Aspartic acid (symbol Asp or D; the ionic form is known as aspartate), is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. The L-isomer of aspartic acid is one of the 22 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the building blocks of proteins.
D-aspartic acid is one of two D-amino acids commonly found in mammals. Apart from a few rare exceptions, D-aspartic acid is not used for protein synthesis but is incorporated into some peptides and plays a role as a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator.

Like all other amino acids, aspartic acid contains an amino group and a carboxylic acid. Its α-amino group is in the protonated –NH form under physiological conditions, while its α-carboxylic acid group is deprotonated −COO− under physiological conditions. Aspartic acid has an acidic side chain (CH2COOH) which reacts with other amino acids, enzymes and proteins in the body. Under physiological conditions (pH 7.4) in proteins the side chain usually occurs as the negatively charged aspartate form, −COO−. It is a non-essential amino acid in humans, meaning the body can synthesize it as needed. It is encoded by the codons GAU and GAC.

In proteins aspartate sidechains are often hydrogen bonded to form asx turns or asx motifs, which frequently occur at the N-termini of alpha helices.

Aspartic acid, like glutamic acid, is classified as an acidic amino acid, with a pKa of 3.9; however, in a peptide this is highly dependent on the local environment, and could be as high as 14.

Discovery
Aspartic acid was first discovered in 1827 by Auguste-Arthur Plisson and Étienne Ossian Henry by hydrolysis of asparagine, which had been isolated from asparagus juice in 1806. Their original method used lead hydroxide, but various other acids or bases are now more commonly used instead.

Forms and nomenclature
There are two forms or enantiomers of aspartic acid. The name "aspartic acid" can refer to either enantiomer or a mixture of two. Of these two forms, only one, "L-aspartic acid", is directly incorporated into proteins. The biological roles of its counterpart, "D-aspartic acid" are more limited. Where enzymatic synthesis will produce one or the other, most chemical syntheses will produce both forms, "DL-aspartic acid", known as a racemic mixture.

Synthesis

Biosynthesis
In the human body, aspartate is most frequently synthesized through the transamination of oxaloacetate. The biosynthesis of aspartate is facilitated by an aminotransferase enzyme: the transfer of an amine group from another molecule such as alanine or glutamine yields aspartate and an alpha-keto acid.

Chemical synthesis
Industrially, aspartate is produced by amination of fumarate catalyzed by L-aspartate ammonia-lyase.

Racemic aspartic acid can be synthesized from diethyl sodium phthalimidomalonate,
(C6H4(CO)2NC(CO2Et)2).

Metabolism
In plants and microorganisms, aspartate is the precursor to several amino acids, including four that are essential for humans: methionine, threonine, isoleucine, and lysine. The conversion of aspartate to these other amino acids begins with reduction of aspartate to its "semialdehyde", O2CCH(NH2)CH2CHO.  Asparagine is derived from aspartate via transamidation:
-O2CCH(NH2)CH2CO2-  +  GC(O)NH3+  → O2CCH(NH2)CH2CONH3+  +  GC(O)O
(where GC(O)NH2 and GC(O)OH are glutamine and glutamic acid, respectively)

Other biochemical roles
Aspartate has many other biochemical roles. It is a metabolite in the urea cycle and participates in gluconeogenesis. It carries reducing equivalents in the malate-aspartate shuttle, which utilizes the ready interconversion of aspartate and oxaloacetate, which is the oxidized (dehydrogenated) derivative of malic acid. Aspartate donates one nitrogen atom in the biosynthesis of inosine, the precursor to the purine bases. In addition, aspartic acid acts as a hydrogen acceptor in a chain of ATP synthase. Dietary L-aspartic acid has been shown to act as an inhibitor of Beta-glucuronidase, which serves to regulate enterohepatic circulation of bilirubin and bile acids.

Interactive pathway map

Neurotransmitter
Aspartate (the conjugate base of aspartic acid) stimulates NMDA receptors, though not as strongly as the amino acid neurotransmitter L-glutamate does.

Applications & market
In 2014, the global market for aspartic acid was  or about $117 million annually with potential areas of growth accounting for an  of $8.78 billion (Bn). The three largest market segments include the U.S., Western Europe, and China. Current applications include biodegradable polymers (polyaspartic acid), low calorie sweeteners (aspartame), scale and corrosion inhibitors, and resins.

Superabsorbent polymers
One area of aspartic acid market growth is biodegradable superabsorbent polymers (SAP), and hydrogels.  The superabsorbent polymers market is anticipated to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 5.5% from 2014 to 2019 to reach a value of $8.78Bn globally. Around 75% of superabsorbent polymers are used in disposable diapers and an additional 20% is used for adult incontinence and feminine hygiene products. Polyaspartic acid, the polymerization product of aspartic acid, is a biodegradable substitute to polyacrylate. The polyaspartate market comprises a small fraction (est. < 1%) of the total SAP market.

Additional uses

In addition to SAP, aspartic acid has applications in the $19Bn fertilizer industry, where polyaspartate improves water retention and nitrogen uptake; the $1.1Bn (2020) concrete floor coatings market, where polyaspartic is a low VOC, low energy alternative to traditional epoxy resins; and lastly the >$5Bn scale and corrosion inhibitors market.

Sources

Dietary sources
Aspartic acid is not an essential amino acid, which means that it can be synthesized from central metabolic pathway intermediates in humans, and does not need to be present in the diet. In eukaryotic cells, roughly 1 in 20 amino acids incorporated into a protein is an aspartic acid, and accordingly almost any source of dietary protein will include aspartic acid. Additionally, aspartic acid is found in:
 Dietary supplements, either as aspartic acid itself or salts (such as magnesium aspartate)
 The sweetener aspartame, which is made from an aspartic acid and phenylalanine

See also
 Aspartate transaminase
 Polyaspartic acid
 Sodium polyaspartate, a synthetic polyamide

References

External links
GMD MS Spectrum

Aspartic acids
Glucogenic amino acids
Excitatory amino acids
Urea cycle
NMDA receptor agonists

Aspartic acid


is a 1989 role-playing video game for the Family Computer (Famicom/NES) published by Bandai. The game commemorates the 20th anniversary of Shueisha's manga anthology Weekly Shōnen Jump.

The game is set in a world that brings together many of the long-running titles, which include stories of the past and present at the time of their release, that had appeared in the magazine.  The game consists of a main character wandering and encountering the many Jump heroes as they try to save the world from an alliance of many of the most powerful and evil of the Jump villains.

The game sold 1.1 million cartridges for the Famicom in Japan. It was the first title in the Jump video game series. It had a sequel, Famicom Jump II: Saikyō no Shichinin. Due to it being based on a magazine specifically localized for the Japanese market, the game was never released outside Japan.

The 16 Heroes
One of the main objectives of the game is to recruit 16 notable Jump hero characters in order to use them to fight against the enemies in the game's overworld, which is divided into several different areas.  Aside from the player character, the Jump characters that can be collected are:
 Kenshiro (Fist of the North Star)
 Nukesaku Aida (Tsuide ni Tonchinkan)
 Son Goku (Dragon Ball)
 Ryo Saeba (City Hunter)
 Arale Norimaki (Dr. Slump)
 Pegasus Seiya (Saint Seiya)
 Momotaro Tsurugi (Sakigake!! Otokojuku)
 Mankichi Tokawa (Otoko Ippiki Gaki Daishō)
 Reiki Kikoku (Godsider)
 Joseph Joestar (JoJo's Bizarre Adventure)
 Jouji Kanno (Doberman Deka)
 Isamu (Kōya no Shōnen Isamu)
 Tsubasa Oozora (Captain Tsubasa)
 Tarou Yamashita (Kenritsu Umisora Kōkō Yakyūbuin Yamashita Tarō-kun)
 Kyūichi Uno (Astro Kyūdan)
 Kinnikuman (Kinnikuman)

Of particular note: Son Goku and Momotaro Tsurugi are the only characters who return in Famicom Jump II: Saikyō no Shichinin. Of the series with hero characters, JoJo's Bizarre Adventure also has a playable hero in the sequel, with Joseph succeeded by Jotaro Kujo. One NPC character in this game, Ryotsu Kankichi from Kochira Katsushika-ku Kameari Kōen-mae Hashutsujo, becomes playable as well in the sequel.

Represented series

 Astro Kyūdan
 Captain Tsubasa
 Cat's Eye
 Chichi no Tamashii
 Circuit no Ōkami
 City Hunter
 Doberman Deka
 Dr. Slump
 Dragon Ball
 Fist of the North Star
 Ginga: Nagareboshi Gin
 Godsider
 Harenchi Gakuen
 High School! Kimengumi
 Hōchōnin Ajihei
 JoJo's Bizarre Adventure
 Kenritsu Umisora Kōkō Yakyūbuin Yamashita Tarō-kun
 Kick Off
 Kimagure Orange Road
 Kinnikuman
 Kochira Katsushika-ku Kameari Kōen-mae Hashutsujo
 Kōya no Shōnen Isamu
 Moeru! Onīsan
 Otoko Ippiki Gaki Daishō
 Ring ni Kakero
 Saint Seiya
 Sakigake!! Otokojuku
 Shape Up Ran
 THE MOMOTAROH
 Toilet Hakase
 Tsuide ni Tonchinkan
 Wing-Man
 Yoroshiku Mechadoc

References

1989 video games
Action role-playing video games
Bandai Namco Entertainment franchises
Crossover role-playing video games
Dragon Ball games
Fist of the North Star video games
Japan-exclusive video games
JoJo's Bizarre Adventure games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Nintendo Entertainment System-only games
Saint Seiya video games
Shueisha franchises
Tose (company) games
Video games based on anime and manga
Video games developed in Japan
Weekly Shōnen Jump (video game series)

Famicom Jump: Hero Retsuden


Parwich Hall is a privately owned 18th-century mansion house at Parwich, near Ashbourne, Derbyshire Dales. It is a Grade II* listed building.

The Manor of Parwich was owned by the Cockaynes of Ashbourne until they sold it in about 1608 to Thomas Levinge of Norfolk. His great grandson, Richard Levinge, was Speaker of the  Irish House of Commons and became the first of the Levinge Baronets.

His son the second Baronet replaced the old manor house with the present brick and limestone mansion house in 1747. The entrance front has three storeys and five bays, symmetrical around the slightly advanced and pedimented central bay. A three-bayed service wing was added to the west in 1905 and raised to three storeys in 1930.

The Levinge family seat was moved to Westmeath in Ireland and the house was let out and in 1814 was sold to William Evans| of Allestree Hall. During part of the time of Evans' ownership the house was occupied by the vicar Rev Carr, a relative of Evans. After the death of Sir Thomas Evans in 1892, another clerical descendant, Rev Claud Lewis, had the use of the house.

The house was sold in 1915 and again in 1931 when it was acquired by the Inglefield (later Crompton-Inglefield) family.  John Frederick Crompton-Inglefield was High Sheriff of Derbyshire in 1938.

It later became the home of the Shields family.

See also
Grade II* listed buildings in Derbyshire Dales
Listed buildings in Parwich

References

Country houses in Derbyshire
Grade II* listed buildings in Derbyshire
History of Derbyshire

Parwich Hall


The Corigliano Quartet is a classical music  string quartet founded in 1996 with the blessing of the Pulitzer-, Grammy-, and Oscar-winning John Corigliano. "They are truly one of the great quartets of the new generation," said the composer. "Their fiery intensity, musical sensitivity, and bold programming make for an absolutely stunning concert experience." The group's dedication and passion for new works has made them one of the most sought after interpreters of contemporary music today. For their efforts in bringing new music to a wider audience, the quartet was recently presented with the ASCAP/CMA Award For Adventurous Programming.

History
The Corigliano Quartet's repertoire ranges from classical to contemporary works, including three works by their namesake John Corigliano: String Quartet No. 1 "Farewell" (1995), Snapshot: Circa 1909 (2003), and Corigliano's string quartet arrangement of his A Black November Turkey (1972).  The Corigliano Quartet has also been dedicated to the performance of music by younger, rising composers such as Shafer Mahoney, Adam Silverman and Jefferson Friedman as well as modern masters like Wynton Marsalis, Ben Johnston, Roberto Carnevale and Elliott Carter.

Composed of violinists Michael Jinsoo Lim and Elisa Barston, who alternate at first violin, violist Melia Watras, and cellist Amy Sue Barston, the Corigliano Quartet rapidly climbed the ranks of the chamber music world. One year after its formation, the group drew the attention of Isaac Stern, who invited them to the Isaac Stern Chamber Music Workshop at Carnegie Hall. The next year, the Corigliano won the Chamber Music Yellow Springs Competition and followed that up by winning both First Prize in the Senior Wind Division and Grand Prize at the 1999 Fischoff National Chamber Music Competition.

The group has performed in many of the nation's leading music centers, including Carnegie Hall, Weill Recital Hall, Alice Tully Hall, Merkin Hall, the Kennedy Center Lincoln Center's "Great Performers" series and the Corcoran Gallery. Recent performances have taken the Corigliano to Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Cincinnati, Detroit, Houston, Indianapolis, Los Angeles, New York, and Washington, DC. They have also made appearances in Italy, Mexico, and Korea, where they gave the Korean premiere of Corigliano's Farewell Quartet. They have been heard in numerous radio broadcasts, including NPR's All Things Considered, and WFMT-Chicago's Live From Studio One. The group's festival appearances include performances at the Ravinia Festival, the Aspen Music Festival, the Great Lakes Chamber Music Festival, Madeline Island Chamber Music Festival, Festival de Música de Cámara de San Miguel de Allende in Mexico, and Strings in the Mountains.

The Corigliano Quartet has held residencies at the Juilliard School, where they served as the teaching assistants to the Juilliard String Quartet; Indiana University, where they served on the faculty as visiting lecturers; Dickinson College, and the New York Youth Orchestra Chamber Music Program. Under the mentorship of Atar Arad, the group formed while its members were students at Indiana. The Corigliano has recorded for Naxos, CRI, Albany, Aguava New Music and Bayer Records.

Members
 Elisa Barston - violin
 Amy Sue Barston - cello
 Michael Jinsoo Lim - violin
 Melia Watras - viola

Discography
 2007 Music by John Corigliano and Jefferson Friedman. Naxos Records
John Corigliano: String Quartet (Farewell); Black November Turkey; Snapshot: Circa 1909; Jefferson Friedman: String Quartet No. 2
 2004 Movement for string quartet on Beata Moon: earthshine. BiBimBop Records
 2004 the promise of the far horizon on Jeffrey Mumford: the promise of the far horizon. Albany Records
 2002 String Quartet on Atar Arad: Sonata for Viola Solo and String Quartet. RIAX Records
 2001 Legacy: Two Movements for String Quartet on Andrew Waggoner: Legacy. CRI Records
 2000 Nightshade on Cary Boyce: Itineraries of the Night. Aguava New Music
 2000 Dawnen Grey on The Music of Frederick Fox, Volume 2. Indiana University School of Music
 1999 Quintet for Clarinet and Strings (with James Campbell, clarinet) on Bernard Heiden: Chamber Music. Bayer Records

External links
 Corigliano Quartet official site

Contemporary classical music ensembles
Musical groups established in 1996
American string quartets

Corigliano Quartet


Tim A. Ice (born June 6, 1974, in East Liverpool, Ohio) is an American Thoroughbred horse racing trainer. While in his early teens his family moved to Louisiana where he lived near Louisiana Downs in Bossier City where he now makes his home. However, Tim Ice began his career in racing at tracks in the American Midwest. He worked as an assistant to Keith Desormeaux for five years throughout the midwest. After a short hiatus he then worked for Cole Norman in Louisiana and Arkansas. He followed that with two years under Morris Nicks.

2009 marked the first time Tim Ice was on his own and he earned his first stakes win with Affirmed Truth in the March 28 Rainbow Miss Stakes at Oaklawn Park.
By far his greatest success came with the three-year-old colt Summer Bird who won four of his nine starts and earned $2,323,040. In the third leg of the 2009 U.S. Triple Crown series, on his 35th birthday Tim Ice won the Belmont Stakes with Summer Bird. The colt went on to win two more Grade 1 races, the Travers Stakes and Jockey Club Gold Cup, and was voted the American Champion Three-Year-Old Male Horse of 2009.

Off to a slow start in 2010, on February 9, owners K.K. and Vilasini Jayaraman decided to transfer their stable from Tim Ice to other trainers. Summer Bird, along with five other horses, were sent to trainer Tim Ritchey.

References
 Oaklawn Park biography for Tim Ice
 Tim Ice at the NTRA
 February 9, 2010 ESPN article on Tim Ice

1974 births
Living people
American horse trainers
People from East Liverpool, Ohio

Tim Ice


The Belmore Falls is a plunge waterfall with three drops on the Barrengarry Creek in the Southern Highlands and Illawarra regions of New South Wales, Australia.

Location and features
Located approximately  south of the town of , the falls descend from the Illawarra escarpment at an elevation of  above sea level into the northern end of Kangaroo Valley within the Morton National Park. Descending over three drops, the waterfalls range in height between  and are best viewed from the Hindmarsh Lookout, accessible via a short walk from a road heading south east from Burrawang.

The falls were named after Somerset Lowry-Corry, 4th Earl Belmore the then-Governor of New South Wales.

See also

List of waterfalls of New South Wales

References

Waterfalls of New South Wales
Southern Highlands (New South Wales)
Illawarra escarpment
Plunge waterfalls

Belmore Falls


Aleksandr Stepanovich Grinevsky (better known by his pen name, Aleksander Green / Grin (spelling varies in non-Russian literature), , 23 August 1880 – 8 July 1932) was a Russian writer, notable for his romantic novels and short stories, mostly set in an unnamed fantasy land with a European or Latin American flavor (Grin's fans often refer to this land as Grinlandia). Most of his writings deal with sea, adventures, and love.

Biography
Alexander Grin was born Aleksandr Stepanovich Grinevsky () in Slobodskoy, Vyatka Governorate (now in Kirov Oblast) in 1880, the son of the Pole Stefan Hryniewski (russianized as Stefan Grinevsky), deported after the January Uprising of 1863, and of a Russian nurse, Anna Lyapkova. In 1896, after graduating from a school in Vyatka, Grinevsky went to Odessa and lived the life of a vagabond. He worked as a sailor, gold miner, and construction worker, but often found himself without a job and sustained himself by begging and with money sent to him by his father.

After joining the  Russian army, he became a member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, was arrested, and spent time in jail for "revolutionary propaganda". He published his first short story in a newspaper in 1906. In the same year he was arrested in Saint Petersburg and sentenced to four years of exile in a remote area of Tobolsk Governorate. However, very soon after arriving in Tobolsk, Grin escaped and returned to Petersburg to live illegally. He was again arrested in 1910 and sent to live in Arkhangelsk Governorate. In a small village called Kegostrov, Grin and his first wife Vera Pavlovna Abramova (whom he married in 1910) lived from 1910 to 1912.

In 1912 he returned to Saint Petersburg and divorced his wife. At that time, Grin published mostly short stories; most of his larger works were written after the 1917 October revolution and enjoyed significant popularity in the first half of the 1920s. In 1921 he married . In 1924 they moved to Feodosiya to live near the sea. In his late days, Grin's romantic visions contrasted starkly  with mainstream Soviet literature; publishers in Moscow and Leningrad refused to consider his romantic writings, and Grin and his wife lived in extreme poverty. Grin suffered from alcoholism and tuberculosis, which eventually ruined his health. He died of stomach cancer in 1932 in Stary Krym.

In his book Sculpting in Time, filmmaker Andrei Tarkovsky describes how Grin, when dying of hunger, "went off into the mountains with a home-made bow-and-arrow to shoot some sort of game". He offers Grin as an example of a poet in the deepest sense: one with "an awareness of the world, a particular way of relating to reality... a philosophy to guide a man throughout his life".

Works

Most of Alexander Grin's writings bear no direct relation to the reality of Imperial and Soviet Russia that he lived in. The setting of most of his novels and short stories is an unnamed land by the sea, apparently far from Europe but with all characters being Western European in name and appearance. Even his literary pseudonym (Grin) is a de-Russified form of his real last name (Grinevsky).

Described by some critics as "adolescent fiction",  Grin's works have many things in common with the reality of the early 20th century (such as automobiles and banks). Populated by sea captains, sailors, scientists, travelers, criminals, extravagant aristocrats, childlike girls, elegant villains, and strong-spirited heroes who always stay true to their dreams, Grin's world is often referred to as Grinlandia by fans. Some of his novels contain an element of magic – not as an established part of his world, but always as a miracle that changes the lives of those who encounter it.

Bibliography
The most notable of his novels include:
 Scarlet Sails (Алые паруса, 1923), a simple but powerful love story, perhaps the most famous of Grin's works. It was made into a 1961 film, when during the Khrushchev Thaw, Grin's works enjoyed a revival of popularity.
 The Shining World (Блистающий мир, 1923)
 The Golden Chain (Золотая цепь, 1925)
 She Who Runs on the Waves (Бегущая по волнам, 1928)
 Jessie and Morgiana (1929, Wikisource: Джесси и Моргиана). It was made into a Czechoslovak  film Morgiana in 1972.
 The Road to Nowhere (Дорога никуда, 1930)

Books
 Selected Short Stories. Translated by Nicholas Luker. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ardis Publishers, 1987.
Fandango and Other Stories. Translated by Bryan Karetnyk. New York: Columbia University Press, 2020 (The Russian Library).

Film Adaptations
 Watercolor (1958), directed by Otar Iosseliani
 Scarlet Sails (1961), directed by Alexandr Ptushko
 The Lanfier Colony (1969), directed by Jan Schmidt
 Morgiana (1972), directed by Juraj Herz
 The Rat Savior (1976), directed by Krsto Papić
 The Shining World (1984), directed by Bulat Mansurov
 Mister Designer (1988), directed by Oleg Teptsov
 She Who Runs on the Waves (2007), directed by Valery Pendrakovskiy
 Scarlet (2022), directed by Pietro Marcello

References

External links

 NYT Review of Grin's English translation
 The road to nowhere, a road to glory: Vladimir Nabokov and Aleksandr Grin.(Critical Essay), by Margarit Tadevosyan, in The Modern Language Review, April 2005
 Dictionary of Literary Biography on Aleksandr Stepanovich Grin
 Most of Grin's works in Russian, as well as some English translations
 Grinlandia, a fan site
 A. Grin — Life and works (Rus)
 Grin's museum in Vyatka
 The English translation of Scarlet Sails by Helen Sharif

1880 births
1932 deaths
Alexander Grin
People from Kirov Oblast
People from Slobodskoy Uyezd
Socialist Revolutionary Party politicians
People from the Russian Empire of Polish descent
Fantasy writers from the Russian Empire
Novelists from the Russian Empire
Short story writers from the Russian Empire
Soviet short story writers
Soviet novelists
Soviet male writers
Deaths from stomach cancer
Deaths from cancer in the Soviet Union

Alexander Grin


St Mary's Lighthouse is on the tiny St Mary's (or Bait) Island, just north of Whitley Bay on the coast of North East England. The small rocky tidal island is linked to the mainland by a short concrete causeway which is submerged at high tide.

History

The first light here was in the priory - an 11th-century monastic chapel, whose monks maintained a lantern on the tower to warn passing ships of the danger of the rocks. A lighthouse was built here in 1664 using stone from the priory. This was demolished when the current lighthouse and adjacent keepers' cottages were built in 1898 by the John Miller company of Tynemouth, using 645 blocks of stone and 750,000 bricks. A first-order 'bi-valve' rotating optic was installed by Barbier & Bénard of Paris, very similar to the one they had provided the previous year for Lundy North Lighthouse; it displayed a group-flashing characteristic, flashing twice every 20 seconds. The lamp was powered by paraffin, and was not electrified until 1977; St Mary's was by then the last Trinity House lighthouse lit by oil.

As part of the electrification process the fine first-order fresnel lens was removed by Trinity House (it was later put on display in their National Lighthouse Museum in Penzance). Its place in the tower was taken by a four-tier revolving sealed beam lamp array, manufactured by Pharos Marine; it was powered by two 12-volt batteries, charged from the mains electricity supply.

Decommissioning

The lighthouse was decommissioned in 1984 (two years after its conversion to automatic operation). The revolving sealed beam array was reused two years later (in reduced form) on the Inner Dowsing light platform in the North Sea, as part of its conversion to become 'the first major lighthouse to be run using solar power'. In 1986 a blue plaque was created to record its early history.

A few years later, St Mary's was opened as a visitor attraction by the local council. In place of the original optic, Trinity House offered a smaller one from their decommissioned lighthouse at Withernsea, and this can still be seen at the top of the tower.

Following closure of the Penzance lighthouse museum, the original lens was returned to St Mary's in 2011 to be put on display.

The lighthouse today
Since 2012 St Mary's lighthouse has been grade II listed.
While it no longer functions as a working lighthouse, it is easily accessible (when the tide is out) and regularly open to visitors; in addition to the lighthouse itself there is a small museum, a visitor's centre, and a café. The cottage was upgraded with a wood pellet boiler in 2014.

In 2017 a renovation plan for the site (including roof-top viewing platforms and various glass-covered extensions) was rejected by the local planning authority due to environmental concerns. A new refurbishment proposal (to include rebuilding the original optic) was presented in 2018; however the Heritage Lottery Fund later turned down North Tyneside Council's £2.1m funding application.

Another Victorian lighthouse may be found a few miles to the south of the River Tyne. Souter Lighthouse is also now decommissioned, and open to visitors. Souter Lighthouse can be seen with the naked eye from the top of St Mary's Lighthouse.

See also

 List of lighthouses in England

References

External links

 Trinity House

Lighthouses completed in 1898
Lighthouses in Tyne and Wear
Buildings and structures in the Metropolitan Borough of North Tyneside
Museums in Tyne and Wear
Lighthouse museums in England
Whitley Bay
Grade II listed lighthouses
Grade II listed buildings in Tyne and Wear

St Mary's Lighthouse


Wilfrid Meynell  (17 November 1852, Newcastle-upon-Tyne – 20 October 1948, Pulborough), who sometimes wrote under the pseudonym John Oldcastle, was a British newspaper publisher and editor.

Born of an old Yorkshire family on his father's side, he was related to a family of distinguished Quakers on his mother's side: his grandfather was Samuel Tuke, and James Hack Tuke and Daniel Hack Tuke were uncles.
Henry Scott Tuke was a cousin.

In 1870, aged 18, Meynell became a convert to Roman Catholicism. He married the writer Alice Thompson in 1877. The pair's first effort at periodical publishing was The Pen, a short-lived critical monthly review. In 1881 he accepted Cardinal Manning's invitation to edit the Catholic Weekly Register, and continued to do so until 1899. Meynell later founded and edited (1883–94) the magazine Merry England, in which he discovered and sponsored the poet Francis Thompson.

In 1887 Wilfred was given the Westminster Press by Cardinal Manning. Wilfred was an urgent Catholic propagandist, and he promptly installed two new printing presses. At his suggestion the Cardinal baptized them. One of the presses was named 'The Cardinal', the other 'Lady Butler' after his sister-in-law, also a Roman Catholic, at that time famed as a painter. A main function of this press was the printing of The Weekly Register, founded in 1849 and also given to Wilfrid to own and edit.

Meynell wrote biographies of Manning, John Henry Newman and Pope Leo XIII. He contributed to a wide range of periodicals including the Contemporary Review, The Art Journal, The Magazine of Art, Athenaeum, the Academy, the Saturday Review, the Pall Mall Budget, Illustrated London News, the Daily Chronicle and The Nineteenth Century. During March 1906, The Windsor Magazine published an article entitled Politics - Second Series, co-authored by Meynell and Bertram Fletcher Robinson.  This article was recently republished in a book entitled The World of Vanity Fair, edited by Paul Spiring.

By the 1920s, Meynell principally wrote for the Dublin Review and The Tablet.

Wilfrid and Alice Meynell had eight children, including the writer Viola Meynell, and the founder of The Nonesuch Press, Francis Meynell. After his wife's death in 1922, Meynell lived out the last 25 years of his life mainly at Humphrey's Homestead, Greatham, near Pulborough in West Sussex. He was appointed CBE in the 1943 Birthday Honours for services to literature.

References

External links

 Wilfrid Meynell collection at Boston College

1852 births
1948 deaths
British publishers (people)
British newspaper editors
English Roman Catholics
Converts to Roman Catholicism
People from Horsham District

Wilfrid Meynell


The New Haven-Weybridge Rattling Bridge is a historic bridge spanning Otter Creek between the Vermont towns of Weybridge and New Haven.  It connects Town Highway 7 (Pearson Road) in New Haven with Town Highway 11 (Morgan Horse Farm Road) in Weybridge.  Built in 1908 by the American Bridge Company, it is a well-preserved example of a rivet-connected lattice truss bridge.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Bridge 26 in 2006.

Description and history
The New Haven-Weybridge Rattling Bridge is located in southwestern New Haven and northeastern Weybridge, where the town border is defined by Otter Creek.  It is oriented north-south, and crosses the river just east of the Huntington Falls dam.  It is a single-span metal truss, in a style sometimes called a double-intersection Warren truss, but in a style more similar to that of a Whipple truss.  It is  long and has a roadway width of  (one lane).  Its end portals are  at the center, and have rounded corners.  The structural elements of the trusses are joined by rivets.  The bridge derives its name from loosely laid deck boards, which rattled when they were driven on.

The bridge was built in 1908 by the American Bridge Company, as part of a program begun in 1892 by the state to improve its transport infrastructure.  The road which it carries was originally the Waltham Pike, opened in 1808, which was the first road to traverse the town of Weybridge.  Construction of the bridge was principally funded by the town of Weybridge; it is now co-owned and maintained by the two towns.

See also

 National Register of Historic Places listings in Addison County, Vermont
 List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Vermont

References

Bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Vermont
National Register of Historic Places in Addison County, Vermont
Bridges completed in 1908
Bridges in Addison County, Vermont
Buildings and structures in Weybridge, Vermont
Buildings and structures in New Haven, Vermont
1908 establishments in Vermont
Metal bridges in the United States
Lattice truss bridges in the United States
Road bridges in Vermont

Bridge 26


George Samuel Schuyler (; February 25, 1895 – August 31, 1977) was an American writer, journalist, and social commentator known for his conservatism after he had initially supported socialism.

Early life

George Samuel Schuyler was born in Providence, Rhode Island, to George Francis Schuyler, a chef, and Eliza Jane Schuyler (née Fischer). Schuyler's paternal great-grandfather was believed to be a black soldier working for general Philip Schuyler, whose surname the soldier adopted. Schuyler's maternal great-grandmother was an ethnic-Malagasy servant who married a ship captain from Saxe-Coburg in Bavaria.

Schuyler's father died when he was young. George spent his early years in Syracuse, New York, where his mother moved their family after she remarried. In 1912, Schuyler, at the age of 17, enlisted in the U.S. Army and was promoted to the rank of First Lieutenant, serving in Seattle and Hawaii. During World War I he was assigned to Camp Dix, New Jersey, and later Camp Meade, Maryland, where he was put in charge of drilling new recruits, before being honorably discharged after the war ended.

Socialist beginnings

After his discharge, Schuyler moved to New York City, where he worked as a handyman, doing odd jobs. During this period, he read many books which sparked his interest in socialism. He lived for a period in the Phyllis Wheatley Hotel, run by Black nationalist Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and attended UNIA meetings. Schuyler dissented from Garvey's philosophy, and began writing about his own perspectives.

Although not fully comfortable with socialist thought, Schuyler engaged himself in a circle of socialist friends, including the Black socialist group Friends of Negro Freedom. This connection led to his employment by A. Philip Randolph and Chandler Owen's magazine, The Messenger, the group's journal. Schuyler's column, "Shafts and Darts: A Page of Calumny and Satire", came to the attention of Ira F. Lewis, manager of the Pittsburgh Courier, which was one of the leading African American newspapers in the United States. In 1924, Schuyler accepted an offer from the Courier to author a weekly column.

Early journalist days

By the mid-1920s, Schuyler had come to disdain socialism, believing that socialists were frauds who actually cared very little about Negroes. Schuyler's writing caught the eye of journalist and social critic H. L. Mencken, who wrote, "I am more and more convinced that [Schuyler] is the most competent editorial writer now in practice in this great free republic." Schuyler contributed ten articles to the American Mercury during Mencken's tenure as editor, all dealing with Black issues, and all notable for Schuyler's wit and incisive analysis. Because of his close association with Mencken, as well as their compatible ideologies and sharp use of satire, Schuyler during this period was often referred to as "the Black Mencken."

In 1926, the Pittsburgh Courier sent Schuyler on an editorial assignment to the South, where he developed his journalistic protocol: ride with a cab driver, then chat with a local barber, bellboy, landlord, and policeman. These encounters would precede interviews with local town officials. In 1926, Schuyler became the Chief Editorial Writer at the Courier. That year, he published a controversial article entitled "The Negro-Art Hokum" in The Nation, in which he claimed that because blacks have been influenced by Euroamerican culture for 300 years, "the Aframerican is merely a lampblacked Anglo-Saxon" and that no distinctly "negro" style of art exists in the USA. Langston Hughes's "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain", a response to Schuyler's piece, appeared in the same magazine. Schuyler objected to the segregation of art by race, writing about a decade after his "Negro-Art Hokum" in an essay that appeared in The Courier in 1936: "All of this hullabaloo about the Negro Renaissance in art and literature did stimulate the writing of some literature of importance which will live. The amount, however, is very small, but such as it is, it is meritorious because it is literature and not Negro literature. It is judged by literary and not by racial standards, which is as it should be."

In 1929, Schuyler's pamphlet Racial Inter-Marriage in the United States called for solving the country's race problem through miscegenation, which was then illegal in most states.

In 1931, Schuyler published Black No More, which tells the story of a scientist who develops a process that turns black people to white, a book that has since been reprinted twice. Two of Schuyler's targets in the book were Christianity and organized religion, reflecting his innate skepticism of both. His mother had been religious but not a regular churchgoer. As Schuyler aged, he held both white and black churches in contempt. Both, in his mind, contained ignorant, conniving preachers who exploited their listeners for personal gain. White Christianity was viewed by Schuyler as pro-slavery and pro-racism. In an article for the American Mercury entitled Black America Begins to Doubt, Schuyler wrote: "On the horizon loom a growing number of iconoclasts and Atheists, young black men and women who can read, think and ask questions; and who impertinently demand to know why Negroes should revere a god that permits them to be lynched, Jim-Crowed, and disenfranchised".

He also positively reviewed Georg Brandes' book Jesus: A Myth in an article called "Disrobing Superstition." In his review, Schuyler states:"It is doubtful whether any intelligent person accepts the Jesus Christ of the Scriptures as a fact. His alleged exploits, career, death and resurrection can only be wholly swallowed by the same gullible folk who swarm into the sideshows at Coney Island; who believe that George Washington never told a lie; that Congressmen are exceptionally honorable; that the YMCA is something other than a training school for young babbits, or that the common people rule this country. The reviewer ditched this Jesus Myth about the same time that he threw Santa Claus overboard; i.e., at the age of eight.

Now comes Mister Brandes, the noted Danish critic. He cleans up for this old myth in a very effective manner. His disposal of Jesus will satisfy most any rational being, that is to say, it will satisfy about one-twentieth of the people. The rest want to believe such myth because of the satisfaction and compensation they derive therefrom. If they didn't swallow the Jesus Myth, they would be worshipping Buddha, Osiris or Jupiter. Mentally inferior people must worship something or somebody. Thus, while this book will be read with interest by the intelligent minority, it will be shoved into the trash can with shocked silence by Baptists, Catholics, Methodists, Holy Rollers, Christian Scientists, Rotarians and such folk.

The author holds that Jesus is as much a myth as William Tell. . . . The author's criticism is always keen and searching. . . . This is probably the most Spirited and iron-clad attack that has ever been written on the authenticity of the so-called Savior of Mankind."
Between 1936 and 1938 Schuyler published in the Pittsburgh Courier a weekly serial, which he later collected and published as a novel entitled Black Empire. He also published the highly controversial book Slaves Today: A Story of Liberia, a novel about the slave trade created by former American slaves who settled Liberia in the 1820s.

In the 1930s, Schuyler published scores of short stories in the Pittsburgh Courier under various pseudonyms. He was published in many prestigious black journals, including Negro Digest, The Messenger, and W.E.B. Du Bois's The Crisis. Schuyler's journalism also appeared in such mainstream magazines as The Nation and Common Ground, and in such newspapers as The Washington Post and The New York Evening Post (forerunner of the New York Post).

Shift in politics

From 1937 to 1944, Schuyler was the business manager of the NAACP. During the McCarthy Era, Schuyler moved sharply to the political right and would later contribute to American Opinion, the journal of the John Birch Society.

In 1947, he published The Communist Conspiracy against the Negroes. His conservatism was a counterpoint to the predominant liberal philosophy of the civil rights movement in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1964, Schuyler wrote a controversial opinion column in the ultraconservative Manchester Union Leader that opposed Martin Luther King Jr.'s being awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. He wrote, "Dr. King's principal contribution to world peace has been to roam the country like some sable Typhoid Mary, infecting the mentally disturbed with perversions of Christian doctrine, and grabbing fat lecture fees from the shallow-pated."

Schuyler opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1964. While acknowledging that white discrimination against blacks was "morally wrong, nonsensical, unfair, un-Christian and cruelly unjust", he opposed federal action to coerce changes in public attitudes. "New countries have a passion for novelty," he wrote, "and a country like America, which grew out of conquest, immigration, revolution and civil war, is prone to speed social change by law, or try to do so, on the assumption that by such legerdemain it is possible to make people better by force." Despite the inherent unfairness of racial discrimination, he considered federal intrusion into private affairs an infringement on individual liberty, explaining that "it takes lots of time to change social mores, especially with regard to such hardy perennials as religion, race and nationality, to say nothing of social classes."

In 1964, he ran for the United States House of Representatives in New York's 18th congressional district on the Conservative Party ticket and endorsed Republican candidate Barry Goldwater for president. The Couriers leadership disallowed Schuyler's title of associate editor. A formal refutation was communicated in a letter to the editor of the New York Times, signed by Courier Associate Publisher and Editor Percival L. Prattis, who had been a long-time friend since the 1920s.

In the 1960s, Schuyler, who had earlier supported the rights of Black South Africans, was led by his anticommunism to oppose taking any action against South African apartheid, saying in a radio broadcast, "In South Africa you have a system of apartheid. That's their business. I don't think it's the business of other people to change their society."

Outlets for Schuyler's written work diminished until he was a more obscure figure by the time of his death in 1977. As the liberal black writer Ishmael Reed notes in his introduction to a 1999 republication of Black No More, Schuyler's 1931 race satire, in the final years of Schuyler's life, it was considered taboo in black circles even to interview the aging writer.

He wrote a syndicated column (1965–1977) for the North American Newspaper Alliance.

Schuyler's autobiography, Black and Conservative, was published in 1966.

Influence
Schuyler was influenced by Black Muslims and people like H. G. Wells, and in turn he affected future generations. In 1973 writers Ishmael Reed and Steve Cannon interviewed Schuyler about his career and controversy for Reed's publication Yardbird II.

Family
Schuyler married Josephine Lewis Cogdell, a liberal white Texan heiress and writer, in 1928. Their daughter, Philippa Schuyler (1931–1967), was a child prodigy and noted concert pianist, who later followed in her father's footsteps and embarked on a career in journalism. In 1967 Phillipa was killed on an assignment in Vietnam for the Manchester Union Leader. Josephine Schuyler died by suicide two years later.

Selected writings
 Slaves Today: A Story of Liberia, 1931
 Black No More: Being an Account of the Strange and Wonderful Workings of Science in the Land of the Free, A.D. 1933–1940, 1931
 Devil Town: An Enthralling Story of Tropical Africa (novella; published pseudonymously in the Pittsburgh Courier, June–July 1933)
 Golden Gods: A Story of Love, Intrigue and Adventure in African Jungles (novella; published pseudonymously in the Pittsburgh Courier, December 1933 – February 1934)
 The Beast of Bradhurst Avenue: A Gripping Tale of Adventure in the Heart of Harlem (novella; published pseudonymously in the Pittsburgh Courier, March–May 1934)
 Strange Valley (novella; published pseudonymously in the Pittsburgh Courier, August–November 1934)
 Black Empire, 1936–38, 1993 (originally published pseudonymously in the Pittsburgh Courier in serial form as two separate works under the titles "The Black Internationale" and "Black Empire")
 Ethiopian Stories, 1995 (originally published pseudonymously in the Pittsburgh Courier in serial form as two separate works entitled "The Ethiopian Murder Mystery" and "Revolt in Ethiopia")
 Black and Conservative: the Autobiography of George Schuyler, Arlington House, 1966. ASIN: B000O66XD8
 Rac(e)ing to the Right: Selected Essays of George S. Schuyler, 2001

See also
 African American
 African American culture
 African American history
Africanfuturism
 Afrofuturism
 American literature
 List of African-American writers
 Black conservatism in the United States

References

Further reading
 Buni, Andrew (1974). Robert L. Vann of the Pittsburgh Courier: Politics and Black Journalism, University of Pittsburgh Press, Digital Edition.
 Scruggs, Charles (1984). The Sage in Harlem: H. L. Mencken and the Black Writers of the 1920s, The Johns Hopkins University Press. .
 Ferguson, Jeffrey (2005). The Sage of Sugar Hill: George S. Schuyler and the Harlem Renaissance, Yale University Press, .

 Ebeling, Richard M., "George S. Schuyler, Anti-Racist Champion of Liberty", American Institute for Economic Research, August 19, 2019

External links

 George S. Schuyler FBI file by the Federal Bureau of Investigation

 John Simkin, "George Schuyler" at Spartacus-Educational

1895 births
1977 deaths
20th-century African-American writers
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American novelists
African-American atheists
African-American journalists
African-American novelists
Afrofuturist writers
American atheists
American columnists
American male non-fiction writers
American male novelists
American people of Malagasy descent
American political writers
American science fiction writers
Black conservatism in the United States
Conservative Party of New York State politicians
John Birch Society
United States Army officers
Writers from Providence, Rhode Island

George Schuyler


Maks Velo (31 August 1935 – 7 May 2020) was a French-born Albanian painter, journalist, and architect. His works have been exhibited in Europe and the United States.

Biography
Velo wrote many essays related to the dictatorship of Enver Hoxha, who served from 1944 to 1985. He also published photo albums presenting his works, and illustrated works on the Albanian folk art and socialist realism.

Velo joined the Albanian League of Writers and Artists (ALWA) in 1969. Until the early 1970s, he designed and built hotels, schools, houses, movie theaters, and public parks in Tirana. He taught at the University of Arts in Tirana. In 1973, he was criticized for his sentiment in ALWA, and was accused of modernism at the 1975 Albanian national architecture congress.

Imprisonment and release
Velo was sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment in 1978 for "agitation and propaganda" against the Hoxha regime. Almost all of his paintings were then destroyed, and his art collections were either stolen or burned.

He was released from Spaç Prison in 1986, and was assigned to work in an abrasive stone factory in Tirana. In 1991, the Supreme Court of Albania heard his case and his criminal record was expunged. Since then, he has had nearly forty exhibitions in his name in Albania, the United States, France, and Poland. He has participated in exhibitions in Greece, Tunisia, and Italy. He has lectured at the Minneapolis College of Art and Design, the University of Fine Arts in Poznań, Cornell University, and the Sapienza University of Rome.

Maks Velo died on 7 May 2020 in Tirana at the age of 84.

References

1936 births
2020 deaths
Painters from Paris
20th-century Albanian painters

Maks Velo


Justin Sears (born January 3, 1994) is a retired American/British basketball player for s.Oliver Würzburg of the Basketball Bundesliga. He played college basketball for the Yale Bulldogs. He was named Ivy League Player of the Year twice, in 2015 and 2016.

Early life
Justin was born to Ryan and Lorna Sears and brought up in Plainfield, New Jersey. He and his younger brother, Jordan, began playing tennis at age four, and his experience with the sport helped his footwork. Jordan started playing basketball in sixth grade, and Justin began playing for fun with the Catholic Youth Organization (CYO) at around the same time. Justin competed at a higher level in eighth grade, after his father's friend encouraged him to play in a league in Plainfield. The Sears brothers later competed for both the basketball and tennis teams at Plainfield High School. Their  wingspans helped them excel as a doubles tennis team. Even though he played sports for Plainfield, Justin officially attended the Academy for Information Technology in Scotch Plains, New Jersey, who did not have any sports teams. The academy was a branch of Union County Vocational Technical Schools.

High school career
As a basketball player at Plainfield High School, Sears finished with historical numbers of 1,048 points and 1,063 rebounds. He became the second player in school history to record over 1,000 in each category. In his sophomore season, Sears helped Plainfield make a postseason run, and in turn, drew the attention of colleges. As his junior season came to a close, he began receiving offers from NCAA Division I schools. As a senior, Sears averaged 13.4 points, 12.0 rebounds and 3.2 blocks, and he garnered first team all-state, all-area and all-county accolades. During his time with Plainfield, he led his team to two New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA) Group III titles. He also appeared in the NJSIAA Tournament of Champions championship game two times, losing to St. Anthony High School on both occasions.

College career
On October 29, 2011, Sears committed to play college basketball at Yale University with the Bulldogs. He commented, "Four years ago if you told me I was going to Yale, I would have started laughing at you. But looking at it now, it's a great opportunity that's been given to me." While at Yale, he was named Ivy League Player of the Year  twice (2015, 2016). During his senior year he led the Bulldogs to their first NCAA Tournament in 54 years. During the Tournament, he helped lead the Bulldogs to an upset victory over Baylor in the first round before falling to Duke in the second round.

Professional career
Sears signed with Gießen 46ers in June 2016. On July 12, 2017, Sears signed with MHP Riesen Ludwigsburg of the German Basketball Bundesliga for the 2017–18 season. On November 28, 2018 Sears signed with EWE Baskets Oldenburg. He averaged 5.9 points and 3.1 rebounds per game during the 2019–20 season. On July 26, 2020, Sears parted ways with the team.

On August 14, 2020, Sears signed with s.Oliver Würzburg.

Great Britain national team
Sears played for the British national team.

Personal life
Sears attended high school at The Academy For Information Technology in Scotch Plains, New Jersey. With the Plainfield High School basketball team, he was known to read books and do his homework in the locker room. He often prioritized his academics over his athletics, despite receiving offers from several NCAA Division I colleges. While finding a college, Sears tried to find a school that stood out both academically and in its athletics programs, with a professional basketball career being uncertain. In order for Justin to attend Yale University, the Sears family had to pay about $54,000 per year. At Yale, Sears has taken environmental politics and law classes. As of March 2016, his major is undeclared, although he has previously shown interest in economics.

References

External links
German League profile
Yale Bulldogs bio

1994 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Germany
American men's basketball players
British expatriate basketball people in Germany
British men's basketball players
Centers (basketball)
EWE Baskets Oldenburg players
Giessen 46ers players
Riesen Ludwigsburg players
Würzburg Baskets players
Plainfield High School (New Jersey) alumni
Power forwards (basketball)
Sportspeople from Plainfield, New Jersey
Basketball players from Union County, New Jersey
Yale Bulldogs men's basketball players

Justin Sears


Marguerite of Burgundy (referred to as Anne by some sources; 1192–1243), was Countess of Savoy from 1233 until her death by marriage to Amadeus IV, Count of Savoy. She was the youngest daughter of Hugh III, Duke of Burgundy, and his second wife, Béatrice of Albon.

Life
Around 1217, she married Amadeus IV, Count of Savoy. As dowry, she brought Miribel castle, Ornacieux castle, and other properties in Viennois territory.  The marriage was agreed to as part of a treaty between the families, including terms not to acquire further territories within each other's dominions.  She and her new husband were also designated as heirs for her brother Guigues VI of Viennois after any children of his.  However, this peace between the families did not last long, with conflict resuming by 1228.

She also personally inherited some money upon the death of her mother.  The 1267 will of her nephew Guigues VII of Viennois confirmed donations of property which she had made.

Note that some scholars are unclear on Marguerite's given name. A book about the house of Savoy at this time mentions the debate regarding her name, but finds a source which Cox finds settles the debate.

Issue
Marguerite and Amadeus had two daughters:
 Beatrice of Savoy (d. 1258), married firstly in 1233 to Manfred III of Saluzzo (d. 1244), married secondly on April 21, 1247, to Manfred of Sicily
 Margaret of Savoy (d. 1254), married firstly on December 9, 1235, to Boniface II of Montferrat, married secondly to Aymar III, Count of Valentinois

Notes

References

1192 births
1243 deaths
Countesses of Savoy

Margaret of Burgundy, Countess of Savoy


The Comité d'Information et de Liaison pour l'Archéologie, l'Étude et la Mise en Valeur du Patrimoine Industriel (CILAC) is a French non-profit organisation. Its aims are to assist the work of associations, learned societies and museums interested in the conservation and protection of the world's industrial heritage and to act as a lobby group in respect of issues which are important to its members.

The CILAC edits the journal L'Archéologie industrielle and an electronic newsletter.

External links
 Official Website

Industrial archaeology
Archaeological organizations

CILAC


Nihonkai daikaisen (日本海大海戦, Battle of the Japan Sea) is a 1969 Japanese war drama film directed by Seiji Maruyama and produced by Tomoyuki Tanaka. Set between 1904 and 1905, Japan and
Russia clash in what comes to be known as the Russo-Japanese War. An attempt by the Japanese fleet and army to take Port Arthur fails, and a Russian fleet bears down on the Sea of Japan.

Veteran screenwriter Toshio Yasumi wrote the script and Seiji Maruyama (who had filmed Rengo kantai shirei chôkan: Yamamoto Isoroku in 1968) directed the film. Special effects director Eiji Tsuburaya of "Destroy All Monsters" worked on the set and Hiroshi Murai of "Nikudan" was in charge of filming the scenes.

The concurrent screening work is "Konto 55-Gō jinrui no dai jakuten", directed by Jun Fukuda.

Overview
It is said to be the third work in the "Toho 8/15 series", but unlike the two previous war films, this one take place during the Russo-Japanese War. From the beginning of the war, to General Nogi Maresuke's troops attack Port Arthur, and the combined fleet led by Admiral Togo Heihachiro at the Battle of Tsushima to defeats the Baltic Fleet led by Vice Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky.

Special Effects
This work was the last film in which Eiji Tsuburaya participated it as special effects director. The ship miniature mobilized 60 art designers and 107 ships were prepared for the movie.

In addition, the miniature of the battleship Mikasa was made up to 13 meters.

In the naval battle scene, considering that the power of the bullets is weaker at the time of the Russo-Japanese War than during the Pacific War, the water column is expressed by freon gas.

Plot
During the late 19th century, the Qing dynasty continued to desinegreated in turmoil due to corruption, peasant unrest, ruler incompetence, and population growth which led to food shortages and regular famine. In 1900 during the Boxer Rebellion, the Eight Nation Alliance (Britain, United States, Germany, France, Russia, Japan, Italy and Austria-Hungary) joined forces together to occupied many ports and cities in China. However, only Russia kept its troops in Manchuria and setting up their railway line which caused tensions with Japan over the sphere of influence.

At the Imperial Conferences meeting with Emperor Meiji, they sent an ultimatum to recognize Russian dominance in Manchuria in exchange for recognition of Korea being within the Japanese sphere of influence.Finally, diplomatic relations between two countries began to get even hostility. Togo Heihachiro, Admiral of the Fleet in the Imperial Japanese Navy, was eyeing on Lushunkou (aka Port Arthur) and the movement of the Russian Pacific Fleet in Vladivostok, and devised a secret plan. Then, he got reports that Captain Takeo Hirose, commanded the old cargo vessel Fukui Maru and several ships, was spotted by the Russian fleet squadron and was hit, destroying the ship and killing Hirose. Many officers and sailors managed to escape from the Battle of Port Arthur. War was declared after the first naval battle. The Japanese Navy won its first battle against the Russians.

In the meantime, Japanese troops deployed from Korea to Manchuria. The First Army under General Kuroki Tamemoto landed on Incheon to occupied Seoul and began marching north to meet the Russian army at the Yalu River. After defeating them, the Third Army led by General Nogi Maresuke march on to Port Arthur and began the siege. However, the Russian Navy was unable to relived the siege after they were defeated again by the Japanese squadron at Chemulpo Bay. On October 20, the Baltic Fleet left the port of Rabaul.

Togo decided that the enemy ships would appear in the Sea of Japan and dragged the combined fleet inland. On New Year's Day, five months after the attack began, General Nogi planned an attack on 203 Hill, trying to captured the fortress. However, the commander of Port Arthur Anatoly Stessel managed to hold off the attack by setting up machine guns, artillery positions, land mines, and searchlights. The Japanese would continued to attack the fortress until the defense commander Roman Kondratenko was killed by an artillery shells and Stessel had no choice but to surrendered the fortress to General Nogi.

Around this time, Akashi Motojiro, an intelligence officer in Stockholm (Sweden), learned that the route of the Baltic Fleet would be determined by Russian Vice Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky. But on the way, they attack a On May 20, the surveillance ship Shinano Maru discovered the Baltic Fleet headed off to the Goto Islands. Seven days later, Admiral Togo, who hoisted the Z flag on board the flagship Mikasa, took an intrepid tactic that took a big turn in front of the Russians and tightened the enemy's front. A fierce battle at Tsushima brought a great victory to the Japanese fleet. People of Japan who are excited about victory and the Russians are forced to surrendered in the Treaty of Portsmouth on September 5, 1905. This result Russia turn into a bloody revolution by mass demonstrations over the defeat and labor dispute.  However, Togo could not forget the true "fear of battle" by winning the war.

Staff

 Producer: Tomoyuki Tanaka
 Director: Seiji Maruyama
 Special Effects: Eiji Tsuburaya (special effects director), Noriyoshi Inoue (special effects art director), Yôichi Manoda (special effects cinematographer), Hiroshi Mukoyama (matte compositions), Fumio Nakadai (wire manipulator), Teruyoshi Nakano (special effects assistant), Yoshiyuki Norimasa (matte process photography), Motoyoshi Tomioka  (special effects cinematographer)  (credited as Sokei Tomioka)
 Screenwriter: Toshio Yasumi
 Cinematographer: Hiroshi Murai
 Composer: Masaru Sato
 Sound Department: Minoru Kaneyama (sound effects editor), Noboru Yoshioka (sound recordist)
 Camera and Electrical Department: Toshio Takashima (lighting technician), Iwao Yamazaki (still photographer)
 Production Designer: Takeo Kita

Cast

 Toshiro Mifune as Tōgō Heihachirō (Commander-in-Chief of the Combined Fleet)
 Yūzō Kayama as Major Takeo Hirose
 Tatsuya Nakadai as Colonel Akashi Motojiro
 Toshio Kurosawa as First Class Soldier Miyoshi Maeyama
 Ban Kojika as Magoshichi Sugino
 Keiji Higashiyama as Mr. Fujimoto
 Akira Kubo as Kikuisami Matsui (based on Kikuisami Matsumura)
 Makoto Satō as Chief of Artillery Kiyokazu Abo
 Susumu Fujita as Admiral Kamimura Hikonojō
 Akihiko Hirata as Staff Officer Koreshige Tsunoda
 Yoshio Tsuchiya as Staff Officer Akiyama Saneyuki
 Jun Funato as Staff Officer Kumaji Yamaoka
 Kenji Sahara as Deputy Director of Shinano Maru, Hikosaburo Maruhashi
 Yoshifumi Tajima as Colonel Hikojirō Ijichi
 Hiroshi Koizumi as Ministry of Foreign Affairs Shin'ichirō Kurino
 Jun Tazaki as Shimaji Hashiguchi (Miyakojima islander)
 Eijiro Yanagi as Itō Hirobumi
 Takeshi Katō as Chief of Staff Katō Tomosaburō
 Toru Abe as Lieutenant Colonel Genjiro Suji  (1st Regiment of Konoe Infantry)
 Masao Shimizu as Director the Navy Totsuka Tamaki
 Gen Shimizu as Colonel Akira Narukawa
 Ryuji Kita as Admiral Kataoka Shichirō
 Kanta Mori as Chief of Staff Ijichi Kōsuke
 Gen Takamori as Major Nagata Yasujirō
 Haruo Nakajima as Staff of the First Fleet (uncredited)
 Seiji Matsuyama as Matsu (Miyakojima youth)
 Shin Tatsuoka as Minister for Foreign Affairs of Japan Inoue Kaoru
 Takamaru Sasaki as Advisor Kuki Ryūichi
 Kiyoshi Kodama as Captain Yamamoto Shinjiro
 Yoshio Inaba as Chief of Staff Shimamura Hayao
 Ken Mitsuda as President of the Japanese Privy Council Yamagata Aritomo
 Kose Itaru as Lieutenant Colonel Kariba Umi
 Jun'ichirô Mukai, Naoya Kusakawa as Staffs of the 1st Fleet
 Shigeo Katô as Public speaker, Miyakojima residents (uncredited)
 Akio Kusama as Minister, Resident who sees off the Hitachi Maru (uncredited)
 Yasuo Araki as Major Yamagata
 Toyohiko Sata as Fisherman Hayafune
 Kōji Iwamoto as Hitachi Maru officer
 Kazuo Suzuki as Miyakojima fisherman
 Chôtarô Tôgin as Ship gunner
 Seishirō Kuno as Lieutenant Tsukamoto
 Kenzaburô Ôsawa as Artillery gunner
 Ken Echigo (Mikasa staff officer)
 Yutaka Oka as Commander of the Shiroda Sukitai (White Coat) team
 Yōko Yano as Matsu's wife
 Noriko Honma as Old woman at a candy store
 Ted Gunther as Shriax
 Jacob Japiro as Informant
 Harold Conway as Captain John Campbell
 Osman Yusuf as Russian naval officer
 Peter Williams as Commander Nikolai Nebogatov
 Andrew Hughes as Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky (General Commander of Baltic Fleet)
 Hans Horneff as Admiral Nikolai Kolomeitsev
 Robert Dunham as Aide to Admiral Alekseyev (uncredited)
 Ralph Jesser as Staff Officer of the Baltic Fleet
 Ryutaro Tatsumi as Minister of Navy Yamamoto Gonnohyōe
 Mitsuko Kusabue as Kaeda Tetsu
 Chishū Ryū as Nogi Maresuke
 Matsumoto Hakuō I as Emperor Meiji
 Masaaki Yajima as Narrator * Non-credit

Video software
The DVD version of the film was released by Toho Video on June 21, 2001.

Battle of the Japan Sea (movie)


Emecé Editores is an Argentine publishing house, a subsidiary of Grupo Planeta.  Its catalogue contains books on history, politics, economics, art, religion, anthropology, biography, memoirs, children's literature, humor, cooking, popular science, self-help and popular psychology, and the complete works of various authors.

History
The company was founded in 1939 by Mariano Medina del Río, shortly after his arrival from Spain, with the literary collaboration of Álvaro de las Casas, and the support of Medina's former classmate Carlos Braun Menéndez. Emecé's name is derived from the first letters of some of the founders' names (specifically, Mariano, Carlos, Medina, and Casas). In Spanish, M is pronounced "eme" and C "ce".

During its early years, the company specialized in books about the region of Galicia, some written in the region's native language. In the subsequent decade, the company established its flagship series, "The Emecé Library of Universal Works" (La Biblioteca Emecé de Obras Universales). To this day, Emecé precedes its works with an epigram from Miguel de Cervantes, to whom the series is dedicated: that books "are honest entertainment, delight with their language, and amaze and suspend [disbelief] with their invention." (Spanish: "Sean de honesto entretenimiento, deleiten con el lenguaje y admiren y suspendan con la invención.")

Of the thousands of authors published by Emecé during the six decades of its existence, two names stand out—Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, creator and illustrator of The Little Prince, the most popular book published by Emecé; and Jorge Luis Borges, arguably the most important Argentine author of the 20th century, whose work was edited and published by Emecé for forty-five years.

A group of distinguished collaborators edited several distinct collections at once. Eduardo Mallea created The Navy, The Chimera, and Great Essayists (El Navío, La Quimera y Grandes Ensayistas). Inspired by Borges and Adolfo Bioy Casares, Emecé created The Seventh Circle (El Séptimo Círculo), a collection of detective fiction which has grown to include 350 titles, including the major works of Raymond Chandler, James M. Cain, and James Hadley Chase.

Where possible, Emecé has attempted to include major works of artistic and cultural interest, ranging from Toynbee, Malraux, Matisse, Kandinsky, Francastel, and Huyghe to deluxe editions of Don Quixote. The house is known for its detailed coverage of Argentine topics, including Martín Fierro, the works of Bonifacio del Carril (in particular his Monumenta Iconográfica), records of Argentina's Pre-Columbian inhabitants (such as the Inca and Diaguita), and the history of the gaucho.

In 1948, beginning with the publication of The Ides of March by Thornton Wilder and The Stranger by Albert Camus, Emecé established its "Great Novelists" collection, which continues to this day. Many celebrated writers, including Franz Kafka, William Faulkner, Alberto Moravia, François Mauriac, Camilo José Cela, Ernest Hemingway, Graham Greene, Vladimir Nabokov, Saul Bellow, Jorge Amado, Norman Mailer, Ray Bradbury, have been included in the collection. It has since widened its scope to include writers of popular fiction, such as Arthur Hailey, Erich Segal, Frederick Forsyth, Colleen McCullough, Stephen King, John le Carré, Leon Uris, Tom Clancy, Ken Follett, Arthur C. Clarke, Judith Krantz, Mary Higgins Clark, Scott Turow, Dean Koontz, Michael Crichton, Wilbur Smith, and Sidney Sheldon.

However, Emecé does not confine itself to works of fiction. It has published Papillon by Henri Charrière, Roots by Alex Haley, The Road Less Traveled by M. Scott Peck, as well as the works of Leo Buscaglia and Jaime Barylko.

Emecé is one of the largest publishers in Argentina.

In 1989, Emecé opened a publisher in Barcelona, Spain. In 2000, Emecé Spain bought itself out and was renamed Ediciones Salamandra. In May 2019, Salamandra was acquired by Penguin Random House.

Imprints
Emece publishes books under the following collections:
Biblioteca Jorge Luis Borges
Biblioteca Adolfo Bioy Casares
Grandes Novelistas
Grandes Ensayistas
Biblioteca Breve
Formentor (Seix Barral)
Cruz del Sur
Lingua Franca

Emecé Award
In 1954, the "Emecé Literary Prize" (: Premio Emecé Argentina) was created, and was the competition of its kind to be established in Argentina. To this day it remains a means for new authors to gain recognition. Quite a few literary figures achieved success as a result of winning the prize, including Beatriz Guido, Dalmiro Saenz, Griselda Gambaro, María Esther de Miguel, María Granata, and Angélica Gorodischer. They, along with Bioy Casares, Ernesto Sabato, Eduardo Gudiño Kieffer, Isidoro Blaisten, Abelardo Castillo, Abel Posse, César Aira, and Margarita Aguirre, number among more than three hundred Argentine writers in the Emecé catalogue.

References

External links
 Emecé Editores in the Ibero-American Institute (Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation) catalogue, Berlin
 Emece catalogue, at Planeta Libros site (accessed 2016-09-24)

Book publishing companies of Argentina
Publishing companies established in 1939
1939 establishments in Argentina
Companies based in Buenos Aires
Planeta Group

Emecé Editores


Cay were a London-based alternative rock band (containing members from the Netherlands, Sweden, England and Northern Ireland) who were active in the late 1990s. The band released one album and recorded several radio sessions for the BBC.

History
Cay formed in Camden Town, London in the mid-1990s around the nucleus of Dutch singer/rhythm guitarist Anet Mook and Swedish guitarist/pianist Nicky Olofsson, who were musical and romantic partners. The lineup solidified with the addition of London bass guitarist Tom Harrison and Northern Irish drummer Mark Bullock. The band name was hastily improvised from the initials of one of their demo tracks ("Cool As You") when Mook was talking to a record company.

Cay drew on a variety of influences, predominantly "punky, grungy" material such as Nirvana, Sonic Youth and The Sex Pistols (which, in tandem with Mook's hoarse and lacerating vocals, brought them comparisons to Hole which they ultimately found unwelcome). However, the band would also cite more diverse influences (such as Robert Fripp, or Mook's childhood love of diva singers including Diana Ross, Barbra Streisand and Billie Holiday). The band's approach was often more technically exploratory than many of their peers, leading to further comparisons with bands such as Gang of Four and Nomeansno.

Cay's first release was the Better Than Myself EP, released on Org Records in 1998, with the band's first Peel Session for BBC Radio 1 being broadcast on 20 September. The single and session (and the band's appearance at that year's in the City music festival in Manchester) attracted the attention of various record labels including EastWest Records, who signed the band. Two further singles followed on EastWest in early 1999 - "Neurons Like Brandy" and "Princes & Princesses" – with the band gaining further press attention. NME reviewed a London gig in January commenting that "Cay are simply following in that great Camden tradition of stealing what's best from America and coating it in north London grime."

Cay's debut (and only) album, Nature Creates Freaks was released in July 1999. Reviews were favourable, with the band being compared to the likes of Sonic Youth, Robert Fripp and The Breeders and the NME commenting "this is the album (which Hole's) Celebrity Skin should have been. It's the most genuinely angry album you'll hear this year," as well as describing the band's sound as being "like the devil's own daughter gargling razor blades over the rawest hardcore." The album was followed by a third EastWest single, also called "Nature Creates Freaks". On 3 June 1999, the band recorded its second Peel Session (this time in the  "Nearly Live" sequence) at the Queen Elizabeth Hall as part of the Sound City events. The band also won the Best British Newcomer award at the 1999 Kerrang! Awards.

Despite Cay's early promise, the band had by now become dogged by substance abuse and infighting which ultimately disrupted their activities and career to such an extent that by the following year the band had been dropped by both their label and their management. In April 2000, both Bullock and Harrison left the band.

Mook and Olofsson recruited a new rhythm section for Cay (Chris Hall on drums and Ed Sonsino on bass guitar) and returned to Org Records, who issued their final single "Resurrexit". The single received airplay on Radio 1 and the band played at the Glastonbury festival on 23 June (with their performance being recorded for a third Peel Session, broadcast the following day), followed by an appearance at Guildford Live Festival in July. However, the band's internal problems remained unresolved. After a final Peel Session recording on 22 November 2000 (broadcast on 5 December) featuring four new songs – "Sun Through the Rain", "Flying Fools Through Icy Attitudes", "FUNY (A Celebration of New York)" and "Part of the Show" - Cay simply disappeared.

There was no formal notification of a split and the Cay songs unveiled in the final Peel Session were never released. The band's former drummer Mark Bullock would go on to play on Feeder's Australian tour in 2000 (he would also play on the band's Top of the Pops performance of the "Just A Day" single in late 2001). Despite ongoing curiosity about the whereabouts of Anet Mook and Nicky Olofsson, or news of subsequent musical projects, further news on either was rare (or insubstantial) over the course of the following decade.

On 15 June 2011, Org Records founder Sean Organ announced on his Organart site that he had been informed in an e-mail from Mark Bullock of Anet Mook's death. Mook had been struck by a moving vehicle in the Netherlands. On 16 June 2011, Mark Bullock confirmed in his blog, "Sink of Swirling Stars", that Mook had died the previous week, adding that she had struggled with drug addiction for many years. Bullock later clarified the cause of Mook's death by stating that she was struck by a train and was sober and of sound mind at the time. Her funeral was held on the day of Bullock's posting.

Discography

Singles
Better Than Myself EP (1998) Org Records
"Neurons Like Brandy" (1999) EastWest
"Princes & Princesses" (1999) EastWest
"Nature Creates Freaks" (1999) EastWest
"Resurrexit" (2000) Org Records

Albums
Nature Creates Freaks (1999) EastWest

References

English alternative rock groups
Kerrang! Awards winners

Cay (band)


Samuel Mayorga Garza Jr. (born July 10, 1965) is a former American football quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) for the St. Louis Cardinals. He also was a member of the  Winnipeg Blue Bombers and Ottawa Rough Riders in the Canadian Football League (CFL). He played college football at UTEP.

Early years
Garza attended Harlingen High School. As a senior, he posted 85-of-160 completions (56 percent) for 1,650 yards, 17 touchdowns and 4 interceptions. He was a two-time All-district 32-5A selection. He led his teams to a 30-10 record during his career, but never had a chance to participate in the playoffs because only one team could qualify at the time.

He was a two-time All-district selection in basketball. As a senior, he received All-district honors at baseball and was the district long jump champion.

College career
Garza accepted a football scholarship from UTEP. As a freshman, he was named the starter at quarterback until, suffering a dislocated right shoulder in the sixth game against the University of Hawaii. He registered 39-of-66 completions for 437 yards, 4 touchdowns and 6 interceptions.

He regained the starter position at quarterback as a sophomore, passing for 899 yards, 4 touchdowns and 10 interceptions. As a sophomore, he compiled 1,654 yards, 6 touchdowns and 12 interceptions. As a senior, he had a record setting season, posting 258 completions, 62.9% completion percentage, 3,140 passing yards, 21 touchdowns and 19 interceptions.

He finished his college career as one of the most prolific passers in school history, ranking first in completions (483) and completion percentage (59.1%). He ranked second in attempts (817), passing yards (6,130) and touchdown passes (35).

Professional career
After being selected by the Seattle Seahawks in the eighth round (216th overall) of the 1987 NFL Draft. He was waived on September 1, 1987.

After the NFLPA strike was declared on the third week of the 1987 season, those contests were canceled (reducing the 16 game season to 15) and the NFL decided that the games would be played with replacement players. In September, Garza was signed to be a part of the St. Louis Cardinals replacement team. He started one contest during the replacement games and remained on the roster as a backup after the strike ended. On August 23, 1988, he was released before the start of the season, after being passed on the depth chart by rookie Tom Tupa.

In 1991, he was drafted in the second round by the Frankfurt Galaxy of the World League of American Football.

The brightest spot in Garza's career came in 1993, when he replaced an injured Matt Dunigan in Week 17 of the season. He led the Winnipeg Blue Bombers to a 20-19 victory over the Hamilton Tiger-Cats in the Eastern Final. Garza's success was short lived, as the team lost the Grey Cup 33-23 to the Edmonton Eskimos.

Garza tore his ACL early in the 1994 season in Winnipeg, and spent the next 8 months recovering from that injury. In July 1995, he was traded to the Ottawa Rough Riders along with offensive lineman David Black, in exchange for quarterback Shawn Moore. Even though he spent his time splitting the quarterback duties with Danny Barrett, he still managed to finish the season with 2,954 passing yards and 13 touchdowns. On May 25, 1996, he was signed by the Ottawa Rough Riders, but was released before the start of the season.

Personal life
In 1996, he joined the UTEP coaching staff as a defensive graduate assistant. In 1997, he was promoted to wide receivers coach. In 1998, he was hired as the wide receivers coach for Saskatchewan Roughriders. In 1999, he was promoted to quarterbacks/receivers coach.

In 2000, he returned to UTEP as the quarterbacks coach. He was let go with the entire UTEP staff after the 2003 season. In 2004, he joined the Saskatchewan Roughriders as the quarterbacks and running backs coach.

In 2005, he was hired as a pro scout by the Dallas Cowboys. In 2008, he moved to the College Scouting Department, serving as the southwest area scout (2008-2009), west coast scout (2010-2011) and back to southwest scout in 2012. He works with his brother in law Mike Murphy, son of Canadian Football Hall of Famer Cal Murphy.

References

1965 births
Living people
American players of Canadian football
National Football League replacement players
American football quarterbacks
UTEP Miners football players
UTEP Miners football coaches
Saskatchewan Roughriders coaches
Seattle Seahawks players
Phoenix Cardinals players
Players of American football from Texas
Winnipeg Blue Bombers players
Ottawa Rough Riders players
Frankfurt Galaxy players
St. Louis Cardinals (football) players
Canadian football quarterbacks
Dallas Cowboys scouts

Sammy Garza


Walter Weldon FRS FRSE (31 October 183220 September 1885) was a 19th-century English industrial chemist and journalist. He was President of the Society of Chemical Industry from 1883-84.

Life
He was born in Loughborough on 31 October 1832, the son of Reuben Weldon and his wife, Esther Fowke.

Weldon was brother to Ernest James Weldon, founder of Weldon & Wilkinson Ltd.

In 1854 he began work as a journalist in London with The Dial (which was afterwards incorporated in The Morning Star), and in 1860 he started a monthly magazine, Weldon's Register of Facts and Occurrences relating to Literature, the Sciences and the Arts, which was later discontinued. In the 1860s he turned to industrial chemistry, described below. However, he is remembered for his pattern work.

His publications in the late 1800s were through Weldon & Company, a pattern company who produced hundreds of patterns and projects for numerous types of Victorian needlework. Around 1888, the company began to publish a series of books entitled Weldon's Practical Needlework, each volume consisting of the various newsletters (one year of publications) bound together with a cloth cover and costing 2s. 6d. Weldon's Ladies' Journal (1875–1954) supplied dressmaking patterns, and was a blueprint for subsequent 'home weeklies'.

In 1877 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Alexander Crum Brown, Sir James Dewar, John Hutton Balfour and Sir Andrew Douglas Maclagan. In 1882 he was further elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London.

Weldon was interested in parapsychology, and was a spiritualist and a member of the Society for Psychical Research.

Family

Weldon married Anne Cotton in 1854. Their second son was Walter Frank Raphael Weldon, an English evolutionary zoologist and biometrician.

Chemistry

Weldon was a successful chemist and developed the Weldon process to produce chlorine by boiling hydrochloric acid with manganese dioxide. MnO2 was expensive, and Weldon created a process for its recycling by treating the manganese chloride produced with milk of lime and blowing air through the mixture to form a precipitate known as Weldon mud which was used to generate more chlorine. Manganese dioxide reacts with hydrochloric acid to form chlorine and Manganese chloride:

This was put into operation about 1869, and by 1875 it was being used by almost every chlorine manufacturer throughout Europe. He continued to work at the production of chlorine in connection with the processes of creating various sodium salts and became a leading authority on the subject. None of his later proposals met with equal success.

Bibliography
Weldon's Practical Needlework
Volume 1 - practical knitting, patchwork & crochet, stitches explained.
Volume 2 - stocking knitter, cross-stitch embroidery, crewel work, bazaar articles, knitting, crochet, smocking, appliqué work, netting, lace, crochet edgings, knitting edgings.
Volume 3 - lace shawls, crocheted evening bags using macramé cord (corday).
Volume 4 - knitting, crochet, Mountmellick embroidery, smocking, tatting, decorative needlework, beadwork, macramé lace.
Volume 5- knitting, Mountmellick, crochet, drawn thread work, netting.
Volume 6 - crochet, knitting, ivory embroidery, canvas embroidery, jewelled embroidery, patchwork, linen embroidery, Mountmellick embroidery, macramé lace
Volume 7 - crinkled paper work, knick-knacks, ivory embroidery, knitting, crochet, church embroidery, Mountmellick embroidery, Japanese curtain work.
Volume 8 - crochet, Hungarian embroidery, church decorations, crinkled paper work, Mountmellick embroidery, knitting, Bulgarian embroidery.
Volume 9 - plain needlework, stock knitting, Mountmellick embroidery, crinkled and crepe tissue paper work, knitting, monograms & initials.
Volume 10 - appliqué embroidery, crochet, knitting, leather work, pincushions, point lace, ribbon plaiting.
Volume 11 - bent iron work, crochet, knitting, macramé & bead work, point lace, stocking knitter, torchon lace.
Volume 12 - crochet & knitted waistcoats, drawn thread work, knitting, Mountmellick embroidery, smocking, stocking knitter.

References

1832 births
1885 deaths
19th-century British journalists
19th-century male writers
English chemists
English male journalists
English spiritualists
Fellows of the Royal Society
British parapsychologists

Walter Weldon


Tamás Lossonczy (12 August 1904 – 3 November 2009) was a Hungarian abstract painter. He is considered by many critics to be one of the leading figures of modern art in Hungary of the 20th century.

After graduation from secondary school, Lossonczy began law studies, but soon afterward took an entrance examination to the Hungarian Academy of Fine Arts and was accepted. During the 1920s, he traveled frequently to Paris, where he befriended several prominent artists of the period. Upon his return to Hungary, he studied interior design at the Hungarian Academy of Applied Arts, where his interests temporarily shifted from painting to architecture.

In 1934, Lossonczy became a member of the Group of Socialist Artists. In 1938, he married Ibolya, a fellow art student. The couple exhibited many of their artworks in their home, but these pieces were destroyed when the house was bombed toward the end of World War II. Lossonczy was a member of the European School, the Avant-garde Artists of the Danube Valley, and the Hungarian Group of Concrete Art. From 1957 to 1968, he taught drawing at an industrial school in Budapest. In 1970, he had a small solo show at the Adolf Fényes Gallery, and in 1979 an exhibition of his work was held at Kunsthalle Budapest.

Lossonczy is a founding member of the Széchenyi Academy of Letters and Arts, established by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1992. Among his best known works is his large-scale mosaic at the EUR-Magliana metro station in Rome, Italy, which was inaugurated in 1998. Another work, Great Storm Cleanses, is in remembrance of the 1956 Hungarian revolution.

Personal life
In 1994 he received the Kossuth Prize. After the death of his first wife, Lossonczy remarried. In 2003, his second wife, Éda Pál, opened the Paris Blue Salon in Budapest, a gallery devoted to his paintings. He died in 2009, aged 105.

External links
Listing from Fine Arts in Hungary Web Site
Listing from Museum.Hu

1904 births
2009 deaths
Hungarian centenarians
Artists from Budapest
20th-century Hungarian painters
Hungarian male painters
Men centenarians
20th-century Hungarian male artists

Tamás Lossonczy