The word thou () is a second-person singular pronoun in English. It is now largely archaic, having been replaced in most contexts by the word you, although it remains in use in parts of Northern England and in Scots (). Thou is the nominative form; the oblique/objective form is thee (functioning as both accusative and dative); the possessive is thy (adjective) or thine (as an adjective before a vowel or as a possessive pronoun); and the reflexive is thyself. When thou is the grammatical subject of a finite verb in the indicative mood, the verb form typically ends in -(e)st (e.g. "thou goest", "thou do(e)st"), but in some cases just -t (e.g., "thou art"; "thou shalt").

Originally, thou was simply the singular counterpart to the plural pronoun ye, derived from an ancient Indo-European root. In Middle English, thou was sometimes represented with a scribal abbreviation that put a small "u" over the letter thorn: þͧ (later, in printing presses that lacked this letter, this abbreviation was sometimes rendered as yͧ). Starting in the 1300s, thou and thee were used to express familiarity, formality, or contempt, for addressing strangers, superiors, or inferiors, or in situations when indicating singularity to avoid confusion was needed; concurrently,  the plural forms, ye and you, began to also be used for singular: typically for addressing rulers, superiors, equals, inferiors, parents, younger persons, and significant others. In the 17th century, thou fell into disuse in the standard language, often regarded as impolite, but persisted, sometimes in an altered form, in regional dialects of England and Scotland, as well as in the language of such religious groups as the Society of Friends. The use of the pronoun is also still present in Christian prayer and in poetry.

Early English translations of the Bible used the familiar singular form of the second person, which mirrors common usage trends in other languages. The familiar and singular form is used when speaking to God in French (in Protestantism both in past and present, in Catholicism since the post–Vatican II reforms), German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Scottish Gaelic and many others (all of which maintain the use of an "informal" singular form of the second person in modern speech). In addition, the translators of the King James Version of the Bible attempted to maintain the distinction found in Biblical Hebrew, Aramaic and Koine Greek between singular and plural second-person pronouns and verb forms, so they used thou, thee, thy, and thine for singular, and ye, you, your, and yours for plural.

In standard Modern English, thou continues to be used in formal religious contexts, in wedding ceremonies ("I thee wed"), in literature that seeks to reproduce archaic language, and in certain fixed phrases such as "fare thee well". For this reason, many associate the pronoun with solemnity or formality. Many dialects have compensated for the lack of a singular/plural distinction caused by the disappearance of thou and ye through the creation of new plural pronouns or pronominals, such as yinz, yous and y'all or the colloquial you guys. Ye remains common in some parts of Ireland, but the examples just given vary regionally and are usually restricted to colloquial speech.

Grammar
Because thou has passed out of common use, its traditional forms are often confused by those imitating archaic speech.

Declension
The English personal pronouns have standardized declension according to the following table:

Conjugation
Verb forms used after thou generally end in -est (pronounced ) or -st in the indicative mood in both the present and the past tenses. These forms are used for both strong and weak verbs.

Typical examples of the standard present and past tense forms follow. The e in the ending is optional; early English spelling had not yet been standardized. In verse, the choice about whether to use the e often depended upon considerations of meter.

to know: thou knowest, thou knewest
to drive: thou drivest, thou drovest
to make: thou makest, thou madest
to love: thou lovest, thou lovedst
to want: thou wantest, thou wantedst

Modal verbs also have -(e)st added to their forms:
can: thou canst
could: thou couldst
may: thou mayest
might: thou mightst
should: thou shouldst
would: thou wouldst
ought to: thou oughtest to

A few verbs have irregular thou forms:
to be: thou art (or thou beest), thou wast  (or thou wert; originally thou were)
to have: thou hast, thou hadst
to do: thou dost  (or thou doest in non-auxiliary use) and thou didst
shall: thou shalt
will: thou wilt

A few others are not inflected:
must: thou must

In Proto-English, the second-person singular verb inflection was -es. This came down unchanged from Indo-European and can be seen in quite distantly related Indo-European languages: Russian знаешь, znayesh, thou knowest; Latin amas, thou lovest. (This is parallel to the history of the third-person form, in Old English -eþ, Russian, знает, znayet, he knoweth, Latin amat he loveth.) The  from -es to modern English -est, which took place separately at around the same time in the closely related German and West Frisian languages, is understood to be caused by an assimilation of the consonant of the pronoun, which often followed the verb. This is most readily observed in German: liebes du → liebstu → liebst du (lovest thou).

Comparison

In Dutch, the equivalent of "thou", du, also became archaic and fell out of use and was replaced by the Dutch equivalent of "you", gij (later jij or u), just as it has in English, with the place of the informal plural taken by jullie (compare English y'all).

In the subjunctive and imperative moods, the ending in -(e)st is dropped (although it is generally retained in thou wert, the second-person singular past subjunctive of the verb to be). The subjunctive forms are used when a statement is doubtful or contrary to fact; as such, they frequently occur after if and the poetic and.

If thou be Johan, I tell it thee, right with a good advice ...;
Be Thou my vision, O Lord of my heart ...
I do wish thou wert a dog, that I might love thee something ...
And thou bring Alexander and his paramour before the Emperor, I'll be Actaeon ...
O WERT thou in the cauld blast, ... I'd shelter thee ...

In modern regional English dialects that use thou or some variant, such as in Yorkshire and Lancashire, it often takes the third person form of the verb -s. This comes from a merging of Early Modern English second person singular ending -st and third person singular ending -s into -s (the latter a northern variation of -þ (-th)).

The present indicative form art ("þu eart") goes back to West Saxon Old English (see OED s.v. be IV.18) and eventually became standard, even in the south (e.g. in Shakespeare and the Bible). For its influence also from the North, cf. Icelandic þú ert. The preterite indicative of be is generally thou wast.

Etymology
Thou originates from Old English , and ultimately via Grimm's law from the Proto-Indo-European *tu, with the expected Germanic vowel lengthening in accented monosyllabic words with an open syllable. Thou is therefore cognate with Icelandic and Old Norse , German and Continental Scandinavian , Latin and all major Romance languages, Irish, Kurdish, Lithuanian and Latvian  or , Greek  (), Slavic ты / ty  or ти / ti, Armenian  (/), Hindi तू (), Bengali: তুই (tui), Persian  () and Sanskrit त्वम् (). A cognate form of this pronoun exists in almost every other Indo-European language.

History

Old and Middle English

In Old English, thou was governed by a simple rule: thou addressed one person, and ye more than one. Beginning in the 1300s thou was gradually replaced by the plural ye as the form of address for a superior person and later for an equal. For a long time, however, thou remained the most common form for addressing an inferior person.

The practice of matching singular and plural forms with informal and formal connotations is called the T–V distinction and in English is largely due to the influence of French. This began with the practice of addressing kings and other aristocrats in the plural. Eventually, this was generalized, as in French, to address any social superior or stranger with a plural pronoun, which was felt to be more polite. In French, tu was eventually considered either intimate or condescending (and to a stranger, potentially insulting), while the plural form vous was reserved and formal.

General decline in Early Modern English
Fairly suddenly in the 17th century, thou began to decline in the standard language (that is, particularly in and around London), often regarded as impolite or ambiguous in terms of politeness. It persisted, sometimes in an altered form, particularly in regional dialects of England and Scotland farther from London, as well as in the language of such religious groups as the Society of Friends. Reasons commonly maintained by modern linguists as to the decline of thou in the 17th century include the increasing identification of you with "polite society" and the uncertainty of using thou for inferiors versus you for superiors (with you being the safer default) amidst the rise of a new middle class.

In the 18th century, Samuel Johnson, in A Grammar of the English Tongue, wrote: "in the language of ceremony ... the second person plural is used for the second person singular", implying that thou was still in everyday familiar use for the second-person singular, while you could be used for the same grammatical person, but only for formal contexts. However, Samuel Johnson himself was born and raised not in the south of England, but in the West Midlands (specifically, Lichfield, Staffordshire), where the usage of thou persists until the present day (see below), so it is not surprising that he would consider it entirely ordinary and describe it as such. By contrast, for most speakers of southern British English, thou had already fallen out of everyday use, even in familiar speech, by sometime around 1650. Thou persisted in a number of religious, literary and regional contexts, and those pockets of continued use of the pronoun tended to undermine the obsolescence of the T–V distinction.

One notable consequence of the decline in use of the second person singular pronouns thou, thy, and thee is the obfuscation of certain sociocultural elements of Early Modern English texts, such as many character interactions in Shakespeare's plays, which were mostly written from 1589 to 1613. Although Shakespeare is far from consistent in his writings, his characters primarily tend to use thou (rather than you) when addressing another who is a social subordinate, a close friend or family member, or a hated wrongdoer.

Usage

Use as a verb
Many European languages contain verbs meaning "to address with the informal pronoun", such as German duzen, the Norwegian noun dus refers to the practice of using this familiar form of address instead of the De/Dem/Deres formal forms in common use, French tutoyer, Spanish tutear, Swedish dua, Dutch jijen en jouen, Ukrainian тикати (tykaty), Russian тыкать (tykat'), Polish tykać, Romanian tutui, Hungarian tegezni, Finnish sinutella, etc. Although uncommon in English, the usage did appear, such as at the trial of Sir Walter Raleigh in 1603, when Sir Edward Coke, prosecuting for the Crown, reportedly sought to insult Raleigh by saying,

I thou thee, thou traitor!
In modern English: I "thou" you, you traitor!

here using thou as a verb meaning to call (someone) "thou" or "thee". Although the practice never took root in Standard English, it occurs in dialectal speech in the north of England. A formerly common refrain in Yorkshire dialect for admonishing children who misused the familiar form was:

Don't thee tha them as thas thee!
In modern English: Don't you "tha" those who "tha" you!
In other words:  Don't use the familiar form "tha" towards those who refer to you as "tha". ("tha" being the local dialectal variant of "thou")

And similar in Lancashire dialect:

Don't thee me, thee; I's you to thee!
In standard English: Don't "thee" me, you! I'm "you" to you!

See further the Wiktionary page on thou as a verb.

Religious uses

Christianity
Many conservative Christians use "Thee, Thou, Thy and Thine when addressing God" in prayer; in the Plymouth Brethren catechism Gathering Unto His Name, Norman Crawford explains the practice:

When referring to God, "thou" (as with other pronouns) is often capitalized, e.g. "For Thou hast delivered my soul from death" ().

As William Tyndale translated the Bible into English in the early 16th century, he preserved the singular and plural distinctions that he found in his Hebrew and Greek originals. He used thou for the singular and ye for the plural regardless of the relative status of the speaker and the addressee. Tyndale's usage was standard for the period and mirrored that found in the earlier Wycliffe's Bible and the later King James Bible. But as the use of thou in non-dialect English began to decline in the 18th century, its meaning nonetheless remained familiar from the widespread use of the latter translation. The Revised Standard Version of the Bible, which first appeared in 1946, retained the pronoun thou exclusively to address God, using you in other places. This was done to preserve the tone, at once intimate and reverent, that would be familiar to those who knew the King James Version and read the Psalms and similar text in devotional use. The New American Standard Bible (1971) made the same decision, but the revision of 1995 (New American Standard Bible, Updated edition) reversed it. Similarly, the 1989 Revised English Bible dropped all forms of thou that had appeared in the earlier New English Bible (1970). The New Revised Standard Version (1989) omits thou entirely and claims that it is incongruous and contrary to the original intent of the use of thou in Bible translation to adopt a distinctive pronoun to address the Deity.

The 1662 Book of Common Prayer, which is still an authorized form of worship in the Church of England and much of the Anglican Communion, also uses the word thou to refer to the singular second person.

Quakers traditionally used thee as an ordinary pronoun as part of their testimony of simplicity—a practice continued by certain Conservative Friends; the stereotype has them saying thee for both nominative and accusative cases. This was started at the beginning of the Quaker movement by George Fox, who called it "plain speaking", as an attempt to preserve the egalitarian familiarity associated with the pronoun. Most Quakers have abandoned this usage. At its beginning, the Quaker movement was particularly strong in the northwestern areas of England and particularly in the north Midlands area. The preservation of thee in Quaker speech may relate to this history. Modern Quakers who choose to use this manner of "plain speaking" often use the "thee" form without any corresponding change in verb form, for example, is thee or was thee.

In Latter-day Saint prayer tradition, the terms "thee" and "thou" are always and exclusively used to address God, as a mark of respect.

Islam and Bahá'í Faith
In many of the Quranic translations, particularly those compiled by the Ahmadiyya, the terms thou and thee are used. One particular example is The Holy Quran - Arabic Text and English translation, translated by Maulvi Sher Ali.

In the English translations of the scripture of the Bahá'í Faith, the terms thou and thee are also used.  Shoghi Effendi, the head of the religion in the first half of the 20th century, adopted a style that was somewhat removed from everyday discourse when translating the texts from their original Arabic or Persian to capture some of the poetic and metaphorical nature of the text in the original languages and to convey the idea that the text was to be considered holy.

Literary uses

Shakespeare
Like his contemporaries, William Shakespeare uses thou both in the intimate, French-style sense, and also to emphasize differences of rank, but he is by no means consistent in using the word, and friends and lovers sometimes call each other ye or you as often as they call each other thou, sometimes in ways that can be analysed for meaning, but often apparently at random.

For example, in the following passage from Henry IV, Shakespeare has Falstaff use both forms with Henry. Initially using "you" in confusion on waking he then switches to a comfortable and intimate "thou".

Prince: Thou art so fat-witted with drinking of old sack, and unbuttoning thee after supper, and sleeping upon benches after noon, that thou hast forgotten to demand that truly which thou wouldest truly know. What a devil hast thou to do with the time of the day? ...

Falstaff: Indeed, you come near me now, Hal ... And, I prithee, sweet wag, when thou art a king, as God save thy GraceMajesty, I should say; for grace thou wilt have none –

While in Hamlet, Shakespeare uses discordant second person pronouns to express Hamlet's antagonism towards his mother.

Queen Gertrude: Hamlet, thou hast thy father much offended..

Hamlet: Mother, you have my father much offended.

More recent uses
Except where everyday use survives in some regions of England, the air of informal familiarity once suggested by the use of thou has disappeared; it is used often for the opposite effect with solemn ritual occasions, in readings from the King James Bible, in Shakespeare and in formal literary compositions that intentionally seek to echo these older styles. Since becoming obsolete in most dialects of spoken English, it has nevertheless been used by more recent writers to address exalted beings such as God, a skylark, Achilles, and even The Mighty Thor. In The Empire Strikes Back, Darth Vader addresses the Emperor with the words: "What is thy bidding, my master?" In Leonard Cohen's song "Bird on the Wire", he promises his beloved that he will reform, saying "I will make it all up to thee."  In Diana Ross's song, "Upside Down", (written by Chic's Nile Rodgers and Bernard Edwards) there is the lyric "Respectfully I say to thee I'm aware that you're cheatin'." In "Will You Be There", Michael Jackson sings, "Hold me / Like the River Jordan / And I will then say to thee / You are my friend." Notably, both Ross's and Jackson's lyrics combine thee with the usual form you.

The converse—the use of the second person singular ending -est for the third person—also occurs ("So sayest Thor!"―spoken by Thor). This usage often shows up in modern parody and pastiche in an attempt to make speech appear either archaic or formal. The forms thou and thee are often transposed.

Current usage
You is now the standard English second-person pronoun and encompasses both the singular and plural senses. In some dialects, however, thou has persisted, and in others thou is retained for poetic and/or literary use. Further, in others the vacuum created by the loss of a distinction has led to the creation of new forms of the second-person plural, such as y'all in the Southern United States or yous by some Australians and heard in what are generally considered working class dialects in and near cities in the northeastern United States.  The forms vary across the English-speaking world and between literature and the spoken language. It also survives as a fossil word in the commonly-used phrase "holier-than-thou".

Persistence of second-person singular
In traditional dialects, thou is used in the English counties of Cumberland, Westmorland, Durham, Lancashire, Yorkshire, Staffordshire, Derbyshire and some western parts of Nottinghamshire. The Survey of Anglo-Welsh Dialects, which began in 1968, found that thou persisted in scattered sites across Clwyd, Dyfed, Powys and West Glamorgan. Such dialects normally also preserve distinct verb forms for the singular second person, for example thee coost (standard English: you could, archaic: thou couldst) in northern Staffordshire. Throughout rural Yorkshire, the old distinction between nominative and objective is preserved. The possessive is often written as thy in local dialect writings, but is pronounced as an unstressed tha, and the possessive pronoun has in modern usage almost exclusively followed other English dialects in becoming yours or the local word your'n (from your one):

The apparent incongruity between the archaic nominative, objective and genitive forms of this pronoun on the one hand and the modern possessive form on the other may be a signal that the linguistic drift of Yorkshire dialect is causing tha to fall into disuse; however, a measure of local pride in the dialect may be counteracting this.

Some other variants are specific to certain areas. In Sheffield, the initial consonant was pronounced as /d/, which led to the nickname of the "dee-dahs" for people from Sheffield. In Lancashire and West Yorkshire, ta  was used as an unstressed shortening of thou, which can be found in the song "On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at", although K.M. Petyt found this form to have been largely displaced from urban West Yorkshire in his 1970-1 fieldwork.

In rural North Lancashire between Lancaster and the North Yorkshire border tha is preserved in colloquial phrases such as "What would tha like for thi tea?" (What would you like for your dinner), and appen tha waint" ("perhaps you won't"happen being the dialect word for perhaps) and "tha knows" (you know). This usage in Lancashire is becoming rare, except for elderly and rural speakers.

A well-known routine by comedian Peter Kay, from Bolton, Greater Manchester (historically in Lancashire), features the phrase "Has tha nowt moist?"
(Have you got nothing moist?).

The use of the word "thee" in the song "I Predict a Riot" by Leeds band Kaiser Chiefs ("Watching the people get lairy / is not very pretty, I tell thee") caused some comment by people who were unaware that the word is still in use in the Yorkshire dialect.

The word "thee" is also used in the song Upside Down "Respectfully, I say to thee / I'm aware that you're cheating".

The use of the phrase "tha knows" has been widely used in various songs by Arctic Monkeys, a popular band from High Green, a suburb of Sheffield. Alex Turner, the band's lead singer, has also often replaced words with "tha knows" during live versions of the songs.

The use persists somewhat in the West Country dialects, albeit somewhat affected. Some of the Wurzels songs include "Drink Up Thy Zider" and "Sniff Up Thy Snuff".

Thoo has also been used in the Orcadian Scots dialect in place of the singular informal thou. In Shetland dialect, the other form of Insular Scots, du and dee are used. The word "thou" has been reported in the North Northern Scots Cromarty dialect as being in common use in the first half of the 20th century and by the time of its extinction only in occasional use.

See also
 T–V distinction

Citations

General and cited references
 Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language, 5th ed.
 Burrow, J. A., Turville-Petre, Thorlac. A Book of Middle English.
 Daniel, David. The Bible in English: Its History and Influence. .

 Smith, Jeremy. A Historical Study of English: Form, Function, and Change.
 "Thou, pers. pron., 2nd sing." Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. (1989). Oxford English Dictionary .
 Trudgill, Peter. (1999) Blackwell Publishing. Dialects of England.

Further reading
Brown, Roger and Gilman, Albert. The Pronouns of Power and Solidarity, 1960, reprinted in: Sociolinguistics: the Essential Readings, Wiley-Blackwell, 2003,
Byrne, St. Geraldine. Shakespeare's use of the pronoun of address: its significance in characterization and motivation, Catholic University of America, 1936 (reprinted Haskell House, 1970) .
Quirk, Raymond. Shakespeare and the English Language, in Kenneth Muir and Sam Schoenbaum, eds, A New Companion to Shakespeare Studies*, 1971, Cambridge UP
Wales, Katie. Personal Pronouns in Present-Day English.
Walker, Terry. Thou and you in early modern English dialogues: trials, depositions, and drama comedy, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2007,

External links

 A Grammar of the English Tongue by Samuel Johnson – includes description of 18th century use
 Contemporary use of thou in Yorkshire
 Thou: The Maven's Word of the Day
 You/Thou in Shakespeare's Work (archived forum discussion)
 A Note on Shakespeare's Grammar  by Seamus Cooney
 The Language of Formal Prayer by Don E. Norton, Jr. - LDS

Archaic English words and phrases
English grammar
English words
Etiquette
King James Only movement
Middle English personal pronouns
Personal pronouns

Thou


William Foxwell Albright (May 24, 1891– September 19, 1971) was an American archaeologist, biblical scholar, philologist, and expert on ceramics. He is considered "one of the twentieth century's most influential American biblical scholars", having become known to the public in 1948 for his role in the authentication of the Dead Sea Scrolls. His scholarly reputation arose as a leading theorist and practitioner of biblical archaeology.

Biography
Albright was born on May 24, 1891, in Coquimbo, Chile, the eldest of six children of the American Evangelical Methodist missionaries Wilbur Finley Albright and Cornish-American Zephine Viola Foxwell. Albright was an alumnus of Upper Iowa University. He married Ruth Norton  in 1921 and had four sons. He received his Doctor of Philosophy degree from Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1916 and accepted a professorship there in 1927. Albright was W. W. Spence Professor of Semitic Languages from 1930 until his retirement in 1958. He was the Director of the American School of Oriental Research in Jerusalem from 1922–1929, and 1933–1936, and did important archaeological work at sites in Palestine such as Gibeah (Tell el-Fûl, 1922) and Tell Beit Mirsim (1926, 1928, 1930, and 1932).

Albright became known to the public in 1948 for his role in the authentication of the Dead Sea Scrolls, but made his scholarly reputation as the leading theorist and practitioner of biblical archaeology, "that branch of archaeology that sheds light upon 'the social and political structure, the religious concepts and practices and other human activities and relationships that are found in the Bible or pertain to peoples mentioned in the Bible." Albright was not, however, a biblical literalist; in his Yahweh and the Gods of Canaan, for example, he argued that Yahwism and ancient Caananite religion had a reciprocal relationship, in which "both gained much in the exchange which set in about the tenth century and continued until the fifth century B.C".

Although primarily a biblical archaeologist, Albright was a polymath who made contributions in almost every field of Near Eastern studies: an example of his range is a 1953 paper, "New Light from Egypt on the Chronology and History of Israel and Judah", in which he established that Egyptian pharaoh Shoshenq I—the Biblical Shishaq—came to power somewhere between 945 and 940 BC.

A prolific author, his works in addition to Yahweh and the Gods of Canaan, include The Archaeology of Palestine: From the Stone Age to Christianity, and The Biblical Period from Abraham to Ezra. He also edited the Anchor Bible volumes on Jeremiah, Matthew, and Revelation.

Throughout his life Albright was honored with awards, honorary doctorates, and medals, and was proclaimed "Yakir Yerushalayim" (Worthy Citizen of Jerusalem)—the first time that title had been awarded to a non-Jew. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1929. He was elected a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1955 and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1956. After his death on September 19, 1971, his legacy continued through the many scholars inspired by his work, who specialized in the fields pioneered by Albright. The American School of Oriental Research, Jerusalem, was renamed the Albright Institute of Archaeological Research, in honor of Albright's archeological achievements.

Historical research and hypotheses
From the 1930s until his death, he was the dean of biblical archaeologists and the acknowledged founder of the biblical archaeology movement. Coming from his background in German biblical criticism of the historicity of the biblical accounts, Albright, through his seminal work in archaeology (and his development of the standard pottery typology for Palestine and the Holy Land) concluded that the biblical accounts of Israelite history were, contrary to the dominant German biblical criticism of the day, largely accurate. This area remains widely contested among scholars. Albright's student George Ernest Wright inherited his leadership of the biblical archaeology movement, contributing definitive work at Shechem and Gezer. Albright inspired, trained and worked with the first generation of world-class Israeli archaeologists, who have carried on his work, and maintained his perspective.

Other students such as Joseph Fitzmyer, Frank Moore Cross, Raymond E. Brown, and David Noel Freedman, became international leaders in the study of the Bible and the ancient Near East, including Northwest Semitic epigraphy and paleography. John Bright, Cyrus H. McCormick Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Interpretation at Union Seminary in Richmond (PhD, Johns Hopkins, 1940), went on to become "the first distinguished American historian of the Old Testament" and "arguably the most influential scholar of the Albright school", owing to his "distinctly American commonsense flavor, similar to that of W[illiam] James". Thus Albright and his students influenced a broad swath of American higher education from the 1940s through the 1970s, after which revisionist scholars such as T. L. Thompson, John Van Seters, Niels Peter Lemche, and Philip R. Davies developed and advanced a minimalist critique of Albright's view that archaeology supports the broad outlines of the history of Israel as presented in the Bible. Like other academic polymaths (Edmund Husserl in phenomenology and Max Weber in the fields of sociology and the sociology of religion), Albright created and advanced the discipline of biblical archaeology, which is now taught at universities worldwide and has exponents across national, cultural, and religious lines.

Influence and legacy
Albright's publication in the Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 1932, of his excavations of Tell Beit Mirsim, and descriptions of the Bronze Age and Iron Age layers at the site in 1938 and 1943, marked a major contribution to the dating of sites based on ceramic typologies, which is still in use. "With this work, Albright made Israeli archaeology into a science, instead of what it had formerly been: a digging in which the details are more or less well-described in an indifferent chronological framework which is as general as possible and often wildly wrong".

As editor of the Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research from 1931 to 1968, Albright influenced biblical scholarship and Palestinian archaeology. Albright advocated "biblical archaeology" in which the archaeologist's task, according to fellow biblical archaeologist William G. Dever, is "to illuminate, to understand, and, in their greatest excesses, to 'prove' the Bible." Here, Albright's American Methodist upbringing was clearly apparent. He insisted, for example, that "as a whole, the picture in Genesis is historical, and there is no reason to doubt the general accuracy of the biographical details" (i.e., of figures such as Abraham). Similarly he claimed that archaeology had proved the essential historicity of the Book of Exodus, and the conquest of Canaan as described in the Book of Joshua and the Book of Judges.

In the years since his death, Albright's methods and conclusions have been increasingly questioned. In a 1993 article for The Biblical Archaeologist, William G. Dever stated that:  [Albright's] central theses have all been overturned, partly by further advances in Biblical criticism, but mostly by the continuing archaeological research of younger Americans and Israelis to whom he himself gave encouragement and momentum... The irony is that, in the long run, it will have been the newer 'secular' archaeology that contributed the most to Biblical studies, not 'Biblical archaeology.'

Biblical scholar Thomas L. Thompson wrote that by 2002 the methods of "biblical archaeology" had also become outmoded:[Wright and Albright's] historical interpretation can make no claim to be objective, proceeding as it does from a methodology which distorts its data by selectivity which is hardly representative, which ignores the enormous lack of data for the history of the early second millennium, and which wilfully establishes hypotheses on the basis of unexamined biblical texts, to be proven by such (for this period) meaningless mathematical criteria as the "balance of probability" ...

Publications

 The Archaeology of Palestine: From the Stone Age to Christianity (1940/rev.1960)
 From the Stone Age to Christianity: Monotheism and the Historical Process, Johns Hopkins Press, 1946
 Views of the Biblical World. Jerusalem: International Publishing Company J-m Ltd, 1959.
 Yahweh and the Gods of Canaan: An Historical Analysis of Two Contrasting Faiths (1968)
 Matthew (with C. S. Mann) in the Anchor Bible series (1971)
 The Biblical Period from Abraham to Ezra

See also
 Biblical archaeology
 List of artifacts in biblical archaeology
 Views of the Biblical World

References

Footnotes

Bibliography

Further reading

Machinist, Peter. "William Foxwell Albright: the man and his work." In The Study of the Ancient Near East in the 21st Century: the William Foxwell Albright Centennial Conference, pp. 385-403. Winona Lake, In: Eisenbrauns, 1996.

Van Beek, Gus W. "William Foxwell Albright: A Short Biography." In The Scholarship of William Foxwell Albright: An Appraisal, pp. 7-15. Brill, 1989.

External links

 Archaeology and the Hebrew patriarchs
 Archaeology and the prophets of Israel
 Light from archaeology on oral and written literature
National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
 Official AIAR website
 Question and answer session with William F. Albright after his lecture, Archaeology and the Hebrew patriarchs
 William Foxwell Albright, in Historical Handbook of Major Biblical Interpreters

1891 births
1971 deaths
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American archaeologists
20th-century Christian biblical scholars
American orientalists
American biblical scholars
Critics of the Christ myth theory
Upper Iowa University alumni
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Archaeologists of the Near East
Biblical archaeologists
Johns Hopkins University alumni
American people of Cornish descent
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Old Testament scholars
People from Coquimbo
American expatriates in Chile
American expatriates in Mandatory Palestine
Palestinologists
American United Methodists
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Methodist biblical scholars
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy
Members of the American Philosophical Society

William F. Albright


Sartell is a city in the U.S. state of Minnesota. The 2000 census said 9,641 live in the city. Newer information says 12,629 people live in the city. Sartell is in both Stearns County and Benton County.

History
Sartell started as a small town near the Mississippi River. It was first named "The Third Rapids" because it was the third rapids that French fur traders came to as they went north from St. Anthony Falls in Minneapolis.

One of the first people to live in this young town was Joseph B. Sartell. He came in 1854 and worked as a millwright at a local sawmill. In 1877, he started a flour mill at the nearby Watab River. In 1884, he started the Sartell Brothers Lumber Company with his sons.

In 1905, some people started to build the Watab Pulp and Paper Company. They also started to build the Sartell Dam across the Mississippi near the "third rapids". Both of these things were finished in 1907. Seven people died when building the dam. Since that time, Watab Pulp and Paper was rebuilt several times and many people bought and sold it. Now a company called International Paper owns it.

It was in 1907 that residents of the town decided it was time to incorporate. Several influential people felt the town ought to be named "Wengert" after a local businessman. Another man lobbyied to have the town named "Oberly" after himself. However, because of his many relatives and generous contributions to the community, the town was incorporated as "The Village of Sartell" in honor of Joseph B. Sartell. From 1907 until 1973, there was a Sartell on nearly every City Council, the most prominent being Ripley B. "Rip" Sartell who was mayor for 31 years.

The town continued to grow slowly and developed a number of businesses and a "downtown" on the east side of the Mississippi along U.S. Highway 10. In the 1960s, the highway was re-routed, greatly contributing to the demise of the downtown area. The later construction of a new bridge over the Mississippi in the early 1980s replaced the remaining businesses. This and Sartell's nearby location to St. Cloud, Minnesota's major retail center account for Sartell's lack of a traditional "downtown".

Because residents wanted to educate their children locally, Independent School District #748, Sartell-St. Stephen, was created in 1969. Despite not having a downtown the city continued to grow and the pace of the growth increased in the 1970s. From 1970 to the present, the population of the city has grown from 700 to over 10,000.

Government
Sartell's city council has a mayor and four council members. They are elected at-large to represent the community. They also legislate policy for the city. As of October 2005, Sartell's mayor is Robert Pogatshnik and its four council members are Mary Lewandowski, Tim O'Driscoll, Paul Orndorff, and Joe Perske. They have the authority to pass and enforce ordinances, establish public and administrative policies, create advisory boards and commissions, and manage the city's financial operations including preparing a budget, auditing expenditures, and transacting other city business as required by law. The City Council also appoints a City Administrator who overseas the day-to-day operations of the city and implements the policies of the council.

Geography
The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of 15.9 km² (6.1 mi²). 15.3 km² (5.9 mi²) of it is land and 0.6 km² (0.2 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 3.75% water.

The city is located on both sides of the Mississippi River. The area around the city has lots of farmland and forests.

Recreation
Because the Mississippi River goes through the city, people use the river to have fun. When it is warm, people ride boats, swim, catch fish and water ski on the river. When the river is frozen in winter, people ride snowmobiles, cross country ski, and catch fish through holes in the ice.

The city has also built places for people to have fun. These include 24 parks, walking pathways, playgrounds, a bike lane, tennis courts, baseball and soccer fields, ice rinks, a disc golf course and a wading pool.

Economy
Sartell's largest employer is Verso Paper. They own a paper mill in the city. Another large employer is DeZurik Water Controls.

Sartell's Chamber of Commerce  says that the city has many small business.

Demographics
As of the census2 of 2000, there were 9,641 people, 3,443 households, and 2,513 families living in the city. The population density was 630.9/km² (1,633.9/mi²). There were 3,531 housing units at an average density of 231.1/km² (598.4/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 97.42% White, 0.29% African American, 0.17% Native American, 1.21% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.21% from other races, and 0.69% from two or more races. 0.87% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 3,443 households out of which 46.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.6% were married couples living together, 9.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.0% were non-families. 20.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.23.

In the city the population was spread out with 32.0% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 35.5% from 25 to 44, 15.5% from 45 to 64, and 8.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females there were 95.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $52,531, and the median income for a family was $61,056. Males had a median income of $39,834 versus $27,476 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,667. 4.0% of the population and 3.0% of families were below the poverty line. 4.7% of those under the age of 18 and 8.3% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

Transportation
Transportation to and from Sartell is limited to surface roads, mainly U.S. Highway 10 and Minnesota Highway 15 which both pass along the outskirts of the city. A rail line runs through town but serves only as freight transportation for the local paper mill. The presence of dams along the Mississippi River and the waterway's relatively shallow depth render it useless for anything more than recreational watercraft traffic.

Sartell's proximity to St. Cloud allows for convenient access to St. Cloud Regional Airport.

Famous Sartellians
 Craig Sauer, NFL linebacker for the Minnesota Vikings
 Kurt Sauer, NHL defenseman for the Colorado Avalanche
 Michael Sauer, drafted by the New York Rangers in July 2005

Other websites
 City of Sartell
 Sartell Historical Society
 www.sartell.com  - Useful Sartell links
 Google Maps - Satellite photo of Sartell
 TerraServer - Aerial photo of Sartell from 1991
 Map Quest - Map of Sartell
 International Paper Sartell Mill
 DeZurik Water Controls

Cities in Minnesota

Sartell, Minnesota


Pole is the artistic name of Stefan Betke (born 18 February 1967), a German electronic music artist commonly associated with the glitch genre as well as dubtronica.

History
Born in Düsseldorf, Pole took his name from a Waldorf 4-Pole filter, which he accidentally dropped and broke in 1996. Though the filter was perhaps no longer appropriate for DJ work in its damaged state, Betke found the strange hissing and popping noises the filter now made interesting sounds. He then began using the broken filter to create music, launching his musical career.

Betke's first four albums, titled 1, 2, 3, and R (an intentional trilogy of albums, followed by a collection of remixes of Pole's 1998 debut EP Raum), were all based around this filter, with songs usually taking the form of dub basslines and rhythms with percussion provided by the eponymous filter. In 2003 Betke departed from this style for the album Pole (a combination of tracks from two EPs, "45/45" and "90/90"), which utilized more traditionally electronic but still eclectic production.

Pole has been distributed on several different labels, including Matador Records and Mute Records, and in 1999 Betke cofounded (with Barbara Preisinger) the label ~scape, also known for publishing Jan Jelinek. On September 1, 2011, Betke founded a new artist label named Pole.

Betke mastered  John Frusciante's 2016 EP, Foregrow, and oversaw the 2019 re-master of Alphaville's 1984 album Forever Young and the 2021 re-master of 1986 album Afternoons in Utopia and 1989 album The Breathtaking Blue alongside Bernhard Lloyd.

Discography

Albums
 1 (1998)
 2 (1999)
 3 (2000)
 R (2001)
 Pole (2003)
 Steingarten (2007)
 Wald (2015)
 Fading (2020)
 Tempus (2022)

Singles
 Waldgeschichten (2011)
 Waldgeschichten 2 (2011)
 Waldgeschichten 3 (2012)

References

External links

Pole site at Matador Records
Pole biography at ~scape Records
[ Pole discography] at All Media Guide
Pole interview at The Milk Factory
Real Detroit Weekly Interview

German electronic musicians
Ambient musicians
Dubtronica musicians
Intelligent dance musicians
Mute Records artists
Matador Records artists
1967 births
Living people

Pole (musician)


Fernando Chien (born October 6, 1974), sometimes credited as Funan Chien,  is a Taiwanese actor and stunt performer. He is known for his roles in the film Fast Five and TNT's action show The Last Ship.

Biography

Fernando Chien was born in Taipei, Taiwan under the name Chien Fu-Nan. When he moved to Canada, he adopted the name of Fernando.

After moving to Canada, Chien developed an interest in acting, and performed in musical theater productions in college. Although he had practiced Taekwondo and Karate when he was 6 years old, it wasn't until his 20s that he started practicing martial arts more seriously, studying Hung-Gar Kung fu in Montreal, Quebec.

In 2002, Chien moved to Los Angeles to pursue a career in film and TV. He was also introduced to Wushu, and then Jiu-Jitsu and Muay Thai. Chien studied under Gokor Chivichyan and Gene LeBell at the Hayastan MMA Academy. He currently practices at the Werdum Combat Team under Fabricio Werdum and Andrew Hagar.

After moving to Los Angeles, Chien moved between acting and stunt performing. He became part of the action team Reel Kick, which features some of the most sought after stunt performers. Chien also studied acting at Michael Beach's Actors Gym and Lee Strasberg Studio, among others.

During his career, Chien has worked in films like Crank, The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor, Red Dawn, Fast Five, and Iron Man 3. He has also worked on TV shows like NCIS: Los Angeles, The Guild, and Star Trek: Enterprise. In 2016, he had a recurring role as President Peng Wu on TNT's The Last Ship.

Filmography

References

External links

1974 births
Living people
Taiwanese male film actors
Taiwanese male karateka
Taiwanese male taekwondo practitioners
Taiwanese stunt performers
Taiwanese wushu practitioners
Male actors from Taipei
20th-century Taiwanese male actors
21st-century Taiwanese male actors

Fernando Chien


A physical disability is a condition that limits the way the body works.  For example, a physical disability may limit the way a part of the body grows, moves, or does what it is supposed to do.

Types of physical disabilities

Congenital disabilities
A congenital disability is a disability that a baby has when they are born, or had before they were born.  These disabilities used to be called "birth defects."

The most common congenital disability is congenital heart disease - problems in the way the heart grows and works.  In 2013, 34.3 million people around the world had congenital heart disease.  Congenital heart disease also causes more deaths than any other congenital disability.  In 2013, it caused 323,000 deaths.

Other examples of congenital disabilities include:
 Fetal alcohol syndrome
 Spina bifida, a problem with the way the spinal cord formed while a fetus was growing
 Microcephaly, where the baby's head is smaller than usual
 Problems with the way the brain, spinal cord, kidneys, or gastrointestinal system grew while a fetus was developing

Inherited disabilities
Some types of congenital disabilities are genetic.  This means the disability was "inherited," or passed down to a person, through their parents' genes.

Examples of inherited physical disabilities include:
 Cystic fibrosis
 Sickle cell anaemia
 Tay-Sachs disease
 Huntington's disease
 Hemophilia

Acquired disabilities
Acquired disabilities are disabilities that people get ("acquire") after they are born.  Often they are caused by injuries or illnesses.  Examples of acquired physical disabilities include:
 Paralysis, caused by an injury to the spinal cord
 Brain injury, caused by a head injury or an illness (like an infection in the brain)
 Amputation of a body part because of injury or illness
 Chronic back pain from on-the-job injuries
 Chronic medical problems like epilepsy, congestive heart failure, kidney failure, and cancer

Famous people with physical disabilities
There have been many famous people with physical disabilities.  Below are some examples.

Leaders and politicians

 Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who was the United States President from 1933-1945.  He was paralyzed from the waist down from polio.
 King George VI, who was King of England from 1936-1952.  He had a speech disorder (stuttering).
 Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940-1945 and 1951-1955, also stuttered.
 John F. Kennedy, who was the United States President from 1961-1963.  He had many painful health problems caused by Addison's disease and hypothyroidism.

Actors
 James Earl Jones, Emily Blunt, Hugh Grant, Samuel L. Jackson, and Bruce Willis all have stutters.
 Michael J. Fox has Parkinson's disease.

Singers
 Neil Young,| Lil Wayne, and Prince all have epilepsy.

Other famous people
 Stephen Hawking, an award-winning physicist and writer who is paralyzed from motor neurone disease.
 Jim Abbott, a baseball player who was born with only one hand.  He played ten seasons in Major League Baseball; pitched a no-hitter; and won an Olympic gold medal playing for the United States in the 1988 Summer Olympics.

Related pages
 Paralympic Games (Olympic Games for people with disabilities)

References

Disability

Physical disability


Jason Derik Isringhausen ( born September 7, 1972) is an American former professional baseball pitcher and coach. He pitched in Major League Baseball from 1995 through 2012 for the New York Mets, Oakland Athletics, St. Louis Cardinals, Tampa Bay Rays, and Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.

Isringhausen was, with Bill Pulsipher and Paul Wilson, a member of "Generation K", a group of highly regarded Mets prospects. Isringhausen proceeded to have a successful career as a relief pitcher, recording exactly 300 career saves. He was a two-time All-Star and led the National League in saves in 2004.

Early life
Isringhausen was born on September 7, 1972, in Brighton, Illinois, one of at least three children of Charles and Georgene Isringhausen. Isringhausen played catcher at Southwestern High School before being moved to the outfield at Lewis and Clark Community College.

Playing career

New York Mets (1992-1999)
Isringhausen was chosen as a draft-and-follow prospect by the New York Mets in the 44th round of the 1991 Major League Baseball draft. He signed in May 1992.

In the mid-1990s, Isringhausen and fellow minor-league pitchers Bill Pulsipher and Paul Wilson—collectively dubbed  "Generation K"—were widely hyped as the next New York Mets superstars. But injuries took their toll and 1995 was the first year that all three started the season healthy.

Isringhausen began his career as a starter for the Mets near the end of the 1995 season, posting a 9–2 record in 14 starts. But a steady progression of serious injuries, including tuberculosis, a broken wrist (sustained while punching a dugout trash can), and three major operations on his pitching arm, derailed his progression into the major-league rotation. (He also was caught clandestinely playing softball for a strip club while rehabilitating.) He missed most of the 1997 season and the entire 1998 season. When he was finally healthy in 1999, he was moved to the bullpen after only five starts. Still, Mets manager Bobby Valentine was reluctant to use Isringhausen in relief, saying that it would be akin to "[using] an Indy car as a taxi." After inconsistent play with the Mets, he was traded to the Oakland Athletics at the trading deadline for reliever Billy Taylor.

Oakland Athletics (1999-2001)
As a relief pitcher and closer for the Athletics, Isringhausen's performance improved. Isringhausen established himself as a top closer with Oakland, as the A's made the playoffs in 2000 and 2001. Isringhausen earned his first selection to the All-Star game in 2000.

St. Louis Cardinals (2002-2008)
Isringhausen signed with the Cardinals as a free agent before the 2002 season. During Isringhausen's time with the team, the Cardinals won the Central Division in 2002, 2004, 2005, and 2006 with World Series appearances in 2004 and 2006, winning the World Series in 2006.  He registered a league-leading 47 saves in 2004, tying Lee Smith's franchise record (broken in 2015 by Trevor Rosenthal).  He was an All-Star and posted a 2.14 earned run average (ERA) with 39 saves in 2005 as the Cardinals won 100 games.  The saves total was fifth in the NL.

Despite this success, Isringhausen's 2006 season began with two losses and a blown save in his first five appearances. He struggled with control problems throughout the season, leading to 38 walks (the most given up by Isringhausen in a season since he became a closer) and a 3.55 ERA, which was his highest ERA as a closer since the 2000 season, in which his ERA was 3.78. Isringhausen finished the season with a 4–8 record and 33 saves along with 10 blown saves. He missed the entire 2006 playoffs due to a hip injury, allowing rookie Adam Wainwright to become the Cardinals' closer for the playoffs and that team's World Series Championship.

During the 2006 off-season, Isringhausen underwent his second hip surgery in two years. With Wainwright slotted into the rotation, Isringhausen was returned to the closer role to begin 2007. Isringhausen responded by notching career numbers in 2007, posting a 4–0 record, 2.48 ERA, and 32 saves while walking 28, striking out 54, and giving up only four home runs in 63 innings pitched, appearing in 63 games. Batters hit .179 against him.

On September 25, 2007, Isringhausen was named as one of 10 finalists for the "DHL Presents the Major League Baseball Delivery Man of the Year Award"; and on October 5, 2007, it was announced the St. Louis Cardinals had picked up Isringhausen's option for the 2008 season.

On May 10, 2008, manager Tony La Russa removed Isringhausen as the club's closer. On July 29, 2008, La Russa announced that Isringhausen had resumed his role as closer.

On August 19, 2008, Isringhausen left the team due to lingering elbow tendinitis and a torn tendon.

Tampa Bay Rays (2009)
On February 20, 2009, Isringhausen signed a minor league deal with the Tampa Bay Rays with an invitation to spring training. On April 1, 2009, Isringhausen was added to the 40-man roster of the Rays, and began the season on the disabled list. Once activated, Isringhausen pitched in nine games before it was announced on June 13 that he tore a ligament in the surgically repaired right elbow and would miss the rest of the season to undergo Tommy John surgery.

Cincinnati Reds (2010)
On July 20, 2010, Isringhausen pitched a bullpen session for the Cincinnati Reds. He impressed both pitching coach Bryan Price and former Cardinals and current Reds General Manager Walt Jocketty enough that the Reds prepared a contract offer for Isringhausen.

On July 22, 2010, Isringhausen agreed to terms with a minor league contract with the Cincinnati Reds.

Return to the Mets (2011)
Isringhausen signed a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training for the 2011 season. He began the season in extended spring training, but was promoted to the Mets on April 10. He had a good outing in his first game, against the Colorado Rockies. He was called in with one out in the bottom of the eighth inning and retired both batters he faced. His return also made him the only pitcher in major league history to return to the mound after a third Tommy John operation. He was being used as the 8th-inning setup pitcher for the Mets until closer Francisco Rodriguez was traded to the Milwaukee Brewers. Isringhausen was then moved to the closer's role. On July 19, 2011, he picked up his first save since 2008. On August 15, 2011, Isringhausen became the 23rd pitcher to notch 300 career saves, which he did against the San Diego Padres in a 5–4 Mets win.

Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim (2012)
On February 22, 2012, he signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. He eventually appeared in 50 games out of the bullpen for the Angels with a 4.14 ERA.

Coaching career
On February 14, 2013, Isringhausen was named volunteer pitching coach at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville (SIUE) in Edwardsville, Illinois, where he resides during the offseason. While a member of the staff at SIUE, Isringhausen denied through his agent that he was retiring from Major League Baseball, and was still looking for pitching jobs.

See also

 List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders
 List of Major League Baseball pitchers who have thrown an immaculate inning
 List of St. Louis Cardinals team records

References

External links

1972 births
Living people
Baseball players from Illinois
American League All-Stars
National League All-Stars
National League saves champions
Major League Baseball pitchers
New York Mets players
Oakland Athletics players
St. Louis Cardinals players
Tampa Bay Rays players
Los Angeles Angels players
People from Brighton, Illinois
Gulf Coast Mets players
Kingsport Mets players
Pittsfield Mets players
St. Lucie Mets players
Binghamton Mets players
Norfolk Tides players
Tennessee Smokies players
Palm Beach Cardinals players
Springfield Cardinals players
Montgomery Biscuits players
Durham Bulls players
Louisville Bats players

Jason Isringhausen


Colonel Walter O'Hara ( – 13 January 1874) was a prominent member of the British army in the 19th century, participating in battles fighting Napoleon, before immigrating to Toronto, Ontario, Canada, where he participated in the Rebellions of 1837 on the side of the government, defeating the rebels of William Lyon Mackenzie.

In 1850, O'Hara was granted a  property on the western border of Toronto, forming the basis of the Brockton and Parkdale villages.

Today, several streets in Toronto are named after his family, estate or prominence in his life:

Roncesvalles Avenue – the site of a battle against Napoleon in Spain,
Sorauren Avenue – another battle site in Spain
Fermanagh Avenue – the county of his birth in Ireland
Marion Street – the name of his wife
Constance Street – the name of his daughter
West Lodge Avenue – the name of his estate
Alhambra Avenue – the palace in Granada, Spain
O'Hara Avenue

External links
 Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

1789 births
1874 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Year of birth unknown

Walter O'Hara


The Engelberg Codex is a music manuscript from the Benedictine abbey of Engelberg, Canton of Obwalden, Switzerland. One of the most important late-medieval liturgical manuscripts from Switzerland, the codex  was compiled over an extended period of time and by several different scribes, as can be assessed from variations in colours of ink, types of script, note shapes and rubrics. In many instances the copying of the text preceded that of the music, though some scribes would alternate between individual syllables or words and the corresponding phrases of music. The Engelberg Codex contains early examples of German sacred song, an Easter drama, tropes, sequences and motets.

A full facsimile edition was published in 1986 by Amadeus Verlag (Bernhard Päuler), Winterthur (Switzerland), for the Société Suisse de Musicologie.

A recording with 18 pieces from the codex entitled Engelberg 314 by the Schola Cantorum Basiliensis (SCB) was published in 1990 by Deutsche Harmonia Mundi (DHM), the label of Sony BMG predominantly devoted to preclassical music.

Notes

External links
Facsimile of Engelberg Codex 314, published 1986.

Medieval music manuscript sources
Engelberg

Engelberg Codex


Exposure is a sports novel for young adults by English writer Mal Peet, published by Walker Books in 2008. Inspired by William Shakespeare's Othello, the story follows Otello, a black association football player and his high-profile relationship with Desmerelda, a white celebrity. It also has a parallel plot about three street kids trying to live life in abject poverty.

Peet and Exposure won the annual Guardian Children's Fiction Prize, a once-in-a-lifetime book award judged by a panel of British children's writers.

Walker's North American division Candlewick Press published the first U.S. edition in 2009.

Plot summary
Set in South America, Bush, a car-cleaning boy, greets Paul Faustino when he sees him. When he goes to his shed in the slums, Felicia tells him that his sister, Bianca, is missing. He soon finds her watching the night entertainment at an alley. Meanwhile, Otello becomes contracted to the Rialto football team. He is taken to a party at Brabanta's house and he meets Desmerelda there. After the party, Desmerelda asks him to marry her. Despite Brabanta's disapproval of their relationship, Otello and Desmeralda live a life under the scrutiny of the media. In an attempt to stop "wolf men" from looking at Bianca, Bush makes her wear an oversized sweatshirt. After a failed hold up targeted at Desmerelda, Brabanta pulls some strings to prevent him and his daughter's name from newspaper articles mentioning the hold up. Otello assigns Michael to look after Desmerelda. However, when Michael is involved in a nightclub brawl, Desmerelda gets Otello to take Michael back. Meanwhile, Felicia and Bush discuss how to look after Bianca. Felicia forces her breasts against him and goes away just immediately, leaving Bush in a state of emotional confusion. At the same time, Desmerelda discovers that she is pregnant. In response to other racist and defaming sport articles about Otello's first season in Rialto, Paul lists Otello's achievements in the first season of his Rialto career. To promote Otello's product range, the "Paff!" label was developed. Targeted at teenagers, the main theme of the label was rebellion so they used slum kids. Bianca was the most photogenic child at the photoshoot, with all the advertisements of the "Paff!" label featuring her. With Bianca missing for three days, Bush and Felicia go to Paul for help. They find her dead with new clothes on her body and 100 dollars in her bra. Bush and Felicia are overwhelmed by her death. Meanwhile, Otello is accused of looking at child pornography. In the aftermath, Desmeralda leaves Otello and employs Felicia to look after her son and Bush to learn from her gardener.

Characters
Most of the characters have a similar version of themselves in Shakespeare's play, Othello.
Otello
He is a black football star who is married to Desmerelda. He is often the victim of racist comments when he is on the field. He completely trusts Desmerelda and Michael.
Desmerelda
She is a famed pop singer who is married to Otello. Later, she gives birth to her son, Raúl. At the end of the novel, she gives Felicia and Bush a place to sleep in return for Felicia looking after her son and Bush washing the cars and learning from her gardener.
Diego Mendosa
He is Otello's agent and attempts to ruin Otello's life throughout the novel.
Nestor "Senator" Brabanta
He is one of the board of directors for the Rialto football team. However, he has enough influence to make decisions at board meetings without needing to be there. Being Desmerelda's father, he disapproves of her relationship with Otello.
Emilia
She is Diego's pet chameleon.
Michael Cass
He is Otello's bodyguard and driver. He was a former alcoholic. In the first half of the book, he is tasked with protecting Desmerelda. He was fired from his job after he was involved in a brawl at a nightclub.
Bush
He is an orphaned street kid who tries to make an earning washing the cars to feed his sister and his friend.
Bianca
She is Bush's sister and an orphaned street kid. She has a tendency to steal but will never admit that she did. She owns only one shirt. She likes to wear clothes in a provocative way due to her beauty. She is murdered after a photo shoot to promote the "Paff" clothing label.
Felicia
She is Bush's friend and an orphaned street kid. She tries to keep Bianca inside the shed whenever possible. She has romantic feelings for Bush. She owns two shirts. She washes one and tries on the roof of the shed, the other she wears. Although both shirts have gotten smaller, she occasionally alternates between them. Unlike Bianca, she tries to cover her breasts from boys.
Paul Faustino
He is a journalist who writes articles for La Nación which commends Otello's football games. He also becomes friendly with Bush, who works on the street below his office.
Jaco Roderigo
Football player for Rialto

Production
Peet was inspired to write a story based on Shakespeare's Othello because he "had noticed that the names of some of Shakespeare's characters sounded like football players". Peet thought of Paul Faustino's name from "the name on a bottle of Spanish wine", which meant "little Faust" or, sort of "minor league Faust". "A few years ago Beckham got into a bit of hot water. He'd been scoring from outside the penalty area, so to speak, and there was a huge media attack on them as a family. I happen to like Beckham. I was really taken aback by the frenzy of this media invasion, not just of him, but of his wife and his kids: the exposures in the paper and the paparazzi in the lavatory, and the kids smuggled in darkened cars, and all that kind of stuff". - Mal Peet

Reception
Josh Lacey from The Guardian compares Exposure to Shakespeare's play Othello with "the novel is divided into five acts. Peet prefaces the action with a cast list. He often uses dialogue and "stage directions" rather than ordinary prose. Even the minor characters draw their names from the original". Amanda Craig from The Times comments that "the ending is not quite like that of the play, and some will find it weaker in its avoidance of total tragedy. The loss of a sporting career can't be as harrowing as the noble Othello's destruction". Caroline Sams from TeenToday comments that the novel "reveals the cold, harsh reality of fame, the sensationalist hype of the media and the inevitable jealousy that comes from lambasting such perfection".

See also

References

External links
 —immediately, first US edition

2008 British novels
2008 children's books
Novels about association football
British young adult novels
Walker Books books
Guardian Children's Fiction Prize-winning works
Novels set in South America
Children's books about association football
Children's books set in South America

Exposure (Peet novel)


The International Pool Tour was a professional sports tour created in 2005 by Kevin Trudeau and hosted by Rebecca Grant. It aimed to elevate pool to the level of other modern sports. Closely modeled on the PGA Tour, the IPT offered the largest prize funds in pool history in its first year. The tour attracted the top pool players in the world. It differed from the many nine-ball tournaments, as all IPT events were eight-ball matches.  The company was based in Hinsdale, Illinois.

Many pool enthusiasts were initially skeptical, but the first event was successful, and at the time was the biggest tournament in billiards history. However, by the end of 2006, the tour was in serious financial trouble, and was forced to stop staging major tournaments.

Events

The first IPT event was held at Mandalay Bay in Las Vegas, Nevada. It was an exhibition match between Mike Sigel and LoreeJon Jones in 2005. For their participation, Sigel (winner) won $150,000 and Jones (loser) won $75,000. The prize money drew attention due to the fact that these payouts for an exhibition match were bigger than winning prizes from major championships.
IPT King of the Hill 8-Ball Shootout- December 2005: an invitational event at the Orlando Convention Center in Orlando, Florida, consisting of 42 players who competed in a round-robin format. BCA Hall of Famers in attendance received $30,000 just for showing up. Efren Reyes defeated Sigel in the finals and pocketed $200,000. All of the 165 matches were filmed and were later available for sale as DVDs. The total prize money paid out was $1,125,000, which made it the biggest pool event in history. Select matches from the tournament were turned into a weekly TV series that had a dedicated time slot, in prime time, on Versus (then OLN).
IPT North American Open- 2006: the first full field IPT tournament consisting of 200 players from more than 40 countries. The North American Open paid out $2,000,000 in prize money, and was held at the Venetian, Las Vegas. The tournament was broadcast live in Europe for one week straight in prime time, a first for the billiards industry. Select matches from this event were turned into the second weekly TV series, in a dedicated time slot in prime time, on Versus (then OLN).
IPT World Open- 2006: the second full field IPT tournament consisting of 200 players from more than 40 countries. The World Open advertised a $3,000,000 prize fund. The IPT offered live coverage of the tournament daily through streaming video. At the conclusion of the tournament, players were told that the prize checks were not on site and that they would be sent in the mail shortly. However, the IPT had run into major financial problems due to the lack of sponsorship and other failed financing options. Players and fans were outraged, but tour management insisted that players would be paid in full. Ultimately, the players were paid in full, but it took nine installments of 11% each to finally pay the players. The nine installments were paid over a 14-month period.

The IPT was not in a financial position to continue hosting large world-class events, so they shifted their strategy to live streaming matches that pitted the best players against each other. These professionally produced events started around the same time as the final payment installment was sent to the players from the World Open. The IPT cited these matches as promotional and their intent was to promote the sport and build up web traffic once again in order to deploy a new strategy.

IPT Ultimate 8-Ball- Earl Strickland vs. Johnny Archer, December 19, 2007: two of the biggest names in professional pool played in a race to 15 of 8-ball. The event streamed for free and it was reported that it drew a large live audience. The winner (Archer) received a $5,000 cash prize, and Strickland received $1,000 for his efforts. IPT paid each player's expenses.
IPT Ultimate 8-Ball- Corey Deuel vs. Francisco Bustamante, January 23, 2008: the second of the challenge matches was also streamed free and drew a large audience. The winner (Bustamante) was paid $5,000 plus expenses and the loser (Deuel) received $1,000 plus expenses for his performance.
IPT Ultimate 8-Ball- Marlon Manalo vs. Rodney Morris, March 4, 2008: the third of the live challenge matches was streamed free and drew a very large audience. Manalo won $5,000 plus expenses for winning the match. Morris won $1,000 plus expenses for his performance. This match also marked the approximate launch of Rodney Morris's new energy drink "Extreme Focus," which is now being promoted globally.
IPT Ultimate 14.1 Straight Pool, April 29, 2008: the IPT decided to feature an undercard match of 14.1 straight pool, which marked the first time the IPT ever played anything other than 8-ball. The match featured reigning World Champion Oliver Ortmann and John Schmidt who was arguably one of the best straight pool players in the world. Schmidt won the match and $3,000 plus expenses. Ortmann received $1,000 plus expenses for his performance.
IPT Ultimate 8-Ball, April 29, 2008: the IPT chose to allow fan voting to determine the contestants of this 8-ball match. The crowd favorite was Efren Reyes. His opponent was a shock to the world as the fans responded to the call for help from teenager Austin Murphy, a gifted young player from California. Reyes easily won the match and $5,000 plus expenses. Murphy won $1,000 plus expenses for his performance.
IPT Ultimate 14.1 Straight Pool, June 2008: John Schmidt won in his last victory the chance to defend his win against Hall of Fame legend Mike Sigel. Most fans agreed that Sigel was past his prime and posed no threat to Schmidt's mastery. Much to the surprise of the world, Sigel played nearly perfect pool and handled Schmidt, who was visibly impressed by Sigel's game. Sigel won $3,000 plus expenses, and Schmidt won $1,000 plus expenses for his performance.
IPT Ultimate 8-Ball, June 2008: In this eight ball match, English player Karl Boyes was originally supposed to play Alex Pagulayan. At the last moment, Pagulayan's manager contacted the IPT to inform them that he had lost his passport and that he would not be able to attend. IPT management called Tony Robles and asked him to fill in for Pagulayan. Robles accepted and flew from New York to L.A. in the middle of the night in order to make it to the match on time. Robles played well and beat Boyes in a close match. Robles won $5,000 plus expenses, and Boyes won $1,000 plus expenses for his performance.

Other information
In the era of pool champions like Willie Mosconi and Irving Crane, the standard dress code for professional pool saw players dressed in tuxedos when competing, but beginning in the 1970s, the dress code had relaxed in competition with contenders wearing sneakers, baseball caps, T-shirts, and blue jeans. Trudeau re-established a dress code for the IPT members and required all IPT members and competitors to adhere to it, to project a better image for pool. All male pool players were required to wear suits, long-sleeved shirts, and leather shoes.

In the events Trudeau refused to follow some of the rules normally required by pool's governing bodies, in particular the policy that all prize money be held in escrow. Despite this, both the Women's Professional Billiards Association and the U.S. Professional Pool Players Association allowed their players to join the IPT.

Tournaments

Demise
In September 2006, just prior to the IPT World Open Eight-ball Championship in Reno, Nevada, Kevin Trudeau announced that the IPT had entered into an agreement to be acquired by Ho Interactive, a new company started by casino owner billionaire Stanley Ho, a deal which failed. Two new sponsors were also announced offsetting the bad news that the IPT championship scheduled for October 2006 in London, England, had been cancelled and subsequently Trudeau announcing the IPT Tour was being sold due to lack of funding.

References

Pool organizations
Pool leagues
Pool tours and series
Cue sports event promotion companies
Entertainment companies established in 2005
Companies based in DuPage County, Illinois

International Pool Tour


Eastern Visayas is an administrative region in the Philippines. It is also known as Region VIII. The regional center is Tacloban.

There are three main islands: Samar, Leyte and Biliran. The region has six provinces, one independent city and one highly urbanized city. The provinces are Biliran, Leyte, Northern Samar, Samar, Eastern Samar, Southern Leyte. The cities are Ormoc and Tacloban.

The region is known for its famous landmark, the San Juanico Bridge.

References

Regions of the Philippines

Eastern Visayas


Buddy McClinton was a defensive back for the Auburn University Tigers who was selected to the 1969 College Football All-America Team. As a safety  that year, he set a school record for most interceptions in a season with nine. He also holds the school record for most career interceptions with 18. He lettered at Auburn from 1967 to 1969. He was the 1968 Sun Bowl Most Valuable Player. McClinton was born in Montgomery, Alabama.

He was elected to the Alabama Sports Hall of Fame in 2006, and the SEC Football Legends in 2011.

References

Living people
1948 births
Auburn Tigers football players
Players of American football from Montgomery, Alabama

Buddy McClinton


Antonio Concepcion Delgado  (December 21, 1917 - December 7, 1992) was an industrialist and civic leader who was appointed Philippine Ambassador to the Vatican.

Early life
Antonio Delgado was born in San Pablo, Laguna, the fourth of eight children of physician Jose Maria Delgado (the first Philippine Ambassador to the Vatican) and Felisa Concepcion.

Antonio graduated valedictorian in high school at San Beda College in 1933, and took his Bachelor of Science in Mining Engineering, magna cum laude, at the University of Santo Tomas in 1937. He saw action with the Philippine Army and as a guerrilla during World War II. He married Nellie Chuidian in 1944 and they had four children, namely Jose Roberto, Lolita, Jose Antonio, and Jose Eduardo.

On July 28, 1963, Jose Antonio died with the entire Philippine contingent to the 11th World Scout Jamboree in Marathon, Greece - 19 other Boy Scouts, 3 Scoutmasters and Chaplain - when their plane crashed in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Bombay, India. His parents set up the Jose Antonio Delgado Memorial Foundation, Inc. (a.k.a. the Ala-Ala Foundation) with the insurance money.

Business
In 1946, Delgado founded ACD, Inc., and in 1949 he established Delgado Brothers, Inc. and transformed it into the largest fully integrated transportation company in the Philippines. He founded eight other companies:
 Caltex Floating Station (CFS)
 Delgado Stevedoring (DelSteve)
 Delgado Overland Corporation (DelLand)
 Delgado Brokerage Corporation (DelBroCO)
 Delgado Air Cargo (DelAir)
 Delgado Shipyard Corporation (DelYard)
 United Services Corporation (DelTrade)
 Wood-Mosaic (Phil), Inc.
 Delgado Brothers Hotel Corporation, (DBHC) which owned the Manila Hilton (the first 5-star hotel in the Philippines and the tallest building in the country during the late 1960s into the 1970s)

In the 1950s and 1960s, Delgado became director of:
 Private Development Corporation of the Philippines (PDCP), (Because of the incorporation of PDCP, ACD had to delay his trip to Marathon Greece on July 28, 1963, thereby avoiding the ill-fated trip that took the life of his son Toton and 23 other Filipino Boy Scouts)
 Manila Electric Company (Meralco)
 First United Bank
 Philippine Radio Educational and Information Center (Radio Veritas)

In the 1960s, Delgado was elected to:
 Philippine Chamber of Industries - President
 Industrial Finance Committee - Chairman
 Chamber of Commerce - Member
 Management Association of the Philippines - President
 Philippine Council of Management - Board Governor
 American Management Association - Member

Recognitions
Delgado received awards from various organizations:
In 1954, Delgado was named Employer of the Year and in 1959 he was named Business Executive of the Year of the Business Writers Association of the Philippines.
 Silver Buffalo Award, Boy Scouts of America, 1970
 Bronze Wolf Award, World Organization of the Scout Movement, 1971, conferred at the 22nd World Scout Conference in Otaniemi, Finland
 Golden Pheasant Award, Scout Association of Japan, 1973
 Silver Tamaraw for Scouting volunteers, Boy Scouts of the Philippines
 Silver Fir Medal of Merit, Boy Scouts of Austria
 Bronze Usa and Gold Medal of Merit, Boy Scouts of the Philippines
 Presidential Gold Plaque from the President of the Philippines, for services rendered for the 10th World Scout Jamboree
 Gran Cruz de la Orden del Merito Civil, Spanish Government
 Knight Commander of the Star of St. Silvester
 Knight of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem
 Grand Cross of the Pontifical Order of Pius IX
 Grand Cross "Pro Melitense," Sovereign Military Order of Malta
 Pilgrim Medal (Jerusalem) of Pope Leo XII
 Doctorate in Canon Law and Civil Law, Honoris Causa, Pontifical Lateran University

Scouting
At fifteen, Delgado was a member of the Boy Scouts of the Philippines contingent to the 4th World Scout Jamboree in Gödöllő, Hungary in 1933; 35 years later, he became President of the Boy Scouts of the Philippines. At the 1971 World Scout Conference in Tokyo, Japan, he became the first Asian to be elected Chairman of the World Scout Committee.

The Boy Scouts of the Philippines claims that Delgado conceived the World Scout Emblem during his stint as the first Asian World Scout Committee chairman from 1971 - 1973, however the design was introduced at the 8th World Scout Jamboree in 1955, based on a 1939 earlier design by J. S. Wilson.

His son, industrialist Jose Eduardo Delgado, has been a member of the National Executive Board of the Boy Scouts of the Philippines, and is a recipient of the Silver Tamaraw Award of the Boy Scouts of the Philippines.

Faith
Delgado served as Philippine Ambassador to the Holy See from 1975 - 1982, just as his father, Jose Maria Delgado from 1957 - 1961. Delgado searched for a possible first Filipino Saint, he found a candidate martyred in Japan in the 1600s and then worked for the beatification of Lorenzo Ruiz and his companions by Pope John Paul II in Manila on February 18, 1981. It was the first time in centuries for these rites to be held outside Rome. In 1982 Delgado retired and subsequently served as Ambassador of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta to the Philippines from 1982 to 1988. He authored The Making of the First Filipino Saint in 1982, which was published in 1987. Delgado commissioned the Vatican Mosaic Studio to create an image of Saint Lorenzo Ruiz, which is now installed at the Altar of the Martyrdom of St. Peter at St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican.

Death
Delgado died December 7, 1992, of natural causes at home in Makati, Metro Manila, fourteen days before his 75th birthday.

References

External links
French Scoutopedia article
https://web.archive.org/web/20080623072438/http://www.library.georgetown.edu/dept/speccoll/fl/f148%7D1.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20080829164430/http://www.ops.gov.ph/europevisit07/backgrounder.htm

Recipients of the Bronze Wolf Award
World Scout Committee members
1917 births
1992 deaths
Scouting in the Philippines
Ambassadors of the Philippines to the Holy See
Filipino diplomats
People from San Pablo, Laguna
Knights of the Holy Sepulchre
University of Santo Tomas alumni

Antonio C. Delgado


Composed of approximately 55 military and civilian members, Fleet Survey Team (FST) is collocated with the
Naval Oceanographic Office and Commander, Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command, at Stennis
Space Center, MS.

FST, an echelon-five command since 2006, is tasked with performing an unparalleled function within the U.S.
Navy.

The command enables combatant commanders with access in the littoral regions through expeditionary hydrography.
When forces are armed with detailed descriptions of the environmental conditions they could face, operations have
a greater chance of being safely and efficiently executed.

FST gathers the needed information via timely, self-contained hydrographic surveys in response to combatant
commanders' requests. These requests frequently are for areas where Navy operations will take place or where charting
accuracy is uncertain.

FST members (both civilian and military) can quickly deploy to areas around the world outfitted with equipment
to perform surveys from various boats of opportunity. Because of these unique capabilities, civilian and military
members of FST have deployed to areas of combat like the Middle East to perform near-shore surveys to collect
data which aids in the safe navigation of U.S. forces and supplies traversing the area.

FST members have also played significant roles in charting areas affected by natural disasters such as the south
Asia tsunami of 2004 and hurricanes Katrina and Rita in the Gulf of Mexico.

Command personnel offer a unique blend of military and civilian knowledge and experience. Enlisted sailors
routinely qualify as level two military hydrographers, certifying their skills.

In addition to their strong backgrounds in math, science and engineering, officers and civilians frequently obtain
master's degrees in hydrographic science through an ongoing program with The University of Southern Mississippi
and are also recognized by the International Hydrographic Office as Category A hydrographers.

Fleet Survey Team command members are commonly known as the Fightin' Crawdads in reference to the crawfish featured prominently in the FST logo.

http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA527615

References

United States Navy organization
Hydrography organizations

Fleet Survey Team


Windows Mobile 6.5 was a stopgap update to Windows Mobile 6.1 intended to bridge the gap between version 6.1, that arrived in 2008, and  Windows Phone 7 that was released in 2010.

It was never part of Microsoft's original mobile phone roadmap, and has been described by its former chief executive Steve Ballmer as "not the full release Microsoft wanted" (which later became Windows Phone 7). Ballmer also indicated that the company "screwed up with Windows Mobile", lamenting that Windows Mobile 7 was not yet available and that the Windows Mobile team needed to try to recoup losses. Microsoft unveiled this version at the 2009 Mobile World Congress in February, and several devices were supplied with it. It was released to manufacturers on May 11, 2009; the first devices running the operating system appeared in late October 2009. Several phones that officially shipped with Windows Mobile 6.1 can be officially updated to Windows Mobile 6.5. This update includes some significant new added features, such as a revamped GUI, a new Today screen resembling that of Microsoft's Zune player with vertically scrollable labels (called 'Titanium'). WM6.5 also included the Internet Explorer Mobile 6 browser, with improved interface.

Along with Windows Mobile 6.5, Microsoft announced several cloud computing services codenamed "SkyBox", "SkyLine", "SkyMarket". "SkyBox" has been confirmed as My Phone, while "SkyMarket" has been confirmed as Windows Marketplace for Mobile. This version was designed mainly for easier finger usage. Some reviewers have noted interface inconsistencies, with some applications having small buttons making them harder to operate using only a finger. Whilst this version of Windows Mobile does not natively support capacitive screens, mobile manufacturers have been able to use them on their devices.

Updates
In the months following the release of Windows Mobile 6.5, development shifted from Windows Mobile to its successor Windows Phone. As such no major upgrades were planned or released, although three minor updates; 6.5.1, 6.5.3 and 6.5.5; were made to satisfy consumers during the transition period. 6.5.1 brings larger user interface elements, including icon based soft buttons (rather than text-based), an updated contacts app, native support for A-GPS,  improved threaded text messaging, and performance improvements. It was unofficially ported to several Windows Mobile phones.

The second minor update was announced on February 2, 2010, along with the Sony Ericsson Aspen which was the first phone to use this version. 6.5.3 continues the trend of attempting to provide a more finger-friendly user interface with several new usability features such as native support for multitouch; although device maker HTC Corporation created proprietary workarounds to allow multi-touch to work on some applications it installed on its HD2 handset (However, Microsoft applications on this handset, such as the Internet Explorer web browser, did not support multi-touch.) and drag-and-drop start menu icons. Touchable tiles replaced soft keys. Internet Explorer Mobile 6 also received some major updates including decreased page load time, improved memory management and gesture smoothing. As with other updates it was unofficially ported to some other devices. Additional features include threaded email and Office Mobile 2010.

The last minor update and the last released version is 6.5.5. It first leaked in January 2010, and was unofficially ported to some Windows Mobile phones. The name Windows Mobile 6.5.5 has been applied to these newer builds, although this name remains unconfirmed by Microsoft.

Reception
Windows Mobile 6.5 has received negative reviews. Gizmodo criticized it for being a superficial upgrade from Windows Mobile 6.1 and noted that it is "just not enough". TechCrunch described typing with the keyboard on the OS as an "absolute miserable chore" due to it being laggy and clunky.

See also

References

Windows Mobile
Discontinued versions of Microsoft Windows

Windows Mobile 6.5


Temple Baptist Academy is a private Christian school located in Powell, Tennessee. It was established in 1971 by the Temple Baptist Church as a ministry to educate students with Christian values.

Total enrollment is around 200 students, from kindergarten to 12th grade. Temple Baptist Academy emphasizes parental involvement in academic and spiritual development of students.

Temple Baptist Academy is accredited by SACS CASI, an accrediting division of AdvancED.  Temple Baptist Academy is also affiliated with the Tennessee Association of Christian Schools (TACS), and is also a member of the American Association of Christian Schools (AACS) and the Association of Christian Schools International (ACSI).

The school's curriculum includes materials from Abeka, Bob Jones University Press, and Saxon.

A full music program including choirs, bands, and private instruction is available. Students may also participate in Bible quizzes, academic contests, and fine arts competition, as well as intramural and interscholastic sports.

References

External links

Baptist schools in the United States
Christian schools in Tennessee
Schools in Knox County, Tennessee
Private schools in Tennessee
High schools in Tennessee
Middle schools in Tennessee
Elementary schools in Tennessee
1971 establishments in Tennessee

Temple Baptist Academy (Powell)


The Grand Slam of Grass is a series of American Thoroughbred horse races made up of four turf events for three-year-old horses.

The series offers a $5 million bonus for any horse who wins all four races. Currently sponsored by Jacobs Investments, the series consists of:

Colonial Turf Cup - June at Colonial Downs, New Kent, Virginia
Virginia Derby - July at Colonial Downs, New Kent, Virginia
Secretariat Stakes - August at Arlington Park, Chicago, Illinois
Breeders' Cup Turf - Late October/early November at a different location annually

Paddy O'Prado has come the closest to winning the Grand Slam. In 2010, he won the Colonial Turf Cup, Virginia Derby, and Secretariat, but did not run in the Breeders' Cup Turf.

External links
Information at Colonial Downs website for the Grand Slam of Grass

Horse races in the United States
Racing series for horses

Grand Slam of Grass


Ross Ray QC was an Australian barrister and the President of the Law Council of Australia.

Ross Ray studied at Monash University, where he obtained a Bachelor of Jurisprudence and a Bachelor of Laws, graduating in 1975.

He practised in a range of areas and participated in some of Australia's most well known cases. Ray was Chair of the Victorian Bar in 2004 and 2005.

He appeared in many major coronial investigations and Royal Commissions, including the Grand Prix death at Albert Park.

His wife, Mara, is also a Victorian barrister.

Ross Ray died on 22 May 2016 in a quad bike accident at his hobby farm near Mansfield, Victoria.

References

Living people
Monash Law School alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)

Ross Ray


DOA may refer to:

 Dead on arrival
 Dead or Alive (disambiguation)

Film
 D.O.A. (1950 film), a film noir
 D.O.A. (1988 film), a remake of the 1950 film
 D.O.A.: A Rite of Passage (1980 film), a documentary on the genesis of punk rock
 DOA: Dead or Alive, a 2006 film based on the video game series produced by Tecmo

Television
 D.O.A., a 2010 television comedy starring Kris Marshall
 "D.O.A.", a 2004 episode of the American drama series Tru Calling
 "D.O.A.", a 2007 episode of the American drama series Crossing Jordan
 "DOA for a Day", a 2008 episode of the American drama series CSI: NY
 "DOA", a 2014 episode of the American drama series Unforgettable

Music
 D.O.A. (band), a Vancouver punk band
 doa (Japanese band), a rock band from Japan
 Dogs on Acid (also known as DOA), an electronic music website
 Do'a or Do'ah, a musical group founded by Randy Armstrong

Albums
 D.o.A: The Third and Final Report of Throbbing Gristle, an album by Throbbing Gristle
 Dead on Arrival:tu maldita madre, a live/compilation album by Charged GBH
 The D.O.A Tape, an album by Kay Flock

Songs
 "D.O.A.", a song by Bloodrock
 "DOA" (Foo Fighters song), a song by Foo Fighters
 "D.O.A. (Death of Auto-Tune)", a song by Jay-Z
 "D.O.A.", a song by Brotha Lynch Hung from their album Dinner and a Movie
 "D.O.A.", a song by Coroner from No More Color
 "D.O.A.", a song by Dead Moon from 13 Off My Hook
 "D.O.A", a song by Diablo from Mimic47
 "D.O.A", a song by The Haunted from One Kill Wonder
 "D.O.A.", a song by Lil Wayne from No Ceilings
 "D.O.A.", a song by Loverboy from the album Loverboy
 "D.O.A.", a song by Manilla Road from The Courts of Chaos (album)
 "D.O.A.", a song by Van Halen from Van Halen II
 "Dead on Arrival" (song), a song by Fall Out Boy
 "Dead on Arrival", a song by Evol Intent from Era of Diversion
 " DOA ", a song by Rich Brian from the ep 1999
 "DOA", a song by I Prevail from Trauma
 "DOA", a remix by I Prevail and Joyner Lucas
 "D.O.A. (Drunk on Arrival)", a song by Johnny Paycheck
 "D.O.A.", a song from The Lightning Thief, The Percy Jackson Musical
 "DOA", a song by Kay Flock and Set Da Trend
 "DOA", a song by Sawano Hiroyuki, sung by Aimee Blackschleger for the anime Attack on Titan
 "D.O.A.", a song by Jay Reatard from Matador singles '08

Places

 Doa District, in Mozambique

Other uses
 Dead or Alive (series), a video game series produced by Tecmo and developed by Team Ninja
 Department of Archaeology, Nepal
 Design Organization Approval, an approval granted by European Aviation Safety Agency to design and approve certain changes on aircraft
 Dioctyl adipate, an ester of n-octanol and adipic acid, to form a plasticizer oil
 Direction of arrival
 Disciples of Apocalypse, a biker-themed professional wrestling stable
 Doa (commentator), stage name of esports commentator Erik Lonnquist
 Dowagiac station, Amtrak station in Michigan, having DOA station code
 wikt:defective on arrival

Software specific
 Debian on Android, running Debian chrooted on Android.
 Debian on ARM architecture

See also
 Doa (moth)

DOA