William Patrick "W. P." Kinsella  (May 25, 1935September 16, 2016) was a Canadian novelist and short story writer, known for his novel Shoeless Joe (1982), which was adapted into the movie Field of Dreams in 1989. His work often concerned baseball, First Nations people, and Canadian culture.

Early life

William Patrick Kinsella was born in Edmonton, Alberta, the son of Irish Canadian parents, Olive Mary (née Elliott/Elliot), a printer, and John Matthew Kinsella, a contractor. He was raised until he was 10 years old at a homestead near Darwell, Alberta, 60 km west of the city, home-schooled by his mother and taking correspondence courses. "I'm one of these people who woke up at age five knowing how to read and write," he says.

When he was ten years old, the family moved to Edmonton. He did not go to school until grade five, attended Parkdale School for junior high, and did not attend university until he was in his mid-30s. Kinsella was barely exposed to literature in school, saying in a 2010 interview, "One Shakespeare play and one J. M. Barrie play was the total literature of my high school years."

Kinsella's literary education in his formative years came from reading and by attending all the plays at high school and any theatrical productions that made it to Edmonton. He also worked in the school library his senior year.

As an adult, he held a variety of jobs in Edmonton, including as a clerk for the government of Alberta and managing a credit bureau. In 1967, he moved to Victoria, British Columbia, running a pizza restaurant called Caesar's Italian Village and driving a taxi.

Although he had been writing since he was a child (winning a YMCA contest at age 14), he began taking writing courses at the University of Victoria in 1970, receiving a Bachelor of Arts in creative writing there in 1974. He earned a Master of Fine Arts in English at the Iowa Writers' Workshop at the University of Iowa in 1978. Before becoming a professional author, he was a professor of English at the University of Calgary.

Literary life
According to the Canadian Encyclopedia, Kinsella's literary output primarily consists of two cycles of work dealing with two fictional universes: those dealing with baseball and those depicting the indigenous people of Canada. His first published book was Dance Me Outside (1977), a collection of 17 short stories narrated by a young Cree, Silas Ermineskin, who describes life on a First Nations reserve in Kinsella's native Alberta.

A later collection of similar stories, The Fencepost Chronicles, earned Kinsella the Stephen Leacock Memorial Medal for Humour. Kinsella was criticized for writing from the point of view of Native people, appropriating their voices. He rejected the criticism on the grounds that a writer has the license to create anything he chooses and called the term "cultural appropriation" the nonsense of Eastern Canadian academics.

These stories use the ineptness of the white bureaucrats on reservations as background, and Kinsella defended the stories, saying, "It's the oppressed and the oppressor that I write about. The way that oppressed people survive is by making fun of the people who oppress them. That is essentially what my Indian stories are all about."

Kinsella also wrote nearly 40 short stories and three novels about baseball. Shoeless Joe (1982), his first novel, blends fantasy and magic realism to tell the story of a poor Iowa farmer who, yielding to voices in his head, builds a baseball field in his cornfield that attracts the spirits of the 1919 Chicago White Sox. The Iowa Baseball Confederacy (1986), another book blending fantasy and magical realism, recounts an epic baseball game a minor league team played against the 1908 World Champion Chicago Cubs. Box Socials (1991), an evocation of life in rural Alberta during the Great Depression and World War II, has a growing boy as its narrator and recounts a local batting hero's hopes of facing a visiting major league pitcher 60 miles away in Edmonton.

Shoeless Joe remains Kinsella's most famous work. The book was mildly controversial for using a living person, the reclusive author J.D. Salinger, as a main character. Kinsella, who had never met him, created a wholly imagined character (aside from his reclusiveness) based on The Catcher in the Rye, a book that had great meaning to him as a young man. To get a feel for Salinger, he reread his body of work but created an imaginary version of the author. "I made sure to make him a nice character so that he couldn't sue me."

In an example of metafiction, he named Shoeless Joe'''s protagonist Ray Kinsella, a character from Salinger's uncollected story "A Young Girl in 1941 with No Waist at All". Salinger also used the surname Kinsella in The Catcher in the Rye (Holden Caulfield's friend Richard Kinsella, who also shared a name with Ray Kinsella's twin brother in Shoeless Joe).

Known for his litigiousness, Salinger contacted Kinsella's publisher via his attorneys to express outrage over having been portrayed in Shoeless Joe. Kinsella denied that Salinger, as a writer, had any real influence on his own writing, despite rumors to the contrary (some said that Kinsella had actually met Salinger).Shoeless Joe won Kinsella the prestigious Houghton Mifflin Literary Fellowship and the Books in Canada First Novel Award in 1982. The book garnered good reviews, sold very well, and was made into a popular movie.

Adaptations
W. P. Kinsella's novel Shoeless Joe was made into the movie Field of Dreams, starring Kevin Costner. The movie grossed nearly $65 million in the United States. It helped establish Costner as a star and was later inducted into the National Film Registry.

Kinsella's eight books of short stories about life on reserves were the basis for the 1994 movie Dance Me Outside and CBC television series The Rez, both of which Kinsella considered to be of very poor quality. Fencepost Chronicles won the Stephen Leacock Award for Humour in 1987. The short story The Last Pennant Before Armageddon was adapted for the stage by the Live Bait Theater in Chicago in 1990.

Kinsella's short story "Lieberman in Love" was the basis for a short film that won the Academy Award for Live Action Short Film in 1996. The Oscar came as a surprise to Kinsella, who, watching the award telecast from home, had no idea the film had been made and released. He was not listed in the film's credits or acknowledged by director Christine Lahti in her acceptance speech. A full-page advertisement ran in Variety apologizing to Kinsella for the error.

Career interruption
In 1997 Kinsella was involved in a car accident that almost ended his writing career. He was struck by a car while walking and suffered a head injury when he hit the ground. He did not publish another novel for 14 years.

In a 1999 interview with the University of Regina's student newspaper, Kinsella explained that he could no longer write as he had lost his ability to concentrate. The injury also robbed him of his senses of taste and smell. Kinsella said he went from being a Type A personality to Type B. After the accident, he didn't feel like doing the things he had done in his former routine and didn't care. He did write book reviews to keep his name before the public.

Kinsella's 14-year-long hiatus from fiction may also have had economic roots. He was cited as an archetypical victim of changes in the publishing industry during the late 1980s, which accelerated during the 1990s, that made it more difficult for well-regarded "mid-list" writers such as Kinsella to remain in print. Changes to the U.S. tax code effected by the Tax Reform Act of 1986 discouraged publishers from maintaining inventories of titles in their backlists, as they were taxed on warehoused books.

This led to the thinning out of backlists and the more rapid remaindering of books. The publishing industry underwent a wave of consolidation in the 1990s, as publishers were acquired by big communications companies seeking marketing synergy. The new publishing houses poured more capital into higher-paid, best-selling writers and celebrities who could guarantee "hit" books as well as media tie-in novels. Mid-list writers with first-rate reputations but mid-range, non-spectacular sales suffered accordingly as they were ignored by the new conglomerates.

Of the state of the book industry in a 2010 interview with Maclean's Magazine, Kinsella said, "The publishing industry today is just—I couldn't break into the market today if I was just starting out. The publishing industry is down to a few dozen mainly adventure and romance writers. There's still some academic fiction out there, but it has an incredibly small audience. Nobody really cares about it."

Later years
On September 1, 2011, Winnipeg, Manitoba's Enfield and Wizenty, a small press specializing in limited-edition hardcover books, released Kinsella's first published work in 13 years, Butterfly Winter. The unpublished manuscript had won the publisher's Colophon Prize the preceding March. The release was backed up by a "modest" book tour, according to the publisher.

The story of Julio and Esteban Pimental, twins whose divine destiny for baseball begins with games of catch in the womb, marks a return to form, combining Kinsella's long-held passions of baseball and magical realism. The University of Toronto Press released a trade hardcover edition on October 1. A short story of Kinsella's by the same title was included in his 1988 collection Red Wolf, Red Wolf, published by Totem Press (Collins Publishers).

A noted tournament Scrabble player, Kinsella became more involved with the game after being disillusioned by the 1994 Major League Baseball strike. He spent his final years in Yale, British Columbia, with his fourth wife, Barbara, occasionally writing articles for various newspapers.

Death
Kinsella suffered from diabetes for decades and chose to die with a physician's assistance on September 16, 2016.

Honours
 In 1991, Kinsella received an honorary Doctor of Literature degree from the University of Victoria.
 In 1993, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada.
 In 2005, he was named to the Order of British Columbia.
 In 2009, he was presented the George Woodcock Lifetime Achievement Award. Vancouver Public Library and Pacific Book World News Society jointly sponsor and present the annual prize to a British Columbia author for an enduring contribution to the literary arts. "I think a lifetime achievement award sounds pretty final, but I'm always happy to see my work recognized," Kinsella said.

Works
Novels
 Shoeless Joe (1982, winner of the 1983 Books in Canada First Novel Award and the Houghton Mifflin Literary Fellowship)
 The Iowa Baseball Confederacy (1986)
 Box Socials (1991)
 The Winter Helen Dropped By (1994)
 If Wishes Were Horses (1996)
 Magic Time (1998)
 Butterfly Winter (2011)

Short story collections
 Dance Me Outside, (1977, short stories). Stories included: Illiana comes home – Dance me outside – Horse collars – Panache – Butterflies – The McGuffin – Caraway – Linda Star – The kid in the stove – Ups and downs – Penance – The inaugural meeting – Lark song – Feathers – Between – Longhouse – Gooch.
 Scars, (1978, short stories). Stories included: Mr. Whitey – Bones – John cat – Manitou motors – Goose moon – The four-sky thunder bundle – Scars.
 Shoeless Joe Jackson Comes To Iowa, (1980, short stories). Stories included: Fiona the first – A quite incredible dance – Shoeless Joe Jackson comes to Iowa – Waiting for the call – Sister Ann of the cornfields – The Grecian urn – Mankiewitz won't be bowling Tuesday nights anymore – A picture of the virgin – The blacksmith shop caper – First names and empty pockets.
 Born Indian, (1981, short stories). Some of the stories in this collection are: Born Indian, Indian Struck, The Sister, and Jokemaker. This is an incomplete list.
 This in German: Spaßvogel. transl. Klaus Schultz, in: Erkundungen. Verlag Volk und Welt, Berlin 1986
 Moccasin Telegraph, (1983, short stories). Stories included: The bottle queen – Strings – The moccasin telegraph – Green candles – Parts of the eagle – The sense she was born with – The ballad of the public trustee – Where the wild things are – Dr. Don – The college – Nests – Vows – The queen's hat – The mother's dance – Pius Blindman is coming home – Fugitives.
 The Thrill of the Grass, (1984, short stories). Stories included: The Last Pennant Before Armageddon – The Baseball Spur – How I Got My Nickname – Bud and Tom – Nursie – The Night Manny Mota Tied the Record – Driving Toward the Moon – Barefoot and Pregnant in Des Moines – The Firefighter – The Battery – The Thrill of the Grass.
 Five Stories, (1985, short stories). Stories included: Frank Pierce, Iowa – Oh, Marley – Diehard – A Hundred Dollars Worth of Roses – Homer.
 The Alligator Report, (1985, short stories). Stories included: The post office octopus – The Vancouver Chapter of the Howard G. Scharff Memorial Society – Gabon – Syzygy – The secret – The silver porcupine – Books by the pound – The East End Umbrella Company Endowment for the Arts – A page from the marriage manual for Songhees brides – How I missed the million dollar round table – The job – The redemption center – Marco in paradise – Voyeur – King of the street – The resurrection of trout fishing in America shorty – The letter writer – Preserving fireweed for the White Pass and Yukon Railroad – Strawberry stew – Electrico utensilio – The book buyers – Doves and proverbs – I am airport – The gerbil that ate Los Angeles – The history of peanut butter – The alligator report.
 The Fencepost Chronicles, (1986, short stories, winner of the 1987 Stephen Leacock Memorial Medal for Humour). Stories included: Truth – The truck – Beef – The managers – The practical education of Constable B.B. Bobowski – To look at the Queen – The Indian nation cultural exchange program – The performance – The bear went over the mountain – Dancing – Real indians – The fog – Indian Joe.
 Red Wolf, Red Wolf, (1987, short stories). Stories included: Red Wolf, Red Wolf – Something to Think About – Lieberman in Love – Driving Patterns – Elvis Bound – Oh, Marley – Truth and History – Evangeline's Mother – Billy in Trinidad – Apartheid – Butterfly Winter – For Zoltan, Who Sings – Mother Tucker's Yellow Duck.
 The Further Adventures of Slugger McBatt, (1988, short stories). Stories included: Distances – Reports Concerning the Death of the Seattle Albatross Are Somewhat Exaggerated – The Further Adventures of Slugger McBatt – Frank Pierce, Iowa – K Mart – The Valley of the Schmoon – Punchlines – The Eddie Scissons Syndrome – Diehard – Searching for Freddy.
 The Miss Hobbema Pageant, (1989, short stories). Stories included: Being invisible – Snitches – Pizza Ria – A lighter load – The Miss Hobbema pageant – Forgiveness among animals – Tricks – Graves – Coming home to roost – The sundog society – The election – Homer – A hundred dollars worth of roses – The medicine man's daughter.
 The Dixon Cornbelt League and Other Baseball Stories, (1993, short stories). Stories included: The Baseball Wolf – The Fadeaway – The Darkness Deep Inside – Eggs – How Manny Embarquadero Overcame and Began His Climb to the Major Leagues – Searching for January – Feet of Clay – Lumpy Drobot, Designated Hitter – The Dixon Cornbelt League.
 Brother Frank's Gospel Hour, (1994, short stories). Stories included: Bull – Miracle on Manitoba Street – The elevator – Ice man – Turbulence – Saskatoon search – The rain birds – George the cat – Conflicting statements – Dream catcher – Brother Frank's gospel hour.
 The Secret of the Northern Lights, (1998, short stories). Stories included: Bleaching the Buffalo – The Auction – The Lightning Birds – Dangerous Consequences – Hide and Seek – The Porcupine Man – Practical People – Threes – The Legend – Fun and Games – Mother's Day – The Secret of the Northern Lights.
 Baseball Fantastic, (2000, short stories). Stories included: Fred Noonan Flying Services – The Indestructible Hadrian Wilks. (This is a collection edited by Kinsella that includes stories by other authors.)
 Japanese Baseball and Other Stories, (2000, short stories). Stories included: The Kowloon Cafe – Tulips – The Mansions of Federico Juarez – Japanese Baseball – The Indestructible Hadrian Wilks  – The First and Last Annual Six Towns Area Old-Timers' Game – The Lime Tree – The Arbiter – Fred Noonan Flying Services – Wavelengths – Underestimating Lynn Johanssen.
 The Essential W. P. Kinsella, (2015, short stories). Stories included: Truth – How I got my nickname –The night Manny Mota tied the record – First names and empty pockets – Searching for January – Lieberman in love – The Grecian urn – The fog – Beef – Distances – How Manny Embarquadero overcame and began his climb to the major leagues – The Indian Nation Cultrural Exchange Program – K Mart – The firefighter – Dr. Don – Brother Frank's Gospel Hour – The Alligator Report–with questions for discussion – King of the street – Wavelengths – Do not abandon me – Marco in Paradise – Out of the picture – The lightning birds – Punchlines – The last surviving member of the Japanese Victory Society – The job – The risk takers – The lime tree – Doves and proverbs – Waiting on Lombard Street – Shoeless Joe Jackson comes to Iowa.

Poetry
 Rainbow Warehouse'', (1989, poetry)

References

External links

1935 births
2016 deaths
2016 suicides
Canadian male novelists
Canadian people of Irish descent
Canadian Scrabble players
Canadian male short story writers
Deaths by euthanasia
Iowa Writers' Workshop alumni
Members of the Order of British Columbia
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Sportspeople from Edmonton
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Academic staff of the University of Alberta
Academic staff of the University of Calgary
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W. P. Kinsella


A bootleg turn is a driving maneuver intended to reverse the direction of travel of a forward-moving automobile by 180 degrees in a minimum amount of time while staying within the width of a two-lane road.  This maneuver is also known as a smuggler's turn, powerslide, or simply bootlegger.

Technique
The driver performs the turn by putting the vehicle quickly into a lower gear, usually the second, and quickly turning the wheel in the direction of the opposite lane. If performed correctly, it will cause the vehicle to enter a controlled skid, enter the opposite lane, and turn completely around. In a perfect bootleg turn, the car will be at a complete stop at the end of the maneuver and ready to accelerate and depart in the opposite direction.

It is easier to initiate this with some cars by applying a flick of the steering wheel the wrong way initially, before turning it in the direction the driver wants to go. This maneuver (known in racing as a Scandinavian flick) increases the load transfer to the outer wheels.

Classic bootleg turns can be performed only on cars with a manual transmission and are most easily accomplished with a rear wheel drive car, as the spinning back wheels aid in the turn. This is because the maneuver is essentially a controlled fishtail-like spin-out. Vehicles with an automatic transmission can be modified to make a bootleg turn possible. This is a most common modification for stunt vehicles used in motion pictures, to reduce the stress on the stunt driver to change gears while turning.

Drivers of cars with a handbrake connected to the rear wheels can enter a controlled turning skid by employing the handbrake, locking the wheels, and turning the steering wheel sharply in either direction. This maneuver can also be called a bootleg turn, but is more precisely described as a handbrake turn. Using the handbrake to break the traction of the rear wheels is much simpler than trying to do this by power alone.

Origins
The name of the turn originates from its use by bootleggers transporting illegal liquor to escape from police officers. Bootleggers were notorious for using modified high-speed cars to transport their goods and for using daring driving maneuvers to escape authorities. The man credited with inventing the bootlegger turn is Robert Glenn "Junior" Johnson, who ran liquor from his father's moonshine still and went on to become a highly successful NASCAR racer.

Other nations and languages have their own colloquial names for the maneuver. For instance, it is known as "Cavalo-de-pau" (wooden horse) or "Baianada" (a pejorative reference to the state Bahia) in Brazil.

Related
A "moonshiner's turn", or J-turn, begins instead with a stationary automobile accelerating straight backward for a few seconds before the steering wheel is turned quickly to complete a skidded 180 degree turn.

In popular culture

In the 1979 made for TV film Death Car on the Freeway protagonist Janette Clausen (Shelley Hack) is taught this maneuver in a defensive driving course, here referred to as a "bootlegger's turnaround." She ultimately evades the killer by use of it, which results in his crash and presumed death.

The presidential limousine performs an emergency bootleg turn near the start of "In the Shadow of Two Gunmen, Part I", the first episode of season 2 of U.S. television series The West Wing.

In the film Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales, whilst being pursued by Captain Salazar, Captain Jack Sparrow uses an anchor to force the Wicked Wench pirate ship into a sharp 180-degree turn.

Similar maneuvers are used in many car chases in film and TV, including numerous episodes of Knight Rider and similar shows.

See also
 J-turn
 U-turn
 Stunt
 Drifting (motorsport)

External links
 Junior Johnson – Legend of Moonshine Running and Stock Car Racing

Hazardous motor vehicle activities
Driving techniques

Bootleg turn


Lawrence Gellert (1898-1979?), was a music collector, who in the 1920s and 1930s amassed a significant collection of field-recorded African-American blues and spirituals and also claimed to have documented black protest traditions in the South of the United States.

Background

Lawrence Gellert was born László Grünbaum on September 14, 1898, in Budapest, Hungary.  He came to America at the age of seven and grew up in New York City. His mother was Katica Schwartz, while his father was Ábrahám Grünbaum, was a skilled craftsman (tailor) by trade. Both parents were ethnically Jewish, but Lawrence's mother had converted to Catholicism while in Hungary and remained devoutly Christian all her life. The Grünbaum family had left Hungary in part to keep their five sons from being drafted into the Austro-Hungarian army. Lawrence's oldest brother, Hugo Gellert, was accepted into Cooper Union as an art student, won a scholarship to study in Paris, and was soon doing illustrations for The New York Times and later, The New Yorker. When Hugo adopted the surname "Gellert" after a Hungarian Catholic saint who had championed the poor, the family followed suit. When the United States entered World War I, another brother, Ernest (a pacifist and conscientious objector) received a 10-years sentence to a military prison in New Jersey. One morning in March 1918, Ernest was found dead in his cell of a gunshot wound to the head. This was a hugely traumatic event for the family, who were certain Ernest had been tormented and then murdered by the guards. The newspapers reported Ernest's death as a suicide. Hugo Gellert, an impassioned anti-militarist, had fled to Mexico for the duration of the war.

Career

Lawrence Gellert's education was spotty and he dropped out of high school after attending briefly. During the 1920s he found work on a newspaper but was stricken with lung and rib infections and possibly also suffered a mental breakdown. On the advice of his doctors, he maintained, he moved around 1924 to Tryon, North Carolina, in an attempt to recover his health, having originally intended to go to Florida. In Tryon he found friends, joined an amateur theater group, and at some point began writing down the words of African American spirituals and then making audio recording of them, using at first a makeshift, wind-up recording machine and paper-backed zinc discs (now inaudible), and, after 1930, a Presto disc recorder. Gellert's biographer, Bruce Conforth, relates that contrary to what has been written elsewhere, Gellert, who was fascinated with the striking beauty, especially, of African American religious music, was "very slow" to become interested in issues of racial justice and equality and was only pushed into it by his brother Hugo.

Folk song collecting

From 1933 to 1937 Gellert was back in New York City but made short trips through North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, collecting folksongs of black Americans.  At one point, Gellert's automobile was "allegedly known as 'Larry's Nigger Hoo Doo Shack on Wheels'."

Throughout the 1930s Lawrence frequently contributed to the magazine the Masses (later the New Masses), where his brother Hugo was on the editorial staff. Several of his columns appeared under the title "Negro Protest Songs", illustrated by Hugo with pictures of lynchings. These were published in book form under the titles Negro Songs of Protest (1936) and Me and My Captain (1939). Steven Garabedian has described the press reception of Negro Songs of Protest this way:  <blockquote> <small> In a short profile in 1936, Time magazine applauded the "lean, scraggly-haired New Yorker" for his skill in "collecting Negro songs that few white men have ever heard." His collection, determined the New York Times, unearthed a "new genre" of black music dealing with "the realities of Negro life." The left-wing press was even more enthusiastic. The Communist Party newspaper Daily Worker called the release of Negro Songs of Protest a "landmark in American culture." Composer Lan Adomian, in New Masses, wrote that the book featured "some of the finest examples in Negro folk music" of the day. The material, he concluded, represented an "indictment" against long-standing white ignorance and denial, a stark rebuke to "the slander that a nation of thirteen million people, reduced to peonage, is nothing more than a grand minstrel show."<ref>Steven Garabedian,  'Negro Songs of Protest,' and the Left-Wing Folk-Song Revival of the 1930s and 1940s". American Quarterly : 57 (March 2005):1.</ref> </small> </blockquote>  Selections from Gellert's recordings were released in 1973 and 1982 by Rounder Records as vinyl LPs and 1984 on Heritage Records (HT-304). In the 1990s these were reissued on two CDs by Document Records, edited by University of Michigan folklorist and ethnomusicologist Bruce Conforth. In 2008, Conforth published his long-awaited biography, African American Folksong and American Cultural Politics: The Lawrence Gellert Story (2013).

Fabrication of Protest Songs

During his lifetime, Gellert was suspected by other folklorists and colleagues of doctoring or even of having fabricated the songs he presented as "Negro protest songs", since they were unable to find parallels anywhere. Gellert also refused to share any information on the identity of the singers he recorded nor the dates on which he collected this material, ostensibly to protect the singers from reprisal.

Conforth concludes that Gellert (or someone connected to the New Masses) did indeed fabricate the protest songs. This was done to lend distinction to Gelltert's material, which was otherwise indistinguishable from the repertoire collected by other researchers, the difference being only in the manner in which Gellert's material was packaged.

Moreover, Gellert falsified much else about his life, such as that he had witnessed a lynching and had lived with a black woman. Conforth explains that, in his opinion, Gellert, a weak and dependent character, who since his twenties had been a chronic invalid and then an alcoholic, was manipulated into doing this by the "Left" (who included his brother Hugo and New Masses'' editor, Mike Gold). Crnforth believes that Lawrence was also motivated by a desire to increase his standing in the eyes of his surviving brothers: Hugo, the famous artist, and also Otto and Theodore (Ted) Gellert, who together owned a prosperous import-export business and who financed Lawrence's recording ventures. As described by Conforth, in fact, Gellert was an inveterate fabulist whose stories about himself and how he made his recordings are completely unreliable.

Conforth believes that Gellert's large collection, which comprises predominantly blues and devotional songs, is of great historical importance nevertheless. According to Conforth, Gellert had no interest in politics himself. Nor was he interested in white folk music, which he despised. A strikingly handsome man, who was, especially when young, very attractive to women, Gellert had originally wanted to become a Broadway actor.

Death

In old age, Gellert, who lived in downtown New York City, became known as an eccentric Greenwich Village character. In 1979, at the age of 80, he disappeared after reportedly having become a "person of interest" (or believing that he was) in the disappearance of Etan Patz, a notorious kidnapping-murder case, since the Patzes lived nearby. Conforth interviewed Lawrence's older brothers, who had supported Lawrence financially all his life, and came away believing the family had somehow spirited him away to protect his fragile mental health from the stress of being linked to the case.

See also

 Hugo Gellert

References

Further reading
Garabedian, Steven P. (2020)  A Sound History: Lawrence Gellert, Black Musical Protest, and White Denial. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.

External links
 Short Lawrence Gellert biography
 Illustrated discography of Lawrence Gellert recordings
 Document Records (DOCD-5599)

American folk-song collectors
American people of Hungarian-Jewish descent
Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to the United States
1898 births
1979 deaths
20th-century American musicians
Jewish American musicians
People from Budapest
People from Tryon, North Carolina
People from Greenwich Village
20th-century American musicologists
20th-century American male writers

Lawrence Gellert


John Smith (September 22, 1832 – November 6, 1911), was the fifth Presiding Patriarch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). His father was Hyrum Smith, the older brother of Joseph Smith, the founder of Mormonism. Having served for 56 years, he was the longest serving Presiding Patriarch in the history of the LDS Church. Smith traveled west to Winter Quarters and then Salt Lake City with the Mormon pioneers. He traveled with Heber C. Kimball's party and his step-mother Mary Fielding Smith. Smith joined the "Battalion of Life Guards" to protect the Latter-day Saints from Native Americans.

During his life, Smith maintained strong relationships with his family members in the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS Church), particularly his cousin Joseph Smith III. Though John Smith was never released as Presiding Patriarch, some general authorities were outspoken in their disapproval of Smith's unwillingness to marry more than one plural wife and his habit of tobacco use. Smith was married to Hellen Maria Fisher with whom he had nine children. Smith married Nancy Melissa Lemmon as his plural wife after the encouragement of Brigham Young. Smith had one child with Lemmon.

Early life and background
John Smith  was born on September 22, 1832, in Kirtland, Ohio, to Hyrum Smith and his first wife, Jerusha Barden Smith, during the early days of the Latter Day Saint movement. He was among the first generation of children raised in the church. His mother died when he was five years old. The
office of Presiding Patriarch was first held by Joseph Smith Sr., the father of the religion's founder. Before his death in 1840, Joseph Smith Sr. declared his eldest living son, Hyrum, would receive the office of patriarch by virtue of lineal succession. Hyrum at this time was one of the most influential members of the church and was widely seen as the most likely successor to its leadership should he outlive his brother. However, in 1844, both Hyrum and Joseph Smith were assassinated by a mob in Carthage, Illinois.

This event left the church leaderless. By consensus, it was expected that the title of Presiding Patriarch would pass to Hyrum Smith's eldest son, John. However, because John Smith was only 11 years of age at the time of his father's death, the position was instead claimed by a younger brother of Joseph Smith Jr., William, and later by the younger brother of Joseph Sr., John Smith, who was known to the church as "Uncle John". Smith was sometimes called "Young John" to differentiate him from his great-uncle.

John Smith was baptized into the LDS Church in 1843 and ordained an elder in the Nauvoo Temple on January 24, 1846, at the age of thirteen. He traveled with the family of Heber C. Kimball to Winter Quarters, Nebraska, when he was fifteen. In February 1847, he backtracked 150 miles to help his step-mother Mary Fielding Smith and her party. In Winter Quarters he built a log cabin for Fielding, built fences, tilled soil, and worked in the fields. In 1848, John Smith, along with Kimball, reached the Salt Lake Valley to join Brigham Young. Smith, at sixteen, personally drove five wagons down the mountains into the valley. He joined the "Battalion of Life Guards" in 1850 with the purpose of protecting the Latter-day Saints from Native Americans. After the death of Mary Fielding in 1852, Smith was required to support the family of eight.

Church service
On February 18, 1855, at twenty-two years old, the younger John Smith succeeded his great-uncle, "Uncle John" Smith as fifth Presiding Patriarch of the LDS Church, following the latter's death. In this capacity, Smith acted as voice in the setting apart of his younger half-brother, Joseph F. Smith as president of the church. Although Smith was glossophobic and refused nearly every public speaking assignment that Brigham Young gave him, his patriarchal blessings were eloquent.

In 1862, Smith was asked to postpone his duties as a Patriarch to serve a mission in Denmark in order to "gain experience". However, according to scholar Irene M. Bates, in reality, he may have been sent on a mission because of concerns that the general authorities of the LDS Church had with Smith staying in close contact with his cousin Joseph Smith III and other relatives who participated in the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS Church). Smith was, at one time, called a "Josephite" for maintaining close relationships with his family in the RLDS Church. The general authorities of the LDS Church frequently disapproved of Smith's actions such as refusing to live with his plural wife Melissa, or refusing to marry another woman. Additionally, he was publicly rebuked at the pulpit twice in the 1894 General Conference because of his tobacco usage.

Although it was intended that the oldest son of the Presiding Patriarch to succeed his father, Hyrum Fisher Smith did not succeed his father, Smith was succeeded by his grandson and Hyrum Fisher Smith's son, Hyrum G. Smith. This slight to Hyrum Fisher Smith caused some distress in the family. Although there is no official reason for this, according to Bates, it was likely because Hyrum F. Smith was separated from his wife when his father died, had a difficulty following the Word of Wisdom, and had recently had a difficult time keeping a steady job and supporting his family.

John Smith was buried in Salt Lake City. He became the longest-serving Presiding Patriarch in LDS Church history, remaining in that position for 56 years, until his death from pneumonia on November 6, 1911, in Salt Lake City.  During his time as Patriarch, Smith gave over 20,000 blessings, willing to travel hundreds of miles on horseback in any weather condition to give blessings.

Personal life

Smith was involved in plural marriage and had two wives. Smith's first wife was Hellen Maria Fisher. She was born on September 20, 1835, in Pennsylvania. Smith and Fisher married on December 25, 1853. She died on September 3, 1907. Hellen was outspoken about her lack of enthusiasm for plural marriage which was a highly encouraged practice by the LDS Church at the time. Brigham Young encouraged Smith to marry another woman, which Smith obeyed five months later. Smith married twenty-three year old Nancy Melissa Lemmon on February 18, 1857. Lemmon was born in Illinois on September 6, 1833, and died on March 29, 1915. After the death of Hellen, Joseph Smith III wrote to Smith stating that he was not surprised that Smith had not remarried, because he and Hellen had been married for a long time. Smith responded, admitting that he had been lonely since the death of Hellen, but that it would be difficult to find a substitute for Hellen since they had been married for nearly 54 years. In his letter to his cousin, Smith made no mention of Melissa to whom he was still married. Smith had nine children with Hellen Fisher. Smith had one child with Melissa Lemmon.

See also
 Patriarch (Latter Day Saints)
 Patriarchal Priesthood

Notes

References

External links
Information about John Smith's autobiography
 John Smith papers, Vault MSS 803, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
 Patriarchal blessings given by John Smith
 John Smith letter to Joseph Smith III
 John Smith mission diary

1832 births
1911 deaths
19th-century Mormon missionaries
American Mormon missionaries in Denmark
American Mormon missionaries in Norway
American general authorities (LDS Church)
Burials at Salt Lake City Cemetery
Deaths from pneumonia in Utah
Latter Day Saints from Illinois
Latter Day Saints from Ohio
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Mormon missionaries in Europe
Presiding Patriarchs (LDS Church)
Smith family (Latter Day Saints)
Harold B. Lee Library-related 19th century articles

John Smith (nephew of Joseph Smith)


Qualcomm code-excited linear prediction (QCELP), also known as Qualcomm PureVoice, is a speech codec developed in 1994 by Qualcomm to increase the speech quality of the IS-96A codec earlier used in CDMA networks. It was later replaced with EVRC since it provides better speech quality with fewer bits. The two versions, QCELP8 and QCELP13, operate at 8 and 13 kilobits per second (Kbit/s) respectively.

In CDMA systems, a QCELP vocoder converts a sound signal into a signal transmissible within a circuit. In wired systems, voice signals are generally sampled at 8 kHz (that is, 8,000 sample values per second) and then encoded by 8-bit quantization for each sample value. Such a system transmits at 64 kbit/s, an expensive rate in a wireless system. A QCELP vocoder with variable rates can reduce the rate enough to fit a wireless system by coding the information more efficiently. In particular, it can change its own coding rates based on the speaker's volume or pitch; a louder or higher-pitched voice requires a higher rate.

References
 https://web.archive.org/web/20130129041829/http://www.rfdh.com/ez/system/db/lib_jnl/upload/2489/[CSD9904]_QCELP_Vocoders_in_CDMA_Systems_Design.pdf
 Archived PureVoice encoder and player downloads

Speech codecs
Qualcomm

Qualcomm code-excited linear prediction


Patrick Rissmiller (born October 26, 1978) is an American former professional ice hockey winger who played in the National Hockey League for the San Jose Sharks, New York Rangers, Atlanta Thrashers, and the Florida Panthers. He joined the Anaheim Ducks as a scout for the 2022-23 season after seven years as a development coach for the New Jersey Devils.

Early years
Rissmiller was born in Boston and grew up in Belmont, Massachusetts.  He is the fourth of eight children of David and Patricia Rissmiller.  He attended Belmont High School (where he was cut from the varsity hockey team), but transferred to Williston Northampton School.  He completed a post-graduate year at The Hill School before attending Holy Cross.

Playing career

Amateur
Rissmiller played at the College of the Holy Cross of the NCAA. He is considered to be one of the best male hockey player to ever come from that college.  Rissmiller's best season was when he scored 16 goals and added 30 assists in 2001–2002. He was noted for his physical domination and  strong two-way play for Holy Cross. In total, he scored 53 goals and 90 assists in 131 games for the college. Undrafted, he signed his first pro contract with the San Jose Sharks.

Professional
In 2002–03, he had 14 goals and 26 assists in 72 games for the Cleveland Barons of the AHL. In the midst of the 2003–04 season, Rissmiller was called up to San Jose, where he registered no points in four games. That year, however, he had 14 goals and 31 assists in 75 games in the AHL. Continuing to gain experience, Rissmiller played the year of the NHL lockout in Cleveland and potted 21 goals and 23 assists in 69 games playing on the top line. In the 2005–06 season, Rissmiller put up 15 goals and 32 assists in 68 games, before injuries to the Sharks gave Rissmiller a chance to play in the NHL.  In the 2006–07 season, Rissmiller totaled 22 points for the Sharks including 7 goals and 15 assists.  On April 27, 2006 Rissmiller scored his first career playoff goal off a deflection from a shot taken by fellow rookie Matt Carle.

He signed a two-year-contract worth $990,000 in August 2006. Rissmiller suffered a shoulder separation and a broken foot in the 2006 playoffs. However, he played (and scored one goal) until San Jose was eliminated by the Edmonton Oilers. In the 2006–07 season, in Game 1 of the Western Conference Quarterfinals, Rissmiller scored the game-winning goal in the second overtime against the Nashville Predators.

On July 1, 2008, he signed as a free agent to a 3-year, $3 million contract with the New York Rangers. Rissmiller started the 2008–09 season with the Rangers and was injured in his Rangers debut, a 4-3 victory against the Philadelphia Flyers on October 11, 2008. Failing to secure a place upon his recovery, Rissmiller played in only 2 games with New York before he was assigned on a conditioning assignment to AHL affiliate, the Hartford Wolf Pack on November 12, 2008. After completing his assignment and without a role on the Rangers, he was then returned to the Wolf Pack for the duration of the season on December 2, 2008. In 64 games with Hartford, he finished third in team scoring with assists, and 54 points.

In the following 2009–10 season, Rissmiller remained in the AHL with the Wolf Pack. He recorded two assists in 6 games before he was reassigned by the Rangers to fellow AHL team, the Grand Rapids Griffins. In 63 appearances for the Griffins, Rissmiller finished second on the team in scoring with 45 points.

On August 2, 2010, Rissmiller's disappointing tenure with the Rangers concluded when he was traded, along with Donald Brashear, to the Atlanta Thrashers in exchange for center Todd White. Failing to make the Thrasher's roster prior to the 2010–11 season, Rissmiller was again demoted to the AHL to affiliate, the Chicago Wolves for the last year of his contract. Due to the Wolves exceeding number of veteran players, Rissmiller was limited to 6 games with the Wolves before on November 20, 2010, Rissmiller was reassigned by the Thrashers to the Lake Erie Monsters of the AHL, marking a return to Cleveland from his previous four-year tenure with the Barons. On December 3, 2010, Rissmiller set a franchise record for the Monsters for most goals in a game with 4.

After scoring 30 points in 42 games for the Monsters, Rissmiller was recalled and made a lone appearance for the Atlanta Thrashers in a 4-1 defeat to the Buffalo Sabres on February 23, 2011. He was then briefly returned to the Monsters before he was traded on February 28, 2011 to the Florida Panthers, along with Niclas Bergfors, in exchange for Radek Dvořák and a fifth-round draft pick.

On July 12, 2011, Rissmiller signed a one-year contract with the Colorado Avalanche, the NHL affiliate of Lake Erie. In a season blighted by injury, Rissmiller was unable to earn a recall to the Avalanche. In 49 games with the Monsters, Rissmiller produced 29 points to still finish fifth amongst forwards.

With the impending 2012–13 NHL lockout affecting his status as a Free Agent. Rissmiller waited until an agreement was reached before signing a professional try-out contract with the Worcester Sharks on January 9, 2013, marking a return of sorts to the San Jose Sharks organization. In 6 games with Worcester, he tallied two assists before he was released and subsequently signed on a try-out for a second stint with the Rochester Americans of the AHL on February 2, 2013.

Rissmiller finished his playing career with two seasons played for Ritten-Renon of the Italian Serie A.

Career statistics

Awards and honors

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
American men's ice hockey left wingers
Atlanta Thrashers players
Chicago Wolves players
Cincinnati Cyclones (ECHL) players
Florida Panthers players
Grand Rapids Griffins players
Hartford Wolf Pack players
Holy Cross Crusaders men's ice hockey players
Ice hockey coaches from Massachusetts
Lake Erie Monsters players
New Jersey Devils coaches
New York Rangers players
Sportspeople from Belmont, Massachusetts
Ritten Sport players
Rochester Americans players
Ice hockey people from Middlesex County, Massachusetts
San Jose Sharks players
Undrafted National Hockey League players
Williston Northampton School alumni
The Hill School alumni
Worcester Sharks players
Ice hockey players from Massachusetts

Patrick Rissmiller


is a prefecture in the Chūbu region of Japan on the island of Honshū. The capital is Toyama.

History
The area of Toyama Prefecture comes from Etchū Province.

The Itai-itai disease, whose origin is from polluted water with cadmium, occurred in Toyama around 1950.

Geography
Toyama Prefecture is bordered by Ishikawa Prefecture to the west, Niigata Prefecture to the northeast, Nagano Prefecture to the southeast, Gifu Prefecture to the south and the Sea of Japan to the north.

The most famous mountain in Toyama is Mount Tate.

Toyama is known for its great mountains and rich fishery. ,  and mass product of tulip industry are also famous.

Toyama is an industrial prefecture because companies like YKK and Sankyo Aluminum have been able to take advantage of cheap hydro-electricity generated by rivers flowing from its high mountains.

National Parks
National Parks are established in about 30% of the total land area of the prefecture, including
 Chūbu-Sangaku National Park

Shrines and Temples
Takase taisha, Keta jinja, and Oyama jinja are the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 Kataller Toyama

References

Other websites

 Toyama Prefecture website

Toyama Prefecture


Anthony Cohen, CBE, FRSE is a British social anthropologist and served as Principal of Edinburgh's Queen Margaret University.

Cohen was born in London in 1946. Educated at Whittingehame College, Brighton, the University of Geneva and the University of Southampton, he is a social anthropologist with specialist interests in personal, social and national identity. He conducted fieldwork in Springdale, Newfoundland (1968–70) on local-level politics; and in Whalsay (1973–90), the longest sustained study of a rural British community ever undertaken. He then did research on personal and national identity in Scotland, and on the literary influences on Scottishness.

Anthony Cohen was a research fellow at the Memorial University of Newfoundland; assistant professor at Queen's University and lecturer and senior lecturer in social anthropology at the University of Manchester. In 1988 he was appointed Professor of Social Anthropology at the University of Edinburgh, a post he held until 2003. He was Provost of Law and Social Sciences, and Dean of Social Sciences at Edinburgh for five years (1997—2002). In 2003, he was appointed Honorary Professor of Social Anthropology.

In 2003, he became Principal and Vice-Patron of Queen Margaret University College, Edinburgh, and Professor of Social and Cultural Anthropology. In January 2007, QMUC was awarded university title, and Professor Cohen became the founding Principal and Vice-Chancellor of Queen Margaret University. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1994, and was awarded the honorary degree of D.Sc by the University of Edinburgh in 2005, and the degree of D.Sc (honoris causa) by the University of St Andrews in 2017.

He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2008 Birthday Honours.

Works
 The Management of Myths, 1975, Manchester University Press
 The Symbolic Construction of Community, 1985, Routledge
 Whalsay: Symbol, Segment and Boundary in a Shetland Island Community, 1987, Manchester University Press
 Self Consciousness: an Alternative Anthropology of Identity, 1994, Routledge

As editor

 Symbolising Boundaries: Identity and Diversity in British Cultures, 1986, Manchester University Press
 Humanising the city?: Social contexts of urban life at the turn of the millennium, 1993, Edinburgh University Press
 (with Nigel Rapport) Questions of consciousness, 1995, Routledge
 Signifying Identities: Anthropological perspectives on boundaries and contested values, 2000, Routledge

Footnotes

1946 births
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Academics of the Victoria University of Manchester
Alumni of the University of Southampton
British anthropologists
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Living people
Academic staff of the Memorial University of Newfoundland
People associated with Queen Margaret University
Academics from London
Academic staff of Queen's University at Kingston
Social anthropologists
University of Geneva alumni
Academics of Queen Margaret University

Anthony Cohen


Rshtuni (, also spelled Rashduni, Rshdouni, Reshdouni, Rashdouni, Rachdouni, Rachdoni, Rshduni, and Rushdoony) was an old Armenian noble house which ruled the region of Rshtuniq who were purportedly descendants of Rusas I of Urartu.

The first attested member of the house is Manadjihr Rshtuni from about 330, brother of Zora, attested in 335 and 350 both of whom revolted against the King of Armenia Tiran, along with the prince Vatche Artsruni. The king ordered the extermination of the two families, but Savasp Artsruni and Tadjat Rshtuni survived. The latter is the father of Garegin Rshtuni, attested between 370–80.

Artak Rshtuni is attested in 445. The family rules from their region of Rshtuniq, as well as Bznuniq obtained from Arshakunis after the extermination of the family Bznuni. Rshtunis support the Sassanid Persians for the most part against the Byzantines.

The best-known member and the leading figure of the family in the early 7th century is Theodoros Rshtuni, marzban then prince of Armenia from 638 to 655, who had the difficult task of ensuring Armenia's survival between Byzantine and Arab ambitions. Following the destruction of the Sassanid empire, the Muslim incursions into Armenia in 642 began. He is eventually exiled by the Caliph to Damascus.

The family becomes increasingly irrelevant following Theodoros' exile, becoming vassals of the Artsrunis and losing their hereditary land of Bznunik to the Mamikonians in 656. Vart Rshtuni is the last attested member of the family in 705.

References
René Grousset, Histoire de l'Arménie des origines à 1071, Paris, 1973,

Armenian noble families
Ancient Armenia
Armenian nobility

Rshtuni


Reggae is one of the most popular music genres in Poland. The rastafari philosophy is considered to constitute the main influence on Polish reggae. The majority of songs are sung in Polish, yet a Silesian group R.A.P. provides an important exception to both of the above, since its members clearly stated to have nothing to do with the rasta movement and sung almost exclusively in English.

Some of the popular bands include: Izrael, R.A.P. (Reggae Against Politics), Daab,  Habakuk, Pajujo, Love Sen-C Music, Indios Bravos, Natural Dread Killaz, and Vavamuffin.
The reggae group Izrael (1983-1995), from Warsaw, which released at least three albums on Tess Records, has been cited as an example of reggae's popularity in Poland.
The reggae group R.A.P. (Reggae Against Politics) (1985-1987), from Gliwice, did not manage to release any albums during their short existence but their music was not forgotten and in the late 1990s four bootleg albums were legally released by labels Zima Records and Kaya Production. In 2011 Zima Records released R.A.P.'s first official studio album, originally recorded in 1986.

The Warsaw Village Band has been noted to take traditional Polish folk songs and add a reggae touch.

History
Bob Marley's music is credited as introducing reggae to Poland, and beginning a vibrant reggae movement there. According to reggae studies professor Carolyn Cooper, Marley's lyrics of "resistance against the system" have been a basis of inspiration for some human rights demonstrations in Poland. Another influence was British Rastafarian band Misty in Roots, who played live in the country in 1983 and 1986. In the 1980s Polish rastafarians appeared. The first Polish reggae song was performed by the band Budka Suflera in 1974 - Sen o dolinie, music by Bill Withers - Ain't No Sunshine, Polish lyrics by Krzysztof Cugowski. The first homegrown Polish reggae groups started in the 1980s, and some even took on the reggae look, complete with dreadlocks. Some Polish reggae groups were included on the compilation album MUP: Reggae from Around the World, on RAS Records. In 1999, reggae music was a prominent part of [[Woodstock Junction] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%27and%27Rock_Festival ], an annual music festival in Żary, Poland. Polish-language reggae has retained its popularity over the years, and an all-Polish-language radio station in New York state is more likely to play reggae music than polka music (which might not come as a surprise, since polka music does not originate from Poland).

References

Reggae
Reggae by country

Polish reggae


James Tracy Rogers (April 18, 1864 – August 30, 1929) was an American lawyer and politician from New York.

Life
He was born on April 18, 1864, in Owego, Tioga County, New York. He attended Owego Free Academy. He was Assistant Postmaster of Owego for six years. Then he studied law with County Judge Howard J. Mead, and worked as Clerk of the Surrogate's Court of Owego County and Clerk of the Village of Owego. He enrolled at Cornell Law School, was admitted to the bar in September 1892, graduated LL.B. from Cornell in 1893, and began the practice of law in Syracuse. In 1894, he moved to Binghamton and practiced law there.

Rogers was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906 and 1907. He was Chairman of the Committee on Excise in 1900; Chairman of the Committee on Electricity, Gas and Water Supply in 1901; Chairman of the Committee on the Judiciary in 1902; Majority Leader and Chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means from 1903 to 1905; and Chairman of the Committee on Insurance in 1906 and 1907.

On February 29, 1912, he married Emily (Lodge) Grummond (died 1917).

On October 14, 1920, he married Ethel Coffin Drew, and they had one son.

He died in Binghamton on August 30, 1929; and was buried at the Floral Park Cemetery in Johnson City.

Sources

External links

1864 births
1929 deaths
People from Owego, New York
Politicians from Binghamton, New York
Republican Party members of the New York State Assembly
Cornell Law School alumni
Lawyers from Binghamton, New York
19th-century American lawyers

James T. Rogers


Otar Vasilisdze Taktakishvili (; ; 27 July 1924 – 21 February 1989) was a prominent Georgian composer, teacher, conductor, and musicologist of the Soviet period. Although in the West Taktakishvili is perhaps best known for his 1968 Sonata for Flute and Piano, his works include two symphonies, four piano concertos, two violin concertos, two cello concertos, and operas (Mindia, First Love, The Abduction of the Moon, Mususi, Three Tales). He also wrote several symphonic poems and oratorios, as well as adaptations of Georgian folk songs and a multitude of compositions for instruments and voice.

While still a student at the Tbilisi State Conservatory, Taktakishvili composed the Anthem of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic. By 1949 he became a Professor of the Conservatory, as well as the  conductor and artistic director of the Georgian State Chorus. In 1951, he received his first Stalin Prize (USSR State Prize) for his First Symphony. In 1962, Taktakishvili became Chairman of the Georgian Composers' Union; and in 1965, the Minister for Culture of the Georgian Republic, until 1983. He was awarded the title of People's Artist of the USSR in 1974, the Lenin Prize in 1982, and the USSR State Prize in 1951, 1952 and 1967. Throughout his career, he also served as a member of the international musical committee of UNESCO, and twice headed the electoral committee for the International Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow.

Biography
Otar V. Taktakishvili was born and grew up in Tbilisi, Georgia, in a musical family. He was raised by a single mother, noblewoman Elisabed Mikhailis asuli Taktakishvili, who worked as an artist at the Georgian Opera House. As a result of his mother's background Otar had a childhood rich in music.  He was also strongly influenced by his uncle Shalva Taktakishvili, who was a composer and a professor at the Tbilisi Conservatory. Shalva was one of the founders of the "Association of Young Georgian String Orchestra", and had authored operas, ballets and chamber works. Otar's other uncle, Giorgi Taktakishvili was a cellist and director of a music school. His uncles were young Otar's first musical guides and influences. From a young age, the composer showed great musical promise, and as a child was able to correctly guess notes played on the piano while blindfolded.

While attending the No42 School on Barnov St. in Tbilisi, Otar started his piano lessons with Tamara V. Bagrationi. He subsequently studied with several piano educators including Militsa K. Korius, Anastasia D. Virasladze, and Evgenia Vasilievna Cherniavskaia, where he met his future wife, Irina Giorgienvna Chirakadze, with whom he lived until the end of his life in 1989.  Their romance started at the piano while practicing a piano piece for four hands.   At the end of high school, he attended and received a diploma from the Air Force Technicuum until he began his studies at the Tbilisi conservatory.

Soon after entering the conservatory in 1942, while Georgia was at war with Nazi Germany, Taktakishvili composed the Anthem of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic.  According to the composer's own report, his mother had urged him to enter the contest for the National Anthem after seeing the words to the anthem published in the newspaper.  The 19-year-old composer wrote the music "in one try", submitted his entry and forgot about the contest. He only found out that his music had been selected when he stood outside the concert hall and heard his anthem being played.

Taktakishvili studied at the Tbilisi Conservatory under Aleksandr Gauk, Sergei V. Barchudarian and Andria Balanchivadze. The composer's early influences were Georgian folk music, composers of the classical era, e.g. Mozart, J.S. Bach and Beethoven, and more modern composers, including Alexander Scriabin, Sergei Prokofiev, Dmitri Shostakovich.  In his senior year, Taktakishvili had the opportunity to study with Dmitri Shostakovich, and that led to a long-standing collaboration and friendship.

Taktakishvili was survived by his spouse, Irina Chirakadze, who resided in the same apartment on 6 Taktakishvili street (former Riga street) where the composer lived from 1964 until 1989, as well as his son Mikhail O. Taktakishvili, who was a professor of Chemistry, and grandson Otar M. Taktakishvili, who is a physician and a composer, living in New York, And his Great Grandson Otar W. Taktakishvilli living in Ridgefield, Connecticut.

Works

Operas
 Mindia (based on works of Vazha-Pshavela, 1961)
 Award (Tele-opera, 1964)
 Three Tales, operatic triptychon from three short operas.
 The Abduction of the Moon (Based on the novel of Konstantine Gamsakhurdia, 1977)
 Mususi (The Lady Killer), comic opera (Based on the novel of Mikheil Javakhishvili, 1977)
 First Love (1979)

Filmography
 1957 — I Will Say the Truth
 1982 — The Law of Eternity
 1984 — Monday - Usual Day

Awards
 People's Artist of Georgia (1961)
 People's Artist of the USSR (1974)
 USSR State Prize третьей степени (1951) for first symphony
 USSR State Prize второй степени  (1952)
 USSR State Prize (1967)
 Lenin Prize (1982) — For opera: "The Abduction of the Moon" (1977)
 Shota Rustaveli Prize (1984)
 Order of Lenin (1966)
 Order of the October Revolution (1971)
 Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1958)
 Medals
 Albert Schweitzer Prize (1986)
 Honoured citizen of Tbilisi (1985).

References

Sources
 Finscher, Ludwig (ed.): Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 2nd ed. Stuttgart, Kassel 1994–2007
 Hollfelder, Peter: Die Klaviermusik, Hamburg 1999
 Laux, Karl: Die Musik in Rußland und der Sowjetunion, East-Berlin 1958

External links

 Otar Taktakishvili (1924-1989) French National Library

1924 births
1989 deaths
20th-century classical composers
Burials at Didube Pantheon
Classical composers from Georgia (country)
Music educators from Georgia (country)
Musicologists from Georgia (country)
Male opera composers
Musicians from Tbilisi
Opera composers from Georgia (country)
People's Artists of the USSR
Soviet classical composers
Soviet male classical composers
Soviet opera composers
Recipients of the Stalin Prize
Tbilisi State Conservatoire alumni
Academic staff of Tbilisi State Conservatory

Otar Taktakishvili


An epiphenomenon (plural: epiphenomena) is a secondary phenomenon that occurs alongside or in parallel to a primary phenomenon. The word has two senses: one that connotes known causation and one that connotes absence of causation or reservation of judgment about it.

Examples

Metaphysics

The problem of epiphenomena is often a counterexample to theories of causation and is identified with situations in which an event E is caused by (or, is said to be caused by) an event C, which also causes (or, is said to cause) an event F. For example, take a simplified Lewisian counterfactual analysis of causation that the meaning of propositions about causal relationships between two events A and B can be explained in terms of counterfactual conditionals of the form "if A had not occurred then B would not have occurred". Suppose that C causes E and that C has an epiphenomenon F. We then have that if E had not occurred, then F would not have occurred, either. But then according to the counterfactual analysis of causation, the proposition that there is a causal dependence of F on E is true; that is, on this view, E caused F. Since this is not in line with how we ordinarily speak about causation (we would not say that E caused F), a counterfactual analysis seems to be insufficient.

Philosophy of mind and psychology

An epiphenomenon can be an effect of primary phenomena, but cannot affect a primary phenomenon. In philosophy of mind, epiphenomenalism is the view that mental phenomena are epiphenomena in that they can be caused by physical phenomena, but cannot cause physical phenomena.  In strong epiphenomenalism, epiphenomena that are mental phenomena can only be caused by physical phenomena, not by other mental phenomena.  In weak epiphenomenalism, epiphenomena that are mental phenomena can be caused by both physical phenomena and other mental phenomena, but mental phenomena cannot be the cause of any physical phenomenon.

The physical world operates independently of the mental world in epiphenomenalism; the mental world exists as a derivative parallel world to the physical world, affected by the physical world (and by other epiphenomena in weak epiphenomenalism), but not able to have an effect on the physical world.  Instrumentalist versions of epiphenomenalism allow some mental phenomena to cause physical phenomena, when those mental phenomena can be strictly analyzable as summaries of physical phenomena, preserving causality of the physical world to be strictly analyzable by other physical phenomena.

Medicine
In the more general use of the word, a causal relationship between the phenomena is implied; the epiphenomenon is a consequence of the primary phenomenon. This is the sense that is related to the noun epiphenomenalism.

However, in medicine, this relationship is typically not implied, and the word is usually used in its second sense: an epiphenomenon may occur independently, and is called an epiphenomenon because it is not the primary phenomenon under study or because only correlation, not causation, is known or suspected. In this sense, saying that X is associated with Y as an epiphenomenon is preserving an acknowledgment that correlation does not imply causation. Signs, symptoms, syndromes (groups of symptoms), and risk factors can all be epiphenomena in this sense. For example, having an increased risk of breast cancer concurrent with taking an antibiotic is an epiphenomenon. It is not the antibiotic that is causing the increased risk, but the increased inflammation associated with the bacterial infection that prompted the taking of an antibiotic. The metaphor of a tree is one way of helping to explain the difference to someone struggling to understand. If the infection is the root of the tree, and the inflammation is the trunk, then the cancer and the antibiotic are two branches; the antibiotic is not the trunk.

Electromagnetism
Although electronics is said to be due to the influence of electrons, the standard approach to the study of electrical phenomena due to James Clerk Maxwell views these particles as secondary:

Free will
According to epiphenomenalism, free will having an effect on the physical world is an illusion, as physical phenomena can only be caused by other physical phenomena.  In weak epiphenomenalism, there is free will to cause some mental effects, allowing for mental discipline that is directed at other mental phenomena.

Behaviorism
Weak versions of behaviorism in psychology admit the existence of mental phenomena but not their meaningful study as causes of observable behavior and view mental phenomena as either epiphenomena or linguistic summaries, instruments to examine objectively observable physical behavior.

Propositional theory
Zenon Pylyshyn suggested a propositional model of cognition where people do not conceptualize ideas in images but rather in meaningful relationships.  In this theory, epiphenomena refer to images because they are merely products people conceptualize from their actual thought processes. Pylyshyn defends his claim by explaining that we only see images when we envision the form of an object.  While visualizing objects or actions is a frequent process in our mind, it does not occur when we are considering the meaning behind an action or the non-visual properties of an object.  There are many concepts we simply cannot envision.  Additionally, when envisioning an image, it changes based on our preconceived notions, suggesting that semantic relations precede visual images.  Unfortunately, the idea of epiphenomena in propositional theory is largely subjective and not falsifiable.

References

External links

Concepts in metaphysics
Medical terminology
Concepts in the philosophy of mind

Epiphenomenon


The Woman of the Apocalypse (or the woman clothed with the sun, ; Latin: ) is a figure–often considered to be a reference to the Virgin Mary in Catholic theology–described in Chapter 12 of the Book of Revelation (written c. AD 95).

The woman gives birth to a male child who is threatened by a dragon, identified as the Devil and Satan, who intends to devour the child as soon as he is born. When the child is taken to heaven, the woman flees on eagle's wings into the wilderness at a "place prepared of God" for 1,260 days.  This leads to a "War in Heaven" in which the angels cast out the dragon. The dragon attacks the woman, but the woman escapes on her wings for "a time, times and a time and a half", whatever this might mean. The dragon then attacks her again with a flood of water from his mouth, which is subsequently swallowed by earth. Frustrated, the dragon initiates war on "the remnant of her seed", identified as the righteous followers of Christ.
The Woman of the Apocalypse is widely identified as the Virgin Mary. Some Catholic commentaries, such as Thomas Haydock's Catholic Bible Commentary (1859), allow for the interpretation of the woman as either the Church or Mary. The commentary of the New American Bible states that "The woman adorned with the sun, the moon, and the stars (images taken from Genesis 37:9–10) symbolizes God's people in the Old and the New Testament. The Israel of old gave birth to the Messiah (Rev 12:5) and then became the new Israel, the church, which suffers persecution by the dragon (Rev. 12:6, 13–17); cf. Is. 50:1; 66:7; Jer. 50:12."

Among Protestants, including particularly among those with more Reformed theology and Evangelicals, the Woman of the Apocalypse tends to be seen as the Church or Israel.

Arsène Heitz, one of the designers who submitted proposals for the flag of Europe and the European Union, suggested that the twelve stars in the current design is derived from the twelve stars above the Woman's head.

Narrative
The text describes "a woman clothed with the sun, and the moon under her feet, and upon her head a crown of twelve stars" (12:1).
The woman is pregnant and about to give birth, "travailing in birth, and pained to be delivered" (12:2).

Then there is "a great red dragon, having seven heads and ten horns, and seven crowns upon his heads" (12:3) who is about to "devour her child as soon as it was born" (12:4). But her child is "caught up unto God" (12:5), and the woman herself is "fled into the wilderness, where she hath a place prepared of God, that they should feed her there a thousand two hundred and threescore days." (12:6)

Then there is a description of "War in Heaven" of the angels against the dragon, and "the great dragon was cast out, that old serpent, called the Devil, and Satan, which deceiveth the whole world: he was cast out into the earth, and his angels were cast out with him." (12:9)

The woman is again mentioned in 12:13, as she is persecuted by the dragon, and she escapes on her "two wings of a great eagle" (12:14).
The dragon attempts to inundate her place of refuge, by "water as a flood" emerging from his mouth (12:15), but the flood is swallowed up by the earth (12:16), so the dragon went "to make war with the remnant of her seed, which keep the commandments of God, and have the testimony of Jesus Christ" (12:17).

Interpretation as the Virgin Mary

History
Ancient witnesses to the Marian interpretation include St. Epiphanius, Tychonius (who heavily influenced St. Augustine), the unknown author of the History of Joseph the Carpenter, Quodvultdeus (a disciple of St. Augustine), Cassiodorus (Complexiones in Apocalypsi, written c. 570 AD), and the Greek Fathers Andreas of Caesarea (late 6th c. / early 7th c.) and Oikoumenios (6th c.).

In modern times, the Marian interpretation has been affirmed by Pope Pius X,
Pope Pius XII,
Pope Paul VI, and Pope John Paul II.

Theologians view the Woman of the apocalyse in Revelation 12:1–3 as a foresight to the Virgin Mary, both the mother of God and the mother of church; taking Revelation 12 as a reference to Mary, Israel, and the Church as a threefold symbolism through the Book of Isaiah and affirms Mary as the mother of Jesus Christ as the prophetic fulfilment described in Revelation 12 (cf. Isaiah 7:14, 26:17, 54:1, 66:7).

Pope St. Pius X explicitly identified the "woman" of the Revelation with the Virgin in his encyclical Ad diem illum. Pope Benedict XVI also made this identification several times, associating the "crown of twelve stars" with Mary's authority among the saints. The same did Pope Francis.

Theological interpretation
The woman's "male child" is a reference to Jesus (Revelation 12:5), since he is destined to "rule all nations with a rod of iron" (Revelation 12:5). The dragon trying to devour the woman's child at the moment of his birth (Revelation 12:4) is a reference to Herod the Great's attempt to kill the infant Jesus (Matthew 2:16). Through his death and resurrection and Ascension, Jesus "was snatched up to God and to his throne" (Revelation 12:5).

In the interpretation of Pius X (1904), the birth is not that of Jesus but "surely ours", (i.e. the Church Militant) "we who, being yet detained in exile, are still to be brought forth to the perfect love of God and eternal happiness". Pius XII (1950) makes explicit the reference to the Assumption of Mary.
And John Paul II (1987) to the Protoevangelium interpretation of Genesis 3:15, and by extension the symbolic identification of the Woman with both Mary and Eve.

Veneration
Both Marian veneration and the interpretation of the Woman of the Apocalypse are recorded since at least the 4th century, but the specific veneration of Mary in this form becomes tangible only in the medieval period. Iconographically, Marian figures associated with the Revelation narrative are recognizable by the astronomical attributes, specifically her standing on a crescent moon, and the crown of twelve stars (while the description "clothed with the sun" is sometimes rendered by rays emanating from her figure).

Association of Mary with a single star is recorded from the early medieval period, in the hymn Ave Maris Stella.

Many depictions of Mary from the Gothic period (14th to 16th century) show her standing on a crescent moon inspired by the association of Mary with the woman of the Apocalypse. The motif became so popular in 15th-century Germany that pre-existing Madonna figures were refitted with a crescent (e.g. Madonna of Bad Doberan, c. 1300, refitted in the 15th century).
The Virgin of Guadalupe was depicted as the Madonna of the Apocalypse since at least the 16th century.

The Madonna of the Apocalypse became associated with Our Lady of the Rosary, the "crown of twelve stars" being identified with a "rosary of twelve privileges" of Mary. The Virgin of the Rosary is frequently shown with the crown or halo of twelve stars (but not the crescent moon) in modern depictions (since the 19th century). A notable example is the Virgin of the Rosary of Pompei.

An anecdote (first published in the 1980s) connects the design of the Flag of Europe (1955) to this aspect of Marian iconography.

Interpretation as the Church
One early witness to the interpretation of the woman as the church is Hippolytus of Rome who states said interpretation in On Christ and Antichrist.

The Catholic Church recognizes the "woman" as part of the polyvalent symbolism that is found in the book in four referents: Israel, the Church, Eve, and Mary.

Commentators who adhere to Protestant eschatology sometimes identify the woman as the Church, and the man-child she gives birth to are the saints. According to this interpretation, Revelation 12:17 describes the remnant of the seed of the woman as those who keep the commandments of God, and have the testimony of Jesus Christ. The offspring of the Woman, the Woman's seed, then refers to the saints. The man child "who shall rule the nations with a rod of iron" is a symbol of the faithful members of the Church.

In Revelation 2:18–29, the Church in Thyatira is promised that the faithful shall rule the nations with a rod of iron. In Revelation 19:15 the same thing is stated of Jesus. In Galatians 4:26, Paul the Apostle refers to the "New Jerusalem" as "our mother", and in Revelation 21:2 and Ephesians 5:21–32 the New Jerusalem and the Church is portrayed as the Bride of Christ.

The Seventh-day Adventist Church identifies itself as the end-time "remnant church" described in Revelation 12:17.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints also interprets the woman to be the Church, and the man-child to be the political kingdom that will grow out of the Church prior to or during the Second Coming of Christ; this interpretation arises from Joseph Smith's translation of the twelfth chapter of Revelation. Some in the church interpret the woman to be a symbol of the earth. Baptisms of fire and water being poured upon the earth and the sun clothing the earth daily are just a couple examples of this reference.

Other interpretations

The Bahá'í Faith
The Bahá'í Faith interprets the woman as representing the religion of God as revealed within Islam, with the governments of the Persian Empire (the sun) and Ottoman Empire (the moon) under its influence "for the emblem of Persia is the sun and that of the Ottoman Empire is the crescent moon." They identify the crown of twelve stars on her head as the Twelve Imams of Islam who promoted the religion and were "the educators of the nation, and who shone as stars in the heaven of guidance." Bahá'í Faith recognizes the child she bears after a period of 1,260 days to rule all nations with a rod of iron to be the Báb, the forerunner of the Bahá'í Faith, who declared his mission in 1844 – the year 1260 in the Islamic lunar calendar.

The Nation of Israel
Dispensational Premillennialists, and Amillennialists who believe in multiple valid interpretations will often identify the woman as the nation of Israel. There are several reasons given to support this interpretation. The woman is said to be clothed with the sun, the moon under her feet, and twelve stars. These symbols are drawn from Genesis 37:9–11, in which Joseph has a dream of the sun and moon symbolizing his father and mother, and stars representing his eleven brothers, which bow down to him. The Old Testament's prophets referred to Israel as a "woman" (Isaiah 54:5–6; Jeremiah 4:31; Micah 4:9–10).

The woman flees into the wilderness where she is nourished for 1260 days, the equivalent of three and a half years or forty-two months (cf. Rev. 12:6). According to this interpretation, these terms are used prophetically in Scripture either for the first half or the last half of the "Seventieth Week of Daniel", in Daniel 9:24–27, a prophecy specifically addressed to Daniel and his people, Israel (Dan. 9:24).

In the latter part of the seventieth week, a remnant of Israel will flee into the wilderness to escape the persecution of Antichrist, who is called "the son of destruction", "the lawless one", and "whose coming is in accord with the activity of Satan" (2 Thess. 2:1–12; cf. Rev. 12:4,9). Jesus, in the Olivet discourse, warned the people of this time which would occur just prior to His return to set up His earthly, Millennial kingdom (Matt. 24:15–22). Further, the archangel Michael is called the guardian over the sons of Israel in Dan. 12:1. And he will arise at that time of national Israel's tribulation (Dan. 12:1; cf. Rev. 12:7).

Amillennialist belief can also interpret this passage as the nation of Israel, however this belief as expressed by amillennialists refers, not to the modern Israel, but to the Ancient religious state of Israel (Judea) as it existed in the time of Christ. The Child is Christ, born into the then existing state of Israel, and of Israel's lineage.

The remnant or sons of Israel is, in this understanding, the followers of Christ, the followers of the true religion of Israel as it exists after the coming of the messiah. The "Seventieth Week of Daniel", and prophecy of the Olivet discourse, in this belief, are ascribed as concerning the first coming of Christ, the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 AD (during which enforced emperor worship occurred in the temple of Jerusalem, which was later almost totally destroyed, and many Jews were made slaves in distant lands resulting presumably in their remaining families not knowing what happened to them or where they were), and the establishment of Christ's Church, as it currently exists, both on earth and in heaven.

Lutheran scholar Craig Koester, for example, says, "The woman encompasses the story of Israel, from whom the Messiah was born, as well as the story of the church, which was persecuted after Jesus' death and resurrection... John's visionary account of the threat against the woman and the woman's preservation uses imagery that encompasses many moments in the story of God's people. This allows the story to apply to people in many times and places."

Astrological symbolism
Russian Orthodox theologian Sergei Bulgakov (1871–1944) in his interpretation of Revelation notes of the astronomical attributes of the woman in Babylonian, Persian, Greek, and Egyptian mythologies. He takes the crown of twelve stars as representing the Zodiac. In his interpretation, astronomical attributes of a pagan goddess are here "translated into the language of Christian theology and assume the new symbolism.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
In Joseph Smith's Inspired Translation of the King James Bible (JST), the woman is identified as "the church of God":
"And the woman fled into the wilderness, where she had a place prepared of God, that they should feed her there a thousand two hundred and threescore days. And there was war in heaven; Michael and his angels fought against the dragon; and the dragon and his angels fought against Michael; And the dragon prevailed not against Michael, neither the child, nor the woman which was the church of God, who had been delivered of her pains, and brought forth the kingdom of our God and his Christ. (Revelation 12:1–17 JST)

Christian Science
Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures (1875) written by Mary Baker Eddy, the founder of The First Church of Christ, Scientist, presents the woman in the Apocalypse as symbolizing "the spiritual idea of God; she illustrates the coincidence of God and man as the divine Principle and divine idea ... the spiritual idea of God's motherhood." The man child represents "Christ, God's idea, [which] will eventually rule all nations and peoples – imperatively, absolutely, finally – with divine Science [the Law of God]"

See also

 Consecration of Russia
 Civic heraldry

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

External links

 Chivalric precursors to St. George and the Dragon, 14 images under Wikimedia:Virgin and Serpent
 Immaculata as Radiation of Fatherhood  126 images under Wikimedia:Mondsickelmadonna
 Scriptural parturition imagery of Revelation chapter 12, 24 images under Wikimedia:Woman of the Apocalypse
 Eastern icon of the type Matka Boska Ostrobramska – 28 images Our Lady of the Gate of Dawn at the Eastern Gate, Vilnius, Lithuania

Book of Revelation
Catholic Mariology
Christian terminology
Marian apparitions
Michael (archangel)
Our Lady of Guadalupe
Titles of Mary
Virgin Mary in art
Women in the New Testament

Woman of the Apocalypse


Demeter (Attic Greek: Δημήτηρ, Dēmḗtēr; Doric: Δαμάτηρ, Dāmā́tēr) is the goddess of the harvest and agriculture in ancient Greek religion and myth, one of the Twelve Olympians. The elder sister of Zeus, Demeter presided over grains and the fertility of the earth. She served as the patron goddess of farmers, and was believed to have taught men how to reap and cultivate the harvest. By Zeus, she is the mother of Persephone, the wife of Hades and queen of the underworld. Both she and Persephone were central figures of the Eleusinian Mysteries, a series of festivals held in honor of the two goddesses in the region of Attica. Her symbols were the scythe, cornucopia, wheat, bread and harvest grains, and the pig and snake were her sacred animals. Her Roman equivalent is Ceres.

In Greek Mythology, Demeter's daughter Persephone was kidnapped by Hades, and made her bride. Demeter grieved the loss of her daughter, bringing on a long famine. Eventually an accord was met by which Persephone would spend part of the year underground, and the rest above ground with her mother. This cycle is the Mythological explanation for the seasons.

Related pages

 Ceres - Roman version of Demeter

Twelve Olympians
Gods and goddesses of agriculture

Demeter


A-League Men, known before the 2021–22 season as the A-League, is a soccer league which is the top division in Australia and New Zealand. It was established in 2004 as a replacement to the National Soccer League and started in August 2005. Unlike professional soccer leagues in most of the rest of the world, A-League Men has what is called a "franchise" system—the same teams play in the league each year, unless a team drops out of the league on its own, or the league decides to add one or more new teams. This system is normal for pro sports leagues in Australia, as well as in the United States and Canada.

Since the beginning of the league in 2005, fourteen teams have competed in the league with Western United becoming the last club to join the league in the 2019–20 season. From those fourteen teams, six have taken the title while seven have taken the minor premiership. The current champion is Melbourne City FC, who defeated Sydney FC in the 2021 Grand Final.

The word "Men" was added to the league name after the 2020–21 season when the country's men's, women's, and youth leagues were brought under the "A-League" brand.

History
Before A-League Men was founded, the top division of Australian soccer was the National Soccer League which ran between 1977 and 2004.

2021–22 clubs

 Adelaide United
 Brisbane Roar
 Central Coast Mariners
 Macarthur FC
 Melbourne City
 Melbourne Victory
 Newcastle Jets
 Perth Glory
 Sydney FC
 Wellington Phoenix
 Western Sydney Wanderers
 Western United

Former clubs
 Gold Coast United (2009–2012)
 New Zealand Knights (2005–2007)
 North Queensland Fury (2009–2011)

Champions and premiers
A-League Men, like other professional leagues in Australia, crowns its champion at the end of a knockout playoff series involving top teams on the regular-season table. The final match is called the Grand Final, a term used in several other Australian sports. The team that finishes on top of the regular-season table is called the "Premiers". Media sometimes incorrectly call the Premiers the "minor premiers", a term used in other football codes in the country.

References

Football leagues
Soccer in Australia
Football in New Zealand
Sports organisations of Australia
2005 establishments
2000s establishments in New Zealand
2000s establishments in Australia

A-League Men


David Lawrence Cole (1902 – February 25, 1978) was an American labor mediator who served as the second Director of the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, appointed by President of the United States Harry S. Truman in 1952 to succeed Cyrus S. Ching.

Cole was one of the early pioneers in arbitrating labor disputes, working as the "third man" in negotiations involving the New York City Subway system, the steel industry and between different unions. Arbitrator Theodore W. Kheel called Cole "the world's greatest arbitrator". Cole described his role as helping parties deal with problems on their own and "to rely less and less on a third party". In addition to serving locally in labor negotiations and committees in the New York Tri-State Region and Pennsylvania, Cole served in the labor mediation field under every US President from Franklin D. Roosevelt to Richard Nixon.

Early life and education
Cole was born in 1902 in Paterson, New Jersey, where his father was a silk manufacturer. He graduated from Harvard University in 1921, and went on to earn a law degree at Harvard Law School in 1924. He returned to Paterson to work as an attorney for companies in the industry, starting in 1926. Cole's son described how the fact that companies there had their looms "trucked out of town as an answer to the union" led his father to "gravitate to the middle of the table".

Labor negotiation
Cole first became involved in national labor issues when it was suggested that he become involved in a dispute regarding the steel industry that threatened to overturn wage controls established during World War II. Philip Murray, president of the United Steelworkers and later head of the Congress of Industrial Organizations, rejected Cole for the role. After Cole challenged him about the rejection and Murray explained that the concern was that he was too close to management, Cole had Murray confirm his credentials with New Jersey union leaders, and got the post after the original objections were withdrawn.

Cole was known for tracking negotiations using four pens with different colors of ink, using a different color to track each side's stance and his own notes. The detailed and colorful tracking of the negotiations helped Cole convince both labor and management that he was ensuring that both sides were heard.

One of Cole's most-treasured objects was a signed poster from Marc Chagall, given to him by the artist after Cole helped break a stalemate in negotiations to ensure that the new Metropolitan Opera facility in Manhattan's Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts opened successfully in 1966.

He served as president of the National Academy of Arbitrators and as a trustee of both the American Arbitration Association and the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

Personal
Cole died at age 75 on January 25, 1978, at his home in Paterson. He was survived by his wife, Helen, as well as a daughter, two sons, and five grandchildren.

References

External links
Guide to David L. Cole, Arbitrator. Transcripts, 1957. 5115. Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Martin P. Catherwood Library, Cornell University.
Guide to the David Lawrence Cole papers, 1943-1977 (bulk 1950-1970). #5588. Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University Library.

1902 births
1978 deaths
Directors of the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (United States)
Harvard Law School alumni
Lawyers from Paterson, New Jersey
20th-century American lawyers

David L. Cole


Dr Richard (Rick) Agnew (born 1959) is an Australian alpine mountaineer and high altitude sports aviator who has completed the Seven Summits (climbing the highest mountains on each of the seven continents) climbing Mount Everest and many other peaks. He holds over 40 international and Australian speed, distance and height aviation records.

Mountaineering
Agnew is the oldest Australian and first Canberran to have climbed the highest mountains on each of the seven continents in a feat known as the Seven Summits.

Agnew's interest in climbing was prompted by the climbing activities of his oldest brother, Brian Agnew, who was instrumental in forming the Australian Army Alpine Association (AAA) who led, co-led and/or participated in climbing expeditions throughout the 1980-90s, primarily in the Himalayas, including the Australian Bicentennial Everest Expedition. Other AAA members also included Pat Cullinan SC, OAM, Jon Muir OAM and Zac Zaharias CSM.

Agnew has been climbing seriously since 2000 and has climbed, guided and/or co-guided on all seven continents. Expeditions include climbs in New Zealand and throughout South America, including the technically demanding Mount Fitzroy , Patagonia, Argentina, volcanos in Ecuador and many peaks in Argentina, Chile, Peru and throughout the European Alps, prior to climbing in the Himalayas.

On an expedition to Aconcagua , Argentina in 2007, Agnew was part of a team led by Jon Muir  when it became apparent that Muir had succumbed to altitude sickness and couldn't continue to guide the team. At high camp, the famed Viento Blanco (white wind) caused all climbing teams at height to attempt an evacuation. One of Agnew's fellow team members experienced life-threatening High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE), needing immediate evacuation down the mountain and subsequently airlifted to Mendoza hospital. Agnew was left to lead the remaining team member's survival throughout a deadly night (including a tent fire and a death close by) at high camp. The retreat down the mountain the next day was memorable to Aconcagua's base camp which was also devastated and many teams lost the majority of their equipment.

After many successful summits throughout the world (North and South America, the Andes and in the Alps), Agnew was one of six Australians and two Britons who made it to the summit of Mount Everest on 25 May 2010,  with an expedition led by South Australian Duncan Chessell. Agnew finished the last of the Seven Summits with Mount Vinson, Antarctica in December 2014, becoming the first Canberran and oldest Australian to do so.

Agnew's climbing continues with a successful speed ascent of the technical Ama Dablam  in Nov 2015, climbing back up from the precarious Camp 2 to rescue a young Australian; and an attempt on Shishapangma  in May 2016 and a successful ascent on the eighth highest mountain in the world Mt Manaslu, , Agnew being the oldest Australian to do so in Sept 2018. A massive avalanche stopped Agnew from a successful summit of the world's second highest mountain, K2  in Pakistan. On 17 July 2019 Agnew on the Abruzzi route was halted at the end of the famous Bottleneck's narrow couloir, reaching 8,350 m of K2's 8,611 m altitude.

Gliding
Agnew trained with several Australian gliding clubs, soloing with the Canberra Gliding Club prior to his officer and pilot training with the Royal Australian Air Force.
Agnew is a three diamond badged pilot (Dec 1992) who has achieved the Australian altitude record in a glider when he reached  in 1995. He achieved his 1,000 km Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) &  diploma on 25 Nov 2005.

Agnew is the winner of the Gliding Federation of Australia's annual Martin Warner Trophy, for highest height gain, winning 17 times in the last twenty years. Agnew has over 40 International and Australian speed, distance & height records.

Agnew is a graduate of the Australian National University, obtaining a BSc(Forestry) in between bushwalking and learning to fly gliders. He undertook officer and pilot training with the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), is a graduate of the Australian Defence Force Academy (Masters in Defense Studies), and University of Canberra (Master's in Public Administration and a Doctorate in risk management). Agnew holds a post-graduate qualification in aviation medicine from Monash University.

When not summiting peaks, Agnew presents on the risk management aspects of high altitude activities, as well as other aspects of governance, assurance organisational resilience and risk management – having run public and private sector governance, assurance and risk management areas within PricewaterhouseCoopers, Deloittes, Aurecon and with government. Agnew is the managing director of Business Assurance Australia.

References

External links
 Business Assurance Australia

1959 births
Living people
Australian mountain climbers
Australian summiters of Mount Everest
Summiters of the Seven Summits
Australian glider pilots
Australian aviation record holders

Rick Agnew