Eets (also known as Eets: Hunger. It's emotional.) is a 2D puzzle game developed by Klei Entertainment and first released on March 27, 2006 for Microsoft Windows.  It was later released for Mac OS X on December 9, 2010.  Both the Windows and Macintosh versions of the game are distributed digitally via Steam.  On April 25, 2007 the game was released for the Xbox 360 via Xbox Live Arcade under the title Eets: Chowdown.  Eets is a puzzle game with similarities to Lemmings where players must guide a character through an on-screen puzzle.

Eets was later reimagined as Eets Munchies. Its beta debuted as part of Humble Indie Bundle 9; the full game was subsequently released on Steam on March 11, 2014. The original Eets is no longer available.

Both Eets and Eets: Chowdown were well received by critics. Eets holds an aggregate score of 81.75% at GameRankings, while Eets: Chowdown averages a score of 78.33% at the same site.  Reviewers generally praised the game's unique art style.  Opinions were divided on the subject of gameplay, with some reviewers feeling it was too difficult, and others praising the game's difficulty level.

Gameplay

The game combines elements of games such as Lemmings and The Incredible Machine, and adds a quirky art style and a surreal sense of humor.  In Eets the player must navigate the titular character through a series of platforms to collect puzzle pieces.  In order to do so the player must place a variety of items in Eets' path to help him to his destination.  Explosive mushrooms fire Eets over an arc, whales can suck objects in and then shoot them back out their spout, and gravity pills allow Eets to walk upside down.

Depending on the character's mood he reacts to stimuli differently.  If Eets is angry he can jump across larger chasms, while a scared Eets will not jump at all.  His mood can be changed in several ways, such as hitting him with chips from a chocolate cloud, which angers Eets.  In addition to featuring over 100 levels, the official website has an additional puzzle pack that users can download, made by both fans and developers.

Eets: Chowdown is the Xbox 360 version of the game. It includes 120 new levels and an action game called Marsho Madness. The core gameplay for Chowdown is the same as the home computer versions of Eets.  Marsho Madness requires quick-reflex A-B-X-Y button press combinations to protect a stationary Eets from an ever-increasing horde of Marshmallow creatures.  Each type of "Marsho" moves and acts differently, demanding varied and dynamic approaches.  Strategic accuracy generates combo points, multipliers, and splash damage: all key to advancing the player's score.  Extra lives and consumable powerups appear incrementally the longer the player survives.  In this manner, this robust minigame combines elements of rhythm, puzzle, and arcade action genres.  Rewards for gameplay include three achievements, unlockable gamer pictures and leaderboard postings.

Development
Eets was first announced via an online preview in June 2005.  The game was originally pitched to publishers as a possible title on the Nintendo DS or PSP, but to no avail.  In October 2005 Klei Entertainment met with Valve to begin negotiations to publish the game on Steam, Valve's digital distribution platform. In January 2006 the two companies decided to not go through with the deal, and Klei began distributing it via their own website.  It would later be released on the Steam platform on December 21, 2006.  Klei Entertainment spent three years on the title, working intermittently and going through several concepts.  Once the game had reached a stable state, an additional nine months were spent on polishing the game. On January 30, 2007, a revamped version of Eets called Eets: Chowdown was announced for the Xbox 360. Chowdown was to be distributed via the Xbox Live Arcade service.  It was released April 25, 2007.  Two additional puzzle packs were released for Chowdown; the first on August 29, 2007, and the second on September 26, 2007.  The Mac OS X version of the game, ported by Kruger Heavy Industries, was released on December 9, 2010.  Music for the game was composed by Tom Chi.

Reception

Both versions of the game were well received by critics.  Eets holds an aggregate score of 81.75% at GameRankings and 81/100 at Metacritic.  The scores for Eets: Chowdown are slightly lower, with a 78.33% at GameRankings and a 77/100 at Metacritic. Eets: Chowdown also received an Editor's Choice award from TeamXbox's Will Tuttle.  In its first weekend, Eets was downloaded over 7,500 times.  Eets: Chowdown ranked eighth in Xbox Live Arcade purchases the week of its release, as well as the following week.  GamesRadar's Eric Bratcher noted that with the game's 800 Microsoft Point price that it is "priced to move."

IGN's Erik Brudvig praised the humor of Eets.  He stated "a nice sense of humor has been infused throughout the game."  He also gave high marks for the game's art style and stated that it is one of the things "Eets does several things exceptionally well."  Brudvig further praised the game's achievements.  He noted that even after completion of the game, the remaining achievements encourage the players to keep playing and try different methods of completing levels.  Charles Herold of The New York Times called it "an adorable puzzle game".  Bryon Lloyd of Game Vortex also praised the visuals and said the game is "a beautiful game to look at with its cel-shaded cast and crew."  GameSpot's Ryan Davis also enjoyed the game's visuals and noted they "have an inspired look and feel."  Eric Bratcher of GamesRadar also noted it has a "splashy, fun art style."  Eurogamer's Tom Bramwell was more critical of the art style.  He felt that the bright, colourful graphics made it difficult to distinguish where the character was and what was happening.

The gameplay and overall difficulty of the game received mixed comments from reviewers.  IGN's Erik Brudvig felt that gameplay would occasionally drag on, but conceded that it was "a solid choice for anyone looking to get the brain juices flowing."  Will Tuttle of TeamXbox enjoyed the difficulty, but warned that "the majority of the puzzles occupy that zone between challenging and frustrating."  He further added that the game was perfect for those looking for a challenge.  GameSpot's Ryan Davis noted that with the number of levels in the game that players will be "[kept] entertained for hours."  GamesRadar's Eric Bratcher express frustration with the fact that players cannot skip levels when unable to solve a puzzle.  Tom Bramwell of Eurogamer felt that the game was "probably not as compelling as it might be, but that certainly has its moments."

References

External links

2006 video games
Puzzle video games
Windows games
Xbox 360 Live Arcade games
Indie games
Video games developed in Canada
MacOS games
Klei Entertainment games
Single-player video games

Eets


A chief data officer (CDO) is a corporate officer responsible for enterprise-wide governance and utilization of information as an asset, via data processing, analysis, data mining, information trading and other means. CDOs usually report to the chief executive officer (CEO), although depending on the area of expertise this can vary. The CDO is a member of the executive management team and manager of enterprise-wide data processing and data mining.

Recently, countries like Canada, Estonia, France, Spain and the United States have established this position of Chief Data Officer. There are ongoing efforts advocating for this role to be more prevalent within government structures to oversee the data strategy and ecosystem of the respective nations.

Role definition

The chief data officer title shares its abbreviation with the chief digital officer, but the two are not the same job. The chief data officer has a significant measure of business responsibility for determining what kinds of information the enterprise will choose to capture, retain and exploit and for what purposes. However, the similar-sounding chief digital officer or chief digital information officer often does not bear that business responsibility, but rather is responsible for the information systems through which data is stored and processed. A chief data officer's purpose is to connect the technological results to the needed business results. Various other roles entail having an understanding of the business value. It means using data to derive business outcome. It can be achieved by knowing the team members and activities performed, the stakeholder values and understanding customer needs. Some responsibilities include the governance, advising & monitoring enterprise data. In terms of operations it means enabling data usability along with efficiency and availability. They have to innovate which means driving the business towards digital transformation innovation, cost reduction, and revenue generation. Their role is also to provide supporting analytics with reports on products, customers, operations, and markets. They need to protect the data and eliminate data territorialism while also promoting data ethics.

History and evolution

The role of manager for data processing was not elevated to that of senior management prior to the 1980s.  As organizations have recognized the importance of information technology as well as business intelligence, data integration, master data management and data processing to the fundamental functioning of everyday business, this role has become more visible and crucial. This role includes defining strategic priorities for the company in the area of data systems and opportunities, identifying new business opportunities pertaining to data, optimizing revenue generation through data, and generally representing data as a strategic business asset at the executive table.

With the rise in service-oriented architectures (SOA), large-scale system integration, and heterogeneous data storage/exchange mechanisms (databases, XML, EDI, etc.), it is necessary to have a high-level individual, who possesses a combination of business knowledge, technical skills, and people skills, guide data strategy. Besides the revenue opportunities, acquisition strategy, and customer data policies, the chief data officer is charged with explaining the strategic value of data and its important role as a business asset and revenue driver to executives, employees, and customers. This contrasts with the older view of data systems as mere back-end IT systems.

More recently, with the adoption of data science the chief data officer is sometimes looked upon as the key strategy person either reporting to the chief strategy officer or serving the role of CSO in lieu of one. This person has the responsibility of measurement along various business lines and consequently defining the strategy for the next growth opportunities, product offerings, markets to pursue, competitors to look at etc.  This is seen in organizations like Chartis, AllState and Fidelity. The role of CDOs is broadly accepted in 2019, 67.9% of major companies reported to have appointed a CDO, up from 12.0% in 2012.

Early CDO appointments

 Cathryne Clay Doss of Capital One was appointed chief data officer in 2002.
 Usama Fayyad, chief data officer and senior vice president of Yahoo! in 2005.

Notable example CDOs
 Philip Bourne is associate director for data science at the National Institutes of Health
 Usama Fayyad was the first CDO for Yahoo! in 2004-2009 and also the CDO of Barclays in London from 2013 to 2016. He showed how the role can generate value by creating a $500 million new revenue source based on behavioral Targeting of Ads for Yahoo! in 2008.
 Ashok Srivastava is the chief data officer of Intuit leading artificial intelligence and machine learning at the company.

Industry and geographic trends in CDOs

Following the 2008 credit crisis, many major banks and insurance companies created the CDO role to ensure data quality and transparency for regulatory and risk management as well as analytic reporting. CDOs were originally appointed to focus more executive attention outside the traditional compass of the chief information officer (CIO). During the COVID-19 pandemic the chief data officers demonstrated that navigating the changing situation is important. Businesses need to adapt and innovate in order to continue maintaining profits and survive. Laying out a roadmap is necessity during any disruptions in the business world as the environment changes. The trend is to optimise the use of applied analytics to maximise the business opportunities and innovate. In 2020, the chief data officers worked closely with other executives and focus more on automation. The goal is to reduce the analytic cycle time while also reducing the number of data errors. The liability reduces and gives space to more opportunities and creates a competitive edge. The CDOs find it critical to keep up to date with governance regulations as there are different types of data with various locations. The data-centric laws keep on updating and CDOs should be updated with the laws in the market in which the organization operates and gathers data.

References

Management occupations
D
Data processing

Chief data officer


Kugler Hospital is a Landmark of Guntur City. Dr. Anna Sarah Kugler arrived in Guntur, India, Andhra Pradesh, in November 1883. With very few funds, and working as a teacher part-time, she started a small dispensary and began planning for a hospital for women. Her dream was realized as the American Evangelical Lutheran Mission Hospital, Guntur, India, which opened on 22 June 1897. The 50-bed hospital was established on an  campus and was considered one of the best in India, with surgical facilities, maternity and children's wards, and a nursing school. Dr. Kugler died in Guntur on 26 July 1930 and shortly after her death the hospital was renamed Kugler Hospital.

In addition to being the first women's hospital in the entire coastal belt of Andhra Pradesh, Kugler Hospital is notable for being established and administered almost entirely by women. Mary Baer took over as acting superintendent for the hospital when Dr. Kugler went on furlough. Ms. Katherine Fahs founded the nurses training program in 1899. The longest serving superintendent was Dr. Sarala Elisha. The hospital chapel, the Zimmerman Memorial Chapel, was donated by Mrs. Jeremiah Zimmerman, an American, in 1906. When, in 1911, the maternity block was severely damaged and a new one was needed, the Women's Convention at York, Pennsylvania pledged $5,000 and made the Maternity and Surgical Block possible. In 1911, a children's ward was donated by Mrs. Mary C. Hencken of New York.

The hospital was once one of the most popular hospitals in the region. On 23 February 2010, it was leased from the Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church (AELC) by M/s Karunya Healthcare & Academic Foundation who plan to renovate and modernise the hospital.

On 19 April 2010, Dr. Kugler's birth anniversary, M/s Karunya Healthcare & Academic Foundation held a prayer ceremony to bless the work of renovation and the re-opening of the hospital. The function was presided over by the then President of the AELC, the Rev. Dr. Suneel Bhanu and well attended by various dignitaries. In the function M/s Karunya Healthcare & Academic Foundation stated that the hospital will balance the continued commitment to the care of the poor and those most in need with the provision of highly specialized services to a broader community.

Notes

External links
 http://www.elca.org/Who-We-Are/History/ELCA-Archives/Luth-Leaders-Collection/Anna-Kugler.aspx

 Guntur Medical Mission Hospital

Healthcare in Guntur
Hospital buildings completed in 1897
Hospitals in Andhra Pradesh
Buildings and structures in Guntur
1897 establishments in India

Kugler Hospital


Lyman Stewart (July 22, 1840 – September 28, 1923) was a U.S. businessman and co-founder of Union Oil Company of California. Stewart was also a significant Christian philanthropist and cofounder of the Bible Institute of Los Angeles (now known as Biola University).  He and his brother Milton also anonymously funded publication of The Fundamentals, the foundation document of Christian fundamentalism. Stewart also helped found the Union Rescue Mission in Los Angeles.

Early life
Stewart was born to William Reynolds Stewart & Jane Miller Irwin in 1840 in northwestern Pennsylvania, and worked for his father who was a tanner. When Edwin Drake discovered oil near Titusville, Pennsylvania in 1859, Stewart tried drilling wells in the same area. After two disastrous attempts, he served a three-year enlistment in the 16th Pennsylvania Cavalry during the American Civil War.

Oil career
After the war, Stewart again tried to drill for oil, but he was still unsuccessful. In 1877, Stewart was introduced to Wallace Hardison (a relative of one of his friends). Hardison agreed to financially support Stewart, so they purchased some land where they hoped to find oil. They enjoyed some moderate success. When John D. Rockefeller started to consolidate oil holdings in the eastern U.S., Hardison and Stewart sold their interests to Standard Oil and moved to California.

Stewart and his partner found the success they sought in California. By 1886, the Hardison and Stewart Oil Company was responsible for 15% of all oil production in California. In 1890, they merged their interests with those of Thomas Bard and Paul Calonico to form the Union Oil Company. As president of Union Oil, Stewart heavily invested in new wells and expanded his company's market capitalization from $10 million in 1900 to over $50 million in 1908.

Philanthropy
Stewart founded the Pacific Gospel Mission (now the Union Rescue Mission) in 1891. In 1908, Stewart, along with noted Christian author T.C. Horton, founded the Bible Institute of Los Angeles (now known as Biola University).

In 1917, he donated $4,500 to fund construction of Stewart Hall at Toccoa Falls College.

References

External links
 Harvard Business School 20th Century American Leaders database
 "Whiskey and Gunpowder" article featuring biographical information about Lyman Stewart

American businesspeople in the oil industry
Businesspeople from California
Founders of the petroleum industry
Union Oil Company of California
1840 births
1923 deaths
Biola University
American Christians
19th-century American businesspeople

Lyman Stewart


The  was a Buddhist temple in Kyoto which was, for a time, the home of the Cloistered Emperor Go-Shirakawa.

History
The temple was originally built and founded, as "Hōjūji", by Fujiwara Tamemitsu in 988. However, it was destroyed in 1032.

In 1158, Emperor Shirakawa II abdicated in favor of his son Prince Morihito (Emperor Nijō) and made the Hōjūjiden his home, entering cloistered rule. However, in 1183, he was informed by Minamoto no Yukiie that Minamoto no Yoshinaka intended to kidnap him, form a new government to the north, and use his possession of the cloistered emperor to justify his rule. The emperor informed the Minamoto brothers Yoshitsune and Noriyori in turn, and asked for their aid in stopping Yoshinaka. But they failed; Yoshinaka seized Kyoto in December 1183.

Then, the Siege of Hōjūjidono resulted in 1184. Yoshinaka set fire to the buildings, slaughtered many of the occupants, and seized the cloistered emperor.

The temple has since been rebuilt, and now houses Shirakawa's tomb. It is also closely related to the Sanjusangen-dō.

See also
 For an explanation of terms concerning Japanese Buddhism, Japanese Buddhist art, and Japanese Buddhist temple architecture, see the Glossary of Japanese Buddhism.

References

Buddhist temples in Kyoto
10th-century establishments in Japan
Tendai temples
Monzeki
10th-century Buddhist temples
Religious buildings and structures completed in 988
Japanese imperial mausolea

Hōjūjidono


Taaffeite (; BeMgAl4O8) is a mineral, named after its discoverer Richard Taaffe (1898–1967) who found the first sample, a cut and polished gem, in October 1945 in a jeweler's shop in Dublin, Ireland. As such, it is the only gemstone to have been initially identified from a faceted stone. Most pieces of the gem, prior to Taaffe, had been misidentified as spinel. For many years afterwards, it was known only in a few samples, and it is still one of the rarest gemstone minerals in the world.

Since 2002, the International Mineralogical Association-approved name for taaffeite as a mineral is magnesiotaaffeite-2N'2S.

Discovery
Taaffe bought a number of precious stones from a jeweller in October 1945. Upon noticing inconsistencies between the taaffeite and spinels, Taaffe sent some examples to B. W. Anderson of the Laboratory of the London Chamber of Commerce for identification on 1 November 1945. When Anderson replied on 5 November 1945, he told Taaffe that they were unsure of whether it was a spinel or something new; he also offered to write it up in Gemologist.

Properties

In 1951, chemical and X-ray analysis confirmed the principal constituents of taaffeite as beryllium, magnesium and aluminium, making taaffeite the first mineral to contain both beryllium and magnesium as essential components.

The confusion between spinel and taaffeite is understandable as certain structural features are identical in both. Anderson et al., classified taaffeite as an intermediate mineral between spinel and chrysoberyl. Unlike spinel, taaffeite displays the property of double refraction that allows distinction between these two minerals.

Usage
Because of its rarity, taaffeite is used only as a gemstone.

Formation and occurrence
Taaffeite occurs in carbonate rocks alongside fluorite, mica, spinel and tourmaline. This extremely rare mineral is increasingly found in alluvial deposits in Sri Lanka and southern Tanzania, as well as lower grade taaffeite in limestone sediments in China.

See also
List of minerals
Musgravite

References

Gemstones
Magnesium minerals
Aluminium minerals
Beryllium minerals
Hexagonal minerals

Taaffeite


Ohrid Summit 2008 was the name of the 15th Meeting of Presidents of Central European States that took place from 2 May to 3 May 2008 in the city of Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia. Prior to the summit, the President of the Republic of Macedonia, Branko Crvenkovski, said the Macedonians "will be especially honored as the host of the greatest political event ever organized" in his country.

Participant countries and presidents

 Albania, Bamir Topi
 Austria, Heinz Fischer
 Bosnia and Herzegovina, Haris Silajdžić
 Bulgaria, Georgi Parvanov
 Croatia, Stjepan Mesić
 Czech Republic, Václav Klaus
 Germany, Horst Köhler
 Hungary, László Sólyom
 Italy, Giorgio Napolitano
 Macedonia (2008 host nation), Branko Crvenkovski
 Moldova, Vladimir Voronin
 Montenegro, Filip Vujanović
 Poland, Lech Kaczyński
 Romania, Traian Băsescu
 Serbia, Boris Tadić
 Slovakia, Ivan Gašparovič
 Slovenia, Danilo Türk
 Turkey, Abdullah Gül
 Ukraine, Viktor Yushchenko

See also

 Ohrid
 Republic of Macedonia

External links
Official site of the Ohrid Summit 2008

Central Europe
Ohrid
2008 in the Republic of Macedonia

Ohrid Summit 2008


South Bethlehem is a hamlet in the town of Bethlehem, Albany County, New York, United States. The hamlet sits on New York State Route 396 (Bridge Street) and lies southwest of the Selkirk Rail Yard and just north of the Coeymans town line.

History
The oldest part of the hamlet is along the main street, Bridge Street. The heart of the community is the four corners formed by the intersection of Bridge Street with South Street (Albany County Route 101) and Willowbrook Avenue. In the 18th century, this place was called Janes Corners for resident Elishama Janes, and Kimmey's Corners in 1864 for Philip Kimmey.   The South Bethlehem Plank Road was incorporated in 1851 with a charter lasting 30 years to build and operate a plank road from Bethlehem Center to South Bethlehem. The road began in Bethlehem Center at an intersection with the Albany and Bethlehem Turnpike, and traveled south to Becker's Corners, this section is today US Route 9W; and then southwest from that hamlet to South Bethlehem, today New York State Route 396. The charter was renewed in 1881 and the use of planks was discontinued in favor of gravel and stone. The South Bethlehem post office was established in 1874.

Being located just south of the Selkirk Rail Yard most of the residents in the 1920s were employed there. Though the rail yard has lessened in importance and employment, most residents continue to work locally at the SABIC Innovative Plastics (formerly General Electric plastics division), the school district, or Owens Corning.

In 1990, due to the shift of the area from rural farmland and woods to a more residential community the town decided to build South Bethlehem's first park. The South Bethlehem Park is on  off South Albany Road purchased by the town in 1989. The playground at the park was built with money and materials donated by around 40 area businesses, including $10,000 of equipment from General Electric. Approximately 30 residents along with 75 employees from General Electric's Selkirk plant donated their time for the construction of the playground. This community activity spawned the birth of the South Bethlehem Area Association. In 1992, after years of controversy and complaints about odor and garbage littering the landscape, a privately owned  dump used by Waste Management of Greater Albany was closed.

Rowe Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.

Geography
South Bethlehem is at the very southernmost edge of the town of Bethlehem. The South Bethlehem Area Association covers from US 9W west to Albany County Route 102 and from Feura Bush south to the Coeymans town line.

Location

Demographics
In 1886, the population was placed at 135, and in 1906 at around 150 people. In 1987, the estimated population of South Bethlehem was 500 people.

Education
South Bethlehem is a part of the Ravena-Coeymans-Selkirk Central School District (R-C-S) and the children attend A.W. Becker Elementary School for kindergarten through fifth grade; and R-C-S Middle and R-C-S High for sixth through twelfth.

References

Bethlehem, New York
Hamlets in New York (state)
Hamlets in Albany County, New York

South Bethlehem, New York


(lit. Manor Moor) is a quarter of Hamburg, Germany, in the borough of Harburg on its southeastern boundaries adjacent to Harburg district in Niedersachsen. It is one of the smallest quarters of Hamburg. 133 inhabitants lived in an area of 1.97 km2 in 2016.

Geography
Gut Moor borders the quarters of Neuland, Harburg, Wilstorf, and Rönneburg. Gut Moor is located in the marshlands near the ancient Elbe valley (Elbe Urstromtal).

History
In 1540, Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Harburg, had his workers trench the canal of Seevekanal through the Meckelfeld moor to drain the area. Gut Moor was then named after a manor in the moor which William Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Harburg bestowed his chancellor, Johann von Drebber, as an official residence here in 1630. So the domain of Kanzlershof (Chancellor's Yard) was created, which included parts of today's quarter. In 1713, a manor house was erected which was demolished in 1910, when the tracks of Harburg goods station were expanded.

Today, Gut Moor consists mainly of the main road of Großmoordamm. Buildings include some half-timbered houses with thatched roofs. But also the federal motorway Bundesautobahn 1 leads through the quarter.

Politics
These are the results of Gut Moor and Neuland in the Hamburg state election:

References

External links
 Gut Moor, Hamburg.de

Quarters of Hamburg
Harburg, Hamburg

Gut Moor


The Natal Indian Ambulance Corps was created by Mahatma Gandhi for use by the British as stretcher bearers during the Second Boer War, with expenses met by the local Indian community. Gandhi and the corps served at the Battle of Spion Kop. It consisted of 300 free Indians and 800 indentured labourers. It was committed to saving the lives of Africans and Indians. Gandhi was bestowed with the 'Kaiser-i-Hind' and other medals by the British for his work in Boer war. This was given up by Gandhi after the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919.

History
With the Boer attack in Natal in October 1899 leading to the siege of Ladysmith, the British authorities recruited the Natal Volunteer Ambulance Corps (NVAC) of about 1,100 local White men. At the same time Gandhi pressed for his Indian stretcher bearers to be allowed to serve. At the Battle of Colenso on 15 December, the NVAC removed the wounded from the front line and the Indians then transported them to the railhead. At the Battle of Spion Kop on 23–24 January, the Indians moved into the frontline.

Following the relief of Ladysmith at the end of February 1900, the war moved away from Natal and both corps were immediately disbanded. 34 of the Indian leaders were awarded the Queen's South Africa Medal: Gandhi's is held by the Nehru Memorial Museum & Library in New Delhi.

Natal Vodka Rebellion, 1906
After the outbreak of the Bambatha Rebellion in Natal in 1906, the Natal Indian Congress raised the Indian Stretcher Bearer Corps, Mahatma Gandhi acting as its sergeant major. Twenty members of the Corps, including Gandhi, later received the Natal Native Rebellion Medal.

References

Military units and formations of the Second Boer War
Mahatma Gandhi
Indian diaspora in South Africa

Indian Ambulance Corps


John Francis O'Neil (April 19, 1920 – April 18, 2012) was a shortstop in Major League Baseball who played briefly during the  season. Listed at , 155 lb, he batted and threw right-handed.

Born in Shelbiana, Kentucky, John O'Neil was involved in professional baseball for more than 45 years spanning 1939–1986 as player, manager, player/manager, general manager and scout, while participating in over 1,800 minor league games.

O'Neil appeared in 32 games for the 1946 Philadelphia Phillies as a replacement for everyday shortstop Skeeter Newsome, being also used in pinch-hitting and pinch-running situations in 14 games.

In a 46-game career, O'Neil posted a batting average of .266 (25-for-94) with three doubles, driving in nine runs while scoring 12 times without any stolen base.

From 1964 through 1984 he scouted for several major league teams, including the Milwaukee and Atlanta Braves teams and Los Angeles Dodgers. Two of the players he scouted and signed were catcher Mike Scioscia and outfielder Bill Robinson.

O'Neil was honored by the Chautauqua Sports Hall of Fame at Russell Diethrick Park in the summer of 2011 with a white Jamestown Falcons uniform top with No. 1 on his back, similar to the uniform he wore back in the 1940s.  It was during the 70th anniversary of the park, previously known as Municipal Stadium, and O'Neil, lone survivor of the 1941 Jamestown club, was honored by throwing out the inaugural first pitch. He later received honors as the oldest Chautauqua Sports Hall of Fame Inductee at the organization's 31st annual induction dinner on February 20, 2012.

Outside of baseball, he was an avid golfer and fisherman with memberships at Chautauqua and Corry Hills golf clubs, and was also a member of Lakewood Rod and Gun Club.

O'Neil died in Jamestown, New York, one day short of reaching his 92nd birthday.

Sources

Major League Baseball shortstops
Philadelphia Phillies players
Minor league baseball managers
Bristol Twins players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Elmira Pioneers players
Greeneville Burley Cubs players
Hollywood Stars players
Jamestown Falcons players
Jamestown Tigers players
New Orleans Pelicans (baseball) players
Oakland Oaks (baseball) players
Pittsfield Electrics players
Portland Beavers players
Salinas Packers players
San Francisco Seals (baseball) players
Seattle Rainiers players
Tallahassee Capitals players
Winston-Salem Twins players
Baseball players from Kentucky
People from Pike County, Kentucky
Atlanta Braves scouts
Los Angeles Dodgers scouts
Milwaukee Braves scouts
1920 births
2012 deaths

John O'Neil (baseball)


Excessive heat and drought problems affected the United States in 1934–35 from the Rocky Mountains, Texas and Oklahoma to parts of the Midwestern, Great Lakes, and  Mid-Atlantic states. These droughts and excessive heat spells were parts of the Dust Bowl and concurrent with the Great Depression in the United States.

Overview
Multiple U.S. states set heat and dryness records in many regions; these included Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, Kansas, Arkansas, Kentucky, Wisconsin, Ohio, Colorado, Wyoming, New Mexico, Utah, Texas, Nebraska, and Louisiana. The conditions not only negatively affected the Great Plains, Midwest or Great Lakes areas, they did likewise across the Mid-Atlantic States (Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Delaware, New York State, Pennsylvania, New Jersey) and into several southern New England States.

There were also dust storms in 1934 and 1935 in the southern Great Plains, the Midwest, Great Lakes States and even the East Coast of the U.S.

Many studies indicate that the drought spells might have been caused when tractors and farm machinery were introduced the previous decade. Furthermore, not enough rain fell over the areas in question in the period between 1930 and 1941, one of those periods being 1934–35.

According to numerous studies the 1934–35 droughts and heat might have certainly been the worst such events in the 20th century at that particular time. Several states, however, were worse affected when the 1936 North American heat waves and drought spells developed that year and reset records across those areas.

The drought might have covered between 70% and 86% percent of North America according to research studies, multiples of which set the coverage closer to the latter.

The death toll under the drought and heat waves was from six to almost ten thousand.

References

Natural disasters in Canada
Great Depression in the United States
Dust Bowl
Droughts in the United States
Droughts in Canada
Agriculture in Texas
Agriculture in Oklahoma
Agriculture in Kansas
Agriculture in Canada
Agriculture in the United States
20th-century droughts
1930s natural disasters in the United States
1930s droughts
1934 disasters in Canada
1935 disasters in Canada

1934–35 North American drought


The Granny Smith, also known as a green apple or sour apple, is an apple cultivar that originated in Australia in 1868. It is named after Maria Ann Smith, who propagated the cultivar from a chance seedling. The tree is thought to be a hybrid of Malus sylvestris, the European wild apple, with the domesticated apple Malus domestica as the polleniser.

The fruit is hard, firm and with a light green skin and crisp, juicy flesh. The flavour is tart and acidic. It remains firm when baked, making it a popular cooking apple used in pies, where it can be sweetened.  The apple goes from being completely green to turning yellow when overripe. The US Apple Association reported in 2019 that the Granny Smith was the third most popular apple in the United States of America.

History

The Granny Smith cultivar originated in Eastwood, New South Wales, Australia (now a suburb of Sydney) in 1868. Its discoverer, Maria Ann Smith (née Sherwood), had emigrated to the district from Beckley, East Sussex in 1839 with her husband Thomas. They purchased a small orchard in the area in 1855–1856 and began cultivating fruit, for which the area was a well known centre in colonial Australia. Smith had eight children and was a prominent figure in the district, earning the nickname "Granny" Smith in her advanced years.

The first description of the origin of the Granny Smith apple was not published until 1924. In that year, Farmer and Settler published the account of a local historian who had interviewed two men who had known Smith. One of those interviewed recalled that, in 1868, he (then twelve years old) and his father had been invited to Smith's farm to inspect a chance seedling that had sprung near a creek. Smith had dumped there, among the ferns, the remains of French crab-apples that had been grown in Tasmania. Another story recounted that Smith had been testing French crab-apples for cooking, and, throwing the apple cores out her window as she worked, had found that the new cultivar had sprung up underneath her kitchen windowsill. Whatever the case, Smith took it upon herself to propagate the new cultivar on her property, finding the apples good for cooking and for general consumption. Having "all the appearances of a cooking apple," they were not tart but instead were "sweet and crisp to eat." She took a stall at Sydney's George Street market, where the apples stored "exceptionally well and became popular" and "once a week sold her produce there."

Smith died only a couple of years after her discovery (in 1870), but her work had been noticed by other local planters.  Edward Gallard was one such planter, who extensively planted Granny Smith trees on his property and bought the Smith farm when Thomas died in 1876. Gallard was successful in marketing the apple locally, but it did not receive widespread attention until 1890. In that year, it was exhibited as "Smith's Seedling" at the Castle Hill Agricultural and Horticultural Show, and the following year it won the prize for cooking apples under the name "Granny Smith's Seedling." The apple was so highly successful that the following year, many were exhibiting Granny Smith apples at horticultural shows.

In 1895, the New South Wales Department of Agriculture recognised the cultivar and had begun growing the trees at the Government Experimental Station in Bathurst, New South Wales, recommending the gazette of its properties as a late-picking cooking apple for potential export. Over the following years the government actively promoted the apple, leading to its widespread adoption. Its worldwide fame grew from the fact that it could be picked from March and stored till November. Enterprising fruit merchants in the 1890s and the 1900s experimented with methods to transport the apples overseas in cold storage. Because of its excellent shelf life, the Granny Smith could be exported long distances and most times of the year, at a time when Australian food exports were growing dramatically on the back of international demand. Granny Smiths were exported in enormous quantities after the First World War, and by 1975, 40 percent of Australia's apple crop was Granny Smith.
By this time, it was being grown intensely elsewhere in the Southern Hemisphere, as well as in France and the United States. The advent of the Granny Smith apple is now celebrated annually in Eastwood with the Granny Smith Festival.

Uses

Culinary

Granny Smith apples are light green in colour. The tart flavor of these apples makes them one of the most versatile varieties of apple to cook with. They are popularly used in many apple dishes, such as apple pie, apple cobbler, apple crumble, and apple cake.  They are also commonly eaten raw as table apples, and at least one company (Woodchuck Hard Cider) makes Granny Smith varietal cider.

Properties
It is moderately susceptible to fire blight and is very prone to scab, powdery mildew, and cedar apple rust.

Granny Smith is much more easily preserved in storage than other apples, a factor which has greatly contributed to its success in export markets. Its long storage life has been attributed to its fairly low levels of ethylene production, and in the right conditions Granny Smiths can be stored without loss of quality for as long as a year. This cultivar needs fewer winter chill hours and a longer season to mature the fruit, so it is favoured for the milder areas of the apple growing regions. However, they are susceptible to superficial scald and bitter pit. Superficial scald may be controlled by treatment with diphenylamine before storage. It can also be controlled with low-oxygen storage. Pit can be controlled with calcium sprays during the growing season and with postharvest calcium dips.

According to the US Apple Association website, it is one of the fifteen most popular apple cultivars in the United States.

Cultural references
In 1968, the rock band The Beatles used an image of a Granny Smith apple as the logo for their corporation, Apple Corps Limited. For their record label, Apple Records, one side of vinyl albums featured the exterior of the fruit, while the other side of the recording featured a cross-section of the apple.

Yoko Ono's 1966 artwork Apple used a Granny Smith apple in its 2015 recreation at New York City's Museum of Modern Art. John Lennon had taken a bite from the apple on display in its 1966 incarnation at the Indica Gallery in London.

The Granny Smith was one of four apples honored by the United States Postal Service in a 2013 set of four 33¢ stamps commemorating historic strains, joined by Northern Spy, Baldwin, and Golden Delicious.

See also
Candy apple
List of apple dishes

References

External links

Australian apples
Cooking apples
Apple Corps
Apple cultivars
Eastwood, New South Wales

Granny Smith


Richie Alan (born Richard Alan Galichon; 1968 in NY) is an independent studio drummer.  He grew up in Valley Stream, New York and attended Valley Stream Central High School. He earned a Bachelor of Arts in Computer Science from Queens College, City University of New York and pursued a Master of Business Administration degree specializing in Information Systems Management at The George Washington University School of Business.  He later founded a successful Information Technology Consulting Services corporation.

During his earlier years, Richie Alan took weekly lessons at the Downs School of Music for 4 years. While studying there, Richie Alan emerged as a three-time gold medalist and one-time silver medalist in the Long Island Drum Teachers Association.  Years later, he expanded his studies with legendary jazz drummer Joe Morello (Dave Brubeck Quartet) and classic-rock drummer Simon Kirke (Bad Company).

Mostly known in the underground New York music scene, Richie Alan's drumming achieved a modest following, garnering praise from well-established drummers including Tommy Aldridge (Ozzy Osbourne, Whitesnake), Bill Bruford (Yes, King Crimson), and Jonathan Mover (Fuel, Everlast, Alice Cooper)

Legendary guitarist Les Paul presented Richie Alan with an autographed custom Gibson Les Paul guitar at a Beacons in Jazz award gala in 2003.

Richie Alan performed on drums and percussion with John Ford of the Strawbs and is on Ford's 2014 "No Talkin'" album. Richie Alan has also performed with Ian Lloyd (Stories), Simon Kirke (Bad Company) and Southern Rock tribute band Southern Exposure.  Richie Alan has also performed on dozens of independent albums as an "Internet Session Drummer".

He cites the following as his influences: John Bonham, Neil Peart, Steve Smith, Dave Weckl and Lee Kerslake.

Richie Alan plays Saluda cymbals live and in the studio.

References

External links
 RICHIE ALAN, Session Drummer

1968 births
Living people
American rock drummers
American jazz drummers
American rock musicians
Valley Stream Central High School alumni
Queens College, City University of New York alumni
George Washington University School of Business alumni
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
American male jazz musicians
20th-century American male musicians

Rich Galichon


Asterocampa celtis, the hackberry emperor, is a North American butterfly that belongs to the brushfooted butterfly family, Nymphalidae. It gets its name from the hackberry tree (Celtis occidentalis and others in the genus Celtis) upon which it lays its eggs. The hackberry tree is the only host plant for A. celtis and is the food source for larvae.

The hackberry emperor is known for being a quick, mercurial butterfly. It often is found along water sources and lowlands, although it lives in a broad range of habitats. Another notable characteristic is that it rarely is spotted visiting a flower, which is considered unusual for a butterfly.

Species in the genus Asterocampa are regarded as being "cheater" organisms, since these butterflies do not pollinate flowers when they feed from them. This species can more accurately be described as parasitizing their hosts and plant food sources since they extract nutrients without providing any benefits to the host.

As a member of the family Nymphalidae, the hackberry emperor oviposits its eggs in clutches, or clusters, upon hackberry leaves. There are a few plausible evolutionary reasons for this behavior, but the exact cause for this species' behavior is in contention. Possible explanations include higher fecundity that may be aided by aposematic coloration.

Geographic range
The hackberry emperor is found across a wide range within North America. It has been observed as far south as central Mexico and north into parts of Eastern Canada. Its range extends to the southwest into regions like Arizona, New Mexico, and other parts of the Rockies, as shown by the map. It can commonly be found across the Midwest and especially along the east coast from Florida up to New England.

Habitat
Asterocampa celtis lives wherever the hackberry tree lives. There are a variety of species of the hackberry line, and A. celtis is not found preferentially on any one kind of hackberry. More specifically, the butterfly lives in cities, forests, and wooded areas, and especially prefers areas near rivers or other bodies of water. The species is not very deterred by human development. Furthermore, the hackberry emperor may be seen near woodland edges, near creeks, around buildings, and around damp, muddy areas.

Food resources

Caterpillar
The larvae of A. celtis feed upon the leaves and leaf buds of hackberry trees. They must first climb back up their host tree to eat after they are done hibernating over winter. The caterpillars have been known to eat so much at a time that they can completely defoliate a tree.

Adults

Adults feed on a variety of food sources. They seldom make visitations to flowers so nectar is not a primary food source. Instead, they commonly eat hackberry sap, feces, dead animals including decaying pigs, snakes, and dogs, and old fruit. They drink from water in puddles. Also, they are known to land on humans to lick off their sweat to gain sodium.

Parental care

Oviposition
A. celtis usually lays eggs in clusters on the underside of hackberry leaves, although it has been observed to occasionally lay eggs on the top of a leaf. Laying eggs in clusters results in higher fecundity for the female. Some factors influencing oviposition could be that laying eggs in a large cluster decreases the time and energy necessary for searching for new leaf sites, which decrease the risk of maternal death between oviposition events. For A. celtis, laying eggs in clusters is its best strategy to produce the most offspring.

Life history

Egg
The pale eggs are laid in clusters of 5-20 eggs on the host plant. Eggs look white with a faint green-yellow hue.

Larva
The body is approximately 1.4" long. The head has brown-black colored dorsal horns. The body is a primarily green with whitish-yellow chalazae, or bumps. At the rear, two sharp tails protrude outwards level with the abdomen.

Half-grown larvae hibernate over the winter in fallen hackberry leaves along the forest floor. In the spring, they emerge again and climb back up the hackberry tree to eat the foliage.

Pupa
Pupae have a dark green color with white spots all around the body. There are also white lines going diagonally across the abdomen.

Pupae are found on the underside of hackberry leaves and metamorphose into adults in the early summer.

Adult
A. celtis adults exhibit sexual dimorphism. Males have smaller, darker bodies and more slender wings than females. Both males and females are light brown with a row of black or white dots near the far edge of their wings. White spots near the front of the wing help distinguish it from a similar butterfly, the Tawny Emperor.

Adult hackberry emperors lay two broods in a year. This production of multiple generations within one year makes it such that all life stages may be present at one time within a single site or host tree.

Parasitism
A. celtis visits flowers in an unusual way. On the rare occasion that the butterfly visits flowers for feeding, it does not allow its feet or its antennae to touch the flower. Only the proboscis is used to touch parts of the flower, which suggests that the butterfly would be an ineffective pollinator. This is considered to be "cheater" behavior. Typically, the specialized relationship of flowering plants and butterflies results in mutual benefit, in that the butterfly gains nutrients from flower visits while the host plant gains reproductive fitness from assistance in pollination. However, the hackberry emperor likely does not aid in pollination in any significant way.

Enemies

Predators
Generalist species like birds and mammals, such as bears and raccoons, will eat larvae that lie along the forest floor. The stink bug is also a very common predator of hackberry emperor eggs.

Parasites
Scelionid egg parasites antagonize many species of Asterocampa, including the hackberry emperor. A tachinid fly parasitoid, Chetogena edwardsii, is another common threat to the hackberry emperor.

Mating behavior
Male searching behavior in butterflies generally falls into two different strategies. One strategy is to actively patrol an area for females. Patrollers are attracted to still objects that resemble a mate. The other strategy is to perch. Perchers typically spend only part of the day actively looking for a mate. They sit perched upon a branch waiting for a female to fly by. When a male sees movement nearby it will quickly fly out to attempt to mate, but stay within a limited habitat.

A. celtis exhibit perching behavior. The male rests on rocks, trees, or fallen branches often along streams from the afternoon until around sundown.

Conservation
The hackberry emperor is not under serious threat. It can commonly be found throughout most of its distribution.

Gallery

References

External links

Carolina Nature
E Nature
Wisconsin Butterflies
CBIF, Butterflies of Canada

Apaturinae
Butterflies of North America
Butterflies described in 1835
Taxa named by John Eatton Le Conte

Asterocampa celtis


Quintinia verdonii, commonly known as the grey possumwood, is a tree of eastern Australia. It is mostly found in rainforests at high altitude. The range of natural distribution is between the Barrington Tops region of New South Wales  and the Blackall Range in the state of Queensland.

Description
The grey possumwood is a small to medium-sized tree to  tall and a stem diameter of . It may be distinguished from the related possumwood (Quintinia sieberi) by the smoother bark and the branchlets being paler. The possumwood has minute reddish glands under the leaf where the grey possumwood has clear glands. The flowers of the possumwood are in panicles, where the grey possumwood has flowers on racemes.

Trunk and branchlets
The trunk is mostly straight and cylindrical. The bark is smooth, pale grey and somewhat soft and corky. Small branches are fairly thick, and smooth. Branchlets have scars of fallen leaves, and the ends are the branchlets are purple or dark red.

Leaves
The leaves are alternately arranged along the stem, oval-elliptical to elliptical with a short blunt tip. The hairless and leathery leaves are  long,  wide on mature foliage. The upper surface is dark green, underneath a paler green. The underside of the leaves has tiny colourless glands. The  leaf stalks are twisted.

The lateral leaf veins are raised and conspicuous on the underside, and less conspicuous above. The veins are usually 12 to 20 in number, with an angle of 75 degrees to the midrib. Veins are mostly straight, though curved where meeting the leaf margin. The reticulate net veins are barely noticeable on the upper side. Coppice leaves may be faintly toothed. The mature leaves are entire, not toothed.

Flowers
White, cream or yellow coloured five-petalled flowers form in the upper axils on a single narrow raceme from the months of September to November. The raceme stalk is around 3 to 4 mm in length. Petals are 2 to 3 mm long. The fruit capsule is small, hemispherical in shape, ripening from December to January.

Germination

Wind blown seeds often germinate in the form of a hemiepiphyte on the trunks of rocks and tree ferns such as Dicksonia antarctica. As the roots of the germinating seeds are so small, care needs to be given to provide adequate moisture and protection from being buried or exposed. Due to the small size, seed regeneration requires a satisfactory substrate. It is advised to lightly cover the seeds with a seed raising potting mix. Regeneration from seeds and cuttings is not difficult.

Timber & cultivation
The soft pink timber has no particular commercial use. However, the prominent flowering display gives this plant horticultural potential. Over a hundred years ago, Joseph Maiden suggested it is well suited to gardens on the Australian east coast. However, predictions of widespread horticultural plantings have not eventuated. It grows readily in soils with good drainage that retain moisture in sunny or sheltered positions. Quintinia verdonii tolerates moderate frosts.

Taxonomy and naming
The specific epithet honours the politician George Frederic Verdon. The plant was described by Ferdinand Mueller in 1861, from specimens collected by Hermann Beckler at the Manning and Hasting Rivers. It is sometimes referred as the smooth possumwood due to the bark, which contrasts to the rougher bark of the related possumwood.

Ecology
Quintinia verdonii is host to the leaf miner moth Lyonetia lechrioscia.

References

Trees of Australia
Paracryphiales
Asterids of Australia
Flora of Queensland
Flora of New South Wales
Plants described in 1861
Taxa named by Ferdinand von Mueller

Quintinia verdonii


The Firemen's Memorial is a 1913 monument on Riverside Drive at 100th Street in Manhattan, New York.

Context

Like other large cities, New York was devastated by fires in the 18th and 19th centuries. In 1776, in the midst of the American Revolutionary War, a great fire swept through the city, destroying 493 buildings. Two more great fires, in 1835 and 1845, together destroyed approximately 1000 buildings and killed 50 people, including a number of firefighters. Fire safety improved in the late 19th and early 20th century, but firefighting remained a dangerous task. Following the 1908 drowning death of Deputy Fire Chief Charles W. Kruger in a flooded Canal Street basement, Bishop Henry C. Potter proposed a memorial to firefighters who had died while performing their duties.

Potter established a committee to build a monument, and was its first chairman, being succeeded by Isidor Straus, co-owner of Macy's. The Board of Estimate and Apportionment granted $40,000 to the project on July 17, 1911, and an additional $50,500 was raised through a popular subscription.

Although originally planned for Union Square, the memorial eventually ended up being built on the fashionable Riverside Drive, alongside which ran Frederick Law Olmsted's English-style rustic Riverside Park. The monument was designed by architect Harold Van Buren Magonigle and its sculptures are by Attilio Piccirilli. The site consists of a grand staircase leading up from the west, a balustraded plaza, and the Knoxville marble monument. Above the fountain, which extends from the box-like structure of the monument, is a large bas-relief scene of a horse drawn engine rushing to a fire. The monument is flanked to the north and south with groups of sculptures representing "Duty" and "Sacrifice".

Inscription
The inscription on the reverse of the monument reads:

Architects

A New Jersey native, Magonigle was a successful architect of monuments, including the McKinley Memorial Mausoleum in Ohio and the Liberty Memorial in Missouri. Piccirilli studied marble carving at his father's studio in Italy, before moving to the United States in 1888. Magonigle and Piccirilli had collaborated previously on the USS Maine National Monument in Central Park, and Piccirilli used the same model (Audrey Munson) for the female figures of both. Piccirilli's independent fragment, Study of a Head, is derived from the Firemen's Memorial and is housed in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Dianne Durante compared Piccirilli's northern cluster of statues (a woman cradling the limp body of a firefighter) to Michelangelo's statue of a grieving Madonna. She also praised the southern cluster, the same woman holding a child (presumably the widow and child of the dead firefighter), a scene she describes as "wrenching." She attributes the power of the bas-relief to communicate the urgency and drama to the artist's decision to depict a horse-drawn engine, rather than an emotionless motorized engine, and she attributes the timelessness of the sculptures to the use of classical, simple drapery, rather than contemporary costume.

Dedication and tablet
The monument was dedicated on September 5, 1913. Every autumn, a ceremony is held at the memorial to honor the memory of firefighters who have died protecting the city. Attended by the mayor, the fire commissioner and thousands of firefighters, the ceremony gained even greater significance after the September 11 attacks of 2001. 343 New York firefighters died responding to the attacks and collapse of the World Trade Center. In the weeks that followed, the memorial became a shrine for those firefighters, an annual ceremony at the memorial is now also held on September 11 each year.

In 1927 a bronze tablet was installed in the plaza beneath the memorial. The tablet, placed by the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, is dedicated to the horses which, in earlier years, pulled the fire department's engines.

See also
 List of firefighting monuments and memorials

References

1913 sculptures
1913 establishments in New York City
Firefighting memorials
Firefighting in New York (state)
Monuments and memorials in Manhattan
Upper West Side
Nude sculptures in New York (state)
Riverside Park (Manhattan)
Horses in art

Firemen's Memorial (Manhattan)


Teresa "Baby" Jungman (9 July 1907 – 11 June 2010) was the younger daughter of Dutch-born artist Nico Wilhelm Jungmann. Along with her sister Zita, she was one of the "Bright Young Things" in the 1920s.

Biography
Jungman's father was a naturalized British subject who, in 1900, married Beatrice Mackay, from a devout Roman Catholic family in Birmingham. They were divorced in 1918, after he had been interned in Germany because of his British citizenship. Nico died in 1935. Beatrice then became the second wife of Richard Sidney Guinness (1873–1949), one of the banking Guinnesses, and a paternal uncle of Thomas "Loel" Guinness. Beatrice was killed during the Blitz.

Novelist Evelyn Waugh, himself later a Catholic convert, was greatly taken by Jungman but his affection was unrequited, in part because she was a devout Roman Catholic and he was divorced from his first wife. He met her in 1930, proposed to her in 1933, and was turned down.

Jungman had many admirers during the 1920s and 1930s, including Lord Margesson, the Conservative Chief Whip; the 4th Lord Ebury (1883–1932), of the older generation; Lord David Cecil (1902–1986); "Bloggs" Baldwin (son of the Prime Minister); and the 7th Earl of Longford (then Frank Pakenham). Another admirer was the 9th Duke of Marlborough, whose second wife Gladys Deacon nearly cited Teresa in a divorce application.

Teresa married a Scottish-Canadian sergeant-major, Graham Cuthbertson, in 1940 and had two children, Penelope and Richard. Cuthbertson soon left her; her son Richard died in a car crash in 1965; and her daughter Penelope became second wife of Desmond Guinness.

Later years and death
In later life, she lived with her elder sister Zita in reduced circumstances, until aided by a bequest from an old admirer Charlie Brocklehurst. She remained friendly with the social elite, however, and was a frequent visitor to events at which Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother was present.

She died, aged 102, as her sister had done four years earlier in 2006, survived by her daughter, Penny Guinness.

References

External links
Telegraph obituary for Teresa Cuthbertson, 12 June 2010, p. 29. Retrieved only 4 December 2012
Last survivor of the Twenties' Bright Young People whose antics were celebrated by Evelyn Waugh in his novel Vile Bodies
Hugo Vickers; The Jungman Sisters Part I published 17 June 2010, and The Jungman Sisters Part II 18 June 2010, on New York Social Diary.  Retrieved 4 December 2012.  Both pages contain amazing photos by Cecil Beaton, as well as Vickers's essay.

1907 births
2010 deaths
English centenarians
English people of Dutch descent
Socialites from London
Women centenarians

Teresa Jungman


Maura Davis is an American singer and musician, most known as the lead singer of the American indie rock band Denali from Richmond, Virginia, United States, active from 2000 to 2004 (with brief reappearances in 2008). She also fronted the alternative group Ambulette, formerly known as Bella Lea, who released an EP on Astralwerks in 2005, and broke up in 2007 before releasing a first full-length album.

Davis is noted for her soaring vocals and minimalist lyrics. In addition to having a unique ethereal vocal style, she can play both keyboards and guitar. She seems to favor Fender Telecasters in concert (seen live while playing with Ambulette), as well as a variety of other guitars. She is noted for playing a vintage Rhodes Piano on both Denali albums, their self-titled album and its follow-up, The Instinct. She has also been seen playing a number of synthesizers, including her Nord Electro, in Ambulette. For live use, this small, lightweight instrument has taken over from the Rhodes, which is notoriously heavy at around 200 pounds.

She has teamed back up with her brother Keeley to form the band Glös.

References

External links
 Maura Davis Explains (from Tweed Magazine)
 Ambulette official MySpace Page
 Ambulette page at MusicIsMyDrug.com
 Glös official MySpace Page

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American women singers
Astralwerks artists

Maura Davis


Blake Austin Barnett (born December 24, 1995) is a former American football quarterback for the South Florida Bulls football team. He previously played college football for the Alabama Crimson Tide and the Arizona State Sun Devils.

Early years
Barnett attended Santiago High School in Corona, California. He played football for Santiago High School and was rated as a five-star recruit and was ranked among the top players in his class. He committed to the University of Alabama to play college football under head coach Nick Saban.

During his high school career, Barnett threw for 5,921 yards on 419 passes. He led the Santiago Sharks to round 2 of the CIF playoffs where they faced Upland high. Barnett and the Sharks came up short losing 29-30, ending his high school career.

College career
Barnett redshirted his first year at Alabama in 2015. Barnett entered his redshirt freshman season in 2016 as Alabama's starting quarterback, but lost the job to true freshman Jalen Hurts before halftime of the opening game against the USC Trojans.

On September 28, 2016, AL.com's Matt Zenitz reported that Barnett had left the team and had decided to transfer from the University of Alabama. On December 5, 2016, Barnett announced that he was transferring to Arizona State University. After leaving Alabama and prior to transferring to Arizona State, Barnett immediately enrolled at Palomar College, which made him eligible to play for Arizona State in 2017. However, he was expected to be ineligible for the first four games of the 2017 season because he transferred from Alabama after four games into the 2016 season. Barnett appealed to the NCAA for immediate eligibility and on January 31, 2017, the NCAA ruled in favor of Barnett.

After being cleared to play immediately by the NCAA, Barnett was expected to be a strong contender to start right away at Arizona State, but incumbent starter Manny Wilkins won the quarterback derby and held onto his starting job. Barnett attempted only five passes during the 2017 season as the backup quarterback. In 2018, under new head coach Herm Edwards, Barnett was spending most sessions during the spring battling Dillon Sterling-Cole for the backup quarterback job behind Wilkins. On April 25, 2018, it was reported that Barnett intended to transfer from Arizona State. Barnett reportedly informed Arizona State his intention to transfer soon after the Arizona State spring game held on April 13.

On May 8, 2018, it was reported that Barnett was transferring to the University of South Florida. On May 18, 2018, USF announced the addition of Barnett as a graduate transfer.

References

External links
 Alabama Crimson Tide bio
 Arizona State Sun Devils bio
 USF Bulls bio

1995 births
Living people
Players of American football from Corona, California
Players of American football from San Bernardino County, California
American football quarterbacks
Alabama Crimson Tide football players
Arizona State Sun Devils football players
South Florida Bulls football players

Blake Barnett


was the 12th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Historians consider Emperor Keikō to be a legendary person; and the name Keikō-tennō was created for him posthumously by later generations.

No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign.  The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

Traditional history
Keikō is almost certainly a legend; but the Kojiki and Nihonshoki record his name.

Events of Keikō's life
The limited information about Keikō does not imply that no such person ever existed. Very little information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

In Kojiki, Keikō sent his one of his sons to Kyūshū to fight battles on his behalf. In Nihonshoki, Keikō fought and won these battles against local tribes. According to both sources, he sent Yamatotakeru to Izumo province and eastern provinces to expand his territory.

After his death
This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Keikō.

The actual site of his grave is not known.  According to the Imperial Household Agency, this emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Nara.  The kami of  Emperor Keikō is also venerated at Anaho jinja in Anaho, Ōmi province.

Spouses and children
Empress (first): Harima no Inabi no Ooiratsume (播磨稲日大郎姫), daughter of Wakatakehiko (若建吉備津日子)
Prince Kushitsunowake (櫛角別王)
Prince Oousu (大碓皇子), ancestor of Mugetsu no kimi (身毛津君)
Prince Ousu (小碓尊), father of Emperor Chūai

Empress (second): Yasakairihime (八坂入媛命), daughter of Yasakairihiko (八坂入彦命)
Prince Wakatarashihiko (稚足彦尊) Emperor Seimu
Prince Iokiirihiko (五百城入彦皇子)
Prince Oshinowake (忍之別皇子)
Prince Wakayamatoneko (稚倭根子皇子)
Prince Oosuwake (大酢別皇子)
Princess Nunoshinohime (渟熨斗皇女)
Princess Iokiirihime (五百城入姫皇女)
Princess Kagoyorihime (麛依姫皇女)
Prince Isakiirihiko (五十狭城入彦皇子), ancestor of Mitsukai no Muraji (御使連)
Prince Kibinoehiko (吉備兄彦皇子)
Princess Takagiirihime (高城入姫皇女)
Princess Otohime (弟姫皇女)

Mizuhanoiratume (水歯郎媛), daughter of iwatsukuwake (磐衝別命), younger sister of Iwakiwake (石城別王)
Princess Ionono (五百野皇女) Saiō

Ikawahime (五十河媛)
Prince Kamukushi (神櫛皇子), ancestor of Sanuki no Kimi (讃岐公), Sakabe no Kimi (酒部公)
Prince Inaseirihiko (稲背入彦皇子), ancestor of Saeki no Atai (佐伯直), Harima no Atai (播磨直)

Abe no Takadahime (阿倍高田媛), daughter of Abe no Kogoto (阿倍木事)
Prince Takekunikoriwake (武国凝別皇子)

Himuka no Kaminagaootane (日向髪長大田根)
Prince Himuka no Sotsuhiko (日向襲津彦皇子)

Sonotakehime (襲武媛)
Prince Kunichiwake (国乳別皇子)
Prince Kunisewake (国背別皇子)
Prince Toyotowake (豊戸別皇子)

Himuka no Mihakashihime (日向御刀媛)
Prince Toyokuniwake (豊国別皇子), ancestor of Himuka no Kuni no miyatsuko (日向国造)

Inabinowakairatsume (伊那毘若郎女), daughter of Wakatakehiko, younger sister of Harima no Inabi no Ooiratsume
Prince Mawaka (真若王)
Prince Hikohitoooe (彦人大兄命)

Igotohime (五十琴姫命), daughter of Mononobe no Igui (物部胆咋宿禰)
Prince Igotohiko (五十功彦命)

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree

References

Other websites
 Keikō's misasagi -- map

Emperors of Japan

Emperor Keikō


Critical thinking is a smart way of thinking. It means looking carefully at information or problems and deciding if they are good or not. One has to think in a clear and organized way. One also have to ask questions, think about different ideas, and make choices based on proof and good reasons. Thinking ahead and analyzing things for the future is also part of critical thinking. It's not just about what's happening now, but also thinking about what might come next and how things could change in the future. Critical thinking is very important for making good decisions, solving problems, and handling difficult situations.

Process

To  engage in reflective thinking about a statement of truth and avoid being easily fooled, questions about it can be written as clearly and simply as possible, making certain that all terms are well understood by giving definitions if necessary. Critical thinking is a method for determining whether a claim is true, false, sometimes true and sometimes false, or partly true and partly false. To establish the truth of a claim, one requires evidence or information to verify its legitimacy. Information is found in libraries, online sources, and through interviews with experts in the respective fields. Trained librarians can help in researching library materials, and some are proficient in helping with computer and internet resources. Then critically evaluating the context in which a claim is made, judging the quality of information (updated, thorough, well-informed, and impartial), understanding any biases present through asking probing questions, and recognizing how the pieces of information relate to each other, one can ascertain the accuracy of the statement of truth or a claim. To better understand biases one can use various methods, these include thinking about different ideas and reasons why people might disagree, checking what we think is true, being aware of how information is presented, spotting ways where the author is trying to convincing, recognizing how things that happened before can be similar to what might happen now if they share similar parts or situations, etc.

Critical thinking tools come from different fields of study like statistics, logistics, semantics, experimental research methodology, psychology, sociology, etc.

Critical thinking


The colorful puffleg (Eriocnemis mirabilis) is a critically endangered hummingbird endemic to Colombia. The colorful puffleg population is estimated as about 250–999 adult birds.

These colorful birds were first found in 1967 by photographer John Dunning who was below Cerro Munchique when he caught the colorful puffleg. He described it as a "miraculous bird".

The male has a shining green head, chest, and upper belly. He has brighter patches of green on his forehead. Both sexes has a bright blue belly, a red and yellow tail, and white feet. The feet have a light cinnamon brown color on them.

In 2005, Swarovski donated funds which allowed the American Bird Conservancy and Fundación ProAves to create a reserve for this species.

Birds of South America
Hummingbirds

Colorful puffleg


Matthew Norton Clapp (April 15, 1906 – April 22, 1995) was a successful businessman, and eventually served as chairman of the Weyerhaeuser Corporation.  He was active in civic service and a philanthropist.

Early life and career

Clapp was born in Pasadena, California.  He was named for his maternal grandfather Matthew G. Norton, a Winona, Minnesota lumberman who via the Laird, Norton Company  was to help finance the Weyerhaeuser purchase of land in Washington State in 1900.

Clapp received an A.B. from Occidental College and a Ph.B in 1928 from the University of Chicago and a J.D. from Chicago in 1929.

He practiced law in Tacoma, Washington from 1929 until 1942. He was among the developers of Lakewood Colonial Center in 1937 in what is now Lakewood, WA.  It was one of the first shopping centers west of the Mississippi River.  In 1938, he converted an existing structure into the Lakewood Ice Arena.  He became a trustee of the University of Puget Sound in 1933 and would serve there until his death including being chairman from 1967 until 1986.

In 1938 he began his career with Weyerhauser.  He joined the United States Navy during World War II and served until 1946 when he returned to Weyerhauser.  In 1947 he succeeded his father as a director of the company. He was its president from 1960 to 1966 and chairman until 1970.

Civic service and community builder and investor

In 1949 he was a founder of the Medina Foundation, which provides charitable grants in the greater Puget Sound area.

He was named to the Trustees of University of Chicago in 1957 and was named a Life Trustee in 1970.

In 1961 he joined Bagley Wright, contractor Howard S. Wright, architect John Graham, and financier Ned Skinner as investors in the Pentagram Corporation which was to build and own the Space Needle for the 1962 World's Fair.  He continued his ownership until 1977 when he sold out his interests to Howard Wright.

Scouting

Clapp was a member of the National Executive Board of the Boy Scouts of America for several decades.  In 1963 he donated the land around Mount Baldy, New Mexico to the Scouts, and this property was added to Philmont Scout Ranch.  From 1971 to 1973, he served as national president of the BSA.

Personal life

Clapp married several times and had many children, including three sons whom he outlived. His second wife Evelyn and stepdaughter Gail Gardner were killed in an airplane crash near Santa Barbara, California, in 1951. Evelyn's son Booth Gardner would go on to serve as Governor of Washington from 1985 to 1993. Clapp contributed $91,000 to his first gubernatorial campaign.

He married his son Jim's ex-wife Jacquie in 1984. When he died at his home in Medina, Washington, on April 22, 1995, Clapp's fortune was estimated at $450 million by Forbes.

References

Philmont Scout Ranch
Businesspeople from Pasadena, California
University of Chicago alumni
University of Chicago Law School alumni
Weyerhaeuser
1906 births
1995 deaths
Businesspeople from Tacoma, Washington
People from Medina, Washington
Presidents of the Boy Scouts of America

Norton Clapp


Trence Mason (born August 6, 1993) is a former American football running back. He played college football at Auburn and was drafted by the St. Louis Rams in the third round of the 2014 NFL Draft.

High school career
Mason attended Park Vista Community High School in Boynton Beach, Florida, where he was a standout football and basketball player, and also ran track. He rushed for 1,643 yards and 24 touchdowns as a senior in 2011, and was named the 2009 Palm Beach Large School Offensive Player of the Year and First-Team All-Palm Beach County by the Sun-Sentinel.

He was also on the school's track & field team, where he competed as a sprinter and jumper. He placed 7th in the 100 meters at the 2009 Park Vista Meet, with a time of 10.9 seconds. At the 2010 Palm Beach County Championship, he earned a sixth-place finish in the long jump event, recording a career-best jump of 6.63 meters. He also competed in high jump, he got a top-jump of 1.88 meters at the 2011 Warrior Invitational.

Considered a four-star recruit by Rivals.com, he was rated the 14th best running back in his class. He committed to Auburn over offers from West Virginia and Mississippi.

College career
In his first college game, Auburn against Utah State, Mason returned a kick-off 97 yards for a touchdown.

In the 2013 SEC Championship Game against Missouri, Mason set an SEC Championship rushing record with 304 yards (breaking LSU's Justin Vincent's previous 2003 record of 201 yards), touchdown record with four touchdowns, rushing attempts record with 46 carries and was named the game's most valuable player.

As a junior in 2013, Mason was a first-team All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) selection. He was named one of the six finalists for the 2013 Heisman Trophy.

In the 2014 BCS National Championship Game, Mason rushed for 195 yards on 34 carries and a touchdown in a 34–31 defeat by the Florida State Seminoles. He finished his season with 1,816 rushing yards, breaking the school record held by Heisman winner Bo Jackson (1,786 set in 1985). It was also the third-highest rushing yards total in a single season in SEC history, behind only Herschel Walker (1,891 yards in 1981) and Darren McFadden (1,830 yards in 2007). Later single-season yardage marks set by Alabama's Derrick Henry (2,219 yards), and LSU's Leonard Fournette (1,953 yards) placed Mason's 2013 performance at fifth-highest all-time.

Statistics

Professional career

St. Louis/Los Angeles Rams
Mason announced on January 9, 2014 that he would forgo his remaining eligibility and enter the NFL Draft. He was drafted by the St. Louis Rams in the third round (75th overall) of the 2014 NFL Draft. Mason was the Rams' third pick in the draft, behind former teammate and second overall pick, Greg Robinson.

In Week 7, 2014 in a game against Seattle, Mason ran for 85 yards on 18 carries with 1 touchdown in a St. Louis win. In Week 11, he had 113 yards on 29 carries in a game against Denver. During a Week 13 matchup against Oakland, Mason ran for 117 yards on 14 carries and 2 touchdowns, to go along with one receiving touchdown. After rushing for 765 yards and 4 touchdowns in 2014, Mason was named to the PFWA All-Rookie Team.

Following the 2015 season and going into the 2016 season, it was reported that Mason had not been in contact with coaches or players from the Rams since the end of the season. Coach Jeff Fisher stated "I tried numerous times to reach him, he has made a decision not to communicate with us, not to talk. Not talking to his teammates. Right now we're more concerned about his well-being than we are his football career." Mason had several run-ins with the law and displayed erratic behavior throughout the summer. On July 30, the Rams placed Mason on the reserve/did not report list.

On March 10, 2017, Mason was released by the Rams. Former college teammate Ricardo Louis stated in April 2017 that Mason was working towards coming back to the NFL for the upcoming season.

Saskatchewan Roughriders
On May 30, 2018, Mason signed with the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the CFL. Mason's usage increased following the suspension and release of Jerome Messam on voyeurism charges. With increased playing time, Mason proved to be a key contributor to a lackluster Roughriders offense, including producing a 20 carry 117 yard effort during the 2018 Banjo Bowl, a Riders win. Despite playing in all 18 games, Mason was held without a score until near the end of the year, when he had three rushing touchdowns in the final six games of the regular season. Mason finished the year with a higher rushing average than a receiving average. He missed the Roughrider's lone playoff game due to injury. During the off-season Roughriders signed William Powell in free agency, at which time Mason's injury was revealed to be a damaged ACL requiring surgery, which could keep Mason from playing in 2019. He was released by the Riders on May 10, 2019.

NFL statistics

Regular season

CFL statistics

Regular season

Personal life
His father, Vincent Mason, is a member of hip hop group De La Soul.

After Mason led police on a high-speed ATV chase, Mason's mother stated that Mason had the "mindset of a 10-year-old" due to head injuries sustained during his career. She noticed her son's behavior was different after the 2015 season: "Clearly, we could see the change. Like, completely... As much as he's accomplished, as hard as he's worked, as much as he's built his character, in record-breaking time it's going downhill because of what's going on." In November, Mason pleaded no contest to charges related to the ATV chase. Mason was arrested in January 2017 for the incident and charged with a third degree felony of fleeing and eluding without regard for others' safety or property.

References

External links
 Auburn Tigers bio

1993 births
Living people
American football running backs
Auburn Tigers football players
St. Louis Rams players
Los Angeles Rams players
People from Amityville, New York
African-American players of American football
Players of American football from New York (state)
Sportspeople from Suffolk County, New York
Saskatchewan Roughriders players
Canadian football running backs
21st-century African-American sportspeople

Tre Mason


Marc Okrand (; born July 3rd, 1948) is an American linguist.  He is known for making the Klingon language.

Biography

Linguistics
Okrand worked with Native American languages.  He earned a bachelor's degree from the University of California, Santa Cruz in 1972.  His 1977 doctoral work from the University of California, Berkeley, was on the grammar of Mutsun, a dialect of Ohlone (a.k.a. Southern Costanoan). Southern Costanoan is an extinct Utian language earlier spoken in the north central Californian coastal areas from Northern Costanoan down to 30 miles south of Salinas. Okrand's doctoral work was watched over by early linguist Mary Haas. He taught college linguistics courses at the University of California, Santa Barbara, from 1975 to 1978. After that he took a post doctoral fellowship at the Smithsonian in Washington, D.C., in 1978.

Star Trek
Okrand helped make closed captioning for the Oscars award show in 1982. While there Okrand met the producer for the movie Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan. His first work was replacing in Vulcan language words for Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan. The actors had been filmed talking in English. He was then hired by Paramount Pictures to make the Klingon language. Okrand also taught the actors using it in Star Trek III: The Search for Spock, Star Trek V: The Final Frontier, and Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country. He was later also hired for the 2009 Star Trek film for their use of the Romulan and Vulcan languages. He also made a Klingon dialogue for the 2009 movie, but it was not used in the final edited version. Okrand was also involved in Star Trek Into Darkness, but only after the movie was finished being made.

References

Other websites

 a press release about Marc Okrand  at the National Captioning Institute's website

 Marc Okrand  at startrek.com
 Interview with Marc Okrand in the Wall Street Journal

1948 births
Living people
American linguists

Marc Okrand


A key generator is a protocol or algorithm that is used in many cryptographic protocols to generate a sequence with many pseudo-random characteristics.  This sequence is used as an encryption key at one end of communication, and as a decryption key at the other. One can implement a key generator in a system that aims to generate, distribute, and authenticate keys in a way that without the private key, one cannot access the information in the public end.

Examples of key generators include linear-feedback shift registers (LFSR) and the Solitaire (or Pontifex) cipher.

References
Key management

Key generator


The St. Helena Star is a weekly newspaper published in St. Helena, California, by Napa Valley Publishing Co., a  subsidiary of Lee Enterprises which also publishes the Napa Valley Register.  The newspaper was started in 1874.  The Star has a circulation of 2,500 and an online edition.  In 2011, the California Newspaper Publishers Association awarded it the 2nd place prize for 2010 in the "General Excellence" category for newspapers its size.

References

Napa County, California
Newspapers published in the San Francisco Bay Area
St. Helena, California
1874 establishments in California
Newspapers established in 1874
Lee Enterprises publications
Weekly newspapers published in California

St. Helena Star


Robert C. "Bob" McMath Jr.  (born 1944) is a historian and former Dean of the Honors College of the University of Arkansas.  He received his PhD from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1972. From then until his appointment at the University of Arkansas in 2005, he taught history and held a series of administrative posts at Georgia Tech, except for 1996 when he was a Fulbright Lecturer in Italy.  In August 2014, he retired from the University of Arkansas and is now Professor Emeritus of History and Dean Emeritus.

Education
McMath is a 1967 graduate of the University of North Texas. He received his PhD from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1972.

Career

Georgia Tech
As Vice Provost at Georgia Tech, McMath oversaw student academic services and coordinated campus-wide initiatives to improve the teaching and learning environment for undergraduates, including the design and partial funding of the Clough Undergraduate Learning Commons. As professor of history he taught a wide range of undergraduate courses and supervised graduate students. He received the George C. Griffin Award for Outstanding Teaching and the Dean James E. Dull Administrator of the Year Award, and in 2004 was named an honorary alumnus.

In 1994, he received the (Georgia) Governor's Award for the Humanities. While at Georgia Tech, McMath served as faculty advisor for the ANAK Society, a secretive honor society of senior students.

Arkansas
McMath's responsibilities as dean of the Honors College included general oversight of operations in the College, development of new Honors initiatives (in collaboration with the faculty), coordination of activities among college-level Honors Programs, donor stewardship and cultivation, and communication with internal and external audiences about the Honors College. He also supervised graduate and undergraduate student research and teach Honors courses and colloquia in History. In his role as dean, McMath held an endowed chair funded through a gift from the Walton Family.

Bibliography and selected publications
McMath is the author or co-author of numerous articles and seven books on American history:
American Populism: A Social History 1877-1898
Class, Conflict, and Consensus: Antebellum Southern Community Studies (with Orville V. Burton)
Populist Vanguard: A History of the Southern Farmers' Alliance
Engineering the New South: Georgia Tech, 1885-1985 (see History of Georgia Tech)
Adaptable South: Essays in Honor of George Brown Tindall (with Elizabeth Jacoway, Dan T. Carter & Lester C. Lamon)
Toward a New South: Studies in Post-Civil War Southern Communities (with Orville Burton)
Is There a Southern Political Tradition?: Essays and Commentaries (Porter M. Fortune Chancellor's Symposium in Southern History)(with William J. Cooper, Michael Perman, Manning Marable, and Patricia Sullivan)
Preface to Populism: The origin and economic development of the "Southern" Farmers' Alliance in Kansas
William Henry Emerson and the scientific discipline at Georgia Tech

References

External links
University of Arkansas Retirement

Living people
1944 births
Georgia Tech faculty
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
University of Arkansas people

Bob McMath


Celebrity Jigs n' Reels was an Irish reality entertainment television show broadcast on RTÉ One. It was produced by Mind The Gap Films.

Format
The series started out with seven celebrities paired with professional Irish dancers. Each week they were given a contemporary Irish rock or pop song (as chosen by producers), to which the professional Irish dancer had to choreograph a traditional Irish dance. They would then dance for the judges, who would give feedback and subsequently award points. The dancers then faced a public vote, with the two couples who received the lowest number of votes having to face the judges again. When the judges revealed the number of points they were awarding, the couple with the lower score were eliminated.

Series one

Series one launched in March 2006, in the slot regularly occupied by You're a Star. With a mix of high-profile celebrities such as the singer Dana and Olympic gold medallist Michael Carruth, as well as relative unknowns, such as Emma O'Driscoll and Suzanne Walshe, the show slowly climbed the ratings and achieved a reported 43 per cent audience share. The following year in March 2007 with more high-profile celebrities it was Gavin Ó Fearraigh actor and model from the Irish TV drama Ros na Rún who won the crown along with his dance partner Dearbhla Lennon.

Judges
Jean Butler
George Hook
Colin Dunne
Robert O'Byrne

Celebrities and dancers
Gavin Ó Fearraigh and Dearbhla Lennon (winners)(2007)
Killian O'Sullivan and Nicola Byrne (winners)(2006)
Dana and Ronan McCormack (2nd place)
Paul Byrom and Susan Ginnety (3rd place)
Michael Carruth and Dearbhla Lennon (4th place)
Jen Kelly and Paula Goulding (5th place)
Emma O'Driscoll and Mick Donegan (6th place)
Suzanne Walshe and Scott Porter (7th place)
Kevin Dundon and Rachel Byrne – 2007

New Year's Party
On 31 December 2006, Celebrity Jigs n'Reels returned to ring Ireland into the New Year live on RTÉ One. Seven brand new celebrities danced for one night only to raise money for charity and bring in 2007. The format differed from series one in that no celebrity represented a specific charity; instead all the money raised went to Focus Ireland and The Simon Community, both of which look after the homeless. Hilda Fay (from Fair City) was crowned champion, beating former Big Brother star Ray Shah, model Celia Holman Lee, GAA All Star Oisín McConville, and ex Pogues bassist Cait O'Riordan.

The results show ran for an extended period of 50 minutes and included a live singing performance from Paul Byrom (second runner up from series one), as well as a four-minute ensemble dance routine from the shows professional dancers. The results show also marked the return of 2006 winner Killian O'Sullivan, who danced with his former partner Nicola Byrne to the Scissor Sisters track "I Don't Feel Like Dancin'". This marked the first time a song by a non-Irish artist or band was featured in the show.

The New Year's Party show stood out as it was the first live show to ring in the New Year on RTÉ in more than five years. In previous years recorded shows were played "as live" on 31 December and usually involved a standard format of musical entertainment and chat with an invited audience.

Judges
Jean Butler, George Hook, Colin Dunne

Panellist Robert O'Byrne did not return for the New Year's Special.

External links
 Celebrity Jigs 'n' Reels at RTÉ Television

2006 Irish television series debuts
2007 Irish television series endings
Irish variety television shows
RTÉ original programming

Celebrity Jigs 'n' Reels


Oslo Ladegård is a manor house situated at Gamlebyen in Oslo, Norway. It was built of the site of the Old Bishop's Palace in Oslo.

The current building was erected in 1725 by Karen Toller. The architectural style is classic baroque, with a high, hipped roof and a symmetrical ground plan. The hall in the cellar dates from the Old Bishop's Palace  of the 13th century. The property was expropriated by the government for railway purposes in 1894, and in 1956 it transferred to the City of Oslo. The manor house is used as a museum and concert hall. The estate garden, which went almost down to the seafront during the late 1700s, was reconstructed and reopened in 1999 on the basis of a pattern from 1779.

The name comes from this area being used for unloading ships with supplies for Akershus fortress after the founding of Christiania, (now Oslo). The word "lade" means to load in this context.

References

Buildings and structures in Oslo
1725 establishments in Norway
Episcopal palaces
Manor houses in Norway

Oslo Ladegård


Catalpa was an 18th-century plantation near Culpeper in Culpeper County, Virginia. Catalpa is best known as the birthplace of John Strode Barbour, Jr. (29 December 1820 – 14 May 1892), a United States House Representative and United States Senator from Virginia. Catalpa is also known as the scene of the first encampment of the Culpeper Minutemen.

History
During Virginia's colonial period, the Catalpa estate was the seat of Major Philip Clayton. The plantation was named after a catalpa tree that Clayton brought from Essex and transplanted on the property. Clayton's tree was the first catalpa introduced to Culpeper County. Philip Clayton married Ann Coleman the sister of Robert Coleman, on whose land the town of Culpeper was established in 1759, originally named "Fairfax" until the American Civil War. Philip Clayton was among the town's first trustees, along with Nathaniel Pendleton, William Green, William Williams, and Thomas Slaughter.

The Culpeper Minutemen organized on 17 July 1775 under a large oak tree at "Clayton's old field" on the Catalpa estate.

References

Barbour family residences
Houses in Culpeper County, Virginia
Virginia in the American Revolution
Plantations in Virginia

Catalpa (Culpeper, Virginia)


Heck is a civil parish in the English county of North Yorkshire. The population of this civil parish at the census 2011 was 201, a slight drop on the 2001 census figure of 209.

The main settlement is Great Heck, there is also Little Heck at . For the purposes of local administration Heck forms part of the district of Selby; before April 1974 it was part of Osgoldcross Rural District and the West Riding of Yorkshire.  It was the location of the fatal Selby rail crash in February 2001.

References

Civil parishes in North Yorkshire
Selby District

Heck, North Yorkshire


Michel Vidal (October 1, 1824 - October 20, 1895) was a U.S. Representative from Louisiana.

Born in the city of Carcassonne, Languedoc, France, Vidal completed university-level studies in France before emigrating to the Republic of Texas. Soon after Texas became annexed to the United States, Vidal moved to the French-speaking region of south Louisiana.  He engaged in literary and scientific pursuits and served as associate editor of several American and French newspapers for the French-speaking populations of the U.S. and Canada.  He also served as an editor of the New York Courrier des États-Unis and the New Orleans Picayune (now the Times-Picayune).  At the close of the Civil War he was appointed by General John T. Sheridan a registrar for the city of New Orleans. In 1867, he moved to Opelousas, Louisiana, where he founded and edited the Saint Landry Progress.  He served as delegate to the State constitutional convention of 1867 and 1868 (this convention wrote the "Reconstruction Constitution" which was in turn rescinded after white Democrats again gained control of Louisiana government) after 1876.

Upon readmission of Louisiana to representation in Congress, Vidal was elected, from Louisiana's 4th congressional district (which included Opelousas), as a Republican to the Fortieth United States Congress, (July 18, 1868 – March 3, 1869), and was effectively in office until 1870.
He was appointed a United States commissioner under the convention concluded with Peru in 1868 for the adjustment of claims of citizens of either country.
On his leaving Congress, Vidal was appointed by President Ulysses Grant as United States consul at Tripoli, Libya, where he served from April 5, 1870, to October 12, 1876. He died in Montreal.

References

1824 births
1895 deaths
French emigrants to the United States
19th-century American diplomats
19th-century American newspaper editors
American consuls
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Louisiana
19th-century American politicians

Michel Vidal