Tommie Young (born January 14, 1949) is an American soul and gospel singer from Dallas, Texas, United States.

Young started singing in Dallas nightclubs, and in 1972, producer Bobby Patterson heard one of her performances and signed her to the label he co-owned, Soul Power Records. For her debut single, Patterson recorded instrumental versions of the songs "That's How Strong My Love Is" (O.V. Wright) and "Take Time to Know Her" (Percy Sledge), and then had Young travel to his studios in Shreveport, Louisiana, where she finished the recording in one take per track. The single didn't chart but since has become a cult favorite among soul music fans. Her follow-up single, "Do You Still Feel the Same Way" (written by Patterson and his label co-owner, Jerry Strickland) was a smash hit in the American South and charted No. 28 on the national R&B chart. An album by that name followed, as did several more singles, but Young had little interest in promotion, and Soul Power did not have the distribution capability to make her a star. Young soon returned to singing in the Dallas church at which her father was pastor. In 1978, her music was featured in a made-for-TV biopic of Harriet Tubman, A Woman Called Moses. After marrying she began performing as Tommye Young-West, and recorded several gospel albums.

In 1981, she was featured in the single "I'm Gonna See You Through" by The Pictures released on the Texas label Southwest on the lead vocals.

Discography
Do You Still Feel the Same Way? (1973)
Just Call Me Tommye (1993)
Believe (2000)
Do You Still Feel the Same Way? ...Plus (2003) re-issue w/ bonus tracks

Singles
"That's How Strong My Love Is" b/w "Take Time to Know Her"
"Do You Still Feel the Same Way"
"You Brought it All On Yourself"
"You Came Just in Time"
"Get Out of My Life"
"I'm Gonna See You Through"
"Everybody's Got a Little Devil in Their Soul"

References

1949 births
American soul singers
Singers from Texas
American women singers
Living people
21st-century American women

Tommie Young


Liam Joseph Fitzgerald (born 1 September 1949) is an Irish former Fianna Fáil politician.

Fitzgerald was born in Doon, County Limerick and educated at the Christian Brothers school in Doon, St Patrick's College, Dublin and University College Dublin. He worked as a teacher before becoming involved in politics.

He was elected to Dáil Éireann at the 1981 general election as a Fianna Fáil TD for the Dublin North-East constituency. He lost his seat at the February 1982 election but regained it in the November 1982 election.

In 1991, he was a key member of the so-called "gang of four" that proposed a motion of no confidence in the Taoiseach and leader of Fitzgerald's party, Charles Haughey (the other members of the group were Noel Dempsey, Seán Power and M. J. Nolan). Haughey resigned in early 1992 and Albert Reynolds became Taoiseach, but Fitzgerald remained on the backbenches. He lost his Dáil seat again at the 1997 general election, but was then elected to the 21st Seanad by the Labour Panel; he was re-elected in 2002 to the 22nd Seanad.

Fitzgerald resigned the party whip on 27 March 2007, and stated his intention to run as an independent candidate in the next general election. It has been said that he did this as a response to the cancellation of the candidate selection convention in Dublin North-East. However, he did not stand at the 2007 general election.

References

1949 births
Living people
Members of Dublin City Council
Fianna Fáil TDs
Members of the 22nd Dáil
Members of the 24th Dáil
Members of the 25th Dáil
Members of the 26th Dáil
Members of the 27th Dáil
Members of the 21st Seanad
Members of the 22nd Seanad
Politicians from County Limerick
Alumni of St Patrick's College, Dublin
Alumni of University College Dublin
Irish schoolteachers
Fianna Fáil senators
Labour Panel senators

Liam Fitzgerald


Karlovo () is a town in central Bulgaria. It is at the southern foot of the Balkan Mountains. About 27,500 people live there.

Karlovo is known for its rose oil, which is used in producing perfume. It is the birthplace of revolutionary Vasil Levski.

History
The region became part of the Ottoman Empire in the late 14th century. The modern town started in 1483 at the place of the village of Sushitsa, during the reign of Sultan Bayezid II.

From 1953 until 1962, the town was called Levskigrad.

Towns in Bulgaria

Karlovo


The RG-12 (nicknamed 'Nyala') is a multi-purpose armoured personnel carrier with anti-personnel mine, grenade, fire bomb and small arms fire protection that is manufactured by Land Systems OMC (a business unit of BAE Systems) of South Africa, with over 700 being in service globally in more than eight countries.

Originally designed as a police public order vehicle for both urban and rural operations, the RG-12 has been developed to be used in many roles, including as routine internal security vehicle, military APC, bullion carrier, bulk diamond carrier and security vehicle on gold and platinum mines.

Production history
Production started in 1990 by TFM's Defence and Security Division. By 1997, when it was taken over by Reunert Defence OMC, almost 500 were built. When the units where delivered to Dubai's Police 720 units had been built with BAE land systems the largest producer, Drakensberg Truck Manufacturers also produce and some Iveco branded units can be seen with some slight variations on mirrors and spare wheel configuration.

Variants
 RG-12 Mk1 - original variant with an ADE 366T diesel engine
 RG-12 CAT - variant fitted with a Caterpillar engine (Mercedes-Benz Iveco engines are fitted to the standard RG-12).
 RG-12 Command Vehicle - variant specifically developed for a user in the Middle East.
 RG-12 Mk2 - improved version with an auxiliary power unit driven air conditioning system for effective climate regulation in extreme conditions, provision of a central tyre inflation system enhancing mobility by allowing inflation or deflation of the tyres according to terrain requirements, an anti-skid braking system and various ergonomic modifications to ensure crew comfort.

In North American service, the RG-12 is often fitted with the Mobile Adjustable Ramp System (MARS) made by Patriot3, Inc. out of Fredericksburg, Virginia, for use in aircraft anti-hijack and forced building entry situations. The MARS makes simultaneous multi-storey entry possible and can be used in elevated assaults. The system is fitted onto the roof of the RG-12 and has two hydraulically operated ramps that can move independently.

 IS-V - this internal security from Otokar (Turkey) is very similar to the RG-12.

Operators

  - (Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Calgary Police Service, 2 delivered, London Police Service)
  - Police Nationale Congolaise
  - Carabinieri - 33 delivered.
  - Police - 3 delivered
  - National Police of Colombia

  - Malawi Police Force
  - Mozambique Republic Police

  - South African Police Service
  - Royal Swaziland Police
  - Dubai Police Force (delivered as RG 12 Mk2)
  - Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Police Department, 3 delivered, Connecticut State Police 1 delivered.

Combat History

Notable appearances in media
In the film Avengers: Age of Ultron some RG-12 are used by the South African Police Service in the fight against Hulk.

See also

 Infantry fighting vehicle
 List of AFVs
 Buffel
 Mamba APC
 RCV-9
 RG-19
 RG-31
 RG-32
 RG-33
 RG-34
 RG-35

References

External links

Armoured personnel carriers of South Africa
BAE Systems land vehicles
Internal security vehicles
Law enforcement equipment
Law enforcement in South Africa
Paramilitary vehicles

RG-12


Oberlander Jews (, translit. Oyberland, "Highland"; , translit. Galil E'lion, "Upper Province") were the Jews who inhabited the northwestern regions of the historical Kingdom of Hungary, which are contemporary western Slovakia and Burgenland.

"Oberland", in this context, is a Hungarian-Jewish historiographic term, unrelated to the territory of Upper Hungary (Oberungarn, sometimes Oberland). Its origin lies in the immigration pattern of Jews into the country during the 18th century. Those arriving from Austria and Moravia settled in the adjacent counties of the northwest, mainly from Trencsén to Sopron, and gradually spread further; however, a large swath in the center of northern Hungary, between Szepes and Hajdú, remained closed for Jewish settlement until all residential limits were lifted in 1840. Thus, a demarcation line separated the Austrian and Moravian Jews from the Galician Jews, who emigrated to the northeastern territories. Those west of it were known as "Oberlander" (highlanders), and the Galicians were "Unterlander Jews" (lowlanders). In rabbinic sources written in Hebrew, it was translated as the Upper and Lower Provinces (Galil E'lion, Galil Takhton). The designation was coined by the former. After 1840, the geographical boundary dividing Oberland and Unterland was the linguistic one between Western Yiddish and Middle ("Polish") Yiddish: It stretched from the Tatra Mountains, between Poprád (present-day Poprad) and Liptószentmiklós (present-day Liptovský Mikuláš), Nagyszabos (present-day Slavošovce) and Rozsnyó (present-day Rožňava), continuing just north of Debrecen and south of Miskolc, until reaching the Hungarian border in Kolozsvár (present-day Cluj-Napoca). While sometimes applied to all western Jews, like those in Budapest and beyond, it came to denote the Orthodox ones who resided in contemporary Slovakia, west of the boundary detailed above, and in contemporary Burgenland. Their ancestors arrived in two waves: The first, comprising Austrians, came after the expulsion of the Jews from Vienna in 1670. They were welcomed by Paul I, Prince Esterházy, who allowed them to settle in Burgenland and to form the Seven Communities on his lands. Another, much larger, wave entered Hungary in the wake of an Imperial decree from 1727, which limited the number of Jews allowed to marry in Moravia to 5,106. It remained in effect until 1848.

Oberland also followed an acculturation pattern of its own, as its Jews tended to embrace the German language and culture. In spite of undergoing thorough modernization, they remained largely Orthodox, and were primarily influenced by the Hatam Sofer and his disciples in the yeshiva of Pressburg, the province's largest city. However, they were mostly more moderate and educated than the Unterlander, and the differences between Neo-Orthodox and Ultra-Orthodox in the country paralleled geographic ones. While Hasidism was rampant in Unterland, it had never reached the northwest. During the 19th century, Hungarian Jews were roughly divided into three cultural groups: the Magyarized, Hungarian-speaking and heavily Neolog ones in the center of the kingdom; the modern Orthodox, non-Hasidic, German-speaking Oberlander; and the Unterlander, who were strongly influenced by Hasidism.

The Oberlander shared a common dialect of Western Yiddish, mixed with Hungarian and Slovak vocabulary. Their customs resembled those of pre-emancipation German Jews, like donning prayer shawls before marriage and laying phylacteries in the weekdays of the Pilgrimage Festivals. Following World War II, some integrated in East European Ultra-Orthodox groups, while others joined Hungarian Hasidic sects like Satmar, Nitra, Vien, Puppa, and Kashou. Several congregations that self-identify as Oberlander and adhere to such customs are present in Israel, New York, in London's Stamford Hill, and in Antwerp.

See also
History of the Jews in Slovakia
History of the Jews in Hungary
Yekke

Notes

Jews and Judaism in Hungary
Jews and Judaism in Austria
Jews and Judaism in Slovakia
Ashkenazi Jews topics
Jewish ethnic groups

Oberlander Jews


William Frank Jones, stage name Christopher Jones (August 18, 1941 – January 31, 2014), was an American stage, movie, and television actor.

Early life
He was born in Jackson, Tennessee, where his father was a grocery clerk and his mother, Robbie, was an artist. Jones's father and aunt admitted her to the state hospital in Bolivar, Tennessee, in 1945. Jones and his brother were then placed in Boys Town in Memphis, where he became a fan of James Dean after being told he bore a resemblance to him. He then joined the Army, but went AWOL, and after serving a sentence in a military prison, he moved to New York City, where he began his acting career. His mother died when he was 19.

Acting career
Jones (having adopted the stage name Christopher) made his Broadway debut on December 17, 1961, in Tennessee Williams's The Night of the Iguana, directed by Frank Corsaro and starring Shelley Winters. Winters introduced Jones to actress Susan Strasberg, the daughter of method acting progenitor Lee Strasberg. Jones studied at Strasberg's Actors Studio. Jones married Susan in 1965; the couple divorced in 1968. Their daughter, Jennifer Robin Jones, was born in 1966.

Moving to Hollywood, Jones was cast in the title role of ABC's television series The Legend of Jesse James, which ran for 34 episodes in the 1965–66 season. When the series ended, he accepted the title role in the movie Chubasco (1967) with Susan Strasberg playing his character's lover/wife. Their real marriage did not survive the filming, and they divorced in 1968.
Jones made a guest appearance in the fourth season episode of The Man from U.N.C.L.E. titled; 'The Test Tube Killer Affair' playing a programmed killer.
Jones's next acting role, was rock star and presidential aspirant Max Frost in the influential cult film Wild in the Streets (1968), co-starring Shelley Winters, Hal Holbrook, and Richard Pryor. Later that same year, Jones appeared with Yvette Mimieux in the sex comedy Three in the Attic.

After two films in Europe with Pia Degermark—The Looking Glass War and Brief Season, both in 1970—Jones was cast by director David Lean in Ryan's Daughter (1970). The two men had a difficult relationship; this was the experience of many actors who worked with Lean. The problems intensified when production of the film took 12 months instead of the expected six, because Lean would wait for the right composition of clouds or the perfect storm to brew. Unbeknownst to Jones, he was drugged during his filming of Ryan's Daughter by Sarah Miles, according to her first autobiography, A Right Royal Bastard; this caused him to believe he was having a breakdown. Jones also was involved in a car crash, not knowing he had been drugged. The director and producers never informed him of the drugging. Later, Lean decided to have Julian Holloway re-record all of Jones' lines in post-production, a decision previously taken by Degermark for The Looking Glass War. Jones received poor notices anyway, which took a personal toll on the actor. Jones returned to California after filming ended, staying for a time in his manager's guest house, the cottage behind 10050 Cielo Drive, where Sharon Tate had been murdered, and abandoned his acting career. He engaged in a few long-term relationships, took up painting and sculpting, and lived quietly at the beach with his children.

Later life
Jones was offered the part of Zed in Pulp Fiction (1994) by director Quentin Tarantino, but he turned it down. He made a final screen appearance in crime comedy Mad Dog Time (1996) for his friend, director/actor Larry Bishop, who had appeared in Wild in the Streets. In his later years, Jones had a career as an artist and sculptor. His works included an oil painting of Rudolph Valentino that was displayed at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery.

Death
Jones died on January 31, 2014, at the age of 72, owing to complications arising from gallbladder cancer. He is survived by seven children, Jennifer Strasberg, Christopher Jones Jr., Jeromy McKenna, Delon Jones, Tauer Jones, Calin Jones, and Seagen Jones. He is interred at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery.

Filmography

References

External links

1941 births
2014 deaths
Male actors from Tennessee
American male film actors
American male television actors
People from Jackson, Tennessee
Military personnel from Tennessee
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from gallbladder cancer
Burials at Hollywood Forever Cemetery
20th-century American male actors

Christopher Jones (actor, born 1941)


Sandra Shamas (born 1957) is a Canadian puppeteer, comedic actress, writer, director and producer.

Biography
Shamas was born in Sudbury, Ontario. She moved to Toronto in 1980, where she held a variety of jobs before a workshop at The Second City inspired her to pursue a career in performing arts. She acted with Second City and Theatresports, and worked as a puppeteer on the children's series Fraggle Rock before deciding to strike out on her own.

In 1987, she premiered her first show, My Boyfriend's Back and There's Gonna Be Laundry at the Edmonton Fringe Festival. The show, a mixture of personal stories drawn from her own life and observational humour about dating and relationships, was a smash hit of the festival, and soon Shamas was on tour performing the show across the country. In 1989, she began performing the sequel, My Boyfriend's Back and There's Gonna Be Laundry II: The Cycle Continues. A third show, Wedding Bell Hell, dealing with wedding rituals such as the bridal shower and selection of the wedding rings and dress, made its debut in 1991. In 1993, she took Laundry to the Old Vic Theatre in London for her first performance outside Canada, and was well received by the British audience and critics.

After some time away from the spotlight, Shamas returned with a new series of shows, Wit's End, Wit's End II...Heart's Desire, and Wit's End III...Love Life. These shows revolved around her move to the country after buying a farm in Southern Ontario.

Shamas has been nominated for the Governor General's Award and the Stephen Leacock Award for the Laundry trilogy. She won a Gemini Award in 1991 for Best Performance in Comedy, and won the Best Theatre Award at the U.S. Comedy Arts Festival in March 2003.

Shamas' play The Big What Now premiered in 2017 at the Harbourfront Centre in Toronto. The Big What Now is about menopause and being a woman over the age of 50.

In January 2018, Shamas was appointed to the Order of Ontario.

Books
 Sandra Shamas: a trilogy of performances (Mercury Press, 1997)
 Wit's end (Mercury Press, 2002)

References

External links

 Canadian Theatre Encyclopedia
 Library and Archives Canada: Celebrating Women's Achievements (archived)

1957 births
20th-century Canadian comedians
20th-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Canadian women writers
21st-century Canadian comedians
21st-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
21st-century Canadian women writers
Actresses from Greater Sudbury
Canadian people of Lebanese descent
Canadian stage actresses
Canadian stand-up comedians
Canadian women comedians
Canadian women dramatists and playwrights
Fraggle Rock performers
Living people
Members of the Order of Ontario
Writers from Greater Sudbury

Sandra Shamas


Stacker is a game merchandiser manufactured by LAI Games, first produced in 2004. The goal of the game is to align rows of lights on top of each other. A player who stacks 11 rows can choose to take a minor prize. A minor prize is usually low in value, sometimes lower than the amount of money the player paid to play the game. A player who stacks the blocks to the top row wins the jackpot prize, called the "major prize." Major prizes vary from machine-to-machine but will often include high-value items such as game consoles, mobile phones, and gift cards.

Gameplay
For the first three levels, there is a row of three blocks which move side-to-side on the LED display. When the player presses the start/stop button, the row of blocks stop moving. Then, another row of blocks appear above the previous row, moving faster than the one before it. Blocks that do not align directly above the previous set are removed. If the player misses completely, the game is over. The number of blocks is automatically reduced to two at level four, then one at level 10. The goal is to consistently get the blocks directly above the previous set, stacking them to the minor prize and ultimately the major prize level. If the player accepts the minor prize, the game ends. Alternatively, the player can continue playing for a major prize. If a player reaches the major prize level on the 15th row, the lights will flash on and off, spelling the word "Win."

Difficulty
At the regular model's highest difficulty setting, the estimated ratio of wins-to-losses is 1-in-800. The margin for losing games can be set to almost double this in the Mega Stacker model which can hold bigger, higher value prizes, at an estimated wins-to-losses ratio of 1-in-1500. The game's operator's manual states a disclaimer that it is "100% a game of skill so although it is very difficult, every single game can be a winning game." While technically possible to win prior to the set win ratio being reached, the "window" for success is so small that it is infeasible to win. Even though it may appear to be correctly aligned, the block will shift a column if the button is not pressed within the extremely small opportunity window, deliberately causing the player to lose. After the desired ratio is attained, the window is left open for as long as the block is displayed on screen, making it significantly easier for a skilled enough player to win the game.

Variants
Subsequent to the vast success of the Stacker franchise, several variants have been released. Each variant has minor variations, such as color schemes, intended to attract certain age groups.
 Stacker Standard The original Stacker created in 2004. The colorway for this variant is red, yellow, and blue. It is commonly referred to as the "red" model.
 Stacker Club Similar to Stacker Standard but with different colors and graphics aimed towards more mature players. The colorway for this variant is blue and black. It is commonly referred to as the "blue" model.
 Stacker Mini A smaller variant of Stacker, meant for places that do not have enough space for the regular Stacker cabinet. It is red, black, and white and stands about 6 feet tall by 2 feet deep and 2 feet wide. It has only two major prize arms and four minor prize arms instead of the standard four major prize arms and six minor prize arms, and 10 rows of lights instead of 15.
 Stacker Giant A larger variant of Stacker released in the 2000s that is about three times the size of the standard model.
 Stacker Double Up This variant of Stacker only pays out tickets. When players reach the "Double Up Zone," they are offered to double their tickets. When players reach the "Super Bonus Zone," they win the jackpot displayed.
 Stack-It A later variant of Stacker Double Up. It is more similar to the original Stacker game.
 Stack 'N' Grab A Stacker-claw crane hybrid variant of Stacker, in which there are 10 rows of lights and players start with five blocks instead of the standard three. There is no minor prize and when players get to the "Win Level," they have unlimited attempts to grab a prize with the claw.
 Stacker Wall Street A variant of Stacker that can be mounted on a wall and hold a maximum of four prizes.
 Mega Stacker The largest variant of Stacker. This variant has an adjustable ticket amount instead of a minor prize. It also has a platform to stand on and a metal bar to sit on.
 Mega Stacker Lite This variant of Mega Stacker only pays out tickets. It also does not have a platform or metal bar.

Sales tactics
Stacker has been touted as being a successor to crane games.

Stacker cabinets have large windows covering the top half of the cabinet on three sides. The large windows allow passersby to view the prizes which may in turn persuade them to play the game. Such techniques use high-value products that are either difficult to obtain due to cost, especially for young people, or are simply visually appealing. According to the merchandise manual, the recommended major prize value is approximately 200 times the price per play. The four prize rods on a Stacker cabinet are spread far apart and lit from the ceiling to add emphasis.

Distribution

In Europe, the primary distributor of Stacker is the Austrian company funworld AG, distributing in 14 European countries: Germany, Switzerland, France, Greece, Netherlands, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, Sweden, Spain, Czech Republic, Hungary, United Kingdom and Cyprus.

References

External links
LAI Games website
Online version of the owner's manual

Arcade video games
Arcade-only video games
Merchandisers
2004 video games
Video games developed in the United States

Stacker (arcade game)


Grand Prix Eddy Merckx was a cycle race around Brussels, where Eddy Merckx was born. It was held between 1980 and 2004, disappearing after the creation of the UCI ProTour in 2005. The race was initially an individual time trial, becoming a Team time trial of two riders in 1998. It usually had a duration of 60-70 km, with the 2003 being the shortest at 26 km because of a nearby fire.

Winners

References

Cycle races in Belgium
Recurring sporting events established in 1981
1981 establishments in Belgium
Defunct cycling races in Belgium
Recurring sporting events disestablished in 2004
Sports competitions in Brussels
2004 disestablishments in Belgium
Eddy Merckx
Men's road bicycle races

Grand Prix Eddy Merckx


Diamond cutting is the practice of shaping a diamond from a rough stone into a faceted gem. Cutting diamonds requires specialized knowledge, tools, equipment, and techniques because of its extreme difficulty.

The first guild of diamond cutters and polishers (Diamantaire) was formed in 1375 in Nuremberg, Germany, and led to the development of various types of "cut". This has two meanings in relation to diamonds. The first is the shape: square, oval, and so on. The second relates to the specific quality of cut within the shape, and the quality and price will vary greatly based on the cut quality. Since diamonds are one of the hardest materials, special diamond-coated surfaces are used to grind the diamond down. The first major development in diamond cutting came with the "Point Cut" during the later half of the 14th century: the Point Cut follows the natural shape of an octahedral rough diamond crystal,  eliminating some waste in the cutting process.

Diamond cutting, as well as overall processing, is concentrated in a few cities around the world. The main diamond trading centers are Antwerp, Tel Aviv, and Dubai from where roughs are sent to the main processing centers of India and China. Diamonds are cut and polished in Surat, India and the Chinese cities of Guangzhou and Shenzhen. India in recent years has held between 90% of the world market in polished diamonds and China has held the rest of the world market share in a recent year. Other important diamond centers are New York City and Amsterdam.

Diamond cutting process
The basic diamond cutting process includes these steps; planning, cleaving or sawing, bruting, polishing, and final inspection. A simplified round brilliant cut process includes the following stages:
 Planning – Modern day planning of a diamond is done using computer software.
 Marking – Outlining the best possible shape and cut of the diamond.
 Sawing the rough stone – depending on the shape of rough diamond as not all diamonds are sawn.
 Table
 Bruting the girdle.
 Blocking 8 main pavilion facets – these facets are divided into 4 corners and 4 pavilions as the corners and pavilions run in different directions due to the atomic structure of the diamond.
 Crown – the crown consist of 8 main facets and are divided into 4 corners and 4 Bezels.
 Final bruting – ensuring the diamonds girdle is perfectly round and smooth.
 Polishing all 16 main facets.
 Brillianteering – Adding and polishing 8 stars and 16 pavilion and 16 crown halves.
 Quality control – checking for symmetry, polish and cut (angles) after the diamond is completed.

This is just one, although a fairly common way of creating a round brilliant cut. The actual process also includes many more stages depending on the size and quality of the rough stone. For example, bigger stones are first scanned to get the three-dimensional shape, which is then used to find the optimal usage. The scanning may be repeated after each stage and bruting may be done in several steps, each bringing the girdle closer to the final shape.

It is possible only because the hardness of diamond varies widely according to the direction in which one is trying to cut or grind.

Planning
Diamond manufacturers analyze diamond rough from an economic perspective, with two objectives steering decisions made about how a faceted diamond will be cut. The first objective is that of maximum return on investment for the piece of diamond rough. The second is how quickly the finished diamond can be sold. Scanning devices are used to get a 3-dimensional computer model of the rough stone. Also, inclusions are photographed and placed on the 3D model, which is then used to find an optimal way to cut the stone.

Maximizing value

The process of maximizing the value of finished diamonds, from a rough diamond into a polished gemstone, is both an art and a science. The choice of cut is influenced by many factors. Market factors include the exponential increase in value of diamonds as weight increases, referred to as weight retention, and the popularity of certain shapes amongst consumers. Physical factors include the original shape of the rough stone, and location of the inclusions and flaws to be eliminated.

Weight retention
The weight retention analysis studies the diamond rough to find the best combination of finished stones as it relates to per carat value. For instance, a 2.20-carat (440 mg) octahedron may produce (i) either two half-carat (100 mg) diamonds whose combined value may be higher than that of (ii) a 0.80-carat (160 mg) diamond plus a 0.30-carat (60 mg) diamond that could be cut from the same rough diamond.

The round brilliant cut and square brilliant cuts are preferred when the crystal is an octahedron, as often two stones may be cut from one such crystal. Oddly shaped crystals, such as macles are more likely to be cut in a fancy cut—that is, a cut other than the round brilliant—which the particular crystal shape lends itself to.

Even with modern techniques, the cutting and polishing of a diamond crystal always results in a dramatic loss of weight, about 50%. Sometimes the cutters compromise and accept lesser proportions and symmetry in order to avoid inclusions or to preserve the weight. Since the per-carat price of a diamond shifts around key milestones (such as 1.00 carat), many one-carat (200 mg) diamonds are the result of compromising cut quality for carat weight.

Color retention

In colored diamonds, cutting can influence the color grade of the diamond, thereby raising its value. Certain cut shapes are used to intensify the color of the diamond. The radiant cut is an example of this type of cut.

Natural green color diamonds most often have merely a surface coloration caused by natural irradiation, which does not extend through the stone. For this reason green diamonds are cut with significant portions of the original rough diamond's surface (naturals) left on the finished gem. It is these naturals that provide the color to the diamond.

Turnaround minimization
The other consideration of diamond planning is how quickly a diamond will sell. This consideration is often unique to the type of manufacturer. While a certain cutting plan may yield a better value, a different plan may yield diamonds that will sell sooner, providing an earlier return on the investment.

Cleaving or sawing
Cleaving is the separation of a piece of diamond rough into separate pieces, to be finished as separate gems. During the planning stage, diamond manufacturers identify cleavage planes, and use those planes to decide how to split the diamond. Diamond manufacturers make a groove in the diamond with a laser or saw or another diamond, and then split the diamond by placing a steel blade in the groove and giving a gentle tap. Cleavage can be along any of the four planes parallel to the faces of an octahedral diamond (i.e. perpendicular to body diagonals of the unit cell).

Sawing is the use of a diamond saw or laser to cut the diamond rough into separate pieces. Unlike cleaving, this step does not involve cleavage planes. This step gives diamonds their initial shape.

Bruting
Bruting is the art of cutting a diamond round. In the modern era diamonds are rounded using either a laser, a diamond disk impregnated with diamonds, or two diamonds cutting against each other. Industrial diamonds can also be used for bruting a diamond round. Modern computer software measures the roundness of each diamond and ideal cut diamonds have to round within a tenth of a millimeter to qualify as an excellent cut diamond.

Diamond polishing

Diamond polishing is the final polishing of the diamond. In a diamond factory, one would find a diamond crossworker who first places the main facets on a diamond (blocking the diamond). This is done to ensure maximum weight, clarity and best angles for the specific shape of diamond. After initial crossworking is complete, the diamond is finalized by smoothing the main facets by the crossworker, which is known as polishing the diamond. After the main facets have been polished by the crossworker, the final facets are polished onto the diamond by a brillianteer. The facets added are the stars, top and bottom halves are also known as upper and lower girdle facets.

Final inspection
The final stage involves thoroughly cleaning the diamond in acids, and examining the diamond to see whether it meets the quality standards of the manufacturer.

Recutting
Due to changes in market desirability and popularity, the value of different styles of diamond fluctuates. All diamonds can be recut into new shapes that will increase value at that time in the market and desirability. An example of this is the marquise cut diamond which was popular in the 1970s to 1980s. In later decades, jewelers had little success in selling this shape in comparison to other shapes like the oval or pear shape. The marquise can be cut into an oval diamond by any diamond cutter with a loss of 5 to 10% in total weight. For example, a 1.10-carat marquise shape would be a 1.00 oval cut diamond by rounding the sharp points and creating an oval which currently in the market has a much greater desirability and resale value. The same marquise shape also could become a pear shape instead by only trimming and rounding the side which will be turned into the base of the pear shape.

In the 18th century there was a trend for recutting Indian diamonds to suit English tastes. The Koh-i-Noor's original cut weighed a little over 186.00 carats. When it was recut to an oval-shaped brilliant, almost 80 carats were lost.

Other aspects are affected in recutting for value as well, such as the clarity. If an original shape contained inclusions on the tips, the recut would yield an increase in clarity since trimming down to a new shape would yield a cleaner overall finished diamond.

See also
Cut (gems)
Diamond
List of diamonds
Diamond cut
Brilliant (diamond cut)
Princess cut
Faceting machine
Gemcutter
American Gem Society

References

External links
 Antique Jewelry University – A History of Diamond Cutting
 Diamond Design, Marcel Tolkowsky. Web edition as edited by Jasper Paulsen.
Different Diamond Cuts & Shapes- Understand Popular Diamond Cuts

Diamond cutting


Espadrilles (Spanish: alpargatas or esparteñas; Catalan: espardenyes; Basque: espartinak, French: espadrilles) are casual, rope-soled, flat but sometimes high-heeled shoes. They usually have a canvas or cotton fabric upper and a flexible sole made of esparto rope. The esparto rope sole is the defining characteristic of an espadrille; the uppers vary widely in style.

Espadrilles are a typical form of Spanish summer footwear, with strong historical ties to the regions of Catalonia, Aragon, and the Basque Country. The word derives from the Catalan "espardenya" and refers to esparto grass, a plant indigenous to the south of Spain that is used to make ropes and basketry. Although they are still widely manufactured in Spain, some production has moved to Bangladesh, the world's largest jute producer.

Originally peasant footwear, they were popularised throughout the 20th century by many cultural figures including Picasso, Salvador Dalí and later John F. Kennedy and Yves Saint Laurent.

Etymology

The existence of this kind of shoe in Europe is documented since at least 1322, when it was described for the first time with its current Catalan name.
The term espadrille is French and derives from the word in the Occitan language, which comes from espardenya in Catalan or alpargata and esparteña in Spanish. Both espardenya and esparteña refer to a type of shoes made with esparto, a tough, wiry Mediterranean grass used in making rope. Its name in the Basque region is espartina.

History

Espadrilles have been made in the Basque Country, Catalonia and roughly all over Spain as well as the Occitania region of France. They were the usual peasant footwear since the 14th century at least, and are still being produced as from old. The oldest, most primitive form of espadrilles dates as far back as 9,500 years ago.Traditional espadrilles have a canvas upper with the toe and vamp cut in one piece and seamed to the rope sole at the sides. Often they have laces at the throat that are wrapped around the ankle to hold the shoes securely in place. Traditional espadrilles are worn by both men and women.

Use in Argentina and Uruguay
Both in Argentina and Uruguay, espadrilles (known as alpargatas) were adopted by rural workers as a substitute for the "bota de potro", part of the traditional gaucho attire, made with leather from the lower leg of the horse. Unlike other clothing, the espadrille became an essential garment for both sexes but, above all, the inseparable companion of the bombachas (knickerbockers). In the first half of the 20th century, the use of espadrilles was so common among the lower classes of the population that the company called Fábrica Argentina de Alpargatas took great importance, which used to be promoted with the artistic almanacs illustrated by Florencio Molina Campos. Espadrilles entered the Argentine political scene  prior to the presidency of Juan Domingo Perón by associating it with the working class. In 1943 and 1944, the student movement opposed to Perón began to use the slogan: "No a la dictadura de las alpargatas" ("No to espadrilles' dictatorship") which was in turn responded by the peronists: "alpargatas sí, libros, no" ("espadrilles, yes, books, no").

Modern espadrilles
Once peasant footwear, then urban workers' footwear, espadrilles have grown in popularity, especially in the French Atlantic coast of the Basque Country and Spanish Mediterranean coast from Granada to Girona, where many men and women wear them during the spring and summer months. Designer espadrilles are now widely available. They are usually manufactured in Spain, France, and South Asia. Modern espadrilles are predominantly for women, though some men's shoes are made in this style.

The soles of espadrilles may be flat, platform, or wedge shaped made of natural fiber.  Uppers may be made from nearly any substance and may have open or closed toes, open or closed backs, and can be slip-on or tied to the ankle with laces.  Thousands of varieties of espadrilles can be found, from inexpensive bargain brands to high priced designer brands.

Espadrilles became fashionable in the United States in the 1940s. Lauren Bacall's character in the 1948 movie Key Largo wore ankle-laced espadrilles.

Wedge-shaped espadrilles were first popularized by French fashion designer Yves Saint Laurent. At a trade fair in Paris in 1970, he came into contact with the Spanish espadrille manufacturer Castañer. Yves Saint Laurent had been looking in vain for months for someone to make him a wedge espadrille. Castañer managed to interpret Yves Saint Laurent's vision and the wedge espadrilles were an instant hit, influencing fashion even today.

The espadrille style was revived in the United States in the 1980s, due to the success of Miami Vice—the shoe was worn by the character Sonny Crockett (played by Don Johnson).  In 2013 at luxury shoe stores in New York City, a pair of espadrilles could cost nearly $500.

Jute sole espadrilles
Due to cost and material availability, the soles of espadrilles are now commonly made with jute rope or braid. The natural bright white color of jute is a major design feature of modern espadrilles.

Bangladesh is the producer of high quality jute and has become a manufacturing center for premium quality jute soles and complete espadrilles. Ninety percent of the world's total production of complete espadrilles, as well as jute soles, is now manufactured in Bangladesh,  although some manufacturers in Spain, France, and Italy import jute soles from Bangladesh to finish espadrilles in those countries.  Complete espadrilles are also assembled in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay and Venezuela with imported jute from Bangladesh.

Jute soles typically include fully or partially vulcanized rubber beneath the jute soles for long-lasting espadrille shoes.  Sometimes crepe soles are used as out-soles although those are not as durable compared to vulcanized ones.  Jute braid soles might include heels made of wood or EVA foam.

Manufacture

The manufacture of espadrilles is generally more complex than that of sandals. The jute soles are the most critical part.  The jute twines are first machine-braided. These braids are then manually formed into the shape of the sole and  hydraulically pressed with heat to form the final shape and completed with vertical stitching with Espadrille Needles. These basic soles are then vulcanized underneath.  EVA foam or wooden heels are glued in place and more jute braids are wrapped around it to complete the soles. Uppers of different styles are then built on the jute soles to complete the espadrille.

See also
 Bast shoes, similar footwear in Balto-Slavic cultures of identical etymological derivation (from fibre used in their manufacture)
 Waraji, Japanese version

References

Shoes
Sandals
Folk footwear
Jute
Articles containing video clips

Espadrille


Robert William Meusel (July 19, 1896 – November 28, 1977) was an American baseball left and right fielder who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for eleven seasons from 1920 through 1930, all but the last for the New York Yankees. He was best known as a member of the Yankees' championship teams of the 1920s, nicknamed the "Murderers' Row", during which time the team won its first six American League (AL) pennants and first three World Series titles.

Meusel, noted for his strong outfield throwing arm, batted fifth behind Baseball Hall of Famers Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig. In 1925, he became the second Yankee, after Ruth, to lead the AL in home runs (33), runs batted in (138) and extra base hits (79). Nicknamed "Long Bob" because of his 6-foot, 3 inch (1.91 m) stature, Meusel batted .313 or better in seven of his first eight seasons, finishing with a .309 career average; his 1,009 RBI during the 1920s were the fourth most by any major leaguer, and trailed only Harry Heilmann's total of 1,131 among AL right-handed hitters. Meusel ended his career in 1930 with the Cincinnati Reds. He hit for the cycle three times, and was the second of six major leaguers to accomplish this feat as many as three times during a career.

His older brother, Emil "Irish" Meusel, was a star outfielder in the National League (NL) during the same period, primarily for the New York Giants.

Early life
Meusel was born in San Jose, California, the youngest of Charlie and Mary Meusel's six children. At an early age he moved to Los Angeles, where he attended Los Angeles High School. Meusel started his career with the Vernon Tigers of the Pacific Coast League in 1917. He joined the US Navy during World War I and played for the Navy baseball team. He went back to the Tigers for the 1919 season, batting .330. He also played third base in the minors.

On December 14, 1921, Meusel married Edith Cowan, with whom he had two children.

Professional career
Meusel's contract was purchased by the New York Yankees in early 1920. After a productive spring training, Meusel replaced future Hall of Famer Frank Baker at third base. He played his first game on April 14, 1920. In his rookie season, Meusel had a .328 batting average with 11 home runs and 83 runs batted in over 119 games. He finished fourth in the league in doubles with 41 while sharing time with Duffy Lewis in left field.

In the 1921 season, Meusel started in 149 out of 154 games, primarily playing right field. He batted .318, finishing second in the league in home runs with 24 and third in the league with 136 runs batted in. He hit for the cycle in a win against the Washington Senators on May 7. In the second game of a September 5 doubleheader, he tied a major league record for outfielders (previously accomplished by nine others) by recording four assists. He broke a club record and tied Jack Tobin of the St. Louis Browns for the league lead in outfield assists with 28; he was considered to be one of the league's best all-around players. Meusel's brother, Irish, was acquired by the New York Giants from the Philadelphia Phillies mid-season, and helped lead the Giants to the pennant. The two brothers played against each other in the 1921 World Series, where the Giants faced their tenants (the Yankees played their home games in the Polo Grounds, the ball park owned by the Giants). Bob Meusel stole home in Game 3 of the Series. He doubled in Babe Ruth for the winning run in Game 5 for a one-game lead, but the Yankees lost the next three games and the Series (the last best-of-nine in World Series history). His batting average in those eight games was a mere .200.

At the same time, Meusel, Bill Piercy, and Ruth signed up to play in a barnstorming tour. It was a violation of baseball rules at the time, and Meusel and Ruth had previously been warned about playing with the tour. As punishment, Commissioner of Baseball Kenesaw Mountain Landis suspended them for the first five weeks of the 1922 season and fined them their World Series cash share of $3,362 ($ today) each. That season Meusel only played in 121 games, hitting .319 with 16 home runs and 84 runs batted in as he gradually shifted to left field to allow Ruth to instead play right field. Meusel occasionally played right field in Yankees games away from home to protect Ruth from the sun, as the sun affected Ruth's skill as an outfielder. Despite the games he missed, he again led the AL in assists with 24. He hit for the cycle for the second time of his career in a win against the Detroit Tigers on July 21. The Yankees won the American League pennant for the second year in a row, but they were again beaten by the Giants, this time in five games. Meusel had the highest batting average of the Yankees at the end of the Series with .300.

In 1923, Meusel hit .313 with 9 home runs and 91 runs batted in as the Yankees moved into their new Yankee Stadium. Meusel helped lead the team to their first World Series title, in their third consecutive matchup with the Giants. Meusel had the most runs batted in (eight) of any player in the Series. He hit a two-run triple in the second inning to help the Yankees win Game 4 at the Polo Grounds, drove in five runs in Game 5 and had a key two-run single that gave the Yankees the lead for good in Game 6. The 1923 World Series marked the third consecutive year that Bob played against his brother Irish in the World Series. This made them the first set of brothers to play against each other on opposing teams in a World Series or any Big Four championship series.

Before the 1924 season started, Meusel's close friend Tony Boeckel, shortstop for the Boston Braves, was killed when the car in which he was riding flipped over in San Diego. Meusel was a passenger in the vehicle but escaped unhurt. That year Meusel hit .325 with 12 home runs and 124 runs batted in, playing in 143 games. In a game against the Tigers on June 13, Meusel was involved in one of the most notorious brawls in baseball history. With the Yankees leading 10–6 in the top of the ninth inning, Ty Cobb, the star and manager of the Tigers, gave pitcher Bert Cole the signal to hit Meusel with a pitch. Ruth saw the signal and warned Meusel, who was hit in the back and rushed to fight Cole. Both teams rushed onto the field to brawl, and Cobb and Ruth started fighting as well. Over a thousand fans also rushed onto the field, and a riot erupted. The police managed to control the brawl and arrested several fans. The umpire of the game, Billy Evans, pushed Meusel and Ruth out of Navin Field to safety. American League President Ban Johnson punished Meusel and Cole by fining them and issuing a ten-day suspension.

Meusel had a breakout year in 1925. He led the American League in home runs (33), runs batted in (134), games played (156) and extra base hits (79). Despite this, he finished merely tied for 18th position overall for the AL's Most Valuable Player award, far behind winner (and former Yankee) Roger Peckinpaugh of the Washington Senators. The Yankees had their worst season of the decade, finishing seventh in the league with a 69–85 record. In the following 1926 season, Meusel only played in 108 games, batting .315 with 12 home runs and 81 runs batted in. In the 1926 World Series against the St. Louis Cardinals, Meusel dropped a key fly ball with one out and the bases loaded in the fourth inning of Game 7, allowing the Cardinals to tie the game 1–1; the next batter singled to drive in two more runs. Meusel had chance to redeem himself later in the game, but made infield outs in both the fifth and seventh innings, each time with two men on base. In the bottom of the ninth inning, with New York trailing 3–2, Cardinals starting pitcher Grover Cleveland Alexander retired the first two batters and then walked Ruth. Meusel was up to bat when Ruth tried to steal second base, and catcher Bob O'Farrell threw him out, ending both the game and the Series; Meusel only hit .238.

Meusel was a key member of the 1927 New York Yankees team, which many consider to be one of the greatest baseball teams ever. That season Meusel played in 135 games, hitting .337 with 8 home runs and 103 runs batted in, and finished second in the league with 24 stolen bases; on May 16 he stole second, third and home in one game. In the 1927 World Series, Meusel batted only .118 and broke the record for the most strikeouts in a four-game series with seven, but the Yankees swept the Pittsburgh Pirates in four games. In 1928 Meusel played in 131 games, hitting .297 with 11 home runs and 113 runs batted in. He hit for the cycle a record-tying third time on July 26 against the Tigers. The Yankees reached the World Series for the third year in a row, playing the Cardinals in a rematch from two years previously. In Game 1 of the Series, Meusel hit the only home run in his World Series career as the Yankees won the game and went on to sweep the series 4–0.

Prior to the start of the 1930 season, the Yankees sold Meusel to the Cincinnati Reds, and he played in 110 games, hitting .289 with 10 home runs and 62 runs batted in. The Reds released Meusel after the season, and he went on to the Minneapolis Millers of the American Association where he played the 1931 season, hitting .283. He went back to the Pacific Coast League in 1932, where he played 64 games with the Hollywood Stars, batting .329 with four home runs before retiring. Meusel's major league career ended with 368 doubles, 95 triples, 156 home runs, a .497 slugging percentage, 1,071 runs batted in, 826 runs scored and 143 stolen bases.

Retirement and death
After retiring from baseball, Meusel worked as a security guard at a US Navy base for 15 years. He was in attendance when his former teammate Lou Gehrig made his famous "Luckiest Man on the Face of the Earth" speech on July 4, 1939. He also appeared in the 1942 film The Pride of the Yankees, as well as the 1948 film The Babe Ruth Story, as himself in a cameo role.

Meusel lived in California following his playing career, first in Redondo Beach, and then in Downey. He died in Bellflower in 1977 and was buried at Rose Hills Memorial Park in Whittier.

Legacy
Meusel received the most recognition for being a member of the "Murderers' Row" teams of the mid-1920s, which included Ruth, Gehrig, second baseman Tony Lazzeri and center fielder Earle Combs. He shares the record for the most times hitting for the cycle with three, tying the mark set by Long John Reilly in 1890; Babe Herman later tied the mark in 1933; 82 years later, Adrián Beltré also achieved the feat in 2015, along with Trea Turner in 2021. Meusel had one of the strongest arms of the era; in his obituary, The New York Times called his throwing arm "deadly accurate". Hall of Fame manager Casey Stengel, who played on the 1921 through 1923 Giants teams, said that he had never seen a better thrower.

Harvey Frommer described Meusel as a heavy drinker and womanizer who did not get along with his teammates. His manager Miller Huggins called him "indifferent". He was quiet and reserved, rarely giving newspaper interviews until his career was winding down. He was also known for his lazy attitude, such as refusing to run out ground balls, which many said kept him from achieving greatness.

Meusel was considered for election to the Baseball Hall of Fame by its Veterans Committee in 1982, but the committee instead selected former commissioner Happy Chandler and former Giants shortstop Travis Jackson in its balloting.

In 1925, Meusel joined Philadelphia Athletics outfielder Tilly Walker (1918), St. Louis Browns outfielder Ken Williams (1922) and later Gehrig (1931) as the only players other than Ruth to win the AL home run title between 1918 and 1931. Both Walker and Gehrig won the title jointly with Ruth while Williams and Meusel won the title individually.

See also

List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders
List of Major League Baseball annual runs batted in leaders
List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders
List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle

References

Further reading

External links

1896 births
1977 deaths
Major League Baseball left fielders
Major League Baseball right fielders
New York Yankees players
Cincinnati Reds players
Baseball players from San Jose, California
American League home run champions
American League RBI champions
United States Navy sailors
United States Navy personnel of World War I
Vernon Tigers players
Spokane Indians players
Minneapolis Millers (baseball) players
Hollywood Stars players
Baseball players from Downey, California
Baseball players from Los Angeles
Burials at Rose Hills Memorial Park

Bob Meusel


Manik is a Bengali drama movie released in 1961, directed by Bijalibaran Sen in the banner of Chalachitra Prayas Sanstha. V. Balsara scored the music of the movie. This film was based on Oliver Twist, the famous 1838 novel of Charles Dickens.

Plot
On a stormy night, a pregnant young lady stumbles into an orphanage where she gives birth to a boy. The mother dies soon leaving the newborn baby who is taken in custody by Natabar Ghoshal (Gangapada Bose), the manager of the orphanage. The boy is given the name 'Manik.'

Manik grows up with fellow orphan kids amidst a harsh and unsympathetic environment of the orphanage, courtesy to the crooked manager. Ten Years later, one day Manik is physically abused by the manager as he has opened mouth to the district magistrate on a fundraising ceremony about the ill-treatment the orphans face in the orphanage and as punishment is practically 'sold' to a small businessman (Tulsi Chakraborty). The latter at his wife's (Chhaya Debi) intention puts the boy in charge of arranging pyres for cremation. Having been regularly abused both physically and mentally, one day Manik runs away and reaches Calcutta only to find himself into a harsher and un-familiar society. While roaming on the streets, he catches the attention of an "antisocial gang" run by a ruthless criminal named Fakirchand(Shambhu Mitra).

Meanwhile, Natabar goes through Manik's late mother's belongings(stolen and kept hidden so far by the elderly midwife of the orphanage, who before dying speaks the truth to the manager) and from some documents learns that Manik's now-deceased father was the only child of a feudal lord of an estate in Burdwan. With an expectation to be handsomely rewarded he goes to the estate only to know that Manik's grandfather, Lakshmikanta Chowdhury (Chhabi Biswas) is now paralyzed and aphasic due to a brain stroke years ago and his estate is run by his crooked nephew Bireshwar, who is the only known heir to the large inheritance. Databar is initially tricked into revealing the truth behind and into handing over all the documents (except one letter from Manik's father to his grandfather, which is enough to prove Manik's identity) as he is not aware of Birshwar's true nature. Bireshwar manages one of Manik's photos from Natabar and overtime reaches Fakirchand and instructs him to make the innocent boy a criminal, thus destroying him morally which will make him unfit for the inheritance.

Manik was put in custody of a criminal couple - Ganesh(Amar Gangopadhyay)and Neeli(Tripti Mitra), both being members of the gang and close confidantes to Fakirchand. While Ganesh is a hot-head and a drinker Neeli develops some sibling affection towards Manik as he happens to be the namesake of her deceased brother. One day, during an unsuccessful operation Manik is caught and sent to police custody, from where he is bailed out by the kind-hearted Mahendra Babu(Pahari Sanyal), who himself has been the target of the gang's foiled operation. He takes Manik to his home and starts teaching him manners, but Neeli and Ganesh abduct the boy once again. Databar becomes aware of Bireshwar's evil plan and changes his mind for good. He contacts Mahendra Babu, who happens to be known to the Chowdhury family and the two decide to rescue Manik from the evil clutches of both Fakirchand and Bireshwar. However their conversation is overheard by Birshwar who rushes to Fakirchand and this time intends to kill the boy, to which Fakirchand agrees. Neeli overhears their foul plan and to save the boy's life; betrays her gang and provides Mahendra Babu with valuable information in time only to get herself exposed to Fakirchand and ultimately murdered by Ganesh at that night.

The next morning, as Mahendra Babu learns about Neeli's fate, he persuades the investigating police officers to go after Fakirchand, Ganesh, and the whole gang. With the help of sniffer dogs, police reach the gang's hideout. Fakir Chand and Ganesh fall from the roof to their death while attempting to escape, the group is caught, and Birshwar is handed over to police by Databar. Manik is rescued, and his well-wishers take him to his grandfather, and thus the movie ends with the happy reunion.

Cast
 Trinanjan Mitra as Manik
 Chhabi Biswas as Manik's grandfather, Shree Lakshmikanta Chowdhury
 Pahari Sanyal as Mahendra Babu
 Sombhu Mitra as Fakirchand alias Babaji
 Tulsi Chakraborty as Manik's evil employer
 Chhaya Devi as the employer's wife
 Gangapada Basu as Natabar Ghoshal, manager of the orphanage
 Tripti Mitra as Neeli, a member of Fakirchand's gang
 Jahar Ganguly as Abinashbabu
 Amar Gangopadhyaya as Ganesh, member of Fakirchand's gang and Neeli's husband
 Nibhanani Debi

References

External links

1961 films
Bengali-language Indian films
Films based on Oliver Twist
Indian black-and-white films
1960s Bengali-language films

Manik (1961 film)


The Hotel Edison in Sunbury, Pennsylvania was built in 1871 by entrepreneur Edward T. Drumheller and opened as the City Hotel in January 1872. It was the first building to be lit with Thomas Edison's three-wire system in July 1883.

Renamed the Hotel Edison in 1922 during Sunbury's 150th anniversary, it has fifty-one rooms and fifteen residential apartments, and is located on Fourth and Market Streets.

History
Built in 1871, the City Hotel was known for its high quality lodging and fine dining, and also had one of the first commercial elevators in the United States hotel system. During this early phase of operations, the hotel had forty guest rooms on its second and third floors and offered two payment plans: a pay-by-the-day "American plan" and an extended-stay "European plan."

The hotel's carriage house, which was built as a separate structure around the same time as the City Hotel, was situated behind the hotel and operated as a 19th-century transit center, housing horses and carriages that transported passengers to and from the hotel and key points in the city, including Sunbury's wharf and Third Street railroad station. A fire tower constructed after World War II physically connected the carriage house to the hotel.

George Guyer was the proprietor of the hotel during the early 1880s.

The first building in Sunbury, Pennsylvania to be lit with Thomas Edison's three-wire system in July 1883. John W. Treadwell, Jr., a nine-year-old boy in the crowd of onlookers, was given the honor of throwing the switch that turned on Edison's new lighting system.

The hotel was also equipped with new water closets during the summer of 1884.

The City Hotel was renamed as the Hotel Edison in 1922, during the city's 150th anniversary celebration, which was attended by Edison.

As automobiles rose in popularity, the carriage house, which faces Court Street, was subsequently converted into office and retail space.

Charles E. Duffy, Jr. became the proprietor of The Hotel Edison in 1939. In February 1949, Duffy opened a new, twenty-six-room addition with a new fireproofing system for the building.

In 1963, Duffy hired Robert Weiser, contractor, to enlarge the hotel's bar and grille, and announced that that section of his hotel would be renamed as the Hobnail Bar while the cocktail lounge would keep its Pennsylvania Dutch decor. His son, Charles Duffy III, succeeded him as president of The Hotel Edison Corporation.

The younger Duffy then sold the hotel in September 1966 to the Para Corporation of Harrisburg which, in turn, sold it to the Gold Star Nursing Home Association of Milton, which managed it from January 3 to September 30, 1967, when it ceased operations. It was subsequently sold to Max Wagner, a commercial hotel-motel broker who owned the University Motor Inn in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania.

References

Hotels in Pennsylvania
Sunbury, Pennsylvania
Hotels established in 1872
Hotel buildings completed in 1872
1872 establishments in Pennsylvania

Edison Hotel (Sunbury, Pennsylvania)


John McLaren, Lord McLaren, FRSE (17 April 1831 – 6 April 1910) was a British Liberal politician and judge. In the scientific world he is remembered as a mathematician and astronomer.

Life
The son of Duncan McLaren, a former Provost of Edinburgh and Member of Parliament, and his wife Grant Aitken, he was born at 21 South St David Street, in Edinburgh's New Town.

He studied law at Edinburgh University. He was admitted to the Scottish Faculty of Advocates in 1856. In 1869 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, his proposer being Robert William Thomson. He served as the society's vice president for three sessions:
1885 to 1891; 1892 to 1898; and 1901 to 1906.

He held the office of Sheriff of Chancery in Scotland 1869–1880. He reorganised the Liberal party and arranged Gladstone's Midlothian campaign of 1879–1880.

He was elected Member of Parliament for Wigtown Burghs in April 1880 and appointed Lord Advocate, losing his seat on seeking re-election on 20 May 1880. He failed to be elected at Berwick-upon-Tweed on 21 July 1880, but was returned for Edinburgh on 28 January 1881. McLaren's father Duncan McLaren had resigned as MP for Edinburgh, which produced the vacancy to be filled. McLaren continued to sit for Edinburgh until he was appointed as a judge, later in the year. He was Lord Advocate for Scotland during 1880–81.

Under pressure from Gladstone and Sir William Harcourt, he accepted appointment to the bench in 1881 with the judicial title Lord McLaren. He was an eminently successful judge, and edited works on Scots law. For his contributions to astronomy and mathematics he was awarded honorary degrees (all LLD) from Edinburgh University, the University of Glasgow and the University of Aberdeen.

Lord McLaren died in Brighton in Sussex on 6 April 1910 but was returned to Edinburgh for burial in the Grange Cemetery on its southernmost path. The original bronze medallion head was stolen but it is replaced with an accurate and convincing plastic replica.

Publications

McLaren wrote a number of books on legal topics, including Law of Wills and Succession.

Family

In 1868 he married Ottile Schwabe (d.1914). Their children largely died in childhood. Their eldest daughter was Ottilie McLaren.

Artistic recognition

His portrait by Sir John Lavery is held in the Scottish National Portrait Gallery but is seldom displayed.

References

Source: Who's Who of British Members of Parliament, Volume I 1832-1885 edited by M. Stenton (The Harvester Press 1976).

External links

1831 births
1910 deaths
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Scottish Liberal Party MPs
Lord Advocates
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Edinburgh constituencies
Maclaren
UK MPs 1880–1885
Scottish legal writers

John McLaren, Lord McLaren


KEYC-TV (channel 12) is a television station licensed to Mankato, Minnesota, United States, affiliated with CBS and Fox. It is owned by Gray Television alongside low-power, dual NBC/CW+ affiliate KMNF-LD (channel 7). Both stations share studios on Lookout Drive in North Mankato, while KEYC-TV's transmitter is located near Lewisville, Minnesota.

The Mankato market is within reach of some television stations based in the Twin Cities. CBS owned-and-operated station WCCO-TV has an over-the-air signal that reaches Mankato proper, and the station is offered locally on Charter Spectrum channel 4. Due to the cable presence of WCCO, KEYC can invoke the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)'s network non-duplication rule resulting in Spectrum blacking out programming from the former during network shows. WCCO's newscasts and some of its syndicated programs can be seen, however.

History
KEYC-TV signed on October 5, 1960, just in time to broadcast the first game of the World Series that night from NBC. It was owned by Lee Enterprises which also started nearby KGLO-TV (now KIMT) in Mason City, Iowa. Less than a year later, KEYC switched its affiliation to CBS which has been maintained to this day. Lee Enterprises, intending to purchase KOIN-TV in Portland, Oregon, was forced to sell KEYC to United Communications in 1977 due to ownership limits imposed by the FCC. During UPN's existence, the station carried some of that network's programming through a secondary arrangement.

KEYC was a major beneficiary of an exception to the FCC's "2½ + 1" plan for allocating VHF television bandwidth. In the early days of broadcast television, there were twelve VHF channels available, and 69 UHF channels (which was later reduced to 56 with the removal of high-band channels 70–83 in the early 1980s). The VHF bands were more desirable because signals broadcasting on that band traveled a longer distance. Because there were only twelve VHF channels available, there were limitations as to how closely the stations could be spaced. With the release of the FCC's Sixth Report and Order in 1952, the Commission outlined a new allocation table for VHF licenses and opened up the UHF band. Through these initiatives, almost all of the United States would be able to receive two commercial VHF channels plus one non-commercial allocation. Most of the rest of the country ("1/2") would be able to receive a third VHF channel. Other areas of the country would be designated as "UHF islands," since they were too close to larger cities for VHF service.

However, what would become of the Mankato market was sandwiched between Minneapolis–Saint Paul (channels 2, 4, 5, 9, and 11) to the north, Rochester (channels 3, 6, and 10) to the east, Sioux Falls (channels 2, 5, 11, and 13) to the west, and Des Moines (channels 5, 8, 11, and 13) to the southeast. This created a large "doughnut" in Mankato where there could only be one VHF license. KEYC was fortunate enough to gain that license. To this day, KEYC is the only full-power TV station based in Mankato, in the 13th smallest TV market (Nielsen DMA #198).

On July 1, 2007, the station signed on a new second digital subchannel and brought Fox programming to the market for the first time; this subchannel replaced Minneapolis stations WFTC (channel 29) and later KMSP-TV (channel 9), which have both been carried on cable systems in southwestern Minnesota since before the Fox network began operations in 1986. KEYC's broadcasts became digital-only effective June 12, 2009. It is the sole commercial station in the area that it serves which is ranked as the 13th smallest (ranked #198) out of 210 in the United States. However, KEYC is not without significant competition because outlets from the Twin Cities, the 15th largest market, cover major news and weather events in the region, and their signals are extended into the region via an extensive translator network.

On February 8, 2019, Gray Television announced it was purchasing the United stations, including KEYC. In advance of the purchase, Gray assumed control of the station via a local marketing agreement (LMA) on March 1. KEYC would be Gray's first station in Minnesota. The sale was completed on May 1.

KEYC-DT2
KEYC-DT2, branded on air as KEYC Fox, is the Fox-affiliated second digital subchannel of KEYC-TV, broadcasting in 720p high definition on channel 12.2. Although the main over-the-air signal of KMSP-TV barely reaches Mankato proper, it is simulcast over K35KI-D in nearby St. James through the local municipal-operated Cooperative TV (CTV) network of translators; KMSP-TV is also offered locally in Mankato on channel 9 on both Charter Spectrum and Consolidated Communications.

In November 2017, KEYC-DT2 was upgraded to 720p HD; it had previously been in 480i widescreen standard definition.

Programming
KEYC-TV airs the entire CBS schedule; it began clearing the CBS News program known as the CBS Overnight News when it started 24-hour-a-day broadcasting on September 14, 2020.

KEYC-TV maintains a highly local focus such as through its production of the long-running music series Bandwagon. Another program that have aired almost throughout the station's history was a local religious program, I Believe in Miracles, which first aired on February 19, 1961. Miracles aired for the last time on KEYC on February 8, 2015. Various other local programs have aired over the years as well as a variety of specials such as on holiday music or major community issues.

Newscasts
On January 15, 2018, KEYC debuted a new weekday morning newscast. KEYC News Now This Morning airs for one hour starting at 6 a.m. On February 25, 2019, it was expanded to 1½ hours starting at 5:30 a.m. There are local news and weather cut-ins during CBS Mornings from 7 until 9. KEYC News Now offers local newscasts weekdays at noon for a half-hour, Monday through Friday at 5 p.m., Monday through Saturday nights at 6, and every night at 10. KEYC News Now at 9 airs seven nights a week on KEYC-DT2. In September 2022, KEYC launched Kato Living, a weekday lifestyle program.

Technical information

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

Former translator stations
The broadcast signal of KEYC was extended by way of three digital translators in southern Minnesota until December 22, 2017, when United Communications could not negotiate a new leasing agreement with tower owner BENCO/CTV.
K49JG-D 49 Frost
K50KL-D 50 Jackson
K38MY-D 38 St. James

The Frost and Jackson translators were located in the Minneapolis–St. Paul market, while the St. James translator was in the Mankato market.

References

External links

Rabbitears.info query - KEYC

CBS network affiliates
Fox network affiliates
Ion Television affiliates
Television channels and stations established in 1960
1960 establishments in Minnesota
EYC-TV
Gray Television

KEYC-TV


, also known in the U.S. as The "Legend of Dinosaurs", is a 1977 Japanese kaiju science fiction film produced and distributed by Toei Company. The film was initially unsuccessful in Japan, but later became an overseas blockbuster in the Soviet Union.

Plot

A young woman wanders barefoot in the lush Aokigahara (青木ヶ原), also known as the Sea of Trees (樹海 Jukai) region of Mount Fuji, and suddenly falls into a cavern, awakening in an icy cave full of large eggs. When one of the eggs start to hatch, she goes into hysterics and flees until she is discovered by a construction crew. Before falling into a coma, the girl babbles about what she saw to a reporter. Her story airs on a televised news report that is seen by geologist Takashi Ashizawa. Upon hearing about the fossilized egg, Takashi sets off to Mount Fuji to find it.

When he arrives at the small village bordering Fuji's Saiko Lake, Takashi immediately heads into the heavily forested Jukai when a sudden earthquake occurs and he is knocked out. He later awakens in his father's old cabin near Saiko Lake, and discovers that he was rescued by Shohei Muku, an old friend of the family. Takashi quickly gets back to fossil-hunting and heads toward the Jukai once again. As he cruises through the nearby village, he greets two women named Akiko, a former lover of his, and Junko.

Meanwhile, other bizarre things start happening around the Saiko Lake community. A young couple in a paddle boat disappear without a trace, an injured diver is pulled from the lake and livestock begin to mysteriously vanish. Takashi begins developing a theory that a dinosaur is alive and well in Saiko Lake. His theory gains credence when Junko stumbles upon a headless horse-corpse lying in the road, and Takashi later finds it lodged in a tree while taking photographs of some strange tracks in the mud.

The following day, Takashi sits in his father's cabin and develops a possible theory as to what type of creature could have killed the horse and placed the remains in a tree for safekeeping. He decides that the creature must be a living Plesiosaurus and shares his minimal proof and hypothesis with a very skeptical Shohei. His theory proves correct when a Plesiosaurus really does appear and devours some local pranksters during a festival outside.

The creature continues to subtly terrorize the community and devours two more women, including Junko, whose death is witnessed by Akiko and their pet dog. Takashi and Akiko soon discover the presence of another prehistoric beast, a giant Rhamphorhynchus, which also proceeds to menace the community. Eventually, the two prehistoric beasts come face-to-face, with the Plesiosaurus eventually gaining the upper hand against the Rhamphorhynchus, despite losing an eye. Mount Fuji then finally erupts, sending the reptiles into a fiery chasm below as the ground gives way. Akiko almost falls to her death, before Takashi is able to grab her by the hand. The film then ends, leaving the two protagonists' fates ambiguous.

Cast
 Tsunehiko Watase as Takashi Ashizawa
 Shotaro Hayashi as Akira Taniki
 Nobiko Sawa as Akiko Osano
 Tomoko Kiyoshima as Junko Sonoda
 Fuyukichi Maki as Masahira Muku
 Akira Moroguchi as himself
 Kinshi Nakamura as Hideyuki Sakai
 Hiroshi Nawa as Masahiko Miyawaki
 So Takizawa as Jiro Shimamoto
 Yûsuke Tsukasa as Susumu Hirano
 Go Nawata as Hiroshi Sugiyama
 Yukari Miyamae as Hiroko Takami
 Masahiro Arikawa as Seitaro Shintaku
 Minken Karazawa as Uemura
 Sachio Miyashiro as Kobayashi
 David Freedman as Harold Tucker
 Maureen Peacock as Maureen Tucker
 Catherine Laub as Catherine Tucker

Production
Inspiration for the film came from Toei's president Shigeru Okada in 1974.  After serving as head of Japanese delegations at overseas film festivals and trade fairs, he formed business relationships with executives of Western-style distribution companies.  Studying the styles of Western filmmaking, he ordered a screening of Jaws at the Toei Studios.  Okada determined that American film trends would gain popularity in Japan, and that Japanese filmmaking should adopt those trends.  Based on the success of Jaws, he determined that similar "monster movie" films would be successful.

Production began in December 1975, the same month that Jaws was released nationwide in Japan.  It also coincided with a resurgence of reports of Nessie in Loch Ness.  With a view to the world market, the film was to include Mount Fuji (as a symbol of Japan) and the similar theme of a mysterious lake-dwelling monster. The script incorporated other elements of Japanese culture such as dragon legends and myths. In the spring of 1976, an early title for the screenplay was "The Giant Monster Bird vs. The Giant Dragon God" (大怪鳥対大竜神, Dai kaisho tai Dai ryujin).The final script was completed on September 3, 1976 with filming starting on October 12.

Filming ended after six months, on March 21, 1977, between locations at Toei Studios and Mount Fuji.  Production costs totaled  (); this included ¥150 million for special effects, ¥45 million for film equipment and ¥20 million for models/animatronics. A 24-meter pool was also built for water scenes within Toei's Kyoto Studio.

Model work was supervised by actor/director Fuminori Ohashi, as his final studio work before retirement. Four different kinds of ¼ scale Plesiosaurus props were created, along with life-size heads and fins, over a four-month period.  A ¼ scale model of the Rhamphorhynchus was also created, as were a life-size head and feet.

Release
Advertising expenses for the film reached ¥100 million. Legend of Dinosaurs & Monster Birds was released in Japan on April 29, 1977. The film was never released theatrically in the United States. It was released to television by King Features Entertainment in 1987 with an English-language dub, and later featured in an early episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000.

Box office
In Japan, it earned  in distributor rentals, equivalent to an estimated  ticket sales and  () gross receipts. In 1977, Toei president Okada stated that, despite significant pre-sales at the Milan and Tehran International Film Festivals in October–November 1976, the film was not a significant success overseas.

It later became an overseas blockbuster in the Soviet Union upon its release there in 1979, becoming the 19th highest-grossing foreign film of all time at the Soviet box office with 48.7million admissions, equivalent to an estimated  in gross revenue. This brings its total box office admissions to an estimated  tickets sold worldwide and its total gross revenue to an estimated  worldwide (equivalent to  adjusted for inflation).

See also
 List of films featuring dinosaurs
 List of Japanese films of 1977

References

Footnotes

Sources

External links

http://www1.kcn.ne.jp/~pop/spcpm/j12k/kyouryuu_kaichou.html

1977 films
1970s science fiction horror films
Films set in Yamanashi Prefecture
Films set in 1977
Films about dinosaurs
Films dubbed by Frontier Enterprises
Giant monster films
Films shot in Japan
Kaiju films
Japanese science fiction horror films
Pterosaurs in fiction
Plesiosaurs in fiction
Toei tokusatsu films
1970s Japanese films

Legend of Dinosaurs & Monster Birds


Willie Denson (23 November 1936 in Columbus, Georgia – 1 July 2006) was an American songwriter, most notably for the Shirelles, and a singer under the name Denny Denson.

He wrote or co-wrote with Luther Dixon five songs for the Shirelles, including "Mama Said," a number 5 hit, "Stop the Music," "The Things I Want to Hear (Pretty Words)," "Love Is a Swingin' Thing," and "Blue Holiday." His own singles as Denny Denson including "Too Long" / "Bills" (1962). In 2001, Denson won $3 million in the Georgia lottery. He died on 1 July 2006 after a long battle with lung cancer, at age 69.

References

1936 births
2006 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
20th-century American singer-songwriters
20th-century American male singers
Musicians from Columbus, Georgia
Place of death missing
Songwriters from Georgia (U.S. state)

Willie Denson


Aaron John Brumbaugh (February 14, 1890 – February 25, 1983) was a higher education administrator and professor of education, and the sixth president of Shimer College.

Brumbaugh was born in Hartville, Ohio in early 1893.  He subsequently became a teacher and superintendent in local schools, before traveling to Mount Morris College in Mount Morris, Illinois, where he received his BA in 1914.  He served as the superintendent of the Mount Morris schools from 1914 to 1915, and as professor of English at Mount Morris College from 1915 to 1918.  In 1918 he received his MA from the University of Chicago, and was named Dean at Mount Morris College.  In 1921 he became president of Mount Morris College, a position which he held until resigning in 1925.

Brumbaugh taught at the University of Chicago beginning in 1926, and completed his Ph.D. there in 1929 with a dissertation on the authority of school boards as defined by the courts.  He became an associate professor in 1935 and rose to full professor the following year, holding that rank until his retirement in 1944.  In 1937, he became president of the American College Personnel Association.

In 1941, Robert Maynard Hutchins appointed Brumbaugh Dean of Students at the College of the University of Chicago.  He had previously held the position of acting dean.  Brumbaugh retired from the university in 1944 but remained active in professional associations.

As president of Shimer College in Mount Carroll, Illinois from 1950 to 1954, Brumbaugh presided over the transition of the Shimer curriculum from a women's junior college to a four-year coeducational Great Books college.  He was the first president to preside over the school under its current name, as the name was changed from "Frances Shimer College" to "Shimer College" at the time that the school became coeducational.

In 1955, Brumbaugh left Shimer to take a staff position with the Southern Regional Education Board in Atlanta, Georgia.  He held this position until retiring for the second time in 1970.  He and his wife then moved to Florida.

See also
History of Shimer College

Notes

External links

1890 births
1983 deaths
Presidents of Shimer College
People from Hartville, Ohio
Mount Morris College alumni
University of Chicago alumni
20th-century American academics

Aaron Brumbaugh


Willem Vermandere (born 9 February 1940 in Lauwe, Belgium) is a Belgian singer, Flemish cabaret artist, writer, sculptor, guitarist and painter. His songs are written and sung in the dialect of the South of West-Flanders in Belgium. His most famous songs are 'Klein ventje van Elverdinge', 'Lat mie maar lopen', 'Als ik zing', 'Blanche en zijn peird', 'Bange blankeman', 'Duizend soldaten', 'La Belle Rosselle' and 'Ik plantte ne keer patatten'.

Biography

Vermandere studied Religion at Ghent and has been a teacher at Nieuwpoort. Although he is most known for his music, Vermandere is more active as a sculptor. His repertoire expresses criticism on society. His performances are a mixture of seriousness, sadness and fun. His songs can be considered poetry.

He performs as a band with Freddy Desmedt and Pol Depoorter. In 1993 Vermandere wrote the song "Bange Blanke Man" ("Frightened White Man"), a song criticizing racism and xenophobia in a multicultural society. When performing at the Grand-Place in Brussels in 1992 Vermandere was physically assaulted by members of the far-right party Vlaams Blok. He also received letters of threat.

In 2000 he was bestowed with the title of honorary citizen of Veurne, where he currently lives in the suburb of Steenkerke. In 2009 the Flemish 'Radio 2' station nominated him as a member of the galley of honor for a life filled with music.

Discography
 Liedjes Van De Westhoek, 1968
 Langs De Schreve, 1969
 Willem Vermandere (album),1971
 Vier (album), 1973
 Met Mijn Simpel Lied, 1976
 Lat Mie Maar Lopen, 1981
 Als ik zing', 1984
 Willem Vermandere, 1988
 Ik wil maar zeggen, 1988
 De eerste jaren, 1989
 Lat mie maar lopen, 1991
 Een avond in Brussel, 1990
 Help mij, 1993
 Mijn Vlaanderland, 1995
 De vergeten liedjes, 1996
 In de donkerste dagen, 1997
 Onderweg, 1999
 Gezongen uit de ark, 2000
 De eerste jaren II, 2000
 Van Blanche tot Blankeman, 2000
 Omzwervingen - Liedjes zonder woorden, 2002
 Op den duur, 2003
 Master serie - Willem Vermandere, Het beste van, 2005
 Van soorten, 2005
 Altijd iemands vader, altijd iemands kind, 2006
 Alles gaat over, 2010
 De zanger & de muzikant Vincent Troch', 2012
 Den overkant & de meditaties, 2014
 14-18 En wat nu?, 2015
 Confessies, 2020

Books
 Thuis en nog veel verder, 2000, Gent, Blobe, 224 pp.
 Van Blanche tot Blankeman, 2007, Lannoo: 122 liedjesteksten
 De zeven laatste woorden, 2013, Lannoo, 70 p.

Art

The sculpture Verzoening, in English Reconciliation, was created by Willem Vermandere to commemorate World War I. It was erected October 8, 2014 at the geographical starting point of the Western Front.

References

External links

20th-century Belgian male singers
20th-century Belgian singers
Belgian folk singers
Belgian male guitarists
Belgian clarinetists
Belgian painters
Belgian sculptors
Album-cover and concert-poster artists
1940 births
Living people
Dutch-language singers of Belgium
21st-century Belgian male singers
21st-century Belgian singers
21st-century clarinetists
Belgian anti-racism activists

Willem Vermandere


Monalisa Changkija is an Indian journalist and poet from Nagaland. She is the founding editor and publisher of the daily newspaper Nagaland Page. She was a member of the Working Group on Women's Empowerment in the Indian National Planning Commission.

Life
Tiamerenla Monalisa Changkija was born in Jorhat, Assam on 2 March 1960. Her family belongs to the Ao Naga community.

She attended school in Jorhat and Kohima, Nagaland. She obtained an undergraduate degree in Political Science from Hindu College, Delhi, followed by a master's degree from Delhi University.

Changkija married Bendangtoshi Longkümer. She has two daughters. Her husband died in 2017.

Career
Changkija began her career as a journalist with the Nagaland Times in 1985. She wrote a column, "The State of Affairs", for this paper, and another titled "Of Roses and Thorns" for the weekly paper Ura Mail. Both the papers were based in Dimapur.

During the long-running insurgency in Nagaland, Changkija began to write poetry and short stories to protest the violence, and to criticise the condition of society that led to the unrest. Changkija's writings put her in grave risk from the militants. Her editor at the Ura Mail was murdered in 1992. Changkija's poem Not be dead was written to honour his memory.

Changkija founded the Nagaland Page in 1999. Focussing on issues affecting the state of Nagaland, she upset both the state government and the militants. An article published in her paper titled "State is a reality and sovereignty is a myth" led to demands from the terrorists that she disclose the author's name. When she refused, she was threatened with retribution.

In 2004, bombing at Dimapur's Hong Kong market resulted in the deaths of hundreds. Changkija's impassioned Child of Cain was printed soon after.

Changkija's 2014 book Cogitating for a Better Deal was banned by the Ao Senden, an organisation that claimed to be a statutory apex judiciary body. They accused her of making false allegations against it. In particular, they objected to her statement that it was a non-governmental organisation rather than a mandated arbitrator in Ao tribal affairs.

Selected works

Poetry

Non-fiction

Awards
Chameli Devi Jain Award for Outstanding Woman Mediaperson (2009)
 30th FICCI Women Achiever of the Year 2013-2014 for Outstanding Contributions as a Journalist (2014)

See also
 Nagaland Page

References

Sources

Living people
Delhi University alumni
20th-century Indian poets
21st-century Indian poets
Indian women short story writers
20th-century Indian journalists
21st-century Indian journalists
Hindu College, Delhi alumni
People from Jorhat district
Poets from Assam
Women writers from Assam
20th-century Indian women writers
21st-century Indian women writers
21st-century Indian writers
Indian women journalists
21st-century Indian short story writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Naga people

Monalisa Changkija


The University of California Natural Reserve System (UCNRS) is a system of protected areas throughout California. The reserves support UC's mission of teaching, research, and public service. Unlike national and state parks, they are not available for recreational uses, because they were specifically created to enable UC scientists to conduct research free from such distractions.

The system began with UC Berkeley zoology professor Joseph Grinnell.  In 1937, near the end of his career, Grinnell began to work on a proposal to establish UC's first wildland field station for zoology teaching and research. He had initially looked to the U.S. national parks for research sites, but became frustrated with the National Park Service and how its other priorities often got in the way of his priorities.  Grinnell became convinced that only a natural reserve owned by the university itself "would provide the permanent protection necessary for long-term teaching, research, and monitoring of California's ecosystems."

Grinnell did not live long enough to see his proposal succeed.  In May 1939, two weeks after Grinnell's sudden death from a heart attack, the Regents of the University of California voted to accept his proposal and created the oldest reserve in the system, Hastings Natural History Reservation.

On January 22, 1965, at the suggestion of Kenneth S. Norris, the UC Board of Regents voted to formally join together Hastings and six other reserves into the Natural Land and Water Reserves System.  In 1970, it was renamed to the Natural Reserve System.

List of reserves

References

Further reading
Harrison, S., Waddell, S. M. and Boucher, V. L. 2004. UC Davis Natural Reserve System-Four-Year Report (1999-2003) . UC Davis Natural Reserve System.
Herring, Margaret. 2000. Studying Nature in Nature: The History of the University of California Natural Reserve System . Reprinted from Chronicle of the University of California, No. 3 (Spring 2000).

External links

UC Office of Research and Graduate Studies
UC Natural Reserves photos

Nature reserves in California
Natural Reserve System