In United States constitutional law, expectation of privacy is a legal test which is crucial in defining the scope of the applicability of the privacy protections of the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. It is related to, but is not the same as, a right to privacy, a much broader concept which is found in many legal systems (see privacy law). Overall, expectations of privacy can be subjective or objective.

Overview
There are two types of expectations of privacy:
 Subjective expectation of privacy: a certain individual's opinion that a certain location or situation is private which varies greatly from person to person
 Objective, legitimate, reasonable expectation of privacy: an expectation of privacy generally recognized by society and perhaps protected by law.

Places where individuals expect privacy include residences, hotel rooms, or public places that have been provided by businesses or the public sector to ensure privacy, including public restrooms, private portions of jailhouses, or phone booths. This expectation extends against both physical and digital intrusions, and even cell tower geolocation data is protected.

In general, one cannot have a reasonable expectation of privacy for things put into a public space. There are no privacy rights in garbage left for collection in a public place. Other examples include: pen registers that record the numbers dialed from particular telephones; conversations with others, though there could be a Sixth Amendment violation if the police sends an individual to question a defendant who has already been formally charged; a person's physical characteristics, such as voice and handwriting; what is observed pursuant to aerial surveillance that is conducted in public navigable airspace not using equipment that unreasonably enhances the surveying government official's vision; anything in open fields (e.g., a barn); smells that can be detected by the use of a drug-sniffing dog during a routine traffic stop, even if the government official did not have probable cause or reasonable suspicion to suspect that drugs were present in the defendant's vehicle; and paint scrapings on the outside of a vehicle.

While a person may have a subjective expectation of privacy in his/her car, it is not always an objective one, unlike a person's home. Expectation of home privacy extends to thermal imaging.

The expectation of privacy concept also applies civilly whereas the unreasonable violation of which may result in mental distress rather than incarceration. Civil privacy expects against: (1) intrusion upon seclusion or solitude, or into private affairs; (2) public disclosure of embarrassing private facts; (3) publicity which places a person in a false light in the public eye; and (4) appropriation of name or likeness.

Privacy and search
The expectation of privacy is crucial in distinguishing a legitimate, reasonable police search and seizure from an unreasonable one.

A "search" occurs for purposes of the Fourth Amendment when the Government violates a person's "reasonable expectation of privacy". In Katz v. United States,  Justice Harlan issued a concurring opinion articulating the two-prong test later adopted by the U.S. Supreme Court as the test for determining whether a police or government search is subject to the limitations of the Fourth Amendment:
 Governmental action must contravene an individual's actual, subjective expectation of privacy
 Expectation of privacy must be reasonable, in the sense that society in general would recognize it as such

To meet the first part of the test, the person from whom the information was obtained must demonstrate that they, in fact, had an actual, subjective expectation that the evidence obtained would not be available to the public. In other words, the person asserting that a search was conducted must show that they kept the evidence in a manner designed to ensure its privacy.

The first part of the test is related to the notion "in plain view". If a person did not undertake reasonable efforts to conceal something from a casual observer (as opposed to a snoop), then no subjective expectation of privacy is assumed.

The second part of the test is analyzed objectively: would society at large deem a person's expectation of privacy to be reasonable? If it is plain that a person did not keep the evidence at issue in a private place, then no search is required to uncover the evidence. For example, there is generally no search when police officers look through garbage because a reasonable person would not expect that items placed in the garbage would necessarily remain private. An individual has no legitimate expectation of privacy in information provided to third parties. In Smith v. Maryland, 442 U.S. 735 (1979), the Supreme Court held individuals have no "legitimate expectation of privacy" regarding the telephone numbers they dial because they knowingly give that information to telephone companies when they dial a number. Therefore, there is no search where officers monitor what phone numbers an individual dials, although the Congress has enacted laws that restrict such monitoring. The Supreme Court has also ruled that there is no objectively reasonable expectation of privacy (and thus no search) when officers hovering in a helicopter 400 feet above a suspect's house conduct surveillance. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit held in 2010 that users did have a reasonable expectation of privacy in the contents of their e-mail in United States v. Warshak, although no other court of appeals has followed suit.

In cyberspace
Most Internet users expect some extent of privacy protection from the law while they are online. However, scholars argue that lack of understanding of the Internet as either a public or private space leads to issues in defining expectations of the law. The Fourth Amendment may not protect informational privacy. Relevant exceptions to the Fourth Amendment's warrant requirement include "1) when consent to search has been given (Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 1973), (2) when the information has been disclosed to a third party (United States v. Miller, 1976), and (3) when the information is in plain view of an officer (Horton v. California, 1990)".

There is an expectation of privacy for the contents of a cellphone. Cellphones receive Fourth Amendment protection because they no longer contain just phone logs and address books; they contain a person's most sensitive information that they believe will be kept private. The expectation of privacy has been extended to include the totality of a person's movements captured by tracking their cellphone. Generally, a person loses the expectation of privacy when they disclose information to a third party, including circumstances involving telecommunications. However, the Supreme Court has extended Fourth Amendment protections to the CSLI data generated by a cellphone tracking a user's movements because the disclosure is not voluntary, phone companies keep the records for years, and the invasive nature of the scope of information that can be gathered by tracking a person's movement for extended periods of time.

Court cases
In Florida v. Jardines  on March 26, 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that police violated the Fourth Amendment rights of a homeowner when they led a drug-sniffing dog to the front door of a house suspected of being used to grow marijuana.

In a 5-to-4 decision, the court said that police conducted a "search" when they entered the property and took the dog to the house's front porch. Since the officers had not first obtained a warrant beforehand, their search was unconstitutional, the court said. The court said the police officers violated a basic rule of the Fourth Amendment by physically intruding into the area surrounding a private home for investigative purposes without securing a warrant.

"When it comes to the Fourth Amendment, the home is first among equals," Justice Scalia wrote. "At the amendment's very core stands the right of a man to retreat into his own home and there be free from unreasonable government intrusion." Scalia added: "This right would be of little practical value if the state's agents could stand in a home's porch or side garden and trawl for evidence with impunity."

This case may provide some argument or protection in the area of reasonable expectation of privacy in one's home and curtilage given the rapid advancement of drone technology, particularly given law enforcements' stated intent to deploy these technologies. This question may well turn on the court's interpretation of the "naked eye" test (described in the earlier Ciraolo case) in relation to the "enhanced view" test. It would seem enhanced view(s) are achievable through the use of drone technology. See also: Kyllo v. United States, 533 U.S. 27 (2001) (precludes enhanced views from outside a home without a warrant, using thermal imaging).

In Missouri v. McNeely on April 17, 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that police must generally obtain a warrant before subjecting a drunken-driving suspect to a blood test. The vote was 8-to-1, with Justice Clarence Thomas the lone dissenter.

In marketing
Privacy has also been talked about in the context of business actions, consumer reaction, and regulatory efforts from both consumers and marketers' interaction. Milne and Shalini (2010) presented the question of how both of these groups start and upkeep privacy boundaries. Information about the relationship between consumers and marketers has been defined by this fine line of what is the privacy a customer is willing to provide to the marketer. Milne and Shalini (2010) used information gathered in a national online survey to compare three different groups of customers. They asked these groups questions around the limits of using information technology such as the use of cookies, biometrics, loyalty cards, radio frequency identification, text messaging, pop-up advertisements, telemarketing, and spam. The authors use these same surveys with groups of marketing managers and database vendors. This survey study presented results that provided discussion as there was a discrepancy in the answers from the customers and the marketers/vendors. The customers' expectations around privacy were different from those of a marketer/vender. The difference in their answers prompted the Milne and Shalini (2010) to advise for attention to this issue and asked for public policy to take notice of these findings.

See also
 Privacy laws of the United States
 United States v. Graham
 Carpenter v. United States
 Secrecy of correspondence
 Surreptitious DNA collecting
 Digital privacy
 Email privacy

References

Privacy law in the United States
United States Fourth Amendment case law

Expectation of privacy (United States)


Muriel Françoise Gahan (27 October 1897 – 12 July 1995) was an Irish rural campaigner and a promoter of traditional crafts and of the cooperative movement. She commissioned the first adult Aran jumper, launched the Irish Homespun Society and helped lead the Irish Country Markets co-operative for decades. A founding member of Ireland's Arts Council, Gahan played significant roles in the Irish Countrywomen's Association and other bodies. She was the first female vice-president of the Royal Dublin Society and received an honorary doctorate from Trinity College Dublin and the Plunkett Award for Cooperative Endeavour.

Early life
Winifred Muriel Françoise Gahan was born in Magherabeg House, near Donegal town, County Donegal on 27 October 1897. Her parents were Winifred (née Waters) and Fredrick George Townsend Gahan. Her father was a civil engineer with the Congested Districts Board and her mother was originally from Cambridgeshire and had been employed as a governess. She had at least one sister and four brothers. The family moved to Castlebar, County Mayo in 1900. Travelling around Mayo with her father for his work gave Gahan an insight into the depths of rural poverty which existed in communities.

Gahan was educated at home under the care of a governess and later attended a girls' school St Winifred's, in Llanfairfechan, Wales. She returned to Ireland in 1914 to attend Alexandra College until 1916. Whilst there she met her lifelong friend and collaborator Olivia Cruikshank, later Hughes. Gahan also played field hockey for Maids of the Mountain. The family lived in Rathmines, Dublin for a time, but returned to Castlebar in 1919. When her father retired in 1926, Gahan returned to Dublin.

Career
In 1927 Gahan started her career as a painter and decorator with the Modern Decorator, an all-female firm. Through this work first came into contact with the United Irishwomen, a group founded in 1910 and which Gahan joined in 1929 when her friend Hughes invited her to paint the group's stand for the Royal Dublin Society (RDS) spring show. Gahan left her job in 1930 and along with other United Irishwomen opened a sales depot in Dublin, called the Country Shop, for the work of isolated rural craft workers who were unable to achieve proper prices for their work. Vawn Corrigan credits Gahan with the introduction of the adult Aran jumper as we know it today when she commissioned the first one in 1932. In 1935 the United Irishwomen changed their name to the Irish Countrywomen's Association (ICA). Through the ICA, Gahan met Lucy Franks, Mainie Jellett, and Vida Lentaigne.

In 1935 she launched the Irish Homespun Society in an effort to preserve some of the country's traditions, and was elected chair of the group in 1941. Exhibitions were held at the annual Dublin Spring Show. She was heavily involved in Irish Country Markets Ltd from 1946, a cooperative society marketing crafts and produce, serving as chairwoman until 1975. She was a member of the RDS from 1946, and served on its industries, art, and general purposes committee in 1948. She was among the founding members of the Arts Council in 1951, and was appointed to the council of the Arts and Crafts Society of Ireland and to the National Savings Committee in 1956. Corrigan believes that the confidence and sense of self-worth observable in the Irish Craft scene are part of Gahan's legacy.

Gahan advocated for the teaching of crafts in Ireland, and was successful in lobbying the National College of Art and Design to found a school of weaving. She was central to the ICA's securing funds from the Kellogg Foundation of America for An Grianán, a residential training college at Termonfeckin, County Louth. The college opened in 1954. She was awarded an honorary life membership of the ICA, in recognition of her work, in 1965. In 1974 she received the Allied Irish Banks Community Development Award, in 1978 she was awarded an honorary doctorate from Trinity College Dublin, and in 1984 she received the Plunkett Award for Cooperative Endeavour. She became the first female vice-president of the RDS in 1976.

Death and legacy
Gahan retired from the ICA in 1992, and lived in Shankill, Dublin. She later moved to Ballsbridge, into St Mary's nursing home. She died there on 12 July 1995. A portrait of Gahan, painted by Edward McGuire, hangs in the council chamber of the RDS.

On 7 April 2011, The Muriel Gahan Museum of Irish History was opened at An Grianán. The museum is now home to many items of Irish history, craft and culture. The Muriel Gahan Scholarship of two thousand Euro is awarded annually at the RDS national crafts competition.

References

Further reading
 Gahan, Muriel, Anne O'Dowd, in The Encyclopaedia of Ireland, pp. 424–25, Dublin, 2003.

1897 births
1995 deaths
People from Donegal (town)
People from Castlebar
People educated at Alexandra College
Irish female field hockey players
Irish field hockey players
Sportspeople from County Donegal

Muriel Gahan


Lars-Henrik Schmidt (27 August 1953 – 10 September 2021) was a Danish idea-historian and philosopher. Since the early 1980s the pivotal point of his writings has been the development of a specific philosophical perspective termed Social Analytics.

Career
Schmidt was born in 1953 in Vejle.

MA, History of Ideas, University of Aarhus (1977); prize thesis (1976); Ph.D. (1981); dr. phil. (1988).

Part time lecturer in Sociology of Culture, University of Copenhagen (1978); PhD scholar, research fellow and senior research fellow, University of Aarhus (1976–82); associate professor, Department of the History of Ideas, University of Aarhus (1982–87), senior associate professor, same place (from 1987); Director of Research of the graduate school of the Humanities (1988–91); centre director of Centre for Cultural Research, University of Aarhus (1993–96), research professor, same place (from 1994); Director of The Danish Institute of Education (1996–2000); rector of The Danish University of Education (2000–07), professor of philosophy, same place; dean of The Danish School of Education, University of Aarhus (2007); Director of research of Research Centre GNOSIS, University of Aarhus (from 2007), professor of philosophy, same place (from 2007).

Member of The Danish Council of Ethics (1997–2001). Chairman of The Danish Council of Art Schools in Film and Theatre (1998–2001).

Works (in selection)
Den sociale excorsisme eller den tabte umiddelbarhed - konstruktion af det sociale hos Rousseau og Nietzsche (Århus, 1987)
Immediacy Lost - Construction of the social in Rousseau an Nietzsche (Copenhagen 1988)
Viljen til orden (Århus, 1988)
Der Wille zur Ordnung (Århus, 1989)
Tragik der Aufklärung - Nietzsches kritik der Metaphysik (Århus, 1989)
Libertinerens natur - Sade som anledning (Århus, 1994)
The libertines nature translation: Stacey M. Cozart og Lotte Broe (Copenhagen, 2005)
Om respekten (Copenhagen, 2005)
On Respect (in press, Copenhagen, 2009)
On Thinking (Copenhagen, 2008)

Sources
Den Store Danske Encyklopædi
Filosofisk Leksikon (2008) Denmark. Gyldendal. P. 421.
Kraks Blå Bog 2008/09 (2008) Copenhagen. Gads Forlag. P. 1039-1040.
World List of Universities (2004) The International Association of Universities. Palgrave. P. 454.

External links
 http://www.gnosis.au.dk
 http://email@example.com

Danish philosophers
1953 births
2021 deaths
People from Vejle Municipality

Lars-Henrik Schmidt


Afang Soup
Afang soup na vegetable soup wey originate from the Efik pipu of de Efik kingdom of Cross River State and de Ibibio pipu of Akwa Ibom in Southern Nigeria. E popular among Nigerians an som parts of Africa. E dey popular among di Ibibio an Anang pipu of Akwa Ibom and Cross river wey don mek dis soup part of their cultural identity. Dem dey serve am at home and fo ceremonies lik wedding, burials, festivals mostly fo di southern part of Nigeria. De soup dey very nutritious an di money wey dem dey use prepare am  depend on family needs.

Di ingredients wey dem dey use prepare afang soup bi dis: beef, fish, palm oil, crayfish, pepper, shaki, water leaf, okazi leaf, onions, periwinkle salt and other seasonings.

Kolsho

Afang soup


Servais-Théodore Pinckaers OP (Liège, 1925Fribourg, 2008) was a noted moral theologian, Roman Catholic priest, and member of the Dominican Order (Order of Preachers). He has been especially influential in the renewal of a theological and Christological approach to Christian virtue ethics.

Biography
Servais Theodore Pinckaers was born in Liège, Belgium in 1925 and raised in the village of Wonck (now part of the municipality of Bassenge) in Belgium's Walloon region. In 1945 he entered the Dominican Order and pursued his studies in theology at the Belgian Dominican Studium at La Sarte in Huy, obtaining his license in theology (1952) under the direction of Jérôme Hamer, and writing his thesis on Henri de Lubac's Surnaturel. He pursued doctoral studies at the Pontificium Athenaeum Internationale Angelicum, the future Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, attending the classes of such notables as Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange, Paul Philippe and Mario Luigi Ciappi. His dissertation, written under the direction of Louis-Bertrand Gillon, was a study of the medieval theology of hope, entitled "La vertu d'espérance de Pierre Lombard à saint Thomas" (1954).

Upon completion of his studies, Pinckaers returned to the Dominican Studium at La Sarte to teach moral theology from 1954–1965. (He was at La Sarte when in 1958 one of the friars of the community, Dominique Pire, won the Nobel Peace Prize for his labors on behalf of Europe's many war refugees (displaced persons). It was also at La Sarte that Pinckaers undertook his first efforts to renew the contemporary understanding of moral theology, foreshadowing the Vatican Council's call to renewal by several years. The fruits of these labors, which had been published as articles in various places, were subsequently drawn together in his groundbreaking study, Le renouveau de la morale (1964; Preface by Marie-Dominique Chenu). It was also at La Sarte that he wrote the textual analysis and commentary for Questions 6 through 21 of the Prima Secundae (i.e., Aquinas' treatise on human acts) for the Revue des Jeunes bilingual edition (Latin and French) of the Summa Theologiae (1961 and 1965). Pinckaers referred to his time at La Sarte, both as a student and later as a professor, as the time when he attained the insights that he would subsequently present and develop in his later work. These central insights for the renewal of moral theology are the primacy of the Word of God, as a living Word that speaks to every generation and which is higher than any merely human word; the foundational importance of the fathers of the Church, especially Augustine; and the lasting value of St. Thomas' method and insights.

After the Studium at La Sarte was closed in 1965, Pinckaers went to the Dominican priory at Liège and engaged in pastoral ministry for the next eight years, years that shaped the pastoral concern expressed in much of his work. In 1975, he was called to fill the French-language chair in fundamental moral theology at the University of Fribourg in Switzerland, where he taught for the next twenty-five years. As emeritus professor he remained in Fribourg, in residence at the international Dominican priory of St. Albert the Great (the Albertinum), until his death on 7 April 2008 at age eighty-two.

Career
His most well-known work in English is The Sources of Christian Ethics (1995), which has been well received by a varied cross-section of the Church in America and in English-speaking countries. Other works in English include: his introduction to moral thought entitled Morality: the Catholic View (2001; with Preface by Alasdair MacIntyre); The Pinckaers Reader: Renewing Thomistic Moral Theology (2005), a collection of his most significant essays, subsequent to the publication of The Sources of Christian Ethics. Moreover, of special interest are the essay, "The Sources of the Ethics of St. Thomas Aquinas" (in The Ethics of Aquinas, 2002), and his popular presentation of the Christian call to flourishing through the Beatitudes, The Pursuit of Happiness: Living the Beatitudes (1998).

Pinckaers labored to demonstrate a complete vision of Catholic theology. He has argued that the academic departmentalization of theological disciplines risks falsifying the nature of theology. Returning to Aquinas' model and insight by drawing from scriptural, patristic, magisterial and contemporary sources, he argued that an interconnection of philosophical, moral, spiritual, and theological perspectives is needed in order to do justice to Christian agency and the interplay of nature and grace, law and prudence, human and divine interaction in the pursuit of Christian flourishing. With attention turned to fully Christian moral agency, his 25 books and over 300 articles aim either at academic or popular audiences.

His more academic works include a large number of articles (in journals such as Nova et Vetera and Revue Thomiste) and the following books: Ce qu'on ne peut jamais faire. La question des actes intrinsèquement mauvais: Histoire et discussion (1986); L'Evangile et la morale (1991); La morale catholique (1991); and La vie selon l'Esprit: Essai de théologie spirituelle selon saint Paul et saint Thomas d'Aquin (1996). In 2001, he published a new textual analysis and commentary for the first five questions of the Prima Secundae (that is, Aquinas' treatise on happiness) for the second edition of the Revue des Jeunes bilingual edition (Latin and French) of the Summa Theologiae (La béatitude [Ia-IIae, qq. 1–5]).

His more popular works include an even larger number of articles for journals such as Sources and Kerit, as well as the following books: La faim de l'Evangile (1977); La quête du Bonheur (1979); La justice évangélique (1986); La Prière chrétienne (1989). A list of books and a selection of his articles are found below.

After a period of inactivity following a heart attack, Pinckaers published A la découverte de Dieu dans les Confessions (2002), the first of a two volume study of Augustine whose general title is: En promenade avec saint Augustin. The second volume. yet forthcoming in 2015, is on the Trinity. He also published Plaidoyer pour la vertu (2007), which was one of three works to receive an honorable mention as runners up for the Grand prix catholique de littérature for 2007. In the year before his death, Pinckaers prepared several texts for publication, including Passions et vertu (2009).

Honours
Pinckaers also served on several Vatican commissions, including the commission that wrote the Catechism of the Catholic Church, contributing to the moral section, and the preparatory commissions for the encyclical Veritatis Splendor. From 1989 to 2005 he was a consultant to the Congregation for Catholic Education. From 1992 until 1997 he was a member of the International Theological Commission.

In 1990, he was named Magister Sacrae Theologiae, the highest academic honor bestowed by the Dominican Order. In 2000, he received an honorary doctorate in "Theology of Marriage and Family" from the Pontifical Lateran University in Rome.

Chronological overview
1925: Born in Liège (30 October). Raised in the village of Wonck (now part of Bassenge) in Wallonia, Belgium
1945: Entered the Dominican order in Belgium (after having studied one year in the diocesan seminary)
1946–1952: Studied philosophy and theology at the Dominican College of Theology at La Sarte, Huy, Belgium
1951–1952: Sacred Theology Licentiate (STL) under the direction of Jérôme Hamer. Title: "Le Surnaturel du P. De Lubac"
26 March 1951 (Easter Monday): Ordained priest at the Dominican priory, La Sarte
1952–1954: Studied for a doctorate in sacred theology at the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum) in Rome
1954: Finished his dissertation, directed by Louis-Bertrand Gillon, titled: "La Vertu d'espérance de Pierre Lombard à St. Thomas d'Aquin" (Rome: Angelicum, STD thesis)
1954–1965: Professor of Fundamental Moral Theology, Dominican College, La Sarte, Huy
1965–1972: Pastoral work (preaching and spiritual direction) at the Dominican priory in Liège
Prior of the community from 1966–1972
1972–1973: Invited Professor (Professeur extraordinaire) at the Pontifical Faculty of Theology, University of Fribourg
1973–1975: Return to pastoral work at the Dominican priory in Liège
1975–1997: Professor of fundamental moral theology (French language chair) at the Pontifical Faculty of Theology, University of Fribourg
1975: Co-founder of Sources, with , Georges Cottier, and Raphaël Oechslin
1983–1990 and 1996–1999: Prior of the Albertinum
1989–1991: Dean of the Faculty of Theology, University of Fribourg
1989–2005: Consultant to the Congregation for Catholic Education (named by Pope John Paul II in June 1989)
Served on the commission that drafted the Catechism of the Catholic Church (1992), contributing to the moral section
Served on the preparatory commissions for the encyclical Veritatis splendor (1993)
1990: Named Magister Sacrae Theologiae, the highest academic honor bestowed by the Dominican Order
1990: Festschrift for his 65th birthday, Novitas et Veritas Vitae: Aux sources du renouveau de la morale chrétienne (edited by Carlos-Josaphat Pinto de Oliveira, OP, Fribourg/Paris: Ed. Universitaires/Cerf, 1991)
1992–1997: Member of the International Theological Commission, Vatican
20 June 1996: Farewell Conference (Leçon d'adieu), University of Fribourg
As emeritus professor, he continued to teach at the university until his successor (Jean-Louis Bruguès, OP, later Archbishop, Vatican Archivist, and Librarian), took up the chair in Fall 1997
2000: Honorary doctorate in "Theology of Marriage and Family" from the Pontifical Lateran University, Rome (in the presence of Cardinal Camillo Ruini, Grand Chancellor of the University and Cardinal Angelo Sodano, Secretary of State for the Vatican)
2005: Colloquium honoring him on his 80th birthday, "Making all Things New in Christ". Festschrift: Renouveler toutes choses en Christ. Vers un renouveau thomiste de la théologie morale. Hommage à Servais Pinckaers, OP (edited by Michael Sherwin, OP, and Craig Steven Titus, Fribourg: Academic Press, 2009)

Works

Books
 Notes et appendices de: S. Thomas d'Aquin, Les actes humains (Summa Theologica, Ia–IIae, 6–17), vol. I. Editions de La Revue des jeunes, Paris, Cerf, 1961.
 Le renouveau de la morale. Etudes pour une morale fidèle à ses sources et à sa mission présente, Preface by M. D. Chenu, Tournai, Casterman, 1964.
 Traduction et commentaires de: S. Thomas d'Aquin, Les actes humains (Ia–IIae, 18–21), vol. II. Editions de La Revue des jeunes, Paris, Cerf, 1965.
 La faim de l'Evangile, Paris, Téqui, 1977.
 La quête du bonheur, Paris, Téqui, 1979.
 English translation: The Pursuit of Happiness—God's Way: Living the Beatitudes, New York, Alba House, 1998.
 La Morale: somma di doveri? legge d'amore? (trans. P. Cozzupoli), Rome, Edizioni "La Guglia", 1982.
 Les sources de la morale chrétienne. Sa méthode, son contenu, son histoire, Fribourg, Editions Universitaires, 1985/1993.
 English translation: The Sources of Christian Ethics, (trans. by M. T. Noble), Washington, D.C., The Catholic University of America Press, 1995.
 La justice évangélique, Paris, Téqui, 1986.
 Ce qu'on ne peut jamais faire. La question des actes intrinsèquement mauvais. Histoire et discussion, Fribourg, Editions Universitaires, 1986.
 English translation of ch. II: "A Historical Perspective on Intrinsically Evil Acts [1982]", ch. 11, in: The Pinckaers Reader, pp. 185–235.
 La prière chrétienne, Fribourg, Editions Universitaires, 1989.
 La grâce de Marie. Commentaire de l'Ave Maria, Paris, Médiaspaul, 1989.
 L'Evangile et la morale, Fribourg, Editions Universitaires, 1989.
 La morale catholique, Paris, Cerf, 1991.
 English translation: Morality: The Catholic View (preface by Alasdair MacIntyre; trans. Michael Sherwin), South Bend, Ind., St. Augustine's Press, 2001/2003.
 Pour une lecture de Veritatis splendor, Paris, Cahiers de l'Ecole Cathédrale, Mame, 1995.
 English translation: "An Encyclical for the Future: Veritatis splendor", in: Veritatis Splendor and the Renewal of Moral Theology (J. A. DiNoia and Romanus Cessario, ed.), Chicago: Scepter, 1999.
 La vie selon l'Esprit. Essai de théologie spirituelle selon saint Paul et saint Thomas d'Aquin, Luxembourg, Saint-Paul, 1996.
 Un grand chant d'amour. La Passion selon saint Matthieu, Saint-Maur, Parole et Silence, 1997.
 Au Cœur de l'évangile, le "Notre Père", Saint-Maur, Parole et Silence, 1999.
 La Spiritualité du martyre, Versailles, Editions Saint-Paul, 2000.
 English translation: The Spirituality of Martyrdom, trans. Patrick M. Clark and Annie Hounsokou. Washington D.C., The Catholic University of America Press, 2016.
 A l'école de l'admiration, Versailles, Editions Saint-Paul, 2001.
 Traduction et commentaire de: S. Thomas d'Aquin, La béatitude (Somme théologique, Ia–IIae, 1–5), Editions de La Revue des jeunes, Paris, Cerf, 2001.
 En Promenade avec saint Augustin. A la découverte de Dieu dans les Confessions, Paris, Parole et Silence, 2002.
 The Pinckaers Reader: Renewing Thomistic Moral Theology (J. Berkman et C. S. Titus, ed.), Washington, D.C., The Catholic University of America Press, 2005.
 Plaidoyeur pour la vertu, Paris, Parole et Silence, 2007.
 Passions et vertu, Paris, Parole et Silence, 2009.
 English translation: Passions and Virtue, trans. Benedict M. Guevin OSB. Washington D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 2015.
 En Promenade avec saint Augustin. De Trinitate. Volume 2. Parole et Silence, Forthcoming.
 L'attrait de la parole: sur les chemins de la morale chrétienne. Parole et Silence, Forthcoming.

Articles (selection since 1990)

"Les passions et la morale", RSPT 1990, pp. 379–391.
trans.: "Reappropriating Aquinas' Account of the Passions [1990]", ch. 13, in: The Pinckaers Reader, pp. 273–287.
"La méthode théologique et la morale contemporaine", Seminarium 29:2, 1991, pp. 313–327.
"La vive flamme d'amour chez S.Jean de la Croix et S. Thomas d'Aquin", Carmel 63:4, 1991, pp. 3–21.
"L'instinct et l'Esprit au coeur de l'éthique chrétienne", in: Novitas et Veritas vitae. Aux sources du renouveau de la morale chrétienne (C. J. Pinto de Oliveira, ed.), Fribourg, 1991, pp. 213–223.
trans.: "Morality and the Movement of the Holy Spirit: Aquinas's Doctrine of Instinctus [1991]", ch. 20, in: The Pinckaers Reader, pp. 385–395.
"Nature-surnature chez Saint Thomas d'Aquin", in: Ethique et natures (E. Fuchs et M. Hunyadi, ed.), Geneva, Fides et labor, 1992, pp. 19–28.
trans.: "Aquinas on Nature and the Supernatural [1992]", ch. 18, in: The Pinckaers Reader, pp. 359–368.
"La voie spirituelle du bonheur", in: Ordo sapientiae et amoris. (C. J. Pinto de Oliveira, ed.), 1993.
trans.: "Aquinas's Pursuit of Beatitude: From the Commentary on the Sentences to the Summa Theologiae", ch. 6, in: The Pinckaers Reader, 2005, pp. 93–114.
"L'enseignement de la théologie morale et saint Thomas", in: Saint Thomas au XXe siècle. Actes du colloque du centenaire de la Revue thomiste, Paris, Saint-Paul, 1993.
"La conscience et l'erreur", Communio 18, July 1993, pp. 23–35.
"L'Enseignement de la théologie morale à Fribourg", Revue Thomiste, 93, 1993, pp. 430–442.
trans.: "Dominican Moral Theology in the 20th Century [1993]", ch. 5, in: The Pinckaers Reader, pp. 73–89.
"Redécouvrir la vertu", Sapientia 51, 1996, pp. 151–163.
trans.: "The Role of Virtue in Moral Theology [1996]", ch. 14, in: The Pinckaers Reader, pp. 288–303.
"Les anges, garants de l'expérience spirituelle selon saint Thomas", Rivista teologica di Lugano 1, 1996, pp. 179–191.
"Linee per un rinnovamento evangelico della morale", Annales theologici 10, 1996, pp. 3–68.
"La Parole de Dieu et la morale", Le Supplément de la vie spirituelle 200, March 1997, pp. 21–38.
"Thérèse de l'Enfant Jésus, Docteur de l'Église", Revue Thomiste 97, July 1997, pp. 512–524.
trans.: "Thérèse of the Child Jesus, Doctor of the Church", Josephinum Journal of Theology 5 [Winter–Spring 1998]: pp. 26–40.
"Morale humaine et morale chrétienne", Cahiers Saint-Dominique 250, December 1997, pp. 15–24.
"La Loi nouvelle, sommet de la morale chrétienne, selon l'encyclique 'Veritatis splendor, in: Gesu Cristo, Legge vivente e personale della Santa Chiesa. Atti del IX Colloquio Internazionale di Teologia di Lugano, Lugano, 1996.
trans.: "The New Law in 'Veritatis splendor'", Josephinum Journal of Theology 3 [1996].
"Conscience and the Virtue of Prudence", in: Crisis of Conscience (John Haas, ed.), New York, 1996.
trans.: "Conscience and the Virtue of Prudence [1996]", ch. 17, in: The Pinckaer Reader, pp. 342–355.
"La defense par Capreolus de la doctrine de S. Thomas sur les vertus", in: Jean Capreolus et son temps Paris: Cerf, 1997.
trans.: "Capreolus' Defense of Aquinas: A Medieval Debate about the Virtues and Gifts [1997]", ch. 15, in: The Pinckaers Reader, pp. 304–320.
"Entretien avec le Père Servais Pinckaers", Montmartre June–July 1998, pp. 21–24.
"The Desire for Happiness as a Way to God", Maynooth University Record, 1998. pp. 33–48.
trans.: "Beatitude and the Beatitudes in Aquinas's Summa Theologiae [1998]", ch. 7, in: The Pinckaers Reader, pp. 115–129.
"Le retour de la Loi nouvelle en morale", in: Praedicando et docendo: Mélanges offerts au Père Liam Walsh (B. Hallensleben et G. Vergauwen, ed.), Fribourg, Editions Universitaires, 1998, 281–293.
trans.: "The Return of the New Law to Moral Theology [1998]", The Irish Theological Quarterly, 64, 1999, pp. 3–15, and ch. 18, in: The Pinckaers Reader, pp. 369–384.
"Le désir de bonheur et Dieu", in: Dieu, la bonne nouvelle (Commission Théologique Internationale, ed.) Paris, Les éditions du cerf, 1999, pp. 21–28.
"L'expérience de Dieu dans la vie chrétienne", in: Dieu, la bonne nouvelle (Commission Théologique Internationale, ed.) Paris, Les éditions du cerf, 1999, pp. 107–121.
"The Place of Philosophy in Moral Theology", L'Osservatore Romano, June 16, 1999, pp. 14–15.
re-edited version): "The Place of Philosophy in Moral Theology", in: Faith and Reason (Timothy L. Smith, ed.) South Bend, Ind., St. Augustine Press, 2001, pp. 10–20; and ch. 4, in: The Pinckaers Reader, pp. 64–72.
"My Sources", Communio 26, 1999, pp. 913–915.
"La morale et l'Eglise Corps du Christ", Revue Thomiste, 100, 2000, pp. 239–258.
trans.: "The Body of Christ. The Eucharistic and Ecclesial Context of Aquinas's Ethics [2000]", ch. 2, in: The Pinckaers Reader, pp. 26–45.
"The Sources of the Ethics of St. Thomas Aquinas", in: The Ethics of St. Thomas Aquinas (Stephen J. Pope, ed.), Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2002, pp. 17–29.

References

Further reading
"Hommage au Père Servais-Théodore Pinckaers, OP: The Significance of His Work." By Romanus Cessario, OP Nova et Vetera (English Edition) 5 (2007): 1–16.
"Eulogie pour le P. Servais Pinckaers, o.p." By Michael S. Sherwin, OP Nova et Vetera 84 (2009): pp. 133–136.
"Fribourg: Décès du dominicain Servais Pinckaers, ancien doyen de la Faculté de théologie," APIC-International Catholic Press Service.
"In memoriam: Père Théodore-Servais Pinckaers OP," University of Fribourg.
"Introduction to the Pinckaers Reader" (2005) by John Berkman.
The Thomist, volume honoring the work of S. Pinckaers 73 (2009).
Nova et Vetera (English Edition), essays honoring the work of S. Pinckaers (2009, forthcoming).

External links
Servais Pinckaers, "My Sources", at University of Fribourg
Complete Bibliography of Servais Pinckaers, at University of Fribourg
Carlo Leget, "Aquinas, a Revolutionary in Morality?" Newspage (2000), Thomas Instituut te Utrecht
Pinckaers Colloquium, Program of "Making all Things New in Christ" (PDF)
Pinckaers publications on WorldCat
Chair of Fundamental Moral Theology, University of Fribourg
Website of the University of Fribourg
Website of the Order of Preachers

Belgian Dominicans
20th-century Belgian Roman Catholic theologians
Academic staff of the University of Fribourg
20th-century Belgian Roman Catholic priests
1925 births
2008 deaths
International Theological Commission
Christian ethicists
Clergy from Liège
Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas alumni
Roman Catholic moral theologians

Servais-Théodore Pinckaers


Train is a 2008 slasher film directed and written by Gideon Raff and starring Thora Birch and Gideon Emery.

Plot
In Eastern Europe, a group of US college athletes unknowingly board a train that will become one deadly ride. The students are participating in a wrestling championship; they include Todd (Derek Magyer) and his girlfriend Alex (Thora Birch), Sheldon (Kavan Reece), Claire (Gloria Votsis), and young assistant coach Willy (Gideon Emery). After a hard match, they sneak away from their hotel to an underground club. However, the next morning, they return too late for their train to Odessa.

Coach Harris (Todd Jensen) has stayed behind to wait for them. At the station, a woman named Dr. Velislava (Koina Ruseva) approaches and explains that train tickets are normally purchased after one has boarded. The coach and team members join her in boarding the train. Two workers from the train take their passports, and later burn them.

In the dinner car, the coach is joined by the doctor, who flirts with him. They go to his room to have sex, but she injects him with a tranquilizer. In the following scene, the coach is seen in a torture chamber, screaming as he is stitched in the abdomen. Meanwhile, the 4 students and the assistant coach drink and play a game truth or dare.  Todd gets dared to run down to the end of the train and back in his underwear. He reaches the end of the train and is found by one of the workers who charges at him and captures him. Todd is strung up, has his ribcage broken open, spine severed and eyes removed.  Dr. Velislava is then seen fetching a mother who has a son with what appears to be severe glaucoma in his left eye.

The next morning, upon finding Todd still missing, the remaining students and assistant coach Willy start looking for the missing members of their group.  While searching, Sheldon is attacked by the two demented workers, who drag him to the torture car.  Dr. Veliskava opens the window to the torture car and allows a middle-aged man to view Sheldon's genitalia, upon his approval, Sheldon's genitalia are cut off without any anesthesia which causes him to blackout.  In the next scene he is shown passed out as he is being stitched back up. Claire reaches the end cart and finds the burnt remains of the passports.  She is caught looking for more information and is hooked by the mouth and dragged to the chamber. Willy and Alex find the torture chamber where Todd is vivisected and Sheldon is alive in a cage. They free him and when they see Todd is still breathing, Sheldon kills him out of mercy. Just then, the torturer arrives dragging in Claire. Willy and Alex escape, chased by the torturer, but Sheldon and Claire are left behind. Alex and Willy are caught by the doctor; they realize all the other passengers are transplant patients, and tourists are being harvested for organs.

Back in the torture car, Claire is still alive despite having a huge iron hook driven through her jaw. She, Alex, and Willy watch in horror as Sheldon is vivisected and his heart pulled out. While the captors go to another car to perform the transplant, Alex manages to escape and hide in a sleeper compartment. The next morning, at a military checkpoint, the conductor drags Claire off the train to give to the platoon as a bribe. The passengers (including Alex) watch the platoon take Claire (who, to judge by her screams, is being sexually assaulted) as the train pulls away.

That night the train reaches what appears to be a huge medieval hospital. Alex, disguised, sneaks off into the building, and soon finds Willy, horribly injured but still alive, chained to a bed. They escape into the woods. In the morning, Alex leaves Willy behind briefly, but then from a distance she sees him brutally murdered by the torturers from the hospital.

Now determined, she returns to the train, still parked near the hospital and about to pull away to its next destination. Alex kills each of her torturers, douses the train with gasoline and sets it ablaze, and decouples the last car, which slows to a stop. As she stops to look over the bridge, she's attacked by one of the surviving torturers. After a struggle, she manages to subdue him. When he wakes up, he finds himself strapped to the train tracks. Moments later, a train runs over him. Alex escapes down the tracks, and in the last scene, we see her some time later, about to enter a wrestling match with grim confidence.

Cast

Production
The film was shot on location in Bulgaria and was originally set to be a remake of the 1980 horror film Terror Train, which starred Jamie Lee Curtis. However, it later evolved into an original project, sharing only the setting of a train.

Release
In the United States it was released first with its NC-17 cut (the highest age classification in the USA) in October at the Screamfest Festival according to the website Bloody Disgusting.  It was acquired by Lionsgate to trim the movie to an R rating (second highest age classification) for its commercial distribution.

References

External links

2008 films
2008 horror films
2000s American films
2000s English-language films
American slasher films
American splatter films
Films directed by Gideon Raff
Films about mass murder
Films about organ trafficking
Films scored by Michael Wandmacher
Films produced by Boaz Davidson
Films set in Europe
Films set on trains
Films shot in Bulgaria

Train (film)


Fuat Sezgin (24 October 1924 – 30 June 2018) was a Turkish scholar and researcher who specialized in the history of Arabic-Islamic science. He was professor emeritus of the History of Natural Science at Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt, Germany and the founder and honorary director of the Institute of the History of the Arab Islamic Sciences there. He also created museums in Frankfurt and Istanbul with replicas of historical Arabic-Islamic scientific instruments, tools and maps. His best known publication is the 17-volume Geschichte des Arabischen Schrifttums, a standard reference in the field.

Career
Sezgin earned his Ph.D. from Istanbul University under the German Orientalist Hellmut Ritter in 1950. His thesis titled "Buhari'nin Kaynakları" (The Sources of Al-Bukhari) argued that, contrary to the common belief among European orientalists, Al-Bukhari's edition of collected Hadiths was based on written sources dating back to the 7th century as well as oral history. He obtained a position at Istanbul University, but was dismissed in the wake of the 1960 coup. He moved to Germany in 1961 and started working as a visiting professor at the University of Frankfurt. He was appointed professor at the university in 1965. His research in Frankfurt focused on Islam's Golden Age of Science. In 1982, Sezgin established the Institute of the History of the Arab Islamic Sciences. Today the Institute houses the most comprehensive collection of texts on the history of Arabic-Islamic science in the world. In 1983 Sezgin also founded a unique museum within the institute, bringing together more than 800 replicas of historical scientific instruments, tools and maps, mostly belonging to the Golden Age of Islamic science. A very similar museum was opened in 2008 in Istanbul.

In 1968, Sezgin found four previously unknown books of Diophantus' Arithmetica at the shrine of Imam Rezā in the holy Islamic city of Mashhad in northeastern Iran.

Publications
Fuat Sezgin was the author and editor of numerous publications. His 17-volume work Geschichte des Arabischen Schrifttums (1967-2000) is the cornerstone reference on the history of science and technology in the Islamic world. The 5-volume Natural Sciences of Islam documents the items in the Frankfurt museum. He had, since 1984, edited the Journal for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science.

Sezgin had argued that Muslim seafarers had reached the Americas by 1420, citing as evidence the inscription on a map and the fact that the high longitudinal precision of early maps of the Americas would not have been attainable using Western navigational technology.

Awards
Sezgin received several awards, including the King Faisal International Prize of Islamic Studies in 1978 and Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany. He is member of the Turkish Academy of Sciences, the Academy of the Kingdom of Morocco and academies of Arabic Language in Cairo, Damascus and Baghdad.

Recognition
On 24 September 2012, Melih Gökçek, Mayor of Municipality of Metropolitan Ankara, announced that a square in Ankara was named in honor of Fuat Sezgin. A relief of him created by artist Aslan Başpınar at the square was revealed the same day in the presence of Fuat Sezgin and his spouse Ursula by the mayor.

References

External links
 Institut für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften (in German)
 Museum in Frankfurt
 List of Publications by Fuat Sezgin
 Technology and Science in Islam
 Prof.Dr. Fuat Sezgin Research Foundation for the History of Science in Islam

1924 births
2018 deaths
20th-century Turkish historians
Turkish Arabists
Turkish orientalists
Historians of science
Academic staff of Goethe University Frankfurt
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Member of the Academy of the Kingdom of Morocco
People from Bitlis
Istanbul University alumni
Turkish expatriates in Germany
Honorary members of the Turkish Academy of Sciences
Turkish people of Kurdish descent

Fuat Sezgin


Ambrose Eccles (c. 1736–1809), full name Isaac-Ambrose Eccles, was an Anglo-Irish Shakespearean scholar.

Life
He was the son of Hugh Eccles, of Cronroe, County Wicklow, and his wife Elizabeth Ambrose. He was the grandson of Sir John Eccles. He was educated at Trinity College Dublin, and then travelled in France and Italy, but returned home through illness.

Eccles was in London in 1763, and was a guest of James Boswell at the Mitre tavern. He died in 1809, at his seat at Cronroe.

Works
Eccles was a dramatic critic, and published editions of several of Shakespeare's plays, in which he transposed scenes that appeared to him to be wrongly placed. These plays were Cymbeline, 1793; King Lear, 1793; and Merchant of Venice, 1805. They contained notes and illustrations, with critical and historical essays.

Family
Eccles married Grace Ball, eldest daughter of Thomas Ball of Urker, County Armagh. They had three sons and three daughters. Among the sons was Major Hugh Eccles, whose daughter Elizabeth Eccles married Henry Ward, 5th Viscount Bangor.

References

1730s births
Year of birth uncertain
1809 deaths
18th-century Anglo-Irish people
18th-century scholars
19th-century scholars
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Shakespearean scholars

Ambrose Eccles


The Yellow House at 57–59 Macleay Street, Potts Point, was an artists' collective that existed from 1970 through to the beginning of 1973 in Sydney, Australia. The collective was established by artist Martin Sharp on his return from London at the beginning of 1970. Initially operated as a space for the exhibition of his work, Sharp and filmmaker Albie Thoms expanded the facility in 1971 to incorporate input from a variety of artists and performers. They modelled it on Vincent van Gogh's Yellow House at Arles and the Dutch artist's partially realised dream of establishing an artists' community there. The British Arts Lab movement of the late 1960s was also an influence on Sharp, who was resident in London between 1966-9.

Many well-known artists contributed to the multi-media performance art space that may have been Australia's first 24-hour-a-day 'happening'. The canvas was the house itself and almost every wall, floor and ceiling became part of the gallery and performance space. The rooms of the house were inspired by Pop Art, Surrealism, Dada and Conceptualism. Overseas visitors to the Yellow House included members of the rock band Pink Floyd, Marty Feldman and David Litvinoff.

Apart from the exhibition of painting, drawing, sculpture and photography, there was also a puppet theatre, light shows, performance of plays and regular screening of films. These included a range of classic, avant-garde and modern works such Luis Buñuel and Salvador Dalí's Un Chien Andalou, Fritz Lang's Metropolis, Phil Noyce's Better to Reign in Hell, Leni Riefenstahl's Olympia and Peter Weir's Count Vim's Last Exercise, as well as works by Albie Thoms, Bruce Petty, Mick Glasheen and Arthur and Corinne Cantrill.

In 1990 the Art Gallery of New South Wales staged an exhibition which comprised, in part, reconstruction of some of the rooms from the Yellow House. A retrospective history of the Yellow House was compiled by Johanna Mendelson in association with the exhibition. The original building survives, though it now houses a mix of residential and commercial development, including the Yellow restaurant.

Notable members
 Martin Sharp
 George Gittoes
 Brett Whiteley
 Ellis D Fogg
 Albie Thoms
 Greg Weight
 Peter Weir
 Juno Gemes
 Bruce Goold
 Antoinette Starkiewicz
 Peter Kingston
 Mick Glasheen
 David Litvinoff
 Tim Burns
 Jon Lewis
 Peter Royles
 Tim Lewis

References

Peter Royles

External links
 NSW Government, Office of Environment and Heritage - Former Artists' Studio "The Yellow House" Including Interior
 The Roger Foley Collection, University of Wollongong Library
 The Yellow House, University of Wollongong
 Martin Sharp Art to Eternity, Peter Royles Youtube video

 Arts centres in Australia
 Australian artist groups and collectives
 Culture of Sydney
Visual artists in late 20th-century Australia

Yellow House Artist Collective


Hacker Culture is a cultural criticism book written by Douglas Thomas that deals with hacker ethics and hackers.

Reception
Publishers Weekly reviewed Hacker Culture as "an intelligent and approachable book on one of the most widely discussed and least understood subcultures in recent decades."

San Francisco Chronicle reviewed Hacker Culture as "an unusually balanced history of the computer underground and its sensational representation in movies and newspapers."

References

External links
University of Minnesota Press

2002 non-fiction books
Computer books
Hacker culture
Books about computer hacking

Hacker Culture


Johann Joachim Bellermann (23 September 1754 – 25 October 1842) was a German Hebraist and professor of theology at Berlin University. He was one of the earliest students of Hebrew epigraphy.

Life
He was born at Erfurt. On graduating from the University of Göttingen Bellermann accepted a position as teacher at Reval, Russia, where he remained for four years. On his return to Erfurt in 1782, he became "Magister legens" in the gymnasium, and later assistant professor of theology and philosophy in the University of Erfurt. In 1804 he was appointed director of the Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster at Berlin, and professor of theology at the university in that city. He died in Berlin.

Works
Among his numerous writings on various subjects are the following:

"De Inscriptionibus Hebraicis Erfordiæ Repertis," printed in the Gymnasium Program, i.-iv., 1793–94;
"De Duodecim Lapidibus in Jordanis Laveo Erectis," 1795;
"De Ænigmatibus Hebraicis," Prog. i.-iv., 1796-1800;
"De Usu Palæographiæ Hebraicæ ad Explicanda Biblia Sacra, cum Tribus Tabulis Æri Incisis";
"Ueber den Kunstvollen Plan im Buche Hiob," 1813;
 "Versuch einer Metrik der Hebräer," 1813;
"Geschichtliche Nachrichten aus dem Alterthum über Essäer und Therapeuten," 1821;
"Die Urim und Thumim, die Aeltesten Gemmen; ein Beitrag zur Alterthumskunde," 1824.

References
Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, ii. 307-310;
Fürst, Bibliotheca Judaica, i. 100.

Sources
http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=B&artid=592

1754 births
1842 deaths
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
Writers from Erfurt

Johann Joachim Bellermann


Mobile advertising is very similar to online or internet advertising. Mobile advertising is method of advertising via mobile phones or other mobile devices like tablets.

More and more people worldwide have mobile phones and spend on them a lot of time so mobile advertising is very successful these days and the whole market is growing fast.
Today there are more mobile phones than TVs and computers in the world.

In Spain 75% of mobile phone owners receive mobile advertising. In France 62% and in Japan 54% mobile phone owners receive mobile advertising. In Japan today, 44% of mobile phone owners click on ads they get on their phones. Mobile advertising was worth 900 million dollars only in Japan.

There are people and organizations that want to create guidelines for Mobile Advertising (set of rules to follow).

References

Advertising
Mobile phones

Mobile advertising


Crumbl Cookies is an American-based, tech-driven franchise-model cookie company that was founded in 2017 by cousins Jason McGowan and Sawyer Hemsley. In 2022, the brand has over 500 retail stores in over 47 states in the United States. Crumbl offers a menu of 175+ cookie flavors ranging from Churro to Cookies & Cream Milkshake to Key Lime Pie. They offer 4 weekly rotating flavors in addition to their staple Chilled Sugar and award-winning Milk Chocolate Chip cookies. All cookies are packaged in Crumbl's famous pink box. Crumbl's mission is "Bringing friends and family together over a box of the best cookies in the world" and is headquartered in Lindon, Utah.

History
Crumbl Cookies' first store was opened in Logan, Utah, United States when Sawyer Hemsley was in his senior year at Utah State University. Crumbl Cookies is now headquartered in Lindon, Utah. Hemsley and McGowan were on a mission to make the best chocolate chip cookie in the world. After thousands of dollars spent on cookie ingredients and dozens of failed recipes, the cousins decided to use an A/B testing approach to reach this goal. This involved replacing or removing a single ingredient from their cookie recipe and asking random individuals at gas stations and grocery stores to try both options and vote on the better cookie. After finishing the experiment, they developed todays' secret recipe for their Milk Chocolate Chip cookie. The Milk Chocolate Chip cookie and Chilled Sugar cookie are now staples on their menu with the Milk Chocolate chip consistently being their best-seller.

After opening their debut store in Logan, Utah in 2017, Crumbl continued to expand throughout the state with 9 stores. In 2018, they expanded out of state for the first time with their 10th store in Las Vegas, Nevada.

Today, Crumbl is the fastest-growing and second-largest gourmet cookie company in the United States of America with 160 stores operating in 30 states.

Concept
Crumbl offers a weekly rotating menu of 200+ cookie flavors in addition to milk, chocolate milk, and ice cream. The cookie flavors are inspired by various types of desserts from cereal to pies to cakes and candies. Crumbl's tech-driven approach to cookies offers its customers a new experience in cookie-eating. This includes iPads displaying recipes to bakers and self-serve kiosks for the customers. Crumbl also offers curbside pickup, a digital loyalty program, digital gift cards with personalized video messaging, and digital menus in addition to nationwide shipping and warm local delivery. Crumbl stores utilize a takeout and delivery model similar to popular pizza chains. Each order is served in distinctive to-do pink boxes. Nationwide shipping is also available through the company's website.

All Crumbl stores are franchise owned and operated excluding Crumbl's Orem location. This location is the Corporate Testing Facility, used to test new concepts such as cookie flavors, box sizes, presentation, technology, tools, and other business elements. All Crumbl stores have an open kitchen concept built to allow customers to view the cookies being mixed, balled, and baked fresh daily.

Crumbl also has a catering program, which offers mini versions of Crumbl's classic 6oz. cookies for events such as weddings, business retreats, parties, etc.

Branding
Crumbl's branding is minimalistic, utilizing a palette of three colors: black, white, and pink. The logo features a male baker with a chef's hat and a partially eaten cookie.

Crumbl cookies are offered in a variety of boxes as part of their pink box collection. They offer a single cookie box, a 12-cookie party box and their signature 4-pack box. Their signature 4-pack box is an oblong shape, big enough to fit four Crumbl cookies side-by-side. This recognizable rectangular 4-pack concept was developed by Utah State University students in 2018 as part of a case study competition through the Huntsman School of Business. The concept was developed and publicly released a few months later on May 16, 2018 and is now one of the brand's signature offerings.

Crumbl often adds or changes ink designs on their boxes for holidays and anniversaries, such as their store birthday every year.

Awards
In 2019, Crumbl's Milk Chocolate Chip Cookie was awarded Best of State in Utah for Best Cookie. In 2020, Crumbl was awarded Best of State in Utah for Best Gourmet Cookies and Best Bakery. Additionally, Crumbl has won hundreds of official and nonofficial awards and taste-offs throughout the country.

References

2017 establishments in the United States
Cookies

Crumbl Cookies


Not in Front of the Children is a British comedy series starring Wendy Craig.   It was first aired on British TV in August, 1967. The last of the 39 episodes produced was transmitted on the 9th January, 1970. The programme was broadcast over four series or seasons. Wendy Craig went on to reprise her role as a middle class, scatty housewife in ...And Mother Makes Three and its follow up series ...And Mother Makes Five.

Story
Craig plays a scatter-brain housewife, Jennifer Corner. She is married to Henry who is a school art teacher. They have three children, a boy in his early teens, played by Hugo Keith Johnston, and two girls who are younger than the boy, played by Roberta Tovey later replaced by Verina Greenlaw and Jill Roddick. Henry was initially played by Paul Daneman (in the Comedy Playhouse pilot and the first series or season). He was replaced in subsequent episodes by Ronald Hines. Jennifer's best friend, Mary, is played by Charlotte Mitchell.

Only eight episodes survive.

References

Other websites

British comedy television series

Not in Front of the Children (TV series)


The Wilks Brooks House, is a home in Memphis, Tennessee, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The house was built by Wilks Brooks and his fifteen-year-old son Joseph Brooks; construction started in October 1834 and ended in 1835.

The Wilks Brooks house is the oldest example of Greek Revival architecture in the Shelby County, Tennessee area. It is an L-shaped dwelling with two stories and has a central hallway, known as a dog-trot, with rooms to the left and right. Wood on the property, elm, poplar and cedar, was used to construct the home. Bricks and nails used were made on the property. The inside of the walls are made from plaster fortified with horsehair.

The home became the residence for Wilks Brooks' family in 1836. It served as the center of a large plantation and was located on the Cherokee Trace, once the trail used by American Indians as a major trading route. Cotton grown on the plantation was taken to Memphis to be sold, first by mule-drawn wagons, and later shipped by the railroad after the completion of the Memphis and Charleston Railroad in 1853.

The home was occupied by members of Brooks' family until 1898. During the American Civil War, the home served as a hospital for Confederate soldiers, and later the Union troops of the 7th Regiment Kansas Volunteer Cavalry used the home as headquarters and camped on the grounds. They used miles of fencing for firewood and killed hogs and cattle to feed the troops.

In 1898, Agnes Nelson Brooks died, and the home was no longer occupied by family members. It sat empty for years until in 1973, descendants of Wilks Brooks moved the home to another location on the property and began reconstruction. Reconstruction was completed in 2002 and the home has been occupied by tenants since then. It is currently under private ownership.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee
Greek Revival houses in Tennessee
Houses completed in 1835
Houses in Memphis, Tennessee
Dogtrot architecture in Tennessee
National Register of Historic Places in Memphis, Tennessee

Wilks Brooks House


Syston ( ) is a town and civil parish in the district of Charnwood in Leicestershire, England. The population was 11,508 at the 2001 census, rising to 12,804 at the 2011 census.

Overview
There has been a settlement on the site for over 1,000 years, the earliest records being in the Domesday Book as Sitestone. The Roman road known as the Fosse Way passes through Syston, which is now largely a commuter town for the city of Leicester. Only the village of Thurmaston to the south separates it from Leicester.

The large and impressive Church of St Peter and St Paul is the most ancient building in Syston, built in pink granite and white limestone with a proud west tower topped by a lozenge frieze, battlements and pinnacles.  The church mostly dates from the 15th century but there is a 13th-century sedilia in the chancel and a tomb recess in the south aisle of the early 14th century.  The stone arcading inside the nave has striking Perpendicular Gothic panelling which is also seen on the tower arch and in the clerestory. The nave roof of timber is also 15th century.  The local architect Frederick Webster Ordish (1821-1885) extensively restored the church in 1871-72 and in 1881 he extended the nave by one bay and rebuilt the chancel.  Ordish lived at Queniborough Old Hall. In 1855 he had added the upper storey, with its tower and bridge staircase, to the Corn Exchange in Leicester Market Place.  He died as a result of an accident near the old Syston railway station in September 1885.

The Midland Main Line runs through the town. Syston railway station currently has one platform on what remains of the former goods line, served by local Leicester to Lincoln via Nottingham and Newark services on the Ivanhoe Line.

Motorcycle speedway (1930-1931) and greyhound racing (1931-1960s) was staged at the Syston Sports Stadium (not to be confused with the Syston Sports Ground next door) on Mostyn Avenue.

The 'Syston white plum' is well known in the Syston locality and has been grown there for well over 100 years. It is yellow, oval in shape, thin skinned and a good sized dessert plum. It normally crops in September and is emblazoned on the Syston Town welcoming signs.

Syston is the location of the headquarters of Pukka Pies, which is one of the largest employers in the town, employing 250 people.

The River Soar runs past the western edge of the town, shortly after passing under the A46 road which underwent significant improvements early in 2006 at the Hobby Horse roundabout, a popular meeting place on the Leicester Western Bypass.

Syston is home to two monthly, village publications: the Syston Town News and the Syston Directory.

Notable residents
Singer Dave Bartram from Showaddywaddy
Mahalia Burkmar, neosoul/R'n'B artist
Actress Terri Dwyer
Megan Lowe, Test cricketer
Rachel Parris, comedian, musician, improviser and presenter
Luke Thomas, footballer
Speedway racer Fred Wilkinson raced for England v.s Australia, and ran the Lansdowne Garage in Syston

Twin towns
Déville-lès-Rouen, Upper Normandy, France

Local organisations
The Air Training Corps (ATC) is a military based youth organisation for 13- to 20-year-olds and the local squadron (No 1181 Syston Squadron) is based in the grounds of Wreake Valley Academy.

The Syston Allotment Society works for the benefit of plot holders and the wider community at the allotment site on Upper Church Street, Syston.

References

Sources

External links

Syston Town Council
Syston Town News

Towns in Leicestershire
Civil parishes in Leicestershire
Borough of Charnwood

Syston


The Cheslatta Trail (or Tsetl'adak ts'eti in Carrier) is an ancient land route in British Columbia, Canada, that stretched from the Dakelh villages of Belhk'achek and Sdughachola on Cheslatta Lake to Nadleh Village on Fraser Lake. It was used by the Dakelh people for as a major trade, travel and communication line, until the construction of the Alcan Kenney Dam in 1952 caused flooding of the Cheslatta River and Cheslatta Lake, forcing the Cheslatta people from their lakeside villages.

From Nadleh, the trail would have passed through the modern day Beaumont Provincial Park and across Highway 16, then south of Dry William Lake. Today, it begins at km 7.5 on the Holy Cross Forest Road (6 km west of Beaumont Park on Highway 16). The trail then traverses 60 km of forest, passing Klez, Chowsunkut, Hallet, Bentzi, Targe, and Holy Cross Lakes along the way. It ends at the site of Belhk'achek village, near the mouth of Knapp Creek on Cheslatta Lake.

The end of the Cheslatta Trail in Nadleh met with the beginning of the Nyan Wheti, another land route, from Fraser Lake to Stuart Lake.

References

Dakelh
First Nations history in British Columbia
Grease trails
Hiking trails in British Columbia
Nechako Country

Cheslatta Trail


In mathematics, the cardinality of a set means the number of its elements. For example, the set A = {2, 4, 6} contains 3 elements, and therefore A has a cardinality of 3. The cardinality of a set A can also be represented as .

Two sets have the same (or equal) cardinality if and only if they have the same number of elements, which is the another way of saying that there is a 1-to-1 correspondence between the two sets. The cardinality of the set A is less than or equal to the cardinality of set B if and only if there is an injective function from A to B. The cardinality of the set B is greater than or equal to the cardinality of set A if and only if there is an injective function from A to B.

The cardinality of a set is only one way of giving a number to the size of a set. The concept of measure is yet another way.

Notation

||A|| is the cardinality of the set A. Single vertical bars can also be placed around a set to mean cardinality, such as |A|.

Finite sets

The cardinality of a finite set is a natural number. The smallest cardinality is 0. The empty set has cardinality 0. If the cardinality of the set A is n, then there is a "next larger" set with cardinality n+1 (for example, the set A ∪ {A}). If ||A|| ≤ ||B|| ≤ ||A ∪ {A}||, then either ||B|| = ||A|| or ||B|| = ||A ∪ {A}||.) There is no largest finite cardinality.

Infinite sets

If the cardinality of a set is not finite, then the cardinality is infinite.

An infinite set is considered countable if they can be listed without missing any (that is, if there is a one-to-one correspondence between it and the set of natural numbers ). Examples include the rational numbers, integers, and natural numbers. Such sets have a cardinality that we call  (pronounced "aleph null", "aleph naught" or "aleph zero"). Sets such as the real numbers are not countable, since given any finite or infinite list of real numbers, it's always possible to find a number that's not on that list. The real numbers have a cardinality of —the cardinality of the continuum.

Related pages
Bijection
 Cardinal number
 Cantor's diagonal argument
 Cantor's theorem
 Continuum hypothesis
 Injective function

Notes and References

Cardinal numbers
Set theory

Cardinality


Fyodor Fyodorovich Kokoshkin (,  — ) was a Russian lawyer and politician, author of seminal works on jurisprudence, the First Russian State Duma deputy, and a founding member of the Russian Constitutional Democratic Party and the Controller general of the Russian Provisional Government. The playwright Fyodor Kokoshkin was his grandfather.

Biography

Born in Chełm, Lublin Governorate, Congress Poland, to the aristocratic family, Kokoshkin was educated first at the Vladimir Gymnasium which he graduated in 1889 with gold metal, then at the Moscow University where he stayed after the graduation later to become a privat-docent (1897) and professor (1907). In 1911 with a group of liberal-minded lecturers he left the university by way of a protest against the policies of Lev Kasso, the then Minister of Education.

A respected scholar of law, Kokoshkin did a lot to establish the theoretical basis for the proposed development of liberal state ruled by the law, emphasizing the need to limit the possibilities for the state's interference with the personal life of an individual. Among other issues he concentrated on in his essays were the decentralization of power, autonomy and federalism, as well as theoretical and practical ways of organizing local governments for  Russian provinces.

Kokoshkin's political career started in 1897 when he was elected a  for the Zvenigorod local government. In 1900 he joined the Moscow Governorate offices, and was for a while the head of its economy department. He was also the deputy to Sergey Muromtsev, then the secretary of the Moscow City Duma.

Starting with 1903, Kokoshkin became more and more involved with the liberal politics. He joined several legal or semi-legal groups, like Beseda (Soliloquy), The Union of Local Constitutionalists and the Union of Liberation, and earned a reputation as a brilliant speaker, as well as an activist of the zemstvo movement in mid-1900s, which he provided a vast organizational work for. Kokoshkin became one of the founding members of the Constitutional Democratic Party, which he had also been a co-founder of.

In 1906 he was elected for the First Russian State Duma, and became its vice-secretary. Arguably his most notable achievement there was law project regulating the principles for the equality of all citizens and the respect for civil right, backed by 151 fellow Duma members.

After the 1907 dissolution of the Russian Duma, Kokoshkin co-authored and signed the Vyborg Manifesto, which he was promptly arrested for to spend three months in prison. As all other signatories of the document he was stripped of the right to ballot for the State Duma. Also that year, alongside several other members of the Kadet Party he was expelled from the Moscow Dvoryanstvo Assembly.

Starting with 1907, Kokoshkin became an active member of the stuff of Russkiye Vedomosti, where he  regularly published articles on a wide range of subjects, including parliamentarism, national identity, the situation around the Old Believers. He was the Kadet Party's leading expert on the issues of the state law and national politics.

After the 1917 February Revolution Kokoshkin became the chairman of the Provisional Government's Juridical Council and a First Department senator.
He was elected chairman of the special committee for preparing the project for the procedures of the election to the Constituent assembly. In the second coalitional Provisional Government of July–August 1917, he was the State Controller and the leader of the Kadet fraction.

After the Bolsheviks took power Kokoshkin became actively involved in preparations for the Constituent assembly elections, speaking at rallies and meetings. Elected as a member of the Assembly, on 10 December 1917 he arrived at Petrograd in order to make speech at the opening meeting which was supposed to take place on 11 December. To the friends who tried to dissuade him from going, he replied: "I just cannot fail to come to where the people who elected me had sent me. This would have been to betray the cause I devoted all my life to."

Death
Upon the arrival he was arrested by the Bolsheviks, warrants issued by the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee, as one of the leaders of "the party of enemies of the people" and was  imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress.

Suffering form tuberculosis, on 6 January 1918 he was transferred, along with his fellow Kadet Andrey Shingaryov, to the Mariinskaya Hospital. The following night both were murdered by a group of Baltic sailors, who broke into the hospital. "...And then 'they' came and killed him. Led by the soldier Basov, the one who took the money from me and who said he was going upstairs just to change guards... Some sailors stayed on the staircase, others went into the ward, killed Kokoshkin and instantly left. Nurses, frightened to death, knew not what to do. Other patients woke up and cried for help. Some ran downstairs and told the janitor... But at night the telephone line did not work. It was only in the morning, at 9, that they managed to inform Sofia Panina," Shingaryov's sister Alexandra Ivanovna remembered.

The Ministry of Justice later revealed that Basov justified the murder on the grounds that there would be 'two less bourgeois mouths to feed'. Basov was later brought to trial and convicted, but none of the murderers was ever caught and the Bolshevik leaders, who at first condemned the murders, later sought to justify them as an act of political terror.

References

1871 births
1918 deaths
People from Chełm
People from Lublin Governorate
Russian Constitutional Democratic Party members
Members of the 1st State Duma of the Russian Empire
Russian Constituent Assembly members
Assassinated politicians of the Russian Empire
Burials at Nikolskoe Cemetery
Prisoners of the Peter and Paul Fortress
Writers from the Russian Empire

Fyodor Kokoshkin (politician)


Dee Murray (born David Murray Oates; 3 April 1946 – 15 January 1992) was an English bass guitarist. He was  best known for his long-time collaboration with Elton John as a member of the Elton John Band.

Biography
Murray was born in Gillingham, Kent, England on 3 April 1946. Before joining Elton John as his touring sidemen, Murray and drummer Nigel Olsson were members of the Spencer Davis Group in 1969.
In Murray's musician bio in the programme book for 1982's "Jump Up!" tour, Murray recalled when he first took up the bass guitar during his high school years: "Someone put this heavy thing over my shoulder and said, 'Here, you play this!'" Murray quickly established a solid reputation on the instrument. In the Classic Albums documentary on Goodbye Yellow Brick Road, producer Gus Dudgeon lauded Murray's musical ability, and said he hadn't heard a bassist quite as good as him.

Murray and Olsson joined John as his road sidemen in 1970, and first appeared together on disc with John on "Amoreena" from the 1970 studio album Tumbleweed Connection. The following year, they were featured on the live album 17-11-70. While they were John's constant touring bandmates, his record company initially only allowed them to play on just one track per studio album. This changed with Honky Château in 1972 when John exerted some of his skyrocketing popularity at the time to convince DJM to allow Murray and Olsson to also become full-time recording members of his band. Along with new recruit Davey Johnstone on guitar, Murray and Olsson played on John's hit albums, including the milestone album Goodbye Yellow Brick Road, singles, and world tours for several years. In 1975, after recording Captain Fantastic and the Brown Dirt Cowboy, Murray and Olsson were released from the band because John wanted to achieve a different sound.

Murray and Olsson continued working together as session musicians in Los Angeles. In 1976 they played on Rick Springfield's fourth album Wait for Night. In 1977, Murray briefly joined Procol Harum on a North America tour promoting their last 1970s album, Something Magic, although he never recorded with the group. Between 1978 and 1979, Murray worked as part of Alice Cooper's backing band. According to music site AllMusic.com, he played on Cooper's hit album From the Inside, and joined Olsson backing The Grateful Dead's Bob Weir on his solo album Heaven Help the Fool in 1978. Other artists he worked with during the 1970s and early 1980s include Yvonne Elliman, England Dan & John Ford Coley, Shaun Cassidy, Allan Clarke, Bernie Taupin, Kiki Dee, Stefanie Gaines, Barbi Benton, and Jimmy Webb.

Murray and Olsson returned to tour and play sessions with John, starting with 21 at 33 in 1980. He and Olsson backed John during his landmark concert in New York City's Central Park before more than 400,000 fans on the Great Lawn on 13 September 1980, and appeared on The Fox in 1981. Murray went on to contribute all the bass tracks on Jump Up! in 1982, and joined Olsson and guitarist Davey Johnstone for the Jump Up! Tour, followed by albums and tours for Too Low for Zero (1983) and Breaking Hearts (1984). The group then disbanded, reuniting once more to record backing vocals on Reg Strikes Back in 1988.

In the 1980s, Murray played on numerous Nashville sessions for artists such as Michael Brown, Lewis Storey, Beth Nielsen Chapman, and John Prine, amongst others.

Death
Battling skin cancer for a number of years, Murray died in 1992 at the age of 45, in Nashville, Tennessee, after suffering a stroke. According to Murray's obituary, that March, John performed two tribute concerts at the Grand Ole Opry to raise money to support Murray's family. In a 2011 interview, Olsson, who in 2004 rejoined John as a full-time band member to record Peachtree Road, reflected upon the absence of his longtime band mate: "I think about him every single day. Brilliant bass player. Wonderful guy. Dear, dear, dear friend. A musical genius across the board."

Davey Johnstone believes Murray's musical skills were not fully appreciated, and in March 2011, said he was working on a documentary about Murray.

Collaborations
With Elton John
 Tumbleweed Connection (Uni Records, 1970)
 Madman Across the Water (Uni Records, 1971)
 Honky Château (Uni Records, 1972)
 Don't Shoot Me I'm Only the Piano Player (MCA Records, 1972)
 Goodbye Yellow Brick Road (MCA Records, 1973)
 Caribou (MCA Records, 1974)
 Captain Fantastic and the Brown Dirt Cowboy (MCA Records, 1975)
 21 at 33 (Rocket, 1980)
 The Fox (Geffen, 1981)
 Jump Up! (Geffen, 1982)
 Too Low for Zero (Geffen, 1983)
 Breaking Hearts (Geffen, 1984)
 Reg Strikes Back (MCA, 1988)

With Beth Nielsen Chapman
 Beth Nielsen Chapman (Reprise Records, 1990)

With Jimmy Webb
 Land's End (Asylum Records, 1974)
 El Mirage (Atlantic Records, 1977)

With John Prine
 Aimless Love (Oh Boy Records, 1984)

With Yvonne Elliman
 Night Flight (RSO Records, 1978)

With Ronnie Hawkins
 The Hawk (United Artists Records, 1979)

With Shaun Cassidy
 Born Late (Curb Records, 1977)
 Under Wraps (Warner Bros. Records, 1978)

With Bernie Taupin
 He Who Rides the Tiger (Elektra Records, 1980)

With Brian Cadd
 White on White (Capitol Records, 1976)

With England Dan & John Ford Coley
 Dr. Heckle and Mr. Jive (Big Tree Records, 1979)

References

External links
 Fan website

 Obituary on APNews.com

1946 births
1992 deaths
20th-century English musicians
English rock bass guitarists
Male bass guitarists
English male songwriters
English session musicians
English rock musicians
British rhythm and blues boom musicians
People from Gillingham, Kent
Musicians from Kent
Procol Harum members
Alice Cooper (band) members
Elton John Band members
English male singers
English expatriates in the United States
The Spencer Davis Group members
20th-century English bass guitarists
20th-century British male singers

Dee Murray


A modillion is an ornate bracket, more horizontal in shape and less imposing than a corbel. They are often seen underneath a cornice which it helps to support. Modillions are more elaborate than dentils (literally translated as small teeth).  All three are selectively used as adjectival historic past participles (corbelled, modillioned, dentillated) as to what co-supports or simply adorns any high structure of a building, such as a terrace of a roof (flat area of a roof), parapet, pediment/entablature, balcony, cornice band or roof cornice. Modillions occur classically under a Corinthian or a Composite cornice, but may support any type of eaves cornice. They may be carved or plain.

See also
 Glossary of architecture

Gallery

References

Architectural elements

Modillion


Afrocimex constrictus, also called the African bat bug, is an insect parasite of Egyptian fruit bats in bat caves in East Africa. Population sizes can comprise millions of individuals and in a cave there can be one to 15 bugs per bat. It was estimated that adult African bat bugs feed approximately once per week thus withdrawing 1-28 microlitre blood per day per bat.

As in many other cimicids, Afrocimex constrictus reproduce through traumatic insemination. During mating, the male pierces the female's abdomen with his genitals, and ejaculates into her body cavity, into a special organ called the spermalege. While females do have external genitalia, they are used for egg laying but not for mating. Afrocimex constrictus males also pierce and inseminate other males. Male-male stabbings were originally probably harmful to males and so it was speculated that male-male stabbings were the reason that Afrocimex constrictus males have - like females - evolved a spermalege. The male spermalege looks similar but not identical to the typical female spermalege and males receive fewer stabbings than females. In one cave around 80% of the females were found to mimic the male version of the spermalege and such females receive fewer stabbings from males than females that have the original spermalege type.

The species also had a brief appearance in fiction. In French writer Bernard Werber's novel Le Jour des fourmis (1997), the mating habits of  A. constrictus are employed in the torture chambers of the ants.

References

Cimicidae
Hemiptera of Africa

Afrocimex constrictus


Francesco Carattoli (1704 or 1705 – March 1772) was an Italian bass buffo, or singer of opera buffa.

Carattoli was born in Rome, and began singing in the 1740s. He sang in a number of comic operas in various parts of Italy through the 1740s, 1750s, and early 1760s, by composers such as Gaetano Latilla, Baldassare Galuppi, Domenico Fischietti, and Niccolò Piccinni, both becoming prominent himself and helping to increase the popularity and prestige of opera buffa through his skillful performances. A number of the prominent comic opera bass roles of the 18th century were written for him, and his combination of voice and acting was much sought after.

In 1764, he went to Vienna to sing there. During the 1760s, Italian impresarios brought troupes of buffi to Vienna, and opera buffa become quite popular there. Carattoli was, along with Domenico Poggi, one of the most celebrated singers despite being in his 60s by that time, and gained praise from Johann Joseph Khevenhüller-Metsch and Joseph von Sonnenfels, among others. He had roles written for him by prominent Viennese composers of opera buffa as well, including Florian Leopold Gassmann and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

References

1700s births
1772 deaths
Italian opera singers
Operatic basses

Francesco Carattoli


Stearman Aircraft Corporation was an aircraft manufacturer in Wichita, Kansas. Although the company designed a range of other aircraft, it is most known for producing the Model 75, which is commonly known simply as the "Stearman" or "Boeing Stearman".

History
On 10 December 1926, Lloyd Stearman as president, Fred Hoyt as vice president, and George Lyle as secretary, chartered Stearman Aircraft, Inc. Aircraft fabrication took place in Venice, California, with final assembly and test flights taking place at Clover Field.

Four C1 and C2 biplanes were built before production moved back to Wichita in 1927. On 1 October the company was renamed the Stearman Aircraft Company, after additional capital was raised by Walter P. Innes, Jr., and his business associates. The first aircraft constructed in the Wichita factory was a C2B, while adjacent to the factory was a 1390 foot runway. The C2M with mail pit, and a new model, the Stearman C3 followed. On 11 December, Stearman was named president, Mac Short vice president, Walter P. Innes, Jr., secretary, and Harry A. Dillon treasurer. On 6 September 1927, the company charter was filed with the State of Kansas, and primary shareholders included Stearman, Short, Dillon, and Innes, plus H.M. Steinbuschel and J.O. Davidson, with Davidson also serving on the board of directors.

In June 1928, the C2B airframe designation was changed to C3B, with a larger baggage compartment and oil tank. The factory was producing 2.5 aircraft a week to meet demand. In January 1929, the first M-2 was delivered to Varney Air Lines.

In 1927, Stearman built one aircraft in Wichita, followed by 130 in 1928. At peak production in 1929, the company employed 250 people, and used a network of 10 distributors throughout the country. In late 1930, the company relocated to new facilities at the Wichita Municipal Airport.

In July 1929, Lloyd Stearman, Walter Innes, Jr., and Harry Dillon met with the officials of United Aircraft and Transport Corporation, and agreed on a stock exchange, 375 shares of Stearman stock for 100 shares of United Aircraft and Transport. Stearman's board of directors was reorganized with Frederick Rentschler as chairman, with William Boeing, Lloyd Stearman, Mac Short, Walter Innes, Jr., Julies Schaefer, and Harry Dillon as members.

In December 1930, Innes took over the presidency of the company, and Lloyd Stearman was asked by Renstchler to focus on research, "...investigating and developing new models and new ideas on management, production, sales, and service, as well as aircraft design."  However, in July 1031, Stearman resigned.

The Northrop Aircraft Corporation was merged into Stearman in July 1931, and Northrop's operations were moved from Burbank to Wichita.

By 1932, during the Great Depression, the number of employees at Stearman had dropped to 25. The situation improved when Boeing contracted Stearman to build several parts associated with the Boeing 247. In 1933, the company was also able to build the Model 80 and 81.

In September 1933, Julius Schaefer was elected president, Mac Short vice president and chief engineer, Clif Barron secretary, and D.L. Brown chairman of the board. The company also developed new training biplanes, the Model 70 and Model 73. The U.S. navy ordered 41 of the Model 73, and designated it the NS-1.

As a consequence of the Air Mail Act of 1934, United Aircraft and Transport Corporation was reorganized into the United Airlines Transport Corporation, United Aircraft, and Boeing Aircraft Company. Stearman became a division of Boeing. In November, Schaefer was elected president, Mac Short vice president, Clif Barron secretary and treasurer. By the summer of 1935, Stearman employed 200.

In July 1935, Stearman demonstrated the Model X75, a refined Model 73, and subsequently received an order for 26 aircraft from the Army Air Corps, designated the PT-13A, and 20 for the Navy. In August 1936, the Army ordered another 50 PT-13As, followed by an additional 30 in October, and 28 in December. The company now employed 400. By the summer of 1937, the company employed about 500, and produced 15 aircraft a month.

In 1937, the company developed the Model X85 for the navy. First flown in May 1938, the navy took delivery as the XOSS-1 in June 1939.

In the autumn of 1939, the company employed 600, which increased to 1000 after the Army Air Corps ordered an additional 235 PT-13Bs in September. By September 1940, the workforce totaled 1400 after receiving additional orders from the Army and Navy for hundreds more trainers. The company was then producing five aircraft per day. By October 1940, the workforce totaled 1522, and factory space had increased from 157,000 square feet in 1939 to 205,600 square feet.

In December 1940, the company demonstrated the Model X90, its version of a monoplane trainer, to the Army and Navy. However, only one version, the XBT-17, was delivered to the Army in 1942.

In February 1941, the company employed 2800 workers, and manufacturing facilities had increased to 300,000 square feet by that summer. By June 1941, the number of workers exceeded 5000. On 15 March 1941, the company delivered the 1000th trainer to the Army, and the 1001st trainer to the Navy. On 27 August 1941, the company delivered the 2000th trainer to the Army.

Stearman operated as a Boeing division until September 1941, when it was redesignated the Wichita Division, Boeing Aircraft Company.

In April 1943, the company produced its 7000th trainer, and in July 1944, its 10,000th. A total of 10,346 primary trainers were built by the company for the U.S. military.

According to Edward H. Phillips, "From 1927 to 1962 the Stearman Aircraft Company, and later the Stearman Division and the Wichita Division, built more than 14,500 aircraft. According to Boeing records, these included 247 original Stearman biplanes, 10,346 primary trainers (including equivalent spares), assemblies for 750 Waco CG-4 gliders, 1,769 B-29 heavy bombers (including spares), 12 single-engine, piston-powered L-15 liaison aircraft, 1,390 B-47 medium bombers, and 467 B-52 Stratofortress bombers."

In 2005, Boeing sold the civil portion of the former Stearman operations to Onex, forming Spirit AeroSystems, although it retained the military operations.

Aircraft

References

Footnotes

Notes

Bibliography

 Boeing Company. Pedigree of Champions: Boeing Since 1916, Third Edition. Seattle, WA: The Boeing Company, 1969.
 Bowers, Peter M. Boeing aircraft since 1916. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1989. .

 Simpson, Rod. Airlife's World Aircraft. London: Airlife Publishing Ltd. 2001. .

External links

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Boeing mergers and acquisitions
1929 mergers and acquisitions

1927 establishments in Kansas
1941 disestablishments in Kansas

Stearman Aircraft


Jacques Maury (10 November 1920 – 12 April 2020) was a French pastor. He was born in Clamart, France. Maury became pastor of the Reformed Church in Lezay after World War II. He was President of the French Federation of Christian Student Associations from 1957 to 1962, and then pastor at the Reformed Church in Poitiers.

In 1968, Maury was elected President of the Reformed Church of France, then President of the Protestant Federation of France in 1977. He left this job in 1987. He was elected President of Cimade in 1989. He left the job in 1995. From 1981 to 1990, he chaired working group between the World Council of Churches and the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity.

He was made Officer of the Legion of Honour in 1995.

Maury died on Easter Sunday, 12 April 2020 in Clichy at the age of 99.

References

1920 births
2020 deaths
French Christians
Christian clergy

Jacques Maury