Sissy Boy Slap Party is a Canadian experimental short film directed by Guy Maddin. Set on an island paradise, the film depicts a group of men who become caught up in a homoerotic apparent orgy of slapping after an older man (Louis Negin) warns them not to slap each other while he is away on an errand to buy condoms.

The film's cast includes Noam Gonick, Caelum Vatnsdal, Simon Hughes, Michael Powell, John K. Samson, Leith Clark, David Lewis, Don Hewak and Kenny Omega.

The film was first created in 1994, but the original print was lost. Maddin then recreated a new version in 2004, when he was commissioned to create several short films for Bravo as an advance promotional tie-in to his forthcoming feature film The Saddest Music in the World. The film was named for a game Vatnsdal frequently played with his friends, whose rules required them to attempt to slap each other while keeping their elbows locked to their sides to limit their range of motion.

The film was included on the DVD release of The Saddest Music in the World, and was selected by John Waters for television broadcast on his film anthology series John Waters Presents Movies That Will Corrupt You in 2006. It was later added to the Vimeo platform.

References

External links

2004 films
Canadian LGBT-related short films
Films directed by Guy Maddin
2004 short films
2004 LGBT-related films
Canadian avant-garde and experimental short films
2000s Canadian films

Sissy Boy Slap Party


Charles Frederick Henningsen (1815 – 14 June 1877) was a Belgian-American writer, mercenary, filibuster, and munitions expert. He participated in revolutions and civil wars in Spain, Circassia, Hungary, Nicaragua, and the United States.

Early life
Henningsen was born in Brussels. His father was John Henningsen (1775–1859), a native of Copenhagen, Denmark, and his mother was Louisa Burke (1789–1842), an Irish heiress. However, being adventurous in his youth, he revered Lord Byron in both literature and adventure, and so idealized British nobility in his actions.  The family lived in Brussels from at least the time of his birth until the onset of the Belgian Revolution, fleeing due to their pro-Dutch sympathies.  The family fled first to Paris, then to London.  One of his sisters was Josephine Amelie de Henningsen (1822–1904), a member of the Missionary Sisters of the Assumption, who established the order in South Africa in 1849.

Spain
He fought in the First Carlist War, after entering as a volunteer in the service of Don Carlos in 1834. Henningsen rose to be captain of bodyguard to the Carlist general Tomás de Zumalacárregui. After the signing of the Lord Eliot Convention in April 1835, at which he was present, Henningsen returned to England.

However, Henningsen soon returned to Spain with the rank of lieutenant-colonel and joined the Carlist expedition that threatened Madrid from Aragon.

He fought at the Battle of Villar de los Navarros (24 August 1837), a Carlist victory, earning the rank of colonel. He headed the Carlist lancers and was attacked outside of Madrid by Liberal (Isabeline) forces. He led a column against these forces, capturing the outer fortifications of Madrid. He held them for several hours, until notified that Don Carlos could send him no reinforcements.

However, he was subsequently taken prisoner, and released on parole. He did not serve again in this war. He later recorded his experiences in Spain in the book The Most Striking Events of a Twelvemonth's Campaign with Zumalacarregui, which he dedicated to Lord Eliot. The work created controversy in Britain because it glorified Zumalacárregui and supported the Carlist position.

Russia and Hungary
Henningsen subsequently fought against the Russian army in Circassia during the Russian-Circassian War, and wrote up a military report on Russia, also later writing the book Revelations of Russia. This was translated into French by Cyprien Robert and published in Paris (3 vols. 1845).

He then became involved in the revolution in Hungary led by Lajos Kossuth, and was also involved in the planning of the military campaign against enemy Austrian forces.

He proposed a military plan of campaign that was well received by Richard Debaufre Guyon and other leaders; as a result, Henningsen was to be appointed military and civil commander of the fortress of Komárom (Komorn). However, the Hungarian Revolution was suppressed, and Henningsen later visited Kossuth at Kütahya in 1850, where the Hungarian leader had been detained.

He then traveled from Constantinople to Albania, and then crossed the Adriatic Sea to Italy.

Nicaragua
In 1851, Henningsen traveled to the United States shortly after Kossuth arrived in that country. He remained in the United States as a representative of Hungarian interests. He served under William Walker in Nicaragua from October 1856, and was appointed major-general, commanding Walker's artillery.

He directed the defense of Rivas on 23 March 1856 and during the Second Battle of Rivas (11 April 1856).

He was second in command at the Battle of the Transit (11 November 1856) and at the Battle of Masaya.

He commanded the Battle of Obraje and was second in command at the 3rd and 4th battles of San Jorge.

He was responsible for burning Granada, at that time the capital of Nicaragua, during the early hours of November 23, 1856. During this incident, he was in Granada with 419 men under orders from Walker to set the city on fire. The next day he was surrounded by some 2,800 Central American troops, fighting his way to Lake Nicaragua for twenty two days with a loss of 272 killed, wounded, deserters, and captured. Nothing of the city was left but a smoking ruin; when He withdrew, he left an inscription on a lance reading, in Spanish, Aquí fue Granada ("Here was Granada").

At the lake, he was joined by a reinforcement of 170 men, and escaped by breaking the siege of the allied Central American forces.

On 1 May 1857 Henningsen, along with Walker, surrendered to Commander Charles Henry Davis of the United States Navy and was repatriated.

United States
He became a citizen of the United States and was married to a niece of John M. Berrien, U.S. Senator from Georgia. Henningsen continued to pursue filibuster schemes and fought in the American Civil War for the Confederacy for a year, being made colonel (while still addressed as "General"), and frequently had command of the defenses of Richmond. He was involved in the Battle of Elizabeth City. However, disputes with the Confederate War Department and criticisms of President Davis effectively ended his military contributions.  His wife, Wilhelmina "Willy" Henningsen (1820-1880) opened and operated a hospital (the Henningsen Hospital) in Richmond until 1863, when its operations were consolidated with the Louisiana Hospital.  She was noted for the kindness and tenderness to the wounded and afflicted soldiers. After the war he took up his residence in Washington, D.C., and was involved in the movement to liberate Cuba from Spanish rule. During his declining years, he lived in straitened circumstances, but was supported by friends such as Colonel Albert Pike.

Death
His 1877 obituary in The Evening Star described him as a "man of striking appearance, being tall, erect, and soldier-like in his bearing. He was gentleman of scholarly attainments, and spoke the French, Spanish, Russian, German, and Italian languages with the fluency of a native." Another source states that "he died in 1877 without ever winning any of the causes for which he fought."

He is mentioned in Ernesto Cardenal's poem Con Walker en Nicaragua ("With Walker in Nicaragua"):

And then came that Englishman, C. F. Henningsen,
who'd fought against the Czar and in Spain and for the independence of Hungary.

Writings and munitions expertise
Henningsen's specialty was artillery, but he also wrote about the improvement of small arms, and superintended the development of the first Minié rifles in the United States.

His works include:

The Last of the Sophias: A Poem (London, 1831)
Scenes from the Belgian Revolution (London, 1832)
The Siege of Missalonghi (London, 1832)
The Most Striking Events of a Twelvemonth's Campaign with Zumalacarregui in Navarre and the Basque Provinces, 2 vols. (London: John Murray, 1836) – translated into Spanish, German, and French
"St. Petersburg and Its Inhabitants", The New Monthly Magazine and Humorist, vol. 69 (October 1843): 241-59
"The Emperor Nicholas, His Nobles, Serfs, and Servants", The New Monthly Magazine, vol. 70 (April 1844): 477-93
"The Emperor Nicholas, His Nobles, Serfs, and Servants" (concluded), The New Monthly Magazine, vol. 71 (June 1844): 216-31
Revelations of Russia: or the Emperor Nicholas and His Empire in 1844. By one who has seen and describes., 2 vols. (London: Henry Colburn, 1844) – translated into French and German
The White Slave; or, The Russian Peasant Girl. By the author of "Revelations of Russia." 3 Vols. (Henry Colburn, 1845)
Revelations of Russia in 1846. By an English resident. Third edition, 2 vols. (Henry Colburn, 1846) – translated into German
Eastern Europe and The Emperor Nicholas. By the author of "Revelations of Russia;" "The White Slave." 3 Vols. (London: T.C. Newby, 1846) – also translated into German
Sixty Years Hence: A Novel. By the author of "The White Slave," etc., 3 vols. (T.C. Newby, 1847)
Analogies and Contrasts; or, Comparative Sketches of France and England. By the author of "Revelations of Russia." (London, 1848)
The National Defenses. By the author of "The Revelations of Russia," etc. (T.C. Newby, 1848)
Kossuth and "The Times". By the author of "The Revelations of Russia" (London, 1851)
The Past and Future of Hungary, by C.F. Henningsen, Secretary to Governor Louis Kossuth, author of "Twelve Months' Campaign with Zumalacarregui," "Revelations of Russia," "Eastern Europe," etc. (Cincinnati: E. Morgan, 1852)

References

External links

 Henningsen at The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (3rd ed., online)

1815 births
1877 deaths
Foreign Confederate military personnel
Carlism
American mercenaries
Belgian mercenaries
Military personnel of the First Carlist War
People of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848
Confederate States Army officers
History of Nicaragua
English biographers
English emigrants to the United States
English people of Danish descent
English mercenaries
English people of Swedish descent

Charles Frederick Henningsen


Alfredo Vicente Chiaradía (born February 15, 1945) is an Argentine academic and policy maker. He served as his country's Ambassador to the United States in 2010 and 2011.

Life and times
Alfredo Chiaradía was born in Bahía Blanca in 1945. He enrolled at the University of Buenos Aires, earning a Master's degree in Political Economy in 1968, received training at the Argentine Foreign Service Institute, and taught Economic theory at the Argentine Business University from 1970 to 1973.

Chiaradía served in numerous posts in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in subsequent years, as well as in Argentine Embassies in Canada, Germany, and the United States. He returned to Buenos Aires in 1987 to accept an appointment as Chief of Cabinet to the Secretary of International Economic Relations, Carlos Bruno, and from 1988, served in the same capacity for the Foreign Minister, Dante Caputo.

He was named Deputy Permanent Representative to the United Nations a year later by President Raúl Alfonsín's successor, Carlos Menem. Chiaradía was transferred to the Argentine Consulate in Frankfurt in 1993, and as Consul, directed the Center for Argentine Promotion. He was named Undersecretary for International Economic Negotiations, a key post in foreign debt negotiations, in 1994, and from 1996 to 1999, served as Undersecretary for Latin American Affairs for Foreign Minister Guido di Tella. A career diplomat, Chiaradía served in a number of related posts for each of Argentina's short-lived governments in office over the next four years. He was the Ambassador to Japan until 2001, and Argentina's chief Trade Representative until August 2002, when he was named his nation's Representative to the World Trade Organization. President Néstor Kirchner appointed Chiaradía Secretary of Trade and International Economic Relations, succeeding Martín Redrado upon the latter's appointment to the Central Bank.

Chiaradía received numerous national honors during his tenure in the foreign service, including orders of national merit from Chile, France, and Italy, as well as the Order of Rio Branco (Brazil), the Order of the Rising Sun, the Order of the Aztec Eagle, and the Order of Francisco de Miranda, among others.

He was instrumental in controversial trade negotiations with China and Venezuela, and helped deflect accusations of patronage related to export licences granted by his bureau for trade with the latter country. The acrimonious, June 2010 departure of Foreign Secretary Jorge Taiana prompted Chiaradía to resign, though he was reportedly persuaded against leaving his post by Taiana's successor, Héctor Timerman; this development, as well as the support enjoyed by Chiaradía's deputy at the trade bureau, Luis Kreckler, from Planning Minister Julio de Vido, led to Kreckler's appointment as Secretary of Trade, and to Chiaradía's succeeding Timerman as Argentine Ambassador to the United States.

External links
Embassy of Argentina in the United States

References

1945 births
Living people
People from Bahía Blanca
Argentine people of Italian descent
University of Buenos Aires alumni
Argentine economists
Argentine diplomats
Ambassadors of Argentina to the United States
Ambassadors of Argentina to Japan
Grand Officers of the Ordre national du Mérite
Recipients of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun

Alfredo Chiaradía


Anton Nanut (13 September 1932 – 13 January 2017) was a renowned Slovenian international conductor of classical music. From 1981 to 1999 he served as the chief conductor of the RTV Slovenia Symphony Orchestra. He was a professor of conducting at the Ljubljana Academy of Music and the artistic leader of the Slovene Octet in its most productive years.

Works
Nanut collaborated with over 200 orchestras and had made over 200 recordings with a variety of labels. Among the concerts that he valued most was a concert with the RTV Slovenia Symphony Orchestra in the Carnegie Hall, his concerts with Staatskapelle Dresden, with the Berlin RIAS and with Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra. He was a chief conductor of the Dubrovnik Symphony Orchestra and has conducted nearly all the Italian symphony orchestras (especially Orchestra Di Padova e del Veneto).

Awards
Nanut was bestowed numerous awards for his work, among them the Prešeren Foundation Award (for his interpretations of Beethoven), the Župančič Award, the Croatian Milka Trnina Award, the City of Split Award, a high state decoration of the Republic of Croatia, the Yugoslav award Lira, the Silver Order of Freedom of the Republic of Slovenia. On 7 February 2011, he received the Prešeren Award, the highest cultural award in Slovenia, for his lifetime work. Especially prized were his interpretations of Mahler's symphonies.

Death
Nanut died following a long illness on 13 January 2017 at the age of 84.

References

1932 births
2017 deaths
People from the Municipality of Kanal
Prešeren Award laureates
Slovenian conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
University of Ljubljana alumni
Academic staff of the University of Ljubljana
20th-century conductors (music)
21st-century conductors (music)
20th-century male musicians
21st-century male musicians

Anton Nanut


The Potsdam Declaration, or the Proclamation Defining Terms for Japanese Surrender, was a statement that called for the surrender of all Japanese armed forces during World War II. On July 26, 1945, United States President Harry S. Truman, United Kingdom Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Chairman of China Chiang Kai-shek issued the document, which outlined the terms of surrender for the Empire of Japan, as agreed upon at the Potsdam Conference. The ultimatum stated that, if Japan did not surrender, it would face "prompt and utter destruction."

Terms
On July 26, the United States, Britain, and China released the declaration announcing the terms for Japan's surrender, with the warning as an ultimatum: "We will not deviate from them. There are no alternatives. We shall brook no delay." For Japan, the terms of the declaration specified:
 The elimination "for all time of the authority and influence of those who have deceived and misled the people of Japan into embarking on world conquest"
 The occupation of "points in Japanese territory to be designated by the Allies"
 That the "Japanese sovereignty shall be limited to the islands of Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku, and such minor islands as we determine," as had been announced in the Cairo Declaration in 1943
 That "the Japanese military forces, after being completely disarmed, shall be permitted to return to their homes with the opportunity to lead peaceful and productive lives"
 That "we do not intend that the Japanese shall be enslaved as a race or destroyed as a nation, but stern justice shall be meted out to all war criminals, including those who have visited cruelties upon our prisoners"

On the other hand, the declaration offered:
 "The Japanese Government shall remove all obstacles to the revival and strengthening of democratic tendencies among the Japanese people. Freedom of speech, of religion, and of thought, as well as respect for the fundamental human rights shall be established."
 "Japan shall be permitted to maintain such industries as will sustain her economy and permit the exaction of just reparations in kind, but not those which would enable her to rearm for war. To this end, access to, as distinguished from control of, raw materials shall be permitted. Eventual Japanese participation in world trade relations shall be permitted."
 "The occupying forces of the Allies shall be withdrawn from Japan as soon as these objectives have been accomplished and there has been established, in accordance with the freely expressed will of the Japanese people, a peacefully inclined and responsible government."

The mention of "unconditional surrender" came at the end of the declaration:
 "We call upon the government of Japan to proclaim now the unconditional surrender of all Japanese armed forces, and to provide proper and adequate assurances of their good faith in such action. The alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction."

Contrary to what had been intended at its conception, which was to disenfranchise the Japanese leadership so that the people would accept a mediated transition, the declaration made no direct mention of the Japanese emperor at all. However, it insisted that "the authority and influence of those who have deceived and misled the people of Japan into embarking on world conquest must be eliminated for all time." Allied intentions on issues of utmost importance to the Japanese, including the extent and number of Allied "occupation points," the fate of Japan's minor islands, and the extent to which the Allies planned to "control" Japan's "raw materials," as well as whether Hirohito was to be regarded as one of those who had "misled the people of Japan" or he might potentially become part of "a peacefully inclined and responsible government," were thus left unstated, which essentially made it a blank check for the Allies.

The "prompt and utter destruction" clause has been interpreted as a veiled warning about American possession of the atomic bomb, which had been successfully tested in New Mexico on July 16, 1945, the day before the opening of the conference. Although the document warned of further destruction like the Operation Meetinghouse raid on Tokyo and other carpetbombing of Japanese cities, it did not mention anything about the atomic bomb.

The Potsdam Declaration had terms unclearly stated. It is not clear from the document itself whether a Japanese government would remain under Allied occupation or the occupation would be run by a foreign military government. In the same manner, it was not clear whether after the end of the occupation, Japan was to include any territory other than the four main Japanese islands. However, State Department policy showed an intent to obtain a free hand in running the affairs of Japan afterwards.

Intentions of the Allied Powers
Each of the Allies who signed the Declaration had their own intentions for doing so, and all parties desired to receive reparations for war damages from the Japanese.

Republic of China
The Republic of China - under the Nationalist rule of Chiang Kai-shek - desired immediate withdrawal of the Imperial Japanese Army and its subsidiary force the Kwantung Army from all Chinese territory, including Manchuria. Until the very end of the war the Japanese Army had been campaigning in China to assert the rule of the Japanese colonial state there, and the Chinese Nationalists and Communists had been fighting in tandem to expel them from the country. The Potsdam Declaration was issued in part to make clear the Chinese expectation of complete Japanese withdrawal from China.

United Kingdom
The United Kingdom had lost control of its possessions in Southeast Asia and China to the Japanese advance in 1941-42. These included Singapore, Malaya, North Borneo, Hong Kong, and others. A key motivation of the British government was a restoration of control in its prewar possessions, along with a prompt end to the Japanese war effort, especially on the Indian front in Burma.

United States
The United States desired to keep maximum strategic latitude for itself upon the defeat of Japan. The American government had demanded in the past the unconditional surrender of Japan as the precondition to peace, and the text of the Declaration reiterated this demand. In the remainder of Asia, the American government had the goals of total rollback of the Empire of Japan's overseas possessions, as well as the additional goal of preventing the communists - with the support and patronage of the Soviet Union - from expanding influence in East Asia and Southeast Asia.

Leaflets and radio broadcasts
The declaration was released to the press in Potsdam on the evening of July 26 and simultaneously transmitted to the Office of War Information (OWI) in Washington. By 5:00 p.m. Washington time, OWI's West Coast transmitters, aimed at the Japanese home islands, were broadcasting the text in English, and two hours later they began broadcasting it in Japanese. The declaration was never transmitted to the Japanese government by diplomatic channels, one reason being that the State Department did not want the United States to be seen as suing for peace. The Japanese ambassador to Moscow reacted to the news by calling the declaration "a big scare-bomb directed against us". American bombers dropped over 3 million leaflets describing the declaration over Japan, despite the fact that picking up enemy propaganda leaflets and listening to foreign radio broadcasts was illegal in Japan.

The initial English radio transmission was received in Japan by the Foreign Ministry, Dōmei News Agency, the Imperial Army, and the Imperial Navy. It was translated into Japanese by Takeso Shimoda of the Treaty Division of the Foreign Ministry. An internal discussion in the Foreign Ministry concluded that acceptance was unavoidable, but there was still room for negotiation. "Remaining silent is prudent; the news media should be instructed to print it without any comments."

Aftermath

The Potsdam Declaration and consideration of adopting it occurred before nuclear weapons were used. The terms of the declaration were hotly debated within the Japanese government. Upon receiving the declaration, Foreign Minister Shigenori Tōgō hurriedly met with Prime Minister Kantarō Suzuki and Cabinet Secretary Hisatsune Sakomizu. Sakomizu recalled that all felt the declaration must be accepted. Despite being sympathetic to accepting the terms, Tōgō felt it was vague about the eventual form of government for Japan, disarmament, and the fate of accused war criminals. He also still had hope that the Soviet Union would agree to mediate negotiations with the Western Allies to obtain clarifications and revisions of the declaration's terms.

Shortly afterwards, Tōgō met with Emperor Hirohito and advised him to treat the declaration with the utmost circumspection, but that a reply should be postponed until the Japanese received a response from the Soviets to mediate peace. According to Foreign Ministry official Toshikazu Kase, Hirohito "said without hesitation that he deemed it [the declaration] acceptable in principle."

Meanwhile, the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War met the same day to discuss the declaration. War Minister Korechika Anami, General Yoshijirō Umezu, and Admiral Soemu Toyoda opposed accepting the declaration, argued that the terms were "too dishonorable," and advised for the Japanese government to reject it openly. Suzuki, Tōgō, and Admiral Mitsumasa Yonai leaned towards accepting it but agreed that clarification was needed over the status of the Emperor. Tōgō's suggestion for the government not to respond until it received the Soviet response was accepted.

Suzuki stated that the Japanese policy toward the declaration was one of , which the United States interpreted as meaning "rejection by ignoring." That led to a decision by the White House to carry out the threat of destruction. After the White House decision, the United States Army Air Forces dropped the first atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 and then the second atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. Both bombings devastated the two cities, killing tens of thousands of people and destroying much of the cities' infrastructure as well as military bases and factories in a matter of seconds in a radius that stretched for more than 1 mile (1.6 kilometers).

On August 9, 1945, Soviet general secretary Joseph Stalin, based on a secret agreement at the Yalta Conference in February, unilaterally abrogated the 1941 Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact and declared war on Japan. Thus began the Soviet–Japanese War, with the Soviets invading Manchuria on three fronts.

However, the word  can also mean "withholding comment." Since then, it has been alleged that the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were attributable to English translations of  having misrepresented Suzuki as rejecting the terms of the Potsdam Declaration; however, this claim is not universally accepted. The Japanese themselves generally considered the response a rejection or a dismissal.

In a widely broadcast speech after the bombing of Hiroshima, which was picked up by Japanese news agencies, Truman warned that if Japan failed to accept the terms of the Potsdam Declaration, it could "expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth." As a result, Suzuki felt compelled to meet the Japanese press, and he reiterated his government's commitment to ignore the Allies' demands and fight on.

However, soon after that statement, it became clear to many that surrender was a realistic option. The thoroughness of the Allies' demands and the fact they were made public forced the Japanese leaders and populace to realize the success that Japan's enemies had achieved in the war. After the receipt of the Potsdam Declaration, the Japanese government attempted to maintain the issue of the Emperor's administrative prerogative within the Potsdam Declaration by its surrender offer of August 10, but in the end, it had to take comfort with US Secretary of State James F. Byrnes' reply: "From the moment of surrender the authority of the Emperor and the Japanese Government to rule the state shall be subject to the Supreme Commander of the Allied powers who will take such steps as he deems proper to effectuate the surrender terms." Thus, at 1200 JST on August 15, 1945, the Emperor announced his acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration, which culminated in the surrender documents signature on board the  on September 2, 1945. The radio announcement to the Japanese people was the first time many of them had actually heard the voice of the Emperor.

The Potsdam Declaration was intended from the start to serve as legal basis for handling Japan after the war. After the surrender of the Japanese government and the landing of General MacArthur in Japan in September 1945, the Potsdam Declaration served as the legal basis for the occupation's reforms.

The People's Republic of China cites the Potsdam Declaration as one of the bases for the One-China Principle that Taiwan is part of China.

Historical controversy
The Imperial Japanese Government, under the direction of prime minister Suzuki Kantarō, did not publicly entertain the possibility of surrender to the Allies. The historical controversy lies in whether or not the demand for an unconditional surrender by Japan stalled possible peace negotiations. If the demand for unconditional surrender had not been made, so the argument goes, there could be no argument for the necessity of the use of firebombing and nuclear weapons against Japan. This is the flashpoint around which much of historiographical controversy surrounding the Declaration revolves.

According to historian Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, the Japanese Cabinet was not particularly inclined to surrender at all, and records of the events immediately after the dropping of the Hiroshima Bomb do not indicate an effect on the government towards surrender on the terms of the Potsdam Declaration immediately after the dropping of the bomb.

Hasegawa also notes that Stalin told Truman at the Potsdam Conference that the Soviet Union would begin war with Japan within the beginning of August, but that American estimates placed the estimated time at the end of the month.

See also
 General Order No. 1 (August 1945)
 Japanese Instrument of Surrender (September 1945)
 Pacific War (1941–1945)
 Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945)
 Treaty of San Francisco (1951)

References

Further reading

External links

 Full Text of the Potsdam Declaration – National Diet Library of Japan

Aftermath of World War II
Declaration
1945 in international relations
Democracy
Proclamations
Ultimata
1945 documents
July 1945 events in Europe
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Potsdam Declaration


Niger Tornadoes Football Club is a soccer club based in Minna, Nigeria. They currently play in the Nigerian Professional Football League. Their home stadium is Bako Kontagora Stadium and have also played home game at Confluence Stadium in Lokoja.

History
In 2005 they finished in the lower half of the Nigerian Premier League but avoided relegation by three points. The club has suffered financial difficulties, with players complaining of unpaid salaries and bonuses.

After an 0–3 start to the 2008–09 season the entire management was sacked. The replacements at chairman (David Suleiman) and manager (Danladi Nasidi) had the same positions at the club from 2004–05 when they finished 13th and 14th in the Premier League. On November 15, the team hired Justin Tenger as technical adviser, a role he had until 2004.

They were relegated from the Premier League in 2012 on goal difference after scoring 38 goals in 36 games. Thirteen of the goals were scored by Sibi Gwar who was the league's top scorer. They won promotion again in 2015 after winning the Nigeria National League.

Niger Tornadoes were promoted back to the top division in 2015. Coach Abdullahi Biffo led them to a promotion spot which they clinched after defeating Mighty Jets F.C. 2–0.

Niger Tornadoes were runners up in the Nigerian FA Cup in 2017 after losing on penalties to Akwa United.

The club was fined N1 million in 2019 for crowd troubles in a game against Bendel Insurance.

Achievements
Nigerian FA Cup: 1
2000

National Second Division: 2
1996, 2015

Performance in CAF competitions
CAF Cup Winners' Cup: 1 appearance
2001 – Quarter-finals

WAFU Club Championship: 1 appearance
2010 – Quarter-finals

Current team
As of 11 February 2019

References

Football clubs in Nigeria
Association football clubs established in 1977
1977 establishments in Nigeria

Niger Tornadoes F.C.


Luis Jose Santander (born April 8, 1960) is a Venezuelan actor. Santander was born in the United States and raised in Venezuela.

Santander was not an instant sensation, as he had to work hard to become famous. He labored as an actor in small plays around Venezuela when his chance to become famous arrived in 1987. That year, he made his television debut in "Y la Luna Tambien" ("And the Moon Too"), which became a major international hit, reaching important numbers in Puerto Rico, Mexico and Ecuador, among others. It wasn't until 1988, however, when, at the age of 28, he became a teen idol following the smash success of "Niña Bonita" ("Pretty Girl"). This production, which was produced by Venevision and had nothing in common storywise with the latter Hollywood hit "Pretty Woman", was a major hit all over Latin America propelling Santander and his female co-star, Ruddy Rodríguez, into super-stardom in the area. The telenovela's title song "Tan Enamorados" also propelled singer Ricardo Montaner into international fame.

"Niña Bonita"'s success raised both Santander and Rodriguez's rentability in the high-paying Hispanic soap opera world. In Santander's case, he followed "Niña Bonita" with "Maribel" in 1989. While not as successful as "Niña Bonita", "Maribel" was also a large hit for the Venezuelan actor.

In 1991, he participated in "Mundo de Fieras", which was another large success on the Venezuelan and United States Latino television viewer's ratings.

By then, his telenovelas had caused so much interest, that Santander became well known in Europe as well, with many of his soap operas being shown in places like Russia and Hungary.

In 1993, Santander participated in "Macarena". Whether the title of this song had anything to do with the latter hit, "Macarena", is unknown.

In 1994, he participated in "Morena Clara" ("Brown Girl"), which, again, would prove that he was among Venezuelans' favorite actors.

In a surprise move, he went to Mexico in 1995, contracted by that country's largest network, Televisa, to film Lazos de Amor, ("Love Ties") alongside Mexican superstar Lucero.  Odd as it might sound to many, at the age of 37, Santander recovered his status as a teen idol, at least in Mexico, where that soap opera became a classic of Mexican television, due in part to the following he generated among Mexican Teenaged girl. Afterward, he starred in "Te sigo amando" ("I will still love you") (1996) with Claudia Ramirez and Sergio Goyri.

After filming "Vidas Prestadas" ("Borrowed Lives") in 2000, Santander has lived in semi-retirement, often flying between Mexico and Venezuela for interviews and special occasions, including appearing in "Inocente de ti" alongside Camila Sodi and Valentino Lanus.

In 2006 Santander returned to Venezuela to star in the telenovela "Silvia Rivas, divorciada".
In 2007 Santander appeared in the telenovela "Voltea pa' que te enamores".

In 2007 he was also invited to participate in the Telenovela "Pasión" which was produced by Carla Estrada in México and was shown in several countries around the world.  Carla Estrada also produced "Lazos de Amor" (Love Ties) which was mentioned before.

In "Pasión" Santander plays "Foreman", a British Pirate, and the story is situated around 1780 in what used to be "Nueva España" (New Spain).

The telenovela industry has valuable presences, but there is only one dimension of Luis
Jose Santander. This charismatic artist with extensive experience, was born in Fort Collins, Colorado, USA, where his parents were studying. Luis Jose arrived in Venezuela at an early age, and grew up in an environment where artistic manifestations were present every day as painters, poets, and illustrious musicians who visited the house of his parents.

After completing his primary and secondary studies, he put aside his parents dream that he study medicine, instead choosing to study acting.  He achieved a scholarship to study drama in the United States in Bridgeport Connecticut,
where he perfected the mastery of the language of Shakespeare.

José Luis has received several awards among which are: Mara Gold, Meridian Gold, TVyNovelas, Silver Star——the latter two of Mexico, among others.  His popularity has steadily increased and with it he has received multiple invitations to participate in events and programs in America, Europe, and even Asia.

Filmography

Television

References

1960 births
Living people
Venezuelan people of American descent
Venezuelan male telenovela actors

Luis José Santander


The United States Fleet Forces Command (USFF) is a service command of the United States Navy that provides naval forces to a wide variety of U.S. forces.

The naval resources may be given to Combatant Commanders such as United States Northern Command (USNORTHCOM) under the authority of the Secretary of Defense.

In 2002, the Fleet was made-up over 118,000 Navy and Marine Corps personnel serving on 186 ships and in 1,300 aircraft, with an area of responsibility ranging over most of the Atlantic Ocean from the North Pole to the South Pole, the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and the waters of the Pacific Ocean along the coasts of Central and South America (as far west as the Galapagos Islands).

The command is based at Naval Support Activity Hampton Roads in Norfolk, Virginia.

References

United States Navy

United States Fleet Forces Command


Malpai Borderlands is a region, or areal feature, along the U.S.-Mexico border at the Arizona and New Mexico state line. It encompasses the extreme southeast corner of Arizona and the southwest corner of New Mexico describe the general vicinity. It includes areas inside the U.S. states of Arizona and New Mexico as well as the Mexican states of Chihuahua and Sonora.

The lowest elevations in this area are about 3,700 feet in the San Bernardino National Wildlife Refuge area. Highest elevation is roughly 8,500 feet above mean sea level (AMSL). Mountain ranges generally run north-south. Terrain is described as including desert shrub, Tobosa grassland, Ponderosa Pine forest, and Douglas Fir. Some cattle ranching takes place in the region. The geomorphic provinces include Madrean and Chihuahuan deserts.

The name "Malpai", relates to a type of "desert pavement", formed by wind (eolian) processes, and is called Malapai.

Variant names
The Borderlands are sometimes referred to by the name of a larger region encompassing Malpai Borderlands: Southwest Borderlands. The name is sometimes misspelled Maipai Borderlands. Some references describe it as being inside the Chihuahuan Desert.

Unofficial extents of the region
Papers on the region describe geographic features that partly define it.

The United States portion of this region probably includes portions of Grant County, New Mexico, Hidalgo County, New Mexico, and Cochise County, Arizona. Major geographic features of the area include portions of the San Simon, San Bernardino, Animas, and Playas valleys as well as rivers of the same name. Except for Arizona's San Simon Valley and San Simon River, the areas mentioned appear to be entirely south of present-day Interstate 10. Government reservations in this region include all of Coronado National Forest (US Forest Service) east of US191 and San Bernardino National Wildlife Refuge, (US Fish and Wildlife Service).

In the Mexican state of Sonora, Dieciocho de Agosto, Sierra de los Ajos (sometimes written Sierra Ajos), Agua Prieta, frontera (frontier), Cañón del Oso and Nogales are mentioned. In the state of Chihuahua, the area of Janos is mentioned.

Variant descriptions
A fire history report on the region suggests some definitions may include areas as far west as the Huachuca Mountains of Arizona.

Area under scientific study
A wide array of individuals and organizations are eyeing competing demands on these lands. The US Forest Service, Arizona Geological Survey, US Geological Survey, Natural Resource Conservation Service (formerly Soil Conservation Service), University of New Mexico, The Nature Conservancy, New Mexico Department of Fish and Game, University of Arizona, and Coronado National Forest have been active in studying the future of the area.

See also
 Madrean sky islands (article with map of area)
 Janos Biosphere Reserve

References

Sources
 "Toward Integrated Research, Land Management, and Ecosystem Protection in the Malpai Borderlands: Conference Summary," Rocky Mountain Research Station Report P-10, US Forest Service, July 1999.
 US Geological Survey web page on region

External links
 Malpai Borderlands Group, (a nonprofit)
 Map of region
  –

Madrean Region
Malpaíses (landform)
Deserts and xeric shrublands
Temperate coniferous forests
Deserts and xeric shrublands in the United States
Temperate coniferous forests of the United States
Regions of the Western United States
Regions of Arizona
Regions of New Mexico
Chihuahuan Desert
Geography of Chihuahua (state)
Geography of Sonora
Geography of Cochise County, Arizona
Geography of Grant County, New Mexico
Geography of Hidalgo County, New Mexico

Malpai Borderlands


Guns of Icarus Online (also known as Guns of Icarus Alliance) is a steampunk-themed multiplayer first-person shooter video game developed and published by American studio Muse Games. It is a follow-up to Flight of the Icarus (formerly known as Guns of Icarus Classic), and was released on October 29, 2012. A cooperative, PvE companion game Guns of Icarus Alliance was released on March 31, 2017. On December 23, 2011, Muse Games launched a Kickstarter project to raise $10,000 to partially fund the development of Guns of Icarus Online, and the company subsequently received $35,237 at the close of the bidding on February 21, 2012. Following the completion of their fundraising campaign, Muse Games co-developer Eric Chung announced that Guns of Icarus Online would enter closed beta on April 10, 2012.

Guns of Icarus Online Version 1.0 officially went online on October 29, 2012. The improved Version 1.1 was first available through Steam on November 20 and online on November 23. In early 2013, Linux support was added. A PlayStation 4 version launched May 1, 2018 with full cross-platform support.

Gameplay
Guns of Icarus Online is a steampunk/dieselpunk, multiplayer, first-person shooter that focuses on airship combat. Each airship is controlled by up to four players, with each member of the crew taking a specific role.
Players can choose three different classes: gunner, engineer or pilot, which allow them access to different kinds of tools. The captain of each ship chooses which weapons the ship uses. There are also several ships available:

Galleon: the Galleon is by far the biggest and more resilient ship, but also the slowest one. It focuses on high firepower and tank capabilities with high hull armor.
Squid: the Squid is the fastest ship in the game which allows its commander to outmaneuver enemy ships, but it is the least resilient ship and does not have a weapon slot for Heavy Weapons.
Goldfish: the Goldfish has a main gun on its prow, and two secondary guns on the port and starboard sides and another positioned at the rear. It relies on its moderate speed and high maneuverability.
Junker: the Junker has 5 small weapon mountings. It also has high maneuverability, but a low speed.
Pyramidion: the Pyramidion has two guns on the top deck and two on the low deck. With very high damage output, but low turning speed, this ship is very versatile.
Spire: the Spire has a very high turning speed, but a very low linear speed. It is a high dps ship with very low hull armor.
Mobula: the Mobula has 5 weapons on the front, but none on the sides nor the back. It has great vertical movement, but is difficult to repair in the heat of the battle.

After being in development since late 2013, the Alliance add-on launched on March 31, 2017. This added several PvE game modes, a faction war gameplay system where players play matches to earn war effort so that their faction can take over or defend pieces of land on a map of the game world, and, at Alliance's launch, it contained four joinable factions and four new playable ships. Two new factions and their respective exclusive ships were progressively added in updates throughout spring and summer in 2017.

These new ships include:
Magnate: A ship belonging to the Mercantile Guild faction, this decorated ship is slow-moving, but has three guns on each side; two light gun mountings and one heavy, allowing for the Magnate to have a high damage-per-second.
Corsair: A ship belonging to the Anglean Republic, the Corsair is the largest ship in the game. This ship is heavily armoured and slightly faster than a Galleon, and has two heavy guns and light guns on each side, as well as a heavy gun on the front and a light gun on the stern, allowing the Corsair to exhibit high damage within limited intervals due to its speed and amount of weapons.
Shrike: Specific to the Order of Chaladon, the Shrike is the second fastest ship in the game after the Squid. However, like the Squid, its hull is weak, and has only average turning speed. This ship has two heavy and light gun mounts on the port and starboard sides of the ship, making the Shrike preferable for "hit-and-run" tactics.
Crusader: Belonging to the Fjord Baronies, the Crusader is large and heavily armed, with two heavy guns on the front and two light guns on either side, allowing for a wide frontal attack range. It has good vertical speed, but low health and armor.

The following two ships were added to Alliance after its launch:
Stormbreaker: A patchwork airship specific to the Arashi League, this aircraft has extremely fast acceleration and decent speed, as well as fast turning. Its main firepower is concentrated on the port side, with three light guns lined along this side of the ship and a lone heavy gun on the starboard side. It is nimble, but has low health and armor.
Judgement: Belonging to the Yesha Empire, the Judgement is versatile and has high armor, but indecent forward and turning speed, as well as low health. Its firepower is concentrated towards the front and the rear, with two forward facing light guns and a heavy gun, as well as a heavy gun and light gun facing to the rear.

Reception
Guns of Icarus Online received "mixed or average" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic, where it received an average score of 64 out of 100 based on 7 reviews.

See also
Flight of the Icarus

References

External links

2012 video games
MacOS games
Windows games
Linux games
PlayStation 4 games
Military science fiction video games
Steampunk video games
Post-apocalyptic video games
First-person shooters
Indie games
Kickstarter-funded video games
Crowdfunded video games
Fiction about aerial warfare
Video games with Steam Workshop support
Multiplayer vehicle operation games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games with cross-platform play
North America-exclusive video games
Muse Games games

Guns of Icarus Online


Tages-Anzeiger is a large Swiss newspaper, which is focused on the Greater Zürich region. In Switzerland, it is often called Tagi. It is the newspaper with the highest circulation, among the subscription-based newspapers in Switzerland. It reaches about 338,000 people a day. Together with Blick and Neue Zürcher Zeitung, it is one of the most influential newspapers in the German-speaking part of Switzerland. The newspaper often has a left-wing, liberal focus.

Tages-Anzeiger was first published on  March 2, 1893. It wanted to reach a large readership, and also targeted women. It also wanted to be seen as independent of political parties. In 1931, Adolf Hitler published an article, "Was wollen wir Nationalsozialisten", in 1933, Benito Mussolini published seven articles. Winston Churchill also published articles.

Swiss newspapers
German-language newspapers
Canton of Zürich

Tages-Anzeiger


Matthias Strolz (; born 10 June 1973) is an Austrian politician. He is the founder of the political party NEOS – The New Austria and Liberal Forum and was its first leader and a member of Austria's National Council from 29 October 2013 until 26 September 2018.

Education and career
Matthias Strolz was born on 10 June 1973 in Bludenz, a district capital in Vorarlberg, and grew up in Wald am Arlberg, part of the town of Dalaas, in the Klostertal. In 1991, Strolz completed the Matura at the Bundesgymnasium Bludenz. During his school years, from 1990 to 1991, he was Landesschulsprecher of Vorarlberg. Subsequently, Strolz began studying international economics and political science at the University of Innsbruck, where he spent a semester abroad at Dublin City University in 1994/95. In the course of his studies, Matthias Strolz was elected as a member of the AktionsGemeinschaft in 1996 as chairman of the Austrian Students' Association at the University of Innsbruck. In 1997 and 1998, Strolz also worked as a freelance journalist and publicist, before joining the Austrian Armed Forces a year later.

In 2000, Matthias Strolz gained the qualification as a certified business consultant, on the other hand he became a trainee at the Federation of Austrian Industries, where he worked as a freelance coach and presenter since 1997. At the same time, Strolz became a parliamentary employee of the Vorarlberg ÖVP National Council member Karlheinz Kopf. In 2003 Matthias Strolz obtained his doctorate with a dissertation on organizational development at the Faculty for Interdisciplinary Research and Continuing Education at the University of Klagenfurt.

Already in 2001, Strolz founded the company ic2 consulting GmbH as managing partner, since 2008 he was managing partner of promitto GmbH. He suspended his business activities in October 2012, when he founded the new political party NEOS, to which he was elected leader at the founding convention on 27 October 2012. In the run-up to the 2013 National Council elections, the newly established party entered into an electoral alliance with the Liberal Forum and was able to reach 5.0% of the votes in the election, thus making it possible for the party to enter the National Council.

On 29 October 2013, Matthias Strolz was sworn in as a member of the Austrian National Council for the first time. In Parliament, Strolz acts as club clerk of the parliamentary club of NEOS and LIF. After the merger of NEOS and LIF to the new party NEOS – The New Austria and Liberal Forum on 25 January 2014, Strolz was again elected to the position of party chairman by the Annual General Meeting.

On 7 May 2018, Strolz announced his resignation as party leader, club clerk, and as a member of parliament.

Personal life
Since 2005, Matthias Strolz has been married to his wife Irene and is the father of three daughters. He lives with his family in Mauer, a part of Vienna's 23rd district, Liesing.

References

External links
 Persönliches Blog von Matthias Strolz
 Lebenslauf von Matthias Strolz (basierend auf eigenen Angaben)

Members of the National Council (Austria)
University of Klagenfurt alumni
1973 births
Living people
People from Bludenz
NEOS – The New Austria politicians

Matthias Strolz