David O. Selznick, born as David Selznick (May 10, 1902June 22, 1965) was an American film producer, screenwriter and film studio executive who produced Gone with the Wind (1939) and Rebecca (1940), both of which earned him an Academy Award for Best Picture. He also won the Irving Thalberg Award at the 12th Academy Awards, Hollywood's top honor for a producer, in recognition of his shepherding Gone with the Wind through a long and troubled production and into a record-breaking blockbuster.

The son and son-in-law of movie moguls Lewis J. Selznick and Louis B. Mayer, Selznick served as head of production at R.K.O. Radio Pictures and went on to become one of the first independent movie producers. His first wife was Mayer's daughter Irene Selznick, who became a highly successful Broadway producer after their divorce, and his second wife was Oscar-winning actress Jennifer Jones.

Early life
Selznick was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of Florence Anna (née Sachs) and Lewis J. Selznick, a silent movie producer and distributor of Jewish origin. His father was born in Russian Empire in 1870.

David had three siblings, including his brother Myron, also a film producer and later a talent agent. David Selznick added the "O" to distinguish himself from an uncle with the same name, and because he thought it had flair. The "O" stands for nothing, and he never had his name legally changed to incorporate it.

He studied at Columbia University in New York City and started training as an apprentice for his father until the elder's bankruptcy in 1923. In 1926, Selznick moved to Hollywood, and with the help of his father's connections, he gained a job as an assistant story editor at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. He left MGM for Paramount Pictures in 1928, where he worked until 1931. While at Paramount he married Irene Gladys Mayer, daughter of MGM mogul Louis B. Mayer.

Stint at RKO
David Sarnoff, head of RKO, hired Selznick as Head of Production in October 1931. In addition to implementing rigorous cost-control measures, Selznick championed the unit production system, which gave the producers of individual movies much greater independence than they had under the prevailing central producer system. "Under the factory system of production you rob the director of his individualism", said Selznick, "and this being a creative industry that is harmful to the quality of the product made." Instituting unit production, he predicted, would also result in cost savings of 30–40 percent.

To make films under the new system, Selznick recruited prize behind-the-camera personnel, such as director George Cukor and producer/director Merian C. Cooper, and gave producer Pandro S. Berman, aged twenty-six, increasingly important projects. Selznick discovered and signed a young actress who was quickly counted as one of the studio's big stars, Katharine Hepburn. John Barrymore was also enlisted for a few memorable performances.

Selznick spent a mere fifteen months as RKO production chief, resigning over a dispute with new corporate president Merlin Aylesworth concerning creative control. One of his last acts at RKO was to approve a screen test for a thirty-three-year-old, balding Broadway song-and-dance man named Fred Astaire. In a memo, Selznick wrote, "I feel, in spite of his enormous ears and bad chin line, that his charm is ... tremendous".

Selznick's tenure was widely considered masterful: In 1931, before he arrived, the studio had produced forty-two features for $16 million in total budgets. In 1932, under Selznick, forty-one features were made for $10.2 million, with clear improvement in quality and popularity. He backed several major successes, including A Bill of Divorcement (1932), with Cukor directing Hepburn's debut, and the monumental King Kong (1933)—largely Merian Cooper's brainchild, brought to life by the astonishing special effects work of Willis O'Brien.

Return to MGM
In 1933 he returned to MGM where his father-in-law, Louis B. Mayer, was studio CEO. Mayer established a second  prestige production unit for Selznick, parallel to that of Irving Thalberg, who was in poor health. Selznick's unit output included the all-star cast movie Dinner at Eight (1933), David Copperfield (1935), Anna Karenina (1935), and A Tale of Two Cities (1935).

Greta Garbo's contract with MGM supposedly provided that only Selznick or Thalberg could produce her pictures for the studio. When Selznick later announced his departure from MGM, Garbo asked him to stay, offering to allow him the exclusive right to produce her films. Selznick declined the offer.

Selznick International Pictures

Selznick longed to be an independent producer with his own studio. In 1935 he realized that goal by leasing RKO's Culver City studios and back lot, forming Selznick International Pictures, and distributing his films through United Artists. His successes continued with classics such as The Garden of Allah (1936), The Prisoner of Zenda (1937), A Star Is Born (1937), Nothing Sacred (1937), The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1938), The Young in Heart (1938), Made for Each Other (1939), Intermezzo (1939) and Gone with the Wind (1939), which remains the highest-grossing film of all time (adjusted for inflation). Gone with the Wind won eight Oscars and two special awards. Selznick also won the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award that same year.

The following year he produced his second Best Picture Oscar winner, Rebecca (1940), the first Hollywood production of British director Alfred Hitchcock. Selznick had brought Hitchcock over from England, launching the director's American career. Rebecca was Hitchcock's only film to win Best Picture.

Later productions
After Rebecca, Selznick closed Selznick International Pictures and took some time off. His business activities included the loan of his contracted artists to other studios, including Alfred Hitchcock, Ingrid Bergman, Vivien Leigh and Joan Fontaine. He formed The Selznick Studio and returned to producing pictures with Since You Went Away (1944), which he also wrote. He followed that with the Hitchcock films Spellbound (1945) and The Paradine Case (1947), as well as Portrait of Jennie (1948) with Jennifer Jones.

He also developed film projects and sold the packages to other producers. Among the movies that he developed but then sold was Hitchcock's Notorious (1946). In 1949 he co-produced the Carol Reed picture The Third Man with Alexander Korda.

Gone with the Wind overshadowed the rest of Selznick's career. Later, he was convinced that he had wasted his life trying to outdo it. A major effort to was Duel in the Sun (1946), which featured future wife Jennifer Jones in the role of the primary character Pearl. With a huge budget, the film is known for causing moral upheaval because of the then risqué script written by Selznick. And though it was a troublesome shoot with a number of directors, the film would be a major success. The film was the second highest-grossing film of 1947 and was the first movie that Martin Scorsese saw, inspiring Scorsese's own directorial career.

"I stopped making films in 1948 because I was tired," Selznick later wrote. "I had been producing, at the time, for twenty years....Additionally it was crystal clear that the motion-picture business was in for a terrible beating from television and other new forms of entertainment, and I thought it a good time to take stock and to study objectively the obviously changing public tastes....Certainly I had no intention of staying away from production for nine years." Selznick spent most of the 1950s nurturing the career of his second wife, Jennifer Jones. His last film, the big budget production A Farewell to Arms (1957) starring Jones and Rock Hudson, was ill-received. But in 1954, he ventured into television, producing a two-hour extravaganza called Light's Diamond Jubilee, which, in true Selznick fashion, made TV history by being telecast simultaneously on all four TV networks: CBS, NBC, ABC, and DuMont.

Personal life

In 1928, Selznick began an on-again off-again affair with Jean Arthur, one of the actresses under contract at Paramount while he was an executive there. Simultaneously he was dating Irene Gladys Mayer, daughter of MGM mogul Louis B. Mayer.

In 1930, Selznick married Mayer and after living in a series of rented houses they moved into an estate in Beverly Hills, California. It was purchased for them by Mayer's father and designed by architect Roland Coate in 1933–1934. They separated in 1945 and divorced in 1948. They had two sons, Jeffrey Selznick (1932–1997) and Daniel Selznick (born 1936).

In 1949, he married actress Jennifer Jones, whom he had discovered early in her career and mentored. They had one daughter, Mary Jennifer Selznick (1954–1976), who committed suicide by jumping from a 20th-floor window in Los Angeles on May 11, 1976.

Selznick was an amphetamine user, and often dictated long, rambling memos to his directors, writers, investors, staff and stars. The documentary Shadowing The Third Man relates that Selznick introduced The Third Man director Carol Reed to the use of amphetamines, which allowed Reed to bring the picture in below budget and on schedule by filming nearly 22 hours at a time.

Selznick was a Republican. On October 18, 1944, the Hollywood Committee, led by Selznick and Cecil B. DeMille, held the Hollywood for Dewey Rally in the Los Angeles Coliseum in support of the Dewey-Bricker ticket, as well as Governor Earl Warren of California, who was Dewey's running mate in 1948. The gathering drew 93,000, with Lionel Barrymore as the master of ceremonies and short speeches by Hedda Hopper and Walt Disney.

Selznick International Pictures employee Anita Colby warned Shirley Temple to be careful if she "found Selznick in stockings." Temple wrote in her autobiography Child Star that this gave her "the impression that casual sex could be a condition of employment" with Selznick. When she was 17, he locked Temple in his office and unsuccessfully attempted to rape her. About the incident Temple wrote:

"Coming around my side of the desk, he reached and took my hand in his. Glancing down, I saw the telltale stocking feet. Pulling free, I turned for the door, but even more quickly he reached back over the edge of his desk and flicked a switch I had learned from Colby was a remote door-locking device. I was trapped. Like the cartoon of wolf and piglet, once again we circled and reversed directions around his furniture. Blessed with the agility of a young dancer and confronted by an amorous but overweight producer, I had little difficulty avoiding passionate clumsiness."

Portrayal in film
Jonathan Shields, the lead character in the 1952 film The Bad and the Beautiful, was loosely based on Selznick, to the point that Selznick contemplated suing the makers of the film for defamation.

Death

Selznick died on June 22, 1965, at age 63 following several heart attacks, and was interred in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California. There he joined his older brother Myron Selznick (who had died in 1944) in the family crypt.

For his contribution to the motion picture industry, David O. Selznick has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7000 Hollywood Blvd in front of the historic Hollywood Roosevelt hotel.

Filmography

Academy Awards and nominations

Footnotes

Sources
 Bordwell, David, Janet Staiger, and Kristin Thompson. The Classical Hollywood Cinema: Film Style & Mode of Production to 1960. New York: Columbia University Press, 1985.

 Jewell, Richard B., with Vernon Harbin. The RKO Story. New York: Arlington House/Crown, 1982.

 Lasky, Betty (1989). RKO: The Biggest Little Major of Them All. Santa Monica, Calif.: Roundtable.

 Mueller, John (1986). Astaire Dancing: The Musical Films. London: Hamish Hamilton.

 Schatz, Thomas (1998 [1989]). The Genius of the System: Hollywood Filmmaking in the Studio Era. London: Faber and Faber.

 Thomson, David. Showman: The Life of David O. Selznick. New York: Knopf, 1992.

Further reading
  (Free preview at Amazon.com)

External links

1902 births
1965 deaths
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters
20th-century American businesspeople
American film studio executives
American male screenwriters
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
Businesspeople from Pittsburgh
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Film producers from California
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David O. Selznick


Fort Denison Light, also known as Pinchgut Light, is an active lighthouse located on top of a Martello Tower at Fort Denison, a former penal site and defensive facility occupying a small island in Sydney Harbour, New South Wales, Australia. The island is located downstream from the Harbour Bridge near Potts Point and the Royal Botanic Gardens. The fort is also known as "Pinchgut" lending its name to the light.

History
The lantern and light, built in Birmingham, England, were added on top of the Martello Tower in 1913, replacing an  gun. The original light source was an acetylene gas carbide lamp, and it was converted to electricity by 1926. The station also includes a tide gauge, established in the mid-19th century, navigation channel markers, and a fog bell.

Renovation
On 30 October 2003, the entire lightroom structure was removed for renovation. As the National Parks and Wildlife Service curator Stephen Thompson said an airlift was the safest way, the lantern was transported to shore by a helicopter in a sling. Renovation took place at a workshop in the nearby St Peters. The entire operation was coordinated by National Parks, the Sydney Ports corporation and Australian Defence Industries.

For the renovation the structure was disassembled, paint was removed and new steel patches were welded onto corroded areas. A replica base ring was fabricated and hot riveted into place. The surface was then painted and treated against corrosion.

On 20 May 2004, the lantern was returned by helicopter and reinstalled.

Site operation
The light is managed by the Sydney Ports corporation. The site is managed by the National Parks and Wildlife Service in the Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water since 1992, as part of the Sydney Harbour National Park.

Visiting
The island is accessible by boat. It is open for guided tours for a fee, requiring reservation. The tower is now open to the public.

See also

 List of lighthouses in Australia

References and notes

External links

Lighthouses completed in 1913
Lighthouses in Sydney
1913 establishments in Australia
Sydney Harbour National Park

Fort Denison Light


Electrical tape (or insulating tape) is a type of pressure-sensitive adhesive tape used primarily to insulate electrical wire and cable splices. This type of tape is capable of withstanding conditions of extreme temperatures, corrosion, humidity and high voltages. The tape is made of thin PVC material, usually 14mm wide; one side of the tape is impregnated with an adhesive. PVC has been chosen because it is a low-cost, flexible material and has excellent electrical insulating properties, although it has the disadvantage of hardening with time and heat.

Development

In the 1950s, vinyl emerged as a highly versatile material for a wide range of uses, from shower curtains to cable insulation.  However, getting it to have the right characteristics to make a tape required a significant research effort.

An important ingredient in vinyl film was tricresyl phosphate (TCP), which was used as a plasticizer.  Unfortunately, the TCP had a tendency to migrate, which gave the surface of the tape an oily quality, affecting the adhesive property of the tape. Therefore, the 3M research team began work on creating a reliable vinyl tape that had the right characteristics in terms of electrical insulation, physical resistance and chemical properties.

Experiments were carried out combining new plasticizers with the vinyl resin, which was white and floury in consistency. Finally in January 1946, the 3M team of inventors Snell, Oace, and Eastwood applied for a patent for a vinyl electrical insulating tape with a plasticizer and a non-sulfur-based rubbery adhesive. The first commercialized version of the tape was sold for wrapping wires.

References

Other websites

 Electrical Taping Skills: A Lost Art?
 Electrical Tape Tips by KØFF
ASTM D1000 - Test methods for electrical tapes

Electrical tape


Frank Pace Jr. (July 5, 1912January 8, 1988) was the 3rd United States Secretary of the Army and a business executive.

Biography

Pace was born in Little Rock, Arkansas, and attended The Hill School, Pottstown, Pennsylvania. In 1933 he graduated from Princeton University, and in 1936 from Harvard Law School.

Pace entered public service in 1936 as an assistant district attorney in Arkansas. He moved onto the Arkansas Revenue Department in 1938. In 1942 he was commissioned into the United States Army Air Forces as a second lieutenant where he served until 1945 in the Air Transport Command, Army Air Corps, reaching the rank of Major.

After leaving the Army in 1945 he returned to public service as an assistant to the United States Attorney General, then later as executive assistant to the Postmaster General.  He then moved in 1948 to the Bureau of the Budget, first as assistant director and then as director.

On April 12, 1950 he was appointed Secretary of the Army, where he served until January 20, 1953. In August 1950, to avert a threatened strike during the Korean War, President Truman ordered Pace to seize control of the nation's railroads.

He went on to serve as chief executive officer of General Dynamics Corporation from 1953 until 1962.  He was selected as the administrator-designate of the Emergency Transport Agency; part of a secret group created by President Eisenhower in 1958 that would serve in the event of a national emergency that became known as the Eisenhower Ten.

In 1964, Pace joined David Rockefeller to launch the International Executive Service Corps, which was established to help bring about prosperity and stability in developing nations through the growth of private enterprise.  Pace went on to serve as president of the IESC.

Pace was the first chairman of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, from 1968 until 1972.

Pace appeared on the cover of Time magazine on January 20, 1958.

Pace worked for the International Executive Service Corps. In the early 1970s he worked for the first Executive Service Corps (ESC) as a Management Support Organization (MSO) in New York.

Pace died from a heart attack in Greenwich, Connecticut on January 8, 1988, at the age of 75.

See also

Pace-Finletter MOU 1952

References

External links

|-

1912 births
1988 deaths
20th-century American lawyers
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
Arkansas lawyers
Businesspeople from Greenwich, Connecticut
Directors of the Office of Management and Budget
Harvard Law School alumni
Businesspeople from Little Rock, Arkansas
Military personnel from Little Rock, Arkansas
Princeton University alumni
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Truman administration personnel
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United States Secretaries of the Army

Frank Pace


La Salle Secondary School, Kota Kinabalu (Malay: Sekolah Menengah La Salle Kota Kinabalu) is a co-educational secondary school for boys and girls (mostly boys) and one of the oldest schools in Kota Kinabalu on the coast of Borneo in East Malaysia.

It was established in 1953 by Rev. Fr. Bernard Davies, a Mill Hill Missionary. Despite being an all-boys mission school, the students consist of all races regardless of religion.

The school is divided into two pieces of land. The Senior Block (form 4 to Form 6), remains at its current location. The Junior Block (Form 1 to Form 3) has been relocated to the new ground to accommodate the increase in student enrolment.

The single-session secondary school is located in Tanjung Aru. It is a few minutes walk from Pekan Tanjung Aru. Next to the Senior Block is SM Stella Maris.

History
La Salle Secondary School Kota Kinabalu was established in July 1903 as Sacred Heart Primary School by Father Van Der Heyden.  By June 1913, the school had around 50 students which increased to 215 by the year 1923. Between 1941 and 1945, a wooden school building with eight classes was built on the site where the current Sacred Heart Primary School stands.

In the early 1950s, the Catholic Mission started the Sacred Heart secondary school and Father Bernard Davies who served as its first principal. In 1953, the Catholic Mission obtained 3 hectares of land in Tanjung Aru and moved the school to its present location.

By 1958, the La Salle Brothers took over the management of the school with Brother Raphael Egan being the first principal. On 22 May 1958, Sacred Heart Secondary School was subsequently renamed La Salle Secondary School. This name was derived from the founder, Jean Baptiste de La Salle.

The school is affiliated to other Lasallian educational institutions in Malaysia.

Principals
 Rev. Fr. Bernard Davies, M.H.M. (1952–1954)
 Rev. Fr. Arthur Crowther, M.H.M. (1955–1958)
 Bro. Raphael Eagan, FSC (1958–1966)
 Bro. Brendan Dunne, FSC (1966–1968)
 Bro. Datuk Charles Michael O'Leary, FSC, PGDK (1968–1985)
 Mr. Stanley Liew Hyuk Hiong (1986–1999)
 Dr. Edward Miku Tionsu (2000–2003)
 Mdm. Katherine Philip (2004–2006)
 Mdm. Julia Willie Jock, ADK, ASDK (2006–2016)
 Mdm. Mary Macdalena A. Komuji (2016–2022)
 Mr. Vijayakumar Arumugam (2023-present)

Notable alumni
 Bernard Dompok – former state chief minister
 James Wong Chye Fook – former Malaysian footballer
 Peter Mojuntin – late former state cabinet Minister who perished in the Double Six Crash
 John Lee Hiong Fun-Yit Yaw – Retired Archbishop of Kota Kinabalu Archdiocese
 Richard Malanjum – Chief Justice of Malaysia from 2018 to 2019
 Salleh Sulong – late former state cabinet Minister who was also a victim of the Double Six Crash
 Peter Rajah – former Malaysian goalkeeper
 Joseph Pairin Kitingan – former Chief Minister of Sabah from 1986 to 1994
 Ahmadshah Abdullah – State Governor from 2003 to 2010

See also
 List of schools in Sabah
 Lists of schools in Malaysia

References

External links

 De La Salle Brothers Sabah

Buildings and structures in Kota Kinabalu
Schools in Sabah
Lasallian schools in Malaysia
Secondary schools in Malaysia
Catholic schools in Malaysia


is a ryū of jujutsu founded by Seishiro Okazaki (1890–1951) in Hawaii. Danzan-ryū jujutsu is of mainly Japanese origin but is most common on the West Coast of the United States. The Danzan-ryū syllabus is syncretic and includes non-Japanese elements.

History

Seishiro Okazaki was born in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan in 1890. In 1906, he immigrated to the island of Hawaii. Soon after, he was afflicted with a pulmonary condition which may have been tuberculosis. During this time, young Okazaki began studying under a Yōshin-ryū jujutsu sensei by the name of Yoshimatsu Tanaka in Hilo, Hawaii. Okazaki assiduously pursued his studies under Tanaka and after some time found that his respiratory condition had gone into remission. Okazaki felt that the study of martial arts had played a large role in his physical recovery and as a result, he decided to dedicate his life to the study and teaching of jujitsu and related disciplines.

Okazaki later adopted the Western first name, Henry.

In 1924, Okazaki returned to Japan and undertook a study of the various schools, or ryū-ha, of the then most popular Jūjutsu styles of Yōshin-ryū, Namba-Shoshin Ryū, Iwaga Ryū, Kosogabe Ryū, Kōdōkan Jūdō, and several others. Later that year when he returned to the Hawaiian Islands, he continued the study of jūjutsu under the various masters who had emigrated from Japan to Hawaii. Incorporating not only traditional jūjutsu, but also Lua, Shōrin-ryū Karate, Eskrima, Boxing, Chin Na and Folk Wrestling, he began to synthesize the most effective aspects of these various styles into an eclectic system which he called Danzan Ryū. Okazaki used this name to honor his Chinese martial arts teacher, Wo Chong. The Chinese name for Hawai'i is T'an Shan (檀山). When used in Japanese, these kanji are pronounced Dan Zan. Their literal meaning is "sandalwood mountain".

First classes
Okazaki's school was founded in Hawaii. The name Kodenkan (古伝館) may be translated as 'The School of the Ancient Tradition'. Okazaki's method of instruction prescribed that senior students teach their junior students in the spirit of mutual assistance. Okazaki declared that this method of instruction was the foundational philosophy of the AJJF. He called it kokua, which in Hawaiian means to help one another. Okazaki was willing to teach his arts to both people of non-Asian extraction and women. This was frowned upon by parts of the Asian community in Hawaii at that time. By all accounts the original classes were grueling, and as below, Okazaki taught different courses to different individuals. Around the time of the founding of Kodenkan it took approximately four years to earn a Shodan ranking. During this time students trained 6–7 days a week.

Seifukujutsu

"Upon completing about a year of study," Okazaki wrote in his Esoteric Principles (contained in the Mokuroku scroll given to his pupils who mastered his system), "I acquired a body of iron" (paraphrased), so he dedicated his life to the study of martial arts and the healing techniques associated with each style he took up. Some among his students carried on his healing traditions. In 1984 third and fourth generation devotees standardized his style of massage from notes by Okazaki's students into the AJJF certification program in Okazaki Restorative Massage (recognized by the AOBTA as ORM, but also known as Okazaki Long Life, Nikko Restorative Massage).

World War II and later
Shortly after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, on December 7, 1941, Okazaki was allegedly interned for six months. This is alleged, but not substantiated through FOIA requests to the U.S. Government. It is possible that he was only held under arrest and not placed in an internment camp. He was released relatively quickly because of the intervention of Curley Freedman who used his FBI contacts to aid in Okazaki's release. Curley was the first tile contractor in Honolulu, and installed tile in the homes and businesses of many Japanese. Because of his craftsmanship, he was well- liked and widely known. The FBI asked Okazaki for his assistance in identifying Japanese fishing boats that may have been contacting Japanese submarines and relaying information about U.S. Navy activity in Pearl Harbor. The FBI would also ask Bud Estes, who worked for Curley in the tile business, to assist in identifying drug dealers on another island during the harvest period. As Bud had knowledge of the island from his Salvation Army missionary days, he agreed and assisted the FBI until his cover was blown.

Okazaki was also fortunate in that his dojo was unmolested, as his students protected it from looters who ransacked Japanese homes and businesses. Because of the preservation of his assets, he was able to lend aid to the Asian community, members of which had formerly shunned him. In this way he became accepted by them.

During wartime, Okazaki continued teaching and also assisted the US military in creating a hand-to-hand combat curriculum based largely on the 120 Commando Technique list. Ironically, at the same time, Gichin Funakoshi, the father of modern Karate, was responsible for hand-to-hand training of many members of the Japanese military. Okazaki is sometimes said to have been responsible for the WWII US Army Field Combatives Manual FM 21-150, but that manual credits members of the American Judo Club of New York City.

Illness and death
Okazaki suffered a stroke in July 1948, from which he recovered somewhat in 1949, when he continued teaching. Okazaki died on July 12, 1951, at the age of sixty-two.

Today

There are many other Danzan Ryū and DZR-influenced organizations which have developed over time and are now separated into various schools of thought. The most widely known international federations today are the American Jujitsu Institute, Jujitsu America, the American Judo and Jujitsu Federation, and Small Circle Jujitsu.

The American Jujitsu Institute
The original Danzan Ryū organization was the American Jujitsu Institute (AJI) founded by Okazaki in 1939. The AJI is the oldest martial arts organization in the United States. The AJI has continued to the present day, and is currently under the direction of its President, Professor Daniel W. Saragosa and Vice President Sensei Scott Horiuchi. Its patronage and sponsorship of the major Danzan Ryu projects over the past two decades have proved crucial to its success.

The American Judo and Jujitsu Federation

The American Judo and Jujitsu Federation (AJJF) was founded in 1948 by Bud Estes, Richard Rickerts, John Cahill and Ray Law. In 1958, the AJJF was incorporated in the State of California as a non-profit organization. (Active Cal. Corp. C0353438, 4/21/1958; Cal. Sec. State, Business Search 5/19/2008)

The AJJF promotes Danzan-ryū jujitsu with a standardized curriculum used by a variety of jujitsu, judo and other dojos. This curriculum is intended to combine martial arts training with an ethical and moral philosophy.

Small Circle Jujitsu
Wally Jay had studied boxing, weightlifting, judo and jujitsu from various instructors before 1944, when he received his black belt in Kodenkan Danzan Ryu Jujitsu from Okazaki. Small Circle Jujitsu™ evolved from combining many sources and elements, but owes its roots to Ken Kawachi, the Hawaiian judo champion for many years. Sensei Kawachi was a physically small man who stressed the use of the wrist action to gain superior leverage. So effective was he in using the subtleties of the grip and its leverage that he routinely dominated other judoka twice his mass and defeated many visiting wrestlers and other grapplers from the mainland. That wrist action became the key to Small Circle Jujitsu and continues to evolve as Jay and others enhance the style with their knowledge. In August 2002, Wally Jay held the ceremony officially handing the title of Grandmaster over to his son Leon Jay in his hometown of Alameda, California.

Kaito Gakko
Kaito Gakko was formed under David Kawaikoolihilihi Nu'uhiwa, who studied with Okazaki starting in 1938, and John Cahill, (Danzan-Ryu's sensei, during Okazaki's internment.) After a fighting career with more than 100 consecutive undefeated matches, Professor Nuuhiwa blended his real world fighting experiences, including death matches in Africa and Asia, with his training in Danzan-Ryu Jujitsu, Karate, Aikido, Makaho, and Lua, and started teaching self-defense classes under the name 'Kaito Gakko', a title he was given in Japan in 1958, upon receiving a 12th Dan in karate. Kaito literally means "The Best of the East and West." He was awarded the legendary Red Belt in Japan. At the time, he was one of only five in the world to hold this rank and the first American ever to hold this honor. David was also an expert in the ancient Hawaiian fighting art of Lua and a healing arts practitioner. Many professional athletes, including Sugar Ray Leonard, came to Nu'uhiwa for pre-fight training, or physical therapy. David Nu'uhiwa Sr. died on January 21, 2005, in Honolulu, Hawai'i after a courageous battle with cancer. Today, his Kaito Gakko school, aloha and teachings are carried on by Professor Nu'uhiwa's students: Kalani Akui (President of Kaito Gakko), Alyxzander Bear (Vice President of Kaito Gakko), Bruce Keaulani of 'Kaito Gakko Nu'uhiwa Ryu' in Oahu, Hawaii, and Carlos Gallegos of 'Kaito Gakko Martial Arts' in Orange County, California.

Kodenkan Yudanshakai
The Kodenkan Yudanshakai, founded in 1967 by Joseph Holck, is a traditional martial arts association with locations in major metropolitan areas of Arizona. The Kodenkan Yudanshakai was founded by Joseph Holck and his family in 1967 to continue the school founded by Joseph's Brother Roy Holck in 1962. The Yudanshakai teaches such martial arts as Danzan Ryū Jūjutsu, Shorin-ryū Karate, Matsuno Ryu Goshinjitsu, Nihon Jujitsu, Kodenkan Bokkendo, Hiraido Jujitsu, Northern Praying Mantis Kung Fu, Judo, and other arts. The Kodenkan Yudanshakai has grown over the years and presently has dojos in Arizona, Hawaii, California and Montana, including six in the Tucson-Phoenix metro area. The organization continues its perpetuation of the martial arts under the guidance of Joseph Holck and his family; Vinson Holck, Barry Holck, Meleana Holck-Tomooka, Amy Holck, Aaron Holck, Emmet Holck, Joyce Holck, Wilbert Holck, and Willard Holck.

Shoshin Ryu Yudanshakai
Shoshin Ryu Yudanshakai was founded by Michael Chubb to provide an educational, athletic, and recreational outlet to aid the physical, moral, and social development of adults and children within the framework of the sport and martial art of Danzan Ryu Jujitsu. It was incorporated in 1987 in the State of California and has been instrumental in the creation and maintenance of several inter-organizational projects, including the Ohana weekends, the Danzan Ryu Hall of Fame and the H.S. Okazaki National Jujitsu Championships.

Jujitsu America
In 1978 Wally Jay, John Chow-Hoon, Carl Beaver and Willy Cahill created Jujitsu America. They seceded from the Hawaiian-based American Jujitsu Institute (which was the Kodenkan organization) after a conflict of ideologies and methodologies. This group represented the mainland jujitsuka who decided to break away from the old organization. The Hawaiian leaders wished to perpetuate the traditions of the Kodenkan system while the statesiders wanted to update and improve their fighting skills to reflect certain modern realities. The objects and purposes of Jujitsu America shall be to promote and foster the development and cultivation of a better understanding of the art and science of Jujitsu among its members; and to promote and propagate the teachings and philosophies of the recognized and established systems of Jujitsu in America and affiliate International Unions of Jujitsu. It is further the intent and purpose of Jujitsu America to encourage a systematic practice of modern Kodenkan Jujitsu and related arts, in honor of the founder of Kodenkan Jujitsu, Henry Okazaki. Jujitsu America has recently affiliated with the United States Judo Association (USJA) to promote their Sport Jujitsu programme.

KDRJA
The Kodenkan Danzan-Ryū Jujitsu Association (KDRJA) was proposed by Professor Kiehl in 1978.  That same year, Professors Kiehl, Ancho and Kufferath founded the Kodenkan Danzan Ryu Jujitsu Association or KDRJA.  The Founders established a Board of three (3) Elders to direct the organization.  The original elders were Profs. Ancho, Kufferath and Janovich. It is now known as the Board of Professors, Profs Doug and Jane Kiehl and Prof. Tony Janovich.  Other individuals awarded the title of "Professor" by the KDRJA serve to advise the Board of Professors.

The Founders' objective was to create an organization whose collective consciousness reflected the spirit and teachings of Danzan Ryu. Its mission is: 1. To provide students with guidelines and a road map for understanding and practicing the ancient arts and sciences of Kodenkan Danzan Ryu Jujitsu as taught by H. Seishiro Okazaki. 2. To carry-on the teaching and perspective of the late Kufferath and Ancho. 3. Support the activities of the Danzan Alliance.

KODENKAN DANZAN RYU HOMBU DOJO
Founded by Prof. Ramon Ancho Jr in 1990 in Costa Rica, it was a martial arts teaching center and SEIFUKUJUTSU therapy center. Prof. Ancho had 4 students who made up the body of instructors: Shihan Moises Muñoz, Shihan Berny Carvajal, Shihan Fabián Merino and Shihan Randall Sanchez.

CARVAJAL´S MARTIAL ARTS DOJO
Founded by Shihan Berny Carvajal 23 years ago. Direct student of Professor Ramon Ancho Jr, he was the Technical Director of KODENKAN HOMBU in Costa Rica.

ASHIHARA KARATE HOMBU DOJO
Founded by Shihan Fabián Merino, direct student of Professor Ramon Ancho Jr. He was the youngest student to enter KODENKAN HOMBU in Costa Rica.

SEIFUKUJUTSU COSTA RICA INSTITUTE
Seifukujutsu study and therapy center. Shihan Randall Sanchez has run this center for more than 20 years in Costa Rica, providing rehabilitation and therapy to many athletes in the Central American region. He has dedicated his life to preserving the techniques, legacy and tradition of Professor Okazaki, who taught them to Prof. Ancho. Prof. Ancho had Shihan Randall as his disciple for more than 15 years and was able to teach him and prepare him for this delicate task. This preparation was taught at the KODENKAN HOMBU in Costa Rica.

Dojo Danzan Ryu Kodenkan Costa Rica
Sensei Luis Soto 5th Dan, student of Shinan Moises Muñoz, direct student of Prof. Ancho.

Bill Beach's Hawaiian Jiu-Jitsu System, Inc., as well as The Southern California Jujitsu Association founded in 1979 by James A. Marcinkus (deceased).

Christian Jujitsu Association
The Christian Jujitsu Association was founded by Gene Edwards. The Christian Jujitsu Association is a Danzan Ryū organization including the Christian religion.

KaishinKai
KaishinKai translates as 'gathering of open minds'. The goal of KaishinKai Dojo is to train quality instructors that will propagate the teachings of Henry S. Okazaki and the Kodenkan Danzan-ryu system of Jujitsu. KaishinKai was founded by Ron Jennings in 1978 and consists of affiliate dojos and students primarily in the Pacific Northwest. The KaishinKai Dojo itself is also registered with the American Jujitsu Institute, Jujitsu America, and the ShoshinRyu Yudanshakai.

The Bushidokan Federation
The Bushidokan Federation is a union of dojos from around the world practicing the art of Dan Zan Ryu Zenyo Bujitsu. This system was originated by Herb Lague (student of Bud Estes) who began his martial arts studies in 1950, studying Boxing, Judo, Savate, Aikido, Lama Pai, and Jujitsu. Dan Zan Ryu Zenyo Bujutsu was formulated from these systems and uses a framework of Danzan Ryu Jujitsu to teach the principles of Zenyo throughout the system. While upholding certain principles common to many dojos, each dojo in the Bushidokan Federation retains its own autonomy and recognizes the sensei of each dojo as the head instructor. Member dojos are currently in Canada, Colombia, Ecuador, Israel, Italy, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, Serbia/Yugoslavia, and the United States (Alaska, California, Florida, Hawaii, Maine, Oklahoma, Georgia, and Nevada).

Quantum Jujitsu
Quantum Jujitsu was founded by Stephen Copping and developed by Jeremy Corbell.

Evolution Jujitsu
Evolution Jujitsu was founded by Alex Aquino Sensei in Pasadena California 1995, as an answer to the rise of the mixed martial arts phenomenon in the US. The focus of the group is simple: Use Danzan Ryu as a vehicle to go back to the combat tested roots of Jujutsu, and constantly evolve, and develop, through experimentation, and competition.

Kodenkan Ohana Alliance
The Kodenkan Ohana Alliance is a group of autonomous Kodenkan Danzan-Ryu Jujitsu and affiliated organizations dedicated to the principles handed down by Henry S. Okazaki and aligning themselves to the Ohana family and actively supporting the Ohana convention event. This group is responsible for planning and implementing the Ohana convention.

Zen Budokai Jujitsu
Zen Budokai Aiki Jujitsu was founded by Raymond "Duke" Moore who began his training in the 1940s with Ray Law. Moore received advanced black belts in karate, judo, and jujitsu and by the 1960s had formulated his system which was influenced by his direct training with Ray Law (jujitsu), George Yoshida (judo), Kiyose Nakae (jujitsu), Mitz Kimura (judo), Richard Kim (karate and jujitsu), Hidetaka Nishiyama (karate), and Masutatsu Oyama (karate). Today, the system consists of approximately a dozen schools most of which are in California and New England. Zen Budokai focuses on practical jujitsu and self-defense and is taught by 9th dan (and current system leader) Tim Delgman at the San Francisco dojo and 9th dan Jim Moses at Stanford University at the Stanford Jujitsu Club.

Kilohana Martial Arts Association
Kilohana Martial Arts Association is a non-profit organization founded in 1996 to perpetuate the teachings of Professor Sig Kufferath and Professor Seishiro Okazaki, as well as to promote the study of other martial disciplines.
Kilohana works diligently to foster a sense of community among martial organizations and schools. With this goal in mind, Kilohana sponsors and supports a number of tournaments and training events throughout the year, most of which are open to members and non-members alike. The diversity of these events represents our desire to share with all of our Ohana.
The name "Kilohana" means being made of the finest material, of being the best at what you do, and having superior character, honor and integrity. Our coat of arms denotes this spirit with the Hawaiian words "Mokomoko Ku'i Lima Po'okela Kilohana". Roughly translated this means being the finest champion in the art of hand-to-hand combat. We are honored to have been gifted this name and image by Professor Sig Kufferath.

Events
The most focal event of the post-Okazaki era in Danzan-Ryū is the biannual Ohana Celebration. This event includes members from all of the organizations focused on the teachings of Okazaki. The organizations come together for a weekend of clinics, competition, and camaraderie to share the Kodenkan spirit. Ohana was founded in 1990 by Shoshin Ryu Yudanshakai instructors Mike Chubb, Bill Fischer and Roger Medlen, and is hosted by a different organization each time. It is usually held on Labor Day weekend.

Other past events include the two Kodenkan Okugi classes held in Santa Clara, CA. These two events, one in the summer of 1993 and one in the winter of 2003, brought a number of Danzan-Ryū instructors together to learn the system from Sig Kufferath and his senior student Tony Janovich. Kufferath had been a graduate of the same class held in 1948 under the direction of Okazaki. Over the many years, the methods of performing Okazaki's arts had diverged into a number of different styles. This class, whose contents were designed by Janovich under the direction of Kufferath, was designed to show interested instructors how the arts had been done by Okazaki according to Kufferath, and how he had modified several arts. Students were instructed in all of the combat arts as well as the eleven required methods of resuscitation. The students who graduated from these classes were awarded Kaiden no Sho, or complete transmission certificates, and were given the title of either Renshi (trainer), Kyoshi (teacher) or Shihan (master). Before Kufferath's death in 1999, he and Janovich had planned to hold a second class in 2003, ten years after the previous class. This had been the plan of Okazaki after his 1948 class, but his death in 1951 prevented this. Janovich carried out the plan and held this class in January and February 2003. There are tentative plans for the Kodenkan dojo to hold another class in the future.

Note 1: Other classes that have been called "okugi" have taken place, but were not sanctioned by Kufferath.

Note 2: Okazaki's 1948 class was called the "special Sunday class" and not the Okugi class. The name "Okugi Class" was coined and copyrighted by Tony Janovich.

References

External links
American Jujitsu Institute
American Judo and Jujitsu Federation
The Danzan-Ryu Jujutsu Homepage
Jujitsu America
https://kilohanausa.com/

Jujutsu
North American martial arts
Martial arts in the United States

Danzan-ryū


Baantjer is a Dutch television programme which was broadcast by RTL 4 from 6 October 1995 until 1 December 2006 for a total of 123 episodes in 12 seasons. It stars Piet Römer as Jurriaan 'Jurre' de Cock, a police detective, and Victor Reinier as Dick Vledder, his helper. The series is based on the novels of writer A. C. Baantjer.

In 1999, RTL 4 broadcast the television film Baantjer, de film: De Cock en de wraak zonder einde because of the tenth anniversary of the network.

In 2018, it was announced by RTL that the series would be revived for a thirteenth season and a film, starring Waldemar Torenstra, that would be aired on RTL 4 and Videoland. The film Amsterdam Vice (Baantjer: Het Begin) won the Golden Film award two weeks after its premiere on 18 April 2019.

Cast

References

Dutch drama television series
Television shows based on Dutch novels
1990s Dutch television series
2000s Dutch television series
1995 Dutch television series debuts
2006 Dutch television series endings
RTL 4 original programming

Baantjer


Bruce Stambler is a sound editor.  He won the Academy Award for Best Sound Editing for the drama thriller film The Ghost and the Darkness (1996). This marked both his first win and fifth consecutive nomination in the category, after being recognized for Under Siege (1992), The Fugitive (1993), Clear and Present Danger (1994) and Batman Forever (1995). His work on The Fugitive also earned him the BAFTA Award for Best Sound. In television, his work on the "Brother's Keeper" pilot episode of Miami Vice (1984–1989) earned him the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Editing for a One-Hour Series.

Stambler got into sound editing when he was working at Universal Studios.  After working at various tasks, he was asked if he wanted to be an assistant sound editor.  He agreed and eventually worked his way up to a position of supervisor.

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Best Sound Editing Academy Award winners
Best Sound BAFTA Award winners
American sound editors
Primetime Emmy Award winners
American film editors

Bruce Stambler


Adolfo Couve Rioseco (March 28, 1940 – March 11, 1998) was a Chilean artist and writer.

Couve was born in Valparaíso, Chile, the first child of three. In his first years, he lived in Llay-Llay and then moved with his family to Santiago. He entered the Jesuit San Ignacio School, where he finished high school in 1958.

Couve married Martita Carrasco with whom he had a daughter named Camila. The couple separated later. Adolfo Couve lived his last years accompanied by Carlos Ormeno.

Couve began his art studies at the Escuela de Bellas Artes, where he was a pupil of Professor Augusto Eguiluz. He lived in Paris on a fellowship from 1962 to 1963. He studied at the Ecole de Beaux Arts. Later on he moved to New York and studied at the Art's Student League. In this last city, he had his first exhibition in an uptown gallery.

Back in Chile, Couve became professor of art at the Universidad de Chile, where he taught until his death. He was also professor at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile between 1974 and 1981.

After 1971 Cuove took a major interest in literature and published a number of literary works which literary critics would later categorize as a distinctive form of "descriptive realism". After a decade of almost complete devotion to literature he rediscovered his painting which he used as a parallel tool in expressing his views on life and the world.

Although Couve gained considerable fame as a painter, his greatest achievements are thought to be his literary works, which include ten volumes of novels, novellas, and short stories.

Couve killed himself on the morning of March 11, 1998, in his house in Cartagena.

Literary works
Alamiro (1965)
En los desórdenes de junio (1974)
El picadero (1974)
Tren de cuerda (1976)
La lección de pintura (1979)
El pasaje (1989)
La copia de yeso (1989)
El cumpleaños del señor Balande (1991)
El balneario (1993)
La comedia del arte (1995)
Cuarteto de infancia (1997)
Cuando pienso en mi falta de cabeza (La segunda comedia) (1998).

References

1940 births
1998 suicides
Writers from Valparaíso
Artists from Valparaíso
Chilean male writers
Chilean people of French descent
Suicides by hanging in Chile
Chilean gay artists
Chilean gay writers
20th-century Chilean painters
Chilean male artists
Chilean male painters
1998 deaths
20th-century Chilean LGBT people
20th-century Chilean male artists

Adolfo Couve


A cube is any regular, six-sided, three-dimensional solid object.

Cube may also refer to:

Arts and entertainment
 Alamo (sculpture) or The Cube in New York, U.S. (and Endover at the University of Michigan)
 Cube Interactive, an interactive media company in Wales, UK
 Cube Route, a fantasy novel by Piers Anthony
 Time Cube, a conspiracy theory website

Comics
 Cosmic Cube, a fictional object in Marvel Comics

Films
 Cube (film series), a series of films including:
 Cube (1997 film), a 1997 Canadian film
 Cube 2: Hypercube, the 2002 sequel to Cube
 Cube Zero, the 2004 prequel to Cube
 Cube (2021 film), a 2021 Japanese remake of the 1997 film
 The Cube (film), a 1969 television film by Jim Henson

Games

 Cube (video game), a 2001 first-person shooter computer game
 Cube 2: Sauerbraten, sequel to Cube
 AssaultCube, based on Cubes game engine
 The Cube (game), a psychological exercise in Kokology
 Intelligent Qube, a PS and mobile puzzler game
 GameCube, a video game console
 Q*bert, a 1982 arcade game (named Cubes in development)
 Q.U.B.E. (Quick Understanding of Block Extrusion), a 2011 indie puzzler
 Cube (collectible card game variation), a variation of gameplay for collectible card games
 Rubik's Cube, a six-coloured mechanical puzzle game
 Helicopter Cube, a Rubik's Cube-like puzzle invented by Adam G
 Sudoku Cube, a variation on a Rubik's Cube
 Pocket Cube, the 2×2×2 version of a Rubik's Cube
 Professor's Cube, a mechanical puzzle, a 5×5×5 version of the Rubik's Cube
 Void Cube, a 3-D mechanical puzzle similar to a Rubik's Cube

Music
 Cube Entertainment, a South Korean record label
 Cube Records, a British record label
 Cube (talent agency), a Japanese music production company and talent agency

Television
 The Cube (British game show), a TV game show where tasks are completed from inside a cube
 The Cube (Australian game show)
 Cube Tv, a television channel from South Korea.

Buildings
 The Cube (building), part of The Mailbox in Birmingham, UK
 The Cube (restaurant), a travelling pop-up restaurant
 Kaaba (English: The Cube), a sacred site in Mecca, Saudi Arabia
 Cube Microplex, a non-profit cinema and venue in Bristol, UK
 The Qube (Vancouver), a distinctive "hanging" building in Canada
 The Qube (Detroit), a financial center in Michigan, US
 Beijing National Aquatics Center, China, The Water Cube

Science and technology
 CuBe, an alloy of copper and beryllium
 Cubé, a flowering plant of the legume family

Mathematics
 Cube (algebra), the third power of a number
 Necker cube, an optical illusion
 Cube attack, a cryptanalytic technique
 lambda cube (λ-cube), a framework of constructive logic

Computing
 Data cube, a three- (or higher) dimensional array of values
 OLAP cube, an extension to a spreadsheet's two-dimensional array optimized for multidimensional analysis
 Cubes (OLAP server), a light-weight open source multidimensional modelling and OLAP toolkit
 NeXTcube, workstation (1990–1993)
 Power Mac G4 Cube (2000–2001), a small form factor Apple Macintosh personal computer

People
 Ice Cube (born 1969), American rapper, often referred to simply as "Cube"
 Irma von Cube (1899–1977), German-American screenwriter
 Mary Cagle (born 1989), American comiccer, known also as Cube or Cube Watermelon.

Other uses
 Cubicle, a type of office workspace
 Cube Bikes, a German bicycle manufacturer
 Nissan Cube, a multi-purpose vehicle from Nissan

See also

 Cubic (disambiguation)
 Qube (disambiguation)
 Kube (disambiguation)
 Cuba (disambiguation)

Cube (disambiguation)


The Sabaens were one of the first civilizations of the Arabian Peninsula. They spoke the Sabaean language, one of the Old South Arabian languages. They founded the kingdom of Sabaʾ in modern-day Yemen, which was believed to be the biblical land of Sheba and "the oldest and most important of the South Arabian kingdoms".
Yemen
Arab people

Sabaeans


Walter Ray Williams Jr. (born October 6, 1959) is an American professional bowler and competitive horseshoes pitcher. He currently holds the record for all-time standard PBA Tour career titles (47) and total PBA earnings (over $5 million through 2022).  He is a seven-time PBA Player of the Year (tied with Jason Belmonte for the most all-time), and won at least one PBA Tour title in a record 17 consecutive seasons (1993 through 2009-10). He starred in the ten-pin bowling sports documentary A League of Ordinary Gentlemen. As of June 26, 2022, Williams is also the all-time titles leader on the PBA50 Tour, with 16. He is a three-time PBA50 Player of the Year and has won three majors on that Tour. He has rolled 110 career perfect 300 games in PBA competition through 2019.

On December 18, 2016, Williams became the first player in history to reach 100 total PBA titles (combined PBA Tour, PBA Regional Tour, PBA50 Tour, PBA50 Regional Tour). Only Pete Weber has since matched this feat. Williams' total is now 126 (with PBA60 Tour wins added) following his first PBA60 Tour win on July 5, 2023. Williams retired from the regular PBA Tour in 2021, but continues to bowl in PBA50 Tour, PBA60 Tour and PBA Regional Tour events. He owns the most combined Regional titles all-time with 62 (35 on the PBA Regional Tour and 27 on the PBA50 Regional Tour).

Williams is also a nine-time world champion  in the game of horseshoes (three junior titles and six men's titles).

Wiliiams has had multiple sponsorships over his professional career, and is currently a member of the Brunswick pro staff.

Bowling career

PBA Tour

Williams is a seven-time PBA Player of the Year (1986, '93, '96, '97, '98, 2003, 2010) which is tied with Jason Belmonte and one more than Earl Anthony for the most Player of the Year awards.  He has won a record eight Bowling Writers Bowler of the Year awards and is also the all-time leading money winner on the PBA Tour.  He has the most PBA money titles (seven). He was the first bowler in history to surpass $2 million in career earnings, achieving this in 1997. With his win in the 2003 U.S. Open, he also became the first $3 million career winner, while also becoming the first $4 million career winner in 2008. Williams also set a record for the highest monetary winnings in a single season, with $419,700 during the 2002–03 PBA season. This record would be broken in the 2021 season by Kyle Troup.

On September 24, 2006, Williams eclipsed Earl Anthony's then-recognized career record of 41 PBA regular tour titles with his 42nd win at the Dydo Japan Cup over Pete Weber in a 289–236 single game pinfall. [Note: Anthony's title count was amended to 43 in 2008, when the PBA chose to include ABC Masters titles earned by a PBA member as PBA Tour titles. By that time, Williams had accumulated 44 titles to maintain a lead over Anthony.] Williams has been known as "Deadeye" in PBA fan circles, but he actually first got the nickname in horseshoes, when he threw 45 ringers out of a possible 50 in a junior tournament when he was 10 years old.  He is known for several PBA achievements:

 Record highest season spare percentage (88.16%, 655/743; 2004–05) and single-pin conversion percentage (100%, 475/475; 2005–06)
 Second-best strike (68.21) percentage and match play average (235.23).
 Record number of career television appearances (182 through 2012), most television appearances in a season (15 in 1993), most consecutive television appearances 5 (2x; 2000, 2001), and most consecutive seasons making at least one television appearance (26)
 Most consecutive seasons winning at least one PBA Tour title (17, reached in the 2009-10 season)
 Most final match appearances (92, through the 2009-10 season)
 Most games bowled in one season (1300 in 1993)
 Second-highest pinfall in a nine-game series (2,367 in Tucson, AZ, 2004; broken by Eugene McCune's 2,468 pins in 2010)
 Tied for most 300 games in one tournament (4; Mechanicsburg, PA, 1993)
 Eight-time winner of the George Young High Average Award and Harry Smith Points Leader Award (most all-time for each award)
 The only PBA player to convert the 4-6-7-10 split (also known as the "Big Four" or the "Double Pinochle") on television
 Oldest bowler (50) to be named PBA Player of the Year (2009-10 season)
 Bowled 299s on TV during his professional and senior career. One during the 1993 Leisure Long Island Open at AMF Sayville Lanes, a 60 lane bowling center in Sayville, NY on March 27, 1993. On the senior tour, he bowled 299 in 2011.
 First player to reach 100 total PBA titles (47 PBA Tour, 32 PBA Regional Tour, 10 PBA50 Tour, 11 PBA50 Regional Tour).
 Only player in history to win the USBC Masters and USBC Senior Masters twice each.
 Bowled a two-handed 300 game at the 2019 River City Extreme Open.

In the 2007–08 season, at age 48, Williams established the second-highest average in PBA history for a single season — 228.34. Only Norm Duke's 2006–07 mark of 228.47 was higher at the time, though that has since been broken by Jason Belmonte's 228.81 in the 2012–13 season. Through the 2019 PBA50 season, he has bowled 110 career 300 games in PBA competition, second only to the 114 perfect games tallied by Parker Bohn III.

Upon winning the 2009 Motor City Open championship, Williams extended his record of winning at least one PBA Tour title per season to 17 consecutive seasons, two years more than Earl Anthony's 1970–84 run.  Williams' streak ended when he failed to win a title in the 2010-11 season.

FIQ WTBA World Championships
In August 2008 Williams joined Team USA to participate in that year's FIQ World Men's Championships in Thailand. For the first time professionals were allowed to compete in this truly international event with over 330 participants from 56 countries. Williams was the most successful bowler in the championships, winning four medals: Gold in Masters, Gold in Singles, Gold in Team and a Bronze medal in Trios.

PBA Tour retirement
On March 17, 2021, Williams announced his retirement from the national PBA Tour after being eliminated from the Round of 8 in the final event of World Series of Bowling XII. He stated he will continue to bowl in PBA50 Tour and PBA Regional Tour events.

PBA50 Tour
After turning 50, Williams announced that he would participate in the 2010 PBA Senior Tour (renamed the PBA50 Tour in 2013), but in limited events due to Team USA and other obligations.

Williams made his PBA Senior Tour debut on May 3, 2010, at the Miller High Life Senior Classic in Mooresville, NC. To the surprise of no one, he won the tournament three days later.  On June 18, 2010, Williams had a chance to become just the second bowler to win the USBC Masters and USBC Senior Masters in a career (joining Dave Soutar), and the first to win both in the same year.  Williams made the three-game final, but he was denied the title when he fell, 705-628, to fellow PBA Hall of Famer Wayne Webb. Williams did bowl enough on the Senior Tour to earn 2010 PBA Senior Rookie of the Year honors.

In the 2011 PBA Senior season, Williams again had a chance to match Soutar as the only bowlers to win both the USBC Masters and Senior USBC Masters.  But he again came in second, this time falling to Dale Traber in the finals, 707-695.

Williams won two Senior titles in 2012 and earned his first Senior PBA Player of the Year award.

Williams won three PBA50 titles in 2013 and earned his second PBA50 Player of the Year award.

Williams won the 2014 USBC Senior Masters to become only the second bowler to win both the USBC Masters and USBC Senior Masters (following Dave Soutar). On June 11, 2017, Williams won his second USBC Senior Masters, becoming the only player in history to win the USBC Masters and USBC Senior Masters twice each.

At age 59, Williams opened the 2019 PBA50 season with three consecutive victories, including the PBA50 National Championship, giving him three majors among his 14 PBA50 Tour titles. The wins tied him with John Handegard for the most PBA50 Tour titles of all-time.  With a third place finish in the second-to-last event of the 2019 PBA50 Tour season, Williams clinched his third career PBA50 Player of the Year award.

After the 2020 PBA50 season was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Williams won the opening event of the 2021 PBA50 Tour season on April 13. The 708–655 victory over Michael Haugen Jr. in the three-game final at the PBA50 Lightning Strikes Open gave Williams the most PBA50 Tour titles of all time, with 15. Williams extended the record to 16 by winning the 2022 PBA50 Odessa Open on June 26.

Popularity and longevity
Williams's longevity is evidenced by the fact that more than one-third of his 47 titles (17) and 6 of his 8 majors were earned after he reached age 40. Williams' most recent PBA Tour title at the 2010 USBC Masters came after he reached age 50. In fact, Williams swept every major PBA statistical category in the 2009-10 season, leading the tour in earnings ($152,670), average (222.89), match play appearances (15), and overall competition points. (See PBA Bowling Tour: 2009-10 season.)

On his longevity and future plans, Williams said in 2009:

Williams was named "Male Bowler of the Decade" (2000–2009) in the Winter, 2010 issue of U.S. Bowler—an incredible accomplishment considering he started the decade at age 40.  He won his then-unprecedented seventh PBA Player of the Year award in 2010, becoming the oldest player in history (50) to earn that honor.

He is a member of the USBC and PBA Halls of Fame, a member of the World Horseshoe Pitching Hall of Fame, and was a two-time past president of the Professional Bowlers Association.

In the 2008–09 season, the PBA's 50th, the PBA commissioned a panel of bowling experts to recognize the "50 Greatest Players of the Last 50 Years." Williams finished second on the list, behind only Earl Anthony.  On an ESPN telecast January 25, 2009, Nelson Burton Jr. noted that the voting was close, but Anthony reached the #1 spot primarily for having more major titles than Williams (10 to 7 at the time). Williams was gracious in accepting second-place honors:

On December 10, 2016, Williams made it to the final match of the PBA Shark Championship in Reno, NV. A victory would have made Williams the oldest player (57 years, 65 days) to ever win a regular PBA Tour event, but he was defeated in the finals by Canadian François Lavoie. John Handegard continues to hold the distinction as oldest PBA Tour champion at 57 years, 55 days.

In his later career, Williams has experimented with a two-handed "shovel style" delivery, and began using it in some PBA50 tournaments. At the River City Extreme Open in July, 2019, he shot a 300 game in qualifying using the two-handed approach.

Through 2019, Williams had bowled in over 1,000 PBA tournaments. He has continued bowling at a high level despite reaching age 60 in 2019. From 2016 to 2019, Williams bowled in at least 34 PBA events every year (more than 40 events from 2017 to 2019), and cashed over $110,000 in three of the four years.

Horseshoes
Williams has also won six Men's World Horseshoe Pitching titles. He was invited to pitch horseshoes at the White House with President George H. W. Bush in 1989. He finished second in the 2005 World Horseshoe Pitching Championships after switching from right handed to left handed.

Personal
Williams graduated from Cal Poly Pomona in 1984 with a Bachelor of Science degree in physics and a minor in mathematics. He has stated that if he wasn't a successful bowler, "I would have gone to work for NASA."

He was previously married to Paige Pennington. The couple lived in Oxford, FL, and adopted a daughter, Rebecca, in 2007. Williams and Pennington divorced in 2017. He is currently married to Fancy Allen. The couple has residency in Oxford. In addition to being a champion in both bowling and horseshoes, Williams plays golf and at one time had a 1 handicap.

Williams' career PBA Tour titles
Among Williams' 47 career PBA Tour titles are eight majors (in bold type below). He is a three-time winner of the PBA World Championship, and has also won two U.S. Open crowns, two ABC/USBC Masters titles, and a Touring Players Championship. He was a Tournament of Champions title short of completing a career "super grand slam."

He has also won 16 PBA50 Tour titles, making him the all-time PBA50 titles leader and one of only five bowlers (along with Pete Weber, Tom Baker, Amleto Monacelli and Parker Bohn III) to win at least 10 titles on both PBA national tours. Williams is also the only player in history to earn at least 60 combined titles between the PBA and PBA50 Tours.

Standard PBA Tour titles
  1986 True Value Open, Peoria, Ill.
  1986 Fair Lanes Open, Baltimore, Md.
  1986 Hammer Open, Edmond, Okla.
  1987 Miller Lite Classic, Miami, Fla.
  1987 Hammer Open, Edmond, Okla.
  1991 Oronamin C Japan Cup, Tokyo, Japan
  1993 Flagship City Open, Erie, Pa.
  1993 Columbia 300 Open, San Antonio, Texas
  1993 Northwest Classic, Kennewick, Wash.
  1993 Oregon Open, Portland, Ore.
  1993 Tucson Open, Tucson, Ariz.
  1993 Greater Grand Rapids Open, Grand Rapids, Mich.
  1993 Paula Carter's Homestead Classic, Homestead, Fla.
  1994 Showboat Invitational, Las Vegas, Nev.
  1994 Touring Players Championship, Indianapolis, Ind.
  1995 Rochester Open, Rochester, N.Y.
  1996 Track Synergy Open, Kennewick, Wash.
  1996 Showboat Invitational, Las Vegas, Nev.
  1996 Brunswick Johnny Petraglia Open, North Brunswick, N.J.
  1996 Rochester Open, Rochester, N.Y.
  1996 Greater Harrisburg Open, Mechanicsburg, Pa.
  1997 Columbia 300 Open, Austin, Texas
  1997 Brunswick Johnny Petraglia Open, North Brunswick, N.J.
  1997 St. Clair Classic, Fairview Heights, Ill.
  1998 Storm Flagship Open, Erie, Pa.
  1998 BPAA U.S. Open, Milford, Conn.
  1998 Brunswick Long Island Open, Coram, N.Y.
  1998 Bay City Classic, Bay City, Mich.
  1998 National Finance Challenge, Indianapolis, Ind.
  1999 Tucson Open, Tucson, Ariz.
  2000 Track Canandaigua Open, Canandaigua, N.Y.
  2000 Brunswick Johnny Petraglia Open, North Brunswick, N.J.
  2001–02 PBA National Championship, Toledo, Ohio
  2001–02 Greater Cincinnati Classic, Erlanger, Ky.
  2002–03 Greater Detroit Open, Taylor, Mich.
  2002–03 U.S. Open, Fountain Valley, Calif.
  2002–03 PBA World Championship, Taylor, Mich.
  2003–04 Earl Anthony Classic Presented by Storm, Tacoma, Wash.
  2003–04 ABC Masters, Reno, Nev.
  2004–05 Uniroyal Tire Classic, Wickliffe, Ohio
  2005–06 Denny's PBA World Championship, Indianapolis, Ind.
  2006–07 Dydo Japan Cup, Tokyo, Japan
  2007–08 Motor City Classic, Taylor, Mich.
  2007–08 Great Lakes Classic, Wyoming, Mich.
  2008–09 Lake County Indiana Golden Anniversary Championship, Hammond, Ind.
  2009-10 Motor City Open, Allen Park, Mich.
  2009-10 USBC Masters, Reno, Nev.

PBA50 Tour titles
 2010 Miller High Life Senior Classic, Mooresville, NC.
 2011 PBA Senior Mark Roth Allentown Open, Allentown, PA.
 2012 PBA Senior Don Carter Memorial, Winter Garden, FL.
 2012 PBA Senior Northern California Classic, Brentwood, CA.
 2013 PBA50 Sun Bowl in The Villages, The Villages, FL.
 2013 PBA50 Northern California Classic, Brentwood, CA.
 2013 PBA50 South Shore Open, Hammond, IN.
 2014 USBC Senior Masters, Las Vegas, NV.
 2014 PBA50 Treasure Island Resort & Casino Open, Welch, MN.
 2016 PBA50 Pasco County Florida Open, New Port Richey, FL.
 2017 USBC Senior Masters, Las Vegas, NV.
 2019 Johnny Petraglia BVL Open, Clearwater, FL.
 2019 PBA50 National Championship, The Villages, FL.
 2019 PBA50 Mooresville Open, Mooresville, NC.
 2021 PBA50 Lightning Strikes Open, Fort Myers, FL.
 2022 PBA50 Odessa Open, Odessa, Texas.

PBA60 Tour titles
 2023 PBA60 Tristan's T.A.P.S. Memorial, Columbus, OH.

References

External links
Walter Ray Official site
YouTube Video of Walter Ray Williams Jr. 4-6-7-10 split conversion
Walter Ray Unofficial site
Walter Ray Clips
Text interview with Williams from Wisconsin Public Television
Walter Ray bowls 300 at 2012 Etonic Senior Open
Walter Ray 299 game 1993 Leisure Long Island Open

1959 births
Living people
American ten-pin bowling players
California State Polytechnic University, Pomona alumni
Sportspeople from Eureka, California
Sportspeople from Ocala, Florida
Horseshoes pitchers

Walter Ray Williams Jr.


This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Macau.

Colonial history
The first stamps issued for Macau by the Portuguese was in 1884. The common "Portuguese crown" design was used and nine values ranging from 5 to 300 reis were made.

Transfer of sovereignty over Macau
When Macau became a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China, all stamps with "Macau, Portuguese Republic" () were no longer used. Instead, "Macau, China" was printed on the stamp.

Further reading
 Yang's Catalog of the Postage Stamps and Postal Stationery of Macau (1998).

Other websites

 Encyclopaedia of Postal Authorities, Macao (Macau).

Macau
Macau
Macau

Postage stamps and postal history of Macau


The Natural History Museum Vienna () is a large natural history museum located in Vienna, Austria. It is one of the most important natural history museums worldwide.

The NHM Vienna is one of the largest museums and non-university research institutions in Austria and an important center of excellence for all matters relating to natural sciences. The museum's 39 exhibition rooms cover 8,460 square meters and present more than 100,000 objects. It is home to 30 million objects available to more than 60 scientists and numerous guest researchers who carry out basic research in a wide range of topics related to human sciences, earth sciences, and life sciences.

The Index Herbariorum code assigned to this museum is W and it is used when citing housed herbarium specimens.

History

The history of the Natural History Museum Vienna is shaped by the passion for collecting of renowned monarchs, the endless thirst for knowledge of famous scientists, and the spirit of adventure of travelling researchers. True to the spirit of the inscription carved into the front of the museum, scientists at the NHM Vienna have over the centuries dedicated themselves and their work "to the realm of nature and its exploration".

While in the 19th century this was expressed through major imperial research expeditions to little-known corners of the Earth, today it can be found in modern DNA analysis methods and meteorite research providing insights into unfamiliar worlds and the outer extremes of our cosmos.

The earliest collections of the Natural History Museum Vienna date back more than 250 years. It was the Holy Roman Emperor Francis I, Maria Theresa's husband, who in 1750 purchased what was at the time the world's largest and most famous collection of natural history objects from the Florentine scholar and scientist Jean de Baillou. This was the first step on the road to creating the Natural History Museum Vienna.

Baillou's collection comprised 30,000 objects, including rare fossils, snails, mussels, and corals, as well as valuable minerals and precious stones.

Emperor Francis, who founded the Schönbrunn zoo in 1752 and the botanical garden in 1753, also organized the first scientific overseas expedition. In 1755 he commissioned Nicolaus Joseph Jacquin to travel to the Caribbean, the Antilles, Venezuela, and Colombia. Jacquin returned from this expedition with many live animals and plants for the zoo and the botanical garden, as well as 67 cases full of other items of interest from the natural world.

After the Emperor's death, Maria Theresa gave the natural science collection to the state and opened it up to the general public. Thus she created the first museum in line with the principles and visions of the Enlightenment.

It was Maria Theresa who brought the famous mineralogist Ignaz von Born to Vienna. Born, who had developed a new method of extracting precious metals, was tasked with classifying and expanding the collections. To this end he had minerals from many different regions sent to Vienna, where they were added to the collection. Under the leadership of Ignaz von Born the cabinet of natural history quickly developed into a center of practical research.

Expeditions

Expedition to the Brazilian rainforests
To mark the marriage of his daughter Leopoldine to the heir to the Portuguese throne, Dom Pedro, Emperor Francis II sponsored a scientific expedition to her new home country of Brazil in 1817. Two Austrian frigates accompanied the archduchess on her journey to Rio de Janeiro.

Those taking part in the expedition, carried out under the scientific direction of the head of the history collection, included the researchers Johann Mikan and Johann Emmanuel, as well as the taxidermist Johann Natterer and the landscape painter Thomas Ender. The expedition lasted 18 years and aimed to collect all plants, animals, and minerals of scientific interest and bring them back to Vienna.

The Novara sails the globe
The most ambitious Austrian expedition was carried out by the SMS Novara, a frigate which sailed the world between 1857 and 1859. The scientific responsibility for this expedition was shared by the Academy of Sciences and the Geography Society. The man behind the project was Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian, Commander in Chief of the Austrian Navy.

Among the advisors was the famous naturalist and researcher Alexander von Humboldt. Many well-known scientists took part in the two-year journey, including the geologist Ferdinand von Hochstetter, ethnologist Karl von Scherzer and zoologist Georg Ritter von Frauenfeld. The entire journey was documented in hundreds of sketches and paintings by the landscape artist Josef Selleny. The scientists returned home with a vast haul of minerals, animals, plants and items of ethnological interest.

The Admiral Tegetthoff travels into the ice
The last significant research expedition of the 19th century was the Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition (1872–1874) led by Julius von Payer and Carl Weyprecht. On August 30, 1873, the participants on board discovered Franz Joseph Land.

With the main ship, the 220-ton Admiral Tegetthoff, at risk of breaking up under the pressure of the ice, the members of the expedition were forced to leave the ship. On May 20, 1874, they began their long retreat to the south, transporting their equipment and provisions on sleds and boats. Despite many sacrifices and great danger, the scientists returned to Vienna with both their invaluable travel journals and observations of the landscape, as well as a number of natural history items of interest welded into metal cases.

Imperial Natural History Museum

The Imperial Natural History Museum or Imperial-Royal Natural History Court Museum of Austria-Hungary was created by (Kaiser) Emperor Franz Joseph I during an extensive reorganization of the museum collections, from 1851 to 1876, and opened to the public on August 10, 1889.  Located in Vienna, the Museum was named in German as "K.k. Naturhistorisches Hofmuseum" (with "Hofmuseum" translated as "Court Museum").

In the mid-19th century, there was much interest in the natural sciences, and the encouragement of this interest was a concern of the young sovereign, Franz Josef I: The newly built museum was inscribed: "Dem Reiche der Natur und seiner Erforschung —Kaiser FRANZ JOSEF I" ("To the realm of nature and its exploration —Emperor FRANZ JOSEPH I"). The new Imperial-Royal Natural History Court Museum thus documented the benevolent sentiment of the Imperial Household. Excavations for the construction of the new Museum of Nature started in the fall of 1871, and construction was completed more than ten years later.

On April 29, 1876, Emperor Franz Joseph I signed the document certifying the Natural History Court Museum, and Ferdinand von Hochstetter was appointed as the managing director of the museum. Hochstetter proposed a new organization for the museum and its collections. Four departments having far-reaching autonomy were created as successors to the older Cabinets; the Imperial-Royal Mineralogical Court Cabinet was divided in an Imperial-Royal Mineralogical-Petrographical Department and an Imperial-Royal Geologic-Paleontologic Department. The petrologist and meteorite specialist Aristides Brezina became director of the former and was supported by scientific colleagues: Friedrich Berwerth, with Felix Karrer and Rudolf Koechlin providing voluntary unpaid services. Felix Karrer became Secretary of the Wissenschaftlicher Club (Science Club) and founder of the Mineralogy collection of the department. By 1886, Rudolf Köchlin became scientific assistant and, later, maintained an inventory of the collection and even kept a diary.

Hochstetter died on July 18, 1884, and did not live to see the completion of the building for whose founding he had been so actively engaged. His successor as superintendent was Franz Ritter von Hauer, a geologist and paleontologist.

In the presence of the Emperor, the new "K.k. Naturhistorisches Hofmuseum" (Imperial-Royal Natural History Court Museum) was inaugurated on August 10, 1889. Initially, it was open to visitors four days per week—free on Thursdays, Saturdays and Sundays, on Tuesdays for an admission price of one florin. The museum building and the collection it contained were highly popular: from August 13, 1889, to the end of December 1889 the museum counted 175,000 visitors, of which most (134,000) visited the museum during the 19 Sundays over this time span alone.

During 1889, the "Mineralogisch-Petrographische Abteilung" (Department of Mineralogy-Petrography) was under the directorship of Aristides Brezina.

In 1889, the museum purchased the renowned collection of William Earl Hidden from Newark, New Jersey (USA) for a sum of ƒ15,000 with the aid of an advance from the "All-highest Family Fund" of the Imperial Household. This loan had to be repaid in a series of complicated transactions, effected within a timeframe of ten years (i.e. through the sale of mineral doublets, meteorite sections, and precious-metal redemptions). Unfortunately these redemptions also included samples of silver and gold from the former "Ambrasian Collection" of Archduke Ferdinand II, an irreplaceable loss and impairment to the collection. Despite this, the acquisition of the "Hidden Collection" is of special significance for the Viennese museum. After all, the collection had been considered at that time as the second best private mineral collection in the United States, outranked only by the famous Clarence S. Bement Collection, which was later to be acquired by the American Museum of Natural History in New York.

In the same year of 1889, several items from the former private collection of Crown Prince Rudolf, whose death was reported as suicide, were passed on to the department, although apparently this had been against his will: the Crown Prince had left his natural history collection to Viennese teaching institutions. In accordance with these terms, the geologic and paleontological collection and his mineral collection were to be passed to the "K.k. Hochschule für Bodenkultur" (Imperial-Royal University for Agriculture). Instead, the glass imitations of precious stones and some other mineralogical items were entrusted to the Imperial Natural History Court Museum.

Koechlin became an assistant in 1892 and was promoted to assistant custodian in 1896. In the same year, Friedrich Berwerth was put in charge of the department, taking over from Aristides Brezina, who retired on August 30. Voluntary, unpaid assistance, from 1896 to the end of the monarchy was provided by Felix Karrer, alternately by Anton Pelinka, Hermann Graber, Friedrich Wachter and Karl Hlawatsch. In one last transaction before the collapse of the monarchy, the museum managed to purchase, during the years 1906–1907, the magnificent collection of Staatsrath Freiherr von Braun (totalling more than 2,500 items, doublets not included). There followed the far less important collections of August von Loehr and Rudolf von Görgey, although those were not entirely taken into inventory until after the Second World War, the delay being due to war and subsequent poor economic conditions (the same had happened to the collection of Friedrich Freiherr von Distler, acquired in 1932).

A patron of note at the start of the 20th century was Kommerzialrat Isidor Weinberger. He was one of the great sponsors of mineralogy, and the collection of the Natural History Court Museum is indebted to him for many beautiful specimens. Thus, the large specimen of amethyst sample from the Serra do Mar in Brazil, weighing about , donated by Weinberger, is today a particularly prominent component and can be admired in the Hall of Precious Stones of the museum. Particularly valuable are the more than 500 meteorite thin sections, formerly owned by Aristides Brezina, custodian and former director, which Weinberger had purchased and later presented to the Museum.

Directors
From 1876, Superintendents:
 1876–1884 Ferdinand von Hochstetter(1829–1884): the first superintendent of what was then the Imperial Natural History Museum, after having been, from 1860, professor of mineralogy and geology at the Imperial-Royal Polytechnic Institute in Vienna.
 1885–1896 Franz von Hauer: a geologist and paleontologist
 1896–1897 no superintendent, but temporary director: Franz Steindachner
 1898–1919 Franz Steindachner

From 1919, Chairmen of the Museum Council:
 1919–1922 Ludwig Lorenz von Liburnau
 1923–1924 Franz Xaver Schaffer

From 1924, First Directors:
 1925–1932 Hans Rebel
 1933–1938 Hermann Michel
 1938–1939 Otto Pesta, Acting Director
 1939–1945 Hans Kummerlöwe, "First Director of the Scientific Museums in Vienna"
 1945–1951 Hermann Michel
 1951–1962 Hans Strouhal
 1963–1971 Karl Heinz Rechinger
 1972–1978 Friedrich Bachmayer
 1979–1987 Oliver Paget
 1987–1994 Heinz A. Kollmann

From 1994: Directors General
 1994–2009 Bernd Lötsch
 January 1, 2010 – May 31, 2010 Herbert Kritscher, Acting Director
 2010–2020 Christian Köberl, Director General and chief executive officer

From June 2020:
 Katrin Vohland, Director General and chief executive officer

The building

The Natural History Museum and the Museum of Fine Arts were commissioned by Emperor Franz Joseph I (1830–1916) and designed by the architects Gottfried Semper (1803–1879) and Carl Hasenauer (1833–1894). The two museums have identical exteriors and face each other. They were originally designed to be part of a much larger project – an Imperial Forum – which was never realized in full. Work on the Natural History Museum lasted from 1871 until 1881. On August 10, 1889, Emperor Franz Joseph himself officially opened the museum. Its façade, designed by Gottfried Semper, shows figures and statues representing progress in the field of natural sciences and the power of nature. Below the dome, the imperial dedication in golden letters reads: "To the realm of nature and its exploration".

Architecture
The historicism style of art and architecture was very popular in 19th century Austria.

The Natural History Museum Vienna incorporates stylistic elements from many past periods, in particular the Renaissance. Work began on the building in 1871 and the facade was finished in 1881. It is around 170 meters long and 70 meters wide, comprising two courtyards that are each surrounded by working and exhibition rooms. The roof is crowned with a 65 m dome bearing a huge bronze statue of the Greek sun god Helios, a symbol of the life-giving element without which nature would not exist. The upper and middle levels (mezzanine and first floor) of the intricately decorated facade display allegorical and mythological figures representing key elements of the universe and its discovery and understanding by man. On the balustrade visitors can see sculptures of famous researchers and scientists who represent the continuing progress of human knowledge. These fundamental ideas are also the basis for the sculptures and paintings in the Dome Hall and the grand staircase; the highlight here is Hans Canon's ceiling fresco, The Circle of Life.

The internal structure of the building is dictated by the systematic organization of the exhibition and the individual departments. The mezzanine covers inanimate nature (Department of Mineralogy, Halls 1–5), sediments and traces of life early in Earth's history (Department of Geology & Paleontology, Halls 6–10), early human history (Department of Prehistory, Halls 11–13) and human development (Department of Anthropology, Halls 14–15). The first floor presents the huge diversity of the animal world (Zoological Departments, Halls 22–39) as well as the fascinating realm of the Earth's smallest organisms ("Microtheater", Hall 21). The exhibits themselves are displayed in a systematic order according to how closely they are related to each other or their chronological position in the history of Planet Earth or human beings.

Ceiling painting
The 100 square-metre ceiling painting above the grand staircase depicts "The Cycle of Life." Hans Canon (1829–1885) had the freedom to choose his subject and painted a dramatic allegory of the rise and decline of humanity. In addition, humankind serving as the central theme of this painting further fulfills Hochstetter's concept.

The cycle of growing and passing away in human existence is presented in a circular composition. It reflects the idea of the fight for existence, which dominated scientific thought at that time. At the same time the animal world was brought into this cycle as well: on one side "mankind made the Earth its servant" (it catches a catfish with its trident); on the other side, however, nature wins the upper hand (a vulture guards its prey). Nevertheless, mankind stands in the center of these events: a man, wrapped in a red cloth, holds an hourglass (presumably an allusion to Chronos, the god of time).

Exhibition area

In 39 display halls with an area of 8,700 m2 the collections give an overview of the diversity of life on Earth. The order of the halls is based on the classification values of the 19th century: humans as the "apex of creation" were originally presented in a large part of the mezzanine with anthropology, ethnology, and prehistory.

On the first floor the visitor was to be guided from the "most simple" through to the "most consummate evolutionary animals". For this reason, the apes, as representatives of the primates, are found at the end of the tour.

This systematic concept of the collections has been preserved to the present even though today evolution is no longer seen as development toward perfection, but as development toward diversity.

The furnishings of the display halls, with display cases of dark, carved wood, are mostly originals from the opening days of the museum, from the plans of Ferdinand von Hochstetter.

This historical presentation of the collections is almost unique in the world today.

The mezzanine level
The mezzanine is decorated with more than 100 oil paintings, illustrations which complement the objects displayed in the halls. Some halls are additionally decorated with figures.

This interplay between decoration and display objects gives the Natural History Museum Vienna is a unique artistic presentation.

The exhibitions on mezzanine level:

Halls 1–4: Mineralogy & Petrography

Hall 5: Meteorites

Halls 6–10: Paleontology

Halls 11–13: Prehistory Halls 14–15: Anthropology

Halls I–IV: Mineralogy & Petrography
The large public displays in halls I–V show aesthetic and scientifically valuable minerals, ores, gemstones, rocks (including decorative and building stones) as well as meteorites and impactites (including tektites) collected over more than 500 years. All objects are arranged in a systematic way and new objects are added each year. Special temporary exhibitions may be presented as well in individual halls.

The first four halls show the systematic mineral exhibit. Hall I contains large mineral samples (in a glass cabinet in the middle of the room), a collection of building materials (samples) and the first part of the systematic mineral exhibit. Hall II continues with sulphides, halogenides, oxides, hydroxides, nitrates, iodates and carbonates), in Hall III there are carbonates, borates, sulfates, chromates, phosphates, arsenates and vanadates.

Phosphates, arsenates and silicates, gemstones and the rock collection are exhibited in Hall IV. The collection of gems and precious stones can also be found in this hall. This collection is one of the most comprehensive and valuable of its kind to be found on the European continent. One cabinet contains significant specimens of most of the well-known jewelry material today, whereby the raw material and the half-finished stones are placed alongside the finished cut and polished stones together with pieces of original jewelry. Two side cabinets contain larger samples of the precious stones collection. The original rhinestone copy of the famous Florentine Diamond is kept in Hall IV.

Repatriation of ancestral remains
In 2022 the Museum returned the remains of about 64 Māori and Moriori people, collected by Andreas Reischek, to Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa in Wellington, New Zealand.

Gallery

See also
 Imperial Natural History Museum, the current museum's predecessor.

 Other major museums in Vienna
 Kunsthistorisches Museum, the Museum of Fine Art sitting opposite the Vienna Museum of Natural History.
 Lobkowitz Palace, housing the Kunsthistorisches Museum'''s theatrical department and the Austrian National Library.
 Technisches Museum Wien'', the Museum of Technology.
 Museum of Ethnology

References

External links

 Official website (English version)
 Annals, an early history of the museum.
 Exterior and interior photos of the museum at Flickr.
 Virtual tour of the museum
 Naturhistorisches Museum Wien at Google Cultural Institute

Museums in Vienna
Natural history museums in Austria
Mineralogy museums
Museums of Dacia
Geology museums in Austria
Shell museums
Buildings and structures in Innere Stadt
Cultural infrastructure completed in 1891
1889 establishments in Austria
Dinosaur museums
19th-century architecture in Austria

Natural History Museum, Vienna