The relatively small (75 cm high) limestone Cretan sculpture called the Lady of Auxerre (or Kore of Auxerre), at the Louvre Museum in Paris depicts an archaic  Greek goddess of c. 650 - 625 BCE. It is a Kore ("maiden"),  perhaps a votary rather than the maiden Goddess Persephone herself, for her right hand touches her solar plexus and her left remains stiffly at her side (Basel 2001). It is also possible that the Kore is a depiction of a deceased individual, possibly in a position of prayer.

Maxime Collignon, a Louvre curator, found the sculpture in a storage vault in the Museum of Auxerre, a city east of Paris, in 1907. No provenance is known, and its mysterious arrival at a provincial French museum gave it a journalistic allure, according to the Louvre monograph.

The Archaic sculpture, bearing traces of  polychrome decoration, dates from the 7th century BCE, when Greece was emerging from its Dark Age. She still has the narrow waist of a Minoan-Mycenaean goddess, and her stiff hair suggests Egyptian influence. The Early Archaic style has been fancifully termed "Daedalic."  Its secret, knowing and serene hint of a smile is often characterized as the "archaic smile." Sculptures and painted vases exhibiting correlative styles have been found outside Crete as well as in Rhodes, Corinth and Sparta (Basel 2000).
Excavations in the 1990s by Nikolaos Stampolidis at Eleutherna in Crete have helped establish more precisely a date and place of origin for the Dame d'Auxerre, in the region of Eleutherna and Gortyn, with the recovery from gravesites of very similar carved ivory faces and phallic symbols.

References

Jean-Luc Martinez, 2000. La Dame d'Auxerre (Réunion des Musées Nationaux)

External links
 Encyclopædia Britannica Daedalic sculpture
 (Skulpturhalle, Basel) Ute W. Gottschall, "La Dame d'Auxerre" (German)
 Statue of a woman, known as the "Lady of Auxerre", Louvre Museum official website

7th-century BC works
Archaic Greek sculptures
Art of ancient Crete
Ancient Greek and Roman sculptures in the Louvre
Figurines
Korai

Lady of Auxerre


The Eyrieux River is a river in Europe. It flows into the Rhône River.

The Eyrieux River runs for . It passes through three different landscapes. A plateau is found above a commune called Le Cheylard. This plateau is marked by the sugarloaf cones of old volcanoes. This land is mostly used for cattle and sheep. In its middle section, down as far as Saint-Sauveur-de-Montagut and Les Ollières-sur-Eyrieux, the river is a torrent. This means that it flows very quickly and roughly. It has a lot of flash floods. The power made by this torrent was used first for silk mills. Now it is used for micro-hydroelectricity production. It is also a popular spot for canoeists. The river never dries up in summer, because there are many dams and barrages that give it a steady flow. The lower section to the Rhône, at Beauchastel and La Voulte-sur-Rhône, opens into a valley. There are many farms in the valley. Peach orchards grow here.

Rivers of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes

Eyrieux River


Zachary Green (born April 29, 1994) is an American professional wrestler  currently signed to Impact Wrestling, where he performs under the ring name Zachary Wentz as a member of The Rascalz and is a former one-time Impact World Tag Team Champion with stablemate Trey Miguel. He is also known for his work in WWE, where he performed on the NXT brand under the ring name Nash Carter. He also performed on independent promotions, mostly notably for Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG).

Green began his career in 2014 and worked for several independent promotions. During his first years, he joined Dezmond Xavier and Trey Miguel to create a stable called The Rascalz. During their time together, he won several tag team titles, like the AAW Tag Team Championship, the CZW World Tag Team Championship or the PWG World Tag Team Championship. He also became CZW Wired Championship. In 2018, The Rascalz joined Impact Wrestling, where they stayed until 2020 when he and Xavier signed with WWE and were assigned to their development brand, NXT. They changed their ringnames to Nash Carter and Wes Lee and their tag team was renamed MSK. They would win the Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic in 2021 and won the NXT Tag Team Championship twice.

Professional wrestling career

Independent circuit (2014–2020)
Dezmond Xavier and Zachary Wentz teamed with each other for the first time at a Rockstar Pro event Amped on December 12, 2015 by defeating Ohio Is 4 Killers (Dave Crist and Jake Crist). They soon formed an alliance with Dave Crist, JT Davidson and Brittany Blake called Scarlet And Graves at a Combat Zone Wrestling event Seventeen on February 13, 2016 by defeating Conor Claxton, Frankie Pickard and Neiko Sozio. Xavier and Wentz won many tag team titles as part of the stable including the CZW World Tag Team Championship twice and the All American Wrestling Tag Team Championship once. In CZW, they split up from Dave Crist and JT Davidson, with whom Xavier and Wentz had begun feuding and continued to compete as Scarlet And Graves. Xavier and Wentz teamed with their future partner Trey Miguel for the first time to defeat Ohio Is 4 Killers (Dave Crist, Jake Crist and Sami Callihan) in a doors match at EVILution on July 8, 2017.

Scarlet and Graves dissolved in 2017 and Xavier and Wentz formed a tag team called The Rascalz in Fight Club Pro by teaming with Meiko Satomura against Travis Banks and Aussie Open in a six-person tag team match at the second day of the Dream Tag Team Invitational tournament on March 31, 2018.

Xavier and Wentz then added Trey Miguel and Myron Reed as the new members of Rascalz in CZW at Welcome to the Combat Zone on April 7, 2018. They defeated Bandido and Flamita and Ohio Versus Everything in a three-way match. At FCP's International Tekkers: Nothing Is True, Everything Is Permitted, Xavier and Wentz captured The Wrestling Revolver's PWR Tag Team Championship by defeating the defending champions Millie McKenzie and Pete Dunne and The Besties In The World (Davey Vega and Mat Fitchett) in a three-way match. They successfully defended the titles in a one-night tag team tournament against Killer Death Machines (Jessicka Havok and Nevaeh), The Crew (Jason Cade and Shane Strickland) and The Latin American Exchange (Santana and Ortiz) at Catalina Wrestling Mixer 2. Miguel and Reed also participated in the tournament, losing to Besties in the World in the opening round. Rascalz held the PWR Tag Team Championship until It's Always Sunny In Iowa on March 3, 2019, where they lost the titles to Latin American Exchange in a three-way match, also involving Besties in the World. Reed would leave the group after Miguel, Xavier and Wentz signed with Impact Wrestling.

On May 12, Miguel and Wentz won the WC Big Top Tag Team Championship at WrestleCircus event Encore by defeating The Dirty Devils (Andy Dalton and Isaiah James) and The Riegel Twins (Logan and Sterling) in a three-way match. After a successful title defense against Riegel Twins and Private Party at Big Top Revival, Miguel and Wentz vacated the titles on July 25. In the United Kingdom-based Southside Wrestling Entertainment, Xavier and Wentz captured the SWE Tag Team Championship by defeating Chris Tyler and Stixx at III Manors on August 10. They lost the titles to Deadly Sins at Lock, Stock And Three Smoking Rascalz.

Dezmond Xavier and Zachary Wentz debuted for Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG) at Time is a Flat Circle on March 23, 2018 by defeating Bandido and Flamita in a tag team match. The following month, during the night one of All Star Weekend on April 20, Rascalz defeated The Chosen Bros (Jeff Cobb and Matt Riddle) and The Young Bucks in a three-way match to capture the World Tag Team Championship. Rascalz made their first successful title defense the following night against Violence Unlimited. Rascalz would retain the titles throughout the rest of 2018 and 2019 as they successfully defended the titles against Young Bucks, Lucha Brothers, Latin American Exchange and Best Friends in quick succession. At Two Hundred, Rascalz retained the title against LAX and Lucha Brothers in a three-way match. They successfully defended the titles against Flamita and Rey Horus at Mystery Vortex VI and LAX in a ladder match at Sixteen.
In 2021, after Xavier and Wentz signed with WWE, PWG vacated the titles and crowned new tag team champions. At 1025 days, The Rascalz are the longest reigning PWG World Tag Team Champions in history.

Impact Wrestling (2018–2020)

The Rascalz (2018–2020)

The Rascalz signed with Impact Wrestling in the fall of 2018. Dezmond Xavier had already worked for Impact, having won the Super X Cup tournament the previous year. Zachary Wentz and Trey Miguel made their first appearance in Impact by teaming with Ace Austin as enhancement talents against oVe (Dave Crist, Jake Crist and Sami Callihan) in a losing effort on the September 6 episode of Impact!. A vignette aired promoting the debut of Rascalz on the November 15 episode of Impact!. Rascalz made their debut as a fan favorite team on the November 29 episode of Impact! as Xavier and Wentz defeated Chris Bey and Mike Sydal. Miguel was in their corner for the match. Rascalz began their feud against Moose in 2019, which led to Rascalz making their pay-per-view debut against Moose and The North in a six-man tag team match at Rebellion, which Rascalz lost. During the match, the ring names of Xavier, Miguel and Wentz were shortened to Dez, Trey and Wentz respectively.

Dez and Wentz would lose to North at Code Red. The Rascalz would then go on to defeat oVe members Dave Crist, Jake Crist and Madman Fulton at A Night You Can't Mist. On the June 7 episode of Impact Wrestling, Dez and Wentz received their first opportunity for the World Tag Team Championship against The Latin American Exchange (Santana and Ortiz), which they lost via disqualification after Wentz interfered in the match. This led to a rematch between the two teams for the titles at Slammiversary XVII. On the July 5 episode of Impact Wrestling, Dez and Wentz defeated Trey in a three-way match to earn the right to be LAX's opponents at Slammiversary. In the meanwhile, LAX lost the titles to The North, which led to North being added into the match, making it a three-way match for the titles, where North retained the titles. Rascalz would then defeat Andy Dalton, Matthew Palmer and Steve O Reno at Bash at the Brewery.

In 2020, at Slammiversary, The Rascalz, represented by Dez and Wentz, issued an open challenge to any tag team. The reunited Motor City Machine Guns accepted the challenge and won the match. Trey challenged for the vacant Impact World Championship in the main event. However, the match was won by Eddie Edwards.

On November 11, it was revealed that The Rascalz would be leaving Impact amid interest from both WWE and All Elite Wrestling. During the November 17 tapings, The Rascalz were given a "send off" by the Impact locker room. Trey confirmed the following day that he, Dez and Wentz were in fact finished with Impact Wrestling. However,  Trey eventually made his return to IMPACT Wrestling, effectively ending The Rascalz as a trio.

WWE (2020–2022)
On December 2, 2020, Green signed a contract with WWE and was assigned to the WWE Performance Center. On the January 13, 2021 episode of NXT, Wentz, now going by the ring name Nash Carter, and his tag team partner Dezmond Xavier, now going by the ring name Wes Lee, debuted under the new team name MSK. They would debut in the Men's Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic tournament, which they would go on to eventually win. At NXT Takeover: Stand & Deliver, MSK defeated Grizzled Young Veterans and Legado Del Fantasma in a triple threat tag team match to win the vacant NXT Tag Team Championship. MSK would have their first successful title defense against the team of Killian Dain and Drake Marverick on the April 13 episode of NXT. At NXT Takeover: In Your House, MSK would team with NXT North American Champion, Bronson Reed to take on Legado Del Fantasma in a winners take all match, where the team of MSK and Reed would be successful. At NXT: The Great American Bash, MSK would defeat Tommaso Ciampa and Timothy Thatcher to retain their NXT Tag Team Titles.  On the September 8 episode of NXT, MSK would defeat Oney Lorcan and Danny Burch to retain the NXT Tag Team Titles. On the October 5 episode of NXT 2.0, MSK would successfully defend their Tag Titles in a fatal-4-way elimination match. At NXT: Halloween Havoc, MSK would lose their titles to Imperium, ending their reign at 201 days. At NXT Stand & Deliver, MSK would win the NXT Tag Team Championships for the second time, defeating Imperium and The Creed Brothers in a triple threat tag team match. Four days later however, on April 6, 2022, Green would be released from WWE following allegations by his ex-wife Kimber Lee and the leaking of a picture of Green imitating Adolf Hitler (see personal life), and shortly after, the Championships were officially vacated.

Nash Carter was scheduled to be a DLC character in WWE 2K22, but 2K removed him from the DLC roster due to his release and allegations.

Return to the independent circuit (2022–present)
On June 9, it was announced that the Rascalz would be reforming with Miguel, Wentz and Reed, facing the team of Blake Christian, Nick Wayne and Fuego Del Sol at Warrior Wrestling 24 on June 26 only to be replaced by Dante Leon.

Return to Impact Wrestling (2023–present)
On the June 29, 2023 episode of Impact, Wentz made his return to Impact Wrestling, attacking Chris Sabin during his match with Trey Miguel and reuniting The Rascalz as villains in the process.

On August 27, 2023 at Impact Wrestling Pay-per-view Emergence Zachary Wentz and Trey Miguel won the Impact World Tag Team Championship for the first time in their careers for their team The Rascalz by defeating Mark Andrews & Flash Morgan Webster, Subculture.At the 2023 Bound For Glory Pay-Per-View, Wentz and Miguel lost their Impact World Tag Team Championships to ABC (Ace Austin & Chris Bey), ending their reign at 55 days.

Personal life and allegations
Green was in a relationship with fellow wrestler Kimber Lee that began in 2018. The couple got engaged in August 2019 and married the following year, in May 2020. Following their separation in 2022, Lee made allegations that Green had domestically assaulted her over a period of time. Shortly after these allegations, a photo was posted by Lee showing Green performing a Nazi salute with a moustache similar to that of Adolf Hitler, which led to him being released by WWE.

As of February 15, 2023, Green has been in a relationship with fellow wrestler Priscilla Kelly, who currently performs in WWE under the ring name Gigi Dolin. They got engaged in October of that same year.

Championships and accomplishments
 All American Wrestling
 AAW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Dezmond Xavier
 Combat Zone Wrestling
 CZW World Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Dezmond Xavier
 CZW Wired Championship (1 time)
Impact Wrestling
Impact World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Trey Miguel
Impact World Tag Team Championship #1 Contendership Tournament (2023) – with Trey Miguel
 Pro Wrestling Guerrilla
 PWG World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Dezmond Xavier
Revolution Pro Wrestling
SWE Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Dezmond Xavier
Rockstar Pro Wrestling
American Luchacore Championship (2 times)
Rockstar Pro Championship (1 time)
Rockstar Pro Trios Championship (1 time) – with Clayton Jackson and Myron Reed
The Wrestling Revolver
PWR Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Dezmond Xavier
One Night Tag Team Tournament (2018) – with Dezmond Xavier
 Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Ranked No. 331 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2021
WrestleCircus
WC Big Top Tag Team Championship (1 time) – Trey Miguel
 WWE
NXT Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Wes Lee
 Men's Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic (2021) – with Wes Lee
 Xtreme Intense Championship Wrestling
 XICW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Aaron Williams, Dave Crist, Kyle Maverick, Trey Miguel, and Dezmond Xavier

References

External links

 Impact Wrestling Profile

Living people
1994 births
American male professional wrestlers
Professional wrestlers from Ohio
Sportspeople from Dayton, Ohio
NXT Tag Team Champions
PWG World Tag Team Champions
CZW Wired Champions
AAW Tag Team Champions

Nash Carter


Palazzo Scanderbeg or Palazzetto Scanderbeg  is a  Roman palazzo, located on the Piazza Scanderbeg (Num. 117) near the Trevi Fountain. It takes its name from its fifteenth-century host, the Albanian national hero Skanderbeg. The Palazzo was host of the National Museum of Pasta Foods (Museo Nazionale delle Paste Alimentari). Recently re-opened it is the host of a residence - Palazzo Scanderbeg Townhouse and Palazzo Scanderbeg Suites.

References

Palaces in Rome
Museums in Rome
Food museums in Italy
Rome R. II Trevi
Skanderbeg

Palazzo Skanderbeg


Maronite Cypriots are an ethnoreligious group and/or members of the Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Cyprus whose ancestors migrated from the Levant during the Middle Ages. A percentage of them traditionally speak a variety of Arabic known as Cypriot Arabic, in addition to Greek. People speaking this Arabic dialect originate from one village, specifically Kormakitis. As Eastern Catholics of the West Syriac Rite, they are in full communion with the Catholic Church of Rome.

 the Archbishop of Cyprus was Youssef Soueif, born in Chekka, Lebanon on 14 July 1962.  He was ordained Archbishop on 6 December 2008 at the Basilica of Our Lady of Lebanon-Harissa by the Patriarch Cardinal Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir.  The Mass of Enthronement was held at the Maronite Cathedral of Our Lady of Graces in Nicosia, Cyprus on 21 December 2008.  He succeeded the Emeritus Archbishop of Cyprus Boutros Gemayel, who lives in Lebanon.

Legal status
Legally defined in the Constitution of Cyprus as a religious group within the Greek Cypriot community, which they chose to join by vote just before independence alongside their fellow Roman Catholics of the Latin Rite and the Armenians. While Maronites are part of the Greek Cypriot electoral register when voting for president and members of the house of representatives, they also vote for a special representative that is not an MP but corresponds to the now non functioning communal chambers of the Greek and Turkish communities.

Demographics
In the 13th century there were about 50,000 Maronites in Cyprus, living in 60 villages. The number of Maronites kept declining through the Ottoman rule; 19 Maronite villages were recorded in 1599 by Girolamo Dardini, in 1629, Pietro Vespa records that the community of 1500 Maronites is served by 11 priests, in 8 churches; Giovanni Battista da Todi records 800 Maronites, distributed across 10 villages, and served by 12 priests, in 1647, but fourteen years later, in 1661, he counts only eight villages with Maronite populations 125. In 1669, we find 1,000 souls distributed in 10 villages. Dominique Jauna records a total of 1,000 Maronites and Armenians, around 1747. In 1776, the patriarchate of Lebanon lists 500 Maronites. The 1841 Ottoman census  of Talaat Effendi gave a figure of 1,400 Maronites, including 100 in the kaza of Morfou, 1,000 in that of Lapithos-Cérines, 300 in that of Nicosia. In the 1891 census, out of 209,286 Cypriots 1,131 were Maronites, the figure rose to 1,350 in 1921 and 1,704 in 1931.

Until the Turkish invasion of 1974, the town of Kormakitis was known as a centre of Maronite culture.

According to the 1960 census, there were 2,752 Maronites, mainly in the four northern villages of Kormakitis, Karpaseia, Asomatos, and Agia Marina. Following the hostilities between the Greek and Turkish communities that led to the de facto division of Cyprus, most Maronites dispersed to the south. Only about 150 mostly elderly people remained within Northern Cyprus. , the total estimated population is about 5,000–6,000, primarily in the southern area of Nicosia.

75% of Maronites live in Nicosia, 15% in Limassol, and 5% in Larnaca.

See also
Cypriot Maronite Arabic
Lebanese Arabic
Lebanese people in Cyprus
Greek Cypriots
Maronite Church
Roman Catholicism in Cyprus
Human rights in Northern Cyprus

References

External links
A Reading in the History of the Maronites of Cyprus From the Eighth Century to the Beginning of British Rule

Maronite Church in Cyprus
Lebanese diaspora in Cyprus
Ethnic groups in Cyprus
Medieval Cyprus

Maronite Cypriots


John Carmichael OAM (born 5 October 1930) is an Australian pianist, composer and music therapist who has long been resident in the United Kingdom.  One of his best known works is the Concierto folklorico for piano and string orchestra.  His works for piano form much of his musical output, although he composes for many other instruments.  His work is described as expressive and lyrical.

Biography
John Carmichael was born in Melbourne in 1930. He studied piano with Margaret Schofield and in 1947 won a scholarship to the Melbourne Conservatorium of Music, where his teacher was Raymond Lambert. He also studied composition with Dorian Le Gallienne. Moving to Europe, he studied at the Paris Conservatoire with Marcel Ciampi and in London with Arthur Benjamin and Anthony Milner, a pupil of Mátyás Seiber. He wrote the music for Britain's Festival of Women during this period. He also wrote reviews and critiques for music magazines.

John Carmichael was a pioneer in the field of music therapy; he developed music teaching and music appreciation projects at Stoke Mandeville Hospital and Netherden Mental Hospital in Surrey, and worked for the Council for Music Therapy in London.

Between 1958 and 1963, he was music director of the Spanish dance company Eduardo Y Navarra, during which time he became fascinated by Spanish folk idiom. He toured internationally with the group, including an Australian visit. From this came the Concierto folklorico for piano and string orchestra. John Carmichael has twice recorded this work with himself as soloist, both times with the West Australian Symphony Orchestra (1970, conducted by Tibor Paul; 1984, conducted by David Measham).

In 1980, his Phoenix Flute Concerto was premiered at the Sydney Opera House with James Galway as soloist and the Sydney Symphony Orchestra under Louis Frémaux. Galway also played in the U.S. premiere the same year, at the Hollywood Bowl by the Los Angeles Philharmonic under Michael Tilson Thomas.

In 1984, he appeared as soloist in a performance of his piano concerto on the "Last Night of the Proms" during the 10th Perth International Arts Festival.

Writing for the piano has always stimulated ideas for compositions has led to collaborations with Australian pianists such as Victor Sangiorgio, Antony Gray and also with Carles & Sofia piano duo, who have recorded Carmichael's complete works for piano four hands for the label KNS-classical.

Honours
In the Queen's Birthday Honours of June 2011, John Carmichael was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) for his services as a composer and concert pianist.

Works
 Damon Suite (1946)
 Bagatelle (1956)
 Puppet Show (1958; piano duet)
 Tourbillon (piano 1959; piano four hands 2006)
 Fetes champetres (1960; clarinet and piano)
 Concierto folklorico (1965; piano and string orchestra)
 Country Fair (1972; clarinet and orchestra)
 Trumpet Concerto (1972)
 Thredbo Suite (1980; flute and piano, or flute and orchestra)
 Phoenix Concerto (1980; flute and orchestra)
 Fantasy Concerto (1988; flute and orchestra)
 Saxophone Concerto (1990)
 Latin American Suite (1990; Bahama Rumba, Habanera, Joropo)(piano 4 hands 2001: Bahama Rumba, Joropo, Habanera, Jongo)
 Bravura Waltzes (piano 1990; 4-hands 2003)
 From the Dark Side (1992; 1. The Secret Ceremony.  2. Before Nightfall.  3. Elegy.  4. Dance with the Devil)
 Dark Scenarios (piano four hands, 1994)
 Spider Song (1995)
 Sea Changes (2000; piano quartet)
 Sonatine (2001: Pastorale; Interlude; Toccata)
 Sun Worship, concert aria (2001; soprano, clarinet and piano)
 Serenade for flute and strings (2002)
 Fantasy Sonata (flute and piano)
 Aria and Finale (soprano saxophone and piano)
 Latin American Suite (alto saxophone and piano)
 Opera (libretto based on Jean Rhys)
 Piano Concerto No. 2 (premièred in 2011)
 A Little Night Music (suite for flute and piano: 1. Caribbean Moonrise; 2. Quiet Evening; 3. Carnival Night)
 On the Green (wind ensemble)
 Hommages – Manuel de Falla, Francis Poulenc, Gabriel Fauré, Maurice Ravel (piano and piano four hands, 2008)
 Troubled Dream (d'après Franz Liszt)
 Escapades (2009; Flute choir)

External links
 John Carmichael website
 amcoz
 NLA

References

Australian classical pianists
Male classical pianists
1930 births
Living people
20th-century classical composers
20th-century classical pianists
21st-century classical composers
21st-century classical pianists
Composers for piano
Music therapists
People educated at Haileybury (Melbourne)
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia
Australian male classical composers
Australian classical composers
20th-century Australian male musicians
20th-century Australian musicians
21st-century Australian male musicians
21st-century Australian musicians

John Carmichael (composer)


Richard John Aylward (June 4, 1925 – June 11, 1983) was an American professional baseball player. The catcher, a native of Baltimore, Maryland, appeared in four games in Major League Baseball for the Cleveland Indians during the 1953 season, although his professional playing career lasted 14 years and 1,148 games in minor league baseball.

Aylward, who batted and threw right-handed, was listed as  tall and . After his first pro season in 1943, he joined the United States Army and served in the European Theater of Operations during World War II. He resumed his baseball career in 1946 in the Chicago Cubs' farm system, and was eventually acquired by the Indians' organization in 1951.  After hitting a career-high .285 in the Double-A Texas League in 1952, he received his MLB trial with Cleveland the following spring.

Aylward's four big-league games during May  all occurred as a mid-game replacement for regular catcher Jim Hegan in lopsided Cleveland defeats. All told, he played ten innings in the field and handled ten chances without an error.  His three MLB at bats came in one game, May 5 against the New York Yankees at Cleveland Municipal Stadium. After the Yankees jumped out to an 8–0 lead in their half of the fourth inning, Aylward came into the game. He grounded out twice against Whitey Ford, then struck out in the ninth inning against relief pitcher Tom Gorman. After playing in his final big-league game on May 20, Aylward spent the rest of the campaign with the Triple-A Indianapolis Indians. His minor league career then extended into 1958.

References

External links

1925 births
1983 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
Baseball players from Baltimore
Cleveland Indians players
Dallas Eagles players
Des Moines Bruins players
Indianapolis Indians players
Lockport Cubs players
Major League Baseball catchers
Nashville Vols players
San Diego Padres (minor league) players
Seattle Rainiers players
Springfield Cubs (Massachusetts) players
Tulsa Oilers (baseball) players

Dick Aylward


The Indian Ocean is the ocean surrounded by Asia to the north, Australia and the Pacific Ocean to the east, the Southern Ocean to the south, and Africa and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. It is named for the river Indus and Ancient India on its north shore. The Bay of Bengal, the Arabian Sea, the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea are all parts of this ocean.

The deepest point in the Indian Ocean is in the Java Trench near the Sunda Islands in the east, 7500 m (25,344 feet) deep. The average depth is 3,890 m (12,762 ft). The Indian Ocean is the third largest ocean, 28,350,000 square miles in size. The majority is in the southern hemisphere.

Other websites

 Maps of the indian Ocean
 Océan Indien in easy French
 NOAA In-situ Ocean Data Viewer  Plot and download ocean observations
 The Indian Ocean in World History: Educational Website Interactive resource from the Sultan Qaboos Cultural Center
 The Regional Tuna Tagging Project-Indian Ocean with details of the importance of Tuna in the Indian Ocean..
 Detailed maps of the Indian Ocean
 The Indian Ocean Trade: A Classroom Simulation
 CIA - The World Factbook, Oceans: Indian Ocean

Indian Ocean


Anne Mackintosh (1723–1784) wis a Scottish Jacobite o the Clan Farquharson, a Scottish clan belangin tae the Scottish Heilans an also the gweed wife o Angus Mackintosh, chief of the Clan Mackintosh. She wis the ainly female military leader tae tak pairt in the Jacobite rising o1745 an the first wifie ivver tae hae the rank of colonel in Scotland.

Afore she wis weel-kent
Born Anne Farquharson in Aiberdeenshire in 1723, Mackintosh wis the dochter o John Farquharson o Invercauld, chief of the Clan Farquharson an his wife, Margaret Murray. The faimly wis Jacobite sympathisers. Aroon 1741 she wis mairriet tae Angus (or Aeneas) Mackintosh, chief othe Clan Mackintosh, a strangly anti-Jacobite faimly.

Jacobite risin o 1745
Near the stairt o 1744, Angus Mackintosh wis offert een o three spleet-new Independent Companies bein biggit by John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun tae support the British-Hanoverian Government. Anne, riggit-oot in mannie's claes, rode aroon the glens and, in nae time at aa, enlistit ninety-seiven of the hunner men-fowk socht fir the captaincy. Durin the Jacobite risin o 1745, Angus' company focht for Lord Loudon's Government forces, aka. the Black Watch, in the Helians.

Fan the Jacobite Prince Charles Edward Stuart landit in Scotland in 1745, Mackintosh, then 22 year aul, forcefully raised atween twa- and fower-hunnder men fae Clan Mackintosh an the confederation o Clan Chattan fir the Prince. As weemen couldna command in the field, the regiment wis pit unner the command o Alexander MacGillivray the chief o the Clan MacGillivray, a memmer o the confederation. 'Colonel' Anne's regiment jyned the Prince's airmy at Bannockburn, nae far fae Stirling Castle, in January 1746, 12 days afore the Battle of Falkirk Muir.

Aboot a month later, the Prince wis bidin at Moy Hall, Mackintosh's home. She got a message fae her mither-in-laa that 1,500 oLord Loudon's men, includin her husband's company stationed 8–12 mile awa at Inverness, were plannin a nicht-time raid on Moy Hall tae snatch the Prince (an claim the £30,000 bounty). Mackintosh sent oot five o her staff  wi guns tae clatter aboot an skirl clan battle cries tae swick the Government forces intae thinkin they were aboot tae face the hale Jacobite airmy. It wirked: the Government forces were fleggit an fled. The event became kent as The Rout of Moy.

The neist month Mackintosh's husband, fa supportit the Government an three hunner o Loudon's men were capturt north o Inverness by the Jacobites. The Prince handit-ower Captain Mackintosh intae the custody o his wife, claimin "he could not be in better security, or more honourably treated". She famously welcomed him wi the wirds, "Your servant, captain" tae fich he replied, "your servant, colonel" thereby giein her the nickname "Colonel Anne". She wis also caa'd "La Belle Rebelle" (the beautiful rebel) by the Prince himsel.

A fair nummer of her men, especially the Clan Chattan men, and Alexander MacGillivray, dee'd at the Battle o Culloden on 16 April 1746. Their grave is mairkit by the Well o the Deid on the battlefield. Efter the Jacobite defeat at the Battle of Culloden, Mackintosh wis arrestit an turnt ower tae the care o her mither-in-laa fir a file. She steppit in tae stop Anne McKay, a local Inverness wifie fa helpit Jacobite officer Robert Nairn escape, bein whipped throwe the streets o Inverness. Mackintosh later met Prince William, Duke of Cumberland at a social event in London wi her husband. He speired at her tae dance tae a pro-Government tune an she returnt the favour by speiring at him him tae dance tae a Jacobite tune.

Mackintosh dee'd on 2 Mar 1787 in Leith, the harbour district of Edinburgh. She is beeriet in Auld North Leith Beerial Grun on Coburg Street. Her grave is mairket by a fite Jacobite rose an a commemorative plaque.

1723 births
1784 daiths

Anne Mackintosh


GoMart, Inc. is a convenience store chain based in Gassaway, West Virginia. The company currently operates over 100 stores in most of the state of West Virginia, and border areas of Virginia and Ohio. All Go-Mart stations are unbranded. Go-Mart is the 53rd-largest convenience store chain in the United States.

History

1914–1970s: Precursor
Go-Mart traces its history to 1914 when brothers Fred, Charles and Rod Heater, operating as the Heater Oil Co., began selling axle grease, kerosene and other petroleum products to farms and businesses in central West Virginia, using flat-bottomed boats on the Little Kanawha River.

By the early 1920s the Heater brothers were operating bulk plants along railroad lines, and following the Great Depression and the death of Charles Heater, Fred Heater decided to centralize the business in Gassaway, where it is headquartered today.  In the early 1960s, Fred Heater's health was failing and he sold the business to his sons, John, William and James.

1970s: Founding
When self-service gasoline pumps were legalized in West Virginia in 1970, the Heaters built the state's first self-service gas station, in Shinnston, and called it "Go-Tron."  Six months later they rebuilt their Gassaway store into their first convenience food and gas store and Manager Karen Sattler named it "Go-Mart" after an employee contest. By 1977, Go-Mart had 16 stores.

1980s–present: Expansion
Originally it used Chevron branding, as Chevron did not do business in the area, although it sourced its gasoline privately. When Chevron moved into the area as a part of the collapse of Gulf Oil (Chevron ultimately withdrew from West Virginia in 2010), it switched to unbranded products, and later converted some stations to Shell. The company now employs approximately 1,200 people and is the state's 41st largest private employer.

References

External links

 Go-Mart company profile at Yahoo! Biz

Braxton County, West Virginia
Companies based in West Virginia
Economy of the Eastern United States
Convenience stores of the United States
Gas stations in the United States

GoMart


The Computer Science Laboratory for Mechanics and Engineering Sciences (LIMSI) was a CNRS pluri-disciplinary science laboratory in Orsay, France.

LIMSI academics and scholars come primarily from the Engineering and Information Sciences fields, but also from Cognitive Science and Linguistics. LIMSI is associated with the Paris-Sud University. LIMSI also collaborates with other universities and engineering schools within the University Paris-Saclay.

History
LIMSI was created in 1972 under the leadership of Lucien Malavard, with an initial focus on numerical fluid mechanics, acoustics, and signal processing. Its research themes have progressively been expanded to Speech and Image Processing, then to a growing number of themes related to human-computer communication and interaction on the one hand; to thermics and energetics on the other hand.

In January 2021, LIMSI was merged with the Laboratory for Research in Computer Science (LRI) into the new Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Numerical Sciences.

Research themes
LIMSI research is organized in four main themes, spanning the activities of nine research groups:

Fluid Mechanics remains one of LIMSI's main research areas, with an expertise in the development of advanced numerical methodologies associated to experiments in academic configurations: the AERO and ETCM groups both contribute activities related to large-scale numerical simulations, to uncertainty quantification, to the characterization of fluid dynamics (instabilities, turbulence), to the control of flows, and to multiphysic couplings;

The Energetics and study of Mass and Heat Transfer theme carries out fundamental research aimed at a better understanding of transfer phenomena in convection and radiation, in multiphasic and oscillating conditions, and at extremely low temperatures. The ETCM and TSF groups also study the analysis of large thermic systems with application to housing and solar energy.

The Natural Language Processing applied to spoken, written, and signed language is another main research theme at LIMSI. Three groups, TLP, ILES and AA contribute to a wide spectrum of activities ranging from acoustic signal processing, automatic speech recognition and synthesis, to semantic modeling and fine-grained question answering. It also includes multimedia indexing, machine translation, the analysis and generation of emotions in speech and text, and information extraction;

The research in Human-Machine Interaction theme aims at a deeper understanding and modeling of interactions between humans and artificial systems in various contexts, and along various modalities. Four research teams are concerned: AMI focuses mostly on tangible, haptic, gestural and ambient interactions, whereas CPU is more focused on verbal and non-verbal interactions with virtual agents; interactions in virtual and augmented reality environments are studied primarily in the AMI, VENISE and AA research groups.

Many research groups share similar or related interests and application domains; this is especially the case for collaborative research projects at the frontier between Science and Arts. VIDA is a transverse action with the mission to coordinate LIMSI's activities in this domain, as well as to organize events, for instance under the umbrella of the Diagonale Paris-Saclay.

References

External links
 Official website
 CNRS
 Paris-Sud University
Diagonale Paris-Saclay

Research institutes in France
Engineering research institutes
French National Centre for Scientific Research

Laboratoire d'informatique pour la mécanique et les sciences de l'ingénieur


The Jackal's horn () is a boney cone-shaped excrescence which can occasionally grow on the skulls of golden jackals. It is associated with magical powers in South Asia. This horn usually measures half an inch in length, and is concealed by fur.

In the 1800s, the natives of Sri Lanka called this growth narric-comboo, and both Tamil and Sinhalese people traditionally believe it to be a potent amulet which can grant wishes and reappear to its owner at its own accord when lost. Some Sinhalese believe that the horn can grant the holder invulnerability in any lawsuit.

According to healers and witch doctors in Nepal, a jackal horn can be used to win in gambling bouts, and ward off evil spirits. The Tharu people of Bardia (Nepal) believe that jackal horns are retractible, and only protrude when jackals howl in chorus. A hunter who manages to extract the horn will place it in a silver casket of vermilion powder, which is thought to give the object sustenance. The Tharu believe that the horn can grant the owner the ability to see in the dark.

In some areas, the horn is called Seear Singhi or "Geedar Singhi" the word "Geedar" is the Urdu translation of Jackal and (the root words being the Persian "Seaah" meaning black, and "Singh" which means horn in Hindi and Urdu) and is tied to the necks of children. The horn is sometimes traded by low caste people, though it is thought that they are in fact pieces of deer antlers sold to the credulous.

In Bengal, it is believed that when placed within a safe, jackal horns can increase the amount of money within three-fold. Some criminal elements of the Bengal Sansi will use fake jackal horns to lull unwitting people into trusting them, and will offer to place these horns into their victim's safe in order to discover its location.

References

Golden jackal
Animal products
Amulets
Superstitions of India
Superstitions of Nepal
Sri Lankan culture

Jackal's horn


Bernarda Vásquez Méndez (1918 – 6 March 2013) was a Costa Rican feminist who become the first woman to cast the vote in the country on 30 July 1950 after a struggle begun in 1923 by the Liga Feminista Costarricense, the constitution of 1949 granted Costa Rican women the right to vote.

Personal life

Born in La Tigra de San Carlos, participated in the plebiscite to determine if La Tigra and La Fortuna were still part of the San Carlos canton or joined San Ramón, going down in history as the first Costa Rican woman to vote. It was when she was 27 years old, that she went to the polls to open the door to thousands of Costa Rican women to vote, getting up at 3:00 am, to make sure she was the first female voter. One year before, on June 20, 1949, the Constituent Assembly of Costa Rica granted women the right to vote.

From this first vote she became a faithful activist in the exercise of the vote, inviting Costa Ricans constantly to participate in each electoral fair. Declaring once for the newspaper La Nación: "The worst thing that a Costa Rican is to stop voting, because thanks to our political system we have always had peace and tranquility."

References

1918 births
2013 deaths
People from San Carlos (canton)
Costa Rican women activists
Costa Rican feminists
Costa Rican suffragists

Bernarda Vásquez Méndez


A Roman dictator was an extraordinary magistrate in the Roman Republic endowed with full authority to resolve some specific problem to which he had been assigned. He received the full powers of the state, subordinating the other magistrates, consuls included, for the specific purpose of resolving that issue, and that issue only, and then dispensing with those powers immediately.

A dictator was still controlled and accountable during his term in office: the Senate still exercised some oversight authority and the rights of plebeian tribunes to veto his actions or of the people to appeal them were retained. The extent of a dictator's mandate strictly controlled the ends to which his powers could be directed. Dictators were also liable to prosecution after their terms completed.

Dictators were frequently appointed from the earliest period of the Republic down to the Second Punic War (218–201 BC), but the magistracy then went into abeyance for over a century. It was later revived in a significantly modified form, first by Sulla between 82 and 79 BC and then by Julius Caesar between 49 and 44 BC, who became  just before his death. This later dictatorship was used to effect wide-ranging and semi-permanent changes across Roman society. After Caesar's assassination in 44, the office was formally abolished and never revived.

Traditional dictatorship

The reasons for which someone might be appointed dictator were varied. The purpose of the dictatorship was to return Rome to the status quo before some threat emerged. The dictatorship existed "to eliminate whatever had arisen that was out of bounds and then eliminate themselves so that normal operation of the ordinary government" could resume.

Origin

The abolition of the Roman monarchy , according to tradition, devolved the royal powers onto two annually elected consuls. The creation of the dictatorship is part of this tradition, which is somewhat confused. Its original title was magister populi, "master of the infantry". His lieutenant was the magister equitum, "master of the horse". The dictator may have also been called the praetor maximus, as mentioned by Livy, referring to an old law requiring the praetor maximus to put a nail into the wall of a temple on the ides of September.

It is not certain who the first dictator was or in what year he was appointed. Livy gives two versions: in one, the first dictator was Titus Larcius in 501 BC. His other version states that the first dictator was Manius Valerius Maximus, although Livy thought this improbable, as he had not previously been consul and, had a Valerius been desired, Manius' father, Marcus, who was consul in 505 BC, could have been chosen instead. However, few modern scholars put much faith in these traditional accounts: by the time Roman history started being written down, the dictatorship as a military commander had already lapsed out of living memory.

The dictatorship seems to have been conceived as a way to bypass normal Roman politics and create a short-term magistrate with special powers, serving to defend the Republic in war, or otherwise to cow internal civil unrest, especially if such unrest imperilled the conduct of war. There are broadly two views on the dictatorship's origin: that it descends from the Latins, or that it was a uniquely Roman institution.

The Roman view stresses that the dictatorship is said to have existed from the earliest years of the Republic, created as "an integral part of the republican constitution". And while other Latin cities had dictatorships, they emerged from their abolished monarchies as ordinary magistrates rather than as an extraordinary magistrate only appointed in time of crisis. Others have argued that the dictatorship existed as a means to slip through the inefficiency of a new collegiate magistracy, arguing that the Romans would not have made it – with regal powers – an integral part of their constitution in the immediate aftermath of the monarchy's abolition, confining it therefore to a peripheral and extraordinary role. Other scholars have advanced theories that the consuls came after the dictatorship rather than before.

The Latin view argues that the dictatorship emerged from the need to rotate command between Latin states in the role of commanding the Latin League's united armies. While Rome was not a formal member of the League, it did require the Latins to serve in Rome's wars under a Roman commander, which could have been a dictator appointed for the occasion. One argument of this is the siege of Veii: for nine years of siege, Rome did not resort to a dictator, until the last year when Etruscan intervention compelled Rome to call in its Latin allies. Moreover, it is plausible that the dictatorship was borrowed from other Latin municipalities that had a dictator serving as a military commander. This view also stresses continuity between the Roman kingdom and the succeeding republic, with the dictatorship as a bridge between the two periods.

Nomination

The dictator was the only important official in the Roman state that was appointed. The power to appoint a dictator vested in the consuls, one of whom could nominate a man to serve in the office; he did not need to consult his colleague, and no other magistrates had such authority. A dictator, however, could be created by comitial legislation at the proposal of other magistrates, as Sulla and Caesar later were.

Consular nomination occurred in a nocturnal ritual, usually preceded by advice from the Senate asking for a specific person to be appointed, but this was not strictly necessary. A vote of the people could be held, but this was unusual, perhaps except in cases with a non-consular nominator. In the case of Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, the people may have created him dictator directly by legislation. After  most attested dictators were ex-consuls; it does not appear, however, that this emerged from any kind of legislation, as implied in Livy, to that effect.

Dictatorial powers likely extended beyond the term of the nominating magistrate, and most dictators are recorded to have given up their powers as quickly as possible. Customary law may have required dictators to give up their powers immediately after completion of their assigned task.

A dictator could be nominated for different reasons, or causae. These causae were akin to provinciae, spheres of command assigned to a magistrate which bound their freedom of action. The various causae were:

 rei gerundae causa, "for the conduct of the matter", used for military emergencies,
 comitiorum habendorum causa, for holding the comitia, or elections, when the consuls were unable to do so;
 clavi figendi causa, to create a dictator for an important religious rite involving the driving of a nail into the wall of the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, as a protection against pestilence;
 for quelling of sedition;
 for establishing a religious holiday;
 for holding the Roman games, an ancient religious festival;
 for investigating certain actions; and,
 in one extraordinary case, for appointment of senators, after the Battle of Cannae.

These reasons could be combined (e.g., seditionis sedandae et rei gerundae causa, for quelling sedition and for war). However, by the middle Republic the historical record clearly shows that dictators were appointed more as temporary extraordinary magistrates to do some very specifically defined action before resigning, acting as proxies or substitutes for the ordinary magistrates of that year; the historicity of the dictators appointed in the early period to quell sedition—who usually took the side of the protestors—is also debated.

The Romans were not consistent in classifying specific threats and then appointing a dictator if they met some criteria. Rather, they judged the matter subjectively such that a dictator in military matters would only be appointed if there were converging threats from multiple enemies, all-consuming ongoing wars, or extinction-level threats to the city which could be handled by a man "whose empowerment with the dictatorship offered more assurance of success than the incumbent magistrates". Alternatively, dictators might be appointed if another consul-like magistrate was needed.

Normally there was only one dictator at a time, although a new dictator could be appointed following the resignation of another. A dictator could be compelled to resign his office without accomplishing his task or serving out his term if there were found to be a fault in the auspices under which he had been nominated. After nomination, a dictator would have his imperium ratified by comitia curiata—bringing that matter before the Assembly himself—in a manner akin to that of the consuls.

Insignia
Like other curule magistrates, the dictator was entitled to the toga praetexta and the sella curulis. The dictator, however, was accompanied by twenty-four lictors rather than the normal twelve lictors of the consul. However, within the pomerium he may have displayed twelve.

In a notable exception to the Roman reluctance to reconstitute the symbols of the kings, the lictors of the dictator never removed the axes from their fasces, even within the pomerium, symbolising their power over life and death and setting the dictator apart from the ordinary magistrates.  the lictors of other magistrates could not bear fasces at all when appearing before the dictator.

The Latin theory of the dictatorship's origin has also suggested that the twenty-four lictors emerged from the uniting of "two governments". It may have also simply signalled that a dictator's imperium was superior to that of the consuls or that he was endowed with the power of both consuls. As the kings had been accustomed to appear on horseback, this right was forbidden to the dictator unless he first received permission from the comitia.

Powers and limitations

The full extent of the dictatorial power was considerable, but not unlimited. It was circumscribed by the conditions of a dictator's appointment, as well as by the evolving traditions of Roman law, and to a considerable degree depended on the dictator's ability to work together with other magistrates. The precise limitations of this power were not sharply defined, but subject to debate, contention, and speculation throughout Roman history.

In the pursuit of his causa, the dictator's authority was nearly absolute.  However, as a rule he could not exceed the mandate for which he was appointed; a dictator nominated to hold the comitia could not then take up a military command against the wishes of the Senate. Dictators could carry out functions which fell outside the scope of their initial appointments, but only at the direction of the Senate; this included the drawing of funds from the public treasury, which a dictator could only do with the Senate's authorisation.

The imperium of the other magistrates was not vacated by the nomination of a dictator.  They continued to perform the duties of their office, although subject to the dictator's authority, and continued in office until the expiration of their year, by which time the dictator had typically resigned. Dictatorial power also did not override that of the tribunes. While some sources assert there was no appeal to the tribunes from a dictator's actions, other sources document the extent of a dictator's powers within the , appeals against dictatorial action, and threats by tribunes to veto elections held by dictators.

Most authorities hold that a dictator could not be held to account for his actions after resigning his office. However, there are cases where this is asserted in the literary sources and the surviving text of the lex repetundarium implies the dictator and his magister equitum could be prosecuted after their terms ended. Rather, some modern scholars hold the position that unaccountability is a "legalistic illusion".

Some sources, both ancient and modern in summaries of the office, assert that the dictator was limited to a term for six months, but this is contradicted by recorded practice and Livy has a dictator object to a six-month limitation explicitly as objectionably unorthodox.

Decline and disappearance

Before the First Punic War starting in 264 BC, when Rome established hegemony over Italy, dictators were overwhelmingly appointed to conduct military campaigns and also appointed regularly. However, these dictators were not given the best commands—they rarely won triumphs: only five of some 75 triumphs between 363 and 264 BC—suggesting that they functioned as substitutes for the ordinary magistrates. The middle Republic also shows significant use of the dictatorship to hold elections in place of consuls: this occurred twelve times during the First Punic War and eight times during the following Second. Magistri equitum had a knack of winning elections when held by dictators, which may explain why this limited dictatorship also fell into abeyance.

In domestic affairs, the dictators were at times—according to tradition—appointed to resolve issue between the patricians and the plebeians during the so-called Conflict of the Orders. In this role, the dictators always took the side of the plebs, implying that the later tradition of the dictatorship as a tool of patrician tyranny is a post-Sullan anachronism. Their efforts may have been decisive in that legislation passed in the Assemblies called by dictators did not need the approval of the Senate, serving to break impasses between an obstinate patrician-heavy Senate and popular demands.

After the Second Punic War and the Third Macedonian War, all major wars were then conducted by promagistrates and usually lasted several years, making the short term of the dictatorship unsuitable. Moreover, the fact that these conflicts occurred far from Rome radically limited the possibility of panicked tumult that could result in a dictatorial appointment. The rise of prorogation also meant that the Romans had, by jettisoning the annual term, more generals in the field than they had in the past. These promagistrates resembled archaic dictators as well, being exempt from normal consular responsibilities while being assigned a limited task—provincia—to complete.

At the same time, the new promagistrates also meant the consuls could spend more time in Rome, meaning it became less necessary to appoint dictators to conduct elections. During the various wars of the 140s BC, the ability to have more commanders under praetorian or proconsular leadership meant it was possible to keep at least one consul in Rome while the other fought abroad. Even when the Senate wanted to act against men such as Tiberius Gracchus or Gaius Gracchus, dictators were not appointed: in the former, the consul refused to act, precluding a dictatorial nomination, and in the latter, the Senate authorised the consul to use force via the so-called senatus consultum ultimum.

The religious purpose of the dictatorship in undertaking rituals to appease the gods in cases of pestilence or other disasters also was replaced. Dictators appointed to appease the gods was highly reactive but, over time, the accumulation of precedent formalised a spiritual process. Instead of an ad hoc approach, the Senate would advise—in moments of need—consultation of the Sibylline Books and direct implementation of the Books' recommendations.

Late republican dictatorship

The new dictatorships of Sulla and Caesar differed greatly from the traditional dictatorship. The long period of abeyance in which the dictatorship had lain meant that men like Sulla and Caesar were no longer bound by the chains of centuries of tradition requiring any man appointed to the dictatorship—traditionally a man trusted by all Romans—to act for all Romans, resolve the issue to which he was appointed, and then immediately resign.

Lucius Cornelius Sulla

Following Sulla's civil war, Lucius Cornelius Sulla had the dictatorship revived. In 82 BC the consuls were absent from the city, he induced the comitia centuriata, called by Lucius Valerius Flaccus as interrex, to pass a law directly appointing Sulla as dictator to write laws and reconstitute the state (); he was also given immunity for all actions (including those past and future)

After significant changes to the laws and proscriptions, he completed this task on 1 January 79 BC and resigned to take up an ordinary consulship. This dictatorship aligned with one aspect of the archaic dictatorship—restoring stability—as the state was, in fact, in a shambles after the domination and proscriptions of Lucius Cornelius Cinna, Gaius Marius, and Gnaeus Papirius Carbo. "Sulla never aimed at permanent tyranny"; wishing his settlement to succeed, and conceiving of it in quasi-republican terms, he resigned the dictatorship in place of ordinary magistrates. Sulla's reforms and proscriptions did stabilize a republic—albeit on radically reformed grounds with Sulla as a "law-giver" who gave Rome "a new constitution that would put an end to political and social strife"—and restore somewhat free elections for the next few decades, at an enormous cost. But the precedent that he set by twice marching on Rome with his armies would prove an equally destabilizing influence.

Between Sulla and Caesar

After Sulla's dictatorship, there are a few cases where a dictatorship was supposedly considered as a means of effecting regime change.

One version of the supposed First Catilinarian conspiracy  (which itself is now held in modern scholarship to be fictitious) related by Suetonius would have had the creation of a dictatorship led by Marcus Licinius Crassus with Julius Caesar as magister equitum. Suetonius' version of events may be anachronistic, with Crassus and Caesar's involvement being an embellishment. Regardless, the suggestion of a dictatorship "belongs, perhaps to a late-republican school of thought that saw the antiquated office of the consulship as an ineffective path to the mastery of Rome" with the dictatorship as an "obvious tool for republican regime change" informed by Sulla's proscriptions and reforms. The phraseology of how Crassus would supposedly have been elevated to the dictatorship also suggests it was seen as an available instrument for ambitious factional leaders to force through self-serving change.

The later consulship of Pompey in 52 BC also is reported to have been initially intended as a dictatorship; it was, however, aborted by his election as sole consul (without colleague) to restore order. Scholars disagree as to the reasons why Pompey was made sole consul: ancient sources (Appian, Dio, and Plutarch) all believed this occurred to deny him a dictatorship; "recent scholarship has emphasised Pompey's consulship rather as a means of resolving a political impasse". If this were an abortive dictatorship, it would have been "a final echo of the archaic dictators" with the sole goal of restoring order to the city.

Caesar

Caesar also revived the dictatorship during the Civil War, first to hold the elections—in which he was returned as consul for the following year—and on multiple occasions between October 48 BC and his death in 44. It is unclear which of Caesar's acts were undertaken under his overlapping dictatorial, proconsular, consular, or private authority. Unlike the consulship, which was limited by hundreds of years of precedent, the dictatorship, by virtue of its "separat[ion] from its foundations by 120 years of disuse", as well as Sulla's example, offered Caesar a position that gave him vast, ill-defined, and largely unconstrained powers. His dictatorship built on that of Sulla's as well: he changed the number of magistracies and reformed the state, but Caesar's dictatorship was administrative rather than one given up at the completion of a task. To that end, shortly before his death Caesar had himself appointed dictator perpetuo, i.e., in a dictatorship that continued each year without the need to seek the senate's approval or appointment by one of the consuls. This new and transformed dictatorship, endowed with a kingly power, ended with Caesar's assassination.

Abolition

After Caesar's death, it became unlawful to propose, vote for, or accept any dictatorship. Any person who became dictator also could be summarily executed. Essentially, the title was cursed and excised from the republican constitution.  Curiously, the person who did this was not one of the liberatores but rather, Caesar's own former magister equitum, Mark Antony. Antony's supporters lionised him for having rid the Republic of this instrument of tyranny.

The need for the dictatorship—especially as an instrument of pseudo-royal power—was clearly already gone: in 22 BC, a senatorial delegation begged Augustus to accept the dictatorship, and Augustus refused, knowing that the title would bring only hatred, and that his own informal authority, "encumbered by neither ancient nor recent precedent", would be sufficient.

Magister equitum

The dictator's lieutenant was the magister equitum, or "master of the horse". The first act of a dictator was to choose this lieutenant, usually at his own discretion. It was customary for the dictator to nominate a magister equitum, even if he were appointed for a non-military reason.

The magister equitum was also a curule magistrate, with powers to summon the Senate and perhaps also powers to summon the Assembly; however, he had only six lictors, symbolizing his subordination to the dictator, and his expectation of quickly vacating office. The magister equitum was necessarily subordinate to the dictator, although this did not always prevent the two from disagreeing.

In theory, the magister equitum was commander of the cavalry, but he was not limited to that role.  The dictator and magister equitum did not always take the field together; in some instances the magister equitum was assigned the defense of the city while the dictator took an army into the field, while on other occasions the dictator remained at Rome to see to some important duty, and entrusted the magister equitum with an army in the field.

List of Roman dictators

See also

Notes

References

Citations

Sources
Modern sources

 Ancient sources

Roman Republic
Ancient Roman titles

Emergency laws
Cursus honorum

Roman dictator


Tilla Charouni is the highest peak of Margala Hills National Park in northern Pakistan. Its height is 1604 m / 5263 feet. It is also the highest peak of District Islamabad and District Haripur as it is on the boundary of both districts. It is covered with pine trees.

Islamabad
Haripur District

Tilla Charouni


Guido Marussig (1885–1972) was an Italian painter.

Biography
He was born in Trieste. After his initial training at the Scuola Industriale Triestina, Guido Marussig moved to Venice to attend the Academy of Fine Arts  thanks to a scholarship from Trieste City Council. In 1905 he participated in the Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte di Venezia, and was to continue to do so in the following years. He was a Symbolist painter influenced by the work of the Vienna Secession, and particularly the art of Gustav Klimt, and he also experimented with engraving techniques. He contributed illustrations to the magazine L'Eroica and from 1918 to 1937 he taught at the Scuola del Libro in Milan, where he had moved in 1916.

In 1921 he participated in designing and decorating Gabriele D'Annunzio's  Vittoriale; he had already designed the sets for his tragedy La nave. Towards the end of the decade he became a member of the Novecento Italiano group, whose poetics also influenced later works such as the mosaic Justice Entering the Courtroom (1939) in the Palazzo di Giustizia in Milan. During subsequent decades his paintings acquired an ever greater degree of geometric abstraction, while he continued to work as a set designer and to contribute to various art periodicals. He designed  the sets for the first opera production at the Teatro alla Scala in Milan following its reconstruction after bombing during the Second World War. Verdi's Nabucco opened on 26 December 1946.

Guido Marussig died in Gorizia in 1972.

References

 Laura Casone, Guido Marussig, online catalogue Artgate by Fondazione Cariplo, 2010, CC BY-SA (source for the first revision of this article).

Other projects

Italian male painters
20th-century Italian painters
Symbolist painters
Artists from Trieste
1885 births
1972 deaths
20th-century Italian male artists
Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to Italy

Guido Marussig


The Nun's Story is a 1956 novel by Kathryn Hulme. It was a Book of the Month selection and reached #1 on The New York Times Best Seller list.

Premise
The lead character of the book, Sister Luke (pre-convent name Gabrielle Van Der Mal), finds her faith tested in Africa where she finds herself at odds with headstrong Dr. Fortunati, operator of a remote hospital in the Belgian Congo, with whom she gradually builds respect, and again during World War II, when she is ordered not to take sides. Ultimately, Sister Luke is forced to decide whether to remain in the convent or return to the outside world.

Gabrielle/Sister Luke is stretched between her desire to be faithful to the rule of her congregation and her desire to be a nurse. As a nun, she must remove all vestiges of "Gabrielle Van Der Mal" and sublimate herself into the devoted bride of Christ. As a nun, there is no room for her personal desires and aspirations. Ultimately, the conflict between her devotion to the Church and the nursing profession, juxtaposed with her passionate Belgian patriotism and her love of her father (killed by Nazi fighter planes while treating wounded) bring her to an impasse, which serves as the dénouement of the novel.

Development
Hulme wrote the book based partly upon the experiences of her friend, Marie Louise Habets of the Sisters of Charity of Jesus and Mary, a Belgian nurse and an ex-nun whom she met while working with refugees in post-war Europe. The author sponsored the former nun's immigration to the United States, and later converted to Catholicism. It often is stated erroneously that the book was based upon Hulme's experiences.

Film adaptation
In 1959, the book was adapted into a film by screenwriter Robert Anderson and director Fred Zinnemann. The Nun's Story starred Audrey Hepburn as Sister Luke. It was a critical and box-office success, and was nominated for eight oscars at the 32nd Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Hepburn's third nomination for Best Actress.

Hepburn met Marie-Louise Habets while preparing for the role, and Habets later helped nurse Hepburn back to health following her near-fatal horse-riding accident on the set of the 1960 film The Unforgiven. The relationship among Hulme, Habets and Hepburn is explored in Zoe Fairbairns' radio play The Belgian Nurse, first broadcast on BBC Radio Four in January 2007.

References

1956 American novels
American novels adapted into films
Novels set in Belgian Congo
Novels about nuns
Little, Brown and Company books
Catholicism in fiction

The Nun's Story


Minor depressive disorder, also known as minor depression, is a mood disorder that does not meet the full criteria for major depressive disorder but at least two depressive symptoms are present for a long time. These symptoms can be seen in many different psychiatric and mental disorders, which can lead to more specific diagnoses of an individual's condition. However, some of the situations might not fall under specific categories listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Minor depressive disorder is an example of one of these nonspecific diagnoses, as it is a disorder classified in the DSM-IV-TR under the category Depressive Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (DD-NOS). The classification of NOS depressive disorders is up for debate. Minor depressive disorder as a term was never an officially accepted term, but was listed in Appendix B of the DSM-IV-TR. This is the only version of the DSM that contains the term, as the prior versions and the most recent edition, DSM-5, does not mention it.

A person is considered to have minor depressive disorder if they experience 2 to 4 depressive symptoms, with one of them being either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure, during a 2-week period. The person must not have experienced the symptoms for 2 years and there must not have been one specific event that caused the symptoms to arise. Although not all cases of minor depressive disorder are deemed in need of treatment, some cases are treated similarly to major depressive disorder. This treatment includes cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), anti-depressant medication, and combination therapy. A lot of research supports the notion that minor depressive disorder is an early stage of major depressive disorder, or that it is simply highly predictive of subsequent major depressive disorder.

Signs and symptoms
Minor depressive disorder is very similar to major depressive disorder in the symptoms present. Generally, a person's mood is affected by thoughts and feelings of being sad or down on themself or by a loss of interest in nearly all activities. People can experience ups and downs in their life everyday where an event, action, stress or many other factors can affect their feelings on that day. However, depression occurs when those feelings of sadness persist for longer than a few weeks.

A person is considered to have minor depressive disorder if they experience 2 to 4 depressive symptoms during a 2-week period. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders lists the major depressive symptoms. Depressed mood most of the day and/or loss of interest or pleasure in normal activities must be experienced by the individual to be considered to have minor depressive disorder. Without either of these two symptoms, the disorder is not classified as minor depressive disorder. Other depressive symptoms include significant weight loss or weight gain without trying to diet (an increase/decrease in appetite can provide clues as well), insomnia or hypersomnia, psychomotor agitation or psychomotor retardation, fatigue or loss of energy, and feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt.

All of these signs can compound on each other to create the last major symptom group of minor depressive disorder: thoughts of death, suicidal thoughts, plans to commit suicide, or a suicide attempt.

Minor depressive disorder differs from major depressive disorder in the number of symptoms present with 5 or more symptoms necessary for a diagnosis of major depressive disorder. Both disorders require either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in normal activities to be one of the symptoms and the symptoms need to be present for two weeks or longer. Symptoms also must be present for the majority of the length of a day and present for a majority of the days in the two-week period. Diagnosis can only occur if the symptoms cause "clinically significant distress or impairment". Dysthymia consists of the same depressive symptoms, but its main differentiable feature is its longer-lasting nature as compared to minor depressive disorder. Dysthymia was replaced in the DSM-5 by persistent depressive disorder, which combined dysthymia with chronic major depressive disorder.

Treatment
Treatment of minor depressive disorder has not been studied as extensively as major depressive disorder. Although there are often similarities in the treatments used, there are also differences in what may work better for the treatment of minor depressive disorder. Some third-party payers do not pay to cover treatment for minor depressive disorder.

The leading treatment techniques for minor depressive disorder are the use of antidepressants and therapy. Typically, patients with minor depression were treated by watchful waiting, prescribed antidepressants, and given brief supportive counseling, but Problem-Solving Treatment for Primary Care (PST-PC) is a Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy that has gained popularity. In one study, PST-PC and Paroxetine, an antidepressant, were shown to be equally effective in significantly reducing symptoms. In another study, PST-PC was compared with the more typical care of the time and shown to reduce symptoms more quickly. Although the use of antidepressants has been widely used, not all agree that it is an appropriate treatment for some minor depression disorder settings.

Another alternative that has been researched is the use of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum). This herbal treatment has been studied by various groups with various results. Some studies show evidence of the treatment being helpful to treat minor depression, but others show that it does no better than the placebo.

History
At its core, minor depressive disorder is the same illness as major depressive disorder with its symptoms being less pronounced. This ties its history closely to that of major depressive disorder. Depression in the past has largely been shrouded in mystery, as its causes and appropriate treatment were largely unknown. By the 1950s, it was clear that depression could be both a mental and largely physical disease, thus being able to be treated through both psychotherapy and medication. When the DSM-IV-TR was created and major depressive disorder was spelled out more clearly, there still seemed to be an uncategorized range of depression. People in this category did not have a complete set of symptoms in order to be diagnosed with major depression, but still were undoubtedly depressed. The DSM-IV-TR solution to this uncatergorized range of depression was to create Depressive Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (NOS). This group of not specified disorders included minor depressive disorder. In the recent switch to the current DSM-5, minor depressive disorder was dropped from the list of depression disorders.

With the disappearance of minor depressive disorder from the DSM-5, there has been confusion between dysthymic disorder, persistent depressive disorder, and minor depressive disorder. Dysthymic disorder was a subsection in the DSM-IV-TR under mood disorders. In the DSM-5, dysthymia is relabeled as "Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)". There are differences between persistent depressive disorder and minor depressive disorder including: length of symptom presence, the number of symptoms present, and recurrent periods. The diagnosis of minor depressive disorder has historically been harder to outline, which could have perhaps lead to the disappearance of the disorder. The DSM-IV-TR includes a statement detailing the difficulty of diagnosis, "symptoms meeting research criteria for minor depressive disorder can be difficult to distinguish from periods of sadness that are an inherent part of everyday life".

References

Depression (mood)

Minor depressive disorder