Coding conventions are a set of guidelines for a specific programming language that recommend programming style, practices, and methods for each aspect of a program written in that language. These conventions usually cover file organization, indentation, comments, declarations, statements, white space, naming conventions, programming practices, programming principles, programming rules of thumb, architectural best practices, etc. These are guidelines for software structural quality. Software programmers are highly recommended to follow these guidelines to help improve the readability of their source code and make software maintenance easier. Coding conventions are only applicable to the human maintainers and peer reviewers of a software project. Conventions may be formalized in a documented set of rules that an entire team or company follows, or may be as informal as the habitual coding practices of an individual. Coding conventions are not enforced by compilers.

Software maintenance
Reducing the cost of software maintenance is the most often cited reason for following coding conventions. In the introductory section on code conventions for the Java programming language, Sun Microsystems offers the following reasoning:
Code conventions are important to programmers for a number of reasons:
40%–80% of the lifetime cost of a piece of software goes to maintenance.
Hardly any software is maintained for its whole life by the original author.
Code conventions improve the readability of the software, allowing engineers to understand new code more quickly and thoroughly.
If you ship your source code as a product, you need to make sure it is as well packaged and clean as any other product you create.

Quality
Software peer review frequently involves reading source code. This type of peer review is primarily a defect detection activity. By definition, only the original author of a piece of code has read the source file before the code is submitted for review.  Code that is written using consistent guidelines is easier for other reviewers to understand and assimilate, improving the efficacy of the defect detection process.

Even for the original author, consistently coded software eases maintainability. There is no guarantee that an individual will remember the precise rationale for why a particular piece of code was written in a certain way long after the code was originally written.  Coding conventions can help. Consistent use of whitespace improves readability and reduces the time it takes to understand the software.

Coding standards
Where coding conventions have been specifically designed to produce high-quality code, and have then been formally adopted, they then become coding standards. Specific styles, irrespective of whether they are commonly adopted, do not automatically produce good quality code.

Reduction of complexity

Complexity is a factor going against security.

The management of complexity includes the following basic principle: minimize the amount of code written during the project development. This prevents unnecessary work which prevents unnecessary cost, both upfront and downstream. This is simply because if there is less code, it is less work not only to create the application, but also to maintain it.

Complexity is managed both at the design stage (how the project is architectured) and at the development stage (by having simpler code). If the coding is kept basic and simple then the complexity will be minimised. Very often this is keeping the coding as 'physical' as possible - coding in a manner that is very direct and not highly abstract. This produces optimal code that is easy to read and follow. Complexity can also be avoided simply by not using complicated tools for simple jobs.

The more complex the code is the more likely it is to be buggy, the more difficult the bugs are to find and the more likely there are to be hidden bugs.

Refactoring
Refactoring refers to a software maintenance activity where source code is modified to improve readability or improve its structure.  Software is often refactored to bring it into conformance with a team's stated coding standards after its initial release.  Any change that does not alter the behavior of the software can be considered refactoring.  Common refactoring activities are changing variable names, renaming methods, moving methods or whole classes and breaking large methods (or functions) into smaller ones.

Agile software development methodologies plan for regular (or even continuous) refactoring making it an integral part of the team software development process.

Task automation
Coding conventions allow programmers to have simple scripts or programs whose job is to process source code for some purpose other than compiling it into an executable. It is common practice to count the software size (Source lines of code) to track current project progress or establish a baseline for future project estimates.

Consistent coding standards can, in turn, make the measurements more consistent.  Special tags within source code comments are often used to process documentation, two notable examples are javadoc and doxygen.  The tools specify the use of a set of tags, but their use within a project is determined by convention.

Coding conventions simplify writing new software whose job is to process existing software.  Use of static code analysis has grown consistently since the 1950s.  Some of the growth of this class of development tools stems from increased maturity and sophistication of the practitioners themselves (and the modern focus on safety and security), but also from the nature of the languages themselves.

Language factors
All software practitioners must grapple with the problem of organizing and managing a large number of sometimes complex instructions.  For all but the smallest software projects, source code (instructions) are partitioned into separate files and frequently among many directories.  It was natural for programmers to collect closely related functions (behaviors) in the same file and to collect related files into directories.  As software development shifted from purely procedural programming (such as found in FORTRAN) towards more object-oriented constructs (such as found in C++), it became the practice to write the code for a single (public) class in a single file (the 'one class per file' convention).
Java has gone one step further - the Java compiler returns an error if it finds more than one public class per file.

A convention in one language may be a requirement in another.  Language conventions also affect individual source files. Each compiler (or interpreter) used to process source code is unique. The rules a compiler applies to the source creates implicit standards. For example, Python code is much more consistently indented than, say Perl, because whitespace (indentation) is actually significant to the interpreter. Python does not use the brace syntax Perl uses to delimit functions.  Changes in indentation serve as the delimiters.  Tcl, which uses a brace syntax similar to Perl or C/C++ to delimit functions, does not allow the following, which seems fairly reasonable to a C programmer:
 set i = 0
 while {$i < 10}
 {
    puts "$i squared = [expr $i*$i]"
    incr i
 }
The reason is that in Tcl, curly braces are not used only to delimit functions as in C or Java.  More
generally, curly braces are used to group words together into a single argument.
In Tcl, the word while takes two arguments, a condition and an action. In the example above, while is missing its second argument, its action (because the Tcl also uses the newline character to delimit the end of a command).

Common conventions
There are a large number of coding conventions; see Coding Style for numerous examples and discussion. Common coding conventions may cover the following areas:

 Comment conventions
 Indent style conventions
 Line length conventions
 Naming conventions
 Programming practices
 Programming principles
 Programming style conventions

Coding standards include the CERT C Coding Standard, MISRA C, High Integrity C++.

See also
Comparison of programming languages (syntax)
Hungarian Notation
Indent style
List of tools for static code analysis
List of software development philosophies
MISRA
Programming style
Software metrics
Software quality
The Power of 10 Rules

References

Source code

Coding conventions


The Four Commanderies of Han (; ) were Chinese commanderies located in the north of the Korean Peninsula and part of the Liaodong Peninsula from around the end of the second century BC through the early 4th AD, for the longest lasting. The commanderies were set up to control the populace in the former Gojoseon area as far south as the Han River, with a core area at Lelang near present-day Pyongyang by Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty in early 2nd century BC after his conquest of Wiman Joseon. As such, these commanderies are seen as Chinese colonies by some scholars. Though disputed by North Korean scholars, Western sources generally describe the Lelang Commandery as existing within the Korean peninsula, and extend the rule of the four commanderies as far south as the Han River. However, South Korean scholars assumed its administrative areas to Pyongan and Hwanghae provinces.

Three of the commanderies fell or retreated westward within a few decades, but the Lelang commandery remained as a center of cultural and economic exchange with successive Chinese dynasties for four centuries. At its administrative center in Lelang, the Chinese built what was in essence a Chinese city where the governor, officials, and merchants, and Chinese colonists lived. Their administration had considerable impact on the life of the native population and ultimately the very fabric of Gojoseon society became eroded. Later, Goguryeo, founded in 37 BCE, slowly began conquering the commanderies and eventually absorbed them into its own territory.

Commanderies
Lelang Commandery (樂浪郡, 낙랑군/락랑군, BC 108 ~ AD 313): 25 prefectures, 62,812 households, population of 406,748 in 2 CE.
Lintun Commandery (臨屯郡, 임둔군, BC 107 ~ BC 82): absorbed into Xuantu
Xuantu Commandery (玄菟郡, 현도군, BC 107 ~ AD 302): 3 prefectures, 45,006 households, population of 221,845 in 2 CE.
Zhenfan Commandery (眞番郡, 진번군, BC 107 ~ BC 82): absorbed into Lelang

A commandery that was separated out of Lelang Commandery in the later years of its history is the Daifang Commandery (帶方郡, 대방군, AD 204 ~ AD 313).

Before the fall of Gojoseon a single commandery, called Canghai Commandery, covered an area in northern Korean peninsula to southern Manchuria. Nan Lü (Hanja: 南閭), who was a monarch of Dongye and a subject of Wiman Joseon, revolted against Ugeo of Gojoseon and then surrendered to the Han dynasty with 280,000 people. The commandery was established following this revolt, however in two years, it was abolished by Gongsun Hong.

Other descriptions: the Tongdian, the Records of Three Kingdoms, the Book of Later Han

History

Han dynasty
When Gojoseon was defeated in 108 BC, three commanderies were established in its place: Lelang, Lintun, and Zhenfan. In 107 BC, Xuantu Commandery was also established in the place of Gojoseon's ally, Yemaek. In 82 BC, Lintun was absorbed into Xuantu and Zhenfan absorbed into Lelang. In 75 BC, Xuantu moved its capital to Liaodong due to resistance from the native people. Lintun was transferred to Lelang.

Although often depicted as special administrative units within the Han dynasty, excavated records suggest that these commanderies were governed no differently than those in the core regions of the Han. Neighboring Korean powers such as the Jinhan confederacy and Byeonhan confederacy imported goods from Lelang such as mirrors. As indigenous groups started to assume Han culture, a hybrid Lelang culture developed in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD.

Gongsun Du, Kang, Gong, and Yuan
Gongsun Du was born in Xiangping (Liaoyang, Liaoning). In his early years, Du's father fled to Xuantu Commandery, where Du became an office runner. Du attracted the support of the governor Gongsun Yu, whose daughter he eventually married. He rose up the ranks of officialdom in Ji Province until he became regional inspector.

Gongsun Du was appointed Administrator of Liaodong Commandery by Dong Zhuo in 189 on the recommendation of Xu Rong. As a result of his lowly origins, Du harbored an intense hatred for the elite landowning class. Once he became administrator, Du carried out his vendetta against the wealthy by publicly flogging to death the Magistrate of Xiangping and extirpating the gentry. Du dominated the northeast and expanded into the territory of Goguryeo and the Wuhuan. When Cao Cao attempted to bestow titles upon Du, he rejected them and proclaimed himself king. Du died in 204 and was succeeded by his son, Gongsun Kang. In 204 Kang expanded into Goguryeo and created Daifang Commandery. When the Wuhuan were defeated by Cao Cao in 207, Yuan Shang, Yuan Xi, and the Wuhuan leaders Louban and Supuyan fled to Kang. Kang killed them and sent their heads to Cao Cao. In 208, Kang sent aid to Balgi in support of his claim to the Goguryeo throne, but was defeated by Gyesu, younger brother of Sansang of Goguryeo. However in 209 Kang invaded Goguryeo again, took its capital and forced them to submit. Goguryeo was forced to move its capital further east. Kang died in 220 when his children were too young to rule, so his brother Gongsun Gong succeeded him. Gong maintained his independence, albeit while accepting titles issued by Cao Pi. Gong became ill and was replaced by his nephew Gongsun Yuan in 228. Yuan ruled independently until Sima Yi invaded in 238 and annexed his territory.

Afterwards, the Lelang, Daifang, and Xuantu commanderies were ruled by Cao Wei, the Jin dynasty, and the Murong Xianbei until they were conquered by Goguryeo in the early 300s.

Goguryeo
Lelang Commandery was ruled by the Jin dynasty (266–420) until 313 when it was conquered by Goguryeo. Daifang was conquered in 314 and Xuantu in 319. After the collapse of the Han commanderies, Goguryeo accepted émigrés of Chinese origin to strengthen their control over the region.

Revisionism
In the North Korean academic community and some parts of the South Korean academic community, the Han dynasty's annexation of parts of the Korean peninsula have been denied. Proponents of this revisionist theory claim that the Han Commanderies (and Gojoseon) actually existed outside of the Korean peninsula, and place them somewhere in Liaodong Peninsula, in modern-day China, instead.

The stigmatization of colonial Japanese historical and archaeological findings in Korea as imperialist forgeries owes in part to those scholars' discovery and promotion of the Lelang Commandery—by which the Han dynasty administered territory near Pyongyang—and insistence that this Chinese commandery had an impact on the development of Korean civilization. Until the North Korean challenge, it was universally accepted that Lelang was a commandery established by Emperor Wu of Han after he defeated Gojoseon in 108 BCE. To deal with the Han Dynasty archeological remnants such as tombs, jewelry and laquerware North Korean scholars have reinterpreted them as the remains of Gojoseon or Goguryeo. For those artifacts, whose artistic style is undeniably originating in Han China and contrasts the previous Gojoseon Bronze dagger culture, they propose that they were introduced through trade and international contact, or were forgeries, and "should not by any means be construed as a basis to deny the Korean characteristics of the artifacts". The North Koreans also say that there were two Lelangs, and that the Han actually administered a Lelang on the Liao River on the Liaodong Peninsula, while Pyongyang was ruled by an "independent Korean state" called Nangnang, which existed between the 2nd century BCE until the 3rd century CE. The traditional view of Lelang, according to them, was expanded by Chinese chauvinists and Japanese imperialists.

While promoted by the academic community of North Korea, and supported by certain writers and historians in South Korea, this theory is not recognized in the mainstream academic circles of South Korea, the United States, China, and Japan. Most Korean scholars in the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties considered the location of Lelang county somewhere around today's Pyongyang area based on the Korean history record Samguk Yusa. There were also scholars who believe that Lelang was in Liaodong, such as Bak Ji-won, a Joseon dynasty silhak scholar who had conducted field research in Manchuria during his visit to Qing in 1780. Bak claimed that the location of commandries were actually in the Liaodong area in The Jehol Diary. Ri Ji Rin (Lee Ji Rin), a respected North Korean historian who obtained his Ph.D in history from China's top university Peking University in 1961, in his published Research on Ancient Korea suggests that based on the initial records of Chinese texts and archaeological findings in Liaodong, the Han commanderies were located in Liaodong Peninsula. Another historian from South Korea, Yoon Nae-hyun also published a similar research in 1987, suggesting the Han commanderies were not in Korean peninsula.

Maps

See also
Han conquest of Gojoseon
Daifang Commandery
Canghai Commandery
Wiman Joseon

Notes

References

Bibliography

1st-century disestablishments in China
2nd-century BC establishments in China
4th-century disestablishments in China
China–Korea relations
.
Early Korean history
Han dynasty
History of Liaoning

Four Commanderies of Han


Alline Banks Sprouse (June 26, 1921 – March 11, 2018)  was a basketball player and is a member of the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame (enshrined in 2000).

Early life
Sprouse was born in Manchester, Tennessee, United States. She played basketball while in grammar school, but when she reached high school, her local high school, Manchester High, did not have a girls team. There were family members living in Murfreesboro, about 30 miles from Manchester, so she stayed with family and attended Buchanan High which did have a girls team. At this time, the game was played on a court laid out in the same way as established by the founder of the game Senda Berenson in 1891. The rule "divides the court into three equal sections and requires players to stay in their section". Because Sprouse was tall for her age, and the Buchanan coaches did not know her ability, she was assigned to the center section. In fairness, Sprouse wasn't even sure she had a chance to make the team so wasn't in a position to push for the higher profile forward position. However, one of the forwards on the team came down sick and the coach was forced to give Sprouse a chance at the forward position. She scored 42 points in that game. Later, she would explain, "From then on I was a forward".

She was a starter for all four years of her high school career, averaging 36 points a game as a senior.

AAU

She enrolled at Nashville Business College at the age of 16 before even graduating from high school to play on their AAU team. In her first year on the team she earned All-American honorable mention. In the 12 years between 1939 and 1950 she was named an All-American 11 times. In 1940, while still a teenager, Sprouse helped Nashville Business College upset the top-seeded (and defending champion) Galveston Anicos in the semi-finals. Despite losing to the Little Rock Travelers, led by Hazel Walker, in the finals, Sprouse's performance was strong enough to earn the MVP honors for the tournament. She would go on to win the MVP honors seven times.

She injured her right shoulder in one game, so seriously that she was having difficulty moving her arm. The doctor came to see her in our hotel room and informed her that she would not be able to play the next day. That wasn't acceptable to Sprouse, so she directed the doctor to tape her right arm to her body. Despite being right-handed, she played the next day with the right arm taped against her body and scored 56 points.

Notes

References

External links
Women's Basketball Hall of Fame profile

1921 births
2018 deaths
American women's basketball players
Basketball players from Tennessee
College women's basketball players in the United States
Small forwards
People from Manchester, Tennessee

Alline Banks Sprouse


William Pargeter (1760–1810) was an eighteenth-century physician in England with an interest in mental illness.

Like his contemporaries, Thomas Arnold (1742–1816), Thomas Sutton (1767–1835), and John Haslam (1764–1844), he wrote a book on the subject titled Observations on Maniacal Disorders (1792).

Pargeter was born in Hertfordshire, the son and grandson of clergymen. He entered Oxford University in 1777, and received his Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) from New College in 1781. He was encouraged to study medicine by Martin Wall, the Lichfield Professor of Clinical Medicine at Oxford University. Pargeter entered St Bartholomew's Hospital in 1783. In 1786, he received his Medicinae Doctor (M.D.) from Marischal College in Aberdeen. Pargeter remained in London for another year and then moved to Reading where he practiced medicine until 1795. In that year he also took Holy Orders and entered the British Navy as a chaplain, serving in Malta. He retired from the Navy on a pension in 1802 and retired to Oxfordshire. He died in 1810.

Pargeter stated in the preface of his book that he followed the ideas of Dr William Cullen (1710–1790), a professor at the Edinburgh Medical School in Scotland. He quoted Cullen's nosology of mania and the relationship between mania and melancholia, and described the symptoms of each with Cullen's terms of "excitement" and "collapse" of the brain.

Pargeter wrote that the cause of madness is a mystery and "wonderful are the works of the Lord and His ways past finding out." He advanced his own ideas (based on cases he and others had studied) observing how various "passions" may be responsible, such as grief, despair, intense study, and application of the mind; as well as poisons such as opium and mercury. He inveighed against private madhouses run by non-physicians and non-clergymen for profit. Pargeter believed that patients were abused in these houses. He also commented on the popular idea that lunacy was influenced by phases of the moon. He often quoted poetry by Milton, Cowper, and others to describe melancholia in his patients.

Pargeter was convinced that the treatment of insanity must be based on management rather than on medicine. He quoted the importance of "catching the eye" of the insane person as means of obtaining the patient's attention so that the physician could control the patient's behavior. He described this method in four case reports. He also discussed the usual medical treatments of the time including bleeding, cupping, purging, hot and cold applications, as well as the use of medicines as camphor and hyoscyamine.

Works
Pargeter, William. Observations on Maniacal Disorders. Reading: Printed for the author, and sold by Smart and Cowslade; J. Murray, London; and J. Fletcher, Oxford, [1792].

Bibliography
Andrews, Jonathan, et al. The History of Bethlem. London; New York: Routledge, 1997.
Hunter, Richard A., and Ida Macalpine. Three Hundred Years of Psychiatry, 1535-1860: A History Presented in Selected English Texts. London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1963.
Parry-Jones, William LI. The Trade in Lunacy: A Study of Private Madhouses in England in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972.
Porter, Roy. Madness: A Brief History. Oxford; New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2002.
Scull, Andrew T. The Most Solitary of Afflictions: Madness and Society in Britain, 1700-1900. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1993.

References

18th-century English medical doctors
1810 deaths
1760 births
People from Hertfordshire
Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
Alumni of New College, Oxford
People involved with mental health
People from Northamptonshire (before 1974)

William Pargeter


Rosie is a British sitcom written by Roy Clarke that was broadcast between 1977 and 1981. It was set in the fictitious Yorkshire town of Ravensbay, a name most probably derived from a combination of Ravenscar and Robin Hood's Bay, seaside villages near the seaside town of Scarborough, North Yorkshire where the series was filmed. The central character was PC Penrose ("Rosie"), a young and inexperienced police officer, played by Paul Greenwood.

The titular character is a nod towards Charles Penrose, who famously recorded the comedy song "The Laughing Policeman".

Rosie was preceded by an earlier series of seven episodes, broadcast in 1975, called The Growing Pains of PC Penrose which was set in the fictitious Yorkshire town of Slagcaster and filmed in Clarke's native South Yorkshire, with the majority of the opening scenes of series one filmed in the village of New Rossington, although the colliery shown in episode one is possibly Hatfield Colliery. The series then underwent a revamp with a new title (Rosie), setting and signature tune.

Cast
Paul Greenwood as PC 'Rosie' Penrose
Tony Haygarth as PC Wilmot
Frankie Jordan as Gillian
Penny Leatherbarrow as WPC Brenda Whatmough
Paul Luty as Chief Inspector Dunwoody
Avril Elgar as Millie Penrose (series 1–3)
Patricia Kneale as Millie Penrose (series 4)
Lorraine Peters as Aunt Ida
Allan Surtees as Uncle Norman
Don McKillop as Bill (series 1–3)
Maggie Jones as Glenda (series 1–3)

Episodes
(first airdate in parentheses)

Series 1
"Woman Pressure" (5 January 1977)
"A Smile from Antonio" (12 January 1977)
"I Wish They Wouldn't Call Me Son" (19 January 1977)
"Sunday" (26 January 1977)
"Wholesale Fish" (2 February 1977)
"The Cheese and Wine" (9 February 1977)

Series 2
"Mirror, Mirror on the Floor" (18 May 1978)
"Wilmot Gets a Bad Case of Big Cyril's Second Wife" (25 May 1978)
"Wilmot Gets an Even Worse Case of Big Cyril's Second Wife" (1 June 1978)
"The Eyes of the Law" (8 June 1978)
"Complications" (15 June 1978)
"Further Complications" (22 June 1978)
"Our Intrepid Birdmen" (29 June 1978)

Series 3
"Those Wonderful People in the C.I.D." (7 June 1979)
"Free Sample" (14 June 1979)
"The Worm that Turns Us All" (21 June 1979)
"Happy Birthday, Mr Chizlehurst" (28 June 1979)
"Looking for Herbie" (5 July 1979)
"Turn Left at the Parrot" (12 July 1979)
"A Day in the Country" (19 July 1979)

Series 4
"Tune on a Silent Dog Whistle" (18 September 1981)
"Arresting Gordon by Instalments" (25 September 1981)
"You're Beautiful, Miss Parkinson" (2 October 1981)
"The Eight-Foot Goat" (9 October 1981)
"Big Night at Freezi-Pops" (16 October 1981)
"An Informer for Engelbert" (23 October 1981)
"Caught in the Act" (30 October 1981)

DVD release
The complete series (seven episodes) of The Growing Pains of PC Penrose was previously released on DVD in 2007; however, , Rosie has not yet been released.

External links

1977 British television series debuts
1981 British television series endings
1970s British sitcoms
1980s British sitcoms
BBC television sitcoms
English-language television shows
Television shows set in Yorkshire
Scarborough, North Yorkshire

Rosie (TV series)


Berberis pimana is a species of the genus Berberis in the family Berberidaceae. It is native to a mountainous region of the Sierra Madre Occidental in the Mexican states of Chihuahua and Sonora.

Type locale for B. pimana is the village of Nabogame, 18 km northwest of Yepachic, Chihuahua. Nabogame is inhabited by people of the indigenous group known as the Mountain Pima or Pima Bajo. Berberis pimana grows in moist, shaded areas, mostly along streambanks. The people sometimes eat the sour-tasting berries.

Berberis pimana is a deciduous shrub up to 1.5 m tall, with compound leaves thinner than those of most evergreen species of the genus. It has red, ellipsoid berries each with several yellow or red seeds. It is related to Berberis moranensis Schult. & Schult.f.

The compound leaves place this species in the group sometimes segregated as the genus Mahonia.

References

pimana
Endemic flora of Mexico
Flora of Chihuahua (state)
Flora of Sonora
Edible plants
Plants used in traditional Native American medicine
Plants described in 1990

Berberis pimana


Constructor is a 1997 video game released originally for MS-DOS computers and later ported to the PlayStation, macOS and Microsoft Windows-native DirectX 3. It was developed by System 3 and published by Acclaim Entertainment.

In the game, packed with humorous undertones, the player controls a construction company in a map split between several estates, and must deal with other teams to win the game.

On July 31, 2015, System 3 announced that Constructor was getting an HD re-release on consoles and PC in 2016, but it was delayed to May 26, 2017.

Gameplay
The player controls a construction company, and aim to drive the other players out of business. Using teams of workers and foremen, the player must build facilities to manufacture building materials (a sawmill, concrete works, etc.), in order to build houses (ranging from simple wooden cabins to large mansions) in which to house tenants who pay rent and thus fund the company, as well as producing new workers, tenants and other characters. Along the way, the player can build homes for undesirables such as gangsters and hippies, who work to undermine the enemy.

Development
Constructor's development was first revealed in a January 1991 issue of The One, where the player's role was described as "You play an architect on a planet subject to freak weather conditions. Like Jupiter it has a huge red spot which revolves every hundred years flattening everything in its path. While not being good news for most of the inhabitants of the planet it is very good news for you and your fellow architects ... From your sophisticated office console you control the planning and building of building of new properties and then attract the right sort of tenants to them." More information regarding Constructor was to be announced in the first quarter of 1992, but its development was delayed.

Fergus McGovern of Probe Entertainment said in 1997, "[Constructor] was a project that we'd been after for a long time, but it was originally with Warner. When they were going through some problems, we jumped in and snapped it up. We've been working on it ever since."

Releases
The game was originally released for MS-DOS computers in 1997.

Ports
The game was later ported to the PlayStation, Mac OS and Windows-native Directxx3.

On January 14, 2010, System 3 Software re-released Constructor for Sony PSP and PS3 systems in Europe via the PlayStation Network.

A remake of the original was heading to tablets and other platforms in 2013. On March 29, 2013, it was announced that Constructor would make a return and also debut on tablets.

A HD version of Constructor was announced by System 3 on July 31, 2015. It was originally planned to be released on January 29, 2016, but was delayed six times. It was first delayed until April 29, 2016, then postponed to late summer 2016, January 31, 2017, February 28, 2017, April 28, 2017 with a new projected date of May 26, 2017, on PC, PS4 and Xbox One, with a Nintendo Switch version to be released later in the year. The delays with the release were attributed to new features being added to enrich the gameplay, as the game's development progressed.

The Nintendo Switch version, Constructor Plus, was eventually released in 2019.

Reception

Sequel
Constructor II was announced in April 1998; it would have players visiting the wasteland of an alien planet. The sequel maintained the style of humor present in the original, bringing back a cast of characters from the first game. New characters based on the alien theme were also added, including the Alien Egg which impregnates victims, later causing their guts to explode. Constructor Space was previewed years after the game was announced but was never completed. It was mentioned on June 29, 2016, as a possible sequel to Constructor if the HD re-release was successful.

The sequel Constructor Plus was released on May 27, 2019, and features planets as playable maps alongside missions.

Mob Rule (known as Constructor: Street Wars or Street Wars: Constructor Underworld in some regions) was released in 1999, but failed to achieve the same success of the first game.

References

External links

1997 video games
Acclaim Entertainment games
City-building games
DOS games
Classic Mac OS games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Nintendo Switch games
PlayStation (console) games
PlayStation 4 games
Real-time strategy video games
Video games with Steam Workshop support
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games with tile-based graphics
Windows games
Xbox One games
System 3 (company) games

Constructor (video game)


A lower back tatoo is a tatoo, on the lower part of the back. These tatoos became more popular in the first decade of the 21st century. Many people see them as erotic. They are often symmetrical. People often wear clothing that makes the tatoo more prominent. Women use such tatoos more often than men.

Lower back tattoo


Daniel Boone Native Gardens, located in Boone, North Carolina, United States, has a collection of North Carolina native plants in an informal landscaped design. The gardens are open daily from May to October.

History
The gardens were planned as a laboratory so that clubs, schools and botanists could study plants within a small area. The Garden Club of North Carolina broke ground in May 1961 on land adjacent to the outdoor theater where Horn in the West is performed. The Asheville landscape architect Doan Ogden designed the layout of the gardens. The gardens officially opened to the public in 1966.

Features
The wrought iron gates at the entrance were given by Daniel Boone VI, a descendant of famed American frontiersman Daniel Boone. Its main features include a bog garden, stone gatehouse, rockery, grassed allée, wishing well, reflection pool, prayer shrine, rustic bridge and Squire Boone Cabin. Squire Boone Cabin is typical of the cabin in which Daniel Boone lived. The logs are from the cabin of Jesse Boone, Daniel's brother, where Daniel spent much time. The newest addition to the garden, the bog, was dedicated in June 1992.

Plants on display

Large trees
 Acer spicatum (mountain maple)
 Acer saccharum (sugar maple)
 Acer rubrum (red maple)
 Acer pensylvanicum (striped maple)
 Fagus grandifolia (beech)
 Sassafras
 Sycamore
 Fraxinus pennsylvanica (green ash)
 Persimmon
 Magnolia acuminata
 Magnolia fraseri
 Magnolia tripetala
 Magnolia macrophylla
 Mulberry
 Liriodendron tulipifera (yellow poplar)
 Golden weeping willow
 Juglans cinerea (butternut)
 Hickory
 Slippery elm
 Nyssa sylvatica (black gum)
 Black walnut
 White paper birch
 Betula nigra (river birch)
 Betula lutea (yellow birch)
 Betula lenta (cherry birch)
 Dogwood
 Redbud
 Chionanthus (fringe tree)
 Sweet crab
 Sourwoods
 Pussy willow
 Amelanchier (shadblow)
 Sorbus aucuparia (mountain ash, rowan)
 Franklinia
 Halesia carolina (silver bell)

Conifers
 Thuja occidentalis
 Juniperus virginiana
 Carolina hemlocks
 Canadian hemlocks
 Red spruce
 Fraser fir
 Balsam fir
 white pine
 Shortleaf pine
 Scrub pine

Shrubs
 Rhododendron maximum
 Rhododendron catawbiense
 Rhododendron carolinianum
 Rhododendron minus
 Kalmia latifolia (mountain laurel)
 Pieris floribunda
 Leucothoe catesbeii
 Azalea Rosea
 Azalea Vaseyi
 Azalea Viscosa
 Azalea Arborescens
 Azalea Calendulacea (flame)

Flowers and vines
 12 types of native vines
 Shade, evergreen, rockgarden and bog wildflowers
 Ferns and mosses

See also
 Daniel Boone Arboretum (Harrogate, Tennessee)
 List of botanical gardens in the United States

References

External links
 Daniel Boone Native Gardens

Botanical gardens in North Carolina
Arboreta in North Carolina
Protected areas of Watauga County, North Carolina
Boone, North Carolina

Daniel Boone Native Gardens


Graham Neil Yallop (born 7 October, 1952 in Balwyn) was an Australian cricketer who played 39 Tests and 30 One-Day Internationals for Australia. He captained Australia in Tests and One-Day Internationals. He played in both the 1979 and 1983 Cricket World Cups in England. He scored eight Test centuries with a highest score of 268 against Pakistan in 1983–84.

Other websites

1952 births
Living people
Australian cricketers

Graham Yallop


Schwarz-Weiß Alstaden is a German football club from the city of Oberhausen, North Rhine-Westphalia. The current day club recognizes as its predecessors Fußball-Club Borussia 1909 Alstaden and Verein für Rasenspiele 1936 Alstaden.

History
FC was established in 1909 and merged in 1923 with Sportverein Rheinland 1919 Oberhausen to become SpVgg 09 Oberhausen-Alstaden. In 1934 this club merged with Alstader SV Elmar 1912 to form Alstader SV Elmar 09. The history of the Elmar side brought together many of the early local sides. It was created through the 1925 union of SV 1912 Alstaden and Fußballverein 1919 Alstaden (established as DJK Harald Alstaden). SV Alstaden was formed in the early 1920s out of the union of the gymnastics clubs Turnverein 1887 Alstaden and Turn- und Sportverein 1887 Alstaden.

During World War II, the Alstaden club played as part of the combined wartime side KSG Elmar/Viktoria Oberhausen alongside SC Viktoria 09 Oberhausen. Both clubs resumed their separate identities after the war and Elmar played in the Amateurliga Niederrhein (II) where they enjoyed their greatest successes from 1949 to 1952 finishing atop that division's Staffel II in 1952 after a pair of third-place results. The team faded after that and slipped into local level competition.

The side was briefly revitalized following its 1962 merger with VfR 1936 Alstaden which played as WKG Zeche Alstaden from 1936 until 1942. The newly combined association adopted the name Fußballvereinigung Schwarz-Weiß Alstaden 09/36 and in 1964 advanced to the Amateurliga Niederrhein (III) where they played three seasons before being sent down after a 14th-place result in 1967. Today the team competes in the tier eight Kreisliga A after relegation from the Bezirksliga Niederrhein 6 in. 2015.

References

External links
 Official website

Football clubs in Germany
Football clubs in North Rhine-Westphalia
Association football clubs established in 1909
1909 establishments in Germany

Schwarz-Weiß Alstaden


The expulsion of Istanbul Greeks ( or 1964 Rum Sürgünü) in 1964–1965 was a series of discriminatory measures by the authorities of the Republic of Turkey aimed at the forced expulsion of the Greek population of Istanbul (). Though the Greeks of Istanbul were initially excluded from the Greek-Turkish population exchange of 1923 and were allowed to remain in their native city, the Turkish government enacted a series of measures that resulted in a dramatic decrease in their numbers, such as the "wealth" tax of 1942 and later the anti-Greek pogrom of September 1955.

Especially during the 1950s and 1960s, the Greek minority was used as an apparatus of pressure for the Cyprus issue as part of the Greek-Turkish relations. The anti-Greek measures of 1964–1965 resulted in a drastic reduction in the number of Greeks in Istanbul. As such, from a population of about 80,000 only about 30,000 remained in 1965. The measures also resulted in the appropriation of minority-owned properties by the Turkish state and were accompanied by restrictions in the fields of religion and education. The expulsion during this period was part of the final phase of state measures aimed at the Turkification of the local economic, social, and cultural life.

Background

A long-term policy of ethnic cleansing and Turkification of the economy was implemented from 1908 by the local Ottoman authorities. Such tendencies continued after the Greek-Turkish population exchange of 1923 against the remaining Greek communities, exemplified in the "wealth" tax of 1942 and the pogrom of 1955.

Following the 1955 pogrom, the Turkish government used the local Greek minority in Istanbul as a tool of pressure for the Cyprus issue. As part of this context, Turkey decided again to use the Greeks of Istanbul in the early 1960s, while the government of İsmet İnönü and the local press launched a campaign for the justification of the premeditated expulsion of Istanbul Greeks.

From 1963 Turkey found itself in diplomatic isolation while NATO and CENTO, organizations in which it was a member, refused to support the Turkish claims for Cyprus. On March 16, 1964, Turkey unilaterally denounced the Greek-Turkish Convention of Establishment, Commerce and Navigation of 1930, marking the beginning of a massive Greek exodus. Though Turkish authorities initially claimed that the expulsions were directed towards specific individuals who displayed activities "dangerous to the internal and external security of Turkey", the Turkish government spokesperson, Mümtaz Soysal, later admitted that:

Population affected

The measures immediately affected more than 10,000 ethnic Greeks who held Greek passports and were allowed to remain in Turkey under the terms of the Treaty of Lausanne (1923), the subsequent Greek-Turkish population exchange, as well as the Greek-Turkish agreement of 1930. Those Greeks, though holding Greek passports, lived in Istanbul before 1918 and their descendants were born in Turkey but had acquired Greek citizenship; some of them had never been in Greece before. Nevertheless, with Turkey's unilateral abrogation, they were obliged to leave the country immediately. Since many had married co-ethnics who had Turkish citizenship, this exodus inevitably affected a much higher number.

The first wave of expulsion included businessmen and in general members of the community supposed to have conducted activities detrimental to the Turkish state. On March 24, 1964, the first list of Greek deportees was published in Turkish newspapers and five days later the expulsion of the first families took place. During the following months (April–August 1964), about 5,000 expulsions occurred, while another 10,000–11,000 Greeks were expelled after September 1964. On October 11, 1964, the Turkish newspaper Cumhuriyet reported that 30,000 Turkish nationals of Greek descent had also left permanently. In total, the Greek community of Istanbul was reduced from approximately 80,000 to about 30,000 in 1965 as a result of this state campaign of massive expulsion.

Among those expelled were several distinguished businessmen in long-established commercial institutions that provided employment to both Greeks and Turks. As a result of the expulsions, about 100 businesses had to close down. The state authorities also expelled – allegedly due to anti-Turkish activity – handicapped and disabled persons as well as people with mental illness and individuals who suffered from incurable diseases; even people who had died some years before.

Restrictions

Fundamental human rights violations
The deportees were informed of their expulsion order by police officers either at their home or workplace. They were then transferred to the "Greek Department" at the police headquarters of Istanbul and forced to sign a document in which they had to admit to a number of charges as well as that they "...consented to leave Turkey of their own will". They were allowed to take only 220 Turkish lira (approximately US$22) with them, as well as a single piece of luggage weighing  or less. They were prohibited from taking away items made of valuable materials such as gold and silver.

The expulsions were also aimed at confiscating the property of those expelled. A Turkish ministerial decree prohibited all Greeks from conducting transactions involving their houses or any other property, and their bank accounts were blocked. Banks were also instructed to refuse any loans to businesses entirely or partly owned by Greeks. Another ministerial decree ordered the seizure of all real estate property and bank accounts belonging to Greek citizens, while all Greek citizens were prohibited from acquiring property in Turkey.

Anti-Greek campaign in the press
The Greek community was widely targeted by the Turkish press as a potential enemy of the state and "exploiter" of the Turkish economy. Wide-scale use of aggressive language and hate speech against Greeks was quite typical in contemporary Turkish media, which promoted the concept that the expulsions were conducted to avoid imminent dangers for the Turkish nation. Typical headlines in the Turkish press referred to Greeks as "genetically flawed and ruthless blood-shedders" and "the evil, historical enemy of Turks". Turkish newspapers frequently printed lists and charts with the names, professions, and personal details of those who were to be expelled, thereby making them open targets and victims of lynching campaigns by fanatical mobs.

On April 14, 1964, Turkish student organizations joined this anti-Greek campaign. Their common declaration was published on the front cover of almost all Istanbul newspapers:

Persecution of religion and education

The Greek-Orthodox Church and in particular the local Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople were also targeted by the authorities and the press, being typically described as an "unwelcomed residue of Greek influence" in Turkey. The printing house of the Patriarchate – in operation since 1672 – was closed down after the police cancelled its license to operate and then cited a new 1964 law stating that "only persons and legal entities can have printing houses", whilst many Turkish newspapers claimed that its function was a supposed infringement of the Treaty of Lausanne. Its religious publications were banned. Meanwhile, high-ranking priests were immediately expelled due to allegations of involvement in subversive "political, administrative, educational and social activities", while all non-Turkish nationals who attended the Greek Orthodox Halki Seminary were expelled from Turkey. The theology department of the seminary was closed down in 1971.

Greek Orthodox clerics were prohibited from entering local Greek schools. In November 1964, the morning prayer was banned from Greek schools. The Turkish government also began refusing permission for the repair of dilapidated educational institutions. In contravention of the Lausanne Treaty, Greek elementary and secondary schools had to accept the appointment of Turkish assistant headmasters. On 15 September 1964, the authorities prohibited all books written in Greek inside the Greek schools of Istanbul and their libraries. Religious celebrations, including Christmas and Easter, were also forbidden inside schools. From December 1964, Greek pupils were prohibited from speaking Greek during class breaks. On 21 April 1964, the local authorities forcibly occupied and closed the Greek Orphanage of Büyükada (Prinkipos), thus depriving 165 orphans of their lodgings and education.

Throughout this period, there were several incidents and attacks against Church property. In various instances, Turkish mobs attacked the Patriarchate and other religious monuments. In one case, on September 9, 1964, the Greek cemetery at Kuzguncuk was desecrated. The British Consul in Istanbul reported that:

Reactions outside Turkey
As the expulsion policy became wide-scale the Greek government asked for an emergency meeting of the United Nations Security Council in September 1964. The president of the council, Platon D. Morozov, as well as the Soviet Union, condemned the "massive deportations". However, Western countries preferred to avoid any involvement against the ongoing expulsion policy.

Aftermath

The exodus of Istanbul Greeks indicated that the coexistence of Muslims and Greek Orthodox in Istanbul, which that was ratified under the terms of the Treaty of Lausanne, had completely failed. The expulsion had multiple and complex repercussions for Turkey in the fields of both domestic and foreign policy. It also struck a blow to the concept of a pluralistic society, in a country that would tolerate the presence of the remaining non-Muslim element. On the other hand, it fuelled nationalist agitation and fervor in both Greece and Turkey, and further deteriorated Greek-Turkish relations.

Those expelled found refuge mainly in Greece. In 1965 the "Society of the Greeks expelled from Turkey" was founded in Athens by prominent members of their diaspora. The exodus continued during the subsequent years with additional thousands of local Greeks leaving Istanbul in fear of losing their lives and property.

The ban on Greeks selling their property in Turkey was finally lifted in 1989 by Prime Minister Turgut Özal. This occurred after pressure was exerted by the Council of the European Union in the context of Turkey's application for membership in the European Union. However, the state authorities in Turkey were still imposing restrictions and appropriating minority properties through similar legal processes, and continued to refuse to allow Greek citizens to possess or inherit any kind of property. Similarly, donations by members of the Greek minority to non-Muslim minority institutions were considered the property of the Turkish state.

As a result of such policies of Turkification, several parts of Istanbul that had been predominantly inhabited by minorities were evacuated during the 1950s and 1960s and were fully abandoned and filled with decaying buildings. Some of them were subsequently occupied by rural migrants who finally achieved ownership after a certain time period of uncontested occupation. Other were sold with unclear legal processes. Today Istanbul has lost its multicultural character, with 99.99% of its urban population being Muslims.

See also

 Imbros
Tenedos

References

Sources

Further reading

1964 in Turkey
1965 in Turkey
1964 in law
1965 in law
1960s in Istanbul
Anti-Greek sentiment
Discrimination in Turkey
Forced migration
Economic history of Turkey
Ethnic riots
Greeks in Istanbul
History of the Republic of Turkey
Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians
Persecution of Oriental Orthodox Christians
Ethnic cleansing in Asia

Expulsion of Greeks from Istanbul


The Country of Carnival (Portuguese: O País do Carnaval) is a 1931  novel by Brazilian writer Jorge Amado. In this debut novel, the themes that would come to permeate the author's work can already be seen, albeit in an embryonic form. The book is an account of the typical Brazilian intelligentsia of the 1920s. It has not been translated into English.

Background
The Country of Carnival was Jorge Amado's first novel, written when he was only 18 at a time when he had  enrolled at the law faculty in Rio de Janeiro.  The first edition was published in a print run of a thousand copies.  It was enthusiastically received by, among others, Rachel de Queiroz. The two met and it was she who introduced him to the Communist Youth. Whilst in Salvador, Bahia during 1927-31, Amado had been a member of the Academia dos Rebeldes (Academy of Rebels), a literary group formed around the journalist and poet Pinheiro Viegas, who Amado credited with having a significant influence on The Country of Carnival.  Considered subversive, The Country of Carnival was one of the books of Amado and others that were burned in a public square in Salvador by order of the Vargas Era regime in 1937.

Plot
Son of a wealthy cocoa planter, Paulo Rigger, a Brazilian intellectual who has studied in Europe for seven years, wants to participate in the political and intellectual life of the country. He joins a group of intellectuals in Salvador to discuss matters of love, politics, religion and philosophy.  Doubts as to the directions the nation is taking are foremost in the minds of the intellectuals. Rigger criticizes the racial miscegenation of the country and particularly the institution of Carnival, which he blames for the country's lagging development, believing that Carnival keeps people alienated. Its excesses are cause for shock, even if his contact with the people during the street festivities makes him again feel genuinely Brazilian. Confused by these contradictions, Rigger decides to return to Europe.

References

1931 Brazilian novels
Novels by Jorge Amado
Portuguese-language novels
1931 debut novels

The Country of Carnival


Edward Craig Morris (October 7, 1939 – June 14, 2006) was an American archaeologist who was best known for his Inca expeditions and creating a modern understanding of the Inca civilization.

Morris was dean of science and chair of Department of Anthropology at the American Museum of Natural History,
a member of the National Academy of Sciences,
a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
The New York Times called Morris "a towering figure in Inca expeditions" and said that he "helped transform modern knowledge of the Inca civilization".
The National Academy of Sciences said that his studies became classics of the field.

Chronology
 1939: born on October 7 in Murray, Kentucky
 1961: bachelor's degree in psychology and philosophy, magna cum laude, Vanderbilt University
 1967: Ph.D., the University of Chicago
 1967–1968: Assistant Professor, Northern Illinois University
 1968–1975: Assistant Professor, Brandeis University
 1975–1980: Assistant Curator of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, New York
 1976: Visiting Associate Professor of Anthropology, Cornell University
 1977: Visiting Professor of Archaeology, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
 1977–1992: Adjunct Professor, Cornell University
 1983–1990: Chair, Department of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History
 1986: Visiting Professor of Anthropology, City University of New York Graduate Center
 1989–1991: Guest Curator, "Art in the Age of Exploration (Inka Section)," National Gallery of Art
 1992–1997: Adjunct Professor of Anthropology, Columbia University
 1994–2005: Dean of Science, American Museum of Natural History
 1998–2005: Vice-President, American Museum of Natural History
 1980–2006: Curator of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History
 2006: Died June 14 in New York City

References

External links

1939 births
2006 deaths
University of Chicago alumni
Vanderbilt University alumni
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
People from Murray, Kentucky
Northern Illinois University faculty
Brandeis University faculty
Cornell University faculty
Columbia University faculty
20th-century American archaeologists

Edward Craig Morris


Aves is the class of birds.

Aves may also refer to:

 Aves Island, a Caribbean island administered by Venezuela
 Aves (Santo Tirso), a town and a parish in northern Portugal
 C.D. Aves, a Portuguese football (soccer) club
 Las Aves Archipelago, a group of islands off the coast of Venezuela
 The Birds (play)  or Aves, a comedy play by Aristophanes
 Aves (surname), people with the name

See also
 AVE (disambiguation)
 Avis (disambiguation)
 The Avenues (disambiguation)

Aves (disambiguation)


The Dendermonde nursery attack was a stabbing attack on the Fabeltjesland daycare centre in the Flemish village of Sint-Gillis-bij-Dendermonde in Dendermonde, Belgium, at 10:00 a.m. CET (9:00 a.m. UTC) on January 23, 2009. Three people were stabbed to death, and twelve were mutilated in the attack. The suspect has been linked to a separate murder of an elderly lady and police have suggested he was plotting more nursery attacks. The daycare centre where the initial attack occurred is expected never to reopen.

Attack
Kim de Gelder, a 20-year-old Belgian from Sinaai, entered the Fabeltjesland nursery through an unlocked side-door, claiming that he had a question to ask. He then entered one of the rooms and began attacking small children before moving to another room. He was reported to be wearing black-and-white makeup with his hair vividly colored red, similar to that of Joker from the Batman films (who, however, has green hair and white and red facial features). De Gelder's attorney, Jaak Haentjens, later formally denied any link to "the Joker", attributing the claims of face paint to De Gelder's pale skin. De Gelder was, in the eyes of his friends and colleagues, a silent boy, who never said anything.

A total of eighteen infants under the age of three and six adults were in the nursery at the time of the attack. Two infants and one adult were killed; six children, all between one and three years old, were seriously injured; another four suffered minor injuries; and nine escaped unscathed. The alleged perpetrator left the scene on his bike.

Victims
 Leon Garcia-Mannaert, an eight-month-old boy,
 Corneel Vermeir, a nine-month-old boy,
 Marita Blindeman, a 54-year-old.

Initial reports on Belgian television suggested that five people had been killed and twenty others had been injured, with government officials only confirming the death of one adult and one child. This number was later increased, as another infant had died from the injuries he had sustained. It has also been reported that some of the surviving children have needed plastic surgery due to serious mutilations.

Investigation
A massive search operation was mounted, and a man was captured by police a short while later, in the nearby town of Lebbeke. Having been wounded during his capture, the man was taken to a hospital in Aalst, Belgium. Police reported that he was carrying a list of nurseries, which they suspect he may have been planning to attack as well.

At a press conference on the evening of the attack, public prosecutor Christian Du Four provided the following information about the alleged offender, denying several early rumours:

Perpetrator
De Gelder was identified as the attacker on 25 January 2009. De Gelder confided in his attorney, stating that he had been troubled by depression as a teenager and at one point heard voices in his head. Regardless, a psychiatrist had concluded that he did not need to be sent to a mental institution.

On 26 January 2009, Belgian officials named De Gelder as the primary suspect in a further, fourth murder, where a 73-year-old woman was stabbed to death in her apartment in Beveren, near Antwerp, on January 16. Prosecutor Christian Du Four told journalists that there were "very clear indications of links between the murders", though De Gelder denies any involvement. Police have stated that he was planning attacks on other nurseries.

On 27 January, De Gelder admitted to the attacks. The media originally reported that De Gelder was wearing makeup at the time of the attack, making him look like the Joker, but police have not confirmed that depiction. In further media reports, De Gelder reportedly watched The Dark Knight an unusually high number of times ("film obsession"), appears to have quoted the character Harvey Dent at the start of the attack. Both police investigators and De Gelder's lawyer have made statements dismissing such as relevant to his motive in the attack.

De Gelder's attorneys argued that he had schizophrenia and therefore could not be held fully accountable for his actions. Psychiatrists believed that De Gelder was faking psychosis and instead diagnosed him with schizotypal personality disorder with psychopathic traits and narcissistic features. The College of Psychiatrists concluded De Gelder was mentally ill but competent to stand trial, and was in control of his actions when he committed the murders.

On 22 March 2013, a jury declared De Gelder was fully accountable for the attack and found him guilty of four counts of murder. He was sentenced to life imprisonment the following day.

Memorials
The mayor of Dendermonde, Piet Buyse, said, "The victims are being cared for and those who were not injured have been brought to a centre where they are receiving counseling."

Italian singer Luciano Ligabue dedicated a song to the victims,  featured on his 2010 album, .

Some 6,000 people marched through Dendermonde on 25 January 2009, laying hundreds of bouquets and stuffed animals outside the daycare centre as the Mayor of Dendermonde, Piet Buyse, announced that the Fabeltjesland nursery would never reopen.

See also
 List of massacres in Belgium

References

2009 murders in Belgium
Deaths by stabbing in Belgium
Dendermonde
January 2009 events in Europe
Mass murder in 2009
Mass stabbings in Europe
Massacres in Belgium
Murder in Belgium
Stabbing attacks in Belgium

Dendermonde nursery attack


Carl Richard Moore (December 5, 1892–October 16, 1955) was an American endocrinologist.

He was born in rural farm region of Greene County, Missouri and received his early education in nearby Springfield. After graduating from High School, he attended Drury College where he acquired an interest in biology. In 1913, he obtained his B.S. degree, then worked as an assistant at Drury to earn his M.S. in 1914. With the granting of a fellowship, he attended the University of Chicago where he was awarded his Ph.D. in 1916, with a thesis on the fertilization and parthenogenesis in sea urchin eggs. He became an associate in the university's zoology department from 1916–1918, then an instructor, a full professor in 1928 and chairman of the department in 1934. He was married to Edith Naomi Abernethy in 1920.

Carl Moore is noted for his studies of the reproductive tract of male mammals and the physiology of spermatozoa. In 1929, Carl Moore, T. F. Gallagher and F. C. Koch became the first to extract the male sex hormone androsterone.

During his career, he served as vice president of the American Society of Zoologists (1926); president of Section F, the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1943) and president of the American Association for the Study of Internal Secretions 1944).
He served as editor of the Biological Bulletin and the Physiological Zoology journals. In 1948 he was awarded an honorary Sc.D. by Drudy College in 1948. In 1941 he received the Francis Amory Award by the National Academy of Arts and Science. He received the award of the American Urological Association in 1950 and the Medal and Certificate of Award from the Endocrine Society in 1955.

References

External links

Guide to the Carl R. Moore Papers 1916-1974 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center

1892 births
1955 deaths
American endocrinologists
People from Greene County, Missouri
Drury University alumni
University of Chicago alumni
University of Chicago faculty

Carl Richard Moore


Victor Le Bouthillier de Chavigny (1590-1670) was a French politician and clergyman. He was a counselor of state and served as almoner to Marie de Medici then to Gaston, Duke of Orleans. He was coadjutor of the archdiocese of Tours from 1630 to 1641, bishop of Boulogne from 1626 to 1628 and archbishop of Tours from 1641 to 1670.

He was the uncle of Armand Jean Le Bouthillier de Rancé (1626-1700), reformer of La Trappe Abbey, which he had tried to take over as coadjutor in 1657, against opposition by cardinal Mazarin.

His library was expanded by Léon Bouthillier then Denis-François Bouthillier before being split between Montpellier, Troyes and the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris.

References

Sources
Eugène Van Drival, Histoire des évêques de Boulogne, Boulogne-sur-Mer, 1852

1590 births
1670 deaths
Archbishops of Tours
Bishops of Boulogne

Victor Le Bouthillier


James Joseph Dykes (November 10, 1896 – June 15, 1976) was an American professional baseball player, coach and manager. He played in Major League Baseball as a third and second baseman from  through , most notably as a member of the Philadelphia Athletics dynasty that won three consecutive American League pennants from 1929 to 1931 and, won the World Series in 1929 and 1930. Dykes played his final six seasons for the Chicago White Sox.

Dykes batted over .300 five times during his career and was a member of one of the most feared batting orders in the history of baseball, featuring three future Baseball Hall of Fame members (Al Simmons, Jimmie Foxx, and Mickey Cochrane). He also  excelled as a defensive player, leading the American League in assists once at second base and twice at third base, ending his career sixth in AL history in games at third base (1,253), and seventh in putouts (1,361), assists (2,403), total chances (3,952) and double plays (199).

At the time of his retirement, Dykes ranked eighth in American League history in games played (2,282), and ninth in at bats (8,046). He holds the Athletics franchise record for career doubles (365), and formerly held team marks for career games and at bats.

After his playing career, Dykes became the winningest manager in Chicago White Sox history, with 899 victories over parts of 13 seasons, though his teams never finished above third place; he later became the first manager in history to win 1,000 games without capturing a league pennant.

Early career
Born in Philadelphia, Dykes played for three local teams at age 16 in 1913. The first was "his father's Penn Street Boys Club"; the second one paid 50 cents a game plus carfare (to Ardmore on the Main Line); the third paid $1 a game. By 19, Dykes played in the Delaware County League, which the major leagues declared an outlaw league a few years later, for infringing their control of the professional sport.

Dykes began his major league career on May 6, 1918, as a second baseman for the Athletics, and served in the wartime Army after the season ended. He spent most of 1919 in the minor leagues after reporting out of shape in spring training, but quickly became one of manager Connie Mack's favorite players with his defensive versatility and easygoing manner, and remained with the club for the next 14 years, primarily at third base.

With powerful wrists and reputedly the sport's best throwing arm, Dykes took advantage of Shibe Park's friendly dimensions to finish among the league leaders in home runs in 1921 and 1922, and batted .312, .323, and .324 in 1924, 1925 and 1927. He was named team MVP in 1924 and placed eighth in the league MVP vote in 1927.

In one 1927 game, he played every position except catcher and left fielder, even appearing as a relief pitcher. In 1929, Dykes had a career-high .327 batting average and was ninth in the American League in slugging, helping the Athletics win their first American League pennant in 15 years by 18 games over the New York Yankees of Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig. He was one of six Athletics players to post batting averages above .310 during the 1929 season. Dykes capped the season by hitting .421 in the World Series against the Chicago Cubs; in Game 4, he had two hits and three runs batted in in a 10-run seventh inning as Philadelphia overcame an 8–0 deficit, and went on to win the Series in five games.

Late career
In 1930 Dykes batted .301 as the Athletics repeated as champions; in the 1930 World Series against the St. Louis Cardinals, he batted only .222, but drove in the winning run in Game 1 and had a 2-run home run in the final Game 6, a 7–1 victory.

In 1931, his batting average dropped to .273 as Philadelphia won its third straight pennant; but they lost their rematch with the Cardinals as he hit .227 in the 7-game Series.

Dykes had a disappointing year for the team in 1932 and with the onset of the Great Depression along with declining attendance, Connie Mack sought to reduce expenses by selling or trading his best players. In September 1932, he sold Dykes, Simmons and Mule Haas to the Chicago White Sox for $100,000 and a few months later sent Lefty Grove, Rube Walberg and Max Bishop to the Boston Red Sox for Bob Kline, Rabbit Warstler and $125,000. While with the White Sox, he was selected to the first two All-Star Games in 1933 and 1934.

In 22 seasons, Dykes was a career .280 hitter with 2,256 hits, 108 home runs, 1,108 runs and 1,069 RBI in 2,282 games, along with 453 doubles and 90 triples. His 115 times being hit by a pitch ranked second in AL history behind Kid Elberfeld's 142, and his 850 strikeouts ranked fourth in major league history. He was the last active major leaguer who had played in the 1910s. His Athletics team records of 1,702 games and 6,023 at-bats were broken in the 1970s by Bert Campaneris after the franchise relocated to Oakland.

Managerial career
Early in the 1934 season, he succeeded Lew Fonseca as White Sox manager. He was the team's player-manager until 1939. However, his last year as a full-time player was 1936; after that season, he only made cameo appearances in a total of 58 games. After formally retiring as a player in 1939, he continued as manager until early 1946. The White Sox finished in third place three times in his tenure. In 1936, they finished 81–70 (with two ties) while tied in percentage (.536) with the Washington Senators for third place. While they were 20 games behind the New York Yankees, it was the first time they had been a factor in a pennant race that late in any season since 1920, a year in which the team was decimated late in the season by the suspension (and eventual permanent banning from baseball) of the "Black Sox." It was also only their third winning season since 1920.

His best finish with the White Sox was the 1937 season, when they finished with an 86–68 record, which was good for another third-place finish, 16 games behind the Yankees. They finished in third place in 1941 at 77–77 (with 2 ties) and 24 games back of the Yankees. The White Sox did not place as high as 3rd place again until 1952. The worst finish for the White Sox during his tenure was the 49–88 record in his first year; his 10–20 record during his last season in 1946 was his worst in terms of percentage.

As a manager, he proved more combative and argumentative than he had been as a player, and was often fined and suspended; his 62 ejections were among the all-time top ten when he retired. After Ted Lyons replaced him as White Sox manager, Dykes managed two years in the minor leagues with the White Sox' top minor league affiliate, the Hollywood Stars. He returned to the majors in 1949 as a coach with the Athletics.  On May 26, 1950–one month into the season–he was promoted to assistant manager. It was also announced Mack would retire after the 1950 season after 50 years at the helm, and Dykes would succeed him for the 1951 season. However, Dykes essentially became the A's de facto manager for the remainder of the 1950 season. He was given primary responsibility for day-to-day operations, took over as the team's main game-day operator, and split control over most baseball matters with former teammate Mickey Cochrane, who became general manager.  Although Mack, who by this time was now sole owner of the club, maintained his position as team president, he was now a figurehead.  Dykes remained as manager until the end of the 1953 season. In his three seasons with the Athletics, the team finished 6th, 4th, and 7th, respectively. The 1952 season had them finish 79–75 (16 games behind the Yankees). It would be the franchise's last .500 season until 1968.

Dykes was named the Baltimore Orioles' first manager in 1954 after that franchise relocated from St. Louis. In his only season with the team, he went 54–100 — the only 100 loss season in his managerial career. Dykes left in a team reorganization which ended with Paul Richards becoming both field and general manager in 1955. After 35 years in the American League, Dykes became a coach with the National League's Cincinnati Redlegs, leading them as interim manager for the last 41 games of the 1958 season after Birdie Tebbetts was fired. However, he came back to the AL as manager of the Detroit Tigers in 1959. The Tigers team had lost 15 of their first 17 games under Bill Norman before being fired one month into the season at which Dykes was hired. His 1959 team went 74–63 (while finishing 76–78 overall), good for 4th place and 18 games behind his old White Sox team. He managed them to a 44–52 record in 1960. At that point, Frank Lane, then general manager of the Cleveland Indians and famous for his numerous transactions, sent Joe Gordon to Detroit and brought Dykes to Cleveland in a rare trade of managers. Dykes managed the Indians from 1960–1961. His teams went 26–32 and 77–83.

In 21 seasons as a manager, Dykes compiled a 1,406–1,541 record, never winning a pennant or finishing higher than third place. After serving as a coach for the Milwaukee Braves in 1962, he returned to the Athletics, who had by then moved to Kansas City, in 1963. He retired after the 1964 season, ending 47 years at field level in baseball. Although he had a different style of managing his teams, Dykes had authority, was testy and combative; he liked to make use of his entire roster and was regarded as a motivator of players.

Dykes co-authored the 1967 memoir You Can't Steal First Base with Charles O. Dexter.

In a 1954 news story, Dykes was characterized as generally well liked by the players under him. "He's a pretty good guy," one Oriole said, "he doesn't say much but he knows how to put you straight when he has to." "Everyone feels pretty good under him," another player said. "You know he expects you to play ball but he doesn't come around and bother you about it." Dykes was known as a practical jokester and was especially fond of exploding cigars which he passed out like candy. At one time he got confused when handing one to a sportswriter he knew, which exploded in his own face in front of the intended victim; "got my hands crossed", Dykes explained.

When it came to the integration of baseball, Dykes had a mixed record. He recognized the talent of Jackie Robinson and other Black players, but was later recalled as having refused to pose with Robinson for a photograph, and was accused of calling for his pitcher to intentionally hit Minnie Miñoso, using a racial slur.

Dykes died in Philadelphia at age 79.

Managerial record

See also

 List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders
 List of Major League Baseball managers by wins
 List of Major League Baseball player-managers

References

External links

1896 births
1976 deaths
American League All-Stars
Atlanta Crackers players
Baltimore Orioles managers
Baseball players from Philadelphia
Chicago White Sox managers
Chicago White Sox players
Cincinnati Redlegs coaches
Cincinnati Redlegs managers
Cleveland Indians managers
Detroit Tigers managers
Gettysburg Ponies players
Hanover Raiders players
Hollywood Stars managers
Kansas City Athletics coaches
Major League Baseball player-managers
Major League Baseball second basemen
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Major League Baseball third basemen
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Philadelphia Athletics managers
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Jimmy Dykes


A heterarchy is a system of organization where the elements of the organization are unranked (non-hierarchical) or where they possess the potential to be ranked a number of different ways. Definitions of the term vary among the disciplines: in social and information sciences, heterarchies are networks of elements in which each element shares the same "horizontal" position of power and authority, each playing a theoretically equal role. In biological taxonomy, however, the requisite features of heterarchy involve, for example, a species sharing, with a species in a different family, a common ancestor which it does not share with members of its own family. This is theoretically possible under principles of "horizontal gene transfer".

A heterarchy may be parallel to a hierarchy, subsumed to a hierarchy, or it may contain hierarchies; the two kinds of structure are not mutually exclusive. In fact, each level in a hierarchical system is composed of a potentially heterarchical group which contains its constituent elements.

The concept of heterarchy was first employed in a modern context by cybernetician Warren McCulloch in 1945. As Carole L. Crumley has summarised, "[h]e examined alternative cognitive structure(s), the collective organization of which he termed heterarchy. He demonstrated that the human brain, while reasonably orderly was not organized hierarchically. This understanding revolutionized the neural study of the brain and solved major problems in the fields of artificial intelligence and computer design."

General principles, operationalization, and evidence
In a group of related items, heterarchy is a state wherein any pair of items is likely to be related in two or more differing ways. Whereas hierarchies sort groups into progressively smaller categories and subcategories, heterarchies divide and unite groups variously, according to multiple concerns that emerge or recede from view according to perspective. Crucially, no one way of dividing a heterarchical system can ever be a totalizing or all-encompassing view of the system, each division is clearly partial, and in many cases, a partial division leads us, as perceivers, to a feeling of contradiction that invites a new way of dividing things. (But of course the next view is just as partial and temporary.) Heterarchy is a name for this state of affairs, and a description of a heterarchy usually requires ambivalent thought... a willingness to ambulate freely between unrelated perspectives.

However, because the requirements for a heterarchical system are not exactly stated, identifying a heterarchy through the use of archaeological materials can often prove to be difficult.

In an attempt to operationalize heterarchies, Schoenherr and Dopko use the concept of reward systems and Relational models theory. Relational models are defined by distinct expectations for exchanges between individuals in terms of authority ranking, equality matching, communality, and market pricing. They suggest that discrepancies in the kind of reward that is used to assign merit and differences in merit assigned to specific groups of individuals can be used as evidence for heterarchical structure. Their study demonstrates differences in the number of women assigned PhDs, the number of women receiving academic appointments in high status academic institutions, and scientific awards.

Examples of heterarchical conceptualizations include the Gilles Deleuze/Félix Guattari conceptions of deterritorialization, rhizome, and body without organs.

Information studies
Numerous observers in the information sciences have argued that heterarchical structure processes more information more effectively than hierarchical design. An example of the potential effectiveness of heterarchy would be the rapid growth of the heterarchical Wikipedia project in comparison with the failed growth of the Nupedia project. Heterarchy increasingly trumps hierarchy as complexity and rate of change increase.

Informational heterarchy can be defined as an organizational form somewhere between hierarchy and network that provides horizontal links that permit different elements of an organization to cooperate whilst individually optimizing different success criteria.  In an organizational context the value of heterarchy derives from the way in which it permits the legitimate valuation of multiple skills, types of knowledge or working styles without privileging one over the other. In information science, therefore, heterarchy, responsible autonomy and hierarchy are sometimes combined under the umbrella term  Triarchy.

This concept has also been applied to the field of archaeology, where it has enabled researchers to better understand social complexity. For further reading see the works of Carole Crumley.

The term heterarchy is used in conjunction with the concepts of holons and holarchy to describe individual systems at each level of a holarchy.

Brain science
A heterarchical network could be used to describe neuron connections or democracy, although there are clearly hierarchical elements in both.

Sociology and political theory
Anthropologist Dmitri Bondarenko follows Carole Crumley in her definition of heterarchy as "the relation of elements to one another when they are unranked or when they possess the potential for being ranked in a number of different ways" and argues that it is therefore not strictly the opposite of hierarchy, but is rather the opposite of homoarchy, itself definable as "the relation of elements to one another when they possess the potential for being ranked in one way only".

David C. Stark (1950- ) has been contributing to developing the concept of heterarchy in the sociology of organizations.

Political  hierarchies and heterarchies are systems in which multiple dynamic power-structures govern the actions of the system.  They represent different types of network structures that allow differing degrees of connectivity. In a (tree-structured) hierarchy every node is connected to at most one parent node and to zero or more child nodes. In a heterarchy, however, a node can be connected to any of its surrounding nodes without needing to go through or to get permission from some other node.

Socially, a heterarchy distributes  privilege and decision-making among participants, while a hierarchy assigns more power and privilege to the members "high" in the structure. In a systemic perspective, Gilbert Probst, Jean-Yves Mercier and others describe heterarchy as the flexibility of the formal relationships inside an organization. Domination and subordination links can be reversed and privileges can be redistributed in each situation, following the needs of the system.

Researchers have also framed higher-education staff as operating in a heterarchical structure. Examining  sex-based discrimination in psychology, Schoenherr and Dopko identify discrepancies between the number of women awarded PhDs, the number of professorships held by women, and the number of scientific awards granted to women in the behavioral sciences and by the American Psychological Association. They argue that this data supports difference reward systems, representing heterarchies. They go on to connect the notion of heterarchy to contemporary models of relational structures in psychology (i.e., relational models theory). Schoenherr has argued that this is also reflected in divisions within professional psychology, such as those between clinical psychologists and experimental psychologists. Using the history of professional psychology in Canada and the United States, he provides quotations from professional organization to illustrate the disparate identities and reward-systems. Rather than just reflecting a feature of psychological science, these case studies were presented as evidence of heterarchies in academia and in social organizations more generally.

See also
 Adhocracy
 Directed set
 Distributed republic
 Hierarchy
 Homoarchy
 Folksonomy
 Gödel Escher Bach – discussed in chapter five
 Panarchy

Notes

Further reading
Bruns, Axel (2008). Blogs, Wikipedia, Second Life, and Beyond: From Production to Produsage, New York: Peter Lang.

 Stark, David (2011). The Sense of Dissonance: Accounts of Worth in Economic Life, Princeton University Press
 O'Reilly, D.J.W. (2003). Further evidence of heterarchy in Bronze Age Thailand. Current Anthropology 44:300–306.
""

External links
 IT Conversations podcast with Dr. Karen Stephenson

 Heierarchy, Heterarchy, and other Structural Diagrams

Networks
Hierarchy
Patterns
Structure
Social systems concepts
Cybernetics

Heterarchy


The Wrekin ( ) is a hill in east Shropshire, England. It is located some five miles (8 km) west of Telford, on the border between the unitary authorities of Shropshire and Telford and Wrekin. Rising above the Shropshire Plain to a height of 407 metres (1,335 feet) above sea level, it is a prominent and well-known landmark, signalling the entrance to Shropshire for travellers westbound on the M54 motorway. The Wrekin is contained within the northern salient of the Shropshire Hills AONB. The hill is popular with walkers and tourists and offers good views of Shropshire. It can be seen well into Staffordshire and the Black Country, and even as far as the Beetham Tower in Manchester, Winter Hill in Lancashire and Cleeve Hill in Gloucestershire.

Name
The earliest mention of the Wrekin occurs in a charter of 855, as entered in a late 11th century Worcester cartulary, spelled Wreocensetun. Its modern form is believed to have come into modern English by way of Mercian, and that is likely to have been taken from the early Celtic Wrikon-.

Summit

There is an Iron Age hill fort on the summit almost  in size, to which the name Uriconio originally referred. It is thought the fort was built by the Cornovii tribe and was once their capital. In AD 47 Roman invaders stormed the fort and set fire to it, moving the defeated tribe on to Wroxeter (Viroconium Cornoviorum).

A more recent addition is the Wrekin transmitting station, used for broadcasting and telecommunications. At the top of the main mast is a beacon which emits a red pulse of light every few seconds at night. A beacon was originally erected on the Wrekin during the Second World War to warn aircraft, and was kept in operation until 1960. A new beacon was then installed in 2000, as part of a project to celebrate the new millennium. It is known locally as the "Wrekin Beacon", and is visible for many miles around.

The trig point and toposcope at the height of the summit was incorporated into an artwork, The Sky Begins At My Feet, which was designed by Wellington Arts Collective and unveiled in October 2022 in honour of the Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II. The sculpture is in the stoneware clay tiles laid around the plinths bearing relief portraits of seven local heroes and heroines by artist Sharon Griffin, and a range of decorative tiles designed by the public and various community groups and workshops.

Geology
The geology of the Wrekin and its immediate area is complex, consisting of a variety of rocks of a range of ages affected by numerous faults. The crest of the Wrekin's ridge and its northwestern slopes are formed from various rocks of volcanic origin assigned to the Uriconian series, of Precambrian age. The 'Uriconian Volcanics' include rhyolites, tuffs and agglomerates. These rocks – layers of ancient lava flows laid down in a volcanic island arc, similar to modern Japan – are approximately 680 million years old.

Dolerite dykes intruded the extrusive volcanic rocks around 563 million years ago. A variety of the intrusive igneous rock granophyre, known as Ercallite forms the northeastern shoulder of the Ercall. It was put in place around 560 million years ago and is overlain by Cambrian rocks of sedimentary origin. The southeastern side of the ridge is largely formed from sandstones and shales of Cambrian age. They include the early Cambrian Lower Comley Sandstone and Lower Comley Limestones together with the Wrekin Quartzite, outcrops of which also occur to the northwest of the ridge.

The lower ground to the northwest comprises sandstones and mudstones of late Carboniferous and Permian age whilst to the southeast are a succession of rocks of early Carboniferous age including limestone, the Little Wenlock Basalt and the Lydebrook Sandstone.

Structurally, the Wrekin together with the Ercall forms part of the Church Stretton Complex where different geological terranes meet. The Cymru Terrane is to the west with the Wrekin Terrane to the east of the fault system. The fault system trends north-northeast:south-southwest and the line carries on through other geologically important exposures such as those in the area of Caer Caradoc.

Contrary to a common misconception, the Wrekin has never been a volcano in its own right, but is composed mainly of volcanic rocks and is a product of volcanism. Its modern shape, which from certain viewpoints appears to resemble a volcano, has been formed by other natural processes.

Wider area
The name the Wrekin is also used to refer more generally to the part of East Shropshire around the towns of Telford and Wellington, within sight of the hill. The surrounding area is one of the birthplaces of industry: Ironbridge Gorge is just to the south of the Wrekin hill. Woodland covers much of the hill, the area around the hill and into the Ironbridge Gorge area too. The eponymous Wrekin parliamentary constituency incorporates the hill.

Access
The Wrekin can be accessed from the final junction on the M54 motorway (J7) before it turns into the A5 which continues to Shrewsbury. The hill is then signposted. There is a well-used footpath up the side of the hill which has an entrance at the end of the road off the M54. There is also a small car park and parking bays up the road. Between the Ercall and the Wrekin is a well positioned car park, at Forest Glen, allowing easy access to both areas. The ascent is steep in parts.

Folklore and local custom

The Wrekin is the subject of a well-known legend in Shropshire folklore. One version of the story runs as follows:

A giant called Gwendol Wrekin ap Shenkin ap Mynyddmawr with a grudge against the town of Shrewsbury decided to flood the town and kill all its inhabitants. So he collected a giant-sized spadeful of earth and set off towards the town. When in the vicinity of Wellington he met a cobbler returning from Shrewsbury market with a large sackful of shoes for repair. The giant asked him for directions, adding that he was going to dump his spadeful of earth in the River Severn and flood the town. "It's a very long way to Shrewsbury," replied the quick-thinking shoemaker. "Look at all these shoes I've worn out walking back from there!" The giant immediately decided to abandon his enterprise and dumped the earth on the ground beside him, where it became the Wrekin. The giant also scraped the mud off his boots, which became the smaller hill Ercall Hill nearby. Ironically Shrewsbury is subjected to flooding from the River Severn on frequent occasions naturally."All around the Wrekin", "Right 'round the Wrekin" or "Running round the Wrekin" is a phrase common in Shropshire, Worcestershire, Staffordshire, Herefordshire, the Black Country, Birmingham to mean "the long way round", in the same way that "round the houses" is used more widely. "To all friends around the Wrekin", meanwhile, is a toast traditionally used in Shropshire, especially at Christmas and New Year.

The amount of inclement weather in the area can also be said to be predicted by the visibility of the Wrekin. The saying being, "If you can see the Wrekin, it's going to rain. And if you can't see the Wrekin, it's already raining."

Another well known local legend has it that you cannot be a true Salopian (person born in Shropshire) unless you have passed through the Needle's Eye - a split between two large rocks close to the summit.

In 1981, an event was undertaken by local school pupils and adults called "Hands around the Wrekin", whereby a large group of people all held hands, surrounding the hill at the base.

The Wrekin has a cheese named after it called Wrekin White, which is produced and sold in a dairy in Newport, Shropshire.

In September 2010, Wiccans conducted a wicker man burning ceremony at the Wrekin to celebrate the autumnal equinox.

In popular culture
The Wrekin is mentioned in Poem XXXI of A.E. Housman's collection A Shropshire Lad. The first stanza runs:
:On Wenlock Edge the wood's in trouble;
His forest fleece the Wrekin heaves;
The gale, it plies the saplings double,
And thick on Severn snow the leaves.

In the 1969 novel A Pelican at Blandings, The Wrekin can be seen from P.G. Wodehouse's Blandings Castle.

The Wrekin is also mentioned in Half Man Half Biscuit's 1987 song, "Rod Hull Is Alive, Why?", with the line: "Halfway up the Wrekin with an empty flask of tea, a fog descends and takes away my visibility..." In Edward Lear's A Book of Nonsense, one of the limericks starts:
:There was an Old Man of the Wrekin
Whose shoes made a horrible creaking

In 2017, during an attempt by the high-street chain Poundland to challenge the trademark of Mondelēz's Toblerone bar with their own Twin Peaks confectionery, they claimed that the latter was inspired by the shape of the Wrekin, which is situated in the region of Poundland's head office in Willenhall. The chocolate bar was launched that year, and is said to be based on the Wrekin and Ercall hills. Poundland's founder, Steve Smith, lives near Bridgnorth in Shropshire.

The Wrekin is a location in the 2020 videogame Assassin's Creed Valhalla, as "The Wroeken".

Christian Bale (playing racing driver Ken Miles, from Sutton Coldfield) uses the phrase "It's just a quick ride round The Wrekin" in 2019 film "Le Mans '66".

Views

The most distant visible point is probably the Forest of Bowland in north-east Lancashire. Despite historical claims, including a toposcope at the summit, it is not possible to see Snowdon from the Wrekin, as the line of sight is blocked by Cadair Berwyn.

References

External links
 Computer generated summit panoramas the Wrekin index. There is an old local claim, supported by a summit toposcope, that there is a line of sight to Snowdon, but the line is blocked by Cadair Berwyn.

Hills of Shropshire
Marilyns of England
Telford and Wrekin
Hill forts in Shropshire
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Shropshire
Geology of Shropshire
English royal forests
Mountains and hills of the United Kingdom with toposcopes

The Wrekin


Edward Penny  (1 August 1714 – 16 November 1791) was an English portrait and historical painter, one of the founder members of the Royal Academy.

Life
He one of the twin elder sons of Robert Penny, surgeon, by Clare, daughter of William Trafford, of Swythamley, Staffordshire, and was born at Knutsford, Cheshire in 1714. He was sent to London and placed under the tuition of Thomas Hudson; later he went to Rome and studied under Marco Benefiale. He returned to England about 1748, and began his professional career by painting small whole-lengths; later he painted more demanding subjects.

Penny appears to have joined the Incorporated Society of Artists in 1762; but with Benjamin West, Richard Wilson, and others, then withdrew because of internal frictions. In December 1768 he was nominated one of the foundation members of the Royal Academy of Arts, and its first professor of painting. He then ceased to exhibit, and was obliged by ill-health to resign the professorship of painting, in which he was succeeded by James Barry.

Penny died at Chiswick on 16 November 1791, and was buried with his wife at Chessington, Surrey.

Works
In 1762 Penny exhibited a small whole-length of a lady and a scene in Jane Shore. In 1763 he sent to the exhibition in Spring Gardens a scene from the Aminta of Tasso, and a small whole-length of George Edwards the ornithologist; in 1764, The Death of General Wolfe, which was engraved by Richard Houston, and a scene illustrating Jonathan Swift's Description of a City Shower; in 1765, The Marquess of Granby relieving a Sick Soldier, engraved by Richard Houston, and The Return from the Fair; in 1767, The Husbandman's Return from Work; and in 1768, The Generous Behaviour of the Chevalier Bayard, engraved by William Pether.

To the first exhibition in 1769 he contributed the smithy scene from Shakespeare's King John, which was engraved by Houston, and to that of 1770 Imogen discovered in the Cave. In 1772 he exhibited Lord Clive explaining to the Nabob the Situation of the Invalids in India, and Rosamond and Queen Eleanor; in 1774, The Profligate punished by Neglect and Contempt and The Virtuous comforted by Sympathy and Attention, a pair engraved by Valentine Green; in 1776, Jane Shore led to do Penance at St. Paul's; in 1779, The Return from the Chase; in 1780, Apparent Dissolution (sold according to information in the Witt Library, London, wrongly catalogued as by Walton, 'A Mishap' by Christies, New York, USA) and Returning Animation (English private collection) a pair engraved by William Sedgwick; in 1781, Lavinia discovered gleaning; and in 1782, The Benevolent Physician, The Rapacious Quack, and Widow Costard's Cow and Goods, distrained for rent, are redeemed by the generosity of Johnny Pearmain.

He was the author of a course of lectures on the art of painting. They were never published, but were left by his will to his nephew, the Ven. George Buckley Bower, archdeacon of Richmond.

Family
Penny married, after 1753 and before 1768, Elizabeth, daughter of John Simmons of Millbank, Westminster and widow of Richard Fortnam, who possessed valuable leasehold property on the Grosvenor estate in London. She died at Chiswick in 1791.

References

etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4677

Attribution

External links

1714 births
1791 deaths
18th-century English painters
English male painters
People from Knutsford
History painters
English portrait painters
Royal Academicians
18th-century English male artists

Edward Penny