The Jewish Internet Defense Force (JIDF) was an organization that used social media to mobilize support for campaigns against websites and Facebook groups that promote or praise what it described as Islamic terrorism or antisemitism. The group's website described the JIDF as a "private, independent, non-violent protest organization representing a collective of activists". The JIDF's work has been termed "hacktivism" by the BBC and Haaretz.

Organization and methods

According to the JIDF, the organization "formed as a grassroots effort in 2000, to mount mass e-mail campaigns, in response to the outbreak of the Second Intifada." The website was run by a person who identified himself as "David Appletree." According to a reporter from The Jewish Week in 2009 he "will not say if that is his true surname". In the same article, Appletree accused Facebook administrators of antisemitism for closing down his account. A Facebook spokesperson replied that the account was terminated because the website did not believe he was using his real name, which is a breach of Facebook's "real name culture". Appletree went on to say that he maintains approximately 40 Facebook groups focused on combating terrorism and antisemitism.

A since deleted post on the group's website said they "specifically target hateful material or material which blatantly promotes hatred or violence, no matter where it can be found." The "About" page of the website says "We believe in direct action both to eradicate the problems we face online and to create the publicity that will cause those with companies like Facebook and Google to take the needed action themselves." The group focused its attention on websites like Facebook, YouTube, Google Earth, and Wikipedia. The JIDF redirected anti-Israel Facebook groups to other pages it preferred and changed the names of Muslim members of such groups to "Mossad collaborator," among other actions. A website spokesman told the Israeli newspaper Haaretz that they don't break any laws and that the JIDF "prefers the terms 'seize control,' 'take over' or 'infiltrate' rather than 'hack to describe there actions.'

In an interview with Arutz Sheva, Appletree maintained, "The main reason the JIDF exists is to promote Israel and fight Jew hatred as well as Islamic terrorist trends online," and stated, "we are a grassroots organization that reaches the hearts and the minds of normal, everyday Jews and Israel supporters who haven't been bamboozled into supporting the Jewish establishment that has completely failed Israel and the Jewish people in every way imaginable."

On Facebook
During 2007, a controversy on Facebook was reported involving "the drop-down list of places members can use to show where they live". A Facebook group titled, "Palestine Is not a country ... Delist it from Facebook as a country!", had been formed in 2007 which petitioned Facebook management to remove Palestine from Facebook's list of countries. Several Facebook groups formed to support or oppose this removal including "Israel is not a country!
Delist it from Facebook as a country".  Matt Hicks of Facebook responded by saying: "As long as the groups meet our terms of use, they can stay up. But we encourage users to report anything that is racist or objectionable." The JIDF claimed the "Israel is not a Country" group was antisemitic and mobilized supporters to complain to Facebook in an effort to have it deleted. After Facebook refused to shut the group down, the JIDF said it somehow took control of the group in July 2008.

According to a November 2008 article in Haaretz, the JIDF forwarded lists of Facebook groups that it deemed promoted hatred or violence to the website's administrators, hoping they would be removed. According to a man named "David" quoted in the Haaretz article, Facebook either did nothing or waited months before taking action. "David" told Haaretz that his group then decided to try to technically "intercept Facebook groups and make them impossible to access." The JIDF was particularly upset about Facebook groups praising the shooting of students at Jerusalem's Mercaz HaRav Yeshiva in March 2008.

In July 2009, the JIDF and Avi Dichter took credit for successfully pressuring Facebook into removing a fan page for Hizbullah leader Hassan Nasrallah. The JIDF said it mobilized supporters to complain about the page to Facebook's owners. The JIDF website claims that it deleted the vast majority of a pro-Hezbollah fan page's 118,000 members. The JIDF sites says it has removed more than 100 antisemitic groups from Facebook, In September 2009 that it hijacked a Facebook group titled "Eliminate Israel from Being" and deleted more than 5,000 members before Facebook management "returned control of the site to its administrators."

The JIDF criticized Facebook for allegedly condoning and hosting Holocaust denial groups on its network. The group charged that Facebook is hypocritical in removing groups that support the Ku Klux Klan, for instance, while not removing what it considers Holocaust denial groups and claimed it would continue to criticize Facebook over the matter.

Elsewhere on the Web
JIDF's measures "include reporting Wikipedia editors it claims are anti-Israel, and taking action against entries seen as including one-sided or false accounts of the history of Israel and the Mideast conflict," Haaretz wrote. The group sought to have Palestinian villages listed as having been destroyed during the foundation of Israel removed from Google Earth and campaigned against the description of "Palestine" as a country.

The JIDF organized a pro-Gilad Shalit campaign in 2009 on the social networking site Twitter. During the "Tweet4Shalit" campaign Twitter users drove the Gilad Shalit name to the second highest trend on the day of his 23rd birthday. Tweets for Shalit ranged from the demand to "Free Shalit" to requests for international supervision of the case.

The JIDF was recognized by the JTA as one of the "100 Most Influential Jewish Twitterers" and was ranked as the top-ranked Jewish Newswire.

Criticism
In October 2008, the German newspaper the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ) wrote "the JIDF follows an open political agenda as well. Many of its members protested the clearing of Israeli settlements in the Gaza strip in 2005 – they regard this policy of trading Land for Peace as wrong." The newspaper wrote that "Ultimately the JIDF also wants to propagate 'Jewish values on the Internet'. This leads to the self-appointed warriors against online-hatred to link their own homepage to a dubious site named 'thereligionofpeace.com'. The JIDF website itself said "Mohammed was a genocidal pedophile who murdered people who didn't think like he did, or believe the things he believed.  Millions of Muslims promote the idea that if we "insult" him (despite the fact that he's dead), that we should be killed." The website said that Mohammad was a "false prophet" and that the "Islamic ideology itself is clearly one of hatred and violence, which is declaring war against the entire non-Islamic world... it is determined to dominate the world, just as Nazism was." The website came out against plans to build an Islamic cultural center near Ground Zero in New York, "Because Islam is a hateful and violent ideology which preaches hate and violence against ALL non-Muslims (especially Jews, as it is obsessed with us, and dehumanizes us as apes and pigs), we are against ALL mosques. We are against Islam, just as we are against Nazism. Just as we don't wish to see Nazi institutions springing up everywhere, we don't need to see Islamic one's springing up everywhere, either."

In May 2009, CNN wrote that the JIDF is "sometimes guilty of sweeping generalizations of its own", citing a 2008 interview published on Facebook critic Brian Cuban's site in which a JIDF representative discussed "the issues surrounding [then-candidate Barack Obama's] terrorist connections as well as his racist and anti-Semitic church, which has supported Hamas and the Rev. Louis Farrakhan", and the reply when asked how the Jewish and Muslim communities saw the JIDF, that "99.9% of Muslims hate us". CNN quoted a JIDF spokesperson as saying he would rather people not focus on those specific quotations as the interview had been "informal" and Cuban "would not let us correct any of our statements after we quickly answered him to help him meet his deadline." Asked in the Cuban interview, "What is the position of the JIDF on the 'Palestinian Question' regarding disputes over occupied lands", the spokesman replied, "Palestinians should be transferred out of Israeli territories. They can live in any of the other many Arab states. We are against all land concessions to our enemies. We are against the release of terrorist prisoners from Israeli prisons. We are against the arming and funding of our enemies and the negotiation with them. We are for morals, ethics and common sense and feel Israel must truly act as a 'light unto the nations' in order for the world to be safe as we feel Israel is truly on the front lines in the war in which Islam has declared upon us."

See also

Public diplomacy of Israel
Internet activism
Internet Haganah
HonestReporting
Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America

References

External links

Websites about Jews and Judaism
Non-governmental organizations involved in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Arab–Israeli conflict
Political websites
Israel based opposition to antisemitism
Jewish political organizations
Zionist organizations
Internet-based activism
Blogs critical of Islam
Internet manipulation and propaganda
Internet properties disestablished in 2020
Defunct political advocacy groups in the United States
Hacktivists

Jewish Internet Defense Force


{{Infobox television station
| callsign               = WYCN-LD
| logo                   = Telemundo Providence (2018).svg
| location               = Providence, Rhode Island
| city                   =
| country                = United States
| branding               =
| digital                = 36 (UHF)
| virtual                = 8
| subchannels            =
| translators            = WRIW-CD 51 (17 UHF) Providence
| affiliations           =
| owner                  =
| licensee               = Station Venture Operations, LP
| airdate                =  (in Boston, Massachusetts; license moved to Providence in 2019)
| callsign_meaning       = "We're Your Community Network"(former branding for the current WBTS-CD under Nashua community broadcasting format)| sister_stations        = WNEU, WBTS-CD, WVIT, WRDM-CD, NECN, NBC Sports Boston
| former_callsigns       =
| former_channel_numbers =
| former_affiliations    =
| erp                    = 12.124 kW
| haat                   =
| facility_id            = 64996
| coordinates            =
| licensing_authority    = FCC
| website                =
}}

WYCN-LD (channel 8) is a low-power television station in Providence, Rhode Island, United States, broadcasting the Spanish-language Telemundo network. Owned and operated by NBCUniversal's Telemundo Station Group, the station has studios on Kenney Drive in Cranston, Rhode Island (shared with NBC affiliate WJAR (channel 10), owned by the Sinclair Broadcast Group), and its transmitter is located on East Main Street in Norton, Massachusetts.

Originally licensed to Boston, the station was founded in 1995 as W32AY by the Spanish-language television network Telemundo (which was then under separate ownership). Later, as WTMU-LP, it carried that network as a translator of Merrimack, New Hampshire–licensed WNEU (channel 60), whose signal did not reach the entire city of Boston.

On January 7, 2016, NBC Owned Television Stations President Valari Staab confirmed that NBC had declined to renew its affiliation with Boston-based WHDH (channel 7), and that it planned to launch an owned-and-operated outlet to be known as NBC Boston on January 1, 2017. At the time, NBC did not announce which station(s) would be used to carry the new service over-the-air, and WHDH's owner Sunbeam Television sued NBCUniversal under the presumption that it planned to only use WNEU, contending that doing so would have considerably reduced the ability of viewers to receive the network over the air in Boston, thus bolstering the cable services provided by NBCUniversal's parent company Comcast in the area.

On August 31, 2016, NBCUniversal filed to acquire the low-power station from its owner ZGS Communications. The following month, ZGS filed a request to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to upgrade the station to a digital signal. NBC later announced that the station, renamed WBTS-LD, would serve as the main station of the NBC Boston service as part of a simulcast with WNEU-DT2 (virtual channel 60.2). Until April 1, 2018, NBC also leased a subchannel of WMFP (virtual channel 60.5) in Lawrence, Massachusetts, to provide an alternate full-power signal for viewers in the Boston area. On January 18, 2018, it started an additional transmission service in the Boston area through a channel sharing agreement with PBS member station WGBX-TV (channel 44), under the license of WYCN-CD (now WBTS-CD).

Due to its low-power status, WYCN-LD's broadcast radius does not cover the entire Providence–New Bedford market. It is therefore simulcast in widescreen standard definition on Class A translator station WRIW-CD (channel 51), which shares spectrum with Providence-licensed full-power PBS member WSBE-TV (channel 36).

History

Early years
The station first signed on the air in April 1995 as W32AY, operating on UHF channel 32 from the Prudential Tower in Boston as a Telemundo owned-and-operated station. In September 2000, the station began to simulcast its programming on WWDP (channel 46), giving it a chance to better compete with Univision affiliate WUNI (channel 27), the established Spanish-language station in the area. Telemundo sold W32AY to ZGS Communications in 2001. In February 2002, W32AY changed its call letters to WTMU-LP, and on July 1, WWDP discontinued its relay of the station's programming.

In December 2002, NBC (which had acquired Telemundo in 2001) purchased WPXB (channel 60, now WNEU); WNEU began to carry Telemundo programming as a satellite of WTMU in April 2003.

WTMU went off-the-air in 2004, as the channel 32 allocation had been assigned to WBPX for its digital signal, and the station's attempt to move to channel 67 was hindered by interference from WBPX's analog signal on channel 68. WTMU resumed broadcasting operations in December 2006; it reduced its effective radiated power and relocated its transmitter to a tower in Medford to alleviate the interference.

Although low-power stations were exempt from the 2009 analog shutdown that full-service stations were subject to, WTMU initiated plans for a digital signal on October 27, 2006, by applying for a construction permit for a digital companion channel on VHF channel 3. On August 28, 2008, WTMU changed its plans and applied to flash-cut to channel 42, which was to have become available after WHDH moved its digital signal to VHF channel 7; the original application was dismissed by the FCC on March 27, 2009, but a new application was filed on May 21. A move was necessary, as the spectrum that channel 67 is located within had been auctioned off and was being removed from the television bandplan as a result of the transition.

Before WTMU's application could be approved, WHDH requested to return its digital signal to channel 42, leading WTMU to withdraw its application for the channel on August 24 and filing instead to move to channel 46; the FCC dismissed the channel 42 application on August 26, 2009, at the same time also canceling the construction permit for the previously-proposed digital companion channel. In the meantime, WTMU was unable to get a digital signal on the air before being forced to terminate the analog signal on April 9, 2010, resulting in the station suspending operations. To avoid losing its license due to not broadcasting for a year, WTMU resumed broadcasting on April 4, 2011, using its existing analog facilities but operating on channel 46 under special temporary authority (STA). It again suspended operations on April 9, but returned to the air on March 14, 2012.

Sale and switch to NBC

On August 31, 2015, Broadcasting & Cable reported that NBCUniversal was considering the possibility of purchasing former NBC affiliate WHDH, whose affiliation was set to expire at the end of 2016. On October 1, 2015, The Boston Globe reported that NBC had considered moving the affiliation to its cable channel NECN rather than to an over-the-air channel, although the company declined to comment. On December 15, 2015, New England One reported, citing internal sources, that NBCUniversal had declined to renew its affiliation with WHDH, and was in the process of preparing WTMU-LP's parent station, WNEU, to become an NBC O&O by hiring staff for an English-language news operation, including former WHDH meteorologist Pete Bouchard. The Boston Herald reported two days later that the station would prospectively be branded as "NBC Boston", and that WNEU's existing Telemundo programming could be moved to a different subchannel. Following the reports, Paul Magnes, WHDH's vice president and general manager, told the Herald that the station still expected its NBC affiliation to be renewed, while NBCUniversal again declined to comment.

Sunbeam argued that WNEU's signal served 4 million fewer viewers than WHDH because it is located in Merrimack, New Hampshire, which is northwest of Boston, rather than in Boston proper. WNEU's signal only has overlap with the northwest portion of WHDH's signal. Sunbeam's owner, Ed Ansin, told the Globe that "No network has elected to give up such a strong station and go to a startup station," after having disclosed that he had rejected a $200 million offer to sell WHDH to NBC in September 2015, leading the network to threaten to shift its programming to WNEU; however, he still predicted that NBC would remain on channel 7.

On January 7, 2016, Valari Staab, president of NBC Owned Television Stations, confirmed that NBC had declined to renew its affiliation with WHDH beyond the end of 2016, and would launch NBC Boston on January 1, 2017, Staab explained that with NBC's recent investments into the studio facilities of NECN and WNEU, "we have built a very strong news organization in the Boston market both from a personnel and facilities perspective—which puts us in a great position to launch an NBC-owned station locally." The station is led by NECN and Telemundo Boston's general manager Mike St. Peter. Staab did not outright confirm whether WNEU would carry NBC programming, but iterated that the network would remain available over-the-air following the transition, and that NBCUniversal was "committed to expanding our over-the-air coverage of the market and are currently looking at a variety of options to accomplish that".

On March 10, 2016, Sunbeam Television sued Comcast in the District Court for the District of Massachusetts, arguing that moving NBC to WNEU would violate antitrust law by strengthening its near-monopoly position in the market, and FCC conditions on Comcast's acquisition of NBC, as the company had agreed not to reduce over-the-air coverage of NBC, nor use its cable holdings to influence affiliation negotiations. On May 16, 2016, the lawsuit was thrown out, with the judge arguing that the possible loss of OTA coverage was "not a concern that WHDH has standing to redress", and that "absent any actionable harm attributable to Comcast, it is simply an indurate consequence of doing business in a competitive and unsentimental marketplace."

On May 18, 2016, the Boston Herald reported that NBCUniversal was considering acquiring Ion Television station WBPX-TV (channel 68). The Ion Media-owned station covers a similar coverage area to WHDH, lessening the impact of a potential switch. On June 13, 2016, the Herald also suggested that NBC could purchase or trade for Fox affiliate WFXT (channel 25) to use as its O&O instead (which would cause WHDH to theoretically switch from NBC to Fox, the same affiliation as its Miami sister station), believing that Cox Media Group (which had received the station in a trade with Fox Television Stations for its San Francisco station KTVU) would be interested in divesting the station due to declines it has faced since the sale. WFXT's general manager, WHDH's general manager, and NBC denied that any of these ideas were being considered.

On August 31, 2016, ZGS Communications agreed to sell WTMU-LP to NBCUniversal's Station Venture Operations subsidiary for $100,000. Concurrently, ZGS entered into a local programming and marketing agreement with another NBCUniversal subsidiary, WBTS Television, LLC, to operate WTMU-LP. The sale was approved by the FCC on October 28, 2016, and completed on November 4, 2016. On September 14, 2016, ZGS filed for a license to cover WTMU's digital construction permit: that is, to upgrade the station to a digital signal; the license was granted on September 21, 2016. On September 19, 2016 (four days after the sale of WTMU was filed with the FCC), NBCUniversal announced that it was in the process of acquiring a Boston station to supplement WNEU's coverage, which it said would "factor into our plan" to create the NBC owned-and-operated station that would replace WHDH; the company did not confirm that the station was WTMU. The station's call letters were changed to WBTS-LD on October 6, 2016, and on October 25, 2016, the station received FCC approval to switch its PSIP virtual channel number from 46 to channel 8, allowing it over-the-air parity within Boston proper with other low-numbered stations.

NBCUniversal would later purchase the entirety of ZGS for $75 million in April 2018, reuniting WBTS-LD with its fourteen sister stations (all of them Telemundo affiliates converted to network O&Os) after a year-long interregnum.

Launch

On November 1, 2016, NBCUniversal officially announced that it would broadcast its new NBC Boston service across WBTS-LD and WNEU-DT2, and unveiled details surrounding the station's launch programming and news department. Mike St. Peter pointed out that although the two stations combined would not have the same over-the-air coverage as WHDH, 97% of viewers in the Boston market were pay television subscribers, and NBC would "continue to look for how we can improve over-the-air service".

On November 10, 2016, WBTS-LD and WNEU-DT2 began to carry a transitional programming service branded as Countdown NBC Boston''. The service was designed to promote the switch and assist viewers in locating NBC Boston's over-the-air channels, it featured NBC Boston's future syndicated programming, programs from Cozi TV, and newscasts simulcast from NECN. The NBC Boston website and social media outlets were also launched at this time. On December 12, 2016, NBC announced that it would lease a digital subchannel on WMFP in Lawrence to further expand WBTS-LD's coverage in Greater Boston. The WMFP subchannel used WNEU's virtual channel 60, mapping to 60.5 in order to avert confusion with any of WMFP's other subchannels and help over-the-air viewers determine if WNEU-DT2 or WMFP-DT5 provided a better signal source for their home. The WMFP-DT5 simulcast was scaled to 720p (rather than being presented in NBC's native 1080i) resolution, likely due to WMFP having both bandwidth limitations and its transmission facilities not being upgraded yet to allow a multiplexed signal with two HD subchannels.

The change in affiliation officially took effect at 3:00 a.m. ET on January 1, 2017, making WBTS the third station in Boston to carry NBC after WBZ-TV (channel 4) and WHDH. As a final pre-launch promotion for the switch, WBTS broadcast coverage of Boston's First Night New Year's Eve festivities hosted by the station's lead news anchors Phil Lipof and Shannon Mulaire, which was also simulcast across NECN, WNEU, and CSN New England. Meanwhile, WHDH carried its final night of NBC prime time programming on December 31, 2016, including the network's national New Year's coverage.

Later developments
During 2017, the station referred to itself in most promotions as "NBC Boston Channel 10", citing its cable channel number in most of the market rather than its virtual channel 8 for WBTS-LD or virtual channel 60 for the simulcasts on WNEU or WMFP. On December 31, 2017, in conjunction with its First Night coverage, WBTS-LD introduced a new logo and brand designation as NBC 10 Boston, to indicate its channel number on most area cable TV providers, although the nearby Providence, Rhode Island NBC affiliate WJAR, which has broadcast as channel 10 since 1953, also uses the brand designation "NBC 10".

WMFP sold its frequency rights as part of the FCC's 2017 spectrum auction; in the auction, the station indicated that it would continue operations through a channel sharing agreement. In August 2017, WMFP entered into a channel sharing agreement with WWDP, whose signal does not cover the entire market (and is marginal in Boston proper) due to its VHF channel, short transmitter tower height and location  south of Boston.

On October 18, 2017, NBC agreed to purchase WYCN-CD, a Nashua, New Hampshire-based Class A station that had also sold its frequency rights as part of the spectrum auction. Previous owner OTA Broadcasting then entered into a channel sharing agreement with the WGBH Educational Foundation to carry WYCN-CD's signal over WGBX-TV to serve as the full market simulcast for WBTS-LD once NBC acquired WYCN's license. The sale of WYCN-CD to NBC was completed on January 18, 2018; the station began channel sharing with WGBX the same day. The WMFP simulcast ended at midnight on April 1, 2018; WMFP began channel sharing with WWDP on September 7.

On August 8, 2019, WBTS and WYCN swapped call signs, with channel 8 becoming WYCN-LD and channel 15 changing to WBTS-CD. On August 31, 2019, WYCN-LD shut down its RF channel 46 transmitter; that October, it moved to channel 36, relocated its transmitter to Norton, Massachusetts, switched from NBC to Telemundo, and changed its city of license to Providence, leaving WBTS-CD as Boston's sole NBC station.

Technical information

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

Repeaters

While WYCN-LD was technically considered the main station and official NBC affiliate for the Boston–Manchester market, the signal of the low-powered WYCN-LD was simulcast on WBTS-CD (which for all intents and purposes is a full-power station transmitting via WGBX's spectrum, as stated above) to ensure adequate reception across eastern Massachusetts, southern and central New Hampshire and some adjacent areas.

Until August 2019, WYCN-LD (as WBTS-LD) was relayed on WNEU's second digital subchannel to cover the northern portion of the market. The FCC considers WNEU as the parent license of WYCN-LD.

References

External links

1995 establishments in Massachusetts
Cozi TV affiliates
YCN-LD
Television channels and stations established in 1995
YCN-LD
YCN-LD
Telemundo network affiliates
TeleXitos affiliates
NBC LX Home affiliates
Telemundo Station Group

WYCN-LD


Station agent may refer to:
The person in charge of a railway station, also called the station master.
Stock and station agent, who provides a support service to the agricultural community, particularly in Australia and New Zealand.
The Station Agent, a 2003 American comedy-drama film.

Station agent


Hate 2 O (H2Odio in Italy) is a 2006 film written, directed, and produced by Alex Infascelli.  It is the follow-up to his 2004 film The Vanity Serum, considered by many to be his breakout film.  It was released in Italy on May 5, 2006.

Plot
A murky and polluted lake lies in malevolent hibernation behind a neglected cottage. Suddenly a large plastic garbage bag is thrown into it. It floats amidst the murk, hits the surface, and bumps clumsily into the base of a tree. Silence; until the plastic bag lunges and clings to the tree's branch. 2 girls (Olivia and Christina) stand at the edge of the lake, looking at its nauseating state. 3 others (Summer, Nicole, and Ana) are taking their suitcases out of the SUV parked in front of the cottage. Summer mentions how creepy it is. Ana confirms that it's absolutely perfect. Nicole drags her massive suitcase up the driveway. Christina and Olivia give each other a look, a nod, a smile; "well, let's do it." Isolating themselves for health and cleansing, 5 girls find that you need more than water to survive the past. (taken from IMDB, edited for spelling and grammar)

Cast

External links
Official Site
european-films.net review
H2Odio on Kataweb

2006 films
Italian horror films
2006 horror films
Films directed by Alex Infascelli
2000s Italian films

Hate 2 O


Normative social influence is a type of social influence that leads to conformity. It is defined in social psychology as "...the influence of other people that leads us to conform in order to be liked and accepted by them." The power of normative social influence stems from the human identity as a social being, with a need for companionship and association.

Normative social influence involves a change in behaviour that is deemed necessary in order to fit in a particular group. The need for a positive relationship with the people around leads us to conformity. This fact often leads to people exhibiting public compliance—but not necessarily private acceptance—of the group's social norms in order to be accepted by the group. Social norms refers to the unwritten rules that govern social behavior. These are customary standards for behavior that are widely shared by members of a culture.

In many cases, normative social influence serves to promote social cohesion. When a majority of group members conform to social norms, the group generally becomes more stable. This stability translates into social cohesion, which allows group members to work together toward a common understanding, or "good," but also has the unintended impact of making the group members less individualistic.

Research

Classic research
In 1955, Solomon Asch conducted his classic conformity experiments in an attempt to discover if people still conform when the right answer is obvious. Specifically, he asked participants in his experiment to judge the similarity of lines, an easy task by objective standards. Using accomplices to the plot, also known as confederates, Asch created the illusion that an entire group of participants believed something that was clearly false (i.e., that dissimilar lines were actually similar). In this situation, participants conformed over 36% of the time on trials where the confederates gave blatantly false answers. When asked to make the judgments in private, participants gave the right answer more than 99% of the time. Asch's results cannot be explained by informational social influence, because in this case, the task was easy and the correct answer was obvious. Thus, participants were not necessarily looking to others to figure out the right answer, as informational social influence predicts. Instead, they were seeking acceptance and avoiding disapproval. Follow-up interviews with participants of the original Asch studies confirmed this. When participants were asked why they conformed, many provided reasons other than a need for accuracy.

Current research
In more current research, Schultz (1999) found that households that received more normative messages describing the frequency and amount of weekly recycling began to have a direct impact on both the households' frequency and amount of their curbside recycling. The sudden change was due to the fact that "the other neighbors'" recycling habits had a direct normative effect on the household to change their recycling behaviors. Similar results were apparent in another study in which researchers were able to increase household energy conservation through the use of normative messages. Participants in this conservation study did not believe that such normative messages could influence their behavior; they attributed their conservation efforts to environmental concerns or social responsibility needs. Thus, normative social influence can be a very powerful, yet unconscious, motivator of behavior.

Consequences
Lastly, different studies have illustrated the consequences of deviation from a group's influence. In a study by Schachter (1951), participants were placed in groups and asked to discuss what to do with a juvenile delinquent they had read about.  A "deviant" was instructed by the experimenter to take a stand strongly opposing that of the rest of the group and to hold this position in the midst of any arguments from other members. After the conclusion of the discussions, participants chose to reject this deviant the most, considering him the least desirable of the members, and relegating him to the least important tasks. Recent work by Berns et al. (2005) examined the physiological effects of deviation by using fMRI to scan participants' brains as they completed an object rotation task with other "participants", who were actually confederates. The researchers were interested in examining participants' brain activity when they were under pressure to conform to an incorrect group majority. The amygdala region (which is associated with negative emotions) was activated when participants sought to break off from the influence of the majority; providing support for the point that resisting normative social influence can often lead to negative emotional consequences for individuals.

Affecting factors

Social impact theory

Latane's social impact theory posits that three factors influence the extent to which we conform to group norms: personal importance, immediacy, and size. As the group becomes more important to a person, physically closer to him/her, and larger in number, Social Impact Theory predicts that conformity to group norms will increase. However, the size of the group only affects conformity to an extent—as a group expands past 3–5 members, the effect levels off.

Unanimity

When a group is unanimous in its support of a norm, an individual feels greater pressure to follow suit. However, even a small break in unanimity can lead to a decrease in the power of such normative influence. In Asch's study, when even one other confederate dissented from the majority and provided the correct answer, the participant answered incorrectly on fewer trials (about a fourth less). In addition, participants experienced positive emotions towards such dissenters. A similar reduction in conformity even occurred when the dissenting confederate provided an answer that was false (but still different from that of the majority).

In some versions of the experiment, Asch had dissenting confederates eventually rejoin the majority opinion after several trials; when this occurred, participants experienced greater pressure from normative influence and conformed as if they had never had the dissenter on their side. However, when the conditions were altered and the dissenting confederate left the room after several trials, the participants did not experience a similar pressure to conform as they had when the confederate rejoined the majority—they made fewer mistakes than they had in the condition where the confederate rejoined the others.

Private vs. public
The pressure to bend to normative influence increases for actions performed in public, whereas this pressure decreases for actions done in private. In another variation of the Asch study, the researchers allowed the participant to privately write down his answer after all of the confederates had publicly stated their answers; this variation reduced the level of conformity among participants. In addition, the control condition of the Asch study revealed that participants were almost perfectly accurate when answering independently.

Minority influence

It is possible for a vocal minority to stem the normative influence of a larger majority. In the versions of the Asch study where a dissenter was inserted into the group (see Unanimity section), his presence as a minority member gave the participant the confidence to exert his independence to a greater extent. However, as soon as the dissenter waffled on his opinions and rejoined the majority, participant conformity increased. Thus, a minority must consistently stand by its beliefs to be effective.

In addition, there are other factors that increase the power of the minority: when the majority is forced to think about the beliefs and perspective of the minority, when the majority and minority are similar to one another, and when the minority exhibits some willingness to compromise and be flexible, although there is debate over the degree to which consistency and compromise should be balanced.

It is often the case that whereas a majority influences public compliance with a norm, a minority can engender private acceptance of a new norm, with the result often being conversion (public and private acceptance of a norm).

Cultural differences
There is a distinction between individualistic (e.g., United States) and collectivistic (e.g., Japan) cultures. While some predict that collectivistic cultures would exhibit stronger conformity under normative social influence, this is not necessarily the case—the identity of the group acts as a potential moderator. Because collectivists emphasize the importance of in-group members (e.g., family and friends), normative pressure from in-groups can lead to higher conformity than pressures from strangers.

Gender differences
Many have long wondered whether there is a gender gap in conformity under normative influence, with women possibly conforming more than men. A meta-analysis by Eagly and Carli (1981) shows that this gap is small, and driven by public vs. private situations. Women do conform (slightly) more under normative influence than do men when in public situations as opposed to private ones. Eagly and Carli found that male researchers reported higher levels of conformity among female participants than did female researchers; the authors speculate that each gender could be implicitly biased towards portraying itself in a positive light, thus leading to actions (e.g., setting up experimental conditions under which males or females may be more comfortable) that might favor one gender over the other.

Examples
Fashion choices are often impacted by normative social influence. To feel accepted by a particular crowd, men and women often dress similarly to individuals in that group. Fashion conformity promotes social cohesion within the group and can be a result of both conscious and unconscious motivations.

Similar to fashion conformity, the male and the female views of the ideal body image are often affected by normative social influence. Social media and marketing helps to portray what is commonly considered the current view of physical attractiveness by the masses. As each generation defines the ideal female figure, women feel the pressure to conform to avoid the disapproval of others. Likewise, as society continues to define the ideal male body type as muscular and fit, men also come under pressure to conform, which often leads to changes in eating habits to reach that ideal.

See also
Acceptance
Groupthink
Obedience
Normative
Social control

References

Conformity
Human behavior

Normative social influence


Callitris pancheri is a plant species of the family Cupressaceae. It is endemic to New Caledonia, where it occurs in small, scattered population along rivers. It used to be placed in its own genus Neocallitropsis but molecular phylogenetic analysis indicated that it was nested within Callitris.

It is an evergreen coniferous tree growing to  tall. The leaves are awl-shaped,  long, arranged in eight rows in alternating whorls of four; in overall appearance, the foliage is superficially similar to some species of Araucaria, though they are only very distantly related. Callitris pancheri is dioecious, with separate male and female trees; the seed cones are  long, with eight woody scales arranged in two whorls of four.

References

pancheri
Endemic flora of New Caledonia
Trees of New Caledonia
Vulnerable plants
Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN
Taxa named by Élie-Abel Carrière

Callitris pancheri


A Schwartzkopff-Eckhardt bogie ( or Schwartzkopff-Eckhardt-Gestell) is a mechanical device to improve the curve running of steam locomotives.

The Schwartzkopff-Eckhardt bogie is a further refinement of the Krauss-Helmholtz bogie, whereby two coupled axles and the carrying axle are combined within the bogie. The carrying axle steers the second coupled axle via a long shaft and this also moves the first coupled axle via a Beugniot lever. This bogie is used on the DRG Class 84. Whether DR Class 99.23-24 locomotives were also fitted with this arrangement is not entirely clear.

It was named after the L. Schwartzkopff locomotive factory and its chief engineer, Friedrich Wilhelm Eckhardt.

See also
DRG Class 84
DR Class 99.23-24

References
Friedrich Wilhelm Eckhardt: Das Fahrgestell der Dampflokomotiven, Transpress, Berlin 1960
Friedrich Wilhelm Eckhardt: Lokomotivkunde. H. 5. Das Fahrgestell der Dampflokomotiven, Fachbuchverlag Leipzig, 1957

External links

Steam locomotive technologies
Bogie

Schwartzkopff-Eckhardt bogie


WJEN (105.3 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Killington, Vermont, and broadcasting to Rutland and Southern Vermont. The station is owned by Pamal Broadcasting and airs a country music radio format known as "105.3 Cat Country."  The radio studios and offices are on Dorr Drive in Rutland.

While WJEN has an effective radiated power (ERP) of only 1,250 watts, its height above average terrain (HAAT) is 683 meters (2,241 ft).  That gives it a large coverage area as a Class C2 station.  The transmitter is on Pico Mountain in Killington, Vermont.

History

K105 Rock
While under construction, the station took the call sign WEBK, beginning on December 17, 1992.  On August 4, 1993, the station first signed on the air.  "K105," as it was known, had a Mainstream Rock format and was owned by Killington Broadcasting.

By 1998, "K105" had been largely dropped in favor of "The Mountain," but the format stayed the same. In January 2001, Pamal Broadcasting agreed to pay Killington Broadcasting $1.65 million for the station.

"The Peak"
On October 31, 2003, the station flipped to "105.3 The Peak; World Class Rock" a more structured Adult Album Alternative/Triple A format, although the music did lean more alternative than most standard Triple A's. Disc jockeys Spider Glenn and Kerry Chambers were fired due to the format change. Mitch was the only DJ to survive the house-cleaning. He moved to afternoons and Joan Holliday was brought aboard to fill the mid-day position. Eventually, Poptart Dave was hired to helm the morning show.

In April 2005, Poptart Dave left the station and Mitch was moved to mornings. James was hired and took over afternoons in May 2005.  Mitch left in June 2006 and James shifted to mornings. Tim Taylor, featured on weekends, handled the afternoon slot. In November 2006, Uncle Dave was hired as morning show host and James went back to afternoons.

WEBK featured a wide variety of music. Its core artists included The Grateful Dead, Phish, U2, Dave Matthews Band, The Rolling Stones, The Beatles, R.E.M., Bob Marley, Nirvana, The Allman Brothers Band, Led Zeppelin, Pearl Jam and The Red Hot Chili Peppers. It also took pride in local artists, frequently spinning tracks from The Samples, Grace Potter and the Nocturnals, Rick Redington and The Chad Hollister Band, among others.

"Cat Country"
At 3:00 PM on Friday, February 8, 2008, the Triple A format and call letters WEBK were dropped.  Pamal Broadcasting decided to replace WEBK with WJEN's country music format and call letters, formerly on 94.5 FM.  The station on 94.5 took the call letters WDVT and become a classic hits outlet called "The Drive" after two weeks of simulcasting the new "Cat Country".

The last song WEBK played was The Rolling Stones' "When The Whip Comes Down."

References

External links

JEN
Radio stations established in 1993
Country radio stations in the United States
Pamal Broadcasting
1993 establishments in Vermont

WJEN


A climbing wall is an artificially constructed wall with manufactured grips (or "holds") for the hands and feet. Most walls are located indoors, and climbing on such walls is termed indoor climbing. Some walls are brick or wooden constructions, but on most modern walls, the material most often used is a thick multiplex board with holes drilled into it. Recently, manufactured steel and aluminum have also been used.  The wall may have places to attach belay ropes, but may also be used to practice lead climbing or bouldering.

Each hole contains a specially formed t-nut to allow modular climbing holds to be screwed onto the wall. With manufactured steel or aluminum walls, an engineered industrial fastener is used to secure climbing holds.  The face of the multiplex board climbing surface is covered with textured products including concrete and paint or polyurethane loaded with sand. In addition to the textured surface and hand holds the wall may contain surface structures such as indentions (in cuts) and protrusions (bulges), or take the form of an overhang, underhang or crack. Some grips are formed to mimic the conditions of outdoor rock, including some that are oversized and can have other grips bolted onto them.

History
The earliest artificial climbing walls were typically small concrete faces with protrusions made of medium-sized rocks for hand holds. Schurman Rock in Seattle, WA is believed by some to be the first artificial climbing structure in the United States, constructed in 1939.

The first artificial climbing wall in the world seems to be the wall commissioned by the King of Belgium Leopold III in 1937 near his palace. This was documented by Mark Sebille in his book Bel'Wall.

The modern artificial climbing wall began in the UK. The first wall was created in 1964 by Don Robinson, a lecturer in Physical Education at the University of Leeds, by inserting pieces of rock into a corridor wall. The first commercial wall in the UK, The Foundry Climbing Centre, was built in Sheffield in 1991, traditionally England's centre for climbing due to its proximity to the Peak District.
The first indoor climbing gym in the United States was established by Vertical World in Seattle in 1987. Terre Neuve in the heart of Brussels (Belgium) was opened in 1987 as well. It is not clear which gym was opened first.

Types

The simplest type of wall is of plywood construction, known colloquially in the climbing community as a 'woody', with a combination of either bolt-on holds or screw-on holds. Bolt-on holds are fixed to a wall with iron bolts that are inserted through the hold, which will have specific bolt points, and then fixed into pre-allocated screw-threaded holes in the wall. Screw-on holds are, by contrast, usually much smaller, owing to the nature of their fixing. These holds are connected to the wall by screws, which may be fastened anywhere on the wall's surface.

Some other types of walls include slabs of granite, concrete sprayed onto a wire mesh, pre-made fiberglass panels, large trees, manufactured steel and aluminum panels, textured fiberglass walls, and inflatables. A newer innovation is the rotating climbing wall: a mechanical, mobile wall that rotates like a treadmill to match your climbing rate of ascent.

The most common construction method involves bolting resin hand and foot holds onto wooden boards. The boards can be of varying height & steepness (from completely horizontal 'roofs' to near-vertical 'slabs') with a mixture of holds attached. These can vary from very small 'crimps', and 'pinches', and slanted-surfaced 'slopers', to 'jugs', which are often large and easy to hold. This variety, coupled with the ability for the climbs to be changed by moving the holds to new positions on the wall, has resulted in indoor climbing becoming a very popular sport.

Equipment
Proper climbing equipment must be used during indoor climbing.
Most climbing gyms lend harnesses, ropes and belay devices. Some also lend climbing shoes and chalk bags. Some climbing gyms require use of chalk balls (as opposed to loose chalk) to reduce chalk dust in the air and chalk spills when a chalk bag is tipped over or stepped on. Reducing chalk in the air helps to avoid clogging ventilation systems and reduces the dust that accumulates on less-than-vertical surfaces.

Indoor climbing
Indoor climbing is an increasingly popular form of rock climbing performed on artificial structures that attempt to mimic the experience of outdoor rock. The first indoor climbing gym in North America, Vertical World in Seattle, was established in 1987. The first indoor climbing hall in the world was inaugurated in Brussels, Belgium on  May 16, 1987, by Isabelle Dorsimond and Marc Bott.
Terres Neuves integrated the concept of pre-drilled plywood walls fitted with T-nuts, as developed in 1986 by the Brussels-based firm Alpi'In. Pierre d'Haenens is the inventor of this system, which is now used worldwide by all climbing wall manufacturers. Terres Neuves still exists today in an almost unchanged form.

The first indoor walls tended to be made primarily of brick, which limited the steepness of the wall and variety of the hand holds. More recently, indoor climbing terrain is constructed of plywood over a metal frame, with bolted-on plastic hand and footholds, and sometimes spray-coated with texture to simulate a rock face.

Most climbing competitions are held in climbing gyms, making them a part of indoor climbing.

Compared to outdoor climbing
Indoor and outdoor climbing can differ in techniques, style, and equipment. Climbing artificial walls, especially indoors, is much safer because anchor points and holds are able to be more firmly fixed, and environmental conditions can be controlled. During indoor climbing, holds are easily visible in contrast with natural walls where finding a good hold or foothold may be a challenge. Climbers on artificial walls are somewhat restricted to the holds prepared by the route setter, whereas on natural walls they can use every slope or crack in the surface of the wall. Some typical rock formations can be difficult to emulate on climbing walls.

Routes and grading

Holds come in different colours, those of the same colour often being used to denote a route, allowing routes of different difficulty levels to be overlaid on one another. Coloured tape placed under climbing holds is another way that is often used to mark different climbing routes. In attempting a given route, a climber is only allowed to use grips of the designated colour as handholds, but is usually allowed to use both handholds and footholds of the designated colour and surface structures and textures of the "rockface" as footholds.

The grade (difficulty) of the route is usually a consensus decision between the setter of the route and the first few people who climb the route. Many indoor climbing walls have people who are assigned to set these different climbing routes.  These people are called route setters or course setters. As indoor climbing walls are often used to check the development of climbers' abilities, climbs are color-coded.

Each gym has a "designated" path to climb, known as the "route". Each route is distinguished either by an indicated piece of tape or a monochromatic system of climbing holds. If the route is taped, each hold on the designated route will have the same color tape, indicating which holds to grab or step on. Some newer gyms have converted to the monochromatic system:  instead of using colored tape as route indicators, this system uses colored climbing holds. Each monochromatic route is set using holds of a corresponding color; thus, climbers follow the holds of a single color throughout the route.

Route-setting is the design of routes by placing climbing holds in a strategic, technical, and fun way that sets how the route will flow. There are many different techniques involved with setting, and up to 5 levels of certifications are awarded to those qualified. Route setting can be defined as the backbone of indoor climbing; without a great set of routes, a gym cannot easily hope to keep a good hoard of climbers.

Gallery

See also
Climbing
Speed climbing wall
Rock-climbing equipment

References

External links

 UK Climbing Wall Manufacturers Association
 Climbing Wall Association, a US non-profit, industry trade association
 Odin - UK Mobile Climbing Wall Specialists
 Indoorclimbing.com - a worldwide indoor climbing gym list.
 The British Mountaineering Council
 The Mountaineering Council of Scotland - indoor climbing page.

Types of wall

Climbing wall


Rohan Bopanna and Daniel Nestor were the defending champions, but chose not to compete together. Bopanna played alongside Florin Mergea, but lost in the first round to Nestor and Radek Štěpánek. Nestor and Štěpánek lost in the quarterfinals to Łukasz Kubot and Marcin Matkowski.
Simone Bolelli and Andreas Seppi won the title, defeating Feliciano López and Marc López in the final, 6–2, 3–6, [14–12].

Seeds

Draw

Draw

Qualifying

Seeds

Qualifiers
  Hyeon Chung /  Jiří Veselý

Qualifying draw

References
 Main Draw
 Qualifying Draw

Dubai Tennis Championships - Doubles
Men's Doubles

2016 Dubai Tennis Championships – Men's doubles


Steampipe Alley is a children's television program that aired on Secaucus, New Jersey station WWOR-TV from February 7, 1988 to April 18, 1993. The program was hosted by comedian Mario Cantone, with announcing duties handled by longtime station staff announcer Ted Mallie (referred to on-air by Cantone as "Don Pardonmeo", a play on the name of another veteran announcer, Don Pardo).

Each episode featured celebrity guests (often encountering other WWOR personalities), recurring segments, comedy sketches and games for its young audience members, with old Looney Tunes and Max Fleischer cartoons rounding out the program.

The series was written by Judy Katschke (who also served as producer), with Rick Derman as senior producer. Its director was Neil Borrell, who served in the same capacity on the station's local newscasts from the mid-1970s until 2005.

Characters
Playing up his comedic persona, Cantone would portray a variety of characters, including:
Julia Children, a parody of TV chef Julia Child, who gave recipes for snacks that kids could make at home.
Joe Rivers, supposedly the brother of comedian Joan Rivers.
Poochano Pavarachi, a parody of Italian tenor Luciano Pavarotti, who sang about his bean-induced flatulence problem and presided over the Out of Gas segment (see below).
Ciao Aldo, who appeared in mock commercials to promote a line of fragrances that smelled like pasta.
Ted Ringer, a stereotypically shady used car salesman who appeared in mock commercials delivering a pitch for the deals available on his "Used and Abused Car Lot".
Frankie D, a parody of Frank Sinatra, who was a teacher that gave lessons to his "class" via song.
Richie Morales, a neighborhood kid who appeared in the "Something to Think About" segment (see below).
Sammy Sammy, Jr., a parody of Sammy Davis Jr. who presided over the "Eye In the Pie" segment (see below).
Rex Can Read, a parody of film critic Rex Reed, who co-hosted the "At the Alley" segment (see below).
Angelo Antonelli, a stereotypical Italian-American sewer worker who presided over the "Three Sewer Monte" segment (see below).

Recurring segments
A wide variety of games and sketches were featured, including:
Three Sewer Monte - Angelo Antonelli (who always pronounced the "three" in the game's title as "tree") chose a member of the audience to pull the string on one of three pipes hanging overhead. If the right one was chosen, it was worth a prize; otherwise, the audience member would have "spiders primavera" (a mix of rubber spiders and spaghetti) dumped on their head.
The Dream Date Game - A parody of The Dating Game, in which a bachelorette asked questions of three potential bachelors (one of whom was always Cantone in disguise).
Where In the World? - Kids attempted to identify world landmarks to win prizes.
Steampipe Theatre - Cantone (as "Cecil B. DeMario") would serve as acting coach to a group of kids as they attempted to re-enact scenes from a well known film or play.
Cream the Teach - Two kids from a local school were given 30 seconds to throw pies at one of their teachers (whose head was stuck through a prop wall); if they managed to land one directly in the teacher's face, they won a prize for their school.
Something to Think About - In one of the show's few semi-serious segments, neighborhood kid Richie Morales would relate a story to the audience, typically involving himself and his friends, intended to offer genuine advice on handling real-life situations.
Eye In the Pie - A kid contestant was given 30 seconds to find Sammy Sammy, Jr's glass eye inside a pie in order to win a prize. For the show's Thanksgiving episodes, this segment became Eye In the Stuffing, with the search taking place inside a bowl of stuffing.
Out of Gas - Italian tenor Poochano Pavarachi would lead a group of kids in a flatulence-themed Musical chairs variant, where all the chairs were equipped with whoopee cushions; the sole survivor would win a prize.
The National Gallery of Excuses - Cantone would read various excuses for childhood offenses (not finishing homework, etc.), as sent in by home viewers; those whose excuses were read on-air received a prize.
At the Alley - A takeoff of TV's At the Movies, snooty critic Rex Can Read would offer a scathing review of a well-known nursery rhyme or fairy tale, which was typically at odds with that of his more agreeable fellow critic, young Bill Getsharassed (a parody of Bill Harris).
Mystery Guest - Based on the long-running panel game What's My Line?, a blindfolded panel of three audience members attempted to guess the identity of a celebrity by asking "yes" or "no" questions, with each kid allowed to keep asking questions until getting a "no" answer or successfully identifying the guest; doing so was worth a prize. Among the Mystery Guests who appeared in this segment were Morris the Cat, Brice Beckham, and fellow WWOR host Morton Downey Jr.
Brain Drain - The last segment of each show; inspired by the popular kids' game show Double Dare, two kids competed in a rapid-fire 60-second question round, and the player with the high score won a prize and went on to run an obstacle course for the chance at the day's grand prize.

External links
 Steampipe Alley Opening Sequence

References

1988 American television series debuts
1993 American television series endings
1980s American children's comedy television series
1990s American children's comedy television series
1980s American children's game shows
1990s American children's game shows
1980s American comedy game shows
1990s American comedy game shows
1980s American sketch comedy television series
1990s American sketch comedy television series
Children's sketch comedy
Local children's television programming in the United States
WWOR-TV original programming

Steampipe Alley


Ryuk is a Shinigami (God of Death) in the Death Note franchise. The character has been created by the writer Tsugumi Ohba and the illustrator Takeshi Obata of Death Note manga series. It is Ryuk who starts the events of the manga and other adaptations. Ryuk was completely bored with his daily life and wanted something interesting to relieve his Boredom. So Ryuk throws one of his Death Notes into the human world. This Death Note is picked up by high school student Light Yagami.

Light Yagami decides to use this notebook to kill all the criminals in the world and become the king of a perfect new world. The whole series then revolves around the rivalry between Light and L Lawliet (world's best detective) in the first part of the manga.

Appearance
Ryuk has a humanoid body. His eyes are big, round and yellow. His hairs are spanky and his teeth are pointed. His skin is greyish-blue and lips are blue-grey. Also, Ryuk wears rings in his fingers.

Character
Ryuk is a selfish character who wouldn't do anything unless he has some benefit from it. Light Yagami knows this and that's why he often bribes Ryuk with apples (that Ryuk loves) to get something done. Further, Ryuk likes the apples of human world because the apples of his realm are withered. They taste like sand. Many times Ryuk is seen hiding something from Light.

Ryuk is shy of girls. It is clearly seen when Misa hugs Ryuk out of excitement when she regains her memories."Humans are so interesting". - RyukWhen Light Yagami begins to use Death Note to kill criminals, Ryuk visits him for the first time. Also, Ryuk tells him that no one in the past has ever used a death note like that. He also says that humans are very interesting.

References

Anime characters

Ryuk


Erith Gwyn Nicholls (15 July 1874 – 24 March 1939) was a Welsh rugby union player who gained 24 caps for Wales as a centre. Nicholls was known as the "Prince of Threequarters".

Born in Westbury-on-Severn, Nicholls started his rugby career with Cardiff Star before playing in the Cardiff first team from 1893. He spent all his playing career with Cardiff, playing 18 seasons for them, apart from half a season with Newport in 1901/2 when he began a laundry business there with fellow Welsh international Bert Winfield. He captained Cardiff for four seasons; 1898/9 through to 1900/1 and again in 1903/04.

International career

Nicholls gained his first international cap against Scotland on 25 January 1896, a solid if not spectacular debut. His next few games gained him praise and Nicholls began to get more notice from the local press, Nicholls international career was placed on pause for twelve months during 1897 and 1898 while Wales were excluded from playing because of the Gould Affair.

His 24 caps for Wales were won between 1896 and 1906 and included ten matches as captain. He was captain of the Triple Crown winning side of 1902. Despite announcing his retirement from international rugby at the end of the previous season, he returned in 1905 to captain Wales in the famous Match of the Century, a victory against New Zealand. He toured Australia with the British Isles team of 1899, and was the only Welsh player on this tour.

International matches played for Wales
Wales
  1897, 1898, 1899, 1901, 1902, 1904, 1906
  1896, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1905, 1906
  1905
  1896, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1906
  1906

Post playing career
In 1909 Nicholls was chosen to officiate the match between England and Scotland at the Richmond Athletic Ground, as part of the Home Nations Championship. It was the only international match that Nicholls refereed and the last to be played at Richmond.

Later life and death

In 1923, Nicholls while on holiday in Weston-super-Mare was involved in a rescue attempt involving two young girls. The two girls had been swept out to sea by the undertow and a doctor, Edward Holborow, had leapt into the sea to save them. Although the two girls were saved by another swimmer, Dr Holborow found the rough conditions too challenging, and Nicholls attempted to rescue him. Nicholls reached the doctor and got him close to the shore but Holborow was pronounced dead at the scene. Nicholls only managed to reach shore himself and his health never recovered from the ordeal. On 24 March 1939, Nicholls died in Dinas Powys. Heart failure was given as the cause of death.

On Boxing Day 1949 the "Gwyn Nicholls Memorial Gates" were officially opened at Cardiff Arms Park by his team mate Rhys Gabe. On 16 November 2005 Gwyn Nicholls was inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame.

External links

Bibliography

References

1874 births
1939 deaths
British & Irish Lions rugby union players from Wales
Cardiff RFC players
Newport RFC players
Rugby union centres
Rugby union players from Westbury-on-Severn
Wales international rugby union players
Wales rugby union captains
Welsh rugby union players
Welsh rugby union referees
World Rugby Hall of Fame inductees

Gwyn Nicholls


Sir Nicholas Slanning, 1st Baronet FRS (June 1643 – April 1691) of Maristow in the parish of Tamerton Foliot, Devon, was an English courtier and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1667 and 1689.

Life
Slanning was the eldest son of Sir Nicholas Slanning and his wife Gertrude (née Bagge), daughter of Sir James Bagge. His father was killed in 1643 fighting for the Royalist cause in the Civil War. His mother remarried Richard Arundell, 1st Baron Arundell of Trerice.

After the Restoration of Charles II Slanning was knighted in 1661 and made a baronet in 1663. His first marriage to the influential Cartaret family brought him for a time into the inner Court circle. He was appointed Cupbearer to Queen Catherine of Braganza (1663) and Commissioner for Assessment for Cornwall (1661–1678), Devon (1661–1662, 1665–1680). He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1664. Like his father, he had some interest in chemistry.

In 1669, Slanning was elected Member of Parliament for Plympton Erle in the Cavalier Parliament. He was a diligent MP, sitting on some 70 committees.  He was elected MP for Penrhyn in 1679 and in 1681 and 1685. He was expelled from the Royal Society in 1682. He was appointed Standard-bearer to the Band of Gentleman-pensioners (1676–1684), Commissioner for Rebels' Estates, Devon (1686), Vice-Warden of the Stannaries (1686-death) and Deputy-Governor of Plymouth (1688). He was Commissioner for Assessment for Cornwall and Devon from 1689 to 1690. He supported the Glorious Revolution, but retired from politics the following year.

Slanning died in Tamerton Foliot, Devon in 1691.

Family
Slanning married four times: firstly in 1662 Anne (died 1668), daughter of Sir George Carteret, Bt, of St Owen's, Jersey, Treasurer of the Navy and his wife Elizabeth.  Anne was remembered as a "pious and sweet-tempered lady": Samuel Pepys refers to her affectionately in his celebrated Diary. He married secondly in 1670 Mary, daughter of James Jenkin of Treseny, St Columb Major, Cornwall, and thirdly in 1673 Mary, daughter of Sir Andrew Henley, 1st Baronet, of Henley, Somerset, and his first wife Mary Gayer. Mary Henley was the mother of his only son, Andrew. He married fourthly in 1679 Amy, widow of Sir John Davie, 2nd Baronet, and also of Walter Hele of Newton Ferrers, and daughter of Edmond Parker of Boringdon Hall, Plympton, Devon.

His only son, Sir Andrew Slanning, inherited his title. Andrew was murdered by John Cowland in 1700, following a drunken brawl in the Rose Tavern, Convent Garden, and the title died with him. The Slanning estates passed to the heirs of Sir Nicholas's sister Elizabeth, Lady Modyford.

References

1643 births
1691 deaths
Fellows of the Royal Society
Baronets in the Baronetage of England
Members of the Parliament of England for Plympton Erle
English MPs 1661–1679
English MPs 1680–1681
English MPs 1681
English MPs 1685–1687
Members of the pre-1707 English Parliament for constituencies in Cornwall

Sir Nicholas Slanning, 1st Baronet


Horse racing is a sport in which a race is held between racehorses (horses bred for racing).  Racehorses are most often thoroughbreds.  The Kentucky Derby is a major horserace that is held at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky every year.  The Kentucky Derby is part of the Triple Crown, which includes two other races.  Yonkers, New York is a major venue for harness racing.

Important races outside the US include Longchamp near Paris, the Dubai Gold Cup and the Melbourne Cup, held every year in Australia on the second Tuesday of November. Heralded as "the race that stops the nation," this one race alone keeps hatmakers in the city of Melbourne in business for an entire year. Every year, during the cup, over 11 million people from Australia and New Zealand tune in to listen to the race, starting at 3:00pm.

Racing is also popular in the UK and Ireland. Major races include Ascot, Newmarket and the Grand National. Racing also takes place at Epsom, Chepstow, Goodwood, York, Cheltenham and Punchestown, County Kildare.

In the Far East Japan, Hong Kong, Macau and Singapore are major race centres.

People often gamble on horse races. They will bet money on a particular horse.

Gambling

Horse racing


Haines Glacier () is a glacier  wide, flowing in a southeasterly direction and joining Meinardus Glacier immediately east of Mount Barkow, on the east coast of Palmer Land, Antarctica. It was discovered and photographed from the air in December 1940 by the United States Antarctic Service. During 1947 the glacier was photographed from the air by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition, who in conjunction with the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) charted it from the ground. The glacier was named by the FIDS for William C. Haines, an American meteorologist who was a member of the Byrd Antarctic Expeditions of 1928–30 and 1933–35, and was joint author of the meteorological reports of these two expeditions.

References

Glaciers of Palmer Land

Haines Glacier


Jack Joseph Kruschen (March 20, 1922 – April 2, 2002) was a Canadian-American movie, television, stage, voice, and radio actor who is known for his role as Dr. Dreyfuss in The Apartment.

Kruschen was born on March 20, 1922 in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. He was married to Marjorie Ullman from 1947 until they divorced in 1961. Then he was married to Violet Rafaella Mooring from 1962 until her death in 1978. Then he was married to Mary Pender from 1979 until his death in 2002.

Kruschen died on April 2, 2002 in Chandler, Arizona from natural causes, aged 80.

Other websites

1922 births
2002 deaths
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Canadian stage actors
Canadian voice actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American radio actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Actors from Winnipeg

Jack Kruschen


Oliver Marcell (June 21, 1895 – June 12, 1949), nicknamed "Ghost", was an American third baseman in the Negro leagues for a number of teams around the league from 1918 to 1931. He also played shortstop. A Creole born in Thibodaux, Louisiana, he batted and threw right-handed.

While the Negro leagues had many statistics recorded in the 1920s, Marcell put up outstanding numbers. In 1922 with the Bacharach Giants, he posted a .379 batting average. Again in 1924, he hit well, putting up a .352 average for Bacharach and the New York Lincoln Giants.

Although "Ghost" was a top-class hitting infielder, his defensive skills took center stage by  comparison. He was considered by most to be the greatest fielding third basemen in the league throughout the 1920s and possibly of all time. Baseball Hall of Famer Judy Johnson once admitted that Marcell was a better defensive player than himself. During that time, he and shortstop Dick Lundy made up one of the best left-side infields ever.

Marcell was known for a terrible temper, with umpires and opponents commonly drawn into arguments with him, and even teammates sometimes fighting him. There is a story that Marcell once hit Oscar Charleston in the head with a bat. He participated in two Negro World Series, both for the Bacharach Giants. He put up fairly good numbers during one of them (.293, six RBIs in 11 games). In the other, he posted a .235 average with 2 RBIs in 9 games. However, he did much better than that when he got his chance against white competition. He went 23-for-63, good for a .365 average, in 17 exhibition contests against white players. Marcell was rated ahead of Hall of Famers Judy Johnson and Ray Dandridge in the renowned 1952 Pittsburgh Courier player-voted poll of the Negro leagues' best players.

In a strange incident in the late 1920s, Marcell's teammate Frank Warfield reportedly bit Marcell's nose off after the two got into a fight, when both men were playing in the Cuban Winter League. Bill Yancey, another teammate of Marcell's, said, "What got [Marcell] out of baseball, he and [teammate] Frank Warfield had a fight in Cuba [probably in the winter of 1927-28, over a dice game] and Warfield bit his nose off. He was a proud, handsome guy, you know, and then he used to wear a black patch across his nose and he got so he couldn't play baseball anymore." Marcell had been a staple of the Cuban Winter League throughout the decade. In the 1923–24 season, he batted .393 to lead the league. He ended with an overall .305 average in Cuba.

After some time with the Detroit Stars, Marcell didn't play very much longer. His final career average was supposedly around .315 with 11 home runs. Marcell died in poverty in 1949 in Denver, Colorado and was buried in an unmarked grave in Riverside Cemetery.

References

External links
 and Baseball-Reference Black Baseball stats and Seamheads

1895 births
1949 deaths
Bacharach Giants players
Baltimore Black Sox players
Brooklyn Royal Giants players
Hilldale Club players
Leopardos de Santa Clara players
Lincoln Giants players
Sportspeople from Thibodaux, Louisiana
American expatriate baseball players in Cuba
Almendares (baseball) players
20th-century African-American sportspeople
Burials at Riverside Cemetery (Denver, Colorado)

Oliver Marcell


Habib Tanvir (1 September 1923 – 8 June 2009) was one of the most popular Indian Urdu, Hindi playwrights, a theatre director, poet and actor. He was the writer of plays such as, Agra Bazar (1954) and Charandas Chor (1975). A pioneer in Urdu and Hindi theatre, he was most known for his work with Chhattisgarhi tribals, at the Naya Theatre, a theatre company he founded in 1959 in Bhopal. He went on to include indigenous performance forms such as nacha, to create not only a new theatrical language, but also milestones such as Charandas Chor, Gaon ka Naam Sasural, Mor Naam Damad and Kamdeo ka Apna Basant Ritu ka Sapna.

For him, true "theatre of the people" existed in the villages, which he strived to bring to the urban "educated", employing both folk performers as actors alongside urban actors. He died on 8 June 2009 at Bhopal after a three-week-long illness. Upon his death, he was the last of pioneering actor-managers in Indian theatre, which included Sisir Bhaduri, Utpal Dutt and Prithviraj Kapoor, and often he managed plays with a mammoth cast, such as Charandas Chor, which included an orchestra of 72 people on stage and Agra Bazaar, with 52 people.

During his lifetime he won several national and international awards, including the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 1969, Jawarharlal Nehru Fellowship in 1979, Padma Shri in 1983, Kalidas Samman 1990, Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship in 1996, and the Padma Bhushan in 2002. Apart from that he had also been nominated to become a member of the Upper House of Indian Parliament, the Rajya Sabha (1972–1978). His play Charandas Chor (Charandas, The Thief) won him the Fringe Firsts Award at Edinburgh International Drama Festival in 1982, and in 2007, it was included in the Hindustan Times' list of 'India's 60 Best works since Independence which said : "an innovative dramaturgy equally impelled by Brecht and folk idioms, Habib Tanvir seduces across language barriers in this his all-time biggest hit about a Robin Hood-style thief."

Biography

Early life
He was born in Raipur, Chhattisgarh (erstwhile Madhya Pradesh) to Hafiz Ahmed Khan, who hailed from Peshawar.

He passed his matriculation from Laurie Municipal High School, Raipur, and later completed his B.A. from Morris College, Nagpur in 1944. Thereafter he studied M.A. for a year at Aligarh Muslim University .

Early in life, he started writing poetry using his pen name Takhallus. Soon after, he assumed his name, Habib Tanvir.

Career

In 1945, he moved to Bombay, and joined All India Radio (AIR) Bombay as a producer. While in Bombay, he wrote songs for Urdu and Hindi films and even acted in a few of them. He also joined the Progressive Writers' Association (PWA) and became an integral part of Indian People's Theatre Association (IPTA) as an actor. Later, when most of the prominent IPTA members were imprisoned for opposing the British rule, he was asked to take over the organisation.

In 1954, he moved to New Delhi, and worked with Qudsia Zaidi's Hindustani Theatre, and also worked with Children's theatre, where he authored many plays.  Later in the same year, he produced his first significant play Agra Bazar based on the works and times of the plebeian 18th-century Urdu poet, Nazir Akbarabadi, an older poet in the generation of Mirza Ghalib. For this play he brought together local residents and folk artistes from Okhla village in Delhi and students of Jamia Millia Islamia creating a palette never seen before in Indian theatre. Additionally, the play was not staged in a confined space, rather a bazaar, a marketplace. After this, he continued to work with non-trained actors and folk artistes like the folk artists of Chhattisgarh.

Stay in Europe
In 1955, when he was in his 30s, Habib moved to England. There, he trained in Acting at Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts (RADA) (1955) and in Direction at Bristol Old Vic Theatre School (1956). For the next two years, he travelled through Europe, watching various theatre activities. One of the highlights of this period, was his eight-month stay in Berlin in 1956, during which he got to see several plays of Bertolt Brecht, produced by Berliner Ensemble, just a few months after Brecht's death. This proved to have a lasting influence on him, as in the coming years, he started using local idioms in his plays, to express trans-cultural tales and ideologies. This, over the years, gave rise to a "theatre of roots", which was marked by an utter simplicity in style, presentation and technique, yet remaining eloquent and powerfully experiential.

Return to India
A deeply inspired Habib returned to India in 1958 and took to directing full-time. He produced Mitti ki Gaadi a post-London play, based on Shudraka's Sanskrit work, Mrichakatika. It became his first important production in Chhattisgarhi. This was the result of the work he had been doing since his return – working with six folk actors from Chhattisgarh. He went on to found "Naya Theatre", a theatre company in 1959.

In his exploratory phase, i.e. 1970–73, he broke free from one more theatre restriction – he no longer made the folk artistes, who had been performing in all his plays, speak Hindi. Instead, the artistes switched to Chhattisgarhi, a local language they were more accustomed to. Later, he even started experimenting with "Pandavani", a folk singing style from the region and temple rituals. This made his plays stand out amidst the gamut of plays which still employed traditional theatre techniques like blocking movements or fixing lights on paper. Spontaneity and improvisation became the hallmark of his new theatre style, where the folk artistes were allowed greater freedom of expression.

His next venture with Chhattisgarhi Nach style, saw another breakthrough in 1972, with a staging of the play titled Gaon Ka Naam Sasural, Mor Naam Damaad. This was based on a comic folk tale, where an old man falls in love with a young woman, who eventually elopes with another young man.

By the time he produced his seminal play, Charandas Chor in 1975, the technique became popular. This play immediately established a whole new idiom in modern India theatre; whose highlight was Nach – a chorus that provided commentary through song. He also brought in Govind Ram Nirmalkar, a noted Nacha artist who would later go on to win Padma Shri and Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards, to play the lead role. Later, he collaborated with Shyam Benegal, when he adapted the play to a feature-length film, by the same name, starring Smita Patil and Lalu Ram. He was awarded the prestigious  Jawarharlal Nehru Fellowship in 1979 for research on Relevance of Tribal Performing Arts and their Adaptability to A changing Environment. In 1980, he directed the play Moti Ram ka Satyagraha for Janam (Jan Natya Manch) on the request of Safdar Hashmi.

During his career, Habib has acted in over nine feature films, including Richard Attenborough's film, Gandhi (1982), Black and White and in a yet-to-be-released film on the Bhopal gas tragedy.

His first brush with controversy came about in the 1990s, with his production of a traditional Chhattisgarhi play about religious hypocrisy, Ponga Pandit. The play was based on a folk tale and had been created by Chhattisgarhi theatre artists in the 1930s. Though he had been producing it since the sixties, in the changed social climate after the Babri Masjid demolition, the play caused quite an uproar amongst Hindu fundamentalists, especially the Rashtriya Swayamsewak Sangh (RSS), whose supporters disrupted many of its shows, and even emptied the auditoriums, yet he continued to show it all over.

His Chhattisgarhi folk troupe, surprised again, with his rendition of Asghar Wajahat's Jisne Lahore Nahin Dekhya in 1992. Then in 1993 came Kamdeo Ka Apna Basant Ritu Ka Sapna, Tanvir's Hindi adaptation of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream. In 1995, he was invited to the United States by the Chicago Actors Ensemble, where he wrote his only English language play, The Broken Bridge. In 2002, he directed Zahareeli Hawa, a translation of Bhopal by the Canadian-Indian playwright Rahul Varma, based on the Bhopal Gas Tragedy. During his illustrious career he brought works from all genres to stage, from ancient Sanskrit works by Shudraka, Bhasa, Vishakhadatta and Bhavabhuti; to European classics by Shakespeare, Molière and Goldoni; modern masters Brecht, Garcia, Lorca, Gorky, and Oscar Wilde; Tagore, Asghar Wajahat, Shankar Shesh, Safdar Hashmi, Rahul Varma, stories by Premchand, Stefan Zweig and Vijaydan Detha, apart from an array of Chhattisgarhi folk tales.

Legacy
In 2010, at the 12th Bharat Rang Mahotsav, the annual theatre festival of National School of Drama, Delhi, a tribute exhibition dedicated to life, works and theatre of Habib Tanvir and B.V. Karanth was displayed. The 13th Bharat Rang Mahotsav opened with an Assamese adaptation of his classic play Charandas Chor, directed by Anup Hazarika, a NSD graduate.

Awards
He was the recipient of

 Sangeet Natak Akademy Award(1969),
 Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowship(1979),
 Padma Shri (1983),
 Padma Bhushan(2002),

among other national and international awards during his lifetime.

Plays
 Agra Bazar (1954)
 Shatranj Ke Mohrey (1954)
 Lala Shoharat Rai (1954)
 Mitti Ki Gaadi (1958)
 Gaon Ke Naon Sasural, Mor Naon Damand (1973)
 Charandas Chor (1975)
 Uttar Ram Charitra (1977)
 Bahadur Kalarin (1978)
 Ponga Pandit (1960s)
 Ek Aurat Hypathia Bhi Thee (1980s)
 Jis Lahore Nai Dekhya (1990)
 Kamdeo ka Apna Basant Ritu ka Sapna (1993)
 The Broken Bridge (1995)
 Zahreeli Hawa (2002)
 Raj Rakt (2006)
 Kartoos (?)
 Dekh Rahe Hai Nyan
 Hirma Ki Amar Kahani
 He also came up with his own versions of Basant Retu ka Sapna, Shajapur ki Shanti Bai, Mitti ki Gari and Mudrarakhsas.

Filmography

 Rahi (1952) - Ramu
 Foot Path (1953)
 Charandas Chor (1975) (lyrics and script)
 Staying On (1980) (TV) - Dr. Mitra
 Gandhi (1982) - Indian barrister
 Man-Eaters of Kumaon (1986) (TV) - Bahadur
 Yeh Woh Manzil To Nahin (1987) - Akhtar Baig
 Hero Hiralal (1988)
 Prahaar: The Final Attack (1991) - Joe D'Souza, father of Peter D'Souza
 The Burning Season (1993) - Raja Sahib
 Sardar (1993)
 Mangal Pandey: The Rising (2005) - Bahadur Shah Zafar
 Black & White (2008) - Quazi Saab (final film role)

Bibliography
 Rang Habib – Critical Appreciation of Habib Tanveer's Works, Written by Shri B. R. Bhargava, Published by National School of Drama, 2006
 Charandas Chor. Tr. by Anjum Katyal. Seagull Books, 1996.
 Use of Music and Dance in Contemporary Dramatic Performances
 The Buddhist Theatre of Tibet
 The Living Tale of Hirma: Hirma Ki Amar Kahani. Calcutta, Seagull Books, 2005.
 Janam comes of Age by Habib Tanvir, 1988 Theatre of the streets: the Jana Natya Manch experience, by Arjun Ghosh, Jana Naṭya Mancha, edited by Sudhanva Deshpande. Published by Jana Natya Manch, 2007
 Gaon ke Naon Theatre, Mor Naon Habib (documentary film), dirs. Sanjay Maharishi and Sudhanva Deshpande, 2005
 One Day in the Life of Ponga Pandit (documentary film), dirs. Sanjay Maharishi and Sudhanva Deshpande, 2005
 Tanvir ka safarnama (documentary film), dir. Ranjan Kamath.  2008

Further reading
 On the Theatre of Habib Tanvir The Dramatic touch of difference: theatre, own and foreign, by Erika Fischer-Lichte, Josephine Riley, Michael Gissenwehrer. Published by Gunter Narr Verlag, 1990 Page 221-233

See also
 Theatre in India

References

External links
 Habib Tanvir: Making of a Legend, Samar, 2001
 Super trouper : Habib Tanvir

 Remembering Habib Tanvir and his play Agra Bazar
  Rahul Varma's Tribute to Habib Tanvir
  Rahul Varma's newest play mentored by Habib Tanvir
 Habib Tanvir materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)

1923 births
2009 deaths
Indian male dramatists and playwrights
Indian theatre directors
Indian male film actors
Indian male stage actors
Indian People's Theatre Association people
Male actors from Chhattisgarh
People from Raipur, Chhattisgarh
Aligarh Muslim University alumni
Alumni of RADA
Alumni of Bristol Old Vic Theatre School
Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award
Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship
Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha
Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts
Hindi theatre
Hindi dramatists and playwrights
Male actors in Hindi cinema
Jawaharlal Nehru Fellows
Dramatists and playwrights from Chhattisgarh
20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Indian male actors
Poets from Chhattisgarh

Habib Tanvir


Mihály Tompa (September 28, 1819 – July 30, 1868), was a Hungarian lyric poet, Calvinist minister and corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Together with János Arany and Sándor Petőfi they formed the triumvirate of young great poets of the Hungarian folk-national literature of the 19th century.

Life
He studied law and theology in Sárospatak, and subsequently at Budapest; and, after many vicissitudes, at the age of thirty he accepted the post of Protestant minister in Beje, a small village in his native county, whence, in two years, he removed to Kelemér, and four years later to Hanva, in the county of Borsod, where he remained till his death.

At the age of four-and-twenty Tompa published his first poems in the Athenaeum, which soon procured for him a high reputation. His first volume, Népregék, népmondák ("Folk-Legends and Folk-Tales"), in 1846, met with great success, and the same may be said of the first volume of his Poems in 1847.

He took part in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, acting as field chaplain to the volunteers of his county and seeing several battles; but the unfortunate close of that heroic struggle silenced his poetic vein for a considerable time, and when in 1852 and 1853 he gave vent to his patriotic grief in some masterly allegories on the state of oppressed Hungary, he was twice arrested by the Austrian authorities. He married Emilia Zsoldos in 1849.

After being released he published his Virágregék ("Legends of Flowers"), a collection of poems showing great imagination and love of nature. Soon after this he became oppressed with melancholy and abandoned this branch of poetry. He published three volumes of sermons, which, says his biographer, Károly Szász, Protestant bishop of Budapest, are among the best in Hungarian literature, and will favourably compare with those of Robertson, Monod or Parker. His collected poetical works were published at Budapest in 1870, and again in 1885.

Personal life
He married Emília Soldos(1 April 1831, Runya, Hungary (today Rumince, Slovakia) - 28 January 1867, Hanva, Austria-Hungary (today Chanava, Slovakia). They had together two sons:
 Kálmán (10 Mar 1850, Kelemér, Hungary - ?)
 Géza (13 Jan 1853, Kelemér, Hungary - ?)

References

Attribution

1817 births
1868 deaths
People from Rimavská Sobota
19th-century Hungarian poets
Hungarian male poets
Lyric poets
19th-century Hungarian male writers

Mihály Tompa


Sir Francis Edward Evans  (4 April 1897 – 21 August 1983) was a British diplomat. Born in Belfast, Ireland, he was educated at the city's Belfast Royal Academy before being commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Royal Irish Rifles in December 1916. After serving in the First World War, he entered the civil service in 1919, and the following year completed a course for new consular entrants at the London School of Economics.

Between 1920 and 1926 Evans was the British vice-consul at New York City, and for another three years after that at Boston. In 1929, he was sent to Colón, Panama, remaining there until 1932, when he again returned to the United States. He subsequently spent five years as consul at Los Angeles, and after a period at the Foreign Office he returned to New York as consul general there, an appointment he held until 1950.

In 1951 Evans became under-secretary of state at the Foreign Office, and the following year he was appointed British ambassador to Israel, having become minister there the previous year. This was immediately followed in 1954 by his appointment as ambassador to Argentina, a post he held for three years before retiring.

From 1957 to 1965, Sir Francis was chairman of the Northern Ireland Development Council, and from 1962 and 1966 he also served as the agent for the Northern Ireland Government in Great Britain. Much honoured, he was appointed CMG in 1944 and knighted as  in 1946, finally being appointed GBE in 1957. He was also the recipient of honorary degrees from the Queen's University of Belfast, the University of Ulster and Ripon College, Wisconsin, and was a deputy lieutenant of Belfast.

For many years Sir Francis served on the Board of Governors of his old school Belfast Royal Academy.

Sir Francis's wife, Mary, Lady Evans, whom he married in 1920, died in 1976. Sir Francis died seven years later. There were no children of the marriage.

1897 births
1983 deaths
Military personnel from Belfast
Deputy Lieutenants of Belfast
British Army personnel of World War I
Royal Ulster Rifles officers
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
People educated at the Belfast Royal Academy
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Argentina
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Israel
Members of HM Diplomatic Service
20th-century British diplomats

Francis Evans (diplomat)


La Moncada is a small town in the Tarimoro Municipality of Guanajuato, Mexico. The town has a population of 5,100 and sits on the road from Tarimoro City to Federal Highway 51 (Celaya-Salvatierra segment), it was founded in 1877 as La Moncada San José.

Education
La Moncada has two public elementary schools—Primaria José María Morelos y Pavón and Primaria Netzahualcóyotl— and one private, Catholic elementary school—Primaria Niños Héroes. Most secondary students attend middle school at Secundaria Emiliano Zapata in nearby Charco Largo or Secundaria María Fuentes Sandoval in Tarimoro City.

Religion

Being in the Catholic conservative Bajío region of Mexico, La Moncada's population is highly religious. The town's main church is San José Obrero;, which becomes the social centre in town each Sunday afternoon. It also has three smaller chapels scattered around town, including Capilla San José Carpintero, Capilla de la Virgen de Guadalupe, and Capilla San Antonio; in temples it outnumbers even the municipal seat at Tarimoro City (a city with about four times the population), by one.

Mayor
The current town mayor is Marco Lopez.

External links

Official site of Tarimoro Municipality
Photos from La Moncada

Populated places in Guanajuato
Populated places established in 1877
1877 establishments in Mexico

La Moncada


Thomas L. Kane (January 27, 1822 – December 26, 1883) was an American lawyer. He was friends with Brigham Young, a leader in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, or Mormon church, or LDS Church. Kane helped Brigham Young and the Mormons travel to Utah.

"Friend of the Mormons"

Mormon Battalion
Kane met with members of the LDS Church at a meeting in Philadelphia in May 1846.   Kane gave them his advice (told them what he thought they should do) and helped with their conflicts (arguments) with the U.S. government. He also helped them when they tried to emigrate (move) to western areas (places) in the US. Jesse C. Little, an LDS religious leader in the East, was asking for help with the Latter-day Saints' move to the West. Kane was able to get letters of recommendation (letters that say Kane can be trusted) from people who knew his father. Kane later joined Little in Washington, D.C. , and they met the secretary of state, secretary of war, and President James K. Polk.    After they negotiated (shared and talked about ideas), the United States agreed to send 500 LDS men, in five groups of 75 to 100 men each, called the Mormon Battalion, to help in the Mexican-American War.

With his fathers help, Kane got U.S. government permission for the refugee (people who have lost or had to leave their homes) Mormons to occupy Pottawattamie and Omaha Indian lands along the Missouri. Kane carried letters to Fort Leavenworth, and looked for Little in the Latter-day Saint camps on the Missouri River.  On July 17, 1846, Kane met with LDS leaders and Army Captain James Allen to make the Mormon Battalion.  Kane met many leaders of the Church, and became a popular figure among Mormon emigrants (people who moved).  Miller's Hollow, the main Iowa settlement (colony) of the LDS group at what is now Council Bluffs, was renamed Kanesville to honor Kane for his help.

During this time, Kane became really ill with a fever. Although he got help from both an army physician (doctor) from Fort Leavenworth and church members, his health was not good for the rest of his life.

References and Notes

1822 births
1883 deaths
American abolitionists
Deaths from pneumonia
American Latter Day Saints

Thomas L. Kane


We Are the Lambeth Boys is a 1959 British documentary film directed by Karel Reisz. Filmed in the summer of 1958, it was sponsored by the Ford motor company as part of a 'Look at Britain' series. Lambeth Boys was one of the last films to be made by the Free Cinema movement, and offered a sympathetic portrait of the lives of young working-class people in South London.

Plot
The film focuses on the lives and feelings of the young people such as teddy boys and girls who attend Alford House Youth Club in Kennington, South London. The protagonists act as if they are not being recorded at all because the film is shot in a naturalistic style. Lambeth Boys features life in the youth club, from dance nights to discussion groups, and life outside the youth club; work in postal sorting offices and factories, time spent with one another on the Kennington Lane estate or in a chip shop after a night out. Cricket also features in the documentary; boys practising cricket in the yard of the youth club and then an annual cricket match between the Alford House Youth Club and Mill Hill School, played on a cricket field at the North London public school whose alumni association sponsored the Kennington youth club. After the match the boys are driven home on the back of a truck. They travel through the West End, singing songs and calling out to passers-by.

Music
Jazz musicians Johnny Dankworth and His Orchestra provided the soundtrack for the film.

Release
Lambeth Boys won the Grand Prix at the Tours Festival Of Short Film in December 1959.

The song "Spring-Heeled Jim" by English singer, songwriter and author Morrissey (released in 1994 on the album Vauxhall and I) contains dialogue from the film.

External links

1959 films
British documentary films
Cultural history of the United Kingdom
Films directed by Karel Reisz
1959 documentary films
Documentary films about London
British short films
London Borough of Lambeth
Films scored by John Dankworth
1950s English-language films
1950s British films

We Are the Lambeth Boys