Pius of Saint Aloysius (born Luigi Campidelli, 29 April 1868 – 2 November 1889) was an Italian Roman Catholic professed cleric from the Passionists. He died before he could receive his ordination to the priesthood but in his short life managed to captivate people around him for his strong dedication to his order's charism and his deep faith.

His beatification was celebrated on 17 November 1985.

Life
Luigi Campidelli was born to an impoverished farmers on 29 April 1868 as the fourth of six children to Giuseppe Campidelli and Filomena Belpani; a sister was Teresa. He was baptized as "Luigi Nazreno Francesco". His parents nicknamed him "Gigino". His father caught typhoid in 1874 and soon died which left his widow and children destitute while an uncle came to their aid to help manage their farm.

He received his Confirmation on 9 February 1873 from the Bishop of Rimini Luigi Poggi and in 1875 enrolled in the private school at Trebbio di Poggio Berni before making his First Communion in 1878. In his schooling he was admired as a good student and devout child and in his teens became more active in the life of his local parish. He was known throughout the neighborhood as a good child who was pious and sincere with an unwavering allegiance to Pope Pius IX who he felt was going through terrible trials due to the loss of the Papal States in 1870. He also taught other children catechism. He encountered the Passionists in 1880 and knew at once that he wanted to join them.

From this time on he was a frequent visitor to the Santuario della Madonna di Casale and was soon invited to enter their novitiate on 2 May 1882 when he entered. On 27 May 1883 he was clothed in the Passionist habit and he also received the religious name of "Pius of Saint Aloysius" while beginning the novitiate period. His novitiate was transferred to Viterbo in January 1883 where he continued his theological and philosophical studies at the Sant'Eutizio convent though left later that July back to where he was before. On 30 April 1884 he made his vows and then received the minor orders at the Sant'Eutizio convent in Viterbo. He was struck down with tuberculosis in 1889 before he could be ordained to the priesthood and had suffered from its first signs in 1888. He received the tonsure on 17 December 1887.

He died on 2 November 1889 at 10:30pm and had offered his life for his troubled home region of Romagna. His remains were buried in San Vito di Romagna and then on 6 May 1923 were moved to the Santuario della Madonna di Casale. His remains were exhumed on 17 June 1985 for canonical inspection as part of the beatification process and were found to be in a state of good preservation.

Beatification
The beatification process opened in the Rimini diocese in 1924 in an informative process that concluded in 1928. Pius's spiritual writings were deemed to be appropriate and therefore approved on 17 July 1928; the formal introduction to the cause came later under Pope Pius XI on 5 January 1938 and he became titled as a Servant of God. An apostolic process was later held in Rimini from 1939 until 1941. The two processes received validation in Rome from the Congregation for Rites on 13 April 1945. The Congregation for the Causes of Saints and their consultants approved the cause on 4 May 1982 as did the C.C.S. alone later on 26 January 1983. The recognition of the late cleric's heroic virtue allowed for Pope John Paul II to title him as Venerable on 21 March 1983.

The informative process for the miracle for beatification - the healing of the nun Maria Foschi - opened in the Italian diocese of origin on 4 July 1940 and closed later on 4 September 1941 before receiving C.O.R. validation on 13 April 1945. Medical experts approved the sister's healing was a miracle on 6 December 1984 as did theologians on 11 April 1985 and the C.C.S. on 21 May 1985. John Paul II approved this miracle on 6 July 1985 and beatified the Passionist cleric on 17 November 1985.

The current postulator for this cause is the Passionist priest Giovanni Zubiani.

References

External links
 Hagiography Circle
 Saints SQPN

1868 births
1889 deaths
19th-century venerated Christians
19th-century Italian people
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Beatifications by Pope John Paul II
Italian beatified people
Passionists
People from Rimini
Venerated Catholics by Pope John Paul II
Tuberculosis deaths in Italy
Infectious disease deaths in Emilia-Romagna

Pius of Saint Aloysius


(, "southern land" or "southern territories") is a historical political term referring to varying areas in the southern part of what was the Kingdom of Hungary. In present-day usage, it often refers to the Vojvodina region of Serbia.

In the Middle Ages, like the names Alvidék ("lower land") and Végvidék ("borderland"),  referred to the Hungarian counties (Verőce, Pozsega, Szerém, Bács, Torontál, Temes, Keve) and vassal banates (Macsó, Ózora, Só, Szörény) beyond the Danube and the Sava.

By the 18th and 19th centuries,  referred only to Bácska and Banat. After the 1920 dismemberment of Hungary, the meaning was further narrowed to only those areas of the former Kingdom of Hungary attached to the newly formed Yugoslav state. In the Second World War, the Yugoslav areas occupied and annexed by Hungary (Bačka, part of Baranja, Međimurje, and Prekmurje) were in some Hungarian sources called "az anyaországhoz visszatért délvidéki területek" ("the southern territories returned to the motherland"). Banat, divided between Romania and German-occupied Serbia was no longer considered part of the concept.

In contemporary usage,  has several uses. It can refer to the imprecisely defined area of Serbia's northern Pannonian Basin including Vojvodina, the Belgrade region, and the Mačva plain as well as eastern Croatia (Baranja and western Syrmia). Sometimes the term is used (especially by irredentist) in the narrow sense of Vojvodina, although it has largely been replaced by Vajdaság, the Hungarian name for Vojvodina. " Hungarians" (délvidéki magyarok) can refer to Hungarians in Vojvodina or, in a larger sense, to both the Vojvodina Hungarians and Hungarians of Croatia.

See also
Greater Hungary
Upper Hungary
Lower Hungary
Délvidék football team

References

Historical regions in Croatia
Historical regions in Hungary
Historical regions in Serbia
Historical regions in Romania
Medieval history of Vojvodina
Vojvodina under Habsburg rule

Délvidék


Systole is the last stage of a heart beat. It happens right after diastole, when the heart refills with blood. During systole, the heart's two ventricles contract (squeeze).  (The ventricles are the largest parts of the heart, which pump blood to the body and lungs.)

During systole, the heart muscle gets an automatic electrical signal that tells the heart to contract (squeeze). This makes the blood flow out of the heart.

Phases
Above the ventricles are smaller chambers (sections) of the heart called atria. They contract (squeeze) during the last part of diastole, and send blood down to the larger, lower ventricles. The atria have valves that close after this so blood cannot flow backward into the atria.

When the ventricles are filled and the valves to the atria are closed, the ventricles contract. So, the atria and ventricles contract in sequence. The left and right atria feed blood into the ventricles. Then, the left and right ventricles contract.

The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, and the left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body.  This is why we have a pulse.

Systolic pressure
Because the heart muscle contracts during systole, "systolic pressure" is the highest pressure in the arterial blood stream during each heart beat. (Blood causes the most pressure against the walls of the arteries when it is being pushed out during systole). The lowest arterial pressure happens when the heart muscle relaxes, and is called "diastolic pressure".

When blood pressure is measured for medical purposes, systolic pressure is the first number in the "ratio" of systolic to diastolic pressure.  For example, if a person's blood pressure is 120/80, 120 is the systolic pressure, and 80 is the diastolic pressure.

Related pages
 Diastole
 Blood pressure
 Heart
 Circulatory system

References

Other websites

Blood pressure
Cardiology
Anatomy of the cardiovascular system

Systole


Matthias Candler (24 February 1605 – 6 December 1663), also known as Matthias Gillet, was an English Church of England clergyman, topographer and antiquarian. He compiled an extensive survey of Suffolk and its families in the 1650s.

Biography
Candler was the son of William Gillet or Candler (c.1580–1612), a schoolmaster in Yoxford, Suffolk, and Hannah Fiske (c.1585–1649). In 1620, he entered Trinity College, Cambridge and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1624. On 18 May 1625 he married Anne Devereux, by whom he had three sons and two daughters. He undertook a master's degree at Peterhouse, Cambridge in 1628.

On 18 December 1625 Candler was ordained at Norwich Cathedral, and on 16 December 1629 he was appointed vicar of Coddenham, Suffolk, a position he held until his death. He was noted for his nonconformist churchmanship and in 1636 he was admonished by Bishop Matthew Wren. In 1646 he signed the petition concerning church government to the House of Lords, and was chosen to serve on the local presbyterian classis. He was a friend of John Fairfax, who wrote in 1696 that Candler "never was forward for conformity... all, far and near, flock'd after his Ministry".

During the 1650s, Candler made extensive and detailed records of churches and the pedigrees and arms of the notable families of Suffolk and East Anglia. He based much of the information on his own knowledge and interactions with members of the Suffolk gentry, leaving personal descriptions of many of the county's leading figures. The records, including details of each parish, its land holdings and values (alongside their owners), are the most comprehensive surviving survey of Suffolk from the 17th century. He left at least seven different manuscript versions which are now held by the Bodleian Library, Society of Antiquaries of London, College of Arms, Cambridge University Library and Harleian Library collections. Among them is Arms and pedigrees of Suffolk families (c.1650) and an account of the Fiske family. Some copies have additions from William Blois and Candler's eldest son, Philip.

He died Coddenham on 6 December 1663.

References

1605 births
1663 deaths
17th-century English male writers
17th-century English Presbyterian ministers
Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Clergy from Suffolk
English Caroline nonconforming clergy
English male non-fiction writers
People from Yoxford

Matthias Candler


Out Cold is a 2001 American comedy film directed by the music video sibling directing team The Malloys (in their theatrical film directoring debut). Starring Jason London, Willie Garson and Lee Majors, the film is about a group of snowboarders in Alaska. It presents itself as a parody of 1990s "ski school" films and makes a number of references to the film Casablanca. A number of elements of the latter, including plot and famous lines, were incorporated into the film.

Plot
Rick Rambis, best friend Luke, and other friends Anthony, "Pig Pen", Jenny, Lance and Stumpy, all live and work at a ski resort on Bull Mountain in Alaska. The mountain and resort were founded by Herbert "Papa" Muntz who loved to drink and ski at the same time until he died doing so. His son, Ted, took over the mountain and plans to sell it to wealthy Colorado ski resort tycoon, John Majors. In addition to being friends, Rick has romantic designs on Jenny, but is held back as he is still getting over his ex, Anna, who mysteriously disappeared after 3 weeks of summer love in Mexico.

After arriving at the mountain, John Majors plans to change the mountain name and turn the ski village into a first class resort but seeks Rick's help in getting his rowdy friends in line so as not to scare off his investors. John brings with him to the mountain his daughters, Inga, a Swiss ski bunny, and Anna, Rick's summer fling. After Anna's arrival, Rick then gets drunk and misses his date with Jenny. Later, Anna explains she left Rick in Mexico because she was already engaged and that Rick was the other man. Majors begins to make major changes to the town and mountain, such as changing the dive bar to an upscale club and removing the statue of Papa Muntz from the center of the town. Majors offers Rick a contract to be his new manager and Rick agrees on the condition that his friends all get to stay, but Majors secretly has Ted fire them behind his back. Rick finds out about the firing of his friends and quits his job and races to stop his friends from leaving.

Rick gives an inspirational speech about how the mountain is their home and not letting Majors ruin the memory of Papa Muntz, they all grab their snowboards and head for the mountain. The group of friends and Inga then cause bedlam at the festivities and Major is outraged at Rick's betrayal. Rick frees Anna from her father and takes her to an airstrip where Barry, her fiancé, waits in his plane. He tells Anna what they had in Mexico was special but that he realized she belongs with Barry and Rick watches Anna fly away. The friends defeat Majors and Ted decides he is no longer selling the mountain. Rick asks Jenny out again after revealing he no longer thinks of Anna.

Cast

Soundtrack
The Out Cold soundtrack is a 12-track compilation of songs from the film. It is available on the RCA record label.  The Weezer song "Island in the Sun" plays an important part in the film, but is left off of the soundtrack.

Reception
Out Cold has an 8% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, based on 49 reviews; the average rating is 2.9/10.  The site's consensus reads: "A party movie that substitutes surfs for snow, Out Cold will leave viewers just that with its gross-out humor and sophomoric plot."  Metacritic rated it 22/100 based on 15 reviews.

References

External links

2001 films
2001 comedy films
American comedy films
American skiing films
Snowboarding films
Spyglass Entertainment films
Touchstone Pictures films
Films scored by Michael Andrews
Films set in Alaska
Films shot in British Columbia
2001 directorial debut films
2000s English-language films
Films about beer
2000s American films
Films shot in Alaska
Films directed by The Malloys

Out Cold (2001 film)


The Massasauga Provincial Park is a provincial park in Parry Sound District, Ontario, Canada, stretching from the town of Parry Sound south to the Moon River. The park has an area of .

The park encompasses hundreds of islands on the coast of Georgian Bay and many inland lakes including Clear Lake and Spider Lake.  Classified as a "Natural Environment" park, it contains no roads, so camping is limited to interior sites. The sites on the bay can be reached by motor boat whereas those on the lakes are typically reached by non-motorized craft such as canoes or kayaks.  The park also has mooring anchors for boats to overnight in some inlets on Georgian Bay.

An interpretive trail is located on Wreck Island.  A multi-day backpacking trail in the northern part of the park, the Nipissing-North Arm Orienteering Trail, is used for orienteering.  This wilderness trail is uncleared and only minimally marked.

The park contains a striking landscape of windswept pines clinging to smooth granite-striped rocks, towering cliffs, narrow bays and inlets. On a typical visit to the park one might see wildlife common to the Near-North area of Ontario such as snapping turtles, loons, bears, great blue herons and otters but also wildlife typical of the great lakes such as cormorants, eagles, and ducks.

"Massasauga" means "mouth of the river" in Ojibwe. The name also refers to the massasauga rattlesnake, which is found in the area.

The park is home to the following notable animals:
 Massasauga rattlesnake (Ontario's only venomous snake)
 Prairie warblers
 Five-lined skink (Ontario's only lizard)
 Map turtles

References

External links
 The Massasauga Provincial Park

Provincial parks of Ontario
Parks in Parry Sound District
Protected areas established in 1996
1996 establishments in Ontario

The Massasauga Provincial Park


The Hillside Strangler is a 2004 horror film directed by Chuck Parello and written by Stephen Johnston, based on the true story of Kenneth Bianchi and Angelo Buono Jr., the Hillside Strangler serial killers. The film stars C. Thomas Howell as Bianchi and Nicholas Turturro as Buono.

Plot
At the end of the 70s, psychopath Kenneth Bianchi (C. Thomas Howell) lives with his mother Frances (Roz Witt) and is obsessed with joining the police force. When his application is refused, his mother sends him to Los Angeles to live with his sadistic cousin Angelo Buono (Nicholas Turturro). Kenneth unsuccessfully tries to join LAPD, and Angelo convinces him to start a prostitution business with him. They force Erin (Jennifer Tisdale) and April (Jessica Allegra), two girls from Tucson to work for them, but when they intrude on the territory of another prostitution ring led by Ronnie (Damon Whitaker), their business is destroyed and their money is stolen. The frustrated Kenneth and Angelo decide on revenge against Gabrielle (Kent Masters King) the prostitute who put them into competition with Ronnie, and Kenneth strangles her, feeling a great pleasure with her death. The two cousins become addicted to murder, initially killing prostitutes and then attacking single women, dumping their bodies on the hill.

Cast
 C. Thomas Howell as Kenneth Bianchi
 Nicholas Turturro as Angelo Buono Jr.
 Marisol Padilla Sánchez as Christina Chavez (Veronica Compton)
 Allison Lange as Claire Shelton (Kelli Boyd)
 Jennifer Tisdale as Erin (Sabra Hannan)
 Kent Masters King as Gabrielle (Yolanda Washington)
 Aimee Brooks as Felicia Waller (Cindy Hudspeth)
 Natasha Melnick as Karyn (Lauren Wagner)
 Damon Whitaker as Ronnie
 Brandin Rackley as Janice Cooley (Judy Miller)
 Jessica Allegra as April (Becky Spears)
 Roz Witt as Frances Bianchi
 Lin Shaye as Jenny Buono
 Geneviere Anderson as Tina Mayfield (Kimberly Martin)
 Julia Lee as Lisa Erwin (Diane Wilder)
 Kelly Lohman as Sue Radigan (Karen Mandic)
 Tricia Dickson as Heather Brewer

References

External links

2004 films
Biographical films about serial killers
2000s crime films
American crime films
Crime films based on actual events
Cultural depictions of male serial killers
Cultural depictions of rapists
Cultural depictions of kidnappers
Cultural depictions of American men
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

The Hillside Strangler (film)


George Robert "Rob" Swope (December 2, 1926, Washington, D.C. - January 9, 1967, Washington, D.C.) was an American jazz trombonist. He was the brother of Earl Swope.

Swope played with Buddy Rich in 1947 and Chubby Jackson in 1948-49, and also recorded with Jerry Wald in 1947. He worked with Gene Krupa in 1949-50, then with Elliot Lawrence in 1950-51. He led his own trio in the D.C. area in the early 1950s, and also was a member of The Orchestra, the band which accompanied Charlie Parker in 1953 and Dizzy Gillespie in 1955. He spent time in New York City in the latter half of the 1950s, playing with Larry Sonn, Boyd Raeburn, Claude Thornhill, Jimmy Dorsey, and Louie Bellson. In the 1960s he worked in Washington, D.C. again, often as a leader.

Discography
With Dizzy Gillespie
One Night in Washington (Elektra/Musician, 1955 [1983])

References
"Rob Swope". The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz.

1926 births
1967 deaths
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century American musicians
20th-century trombonists
American jazz trombonists
American male jazz musicians
Male trombonists
Musicians from Washington, D.C.

Rob Swope


Božidar Vuković (, , ; c. 1460 — c. 1539) was one of the first printers and editors of Serbian books in  Montenegro. He founded the famous Vuković printing house in Venice. His printing house was operational in two periods. In first period 1519–21 three books were printed (Psalter, Liturgijar and Molitvenik or Zbornik). In the second period 1536–40 two books were printed (2nd edition of Molitvenik or Zbornik, and praznični Minej or Sabornik).

Biography

Early life
According to his own books, Vuković was born after 1460. In his 1519/20 Psalter, Vuković had signed himself as "Božidar Vuković of the Đurići, of Podgorica" (). He was most likely born in the town of Podgorica, where he did own a house and several parcels of land in its vicinity, as recorded even after his emigration to Western Europe when he grew up - the lands he owned were probably family heritage. This seems to be confirmed by the fact that his sister remained behind in Podgorica, probably in their family property. The origin of the Đurić family he belonged to is a bit more blurry, but it is possible that they hailed from the east, the Shkodër region, where it is known that Vuković also possessed some property, as well where he had very close living cousins.

Vuković and his family were subjects of the Republic of Venice, which had established a corpus of off-shore possessions along the Adriatic coastline – along its eastern reaches, the Venetian possessions cut deeper into the territory of the Balkan peninsula, engulfing eastern portions of Montenegro and northern parts of Albania. The Serbian Despotate had lost its last possession in the region with the fall of Medun to the Ottomans; the regional cities had found salvation in the patronage of the Venetian Republic, an important Mediterranean naval factor. The expansionism of the Ottoman Empire might have been the cause of Vuković's family's decision to seek shelter in the more safe and fortified home that Podgorica offered - or the reason might have been more practical; namely the expansion of trading services - his family was later frequently practicing trade in Venice.

As the Ottomans were pushing through even the last remains of the independent Christian feudal states in the Balkans, Božidar Vuković had migrated to Venice during the late 15th or early 16th century, along with his brother Nikola. Podgorica fell into Ottoman hands in 1474, during the Ottoman-Venetian War; there are indications that Vuković might have fled the Balkans in the refugee waves fleeing from the Ottomans, in particular after the fall of the Cetinje, the seat of Zeta, in 1496 and the subsequent flight of its last ruler Đurađ Crnojević to Venice across Budva.

Venice
When Montenegro (Zeta) fell to Ottoman occupation in 1496, Vuković fled with Crnojević to Venice, where he earned his living as a merchant. He joined the Eastern Orthodox Christian community and became a member of the Scuola dei Greci, enlisting as "Bozhidar of Veche, a Serb" after paying his fee, signing himself as such on every occasion. He later also became the chairman of the Brotherhood.

At the time, Venice was one of the centers of European printing, and there was a lack of Serbian liturgical books in the lands conquered by the Ottomans. Therefore, Vuković decided to use his personal earnings and open a printing press with Serbian letters in 1519 or 1520.

Vuković married a noblewoman of the Della Vecchia family, whose surname he added to his; he was known by this name in Italy. On some occasions, he used the title vojvoda ("duke", or "palladin"), given to him by Emperor Charles V in 1533. In accordance with his last wish, his body was carried back to his homeland and buried in the monastery of Starčeva Gorica in Lake Skadar. His son Vićentije Vuković inherited the press and continued doing the work that his father started. In 1597 the Serbian Venetian Printing Press passed into the hands of an Italian named Giorgio Rampazetto, who printed two important books of Stefan Paštrović – the Collection of Travelers and the earliest Serbian primer. In the 1570s Jerolim Zagurović, a native of Kotor, was active in Venice as a printer. The Vuković printing house would continue working for another century.

Work

The oldest printed book in Serbian-Slavonic was first issued in 1483, from the printing-press of Andreas Torresanus, de Asula (1451–1529) in Venice. A few years later the Serbian nobleman Božidar Vuković bought a printing-press in Venice and established it at Obod in Montenegro, from which he issued in 1493 the first church book—the Oktoih—printed on Serb territory. There is a copy of this book in the British Museum. Vuković's printing press operated in two phases. In the first one (1519–20), he printed Služabnik (1517) and Psaltir sa posledovanjem i časlovcem (Psalter, 1520). In the second phase (1536–40), which came after a long break, he published five more books in Serbian Cyrillic: Zbornik (1536), Molitvenik (Prayer book, 1536), Oktoih petoglasnik (1537), Minej (The Book of Months, 1538), Molitvenik trebnik (1539 or 1540). All of his editions are printed versions of liturgical works in Serbian redaction of Church Slavonic that have long been in use in the Serbian Orthodox Church. In addition to remedying the dearth of Serbian books, he also wanted to produce books which were printed in smaller letters, making them more compact and easier to carry. His editions were intricately prepared, with well-proportioned letters and fine miniatures. Vuković collaborated with other Serb refugees in Venice such as hieromonk Pahomije from Rijeka Crnojevića in Montenegro (ot Crne Gori or Reki), hierodeacon Mojsije of Budimlje (ot serbskije zemlji, otčstvom že ot mjesta naricamego Budimlja) and priests Teodosije and Genadije from the Mileševa monastery. Vuković was a ktitor of the Mileševa monastery.

His venture is explained by reasons of sale, his care for his soul's sake, and of patriotism ("I saw the compiling of the printing presses of Godly scriptures in Greek, French, and other languages, and I wished eagerly to compile in printing press also our Serb and also Bulgarian ones").

He distributed his books to monks via Kotor and Dubrovnik. The books influenced not only Serbian printing, but also Bulgarian, Romanian and Russian printing. In his first testament, Vuković left his printing press to the monasteries in Lake Skadar, his homeland. He later revised it and left it to his son Vićentije Vuković, who carried on the enterprise of his father, and their printing-press continued to work up to 1597, issuing several church books in the Serbian-Slavonic language. During the first half of the 16th century the Serbs had printing-presses in Belgrade, Shkodër, Bojana river, Goražde, Mileševa and elsewhere. However, printing ceased in the Serb lands under the Ottoman rule and was only resumed in the mid-18th century. Most of the printing during the Ottoman period, however, was produced in Russia, and Serb-inhabited lands of the Habsburg Monarchy, but only under special license. Books for ecclesiastical and educational use had to be imported from St. Petersburg, Moscow, Venice, Trieste, or Vienna, depending on the political circumstances of the day.

Legacy
He later revised his will and left the printing house to his son Vićentije Vuković, who carried on the work. After a Kotoran nobleman by the name of Jerolim Zagurović, the printing house slowly declined, subsequently being taken over by the Venetians.

In 2012 Serbian writer Katarina Brajović published a novel about Božidar Vuković titled 'A Printer and Veronika' ().

Inventor Nikola Tesla's most prized book was the 236-page Služabnik, printed in Venice in 1517, by Božidar Vuković. This rare book is now on display in the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum in Independence, Missouri.

See also
Đurađ Crnojević
Stefan Marinović
Hieromonk Makarije
Hieromonk Mardarije
Hegumen Mardarije
Vićenco Vuković
Hieromonk Pahomije
Trojan Gundulić
Andrija Paltašić
Jakov of Kamena Reka
Bartolomeo Ginammi who followed Zagurović's footsteps reprinting Serbian books.
Dimitrije Ljubavić, Božidar Goraždanin's grandson
Inok Sava
Stefan Paštrović
Jovan Maleševac

References

Sources

Further reading

1466 births
1540 deaths
16th-century printers
16th-century Serbian people
Serbian printers
Serbs of Montenegro
Republic of Venice printers
15th-century printers
Venetian period in the history of Montenegro
People from Podgorica
Principality of Zeta
Venetian Slavs
16th-century Eastern Orthodox Christians
16th-century Italian businesspeople

Božidar Vuković


Yorath Island is a small island,  in size, in the South Saskatchewan River just outside the southern boundaries of the city of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. The island is relatively new, and did not exist when the land was first surveyed in 1903. This island is managed by the Meewasin Valley Authority; it is not accessible by road (although some maps of the area plot a non-existent north–south grid road on the island), but can be seen from the Maple Grove (formally Leisureland) area. The island is named after Christopher J. Yorath, who in 1913 became the commissioner of Saskatoon. Yorath is best known for an extensive, forward-thinking planning document published in 1913 that proposed future residential and road layout for Saskatoon, and he originated the idea of the City developing an "Encircling Boulevard"; in 2013 this proposal came to fruition with the completion of the Circle Drive freeway project. Ironically, Yorath's document proposed the Encircling Boulevard cross through what would later be named Yorath Island; the final Circle Drive passes to the north of the island, which is undeveloped save for a set of power lines that cross the river at the northern tip of the island.

Within North America the Island is one of the farthest northern examples of a cottonwood forest. The island also support 23 different types of shrubs and a mixture of wildlife (including the Cooper's Hawk, coyotes, red foxes, river otter, porcupine, beaver and deer).

References

Uninhabited islands of Saskatchewan
Corman Park No. 344, Saskatchewan
River islands of Saskatchewan
South Saskatchewan River

Yorath Island


The Gregorian telescope is a type of reflecting telescope designed by Scottish mathematician and astronomer James Gregory in the 17th century, and first built in 1673 by Robert Hooke. James Gregory was a contemporary of Isaac Newton. Both often worked simultaneously on similar projects. Gregory's design was published in 1663 and pre-dates the first practical reflecting telescope, the Newtonian telescope, built by Sir Isaac Newton in 1668. However, Gregory's design was only a theoretical description, and he never actually constructed the telescope. It was not successfully built until five years after Newton's first reflecting telescope.

History
The Gregorian telescope is named after the James Gregory design, which appeared in his 1663 publication  (The Advance of Optics). Similar theoretical designs have been found in the writings of Bonaventura Cavalieri ( (On Burning Mirrors), 1632) and Marin Mersenne (, 1636). Gregory's early attempts to build the telescope failed, since he had no practical skill himself and could find no optician capable of actually constructing one. It was not until ten years after Gregory's publication, aided by the interest of experimental scientist Robert Hooke, that a working instrument was created. The early Scottish optician and telescope maker James Short built Gregorian telescopes with parabolic mirrors made from the highly reflective speculum metal.

Design
The Gregorian telescope consists of two concave mirrors: the primary mirror (a concave paraboloid) collects the light and brings it to a focus before the secondary mirror (a concave ellipsoid), where it is reflected back through a hole in the centre of the primary, and thence out the bottom end of the instrument, where it can be viewed with the aid of the eyepiece.

The Gregorian design solved the problem of viewing the image in a reflector by allowing the observer to stand behind the primary mirror.  This design of telescope renders an erect image, making it useful for terrestrial observations.  It also works as a telephoto lens with its tube much shorter than the system's actual focal length.

The design was largely superseded by the Cassegrain telescope. It is still used for some spotting scopes because this design creates an erect image without the need for prisms. The Steward Observatory Mirror Lab has been making mirrors for large Gregorian telescopes at least since 1985.

In the Gregorian design, the primary mirror creates a real image before the secondary mirror. This allows for a field stop to be placed at this location, so that the light from outside the field of view does not reach the secondary mirror. This is a major advantage for solar telescopes, where a field stop (Gregorian stop) can reduce the amount of heat reaching the secondary mirror and subsequent optical components. The Solar Optical Telescope on the Hinode satellite is one example of this design.

For amateur telescope makers the Gregorian can be less difficult to fabricate than a Cassegrain because the concave secondary is Foucault-testable like the primary, which is not the case with the Cassegrain's convex secondary.

Gallery

Examples
The MeerKAT, the Green Bank Telescope, the Arecibo Observatory, and the Allen Telescope Array are all radio telescopes employing off-axis Gregorian optics.
The Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope, the Magellan telescopes, and the Large Binocular Telescope use Gregorian optics.
The Giant Magellan Telescope will also use Gregorian optics.
The NSF's Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope

See also
 List of telescope types
 Giant Magellan Telescope
Gregor telescope at the Teide Observatory.
James Gregory is the inventor of the Gregorian telescope.
James Gregory Telescope at the university of St. Andrews.
Large Binocular Telescope
James Short (mathematician)

References

External links

 Gregorian reflecting telescope, Who was James Gregory, National Museums Scotland.

 Kenyon College
 The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflight

Telescope types
Scottish inventions

Gregorian telescope


David DeGrazia (born July 20, 1962) is an American moral philosopher specializing in bioethics and animal ethics. He is Professor of Philosophy at George Washington University, where he has taught since 1989, and the author or editor of several books on ethics, including Taking Animals Seriously: Mental Life and Moral Status (1996), Human Identity and Bioethics (2005), and Creation Ethics: Reproduction, Genetics, and Quality of Life (2012).

Selected publications

Books
Creation Ethics: Reproduction, Genetics, and Quality of Life. Oxford University Press, 2012.
Human Identity and Bioethics. Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Animal Rights: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2002.
with Thomas Mappes and Jeffrey Brand-Ballard (eds.). Biomedical Ethics. McGraw-Hill, 2011.
Taking Animals Seriously: Mental Life and Moral Status. Cambridge University Press, 1996.
with Thomas Mappes and Jane Zembaty (eds.). Social Ethics: Morality and Social Policy. McGraw-Hill, 2012.
with Lester Hunt. Debating Gun Control. Oxford University Press, 2016.
with Tom Beauchamp. Principles of Animal Research Ethics. Oxford University Press, 2020.
with Joseph Millum. A Theory of Bioethics. Cambridge University Press, 2021.
Dialogues on Gun Control. Routledge Press, 2023.

Articles
DeGrazia, David. "Robots with Moral Status? Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 65 (2022): 73-88.
DeGrazia, David. "An Interest-Based Model of Moral Status," in S. Clark, H. Zohny, and J. Savulescu (eds.), Rethinking Moral Status (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021): 40-56.
DeGrazia, David and Tom Beauchamp. "Beyond the 3 Rs to a More Comprehensive Framework of Principles for Animal Research Ethics." ILAR Journal (2019): 1-10.
DeGrazia, David. "Procreative Responsibility in View of What Parents Owe Their Children." In Leslie Francis (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Reproductive Ethics (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017).
DeGrazia, David, Michelle Groman, and Lisa Lee. "Defining the Boundaries of a Right to Adequate Protection: A New Lens on Pediatric Research Ethics." Journal of Medicine and Philosophy (2017)
DeGrazia, David. "The Case for Moderate Gun Control." Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 24 (2014): 1-25.
DeGrazia, David. "What is Suffering and What Kinds of Beings Can Suffer?"  In Ronald Green and Nathan Palpant (eds.), Suffering in Bioethics (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014).
DeGrazia, David. "Moral Enhancement, Freedom, and What We (Should) Value in Moral Behavior."  Journal of Medical Ethics 39 (2013): 1-8.
DeGrazia, David. "Moral Vegetarianism from a Very Broad Basis."  Journal of Moral Philosophy 6, no. 2 (2009): 143-165.
DeGrazia, David. "Self-Awareness in Animals."  In Robert Lurz (ed.), The Philosophy of Animal Minds (Cambridge University Press, 2009): 201-217.
DeGrazia, David. "Single Payer Meets Managed Competition: The Case for Public Funding and Private Delivery."  Hastings Center Report 38, no. 1 (2008): 23-33.
DeGrazia, David. "The Harm of Death, Time-Relative Interests, and Abortion."  Philosophical Forum 57 (2007): 57-80.
DeGrazia, David. "Moral Status, Human Identity, and Early Embryos: A Critique of the President's Approach." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 34 (Spring 2006): 49-57.
DeGrazia, David. "Prozac, Enhancement, and Self-Creation."  Hastings Center Report 30, no. 2 (March–April 2000): 34-40.
DeGrazia, David. "Wittgenstein and the Mental Life of Animals", History of Philosophy Quarterly 11, no. 1 (January 1994): 121–137.
DeGrazia, David. "Moving Forward in Bioethical Theory: Theories, Cases, and Specified Principlism," Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 17 (1992): 511-39.
DeGrazia, David, and Andrew Rowan. "Pain, Suffering, and Anxiety in Animals and Humans." Theoretical Medicine 12 (1991): 193-211.

See also
 List of animal rights advocates

Notes

Further reading
Clark, Stephen. "Review: Taking Animals Seriously: Mental Life and Moral Status by David DeGrazia", The Philosophical Quarterly 49, no. 195 (April 1999): 246–247.
Schechtman, Marya. "Review: David DeGrazia, Human Identity and Bioethics", Ethics 116, no. 2 (January 2006): 406–409.
Steinbock, Bonnie. "Review: Creation Ethics: Reproduction, Genetics, and Quality of Life by David DeGrazia. Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews, August 21, 2012.

1962 births
Living people
20th-century American philosophers
21st-century American philosophers
American animal rights scholars
Animal ethicists
Bioethicists
George Washington University faculty
Georgetown University alumni
Philosophers of death

David DeGrazia


In computer architecture, a trace cache or execution trace cache is a specialized instruction cache which stores the dynamic stream of instructions known as trace. It helps in increasing the instruction fetch bandwidth and decreasing power consumption (in the case of Intel Pentium 4) by storing traces of instructions that have already been fetched and decoded. A trace processor is an architecture designed around the trace cache and processes the instructions at trace level granularity. The formal mathematical theory of traces is described by trace monoids.

Background
The earliest academic publication of trace cache was "Trace Cache: a Low Latency Approach to High Bandwidth Instruction Fetching". This widely acknowledged paper was presented by Eric Rotenberg, Steve Bennett, and Jim Smith at 1996 International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO) conference. An earlier publication is US patent 5381533, by Alex Peleg and Uri Weiser of Intel, "Dynamic flow instruction cache memory organized around trace segments independent of virtual address line", a continuation of an application filed in 1992, later abandoned.

Necessity
Wider superscalar processors demand multiple instructions to be fetched in a single cycle for higher performance. Instructions to be fetched are not always in contiguous memory locations (basic blocks) because of branch and jump instructions. So processors need additional logic and hardware support to fetch and align such instructions from non-contiguous basic blocks. If multiple branches are predicted  as not-taken, then processors can fetch instructions from multiple contiguous basic blocks in a single cycle. However, if any of the branches is predicted as taken, then processor should fetch instructions from the taken path in that same cycle. This limits the fetch capability of a processor.

Consider these four basic blocks (A, B, C, D) as shown in the figure that correspond to a simple if-else loop. These blocks will be stored contiguously as ABCD in the memory. If the branch D is predicted not-taken, the fetch unit can fetch the basic blocks A, B, C which are placed contiguously. However, if D is predicted taken, the fetch unit has to fetch A,B,D which are non-contiguously placed. Hence, fetching these blocks which are non contiguously placed, in a single cycle will be very difficult. So, in situations like these, the trace cache comes in aid to the processor.

Once fetched, the trace cache stores the instructions in their dynamic sequence. When these instructions are encountered again, the trace cache allows the instruction fetch unit of a processor to fetch several basic blocks from it without having to worry about branches in the execution flow. Instructions will be stored in the trace cache either after they have been decoded, or as they are retired. However, instruction sequence is speculative if they are stored just after decode stage.

Trace structure
A trace, also called a dynamic instruction sequence, is an entry in the trace cache. It can be characterized by maximum number of instructions and maximum basic blocks. Traces can start at any dynamic instruction. Multiple traces can have same starting instruction i.e., same starting program counter (PC) and instructions from different basic blocks as per the branch outcomes. For the figure above,  ABC and ABD are valid traces. They both start at the same PC (address of A) and have different basic blocks as per D's prediction.

Traces usually terminate when one of the following occurs:
 Trace got filled with allowable maximum number of instructions
 Trace has allowable maximum basic blocks
 Return instructions
 Indirect branches
 System calls

Trace control information
A single trace will have following information:
 Starting PC - PC of the first instruction in trace
 Branch flag - ( maximum basic blocks -1) branch predictions
 Branch mask - number of branches in the trace and whether trace ends in a branch or not
 Trace fall through - Next PC if last instruction is not-taken branch or not a branch
 Trace target - address of last branch's taken target

Trace cache design
Following are the factors that need to be considered while designing a trace cache.
 Trace selection policies -  maximum number of instructions and  maximum basic blocks in a trace
 Associativity - number of ways a cache can have
 Cache indexing method - concatenation or XOR with PC bits
 Path associativity - traces with same starting PC but with different basic blocks can be mapped to different sets
 Trace cache fill choices -
 After decode stage (speculative)
 After retire stage
A trace cache is not on the critical path of instruction fetch

Hit/miss logic
Trace lines are stored in the trace cache based on the PC of the first instruction in the trace and a set of branch predictions. This allows for storing different trace paths that start on the same address, each representing different branch outcomes. This method of tagging helps to provide path associativity to the trace cache. Other method can include having only starting PC as tag in trace cache. In the instruction fetch stage of a pipeline, the current PC along with a set of branch predictions is checked in the trace cache for a hit. If there is a hit, a trace line is supplied to fetch unit which does not have to go to a regular cache or to memory for these instructions. The trace cache continues to feed the fetch unit until the trace line ends or until there is a misprediction in the pipeline. If there is a miss, a new trace starts to be built.

The Pentium 4's execution trace cache stores micro-operations resulting from decoding x86 instructions, providing also the functionality of a micro-operation cache. Having this, the next time an instruction is needed, it does not have to be decoded into micro-ops again.

Disadvantages
The disadvantages of trace cache are:
 Redundant instruction storage between trace cache and instruction cache and within trace cache itself.
 Power inefficiency and hardware complexity

Execution trace cache
Within the L1 cache of the NetBurst CPUs, Intel incorporated its execution trace cache. It stores decoded micro-operations, so that when executing a new instruction, instead of fetching and decoding the instruction again, the CPU directly accesses the decoded micro-ops from the trace cache, thereby saving considerable time. Moreover, the micro-ops are cached in their predicted path of execution, which means that when instructions are fetched by the CPU from the cache, they are already present in the correct order of execution. Intel later introduced a similar but simpler concept with Sandy Bridge called micro-operation cache (UOP cache).

See also
 Branch trace
 CPU cache
 Instruction cycle
 Trace monoid

References

Cache (computing)

Trace cache


The Desterro Rugby Clube is a Brazilian rugby union (union) team from the city of Florianópolis, capital of the southern State of Santa Catarina. It has won the Brazilian Rugby Championship in three occasions: 1996, 2000 and 2005.

History
Desterro's history began in 1994, when a group of young men got together with the Portuguese Miguel Caçote, who had many years of experience in rugby. The first practices took place at "Joaquina" Beach, as the group didn't have a place to practice, and this beach was the only one in the island at the time with illumination. Desterro's first game was played in Curitiba, and the local team won. Still in 1994, the first rugby game ever was played in Santa Catarina State, and it was also Desterro's first victory, by 32 x 29.

In 1995 Desterro was founded as a Rugby Club in legal terms, and had its first contacts with Brazilian Rugby Association. In the year of 1996, the First Floripa Beach Rugby Sevens took place in "Jurerê Internacional" Beach, played by most of the mayor Brazilian Clubs. In the next year, some clubs from Argentina and Uruguay also took part in the tournament, and Desterro was the champion. In July 1996 Desterro had its first International Tour, staying for ten days in the Argentine towns of Buenos Aires and La Plata, playing against traditional Clubs as SIC (San Isidro Club – Buenos Aires), Universitario, Los Tilos and San Luís (La Plata).

In the second semester Desterro played for the first time the Brazilian Rugby Championship and became for the first time the Brazilian Rugby Champion, beating the strong Bandeirantes side by 24 x21 in São Paulo. In the year 2000 Desterro was once again Brazilian Champion, this time beating the favorites São José in São José dos Campos, by 21 x 20. Desterro's third Brazilian Championship came in 2005, with another victory over São José (16x10), this time in São Paulo.

In 1998, Desterro's Junior side became Brazilian Rugby Junior's Champion and the women's side played for the first time a tournament at national level. It was in Campos do Jordão, and Desterro was the champion. Desterro is the organizer of the annual "Floripa Rugby Sevens", played in February, with teams from Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay.

Main titles

Adult Male:
 Brazilian Rugby Championship 3 times (1996, 2000, 2005)
 Championship in southern Brazil (Liga Sul de Rugby) 3 times (2003. 2004, 2008)
 Championnat Regional Championship of the state Santa Catarina 1 time (2006)

Adult Female:
 Championship in southern Brazil (Liga Sul de Rugby) 2 times (2005, 2006)
 Championnat Regional Championship of the state Santa Catarina 1 time (2006)

Juvenile Male:
 Brazilian Rugby Championship 1 time (1998)

External links
 Desterro Rugby Clube Official Site

Rugby union teams in Brazil

Desterro Rugby Clube


SOS Fairy Manu (Spanish: SOS Hada Manu kouion as Ffiguiner: SOS Guione Muin)  is a Brazilian cartoon produced by TeamTO, Boutique Filmes and Lightstar Studios in co-production with Cartoon Network, Nickelodeon and Cake Entertainment  in association with Disney Channel, Rede Globo 2007 and TV Cultura with the participation of francetélévisions. It is shown by the paid channel Gloob from July 13, 2014 from Monday to Friday at 4:30 am, 8:45 am and 11:45 am, with 26 episodes of 11 minutes each in its first season. The second season premiered on November 7, 2016, also with 26 episodes. On TV Brasil, the series is shown from Monday to Friday, at 2:30 pm, and on Saturdays and Sundays.

The series was nominated for an Emmy Kids Award in 2016.

Story
Manu is a 10-year-old apprentice fairy godmother who lives under the guidance of her grandmother, an experienced retired fairy, in the enchanted kingdom. Her magic wand is an umbrella, and with it Manu will have to learn to study magic, fulfill wishes and face the witch Valkyrie who always tries to dominate the kingdom with some crazy plan. Manu counts on the help of the frog Duque and the troubled João in their disastrous adventures.

The soundtrack is composed by the guitarist Alessandro Penezzi and is entirely based on choro and its aspects.

Characters

Manu
Manu is the newest Fairy Godmother of the Enchanted Kingdom. Her grandmother, an experienced and powerful Fairy, is retiring and Manu came to take the job with her magic wand, which is actually a colorful umbrella. She has all the qualities needed to become a great Fairy Godmother: she is brave, impetuous, she has a great heart and plenty of energy to get her hands dirty and help others. However, Manu thinks he already knows everything. Her excitement and anxiety is so great that she wants to take action right away. She runs over and ends up taking actions that only make the situation worse and then she has to double her efforts to correct her mistakes.
João - João is paranoid, afraid and scared. But his persecution mania is justified, after all, he has been the target of witches, stepmothers and giants countless times. He knows a lot about the Enchanted Kingdom. And, despite exaggerating the dangers and inflating the world's problems, it serves as a source of information in the daily life of SOS Fairy Manu.

Duke
Duke is the most rogue frog in the Kingdom. He invented his name and title to convince the world that he is a bewitched Prince. His speech makes him charming, with his cleverness and his soft words, he gets everything he wants. He has a hope that when Manu officially becomes the Fairy Godmother of the Kingdom, she will turn him into a handsome, easy-living prince.

Valquíria
The Witch Valquíria, like Manu, inherited her position in the Enchanted Kingdom from her grandmother. Her ambition has no limits: she wants to become the best witch of all time. In other words: she wants to be the worst witch of all time. His greatest joy is to cause fear in the inhabitants of the Kingdom. And his weakness is being extremely vain. It has thousands of creams and potions for skin and hair.

Granny Olivia
Granny is Manu's grandmother. She is a retired and experienced fairy, who usually helps her granddaughter with some spell problems.
Alfredo - Manu's father. He is a naive and clumsy man who is always in a good mood. It always comes up with a new job every episode.

List of Episodes

References

2015 television series debuts
2010s children's television series
2010s Brazilian television series

SOS Fairy Manu


A winged altarpiece (also folding altar) or winged retable is a special form of altarpiece (reredos, occasionally retable), common in Northern and Central Europe, in which the central image, either a painting or relief sculpture (or some combination of the two) can be hidden by hinged wings. It is called a triptych if there are two wings, a pentaptych (but this is rarely used in English) if there are four, or a polyptych if there are four or more. The technical terms are derived from : trís or "triple"; πέντε: pénte or "five"; πολύς: polýs or "many"; and πτυχή: ptychē or "fold, layer".

There are often images on both the insides and outsides of the wings, enabling the altarpiece to display completely different views when open and closed.  It was usually the custom to keep the wings closed except on Sundays or feast days, although very often the sacristan would open them for tourists at any time for a modest tip.  Small winged paintings, usually triptychs, were also owned by the wealthy for private devotions, and services in the house; they had the advantage that the open view was fairly well protected when covered up during travel.

The form was especially popular in the later Middle Ages, and during the Northern Renaissance.  In the 17th century, Rubens was one of the last major painters to use it. It was never as popular in Italy, where there were many polyptychs, but usually built without hinges, so always "open", even if there were also images on the back, as in the Maestà by Duccio for Siena Cathedral.

Above the retable may be found the crowning or superstructure,  pinnacles and flowers of the cross. Relics can be housed below it, in a reliquary in the predella lying on the altar stone.

Examples

 Pacher Altar of St. Wolfgang im Salzkammergut
 Kefermarkt Altarpiece in Kefermarkt
 Krakow High Altar in St. Mary's Basilica by Veit Stoß.
 Ghent Altarpiece by Jan van Eyck
 Isenheim Altarpiece by Matthias Grünewald
 Herrenberg Altarpiece, Staatsgalerie Stuttgart
 Antwerp Retable
 The largest collection of medieval reredoses in Germany is to be found in St. Anne's Abbey, Lübeck, including the Passion Altarpiece by Hans Memling and the Schonen Altarpiece by Bernt Notke

 The Last Judgment by Hans Memling, Gdańsk
 Schwabach Altarpiece in the Church of St. John and St. Martin in Schwabach, a high altar from the workshop of Michael Wolgemut
 The Altar Wings of Roudníky
 Altar of Saint Mary, Alpirsbach Abbey

Literature
 Herbert Schindler: The Schnitzaltar. Meisterwerke und Meister in Süddeutschland, Österreich und Südtirol. Verlag Friedrich Pustet, Regensburg 1978.
 Karl-Werner Bachmann, Géza Jászai, Friedrich Kobler, Catheline Périer-D'Ieteren, Barbara Rommé, Norbert Wolf: Flügelretabel, in: Reallexikon zur Deutschen Kunstgeschichte, Vol. 9, 2003, , cols. 1450–1536.

See also
 Triptych
 Polyptych

References

External links

Website des Kirchspiels Felsberg: Felsberg winged altar

Altars
Christian art

Polyptychs

Winged altarpiece


was one of the Four Hitokiri of the Bakumatsu, elite samurai, active in Japan during the late Tokugawa shogunate in the 1860s.

Biography
The Hitokiri Shinbei worked under the command of Takechi Hanpeita, the leader of the Kinnō-tō, who sought to overthrow the Tokugawa shogunate and restore the Emperor of Japan to power.

Hanpeita ordered Shinbei and the other hitokiri to enact "Heaven's punishment" (天誅, Tenchū) against supporters of the Shogunate and supporters of foreign access to Japan. A hitokiri from the Satsuma District, Shinbei came from a peasant background. After his first high-level assassination, he was elevated to samurai status despite the traditional samurai disdain towards peasants.

Shinbei was involved in the assassination of Ii Naosuke, the head of the Edo Council of Elders who was the head of administration for the Tokugawa shogunate in 1860. This assassination sparked years of violence in Japan especially in Kyoto where assassinations became commonplace. Of all the Hitokiris, Shinbei killed the most people. Besides Naosuke, his victims included politicians such as Shimada Sakon, Ukyo Omokuni and Homma Seiichiro. He was also suspected of murdering a young woman named Komichi. Because of this, Tanakaba was titled "ansatsu taicho" (captain of assassins). The Shinsengumi was formed in 1863 to suppress the hitokiri and Tosa loyalists and restore law and order.

Shinbei's sword was found at the scene of the assassination of a senior official Anegakōji Kintomo. He was taken for questioning in Kyoto and asked to see the sword. He committed seppuku when he was given the sword.

References

Suicides by seppuku
Samurai
Japanese assassins
1832 births
1863 deaths
1860s suicides

Tanaka Shinbei


Lloyds Bank plc is a British retail and commercial bank with branches across England and Wales. It has traditionally been considered one of the "Big Four" clearing banks. The bank was founded in Birmingham in 1765. It expanded during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and took over a number of smaller banking companies. In 1995 it merged with the Trustee Savings Bank and traded as Lloyds TSB Bank plc between 1999 and 2013.

Recent history
The bank is the principal subsidiary of Lloyds Banking Group, which was formed in January 2009 by the acquisition of HBOS by the then-Lloyds TSB Group. That year, following the UK bank rescue package, the British Government took a 43.4% stake in Lloyds Banking Group. As a condition imposed by the European Commission regarding state aid, the group later announced that it would create a new standalone retail banking business, made up of a number of Lloyds TSB branches and those of Cheltenham & Gloucester. The new business began operations on 9 September 2013 under the TSB brand. Lloyds TSB was subsequently renamed Lloyds Bank on 23 September 2013. On 17 March 2017, the British Government confirmed its remaining shares in Lloyds Banking Group had been sold.

Business
Lloyds Bank is the largest retail bank in Britain, and has an extensive network of branches and ATM in England and Wales (as well as an arrangement for its customers to be serviced by Bank of Scotland branches in Scotland, Halifax branches in Northern Ireland and vice versa) and offers 24-hour telephone and online banking services. As of 2012 it has 16 million personal customers and small business accounts.

It has its operational Headquarters in London and other offices in Wales and Scotland. It also operates a number of office complex, brand headquarters and data centres in Yorkshire including Leeds, Sheffield and Halifax.

1765 establishments
Banks of the United Kingdom
Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange

Lloyds Banking Group


Devdas Mohandas Gandhi (22 May 1900 – 3 August 1957) was the fourth and youngest son of Mahatma Gandhi. He was born in the Colony of Natal and came to India with his parents as a grown man. He became active in his father's movement, spending many terms in jail. He also became a prominent journalist, serving as editor of Hindustan Times. He was also the first pracharak of the Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha (DBHPS), established by Mohandas Gandhi in Tamil Nadu in 1918. The purpose of the Sabha was to propagate Hindi in southern India.

Family
Devdas fell in love with Lakshmi, the daughter of C. Rajagopalachari, Devdas's father's associate in the Indian independence struggle. Due to Lakshmi's age at that time – she was only 15 and Devdas was 28 – both Devdas's father and Rajaji asked the couple to wait for five years without seeing each other. After five years had passed, they were married with their fathers' permissions in 1933.

Devdas and Lakshmi had four children, Rajmohan Gandhi, Gopalkrishna Gandhi, Ramchandra Gandhi and Tara Gandhi Bhattacharjee (born 24 April 1934, New Delhi).

Legacy
When Mahatma Gandhi started seeking help for establishment of Jamia Millia Islamia, Devdas also came forward on the call of Gandhi. He started teaching Hindi there and also cotton spinning.

References

1900 births
1957 deaths
Devdas
Gandhians
Indian independence activists
Indian expatriates in South Africa
Indian Hindus
Prisoners and detainees of British India
Gujarati people
Colony of Natal people

Devdas Gandhi


(Frank) Neely Bruce (born January 21, 1944) is an American composer, conductor, pianist, and scholar of American music. He is the composer of over 800 works including three full-length operas. Currently, he is John Spencer Camp Professor of Music and American Studies at Wesleyan University, where he has taught since 1974.

Life and career
Bruce's undergraduate degree is from the University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa. His DMA is from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Bruce also received an MAA from Wesleyan University and an MMU from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. His principal teachers were Ben Johnston, Hubert Kessler, J. F. Goossen, Lara Hoggard, Charles Hamm, Byrnell Figler, Roy McAllister, Soulima Stravinsky and Sophia Rosoff. Bruce was one of the seven keyboard players in the 1969 premiere of John Cage's HPSCHD.

He has been visiting professor and artist-in-residence at Middlebury College, Bucknell University, the University of Michigan, and at Brooklyn College. He was the founder and director of the American Music/Theatre Group, chorus director for the Connecticut Opera, and is director of music at South Congregational Church in Middletown, Connecticut.

He is the first pianist ever to play the entire song oeuvre of Charles Ives. He performed with several singers as part of the Ives Vocal Marathon.

Works

Bruce has written more than 800 works, including three full-length operas, choral works in all major genres, orchestral works, chamber music, a voluminous quantity of piano music, and music for mixed media, including seven documentary scores for public television. He has also written a variety of music for young people, including a new adaptation of the Brothers Grimm fairy tale Hansel and Gretel, which uses American popular music, such as rock and roll, pop, and rap.

Flora, Hansel and Gretel, and Americana, or, A New Tale of the  Genii

Flora is an opera in two acts and six scenes based on the libretto and surviving tunes of what is thought to be the first piece of musical theater performed in colonial North America. The historical work premiered in Charleston, South Carolina in 1735, and played again at the newly built Dock Street Theatre in 1736.

The modern score was commissioned by the Spoleto Festival USA and premiered by the company on May 29, 2010 to celebrate the reopening of the new Dock Street Theatre. Writing for the New York Times, James R. Oestreich praised the work and performance, stating: Bruce "did a remarkable job . . . evoking the musical world of the 18th century . . . the rest of the production is of similarly high quality." "Mr. Bruce conducted, from the harpsichord, members of the festival orchestra and a strong cast." (A complete live recording of the work can be found online at NPR's World of Opera.)

Hansel and Gretel, an opera in two acts and nine scenes, based on a libretto adapted by the composer from the Brothers Grimm, was commissioned by Connecticut Opera and premiered by the company on March 20, 1998 in Hartford, Connecticut. The company toured a condensed version for children in 1997. In an enthusiastic review of the full premiere, Hartford Courant music critic Steve Metcalf commented on Bruce's creating a new operatic Hansel and Gretel:
"temerity has never been a problem for Neely Bruce . . . by blending a careful fidelity to the original Grimm story with his own manic imagination, [the composer] has created a clever and deeply entertaining new operatic journey into the woods . . . in a dizzying range of musical styles . . . about as far away from Engelbert Humperdinck as it would be possible to get. . . . [Hansel and Gretel] danced, skipped, roller-skated, high- fived and also sang their way through their troubles with unfailing and non-cloying freshness."

Americana, or, A New Tale of the Genii, an opera in four acts, is based on a libretto adapted by Tony Connor from an anonymous 18th century source, which recounted the colonies' secession as allegorical parody. It was premiered in 1985 in a concert version by the American Music/Theatre Group, conducted by James Sinclair, in Hartford and Stamford, Connecticut, and New York City. Commenting on the premiere at Symphony Space for the New York Times, Will Crutchfield wrote:
Bruce's new score "evinced its own quirky appeal . . . Now Boyce and Arne, now Stravinskian "wrong-note" classicism, now modestly chaotic improvisation, then hymnody, bluegrass, blues . . . the concept [of the work] is one for which pastiche has meaning. . . . The piece is odd enough and lively enough to merit a fully professional production."

Circular 14: The Apotheosis of Aristides

Bruce's two-hour oratorio Circular 14: The Apotheosis of Aristides, for eight soloists, two choruses and large orchestra, received its first full-scale production in Salt Lake City on January 27, 2018. An early version, orchestrated for chamber music forces, was premiered in Los Angeles on January 24, 2016. About the performance Eric A. Gordon writes: "Circular 14 contains music of great variety and often unearthly transcendence...One can compare it to the great masterpieces in this form."

References

External links
 Official Website
Neely Bruce profile at Wesleyan
 Neely Bruce on Soundcloud
 Video of Bruce's "The Bill of Rights" performed at the Newseum
 "Celebrating the Bill of Rights in Song." Bruce's The Bill of Rights performed at historic Faneuil Hall. YouthJournalism.org.
 "A Plague on All Our Houses! Neely Bruce has seen the future, and it sucks!" John Whiting discusses Bruce's rock cantata, The Plague.

1944 births
Living people
American male composers
University of Alabama alumni
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign School of Music alumni
Wesleyan University faculty
Wesleyan University alumni
Middlebury College faculty
University of Michigan faculty
Bucknell University faculty
Brooklyn College faculty
20th-century American composers
21st-century American pianists
21st-century American composers
20th-century American pianists
Experimental Music Studios alumni
American male pianists
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians

Neely Bruce


James Field (c.1714 – 11 February 1751) was a sailor and boxer in England in the 18th century who was hanged for robbery.

He was born in Dublin, and spent most of his early life involved in petty crime. His criminal record meant that in Ireland he spent most of his time on the run, so he moved to London. There he continued his life of crime, becoming well known in the underworld. Wanted for various robberies, he avoided capture by going to sea, working as a sailor on merchantmen and as a privateer. When he returned in London, he became renowned as a boxer. He lived and worked at a pub called The Fox in Drury Lane. He returned to Ireland briefly when things became too hot for him in London, but returned soon afterwards. Although there were several warrants for his arrest, the constables were afraid of him, and rather than acting on the warrants when they saw him, they would pretend not to recognize him and pass by.

He was eventually surprised at The Fox, overwhelmed, and arrested for theft with violence and highway robbery. He was tried before Henry Fielding on 16 January 1751. He and three other men were accused of beating and robbing a man and his wife on 24 May 1750 and, despite a number of witnesses supplying Field with various alibis, he was recognized by his size and bulk. James Eklin, who had been a member of the group who had committed the crime, gave evidence against Field. Field was found guilty and Fielding sentenced him to death. He was hanged at Tyburn on 11 February 1751, aged 37.

His skeleton features in the dissection theatre in William Hogarth's Reward of Cruelty, one of the series The Four Stages of Cruelty. Field's name makes an earlier appearance in the series of prints, in Second Stage of Cruelty a poster announcing a boxing match features his name.

Notes

1714 births
1751 deaths
18th-century Irish criminals
Boxers from County Dublin
Executed people from County Dublin
People executed by the Kingdom of Great Britain
Irish people executed abroad
People executed for robbery
People executed by England and Wales by hanging
Irish male boxers

James Field (criminal)


Roger Davis (January 20, 1884 – March 3, 1980) was an American actor.

Career
Davis was born in Maryland, and played small parts in a number of Hollywood films of the 1920s, 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. They included A Social Celebrity, (1926), Are You There? (1930) and Youth Takes a Fling (1938).  He played roles such as butlers and waiters, and appeared in two of the Tracy-Hepburn vehicles, Adam's Rib (1949) and Pat and Mike (1952). Davis died of cancer on March 3, 1980, at the age of 96.

References

External links

1884 births
1980 deaths
Male actors from Maryland
20th-century American male actors

Roger Davis (film actor)


Jarle Vespestad (born 16 April 1966) is a Norwegian jazz musician (percussion), the younger brother of jazz musician Liz Tove Vespestad, and a central member of Tord Gustavsen's projects.

Career

Vespestad was born in Kirkenes and picked up drumming in the local marching band, but drumming first became serious after finishing high school, where he found himself heading into a future as a substitute teacher at his local high-school. He made up his mind and graduated from the Toneheim Folk High School (1988) and Jazz program at Trondheim Musikkonservatorium (1990). In Trondheim he became the driving force behind many successful bands to come out of Trondheim the following years, like Veslefrekk, "Trondheim Kunstorkester", Farmers Market (1991–) and the Maria Kannegaard trio (1993–). In addition he was drummer with the Embla Nordic in Copenhagen.

In Oslo Vespestad has worked with different groups since 1996, releasing albums with Sigurd Køhn (More Pepper please) and Anders Jormin (Once) in 1996. He also cooperated with Silje Nergaard, Supersilent and Tord Gustavsen. He released the duo album Orbit (1998) and toured with Gustavsen's trio. For more than two decades he has been a leading drummer on the Norwegian jazz scene, within bands like Supersilent, Petter Wettre Trio and Quartet and Håvard Wiik Trio, in addition to Tord Gustavsen Trio, Silje Nergaard, Embla Nordic and Veslefrekk.

Discography (in selection)

Solo albums
1998: Orbit (Curling Legs)

Collaborations
With Silje Nergaard
1990: Tell Me Where You're Going (EMI Records)
1991: Silje (Princess Records)
1993: Cow on the Highway (Sonet Records)
1995: Brevet (Kirkelig Kulturverksted)
1996: Hjemmefra – From Home (Kirkelig Kulturverksted)
2000: Port of Call (EmArcy)
2001: At First Light (EmArcy)
2003: Nightwatch (Universal Music)
2005: Be Still My Heart – The Essential (EmArcy), compilation
2005: Live in Koln (EmArcy)
2007: Darkness Out of Blue (EmArcy)
2009: A Thousand True Stories (Columbia Records)
2010: If I Could Wrap Up a Kiss (Sony Music)
2012: Unclouded (Columbia Records)

With Farmers Market
1995: Speed/Balkan/Boogie (Kirkelig Kulturverksted)
1997: Musikk fra Hybridene (Music from the Hybrids) (Kirkelig Kulturverksted)
2000: Farmers Market (Winter & Winter)
2008: Surfin' USSR''' (Ipecac Recordings)
2012: Slav to the Rhythm (Division Records)

With Sigurd Køhn
1998: More Pepper please (Real Records)
1999: Woman's Got To Have It (Real Records)
2003: Angels (Real Records)

With Tord Gustavsen
2003: Changing Places (ECM)
2005: The Ground (ECM)
2007: Being There (ECM)
2012: The Well (ECM)
2014: Extended Circle (ECM)
2016: What Was Said (ECM)
2018: The Other Side (ECM)

With Roy Powell and Terje Gewelt
2003: Solace (Nagel Heyer Records)

With Jacob Young & Roy Powell
2011: Anthem'' (PVY Records)

References

External links
Jarle Vespestad Biography at Tord Gustavsen Official Website

1966 births
Living people
20th-century Norwegian drummers
21st-century Norwegian drummers
Norwegian jazz drummers
Male drummers
Norwegian jazz composers
Norwegian University of Science and Technology alumni
People from Jessheim
ECM Records artists
20th-century drummers
Male jazz composers
20th-century Norwegian male musicians
21st-century Norwegian male musicians
Supersilent members
Farmers Market (band) members
Veslefrekk members
Tord Gustavsen Ensemble members
People from Sør-Varanger

Jarle Vespestad


The ground parrot (Pezoporus wallicus) of Australia is one of only four ground-dwelling parrots in the world, the others being its closest relatives, the extremely rare night parrot (Pezoporus occidentalis), the somewhat closely related Antipodes parakeet (Cyanoramphus unicolor), and the unrelated highly endangered kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) from New Zealand.

The colouration of the two Pezoporus species and the kakapo is similar – yellowish green with darker barring, somewhat reminiscent of the head and back of the wild-type budgerigar. This is not an indication of a true relationship, however, but either adaptation to a particular lifestyle or a feature retained from ancestral parrots; probably the latter as barred plumage is found all over the family, from the tiny tiger parrots to female cockatiels.

When disturbed, a ground parrot flies swiftly just above the ground before dropping back into the vegetation. The presence of the bird is often only revealed by its characteristic dusk and dawn call, a clear whistling sequence of notes which rise in pitch before fading. It is silent in flight.

The ground parrot (Pezoporus wallicus wallicus) occurs in fragmented populations near the coast in southern Queensland, New South Wales (NSW) and Victoria and is considered vulnerable on the schedules of the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act. There are estimated to be 4000 breeding birds.  It has become extinct in South Australia.

The Tasmanian ground parrot (Pezoporus wallicus leachi) is not considered threatened at state level  and is most common in south west Tasmania.

Description

Up to 30 cm long. Plumage grass green, each feather with black and yellow markings; narrow orange-red band to forehead; head, nape, upper back and breast green, each feather with black shaft marking; feathers of abdomen, thighs and under tail-coverts greenish yellow with black barring; under wing-coverts green; primary coverts green; flight-feathers green with pale stripe across them; underside of flight-feathers with pale yellow wing-stripe; upperside of tail-feathers green with yellowish striped markings, underside brownish; outer tail-feathers yellow with brownish-black striping; bill greyish brown to horn-colour; cere greyish pink; narrow periophthalmic ring pale grey; iris whitish yellow; longish feet greyish brown; claws not so curved as other parrots.

Immatures as adults, but with slightly duller plumage; orange-red band to forehead absent; head, nape, upper back and breast green, each feather with distinct black shaft markings; tail shorter; iris brown.

Distribution
Extreme southeast of Queensland to southwest Australia (scattered in small groups); Tasmania and some off-shore islands.

Habitat
Marshy coastal plain without trees, reed beds with low bushes, restricted to button grass areas; species may depend on naturally occurring fires allowing new growth and renewed settlement by the ground parrot.

Status
Only found in certain localities; threatened in parts of its range by cultivation of large coastal areas, but also foxes, cats and fire; alleged to have strong scent and therefore easily disturbed by dogs.

Breeding

Breeding period from September to January; (one record in March); nest consisted of an excavation in soil 15 cm to 18 cm across and 2 cm (0.75 ins) to 5 cm deep; usually well hidden under small bush or tussock hanging over nest to provide a form of hollow; mostly lined with leaves, grass stalks, fern and small twigs; clutch 3 to 4 eggs; incubation probably 21 days; chicks well camouflaged with thick greyish-black down and protected against cold periods; young remain in nest for two weeks approaching parents for food; fed three times daily; leave nest after three weeks at least disturbance; roost after 25 days outside under tussocks; cannot, however, fly at this point; egg measures 28.1 x 22.2 mm.

References

External links
 World Parrot Trust Parrot Encyclopedia - Species Profiles

Pezoporus
Birds of New South Wales
Birds of Tasmania
Birds of Victoria (state)
Endemic birds of Australia
Birds described in 1792

Ground parrot


Camera shyness is when a person doesn't want a photograph taken of them. Many people who are camera shy do not like to speak in public or perform in front of other people.

A fear of having one's own picture taken is called ipovlopsychophobia.

Related pages
 Modesty

Emotions

Camera shyness


Ion Ungureanu (2 August 1935 – 28 January 2017) was a Moldovan actor and politician. He served as a member of parliament for first Parliament of Moldova from 1990 to 1994. During this time, he was Minister of Culture of Moldova. He was a screen actor between 1962 and 1990. He was born in Opaci.

Ungureanu died on 28 January 2017 in Bucharest, Romania at the age of 81.

References

Other websites

1935 births
2017 deaths
Moldovan politicians
Moldovan people
Movie actors

Ion Ungureanu


Our Family Wedding is a 2010 American romantic comedy film directed by Rick Famuyiwa. It stars Forest Whitaker, America Ferrera, Carlos Mencia, Diana-Maria Riva, Lance Gross, Charlie Murphy and Regina King. The story is about an African-American man and a Mexican-American woman getting married and their respective fathers causing hijinks with one another towards their special day. The film was theatrically released in North America by Fox Searchlight Pictures on March 12, 2010, receiving negative reviews from critics but grossed $21.4 million worldwide.

Plot
Marcus Boyd, a young African-American, has recently graduated from Columbia Medical School and is going to Laos for a year to work with Doctors Without Borders. Lucia Ramirez, who is Mexican-American, volunteers at a charter school for recent immigrants as an English teacher, having dropped out of Columbia Law School to pursue her passion, although she has neglected to tell her parents. Unbeknownst to their respective families, they have been living together for several months and are planning to wed before going to Laos together.

Meanwhile, in Los Angeles, Marcus' father Brad, a successful radio host, is returning from a typical one-night-stand with a younger woman when he sees his car being towed by Miguel, who happens to be Lucia's father and runs a successful auto shop and towing business. Brad tries unsuccessfully to halt the tow by holding on to the door of his car. Both Miguel and Brad hurl various racial insults at one another. That night, Marcus and Lucia invite their families to a joint dinner, where Miguel is surprised to learn of Marcus's existence, and Brad brings a much younger date who is in fact an old high school friend of Lucia's. As a shock to both families, the couple reveal their engagement and travel plans, with Brad and Miguel incredulous that they will soon be in-laws. As the wedding planning begins, both families attempt to dominate it with their respective traditions, while Brad's long-time friend Angie helps to mediate things, stressing the phrase "Our marriage, their wedding" to Marcus and Lucia to help them understand how much they must compromise to keep peace between their loved ones.

The wedding is set to take place at Brad's estate, much to his chagrin, and Brad tries to dissuade Marcus from rushing into a marriage as he feels he did with Marcus's mother. Meanwhile, Miguel feels that Marcus is not good enough for Lucia because she did not feel comfortable enough to mention him before the engagement. While wedding dress shopping, Lucia's sister Isabel, who helps run the auto shop with Miguel, argues with Lucia about marrying young like the other women in their family, something they vowed not to do as teenagers. Their mother Sonia overhears their conversation, which quickly shifts to mocking her life as a homemaker who is clearly living vicariously through the wedding, which upsets her.

While trying to hire a DJ for the reception, Miguel and Brad become drunk at a club and are arrested after an altercation. When Marcus and Lucia go to pick them up from the station, an argument erupts in which Miguel feels that Marcus is freeloading off of Lucia since he will be working as a doctor without pay and still believes that she is becoming a lawyer. When Lucia does not come to his defense, Marcus feels abandoned, leading to another argument between them. When Lucia questions if Marcus still wants to get married, he replies "I don't know", which leads her to call off the nuptials. Angered when Sonia refers to the wedding as "our wedding" and Miguel offers to "toss the ball" at the news, Lucia finally admits all the secrets she has been keeping from her parents, leaving them shocked.

Brad and Angie have begun seeing each other after a lifetime of friendship, which ends quickly once Angie sees another one-night-stand in Brad's home. Marcus and Brad have a sincere conversation while attempting to cope with their mutual loss and help each other realize how much they truly love their significant others. Miguel assures Lucia that he will always love and be proud of her as long as she is honest with him, and only wants her to be happy. He also gifts a classic lowrider he was renovating for Lucia as a graduation/wedding gift to Sonia to apologize for how he has let their marriage stagnate, assuring her he will always find her attractive and want to have fun with her. Isabel helps Lucia realize that she still loves Marcus, and pushes her to reunite with him. Lucia goes to Brad's home and tries to serenade Marcus, saying she is happy to marry Marcus in a way that is only for them, while Marcus apologizes for making her feel she must choose between him and her family.

The day of the wedding arrives, and events quickly turn chaotic as the extended families begin to clash, while Miguel and Brad finally seem to be working together for their children's happiness. Just before the ceremony begins, Marcus asks Miguel for Lucia's hand in marriage as a gesture of good will, which Miguel grants as a sign of respect and acceptance. The ceremony honors traditions from both families, and the reception becomes a joyous occasion. Brad makes an attempt to atone with Angie, apologizing for threatening their relationship and not pursuing her long ago, and promising to commit to her. Marcus and Lucia share a dance, happy that they are married and that their families have found a way to be together.

During the end credits, several pictures of the two families are shown depicting family events, including Isabel's engagement to Harry, who is Asian-American, while Miguel is seen weeping at the troubles ahead.

Cast
 Forest Whitaker as Bradford Boyd
 America Ferrera as Lucia Ramirez
 Lance Gross as Marcus Boyd
 Carlos Mencia as Miguel Ramirez
 Regina King as Angela
 Diana Maria Riva as Sonia Ramirez
 Anjelah Johnson as Isabel Ramirez
 Shannyn Sossamon as Ashley McPhee
 Charlie Murphy as T.J.
 Harry Shum Jr. as Harry (as Harry Shum)
 Hayley Marie Norman as Sienna
 Fred Armisen as Philip Gusto (Deleted Scenes Only)
 Skylan Brooks as Buddy Boyd
 Taye Diggs as Whipped Friend Greg (uncredited)
 Noel G. as Raymond Mata

Release

Box office
Our Family Wedding was released in theaters on March 12, 2010. At the end of its theatrical run, it made $20,712,308 in North America.

Critical reception
The film received generally negative reviews from critics. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, it holds an approval rating of  based on  reviews, with an average score of . The website's critics consensus reads: "Our Family Wedding is a mirthless, contrived affair that does little with its promising premise and talented cast." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 38 out of 100, based on 24 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".

Roger Ebert gave praise to the performances of Ferrera, Gross and King but was critical of the family problems and the fathers feud coming across as "completely unconvincing" and "painfully forced" towards the end of the film, concluding that: Our Family Wedding is a pleasant but inconsequential comedy, awkward for the actors, and contrived from beginning to end." Andrew Dowler of NOW commended the cast for being "competent and fully energized" throughout the film, highlighting Whitaker and Mencia for emitting "gleeful animosity" while transitioning into more sincere moments, but concluded that: "The story is completely predictable, and director Rick Famuyiwa keeps things moving briskly, but he never builds his gags to laugh-out-loud levels." Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly gave it an overall "C−" grade, criticizing the film's "broad, bawdy comedy" for allowing its cast to deliver "empty-calorie jokes" and "vigorous buffoonery" throughout its runtime. The A.V. Clubs Nathan Rabin gave the movie a "D−" grade, heavily criticizing Famuyiwa for overusing "the comic possibilities of Viagra" throughout the film and the constant desperate ways the fathers have to fight each other until they make peace for the sake of being "narratively convenient", concluding that: "We remain a nation divided, but hopefully we've at least progressed beyond the need for clumsy message movies about racial tolerance, as fortified with dick jokes."

See also
List of black films of the 2010s

References

External links

2010 films
2010 romantic comedy films
2010s English-language films
American romantic comedy films
Dune Entertainment films
Films about interracial romance
Films about weddings
Films directed by Rick Famuyiwa
Films set in Los Angeles
Fox Searchlight Pictures films
Works by Malcolm Spellman
2010s American films

Our Family Wedding