The Bréguet 761/763/765 are a family of 1940s and 1950s French double-deck transport aircraft produced by Bréguet Aviation. The aircraft were normally called the Deux-Ponts (Double-Decker) but it was not an official name.

Design and development

Bréguet began design work on the Bréguet 761 double-deck airliner even before the end of the Second World War, in 1944. It was decided that a medium-range airliner with seating for over 100 passengers would be built. The design envisaged using readily available engines with the aim of ease of manufacture and an early first-flight date. The design was known as Project 76-1. The aircraft was destined not to be the first French postwar design to fly, an honour which instead fell to the Sud-Est Languedoc, a civil version of the Bloch MB161. The prototype Br.761, F-WASK, first flew at Villacoublay on 15 February 1949.

The 761 featured a cantilever wing set at mid-height on the bulky fuselage. The retractable tricycle landing gear featured dual-wheel main units. The empennage had twin fins and rudders and a vestigial central fin.  The prototype was powered by four  SNECMA 14R-24 radial engines. The Bréguets serving with Air France had up to 107 seats and an elevator between the two floors.

The prototype was followed by three Br.761S pre-production aircraft powered by 2,020 hp (1506 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-2800-B31 radial engines. These were fitted with 12 ft 1½in (3.70 m) diameter Hamilton Standard propellers. The aircraft successfully completed their trials incident-free. Their first flights were in 1951 and 1952.

The French Government ordered 12 production aircraft, the Bréguet 76-3, which was later redesignated Br.763. Six aircraft were to be operated by Air France and the other six by the Ministry of Transport. The 763 had more powerful engines, a  larger wingspan, strengthened wings and a three-crew flight deck (earlier aircraft had four crew).  The 763 first flew on 20 July 1951 and entered service with Air France during autumn 1952.

The Air France aircraft had accommodation for 59 passengers on the top deck, and 48 on the lower deck, although the aircraft was capable of carrying 135 passengers in a high-density layout. During 1964 Air France transferred six Br.763s to the French Air Force.  The air force also acquired the three pre-production Br.761S aircraft and four new Br.765 Sahara freighter aircraft with removable cargo doors.

Projects to build versions powered with British engines (for possible United Kingdom buyers) did not come to fruition.  The projects would have been the 766 (with the Bristol Hercules radial engine), and the 767 with British turboprop engines.

Operational history

Civil
The prototype Br.761 entered service with Air Algérie in 1952 as a cargo aircraft. It was withdrawn early the next year. Silver City Airways leased a Br.761 for three months in the summer of 1953 for use on the Hamburg - Berlin route. A total of 127 round trips carried  of freight with up to three round trips being made in a day, each leg taking 52 minutes flight time. It was rumoured that Silver City would purchase three aircraft at £770,000 but this did not materialise into a sale.

The Bréguet Br.763 Provence entered service with Air France on 10 March 1953. The inaugural route was Lyon - Algiers. The type was used on European routes from Paris, mainly to the Mediterranean area, but occasionally to London. Domestic routes included Paris to Lyon, Marseille and Nice.

Six aircraft were used in response to a serious incident at Salat, Algeria where French oil rig engineers were in need of assistance. A total of 60 tonnes of heavy equipment and 200 personnel were moved to and from Algiers in four days.

The introduction of the Sud Aviation Caravelle rendered the Provence obsolete as a passenger aircraft. The Caravelle was faster, more comfortable and had a greater range. In 1958, Bréguet borrowed F-BASQ from Air France for a sales tour to North and South America. This was the aircraft which had force-landed at Pont-Évêque in 1955. The tour covered , and took in the cities of New York, Washington, D.C. and Miami in the United States, Bogotá in Colombia, Santiago in Chile, Rio de Janeiro and Brasilia in Brazil. The tour failed to generate any orders. In North America, the jet age had begun, while the aircraft had too great a capacity for operators in South America, despite being cheaper on a cost-per-seat to operate than a Douglas DC-4. The Provence was used on fewer and fewer passenger services, being replaced by the Caravelle and Vickers Viscount. Six aircraft were transferred to the Armée de l'Air. Air France converted the six remaining Br.763s into freighters with the name Universel. These remained in service on European freight services until the early 1970s. The final flight was on 31 March 1971 from Heathrow to Paris-Orly. A double-deck AEC Routemaster bus was parked alongside the aircraft to mark the retirement of the Br.763 from service.

Military

In October 1955 an order for 30 Bréguet Br.765 Sahara aircraft for the Armée de l'Air was announced. This order was cancelled by the end of the year, but construction on four aircraft was so far advanced that they were completed. These entered service with 64 Escadre de Transport.

The French Air Force acquired the three pre-production Br.761S aircraft, these and the six Sahara aircraft acquired from Air France provided the French Air Force with a valuable transport fleet for moving personnel and materials to the Pacific nuclear testing areas.  The Sahara fleet was retired in 1972.

Accidents and incidents
The Bréguet Deux-Ponts had an excellent safety record.
 On 10 May 1955, F-BASQ of Air France made a forced landing in a field at Pont-Évêque, Isère following directional control problems in flight. The four crew and 46 passengers were unharmed. The aircraft was repaired on site and flown out from an improvised airstrip a few weeks later.

Variants
Bréguet 761
Prototype with four  SNECMA 14R-24 radial engines, one built.

Bréguet 761S
Pre-production aircraft, powered by four  Pratt & Whitney R-2800-B31 engines; three built.

Bréguet 763 Provence
Production aircraft for Air France, powered by four  Pratt & Whitney R-2800-CA18 engines; 12 built.

Bréguet 764
Proposed anti-submarine naval version, prototype 761 was to be converted but project was abandoned.

Bréguet 765 Sahara
Freighter version for the French Air Force, powered by four  Pratt & Whitney R-2800-CB17 engines; four built.

Operators

Air Algérie (loaned for trials in 1952 when Algeria was still a French territory)
French Air Force
Air France
French Navy

Silver City (leased 1953)

Specifications (Br.763)

Surviving aircraft

 Br.763 Provence c/n 6, F-BASS of Air France is used as a restaurant at Fontenay-Trésigny, France.
 Br.765 Sahara c/n 501, 64-PE of the Armée de l'Air is preserved as a gate guard at Évreux-Fauville Air Base, France.
 Br.765 Sahara c/n 504, 64-PH of the Armée de l'Air is under restoration at , France.

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

 Technical data and photos (French)

 0760
1940s French airliners
1940s French military transport aircraft
Four-engined tractor aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1949
Four-engined piston aircraft

Bréguet 763 Deux-Ponts


South Cape May was a borough that existed in Cape May County, New Jersey, United States, from 1894 to 1945. First settled in 1840, it contained a Lucy-type elephant called Light of Asia.

The borough was formed on August 27, 1894, from portions of Lower Township, based on the results of a referendum held six days earlier.

The borough was badly wrecked by the 1944 Great Atlantic Hurricane, which hit in September of that year. After the hurricane, the borough was dissolved as of April 30, 1945, and returned to Lower Township.

The remaining land not underwater is part of a bird sanctuary (South Cape May Meadows Preserve).

References

Lower Township, New Jersey
Geography of Cape May County, New Jersey
Former boroughs in New Jersey
Ghost towns in New Jersey

South Cape May, New Jersey


Grants are non-repayable money or products given by one party (grant makers) to a recipient, for example a person or group.  Many times, grants go from a government to a nonprofit organization, educational program, a business, or a person.

People write proposals or fill out applications for grants. Getting a grant involves following rules and reporting back to whoever gave the grant on how the money is being used.

Money
Giving

Grant (money)


The Anna Cave (also called Petőfi Cave) is a natural limestone cave in Miskolc-Lillafüred, Hungary, near the waterfall.

The cave was discovered in 1833, when opening a shaft in the limestone in order to provide the iron furnace at Hámor with water. It soon became a tourist attraction, even Sándor Petőfi visited it in 1847. However, in the second part of the century, when the iron furnaces were closed, the cave was forgotten.

It was opened again in 1912. In 1927, when the Palace Hotel was built, new caverns were found. The entrance that's used today was constructed then.

The cave has not only limestone structures, but also plant fossils.

The cave can be visited all year round.

See also
 István Cave, a large dripstone cave

External links
  FSZ.bme.hu, about the cave.

Miskolc
Caves of Hungary
Limestone caves
Show caves in Hungary
Tourist attractions in Miskolc

Anna Cave


Blue Cat Records was the name of two unconnected record labels.

Blue Cat Records (US) was a subsidiary label of Red Bird Records. It had a hit in 1965 with "The Boy from New York City" by the Ad Libs.

Blue Cat Records (UK) was a subsidiary label of Trojan Records. Around 170 records were released on the label between 1968 and 1969, with a variety of early reggae and rocksteady releases from artists such as The Pioneers, The Uniques, The Concords, The Untouchables and The Maytones. The label is considered very collectable, with many discs fetching three-figure sums. most recently The Concords Bettoo sold for almost four figures.

See also
 List of record labels

Defunct record labels of the United States
Pop record labels
British record labels
Record labels established in 1964
Record labels disestablished in 1966
Record labels established in 1968
Record labels disestablished in 1969
Reggae record labels
1968 establishments in the United Kingdom

Blue Cat Records


What is soda made of Sodas and other carbonated soft fizzy drinks usually contain carbonated water (water with dissolved carbon dioxide), some kind of sweetener, and natural or artificial flavoring.
  Some chemical compounds containing sodium
 Sodium carbonate, washing soda or soda ash
 Sodium bicarbonate, baking soda
 Sodium hydroxide, caustic soda
 Sodium oxide, an alkali metal oxide

Also, products made by or containing one of these chemicals:
 Soda glass

Food and drink
 Soda water, a natural potable mineral water with high concentration of sodium bicarbonate, often carbonated
 Soft drink, a sodium bicarbonate beverage; typically carbonated
 Soda cracker, or saltine cracker
 Soda bread, a variety of quick bread
 Ice cream soda, a dessert dish

Soda


Ornana (also called Ornana Films) is an American film company founded by director Danny Madden. Ornana's short film, "(notes on) biology", was nominated for the Best Animated Short Subject Award at the 39th Annie Awards and won the Jury Prize for Short Animation at South by Southwest in 2012. They have since released a feature film, "euphonia", for free on vimeo.com. They were listed by Filmmaker Magazine as one of the 25 New Faces of Independent Film in 2012 Filmmaker (magazine)#2012.

References

Sources
 http://www.ornana.com
 http://annieawards.org/39th-annie-awards#3

Film production companies of the United States

Ornana


Patcham () is a suburb in the city of Brighton and Hove, in the ceremonial county of East Sussex, England. It is about  north of the city centre. It is bounded by the A27 (Brighton bypass) to the north, Hollingbury to the east and southeast, Withdean to the south and the Brighton Main Line to the west. The A23 passes through the area.

History
Patcham was originally a separate village that developed around the partly 12th- and 13th-century All Saints' Church. The parish of Patcham extended to  and encompassed large parts of what are now adjacent suburbs, such as Withdean, Westdene, Hollingbury and Tongdean. It extended eastwards into modern-day Moulsecoomb, westwards beyond Dyke Road into Hove, and northwards across the sparsely-populated South Downs towards the parishes of Pyecombe and Ditchling. The centre of the original village, based around the church (on Church Hill) and the Old London Road – now bypassed by the modern A23 – is a conservation area, and several buildings are listed.

Modern Patcham
Sir Herbert Carden, a prominent Brighton solicitor who was mayor for three years from 1916 and served on the council from 1895 until 1941, was responsible for the boundary changes on 1 April 1928 which brought Patcham within the "Greater Brighton" area. To commemorate this, two large stone pillars, known as the "Pylons", were erected on the A23 just north of the village of Patcham, marking the new boundary line. The land around the village was mostly undeveloped at this time, but many houses were later built. Many of the estates built around the old village date from the 1930s. The Ladies Mile Estate, built around the former drove road from the village to Stanmer Park, is an example; it is separated from Hollingbury to the southeast by Carden Avenue, named after Sir Herbert.

The roads around the Mackie Avenue estate (all with Scottish names) were named by the Scottish builder George Ferguson who developed the estate. He also planted the Scots pines on the Ladies Mile Open Space.

In 1921 the parish had a population of 1768. On 1 April 1928 the parish was abolished and merged with "Brighton" and "Hove".

Notable buildings and areas

Patcham Mill is a converted windmill on high ground west of the old village (but within the former Patcham parish).  Also known as Waterhall Mill and locally as Westdene Mill, it was built in 1885 and was used for 40 years. A second mill, now demolished, stood on a site near Overhill Drive and is commemorated by the street name Old Mill Close. Patcham mill on Sussex Mills website

Patcham Place  (Photo) was the city's Youth Hostel until September 2007. It is in the old village centre opposite the former post office, in a large area of open parkland. Below it the Brighton Main Line runs through the  Patcham Tunnel. The house dates from 1558 and was originally the seat of the Shelley family. It later belonged to the Stapley family – Anthony Stapley played a leading part in the Civil War, being Governor of Chichester and a Regicide.

All Saints' Church, PatchamIn September 2014, the Patcham Post Office relocated from its site in Old London Road to Salmons Newsagents, further along the Old London Road.

All Saints Church (website) is one of the city of Brighton and Hove's oldest churches, and is still a lively community of people. A church was recorded on this site in the Domesday Book. The churchyard includes an interesting gravestone marked with a pirate skull and crossbones motif. Close to the church stand an ancient dovecot and a converted tithe barn.

Ladies Mile local nature reserve

To the south of the A27 and on the western edge of Patcham is Ladies Mile Down (). The area is a remarkable survival of plateau chalk grassland on Downland where almost all such flattish sites have been destroyed by modern farming and has been designated as Local nature reserve. The ancient turf has preserved lots of odd linear banks which are surviving fragments of an Iron Age and Romano-British lynchetted field system. The banks once stretched across the line of the A27 bypass, beyond which one or two more fragments also survive. At the eastern end of the Down is a Bronze Age burial mound recognisable by a low, grassy tump.The area is rich summer flowers. Harebell, Sussex rampion flower, rockrose and yellow rattle are enjoyed by locals here and at midsummer there are still good numbers of glowworms. Later in the summer months the violet-blue of devil's-bit scabious and the powder-blue lesser scabious radiate.

Patcham downland

The downland to the north of Patcham leads up to Ditchling Beacon and the western end of the Clayton to Offham Escarpment. Tegdown Hill is the next hill to the west of the downland Ditchling Road. A remarkable 'ring barrow' survives () on its brow, together with the slight mounds of two other bowl barrows. Tegdown ring barrow has been described as "probably the best of this type in the county". It consists of a circular bank with a ditch and a flattish interior. It lies just south of a big dried up dew pond. From Tegdown you can see the three Iron Age camps of Hollingbury Castle, Ditchling Beacon and the Devil's Dyke. To the north of the city boundary is the long Ditchling parish.

The Mid Sussex track of the Sussex Border Path starts at the A27 roundabout and the eastern track takes you up Ewebottom Hiil leaving Scare Hill to its west, passing the Chattri to the east and on to Holt Hill and the Pyecombe parish. The western track takes you to Waterhall across the A23.

Those walking from Patcham towards Standean farm descend the hill into Ewe Bottom and have the pleasure of the intact, old Tegdown pastures to their right, where the meadows can be full of chalk downland flowers. Opposite the slope is the mouth of Deep Bottom (), the southerly slope of which is a colourful old pasture site with abundant rockrose and which rises up to the Chattri. In autumn there are boletes and several old meadow waxcaps and a fairy club fungus.

Amenities

Patcham Community Centre
The Patcham Community Centre is run by the Patcham Community Association, which was formed in 1945. There were originally 15 groups involved, including the Patcham Communist Party, and for the first 24 years they existed without their own centre, holding meetings in the school halls in the area.

At the same time Alderman Kippin (known as 'Mr Patcham') arranged for a combined community centre and youth club, each with its own suite of rooms but sharing a kitchen, to be included in the basement of a new wing of the Margaret Hardy school.

After the 1989 merger of Fawcett and Margaret Hardy into Patcham High brought the boys and girls together on Warmdene Road, more space was needed. In 2003 a PFI project overhauled the school buildings and a new Community Building erected just outside the High school grounds to incorporate both the community centre and the community library.

The new centre is now a hub of activity for local people, with over 40 different organisations using it, in addition to hosting many family celebrations.

Schools in Patcham
Patcham High School has its roots in a school opened on 3 September 1928, as the Brighton Intermediate School, in the premises formerly occupied by the girls' secondary school (later Varndean School for Girls) in York Place. Additional rooms were used at 99 Trafalgar Street until January 1931 when the old premises of the boys' secondary school became available. All years bar the first year were then transferred to these premises.

In September 1931 separate departments for boys and girls were established, and were known as the Intermediate School for Girls (later the Margaret Hardy High School for Girls,) and Intermediate School for Boys respectively. From October 1945 the boys' school was re-named the Patcham Fawcett County Secondary School for Boys. In July 1965 the Patcham County Secondary School in Warmdene Road was closed; the boys were transferred to the Patcham Fawcett County Secondary School which then became known as the Patcham Fawcett School and the girls to the Margaret Hardy County Secondary School. New premises for the school were opened in September 1965 at Ladies Mile Road, Patcham. In 1989 it amalgamated with the Margaret Hardy High School for Girls and became Patcham High School.

At the time of relocation, while Patcham Fawcett was housed in new premises at the top of Ladies Mile Road, Margaret Hardy was housed in classrooms previously used by Patcham High School. Patcham First School, at the time housed in the southern part of what is now the Patcham Junior School building, relocated to brand new buildings in Highview Avenue North, permitting expansion of the junior school (briefly Patcham Middle School in the 1970s).

The Windmill View estate at the top of Ladies Mile Road is built on the site of the old Patcham Fawcett School.

Patcham House School, located on Old London Road, was a school for pupils aged 11–16 with complex needs. It opened in the 1860s as a National School, a church-funded initiative to provide education to the poor. The original flint building still stands today, and is included on the council's Local List of Heritage Assets. The school came under council control in 1919, and was renamed Patcham County School. Eventually the County School, having outgrown the buildings and been forced to split classes between this building, Patcham Place and Mackie Hall, relocated to its current location on the corner of Ladies Mile Road and Warmdene Road, leaving the site to be adopted by Patcham House during the 1960s.

It closed in July 2018 as part of a reorganisation of Special Educational Needs provision in Brighton and Hove.

Transport
Brighton & Hove runs routes 5, 5A and N5 (from Hangleton via the city centre) which do a circular tour of the eastern side of Patcham. Route 5A goes through the centre of the old village, while Route 5 deviates onto Carden Avenue, and the N5 goes along the 5b route after serving Patcham. Both of the 5 and 5A routes have a 20-minute daytime frequency. The N5 is hourly between 1:00 am and 4:00 am (Thursday to Saturday).

Compass Travel run the hourly Route 56: this starts in the village centre and passes through the Ladies Mile Estate en route to Hollingbury Asda, the City Centre and the Knoll Estate in Hove.

Some other services stop on the A23 outside the Black Lion pub near the Youth Hostel:
 Countryliner Coaches buses have gone into administration, so the outlook for their routes is uncertain: they ran route 40/40X (Brighton county hospital to Cuckfield, Mondays to Sunday) route 33 (to Haywards Heath via Hassocks Monday to Friday)
 Metrobus routes 270 (to East Grinstead Daily), 271 (to Haywards Heath and Crawley via Burgess Hill Daily), 273 (to Crawley, Mondays to Saturdays)
 Stagecoach South (Mondays to Saturdays), Sussex Coaches (Sundays) route 17 to Horsham

After the Second World War, Patcham was served by Brighton Hove & District Transport with bus routes 5 and 5b running jointly every 7 or 8 minutes from Brighton via the London Road to Carden Avenue, Winfield Avenue, The Ladies Mile (Clock Tower) and Mackie Avenue. Route 15 operated every 20 minutes from Brighton via the London Road to Carden Avenue, Winfield Avenue, The Ladies Mile (Clock Tower) and Barrhill Avenue to Braeside Avenue(The Deeside). Route 15b operated every 20 minutes from Brighton via London Road to Patcham Fountain, Patcham Old Village, Ladies Mile Road to The Ladies Mile (Clock Tower).

References

Areas of Brighton and Hove
Former civil parishes in East Sussex
Conservation areas in England
Brighton

Patcham


Ponding is the (typically) unwanted pooling of water, typically on a flat roof or roadway. Ponding water accelerates the deterioration of many materials, including seam adhesives in single-ply roof systems, steel equipment supports, and particularly roofing asphalt. On low-slope asphalt roofs, ponding water allows the oil solvent components of the asphalt to leach out and evaporate, leaving the roof membrane brittle and susceptible to cracking and leaking in the ponding location. The time taken for water to saturate a zone, usually from rainfall, causing a pond to form, is referred to as the "ponding time" or "time of ponding".

Cause
Most flat roof systems (properly called "low-slope roof systems") are designed with a slight pitch to shed water off the sides, usually into gutters, scuppers, internal drains, or a combination of these. When a scupper or drain is clogged or fails for other reasons, storm water tends to pool around that low area.  Over time, with each passing storm, the weight of the storm water will deflect the structural system beyond the structure's bending point, thus allowing a bigger puddle to form.  As a bigger puddle forms more weight is applied to the structural system causing more bending, allowing an even bigger puddle, then more weight, until the structure fails.

Construction codes
In the construction industry, the National Roofing Contractors Association (NRCA) defines roof ponding as "water that remains on a roof surface longer than 48 hours after the termination of the most recent rain event".

According to the 2009 International Building Code Chapter 15 "Roof Assemblies and Roof Top Structures" & Chapter 16 "Structural Design";
When scuppers are used for secondary (emergency overflow) roof drainage, the quantity, size, location and inlet elevation of the scuppers shall be sized to prevent the depth of ponding water from exceeding that for which the roof was designed ... Ponding instability. For roofs with a slope less than 1/4 inch per foot [1.19 degrees (0.0208 rad)], the design calculations shall include verification of adequate stiffness to preclude progressive deflection in accordance with Section 8.4 of ASCE 7.

Ponding on land
When water is diverted into a lower area that has no outlet or is not suitable for drainage, water will begin to pool, and over time the weight of the water will create a deeper pool, allowing more water to sit, eventually creating a permanent water feature.  Some municipalities recognize this as an issue on private land, such as the City of Indianapolis.

Other municipalities see this as a great concern, such as the Kāpiti Coast District, New Zealand where, "groundwater ponding is a chronic problem, that results in damp housing and waterlogged sections. The damage that it causes is less apparent than the damaging events associated with floods, but the duration of groundwater ponding, which can last for several months, makes it a serious issue for those affected".

Ponding that forms on paved surfaces, like streets or parking lots that are not properly pitched, will cause issues such as deep puddles and crocodile cracking.

See also
 Horton overland flow
 Stabilization pond

References

Construction

Ponding


Cassegrain telescopes are reflector telescopes that use two curved mirrors to make an image. The big primary mirror gathers and concentrates light. The small secondary mirror then reflects the light through the back of the mirror. The secondary mirror is also curved so that it the light path is longer than the tube.

A "true Cassegrain" uses a primary mirror with a parabola-shaped curve, and a secondary mirror with a hyperbola-shaped curve. This is hard to make. Sphere-shaped curves are easier to make, but the image would be blurry. Catadioptric (lens and mirror) telescopes fix this by putting a special lens in front of the telescope.

Cassegrains are useful both as amateur telescopes which normal people can buy, and for scientists for serious astronomy work.

Types of Cassegrain telescopes
Lots of telescopes which are similar to cassegrains have been invented. Here are a few.

 Schmidt-Cassegrain (SCT): The primary mirror has a spherical curve. This is corrected by a thin corrector lens in front.
 Maksutov-Cassegrain (Mak): The primary and secondary mirrors both have spherical curves. This time a special "meniscus" type lens is used to correct it. Sometimes the secondary mirror is just a shiny spot on the meniscus lens. This is cheaper to make than an SCT because all of the lenses and mirrors have spherical curves.
 Ritchey-Chrétien (RCT): Both mirrors have hyperbola-shaped curves. This makes the stars sharp points even at the edge of the view. Most big telescopes made by scientists are RCTs, including the Hubble Space Telescope.
 Dall-Kirkham (DK): The primary mirror is a parabola-shaped curve. The secondary is a spherical-shaped curve. It's easier to make than an RCT, but the stars at the edge are blurry. Lenses can be put at the back of the telescope to fix the blurry stars. That would be a Corrected Dall-Kirkham (CDK)
 Schiefspeigler (Chief): The mirrors are tilted so that the secondary mirror is not in front of the primary mirror. There's also no hole in the back of the primary. This gives brighter images, but there's also distortion from tilting the mirrors.

Telescopes

Cassegrain telescope


AJ Schnack is an independent filmmaker. He directed Kurt Cobain: About a Son, which premiered at the 2006 Toronto International Film Festival. His first feature film was a documentary about the Brooklyn-based band They Might Be Giants titled Gigantic (A Tale of Two Johns).

In late 2007, he founded the Cinema Eye Honors, an award for nonfiction filmmaking that was first presented at the IFC Center in New York City on March 18, 2008.

In 2020, Schnack directed Long Gone Summer, an ESPN 30 For 30 documentary about the 1998 Major League Baseball home run record chase.

Schnack writes the film blog All these wonderful things, which focuses on news related to nonfiction or documentary filmmaking.

References

External links

 Kurt Cobain: About a Son
 Cinema Eye Honors for Nonfiction Filmmaking

American documentary filmmakers
Living people
1968 births

A. J. Schnack


While beginning in the United States, the Great Recession (late 2000s and early 2010s) spread to Asia rapidly and has affected much of the region.

East Asia

Mainland China

In China, the International Monetary Fund predicts GDP growth for 2008 will be 9.7% and drop to 8.5% in 2009. A struggle was underway to see who would swallow the losses on US Agencies and Treasuries. On November 9, 2008 China announced a package of capital spending plus income and consumption support measures.  Four trillion yuan ($586 billion) will be spent on upgrading infrastructure, particularly roads, railways, airports and the power grid; on raising rural incomes via land reform; and on social welfare projects such as affordable housing and environmental protection. So far at least 670,000 small and medium-size enterprises have been closed.

Hong Kong
The Hong Kong economy officially slid into recession in the final quarter of 2008. The economy is predicted to grow at 2 percent in 2009. Hong Kong is an advanced tertiary economy built on services, retail, tourism, transport and financial industries. Hong Kong's manufacturing industry is located in Guangdong province which employs over 11 million people. The Hang Seng Index has lost over 60 percent of its value, property market lost over 40 percent in value and unemployment is at a record high of 4.8 percent.

Taiwan
Taiwan announced billions of dollars in spending and tax cuts due to declining growth and a 26 percent slump in the stock market in 2008. The bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers raised concerns about global exposure to the assets and stock of Lehman Brothers and the potential for the bankruptcy to cause further tightening of credit. Taiwan, despite reporting few losses from the subprime mortgage crisis, was said to have Lehman-related exposure for its companies and retail investors totaling $2.5 billion. To increase purchasing power, the ROC government has issued the ROC consumer voucher.

Japan

In Japan exports in June declined for the first time in about five years falling by 1.7 percent. Exports to the United States and European Union fell 15.4 percent and 11.2 percent respectively. The decline in exports and increase in imports cut Japan's trade surplus $1.28 billion a decline of 90 percent from the previous year. An economist at the Royal Bank of Scotland said the decline means the Japanese economy most likely declined in the second quarter. Taro Aso, secretary-general of Japan's Liberal Democratic Party, said he believes Japan had entered a recession.

Japan's economy declined by 0.6 percent in the second quarter of 2008. This was later revised to a decline of 0.7 percent. Japanese exports grew 0.3 percent in August 2008 compared to a year before down from 8 percent the previous month. Exports to the U.S. fell 21.8 percent, the biggest decline on record, and exports to Europe fell 3.5 percent.  Two Japanese banks appeared on the list of major Lehman creditors.  On November 17, the Japanese Economy Minister announced that the nation was officially in a recession.

South Korea
By September 2008, the crisis threatening the GSEs (US mortgage lenders Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac) began to have consequences in Asia. The foreign exchange reserves of South Korea's central bank contained many depreciating "Agency bonds" from the GSEs, threatening a currency crisis and leading to depreciation of the South Korean won against the US dollar and other major currencies,. Samsung Electronics has been reported to be posting a decrease in sales for the first time since the 1997 Asian financial crisis that home appliances saw a decrease in the domestic market of up to 20 percent since mid-June compared to the previous year. Domestic auto sales also saw a decrease in the second quarter. Auto exports also posted a loss and exports of home appliances were also reported to be in decline.

South East Asia

Malaysia
In January 2009, Malaysia has banned the hiring of foreign workers in factories, stores and restaurants to protect its citizens from mass unemployment amid the global economic crisis.

It was announced that some foreign companies would fire workforce in Malaysia. In 2009 GDP contracted 1.7%.

Philippines

Unlike the other economies in the region, The Philippines was the only one of a mere handful of countries in the whole world to have recorded a positive economic growth in 2009 and averted the effects of economic recession. However, it did not mean that the country experienced no effect of the ongoing world financial crisis. The economy was based on the remittances of the Overseas Filipino Workers, most of them working in affected countries like the United States.

Middle East

Gulf Co-operation Council
Booming and then Decreasing oil prices will affect Persian gulf countries.

United Arab Emirates
Real estate prices in Dubai have decreased substantially.

Lebanon
Lebanon is one of the only seven countries in the world to have scored profits in 2008.  Given the regular security turmoil it has faced in the past, its banks have adopted a conservative approach. The strict regulations imposed by the central bank were crafted to make the Lebanese economy immune to political crisis; and so far, this has applied to the global economic crisis as well. The Lebanese banks remain, under the current circumstances, high on liquidity and reputed for their security.

Moody's has recently shifted Lebanon's sovereign rankings from stable to positive acknowledging its financial security. Moreover, with a Beirut stock market increase of 51%, the index provider MSCI, ranked Lebanon as the world's best performer in 2008. Analysts are, nonetheless, skeptic about the future indirect effects of the crisis, but so far, the direct consequences have proved to be positive.

South Asia

Bangladesh
Bangladesh economy is not affected by the global recession. Bangladesh's economic growth and exports remain quite strong.

India
India's economy benefited from recent high economic growth which declined greatly due to the global economic crisis. Economic growth in India during FY2008-09 stood at 6.7%. The global crisis had less impact of India because exports account for only 15% of India's GDP, less than half the levels of major Asian economic powers such as China and Japan. However, unlike other major Asian economies, India's government finances were in poor shape and as a consequence, it was not able to enact large-scale economic stimulus packages. Despite this, from June 2008 to June 2009, industrial production in India grew by 7.1%.

Though he ended up being faked, the former Indian Finance Minister P. Chidambaram once boasted that he expected India's economy to "bounce back" to 9% during FY2009. India's Prime Minister Manmohan Singh said that the government will take measures to ensure that the economic growth bounces back to 9%. The Asian Development Bank predicted India to recover from weakening momentum in 4-6 quarters. At the G20 Summit, India called for coordinated global fiscal stimulus to mitigate the severity of the global credit crunch. India said that it would inject US$4.5 billion into the financial system to help exporters.

Some analysts pointed that India's growing trade with other Asian countries, especially China, will help reduce the negative impact of the crisis. Analysts also said that India's high domestic demand and large infrastructure projects will act as a buffer reducing the impact of the global downturn on its economy. Economists argued that India's financial system is relatively insulated and its banks do not have significant exposure to subprime mortgage. In an editorial, the New York Times praised the strong regulations placed on the Indian banking system by the Reserve Bank of India.

In May 2009, India reported an economic growth rate of 5.8%, beating most forecasts. In second quarter of 2009 the Indian economy grew by 7.9% and gave indications that the Indian economy would scale a growth rate of 7% or above in 2009 and 8-9% in 2010. In the 3rd Quarter of 2010, the economy had bounced back with a growth rate of 8.8%.

Pakistan
In Pakistan the central bank's foreign currency reserves, when counting forward liabilities is said to only amount to as little as $3 billion, sufficient for a single month of imports. Corruption and mismanagement have combined with high oil prices to damage Pakistan's economy. Pakistan's rupee has lost more than 21 per cent of its value in 2008 and inflation is at 25 per cent. The government has failed to defer payments for Saudi oil or raise favorable loans. President Asif Ali Zardari claimed Pakistan needed a bailout worth $100 billion which he was expected to ask for at a meeting in Abu Dhabi in November. Ratings agency Standard and Poor's rates Pakistan's sovereign debt at CCC +, only a few ratings above the default level, warning the country may be unable to cover about $3 billion in upcoming debt payments.

This led a change in economic managers, and politically elected finance minister Naveed Qamar was replaced by a financial advisor, Shaukat Tareen, a former banker belonging to Citigroup on October 8, 2008. The new finance advisor led the Pakistani delegation to IMF-World Bank meeting in USA with a hope to obtain a loan from the World Bank which has been stopped now due to reservations from IMF on World Bank for releasing this nature of Loan to any country.

Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka too is affected with the global recession, as the demand for their major products such as garments, tea, rubber, coconut based products and agricultural products are at a downturn. At the moment, tea is severely affected and the country is experiencing 35% drop in the exports presently.  Also, the tourist industry has downsized; last year, there was a 7% downsize to the industry, primarily due to the loss of European tourists.

References

External links
 ILO Job Crisis Observatory

A01
Economy of Asia
2000s in Asia
2010s in Asia
Economic history of Asia

Great Recession in Asia


Pseudosphromenus cupanus, also known as the spiketail paradisefish is a species of medium-small gouramies native to southern India and Sri Lanka. This species is often found in shallow, slow-moving or stagnant water, such as ditches and paddy fields. P. cupanus eats insects and zooplankton. Males are known to gather eggs in its mouth, and to guard the nest after eggs are hatched. The male may build many nests, and periodically move the eggs between them.

References

cupanus
Freshwater fish of Sri Lanka
Taxa named by Georges Cuvier
Fish described in 1831

Pseudosphromenus cupanus


"The Judas Kiss" is the fourth single off the album by rock band Metallica off their ninth studio album Death Magnetic.

Metallica's Discography of Death Magnetic
"Cyanide" (2008)
"The Day That Never Comes" (2008)
"My Apocalypse" (2008)
"The Unforgiven III" (2008)
"That Was Just Your Life" (2008)

Rock songs

The Judas Kiss


The Bukit Peninsula (Indonesian: Semenanjung Bukit) is at the southern end of the island of Bali, Indonesia. It is traditionally considered to be the entire area south of Jimbaran beach.  Unlike the bulk of Bali, it features a dry, arid and stony landscape.  It is administered under Kuta South District. Bukit means 'hill' in Indonesian.

Notes

External links

Landforms of Bali
Peninsulas of Indonesia
Badung Regency

Bukit Peninsula


Pizza, Beer, and Cigarettes (; also known as Pizza, Beer & Smokes) is a 1998 Argentine crime drama film written and directed by Israel Adrián Caetano and Bruno Stagnaro and starring Héctor Anglada, Jorge Sesan and Pamela Jordán. The film tells the story of a gang of marginalized adolescents who survive on the streets of Buenos Aires carrying out low-level robberies. Pizza, Beer, and Cigarettes is the film that's known as "the spark that ignited the New Argentine Cinema when it premiered at the international Mar del Plata Film Festival." It was filmed entirely in Buenos Aires.

In a survey of the 100 greatest films of Argentine cinema carried out by the Museo del Cine Pablo Ducrós Hicken in 2000, the film reached the 10th position. In a new version of the survey organized in 2022 by the specialized magazines La vida útil, Taipei and La tierra quema, presented at the Mar del Plata International Film Festival, the film reached the 8th position.

Plot
This story takes place in an impoverished district outside Buenos Aires and follows a group of teenage delinquents and misfits: the not-so-bright Megabom (Alejandro Pous), the asthmatic Pablo (Jorge Sesan), the nerdy Frula (Walter Diaz), and Sandra (Pamela Jordan), the pregnant girlfriend of El Cordobés (Héctor Anglada). All of them are squatters living together in the same house. The group wanders the city and steal in order to survive. After letting go of their former employer, a crooked taxi driver who paid them a cut of what they could steal from his passengers, Frula and Cordobés steal from a crippled street vendor, which ultimately leads to Sandra being arrested.

Sandra, because of her pregnancy, starts to think about her future and the life she can make for her expected baby. When she is released from jail after a short time inside, she makes Cordobes promise he'll straighten up and find a decent job instead of stealing again. In the meantime, she stays with her abusive father. Aided by his friends, Cordobés starts looking for more profitable scores, so he can move to Uruguay with Sandra.

Frula arranges a job with his contact, Rubén which involves stealing a fancy restaurant with unreliable guns. Rubén drives them to the spot which turns out to be an ordinary place. The stickup goes sloppily and the alarm goes off, urging the five robbers to escape. Rubén cuts ties with the others after paying Cordobes a misery for his job.

Running out of time, the group decides to rob a local nightclub. Pablo and Cordobes get back in touch with the cab driver, only to beat him up and steal both his money and his guns. However, they grow fond of the passenger, a middle aged woman from Cordoba, and let her arrive to her destination safely. Immediately after being let out of the car, the woman discreetly calls the police, who begins tracking the stolen cab. Back at the nightclub, Pablo, Frula and Cordobes get past the bouncer and proceed to hold the ticket workers at gunpoint while Pablo acts as a diversion, with Megabom as lookout outside the club. The bouncer, however, barely manages to notice Pablo and Megabom switching guns, so he begins acting more suspiciously. While the others start taking the money, Megabom notices a policeman following them, and proceeds to bother him and damage his motorbike in order to create a distraction. When Cordobes gets out of the ticket office, gun in hand, he is shot in the chest by the bouncer, who is then killed by Pablo. Hearing the screams and gunshots inside, the policeman attempts to enter the nightclub, but begins to beat down Megabom after he hits him in the back. When Frula, Cordobes and Pablo get to the cab, Frula catches a glimpse of the bloody and bruised Megabom. Enraged, he draws his gun at the officer, but is quickly shot down. Pablo manages to escape carrying a badly wounded Cordobes and steals another car. He drives him to the docks and gives him the money, so he can leave with Sandra, while staying behind to turn himself in.

Crawling, Cordobes manages to get to the docks, where he realizes he won't make it to the boat. Reunited with Sandra, he is forced to confess he didn't make good on his promise, and tells Sandra she should go alone, for the kid's sake. They kiss farewell, and a dying Cordobes manages to get a final look at Sandra while the boat departs. When the police arrive, they find his dead body and inform the station via radio.

Cast

 Héctor Anglada as Córdoba/Cordobés/El Cordobés
 Jorge Sesán as Pablo
 Pamela Jordán as Sandra
 Adrián Yospe as Rubén
 Daniel Di Biase as Trompa
 Walter Díaz as Frula
 Martín Adjemián as Taxi Driver
 Elena Cánepa as Old Woman

 Rubén Rodríguez as Rengo
 Tony Lestingi as Passenger
 Alejandro Pous as Megabom
 Marcelo Videla as Cop 1
 Gustavo Saenz as Cop 2
 Claudia Moreno as Prostitute
 Roberto Alvarez as Security Guard

Distribution
The producers used the following tagline to promote the film:
Four friends. One city.  Only one way out.

The film first opened in Argentina on January 15, 1998.

The film was shown at various film festivals, including: the Fribourg International Film Festival, Switzerland; the Toulouse Latin America Film Festival, France; the Montevideo Film Festival, Uruguay; the Gramado Film Festival, Brazil; and the Torino International Festival of Young Cinema, Turin, Italy.

In the United States it was not released as a feature film, but rather it was released in DVD format on December 27, 2005.

Accolades
Wins
 Argentine Film Critics Association Awards: Silver Condor; Best Film; Best First Film; Best New Actor, Héctor Anglada; Best Original Screenplay, Bruno Stagnaro & Adrián Caetano; 1999.
 Fribourg International Film Festival, Fribourg, Switzerland: FIPRESCI Prize, Israel Adrián Caetano and Bruno Stagnaro, for a first feature by two young directors who dramatize with force and without sentimentality the predicament of the teenage marginals of Argentina; and Grand Prix; 1998.
 Gramado Film Festival: Golden Kikito—Best Director; Best Film, Best Screenplay; Israel Adrián Caetano and Bruno Stagnaro; 1998.
 Toulouse Latin America Film Festival: Israel Adrián Caetano and Bruno Stagnaro; 1998.

Nominations
 Torino International Festival of Young Cinema, Torino, Italy: Prize of the City of Torino Best Film - International Feature Film Competition, Adrián Caetano and Bruno Stagnaro; 1998.
 Argentine Film Critics Association Awards: Silver Condor; Best Director, Bruno Stagnaro and Adrián Caetano; Best Editing, Andrés Tambornino; Best New Actor, Jorge Sesán; 1999.

References

External links

 Pizza, birra, faso at cinenacional.com
 Pizza, birra, faso review at Cineismo by Guillermo Ravaschino
 Pizza, birra, faso review at Leer Cine by Santiago García

1998 films
1998 drama films
Films directed by Israel Adrián Caetano
Argentine independent films
1990s Spanish-language films
Films shot in Buenos Aires
Films set in Buenos Aires

Pizza, Beer, and Cigarettes


The both Maʻafu are a twin, Maʻafulele (running Maʻafu) the oldest, because he ran already at his birth and Maʻafutoka (laying Maʻafu) the youngest, as he lay just still after his birth. Later they went to the sky and became the both Magelhanic clouds, Maʻafulele is the larger and Maʻafutoka is the smaller, although some sources swap this assignment.
They are claimed to be the sons of the chief of Vainī, Maʻafu (tuku-ʻi-ʻau-lahi), because of the likeliness of the name. But that is a popular ethymology. This name Maʻafu is associated with the Tahitian word māhu, which means the both nebulae, but also means a cloud or haze or spray, which latter meaning in Tongan has become ʻaʻafu.

The chief Maʻafuʻiʻaulahi bathed every evening in the Felefonu stream, rubbing himself with a piece of coconut husk, which he left behind when going home. Later a lizard came and sucked the husk. She got pregnant and bore a twin. When the two boys had grown big the lizard told them who their father was, and so they went to see him. They were very beautiful boys, but also very misschievous. They broke all kind of taboos, but their old father forgave them. When time progressed, however, they grew from naughty to wicked and killed other children in their rough games. People came to their chief to complain about his sons.

Old Maʻafu asked the boys to get some water for him from a faraway spring. He did not tell them that a giant wild duck lived near that spring, because he hoped that the bird would kill them, so that he would gently get rid of the boys. It did not work out. Both Maʻafu went, Maʻafulele overcame the duck and the they brought the water home, together with a nice gift for their old father, the duck. Next day Maʻafu sent the two boys to another faraway spring with the same order. This time a spring where he knew to live a giant triggerfish. Again his plot failed. Maʻafutoka overcame the fish, and the boys brought the water and a nice gift home. Chief Maʻafu had to thank them again, but now with anger. Then he explained what exactly was going on. The lads understood and announced they would leave. They would take the duck and the triggerfish with them, and go into the sky. There old Maʻafu could see them at any time by looking up, and the twin would be able to see him everytime when looking down. But they would not disturb him or his people anymore.

That is the origin of the both Magelhanic clouds, the Southern cross (Toloa) and the Coalsack (Humu).

Ongo Maʻafu/en


Cartier-Brébeuf National Historic Site is a National Historic Site of Canada and so designated by the Historic Sites and Monuments board of Canada in 1958 under the recommendation of  John Diefenbaker, the Prime Minister of Canada at the time. It is administered by Parks Canada and located at the confluence of Saint-Charles and Lairet rivers, in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, more precisely in La Cité-Limoilou borough. On the site you can find an interpretation centre and a 6,8 hectares inner-city park characterised by an uneven landscape and divided into two sectors "East" and "West" separated by the Lairet river. Several commemorative monuments and elements are also present.

The site commemorates the second voyage of Jacques Cartier; more precisely in 1535-1536 when he and his shipmates wintered near the Iroquoian village of Stadacona (Quebec City). It also recalls the establishment of the first residence of the Jesuit missionaries in Quebec, in 1625–1626.

Moreover, by the end of the 17th century up to the opening of the national historic site in 1972, it hosted numerous hand-crafted and industrial activities such as a tannery, a pottery, a brickyard, a shipyard, a sawmill, a junkyard and a snow-dumping lot.

Today, the site offers a museum exhibition, animations for elementary and high school groups, thematic events, and a natural habitat in an inner-city park. A cycleway and the linear park of Saint-Charles river also cross the park's ground.

Jacques Cartier's stay and wintering in Sainte-Croix Harbor in 1535–1536

During his second voyage in Canada, Jacques Cartier still believed that the Saint Lawrence River could lead him through the continent to Asia. When he realized that the river narrows near Quebec City, he started searching for a harbor to leave his two largest ships, Grande Hermine and Petite Hermine, and to continue on exploring on board of Émerillon to Hochelaga (Montreal). On September 8, 1553, Cartier found a harbor which he thought most adequate which he named Sainte-Croix (holy cross) located at the confluence of Saint-Charles and Lairet rivers near Stadacona, the Iroquoian village. Back from his trip, Cartier realized that his shipmates had built a small fort around the ships because they now feared the Stadaconeans. The French captain decided to winter at the confluence of Saint-Charles and Lairet rivers. Unprepared for the harshness of the Canadian winter, Cartier and his crew chose to inhabit in the ships' steerage rather than building shelters in which they would  have been better isolated from the cold temperature. This decision turned out to be disastrous. The winter of 1535–1536 turned out to be deadly for the crew; 106 out of 110 men caught scurvy, out of which 25 of them died and their remains were probably buried on the site. The other ones were saved by annedda, an infusion of a Canadian conifer (either the white cedar or the balsam fir), for which the Iroquoians knew the recipe. Before heading back to France in spring 1536, Cartier erected a cross in honor of Francis I of France on which he wrote:  "Franciscus primus, dei gratia francorum rex, regnat" (Long live Francis I by God's grace king of the France). At the time of departure, Cartier had to leave Petite Hermine in Sainte-Croix harbour because he did not have enough sailors to navigate. He also took with him 10 Iroquoians from Stadacona. Five years went by before Cartier could return to Canada. In 1541, he chose to settle in Cap-Rouge for strategic reasons, a location that he named Charlesbourg-Royal.

Proofs of Jacques Cartier's stay in Sainte-Croix Harbor

In order to find artifacts from Jacques Cartier's presence in 1535-1536 and from the Notre-Dame-des-Anges residence, archeological excavations were made in the years 1959, 1962, 1986, 1993, 2004, 2007. Probably because of the numerous changes in the ground due to human activities which were held on the site, traces have not yet been discovered. However, archeologists found many objects related to hand-crafted or industrial activities dating from New-France onward.  The most relevant items which have yet to be found are the graves of 25 deceased sailors and the remains of the small fort and the ditches.

Proofs of his stay therefore consist of written attestations by Jacques Cartier and Samuel de Champlain.

Jacques Cartier wrote:

"And we went some ten leagues up the river, coasting this island [of Orleans] at the end of which we came to a forking of the waters, which is an exceedingly pleasant spot where there's a small river and a harbor a bar, […]. We thought this river St-Charles a suitable place in which to lay up our ships in safety. We named it 'St-Croix' , as we arrive there that day"

Samuel de Champlain wrote:

"Moreover, near Quebec, there's little river, coming from the lake in the interior distant 6 or 7 leagues distant from or settlement . I am of opinion that this river (st-charles), which is North quarter North-West from our settlement, is a place where Jacques Cartier wintered, since there are still , a leak of the river remains of what seems to have been a cheminey, the foundation of which has been found and indications of there having been ditches surrounding there dwelling which was small."

The Jesuits and the Notre-Dame-des-Anges residence

It is also at the confluence of the Saint-Charles and Lairet rivers that a group of five Jesuit missionaries settle in 1625 with the objective of evangelizing the natives. This was the first settlement of the Society of Jesus  in Quebec. The group was composed of fathers Jean de Brébeuf, Énemond Massé and Charles Lalement and also coadjutor brothers François Chartoin and Gilbert Burel. They named their residence Notre-Dame-des-Anges. It consisted of two buildings: the first one made of wood planks 13 metres wide and 7.5 metres long and the second, slightly smaller which was used as a barn, stable and a joiner's workshop. They had to leave their land in 1629 when the Kirke brothers took over Quebec City. The Jesuits only came back in 1632  and realized that their buildings were partially destroyed. In 1636 they rebuilt their residence and increased its size to host the Huron seminary until 1639.

Hand-crafted and industrial activities

From 1688 to the beginning of the 1970s many hand-crafting and industrial activities were held on the location of National Historic Site Cartier-Brébeuf. Here is an exhaustive list by chronological order.

 Landron-L'archevêque brickyard from 1688 to 1714
 L'archevêque from 1702 to 1722
 Marie-Anne Barbel poetry from 1746 to 1752
 George Holmes-Parke shipyard: circa 1840
 Edmond-Ovide Richard sawmill from 1863 to 1867
 Cléophas Rochette brickyard from 1867 to 1930
 Arsenault junkyard from 1941 to 1958
 Municipal snow-dumping lot from 1959 to the beginning of the 1970s

Evolution into a National Historic Site

In the 19th century, before the establishment of the National Historic Site Cartier-Brébeuf, interests toward the creation of a site to commemorate the second voyage of Jacques Cartier grew among the population of Quebec City. Here is a list of the important steps in the history of the site:

1835: Erection of a wooden cross commemorating the second voyage of Jacques Cartier in front the hôpital de la Marine on the south shore of the Saint-Charles river (no longer existing today)

1886: The Quebec City Catholic Circle acquires the grounds

1888: Erection of a new metal cross commemorating the second voyage of Jacques Cartier in 1535-1536 by the Quebec City Catholic Circle. (This cross is still standing today)

1920: Inauguration of the Cartier-Jesuits monument

1926: Lighting of the cross

1957: The site is visited by former Prime Minister John Diefenbaker who later asked the Historic Sites and Monuments board of Canada to recognize the historic value of the site.

1958: The site is deemed historically important by the Historic Sites and Monuments board of Canada

1959: The federal government acquires the ground and the first archaeological excavations are made (west shore of the Lairet river)

1962: Archeological excavations (east shore of the Lairet river)

1969: Channelization of the Lairet river and archeological excavation

1970: The cross is moved to another place on the site

1972: Construction of the site, installation of the Grande Hermine replica and opening of the interpretation center

1984: New lighting of the cross and benediction by pope John Paul II

1985: The first long house is built and destroyed the same year by a criminal fire

1986-1987: The second long house is built along with its palisade. The Grande-Hermine replica is placed on dry dock and its masts are removed. Archeological excavations are performed near the long house

October 11, 1987: Unveiling of the steles: The meeting of two cultures in the 16th century and the unveiling of the Donnacona commemorative plaque

1993: Archeological excavations (east of the Lairet River). Justifications: new hypothesis on the location of Jacques Cartier wintering

1996: Unveiling of the second commemorative plaque for Donaconna in three languages: English, French and Huron

2001: The Grande-Hermine replica  is removed under the supervision of archeologists and the Jesuit stand is installed

2003: Landslide over the Lairet River channel

2004: Archeological excavations: wood pieces dating from earlier than Jacques Cartier are discovered

2007: The long house is demolished in order to repair the Lairet River channelization and archeological excavations are performed

2008-2009: Major work is done to revitalize the site and bring the Lairet back to daylight

2010: Complete reopening of the site, celebrations commemorating the 475th anniversary of Jacques Cartier's second voyage and installation of new interpretation panels

Elements on the site

Elements removed from the site

From the opening of the site in 1972 up to 2001, a replica of Grande Hermine was exposed on the site. It was built in 1966 by the Davie Brothers on the south shore of Quebec City for the 1967 Universal Exposition in Montreal. The replica was placed in an artificial lake until 1987, when it was placed on dry dock and its masts were removed. It was left outside of water until 2001, when it was demolished, after being exposed for 29 years, because it was becoming dangerous.

Two long houses were built on the location of the National Historic Site Cartier-Brébeuf to represent the type of building the Saint-Lawrence Iroquoian lived in. The first one was built in 1985 and it was destroyed the same year by a criminal fire. The second one, surrounded by a palisade, was built in 1986-1987 and was dismantled in 2007 in order to leave place for the new lay out.

References

External links
 Cartier-Brébeuf National Historic Site - official site

National Historic Sites in Quebec
Parks in Quebec City
Museums in Quebec City
History museums in Quebec

Cartier-Brébeuf National Historic Site


The Sena dynasty (সেন,Shen) ruled Bengal through the 11th and 12th centuries.
Sena / Sen Dynasty was founded by Samanta Sen. Adi Purush Veersen of this dynasty is considered. They trace their origins to the Brahmakshatra Kayastha tradition. After the fall of the Pala dynasty, the Sena dynasty was established in Bengal.

Vaidya Ballal Sen (1158-78 AD) -
He was also a follower of Shaivism. It assumed the title of Gaudeshwar of the Pala rulers. He himself was a patron of scholars and scholars. He composed a book called Dansagar.But could not complete it. Later Lakshmanasen completed it. This started the movement under the name of nobility. Its purpose was to maintain the superiority and purity of power of the elite castes. The superiority and purity of power was to be maintained. First of all, he called Brahmins from Kannauj and settled in Bengal. After his death, his son became the ruler.
Laxman Sen (1178-1205 AD) -
Lakshmanasen assumed the title of Parambhagavata. Unlike his ancestors, he was a follower of Vaishnavism. Its writings begin with the praise of Vishnu. It established another capital near its former capital at Lakshmanavati (Lakhanauti). Jayadev, the author of Geetgovind, was one of its 5 gems. Halayudh was its Chief Justice and Chief Minister. Laxman Sen started the Lakshman era. It won Kashi and Prayag from Jaichand Gahadwal. It established victory pillars at Kashi, Puri and Prayag. In 1202 AD, Bakhtiar Khilji attacked it and conquered its capital, Nadia.

History of Bangladesh refer by Book ko Bangladesh historical society
Royal dynasties

Sena dynasty


The vanadium redox battery (VRB), also known as the vanadium flow battery (VFB) or vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB), is a type of rechargeable flow battery. It employs vanadium ions as charge carriers. The battery uses vanadium's ability to exist in a solution in four different oxidation states to make a battery with a single electroactive element instead of two. For several reasons, including their relative bulkiness, vanadium batteries are typically used for grid energy storage, i.e., attached to power plants/electrical grids.

Numerous companies and organizations are involved in funding and developing vanadium redox batteries.

History
Pissoort mentioned the possibility of VRFBs in the 1930s. NASA researchers and Pellegri and Spaziante followed suit in the 1970s, but neither was successful. Maria Skyllas-Kazacos presented the first successful demonstration of an All-Vanadium Redox Flow Battery employing dissolved vanadium in a solution of sulfuric acid in the 1980s. Her design used sulfuric acid electrolytes, and was patented by the University of New South Wales in Australia in 1986.

One of the important breakthroughs achieved by Skyllas-Kazacos and coworkers was the development of a number of processes to produce vanadium electrolytes of over 1.5 M concentration using the lower cost, but insoluble vanadium pentoxide as starting material. These processes involved chemical and electrochemical dissolution and were patented by the University of NSW in 1989. During the 1990s the UNSW group conducted extensive research on membrane selection, graphite felt activation, conducting plastic bipolar electrode fabrication, electrolyte characterisation and optimisation as well as modelling and simulation. Several 1-5 kW VFB prototype batteries were assembled and field tested in a Solar House in Thailand and in an electric golf cart at UNSW.

The UNSW All-Vanadium Redox Flow Battery patents and technology were licensed to Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation and Kashima-Kita Electric Power Corporation in the mid-1990s and subsequently acquired by Sumitomo Electric Industries where extensive field testing was conducted in a wide range of applications in the late 1990s and early 2000s.

In order to extend the operating temperature range of the battery and prevent precipitation of vanadium in the electrolyte at temperatures above 40oC in the case of V(V), or below 10oC in case of the negative half-cell solution, Skyllas-Kazacos and coworkers tested hundreds of organic and inorganic additives as potential precipitation inhibitors. They discovered that inorganic phosphate and ammonium compounds were effective in inhibiting precipitation of 2 M vanadium solutions in both the negative and positive half-cell at temperatures of 5 and 45°C respectively and ammonium phosphate was selected as the most effective stabilising agent. Ammonium and phosphate additives were used to prepare and test a 3 M vanadium electrolyte in a flow cell with excellent results.

Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages
VRFBs' main advantages over other types of battery:

 no limit on energy capacity
 can remain discharged indefinitely without damage
 mixing electrolytes causes no permanent damage
 single charge state across the electrolytes avoids capacity degradation
 safe, non-flammable aqueous electrolyte
 no noise or emissions
 battery modules can be added to meet demand
 wide operating temperature range including passive cooling
 long charge/discharge cycle lives: 15,000-20,000 cycles and 10–20 years.
 low levelized cost: (a few tens of cents), approaching the 2016 $0.05 target stated by the US Department of Energy and the European Commission Strategic Energy Technology Plan €0.05 target.

Disadvantages
VRFBs' main disadvantages compared to other types of battery:

 high and volatile prices of vanadium minerals (i.e. the cost of VRFB energy)
 relatively poor round trip efficiency (compared to lithium-ion batteries)
 heavy weight of aqueous electrolyte
 relatively poor energy-to-volume ratio compared to standard storage batteries
 having moving parts in the pumps that produce the flow of electrolyte solution
 toxicity of vanadium (V) compounds.

Materials

A vanadium redox battery consists of an assembly of power cells in which two electrolytes are separated by a proton exchange membrane. The electrodes in a VRB cell are carbon based. The most common types are carbon felt, carbon paper, carbon cloth, graphite felt, and carbon nanotubes.

Both electrolytes are vanadium-based. The electrolyte in the positive half-cells contains VO2+ and VO2+ ions, while the electrolyte in the negative half-cells consists of V3+ and V2+ ions. The electrolytes can be prepared by several processes, including electrolytically dissolving vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) in sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The solution is strongly acidic in use.

The most common membrane material is perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA or Nafion). However, vanadium ions can penetrate a PFSA membrane and destabilize the cell. A 2021 study found that penetration is reduced with hybrid sheets made by growing tungsten trioxide nanoparticles on the surface of single-layered graphene oxide sheets. These hybrid sheets are then embedded into a sandwich structured PFSA membrane reinforced with polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon). The nanoparticles also promote proton transport, offering high Coulombic efficiency and energy efficiency of more than 98.1 percent and 88.9 percent, respectively.

Operation

The reaction uses the half-reactions:
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 ()

Other useful properties of vanadium flow batteries are their fast response to changing loads and their overload capacities. They can achieve a response time of under half a millisecond for a 100% load change, and allow overloads of as much as 400% for 10 seconds. Response time is limited mostly by the electrical equipment. Unless specifically designed for colder or warmer climates, most sulfuric acid-based vanadium batteries work between about 10 and 40 °C. Below that temperature range, the ion-infused sulfuric acid crystallizes. Round trip efficiency in practical applications is around 70–80 %.

Proposed improvements
The original VRFB design by  Skyllas-Kazacos employed sulfate (added as vanadium sulfate(s) and sulfuric acid) as the only anion in VRFB solutions, which limited the maximum vanadium concentration to 1.7 M of vanadium ions. In the 1990s, Skyllas-Kazacos discovered the use of ammonium phosphate and other inorganic compounds as precipitation inhibitors to stabilise 2 M vanadium solutions over a temperature range of 5 to 45 oC and a Stabilising Agent patent was filed by UNSW in 1993. This discovery was largely overlooked however and in around 2010 a team from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory proposed a mixed sulfate-chloride electrolyte, that allowed for the use in VRFBs solutions with the vanadium concentration of 2.5 M over a whole temperature range between −20 and +50 °C. Based on the standard equilibrium potential of the V5+/V4+ couple it is expected to oxidize chloride, and for this reason chloride solutions were avoided in earlier VRFB studies. The surprising oxidative stability (albeit only at the state of charge below ca. 80%) of V5+ solutions in the presence of chloride was explained on the basis of activity coefficients. Many researchers explain the increased stability of V(V) at elevated temperatures by the higher proton concentration in the mixed acid electrolyte that shifts the thermal precipitation equilibrium of V(V) away from V2O5. Nevertheless, because of a high vapor pressure of HCl solutions and the possibility of chlorine generation during charging, such mixed electrolytes have not been widely adopted.

Another variation is the use of vanadium bromide salts. Since the redox potential of Br2/2Br- couple is more negative than that of V5+/V4+, the positive electrode operates via the bromine process. However, due to problems with volatility and corrosivity of Br2, they did not gain much popularity (see zinc-bromine battery for a similar problem). A vanadium/cerium flow battery has also been proposed .

Specific energy and energy density
VRBs achieve a specific energy of about 20 Wh/kg (72 kJ/kg) of electrolyte. Precipitation inhibitors can increase the density to about 35 Wh/kg (126 kJ/kg), with higher densities possible by controlling the electrolyte temperature. The specific energy is low compared to other rechargeable battery types (e.g., lead–acid, 30–40 Wh/kg (108–144 kJ/kg); and lithium ion, 80–200 Wh/kg (288–720 kJ/kg)).

Applications
VRFBs' large potential capacity may be best-suited to buffer the irregular output of utility-scale wind and solar systems.

Their reduced self-discharge makes them potentially appropriate in applications that require long-term energy storage with little maintenance—as in military equipment, such as the sensor components of the GATOR mine system.

They feature rapid response times well suited to uninterruptible power supply (UPS) applications, where they can replace lead–acid batteries or diesel generators. Fast response time is also beneficial for frequency regulation. These capabilities make VRFBs an effective "all-in-one" solution for microgrids, frequency regulation and load shifting.

Largest vanadium grid batteries

Companies funding or developing vanadium redox batteries
Companies funding or developing vanadium redox batteries include Sumitomo Electric Industries, CellCube (Enerox), UniEnergy Technologies, StorEn Technologies in Australia, Largo Energy and Ashlawn Energy in the United States; H2 in Gyeryong-si, South Korea; Renewable Energy Dynamics Technology, Invinity Energy Systems in the United Kingdom, VoltStorage and Schmalz in Europe; Prudent Energy in China; Australian Vanadium, CellCube and North Harbour Clean Energy in Australia; Yadlamalka Energy Trust and Invinity Energy Systems  in Australia; EverFlow Energy JV SABIC SCHMID Group in Saudi Arabia and Bushveld Minerals in South Africa.

See also

 List of battery types
 Polysulfide bromide battery
 Electric battery
 Fuel cell
 Energy storage

Citations

General and cited references
  Presentation paper from the IEEE summer 2001 conference
 UNSW Site on Vanadium batteries
 Report by World Energy
 World Map Of Global Vanadium Deposits Vanadium geology is fairly unusual compared to a base metals ore body.

External links

 The U.S. made a breakthrough battery discovery — then gave the technology to China The U.S. made a breakthrough battery discovery — then gave the technology to China
 VRFB developments at UNSW
 The Need for Vanadium Redox Energy Storage in Wind Turbine Generators—Net electricity generation from all forms of renewable energies in America increased by over 15% between 2005 and 2009
 redT and Avalon have merged as Invinity Energy Systems, a global leader in Vanadium Flow Batteries

Flow batteries
Grid energy storage
Vanadium

Vanadium redox battery


Omiros (, "Homer") was a resistance organization in German-occupied Greece during World War II.
It was established in September 1941 on the initiative of Panagiotis Kanellopoulos. It worked closely with the British military and intelligence. The majority of its members were Greek Army officers, but many civilians were also involved.

Omiros was involved in intelligence-gathering, sabotage, publication of an illegal resistance newspaper (Μαχόμενη Ελλάς, Machomeni Hellas, "Fighting Hellas") and organizing the escape of Greek and British officers to the Middle East; it also created a youth section, the Sacred Brigade (Ιερά Ταξιαρχία). The organization's sabotage group, Unit 309 successfully destroyed Luftwaffe aircraft stationed in Hasani airfield and caused damage to Axis ships anchored in the port of Piraeus, among other actions.

Although Omiros was relatively small in size, it had in its ranks many people who went on to play a leading role in Greek politics in the post-war decades. Among its members were Konstantinos Dovas (future general and Chief of the Defence Staff), Menios Koutsogiorgas (Deputy Prime Minister of Greece) and Stylianos Pattakos (a leading member of the Regime of the Colonels).

References

Sources
 Eleftherotypia newspaper: Istorika insert, "National Resistance", 22 November 2001

Greek Resistance
1941 establishments in Greece
World War II sabotage
World War II espionage

Omiros (resistance group)


Spot Goes to Hollywood is a platform game developed by Eurocom and published by Acclaim Entertainment in North America and Virgin Interactive Entertainment in Europe for the Mega Drive/Genesis as the sequel to Cool Spot. Saturn and PlayStation versions were later released with full motion video clips and isometric graphics. The player controls Spot, once the mascot for the 7 Up soft drink, as it travels to various places trying to free its friends.

The game was released in 1995. The game received mixed reviews from critics, despite most of the reviews being negative. Critics praised the graphics and level design, but was criticized for its bad sound effects (the genesis version), frustrating controls, and objects being hard to see due to gaps covering them. A 32X version of the game was in development but never released.

Description

The central character in the game is Spot. Spot has become trapped in a movie projector. As he jumps from film to film, he encounters many classic film genres; these make up the various levels of the game. In the Sega Genesis/Mega Drive version of the game, the main levels are a pirate movie, a horror movie, an adventure movie, and a sci-fi movie. In the Sega Saturn and PlayStation version of the game, the main levels are a pirate movie, an adventure movie, and a horror movie, but there is also a Western movie, a dinosaur movie, and a sci-fi movie which are unlocked by finding all five stars in each of the game's levels. Finding all the stars also grants a better ending upon the game's completion.

There are red dots scattered around the levels. Collecting 100 of these earns an extra life.

Plot (Sega Saturn and PlayStation version)
A bubble goes through Hollywood, which ends up inside a movie theater and pops as it hits a Cool Spot soda vending machine. Cool Spot himself falls out with a can of soda and wanders into the employee room as he starts up a movie projector. As he goes inside he is trapped inside the projector and gets sent into the movies showing on the screen.

The first movie Spot ends up is a pirate movie, as he travels through various pirate ships and even rides on a cannon. He defeats a giant octopus and then finds himself in an adventure movie, where he finds himself on canyons, a minecart ride, a temple and defeats a giant spider along the way. Spot then heads to the last movie, the horror movie, which has Cool Spot heading through a graveyard and a large staircase.

What happens next depends if the player does not get all the hidden stars in every level. If the player does not get them all, the horror movie finishes, Spot's friends cheer for Spot for succeeding through the movies, but Spot notices that the player did not fully complete the game, and so he takes himself back into the movie projector and gets sent to them, again.

If the player does get all the hidden stars in every level, the horror movie's bonus stage sends Spot to space and then the last level; It's full of Stars, where Spot rides a spaceship and fights a giant robot mech. Cool Spot then defeats the mech after a weight falls onto it. Cool Spot manages to free himself from the movies and all his friends cheer. Cool Spot wanders out of the theater, and all the Spots escape along with him because various monsters from the movie want their revenge, and so chase after Cool Spot until the staff credits roll, and escape out the door.

Reception

Writing about the Genesis version, all four of Electronic Gaming Monthlys reviewers were impressed with the graphics and level design, and while one of them felt that the isometric perspective and controls make the game frustrating to the point of being unplayable, the other three felt that the difficulties presented by the perspective and controls actually enhance the experience. A reviewer for Next Generation also considered the graphics impressive and found the isometric perspective presented no difficulty at all due to the "diagonally oriented control method". He nonetheless concluded that "in a final analysis, the game offers only enough excitement to be considered average." GamePro gave it a negative review, complaining of the player character's slowness, the way the isometric perspective makes it difficult to judge where ledges are, the "average at best" graphics, and the poor sound effects.

Though not outright panned, the PlayStation and Saturn versions received more uniformly negative reviews, with critics universally remarking that the isometric perspective makes it hard to judge where objects are and makes the controls confusing on all the possible control configurations. The four reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly said that the graphics are enhanced to the point where they are impressive even on the more powerful PlayStation, and were particularly enamored of the cutscenes, but found it hard to enjoy due to the control issues and jerky scrolling. Scary Larry of GamePro was impressed with the graphics, scenery, and audio, but said the control issues make the game "drastically unplayable." Doctor Devon, reviewing the Saturn version for the same magazine, similarly said "It's a shame the charming graphics and sounds are left high and dry by the spotty gameplay." Stephen Fulljames of Sega Saturn Magazine said the game compared well to fellow isometric platformer Sonic 3D Blast in terms of graphics, but not in terms of gameplay. He particularly criticized the completely linear structure of the levels, opining that the consistent goal of moving up and right makes the game monotonous. In contrast to EGM and GamePro, Next Generations reviewer said the PlayStation version showed "no significant upgrades or extras" over the Genesis version. He also criticized the player character's lack of personality, and said the sense of discovery present in the best platformers is absent from the game.

See also
Pink Goes to Hollywood

References

External links
Spot Goes to Hollywood at Eurocom

1995 video games
Advergames
Works based on advertisements
PlayStation (console) games
Sega Genesis games
Sega Saturn games
Video games scored by Tommy Tallarico
Video games about food and drink
Video games with isometric graphics
Eurocom games
Single-player video games
Virgin Interactive games
Acclaim Entertainment games
Platformers
Video games developed in the United Kingdom

Spot Goes To Hollywood


The Seven and a Half Days Revolt (; ) was an uprising in Palermo, lasting from the 16 to 22 September 1866. Its name comes from its duration of seven and a half days. It is usually discussed within the context of post-unification brigandage in the Italian mezzogiorno.

Causes
There was a violent anti-government demonstration which took place at the end of the Third Italian War of Independence. It was organized by disappointed former partisans (who had joined the 'Thousand' after their landing and those who had followed Giuseppe Garibaldi in Aspromonte in 1862).

Among the causes: the growing misery of the population; cholera and its 3,977 victims in the city and district; the chauvinism of Northern state officials, who considered "the people of Palermo almost barbarians"; and the heavy police measures and vexatious constraints placed on the populace.

The Revolt
Thousands of people rose up, many armed, from neighboring villages. Nearly 4,000 rebels attacked the prefecture and police headquarters, killing the inspector general of the Public Security Guard Corps. The city remained in the hands of insurgents and the revolt also spread in the following days to neighboring towns including Monreale and Misilmeri: it was estimated that the total number of armed insurgents was about 35,000 in the province of Palermo. In those days of skirmishing, they killed twenty-one policemen and ten public security guards. Palermo remained in the hands of insurgents for seven days.

Government reaction
The Italian government decided to proclaim a state of siege and to institute harsh repression against the people of Palermo. It had to re-deploy the army commanded by Raffaele Cadorna, while ships of the Royal Navy, with the King's flagship Re di Portogallo, bombed the city. After the landing of the footsoldiers of the Royal Navy to quell the revolt, many of the rioters were burned alive in house to house fighting that destroyed Palermo, which required about 40,000 soldiers to be re-conquered.

While more than 200 troops were dead, including 42 police, there is no official number of civilian casualties among the populace. 2,427 civilians were arrested, of whom 297 were prosecuted and 127 convicted.

In literature
Giuseppe Maggiore devoted his historical novel, Sette e mezzo (Seven and a Half), to this affair. It is also mentioned in the foreword of Biografia, Maggiore's biography written by his son and edited by Andrea Camilleri.

References

1866 in Italy
Conflicts in 1866
19th-century rebellions
September 1866 events
History of Palermo
Sicilian rebellions
Revolts of the Italian unification

Seven and a Half Days Revolt


Alan Ayre-Smith (19 August 1876 – 3 November 1957) was an English international rugby union forward who played club rugby for Guy's Hospital. Ayre-Smith played international rugby for the British Isles team on its 1899 tour of Australia.

Personal history
From an old Sunderland family, Ayre-Smith was born in Richmond, Yorkshire in 1876 to Dr Robert Ayre-Smith and Catherine Jane Clarke (daughter of George Clark the founder of George Clark & NEM, both from Sunderland. He married Meta Turnbull and had one son and two daughters. Ayre-Smith was educated at Durham University, and gained his degree in Chemistry and Physics. He completed his medical training at Guy's Hospital in London. In 1900, as part of the British efforts during the Boer War,  he traveled to South Africa and worked as a dresser in the Imperial Yeomanry Hospital under Dr Alfred Fripp. In later life he practiced medicine in Sunderland becoming the senior surgeon at the Sunderland Royal Hospital and the official doctor to Sunderland A.F.C.

Rugby career
Ayre-Smith played club rugby for Guy's Hospital, and in 1899 he was selected to join Matthew Mullineux's British Isles team on the first official tour of Australia. Ayre-Smith played in 17 of the 20 tour matches and represented Britain in all four Test Matches against Australia. He played in the opening game of the tour, against Central Southern at Goulburn, New South Wales, before the team headed to Sydney. There he played against the New South Wales Waratahs, but missed the game against Metropolitan. Ayre-Smith was back in the team for the First Test, which the British Isles lost, 3–13. Ayre-Smith played in six of the seven invitational games between the First and Second Tests, where he was dropped from the game against Queensland, but scored his first try of the tour in the encounter with Rockhampton. Mullineux reacted to the First Test defeat, by dropping himself from the team, and moving Charlie Adamson in to his vacated half-back position for the Second Test. This was seen as the turning point of the tour and Ayre-Smith was not only part of a winning British team in the Second Test, but also scored his one and only international try during the game. Ayre-Smith played in both the final Test games, both played in Sydney and both resulting in British victories.

Bibliography

References

1876 births
1957 deaths
Alumni of Durham University College of Medicine
British & Irish Lions rugby union players from England
English rugby union players
Rugby union forwards
Rugby union players from Richmond, North Yorkshire

Alan Ayre-Smith