Beef Wellington is a steak dish of English origin, made out of fillet steak coated with pâté (often pâté de foie gras) and duxelles, wrapped in puff pastry, then baked. Some recipes include wrapping the coated meat in a crêpe or dry-cured ham to retain the moisture and prevent it from making the pastry soggy.

A whole tenderloin may be wrapped and baked, and then sliced for serving, or the tenderloin may be sliced into individual portions prior to wrapping and baking.

Naming
While historians generally believe that the dish is named after Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, the precise origin of the name is unclear and no definite connection between the dish and the duke has been found.

Leah Hyslop, writing in The Daily Telegraph, observed that by the time Wellington became famous, meat baked in pastry was a well-established part of English cuisine, and that the dish's similarity to the French filet de bœuf en croûte (fillet of beef in pastry) might imply that "beef Wellington" was a "timely patriotic rebranding of a trendy continental dish". However, she cautioned, there are no 19th-century recipes for the dish. There is a mention of "fillet of beef, à la Wellington" in the Los Angeles Times of 1903, and an 1899 reference in a menu from the Hamburg-America line. It may be related to 'steig' or steak Wellington, an Irish dish (the Duke was from an Anglo-Irish family), but the dates for this are unclear.

In the Polish classic cookbook, finished in 1909 and published for the first time in 1910, by Maria Ochorowicz-Monatowa (1866-1925), Uniwersalna książka kucharska ("The Universal Cooking Book"), there is a recipe for "Polędwica wołowa à la Wellington" (beef fillet à la Wellington). The recipe does not differ from the dish later known under this name. It is a beef filet enveloped together with duxelles in puff pastry, baked, and served with a truffle or Madeira sauce. The author, who mastered her cooking skills both in Paris and Vienna at the end of the 19th century, claimed that she had received this recipe from the cook of the imperial court in Vienna. She also included "filet à la Wellington" in the menus proposed for the "exquisite dinners".

In Le Répertoire de la Cuisine a professional reference cookbook published by Théodore Gringoire and Louis Saulnier in 1914, there is mentioned a garnish "Wellington" to beef, described as: "Fillet browned in butter and in the oven, coated in poultry stuffing with dry duxelles added, placed in rolled-out puff pastry. Cooked in the oven. Garnished with peeled tomatoes,lettuce, Pommes château".

An installment of a serialized story entitled "Custom Built" by Sidney Herschel Small in 1930 had two of its characters in a restaurant in Los Angeles that had "beef Wellington" on its menu. The first occurrence of the dish recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary is a quotation from a 1939 New York food guide with "Tenderloin of Beef Wellington" which is cooked, left to cool, and rolled in a pie crust.

Variations
In the Food Network show Good Eats, Alton Brown discusses a variant using the cheaper pork tenderloin instead of beef. Similar dishes of different types of protein baked in pastry include sausage and salmon. Various Wellington recipes using vegetables, such as mushrooms and beet Wellingtons, also exist.

See also
 Shooter's sandwich
 List of beef dishes
 List of steak dishes

References

Baked foods
Beef dishes
English beef dishes

Beef Wellington


Francisco María Oreamuno Bonilla (4 October 1801, Cartago, Costa Rica - 23 May 1856) was head of state of Costa Rica from November to December 1844.

Bonilla studied law, but did not complete the course. He still worked as a lawyer, and was later a customs official, a judge, and a regional governor.

In 1843 he was elected to the Constituent Assembly. He was very quickly made Vice President, and was also president of the Congress.

In 1844 he became President and put in place the new Constitution drafted by the Assembly in March 1844. He was opposed by sectors of the Army, led by the military commander general of Costa Rica, General Pinto. After the coup failed, Bonilla removed Pinta from the army.

He resigned in December, when the after the assembly refused to allow him to use force to settle problem between some of the provinces. His resignation was not accepted, but he was allowed to retire to his hometown. He was replaced on an interim basis by Rafael Mora Murillo and later by José Rafael Gallegos.

He continued to serve as Vice President, and in 1856, brought in many laws and actions to try to control a cholera epidemic. He got cholera, and died on 23 May 1856.

References

Presidents of Costa Rica

Francisco María Oreamuno Bonilla


Robert Tomlinson "Bob" Wheeler, III (January 11, 1952 – November 19, 2010) was an American athlete in track & field who specialized in the mile. Born in Timonium, Maryland, he went to Dulaney High School in Baltimore County, Maryland, and attended Duke University. He represented the United States at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, where he ran the 1500 metres. He is still the Duke record holder at the mile (indoor), the 1500 metres (outdoor), and the 1000 metres (indoor), records he ran between 1971 and 1973.

College career
Wheeler attended Duke between 1971 and 1973. He won the 1,000-yard run at the 1971 NCAA Indoor Championships (his 2:07.4 was an NCAA championship record until 1976) and was ACC Champion in the mile in 1971 and 1973, with winning times of 4:05.9 and 4:03.2. He won ACC titles in cross country and indoor and outdoor track. In 1971, he won the 1000 metres event at the Millrose Games, the oldest athletics invitational in the United States, and at least until 2004 was the only Duke athlete to win at the Millrose Games.

Wheeler is still the fastest miler in Duke history, having run 3:39.00 on the 1500 metres outdoor in 1972. His indoor record of 4:00.70, which he set in 1973, is a full second faster than the second-best Duke time, 4:02.06, run by Ryan McDermott in 2011.

He also holds the Duke record at 1000 metres indoor at 2:22.20 (1971) and the record in the 4x mile relay at 16:22.34 (1973), and has the second-best time at the 800 metres outdoor at 1:47.70 (1972). In 2002 he was voted, as one of 50, into the ACC's 50th anniversary team for indoor track and field. In November 25, 2010, he died in Mountain View, California, at the age of 58.

1972 Olympic appearance
Qualifiers for the 1500 metres race at the Olympics were held at the 1972 United States Olympic Trials (track and field) in Eugene, Oregon. On the first day in Oregon, Wheeler impressed with the best time, 3:42.7, though favorite Jim Ryun went on to win the title.

Before the actual Olympics started, there was considerable controversy over the proposed participation of Southern Rhodesia; in the weeks before the Olympics, a number of African countries (including Kenya, home of later 1500 metres Gold medal winner Kip Keino) threatened to withdraw from the event. The American track and field delegation composed a statement asking the International Olympic Committee to reconsider their decision to invite the former British colony; Wheeler spoke out in support of the African athletes who threatened to withdraw: "Everyone is in sympathy with this situation. It's going to be a matter of individual conscience what each is going to do."

In Munich, Wheeler reached the semifinals in the 1500 metres, a competition which proved disastrous for the American delegation after Jim Ryun, one of America's best milers ever, fell during qualifications. Like Dave Wottle, the other remaining American, Wheeler failed to make it through his heat; it was the first time since 1956, and only the second time ever, that the 1500 final was run without an American in it.

References

1952 births
2010 deaths
Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics
American male middle-distance runners
Olympic track and field athletes for the United States
Duke University alumni
People from Timonium, Maryland
Sportspeople from Baltimore County, Maryland

Bob Wheeler


Orthodoxy (from Greek: ) is adherence to correct or accepted creeds, especially in religion.

Orthodoxy within Christianity refers to acceptance of the doctrines defined by various creeds and ecumenical councils in Antiquity, but different Churches accept different creeds and councils. Such differences of opinion have developed for numerous reasons, including language and cultural barriers.

Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy are sometimes referred to simply as "Orthodoxy".

In some English-speaking countries, Jews who adhere to all the traditions and commandments as legislated in the Talmud are often called Orthodox Jews.

Sunni Islam is sometimes referred to as "Orthodox Islam".

Religions

Buddhism

The historical Buddha was known to denounce mere attachment to scriptures or dogmatic principles, as it was mentioned in the Kalama Sutta. Moreover, the Theravada school of Buddhism follows strict adherence to the Pāli Canon (tripiṭaka) and the commentaries such as the Visuddhimagga. Hence, the Theravada school came to be considered the most orthodox of all Buddhist schools, as it is known to be highly conservative especially within the discipline and practice of the Vinaya.

Christianity

In classical Christian use, the term orthodox refers to the set of doctrines which were believed by the early Christians. A series of ecumenical councils were held over a period of several centuries to try to formalize these doctrines. The most significant of these early decisions was that between the homoousian doctrine of Athanasius and Eustathius (which became Trinitarianism) and the heteroousian doctrine of Arius and Eusebius of Nicomedia (Arianism). The homoousian doctrine, which defined Jesus as both God and man with the canons of the 431 Council of Ephesus, won out in the Church and was referred to as orthodoxy in most Christian contexts, since this was the viewpoint of previous Christian Church Fathers and was reaffirmed at these councils. (The minority of nontrinitarian Christians object to this terminology.)

Following the 1054 Great Schism, both the Western Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church continued to consider themselves uniquely orthodox and catholic. Augustine wrote in On True Religion: "Religion is to be sought…only among those who are called Catholic or orthodox Christians, that is, guardians of truth and followers of right." Over time, the Western Church gradually identified with the "Catholic" label, and people of Western Europe gradually associated the "Orthodox" label with the Eastern Church (in some languages the "Catholic" label is not necessarily identified with the Western Church). This was in note of the fact that both Catholic and Orthodox were in use as ecclesiastical adjectives as early as the 2nd and 4th centuries respectively.

Much earlier, the earliest Oriental Orthodox Churches and Chalcedonian Christianity separated in two after the Council of Chalcedon (AD 451), because of several Christological differences. Since then, Oriental Orthodox Churches are maintaining the orthodox designation as a symbol of their theological traditions.

Lutheran orthodoxy was an era in the history of Lutheranism, which began in 1580 from the writing of the Book of Concord and ended at the Age of Enlightenment. Lutheran orthodoxy was paralleled by similar eras in Calvinism and tridentine Roman Catholicism after the Counter-Reformation. Lutheran scholasticism was a theological method that gradually developed during the era of Lutheran orthodoxy. Theologians used the neo-Aristotelian form of presentation, already popular in academia, in their writings and lectures. They defined the Lutheran faith and defended it against the polemics of opposing parties. Reformed orthodoxy or Calvinist orthodoxy was an era in the history of Calvinism in the 16th to 18th centuries. Calvinist orthodoxy was paralleled by similar eras in Lutheranism and tridentine Roman Catholicism after the Counter-Reformation. Calvinist scholasticism or Reformed scholasticism was a theological method that gradually developed during the era of Calvinist Orthodoxy.

Hinduism
Orthodoxy does not exist in Hinduism, as the word Hindu itself collectively refers to the various beliefs of people who lived beyond the Sindhu river (Indus river) of the India. It is a record of the accepted teachings of each of thousands of gurus, who others equate to prophets, and has no founder, no authority or command, but recommendations. The term most equivalent to orthodoxy at best has the meaning of "commonly accepted" traditions rather than the usual meaning of "conforming to a doctrine", for example, what people of middle eastern faiths attempt to equate as doctrine in Hindu philosophies is Sanatana Dharma, but which at best can be translated to mean "ageless traditions", hence denoting that they are accepted not through doctrine and force but through multi-generational tests of adoption and retention based on circumstantial attrition through millennia. Still, the concepts of āstika and nāstika of Indian philosophy are quite similar to orthodoxy and heterodoxy respectively, the ātiska being those who accept the epistemic authority of the Vedas.

Islam

Sunni Islam is sometimes referred to as "Orthodox Islam". However, other scholars of Islam, such as John Burton believe that there is no such thing as "Orthodox Islam."

Judaism

Orthodox Judaism is a collective term for the traditionalist branches of Judaism, which seek to fully maintain the received Jewish beliefs and observances and which coalesced in opposition to the various challenges of modernity and secularization. Theologically, it is chiefly defined by regarding the Torah, both Written and Oral, as literally revealed by God on biblical Mount Sinai and faithfully transmitted ever since. The movement advocates a strict observance of halakha (Jewish Law), which is to be interpreted only according to received methods due to its divine character. Orthodoxy considers halakha as eternal and beyond historical influence, being applied differently to changing circumstances but basically unchangeable in itself.

Orthodox Judaism is not a centralized denomination. Relations between its different subgroups are sometimes strained and the exact limits of Orthodoxy are subject to intense debate. Very roughly, it may be divided between Haredi Judaism, which is more conservative and reclusive, and Modern Orthodox Judaism, which is relatively open to outer society. Each of those is itself formed of independent streams. They are almost uniformly exclusionist, regarding Orthodoxy as the only authentic form of Judaism and rejecting all non-Orthodox interpretations as illegitimate.

Others
Kemetic Orthodoxy is a denomination of Kemetism, a reform reconstruction of Egyptian polytheism for modern followers. It claims to derive a spiritual lineage from the Ancient Egyptian religion.

There are organizations of Slavic Native Faith (Rodnovery) which characterize the religion as Orthodoxy, and by other terms.

Non-religious contexts

Outside the context of religion, the term orthodoxy is often used to refer to any commonly held belief or set of beliefs in some field, in particular when these tenets, possibly referred to as "dogmas", are being challenged. In this sense, the term has a mildly pejorative connotation.

Among various "orthodoxies" in distinctive fields, the most commonly used terms are:
 Political orthodoxy
 Social orthodoxy
 Economic orthodoxy
 Scientific orthodoxy
 Artistic orthodoxy
Orthodox medicine.

The terms orthodox and orthodoxy are also used more broadly to refer to things other than ideas and beliefs. A new and unusual way of solving a problem could be referred to as unorthodox, while a common and 'normal' way of solving a problem would be referred to as orthodox.

Related concepts
Orthodoxy is opposed to heterodoxy ('other teaching') or heresy. People who deviate from orthodoxy by professing a doctrine considered to be false are called heretics, while those who, perhaps without professing heretical beliefs, break from the perceived main body of believers are called schismatics. The term employed sometimes depends on the aspect most in view: if one is addressing corporate unity, the emphasis may be on schism; if one is addressing doctrinal coherence, the emphasis may be on heresy. A deviation lighter than heresy is commonly called error, in the sense of not being grave enough to cause total estrangement, while yet seriously affecting communion. Sometimes error is also used to cover both full heresies and minor errors. Doctrine or practices not regarded as essential to faith, with which Christians can legitimately disagree, are known as adiaphora.

The concept of orthodoxy is prevalent in many forms of organized monotheism. However, orthodox belief is not usually overly emphasized in polytheistic or animist religions, in which there is often little or no concept of dogma, and varied interpretations of doctrine and theology are tolerated and sometimes even encouraged within certain contexts. Syncretism, for example, plays a much wider role in non-monotheistic (and particularly, non-scriptural) religion. The prevailing governing norm within polytheism is often orthopraxy ('right practice') rather than the "right belief" of orthodoxy.

See also

References

Citations

Sources

External links

Religious belief and doctrine
Religious terminology

Orthodoxy


The Bilal Xhaferri Cultural Association (), otherwise called "Cultural Community of Chameria", is a non-governmental organization centered in Tirana, Albania. This association was founded by a group of journalists, writers, artists and intellectuals, friends of dissident novelist and publicist Bilal Xhaferri. Its key objective was to present Bilal's figure to the Albanian people, to compare Albanian cultural values, especially those of Chameria, with those of the most developed countries.

History

The Cultural Association "Bilal Xhaferri" was founded in 1993 and since 1994 it operates as a cultural institution. It aimed to accomplishing better the mission of Bilal Xhaferri Publishing House which opened in 1991.
The large number of publications of this Publishing House and its large activity in those years stimulated the foundation of an institution with more values than a simple publishing house.
The result of this intellectual collaboration was the foundation of the Cultural Association "Bilal Xhaferri", by Emrie Krosi, as a specialized institution that could expand cultural activity beyond Albania's, with Kosovo's and Macedonia's borders, up to the United States of America, to coordinate the work with Cham organizations, Kosovo, Montenegro, and Republic of Macedonia Albanians organizations. The association aims to provide a great support for the Cham Issue, and the efforts of resolving this problem diplomatically.

"Eagle's wing" magazine (), which was founded by Bilal Xhaferri in the United States of America, is the organ that continues to direct this association's activities.
On May 6, 1995, the Association in cooperation with Albanian government, made possible bringing back the remains of Bilal Xhaferri to his homeland, Saranda, Albania.

See also
 Chameria
 Cham Albanians
 Chameria Issue
 Bilal Xhaferri Publishing House
 Bilal Xhaferri

References

External links
 Homepage of Cultural Community Chameria
 Magazine "Krahu i Shqiponjës" ("Eagle's Wing")

Cultural organizations based in Albania
1993 establishments in Albania
Organizations established in 1993

Bilal Xhaferri Cultural Association


Rudolf E. A. Havenstein (10 March 1857 – 20 November 1923) was a German lawyer and president of the Reichsbank (German central bank) during the hyperinflation of 1921–1923.

Havenstein was born in Meseritz (Międzyrzecz), Province of Posen. He came from a family of government officials and studied law in Heidelberg and Berlin.  After graduation in 1876, Havenstein worked in the Prussian Justice service until 1887 when he began his career as a judge.  In 1890 he moved to the Prussian Ministry of Finance.  From 1900 to 1908, Havenstein was President of the Prussian State Bank.  From 1908 to 1923, he was president of the Reichsbank and his signature appears on German Reichsbank notes from 1908 to 1923.

Havenstein played an important part in the hyperinflationary process in Germany since he subscribed to the widespread belief then present in Germany that the inflation was caused by the fall in the external value of the mark against foreign currencies and that the role of the Reichsbank was to print sufficient money to sustain the higher price levels.  Of course, the more money that was printed the higher the price level became, so the Reichsbank then printed even more money and so on.  In other words, rather than following the Quantity Theory of Money in ascribing inflation to the excessive printing of money, Havenstein believed that money had to be printed to feed the rising demand for money within the German economy as prices were driven up by the fall in the exchange rate.  It was Havenstein's death in November 1923 that helped to bring this policy to an end and, with it, the hyperinflation.

Havenstein was involved in the introduction of war bonds at the beginning of the First World War.

He died in Berlin and is buried in St. Anne's Cemetery in Berlin-Dahlem.

See also
 Karl Helfferich
 Andreas Hermes
 Weimar Republic
 Hyperinflation
 Inflation in the Weimar Republic

References

 Adam Fergusson, When Money Dies: The Nightmare of Hyperinflation in Weimar Germany, Kimbler, 1975, republished 2010 by PublicAffairs, New York, , Chapter 11 "Havenstein"
Ahamed, Liaquat, Lords of Finance: The Bankers Who Broke the World, Penguin Books, 2009.
 Bresciani-Turroni, The Economics of Inflation, pages 63, 156, 180, John Dickens Co Ltd, Northampton, 1931. The Economics of Inflation: A Study of Currency Depreciation in Post-War Germany
 Max Shapiro, The Penniless Billionaires, pages 213-214, New York Times Books, 1980,

External links

1857 births
1923 deaths
People from Międzyrzecz
German bankers
19th-century German judges
Central bankers
Members of the Prussian House of Lords
People from the Province of Posen
Heidelberg University alumni
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
People from the Weimar Republic

Rudolf Havenstein


The Little Pilgrim was a 19th-century American monthly children's magazine. It was published between October 1853 and December 1868 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania by Leander K. Lippincott. It was edited by his wife, Sara Jane Lippincott, under the pen name, "Grace Greenwood".

The Little Pilgrim was intended to replace the discontinued children's  magazine, Friend of Youth. F. O. C. Darley drew the picture of the boy pilgrim on the cover. In January 1857, the page size was reduced to about a third of its original height because "it was found that our paper was too long to fit on the book-shelves". The number of pages increased from 8 to 12 with the height reduction. The Little Pilgrim was absorbed by The Little Corporal in 1869.

References

Defunct magazines of the United States
19th-century American children's magazines
19th-century monthly magazines
Philadelphia
1853 establishments in the United States
1850s establishments in Pennsylvania
1860s disestablishments in the United States
19th-century disestablishments in Pennsylvania
1868 disestablishments

The Little Pilgrim


Vasily Ilyich Safonov (; 27 February 1918), also known as Wassily Safonoff, was a Russian pianist, teacher, conductor and composer.

Biography
Vasily Safonov, or Safonoff as he was known in the West during his lifetime, was born at  (also known as Itschory, Itsyursk, or Itsiursk), Russian Caucasus (now in Chechnya), son of the Cossack General Ilya Ivanovich Safonov.

Safonov was educated at the Imperial Alexandra Lyceum, Saint Petersburg, and at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory of Music from 1881 until 1885 under Louis Brassin. He graduated as Bachelor of Laws, and won the gold medal as a pianist of the Conservatory. He was also a pupil of Theodor Leschetizky and Nikolai Zaremba.

Safonov had several daughters. Anna Vasilyevna Timiryova (1893–1975) was a poet who spent much of her life in labor camps or in exile. Varvara Vasilievna Safonova (1895–1942), a painter, died during the siege of Leningrad. Yelena Vasilievna Safonova (1902–1980), studied painting, designed theatre costumes, and published children's books. From 1932 to 1958 she lived in exile in the city of Kursk.

Safonov was never a particularly successful composer in his own right, but was a master music educator, becoming director of the Moscow Conservatory in 1889. He was the director of the National Conservatory of Music in New York.

He was the teacher of some of the best Russian pianists, notably Alexander Scriabin, Nikolai Medtner, Josef Lhévinne and Rosina Bessie (later Lhévinne). He was also a teacher of Marthe Servine, a French-American composer and pianist.

After retiring from teaching, Safonov became well known as a conductor. He was the conductor of the first Moscow performance of Tchaikovsky's Pathétique Symphony (No. 6), on 4/16 December 1893, seven weeks after its premiere under the composer's baton and six weeks after his death.

He conducted nearly all the principal orchestras in Europe, including the philharmonic orchestras of Berlin, Vienna and Prague, the Lamoureux Orchestra of Paris, the London Symphony, the Orchestra dell'Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia and the New York Philharmonic Society.

Safonov is the first known modern conductor to have dispensed with the use of the baton, which came about when he forgot to take his baton to a rehearsal on a certain occasion; he chose to use his hands alone, and decided that from then on a baton was entirely unnecessary. Safonov died in Kislovodsk on 27 February 1918, aged 66.

His voice

References

Bibliography

External links

1852 births
1918 deaths
19th-century classical pianists
19th-century male musicians
Composers from the Russian Empire
Conductors (music) from the Russian Empire
Pianists from the Russian Empire
Music educators from the Russian Empire
Classical pianists
Piano pedagogues
Honorary Members of the Royal Philharmonic Society
Saint Petersburg Conservatory alumni
Music directors of the New York Philharmonic
Pupils of Nikolai Zaremba
Academic staff of Moscow Conservatory

Vasily Safonov


The Endeavour River National Park is just north of Cooktown, Queensland, Australia. It protects the north banks of the Endeavour River. Both the river and the park are named after Captain James Cook's ship, HM Bark Endeavour. The ship was repaired in the river in 1770 after being damaged by coral on the Great Barrier Reef. Most of the park can only be reached by boat. There are no facilities in the park, and people are not allowed to camp there. The park covers an area of about 2400 hectares. It is next to the Cairns Marine Park and the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park.

The Endeavour River protects a number of different habitats including, coastal dunes, fresh water wetlands, river estuary, mangrove forests, heathland and tropical woodlands.

References

National parks in Australia
Protected areas of Queensland

Endeavour River National Park


Bruno Ryves (1596–1677) was an English royalist churchman, editor in 1643 of the Oxford newsbook Mercurius Rusticus, and later dean of Chichester and dean of Windsor. His first name was variously spelt Brune, Bruen, Brian, Bruno, and his surname Reeves, Rives, Ryve, Reeve, and Ryves.

Life
Ryves was son of Thomas, and grandson of John Ryves of Damory Court, Dorset.  George Ryves, Sir Thomas Ryves and Sir William Ryves were his first cousins. He was educated at Oxford, subscribing as a clerk of New College in 1610. He graduated B.A. in 1616, and in the following year became a clerk of Magdalen College, proceeding M.A. 9 June 1619, B.D. 20 June 1632, and D.D. 25 June 1639.

He was admitted to Gray's Inn in 1634. In the meantime he was instituted to the vicarage of Stanwell in Middlesex, where he made a name by his preaching; he obtained in September 1628 the additional benefice of St. Martin-le-Vintry. About 1640 he became chaplain to Charles I. The inhabitants of Stanwell petitioned against him in July 1642: he was deprived of his benefices, and a parliamentary preacher appointed. He was expelled with his family, but sheltered by Lord Arundell at Wardour Castle. A patent of June 1646 created him dean of Chichester, but he remained dependent on charity at Shafton in Dorset until after 1649, when he made at least one journey abroad, bearing to Charles II some money which had been collected among his adherents.

At the Restoration he was in July 1660 installed dean of Chichester and master of the hospital there; he was also sworn chaplain-in-ordinary to the king, and appointed dean of Windsor (and Wolverhampton), being installed on 3 September 1660. He became scribe of the order of the Garter the following January. As administrator of the charity of the poor knights of Windsor, he had to deal with the appeals of decayed royalists.

He was presented to the rectories of Haseley, Oxfordshire, and Acton, in Middlesex. In January 1662, when there was unseasonable hot weather, he preached to the House of Commons at St. Margaret's, on Joshua vii. 12, showing how the neglect of exacting justice on offenders was a cause of God's punishing a land. Practising what he preached, he had his curate at Acton harass Richard Baxter, who was drawing large audiences in defiance of the conventicle act. Baxter was eventually imprisoned for six months, causing Ryves damage with a reputation as embittered.

Ryves died at Windsor on 13 July 1677, and was buried in the south aisle of St. George's Chapel. By his wife, Kate, daughter of Sir Richard Waldram, knt., of Charley, Leicestershire, he had several children.

Works
Besides sermons, Ryves was the author of Mercurius Rusticus; or the Countries Complaint of the Barbarous Outrages committed by the Sectaries of this late flourishing Kingdom. Nineteen numbers appeared from June to December 1643, and were republished together, in 1646, 1647, and 1685. George Wither started a parliamentary Mercurius Rusticus as a counter.  The assaults on Sir John Lucas's house, Wardour Castle, and other mansions are narrated, while a second part starts on the damage done to the cathedrals. The intention was to scare the reader with the brutality of parliamentary troopers. It was frequently bound up, under the common title of Angliae Ruina, with the Querela Cantabrigiensis of John Barwick.

Ryves assisted Brian Walton in his work on the London tithes, and contributed to his polyglot bible.

Notes

References

1596 births
1677 deaths
17th-century English Anglican priests
Deans of Chichester
Deans of Windsor

Bruno Ryves


Ballard is a census-designated place in Santa Barbara County, California. The town of Ballard is one of the communities that make up the Santa Ynez Valley. The nearest city is Solvang. The population was 467 at the 2010 census. Ballard is the smallest and oldest community in the Santa Ynez Valley. The town history can be seen in two buildings from the 1880s: the 1883 Ballard School and the Santa Ynez Valley Presbyterian Church, which was erected in 1889. Ballard was founded in 1880.

History

Ballard was founded in 1880 at the location of a Wells Fargo stage line station, being named by George Lewis after William Ballard, the former proprietor, who ran the station from 1862 to 1870.  In 1882 it was believed that Ballard would grow into the central metropolis of Santa Barbara County. The first school, Ballard's Little Red School House, was built in 1882 and is still in operation today, being the primary tourist attraction in what turned out to be a tiny village, bypassed as a city.

Today, Ballard is a combination of sleepy village and upscale bedroom community. Noted for its excellent elementary school, it is a prized residential area. The surrounding area is noted for its thriving and well-respected wine industry. The wine-producing region around Ballard was featured in the Academy Award-nominated film Sideways.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP covers an area of 1.2 square miles (3.1 km2), 99.98% of it land, and 0.02% of it water.

Demographics

The 2010 United States Census reported that Ballard had a population of 467. The population density was . The racial makeup of Ballard was 432 (92.5%) White, 3 (0.6%) African American, 1 (0.2%) Native American, 2 (0.4%) Asian, 0 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 12 (2.6%) from other races, and 17 (3.6%) from two or more races.  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 46 persons (9.9%).

The Census reported that 467 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.

There were 165 households, out of which 69 (41.8%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 104 (63.0%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 19 (11.5%) had a female householder with no husband present, 6 (3.6%) had a male householder with no wife present.  There were 8 (4.8%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 0 (0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 29 households (17.6%) were made up of individuals, and 11 (6.7%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.83.  There were 129 families (78.2% of all households); the average family size was 3.17.

The population was spread out, with 113 people (24.2%) under the age of 18, 45 people (9.6%) aged 18 to 24, 66 people (14.1%) aged 25 to 44, 178 people (38.1%) aged 45 to 64, and 65 people (13.9%) who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 45.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.1 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.3 males.

There were 188 housing units at an average density of , of which 134 (81.2%) were owner-occupied, and 31 (18.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.2%; the rental vacancy rate was 3.1%.  386 people (82.7% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 81 people (17.3%) lived in rental housing units.

References

Census-designated places in Santa Barbara County, California
Santa Ynez Valley
Census-designated places in California

Ballard, California


Die Another Day is a 2002 British action thriller spy movie directed by the movie director Lee Tamahori. It is about James Bond going across North Korea trying to get redemption. Pierce Brosnan plays James Bond, Halle Berry plays Bond's ally agent Jinx, and Rosamund Pike plays the double agent Miranda Frost. The movie received mixed reviews but was a box office success. The movie was released on November 22, 2002. Madonna sings the title song of the movie.

Cast
 Pierce Brosnan as James Bond
 Toby Stephens as Gustav Graves
 Halle Berry as Jinx
 Rosamund Pike as Miranda Frost
 Rick Yune as Zao
 Judi Dench as M
 Colin Salmon as Charles Robinson
 Kenneth Tsang as General Moon
 Lawrence Makoare as Mister Kil
 Ian Pirie as Mr. Kung
 Emilio Echevarria as Raoul
 Ho Yi as Mr. Chang
 Mark Dymond as Van Bierk
 Mikhail Gorevoy as Vlad

Release dates

2002 action movies
2002 thriller movies
2000s action thriller movies
2000s spy movies
James Bond movies
American action thriller movies
British thriller movies
Movies about technology
Movies directed by Lee Tamahori
Movies set in South Korea
Movies set in North Korea
Movies set in Iceland
Movies set in London

Die Another Day


Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin ibni Almarhum Tuanku Syed Putra Jamalullail (Jawi: توانكو سيد سراج الدين ابن المرحوم توانكو سيد ڤوترا جمال الليل; born 17 May 1943) is the 7th and current Raja of Perlis, reigning since 17 April 2000.  He served as the 12th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia from 13 December 2001 to 12 December 2006.

Early life and education

Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin was born in Arau, Perlis, the second of ten children of Almarhum Tuanku Syed Putra Jamalullail and Tengku Budriah binti Almarhum Tengku Ismail.  He studied at the Arau Malay School until standard two, then from 5 January 1950 he continued his primary education at Wellesley Primary School in Penang followed by Westland Primary School until the end of 1955. Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin began his secondary education at Penang Free School on 9 January 1956 and later left for England to study at Wellingborough School for four years until 1963. He underwent training as a Cadet Officer at the Royal Military Academy in Sandhurst, England, from January 1964 until December 1965.

Early career

Upon his return from England, Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin served with the Ministry of Defence Malaysia. His first post was as Second Lieutenant in the 2nd Regiment of the Malaysian Reconnaissance Corps on 12 December 1965. In 1966, he was transferred to Sabah and then to Sarawak in 1967. He then served in Pahang for several years until he resigned on 31 December 1969 to return to Perlis. He was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant in December 1967.

In 1970, he served in the armed forces again, as Captain of the Local Territorial Army from 16 November 1970 until 1 October 1972. He was promoted to Major on 1 October 1972. Presently, he is the Commanding Officer of Regiment 504 of the Army Reserve Unit with the rank of Colonel.

Raja of Perlis
In October 1960, he was appointed the Raja Muda (Crown Prince) of Perlis while still a student.  Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin ibni Almarhum Tuanku Syed Putra Jamalullail was installed as the twelfth ruler of Perlis on 17 April 2000, the day after the death of his father, Tuanku Syed Putra ibni Almarhum Syed Hassan Jamalullail, who had been Raja since 1945, and was at that time the world's longest reigning monarch.

Yang di-Pertuan Agong

Continuing the tradition of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong rotation, Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin was elected as the 12th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia, his term began on 13 December 2001. This was earlier than expected because the previous and 11th Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Almarhum Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Al-Haj ibni Almarhum Sultan Sir Hisamuddin Alam Shah Al-Haj, passed away in office on 21 November 2001 while his term should have ended in 2004. At that time, he was the fastest ruler to become the Yang di-Pertuan Agong from his accession to his state's throne, at 1 year & 241 days (record now held by Al-Sultan Abdullah). Tuanku Sirajuddin's term ended on 12 December 2006.

Personal life

On 15 February 1967 he married Tengku Fauziah binti Almarhum Tengku Abdul Rashid D.K., S.S.P.J., S.P.M.P. (born 6 June 1946) at Kota Bharu, Kelantan, daughter of Tengku Temenggong Tengku Abdul Rashid ibni Almarhum Sultan Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah of Terengganu, by his wife Tengku Maharani Putri Tengku Kembang Puteri binti Almarhum Sultan Ibrahim of Kelantan, who became the Raja Puan Muda of Perlis. Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin was appointed for the first time as the Regent of Perlis when the Raja of Perlis and the Raja Perempuan of Perlis travelled to the United States and Europe from 23 June 1967 until 24 October 1967.

Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin has one son and one daughter :
His Royal Highness Tuanku Syed Faizuddin Putra, Raja Muda of Perlis (born on )
Her Highness Sharifah Fazira, Tengku Puteri Mahkota of Perlis (born on ).

Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin has travelled to many countries including United Kingdom, France, Germany, Denmark, Austria, Italy, Switzerland, Egypt, Spain, Libya, the Netherlands, Belgium, Thailand and Saudi Arabia.

Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin is also active in sports. Among his favourite sports are golf, tennis, football and is a fan of Tottenham Hotspur football club. He has been the Chairman of Putra Golf Club, Perlis since May 1971, and the patron of the Association of Football Referees of Perlis since 1967. He was also the Chairman of the Football Association of Perlis for 18 years.

Ancestry

Social contributions
Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin interacts frequently with his people through various fields and heads many social organisations, which are:
 Chairman of the Rayuan Binaan Wisma Pahlawan Negeri Perlis and Chairman of the Exhibition Committee of the Malaysian Royal Armed Forces in Perlis on 1 April 1971.
 Chairman of the Association of Malaysian Ex-Servicemen, Perlis branch for five years.
 Chairman of the Rayuan Derma Hari Pahlawan Negeri Perlis since 1972.
 Patron of 4B Youth Movement of Perlis.

Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin is renowned for his dedication towards his people and takes great interest in education. With the establishment of the Tuanku Syed Putra Foundation in 1986, many Perlis students have been able to further their studies locally and abroad. Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin is the Chairman of this foundation.

Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin became directly involved in religious affairs when he was appointed President of the Islamic Council of Perlis by the late Almarhum Tuanku Syed Putra, the then ruler of Perlis, Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin is especially concerned that the religious affairs of the state are based on the 'Ahlis Sunnah Waljamaah' doctrine. In this regard, Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin is constantly in touch with the religious leaders of Perlis.

Awards and recognitions

Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin held the rank of Marshal of the Royal Malaysian Air Force, Admiral of the Fleet, Royal Malaysian Navy and Field Marshal, Malaysian Army in light of his duties as Supreme Commander of the Malaysian Armed Forces, thus becoming the third royal ruler to rise from the ranks as an active military officer to the rank of supreme commander-in-chief.
Colonel-in-Chief, Royal Ranger Regiment

He has been awarded:

Honours of Perlis
 :
  Founding Grand Master of the Royal Family Order of Perlis (since 17 May 2001)
  Grand Master of the Perlis Family Order of the Gallant Prince Syed Putra Jamalullail (since 17 April 2000)
  Grand Master of the Order of the Gallant Prince Syed Sirajuddin Jamalullail (since 2001)
  Grand Master of the Order of Prince Syed Sirajuddin Jamalullail of Perlis (since 2005)
 Order of the Gallant Prince Syed Putra Jamalullail : Knight Grand Companion (SSPJ, 4 December 1995) and Grand Master (since 17 April 2000)
  Grand Master of the Order of the Crown of Perlis (since 17 April 2000)

Honours of Malaysia
  (as Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia) :
  Recipient (DKM, 2002) and Grand Master of the Order of the Royal House of Malaysia (DKM, 13 December 2001)
  Order of the Crown of the Realm : Recipient (DMN, 2001) and Grand Master (13 December 2001 – 12 December 2006)
  Grand Master of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (13 December 2001 – 12 December 2006)
  Grand Master of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (13 December 2001 – 12 December 2006)
  Grand Master of the Order of Merit of Malaysia (13 December 2001 – 12 December 2006)
  Grand Master of the Order for Important Services (Malaysia) (13 December 2001 – 12 December 2006)
  Grand Master of the Order of the Royal Household of Malaysia (13 December 2001 – 12 December 2006)
  Malaysian Service Medal (PJM) (17 April 2009)
  :
  Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor (SPMJ) – Dato'
  :
  Member of the Royal Family Order of Kedah (DK) (21 January 2002)
  :
  Recipient of the Royal Family Order or Star of Yunus (DK) (2002)
  :
  Member of the Royal Family Order of Negeri Sembilan (DKNS) (19 July 2001)
  :
  Member 1st class of the Family Order of the Crown of Indra of Pahang (DK I) (26 October 2005)
  :
  Recipient of the Royal Family Order of Perak (DK)
  Grand Knight of the Order of Cura Si Manja Kini (SPCM) – Dato' Seri
  :
  First Class of the Royal Family Order of Selangor (DK I) (14 December 2002)
  :
  Member second class of the Family Order of Terengganu (DK II)
  Member Grand Companion of the Order of Sultan Mahmud I of Terengganu (SSMT) – Dato' Seri (8 October 1998)

Foreign honours
  : Recipient of the Royal Family Order of the Crown of Brunei (DKMB, 10 August 2002)
  :
 Grand Collar of the National Order of Independence (16 December 2002)
 Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Cambodia (16 December 2002)
  : Recipient of the Grand Order of King Tomislav
  : Grand Cross of the National Order of the Legion of Honour (8 May 2004)
  : Commander Grand Cross with Collar of Order of the White Rose of Finland (19 September 2005)
  : Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (9 June 2003)
  :
 Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (7 March 2005)
 Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure (22 February 1970)
  : Collar of Badr Chain
  : Member 1st Class of the Order of Temasek (DUT, 11 April 2005)
  : Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim (14 September 2005)
  : Member 1st Class of the Order of Umayyad (7 May 2004)

Places named after him
Several places were named after him, including:
 Persiaran Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin (formerly known as Persiaran Duta) in Kuala Lumpur
 Politeknik Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin in Arau, Perlis
 Sirajuddin Mosque in Padang Pauh, Perlis
 Kem Syed Sirajuddin, a military camp in Gemas, Negeri Sembilan
 SMK Syed Sirajuddin, a secondary school in Arau, Perlis
 SK Kem Syed Sirajuddin, a primary school in Gemas, Negeri Sembilan

References

 BBC News – country profile for Malaysia
 UiTM Chancellor –  Chancellor of Universiti Teknologi MARA

Monarchs of Malaysia
Sirajuddin
1943 births
Living people
Sirajuddin
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst
Marshals of the Royal Malaysian Air Force
Sirajuddin
Malaysian people of Arab descent
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Malaysian Muslims
People educated at Wellingborough School

Recipients of the Darjah Kerabat Diraja Malaysia
First Classes of Royal Family Order of Selangor
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor
Members of the Royal Family Order of Kedah
First Classes of the Family Order of Terengganu
Members Grand Companion of the Order of Sultan Mahmud I of Terengganu

Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
Knights Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Cambodia
Recipients of the Order of the Sacred Treasure, 1st class
Recipients of the Darjah Utama Temasek
21st-century Malaysian politicians
Recipients of the Order of the Crown of the Realm
Recipients of the Order of Merit of Malaysia
20th-century regents

Sirajuddin of Perlis


Gordon George Thiessen,  (born August 14, 1938) was the sixth Governor of the Bank of Canada from 1994 to 2001, succeeding John Crow. He was succeeded by David A. Dodge.

Thiessen was born in South Porcupine, Ontario and raised in Saskatchewan.

Thiessen studied economics at the University of Saskatchewan and received an Honours BA in 1960 and an MA in 1961. He taught economics for a year and then joined the Bank of Canada in 1963. From 1965 to 1967 he attended the London School of Economics, from which he received his Ph.D in Economics in 1972.

At the Bank of Canada, Thiessen was appointed Adviser to the Governor in 1979, Deputy Governor in 1984, and Senior Deputy Governor in 1987.

In 1996, he received the government of Sweden's Order of the Polar Star in recognition of the assistance provided by the Bank of Canada to the Swedish Central Bank (Sveriges Riksbank) to assist them in developing their policy framework for combating inflation when the Swedish Krona was first floated in January 1993.

In 1997, Thiessen received an honorary Doctor of Laws (LL.D) degree from the University of Saskatchewan.

On September 25, 2001, Thiessen was elected to the IPSCO Board of Directors.
On February 1, 2002, Thiessen was elected to the Manulife Financial Board of Directors.

In 2002, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 2002, he received the Queen's Golden Jubilee Medal, and in 2012, he received the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Medal.

References

External links
 Order of Canada Citation
 Bio at the Bank of Canada site

1938 births
Living people
People from Timmins
Alumni of the London School of Economics
University of Saskatchewan alumni
Governors of the Bank of Canada
Officers of the Order of Canada
Order of the Polar Star

Gordon Thiessen


The Warner sucker (Catostomus warnerensis) is a rare species of freshwater ray-finned fish in the family Catostomidae. Native to Oregon in the United States and found only in the Warner Basin, its distribution extends just into Nevada and California. It is a federally listed threatened species. Its other common name is redhorse.  The International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated this fish as an endangered species because of its small extent of occurrence, the small number of locations in which it is found, and the extreme fluctuations in area of occupancy resulting from drought and water abstraction. Conservation efforts have been put in place.

Description
This sucker is up to about  in length. It has a dark back and sides and a white belly. The male and some females take on a bright red wash along the sides during the spawning season. The fish spawns in the creeks when they are full in the spring, as well as in canals and on lakeshores. The fish can reach the age of twenty. It becomes sexually mature at three or four.

Distribution
This fish is native to shallow lakes and associated marshes and intermittent lakes and creeks in the Warner Valley of Lake County, Oregon. It has been seen in Twelvemile Creek just over the border in Nevada and West Barrel Creek within California state lines. It was historically quite abundant in the valley. There is only one metapopulation of the fish, made up of several subpopulations. There are two morphs, one that lives in the lakes and one that stays in stream habitat past spawning time. The lake-dwelling morph is generally larger in size. The stream morph may be the only one that is now experiencing recruitment.

Status
Threats to the species include the many dams which have been installed in the local creeks to divert water for agriculture. These impoundments prevent fish migration and reduce the stream flows. The spawning grounds may be polluted and loaded with excessive silt. The introduced crappie (Pomoxis spp.) may be a predator on the juvenile sucker. Drought is also a current threat. The drought conditions are then made worse with increased irrigation demands on the dwindling water supply. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated this fish as an endangered species because of its small extent of occurrence, the small number of locations in which it is found, and the extreme fluctuations in area of occupancy resulting from changes in the amount of available habitat.

Conservation efforts include the restoration of riparian vegetation and the construction of a fishway at a dam on a major creek. Individuals have been transplanted to Summer Lake Wildlife Management Area when they were threatened by drought conditions; these fish died but not before successfully reproducing in their new habitat. Conservation activities in the area have been shown to benefit the Great Basin redband trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss newberrii) as well as the sucker.

References

External links

Warner sucker
Endemic fish of the United States
Fish of the Western United States
Freshwater fish of the United States
Fauna of the Great Basin
Fauna of California
Natural history of Oregon
Natural history of Nevada
Endangered fauna of California
Endangered fauna of the United States
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
ESA threatened species
Fish described in 1908

Warner sucker


Killer Elite is a 2011 action thriller film starring Jason Statham, Clive Owen and Robert De Niro. The film is based on the 1991 novel The Feather Men by Sir Ranulph Fiennes and is directed by Gary McKendry.

Plot

In 1980, mercenaries Danny Bryce, Hunter, Davies and Meier are in Mexico to assassinate a man. Danny is shot when he becomes distracted after realising he has killed the man in front of the target's young child. Affected by this, Danny retires and returns to his native Australia.

The following year, Danny is summoned to Oman to meet a handler known as The Agent. He learns that Hunter failed a $6 million job. If Danny does not complete Hunter's mission, Hunter will be executed. Sheikh Amr, a Sheikh and deposed king of a small region of Oman, wants Danny to kill three former SAS troopers—Steven Harris, Warwick Cregg, and Simon McCann —for killing his three eldest sons during the Dhofar Rebellion. Danny must videotape their confessions and make their deaths look like accidents, all before the terminally ill sheikh dies. This will allow the sheikh's fourth son, Bakhait, to regain control of his father's desert region. Danny approaches Davies and Meier and entitling them to help in exchange for 3 millions each for two of them while Danny will not receive anything since he just wants to free Hunter.

Danny and Meier find Harris still living in Oman and gain access to his house pretending to be researchers making a documentary. After Harris confesses on videotape, they take him to the bathroom, intending to make it look like he slipped and hit his head. However, Harris's girlfriend knocks on the door. While Danny and Meier are distracted, Harris attempts to break free, causing Meier to shoot him.

In England, Davies travels to a pub known to be frequented by British military personnel and questions bar patrons about former SAS members in Oman. This is reported to the Feather Men, a secret society of former operatives protecting their own. Their head enforcer, Spike Logan, is sent to investigate.

Davies discovers Cregg preparing for a long nighttime march in wintry weather on the Brecon Beacons mountain range. Danny infiltrates the base, disguised in uniform, and drugs Cregg's coffee. Danny follows Cregg on the march and makes him confess before the drug sends him into shock to die of hypothermia.

Aware that the Feather Men are now following them, Danny decides to use a different tactic to kill their last target, Simon McCann, who is now working as a mercenary. Their plan is to set up a fake job interview to lure McCann out of his house and then to crash a remote-controlled truck into McCann's car. With the help of the inexperienced Jake, Meier kills McCann; however, Logan and his men were watching over McCann. A gunfight ensues, and Jake accidentally kills Meier. Danny and Davies part ways. Davies is tracked down by Logan's men, and is fatally hit by a truck while trying to escape.

Danny returns to Oman and gives the sheikh the last confession, which he has faked. Hunter is released, while Danny heads back to Australia and reunites with Anne, a childhood acquaintance. Soon, he is informed by the Agent that there is one last man who participated in the sheikh's sons' murders and that this man, Ranulph Fiennes, is about to release a book about his experiences in the SAS.

Danny sends Anne to France so Hunter can protect her. The sheikh's son confirms that Harris was innocent. Logan, meanwhile, traces Danny through the Agent and sends a team to protect the author, but Jake distracts them, allowing Danny to shoot Fiennes. He only wounds the man, however, taking pictures that appear to show him dead. Logan captures Danny, taking him to an abandoned warehouse, but then a government agent arrives and reveals that the British government is behind the death of the Sheikh's three son because of the sheikh's valuable oil reserves and Bakhait was in one it the whole time. A three-way battle ensues, with Danny escaping and Logan shooting the government agent.

Danny and Hunter head to Oman to give the sheikh the pictures. However, Logan arrives first, tells the sheikh the pictures are fake and then stabs him to death. The sheikh's son does not care since his father death benefits him much like how he sacrificed his own three brothers to the British in exchange for wealth; he gives Logan the 6 millions dollar that was meant for Danny and Hunter. Hunter spots Logan leaving, and they chase after him, along with the sheikh's men.

After stopping the sheikh's men, Danny and Hunter confront Logan on a desert road. Hunter takes some of the money for his expenses and his family. They leave the remaining money to Logan while telling him that he will need it to start a new life after killing the government agent and acting against the wishes of the Feather Men and the British government. Danny says that it is over for him and that Logan must make up his own mind what to do. Danny reunites with Anne.

Cast

Production
The Internet Movie Database cites a number of locations used for filming. Filming began at Docklands Studios Melbourne in May 2010. In July 2010, Jason Statham's scenes were shot at the Brecon Beacons in Wales. Robert De Niro filmed a scene in Melbourne's Spring Street set in 1970s Paris. The scene of McCann's death by tanker truck was filmed on Dynon Road, Melbourne. The final scene was filmed on Little Collins Street in Melbourne.

Some London scenes were filmed in Cardiff—in July 2010, De Niro and Statham were seen filming outside The Promised Land Bar on Windsor Place. Other scenes shot in Cardiff were also on Windsor Place, showing the City United Reformed Church, Buffalo bar and various small business buildings. Agent's several meetings with other characters at a stone, columned monument were shot at the Welsh National War Memorial in Alexandra Gardens, Cardiff. A scene where The Welshman leaves a building was shot on Kings Road, Pontcanna, showing Kings Road Doctors' Surgery and residential buildings. Another scene was shot at The Blue Anchor Inn in East Aberthaw, Vale of Glamorgan.

In July 2010, filming took place near the Storey Arms outdoor centre in the Brecon Beacons. A number of 1970s period cars were in evidence, particularly a bright orange Austin Maxi.

Reception
The film, which had a gala-premiere at the 36th Toronto International Film Festival on 10 September 2011, has received negative reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes maintains Killer Elite with  approval rating with the consensus stating: "A rote, utterly disposable Jason Statham vehicle that just happens to have Clive Owen and Robert De Niro in it." Conversely, Roger Ebert gave it 3 stars out of 4, calling it director Gary McKendry's "impressive debut", noting he "understands that action is better when it's structured around character and plot, and doesn't rely on simple sensation."

Accolades
Despite the negative reviews, Killer Elite was nominated for Best Production Design and Best Visual Effects at the 2nd AACTA Awards.

The Feather Men
The plot for the film is based on the novel The Feather Men by Ranulph Fiennes. Several elements from the book were altered to make the film seem more believable to a cinema audience.
 Fiennes claims that a secret society called the "Feather Men", made up of retired and disabled SAS members, was operating in the shadows. They are called the "feather men" because their influence and intervention were subtle, like the touch of a feather. It is also an allusion to the three feathers of British Army regiments. Their job was to protect SAS personnel and their families and avenge wrongs or harm done to them.
 The mastermind behind the plot was changed from a Soviet-trained terrorist group called The Clinic to an Omani sheik who is inexplicably sent into exile after his three eldest sons die on jihad. The sheik hires a group of highly skilled Western mercenaries, gives them a limitless budget, and holds one of their friends as a hostage so that they will complete the task he sets for them.
 The targets are three SAS troopers, one of whom is still serving and is a decorated war hero, who served in Oman in the 1970s. Their deaths must appear accidental to avoid reprisals. In the film, an added complication is that they must confess to being murderers before they are killed.
 The Battle of Mirbat, a siege in which nine SAS troopers with 100 assorted Firqas under training and 30 paramilitary askars (armed police) held off a force of 250 insurgents, is mentioned in passing in the film but never explained. One of the sheik's three sons was supposed to have been killed in action there.
 In the film, the British Foreign Office is supposed to be in collusion with the sheik in order to guarantee oil leases on the sheik's land. They even force the "feather men" to back off with threats of imprisonment. However, the wealthy sheik is in exile and his son, a westernised playboy, shows no interest in returning to his homeland to claim his title. Therefore, even if the sheik's plot is successful, the British government will not have gained any leverage with the original landholders (and probably have a current relationship with the usurper who replaced him). The book has no such subplot.
 Fiennes claims that the "feather men" saved his life from an assassination attempt by The Clinic. In the book, "The Clinic" tried to ambush him at his farmhouse in Exmoor, but the "feather men" chased them off. In the film, he is a minor character who survives because the assassin feels regret and only maims him.
The military adviser for the film was Iain Townsley, a former member of a Sabre Squadron of 22 SAS. Townsley had served 25 years in the British Army, 18 of those with 22 SAS. He was, at that time, living in Australia, and by chance was introduced to the director Gary McKendry who offered him the job. Townsley maintained that "it's a good story, but not a true story".

References

External links

2011 films
2011 directorial debut films
British action adventure films
Films about the Special Air Service
Films based on British novels
Films based on military novels
Films set in Australia
Films set in France
Films set in Mexico
Films set in Oman
Films set in the 1980s
Films set in England
Films shot in Melbourne
Films shot in Wales
British vigilante films
Entertainment One films
Open Road Films films
Australian action adventure films
Films scored by Reinhold Heil
Films scored by Johnny Klimek
2010s action adventure films
2010s English-language films
2010s British films

Killer Elite (film)


The Fugitive Offenders and Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Legislation (Amendment) Bill 2019 was a proposed bill in Hong Kong.  It would have changed a law that was already there, the Fugitive Offenders Ordinance (Cap. 503) in relation to special submission arrangements and the Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Ordinance (Cap. 525).  It would have changed the way the government of Hong Kong asked for people to be arrested in any other part of the People's Republic of China, namely mainland China, Macau, and Taiwan, with which it did not already have an existing law. The Fugitive Offenders and Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Legislation (Amendment) Bill 2019 was never passed.

Background
Early in 2018, a 19-year-old Hong Kong resident was arrested in Taiwan for killing his 20-year-old girlfriend.  He was tried in Taiwan because the government of Hong Kong had no way to extradite him, to formally ask the government of Taiwan to send him to them as a prisoner. Because of this, people started talking about Hong Kong's criminal law.

In February 2019, the government proposed a change to criminal laws. The law is meant to allow a the government of Hong Kong to arrest anyone suspected of a crime and send them to places where it does not already have a formal extradition treaty, such as mainland China, Macau and Taiwan.

However, organizations like Amnesty International and many Hong Kongers saw that the law could also be used in another way.  The law could allow the government to arrest almost any Hong Konger suspected of a crime and send them to be tried in mainland China instead of in Hong Kong.  Mainland China has a reputation for unfair trials.  They worried that the government would use this to arrest Hong Kongers who spoke against the mainland government and bring them to China as political prisoners and scare the people of Hong Kong.

The government stopped trying to pass the bill on June 15 and formally withdrew it on October 23, 2019.

Legacy

This bill was one of the reasons Hong Kongers protested in the 2019 Hong Kong protests.

References

Other websites
 Fugitive Offenders and Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Legislation (Amendment) Bill 2019 (full text)
 Legislative Council Brief – Fugitive Offenders and Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Legislation (Amendment) Bill 2019

Legislation
2019 in Asia
2010s in Hong Kong

2019 Hong Kong extradition bill


The Trevi fountain is a fountain in Rome. It lies in the Trevi district, from which it gets its name. The current fountain was built from 1732 to 1736 in Baroque style. At about  high and about  wide the Trevi fountain is Rome's largest fountain. It is also one of the best-known ones.

History

In the year 19 BC, Marcus Agrippa commissioned an aqueduct to provide water for the baths he had built in the city. This aqueduct is about  long, and has been in use since then. From the 12th century, the aqueduct provided water to three fountains in the current Via del Corso in Rome. Pope Nicholas V ordered the restoration of the aqueduct, in the 15th cenrury. The new aqueduct ended in a different place. Leon Battista Alberti constructed a simple fountain, which provided water from three openings. The wall of this fountain also bore the signs of the pope. Pope Pius IV also had the aqueduct restored, about a century later, from 1561 to 1570. Pope Urban VIII ordered a new fountain to be built; for lack of money, all that was done is that the place before the fountain was enlarged.

Buildings and structures in Rome
Fountains

Trevi fountain


Jim Tolle is an American Pastor, small college president, and radio host based in Los Angeles. After graduating with a degree in theology, he began as an apprentice minister with the well-known pastor, Dr. Jack W. Hayford and eventually served as Senior Pastor at The Church On The Way, a very well known congregation in the city, which became one of the largest multicultural churches in the United States. Since his retirement, he has pursued starting other multi-ethnic congregations. Today, he pastors El Camino Metro Church, (see: El Camino Metro), which offers services in both Spanish and English. Having begun the church in 2018, it has grown rapidly in rented facilities and has become an incubator for new leaders who have begun more than 50 other congregations.

Throughout his ministry, he has held numerous positions including that of being a church planter in Colombia and Argentina and the International Director of a global missions organization involving over 70,000 churches in 120 countries.

Jim is also well known as a radio host with his daily Spanish language program "Respuestas" which airs twice daily, reaching millions across the U.S. on the Radio Inspiración Network. He is often called upon to share his insights with television, radio, and print media, including CBN, CNN, Fox Español, Univisión and Salem Broadcasting Network. His influence has also extended to Washington, D.C., where he has testified before Congress and has been a participant in the National Hispanic Prayer Breakfast in Washington, D.C.  Pastor Jim also serves on the board of directors of numerous organizations, including the National Association of Evangelicals (NAE), and the National Hispanic Christian Leadership Council (NHCLC).

Jim is passionate about helping people improve their lives through personal development and education. He serves on the boards of several schools and has championed the cause of education both in the private and public school systems. Pastor Jim is the president of El Camino Christian College, a school which he and his friend, Dr. Paul Chappell founded in 2014, which helps low-income students obtain college degrees. (see: El Camino Christian College) In his early adult years, Jim Tolle served in Vietnam in the U.S. Army. Later, he became an entrepreneur, starting a number of successful small businesses. He holds numerous degrees, both earned and honorary. He and his wife, Alice, live in Los Angeles near their close-knit family.

References

External links
 www.elcaminometro.com
 www.elcaminochristiancollege.com

1949 births
Living people
American Protestant missionaries
Protestant missionaries in Colombia
Protestant missionaries in Nicaragua
American evangelicals
American evangelists
American radio personalities
Members of the Foursquare Church
People from Los Angeles
Protestant missionaries in Guatemala
Protestant missionaries in Argentina
United States Army soldiers

Jim Tolle


Girnar is an ancient hill in Junagadh, Gujarat, India.

Geology
Mount Girnar is a major igneous plutonic complex which intruded into the basalts towards the close of the Deccan Trap period. The rock types identified in this complex are gabbros (tholeiitic and alkalic), diorites, lamprophyres, alkali-syenites and rhyolites. The parent gabbroic magma is shown to have given rise in sequence to diorites, lamprophyres and alkali-syenites. The rhyolite, though earlier considered a product of differentiation, is now believed to be an independent magma without any genetic link with the gabbro and its variants.

History

Ashoka edicts
Fourteen of Ashoka's Major Rock Edicts, dating to circa 250 BCE, are inscribed on a large boulder that is housed in a small building located outside the town of Junagadh on Saurashtra peninsula in the state of Gujarat, India. It is located on Girnar Taleti road, at about 2 km (1.2 mi) far from Uperkot Fort easterly, some 2 km before Girnar Taleti. An uneven rock, with a circumference of seven meters and a height of ten meters, bears inscriptions etched with an iron pen in Brahmi script in a language similar to Pali and date back to 250 BCE, thus marking the beginning of written history of Junagadh.

On the same rock there are inscriptions in Sanskrit added around 150 CE by Mahakshatrap Rudradaman I, the Saka (Scythian) ruler of Malwa, a member of the Western Satraps dynasty (see Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman). The edict also narrates the story of Sudarshan Lake which was built or renovated by Rudradaman I, and the heavy rain and storm due to which it had broken.

Another inscription dates from about 450 CE and refers to Skandagupta, the last Gupta Empire.

The protective building around the edicts was built in 1900 by Nawab Rasool Khan of Junagadh State at a cost of Rs 8,662. It was repaired and restored in 1939 and 1941 by the rulers of Junagadh. The wall of the structure had collapsed in 2014.

A much smaller replica of these Girnar edicts has been positioned outside the entrance of the National Museum in Delhi.

Similarly, inside the Parliament Museum at New Delhi, an exhibit replicates the act of artists sculpting inscriptions of Girnar edict on a rock.

Girnar Ropeway

Girnar ropeway is Asia's longest ropeway. First proposed in 1983, the construction started only in September 2018 due to government approval delays and litigation. The construction and operation is managed by Usha Breco Limited. The project was inaugurated on 24 October 2020 by now Prime Minister Narendra Modi.  The ropeway is 2,320 metres (7,600 ft) long, takes passengers 850 metres (2,800 ft) above the hill to the Ambika temple within 10 minutes of ropeway ride.

Jain Temples

Tanks
Outside to the north of the Kumarapala's temple, there is the Bhima Kunda, a tank measuring 70 feet by 50 feet. Below it and on the verge of the cliff is a smaller tank of water and near it a small canopy supported by three roughly hewn pillars and a piece of rock containing a short octagonal stone called Hathi pagla or Gajapada, the elephant foot, a stratum on the top of which is of light granite and the rest of dark the lower part is immersed in water most of the year.

As per historical records, Sajjana, the minister of Chaulukya king Siddharaja Jayasimha, built the Neminatha temple using the state treasury. When he collected the funds to return as a compensation, the king declined to accept it so the funds were used to build the temple.

Sahastraphana (thousand hooded) Parshwanatha, the image which was consecrated in 1803 CE (VS 1459) by Vijayajinendra Suri, is currently the central deity in the temple. The temple originally housed the golden image of Mahavira and brass images of Shantinatha and Parshwanatha on its sides.

The east facing temple has 52 small shrines surrounding the central temple. It has an open portico with ceilings with fine carvings. In the bhamti or cloisters surrounding the court, there are also some remarkable designs in carved ceilings. The roof of the rangamandapa has fine carvings. The shrine proper must have been removed and replaced with new one at the end of the sixteenth century or the start of the seventeenth century. It is known that Karmachandra Bachchhavat, minister of the king of Bikaner, had sent a funds to renovate temple in Shatrunjaya and Girnar under Jinachandrasuri IV of Kharatara Gaccha during the reign of Akbar. There is a shrine housing replica of Ashtapada hill in the south, shrine with Shatrunjayavatar in west, behind the main temple, and Samet Shikhar (or Nandishwar Dwipa) in north.

Girnar's Initial trek
The base of the mountain, known as Girnar Taleti, is about 4 km east of the center of Junagadh. There are temples and other sacred places all along this stretch.

The traveller, in order to reach Girnar Taleti from Junagadh city, will pass through the Wagheshwari or Vagheshwari Gate (Girnar Darwaza), which is close to the Uparkot fort area, Easterly.

At about 200 metres from the gate, to the right of the road, is the Temple of Wagheshwari (Upale Vagheshwari maa), which is joined to the road by a causeway about 150 yards long. An ancient Verai Mata mandir and a modern Gayatri Shakti Peeth mandir are nearby.

About a furlong beyond this is a stone bridge, and just beyond it on the right are the Ashoka's Major Rock Edicts. The edicts are inscribed high up on a large, domed mass of black granite measuring roughly 20 feet x 30 feet. The inscription is in Brahmi script. They primarily are written in praise of 22nd Tirthankar Lord Neminath and how he attained salvation from the 5th and highest peak of the holy mountain. They confirm the presence of a pure and sacred Jain site along with the sacred footprints of Lord Neminath on the 5th peak / Ujjayanta. On the same rock can be found an inscription of the Western Satrap ruler Rudradaman, the Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman.

On leaving Ashoka's edicts, the route crosses the handsome bridge over the Sona-rekha, which here forms a fine sheet of water over golden sand, then passes a number of temples, at first on the left bank of the river and then on the right, to the largest of the temples. This is dedicated to Damodar, a name of Krishna, from Dam, a rope, because by tradition his mother in vain attempted to confine him with a rope when a child. The reservoir, Damodar Kund, at this place is accounted very sacred.

Next is an old shrine of Bhavnath, a form of Shiva, close to Girnar Taleti; Mrigi kund and Sudharshan lake are nearby.

Most persons who are not active climbers will probably proceed up the mountain in a swing doli from Taleti. A long ridge runs up from the west, and culminates in a rugged scarped rock, on the top of which are the temples. Close to the old shrine is a well called the Chadani vav.

The paved way begins just beyond this and continues for two-thirds of the ascent. The first resthouse, Chadia Parab, is reached, 480 feet, above the plain; and the second halting-place at Dholi-deri, 1000 feet above the plain. From here the ascent becomes more difficult, winding under the face of the precipice to the third resthouse, 1400 feet up. The path turns to the right along the edge of a precipice, which is very narrow, so that the doli almost grazes the scarp, which rises perpendicularly 200 feet above the traveller. On the right is seen the lofty mountain of Datar, covered with low jungle. At about 1500 feet there is a stone dharmsala, and from this there is a fine view of the rock called the Bhairav-Thampa, "the terrific leap," because devotees used to cast themselves from its top, falling 1000 feet or more.

At 2370 feet above Junagadh the gate of the enclosure known as the Deva Kota, or Ra Khengar's Palace, is reached.

Ambika Temple

South of this, is the Gaumukhi Shrine, near a plentiful spring of water.

From it the crest of the mountain (3330 feet) is reached by a steep flight of stairs. Here is an ancient temple of Hindu Goddess Amba mata temple, which is much resorted to by newly married couples . The bride and bridegroom have their clothes tied together, and attended by their male and female relations, adore the goddess and present cocoa-nuts and other offerings. This pilgrimage is supposed to procure for the couple along continuance of wedded bliss.

Festivals
The main event for Hindus is the Maha Shivaratri fair held every year on the 14th day of the Hindu calendar month of Magha. At least 1 million pilgrims visit the fair to participate in pooja and parikrama of Girnar hill. The procession begins at Bhavnath Mahadev Temple at Bhavnath. It then proceeds onwards to various akharas of various sects of sadhus, which are in Girnar hill from ancient times. The procession of sadhus and pilgrims ends again at Bhavnath temple after visiting Madhi, Malavela and Bara Devi temple. The fair begins with hoisting of fifty-two Gaja long flags at Bhavnath Mahadev temple. This fair is the backbone of the economy of Junagadh, as more than ten lakh pilgrims who visit the fair generate a revenue of 250 million in only five days.

See also

Radha Damodar Temple, Junagadh
 Sacred mountains of India

References

Works cited

Hindu pilgrimage sites in India
Hindu temples in Gujarat
Tourism in Gujarat
Hills of Gujarat
Highest points of Indian states and union territories
Jain pilgrimage sites
Tourist attractions in Junagadh district
Mountains in Hinduism
Mountains in Jainism

Girnar


The University of Maryland Center for Health and Homeland Security (CHHS) is a nonprofit consulting group and academic center committed to developing plans, policies, and strategies for government, corporate, and institutional clients to ensure the safety of citizens in the event of natural or man-made catastrophes. Michael Greenberger, JD, a professor at the University of Maryland School of Law, is the CHHS founder and director.

History
Shortly after the September 11 terrorist attacks, University of Maryland, Baltimore, President David J. Ramsay called on Professor Greenberger to create a center that could bolster the university's extensive work in scientific research, policy development, and legal analysis related to homeland security. On May 15, 2002, CHHS officially opened its doors.

The scope of work grew soon after, and by summer 2003 the Maryland Emergency Management Agency asked CHHS to develop a manual to guide Maryland state agencies through the COOP plan writing process. Next, Howard County, MD, the Baltimore City Health Department, and the University of Maryland Medical Center tapped CHHS for its expertise in emergency planning. In October 2005, CHHS was awarded a $1.484 million grant to run nationwide DHS COOP training program, and CHHS teams have since delivered the course to first responders in locations as far away as California, Alaska, and Guam. In fall 2007, CHHS organized and hosted the first national conference on emergency preparedness for vulnerable populations. Professor Greenberger was appointed to the Maryland Governor's Emergency Management Advisory Council in 2008, the same year CHHS tested COOP plans drafted for the Maryland Judiciary.

Today, the list of CHHS clients includes dozens of institutions and agencies from jurisdictions across the country.

External links
 University of Maryland Center for Health and Homeland Security
 University of Maryland School of Law

University of Maryland, Baltimore
Disaster preparedness in the United States

Center for Health and Homeland Security


Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization (2004), an archaeological book written about the ancient Maya civilization. It was written  by Arthur Demarest, Ingram Professor of Anthropology at Vanderbilt University, Tennessee.

The book discusses the complex lifestyle and amazing political history of the Maya states, from the first to eighth centuries. It also gives an explanation of the mystery of the  ninth-century abandonment of most of the great rainforest cities. It goes on to conclude that the Maya civilization   has lessons for civilization today.

References

External links
 Book at Cambridge Library catalogue

2004 non-fiction books
Maya civilization
American history books
Mesoamerican studies books


A casting net, also called a throw net, is a net used for fishing. It is a circular net with small weights distributed around its edge.

The net is cast or thrown by hand in such a manner that it spreads out while it's in the air before it sinks into the water. This technique is called net casting or net throwing. Fish are caught as the net is hauled back in. This simple device is particularly effective for catching small bait or forage fish, and has been in use, with various modifications, for thousands of years.

Construction and technique

Contemporary cast nets have a radius which ranges from 4 to 12 feet (1.2 to 3.6 metres). Standard nets for recreational fishing have a four-foot hoop. Weights are usually distributed around the edge at about one pound per foot (1.5 kilograms per metre). Attached to the net is a handline, one end of which is held in the hand as the net is thrown. When the net is full, a retrieval clamp, which works like a wringer on a mop, closes the net around the fish. The net is then retrieved by pulling on this handline. The net is lifted into a bucket and the clamp is released, dumping the caught fish into the bucket.

Cast nets work best in water no deeper than their radius. Casting is best done in waters free of obstructions. Reeds cause tangles and branches can rip nets. The net caster may choose to stand with one hand holding the handline, and with the net draped over the other arm so that the weights dangle, or, with most of the net being held in one hand and only a part of the lead line held in the other hand so the weights dangle in a staggered fashion (approximately half of the weights in the throwing hand being held higher than the rest of the weights). The line is then thrown out to the water, using both hands, in a circular motion rather as in hammer throwing. The net can be cast from a boat, or from the shore, or by wading.

There are also optional net throwers that can make casting easier. These look like a lid from a trash can, including the handle on top. The outside circumference has a deep gutter. The net is loaded along the gutter and the weights are placed inside the gutter. The net is then tossed into the water using the thrower.

Regulations and Guidelines
The use of a cast net may be restricted in some areas when stated by use of sign or authorities. Some government entities in states like Florida state that most shrimp and fish under 8 inches can be caught using, "Cast nets having a stretched mesh size not greater than 1 inch in fresh waters of the state unless specifically prohibited.". While in a state such as Illinois the law "Provides that all casting nets shall be legal, without size limits, for the capture of shad, minnow," and many other bait fish. Along with this, different states may also require a fishing license to cast net in waters. In some states, such as Texas, "it is legal only for non-game fish" and there are also regulations in place to protect endangered species. If the guidelines outlined by the states and localities are disobeyed, fines and penalties can be brought against the individual who broke the rules. An example of this being that, "The use of cast net or throw net in any other Commonwealth waters is a violation of the Fish and Boat Code and is punishable by a fine and may result in the loss of fishing privileges"

Biology

Net-casting spiders (or retiarius spiders) are stick-like spiders that build webs suspended between their front legs. When prey approaches, the spider stretches its net till it is much larger, and then propels itself onto its prey, entangling it in the web.

History
In Ancient Rome, in a parody of fishing, a type of gladiator called a retiarius or "net fighter" was armed with a trident and a cast net. The retiarius was traditionally pitted against a secutor.

Between 177 and 180 the Greek author Oppian wrote the Halieutica, a didactic poem about fishing. He described various means of fishing including the use of nets cast from boats.

In Norse mythology the sea giantess Rán cast a fishing net to trap lost sailors.

There is a reference in the New Testament to cast netting. Per John 21:6: "He said, "Throw your net on the right side of the boat and you will find some." When they did, they were unable to haul the net in because of the large number of fish."

See also

Notes

References

 Burnley, Eric B (2006) Surf Fishing the Atlantic Coast' Stackpole Books.
 Dunbar, Jeffery A (2001) Casting net NC Coastal fishing. Retrieved 25 August 2008.
 Atos Giovanelli, The art of throw a cast net

External links

 How to throw a cast net YouTube.

 Cast net Cast net.

Fishing techniques and methods
Fishing nets

Cast net


Arcadia is a neighborhood in the areas of Phoenix and Scottsdale, Arizona. It is bounded 44th Street to 68th Street and Camelback Road to the canal. Arcadia contains well-kept homes on large lots; these homes command relatively high property values (as the neighborhood is adjacent to the upscale suburbs of Paradise Valley, the Biltmore area, Scottsdale and north Phoenix). Built on former citrus groves, Arcadia is known for well-irrigated, mature landscaping. Several yards prominently feature orange, lemon and grapefruit trees as reminders of the area's past; the area used to be occupied by citrus farmers from 1919 to the mid-1950s. In the mid-1950s, the rest of Phoenix caught up with the farms and the area suburbanized with characteristic ranch homes on large lots. Arcadia High School serves and derives its name from the neighborhood. Arcadia is frequently listed as the top place to live in all of Phoenix Metro due to its ideal location for both work and fun, vibrant food / culture, walk-ability, and plush landscape. It is also just south of the desired hiking destinations of Camelback Mountain and Piestewa Peak. Much of Phoenix's cycling scene pedals through this neighborhood, as Campbell / Lafayette is one of the main Phoenix cycling corridors.

The 2010 film Everything Must Go starring Will Ferrell takes place in Arcadia.

References

Neighborhoods in Phoenix, Arizona

Arcadia (Phoenix)


Zurab Zhvania (; 9 December 1963 – 3 February 2005) was a Georgian politician, who served as Prime Minister of Georgia and Speaker of the Parliament of Georgia.

Zhvania began his political career at young age, making his first political steps as a member of Green Party, in the beginning of 90s. In 1992 Zhvania was elected chairman of Eastern European Green's and was first Eastern European to serve at the post. In 1993 Zhvania made first serious steps in Georgian politics as he was elected as General Secretary of Citizen's Union. From that point Zhvania served important role in Georgian politics until his death in 2005. 1995 he became the chairman of parliament and maintained the post until his resignation in 1999, which was followed with discharge of other ministers, whom Zhvania suspected in Corruption. From 1993 till 2003 Zhvania remained in opposition fighting against Shevardandze's government. In 2003, Zhvania united with other opposition leaders, mainly Burdjanadze and Saakashvili, held non-violent protests against the government. Protests ended with resignation of Shevardnadze and election of Saakashvili as the president. Zhvania became prime minister and served the post until his death in 2005.

Early life
Zhvania was born in Tbilisi into the family of Besarion Zhvania, an ethnic Georgian, and Rema Antonova, of mixed Jewish and Armenian ancestry, both physicists working at the Tbilisi Institute of Physics. In 1985 he graduated from the Faculty of Biology of the Tbilisi State University. He worked at the university through 1992.
In 1993 he married Nino Kadagidze, who owned a book store with English language books in Tbilisi. They had a son and two daughters: Elisabeth, Besarion and Anna. Zhvania spoke Georgian, English, German and Russian.

Career
Zhvania entered national politics in 1988. Between 1988 and 1990, Georgia's Green Party, which Zhvania co-chaired, was one of a number of opposition groups that took part in the country's drive to regain its independence. In September 1991 his party joined the opposition to the government of the first post-Soviet President of Georgia, Zviad Gamsakhurdia. Gamsakhurdia's violent overthrow in January 1992 resulted in Eduard Shevardnadze, the former Soviet foreign minister, coming to power a few months later.

Shevardnadze established the Union of Citizens of Georgia to provide a moderate centre-right grouping for reformist democrats. Zhvania joined the UGC in 1995, entering the Georgian parliament in the same year, and recruited other reformists to the party, notably Mikheil Saakashvili. In 1993, Zhvania became general secretary of Shevardnadze's party. On 25 November 1995, after the party's victory at the election, he was elected as chairman of the Georgian parliament.

However, Zhvania fell out with Shevardnadze over a corruption scandal and resigned as speaker on 1 November 2001. He and Saakashvili also left Shevardnadze's party. In 2002, he established and chaired a new party, called the United Democrats.

Zhvania had a wife and three children, and in addition to his native Georgian, he spoke Armenian, Hebrew, English, German, and Russian. Zurab Zhvania is the only Georgian Prime Minister to have died while in office.

November elections

The parliamentary elections of 2 November 2003 were widely condemned by local and international observers as being grossly rigged by the government. In response, Zhvania and other opposition figures called for mass protests against Shevardnadze. Two weeks of massive popular protests followed, forcing Shevardnadze's resignation on 23 November. He was replaced on an interim basis by Zhvania's successor as parliamentary speaker, Nino Burjanadze. Zhvania himself became a minister in the transitional government prior to fresh presidential elections held on 4 January 2004, which were won by Saakashvili.

Prime minister
In February 2004 according to the proposal of President Saakashvili Zhvania was elected as Prime Minister by the Parliament of Georgia. He led a young reformist cabinet with 15 members with an average age of 35 years. With his cabinet Zhvania was seen as a moderate counterweight to the "radical" attitudes of President Saakashvili. He also was a key figure in the talks on the separatist republics of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
Controversial was Zhvania's role during the privatisations in Georgia, when he took over all final decisions, while the competent ministers of economy had to be changed three times within two years. Experts also criticized his role in the sale of the port of Batumi and of 16 ships of the Georgian Black Sea fleet.

Death

Circumstances
Zhvania died early in the morning of 3 February 2005 from what officials claimed was carbon monoxide poisoning caused by an inadequately ventilated gas heater. He was in a rented apartment with Raul Usupov, deputy governor of Georgia's Kvemo Kartli region, at the time. Usupov also died. Guards entered the house after there was no word from Zhvania for several hours to find him in an armchair and Usupov in the kitchen. Details of the incident are still limited, although officials have said there was a gas-powered heating stove in the main room of the house, where a table was set up with a backgammon set lying open upon it.

Immediately after the incident, live on Rustavi-2 television, Georgia's Interior Minister Vano Merabishvili said there was no reason to suspect foul play. Bodies were taken to the coroner's office, where a preliminary examination showed both died from carbon monoxide poisoning. There were reports of serious technical violations when the gas heaters were installed, with officials saying there was no ventilation in the apartment.

However, Zhvania's family members have questioned the official version of the death, with Goga Zhvania having said that he was sure that his brother was assassinated. In March 2006 interview with the Washington Post Georgia's ex-president Eduard Shevardnadze also said that he believed Zhvania was murdered.

In addition, Irakli Okruashvili has also stated in his scandalous speech in Imedi TV, that Zhvania's corpse was moved to the house, but who actually moved the corpse he said he was not going to talk about that any longer that day.

According to some reports Mikheil Machavariani, Deputy Chairman of the Parliament of Georgia, was one of the last people who spoke with Zurab Zhvania the night before his death.

President Mikheil Saakashvili, at an emergency Cabinet meeting, said, "In Zurab Zhvania, Georgia has lost a great patriot, who devoted his entire life to serving the motherland. Zurab's death is a great blow to Georgia and to me personally. I lost a very close friend, a reliable adviser and a great ally. I want to call on you all to be strong, because there is no greater responsibility than loyal service to our country and our people."  Rabbi Mikhailashvili stated, "The Jewish community mourns the sudden loss of Zurab Zhvania. As a Jew, he had a close relationship to the Jewish community in Georgia." As of March 2014 Mikheil Saakashvili was wanted by the Georgian Prosecutor's office for questioning in an investigation carried out for the purpose of establishing circumstances surrounding Zhvania's death.

Bodyguard trials and aftermath

Years after the incident, Zhvania's death remains at the center of Georgia's political life. In 2015, several of Zhvania's bodyguards were convicted of neglect after they admitted that on the day of Zhvania's death they had left him alone, at his own request. According to the bodyguards, Zhvania maintained a secret apartment and went to unspecified meetings there, sometimes disguised in a beard. When the security personnel entered the apartment to check on Zhvania, they found his body naked along with the naked Raul Usupov. The bodyguards admitted to tampering with the scene in order to erase any traces that the two men have had sex, so as to "keep his [Zhvania's] name clean". Zhvania's family members deny allegations of homosexuality and instead insist that it was a staged murder by unspecified persons.

Notes

References
Report on Zhvania's death by the BBC
Zurab Zhvania, Prime Minister of Georgia who looked to the West and for consensus after his country's Rose Revolution, The Times
Article from Kommersant.
 Zurab Zhvania memorial page at the Government of Georgia website

Prime Ministers of Georgia
Speakers of the Parliament of Georgia
1963 births
2005 deaths
Burials at Didube Pantheon
Jewish politicians from Georgia (country)
Mingrelians
Green Party of Georgia politicians
Union of Citizens of Georgia politicians
Georgian people of Armenian descent
Politicians from Tbilisi
Accidental deaths in Georgia (country)
Deaths from carbon monoxide poisoning
20th-century politicians from Georgia (country)
21st-century politicians from Georgia (country)

Zurab Zhvania


Tasma (Russian: Тасма) is a Russian GOST and ISO certified manufacturer of black-and-white and colour photographic films. It also manufactures adhesive tape and demineralized water. Located in Kazan, Russia, it has been in operation since 1933 (starting as "Film Factory No. 8"). The name Tasma is derived from the Russian phrase Татарские светочувствительные материалы ("Tatarskie Sveto Materialiy"), meaning "Tatar Sensitized Materials"; this name was adopted by the company in 1974.

During World War II, only Tasma's Kazan factory remained in operation, supplying the entirety of domestic Soviet photographic material for the war effort.  For this effort, it was awarded a medal for the Order of the Red Banner of Labor in 1944.

The company manufactures black and white negative films KN-1, KN-2, and KN-3, which are popular with photographers in Russia as well as motion picture cinematographers internationally.  The company provides its films in 16mm, 35mm, and 70mm formats.

Prior to the fall of the Soviet Union, the company offered an array of color photographic products from the year 1950 as well, but these were discontinued following the fall of the Iron Curtain.

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the company was reorganized as a free enterprise and privatized in 1992.

References

External links
 Company's official website, available in Russian or English languages

Photography companies of Russia
Photographic film makers
Russian brands
Soviet brands
Companies based in Kazan
Manufacturing companies of the Soviet Union

Tasma


Dissident republicans, renegade republicans, anti-Agreement republicans, or anti-ceasefire republicans () are Irish republicans who do not support the current peace agreements in Northern Ireland. The agreements followed a 30-year conflict known as the Troubles, which killed over 3,500 people. During the conflict, republican paramilitary groups such as the Provisional Irish Republican Army waged a campaign to bring about a united Irish republic. Peace negotiations in the 1990s led to an IRA ceasefire in 1994 and to the Good Friday Agreement of 1998. Mainstream republicans, represented by Sinn Féin, supported the Agreement as a means of achieving Irish unity peacefully. Dissidents saw this as an abandonment of the goal of an Irish socialist republic and acceptance of partition. They hold that the Northern Ireland Assembly and Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) are illegitimate and see the PSNI as a "British paramilitary police force".

Some dissident republican political groups, such as Republican Sinn Féin (which was established by a split from Sinn Féin, and no longer has a connection to the party) and the 32 County Sovereignty Movement, support political violence against the British security forces. Thus, they oppose the Provisional IRA's 1994 ceasefire. However, other groups, such as the Republican Network for Unity, wish to achieve their goals only through peaceful means.

Since the IRA called a ceasefire, splinter groups have continued an armed campaign against the British security forces in Northern Ireland. Like the Provisional IRA, each of these groups sees itself as the only rightful successor of the original IRA and each calls itself simply "the IRA", or Óglaigh na hÉireann in Irish (see also Irish republican legitimism).

Groups described as dissident republican

Paramilitary
Continuity Irish Republican Army (Continuity IRA)
Cumann na mBan
Fianna Éireann
Irish Republican Liberation Army (IRLA)
Irish Republican Movement (IRM)
New Irish Republican Army (New IRA)
Óglaigh na hÉireann (Real IRA splinter group) (2009-2018)
Real Irish Republican Army (Real IRA)

Political
32 County Sovereignty Movement (32CSM)
Irish Republican Voice (IRV) (disbanded 2014)
Republican Network for Unity (RNU)
Republican Sinn Féin (RSF)
Saoradh

References

Dissent
Dissident Irish republican campaign
Irish republicanism
Northern Ireland peace process
Politics of Northern Ireland

Dissident republican