands Expedition when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

On 7 May 1867 at the island of Little Andaman, eastern India, in the Bay of Bengal, Private Griffiths was one of a party of five (David Bell, James Cooper, Campbell Mellis Douglas and Thomas Murphy) of the 2/24th Regiment, who risked their lives in manning a boat and proceeding through dangerous surf to rescue some of their comrades who had been sent to the island to find out the fate of the commander and seven of the crew, who had landed from the ship Assam Valley and were feared murdered by the cannibalistic islanders.

The citation was gazetted on 17 December 1867:
THE Queen has been graciously pleased to signify Her intention to confer the decoration of the Victoria Cross on the undermentioned Officer and Private Soldiers of Her Majesty's Army, whose claims to the same have been submitted for Her Majesty's approval, for their gallant conduct at the Little Andaman Island, as recorded against their names, viz. :—

2nd Battalion, 24th Regiment: Assistant-Surgeon Campbell Millis Douglas, M.D, Private Thomas Murphy, Private James Cooper, Private David Bell, Private William Griffiths.

For the very gallant and daring manner in which, on the 7th of May, 1867, they risked their lives in manning a boat and proceeding through a dangerous surf to the rescue of some of their comrades, who formed part of an expedition which had been sent to the Island of Little Andaman, by order of the Chief Commissioner of British Burmah, with the view of ascertaining the fate of the Commander and seven of the crew of the ship " Assam Valley," who had landed there, and were supposed to have been murdered by the
natives.

The officer who commanded the troops on the occasion reports : About an hour later in the day Dr. Douglas, 2nd Battalion, 24th
."Regiment, and the four Privates referred" to, gallantly manning the second gig, made their way through the surf almost to the shore, but finding their boat was half filled with water, they retired. A second attempt made by Dr. Douglas and party proved successful, five of us being safely passed through the surf to the boats outside. A third and last trip got the whole of the party left on shore safe to the boats. It is stated that Dr. Douglas accomplished these trips through the surf to the shore by no ordinary exertion. He stood in the bows of the boat, and worked her in an intrepid and seamanlike manner, cool to a degree, as
if what he was then doing was an ordinary act of every-day life. The four Privates behaved in an equally cool and collected manner, rowing through the roughest surf when the slightest hesitation or want of pluck on the part of any one of them would have been
attended by the gravest results. It is reported that seventeen officers and men were thus saved from what must otherwise have been a fearful risk, if not certainty of death.

He was killed in action, in the Battle of Isandhlwana in Zululand, on 22 January 1879 during the Anglo-Zulu War

The medal
His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Regimental Museum of The Royal Welsh (Brecon, Powys, Wales).

References

Listed in order of publication year
The Register of the Victoria Cross (1981, 1988 and 1997)

Ireland's VCs  (Dept of Economic Development, 1995)
Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)
Irish Winners of the Victoria Cross (Richard Doherty & David Truesdale, 2000)

1841 births
1879 deaths
19th-century Irish people
Irish soldiers in the British Army
South Wales Borderers soldiers
Irish recipients of the Victoria Cross
British military personnel killed in the Anglo-Zulu War
British Army personnel of the Anglo-Zulu War
British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross
Military personnel from County Roscommon

William Griffiths (VC)


Eidsvoll Ullensaker Blad is a local newspaper published in Eidsvoll, Norway.

It was established in 1901 as Eidsvoll Blad, and eventually became affiliated with the Centre Party. It was originally published twice a week; this was increased to three issues in 1930 and four issues in 1969.

It mainly covers the municipalities of Eidsvoll and Hurdal, but is also distributed in Gjerdrum, Ullensaker and Nannestad. It had a circulation of 6,858 in 1983, increasing to the current 8,178, of whom 7,915 are subscribers. It is owned by various local people and groups.

References

External links
 Official website

1901 establishments in Norway
Centre Party (Norway) newspapers
Mass media in Eidsvoll
Newspapers published in Norway
Norwegian-language newspapers
Newspapers established in 1901

Eidsvoll Ullensaker Blad


Gastroenterocolitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the stomach, small intestines, and colon.

Signs and symptoms
The main symptom of gastroenteritis is diarrhea. Other symptoms may include:
 Abdominal pain or cramping
 Nausea
 Vomiting
 Low grade fever

Because of the symptoms of vomiting and diarrhea, people who have gastroenteritis can become dehydrated quickly. It is very important to watch for signs of dehydration.

Causes
Gastroenteritis can be caused by viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections. Common routes of infection include:
 Food
 Contaminated water
 Contact with an infected person
 Unwashed hands

Fifty to seventy percent of cases of gastroenteritis in adults are caused by noroviruses (genus Norovirus, family Caliciviridae). This virus is highly contagious and spreads rapidly. Norovirus is the most common cause of gastroenteritis in the United States.

Diagnosis
The doctor will take a medical history to make sure that nothing else is causing the symptoms. Also, the doctor might perform a rectal or abdominal examination to exclude the possibilities of inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., Crohn's disease) and pelvic abscesses (pockets of pus). A stool culture (a laboratory test to identify bacteria and other organisms from a sample of feces) can be used to determine the specific virus or germ that is causing gastroenteritis.

Prevention
With most infections, the key is to block the spread of the organism.
 Wash hands frequently
 Eat properly prepared and stored food.
 Bleach soiled laundry
 Vaccinations for Vibrio cholerae and rotavirus have been developed. Rotavirus vaccination is recommended for infants in the U.S. Vaccines for V. cholerae may be administered to individuals traveling to at-risk areas

Treatment
The body can usually fight off the disease on its own. The most important factor when treating gastroenteritis is the replacement of fluids and electrolytes that are lost because of the diarrhea and vomiting.

Antibiotics will not be effective if the cause of gastroenteritis is a viral infection. Doctors usually do not recommend antidiarrheal medications (e.g., Loperamide) for gastroenteritis because they tend to prolong infection, especially in children.

Parasitic infections are difficult to treat. A number of drugs are available once the condition has been identified. Removing part of the colon or needle aspiration of abscesses in liver may be required.

Prognosis
Depending on the cause of the inflammation, symptoms may last from one day to more than a week.

Gastroenteritis caused by viruses may last one to two days. Most people recover easily from a short episode of vomiting and diarrhea by drinking clear fluids to replace the fluid that was lost and then gradually progressing to a normal diet. But for others, especially infants and the elderly, the loss of bodily fluid with gastroenteritis can cause dehydration, which can be a life-threatening illness unless it is treated and fluids in the body are replaced.

References

Stomach disorders
Diseases of intestines

Gastroenterocolitis


Douglas Arrowsmith is a Canadian film director and writer. He has produced award-winning documentaries for CBC Television, music videos, and feature-length films for BBC Four, The Movie Network and HBO Canada.

Personal background
Arrowsmith received his Ph.D. in Social and Political Thought in 2001 from York University, Canada. His doctoral thesis examines technologies of the self founded in Montaigne's self-essays, Shakespeare's self-dramatisations in the historical plays, and Freud's self-analysis. Part of the research involved a series of field interviews with writers, actors, and singer/songwriters including with Timothy Findley, Peter O'Toole, and Steve Earle, each of whom discussed the concept of 'mastery'. Arrowsmith's doctoral supervisor was the renowned Canadian sociologist, phenomenologist, and social theorist John O'Neill, F.R.S.C, who would become a friend and mentor for life.

Film and television
Arrowsmith began his television career in 2001 as a producer on CBC News: Sunday, a current affairs program on CBC's main network. During his 10 years as a staff producer he worked on everything from quick-turnaround video features to network specials and documentaries, including As the Towers Fell: Moment by Moment with the Journalists (2002), Deadline Iraq: Uncensored Stories of the War (2003, nominated for Canada's Donald Brittain Award for Best Social/Political documentary), and Tsunami: Untold Stories (2006, nominated for a Gemini Award, Best Direction). He also produced 'live' show and video story segments for CBC's flagship Sunday program in the early-mid 2000s with singer/songwriters including Serena Ryder, Kathleen Edwards, Derek Miller, Daniel Lanois, Henry Rollins, Bruce Cockburn, Barenaked Ladies, and William Shatner.

In 2008, Arrowsmith was honored with a Gemini Award, for the short documentary "The Girl Sings Carnegie" that he produced and directed for CBC television about Montreal singer Nikki Yanofsky. The award was presented by the Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television.

In 2009, he produced and directed a feature-length documentary, entitled Memory & Desire: 30 Years in the Wilderness with Stephen Duffy & The Lilac Time, about Stephen (Tin Tin) Duffy, founding member of Duran Duran. The film was nominated for the "Sound & Vision Award" at CPH:DOX in Copenhagen.

In 2010, he wrote, produced, and directed a feature-length film, entitled Love Shines, about Canadian songwriter, Ron Sexsmith. Love Shines won the 2011 Audience Choice Award at SXSW in the "24 Beats per Second" category, and an Audience Choice Award at the 2011 Maui Film Festival.

The film also won two Canadian Screen Awards: Best Performing Arts Documentary and for Best Direction in Performing Arts.

In the film, "Love Shines", Arrowsmith draws an in-depth essay of Sexsmith's elements of character and gift for songwriting, achieved through an extraordinary encounter with Ron's (at the time) estranged son and a series of impactful interviews with some of Sexsmith's biggest fans including: Kiefer Sutherland, Elvis Costello, Steve Earle, Leslie Feist, Daniel Lanois, and Bob Rock.

In 2014 Arrowsmith wrote and directed "The Klondike Gold Rush", a one-hour television documentary that examines the existential range of challenges faced by the women and men who set off to discover gold in the Klondike. It was filmed in 10 days at locations in Dawson City Yukon, Whitehorse, and Dyea, Alaska. The documentary was broadcast on all PBS platforms in America.

In 2020 Arrowsmith produced and directed the feature-length documentary "Picture My Face: The Story of Teenage Head". The film is about Canada's notorious punk rock band Teenage Head (band), from Hamilton Ontario, (commissioned and broadcast as a TVO Original film) and explores founding member and guitar legend Gordie Lewis's struggle with depression following the loss of their frontman Frankie 'Venom' Kerr. It features interviews with Marky Ramone, English writer Jon Savage (England's Dreaming: Sex Pistols and Punk Rock; Teenage: The Creation of Youth Culture) and author Nina Antonia (New York Dolls; Johnny Thunders...In Cold Blood) and The Tragically Hip's Rob Baker.

Stephen Duffy & The Lilac Time
Between 2018-2020, while basing in Cornwall, UK, and during ongoing filming of an upcoming new documentary release about Stephen Duffy and The Lilac Time, Arrowsmith produced music videos to support albums and songs that were released for  BMG UK, "The Needles" (2019) holiday single release;  "Return To Us" (2019);  "The Story of Return To Us" (2019 EPK);  "I'm A Believer" (2019); and the single  "The Hills of Cinnamon" (2020) which was completed partially during the pandemic and filmed in northern Ontario.

Lloyd Cole
In 2019 Arrowsmith was approached by English singer/songwriter Lloyd Cole about video work to support tracks from his album  Guesswork.  "Night Sweats" (2019 earMusic) features Cole's hands writing, cutting up, and reassembling strips of lyrics on a black background.  "Violins" (2019 earMusic) features repurposed video installation work from Scottish artist Douglas Gordon's "The End of Civilisation" an exhibition commissioned by Great North Run Culture and Locus+ and the Arts Council of England.

Cherry Red Records

Nicky Haslam

In 2013 Arrowsmith was commissioned by UK celebrity designer Nicky Haslam to direct a series of music videos to support the release of the LP "Midnight Matinee, a collection of Haslam's favourite cabaret songs, performed and recorded by Haslam and special guest artists for Cherry Red Records. The videos were designed to capture biographical pieces from Haslam's life and were shot in the UK for the tracks "Total Control", "Illusions" and "Real Live Girl". The video for "Total Control" features Haslam driving across London's Albert Bridge as well as footage of Haslam gaining access to a derelict Romanian ball room in the city of Cluj.  "Illusions" (feat. Bryan Ferry) is filmed on 16mm (b/w) at Haslam's famous Hunting Lodge near the ancient Hampshire village of Odiham, previously the home of John Fowler. "Real Live Girl" was shot with cast and crew in London's Soho district with the performance sequences taking place on stage at the Shadow Lounge, Brewer Street. The video was the final of the series and produced by Sonya Sier with cinematography by Jake Scott.

Lawrence - Felt

In 2017 Arrowsmith was commissioned by English singer, songwriter, and guitarist Lawrence  (Felt, Denim and Go Kart Mozart) to produce and direct the first video authorized by the artist since the days of Felt. The video for the track "Depressed" was shot over a period of time at locations in the UK and edited in Toronto, Canada, and officially released in February 2018 by Cherry Red Records.

Margaret Atwood & the Ursula K. Le Guin Tribute

In March 2018 Literary Arts of Portland, Oregon commissioned Arrowsmith to produce and direct Margaret Atwood's tribute to fantasy/science fiction writer, feminist, and essayist Ursula Le Guin (Earthsea series and The Left Hand of Darkness). In the video Atwood reads selected portions from Le Guin's works and states, among other things, that she could always count on her colleague, Le Guin, to "get it." The video was screened as part of a tribute gala on June 13, 2018, at the Arlene Schnitzer Concert Hall, Portland Oregon.

Witness to a City: David Miller's Toronto (Book)

Arrowsmith is also the co-author of the book Witness to a City: David Miller's Toronto, which presents stories of Toronto citizens who act for the greater public good, following personal loss and hardship. The book was co-authored with former Toronto mayor, David Miller and was nominated for the Heritage Toronto Award in 2011. Arrowsmith conducted in-depth field interviews with each subject who appears in the book, the list includes a group of extraordinary individuals whose stories affected Miller as both a citizen of Toronto and as a vocal leader for social and environmental justice.

Published works
 Arrowsmith, Douglas; and Miller, David. Witness To A City: David Miller's Toronto, Cormorant Books, 2010.
 Arrowsmith, Douglas. Topia: Canadian Journal of Cultural Studies, "Melancholy in the Field of Self-Mastery: Memory, Desire and Lost Objects", 17, pp. 143–149.
 Arrowsmith, Douglas; David Levinson, ed. The Encyclopedia of Human Emotions, "Literature", New York: MacMillan Press, 2000.

References

External links

 The Lilac Time – "The Needles" (Official)
 The Lilac Time – "Return to Us" (Official)
 The Lilac Time – "The Story of Return to Us"
 The Lilac Time – "(I'm) A Believer" (Official)
 The Lilac Time – "The Hills of Cinnamon" (Official)
 Lloyd Cole – "Night Sweats" (Official)
 Lloyd Cole – "Violins" (Official)
 Nicky Haslam – "Total Control" (Official)
 Nicky Haslam – "Illusions" (Official)
 Nicky Haslam – "Real Live Girl" (Official)
 Go-Kart Mozart – "Depressed" (Official)
 "Love Shines"

1968 births
Living people
Film directors from Toronto
21st-century Canadian screenwriters
Canadian Screen Award winners
York University alumni
Canadian documentary film directors
Canadian music video directors
Canadian male screenwriters

Douglas Arrowsmith


Patteson Womersley Nickalls    (23 January 1877 – 10 September 1946), was an English polo player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics for Great Britain.

Biography
Nickalls was born on 23 January 1877 at North Weald, Essex, the son of Sir Patteson Nickalls, a stockbroker, and his wife Florence.  He was educated at Rugby School. There he was in the cricket XI from 1892 to 1894 and in the rugby XV in 1893. He went to New College, Oxford, played in the Varsity Match for the Oxford University Polo Club in 1895-6-7 and graduated with a BA in 1897. In 1900, he was gazetted to the Durham Light Infantry and served in the Second Anglo-Boer War. He took part in the Relief of Ladysmith and the Battle of Colenso. He retired from the army in 1901 and became a member of the London Stock Exchange.

Nickalls played polo for England in the 1902 International Polo Cup matches. He was a member of the winning teams in the Roehampton Trophy in 1904 and 1905. In 1905 he played for the Roehampton Club and in 1908 the Roehampton team represented Great Britain at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London and won the gold medal. He captained the Enghsh team against America in 1909 in the Westchester Cup with a handicap of +8

Nickalls served on the Western Front in World War I in the Northamptonshire Yeomanry. He wrote an account of fox hunting behind the lines in 1916. He remained a major in the Territorial Reserve, having been awarded the Distinguished Service Order in 1918, until 1926.

Nickalls died on 10 September 1946 at the age of 69.

External links
Olympic Players profile

References

1877 births
1946 deaths
People educated at Rugby School
Durham Light Infantry officers
English polo players
English Olympic medallists
Polo players at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Olympic polo players for Great Britain
Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain
Patteson Womersley
International Polo Cup
Roehampton Trophy
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
Northamptonshire Yeomanry officers
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Medalists at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Olympic medalists in polo

Patteson Womersley Nickalls


The rebab (, rabāba, variously spelled rebap, rubob, rebeb, rababa, rabeba, robab, rubab, rebob, etc) is the name of several related string instruments that independently spread via Islamic trading routes over much of North Africa, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and parts of Europe. The instrument is typically bowed, but is sometimes plucked. It is one of the earliest known bowed instruments, named no later than the 8th century, and is the parent of many bowed and stringed instruments.

Variants
There are chiefly three main types:

A long-necked bowed variety that often has a spike at the bottom to rest on the ground (see first image to the right); thus this is called a spike fiddle in certain areas. Some of the instruments developing from this variant have vestigial spikes.

A short-necked double-chested or "boat-shaped" variant; plucked versions like the Maghreb rebab and the kabuli rebab (sometimes referred to as the robab or rubab) also exist.

Besides the spike fiddle variant, a variant with a pear-shaped body, quite similar to the Byzantine lyra and the Cretan lyra, also exists. This latter variant travelled to western Europe in the 11th century, and became the rebec. This rabāb is the ancestor of many European bowed instruments,  including the rebec and the lyra, though not of those bowed instruments in the lyre family such as the crwth, jouhikko, talharpa and gue.

This article will only concentrate on the spike-fiddle rebab, which usually consists of a small, usually rounded body, the front of which is covered in a membrane such as parchment or sheepskin and has a long neck attached. It has a long thin neck with a pegbox at the end, and has one, two or three strings. It also lacks a fingerboard. The instrument is held upright, either resting on the lap or on the floor. The bow is usually more curved than that of the violin.

The rebab, though valued for its voice-like tone, has a very limited range (a little over an octave), and was gradually replaced throughout much of the Arab world by the violin and kemenche. The Iraqi version of the instrument (jawza or joza) has four strings.

Construction
The rebab is used in a wide variety of musical ensembles and genres, corresponding with its wide distribution, and is built and played somewhat differently in different areas. Following the principle of construction in Iran, Ahvaz, the rebab is a large instrument with a range similar to the viola da gamba, whereas versions of the instrument further west tend to be smaller and higher-pitched. The body varies from being ornately carved, as in Java, to simpler models such as the 2-string Egyptian "fiddle of the Nile." They may have a body made of half a coconut shell, while the more sophisticated versions have a metal soundbox, and the front may be half-covered with beaten copper, and half with cowskin. an endpin is similar to the cello.

History

According to Richard Wallaschek, bowed rebab was developed under Islamic culture. The rebab was heavily used, and continues to be used, in Arabic Bedouin music and is mentioned by Johann Ludwig Burckhardt in his travelog Travels in Arabia:

"Of instruments they possess only the rababa, (a kind of guitar,) the ney, (a species of clarinet,) and the tambour, or tambourine."

It is called "joza" in Iraq, named after the sound box material made of a coconut shell. There is also a bowed instrument in Persian music named Kamanche which has similar shape and structure. It spread to different regions including South East Asia through Islamic trading routes.

For a famous Iranian singer and rebab player see Hassaan Egzaar Chenani.

Southeast Asia
In the Indonesian gamelan the rebab is an essential elaborating instrument, ornamenting the basic melody. A two-string bowed lute consisting of a wooden body, traditionally though now rarely a single coconut shell, covered with very fine stretched skin. Two brass strings are tuned a fifth apart and the horse hair bow is tied loosely (unlike modern Western stringed instruments) with the proper tension controlled by the players bow hand, contributing to the difficult technique. There are typically two per ensemble, one for pelog and one for slendro, never played together.

The rebab does not have to conform exactly to the scale of the other gamelan instruments and can be played in relatively free time, finishing its phrases after the beat of the gong ageng (the big gong that "rules" the ensemble, see: colotomy). The rebab also frequently plays the buka when it is part of the ensemble.

In Malaysia, especially the eastern Malaysian states of Kelantan and northern Terengganu (Besut), Rebab is one of important traditional music instruments. Its appearance is significantly different from rebabs from other regions. It has 3 strings, 3 tuning pegs (telinga), a decorative, detachable headstock (kepala), a skin made of cow's stomach and a small, nipple-like mute mechanism (puting). The Rebab is used in the makyong ensemble, tarik selampit and also in a healing ritual called "Main Peteri".

See also

Ektara, one-string instrument used in traditional music from Bangladesh, Egypt, India, and Pakistan.
Gadulka
Gudok
Gusle
Kobyz
Lijerica
Masenqo

References

Sources
 Margaret J. Kartomi: On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments. Chicago Studies in Ethnomusicology, University of Chicago Press, 1990

External links

Turkish Rebab Master Ibrahim Metin Ugur
Nay-Nava the encyclopedia of persian music instruments
Rebab
The Rebab
Arabic rababa photo
nuke.liuteriaetnica.it
FERNWOOD, an American music group that uses a Rebab.
Matthaios Tsahouridis

Malaysian musical instruments
Iranian musical instruments
Arabic musical instruments
Bowed string instruments
Gamelan instruments
Indonesian musical instruments
Lebanese musical instruments
Pakistani musical instruments
Sundanese music
Syrian musical instruments
Music of West Java
Islamic music
Arab inventions

Rebab


John Gregory Crace (26 May 1809 – 13 August 1889) was a British interior decorator and author.

Early life and education
The Crace family had been prominent London interior decorators since Edward Crace (1725–1799), later keeper of the royal pictures to George III, established a business in 1768. John Gregory Crace, Edward Crace's great-grandson, was the elder of two surviving sons of Frederick Crace (1779–1859), interior decorator to the then Prince Regent and a collector of maps and prints. His mother, Augusta Harrop Gregory, was the daughter of John Gregory, a London magistrate and treasurer of the Whig Club.

Born at 34 Curzon Street in London, Crace was educated at the schools of Dr Crombie in Greenwich and Mr Pollard in South Kensington.

Career

Crace commenced work as an assistant to his father in 1825, assisting on commissions from George IV on Windsor Castle and Buckingham Palace. In 1830, at age 21, he became a full partner in the family business (thereafter known as Frederick Crace & Son), on inheriting property and capital from his mother, who had died in 1827.

He visited the Continent several times between 1825 and 1830, including an extended study tour of France and Germany in 1829, and became influenced by 18th-century French decorative arts. He witnessed fighting in the streets of Paris during the July Revolution of 1830.

Sir Charles Barry selected Augustus Pugin and Crace to decorate the interiors of the new Houses of Parliament. Maintaining his collaboration with Pugin, they worked together in the decoration of the Medieval Court in the Great Exhibition of 1851, and Crace later became the Superintendent of Decoration for the Great Exhibition building in 1862.
He was also commissioned to decorate the Waterloo Chamber at Windsor Castle in 1861-2.

Personal life
On 26 January 1833, he married Sarah Jane Hine Langley (1815–1894), daughter of John Inwood Langley, a civil servant at the Royal Naval Hospital, Greenwich. The couple had twelve children, of whom eleven survived infancy. His eldest son, John Dibblee Crace (1838–1919), followed him into the family business, taking on the responsibility of managing the firm when Crace's health broke down in 1854–5; the two retained a close working relationship. Another son, Everard Crace, became a silk weaver. A third son, Edward Kendall Crace, became an Australian pastoralist.

He died at his home in Half Moon Lane, Herne Hill on 13 August 1889 and was buried at the Gothic-inspired West Norwood Cemetery under a slate-faced monument.

References

Bibliography
Rosemary Hill. God's Architect: Pugin and the Building of Romantic Britain. Allen Lane, 2007.

1809 births
1889 deaths
English interior designers
Burials at West Norwood Cemetery

John Gregory Crace (designer)


Ludwig Loewe (27 November 1837 – 11 September 1886) was a German merchant, manufacturer, philanthropist and a member of the Reichstag.  Loewe's companies became involved in the production of armaments, employing famous designers and creating notable guns.

Manufacturing
Loewe was born as Louis Levy in Heiligenstadt, Germany into a Jewish family.  He set up Ludwig Loewe Commanditgesellschaft auf Aktien für Fabrikation von Nähmaschinen A.G. in 1869 to produce sewing machines. In 1872 an agreement was reached with the German army to produce rifles for them. For this he set up a separate armaments company Ludwig Loewe & Company (also known as Loewe & Company).

Armaments
Loewe's armaments company was famous in that it held a controlling interest in Waffenfabrik Mauser and so was able to reap financial success from the C96 pistol when Loewe's own Borchardt semi-automatic pistol, designed by employee Hugo Borchardt, was not selling well.

Ludwig Loewe & Company also employed Georg Luger, the inventor of the Luger pistol (as well as the associated gun cartridges).

After Loewe's death
After Loewe died in Berlin his younger brother Isidor Loewe took over the running of the company. The name of the main company was eventually changed to Gesellschaft für Elektrische Unternehmungen Ludwig Loewe & Co. A.G.. This 'Loewe Group' of companies had three main products: electricity, machinery, and armaments.

In 1896, Ludwig Loewe & Cie obtained a majority interest in the Karlsruhe-based Deutsche Metallpatronenfabrik. In the same year, it was decided to merge the ammunition production of Deutsche Metallpatronenfabrik with Loewe's firearms branch in Berlin, creating a new company of which Loewe remained the owner: Deutsche Waffen- und Munitionsfabriken (DWM).

Ludwig Loewe and DWM
Ludwig Loewe and his younger brother Isidor founded the world's largest machine tool and weapons empire in the years previous to the outbreak of WWI Loewe's company, DWM owned or was associated with, among others, the Hungarian Weapons and Machine Manufacturing Co.in Budapest, in Belgium, the Fabrique Nationale d'Armes de Guerre (FN) in Herstal and Pieper in Lüttich, and the British Vickers Sons & Maxim Ltd. where the third Loewe brother Sigmund (1854-1904) was Managing Director. Loewe obtained a share majority in Mauser/Oberndorf in 1887 and the metal cartridge manufacturer Maschinenfabrik Lorenz in Karlsruhe was added in 1889. Eventually, DWM encompassed the total German weapons production with the exclusion of Krupp and Thyssen with over 11,000 employees.

Growth of the company and German industrialization
In 1896 Loewes consolidated their weapons manufacturing interests in the newly founded holding company, Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken (DWM) in Berlin. Their father had been a cantor and religious teacher with the Jewish community in the small Thuringian town of Heiligenstadt (Eichsfeld). After a commercial apprenticeship, Ludwig came to Berlin in 1858. He started as a wool merchant, dealing on commission. He then changed to repairing and dealing in machinery. In 1869, this led to the foundation of the Ludwig Loewe & Co.KG (Limited Joint Stock Partnership) with Ludwig Loewe as sole partner. The Company was established in the Berlin District of Neukölln to produce household sewing machines. Realizing that he could not compete with more precisely made and cheaper machines imported from U.S.A., he travelled to the US with his brother Isidor in 1870, leaving his company in the hands of his chief engineer Eduard Barthelmes.

On his return, he started production of a new model, based on Barthelmes design, but manufactured on American precision machinery. The import of American machine tools led to the development and manufacture of lathes, grinders and milling machines and other machine tools.

Together with Barthelmes, whose career had begun in the traditional Suhl weapons factories, Loewe began mass production of light weapons on his own precision, high volume machines. After the German victory in the Franco-Prussian War and German unification in 1870, Loewe was able to increase the capital of his company by contracting to manufacture Mauser 71 rifle parts for the Royal Prussian Arsenal in Spandau.

In 1896/98, due to further expansion, the company moved to new premises in the district of Moabit and the present day neo-gothic, model factory complex was built in 1907–1917 with the help of American engineers. Loewe's intention was to create optimal working conditions necessary for high precision mass production. Loewe also provided modern housing, health and educational facilities for his employees.

With the French introduction of smokeless nitro-cellulose gunpowder, Bismarck ordered the development of a rifle with a smaller calibre for the new nitro ammunition to be issued to the armed forces of all the German States. The first batch 88 rifle3 was to be manufactured by Loewe, as no other manufacturer was equipped with the necessary precision machine tooling. In 1889, Loewe was commissioned to manufacture 300 000 of the new rifles and deliver complete sets of production machinery to the state arsenals in Danzig, Spandau, Erfurt and Amberg.

Both the new 88 rifle and German nitro-cellulose gunpowder turned out to be deficient and unreliable, leading to a large number of fatal accidents. This resulted in the "Jewish Carbine Affair" (Judenkarabiner Affäre). Hermann Alwart, an extreme nationalist, published an anti-Semitic pamphlet accusing Loewe of a Jewish conspiracy against the German Armed Forces. The pamphlet was suppressed with the help of Bismarck and the case was resolved in court where Alwart was convicted of slander.

Ludwig Loewe's politics
Even though antisemitism, xenophobia and anti-Catholicism were widespread throughout Prussia, Frederic the Great (1712-1786) had established a measure of tolerance based on the principle of the utility of the individual for the aims of the Prussian state ("Religions must be tolerated and regulation must be limited to ensure that no harm is inflicted on others." The King's marginal note on the "Immediate Report of the Clerical Department for Catholic Schools and Proselytizing").

Loewe's friends and acquaintances included the socialist leader Ferdinand Lasalle and the right wing politician and Bismarck's friend Walther Rathenau who, as Director for Raw Materials was responsible for organizing  the war economy during WWI. Loewe was politically active as a member of the Berlin City Council. In 1877 he was elected to the Prussian House of Representatives for the Progressive Party. In 1878 he became a member of the Reichstag. Loewe's special interest was in education and DWM was instrumental in founding the Berlin Technical University.

After Ludwig's death in 1886, his brother Isidor was the sole Director of the Company. His experience in banking and finance was central to the rapid expansion of the Company, diversifying into electrical engineering and motor transport.

Post WWI: The Quandt Group
The German defeat in WWI and the implementation of Allied restrictions on the production of military weapons left DWM with few alternatives. Small scale production of household goods. In 1922, DWM was re-named Berlin-Karlsruher Industrie Werke and all production in the Moabit factory was terminated and ownership of the company passed to the Quandt Group.

When Ludwig Loewe & Cie. merged with the Gesellschaft für Elektrische Unternehmungen in 1929, its ownership of DWM was transferred to a group of investors working with Günther Quandt (the 'Quandt Gruppe' or 'Quandt Group').

In 1938 members of the Loewe family were expelled from the boards as part of a plan to minimize Jewish influence on German businesses, the so-called aryanization.

The Gesellschaft für Elektrische Unternehmungen merged with AEG in 1942, the remainder of Loewe was named Loewe Werkzeugmaschienen AG of which AEG was owner.

In 1946 the Loewe workshops took their old name "Ludw. Loewe & Co. AG". With some 400 workers they produced screwdrivers, ovens, gravecrosses and ploughs.

The company joined forces with a group of other industrial companies in 1967 under the group name DIAG (Deutsche Industrieanlagen GmbH), today part of MAN Ferrostaal Industrieanlagen GmbH.

Loewe and his faith
Loewe suffered antisemitism, which also affected his family. A number of family members died in Nazi concentration camps, but some managed to escape to USA. His estate was later claimed by the Nazi government in the 1930s, and a claim was made against this action later on by his descendants. A single claimant was awarded 162,500 Swiss francs restitution by the Claims Resolution Tribunal.

See also
 Antique guns

References

Further references
 Details of merging to form DWM
 Italian page on DWM
 German newspaper link to claims on estate

External links
 Biography in the Jewish Encyclopedia
 Holocaust Claims Resolution Tribunal document

1837 births
1886 deaths
Businesspeople from Thuringia
German Free-minded Party politicians
German Progress Party politicians
Jewish German politicians
Members of the 4th Reichstag of the German Empire
Members of the 5th Reichstag of the German Empire
Members of the 6th Reichstag of the German Empire
People from Heilbad Heiligenstadt
People from the Province of Saxony

Ludwig Loewe


Aldersley  Junction () is the name of the canal junction where the Birmingham Main Line Canal terminates and meets the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal near to Oxley, north Wolverhampton, West Midlands, England. It opened in 1772.

History
The Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal opened in April 1772, connecting Great Haywood Junction on the Trent and Mersey Canal to Stourport on the River Severn. The Birmingham Canal was authorised by an Act of Parliament dated 24 February 1768. It would run from Birmingham to the Staffordshire and Worcestershire main line at Autherley, which was also known as Aldersley at the time. An unusual clause in the Act made provision for the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal to build the junction between the two canals themselves, if the Birmingham company failed to complete it within six months of opening their canal. They could also charge the Birmingham company for the full cost of the construction.

The Birmingham company lost no time in opening the route from Birmingham to Wednesbury, where there were collieries, but were less keen in the opinion of the Staffordshire and Worcestershire, to complete the link to their canal. Work began on the link in early 1770, but in May the Staffordshire and Worcestershire attempted to obtain a mandamus writ, which would have compelled the other company to make the junction. They failed to get one, and so in January 1771 they presented a bill to Parliament to authorise them to make the junction. At this point, the Birmingham company negotiated, paid the costs of the bill, and agreed to press on quickly with the link. It was no small task, as it involved a flight of 20 locks (later increased to 21) to drop the level of the canal  between Wolverhampton and the junction. The junction opened for traffic on 21 September 1772, some five months after the Staffordshire and Worcestershire had opened.

The names Autherley and Aldersley continued to be used interchangeably until the Birmingham and Liverpool Junction Canal opened their canal to join the Chester Canal to a new junction around  further to the north. At this point, Autherley was applied to the northern junction and Aldersley to the southern junction. Prior to the opening of the new canal, there had been considerable trade on the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal between the Potteries and the south-western cities of Gloucester and Bristol, and also trade in manufactured goods north from Birmingham. The Birmingham and Liverpool Junction Canal, however, was one of the new generation of canals, which rather than winding across the countryside following the contours, used embankments and cuttings to create a more direct route, and tended to group the locks into flights. It was therefore shorter and quicker, with the result that much of the trade which had formerly travelled the  from Aldersley to Great Haywood Junction now travelled the short distance between Aldersley and Autherley. The Staffordshire and Worcestershire raised the tolls for this stretch to absurd levels, in an attempt to reduce their losses.

In order to resolve the situation, the Birmingham Canal company worked with the Liverpool Junction company, and proposed the Tettenhall and Autherley Canal and Aqueduct. This would have left the Birmingham Canal just above lock 19, crossed the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal just below Aldersley Junction by an aqueduct made of iron, and then dropped down through three locks to join the Liverpool Junction Canal above the stop lock. The plans were drawn up by Dugdale Houghton, a firm of surveyors from Birmingham, but the canal was never constructed, as the Staffordshire and Worcestershire company reduced their tolls rather than lose them altogether.

Location
Aldersley Junction is on the summit level of the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal, which is at a height of around  above sea level. The pound continues for  to the north before reaching Gailey Lock, the first one that starts the descent to Great Haywood Junction. To the south, Compton Lock is  away, and starts the descent to Stourbridge. The Birmingham and Liverpool Junction Canal became part of the Shropshire Union Canal network in 1846. There is a stop lock just after Autherley Junction, which drops the level by just a few inches, and then a level pound of  before the first real lock at Wheaton Aston. The Birmingham Canal became part of the Birmingham Canal Navigations, and the first of 21 locks which raise the canal  up to the  level is located immediately after the junction.

See also

List of canal junctions in Great Britain

Bibliography

References

Canal junctions in England
Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal
Transport in Wolverhampton
Birmingham Canal Navigations
Canals in the West Midlands (county)
Canals opened in 1772

Aldersley Junction


Colonel Sir Edward Ridley Colborne Bradford, 1st Baronet,  (27 July 1836 – 13 May 1911) was a British Indian Army officer who later served as Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis, head of the London Metropolitan Police, from 1890 to 1903.

Military career
Bradford was born in Buckinghamshire, the son of William Mussage Kirkwall Bradford (1806–1878), the rector of West Meon, Hampshire, and was educated from 1846 at Marlborough College. He was commissioned into the East India Company's 2nd Madras Light Infantry (based at Jalna) in 1853, transferring to the 6th Madras Cavalry (based at Mhow) on his promotion to lieutenant in 1855. He saw active service in Persia (1856–1857), attached to the 14th The King's Light Dragoons, and in the latter stages of the Indian Mutiny, where he served as adjutant of the left wing of his regiment. In 1858, he transferred to Mayne's Irregular Cavalry (later the 1st Regiment of Central India Horse), of which he became Second-in-Command on 25 October 1858. He distinguished himself in a number of actions, especially against Tantya Tope at Cawnpore. In September 1860, with his health suffering from extended campaigning, he was ordered home to England to recuperate.

In 1862, he returned to India and was made Political Assistant in West Malwa. On 10 May 1863, he was mauled by a tigress during a hunt near Guna and lost his left arm. He continued to ride in pigsticking, holding the reins between his teeth, but his active military career was over.

Indian Civil Service
He remained in the Indian Army, but served as Political Agent at successively Jaipur, Baghelkhand, Bharatpur and Mewar. He was promoted captain in 1865 and major in 1873. In 1866, he married Elizabeth Adela Knight. In 1874, he was made general superintendent of the Thuggee and Dacoity Department, which effectively acted as the Viceroy's secret police. In March 1878, he was appointed governor-general's agent for Rajputana and chief commissioner of Ajmer, in charge of relations with the Rajput princes, by whom he was respected and admired, not least because he had survived an encounter with a tiger. In private, however, he had no time for them, regarding them as lazy, vain, stupid and underhand. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel in 1879 and colonel in 1884. Having been appointed a Companion of the Order of the Star of India (CSI) in 1876, in June 1885, he was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Star of India (KCSI) for his services.

In 1887, he returned to London as secretary of the Political and Secret Department of the India Office, but the following year returned to India to conduct Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence on a tour of the country, returning to England in 1889. He was made an Aide-de-Camp to Queen Victoria (holding the post until 1893), and was offered the governorship of Cape Colony, but refused it.

Commissioner of Police

In June 1890, Bradford was appointed to succeed James Monro as Commissioner of Police. His immediate concern was to restore stability after the Black Monday and Bloody Sunday riots and the resignation of three Commissioners in the past two years. He was an ideal choice. His military background gave him authority and experience of command (although his personality was generally easy-going), while his experiences in India gave him knowledge of administration, criminal investigation and the workings of the civil service. His years in control of the Met were generally peaceful and stable, with the police's standing in public opinion rising steadily. In 1899, crime in London fell to its lowest point in recorded history.

Bradford successfully settled the police strike of 1890, days after he took up office, and resisted the efforts of the new London County Council to take over his force from the Home Office. He visited every one of his police stations and talked and listened to his men, becoming the first Commissioner to do so. He varied the beats to ease the tedium of patrol duty and attempted to improve the educational standard of new recruits. He built more police stations and improved the quality of the section houses, ensured that all stations were linked by telegraph (although he disapproved of some other new technologies, such as telephones and typewriters, and would not introduce them), extended the use of bicycles, encouraged sporting activities among his men, and introduced a lighter summer uniform.

Bradford received many honours during his time as Commissioner. He was appointed Knight Commander of the Bath (KCB) in 1890, Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) in 1897, and Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) in the 1902 Birthday Honours list (he was invested with the insignia by King Edward VII at Buckingham Palace on 18 December 1902). He became the first Commissioner to be created a baronet, announced in the 1902 Coronation Honours list published on 26 June 1902 for the (subsequently postponed) coronation of King Edward VII, and on 24 July 1902 he was created a Baronet, of South Audley Street, in the city of Westminster, in the county of London.

He retired on 4 March 1903.

Later years

After his retirement, Bradford devoted much of his time to fox hunting, an activity in which he indulged several days every week. He also chaired a committee to enquire into the wages of General Post Office employees. He served as an extra equerry to both Edward VII and George V.

Bradford died suddenly at his home in Westminster and was buried in the churchyard at Chawton, Hampshire, next to his first wife, who had died in 1896. He was survived by his second wife, Edith Mary Nicholson, whom he had married in 1898. By his first marriage to Elizabeth Adela Knight (1841–96), he had a daughter and five sons. Their eldest son, Montagu Edward Bradford (1867–1890), died of cholera in India. His second son, Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Evelyn Ridley Bradford (1869–1914) of the Seaforth Highlanders, succeeded to the baronetcy and was killed in action in France on 14 September 1914. Their third and fourth sons, Daryl Colborne Bradford (1871–74) and Herbert Lewkenor (1873–4) both died in India. Their daughter Beryl Adela (1875–?) never married. Their fifth son, Lt. Col. Edward Austen Bradford, DSO (1879–1958) served with 60th Rifles.

Styles
1836–1853: Edward Ridley Colborne Bradford
1853–1855: Second Lieutenant Edward Ridley Colborne Bradford
1855–1865: Lieutenant Edward Ridley Colborne Bradford
1865–1873: Captain Edward Ridley Colborne Bradford
1873–1879: Major Edward Ridley Colborne Bradford
1879–1884: Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Ridley Colborne Bradford
1884–1885: Colonel Edward Ridley Colborne Bradford
1885–1889: Colonel Sir Edward Ridley Colborne Bradford, KCSI
1889–1890: Colonel Sir Edward Ridley Colborne Bradford, KCSI, ADC
1890–1893: Colonel Sir Edward Ridley Colborne Bradford, KCB, KCSI, ADC
1893–1897: Colonel Sir Edward Ridley Colborne Bradford, KCB, KCSI
1897–1902: Colonel Sir Edward Ridley Colborne Bradford, GCB, KCSI
1902–1911: Colonel Sir Edward Ridley Colborne Bradford, Bt., GCB, GCVO, KCSI

Footnotes

References
The Times
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
Martin Fido & Keith Skinner, The Official Encyclopedia of Scotland Yard (Virgin Books, London:1999)

External links
Portraits of Bradford in the National Portrait Gallery

Commissioners of Police of the Metropolis
Indian Political Service officers
British police officers in India
British Indian Army officers
British military personnel of the Anglo-Persian War
British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
British East India Company Army officers
People educated at Marlborough College
Military personnel from Buckinghamshire
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India
1836 births
1911 deaths
Big cat attack victims
English amputees
British people in colonial India

Sir Edward Bradford, 1st Baronet


Maya (; Devanagari: , IAST: ), also known as Māhāmāyā and Māyādevī, was the queen of Shakya and the birth mother of Gautama Buddha, the sage on whose teachings Buddhism was founded. She was the wife of Śuddhodana, the king of the Shakya kingdom. She was sister of Mahāpajāpatī Gotamī, the first Buddhist nun ordained by the Buddha.

In Buddhist tradition, Maya died soon after the birth of Buddha, generally said to be seven days afterwards, and came to life again in a Hindu-Buddhist heaven, a pattern that is said to be followed in the births of all Buddhas. Thus Maya did not raise her son who was instead raised by his maternal aunt Mahapajapati Gotami. Maya would, however, on occasion descend from Heaven to give advice to her son.

Māyā (माया) means "illusion" in Sanskrit. Māyā is also called Mahāmāyā (महामाया, "Great Māyā") and Māyādevī (मायादेवी, "Queen Māyā"). In Chinese, she is known as Móyé-fūrén (摩耶夫人, "Lady Māyā"), in Tibetan she is known as Gyutrulma and in Japanese she is known as Maya-bunin (摩耶夫人). Also, in Sinhalese she is known as මහාමායා දේවී (Mahāmāyā Dēvi).

Iconography

In Buddhist literature and art Queen Maya is portrayed as a beautiful fecund woman in the prime of life.

Her beauty sparkles like a nugget of pure gold.
She has perfumed curls like the large black bee.
Eyes like lotus petals, teeth like stars in the heavens.
— From the Lalitavistara Sūtra

Although sometimes shown in other scenes from her life, such as having a dream foretelling her pregnancy with Gautama Buddha or with her husband King Śuddhodana seeking prophecies about their son's life, shortly after his birth, she is most often depicted whilst giving birth to Gautama, an event that is generally accepted to have taken place in Lumbini in modern-day Terai. Maya is usually shown giving birth standing under a tree and reaching overhead to hold on to a branch for support. Buddhist scholar Miranda Shaw, states that Queen Maya's depiction in the nativity scene follows a pattern established in earlier Buddhist depictions of the tree spirits known as yaksini.

Life of Maya

Māyā married King Śuddhodana (Pāli: Suddhodana), the ruler of the Śākya clan of Kapilvastu. She was the daughter of King Śuddhodhana's uncle and therefore his cousin; her father was king of Devadaha.

Māyā and King Suddhodhana did not have children for twenty years into their marriage. According to legend, one full moon night, sleeping in the palace of her husband Śuddhodana, the queen had a vivid dream. She felt herself being carried away by four devas (spirits) to Lake Anotatta in the Himalayas. After bathing her in the lake, the devas clothed her in heavenly cloths, anointed her with perfumes, and bedecked her with divine flowers. Soon after a white elephant, holding a white lotus flower in its trunk, appeared and went round her three times, entering her womb through her right side. Finally the elephant disappeared and the queen awoke, knowing she had been delivered an important message, as the elephant is a symbol of greatness.

According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha-to-be was residing as a bodhisattva in the  heaven, and decided to take the shape of a white elephant to be reborn on Earth for the last time. Māyā gave birth to Siddharta c. 563 BCE. The pregnancy lasted ten lunar months. Following custom, the Queen returned to her own home for the birth. On the way, she stepped down from her palanquin to have a walk under the Sal tree (Shorea robusta), often confused with the Ashoka tree (Saraca asoca), in the beautiful flower garden of Lumbini Park, Lumbini Zone, Nepal. Maya Devi was delighted by the park and gave birth standing while holding onto a sal branch. Legend has it that Prince Siddhārtha emerged from her right side. It was the eighth day of April. Some accounts say she gave him his first bath in the Puskarini pond in Lumbini Zone. But legend has it that devas caused it to rain to wash the newborn baby. He was later named Siddhārtha, "He who has accomplished his goals" or "The accomplished goal".

Scholars generally agree that most Buddhist literature holds that Maya died seven days after the birth of Buddha, and was then reborn in the Tusita Heaven. Seven years after the Buddha's enlightenment, she came down to visit Tavatimsa Heaven, where the Buddha later preached the Abhidharma to her. Her sister Prajāpatī (Pāli: Pajāpatī or Mahāpajāpatī Gotamī) became the child's foster mother.

After Siddhartha had attained Enlightenment and become the Buddha, he visited his mother in heaven for three months to pay respects and to teach the Dharma.

Cross-cultural analogies

Some parallels have been drawn with the birth story of the Buddha and Jesus. Z. P. Thundy has surveyed the similarities and differences between the birth stories of Buddha by Maya and Jesus by Mary and notes that while there may have been similarities, there are also differences, e.g. that Mary outlives Jesus after raising him, but Maya dies soon after the birth of Buddha, as all mothers of Buddhas do in the Buddhist tradition. Thundy does not assert that there is any historical evidence that the Christian birth stories of Jesus were derived from the Buddhist traditions, but suggests that "maybe it is time that Christian scholars looked in the Buddhist tradition for the sources of the idea".

Eddy and Gregorio A. Boyd state that there is no evidence of a historical influence by outside sources on the authors of the New Testament, and some scholars argue that any such historical influence on Christianity is implausible, because first century monotheistic Galilean Jews would not have been open to what they would have seen as pagan stories.

See also
 The birth of Buddha (Lalitavistara)
 Family of Gautama Buddha
 History of Buddhism
 Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini

References

External links

6th-century BC women
Family of Gautama Buddha
Ancient queens consort
Year of birth unknown
560s BC deaths
Queens consort of India
Deaths in childbirth

Maya (mother of the Buddha)


Critters is a 1986 American science fiction comedy horror film directed by Stephen Herek in his directorial debut, and co-written with Domonic Muir. It stars Dee Wallace, M. Emmet Walsh, Billy "Green" Bush and Scott Grimes in his film debut. The plot follows a group of small, furry aliens with carnivorous behavior escaping from two shape-shifting bounty hunters, landing in a small countryside town to feast on its inhabitants.

Although widely believed to have been inspired by the success of Joe Dante's 1984 film Gremlins, Herek has refuted this in interviews, pointing out that the script was written by Muir long before Gremlins went into production and subsequently underwent rewrites to reduce the apparent similarities between the two films. The film grossed $13.6 million during its release in the United States, and spawned a Critters franchise consisting of three sequels and a web series titled Critters: A New Binge released on Shudder. The fifth entry Critters Attack! serves as a reboot of the series.

Plot
On an asteroid prison, a group of dangerous aliens known as Krites are set to be transported to another station. The Krites engineer an escape and hijack a ship, prompting the warden to hire two shape-changing bounty hunters, Ug and Lee, to pursue them to Earth. Studying life on Earth via various satellite television transmissions, Ug assumes the form of rock star Johnny Steele, while Lee remains undecided, thus retaining his blank, featureless head.

On a rural Kansas farm, the Brown family sits down to breakfast. Father Jay and mother Helen send teenage daughter April and younger son Brad off to school while waiting on mechanic Charlie McFadden. A former baseball pitcher, Charlie has become the town drunk and crackpot, with claims of alien abductions foretold by messages through his fillings.

That evening, Brad overhears the Krites' stolen ship crash-landing, and goes to investigate with Jay. They discover a cow that has been partially eaten by the Krites, and, disturbed, flee back to the house. Meanwhile, the Krites kill and feed on a local police officer (later, the bounty hunters take his police car as a method of transport), and later besiege the farm and cut its electrical connection. While checking the circuit breaker, Jay is attacked by one of the Critters and, despite being severely wounded, just barely manages to escape.

In the barn, April is rolling in the hay with her boyfriend Steve when he is attacked and killed by one of the Krites; the creature itself is slain when it devours one of Brad's lit firecrackers. The remaining Krites sabotage the Browns' and Steve's cars, forcing the Browns to shelter themselves inside their home. Meanwhile, the bounty hunters search the town for the Krites, causing a panic at the church and bowling alley, with the second hunter assuming the form of various townspeople, including Charlie. Brad escapes the farm to get help and runs into the bounty hunters, and upon learning of their true nature and intentions, he leads them to the Krites' location.

The remaining Krites kidnap April and return to their ship when the bounty hunters arrive, and attempt to flee. Charlie and Brad manage to rescue April, but Brad drops a large firecracker he intended to use to destroy the ship when the Critters discover their escape. Just as the Krites take off and destroy the farmhouse out of spite, Charlie throws a Molotov cocktail made from his whiskey bottle into the ship, causing a fire which detonates the cracker and kills the Krites. The bounty hunters leave in their ship after giving Brad a handheld device to contact them in case of future invasion, and also restore the house. Unbeknownst to them, Krite eggs can be seen in the barn inside a chicken's nest that seem to be ready to hatch.

Cast
 Dee Wallace as Helen Brown
 M. Emmet Walsh as Harv
 Billy "Green" Bush as Jay Brown
 Scott Grimes as Brad Brown
 Nadine van der Velde as April Brown
 Don Keith Opper as Charlie McFadden
 Lin Shaye as Sally
 Billy Zane as Steve Elliot
 Ethan Phillips as Jeff Barnes
 Terrence Mann as Ug / Johnny Steele
 Jeremy Lawrence as Reverend Miller / Preacher

Production
Herek began a friendship with Muir while working as assistant editors on City Limits (1985). When Herek was looking for his next project, Muir offered him his screenplay for Critters. Herek loved Muir's script and felt it would be fun to make a film that was "a very smart homage to 50's B-movies." After working on the script, he successfully pitched it to Sho Films. Despite being set in Kansas, principal photography began in Valencia, California in July 1985 on a six-week shooting schedule.

Special effects coordinator Chuck Stewart hired Joseph Lombardi as a consultant for the scene of the barn exploding, where they rigged second-floor ceiling with Primacord that carried an explosive charge inside it. The sequence of the Critter swallowing a cherry bomb was controlled by puppeteers who were positioned below in a hayloft to operate the stomach and eye movements. Crew member Dwight Roberts commented that it took some effort to coordinate the Critters' bulging stomach and eyes as it kneeled over in the hay due to the number of people needed to articulate it.

The role of Charlie was specifically written for Don Opper, a close friend of Muir and Herek. Opper, who was a writer with no real acting experience, took the role due to his friendship with the filmmakers.

Release
Critters was theatrically released on April 11, 1986 by New Line Cinema, opening across the United States to 633 theaters. It earned $1,618,800 in its opening weekend, and ultimately grossed $13,167,232 at the box office.

Reception

Critical response
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 50% approval rating based on 50 reviews, with an average of 5.4/10. The site's consensus reads: "While Critters ekes out some fun from a game cast and screwball tone, the titular monsters fail to deliver the credible menace that makes a creature feature satisfying". Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times rated the film three out of four stars: "What makes Critters more than a ripoff are its humor and its sense of style. This is a movie made by people who must have had fun making it".

Marylynn Uricchio, film critic for the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette described the film as an enjoyable, if unoriginal, low budget monster movie. Uricchio wrote: "Critters isn't a memorable or even very slick movie, but it is good fun. What it lacks in substance it makes up for with a perverse kind of charm". Caryn James of The New York Times complained that the movie lacked humor and suspense: "Critters just doesn't make the audience laugh or jump often enough".

Alex Stewart reviewed Critters for White Dwarf #83, and stated that "Critters scuttled by quite pleasantly. Nothing really stands out, despite M. Emmet Walsh as the sweaty sheriff, and a scene wherein a couple of Heavy Metal bounty hunters blow away a baptist church, but the film actually thinks through how the Browns react, as a family, to the anti-social little aliens".

Home video
The film was released on VHS and LaserDisc by RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Video after its theatrical release. In September 1997, New Line Home Video re-released the film on VHS. New Line Home Entertainment released Critters on DVD in 2003, and was re-released in a set containing all four Critters films by Warner Bros. in 2010.

Scream Factory released all four Critters films in a set on Blu-ray in November 2018.

Web series
Warner Bros. produced a reboot web series based on the Critters films. Critters: A New Binge premiered on Shudder on March 21, 2019.

References

External links

1986 films
1986 directorial debut films
1986 science fiction films
1980s American films
1986 comedy horror films
1980s English-language films
1980s monster movies
1980s science fiction comedy films
1980s science fiction horror films
Alien invasions in films
American comedy horror films
American monster movies
American science fiction comedy films
American science fiction horror films
American space adventure films
Critters (franchise)
Films about shapeshifting
Films directed by Stephen Herek
Films scored by David Newman
Films set in Kansas
Films set in the 1980s
Films set on farms
Films shot in Los Angeles County, California
New Line Cinema films
Puppet films
Films about bounty hunters
American exploitation films
American black comedy films
Films about farmers

Critters (film)


New Jersey is home to the most complex alcohol laws in the United States.  They provide 29 liquor licenses to wholesalers, manufacturers, retailers and the general public.

New Jersey is the only other state, other than Wisconsin, to consider a DUI or DWI a minor traffic offense.  Alcohol is also allowed on public transportation, making it more accessible to the public.
In addition to granting local governments wide latitude over liquor sales, New Jersey law has some other unusual features. Corporations are limited to two retail distribution licenses, making it impractical for chain stores to sell alcoholic beverages; this restriction, in conjunction with municipal ordinances, severely limits supermarket and convenience store chains from selling beer as they do in many other states. State law treats drunk driving as a traffic offense rather than a crime, and permits individual municipalities to define the scope of underage drinking laws.

New Jersey has a strong tradition of municipal home rule. Local municipalities thus have considerable authority in the licensing and regulating of alcohol-related businesses. These powers include:

limiting the number of licenses to sell alcoholic beverages at retail (Class C licenses),
limiting the hours of retail alcohol sales,
prohibiting the retail sale of alcoholic beverages on Sunday,
regulating the conduct of any retail establishment licensed to sell alcoholic beverages,
regulating the nature and condition of the licensed premises
limiting persons within the municipality to a single liquor license,
limiting a license to cover only the specific licensed premises; and
allowing municipalities with populations of 15,000 or more to appoint a municipal alcoholic beverage control board of three persons with terms for three years.[22]

The New Jersey Wine Industry Advisory Council was created in 1985 in accordance with New Jersey Statutes ()  The duties of the advisory council are "to assess the condition of the wine industry and to advise the Secretary of Agriculture on expenditures for research, development, and promotion of the New Jersey wine industry from the New Jersey Wine Promotion Fund."() New Jersey's wine production industry has experienced significant growth from seven small wineries to 48 (as of 2014) since the passage of the 1981 New Jersey Farm Winery Act. The act initiated the repeal of Prohibition-era alcoholic beverage control laws that severely constrained the industry for fifty years.

The council has eight members who serve for terms of three years.  Two of the council's members are appointed by virtue of their positions in the State Government (i.e. the state Secretary of Agriculture, and the Commissioner of Commerce, Energy and Economic Development) and one (i.e. the Dean of Cook College at Rutgers University) because of his or her position at the state's sole land grant university under the Morrill Act of 1862.  Cook College, named for nineteenth-century professor George Hammell Cook was previously known as the Rutgers Scientific School and College of Agriculture and is home to the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service.  In 2007, Cook College—a residential college at Rutgers with a focus on agriculture and specializes in environmental science, animal science and other life sciences—was reorganized as the "School of Environmental and Biological Sciences" (SEBS).

The remaining five members are appointed from the general public by the State Board of Agriculture—two of whom shall be holders of a plenary winery license, two of whom shall be holders of a farm winery license and one of whom shall be a viticulturist ().

New Jersey is one of only two states (along with Wisconsin) that classify DUI as a traffic violation, and not a criminal offense, except in cases of serious injury or death.[169] Because it is not a criminal offense, those charged in New Jersey with DUI and related offenses are not fingerprinted, do not have the right to a jury trial, DUI arrests and convictions are not submitted to the FBI's NCIC criminal database, and DUI arrests and convictions cannot be expunged. Statutory criminal defenses (e.g. duress, entrapment) are not available for DUI, and in State v. Hammond, the state Supreme Court upheld the conviction of a person who drove after unknowingly having his drink spiked with alcohol. Common-law criminal defenses are available in DUI cases, and a state appellate court reversed the conviction of a person who drove while intoxicated in order to escape assailants, citing the doctrine of necessity.

, the eight current members of New Jersey Wine Industry Advisory Council are:
 Jack Tomasello, Tomasello Winery (Council Chairman)
 Anthony Valenzano, Valenzano Winery
 Janet Giunco, Four JG's Orchards & Vineyards
 Ollie Tomasello, Plagido Winery
 William Heritage, Heritage Vineyards
 Douglas H. Fisher, New Jersey Secretary of Agriculture (2009–present)
 (Commissioner of Commerce, Energy and Economic Development)
 Robert M. Goodman, Dean, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University

The council is required to meet twice each year, and may meet for additional sessions if necessary ().

See also
 Alcohol laws of New Jersey
 Garden State Wine Growers Association
 Judgment of Princeton
 List of wineries, breweries, and distilleries in New Jersey
 New Jersey Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control
 New Jersey Farm Winery Act
 New Jersey wine

References

External links
 New Jersey State Department of Agriculture
 Garden State Wine Growers Association

New Jersey wine
Wine Industry Advisory Council, New Jersey
1985 establishments in New Jersey


Meherrin is a small unincorporated community in Lunenburg and Prince Edward counties in the U.S. state of Virginia. It is approximately  by road south of Farmville.

Meherrin is the childhood home and birthplace of Roy Clark, a country singer and musician known for his appearances in the television show "Hee Haw" who died of complications of pneumonia on Nov. 15, 2018, at his home in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Locally, the village is known for its 4th of July Celebration and Friday night Bingos, which are both hosted by the Meherrin Volunteer Fire Department.

Nearby colleges include Longwood University, Hampden-Sydney College, and Southside Virginia Community College. Nearby schools are Prince Edward County Public Schools, Lunenburg County Public Schools, Charlotte County Public Schools, and Fuqua School (Private).

Meherrin was originally named Moore's Ordinary. It was named for George Moore in August 1748 when he was granted a license by the Amelia Court to operate an "ordinary" tavern (a tavern that provided ordinary needs for travellers). In 1852 the Richmond-Danville railroad reached Meherrin and built the Meherrin Depot, named for the tribe of Indians that lived there and along the Meherrin River.

Demographics

As of 2000, the total population of zip code 23954 was 1,838. The racial breakdown was as follows: 48.3% White, 49.6% Black or African-American, 0.5% American Indian or Alaskan Native, 0.2% Asian, 0.2% Other, and 1.3% two or more races. As for education for ages 25 and over, 64.1% were high school graduates or higher and 9.3% had a bachelor's degree or higher. The median household income was $30,147.

References

Unincorporated communities in Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Lunenburg County, Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Prince Edward County, Virginia

Meherrin, Virginia


Echinococcosis is an infection caused by tapeworms. Animals such as dogs and sheep are able to transmit the disease. Risk factors are coming in contact with feces of livestock, dogs and foxes. Humans become infected swallowing tapeworm eggs in the contaminated food. Then eggs can spread to liver, lungs and brain forming cysts. That is why Echinococcosis is also called Hydatid cyst disease. Cysts can be found using ultrasound, computer tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging. To confirm the diagnosis ELISA, immunological test should be done. Treatment includes antiparasitic medications. Surgical intervention such as cyst aspiration is recommended to avoid to prevent to spread of the infection.

Diseases caused by parasites

Echinococcosis


Princess Louisa Inlet (swiwelat in she shashishalhem) is a fjord on British Columbia's Sunshine Coast and within the swiya (world, "Territory") of the shíshálh Nation.

The inlet is  in length and lies at the northeastern end of the Queens Reach of Jervis Inlet. The Malibu Rapids form the entrance of the inlet.

Princess Louisa Marine Provincial Park, established in 1964, is located at the head of the inlet. The park is home to James Bruce Falls and Chatterbox Falls along Loquilts Creek, a large stream that flows into the head of the inlet.

History

A shíshálh village known as asxwikwu was historically located at the mouth of the inlet.

In June of 1792, George Vancouver, charting the BC Coast in a search for the Northwest Passage, explored Jervis Inlet to its end, and found the entrance to Princess Louisa Inlet but did not enter as the tide was ebbing through Malibu Rapids at the time. In 1860, Captain George Richards surveyed and mapped Jervis and Princess Louisa Inlets, naming them and surrounding features. In the same year, Commander Richard Charles Mayne explored the valley at the head of the inlet hoping that it would lead to the interior of British Columbia.

In 1919, James F. "Mac" MacDonald purchased  of land along the inlet and donated it to the Princess Louisa International Society in 1953. The land was acquired by BC Parks in 1964. Much of the remaining land surrounding the inlet has been acquired and added to the park in the following years. Hamilton Island, renamed MacDonald Island, is now a part of the park as well.

In 1940, Herman Caspar, who was rumored to have homesteaded at the entrance of the inlet, sold the land to Thomas F. Hamilton for $500. Casper was a squatter and had no legal right to the land. Hamilton, an American aviation executive, did buy all the land surrounding Princess Louisa Inlet with the intent on developing it with a series of themed luxury resorts to cater to visiting yachtsmen and Hollywood celebrities. However, only one resort was built at the entrance of the inlet, the Malibu Club which was named after Hamilton's yacht, the Malibu. In 1950, the resort was closed and abandoned due to a polio outbreak and quarantine. The property was later sold to Young Life in 1953 and has since operated it as a non-denominational Christian summer camp for teenagers.

Naming of the inlet

The inlet is known as swiwelat in she shashishalhem, the language of the indigenous shíshálh People of the region.

The inlet's English name may commemorate the Princess Louise, the fourth daughter of Queen Victoria, whose husband was the Marquess of Lorne, Governor General of Canada. The viceregal couple travelled extensively in Canada. Princess Louise spent three months in Victoria, in 1876 and was popular to the point that when the Governor General announced that the awaited completion of the transcontinental railway would pass through the Selkirk Mountains at the Kicking Horse Pass into what has since become Vancouver, rather than by the Yellowhead Pass to Bute Inlet and then to Victoria, Premier Robert Beaven asked Duke whether it would be possible for Vancouver Island to become a separate kingdom with Princess Louise as Queen. The more accepted theory is that the inlet is named for Queen Victoria's mother, Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, who was born Mary Louise Victoria.    The actual source of the name is uncertain. The adjacent Prince of Wales Reach was named after Edward VII when he was the Prince of Wales. Princess Royal Reach was named after Empress Frederick of Germany. Five mountains around Queens Reach are named after the children of Queen Victoria: Mount Victoria, Mount Alfred, Mount Alice, Mount Arthur and Mount Helena.

MacDonald Island
MacDonald Island is part of Princess Louisa Inlet in British Columbia, located approximately 4km beyond the entrance of the inlet at Malibu Rapids towards the head of the inlet at Chatterbox Falls.  It is a popular mooring place for it is one of the few shallow places of the deep fjord.  The island was originally named after a man who built a cabin at Chatterbox Falls, James F. MacDonald. In 1940, the island was then named "Hamilton Island" after Thomas F. Hamilton, who built the Malibu Club and purchased the land from MacDonald for $18,000. In 1972, the name reverted to the original name of MacDonald Island.

Access
The nearest road access to the inlet is about  away at the BC Ferries landing on Highway 101 at Earls Cove. The area is a popular destination for boaters and can also be accessed by float plane from various locations around the Strait of Georgia and water taxi from Earls Cove. Boaters should note that Malibu Rapids is a narrow entrance and at spring tide can have a current of .

Gallery

See also
 Robert Genn
 Royal eponyms in Canada

References

External links

Fjords of British Columbia
Sunshine Coast Regional District
New Westminster Land District
Inlets of British Columbia

Princess Louisa Inlet


James Hamilton (1610–1674), bishop of Galloway, was the second son of Sir James Hamilton of Broomhill, by Margaret, daughter of William Hamilton of Udston and brother of John, first lord Belhaven.

Life
He studied at the University of Glasgow, graduated there in 1628, and in 1634 was ordained as minister of Cambusnethan by Archbishop Patrick Lindsay.

He was deposed by the synod of Glasgow in April 1639 for signing the protestation of the bishops and their adherents against the assembly of 1638, but on professing penitence was restored by the assembly of 1639. The committee, to whom his case was referred, reported that "he was a young man of good behaviour, and well beloved of his parish, and guilty of nothing directly but the subscribing of the declinature".

Thereafter he went with the times. In 1648 he supported the "Engagement", and was urged by his kinsman the Duke of Hamilton to accept a chaplaincy in the army raised for the rescue of the king. At the Restoration he was rewarded by a grant of money and the bishopric of Galloway, and along with Sharp, Leighton, and Fairfoul was consecrated at Westminster on 15 December 1661. Galloway was a stronghold of the extreme covenanters.

Many of the ministers refused to submit to episcopacy, and when deprived held field meetings, which were largely attended by their old flocks. At the request of the bishop and his clergy, whose ranks had been recruited from the north, soldiers were quartered on the frequenters of conventicles to compel their attendance at church, and there appears to be good authority for the statement that Sir James Turner, the officer in command, "was obliged to go beyond his instructions to satisfy the bishop".

Hamilton acquired the estate of Broomhill in 1669 from his brother, who had been raised to the peerage, and died in August 1674. Burnet describes him as "a good-natured man, but weak". Wodrow says: "His gifts were reckoned every way ordinary, but he was remarkable for his cunning and time-serving temper"; while one of his grandsons describes him as "mighty well seen in divinity, accurate in the fathers and church history … very pious and charitable, strict in his morals … and every way worthy of the sacred character he bore". In 1635 he married Margaret, only daughter of Alexander Thomson, minister of Edinburgh, and had four daughters and two sons, one of whom, James, an advocate died in 1674.

References

Attribution

Alumni of the University of Glasgow
1610 births
1674 deaths
Bishops of Galloway (Church of Scotland)
Scottish Restoration bishops
Members of the Parliament of Scotland 1661–1663
Members of the Convention of the Estates of Scotland 1665
Members of the Parliament of Scotland 1669–1674

James Hamilton (bishop of Galloway)


is a 1982 Japanese  animated science fiction adventure film based on the third volume of the same name of the Doraemon Long Stories series. It was released on 13 March 1982 in Japan. It's the 3rd Doraemon film and was animated by Shin-Ei Animation. A remake of this film was released on March 8, 2014, entitled Doraemon: New Nobita's Great Demon—Peko and the Exploration Party of Five. It is one of the films that is focused on another character than Nobita.

Plot

One day, Nobita has stuck in the school again, his teacher not letting him to go because he hadn't completed his homework. While his teacher had allowed him to go, Nobita rushed to his house, fearing that his mother would scold him. On his way, he found a dog, dirty and hungry, after fighting with a dog the previous night. Nobita wanted to help it, but he couldn't. When his mom sent him to bring some things from the market, he had gone there, and while he returned, he spotted the dog again, and Nobita gave him a sausage that he had brought from the market. The dog tried to follow him, but Nobita chased the dog away, fearing his mother will scold him because of her dislike of pets. But when Nobita's mom lost her purse, the dog helped her in finding her purse. To repay the dog's help, she agrees to keep the dog as a pet. After Nobita and Doraemon cleaned the dog, they named him Peko.

Earlier, Nobita and his friends talked about wanting to go on some adventure, and asked Doraemon for that. Doraemon launched a rocket to find unexplored areas on the planet by taking satellite pictures, mainly from Africa. They have left searching for it, knowing that it would be very difficult to handle too many pictures. However, Peko tinkered with the device while Nobita and Doraemon are away, and found a mysterious giant statue somewhere in Africa. After consulting with Dekisugi, he deduced that the area where the statue is was never explored because there's always a thick fog around it, something that doesn't effect Doraemon's satellite pictures. Excited that they might have found something no one has discovered, Nobita, Doraemon, and all of their friends, including Shizuka, Gian, and Suneo, planned to go on an expedition to find the statue.

After the first day of the expedition, Gian got annoyed by the group's overreliance on Doraemon's gadgets, including Shizuka using the Anywhere Door to go home to use the restroom, or the group hindering several wild animals with them, and angrily went off. At night, however, he was visited by the mysterious statue in his bedroom, who tells him about hidden treasures before disappearing. Interested, Gian rejoins the group the next day, but tells Doraemon to leave any gadgets that they use the day before. When they are cruising on a crocodile infested river with a ship, Gian forgot to steer it when he was throwing coconuts at crocodiles, causing the ship to crash. With the Anywhere Door burned by people who mistakenly thought it was garbage, the group was almost swarmed by crocodiles, but they got rescued by a group of natives, who takes them to the village. The natives know about the mysterious statue, and told Doraemon that they have to go through a lion-infested savanna and a very deep gorge. This scares the group, but Gian claims that he will get the treasure on the statue, which angers the natives who believes doing so will curse their village. That night, when the group camps and laments on their situation without some of Doraemon's gadgets, Gian accused them of blaming him and angrily goes to bed, but when Peko visits him, he broke down crying.

When the group reached the savanna, the mysterious statue appears again and drives the lions off. When they safely reached the bottom of the deep gorge and figured out the superstitions surrounding it, Peko, now fully trusting the group, reveals himself to be a prince of a kingdom of bipedal dogs with human intelligence. He told them that the evil minister Daburanda and his lackey Dr. Kos were planning to conquer the world, assassinates the king, and accidentally throw Peko, who's trapped in a coffin, into the underground river in the gorge, causing him to meet Nobita. Doraemon and his friends decided to help him. First, they searched for Burusasu, one of Peko's loyal bodyguards, but found out he's arrested by Daburanda's soldiers. After helping a young puppy named Chippo, they free Burusasu from a prison, but Daburanda and his army commander, Saberu, realize that Peko is back, and began a search for him and Doraemon's group. Daburanda also reveals that he has princess Spiana captive in his palace.

While everyone is hiding from Daburanda's soldiers, Burusasu said there was a saying that, "When the world will be covered by darkness, 10 travelers will come and move the statue's heart to save the palace.". Doraemon thinks the travelers are him, Nobita, Shizuka, Gian, and Suneo, but realizes there are only five of them. When Chippo is hungry, Doraemon uses the Anticipating Promise Machine to make everyone feel full, but they have to fulfill the promise the next day.

The next night, the group went to the statue, but was ambushed by Daburanda's soldiers. Burusasu faces the soldiers and lets Peko pass, but soon they got cornered by Dr. Kos and his aerial fleet. Peko was willing to hold the army back while the group escape, but Gian followed him, and soon the entire group does. Finally, they decided to get to the statue together, which is guarded by Daburanda, Saberu, and an army. When Nobita wonders about the old saying of ten travelers, Shizuka uses the Anticipating Promise Machine for help. Suddenly, the second group of Doraemon, Nobita, Shizuka, Gian, and Suneo appears, fully equipped with weapon gadgets, and fights Daburanda and his army while the main group enters the statue, followed by Saberu. When Nobita lags behind, Saberu catches up to him. Despite given the Denkomaru sword, Nobita takes a long time dueling the skilled Saberu before finally defeating him. The group fighting the army is also forced to retreat when Dr. Kos arrives with his aerial fleet.

Eventually, Peko and the rest of the group manage to reach the statue's heart, which is a mechanism to bring the statue 'alive' like a robot. Using it, Dr. Kos and the army were defeated, and Daburanda flees to the palace. He tried to bring princess Spiana with him, but Peko, using the statue, arrives in time and rescues her. Peko soon became the rightful ruler of the kingdom, and the other Doraemon gives the original Doraemon a new Anywhere Door to go home.

When the group came back home, they realized that they still have to fulfill one last the promise made from the Anticipating Promise Machine. The episode ends when Nobita leads everyone to the Time Machine to go back in time and help their past selves fight Daburanda's army and enter the statue.

Cast

References

External links

1982 films
1982 anime films
1980s children's animated films
Nobita and the Haunts of Evil
Animated films about dogs
Films directed by Hideo Nishimaki
Animated films set in Africa
Animated films about size change
Toho animated films
Films scored by Shunsuke Kikuchi
Animated films about friendship
Animated films about cats
Animated films about animals
Japanese children's films

Doraemon: Nobita and the Haunts of Evil