Antonius Johannes Geesink (6 April 1934 – 27 August 2010) was a Dutch 10th dan judoka. He was the first non-Japanese judoka to win gold at the World Judo Championships, a feat he accomplished in 1961 and 1965. He was also an Olympic Champion, having won gold at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Japan, and won a record 21 European Judo Championships during his career.

Judo career

Geesink took up judo aged 14 and by 17 started competing internationally, winning a silver medal in 1951. The following year, he won his first European title. Through to 1967, twenty more European titles followed.

At the 1956 World Championships, Geesink was eliminated in the semi-finals against Yoshihiko Yoshimatsu. At the 1961 World Championships, Geesink, then 5th dan, became World Champion in the open class, defeating the Japanese champion Koji Sone. Japanese judokas had won all the World Championship titles contested up to that point.

Judo debuted as an official sport at the 1964 Summer Olympics, which were held in the sport's home country, Japan. Although Japan dominated three of the four weight divisions (light, middle and heavy), Anton Geesink won the final of the open weight division, defeating Akio Kaminaga in front of his home crowd.

After winning the 1965 World Championships and a last European title in 1967, Geesink quit competitive judo.

Anton Geesink was one of the few 10th Dan grade judoka (jūdan) recognized by the IJF but not by Kodokan at that rank. Promotions from 6th to 10th Dan are awarded for services to the sport of judo. In 2010 there are three living 10th dan grade judoka (jūdan) recognized by Kodokan: Toshiro Daigo, Ichiro Abe and Yoshimi Osawa. The Kodokan has not awarded the 10th Dan to anybody outside Japan.

Professional wrestling career
In October 1973, All Japan Pro Wrestling owner Giant Baba recruited Anton Geesink to join AJPW. Baba sent him to Amarillo, TX and Dory Funk Jr. and Terry Funk trained him for a month. He worked for All Japan from 1973 to 1978, as a popular part-timer.

Geesink's notable professional wrestling opponents included Bruno Sammartino, Gorilla Monsoon, Dick Murdoch, Dory Funk Jr., Bobby Duncum, Bob Remus (Sgt. Slaughter), Don Leo Jonathan, and Jumbo Tsuruta.

Films and publications

Geesink made his acting debut in 1962, playing a detective in the Dutch film Rififi in Amsterdam. In 1965 he starred as Samson in the Italian historical film Gideon and Samson: Great Leaders of the Bible, and in the 1960s-1980s took part in three Dutch TV series, including the children's show Oebele, where he also sang the song "Judo rock". In the 1960s he published several books on judo in Dutch and English.

International Olympic Committee work
In 1986 during the Maastricht IJF DC meeting Geesink proposed that one player should wear a blue Judogi.

In 1987, Geesink became a member of the board of the Dutch National Olympic Committee, and a member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC).

Geesink was among the IOC members suspected of accepting bribes during the scandal surrounding the election of Salt Lake City as the host of the 2002 Winter Olympics. Geesink's name was cleared by the IOC which nevertheless issued him a warning for the appearance of a conflict of interest which could have damaged the reputation of the IOC. Geesink continued working for IOC until his death in 2010.

Personal life and death

Geesink was born and raised in Utrecht. His family was poor and he started work as a builder aged 12. He died in 2010 aged 76 in the town of his birth. He was survived by Jans Geesink, his wife of more than 50 years; his sons Willy and Anton Jr.; and daughter, Leni.

Honours

Geesink was chosen as the Dutch Sportsman of the Year in 1957, 1961, 1964 and 1965. He was awarded the Order of the Sacred Treasure by the Japanese government in 1997.

His home town of Utrecht has a street named after him — which is the street he lived on for some time up until his death in August 2010. On 29 January 2000, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by Kokushikan University, a Japanese university known for its sport education and of which four alumni are Olympic gold medalists in judo, with the following praise:

ヘーシンク氏は、一九六四年東京オリンピックにおいて、柔道無差別級で外国人選手として初めて金メダルを獲得し、その後、武道精神をもって国際平和に貢献するとともにオランダ・日本両国民の文化交流・友好関係の促進に努め、また柔道を教育学や生体学的角度から研究し、その普及発展のために尽力された。
武道の精神を重視する本大学は、柔道の国際的普及における同氏の功績を讃え、国士舘大学名誉博士の学位を贈呈した。

At the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, Mr. Geesink won the gold medal in the open class as the first non-Japanese. Since then, with the spirit of budō, he has contributed to the international peace and promoted the cultural exchange and friendship between the people of the Netherlands and of Japan. Furthermore, he explored judo in light of education and somatology and has been devoted to its diffusion and development. To honor his contribution to the worldwide diffusion of judo, this university, as a body which prizes the spirit of budō, awarded him an honorary doctorate of Kokushikan University.

References

External links

 Videos of Anton Geesink (judovision.org)
 Online access to the inventory of the archives of Geesink (The Utrecht Archives)

1934 births
2010 deaths
Dutch male judoka
Dutch International Olympic Committee members
Judoka at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the Netherlands
Olympic judoka for the Netherlands
Olympic medalists in judo
Recipients of the Order of the Sacred Treasure
Sportspeople from Utrecht (city)
World judo champions
Dutch male professional wrestlers
Expatriate professional wrestlers in Japan
20th-century Dutch people

Anton Geesink


Peter Moon (born 18 January 1953) is an Australian comedian, best known for writing and performing in the sketch comedy Fast Forward.

Biography
Moon was born in Yarram, Victoria.

On Fast Forward, his characters were often oafish sidekicks to more dominant characters played by Steve Vizard, including Barry the advertising executive and Abdul the Persian carpet salesman. Moon appeared in one of the show's best-known parodies, of the Kung Fu television series (also opposite Vizard), and as the "very unattractive"  Soviet newsreader Victor with Jane Turner as Svetta.

After Fast Forward, Moon worked as a writer and occasional guest performer on its successor, Full Frontal, and various other comedy series, usually alongside other Fast Forward alumni. In 1995 Moon joined the 2Day FM Morning Crew breakfast radio show, co-hosting alongside Wendy Harmer.  For 8 years this was consistently the highest rating FM Breakfast show in Sydney, until animosity between the two hosts, together with Moon increasingly delivering his content for the show from a studio in Melbourne, led to him being axed in 2002. The new duo of Greg Fleet and Harmer rated poorly and Morning Crew was taken off air at the end of the following year.

Moon also played Samuel Marsden in the historical sit-com Bligh, and appeared in Bill Bennett's Film The Nugget. Since then Moon has been developing film and television projects and making occasional appearances in shows such as 20 to 1 and Let Loose Live. He recently wrote, produced and appeared in The Comedy Channel's sitcom Whatever Happened To That Guy?, which is loosely based on his post-fame life. He is also the treasurer of the Australian Writers Guild.

He has three children.

In 2010, Moon joined the cast of Neighbours on a recurring basis as theatre producer Terry Kearney.

Select credits
Snow: The Movie (1982)

References

External links

Living people
Australian male comedians
Australian comedy writers
Australian male television actors
1953 births

Peter Moon (comedian)


The Winter Sports Building (known locally as The Barn or The Old Barn) was an indoor ice rink on the campus if the University of North Dakota in Grand Forks, North Dakota. The arena was one of the first indoor college facilities but began to show its age in the 1960s and was eventually replaced by the original Ralph Engelstad Arena in 1972 and then demolished in 1978.

History
The Stadium was funded by and built under the direction of the Works Progress Administration, a program instituted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt as a means to rebuild the economy during the Great Depression. The Winter Sports Building was finished in 1936 for a total cost of $46,000 and was initially used by many UND programs, including the track and football teams. During the Second World War the army used it to help train troops and once the hockey team returned in the mid-1940s the building was converted into a full-time rink.

With raucous crowds routinely nearing 4,000 and artificial ice installed in 1953 the Barn was initially a selling point for the program but as the years passed and many more universities built their own state-of-the-art facilities the leaking roof, lack of heating and chicken wire fencing that surrounded the rink became liabilities. Eventually the university raised enough money to fund the building of a new arena in 1972. After the hockey team moved into the Winter Sports Center the Old Barn was used as storage space before being demolished in 1978.

References

External links

Defunct college ice hockey venues in the United States
Defunct indoor arenas in the United States
Defunct sports venues in North Dakota
North Dakota Fighting Hawks ice hockey venues
Buildings and structures in Grand Forks, North Dakota
1936 establishments in North Dakota
1972 disestablishments in North Dakota
Sports venues demolished in 1978
Sports venues completed in 1936
Demolished sports venues in the United States
Indoor arenas in North Dakota

Winter Sports Building


The University of the Virgin Islands (or UVI) is a public historically black land-grant university in the United States Virgin Islands.

History
UVI was founded as the College of the Virgin Islands on March 16, 1962. In 1986, it officially became one of the historically black colleges and universities. The institution also changed its name in 1986 to the University of the Virgin Islands to reflect the growth and diversification of its academic curriculum, research programs, and regional community services. On August 18, 2010, the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit decided that the university's regulations prohibiting signs and conduct that could cause emotional distress were unconstitutional. On January 5, 2021, Governor Albert Bryan signed into law Act 8404, which honors former UVI President Dr. Orville Edward Kean for his contributions to the University of Virgin Islands and renamed the St. Thomas campus after him.

Campuses

The university has two campuses and two extension facilities. The  campus opened in 1963 on St. Thomas, at the time named College of the Virgin Islands. The Albert A. Sheen campus is on St. Croix. The extensions include an academic center and an environmental research facility, both on St. John. The St. Croix campus is located on Estate Golden Grove in mid-island.  The latter campus is three miles (5 km) from Charlotte Amalie, the capital of the territory. The St. Thomas campus is situated on two hills and it has its own beach (John Brewer's Bay beach) which can be directly accessed off the main road which cuts through the campus. The majority of the buildings on the St. Thomas campus are made of volcanic rock and cement. This makes the campus not only aesthetically pleasing but it also improves the structural integrity of the structures as the U.S. Virgin Islands are known for experiencing very active hurricane seasons.

Athletic facilities

The campus on St. Thomas boasts the  Sports and Fitness Center with an adjacent weightlifting and aerobic exercise gym, as well as a golf course, tennis courts, outdoor basketball and volleyball courts, and baseball and soccer fields. The Sports and Fitness Center can seat up to 3,500 people and annually hosts the Paradise Jam tournament for mainland NCAA basketball teams.

On St. Croix, there is an outdoor sports facility equipped with basketball, volleyball, and tennis courts. Also, there is a small exercise gym inside the Student Activities center. St. Croix has large fields in front, and they are usually acceptable for athletic use, but they tend to flood during heavy rain.

Housing
In 2012 the university added a 37,000 square foot residential hall. The university has six different sets of dorms on the St. Thomas campus which include: Eastern Dorms, Western Dorms, Northern Dorms, Southern Dorms, and Middle Dorms. The Eastern and Western Dorms are both unisex dorms whereas the South and Middle are all-female dorms. The Northern Dorms are all male dorms.

Albert A. Sheen Campus on St. Croix has two residence halls, which together are known as the Delta M. Jackson Dorsch Complex. Its doors opened to students in 1999. Housing consists of 45 rooms with two beds per room, allowing accommodation for 90 students. The halls are sectioned into blocks: Knight's Block, Pirate's Block, Spartan's Block, and Titan's Block. Each block is designated by gender.

St. John Academic Center
St. John, the northernmost island of the US Virgin Islands currently has no college campus on the island. Residents of St. John wishing to attend the UVI are required to travel by ferry to the island of St. Thomas to attend classes. The journey can take a few minutes each way. UVI President, David Hall, made it a priority to provide easier access to students living in St. John.

After speaking with residents of St. John, Dr. Hall (President) discovered many obstacles hindering student education, including lack of access to a library and study spaces. Through the HBCU Library Alliance, funds were raised for the construction of a learning center in St. John. UVI chief information officer, Tina Koopmans, and library and IT staff developed a plan and located the resource center in an old gymnasium in St. John's MarketPlace.

The St. John Academic Center (STJAC) contains four classrooms, a library, and a computer lab. Additionally, students can attend class via video conferencing technology so that they do not need to travel off the island as frequently. There are also individual and group study spaces available. According to Koopmans UVI has "seen an increase in our St. John student population from 37 to 47, and we are only at the beginning of the process." In addition to being used by students, the STJAC provides the entire St. John community with access to the Small Business Development Center, access to the general library and Wi-Fi networks, and conference rooms for meetings.

Currently, the STJAC is undergoing a relocation from the MarketPlace to the Department of Planning and Natural Resources in Cruz Bay.

Technology and research facilities
The legislature of the Virgin Islands chartered the University of the Virgin Islands Research and Technology Park to help expand the technology segment of the islands' economy, encourage more businesses to operate on the islands, and foster technology research and activities at the university. The university is filled with knowledgeable staff to help guide and support students in reaching their goals.  The United States Department of Agriculture operates a large agricultural experiment station on the St. Croix campus working on agroforestry, aquaponics, biotechnology, forage agronomy, and tilapia farming. The University also own and run the Etelman Observatory.

Academics

The university has five academic divisions: Business, Education, Humanities and Social Sciences, Nursing, and Science and Mathematics. UVI offers various graduate degree and undergraduate degree programs. The graduate programs consist of a Specialist Degree in Education Specialist in School Psychology and the following Master's degrees:  Master of Arts in Education, Master of Arts in Mathematics for Secondary Teachers, Master of Business Administration, Master of Marine and Environmental Science, Master of Psychology and Master of Public Administration. The Undergraduate Degree Programs are divided into several categories: Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, Associate of Arts, Associate of Science, and Associate of Applied Science.

Its liberal arts curriculum is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools. In addition, the university works to recruit local, national and international students to broaden and create a diversified student population, as 95% of its current students are natives of the US Virgin Islands.

The university also has several academic programs under its College of Science and Mathematics. One of these is an engineering program, where students attend UVI for three years and then transfer to either Columbia University, the University of Florida, Washington University in St. Louis, or the University of South Carolina (Columbia) to complete the last two years of their engineering studies. After completing the program, students will acquire a Bachelor of Science in Applied Mathematics from UVI and a Bachelor of Science in their specialization of engineering from the partner university. The Bachelor of Science in Computer Science with concentration in computational biology is offered on both St. Thomas and St. Croix. Students will be able to focus in fields related to parallel computing, data mining, bioinformatics, computational science or cyber-security.

The university also has an early medical school selection program with Boston University which affords selected students to study for three years at UVI and then transfer to Boston University Medical School in their senior year. They are then granted the opportunity to take medical school courses early. The university also holds several National Science Foundation-funded research grants and programs including MBRS-RISE, SEAGEP, HBCU-UP, and MARC under its Emerging Caribbean Scientist (ECS) program. The mission of the ECS programs is to increase research training and promote excellence for science, technology, engineering, mathematics and psychology students at the University of the Virgin Islands. The university fosters research by hosting research symposiums every semester where students are given the opportunity to present research projects conducted both locally and abroad, to the UVI faculty and the Virgin Islands community.

The Caribbean Writer
The Caribbean Writer – subtitled "Where the Caribbean Imagination Embraces the World" – is an international, refereed, literary journal, founded in 1986 and published annually by UVI. The stated mission of the journal is to "publish quality writing by established and emerging writers that reflects the culture of the Caribbean; promote and foster a strong literary tradition; serve as an institute for the development of emerging writers throughout the Caribbean". The current editor of the journal is Alscess Lewis-Brown. The journal's founding editor was Erika J. Waters, now Professor Emeritus of English at UVI. Subsequent editors have included Marvin Williams, Opal Palmer Adisa, and Tregenza Roach. The Caribbean Writer announced the past issues online in the Digital Library of the Caribbean (dLOC) as Open Access in 2016.

Marine biology program
The marine biology program attracts students from all parts of the world. The University is next to John Brewers Bay, which hosts a variety of marine life and is studied by both undergrad and masters students.

National Student Exchange (NSE)
At UVI, students from around the nation are allowed to participate in a semester or year-long exchange to UVI through the National Student Exchange. Tuition is paid toward either the student's home or host school. Students who attend UVI are also able to participate in the NSE program as long as they have completed their freshman year.

Online programs
In 2018, the UVI started offering undergraduate and graduate degree programs online in science, arts & business administration. Courses start at the second Wednesday of each month and run for eight weeks. In addition to new programs, the UVI online students will also have the option to complete a mini-residency program on the island of St. Thomas while earning academic credit.

Student life

The university offers counselling and career services including interpersonal, personal, social and cognitive development education.

Clubs and organizations
At the University of the Virgin Islands St. Thomas campus there are various clubs and Greek Life organizations such as Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority, Anguilla Student Association, Chess Club, Criminal Justice Club, Delta Sigma Theta sorority, Foods Committee, Golden Key Int'l Honour Society, Japanese Club, Psychology Student Association, Queen's Committee, Social & Cultural Committee, Sports Committee, Student Nursing Association, UVI ACS Student Chemistry Club, UVI French Club, UVI St. Kitts/Nevis Association, Dominican Association, BVI Association, Interact (in conjunction with the local Rotary International Club), Queens Court Club, R.E.A.C.H, Carnival Committee, Cheerleading Squad and Dance Team. UVI's Student Government Association is active on both campuses, particularly the St. Croix campus where (as of the school year 2012–2013) Kevin Dixon serves as president, Estica Caesar, Vice President, Jacqueline Romer, Treasurer, and Amiquah Freeman is secretary.

Athletics
The Virgin Islands (UVI) athletic teams are called the Buccaneers. The school colors are blue, white and gold. The university is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Gulf Coast Athletic Conference since 2023–24 (the UVI competed from 2016–2017 until 2022–23 as an NAIA Independent within the Continental Athletic Conference. The Buccaneers previously competed in the Inter-university Athletic League of Puerto Rico (LAI; Liga Atlética Interuniversitaria de Puerto Rico in Spanish).

UVI competes in five intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports includes basketball and track & field; while women's sports compete in basketball and track & field; and co-ed sports include eSports. Former sports included soccer, tennis, volleyball, cross country, swimming and table tennis.

Coaches
Currently, the head coach of UVI's men's basketball team is Jeffery Jones. The head coach of the women's basketball team is Reggie Carrick.

Tournaments
The University of the Virgin Islands hosts the Paradise Jam tournament in November of every year. NCAA Division I and II basketball teams from across the U.S. mainland compete in a men's and women's basketball tournament. The tournament has national coverage and is a major event in the Virgin Islands.

Notable alumni

References

External links
 Official website
 Official athletics website

Liga Atletica Interuniversitaria de Puerto Rico
Universities and colleges established in 1962
University of the Virgin
Universities and colleges in the United States Virgin Islands
1962 establishments in the United States Virgin Islands

University of the Virgin Islands


The Worshipful Company of Bakers is one of the Livery Companies of the City of London. The Bakers' Guild is known to have existed in the twelfth century. From the Corporation of London, the Guild received the power to enforce regulations for baking, known as the Assize of Bread and Ale. The violations included selling short-weight bread and the addition of sand instead of flour. The Bread Assize remained in force until 1863, when Parliament repealed it.

In the 14th century, the Guild was divided into the Brown-Bakers' Guild and the White-Bakers' Guild. The Brown-Bakers were bakers of nutritious bread, while the White-Bakers were bakers of the less nutritious but more popular bread. The White Bakers were incorporated by a Royal Charter of 1509, while the Brown Bakers were incorporated in 1621. The White and Brown Bakers united into one Company in 1645. The new Company acquired a new Charter in 1686, under which it still operates. Bakers Hall in Harp Lane, Billingsgate, has been the site of the Guildhall of the bakers since 1506. It contains a courtroom where trade-related misdemeanours could be tried.

There are many such associated trades guilds, such as the Incorporation of Bakers, one of the fourteen Incorporated Trades of Glasgow, who meet in their Robert Adam designed Trades Hall. In the medieval town of Orvieto, bakers were one of the thirty-one organized crafts. Now largely ceremonial and charitable, these crafts and guilds formerly fulfilled the role of regulation much of which is now covered by local government.

The Bakers' Company ranks nineteenth in the order of precedence of Livery Companies. The company's motto is Praise God For All.

See also
 National Bakery School

References

External links
 Bakers Hall
 The Bakers' Company

Baking industry
Catering education in the United Kingdom
Bakers
12th-century establishments in England

Worshipful Company of Bakers


The Czechoslovak Legion (Czech: Československé legie; Slovak: Československé légie) were volunteer armed forces comprised predominantly of Czechs and Slovaks fighting on the side of the Entente powers during World War I and the White Army during the Russian Civil War until November 1919. Their goal was to win the support of the Allied Powers for the independence of Lands of the Bohemian Crown from the Austrian Empire and of Slovak territories from the Kingdom of Hungary, which were then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. With the help of émigré intellectuals and politicians such as the Czech Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk and the Slovak Milan Rastislav Štefánik, they grew into a force of over 100,000 strong.

In Russia, they took part in several victorious battles of the war, including the Zborov and Bakhmach against the Central Powers, and were heavily involved in the Russian Civil War fighting Bolsheviks, at times controlling the entire Trans-Siberian railway and several major cities in Siberia.

After three years of existence as a small unit in the Imperial Russian Army, the Legion in Russia was established in 1917, with other troops fighting in France since the beginning of the war as the "Nazdar" company, and similar units later emerging in Italy and Serbia. Originally an all-volunteer force, these formations were later strengthened by Czech and Slovak prisoners of war or deserters from the Austro-Hungarian Army. The majority of the legionaries were Czechs, with Slovaks making up 7% of the force in Russia, 3% in Italy and 16% in France.

The name Czechoslovak Legion preceded and anticipated the creation of
Czechoslovakia.

Involvement in World War I

In Russia

In the first months of World War I, the response of the Czech soldiers and civilians to the war and mobilization efforts were highly enthusiastic; however, it turned into apathy later.
As World War I broke out, national societies representing ethnic Czechs and Slovaks residing in the Russian Empire petitioned the Russian government to support the independence of their homelands. To prove their loyalty to the Entente cause, these groups advocated the establishment of a unit of Czech and Slovak volunteers to fight alongside the Russian Army.

On 5 August 1914, the Russian Stavka authorized the formation of a battalion recruited from Czechs and Slovaks in Russia. This unit, called the "Companions" (Družina), went to the front in October 1914, where it was attached to the Russian Third Army. There the Družina soldiers served in scattered patrols performing a number of specialized duties, including reconnaissance, prisoner interrogation and subversion of enemy troops in the opposite trenches.

From its start, Czech and Slovak political émigrés in Russia and Western Europe desired to expand the Družina from a battalion into a formidable military formation. To achieve this goal, however, they recognized that they would need to recruit from Czech and Slovak prisoners of war (POWs) in Russian camps. In late 1914, Russian military authorities permitted the Družina to enlist Czech and Slovak POWs from the Austro-Hungarian Army, but this order was rescinded after only a few weeks due to opposition from other branches of the Russian government. Despite continuous efforts of émigré leaders to persuade the Russian authorities to change their mind, the Czechs and Slovaks were officially barred from recruiting POWs until the summer of 1917. Still, some Czechs and Slovaks were able to sidestep this ban by enlisting POWs through local agreements with Russian military authorities.

Under these conditions, the Czechoslovak unit in Russia grew very slowly from 1914 to 1917. In early 1916, the Družina was reorganized as the 1st Czecho-Slovak Rifle Regiment. During that year, two more infantry regiments were added, creating the Czechoslovak Rifle Brigade (Československá střelecká brigáda). This unit distinguished itself during the Kerensky Offensive in July 1917, when the Czecho-Slovak troops overran Austrian trenches during the Battle of Zborov.

Following the soldiers' stellar performance at Zborov, the Russian Provisional Government finally granted their émigré leaders on the Czechoslovak National Council permission to mobilize Czech, Moravian and Slovak volunteers from the POW camps. Later that summer, a fourth regiment was added to the brigade, which was renamed the First Division of the Czechoslovak Corps in Russia (Československý sbor na Rusi), also known as the Czechoslovak Legion (Československá legie) in Russia. A second division, consisting of four regiments, was added to the Legion in October 1917, raising its strength to about 40,000 troops by 1918.

In France

In France, the Czechs and the Slovaks who wanted to fight Austria-Hungary were allowed to join the Foreign Legion (hence originated the term Legion for units of Czechoslovak volunteers). On 31 August 1914, the 1st Company of the 2nd Infantry Regiment of the Foreign Legion in Bayonne was created mostly of the Czechs and was nicknamed "rota Nazdar" ("Nazdar!" Company). The company distinguished itself in heavy combat during assaults near Arras on May 9 and June 16, 1915. Because of heavy casualties, the company was disbanded, and volunteers continued to fight in various French units.

New autonomous Czechoslovak units were established by the decree of the French government on 19 December 1917. In January 1918, the 21st Czechoslovak Rifle Regiment was formed in the town of Cognac; it mixed prisoners of war with volunteers living in America. The 22nd Czechoslovak Rifle Regiment was created later in May.

In Italy

The creation of Czechoslovak units in Italy took place much later than in France or Russia. In January 1918, the commander of 6th Italian Army decided to form small reconnaissance groups from Czech, Moravian Slovak and Southern Slav volunteers from prisoner-of-war camps. They also served in propaganda actions against the Austrian army. In September 1918 the first fighting unit, the 39th Regiment of the Czechoslovak Italian Legion, was formed from those volunteer reconnaissance squadrons.

Czechoslovak legionaries in Italy were the first to return to newly created Czechoslovakia in 1918 and were immediately drafted into fights for new state borders, most notably in the war against the Hungarian Soviet Republic.

Table of units involved in World War I

Flags Used by the Legion

After the breakout of the First World War in 1914, Czech legions were formed with almost one hundred soldiers. Flags of legions' regiments were white and red with embroidered symbols of the Czech countries and Slovakia, linden twigs, St. Wenceslas' crown, letters " S", and Hussite themes.

The reverse side of the Russian legion's flag showed national colors for the Russian command, and Czech and Slovak colors for the Czechs and Slovaks.
The National Council of Czechoslovakia in exile (which led the anti-Austrian resistance) became the interim government on 26 September 1918 with the consent of France, Great Britain, and the US.
The first ceremonial hoisting of the Czechoslovak flag on the house inhabited by T. G. Masaryk, the head of the interim government, took place on 18 October 1918. Based on the historical flag of Bohemia, the Czechoslovak flag was defined as the connection of two stripes, i.e. a white one above a red one.

Russian Civil War

Evacuation from Bolshevik Russia

In November 1917, the Bolsheviks seized power throughout Russia and soon began peace negotiations with the Central Powers at Brest-Litovsk. The chairman of the Czechoslovak National Council, Tomáš Masaryk, who had arrived in Russia earlier that year, began planning for the Legion's departure from Russia and transfer to France so the Czechoslovaks could continue to fight against the Central Powers. Since most of Russia's main ports were blockaded, Masaryk decided that the Legion should travel from Ukraine to the Pacific port of Vladivostok, where the men would embark on transport vessels that would carry them to Western Europe.

In February 1918, Bolshevik authorities in Ukraine granted Masaryk and his troops permission to begin the  journey to Vladivostok. However, on 18 February, before the Czechoslovaks had left Ukraine, the German Army launched Operation Faustschlag (fist strike) on the Eastern Front to force the Soviet government to accept its terms for peace. From 5 to 13 March, the Czechoslovak legionaries successfully fought off German attempts to prevent their evacuation in the Battle of Bakhmach.

After leaving Ukraine and entering Soviet Russia, representatives of the Czechoslovak National Council continued to negotiate with Bolshevik authorities in Moscow and Penza to iron out the details of the corps' evacuation. On 25 March, the two sides signed the Penza Agreement, in which the legionaries were to surrender most of their weapons in exchange for unmolested passage to Vladivostok. Tensions continued to mount, however, as each side distrusted the other. The Bolsheviks, despite Masaryk's order for the legionaries to remain neutral in Russia's affairs, suspected that the Czechoslovaks might join their counterrevolutionary enemies in the borderlands. Meanwhile, the legionaries were wary of Czechoslovak Communists who were trying to subvert the corps. They also suspected that the Bolsheviks were being pressured by the Central Powers to stall their movement towards Vladivostok.

By May 1918, the Czechoslovak Legion was strung out along the Trans-Siberian Railway from Penza to Vladivostok. Their evacuation was proving much slower than expected due to dilapidated railway conditions, a shortage of locomotives and the recurring need to negotiate with local soviets along the route. On 14 May, a dispute at the Chelyabinsk station between legionaries heading east and Magyar POWs heading west to be repatriated caused the People's Commissar for War, Leon Trotsky, to order the complete disarmament and arrest of the legionaries. At an army congress that convened in Chelyabinsk a few days later, the Czechoslovaks – against the wishes of the National Council – refused to disarm and began issuing ultimatums for their passage to Vladivostok. This incident sparked the Revolt of the Legions.

Fighting between the Czechoslovak Legion and the Bolsheviks erupted at several points along the Trans-Siberian Railway in the last days of May 1918. By June, the two sides were fighting along the railway route from Penza to Krasnoyarsk. By the end of the month, legionaries under General Mikhail Diterikhs had taken control of Vladivostok, overthrowing the local Bolshevik administration. On July 6, the Legion declared the city to be an Allied protectorate, and legionnaires began returning across the Trans-Siberian Railway to support their comrades fighting to their west. Generally, the Czechoslovaks were the victors in their early engagements against the fledgling Red Army.

By mid-July, the legionaries had seized control of the railway from Samara to Irkutsk, and by the beginning of September they had cleared Bolshevik forces from the entire length of the Trans-Siberian Railway. Legionnaires conquered all the large cities of Siberia, including Yekaterinburg, but Tsar Nicholas II and his family were executed on the direct orders of Yakov Sverdlov less than a week before the arrival of the Legion.

Involvement in the Russian Civil War, 1918–1919

News of the Czechoslovak Legion's campaign in Siberia during the summer of 1918 was welcomed by Allied statesmen in Great Britain and France, who saw the operation as a means to reconstitute an eastern front against Germany. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, who had resisted earlier Allied proposals to intervene in Russia, gave in to domestic and foreign pressure to support the legionaries' evacuation from Siberia. In early July 1918, he published an aide-mémoire calling for a limited intervention in Siberia by the U.S. and Japan to rescue the Czechoslovak troops, who were then blocked by Bolshevik forces in Transbaikal. But by the time most American and Japanese units landed in Vladivostok, the Czechoslovaks were already there to welcome them.

The Czechoslovak Legion's campaign in Siberia impressed Allied statesmen and attracted them to the idea of an independent Czechoslovak state. As the legionaries cruised from one victory to another that summer, the Czechoslovak National Council began receiving official statements of recognition from various Allied governments.

Capture of Imperial gold reserve

Shortly after they entered into hostilities against the Bolsheviks, the legionaries began making common cause with anti-Bolshevik Russians who began forming their own governments behind the Czechoslovaks' lines. The most important of these governments were the Komuch, led by the Social Revolutionaries, in Samara and the Provisional Siberian Government in Omsk. With substantial Czechoslovak help, the People's Army of Komuch won several important victories, including the capture of Kazan and an Imperial state gold reserve on 5 August 1918. Czechoslovak pressure was also crucial in convincing the anti-Bolshevik forces in Siberia to nominally unify behind the All-Russian Provisional Government, formed at a conference in Ufa during September 1918.

During the autumn of 1918, the legionaries' enthusiasm for the fighting in Russia, then mostly confined along the Volga and Urals, dropped precipitously. The professor T. G. Masaryk supported them from the United States of America. The rapidly growing Red Army was getting stronger by the day, retaking Kazan on 10 September, followed by Samara a month later. The legionaries, whose strength had peaked at around 61,000 earlier that year, were lacking reliable reinforcements from POW camps and were disappointed by the failure of Allied soldiers from other countries to join them on the front lines. On 28 October, Czechoslovak statehood was declared in Prague, arousing the troops with a desire to return to their homeland. The final blow to Czechoslovak morale arrived on 18 November 1918, when a coup in Omsk overthrew the All-Russian Provisional Government and installed a dictatorship under Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak in control of White Siberia.

During the winter of 1918–1919, the Czechoslovak troops were redeployed from the front to guard the route of the Trans-Siberian Railway between Novonikolaevsk and Irkutsk from partisan attacks. Alongside other legions formed from Polish, Romanian and Yugoslav POWs in Siberia, the Czechoslovaks defended the Kolchak government's only supply route for the duration of 1919.

Betrayal of the White Russians

During the summer and autumn of 1919, Kolchak's armies were in a steady retreat from the Red Eastern Army Group. On 14 November, the Reds took Omsk, Kolchak's capital, initiating a desperate eastward flight by the White army and refugees along the Trans-Siberian Railway. In the following weeks, the Whites' rear was further disorganized by widespread outbreaks of uprisings and partisan activity. The homesick legionaries, who simply wanted to leave Siberia without incurring any more casualties than necessary, declared their neutrality amid the unrest and did nothing to suppress the rebellions. Meanwhile, Kolchak's trains, which included the gold bullion captured from Kazan, were stranded along the railway near Nizhneudinsk. After his bodyguard deserted him there, the legionaries were ordered by Allied representatives in Siberia to convey him to the British military mission in Irkutsk. This plan was resisted by insurgents along the Czechoslovaks' route, and as a result the legionaries, after consulting their commanders, Generals Janin and Jan Syrový, made the controversial decision to turn Kolchak over to the Political Center, a government formed by Socialists-Revolutionaries in Irkutsk. On 7 February 1920, the legionaries had signed an armistice with the Fifth Red Army at Kutin, whereby the latter allowed the Czechoslovaks unmolested passage to Vladivostok. In exchange, the legionaries agreed to not try to rescue Kolchak and to leave the remaining gold bullion with the authorities in Irkutsk. Earlier that day, Kolchak had been executed by a Cheka firing squad to prevent his rescue by a small White army then on the outskirts of the city. His body was dumped under the ice of the frozen Angara River and never recovered.

When the White Army learned about the execution, its remaining leadership decided to withdraw farther east. The Great Siberian Ice March followed. The Red Army did not enter Irkutsk until 7 March, and only then was the news of Kolchak's death officially released. Because of this, and also because of an attempted rebellion against the Whites, organized by Radola Gajda in Vladivostok on 17 November 1919, the Whites accused the Czechoslovaks of treason, but were too weak to act against them.

Evacuation from Vladivostok, 1920

When the armistice with the Bolsheviks was concluded, dozens of Czechoslovak trains were still west of Irkutsk. On 1 March 1920, the last Czechoslovak train passed through that city. The legionaries' progress was still hampered at times by the Japanese Expeditionary Force and the troops of Ataman Grigori Semenov, who stalled the Czechoslovak trains to delay the arrival of the Red Army in Eastern Siberia. By then, however, the evacuation of Czechoslovak troops from Vladivostok was well underway, and the last legionaries left the port in September 1920. The total number of people evacuated with the Czechoslovak Legion in Russia was 67,739; including 56,455 soldiers, 3,004 officers, 6,714 civilians, 1,716 wives, 717 children, 1,935 foreigners and 198 others. After their return to Czechoslovakia, many formed the core of the new Czechoslovak Army.

The number of legionaries killed in Russia during World War I and the Russian Civil War amounted to 4,112. An unknown number went missing or deserted the legion, either to make an arduous journey to return home or to join the Czechoslovak Communists. Among the latter was Jaroslav Hašek, later the author of the satirical novel The Good Soldier Švejk.

Evacuation
A total of 36 transports were dispatched from Vladivostok.

 The Allies provided 21 shipsUnited States 12, Britain 9. Two ships were provided by the American Red Cross. The ships President Grant and Heffron made all or part of the journey twice.
 12 ships were chartered by the Centrocommission; 9683 people were taken away. Two Japanese ships and one Russian were chartered for cargo. For the transport of people, boats were bought or rented mainly in Japan (7), China (1) and Russia (1). The first ship dispatched by the Centro-Commission was the Japanese Liverpool-Maru, sailing on July 8, 1919. The regular transport of legionnaires and partially disabled people began on December 9, 1919, with the transport of the 1st Regiment on the Jonan-Maru. The last ship with people was the Nizhny Novgorod, which sailed on February 13, 1920. The last ship with cargo was the Shunko-Maru, which sailed from Vladivostok on May 14, 1920.
 The first ship to take the first Siberian legionnaires from Vladivostok was the Italian Roma on January 15, 1919, and the last was the Heffron on September 2, 1920. The first ships sailed to Naples and Marseille. Others passed through the Panama Canal, others to North America, others to Canada with the final port of Hamburg. The whole evacuation took 1 year and 8 months.

Ranks of the Czechoslovak Legion in Russia

Officers

Other ranks

Postwar

Czechoslovakia declared its independence from the disintegrating Austria-Hungary, on 28 October 1918 with now President Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk of the Czechoslovak Republic.
Members of the Legions formed a significant part of the new Czechoslovak Army. A French military mission began in Czech territories after January 1919, led by General Maurice Pellé. After some disagreements with the Italian-led Czechs in Slovakia, President Masaryk eventually replaced Piccione with Pellé on July 4, 1919, and essentially ended the Italian connection to the Legion.

The French military mission's role was to integrate the existing Czechoslovak Foreign Legions with the home units of the Army and develop a professional command structure. On October 15, 1919, the main staff of the Czechoslovak Army was officially formed. French officers were installed as territorial commanders and commanders of some divisions. Over the course of time, there were 200 French non-commissioned officers, over 100 commissioned officers and 19 Generals. General Pellé and his immediate replacement, General Eugène Mittelhauser (also French), were the first chiefs staff of the Czechoslovak Army.

The Legion took part in the Hungarian–Czechoslovak War. On January 1, 1919, Legion troops took control of the city of Bratislava and Italian Colonel Riccardo Barreca was appointed military commander of the city. Several clashes (which killed at least nine Hungarian demonstrators) took place and Barreca himself was injured. The Italian officers continued to assist in the operations against the Hungarians during the war. Many veterans of the legion also fought in the Polish–Czechoslovak War.

Legion veterans formed organizations such as the Association of Czechoslovak Legionnaires (Československá obec legionářská) and Legiobanka (Legionářská banka, a bank formed with the capital they had gathered during their long service).
These and other organizations were known as the Hrad ("The [Prague] Castle") for their support of the President of Czechoslovakia.

In literature
The 2005 novel The People's Act of Love, by the British writer James Meek, describes the occupation of a small Siberian town by a company of the Czechoslovak Legion in 1919. The original inhabitants of the town are members of the Christian sect of Skoptsy, or castrates.

A memoir Přál jsem si míti křídla by Jozef Dufka was published in magazine Zvuk during 1996-1999 and as a book in 2002 ().

Gustav Becvar (August Wenzel Engelbert (Gustav) Bečvář) published his memoir The Lost Legion in English in 1939.

In art

Two postage stamps, issued in 1919, were printed for use by Czechoslovak Legion in Siberia.

The flag of the Czechoslovak Legion can be seen in the Allies in the monumental painting Pantheon de la Guerre.

Last Train Home  is an upcoming real-time strategy video game developed by Ashborne Games, in which the player controls a train carrying Czechoslovak Legion troops along the Trans-Siberian Railway during their withdrawal. It is scheduled for 2023 release.

See also
 South African support to the Czechoslovak Legion
 Josef Šnejdárek

References

Further reading

 Baerlein, Henry, The March of the 70,000, Leonard Parsons/Whitefriar Press, London 1926.
 Bullock, David: The Czech Legion 1914–20, Osprey Publishers, Oxford 2008.
 Clarke, William, The Lost Fortune of the Tsars, St. Martins Press, New York 1994 pp. 183–189.
 Fic, Victor M., The Bolsheviks and the Czechoslovak Legion, Shakti Malik, New Delhi 1978.
 Fic, Victor M., Revolutionary War for Independence and the Russian Question, Shakti Malik, New Delhi, 1977.
 Fleming, Peter, The Fate of Admiral Kolchak, Rupert Hart Davis, London 1963.
 Footman, David, Civil War in Russia, Faber & Faber, London 1961.
 Goldhurst, Richard, The Midnight War, McGraw-Hill, New York 1978.
 Hoyt, Edwin P., The Army Without a Country, MacMillan, New York/London 1967.
 Kalvoda, Josef, Czechoslovakia's Role in Soviet Strategy, University Press of America, Washington DC 1981.
 Kalvoda, Josef, The Genesis of Czechoslovakia, East European Monographs, Boulder 1986.
 McNamara, Kevin J., ''Dreams of a Great Small Nation: The Mutinous Army that Threatened a Revolution, Destroyed an Empire, Founded a Republic, and Remade the Map of Europe,'' Public Affairs, New York 2016.
 McNeal, Shay, The Secret Plot to Save the Tsar, HarperCollins, New York 2002 pp. 221–222.
 Meek, James, The People's Act of Love, Canongate, Edinburgh, London, New York 2005.
 Mohr, Joan McGuire, The Czech and Slovak Legion in Siberia from 1917 to 1922. McFarland, NC 2012.
 Mueggenberg, Brent, The Czecho-Slovak Struggle for Independence 1914–1920, McFarland, Jefferson, 2014.
Preclík, Vratislav. Masaryk a legie (TGM and legions), váz. kniha, 219 str., vydalo nakladatelství Paris Karviná, Žižkova 2379 (734 01 Karviná) ve spolupráci s Masarykovým demokratickým hnutím (Masaryk democratic movement in Prague), 2019, .
 Unterberger, Betty Miller, The United States, Revolutionary Russia, and the Rise of Czechoslovakia, Texas A&M University Press, College Station, 2000.
 White, John Albert, The Siberian Intervention, Princeton University Press, Princeton 1950.
 Cestami odboje, memoirs of Czechoslovak Legion soldiers in Russia, France and Italy published in "Pokrok" (Prague) between 1926 and 1929.

Note: There were quite a few books on the Legion written in Czech that were published in the 1920s, but most were hard to find following Soviet victory in World War II.

External links

1914 establishments in the Russian Empire
Czechoslovakia–Soviet Union relations
Expatriate units and formations of Czechoslovakia
Military units and formations of the Russian Civil War

Czechoslovak Legion


Joseph Andrews (1814 – 9 January 1901) was an Irish-born Australian politician.

He was born at Coleraine in County Londonderry to farmer Samuel Andrews and Jane Woodside. In 1834 he married Ann Dickson at Glasgow; they had fifteen children. He migrated to Australia in 1841. In 1880 he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Hastings and Manning, but he did not re-contest the subsequent election in 1882. On 5 June 1888 he married Pauline Keogh. Andrews died at Wingham in 1901.

References

1814 births
1901 deaths
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
19th-century Australian politicians

Joseph Andrews (Australian politician)


Commander Harry Lewin Lee Pennell (1882 – 31 May 1916) was a Royal Navy officer who served on the Terra Nova Expedition. He was responsible for the first sighting of Oates Coast on 22 February 1911, and named it after Captain Lawrence Oates. He only spent short periods in Antarctica, returning with the Terra Nova to wait out the winters of 1911 and 1912 in Lyttelton, New Zealand. Due to the absence of Robert Falcon Scott on land, Pennell assumed the role of command on the Terra Nova, which would bring fresh supplies back to Antarctica with each voyage.

Despite not being a part of the main landing party for the Pole, Pennell was a popular member of the expedition. Herbert Ponting, the photographer of the expedition, recalled in his book The Great White South that Pennell was "the most energetic man I have ever known....when Pennell was not occupied with navigating problems, he was either on watch, or conning from the crow's-nest, or else out on the yard-arms helping the seaman set or shorten sail, or otherwise assisting in the handling of the ship. He was a 'whale for work' ".

Pennell married Katie Hodson, the sister of his friend from naval college, on 15 April 1915 during his shore leave. Pennell was promoted to Commander and assigned to HMS Queen Mary, dying in her on 31 May 1916 in the Battle of Jutland, when the ship was sunk by the German ships SMS Seydlitz and SMS Derfflinger.

The Pennell Coast of Victoria Land, Antarctica, is named after him.

References

External links
 Harry Pennell collection

1882 births
1916 deaths
British explorers
British military personnel killed in World War I
Explorers of Antarctica
People educated at Exeter School
Royal Navy officers of World War I
Terra Nova expedition

Harry Pennell


is a Japanese lyricist and former musician. After several years playing the drums in the rock bands Apryl Fool and Happy End during the late 1960s and early 1970s, Matsumoto decided to focus on writing lyrics for others in 1974. As of 2015, he had written over 2,100 songs, 130 of which entered the top 10 on the Oricon chart. Total sales of the singles he has written exceed 49.8 million copies, making him the third best-selling lyricist in Japan. In 2017, he was awarded the Medal with Purple Ribbon from the Japanese government for his work in music.

Life and career
In elementary school, Matsumoto listened to Igor Stravinsky and read poetry by Jean Cocteau. However, he bought a drum kit and became obsessed with rock music because of the Beatles. Matsumoto is a Keio University graduate.

Matsumoto's first band was , which covered songs like Them's "Gloria and Sam & Dave's "Hold On, I'm Comin'". In 1968 he joined the psychedelic rock band Apryl Fool, going by the alias Rei Matsumoto, after being invited to join by Haruomi Hosono. However, they announced their break up on the release day of their only album. In 1969, he and Hosono then formed the pioneering rock band Happy End, for which he wrote most of the lyrics. After releasing two studio albums, Happy End (1970) and Kazemachi Roman (1971), they officially disbanded on New Year's Eve 1972, before the 1973 release of their third album.

Upon declaring himself a lyricist, Matsumoto told a friend that he wanted to write a "commercial" song, meaning a TV advertisement. But the friend mistakenly thought by "commercial" he meant "popular" and got him a job writing for Agnes Chan, a pop idol. Matsumoto made his debut as a lyricist in 1974 with "Pocket Ippai no Himitsu" by Chan. Matsumoto said that while in Happy End he focused on the quality of the music over its potential popularity, but upon becoming a lyricist, he vowed to focus on both quality and sales.

He was most prolific in the late 1970s and 1980s, offering lyrics to many idol singers such Seiko Matsuda (including 17 of her 24 consecutive  1 singles), Kyōko Koizumi, Miho Nakayama, Masahiko Kondo and Hiroko Yakushimaru as well as musical artists such as Yellow Magic Orchestra. The songs "Garasu no Shounen", "Hakka Candy" and "Boku no Senaka ni wa Hane ga Aru" by KinKi Kids are some of his notable recent work.

Matsumoto took part in two winning works at 1981's 23rd Japan Record Awards. Akira Terao's hit song "Ruby no Yubiwa" won the Grand Prix award. Matsumoto wrote nine of the ten songs on his Happy End bandmate Eiichi Ohtaki's record A Long Vacation, which won Best Album. Matsuda's album Supreme, which Matsumoto produced, won Best Album at 1986's 28th Japan Record Awards.

In 2002, he formed the independent record label .

In 2015, the tribute album  was created to commemorate Matsumoto's 45th anniversary as a lyricist. The album won a Planning Award at the 57th Japan Record Awards. A special two-day concert for the same anniversary was held at the Tokyo International Forum on August 21–22, 2015 featuring numerous artists such as Hiromi Ōta, Shinji Harada, Shoko Nakagawa, Yū Hayami, Junichi Inagaki, Akiko Yano. Matsumoto himself stepped behind the drum kit once again to perform songs with the surviving members of Happy End; Hosono and Shigeru Suzuki.

Another tribute album, titled  and overseen by Seiji Kameda, was released on July 14, 2021. It features artists such as B'z, Glim Spanky, Daichi Miura, Daoko, and members of Little Glee Monster. At the 63rd Japan Record Awards in 2021, Matsumoto received a Special Award.

Honors
Japan Lyricist Awards, for "Fuyu no Riviera" by Shinichi Mori (1983)
Medal with Purple Ribbon (2017)

References

External links

Official Twitter

Japanese lyricists
Japanese rock drummers
Musicians from Tokyo
Keio University alumni
Recipients of the Medal with Purple Ribbon
1949 births
Living people
Happy End (band) members

Takashi Matsumoto (lyricist)


The Kennelly-Heaviside layer was named after scientists Arthur Edwin Kennelly and Oliver Heaviside. Its existence was shown in 1924 by  Edward V. Appleton, an English physicist who received the Nobel Prize in the year 1947. The Kennelly-Heaviside layer or E region is part of the ionosphere, the top part of the Earth's atmosphere which is full of electricity and magnetism, 90 to 150 kilometers from the Earth's surface. The layer is capable of reflecting medium shortwave electromagnetic radiations, or the EM radiations whose frequency ranges between 300 kHz to 3MHz.

This layer became a popular means of communication in the late 1920's when AM signals (Amplitude Modulated) were transmitted over long distances. AM signals can bounce off the Kennelly-Heaviside. They can go further than signals which cannot bounce off the layer. This means that the sender and receiver of the signal could be over the horizon from each other, and the signal can bounce off the layer in the sky in between them.

Atmosphere
Earth
Electromagnetic radiation
History of science
Radio

Kennelly–Heaviside layer


The Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan (Kurdish: كۆمه‌ڵه‌ی شۆڕشگێڕی زه‌حمه‌تكێشانی كوردستانی ئێران, written in Western letters: Komełey Şorrişgêrrî Zehmetkêşanî Kurdistanî Êran), is a social democratic political party from the Kurdish region of Iran. Komala has been seeking a nonreligious democratic federal ruling system to replace the current government, which is run by religious people. This party is currently exiled in northern Iraq, where its leaders work from. Komala is a member of the International Socialist and Progressive Alliance. This is an organization that has many different social democrats, socialist, and progressive groups. Komala wants to make laws against sexual violence and to protect children during armed conflicts. Komala also wants to make laws against anti-personnel land mines.

History
The Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan started in 1969, among Kurdish leftist students and intellectuals in Tehran and some Kurdish towns. Since there was no political freedom in Iran, every political organization and even small student circles had to go into hiding and organize underground. Komala was no exception. Like all other opposition organizations of that time, especially the leftist groups of the sixties and seventies, Komala faced severe repression.

During those years many of Komala's members and its leadership experienced persecution, torture and imprisonment in the hands of SAVAK, Shah's notorious secret police, but Komala managed to survive and protect the main body of its organization and its growing network of activists. More than 9 years of hard and disciplined work prior to the outbreak of Iranian Revolution of 1978-79, bore its fruit and helped Komala build a strong and cohesive body of cadres among sections of Kurdish society. Komala managed to win over considerable amounts of Kurdish students, teachers, intellectuals and young people and to develop a significant influence and social base among workers and peasants throughout Kurdistan.

Komala actively participated in the Iranian Revolution and in fact was behind almost every demonstration and popular movement of that period. On March 16, 1979, a few days after the victory of the Revolution, Komala launched an open political party. By this time Komala had already become a major political force in Iranian Kurdistan. The birth of Komala and its rapid growth among large sections of Kurdish society in Iran, apart from its own hard work, discipline and dedication, can be attributed to a combination of social factors during a period of Iran's transition from a traditional and patriarchal society to a so-called pseudo-modern one.

Ideology
After a long and heated debate among its ranks and in public during the 1990s, finally the majority of the Komala Party's cadres and members decided on a renewal programme to adapt to new domestic and global developments. Since year 2000, Komala Party has undergone a major overhaul. This move was welcomed by the great majority of people, intellectuals, students, women, civil activists, Komala veteran activists and others.

While preserving its socialist values, Komala fights for Kurdish rights, a democratic secular pluralist federal Iran, social justice, democratic labour laws, the freedom of assembly and organization, political freedoms, democracy, human rights, women's rights and cultural and religious tolerance.

International Affiliation
Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan is currently a consultative member of the International Socialist, a worldwide organization for progressive forces including social democrats, socialists and labor parties to gather under.

Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan is also a member of the German-based Progressive Alliance, an organization with member organizations from social democrats and progressive organizations that believe in both social democracy and social progress.

Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan is a member of Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, UNPO, an international organization aimed at promoting neglected and marginalized nations. Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan joined UNPO in 2007.

National Affiliation
Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan is a member of Iran Transition Council, Congress of Nationalities for a Federal Iran, Solidarity for Freedom and Equality in Iran, the Council of Iranian Democrats. and Cooperation Center for Iranian Kurdistan Political Parties. The Secretary General of Komala, Abdulla Mohtadi, is the Secretariat for Special affairs of ITC and Nahid Bahmani, a leadership member of Komala, is the Secretariat of Ethnic Affairs of ITC.

Organizational Structure
"Komala has a collective and democratic decision-making system. Since it was founded, it has held 15 congresses in which the representatives discuss any modification or changes to the party's platform, structure and leadership among others.

The leadership council or the politburo has 5 members and the party is led by a Secretary General. There is a central or executive committee which has 25 members. Women play a major role in decision making and leadership. The leadership council has two female members currently.

1.Rojhelat Women Organization

2.the youth organization of Iranian Kurdistan(komalay lawani RojheLat)

3.International Network of Iranian Kurdistan Human Rights.

4.Zagros

5.Media and Publications

6.Komala Office of International Relations: USA and EU offices"

7. Peshmerga

References

Kurdistan
Social democratic parties in Asia

Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan


The Frosty is a frozen dairy dessert of the American fast-food restaurant chain Wendy's. The Frosty was among the first five items introduced on the Wendy's menu.

Wendy's founder Dave Thomas created the original "light chocolate" Frosty himself by combining chocolate and vanilla flavors, as he thought that a pure chocolate flavor would overwhelm the taste of the restaurant's hamburgers. Thomas based the Frosty on the milkshakes he drank in Detroit as a youth, and created the Frosty to be thick enough to require a spoon to eat. The consistency has been described as partway between that of a milkshake and soft-serve ice cream.

Specialty flavors
Over the years Wendy's has occasionally introduced new flavor variations. In August 2006, a vanilla flavor was introduced after repeated customer requests. In the summer of 2022 and 2023, the vanilla Frosty was temporarily replaced with a strawberry Frosty. In November 2022, Wendy's released the new peppermint Frosty for the holidays; this was the third new flavor released and temporarily replaced the vanilla Frosty. In September 2023, a pumpkin spice frosty was introduced.

See also

 Icee
 Shaved ice
 Slushy
 Slurpee

References

External links

 Frosty page at Wendy's website

Brand name frozen desserts
Products introduced in 1969
Wendy's foods

Frosty (frozen dairy dessert)


Fukui City (or Fukui-shi; 福井市,) is the capital city of Fukui Prefecture in Japan. It became a core city of Japan in 2019.  As of July 2021, there are 260,254 people living there. The land area is 275,381,842 square kilometers (1 October 2018).

From the Meiji period, the silk fabrics industry was a big business in Fukui City, but it has decreased after World WarⅡ. Today the main industries of Fukui-shi are for fabrics and chemicals.

Because Fukui prefecture is famous for dinosaurs, there are monuments of dinosaurs in front of  the JR Fukui station in the downtown of Fukui City. In addition, the building that is called "happiring" was built as part of city planning near the station. There are 186 cultural properties which include historical material, architectures, works of art, ethnic sites, scenic beauties, and cultural landscape.

History

Fukui City (Fukui-jo) was built by Shibata Katsuie as a castle town in 1575. It was destroyed by far because of  the war with Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Yuki (Matsudaira) Hideyasu later rebuilt the castle.

Fukui City was called Fukui-han from 1600 to 1871. In the late Edo period, before the Meiji Restoration (1868), the historical figures were active; The representative names are Matsudaira Shungaku, Hashimoto Sanai, Kusakabe Taro, and W.E.Griffis. They have contributed to Fukui City and Japan.

From the 1890s, silk cloth business became the main business in Fukui City. On 19 July 1945, during World War Ⅱ, Fukui City was attacked by the United States, then the town was destroyed.The air raid lasted for about two hours, with a casualty rate of 93.2%, a burnout rate of 96%, and a death toll of 1,576.

People in Fukui City have rebuilt the town. However, an earthquake (Fukui-jishin) destroyed the city on 8 July 1948. The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.1 and a seismic intensity of 6. The number of victims was 3,858 people, and the death toll was 3,579. With the support from the Japanese government and other prefectures, Fukui City was rebuilt within one year.

In 2018, Fukui city was hit by heavy snow (Fukui-gosetsu). The city overcame this disaster by asking many groups such as self-defense forces for help.  In the same year, Fukui city was chosen as a core city because of changes in the law. Thanks to it, Fukui city has been able to provide high quality service to citizens.

Notable people

Matsudaira Shungaku (1828~1890) was 16th Lord in Fukui-han. He reformed Fukui-han actively, for example, he made local industry in Fukui-han became famous then he cut the money which Fukui-han borrowed from other place . He built 明道館 (meido-kan) as a school which students can learn studies in Europe. He worked in Japanese government on a high position. He is known as the first man who bring a tree of apple to Japan.
Hashimoto Sanai (1834~1859) was born as a son of doctor in Fukui-han. He learned medical studies and Dutch studies. He wrote 啓発録 (keihatsu-roku) when he was 15. It is still read by children in Fukui city. He had advanced way of thinking future. In 1859, he criticized the Tokugawa shogunate, then he was killed by it.
Yuri Kimimasa (1829~1909) was born as first son of samurai in Fukui-han. He worked hard to rebuilt financial problem of Fukui-han. He made the original idea of the restoration of imperial rule (大政奉還, taiseihokan). Because he was good at working out financial problem, he got a high position of Japanese government. After that, he became a governor of Tokyo.
William Elliot Griffith (1843~1928) was a pastor and teacher from Philadelphia in the US. He was invited as a teacher in Fukui-han and worked there for about a year. He made a basis of education in Fukui. In his book, Mikado's Empire which he introduced Japanese history and culture, he wrote about Fukui in chapter 2, and introduced it to people in the world.
Kusakabe Taro (1845~1870) was the first student of Fukui-han who studied in the US. When he was 23, he has started to study in Rutgers, the state university of New Jersey and had a help from W.E.Griffith who was the student of the university to study in there. While he was studying in Rutgers university, he got a disease. Then he died before he graduated. Because he had high scores in the university, he was given a gold key.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Official Fukui city website

Cities in Fukui Prefecture

Fukui (city)


Norman Denbigh Riley  CBE (26 September 1890 London – 26 May 1979) was a British entomologist with a special interest in the Lepidoptera, and in particular the Lycaenidae. For many years he was keeper of entomology at the British Museum.

His first schooling took place at Dulwich College where his interest in natural history and Lepidoptera became evident. Richard South, the prominent entomologist was the Riley family's neighbour in Balham and encouraged Norman Riley in his hobby. After he finishing school Riley enrolled at the Imperial College in order to take a course in entomology, and managed to find work there as a demonstrator under Ray Lankester, who was then director of the British Museum. At age 21 he was appointed as an assistant in the Entomology Department.

With the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Riley joined the Royal Army Service Corps, and saw service in France. At the end of the war he was discharged with the rank of captain and resumed his work at the museum, becoming keeper of entomology in 1932. He became dedicated to acquiring gifts and purchases of specimens to expand the collection of the museum, and succeeded in creating a research resource of international renown.

Because of his easy and affable manner, Riley became popular as a committee-man and competently steered projects through financial and political pitfalls, becoming involved in national and international entomological matters. He served as both secretary and treasurer to the Entomological Society of London between 1926 and 1951, and was elected president in 1952. He was also a charter member of the Lepidopterists' Society and served on their council, being elected vice-president in 1954 and president in 1958. He also found time to be active in the Zoological Society of London. In 1923, on the retirement of Richard South, his boyhood mentor, Riley took over the running of a small, but popular periodical called the Entomologist's Monthly Magazine.

Works
1944 Some British Moths – Norman Denbigh Riley
1964 The Department of Entomology of the British Museum, 1904-1964 – Norman Denbigh Riley
1970 Butterflies and Moths – Alfred Werner, Josef Bijok edited by Norman Denbigh Riley, New York Studio/The Viking Press
1975 A Field Guide to the Butterflies of the West Indies – Norman D. Riley, Quadrangle Publishers
1980 A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe – Lionel George Higgins, Norman Denbigh Riley

References

Obituary, Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 1 August 1979, vol 36, part 2, pp 137-138

External links
 including a list of works and taxa named

1890 births
1979 deaths
British entomologists
British lepidopterists
People educated at Dulwich College
Employees of the Natural History Museum, London
British Army personnel of World War I
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
20th-century British zoologists
Royal Army Service Corps officers

Norman Denbigh Riley


The Radio Lingua Network is a Scottish company headquartered in South Ayrshire, Scotland that provides various language courses through podcasts and other Internet-based media. Radio Lingua was founded in 2006 by Mark Pentleton, a former teacher of French and Spanish. Its first podcast, Coffee Break Spanish, was released on 18 October 2006. , the company had produced 36 podcasts teaching 27 different languages.

Radio Lingua provides courses about French, Spanish, German, Italian, Arabic, Catalan, Danish, Dutch, Gaelic, Greek, Flemish, Irish, Japanese, Luxembourgish, Mandarin, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Swedish, Turkish, Ukrainian, and Zulu.

Radio Lingua's podcasts have won several national and European awards.

Podcasts

French
 Coffee Break French
 The Coffee Break French Magazine
 Coffee Break French To Go
 Coffee Break French Travel Diaries
 Coffee Break French Verb Fix
 En Route avec Coffee Break French ("On going with Coffee Break French")
 High Five French
 One Minute French
 On Location French
 Rock Star French
 School Run French
 Twitter Learn French
 La vérité éclate toujours ("The truth always shines")
 Walk, Talk, and Learn French

German
 A Flavour of German
 One Minute German
 Coffee Break German
 The Coffee Break German Magazine
 Coffee Break German To Go
 Coffee Break German Travel Diaries
 My Daily Phrase German

Italian
 Coffee Break Italian
 The Coffee Break Italian Magazine
 Coffee Break Italian To Go
 Coffee Break Italian Travel Diaries
 My Daily Phrase Italian
 One Minute Italian
 Twitter Learn Italian
 Walk, Talk, and Learn Italian

Spanish
 Coffee Break Spanish
 Coffee Break Spanish Espresso
 The Coffee Break Spanish Magazine
 Coffee Break Spanish To Go
 Coffee Break Spanish Travel Diaries
 En Marcha con Coffee Break Spanish ("On going with Coffee Break Spanish")
 High Five Spanish
 News Time Spanish
 One Minute Spanish
 One Minute Spanish for Latin America
 Show Time Spanish
 Twitter Learn Spanish

Swedish
 Coffee Break Swedish
 One Minute Swedish

Chinese
 Coffee Break Chinese

English
 Coffee Break English

Other Languages
 One Minute Arabic
 One Minute Catalan
 One Minute Czech
 One Minute Danish
 One Minute Dutch
 One Minute Finnish
 One Minute Flemish
 One Minute Gaelic
 One Minute Galician
 One Minute Greek
 One Minute Hungarian
 One Minute Icelandic
 One Minute Irish
 One Minute Japanese
 One Minute Latvian
 One Minute Luxembourgish
 One Minute Mandarin
 One Minute Norwegian
 One Minute Polish
 One Minute Portuguese
 One Minute Romanian
 One Minute Russian
 One Minute Slovak
 One Minute Turkish
 One Minute Ukrainian
 One Minute Zulu

References

External links

Companies based in South Ayrshire
Podcasting companies
Language-learning websites
Language education in the United Kingdom
2006 establishments in Scotland
British educational websites

Radio Lingua Network


Shaukat Qadir is an independent Risk and Security Analyst who works generally in South Asia, particularly in Pakistan and Afghanistan. He started his career as a pilot in the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) and then moved to the Pakistan Army. He retired in 1998 as a Brigadier. In 1999, he became the founder and vice-president, and later president, of the semi-independent think tank Islamabad Policy Research Institute (IPRI). In 2001, he sought early retirement due to disagreements with the military government. Since then, he has been visiting faculty at the Fatima Jinnah Women University, writing in various national and international newspapers and journals, and working as an independent Security and Risk Assessment consultant. He is also currently a Senior Analyst at Wikistrat.

Background
Shaukat began his military career as a Flight Cadet in the PAF in 1965. He joined the Pakistan Military Academy in 1968. In 1970, he was commissioned in the 6th Battalion, Frontier Force Regiment, 6 FF (Infantry).

He returned from his six-month sojourn in East Pakistan (now called Bangladesh) weeks before the surrender at the end of the 1971 war. He saw action during the Balochistan insurgency in the 1970s. Over the years, he has commanded three brigades and served on the staff of a brigade, a division, and a corps; he has also been on the faculty of the infantry school, Command and Staff College, and the War Wing at the National Defence University, Islamabad. In 1998, he sought and obtained early retirement from the Army.

In 1999, he founded the Islamabad Policy Research Institute (IPRI) and became the vice-president. He finally requested retirement again from the IPRI in 2001. Since then, he has been a free-lance journalist, an author with a weekly column, a member of visiting faculty at the Fatima Jinnah Women's University, and an invited speaker and author at various national and international conferences.

Author and columnist
Shaukat has written in various newspapers, magazines, journals and books over the last decade, both nationally and internationally. He has a weekly column in the Pakistan Daily Times and also writes regularly for The National. In the past, he has written for the Far Eastern Economic Review, RUSI – Royal United Services Institute (UK), PILDAT – Pakistan Institute for Legislative Development and Transparency, Rediff.com (India), Dawn (Pakistan), and The Round Table Journal, among others.

Articles and political views

Pakistan Army
Shaukat has been vocal about his criticism (and, to some extent, his praise) about the government of Pakistan, and also of other countries. His analysis of the Kargil War (carried by RUSI ) is highly cited and generally viewed as an objective analysis by both sides of the divide.

In general, he is a politic and a democrat, who believes that the military should remain subordinate to the elected leaders, and should have no political role. He stated as much in 1990 to the then Army Chief, while he was a student at the National Defence College (now University), and also after retirement, in various forums.

"Apart from the fact that such avoidance of responsibility by the political leadership is tantamount to a tacit acceptance of a continued political role of the military, no military can, or should, possibly be expected to cater for all political considerations."

"Ours is a country with a history of military coups and, even when the army was not running the country, its political power was an ominous presence. Ayub Khan started well, till he led us into an unnecessary war in 1965, which we were fortunate to end in a stalemate. Yahya Khan didn't initiate a war but he created conditions for India to dismember us. Zia-ul Haq gave birth to religious extremism and the drug/Kalashnikov culture. Pervez Musharraf went farther than all the rest: he permitted terrorists to flower, in instances like Lal Masjid, even nurtured them until there was no option left but to use force which caused the death of hundreds of children. Democratic army chiefs have been a rarity."

Abstract philosophy
His more abstract political and philosophical views are scattered in various articles, and seem inspired from Jean Jacque Rousseau's 'A Social Contract', which he often quotes in his articles. He believes that while sovereignty lies with the people, it is transferred to their elected representatives by the people themselves. Consequently, elected representatives are bound by the democratic system to deliver 'good governance,' in the widest sense of the term.

"There is one inalienable right of the citizens of society i.e. liberty (in all its forms) and therefore, the state exists for but one purpose alone i.e. to ensure the individual and collective rights of its citizens. To this end, the state is the only organisation authorised the use of force; but that too solely in attempting to achieve this end that it exists for."

References

External links
 Shaukat Qadir Home Page
 Shaukat Qadir's biography on Wikistrat

Living people
Pakistan Air Force personnel
Frontier Force Regiment officers
Pakistani political commentators
Year of birth missing (living people)

Shaukat Qadir


Georgia Frances Elise Blain (12 December 19649 December 2016) was an Australian novelist, journalist and biographer.

Biography
Born in Sydney in 1964 to journalist and broadcaster Anne Deveson (d. 2016) and broadcaster Ellis Blain (d. 1978), Georgina Blain completed an arts degree at the University of Adelaide before returning to Sydney where she studied law at the University of Sydney. She worked as a journalist commencing work in 1990 as a lawyer with the Australian Copyright Council and wrote many articles for their Bulletin (ISSN 0311-2934).

Her first novel was Closed for Winter. One of her most recent works Births, Deaths and Marriages, a memoir of her childhood, was short-listed for the 2009 Nita Kibble Literary Award.

The draft of Closed for Winter 1996 earned her an Australian Society of Authors' mentorship with Rosie Scott. She later commented that without this relationship and guidance she may not have completed the novel.

When editing Between a Wolf and a Dog in 2015 Blain was diagnosed with brain cancer. A diagnosis which mirrored the story of Hilary, one of the main characters in the novel.

Novelist Charlotte Wood called Between a Wolf and a Doga novel of devastating clarity that traverses Blain's familiar terrain: the ordinary sadnesses in families, betrayal and forgiveness, the small, potent beauties of daily life that we allow to slip unnoticed through our fingers". In all her books Blain ruminates on families, siblings, loss, death, marriages and partnerships, in prose of stunning clarity and penetrating insight. Her writing is superbly paced and structured, and she has a gift for conjuring beaches, bush, and the suburbs of Sydney and Adelaide.She was, "... Acclaimed as a novelist, short story writer and essayist who transformed the everyday into works of extraordinary beauty and clarity."

Blain wrote a regular column for The Saturday Paper about her experiences with brain cancer.

She completed a draft of a final work before her death, a memoir entitled The Museum of Words, published by Scribe in 2017.

Bibliography

Novels

 Candelo  Penguin, 1999
 The Blind Eye  Penguin 2001
 Names for Nothingness  Picador, 2004
 Darkwater  Random House, 2010
 Too Close to Home  Random House, 2011
 Special  Random House, 2016
 Between a Wolf and a Dog  Scribe, 2016

Short fiction
Collections

Non-fiction

 Births Deaths Marriages  Vintage, 2008

 The Museum of Words  Scribe, 2017

Critical studies and reviews of Blain's work
The secret lives of men

Filmography
 Closed for Winter (2009) adapted by Georgia Blain and James Bogle

Awards

Closed for Winter

1999 named as one of the Sydney Morning Herald's Best Young Novelists

Births Deaths Marriage

2009 Shortlisted for the Nita B. Kibble Literary Award

Darkwater
2012 Shortlisted Adelaide Festival Awards for Literature Young Adult

The Secret Lives of Men
2014 Shortlisted Christina Stead Prize for Fiction NSW Premier's Literary Awards

2014 Longlisted for the Nita B. Kibble Literary Award

Between a Wolf and a Dog
2016 Winner The University of Queensland Fiction Book Award (Queensland Literary Award)

2017 Winner Victorian Premier's Literary Awards.

2017 Shortlisted ALS Gold Medal.

2017 Longlisted Australian Book Industry Awards

Personal life
Born in Sydney in 1964 to journalist and broadcaster Anne Deveson and broadcaster Ellis Blain. She had two brothers, Jonathan (was diagnosed with schizophrenia and died by suicide) and Joshua. Her childhood was spent in various cities and the family moved to Sydney, Tuscany and Adelaide, where she completed a Bachelor of Arts at the University of Adelaide.

In 1998 she and her partner Andrew Taylor welcomed daughter Odessa.

Her writing was influenced by the difficult relationship of her mother and the children with father Ellis Blain. "His presence alone created tension; it was the threat of what he might do that kept us tiptoeing, scared, around him, ... Blain had long terrorised the home he shared with one of the country's best-known feminists with the threat and practice of physical violence ".

Georgia Blain died on 9 December 2016 from brain cancer which had been diagnosed in November 2015. Her mother, Anne Deveson, died three days later on 12 December.

References

1964 births
2016 deaths
20th-century Australian novelists
20th-century Australian women writers
21st-century Australian novelists
21st-century Australian women writers
Australian Book Review people
Australian journalists
Australian memoirists
Australian women novelists
Deaths from brain cancer in Australia
Granta people
Writers from Sydney
Place of death missing
Australian women memoirists

Georgia Blain


The Twin Lakes are adjacent Lakes Washining and Washinee, commonly referred to as East Twin Lake and West Twin Lake, in Salisbury amidst Connecticut's Northwest Hills.

Geography
Lake Washinee is about 1.6 miles (2.6 km) long, and under a quarter mile (0.4 km) wide of except for its squarish roughly 0.5 by 0.6 mile (0.8 by 1.0 km) southernmost section.  Its deepest part is around .

Lake Washining is much rounder, and roughly 0.9 by 1.3 miles (1.5 by 2 km).  It has a maximum depth of . Much of the shore is wetland, but there are some private residences. There is a thermocline that forms around .

The Twin Lakes are located in Salisbury, Connecticut, roughly five miles away from both the Massachusetts and New York borders.

The two lakes are separated by an isthmus under 300 feet (100 m) wide, and they maintain the same water level.  They are located in the Housatonic Valley in northwestern Connecticut. Near the 'Between the Lakes Road' is located a series of limestone caves, including the Bashful Lady Cave, one of the longest in the state.

History
The original settlers in the area were Mahican Indians, from which the names of the lakes come from. Washinee is translated as "smiling water" and Washining is translated as "laughing water". In the 1720s and 1730s, English and Dutch settled the area and farmed around the banks of the lakes.

In the early 1900s, Camp Isola Bella was built on the island on Lake Washining (East Twin).

The lake is also known as "Similar Lakes", "Dual Lakes", "Replica Lakes", and "Where the Lakes Are the Same".

Fishing

According to the State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection, East Twin Lake is "one of the most managed and studied coldwater lakes in the state". For many years up until the late 1980s, it had been home to the most popular kokanee fishery along the east coast of the United States. However, illegal introduction of alewives into the waters precipitated a near total collapse of the kokanee population by the early 1990s. Holdover brown trout began thriving in the aftermath of the kokanee collapse, growing to substantial sizes in great quantities for over a decade. However, shifting environmental conditions, including the introduction of the invasive zebra mussel in 1998, eventually resulted in the alewife population declining by 2008 along with the lake's ability to support large, holdover trout. It was at that time that an apparent remnant population of kokanee were observed spawning in East Twin Lake for the first time in more than 15 years. Management for kokanee was resumed and a robust salmon fishery was restored.

Gamefish species present in both of the Twin Lakes include largemouth bass, chain pickerel, black crappie, yellow perch, brown bullhead and sunfish. East Twin Lake hosts a few species not found in West Twin, including kokanee salmon and stocked brook, brown and rainbow trout.

References

Lakes of Connecticut
Lakes of Litchfield County, Connecticut

Twin Lakes (Connecticut)


The 28th Street YMCA is a historic YMCA building in South Los Angeles, California. It was listed as a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument in 2006 and put on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009. The four-story structure was built in 1926 at a cost of $200,000. The building was designed by noted African American architect Paul R. Williams in the Spanish Colonial Revival style.

The building is considered to be historically significant because of its association with Paul R. Williams and because it is one of two club buildings remaining in Los Angeles that were founded by and for African Americans. The 28th Street YMCA, also sometimes referred to as the "Colored YMCA", was a milestone for the city's African American community. Many recreational facilities, including public swimming pools, were racially segregated in the 1920s, and the 28th Street YMCA provided a gymnasium, swimming pool, and 52 dormitory rooms on the upper floors.

The building was deemed to satisfy the registration requirement for club buildings set forth in a multiple property submission study, the African Americans in Los Angeles MPS. Other sites listed pursuant to the same African Americans in Los Angeles MPS include the Angelus Funeral Home, Lincoln Theater, Second Baptist Church, Prince Hall Masonic Temple, 52nd Place Historic District, 27th Street Historic District, and two historic all-black segregated fire stations (Fire Station No. 14 and Fire Station No. 30).

In 2015 a major restoration was undertaken by non profit affordable housing developer Clifford Beers Housing and the Coalition for Responsible Community Development with design work led by the architecture firm Koning Eizenberg.
The project was awarded a 2015 National AIA Honor Award for Architecture

See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in Los Angeles, California
List of Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments in South Los Angeles

References

External links

Buildings and structures completed in 1926
Clubhouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Los Angeles
South Los Angeles
YMCA buildings in the United States
African-American organizations
Paul Williams (architect) buildings

28th Street YMCA


North Texas Daily, also known as NT Daily, is the student newspaper of the University of North Texas in Denton, Texas, published daily on the web and every Thursday in print.

In 2015, under the leadership of Editor-In-Chief Nicholas Friedman, North Texas Daily became a digital-first publication, introducing a new brand, website and a focus on social media. The paper focuses on six main categories: News, Arts & Life, Pop culture section The Dose, Sports, sports blog The Sideline and Opinion.

During the summer, the paper publishes daily online and prints On The Record, a monthly magazine.

The multimedia website for the newspaper is ntdaily.com. It includes audio, video and interactive projects, as well as embedded Tweet, Periscope streams and Snapchat posts. Readers also may post comments on stories. The Web site receives approximately 10,000 hits per day.

The newspaper's daily circulation is approximately 10,000. Paper copies are delivered Thursday to campus buildings, dorms and businesses in Denton.

The University of North Texas' student newspaper began publishing in 1916 under the name Campus Chat. In 1971, the newspaper changed its name to the "North Texas Daily." The newspaper celebrated its 90th anniversary in 2006 and will celebrate its 100th anniversary in 2016.

The Daily and the Campus Chat, have earned three regional and six National Pacemaker Awards.  The newspaper has also earned All-American honors from the Associated Collegiate Press and College Media Advisers more than 85 times.  The Daily has also earned awards from the Society of Professional Journalists and the Associated Press Managing Editors as well as on and off-site awards from the Texas Intercollegiate Press Association.

See also
List of college newspapers

External links
 North Texas Daily

Student newspapers published in Texas
University of North Texas
Denton, Texas
Weekly newspapers published in Texas

North Texas Daily