Bognor or Bust is a 2004 UK television panel game, on the subject of news and current affairs. Produced by 4DTV for ITV, the show conventionally gave contestants the opportunity to win prizes, yet was comedic in style. It combined members of the public and celebrities on the same panel.

The show was hosted by comic actor and presenter Angus Deayton. His hosting of this show was largely viewed as his next step after being ousted from Have I Got News for You. Designing the style of the show to be similar to that of HIGNFY may have been deliberate.

Before the game began, the two contestants picked two out of a group of four celebrities to play on their team. In Round 1, Deayton asked a series of questions on the week's news, to be answered on the buzzer]. At the end of the round, there was a quick recap of the scores. For the End of Part 1, the viewers were shown a picture with something missing, and were asked to guess what it is during the commercial break. In Part 2, the missing object was revealed (to general amusement) and Round 2 commenced. The player in the lead chose one of two pictures that served as (not very good) cryptic clues to a certain category. The team then had to answer a succession of quick-fire questions within that category in a time limit. Afterwards, the process repeated with the other team and the other category. At the end of Round 2, the player with the most points proceeded to the final round.

The final round consisted of a single multiple choice question with two possible answers, on which the contestant can confer with all four celebrities. When answered correctly, the contestant was awarded a paid-for exotic holiday. (The question was based on a story taken from a newspaper from the country from the holiday's destination.) However, if the final question was answered incorrectly, the contestant was instead 'awarded' a trip to the seaside resort Bognor Regis in West Sussex, from which the name of the show was derived, and a randomly selected member of the audience won the exotic holiday. In the context of this show, Bognor was not seen as an upmarket resort and was therefore a satirical booby prize.

Despite steady ratings of three to four million viewers, the series was not recommissioned following its original run.

External links

2004 British television series debuts
2004 British television series endings
British panel games
2000s British game shows
ITV comedy
ITV panel games

Bognor or Bust


In mathematics, an autonomous system is a dynamic equation on a smooth manifold. A non-autonomous system is a dynamic equation on a smooth fiber bundle  over . For instance, this is the case of non-autonomous mechanics.

An r-order differential equation on a fiber bundle  is represented by a closed subbundle of a jet bundle  of . A dynamic equation on  is a differential equation which is algebraically solved for a higher-order derivatives.

In particular, a first-order dynamic equation on a fiber bundle  is a kernel of the covariant differential of some connection  on . Given bundle coordinates  on  and the adapted coordinates  on a first-order jet manifold , a first-order dynamic equation reads

For instance, this is the case of  Hamiltonian non-autonomous mechanics.

A second-order dynamic equation

on  is defined as a holonomic
connection  on a jet bundle . This
equation also is represented by a connection on an affine jet bundle . Due to the canonical
embedding , it is equivalent to a geodesic equation
on the tangent bundle  of . A free motion equation in non-autonomous mechanics exemplifies a second-order non-autonomous dynamic equation.

See also
 Autonomous system (mathematics)
 Non-autonomous mechanics
 Free motion equation
 Relativistic system (mathematics)

References
  De Leon, M., Rodrigues, P., Methods of Differential Geometry in Analytical Mechanics (North Holland, 1989).
 Giachetta, G., Mangiarotti, L., Sardanashvily, G., Geometric Formulation of Classical and Quantum Mechanics (World Scientific, 2010)     ().

Differential equations
Classical mechanics
Dynamical systems

Non-autonomous system (mathematics)


Corgarff Castle is located slightly west of the village of Corgarff, in Aberdeenshire, north-east Scotland. It stands by the Lecht road, which crosses the pass between Strathdon and Tomintoul.

Life

The castle was built around 1530 by the Elphinstone family and leased to the Forbes of Towie. In 1571 it was burned by their enemy, Adam Gordon of Auchindoun, resulting in the deaths of Margaret Campbell, Lady Forbes, her children, and numerous others, 26 in total, and giving rise to the ballad Edom o Gordon.

In May 1607 the castle was captured from Alexander, 4th Lord Elphinstone by Alexander Forbes of Towie and his companions, including a piper called George McRobie. They used hammers and battering rams to break down the gate, then fortified the house with a garrison of "Highland thieves and limmers".

In 1626 it was acquired by the Earl of Mar. In 1645 it was used as an assembly point by the troops of the Marquis of Montrose. It was burned again in both 1689 and 1716 by Jacobite supporters. It was resettled by the Forbes family in 1745 but had to be forfeited due to their Jacobite leanings.

In 1748 it was bought by the British government and rebuilt and extended as a barracks. A detachment of government troops were stationed there, on the military road from Braemar Castle to Fort George, Inverness. Military use continued as late as 1831, after which the tower was used to suppress illegal whisky distilling in the surrounding area. It remained part of the Delnadamph estate belonging to the Stockdale family until they passed the castle into state care in 1961 and gave the ownership of the castle to the Lonach Highland and Friendly Society.

It is now in the care of Historic Environment Scotland and is open to the public. It has been designated a scheduled ancient monument.

References

External links
Historic Environment Scotland: Visitor guide
360 Photographic Virtual Tour: Snow Covered 360 Virtual Tour of Corgarff grounds

Castles in Aberdeenshire
Museums in Aberdeenshire
Military and war museums in Scotland
Historic house museums in Aberdeenshire
Historic Scotland properties in Aberdeenshire
Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Aberdeenshire
Tower houses in Scotland

Corgarff Castle


Naresh Chandra Sen-Gupta (17 May 1882 – 19 September 1964) was an Indian legal scholar and a novelist of Bengali literature based in Calcutta.

Early life and career
Sen-Gupta was born into a Baidya Brahmin family on 17 May 1882 at his paternal uncle's home in Bogra (now in Bangladesh). His parental home was in the village of Banshi in Tangail. His father, Maheshchandra Sengupta, was a deputy magistrate. He received his master's degree in philosophy from Calcutta University in 1903 and carried on research on 'Neo-German and Indian Philosophy' up to 1905 at Presidency College as a government scholar. He obtained a doctorate in Law from Calcutta University in 1914 that examined the social and legal structures of the ancient Indian civilization.

Law career
After obtaining a degree in law, Dr. Sen-Gupta started practising law at Calcutta High Court and at the same time started teaching at the Law College of Calcutta University. He was appointed as vice principal of Law Department of  Dhaka College in 1917. He started gaining fame as a legal scholar while teaching at Dacca University as a professor in the Law Department from 1921 to 1924. He also served as the first Dean of the Faculty of Law and the first provost of Jagannath Hall at the University.

Dr. Sengupta returned to Calcutta in 1924, resumed his law practice and taught law at Calcutta University. In 1950, he became the Tagore Law Professor at the University and represented India at the UNESCO International Copyright Convention in the United States in 1951. In 1956, he was appointed as a member of the Indian Law Commission. He was also a Senior Advocate at the Indian Supreme Court.

Literature
Apart from his legal practice and writings on law, Naresh Chandra Sen-Gupta made substantial contributions to Bengali literature through his excellent essays, short stories, plays and novels. He was a prolific novelist of his time and authored about sixty novels and dramas many of which proved controversial for their liberal philosophy and espousing of women's rights in then conservative climate of the Bengali society. He was a pioneer in writing naturalistic Bengali novels, analyzing the psyche of criminals and the role of sex in the commission of crime.

He was more interested in a woman's personality than in her goodness and chastity. He was at the center of a controversy about decency and morality in literature and was accused of indecency for his short story, 'Thandidi'. His writings, unraveling the mysterious ways of criminality, reflect the long years of his legal practice. He wrote 60 books, among those that deserve special mention are the collections of short stories: Ruper Abhishap and Thandidi; novels: Agni Sangskar (1919), Shubha (1920), Paper Chhap (1922) and Abhayer Biye; plays: Ananda Mandir (1923), Thaker Mela (1925), Rsir Meye (1926). He raised different social issues in Subha, Paper Chap and Abhayer Biye. These and several other novels were later produced as movies.

He was the first translator of the novel Anandamath by Bankim Chandra Chatterji with the fifth edition published in 1906 titled "The Abbey of Bliss".

Politics and other activities
In 1936 an all-Indian association of progressive writers was formed with Sen-Gupta as chairman to condole the death of Russian writer Maxim Gorky. In later years this association played an important role in introducing a new outlook and progressive thinking in Bengali literature.
Dr. Sengupta was also associated with politics for some time. He became known as an active Indian National Congress worker during the partition of Bengal launched in 1905 to annul the partition of Bengal. He was also president of the Workers and Peasants Party (1925–26) and the Labour Party of India (1934).

Personal life
Naresh Chandra Sen-Gupta married Labanya Probha Baksi and had six daughters and two sons. His second daughter, Sushama Sengupta was an educationist, early pioneer in women's education, and established Lake School for Girls in Calcutta. His youngest daughter, Purnima Sinha was the first Bengali woman to receive a doctorate in physics. His other children as well as his grandchildren pursued their education and careers in science, medicine, engineering, performing arts and literature. Several of them are well known in their fields in India, UK and USA.

The British-Indian actress Sunetra Sarker is his great-granddaughter, as revealed in a 2017 episode of the BBC series Who Do You Think You Are?

Death
Naresh Chandra Sen-Gupta died on 19 September 1964 at his home in South Calcutta.

Works
Among his law books, the Evolution of Ancient Indian Law remains a classic that can still be found in libraries around the world.

References

Bengali writers
Bengali Hindus
Bengali lawyers
Indian lawyers
20th-century Indian lawyers
Indian novelists
20th-century Indian novelists
Indian male novelists
Indian writers
Indian male writers
Indian scholars
Indian legal scholars
20th-century Indian writers
20th-century Indian male writers
20th-century Indian scholars
Indian short story writers
Indian male short story writers
20th-century Indian short story writers
Indian dramatists and playwrights
Indian male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights
Indian essayists
Indian male essayists
20th-century Indian essayists
Indian translators
20th-century Indian translators
Indian legal writers
University of Calcutta alumni
Academic staff of the University of Dhaka
Academic staff of the University of Calcutta
1964 deaths
1882 births
Writers from Kolkata
Novelists from West Bengal

Nares Chandra Sen-Gupta


Theodore Fitz Randolph (June 24, 1826November 7, 1883)  was an American attorney, businessman, and politician who served as the 22nd governor of New Jersey from 1869 to 1872 and represented the state in the United States Senate from 1875 to 1881. He was the son of U.S. Representative James F. Randolph.

His term as Governor was primarily focused on corporate tax reform, eliminating exemptions granted to the state's transportation monopolies and leading to the establishment of a uniform tax code shortly after he left office.

Early life and business career
Theodore Fitz Randolph was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey on June 24, 1826, to James F. Randolph and Sarah Kent Carman. His father was a printer and publisher of the New Brunswick Fredonian who represented New Jersey as an at-large United States Representative from 1828 to 1833.

Theodore attended the Rutgers Grammar School and worked as a writer and proofreader for the Fredonian until the age of sixteen, when he entered into a mercantile career, primarily based in the American South. At twenty, he moved to Vicksburg, Mississippi but returned to Jersey City in 1850 to work in his father's extensive coal and iron business. He lived there until resettling in Morristown, where he purchased a ninety-acre stock farm in 1862.

In 1867, after his first campaign for governor, Randolph was appointed president of the Morris and Essex Railroad. He remained in that position until his 1868 election as governor.

In 1871, he was also one of the executors of the estate of American entrepreneur, industrialist and banking magnate Abel Minard.

Early political career
After admission to the bar in 1848, Randolph entered politics as a member of the Whig Party who supported states' rights and consistently opposed the abolition of slavery, like his father. However, the party entered a rapid decline after the 1852 elections and Randolph soon joined the Democratic Party.

New Jersey General Assembly
In 1860, a coalition of Democrats and Know-Nothings elected Randolph to the New Jersey General Assembly from Jersey City. In the Assembly, he sat on the Special Joint Committee on National Affairs, leading the unsuccessful effort to avert the American Civil War. That effort culminated in resolutions appointing New Jersey delegates to the Washington Peace Conference  in February 1861.

New Jersey Senate
In November 1861, following the outbreak of the American Civil War, Randolph won a special election to fill a vacancy in the New Jersey Senate. He was re-elected to a full three-year term in 1862.

In the Senate, Randolph was the chief ally of Governor Joel Parker, and they joined in criticism Abraham Lincoln's operation of the war while opposing anti-war efforts. His legislative leadership thwarted Copperhead efforts to limit war appropriations and defeated calls for an armistice. He also introduced a relief bill in 1865 to extend equal benefits and enlistment bounties to black soldiers, arguing that whites should not do injustice to an "inferior" race. However, he opposed the adoption of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution on the grounds that slavery was already doomed and the Amendment would eliminate the change for a negotiated peace with the South.

Randolph was also chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, which position he used to reform corporate taxation, create a state comptroller's office, and oppose a plan under which the state would assume responsibility for paying local bounties to army volunteers.

Governor of New Jersey

1865 campaign

With Governor Parker term-limited, Randolph campaigned to succeed him as Governor in 1865. However, he finished second in the Democratic convention balloting to Theodore Runyon, the Copperhead mayor of Newark. Runyon went on to lose the general election to Republican Marcus Lawrence Ward.

1868 campaign

After Ward's term, no Republican would be elected Governor for nearly thirty years. Randolph won the Democratic nomination to succeed him and defeated John Insley Blair in the general election to begin a nine-term streak of Democratic governors.

Term in office (1869–72)
In his inaugural address as governor, Randolph advocated prompt readmission of the Confederate states, the revision of state election laws, new corporate taxes, equity in individual taxation, and the creation of a new riparian commission.

Reform
He began to implement his program within months by urging the legislature to create a uniform system of corporate taxation to replace the existing "transit duties" which some corporations paid in lieu of any other tax. This law was particularly aimed at the monopolies granted to the Delaware and Raritan Canal Company and Camden and Amboy Railroad and Transportation Company. Though the legislature successfully repealed the transit duties system in 1868, no uniform railroad tax was passed until 1873. In 1869, the legislature ended certain corporate exemptions and levied a two percent corporate income tax. However, this tax was found unenforceable and repealed in 1872.

His term in office saw expanded government services and increased costs. His administration took steps to reform and improve state correction, education, and asylum facilities. His prison reforms were partly motivated by an interest in making the system self-sustaining by improvement management and increasing the productivity of convict labor. On recommendation from a special commission, Randolph urged the legislature to expand Trenton State Prison and create a "house of correction" to employee short-term convicts in an environment free from hardened criminals. The expansion passed, but no special house of correction was established. In his final annual message, Randolph claimed his prison reforms had saved the state nearly $200,000.

In education, Randolph's administration expanded the free public school system statewide and laid the groundwork for a new "lunatic asylum" in Morris Plains, which opened in 1876.

In his last year in office, 1871–72, Randolph secured action on his plan for election reform. The legislature passed a stringent law that disenfranchised the recipient and provider of any election bribe and put guilty corporations in jeopardy at losing their charter. However, the law had little effect, and bribery complaints continued to increase.

With both houses controlled by the Republican Party in 1871, Randolph spent most of his last year vetoing bills, though he claimed he only did so in cases where the bills were "clearly unconstitutional, where unintentional mistakes had been made, or where the ends of Justice were clearly to be violated." His vetoes included bills which would, in his view, promote railroad expansion at taxpayer or property owner expense and reorganize municipal government for partisan purposes. The most important of these was of the Republican bill to reorganize Jersey City. The bill passed over his veto.

Riots
Apart from his legislative reform agenda, Randolph's tenure was marked by his successful handling of two crises in 1870 and 1871.

The first was the "Bergen Riot," a violent dispute between competing railway companies. Randolph called in the National Guard to quell the violence, and the two companies settled their differences in court. In July 1871, Randolph averted a threatened riot in Jersey City when he prevented Irish-Americans from disrupting a parade planned by Orangemen on the anniversary of the Battle of the Boyne. Though he publicly criticized the Orangemen for inciting sectarian violence, he issued a proclamation declaring his intention to protect the right to peaceful assembly for all citizens and an order to raise three thousand troops as necessary to prevent violence. Civil authorities ultimately handled the threat without military assistance.

United States Senator
After his handling of the Orangemen affair, Randolph was mentioned nationally as a contender for president in 1872. Instead, Randolph pursued a seat United States Senate. In his final annual address, Randolph addressed national affairs. After leaving office in January 1872, he actively campaigned to recruit a Democratic alternative to Ulysses S. Grant and Horace Greeley. He ultimately supported Greeley, as did most Democrats, but faced accusations that he had exchanged his support for a cabinet position in a potential Greeley administration.

In 1875, the Democratic legislature elected Randolph to the Senate to succeed John P. Stockton. He served on the Committees on Commerce, Military Affairs, Education, Civil Service Reform, and the Centennial Exhibition. He also served on the special Committee to examine South Carolina's 1876 presidential election returns. He chaired the Committee on Military Affairs in the Forty-sixth United States Congress.

As Senator, Randolph spoke infrequently, but established his reputation as a Bourbon Democrat. He opposed President Grant's Reconstruction policies, government aid to parochial schools, and the remonetization of silver. He favored early redemption of paper currency.

Personal life
In 1852, Randolph married Fannie Coleman, the daughter of Congressman Nicholas D. Coleman of Kentucky.

He invented a ditching machine and a steam typewriter. He was a trustee of Rutgers College and a president of the Washington Association of New Jersey.

Death and burial
Randolph died in Morristown, Morris County, New Jersey, and is interred in Evergreen Cemetery, Morristown.

References

External links

Biography of Theodore Fitz Randolph (PDF), New Jersey State Library
New Jersey Governor Theodore Fitz Randolph, National Governors Association

Dead Governors of New Jersey bio for Theodore Fitz Randolph

1826 births
1883 deaths
Democratic Party governors of New Jersey
Democratic Party members of the New Jersey General Assembly
Democratic Party New Jersey state senators
Politicians from New Brunswick, New Jersey
Democratic Party United States senators from New Jersey
American Presbyterians
Burials at Evergreen Cemetery (Morristown, New Jersey)
People from Mansfield, Pennsylvania
19th-century American inventors
19th-century American politicians

Theodore F. Randolph


Maurice Zermatten (22 October 1910, in Saint-Martin, Valais – 11 February 2001, in Sion) was a French-speaking Swiss writer.

He was born in Saint-Martin, Valais, a small village situated in the Val d'Hérens, in the canton of Valais. He was first educated at the Ecole normale and then at the University of Fribourg. He published his first novel Le Coeur inutile in 1936 at the age of 26. He taught at the College of Sion where he stayed until retirement. In 1952 he became lecturer (French Literature) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich. Maurice Zermatten also performs a military career leading him to the rank of colonel.

He has dedicated himself to several literary genres like novel, storytelling, short story, etc.

Born novelist, Maurice Zermatten describes the novel as "a complete kind where the author creates characters, history and environment. It is a fiction that reflects reality as it draws its imagination in life."

Maurice Zermatten is also Jean Zermatten's father.

Works
Maurice Zermatten has published about 120 books most of them are novels. He also wrote theater pieces, short stories.

He dedicated works to writers: Charles Ferdinand Ramuz, Léon Savary, Rainer Maria Rilke, Gonzague de Reynold and also to painters : Théodore Stravinski, Charles Menge, Georges Borgeaud, Paul Monnier and Ferdinand Dubuis.

Prizes and distinctions
Maurice Zermatten won several distinctions like:  (1938 and 1956), Grand prix catholique de littérature for all his work (1959), Gottfried Keller Prize (1959),  (1960),

He also became Officier de l'Ordre du mérite national français des arts et des lettres and Bourgeois d'honneur de la ville de Sion (1976)

1910 births
2001 deaths
People from Hérens District
Swiss writers in French
University of Fribourg alumni
People from Sion, Switzerland
Academic staff of ETH Zurich

Maurice Zermatten


Wendelin Weißheimer (26 February 1838 – 16 June 1910) was a German composer, conductor, essayist, teacher, and  writer on music. He studied with Franz Liszt and was in close contact with Richard Wagner, Hans von Bülow, Peter Cornelius, Louise Otto-Peters, Ferdinand Lassalle, August Bebel and many other notable musicians of his time.

He served as composer and conductor of choirs in Mainz, Darmstadt, Baden-Baden, Würzburg, Munich, Leipzig, Berlin, Düsseldorf, Szczecin, Strasbourg and at Milan's La Scala.

Early life

Origin, family and childhood

The Weißheimer family resided in Westhofen in the 14th century. Wendelin's grandfather, Johann Weißheimer I, from Osthofen, inherited a stone mill from his mother's family at the end of the 18th century. Viticulture, agriculture, animal husbandry and mill grinding were already undertaken on the manor complex in the 19th century. The manor is still owned by the Weißheimer family. This complex was one of the most important in the former Grand Duchy of Hesse.

Wendelin Weißheimer was born at the Stone Mill Winery of Osthofen, the eighth and youngest child of Johann Weißheimer II and Ottilie, née Best der Welt. His parents were wealthy and his father, a highly respected and multi-talented man with a keen interest in history and politics, had already been mayor for several years and a member of the first Osthofen Hessian Ständekammer, which is why Wendelin met, at a young age, men of the March Revolution of 1848 at the Stone Mill. Despite his commitments as landowner and politician, Wendelin Weißheimer's father found time to deal with family and traditional, historical studies, the result of which was his multi-volume chronicle of the Osthofens recorded in handwritten diaries. He allowed Wendelin to study music, although this clearly contradicted his intentions of making Wendelin his estate's heir.

The path to music

Weißheimer's background differed from other composers in that he did not come from a musical family. His father had intended him to inherit the Stone Mill, and thus he was sent to a secondary school in Darmstadt when he was only 13 as an apprentice. There, through his piano teacher, a member of the theater orchestra, he had an opportunity to listen to a rehearsal for the performance of Tannhauser. He had heard earlier parts of the music during a visit to a military concert. Weißheimer wrote that these experiences influenced him greatly. In his book: Experiences with Richard Wagner, Franz Liszt and many other contemporaries, he wrote: "An unsuspected new world had risen for me, in fact." Soon thereafter, in Darmstadt, Wendelin Weißheimer listened to the Lohengrin opera, and in Frankfurt to the Flying Dutchman, putting him into a Wagnerian delirium. In his final year in school Wendelin was introduced to music theory by theater conductor Louis Schindelmeisser. This so captivated him that he soon began to compose.

Schindelmeisser was the first to recognize Wendelin's musical talent. He had to persuade Wendellin's father to allow him to pursue his musical intentions. To this end, Schindelmeisser went to the Stone Mill in Osthofen on 16 March 1856. The father's initial astonishment gave way to his approval. On his departure, Schindelmeisser gave young Weißheimer a picture dedicated to him as well as one of many original letters written by Richard Wagner.

Music studies
Wendelin Weißheimer attended the Leipzig Conservatory from May 1856. Both Leipzig and Weimar had a lively musical scene. While Leipzig was conservative and spurned the new music of Liszt and Wagner, the revolutionary youth in Weimar sought new forms of musical expression and embraced the so-called New German School and its genius, Franz Liszt. After completing his studies Wendelin took the post of second conductor at the city theatre in Mainz under Schindelmeisser. Before beginning, he traveled to Zurich to visit Richard Wagner, who was living there in exile. Wagner was working on his musical drama Tristan and Isolde and usually declined to see visitors. Wendelin was first rejected, but eventually spent one memorable afternoon with the master on 17 July 1858. Weißheimer writes of his encounter: "The pale expressive face of the then forty-five-year-old, accompanied me in town and everywhere else."

Musical career

Conducting in Mainz
Just 20 years old, Weißheimer took up his post as conductor in Mainz on 17 August 1858 and, among other things, visited publisher Franz Schott and his musical wife Betty. After a performance of Wagner's Faust overture, Weißheimer got to know his Rhine-Hessian compatriot, the poet-composer Peter Cornelius, who became a lifelong friend.

With Franz Liszt in Weimar

Weißheimer moved back to Weimar after the theatre season. He and Liszt were musically like-minded and so Weißheimer was accepted by Liszt as a student in composition. Lessons were held three to four times a week, for several hours at a time. Weißheimer soon became Liszt's favorite student. Here, in Altenburg, Weimar, home of Liszt's close friend Princess Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein of Sayn-Wittgenstein, Weißheimer was introduced to a new musical world. While here he met his friend, Peter Cornelius, who had also come to Weimar in 1860, and was introduced to Felix Draeseke, Hans von Bronsart, Carl Tausig, the Bohemian Smetana, Franz Bendel, Gruère and Hans von Bülow among other notables.

In Weimar, one of Weißheimer's compositions was first performed by an orchestra. Liszt included Weißheimer's symphony on Schiller's Ritter Toggenburg on the program for the court concerts that he conducted on 13 March 1860. To allow Weißheimer to take part in this concert at the Grand Ducal Palace, which was only accessible to the court and nobility, Liszt had him wear a tail coat and a white tie and placed him in the middle of the string orchestra, where he had to pretend to play the violin. At the end of the concert, the Grand Duke and Grand Duchess expressed approval of the composer. The next day on his visit to Liszt, Weißheimer met daughter Cosima, who was married for two years to von Bülow and who would later become Wagner's second wife.

Weißheimer's stay in Weimar climaxed in 1861. He presented a musical meeting starting with Liszt's Faust Symphony under Bülow's baton. Weißheimer achieved complete success with the presentation of his Grave in Busento by the court orchestra and the academic choir of Jena students. Wagner made an unexpected appearance at this event, after eleven years of exile in Switzerland.

Friendship with Richard Wagner

In the autumn of 1861 Weißheimer returned to the Mainz theatre as music director. During this period he befriended Wagner. After the Weimar meeting, Wagner tried unsuccessfully to reach Paris in late November where Prince Metternich had provided him with a garden apartment at the Austrian Embassy. On 1 December, he arrived unexpectedly in Mainz to negotiate his stage festival play Die Meistersinger von Nuernberg with the Schott publishing house. He already had the text and the poetic process was to take place in Paris. During the days in Mainz, Wagner attended the opera performances conducted by Weißheimer and Weißheimer also participated in his meetings with Mrs. Betty Schott.

After successfully completing his Meistersinger poetry in less than two months in Paris, Wagner returned to Mainz on 31 January 1862. That same evening, in the Schotts' house, before a selected circle of listeners, Wagner presented the Meistersingers poetry. Peter Cornelius and Weißheimer were present. Weißheimer writes about this memorable night that "Wagner carried away with the audience and caused them to rally tumultuously. At the end of the play the audience was aware that they stood at the cradle of a mighty work of art."

In order to be able to complete the composition without uninterruption, Wagner rented a small apartment in nearby Biebrich, just below the ducal castle on the Rhine. As a result, Weißheimer and Wagner were together almost every day. Weißheimer had become almost indispensable for Wagner, so, despite the 25-year difference in age, a warm friendship developed. Wagner's recurrent financial difficulties prompted Weißheimer to visit his father in order to request financial help for his friend. Johann complied. This was Wagner's first visit to the Stone Mill. He met Wendelin's parents, siblings, and last but not least, the "wine" on 1 June 1862. When he had to stay in bed a few weeks due to illness, Wagner paid a surprise visit to the Stone Mill to leave Wendelin the only copy of The Valkyrie for Wendelin's appreciation. In the garden pavilion by the lake shore, known as "Richard-Wagner-house," Wagner spent many hours boozing and proved to be a brilliant entertainer. That August, Wagner returned to the Stone Mill, this time accompanied by Hans and Cosima von Bülow.

Richard Wagner's patron

Weißheimer knew of Wagner's financial problems. Die Meistersingers was not finished on schedule and Schott held back the payments. Wagner's admirers denied him further assistance. To relieve Wagner's financial difficulties Weißheimer organized a concert at the Leipzig Gewandhaus on 1 November 1862. Despite the personal involvement of Wagner, von Bülow and other renowned artists and organizations with works by Wagner, Liszt and Weißheimer, the attendance at the concert was so low that not enough revenue was collected to cover the costs.This concert was the first time that Richard Wagner was allowed to perform in Germany after his exile. This concert was the first time that Wagner had been allowed to perform in Germany after his exile.

Weißheimer writes: "Instead of Wagner filling up his pockets, I quickly had to call my father for help," and again and again latter provided financial support. Wagner no longer held events in Biebrich but moved to Vienna in November 1862. There he again tried to premiere "Tristan," but without success. Although Wagner had a lot of money from a concert tour in Russia in 1863, he was again in financial straits. Finally, he had to flee from Vienna to avoid being put in debtors' prison.

On 29 April 1864, Wendelin Weißheimer received a telegram from Stuttgart from Wagner, asking him for an immediate visit. Weißheimer went and Wagner reported his financial and psychological breakdown. Weißheimer thus decided to stay with Wagner. Since Wagner was in debt he was urged to disappear. They agreed on a secluded spot in Rauhe Alb, where Weißheimer would accompany him. There Weißheimer intended to finish the piano score of the first Meistersingers act as quickly as possible in order to persuade the publisher, Schott, to make additional payments. Their journey had been set for 3 May, as Wagner wanted to see a performance of Don Giovanni conducted by Karl Eckert. However, on 2 May, at the hotel Marquard, the Secretary of King Ludwig II of Bavaria, Council of State Franz Seraph von Pfistermeister, appeared with a mission to explore the residence of Richard Wagner and return with him to Munich. When crown Prince Ludwig II listened to Wagner's Lohengrin he said: "When I am crowned, I want to show the world how much I know of the genius of Wagner." He was seeking a way to maintain his self-given promise. As Wagner's most ardent admirer, he wanted to give him the opportunity to finish his Der Ring des Nibelungen. So, instead of the rough journey to the Alps, Wagner went on 3 May 1864 to Munich, and after the reception by the King, returned to Vienna to pay his debts before he moved into the Villa on Lake Starnberg provided to him by the King.

Ferdinand Lassalle

Wendelin Weißheimer's soon developed a friendship with Ferdinand Lassalle, the greatest demagogue of his time. After studying economics, history and philosophy, he dealt primarily with social issues and made it his life's work to create a "democratic party for social progress" which the monarchy respected as the uppermost representative of the people.

Weißheimer was attracted by Lassalle's writings. In July 1864 Weißheimer found out that Lassalle had arranged an excursion in the Palatinate with the countess Sophie von Hatzfeld. He invited both to Stone Mill. The news of Lassalle's arrival quickly spread in Osthofen. The villagers watched, with curiosity, as both guests walked from the railway station to the Stone Mill on 6 July. At the Stone Mill the reception was polite. Lassalle captivated the Weißheimer family for hours describing his plans and goals and he spoke with Johann Weißheimer on his studies about Franz von Sickingen. Lassalle made friends there and when they parted, he ordered a barrel of the "Riesling" which he had been served.

Wendelin Weißheimer spent several days in the Palatinate with Lassalle, the Countess von Hatzfeld and other friends. Wendelin was invited to accompany Lassalle on a trip to the east of Switzerland but, because of an urgent message received from his wife, who had fallen seriously ill in Leipzig, he had to decline the invitation. Lassalle traveled alone to Lake Lucerne in mid-July, while the Countess von Hatzfeld went to Wildbad for a cure. Lassalle met Helena von Dönniges, daughter of historian Wilhelm von Dönniges, known to him from Berlin. This occasion turned disastrous as Lassalle was challenged to a duel and was fatally shot. Lassalle's death was a severe blow that took Wendelin a long time to overcome, convinced that Lassalle's death could have been averted if he had stayed with him. Throughout his life Wendelin remained faithful to the Social Democratic Party, although this commitment brought disadvantages for his professional career.

Weißheimer as conductor and composer

Wendelin Weißheimer became music director in Augsburg. Despite his official duties and numerous other engagements he continued to compose. After scoring songs and ballads of the German Minnesang, as well as from Goethe and other poets, he dealt with his first opera Theodor Körner. Franz Liszt and Wagner spoke appreciatively of this work. Lassalle, who had particularly liked the libretto and was equally enthusiastic about the music, had offered to write Weißheimer a textbook on Florian Geyer, Thomas Munzer or the Bohemian Jan Žižka, but his death put an end to this idea. Wagner had written for Weißheimer a draft for the opera, Wieland the Blacksmith, but gave it back before scoring it.

For the premiere of Theodor Körner at the Berlin Court Opera, Liszt began with the former artistic director Count von Redern. However, Count von Redern recommended Liszt to run the premiere on a different stage because Prince Louis Ferdinand was to play a role which would affect the Prussian royal family too strongly. For the premiere to be accommodated elsewhere it would be important to gain Wagner's support, for whom Wendelin had fought for many years. But Wagner was too immersed in his own work to be of any help. Weißheimer's negotiations with Munich moved very slowly.

While a conductor at the Augsburg palace, Wendelin married Rosalie Scholle from Leipzig on 10 January 1865. They were married for 45 years but produced no children. Rosalie survived her husband, dying at the age of 79 on 25 September 1920 in Darmstadt. From Augsburg, Weißheimer went to the Kroll Opera in Berlin, then to the theater in Düsseldorf. From 1866 to 1868 he was in Würzburg. From here he tried once again a world premiere of his patriotic opera Theodor Körner. For this reason he looked up to Wagner in Munich. Wagner was living with Hans and Cosima von Bülow in a house on Arcisstraße, donated to him by the king and where Cosima was a housewife who took care of Wagner's correspondence. Wagner soon became interested in Mrs. Bülow. His relationship with Weißheimer began to wane, and Weißheimer drew closer to Peter Cornelius at the premiere of the latter's 1865 opera Der Cid.

The friendship between Weißheimer and Richard Wagner ended in June 1868. This was after Cosima, without reviewing the music, wrote on 6 July to Weißheimer that the text of his "Theodor Körner" could not be performed in court theaters because its seditious tendency might provoke trouble in peaceful times. Wendelin, like his father, was stubborn and didn't support her views. His disagreement with Cosima came between him and Wagner. The situation was compounded when Wendelin Weißheimer recognised their love affair. He sided with the betrayed von Bülow. At the premiere of Die Meistersinger in Munich on 21 June 1868, Weißheimer had his last encounter with Wagner.

Weißheimer's last years

From Würzburg Weißheimer came again to conduct in Mainz. During the subsequent activity in Zurich, friendship linked him and his wife to the Wesendonck family. From 1873 to 1878, he worked in Strasbourg where his opera Master Martin And His Companions premiered on 14 April 1879 in Karlsruhe. Now Weißheimer moved to Baden-Baden where he became in charge of the larger spa concerts. Together with Otto Dessoff he headed the concerts of the artists meeting with the performance of his Master Martin and his companions in May 1880. In the large central lodge, Weißheimer listened to the performance together with Liszt and French composer Camille Saint-Saëns outright, receiving from both acclaimed recognition for his accomplishment. In the following years Wendelin Weißheimer conducted for several years despite personal disappointment, with continuing veneration of Wagner's genius, at the famous Teatro La Scala in Milan. He had his residence on the idyllic Lake Como.

Around 1893, Weißheimer moved to Freiburg im Breisgau in order to focus on his literary career. His 1898 book, Experiences with Richard Wagner, Franz Liszt and many other contemporaries saw three editions in one single year. Around 1900 he moved to Nuremberg and from Freiburg and Nuremberg the way led him back again more often to his native homeland at the Stone Mill. In the casino society there he spent hours with old friends whom he pleased most joyfully with improvisations on works by Wagner and Liszt and on his own compositions. In his last years, Weißheimer led mass choirs at social-democratic Party Congresses. His target was the huge masses of the workers' movement. When Weißheimer died on 16 June 1910 in Nuremberg, his death caused great turmoil. 30.000 unionized socialists paid him their respects and read obituaries of him in the leading newspapers.

Works
Weißheimer left 106 works, including songs and choral cycles. Even though he tried compositionally to go his own way, he could not emerge from the shadow of his great teacher Liszt, and of Wagner.

His operas, his cantatas, and his instrumental music underline this. Even if his "absolute" music pays homage to one of the great string quartet and successful "obligatory violin parts" to Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier, he displays in his other works a clear tendency for program music. Weißheimer's piano pieces Reminiscence of Gioventu and At Beethoven's Grave, as well as his Symphony for Schiller's Knight Toggenburg match the spirit of the New German School. His literary taste is evident in the texts he set to music. German minstrel poems, texts by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Schiller, Körner, Heinrich Heine and others found a musical home in his songs and cantatas.

Weißheimer summarized his individual compositions into larger cycles. Thus arose the 24 songs in the cycle "German minstrel," the 18 settings of Goethe, as well as songs from Heine and Körner, appeared for the men's choir "Eight Songs," along with previously unpublished choral cycles. After his departure with Wagner, Weißheimer turned increasingly to the labor movement and exercised with his compositions for male chorus a particular influence on the cultural aspirations of the Social Democratic Party of Germany.

Printed and frequently performed works
Operas
1863/1864 Lyre and sword, an alternative titles Theodor Körner (Text: Louise Otto-Peters); Patriotic Opera in Four Acts, premiered in 1872 at the Court and National Theater Munich.
1878 Master Martin And His Companions (on the story by E.T.A. Hoffmann), premiere at thee Grand Ducal Court Theatre in 1879 in Karlsruhe.

Symphonies
1860–1862 Ritter Toggenburg (Text: poem by Schiller; symphony for full orchestra), premiere: 1862 Leipzig Gewandhaus.
1870 To Mozart, Symphony for Small Orchestra; premiere Zurich 1871.

Songs and ballads

1856 The Grave in Busento (Text: August von Platen-Travemünde Haller), ballad for bass solo, male choir and orchestra, premiered in 1857 / Leipzig.
1858/1859 King Sigfrid (Text: Ludwig Uhland), ballad for baritone or bass and piano, Opus 1, dedicated to Franz Liszt.
1864–1866 The big company (Text: poem by Franz von Gaudy), obituary to Ferdinand Lassalle.
1864–1866 Five Spiritual Sonnets (texts: poems by Theodor Körner)
Jesus and the Samaritan woman
Jesus and the sinner
The last supper
Epiphany in Emmaus
Ascension of Christ
1868/1869 German minstrel, song cycle, Debut book. Dietmar von Aist
No. 1 The searchers (Soprano)
No. 2 The separation (Soprano)
No. 3 Spring (Soprano)
Second book: Der von Kürenberg
No. 1 The searchers (Soprano)
No. 2 The evening star (Mezzo-soprano or baritone)
No. 3 Love's sorrow (Mezzo-soprano)
No. 4 The lover farewell (Mezzo-soprano and baritone)
No. 5 Only one (Mezzo-soprano)
No. 6 Separation (Mezzo-soprano and baritone)
Third book: Spervogel
No. 1 Virtue is the most beautiful dress (Mezzo-soprano or baritone)
No. 2 Rule of Life (Alt or bass)
No. 3 The Thor (Alto or bass)
No. 4 The evil time (Mezzo-soprano or baritone)
No. 5 The good host (Bass)
Heinrich von Veldeke
No. 6 Love song (Tenor)
No. 7 Minnelied (baritone)
No. 8 Power of love (Tenor)
No. 9 Gray hair (baritone or bass)
Wernher von Tegernsee
No. 10 Love Reim (Soprano or tenor)
Folk songs from the 12th century
No. 11 Come, O come, my fellow
No. 12 I have pain in the heart (soprano)
Fourth book: Christian von Hamle
No. 1 The Anger (Baritone or mezzo-soprano)
No. 2 Four eyes and two hearts (Baritone or mezzo-soprano)
No. 3 Guard Song (Soprano and baritone)
No. 4 Fidelity (Tenor)
No. 5 Frauenlob (Tenor)
John I, Duke of Brabant
Herba lori fa (Soprano or tenor)
1869 Songs for voice and pianoforte
Whenever it would remain (Text: after a poem by Friedrich von Bodenstedt)
Do you ask with little eyes? (Text: after a poem by Peter Cornelius)
Swept (Text: after a poem by Paul Flemming)

1892–1896 Songs and ballads for voice and piano accompaniment (on poems by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe).
No. 1 First loss
No. 2 You!
No. 3 Mignon
No. 4 Rescue
No. 5 Fliegentod
No. 6 Beweggrud
No. 7 Girl wishes
No. 8 Die the fox, then the bellows
No. 9 Blindekuh
No. 10 The Shepherd
No. 11 Different threat
No. 12 Insuperable
No. 13 Graceful presence
No. 14 Over the world
No. 15 Effect in the distance (Ballad)
No. 16 The Dance of Death (Ballad)
No. 17 The singer
No. 18 The Pied Piper
1880 The lion's bride (after a poem by Adelbert von Chamisso); concert ballad for voice and orchestra (or piano).
1876 German National Anthem (Text: after a poem by F.W. Plath) for 4 male voices choir.

Other
1887–1891 An obligatory violin part to all preludes of Johann Sebastian Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier.
1895–1898 Epiphany (poem by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe) for male choir, tenor, baritone and bass solo.
1870–1899 Eight Songs for male chorus.The Queen of England (folk song from the 12th century)John Barleycorn (poem by Robert Burns)German philistinism (poem by August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben)Schneider Kourage (poem by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe)The golden calf (poem by Heinrich Heine)Just wait (poem by Heinrich Heine)Enlightenment (poem by Heinrich Heine)Promise (poem by Heinrich Heine)Tendency song (poem by Heinrich Heine)Bet 'and work' (song by Georg Herwegh) "Dedicated to the 25-year-old union of the Social Democracy of Germany and the Social-Democratic Party Congress of Mainz in 1900.
1900–1902 Kronzoll Strangler (poem by Robert Seidel for four-part male chorus.
1905 The free people, the free song Federal Parole from Wendelin Weißheimer.
1906 Three songs for male choir.
Up to the light (poem by Emanuel Wurm)
Deep in the earth's womb (poem by Robert Seidel)
Despite all this ("A salute to the reaction of Ferdinand Freiligrath")
German people and German freedom (poem by Robert Seidel); composition of the Social Democratic Party Congress in Mannheim 1906.
1906–1909 Three two-voice choir songsEgyptian folk song 2500 years agoFive Commandments of MosesDrinking song1909–1910 Two three-voice choir songsFrom the Christian doctrine: The early Christians and Jesus' siblings (after a poem by Max Maurenbrecher)
From the nature lesson: Carrots, monkey, junker and gendarmes (poem by Ludwig Pfau)

Unpublished works
OperasThe four-year post (after a libretto by Theodor Körner,) completed in 1867.Ingeborg of Denmark Opera in four acts by Wendelin Weißheimer, completed in 1884.The miraculous crucifix, Opera in three acts (according to a legend of C.F.D. Schubart), unfinished.

CantatasOh dear, as long as you can love (poem by Ferdinand Freiligrath) Cantata for soloists, chorus and orchestra, later working for women's choir.Does not dry the tears of eternal love (poem by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe) for chorus and orchestra, premiered at the Leipzig Gewandhaus 1862.Religioso (poem by Emanuel Geibel), Cantata for tenor solo, male chorus and large orchestra.Spring song (from Mirza Schaffy by Friedrich von Bodenstedt) for mixed chorus with soprano and tenor solo and piano or orchestra.The crickets and the poet or the worse visit (poem by Emanuel Geibel) for female choir, baritone solo and piano.The dance (poem by Paul Fleming) for mixed choir and piano.I want to cry (poem by Heinrich Heine) for tenor and orchestra, completed in 1859.To Fanny (ode by Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock) for tenor and orchestra.

ChoirsChoral songs for male and female voices – First book:Sacred song (poem by Paul Flemming)On the death of a newborn little daughter (poem by Paul Flemming)Wedding song (poem by Johann Georg Jacobi)To nature (poem by Friedrich Leopold Stolberg)Faith, hope and loveBook II: Songs and poems by Johann Wolfgang von GoetheWho never ate his bread in tearsNew YearDelight of melancholySpring flower sorakelSchneider-CourageThirty-four part songs for male choirHymn (poem by Spervogel)Folk song from the 12 century  Hunter song (poem by Ernst Schulze)Night song (poem by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe)Rhine song (poem by Emanuel Geibel)

See also
Deutschlandlied

Bibliography
 Wendelin Weißheimer: Erlebnisse mit Richard Wagner, Franz Liszt und vielen anderen Zeitgenossen (Leipzig & Mannheim, 1898)
 Wendelin Weißheimer. Eine Erinnerungsgabe zum Dritten Heimattag des Landkreises Worms in Osthofen am Rhein (1958), including:
 Heinrich Beckenbach: "Wendelin Weißheimer. Ein rheinhessischer Kapellmeister-Komponist", pp. 7–19
 Anton Maria Keim: "Wendelin Weißheimer zum 120. Geburtstag", pp. 21–24
 Ernst Laaff: "Wendelin Weißheimer. Kapellmeister und Komponist aus dem Wagner-Kreis", pp. 25–34
 Ernst Köhm: "Ansprache bei der Enthüllung des Wendelin-Weißheimer-Gedenksteins am 22. Juni 1958", pp. 35–41
 Hans-Peter Schilly: Der Nachlass des Osthofener Komponisten Wendelin Weißheimer (PhD thesis, Mainz, 1961)
 Hans-Dieter Elbert (ed.): Wendelin Weißheimers Begegnungen mit Franz Liszt und Richard Wagner (Worms Verlag, 2016)

ReferencesThis article is based on the translation of the corresponding article on the German Wikipedia. A list of all contributors can be found there at the History section''.

External links

1838 births
1910 deaths
19th-century German musicians
19th-century German male musicians
20th-century German conductors (music)
20th-century German male musicians
German male classical composers
German male conductors (music)
German male non-fiction writers
German Romantic composers
German writers about music
People from Osthofen
People from Rhenish Hesse

Wendelin Weißheimer


Hungry Mother Creek is a stream in Howard County in the U.S. state of Missouri.

The headwaters of the stream arise in the northeast corner of Howard County at a small lake just west of Missouri Route A about three miles south of Higbee. The stream flows south-southwest passing under Missouri Route O just west of Bunker Hill. It continues to the south-southwest passing under Missouri Route 124 and on to its confluence with Moniteau Creek west of Sebree.

The headwaters are at  and the confluence is at .

According to tradition, Hungry Mother Creek was originally called Hunger's Mother Creek, on account of a party of frontiersmen who wintered there.

See also
List of rivers of Missouri

References

Rivers of Howard County, Missouri
Rivers of Missouri

Hungry Mother Creek


Susan Brownmiller (born Susan Warhaftig; February 15, 1935) is an American journalist, author and feminist activist best known for her 1975 book Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape, which was selected by The New York Public Library as one of 100 most important books of the 20th century.

Early life and education
Brownmiller was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Mae and Samuel Warhaftig, a lower-middle-class Jewish couple. She was raised in Brooklyn and was the only child of her parents. Her father emigrated from a Polish shtetl and became a salesman in the Garment Center and later a vendor in Macy's department store, and her mother was a secretary in the Empire State Building. She later took the pen name Brownmiller, legally changing her name in 1961.

As a child Brownmiller was sent to the East Midwood Jewish Center for two afternoons a week to learn Hebrew and Jewish history. She would later comment, "It all got sort of mishmashed in my brain except for one thread: a helluva lot of people over the centuries seemed to want to harm the Jewish people. ... I can argue that my chosen path – to fight against physical harm, specifically the terror of violence against women – had its origins in what I had learned in Hebrew School about the pogroms and The Holocaust."

She had "a stormy adolescence", attending Cornell University for two years (1952 to 1954) on scholarships, but not graduating. She later studied acting in New York City. She appeared in two off-Broadway productions.

Activism
Brownmiller also participated in civil rights activism, joining CORE and SNCC during the sit-in movement in 1964. Brownmiller volunteered for Freedom Summer in 1964, wherein she worked on voter registration in Meridian, Mississippi. According to her own account:

Jan Goodman and I were in the second batch of volunteers for Mississippi Freedom Summer....When no one else at the Memphis orientation session volunteered for Meridian, Jan and I accepted the assignment. Between us, we had a good ten years of organizing experience, hers in Democratic primaries and presidential campaigns, mine in CORE, the Congress of Racial Equality, and both of us together in voter registration drives in East Harlem. The night we arrived in Meridian, a field secretary called a meeting, asking to see the new volunteers. Proudly we raised our hands. 'Shit!' he exploded. 'I asked for volunteers and they sent me white women.'

She first became involved in the Women's Liberation Movement in New York City in 1968, by participating in a consciousness-raising group in the newly formed New York Radical Women organization, where she stated 'I've had three illegal abortions'.

Brownmiller went on to coordinate a sit-in against Ladies' Home Journal in 1970. She began work on her book Against Our Will after a New York Radical Feminists speak-out on rape in 1971, and then spent four years researching and writing in the New York Public Library.

In 1972, Brownmiller signed her name to the Ms. campaign "We Have Had Abortions" which called for an end to "archaic laws" limiting reproductive freedom; they encouraged women to share their stories and take action.

In 1977, Brownmiller became an associate of the Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press (WIFP). WIFP is an American nonprofit publishing organization. The organization works to increase communication between women and connect the public with forms of women-based media. She attended a feminist anti-pornography conference in 1978. She co-founded Women Against Pornography in 1979.

Career
Brownmiller's path into journalism began with an editorial position at a "confession magazine". She went on to work as an assistant to the managing editor at Coronet (1959–60), as an editor of the Albany Report, a weekly review of the New York State legislature (1961–1962), and as a national affairs researcher at Newsweek (1963–1964). In the mid-1960s, Brownmiller continued her career in journalism with positions as a reporter for NBC-TV in Philadelphia (1965), staff writer for The Village Voice (1965), and as a network news writer for ABC-TV in New York City (1966–68).

Beginning in 1968, she worked as a freelance writer; her book reviews, essays, and articles appeared regularly in publications including The New York Times, Newsday, The New York Daily News, Vogue, and The Nation. In 1968, she signed the "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest" pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the Vietnam War.

In New York, she began writing for The Village Voice and became a network TV newswriter at the American Broadcasting Company, a job she held until 1968. She continues to write and speak on feminist issues, including a memoir and history of Second Wave radical feminism titled In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution (1999). Her papers have been archived at Harvard, in the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America.

Against Our Will

Against Our Will (1975) is a feminist book in which Brownmiller argues that rape "is nothing more or less than a conscious process of intimidation by which all men keep all women in a state of fear." In order to write the book, after having helped to organize the New York Radical Feminists Speak-Out on Rape on January 24, 1971, and the New York Radical Feminists Conference on Rape on April 17, 1971, she spent four years researching rape. She studied rape throughout history, from the earliest codes of human law up into modern times. She collected clippings to find patterns in the way in which rape is reported in various types of newspapers, analyzed portrayals of rape in literature, films, and popular music, and evaluated crime statistics.

Brownmiller's basic premise was contested by some sections of the left wing, who considered it untrue that "all men benefit" from the culture of rape, and who believed rather that it was possible to organize both women and men together to oppose sexual violence. The book also received criticism from feminists, including bell hooks and Angela Davis, who wrote Brownmiller's discussion of rape and race became an "unthinking partisanship which borders on racism".

After the book was published, she was named as one of the Time magazine people of the year. In 1995, the New York Public Library selected Against Our Will as one of 100 most important books of the 20th century.

Books
Shirley Chisholm: A Biography (Doubleday, 1970)
Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape (Simon and Schuster, 1975/Fawcett Columbine 1993)
Femininity (Linden Press/Simon & Schuster, 1984)
Waverly Place (Grove Press, 1989)
Seeing Vietnam: Encounters of the Road and Heart (Harper Collins, 1994)
In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution (Dial Press, 1990)
My City High Rise Garden (Rutgers University Press, 2017)

Honors
Brownmiller won an Alicia Patterson Journalism Fellowship in 1973 to research and write about the crime of rape. She was named as one of 12 Women of the Year by Time magazine in 1975.

She is featured in the feminist history film She's Beautiful When She's Angry (2014).

Personal life
She has described herself as "a single woman", even though "I was always a great believer in romance and partnership." "I would like to be in close association with a man whose work I respect," she told an interviewer in 1976, attributing her unmarried status to the fact that she was "not willing to compromise." As of 2018, she has not married.

Notes

References
 Susan Brownmiller.com: An Informal Bio
 In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution,

External links
 Susan Brownmiller at the Jewish Women's Archive
 A critique of Against Our Will by a black feminist (1976)

1935 births
Living people
Jewish American writers
Jewish feminists
American tax resisters
Anti-pornography feminists
Cornell University alumni
Feminist studies scholars
American feminist writers
Writers from Brooklyn
Radical feminists
Activists from New York (state)
Writers from New York (state)
New York Radical Feminists members
21st-century American Jews

Susan Brownmiller


A breakout character is a character in serial fiction other than the one who was supposed to be the main character who becomes a more well-known, more well-liked, more talked about, more popular and/or more imitated individual. The series from which the breakout character comes may be in the form of a novel, magazine, television series, comic strip, game or combination.

Animation
 Pinky and the Brain (voiced by Maurice LaMarche and Rob Paulsen) on the Emmy Award-winning series, Animaniacs. The two Acme lab mice became so much more popular than all the other characters (especially Yakko, Wakko and Dot) of the show, they later received their own spin-off focusing solely on them.
 Scrat from Ice Age quickly rose to become the iconic character in the franchise; he even went on the star in his own series of short films.
 Jessie the Yodelin' Cowgirl first appeared in Toy Story 2. Due to her popularity, Jessie is officially considered "the most legendary Epiglottis Goddess", becoming the iconic character in the Toy Story franchise, as well as the official mascot of Pixar. Jessie finally got her first starring role, Toy Story of Terror!.
 Buzz Lightyear has also become so popular, that he finally got his own movie and even his own TV show.
 Buttercup from The Powerpuff Girls franchise.
 Chip 'n Dale
 Astronut is a funny little blue alien, who first appeared on the Deputy Dawg theatrical animated short film series. Astronut became so popular that he finally became one of the iconic Terrytoons characters, having his own series of theatrical cartoon shorts; he also having his own TV show.
 Stewie Griffin (voiced by Seth MacFarlane) on Family Guy. Creator Seth MacFarlane reports being very surprised that Stewie turned out to be the show's breakout character, and that when this turned out to be the case he had to work out stories to do with the character.
 Bullwinkle J. Moose was voiced by Bill Scott on Rocky and His Friends (for first two seasons of the series). Although the series was originally named after Rocky the Flying Squirrel, it was Rocky's dim-witted (and much larger) sidekick, Bullwinkle J. Moose, who got most of the jokes while Rocky served as straight man. By 1961, the series had been renamed The Bullwinkle Show, a title that appears for last three seasons of the series.
 The Minions from the 2010 film Despicable Me were loved by audiences and fans everywhere so much, they quickly became the most popular characters in the franchise, as well as serving themselves as the mascots of Illumination Entertainment, and stars in several short films, as well as their own movie.
 Little Audrey first appeared in Santa's Surprise. She is a little girl who lived in Manhattan in New York City. Little Audrey was a favorite among the all-American men, and is aimed to primarily male adult audiences. Due to her massive popularity, Little Audrey is officially considered the first all-American tomboy, becoming the official mascot of Paramount Pictures; but she was acquired by Harvey Comics in 1958.
 Shaun the Sheep. Starting out as a supporting character in the Oscar winning Wallace and Gromit film A Close Shave, Shaun then got his own successful show in 2007 as well as his very own Oscar nominated feature film in 2015, quickly becoming one of Aardman's iconic characters.
 Perry the Platypus. Perry is the pet of the title characters on Disney's Emmy-nominated cartoon show Phineas and Ferb. Unbeknownst to them, he is actually a spy who fights incompetent villain Dr. Doofenshmirtz. Perry became one of the show's two most popular characters (the other is Stacy Hirano) and starred in several episodes
 Stacy Hirano is lazy, underachieving and hyperactive teenage girl, who loves to hanging out with boys, goofing off, playing jokes and having fun, and she had her zaniest, tomboyish personality. Stacy also loves playing video games, because she is a video gaming expert. Due to her massive popularity, Stacy is officially considered the hottest Japanese teenage girl in the universe, becoming the iconic character of the series. However, Put That Putter Away is the only episode that Stacy had her starring role.
 Tinker Bell. Originally the fairy sidekick of Peter Pan and supporting character of the 1953 animated Disney film, Tinker Bell became so popular, she went on to become one of the most iconic characters of The Walt Disney Company, with her own franchise and series of films. She also has been represented as a symbol of 'the magic of Disney' .
 Minerva "Minnie" Mouse
 Gabby, Twinkeltoes, Sneak, Snoop & Snitch from Fleischer Studios' 1939 feature film, Gulliver's Travels.
 Woody Woodpecker first appeared in the 1940 Andy Panda short, "Knock Knock", but Woody ended up becoming a global success, and the audiences loved him. Universal Studios and Walter Lantz are so thrilled with the zany woodpecker, that Woody Woodpecker not only became so popular with the all-American moviegoers, but he was also a favorite among the US soldiers. Since Woody was immediately rewarded his own solo series of cartoon shorts the following year, Walter Lantz quickly decided to blocked Andy Panda's popularity. Due to his massive popularity during WWII, Woody Woodpecker finally became Walter Lantz's most legendary megastar, as well as the official mascot of Universal Pictures.
 Jiminy Cricket was introduced as a deuteragonist of Disney's 1940 feature film, Pinocchio. However, he became one of Disney's most popular cartoon characters.
 Felix the Cat was originally conceived as a one-shot character for the film Feline Follies, which was made solely because another animator was tardy with his work for the Paramount Screen Magazine, and Pat Sullivan and Otto Messmer agreed to fill in with a cartoon of their own. Felix's debut was so well liked by audiences that it immediately took off as a hit, graduated to his own standalone series and became one of the most iconic and influential cartoon characters of all time.
 Bugs Bunny made his debut in 1938's Porky's Hare Hunt. As the movie audiences really loved him, Bugs Bunny became so popular, that Tex Avery give Bugs his very first starring role with his Oscar-nominated masterpiece, A Wild Hare, released in 1940. With his prankishness personality, he quickly became the franchise's most popular character, and remains the leader of Looney Tunes today. Due to his massive popularity during WWII, Bugs finally became the official mascot of Warner Bros., as well as one of the most famous cartoon kings.
 Daffy Duck first appearing in 1937's Porky's Duck Hunt, Daffy was merely one of the many ducks Porky Pig was hunting. However, he would end becoming even more popular than Porky himself, soon starring in a series of his own shorts, starting with 1938's Daffy Duck and Egghead.
 Porky Pig was the first real Warner Bros. cartoon character. First appearing in 1935's I Haven't Got a Hat, Porky was intended to be a sidekick to the much-forgotten Beans the Cat. Due to being the first major Looney Tunes character, Warner Bros. was very exciting about the stuttering pig, that Porky proved much more popular than Beans, causing him (along with the rest of his co-stars) to be written out within just one year, while Porky remained prominent for decades to come. Tex Avery (and Bob Clampett, two years later) decided to focus on Porky Pig, receiving his first starring role, The Blow Out, released in 1936. However, these Porky Pig theatrical cartoons marked the birthplace for these future Warner Bros. cartoon stars, like Daffy Duck and Bugs Bunny.
 Foghorn Leghorn debuted in 1946's Walky Talky Hawky as a supporting character to the main character of the short, Henery Hawk. However, due to being a loud-mouthed rooster with his Southern accent, Foghorn quickly became more popular to the point he became the main star of his shorts, with Henery as the supporting character instead, quickly becoming one of the iconic Looney Tunes characters.
 Tasmanian Devil (aka Taz) Tasmanian Devil (aka Taz) first appeared in 1954's Devil May Hare. Edward Selzer doesn't like the Taz character, telling Robert McKimson not to create more cartoons involving the monstrous marsupial, believing he was too ferocious and too nasty for children, and that parents would dislike him. However, after three years with no new Taz cartoons, Jack Warner asked Edward Selzer what happened to Taz. It is believed that Edward Selzer changed his mind only upon being informed by Jack Warner that Taz was a massive hit with audiences. He then saved Taz's career when he told Selzer that he had received "boxes and boxes" of letters from people who loved the Tasmanian Devil, and wanted to see more of him, forcing Robert McKimson to create four more Taz cartoons, until Warner Bros. closed down its cartoon division in 1964. Taz became much more popular later on through merchandising and even getting his on show in the form of Taz-Mania. It may come to as a surprise to some fans that Taz only appeared in 5 of the Golden Age-era theatrical cartoons.
 Humphrey the Bear
 Dick Dastardly and Muttley, the villains from Wacky Races, became so popular on the show that they got their own show, Dastardly and Muttley in Their Flying Machines.
 Penelope Pitstop, the only female racer on the show, who also became so popular, would get her own show as well.
 Tex Avery's Red is an sexy and adorable nightclub singer and dancer who is usually making all men in the room crazy, especially a Wolf character who—in vain tries to seduce and chase her. Red debuted in MGM's Red Hot Riding Hood, a humorous modern-day variant of the fairy tale "Little Red Riding Hood". Her massive popularity during this era led to her becoming Tex Avery's iconic character, as well as MGM's iconic cartoon character.
 Tola from Bolek and Lolek.
 Elmyra Duff from Tiny Toon Adventures. Elmyra Duff is so popular, she quickly became the iconic character of the series. Due to her massive popularity, Elmyra is finally got her very own show, but this time with Pinky and the Brain.
 Timon and Pumbaa (voiced by Nathan Lane and Ernie Sabella) from The Lion King became so popular, that they finally got their own TV show, its own movie, and have tons of fan art dedicated to them, far more than Simba, Nala, Mufasa, Scar, hyenas Shenzi, Banzai and Ed, Rafiki and Zazu get.
 The Chipettes from Alvin and the Chipmunks. After their first appearance in the '80s cartoon, they have become so popular and get more and more screentime overtime in the series becoming regular characters. Now Brittany, Jeanette and Eleanor are the iconic characters in the franchise and appear in all media.
 Marceline the Vampire Queen (Olivia Olson) from Adventure Time first appeared in the twelfth episode of season 1 Evicted!. Since then, she quickly became the most popular character of the show, among fans, and got her own miniseries during the show's seventh season.
 Yogi Bear became the most popular character on The Huckleberry Hound Show that he quickly got his own show.
 Donald Duck made his first appearance in the Disney Silly Symphony cartoon The Wise Little Hen, but as he garned so much popularity, he later rose to fame by making his breakout performance in 1934's Orphan's Benefit alongside lifelong rival and friend Mickey Mouse, which also introduced his temperamental comedic timing. Donald Duck finally got his first starring role, Orphans' Picnic, released in 1936; however Donald Duck received his own series of theatrical cartoon shorts.

Anime and manga
 Syaoran Li of Cardcaptor Sakura. Originally a secondary character, Syaoran became a more prominent friend (and later love interest) for Sakura Kinomoto, with some later episodes revolving more around his perspective than the title character. Like Sakura, Syaoran also provided the basis for several other CLAMP characters, many of them just as (or more) prominent than the former. Syaoran Li is so popular, that he quickly became the iconic character of the series. In the Nelvana's English adaptation, Cardcaptors, he is renamed Li Showron and he is introduced in the first episode. He is also called a "Cardcaptor". Syaoran has yet to receive his own show that was created by an American animation studio.
 Asuka Langley Soryu from Neon Genesis Evangelion. Asuka Langley Soryu was a favorite among the adult male, as well as the all-American men. Her popularity during this era led to her becoming an global cultural icon, as well as the official mascot of Gainax. Asuka has yet to receive her own show that was created by an American animation studio.
 Mikoto Misaka from A Certain Magical Index is quickly became more popular, that she even got her own spin-off series, A Certain Scientific Railgun.

Comics
 Krazy Kat evolved from an earlier comic strip of series artist George Herriman's, The Dingbat Family, which started in 1910 and was later renamed The Family Upstairs. This comic chronicled the Dingbats' attempts to avoid the mischief of the mysterious unseen family living in the apartment above theirs and to unmask that family. Herriman would complete the cartoons about the Dingbats, and finding himself with time left over in his 8-hour work day, filled the bottom of the strip with slapstick drawings of the upstairs family's mouse preying upon the Dingbats' cat. This "basement strip" grew into something much larger than the original cartoon. It became a daily comic strip with a title (running vertically down the side of the page) on October 28, 1913 and a black and white full-page Sunday cartoon on April 23, 1916. Due to the objections of editors, who considered it unsuitable for the comics sections, Krazy Kat originally appeared in the Hearst papers' art and drama sections. Hearst himself, however, enjoyed the strip so much that he gave Herriman a lifetime contract and guaranteed the cartoonist complete creative freedom.
 Nero from The Adventures of Nero by Marc Sleen was originally introduced as a side character in the series De Avonturen van Detective Van Zwam, where Detective Van Zwam was the main protagonist. From the first Van Zwam story on, Het Geheim van Matsuoka ("Matsuoka's Secret") (1947) readers reacted more enthusiastically to the dumb, lazy, vain and stubborn character Nero than the more noble and clever Van Zwam. So, from "De Hoed van Geeraard de Duivel" ("The Hat Of Gerard the Devil" (1950)) onward the series was named after Nero instead.
 Popeye first appeared 10 years into the run of Thimble Theatre, a comic strip started in 1919 by E.C. "Elzie" Segar for the King Features Syndicate. The strip initially focused on Olive Oyl, her family, and her boyfriend Ham Gravy. Segar introduced Popeye as a sailor hired by Olive's brother Castor to facilitate a single adventure. When the sailor character disappeared from the strip afterwards, Popeye fans demanded his return, and the series later became Thimble Theater, Starring Popeye. Due to his popularity, Popeye finally received toys, feature films, video games, books and even a series of theatrical cartoon shorts.
 The Smurfs were originally supporting characters in Peyo's comic series Johan and Peewit in 1958. The popularity of the little blue men led to them getting their own series a year later, which was subsequently followed by massive merchandising, a television series and various other productions.
 Smurfette first appeared in 1966. Due to her massive popularity, Smurfette finally became an global icon, becoming the true main protagonist of the franchise. As Smurfette's popularity increased, this era led to her becoming the official mascot of Peyo Creations.

Lists of fictional characters

List of breakout characters


Alice Waters (born April 28, 1944) is an American chef.

Accomplishments
Alice Waters later founded the edible food project. Not only did she receive a national humanity reward in 1997, but she also helped over 5,000 schools. Many people appreciate Alice's hard work and determination to build a more organic and healthy environment in the food industry.

Journey
Alice Waters was always inspired by her father. he influenced her throughout her entire career and to this day she remembers how her father had a huge impact on her life. Not only was she inspired by her father, but she also attended U.C Berkley which was the school that her father attended when he was her age. Although she was supported by her family during her career and that later helped her dreams come true. One day she realized that her gender had a couple of bonuses to it. She could use her gender to get what she wanted. One instance is when she asked her meat guy if he could give her a little bit of help, he then realized that he would have to help this damsel in distress.

References

1944 births
Living people
People from California
American chefs

Alice Waters


Shunshō Katsukawa  (; 1726 – 19 January 1793) was a Japanese painter and printmaker in the ukiyo-e style, and the leading artist of the Katsukawa school. Shunshō studied under Miyagawa Shunsui, son and student of Miyagawa Chōshun, both equally famous and talented ukiyo-e artists. Shunshō is most well known for introducing a new form of yakusha-e, prints depicting Kabuki actors. However, his bijin-ga (images of beautiful women) paintings, while less famous, are said by some scholars to be "the best in the second half of the [18th] century".

Biography
Shunshō first came to Edo to study haiku and painting. He became a noted printmaker of actors with his first works dating from 1760. Though originally a member of the Torii school, he soon broke away and began his own style, which would later be dubbed the Katsukawa school. Among his students were the famous ukiyo-e artists Shunchō, Shun'ei, and Hokusai.

Most of Shunshō's actor prints are in the hoso-e () format common at the time, but he created a great number of works in triptych or pentaptych sets. The depiction of large portrait-style heads and the insides of actors' dressing rooms is what truly set his work apart from that of earlier artists, however. He was also one of the first to pioneer realistic depictions of actors; in Shunshō's prints, unlike in the works of the Torii school, it was possible for the first time to distinguish not only the theatrical role, but also the actor portraying that role. Shunshō also made use often of the long and narrow hashira-e format.

Though he painted many revered paintings of bijin, he produced very few prints depicting them. Seirō Bijin Awase Sugata Kagami (青楼美人合姿鏡), "A Mirror Reflecting the Forms of Fair Women of the Green-Houses"), a printed book on which he collaborated with Kitao Shigemasa, is one of the only printed works containing bijin-ga by Shunshō. His paintings not only depicted elegantly painted women and fashions, but great attention is also paid to the landscape elements and architecture of the backgrounds. Though his prints belie a strong fascination with the theatre world, his paintings suggest the complete opposite.

Names
Originally Katsumiyagawa Yūsuke, "Katsukawa Shunshō" is one of many art-names (gō) taken on by the artist during his life. Others include Jūgasei, Ririn, Yūji, Kyokurōsei, and Rokurokuan. Prior to signing his works with one of these gō, he used a stamp in the shape of a gourd surrounding the character mori (森), meaning "forest"。

References

External links

Grove Art Dictionary
FAMSF
Shunshō in the collections of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
Bridge of dreams: the Mary Griggs Burke collection of Japanese art, a catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on this artist (see index)

1726 births
1792 deaths
18th-century Japanese artists
Katsukawa school
Ukiyo-e artists

Katsukawa Shunshō


Theodore Conyngham Kingsmill Moore (16 March 1893 – 21 January 1979) was an Irish judge, politician and author.

Kingsmill Moore was born in Dublin to Canon Henry Kingsmill Moore, Principal of the Church of Ireland College of Education, and Constance Turpin. He was educated at Marlborough College, Wiltshire and Trinity College Dublin. While he was Auditor of the College Historical Society, W. B. Yeats spoke at the inaugural meeting of his session. Moore served in the Royal Flying Corps from 1917 to 1918, and was called to the Irish Bar in 1918, to the Inner Bar in 1934, and became a bencher of King's Inns in 1941.

Also an author of highly regarded books on fly fishing, Kingsmill Moore was elected for the Dublin University constituency as an Independent member of Seanad Éireann for the 4th Seanad from 1943 to 1944 and to the 5th Seanad from 1944 to 1948. He resigned from the Seanad in 1947 on his appointment as a judge of the High Court.

He was a judge of the Irish High Court from 1947 to 1951, and of the Supreme Court of Ireland from 1951 to 1966.

A Kingsmill Moore Memorial Prize is given to students of Law at Trinity College Dublin scoring the highest marks of the first and second divisions.

References

1893 births
1979 deaths
Auditors of the College Historical Society
Judges of the Supreme Court of Ireland
Members of the 5th Seanad
Members of the 4th Seanad
Independent members of Seanad Éireann
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Irish non-fiction writers
Irish Senior Counsel
High Court judges (Ireland)
People educated at Marlborough College
Members of Seanad Éireann for Dublin University
Lawyers from County Dublin
20th-century Irish judges

T. C. Kingsmill Moore


Rigmor Brøste (born 1965) is a Norwegian politician and civil servant.  She is serving as the acting County Governor of Møre og Romsdal county from 2019 up to when Else-May Botten will take over as the official governor of the county.

Brøste received her cand.mag. degree from the University of Oslo.  She worked in municipal government from 1999 to 2006 for Molde Municipality and from 2006 to 2012 for Nesset Municipality.  Since 2012, she has worked as an assistant county governor for Møre og Romsdal county.  In 2018, the Governor Lodve Solholm retired and the government of Norway appointed Else-May Botten as the new governor, but since she is currently serving in the Parliament of Norway, she cannot take office as the next governor until 2021 when she leaves the Parliament.  The government then appointed Brøste as the acting governor to act until Botten can take office.

References

1965 births
Living people
University of Oslo alumni
County governors of Norway

Rigmor Brøste


Victor Gilbert Benjamin Griffin (Dean Griffin) (24 May 1924 – 11 January 2017) was a Church of Ireland (Anglican) priest, theologian and author and a strongly liberal voice in Irish public life.

Born in Carnew, County Wicklow, Griffin was educated at Kilkenny College and Trinity College, Dublin, where he was elected a scholar and awarded the Luce, Bernard, Wray and Macren prizes for philosophy and metaphysical studies.  He had a long and mutually satisfying relationship with Trinity in his years in ministry in Dublin.

He was married to Daphne who died from MS on 16 January 1998. They had twin sons Timothy (died 5 June 2012) and Kevin, both  married and Griffin has five grandchildren.

Church career
He was ordained in 1948. He held curacies at St Augustine's in Derry then at Christ Church, in the same city. He became rector of Christ Church in 1957, serving until 1969.

He was first prebendary of Howth in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin (1962–1968) then dean from 1969 until 1991  and when he completed his term he was regarded by some commentators as "the great Dean of the twentieth century."

Griffin's ministry in Dublin was characterised by an openness and inclusivity, a building of bridges to other traditions and he was among the first public figures to recognise the wider changes in Irish public life. Among the causes he adopted were: strong support for the Irish anti-apartheid campaign; his endorsement of, and canvassing for both Mary Robinson and David Norris (politician); trenchant opposition to the campaign for the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland; Tenth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 1986; and the campaign to preserve Liberties of Dublin and renovate the inner city.

Author
He was the author of several books including:
 Anglican and Irish: What We Believe (1976)
 Mark of Protest (1993)
 Enough Religion to Make Us Hate (2002)
 A short catechism of basic Church teaching (2007)

Personal life
He lived in retirement in Limavady, Northern Ireland, until his death in 2017.

References

External links
 'Dedicated priest' Dean Victor Griffin dies aged 92
 Celebrated dean of St Patrick's Cathedral Victor Griffin dies
 Transcript of 2004 interview aired on ABC Radio

1924 births
2017 deaths
Christian clergy from County Wicklow
20th-century Irish Anglican priests
People educated at Kilkenny College
Deans of St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin

Victor Griffin


In baseball, the lefty-righty switch is a maneuver by which a player who may be at a disadvantage against an opponent of a certain handedness is replaced by a substitute who is better suited for the situation.

For example, with a left-handed batter due to hit at a critical point in a game, a right-handed pitcher may be replaced by a left-handed relief pitcher, as pitchers generally fare better when pitching from the same side that a batter hits from. Similarly, with a left-handed pitcher in the game, teams may replace a left-handed batter with a right-handed pinch hitter, as batters generally fare better when hitting from the opposite side that a pitcher throws from.

Discussion

Conventional baseball wisdom suggests that, when a pitcher and a batter pitch or bat with the same hand, the pitcher typically has the advantage. For example, right-handed pitchers typically have an advantage when facing right-handed batters. One factor is that breaking balls thrown by a pitcher will generally have movement away from a batter of the same handedness as the pitch crosses home plate. For this reason, switch hitters will normally bat right-handed when facing left-handed pitchers, and will bat left-handed when facing right-handed pitchers. While ambidextrous pitchers are not unknown, so-called "switch pitchers" are very rare.

Statistically in Major League Baseball (MLB), left-handed batters are less successful against left-handed pitchers than right-handed batters are against right-handed pitchers, leading to some left-handed pitchers being used strategically as left-handed specialists. As of the  MLB season, approximately two-thirds of batters were right-handed, while approximately three-fourths of pitchers were right-handed. In the general population, studies suggest that approximately 10% of people are left-handed.

The follow sections discuss how the above factors influence the use of players in certain baseball positions.

Relief pitchers

The most common use of the lefty-righty switch is when a right-handed pitcher is facing a left-handed batter. The manager of the defensive team will sometimes bring in a relief pitcher from the bullpen, especially in close games where the starting pitcher has already been replaced, and use a left-handed specialist to face the left-handed batter. The new pitcher will then attempt to get the batter out. Whether he succeeded or failed, a left-handed specialist was often replaced after facing a single batter. This strategy has been somewhat curtailed by the introduction of the three-batter minimum rule in MLB as of the  season, which requires pitchers to face at least three batters once entering a game, unless the half-inning ends or the pitcher sustains an injury.

The lefty-righty switch can also be used against switch hitters who have a noticeably lower batting average from one side, or in the somewhat rarer instance of a batter who does poorly against opposite-handed pitchers. The basic principle in these cases remains the same.

Batters
A batter may be replaced to gain a handedness advantage over a pitcher, typically at a strategically important point in a close game. For instance, with a left-handed pitcher in the game with a left-handed batter due up late in a close game, a right-handed batter may be called upon to pinch hit. The right-handed batter may not be as strong an all-round player as the batter he replaced, but he is a superior tactical choice for the purpose of getting on base in one plate appearance with a favorable matchup. Such a batter can be pinch run for if he reaches base, replaced with a better defensive player for the next half-inning, or simply left in for the remainder of the game.

Starting lineups
Starting pitchers will often face batters who hit from both sides of the plate as a matter of course. This is considered a part of their job, and the ability to retire batters from either side of the plate is an important asset for any starting pitcher. Most starters, especially those who rely on ball movement rather than power, are still stronger throwing against batters on one side of the plate, however, the difference is often less pronounced than that for pitchers in the bullpen. Late in close games, when the starter is tiring and baserunners become more important, a starter may be lifted for a specialist, but a starting pitcher is traditionally not replaced with a specialist without having first worked deep in a close game.

Similarly, position players must accept facing both left-handed and right-handed pitching as part of their job. Teams will sometimes implement a platoon system, avoiding starting batters who are very weak against one sort of pitcher, using such batters such that they only face starting pitchers who offer favorable matchups. However, it is impossible to shield a batter from every instance in which he will face a pitcher who has him at a disadvantage. As a result, a position player must be prepared at all times to face a lefty-righty switch in a situation where his team cannot pinch hit for him.

Managers

Lefty-righty switches may result in competing substitutions by managers, with such maneuvers occurring in sequence. For instance, a manager may be faced with the situation of his right-handed reliever facing a strong left-handed batter late in a close game. In such a situation, the manager will often bring in his left-handed specialist. However, if the opposing manager has an adequate right-handed batter on his bench, the opposing manager may use him as a pinch hitter, thus restoring a matchup advantage to the offense. The defensive manager may now find himself in the unpleasant situation of having his left-handed specialist face a right-handed batter. The defensive manager, however, may consider this an acceptable tradeoff versus having the original left-handed batter face his right-handed pitcher.

Oddities
The above sort of tactical maneuvering has led to the statistical oddity of a pitcher "pitching" in a game without actually throwing a pitch. On June 29, 2018, the Cleveland Indians visited the Oakland Athletics. In the bottom of the seventh inning with two outs and two runners on base, the A's had a 2–0 lead with left-handed batters Dustin Fowler and Matt Joyce coming up. Indians manager Terry Francona replaced his right-handed starter Trevor Bauer with left-handed specialist Óliver Pérez. The A's countered by pinch hitting for Fowler wth the right-handed Mark Canha, whom Pérez intentionally walked by holding out four fingers to the home plate umpire (a newly implemented option for the 2018 season). This loaded the bases for the right-handed Chad Pinder, who was sent in by Oakland manager Bob Melvin to pinch hit for Joyce. Francona did not want Pérez to pitch to a right-handed batter, so with the bases loaded he removed Pérez in favor of right-handed reliever Zach McAllister. Pérez was therefore credited with zero innings pitched, one batter faced, one intentional walk, and zero pitches thrown. McAllister was able to strike out Pinder, ending the inning.

In a 2008 game in Minor League Baseball, switch hitter Ralph Henriquez faced switch pitcher Pat Venditte, who wore a special glove that he could use on either hand. At the time, there was no rule restricting players from changing their handedness an unlimited number of times, and the two players began jockeying for an advantage before a pitch was thrown: Henriquez trying to get a right-left or left-right matchup by moving between the two batter's boxes, and Venditte trying to get a right-right or left-left matchup by changing which hand he had his glove on. After extended discussion between both managers and the umpires, Henriquez was asked to pick a side to bat from—he chose to bat right-handed, and Venditte then struck him out while pitching right-handed. A rule, nicknamed the Venditte rule, was subsequently adopted that requires an ambidextrous pitcher to indicate which hand he intends to pitch with, prior to a batter taking his position in one of the batter's boxes, and prohibiting the pitcher from changing hands for that plate appearance.

References

Baseball terminology
Baseball strategy
Handedness in baseball

Lefty-righty switch


Fraipontite is a zinc aluminium silicate mineral with a formula of .

It is a member of the kaolinite-serpentine mineral group and occurs as an oxidation product of zinc deposits. It occurs with smithsonite, gebhardite, willemite, cerussite and sauconite.

It was first described in 1927 for an occurrence in Vieille Montagne, Verviers, Liège Province, Belgium. It was named for Julien Jean Joseph Fraipont (1857–1910), and Charles de Fraipont, geologists of Liege, Belgium. In addition to the type locality in Belgium, it has been reported from Tsumeb, Namibia; Laurium, Greece; Swaledale, North Yorkshire, England; the Silver Bill mine, Cochise County, Arizona, the Blanchard Mine, Socorro County, New Mexico and the Mohawk mine, San Bernardino County, California in the US; and from the Ojuela mine, Mapimi, Durango, Mexico.

A synonym of the fraipontite is the zinalsite, which was reported in 1956 for an occurrence in Kazakhstan.

References

External links

Zinc minerals
Aluminium minerals
Phyllosilicates
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 8
Minerals described in 1927

Fraipontite


The Egoz (, literally: "walnut", originally: Pisces) was a ship that sank in the Mediterranean Sea on 10 January 1961. It was carrying 44 Jewish emigrants sailing from Morocco. It also carried one Israeli that was deputy of the Israeli government, and two Spanish crew members. Only 22 bodies were found. They were buried at a Jewish cemetery in Morocco. In 1992, the 22 bodies were buried in the National Civil Cemetery of the State of Israel at Mount Herzl in Jerusalem. An empty grave was built to honor the people who were never found. A memorial for all of the victims was built beside the graves.

Other websites

This Week in Haaretz: 1961 / The Egoz sinks, killing Moroccan Jewish immigrants to Israel
The Ship Egoz - State Medal
Fifty years since the Egoz disaster

1961
Burials at Mount Herzl
Disasters in the 1960s
1960s in Israel
20th century in Morocco
Shipwrecks

Egoz (ship)


, also known as the Korea Strait, is a narrow body of water between Japan and South Korea.  The name is used in two ways.   It is used generally to describe the ocean area between Korea and Japan; and it also identifies the sea passage between the islands of Kyushu and Tsushima.

The strait links the East China Sea and the Sea of Japan in the northwest Pacific Ocean.  Tsushima Island is between the western channel (Korea Strait) and the eastern channel (Tsushima Strait).

Geography
Depending on usage, the northern shore of the strait is the eastern coast of the Korean peninsula or it may mean the eastern coast of Tsushima.  The southern shores of the strait are the western coasts of Kyūshū and Honshū.

A warm current (Tsushima-kairyū) runs through the straight from south to north.

Related pages
Russo-Japanese War

References

Other websites

Straits
Bodies of water of Japan
Geography of South Korea

Tsushima Strait