Alfred Bruyas (15 August 1821 – 1 January 1877) was an art collector and a personal friend of many important artists of his time, among them Gustave Courbet and Alexandre Cabanel. He donated his collection to the Musée Fabre, in Montpellier.

Born Jacques Louis Bruyas, he was the son of a wealthy banker in Montpellier. His interest in art was clear even at school.  In 1840 he studied at the studio of Charles Matet, however he soon recognized the limits of his own talents and shifted his focus to the promotion and collection of contemporary art.

From 1849 to 1854 he spent most of his time in Paris. There he collected work by Louis Hector Allemand, Camille Corot, Thomas Couture, Eugène Delacroix, Narcisse Diaz de Peña, Adrien Guignet, Adolphe Hervier, Prosper Marilhat, Edouard-Antoine Marsal, Jean-François Millet, Théodore Rousseau, Philippe-Joseph Tassaert, Marcel Verdier and Constant Troyon, but above all the work of Gustave Courbet.

External links
Bonjour, Monsieur Courbet!: The Bruyas Collection from the Musée Fabre, Montpellier

1821 births
1877 deaths
Art collectors from Paris

Alfred Bruyas


The premiership of Dean Barrow began at noon EST on 8 February 2008, when Dean Barrow was inaugurated as the 4th Prime Minister of Belize, succeeding Said Musa. A member of the United Democratic Party (UDP), Barrow was Leader of the Opposition and Area Representative of Queen's Square constituency at the time of his 2008, general election victory over People's United Party (PUP) Leader, Said Musa. Barrow and the UDP surge to a landslide victory in that election, winning 25 seats in the House of Representatives, 56.61% of the vote and 66,203 of the popular vote. The UDP Campaign saw that the ruling PUP had made many false and misleading statements during their campaign and also their term in Government. The promises which the PUP promised when they got elected in 1998 and 2003 was not fulfilled at the end of their term. Leaving the UDP to criticise their "empty promises" as "misleading and vindictive". There were also large-scale of official Corruption. Barrow's approval rating has been generally stable, hovering form high-40 to mid-50 percent throughout his premiership.

Belize
Prime ministers

Premiership of Dean Barrow


Redouan al Issar (also known as Abu Khaled or simply "The Syrian") was born in Syria in the late fifties or early sixties. He is by profession a geologist.

He was the oldest member of the Dutch-based terrorist group, Hofstadgroep or Hofstad Network. He is considered to be the spiritual leader of the group.

References

Syrian emigrants to the Netherlands
Hofstad Network

Redouan al-Issar


Jean-Baptiste Sarlandière (9 May 1787 – 25 July 1838) was a French anatomist and physiologist born in Aix-la-Chapelle.

At the age of 16 he began his medical studies at the local hospital in Noirmoutiers, but was soon called to military service, spending the next eleven years as part of the French Army (1803–1814). In 1814 he resumed his studies, and subsequently was appointed physician at the military hospital in Paris. He received his medical degree in 1815 with a thesis titled Effets des cosmétiques chez les dames. In Paris, Sarlandière became a friend and assistant to François Magendie (1783–1855), with whom he collaborated on several physiological experiments.

Sarlandière is remembered for introducing electroacupuncture to European medicine, a therapeutic technique that combined electricity with acupuncture. Unlike Oriental acupuncture, the needle was not the primary agent of treatment, but simply acted as a conductor to apply the electricity subcutaneously. Reportedly he had success with electroacupuncture in treating respiratory and rheumatic disorders, as well as some forms of paralysis. His technique was soon adopted in French hospitals.

In 1817 he invented a "bdellomètre", a mechanical blood pump designed to produce a controlled release of blood from the body. The device was to be used as a replacement for leeches in medical bloodletting.

Selected writings
Among his written works was the unfinished Traité du système nerveux (Treatise on the nervous system). Other noteworthy writings of his are:
 Memoires sur l'electropuncture (1825) - treatise on electroacupuncture.
 Anatomie méthodique, ou Organographie humaine (1830) - Systematized anatomy, or human organography.
 Physiologie de l'action musculaire appliquée aux arts d'imitation - Physiology of muscular action, etc.

References
 Historical Anatomies on the Web (biographical information)
 International League of Antiquarian Booksellers

External links
 Anatomical Plates from Anatomie méthodique, ou Organographie humaine

Acupuncturists
1787 births
1838 deaths
People from Aachen
French physiologists
French anatomists

Jean-Baptiste Sarlandière


The Christian Hero is a 1735 tragedy by the British writer George Lillo. It is based on the life of Skanderbeg who led a rebellion against the Ottoman Empire in the fifteenth century. Two years earlier William Havard had written Scanderbeg, another work based on his life.

The original Drury Lane cast included William Milward as Scanderbeg, James Quin as Amurath, William Mills as Mahomet, Edward Berry as Osmyn, Sarah Thurmond as Hellena, John Mills as Aranthes, Richard Winstone as Paulinus and Theophilus Cibber as Amasie.

References

Bibliography
 Baines, Paul & Ferarro, Julian & Rogers, Pat. The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Eighteenth-Century Writers and Writing, 1660-1789. Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
 Burling, William J. A Checklist of New Plays and Entertainments on the London Stage, 1700-1737. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1992.

1735 plays
West End plays
Plays by George Lillo
Tragedy plays

The Christian Hero


David M. Talerico is an American politician from Alaska. A Republican, he has served in the Alaska House of Representatives since 2015. He represents House District 6, a vast district in The Bush that encompasses the Denali Borough and other unincorporated areas. He is the longest-serving mayor of the Denali Borough, in office from 2002 to 2012, and briefly served on the Borough Assembly again from 2013 to 2014, when he was elected to the House of Representatives. He is a longtime resident of Healy.

Talerico previously ran unsuccessfully for a House seat against David Guttenberg, a Democrat from Fairbanks. He worked for Republican Representative Doug Isaacson as a legislative staffer from 2012 to 2013. He is a miner by trade and was the director of human resources and safety at the Usibelli Coal Mine at the time of his election to the House of Representatives in 2014.

References

Living people
Mayors of places in Alaska
Republican Party members of the Alaska House of Representatives
People from Denali Borough, Alaska
American miners
21st-century American politicians
Year of birth missing (living people)

Dave Talerico


Peter of Pisa (; ; 744 – 799 AD), also known as Petrus Grammaticus, was an Italian grammarian, deacon and poet in the Early Middle Ages. In 776, after Charlemagne's conquest of the Lombard Kingdom, Peter was summoned to the Carolingian court along with Paul the Deacon and Alcuin. Peter had originally taught at Pavia, in Italy.
Peter of Pisa was asked to be Charlemagne's primary Latin teacher.
Peter's poetry provides a personal look at the workings of the innermost sanctum surrounding Charlemagne.
Peter's grammar texts provide insight into the transformation Latin education underwent in this period.

As Christianity spread through Europe, so did Latin. Native speakers of Celtic or Germanic languages were rapidly becoming exposed to Latin: the language of the Church and international communication. In West Europe, from 400 until the late middle ages, the Bible and its commentaries were only available in Latin. Although some regions in West Europe were introduced to Latin centuries earlier by the Romans, these spoken languages evolved differently from the Latin of the written Bible.  To properly understand the Bible, and its commentaries, and the works of figures such as St. Augustine, knowledge of written Latin was a must. East of the Rhine, the people spoke an ancestor to today's German language because the Roman empire did not stretch that far. Learning Latin was challenging to peoples who were often not literate in their own native language. Another problem was posed by the inadequacy of the (outdated) teaching material that was available to instructors and missionaries. The materials were often designed for more advanced, native Latin speakers, or possibly Roman students. An example of this could be the Ars Maior by Donatus. Younger clergy in, for instance, Frankia or Germania, could see the study of Latin as a better way to understand the Bible, its commentaries, and prayers.

The Late Imperial teaching manuals are broken down into three categories:

•	Schulgrammatik was a systemic work that introduced pupils to basic concepts of the language such as parts of speech.

•	Commentary:  a type of work whose focus was originally written texts. Donatus' efforts widened this genre to the study of grammar.

•	Regulae works displayed variety in structure, with the main focus on form and proper Latin inflection.

A common theme of these works is that they were not written for education of inexperienced Latin learners. In the 600s, three new types of teaching manuals began to emerge that shaped the way Latin was taught during the time of the Carolingians:

•	Commentaries. These manuals were intended for advanced students with one of the goals being to see grammatical texts as literary commentaries.

•	Declinationes Nominum. Generally speaking, the goal in these texts was to construct the answer text by choosing from a vocabulary "bank".

•	Insular Elementary Grammars.

Christian culture was not introduced by the Carolingians; this movement was already evident in Visigothic Spain and Anglo-Saxon England at the time of conversion in the 7th century. Annexation of the Lombard kingdom (774) is also possibly linked with encouraging Charlemagne to embrace late Roman tradition. Classical studies began to be encouraged by him. Education was revived and Latinity began to rise. "The greatest contribution made by the Carolingian rulers to the revival of learning in their territories was thus less in legislating for it than in guaranteeing the Church's enjoyment of requisite material resources in the face of various conflicting interests and pressures."
"The Carolingian renaissance may be seen as an exercise in patronage on a grand scale by the Carolingian rulers." "Carolingian Military successes against groups like the Saxons and the Avars allowed the territory to gain wealth which was donated to the Church." Therefore, strengthening the presence of standardized written Latin language knowledge in Francia.

Around the year 800, Charlemagne (768-814) invited many great poets, grammarians, and other intellectuals to his court to feed his interest in the liberal arts. His influence and the ability to attract scholars to him created an influx. The Carolingian Renaissance spurred interest in classical study, and a revolution in teaching grammar and rhetoric. Classical and late-antique literature was being copied at an increased pace, and rare classical works were sought by Charlemagne. Paul the Deacon, Theodulf, Alcuin, Waldo of Reichenau, amongst others, joined Peter of Pisa at the emperor's side. Peter was formerly at the court of Desiderius. However, the famous names did not stay at Charlemagne's court for a long period of time, and their relatively brief cohesiveness was the result of shared scholarly culture.  Paulinus and Paul the Deacon were the first to leave no later than 790.

According to the emperor's biographer, Einhard, Peter of Pisa was Charlemagne's Latin grammar instructor. Peter's grammars largely incorporate the Insular Elementary style, while at the same time including distinct Carolingian aspects. One method which would become known by historians as distinctly the product of Peter is using series of questioning statements about the nature of a particular word. This type of method would remain in use for centuries for education purposes:

What is it?

What word class does it belong to?

Priscian is also known for including statements such as these in his manuals. However, the earliest datable specimen occurs in Peter of Pisa's grammar. Some words encourage very straightforward "discussion", while others are more flexible in the answers which are provided to the statements. Peter is also unique in his application of logic to elementary grammars.

By the end of the 8th century, Charlemagne's travel group has grown in number, and had become increasingly immobile. Poetry and poetic epistles provided entertainment on prolonged stoppages, as well as a way of competition between intellectuals. In addition, Latin poetry would become very popular in the 9th century. Almost all of those drawn to Charlemagne's court were poets in a way. In this environment, they were motivated by their new "elite" group and trying to overcome each other with wordplay and sly humor. The surviving record indicates that some rivalries were preserved as dramatized poetry. Peter was the emperor's amanuensis and wrote some mocking poems in his name. The following is an excerpt from a poem written by Peter, in the voice of Charlemagne, in ironical exaggeration of Paul's ability, and one of the first written manifestations of their rivalry:

He sent you, Paul, most learned of poets and bards,

to our back-water, as shining light with the various languages

you know, to quicken the sluggish to life by sowing fine seeds.

Paul replies in a way that downplays his ability and comically exalts Peter:

But lest it be said that I am an ignoramus in languages,

I shall repeat a few of the lines which were taught to me

as a boy; the rest have slipped my mind as old age weighs upon me.

One unique feature of Charlemagne court's writing, and Peter's, is "coterie poetry". Poems of this genre would make use of inside jokes, secret nicknames, and other aspects that indicate the readers be in a certain close-knit social group. Peter wrote to Paul the Deacon again:

You, hold off from gnawing the good brother with your teeth,

Who never is seen to be angry by the king's court.

An additional example of this kind of poetry could be found in the messages sent between Paul the Deacon, Peter of Pisa, and Charlemagne between 782 and 786. The three exchange riddles and sly remarks poking fun at one-another. Some epitaphs and acrostic poems would even draw in other court goers that were not part of the original dialogue, increasing the attractiveness of poetry for all court participants.

In addition, Peter wrote epistolary poems to Charlemagne, paying homage to him for building churches and acting as "father of his people".

Peter returned to Italy around 790, where he died no later than 799.

References

 Vauchez, Dobson, Lapidge, Walford (eds) Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages Routledge 2001.
 F. Brunhölzl, Histoire de la littérature latine au Moyen Âge, 1, 1, Turnhout, 1991, pp. 12–14.
 C. Jeudy, "Pierre de Pise", DLFMA, 1992, p. 1190.

See also
Carolingian Renaissance
Carolingian art

8th-century writers in Latin
744 births
799 deaths
Grammarians of Latin
Medieval linguists
Linguists from Italy
8th-century Italian writers
8th-century Frankish writers
8th-century poets

Peter of Pisa


Klintholm Havn is a fishing village and a popular tourist resort on the south coast of Møn, an island in Vordingborg Municipality, southeastern Denmark. As of 1 January 2012, the population is 201.

The harbour was built in 1878 by C.S. Scavenius, owner of the nearby Klintholm Estate, as a means of exporting local produce and chalk. The harbour is the service port for the 600 MW Kriegers Flak wind farm.

Attractions
Klintholm Havn has now become an active fishing port as well as a popular tourist resort with several restaurants and art galleries. Attractions include the large marina, two sandy beaches, a supermarket and a fresh fish shop.

The marina, which has full facilities, allows boat access at all states of the tide and provides safe haven whatever the wind direction.

In the summer, there are commercial boat excursions providing excellent views of Møns Klint, a stretch of towering chalk cliffs along the eastern coast of the island.

Klinholm Havn can be reached by bus from Stege, 16 km away, which in turn has bus services to Vordingborg where there is a railway station.

Rescue of Stutthof victims

On 5 May 1945, the day Denmark was liberated from German occupation during World War II, a barge with 370 starving prisoners from the Stutthof concentration camp near Danzig (now Gdansk) arrived in Klintholm Havn. Those in control of the concentration camp had forced the prisoners onto the barge and allowed them to drift across the Baltic Sea. A German tug finally brought the barge into the harbour. The local inhabitants managed to save 351 of the prisoners, after the remaining 19 died of disease during the next few days. A memorial stone now stands on the shore of Klinthom Havn at the point where the barge came ashore. It was erected on 5 May 1995, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the event.

Environment
East Møn is a quiet, hilly area with mixed farming. To the east, the ground rises to the wooded natural park which leads to the chalk Cliffs of Møn. There are many varieties of land and sea birds, particularly swallows and swans, while wild deer, squirrels, hare and foxes are among the animal species you are most likely to see. See the article on Møns Klint for more information about the rarer species you can see in the area.

Climate
Møn has a relatively mild climate compared to the rest of Denmark. Data from Denmark's Meteorological Institute show that average mid-summer highs range from 19 C to 26 C while winter daytime averages are around freezing point. Rainfall rarely exceeds 10 days per month.

The summer days are long and bright with about 17 hours of daylight while in the winter, the days are short and often quite dull.

In view of the shallow depth of the Baltic, the temperature of the sea can rise to about 20 C in the summer months. And during exceptionally cold winters, partly as a result of the low salinity of the Baltic, the seawater has also been known to freeze.

External links
 Road map from Google Maps

References

Villages in Denmark
Ports and harbours of Denmark
Møn

Klintholm Havn


The Norwegian Law of Succession (Tronfølgeloven av 1163) was first introduced in 1163 during the Civil war era in Norway.

The Succession law was an accord between Erling Skakke and Øystein Erlendsson, Archbishop of Nidaros. Erling Skakke was married to Kristin Sigurdsdatter, the daughter of King Sigurd Jorsalfar. They had a son, Magnus Erlingsson, who was deemed to be a legitimate claimant to the throne, which was left vacant with the death of King Haakon II.  Archbishop  Erlendsson agreed to terms under which Magnus inherited the Norwegian throne, in exchange for greater power afforded to the Church. Magnus was crowned king in 1163 at the age of eight and the succession law was enacted simultaneously. As king, Magnus had to promise to obey the Pope, while Church law was recognized on an equal level with secular laws. Erling took the title of earl and held the real power, since Magnus was a minor.

<ref>[http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Magnus_5_Erlingsson/utdypning Magnus 5 Erlingsson' (Store norske leksikon)]</ref>

According to the Succession law, there should be only one king, with primogeniture as a rule. If the oldest son was not fit to be king, a council of sixty representatives should select another of the legitimate royal sons. After this they could choose between another of the royal heirs. If the king had no suitable heir, the council could choose whoever they thought would better "guard God's right and the laws of the land". If the  representatives could not agree, the bishops of the Church should decide the election. The Law of Succession was then amended in 1302 which gave women right to inherit the Throne and stated that The Trone was first to pass to Dutches Ingeborgs line, and after that, to Princess Agnes line in ensure that The Throne of Norway will return to Haakon V Magnussons Oldest daughters line.

See also
Line of succession to the Norwegian Throne

Primary Sources
Holmsen, Andreas (1965) Erkebiskop Eystein og tronfølgeloven av 1163 (Oslo, Historisk tidsskrift)
Steen, Sverre: (1949)  Tronfølgeloven av 1163 og konungstekja i hundreåret etter'' (eng: "The 1163 Norwegian Law of Succession and the royals coronations in the following century"

References

Law of Succession
Law of Succession
1163 in Europe
12th century in Norway
Succession acts

Norwegian Law of Succession


Frank Marshall King (November 28, 1883May 29, 1959), was a Spanish, Catalan pianist and pedagogue born to parents of English heritage.

Marshall was born in Mataró, Catalonia, Spain.  He attended the Conservatori Superior de Música del Liceu and then began studying with Enrique Granados. Marshall and Granados became close musical associates, and Marshall became Granados's teaching assistant at the latter's academy.

When Granados died in 1916, Marshall became its director; he remained director until his death in 1959, and the institute's name was eventually changed to Académia Frank Marshall. Among his pupils at the school was the composer Vicente Asencio. He published two pedagogic works, Estudio práctico sobre los pedales del piano (Madrid, 1919) and La sonoridad del piano, which attempted to notate piano pedaling more precisely.

Marshall's influence as a pianist and teacher impacted Catalan piano playing heavily; his approaches to pedaling and voicing helped refine the distinctive style of piano playing from the region. No. 3 of Federico Mompou's Cançons i danses was dedicated to him. His most famous student was Alicia de Larrocha. Also the Catalan pianist Albert Attenelle, who premiered Federico Mompou's Variations on a Theme of Chopin.

Marshall died in Barcelona in 1959, aged 75.

References
Charles Hopkins, "Frank Marshall". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians online.

1883 births
1959 deaths
Spanish classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Conservatori Superior de Música del Liceu alumni
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century Spanish male musicians
20th-century Spanish musicians
Spanish people of English descent
Piano pedagogues

Frank Marshall (pianist)


Norteño or Norteña (, northern), also música norteña, is a subgenre of regional Mexican music. The music is most often based on duple and triple metre and its lyrics often deal with socially relevant topics, although there are also many norteño love songs. The accordion and the bajo sexto are traditional norteño's most characteristic instruments. Norteña music developed in the late 19th century, as a mixture between local Mexican music and Austrian-Czech-origin folk music.

The genre is popular in both Mexico and the United States, especially among the Mexican and Mexican-American community, and it has become popular in other Spanish-speaking countries as far away as Chile. Though originating from rural areas, norteño is popular in both rural and urban areas.

A conjunto norteño is a type of Mexican folk ensemble. It mostly includes diatonic accordion, bajo sexto, electric bass or double bass, and drums, and sometimes saxophone.

Repertoire
The norteño repertoire covers canción ranchera, corrido, ballad, bolero, chotís, cumbia, huapango norteño, mazurka, polka, redowa and waltz.

History

Origins

Emperor Maximilian I brought European music to México during his reign (beginning 1863) in the Second Mexican Empire. By 1864, he had accumulated marching bands and musicians to entertain him. In 1867, the Mexican Republic executed Maximilian, thereby ending the Austrian empire in Mexico. Many of Maximilian's former soldiers and fellow countrymen fled north and dispersed into what is now the southwestern United States. Norteño music developed from a blending of Mexican and Spanish oral and musical traditions, military brass band instrumentation, and Germanic musical styles such as polka and waltz.

European immigrants from Germany, Poland, and Czechoslovakia to northern Mexico and the southwestern United States also brought dance traditions such as the varsovienne. The focus on the accordion in the music of their home countries was integrated into Mexican music, and became an essential instrument. It was called norteño ("northern") because it was most popular in the northern regions of Mexico.

The late 1910s and 1920s were the golden age of the corrido, a form of ballad. Mexicans on both sides of the border came to San Antonio, Texas, to record in hotels. Their songs memorialize the Mexican political revolution of the time. Los Alegres de Terán and Los Donneños were among the first norteño bands. Later in the century, the genre became more commercial with the works of Los Relámpagos del Norte and other groups. More recent bands such as Intocable integrate elements of rock music and other popular styles.

Modernization
Modern norteño has also diverged significantly from more original "oldie" norteño of pre-1950s artists such as Narciso Martínez. Since the 1970s and 1980s, most norteño bands have replaced the tololoche with an electric bass guitar, and the snare drum with a full drum set. The traditional bajo sexto-accordion style of Los Alegres de Terán and Los Donneños transformed into the modern style typical to that of Los Tigres del Norte, Los Tucanes de Tijuana, Intocable, and Duelo. In 2014, Los Tigres del Norte released the album Realidades, which contains the song "Era Diferente" ("She Was Different") about a lesbian teenager who falls in love with her best friend; according to lead singer and songwriter Jorge Hernández, this is the first time a norteño band has ever written a gay love song.

Regional variations
Northeastern Norteño: The most traditional style of norteño. Mainly popular in Mexico's northeastern and central states, and parts of the United States with large Mexican populations from those regions. Some artists that fall under this style include Los Cadetes de Linares, Ramón Ayala y Los Bravos del Norte, Los Invasores de Nuevo León, Los Cardenales de Nuevo León, and Pesado.

Pacific Norteño: Uses the same instruments as traditional northeastern norteño, but has a rougher sound; in part due to being influenced by banda music from Sinaloa. Also, some bands use a piano accordion instead of the traditional button accordion. Mainly popular in the Mexican states that border the Pacific Ocean and also the central states, and in parts of the United States with large Mexican populations from those regions. Some artists from this style include Los Tigres del Norte, Los Tucanes de Tijuana, Los Buitres de Culiacán, Los Titanes de Durango, and Marca Registrada.

Norteño-Sax: Incorporates an alto saxophone as a primary instrument along with an accordion. Sounds closer to traditional norteño, but with an emphasis on the saxophone. Several bands are influenced by grupero music and incorporate an electronic keyboard for their ballads and romantic cumbias. Mainly popular in Mexico's landlocked states, and in parts of the United States with large Mexican populations from that region. Some artists under this umbrella include Conjunto Primavera, Los Rieleros del Norte, Polo Urías y su Máquina Norteña, La Fiera de Ojinaga, and La Maquinaria Norteña.

Norteño-Banda: Replaces the bass with a sousaphone, an instrument typically used in banda music for the low notes. Like pacific norteño, it is mainly popular in Mexico's pacific and central states, and in parts of the United States with large Mexican populations from those regions. Some artists include Calibre 50, Voz de Mando, Colmillo Norteño, Revolver Cannabis, and Código FN.

Norteño Light: Is essentially northeastern norteño, but with a more pop-oriented sound, relaxed rhythms, and contemporary lyrics. It may also incorporate mildly rock elements. Mainly popular in  Mexico's northeastern and central states, and parts of the United States with large Mexican populations from those regions. Some artists include Intocable, Duelo, La Firma, Siggno, and Grupo Frontera.

See also
 Banda
 Grupera
 Latin Grammy Award for Best Norteño Album
 Mariachi
 Music of Mexico
 Narcocorrido
 Nortec
 Regional Mexican music
 Tejano
 Música Norteña: Mexican Migrants Creating a Nation Between Nations - Book about the genre

References

External links

Regional styles of Mexican music
Polka derivatives
Latin music genres
2000s in Latin music
2010 in Latin music

Norteño (music)


Sane and Smith were the names used by a New York graffiti duo, composed of David Smith ("Sane") and his brother Roger Smith ("Smith"), active during the 1980s.

About
Sane & Smith were among the most persistent taggers in New York during the 1980s. According to Smith, they set themselves and accomplished the goal of leaving a tag every 20 feet in the 60th Street Tunnel. Sane & Smith are particularly notable for painting on the top level of New York's Brooklyn Bridge, after which they were sued by the City of New York for $3 million, the biggest lawsuit to date against graffiti writers.  The work covered both sides of the Manhattan tower of the bridge, and was visible for miles.

New York's Transit Police had been tracking Sane & Smith for three years and described them as "one of the top 20 graffiti artists in the city in terms of damage done."

David Smith was not college educated. His brother Roger obtained a degree in computer science from Fordham University, though subsequently gave up his job to paint full-time.

Sane's death
In October 1990, Sane was found dead in the waters of Flushing Bay. Speculation about the reasons for his death were rife but inconclusive. It was believed he was a good swimmer. In February, aged 19, he had been arrested and had become the first graffiti writer in Manhattan to be formally accused of third-degree criminal mischief.  The city dropped its lawsuit against Smith after Sane's death.

Roger Smith continued to paint as "Smith", collaborating with Chris Pape ("Freedom").  Smith is married to fellow graffiti artist Lady Pink.

References

American graffiti artists
Artists from New York City

Sane Smith


EUROSAI - European Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions - is one of the seven regional working groups of the International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (INTOSAI).EUROSAI comprises 50 members: Supreme Audit Institutions of 49 countries and the European Court of Auditors.

INTOSAI comprises 191 full members: the Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs) of 190 countries and the European Court of Auditors (and 4 associate members) and is listed as a support organisation of the United Nations.

History

EUROSAI was set up in 1990 with 30 members (the SAIs of 29 European States and the European Court of Auditors). Now membership stands at 50 SAIs (the SAIs of 49 European States and the European Court of Auditors).
Although EUROSAI is the junior of INTOSAI's seven Regional Working Groups, the idea of a European organisation of SAIs dates back to the foundation of INTOSAI in 1953. The first active steps towards the establishment of EUROSAI took place in 1974 during the VIII INTOSAI Congress in Madrid (1974). Between 1975 and 1989 the SAIs of Italy and Spain, counting on the Contact Committee of Heads of SAIs of the European Economic Community countries, paved the way for EUROSAI by preparing the initial drafts of EUROSAI Statutes. In June 1989 the XIII INTOSAI Congress, held in Berlin, adopted the "Berlin Declaration" comprising the agreement of creating the European organisation of SAIs.
In November 1990, the Constitutive Conference and the first Congress of EUROSAI were held in Madrid (Spain). During this event, the first EUROSAI President and Governing Board were elected, the Statutes were debated and approved, and the headquarters and permanent Secretariat were established.

Matanyahu Englman, the State Comptroller and Ombudsman of the State of Israel, is vice-president of the organization and  slated to become its president in 2024.

Tasks
The objectives of the organisation, defined in Article 1 of its Statutes, are to promote professional cooperation among SAI members and other organizations, to encourage the exchange of information and documentation, to advance the study of public sector audit, to stimulate the creation of university professorships in this subject and to work towards the harmonisation of terminology in the field of public sector audit.

EUROSAI undertakes its activity through three bodies, i.e. the Congress, the Governing Board and the Secretariat.

Congress
According to the organisation's Statutes, the EUROSAI Congress is the supreme authority of the organisation and consists of all its members. It is convened every three years. Up to now, the following congresses have taken place:
 1990: Madrid, Spain (Constitutive Conference)
 1993: Stockholm, Sweden
 1996: Prague, Czech Republic
 1999: Paris, France
 2002: Moscow, Russian Federation
 2005: Bonn, Germany
 2008: Kraków, Poland
 2011: Lisbon, Portugal
 2014: The Hague, The Netherlands
 2017: Istanbul, Turkey
2021: Czech Republic

Governing Board
According to the Statutes, the EUROSAI Governing Board is composed of eight members: four full-fledged members (Heads of the SAIs that hosted the last two ordinary sessions of Congress, Head of the SAI to hold the next regular session of Congress, and Secretary General of EUROSAI), and four members elected by the Congress for a period of six years (two members renewable every three years). The Heads of SAIs that are part of the INTOSAI Governing Board and are EUROSAI members also participate in the Governing Board, as observers.

Secretariat
The Secretariat is held permanently by the SAI of Spain (Court of Auditors, ), which is also the EUROSAI headquarters.

Strategic Plan
The VIII EUROSAI Congress in Lisbon adopted the EUROSAI Strategic Plan 2011-2017. This first strategic plan defines the organisation's mission, vision and values:

 Mission: EUROSAI is the organisation of the Supreme Audit Institutions in Europe. Its members work together in order to strengthen public sector auditing in the region, thereby contributing to the work of INTOSAI.
 Vision: EUROSAI promotes good governance, including accountability, transparency and integrity. It provides a dynamic framework for cooperation and assists its members in fulfilling their mandates in the best possible manner.
 Values: Independence, integrity, professionalism, credibility, inclusiveness, cooperation, innovation, sustainability, respect for the environment.

It is based on 4 strategic goals that reflect the needs and priorities of the organisation's membership:

 Goal 1 – Capacity Building: Building capacity of SAIs means developing skills, knowledge, structures and ways of working that make an organisation more effective, building on existing strengths and dressing gaps and weaknesses. EUROSAI is committed to facilitating the development of strong, independent and highly professional SAIs.
 Goal 2 – Professional Standards: In order to perform their duties competently and professionally, SAIs need an up-to-date framework of professional international standards. INTOSAI is developing a set of such standards. EUROSAI will promote and facilitate their implementation by its members tailored to their respective tasks and needs.
 Goal 3 – Knowledge Sharing: In order to strengthen public sector auditing, accountability, good governance and transparency in the region, EUROSAI aims to improve sharing of knowledge, information and experiences between its members and with external partners.
 Goal 4 – Governance and Communication: In order to perform its mission efficiently and to enhance its capacity to cope with the demands of its members, EUROSAI needs to be well managed.

The current model has been designed in accordance with the principles of good governance and effective communication. This model also reflects the strategic goals, encourages the widest possible involvement of the member SAIs in the work of the organisation, and builds strong links among all EUROSAI bodies that are involved in implementing the strategic plan.

References

External links
 www.eurosai.org

International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions
Auditing organizations
Organizations established in 1990


Kevin Borich Express are an Australian rock band formed in 1976 by the New Zealand born Kevin Borich.

After the demise of New Zealand's successful band The La De Das, Borich moved to Australia and formed the group Kevin Borich Express. It featured Harry Brus on bass guitar (ex-Blackfeather) and Barry Harvey on drums (Wild Cherries, Chain). They recorded a track, "The End of Me", before the line-up changed and Reuben San Fiansco took up bass guitar and Gil Matthews replaced Harvey on drums. Subsequent line-ups were typically a three piece with a succession of bass guitarist and drummers. They released their debut single, "Goin' Somewhere", in October using Fiansco and John Annas on drums, and followed this up with recording and releasing the band's debut album, Celebration! in 1977, replacing the bass part with riff master Tim Partridge (Mighty Kong, The Johnny Rocco Band). The album was critically acclaimed by the media and peaked in the top 30 on the Australian Music Charts.

In early 1977, Kevin Borich Express supported UK rock guitarist Jeff Beck, and later that year released their second album, Lonely One. This was followed in October with a Rockarena tour supporting Fleetwood Mac, Carlos Santana and Little River Band. Kevin Borich was invited to perform with Carlos Santana twice. Kevin Borich Express earned a support tour to the US with Australian heavy rockers AC/DC.

The Express then featured John Annas, Paul Christie and Tim Shafer, with this line-up recording the album No Turning Back, which was released in March 1979 and featured the hit title track of the same name. The album first charted on 19 March 1979, peaked at 48th position in Australia and stayed in the charts for nine weeks.

Tim Partridge and John Annas returned after Christie and Shafer moved on to other projects. Together with Borich they recorded another album, Live!, recorded by Australian broadcaster DoubleJJ which had recently acquired new mobile studio equipment and recorded two live performances in Melbourne Victoria and Wollongong New South Wales.

Kevin Borich Express toured the UK and Europe. They put together an album featuring tracks from across their recordings and released this compilation in Germany. After the tour, John Watson (Heavy Division) replaced Annas on drums and the band recorded Angel's Hand in November 1979. Similar line-up changes continued into the early 1980s with Michael Deep replacing Partridge in April 1980. In 1981 this line-up collaborated with Australian blues guitarist Dutch Tilders to record Blues Had a Baby and They Called It Rock'n'Roll, later released on RCA Records. Kerry Jacobsen from former ex-pat New Zealand band (Dragon) replaced Watson on drums, and the new line-up recorded Shy Boys Shy Girls.

In 1982, John Annas rejoined the Express on drums, Steve Balbi took up bass and for a short while Andy Cowan joined the now four piece band on keyboards. Later in 1982, Borich joined The Party Boys, touring with this Australian super band's ever changing line-up. He recorded on all their albums until 1989, when they disbanded.

Kevin Borich Express slowed down although didn't stop performing during the Borich era, helping to found, record and tour with The Party Boys from 1982 to 1989 with a reunion tour in 1999. They then took up full national and international touring again, using varying arrangements of Australia's best musicians that included Harry Brus on bass and his son Lucius Borich on drums, who would later form the progressive rock outfit Cog. Other line-ups would again feature John Annas with Ian Lees (ex-Moving Pictures) joining the rhythm section on bass guitar. John Watson was in and out of the line-up as required, and during the 2000s South Australia's Chris Finnen and Frank Lang worked the rooms with Borich for South Australian shows.

Kevin Borich Express recorded and released Live at the Big Kahuna in 1995 followed by another studio album in 1998 titled Heart Starter, this time with son Lucius on drums and Ben Rosen on bass. This was followed by the album Nomad in 2004. In 2009 Kevin Borich, Harry Brus and Lucius Borich recorded Live at the Basement, in Sydney's The Basement venue in Circular Quay, a double CD and DVD under the banner Borich X Borich.

Borich recorded and released the studio album Totem on 28 May 2015, for which he toured in Australia with the current Kevin Borich Express line-up featuring Chris Gilbert on bass guitar and Jon Carson on drums. They performed a successful season at Adelaide Fringe Festival in March 2017.

Discography

Albums

References

Australian rock music groups
Musical groups established in 1976
1976 in music

Kevin Borich Express


Sexual reproduction is how most animals and plants reproduce. Some protists and fungi also reproduce this way. Organisms that reproduce sexually have two different sexes: male and female.

In sexual reproduction, offspring are produced when sperms fertilise eggs from the female. Various steps are involved in this process.

Cell biology
The cells of an animal or higher plant have two sets of chromosomes: they are diploid. When gametes (sex cells) are produced, they have only one set of chromosomes: they are haploid. They have undergone a process of cell division called "reduction division" or meiosis. Two things happen during meiosis, each of which makes the offspring more variable. That means they are different from their parents and from each other.

Assortment
Assortment is when the double set of chromosomes becomes a single set in each gamete. Of each pair of chromosomes, which one goes into a single gamete is random. Because the gene alleles on each chromosome are not always the same, this means that there is genetic variation between gametes. This process was Mendel's 'first law', the law of segregation.

Crossing over
Because crossing over occurs during meiosis, this increases the variety of the chromosomes. This makes recombination possible.

Assortment and crossing over make it certain that normally no two offspring of the same mother and father are identical. Identical twins are the exception. They are identical genetically because they developed from the same fertilised egg.

Advantages and disadvantages
There are advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction, compared to asexual reproduction. The main issues are:
Advantages: More variation assists with survival. It increases the chance that at least some offspring of a parent survive. To give an example, suppose a deadly infection occurs in the population. Greater variety increases the chance that some of the population will survive.
Disadvantages: Requires two parents. So, supposing the total number of eggs laid by a female is the same, a population reproducing sexually would produce only half as many offspring as a population reproducing asexually. The actual search for a partner, and mating, often takes huge chunks of time out of the lifetime of sexual animals.

Various terms
Gonads are specialized sex organs where gametes are formed. In the male, the gonad is the testes; in the female, the gonad is the ovaries.

Gametes are specialized sex cells formed in gonads by gametogenesis. The male gamete is the sperm, and the female is ovum.
Spermatogenesis: the process which produces haploid sperm.
Oogenesis: the process which produces haploid egg cells.

Hermaphrodite: an organism with male and female sex organs. Examples: earthworms, snails, hydra.

Fertilization: sperm penetrates the cell membrane of ovum. What now exists is a single cell called a zygote.
Internal fertilization: sperm are deposited in or near the female reproductive tract.
External fertilization: eggs are shed by the female and are fertilised by sperm in the external environment.

Development
Cleavage: early stage of embryo development. Cell number increases by cell division.
1. Morula: a solid ball of cells
2. Blastula: a hollow ball of cells filled with fluid
3. Gastrulation: blastula continues to grow, and cells multiply by mitosis. Several hundred cells on one side begin to move in and form a two-layered embryo. It develops into a three-layered embryo with endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.

Ectoderm develops into the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. Also, the linings of various organs: mouth, anus, nostrils, epidermis including sweat glands, hair, nails.

Mesoderm develops into bones, muscles, reproductive system, kidneys, blood, blood vessels, inner layer of skin.

Endoderm develops into the linings of the digestive system, respiratory system, liver, pancreas, and bladder.

Growth and differentiation: embryonic cells multiply and change into specialized cells in tissues and organs.

Origin of sexual reproduction
The origin of sexual reproduction is an advanced topic that cannot be dealt with here. A source that may help readers who are graduates in biological science may be helpful.

Related pages
 Asexual reproduction
 The evolution of sex
 Gender
 Sex
 Sexual intercourse

References

Methods of reproduction

Sexual reproduction


Random Acts of Heroic Love (2007) is a semi-autobiographical debut novel by the author and actor Danny Scheinmann. It follows the parallel stories of two unconsciously connected men in two different time eras motivated by the memory of love: Moritz Daniecki, a young Austro-Hungarian soldier captured by the Russians during the First World War and sent to a POW camp in Siberia, who decides to escape in 1917 and walk thousands of miles for the sake of his childhood sweetheart Lotte; and Leo Deakin, who loses his beloved girlfriend Eleni in a bus crash in Ecuador in 1992, and in his despair embarks on his own journey of discovery and self-reconciliation.

The novel is based upon the true story of Scheinmann's grandfather Moshe, who too was an Austro-Hungarian soldier captured by the Russians, and undertook a three-year journey back to Europe to be reunited with his lover, also called Lotte. Leo's grief and bereavement of Eleni also reflect the author's personal experiences when he lost his late girlfriend Stella in a similar bus crash in South America in 1992.

The novel was nominated for the Galaxy British Book Awards in the 2008 reading list of the Richard and Judy Book Club. The author is also currently adapting the book for film.

Plot

Characters

1917
Moritz Daniecki is a young Jewish Pole born in 1896 in the village of Ulanów on the banks of River San, on the fringes of the great Austro-Hungarian Empire bordering Russia. He meets and falls in love with Lotte, but is subsequently conscripted into the army and fights on the Eastern Front in Galicia and the Carpathian Mountains before surrendering to the Russians in 1915 and being imprisoned in a prisoner of war camp in Sretensk, Siberia. Two years later he begins a hazardous escape journey back to Europe with former comrade Frantz Király, and returns to Europe in 1920 to claim Lotte's hand in marriage.
In the novel Moritz is an older man dying of consumption in his home in Berlin (which he caught on his travels and never recovered from) and is recounting his experiences on his deathbed to his son Fischel, whom we later discover to be Frank Deakin.

Lotte Steinberg, the daughter of an affluent Jewish furrier in Ulanów, is Moritz Daniecki's lover. Her parents disapprove of her enduring affection for him however and attempt to arrange a marriage between her and a wealthy lawyer in Vienna whilst Moritz is away from home.
Jerzy Ingwer is Moritz's best and childhood friend. They serve together in the Austro-Hungarian Army but Jerzy freezes to death during the Austrian winter campaign in the Carpathian Mountains.
Frantz Király is a cynical, pessimistic and ever-complaining Hungarian in Moritz's unit whose selfish mannerisms lead to his capture along with Moritz by the Russian Army. Despite their differences however, the two form a grudging friendship and together the escape across the Siberian wilderness until Király's deteriorating condition means he decides to stay behind, in Irkutsk.

1992
Leo Deakin is an English PhD zoology student at University College London. He was the boyfriend of the late Eleni, who died in a bus crush near Latacunga, Ecuador, which he blames on his own rash misjudgment. He is a rational, intense character; his loss drives him to depression, delusion and obsessive compulsive tendencies as well as comfort in the quirks of quantum physics. Ultimately he finds solace in his enduring friend and confidante, Hannah.
Eleni was Leo's girlfriend of two years, whose preceding death initiates the emotional journey that Leo goes through during the book. They had met in Camden whilst Eleni was a fresher at UCL. Eleni was a compassionate and carefree character, shown by her work for Amnesty. She was Greek and from the island of Kithos; her parents Georgios and Alexandria are divorced.
Frank Deakin is Leo's father. Orphaned at a young age, Frank is a reclusive, sensitive character whose childhood experiences have a profound effect upon him and his relationship with others. After the death of Eleni, watching the change in his son's personality prompts him to be more open about himself. Later we discover that he lived in Berlin as a child just before the Second World War and that he used to be called Fischel Daniecki. He was sent to England by his mother Lotte via the kindertransport and was bullied by his peers for being German. After the war, upon hearing that the rest of his family had been murdered in the Holocaust, he took on a new identity as an Englishman in an attempt to escape his traumatic past.
Hannah Johnson is one of Leo's best friends. They met on their first day of university and gradually forged a dogged friendship. She is a lively character whose extroverted personality hides her own grief from the loss of her mother to cancer at the age of ten. Hannah stands by Leo during his mourning and remains supportive despite consequent problems and strains in their relationship. Later in the book she becomes an orphan when her father passes away, and her emotions are reciprocated by Leo's father Frank who went through a similar experience. In the end Leo and Hannah grow to love one another in respect of their personal bereavements.
Roberto Panconesi is a young Italian man who works as a lecturer in the philosophy of physics. He is popular, especially with female students, and noted for his eccentric theories and individual teaching style. A liberal and open-minded character, his opinion and description of quantum physics awes and inspires the grieving Leo, who finds a way of seeing and understanding love and the world around him through Roberto's words. Roberto also suggests that Leo writes down anything remarkable and personally relevant to him in a notebook. The novel is interspersed with a collaboration of quotes, scribbles and images on love and life depicting this notebook.

References

External links
Random Acts of Heroic Love at author Danny Scheinmann's website
Radio Four - Front Row Interview with Danny Scheinmann
Thoughts and comments on the book by the author (Video)

2007 British novels
Novels set during World War I
Fiction set in 1917
Fiction set in 1992
2007 debut novels
Transworld Publishers books
Novels set in Siberia

Random Acts of Heroic Love


Metrolínea is the mass transportation system that operates in Bucaramanga, in the department of Santander, Colombia. It operates green buses and is managed by Tisa, an enterprise that is managed by Dr. Carlos Arenas, a Bucaramangaian engineer. Metroline operates 50 buses, and goes through the most important places of Bucaramanga and Piedecuesta, a nearby town.

Santander Department
Public transport in Colombia

Metrolínea


Zuccotto () is an Italian dessert with origins in Florence. Zuccotto is a semi-frozen, chilled dessert made with alchermes, cake and ice cream. It can be frozen, then thawed before serving. This dessert is traditionally made in a special pumpkin-shaped mold ( means "little pumpkin" in Italian). It is widely believed to have been inspired by the dome of Florence's duomo (the city's main cathedral). Others allude to its shape as closely resembling a cardinal's skullcap or zucchetto.
The original recipe included ricotta cheese, cocoa and citrus peel for the filling; it was actually monochrome, white. The outside of the biscuit was impregnated with essence or alkermes[it] liqueur, which gave the dessert a vibrant red color. The zucotto was rediscovered only in the 1930s, but underwent some changes to suit twentieth-century tastes. The dessert is thought to have been invented by the famous Renaissance chef Buonatalenti.
Nowadays it consists of a biscuit that is soaked in liqueur, such as amaretto. In addition to ricotta, the filling usually consists of gelato, which makes it look like semifreddo, butter cream or cream, cottage cheese, chocolate chunks and almonds. There are recipes with cherries, fruit and dried fruit. The top is sprinkled with icing sugar. After cooking, the zucotto is chilled or frozen.

References

Frozen desserts
Ice cream
Italian desserts
Sponge cakes
Cuisine of Tuscany

Zuccotto


Richard Eugene Nisbett (born June 1, 1941) is an American social psychologist and writer. He is the Theodore M. Newcomb Distinguished Professor of social psychology and co-director of the Culture and Cognition program at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. Nisbett's research interests are in social cognition, culture, social class, and aging. He received his Ph.D. from Columbia University, where his advisor was Stanley Schachter, whose other students at that time included Lee Ross and Judith Rodin.

Perhaps his most influential publication is "Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes" (with T. D. Wilson, 1977, Psychological Review, 84, 231–259), one of the most often cited psychology articles published, with over 13,000 citations. This article was the first comprehensive, empirically based argument that a variety of mental processes responsible for preferences, choices, and emotions are inaccessible to conscious awareness. Nisbett and Wilson contended that introspective reports can provide only an account of "what people think about how they think," but not "how they really think." Some cognitive psychologists disputed this claim, with Ericsson and Simon (1980) offering an alternative perspective.

Nisbett's  book  The Geography of Thought: How Asians and Westerners Think Differently... And Why (Free Press; 2003) contends that "human cognition is not everywhere the same," that Asians and Westerners "have maintained very different systems of thought for thousands of years," and that these differences are scientifically measurable.
Nisbett's book Intelligence and How to Get It: Why Schools and Cultures Count (2009) argues that environmental factors dominate genetic factors in determining intelligence. The book received extensive favorable attention in the press and from some fellow academics; for example, University of Pennsylvania psychologist Daniel Osherson wrote that the book was a "hugely important analysis of the determinants of IQ".  On the other hand, more critical reviewers such as Harvard's James J. Lee argued that the book failed to grapple with the strongest evidence for genetic factors in individual and group intelligence differences.

With Edward E. Jones, he named the actor–observer bias, the phenomenon where people acting and people observing use different explanations for why a behavior occurs.  This is an important concept in attribution theory, and refers to the tendency to attribute one's own behaviour to situational factors while attributing other people's behaviour to their disposition. Jones and Nisbett's own explanation for this was that our attention is focused on the situation when we are actors, but on the person when we are observers, although other explanations have been advanced for the actor-observer bias.

In popular culture
In an interview with The New York Times, Malcolm Gladwell said, "The most influential thinker, in my life, has been the psychologist Richard Nisbett. He basically gave me my view of the world."

Books and significant papers
 Nisbett, R. and T. Wilson (1977). "Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes." Psychological Review 84(3): 231–259.
 Ross, L and Nisbett, R.E. The Person and the Situation. McGraw Hill, 1991. Reissued with new foreword by Malcolm Gladwell and afterword by the authors, 2011
 Culture of Honor: The Psychology of Violence in the South (Westview Press, 1996)
 The Geography of Thought (Free Press, 2003)
 Intelligence and How to Get It: Why Schools and Cultures Count (Norton, 2009)
 Mindware: Tools for Smart Thinking (FSG, 2015)

Awards
 Donald T. Campbell Award for Distinguished Research in Social Psychology, awarded by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, 1982.
 Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Psychology, American Psychological Association, 1991.
 Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1992.
 Distinguished Senior Scientist Award, Society for Experimental Social Psychology, 1995
 Wei Lun Visiting professor of psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995.
 William James Fellow Award for Distinguished Scientific Achievements, American Psychological Society, 1996.
 Elected to the National Academy of Sciences, 2002
 Oswald-Külpe-Award of the University of Würzburg, Germany, 2007

Notes

External links
 Nisbett's homepage at the University of Michigan
 Nisbett's faculty profile (archived)
 The Edge Annual Question — 2006

 Biography in Contemporary Authors (2009)

1941 births
20th-century American psychologists
American psychology writers
21st-century American psychologists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Living people
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
People from Littlefield, Texas
Race and intelligence controversy
American social psychologists
Teachers College, Columbia University alumni
University of Michigan faculty
Writers from Texas

Richard E. Nisbett


Certain animals use complex patterns to communicate with each other. These patterns have been called animal language. In many ways, they are similar to human language. That way, animal can use signing, or sounds. Sometimes, they use chemical compounds.
Animal language has many of the same properties as human language:
It is arbitrary. There's no relation between a sound or sign and its meaning.
It is composed of small parts that are put together to form a message. These small parts are called morphemes.
Language can be about things that aren't close by.
The smallest units with meaning (the morphemes above) are composed of parts that have no meaning on their own.
Users can produce and understand arbitrarily long messages
Specific signs or sounds have a specific meaning.

Examples of languages
Most primates use language. These cases have been studied a lot.
Bird songs
Bees use the waggle dance
African forest elephants
Mustached bats live in the dark, they communicate a lot.
Prairie dogs
Dolphins and whales
Sea lions
Caribbean reef squid

References

Animal communication
Language

Animal language


Frank Martin was Secretary-General of the Australian Paralympic Federation from 1994 to 1997.  During this period, he was involved in Australian team preparations for the 1996 Atlanta Paralympics and represented the Federation in the organisation of the 2000 Sydney Paralympics.

At the 2000 Sydney Olympics, he was Venue Manager for taekwondo.  He has held senior sport administration roles with Middle Harbour Yacht Club, Sydney Olympic Soccer Club,  New South Wales Suburban Rugby Union, and New South Wales Futsal Association.

In 2009, he was the Australia Day ambassador for Muswellbrook Shire.

References

Living people
Paralympics Australia officials
Australian sports executives and administrators
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)

Frank Martin (sport administrator)


The Bosch Palace is an architecturally significant residence in the Palermo section of Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Overview
The French Neoclassical mansion was commissioned by Elisa and Ernesto Bosch in 1910. Bosch had returned to Argentina following a tenure of six years as Argentine Ambassador to France, and the couple, both born to wealthy landowners, wished to evoke their years in Paris. They commissioned French architect René Sergent to design a mansion in what was then near the northern end of Alvear Avenue, and, following his resignation as Foreign Minister in 1914, he devoted more time to the project with his wife, contracting the Parisian interior designer André Carlhian, and landscape designers Achille Duchêne and Charles Thays.

Completed in 1917, the  Bosch Palace became of interest to U.S. Ambassador Robert Woods Bliss during a reception there in his honor. History has it that the ambassador offered Bosch to buy the mansion and Bosch, not interested to sell it, gave a ridiculously high price. A few days later, the ambassador returned with a positive answer from his government and Bosch felt obliged to accept. In 1929, the building was sold by the Bosch family to the U.S. State Department for use as the Embassy and residence of the United States Ambassador to Argentina for around US$3 million. The mansion, situated on what today is Avenida del Libertador and overlooking Parque Tres de Febrero, became of sole use as the ambassadorial residence after the 1969 completion of the present U.S. Embassy, an architecturally spare building located within walking distance of the Bosch Palace.

References

Palaces in Buenos Aires
Ambassadorial residences
Houses completed in 1917
Neoclassical architecture in Argentina
Neoclassical palaces
Diplomatic missions in Buenos Aires
1917 establishments in Argentina
Register of Culturally Significant Property
Argentina–United States relations

Bosch Palace


The American Flag: Two Centuries of Concord and Conflict is a nonfiction book by respected flag historians Howard M. Madaus and Whitney Smith. This book chronicles some significant flags of the Zaricor Flag Collection. The authors originally created the book as an exhibition catalog for a some flag exhibitions, but the work grew into a large format hardcover book. The book was seen as one of the most significant flag book of the past three decades.

The book is 148 pages of pictures of the American flag and a short overview of American history, as told through flags. The six chapters are styled as galleries, a flag on each page, with an appropriate text plate as if it were still on exhibition. The descriptions of the flags trace their history from adoption and to the evolution of the "Stripes and Stars" from a "New Constellation" to "A Symbol of World Power". The book also discusses a few special flags that are associated with significant moments in history such as: Lincoln, Custer, Sheridan and Kennedy. There are three featured essays by academics that interpret the flags' meanings.

Accolades
The book has been accorded two distinct honors:

In 2007, the book was given the Vexillon Award which is sponsored by the Flag Society of Australia Inc. and presented by Fédération internationale des associations vexillologiques, or FIAV. It was given to the authors for their contribution to vexillology since the last International Congress of Vexillology.

In 2008, the book was awarded the "Book of the Year" by the William Greenleaf Eliot Society of Washington University in St. Louis.

Documentary
The American Flag: Two Centuries of Concord & Conflict is also a one-hour television documentary on PBS featuring untold stories of the history of the American flag. The documentary has archival footage and images of the historic flags, as well as reenactments and interviews with historians and flag experts about the history of the American flag. The program is focused on the untold history of the American flag. The film, is based on the companion book of the same title. The authors of the book, Howard Madaus and Whitney Smith, both respected flag historians, are interviewed in the film.

References

2006 non-fiction books
Literature on vexillology
History books about the United States


Nicholas Cuccia (pronounced coo-cha; January 10, 1912 – January 29, 1994), better known by his stage name Nick Cravat, was an American actor and stunt performer.

Early life
Nicholas Cuccia was born in Manhattan, New York City. His real surname was Italian and considered too hard to pronounce, so he took a stage name, Cravat, from a character in a play he had seen and liked.

Career
Cravat and Burt Lancaster met as youngsters at a summer camp in New York and became lifelong friends. They created an acrobatic act called Lang and Cravat in the early 1930s, and joined the Kay Brothers circus in Florida. The pair worked at various circuses and in vaudeville. In 1939, Lancaster suffered a hand injury that ended their act. They would later reunite. He co-starred with Lancaster in nine films, including The Flame and the Arrow (1950), The Crimson Pirate (1952), Run Silent, Run Deep (1958), The Scalphunters (1968) and The Island of Dr. Moreau (1977). He played a mute character in several films such as The Flame and the Arrow, The Crimson Pirate, Davy Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier (1955), and the TV series The Count of Monte Cristo, mostly because his thick Brooklyn accent would have been out of place. He also played the "gremlin" on the wing of an airplane in the 1963 Twilight Zone episode "Nightmare at 20,000 Feet".

Personal life
Cravat's first wife was Mae Ruth Cuccia, also known as Arlene Cravat. He had two daughters from his second  marriage, to Cecilia Brink: Marcelina "Marcy" Cravat-Overway and Christina "Tina" Cravat (a.k.a. Tina Cuccia).

Marcy Cravat is an environmental documentary filmmaker. Her debut film, Angel Azul, completed in 2014, won 12 awards. The film explores issues related to coral reefs through art activism. Dirt Rich, her second film, explores solutions to reverse the effects of global warming by re-stabilizing safe atmospheric carbon levels by returning carbon to the soil.

Death
Cravat died of lung cancer in Woodland Hills, California, on January 29, 1994, at the age of 82. He is interred at North Hollywood's Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery.

Filmography

My Friend Irma (1949) – Mushie (uncredited)
The File on Thelma Jordon (1950) – Reporter (uncredited)
The Flame and the Arrow (1950) – Piccolo
Ten Tall Men (1951) – Disgruntled Riff (uncredited)
The Crimson Pirate (1952) – Ojo
The Veils of Bagdad (1953) – Ahmed
King Richard and the Crusaders (1954) – Nectobanus
3 Ring Circus (1954) – Timmy
Davy Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier (1955) – Busted Luck
The Big Knife (1955) – Nick (uncredited)
The Story of Mankind (1957) – Devil's Apprentice
Run Silent, Run Deep (1958) – Russo
Cat Ballou (1965) – Minor Role (uncredited)
The Way West (1967) – Calvelli
The Scalphunters (1968) – Yancy
Airport (1970) – Nick Valli – Passenger (uncredited)
Valdez Is Coming (1971) – Gang Member (uncredited)
Ulzana's Raid (1972) – Trooper
The Midnight Man (1974) – Gardener
The Island of Dr. Moreau (1977) – M'Ling (final film role)

References

External links

American male film actors
American male television actors
1912 births
1994 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer in California
Burials at Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery
20th-century American male actors
American stunt performers
Federal Theatre Project people

Nick Cravat


Alfred Harvey (born Alfred Harvey Wiernikoff; October 6, 1913 – July 4, 1994), was the founder of comic book publisher Harvey Comics and the creator of the comic book characters Little Dot, Richie Rich, and Adam Awards. He was born to Russian Jewish immigrants in Brooklyn, New York. Alfred Harvey's company, Harvey World Famous Comics, produced comic books and cartoons featuring Wendy the Good Little Witch, Spooky the Tuff Little Ghost, Casper the Friendly Ghost, Baby Huey, Little Audrey, and Little Dot. It also published Sad Sack, the military comic strip, which was created by George Baker.

Career

Early career
Beginning his career at the age of 15 drawing advertising cartoons each week for 5 dollars, he then took a job at Fox Comics in the winter of 1939 with Joe Simon and Jack Kirby, and eventually became managing editor. He then quit in 1940, moving to the NYAD advertising agency. He then joined World War II in 1941 at The Pentagon with Kirby, and he noted Harvey as an "eager type". Harvey supervised War Victory Comics, the first government-sponsored comic book.

Harvey Comics
In 1940, he was tired of working for the company and soon founded his own company first called Alfred Harvey Publications, then Family Comics, then Home Comics. He served as president, eventually employing his twin brother Leon as vice president and editor, and his older brother Robert as vice president and business manager. The three brothers renamed their company, again, to Harvey Comics Publications, Inc. Harvey released their first comic series in 1941 called Pocket Comics, which introduced their star and acrobat superhero heroine, The Black Cat. As the decade progressed, superheroes began to go out of style, and by the end of the decade, their superheroes completely faded out and they introduced their Comics Hits Revival series. Due to the Comic Code, the comics were aimed towards children and the characters were acquired from Famous Studios, which made them popular in the 1950s due to the rise of baby boomers.

Alfred Harvey retired in 1982, his company was sold to HMH Communications and in 1989 it was renamed to Harvey Comics Entertainment. He was in a coma since 1989 and died at age 80 on July 4, 1994, from heart failure, according to his sons Alan and Russell at a New Rochelle Hospital, and is buried in Mount Hope Cemetery in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York.

Personal life
He has four surviving sons and a daughter: Alan, who was born in Larchmont, Russell, who was born in Manhattan, Adam, who was born in Mamaroneck, Eric who was born in Manhattan, NY and Susan Bush, who was born in Brooklyn. He had two wives. His second wife, Elsa Victoria Lorne Harvey, died in March 1994.

References

Comic book database

External links

American comics artists
American publishers (people)
1913 births
1994 deaths
Harvey Comics
Jewish American artists
People from Brighton Beach
Businesspeople from New Rochelle, New York
20th-century American businesspeople

Alfred Harvey


The Valley International Foosball Association (VIFA) is an American "association of coin machine operators, foosball table manufacturer and foosball players, working together to provide increased interest in the game of foosball".  The league is headquartered in Bay City, Michigan, and was founded by game equipment manufacturer Valley-Dynamo.

VIFA works in association with the ITSF to promote the Foosball World Championships and World Championship Series events (having hosted the World Championships previously).

VIFA is also closely associated with the USTSA (United States Table Soccer Association), and the USTSF (United States Table Soccer Federation) is a member.  As such, VIFA has a growing membership in the United States, Canada and other countries.

External links
Official Website

Organizations based in Michigan
Table football organizations


Mohsen Khalili (, born February 14, 1981) is a retired Iranian football forward.

Club career

Saipa
He Played for Saipa for several seasons, helping the team win the Iran Professional League in the 2006/07 season, scoring 8 goals. He was the team's second topscorer after Ali Daei.

Persepolis
In June 2007 he signed a 2-year deal with Iranian giants Persepolis for a reported fee of $300,000. He scored a spectacular curler against Bargh Shiraz. This was followed by a stunning volley in the last match of the league against Sepahan, a game which ended 2-1 thanks to Sepehr Heidari's extra time goal.

During the 2007/08 season Khalili became the top goalscorer by scoring 18 goals during the Persian Gulf Cup which persepolis won at the end. Hadi Asghari from Rah Ahan also scored 18 goals and finished in the top as well but because Asghari had scored a few goals from the penalty spot, people and critics called Khalili the real top goalscorer. Khalili was the only player in Persepolis who played in all of the regular season games and he became really close with the fans especially after each goal he scored, he would be the only one to be celebrating with the fans.

On July 2, 2008 he renewed his contract with Persepolis despite having better financial offers from UAE clubs.
Because of the injury during the training camp of Team Melli in August 2008 he was out for 9 months. During the 2008/09 season, Khalili made his return on March 3, 2009 in a 2-1 home defeat against Moghavemat but he scored his first goal since his return against Paykan on April 12. He also scored in Persepolis's last group stage match in the AFC Champions League against Al Shabab to take Persepolis through to the Round of 16 as the top team.
The next season, he was benched in first half of the season by then coach Zlatko Kranjcar but in the second half of the season with changes in the coaching staff, new coach Ali Daei who had been his coach at Saipa F.C. trusted him and he was a regular in the team. He scored the last goal in the Hazfi Cup final against Gostaresh Foolad F.C. thus also scoring the last goal of the season. In the summer break in an interview Ali Daei said that he did not need him anymore and a few days later the club announced that they could not reach an agreement with the player and were not renewing his contract.

After Persepolis
He joined Steel Azin in Summer 2010 and stayed there for a season but again injuries did not allow him to become a regular player and after the relegation of the team his contract was automatically canceled. He joined Mes Kerman in January 2012 and halfway through the season after he missed the first half because of the injury he had and was one of the regular players of the team. He joined Saba in Summer 2012. He was released by Saba on December 2012 after the appointment of Samad Marfavi as the new coach.

Club career statistics

 Assist Goals

International career
In June 2007, Mohsen Khalili was called up to join the Iran national football team in the 2007 West Asian Football Federation Championship but as he was injured he did not make an appearance.

In January 2008 he made his debut for Iran in a friendly match against Qatar. In March 2008 when Ali Daei became Iran's coach, Khalili was called up to the national team again for a friendly Match against Bahrain and a World Cup qualifying match against Kuwait.
Khalili scored his 1st international goal on the 14 June 2008 when he made the final score 2-0 against Syria in Iran's 2010 World Cup Qualification match.
He was invited again by Afshin Ghotbi in January 2010 and played in 2011 AFC Asian Cup qualification.

International goals
Scores and results list Iran's goal tally first.

He has scored against Esteghlal 6 times in 5 matches in a row.

Honours
Iran's Premier Football League
Winner: 2
2006/07 with Saipa
2007/08 with Persepolis
Hazfi Cup
Winner: 1
2009/10 with Persepolis

Individual
Iran's Premier Football League top goalscorer: 1
2007/08 with Persepolis, 18 goals shared with Hadi Asghari
Football Iran News & Events
Player of the year (2007/08), Persepolis
Striker of the year (2007/08), Persepolis
Iran Football Federation Award
Goalscorer of the year (2007/08), Persepolis, shared with Hadi Asghari

References

External links

Iranian men's footballers
Iran men's international footballers
Men's association football forwards
Persian Gulf Pro League players
Saipa F.C. players
PAS Tehran F.C. players
Sanat Mes Kerman F.C. players
Persepolis F.C. players
Footballers from Tehran
1981 births
Living people
Persepolis F.C. non-playing staff

Mohsen Khalili


was a flight captain of the Imperial Japanese Army and was killed in action as a kamikaze pilot.

Uehara was born in what is now the town of Ikeda, Nagano. He entered the Department of Economics at Keio University in 1942 and joined the IJA 50th Regiment in Matsumoto, Nagano Prefecture, later that same year. He was a member of the 56th Shinmu squadron (第56振武隊) of the IJA Air Corps when he carried out his final mission against the US carrier fleet near Kadena, Okinawa Prefecture on 11 May 1945. He was 22 years old.

His letter, written to his parents the night before his final mission, was published after the war and it is still regarded as a masterpiece of wartime literary works in Japan.

The Last Letter
I feel deeply honoured and privileged to have been chosen to become a member of the Army's "Special Assault Unit," which embodies the glory of Japan. Having read logic and philosophy through my somewhat extended student life, I am sure that, based upon the idea of reason, triumph of liberty is inevitable to me, although I might sound like a liberalist. As stated by Croce in Italy, it is a universal truth that it is absolutely impossible to exterminate freedom, which is a fundamental human nature, and it will eventually win even though it seems to be temporarily oppressed.

It is a clear fact that authoritarian and totalitarian regimes may sporadically prosper, but they ultimately will perish. We can see the truth of that in the Axis governments. As manifested by the defeat of Italy under Fascism, not to mention Germany under Nazism, authoritarian governments are disappearing one after the other, crumbling like buildings without a foundation.

I believe that the universality of truth will eternally and permanently prove the greatness of liberty as is now being verified by reality and just as history has shown in the past. I will be more than delighted to find that my belief has been proven right even though that turns out to be a disaster for our nation. The current struggle, whatever it is, stems from ideology; and the result of a struggle can readily be predicted by the belief systems upon which the struggle is fought.

The ambition of making my beloved Japan become as mighty an empire as Great Britain has faded away. If the leading positions in Japan had been held by those who truly love Japan, my country would not have been driven into the situation it faces today. I have been dreaming of the Japanese people proud of themselves no matter where one may be in the world.

What a friend of mine once said is true: a pilot of the Special Assault Unit is merely a machine. He just steers the apparatus. He is only a molecule within a magnet that sticks fast to an enemy aircraft carrier, possessing neither personality nor emotions.

If one thinks about it rationally, this act is incomprehensible and, to try to put it in a plain expression, these pilots are, as they say, simply suicidal. Since I am nothing more than a machine, I have no right to put my case forward. However, I only wish that the Japan that I dearly love will someday be made truly great by my fellow citizens.

In such an emotional state, my death may probably lead to nothing. Nonetheless, as I stated at the outset, I feel very honoured to have been chosen to be a member of the Special Assault Unit. It is true that, once inside an aircraft, I am mere hardware, but once disembarked, I do have emotions and passion as I am also a human. When the woman for whom I cared so dearly passed away, I emotionally died with her. The idea that she waits for me in Heaven, where we will be reunited, makes death not particularly frightening for me, since it happens only on my way to Heaven.

Tomorrow is the day of the assault. My idea is too highly extreme to be made public, but I just wanted to express the true feelings inside me, so please forgive me for my disoriented thoughts. Another liberalist will depart from this earth tomorrow. Although he may appear forlorn, he is in fact very content.

Once again, please forgive my selfish ranting.

Aftermath
Among Uehara's personal effects was a book on philosophy written by Benedetto Croce. In the book there were markings here and there. When one strings together the characters so marked, it reads as follows:

References
新版 きけわだつみのこえ―日本戦没学生の手記, 日本戦没学生記念会 編集, 岩波文庫

1922 births
1945 deaths
People from Nagano Prefecture
Imperial Japanese Army personnel of World War II
Japanese military personnel killed in World War II
Keio University alumni
Kamikaze pilots
Imperial Japanese Army officers

Ryōji Uehara


The Best Angler ESPY Award was an annual award honoring the achievements of an athlete from the world of angling. It was presented as part of the ESPY Awards at the 2006 ceremony and it replaced the non-gender specific Best Outdoor Sportsman ESPY Award before the latter accolade was reinstated for the 2007 edition. The Best Angler ESPY Award trophy, designed by sculptor Lawrence Nowlan, was presented to the amateur or professional angling sport fisherman, irrespective of gender or nationality, adjudged to be the best in a given calendar year; although the accolade may technically be presented to an angler of any fish, in practice only bass fishermen are considered as nominees. Balloting for the award is undertaken by fans over the Internet from between three and five choices selected by the ESPN Select Nominating Committee, which is composed of a panel of experts. It was conferred in July to reflect performance and achievement over the preceding twelve months. The sole winner of the Best Angler ESPY Award was Tammy Richardson, who finished runner-up in the final Women's Bassmaster Angler of the Year standings for the 2006 season.

Winner and nominees

See also
Best Outdoor Sportsman ESPY Award
Bassmaster Classic

References

External links

ESPY Awards
Recreational fishing
Awards established in 2006
Awards disestablished in 2006

Best Angler ESPY Award


A baker is somebody who makes mainly bread. Some bakers also make cakes and desserts, but a traditional baker only makes bread. The place where a baker works is called a bakehouse or a bakery.

The first bread was made by the Egyptians in 8000 BC and in the Middle Ages most landlords had a bakery. They had a public oven and housewives brought the dough to the baker to cook.

Bread is now much sweeter than it was in the Middle Ages because a lot of corn syrup or honey is used.

Baking

Baker


KGO (810 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station licensed to San Francisco, California, and owned by Cumulus Media. Its coverage is greater than any Bay Area FM station, and it registers with Arbitron as a station listened to in surrounding metropolitan regions. Cumulus's local offices are based on Battery Street in the SoMa portion of San Francisco's Financial District.

KGO's transmitter site is located in Fremont, near the Dumbarton Bridge, where its prominent towers are landmarks used by pilots as a waypoint in communications with local airports. KGO broadcasts with 50,000 watts, the highest power permitted for AM stations by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). It uses a directional antenna fulltime, that sends most of its signal to the north and south. This limits nighttime interference to the other Class A station on 810 kHz, WGY in Schenectady, New York. Most nights, using a good radio, KGO can be heard throughout the western United States, east to the Rocky Mountains, and in northern Mexico, western Canada and Alaska. Its nighttime transmissions are received essentially free of static in locations such as Vancouver and Seattle, and San Diego, but are difficult to receive in Reno, Nevada, and other points east of the Sierra Nevada mountains, due to its directional signal.

Programming

From 1962 until 2022, KGO carried news and talk programming.

Since October 2022, the station has broadcast a sports talk format, with an emphasis on sports betting; it is one of three sports stations owned by Cumulus Media in the San Francisco Bay Area, along with KNBR (AM)–FM and KTCT. KGO was the radio home for the San Francisco 49ers football team from 1987 to 2005. It has broadcast University of California, Berkeley Golden Bears Football games since 1974; since 2013, it also broadcast select California Golden Bears men's basketball games. The station began to air San Jose Earthquakes soccer games in 2023.

History

1920s and 1930s
After several late-night test broadcasts, using the experimental call sign 6XG, KGO signed on the air on January 8, 1924, from General Electric's (GE) Oakland transformer manufacturing plant. (The original two-story brick building, constructed specifically for the station on East 14th Street, was demolished sometime in the 1980s.) The station was authorized for a then-impressive transmitting power of 1,000 watts. KGO was part of GE's three-station holdings, in addition to WGY in Schenectady, New York and KOA in Denver, Colorado. At its debut it was known as the "Sunset Station", because it was GE's West Coast outlet.

As was the custom with early radio stations, the programming consisted of performances by local talent, including the KGO Orchestra. which provided some of the music, and a dramatic group known as the KGO Players, which performed weekly plays and short skits, often under the direction of Bay Area drama instructor Wilda Wilson Church. The station's music, which was also performed by other local orchestras and vocalists, included classical selections as well as popular dance music the next night. Due to GE's association with the Radio Corporation of America (RCA), and RCA's 1927 launch of the NBC Red Network, KGO was soon operated by NBC management out of studio facilities in San Francisco.

The March 28, 1928 reauthorization of the Radio Act of 1927 included a provision, known as the Davis Amendment, which mandated an "equality of radio broadcasting service" within the United States. This specified an "equitable allocation" among five regional zones. On November 11, 1928, the Federal Radio Commission (FRC) implemented a major broadcasting station reallocation, based on its General Order 40. Included in this band plan was the designation of what became known as "clear channel" stations, which were high powered stations with extensive nighttime coverage. This plan designated 40 U.S. clear channels, divided eight to each region, with KGO, on 790 kHz, included as one of the Region 5 assignments. The only other station assigned to 790 kHz was WGY. KGO and WGY were both owned by GE, with WGY considered the company's showcase station. GE was able to effectively transfer KGO's clear channel assignment from Region 5 to WGY's Region 1, by increasing the power of WGY to 50,000 watts, while limiting KGO to 7,500 watts. (Directional antennas were not developed until the early 1930s, so both stations operated with non-directional antennas.) Any question about the propriety of this action became moot after the Davis Amendment was repealed on June 5, 1936.

1940s and 1950s
In 1941, stations on 790, including WGY and KGO, were moved to 810 as part of the implementation of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement (NARBA).

When the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) required NBC to sell one of its two networks (and that network's owned-and-operated stations), KGO's license switched from Radio Corporation of America to the Blue Network, Inc., effective January 23, 1942. The NBC Blue Network initially simply dropped "NBC" from its name to become the "Blue Network", then in June 1945 became the American Broadcasting Company. KGO became one of the founding stations of the ABC Radio Network as a result.

In the post World War 2 period, KGO produced many live music programs, including that of Western Swing bandleader Bob Wills, whose music was a staple of the time. KGO was instrumental in bringing the first exercise show to broadcasting, hosted by Jack LaLanne, a fitness instructor and gym operator in nearby Oakland. LaLanne conducted his radio fitness show for many years on KGO, moving in the late 1950s to KGO-TV and a successful TV syndication career.

On December 1, 1947, KGO's power was increased to 50,000 watts, as it switched to a directional antenna that limited its signal toward WGY in the west, while WGY continued to operate with a non-directional antenna. It was reported at the time that KGO's upgrade "retired the nation's oldest regularly operating transmitter-a 7,500-watter... in use since Jan. 8, 1924".

By the late 1950s, KGO suffered from poor ratings. In 1962, ABC installed new management, including program director Jim Dunbar from Chicago sister station WLS. Dunbar revamped the station into one of the country's first news/talk stations. While the new format was initially unsuccessful, Dunbar stressed the "live and local" aspect of the programming by running the talk shows every day from locations such as Johnny Kan's Chinese restaurant, Señor Pico's Restaurant, and the hungry i nightclub. This higher profile caused KGO's ratings to begin a steady climb. Among KGO's personalities during this period was future Radio Hall of Fame member J.P. McCarthy, the station's morning host in the early 1960s.

1960s–1980s
After trying various formats, KGO eventually shifted to news and talk programming, relying heavily on the ABC radio network for its news programs. KGO started carrying Paul Harvey's twice-daily programs but also began to develop a strong local news staff that produced extended morning and afternoon newscasts. The local talk show hosts included Les Crane, Owen Spann and Jim Eason, who often interviewed visiting celebrities in the KGO studios. Owen Spann also originated special broadcasts from Europe and Africa, interviewing government officials from those countries. Local director-actor Jack Brooks hosted a Saturday-morning entertainment program until his sudden death in June 1984, after directing a production of Kismet for the Capuchino Community Theatre that featured Jim Eason as the poet Omar Khayyám. Dr. Dean Edell began his regular medical programs at KGO, leading to nationally syndicated broadcasts

Two of KGO's three towers partially collapsed during the Loma Prieta earthquake on October 17, 1989. All three were replaced.

1990s–2010s

In March 2008, solar panels were installed at KGO's transmitter site in Fremont, California, to offset some of its power consumption during daytime hours. The installation was a test bed for Pacific Gas and Electric Company and is located near the Dumbarton Bridge. The solar system uses both CPV (SolFocus) and PV (Premier Power) arrays and provides about 17 Kilowatts, or 33% (one third), of the radio frequency (RF) power output from the 50KW transmitter (or about one-tenth of the total power consumption of their transmitter site over a 24-hour period). United States Speaker of the House Rep. Nancy Pelosi turned the system on during an on-air ceremony.

For over 30 years, from July 1978 to January 2009, KGO was the number-one station in the San Francisco Bay Area in the Arbitron ratings, a feat unmatched by any other station in the United States. According to the 2010 Arbitron ratings, however, KGO had lost its lead to KCBS, with KOIT-FM as a close second, and KGO listing at third. When KGO switched to all-news in December 2011, it fell further behind in the local ratings. As of Spring 2013, KGO placed 16th in the market, with approximately half of their listenership when they were number one.

Until December 5, 2011, KGO created nearly all of its own local programming, with very limited syndicated content. The majority of its programs were hosted by San Francisco Bay Area broadcasters. The daily schedule included many issues-oriented talk shows, with weekday hosts that included Gene Burns, Gil Gross, Ronn Owens, John Rothmann and lawyer Len Tillem. The station also carried a variety of specialty programs, particularly on weekends, with John Hamilton discussing travel and leisure, Gene Burns covering fine food and dining (on a show separate from his weekday program), Joanie Greggains hosting a health-and-fitness program, and Brent Walters, who teaches "Comparative Religions" at San Jose State University, hosting the early Sunday morning show, God Talk. In 2014, KGO brought in John Batchelor at midnight. News/talk weekend hosts now include Brian Copeland, "Karel" Charles Karel Bouley, and Pat Thurston.

Up to 2011, the weekday morning news (from 5 a.m. to 9 a.m.) was co-anchored by Jon Bristow and Jennifer Jones-Lee. The afternoon news (from 2 p.m. to 7 p.m.) featured veteran reporter Chris Brecher and award-winning reporter/anchor Bret Burkhart.

On December 2, 2011, new owner Cumulus Media announced that KGO was rebranding itself as "news and information", moving to an all-news format from 2 p.m. to 7 p.m. (in addition to the existing morning-drive, noon-hour and afternoon-drive news blocks) on December 5. This had resulted in the abrupt termination, on December 1, of most of the talk hosts (including Gene Burns, Gil Gross, John Rothmann, Ray Taliaferro, Len Tillem, and Dr. Bill Wattenburg). Ronn Owens's morning show, as well as weekend talk programming remained, although some of the weekend hosts (including Joanie Greggains, and Len Tillem) were also terminated on December 1, 2011. Bob Brinker's syndicated "Moneytalk" was moved to KSFO, a politically conservative talk radio sister station which arguably better reflects Brinker's conservative politico-economic views. KGO also dropped Leo Laporte's weekend syndicated tech talk program in the format change. Gil Gross, Len Tillem and Leo Laporte would all move to competitor KKSF.

The format change and termination of many popular talk show hosts sparked outrage among long-time listeners, many of whom called for sponsors to drop their advertising on the station. Ratings declined substantially following the change, with competitors KCBS and KQED-FM continuing to lead the market, and in December 2014, KGO reintroduced talk programming on weekdays. In December 2014, KGO added Chip Franklin to the noon to 3 pm lineup. In January 2015, KGO announced they had hired Chicago/San Antonio radio personality Kevin "DreX" Buchar, best known for his successful morning show on Chicago's WKSC-FM, which ran for more than a decade, from 7PM to 10PM. John Batchelor's syndicated show aired overnights, returning KGO to the same level of news programming as before 2011.

Both KGO and Dallas-based sister station KLIF shared similar visual "News/Information" identities after KLIF's parent Cumulus acquired Citadel, until 2014, when talk programming was reintroduced.

At noon on March 31, 2016, KGO dropped its previous programming and began stunting with recordings of speeches from influential figures and people talking about San Francisco, as well as songs about the city, while promoting "The Next Generation of KGO" to launch on April 5 (though with a break during the weekend for paid programming). At least 20 people, including the entire news staff, as well as some staffers from sister station KFOG, were laid off with the change. Originally, long-time KGO host Ronn Owens announced that he would be moving to sister station KSFO in the afternoon slot beginning April 4. However, due to what was advertised as a "listener reaction" against the move (in reality, Owens contested the move of his show off KGO as against the terms of his contract), Owens stayed with KGO. KGO kept its news/talk format, but relaunched it with a new live and local lineup, which included Owens and Armstrong & Getty in mornings; Armstrong & Getty, a regionally syndicated program based at KSTE in Sacramento, had previously aired in the Bay Area on KKSF. Owens left the station in 2018, and Armstrong & Getty moved to KSFO in 2020 to be replaced by Nikki Medoro, previously an afternoon news anchor.

2020s: end of news and talk; "The Spread"
On October 6, 2022, at approximately 10:16 a.m., KGO abruptly ended the news/talk format in the middle of midday host Mark Thompson's show; Thompson later said he had been informed just before going on-air that a format change would be implemented shortly, but was asked not to use the opportunity to say goodbye to listeners. Instead, mid-show, Thompson was signaled to give a final station identification; the station then began a stunt loop featuring songs and promotional announcements referring to betting, money, and winning. The promotions stated that a new format, billed as "the most unique radio station in the Bay Area", would launch on October 10, assuring listeners that they "can bet on it". On that day, KGO launched a sports talk format emphasizing sports betting, branded as "810 The Spread"; the new format has no local programming, and the station's schedule is primarily sourced from the BetQL and CBS Sports Radio networks, serving as a complement to sister sports stations KNBR-FM and KTCT. Some hours on weekends are money-related paid brokered programming.

Annual Cure-a-Thon
Until the change in December 2011, KGO hosted an annual fundraiser called the KGO Cure-a-Thon to help raise money for The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society with all of the station's regular programming pre-empted for an entire day during the event. Listeners were encouraged to call in and donate money to help in the fight against these kinds of cancer. An auction was also held to help raise money. Notable items up for auction have included a trip with Gene Burns on a private jet to various destinations, such as Las Vegas and Italy, for a gourmet dinner. Cumulus Media has announced that it will not be continuing the KGO Cure-a-Thon charity event despite the fact it has raised millions of dollars for charity in the past.

Former staff

 James Abbe
 Robert J. Ackerly
 Ken Bastida
 Barbara Boxer
 Joy Browne
 Gene Burns
 Angie Coiro
 Peter B. Collins
 Brian Copeland
 Russ Coughlan
 Christine Craft
 Les Crane
 Mark Curtis
 Jim Dunbar
 Jim Eason
 Dean Edell
 Art Finley
 Michael Finney
 Chip Franklin
 James Gabbert
 Duane Garrett
 Joanie Greggains
 Gil Gross
 Greg Jarrett
 Michael Krasny
 Leo Laporte
 David Lazarus
 Dick Leonard
 J. P. McCarthy
 Larry Mendte
 Melanie Morgan
 Kevin Radich
 John Rothmann
 Michael Savage
 Lon Simmons
 Barbara Simpson
 Joe Starkey
 Monty Stickles
 Ray Taliaferro
 Mark Thompson
 Len Tillem
 Wayne Walker
 Bernie Ward
 Bill Wattenburg
 Jack Webb
 Jim Wieder
 Dennis Willis
 Pete Wilson
 Lloyd Lindsay Young

Former logos

See also
 KGO-TV
 KKSF

References

External links
The Spread 810 AM (official website)

 (covering 1927-1980)
"History of KGO Radio" by John Schneider, 2006 (bayarearadio.org)
"Pacific Coast Station KGO" by R.C. Koernig, Engineer, KGO, Radio, March 1924 (bayarearadio.org)
"The Complete KGO Collection" (bayarearadio.org)

GO (AM)
Clear-channel radio stations
Cumulus Media radio stations
Radio stations established in 1924
1924 establishments in California
California Golden Bears men's basketball
Former General Electric subsidiaries
Former subsidiaries of The Walt Disney Company
Sports radio stations in the United States
CBS Sports Radio stations

KGO (AM)