Anna Maria Walburga Mozart (née Pertl; 25 December 1720 – 3 July 1778) was the mother of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791) and Maria Anna Mozart (1751–1829).

Life

Youth

She was born in St. Gilgen, Archbishopric of Salzburg, to Eva Rosina (1681–1755) and Wolfgang Nicolaus Pertl (1667–1724), deputy prefect of Hildenstein. Nicolaus had a university degree in jurisprudence from the Benedictine University in Salzburg and held many positions of responsibility, including district superintendent in St. Andrae. He was apparently a skilled musician. He suffered a severe illness in 1714 and had to change positions to one with a relatively small salary as deputy superintendent of . During the last portion of his life, he fell deeply into debt. He died on 7 March 1724.

Nicolaus's possessions were liquidated to help pay the debt, and his remaining family (Anna Maria's mother and her older sister Maria Rosina, born 24 August 1719) lapsed into poverty. They moved to Salzburg, not far away, and lived on a charity pension of just eight (later nine) florins per month, perhaps supplemented by low-level employment. Anna Maria's older sister died in 1728, aged nine. Anna Maria herself was not well when she was young: legal documents from the time describe her as "constantly ill" (1733) and "the constantly ill bedridden daughter" (1739).

Marriage and children

She married Leopold Mozart in Salzburg in 1747; Abert writes, "the two were regarded at the time as the handsomest couple in Salzburg." The couple moved (perhaps with Anna Maria's mother) into an apartment on the third floor of Getreidegasse 9. Their landlord was Lorenz Hagenauer, who was a close friend of Leopold's, and a frequent correspondent on the family's later travels.

The Mozarts had seven children, of whom only two survived infancy:
 Johann Leopold Joachim (18 August 1748 – 2 February 1749)
 Maria Anna Cordula (18 June 1749 – 24 June 1749)
 Maria Anna Nepomucena Walpurgis (13 May 1750 – 29 July 1750)
 Maria Anna Walburga Ignatia (Nannerl) (30 July 1751 – 29 October 1829)
 Johann Karl Amadeus (4 November 1752 – 2 February 1753)
 Maria Crescentia Francisca de Paula (9 May 1754 – 27 June 1754)
 Johann Chrysostomus Wolfgang Amadeus (27 January 1756 – 5 December 1791)

Anna Maria nearly died giving birth to Wolfgang. Her womb retained the placenta, and its subsequent enforced removal at that time posed an extreme risk of fatal infection.

The two surviving children achieved fame. The daughter Maria Anna was called "Nannerl" as a child. She was a talented musician who performed with her brother on tour, but whose later life was very limited in its experiences and possibilities. The son, Wolfgang Amadeus, born 27 January 1756, achieved distinction first as a child prodigy, later as one of the most celebrated of all composers.

Family life

Assessing the evidence of the surviving letters, Abert writes of her role as spouse:  "she understood her husband's phlegmatic and painfully conscientious nature and did all she could to spare him the numerous troubles and worries that stemmed from it, a task that cannot have been easy, given his perpetual mistrust, and there is no doubt that she will have drawn a veil over many an unpleasant incident not merely out of prudence, but also from fear. She was utterly devoted to him and willingly submitted to the strict regime to which he inevitably and unquestioningly subjected her." Concerning Anna Maria as a mother, he says, "It was a pure and healthy spirit that reigned in the Mozart household... and Anna Maria must take much of the credit for this. Above all, she was a true mother to her children, who  invariably sought refuge with her when their father's strict hand weighed unduly heavily upon them. Wolfgang loved and admired her to distraction." The letters record that Anna Maria participated with zest in the family's tendency toward scatological humor, a tendency seen more strongly in Wolfgang.

Anna Maria went on the series of tours (1762–1768) through Europe, during which the two children were exhibited as prodigies. She unwillingly remained in Salzburg with Nannerl during the tours of Italy that Wolfgang and Leopold took during 1769–1773. In 1777, she accompanied the now-adult Wolfgang (again unwillingly) on a job-hunting tour that took him to Augsburg, Mannheim, and Paris.

Death
While in Paris, Anna Maria died on 3 July 1778 of a sudden, undiagnosed illness. She was buried in the cemetery of Saint-Eustache.

Notes

References

External links

 Biography of Anna Maria Pertl Mozart

1720 births
1778 deaths
People from Salzburg-Umgebung District
Anna Maria
18th-century Austrian people
18th-century Austrian women

Anna Maria Mozart


Retinitis is inflammation of the retina in the eye, which can permanently damage the retina and lead to blindness. The retina is the eye's "sensing" tissue. Retinitis may be caused by a number of different infectious agents. Its most common form, called retinitis pigmentosa, has a prevalence of one in every 2,500–7,000 people. This condition is one of the leading causes that leads to blindness in patients in the age range of 20–60 years old.

Retinitis may be caused by several infectious agents, including toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus and candida. Cytomegalovirus retinitis is an important cause of blindness in AIDS patients. Candida spreading to the retina from the bloodstream usually results in the production of several retinal abscesses.

Symptoms and signs
The first symptom of this disease is usually a slow loss of vision, especially that of night vision, making it harder to drive in the dark. Later signs include loss of peripheral vision, leading to tunnel vision. In some cases, symptoms are experienced in only one of the eyes. Experiencing floaters, flashes, blurred vision and loss of side vision in just one eye may be an early indication of onset of retinitis.

Mechanism
Retinitis is a genotypic disease which entails severe phenotypic representation. Types of it are currently considered the most complex forms of retinal disease. Such complexity in disease and incurability results from its complex mechanism. Retinitis is controlled by a single gene which can be inherited via an autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked gene. In many cases, individuals with retinitis have parents or other relatives unaffected by the disease.

Diagnosis
Although there has been extensive research in the past decades on the disease, there is still no evidence-based therapies for this condition which is often diagnosed at an early age, usually in teenagers or young adults.

To make a specific diagnosis, intraocular fluid samples may be taken and sent for analysis. In some cases, blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are also tested. Imaging may be done to help make the diagnosis.

Types
There are two types of the disease: retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis. Both conditions result in the swelling and damage to the retina. However, the key difference is that RP is a genetic problem inherited from one or both of parents. On the other hand, CMVR develops from a viral infection in the retina. While there is no cure for the disease, there are steps you can take to protect your vision from worsening.

Prevention
Research indicates that some supplements, especially vitamin A, lutein, and omega-3 fatty acids, may slow down the progression of the disease and alleviate symptoms temporarily.

Treatment
It is extremely important to see an ophthalmologist regularly. While supplements mentioned above may help reduce the symptoms, retinitis itself is not curable. Additionally, devices such as low-vision magnifiers can be used to aid vision in patients with despaired vision due to retinitis. Rehabilitation services may also aid the patient so that patients may use their vision in a more effective way. Lastly, it is advisable to wear sunglasses even on gloomy days to protect the eyes from UV radiation.

Recent research

Current research on retinitis includes studying stem cells, medications, gene therapies, and transplants to help treat/cure this condition. One study including patients with retinitis was conducted by using gene therapy.

References

 Retinitis. (n.d.). Retrieved December 12, 2017, from https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/retinitis-types-symptoms-treatment#1
 Parmeggiani, F. (2011). Clinics, Epidemiology and Genetics of Retinitis Pigmentosa. Current Genomics, 12(4), 236–237. http://doi.org/10.2174/138920211795860080

External links

Disorders of choroid and retina

Retinitis


Ludwig Karl Martin Leonhard Albrecht Kossel (; 16 September 1853 – 5 July 1927) was a German biochemist and pioneer in the study of genetics. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1910 for his work in determining the chemical composition of nucleic acids, the genetic substance of biological cells.

Kossel isolated and described the five organic compounds that are present in nucleic acid: adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, and uracil. These compounds were later shown to be nucleobases, and are key in the formation of DNA and RNA, the genetic material found in all living cells.

Kossel was an important influence on and collaborator with other important researchers in biochemistry, including Henry Drysdale Dakin, Friedrich Miescher, Edwin B. Hart, and his professor and mentor, Felix Hoppe-Seyler. Kossel was editor of the Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie (Journal of Physiological Chemistry) from 1895 until his death.  Kossel also conducted important research into the composition of protein, and his research predicted the discovery of the polypeptide nature of the protein molecule.

The Albrecht Kossel Institute for Neuroregeneration at the University of Rostock is named in his honor.

Early life and education
Kossel was born in Rostock, Germany as the son of the merchant and Prussian consul Albrecht Karl Ludwig Enoch Kossel and his wife Clara Jeppe Kossel. As a youth, Kossel attended the Gymnasium at Rostock, where he evidenced substantial interest in chemistry and botany.

In 1872, Kossel attended the University of Strassburg to study medicine. He studied under Felix Hoppe-Seyler, who was head of the department of biochemistry, the only such institution in Germany at the time. He attended lectures by Anton de Bary, Waldeyer, August Kundt, and Baeyer. He completed his studies at University of Rostock, and passed his German medical license exam in 1877.

Early research and collaboration
After completing his university studies, Kossel returned to the University of Strassburg as research assistant to Felix Hoppe-Seyler. At the time, Hoppe-Seyler was intensely interested in research concerning an acidic substance that had first been chemically isolated from pus cells by one of his former students, Friedrich Miescher, in 1869. Unlike protein, the substance contained considerable amounts of phosphorus, but with its high acidity, it was unlike any cellular substance that had yet been observed.

Kossel showed that the substance, called "nuclein", consisted of a protein component and a non-protein component. Kossel further isolated and described the non-protein component. This substance has become known as nucleic acid, which contains the genetic information found in all living cells.

Isolation and description of nucleobases
In 1883, Kossel left Strassburg to become Director of the Chemistry Division of the Physiological Institute at the University of Berlin. In this post, he succeeded Eugen Baumann and worked under the supervision of Emil du Bois-Reymond.

Kossel continued his previous work on the nucleic acids. During the period 1885 to 1901, he was able to isolate and name its five constituent organic compounds: adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, and uracil. These compounds are now known collectively as nucleobases, and they provide the molecular structure necessary in the formation of stable DNA and RNA molecules.

Research into the chemical composition of protein
In 1895, Kossel was professor of physiology as well as director of the Physiological Institute at the University of Marburg. Around this time, he began investigations into the chemical composition of proteins, the alterations in proteins during transformation into peptone, the peptide components of cells, and other investigations.

In 1896, Kossel discovered histidine, then worked out the classical method for the quantitative separation of the "hexone bases" (the alpha-amino acids arginine, histidine, and lysine). He was also the first to isolate theophylline, a therapeutic drug found naturally in tea and cocoa beans.

In 1901, Kossel was named to a similar post at Heidelberg University, and became director of the Heidelberg Institute for Protein Investigation. His research predicted the discovery of the polypeptide nature of the protein molecule.

Nobel prize

Kossel was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1910 for his research in cell biology, the chemical composition of the cell nucleus, and for his work in isolating and describing nucleic acids. The award was presented on 10 December 1910.

In the autumn of 1911, Kossel was invited to the United States to deliver the Herter Lecture at Johns Hopkins. Traveling with his wife Luise and daughter Gertrude, he took the opportunity to travel and to visit acquaintances, one of which was Eugene W. Hilgard, professor emeritus of agricultural chemistry at the University of California at Berkeley, who was also his wife's cousin. He also visited and delivered lectures at several other universities, including the University of Chicago.

On the occasion of his visit to New York City, Kossel was interviewed by a reporter from The New York Times. Kossel's English was reportedly very good, and his self-effacing modesty is voluminously mentioned in the reporter's account.

His Herter lecture at Johns Hopkins was titled, "The Proteins". This was the only time Kossel ever visited the United States.

Later research and collaboration
With his distinguished English pupil Henry Drysdale Dakin, Kossel investigated arginase, the ferment which hydrolyses arginine into urea and ornithine. Later, he discovered agmatine in herring roe and devised a method for preparing it.

Another of Kossel's students was American biochemist Edwin B. Hart, who would later return to the United States to participate in the "Single-grain experiment" (1907–1911) and be part of research teams that would determine the nutritive causes of anemia and goiter. Another was Otto Folin, an American chemist who discovered Phosphocreatine.

In 1923, Kossel was honored by being named Germany's representative to the Eleventh Physiological Congress in Edinburgh, Scotland. When he appeared before the assembled scientists, they gave him an ovation that lasted several minutes. At the congress, he was conferred an honorary degree by the University of Edinburgh.

In 1924, Kossel became professor emeritus, but continued to lecture at Heidelberg University. In April 1927, he attended the Lister Centenary Celebration held in England.

During the last years of Kossel's life, he conducted important research into the composition of the protein types protamines and histones, and introduced flavianic acid  for the quantitative separation of arginine, histidine and lysine in proteins.  A  monograph describing this work was published shortly after his death.

Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie
Kossel contributed to early issues of the Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie (Journal of Physiological Chemistry). This publication was founded by his professor and mentor, Felix Hoppe-Seyler, in 1877, the same year that Kossel started work as his research assistant. After Hoppe-Seyler's death in 1895, Kossel took over editorship of the Zeitschrift and continued in that role until his own death in 1927.

Personal life

In 1886, Kossel married Luise Holtzman, daughter of Adolf Holtzmann. Holtzmann was Professor at the University of Heidelberg, lecturing in German literature as well as Sanskrit. He was also a noted philologist of his day. The couple had three children, two of whom survived to maturity: Walther, born in 1888, and daughter Gertrude, born in 1889.

Son Walther Kossel (1888–1956) became a prominent physicist and was professor of theoretical physics and director of the Physics Institute at the University of Tübingen. He is known for his theory of the chemical bond (ionic bond/octet rule), the Sommerfeld–Kossel displacement law, and other achievements.

Albrecht Kossel was apparently not greatly interested in politics, but in 1914 he did not sign the propaganda Pronunciamento of German professors at the start of the war. He suffered under the lies which filled the world in war time. In 1917 Kossel was summoned by the government to pronounce that the allotted food provisions were sufficient. He refused this demand, would never declare untruths as truths

Through his marriage to Luise, Kossel was related to several prominent Americans, including soil science pioneer Eugene W. Hilgard, journalist and financier Henry Villard, and abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison.

Luise Kossel died in 1913 of acute pancreatitis. Kossel died quietly on 5 July 1927, after a recurring attack of angina pectoris. He is buried in Heidelberg, Germany.

Legacy

Albrecht Kossel is considered one of the great scientists of biochemistry and genetics. By isolating and defining nucleic acid and the nucleobases, he provided the necessary precursors that led to the double-helix model of DNA, devised by James D. Watson and Francis Crick in 1953.

" … his elucidation of the chemical nature of some building blocks that make up nucleic acids and chromatine has secured immortality for this exeedingly modest and almost shy man."

The Albrecht Kossel Institute for Neuroregeneration at the University of Rostock is named in his honor.

Selected works
Untersuchungen über die Nukleine und ihre Spaltungsprodukte ("Investigations into the nucleins and their cleavage products", 1881)
Die Gewebe des menschlichen Körpers und ihre mikroskopische Untersuchung ("The tissues in the human body and their microscopic investigation", 1889–1891)
Leitfaden für medizinisch-chemische Kurse ("Textbook for medical-chemical courses", 1888)
Die Probleme der Biochemie ("The problems of biochemistry", 1908)
Die Beziehungen der Chemie zur Physiologie ("The relationships between chemistry and physiology", 1913)

References

External links
  including the Nobel Lecture on 12 December 1910 The Chemical Composition of the Cell Nucleus

1853 births
1927 deaths
People from Rostock
People from the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
German physiologists
History of genetics
Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
German Nobel laureates
University of Strasbourg alumni
University of Rostock alumni
Academic staff of the University of Marburg
Academic staff of Heidelberg University
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Physicians of the Charité

Albrecht Kossel


Row Your Boat is a drama about a recently released ex-convict trying to correct his life, written and directed by Sollace Mitchell. It was released in 1998, and in 2001 on home video. The film stars Jon Bon Jovi, Bai Ling, and William Forsythe. Its title is taken from the English nursery rhyme "Row, Row, Row Your Boat".

Bon Jovi plays Jamey Meadows, a man newly released from prison who is consequently homeless and living on the streets of New York City. Slowly, he must build his life up from the gutter, and takes a menial job as a door-to-door census taker for the government. His brother Gil, a petty criminal played by William Forsythe (Dick Tracy, The Rock, Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo) sees Meadows' employment as a way to gain inside information for future burglaries, and tries to cajole, bribe, and blackmail Meadows into helping the gang. Meadows resists, as it was helping his brother that got him into jail, and loyalty that kept him from implicating the others.

In the course of work he interviews Chun Hua (Bai Ling), an attractive young Chinese woman married to a much older businessman, and has a baby boy from an earlier liaison. Meadows enjoys her companionship and starts an innocent relationship with her, getting paid to teach her colloquial (New York) English, in the course of which they sing together the nursery-rhyme of the title. He pretends his brother's apartment is his own, rather than admit he is "sleeping rough". They begin a chaste love affair, but have aroused suspicions.

At this stage the film has all the elements of a romantic comedy, with many amusing highlights, but then gets darker and more complicated. The gang breaks into the Chinese family residence, find nothing of value, so kidnap the baby for the ransom, not realizing he is precious only to Chun Hua, who is penniless. Meadows abducts the baby and is pursued by the gang, but loses them, stealing a rowboat to cross the Hudson to where Chun Hua is waiting. He is shot by his brother (in the back, as he is protecting the baby) and dies before being picked up by the coastguard. The brother is treated as a hero for foiling the kidnap attempt. Chun Hua and her baby return to China; only she knows the truth.

Critical reception
The film brought home an Audience Choice Award for Best Feature at the Stony Brook Film Festival in 1999.

Home media
Row Your Boat was released in Australia by Flashback Entertainment (Cat. 9852)

References

External links

1998 films
1998 drama films
American drama films
1990s English-language films
1990s American films

Row Your Boat


Roger Gould is an American writer, psychiatrist and authority on adult psychological development.

In his book Transformations, Gould presents his view that adult psychological development consists of the "dismantling of the illusions of safety developed in childhood". Gould's theory suggests that these illusions are confronted in a time-sensitive sequence as one progresses through the life-cycle. His research was used extensively in Passages, by Gail Sheehy.

Gould has pioneered the use of computer-assisted and web-based therapy. He was honored by The Smithsonian Institution as a pioneer in the field of computer-assisted therapy. In 2001, Gould's method of computer-assisted therapy was found to be about as effective as traditional therapy.

Gould is also the founder of Shrink Yourself, an online, weight-loss program that uses his web-based therapy techniques to eliminate emotional eating, binge eating, overeating and other forms of excessive, compulsive or uncontrolled eating. In 2007, he published a second book, Shrink Yourself: Break Free from Emotional Eating Forever, based on the Shrink Yourself online program. In both the book and online program, Gould suggests that the powerlessness people feel over their cravings to eat when they are emotionally upset is a cover-up for a deeper sense of powerlessness in areas, or "layers", of their lives not directly connected to eating. By examining one's sense of powerlessness in the areas identified, Gould claims one can end emotional eating and other form of uncontrolled eating.

References

Living people
1935 births
American psychiatrists

Roger Gould


Oxalis rubra is a species of flowering plant in the woodsorrel family known by the common name red woodsorrel and windowbox woodsorrel. It is sometimes considered a subspecies of Oxalis articulata. It is native to Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay, but it is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant and can sometimes be found growing in the wild as a garden escapee. This is a perennial herb growing from a woody rhizome. There is generally no stem, the leaves arising on long petioles from ground level. Each leaf is made up of three leaflets which can vary in shape but are often heart-shaped. The inflorescence is a loose array of white to purple-pink flowers.

References

External links

Jepson Manual Treatment
Photo gallery

rubra
Flora of Argentina
Flora of Brazil
Flora of Uruguay
Garden plants

Oxalis rubra


Henry Beam Piper (March 23, 1904 – ) was an American science fiction writer. He wrote many short stories and several novels. He is best known for his extensive Terro-Human Future History series of stories and a shorter series of "Paratime" alternate history tales.

He wrote under the name H. Beam Piper. Another source gives his name as "Horace Beam Piper" and a different date of death. His gravestone says "Henry Beam Piper". Piper himself may have been the source of part of the confusion; he told people the H stood for Horace, encouraging the assumption that he used the initial because he disliked his name. On a copy of Little Fuzzy given to Charles O. Piper, Beam's cousin and executor, he wrote "To Charles from Henry."

Biography
Piper was largely self-educated; he obtained his knowledge of science and history "without subjecting myself to the ridiculous misery of four years in the uncomfortable confines of a raccoon coat." He went to work at age 18 as a laborer at the Pennsylvania Railroad's Altoona yards in Altoona, Pennsylvania. He also worked as a night watchman for the railroad.

Piper published his first short story, "Time and Time Again", in 1947 in Astounding Science Fiction; it was adapted for the radio program Dimension X and first broadcast in 1951, and was re-produced for X Minus One in 1956. He was primarily a short story author until 1961, when he made a productive, if short-lived, foray into novels. He collected guns and wrote one mystery, Murder in the Gunroom.

In 1964, his career apparently on the skids, and prevented by reticence and his libertarian principles from asking anyone to assist him with his financial difficulties, Piper committed suicide. The exact date of his death is unknown; the last entry in his diary was dated November 5 ("Rain 0930"), and according to his Pennsylvania death certificate his body was found on November 8. According to Jerry Pournelle's introduction to Little Fuzzy, Piper shut off all the utilities to his apartment, put painter's drop-cloths over the walls and floor, and took his own life with a handgun from his collection. In his suicide note, he gave an explanation that "I don't like to leave messes when I go away, but if I could have cleaned up any of this mess, I wouldn't be going away. H. Beam Piper."

Some biographers attribute his act to financial problems, others to family problems; Pournelle wrote that Piper felt burdened by financial hardships in the wake of a divorce, and the mistaken perception that his career was foundering (his agent had died without notifying him of multiple sales). Editor George H. Scithers, who knew Piper socially, has stated that Piper wanted to spite the ex-wife he despised: by killing himself, Piper voided his life insurance policy, and prevented her from collecting.

An unpublished story, "Only the Arquebus", was missing after his suicide; it is probable that he destroyed it along with many of his personal papers.

His output was eventually purchased by Ace Science Fiction and reprinted in a set of paperbacks in the early 1980s. Many of these have since gone out of print, though his two best-known arcs were again reprinted by Ace in 1998 and 2001. Late in his career, Piper corresponded with Pournelle, who was the Ace editor who helped reprint some of his novels.

Many of his earlier copyrights have been allowed to lapse, permitting Project Gutenberg to distribute his work online.

Themes and hallmarks

Piper's stories fall into two groups: stark space opera, such as Space Viking, or stories of cultural conflict or misunderstanding, such as Little Fuzzy or the Paratime stories.

A running theme in his work is that history repeats itself; past events will have direct and clear analogues in the future. The novel Uller Uprising is the clearest example of this, being based on the Sepoy Mutiny. A similar example is the very title of Space Viking, although the novel is not a direct reinterpretation of a specific historical precedent. A later theme in the book involves the takeover of a planet in a manner reminiscent of the rise of Adolf Hitler.

Piper's characterization was rooted in the notion of the self-reliant man, able to take care of himself and both willing and able to tackle any situation that might arise. This is exemplified in a bit of dialogue in his short story "Oomphel in the Sky" (1960):

He actually knows what has to be done and how to do it, and he's going right ahead and doing it, without holding a dozen conferences and round-table discussions and giving everybody a fair and equal chance to foul things up for him.

As a result, his stories tend towards the heroic, and the conflict is usually driven externally.

Piper was interested in general semantics. It is explicitly mentioned in Murder in the Gunroom, and its principles, such as awareness of the limitations of knowledge, are apparent in his later work.

Major storylines

Terro-Human Future History
The Terro-Human Future History is Piper's detailed account of the next 6,000 years of human history. 1942, the year the first fission reactor was constructed, is defined as the year 1 A.E. (Atomic Era). In 1973, a nuclear war devastates the planet, eventually laying the groundwork for the emergence of a Terran Federation, once humanity goes into space and develops antigravity technology.

The story "The Edge of the Knife" (collected in Empire) occurs slightly before the war, and involves a man who sees flashes of the future. It links many key elements of Piper's series.

Most of the stories take place during the next millennium, during the age of the two Federations. Most notable among these novels are the three Fuzzy novels (starting with Little Fuzzy), which concern the recognition of a peculiar alien species as sapient, and the efforts of the two species to learn to live together on the Fuzzies' home world of Zarathustra.

The Federation collapses in the System States War and following Interstellar Wars (a bit of which can be seen in The Cosmic Computer), leading to a lengthy interregnum, during which there is no central human power. Space Viking is set in this chaotic period.

The interregnum ends with the founding of the first Empire. At least five empires rule humanity during the next four thousand years, but only a handful of short stories (collected in Empire) depict this period. Piper generally portrays these empires as benign, ruled by enlightened despots.

Piper's future history resembles in some ways Isaac Asimov's Foundation Trilogy, and was probably influenced by it, especially since both authors wrote for John W. Campbell.

Paratime
A much shorter series of alternate history stories is Piper's Paratime sequence, collected in Paratime, followed by the novel Lord Kalvan of Otherwhen. These stories concern the Paratime Police, a law enforcement outfit from a parallel world which has learned how to move between timelines. They jealously guard the secret, even as they mine other worlds for their resources. Notably, it appears that humans are in fact Martian refugees who escaped a calamity on their home planet and migrated to Earth.

Unlike many alternate histories, these stories tend to focus on points of divergence far back in the past. For instance, Lord Kalvan involves a police officer who is accidentally transported to a world where the ancestors of modern Europeans failed to move into Europe. Instead, the nomadic tribes migrated across Asia and into North America. The people living on the eastern coast of North America in this novel settled the area from the west, and still live in a medieval society.

Many readers point towards the short story "Genesis" (anthologized in The Worlds of H. Beam Piper) to suggest that the Terro-Human Future History universe is in fact an alternate world in the Paratime universe, where the Martians' escape from Mars resulted in their forgetting their heritage and having to start over. However, in several letters to friends and in an article published in a fan magazine, Piper himself listed the true Paratime stories, and he never identified "Genesis" as one. On the other hand, "He Walked Around The Horses" is referenced in "Police Operation" so that is a sidebar story to the series.

By the same token, in spite of Piper's lack of explicit stipulation, "Omnilingual" (1957) — which concerns a near-future scientific expedition to Mars under the aegis of an international Earth government — may also be a Paratime story. The scientists and scholars involved in this effort are found in medias res excavating the ruins of the advanced human civilization which had been gradually destroyed on the fourth planet some 50,000 years before. In "Omnilingual" there is no mention of the northern hemisphere's thermonuclear devastation as a result of the NATO/Communist "cold war" kindled into an orgy of extermination by the impact of an antimatter meteorite, which was detailed by Piper in his story "The Answer" (1959). Throughout the Terro-Human Future History, that conflict and the destruction wrought across the nations of the First and Second Worlds is pervasive as an explanation of the precise manner in which the home planet's culture (by way of South America, Australia, and South Africa in particular) comes to influence the planets of Piper's Federation and Empire.

Published works

Terro-Human Future History

Federation series
 Uller Uprising (1952)  (refers to the 1983 edition)
 Four-Day Planet (1961)  (refers to the 1981 edition: Four-Day Planet/Lone Star planet)
 The Cosmic Computer (1963, originally Junkyard Planet)  (refers to the 1983 edition.) Based on the short story "Graveyard of Dreams", published in Galaxy Magazine February 1958.
 Space Viking (1963)  (refers to the 1983 edition)
 Federation (1981)
 Empire (1981)  (refers to the May 1983 Mass Market Paperback Ed.)

Fuzzy series
 Little Fuzzy (1962) ,
 Fuzzy Sapiens (1964, originally The Other Human Race)
 Fuzzies and Other People (1984)

Collections
 The Complete Fuzzy (1998)  (pbk.)--collecting Little Fuzzy, Fuzzy Sapiens, and Fuzzies and other People.
 The Fuzzy Papers (September 1980)  (pbk.) --collecting Little Fuzzy and Fuzzy Sapiens.
 The Fuzzy Papers (?)  ISBN ?  (hdbk.)--collecting Little Fuzzy and Fuzzy Sapiens.

Paratime
 Paratime (1981)
 The Complete Paratime (2001)
 Lord Kalvan of Otherwhen (1965, reprinted 1984), . (also published as Gunpowder God by Sphere Science Fiction).
 Short stories: "Last Enemy"; "Time Crime" in two parts; "Temple Trouble"; "Police Operation"; and according to some, "Genesis". "He Walked Around The Horses" is referenced in "Police Operation" so that is a sidebar story to the tale.

Other novels

 Murder in the Gunroom (1953, not science fiction but rather a murder mystery)
 Crisis In 2140 (1957, with John J. McGuire, half of Ace Double D-227). This was first serialized in Astounding Science Fiction as Null-ABC, copyright 1953.
 Lone Star Planet (1958, originally A Planet for Texans) with John J. McGuire . The work is a clear and obvious tribute to H.L. Mencken's essay "The Malevolent Jobholder" (from The American Mercury, June 1924), in which Mencken proposed ...that it shall be no longer malum in se for a citizen to pummel, cowhide, kick, gouge, cut, wound, bruise, maim, burn, club, bastinado, flay, or even lynch a [government] jobholder, and that it shall be malum prohibitum only to the extent that the punishment exceeds the jobholder's deserts. The amount of this excess, if any, may be determined very conveniently by a petit jury, as other questions of guilt are now determined.

In 1999, the novel won the Prometheus Award, Hall of Fame Award for Best Classic Libertarian SF Novel. This tongue-in-cheek tale features a planet of Texans whose dinosaur-sized cattle have to be herded with tanks, and whose system of government derives its character from Mencken's essay. The protagonist is an insubordinate junior diplomat who is appointed as ambassador to this cantankerously independent planet in the hope that he will be assassinated (as the previous ambassador had been), thereby justifying the forcible invasion and conquest of the Texans. The crux of the story is the trial of the previous ambassador's assassins—actually paid killers hired by an alien empire also planning invasion—under a legal system that considers the killing of a practicing politician to be justifiable homicide.

 First Cycle (1982), expanded by Michael Kurland from a Piper outline.

Short stories

 "The Answer" (1959)
 "Crossroads of Destiny" (1959)
 "Day of the Moron" (1951)
 "Dearest" (1951)
 "The Edge of the Knife" (1957)
 "Flight From Tomorrow" (1950)
 "Genesis" (1951)
 "Graveyard of Dreams" (1958)
 "He Walked Around the Horses" (1948), published in Kingsley Amis, The Golden Age of Science Fiction (1981)
 "Hunter Patrol" (1959, with John J. McGuire) (1959)
 "The Keeper" (1957)
 "Last Enemy" (1950)
 "The Mercenaries" (1950)
 "Ministry of Disturbance" (with John J. McGuire) (1958)
 "Naudsonce" (1962)
 "Omnilingual" (1957)
 "Oomphel in the Sky" (1960)
 "Operation R.S.V.P." (1951)
 "Police Operation" (1948)
 "Rebel Raider" (1950)
 "The Return" (1954) (with John J. McGuire)
 "The Return" (1960) (with John J. McGuire) expanded version of the original
 "A Slave is a Slave" (1962)
 "Temple Trouble" (1951)
 "Time and Time Again" (1947)
 "Time Crime" (1955)
 "When in the Course—" (1981)

Collections
 The Worlds of H. Beam Piper (1983)

Piper's Fuzzies in books by other authors
 Fuzzy Bones, by William Tuning - Sequel to Little Fuzzy & Fuzzy Sapiens 1981
 Golden Dream, by Ardath Mayhar - based on works by H. Beam Piper & William Tuning 1982
 Fuzzy Nation, by John Scalzi
 Fuzzy Ergo Sum, by Wolfgang Diehr
 Caveat Fuzzy, by Wolfgang Diehr (A sequel to Fuzzy Ergo Sum)
 The Fuzzy Conundrum, by John F. Carr and Wolfgang Diehr

Piper's "Terro-Human History" books by other authors
 The Last Space Viking, by John F. Carr and Mike Robertson
 Space Viking's Throne, by John F. Carr and Mike Robertson (A sequel to the Last Space Viking)
 The Way of the Sword-Worlds, by John F. Carr and Mike Robertson (A prequel to Space Viking involving Otto Harkaman, coming in 2021)
  Return of Space Viking, by John F. Carr (A direct sequel to Space Viking, confirmed by the author for late 2021 and is the long-awaited book once announced by Jerry Pournelle)
 Rise of the Terran Federation, Edited by John F. Carr (A new anthology due in 2016)
 Cosmic Computer Legacy: The Tides of Chaos, by Dietmar Wehr (A sequel to Cosmic Computer)
 Space Viking Legacy: The Tanith Gambit, by Dietmar Wehr (A sequel to Space Viking released as an ebook in 2013)
 Space Viking Legacy: Book II: The Loki Gambit, by Dietmar Wehr (released as an ebook in 2013)
 Prince of Tanith: A Space Viking Novel (The Tanith Series)by Terry Mancour (A sequel to Space Viking on Amazon Kindle)
 Princess Valerie's War: A Space Viking Novel (The Tanith Series Book II) by Terry Mancour on Amazon Kindle

"Paratime" books by other authors
 Great King's War, by John F. Carr and Roland Green
 Kalvan Kingmaker, by John F. Carr
 The Siege of Tos-Hostigos, by John F. Carr
 The Fireseed Wars, by John F. Carr
 Gunpowder God, by John F. Carr
 The Hos-Bletha Affair, by John F. Carr and Wolfgang Diehr

The Paratime Trilogy

 Time Crime, by H. Beam Piper and John F. Carr (Carr expanded the previous novella with a third act)

References

External links

 H. Beam Piper titles archived and otherwise accessible via ManyBooks (multiple formats)
 John F. Carr's Lord Kalvan site

 Bibliography at SciFan
 Archives of the piper-l mailing list
 2009 retrospective review of the Fuzzy series by Jo Walton
 Lengthy commentary/analysis by Joseph T Major on Space Viking.

 Past Masters - Piper at the Gates by Bud Webster
 The Cosmic Computer at Standard Ebooks
 The H. Beam Piper Memorial Site
 Books by Piper, H. Beam. Project Gutenberg.

1904 births
1964 deaths
1964 suicides
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American short story writers
American alternate history writers
American male novelists
American male short story writers
American science fiction writers
Novelists from Pennsylvania
People from Altoona, Pennsylvania
Pulp fiction writers
Suicides by firearm in Pennsylvania

H. Beam Piper


The Republic of Mahabad, also referred to as the Republic of Kurdistan (; ), was a short-lived Kurdish self-governing unrecognized state in present-day Iran, from 22 January to 15 December 1946. The Republic of Mahabad, a puppet state of the Soviet Union, arose alongside the Azerbaijan People's Government, a similarly short-lived unrecognized Soviet puppet state.

The capital of the Republic of Mahabad was Mahabad in northwestern Iran. The state encompassed a small territory, including Mahabad and the adjacent cities of Bukan, Oshnavieh, Piranshahr and Naghadeh. The republic moreover claimed the three cities of Urmia, Khoy and Salmas held by the Azerbaijan People's Government.

Background
Iran was invaded by the Allies in late August 1941, with the Soviets controlling the north. In the absence of a central government, the Soviets attempted to attach northwestern Iran to the Soviet Union, and promoted Kurdish nationalism. From these factors resulted a Kurdish manifesto that above all sought autonomy and self-government for the Kurdish people in Iran within the limits of the Iranian state. In the town of Mahabad, inhabited mostly by Kurds, a committee of middle-class people supported by tribal chiefs took over the local administration. A political party called the Society for the Revival of Kurdistan (Komeley Jiyanewey Kurdistan or JK) was formed. Qazi Muhammad, head of a family of religious jurists, was elected as chairman of the party. Although the republic was not declared until December 1945, Qazi's committee administered the area for more than five years until the fall of the republic.

In 1946 UNSC passed resolutions 2, 3 and 5, urging and eventually facilitating the removal of Soviet forces still occupying Iran.

Foundation

In the Iranian province of West Azerbaijan, the Soviet commander at Mīāndoāb summoned the Kurdish chieftains and transported them to Baku in Azerbaijan SSR. There, in late September, 1945, the Prime Minister of the Azerbaijan SSR told them that neither their own nationalist party, the Komala-ye Žīān-e Kordestān, nor the Tūda Party was looked on favorably, that they should seek their goals within Azerbaijani autonomy, and that they should call themselves the Democratic Party of Kurdistan. The Soviet Union's coercion tactics did not start the Azerbaijan movement entirely. Among other things, the Kurds opposed the government's detribalization efforts. So it made sense to both Kurds and Azeris in the years following the Soviet occupation in 1941 to be concerned with maintaining their sense of identity within their respective communal groups. On December 10, the Democratic Party took control of East Azerbaijan Province from Iranian government forces, forming the Azerbaijan People's Government. Qazi Muhammad decided to do likewise, and on December 15, the Kurdish People's Government was founded in Mahabad. On January 22, 1946, Qazi Muhammad announced the formation of the Republic of Mahabad. Some of the aims mentioned in the manifesto include:
 Autonomy for the Iranian Kurds within the Iranian state.
 The use of Kurdish as the medium of education and administration.
 The election of a provincial council for Kurdistan to supervise state and social matters.
 All state officials to be of local origin.
 Unity and fraternity with the Azerbaijani people.
 The establishment of a single law for both peasants and notables.

Education
Education was aimed to be provided for free and to be in Kurdish language. But at the beginning of the republic, the teachers had to translate from the textbooks in Persian language to the Kurdish language. Only at the end of the existence of the republic, textbooks in the Kurdish language were to be distributed to the schools. On the same day, the formation of high school for girls was also announced.

Relationship to the Soviets

The Republic of Mahabad depended on Soviet support. Archibald Bulloch Roosevelt, Jr., grandson of the former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, wrote in 1947 in "The Kurdish Republic of Mahabad" that a major problem of the People's Republic of Mahabad was that the Kurds needed the assistance of the USSR; only with the Red Army did they have a chance. However, the Republic's close relationship with the USSR alienated it from most Western powers, causing them to side with Iran's central government. Qazi Muhammad did not deny that the Soviets funded and supplied his republic, but denied that the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (KDPI) was a communist party. He portrayed this notion as a lie fabricated by the Iranian military authorities, and added that his ideals differed greatly from those of the Soviets.

Contemporaries – both friends and foes – tended to exaggerate the Soviet role in the Republic of Mahabad. While Kurdish nationalist leaders Abdul Rahman Ghassemlou and Jalal Talabani stressed Soviet friendship and support, others like Robert Rossow, Jr., the American chargé d'affaires in neighboring Azerbaijan, and historian William Linn Westermann branded the republic a Soviet puppet state. This notion was also widespread amongst Kurdish tribal leaders, many of whom disagreed with Qazi's leadership.

The Soviets were however generally ambivalent towards the Kurdish administration. They did not maintain a garrison near Mahabad and also did not have any civil agent of sufficient standing to exercise any great influence. They encouraged Qazi's administration by practical benevolent operations such as providing motor transport, keeping out the Iranian army, and buying the whole of the tobacco crop. On the other hand, the Soviets initially did not like the Kurdish administration's refusal to be absorbed into the larger Democratic Republic of (Persian) Azerbaijan, and discouraged the formation of an independent Kurdish state. Following the fall of Mahabad, they however allowed for the safe passage of Mustafa Barzani and his followers into the Soviet Union.

End
On 26 March 1946, due to pressure from Western powers including the United States, the Soviets promised the Iranian government that they would pull out of northwestern Iran. In June, Iran reasserted its control over Iranian Azerbaijan. This move isolated the Republic of Mahabad, eventually leading to its destruction.

Qazi Muhammad's internal support eventually declined, especially among the Kurdish tribes who had supported him initially. Their crops and supplies were dwindling, and their way of life was becoming hard as a result of the isolation. Economic aid and military assistance from the Soviet Union was gone, and the tribes saw no reason to support him. The townspeople and the tribes had a large divide between them, and their alliance for Mahabad was crumbling. The tribes and their leaders had only supported Qazi Muhammad for his economic and military aid from the Soviet Union. Once that was gone, many did not see any reason to support him. Other tribes resented the Barzanis, since they did not like sharing their already dwindling resources with them. Some Kurds deserted Mahabad, including one of Mahabad's own marshals, Amir Khan. Mahabad was economically bankrupt, and it would have been nearly impossible for Mahabad to have been economically sound without harmony with Iran.

Those who stayed began to resent the Barzani Kurds, as they had to share their resources with them.

On 5 December 1946, the war council told Qazi Muhammad that they would fight and resist the Iranian army if they tried to enter the region. The lack of Kurdish tribal support however made Qazi Muhammad only see a massacre upon the Kurdish civilians performed by the Iranian army rather than Kurdish rebellion. This forced him to avoid war at all cost.

Ten days later, on 15 December 1946, Iranian forces entered and secured Mahabad. Once there, they closed down the Kurdish printing press, banned the teaching of Kurdish language, and burned all Kurdish books that they could find. Finally, on 31 March 1947, Qazi Muhammad was hanged in Mahabad on counts of treason. At the behest of Archie Roosevelt, Jr., who argued that Qazi had been forced to work with the Soviets out of expediency, U.S. ambassador to Iran George V. Allen urged the Shah not to execute Qazi or his brother, only to be reassured: "Are you afraid I'm going to have them shot? If so, you can rest your mind. I am not." Roosevelt later recounted that the order to have the Qazis killed was likely issued "as soon as our ambassador had closed the door behind him," adding with regard to the Shah: "I never was one of his admirers."

Aftermath

Mustafa Barzani, with his soldiers from Iraqi Kurdistan, had formed the backbone of the Republic's forces. After the fall of the republic, most of the soldiers and four officers from the Iraqi army decided to return to Iraq. The officers were condemned to death upon returning to Iraq and are today honored along with Qazi as heroes martyred for Kurdistan. Several hundred of the soldiers chose to stay with Barzani. They defeated all efforts of the Iranian army to intercept them in a five-week march and made their way to Soviet Azerbaijan.

See also
 Mukriyan
 Kurds in Iran
 Azerbaijan People's Government
 Persian Socialist Soviet Republic
 Autonomous Government of Khorasan
 Iran–Russia relations

Notes

References

 "The Republic of Kurdistan: Fifty Years Later", International Journal of Kurdish Studies, 11, no. 1 & 2, (1997).
 The Kurdish Republic of 1946, William Eagleton, Jr. (London: Oxford University Press, 1963)
  Moradi Golmorad: "Ein Jahr autonome Regierung in Kurdistan, die Mahabad-Republik 1946–1947" in: Geschichte der kurdischen Aufstandsbewegungen von der arabisch-islamischen Invasion bis zur Mahabad-Republik, Bremen 1992,
  M. Khoubrouy-Pak: Une république éphémère au Kurdistan, Paris u.a. 2002,
 Archie Roosevelt, Jr., "The Kurdish Republic of Mahabad", Middle East Journal, no. 1 (July 1947), pp. 247–269.
 William Linn Westermann, "Kurdish Independence and Russian Expansion", Foreign Affairs, Vol. 24, 1945–1946, pp. 675–686
 Kurdish Republic of Mahabad, Encyclopedia of the Orient.
 "The Kurds: People without a country", Encyclopædia Britannica

 Meiselas, Susan Kurdistan In the Shadow of History, Random House, 1997.

 Yassin, Burhaneddin A., "A History of the Republic of Kurdistan", The International Journal of Kurdish Studies, 11, nos. 1–2 (1997): 115–240.
 Yassin, Burhaneddin A., Vision or Reality: The Kurds in the Policy of the Great Powers, 1941–1947, Lund University Press, Lund/Sweden, 1995. ,  Lund University Press. ou  Chartwell-Bratt Ltd.
  Масуд Барзани. Мустафа Барзани и курдское освободительное движение. Пер. А. Ш. Хаурами, СПб, Наука, 2005.
  М. С. Лазарев. Курдистан и курдский вопрос (1923–1945). М., Издательская фирма «Восточная литература» РАН, 2005.
  Жигалина О. И. Национальное движение курдов в Иране (1918–1947). М., «Наука», 1988.
  История Курдистана. Под ред. М. С. Лазарева, Ш. Х. Мгои. М., 1999.
  Муртаза Зарбахт. От Иракского Курдистана до другого берега реки Аракс. Пер. с курдск. А. Ш. Хаурами. М.-СПб, 2003.

External links
 The Republic of Kurdistan in Mehabad, Encyclopaedia Kurdistanica.
 Kurds at the crossroad

Former Kurdish states in Iran
Former countries in the Middle East
Mahabad
History of West Azerbaijan Province
Iran–Soviet Union relations
Cold War history of Iran
20th century in Iran
Kurdish separatism in Iran
Former unrecognized countries
States and territories established in 1946
States and territories disestablished in 1946

Republic of Mahabad


Georges-Marie de Jonghe d'Ardoye, MEP (23 April 1887 – 27 August 1961) was a Belgian prelate of the Catholic Church who worked as a missionary in China and then held several posts in the diplomatic service of the Holy See.

Biography
De Jonghe d'Ardoye was born on 23 April 1887 in Saint-Gilles-lès-Bruxelles, Belgium. He studied at the Collège St Michel in Brussels and Notre Dame de la Paix  in Namur. He joined the Paris Foreign Missions Society on 13 September 1905. He was ordained a priest of the Missions Society on 21 June 1910 by Cardinal Désiré-Joseph Mercier. On 30 November 1910 he left France to begin his career as a missionary in Sichuan, China. He was sent first to Moutchang then to Kunglai. From 1919 to 1923, he built a large complex known as the College of Wisdom including a higher primary school, a secondary school and a Catholic normal school.

On 23 May 1933, Pope Pius XI named him titular bishop of Amathus in Cypro and Apostolic Vicar of Yünnanfu. He received his episcopal consecration on 17 September 1933 from Bishop Jean-Baptiste-Marie Budes de Guébriant, Superior General of the Foreign Missions Society.

On 17 October 1938, Pope Pius appointed him Apostolic Delegate to Iraq and titular archbishop of Misthia.

On 6 July 1947, Pope Pius XII appointed him Apostolic Delegate to Indonesia, the first papal representative there. He became Apostolic Internuncio there on 16 March 1950.  His tenure there was marked by disputes with both government authorities and factions within the Church.

On 2 March 1955, Pope Pius appointed him Apostolic Internuncio to Egypt.

He resigned in 1956 for health reasons, and on 1 February 1957 was named a consultor to the Congregation for Oriental Churches.

De Jonghe d'Ardoye died in Brussels on 27 August 1961 at the age of 74.

See also
 Catholic Church in Sichuan

References

1887 births
1961 deaths
Clergy from Brussels
Apostolic Nuncios to Indonesia
Apostolic Nuncios to Iraq
Apostolic Nuncios to Egypt
Roman Catholic missionaries in Sichuan
Catholic Church in Yunnan

Georges-Marie de Jonghe d'Ardoye


Chazuke (茶漬け, ちゃづけ) or ochazuke (お茶漬け, from (o)cha 'tea' + tsuke 'submerge') is a simple Japanese dish made by pouring green tea, dashi, or hot water over cooked rice. Chazuke provides a way to use leftover rice as a quick snack because it is easy to make.  In Kyoto, ochazuke is known as bubuzuke. Since the 1970s, packaged "instant ochazuke", consisting of freeze-dried toppings and seasonings, has become popular.

Common toppings include tsukemono (Japanese pickles), umeboshi, nori (seaweed), furikake, sesame seeds, tarako and mentaiko (salted and marinated pollock roe), salted salmon, shiokara (pickled seafood), scallions, and wasabi.

History

This dish first became popular in the Heian period of Japan, when water was most commonly poured over rice, but beginning in the Edo period, tea was often used instead.

It is said that the direct ancestor of today's chazuke is a method of eating that was adopted by servants (apprentices) who were employed by merchants at that time so that they could finish their meal very quickly during their work. At that time, the servants spent most of their day working, and their meal times were controlled by their superiors, so this form of eating naturally arose. Pickles were almost the only side dish that the apprentices were allowed to eat freely in the simple meals of the apprentices, and they were often piled up in huge bowls. It is speculated that this was also closely related to the establishment of the food form of chazuke. Since there was still no technology to keep cooked rice warm as it is today, chazuke was a convenient way to enjoy cold rice and to finish a meal quickly. It was very useful and popular.

The beginning of chazuke is said to be after the middle of the Edo period, when bancha and green tea became popular and tea became established as a luxury item of the common people. Sencha contains a little monosodium glutamate (umami ingredient), and combined with the unique aroma of sencha tea, it is more delicious than hot water sprinkled with white water. However, among the common people, it was common to put bancha on.

In addition, from the Genroku period, "chazukeya" appeared as a restaurant serving chazuke, and it was widely popular as fast food for the common people. In the Edo Famous Places Picture Society, published in the late Edo period, "SignboardChazuke can be seen as "Edo Masu" and "Edo Masu, which is also served by customers", and in Edo, "88" with 64 sentences is written on the sign of the chazuke shop, and it can be seen that it was prosperous as it was commonly called 88 chazuke. However, the chazuke restaurant was positioned as a place to have a simple meal, and not only chazuke was served. Among the photographs of the early opening of Japan (late Edo period) on permanent display at the Yokohama Museum of Art, Mishima-juku records the crowding of chazuke shops on the highway. The clerks, customers, and passers-by of the tea shop in this photo are all looking at the camera with surprised faces. This was during the Ansei years before the Meiji Restoration, shortly after the opening of the country, and it must have been very rare for foreign photographers with large photographic machines. However, from the impression that it stopped at this time, you can also see the appearance of the chazuke shop at that time, such as the way customers sit at the eaves of the chazuke shop and glance at us, the landlady stopping with a tray, and various notations such as "chazukeya" and "chazuke" depending on the shop.

Instant Chazuke
Nagatanien proposed the concept of "brewed tea rice" in 1952 and launched "Chazuo Seaweed". This product is a small package containing matcha.

See also
 Lei cha

References

Japanese rice dishes
Tea dishes

Chazuke


Liguria was a late Roman province in Italy in the 4th–6th centuries. Despite its name, it encompassed most of the modern Italian region of Piedmont and parts of Lombardy, but not the medieval and modern region of Liguria, which was included in the province of Alpes Cottiae. The province's capital was Mediolanum (Milan) and it was governed by an official of consularis rank. Administratively, it was subject to the Diocese of Annonarian Italy and to the praetorian prefecture of Italy.

Late Roman provinces
Geographical, historical and cultural regions of Italy

Liguria (Roman province)


William Redington Hewlett ( ; May 20, 1913 – January 12, 2001) was an American engineer and the co-founder, with David Packard, of the Hewlett-Packard Company (HP).

Early life and education
Hewlett was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan, where his father taught at the University of Michigan Medical School. In 1916 the family moved to San Francisco after his father, Albion Walter Hewlett, took a similar position at Stanford Medical School, located at the time in San Francisco. He attended Lowell High School and was the 1929-1930 Battalion Commander of the school's Army JROTC program. He was accepted at Stanford University as a favor to his late father who died of a brain tumor in 1925.

Hewlett received his bachelor's degree from Stanford University in 1934, a Master of Science degree in electrical engineering from MIT in 1936, and a post-masters engineering degree in electrical engineering from Stanford in 1939. He joined the Kappa Sigma fraternity during his time at Stanford. Hewlett also had  dyslexia, which caused him to struggle with reading and taking notes.

Career

Hewlett-Packard
Hewlett attended undergraduate classes taught by Fred Terman at Stanford and became acquainted with David Packard. Packard and he began discussing forming a company in August 1937, and founded Hewlett-Packard Company as a partnership on January 1, 1939. A flip of a coin decided the ordering of their names. Their first big breakthrough came when Disney purchased eight audio oscillators designed by Hewlett which were used for the production of the film Fantasia.

The company incorporated in 1947 and tendered an initial public offering in 1957. Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard were proud of their company culture which came to be known as the HP Way. The HP Way is a corporate culture that claimed to be centered not only on making money but also on respecting and nurturing its employees. Hewlett was president of the Institute of Radio Engineers in 1954.

He was president of HP from 1964 to 1977 and served as CEO from 1968 to 1978, after which he was succeeded by John A. Young. He remained chairman of the executive committee until 1983, and then served as vice chairman of the board until 1987.

A young Steve Jobs, then age 12, called Hewlett (whose number was in the phone book) and requested any available parts for a frequency counter he was building. Hewlett, impressed with Jobs' initiative, offered him a summer job assembling frequency counters. Jobs then considered HP one of the companies that he admired, regarding it among the handful of companies (Disney and Intel were the others) that were built "to last, not just to make money". Steve Wozniak, co-founder of Apple along with Jobs, unsuccessfully attempted five times to sell the Apple I computer to HP while working there. The early Apple computers were built with HP parts, under a legal release from HP. Of the missed opportunity, Hewlett reportedly said, "You win some, you lose some."

Military service
Hewlett served in the Army during World War II as a Signal Corps Officer. He then led the electronics section of the Development Division, a new part of the War Department Special Staff. After the war he was part of a special team that inspected Japanese Industry.

Other companies
Hewlett was a Director for Hexcel Products Incorporated (became Hexcel, founded by his wife Flora's brother in law Roscoe "Bud" Hughes) from 1956 to 1965, and worked on their executive committee. Hewlett served as a Director of Chase Manhattan Bank (became JPMorgan Chase) from 1969 to 1980. Hewlett was also elected to the board of directors for Chrysler Corporation in 1966, a position he held until 1983.

Philanthropy
Starting in the 1960s Hewlett committed much of his time and wealth towards numerous philanthropic causes. In 1966, William Hewlett and his wife Flora founded the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, which became one of the largest private foundations in the United States. Aside from the foundation Hewlett gave millions of dollars to universities, schools, museums, non-profit organizations and other organizations. Stanford University was a large recipient of his philanthropy.

Personal life
Hewlett married Flora Lamson in 1939, and had 5 children with her: Eleanor, Walter, James, William and Mary. They had 12 grandchildren. His wife died in 1977. In 1978, Hewlett married Rosemary Kopmeier Bradford.

He was a committed conservationist and avid outdoorsman. As an amateur photographer and botanist, he took many photographs and samples of wildflowers. Some of these were donated to the California Academy of Sciences.

Hewlett died of heart failure in Palo Alto, California on January 12, 2001 (aged 87), and was interred at Los Gatos Memorial Park, San Jose, California.

Legacy
In 1999, the William R. Hewlett Teaching Center at Stanford was named in his honor. The building is located in the Science and Engineering Quad, adjacent to the David Packard Electrical Engineering Building.

Awards
 member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1970)
 IEEE Founders Medal (1973)
 Vermilye Medal (1975)
 member, National Academy of Sciences (1977)
 Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (1981)
 member, American Philosophical Society (1981)
 National Medal of Science (1983)
 National Inventors Hall of Fame (1992)
 Lemelson-MIT Prize Lifetime Achievement Award (1995)
 The 3rd Annual Heinz Award Chairman's Medal (with David Packard) (1997)
 Entrepreneur Walk of Fame (2011)

References

External links

 Bill Hewlett Remembered by Bob Lewis (InfoWorld, January 22, 2001)
 Thoemmes Encyclopedia article on William Hewlett
 Official biography at HP website
 Official biography at Hewlett Foundation website
 The HP Way

 Robert J. Scully and Marlan O. Scully, "William Redington Hewlett", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (2004)
Collections
 William Hewlett Papers housed at Stanford University Libraries
 Hewlett Collection at Agilent Technologies Company Archives Office Files, record boxes, speeches and subject files.

1913 births
2001 deaths
American computer businesspeople
United States Army personnel of World War II
Hewlett-Packard people
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Businesspeople from San Francisco
Businesspeople from Ann Arbor, Michigan
Stanford University School of Engineering alumni
National Medal of Science laureates
Lemelson–MIT Prize
American technology company founders
Hewlett Foundation
20th-century American businesspeople
United States Army officers
Silicon Valley people
Military personnel from Michigan
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Presidents of the Institute of Radio Engineers
People with dyslexia

Bill Hewlett


Messier 56 (also known as M56 or NGC 6779) is a globular cluster in the constellation Lyra. It was discovered by Charles Messier in 1779. It is angularly found about midway between Albireo (Beta (β) Cygni) and Sulafat (Gamma (γ) Lyrae). In a good night sky it is tricky to find with large (50–80 mm) binoculars, appearing as a slightly fuzzy star. The cluster can be resolved using a telescope with an aperture of  or larger.

M56 is about 32,900 light-years away from Earth and measures roughly 84 light-years across, containing 230,000 solar masses (). It is about  from the Galactic Center and  above the galactic plane. This cluster has an estimated age of 13.70 billion years and is following a retrograde orbit through the Milky Way. The properties of this cluster suggest that it may have been acquired during the merger of a dwarf galaxy, of which Omega Centauri forms the surviving nucleus. For Messier 56, the abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium, what astronomers term the metallicity, has a very low value of [Fe/H] = –2.00 dex which is  of the abundance in the Sun.

The brightest stars in M56 are of 13th magnitude, while it contains only about a dozen known variable stars, such as V6 (RV Tauri star; period: 90 days) or V1 (Cepheid: 1.510 days); other variable stars are V2 (irregular) and V3 (semiregular). In 2000, a diffuse X-ray emission was tentatively identified coming from the vicinity of the cluster. This is most likely interstellar medium that has been heated by the passage of the cluster through the galactic halo. The relative velocity of the cluster is about 177 km s−1, which is sufficient to heat the medium in its wake to a temperature of 940,000 K.

M56 is part of the Gaia Sausage, the hypothesised remains of a merged dwarf galaxy.

Gallery

See also
 List of Messier objects

References and footnotes

External links

 Messier 56, SEDS Messier pages
 Messier 56, Galactic Globular Clusters Database page
 Hubble snaps a collection of ancient stars, August 26, 2012, TG Daily

Messier 056
Messier 056
056
Messier 056
 Gaia-Enceladus
Astronomical objects discovered in 1779

Messier 56


The Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa, also known as Taça de Prata, or nicknamed Robertão, was an association football competition contested in Brazil between 1967 and 1970 among soccer teams from São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Minas Gerais and Paraná states. It was an important soccer tournament, being considered a predecessor to the Brazilian Championship induced in 1971. Thus in 2010 the Brazilian Football Confederation decided to consider the winners of the Robertão as Brazilian champions.
The 1st edition of the tournament was organized by Federação de Futebol do Estado do Rio de Janeiro and Federação Paulista de Futebol.

History
Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa, nicknamed Robertão, was created in 1967 from the Torneio Rio-São Paulo, a traditional football competition  contested by the major clubs from São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, considered the strongest state federations. Since 1967, Torneio Rio-São Paulo had not been held until the revival in 1993, paving the way for the organization of Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa at that time. The 1967 edition of Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa was the first tournament that congregated all the main clubs of Brazil, named after the former president of São Paulo's football federation, Roberto Gomes Pedrosa (1913-1954). Since 1968, the tournament was also called the Taça de Prata (Silver Trophy) and considered the most important competition of Brazilian football.

Between 1959 and 1964 the winner of the Taça Brasil, a knockout competition which was contended in Brazil between 1959 and 1968, provided the Brazilian entrant for the following season's Copa Libertadores. The Copa Libertadores was expanded for 1966 and two Brazilian teams were allowed to enter; both the winners and runners-up of the 1965 and 1966 Taça Brasil entered the Copa Libertadores. Following the formation of the Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa in 1967, one Brazilian Copa Libertadores place went to the winner of the Taça Brasil, and one to the winner of the Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa in 1967 and 1968 Brazilian seasons. 1968 was the last year the Taça Brasil was contested; in 1969 and 1970 the top two finishers in the Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa entered the following season's Copa Libertadores.

However, due to the misunderstandings between the Brazilian Football Confederation (CBD) and CONMEBOL, Brazil turned out not participating of the Copa Libertadores in 1969 and 1970, but the CBD came back to indicate Fluminense and Palmeiras, the champions and runners-up of Robertão 1970, as the representatives and they participated normally in Copa Libertadores 1971.

Owing to the organization of Campeonato Brasileiro in 1971, the Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa was held last time in 1970.

Teams
The 1967 edition of Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa was the first tournament that congregated all the main clubs of Brazil, namely, Palmeiras, Corinthians, Santos, São Paulo and Portuguesa from São Paulo, Flamengo, Fluminense, Vasco da Gama, Botafogo and Bangu from Rio de Janeiro, Internacional and Grêmio from Rio Grande do Sul, Cruzeiro and Atlético from Minas Gerais, and Ferroviário from Paraná.

In 1968, E.C. Bahia from Bahia and Náutico from Pernambuco were included, and the representative of Paraná was Atlético Paranaense.

In 1969, América substituted for Bangu as the fifth Rio de Janeiro representative, whereas the states of the Paraná and Pernambuco had been represented by its champions of the previous year, Coritiba and Santa Cruz.

In 1970, Atlético Paranaense came back to represent its state.

Format
The Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa was famous for not having a final. In 1967, the teams were divided into two groups and all the teams played against each other once. The winners and runners-up of each group qualified for the final phase, when the four qualified teams played a double round-robin. The points they got in the final phase would add back to the points they gained in the first phase, and the teams with highest points were crowned the champions.

From 1968 on, the format had been undergone a small modification. A single round-robin was played instead of a double, and the points gained in the final phase were not added back to the points in the group stage. The teams getting the highest points in the final phase would be the champions.

Result
Palmeiras, which had already lost in the Taça Brasil that year, were the champions of the first session of the tournament. They beat Grêmio in the final round of the final phase 2-1, while Corinthians lost 3-0 to Internacional, Palmeiras beating Corinthians by one point. César (Palmeiras) and Ademar (Flamengo) were the topscorers with 15 goals each.

In 1968, Santos conquered the Robertão, being the champions after beating Vasco 2-1 in the Maracanã in the final round. Again, Internacional were the runners-up, after defeating Palmeiras 3-0. Toninho (Santos) was the topscorer with 18 goals.

In 1969, the Taça Brasil was defunct and Robertão became the sole national competition. Palmeiras clinched the title again, beating Botafogo 3-1 in the last game. Cruzeiro won 2-1 over Corinthians in the final round and passed them to be the runners-up. The topscorer was Edu (América) with 14 goals.

The last session of the Robertão, before its transformation to Campeonato Brasileiro, was held in 1970, with Fluminense winning their first national championship. Palmeiras joined Fluminense to participate in the Copa Libertadores 1971 by beating Cruzeiro 4-2 in the last match and became the runners-up of the tournament. Tostão (Cruzeiro), scoring 12 goals, was the topscorer.

Champions
In the period in which the competition was disputed by clubs from several states:

Titles by team

See also
 Torneio Rio-São Paulo

References

External links
 CBF Confederação Brasileira de Futebol - Brazilian Football Confederation
 RSSSF Brazil links
 List of champions at RSSSF
 Attendances in Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa
 Roberto Gomes Pedrosa Tournament All-Time Ranking

Roberto
1967 establishments in Brazil
1970 disestablishments in Brazil
Recurring sporting events established in 1967
Recurring sporting events disestablished in 1970

Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa


Plantation Reserve Sugar is a product of the West Indies Sugar & Trading Company of Barbados and is a coarser, lighter raw cane sugar with a distinctive natural taste. The product itself is only made using sugarcane selected and harvested when sucrose content is at its peak. This occurs during a 2-week period of the 5 month harvest season and provides exceptionally pure juice for the mills. This juice purity allows the production of naturally larger crystals through a unique process that takes almost three times longer than that used for normal sugar.

Background

Plantation Reserve has been developed with the government of Barbados in order to ensure the sustainability of the Barbados sugar industry. The company pays almost twice as much as any equivalent sugar product reflecting both the unique process required to produce Plantation Reserve and a need to ensure that farmers to make a reasonable margin. This is part of an effort to support the Barbados sugar industry, under threat from a decline in the subsidised price traditionally paid for sugar by the European Union. Sugar is important to Barbados not only from a foreign exchange and aesthetic perspective, helping to keep the island attractive for tourism, but also protects the island's thin layer of topsoil and prevents flooding. The company also supports the sugar heritage of Barbados in conjunction with the Barbados National Trust and is based at the Morgan Lewis sugar mill, Barbados – the oldest surviving wind-powered mill in the world, which still grinds canes for Plantation Reserve.

Markets

Plantation Reserve is primarily sold through the English speaking Caribbean, including Barbados, and the United Kingdom, although no UK supplier can be identified as of November 2017. As of February 2020 it is available at Home Bargains and B&M.

Response

It has been used at the Ritz Hotel, London and Sandy Lane Hotel in Barbados as well as in The Cliff restaurant and at the Royal enclosure at Ascot races. Chefs use the natural flavour of Plantation Reserve in small quantities to enhance dishes such as crème brûlée and to add flavour to dressings, sauces and desserts. According to Sandy Lane's executive pastry chef, Cameron Steele, "If you smelled and tasted Plantation Reserve blind against other golden sugars, you would definitely spot the difference. It has a buttery caramel taste and a more intense, deep flavour and aroma than any other sugar. It is very, very different."

Other than cooking, it is used on porridge and to enhance the taste of teas and coffees.

See also

Sugar
Barbadian companies

References

External links
Official Plantation Reserve site
BBC Food Programme
BBC Caribbean
The Economist
The Nation News
The Foodie List

Sugar
Agriculture in Barbados

Plantation Reserve


Commando Leopard () is a 1985 Euro War film directed by Antonio Margheriti and starring Lewis Collins, Klaus Kinski, and Manfred Lehmann.

Plot
In an unnamed Latin American dictatorship, a group of rebel freedom fighters fight to bring about a less oppressive society. The rebels, led by the enigmatic Enrique Carrasco (Collins) who has returned to his native land to fight, attack a hydro-electric dam. Along with Carrasco's native fighters are Smithy (Steiner), a British mercenary, and Maria, a native ex-medical student turned freedom fighter. After killing the security guards, Carrasco's men place explosives at a crucial point in the dam wall; when they detonate, the resulting tidal surge destroys a nearby bridge that is carrying a government convoy.

On hearing the news, the President demands the head of the secret police, Colonel Silvera (Kinski), to eliminate the rebels. Carrasco's group arrive at an impoverished village to gain medical supplies for their wounded, unfortunately the village leader informs Carrasco that there is none, but there are nearby priests that looks after the sick and wounded. Splitting his force in two, Maria leads a group including the wounded to seek out the priests while Carrasco, Smithy and the rest of the group return to the dam. After leaving the village Government forces led by Silvera's deputy (Leutenegger) attacks the village with flame thrower armed helicopters. At the site of the destroyed dam, Carrasco finds that the Government forces have already built a pontoon bridge and are recovering the sunken supply convoy. Using scuba diving equipment, Carrasco and Smithy plant time bombs on some of the still submerged trucks that carried explosives. But before the two rebels can exit the river the bombs explode, the pressure wave knocks Smithy unconscious and he surfaces and is captured. Carrasco is more fortunate and escapes with the help of an elderly friend (Pigozzi) and his men, who turn up in a truck in the nick of time.

In a prison located in the country's capital, Smithy is being held with other political prisoners when he learns of a plot to free them.

Cast
 Lewis Collins as "Leopard" Carrasco
 Klaus Kinski as Silveira
 Manfred Lehmann as Don Julio
 John Steiner as Anrade
 Hans Leutenegger as Leutnant Ortiz
 Thomas Danneberg as José
 Francis Derosa as Hidalgo
 Alan C. Walker as Emiliano

Production
Commando Leopard was made from many returning cast and film crew members of Code Name: Wild Geese: director Antonio Margheriti, producer Erwin C. Dietrich, cinematographer Peter Baumgartner, Lewis Collins, Klaus Kinski, Manfred Lehmann, Thomas Danneberg and Luciano Pigozzi.

Reception
In a contemporary review, Kim Newman of The Monthly Film Bulletin noted the special effects in the film, stating that the set-pieces "are quite impressively managed through the use of near-perfect miniatures" while stating that "everything else is very lazily slung together". Newman described Lewis Collins acting as "uninvolved" and that only Klaus Kinski as "at least having a presence...he refuses to give any kind of performance".

References

External links

1985 films
1980s action thriller films
West German films
1980s Italian-language films
Films directed by Antonio Margheriti
Films about Latin American military dictatorships
Films shot in the Philippines
Macaroni Combat films
1980s Italian films

Commando Leopard


Scoop and Doozie was a late 1990s Children's television series about the everyday lives of Doozie, an orange toy bulldozer, Scoop, a yellow toy excavator, and Axel, a blue and red dumptruck, aimed at preschoolers and kindergarteners. It used skillful puppetry and live videos to teach about construction and machinery to children. It aired for a short time on CBC Television's children block called CBC Playground (now Kids' CBC) from 1999 to 2003. The series was filmed at the CBC Regional Broadcast Centre at CBUT in Vancouver, British Columbia.

Characters
Scoop----a yellow (sometimes green) closed-bucket excavator. She was smart and witty, but she was also a bit vain and prone to argue with Doozie. Scoop normally hung out with Axel.
Doozie----an orange bulldozer. He was a lover of mischief, dirt, and excitement. Doozie was very excitable, and was smart and witty like all of the featured toys. However, Doozie could be quite obnoxious, and (as part of his rivalry with Scoop and Spritz) he often enjoyed causing trouble.
Axel----a red and blue dump truck. Axel was the one member of the cast that was sensible and orderly. He loved to rest and relax, but most of his time was spent settling the arguments between Scoop, Doozie, and Spritz. Axel rarely got into trouble.
Spritz----a silver and black troublemaking, argument starting, provoking garden hose. Spritz is considered somewhat of a villainous character, as she was pessimistic and enjoyed causing arguments.

Scoop and Doozie was produced by Queen Bee Productions. Romney Grant was executive producer. Vicki Grant was creative producer and story editor. Edward Peghin was the producer.

Program Format
The show started out with the three machines, Axel, Scoop, and Doozie, doing something together when they encountered a problem. Upon this problem, they sometimes would go the basement window of the house of the yard where the machines lived, and watch the owner of the house doing something to solve a similar problem. Other times the machines would go over to the fence posts to watch Fence TV (a video of real machines screened through a knothole). When the basement/Fence TV segment was done, the machines use what they had seen and heard to apply to the problem they had encountered.

Trivia
During the run of the show, Scoop had three different designs.

Romney Grant and Vicki Grant are sisters. Romney is a lawyer who produced the cooking show "The Urban Peasant". Vicki is a television writer and novelist.

Christine Lippa who played Scoop, Spritz and Mrs. Glover is an actor and stand-up comedian. This was her first job as a puppeteer.

Norman Foote who played Axel and Long John wrote the music for the series. He is a popular children's entertainer.

Jim Rankin who played Doozie, Jacques and Cal also starred in The Comedy Network adult series, "Puppets Who Kill". He is currently developing his own preschool puppet show, "Go to Bed, Jimmy". Jim won a Gemini for his work on Scoop and Doozie.

Vicki Grant, who wrote most of the episodes, now writes Young Adult novels. Her first book, "The Puppet Wrangler", was inspired by Scoop and Doozie. She has also written two comic legal thrillers for teens, "Quid pro Quo" and "Res Judicata", as well as four shorter novels - "Dead-End Job", "Pigboy", "I.D." and "Nine Doors".

Scoop and Doozie won a Gemini for Best Writing in a Children or Youth Program for the episode "What Rubbish!" (by Vicki Grant) and a Bronze at the Columbus International Film and Video Festival for the episode "Some Bunny Like Me" (by Vicki Grant). It was also nominated for a Gemini for Best Children's or Youth Program and Best Writing in a Children's or Youth Program for the episode "Au Revoir, Underpants!" (by Vicki Grant).

External links

1990s Canadian children's television series
CBC Television original programming
Canadian preschool education television series
Canadian television shows featuring puppetry
Television shows filmed in Vancouver

Scoop and Doozie


Family Fortunes is a British television game show. It is based on the American game show Family Feud. It has aired in various forms since 1980. The current version running since 2020 is presented by Gino D'Acampo. This version airs on Sunday nights on ITV. The original presenter Bob Monkhouse didn't like the title of the American version of the show as he thought it sounded "too aggressive" and so, it was changed for the UK version.

Gameplay
Two teams of five family members compete to guess the answers to survey questions asked to 100 people. The answers are seen on a huge survey board, named Mr. Babbage after Charles Babbage, who came up with the idea of a computer that could be programmed. Each answer is worth £1 per point. If a given answer does not make the survey, the family gets a strike. This is indicated by an "Eh-uh" sound effect, which has become a popular element of the show. If a family gets three strikes, the other family can steal the points by giving an answer that makes the survey. After three rounds, Double Money is played. Here, answers are worth £2 a point, and there are usually fewer answers. The first team to reach 300 points goes on to play Big Money. During gameplay, a special sound effect is heard with some answers which means a contestant has won a small prize such as home appliances or short breaks. Some questions result in hilarious responses from contestants of which there were many over the show's run. One such example from a Les Dennis episode was Name A Bird With A Long Neck? in which one contestant replied with Naomi Campbell, a well-known supermodel at the time when it aired.

Big Money
Two members of the winning family are asked five survey questions, one at a time. One family member is on-stage, while the other is off-stage. After the five questions are answered or the time limit (either 15 or 20 seconds) is up, the answers and their point values are revealed. After that, the other family member is asked the same five questions. They must give different answers. Afterwards, the answers and their point values are revealed. If the family gets 200 points or more, they win the top prize. If the family gives the number one answers for all five questions, they also win a bonus prize, from 1994 to 2002, a family car was offered as the star prize and from 1998, either that or an exotic holiday. If they do not reach 200 points, they win £2 per point (£10 per point in the current version). In a 1983 episode when Max Bygraves was hosting, one contestant gave the answer of Turkey to three of the questions asked in the round, causing much amusement.

Show history
Family Fortunes originally aired from 1980 to 2002 on ITV. It was hosted by Bob Monkhouse from 1980 to 1983. Later in 1983, Max Bygraves replaced him and hosted until 1985. When the show came back in 1987, it was hosted by Les Dennis who became the best known host until 2002. Later in that year, he was replaced by Andy Collins when it became a daytime show which wasn't very popular and hosted it until the show's end that same year. The All Star version, which started in 2006, featured celebrity families was hosted by Vernon Kay and ran until 2015. In 2020, the show returned with normal families playing again, this time hosted by Italian chef Gino D'Acampo.

Other websites

Family Fortunes at UKGameshows.com

1980 establishments in the United Kingdom
1980s British television series
1990s British television series
2000s British television series
British television game shows
ITV television programmes
1980s television series debuts
2002 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
English-language television programs

Family Fortunes


Werewolf of London is a 1935 horror film directed by Stuart Walker and starring Henry Hull as the titular werewolf. The supporting cast includes Warner Oland, Valerie Hobson, Lester Matthews, and Spring Byington. Jack Pierce, who is best known for creating the iconic makeup worn by Boris Karloff in the 1931 film Frankenstein, created the film's werewolf makeup. Produced by Universal Pictures, Werewolf of London was the first feature-length werewolf film.

Plot
Wilfred Glendon, a wealthy and world-renowned English botanist, journeys to Tibet in search of the extremely rare plant Mariphasa lupina lumina, which is rumored to be nourished by the moon. While there, he is attacked and bitten by a feral humanoid creature, but he succeeds in acquiring a specimen of Mariphasa. He constructs a lamp that simulates moonlight in his London laboratory and waits for the plant to bloom.

At a party, Wilfred is approached by a fellow botanist, Dr. Yogami, who claims they met, briefly, in Tibet, where he also was seeking the Mariphasa. Yogami tells Glendon the plant is a temporary antidote for "werewolfery" (or "lycanthrophobia"), and responds to Wilfred's skepticism by claiming he knows of two men in London who are werewolves, having been bitten by another werewolf.

Eventually, one flower of the Mariphasa opens under Wilfred's moon lamp. When his hand grows fur in the artificial moonlight, he cuts the blossom and dabs its sap at the fur, and he is amazed to see the transformation reverse. Yogami visits, asking for two blossoms, as that night is the first of four nights around the full moon when the werewolves he mentioned will turn if left untreated, but Wilfred refuses. Before he goes, Yogami cautions that werewolves try to kill whatever they love best.

While Wilfred researches werewolves, learning they must kill someone each night they transform, or they will not turn back, Yogami steals two newly-opened Mariphasa flowers. Wilfred chooses not to accompany his wife, Lisa, and her childhood sweetheart, Paul Ames, who is back in town for a visit, to her Aunt Ettie's party, and, soon after they leave, he transforms into a werewolf. Unable to reverse the process, he goes after Lisa, but Ettie's screams scare him away, so he settles for mauling a random woman in the street. Although they all heard a loud howl, no one at the party, other than Ettie, saw the werewolf, so they think she just had a drunken vision.

When Paul reads in the newspaper about the woman Wilfred killed, he begins to believe Ettie's story, having heard of something similar while in the Yucatán, and tells his uncle, Colonel Forsythe, who is the chief of Scotland Yard, but Forsythe does not take him seriously. Since the last Mariphasa blossom has not opened yet, Wilfred rents a room for the night and locks himself inside, but he breaks out after transforming. He sneaks into the zoo, where he sets a wolf free and kills a woman who has come for a tryst with the nightwatchman.

The next day, Yogami, out of Mariphasa blossoms, asks Forsythe to seize the plant from Wilfred, but Forsythe has fallen for Wilfred's red herring and says he is looking for a wolf, not a werewolf. Wilfred travels to Falden Abbey, his wife's family home in the country, and has the caretaker lock him in a room, but Lisa and Paul come to look around the property before Paul returns to California, and Wilfred, now a werewolf, sees them out the window. He breaks free and attacks, but Paul drives him off, recognizing him in the process. Paul tells Forsythe, who, though skeptical, agrees to investigate Wilfred. They are sidetracked when a dead chambermaid is found in Yogami's hotel room, which is too far from Falden for the supposed werewolf to have traveled there in one night, but Paul discovers Yogami's used Mariphasa blossoms, and Forsythe is convinced there are two werewolves on the loose.

The police search all day for Wilfred, who is hiding in his lab, waiting for the only remaining Mariphasa flower to bloom. When it does, Yogami enters and uses it, and an enraged Wilfred attacks. He transforms during the struggle and kills Yogami, and then chases Lisa around the house, knocking Paul unconscious and causing Ettie to faint in the process. As he slowly closes in on his wife, Forsythe arrives and shoots him. Wilfred thanks Forsythe for the bullet and apologizes to Lisa for not being able to make her happier, before dying and reverting to his human form. Forsythe tells Lisa that he will say he accidentally shot Wilfred while Wilfred was trying to protect her.

Cast

 Henry Hull as Doctor Wilfred Glendon
 Warner Oland as Dr. Yogami, of the University of Carpathia
 Valerie Hobson as Lisa Glendon, Wilfred's wife
 Lester Matthews as Paul Ames, Lisa's childhood boyfriend
 Lawrence Grant as Colonel Sir Thomas Forsythe, Paul's uncle and Lady Forsythe's son, who is the chief of Scotland Yard
 Spring Byington as Miss Ettie Coombes, Lisa's aunt
 Clark Williams as Hugh Renwick, Wilfred's friend and assistant in Tibet
 J. M. Kerrigan as Hawkins, Wilfred's lab assistant
 Charlotte Granville as Lady Alice Forsythe, Sir Thomas' mother and Paul's grandmother
 Ethel Griffies as Mrs. Whack, Mrs. Moncaster's friend
 Zeffie Tilbury as Mrs. Moncaster, who rents Wilfred a room
 Jeanne Bartlett as Daisy, Alf's mistress, who is Wilfred's second victim

 Louis Vincenot as Wilfred's head "coolie" in Tibet (uncredited)
 Egon Brecher as the priest Wilfred and Hugh meet in Tibet (uncredited)
 Joseph North as Plympton, the Glendon's butler (uncredited)
 Eole Galli as the singer at Ettie's party (uncredited)
 Amber Norman as Wilfred's first victim (uncredited)
 Connie Leon as Millie, Yogami's chambermaid at Bedlington Hotel (uncredited)
 Harry Stubbs as Officer Jenkins, who discovered the first victim (uncredited)
 Herbert Evans as Detective Evans (uncredited)
 Tempe Pigott as a drunk (uncredited)
 James May as the bartender (uncredited)
 Jeffrey Hassel as Alf, the nightwatchman at the zoo (uncredited)
 J. Gunnis Davis as Detective Tom (uncredited)
 George Kirby as a detective (uncredited)
 Reginald Barlow as Timothy, the caretaker at Falden Abbey (uncredited)

Production

Casting
Originally, the film was intended to star Boris Karloff as Dr. Glendon and Bela Lugosi as Dr. Yogami, but it was filmed simultaneously with Bride of Frankenstein (1935), in which Karloff reprised his star-making role of Frankenstein's monster, so Universal decided to recast both parts; coincidentally, Valerie Hobson was the leading lady in both Werewolf of London and Bride of Frankenstein. Lugosi would subsequently portray the gypsy werewolf who bites Lon Chaney Jr.'s titular character in The Wolf Man (1941), which was a much smaller, though memorable, role.

Setting
Although the time period in which the film is set is not explicitly specified, Dr. Glendon drives a 1933 Alvis Speed 20.

Effects
Jack Pierce's original, more extensive design for the werewolf makeup was rejected in favor of a more minimalist approach. It has often been reported that Pierce's design was simplified because Henry Hull was unwilling to endure the hours that it would have taken to apply the original version of the makeup, or that Hull did not want his face obscured because of vanity. According to his great-nephew Cortlandt Hull, however, Hull, an accomplished makeup artist in his own right, argued that Pierce's original design obscured his face so much that it would contradict the script, which specified that other characters were able to recognize the werewolf as Glendon. Pierce resisted the change, so Hull went to studio head Carl Laemmle, and, much to Pierce's annoyance, Laemmle sided with Hull. Six years later, Pierce was able to use a design closely resembling his original version when he worked with Lon Chaney Jr. on The Wolf Man.

The werewolf's howl for the film is a blend of Hull's voice and a recording of an actual timber wolf, an approach that has not been used in any subsequent werewolf film.

Music
The film's score was composed by Karl Hajos, whose original compositions are interspersed with fragments of other pieces. Johann Strauss's "Tales from the Vienna Woods", Op. 325, can be heard during the party at Glendon Manor early in the film. "Scenes that are the brightest" from Act III of Vincent Wallace's opera Maritana (humorously misidentified by Aunt Ettie as being composed by the painter Botticelli) is sung with piano accompaniment at Aunt Ettie's party. Symphonic Poem No. 3 (Les préludes) by Franz Liszt is also heard, as well as compositions by Heinz Roemheld from the earlier Universal horror films The Invisible Man (1933) and The Black Cat (1934).

Dialogue
When Glendon is conversing with the Tibetan "coolies" in the beginning of the film, the actors playing the Tibetans are speaking Cantonese, rather than Lhasa Tibetan, while Hull is just muttering gibberish.

Reception
In The New York Times, Frank S. Nugent called the film a "charming bit of lycanthropy", and ended his review by making reference to the fact that Werewolf of London was the last film to be shown at New York's Rialto Theatre before it was torn down and rebuilt:
Designed solely to amaze and horrify, the film goes about its task with commendable thoroughness, sparing no grisly detail and springing from scene to scene with even greater ease than that oft attributed to the daring young aerialist. Granting that the central idea has been used before, the picture still rates the attention of action-and-horror enthusiasts. It is a fitting valedictory for the old Rialto, which has become melodrama's citadel among Times Square's picture houses.

Other critics criticized the film's similarity to Rouben Mamoulian's Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931) with Fredric March, and it was a box office disappointment.

On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 77% based on 13 reviews, with an average score of 6.4/10. In a retrospective review, film critic Leonard Maltin awarded it two-and-a-half out of four stars, calling the film "dated but still effective", and complimenting Oland's performance as Dr. Yogami.

Legacy
Werewolf of London was re-released theatrically by Realart Pictures in 1951.

The film inspired An American Werewolf in London (1981) and its sequel, An American Werewolf in Paris (1997). Pierce's minimalist werewolf makeup has been referenced and duplicated in other productions, including Wolf (1994), with Jack Nicholson, as well as the television series Penny Dreadful.

There have been two novelizations of the film. In 1977, a paperback novel written by Walter Harris, under the pseudonym "Carl Dreadstone", was published as part of a short-lived series of books based on classic Universal horror movies. The story is told from Glendon's point-of-view, so the structure is very different from the plot of the film. The novel also has a different ending, in which Glendon decides to cooperate with Yogami, and they attempt to control their transformations with the aid of a hypnotist. The plan fails, and the hypnotist is killed, after which Glendon and Yogami transform and fight each other, resulting in Glendon killing Yogami, as in the film. After the mêlée, however, Glendon returns to human form, and the novel ends with him contemplating killing himself with the hypnotist's gun.

The second novelization, written by Carl Green, was published in 1985 as part of Crestwood House's hardcover Movie Monsters series, which was also based on the old Universal films. This book was considerably shorter than the first novelization, followed the plot of the film more closely, and was illustrated extensively with still frames from the film.

Musical references to the film include Warren Zevon's 1978 hit song "Werewolves of London", and Paul Roland's 1980 album and single The Werewolf of London.

The 1987 video game Werewolves of London is based on the film.

See also
 Universal Monsters
 She-Wolf of London (1946)

Notes

References

External links

1935 horror films
1935 films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Stuart Walker
Films set in London
Films about Tibet
Universal Pictures films
American werewolf films
Films scored by Karl Hajos
1930s English-language films
1930s American films

Werewolf of London