Fernando García del Molino (23 March 1813, Santiago - 1899, Buenos Aires) was a Chilean-born Argentine portrait painter, miniaturist and lithographer. Many of his portraits were done from photographs or daguerrotypes.

Biography
He was born to a family of Spanish merchants. In 1822, when he was only nine, they moved to Buenos Aires. Shortly after, he began to show some artistic talent and was enrolled in classes at the "Academy of Drawing" of the University of Buenos Aires, where he studied with the Italian painter, Pablo Caccianiga (1798-1862). While there, he befriended his fellow student Carlos Morel and they often painted together. After graduating, he turned to teaching. One of his earliest students was Franklin Rawson, only six years his junior. He was already a well-known artist by the age of twenty-five.

During the Juan Manuel de Rosas administration, he created most of his best-known portraits, including those of Manuela Rosas, Encarnación Ezcurra, Rosas himself and many more of those in his immediate circle. He visited Rosas' home in the Palermo District so often, that he virtually became the Governor's official painter.

He also created portraits of notable figures from Argentine history, including Facundo Quiroga and José Félix Aldao. After Rosas went into exile, his commissions decreased dramatically. Later, he took a trip to London; invited by Manuela Rosas and her husband, Máximo Terrero (1817-1898), the son of rancher and businessman . While there, he painted another portrait of the elderly Rosas, probably in Southampton.

References

Further reading
 José León Pagano, Fernando García del Molino: El pintor de la Federación, Secretaría de Educación, Subsecretaría de Cultura, 1948

External links

 ArtNet: Miniatures by García del Molino
 "Fernando García del Molino, el pintor de Rosas"; a review of the exhibition "Retratos para una identidad. Fernando García del Molino, 1813- 1899", by Mercedes Perez Bergliaffa @ Revista de Cultura.

1813 births
1899 deaths
Portrait painters
Miniature painting
University of Buenos Aires alumni
Juan Manuel de Rosas
19th-century Argentine painters
19th-century Argentine male artists
Argentine male painters
Artists from Santiago
Artists from Buenos Aires

Fernando García del Molino


Jeanne M. Liedtka,   (born March 2, 1955) is an American strategist and professor of business administration at the Darden School of the University of Virginia, particularly known for her work on strategic thinking, design thinking and organic growth.

Biography
Born in Trenton, New Jersey, Liedtka received a B.A. in accounting from Boston University in 1976, an M.B.A from Harvard Business School and a D.B.A. in management policy from Boston University in 1988.

She taught previously at Simmons College and at Rutgers University, and is United Technologies Chaired Professor of Innovation and Design Thinking at the Darden School of Business, University of Virginia.

Work
Liedtka is particularly known for her work in corporate strategy. Beginning her career as a strategy consultant with the Boston Consulting Group, she has written and consulted on topics surrounding strategic thinking for over 30 years. Formerly the Executive Director of the School's Batten Institute, a foundation established to develop thought leadership in the fields of entrepreneurship and corporate innovation, Liedtka has also served as Chief Learning Officer for the United Technologies Corporation (UTC), headquartered in Hartford, Connecticut, and as the Associate Dean of the MBA Program at Darden.

Design thinking
Liedtka's work on design thinking is presented in her book, Designing for Growth: A design toolkit for managers, co-authored with Tim Ogilvie, that  won the 1800 CEO READ best management book of 2011.
Her recent research in design thinking is published in her two new books; Solving Problems with Design Thinking: Ten Stories of What Works, co-authored with Andrew King and Kevin Bennett; and The Designing for Growth Field Book: A Step-by-Step Project Guide, co-authored with Tim Ogilvie and Rachel Brozenske  She has also published Design Thinking for the Greater Good: Innovation in the Social Sector, book aiming for design thinking in social field.

Organic growth
Organic growth has been a focus for Liedtka's work that is described in her book The Catalyst: How You Can Lead Extraordinary Growth co-authored with Bob Rosen and Robert Wiltbank. Based on a multiple year study of operating managers who excelled at producing revenue growth in mature organizations. The Catalyst was named one of Business Week magazine's best innovation and design books of 2009. In 2012, she published another book on growth, The Physics of Business Growth, co-authored with her Darden colleague, Professor Ed Hess

Strategic thinking
Liedtka's work in strategic thinking has focused in two areas: One is in identifying and exploring five central elements that distinguish strategic thinking in practice : it incorporates a holistic systems perspective, it is possibility and intent-focused, involves thinking in time, is hypothesis-driven, and is intelligently opportunistic. Her second contribution has been in distinguishing between strategic thinking and strategic planning. In this work, she has suggested what a more "generative" planning process, that encouraged strategic thinking, might look like.   She has argued for the need to move beyond strategic thinking, to incorporate a broader notion of strategy as experienced. She currently runs the course Design Thinking for Business Innovation on Coursera.

Latest publications

"Moving Design from Metaphor or Management Practice," with B. Parmar, Journal of Organizational Design, December, 2012.
"Helping Managers to Discover Their Appetite for Design Thinking", with T. Ogilvie, Design Management Review, 2012, pp. 7–13.
"Learning to use design thinking tools for successful innovation", Strategy and Leadership, Vol. 39, No.5: 13–19, 2011.
"The Influence of Design Thinking in Business: Some Preliminary Observations", with S. Carr, A Halliday, A. King, T. Lochwood, Design Management Review, 2010.
"Business Strategy and Design: Can this marriage be saved?" Design Management Review, pp. 7–11, 2010.
"Beyond Strategic Thinking: Strategy as Experienced and Embodied," Ch.9 in Disruptive Business, (editor, Alexander Manu), Gower Publishing, 2010
"Strategy as Design", DOM Research Lab Publication (Ed. M. Mr. Shamiyeh) Volume 4, 2010
"Getting to Growth: The organization as its own worst enemy", with R. Rosen and R. Wiltbank Ivey Business Journal, Mar/Apr 2009.73 (2)]

References

External links

 Instructor webpage at Coursera

1955 births
Living people
University of Virginia faculty
Harvard Business School alumni
Boston University School of Management alumni
Rutgers University faculty

Jeanne Liedtka


The 2020 Kyrgyzstan protests began on 5 October 2020 in response to the 2020 parliamentary election that were perceived by protestors as unfair. The results of the election were annulled on 6 October 2020.

Early protests
The protests began on Monday, 5 October 2020, with a crowd of 1,000 people,  that grew to at least 5,000 people by evening in Bishkek. After nightfall, following a police operation to clear the Ala-Too Square of protesters with tear gas and water cannons, protesters allegedly attacked police officers with rocks and injured two of them.

Political impacts
Former President Almazbek Atambayev was freed from prison.

On 6 October, following the protests, the electoral authorities in the country annulled the results of the parliamentary elections. Central Election Commission member Gulnara Jurabaeva also revealed the commission was considering self-dissolution.

Prime Minister Kubatbek Boronov resigned, citing parliamentary deputy Myktybek Abdyldayev as the new speaker on 6 October.

On 15 October, President Sooronbay Jeenbekov resigned.

References

Kyrgyzstani
2020s in Kyrgyzstan
October 2020 events

2020 Kyrgyz protests


The Nahrevan Canal (Persian: کانال نرهوان) was a major irrigation system of the Sassanid and early Islamic periods in central Iraq, along the eastern banks of the Tigris and the lower course of the Diyala River. Created in the 6th century, it reached its peak under the Abbasid Caliphate, when it served the main water supply for the Abbasid capital of Baghdad, while the regions irrigated by it served as the city's main breadbasket. Its destruction and progressive abandonment from the mid-10th century onwards mirror the Abbasid Caliphate's decline.

History

The first irrigation works along the Diyala River were undertaken in Parthian times. Indeed, it may be that the lower part of the Nahrawan Canal was originally the lower course of the Diyala. The large-scale canal system of early medieval times however was created in the reign of the Sassanid ruler Khosrau I (), who also established it as a separate administrative district (Bazidjan Khusraw). A treasury and mint were possibly established there.

In early Islamic times, the town of Jisr al-Nahrawan in the middle of the canal was the site of the Battle of Nahrawan on 17 July 658 between Ali and the Kharijites under Abdallah ibn Wahb. Under the early Caliphates, and especially under the Abbasids who made nearby Baghdad their capital, the canal network was repaired and expanded, reaching its peak in the 9th and early 10th centuries. In Abbasid times, the region was divided into three tax districts, Upper, Middle and Lower Nahrawan.

The canal was breached in 937/8, during the revolt of Bajkam against Ibn Ra'iq; the latter tried to impede Bajkam's advance from Wasit to Baghdad by flooding the region in between. The move barely obstructed Bajkam, but succeeded in destroying the agriculture of the region, hitherto the breadbasket of the Abbasid capital. As Hugh N. Kennedy writes, "the breach of the Nahrawan canal was simply the most dramatic example of a widespread phenomenon of the time; and it was symbolic of the end of 'Abbasid power just as the breach of the Marib Dam was of the end of the prosperity of pre-Islamic south Arabia". The lower and middle Nahrawan were entirely abandoned for almost 14 years, until the Buyids under Mu'izz al-Dawla restored the canal. Nevertheless, the canal network continued to decline thereafter. As late as 1140, the Seljuq governor Bihruz tried to restore it, but according to the 13th-century scholar Yaqut al-Hamawi, infighting among the Seljuqs once again meant the neglect of the canal, and its use as a road by their troops compounded the destruction of the network. By Yaqut's time, the canal network had largely silted up and the countryside along them was abandoned.

Outline

In medieval times, the main canal was divided into three sections, described in detail by the 13th-century geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi, in his Mu'jam al-Buldan. The initial feeder canal drawing water from the Tigris at Dur al-Arabaya near Samarra and carrying it to the Diyala at Ba'quba was called  ('the Cut of Khosrau'). During its course, it was joined by three smaller canals taken from the Tigris, the Yahudi ('of the Jews'), the al-Ma'muni, named after Caliph al-Ma'mun (), and the largest of the three, the Abu'l-Jund ('father of the army'), built under Harun al-Rashid ().

Some 20 km south of the inflow of the Abu'l-Jund stood the town of Salwa or Bab Salwa (Basalwa), and a little further on the town of Ba'quba, the capital of the Upper Nahrawan district, some 50 km north-northeast of Baghdad. From there, the main canal, now known as the Tamarra, turned south to the towns of Bajisra (originally Bayt al-Jisr, 'bridge-house') and finally Jisr al-Nahrawan, from where it was known as the Nahrawan proper. From Bajisra a canal, the Nahr al-Khalis, connected the main canal with the Tigris at Baradan and supplied the eastern suburbs of Baghdad with water, while another, the Nahr Bin, connected Jisr al-Nahrawan with Kalwadha south of Baghdad. Just south of Jisr al-Nahrawan there was another canal, the Diyala canal—the present course of the namesake river—which joined the Tigris some 5 km south of Baghdad. Jisr al-Nahrawan itself was a wealthy place, as there the Khurasan Road connecting Baghdad with Central Asia crossed the canal. Surviving descriptions record that it was extended on both sides of the canal, each with its own mosques, markets and hostels for travellers and pilgrims. It was abandoned by the 14th century, as the road to Khurasan was diverted north, through Ba'quba.

Below Jisr al-Nahrawan came a large Sassanid-era weir (), followed by the towns of Jisr Buran/Puran (named after Ma'mun's wife), Yarzatiya, 'Abarta, another weir, and the city of Iskaf Bani Junayd, divided by the canal in upper and lower towns. From Iskaf, the canal went on for another 100 km amidst a heavily cultivated landscape to rejoin the Tigris at Madharaya, near modern Kut.

References

Sources

Buildings and structures completed in the 6th century
Irrigation canals
Buildings and structures in Diyala Province
Tigris River
Iraq under the Abbasid Caliphate
Sasanian Empire
Khosrow I

Nahrawan Canal


Pterostylis tristis, commonly known as the midget greenhood, is a species of greenhood orchid endemic to New Zealand. Both flowering and non-flowering plants have a rosette of fleshy leaves lying flat on the ground and flowering plants have up to eight yellowish-green or brownish flowers with pale stripes.

Description
Pterostylis tristis is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber. Non-flowering plants have a stalked rosette of between five and seven brownish or yellowish-green leaves which are  long and  wide. Up to eight yellowish-green or brownish striped flowers are borne on a fleshy flowering stem  high with many stem leaves similar to the rosette leaves but smaller. The rosette leaves are usually withered by flowering time. The dorsal sepal and petals are fused, forming a hood or "galea" over the column. The galea is  long and wide with the dorsal sepal slightly longer than the petals. The lateral sepals are downturned and joined together for most of their length, each with a short point on its end. The labellum is short, broad and blunt with a smooth lobe on the upper end. Flowering occurs from September to January.

Taxonomy and naming
Pterostylis tristis was first formally described in 1886 by William Colenso from a specimen collected on the south bank of the Waipawa River. The description was published in Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. The specific epithet (tristis) is a Latin word meaning "sad". (Colenso described the type specimen as "very small, rather dingy-looking".)

Distribution and habitat
The midget greenhood usually grows in open tussock grassland. It occurs on the South Island east of the main ranges south from the Canterbury region. There are a few old records from the North Island and Stewart Island.

References

tristis
Orchids of New Zealand
Plants described in 1886

Pterostylis tristis


The tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was the first virus to be discovered. That is to say, it was the first to be known as a virus.

It is a single stranded RNA virus which infects many plants, especially tobacco and other members of the family Solanaceae.  The infection causes "mosaic"-like discolouration on the leaves. Although it was known from the late 19th century that an infectious disease was damaging tobacco crops, it was not until 1930 that the infectious agent was known to be a virus.

History
In 1886, Adolf Mayer first described the tobacco mosaic disease that could be transferred between plants, similar to bacterial infections.

In 1892, Dmitri Ivanovsky gave the first concrete evidence for the existence of a non-bacterial infectious agent. He claimed that infected sap remained infectious even after filtering through finest filters.

In 1898, Martinus Beijerinck independently replicated Ivanovsky's filtration experiments and then showed that the infectious agent was able to reproduce and multiply in the host cells of the tobacco plant. Beijerinck coined the term of "virus" to indicate that the causal agent of tobacco mosaic disease was of non-bacterial nature.

Tobacco mosaic virus was the first virus to be crystallized. It was achieved by Wendell Meredith Stanley in 1935 who also showed that TMV remains active even after crystallization. For his work, he was awarded 1/3 of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1946, The first electron microscopical images of TMV were made in 1939.

In 1955, Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat and Robley Williams showed that purified TMV RNA and its capsid (coat) protein assemble by themselves to functional viruses, indicating that this is the most stable structure (the one with the lowest free energy).
The crystallographer Rosalind Franklin worked for Stanley for about a month at Berkeley, and later designed and built a model of TMV for the 1958 World's Fair at Brussels. In 1958, she speculated that the virus was hollow, not solid, and hypothesized that the RNA of TMV is single-stranded.  This conjecture was proved correct after her death.

The investigations of tobacco mosaic disease and subsequent discovery of its viral nature were instrumental in the establishment of the general concepts of virology.

References

Viruses
Diseases and disorders of plants

Tobacco mosaic virus


Discovery Channel Finland is a television channel targeting Finland owned by Discovery Networks. It has programming similar to its U.S. counterpart, the Discovery Channel.

It was launched on September 1, 2007, replacing a former pan-Nordic version of the Discovery Channel. On the same day, the analogue terrestrial transmitters were shut down and a new digital network containing, among other, Discovery Channel Finland was launched. In the terrestrial network it is a part of both the Canal Digital and PlusTV packages.

The pan-Nordic version of the Discovery Channel had carried subtitles in Swedish, Finnish, Norwegian and Danish. The new channel only contains Finnish subtitles.

References

Discovery Channel
Television channels in Finland
Television channels and stations established in 2007
Warner Bros. Discovery EMEA

Discovery Channel Finland


A bicycle lock is a security device used to deter bicycle theft, either by simply locking one of the wheels or by fastening the bicycle to a fixed object, e.g., a bike rack.

Locking devices vary in size and security, the most secure tending to be the largest, heaviest and least portable. Thus, like other security equipment, bicycle locks must balance the competing interests of security, portability, and cost. Some are made of particularly expensive materials chosen for their acceptable strength and low density.

Types

U-locks and D-locks

A U-lock is a rigid metal ring in the shape of the letter U. The U part of the lock attaches to a crossbar section, and for this reason they are also called D-locks. To lock the bicycle, one locks it physically to some other object, such as a bike rack, parking meter or other pole installed securely in the solid ground. Merely locking the bike frame to the wheel is not recommended because, although it cannot be rolled away,  the entire bicycle can still be lifted and carried away.

U-locks are more secure than most other kinds of locking mechanism because they are more resistant to cutting with high-leverage hand tools such as bolt cutters. A common brute force method to break open U-locks is to use a long length (perhaps 2 metre) of pipe to twist the lock open (although this method is more commonly used to defeat chain and cable locks).

Chain
A chain lock is a chain with a lock. It often has a key or a combination lock attached to it. A long enough chain can pass through both wheels, the frame and attach the bicycle to an immovable object. Because of their inherent flexibility, chains are easier to secure around tricky-shaped objects than D-locks.

Chains vary widely in their security level. If the chain is bought from a hardware store, it is most likely made from basic iron or steel and can easily be cut with a relatively inexpensive pair of bolt cutters. Chains specifically designed for bike security are often case hardened and may feature Hexagonal or Trapezoidal link surfaces more impervious to hand tools.

A chain is only as strong as its weakest link, which may be the lock itself. Although a cheap keyed or combination lock may be an appropriate match for a hardware store chain, a case-hardened security chain necessitates a specialized lock such as a monobloc padlock or mini u-lock. Compared to other locks, chains tend to be the heaviest solution, especially in the case of long and/or tough chains.

Cable locks

Cable locks are in many ways similar to chain locks. Cable locks often come with the locking mechanism already permanently integrated. Otherwise, a length of cable with loops on both ends can also be used.

The main advantage of cable locks over chains is the ease of transporting them. Simple cable locks, however, are only sufficient for use in low-risk areas. Even the largest diameter unprotected cable can be quickly cut with bolt cutters. More robust cable locks have overlapping steel jackets threaded over the cable. This can make it more difficult to cut the central cable.

Many cyclists use a long cable to secure bicycle components (such as the wheels or seat) in conjunction with a U-lock or padlock to secure the frame.  Special strong cables are available which are made with a loop at each end continuous with the cable, which enable linking with a locking device.

A common design flaw among low-quality combination-lock cables allows thieves to peer into the grooves between the disks. This allows them to decipher the unlock combination while cycling through the individual numbers on each disk. Also, if the number of disks is low, the thief doesn't even need to peer into it and can simply use a brute-force attack (try every combination until it opens).

Wheel lock

Also called an O-lock, ring-lock or frame lock. This is a low security mechanism mounted on the frame that immobilizes the rear wheel by moving a steel bolt through the spokes to prevent motion.

An O-lock prevents riding the bicycle but does not, by itself, secure the bicycle to a stationary object. This type of lock is effective and convenient for securing a bicycle against opportunistic theft, when the bike is left unattended momentarily. It forces the thief to carry the bicycle. It is a common way to secure bicycles when someone is at home, if their company provides indoor bicycle parking, and at railway station parking in the Netherlands.

The O-lock also conveniently secures the rear wheel: only locking the frame is needed, to secure both the frame and the rear wheel. Used in addition to a U-lock it can be a convenient second lock. Some models have an optional cable or chain that plugs into the body of the lock to enable the bicycle to be secured as well.

Smart locks
Smart locks use Bluetooth technology to allow a lock to be unlocked with a smartphone, and can send a notification if they are breached. Several smart bicycle locks have been produced through crowdfunding and sold as consumer products. Some bicycle-sharing systems also use them. Smart locks introduce added security risks through the possibility of hacking.

Disc rotor locks
Disc brakes are a popular braking system for bicycles, most notable for mountain bikes but recently there has been an increase in their popularity for road bikes, especially after the UCI approved them for use in professional races in May 2018.

Disc rotor locks have been popular for motorcyclists for many years but with the proliferation of bicycles now using them smaller, more compact versions for bicycles have been created. They work by inserting a metal pin through the hole in the disc rotor between the seatstay and chainstay, preventing the wheel from rotating and virtually immobilising the rear wheel. The locks themselves are small, metal devices that sit around the edge of the disc rotor and are locked with a key insertion.

Standards and tests
Test standards that rate the effective security of bicycle locks are provided by various companies and organizations, depending on location.

In the U.K., a lock certified by Sold Secure or Thatcham is usually required in order to insure a bicycle or motorcycle against theft.

Tests carried out on behalf of Cycle magazine showed that all of the bicycle locks tested, which had a variety of certifications, could be broken in less than 42 seconds. Cables and chains were breached using either small cable cutters or 36″ bolt croppers, and D-locks were breached using a stubby bottle jack. Of the locks tested, five had a Sold Secure Gold rating, varying in price from £25 to £100. Two of these Gold rated locks withstood only 10 seconds of attack.

The Dutch consumer news show Kassa 3 published a four-minute show in which a former bicycle thief removed eight consumer-grade locks (cheaper than €30 / ≈$40) from a bike in times ranging from 10 to a maximum of 84 seconds. The locks included those from manufacturers ABUS, Hema and Halfords.

Effectiveness

Bicycle locks are only effective when they are used on secure objects. For example, a bicycle lock is useless when connected to a "sucker pole", which is a pole that gives the biker the appearance of security. A bicycle thief may target the bicycle because the pole can be quickly and easily dismantled, even in broad daylight.

See also

References

External links

 Locks tested by ART Foundation

Lock
Locks (security device)
Bicycle parking

Bicycle lock


The Fabens Port of Entry was a port of entry at the Mexico–United States border, in the town of Fabens, Texas.  It closed on November 17, 2014, and traffic was diverted to the nearby Tornillo Port of Entry.  This facility was located at the Fabens–Caseta International Bridge, after that two-lane bridge was built by the International Boundary and Water Commission in 1938.

The port of Fabens was established by Executive Order 4869 on May 1, 1928, ten years prior to the construction of the first bridge, so it is likely there was once a ferry operation at this location.  The original port facility, built in 1938, was used as recently as the mid-1990s, when U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) moved its operations to temporary buildings a short distance north of the bridge.

References

See also

 List of Mexico–United States border crossings
 List of Canada–United States border crossings

Mexico–United States border crossings
1938 establishments in Texas
2014 disestablishments in Texas

Fabens Port of Entry


Christianity is a minority religion in Jiangsu province of China. Elsewhere in China, Christians are found in significant numbers in Henan, in Anhui and in Shandong.

The number of Christians in Jiangsu has been estimated at 125,000 for 1985, at 250,000 for 1988, at 400,000 for 1989, at 640,000 for 1991 and at 900,000 for 1995 according to Religious Affairs Bureau of Jiangsu Province. These figures possibly are underestimates. The country has persecution of Christians.

Amity Foundation, its general secretary being Qiu Zhonghui, has its seat in Nanjing.

History
Presence of Christians in Jiangsu has been attested as early as the 14th century (see Katarina Vilioni), but when the Jesuit missionaries reached the province in  the late 16th century, they were not able to find any Christians there. Matteo Ricci himself was based in Nanjing for a while, and since then the province had a significant missionary presence, not always entirely welcome by the local population (see e.g. the Yangzhou riot of 1868).

During the Taiping Rebellion, Jiangsu was partly controlled by the rebels, who established their capital in Nanjing, and whose ideology was significantly influenced by Christianity.

Roman Catholic dioceses with seat in Jiangsu
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nanking
Roman Catholic Diocese of Haimen
Roman Catholic Diocese of Suzhou
Roman Catholic Diocese of Xuzhou

See also

Spirit Church
 Christianity in Jiangsu's neighbouring provinces
 Christianity in Anhui
 Christianity in Shandong
 Christianity in Shanghai
 Christianity in Zhejiang
:zh:Category:江苏基督教 (The corresponding Category in Chinese Wikipedia)

References

Religion in Jiangsu
Christianity in China by location

Christianity in Jiangsu


Sir Thomas Vyner, 1st Baronet (15 December 1588 – 11 May 1665) was an English merchant and politician who served as the Lord Mayor of London in 1653. Vyner supplied gold bullion to two English kings and to the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell. Born at North Cerney, Gloucestershire, on 15 December 1588, Vyner was the son of Thomas and Anne Vyner.  After his father's death in 1600, Vyner was sent to London to live with his sister and brother-in-law, Samuel Moore.

Samuel Moore introduced Vyner to the goldsmithing trade. Vyner soon became a member of the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths and later became its prime warden.  In 1622, Vyner purchased a mansion in what was then the village of Hackney near London.  On 8 July 1624, James I appointed Vyner to the office of comptroller of the mint.  Under the regime of Oliver Cromwell, Vyner supplied large quantities of gold bullion to and created coinage for both the English government and the East India Company. In 1656, he and a partner purchased a large quantity of Spanish bullion to be converted into coins.

As Vyner became more successful in business, he started venturing into politics.  In 1646, he was elected alderman of the Billingsgate ward of London, a post he would hold until 1651.  In 1648, he was elected sheriff.  In 1651, Vyner ran for election as alderman in the Langbourn ward.  In 1653, he became the Lord Mayor of London.  That same year, Vyner was knighted by Cromwell. In 1660, with the loss of his post as alderman, Vyner appears to have retired from public service.  On 18 June 1661 Charles II made Vyner a baronet. Vyner died in Hackney on 11 May 1665.  He was buried in St Mary Woolnoth church in Langbourn, although his monuunment was moved by his great nephew Robert Vyner to Gautby.

Vyner had three wives, four daughters, and two sons. He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his son George. George remained living in Hackney until his death in 1673. George's son and heir, Thomas, was baptised at St John's church, Hackney, in 1664.

Notes

References

Further reading

1588 births
1665 deaths
17th-century lord mayors of London
Baronets in the Baronetage of England

Sir Thomas Vyner, 1st Baronet


George Dashiell Bayard (December 18, 1835 – December 14, 1862) was a career soldier in the United States Army and a general in the Union Army in the American Civil War. He was wounded in the Battle of Fredericksburg and died the next day.

Early life
He was born in Seneca Falls, New York, on December 18, 1835, to Jane Ann Dashiell and Samuel John Bayard, the son of Samuel Bayard (1766–1840) and the grandson of John Bayard (1738–1807).

His family moved as homesteaders to the Iowa Territory. He attended the United States Military Academy at West Point, graduating in 1856 as a second lieutenant in the U.S. cavalry. He graduated 11th in a class of 49. Bayard fought in the Indian Wars in Kansas and Colorado from 1856 to 1861. Bayard was shot in the face with a Kiowa arrow on July 11, 1860,  and suffered considerable pain for months.

Civil War
On August 27, 1861, Bayard was promoted to colonel in the 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry, based in Tenallytown (now Tenleytown, Washington, D.C.). On November 26, 1861, he was and his cavalry rode into the crossroads hamlet of Dranesville in Fairfax County, Virginia, to investigate reports of Confederate activity.  Finding nothing but two enemy pickets, Bayard took the opportunity to arrest six local citizens whom Bayard in his official report described as "secessionists of the bitterest stamp."  Leaving Dranesville, Bayard's troopers and prisoners came under fire from the woods.  Two Union soldiers were wounded, Bayard's horse was killed, and Bayard himself was slightly wounded in the shoulder and thigh.

Bayard was subsequently commissioned Chief of Cavalry of the III Corps and brigadier general of U.S. Volunteers on April 28, 1862.

Bayard fought under John C. Frémont at the Battle of Cross Keys. In August 1862, at the Battle of Cedar Mountain, he led a Union Army advance. After the battle, Bayard and Confederate General J.E.B. Stuart met under a flag of truce to arrange the recovery of the dead from the battlefield. Bayard and Stuart were friends from the pre-war regular army. Stuart had been two years ahead of Bayard at West Point, and they served together in Company G, 1st U.S. Cavalry Regiment.

Bayard was eventually promoted to Chief of Cavalry of the Left Grand Division, Army of the Potomac. With his old wound still bothering him, Bayard took a leave of absence for 13 days in September and consequently missed the Battle of Antietam.

At the battle of Fredericksburg on December 13, 1862, Bayard was awaiting orders at the Bernard house, Union General William B. Franklin's headquarters. When a distant Confederate battery opened fire on the headquarters, Bayard declined to take shelter. An artillery round bounced through the front yard and struck Bayard in the upper leg, doing irreparable damage to the inguinal artery.  Bayard was taken inside the Bernard house, where he lingered until the next day.  He died the afternoon of December 14, just four days short of his 27th birthday. Engaged to be married to the daughter of the superintendent of the United States Military Academy, Bayard and his fiancee, Miss Mary Eleanor Bowman, had planned to be married on his birthday. He was buried in Princeton Cemetery in Princeton, New Jersey. On his gravestone is carved the Bayard family motto, Sans peur et sans reproche (Without fear or reproach).

Legacy
Fort Bayard in Washington D.C., was named in his honor. Bayard Street in Pacific Beach, San Diego, California, and in his hometown, Seneca Falls, New York, were named after him. Fort Bayard Park, which replaced the fort, is also named in his memory, as well as Bayard, New Mexico, Fort Bayard, New Mexico, and Fort Bayard National Cemetery. The latter is now part of the Fort Bayard Historic District, a commemoration of the Buffalo Soldiers.

See also

 List of American Civil War generals (Union)

References

1835 births
1862 deaths
George
Union Army generals
People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
People of New Jersey in the American Civil War
Union military personnel killed in the American Civil War
United States Military Academy alumni
People from Seneca Falls, New York
Burials at Princeton Cemetery
United States Army officers

George Dashiell Bayard


The flag of former Junagadh State is based on the Civil State Ensign of the Flag of Pakistan in the canton. According to traditional official description, The badge is a white disk with Green objects are described in the warrant as 'bezants' and 'mountains' in the centre of the disk, with the name of the state at the top, with the state badge located in the fly respectively.

History
Junagadh and Bantva-Manavadar was a Princely "Maritime State" which faced towards the Arabian Sea with Pakistan, in the Kathiawar Peninsula, the capital city was Junagarh. Ruled by Muslim rulers in British Raj till its illegal annexation into the Indian nation in 1948. It had an area of 8,904.6 Sq. Km² (3,438 Sq. Mi²) and was bigger than Puerto Rico but was smaller than the Cyprus.

Mohammad Sher khan Babi, who owed allegiance to the Mughal governor of Gujarat subah, founded the state of Junagadh and declaring independence in 1730 after Marathas Gaikwad invasion. Muhammad Sher khan Babi, was the founder of the "Babi Dynasty" of Junagadh State dynasty. His descendants, the Babi Nawabs of Junagadh, conquered large territories in southern Saurashtra and ruled over the state for the next two centuries, first as tributaries of Marathas, and later under the Suzerainty of the British Raj. The Junagadh family shares joint descent with the princely houses of Radhanpur and Balasinor, and the small states of Bantva, Manavadar and Sardargarh. Descendents of the Ghilzai Pathans from Afghanistan, they entered India under Usman Khan Babi, a follower of Emperor Humayun. His son, Sher Khan Babi, arrived in Gujarat in the train of Prince Murad Baksh, the Imperial Viceroy. For many years, the family remained the faithful, though powerful, local fief holders of and exceptional loyalty to the Mughal power. The impending collapse of the Islamic Indian empire during the early years of the eighteenth century, prompted the family household to carve out independent Kingdoms of their own to govern, from various landholdings and governorships they held sway. Sher Khan Babi, the Chief of the family, founded the state by expelling the then Mogul Governor in 1735. Originally a Rajput domain, it fell to the Muslims commanded by Mohammed Bagra of Ahmedabad in 1472.

Sher Khan's descendent held the posts and ruled over the state for the next two centuries, for a period as tributaries of Baroda, and later it came under the Suzerainty of the British Raj. In 1807 the Junagadh State became a British protectorate and The East India Company took control of the state by 1818 and the Saurashtra area with other Princely states of Kathiawar peninsula were separately administrated under Kathiawar Agency by British India.

In 1947 upon the Independence of Pakistan and the Indian Transfer of Power, the last Babi dynasty ruler of the state Mohammad Mahabat Khanji III merged it into newly formed Dominion of Pakistan. Although surrounded on three sides by the Dominion of India, and on the fourth by open Arabian Sea. On 15th August it acceded to Pakistan and Pakistan Government accepted on 13th September 1947, following the Independence of the new Dominions of the Republic of India and Pakistan, the Khan Sahib Ghulam Moinuddin Khanji acceded his state of Manavadar to Pakistan, even though, being a Vassal state of Junagadh State, the prince had every right to do so. This act was done at the same time as his master, the Nawab of Junagadh who himself had the right not to accede his state to modern India, this was fully in accordance with the agreed principles for accession of Princely states. The accession not agreeable to the Indians, they applied various methods of tactic intimidation. They induced two vassal rulers to accede to their country in return for recognition as independent rulers, but even this did not last very long. Simultaneously, 'People's Committees' and the Indian National Congress party agitators were most encouraged to ferment civil unrest and create disturbances, against the new Dominion of Pakistan aimed at reducing the administration to chaos. The Nawab and his remaining family had fled to the safety fearing for their lives on the 24th October in 1947, and chose to flee to their desired country, followed shortly afterwards by his Prime Minister they all eventually settled in the port city of Karachi (then as the capital of the nation).

In response to this Indian armed occupying forces acted very quickly and illegally entered the abandoned state by invading it inhabitants and assumed full control on the poor defenceless people, then arranged a Referendum by the GOI under their own organised auspices and even appointed its own administrator on the 9th November. The largely Hindu population were influenced and inevitably expressed an overwhelming wish to join the India. A mere 91 voters out of 201, 457 souls taking part wanted to remain and voted in favour of Pakistan. A surprising result, given that the state had a 40% Muslim population, which was considered a Dependency to the allied country by safeguarding their rights as a minority now as the claimed Disputed territory of Pakistan. Nawab Mahabat Khan III is much maligned by modern Indian "historians" and popular writers, largely because of his concern for wildlife and domesticated animals, their welfare and conservation. Much is written about a marriage party that he arranged for a favourite pet dog, but the fact of matter is that Saurashtra was blessed with its only tracts of forests land because of him, was never mentioned. He took major steps and dedication to protect the dwindling Gir forests, final abode of the remaining population of the Asiatic Lions. His interests in animal husbandry improved the breeding stock of Kathiwadi horses and Gir cattle, greatly improving the milk yields of the latter. His reign saw the opening of the massive Willingdon Dam, built the Bahadur Khanji Library and opened the Mahabat Khan free college. Upon his death in 1959 the Government of Pakistan installed and recognised the Junagadh House in Karachi, 9th October 1991. The Nawab of Junagadh Foundation Trust is also located there.

Colonial Junagadh flag

Related pages
 Flag of Pakistan (Federal)
 Coat of arms of Junagadh

References

Junagadh

Junagadh

Flag of Junagadh State


The Victoria Police Pipe Band is a former Grade One World Pipe Band Championship-winning pipe band based in Melbourne, Australia. The band still operates today, though with reduced numbers and not competitively, after a controversial decision in 2000 to reshape it.

As of today, the Victoria Police Pipe Band is the only Australian band in history to have attained the title of Grade One World Pipe Band Champion. It is Australia's most successful pipe band, having obtained three third-place results at the Worlds in years directly prior to its win in 1998. The band has also released a number of recordings, which are internationally popular.

History
The band was started in 1936, with generous funding from Mr W.E. McPherson (hence the McPherson tartan), by a small group of full-time police officers. For some fifty years following this, there is little noted in the history of the band and it is assumed that it continued on much in the way it had, filling its ranks with police who performed part-time.

However, in 1987, the band formally began its pursuit of the Worlds title.  It recruited Pipe Major Nat Russell from the Royal Ulster Constabulary of Northern Ireland and received funding from the state government, with which it competed in Grade Two Australian competitions. One year later, the band attained the title of Australian Grade Two Champions and achieved third place in the August World Pipe Band Championships for the same grade. This earned the band's regrading to Grade One.

Buoyed by its success, Victoria Police Pipe Band spent the next decade dominating Australian competition, claiming six consecutive grade one titles locally whilst continuing to compete internationally. In 1992, 1994 and 1997 the band claimed third places at the Worlds, this time in Grade One.

After some minor adjustments by then Drum Sergeant Harold Gillespie and Pipe Major Nat Russell, the Victoria Police Pipe Band was crowned World Champions at Glasgow in 1998.

In October 2000, the band's competing days were over as it reformed. It now mostly performs at official functions, as well as for charities and schools.

Recordings
During the course of their years as a competition pipe band, the band released a number of recordings which included:
 Uphold the Right (1991)
 Live in Concert in Ireland (1993)
 Live in the Rockies (1996)
 Master Blasters (1998)
 The MasterBlasters Concert, Live in Motherwell
 World Pipe Band Championships (1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998)

The band has also been featured on the following recordings:
 A Celebration in Music and Song (2003)
 Decade of World Champions 1990-1999 (2000)
 Great Highland Bagpipe Collection - March, Strathspey, Reel (1999)
 Pipes 'N Things (2003)
 Piping Up (2000)
 Scottish Gold - In the Piping Tradition (1995)
 Scottish Collection - The Pipes and Drums (1999)

External links

Marching off Glasgow Green after winning the World Championships

Musical groups established in 1936
Grade 1 pipe bands
World Pipe Band Championships winners
Australian police bands
Victoria Police units
Music in Victoria (state)

Victoria Police Pipe Band


The 1966 Canadian Grand Prix was a motor race held at Mosport Park on September 24, 1966, held for sports cars eligible to Can-Am Series regulations and had 30 starters. It was the sixth Canadian Grand Prix and like all previous races was a sports car race. The race doubled as round three of the 1966 Can-Am Series. The race was won by Penske driver Mark Donohue by two laps over Chaparral driver Phil Hill.

Classification
Results as follows:

References

Grand Prix
Canadian Grand Prix
Canadian Grand Prix, 1966

1966 Canadian Grand Prix


Action may refer to:
 Action (narrative), a literary mode
 Action fiction, a type of genre fiction
 Action game, a genre of video game

Film
 Action film, a genre of film
 Action (1921 film), a film by John Ford
 Action (1980 film), a film by Tinto Brass
 Action 3D, a 2013 Telugu language film
 Action (2019 film), a Kollywood film.

Music
 Action (music), a characteristic of a stringed instrument
 Action (piano), the mechanism which drops the hammer on the string when a key is pressed
 The Action, a 1960s band

Albums
 Action (B'z album) (2007)
 Action! (Desmond Dekker album) (1968)
 Action Action Action or Action, a 1965 album by Jackie McLean
 Action! (Oh My God album) (2002)
 Action (Oscar Peterson album) (1968)
 Action (Punchline album) (2004)
 Action (Question Mark & the Mysterians album) (1967)
 Action (Uppermost album) (2011)
 Action (EP), a 2012 EP by NU'EST
 Action, a 1984 album by Kiddo

Songs
 "Action" (Freddy Cannon song) (1965), the theme song to the TV series Where the Action Is
 "Action" (Sweet song) (1975), covered by various artists
 "Action", a version of "Feeling This" by Blink-182
 "Action", a 1994 song by Terror Fabulous featuring Nadine Sutherland
 "Action", a 1984 song by The Fits
 "Action", a 1960 song by Lance Fortune
 "Action", a 1988 song by Pearly Gates
 "Action", a 1988 song by Girlschool from Take a Bite
 "Action", a 1989 song by Gorky Park from Gorky Park (album)
 "Action", a 2003 song by Powerman 5000 from Transform
 "Action", a 1972 song by Scorpions from Lonesome Crow
 "Actions", a 1980 song by The Stingrays
 "Action Action Action Action Action", a 2008 song by We Are the Physics from We Are the Physics Are OK at Music

Literature
 Action (comics), a British comic book published in 1976–1977
 Action Comics, a DC Comics comic book series
Action: A Book about Sex, a 2016 book by Amy Rose Spiegel
 Action (newspaper), a newspaper of Oswald Mosley's British Union of Fascists

People
 Action Bronson (born 1983), American rapper, reality television star, author, and talk show host

Television and radio
 Action (Canadian TV channel)
 Action (French TV channel)
 The Action Channel (US TV channel), a subsidiary of Luken Communications
 Action (radio), a 1945 radio program
 Action (TV series), a comedy series on Fox in 1999–2000
 CBS Action (2009–2018), now known as CBS Justice
 Sky Sports Action, a TV channel

Theatre
 Action (theatre), a principle in Western theatre practice
 Action (play), a 1975 play by Sam Shepard

Organizations

Businesses
 Action (store), a Dutch discount store chain with branches in many European countries
 Action (supermarkets), an Australian supermarket chain
 Actions Semiconductor, a Chinese semiconductor company
 ACTION, an Australian public transport company
 The Action Network (branded as Action), an American sports betting analytics company

Political parties
 Action (Cypriot political party), a Cypriot political alliance
 Action (Greek political party), a Greek political party
 Action (Italian political party), an Italian political party

Other organizations
 ACTION (U.S. government agency), a former US government federal domestic volunteer agency

Science, technology, and mathematics
 Action (physics), an attribute of the dynamics of a physical system
 Action at a distance, nonlocal interaction in physics
 Group action (mathematics)
 Continuous group action
 Semigroup action
  Ring Action (mathematics)
 Action (firearms), the mechanism that manipulates cartridges and/or seals the breech
 Action! (programming language), for the Atari 8-bit family of microcomputers
 Action (UML), in the Unified Modeling Language
 Dudek Action, a Polish paraglider design
 Diia, a brand of e-governance in Ukraine

Other uses
 Action (philosophy), something which is done by a person
 Lawsuit or action

See also

 Action Force (disambiguation)
 Action Jackson (disambiguation)
 Action Man (disambiguation)
 Action theory (disambiguation)
 Acteon (disambiguation)
 Actaeon (disambiguation)
 Acción (disambiguation)
 Structural load, forces, deformations, or accelerations applied to a structure or its components

Action


Oakley is a locality in the Peel Region of Western Australia. Its local government area is the Shire of Murray.

Oakley is located at the foot of the Darling Scarp and is very lowly populated, it is one of the locations of Alcoa's three alumina refineries, which is named after the nearest large town in the region, Pinjarra.

References

Towns in Western Australia
Shire of Murray

Oakley, Western Australia


The Cherokee Strip Regional Heritage Center (CSRHC) is a museum in Enid, Oklahoma, that focuses on the history of the Cherokee Outlet and the Land Run of September 16, 1893. Previously named the Museum of the Cherokee Strip, the museum has undergone renovations expanding the museum space to 24,000 square feet. The Cherokee Strip Regional Heritage Center is home to permanent and temporary exhibit galleries, a research center, and the Humphrey Heritage Village.

History
The Museum of the Cherokee Strip was officially opened on September 13, 1975. The Garfield County Historical Society, Sons and Daughters of the Cherokee Strip Pioneers, and Cherokee Strip Historical Society preserved and collected historical artifacts from Cherokee Outlet which are displayed at the museum.

In 2005, through a partnership between the Oklahoma Historical Society, the Sons and Daughters of the Cherokee Strip, and the Phillips Legacy Foundation, the Cherokee Strip Regional Heritage Center, Inc. was formed to build a new facility. The Cherokee Strip Regional Heritage was opened to the public on April 1, 2011.

The Heritage Center is operated by the Oklahoma Historical Society.

Galleries and Exhibits

Permanent exhibits tell the story of early settlement of the region after the Land Run of 1893, the development of agriculture, the discovery of oil, and the early rail industry in the region. Additional exhibits focus on Phillips University and Enid, Oklahoma history.

The Heritage Center has a temporary exhibit gallery that houses traveling exhibitions. At a gala on September 16, 2010, the museums featuring David Fitzgerald's "Cherokee Nation: Portrait of a People" photography exhibit. It was the museum's first exhibit in its temporary exhibit hall, which predated the opening of the rest of the permanent exhibits.

Research Center
The Heritage Center houses a research center with an archival collection that includes photographs, oral histories, newspapers, genealogical information, and a reference library. A full-time archivist is on staff to help visitors with research requests.

Humphrey Heritage Village
The Humphrey Heritage Village is a living history village on the grounds of the Cherokee Strip Regional Heritage Center. The village includes historic buildings from northwestern Oklahoma, such as Enid's U.S. Land Office from the Land Run of 1893. Other buildings include the Glidewell house, Enid's first Episcopal church, and the Turkey Creek School House.

See also
Regional heritage
Oklahoma Historical Society
Cherokee Outlet

References

External links
 Cherokee Strip Regional Heritage Center - Official website
Cherokee Strip Regional Heritage Center - Oklahoma Historical Society, Museums and Historic Sites website

Buildings and structures in Enid, Oklahoma
Museums in Garfield County, Oklahoma
History museums in Oklahoma
Oklahoma Historical Society
Tourist attractions in Enid, Oklahoma
Museums established in 1975
1975 establishments in Oklahoma

Cherokee Strip Regional Heritage Center


In 3 Enoch, the Song-Uttering Choirs are a collective class of angels who frequently sing the Trisagion and reside in Makon, the 5th Heaven, alongside the Ishim. If any of these angels fail to perform the Trisagion at the right time, they are consumed by fire. They are all under the direction of Tagas (תגעץ), the angel of music.

The twelve orders of angels, which are said to belong to this class, are listed as follows:
The Shalishim (שָֽׁלִישִׁים) - the "Captains", the "Adjutants".
The Parashim (פָּרָשִׁים) - the "Horsemen".
The Gibborim (גִּבּוֺרִים) - the "Mighty Ones", the "Champions", the "Warriors".
The Tseba'im (Tzeva'im, צְבָאִים) or Tseba'oth (Tzeva'ot, צְבָאוֺת) - the "Hosts", the "Multitudes".
The Gedudim (גְּדוּדִים) - the "Troops", the "Raiders".
The Memunim (מְמֻנִּים) - the "Appointed Ones", the "Deputies".
The Sarim (שָׂרִים) - the "Princes", the "Commanders", the "Chieftains".
The Chayalim (חֲיָלִים) - the "Armies", the "Soldiers".
The Mesharethim (Mesharetim, מְשָׁרְתִים) - the "Servants", the "Ministers".
The Malakhim (מַלְאָכִים) - the "Messengers", the "Kings".
The Degalim (דְגָלִים) - the "Divisions", the "Battalions", the "Standards".
The Sabalim (Sabbalim, סַבָּלִים) - the "Transporters", the "Bearers of Burdens".

See also
 List of angels in theology

References

Sources
Davidson, Gustav. A Dictionary of Angels: Including the Fallen Angels. Free Press. 1971.
Odeberg, Hugo. 3 Enoch, or The Hebrew Book of Enoch. Cambridge University Press. 1928.

Classes of angels
Book of Enoch

Song-Uttering Choirs


Oflag IX-A was a World War II German prisoner-of-war camp located in Spangenberg Castle in the small town of Spangenberg in northeastern Hesse, Germany.

Camp history
The camp was opened in October 1939 as Oflag IX-A to house POWs from the British Royal Air Force and the French Armée de l'Air. The camp was renamed Oflag IX-A/H (Hauptlager, "Main camp") in June 1940, after Oflag IX-C at Rotenburg an der Fulda became a sub-camp (Zweiglager) designated Oflag IX-A/Z.

The first person to escape from the camp was Flight Lieutenant Howard Wardle in August 1940, but he was recaptured and sent to Oflag IV-C at Colditz Castle.

On the 21 October 1940 the POW Eric Foster was one of twenty-six selected to move to Spangenberg from Dulag Luft. In his autobiography Foster stated "Dulag Luft had been described as the best camp in Germany... Spangenberg was described as the end of hope." Foster explained though the Schloss, upon arrival, looked like a fairy castle from a Hans Christian Andersen story, he would soon learn to hate the castle as a POW camp. He noted the castle had foul smelling hogs in the moat. The manner of the guards upon arrival was rough and very unpleasant when compared to other camps and the discipline was unusual and severe. Foster described the sleeping quarters as a former Banqueting Hall used as a dormitory. This dormitory was at the top of a spiral staircase and this room had very bad lighting. The lighting in the room came from four fifteen watt bulbs. The room consisted of many double bunk beds. The camp was closed in February 1941 but reopened in July when it was used for housing RAF and British Army officers. Many of the prisoners were temporarily transported to Torun, Poland in this time frame.

On 3 September 1941 three RAF officers, Dominic Bruce, Peter Tunstall and Eustace Newborn, escaped disguised as members of a civilian Swiss Red Cross Commission. They passed through the gate and then, wearing faked Luftwaffe uniforms, headed to an airfield near Kassel intending to steal a Ju 52, which Newborn had flown before the war, and fly home. Unfortunately, they were detected before they could start the plane, so they decided to find another less well guarded aerodrome. After ten days, they were challenged by a former Spangenberg guard and arrested.

The Germans marched the prisoners east on March 29, 1945, and some 25 escaped as they left the castle (see Eric Foster's autobiography). The Americans liberated the camp's inmates at Lengefeld unterm Stein on 4 April. Spangenberg Castle was destroyed by American bombs after Oflag IX A/H had left.

Notable prisoners
The following prisoners are known to have been held at the camp:;

 Pilot Officer Anthony Barber, No. 1 Photographic Reconnaissance Unit, RAF. Future Chancellor of the Exchequer.
 Flight Lieutenant Dominic Bruce, No. 9 Squadron, RAF. Colditz escaper.
 Flight Lieutenant Aidan Crawley, RAF. Future author, journalist and MP.
 Wing Commander Harry Day, No. 57 Squadron, RAF. Great Escape survivor.
 Major General  Victor Fortune G.O.C 51st (Highland) Division. Captured at St Valery in June 1940. Senior British officer P.O.W in Germany. Despite declining health, refused to be repatriated. Knighted after his release for his work to promote welfare of British P.O.Ws. Building of cricket pitch at Spangenberg, organised under his direction.
 Lieutenant Colonel John Frost, 2nd Battalion, Parachute Regiment. Captured in the Battle of Arnhem.
 Captain Guy Griffiths, 803 Naval Air Squadron. Stalag Luft III forger.
 Wing Commander Joseph Kayll, No. 607 Squadron, RAF. Battle of Britain ace.
 Lieutenant George Lane, X Troop, No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando. Captured during Operation Tarbrush.
 Lieutenant Airey Neave, Royal Artillery. Colditz, escaper and MP.
 Pilot officer Eustace Charles Newborn. Captured Gazala, escapee and future medical obstetrician.
 Squadron Leader Brian Paddon, No. 40 Squadron, RAF. Colditz escaper.
 Flying Officer Oliver Philpot, No. 42 Squadron RAF. "Wooden Horse" escaper.
 Major Bruce Shand, 7th Armoured Division. Captured in the Western Desert Campaign. Father of Queen Camilla, second wife of King Charles III.
 Lieutenant Colonel Brian Duncan Shaw. Veteran of both world wars and chemistry lecturer at the University of Nottingham.
 Major Dickie Stewart, Border Regiment, 1st Airlanding Brigade. Captured in the Battle of Arnhem.
 William Francis Kynaston Thompson OBE, captured on 20 September 1944 during Market Garden
 Wing Commander Robert Stanford Tuck, No. 257 Squadron, RAF. Battle of Britain ace.
 Squadron Leader Pete Tunstall, No. 61 Squadron, RAF. Serial escaper and Colditz POW.
 Pilot Officer Howard Wardle, No. 218 Squadron RAF. Colditz escaper.
 Bill "Tiger" Watson, 2 Commando. Participant in Operation Chariot, the raid on the Saint-Nazaire drydock.
 Lt/Col AC Newman VC, Commanding Officer of No2 Commando.  Was in command of the Commandos who took part in the St Nazaire Raid
 Major WO Copland DSO 2/ic of No2 Commando. He commanded the troops on board HMS Campbelltown at St Nazaire.
 Capt RK Montgomery RE MC Was in control of the demolitions in the dock area at St Nazaire.
 Lt Corran Purdon MC. His party blew up the Northern Winding House at St Nazaire.  He escaped from Spangenberg and ended up in Colditz.
 Micky Burn, 2 Commando. Participant in Operation Chariot, for which he was awarded the Military Cross. Later transferred to Colditz.
 Donald "The Laird" Roy, 2 Commando. Participant in Operation Chariot, for which he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO). Escaped but captured and returned after 10 days.

See also
 List of prisoner-of-war camps in Germany

References
Notes

Bibliography

 Mansel, John. "The Mansel Diaries" (1977). Privately printed.

Oflags

Oflag IX-A/H


West Stow is a small village and civil parish in West Suffolk, England. The village lies north of Bury St. Edmunds, south of Mildenhall and Thetford and west of the villages of Culford and Ingham in the area known as the Breckland. This area is located near the Lark River Valley and was settled from around AD 420–650. West Stow Hall is to the north of the village.

Its name may come from Anglo-Saxon wēste stōw = "deserted place", rather than "western place".

West Stow is home to the West Stow Anglo-Saxon village where visitors may see reconstructed Anglo-Saxon houses, and often living history re-enactments of early medieval life.

Fullers Mill Garden run by Perennial (Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Society) is open to the public.

Archaeology
A major archaeological dig from 1965–1972 headed by Dr. Stanley West of West Suffolk Archaeology Unit revealed a well preserved Anglo-Saxon site beneath the sands of the Breckland. Dr. West's findings contributed to much of what is now known about this area. The site's layout tells us much about the way of life in this period. This area is set up with a large hall in the middle of the village surrounded by other houses and structures. This suggests a tight-knit community, with the inhabitants using the large hall for events such as feasts and story-telling. During the excavation 69 houses, 7 halls and 7 other structures were found. The community lived with their extended families in their houses, with each house containing around 10 family members. The people of this area still traded with their homeland, as is evidenced by the glass in the necklaces and other metals that were found at the site, but not produced locally.
The Anglo-Saxon community that was found here was not the first to settle in the area. The remains of circular huts with ditched enclosures suggest occupation by Iron Age farmers. There were also tools found that suggest that Mesolithic warriors had hunted in this area, and burial grounds and cultivation which suggest settlement of a Neolithic group.
A pagan Anglo-Saxon burial ground was also excavated.  The archaeologists revealed that the village moved the mile or so east to its current location following Christianisation.

On exhibit at West Stow Anglo-Saxon Village
Alongside the recreated village are the archaeological collections formerly housed at Moyse's Hall Museum Bury St Edmunds.  These are collections  of archaeological findings that were made in the region between Devil's Dyke and the line between Littleport and Shippea Hill (i.e. along the borderline of East Cambridgeshire and Suffolk) from the Stone Age, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age. Findings include the Isleham Hoard of more than 6500 pieces of bronze, in particular swords, spear-heads, arrows, axes, knives, daggers, armour, decorative equipment (in particular for horses) and many fragments of sheet bronze, all dating from the late Bronze Age. The swords show holes where rivets or studs held the wooden hilt in place (studs were usually made of bronze except for commanders who had silver-studded swords or for a commander-in-chief who had a gold-studded sword).

Farming techniques
Among the more interesting findings of the excavations pertain to the farming aspect of this culture. This village, and others like it, replaced Roman farms after the imperial administration left Britain. The Anglo-Saxons settled in small villages that were generally self-sustaining. Within these self-sufficient communities there is evidence that these peoples were more likely to provide for themselves through a farming lifestyle than a foraging one.  Within the archaeological remains there were more domesticated animal species found than wild animal species, indicating less dependence on hunting as a means of survival, and supports the idea that they were farmers.
The settlers in this area were thought to be from a different area, with German descent being the most likely area, and as such it is interesting to see what farming techniques may be employed by this group. Since the landscapes are quite different, it would be interesting to see if the newly settled group would use a German style of farming in this new terrain. This area helps to provide some insight into these farming adaptations. Within animal husbandry, however, this group was more likely to use elements found within the native system of the country.

Notable residents
Edward Proger (1618/21-1713), Member of Parliament for Breconshire, Page of Honour to King Charles I, Groom of the Bedchamber for King Charles II and Lord of the Manor of West Stow Hall.

Notes

References
Crabtree, Pam J. "Sheep, Horses, Swine and Kine: A Zooarchaeological Perspective on the Anglo-Saxon Settlement of England", Journal of Field Archaeology; Vol. 16, No. 2 (summer 1989). 205–213
Hodges, Richard. The Anglo-Saxon Achievement: archaeology & the beginnings of English Society. Cornell University Press. Ithaca, New York. 1989
Kelsey, Jim. "Stowical Saxons reveal their secrets." History Today, Vol. 49, Issue 10 (1999): 5
"West Stow Village". British Heritage; Vol. 19 Issue 3 (March 1998): 10–12

External links
St Edmundsbury Borough Council West Stow Anglo – Saxon Village Retrieved January 2012
Friends of West Stow Anglo-Saxon Village Retrieved January 2012
West Stow Anglo-Saxon Village Official Site Retrieved January 2012
Parish Registers 1558-1850 including information on the village and the main families Retrieved June 2019

Villages in Suffolk
Borough of St Edmundsbury
Civil parishes in Suffolk

West Stow