Provincial Highway 9 is an important highway across eastern Taiwan from Taipei City to Fangshan, Pingtung, Pingtung County. This provincial highway, at 453.851 km long, is the second-longest provincial highway in Taiwan and passes the regions of Taipei City, New Taipei City, Yilan County, Hualien County, Taitung County and Pingtung County.

Route Description
The highway begins in front of the Executive Yuan in downtown Taipei. It continues along Zhongshan South Road (中山南路) and Roosevelt Road (羅斯福路) until it reaches Xindian, New Taipei. From there the highway follows Beixin Road (北新路) and later becomes Bei-Yi Highway (北宜公路). The highway passes through mountainous regions and enters Shiding and Pinglin in New Taipei City before reaching Yilan County.

In Yilan County, the highway finally leaves the mountainous region and enters the Yilan Plain, but not before a stretch of curvy mountain roads. The highway passes through Toucheng, Jiaoxi, Yilan City, Wujie, Luodong, and Dongshan before entering Su'ao. From Su'ao to Hualien, the highway is designated as Suhua Highway (蘇花公路), a set of curvy mountain roads known for its sharp curves and cliffs along the route. Suhua Highway passes through Su'ao and Nan'ao in Yilan County, Xiulin and Xincheng in Hualien County before entering Hualien City. In Xincheng the highway intersects the Central Cross-Island Highway, which provides access to Taroko National Park.

From Hualien City to Taitung City in Taitung County, the highway is known as the Huadong Highway (花東公路). The route serves as the primary north–south highway for the Huatung Valley townships. The highway connects the townships of Ji'an, Shoufeng, Fenglin, Guangfu, Ruisui, Yuli, and Fuli in Hualien County, as well as Chishang, Guanshan, Luye, Yanping, and Beinan, before reaching Taitung City.

From Taitung City, the highway is known as the South Link Highway. It continues south towards Taimali, where it meets Provincial Highway 11 and continues along the eastern coast of Taiwan. The highway then passes through Dawu and Daren. After its intersection with Provincial Highway 26 in Ansuo, a village in Daren, the highway turns westbound and cuts through the southern end of the Central Mountain Range, reaching Shouka. The highway continues to Shizi, Pingtung, and ends in Fangshan, Pingtung at the intersection of Provincial Highway 1.

Sections
 Zhongshan Road & Roosevelt Road (Zhongzheng District - Wenshan District, Taipei)
 Bei-Yi Highway (Xindian District, New Taipei - Toucheng Township, Yilan)
 Suhua Highway (Su'ao Township, Yilan - Hualien City, Hualien)
 Huadong Highway (Hualien City, Hualien - Taitung City, Taitung)
 South Link Highway (Taitung City, Taitung - Fangshan Township, Pingtung)

Branch Lines
 Provincial Highway 9A  starts at its parent route in Xindian District, New Taipei and ends to Wulai District, New Taipei. The entire highway is known as Xinwu Road (新烏路). The total length is .
 Provincial Highway 9B  serves as a bypass route for its parent route between Beinan, Taitung and Taitung City, Taitung. The total length is .
 Provincial Highway 9C  starts at Hualien City, Hualien and ends at Shoufeng, Hualien. It was the original stretch of the parent highway between these two cities. The total length is .
 Provincial Highway 9D  starts at Su'ao and ends at Xiulin, Hualien. The total length is .
 Provincial Highway 9E  starts at Daren, Taitung and ends at Shizi, Pingtung. The total length is .

History
In August 2015, the 9A branch line of the highway passing through Wulai District, New Taipei City was cut by landslides due to Typhoon Soudelor.

References

Highways in Taiwan

Provincial Highway 9 (Taiwan)


"Blessed" is an English language hit single by Lebanese-German singer Fady Maalouf. Maalouf was a contestant in 2008 of Deutschland sucht den Superstar, the German version of Pop Idol. He sang the song for the first time on 17 May 2008 in the finals of the said competition as the "winner's song" in case he won the competition. He eventually came second (runner up) to winner Thomas Godoj. "Blessed" also appears in Fady Maalouf's debut album also entitled Blessed.

Even though Fady Maalouf did not win the title, his extraordinary voice and his charming personality had, by then, won him the hearts of an enormous fan base, which then, in an unprecedented effort, bombarded Sony BMG with letters, mails and phone calls, all demanding the same – the release of Fady Maalouf's title "Blessed", performed by him during the final show.

After a contract with Columbia, a subsidiary of Sony BMG Music Entertainment "Blessed" was released on 4 July 2008 as a single and went straight to no. 2 in the German single charts.

"Blessed" was written for Fady Maalouf by Jörgen Elofsson and Peer Åström, a songwriter team of international standing, who have worked with such names as Kelly Clarkson, Leona Lewis, Madonna, Britney Spears, Cyndi Lauper, Il Divo, and especially Céline Dion. The song is produced by Alex Christensen, who has worked with artists such as Justin Timberlake, Tom Jones, Paul Anka or Michael Bolton.

The album, also named Blessed including 14 tracks, saw the light on 25 July 2008, and went as well straight to no. 2 in the German album charts. These simultaneous single and album charts positions made Maalouf the most successful DSDS finalist of all time.

Track list
CD Maxi
"Blessed" (Radio Version) (3:27)
"Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow" (3:30)
"Blessed" (Acoustic Version) (3:27)
"Blessed" (Alternative Remix) (3:20)
"Blessed" (Instrumental) (3:27)
"Blessed" (Video clip)

CD single
"Blessed" (Radio Version) (3:27)
"Blessed" (Acoustic Version) (3:27)

Chart performance

Year-end charts

References

2008 singles
Songs written by Jörgen Elofsson
Fady Maalouf songs
Songs written by Peer Åström
2008 songs
Columbia Records singles

Blessed (Fady Maalouf song)


Thomas Bevan (c.1796 – 31 January 1819) was, with fellow Welshman David Jones, the first Christian missionaries to Madagascar, sent by the London Missionary Society.

Life and work
Bevan was born in the neighbourhood of Neuaddlwyd, Cardiganshire, about 1796. He came from a religious home, and at the age of 8, he was already a reader of the Bible. He experienced conversion near Nantgwynfynydd farm and on 19 November 1810, became a church member at Neuaddlwyd. There, the minister Thomas Phillips (1772–1842) encouraged him to begin preaching. He then went to Phillips's school at Pen-y-banc, and later to colleges at Newtown and, with Jones, at Gosport.

It was decided that he should go to Madagascar. He was ordained at Neuaddlwyd, 20–1 August 1817, and married Mary Jones (née Jacob) of Pen-yr-allt Wen in the same district.

Bevan and Jones, with their families, sailed for Madagascar on 9 February, arriving in Mauritius on 3 July 1818. Five weeks later, they embarked again, and landed at Tamatave, Madagascar, on 18 August 1818. Here they started a school with ten children. Bevan returned to Mauritius to fetch his family, returning on 6 January 1819. Their own child died on 20 January, Bevan himself died on 31 January, and his wife died on 3 February 1819. They are buried in Tamatave cemetery.

References

1796 births
1819 deaths
Welsh Protestant missionaries
Protestant missionaries in Madagascar
British expatriates in Madagascar

Thomas Bevan (missionary)


{{DISPLAYTITLE:Conway group Co1}}

In the area of modern algebra known as group theory, the Conway group Co1 is a sporadic simple group of order
   221395472111323
 = 4157776806543360000
 ≈ 4.

History and properties
Co1 is one of the 26 sporadic groups and was discovered by John Horton Conway in 1968.  It is the largest of the three sporadic Conway groups and can be obtained as the quotient of Co0 (group of automorphisms of the Leech lattice Λ that fix the origin) by its center, which consists of the scalar matrices ±1.  It also appears at the top of the automorphism group of the even 26-dimensional unimodular lattice II25,1. Some rather cryptic comments in Witt's collected works suggest that he found the Leech lattice and possibly the order of its automorphism group in unpublished work in 1940.

The outer automorphism group is trivial and the Schur multiplier has order 2.

Involutions
Co0 has 4 conjugacy classes of involutions; these collapse to 2 in Co1, but there are 4-elements in Co0 that correspond to a third class of involutions in Co1.

An image of a dodecad has a centralizer of type 211:M12:2, which is contained in a maximal subgroup of type 211:M24.

An image of an octad or 16-set has a centralizer of the form 21+8.O8+(2), a maximal subgroup.

Representations

The smallest faithful permutation representation  of Co1 is on the 98280 pairs {v,–v} of norm 4 vectors.

There is a matrix representation of dimension 24 over the field .

The centralizer of an involution of type 2B in the monster group is of the form 21+24Co1.

The Dynkin diagram of the even Lorentzian unimodular lattice II1,25 is isometric to the (affine) Leech lattice Λ, so the group of diagram automorphisms is split extension Λ,Co0 of affine isometries of the Leech lattice.

Maximal subgroups
 found the 22 conjugacy classes of maximal subgroups of  Co1, though there were some errors in this list, corrected by .

Co2
3.Suz:2    The lift to Aut(Λ) = Co0 fixes a complex structure or changes it to the complex conjugate structure. Also, top of Suzuki chain.
211:M24 Image of monomial subgroup from Aut(Λ), that subgroup stabilizing the standard frame of 48 vectors of form (±8,023) .
Co3
21+8.O8+(2)  centralizer of involution class 2A (image of octad from Aut(Λ))
Fi21:S3 ≈ U6(2):S3 The lift to Aut(Λ) is the symmetry group of a coplanar hexagon of 6 type 2 points.
(A4 × G2(4)):2   in Suzuki chain.
22+12:(A8 × S3)
24+12.(S3 × 3.S6)
32.U4(3).D8
36:2.M12 (holomorph of ternary Golay code)
(A5 × J2):2  in Suzuki chain
31+4:2.PSp4(3).2
(A6 × U3(3)).2  in Suzuki chain
33+4:2.(S4 × S4)
A9 × S3  in Suzuki chain
(A7 × L2(7)):2  in Suzuki chain
(D10 × (A5 × A5).2).2
51+2:GL2(5)
53:(4 × A5).2
72:(3 × 2.S4)
52:2A5

References

 Reprinted in

External links
 MathWorld: Conway Groups
 Atlas of Finite Group Representations: Co1 version 2
 Atlas of Finite Group Representations: Co1 version 3

Sporadic groups
John Horton Conway

Conway group Co1


The Cheatham County Courthouse is a courthouse in Ashland City, Tennessee. The original seat of government for Cheatham County, the courthouse was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

After Cheatham County was founded in 1856, plans began for a courthouse in Ashland (now Ashland City). The original courthouse was completed in 1869 for a cost of $12,000. It is a two-story, brick, rectangular structure in the Greek Revival-Italianate style.

A renovation was undertaken in the early 1900s, which added a large addition on the southwest side of the courthouse. This addition, designed by Robert E. Turberville, also has two stories. The main facade features a portico and Ionic columns.

Currently the building houses the Cheatham County courts and general sessions. The courthouse also features a front lawn that has served as a social gathering spot.

References

Buildings and structures in Cheatham County, Tennessee
National Register of Historic Places in Cheatham County, Tennessee

Cheatham County Courthouse


Povl Bang-Jensen (6 April 1909 – 25 November 1959) was a Danish diplomat who refused to hand over a list of eighty-one witnesses to the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 to his UN superiors. It is thought that he considered their identities sensitive information, and if they were turned over to the UN Secretariat, they could be leaked to the Soviet Union, and reprisals could possibly be taken against their relatives in Hungary.

Investigators claim he was found dead of a gunshot wound with the gun in his hand and suicide note in his pocket in a park in Queens, New York City, on 26 November 1959 (Thanksgiving Day). Some analysts exclude suicide in spite of the results of the FBI report; for example, the fatal gunshot wound was located on his right temple, but Bang-Jensen was left-handed. Also, cited in W. Cleon Skousen's The Naked Communist, a letter to his wife prior to the incident included the statement, "Under no circumstances whatsoever would I ever commit suicide. This would be contrary to my whole nature and to my religious convictions. If any note was found to the opposite effect in my handwriting, it would be a fake." Also, Bang-Jensen had left his home 72 hours earlier to catch a bus. The coroner found he had been dead only a few hours, which indicated possible abduction.

His body was incinerated and buried in Denmark. A tombstone was placed in Budapest in Plot #301 of the New Cemetery of Rákoskeresztúr, among those for whom he fought.

His story is presented in a book by DeWitt Copp and Marshall Peck, Betrayal at the UN, the story of Povl Bang-Jensen, and in a Hungarian documentary, The Bang-Jensen affair (A Bang-Jensen ügy, 2008), directed by András Surányi.

References

External links

1909 births
1959 deaths
20th-century Danish diplomats
Danish anti-communists
Deaths by firearm in Queens, New York

Povl Bang-Jensen


Ilse Hayes (born 30 August 1985), also known as Ilse Carstens, is a Paralympian athlete from South Africa competing mainly in category T13 sprint events. Hayes has competed for her country at four Summer Paralympics beginning with the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, Greece. She has won medals at each of the four games including two gold medals, both in the long jump, at Beijing (2008) and London (2012). As well as her Paralympic success Hayes is a multiple medal winner at World Championship level.

Personal history
Hayes was born in Johannesburg, South Africa in 1985. At the age of eleven she was diagnosed with Stargardt disease, an inherited form of juvenile macular degeneration, which causes progressive loss of vision. She was educated at the University of Stellenbosch, where she studied sports science and pediatrics. She is married to Cassie Carstens and they reside in Stellenbosch.

Athletics career
Hayes broke onto the international sporting stage when she entered the 2002 IPC Athletics World Championships in Lille, France. She entered three events in the T13 category, winning gold in the 400 metres sprint and a bronze in the 100 metres. She also entered the long jump, but her best distance of 4.93 saw her fall just outside the medal positions in fourth. This led her to the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens where she took her first Paralympic medal, a bronze in the women's 400 metres T13 event. She also finished fifth in the women's 100 metres T13 event.

In 2006 Hayes entered her second World Championships, this time is Assen in the Netherlands. She took two more bronze medals, this time in the 200 and 400 metre sprints. She improved her long jump result from four years prior by posting a distance of 5.19, but she still failed to make the podium. Her biggest success to date would come two year later at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, when she won her first gold medal. There she won first place in the long jump, recording a winning jump of 5.68 at her fourth attempt to beat Greece's Anthi Karagianni into second place by 5 centimetres. Hayes also took home a silver medal from Beijing from the 100 metre sprint.

At the 2011 IPC Athletics World Championships in Christchurch, Hayes added the world long jump title to her Paralympic success. A jump of 5.80 metres gave her gold, and a second top spot on the podium followed with a win in the 100 metres. She then went on to further success at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London, successfully defending her long jump title. Hayes dominated the field, beating her nearest rival, Algeria's Lynda Hamri into a distance second place. She also added the T13 100 metres silver medal at London.

In 2013 Hayes was awarded the Order of Ikhamanga (silver) by president Jacob Zuma; for Her courageous and relentless pursuit of excellence and incredible physical endurance. In the run up to the 2016 Summer Paralympics, Hayes took part in two more IPC World Championships. She won a total of four medals, gold in the long jump and silver in the 100 metres in Lyon in 2013 and double gold in the 100 and 200 metre sprints in the 2015 in Doha. Hayes was unable to attempt a second defence of her long jump title, after the T13 event was removed from the schedule for the 2016 Paralympic Games in Rio. Despite this set back she won two silver medals, in the 100 and 200 metre T13 sprints.

References

External links

South African female sprinters
South African female long jumpers
Paralympic athletes for South Africa
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Paralympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic gold medalists for South Africa
Paralympic silver medalists for South Africa
Paralympic bronze medalists for South Africa
1985 births
Living people
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
Recipients of the Order of Ikhamanga
Paralympic medalists in athletics (track and field)
20th-century South African women
21st-century South African women

Ilse Hayes


Christmas Tapestry is a 2002 picture book written and illustrated by Patricia Polacco. The story is about how a Christian family help a long-separated Jewish couple reunite during the Christmas season.

About
When Jonathan's father, who is a Baptist preacher, moves to Detroit, he has to learn to adjust to a new town. Jonathan helps his father get the church ready for Christmas and when ice puts a hole in the wall, he goes out with his father to buy a tapestry to cover the hole with the last of their money. While he and his father wait at the bus stop, an old woman offers them tea and later discovers that the tapestry had been made by the old woman as a chuppah for her wedding then she and her husband were separated by World War II. On Christmas Eve, when the hole is going to be patched up, the man who is doing the work recognizes the chuppah also and it turns out that he is the long-lost wife who he assumed dead. He, like the woman had thought that the other had died in the Holocaust. In the end, the couple is brought together and Jonathan learns that "the universe unfolds as it should."

An author's note describes that the inspiration for her story came from two different ministers. The story is both interfaith and inter-generational in nature. The book is illustrated by Polacco in pencil and watercolor.

Reviews
Publishers Weekly wrote that the story is slow sometimes, but "Polacco's signature illustrations of swirling snow, the fine tapestry and numerous love-filled faces invite readers to linger."

References

American picture books
2002 children's books
Christmas children's books
Children's books set in Michigan

Christmas Tapestry


Doshan Tappeh Airport  is located in the Piroozi street (Formerly Farahabad) east of Tehran, the capital of Iran. It is in the middle of IRIAF main base. Nowadays the airport is closed since it is surrounded by houses and other urban areas. In the last decade the airport was used as a flight training base for IRIAF and there was some glider and kite flights within it, but now all of the flights are stopped. The airport runways are still in operational condition to serve emergency flights during probable earthquakes or other accidents in eastern Tehran. This airport and other offices of IRIAF have occupied a lot of space in urban area of eastern Tehran and are one of the main reasons for very heavy traffic in Piroozi street and Damavand street.

References

Iranian airbases
Transport in Tehran

Doshan Tappeh Air Base


A courtroom is the enclosed space in which courts of law are held in front of a judge. A number of courtrooms, which may also be known as "courts", may be housed in a courthouse. In recent years, courtrooms have been equipped with audiovisual technology to permit everyone present to clearly hear testimony and see exhibits.

By country

Republic of Ireland
Irish legal tradition is inherited from English tradition and so an Irish courtroom has a similar setup to the English/Welsh model. The judge (or judges, in the Supreme Court and Special Criminal Court or some High Court cases) sits on a raised platform at the top of the court and wears a white collar (also called tabs) and a black gown; he/she does not wear a wig and does not use a gavel. The Irish national arms, a Celtic harp, is on the wall behind the judge, where the royal arms would be in a British court. The court registrar sits in front of the judge and administers oaths and deals with paperwork. The solicitors are at the front of the registrar, and the jury (if it is a jury trial) sits in a box to one side. The accused sits at the other side with a prison officer. A judicial assistant does legal research for the judge; they also announce when the judge enters of leaves the courtroom (usually by saying 'all rise', or in Irish ). Witnesses give testimony in a witness box to one side of the judge. Barristers are seated facing the judge, and the public and press behind them. Barristers also wear black robes and a white collar, and may wear a wig if they wish. All proceedings are recorded by a Digital Audio Recording (DAR) box. Irish court cases are not televised; one exception was a 2017 broadcast of some Supreme Court decisions.

United States

The judge generally sits behind a raised desk, known as the bench. Behind the judge are the great seal of the jurisdiction and the flags of the appropriate federal and state governments.  Judges usually wear a plain black robe (a requirement in many jurisdictions). An exception was the late U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice William Rehnquist, who broke tradition by adorning his robe with four gold stripes on each sleeve. (Rehnquist reportedly said that he had been inspired to add the stripes by his having seen such stripes worn by the character of the judge, in a local production of the Gilbert and Sullivan comic operatic spoof of English jurisprudence, Trial by Jury.)

Adjacent to the bench are the witness stand and the desks where the court clerk and the court reporter sit. The courtroom is divided into two parts by a barrier known as the bar. The bar may be an actual railing, or an imaginary barrier. The bailiff stands (or sits) against one wall and keeps order in the courtroom.

On one side is the judge's bench, the tables for the plaintiff, the defendant, and their respective counsel, and a separate group of seats known as the jury box where the jury sits. Apart from the parties to the case and any witnesses, only the lawyers can literally pass the bar (court personnel and jury members usually enter through separate doors), and this is the reason why the term the bar has come to refer to the legal profession as a whole (see bar association). There is usually a podium or lectern between the two tables where the lawyers may stand when they argue their case before the judge.

In the Commonwealth (and many other countries), a courtroom used for trials of criminal cases often has a dock: a space exclusively reserved for seating a criminal defendant. It is marked off with a barrier, like the jury box and the witness stand. As late as the 1970s, some American courtrooms also had docks, but they gradually fell out of use.  Defendants argued that they were prejudicial and interfered with the accused's right to counsel, since defense attorneys were traditionally seated at the table for defense counsel and were not normally allowed to sit next to the dock.

There is usually an open space between the bench and the counsel tables, because of the court clerk and court reporter's tables in front of the bench and the jury box on the side. This space is called the well. It is extremely disrespectful to the court for persons who are not court employees to directly "traverse the well" without permission—that is, to walk directly toward the bench across the well—and some courts have rules expressly forbidding this. Instead, if documents need to be given to or taken from the judge, attorneys are normally expected to approach the court clerk or bailiff, who acts as an intermediary. During trials, attorneys will ask the court's permission to traverse the well or "approach the bench" for "sidebar" conferences with the judge.

On the other side of the bar is the gallery, with benches and chairs for the general public. In some cases the gallery is separated from the rest of the room by bulletproof glass.

All of the above applies only to trial courts. Appellate courts in the United States are not finders of fact, so they do not use juries or receive evidence into the record; that is the trial court's job. Therefore, in an appellate court, there is neither a witness stand nor a jury box, and the bench is much larger to accommodate multiple judges or justices.

The walls are often partially or completely wood-paneled. This is a matter of style and tradition, but some jurisdictions have elected to construct courtrooms with a more modern appearance. Some courtroom settings are little more than a closed circuit television camera transmitting the proceedings to a correctional facility elsewhere to protect the court from violent defendants who view the proceedings on television within a jail conference room and are allowed duplex communications with the judge and other officers of the court. Many courtrooms are equipped with a speaker system where the judge can toggle a switch to generate white noise during sidebar conversations with the attorneys so that the jury and spectators cannot hear what is being discussed off-record.

Multiple courtrooms may be housed in a courthouse. The schedule of official court proceedings is called a docket.

United Kingdom

England and Wales

Courtrooms vary considerably in their layout, reflecting the history and development of the building. Some historic courtrooms remain in use and are generally wood-panelled; most newer courtrooms are not panelled and generally have a modern appearance. Depending on the layout of the room, a claimant may sit on either the right or left in a civil court, just as the prosecution may sit on either side (usually the opposite side to the jury) in a criminal court.

In British courtrooms, a witness testifies from a witness-box, rather than the American "witness stand".

In a criminal court, where the defendant is held in custody prior to court appearance, the defendant will be escorted by the security firm that has the contract to serve that court. In rare circumstances in civil trials a bailiff or someone else charged to keep order may be present (for example if a tenant who is due to be evicted for violent behaviour or a defendant arrives in court drunk). Unless prevented by disability, advocates are expected to address the court standing up, from the position where they were seated before addressing the court.

Appellate courts may hear evidence (and also be finders of fact) as well as review legal argument. In such cases witness evidence may be necessary, and many appellate courts therefore have witness stands. Courtrooms for hearings of the Family court which consider matters such as custody of children and divorce are generally smaller and more informal in layout than those for criminal and civil proceedings.

The Royal Coat of Arms is placed above and behind the judge or presiding magistrates to symbolise the fact that trials in England and Wales are carried out in the name of The Crown. The only exceptions to this are in the City of London courts where the judge or magistrate sits below the arms of the City of London as well as the Crown, a historic anomaly. In England and Wales the Royal Coat of Arms is displayed prominently over the main external entrance to the courthouse.

Scotland
As in other countries, the judge or sheriff sits on the bench. Directly below the bench is the clerk's station which usually has a computer to allow the clerk to get on with Court Disposal work during proceedings.

Directly in front of the clerk is the well of court which has a
semi-circular table at which all the advocates sit during proceedings. The Procurator Fiscal or Advocate Depute always sits in the seat at the right of the clerk during criminal proceedings.

Behind the well of the court is the dock in which the accused will sit during proceedings. Dependent on the style of the courtroom, the jury box will either be on the right or left hand side of the well of the court. Scotland is unique in the western world in that it has 15 jurors.

Usually to the right or left of the bench (again dependent on style and always directly opposite the jury) slightly raised and facing forward is the stand where any witness who is called will give evidence. The stand is designed so that any solicitor examining a witness as well as the judge/sheriff may get a good view of the testimony. At the far side of the courtroom directly opposite the jury box and behind the stand are seats for journalists who are attached to the court and the court social worker. Seats for members of the public are the back of the courtroom.

There is no court reporter in Scotland; normal summary cases are simply minuted by the clerk indicating the disposal. If the case is a solemn (more serious) case involving a jury or if the case has a sexual element then proceedings will be tape recorded which is done under the supervision of the clerk. A High Court Noter is also in attendance to record witness evidence on behalf of the Crown.

Like in England and Wales, in Scotland the Royal Coat of Arms is placed above and behind the judge or presiding sheriffs to symbolise the fact that trials are carried out in the name of The Crown. However, the Scottish version (unicorn on viewer's left, motto Nemo Me Impune Lacessit, etc.) is always used. The arms also appears prominently over the main external entrance to the courthouse.

Gallery

References

Rooms

Courtroom


The Newcastle Programme was a statement of policies passed by the representatives of the English and Welsh Liberal Associations meeting at the annual conference of the National Liberal Federation (NLF) in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1891. The centrepiece of the Newcastle Programme was the primacy of Irish Home Rule, but associated with it were a raft of other reforms, in particular:  taxation of land values; abolition of entail; extension of smallholdings;  reform of the Lords; shorter parliaments; district and parish councils; registration reform and abolition of plural voting; local veto on drink sales; employers' liability for workers' accidents and  disestablishment of the Church of England in Wales and Scotland.

In the short run it proved a political liability. Liberals won the 1892 United Kingdom general election but failed to enact the Newcastle Programme.  They were on the losing side in the 1895 United Kingdom general election and remained out of power until their landslide win in the 1906 United Kingdom general election.  The Newcastle Programme was important for two reasons; first, it gave the Liberal party a Radical agenda on which to fight the next general election and second, the detailed 'shopping list' of policies it adopted was innovatory in British politics, setting a precedent for modern political parties. Today ordinary members of all major political parties participate in policy development and the parties present the electorate with a programme or manifesto for government, agreed or endorsed in some way by their members.

Liberal campaigning
The Liberal Party's leading pioneer of organised campaigning had been Joseph Chamberlain. In 1885, he put forward the Radical Programme, unauthorised by the party leadership, as an election manifesto for using the constructive power of the state but Liberal leader William Ewart Gladstone subverted Chamberlain's efforts, co-opting the NLF for mainstream Liberalism. By adopting Home Rule for Ireland as his banner, Gladstone trumped the Radical Programme, driving Chamberlain out of the party to form the Liberal Unionists. In the great schism of 1886 over Home Rule, the NLF deserted Chamberlain to remain loyal to Gladstone.

Home Rule
Between 1886 and 1891, Home Rule dominated Liberal policy debates but two events damaged their Irish allies. In 1887, The Times published letters, implicating Charles Stewart Parnell, the Irish Home Rule party leader, in the Phoenix Park murders of a government minister and a civil servant, although a high-profile government inquiry later discovered the letters to be forgeries. In 1890, the divorce of Katharine O'Shea, which identified Parnell as Mrs O'Shea's lover, split the Irish party and scandalised nonconformist Liberals. The split in the Irish Home Rule party in 1890 weakened the likelihood of a successful Home Rule Bill. At the 1891 meeting of the NLF in Newcastle upon Tyne Gladstone reaffirmed the primacy of Home Rule, but associated it with reforms on the mainland by adopting various proposals of the NLF Council, in particular: land reform; reform of the Lords; shorter parliaments; district and parish councils; registration reform and abolition of plural voting; local veto on drink sales; employers' liability for workers' accidents; Scottish and Welsh disestablishment. The Newcastle programme was to be the solution to these dilemmas, a manifesto for British government.

National Liberal Federation
Each year the National Liberal Federation met for debate in what may be seen as the forerunner of today's political party conferences. The NLF developed a process by which it passed an omnibus resolution incorporating all the policies that had been agreed in debate. In the autumn of 1891, the Federation met in Newcastle upon Tyne. In addition to Home Rule, the policies, which were crowded onto the omnibus, may be divided into three main areas: rural, religious and electoral reform. On 2 October 1891, Gladstone spoke to the NLF and for the first time, a Liberal Party leader had lent support to a programme proposed by the party's grass roots.

However, one historian has argued that the Radicals inside the Liberal Party lacked the leadership to ensure their programme was truly implemented. Michael Bentley suggests that while Gladstone and the Liberal leadership was obliged to listen to the opinion of such a significant section of the party, they were able to slide along without making firm commitments and to pick and choose from the 'rag-bag' of policies that made up the Newcastle Programme, prioritising those they wanted and forgetting those they disliked.

One of Gladstone's biographers also supports this assessment. Roy Jenkins asserts that Gladstone's only real interest now lay in Irish Home Rule, but he allowed John Morley and William Vernon Harcourt to cobble together the Newcastle Programme which he describes as 'a capacious ragbag... weak on theme'. According to Jenkins, Gladstone had neither the time nor energy to oppose the NLF programme and decided to swallow it whole just to ensure the party remained wedded to Home Rule as its principal policy.

Gladstone's endorsement of the Newcastle Programme had one important outcome. A few weeks later, on 25 November, Lord Hartington, the leader of the Liberal Unionist Party, announced that there was no longer any hope of re-union with the Gladstonian Liberals.

Failure to implement the Newcastle Programme
The Liberal Party won the 1892 election, but its majority relied on Irish Nationalist support, and the results were far from the sort of endorsement from the electorate that Gladstone hoped. The new government was unable to enact much of the Newcastle Programme, even those parts that Gladstone approved, because of implacable opposition from the Conservative-dominated House of Lords.

According to one historian of the Liberal Party, the Conservative leader Lord Salisbury justified their rejection of the Liberal measures including, crucially, Home Rule, on the basis that the Liberal victory in 1892 had rested on the votes of 150 electors in eight constituencies collected by offering many different policy bribes. Of the Newcastle Programme, the government's principal achievements were employers' liability, parish councils and William Vernon Harcourt's 1894 budget, which introduced graduated death duties.

Gladstone resigned as prime minister in 1894 and was replaced with Lord Rosebery who poured scorn on the Newcastle Programme as the 'flyblown phylacteries of obsolete policies'. When the government's efforts to bring in temperance reform and Welsh disestablishment also failed, Rosebery's disunited cabinet were almost anxious for an excuse to resign.

The Conservatives won the 1895 general election ushering in ten years of Tory government. The Radical policy inheritance of the Newcastle Programme would have to wait for the reforming governments of Henry Campbell-Bannerman and H. H. Asquith before being cashed in.

See also
 William Harcourt (politician)
Francis Schnadhorst

References

Further reading
 Fahey, David M. "Rosebery,'The Times' and the Newcastle Programme." Historical Research 45.111 (1972): 135-142.
 Lloyd-Jones, Naomi. "The 1892 general election in England: Home Rule, the Newcastle programme and positive Unionism." Historical Research 93.259 (2020): 73-104. online
 Stansky, Peter. "Harcourt, Sir William George Granville Venables Vernon" Dictionary of National Biography (2004)

Liberal Party (UK)
Political manifestos
Political history of the United Kingdom
1891 in politics
1891 in the United Kingdom
Party platforms
1891 documents

Newcastle Programme


"Bully for Steve" is the sixteenth episode of the fifth season of the animated comedy series American Dad!

It originally aired in the United States on Fox on April 25, 2010. The episode follows Stan who is unhappy with Steve's passive behavior, so he poses as a bully for Steve to toughen him up, despite Francine's disapproval.

The episode was written by Matt Fusfeld and Alex Cuthbertson and directed by Rodney Clouden. "Bully for Steve" was watched by 5.31 million viewers in its original airing. The episode received positive reviews with its main plot, along with mixed reviews with its subplot, from critics. The episode features guest performances of Jeff Fischer, Kevin Michael Richardson, Cleo King, and Erik Durbin.

Plot
Stan learns that Steve is too passive and resorts to confronting Steve as a bully. Steve quickly figures out the bully is his own dad. After a physical confrontation, Steve comes home injured and Stan asks him what happened and changes the topic to his own high school experience being bullied by a Greek student named Stelio Kontos. He also tells Steve that, as bullies do not just go away, he must deal with them. Francine opposes this approach, saying that violence is never the answer, so Stan threatens to beat Steve up further if he ever tells her he is being bullied by his dad.

Francine notifies Principal Lewis of her increasing concern for Steve, and despite Stan's threats to keep Steve from telling, Lewis reviews the security camera. Francine finds out that Stan is the bully. Nervous, Stan flees from the school, with Francine chasing him, eventually crashing her car into his SUV as he tries to escape from her wrath. Enraged at Stan's actions, Francine tries to train Steve to fight back, but is unsuccessful, and Steve is unable to dodge Stan with an old lady disguise. Finally accepting that he cannot avoid being bullied, Steve decides to settle things at the school playground the next day at 3:00. However, instead of fighting himself, Steve hires Stelio Kontos to beat Stan up. Stelio violently beats Stan, leaving him bloodied and bruised to the point where he finally admits defeat. After the fight, Stan is considerably injured and humiliated, but respectfully acknowledges Steve for overcoming his bully in his own way.

Meanwhile, Reginald asks Hayley out on a date, which she agrees. They arrive at the carnival and encounter Jeff Fischer, who is working there. After engaging in a brief conversation with each other, Hayley and Jeff reconnect, with Reginald understanding.

In another subplot, Roger attempts a career as a crime scene photographer, and finally achieves success with a picture of Stan's injuries from the fight. He is assigned to a "brutal triple rape right off the freeway" by Captain Crunch.

Production
The episode was written by series regulars Matt Fusfeld and Alex Cuthbertson and was directed by series regular Rodney Clouden. It's the second episode Clouden, Fusfeld, and Cuthbertson worked on this season, their previous episode being "Don't Look a Smith Horse in the Mouth." Ron Hughart and Brent Woods served as supervising directors for "Bully for Steve." Erik Sommers served as the main producer for the episode, with Laura McCreary and Erik Durbin serving as co-producers, along with Chris McKenna and Matt McKenna as supervising producers. Walter Murphy, a regular music composer for the music of MacFarlane-produced shows, including the opening theme songs of American Dad! and The Cleveland Show, composed the music for the episode.

In addition to the regular cast, actress Cleo King guest starred in the episode. Recurring voice actors Jeff Fischer and Kevin Michael Richardson, and co-producer Erik Durbin also guest starred in the episode.

Cultural references
A recurring gag throughout the episode is Stan insulting Steve with a sexual joke involving the usage of the phrase, "That's what your mom said last night," a variation of the original phrase, "That's what she said."  When Stan is driving in his SUV right after fleeing the high school, he sings a soundtrack of Drops of Jupiter by the musical group Train. Francine directly mentions the marine theme park SeaWorld when she says she needs to "punch a dolphin," while Steve mentions the social networking site Facebook, where he says he found Stelio Kontos. Towards the end of the episode, Cap'n Crunch appears at the police station when he decides to give Roger the job for presenting the injured Stan, demonstrating Roger's talents in crime scene photography.

Reception
"Bully for Steve" was broadcast on April 25, 2010, as a part of an animated television night on Fox, and was preceded by The Simpsons, The Cleveland Show, and Family Guy. It was watched by 5.31 million viewers, according to Nielsen ratings. The episode also acquired a 2.7/7 rating in the 18–49 demographic, beating The Cleveland Show but scoring below The Simpsons and Family Guy. The episode's ratings increased slightly from the show's last episode, "Merlot Down Dirty Shame," and its total viewership increased by 2.65%.

The episode's main plot was met with positive reception by television critics and fans alike upon its initial release, while its subplot received mixed reception. The Los Angeles Times Show Tracker blog gave a positive review to the episode. They comment its main plot, Stan teaching Steve a lesson, as "the next best thing to Roger's insanity." Jason Hughes of TV Squad also praised the episode overall, commenting that the main plot of Stan bullying Steve "was a stroke of genius by the creators of 'American Dad.'" Hughes said it "fits in perfectly with [Steve's] character." He added "it led to so many other funny moments in the episode," noting both instances of the janitor's sudden werewolf transformation at school and the footage showing Principal Lewis "drinking an entire case of beer and peeing on the basketball hoop before heading off." However, he gave a mixed review to the episode's subplot involving the relationship between Hayley and Reginald, saying he could not "bring [him]self to really care about this relationship, or even Reginald at all." In a simultaneous review of the episode of The Simpsons that preceded the show, Todd VanDerWuff of The A.V. Club gave "Bully for Steve" a positive review, saying that the episode overall was "just purely funny." He praised Stan for "missing more and more work for this ridiculous quest to make Steve a better man," as well as Stelio Kontos for his own theme song and his fight scene with Stan. Overall, VanDerWuff said that the episode's main plot worked, suggesting that the relationship between Stan and Steve, their "mutual lack of understanding," is analogous to that between Homer and Lisa in The Simpsons. However, like Hughes of TV Squad, VanDerWuff criticized the episode's secondary plot, commenting Hayley and Reginald's relationship, "which seems to have reached its ending [...], continues to just not work, [...] since the ending to the storyline was fairly abrupt and out of nowhere." He rated the episode an A−, the highest grade of the night, scoring higher than The Simpsons episode "The Squirt and the Whale."

References

External links

2010 American television episodes
American Dad! (season 6) episodes
Television episodes about bullying

Bully for Steve


Sir Francis Job Short  PPRE (19 June 1857 – 22 April 1945) was a British printmaker and teacher of printmaking. He revived the practices of mezzotint and pure aquatint, while expanding the expressive power of line in drypoint, etching and engraving. Short also wrote about printmaking to educate a wider public and was President of the Royal Society of Painter Etcher & Engavers (now styled the Royal Society of Painter-Printmakers) from 1910 to 1938. He was a member of the Art Workers' Guild and was elected Master in 1901.

Biography

Francis (Frank) Job Short was born on 19 June 1857, in Wollaston, a suburb of Stourbridge, Worcestershire. He was first educated to be a civil engineer.

Short was engaged on various works in the Midlands until 1881, when he came to London as assistant to Baldwin Latham in connection with the Parliamentary Inquiry into the pollution of the river Thames. In 1883 he was elected an associate member of the Institution of Civil Engineers. Having studied at the Stourbridge School of Art in his early years he joined the South Kensington School of Art (the first name of the current Royal College of Art) in 1883. Short also studied at the life class under Professor Fred Brown at the Westminster School of Art, and for a short time at the Schools of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours.

His real life-work now became that of an original and translator engraver. He was a keen student of the works of J. M. W. Turner; and his etchings and mezzotints from Turner's Liber Studiorum (1885 seq.), examples of painstaking devotion and skill, were among his earliest successes, combining sympathetic study of the originals with a full knowledge of the resources of engraving and unwearied patience. Short received praise, constant advice and encouragement from John Ruskin, and the co-operation of students of Turner such as William George Rawlinson and the Revd. Stopford Augustus Brooke. After completing the series from the existing plates of Turner's "Liber" Short turned to the subjects which Turner and his assistants had left incomplete. Several remarkable plates resulted from this study, bearing the simple lettering "F. Short, Sculp., after J. M. W. Turner, R.A.," which told little of the work expended on their production even before the copper was touched. He was consulted by Whistler for his expertise in printmaking and became friends.

Short also reproduced in fine mezzotints several pictures of George Frederick Watts, "Orpheus and Eurydice," "Diana and Endymion," "Love and Death," "Hope," and the portrait of Lord Tennyson, all remarkable as faithful and imaginative renderings. His own fine quality as a watercolour painter made him also a sympathetic engraver of the landscapes of David Cox and Peter de Wint.

A blue plaque marks Short's former home from 1898 to 1927 at 56 Brook Green, Brook Green, Hammersmith, London.

Works

Coastal landscapes, river estuaries, meadows and foreshores in Devon, Norfolk, Sussex, Cornwall and the north of England captivated him for his entire working life. Short's subtle and reticent drawing of the receding lines of the low banks and shallows of river estuaries and flat shores can be seen in many of his original etchings, mezzotints, and aquatints, notably "Low Tide and the Evening Star" and "The Solway at Mid-day." Other notable plates are:
"Gathering the Flock on Maxwell Bank," a soft-ground etching
"New moon over the Bure", aquatint
"The Ferry over the Blyth," "Walberswick Pier," soft-ground
"Dutch Greengrocery," "Noon on the Zuider Zee," "De-venter," "Strolling Players at Lydd," "The clay pit", and "Staithes," all etchings
"A Wintry Blast on the Stourbridge Canal," "Peveril's Castle," and "Niagara Falls," dry points
"The Curfew," "A Span of old Battersea Bridge," and "Sunrise on Whitby Scaur," aquatints
"Moonrise, Ramsgate", "Orion over the Thames", "The Night Picket Boat at Hammersmith", "The Shadowed Valley", "Headlights over the Hill, Seaford", "The Angry Cloud, Seaford", "Exceat Farm and Hindover Hill, Alfriston near Seaford, Sussex", "Ebbtide, Putney Bridge," "The Weary Moon was in the Wane," "Solway Fishers," "The Lifting Cloud," and "A Slant of Light in Polperro Harbour," mezzotints.

As head of the Engraving School at the Royal College of Art, South Kensington from 1892 to 1920 and the inaugural Professor of Engraving from 1920 to 1924, Short had enormous influence on younger painter-etchers and engravers, including Myra Kathleen Hughes RE, Percival Gaskell RE, Margaret Kemp-Welch RE, Martin Hardin RE, Job Nixon RE, Robert Austin RA, PPRE, Mary Annie Sloane, ARE, Malcolm Osborne RA, PPRE, Henry Rushbury RA, RE, Dorothy Woollard RE, Frederick Griggs RA, RE, Stanley Anderson RA, RE, Constance Mary Pott, and Eli Marsden Wilson ARE amongst many others. [3] It is well recorded that Short was an outstanding and inspirational teacher.

Short was elected a member of the Royal Society of Painter-Etchers and Engravers in 1885, and took a prominent part in conducting its affairs, becoming assessor (vice-president) in 1902. In 1910 he succeeded Sir Francis Seymour Haden as its second president for 28 years, steering the society through the First World War and the end of the etching revival of the 1920s and its crash from 1929.

Short received, amongst other distinctions, the gold medal for engraving at the Paris International Exhibition, 1889, and another gold medal for mezzotint (Rappel) 1900. In 1906 Short was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy, when membership as Associate Engraver was revived; and in 1911 he was elected a full Royal Academician, and also received a knighthood. His work as a watercolourist was recognised in 1917 when he was elected a member of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours. Short was Treasurer of the Royal Academy from 1919 to 1932.

Short wrote several influential books on original printmaking: "On the Making of Etchings" was first published in 1888 and republished in 1911, 1912, 1951 and is still in print today. "British Mezzotints" from 1924 is a standard reference on original mezzotints.

The Etched and Engraved Work of Frank Short, a catalogue raisonne by Martin Hardie, in three volumes [I: Liber Studiorum; II: Mezzotints and Aquatints; III: Etchings and Lithographs] (Print Collector's Club, London, 1938–40) catalogues and describes 399 prints (many illustrated).  Previously, a work with the same title by Edward F Strange (1908), describes 285 plates by the artist.

In October 2018 a new book about Short was published. Short's Sussex explores the works he did in Sussex in his later life, and includes 40 images.

Amongst many galleries and museums that hold examples of Frank Short's prints include:

 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City
 Victoria & Albert Museum
 British Museum
 Rye Art Gallery, Sussex
 National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia

References

The etched and engraved work of Frank Short, A.R.A., R.E., Edward F. Strange, 1908, (George Allen & Sons, London)

Further reading
 Twohig, Edward (2018). Print REbels: Haden - Palmer - Whistler and the origins of the RE (Royal Society of Painter-Printmakers). London: Royal Society of Painter-Printmakers. . 91 pages from this 348-page volume is devoted to Frank Short's life, work and achievements.

External links

 Profile on Royal Academy of Arts Collections
Short's Sussex, a 2018 book on his work in the county

1857 births
1945 deaths
19th-century engravers
20th-century engravers
English engravers
English printmakers
English watercolourists
People from Stourbridge
19th-century English painters
English male painters
20th-century English painters
20th-century British printmakers
Royal Academicians
Masters of the Art Worker's Guild
20th-century English male artists
19th-century English male artists

Frank Short


The National Latin Exam is a test given to Latin students. Sponsored by the U.S.-based American Classical League and the National Junior Classical League, the exam was given in 2023 to over 107,000 students in the U.S., Australia, Canada, China, France, Germany, Iran, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Poland, United Kingdom, Zimbabwe, and Taiwan. The test covers general knowledge of Latin grammar and vocabulary, mythology, Roman culture, derivatives, and translation abilities.

The office of the National Latin Exam is located in James Farmer Hall on the campus of the University of Mary Washington in Fredericksburg, Virginia.

Philosophy
The philosophy of the National Latin Exam is predicated on providing every Latin student the opportunity to experience a sense of personal accomplishment and success in their study of the Latin language and culture. This opportunity exists for all students on the National Latin Exam since they are not competing with their fellow students on a comparative basis, but are evaluated solely on their own performance on the exam. The basic purposes of the NLE are to promote the study of Latin and to encourage the individual student.

Format
The National Latin Exam is a forty-question, multiple-choice test with a time limit of forty-five minutes; it is offered to students on seven levels.

In 2021, the exam names changed from traditional "Latin I," "Latin II" etc to descriptive titles. This was done to allow teachers and students to better choose exams that correlate to their program of studies. On the Introduction to Latin, Beginning Latin, Intermediate Latin, Advanced Latin Prose, and Advanced Latin Poetry exams, there are questions on grammar, comprehension, mythology, derivatives, literature, Roman life, history, geography, oral Latin, and Latin in use in the modern world. A new exam was introduced in 2021 which replaced the previous Latin III exam called the Intermediate Latin Reading Comprehension Exam. This exam contains two adapted Latin passages with questions focusing on reading comprehension, with some pertinent background questions on history, mythology, or derivatives. The Advanced Latin Reading Comprehension exam contains two authentic Latin passages, one prose and one poetry, as the basis for questions on grammar, comprehension, historical background, classical literature, and literary devices.

The exam is scored based on the number of questions answered correctly, with no penalty for guessing.

With the exception of the Introduction to Latin Exam, any of the other exams can be taken two years in a row, if that is what best aligns with the school's or district's Latin program. However, teachers are encouraged to keep students moving forward and not "stagnate" on a level that is too elementary. The student is not required to take an actual Latin class to take an exam; however, the student must have an official sponsor to take an exam. The test can either be taken in person or online.

Awards

Several awards are available to those students who excel on the NLE:

Medals and Certificates

 Perfect paper: Hand-lettered certificate
 Gold medal and a summa cum laude certificate awarded to top scorers (roughly top 10%)
 Silver medal and a maxima cum laude certificate to next high scorers (roughly top 25%)
 Magna cum laude certificate to next high scorers (roughly top 35%)
 Cum Laude certificate to those who score above the national average for that year

An NLE Certificate of Merit is also provided for each school participating in the exam.

Special Book Awards

Students who have three or more years of perfect papers, or four or more years of gold medals are sent special book awards in addition to the special certificate. The perfect papers/ gold medals must be different levels of the exam and at least one must be on an Advanced level.

Scholarships
The National Latin Exam offers several different types of scholarships:

Maureen O'Donnell Academic Scholarships

Seniors who win a gold medal on any of the Advanced exams are eligible to apply for one of up to twelve $2,000 scholarships awarded annually. Those who apply must agree to take a least one course per semester of Latin or Classical Greek in their first year of college. Recipients may reapply, if they continue their study of Latin or Greek. More than $2 million has been awarded since the inception of this scholarship

Linda S. Montross New Latin Educator Scholarships

Beginning in 2017, The National Latin Exam began giving out new scholarships to those interested in becoming a Latin teacher. High School seniors, college students, and those in a Master's Program may apply for the $2000 scholarships, which are renewable. One does not need to have ever taken the NLE to apply. Up to eight of these scholarships are awarded annually. As part of this scholarship, awardees are also assigned a mentor and their expenses paid to attend one American Classical League Institute within their first three years of teaching.

Sally Davis Graduate Scholarship

Students or teachers who are continuing their Latin or Greek on the post-graduate level are eligible to apply for one $2,000 scholarship awarded annually.

The Jane Harriman Hall Professional Development Scholarship

The Jane Harriman Hall Professional Development Scholarship program is designed to support teachers in their ability to teach Latin.  The scholarship was developed in honor of Jane Harriman Hall, founder of the National Latin Exam, in order to continue her efforts to bring high quality Latin instruction to their students.

See also
National French Contest
National Spanish Examinations

Notes

External links

National Latin Exam (NLE)

American Classical League
Latin language tests

National Latin Exam


The Manana Island Sound Signal Station is an active fog signal station on Manana Island, Maine, United States.  Established in 1855, it is one of the only separately managed fog signals in the United States, having been operationally independent of Monhegan Island Light for most of its existence.  It is also home to the only known fog signal trumpet tower, built in 1889.  The station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Manana Island Fog Signal Station in 2002.

Description
Monhegan is a small island community  off the coast of Maine, consisting of Monhegan Island, and a number of nearby smaller islands.  Its harbor is situated in the channel between Monhegan and Manana Islands, just west of the main island.  The Manana Island Sound Signal Station is located at the highest point on Manana Island, and consists of several buildings and structures. The present signal equipment is housed in small brick building, built in 1906 on the foundation of the original signal house, originally for use as an oil house.  The former main signal building is a brick structure about , built in 1889 on the site of an earlier wood-frame structure.  It is topped by a low tower that was originally used to house a Daboll trumpet.  A shed covering several iron pressure tanks is attached to one side.  The keeper's house, dating to 1855, is a much-altered -story wood-frame building.

The station is served by an electromechanical hoist, to facilitate the movement of materials to the site.  It consists of a set of rails, which extend from the boat landing on the island's east side to a hoist house, housing the motor, near the other buildings.  This facility was built in 1905, and is maintained for use.

History
Monhegan Island has long been an important marine navigation landmark on the coast of Maine.  Because it is frequently beset by fog, the United States Lighthouse Board proposed in 1853 the construction of a fog signal for Manana Island.  Congress appropriated funds for the station in 1854, and in 1855 a manually sounded bell was installed on Manana Island, about one mile west of Monhegan Island Light.  In 1856 an automatic striking machine was installed.  After further funding was secured, a steam-powered Daboll trumpet, then an experimental device, was installed in 1870.  It was replaced in 1872 by a whistle, and the trumpet was moved to the Portland Head Light.

Originally administratively part of Monhegan Island Light, the fog signal was placed under separate administration in 1876.  In 1877 a new Daboll trumpet was installed.  It was replaced in 1912 by an air siren, and in 1937 a radio beacon was added to the site.  The station was automated in 1986, and the radio tower was removed in 1995.

See also
Fiddler's Reach Fog Signal
National Register of Historic Places listings in Lincoln County, Maine

References

Transportation buildings and structures in Lincoln County, Maine
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
National Register of Historic Places in Lincoln County, Maine
Navigational aids
Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine

Manana Island Sound Signal Station


In geometry, a flexagon is a flat model, usually made by folding a piece of paper, so that when 'flexed' (folded), one or more hidden faces will be revealed (shown) from within the model.

Flexagons are usually square or rectangular (tetraflexagons) or hexagonal (hexaflexagons).  A prefix can be added to the name to show the number of faces that the model can display, including the two faces (back and front) that are visible before flexing.  For example, a hexaflexagon with a total of six faces is called a hexahexaflexagon.

History

Discovery and introduction

Arthur H. Stone, a British man, is said to have first discovered the flexagon in 1939. At the time, he was a student at Princeton University in the United States. His new American paper would not fit in his English binder so he cut off the ends of the paper and began folding them into different shapes. One of these formed a trihexaflexagon.

Other students became interested in these shapes. They included Bryant Tuckerman, Richard Feynman, and John Tukey. Together, they formed the Princeton Flexagon Committee. Tuckerman worked out a topological method, called the "Tuckerman traverse", for revealing all the faces of a flexagon.

Flexagons were introduced to the general public by the recreational mathematician Martin Gardner in 1956. He wrote about in the first Mathematical Games column that he wrote for Scientific American magazine.

Attempted commercial development

In 1955, Russell Rogers and Leonard D'Andrea of Homestead Park, Pennsylvania applied for a patent. In 1959 they were granted U.S. Patent number 2,883,195 for the hexahexaflexagon, under the title "Changeable Amusement Devices and the Like."

Their patent imagined possible ways that the device could be used as a toy, an device for advertising, or as a device for learning about geometry."  A few such novelties were produced by the Herbick & Held Printing Company in Pittsburgh. The device, marketed as the "Hexmo", were not very successful.

References

Geometry
Origami

Flexagon


Tsehaytu Beraki (; 1 September 1939 – 24 May 2018) was an Eritrean musician, poet and political activist, known for her singing and playing of the krar (a five-string harp).

Early life
Tsehaytu Beraki was born in 1939, in the small town of Quatit. She had thought that she was born in Eritrea's capital city Asmara, but in fact only moved there as a baby. It was not until she returned to Asmara in 1999, that the full story was told to her by her sister Rishan.

Career
Beraki started playing the krar, a five-stringed harp, when she was about eight years old, eventually playing at weddings and parties. Her inspirations were Tsehaytu Ghergish, Fana Etel, and especially Tsehaytu Zennar, whose songs included Annes Ay keremneye Wala Hankas Yekunye (I need a man as soon as possible, even if he's crippled).

Beraki left school at sixteen, and played the krar as her full-time career. She wrote all of her own music and lyrics, and people would come from as far as Addis Ababa in Ethiopia to record her. From 1964 onwards, her lyrics became more political, and "people were surprised that I dared to sing them".

From March 1977, she became actively involved in the Eritrean independence struggle. She eventually had to leave, moving to Sudan and in 1988, Rotterdam, Netherlands. She returned to Asmara in 1999.

As well as krar, Beraki played kebero and bass-krar.

She created the album Selam on Terp Records in 2004.

References

1939 births
2018 deaths
Eritrean women musicians
Eritrean activists
Krar players
People from Southern Region (Eritrea)
People from Asmara
Eritrean women activists

Tsehaytu Beraki


Bernd Fasching (born 18 July 1955 in Vienna, Austria) is an Austrian painter and sculptor. He lives and works in Vienna.

Life and work

In 2000 Fasching opened his project Westwerk (a western investigation of the occidental culture) in the more than 800 years old Vienna St. Stephan's Cathedral. The project consisted of his sculptures, paintings and other work.

A constantly recurring, central element in Fasching's work is the creation of his pieces of art amidst his visitors and audience. There were 7 periods between 1987 and 2006 when, under the title 12 Tage 12 Nächte/12 Days 12 Nights, Fasching lived and worked in various galleries around the world, where he could be observed at work and was always open to discussions. During this time he did not leave the place of work. Fasching created 12 paintings with themes inspired by the talks with the visitors to his work sessions. For each of the seven stations of the project [Vienna (1987), Amsterdam (1990), Cologne (1991), Zurich (1992), Jerusalem (1994), New York (1997) and finally Vienna again (2006)] a special soundtrack was composed, which was played in the respective gallery for the full 288 hours of the project.

Fasching's walk-in sculpture Der Hammer des Thors/Thor's Hammer, created in 1990 in the entrance hall of the Austrian Museum of Applied Arts (Museum für Angewandte Kunst - MAK), also emerged before the eyes of the museum's visitors, thus enabling them to follow the process of creation. A further walk-in sculpture was created by Bernd Fasching in the Dominican Republic between 1996 and 1997. Terra Nova, the title of this walk-in formation of sculptures, depicts the landing place of Christopher Columbus on the island as an incentive to reflect on the checkered, often terrible History of the American Continents.

Based on these pieces, Fasching created the series Tools, making a sculpture of each of the tools required for sculpturing a monument. A bronze sculpture from this series, in the form of a spade, was revised by Fasching and turned into the Diva Award, an Austrian prize for sensational real-estate projects, which has been awarded annually ever since its creation in 2002, with Bernd Fasching himself as one of the jury members.

Works/Experimental arrangements in the field of art

Westwerk – Formation in the Vienna St. Stephan's Cathedral, Austria (2000)
12 Days 12 Nights – Vienna, Austria (1987)
12 Days 12 Nights – Amsterdam, the Netherlands (1990)
12 Days 12 Nights – Cologne, Germany (1991)
12 Days 12 Nights – Zurich, Switzerland (1992)
12 Days 12 Nights – Jerusalem, Israel (1994)
12 Days 12 Nights – New York, USA (1997)
12 Days 12 Nights – Vienna, Austria (2006)
Der Hammer des Thors/Thor's Hammer  –  Austrian Museum of Applied Arts (MAK), Vienna, Austria (1990)
Kopf-Bahnhöfe/Railheads - Vienna, Austria (1993)
Die Energie-Frage/The Energy-Question -Stuttgart, Germany (1994)
Terra Nova. Una Formacion Americana – Casa de Campo, Dominican Republic (1996/97)
The Vienna Pillows
Heads
Women/Men Series
Tools
Herz Hirten
Gaza Power Station – Gaza City, Palestine (Realisation postponed for indefinite period of time due to the second intifada)
Vienna Mirror – the strong and vulnerable heart of democracy – Supplementing the Lueger monument at the Vienna Ringstraße, Austria – Phase 1 (2003), Phase 2 in preparation
Band Eins/Volume One. Experimental Arrangements in the Field of Art. 9 Examples. German/English (pocket book, Edition Mailoi, Vienna, Austria 1996)

Notes

External links
 Bernd Fasching
 PIXELWING ARTSPHERE including a long list of secondary literature, Bernd Fasching on TV, his exhibitions since 1982, and pictures of his paintings and sculptures
 Diva Award (German only)
 Paintings of Bernd Fasching on Artnet

20th-century Austrian painters
Austrian male painters
21st-century Austrian painters
21st-century male artists
Austrian male sculptors
People from Leopoldstadt
1955 births
Living people
20th-century Austrian sculptors
20th-century Austrian male artists

Bernd Fasching


Nothobranchius robustus, the red Victoria nothobranch, is a species of killifish in the family) Nothobranchiidae. It is found in the Lake Victoria basin, the Lake Albert basin, the Sio River and near Ahero in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. Its natural habitats are rivers, intermittent rivers, swamps, and intermittent freshwater marshes. This species was described in 1935 by Ernst Ahl from types collected in northwestern Tanzania.

References

robustus
Fish described in 1935
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Nothobranchius robustus


The European Association of Historic Towns and Regions (EAHTR), founded by the Congress of the Council of Europe in October 1999, is a self-governing organisation which groups together twelve associations, such as the Historic Towns Forum of Great Britain, from eleven states, namely the Czech Republic, Finland, Ireland, Malta, The Netherlands, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey and the United Kingdom, which claims to represent over 1,000 of Europe's historic towns.

It has the status of a company under English law. According to its constitution (available on the website): "The European Association of Historic Towns and Regions was incorporated on 8th April 2002 under the law of England and Wales as a company limited by guarantee and not having a share capital. The company registration number is 4411400."

It defines its principal objective as 'the identification and sharing of experience and good practice in the sustainable urban conservation and management of historic areas through international collaboration and co-operation between towns and cities and other involved organisations'.

EAHTR is based in Norwich, England. The President, since 1999, is Louis Roppe (Belgium) and the Secretary-General, since 1999, is Brian Smith (UK). According to its website, the last annual report was issued in 2006 and the last newsletter in 2003. It has participated in several Council of Europe conferences. The website exists in English only.

References

External links
 Official website

Cultural heritage of Europe
Historic preservation
Architecture organizations
Organizations established in 1999
International organizations based in Europe
1999 in Europe
Architectural conservation
1999 establishments in England
Organisations based in Norwich
Private companies limited by guarantee of England


Bill Henry "Willie" Apiata VC (born 28 June 1972-  ) is a New Zealand soldier.  He is best known for receiving the Victoria Cross because of his actions in the war in Afghanistan.

Early life
Apiata was born in Mangakino, New Zealand.  He is Maori

Soldier
Apiata was a soldier in the New Zealand Special Air Service (NZSAS).  For his actions in July 2004, Apiata became the first New Zealand soldier to be awarded the Victoria Cross since World War II.  He is the 22nd New Zealander to receive the honour since 1856.  He is the first to be conferred with the Victoria Cross for New Zealand which was established in 1999.

He became one of the very few living holders of the Victoria Cross.

Victoria Cross citation
Apiata's Victoria Cross recognized his conduct in frontline fighting in Afghanistan.

In a 2004 firefight, a grenade explosion blew Apiata off the bonnet of his vehicle. At the same time, two other soldiers were wounded by shrapnel. Apiata carried the more seriously wounded solder to safety.  Then he rejoined the fighting.

The words of Apiata's citation explain:
In total disregard of his own safety, Lance Corporal Apiata stood up and lifted his comrade bodily. He then carried him across the seventy metres of broken, rocky and fire swept ground, fully exposed in the glare of battle to heavy enemy fire and into the face of returning fire from the main Troop position. That neither he nor his colleague were hit is scarcely possible. Having delivered his wounded companion to relative shelter with the remainder of the patrol, Lance Corporal Apiata re-armed himself and rejoined the fight in counter-attack.

References

Other websites
  "Who is Willie Apiata?" at NZArmy

1972 births
Living people
New Zealand Māori people
Victoria Cross winners

Bill Apiata


Estádio Eládio de Barros Carvalho, also known as Estádio dos Aflitos, is a football stadium located in Recife, Brazil. The stadium was built in 1939 and is able to hold 20,000 people.

Estádio dos Aflitos is owned by Clube Náutico Capibaribe. The stadium is named after Eládio de Barros Carvalho, who was Náutico's president fourteen times. Aflitos is nicknamed this way because it is located in Nossa Senhora dos Aflitos neighborhood.

History

In 1939, the stadium was built. The inaugural match was played on June 25 of that year, when Náutico beat Sport Recife 5–2. The first goal of the stadium was scored by Náutico's Wilson.

On July 1, 1945, Náutico beat Flamengo de Recife 21–3. This was Náutico's largest win at Estádio dos Aflitos.

During the 1970s, the Náutico board of directors started a project to build a new 80,000 spectators stadium at Guabiraba neighborhood, to replace the outdated Estádio dos Aflitos. However, the project failed, and the stadium was not built.

During the early years of the 1980s, the architect Hélvio Polito developed a project to increase the stadium maximum capacity to 25,000 spectators with the construction of new bleachers. This project also failed.

In May, 1995, during a meeting of the UniNáutico group, which is a Náutico supporting group, the architect Múcio Jucá suggested the need to increase the stadium maximum capacity. In August of that year, a preliminary study about the technical viability of the stadium expansion and modernization was approved by the club's estate board. The first stadium improvement was the elevation of the internal walls of the gerais section from two meters to five meters.

In 1996, the stadium reformation started, ending only on April 7, 2002, when it was reinaugurated.

The stadium's attendance record currently stands at 28,022, set on December 4, 1997, when Náutico beat América Mineiro 1–0.

References

Enciclopédia do Futebol Brasileiro, Volume 2 - Lance, Rio de Janeiro: Aretê Editorial S/A, 2001.

External links
Templos do Futebol
Náutico Official Website
Náuticonet

Aflitos
Aflitos
Sports venues in Recife

Estádio dos Aflitos


Teodoro Trivulzio (1458–1531) was an Italian condottiero and marshal of France.

He was born in Milan, the nephew of Gian Giacomo Trivulzio. He took part in the Italian Wars under the French King Louis XII, fighting in the French vanguard at the battle of Agnadello (1509) and in the battle of Ravenna (1512). He assisted Marshal Odet de Foix in the siege of Parma in 1521, and was named governor of Milan in 1525. Trivulzio had however to leave the latter position after the battle of Pavia in the same year, which marked the French collapse in northern Italy.

In 1526 he was created marshal of France by King Francis I, receiving the position of Governor of Genoa. He proved however unable to control the latter, and had to surrender to a revolt in 1528. In 1530 he was named governor of Lyon, where he died in 1531.

1458 births
House of Trivulzio
1531 deaths
Military personnel from Milan
15th-century condottieri
Marshals of France
16th-century condottieri

Teodoro Trivulzio


Mather Byles (born 26 March 1706 –  5 July 1788) was an American clergyman active in British North America.

Byles was descended, on his mother's side, from John Cotton and Richard Mather, and was a grandson of Increase Mather and nephew of Cotton Mather. As a young man, he corresponded with Alexander Pope and Isaac Watts.

He graduated at Harvard University in 1725, received his A.M. degree there in 1728 and in 1733 he became pastor of the Hollis Street Church (Congregational), Boston. In 1765 he received a degree of Doctor of Divinity from the University of Aberdeen.

Byles held a high rank among the clergy of the province and was noted for his scholarly and well-written sermons, as well as his ready wit. He often exchanged poetic satires and parodies with another Boston wit of that time, Joseph Green. At state funerals, he was often a picked to give the sermon.

He published a book of verse, Poems on Various Occasions in 1744. In 1773, he was chosen to be one of the eminent Boston literary intellectuals to examine Phillis Wheatley in order to determine if the black woman was actually the author of a proposed book of poems. (He and the rest of the panel determined that she was.)

At the outbreak of the American Revolution, Byles was outspoken in his advocacy of the royal cause, and after the British evacuation of Boston his connection with his church was dissolved.

Byles remained in Boston, however, and subsequently (1777) was arrested, tried and sentenced to deportation. This sentence was later changed to imprisonment in his own house. (He called the sentry stationed outside the house his "Observe-a-Tory".) He was soon released, but never resumed his pastorate.

He is known for saying "Which is better - to be ruled by one tyrant three thousand miles away or by three thousand tyrants one mile away?" A variation of the quote is spoken by Mel Gibson in The Patriot.

Byles died in Boston on 5 July 1788, aged 82.

Besides many sermons Byles published A Poem on the Death of George I (1727).

Personal life
Married twice:
 February 14, 1733 Anna [Noyes] Gale (April 17, 1704 – April 27, 1744); she was a niece of Governor Jonathan Belcher
 June 11, 1747 Rebecca (died July 23, 1779), daughter of Massachusetts acting Governor William Tailer

By first marriage-he had six children of whom only three lived:
 Mather Byles (January 12, 1734/1735 – March 12, 1814), married 1st to cousin Rebecca Walter daughter of Rev Nathaniel Walter; 2nd Sarah Lyde; 3rd Mrs Susanna Reid [Widow].
 Elizabeth (March 22, 1737 – June 6, 1763), married to Gwan Brown; parents of Mather Brown (October 7, 1761 – May 25, 1831), a portrait painter who studied under Benjamin West (Gwan Brown married as his third wife Susannah Hill-the widow of Dr. Joseph Adams (a brother of Samuel Adams).
 Dr Samuel (1743 – June 16, 1764)

By second marriage-three children of whom only two lived:
 Joseph – died young
 Mary (1750 – October 1, 1832)
 Catherine (1753 – July 19, 1837)
Both Mary and Catherine remained spinsters; they became renowned for maintaining themselves as loyalists in Boston for nearly sixty years after the American Revolution.

References

1706 births
1788 deaths
18th-century American poets
18th-century American male writers
American male poets
Colonial American poets
18th century in Boston
American Congregationalists
American religious writers
Harvard University alumni
Harvard College Loyalists in the American Revolution
American Loyalists from Massachusetts
Clergy from Boston
People from colonial Boston
American male non-fiction writers
18th-century American clergy

Mather Byles


Ahmed Aboutaleb, Arabic: أحمد أبو طالب , (born August 29, 1961 in Beni Sidel) is a Dutch politician of Moroccan descent. He is a member of the Labour Party (PvdA) and the current mayor of Rotterdam.

Aboutaleb migrated to the Netherlands in 1976. He studied telecommunication and worked as a journalist and a civil servant. He was also director of Forum, an organisation aimed at multicultural issues.

From 2004 to 2007 he was an alderman of Amsterdam and from 2007 to 2008 deputy minister for social affairs and employment in the Fourth Balkenende cabinet.

Since January 2009 he has been mayor of Rotterdam.

Ahmed Aboutaleb is a Muslim, and married with four children.

References
  Biography at Parlement.com

Other websites
 Website of Rotterdam

1961 births
Living people
Deputy government ministers of the Netherlands
Aldermen of the Netherlands
Dutch civil servants
Dutch mayors
Dutch Muslims
Labour Party (Netherlands) politicians
Moroccan politicians
Naturalised citizens of the Netherlands
Politicians from Amsterdam
Politicians from Rotterdam
Dutch columnists
Dutch translators

Ahmed Aboutaleb


A marble run is a course made for a small ball (or marble) and the aim is for it travel from the start to finish with no flaws.

To make a marble run you need a small ball. After that, you make a course using anything you can find (see: Rube Goldberg machine)

A marble is a small glass ball and is more commonly used for the game 'marbles.'

A German glassblower invented marble scissors, a device for making marbles, in 1846. The first mass-produced toy marbles (clay) made in the US were made in Akron, Ohio, by S. C. Dyke, in the early 1890s. Some of the first US-produced glass marbles were also made in Akron, by James Harvey Leighton.

Toys

Marble run


Andreas Jochen Hippel (born October 14, 1971) is a musician from Kirchheimbolanden in southwest Germany. He played one of the most prominent roles in computer music during the 16-bit microcomputer era, composing hundreds of tunes for games and demos. He was also an experienced Amiga programmer and ported many of Thalion Software's Atari ST titles. He no longer composes music for a living and in 2006 he was working in logistics.

Jochen's first computer music was a set of Christmas songs that he arranged in a rock style on his school's Commodore 64.

As a member of The Exceptions under the handle Mad Max, he wrote most of the music for their demos including the B.I.G. Demo (Best in Galaxy). The demo was essentially a large collection of C64 tunes that was ported across to the Atari ST's Yamaha YM2149 sound chip using Jochen's own driver to get the most out of it. Jochen then had to fix all the music in order to get it to sound correct on the ST as the YM2149 has no resonance filter, no Oscillator sync, no combined waveforms, no ASDR enveloping and no ring modulation, and it has fewer waveforms than the MOS Technology 6581. Composers (such as Rob Hubbard) used a lot of special effects in their music which was difficult to replicate on the ST's sound chip.

Another note of interest is that the B.I.G. demo contained an additional demo screen entitled "The Digital Department" containing 6 digital versions of C64 tunes. The sound routine used each channel of the YM2149 as a 4-bit DAC and played samples for each instrument. This is the first time music using PCM sample instruments is heard on the Atari ST, unfortunately only one more piece of music is ever written using this routine, albeit the 16-minute-long Knuckle Busters tune by Rob Hubbard. This appears as a guest screen in the Cuddly Demos (written by The Carebears) and was used to torment Richard Karsmakers of ST News who was promptly chained to a chair as the disk was formatted before his very eyes!

He worked as a freelance musician, doing music for many 16-bit games. He eventually joined Thalion Software as a programmer and musician. His musical track for the game Amberstar is considered among his best works, and the game and Hippel's music acquired a cult following. For in game music on the Amiga Jochen often stuck to chiptune-like sound – that became his trademark – instead of using more "realistic" instrument sounds that machine's support for digitized sound made possible. Title music for Wings of Death and Lethal Xcess are exceptions.

He has released an album called Give it a Try and has composed music for other albums including tracks on Immortal 2 and Immortal 3 Amiga Immortal.

Hippel was also a programmer, he created all of his own music tools and also ported most of Thalion's early Atari ST titles to the Amiga. Hippel also created the Amiga 7 voice replay routine which was used in several Thalion and Eclipse titles and later used by Chris Hülsbeck in his TFMX replay routine for the title music of Turrican 2 and Turrican 3 for which he wrote the in game loading music.

Video game music
Most songs which are for Atari ST only are conversions while works for both machines are usually Hippel's own compositions.

Data provided by Hall of Light, Atari Legend, Atarimania and Lemon Amiga games databases.

References

External links
Artist profile at OverClocked ReMix
Bio on Thalion Webshrine
Listing of his work on Atari Legend
Listing of his work on HOL
Jochen Hippel as a member of the band The 4 Penöre
Jochen Hippel Jochen Hippel at imdb.com
Atari Scene and STNICCC News

Video game composers
Demosceners
German male musicians
Living people
1971 births
People from Kirchheimbolanden

Jochen Hippel


Ariel Rene McDonald (born January 5, 1972) is an American-Slovenian retired professional basketball player. He played at the point guard position. A high quality floor general who was the 2000 Israeli Basketball Premier League MVP, FIBA SuproLeague Final Four MVP in 2001, and an All-EuroLeague Second Team member in 2002, McDonald played for top European teams like Montepaschi Siena, Olimpija Ljubljana, Maccabi Tel Aviv, Panathinaikos, Akasvayu Girona, and Dynamo Moscow.

Early life and career
McDonald began his high school career at Homewood-Flossmoor High School, outside of Chicago. He averaged 24 points per game, on 63% field-goal shooting, and 10 assists per game. After two years at Homewood-Flossmoor, McDonald's family moved to Raleigh, North Carolina. McDonald took his new high school, Athens Drive High School, to the final four in North Carolina.

College career
In the fall of 1989, McDonald arrived at the University of Minnesota. In his first year of college basketball, McDonald was red-shirted. He and the Golden Gophers greatly improved over the next four years, winning the NIT Tournament, and reaching the second round of the 1994 NCAA Tournament, in McDonald's senior year.

Professional career
McDonald began his pro career in Europe, playing with small teams like Castors Braine (Belgium) and Interier Krško (Slovenia). After his time in Interier Krsko, he was signed by the top Slovenian basketball club: Olimpija Ljubljana. During his time in Slovenia, he played in the EuroLeague, which is the top-tier level of European-wide professional club basketball, and he played in the 1997 EuroLeague Final Four.

McDonald's next stop was Maccabi Tel Aviv. Soon McDonald became very famous in Israel, and together with Nate Huffman and Anthony Parker, turned Maccabi into one of the best European basketball teams. In McDonald's three seasons with Maccabi, the club won the FIBA SuproLeague title (2001) and twice reached the EuroLeague Final Four (2000, 2002). He was the 2000 Israeli Basketball Premier League MVP

McDonald played in 139 games, scoring 1,606 points for Maccabi Tel Aviv in three years. Finally, he said goodbye to the club, and moved to one of Maccabi's biggest rivals: Panathinaikos. With Panathinaikos, McDonald put up solid numbers, and also 19 points in the first game he played against his former team, Maccabi Tel Aviv. McDonald played for Akasvayu Girona in the Spanish ACB League, from the 2005–06 season, up until July 2008. Then he returned to Dynamo Moscow, for which he had previously played with, in the 2004–05 season.

National team career
McDonald was also a member of the senior men's Slovenian national basketball team. He played with Slovenia's senior national team at the FIBA EuroBasket 2001.

Coaching career
After he retired from playing professional basketball, McDonald became a high school basketball coach at Providence Academy, in Plymouth, Minnesota.

Personal life
After playing for two years in Slovenia, McDonald became a Slovenian citizen in June 1997. One of McDonald's claims to fame in Israel, was a Burger King commercial, in which he said: "Listen to McDonald - only Burger King".

References

External links

Euroleague.net Profile
FIBA Profile
FIBA Europe Profile
Eurobasket.com Profile
Spanish League Profile
Italian League Profile
McDonald's vs. McDonald

1972 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Belgium
American expatriate basketball people in Greece
American expatriate basketball people in Israel
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American expatriate basketball people in Russia
American expatriate basketball people in Slovenia
American expatriate basketball people in Spain
American men's basketball players
Athens Drive High School alumni
Basketball players from Illinois
BC Dynamo Moscow players
CB Girona players
Greek Basket League players
Israeli Basketball Premier League players
KK Olimpija players
Liga ACB players
Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C. players
Mens Sana Basket players
Minnesota Golden Gophers men's basketball players
Panathinaikos B.C. players
Sportspeople from Harvey, Illinois
Point guards
Slovenian men's basketball players
Slovenian people of African-American descent
Homewood-Flossmoor High School alumni
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople

Ariel McDonald


George William Freeman (born 12 July 1967) is a British Conservative Party politician serving as Minister of State for Science, Research and Innovation since October 2022. Elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Mid Norfolk since 2010, he previously served as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Science, Research and Innovation from September 2021 until his resignation in July 2022.

Early life
Freeman was born at Cambridge in 1967 to jockey Arthur Freeman and Joanna Stockbridge. His parents divorced soon after he was born, and he had no contact with his father until he reached adulthood, growing up as a ward of court. Freeman later bought at auction the trophy his father received as winner of the 1958 Grand National.

He counts 19th-century Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone as his great-great-great-uncle, and Mabel Philipson as his great-aunt.

He was educated at Radley College before going up to Girton College, Cambridge, and graduated with a Geography degree in 1989.

After university, Freeman worked in Westminster as a lobbyist for the National Farmers' Union. Before entering Parliament, he had a career in biomedical venture capital.

Political career
Freeman stood unsuccessfully as PPC for Stevenage at the 2005 general election. Then added to the Conservative A-List, he was selected for Mid Norfolk in October 2006.

Freeman was elected at the 2010 general election as MP for Mid Norfolk. The previous MP, Keith Simpson, contested the neighbouring Broadland constituency instead.

Shortly after entering Parliament, Freeman was elected Chairman of the All Party Group on Science and Technology in Agriculture. He was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Minister for Climate Change, Greg Barker, in the Coalition Government's first tranche of appointments and in July 2011, Freeman was appointed Government Life Science Advisor.

After a number of accidents on the A47 road in his constituency, Freeman campaigned for investment in safety. The road was included in a programme of investment announced in December 2014.

In 2014, he was appointed Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Life Sciences at the Department of Health and the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. The role had not previously existed in any country. Freeman was nicknamed "High Tech Hezza", after Michael Heseltine whose former office he occupied while minister. During this role, Freeman was criticised by Labour opponents for describing use of prosecutions to enforce the minimum wage as "the politics of envy". In 2015, he asked the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency to establish an enquiry into disabilities caused by hormone pregnancy tests.

Freeman is a co-founder of the 2020 Group of Conservative MPs, which he described as the "radical progressive centre ground" of the Conservative Party.

In 2017, Freeman criticised a tribunal ruling that people with extreme anxiety who struggle to leave the house should have the same legal status as the partially sighted, saying that the former were not "really disabled". After criticism from opposition MPs, disability charity Scope, and the Equality and Human Rights Commission, he said that he regretted if his comment "inadvertently caused any offence which was not intended", and that he did not "need any lectures on the damage anxiety does" after childhood experience of anxiety and depression.

Freeman chaired the Prime Minister's Policy Board until his resignation in November 2017. He warned the party not to be defined by "nostalgia, hard Brexit, public sector austerity and lazy privilege". In September 2018, he called for Prime Minister Theresa May's resignation once a deal on the UK's departure from the European Union was secured through Parliament. He said he would stand to be her successor if supported by his party, before ruling out the possibility shortly afterward.

Freeman founded The Big Tent Ideas Festival in 2017, with a view to connecting the Conservative Party with younger people following Jeremy Corbyn's appearance at Glastonbury Festival that summer. He called the event a "Tory Glastonbury". In 2018, he changed the festival to be "non-party political so that MPs, peers and others from the centre left can also get involved", and claimed that "for a generation under 40 the traditional party conference is as dead as a dodo".

In 2018 Freeman set up The Bridge of Hope, a charity in memory of his father, in an attempt to establish "a mechanism for taking those who had taken a fall in life, whether from injury, disability, mental illness, addiction, crime, debt, homelessness and giving them a second chance".

On 26 July 2019, at the beginning of the first Johnson ministry, Freeman was appointed Minister of State at the Department for Transport, leaving Government at the Cabinet reshuffle in February 2020.

In February 2021, Freeman apologised for breaking the Advisory Committee on Business Appointments' financial conflict-of-interest rules after he took paid work from Aerosol Shield, a company trying to sell PPE to the NHS during the COVID-19 pandemic.

On 17 September 2021, Freeman returned to Government as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Science, Research and Innovation at the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, during the second Cabinet reshuffle of the second Johnson ministry. As of May 2022, he was on the advisory board of Bright Blue, a liberal conservative think tank, as well as think tanks Radix and Reform. He resigned from his ministerial office on 7 July 2022 in the July 2022 United Kingdom government crisis.

During the October 2022 Conservative Party leadership election, Freeman initially supported Penny Mordaunt, but later said that "given the urgent need for Conservative stability and unity this week, I'm urging her to join and back Rishi Sunak today".

On 26 October 2022, at the beginning of the Sunak ministry, Freeman was reappointed Minister of State for Science, Research and Innovation.

During a Commons debate in March 2023, Freeman alleged that in 2014, the Chinese genomics firm BGI Group had made multiple attempts each week to "hack" into Genomics England, and that the firm remained "one of those danger points in the ecosystem." BGI had been given an £11 million COVID testing contract in 2021 and had also shared data with UK universities and the Wellcome Trust. Hours later, government sources stated that "there is no evidence of attempted hacking of Genomics England in 2014 from BGI. However, like most organisations they do receive regular attempts to access their systems, for which there are appropriate defences in place. No successful breaches have occurred." BGI Group stated; "we are incredulous at this statement. BGI Group has never been, and will never be, involved in 'hack attacks' against anyone." Freeman later requested that the Hansard record of his statement should be amended to state that "there is no evidence of attempted hacking of Genomics England in 2014 from BGI."

Personal life
Freeman was married to Eleanor Holmes from 1996 to 2016, and has two children.

In 2020 Freeman married theatre director Fiona Laird They  divide their time between homes in London and Norfolk.

Notes

References

External links
 Official website

|-

|-

1967 births
Living people
People educated at Radley College
Alumni of Girton College, Cambridge
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present
Government ministers of the United Kingdom

George Freeman (politician)


The Academy of Country Music Awards is an American country music event.

History
It was first held in 1966. It honoured the industry's accomplishments during the previous year. It was the earliest country music awards program held by a major organization. The Academy's signature "hat" trophy was made in 1968. The awards were first filmed in 1972 on ABC.

In 1979, the Academy joined with Dick Clark Productions to make the show. Dick Clark and Al Schwartz served as producers while Gene Weed served as director. Under their guidance, the show moved to NBC and finally to CBS, where it remains today.

In 2003, the awards show left Los Angeles. It moved to Las Vegas at the Mandalay Bay Events Center. The show is now held at the MGM Grand Garden Arena. The Academy also adopted a sleeker, modern version of the "hat" trophy that year. That is now made by New York firm Society Awards. In 2004 the organization started online awards voting for its professional members. It became the earliest televised awards show to do so.

References

1966 establishments in the United States

Academy of Country Music Awards