Database marketing is a form of direct marketing that uses databases of customers or potential customers to generate personalized communications in order to promote a product or service for marketing purposes. The method of communication can be any addressable medium, as in direct marketing.

The distinction between direct and database marketing stems primarily from the attention paid to the analysis of data. Database marketing emphasizes the use of statistical techniques to develop models of customer behavior, which are then used to select customers for communications. As a consequence, database marketers also tend to be heavy users of data warehouses, because having a greater amount of data about customers increases the likelihood that a more accurate model can be built.

There are two main types of marketing databases, consumer databases, and business databases. Consumer databases are primarily geared towards companies that sell to consumers, often abbreviated as [business-to-consumer] (B2C) or BtoC.  Business marketing databases are often much more advanced in the information that they can provide.  This is mainly because business databases aren't restricted by the same privacy laws as consumer databases.

The "database" is usually name, address, and transaction history details from internal sales or delivery systems, or a bought-in compiled "list" from another organization, which has captured that information from its customers. Typical sources of compiled lists are charity donation forms, application forms for any free product or contest, product warranty cards, subscription forms, and credit application forms.

Background
Database marketing emerged in the 1980s as a new, improved form of direct marketing.  During this period traditional "list broking" was under pressure to modernize, because it was offline and tape-based, and because lists tended to hold limited data.  At the same time, with new technologies enabling customer responses to be recorded, direct response marketing was in ascendancy, with the aim of opening up a two-way communication, or dialogue, with customers.

Robert D. "Bob" and Kate Kestnbaum developed new metrics for direct marketing such as customer lifetime value, and applied financial modelling and econometrics to marketing strategies. In 1967, they founded the consulting firm Kestnbaum & Co, that employed several notable database marketeers such as Robert Blattberg, Rick Courtheaux and Robert Shaw.

Kestnbaum collaborated with Shaw in the 1980s on several online marketing database developments - for BT (20 million customers), BA (10 million) and Barclays (13 million). Shaw incorporated new features into the Kestnbaum approach, including telephone and field sales channel automation, contact strategy optimization, campaign management and co-ordination, marketing resource management, marketing accountability and marketing analytics. The designs of these systems have been widely copied subsequently and incorporated into CRM and MRM packages in the 1990s and later.

The earliest recorded definition of Database Marketing was in 1988 in the book of the same name (Shaw and Stone 1988 Database Marketing):

"Database Marketing is an interactive approach to marketing, which uses individually addressable marketing media and channels (such as E mail, telephone and the sales force): to extend help to a company's target audience; to stimulate their demand; and to stay close to them by recording and keeping an electronic database memory of the customer, prospect and all commercial contacts, to help improve all future contacts and to ensure more realistic of all marketing."

Growth and evolution
The growth of database marketing is driven by a number of environmental issues. Fletcher, Wheeler and Wright (1991) classified these issues into four main categories:
Changing role of direct marketing
 The move to relationship marketing for competitive advantage.
 The decline in the effectiveness of traditional media.
 The overcrowding and myopia of existing sales channels.
Changing cost structures
 The decline in electronic processing costs.
 The increase in marketing costs.
Changing technology
 The advent of new methods of shopping and paying.
 The development of economical methods for differentiating customer communication.
Changing market conditions
 The desire to measure the impact of marketing efforts.
 The fragmentation of consumer and business markets.

Shaw and Stone (1988) noted that companies go through evolutionary phases in the developing their database marketing systems. They identify the four phases of database development as:
 mystery lists;
 buyer databases;
 coordinated customer communication; and
 integrated marketing.

Sources of data
Although organizations of any size can employ database marketing, it is particularly well-suited to companies with large numbers of customers. This is because a large population provides greater opportunity to find segments of customers or prospects that can be communicated with in a customized manner. In smaller (and more homogeneous) databases, it will be difficult to justify on economic terms the investment required to differentiate messages. As a result, database marketing has flourished in sectors, such as financial services, telecommunications, and retail, all of which have the ability to generate significant amounts of transaction data for millions of clients.

Database marketing applications can be divided logically between those marketing programs that reach existing customers and those that are aimed at prospective customers.

Consumer data
In to existing customers, more sophisticated marketers often build broad databases of customer information. These may include a variety of data, including name and address, history of shopping and purchases, demographics, and the history of past communications to and from customers. For larger companies with millions of customers, such data warehouses can often be multiple terabytes in size.

Marketing to prospects general, database marketers seek to have as data available about customers and prospects as possible. For marketing relies extensively on third-party sources of data. In most developed countries, there are a number of providers of such data. Such data is usually restricted to name, address, and telephone, along with demographics, some supplied by consumers, and others inferred by the data compiler. Companies may also acquire prospect data directly through the use of sweepstakes, contests, on-line registrations, and other lead generation activities.

Business data
For many business-to-business (B2B) company marketers, the number of customers and prospects will be smaller than that of comparable business-to-consumer (B2C) companies. Also, their relationships with customers will often rely on intermediaries, such as salespeople, agents, and dealers, and the number of transactions per customer may be small. As a result, business-to-business marketers may not have as much data at their disposal as business-to-consumer marketers.

One other complication is that B2B marketers in targeting teams or "accounts" and not individuals may produce many contacts from a single organization. Determining which contact to communicate with through direct marketing may be difficult. On the other hand, it is the database for business-to-business marketers which often includes data on the business activity about the respective client.

These data become critical to segment markets or define target audiences, e.g. purchases of software license renewals by telecom companies could help identify which technologist is in charge of software installations vs. software procurement, etc. Customers in Business-to-Business environments often tend to be loyal since they need after-sales-service for their products and appreciate information on product upgrades and service offerings. This loyalty can be tracked by a database.

Sources of customer data often come from the sales force employed by the company and from the service engineers. Increasingly, online interactions with customers are providing B2B marketers with a lower cost source of customer information.

For prospect data, businesses can purchase data from compilers of business data, as well as gather information from their direct sales efforts, on-line sites, and specialty publications.

Analytics and modeling
Companies with large databases of customer information risk being "data rich and information poor." As a result, a considerable amount of attention is paid to the analysis of data. For instance, companies often segment their customers based on the analysis of differences in behavior, needs, or attitudes of their customers. A common method of behavioral segmentation is RFM (customer value), in which customers are placed into sub segments based on the recency, frequency, and monetary value of past purchases. Van den Poel (2003) gives an overview of the predictive performance of a large class of variables typically used in database-marketing modeling.

They may also develop predictive models, which forecast the propensity of customers to behave in certain ways. For instance, marketers may build a model that ranks customers on their likelihood to respond to a promotion. Commonly employed statistical techniques for such models include logistic regression and neural networks.

Other types of analysis include:
 Impact Assessment helps a business to understand how actions taken by the business affected their customer behavior, and also allow for some predictions of customer reaction to proposed changes.

 Customers as Assets measures the lifetime value of the customer base and allows businesses to measure several factors such as the cost of acquisition and the rate of churn.

 Cross-Sell Analysis identifies product and service relationships to better understand which are the most popular product combinations. Any identified relationships can then be used to cross-sell and up-sell in the future.

 Critical Lag allows a business to deliver specific customer communications based on an individual's purchase patterns, helping to increase loyalty and improve customer retention.

Laws and regulations
As database marketing has grown, it has come under increased scrutiny from privacy advocates and government regulators. For instance, the European Commission has established a set of data protection rules that determine what uses can be made of customer data and how consumers can influence what data are retained. In the United States, there are a variety of state and federal laws, including the Fair Credit Reporting Act, or FCRA (which regulates the gathering and use of credit data), the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) (which regulates the gathering and use of consumer health data), and various programs that enable consumers to suppress their telephones numbers from telemarketing.

Advances
While the idea of storing customer data in electronic formats to use them for database-marketing purposes has been around for decades, the computer systems available today make it possible to gain a comprehensive history of client behavior on-screen while the business is transacting with each individual, producing thus real-time business intelligence for the company. This ability enables what is called one-to-one marketing or personalization.

Today's Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems use the stored data not only for direct marketing purposes but to manage the complete relationship with individual customer contacts and to develop more customized product and service offerings. However, a combination of CRM, content management and business intelligence tools are making delivery of personalized information a reality.

Marketers trained in the use of these tools are able to carry out customer nurturing, which is a tactic that attempts to communicate with each individual in an organization at the right time, using the right information to meet that client's need to progress through the process of identifying a problem, learning options available to resolve it, selecting the right solution, and making the purchasing decision.

Because of the complexities of B2B marketing and the intricacies of corporate operations, the demands placed on any marketing organization to formulate the business process by which such a sophisticated series of procedures may be brought into existence are significant. It is often for this reason that large marketing organizations engage the use of an expert in marketing process strategy and information technology (IT), or a marketing IT process strategist. Although more technical in nature than often marketers require, a system integrator (SI) can also play an equivalent role to the marketing IT process strategist, particularly at the time that new technology tools need to be configured and rolled out.

Challenges and limitations
A major challenge for databases is the reality of obsolescence - including the lag time between when data was acquired and when the database is used.

See also
 Customer data platform
 Customer relationship management
 Direct marketing
 Drip marketing

References

Further reading
 Baesens Bart, Stijn Viaene, Dirk Van den Poel, Jan Vanthienen, and Guido Dedene (2002), "Bayesian Neural Network Learning for Repeat Purchase Modelling in Direct Marketing", European Journal of Operational Research, 138 (1), 191-211.
 Optimal Database Marketing, Drake & Drozdenko, Sage Publications (2002)
 Hughes, Arthur M. (2000), Strategic Database Marketing: The Master plan for Starting and Managing a Profitable Customer-Based Marketing Program, 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill, New York.
 David Shepard Associates (1999), The New Direct Marketing: How to Implement A Profit-Driven Database Marketing Strategy, 3rd edition, McGraw-Hill, New York.
 Hillstrom, Kevin (2006), Hillstrom's Database Marketing, Direct Academy
 Peppers, Don and Rogers, Martha (1996), The One to One Future (One to One), Current.
 Prinzie Anita, Dirk Van den Poel (2005), " Constrained optimization of data-mining problems to improve model performance: A direct-marketing application", Expert Systems with Applications, 29 (3), 630-640.
 Tapp, Alan (1998), Principles of Direct and Database Marketing, Trans-Atlantic Publications.
 Prenner, John (2000), ROI Driven Database Marketing, UC Press
 Van den Poel Dirk (2003), "Predicting Mail-Order Repeat Buying: Which Variables Matter?", Tijdschrift voor Economie & Management, 48 (3), 371-403.

Direct marketing
Types of marketing

de:Direktmarketing#Database-Marketing

Database marketing


William Leonard Langer (March 16, 1896 – December 26, 1977) was an American historian, intelligence analyst and policy advisor.
He served as chairman of the history department at Harvard University. He was on leave during World War II as head of the Research and Analysis Branch of the Office of Strategic Services. He was a specialist on the diplomacy of the periods 1840–1900 and World War II. He edited many books, including a series on European history, a large-scale reference book, and a university textbook.

Early life
Born in South Boston, Massachusetts, he was the second of three sons of recent German immigrants, Charles Rudolph and Johanna Rockenbach. His elder brother, Rudolf Ernest Langer, became a mathematician and his younger brother, Walter Charles Langer, a psychoanalyst.

When William was only three, his father died unexpectedly, leaving the family in difficult circumstances. Nevertheless, his mother, who supported the family by working as a dressmaker, made education a priority for her children.

Education and career
After studying at the Boston Latin School, Langer attended Harvard University.

Langer was fluent in German, and taught German at Worcester Academy while furthering his own education with courses on international relations at Clark University.

His job and education were interrupted by military service World War I. After the war, he returned to his studies and obtained his Ph.D. in 1923. In 1921 he married Susanne Katherina Langer (née Knauth) who became a noted philosopher.  They had two sons together before divorcing in 1942.

He taught modern European history at Clark University for four years before accepting an assistant professorship at Harvard. In 1936 Langer became the first to hold the Archibald Coolidge chair.

Langer was remembered at Harvard especially for his History 132 course on modern European history, History 157 on the Ottoman Empire, and the graduate seminars held at his home. He also taught at the Harvard Extension School.

With the help of other scholars during the 1930s, Langer completely revised the Epitome of History by German Scholar Karl Ploetz. Langer's massive work was published in 1940 under the title An Encyclopedia of World History. Its fifth edition (1972) is the last to be edited by Langer. Peter N. Stearns and thirty other prominent historians edited the sixth edition, published in 2001. Stearns paid tribute to Langer's great achievement in the introduction to the new edition.

In 1932 as an associate professor Langer was chosen by Harpers as editor for their series on modern Europe. He wrote the volume covering 1832-1852, "Liberalism, Nationalism and Socialism." Originally in hardcover, the series was republished in the 1960s in paperback as "The Rise of Modern Europe."

Later career
In 1957, Langer urged historians to expand their insights with techniques from modern psychology.

War service
Langer was an enlisted man in the United States Army Chemical Service in World War I, and saw combat in a chemical weapons unit on the Western Front in France. He described the experience in a book he wrote with another man in his company.

During World War II, Langer served in the new Office of Strategic Services (OSS) as deputy chief and later chief of the Research and Analysis Branch until the end of the war.  In correspondence he was identified as OSS 117, a codename which entered French popular culture in 1949 for an unrelated iconic fictional character of books and film. He was special assistant for intelligence analysis to U.S. Secretary of State James F. Byrnes. In 1950 Langer organized the office of National Estimates in the newly established Central Intelligence Agency.

After  war
After the war, Langer returned to academia, but from 1961 to 1977 he served on the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board.

Honors
William Langer was awarded the Medal for Merit by President Truman in July 1946 in recognition of his wartime service. He was also awarded the Bancroft Prize in 1954. Postwar, both Harvard and Yale University awarded Langer LL.D. degrees as did the University of Hamburg in 1955. Among his many involvements, Langer served as president of the American Historical Association for 1957. Langer received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1965.

Selected bibliography
  revised as: Gas and Flame in World War I (1965) online
 An Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged. © 1972, 1968, 1952, 1948, & 1940. 1948 edition online
 The Franco-Russian Alliance 1890–1894  (1929) online
 European Alliances and Alignments 1871–1890  (1931) (second edition with supplementary bibliographies, Vintage, 1950). online
 The Diplomacy of Imperialism, 1890–1902  (1935) (two volumes) online review ; online copy
 Our Vichy Gamble  (1947)
 The Challenge to Isolation, 1937–1940  (1952) with S. Everett Gleason online
 The Undeclared War, 1940–1941  (1953) with S. Everett Gleason
Conyers Read, 1881–1959: Scholar, Teacher, Public Servant (M. and V. Dean, 1963)
 Political and Social Upheaval, 1832–1852  (1969) online
 In and out of the ivory tower (1977), autobiography  online

References

Sources
In and Out of the Ivory Tower: The Autobiography of William L. Langer (Neele Watson Academic Publications, 1977)

1896 births
1977 deaths
20th-century American historians
20th-century American male writers
American Unitarians
United States Army personnel of World War I
Clark University alumni
Clark University faculty
American people of German descent
Harvard University alumni
Harvard University Department of History faculty
Harvard University faculty
Writers from Boston
Presidents of the American Historical Association

People of the Office of Strategic Services
Historians of American foreign relations
People of the Central Intelligence Agency
The Fletcher School at Tufts University faculty
University of Chicago faculty
Yale University faculty
Columbia University faculty
Medal for Merit recipients
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Boston Latin School alumni
Historians from Massachusetts
Harvard Extension School faculty
Bancroft Prize winners
American male non-fiction writers

William L. Langer


"Skinny Legs and All" is a song composed and recorded by soul singer Joe Tex and released in 1967 on the Dial label in 1967. The single was later featured on Tex's "live" album, Live and Lively a year later in 1968.

Background & recording
By 1967, Joe Tex had been recording for over a decade but started reaching his commercial peak in the mid-1960s with the releases of R&B hits such as "I Want To (Do Everything For You)", "A Sweet Woman Like You" and "Hold What You've Got", which became the first song in the Southern soul style to become a top five pop record. The three aforementioned records had also peaked at number-one on the R&B singles charts.

Tex was also known as an energetic live performer whose intense dancing was often compared to the likes of Jackie Wilson and James Brown. Two of his major trademarks, which Tex accused James Brown of stealing from him, was doing microphone stand kicks and adapting a cape, the latter of which Tex poked fun of during a rare joint headlining gig with both musicians, in which he covered Brown's hit "Please, Please, Please" but in the middle as his emcee dropped the cape on him, Tex yelled "please, please, please...get this cape off me!" which didn't go over well with Brown, who allegedly later shot at Tex and his entourage at a nightclub after the show. Luckily for Tex and his entourage, no one was injured.

In 1967, Tex's producer Buddy Killen decided to record a "live show" of Tex's, which was actually cut at American Studios. Killen would later include a live audience to give it a feeling of an actual live show. One of the last songs Tex did was a novelty type of song he had composed on the spot titled "Skinny Legs and All" in which he poked fun at a man who was ignoring a woman he was with who apparently had skinny legs. Tex advised the woman to dump her lover because "someone out there will take you, Miss skinny legs and all". He later mocked a woman for similarly treating a man with "raggedy clothes" and advised the guy to do the same thing. Tex would later tell an interviewer in 1972 that he got the inspiration to write the song while in Alabama and noticing a man arguing with his wife who was reportedly skinny and holding two bags of groceries, which frustrated her husband, causing an argument. Joe said he said to himself about what he'd say to the woman, "'Walk on baby'. If that man don't want you in public someone else will." During his early years with The Jackson 5, Michael Jackson, who later listed Tex as one of his idols, performed the song and often did it going into audiences and peeking under women's skirts on the behest of his father Joseph.

Song performance & release
The song was released in the spring of that year and became a top ten hit on the pop charts, reaching #10 and later going gold. It was Tex's biggest hit until the release of "I Gotcha" in 1972.

Chart performance

Personnel
 Reggie Young – electric guitar
 Tommy Cogbill - bass
 Gene Chrisman – drums
 Horn section

Notes

1967 singles
Joe Tex songs
Song recordings produced by Buddy Killen
Songs written by Joe Tex
1967 songs
Atlantic Records singles

Skinny Legs and All (song)


The Apple 80-Column Text Card is an expansion card for the Apple IIe computer to give it the option of displaying 80 columns of text instead of 40 columns.  Two models were available; the cheaper 80-column card has just enough extra RAM to double the video memory capacity, and the Extended 80-Column Text Card has an additional 64 kilobytes of RAM, bringing the computer's total RAM to 128 KB.

VisiCalc and Disk II made the Apple II very popular in small businesses, which asked the company for 80-column support, but Apple delayed improving the Apple II because for three years it expected that the unsuccessful Apple III would be the company's business computer. The 80-column cards were the alternative. The cards go in the IIe's Auxiliary Slot, which exists in addition to the seven standard Apple II peripheral slots present on all expandable Apple II series machines. Although in a separate slot, the card is closely associated with slot #3 of the seven standard slots, using some of the hardware and firmware functions that would have otherwise been allocated to slot 3, because third-party 80-column cards such as the Sup'R'Terminal had traditionally been placed in slot 3 on the earlier Apple II and Apple II Plus machines. Therefore the user can enter 80-column mode by issuing the command PR#3 or IN#3 in the BASIC prompt.

The "extended" version of the card features a jumper block (J1) that when installed enables the double high-resolution capability. Since early "Revision A" Apple IIe motherboards are incapable of supporting the bank switching needed for the enhanced graphics mode, the block needs to be removed to disable the feature.

As with many Apple II products, third party cards were also produced that perform a similar function, and some types of 80-column cards were available for the older Apple II models, which do not have a dedicated slot for this card.

Soon after the release of the Apple IIe, 80-column text support became a basic requirement of many software packages.  Later, 128 KB (and therefore the Extended card) became a minimum requirement for major programs.  All versions of the extremely popular AppleWorks require 128 KB of memory.  In the later years of the Apple IIe, the Extended 80-column card was standard on all new machines.  The Apple IIc and Apple IIGS, both released after the Apple IIe, also came standard with at least 128 KB of RAM, the extra 64 KB of which can be accessed in the same manner as an Extended 80-column card.

See also
 The M&R Enterprises Sup'R'Terminal — the first 80-Column Text Card for the Apple II
 Videx — manufacturer of the VideoTERM, an 80-Column Text Card for the Apple II

References

80-Column Text Card
Memory expansion
Graphics cards

Apple 80-Column Text Card


Pavle Solarić (7 August 1779 – 18 January 1821) was a Serbian linguist, geographer, archaeologist, poet, bibliographer and man of letters. He was one of Dositej Obradović's early students and an ardent disciple.

Biography
Solarić was born into a Serbian Orthodox clerical family in the village of Velika Pisanica near Bjelovar, then part of the Kingdom of Slavonia, a province of the Habsburg Empire (now part of Croatia). Solarić completed his education at Zagreb and Sremski Karlovci, graduating in 1803 with a degree in philosophy and linguistics. He left for Italy where he dedicated himself to writing and research. He was a successful translator from French, Italian and German. He became a corrector of the Slavic printing office in Venice, a municipal government post he held until his death.

Works

In 1804 he wrote "Graždansko Zemljeopisanie" (Geography in Civil Letters), the first book written by a Serb in the language of the common folk. In Preface, Solarić states that his work is supplemented translation of Adam Christian Gaspari Allgemeine Geographische Ephemeriden. The book is now part of the private library of Joca Vujić.

Pavle Solarić's "Pominak knjižeski" (Literary Record, 1810) is usually regarded as the first attempt at Serbian literary history. This catalogue of Slavonic books printed in Venice is a precise description of books in the Cyrillic and Glagolitic scripts; it also includes a voluminous introduction to the Serbian literature, called "Illyrian" by the author. He published Dositej Obradović's Mezimac.

His poetry remained forgotten, owing to the critical reception at the beginning of the 20th century. Since then, however, his work is currently being appreciated, thanks to Zdravko Krstanović and Milorad Pavić who brought the poems from old archives to the attention of the reading public under the title of Gozba. Solarić translated Ulog uma čelovječeskoga (Vienna, 1810) from the German by philosopher Karl von Eckartshausen's Aufschlüsse zur Magie aus geprüften Erfahrungen über verborgene philosophische Wissenschaften und verdeckte Geheimnisse der Natur(4 vols., Munich. 1788–1792).

Solarić's philosophical, philological, historical, geographical, bibliographical and ethnological work has yet to be systematically and thoroughly examined. Just recently a Serbian historian Radovan Damjanović discovered that Pavle Solarić's "Romans of Slavonia" was written as a result of socializing with Frederick North, 5th Earl of Guilford, a former first British Governor of Ceylon, then Minister of Education of the Ionian Islands.

References

Gozba (Collected poems by Pavle Solarić):

18th-century Serbian people
19th-century linguists
19th-century geographers
19th-century archaeologists
19th-century Serbian poets
19th-century male writers
Linguists from Serbia
Serbian geographers
Serbian archaeologists
Serbian male poets
Serbian translators
Habsburg Serbs
1779 births
1821 deaths
Serbs of Croatia

Pavle Solarić


The Suntan Special (sometimes styled as Sun Tan Special) was a summer excursion train service operated by the Southern Pacific Railroad between San Francisco and Santa Cruz, California, from 1927 to 1959.

History
When Suntan Special service began, trains operated from San Jose on the over-the-mountain South Pacific Coast Railroad (SPCR) route through Los Gatos until that line was destroyed by storm damage in February 1940. Service resumed starting in April 1940 over a longer overland route, continuing down the Coast Subdivision mainline from San Jose through Gilroy, turning at Watsonville Junction in Pajaro onto the Santa Cruz Branch originally established by the Santa Cruz Railroad, and finishing the trip to Santa Cruz via Watsonville, Aptos, and Capitola. Regular passenger service along the SPCR line was short-turned at Los Gatos, with buses continuing to and from Santa Cruz.

The first train ran to Santa Cruz via Los Gatos over the Fourth of July weekend in 1927 and was called the "Popular Excursion"; it was simply a way to use rolling stock made idle by the holiday, but proved to be successful enough that additional excursions were run on Labor Day (September 5) and Admission Day (Sept. 9) that season. For 1928, excursions ran every two weeks (plus holidays) starting from Memorial Day (May 30, 1928) until Admission Day, and weekly service started in 1929. The Suntan Special name was applied starting from October 1930. The original service held departures from San Jose (Cahill station) until the departure point shifted to San Francisco (Third and Townsend Depot) in 1932 with at least three sections every summer Sunday and holiday. A section from Oakland was added in 1934. In 1932, approximately 3,500 passengers from the San Francisco Bay Area each paid $1.25 ( adjusted for inflation) for a round trip visit to the Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk. Up to seven double-headed sections originating in San Francisco, Oakland, or San Jose were required to carry these passengers. Service was suspended by World War II from 1941 through 1946, but resumed in July 1947, carrying about 900 passengers per trip. Before the war, the seasonal service operated from Memorial Day weekend through the end of September; this was shortened to Independence Day through Labor Day in 1947. Postwar service consisted of one round-trip excursion train each Sunday and an extra trip on the Fourth of July.

The train would reach Santa Cruz at approximately 11:30 AM and depart on the return trip at approximately 6:15 PM. The train consists usually had an open-air observation car at the rear and featured on-board snacks and coffee served from trolleys. Average one-way trip time was 3 hours, 15 minutes from San Francisco, as the poor condition of the road bed between Watsonville Junction (Pajaro) and Santa Cruz limited the train to just , taking an hour to traverse the Santa Cruz Branch off the Coast Subdivision mainline. The change from the over-the-mountain route through Los Gatos to the overland route via Watsonville Junction (Pajaro) increased the trip time by only 10 minutes.

In 1956, the train carried a peak of 15,485 passengers on 13 excursion trips taken that season, but this declined to 7,752 passengers for the 1959 season. The last train ran in September 1959. The passenger agent for SP, Joseph B. Haggerty, called it a "money-losing train."

Legacy
Postwar improvements to freeways and automobiles shortened trip times to Santa Cruz and hastened the end of Suntan Special service, but California State Route 17 (SR-17), the highway on the direct over-the-mountain route from San Jose to Santa Cruz, became congested, prompting the California Department of Transportation to propose widening and straightening the freeway in 1971, expanding it to six lanes of traffic, with enough room to expand it to eight plus two shoulders and a median. As an alternative, Lockheed proposed restoring the rail line from Los Gatos, which was estimated to cost $50 million,  the cost of widening the freeway. Santa Cruz County residents successfully lobbied Caltrans to de-list SR-17 from the state freeway system in 1974, removing the threat to widen that road. At the time, Amtrak and Southern Pacific were asked by U.S. Representative Burt Talcott if they would be willing to revive the Suntan Special using the overland route via Watsonville Junction; Amtrak vice president for governmental affairs Gerald D. Morgan replied "the proposed service could not in fact run at a profit". Scenic Railways, Inc. evaluated the feasibility of bringing the route back as a seasonal weekend excursion, but County Supervisor Dan Forbus said it was unlikely to alleviate much of the traffic over SR-17.

SR-17 again was characterized as "crowded [and] dangerous" in 1984, when a newspaper article described efforts to revive the over-the-mountain railroad to alleviate traffic. However, these were opposed by the county Board of Supervisors; Supervisor Gary Patton stated "We are not in favor of construction of a route over the hill, either on the old Los Gatos alignment, or on a new alignment, because it would open Santa Cruz for major commuter traffic". Three studies for passenger rail service to Santa Cruz were conducted in 1994, including a potential revival of the Suntan Special using the overland route.

On Saturday, May 18, 1996, a Suntan Special revival was operated by Caltrain using the overland route via Watsonville Junction (Pajaro) from San Jose. That day, Caltrain offered a single-day roundtrip excursion. As an alternative, an overnight deluxe package was offered for $149 per person, including an unlimited ride pass at the Beach Boardwalk, hotel stay at the Dream Inn, and a round-trip ticket on the Santa Cruz, Big Trees and Pacific Railway, with the return trip being operated on Sunday by Amtrak using a diesel multiple unit train from Denmark.

Iowa Pacific, under its operating subsidiary Santa Cruz & Monterey Bay Railway, ran the Train to Christmas Town holiday excursion service along the overland route between the Beach Boardwalk and Wilder Ranch, near the border with San Mateo County, between 2012 and 2016.

References

External links

Passenger trains of the Southern Pacific Transportation Company
Named passenger trains of the United States
Railway services introduced in 1927
Railway services discontinued in 1959
1959 disestablishments in California
1927 establishments in California

Suntan Special


The SRV Dominator is the name given to a series of vehicles used for Reed Timmer, as featured on the Discovery Channel series Storm Chasers (SRV stands for Storm Research Vehicle). In April 2013, Timmer, designer and operator of all three Dominator vehicles, joined KFOR-TV's 4WARN Storm Team, all three vehicles collectively referred to by the station as "Dominator 4".

The Dominator
The Dominator was modified from a 2007 Chevrolet Tahoe that was used during the 2008 storm chasing season and debuted in the 2009 chase season. The modifications included adding bulletproof sheet metal and transparent Lexan armor to protect against flying debris near tornadoes, and an external roll cage and racing-style safety harnesses in case of a vehicle roll. The SRV is not designed to intercept (due mainly to a lack of an anchoring system as employed on the TIV 2) but is able to get as close as "humanly possible" to tornadoes. In 2009, a tornado in Aurora, Nebraska unexpectedly strengthened right over the Dominator and blew out the driver's window, when its exterior Lexan window failed to roll up. Reed Timmer and one of his passengers suffered lacerations to the face from flying glass.

During the Off-Season in 2009, the Dominator was upgraded by strengthening bulletproof and LINE-X sheet metal and Lexan Windows. Further upgrades added mid-season include a vertically-scanning radar intended to profile the winds at different heights within a tornado, as well as compressed-air launchers intended to launch wireless parachute probes to gather and transmit data on tornadoes to a chase. At the end of the 2010 Season, the Dominator was sliding while intercepting a mile wide EF4 tornado in Wadena, Minnesota nearly ending in a disaster. Early in the 2011 storm season, the Dominator suffered various mechanical issues; such as the Four Wheel Drive not working, the Lexan on the drivers side not fully closing, the braking system and hydraulic system failed before the Super Outbreak, but were later fixed.

Dominator 2

In early 2011, Timmer and other members of TVN purchased a 2011 GMC Yukon XL, which would be the base vehicle for a second Dominator vehicle named Dominator 2. Changes from the first Dominator are said to include a flex fuel engine, improved aerodynamic streamlining thanks to the fully sealed outer shell, higher ride height,  swiveling rear passenger seats, improved hydraulics, and upgraded armor protection as well as anchoring spikes that could allow it to engage tornadoes stronger than those the original Dominator could safely face. Timmer also stated that both vehicles would be used with one going into tornadoes to gather data from inside the funnel while the other would collect data from just outside the tornado, with the intention of comparing the two sets of data. The second generation Dominator features reinforced sheet metal and transparent Lexan has been strengthened with higher-quality steel and an additional LINE-X coating. This shell is firmly affixed to the frame and chassis of the GMC Yukon. The new model retains a roll cage and racing-car safety seats with full-torso belts for added crew protection.

Dominator 2 first saw action during the tornado outbreak sequence of May 21–26, 2011 in central Oklahoma, shown on the fifth season of Storm Chasers.

On May 31, 2013, Dominator 2 was damaged when it intercepted a record breaking multiple-vortex tornado near El Reno. According to KFOR-TV, posts by Reed on Facebook, and as shown in Season 2, episodes 11 and 12 of Tornado Chasers, the hood was ripped off of the vehicle. The tornado would go on to be  wide with winds measured by radar exceeding  (at about  above the surface), making this the largest and strongest tornado ever intercepted by any of the Dominator vehicles. During the chase, Reed and his team found the wrecked SUV of Mike Bettes and his team from The Weather Channel's Great Tornado Hunt after it had been rolled into a field by a sub-vortex from the main tornado. Joined by members from Oklahoma City's KFOR-TV Channel 4 storm chasing team and first responders like the Oklahoma Highway Patrol, Bettes and his crew were rescued and evacuated to receive medical attention. Reed later learned that TWISTEX founder Tim Samaras, his son Paul, and storm chasing partner Carl Young, were fatalities of the El Reno tornado.

Dominator 3

A third Dominator vehicle was completed in late April 2013. This vehicle, named Dominator 3, was built using a Ford Super Duty pickup truck as the base vehicle — the first Dominator vehicle not to use a General Motors vehicle as the base. The vehicle features an electric winch, airbag lowering suspension, hydraulic anchoring spikes, and gull-wing doors (which were augmented with touch-activated actuators in early 2014) for the driver, front and rear passengers. It is also the first Dominator vehicle to utilize a diesel powerplant.

Dominator 3 first saw action during the tornado outbreak of May 18–21, 2013, making three separate intercepts on an EF4 tornado near Shawnee, Oklahoma on May 19.

Dominator 3 successfully intercepted an EF1 Tornado near Spalding, Nebraska on May 12th, 2023.

See also
 Tornado Intercept Vehicle

References

External links
 Official YouTube Channel

Storm chasing
Armoured cars

SRV Dominator


Thomas Francis Monteleone (born April 14, 1946) is an American science fiction author and horror fiction author.

Early life
Born at  in Baltimore, Maryland, Monteleone was raised in Sudbrook Park, in the same state. Monteleone attended a Jesuit high school, Loyola Blakefield, one year ahead of Tom Clancy. Monteleone studied at the University of Maryland, College Park, where he received degrees in English and Psychology. From 1969 to 1978 Monteleone worked as a psychotherapist in the Clifton T. Perkins Hospital Center in Jessup, Maryland, while studying English at the graduate level.

Career
Monteleone has been a professional writer since 1972. Monteleone's first story appeared in Amazing Stories magazine in 1972. His first novel, Seeds of Change was the lead-off title in the critically unsuccessful Laser Books line of science fiction titles. He became a popular writer of supernatural thrillers. He has published more than 100 short stories in numerous magazines and anthologies. His best-selling novel, Blood of the Lamb was named a New York Times Notable Book of the Year.

His column of opinion and entertainment, "The Mothers And Fathers Italian Association", currently appears in Cemetery Dance magazine. He is the editor of nine anthologies, including the highly acclaimed, Stoker Award-winning  Borderlands series edited with his wife, Elizabeth. His stories have been nominated for many awards, and have appeared in many best-of-the-year compilations.

Monteleone's five collections of selected short fiction are Dark Stars and Other Illuminations (1981), Rough Beasts and Other Mutations (2003),The Little Brown Book of Bizarre Stories (2004), Fearful Symmetries (2004), and Dark Arts (2014). His novels, The Resurrectionist and Night of Broken Souls, global thrillers from Warner Books, received rave reviews and have been optioned for films. The Reckoning (2000), a sequel to The Blood of the Lamb, and The Eyes of the Virgin (2002) have been published by Forge. His omnibus volume of essays about the book and film industries entitled The Mothers And Fathers Italian Association was recently published by Borderlands Press and won the Bram Stoker Award for Non-Fiction. He is also the author of the bestseller The Complete Idiot's Guide to Writing a Novel (2004). His books and stories have been translated into fourteen foreign languages.

Monteleone has also written for the stage and television, having scripts produced for American Playhouse (which won him the Bronze Award at the International TV and Film Festival of New York and the Gabriel Award), George A. Romero's Tales from the Darkside, and a series on Fox TV entitled Night Visions. He has written many feature-length screenplays, none of which have been produced.

Awards
Montelone is a five-time winner of the Bram Stoker Award:
 His novel The Blood of the Lamb won the 1992 BSA for Best Novel in 1993.
 Borderlands 5, a horror anthology which Monteleone edited with Elizabeth Monteleone, won Best Anthology in 2003.
 In the same year, Monteleone's essay collection The Mothers And Fathers Italian Association won BSA for Best Nonfiction.
 His 2004 collection Fearful Symmetries gained the 2004 Award for Best Collection.
 Borderlands 6, a horror anthology which Monteleone edited with his daughter Olivia Monteleone, won Best Anthology in 2016.
In 2017, The Horror Writers Association honored him with their Lifetime Achievement Award. His membership and Lifetime Achievement Award benefits were revoked on January 31, 2023 by The Horror Writers Association for his not following the organization's anti-harassment policies. The violations included his decision to go on racist tirades and transphobic rants. Per HWA rules, 80% of the officers voted for his expulsion from the organization.

Politics
In a 1992 interview, Monteleone stated he was "registered as Independent". More recently, Monteleone has described himself as a libertarian. Discussing the issue of drug prohibition, Montelone has stated that "Now just because I'm not into the drug scene doesn't mean I'm any less of a good Libertarian. I think all drugs should be legalized". Monteleone argues that the War on Drugs cannot be won, that criminalization creates a "phantom economy" dominated by violent criminals, and that drug prohibition is a violation of individual liberty. Monteleone is an admirer of Ayn Rand, and has described her book Atlas Shrugged as a "personal barometer". Monteleone has also criticized the Clinton Administration for bringing an antitrust suit against the Microsoft corporation.

Personal life
Monteleone's wife, Elizabeth, co-manages Borderlands Press with Monteleone. Monteleone has a son and a daughter.

In 1967, while a student at the University of Maryland, Monteleone was involved in a UFO hoax, claiming that aliens had taken him to the planet "Lanulos." This story seemed to confirm the experiences of alleged contactee Woodrow Derenberger and was investigated by journalist John Keel.  Keel discusses the incident in several books (see chapter 14 of The Mothman Prophecies) and seems to have taken it seriously at the time, though Monteleone later confirmed it was a prank.  He came to regret the publicity and harassment that the hoax generated.

Works

Novels

Dragonstar series (with David Bischoff):
 Day of the Dragonstar, Berkley, 1983,
 Night of the Dragonstar, Berkley, 1985,
 Dragonstar Destiny, Ace Books, 1989,

Standalone:
 Seeds of Change, Laser Books, 1975,
 The Time Connection, Popular Library, 1976,
 The Time-Swept City, Popular Library, 1977,
 The Secret Sea, Popular Library, 1979,
 Guardian, Doubleday, 1980,
 Paperback reprint: Fawcett Popular Library, 1981,
 Night Things (1980)
 Ozymandias (1981)
 Night Train (1984)
 Lyrica: A Novel of Horror and Desire (1986)
 Fantasma (1987)
 The Magnificent Gallery (1987)
 The Crooked House (1987) (with John DeChancie)
 The Blood of the Lamb (1992) – Bram Stoker Award (1992)
 The Resurrectionist (1995)
 Between Floors (1997)
 Night of Broken Souls (1997)
 The Reckoning (1999)
 Eyes of the Virgin (2002)
 Serpentine (2007)
 Submerged (2015)

Fiction collections
 Monster Tales: Vampires, Werewolves & Things (1973)
 Dark Stars and Other Illuminations (1981)
 Rough Beasts and Other Mutations (2003)
 Fearful Symmetries (Cemetery Dance Publications, 2004)  (Bram Stoker Award 2004)
 A Little Brown Book of Bizarre Stories" (2009)
 Dark Arts (2014)

Non-fiction
 The Arts and Beyond: Visions of Man's Aesthetic Future (1977)
 The Mothers and Fathers Italian Association (2003) (Bram Stoker Award 2003)
 The Complete Idiot's Guide to Writing a Novel (2004)
 The Complete Idiot's Guide to Writing a Novel, 2nd Edition (2010)

Books editedBorderlands series:
 Borderlands (1988)
 Borderlands 2 (1991)
 Borderlands 3 (1993)
 Borderlands 4 (1994) (with Elizabeth Monteleone)
 Borderlands 5 (with Elizabeth Monteleone), Borderlands Press, 2004
 Reprinted as From the Borderlands, Warner Books, 2004. (Bram Stoker Award 2003)
 Borderlands 6 (with Olivia Monteleone), Borderlands Press, 2016 (Bram Stoker Award 2017)

Other books:
 Random Access Messages of the Computer Age (1984)
 Microworlds'' (1985)

References

External links

 Bibliography at Fantastic Fiction

1946 births
Living people
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American horror writers
American male novelists
American science fiction writers
American male short story writers
Writers from Baltimore
20th-century American short story writers
21st-century American short story writers
American libertarians
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
Novelists from Maryland
Writers of books about writing fiction
Loyola Blakefield alumni

Thomas F. Monteleone


Dr. Vivian Carpenter (born c. 1952 in Detroit, Michigan) is an accounting academic and business executive.  She focuses her academic research on institutional theory, public sector accounting, and the political effects of adoption of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) by the public sector.

Education
Carpenter attended the University of Michigan where she acquired her MBA, her B.S.E. in Industrial and Operations Research, and her Ph.D. in Business Administration. She spent a year on postdoctoral studies in Economics and Public Policy at the University of Chicago.

Career
As an academic, Carpenter has held numerous scholastic positions including a position as visiting professor of Industrial and Operations Research at the University of Michigan, an assistant professorship in Accounting at Wayne State University, and a position as Assistant Dean at Florida A & M University where she held an associate professorship in Accounting.  As a professional, Dr. Carpenter has held positions as Deputy State Treasurer at the Michigan Department of Treasury, President of Atwater Entertainment Associates, L.L.C., and most recently, Chair of the Management and Audit Committee for MotorCity Casino in Detroit.  In addition, in 1977, Dr. Carpenter articled at Arthur Andersen for her Certified Public Accountant designation.

The Governmental Accounting Standards Board, the Ford Foundation, the Kellogg Foundation, and the National Science Foundation have all supported Dr. Carpenter's research. She was appointed to serve on review panels for the National Science Foundation, the Ford Foundation, and the Ohio Board of Regents – Research Initiative Fund. She also held a position as a member of the Fulbright International Business Administration Review Panel from 1992 through 1995.

Awards
Throughout her academic career, Dr. Carpenter has received numerous honors and awards. In 1991, Dr. Carpenter received three national awards. She was awarded the National Achievement Award – Accounting Educator Award by the National Association of Black Accountants, the Author's Award from the Association of Government Accountants for her outstanding article published in the Government Accountants Journal in 1990, and the Decision Sciences Institute's 1991 Best Interdisciplinary paper award.  In 1996, she was awarded a $672,000 equipment grant from Hewlett-Packard for establishing a computer network for faculty and staff in the Business School at Florida A & M University.

Carpenter has had publications in the Journal of Accounting and Public Policy; Government Accountants Journal; Governmental Finance Review; Accounting Horizons; Accounting, Organizations and Society; Issues in Accounting Education; and International Journal of Public Administration.  In addition, she has served on the editorial board of Research in Government and Non-profit Accounting.

Selected publications

 Carpenter, V., R. Cheng and E. Feroz (2007). "Toward an Empirical Institutional Governance Theory".  Corporate Ownership and Control 4(4).
 Carpenter, V. and E. Feroz (2001). "Institutional theory and accounting rule choice: an analysis of four US state governments' decisions to adopt generally accepted accounting principles". Accounting, Organizations and Society, 26, 565-596.
 Carpenter, V. (1991). "The Influence of Political Competition on the Decisions to Adopt GAAP". Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 10, 105-134.

References

External links
 Vivian Carpenter - University of Michigan Business School
 Vivian Carpenter (profile of Atwater Entertainment L.L.C. president)

1953 births
Living people
Accounting academics
University of Michigan faculty
Ross School of Business alumni

Vivian Carpenter


Teslin Lake is a large lake spanning the border between British Columbia and Yukon, Canada.  It is one of a group of large lakes in the region of far northwestern BC, east of the upper Alaska Panhandle, which are the southern extremity of the basin of the Yukon River, and which are known in Yukon as "the Southern Lakes" (the other major ones in the group are Atlin Lake and Tagish Lake but include Bennett and Lindeman Lakes, the headwaters of the Yukon River itself).  The lake is fed and drained primarily by the Teslin River, south and north, but is also fed from the east by the Jennings River and the Swift River, and from the west by the Hayes River.

According to the Yukon Geographical Names Project, "Teslin" means "long water", but in the Tlingit language the local kwaan or tribe of Tlingit is called Deisleen Kwáan", meaning "Big Sinew Tribe".

There are three Taku River Tlingit First Nation communities around the south end of the lake in British Columbia: Jennings River Indian Reserve No. 8, Teslin Lake Indian Reserve No. 7, and Teslin Lake Indian Reserve No. 9; in the same area there once was a Hudson's Bay Company trading post.  On the Yukon portion of the lake there are three First Nation communities: Nisutlin Indian Reserve No. 14, Nisutlin Bay Indian Reserve No. 15, and the Teslin Tlingit Council. The latter is centred in the Village of Teslin, which is located where the Alaska Highway meets the lake, following its northern/eastern shore from there towards Whitehorse.  The Nisutlin Plateau limns the eastern side of the lake north of the mouth of the Teslin River and extends into Yukon.

References

Atlin District
Borders of British Columbia
Borders of Yukon
Lakes of British Columbia
Lakes of Yukon
Yukon River

Teslin Lake


The Russalka was a battleship of the navy of the Russian Empire. It was assigned to coastal defense in the Baltic Sea.

History
The Russian vessel Russalka was built in St. Petersburg in 1867. It was 62 meters long and armed with six cannons. The crew consisted of 178 sailors. On September 7, 1893, the ship entered a fateful course to Helsinki and sank in the Gulf of Finland due to bad weather. On September 10, the maritime ministry announced Russalka's disappearance with all hands lost.

Search and recovery
The Imperial Russian Ministry of the Interior ordered a search, which involved 15 vessels and lasted until October 16, 1893. The search was then called off without success. On June 22, 2003, a ship was found at a depth of 30 meters from the bottom of the sea.

19th century in Russia
Warships

Russalka


The flag of Baden displayed a combination of yellow and red, the heraldic colours of the former German state of Baden.

Overview
A red-yellow bicolour was introduced as the flag of the Grand Duchy of Baden (1806–1918) in 1855. This was replaced with a yellow-red-yellow triband in 1891. Following the abolition of the monarchy at the end of World War I, the Republic of Baden was established, which continued to use this triband flag. After the Nazi Party came to power in Germany in 1933, the individual German states and their symbols were eventually suppressed. After World War II, the southern half of Baden became part of the French Occupation Zone and established as South Baden. South Baden used the yellow-red-yellow triband as its flag until the state's disestablishment in 1952, when it became part of the modern German state of Baden-Württemberg.

The flag is still a common sight in the Baden region today, as it is used by many private citizens. The flag is hoisted at the top of the Karlsruhe castle.

History

References

External links

Flags of Germany
Flag
Culture of Baden-Württemberg

Flag of Baden


Rütli () or Grütli (; ) is a mountain meadow on Lake Lucerne, in the Seelisberg municipality of the Swiss canton of Uri.  It is the site of the  Rütlischwur in traditional Swiss historiography, the oath marking the foundation of the original Swiss Confederacy. As such it is treated as a  national monument of  Switzerland. Since 1860, the Schweizerische Gemeinnützige Gesellschaft (SGG) has organized a celebration at the site on  Swiss National Day (1 August), since 1994 recognized as a public holiday. Rütli is only accessible by boat from Lake Lucerne or by foot from Seelisberg.

History

The Rütli became a site of symbolic importance for Swiss national identity in the early 18th century, with incipient National Romanticism. In the 1780s, there were (unsuccessful) proposals to erect a monument to Liberty at the site. Under the Helvetic Republic, the Rütli became a site of pilgrimage for conservative dissidents. In 1804, the year after the dissolution of the Helvetic Republic, Friedrich Schiller published his Willam Tell, which dramatized the Rütli oath. A patriotic Rütlilied was written by Johann Krauer and Franz Joseph Greith in 1820.

In 1859, the Rütli meadow was bought by the Schweizerische Gemeinnützige Gesellschaft (SGG, "Swiss society for public utility, founded 1810)  with the aim of preserving it as a site of national importance, among other reasons because there were plans to build a hotel at the site. The SGG turned ownership of the site over to the Confederacy under the condition of treating it as an unalienable national property and leaving its administration entrusted to the SGG.

On July 25, 1940, General Henri Guisan used the site for his speech, now remembered as the "Rütlirapport", to all commanding officers of the Swiss Armed Forces in which he outlined the Reduit strategy and his aim never to surrender if invaded (see Switzerland during the World Wars):
"I decided to reunite you in this historic place, the symbolic ground of our independence, to explain the urgency of the situation, and to speak of you as a soldier to soldiers. We are at a turning point of our history. The survival of Switzerland is at stake."

Since 1991, Rütli has also been the start of the Swiss Path hiking trail created to celebrate the 700th anniversary of Switzerland.

The National Day celebrations at the Rütli were disrupted by  Neo-Nazis in 2005. In reaction to this, access to the celebration was subject to pre-registration the following year. In apparent connection to this controversy, an individual caused a detonation at the 2007 celebration. The "attacker" was dubbed "Rütli-Bomber" in the popular press and spent a year in  custody and while being investigated by   federal police.  It turned out that the "bomb" consisted of legal fireworks buried in the meadow at a depth of 20 cm.  The case was closed without charges being filed in 2011.

Accessibility
In the old times the site was only accessible by boat. In 1869 a landing stage for steamers was built, and the next year the steamer 'Rütli' started its service. At the time, not all were satisfied with the development, a newspaper in Lucerne lamented the loss of the patriotic boat ride with a traditional Nauen from Brunnen. In 1880, a part of the rockface was removed at the shore of the lake to build a port and in 1884, the site was included in the timetable of the Navigation Company of Lake Lucerne which serviced the site once a day. The port was expanded in 1913 and the landing of private boats was initially prohibited as the view that access should only be possible through public transport should be possible was defended. In 2000, the landing stage was enlarged to a capacity of three to four motorboats at the same time.

Besides the access from the lake, Rütli is only accessible through a hiking trail from Seelisberg built in 1872/1873.

See also
Rütlischwur
Federal Charter of 1291
Swiss patriotism

References

External links

 Rütli Commission website (English/French/German/Italian)
 https://www.sgg-ssup.ch/en/ruetli-en.html

Geography of Switzerland
Geography of the canton of Uri
Monuments and memorials in Switzerland
Tourist attractions in the canton of Uri

Rütli