Edward Mills Purcell (August 30, 1912 – March 7, 1997) was an American physicist who shared  the 1952 Nobel Prize for Physics for his independent discovery (published 1946) of nuclear magnetic resonance in liquids and in solids.  Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has become widely used to study the molecular structure of pure materials and the composition of mixtures. Friends and colleagues knew him as Ed Purcell.

Biography
Born and raised in Taylorville, Illinois, Purcell received his BSEE in electrical engineering from Purdue University, followed by his M.A. and Ph.D. in physics from Harvard University. He was a member of the Alpha Xi chapter of the Phi Kappa Sigma fraternity while at Purdue. After spending the years of World War II working at the MIT Radiation Laboratory on the development of microwave radar, Purcell returned to Harvard to do research.  In December 1946, he discovered nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) with his colleagues Robert Pound and Henry Torrey.  NMR provides scientists with an elegant and precise way of determining chemical structure and properties of materials, and is widely used in physics and chemistry.  It also is the basis of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), one of the most important medical advances of the 20th century.  For his discovery of NMR, Purcell shared the 1952 Nobel Prize in physics with Felix Bloch of Stanford University.

Purcell also made contributions to astronomy as the first to detect radio emissions from neutral galactic hydrogen (the famous 21 cm line due to hyperfine splitting), affording the first views of the spiral arms of the Milky Way.  This observation helped launch the field of radio astronomy, and measurements of the 21 cm line are still an important technique in modern astronomy.  He has also made  seminal contributions to solid state physics, with studies of spin-echo relaxation, nuclear magnetic relaxation, and negative spin temperature (important in the development of the laser).  With Norman F. Ramsey, he was the first to question the CP symmetry of particle physics.

Purcell was the recipient of many awards for his scientific, educational, and civic work.  He served as science advisor to Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, and Lyndon B. Johnson.  He was president of the American Physical Society, and a member of the American Philosophical Society, the National Academy of Sciences, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.  He was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1979, and the Jansky Lectureship before the National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Purcell was also inducted into his Fraternity's (Phi Kappa Sigma) Hall of Fame as the first Phi Kap ever to receive a Nobel Prize.

Purcell was the author of the innovative introductory text Electricity and Magnetism. The book, a Sputnik-era project funded by an NSF grant, was influential for its use of relativity in the presentation of the subject at this level. The 1965 edition, now freely available due to a condition of the federal grant, was originally published as a volume of the Berkeley Physics Course. The book is also in print as a commercial third edition, as Purcell and Morin. Purcell is also remembered by biologists for his famous lecture "Life at Low Reynolds Number", in which he explained forces and effects dominating in limiting flow regimes (often at the micro scale). He also emphasized the time-reversibility of low Reynolds number flows with a principle referred to as the Scallop theorem.

Purcell died on March 7, 1997, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, aged 84.

See also
Dynamical decoupling
J-coupling
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Neutron electric dipole moment
Spin echo
Relativistic electromagnetism

References

External links

1912 births
1997 deaths
20th-century American physicists
American Nobel laureates
American nuclear physicists
Experimental physicists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Harvard University alumni
Harvard University faculty
Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty
National Medal of Science laureates
Nobel laureates in Physics
People from Taylorville, Illinois
Purdue University College of Engineering alumni
Winners of the Beatrice M. Tinsley Prize
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Nuclear magnetic resonance
Time Person of the Year
Presidents of the American Physical Society

Edward Mills Purcell


Folk can mean:

 a specific people, tribe, or nation
 folklore, stories and traditions told orally.
 folk art, art done in traditional styles

In music:
 folk music or folksong, music by and of the common people.
 folk dance, a 19th century form of dance
 folk-punk, a genre of music that combines elements of folk and punk rock music
 folk-rock, a kind of music that is folk music and Rock and Roll mixed together.
 folk metal, a sub-genre of heavy metal that mixes it with folk music

Folk


Arnold (or Arnoud) van Isenburg (died in April or June 1197) was Bishop of Utrecht from 1196 to 1197.

Arnold descended from the German House of Isenburg and had been provost in Deventer since 1176. After Bishop Baldwin II van Holland died Arnold was pushed forward by the count of Guelders. He was also supported by the archbishop of Cologne and the pope. However, Dirk VII, Count of Holland wanted his uncle, Dirk of Holland as bishop of Utrecht, and he was supported by Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor. The resulting impasse led to Arnold being recognised by the Oversticht, while Dirk was recognised in the Nedersticht.

Both candidates travelled to Rome, where Arnold was consecrated by Pope Celestine III as bishop of Utrecht. However, he died soon after, allowing Dirk to be consecrated after all.

1197 deaths
12th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the Holy Roman Empire
Prince-Bishops of Utrecht
Year of birth unknown

Arnold I van Isenburg


The Sabancı family is one of the wealthiest families in Turkey according to the Forbes billionaires list of 2016, with an estimated fortune ranging between $20–30 billion. The family's main business entity was founded by Hacı Ömer Sabancı in the 1930s. Hacı Ömer Sabancı, the progenitor of the Sabancı family, moved from his native Kayseri to Adana in the early 1920s. His business grew, in part, due to reduced business competition as a result of the Armenian genocide.  Some second and third generation members of the family today control a group of companies under Sabancı Holding. Most of the companies were established by the efforts of the second generation members of the family, Sakıp Sabancı, Hacı Sabancı, Şevket Sabancı, Erol Sabancı, and Özdemir Sabancı . After the death of Sakıp Sabancı, also known as Sakip Aga, in 2004, the granddaughter of the founder, Güler Sabancı, was chosen to run Sabancı Holding.

Today, some second and third generation members of the family have left their managerial positions at the Sabanci Group and established their own companies such as Densa, Demsa and Esas Holding which owns Pegasus Airlines.

See also
 Sakıp Sabancı Museum
 Sabancı University

References

Turkish families
Sabanci
Sabanci
Turkish business families

Sabancı family


The Imperial City of Hue was the palace where the Nguyen emperors lived and ruled Vietnam from 1802 to 1945. It has a similar purpose to the Forbidden City in Beijing, China. Like the Forbidden City, the inner part of the Imperial City, the Forbidden Purple City, did not allow commoners to enter. The Imperial City was opened to everyone after Vietnam's last emperor, Bao Dai, stepped down from power. The Imperial City would later be a battleground in the Battle of Hue. Even today, visitors can see signs that the battle happened since many of the buildings still have bullet holes in them.

Palaces in Asia
Buildings and structures in Vietnam

Imperial City of Huế


Martha Friedman is a sculptor and college professor residing in New York City. Her work has been exhibited throughout the world in both solo and group exhibitions. Her primary exhibitor is Wallspace in New York. She has taught classes at The Cooper Union, Pratt Institute, Princeton University, Rutgers University, Wesleyan University and Yale University.

Solo exhibitions

2012
 Caught, Wallspace, New York, NY

2010
 Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit, MI
 DeCordova Museum and Sculpture Park, Lincoln, MA
 Shane Campbell Gallery, Chicago, IL

2009
 The Organization of Batter, Wallspace, New York, NY

2007
 Not Simply Connected, Wallspace, New York, NY

Group exhibitions

2010
 Rock Garden, Salon 94 Freemans, New York, NY
 Herd Thinner-organized by David Hunt, Charest-Weinberg Gallery, Miami, NY

2009
 New York Minute—organized by Kathy Grayson, MACRO, Rome
 In the Between—organized by Suzanne Egeran, Istanbul, Turkey
 Offset—curated by Matthew Spiegelman, Mt Tremper Arts, Mt Tremper, NY
 Time-Life Part Two, Taxter & Spengemann, New York, NY
 From Yarn to Yucca-A Continuation of the Dialogue Between Abstraction and Figuration, John Connelly Presents, New York, NY
 Submerging Artists—curated by General Store, The Dark Fair, Koelnischer Kunstverein, Cologne, Germany
 Presents, Rowley Kennerk Gallery, Chicago

2008
 The Station—curated by Nate Lowman and Shamim M, Momim, Miami, FL
 Public Art Fund at Metrotech, Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, NY
 Lost in the Supermarket, Armand Bartos Fine Art, New York, NY
 Thank You for Coming Triple Candie, Triple Candie, New York, NY

2007
 Bunch, Alliance and Dissolve, Contemporary Art Center, Cincinnati, OH

2006
 Mystic River II, Arcadia University Art Gallery, Glenside, PA.
 EAF 06, Socrates Sculpture Park, Long Island City, NY
 Mystic River, curator Noah Sheldon, SouthFirst Gallery, Brooklyn, NY
 Space Between The Spokes, KS Art, New York, NY
 Dynasty, curator Omar Lopez-Chahoud, Gallery MC, New York, NY

2005
 Excitations curator Matt Keegan, Andrew Kreps Gallery, New York, NY
 North Drive Press Issue 2, collaboration with Rachel Harrison

2004
 The Reality of Things, Triple Candie, New York, NY
 Buy American, curator Joe Scanlan, Galerie Chez Valentin, Paris, France
 G C G, Art in the Office, 22 Courtland St. New York, NY

Reviews and publications
 "500 Words: Martha Friedman," Artforum.com, September 10, 2010.
 Douglas, Sarah, "Summer in the City: Group Shows," Artinfo, July 24, 2009
 Robinson, Walter, "Weekend Update," Artnet, July 22, 2009
 Rochelle Steiner and Abigail Clark, Trapdoor, Public Art Fund, April 2009.
 Momin, Shamim M., "Future Greats," Art Review, March 2009.
 Vogel, Carol, 'Inside Art: Appetite For Sculpture,' The New York Times, November 7, 2008
 'Bunch, Alliance and Dissolve, exhibition catalogue, November, 2006
 Saltz, Jerry, 'The Undead of Art History,' The Village Voice, October 30, 2006
 Fry, Naomi, 'EAF06: 2006 Emerging Artist Exhibition,' Critics' Pick, Artforum.com Oct 6, 2006
 Alemani, Cecilia, 'Mystic River,' Critics' Pick, ArtForum.com, May 31, 2006
 'Mystic River' exhibition catalogue, May 2006
 Cotter, Holland, 'Art in Review: Mystic River,' The New York Times, May 19, 2006
 'Dynasty' exhibition catalogue, March 2006
 'ETC.' exhibition catalogue, September 2005
 Cotter, Holland, 'Art in Review: 'Justin Lowe,' The New York Times, August 5, 2005
 Johnson, Ken, 'The Reality of Things,' The New York Times, June 18, 2004
 Ammirati, Domenick, 'Art in the Office,' Critics' Picks, ArtForum.com, April 13, 2004
 Selbach, Gerard, 'Buy American,' Paris Art, March 6, 2004

References
 http://www.publicartfund.org/pafweb/projects/08/trapdoor/friedman/friedman-08.html
 http://www.wallspacegallery.com/artists.html?id=2,9&cv=1

1975 births
Living people
21st-century American sculptors
Artists from Detroit
School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni
Yale University alumni
Cooper Union faculty
Pratt Institute faculty
Princeton University faculty
Rutgers University faculty
Wesleyan University faculty
Yale University faculty
Sculptors from Michigan

Martha Friedman


In mathematics, the quotient is the result of a division. For example, in the division of 6÷3, the quotient would be 2. Here, 6 is also called the dividend, and 3 the divisor. The quotient can thus be expressed as the number of times the divisor adds together into the dividend.

On the other hand, a quotient can also mean just the integral part of the result of dividing two integers. For example, the quotient of 17 ÷ 5 would be 3 (since 5 goes into 17 at most 3 times), whilst the remainder, the leftover of the division, would be 2.

Quotients also come up in certain tests, like the IQ test, which evaluates one's intelligence quotient. In this case, the quotient is the score of the test. In recent decades, as people begin to emphasize multi-dimensional personal development, other similar quotients (such as emotional quotient) are being developed and considered as well.

Related pages
 Difference quotient
 Fraction
 Long division
 Rational number

References

Numbers
Arithmetics

Quotient


Odd means unpaired, occasional, strange or unusual, or a person who is viewed as eccentric.

Odd may also refer to:

Mathematics
 Even and odd numbers, an integer is odd if dividing by two does not yield an integer
 Even and odd functions, a function is odd if f(−x) = −f(x) for all x
 Even and odd permutations, a permutation of a finite set is odd if it is composed of an odd number of transpositions

Arts and entertainment
 Odd Della Robbia, a character in the animated television series Code Lyoko
 Odd Thomas (character), a character in a series of novels by Dean Koontz
 the protagonist of Odd and the Frost Giants, a book by Neil Gaiman
 "Odd", a science fiction short story by John Wyndham in the collection The Seeds of Time
 Odd (Shinee album), an album by the South Korean boy band Shinee
 "Odd", a song by Loona Odd Eye Circle from Mix & Match

Ships
 HNoMS Odd, a Storm-class patrol boat of the Royal Norwegian Navy
 , a Norwegian whaler

Other uses
 Odd (name), a male name common in Norway
 Odd, West Virginia, U.S., an unincorporated community

See also
 ODD (disambiguation), an initialism
 Odds, from probability theory and gambling
 Oddity (disambiguation)

Odd


The Young Greens of England and Wales (YGEW) is the official youth branch of the Green Party of England and Wales (GPEW). All members of the GPEW who are under 30 years old and/or full or part-time students are members of the Young Greens and are allowed to get involved with their activities.

The Scottish Green Party also has a youth branch, the Scottish Young Greens, who work with the England and Wales group. Young Greens is affiliated with the Federation of Young European Greens (FYEG).

History

From 4 March to 6 March 1988, around 70 green students from across the country, including Gail Bradbrook, founded Green Party Students successioning from the Green Students Network, and formed a Coordinating Group. They soon had green groups, societies etc, mostly from universities and colleges - over 100 addresses on the mailing list. It's all documented in great detail and much more besides in the first edition of their magazine - Green Student. However the activity dwindled and the Green Student Network was moribund by the end of the millennium. Consequently the Young Greens was set up by young members of the Green Party of England and Wales in 2002. It was officially announced as being founded at the 2002 Scarborough GPEW Spring Conference by Ros Leeming. The organisation aimed to build local groups at universities, colleges, higher education institutions, sixth form colleges and schools, with no lower age limit for joining. It included students of any age due to the previous Green Student Network having been so inclusive, but was even more inclusive as non-students could join. Since then, it has grown to a membership of over 20,000 young members of the Green Party, over 60 local groups and regional groups in the North, the North East, South East, South West, the Midlands and London, as well as working with young people who are in work, unemployed or not in education.

Many Young Greens have been elected to County or City Councils, including Adrian Ramsay the current co-leader of the Green Party and former councillor in Norwich; Matt Sellwood, a former chair of the Young Greens, in Oxford, as well as Sam Coates also a former Chair, and Ash Haynes, a former Co-Chair and youngest ever Green councillor, in Norwich.

The Green Party of England and Wales' former deputy leader, Amelia Womack, and current co leader Carla Denyer are both former members of the Young Greens "30 under 30" training scheme.

Structure
The Young Greens is governed by a constitution, the original being adopted at a Young Greens meeting at the Green Party's 2014 Autumn Conference. A new constitution was adopted by the Young Greens Convention in October 2017. The group has an executive known as the Young Greens Executive Committee. The Committee is assisted by the Young Greens Coordinator who is employed by the Green Party and works at the party office.

Executive committee
The Executive Committee consists of twenty positions: two gender-balanced co-chairs, a treasurer, the two Green Students Committee Co-convenors, eight portfolio officers, six liberation group officers, and one officer representing the affiliated group, Under 18s Young Greens. The current holders of these positions are as follows:

Elected to serve from Spring 2023 - Spring 2024.

Campaigning
The Young Greens have a national campaign called "Fair Pay Campus". The campaign aims to achieve a living wage for all staff, including contracted staff, working at universities; transparency of the pay of Vice-Chancellors and senior management; and a pay ratio no more than 10:1 of highest and lowest paid employees at any individual university.

On 17 October 2013, the Young Greens released a report called "The Fair Pay League" which analysed the pay conditions at UK universities and ranked them in a league table. The report received coverage in various publications including Times Higher Education and The Independent. Imperial College London and London Business School were highlighted as "worst performers" and University of London and the School of Oriental and African Studies were highlighted as "best performers".

At Green Party Autumn Conference in September 2014, the Young Greens launched a new campaign called Get Organised! The campaign is aimed at getting Young Green Groups to work with Trade Unions locally and to encourage young people to join Trade Unions.

Representation
Young Greens regularly contest elections at all levels of government, and are actively involved and represented within bodies such as Students' Unions and the National Union of Students (NUS).

National government
Though there are no Young Greens elected to Westminster, members of the party and executive regularly stand for elections to it. In the 2017 General Election, around 35 members of the Young Greens stood for election to Westminster, including former Co-Chair Hannah Ellen Clare (Harlow, 660 votes), former Executive Committee members Alice Kiff (Birmingham Edgbaston, 562 votes) and Arran Rangi (Ashfield, 398 votes), and current Executive Committee member Nate Higgins (West Lancashire, 680 votes).

Local government
A number of Young Greens hold positions in local government including Lucy Pegg, Jamie Osborn, Harry Gorman, Sarah Tubbs, Emily Fedorowycz and Jessie Carter. Former Young Greens co-chair Lily Fitzgibbon was elected to represent Bishopston and Ashley Down in May 2021.

European Parliament

Young Green Party Member Magid Magid and former Lord Mayor of Sheffield City Council. was elected onto the European Parliament in the Yorkshire & Humber region in the May 2019 European Elections.

National Union of Students of the United Kingdom
At the 2006 NUS Conference in Blackpool, Young Green, Joe Rooney was elected to the 'Block of Twelve' on the NUS UK National Executive Committee (NEC) standing on the Education Not for Sale slate. In 2008, Joe Blakesley was elected as an FE officer on the NUS Wales NEC and to NUS UK Council.

There have been a number of Young Green sabbatical officers with Student Unions such as LSE, Portsmouth, Keele Postgraduate Association, Manchester, Warwick, Teesside and Edinburgh. Young Greens have held non-sabbatical positions at many more campuses including Aberystwyth, Cardiff, Royal Holloway and Stanmore College.

In 2014 Young Greens Co-Chair Clifford Fleming and Green Party member Hannah Graham were elected to the NUS block of 15.

See also
 Green Left (England and Wales)
 Green Party of England and Wales
 Federation of Young European Greens (FYEG)

References

External links

 Green Party of England and Wales website
 Federation of Young European Greens (FYEG) Website

Green Party of England and Wales
Youth wings of green parties in Europe
Green
2003 establishments in the United Kingdom

Young Greens of England and Wales


Debo Patrick Adegbile (born December 1966) is an American lawyer in private practice who also serves as a Commissioner for the United States Civil Rights Commission. He was previously nominated to serve as the United States Assistant Attorney General for the United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division. The Senate ultimately failed to confirm his nomination. The Fraternal Order of Police objected vehemently to a brief he filed arguing that there was racial discrimination in jury selection for the trial of Mumia Abu-Jamal, who was convicted of the murder of a law enforcement officer.

Adegbile also worked for the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund and as a senior counsel on the staff of the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary.

On December 15, 2016, the White House appointed Adegbile to the United States Commission on Civil Rights. This position does not require senate confirmation.

Early life and education

Born Adebowale Patrick Akande Adegbile in New York City, Adegbile is the son of a Nigerian father and an Irish immigrant mother.  He was raised by his single mother. He also was a child actor on the children's TV show Sesame Street during the 1970s, playing the character Debo and performing in episodes for nine years.

Adegbile studied at Lehman College in 1986 and 1987 and earned a bachelor's degree in 1991 from Connecticut College. He then earned a J.D. degree from New York University School of Law in 1994.

Professional career

During law school, Adegbile served as a legal assistant in the summer of 1991 for the New York law firm Solin & Breindel and then was a summer associate during the summer of 1992 for Morrison & Foerster. In the summer of 1993, Adegbile served as a summer associate for Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison. He then joined the firm full-time as an associate in the firm's litigation department in 1994, holding that position until 2001.

In 2001, Adegbile joined the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, where he served as assistant counsel from 2001 until 2004, associate director of litigation from 2004 until 2007, director of litigation from 2007 until 2010, associate director-counsel/director of litigation from 2010 until 2014, acting president and director counsel from 2012 until 2013, and special counsel in 2013. Adegbile argued his first case before the United States Supreme Court in 2008, making a defense of the Voting Rights Act.

Consideration for the D.C. Circuit

In October 2011, blogger Ed Whelan reported that the White House was considering nominating Adegbile to one of three vacancies at the time on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. Shortly thereafter, The Washington Post reported that President Obama had asked the American Bar Association to evaluate Adegbile's credentials, but the White House did not submit his name.

Nomination to be Assistant Attorney General

In 2013, Adegbile joined the staff of the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary as a senior counsel with a focus on legislative matters.

On November 18, 2013, President Obama nominated Adegbile to serve as Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division, to succeed Thomas Perez, who had left the position to serve as United States Secretary of Labor.

U.S Senators from both parties objected to Adegbile's signing of an appeal for Black Panther member Mumia Abu-Jamal  who was convicted in 1982 for the first-degree murder of Daniel Faulkner, a Philadelphia police officer, on December 9, 1981. Mumia Abu-Jamal was sentenced to death, although the death sentence later was vacated because of problems with jury instructions.  Adegbile and other lawyers filed an unsuccessful amicus curiae brief with the United States Supreme Court in 2009, arguing that the conviction was invalid because of racial discrimination in jury selection.

In January 2014, Adegbile's nomination was returned to Obama, who renominated Adegbile within days.

On February 6, 2014, the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary reported Adegbile's nomination to the full Senate in a 10–8, party-line vote.  On February 27, 2014, Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid filed for cloture on Adegbile's nomination, in an effort to cut off a filibuster by Republican senators.

On March 5, 2014, the U.S. Senate failed to advance Adegbile's nomination in a 47–52 vote blocking his confirmation. Senate Republicans unanimously voted against him, particularly because of his appeal for Abu-Jamal, along with seven Democratic Senators, including Abu-Jamal's home state senator, Bob Casey of Pennsylvania.

On September 15, 2014, Adegbile announced his withdrawal as a nominee to be assistant attorney general, and that he would be going into private practice, joining the law firm of Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr.

Appointment to be a Commissioner on the United States Commission on Civil Rights

On December 15, 2016, President Barack Obama announced his appointment of Debo P. Adegbile to the United States Commission on Civil Rights.

Personal life

Adegbile's first name "Adebowale" means "crown comes home" in Yoruba. He is married to Susan Haskell-Adegbile, and they live in New York City with their two daughters, Sela and Devan.

References

External links

1966 births
American civil rights lawyers
American people of Nigerian descent
American people of Irish descent
Connecticut College alumni
New York University School of Law alumni
Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr people
Living people
American activists
New York (state) lawyers
African-American male child actors
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American lawyers
21st-century American lawyers
United States Commission on Civil Rights members
Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison people
21st-century African-American people
People associated with Morrison & Foerster
20th-century African-American lawyers

Debo Adegbile


Six in the Seven at Eight, usually called 6, 7, 8, was an Argentine political commentary TV program broadcast by the government-run Channel 7 since 2009. Its name comes from the fact that, when it first started airing, there were five members on the show's panel, and its motto was you are the sixth one (the viewer). Since it was broadcast by Channel 7 at 8 p.m., the name was shortened to "6, 7, 8". In late 2009, the program was moved to 9 p.m., a new segment was added to be aired on Sundays at night, and new guest panelists were invited, making it more than six members. Nevertheless, the show's name remained unchanged.

It was first hosted by María Julia Oliván and a panel which included Orlando Barone, Carla Czudnowsky, Eduardo Cabito Massa Alcántara, Luciano Galende and Sandra Russo, along with a guest analyst who would give their opinions throughout the program. María Julia Oliván announced in an interview for web site Television.com.ar that, on January 28, 2010, should make her last appearance on the program. Her place was occupied by Luciano Galende, and from 2013 onward the host has been Carlos Barragán.

The program was nominated to the 2010 Martín Fierro Awards in the category Best Journalistic Program.

The program's panel discussed national and world events and analyzed their social and political repercussions on Argentina. The program has come under criticism due to its perceived advocacy of Kirchnerism, which is controversial since it is aired by a state-owned TV channel during the time when Cristina Kirchner was president. The program ceased to be aired shortly after the end of the presidency of Cristina Kirchner.

Airing history
6, 7, 8 was first aired on March 9, 2009. The initial name was "6 in the 7 at 8", making reference to the 6 people in the program, the channel Televisión Pública Argentina that airs in channel 7, and that the program was broadcast at 8:00 pm. Although the number of people and the timeslot changed over time, the name "678" was kept. It is an Archive television program focused on politics and journalism. It was created during the campaign for the 2009 midterm elections, in order to broadcast the Kirchnerite propaganda known as Relato K, and to attack the opposing candidates. It received a privileged timeslot on Sundays, right after the broadcasting of the Fútbol para todos weekly matches. Once the elections were over, it continued to voice the Kirchnerite view in the conflict between Kirchnerism and the media.

Mauricio Macri, president of Argentina since December 10, 2015, appointed Hernán Lombardi as the new manager for Channel 7. Soon thereafter it was announced that the channel would not air 6, 7, 8 because the production company decided not to renew the contract with the TV Pública.

Criticism and controversy

According to Clarín newspaper the program uses archive footage to criticize Mass Media outlets, judges and political opponents to the national government.

On October 13, 2009 the program aired a video that had circulated in blogs. The anonymous video was recorded through a hidden camera, and it shows the journalist and columnist of newspaper La Nación, Carlos Pagni, in an alleged operation to publish false information for the purpose of damaging the oil company Repsol YPF. The broadcast of the video was criticized by the Partido Solidario deputy Carlos Heller who was a guest on the program that day, expressing his objection to the publication of anonymous films. The contents of the video were criticized by the panelists after it was shown.
According to an article in La Nación that was published the next day about the segment, "the presentation of the hidden camera, and the images of the hidden camera (cut, but carefully and professionally edited) do not, at any moment, show the columnist in situations that could corroborate the serious and injurious charges about corruption that are made in the video through printed boards and a voice-over".

In the video, there are appearances by other people who may represent Pagni, receiving money in return for newspaper articles. However, after the airing on October 13, Pagni received the support of the Argentine Journalism Forum (Foro del Periodismo Argentino) and other journalists.

YPF issued a complaint to investigate who recorded the video, and the veracity of the facts that are seen on it. They assured that "it is true that the video is anonymous and made in a more obscure way. However, it warns that it was a journalistic operation against us".

Awards

Nominations
 2013 Martín Fierro Awards
 Best journalism program

References

Bibliography

External links
 Website for the company Pensado para Televisión
 Official website of Canal Siete

Archive television shows
Televisión Pública original programming
2009 Argentine television series debuts
Argentine television talk shows
Television news shows
Argentine propaganda organisations
Kirchnerite propaganda
Kirchnerism
2015 Argentine television series endings

6, 7, 8


Ayutthaya was the capital of Ayutthaya kingdom. Its full name is 'Phra-Na-Khon-Sri-A-Yud-Dha-Ya'. Some people call it 'Ayudya'. This city was the capital for 417 years. Ayudhaya is at the center of Thailand. It was built at the meeting of the rivers Chao Phraya, Pa Sak and Lopburi. It is like an island city.  This province is Diagnol to Lopburi, Angthong at the north, Pathumthani and Nonthaburi at the south, Saraburi at the east and Suphanburi at the west of Thailand. It is also the place we're the first ever king of Thailand was born.

References

Cities in Thailand

Ayutthaya (city)


The Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) is designed to simulate the precipitation-runoff processes of dendritic drainage basins.  It is designed to be applicable in a wide range of geographic areas for solving the widest possible range of problems.  This includes large river basin water supply and flood hydrology, and small urban or natural watershed runoff.  Hydrographs produced by the program are used directly or in conjunction with other software for studies of water availability, urban drainage, flow forecasting, future urbanization impact, reservoir spillway design, flood damage reduction, floodplain regulation, and systems operation.

The program is a generalized modeling system capable of representing many different watersheds.  A model of the watershed is constructed by separating the water cycle into manageable pieces and constructing boundaries around the watershed of interest.  Any mass or energy flux in the cycle can then be represented with a mathematical model.  In most cases, several model choices are available for representing each flux.  Each mathematical model included in the program is suitable in different environments and under different conditions.  Making the correct choice requires knowledge of the watershed, the goals of the hydrologic study, and engineering judgement.

HEC-HMS is a product of the Hydrologic Engineering Center within the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.  The program was developed beginning in 1992 as a replacement for HEC-1 which has long been considered a standard for hydrologic simulation.  The new HEC-HMS provides almost all of the same simulation capabilities, but has modernized them with advances in numerical analysis that take advantage of the significantly faster desktop computers available today.  It also includes a number of features that were not included in HEC-1, such as continuous simulation and grid cell surface hydrology.  It also provides a graphical user interface to make it easier to use the software.  The program is now widely used and accepted for many official purposes, such as floodway determinations for the Federal Emergency Management Agency in the United States.

See also
 Hydrology

References

External links
 HEC-HMS Homepage  at the Hydrologic Engineering Center

Hydrology software

HEC-HMS


James John Patsos (born October 1, 1966) is an American college basketball coach.

Patsos earned his B.A. from Catholic University in 1989. There, he played basketball under Jack Bruen, who later coached Colgate University to a couple of NCAA tournament appearances in the 1990s.

Early career
Patsos served on the coaching staff of Gary Williams at the University of Maryland for 13 years, beginning as a volunteer assistant in 1991. Patsos took over at Loyola after they suffered a 1–27 season under former coach Scott Hicks.

Patsos was the 20th head coach of Loyola men's basketball. In his first season as coach in 2004, he guided them to a 6–22 record. In his second season, they reached 15–13, the first time they had a winning record since the 1993–94 season, the year they reached the NCAA Tournament under Skip Prosser.

On Dec. 22, 2009 a Patsos led Loyola team recorded the greatest regular season win in program history by defeating the Indiana Hoosiers 72–67. The Hounds led by as many as 22, before the Hoosiers rallied to take a late lead.  Senior guard Brett Harvey led the Hounds back scoring 9 points in the final 3 minutes.

Patsos has guided the Greyhounds to multiple 3rd place MAAC finishes, finishing with 18 wins in 2006–07 and a tied a school record with 19 wins in 2007–08.

Patsos has sought local talent in his coaching staff. Former players from Maryland, Terrell Stokes and Matt Kovarik are former assistants at Loyola.

A former member of his staff at Loyola was current Loyola Head Coach G.G. Smith, the son of college basketball coach Tubby Smith

Patsos received a contract extension from Loyola on July 9, 2008. Per Loyola policies, details of the contract were not released.

On November 25, 2008, Patsos and the Greyhounds double-teamed Davidson All-American Stephen Curry for the entire game, leaving his other three players to face the 24th ranked Wildcats in a four on three game.  Davidson won by 30, while Curry stood in the corner during most possessions.  Commenting afterwards, Patsos said: "We had to play against an NBA player tonight. Anybody else ever hold him scoreless? I'm a history major. They're going to remember that we held him scoreless or we lost by 30?  I know the fans are mad at me, but I had to roll the dice as far as a coach goes. I'm not some rookie coach," said Patsos, a former longtime assistant at Maryland. "I won a national title as a top assistant coach to Gary Williams. For 13 years I spent on Tobacco Road. I coached a couple of No. 1 picks in the draft. And we scored 48 points. That's the problem that Loyola basketball had today." (implying that his team's offense cost them the game, not their defense).

Siena Saints

After nine seasons at Loyola, Patsos agreed to replace Mitch Buonaguro in a similar capacity at Siena on April 2, 2013.

2013-2018

On November 19, 2013 Patsos recorded his first win at Siena in a 72–70 triumph over St. Bonaventure.

In his first season at the helm, Patsos guided the Saints to their first winning season since 2010 as the program capped off a 20-18 year which ended in a CBI championship. The title was the program's second ever national postseason championship (1950 National Catholic Invitational). After starting the season 7-12, Siena finished the regular season strongly with an 11-9 conference record and fifth-place finish before losing in the MAAC Quarterfinals to Canisius 71-65.

The Saints were selected to play in College Basketball Invitational. Siena defeated Stony Brook 66-55 in the first round. The Saints then won a thriller beating Penn State from the Big Ten Conference 54-52 in the Quarterfinals. After a 61-49 win over Illinois State in the semifinals; Siena defeated Fresno State in the best-of-three CBI championship series. Siena won game one on the road 61-57 after rallying from 12 down in the second half. The Bulldogs would tie the series before the Saints would clinch the title with an 81-68 victory in game three. Siena finished the season winning nine of their final 11 games.

On April 13, 2018 Patsos resigned from Siena after 5 years with a 77-92 career record after the college opened an investigation into allegations of inappropriate behavior in the program.

Head coaching record

Controversies
On November 19, 2008 Jimmy Patsos became one of the only coaches ever to coach from the stands during his team's game in an attempt to avoid being ejected by the referees.

On November 25, 2008 Patsos was roundly criticized for appearing to prefer holding Davidson player Stephen Curry scoreless over winning the basketball game by double-teaming Curry while he stood in the corner while Davidson played 4 on 3 against the remaining players.  In his post-game press-conference, Patsos justified his strategy by stating that "We had to play against an NBA player tonight. Anybody else ever hold him scoreless? I'm a history major. They're going to remember that we held him scoreless or we lost by 30?"

On January 17, 2017 after a brawl in a game vs Rider, the Broncs and their head coach decided not to shake hands with Patsos and his team. In response Patsos walked down the line where he would've shaken the Rider team and staffs and, decided to air shake their hands. In response, Patsos received a reprimand from the NCAA, along with the Rider Basketball Coach, Kevin Bagget. Siena won the league game 78-68.

References

1966 births
Living people
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from Massachusetts
Basketball players from Boston
Catholic University Cardinals men's basketball players
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
High school basketball coaches in the United States
Loyola Greyhounds men's basketball coaches
Maryland Terrapins men's basketball coaches
Siena Saints men's basketball coaches

Jimmy Patsos


The Mitsubishi Model A is the ae caur biggit bi the Mitsubishi Shipbuilding Company, a member o the Mitsubishi keiretsu which wad eventually evolve intae Mitsubishi Motors, an the first series production automobile manufactured in Japan. It wis the brainchild o Koyata Iwasaki, the Mitsubishi's fowert preses an the nephew o foonder Yataro Iwasaki, who foresaw the vast potential o motorized vehicles an the role thay wad play in the economic development o Japan. Envisioned as a luxury vehicle for heich echelon govrenment offeecials an tap executives, the Model A haed tae be reliable, comfortable an a showcase o Japanese craftsmanship.

Based on the Fiat Tipo 3, it wis a fower-door seiven-seat sedan pouered bi a front-mountit 26 kW (35 hp) 2.8 litre straight-4 ingine drivin the rear wheels, an wis capable o speeds up tae 20 mile per oor (32 km/h). 22 war biggit at the company's Kobe shipyard, includin prototypes, atween 1917 and 1921.

Acause it wis expensive tae produce—it wis biggit entirely bi haund, wi a cab made o lacquert white cypress—it coud no compete wi cheaper American an European competeetion, an Mitsubishi haltit production efter fower years. Concentratin insteid on its successfu Fuso commercial vehicles, the Model A wad be the company's last passenger caur till the Mitsubishi 500 o 1960.

At Mitsubishi's Auto Gallery (a museum o the company's maist historically significant vehicles, establisht at thair R&D Center in Okazaki in 1989) thare is a replica on display, assembled in 1972 uisin materials o the time. It haes a slichtly shorter wheelbase, an uises a water-cooled 977 cc fower-cylinder OHV ingine instead o the lairger 2.8 litre oreeginal.

References an Freemit airtins
Mitsubishi Motors Web Museum
Model A replica at Mitsubishi Auto Gallery
Mitsubishi Model A specifications at Carfolio.com (thir differ slichtly frae Mitsubishi's ain figures)
"The Greatest Japanese Cars Of All Time" , Michael Frank, Forbes.com, 23 Apryle 2001

Model A
Rear wheel drive vehicles
First automobile made bi manufacturer
Sedans
1910s automobiles
1920s automobiles
Vehicles introduced in 1917

Mitsubishi Model A


Events

 Alonso Lobo, Spanish composer, is appointed maestro de capilla by Seville Cathedral.
 Ruggiero Giovannelli, Italian composer and successor to Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina at St. Peter's, acquires post at Collegio Germanico in Rome.
 Giulio Belli, Italian composer, is appointed maestro di cappella at cathedral in Carpi, Italy.
 Giovanni Bernardino Nanino, Italian composer of the Roman School, is appointed maestro di cappella at S Luigi dei Francesi in Rome.
 John Bull becomes organist for Elizabeth I at the Chapel Royal.
 Emilio de' Cavalieri serves as a papal spy, engaging in several secret vote-buying missions to Florence.

Publications
 Giammateo Asola
Second book of masses for five voices (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino)
3 Masses for six voices (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino)
 John Baldwin completes My Ladye Nevells Booke, a manuscript anthology of keyboard music by William Byrd
 Paolo Bellasio – Madrigals for three, four, five, six, seven, and eight voices (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino)
 William Byrd, Catholic composer in England, publishes his , Book 2, for five and six voices (London: Thomas East for William Byrd)
 Giovanni Croce –  for eight voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti), music for Compline, his first publication
 Scipione Dentice – First book of madrigals for five voices (Naples: Matteo Cancer)
 John Farmer – Divers and sundrie waies of two parts in one (London: Thomas East), a collection of vocal canons
 Stefano Felis
Third book of motets for five voices (Venice: Girolamo Scotto)
Sixth book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Scipione Rizzo for Girolamo Scotto)
 Giovanni Giacomo Gastoldi – Balletti a5, published in Venice
 Gioseffo Guami – Fourth book of madrigals for five and six voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
 Adam Gumpelzhaimer
 (Augsburg: Valentin Schönigk), a music theory textbook in Latin and German
 for three voices (Augsburg: Valentin Schönigk)
 Hans Leo Hassler –  for four, five, six, seven, eight, and more voices (Augsburg: Valentin Schönigk), a large collection of motets
 Marc'Antonio Ingegneri – First book of motets for six voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
 Luca Marenzio – Fifth book of madrigals for six voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
Philippe de Monte – Sixth book of madrigals for six voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
 Johannes Nucius –  for five and six voices (Prague: Georg Nigrinus)
 Pietro Paolo Paciotto has his first book of masses published in Venice by Alessandro Gardano
 Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, Italian composer, publishes a group of Magnificat settings, in Rome
 Andreas Pevernage – Fourth book of chansons for five voices (Antwerp: widow of Plantin & Jean Mourentorf)
 Giaches de Wert, Franco-Flemish composer, publishes his tenth book of madrigals

Births

October 6 – Settimia Caccini, Italian composer and singer, younger daughter of Giulio Caccini and sister of Francesca Caccini (died 1638)
date unknown
Joseph Solomon Delmedigo, Cretan music theorist, in Candia (Iraklion) (died 1655)
Robert Dowland, lutenist and composer (died 1641)

Deaths
January 7 – Jacobus de Kerle, Netherlandish composer
February 10 – Ambrose Lupo, court musician and composer to Tudor monarchs (date of birth unknown)
May 23 – John Blitheman, organist and composer (born 1525)
July 2 – Vincenzo Galilei, Italian composer, lutenist and music theorist, father of Galileo (born 1520)
July 18 – Jacobus Gallus (Jakob Handl), Slovene composer (born 1550)
July 30 – Andreas Pevernage, Flemish composer (born 1542/43)
date unknown
Joan Brudieu, composer (born 1520)
William Mundy, composer of sacred music (born 1529)

Music
16th century in music
Music by year

1591 in music


Hafiz Ghulam Ahmad Faroghi (1861–1919) was a scholar of repute of Arabic and Persian language at Bhopal state. He was first appointed as 'Head Maulvi' at Sulaimania School and then worked as a teacher at Jahangiria School. These two schools were very famous for affluent class during the princely state of Bhopal.

Biography
Ghulam Ahmad was born in Tijara on 22 Muharram 1278 AH/ 1861 AD. At the age of 6 years in 1867, he came to Bhopal with his father Ghulam Mansoor. He learned the Quran by heart at the age of 9 years. Apart from his father, he took tutoring from Maulana Fida Ali Farigh Moradabadi. He was appointed a teacher in the Madrasa Farsi at Jahangirabad, Bhopal and then 'Head Maulvi' at Sulaimania School. He also taught at Jahangiria School.

Although he is not famous as a physician, he treated many patients. He had a pharmacy shop at Mohallah Ibrahimpura and used to prepare many compound drugs. Many drugs of his prescriptions are mentioned in the "Bayaz" of Hakim Syed Karam Husain.

Books
As a scholar, he authored many books which were prescribed as text books in various schools. He also authored five dictionaries in the field of education at the pattern of Ḳhāliq Bārī, a versified glossary of Persian, Arabic, and Hindawi words and phrases attributed to Amir Khusrow:

Five dictionaries:
 Faiz Shah Jahani
 Nisab BeNazir
 Hayat Azizi
 Qadir Nama Faroghi
 Nazr-i Sultani

Teaching and students
He was against of taking tutoring at home. Nawab Sultan Jahan Begum wanted him to accompany Nawab Hamidullah Khan at Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, Aligarh for education as a Persian teacher, but Ghulam Ahmad Faroghi denied. Similarly, Mir Bakshi who was a strong (Faujdar) at the Bhopal state requested him to teach Arabic and Persian for his son. After his denial, Mir Bakshi started sending his son to Ghulam Ahmad Faroghi in a Baggi along with Artillery Sepoys as a guard.

Again when his services were requested to teach outside the school by General Muhammad Ubaidullah Khan for his sons Wahiduzzafar Khan and Saeeduz Zafar Khan, he remarked "I don't sell teaching and go to any home". Major-General Al-Haj Mohsin ul-Mulk, Nawab Hafiz Muhammad Ubaidu'llah Khan Sahib Bahadur, CSI was Brigadier and Commander-in-Chief of the Bhopal State Forces and Imperial Service Troops.

Ghulam Ahmad Faroghi had many students. Several learned scholars were turned up as his students. To name a few, Abdul Jalil Mail Naqvi, Maulvi Ibrahim Khalil, Maulvi Haji Ahsan Husain (Head master Jahangiria School), Master Shiv Dayal (Head master Model School), Master Gya Prasad, Liaqat Husain (District Judge), Muniruddin Munir, Vakil Mohammad Ismail Ramzi Tirmizi, Narbada Prasad Nigam (Personal secretary of the Prime Minister Raja Sarwadh Narain), Maulvi Mazhar Hasan Adhami (Caliph Ashraf Ali Thanwi) and Aizazudddin, etc.

"Syed Muhammad Yusuf Qasar writes that among his friends were his teachers Ghulam Ahmad Faroghi and Maulvi Abdul Qadir Nazim. Faroghi was Head Maulvi of Jahangiria High School. He had a small book shop also, where Barkatullah used to visit in the evenings. He wore long kurta, pyjama and sadri"

The State of Bhopal is fortunate in having had Rulers who have been deeply interested in the advancement of education among the people. The first regular school in the State was opened in the year 1860, and about ten years later it was decided by the Durbar that the people might be induced to have their children instructed even in primary knowledge if they were to publish an order that appointments to positions in the State departments would not thereafter be given to any individuals who had not obtained a certificate from a recognised college of school. A Regulation to that effect was actually issued, and progress was noted almost immediately afterwards. The principal educational institution at the present time is the Sulaimania High School, affiliated to the University of Allahabad, in which instructions is given in the Persian, Urdu, and Hindi languages, and in the text of the Koran. The students are more than 800 in number. The Alexandra High School has a daily attendance roll of about 185 youths, and the good work performed by the teachers is apparent from the satisfactory percentage of pupils who have been successful in matriculation examinations. The institution in which English was first taught in Bhopal is the Jahangiria School, in which there are about 320 pupils. There are also the "Madrassa Ahmadia", specially reserved for instruction in religious subjects; the Victoria Girls' School, erected in 1891 and the Sultania School, for daughters of parents in good positions, which has a large number of pupils on the rolls. There are also 75 primary schools, a medical school for instruction in the Unani system of medicine and surgery, and an Art School, commenced in 1905, for the purpose of enabling widows and destitute women to earn a decent livelihood

Marriage and children
He was first married to Imtiazi Begum (daughter of Qazi Wahiduddin, Kotwal, Ajmer), at the age of 12 years at Tijara on 22 Shawwal 1390 AH/1873 AD. Mohammad Zubair, Abussalam, Mukhtar Jahan, Bilqees Begum, Marghoobun Nisan and Masood Jahan were born. With second wife (Maboobun Nisan), Abdur Raqeeb, Abdul Haseeb and Mastoor Jahan were born. Thus, he had nine children.

 Mohammad Zubair (died on 15 Safar 1385 AH / 1965 AD on Wednesday) was married to his cousin Mumtaz Begum (daughter of Riyazi Begum). He left India and migrated to Medina on 9 Shawwal 1354 AH / 5 January 1936.
 Abussalam (1897 – February 1977) was married to Abida and Jamila Salam and had one son Mohammad Ikram (21 March 1919 – 17 September 1982).
 Mukhtar Jahan was married to Liaquat Hussain and had one daughter Hashimi Begum (wife of Dr. Qazi Jamaluddin ibn Qazi Fayyazuddin). After the death of Mukhtar Jahan, Liaquat Hussain remarried with Nazeer Begum with whom, two daughters were born namely Basheeran Bano (wife of Mohammad Siddiq) and Raoufa Bano (wife of Syed Ahmad Hasan Jafri).
 Bilqees Begum was married to Irshad Husain
 Marghoobun Nisan was married to Sufi Riyaz Mustafa of Bulandshahr
 Masood Jahan was married to Haji Mohammad Yunus
 Abdur Raqeeb
 Abdul Haseeb
 Mastoor Jahan was married to Hafiz Qazi Nasimuddin

Death
He died on 30 Dhu al-Hijjah 1337 AH / 1919 AD and is buried at the graveyard Jhadda, Jahangirabad, Bhopal.

See also
Ghulam Mansoor (father)
Munshi Hakimuddin
Hafiz Mazhar Husain
Zakiruddin 'Zaki'
Kabiruddin 'Kalim'
Qazi Hameeduddin

References

1861 births
Writers from Bhopal
1919 deaths
People from Tijara
19th-century Indian Muslims
Urdu-language poets from India
Linguists of Urdu
Persian-language poets
Unani practitioners
19th-century Indian poets
20th-century Indian poets
19th-century Indian educational theorists
20th-century Indian educational theorists
Scholars from Madhya Pradesh
Poets from Madhya Pradesh
People from Bhopal State
Writers from British India

Ghulam Ahmad Faroghi


Enrique Peña Nieto  (; born 20 July 1966), commonly referred to by his initials EPN, is a Mexican politician who served as the 64th president of Mexico from 1 December 2012 to 30 November 2018. A member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), he previously served as Governor of the State of Mexico from 2005 to 2011, local deputy from 2003 to 2004, and Secretary of Administration from 2000 to 2002.

Born in Atlacomulco and raised in Toluca, Peña Nieto attended Panamerican University, graduating with a B.A. in legal studies. After attaining an MBA from ITESM, he began his political career by joining the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) in 1984. After serving as a public notary in Mexico City, he began an ascent through local political ranks in the late 1990s, culminating in his 2005 campaign for Governor of the State of Mexico. As governor, he pledged to deliver 608 compromisos (commitments) to his constituency to varying levels of success. His tenure  was marked by low-to-moderate approval of his handling of a rising murder rate, the San Salvador Atenco civil unrest, and various public health issues. He launched his 2012 presidential campaign on a platform of economic competitiveness and open government. After performing well in polls and a series of high-profile candidate withdrawals, Peña Nieto was elected president with 38.14% of the vote.

As president, he instated the multilateral Pact for Mexico, which soothed inter-party fighting and led to increased legislation across the political spectrum. During his first four years,  Peña Nieto led an expansive breakup of monopolies, liberalized Mexico's energy sector, reformed public education, and modernized the country's financial regulation. However, political gridlock and allegations of media bias gradually worsened corruption, crime, and drug trade in Mexico. Global drops in oil prices limited the success of his economic reforms, which lowered political support for Peña Nieto. His handling of the Iguala mass kidnapping in 2014 and the escape of drug lord Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán from Altiplano prison in 2015 sparked international criticism. Guzmán himself claims to have bribed Peña Nieto during his trial. As of 2022, he is additionally part of the Odebrecht controversy, with former Pemex CEO Emilio Lozoya Austin declaring that Peña Nieto's presidential campaign benefited from illegal campaign funds provided by Odebrecht in exchange for future favors.

Historical evaluations and approval rates of his presidency have been mostly negative. Detractors highlight a series of failed policies and a strained public presence while supporters note increased economic competitiveness and loosening of gridlock. He began his term with an approval rate of 50%, hovered around 35% during his inter-years and finally bottomed out at 12% in January 2017. He left office with an approval rating of only 18% and 77% of disapproval. Peña Nieto is seen as one of the most controversial and least popular presidents in the history of Mexico.

Early life and education
Enrique Peña Nieto was born on 20 July 1966 in Atlacomulco, State of Mexico, a city  northwest of Mexico City. He is the oldest of four siblings; his father, Gilberto Enrique Peña del Mazo, was an electrical engineer; his mother, María del Perpetuo Socorro Ofelia Nieto Sánchez, a schoolteacher. He is the nephew of two former governors of the State of México: on his mother's side, Arturo Montiel; on his father's, Alfredo del Mazo González. He attended Denis Hall School in Alfred, Maine, during one year of junior high school in 1979 to learn English. After living in Atlacomulco for the first 11 years of his life, Peña Nieto's family moved to the city of Toluca.

In 1975, his father would often take him to the campaign rallies of the State of Mexico's governor, Jorge Jiménez Cantú, a close friend of Peña del Mazo. The successor of the governor was Alfredo del Mazo González, a cousin of Peña Nieto's father. During Del Mazo González's campaign in 1981, the fifteen-year-old Peña Nieto had his first direct contact with Mexican politics: he began delivering campaign literature in favor of his relative, a memory Peña Nieto recalls as the turning point and start of his deep interest in politics.

In 1984 at the age of 18, Peña Nieto traveled to Mexico City and enrolled in the Panamerican University, where he earned a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in legal studies. Peña Nieto's academic thesis was found to contain some improper citations and plagiarism, which stirred controversy in May 2016. Peña Nieto sought a master's degree in Business Administration (MBA) at the Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM), based in the State of Mexico.

Political beginnings

Peña Nieto joined the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) in 1984, and with a law degree nearly completed, he began earning his own money. During his final years in college, Peña Nieto worked for a public notary in Mexico City, around the same time when his relative Alfredo del Mazo González was mentioned as a firm candidate for the 1988 presidential elections. In his twenties, he worked at the San Luis Industrial Corporation, an auto parts manufacturer, and at the law firm Laffan, Muse and Kaye. While still a student at the Universidad Panamericana, he roomed with Eustaquio de Nicolás, the current president of Homex, a leading Mexican construction and real estate company. He also befriended and roomed with Luis Miranda, who occupied several offices during the 1999–2000 administration in the State of Mexico.

Peña Nieto formally started his political career under the mentorship of Montiel Rojas, becoming the Secretary of the Citizen Movement of Zone I of the State Directive Committee of the National Confederation of Popular Organizations (CNOP), one of the three sectors of the PRI. For three consecutive years, Peña Nieto participated as a delegate to the Organization and Citizen Front in different municipalities of the State of Mexico. Then, between 1993 and 1998, during Emilio Chuayfett's term as governor, Peña Nieto was chief of staff and personal secretary to Montiel Rojas, the Secretary of Economic Development of the State of Mexico.

After 1999, Peña Nieto went from having low-level secretary positions to higher and more qualified offices. He served from 1999 to 2000 as the sub-secretary of government, and as financial sub-coordinator of the political campaign of Montiel Rojas. In 2001, Montiel Rojas named Peña Nieto Sub-secretary of Interior in the State of Mexico, a position that granted him the opportunity to meet and forge relationships with top PRI politicians and business leaders. After his term concluded, he served as the administrative secretary, as president of the Directive Council of Social Security, as president of the Internal Council of Health, and as vice president of the National System for Integral Family Development – all in the State of Mexico. Under the wing of Montiel Rojas, Peña Nieto formed a group known as the "Golden Boys of Atlacomulco" with other members of the PRI.

Campaign for Governor
Peña Nieto was elected to a local deputy position in his hometown of Atlacomulco, State of Mexico, in 2003. Two years later, the governorship of the State of Mexico was sought by Atlacomulco-natives Carlos Hank Rhon, Isidro Pastor, Héctor Luna de la Vega, Guillermo González Martínez, Óscar Gustavo Cárdenas Monroy, Eduardo Bernal Martínez, Cuauhtémoc García Ortega and Fernando Alberto García Cuevas. Peña Nieto was among the crowd, but was not poised as one of the favorites. Nonetheless, in 2005, Peña Nieto was the last man standing, succeeding Montiel Rojas as governor of the State of Mexico. On 12 February 2005, with 15,000 supporters in attendance, he was sworn in as candidate for the PRI.

Governor of the State of Mexico (2005–2011)

On 15 September 2005, Peña Nieto was sworn as governor of the State of Mexico at the Morelos theater in Toluca. Among the attendees were the outgoing governor, Arturo Montiel; the president of the Superior Court of Justice, José Castillo Ambriz; former governors, members of Peña Nieto's cabinet and party, mayors, businessmen, and church figures. The centerpiece of Peña Nieto's governorship was his claim that he was to deliver his compromisos – 608 promises he signed in front of a notary to convince voters that he would deliver results and be an effective leader. According to El Universal, during Peña Nieto's first year as governor, his administration delivered 10 of the structural promises he had advocated in his campaign – marking the lowest figure in his six-year term.

By 2006, his administration carried out 141 of the promised projects, making that year the most active in the governor's term. The 608 projects Peña Nieto proposed consisted of creating highways, building hospitals, and creating adequate water systems to provide fresh water throughout the state. The most important of these was highway infrastructure, which tripled under Peña's government. By mid-2011, the official page of the State of Mexico noted that only two projects were left. The major projects in public transportation were the Suburban Railway of the Valley of Mexico Metropolitan Area and the "Mexibús", both of which served commuters between Mexico City and the State of Mexico, providing service to more than 300,000 people every day and 100 million a year. Regarding public health services, 196 hospitals and medical centers were built throughout the state and the number of mobile units to attend remote and vulnerable areas doubled. Deaths caused by respiratory diseases were reduced by 55%, while deaths caused by dysentery and cervical cancer were reduced by 68% and 25% respectively. In addition, between 2005 and 2011, the State of Mexico was able to fulfill the requirement of the World Health Organization of having one doctor for every 1,000 inhabitants. The funds for these and all the other commitments were obtained through restructuring the state's public debt, a strategy designed by his first Secretary of Finance, Luis Videgaray Caso. The restructuring also managed to keep the debt from increasing during Peña Nieto's term because the tax base was broadened to the point that it doubled in six years.

Peña Nieto also claimed that he halved the murder rate in the State of Mexico during his time as governor, but retracted this claim after The Economist showed that the murder rate did not diminish and was being measured in a different way.

The Yo Soy 132 student movement criticized Peña Nieto for his stance on the San Salvador Atenco unrest, which occurred during his term as governor. A report from the National Human Rights Commission (CNDH) stated protestors were subjected to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, arbitrary arrests and sexual assault, and remarked the excessive use of force by state and federal police. Peña Nieto stated in an interview that he does not justify the actions of the state and municipal forces, but also mentioned that they were not gladly received by the citizens of San Salvador Atenco upon their arrival.

Presidential campaign

On 23 November 2011, Peña Nieto went to a book fair in Casa del Lago, Mexico City. There he presented his book México, la gran esperanza (Mexico, the great hope). He was accompanied by writer Héctor Aguilar Camín, the former governor of Mexico's Central Bank, Guillermo Ortiz Martínez, and the journalist Jaime Sánchez Susarrey. In the book, Peña Nieto argued that Mexico needed to expand its economy to create more jobs, insisting that in the past the country has only created jobs in the informal sector. Additionally, he argued that promoting Pemex (Mexico's state-owned oil company) to compete in the private sector would create more jobs, elevate productivity, and balance wealth distribution across Mexico. Peña Nieto dedicated the book to his wife Angélica Rivera and to governor Eruviel Ávila Villegas and his family. Peña Nieto said that the return of the PRI marks a new era in Mexico, and that his book served as a starting point to take Mexico "to better horizons".

On 27 November 2011, a few days after the book fair, Peña Nieto was the PRI's last standing nominee for the 2012 Mexican presidential elections. The former State of Mexico governor completed his nomination at an event that gathered sympathizers and politicians. Six days earlier, the senator and preliminary candidate of the PRI, Manlio Fabio Beltrones, withdrew from the race and gave Peña Nieto a clear path towards the presidency. During a book fair a month later, Peña Nieto's public image came into question after he struggled to answer a question that asked which three books had marked his life. Later, Peña Nieto was interviewed by El País and admitted that he did not know the price of tortillas. When he was criticized as being out of touch, Peña Nieto insisted that he was not "the woman of the household" and thus would not know the price.

His campaign was supported by the Commitment to Mexico alliance.

Elections

On 1 July 2012, Mexico's presidential election took place. In an initial, partial count issued that night, the Federal Electoral Institute (IFE) announced that based on a fast vote counting, Peña Nieto was leading the election with 38% of the votes. His nearest competitor, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, was just 6 points behind him. The figures were meant to be a representative sample of the votes nationwide; but shortly after this announcement, Peña Nieto appeared on national television claiming victory. "This Sunday, Mexico won", he said. He then thanked his voters and promised to run a government "responsible and open to criticism." At the PRI headquarters in Mexico City, the victory party began. With more than 97% of the votes counted on election day, the PRI had won with about 38% of the votes, 6.4 points above the leftist candidate López Obrador of the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), who refused to concede to the results and had threatened to challenge the outcome, criticizing the PRI for allegedly engaging in vote buying and receiving illegal campaign contributions.

Presidency (2012–2018)

Peña Nieto was sworn in as President of Mexico on 1 December 2012 at the federal congress and later flew to a military parade to formally take control of the armed forces. During his inauguration speech at the National Palace, Peña Nieto proposed his agendas and reforms for the new administration. Before and after the inauguration, in an event that has been labeled by the media as the 1DMX, protesters rioted outside of the National Palace and clashed with Federal Police forces, vandalizing hotel structures and setting fires in downtown Mexico City. More than 90 protesters were arrested and several were injured. Mayor Marcelo Ebrard blamed "anarchist groups" for the violence. However, there is evidence that agents of provocation worked with the police, paid 300 Mexican pesos (about US$20) for their acts of vandalism, according to media reports. Photos show protesters waiting in groups behind police lines prior to the violence. Previous protests had been entirely peaceful, but on this occasion, in apparent response to violence, the police fired rubber bullets. The day after his inauguration, Peña Nieto announced the Pact for Mexico, an agreement that he had struck with the leaders of the two other major parties at the time, Jesús Zambrano Grijalva of the Party of the Democratic Revolution and Gustavo Madero Muñoz of the National Action Party, about the government's goals for the next few years. On 1 December 2018, Enrique Peña Nieto left office and was succeeded by Andrés Manuel López Obrador.

Economic policy

The auto manufacturing industry expanded rapidly under Nieto's presidency. In 2014, more than US$10 billion was committed in investment in the sector. In conjunction with Kia Motors in August 2014, the president announced plans for Kia to build a US$1 billion factory in Nuevo León. At the time, Mercedes-Benz and Nissan were already building a US$1.4 billion plant near Puebla, while BMW was planning a US$1 billion assembly plant in San Luis Potosí. Audi began building a US$1.3 billion factory near Puebla in 2013. As of December 2014, two years into Peña Nieto's term, total investment in the auto sector in Mexico had reached US$19 billion. The Bajío Region has received the majority of this investment, and with its rapidly expanding aerospace industry has become the fastest-growing region in the country. In February 2014, Time was met with controversy for the release of a cover featuring Enrique Peña Nieto with the caption "Saving Mexico" (written by Michael Crowley), as the cover article's title inside the magazine. The controversial article praised the president and his cabinet for reforms like opening oil fields for foreign investment for the first time in 75 years (a reform towards which Mexican citizens have shown mixed feelings), ending the Mexican drug wars (which was not completely accurate), and even going as far as saying "the opposition party blocked major reforms that were necessary", that "American leaders could learn a thing or two from their resurgent southern neighbor" and saying Mexicans citizens' "alarms were replaced with applause".

According to the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), between December 2012 and June 2016, more than two million jobs were created in Mexico. Of those jobs, 41% were taken by women and 36% were taken by individuals between 20 and 34 years of age. IMSS also revealed that 86% were long-term jobs and 14% were temporary. These jobs have led to a 26% increase in revenue accumulation for IMSS, an additional MXN$50 billion. More than half a million jobs had salaries worth five minimum wages (about MXN$10,000 per month) and there was a 22% increase in jobs with salaries greater than 20 minimum wages.

Special economic zones

At the end of May 2016, Peña Nieto signed a law that will create special economic zones in economically depressed southern states. The first three are: Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán; Port Chiapas, Chiapas; and in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec to better join the ports of Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz and Salina Cruz, Oaxaca. Another zone in the petroleum region of Tabasco and Campeche, hit by the downturn in the oil industry, is planned for 2017.

The special economic zones are meant to alleviate the lack of industry in the South. During the signing, Peña Nieto highlighted the difference between the South and the industrial North and Center of Mexico: two of every three people in extreme poverty in Mexico live in the southern states. While the three poorest states (Chiapas, Oaxaca and Guerrero) have about 10% of the population, they only receive $1 of every $36 in foreign direct investment in the country. He went on to say that there are two Mexicos: one "that competes and wins in the global economy, with growing levels of income, development and well-being", while the other Mexico "has been left behind [and] hasn't been able to take advantage of its potential."

The special economic zones will offer tax incentives (exemption from the 16% VAT), trade and customs benefits and the streamlining of regulatory processes. There will also be an increase in infrastructure spending in these regions. Private administrators will run the zones on 40-year contracts (managing infrastructure and attracting tenants). According to Peña Nieto, at the latest, each of these zones will have an anchor tenant that will attract suppliers and other industries in the supply chain by 2018. The World Bank advised Mexico during the formulation of the special economic zones plan.

Domestic policy

Peña Nieto enacted a public education reform that aimed to curb the powerful teachers' union, Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de la Educación (SNTE), improve standards, centralize the process for hiring, evaluating, promoting and retaining teachers, and crack down on corruption – such as wages for non-existent "ghost teachers". Five years after its signing, the plan has barely affected standards: Mexico still ranks last in education among the 35 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries and the Secretariat of Public Education spent more money on communications (2,700% more on communications in 2017 than was budgeted) than on teacher training.

Security policy

While campaigning, Peña Nieto appointed a former general of the National Police of Colombia as his external advisor for public security, and promised to reduce the murder rate in Mexico by 50% by the end of his six-year term. Critics of Peña Nieto's security strategy, however, said that he offered "little sense" in exactly how he will reduce the violence. During the three-month campaign, Peña Nieto was not explicit on his anti-crime strategy, and many analysts wondered whether he was holding back politically sensitive details or simply did not know how he would attempt to squelch the violence and carry out the next stage in Mexico's drug war. United States officials were worried that the election of Peña Nieto's Institutional Revolutionary Party may mean a return to the old PRI tactics of "corruption [and] backroom deals" with the cartels in exchange for bribes and relative peace.

In 2012, the president-elect emphasized that he did not support the involvement or presence of armed United States agents in Mexico, but considered allowing the United States to instruct Mexico's military training in counterinsurgency tactics. Beyond that, Peña Nieto promised that no other measures will be taken by the States in Mexico.

The security policy of Peña Nieto prioritized the reduction of violence rather than attacking Mexico's drug-trafficking organizations head-on, marking a departure from the strategy of the previous six years during Felipe Calderón's administration. One of the biggest contrasts is the focus on lowering murder rates, kidnappings, and extortions, as opposed to arresting or killing the country's most-wanted drug lords and intercepting their shipments.

On 13 December 2012, a law was approved that included far-reaching security reforms. Mexico's Interior Ministry, greatly strengthened by the bill, was made solely responsible for public security. Part of Peña Nieto's strategy consists of the creation of a national police of 40,000 members, known as a "gendarmerie". The Economist reported that the gendarmerie would have an initial strength of 10,000, but the Washington Office on Latin America reported that it was reduced to 5,000 members and would not be operational until July 2014. The Interior Ministry announced that 15 specialized police units were being formed to exclusively focus on major crimes that include kidnapping and extortion, along with a new task force dedicated to tracking missing persons. Peña Nieto also proposed centralizing the sub-federal police forces under one command.

In December 2017, the  was passed by legislation but was met with criticism, especially from the National Human Rights Commission, accusing it gave the President a blank check.

Energy policy

During the presidential campaign, Peña Nieto promised to allow private investment in Pemex, Mexico's state-owned oil company. He also indicated interest in an economic agreement with Petrobras, Brazil's oil company. By liberalizing Pemex, investors say Peña Nieto's proposal could allow joint ventures and private investment in the oil company.

According to the Financial Times in 2012, Peña Nieto's PRI government, which held just over 38% of the votes in Congress, might have difficulty gaining a majority to pass such reforms, or the two-thirds majority needed to change the Mexican constitution. Pemex was founded through the nationalization of foreign oil interests, and the Mexican constitution bans major outside investments. Changing Pemex could transform the psychology of Mexico's business sector and involve cultural and political changes that cannot be rushed. President Lázaro Cárdenas led the expropriation of foreign oil company assets in 1938 to form Pemex, which has served as a symbol of national identity.

Eric Martin of Bloomberg News stated that if Peña Nieto wants to invite investment, he will have to face the challenges of union leaders and local officials who have benefited from the oil company's bonanza. Productivity in Pemex has been declined in the 2000s. Peña Nieto declared while campaigning that overhauling Pemex will be the PRI's and his "signature issue", and that he will encourage private companies to invest in exploration and development activities. Following Peña Nieto's hike in the price of gasoline as a result of his privatization of the Mexican oil industry, protests erupted nation-wide. Protestors blockaded major highways, forced the closing of foreign borders and shut down gas stations.

Foreign policy

2016 visit by Donald Trump

Peña Nieto invited U.S. Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump to visit on 31 August 2016, and appeared with him in a press conference. Peña Nieto was criticized for extending the invitation to Trump, and following the conference, journalist Jorge Ramos criticized Peña Nieto for not using the opportunity to publicly contradict Trump's campaign promise to make Mexico pay for his proposed Mexico–United States border wall, as well as what Ramos called, Trump's "attacks on Latin American immigrants, his rejection of free trade agreements and his scorn for global organizations." Despite this, Peña Nieto stated on his Twitter that he made it clear to Trump that Mexico would not pay for the wall, only to shortly after get a reply from Donald Trump saying: "Mexico will pay for the wall!"

Trump's presidency and border wall

Peña Nieto and Trump were to meet on 26 January 2017, until Trump wrote on his Twitter account: "If Mexico is unwilling to pay for the badly needed wall, then it would be better to cancel the upcoming meeting". This directly led Peña Nieto to cancel his visit to the U.S. president. In an interview with Aristegui Noticias, Washington-based freelance journalist Dolia Estévez said she obtained access to part of a one-hour phone conversation between the two presidents the day of the scheduled meeting. She stated, "Trump humiliated Peña Nieto", and said that the conversation only lasted 20 minutes. She also explained that the speech was prolonged to an hour due to translation efforts because Trump does not speak Spanish and likewise Peña Nieto does not understand English. While many media outlets praised Peña Nieto for cancelling the visit with Trump, Forbes Mexico stated that despite showing support towards Peña Nieto for cancelling such event, "that shouldn't translate in forgiveness to what happens within our country [Mexico]" adding that "a state incapable of bringing credibility and stability could not grow", and that more than Trump, the thing keeping Mexico from prosperity was the corruption within the Mexican government.

Controversies

Publicity and public image

As of July 2017, Oxford University's Computational Propaganda Research Project claimed Mexico's social media manipulation (Peñabots) to come directly from the Mexican government itself.

A December 2017 article of The New York Times, reported Enrique Peña Nieto spending about 2 billion dollars on publicity, during his first five years as president, the largest publicity budget ever spent by a Mexican President.

Iguala mass kidnapping

In September 2014, 43 male college students were forcibly taken then disappeared in Guerrero. The forced mass disappearance of the students arguably became the biggest political and public security scandal Peña Nieto had faced during his administration. It led to nationwide protests, particularly in the state of Guerrero and Mexico City, and international condemnation.

Freedom of the press
During his tenure as president, Peña Nieto has been accused of failing to protect journalists, whose deaths have been speculated to be politically triggered by officials attempting to prevent coverage of scandals. On 29 April 2017, The New York Times published a news report titled "In Mexico, 'It's Easy to Kill a Journalist'", which covered the high rate of deaths and disappearances of journalists in Mexico and declared Mexico had become "one of the worst countries in the world to be a journalist today."

In November 2014, an article was published by journalist Carmen Aristegui, indicating that a $7 million "White House" owned by Enrique Peña Nieto and his wife Angelica Rivera, in Lomas de Chapultepec was registered under the name of a company affiliated with a business group that had received government contracts to build a bullet train. The revelation about the potential conflict of interest in the acquisition of the house aggravated discontent about the government. Rivera released a video in which she detailed her income as a former soap opera actress, stating that she was selling the house and that the property was not under her name because she had not made the full payment yet. She later deleted the video. Shortly after revealing the Mexican White House incident, Carmen Aristegui was controversially fired from her radio show at MVS Communications. As noted by The New York Times, Aristegui being fired was a perceived as a censorship towards news journalism and freedom of speech. Aristegui took it to trial and by June 2018, three years after MVS fired her, the jury determined that it was indeed unconstitutional and against the law, to fire her and indeed was an act of censorship towards the freedom of speech. Peña Nieto's successor in the presidency of Mexico, Andres Manuel López Obrador, promised Aristegui would be free to return to radio if she wanted and that there would be no more unfair censorship towards the freedom of speech.

On 19 June 2017, The New York Times, in conjunction with Carmen Aristegui and Televisa news reporter Carlos Loret de Mola, reported that the Mexican government had used the Pegasus spyware to surveil on targets such as reporters, human rights leaders and anti-corruption activists using text messages as lures. From 2011 to 2017, the Mexican government spent $80 million on spyware. Pegasus infiltrates a person's cell phone and reports on their messages, e-mails, contacts and calendars.

In 2016, Aristegui revealed in a special report arguing that Enrique Peña Nieto had committed plagiarism on his law thesis, at least a third of it, with 197 out of 682 paragraphs being unsourced or wrongly sourced works.

Allegations of corruption

In October 2017, Santiago Nieto Castillo, the head of the Office for Election-related Crimes (FEPADE) was controversially removed from office, shortly after opening an investigation into illicit campaign money during the 2012 presidential campaign, received by Peña Nieto and would be president of Pemex, Emilio Lozoya Austin from the Brazilian conglomerate Odebrecht. In December 2017, The New York Times published accusations that Peña Nieto's government was blocking investigations against public corruption, with a commissioner saying the government was preventing the establishment of an impartial leader in FEPADE. 22 ex-governors, all members of the PRI, were investigated for corruption with five jailed.

In March 2018, during the campaign period for the 2018 presidential election, the Prosecutor General's Office (PGR) opened an investigation into the PAN's candidate, Ricardo Anaya, for money laundering. Santiago Nieto said that the accusations towards Anaya were minor in comparison to Odebrecht and Peña Nieto scandal, as well as the SEDESOL scandal (in which $435 million pesos were lost) or the corruption amongst governors from the PRI such as Javier Duarte and César Duarte Jáquez (both whom were later arrested). Santiago Nieto further charged that the PGR and FEPADE were not being neutral and were instead being used as tool by Peña Nieto's government to tamper with the upcoming election, by investigating Anaya, a political opponent, and not José Antonio Meade, a political ally.

In an interview with The Wall Street Journal, Santiago Nieto would later reveal that Peña Nieto's government tried to bribe him to keep him silent, which he refused by saying "Sorry, but I can't receive any money from Peña Nieto." He subsequently received threatening calls with the words "Death follows you" and "Words of advice: stay out of Trouble."

The Brazilian conglomerate Odebrecht, which is accused of corruption and bribes throughout Latin America, is under investigation for allegedly overriding Peña Nieto's presidential campaign with illegal campaign funds. In exchange for campaign funds, the Peña Nieto administration allegedly granted contracts to Odebrecht through state-owned Pemex. An Odebrecht employee told a Brazilian court that he had been asked to pay a bribe to Lozoya, then head of Pemex. In March 2018, PRI legislators voted to stop the investigation into Odebrecht, which drew criticism. The investigation against Emilio Loyoza, then-head of Pemex, was also controversially ceased after a judge ordered it days later.

While in office, Peña Nieto invoked two constitutional rights related to prosecution: amparo and fuero. Amparo gives anyone accused of a crime the right to know which crimes they are being accused of; it is mostly used by people expecting to go to trial, and is used to allow the prosecuted person to build a defense with the help of a lawyer. Fuero protects political figures from prosecution committed during their time in office, in effect delaying any investigations against him until the end of their terms. Peña Nieto is the first Mexican president to invoke either right.

In 2020, Lozoya was detained by the Mexican government. On his trial statements, he testified against Peña Nieto and Luis Videgaray (the former Minister of Finance during Peña's government). He detailed that following Peña's orders, he acted as the middle-man between Peña Nieto and Odebrecht, stating that Peña Nieto's presidential campaign benefited from illegal campaign funds provided by Odebrecht, in exchange for future favors. According to the triangulation investigations that proved Lozoya guilty, he received $10 million from Odebrecht. During his trial, Lozoya described the payments for facilitating the exchange as a middle-man. Lozoya and Videgaray are featured prominently in spots from the 2012 presidential campaign. Mexican journalist Carlos Loret de Mola described being contacted by Peña Nieto's state, and being told the former president described himself as "unaware of Lozoya's corruption". Loret de Mola also said Peña Nieto was already in contact with his successor, Andres Manuel López Obrador, to declare his version of the events. Loret de Mola said that Peña Nieto was "going to get lost within his own lies", during the trial.

On November 12, 2020, the Attorney General's Office (FGR) officially accused Peña Nieto of being a "traitor to the country and of electoral fraud due to the Odebrecht scandal" along with Lozoya and Videgaray.

During United States of America v. Joaquín Guzmán Loera, Guzmán's lawyer alleged that the Sinaloa drug cartel had paid "hundreds of millions of dollars" in bribes to Peña Nieto and his predecessor, Felipe Calderón; both presidents denied the claims, with Peña Nieto's spokesman calling the claims "completely false and defamatory". Alex Cifuentes, who described himself as Guzmán's "right-hand man", later testified that Peña Nieto originally asked for $250 million before settling on $100 million.

Allegations of crimes against humanity
In 2016, a report by the Open Justice Society Initiative claimed that there are "reasonable grounds" to believe that both the Mexican army and drug cartels had committed crimes against humanity during the Mexican Drug War. The report accused both Peña Nieto and his predecessor Felipe Calderón of "almost completely failing" to ensure accountability for the actions of the Mexican army, and of denying or minimizing the scale of the atrocities. In June 2018, human rights organizations presented documents alleging slayings, tortures, rapes and forced disappearances to the International Criminal Court, and called on them to investigate.

Public image

Media gaffes

Peña Nieto has had occasional lapses in memory or gaffes during public events or interviews. The most-noted incident occurred during the International Book Fair of Guadalajara on 3 December 2011. On that day, during a question and answer session, he was asked by an audience member to name three books that had influenced him, being only able to correctly reference the Bible. He then "rambled, tossing out confused title names, asking for help in recalling authors and sometimes mismatching" the two others. Other incidents have involved him not being able to recall Benito Juárez's year of birth, being unable to remember the acronym of the Federal Institute of Access to Information (IFAI), changing the date of foundation of the state of Hidalgo, mistaking the capital of the State of Veracruz, mentioning the U.S. presidential candidate "La señora Hillary Trump" (Mrs. Hillary Trump), among others, of varying degree of substantiation or credibility. These have gone viral on social media, especially Twitter and a website that counts the number of days since his last gaffe.

Allegations of media bias

Televisa

Televisa, the largest conglomerate broadcasting in Mexico and other Spanish-speaking countries, was accused of tilting their coverage towards Peña Nieto ahead of the 1 July vote. Thousands of students protested of the perceived bias throughout Mexico City and other cities.

On 7 June 2018, The Guardian Jo Tuckman reported about dozens of computer files – forwarded to The Guardian by a source who worked with Televisa but has not been possible to confirm the authenticity of the documents – suggesting that Televisa sold favorable coverage to Peña Nieto when he was governor of the state of Mexico and developed a smear campaign against López Obrador ahead of his first bid for the presidency in 2006. Televisa and the PRI suggested that the documents were false.

Time magazine

On the 24 March 2014 issue of the newsweekly Time, Peña Nieto was on the front cover with the caption, "Saving Mexico". The front cover was met with widespread disapproval of the Mexican public, prompting various spoofs on social media, even prompting a petition to have him removed from the cover.

Evaluations as president and legacy
In August 2016, Peña Nieto's approval ratings dropped to 23 percent (74 percent said they disapproved of his performance), which newspaper Reforma revealed to be the lowest approval rating for a president since they began polling in 1995. The approval decreased to 12% by 19 January 2017.

The lack of popularity and credibility of Peña Nieto's government is perceived to have caused the PRI to suffer monumental defeat in the 2018 Mexican general election, where the party received the lowest vote percentage in their history. The party's presidential candidate, José Antonio Meade, did not win a majority in any of Mexico's 300 voting locations, while the PRI was also defeated in each of the nine gubernatorial elections. The presidency of Mexico went to Andres Manuel López Obrador, from MORENA. The PRI also lost to MORENA in Atlacomulco, the hometown of Enrique Peña Nieto.

In 2020, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, Peña Nieto's successor, asked Mexicans if they would like to see former presidents face trial for allegations of corruption. According to a survey conducted by El Universal, 78% of Mexicans wanted the former presidents to face trial, with Peña Nieto the one they wanted to be incarcerated the most.

In popular culture
The 2014 Mexican comedy and political satire movie The Perfect Dictatorship had a plot based on the real life perceived Televisa controversy, which consisted of Mexican citizens heavily perceiving the news media was unfairly favoring PRI candidate Enrique Peña Nieto during the 2012 presidential election in Mexico.

Personal life

Family life

In 1993, Peña Nieto married his first wife, Mónica Pretelini (1963–2007) and the couple had three children: Paulina, Alejandro and Nicole. Peña Nieto had two children outside his first marriage; a son with Maritza Díaz Hernández, and another child, with an undisclosed woman, who died as an infant. Pretelini died on 11 January 2007 as the result of an epileptic episode. Pretelini played a supporting role during the campaign of Peña Nieto's governorship. In 2008, Peña Nieto began a relationship with Televisa soap opera actress Angélica Rivera, whom he had hired to help publicize his political campaign for the State of Mexico. The couple married in November 2011. After his tenure as president ended, Rivera announced their divorce on 8 February 2019.

Peña Nieto is the cousin of Alfredo del Mazo Maza, the current governor of the State of Mexico, of which his grandfather, father, distant uncle Arturo Montiel, as well as Peña Nieto himself, have previously been governors.

Ancestry

Honours

National honours
: Collar of the Order of the Aztec Eagle (1° December 2012)

Foreign honours

 National Order of Juan Mora Fernández, Grand Cross with Gold Plaque, awarded by Laura Chinchilla on 19 February 2013.
 National Order of the Legion of Honour, Grand Cross, awarded by Francois Hollande on 10 April 2014.
 Order of Prince Henry, Grand Collar, awarded by Aníbal Cavaco Silva on 2 June 2014.
 Order of Isabella the Catholic, Grand Cross with Collar, awarded by King Juan Carlos I of Spain on 6 June 2014.
 Order of the Sun of Peru, Grand Cross with Diamonds, awarded by Ollanta Humala on 17 July 2014.
 Order of the Bath, Honorary Knight Grand Cross, awarded by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom on 3 March 2015.
  Order of the Quetzal, Grand Collar, awarded by Otto Pérez Molina on 13 March 2015.
  Order of the Southern Cross, Grand Collar, awarded by Dilma Rousseff on 26 May 2015.
 Order of Charles III, Grand Cross with Collar, awarded by King Felipe VI of Spain on 20 June 2015.
 Order of King Abdulaziz, Collar, awarded by King Salman of Saudi Arabia on 17 January 2016.
 Order of the Elephant, Knight, awarded by Queen Margrethe II of Denmark on 13 April 2016.
 Order of Merit of the Italian Republic, Grand Cross with Cordon, awarded by Sergio Mattarella on 21 July 2016.
 Order of the Liberator General San Martín, Grand Collar, awarded by Mauricio Macri on 29 July 2016.
 Military Order of Saint James of the Sword, Grand Collar awarded by Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa on 17 July 2017.
 Medal of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay on 9 February 2018.

See also

2015 Mexican legislative election
2012 Mexican general election
2005 State of Mexico election
Peñabot

References

External links

Enrique Peña Nieto, Biografía – CIDOB Foundation
Enrique Peña Nieto – Personal blog of Enrique Peña Nieto
Las 7 reformas que propone Peña Nieto para México – CNNMéxico
Mexico Elections: Institutional Revolutionary Party Candidate Enrique Pena Nieto Wins Presidency – The Huffington Post

|-

|-

1966 births
Living people
21st-century Mexican politicians
Candidates in the 2012 Mexican presidential election
Collars of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
Collars of the Order of the Liberator General San Martin
Governors of the State of Mexico
Grand Collars of the Order of Prince Henry
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Knights Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Mexican people of Spanish descent
Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education alumni
People from Atlacomulco
People involved in plagiarism controversies
Politicians from the State of Mexico
Presidents of Mexico
Recipients of the Order of the Sun of Peru
Panamerican University alumni

Enrique Peña Nieto