Peleș Castle ( ) is a Neo-Renaissance palace in the Royal Domain of Sinaia in the Carpathian Mountains, near Sinaia, in Prahova County, Romania, on an existing medieval route linking Transylvania and Wallachia, built between 1873 and 1914. Its inauguration was held in 1883. It was constructed for King Carol I of Romania.

Location
The complex is northwest of the town of Sinaia, which is  from Brașov and  from Bucharest. In the southeastern Carpathian Mountains, the complex is composed of three monuments: Peleș Castle, Pelișor Castle, and the Foișor Hunting Lodge.

History

When King Carol I of Romania (1839–1914), under whose reign the country gained its independence, first visited the site of the future castle in 1866, he fell in love with the magnificent mountain scenery. In 1872, the Crown purchased  of land near the Piatra Arsă River. The estate was named the Royal Estate of Sinaia. The King commissioned the construction of a royal hunting preserve and summer retreat on the property, and the foundation was laid for Peleș Castle on 22 August 1873. Several auxiliary buildings were built simultaneously with the castle: the guards' chambers, the Economat Building, the Foișor hunting lodge, the royal stables, and a power plant. Peleș became the world's first castle fully powered by locally produced electricity.

The first three design plans submitted for Peleș were copies of other palaces in Western Europe, and King Carol I rejected them all as lacking originality and being too costly. German architect Johannes Schultz won the project by presenting a more original plan, something that appealed to the King's taste: a grand palatial alpine castle combining different features of classic European styles, mostly following Italian elegance and German aesthetics along Renaissance lines. Works were also led by architect Carol Benesch. Later additions were made between 1893 and 1914 by the Czech architect Karel Liman, who designed the towers, including the main central tower, which is  in height. The Sipot Building, which served as Liman's headquarters during the construction, was built later on. Liman would supervise the building of the nearby Pelișor Castle (1889–1903, the future residence of King Ferdinand I and Queen Marie of Romania), as well as of King Ferdinand's villa in the Royal Sheepfold Meadow. King Carol I and Queen Elizabeth lived in Foişor Villa during construction, as King Ferdinand and Queen Marie had during the construction of Pelișor Castle.

The cost of the work on the castle undertaken between 1875 and 1914 was estimated to be 16,000,000 Romanian lei in gold. Between three and four hundred men worked on the construction. During the construction phase, Queen Elisabeth of Wied wrote in her journal:

Construction slowed during the Romanian War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire in 1877–1878, but soon afterwards the plans grew in size and construction was quite rapid. In the 1883 inaugural journey of the Orient Express to Bucharest, passengers from Paris were invited to Peleș Castle by Queen Elisabeth of Wied as King Carol I ceremoniously put the last brick in place to celebrate the castle's completion. This initiative by Queen Elisabeth was part of an effort to promote Peleș Castle and Romania's Carpathians to a broader audience. Peleș Castle had its official Royal Ball of Inauguration on 7 October 1883. Thereafter, Carol II of Romania was born at the castle in 1893, giving meaning to the phrase "cradle of the dynasty, cradle of the nation" that Carol I bestowed upon Peleș Castle. Carol II lived in Foișor Villa for periods during his reign. Princess Maria died there in 1874.

After the forced abdication of King Michael I of Romania in 1947,  Communist Romania seized all royal property, including the Peleș Estate. The castle was opened as a tourist attraction for a short time. It also served as a recreation and resting place for Romanian cultural personalities. The castle was declared a museum in 1953. Nicolae Ceaușescu closed the entire estate between 1975 and 1990, during the last years of the Communist regime. The area was declared a "State Protocol Interest Area", and the only persons permitted on the property were maintenance and military personnel.

Ceaușescu did not like the castle very much and rarely visited. In the 1980s, some of the timber was infested with Serpula lacrymans. After the Romanian Revolution of 1989, Peleș and Pelișor Castle were re-established as heritage sites and opened to the public. Today, Foișor Castle serves as a presidential residence. The Economat Building and the Guard's Chambers Building are now hotels and restaurants. Some of the other buildings on the Peleș Estate were converted to tourist villas and some are now "state protocol buildings". In 2006, the Romanian government announced the restitution of the Royal Domain including all properties and land within the domain to the former monarch, King Michael I. Negotiations soon began between the king and the government of Romania, and were concluded in 2007. The castle is on lease from the royal family to the Romanian state. Peleș Castle receives between a quarter and almost a half million visitors annually.

Throughout its history, the castle hosted some important personalities, from royalty and politicians to artists. One of the most memorable visits was that of Kaiser Franz Joseph I of Austria-Hungary on 2 October 1896, who later wrote in a letter:

Artists like George Enescu, Sarah Bernhardt, Jacques Thibaud and Vasile Alecsandri visited often as guests of Queen Elizabeth of Romania (herself a writer also known under the pen name of Carmen Sylva). In more recent times, many foreign dignitaries such as Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Muammar al-Gaddafi, and Yasser Arafat were welcomed at the castle.

The castle was featured in the 2009 film The Brothers Bloom. The exterior of the castle is used to represent a large estate in New Jersey, the home of an eccentric billionaire played by Rachel Weisz.

The castle was featured in the Netflix original film A Christmas Prince and its two sequels, A Christmas Prince: The Royal Wedding and A Christmas Prince: The Royal Baby. It was also featured in the Hallmark Channel movie A Princess for Christmas (2011) and Royal Matchmaker (2018).

Description
By form and function, Peleș is a palace, but it is consistently called a castle. Its architectural style is a romantically inspired blend Neo-Renaissance and Gothic Revival similar to Neuschwanstein Castle in Bavaria. A Saxon influence can be observed in the interior courtyard facades, which have allegorical hand-painted murals and ornate fachwerk similar to that seen in northern European alpine architecture. Interior decoration is mostly Baroque influenced, with heavy carved woods and exquisite fabrics.

Peleș Castle has a  floor plan with over 170 rooms, many with dedicated themes from world cultures (in a similar fashion as other Romanian palaces, such as Cotroceni Palace). Themes vary by function (offices, libraries, armouries, art galleries) or by style (Florentine, Turkish, Moorish, French, Imperial); all the rooms are lavishly furnished and decorated to the slightest detail. There are 30 bathrooms. The establishment has collections of statues, paintings, furniture, arms and armor, gold, silver, stained glass, ivory, porcelain, tapestries and rugs. The collection of arms and armour has over 4,000 pieces, divided between Eastern and Western war pieces and ceremonial or hunting pieces, spreading over four centuries of history. Oriental rugs come from many sources: Bukhara, Mosul, Isparta, Saruk and Smirna. The porcelain is from Sèvres and Meissen; the leather is from Córdoba. The hand-painted stained glass vitralios, which are mostly Swiss.

A towering statue of King Carol I by Raffaello Romanelli overlooks the main entrance. Many other statues are present on the seven Italian neo-Renaissance terrace gardens, mostly of Carrara marble executed by the Italian sculptor Romanelli. The gardens also host fountains, urns, stairways, guarding lions, marble paths and other decorative pieces.

Peleș Castle shelters a painting collection of almost 2,000 pieces. Angelo de Gubernatis (1840–1913) was an Italian writer who arrived in 1898 in Sinaia as a guest of the Royal Family:

Museum

Public visits are made within guided tours. One of the tours is limited to the ground floor, another adds the first floor and the complete tour includes the second floor. Admission is charged, and there is an additional photography fee. The visiting hours are from 9 am to 5 pm; Wednesday through Sunday. On Tuesdays, the hours are 11 am to 5 pm. The castle is closed on Mondays. These visiting hours are subject to change by the Romanian Culture Ministry. The castle is closed in November each year for maintenance and cleaning.

The most notable grand rooms are:

Holul de Onoare (The Hall of Honour) was finished completely only in 1911, under the guidance of Karel Liman. It spreads over three floors. Walls are dressed in exquisitely carved woodwork, mostly European walnut and exotic timbers. Bas-reliefs, alabaster sculptures, and retractable stained glass panels complete the decor.

Apartamentul Imperial (The Imperial Suite) is believed to be a tribute to the Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph I, who visited the palace as a friend of the Romanian Royal Family.  Hence, decorator Auguste Bembe preferred the sumptuous Austrian Baroque in style of Empress Maria Theresa.  A perfectly preserved five-hundred-year-old Cordoban tooled leather wall cover is the rarest of such quality.

Sala Mare de Arme (The Grand Armory or The Arsenal) is where 1,600 of the 4,000 pieces of weaponry and armor reside. One of Europe's finest collection of hunting and war implements, timelined between 14th and 19th century, are on display. The king added pieces used in his victory against the Ottoman Turks during the War of Independence. Famous are the complete Maximilian armor for horse and rider and a 15th-century German "nobles only" decapitation broadsword. Also on display are a wide array of polearms (glaives, halberds, lances, hunting spears), firearms (muskets, blunderbusses, snaphaunces, flintlocks, pistols), axes, crossbows, and swords (rapiers, sabers, broadswords, and many others).

Sala Mică de Arme (The Small Armory) is where predominantly Oriental (mostly Indo-Persian, Ottoman and Arab) arms and armor pieces are on exhibit, many of them made of gold and silver, and inlaid with precious stones. Included are chainmail armor, helmets, scimitars, yataghans, daggers, matchlocks, lances, pistols, shields, axes, and spears.

Sala de Teatru (The Playhouse) is decorated in Louis XIV style, with sixty seats and a Royal Box. Architectural decoration and mural paintings are signed by Gustav Klimt and Frantz Matsch.

Sala Florentină (The Florentine Room) combines revived elements of the Italian Renaissance, mostly from Florence. Most impressive are the solid bronze doors executed in Rome; ateliers of Luigi Magni; and the Grand Marble Fireplace executed by Paunazio with Michelangelo motifs.

Salonul Maur (The Moorish Salon) was executed under the guidance of Charles Lecompte de Nouy, and is meant to embody elements of North-African and Hispanic Moorish style. Mother-of-pearl inlaid furniture, fine Persian Sarouk and Ottoman Isparta rugs, and Oriental weapons and armor are perhaps the most expressive elements. The salon has an indoor marble fountain.

Salonul Turcesc (The Turkish Parlor) emulates an Ottoman "joie de vivre" atmosphere—a room full of Turkish Izmir rugs and copperware from Anatolia and Persia. It was used as a smoking room for gentlemen. Walls are covered in hand-made textiles like silk brocades from the Siegert shops of Vienna.

In something remarkable in comparison to most recent-era royal families, the monarchs shared a bedroom.

Present day

Originally personal property of the Royal Family, Peleș Castle was nationalized when King Michael I was forced to abdicate and into exile by the Socialist Republic of Romania in 1947. In 1997, the castle was returned to the Royal Family in a long judicial case that was finally concluded in 2007. Michael I subsequently said the castle should continue to house the Peleș National Museum, as well as being occasionally used for public royal ceremonies.

Michael I's heir Margareta, Custodian of the Romanian Crown occasionally uses the Castle for receptions, investitures and other public events. On 10 May (Monarchy Day) 2016, the Royal Family hosted a large Reception, Garden Party & Concert at Peleș Castle to mark the 150th anniversary of the Romanian Royal Dynasty, where Margareta's standard was flown from Peleș Castle—the first time since 1947 that a Royal Standard had flown from the Castle.

In August 2016, the body of Queen Anne Lay in State in the Hall of Honour at Peleș Castle in a ceremony attended by the Presidents of Romania and Moldova, as well as Prime Minister Dacian Cioloș and other national leaders. This was followed on 13 December 2017 by King Michael I Lying in State in the same location in a similar, but larger, ceremony prior to his State funeral in Bucharest and burial in Curtea de Argeș Cathedral.

See also

 List of castles in Romania
 Seven Wonders of Romania
 Tourism in Romania
 Villages with fortified churches in Transylvania

References

External links

 Peleș Royal Heritage Association - NGO dedicated to protecting, conserving, restoring and enhancing the Peleș Royal Estate.

1914 establishments in Romania
Buildings and structures in Prahova County
Castles in Romania
Historic house museums in Romania
Historic monuments in Prahova County
Museums in Prahova County
Renaissance Revival architecture in Romania
Royal residences in Romania
Sinaia

Peleș Castle


Kanakanayakam Gnanendramohan ( Kaṉakanāyakam Ñāṉēntiramōkaṉ; 2 September 1960 – 13 July 1984; commonly known by the nom de guerre Ranjan Lala) was a leading member of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), a separatist Tamil militant organisation in Sri Lanka.

Gnanendramohan was born on 2 September 1960. He was from Odakkarai near Point Pedro, Jaffna District. His niece Sivagowri Shanthamohan is married to Nediyavan (Perinpanayagam Sivaparan), a leading member of the LTTE amongst the Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora. Gnanendramohan joined the LTTE and took on the nom de guerre Ranjan Lala. He was one of the founding members of the LTTE and a confidant of its leader V. Prabhakaran.

He was trained in India along with Kumarappa and Bhanu. Captain Ranjan Lala was shot dead by the Special Task Force on 13 July 1984 whilst he was riding a motorcycle in the Thondamanaru area of Jaffna District.

References

External links

1960 births
1984 deaths
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam members
People from Northern Province, Sri Lanka
Deaths by firearm in Sri Lanka
People killed during the Sri Lankan Civil War
People shot dead by law enforcement officers in Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan Tamil rebels

Ranjan Lala


The Minyades () were three Orchomenian (Arcadian) princesses in Greek mythology. These sisters were protagonists of a myth about the perils of neglecting the worship of Dionysus.

Names and family
The names of the Minyades were Alcathoe (or Alcithoe), Leucippe and Arsippe (although instead of "Arsippe", Claudius Aelianus calls the latter "Aristippa", and Plutarch "Arsinoë"; Ovid uses "Leuconoe" instead of "Leucippe"). They were daughters of Minyas, king of Orchomenus, Boeotia.
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|+Comparative names and family of Minyades
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Mythology

At the time when the worship of Dionysus was introduced into Boeotia, and while the other women and maidens were reveling and ranging over the mountains in Bacchic joy, these sisters alone remained at home, devoting themselves to their usual occupations, and thus profaning the days sacred to the god.  Dionysus punished them by changing them into bats, and their work into vines. Plutarch, Aelian, and Antoninus Liberalis, though with some differences in the detail, relate that Dionysus appeared to the sisters in the form of a maiden, and invited them to partake in the Dionysian Mysteries.  When the sisters declined the invitation, the god metamorphosed himself successively into a bull, a lion, and a panther, and the sisters were driven mad.

In this state of madness, they were eager to honor the god, and Leucippe, who was chosen by lot to offer a sacrifice to Dionysus, gave up her own son Hippasus, whom the sisters tore to pieces.  The sisters afterwards roamed over the mountains in a frenzy, until at last Hermes changed them into bats.  Plutarch adds that down to his time the men of Orchomenus descended from that family were called psoloeis (), that is, mourners, and the women oleiai or aioleiai ( or ), that is, the destroyers.

 Antoninus' account
Another retelling of the wrathful punishment of the Minyades by the god Dionysus appeared in Antoninus Liberalis' Metamorphoses:The daughters of Minyas, son of Orchomenus, were Leucippe, Arsippe and Alcathoe. They turned out to be startlingly diligent. They strongly criticized other women because they abandoned the city to go as Bacchantes in the hills until Dionysus took on the likeness of a girl and urged the Minyades not to miss out on the rites or mysteries of the god. But they paid no heed to him. At this—not surprisingly—Dionysus was angered and instead of a girl became a bull, then a lion, then a leopard. From the beams of their looms there flowed for him milk and nectar.At these portents, terror gripped the maidens. Without delay, the three threw lots into a pot and shook it. The lot fell to Leucippe and she vowed to offer as a sacrifice to the god her own son Hippasus whom she tore to pieces with the help of her sisters. Abandoning their paternal home, they went as Bacchantes in the mountains, browsing on ivy, honeysuckle, and laurel, until Hermes touched them with his wand and changed them into flying creatures. One of them became a bat, another an owl and the third an eagle owl. And all three continuously avoided the light of  the sun.

See also
 Leutogi - Polynesian bat goddess
 Camazotz - Mayan bat god
 Nyctimene (mythology)

Notes

 References

 Antoninus Liberalis, The Metamorphoses of Antoninus Liberalis translated by Francis Celoria (Routledge 1992). Online version at the Topos Text Project.
 Claudius Aelianus, Varia Historia translated by Thomas Stanley (d.1700) edition of 1665. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
 Claudius Aelianus, Claudii Aeliani de natura animalium libri xvii, varia historia, epistolae, fragmenta, Vol 2. Rudolf Hercher. In Aedibus B.G. Teubneri. Lipsiae. 1866. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
 Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus, Moralia with an English Translation by Frank Cole Babbitt. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. London. William Heinemann Ltd. 1936. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
 Publius Ovidius Naso, Metamorphoses translated by Brookes More (1859-1942). Boston, Cornhill Publishing Co. 1922. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
 Publius Ovidius Naso, Metamorphoses.'' Hugo Magnus. Gotha (Germany). Friedr. Andr. Perthes. 1892. Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library.

Further reading

Princesses in Greek mythology
Metamorphoses into animals in Greek mythology
Minyan characters in Greek mythology
Dionysus in mythology
Bats in culture
Metamorphoses into birds in Greek mythology

Minyades


Zee Yee Lee (; 1891–1944) was a Chinese aviation pioneer. After becoming the first Chinese pilot to earn a Royal Aero Club certificate in October 1911, he brought two Etrich Taube monoplanes to China and flew on over Shanghai in April 1912. He was by some accounts China's first aviator, and was also one of the first Chinese aircraft designers. He served as the chief instructor and head of the Nanyuan Aviation School in Beijing for 15 years, and later taught at the predecessor of the Republic of China Air Force Academy.

Biography
Lee was born in 1891 in Shanghai, Qing dynasty China, with his ancestral home in Dinghai, Zhejiang. His courtesy name was Yizhi (翼之). He studied in London, England, where he graduated from an industrial school in 1909. A year later, he entered the school of the newly established Bristol Aeroplane Company to study aviation and aircraft design. Howard Pixton was one of his flight instructors. On 17 October 1911, Lee flew a Bristol Boxkite on Salisbury Plain and passed the test to become the first Chinese aviator to earn a Royal Aero Club certificate (No. 148).

Meanwhile, the Xinhai Revolution broke out in China and toppled the Qing dynasty. At the request of the provisional Republic of China government, Lee purchased two Etrich Taube monoplanes from Austria at the end of 1911 and brought them back to China. He was appointed the chief pilot of the Shanghai Military Government. On 13 and 14 April 1912, Lee flew a Taube over the Jiangwan Racecourse in Shanghai to celebrate the success of the Xinhai Revolution. According to Frank Dikötter and others, Lee was the first Chinese aviator, although Feng Ru, who had flown earlier in the United States, is also commonly credited as the first Chinese aviator.

Lee enlisted in the newly established flying battalion of the Republic of China Army in Nanjing. In March 1913, President Yuan Shikai moved the battalion to Nanyuan Airport in Beijing, and Lee was appointed chief flight instructor as well as head of maintenance. In September 1913, he became the chief instructor of the Nanyuan Aviation School; he was promoted to head of the school five years later. On 10 and 11 March 1914, Lee and two other pilots flew between Beijing and Baoding, establishing China's first airline route. He was also instrumental in establishing the first aerial mail passenger service between Beijing and Tianjin, which was inaugurated on 7 May 1920.

Because of sabotage by the troops of the Fengtian clique when they retreated from Beijing, the Nanyuan Aviation School was closed in 1928. Lee moved south to serve the Kuomintang government, and was appointed deputy director of the Aviation Corps of the Central Military Academy, which later became the Republic of China Air Force Academy in Jianqiao, Hangzhou. He also designed a floatplane and became one of China's first aircraft designers. He published at least two books on aviation.

Lee left the aviation industry after the 1930s. He died in 1944.

See also
Zhu Binhou
Kwon Ki-ok

References

1891 births
1944 deaths
Chinese aviators
Aviation pioneers
Chinese expatriates in England
Engineers from Shanghai
Republic of China Air Force personnel
Chinese aircraft designers

Zee Yee Lee


J.-H. Rosny jeune was the pseudonym of Séraphin Justin François Boex (July 21, 1859 – July 21, 1948), a French author of Belgian origin who, along with his better known older brother J.-H. Rosny aîné, is considered one of the founding figures of modern science fiction.  Born in Brussels in 1859, until 1909 he wrote together with his older brother Joseph Henri Honoré Boex under the pen name J.-H. Rosny.  After they ended their collaboration Joseph Boex continued to write under the name J.-H. Rosny aîné (Rosny Senior) while Séraphin used "Rosny jeune" (Rosny Junior).

In 1903, Séraphin Boex was named to the first jury of the Prix Goncourt along with his brother.  He died in 1948 in Ploubazlanec, Côtes-du-Nord, France.

See also
J.-H. Rosny
J.-H. Rosny aîné
French science fiction

1859 births
1948 deaths
French male writers
Belgian emigrants to France

J.-H. Rosny jeune


The black-browed reed warbler (Acrocephalus bistrigiceps) is a marsh-warbler in the family Acrocephalidae. It was formerly included in the "Old World warbler" assemblage. The species was first described by Robert Swinhoe in 1860.

It breeds from eastern Mongolia and south-eastern Russia to eastern China and Japan,
and winters in Southeast Asia.

The black-browed reed warbler is similar and closely related to the more common and widespread Eurasian reed warbler. The bird spends its time foraging close to the ground inside undisturbed reed beds.  Like many other wetland birds, it is of conservation concern owing to habitat loss due to the destruction of native marsh vegetation and its replacement by rice paddies and fishponds.

References

black-browed reed warbler
Birds of Manchuria
Birds of East Asia
black-browed reed warbler
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Black-browed reed warbler


Long-term memory (LTM) is our memory of past events. It follows from short-term memory, and involves the growth of nerve synapses which are very long-lasting.

Types of LTM
The brain does not store memories in one unified structure, as might be seen in a computer's hard disk drive. Instead, different types of memory are stored in different regions of the brain.  Long term memory is typically divided up into two major headings: explicit memory and implicit memory.

Explicit memory
Explicit or 'declarative' memory refers to memories which can be consciously recalled such as facts and knowledge.  These are partly encoded by the hippocampus, stored elsewhere. Exactly where is unknown, but the temporal cortex has been proposed as a likely candidate. Research shows that amnesiac patients with damage to the medial temporal lobe performed more poorly on explicit learning tests than did healthy controls. However, the same patients performed at the same rate as healthy controls on implicit learning tests.  This implies that the medial temporal lobe is heavily involved in explicit learning, but not in implicit learning.

Implicit Memory
Implicit or procedural memory refers to the use of objects or movements of the body, such as how exactly to use a pencil, drive a car, or ride a bicycle.  This type of memory is encoded and it is presumed stored by the striatum and other parts of the basal ganglia. The basal ganglia is believed to mediate procedural memory and other brain structures and is largely independent of the hippocampus.  The parietal and occipital regions are associated with implicit memory.

Emotional memory
The memory for events that evoke a particularly strong emotion may involve both declarative and procedural memory processes.  Emotional memories are consciously available, but elicit a powerful, unconscious physiological reaction.  Research indicates that the amygdala is extremely active during emotional situations, and acts with the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in the encoding and consolidation of emotional events.

Working memory
Working memory (STM) is not part of long term memory, but is important for long term memory to work. Working memory holds and works on information for a short period before it is either forgotten or put into long term memory. Then, to remember something from long term memory, it must come back into working memory. If working memory is overloaded it can affect the encoding of long term memory.

References

Memory
Human skills

Long-term memory


The Giuoco Piano (Italian for quiet game) is a chess opening deriving from the Italian Game and beginning with the moves:
 1. e4 e5
 2. Nf3 Nc6
 3. Bc4 Bc5

The Giuoco Piano is one of the oldest recorded chess openings. It is also known as the Italian Opening. It can lead to such variations as the Giuoco Pianissimo or the Evans Gambit.

Chess openings

Giuoco Piano


was a Japanese athlete who competed at the 1932 and 1936 Olympics. In 1932 he finished sixth in the long jump, while in 1936 he finished third in the long jump, behind Jesse Owens and Luz Long, and won the triple jump event, setting a world record at 16.00 m. This record stood until 1951, when Adhemar da Silva improved it by one centimeter.

Raised in Iwakuni, Tajima graduated in economics from Kyoto Imperial University just prior to competing in the Olympics. His gold medal was Japan's last Olympic track and field gold medal until Naoko Takahashi won the women's marathon at the 2000 Summer Olympics.

Tajima retired from competitive athletics in 1938 but maintained an administrative role as managing director of the Japan Association of Athletics Federations. He was also a member of the Japanese Olympic Committee, coached the Japanese athletics teams at the 1956 and 1964 Olympics, and worked as a lecturer at Chukyo University.

See also
List of Olympic medalists in athletics (men)
Long jump at the Olympics
Triple jump at the Olympics

References

1912 births
1990 deaths
Sportspeople from Osaka Prefecture
Japanese male long jumpers
Japanese male triple jumpers
Olympic male long jumpers
Olympic male triple jumpers
Olympic athletes for Japan
Olympic gold medalists for Japan
Olympic bronze medalists for Japan
Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Japan Championships in Athletics winners
World record setters in athletics (track and field)
Kyoto University alumni
Recipients of the Olympic Order

Naoto Tajima


Gurdwara Damdama Sahib is a gurdwara (Sikh place of worship) located near Humayun's Tomb on the Outer Ring Road in New Delhi, India.

History
This gurdwara is associated with the Tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh. It commemorates his meeting with Prince Muazzam, later Emperor Bahadur Shah, in 1707. The prince had asked him for help in the prince's battle for succession for the throne with his brother, after the death of Aurangzeb. Guru Sahib met the Prince near Humayun's Tomb, and together they drew up their strategy for battle. They watched elephant and bull fights organized for their entertainment. Guru Sahib promised to help the Prince if he would punish all those responsible for the treacherous killing of his sons and destroying his army and his city, Anandpur. Later, Guru Sahib helped the Prince defeat his brother and claim the throne.

Gurdwara Damdama Sahib (place of rest) was first built by Sardar Bhagel Singh in 1783, when a huge Sikh army under his command conquered Delhi. At first it was a small Gurdwara. Later Maharaja Ranjit Singh delegated his officials to renovate the Gurdwara. Consequently, a deorhi (Sikh architectural structure) was constructed, including buildings for priests and pilgrims. In 1984, a new building was constructed. Every year, thousands of devotees assemble here to celebrate the festival called Hola Mohalla.

References

Gurdwaras in Delhi
18th-century gurdwaras

Gurdwara Dam Dama Sahib


Desperate Poaching Affray (known in the United States as The Poachers) is a 1903 British chase film by Wales-based film producer William Haggar. Three minutes long, the film is recognised as an early influence on narrative drama in American film, especially in the chase genre. The film used a number of innovative techniques including on-location shooting, panning shots, and unconventional use of screen edges. The film, along with Frank Mottershaw's film A Daring Daylight Burglary, is considered to have helped launch the chase subgenre and influenced Edwin S. Porter's The Great Train Robbery.

Plot
The film plot is slight and consists of a group of three hunters coming across two poachers. A chase ensues and the poachers flee while shots are exchanged. Despite the film's rural setting, the hunters are able to call upon police officers who join in the chase before the poachers are apprehended while crossing a stream.

Film history
British director William Haggar was a pioneer of narrative film making who began making shorts in 1902. Haggar and his family were travelling entertainers who had based themselves in Wales, and they shot their films in the open using the props they had acquired over their years as a theatre troupe. In 1903 Haggar shot Desperate Poaching Affray, a three-minute (174 ft.) short on 35mm film. The film stars two of Haggar's children, Walter and William Jr., a common trait of his films.

On its release the film was very successful with audiences, and was distributed by Gaumont Film Company in both Europe and the United States. It was so popular that it was widely pirated, and is now seen as an influential film to the chase genre, inspiring Edwin S. Porter's The Great Train Robbery.

Desperate Poaching Affray is in turn influenced by Frank Mottershaw's film A Daring Daylight Burglary, also 1903. In Haggar's film similar to Mottershaw's there is a cutting of action, as a character runs towards the camera to leave via the screen edge. The pursuers are nowhere to be seen in one shot, before entering dramatically onto the screen from the front. In another cut the villains exit the scene to the left, then emerge after a cut in the foreground, in a shot that suggests the chase has been continuing for longer than the screen time. Haggar continues to use different angles in the film and introduces his first panning shot, showing Haggar had a rudimentary understanding of early film grammar and conventions. Despite Haggar's theatrical background, and apart from one wild over-acted haymaker swing from William Haggar Jr. as he floors an opponent, the film refuses to follow theatricality or staging.

The film was renamed as The Poachers for its release in the United States, and was first screened by travelling cinema pioneer Lyman H. Howe of Pennsylvania, who in his early days showed respectable movies to Methodist groups. Howe's biographer, Charles Musser, surmised that Howe showed the film with its 'sensationalistic violence' because as 'one of the cinema's first chase films it proved an irresistible choice.' Musser goes on to state that both Haggar's and Mottershaw's films inspired the US 'film chase craze', stressing that Desperate Poaching Affray was one of at least three UK films copied and sold by the Edison, Biograph and Sigmund Lubin's company between June and October 1903.

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

1903 films
1900s British films
British crime films
British silent short films
British black-and-white films
1900s crime films
1900s chase films
Films about hunters
Silent thriller films

Desperate Poaching Affray


Negative may refer to:

Science and mathematics
 Negative number
 Negative mass
 Negative energy
 Negative charge, one of the two types of electric charge
 Negative (electrical polarity), in electric circuits
 Negative result (disambiguation)
 Negative lenses, uses to describe diverging optics

Photography
 Negative (photography), an image with inverted luminance or a strip of film with such an image
 Original camera negative, the film in a motion picture camera which captures the original image
 Paper negative, a negative image printed on paper used to create the final print of a photograph

Linguistics
 A negative answer, commonly expressed with the word no
 A type of grammatical construction; see affirmative and negative
A double negative is a construction occurring when two forms of grammatical negation are used in the same sentence.

Music
 Negative (Finnish band), a Finnish band established in 1997
 Negative (Serbian band), a Serbian band established in 1999
 The Negatives, a band fronted by Lloyd Cole
 Negative (Yōsui Inoue album), 1987
 Negative (Negative album), 1999
 Negatives (album), a 2004 album by Phantom Planet
 The Negatives, a 2014 album by Cruel Hand
 Negative (song), a 1998 song by Mansun
Negative (album) by Act Of Denial

Other uses
 Negatives (film), a 1968 film
 Negative (policy debate) (NEG), the team which negates the resolution in policy debate
 Negative feedback, a feedback loop that responds in the opposite direction to a perturbation
 Negative liberty is freedom from interference by other people
 Negative repetition, the performance of the eccentric phase of weight lifting
 Negative sign, the passive or feminine signs of the zodiac in astrology
 Negative space, in art, the space around or between elements of the subject
 Negative, several distinct concepts within the game of contract bridge, including:
 Double negative, see
 Herbert negative, see see
 Negative double
 Negative free bid
 Negative inference, see see
 Negative response, see see
 Photo negative casting, a casting technique in acting by reversing the skin colours of actor and character.
 Boys Name Cameron

See also
 Mu (negative)
 Negation (disambiguation)
 Negativity (disambiguation)
 Positive (disambiguation)
 Double Negative (disambiguation)

Negative


Michael Szwarc (9 June 1909, Będzin, Poland – 4 August 2000, San Diego, California) was a British and American polymer chemist who discovered and studied ionic living polymerization.

Biography
Michael Mojżesz Szwarc was born into a Polish-Jewish family in Będzin, Poland. In 1932 he received the title of engineer in chemistry at the Warsaw University of Technology. In 1935 he emigrated to Palestine, where he joined his sister and cousin. In 1942 he defended his first Ph.D. dissertation in organic chemistry at Hebrew University in Jerusalem.

In 1945 he joined Michael Polanyi's research group at the University of Manchester in the UK. In 1947 he defended his second Ph.D. thesis, this time in physical chemistry. Two years later, he was awarded D.Sc. for work on measurements of energy distribution of chemical bonds, and was promoted to senior lecturer at the University of Manchester.

In 1952 Michael Szwarc moved to the United States and was a professor of physical chemistry and polymers at the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry in Syracuse. He created his own research team at SUNY, developing living polymerization techniques in accordance with his long-term program published in Nature in 1956, in which he introduced the living polymerization term for the first time. In 1964 he received a Distinguished Professor at SUNY, and in 1967 he founded the Center for Research Polymers, which he led until his retirement in 1979.

At SUNY he was a consultant for scientific projects conducted by Union Carbide, Dow Corning, Dow Chemical and 3M. After retirement he moved to Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute at USC, where he continued his scientific work, in collaboration with former students from SUNY. He focused on solving practical problems associated with the living polymerization techniques in the industry. He also wrote several books and monographs about polymer chemistry synthesis.

Michael Szwarc and his Polish wife, Marysia (Maria), had three children - a son and two daughters. He played piano and was a long-distance open water swimmer.

Awards and memberships
Fellow of The Royal Society (1966)
Foreign member of Nobel Prize Committee (1968–72)
The American Chemical Society Award: Witco Award in Polymer Chemistry (1969); Award of the Division of Polymer Chemistry (1990)
Kyoto Prize(1991)
International Award of the Plastics Engineers (1972)
Gold Medal of Benjamin Franklin's Association (1978)
Foreign member of Polish Academy of Sciences (1988)
honoris causa' of: Leuven University (1974), Uppsala University, Pasteur Institute (1978), Jagiellonian University (2000)

References

Polymer scientists and engineers
1909 births
2000 deaths
Fellows of the Royal Society
British physical chemists
Jewish chemists
British Jews
Jewish scientists
Organic chemists
Howard N. Potts Medal recipients
Kyoto laureates in Advanced Technology
Jewish British scientists

Michael Szwarc


Events from the year 1552 in art.

Events
date unknown – Spanish sculptor and architect Alonso Berruguete begins work on the hospital of St. John the Baptist in Toledo.

Paintings

 Christoph Amberger – Portrait of Sebastian Münster
 Bronzino – Portrait of the Dwarf Nano Morgante
 Dirck Jacobsz. – A Group of Guardsmen
 Hans Mielich – Duke Albrecht V of Bavaria and his wife Anna of Austria playing chess
 Tintoretto – The Vision of St. Peter
 Giorgio Vasari – Allegory of Patience

Other works
Altarpiece of the Iglesia de San Juan Bautista (Chiclana de la Frontera) by Roque Balduque and Andrés Ramírez
Pierino da Vinci – Samson Slaying a Philistine (sculpture - ca.)

Births
August 24 (bapt.) – Lavinia Fontana, Italian painter (died 1614)
September 21 – Barbara Longhi, Italian painter (died 1638)
date unknown
Hans von Aachen, German Mannerist painter (died 1615)
Alessandro Casolano, Italian painter primarily working in Siena (died 1606)
Daniël van den Queborn, Dutch Golden Age painter (died 1602)
Emanuel Sweert, Dutch painter (died 1612)
probable
Avanzino Nucci, Italian painter (died 1629)
Cristoforo Roncalli, Italian painter (died 1626)

Deaths
July 12 – Niccolò Soggi, Italian painter (born c.1480)
date unknown
Amico Aspertini, early leader of the Bolognese School of painting (born c.1474)
Peter Dell the Elder, German sculptor (born 1490)
Lucas Cornelisz de Kock, Dutch painter at the Tudor court (born 1495)
Giovanni Antonio Lappoli, Italian Mannerist painter (born 1492)
Qiu Ying, Chinese painter who specialized in the gongbi brush technique (born 1494)
Wilhelm Stetter, German Renaissance painter (born 1487)

References

Years of the 16th century in art

1552 in art


The contras is the name given to the rebel groups that were active from 1979 through to the early 1990s. They were against the Sandinista Junta of National Reconstruction government in Nicaragua. Among the separate contra groups, the Nicaraguan Democratic Force (FDN) emerged as the largest by far. In 1987, virtually all contra organizations were united, at least nominally, into the Nicaraguan Resistance.

From an early stage, the rebels received financial and military support from the U.S. government. President Ronald Reagan supported the group. After the U.S. support was banned by Congress, the Reagan administration secretly gave them money from profit they gained after selling weapons to Iran. These secret activities soon became known as the Iran–Contra affair.

Related pages
 Iran-Contra affair
 ISIS
 Communism
 Cold War

Other websites
Confessions of a Contra: How the CIA Masterminds the Nicaraguan Insurgency by The New Republic, 5 August 1985
"The Contras' Valley Forge: How I View the Nicaragua Crisis", by Enrique Bermúdez (with Michael Johns), Policy Review magazine, Summer 1988.
The Contras and U.S. Funding from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
U.S. Policy Towards the Contras from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives

20th century in Nicaragua
Cold War
Presidency of Ronald Reagan
Rebellions in North America
Wars involving the United States

Contras


Caelius Vibenna, (Etruscan Caile Vipina), was a noble Etruscan who lived c. 750 BCE (but see below) and brother of Aulus Vibenna (Etruscan Avile Vipina).

Upon arriving at Rome, Vibenna aided Romulus in his wars against Titus Tatius. He and his brother Aulus are also recorded as having aided King Tarquinius Superbus, although Tarquinius Superbus lived some five generations after Romulus.  Tacitus relates that a certain hill in Rome, previously named Querquetulanus (after the oak trees covering the hill) was renamed the Caelian Hill after Caelius Vibenna.

A burial urn inscribed Arnth Caule Vipina can be found at Deposito de' Dei at Chiusi, Italy.  It is likely that the ashes within belong to a different Etruscan of the same name.

In legend
Caelius and Aulus Vibenna seem to have been well-known figures in Etruscan legend.  Claudius, in a speech to the Senate, referred to the 'adventures' of Caelius Vibenna and his companion 'Mastarna', whom Claudius equates with Servius Tullius.  Claudius claimed that Mastarna left Etruria with the remnants of Caelius' army and occupied the Caelian Hill, naming it after Vibenna.

The François Tomb at Vulci contains a scene showing Caelius and Aulus Vibenna taking part in one of these adventures. The scene appears to show Caelius and Aulus Vibenna and Mastarna with companions named 'Larth Ulthes', 'Rasce' and 'Marce Camitlnas'.  These figures are shown slaughtering foes named as 'Laris Papathnas Velznach', 'Pesna Aremsnas Sveamach', 'Venthical[...]plsachs' and 'Cneve Tarchunies Rumach' (interpreted as 'Gnaeus Tarquinius of Rome').  It appears that the group of foes had taken Caelius, Aulus, Mastarna, Rasce and Marce Camitlnas prisoner, but while they were sleeping, Larth Ulthes crept into their camp armed with swords which he gave to his companions.  The erstwhile prisoners are shown killing their former captors.  Mastarna is shown freeing Caelius Vibenna.

References

Sources

8th-century BC Romans
Etruscans
Etruscan mythology

Caelius Vibenna


Passerina is a genus in the plant family Thymelaeaceae. They are ericoid bushes growing largely in fynbos and other Southern African scrub habitats.

Etymology
The genus name Passerina derives from the Latin word passer "sparrow" - given the plants in reference to a perceived similarity in the shape of the fruit to a sparrow's beak - more evident in the Thymelaceous plant Thymelaea hirsuta (formerly placed in the genus Passerina).

Taxonomy
Passerina L., Sp. Pl. 559 (1753); Wright in FC. 5, 2: 9 (1915); Thoday in Kew Bull. 1924: 146, 387 (1924). Chymococca Meissn., Wright 1.c. 14, is a genus of plants in the family Thymelaeaceae.

Description
Members of the genus Passerina are ericoid shrubs or shrublets, often with a tendency to having pendulous branches. Their leaves are markedly decussate. They are concave or closely involute, lined with woolly hairs, and cling to leafy stems without being large enough to cover them. This gives the plants a characteristic plaited or corded appearance.

The flowers of some species are borne in terminal spikes, whereas other species bear them in a four-flowered head. Bracts, usually broader than leaves and larger than the flowers, subtend each flower. This is one helpful distinction between specimens of Passerina and plants in the genus Struthiola. The calyx has four sepals, forming a flask-shaped or subcylindrical tube. At the mouth the sepals spread into lobes that are shorter than the tube. There are no petals, but the lobes of the sepals are quite colourfully petal-like in many species. The ovary is ovoid with a single loculus containing a solitary ovule. The style is lateral, bearing a mop-like stigma that fills the mouth of the calyx-tube.  The calyx is persistent and encloses the fruit except in species such as Passerina ericoides, in which the fruit is berry-like and expands until it protrudes out of the tube. A flower bears eight stamens of unequal length, the longest being the length of the calyx-lobes, but all protrude out of the calyx. The flowers lack of any noticeable scent, their protruding stamens, and their mop-like stigmata suggest their adaptation to wind pollination, in contrast to the petals and night scent of Struthiola.

In most species the fruit is membranous, but some species, e.g. Passerina ericoides have a fleshy pericarp, forming a red berry attractive to birds and tortoises, hence one of its common names, "skilpadbessie", meaning "tortoise berry". However, that name also is applied to other plants, such as Muraltia spinosa. The seeds have a black, crustaceous testa and curved, beak-like micropyle.

As in the related Struthiola, the beak-like aspects of the fruit inspired the name "Passerina", which is from the Latin passerinus, meaning "sparrow-like".

Distribution
The genus is endemic to Southern Africa, most species within South Africa, though some extend north of the border. The greatest concentration of species is in Cape fynbos, where some species are endemic to very small regions. Passerina ericoides for example occurs naturally only on the Cape Peninsula and the vicinity of False Bay

List of species
There are some 20 accepted species in the genus Passerina plus about sixty unresolved and over 100 synonyms. The following are the accepted species, omitting subspecies.

Passerina aragonensis  (Rouy) Rouy
Passerina burchellii Thoday
Passerina comosa  (Meisn.) C.H. Wright
Passerina corymbosa Eckl. ex C.H. Wright
Passerina drakensbergensis Hilliard & B.L. Burtt
Passerina ericoides L.
Passerina esterhuyseniae Bredenkamp & A.E. van Wyk
Passerina falcifolia  (Meisn.) C.H. Wright
Passerina filiformis L.
Passerina galpinii C.H. Wright
Passerina montana Thoday
Passerina montivaga Bredenkamp & A.E. van Wyk
Passerina nivicola Bredenkamp & A.E. van Wyk
Passerina obtusifolia Thoday
Passerina paleacea Wikstr.
Passerina paludosa Thoday
Passerina pendula Eckl. & Zeyh. ex Thoday
Passerina quadrifaria Bredenkamp & A.E. van Wyk
Passerina rigida Wikstr.
Passerina rubra C.H. Wright
Passerina truncata  (Meisn.) Bredenkamp & A.E. van Wyk

Ecological and commercial significance
Passerina is a generally insignificant genus, seldom noticed by the non-botanist. The attractive ericoid habit and fuss-free growth make it a useful subject in informal fynbos gardens. Being wind-pollinated, the plants generally are not of much importance to pollinating organisms such as bees and birds.

The Khoisan name gonna refers to the use of its tough bark, together with that of related plants, for binding such items as thatch. The material certainly is remarkably tough and has been used for plaiting into whip thongs. The Khoisan use of a decoction of some species for treating pain, plus the fact that many species of the Thymelaeaceae suggests that the material might be pharmacologically active, but there is no suggestion that the plants cause harm to stock. However, this harmlessness might well be for the same reason that the plants generally are of no value as forage for browsers, namely that they are unpalatable to stock.

References

Thymelaeoideae
Malvales genera

Passerina (plant)


The following is a list of year in sumo articles listed in chronological order from the most recent. Each gives an overview of the happenings in sumo for each year listed. The highlights below refer only to top division championships.

2020s
2023 in sumo - Tochinoshin retires.
2022 in sumo - Six different wrestlers win titles; Wakatakakage, Ichinojō, and Abi each win their first titles.
2021 in sumo - Kakuryū and Hakuhō retire. Hakuhō wins his 45th and final title. Terunofuji wins four of six titles and is promoted to yokozuna. Asanoyama is suspended for one year for violating COVID-19 protocols.
2020 in sumo - Gōeidō and Kotoshōgiku retire. Tokushōryū wins the January basho from maegashira 17 west, the lowest rank from which anyone ever won a title.  The May basho is cancelled due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

2010s
2019 in sumo - Kisenosato retires. Asanoyama wins his first title.
2018 in sumo - Tochinoshin wins his sole title, the first title won by a maegashira since 2012. Takakeishō wins his first title.
2017 in sumo - Kisenosato is promoted to yokozuna. Harumafuji retires following assault allegations against him.
2016 in sumo - Kotoshogiku and Goeido win the first titles by Japanese-born wrestlers in ten years.
2015 in sumo - Hakuhō wins a record-breaking 33rd title. JSA chairman Kitanoumi dies and is replaced by Hokutoumi.
2014 in sumo - Kakuryū wins first title and is promoted to yokozuna.
2013 in sumo - Sokokurai becomes the first expelled wrestler to be reinstated. 48th yokozuna Taihō dies. Miyabiyama retires.
2012 in sumo - Baruto and Kyokutenhō win their only titles. Harumafuji is promoted to yokozuna.
2011 in sumo - A match-fixing scandal leads to the cancellation of the March basho with many resignations and expulsions. Hakuhō wins a record-tying 6th consecutive title.
2010 in sumo - Asashōryū retires after an alleged nightclub brawl. Several wrestlers are suspended for illegal baseball gambling. Hakuhō establishes the postwar record with a 63-match winning streak.

2000s
2009 in sumo - Harumafuji wins his first title, Hakuhō wins 3 titles and establishes the all-time record of 86 wins from 90 matches in one year.
2008 in sumo - Asashōryū returns. Kotoōshū becomes the first European-born champion. Marijuana scandals begin.
2007 in sumo - Hakuhō is promoted to yokozuna, Asashōryū is first suspended yokozuna, Tokitsukaze stable hazing scandal
2006 in sumo - Asashōryū wins four of six titles, Hakuhō wins his first title.
2005 in sumo - Asashōryū is first to sweep all six titles in his "grand slam" year.
2004 in sumo - Asashōryū wins five of six titles. Kaiō wins his 5th and final title.
2003 in sumo - Takanohana and Musashimaru retire, Asashōryū is promoted to yokozuna.
2002 in sumo - Takanohana misses five of six basho due to injury. Asashōryū wins his first title.
2001 in sumo - number of wrestlers win championships in spite of injury, Kotomitsuki wins his only title and sweeps all special prizes.
2000 in sumo - Musoyama, Takatōriki, and Kaiō win their first titles, Akebono wins his 11th and final title. Wakanohana retires.

1990s
1999 in sumo - Musashimaru dominates, Chiyotaikai and Dejima win their first championships
1998 in sumo - Between them, the Futagoyama brothers dominate, Kotonishiki becomes only wrestler to win two championships at maegashira rank
1997 in sumo - Futagoyama wrestlers continue championship dominance
1996 in sumo - Takanohana takes 4 championships, and stablemate Takanonami one for a near year sweep
1995 in sumo - Takanohana takes 4 championships to dominate; his brother Wakanohana takes 1
1994 in sumo - Musashimaru wins 1st championship, Takanohana achieves necessary criteria for promotion to yokozuna
1993 in sumo - Akebono becomes first foreign-born yokozuna, has most dominant year at 4 championships, Futagoyama brothers take one each
1992 in sumo - Asahifuji retires leaving no yokozuna for the next eight months, championships are split Takahanada* 2, Akebono 2, and 1 each for Konishiki and Mitoizumi
1991 in sumo - Hokutoumi and Asahifuji win their last championships, Kotonishiki wins his first, Kirishima and Kotofuji win their only championships
1990 in sumo - championships split at two each between Ōzeki Asahifuji, and yokozunas Hokutoumi and Chiyonofuji, the second win would be Chiyonofuji's last

*Takahanada would later become the 2nd Takanohana.

1980s
1989 in sumo - Chiyonofuji and Hokutoumi vie for dominance at three and two championships respectively, Konishiki gets first tournament win
1988 in sumo - Asahifuji has first win, Chiyonofuji takes the last four tournaments and record for longest bout winning streak in modern sumo history - later surpassed by Hakuho
1987 in sumo - Hokutoumi and Onokuni are promoted to yokozuna; Futahaguro is forced to retire
1986 in sumo - Stablemates Chiyonofuji and Hoshi* claim all six Yusho with five and one respectively. Futahaguro is promoted to Yokozuna. Takanosato retires.
1985 in sumo - Chiyonofuji wins 4 of the 6 tournaments, Asashio IV wins his first and only yusho, Hokuten'yū wins 2nd and last yusho. Kitanoumi retires. The new Ryōgoku Kokugikan is opened.
1984 in sumo - Wakashimazu takes home his 1st and 2nd yusho, Kitanoumi wins his 24th and final yusho, Takanosato wins 4th and final yusho as well, surprise maegashira 12 Tagaryū claims a yusho, Chiyonofuji claims 10th yusho.
1983 in sumo - Both Chiyonofuji and Takanosato win 2 yusho, with Kotokaze and Hokuten'yū winning the other two. Takanosato is promoted to Yokozuna. Wakanohana II retires.
1982 in sumo - Chiyonofuji dominates winning 4 yusho, Kitanoumi and Takanosato win the other two.
1981 in sumo - Chiyonofuji and Kitanoumi vie for dominance at three and two championships respectively, Kotokaze gets first tournament win. Chiyonofuji promoted to Yokozuna. Wajima retires.
1980 in sumo - Kitanoumi wins 3 titles, Mienoumi, Wakanohana II, and Wajima win their last titles. Mienoumi retires.

*Hoshi would later become Hokutoumi

1970s
1979 in sumo - Kitanoumi wins three tournaments, Mienoumi, Wajima, and Wakanohana II win the other three. Mienoumi is promoted to Yokozuna.
1978 in sumo - Kitanoumi dominates with 5 yusho, with Wakanohana II taking the other. Wakanohana II is promoted to Yokozuna.
1977 in sumo - Wajima and Kitanoumi again vie for dominance with 3 and 2 yusho respectively, Wakamisugi II* wins his first Championship.
1976 in sumo - Kitanoumi and Wajima vie for dominance with 3 and 2 yusho respectively, Kaiketsu wins his second and last yusho.
1975 in sumo - Kitanoumi and Takanohana I take 2 yusho, while Mienoumi and Kongo both take their first.
1974 in sumo - Wajima wins 3 yusho while Kitanoumi takes his first 2, Kaiketsu wins his first title. Kitanoumi promoted to Yokozuna. Both Kitanofuji and Kotozakura retire.
1973 in sumo - Wajima wins 3, Kotozakura wins 2, and Kitanofuji wins his last yusho. Kotozakura and Wajima are promoted to Yokozuna.
1972 in sumo - There is a different winner for each basho with Hasegawa, Kitanofuji, Kotozakura, Takamiyama, Tochiazuma I, and Wajima winning one yusho a piece. Takamiyama becomes first foreign born top division champion.
1971 in sumo - Kitanofuji and Tamanoumi II again vie for dominance with 3 and 2 yusho respectively, while an ageing Taihō wins his last title and retires. Tamanoumi dies suddenly in October after a delayed appendectomy.
1970 in sumo - Kitanofuji and Tamanoumi II vie for dominance with 3 and 2 yusho respectively, while Taihō manages just one. Kitanofuji and Tamanoumi are promoted to Yokozuna.

*Wakamisugi II would later become Wakanohana II

See also
Glossary of sumo terms
List of active sumo wrestlers
List of past sumo wrestlers
List of sumo record holders

years

List of years in sumo


Oto Bihalji-Merin (; 3 January 1904 – 22 December 1993) was an acclaimed Yugoslav and Serbian writer, art historian, painter and art critic.

Biography
Bihalji-Merin was born to a Jewish family in Zemun, then an Austro-Hungarian town on the very border with Kingdom of Serbia. After finishing high school he first enrolled at the University of Belgrade to study painting in 1924, before later continuing his studies in Berlin at the Unified State Schools for Fine and Applied Arts (). In Berlin, he started working as an art critic and journalist for magazines Illustrierte Neuen Welt and later Die Linkskurve, which was a publication formed by a group of left-wing intellectuals. In 1924 Bihalji-Merin joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia.

He returned to Belgrade in 1928 and became a pilot in the Royal Yugoslav Air Force. At the same time, Bihalji-Merin founded the Nova literatura magazine (1928–29) and the Nolit publishing house together with his brother Pavle. Nolit began publishing works by Jack London, Maxim Gorky, Erich Maria Remarque, Heinrich Mann, Sinclair Lewis, John Steinbeck, and Isaac Babel. The Yugoslav state censors at the time often considered these books provocative for promoting leftist ideas, which led to bans and confiscations. Because of an inherited heart condition, he was fired from the Air Force, after which he returned to Berlin and continued to work as a journalist and editor.

In Berlin in the early 1930s he witnessed the rise of German National Socialism, and in 1933 he moved to Paris, where he founded an Institute for the Study of Fascism with Arthur Koestler and Manès Sperber. In 1934 he joined the Communist Party of Germany. Although he continued to publish articles in the German press, he started using various pseudonyms, most often signing his articles as Pierre Merin or Peter Thoene. By 1936 Bihalji-Merin split his time between living in France and Switzerland. In 1936 he left for Spain to join the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War. Following the Republicans' defeat in April 1939, Bihalji-Merin returned to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

Following the short invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, he was captured as a Yugoslav prisoner of war by the German Army. His knowledge of German language and the fact that he mostly published his articles using pseudonyms have saved his life during internment, although his brother Pavle was arrested and shot by occupying forces immediately in the aftermath of the invasion. After World War II ended Bihalji-Merin returned to Belgrade and remained to live in the same apartment in the city centre for the rest of his life.

Bihalji-Merin authored dozens of books, mostly dealing with arts and mostly published in German. After witnessing Nazi persecution of modernist artists in Germany in the 1930s, he is credited with penning the first history of modern art in Germany, published in 1938 by Penguin Books, featuring a foreword by Herbert Read. After the war he was editor of Belgrade-based Borba, the communist party's official newspaper.

In the aftermath of World War II, when art circles in Yugoslavia were pressured to adopt the socialist realism state-approved policies of the Soviet Union, Bihalji-Merin used his influence to defend modernist and naïve art styles. For this reason he is thought to have been instrumental in Yugoslavia's departure from the Soviet-style populist and heavily politically influenced visual arts. He also kept a lifelong interest in expressionist art which had flourished in Germany in the interwar period of his youth before Nazis came to power and labelled it degenerate art.

Between 1949 and 1959 Bihalji-Merin was editor of a state-owned illustrated arts magazine, Jugoslavija. In the decades after the war he published a number of books promoting Yugoslav cultural heritage, especially on the topics of naïve homegrown artists like Ivan Generalić, the medieval Bosnian stećak tombstones as well as abstract painters such as Vangel Naumoski. He was a member of the international experts commission which organised the Fifty Years of Modern Art exhibition and is credited with securing unprecedented exposure for Yugoslav art at the 1958 World Fair in Brussels.

In the 1950s and early 1960s he wrote several short art documentaries produced by Avala Film, including two about the works of sculptor Toma Rosandić. As an art critic, he was one of the early proponents of the view that the modern scientific discoveries such as the theory of relativity, psychoanalysis, photography and new developments in technology enabling observations of the micro and macro worlds around us all work to expand our notion of reality, resulting in a radically changed perspective of artists, as well as the role of art itself. Bihalji-Merin also wrote fiction, including a 1947 novel titled Goodbye in October () based on his World War II experiences as a prisoner of war, which was then adapted into a 1950 Yugoslav feature film titled The Red Flower, starring Dragomir Felba and Milivoje Živanović. He also published plays, travel writing and a memoir of his time in the Spanish Civil War, titled Spain Between Death and Birth (Španija između smrti i rađanja).

In 1964 he was one of the four inaugural recipients of the Herder Prize, an international humanities award presented at the University of Vienna to scholars from Southeast Europe. He was also awarded the Belgian Order of Leopold. Late in his life Bihalji-Merin started writing his autobiography, titled My Beautiful Life in Hell () but did not manage to finish it by the time of his death in December 1993 at 89 years of age.

He is the grand-uncle of a Serbian animal rights activist and a far-right ultranationalist politician, Pavle Bihali.

See also
 List of Serbian painters

References

External links

1904 births
1993 deaths
Serbian art historians
People from Zemun
Writers from Belgrade
Herder Prize recipients
Yugoslav art historians
Serbian Jews
Yugoslav Jews
Yugoslav historians
Yugoslav people of the Spanish Civil War

Oto Bihalji-Merin


Joshua Kirby Baldrey (1754–1828), was an engraver and draftsman.

Biography
Baldrey practised both in London and Cambridge between 1780 and 1810, working both in the chalk and dot manners. Many of his works were printed in colours. He exhibited portraits at the Royal Academy in 1793 and 1794. Among his best works are: The Finding of Moses, after Salvator Rosa, 1785; Diana in a Landscape, after Carlo Maratti; Lady Rawdon, after Reynolds, 1783; and some subjects after Penny and Bunbury. His chief work, however, is from the east window of King's College Chapel, Cambridge, which he drew and engraved, and then finished highly in colours. He published A Dissertation on the Windows of King's College Chapel, Cambridge (Camb. 1818), from which it appears he was engaged on an engraving of one of the south windows. Baldrey died in indigence at Hatfield Wood Side, Hertfordshire, on 6 December 1828, leaving a widow and eleven children.

References

Attribution

1754 births
1828 deaths
English engravers

Joshua Baldrey


The yellow-crowned canary (Serinus flavivertex) is a small passerine bird in the finch family. It is a resident breeder in eastern Africa.  It was formerly considered conspecific with the Cape canary (Serinus canicollis).

Its habitat is fynbos, grassland and gardens, preferably in highland areas. It builds a compact cup nest in a scrub.

The yellow-crowned canary is 11–13 cm in length. The adult male has a green back with black edging to the wings and tail. The underparts, rump and tail sides are yellow, and the lower belly is white. The head is brighter in color than the Cape canary, yellow in colour, and the face is cinnamon. The juvenile has greenish-yellow underparts with heavy brown streaking.

The yellow-crowned canary is a common and gregarious seedeater. Its call is tsit-it-it, and the song is warbled goldfinch-like trills and whistles given in display flight or from a high perch.

References

Further reading

yellow-crowned canary
Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa
Birds of East Africa
Fauna of Angola
yellow-crowned canary

Yellow-crowned canary


Philipp von Hutten (18 December 1505 – 17 May 1546) was a German adventurer and an early European explorer and conquistador of Venezuela. He is a significant figure in the history of Klein-Venedig (1528 - 1546), the concession of Venezuela Province to the Welser banking family by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain.

Biography
Hutten was born in Königshofen, Lower Franconia. He passed some of his early years at the court of the Holy Roman emperor Charles V. Charles granted the province of Venezuela (or Venosala as Hutten calls it), to the Welser family of Augsburg.

Early exploration of Venezuela, 1535-1538
Hutten joined a band of 600 adventurers, under Georg von Speyer, who sailed out to conquer and exploit the province in the family's interest. The party landed at Coro in February 1535 and Hutten accompanied von Speyer on his long and difficult expedition into the interior in search of treasure (El Dorado). Subsequently, Hutten accompanied Speyer on a journey (1536–38) in which they reached the headwaters of the Japurá River, near the equator.

Journey to Los Llanos, 1541-1546
After the death of von Speyer in June, 1540, Hutten became governor (captain-general) of Venezuela in December. He left Coro on 1 August, 1541 with a force of about 150 men, mostly horsemen. He initially followed the path of Speyer, but crossed the Rio Bermejo, and went on with a small group of around 40 men on horseback into the Llanos. There he engaged in battle with a large number of Omaguas and was severely wounded.

Capture and execution

In autumn 1544, weakened by hunger and fever, he and his followers who survived returned to Coro. About 100 miles away from the city, he was captured and killed just before Easter 1546 by the Spaniard Juan de Carvajal. Carvajal had in 1545 been appointed Captain-General of Venezuela by the Audiencia of Santo Domingo and feared the loss of his position upon Hutten's return.

As the years had gone by with no news of Hutten and his followers, Carvajal had begun to feel secure in his position, and the return of the adventurers was not welcome to him. When he saw how few they were, he thought to force from them an acknowledgment of his authority. He was unsuccessful, and a subsequent attempt to seize them proved disastrous, for he was wounded by a traveling companion of Hutten's, Bartholomeus VI. Welser (the younger).

Carvajal was forced to pledge the Germans safe passage. In their journey to the coast, the adventurers took no precautions against attack, and were easily captured by Carvajal in April 1546, who, after keeping Hutten and Welser in chains for a time, had them beheaded. Eight years after Hutten's death, the Welsers' grant was taken from them, and German rule in Venezuela ceased.

Works
Hutten left some letters, and also a narrative of the earlier part (1535 to 1546) of his adventures. The manuscript was brought to Germany, and lay so long in a library that it became almost illegible. It was finally published in the first volume of a collection entitled Literary and Historical Magazine by Meusel (Bayreuth and Leipzig, 1785). It bears the title "News from the Indies from Junker Philipp Hutten" () and contains information on the events in which the author took part while giving graphic descriptions of the countries through which he passed.

Family
He was a relative of Ulrich von Hutten.

Literary allusions
In 1983, Venezuelan author Francisco Herrera-Luque (1927–1991) published the novel La Luna de Fausto (Faust's Moon) narrating the adventures of von Hutten (called Felipe de Utre in old Spanish accounts) in a journey from Europe to wild American territories in the 16th century, until beheaded by Juan de Carvajal over a power dispute. According to the legend, his death was prophesied by Dr. Faust himself, who foretold he was going to die under a "red moon".

Notes

References
Von Hutten, Philipp Zeitung aus India Junkher Philipps von Hutten 1785.
Chapman, Walker The Golden Dream: Seekers of El Dorado. Bobbs-Merrill, Indianapolis 1967.
Herrera Luque, Francisco La Luna de Fausto 1983.
Richter, Erich Die Welser landen in Venezuela W. Goldmann 1938.

Attribution

German conquistadors
1505 births
1546 deaths
German folklore
German people executed abroad
German expatriates in Spain
16th-century executions by Spain
Faust
History of Augsburg
Executed German people
People executed by Spain by decapitation
People executed by New Spain
Military personnel of the Holy Roman Empire

Philipp von Hutten


Táncház (, literally "dance house") is a "casual" Hungarian folk dance event (as opposed to stage performances). It is an aspect of the Hungarian roots revival of traditional culture which began in the early 1970s, and remains an active part of the national culture across the country, especially in cities like Budapest. Táncház draws on traditions from across the regions of the Kingdom of Hungary (most notably   Transylvania), especially music and dance. The term  is derived from a Transylvanian tradition of holding dances at individuals' homes.

The táncház traditions were recreated as authentically as possible, a process aided by fairly detailed research on Hungarian culture. The movement is composed of numerous informal groups. Since the 1970s, non-ethnic Hungarians living in Hungary have had their folk traditions treated the same as their Hungarian neighbors. In addition, ethnic Hungarians outside of Hungary, such as those in Transylvania, Slovakia, and the Siret River valley of Moldavia, are also celebrated by the táncház movement. Sic/Szék in Romania has three streets: Felszeg, Csipkeszeg and Forrószeg, and each street had their own "táncház". Two of the dance houses have been restored or rebuilt: the dance house of Csipkeszeg is now a museum and in the rebuilt dance house of Forrószeg you can admire the dance house pictures of Korniss Péter, a photographer from Budapest. Every month there is a  Hungarian dance house in Sic/Szék organized by the Csipkeszeg Foundation.

Within the United States, Hungarian dance groups such as Csűrdöngölő (in New Jersey), Tisza Ensemble (in Washington, D.C.), Kárpátok (in Los Angeles), Életfa (in New York and New Jersey), and Csárdás (in Cleveland) perform on stage bringing the feel of the táncház to general audiences, and camps such as Ti Ti Tábor (in Washington state) and Csipke (in Michigan) bring dance teachers and musicians from Hungary and Transylvania to teach North Americans the music and dance of the Hungarian peoples.

In the United Kingdom, Csergő Band has a regular Hungarian dance house in London.

Importance of the táncház method

In recognition of the revitalization and safeguarding efforts of the táncház method in teaching traditional dancing, it has been inscribed on UNESCO's List of Intangible Heritage of Urgent Safeguarding in November 2011.

Notes

External links
Forrás Banda Táncház band (US & Canada)
Foundation for preservation of Hungarian cultural heritage in Sic/Szék
Csűrdöngölő Folk Ensemble - Folk Ensemble based in New Jersey
Interview with Havasréti Pál of Téka Ensemble, a táncház world music band
Interview with Ghymes, a táncház world music band
Népzene, néptánc, kézművesség - Hungarian táncház site
Táncháztalálkozó - National Táncház Festival in Hungary - official site
Ti Ti Tábor - Hungarian Music and Dance Camp in Washington state
Csipke - Hungarian Music and Dance Camp in Michigan

Hungarian dances
Hungarian music
Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding

Táncház


Davey von Bohlen (born August 11, 1975) is an American musician and songwriter. He is best known for serving as lead vocalist and guitarist of the emo band The Promise Ring and also as guitarist and backing vocalist in short-lived cult band Cap'n Jazz originally from 1993 to 1995.

He has also participated in the bands Vermont, and most recently, Maritime.

Musical career

Cap'n Jazz
Short-lived but highly influential, Cap'n Jazz helped transform emo from an underground punk subgenre into a more widely accepted subset of indie rock.  The band quickly earned a cult following around Chicago and the Midwest, which would later spread to the rest of the US and the world after and around the time of the band's demise. Their unique sound, the fact that their recordings were relatively scarce, helped solidify their status as an underground legend. The band split in 1995 and their stature continued to grow. A double CD retrospective, entitled Analphabetapolothology,  was posthumously released in 1998. Davey von Bohlen maintained the highest profile of any ex-Cap'n Jazzer, living in Milwaukee and founding the Promise Ring, which became one of the most popular emo bands of the '90s.  Cap'n Jazz played an unannounced 5 song set in Chicago in November 2009, the first time all five members had been together since 1995, and later played 10 sold out summer shows across the US.

The Promise Ring

The Promise Ring is an American emo band from Milwaukee, Wisconsin. In their early years, their music was usually classified as emo, but their later albums could be described more accurately as indie pop.[1] The band was started in 1994 as a side project by Davey von Bohlen during his time as a guitarist/vocalist for Cap'n Jazz. Von Bohlen started the project alongside guitarist Jason Gnewikow of None Left Standing, drummer Dan Didier and bassist Scott Beschta, the latter two both being former members of Ceilishrine [2]. The Promise Ring released their first full-length album in 1996 and gained a following in the US, Europe and Japan with this and subsequent albums.  In 1998 von Bohlen created Tornado Country Music Publishing and continues to serve as owner.  The Promise Ring is often credited as playing a major role in the creation of the emo sound and the band was known for vibrant live shows. Nothing Feels Good is their second album and was the band's first real hit and gained it a following, being praised by everyone from SPIN magazine to MTV. The band achieved a popular single with "Why Did Ever We Meet?".  The title of this album was used as a title for the book Nothing Feels Good: Punk Rock, Teenagers, and Emo by Andy Greenwald. Following their final release in 2002, The Promise Ring decided to move on to new projects, including von Bohlen's and Didier's new band named Maritime.

Over the years, von Bohlen and his TPR bandmates have endured many life-threatening events. During a 1999 Promise Ring tour, the band's van encountered black ice, resulting in a wreck that ejected all the band members on board and placed them in the hospital. von Bohlen was ejected through the windshield but sustained what were thought to be minor injuries. Prior to the recording of The Promise Ring's final album wood/water in April 2001, von Bohlen was diagnosed with a  fist-sized meningioma which had been causing severe, crippling headaches and illness for two years and believed to be related to head trauma sustained in the accident.  The fist-sized brain tumor was successfully removed and deemed benign, but a staph infection, which caused von Bohlen to pass out on stage and required two additional surgeries to remove an infected palm sized piece of his skull and to replace it a year later, prevented the band from touring for a substantial amount of time. Since then, von Bohlen appears to have a clean bill of health and has resumed recording and touring.

On November 22, 2011, it was announced that The Promise Ring was reforming for a tour and possibly new material.

Maritime
Maritime formed in 2003 out of the ashes of The Promise Ring and The Dismemberment Plan, initially composed of singer/guitarist Davey von Bohlen, drummer Dan Didier (of The Promise Ring) and bassist Eric Axelson (of The Dismemberment Plan). Maritime has released five full-length albums, Glass Floor in 2004, We, the Vehicles in 2006, Heresy and the Hotel Choir in 2007, "Human Hearts" in 2011, and "Magnetic Bodies / Maps of Bones" in 2015. Axelson left the band in 2006 and was replaced by Justin Klug on bass and Dan Hinz was added on guitar. The band has toured each album across the US, Europe (Grand Hotel Van Cleef Records) and Japan.
In late April, 2010, the band announced that they were leaving Flameshovel Records and had signed with Dangerbird Records. On April 5, 2011 the band released Human Hearts. Maritime's next album, Magnetic Bodies/Maps of Bones was released on October 16, 2015. It is currently not known whether the band will have another album or not.

Von Bohlen also sang in his longtime friends' and former tour mates, Jimmy Eat World song, "A Praise Chorus." earning him a platinum record. The song references such classics as The Kinks' "A Rock 'n' Roll Fantasy", They Might Be Giants' "Don't Let's Start", The Promise Ring's "Why Did Ever We Meet" and Crimson and Clover by Tommy James and the Shondells.

Discography

Ten Boy Summer
 Demo Tape (1993)
 A Food Not Bombs Benefit LP (1994, Inchworm)

Cap'n Jazz
Shmap'n Shmazz
Analphabetapolothology – 2xCD (Jade Tree Records, 1998).

Promise Ring albums
See: :Category:The Promise Ring albums

30° Everywhere (1996)
Horse Latitudes (1997)
Nothing Feels Good (1997)
Very Emergency (1999)
wood/water (2002)

Promise Ring EPs

Falsetto Keeps Time (1996)
Boys + Girls (1998)
Electric Pink (2000)

Vermont albums
Living Together (1999)
Mark Mallman and Vermont (2001)
Calling Albany (2002)

Maritime albums
Adios EP (2003)
Glass Floor (2004)
We, the Vehicles (2006)
Heresy and the Hotel Choir (2007)
Human Hearts (2011)
Magnetic Bodies, Maps of Bones (2015)

References

1975 births
Living people
Musicians from Milwaukee
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
American rock songwriters
American rock singers
American indie rock musicians
Guitarists from Wisconsin
21st-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American guitarists
21st-century American male singers
American male singer-songwriters
Singer-songwriters from Wisconsin

Davey von Bohlen


Lights Below were a post-hardcore band from Burnaby, British Columbia.

History
Lights Below started as a high-school cover band in 2003. They soon became bored of playing covers, and tried their hand at original material. After writing a few songs and playing a few shows, then drummer Ian MacDonald parted ways and was replaced by Taylor Grant. After recording a four-song demo, they began touring, playing shows with bands such as The Fullblast and Moneen. In 2004, they enlisted a second guitarist, Sean Jackson. Now a five-piece, they hit the studio once again to record their latest material. Completing a 6-song EP, they released it in April 2005.

The band spent most of 2006 writing new songs, and recorded "She Teaches Defeat" in 7 days in April, 2007 in the middle of a 4-month North American tour. While on tour in Kearney, Nebraska, the band signed a deal with Canadian indie label Torque Recording Company. Torque would release "She Teaches Defeat" across Canada in September of that year, and the band would continue touring through the year.

Over the years, the band built themselves an impressive touring resume, consisting of numerous self booked and promoted Canadian tours, and two separate U.S. tours - sharing the stage with the likes of Thirty Seconds to Mars, Senses Fail, Bury Your Dead, Vanna, Love Hate Hero, Damiera, The Used, Aiden, Chiodos, Saosin, Farewell To Freeway, Bless The Fall, Protest The Hero, Greeley Estates, Set Your Goals, Moneen, My American Heart, Eyes Set To Kill, A Skylit Drive, Stutterfly, The Bleeding Alarm, A Textbook Tragedy, Daggermouth, Mutemath, Cartel, Ten Second Epic, Zebrahead - and earning appearances on The Vans Warped Tour in 2006 and The Taste Of Chaos Tour in 2007.

On December 1, 2008 the band announced it had broken up.

Discography

Albums
 She Teaches Defeat (2007)
 The Lights Below EP (2005)

Demos
 2006
 Whisp of Business (Gentlemen, You Can't Fight in Here, This is the War Room)*
 No Punching Bears (Everybody in 1955 Was On Fire)*
 Johnny Mo (Here's Looking at You, J-Mo)*
 The Crystal Brawl*
 Set It To Grillage (The Crowsnest)
 Jaguar Shark

* Released on Myspace

 2004
 Your New Favourite Word
 Fallible
 Blue Through the Blood
 Dead Lights On Duthie
 2003
 The First Night of Rain
 Blue Through the Blood

References

External links
 Lights Below on MySpace

Musical groups established in 2003
Canadian post-hardcore musical groups
Musical groups from British Columbia
Burnaby
2003 establishments in British Columbia

Lights Below


Francisco Pellicer ( c1747-1826) was an early resident and carpenter of colonial St. Augustine, Florida. He was named a Great Floridian in 2000, and Pellicer Creek is named in his honor.

Francisco Pellicer was born in the parish of Leon in Menorca around 1747 to Antonio Pellicer and Juana Sintes. At approximately 21, he came to New Smyrna, Florida as a member of Andrew Turnbull's colony. He married Margarita Femanias and they had two children in the colony and two more in St. Augustine. He bought a lot on Saint George Street with Jose Peso de Burgo and they built a duplex house. Pellicer did well as one of a dozen carpenters in the colony and later bought land on present-day Orange Street.

Pellicer's first wife died around 1783 and he married Juana Villa who bore him nine children. He moved with his family to a farm south of St. Augustine on the Matanzas River and died in 1826.

His Great Floridian plaque is located at the Pellicer-DeBurgo House (reconstructed) at 53 Saint George Street in St. Augustine, which is used as a British style pub in the Colonial Quarter museum complex.

References

1747 births
1820 deaths
American carpenters
People from Menorca

Francisco Pellicer