Almost Famous is a 2000 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Cameron Crowe, starring Billy Crudup, Frances McDormand, Kate Hudson, Patrick Fugit, and Philip Seymour Hoffman. It tells the story of a teenage journalist, played by Fugit, writing for Rolling Stone magazine in the early 1970s, touring with the fictitious rock band Stillwater, and writing his first cover story on the band. The film is semi-autobiographical, as Crowe himself was a teenage writer for Rolling Stone.

The film performed poorly in theatres, grossing $47.4 million against a $60 million budget. Despite the financial shortfall, it received widespread acclaim from critics and received four Academy Award nominations, including a win for Best Original Screenplay. It was also awarded the 2001 Grammy Award for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media. Roger Ebert hailed it the best film of the year as well as the ninth-best film of the 2000s. It also won two Golden Globe Awards, for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy and Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture (Hudson). It has since become a cult classic and in a 2016 international poll conducted by the  BBC, Almost Famous was ranked the 79th greatest film since 2000. In a Hollywood Reporter 2014 list voted on by "studio chiefs, Oscar winners and TV royalty", Almost Famous was ranked the 71st greatest film of all time. A stage musical adaptation of the film opened on Broadway in November 2022.

Plot

In San Diego 1969, child prodigy William Miller struggles to fit in. His life is further complicated after learning that his widowed college-professor mother Elaine has falsely led him to believe he is twelve years old. William is actually eleven, having started the first grade at five years old, and skipping fifth grade. Strong-willed Elaine's strict ban on rock music and her fear of pop culture have a lasting effect on her children, finally driving William's 18-year-old sister Anita to move to San Francisco and become a flight attendant.

In 1973, William, now fifteen, influenced by Anita's secret cache of rock albums, aspires to be a rock journalist, writing freelance articles for underground papers in San Diego. Rock journalist Lester Bangs, impressed with William's writing, gives him a $35 assignment to review a Black Sabbath concert. William is barred from backstage until the opening band Stillwater arrives and William flatters his way in. Lead guitarist Russell Hammond takes a liking to him and his new acquaintance, veteran groupie Penny Lane, who has taken him under her wing. Despite behaving as stereotypical groupies, Penny Lane insists she and her friends are "band aids", a term she invented to describe female fans that are there more for the music than for the rock stars themselves.

Upon seeing Miller's article on Black Sabbath, Rolling Stone editor Ben Fong-Torres hires William to write an article about Stillwater and sends him on the road with the band. William interviews the other band members, but Russell repeatedly puts him off. Tensions between Russell and lead singer Jeff Bebe soon become evident- only to be further soured by the release of the band's first t-shirt, which features a full band shot with Russell in full view while the rest of the band is in the shadows. William is jokingly called "the enemy" by the band as he is a journalist, but he gradually begins to lose his objectivity as he becomes integrated into their inner circle.

The record label hires Dennis, a professional manager, to handle problems with venues and promoters. Penny has to leave before the band reaches New York, where Russell's girlfriend Leslie will join them. Penny and her three protégée band aids are gambled away to another band in a poker game; Penny acts nonchalantly but is devastated. Meanwhile, Dennis charters a small plane so the band can play more gigs.

Penny shows up uninvited at the New York restaurant where they are celebrating the news that they are to be featured on the cover of Rolling Stone. Penny is asked to leave after her attempts to get Russell's attention are noticed. William chases her to her hotel, where he saves her from overdosing on quaaludes.

Flying to a gig the following day, the plane encounters severe weather. Fearing the plane will crash, everyone confesses their secrets, while Jeff and Russell's long-simmering conflicts erupt. William confesses his love for Penny after Jeff insults her. The plane lands safely in Tupelo, leaving everyone to ponder the changed atmosphere.

William arrives at the Rolling Stone office in San Francisco but has difficulty finishing the article. Seeking help, he calls Lester Bangs who says William got caught up in being part of the band. He says his perceived friendships with them are not real and advises him to "be honest...and unmerciful." Rolling Stones editors rave over William's completed article, but when the magazine's fact checker calls the band, Russell lies to protect Stillwater's image, claiming most of it is false. Rolling Stone kills the article, crushing William. Anita encounters a dejected William in the airport and offers to take him anywhere; he chooses for them to go to their home in San Diego, where their mother Elaine is glad to see them both.

Sapphire, one of the protégée "Band Aids", chastises Russell for betraying William. He then calls Penny, wanting to meet with her, but she tricks him by giving him William's address instead of her own. He arrives and finds himself face-to-face with William's mother who, during the tour, scolded him over the phone for his behavior. He apologizes to William and finally gives him an interview. Russell has verified the article to Rolling Stone, which runs it as a cover feature. Penny fulfills her long-standing fantasy to go to Morocco while Stillwater tours again by bus.

Cast

Production
Crowe used a composite of the bands he had known to create Stillwater, the emerging group that welcomes the young journalist into its sphere, then becomes wary of his intentions. "Stillwater" was the name of a real band signed to Macon, Georgia's Capricorn Records label, which required the film's producers to obtain permission to use the name. In an interview, real Stillwater guitarist Bobby Golden said, "They could have probably done it without permission but they probably would have had a bunch of different lawsuits. Our lawyer got in touch with them. They wanted us to do it for free and I said, 'No we're not doing it for free.' So we got a little bit of change out of it." Seventies rocker Peter Frampton served as a technical consultant on the film. Crowe and his then-wife, musician Nancy Wilson of Heart, co-wrote three of the five Stillwater songs in the film, and Frampton wrote the other two, with Mike McCready of Pearl Jam playing lead guitar on all of the Stillwater songs.

Patrick Fugit, then "a complete unknown from Salt Lake City, Utah", was cast late in the process after Crowe and casting director Gail Levin watched Fugit's self-taped audition.

The character of Russell Hammond was originally set to be played by Brad Pitt. But during rehearsal prior to filming, Crowe and Pitt mutually decided that it was "not the right fit", and Pitt dropped out of the project. The line "I am a golden god!" in the pool-jumping sequence, as well as numerous references to Russell Hammond being unusually good looking, were written for Pitt, but remained in the script after Billy Crudup was cast. In a 2020 interview with The New York Times, Crowe confirmed that the "golden god" scene was inspired by Led Zeppelin lead singer Robert Plant, who had uttered the quote on a "Riot House" balcony.

Jack Black and Jon Favreau auditioned for the role of Lester Bangs.

Crowe based the character of Penny Lane on the real-life Pennie Lane Trumbull and her group of female promoters who called themselves the "Flying Garter Girls Group". Though they were not in the Flying Garter Girls group, various other women have been described as Crowe's inspiration, for instance Pamela Des Barres and Bebe Buell. Sarah Polley was originally cast as Penny Lane, but, when Brad Pitt dropped out, she dropped out as well and was replaced with Kate Hudson. Natalie Portman was also considered.

The character of William Miller's mother (played by Frances McDormand) was based on Crowe's own mother, who even showed up on the set to keep an eye on him while he worked. Although he asked his mother not to bother McDormand, the two women ended up getting along well. Meryl Streep was also considered for the role.

Alice in Chains' guitarist/vocalist Jerry Cantrell was Crowe's first choice for the role of Stillwater bass player Larry Fellows. Cantrell is friends with Crowe and had previously appeared in two films directed by him, Singles (1992) and Jerry Maguire (1996). Cantrell was busy writing the songs for his solo album Degradation Trip and had to turn the role down. Mark Kozelek was cast instead.

Crowe took a copy of the film to London for a special screening with Led Zeppelin members Jimmy Page and Plant. After the screening, Led Zeppelin granted Crowe the right to use one of their songs on the soundtrack—the first time they had ever consented to this since allowing Crowe to use "Kashmir" in Fast Times at Ridgemont High (1982)—and also gave him rights to four of their other songs in the movie itself, although they did not grant him the rights to "Stairway to Heaven" for an intended scene (on the special "Bootleg" edition DVD, the scene is included as an extra, sans the song, where the viewer is instructed by a watermark to begin playing it).

In his 2012 memoir My Cross to Bear, Gregg Allman writes that several aspects of the movie are based on Crowe's time spent with the Allman Brothers Band. The scene in which Russell jumps from the top of the Topeka party house into a pool was based on something Duane Allman did: "the jumping off the roof into the pool, that was Duane—from the third floor of a place called the Travelodge in San Francisco. My brother wanted to do it again, but the cat who owned the place came out shaking his fist, yelling at him. We told that story all the time, and I have no doubt that Cameron was around for it." He also confirms that he and Dickey Betts played a joke on Crowe by claiming clauses in their contract did not allow his story to be published—just before he was to deliver it to Rolling Stone.

The airplane malfunction "near Tupelo, Mississippi" that occurred in the film is a thinly veiled reference to the Lynyrd Skynyrd airplane crash on October 20, 1977.

Filming of the movie lasted 92 days.

Soundtrack

The Almost Famous soundtrack album was awarded the 2001 Grammy Award for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media.

Personnel

"Stillwater"
 Jason Lee ("Jeff Bebe") - vocals
 Billy Crudup ("Russell Hammond") - guitar
 Mark Kozelek ("Larry Fellows") - bass guitar
 John Fedevich ("Ed Vallencourt") - drums

Other personnel
 Nancy Wilson
 Peter Frampton
 Mike McCready
 Jon Bayless
 Ben Smith
 Gordon Kennedy
 Marti Frederiksen – vocals

Songs on the Soundtrack
 Simon & Garfunkel: America - 3:37
 The Who: Sparks - 3:48
 Todd Rundgren: It Wouldn't Have Made Any Difference - 3:51
 Yes: Your Move - 3:33
 The Beach Boys: Feel Flows - 4:43
 Stillwater: Fever Dog - 3:09
 Rod Stewart: Every Picture Tells A Story - 5:54
 The Seeds: Mr Farmer - 2:51
 The Allman Brothers Band: One Way Out - 4:58
 Lynyrd Skynyrd: Simple Man - 5:56
 Led Zeppelin: That's The Way - 5:36
 Elton John: Tiny Dancer - 6:14
 Nancy Wilson: Lucky Trumble - 2:41
 The Velvet Underground: I'm Waiting for The Man - 4:39
 Cat Stevens: The Wind - 1:40
 Clarence Carter: Slip Away - 2:31
 Thunderclap Newman: Something In The Air - 3:53

Reception

Box office
Almost Famous had its premiere at the 2000 Toronto International Film Festival. It was subsequently given a limited release on September 15, 2000, in 131 theaters where it grossed $2.3 million on its first weekend. It was given a wider release on September 22, 2000, in 1,193 theaters where it grossed $6.9 million on its opening weekend. The film went on to make $31.7 million in North America and $14.8 million in the rest of the world for a worldwide total of $47.4 million against a $60 million budget.

Critical response
Almost Famous received widespread critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes, it holds an 89% approval rating, based on 177 reviews, with an average rating of 7.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Almost Famous, with its great ensemble performances and story, is a well-crafted, warm-hearted movie that successfully draws you into its era." On Metacritic it has a score of 90 out of 100, based on 38 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.

Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film four out of four stars, naming it the best film of 2000, and described it as "funny and touching in so many different ways." In his review for The New York Times, A.O. Scott wrote, "The movie's real pleasures are to be found not in its story but in its profusion of funny, offbeat scenes. It's the kind of picture that invites you to go back and savor your favorite moments like choice album cuts." Richard Corliss of Time praised the film's screenplay for "giving each character his reasons, making everyone in the emotional debate charming and compelling, creating fictional people who breathe in a story with an organic life." In her review for the L.A. Weekly, Manohla Dargis wrote that "the film shimmers with the irresistible pleasures that define Hollywood at its best—it's polished like glass, funny, knowing and bright, and filled with characters whose lives are invariably sexier and more purposeful than our own." Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote, "Not since A Hard Day's Night has a movie caught the thrumming exuberance of going where the music takes you." In his review for Newsweek, David Ansen wrote, "Character-driven, it relies on chemistry, camaraderie, a sharp eye for detail and good casting." Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade, "best-of" list, saying, "Every Cameron Crowe film is, in one way or another, about romance, rock & roll, and his romance with rock & roll. This power ballad of a movie, from 2000, also happens to be Crowe's greatest (and most personal) film thanks to the golden gods of Stillwater and their biggest fan, Kate Hudson's incomparable Penny Lane."

Entertainment Weekly gave the film an "A−" rating and Owen Gleiberman praised Crowe for depicting the 1970s as "an era that found its purpose in having no purpose. Crowe, staying close to his memories, has gotten it, for perhaps the first time, onto the screen." In his review for the Los Angeles Times, Kenneth Turan praised Philip Seymour Hoffman's portrayal of Lester Bangs: "Superbly played by Philip Seymour Hoffman, more and more the most gifted and inspired character actor working in film, what could have been the clichéd portrait of an older mentor who speaks the straight truth blossoms into a marvelous personality." However, in his review for The New York Observer, Andrew Sarris felt that "none of the non-musical components on the screen matched the excitement of the music. For whatever reason, too much of the dark side has been left out." Desson Howe, in his review for The Washington Post, found it "very hard to see these long-haired kids as products of the 1970s instead of dressed up actors from the Seattle-Starbucks era. I couldn't help wondering how many of these performers had to buy a CD copy of the song and study it for the first time."

Versions
In addition to the original "Theatrical" version, the film's DVD and Blu-Ray releases include a version known as the "Extended", "Bootleg", or "Untitled" version. This Extended version has about 40 minutes of additional footage.

Publication of Rolling Stone article
In 2021, Rolling Stone published the article "Stillwater Runs Deep!" by William Miller backdated to August 30, 1973.

Accolades

Stage musical adaptation

In 2018, Crowe said he was working on a stage musical adaptation of the film, in which he would pen the stage libretto and write the musical numbers with Tom Kitt. It premiered in San Diego at The Old Globe in 2019 and creative work continued during the COVID-19 pandemic. In June 2022, the musical announced that it will transfer to Broadway, with previews beginning September 13 and opening night scheduled for October 11, 2022. The cast of the production, directed by Jeremy Herrin, will include newcomer Casey Likes (in his Broadway acting debut) as William Miller, Chris Wood as Russell Hammond, Anika Larsen as Elaine Miller, Solea Pfeiffer as Penny Lane, Drew Gehling as Jeff Bebe, Emily Schultheis as Anita Miller, Jana Djenne Jackson as Polexia Aphrodisia, Katie Ladner as Sapphire, Gerard Canonico as Dick Roswell and Rob Colletti as Lester Bangs.

See also
 List of media set in San Diego

References

External links

 Almost Famous on YouTube

2000 films
2000 comedy-drama films
2000s coming-of-age comedy-drama films
2000s English-language films
2000s musical comedy-drama films
2000s road comedy-drama films
American coming-of-age comedy-drama films
American musical comedy-drama films
American road comedy-drama films
American rock music films
BAFTA winners (films)
Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners
Columbia Pictures films
DreamWorks Pictures films
Films about groupies
Films about journalists
Films about musical groups
Films about mother–son relationships
Films directed by Cameron Crowe
Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe-winning performance
Films produced by Ian Bryce
Films produced by Cameron Crowe
Films set in the 1970s
Films set in Cleveland
Films set in Kansas
Films set in Mississippi
Films set in San Diego
Films set in San Francisco
Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay Academy Award
Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay BAFTA Award
Films with screenplays by Cameron Crowe
Films adapted into plays
Vinyl Films films
2000s American films

Almost Famous


Soundset Music Festival was a hip-hop music festival held yearly in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul area over Memorial Day weekend. Since Soundset began in the Metrodome parking lot in 2008, attendance has grown from 12,000 to over 30,000 consistently since 2014. Over 280,000 fans have traveled from fifty U.S states, Canada, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Costa Rica, Africa, Europe, Asia, South America, Australia and New Zealand to experience Soundset in Minnesota.

Rhymesayers Entertainment' artists are the foundation of Soundset, with Atmosphere performing every year since the beginning. Since 2008, Soundset has had over 400 different non-repeat performers.

Soundset cancelled its concert in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Origin
Two years after Rhymesayers Entertainment was first founded they hosted an event with over three dozen local underground emcees, DJs, and b-boys in a South Minneapolis warehouse. Two years later, the event became Soundset Wednesdays at First Avenue. In 2008, Soundset emerged in the Metrodome parking lot.

2019 lineup
Lil Wayne, SZA, G-Eazy, Run the Jewels, Atmosphere, Black Star, Beast Coast, Tech N9ne, DMX, Royce da 5'9", Dessa, DJ Spinderella, Doja Cat, Just Blaze, Bas, Prof, Lil Nas X, DaBaby, Cut Chemist, Buddy, Dem Atlas, Dounia, DJ Abilities, Taylor Bennett, DJ, YBN Cordae, DV One, Tierra Whack, Sa-Roc, Epic Beard Men, B.A.G., Taylor J, Cashinova, Student 1, Dua Saleh, Kevin Beacham, DJ Precyse, Lisa Vasequez, Psymun, Mickey Breeze, DJ Keezy, Maya MIDA

Lil Uzi Vert was on the original lineup, but did not perform.

Hosts: Sway Calloway, Heather B., J.Pratt, Cros One

2018 lineup
Logic, Migos, Atmosphere, Erykah Badu, Tyler, the Creator, Russ, Wu-Tang Clan, Brockhampton, Ice-T, A Boogie Wit Da Hoodie, Hieroglyphics, Prof, Jaden Smith, Grieves, DJ Jazzy Jeff, Murs, Young M.A., Evidence, DJ Melon, Rapsody, Westside Gunn & Conway, J.I.D, Kamaiyah, Dem Atlas, DJ Scratch, Pell, Jack Harlow, Skratch Bastid, DJ Livia, Bugus, Quincey White, The Lioness, OG Grip, Sick Trim, Willie Wonka, DJ Rowsheen, Mike 2600, DJ Bles One, Trakgirl, The Opus, MMYYKK, Bailey Cogan, DJ Ariatari, The Technics, IBrow, Booboo, Spencer Joles, Kelsey Pyro

Hosts: Sway Calloway, Heather B., J.Pratt, Cros One, Big Quarters

2017 lineup
Travi$ Scott, Atmosphere, Lauryn Hill, Gucci Mane, T.I., Pusha T, E-40, Brother Ali, DRAM, Ty Dolla $ign, P.O.S., the Stand4rd, Kool Keith(as Dr. Octagon, Aminé, Talib Kweli, Denzel Curry, Mod Sun, Pete Rock, Dave East, 070 Shake, Sa-Roc, Peanut Butter Wolf, Stretch and Bobbito , Nazeem & Spencer Joles, Oswin Benjamin, Sophia Eris, J. Plaza, rapper, horrorshow (band), Black Liquid, DJ TIIIIIIIIIP, DJ FLEG, DJ DJ Keezy, Booka B

Kevin Gates, Mac Miller, and Lil Uzi Vert were also on the original lineup, but did not perform.

Hosts: Sway Calloway, Heather B., J.Pratt, Cros One

2016 lineup
Atmosphere, ASAP Rocky, Future, The Roots, Common, Prof, Doomtree, Machine Gun Kelly, Danny Brown, Lizzo, LICE (Aesop Rock and Homeboy Sandman), Jay Rock, Post Malone, Anderson Paak and The Free Nationals, Raury, Murs and 9th Wonder, Pharoahe Monch, Mick Jenkins, GoldLink, Pouya, Crazy Legs of Rock Steady Crew, Domo Genesis, Blueprint, Marley Marl, DJ Jazzy Joyce, A-F-R-O, I Self Devine and Muja Messiah Present 9th House, Noname Gypsy, Finding Novyon, Lexii Alijai, Skeme Richards, Baby Shel & DJ Quincy James, Reverie, Jesse Da La Pena, DJ TIIIIIIIIIIP, and DJ Just Nine.

Hosts: Sway Calloway, Heather B., J.Pratt, Cros One

2015 lineup
Atmosphere, J. Cole, Ice Cube, Big Sean, Ludacris, Logic, Yelawolf, Dilated Peoples, Clockwork Indigo (Flatbush Zombies and The Underachievers), Brother Ali, Vic Mensa, Aesop Rock with Rob Sonic & DJ Abilities, Dessa, DJ Jazzy Jay, Hopsin, Smif-N-Wessun, DJ Babu, Freddie Gibbs & Madlib, Vince Staples, Watsky, DJ Eclipse, Dem Atlas, DJ Supreme, B. Dolan, Father, SonReal, G.L.A.M., Chester Watson, Sa-Roc, Sean Anonymous, Manny Phesto, Freez with DJ Willie Shu, SET THE SMITH, DJ Lean Rock, DJ Stage One, DJ Adatrak, and DJ Str8reppin.

Hosts: Sway Calloway, St. Paul Slim, J.Pratt

2014 lineup
Atmosphere, Wiz Khalifa, Nas, 2 Chainz, Cypress Hill, Earlwolf (Tyler, The Creator and Earl Sweatshirt), Chance The Rapper, Prof, Grieves, G-Eazy, Ab-Soul, DJ Qbert, The Grouch & Eligh, Flatbush Zombies, Lizzo w/ Lazerbeak, Rapsody & 9th Wonder, Shad, Dem Atlas, Snow Tha Product, Roc Marciano, Dosh, Jonwayne, D-Styles, Toki Wright & Big Cats, Will C, Allan Kingdom, Breakbeat Lou, Nacho Picasso, Freddy Fresh, Los Nativos, K. Raydio, Psynum, Mac Irv, Ecid, DJ Fundo, DJ Lean Rock, DJ D. Mil and DJ Sidereal.

Hosts: Sway Calloway, Brother Ali, J.Pratt

2013 lineup
Atmosphere, Snoop Dogg, Mac Miller, Tech N9ne, Busta Rhymes, Brother Ali, Juicy J, P.O.S, Schoolboy Q, Aesop Rock with Rob Sonic & DJ Big Wiz. Joey Bada$$, Step Brothers (Evidence & Alchemist), Sean Price, A$AP Ferg, Dizzy Wright, Apollo Brown & Guilty Simpson, R.A. the Rugged Man, Abstract Rude & Musab, Melo D - Beat Junkies, Diamond D, Kid Koala, Skratch Bastid, Psalm One & Oh No, The Reminders, Mixed Blood Majority, The Chalice, Open Mike Eagle, Greg Grease, Haphduzn, Meta, Major G, DJ Top Speed, Dan Speak, Jimmy2Times, Verb X, DJ Mad Mardigan, DJ Lean Rock and Edison.

Hosts: Sway Calloway, Blueprint, J.Pratt

2012 lineup
Atmosphere, Lupe Fiasco, Ghostface Killah & Raekwon, Kendrick Lamar, Aesop Rock with Rob Sonic & Dj Big Wiz, P.O.S, Macklemore & Ryan Lewis, Grieves & Budo, Danny Brown, Big K.R.I.T., Evidence, Prof with DJ Fundo, Action Bronson, DJ Premier, I Self Devine, Astronautalis, Bambu, J-Zone (DJ set), Medusa, Chief Kamachi, Grynch, Chuuwee, Paten Locke and Willie Evans Jr. are DUMBTRON, Villa Rosa (Muja Messiah & Maria Isa), The Tribe & Big Cats, Audio Perm, Long Doe (Tony Bones, DJ Big Wiz & Mike The Martyr), Auddio Draggon (Gene Poole & Xilam Balam), Tomorrow Genius, BdotCroc, DJ Stage One, DJ Kool AKIEM, LAST WORD, KidCutUp, Superbrush427, DIVINCI (of Solillaquists of Sound), Los Boogie.

Hosted by Brother Ali, MaLLy, J Pratt.

2011 lineup
Atmosphere, Big Boi, De La Soul, Slaughterhouse (Joell Ortiz, Joe Budden, Royce da 5'9", Crooked I), Brother Ali, Doomtree (P.O.S, Dessa, Sims, Cecil Otter, Mike Mictlan, Lazerbeak, Paper Tiger), Evidence x Rakaa-Iriscience x DJ Babu, Mac Miller, Curren$y, Blueprint, Grieves & Budo, Zion I & The Grouch, Sab The Artist, DJ Abilities, Face Candy, Edan with special guest Paten Locke, Macklemore & Ryan Lewis, Looptroop Rockers, Rubberoom, Soulcrate Music, 2Mex, Mr. Gene Poole, Qwazaar, Longshot, Mally, Desdamona, Duenday, Midwest Konnect, Rocky Diamonds, Stage One, Shortkut, Noam The Drummer, Exile, Maseo, Skeme Richards, KidCutUp and Espada.

Hosted by Toki Wright, Carnage and Kevin Beacham.

2010 lineup
Atmosphere, Method Man & Redman, Brother Ali, Hieroglyphics featuring Del The Funky Homosapien, Souls of Mischief, Casual and Pep Love, P.O.S, Murs, Freeway & Jake One, Eyedea & Abilities, Wiz Khalifa, Cage, Rob Swift, Grieves & Budo, 45 King, People Under The Stairs, BK One, DJ Revolution, Dessa, Yelawolf, Fashawn, Themselves, Busdriver, Toki Wright, Solillaquists of Sound, Prof with Rahzwell, Cecil Otter, Dark Time Sunshine, Ernest Rhodes, A.R.M (M.anifest & Krukid), Mike Dreams, I.B.E, Ice Rod, Plain Ole Bill, Mike 2600, KidCutUp, J Pratt and DJ Anton.

Hosted by Peter Parker, Kevin Beacham and DJ Snuggles.

2009 lineup
Atmosphere, The Pharcyde, MF Doom, Brother Ali, Freeway & Jake One, Sage Francis with B. Dolan, Immortal Technique, P.O.S, El-P with Mr. Dibbs & TMQ, Eyedea & Abilities, Abstract Rude + Aceyalone & Myka 9 = Haiku D'Etat with DJ Drez, Prince Paul, Buck 65, Blueprint with DJ Rare Groove, DJ Nu-Mark, Heiruspecs, Cunninlynguists, Blue Scholars, Sims of Doomtree, One Be Lo, I Self Devine, Awol One, Mike Mictlan & Lazerbeak = Hand Over Fist of Doomtree, Toki Wright, Grieves, Unknown Prophets, Lil Buddy Mclain, Just.Live, Kristoff Krane, El Guante, Plain Ole Bill, BK One, King Otto, and DJ Nikoless.

2008 lineup
Atmosphere, Dilated Peoples, Aesop Rock w/ Rob Sonic and DJ Big Wiz, Little Brother, DJ Babu, Rhettmatic, J-Rocc of the World Famous Beat Junkies, Brother Ali, Eyedea & Abilities, P.O.S, Blueprint, Mac Lethal, Abstract Rude, I Self Devine, Musab, Psalm One, Grayskul, Los Nativos

References

External links

Music festivals in Minnesota
Hip hop music festivals in the United States
2008 establishments in Minnesota
Music festivals established in 2008

Soundset Music Festival


The red panda (Ailurus fulgens) is a mammal. It is the only species of the Ailuridae family. There are two subspecies: Ailurus fulgens fulgens and Ailurus fulgens styani. It is also known as lesser panda, cat-bear, bear-cat and firefox.

Overview
Most that are bred at Japanese zoos are Ailurus fulgens styani. They are called レッサーパンダ in Japan and 小熊貓 (xiǎo xìong māo ) in China, both literally translating to English as "small bear-cat", or "fox-bear". They have become popular for how they look. The IUCN classes them as 'vulnerable'

The red panda is not closely related to the giant panda: they are in different families, but share a vegetarian diet. They have both adapted to eating plant material, which is unusual for members of the Carnivora.

French zoologist Frédéric Cuvier first described the western red panda Ailurus fulgens fulgens in 1825, 48 years before the black and white bear was classified.

A scientist by the name Brian Houghton Hodgson was one of the first people to look more deeply into the Red Panda because up until he did, there was not much known about the species. In addition to Bamboo, the Red Panda also eats fruits, tuberous roots, acorns, and beechmast. The Red Panda is not necessarily nocturnal but is classified as crepuscular which means they are active around dawn and sleep during the night and midday. Besides how they slept, Hodgson observed that they were monogamous and only breed once a year.

Habitat
The red panda lives in the southern part of China, Sikkim, Nepal, and the Himalaya mountains in high trees. In the Indian kingdom of Sikkim it is the state animal. As an endangered species it is protected by laws in the countries where it lives. 2 nearly complete skeletons have been found at the Gray Fossil Site in Gray, Tennessee.

Appearance and life
Red pandas are about 50-60 centimeters long. They weigh between three and five kilograms. They have chestnut colored hair, and their faces have white designs. They eat fruits, roots, bamboo shoots, acorns, and insects. They are active at night and sleep on trees in the daytime. Red pandas sleep in their tail. A red panda's tail can measure from 30 to 50 centimeters long (Almost the length of their body) which provides them with supreme balance while navigating the treetops. They will also use these tails as wraparound blankets in their chilly mountain habitat. They act alone, not in groups. They eat blossoms, berries, various plants, and bird eggs. They have thumb-like appenages for grabbing Bamboo, similar to giant pandas. Red pandas feed mainly on bamboo using their opposable thumb. While their thumb-like appendages can be used in the same way as that of giant pandas, it is believed that the red panda's opposable thumbs may have evolved as an adaptation for grasping branches in trees rather than for stripping bamboo. The red panda can be found spending most of their day on top of tree branches. Their thumb-like appendages make them skilled climbers. They live eight to ten years in the wild and up to 15 years in captivity. They are particularly carnivore. They have the digestive system of a carnivore, but they are practically vegetarians.

References
Glatston, A. R. (2011). Red panda biology and conservation of the first panda (1st ed.). Academic Press.

Caniformia
Mammals of Asia

Red panda


Alive and Well... In Krakow, (a.k.a. Alive and Well... Who am I?) is Green Carnation's first live DVD, released under the Metal Mind Records label in August 2004.

The DVD contains the entire live show, bonus audio selections, interviews, biographies, discography, a photo gallery, bootleg videos and full 5.1 Surround Sound.

Background
This live recording was made in Kraków in January 2004 and was released on 3 August 2004.

The band performed a variety of songs from their albums, including the first 22 minutes of their album Light of Day, Day of Darkness.

Contents

Concert
Disc 1
 "Into Deep" – 6:58
 "Crushed to Dust" – 4:22
 "Writings on the Wall" – 5:00
 "Light of Day, Day of Darkness, 1st Part" – 22:51
 "The Boy In the Attic" – 5:58
 "Myron & Cole" – 5:40
 "Rain" – 5:49
 "As Life Flows By" – 5:35

Non-concert (part of disc 1)
 Recording of drums "Into Deep" (Bonus Video)
 "Crushed to Dust" bootleg video (Bonus Video)
 "Boy in the Attic" bootleg video (Bonus Video)
 "Writings on the Wall" bootleg video (Bonus Video)

Bonus material
Disc 2
 "Into Deep" (acoustic version)
 "Crushed to Dust" (acoustic version)
 "The Boy in the Attic" (acoustic version)
 "Myron & Cole" (acoustic version)
 "Stay on These Roads" (A-Ha cover)
 "Wicked Game (cover)" (Chris Isaak cover)
 "This Is the End" (2004 demo)

 Bonus audio tracks: acoustic versions of four tracks from their last album, two covers plus a very exclusive pre-production demo track from the album The Quiet Offspring.
 Fully animated menu
 Band biography and individual members' biographies, discographies and equipment lists
 35-minute-long band interview
 Discography
 Studio diary from recording A Blessing in Disguise
 Photo gallery
 Art gallery
 Desktop images
 Weblinks
 DVD in Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround Sound

Personnel
 Terje Vik Schei (a.k.a. Tchort) – guitar, lyrics
 Stein Roger Sordal – bass guitar, vocals, guitar, lyrics
 Kjetil Nordhus – vocals, lyrics
 Oystein Tonnessen – piano, keyboards
 Michael Krumins – guitar
 Anders Kobro – drums

References

External links
 Official website

Green Carnation albums
Live video albums
2004 video albums
2004 live albums

Alive and Well... In Krakow


Ball4Real was the name of a traveling basketball exhibition and competition which made its debut in June 2007.  A group of well-known streetball players traveled from city to city to challenge teams composed of local talent. Games tended to be characterized by complicated dribbling, ballhandling, and passing, acrobatic slam dunks, and a looser interpretation of rules.

Origin and players
Ball4Real was created by former members of the AND1 streetball team as well as Lisa Fusco, the former general manager of the AND1 Mixtape Tour and present Ball4Real CEO.  The players and Fusco were all part owners of the tour.  The 2007 team consisted of the  players who defected from AND1 along with some new players. The group toured through 2007 in arenas, but attendance was low, and the group disbanded in February 2008, with many of its players joining the Ball4LifeTour. On July 14, 2008 Demetrius "Hook" Mitchell signed a contract with the Mountain Dew sponsoring agency.

See also
 AND1 Mixtape Tour
 Streetball

References

AND1
Recurring sporting events established in 2007
2008 disestablishments in the United States
Basketball in the United States
Streetball

Ball4Real


Calcium diglutamate, sometimes abbreviated CDG and also called calcium glutamate, is a compound with formula Ca(C5H8NO4)2. It is a calcium acid salt of glutamic acid. CDG is a flavor enhancer (E number E623)—it is the calcium analog of monosodium glutamate (MSG). Because the glutamate is the actual flavor-enhancer, CDG has the same flavor-enhancing properties as MSG but without the increased sodium content. As a soluble source of calcium ions, this chemical is also used as a first-aid treatment for exposure to hydrofluoric acid.

References

Glutamates
Calcium compounds
E-number additives

Calcium diglutamate


"The Adventure of the Three Gables" is one of the 56 Sherlock Holmes short stories by British writer Arthur Conan Doyle, collected as one of 12 in The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes. It was first published in The Strand Magazine in 1926 as a serial.

Plot
The story begins with a visit to 221B Baker Street from Steve Dixie, a black man and a cowardly ruffian who warns Sherlock Holmes to keep away from Harrow. Although Dixie has come to intimidate Holmes, Holmes secures Dixie's future cooperation by threatening to tell what he knows about the suspicious Perkins death involving Dixie. Dixie's boss is Barney Stockdale, and he must be connected with the Harrow Weald case, of which Holmes has just learnt from a message from Mary Maberley, a lady who lives at Three Gables, a house at Harrow Weald.

Mrs. Maberley is an elderly woman whose son has recently died in Rome. He was an attaché there. Some peculiar things have happened at Three Gables. Mrs. Maberley has lived there nearly two years and in all that time has attracted very little attention from her neighbours. Suddenly, however, a man came to her recently and offered to buy her house and all the furniture in it. She was not really willing to do it, especially after her lawyer, Mr. Sutro, told her that the legal agreement drawn up by this prospective buyer would forbid her to remove any possessions from the house when she moved out.

As she is telling Holmes this story, he becomes aware that someone is eavesdropping on the conversation. He opens a door and drags in Susan, a wheezing maid. Holmes manages to establish that Susan communicated to Barney Stockdale the fact that her mistress was hiring Sherlock Holmes, and that precipitated Steve Dixie's visit. Holmes also finds out that a rich woman hired Barney Stockdale and his thugs to do her dirty work. Susan is also a member of the gang but will not give up all their secrets. She leaves in a huff.

Obviously, this woman wants something that has come into the house quite recently. Holmes, seeing some trunks with Italian placenames on them, realizes that her late son Douglas's belongings must hold the key. He instructs Mrs. Maberley to try to get Mr. Sutro to spend a couple of nights at Three Gables, to keep the house guarded.

Holmes finds Dixie outside, keeping the house under surveillance. Dixie is now inclined to help Holmes if he can, to avoid any indiscreet talk about the Perkins lad who met his end so tragically. He swears, however, that he does not know who has hired Barney Stockdale.

Holmes and Watson go back to Three Gables to investigate a burglary that has happened there. The burglars chloroformed Mrs. Maberley and stole a manuscript from her son's belongings. She retained part of one sheet of paper from it when, coming round, she lunged after one of the thieves.

The police inspector at the scene treats the matter as an ordinary burglary, but Holmes knows better. He examines the bit of manuscript retained by Mrs. Maberley, and it appears to be the end of a lurid novel. Holmes is struck by the peculiar wording; the story abruptly changes from third-person narration to first-person narration. It is in Douglas's handwriting; so it would seem that he was putting himself in a story that he was writing.

Holmes and Watson go to see Isadora Klein, a wealthy woman who is used to getting what she wants. The happenings at Three Gables, and the information Holmes obtained from Langdale Pike, "his human book of reference upon all matters of social scandal", have all added up to something. It turns out that Douglas Maberley was involved with Isadora Klein at one time. She broke the relationship off, and he almost wrought his revenge by writing a thinly veiled account of their affair, to be published as a novel. Everyone in London would know who the characters truly were, were the novel ever published. Isadora established that no copy had ever been sent to Douglas's publisher but realized that he must have a copy. She hired Barney Stockdale and his confederates to secure the manuscript. She tried legal means at first, and when that did not work, she resorted to crime. She has burnt the manuscript.

Holmes forces Isadora Klein to write a cheque for £5000 to furnish Mrs. Maberley with a first-class trip round the world in return for his silence about Isadora's nefarious dealings.

Commentaries
"The Adventure of the Three Gables" has been criticized for its reliance on racist stereotypes in the portrayal of the black boxer, Steve Dixie. This contrasts strikingly with Doyle's earlier sympathetic portrayal of an interracial marriage, in "The Adventure of the Yellow Face" (1893).

D. Martin Dakin wrote that "no admirer of Holmes can read these scenes [with or discussing Steve Dixie] without a blush".  Dakin saw Holmes's crude jeers at Dixie as completely out of character for the detective, and this was one reason behind his conclusion that someone other than Doyle had in fact written the story. Others, including Walter Pond, have rejected Dakin's argument and concluded that there is no reason to doubt Doyle's authorship.

Publication history
"The Adventure of the Three Gables" was first published in the US in Liberty in September 1926, and in the UK in The Strand Magazine in October 1926. The story was published with six illustrations by Frederic Dorr Steele in Liberty, and with four illustrations by Howard K. Elcock in the Strand. It was included in the short story collection The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes, which was published in the UK and the US in June 1927.

Adaptations

Radio

The story was adapted by Edith Meiser as an episode of the American radio series The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes that aired on 12 November 1931, with Richard Gordon as Sherlock Holmes and Leigh Lovell as Dr. Watson. Another episode adapted from the story aired on 7 April 1935 (with Louis Hector as Holmes and Lovell as Watson).

Meiser also adapted the story as an episode of the American radio series The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes that aired on 18 January 1942, with Basil Rathbone as Holmes and Nigel Bruce as Watson.

A radio adaptation of the story aired in 1964 on the BBC Light Programme, as part of the 1952–1969 radio series starring Carleton Hobbs as Holmes and Norman Shelley as Watson. It was adapted by Michael Hardwick. The cast included Frank Singuineau as Steve Dixie and Selma Vaz Dias as Isadora Klein.

"The Three Gables" was dramatised for BBC Radio 4 in 1994 by Peter Ling as part of the 1989–1998 radio series starring Clive Merrison as Holmes and Michael Williams as Watson, featuring Susannah Corbett as Susan Stockdale and Mary Wimbush as Mrs Maberly. In this adaptation, it is stated that "Langdale Pike" is a pen name derived from the Langdale Pikes, and that his real name is Clarence Gable.

In 2007, the story was adapted as an episode of The Classic Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, a series on the American radio show Imagination Theatre, with John Patrick Lowrie as Holmes and Lawrence Albert as Watson. Like in the 1994 BBC adaptation, it is stated in the episode that "Langdale Pike" is a pseudonym. In this adaptation, he is a disinherited member of a noble family and his real name is implied to be Lord Peter.

Television

Granada Television's Sherlock Holmes series featuring Jeremy Brett as Holmes and Edward Hardwicke as Dr Watson presented the story with several differences. Douglas Maberley is depicted as Mary Maberley's grandson instead of her son; he dies in his grandmother's house after a month of suffering from a bout of pneumonia caused by a savage beating he received from Mrs Klein's hired boxers; Langdale Pike defines himself as a benevolent counterpart of Charles Augustus Milverton (the eponym of an earlier story about a blackmailer, although his last name is slightly different) and points out that he suppresses more than he exposes; and Steve Dixie retains some enmity towards Holmes and brawls with Watson during the break-in.

In CBS' contemporary Sherlock Holmes adaptation Elementary, the season 2 premiere episode, "Step Nine", features a case very briefly involving a character named Langdale Pike, the owner of a 3D printer manufacturing company that Holmes seeks out via a sign requesting something from him, which he holds up in front of a security camera for an extended period of time.

The episode "The Adventure of the Blue Polar Bear" from the NHK puppet series Sherlock Holmes,  is based on "The Adventure of the Three Gables" and "The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle". It features Isadora Klein as a female juvenile gang leader.

References

Sources

External links

 'The Adventure of the Three Gables', Project Gutenberg Australia

Three Gables, The Adventure of the
1926 short stories
Works originally published in Liberty (general interest magazine)

The Adventure of the Three Gables


Prothom Protishruti (; ), also spelled Pratham Pratishruti, is a 1964 Bengali novel by Ashapurna Devi. Considered to be Devi's magnum opus, it tells a story of Satyabati who was given away in marriage at the age of eight to maintain the social norms, and was kept under strict surveillance of brahmanical regulations. The novel narrates Satyabati's struggle to fight against family control, mental violence of the polygamy system, and social prejudices in patriarchal society. It won Rabindra Puraskar in 1965 and Jnanpith Award in 1976.

Background

The title Prothom Protishruti (First Promise) refers to the promise Satyabati, the protagonist, has made to educate her daughter Subarna and in which she failed. Critic Madhuri Chatterjee noted that the title also can be interpreted in positive terms — it could be the promise with which Satyabati leaves her household to demand answers regarding the position of women.

Characters
Spanning 48 chapters, the novel has about 50 characters. Principle characters are:

 Ramkali Chatterjee – a priest and an Ayurveda doctor
 Satyabati – Ramkali's daughter
 Nabakumar – Satyabati's husband
 Subarna – Satyabati's daughter
 Sadhan and Saral – Satyabati's sons
 Shankari – one of the widow members in the family
 Nagen – Shankari's paramour
 Suhasini – Shankari's illegitimate daughter
 Bhabatosh – teacher of Nabakumar, turned 'Brahmo'
 Sarada – wife of Rashbehari, Ramkali's nephew

Plot
The novel is set in a remote village of undivided Bengal and thereafter Kolkata. Its theme focuses on a social structure that is based on superstition, prejudice and injustice to women. Satyabati, the housewife protagonist, rebels against the patriarchal world in which she and many of the women lived, taking an active role in standing up to the people whose behavior is one of keeping women in their traditional place of inferiority. From childhood Satya is outspoken. She points out the unfairness of the society in a very facile way.

The protagonist of the story is the handsome Ramkali Chatterjee, who, sometime towards the final decades of the 19th century,  combines the functions of priest and physician of the traditional Ayurveda system of medicine in an isolated Bengali village, Five of the women of his extended family — Dinatarini, Kashiswari, Shankari, Shibjaya and Mokshada are widows. It is on them that the burden falls, from dawn to dusk, of attending to all the practical problems of running a home. They are obliged to adhere strictly to the rules governing widowhood, rules which however they reinforce by insisting other female members of the family learn to observe in a society dominated by men. Of the other women, just one, the young Satyabati, defies custom, and though her father treats her manner of bucking the system indulgently, the other women rebuke her. Ramkali takes her on as a student.

Meanwhile one of Ramkali's nephews, Rashbehari, following the obligations imposed on a kulin  Brahmin, is obliged to undertake a second marriage, which his first wife, Sarada vigorously protests by threatening to kill herself. A s a result, her husband refrains from sleeping with the second wife. The other, jealous  women of the house resent Sarada's success in blackmail her spouse, and manage to persuade Rashbehari to sleep with the second wife. Things are even more complicated after one of the five widows, Shankari elopes with the man who was wooing her, Nagen, something which brings the whole family into disgrace. To top the sequence off, Ramnkali's own house is partially destroyed by fire.

On her reaching puberty, Satyabati, now married to Nabakumar, is transferred to the home of her parents-in-law where she is treated mercilessly by the mother-in-law. Her husband, who has enlightened views thanks to his teacher Bhabatosh, asks Ramkali to take her away in order to avoid her dying by torture. But, Satyabati prefers to stay on a fight for her rights, no matter how much abuse and maltreatment is handed out to her. When her husband falls ill, she manages, now the mother of two children,  to have him treated by a European doctor who manages to pull him through his illness. She then manoeuvers a job for Nabakumar in Calcutta, determined by the move out of the village to secure a good modern education for her sons, while she too begins a secret life as teacher in a girls' school where she encounters Shankari and her illegitimate daughter. Shankari, working as a cook for a wealthy family, is shocked by being recognized, commits suicide, leaving her daughter Suhasini an orphan. The men of that wealthy household customarily rape their servants, being abetted in this by the other women in their group, and  Satyabati manages to save her by taking her away and putting her in a school where she too develops a strong personality.

Nabakumar dislikes his wife's philanthropic assistance to people outside their closed family, however. This outlook is shared by their sons. Now somewhat late in life, Satyabati becomes pregnant and falls seriously ill. Soudamini, a woman who had been abandoned by her husband Mukanda, is brought in to nurse her, though at the same time she speaks hostilely of Suhasini.  Mukanda, meeting up with Soudamini there, desires to take her back, a proposal she accepts with alacrity. Suhasini, upset by the smears, seeks refuge with Nabakumar's teacher Bhabatosh, and when the latter asks Satyabati, is advised to marry her, which he does. Under his care and tutelage, Suhasini becomes a teacher. Satyabati gives birth to her daughter Subarnalata who, eight years later, is sent to study at the school where Suhasini teaches, while the two sons become, respectively a doctor and a lawyer and Satyabati tries to have the eldest married to an educated woman.  Her husband opposes this, and has him married off in the traditional manner, while getting his own daughter Subarnalata betrothed, even while she is still a young girl.  Satyabati refuses to attend the son's marriage, abandons the village and plans to go to Ramkali to discuss important questions about what has happened.

Reception
Prothom Protishruti is the most acclaimed work of Ashapurna Devi, and is considered to be one of the foremost novels in Bengali literature. It was selected for Rabindra Puraskar for 1965 and Jnanpith Award for 1976.

Critic Mukul Guha praised the novel for its 'realistic dialogue' and 'charming narration'. Critic Madhuri Chatterjee called it 'a feminist text', as its protagonist Satyabati always has a growing awareness of women's position and she does not always accept society's valuation of them.

Prothom Protishruti was translated into English from Bengali as The First Promise (2004) by Indira Chowdhury. It was adapted into Hindi television series by the same name in 1987.

References

Sources

Further reading

External links

1964 novels
Novels set in Kolkata
Novels set in Bengal
20th-century Indian novels
Indian Bengali-language novels
Feminist novels
Novels about violence against women
Jnanpith Award-winning works
Third-person narrative novels

Prothom Protishruti


''For the North American Ford Escort, see Ford Escort (North America). For the 1950s Ford Escort estate car, see Ford Squire.

The European Ford Escort was a car made by the Ford Motor Company from 1968 through 2002. The first generation was produced from 1968 to 1974. The second generation was made from 1974 to 1980. The third generation was made from 1980 to 1986, it was the first Escort to offer hatchback models as well as front-wheel drive, it was mildly updated in 1983 with a 5-door estate and a convertible added and also spawned a saloon version called the Orion. The fourth generation arrived in March 1986 and was made until 1990. From 1982 to 1989, the third and later fourth generation Escorts was the UK's best-selling car. The fifth generation appeared in September 1990 and was criticised by the motoring press due to its bland styling, dull drive and old engines but it was still a strong seller, it got a facelift in September 1992, the Orion name was dropped in 1993. The sixth and final generation arrived in early 1995 and was replaced by the Focus in late 1998, although the Escort continued alongside it with a reduced range until 2000 with the vans being discontinued in 2002.

Replacement and discontinuation
Ford launched the Focus in 1998. It was supposed to replace the Escort, which was now 30 years old. However, the Escort wasn't fully discontinued until 2000. The van version continued on until 2002 when it was replaced with the Transit Connect.

Generations
This shows how the Ford Escort has changed each generation.

1960s automobiles
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
Escort (Europe)

Ford Escort (Europe)


Robert Fine (1945 – 9 June 2018) was a British sociologist. He was a leading European scholar on the history of social and political thought, cosmopolitan social theory, the social theory of Karl Marx and Hannah Arendt, the Holocaust and contemporary antisemitism, crimes against humanity and human rights. He was a Professor Emeritus at Warwick University. He died on 9 June 2018.

In 1996, he won a landmark case against a student who was stalking him, the first time anyone had won damages for being stalked and the first civil action in which a judge had defined stalking. The case was the topic of his memoir Being Stalked (1997), described by The Daily Telegraph as candid and troubling.

Publications

Books
 Antisemitism and the Left: On the Return of the Jewish Question (with Philip Spencer, Manchester UP 2017)
 Cosmopolitanism (Routledge Key Ideas 2007)
 Democracy and the Rule of Law: Marx's Critique of the Legal Form (Blackburn Press 2002; Pluto 1984 and 1985)
 Political Investigations: Hegel, Marx, Arendt (Routledge 2001)
 Being Stalked: A Memoir (Chatto and Windus, 1997)
 Beyond Apartheid: Labour and Liberation in South Africa (with Dennis Davis, Pluto 1990)
Edited collections include: Social Theory after the Holocaust (with Charles Turner, Liverpool University Press 2000); People, Nation and State (with Edward Mortimer, IB Tauris 1999); Civil Society: Democratic Perspectives (with Shirin M. Rai, Frank Cass 1997); Policing the Miners' Strike (with Robert Millar, Lawrence and Wishart, Cobden Press 1985); Capitalism and the Rule of Law (with Richard Kinsey, John Lea and Jock Young, Hutchinson).

Articles
 Prof Robert D Fine(2010) 'Dehumanising the dehumanisers: reversal in human rights discourse?' Journal of Global Ethics 6 (2), 179 - 190 (1744-9626)
 Fine, R.(2010) 'Political argument and the legitimacy of international law' in Legality and legitimacy: normative and sociological approaches, Editors: Thornhill, C. and Ashenden, S. (9783832953546), Baden-Baden: Nomos
 Fine R (2009) 'Cosmopolitanism and Human Rights: Radicalism in a Global Age' Metaphilosophy 40 (1), 8 - 23
 Prof Robert D Fine(2009) 'Fighting with Phantoms: A Contribution to the Debate on Anti-semitism in Europe' Patterns Of Prejudice 43 (5), 459 - 479 (0031-322X)
 Fine, R.(2009) 'An unfinished project: Marx's critique of Hegel's philosophy of right' in Karl Marx and Contemporary Philosophy, 105 - 120, Editors: Chitty, A. and McIvor, M. (9780230222373), Basingstoke; New York: Palgrave MacMillan
Complete list of publications.

External links
Staff page at University of Warwick
Personal home page at Warwick
Interview with Robert Fine on cosmopolitanism, FEHE.org
 Harriet Swain "Escape from a Baleful Gaze" Times Higher Educational Supplement - interview on what it is like to be stalked by a student and how writing about it has helped him cope
 Robert Fine's talk to the UCU meeting "Legacy of Hope: Anti-Semitism, the Holocaust and Resistance Yesterday and Today." 2010
 Articles in Guardian's Comment is Free
 Book Review: The Definition of Anti-Semitism - Fathom Journal

References

1945 births
2018 deaths
Academics of the University of Warwick
British sociologists
Scholars of antisemitism

Robert Fine


Prince of Wales tea blend is a blend of Keemun tea, gunpowder green tea, and a dash of currant juice or infused with dried currants. This produces a full-bodied cup with a bright liquor and strong aroma. It was named after Edward, Prince of Wales, who held that title from 1911 until 1936.

Typically served in the afternoon with scones in Britain, the blend was originally devised for Edward, Prince of Wales, later King Edward VIII and after his abdication the Duke of Windsor.

History
Prince Edward first granted Twinings permission to sell his personal blend using his royal title in 1921. Although Twinings has largely withdrawn its Prince of Wales tea from the United Kingdom market, it is still offered abroad, according to Twinings's official regional websites. On its American packaging Twinings stated that
Prince of Wales is a pure China black tea sourced from regions including the Yunnan province and other southern regions of China. This blend is light in color and has a smooth and mild taste, with a well-rounded character. Great in the late morning or in the afternoon, it is perfect with or without milk and can be sweetened to taste.
As with many tea blends, such as Earl Grey and English breakfast, there is no set formula for what teas go into a Prince of Wales blend. Many tea companies now produce blends with this name. In Germany the Paul Schrader GmbH & Co. KG Bremen (founded in 1921) has offered a version since 1958 consisting of Chinese black teas and Darjeeling with a pinch of Lapsang souchong, arguably a misapplication of the name "Prince of Wales" as applied to tea blends since the original recipe is specific and quite well-known.

References

Further reading
 Campbell, Dawn (1995). The Tea Book

Blended tea
English drinks
Tea in the United Kingdom

Prince of Wales tea blend


Istriot is a Romance language, spoken in Istria. Today, Istria is part of Croatia. Croatian is a Slavic language. There are only few speakers left. They live around the cities/villages of Rovinj (Rovigno), Vodnjan (Dignano), Bale (Valle), Fažana (Fasana), Galižana (Gallisana), Ližnjan (Lissiano) and Pula (Pola).  The Istriot language is different from the Istriot dilect of the Venetian language. The language is mostly used for speaking; in writing, Italian is used. From the forms of the language, Istriot is between Italian, and the Eastern Romance languages, most notably the extinct Dalmatian language.
No exact figures exist, but probably there are less than 1000 speakers left.

Its speakers do not call the language Istriot, they use the name of the place where they live, so they mights speak about Rovignano for example.

Romance languages

Istriot language


John Howe (born August 21, 1957) is a Canadian book illustrator and conceptual designer, best-known for his artwork of J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth. One year after graduating from high school, he studied in a college in Strasbourg, France, then at the École des arts décoratifs in the same town.

Howe and  Tolkien artist Alan Lee served as chief conceptual designers for Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings movie trilogy. Howe illustrated the Lord of the Rings board game created by Reiner Knizia, and re-illustrated the maps of The Lord of the Rings, The Hobbit, and The Silmarillion in 1996–2003. His work includes images of mythological material such as the Old English epic poem Beowulf (including Knizia's board game Beowulf: The Legend). Howe illustrated many books in the fantasy genre, such as those by Robin Hobb. He also contributed to the film adaptation of The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe by C. S. Lewis, The Chronicles of Narnia. In 2005 a limited edition of George R. R. Martin's novel A Clash of Kings was released by Meisha Merlin, with numerous illustrations by Howe.

Howe has illustrated cards for the Magic: The Gathering collectible card game.

For The Hobbit films, original director Guillermo del Toro and replacement director Peter Jackson consulted with both Howe and fellow conceptual artist Alan Lee to ensure continuity of design.

Howe is a member of the living history group the Company of Saynt George, and has expertise in ancient and medieval armour and armaments.

Howe also served as a conceptual designer for Amazon's The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power, which premiered on Prime Video on September 2, 2022.

Biography
John Howe was born in Vancouver, British Columbia. He was drawing from pre-school age, with his mother's help. Around primary school age he found his mother's ability no longer living up to his expectations, and even got frustrated once at both his mother and himself at not being able to draw a cow to his expectations. Howe's school years were complicated by moves which took place with a timing that left the art classes full, and left him in classes like power mechanics. He did find his ability as a draughtsman to be profitable in biology class though, where he and a friend would produce renderings of microscopic organisms for classmates at fifty cents each. As a child, he collected the covers of paperbacks. His collection included items from Frank Frazetta, Barry Smith, and Bernie Wrightson. In his adolescence, Howe read The Lord of the Rings trilogy by J. R. R. Tolkien. He said he got "a real spark" from the Hildebrandt calendars, which showed him that the books could be illustrated. Howe made drawings of his own versions of the scenes depicted in the calendar. These drawings, according to Howe, may not have survived.

A year after his high school graduation, Howe moved to Strasbourg, France to attend college. The following year, he enrolled into the École des arts décoratifs. He cites his experience of this period as follows:

Throughout his first years in Europe, Howe was taking in as much as he could in the way of art, architecture and everything that was "simultaneously ancient and novel." He says the only piece of his art work that survived from this period is his "The Lieutenant of the Black Tower of Barad-dûr", a piece inspired by Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings. He says if this is not his first published piece, it must certainly be the earliest. Howe's earliest commissions included political cartoons, magazine illustrations, comics, animated films, advertising, of which he says were nightmares. He said that he would end up redoing sketches so many times that there was nothing left of "his" in them. This frustrated him, and he wondered how he would ever make it in the profession.

Projects in which Howe worked include The Lord of the Rings, J.R.R. Tolkien's Books and Merchandise, Beowulf, Robin Hobb's books, The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe, Cards for Magic: The Gathering, The Hobbit, Pan's Labyrinth. Howe has also written and illustrated children's books.

Selected works
 The Fisherman & His Wife, transl. from Brothers Grimm (Mankato, Minnesota: Creative Education, 1983).  — picture book
 The Enchanted World: Night Creatures (Time Life, 1985)
 The Enchanted World: Water Spirits (Time Life, 1985)
 The Enchanted World: Dwarfs (Time Life, 1985)
 The Enchanted World: Giants and Ogres (Time Life, 1985)
 Rip Van Winkle by Washington Irving, retold by John Howe (Little, Brown & Company, 1988)
 Jack and the Beanstalk, retold by John Howe (Little, Brown & Company, 1989)

 Knights: A 3-Dimensional Exploration (Tango Books, 1995)
 The Knight With the Lion: The Story of Yvain (Little, Brown & Company, 1996)
 A Diversity of Dragon by Anne McCaffrey with Richard Woods (Atheneum Books, 1997)
 Images of Middle-Earth (HarperCollins, 2000)
 The Maps of Tolkien's Middle-earth by Brian Sibley (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2003)
 The King of Winter's Daughter (Little, Brown & Company, 2005)
 Fantasy Encyclopedia (Kingfisher, 2005)
 Wizardology: The Book of the Secrets of Merlin (Candlewick Press, 2005)
 Myth and Magic: The Art of John Howe (Barnes & Noble, 2006)
 Fantasy Art Workshop (Impact Books, 2007)
 Forging Dragons: Inspirations, Approaches and Techniques for Drawing and Painting Dragons (David & Charles, 2008)
 Fantasy Drawing Workshop (Impact Books, 2009)
 Lost Worlds (Kingfisher, 2009)

See also
 Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien

References

External links

1957 births
Artists from Vancouver
Canadian illustrators
Fantasy artists
Game artists
Living people
Tolkien artists

John Howe (illustrator)


Hemel Hempsted station was a railway station in the town of Hemel Hempstead in Hertfordshire, England. UK. It was opened in 1877 by the Midland Railway and was originally the terminus of the Nickey Line, a now-defunct branch line which provided railway services to  and  and later to .

The station was located next to an embankment by the junction of Midland Road and Adeyfield Road, opposite the Midland Hotel. The hotel still stands today and the segment of Midland Road that ran in front of it is now a parking area. Midland Road crossed the railway via a bridge. It had a single platform and a booking office, waiting room and a passing loop. A goods yard was located to the west of the station.

Passenger traffic on the line ceased in 1947 and the station closed fully in 1963. The siding remained in use for some goods trains until 1969 when the track was lifted and the station was demolished. The Midland Road bridge was filled in and a block of flats was built on the site of the station. The parapet on the north side has survived where the present-day Nickey Line cycle path begins its route to Harpenden.

On platform signs and on tickets, the Midland Railway always spelled the station name as Hemel Hempsted without the 'a'.

History
The Nickey Line was originally proposed in 1862 to provide a town-centre railway link from Hemel Hempstead. The London and Birmingham Railway line which opened in 1838 had been forced to follow a route which bypassed the town by a mile after resistance to the railway by influential local landowners, and the town council sought to provide a more convenient station for the municipality. After several years of failed proposals, the Hemel Hempstead and London and Birmingham Railway company failed financially and in the end the project was rescued by the Midland Railway company who agreed to fund the project.

Opening

The Nickey Line was opened on 16 July 1877 to great fanfare with celebrations led by the Berkhamsted Rifle Corps Band. A special train was laid on from Hemel Hempsted station to Luton and champagne receptions were held in Luton and Hemel town halls. Church bells were rung and a banner hung across Alexandra Road in Hemel proclaimed "Success to the Hemel Hemptead and Midland Railway Company".

The line's development was chiefly driven by the transportation of goods and coal, and the thriving hat making industry in Luton created demand for a transport link with the straw plait trade that existed in Hemel. As a result, the line was joined to the Midland Main Line north of Harpenden and initially rail services ran to Luton, requiring London-bound passengers to change trains at . After some years Luton's hat trade had declined and passenger demand caused the junction to be re-aligned south to provide a more convenient interchange at Harpenden station.

Bus and rail
Rivalry between the Midland Railway and the LNWR (which had absorbed the London and Birmingham Railway in 1846) prevented the line from being extended to join up with the West Coast Main Line. For most of its existence, the Nickey Line's southern terminus was a goods siding at Duckhall gasworks, only  away from Boxmoor station (today's Hemel Hempstead railway station). Passenger services terminated at Hemel Hempsted until 1905 when a new station was opened at , just north of Boxmoor.

The LNWR operated a competing bus from Hemel town centre to Boxmoor to "poach" passengers for its main line service to . After the two competitors were merged into the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS), Nickey Line passenger services were reduced and more investment was put into the bus service which was extended to Harpenden.

The LMS experimented briefly with new transport technology, the "Ro-Railer", which was a bus/train hybrid that could travel on both roads and railways. By operating a bus service through Hemel Hempstead town which could then run at high speed along railway tracks, the LMS hoped to run a more efficient combined road and rail service. On a demonstration run in 1931, the Ro-Railer was driven along the Nickey Line from  to Hemel Hempsted, where it entered the siding and was driven up a specially constructed ramp of sleepers laid between the tracks. This provided a level surface for mechanically changing the vehicle from rail to road wheels. It then drove off the railway track and up Crescent Road to tour the locale before returning onto the railway. After the trials, the Ro-Railer vehicle was put into service at  but the service was not continued on the Nickey Line.

Decline & closure

Eventually the road bus service prevailed; Nickey Line passenger trains were "temporarily" suspended during the national coal shortage of 1947 and were never resumed, and the last passenger service on the Nickey Line ran on 16 June 1947.

Hemel Hempstead, now a designated New Town, underwent major redevelopment in the 1950s and 1960s and the Marlowes railway viaduct over the town centre was demolished on 2 July 1960. The Nickey Line, now a part of British Railways, was a declining goods branch line. The closure of the remaining parts of the line continued in stages and Hemel Hempsted station closed in 1963. Cuttings were filled in, embankments flattened and commercial buildings and housing estates were built on the former railway land.

Only the northernmost stretch of track between Cupid Green (north of Godwin's Halt) and Harpenden remained in goods operation, having been leased by BR to the Hemelite concrete company in 1968. The Midland Main Line junction at Harpenden was finally severed in 1979 and the last part of the Nickey Line was lifted up in 1982.

The site today

Nothing remains today of Hemel Hempsted station; the station site has been filled in and is now occupied by a block of flats, while the road layout has been altered. Part of the former station site lies under a grassed area in front of the Midland Hotel, crossed by the realigned Adeyfield Road, and Mayflower Avenue crosses the former goods yard.

Today the route of the Nickey Line is in use as a public footpath and cycle track, and forms part of Route 57 on the National Cycle Network which begins at the northern side of the former Midland Road bridge.

References

Bibliography

Hemel Hempstead
Disused railway stations in Hertfordshire
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1877
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1963
Former Midland Railway stations

Hemel Hempsted railway station


The Border Force National Museum (previously - UK Border Agency) is located in Liverpool, England and holds the national collection of HM Revenue and Customs, one of the most important collections of its type held anywhere in the world.  Originally HM Customs & Excise National Museum, the collection is now a gallery located on the basement floor of the Merseyside Maritime Museum at the Albert Dock.

The exhibits tell the story of smuggling and contraband from the 18th century to the present day.  They include an extensive display of tools of the job, prints, paintings and photographs relating to the work of the UK Border Agency and HM Revenue and Customs. Other items look at the ingenious and often dangerous world of smuggling, prohibited goods and concealment.

History
The museum was established in 1994 a partnership between National Museums Liverpool and HM Customs & Excise, which in 2005 merged with the Inland Revenue to form HM Revenue and Customs. The museum was designed to educate the public about smuggling and contraband from 1700s to the present day.

The museum was named as HM Revenue and Customs National Museum in May 2008 (known as 'Seized! Revenue and Customs Uncovered') and then became the UK Border Agency National Museum (known as 'Seized! The Border and Customs uncovered') following a new lead partnership with the UK Border Agency in 2009. Following the rename of the UK Border Agency in 2012 to Border Force, the museum is now known as "Seized! The Border and Customs uncovered Border Force National Museum".

Since May 2008 the collection has been located in the basement of Merseyside Maritime Museum. Fraser Randall was chosen to carry out a refurbishment of the exhibition by National Museums Liverpool. The construction company created setworks, interactives, audio visual and graphics works. The exhibition designers updated the collection with the ability for visitor interaction and family-friendly displays. The cost of the refurbishment totalled £500,000.

References

External links
Merseyside Maritime Museum – gallery website

National Museums Liverpool
Smuggling
Law enforcement museums in England
Museums in Liverpool
Museums established in 1994
1994 establishments in the United Kingdom
HM Revenue and Customs
United Kingdom border control

Border Force National Museum


2260 Neoptolemus  is a large Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately  in diameter. It was discovered on 26 November 1975, by astronomers at the Purple Mountain Observatory in Nanking, China. The dark D-type asteroid is one of the 50 largest Jupiter trojans and has a rotation period of 8.18 hours. It was named after Neoptolemus from Greek mythology.

Orbit and classification

Neoptolemus is a dark Jovian asteroid orbiting in the leading Greek camp at Jupiter's  Lagrangian point, 60° ahead of its orbit in a 1:1 resonance (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid in the Jovian background population.

This asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 5.0–5.4 AU once every 11 years and 10 months (4,326 days; semi-major axis of 5.2 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 18° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation as  at McDonald Observatory in December 1951, almost 24 years prior to its official discovery observation at Nanking.

Physical characteristics

In the SDSS-based taxonomy, Neoptolemus is a dark D-type asteroid. It has also been characterized as a D-type by the survey conducted by Pan-STARRS, while in the Tholen classification the body's spectral type is ambiguous, closest to a D-type and somewhat similar to a T-type asteroid, with a spectrum flagged as unusual and moderately noisy (DTU:).

Rotation period

In August 1995, and in March 2002, two rotational lightcurves of Neoptolemus were obtained from photometric observations by Italian astronomer Stefano Mottola using the Bochum 0.61-metre Telescope at La Silla Observatory, Chile, and the 1.52-meter Loiano Telescope at the Observatory of Bologna, Italy, respectively. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 8.180 hours and a brightness variation of 0.20 and 0.32 magnitude, respectively ().

Follow-up observation by Robert Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies in 2015, and 2016, gave a concurring period of 8.18 and 8.199 hours with a corresponding amplitude of 0.14 and 0.03 magnitude ().

Diameter and albedo

According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Neoptolemus measures between 71.65 and 81.28 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.051 and 0.0650.

The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0650 and a diameter of 71.65 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.31.

Naming

This minor planet was named from Greek mythology after the Greek warrior Neoptolemus, son of Achilles and Deidameia, who was brought to Troy by Odysseus in the last year of the Trojan War. Neoptolemus was one of the Greeks who were hiding in the wooden Trojan Horse. He brutally killed King Priam and several other princes during the destruction of the city of Troy.

The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 August 1981 ().

Notes

References

External links
 Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info )
 Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
 Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center

002260
002260
Named minor planets
002260
19751126

2260 Neoptolemus


The Slovak Technical Museum (, STM) is a major Slovak technology museum, based in the eastern Slovak city of Košice, with branches throughout Slovakia. It was established in 1947 and opened to the public in 1948, under the name Technical Museum (Technické múzeum). The museum was renamed to its current name in 1983. Its main exhibits and headquarters are located in the northern part of Košice's Main Street (Hlavná ulica), in the historical public building known as Kapitánsky palác (The Captain Palace).

Museums
The main museum in Košice's historical centre has collections and exhibits that focus on the history of industrial and technological topics such as mining, metallurgy, artistic crafts, physics, chemistry, steam engines, electrical engineering, energy production, typewriters, phonographs and other sound recording devices, telephones, radiotelegraphy and radios. The museum also includes a planetarium and exhibits related to astronomy and space research.

The museum's branches throughout Slovakia are as follows:
Museum of Aviation in Košice (opened 2002)
Museum of Transport in Bratislava (opened 1999, specialises in road and rail transport)
Museum of J.M. Petzval in Spišská Belá (opened 1964, focused on optics and photography)
Manor house in Budimír (opened 1990, focused on historical clocks)
Museum of cinematography of the Schuster family in Medzev
Foundry in Medzev (opened 1967)
Solivar near Prešov (opened 2001, focused on salt mining technology for boiling and pumping of salt)
Blacksmith's workshop in Moldava nad Bodvou
Smelter in Vlachovo

See also
List of museums in Slovakia
List of transport museums in Slovakia

External links
Official site
Museum of Transport
Museum of Aviation (unofficial site)
Museum of J. M. Petzval (Spišská Belá municipal site)

Museums in Košice
Technology museums

Slovak Technical Museum


Kawu Peto Dukku (14 January 1958 – 2 April 2010) was elected Senator for the Gombe North constituency of Gombe State, Nigeria, taking office on 29 May 2007. He was a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP).

Early life and education
Dukku was born on 14 January 1958 and gained a Higher National Diploma in Business Administration.

Career and politics
He began his working career as a teacher. Later he joined the Goal Star Oil Company in Maiduguri.
He was elected to the Gombe State House of Assembly in 1999 and was reelected in 2003, when he was made speaker.

After being elected to the Senate in 2007, Dukku was appointed deputy Chairman of the Senate committee on States and local governments.
He was also appointed a member of the Senate Committees on Aviation and Sports.
In a mid-term evaluation of Senators in May 2009, ThisDay noted that he had not sponsor any bills, but co-sponsored seven motions, contributed to debates in plenary and was active in committee work.
Another source described him as largely a quiet senator who rarely spoke at Senate plenary.

Death
Dukku died in Kaduna after a brief illness on 2 April 2010.
He was survived by six children, three wives and an aged mother.

References

1958 births
2010 deaths
People from Gombe State
Peoples Democratic Party members of the Senate (Nigeria)
21st-century Nigerian politicians

Kawu Peto Dukku


Leon "Ndugu" Chancler ( ; July 1, 1952 – February 3, 2018) was an American pop, funk, and jazz drummer. He was also a composer, producer, and university professor.

Biography

Early life
Born in Shreveport, Louisiana, on July 1, 1952, Leon Chancler was the youngest of seven children from the union of Rosie Lee and Henry Nathaniel Chancler. In 1960, the family relocated to Los Angeles, California. Chancler began playing drums when he was thirteen years old. He would publicly reminisce about being asked to leave a classroom for continuously tapping on the desk, only to be later heard tapping on the poles in the hallway. His love for the drums took over while attending Gompers Junior High School and it became his lifelong ambition. He graduated from Locke High School, having been involved in playing there with Willie Bobo and the Harold Johnson Sextet, and he later graduated from Cal State Dominguez Hills with a degree in music education.

Musical career
By the time he finished college, Chancler had already performed with jazz artists such as the Gerald Wilson Big Band, Herbie Hancock, and recorded with Miles Davis, Freddie Hubbard, and Bobby Hutcherson.

He recorded frequently as a sideman in jazz, blues, and pop music, including the instantly recognizable drums on Michael Jackson's "Billie Jean". In 1982, he received a Grammy nomination for Best Rhythm & Blues song for co-writing "Let It Whip", made famous by the Dazz Band. Other musicians with whom Chancler worked during his career included George Benson, Stanley Clarke, the Crusaders, George Duke, John Lee Hooker, Hubert Laws, Thelonious Monk, Jean-Luc Ponty, Lionel Richie, Kenny Rogers, Patrice Rushen, Santana, Frank Sinatra, Donna Summer, the Temptations, Tina Turner, and Weather Report.

In 2006, he became an Adjunct Assistant Professor of Jazz Studies at the University of Southern California and  taught at the Stanford Jazz Workshop in California for three weeks every summer. He was a member of the Percussive Arts Society  and was inducted into the PAS Hall of Fame in 2020.

Personal life
Chancler was given the name "Ndugu" by Herbie Hancock during his time with Hancock's Mwandishi band. He was known as Leon (Ndugu) Chancler, or sometimes Ndugu Chancler. Ndugu is Swahili for "earth brother," a family member or comrade.

Ndugu grew up active in his church and was mentored and influenced by many strong men that helped shape his life after the absence of his father at age 13. His older brother Londell was a major support and motivation to him. When his mother was diagnosed with diabetes, Ndugu cared for her until her death in 1994. Chancler had one child, his son Rashon Chafic Chancler, with Vicki Guess.

Death
Chancler died at his home in Los Angeles on February 3, 2018, of prostate cancer, at the age of 65. A song, "Home Light," written by Ernie Watts and Marc Seales, was dedicated to Chancler. It was the title track of a 2018 album by the Ernie Watts Quartet.

Discography
With David Axelrod
 Seriously Deep (Polydor, 1975)
With George Benson
 Love Remembers (Warner Bros., 1993)
With Dee Dee Bridgewater
 Just Family (Elektra Records, 1977)
With Peabo Bryson
 All My Love (Capitol, 1989)
 Missing You (Concord, 2007)
With Keni Burke
 You're the Best (RCA Records, 1981)
 Changes (RCA Records, 1982)
With Tia Carrere
 Dream (Reprise, 1993)
With Miles Davis
 Miles Davis at Newport 1955-1975: The Bootleg Series Vol. 4 (Columbia Legacy, 2015)
With George Duke
 Faces in Reflection (MPS Records, 1974)
 Feel (MPS Records, 1974)
 The Aura Will Prevail (MPS Records, 1975)
 I Love the Blues, She Heard My Cry (MPS Records, 1975)
 Liberated Fantasies (MPS Records, 1976)
 From Me to You (Epic Records, 1977)
 Reach for It (Epic Records, 1977)
With Sheena Easton
 No Strings (MCA Records, 1993)
With The Emotions
 Come into Our World (Columbia, 1979)
With Herbie Hancock
 Mwandishi (Warner Bros., 1971)
With Eddie Harris
 Excursions (Atlantic, 1966–73)
With Hampton Hawes
 Universe (Prestige, 1972)
 Blues for Walls (Prestige, 1973)
With Tramaine Hawkins
To a Higher Place (Columbia, 1994)
With Joe Henderson
 The Elements (Milestone, 1974)
With Jennifer Holliday
 The Song Is You (Shanachie, 2014)
With John Lee Hooker
 The Healer (Chameleon, 1989)
With James Ingram
 It's Your Night (Qwest, 1983)
With Michael Jackson
 Thriller (Epic, 1982)
 Bad (Epic, 1987)
With Patti LaBelle
 Tasty (Epic, 1978)
With Labelle
 Chameleon (Epic, 1976)
With Harold Land
 Damisi (Mainstream, 1972)
 Choma (Burn) (Mainstream, 1972)
With Azar Lawrence
 Bridge into the New Age (Prestige, 1974)
With Cheryl Lynn
 Start Over (Manhattan, 1987)
With Wendy Matthews
 The Witness Tree (rooArt, 1994)
With Jean Luc Ponty
 Upon the Wings of Music (Atlantic Records, 1975)
With Julian Priester
 Love, Love (ECM, 1973)
With Lionel Richie
 Lionel Richie (Motown Records, 1982)
With LeAnn Rimes
 What a Wonderful World (Curb, 2004)
With Minnie Riperton
 Minnie (Capitol, 1979)
With Robbie Robertson
 Storyville (Geffen, 1991)
With Kenny Rogers
 Christmas (Liberty Records, 1981)
 Love Will Turn You Around (Liberty Records, 1982)
 We've Got Tonight (Liberty Records, 1983)
 The Heart of the Matter (RCA Records, 1985)
With Patrice Rushen
 Prelusion (Prestige Records, 1974)
 Before the Dawn (Prestige Records, 1975)
 Pizzazz (Elektra Records, 1979)
 Posh (Elektra Records, 1980)
 Signature (Discovery, 1997)
With Santana
 Borboletta (Columbia, 1974)
 Amigos (Columbia, 1976)
With Lalo Schifrin
 No One Home (Tabu, 1979)
With Donna Summer
 Donna Summer (Geffen, 1982)
With Tina Turner
 Private Dancer (Capitol, 1984)
With Weather Report
 Tale Spinnin' (Columbia, 1975)
With Syreeta Wright
 Syreeta (Tamla Records, 1980)
 The Spell (Tamla Records, 1983)

Bibliography

References

External links

Ndugu Chancler interview at NAMM Oral History Program

1952 births
2018 deaths
African-American drummers
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from prostate cancer
Musicians from Shreveport, Louisiana
Jazz-funk drummers
Jazz-funk percussionists
American jazz drummers
American session musicians
Weather Report members
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
American funk drummers
California State University, Dominguez Hills alumni
University of Southern California people
Jazz musicians from Louisiana
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
20th-century African-American musicians
21st-century African-American people
Locke High School alumni

Leon "Ndugu" Chancler


Zieria robertsiorum  is a plant in the citrus family Rutaceae and is endemic to the wet tropics of far north-eastern Queensland. It is a shrub with leaves composed of three leaflets, and flowers with four white petals. The flowers are arranged in groups of up to ten which are no longer than the leaves.

Description
Zieria robertsiorum is an open, compact shrub which grows to a height of  and which has branches which are hairy when young. Its leaves are composed of three narrow elliptic to egg-shaped leaflets with the middle leaflet  long and  wide with a petiole  long. The leaves are more or less flat and are covered with glandular hairs. The flowers are arranged in groups of mostly 3 to 10 in leaf axils but only up to three are open at the same time. The groups are no longer than the leaves. Each flower is surrounded by scaly to leaf-like bracts up to  long and the four sepal lobes are about  long and wide. The four petals are white,  long and  wide. In common with other zierias, there are only four stamens. Flowering occurs from May to December and is followed by fruit which is a glabrous follicle  long and  wide.

Taxonomy and naming
Zieria robertsiorum was first formally described in 1996 by James Andrew Armstrong and the description was published in Australian Systematic Botany from a specimen collected on Mount Finnegan.

Distribution and habitat
This zieria grows in rock crevices and between granite boulders in windswept woodland in the wet tropic of far northern Queensland.

References

robertsiorum
Sapindales of Australia
Flora of Queensland
Plants described in 1996

Zieria robertsiorum


Ricochet is a 1991 American action crime thriller movie. It stars Denzel Washington. John Lithgow and Ice-T. The movie is about a psychotic ex-convict named Blake who has been creating chaos and looking for revenge. This movie was released in the United States on October 4, 1991.

Other websites

1991 action movies
1990s action thriller movies
1991 crime thriller movies
American action thriller movies
American crime thriller movies
1990s English-language movies
Movies about abduction
Movies about drugs
Movies about prostitution
Movies set in Los Angeles
Movies directed by Russell Mulcahy
Warner Bros. movies

Ricochet


Holidays with Pay (Agriculture) Convention, 1952 is  an International Labour Organization Convention.

It was established in 1952, with the preamble stating:

Revision
The principles contained in the convention were subsequently revised and included in the ILO Convention C132, Holidays with Pay Convention (Revised), 1970.

Ratifications
As of 2013, the convention had been ratified by 46 states. Of the ratifying states, 12 had denounced the treaty by an automatic process which denounces the 1952 convention when the state ratifies a superseding treaty.

External links
Text.
Ratifications.

Leave of absence
International Labour Organization conventions
Holidays
Treaties concluded in 1952
Treaties entered into force in 1954
Agricultural treaties
Treaties of Algeria
Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda
Treaties of Austria
Treaties of Barbados
Treaties of Belize
Treaties of Burundi
Treaties of the Central African Republic
Treaties of Colombia
Treaties of Costa Rica
Treaties of the Comoros
Treaties of Cuba
Treaties of Djibouti
Treaties of Ecuador
Treaties of the Republic of Egypt (1953–1958)
Treaties of the French Fourth Republic
Treaties of Gabon
Treaties of Guatemala
Treaties of Israel
Treaties of Mauritania
Treaties of Morocco
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of New Zealand
Treaties of Paraguay
Treaties of Peru
Treaties of the Polish People's Republic
Treaties of Saint Lucia
Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Treaties of Senegal
Treaties of Sierra Leone
Treaties of Francoist Spain
Treaties of Suriname
Treaties of Eswatini
Treaties of the United Arab Republic
Treaties of Tanganyika
Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles
Treaties extended to Aruba
Treaties extended to Surinam (Dutch colony)
Treaties extended to French Guiana
Treaties extended to Guadeloupe
Treaties extended to Martinique
Treaties extended to Réunion
Treaties extended to the West Indies Federation
Treaties extended to British Honduras
Treaties extended to the Isle of Man
Treaties extended to British Mauritius
Treaties extended to the Crown Colony of Singapore
Treaties extended to Swaziland (protectorate)
Treaties extended to Tanganyika (territory)
Treaties extended to British Hong Kong
1952 in labor relations


She-Ra: Princess of Power is an American animated science fantasy series created by Filmation and Mattel. It is a spin-off of He-Man and the Masters of the Universe and centers around the character She-Ra.

The show ran for two seasons and had 93 episodes. The first five episodes were released as a movie titled The Secret of the Sword. It ran from 1985 to 1987.

Story
The series follows the adventures of Princess Adora, Prince Adam's (He-Man's) twin sister, who leads the Great Rebellion in the fight to free the planet Etheria from the rule of Hordak and his Evil Horde. With her Sword of Protection, Adora can transform into She-Ra, just as Prince Adam can transform into He-Man.

Main cast

 Melendy Britt as She-Ra
 George DiCenzo as Hordak and Bow
 Linda Gary as Teela and Sorceress
 Erika Scheimer as Queen Angella
 Lou Scheimer as Orko and Swift-Wind
 John Erwin as He-Man and Beast Man
 Alan Oppenheimer as Skeletor, Cringer and Man-At-Arms

Animated television series

She-Ra: Princess of Power