Ronald "Ron" Siler Jr. (born April 8, 1980) is an American former amateur boxer who competed for the United States at the 2004 Olympics. He is now a boxing coach at the Cincinnati Golden Gloves gym.

Background
Siler hails from the Over-the-Rhine neighborhood of Cincinnati, he has nine siblings and as of 2007, six children. He grew up without his mother after she joined the Army when he was an infant and lost contact and at times without his troubled father Ron Sr, too.

Boxing since age 7, stringbean Siler almost quit the sport when he lost his first three bouts. He continued, though, and his hard-punching style won his next 50 fights.

At the age of 14 he was caught selling drugs and became a 10th-grade high school dropout.

Amateur career
At boxing he was successful.
Until 2001 he was campaigning as a light flyweight, he won the United States championships in 1998 beating Jose Navarro,
1998 and 1999 he lost five times to his nemesis future world champion Brian Viloria and at the Panam games in the first round to Maikro Romero.
He came back to win the National Golden Gloves in 2000, at the Olympic trials however he lost to Nonito Donaire and his brother Glenn Donaire

After Viloiria had turned pro he had his best year in 2001 when won the US championships again and a Bronze medal at the world championships where he lost to Yan Bartelemí
At the Goodwill Games he defeated Romanian star Marian Velicu 17-6, in semis and Russian southpaw Sergey Kazakov, 17-9, in the final.

At flyweight he won the National Golden Gloves in 2002, at the World Cup he lost to Somjit Jongjohor.

He repeated the win at the National Golden Gloves in 2003 and won the US championships in 2004.

He qualified for the Olympic Games by ending up in first place at the 1st AIBA American 2004 Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Tijuana, Mexico. At the 2004 Athens Olympics he represented the United States as a Flyweight and lost in the second round to Tulashboy Doniyorov (Uzbekistan) 22-45.  Results were:
Defeated Bradley Hore (Australia) 32-18
Lost to Tulashboy Doniyorov (Uzbekistan) 22-45

Amateur highlights
1998 United States Amateur Light Flyweight (106 lb) champion
2000 National Golden Gloves Light Flyweight (106 lb) champion
2001 United States Amateur Light Flyweight (106 lb) champion
2002 National Golden Gloves Flyweight (112 lb) champion
2003 National Golden Gloves Flyweight (112 lb) champion
2004 United States Amateur Flyweight (112 lb) champion

Pro career
Siler made his long-awaited pro debut in January 2010 with a TKO win over Almensor De La Cruz.

Troubles outside the ring
In 2002 he was arrested after he was caught driving a stolen 2000 Chevy Tahoe.//
While out on bond for that charge, Siler and friends stole equipment from construction workers. When the workers chased them Siler hit 51-year-old Elden Sundberg who just rounded a corner in the back of the head with a hammer.
He was convicted for attempted felonious assault.  .
Despite that, Judge Nadel was set to give Siler probation but the boxer did not show up in court.
After pleading guilty (today he claims to be innocent) he spent nine months of the 17-month sentence in a Dayton, Ohio, correctional facility.   He had also been stopped multiple times for driving without a license.
Hamilton County Common Pleas Court Judge Norbert Nadel placed him on probation in 2003 after national trainer Emanuel Steward vouched for Siler, calling him the top prospect for the 2004 Olympics.
"You're getting the chance of a lifetime," Nadel told Siler in January 2003. "I hope you don't screw it up. Based on your past experiences, you're going to screw it up. If you want to throw it away, the onus is on you."   He was  reluctantly released early to compete for an Olympic medal .

In 2006 he violated his parole and was convicted of a misdemeanor .

In 2007 shortly before his pro debut he was charged with possession of crack cocaine, selling heroin and crack cocaine within 1,000 feet of a school, and trafficking drugs. The charges carry a maximum prison sentence of 13 years.

On October 20, 2008, he was arrested for allegedly assaulting a police officer at the Hamilton County Courthouse in Cincinnati, Ohio. He is accused of becoming belligerent after a police officer tried to stop him from cutting in a security line. He was arrested on charges of assaulting a police officer, resisting arrest and obstruction of official business. Hamilton County Municipal Judge Brad Greenberg set bond at $7,000 and ordered him to return to court on October 22 with a lawyer.

On July 17, 2009, Siler was shot and wounded in the Over-the-Rhine neighborhood of Cincinnati. Siler was one of two men shot and suffered a gunshot wound to the leg.

On January 5, 2011 he was caught dealing/possessing cocaine.

On July 4, 2011, Siler was shot in the arm in Cincinnati's West End neighborhood.

References

External links

Bio
2003 article
2007 article
Boxrec Profile

1980 births
Living people
Light-flyweight boxers
Flyweight boxers
National Golden Gloves champions
African-American boxers
Winners of the United States Championship for amateur boxers
Olympic boxers for the United States
Boxers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
American male boxers
AIBA World Boxing Championships medalists
Boxers from Tennessee
Boxers from Cincinnati
Competitors at the 2001 Goodwill Games
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people

Ronald Siler


Nationalmuseum (or National Museum of Fine Arts) is the national gallery of Sweden, located on the peninsula Blasieholmen in central Stockholm.

The museum's operations stretch far beyond the borders of Blasieholmen, including the National Portrait gallery collection at Gripshom, the Gustavsbergporclain museum, several castle collections and the Swedish Institute in Paris (Institut Tessin). In the summer of 2018, Nationalmuseum Jamtli opened in Östersund to exhibit parts of the collection in the north of Sweden.

The museum's benefactors include King Gustav III and Carl Gustaf Tessin. It was founded in 1792 as Kungliga Museet ("Royal Museum"). The present building was opened in 1866, when it was renamed the Nationalmuseum, and was among the buildings that hosted the 1866 General Industrial Exposition of Stockholm.

The current building, built between 1844 and 1866, was inspired by northern Italian Renaissance architecture. It is the design of the German architect Friedrich August Stüler, who also designed the Neues Museum in Berlin. Despite its relatively closed exterior, the building has a spacious interior dominated by a large flight of stairs leading to the topmost galleries.

The museum was enlarged in 1961 to accommodate the museum workshops, and the museum's current restaurant was opened in 1996. The building closed for renovation in 2013 and reopened on 13 October 2018. The $132 million overhaul was undertaken to allow for more of the museum's collection to be displayed and to deliver the security, accessibility, fire safety and climate control of a modern institution.

History

The museum's early history

As with several other European national galleries, the history of the Nationalmuseum involves a transition in ownership from royalty to the state, and by extension publicly available collections. In Sweden, the foundation was laid for today's state art collections in the 18th century. Several of the works included in the Nationalmuseum collection, such as its 18th-century French paintings, were once owned by Queen Lovisa Ulrika. In 1777, the queen's financial situation became unsustainable, partly the result of her ambitious and expensive pursuit of art. The debts were settled by her son King Gustav III when she agreed to surrender her collections and Drottningholm Palace.

The building

The project to construct a royal museum in Stockholm was one of the largest and most lavish construction works of all time, taking 12 years to complete with another three years for the interior work. The German architect Friedrich August Stüler was responsible for the design of the building and the Swedish architect Fredrik Wilhelm Scholander was responsible for the interior design. The building was inaugurated in 1866 in conjunction with the General Industrial Exposition of Stockholm. The Nationalmuseum has been a state building monument since 1935. The building is owned and managed by the National Property Board of Sweden.

Collection

The museum collection consists of approximately 500,000 drawings from the Middle Ages to 1900, a prominent 17th-century collection of Rembrandt and other Dutch painters and collections of porcelain items, paintings, sculptures and modern art. In total, the collection consists of approximately 700,000 objects. The museum also has an art library that is open to the public and academics.

Nationalmuseum holds the largest collection of portrait miniatures in the world, with more than 5,200 works. The collection features miniatures from many European schools, including works by Nicholas Hilliard, Isaac Oliver and Louis-Marie Autissier. A significant portion of the collection derives from the master collector Carl Fredrik Dahlgren, while the more exclusive works were donated by Hjalmar Wicander, a cork-factory owner.  Wicander also donated funds for additional purchases of miniatures.

Notable works

Drawings

The collection of drawings contains approximately 500,000 sheets spanning the late medieval period to about 1900. The collection includes more than 2,000 old master drawings collected by Carl Gustaf Tessin. The sheets were acquired at the sale of the court banker Pierre Crozat in the summer of 1741. Tessin was one of 14 collectors who bought at bargain prices. Because of financial reasons, the collection was sold to King Adolf Fredrik.

"The new Nationalmuseum"

In 2009, the National Property Board of Sweden (SFV) was commissioned to perform a feasibility study for a renovation and refurbishment project, and the group presented a building program to the government in 2011. In 2012, planning began for the renovation and rebuilding project, and in February 2013, the Nationalmuseum began its evacuation of the building.

On 20 February 2014, the SFV was commissioned by the government to perform a renovation and conversion of the Nationalmuseum into a fully modern museum building. During the renovation, the building was closed to the public, but the Nationalmuseum continued to exhibit its collection in other locations in Sweden and abroad.

The museum was reinaugurated on 13 October 2018 by King Carl XVI Gustaf in the presence of other members of the royal family, minister of culture Alice Bah Kuhnke and thousands of visitors. The museum's exhibition space has been expanded and can now receive twice as many visitors and display almost three times as many works than had been possible before the renovation. Previously clogged windows and ceiling lanterns have been modified to create more daylight and views of the city. The noisy restaurant has been moved to a quieter location, with an airy and quiet sculpture courtyard in its former place. The museum has regained a rich color scheme inspired by the original colour palette.

See also
 List of museums in Stockholm
 List of national galleries
 Hallwyl Palace
 Swedish Museum of National Antiquities

References

External links
National Museum of Fine Arts
Virtual tour of the Nationalmuseum provided by Google Arts & Culture

Infrastructure completed in 1866
Art museums established in 1792
Art museums and galleries in Stockholm
National museums of Sweden
1792 establishments in Sweden
World's fair architecture in Stockholm
Sweden

Nationalmuseum


David Hurst Batteau (born June 25, 1949) is an American singer-songwriter. Batteau is the son of Blanca Batteau and Dr. Dwight Wayne Batteau, of Harvard University and Tufts University. He is the brother of singer-songwriter Robin Batteau.

History
Batteau is widely credited for writing songs for various entertainers, including Seals and Crofts, Trisha Yearwood, Michael Sembello and Shawn Colvin. He also co-wrote several songs with Madeleine Peyroux and Larry Klein for Peyroux's 2009 album, Bare Bones.

He has also focused on solo work, and has released one solo album, Happy in Hollywood (1976) on A&M Records.  Batteau had previously worked with his brother Robin as Batteaux, releasing one album on Columbia Records in 1971. This album contains the song "Tell Her She's Lovely" which was covered by El Chicano in 1973.

In the mid-1980s, Batteau formed the Pop/New Wave band Nomo, which released one album, The Great Unknown, in 1985, scoring a minor hit with "Red Lipstick" before disbanding. He also wrote and performed the song "Walk in Love," which was later covered by The Manhattan Transfer, reaching Number 12 on the UK Singles Chart.

Discography

Albums
1976: Happy in Hollywood
1993: Soul Mission

Singles
1976: "Walk in Love"

References

External links
 David Batteau at MySpace

1949 births
Living people
Singers from Boston
Singer-songwriters from Massachusetts
American male singer-songwriters
American acoustic guitarists
American rock singers
American rock guitarists
A&M Records artists
Guitarists from Massachusetts
American male guitarists
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American male musicians

David Batteau


He Was Cool (; lit. "That Guy was Cool") is a 2004 South Korean film based on the same-titled 2001 Internet novel written by Guiyeoni.  The film was released in South Korean cinemas on July 23, 2004, and was the 35th most attended film of the year with 800,000 admissions.

Synopsis
The story is about a cheerful high school student named Han Ye-won (Jung Da-bin). She is a sweet, clumsy and warm girl. On the other hand, there is Ji Eun-sung (Song Seung-heon), a student from a vocational school and a well-known bully. He is hot-tempered and rude but deep inside he longs to be loved.

One day, clumsily, Ye-won leaves a message on the school website to reply to Eun-sung's impolite message. She is shocked when someone calls her cell phone and threatens her. Gradually, her best friend, Lee Kyung-won, tells her who Eun-sung is. He sends Ye-won a text message: He will wait for her in front of the main gate. She is so scared that she and Kyung-won decide to jump over the school wall. Unfortunately, the moment Ye-won jumps, Eun-sung is standing exactly at the other side of wall. She falls on him and their lips meet accidentally. Raising his voice, Eun-sung asks her to take responsibility; she is astonished. His friend explains that Eun-sung has never even held hands with a girl. Since she is the first girl who kissed him, as a consequence, she must marry him.

Events happen quickly. At the beginning, Ye-won does not have any feelings for Eun-sung. She even rejects his invitation to come to his birthday party. Unknowingly, Eun-sung has fallen in love with her; but he is not the kind of guy who knows how to express his feelings. He is jealous when Ye-won is approached by other guys but he does not know how to be with someone he loves.

Although he is rude and bad-tempered, Eun-sung always pardons Ye-won's faults and clumsiness. However, he can't bear it when he finds out that Ye-won went out with Kim Han-sung (Lee Ki-woo), an older student whom he hates. Broken-hearted, Eun-sung decides to leave Korea and follow his mother to the USA.

A year later Ye-won is seen with Han-sung, discussing whether she is scared for her college entrance exams. During the listening portion of her exams, a quote from Romeo and Juliet is mentioned, making Ye-won recall the memory of her and Eun-sung in the park where they promised that no matter what, they would reunite in front of the telephone booth at the first snowfall. Ye-won stops what she is doing and runs to the park. She waits there as the scene rolls back to the fantasy she had a year ago and she starts to cry because Eun-sung is not there. As she turns around, a rabbit is hopping towards her, the same rabbit she gave to Eun-sung as a gift. She looks up and Eun-sung is there. She yells at him, saying, "Why did you leave without saying goodbye?" And Eun-sung replies, "True love requires no words."
Ye-won runs to him and they embrace.

The film ends with Eun-sung's childhood memory of some opening event of an elementary school where the only kid that would kiss Eun-sung was Ye-won. An interesting aspect to this is that earlier on in the film, Ye-won uses Eun-sung's cellphone to make a mini-video of her bedroom. There she captures footage of an old photo from when she was little, showing her and a friend. It turns out that this friend is actually the little Eun-sung, hinting at the connection between the two. When Eun-sung watches the video on his cell phone towards the end of the film, he is surprised to see himself and remembers that Ye-won was that little girl.

Cast
Song Seung-heon as Ji Eun-sung
Jung Da-bin as Han Ye-won
Lee Ki-woo as Kim Han-sung
Lee Min-hyuk as Kim Seung-pyo
Jeong Jun-ha as homeroom teacher
Park Yoon-bae as harassing man
Park No-shik as rabbit seller
Ahn Hae-soo as Lee Kyung-won
Kim Young-hoon as Kim Hyun-sung
Kim Bo-yeon as Ye-won's mother
Kim Kap-soo as Ye-won's father
Kim Ji-hye as Kim Hyo-bin
Moon Seo-yeon as kindergarten teacher
Jung Woo as Bba-Park Yi
Lee Jin-sung as Han Seung-pyo

See also
 List of Korean-language films
 Korean cinema
 Korean Wave

References

External links

2004 films
2000s Korean-language films
South Korean romantic comedy films
Films directed by Lee Hwan-kyung
2000s South Korean films

He Was Cool


A government or state agency, sometimes an appointed commission, is a permanent or semi-permanent organization in the machinery of government that is responsible for the oversight and administration of specific functions, such as an administration. There is a notable variety of agency types. Although usage differs, a government agency is normally distinct both from a department or ministry, and other types of public body established by government. The functions of an agency are normally executive in character since different types of organizations (such as commissions) are most often constituted in an advisory role—this distinction is often blurred in practice however, it is not allowed.

A government agency may be established by either a national government or a state government within a federal system. Agencies can be established by legislation or by executive powers. The autonomy, independence, and accountability of government agencies also vary widely.

History
Early examples of organizations that would now be termed a government agency include the British Navy Board, responsible for ships and supplies, which was established in 1546 by King Henry VIII and the British Commissioners of Bankruptcy established in 1570.

From 1933, the New Deal saw growth in U.S. federal agencies, the "alphabet agencies" as they were used to deliver new programs created by legislation, such as the Federal Emergency Relief Administration.

From the 1980s, as part of New Public Management, several countries including Australia and the United Kingdom developed the use of agencies to improve efficiency in public services.

By region

Australia

Canada

France
Administrative law in France refers to autorité administrative indépendante (AAI) or Independent Administrative Authorities. They tend to be prominent in the following areas of public policy;
 Economic and financial regulation
 Information and communication
 Defence of citizens' rights

Independent Administrative Authorities in France may not be instructed or ordered to take specific actions by the government.

Germany

Greece

The General Secretariat for Macedonia and Thrace (Greek: Γενική Γραμματεία Μακεδονίας-Θράκης), previously Ministry for Macedonia and Thrace (Greek: Υπουργείο Μακεδονίας-Θράκης) is a government agency of the Hellenic Republic that is responsible for the Greek regions of Macedonia and Thrace.

Iceland

India

The term agency in India has several meanings; for example, the Cabinet and the parliament Secretariat describes itself as a "nodal agency for coordination amongst the ministries of the Govt. of India". Most notably as an international feature, what appear to be independent agencies (or apex agencies) include some that have active roles for Ministers: such as, the National Security Council, the Medical Council of India, the Pharmacy Council of India (PCI), the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, and the NITI Aayog, which is chaired ex officio by the Prime Minister.

Russian Federation
Russia has had many government agencies throughout its history. The USSR had the secretive KGB.
Today, Russian government agencies such as the FSB, FSO, and the GRU use Spetsnaz or other masked operators for any missions.
Other organizations include Kremlin and presidential security.

Sweden

The Government agencies in Sweden are State controlled organizations who act independently to carry out the policies of the Government of Sweden. The  Ministries are relatively small and merely policy-making organizations, allowed to control agencies by policy decisions but not by direct orders. This means that while the agencies are subject to decisions made by the Government, Ministers are explicitly prohibited (so-called ban on ministerstyre) from interfering with the day-to-day operation in an agency or the outcome in individual cases as well.

In addition to the State and its agencies, there are also local government agencies, which are extensions of municipalities and county councils.

United Kingdom

Agencies in the United Kingdom are either executive agencies answerable to government ministers or non-departmental public bodies answerable directly to parliament or the devolved assemblies of the United Kingdom. They are also commonly known as Quangos.

Agencies can be created by enabling legislation by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, Scottish Parliament or the Welsh Parliament.

United States

The Congress and President of the United States delegate specific authority to government agencies to regulate the complex facets of the modern American federal state. Also, most of the 50 U.S. states have created similar government agencies. Each state government is similar to the national government, with all but one having a bicameral legislature.
The term "government agency" or "administrative agency" usually applies to one of the independent agencies of the United States government, which exercise some degree of independence from the President's control. Although the heads of independent agencies are often appointed by the government, they can usually be removed only for cause. The heads of independent agencies work together in groups, such as a commission, board or council. Independent agencies often function as miniature versions of the tripartite federal government with the authority to legislate (through the issuing or promulgation of regulations), to adjudicate disputes, and to enforce agency regulations. Examples of independent agencies include the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), Federal Reserve Board, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC).

A broader definition of the term "government agency" also means the United States federal executive departments that include the President's cabinet-level departments and their sub-units. Examples of these include the Department of Energy (DOE) and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), which is a bureau of the Department of the Treasury.

Most federal agencies are created by Congress through statutes called "enabling acts", which define the scope of an agency's authority. Because the Constitution does not expressly mention federal agencies (as it does the three branches), some commentators have called agencies the "headless fourth branch" of the federal government. However, most independent agencies are technically part of the executive branch, with a few located in the legislative branch of government. By enacting the Administrative Procedure Act (APA) in 1946, Congress established some means to oversee government agency action. The APA established uniform administrative law procedures for a federal agency's promulgation of rules and adjudication of claims. The APA also sets forth the process for judicial review of agency action.

See also
Classification of the Functions of Government
Government-owned company
Regulatory agency
Outline of management
Statutory authority
Statutory corporation

References

Further reading
 Machinery of Government Reform: Principles and Practice in "The Organisation of Central Government Departments: A History 1964–1992", ESRC Whitehall Programme at Nuffield College, University of Oxford. (accessed October 16, 2018)

External links
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Public Administration, Agency

Government agency


The Xiang Army or Hunan Army () was a standing army organized by Zeng Guofan from existing regional and village militia forces called tuanlian to contain the Taiping Rebellion in Qing China (1850 to 1864). The name is taken from the Hunan region where the Army was raised. The Army was financed through local nobles and gentry, as opposed to through the centralized Manchu-led Qing dynasty. The army was mostly disbanded by Zeng after the re-capture of the Taiping capital at Nanking.

Although it was raised specifically to address problems in Hunan, the Army formed the core of the new Qing military establishment, and as such, forever weakened the Manchu influence within the military (eight banners). This devolution of centralized command is commonly pointed to as a major reason for the eventual downfall of the Qing and the emergence of regional warlordism in China during the first half of the twentieth century.

The Xiang Army was one of two armies known as the Hunan Army. Another Hunan Army, called the Chu Army, was created by former Xiang commander Zuo Zongtang to fight in the Dungan Revolt (1862–1877). Remnants of the Xiang Army which also fought in the war were then called the "Old Hunan Army".

History

Taiping Rebellion
The Taiping rebellion started in December 1850 in Guangxi Province, growing after a series of small victories over the local Qing forces. The revolt rapidly spread northward. In March 1853, between 700,000 and 800,000 Taiping soldiers directed by commander-in-chief Yang Xiuqing took Nanjing, killing 30,000 Manchu civilians and bannermen. The city became the movement's capital and was renamed Tianjing ("Heavenly Capital"). By this point the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom encompassed much of prosperous south and central China, centered on the Yangtze river valley. They continued in their attempts to expand northward, and sent two armies to take the upper Yangtze, while another two attempted to take the new Imperial capital, Beijing. The western drive met with some success, but the Beijing attack failed.

Creation
Zeng Guofan was tasked with limiting the rebel's attempts to take control of Hunan. In 1852, he was appointed by the Qing court as commissioner of militia organization for Central China. Zeng Guofan expanded the pre-existing tuanlian militia into an armed force with a total of 17,000 men, including thirteen battalions consisting of 6500 men and a navy of ten battalions consisting of 5000 men. It was given the name of Xiang Army, with Zeng Guofan as the Commander-in-chief, accepting orders from Zeng alone. The new rule was termed "Soldiers followed the general, soldiers belonged to the general"(), contrary to the old military  rule before the Northern Song Dynasty's "Soldiers had no fixed commander, commander had no fixed soldiers" (). This new military rule was the direct cause of the  Warlord era. These Tuanlian were turned into the Yong Ying Xiang Army.

In order to fund the army, Zeng convinced the Hunan governor to divert funds from the provincial network of commercial good toll collection stations. Eventually the army founds ways of collecting funds from local landholders and merchants.

Campaigns
His lieutenants recovered the capital, Changsha, and then Zeng led the recapture of Wuchang and Hanyang, near Hankow, and was rewarded for his success by being appointed vice-president of the Board of War. His Army was so successful that the Qing leaders quickly started using it in place of their own troops, turning it into an Imperial force rather than the local force as it had been raised. In 1860 Zeng was called on to use the Xiang Army to clear Anhui, and was appointed Viceroy of Liangjiang (两江总督, which consisted of the provinces of Jiangxi, Anhui, and Jiangsu). While Charles George Gordon and his "Ever-Victorious Army" were clearing the rebel heartland, Zeng took the opportunity to launch a campaign to retake Nanjing.

The entire area around the city had been cleared of rebel forces in a series of battles starting in June 1863. The battle for the city itself started on March 14, 1864 when Zeng's forces attempted to force the city walls using ladders, but were beaten back. A second attempt used tunnels, but counter-digging and a second wall prevented a breakthrough. On July 3 the Xiang forces had their first victory, taking Dibao Castle. This position allowed them to dig new tunnels and pack them with explosives with the intention of destroying the city walls. A counterattack failed, and on July 19 the explosives were set off, collapsing a large portion of the wall. The city fell after a fierce three-day battle.

The Xiang Army pillaged and robbed the city, killing 100,000 Taiping soldiers and civilians according to Zeng Guofan and setting it on fire. The city burned until July 26, 1864. Zeng was promoted to Marquess (of the First Class) Yiyong () (Yiyong: 毅 = Endurance  勇 = Courage)
.

Almost immediately after the capture of Nanking, Zeng disbanded the 120,000 soldiers under his command, although Zuo kept his forces intact.

Viceroys
After the fall of the Taiping, from 1864 to 1890, over half of the viceroys in China were Xiang Army leaders.

Total soldiers
In 1860, the power of the Xiang Army was unsurpassed, totalling almost 360,000 soldiers.  The large main group was led by Zeng Guofan with 130,000 troops. The Qing regular army, the Green Standard Army, totaled about 2,300,000 (included the Xiang Army). Taiping Rebellion soldiers amounted to about 1,800,000 (including 300,000 local gang members who repeatedly changed sides).

After 1864 a significant portion of the Army was disbanded on orders from Zeng. However at units under Zuo Zongtang continue to exist. They numbered around 120,000 by the 1870s.

The Xiang Army also had a small naval army.

Headquarters
Headquarters were located in Qimen County, Anhui from 1853 to 1861. After recovering Anqing, then capital of An hui in September 1861, the headquarters was moved there because of its proximity to Nanjing.

Organisation
The Hunan army's official Ying (battalion) consisted of 5 officers 500 soldiers and when the administration and carriers are added the number reaches 688 men. With each battalion being divided into 4 shao (company) and a bodyguard, theoretically each ying was to possess 2 light mortars and 48 jingals with spears swords and matchlocks compromising the rest of the armament by 1864 foreign rifles equipped several squads per Ying. 2 to 10 battalions formed a brigade under a Brigadier General with 2 or more Brigadier Generals being able to form an army. The senior commanders often appointed their junior commanders from amongst relatives and friends.

In 1856 the Hunan army possessed approximately 60,000 soldiers all being Hunanese with later recruitment being expanded beyond Hunan it was reported the army numbered 200 Ying or 137,600 soldiers.

Salary
One of Zeng Guofan's priorities for the Xiang Army was finance, understanding that good pay was crucial for battlefield morale. As a result, a Xiang Army soldier's salary was four tael of silver every month, compared to a regular Green Standard soldier's salary of about 1.5 tael of silver per month.

Main leaders
Zeng Guofan
Zuo Zongtang
Zeng Guoquan ()
Hu Linyi ()
Luo Zenan ()
Peng Yulin ()

After the Taiping Rebellion was crushed, the Hunan armies petitioned to the Manchu Court to disband themselves, for fear of rumored rebellion against the Manchus as they had grown too powerful in the eyes of the Manchus.  The Manchu Court only agreed to turn Peng Yulin's army into a navy.

Vice leaders
Li Xubin
Li Xuyi
Bao Chao
Liu Rong
Liu Kunyi
Liu Changyou
Jiang Yili
Li Hongzhang

Disarmament and revolution
Zeng Guofan began disarming the Xiang Army with the establishment of the Huai Army by Li Hongzhang, one of the most important commanders of the Xiang Army. In 1890, part of the Xiang Army incorporated into a gang and anti-government movement. When the Xinhai Revolution (Chinese Revolution) began in 1911, former comrades of Xiang Army turned against each other. The  Republic of China was established on February 12, 1912.

See also
Tuanlian

References

Draft History of Qing

Military history of Hunan
19th-century military history of China
Military history of the Qing dynasty
Military units and formations of the Qing dynasty
Xiang Army
1853 establishments in China
1864 disestablishments in China
Taiping Rebellion
Culture in Hunan

Xiang Army


Maman Quta (Aymara mamani falcon, hawk, quta lake, "falcon lake",  Hispanicized spelling Maman Khota, Maman Kkota) is a mountain in the Cordillera Real in the Bolivian Andes, about  high. It is situated in the La Paz Department, Murillo Province, La Paz Municipality. Mama Quta lies southeast of Qala Wathiyani.

References

Mountains of La Paz Department (Bolivia)

Maman Quta


Vasyl Omelianovych Makukh (Ukrainian: Васи́ль Омеля́нович Ма́кух; 14 November 1927, Lwów Voivodeship, Second Polish Republic – 6 November 1968, Kyiv, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union) was a Soviet veteran of World War II, political prisoner and Ukrainian activist, and member of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army.
Having been conscripted into the Red Army, in November 1944 Makukh defected and joined the nationalist Ukrainian Insurgent Army. In February 1946 he was wounded and captured after a shootout with Soviet and Polish border guards at the Soviet-Polish border (today Poland–Ukraine border). On 15 February 1946, Makukh was taken to the district precinct of the KGB (soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs) in Velyki Mosty and later to Lviv Prison No. 4 (known as "Brygidki"). On 11 July 1946, the Military Tribunal of Lviv garrison sentenced him to 10 years of hard labour (katorga) with five years of detention ("civil rights restriction") plus the confiscation of all his property. Makukh served  his sentence in Dubravlag (Mordovia) and other GULAG camps in Siberia. On 18 July 1955, he was freed and exiled to a local settlement, where he met a woman who had also served 10 years imprisonment. In 1956, both managed to return to Ukraine, and being forbidden to return to their own region, they settled in Dnipropetrovsk (today Dnipro), where they married and Makukh worked as a schoolteacher.

On November 5, 1968, he committed suicide by self-immolation on Khreshchatyk, Kyiv's main street, in protest against the Soviet rule of Ukraine, against russification as well as the Soviet invasion in Czechoslovakia. Before his death, Makukh shouted 'Long live free Ukraine!' He died the next day. On 6 November 1968 the prosecutor's office of the Leninsky District of Kyiv city opened a criminal case against him because of the suicide, the outcome of which was never made known.

See also
 Oleksa Hirnyk
 Romas Kalanta
 Ryszard Siwiec
 Jan Palach
 Jan Zajíc
 Evžen Plocek

References

1927 births
1968 suicides
1968 deaths
People from Lviv Oblast
People from Lwów Voivodeship
Soviet military personnel of World War II from Ukraine
Soviet defectors
Ukrainian Insurgent Army
Self-immolations in protest of the Eastern Bloc
Soviet dissidents
Suicides in Ukraine
Suicides in the Soviet Union
Ukrainian dissidents
Anti-Russification activists

Vasyl Makukh


Henri Jean Émile Bénard (June 23, 1844 – October 15, 1929) was a French architect and painter.

Bénard was the winner of the 1899 International Competition for the Phoebe A. Hearst Architectural Plan to design the campus of the University of California, Berkeley, with his project "Roma." Although he later declined the architectural appointment in Berkeley, the competition and his design led to the current campus architecture.

Early life
Bénard was born in Goderville and trained at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris.  He took the Prix de Rome in Architecture in 1867.

Hearst International Architectural Competition
Bénard's design for the campus architecture won the competition for successfully addressing all of the concerns that the competition's jury had. Bénard's scheme won unanimous praise for having successfully addressed all of the jury's concerns. The elevations were judged to be excellent in scale and proportion, with the drawings done beautifully. The only weakness noted was that some of the buildings in the upper part of the plan were too far from those with related departments, making some rearrangement necessary. In the end, the jury declared Bénard the architect to be entrusted with the execution of the work.

Bénard's campus plan
Bénard's plan was appropriately code-named "Roma" for the competition. The plan conjured a city of Parisian buildings organized along a sloping esplanade. The axis continued off campus by way of a preexisting approach known as University Avenue, which led straight to the bay. His east-west axis included a square, treelined esplanade and formal garden. His plan contained many different sizes and shapes of buildings, with domes, courts, towers and different roof styles, instead of rows of buildings of the same size and shape. His plan made elegant use of Charter Hill, with stairs and buildings working their way up to a monument at the top. Moreover, unlike most of the other plans, and unlike the campus today, it afforded a view of the hill from strategic points in the central campus. Like the other plans, Benard favored a formal instead of topographical layout. He left the southwest corner of the site (where Haas Pavilion, and Edwards Stadium are today) as forest.

Emile Bénard declined to be appointed supervising architect, and in 1901 the position was offered to John Galen Howard, the fourth-place winner of the competition. Although Howard was directed to execute Bénard's plan without any substantial departure, he made significant alterations until the plan was more his than Bénard's. However, Howard was loyal to the Beaux-Arts character of Bénard's plan.

The competition brought Berkeley not only a building plan but worldwide notoriety. The London Spectator wrote, "On the face of it this is a grand scheme, reminding one of those famous competitions in Italy in which Brunelleschi and Michelangelo took part. The conception does honor to the nascent citizenship of the Pacific states. . . ." At Oxford University, which at the time was strapped for funds, a Latin orator said, "There is brought a report that in California there is already established a university furnished with so great resources that even to the architects (a lavish kind of men) full permission has been given to spare no expense. Amidst the most pleasant hills on an elevated site, commanding a wide sea view, is to be placed a home of Universal Science and a seat of the muses."

His grand scheme, to no one's surprise, bore a certain resemblance to the Place de la Concorde superimposed upon the bumps and creases of the Berkeley highlands. As required by the competition, Bénard's plan envisioned a campus for eight thousand students, although there were then only two thousand in the university. Critics called it absurdly visionary. (The number of students is now close to forty thousand.)

The Federal Legislative Palace of Mexico

Émile Bénard was later called to design a grand palace, the Palacio Legislativo Federal (Federal Legislative Palace), to house the national chambers of the Senate and Deputies in Mexico City. Although the construction of the building was well underway by 1910, the deposition of President Porfirio Díaz and the subsequent revolution changed the project's fate which culminated with its cancellation.  In the 1930s, when destruction of the incomplete structure was contemplated, architect Carlos Obregón Santacilia convinced the presidential administration to save the cupola of the building in the form of the Monumento a la Revolución (Monument to the Revolution). The monument that commemorates the revolution that halted Bénard's project stands today in Republic Square in Mexico City.

Bénard died, aged 65, in Paris.

Works
These are some of Bénard's works:

Academic
Fine Arts Exhibition Palace, Paris, 1867. Winning entry of the Grand  of architecture.
Palais Garnier, Paris (assistant designer for Charles Garnier).

United States
University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 1899.

Mexico
Federal Legislative Palace, Mexico City, 1903-1912 (never completed).
National Pantheon, Mexico City, circa 1920.

Gallery

References

 Biographical Sketch of Emile Bénard by William Carey Jones. The university Chronicle 2, no. 4 (October 1899):292-295

External links

 The Phoebe Hearst International Architectural Competition and the Berkeley Campus
 Berkeley History
 Berkeley University Archives
 Berkeley Campus' History
 American Heritage

1844 births
1929 deaths
People from Seine-Maritime
19th-century French architects
20th-century French architects
Historicist architects
Gothic Revival architects
Theatre architects
19th-century French painters
20th-century French painters
French watercolourists
Prix de Rome for architecture
Knights of the Legion of Honour
École des Beaux-Arts alumni
University of California, Berkeley people

Émile Bénard


Black Widow (Natalia Alianovna "Natasha" Romanova) is a fictional character in the Marvel Comics universe. The character was introduced as a Russian spy, an antagonist of the superhero Iron Man. She later defected to the United States, becoming an agent of the fictional spy agency S.H.I.E.L.D., and is the only female member of the Avengers. In animation, she is voiced by Laura Bailey.

The character has appeared in numerous forms of media, such as animated television series, video games, and films.

Scarlett Johansson portrayed Natasha Romanoff in the Marvel Cinematic Universe movies Iron Man 2 (2010), The Avengers (2012), Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Captain America: Civil War (2016), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Captain Marvel (2019), Avengers: Endgame (2019), and Black Widow (2021), with Lake Bell voicing the character in the animated series What If...? (2021).
Marvel Comics characters
Marvel Comics movie characters
Marvel Cinematic Universe characters

Black Widow (Marvel)


Sword and sandal movie is a movie  genre. They have an ancient Greek, Roman, or Biblical setting. Sometimes called "peplum" movies from the garment worn by the ancient Greeks and Romans.

The central character in these movies is usually a muscular hero like Hercules or Samson. He wears a short peplum and battles monsters, evil despots, and  kings or queens. This oil-slicked, nearly-nude hero is rewarded at the end of the movie with the cheers of his people, clan, or tribe  and the hand of a lovely princess.

These movies were mostly made in Italy and some in Spain. Italian moviemakers modelled peplum movies on the big budget Hollywood epics like Charlton Heston's Ben-Hur (1959) or Kirk Douglas' Spartacus (1960). The genre was very important in Italian moviemaking from 1957 to 1965, but was shoved aside in 1965 by the "Spaghetti Western".

Critics often thought peplum movies were poor stuff. They treated them with contempt. Italian director Vittorio Cottafavi called the genre "Neo-Mythology". Elizabeth Taylor's Cleopatra (1963) and Sophia Loren's The Fall of the Roman Empire (1964) are generally considered big-budget sword and sandal movies that mark the end of the genre.

References

Sword-and-sandal


The cubital tunnel is a space of the dorsal medial elbow which allows passage of the ulnar nerve around the elbow. It is bordered medially by the medial epicondyle of the humerus, laterally by the olecranon process of the ulna and the tendinous arch joining the humeral and ulnar heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris. The roof of the cubital tunnel is elastic and formed by a myofascial trilaminar retinaculum (also known as the epicondyloolecranon ligament or Osborne band). In 14% of individuals, the roof of this tunnel is covered by epitrochleoanconeus muscle, a variant muscle.

Chronic compression of the ulnar nerve in the cubital tunnel is known as cubital tunnel syndrome, a form of repetitive strain injury akin to carpal tunnel syndrome (although the role of repetitive stress in causing carpal tunnel syndrome is controversial).

See also
 Ulnar nerve entrapment
 Froment's sign
 Medial epicondyle of the humerus

References

External links
 Image at University of Florida

Upper limb anatomy

Cubital tunnel


Billy & Mandy's Big Boogey Adventure is a 2007 animated TV movie based on The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy.

Plot
Grim has been put on trial and his powers, rank and title of Reaper are given to his rival, Boogey.

Cast
Richard Steven Horvitz as Billy, Harold
Grey DeLisle as Mandy
Greg Eagles as Grim
Vanessa Marshall as Irwin
Fred Willard as Boogey
George Segal as Horror
Jennifer Hale as Gladys
Rachael MacFarlane as Parrot
C.H. Greenblatt as Fred Fredburger
Phil LaMarr as Judge Roy Spleen
Armin Shimerman as General Skarr
Lauren Tom as Numbuh 3

Home media
The movie was released on now out-of-print DVDs. It came with the episode "Bully Boogie", Boogey's debut in the franchise.

2007 animated movies
2007 television movies
American animated movies
American television movies
Crossover movies
The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy movies

Billy & Mandy's Big Boogey Adventure


Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova ( 1922–2012) was a pioneering Bulgarian archaeologist. She was the first underwater archaeologist in the country and headed the investigations of the ancient Thracian city of Nesebar. She became one of the leading Bulgarian researchers specializing in ancient and Thracian archeology, authoring over 100 scientific publications. She served on the faculty of Sofia University and as a senior researcher at the National Archaeological Museum in Sofia.

Early life
Lyuba Levova Ognenova was born 17 June 1922 into a family of Bulgarian intellectuals in Ohrid, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. She graduated from a French primary school in Bitola in 1932 and went on to complete her high school training in Tirana. After completing a correspondence course from Rome, she entered the history department of Sofia University, St. Clement Ohridski, graduating in 1946 in classical archaeology.

Career
In 1948, Ognenova began working at the Regional Museum of History in Shumen, as a curator. She conducted excavations with Vera Mavrodinova and Ivanka Zhandova, preparing an inventory of artifacts found at Madara and Preslav, which led to her publication in 1950 of an article Рисунки на конници върху вътрешната крепост на Преслав (Drawings of horsemen on the inner fortress of Preslav). By the end of the year, she accepted a position in the antiquities department of the National Archaeological Museum in Sofia. Assigned to a team to research the site of Sevtopolis under the direction of professor Dimitar P. Dimitrov (), Ognenova honed her skill becoming an expert in Thracian research. Sevtopolis, also known as Seuthopolis, was discovered during the construction of the Koprinka Reservoir near Kazanlak in the 1940s and completely unearthed between 1948 and 1954. Though the ancient city was the only Thracian site to ever be fully researched and excavated, the communist regime of the People's Republic of Bulgaria allowed the artificial lake created by the dam to cover the site when excavation was completed. In addition to Ognenova, others on the team included Anna Balkanska, Gergana Canova, Mariya Chichikova and Dimitar Nikolov. In 1957, Ognenova discovered a Thracian religious complex near Babyak, when a television tower was being erected atop Bendida Peak.

Between 1958 and 1963, the work led by Ognenova at the Nesebar site uncovered many significant monuments, including the Temple of Zeus Hiperdeksios, the Botros Temple of Zeus and Hera and others. She also was noted for her epigraphic work with Greek and Latin texts found in Bulgaria. Her study on inscription of the ring found in Ezerovo, and an Illyrian inscription found on a ring from Koman, Albania, allowed Ognenova to conclude that the Illyrian text, despite previous conjectures of its meaninglessness was significant. Tracing the origin of the ring and its shape, she was able to date the ring to the 8th century. Presenting a paper on her findings in Lidice, Czechoslovakia, she caused a sensation and was invited to study from 1959 to 1960 at the École Française d'Athène, one of the archaeological institutes operated by foreign governments in Athens.

In 1961, Ognenova became the country's first archaeological diver while working with professor , researching along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast. Writing about her training, Ognenova said that her dive master overcame her fear of deep water by showing her pottery beneath the water. Her particular areas of interest and expertise focused on  Thracian culture between the first and second millennium BC. Ognenova led six underwater archaeological expeditions for the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS) between 1961 and the early 1970s. Her work led to the identification of five chronological periods of urbanization on the peninsula surrounding Nesebar through the end of the second millennium B.C., which included the Thracian protopolis, the Greek colony Mesambria, a Roman-ruled village to the Early Christian Era, the Medieval settlement and a Renaissance era town, known as Mesemvria or Nessebar. Her research confirmed that earthquakes and flooding had been significant in the area. Studying the artworks, Ognenova became an expert in Greek and Roman art, and interpretations of the various images found on coins. Knowledge of the work of Athenion of Maroneia allowed her to identify that the murals on the Kazanlak Tomb likely originated from his school.

Ognenova returned to diving at Nesebar in 1977, leading eight UNESCO sponsored dives between 1977 and 1984 in which the team found evidence of both Roman and early Byzantine walls and towers. They also identified several acropoles and basilicas of the Medieval period while conducting underwater surveys in the north and south bays of the peninsula in an attempt to locate and clarify the chronology of urban ports along the shore.

After attending the 1980 International Congress of Ancient Bronze Age held in Hungary, Ognenova proposed that the following congress be held in Bulgaria in 1983. She helped organize more than 800 exhibits for the meeting, "Roman Bronze Age Art" from the collections of National Archaeological Institute and Museum of BAS. The exhibit toured abroad in Austria, Germany, India and Syria, before it was shown for a year in Sofia. That same year, Ognenova was made a Senior Fellow of the National Archaeological Institute. She was a longtime member of the scientific councils for the Institute of Archaeology and Institute of Thracology, as well as a lecturer on Thracian archaeology at Sofia University. Ognenova authored more than 100 scientific publications, in varying languages over the course of her career. She created a database of the known sites of Thrace based on a combination of research and interpretation of ancient springs and archaeological artifacts which linked Greece and the eastern Mediterranean to the area. At the time of her death, the work completed in the 1960s, was still the benchmark used to develop the cultural history of Thrace.

Death and recognition
In 1983, after successfully attaining UNESCO World Heritage Site status for Nesebar, Ognenova was made an honorary citizen of the city. In 2005, the National Archaeological Institute and Museum of the BAS in conjunction with the Department of Archaeology at Sofia University, published a volume articles, Heros Hephaistos: Studia in Honorem Lubae Ognenova-Marinova, from the international convention held in 2002 in honor of Ognenova's 80th birthday. The book contained the works of more than 50 scholars reporting on the latest studies and research on her areas of expertise, Thracian and Greco-Roman archaeology, art and religion. She was awarded the Order of Saints Cyril and Methodius in the Second degree for her scientific contributions to Bulgaria. Ognenova died on 18 November 2012 in Sofia.

Selected works

References

Citations

Bibliography

1922 births
2012 deaths
People from Ohrid
Bulgarian women archaeologists
Bulgarian archaeologists
Underwater archaeologists
20th-century women writers
20th-century Bulgarian writers
Bulgarian educators
Bulgarian women educators
Macedonian Bulgarians

Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova


Hans-Joachim Kasprzik (14 August 1928 – 10 October 1997) was a German film and television director and screenwriter. He worked with DEFA and Deutscher Fernsehfunk in East Germany.

Career
Hans-Joachim Kasprzik was born in Beuthen. After the war, he attended a training programrun by the newly created DEFA in the Soviet occupation zone. He then began his career there in the 1950s, first working as an assistant for several important directors, such as Kurt Maetzig, Konrad Wolf, Hans Müller and Kurt Jung-Alsen. He worked under Müller on the 1954 film, Carola Lamberti – Eine vom Zirkus, under Jung-Alsen on Duped Till Doomsday (1957) and under Maetzig on First Spaceship on Venus (1960). His directorial debut was with the television film Gerichtet bei Nacht in 1960, which he also wrote. He also directed television miniseries, often writing the screen adaptations as well, such as with Hans Fallada's Wolf unter Wölfen in 1964. In 1965, the West German magazine Film wrote that Kasprzik could become one of the GDR's best film directors.

In 1966, Kasprzik directed the comedy Hände hoch oder ich schieße ("Hands up, or I shoot") with Rolf Herricht, a film that was banned by the Communists and not released. The film was restored by the DEFA Foundation (German: DEFA Stiftung) and the Bundesarchiv-Filmarchiv in 2009 and was the last in a series of banned films restored and released by the Foundation.

Kasprzik co-wrote the screenplay for Jeder stirbt für sich allein<ref>[http://flimmerkiste.bplaced.net/jeder_stirbt_allein.htm Jeder stirbt für sich allein"] Ost-Film. Retrieved March 7, 2012 </ref> from Fallada's book, Every Man Dies Alone, and was broadcast in three parts in September 1970. He also directed Die Brüder Lautensack in 1973, Abschied vom Frieden in 1979 and Bahnwärter Thiel in 1982. He was best known as director of the miniseries Sachsens Glanz und Preußens Gloria in 1983 and 1984, in which his daughter appeared.

 Personal
Kasprzik was married to a photographer, Jutta Kasprzik, and his daughter is the actress Anne Kasprik.

 Filmography (selected)
 Gewissen in Aufruhr (1961)
 Wolf unter Wölfen (1965)
 Hände hoch oder ich schieße (1966), restored in 2009
 Kleiner Mann – was nun? (1967)
 Jeder stirbt für sich allein (1970)
 Die Brüder Lautensack (1972)
 Abschied vom Frieden (1977)
 Bahnwärter Thiel (1982)
 Sachsens Glanz und Preußens Gloria (1983–1984)
 Gräfin Cosel (1987)
 Polizeiruf 110'', "Der Wahrheit verpflichtet" (1989)

References

External links

German mass media people
People from Bytom
Recipients of the National Prize of East Germany
1997 deaths
1928 births

Hans-Joachim Kasprzik


The essive-modal case is a case in the Hungarian language that expresses either the state, capacity, task in which somebody is or which somebody has (Essive case, e.g. "as a reward", "for example"), or the manner in which an action is carried out, an event happens, or the language which somebody knows (Modal case, e.g. "sloppily", "unexpectedly", "speak German").

An example of this would be in the sentence "Beszélek magyarul." (I speak Hungarian.) The sentence denotes the ability of being able to speak the Hungarian language. According to vowel harmony rules, ul becomes ül in cases such as "Beszélek németül." (I speak German.) because the word for "German", német is composed completely of median and/or frontal vowels.

Grammatical cases

Essive-modal case


Henri Charles Jules Claude (31 March 1869 – 29 November 1945) was a French psychiatrist and neurologist born in Paris.

He studied medicine under Charles-Joseph Bouchard (1837-1915), and was an assistant to Fulgence Raymond (1844-1910) at the Salpêtrière Hospital. From 1922 until 1939, he served as chair of mental illness and brain diseases at the Hôpital Sainte-Anne in Paris, where he was succeeded by Maxime Laignel-Lavastine.

Henri Claude played a leading role in introducing Freudian theories of psychoanalysis into French psychiatry. He was responsible for the creation of the first laboratory of psychotherapy and psychoanalysis at the school of medicine at the University of Paris.

His name is lent to the eponymous "Claude syndrome", which is a midbrain syndrome characterized by oculomotor palsy on the side of the lesion and ataxia on the opposite side. Also "Claude's hyperkinesis sign" is named after him — a medical sign used to describe reflex movements of paretic muscles elicited by painful stimuli.

Literature

References
 Scottish Medical Journal Claude's Syndrome
 Answers.com Henri Claude

1869 births
1945 deaths
French neurologists
French psychiatrists
Physicians from Paris

Henri Claude


Robert Maynard Murray (November 28, 1841 – August 2, 1913) was an attorney, banker, businessman and member of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio for one term from 1883 to 1885.

Life and career
Robert M. Murray was born in Concord, Ohio, the son of Robert and Sophrenia Murray II.  The family moved to Mentor, Ohio when Robert was five years old, where he attended local public schools until age 15 then the Western Reserve Teachers' Seminary at Kirtland, Ohio and the Willoughby Academy at Willoughby, Ohio.  He attended Oberlin College but decided on a career in law.

He was admitted to the United States and Ohio bar after graduating from the Cleveland Law School.  He joined the firm of Ranney, Backus & Noble until 1864 when he answered the call during the Civil War for Hundred Days Men and served in Company D, 150th Ohio Infantry.  He returned to the practice of law until 1867.

In 1867 he joined the family banking business in Painesville, Ohio for nine years and was collector, bookkeeper and then cashier of the First National Bank of Painesville.  In 1874 he became a member of the school board in Painesville for three years and subsequently was elected mayor of Painesville, serving from 1877 to 1879.

In 1879 Robert M. Murray removed to Piqua, Ohio, engaging in the manufacture of handles for agricultural implements.

Congress
In 1882 he was narrowly elected as a Democrat from Ohio's third district to the Forty-eighth Congress from Ohio's third district.  He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1884.

Later career and death
After his congressional service, he resumed his former business pursuits in Piqua.  He moved to Cleveland, Ohio in 1892 and engaged in the storage business.  He died Cleveland and was interred in Evergreen Cemetery, Painesville, Ohio.

References
 Retrieved on 2008-11-01
 Taylor, William A. Ohio in Congress from 1803 to 1901. Columbus, Ohio: The XX Century Publishing Company, 1900.
 History of Geauga and Lake Counties, Ohio. Philadelphia: Williams Brothers (Press of J. B. Lippencott & Co.), 1878.

1841 births
1913 deaths
Oberlin College alumni
People from Painesville, Ohio
Union Army soldiers
Cleveland State University College of Law alumni
19th-century American politicians
Ohio lawyers
People of Ohio in the American Civil War
Mayors of places in Ohio
School board members in Ohio
Businesspeople from Ohio
19th-century American businesspeople
19th-century American lawyers
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio

Robert Maynard Murray


The Derby Stakes, also known as the Derby or the Epsom Derby, is a Group 1 flat horse race in England open to three-year-old colts and fillies. It is run at Epsom Downs Racecourse in Surrey on the first Saturday of June each year, over a distance of one mile, four furlongs and 10 yards (2,423 metres), or about 1½ miles. It was first run in 1780.

It is Britain's richest flat horse race, and the most prestigious of the five Classics. It is sometimes referred to as the "Blue Riband" of the turf. The race serves as the middle leg of the historically significant Triple Crown of British horse racing, preceded by the 2000 Guineas and followed by the St Leger, although the feat of winning all three is rarely attempted in the modern era due to changing priorities in racing and breeding, and the demands it places on horses.

The name "Derby" (deriving from the sponsorship of the Earl of Derby) has been borrowed many times, notably by the Kentucky Derby in the United States, and to describe many other key racing and sporting events. The term "Epsom Derby" is often used in the United States and elsewhere, in order to differentiate The Derby from other races such as the Irish Derby or German Derby. The Derby run at Epsom is usually referred to as "the Derby" in Great Britain. It is one of Britain's great national sporting events and has a large worldwide TV audience.

History
The Stanley family, Earls of Derby, had a long history of horse-racing, and James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby, who gained the Lordship of Mann in 1627, instituted horse-racing on the Langness Peninsula on the Isle of Man, donating a cup for what became known as the "Manx Derby".

The Derby originated at a celebration following the first running of the Oaks Stakes in 1779. A new race was planned, and it was decided that it should be named after either the host of the party, the 12th Earl of Derby, or one of his guests, Sir Charles Bunbury (the Bunbury Cup run at Newmarket would later be named in his honour). According to legend the decision was made by the toss of a coin, but it is probable that Bunbury, the Steward of the Jockey Club, deferred to his host. The inaugural running of the Derby was held on Thursday 4 May 1780. It was won by Diomed, a colt owned by Sir Charles Bunbury, who collected prize money of £1,065 15s. The first four runnings were contested over the last mile of the old Orbicular course <49>, this extended in line with the Oaks to the current distance of 1½ miles in 1784. Lord Derby achieved his first success in the event in 1787, with a horse called Sir Peter Teazle.

The starting point of the race was moved twice during the 19th century. The first move, suggested by Lord George Bentinck, was in 1848, and the second was in 1872. It was discovered in 1991 that the exact length of the race was one mile, four furlongs and 10 yards.

Initially, the Derby was run on a Thursday in late May or early June, depending on when Easter occurred. In 1838 the race was moved to a Wednesday to fit in with the railways' timetables, but still followed the moveable feast of Easter. In the 20th century, the race was run mainly on a Wednesday in late May or early June until 1994, after which it was changed to a Saturday in early June. From 1915 to 1918 (during World War I), it was on a Tuesday, with the race's latest ever date being 31 July 1917. From 1942 to 1945 (during World War II), 1947 to 1950, and in 1953, the race was run on a Saturday. From 1969 to 1994, it was on the first Wednesday in June. From 2003 to at least 2022, it has been on the first Saturday in June, apart from a race on 4 July 2020 without spectators, owing to COVID-19.

The Derby has been run at Epsom in all years except during the world wars; from 1915 to 1918 and from 1940 to 1945, the Derby was run at Newmarket as the 'New Derby'.

With the race's close association with gambling, the most controversial running of the Epsom Derby took place in 1844. The winner, Running Rein, was disqualified on discovery that a four-year-old imposter, a horse by the name Maccabeus, had been substituted in his place as part of a betting coup.

The Derby has inspired many similar events around the world. European variations include the Derby Italiano, the Deutsches Derby, the Irish Derby and the Prix du Jockey Club (popularly known in the British Isles as the "French Derby"). Several races in the United States include the "Derby" name, including the oldest, the Kentucky Derby. Other national equivalents include the Australian Derby, the New Zealand Derby, and the Japanese Derby.

In 1931, the Derby became the world's first outdoor sporting event to be televised.

There is a maximum of 20 runners allowed in the race.

Epsom Fair

For many years the Derby was run on a Wednesday or a Thursday and on the day huge crowds would come from London, not only to see the race but to enjoy other entertainment (during some of the 19th century and most of the 20th, Parliament would adjourn to allow members to attend the meeting).

By the time that Charles Dickens visited Epsom Downs to view the race in the 1850s, entertainers such as musicians, clowns, and conjurers plied their trades and entertained the crowds; other forms of entertainment included coconut stalls. The crowded meeting was the subject of a painting by William Powell Frith painted in the 1858 and titled The Derby Day; critics have noted that the foreground of the painting features the entertainment attractions, while the racing is relegated to the margins.

In the 1870s, the steam-driven rides were introduced. They were located at the Tattenham Corner end of the grounds and the fair was on for ten days and entertained hundreds of thousands. During the latter half of the 20th century, Derby Day became less popular and the race was moved from Wednesday to Saturday in 1995 with the hope of reviving high attendance. As the number of people attending the fair dwindled in the face of competition for attention and changing tastes, its length was reduced from 10 days to three or four.

Modern format

Today, the free-admission Hill still provides a festival atmosphere with a fairground in operation on the Friday and Saturday. The walk-in nature of the Hill typically sees Derby attendances exceed 100,000 spectators, making it one of the largest sporting events in  the United Kingdom.

Sponsorship
In 2021 and 2022 the race, along with seven other races at the Derby festival, was sponsored by Cazoo. Cazoo declined an option to extend their sponsorship and in April 2023 the bookmaker Betfred agreed a three-year deal to sponsor the Derby and Oaks.

Investec was the previous sponsor of the Derby between 2009 and 2020. The race was previously backed by Ever Ready (1984–94) and Vodafone (1995–2008).

Popular culture
 The 1952 drama film Derby Day, directed by Herbert Wilcox and starring Michael Wilding and Anna Neagle, is set entirely around the Derby.
 Other films which centre on the Derby are Wings of the Morning, notably, the first British technicolor film; The March Hare; and the most accurate of the quartet Esther Waters, directed by Ian Dalrymple and starring Kathleen Ryan and Dirk Bogarde, this dramatically set around the Derbys of 1881 and 1885.
 The Derby is also the setting for the series 2 finale of BBC television's Peaky Blinders.
 The Derby race features as a plot in a stage show in the film Yankee Doodle Dandy where James Cagney performs a wonderful song and dance routine.

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Records
Leading jockey (9 wins)
 Lester Piggott – Never Say Die (1954), Crepello (1957), St. Paddy (1960), Sir Ivor (1968), Nijinsky (1970), Roberto (1972), Empery (1976), The Minstrel (1977), Teenoso (1983)

Leading trainer (9 wins)
 Aidan O'Brien – Galileo (2001), High Chaparral (2002), Camelot (2012), Ruler of the World (2013), Australia (2014), Wings of Eagles (2017), Anthony Van Dyck (2019), Serpentine (2020), Auguste Rodin (2023)

Leading owner (10 wins): (includes part ownership)
 Sue Magnier, Michael Tabor – Galileo (2001), High Chaparral (2002), Pour Moi (2011), Camelot (2012), Ruler Of The World (2013), Australia (2014), Wings of Eagles (2017), Anthony Van Dyck (2019), Serpentine (2020), Auguste Rodin (2023)

Dams of two winners
 Flyer (Rhadamanthus and Daedalus)
 Highflyer mare, known as Eagle's Dam, (Didelot and Spread Eagle)
 Horatia (Archduke and Paris)
 Arethusa (Ditto and Pan)
 Penelope (Whalebone and Whisker)
 Canopus mare (Lap-dog and Spaniel)
 Arcot Lass (St. Giles and Bloomsbury)
 Emma (Mündig and Cotherstone)
 Morganette (Galtee More and Ard Patrick)
 Perdita II (Persimmon and Diamond Jubilee)
 Windmill Girl (Blakeney and Morston)
 Urban Sea (Galileo and Sea the Stars)

Other records
 Fastest winning time (at Epsom) – 2m 31.33s, Workforce (2010)
 Widest winning margin – 10 lengths, Shergar (1981)
 Longest odds winners – Jeddah (1898), Signorinetta (1908), Aboyeur (1913), 100/1
 Shortest odds winner – Ladas (1894), 2/9
 Most runners – 34 (1862)
 Fewest runners – 4 (1794)

Winners

 Winning distances are shown in lengths or shorter (dh = dead-heat; shd = short-head; hd = head; snk = short-neck; nk = neck).

Timeline

 1805: One of the horses was brought down by a spectator.
 1825: Middleton never raced before or after winning the Derby.
 1838: Amato never raced before or after winning the Derby.
 1844: The original winner Running Rein was disqualified as he was actually an ineligible four-year-old horse named Maccabeus.
 1881: Iroquois became the first American-bred to win a leg of the British triple crown.
 1884: The race finished with a dead-heat between Harvester and St. Gatien.
 1887: Merry Hampton is the most recent horse to win the Derby with no previous victories.
 1894: The winner was owned by the Prime Minister at the time, the 5th Earl of Rosebery.
 1901: The first year in which a mechanical starting gate was used.
 1909: Minoru was the first Derby winner owned by a reigning monarch, King Edward VII, who had previously won twice as Prince of Wales.
 1913: The 6/4 favourite Craganour, owned by Charles B. Ismay, brother of J. Bruce Ismay of the Titanic, was controversially disqualified, and the race was awarded to the 100/1 outsider Aboyeur. Suffragette Emily Davison was struck by King George V's horse, Anmer, she died four days later.
 1916: Fifinella, who also won The Oaks, is the most recent (as of 2022) of six fillies to win the race. The previous five were Eleanor (1801), Blink Bonny (1857), Shotover (1882), Signorinetta (1908), Tagalie (1912).
 1921: The winner Humorist died two weeks after the race.
 1927: The first Derby to be broadcast by the BBC.
 1931: The first outdoor sporting event ever televised (by John Logie Baird and his company using the BBC's transmitter).
 1932: April the Fifth is the most recent winner trained at Epsom.
 1946: Airborne is the most recent (as of 2017) of four grey horses to win the Derby.
 1953: Pinza was the only winner in the race for the jockey Sir Gordon Richards, after 27 unsuccessful attempts.
 1960: Although there had been an experimental TV transmission of the race in the early 1930s, regular television coverage of the Derby began this year, initially on both BBC and ITV.
 1962: Larkspur wins at odds of 22/1 after seven horses are bought down nearing Tattenham Corner; one horse is killed and four jockeys are detained in hospital.
 1967: Starting stalls used for the first time.
 1989: The runner-up Terimon is the longest-priced horse to finish placed in the Derby, at odds of 500/1.
 1996: Alex Greaves became the first female jockey to ride in the race. She finished last of the 20 runners on the filly Portuguese Lil.
 1998: The most recent (as of 2019) filly to take part, the 1,000 Guineas winner Cape Verdi, started as 11/4 favourite but could only finish ninth.
 2006: Martin Dwyer's winning ride on Sir Percy subsequently won the Lester Award for "Flat Ride of the Year".
 2007: Authorized provided jockey Frankie Dettori with his first winner in the Derby after 14 previous attempts.
 2008: Jim Bolger, the trainer of the winner New Approach, had left the horse entered for the race "by mistake", having not initially intended to run.
 2010: Workforce broke the Epsom track record winning in the time 2m 31.33s previously held by Lammtarra who set it in 1995 at 2m 32.31s.
 2012: Aidan O'Brien and his 19-year-old son Joseph became the first father-son/trainer-jockey combination to win the race. Hayley Turner became the second female jockey to ride in the race, on Cavaleiro, finishing last of the nine horses which went to post, the lowest number since 1907.
 2014: Aidan O'Brien became the first person to train three consecutive winners of the race.
 2017: Ana O'Brien, daughter of Aidan, was the third female jockey to ride in the race, on The Anvil. By finishing 17th of the 18 runners, she became the first woman to beat another runner to the line.
 2019: Kevin McCarthy and Michael Church (Official Derby Historian), wrote a 17-page Academic Essay to solve the debated question of  "Where did the first Derby start from?" (See www.michaelchurchracingbooks.com).Proving it to be from the Mile Post on the old Orbicular or Cup Course - a few yards from today's running rail. Thereafter, a week before the 2019 Derby, the Epsom management put up a plaque to commemorate the starting place of the first Derby.

See also
 Derby (horse race)
 Horse racing in Great Britain
 List of British flat horse races

References

49. Kevin McCarthy and Michael Church's 17 page Academic Essay,
"Where did the first Derby start from?"
Available on www.michaelchurchracingbooks.com

Further reading

External links

Paris-Turf
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 Racing Post:
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 "The Blue Ribbon of the Turf" (1890) OpenLibrary.org
 The Derby Stakes (Englisches Derby) Liste de Sieger
 Derby  Horse Racing History Online
 ifhaonline.org International Federation of Horseracing Authorities – Investec Derby Stakes 2019
 DERBY STAKES – EPSOM DOWNS: GREAT BRITAIN – Grade I Pedigree Online
 YouTube Race Video
 Investec Epsom Derby Festival The title sponsor, Investec

Annual sporting events in the United Kingdom
1780 establishments in England
Epsom and Ewell
Epsom Downs Racecourse
Flat horse races for three-year-olds
Flat races in Great Britain
Recurring sporting events established in 1780
Sport in Surrey
Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing
British Champions Series
June sporting events

Epsom Derby


The Dharmendra antigen is a test widely used in India. The antigen is a suspension of de-fatted leprosy bacilli which has been extracted with chloroform-ether and killed, either by heat, or by other effective methods. This antigen was first reported by Dharmendra in 1941–42 and later standardized in 1979 by Sangupta et al.

Dharmendra's Lepromin suspension consists of 10 mg of the dried and de-fatted, bacillary powder, dissolved in 100 ml carbol saline solution. It is a revised form of the original Lepromin test developed in 1919 by Kensuke Mitsuda. The Dharmendra test allows to differentiate tuberculoid leprosy from lepromatous leprosy.

References

Antigen presenting cells
Leprosy

Dharmendra antigen


Bagatelle were an Irish rock band that first formed in August 1978. They are known for their popular pop hits such as "Second Violin", "Leeson Street Lady" and "Summer in Dublin", their best known song.

Career
The band formed in Bray, County Wicklow, Ireland. Fellow Irish musician Bono commented on the impact that Bagatelle had on U2 in the early days of their career. Larry Mullen, of the same band, once famously said that he used to call them "Baga-Money", in reference to their fame, and that he wished that his band could be as successful as Bagatelle.

Bagatelle shared stages with artists such as Bob Marley, Don McLean and Jose Feliciano. Their albums were produced by Phil Coulter and the late Gus Dudgeon, who also produced for David Bowie and Elton John. Bagatelle appeared on the "Self Aid" concert in the mid-1980s with U2 and Van Morrison.

When the original Bagatelle re-formed the band in 1992, Polygram (now Universal), their record label, decided to release The Best of Bagatelle and Liam Reilly, and followed this with Bagatelle Gold.
The band returned to touring in 2010 and released an album of cover versions entitled Under The Covers.

Although the band never attained international acclaim, they remain a hugely popular band in their home nation of Ireland.
However, the hit "Second Violin" was such a success in Uruguay that still today remains popular.

The group's lead singer and principal songwriter Liam Reilly died unexpectedly on 1 January 2021, aged 65.

Discography

Albums
 Bagatelle (1980) ("Boat")
 Bagatelle (1981) ("Waterfall")
 Are We Keeping You Up? (1982)
 Gold: The Best of Bagatelle (1985)
 Cry Away the Night (1987)
 Under the Covers (2010) Recorded and released on Irish record label Celtic Collections

References

External links

Musical groups from County Wicklow
Musical groups established in 1978
Irish rock music groups
Bray, County Wicklow
1978 establishments in Ireland

Bagatelle (band)


A deluge is a large downpour of rain, often a flood.

The Deluge refers to the flood narrative in the biblical book of Genesis.

Deluge may also refer to:

History
Deluge (history), the Swedish and Russian invasion of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1654–1667)
Deluge (prehistoric), prehistoric great floods, some of which may have inspired deluge myths
Après moi, le déluge (lit. 'After me, the flood'), a French expression attributed to King Louis XV of France in 1757

Arts, entertainment, and media

Films
Deluge (film), a 1933 apocalyptic science fiction film loosely based on the S. Fowler Wright novel
The Deluge (film), a 1974 Polish film based on the Sienkiewicz novel

Literature
Deluge (novel), a 1928 novel by S. Fowler Wright
Deluge, a 2008 novel by Anne McCaffrey and Elizabeth Anne Sarborough
Le Déluge (Le Clézio), a fictional work by J. M. G. Le Clézio.
The Deluge (Tooze book), a 2014 book by Adam Tooze
The Deluge (novel), Potop, an 1886 novel by Nobel Prize winner Henryk Sienkiewicz about the historical event
The Deluge, a 1954 pastiche story credited to Leonardo da Vinci, actually written by Robert Payne
The Deluge, a 2007 novel by Mark Morris
The Deluge, a 2023 novel about dystopian climate change by Stephen Markley

Music
Deluge, a 1997 album  by Jocelyn Pook
Le Déluge (Saint-Saëns), an 1875 oratorio by Camille Saint-Saëns
The Deluge (album), a 1986 album by Manilla Road

Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media
Deluge (fine art photography), a museum exhibit by David LaChapelle
Deluge (Transformers), several Transformers characters
The Deluge, a painting by Winifred Knights

Firefighting
Deluge (fireboat), several vessels
A type of fire sprinkler system
Deluge gun, equipment used in firefighting

Other uses
Deluge (software), a cross-platform BitTorrent client written using Python and GTK
Deluge Fountain, in Bydgoszcz, Poland
Deluge Mountain, a summit in Canada

See also
Flood (disambiguation)
Flood myth, mythic floods in general

Deluge


The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape is a World Heritage site. It includes select mining landscapes in Cornwall and West Devon. The site was added to the on July 2006. Plans to restart mining at South Crofty, and to build a supermarket at Hayle Harbour, caused its status to be questioned.

The World Heritage Committee considered placing the site on the List of World Heritage in Danger in 2014. This proposal was rejected. Instead, they agreed on a follow-up "Reactive Monitoring Mission".

History
Devon made around 25-40% of the amount of tin that Cornwall did up to the mid-16th century. However, the total amount of tin made in both Cornwall and Devon at this time was relatively small. After the 1540s, Cornwall's production took off while Devon's production was only about between a ninth to a tenth of that of Cornwall.

From the mid-16th century onwards, the Devon Stannaries were giving very little in income to the King. They were sidelined  after the Supremacy of Parliament Act 1512.

The landscapes of Cornwall and West Devon were reshaped during the 18th and 19th centuries by the mining of copper and tin. The underground mines, engine houses, foundries, new towns, smallholdings, ports, harbours, and other supporting industries together meant the region  produced two-thirds of the world's supply of copper.

During the late 19th century, arsenic production came to the east of Cornwall and West Devon. As a result, the region supplied half the world's demand.

Areas

The World Heritage site consists of individual but topical linked areas around Cornwall and West Devon. The areas (with the area codes from the site nomination) are:

 A1 - St Just Mining District
 A2 - Port of Hayle
 A3i - Tregonning and Gwinear Mining District
 A3ii - Trewavas
 A4 - Wendron Mining District
 A5i - Camborne and Redruth Mining District
 A5ii - Wheal Peevor
 A5iii - Portreath Harbour
 A6i - Gwennap Mining District
 A6ii - Devoran and Perran Foundry
 A6iii - Kennall Vale
 A7 - St Agnes Mining District
 A8i - Luxulyan Valley
 A8ii - Charlestown
 A9 - Caradon Mining District
 A10i - Tamar Valley
 A10ii - Tavistock

Ancient rocks, rare heavy elements

Devon and Cornwall rocks were once in the core of huge volcanic mountains. Those rocks usually contain more heavy metallic elements than usually found on the Earth's surface. A recent news item says a new mineral was found in Cornwall called Kernowite.

Rocks from ocean floor mid-ocean ridges (oceanic lithosphere) may come to the surface under orogeny as ophiolites. Wherever there is a large ground-down mountain chain there may be a source of heavy metals.

Related pages

 List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom

References

Other websites

 UNESCO listing
 BBC – World Heritage site bid gets go-ahead
 Cornish Mining - World Heritage Status

Mining
Cornwall
Devon
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom