Fiji ke khaas log ke list

Academic leaders
 Chandra, Rajesh, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Fiji
 Lal, Brij, historian
 Narayan, Paresh, Fiji-born Australian academic
 Pillay, Sarojini, Registrar of the University of Fiji
 Rudrananda, Swami, founder of the Then India Sanmarga Ikya Sangam
 Siwatibau, Savenaca, academic leader; Vice-Chancellor of the University of the South Pacific (1940–2003)

Activists
 Ali, Shamima, political activist and women's rights campaigner
 Bhagwan-Rolls, Sharon, political activist and women's rights campaigner
 Heffernan, Angie, political activist
 Luveni, Jiko, dentist and AIDS campaigner; Speaker of the Parliament of Fiji since 2014
 Singh, Anirudh, opposed the imposition of the 1990 Constitution
 Siwatibau, Suliana, political activist

Business people
 Iqbal, Imraz, political activist, businessman, former journalist
 Khan, Ballu, business tycoon
 Kumar, Lokeshani, business tycoon; hospitality owner/operator; originally from Lautoka, Fiji; currently residing in London, Ontario, Canada
 Munjal, C.K., businessman and entrepreneur, founder of the Munjal Charitable Trust
 Nagindas, Shivlal, Labasa businessman and former Senator
 Nawalowalo, Ratu Josateki, businessman and Chairman of the Kadavu Provincial Council
 Niranjan, Sangeeta, businesswoman
 Punja, Hari (born 1937), business tycoon
 Samisoni, Adi Mere, businesswoman and Member of Parliament
 Seeto, Dixon, business tycoon and President of the Chinese Association of Fiji
 Sharma, Sunil, partner at Aliz Pacific, one of the leading accounting firms in Fiji; Secretary/Treasurer of Suva Chamber of Commerce & Industry
 Singh, Rajnesh, businessman and technologist
 Singh, Ram, Indian-born businessman
Deo, Raten, businessman, owner of Shop N Save Supermarkets
 Toganivalu, Davila, businesswoman and newspaper publisher
 Waradi, Taito, President of the Fiji Chamber of Commerce and Industry

Chiefs
Chiefs, excluding chiefs listed in other sections, include:

 Ratu Kuliniyasi Roko Malani, father of Ratu Wilisoni Tuiketei Malani, chief, elder lineage Gonesau of Vueti, 1st Roko Tui Bau, Tui Viti.
 Cakobau, Ratu Epenisa, Bauan chief
 Kanakana, Ratu Epeli, Fijian chief (Tui Suva)
 Katonivere, Ratu Aisea, Tui Macuata (paramount chief of Macuata)
 Kadavulevu, Ratu Penaia, Vunivalu of Bau (1901–1914)
 Madraiwiwi, Ratu Joni (the First), chief (1859–1920)
 Nailatikau, Ratu Epeli (the First) (1842–1901), Vunivalu of Bau
 Niumataiwalu, founder of the Vuanirewa dynasty in the Lau Islands
 Rasolo, first Tui Nayau
 Rokocegu, Maculeku, Tui Dreketi
 Rokomatu, Adi Joana, Tui Sigatoka
 Sovasova, Ratu Jovesa, Tui Vitogo (1942–2005)
 Tupou, Ratu Taliai, Tui Nayau (d. 1875)
 Tarau of Tovu Totoya, Fijian chieftainess
 Udre Udre, Ratu, 19th century cannibal
 Ulugalala, Alifereti Finau, Tui Nayau (d. 1934)
 Visawaqa, Ratu Tanoa, Vunivalu of Bau (1800s)
 Uluilakeba I, successor to Rasolo (q.v.) as Tui Nayau, but not so installed

Civil servants
 Acraman, Rodney, former Ombudsman and Chairman of the Fiji Human Rights Commission
 Bainimarama, Meli, CEO of Fijian Affairs Board (December 2006-January 2007; subsequently reemployed as an advisor to the board)
 Browne, Joseph
 Hatch, Hector, former Chairman of the Public Service Commission
 Huggett, Stuart, former Chairman of the Public Service Commission
 Jale, Anare, Chief Executive Officer of the Public Service Commission; former Ambassador to the United States
 Korovavala, Lesi, Chief Executive Officer of the Home Affairs Ministry
 Kotobalavu, Joji, Chief Executive Officer of the Prime Minister's Department
 Naupoto, Viliame, former Navy Commander; former Director of Immigration from January 2007; now the current Minister for Youth and Sports
 Qionibaravi, Adi Litia, Chief Executive Officer of the Fijian Affairs Board
 Ram, Rishi, Chairman of the Public Service Commission and former Ambassador to Japan
 Ridgeway, Peter, former Deputy Director of Prosecutions
 Shameem, Shaista, Director of the Fiji Human Rights Commission
 Taoka, Aisea, Commissioner of Prisons
 Tuisolia, Ratu Sakiusa, former Chief Executive Officer of Airports Fiji Limited
 Vakalalabure, Ratu Rakuita, Deputy Speaker of the House, member of House of Representatives of Fiji
 Vakalalabure, Ratu Tevita, Senator, President of the Senate, member of the Great Council of Chiefs, member of House of Representatives, Vunivalu of Natewa

Entertainment and media

 Derek Boyer, "The Island Warrior", actor
 Mike Howlett, musician
 Cassius Khan, classical tabla and ghazal player now based in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
 Talei Burns, vocalist, musician
 Malumu ni Tobu kei Naivaukura, musician
 Lagani Rabukawaqa, musician
 Rebecca Singh, television news presenter, now based in New Zealand
 DJ Ritendra, music producer
 Kula Kei Uluivuya, musician
 Laisa Vulakoro, singer
 Savuto Vakadewavosa, singer
 Elena Baravilala, singer

Diplomats
 Bune, Poseci, diplomat and politician
 Konrote, George, diplomat and politician; Rotuman
 Nailatikau, Ratu Epeli, President of Fiji (since 2009) and former High Commissioner to the United Kingdom, Parliamentary Speaker, and Cabinet Minister
 Nandan, Satya, Secretary-General of the International Seabed Authority (1996–present)
 Savua, Isikia, diplomat and former Police Commissioner
 Tavola, Kaliopate, Minister for Foreign Affairs (2000–2006) and former Ambassador to Belgium
 Vitusagavulu, Jesoni, businessman and diplomat, Ambassador to Washington (2005)
 Waqanisau, Jeremaia, career soldier and diplomat; Ambassador to China

Legal
 Fatiaki, Daniel, Chief Justice (2002-2007)
 Gates, Anthony, Chief Justice (since 2007)
 Kepa, Sailosi, judge, diplomat, cabinet minister, ombudsman (1938–2004)
 Matanitobua, Naomi, Chief Magistrate
 Mishra, Ghananand, jurist (1916–2005)
 Naqiolevu, Sekove, judge
 Shameem, Nazhat, judge
 Singh, Ajit Swaran, Fiji-born New Zealand judge
 Tuivaga, Sir Timoci, Chief Justice (1974–2002)

Military leaders
 Bainimarama, Voreqe (Frank), military commander and interim Head of State (2000; 2006–2007); interim Prime Minister of Fiji (2007–2014), Prime Minister since 2014. Leader of the 2006 Fijian coup d'état.
 Baledrokadroka, Ratu Jone, Lieutenant Colonel and former Acting Land Force Commander
 Driti, Pita, Land Force Commander (as of early 2007)
 Kean, Francis, Navy Commander (as of early 2007)
 Leweni, Neumi, Army spokesman
 Mara, Ratu Tevita, Army Major; former Army Chief of Staff (as of 2006)
 Naupoto, Viliame, former Navy Commander; Director of Immigration (as of early 2007)
 Rabuka, Sitiveni, 1987 coup leader, later Prime Minister (1992–1999)
 Rabukawaqa, Orisi, Army spokesman
 Saubulinayau, Meli, senior Army officer
 Seruvakula, Viliame, Army officer, who led the counteroffensive against the mutiny at Queen Elizabeth Barracks on 2 November 2000
 Sukanaivalu, Sefanaia, war hero (Second World War)
 Teleni, Esala, Naval Captain and former Deputy Commander of the Republic of Fiji Military Forces
 Waqanisau, Jeremia, career soldier and diplomat; Ambassador to China
 Humphrey Tawake, Captain and Chief Naval Officer
 Semi Koroilavesau, rose to the rank of Commander, prior to running for elected office
 Netani Sukanaivalu, rose to the rank of Lieutenant Commander, prior to running for elected office

Police officers
 Bulamainaivalu, Kevueli, Assistant Commissioner of Police - Crime
 Driver, Moses, Deputy Commissioner of Police
 Hughes, Andrew, Commissioner of Police
 Khan, Jahir, Senior Superintendent of Police
 Koroi, Jimi, Acting Commissioner of Police (2006–2007)
 Matakibau, Samuela, Assistant Police Commissioner Operations
 Ridgeway, Peter, former Deputy Director of Prosecutions
 Tikotikoca, Romanu, Commissioner of Police

Political leaders

Religious leaders
 Arya, Kamlesh, President Arya Pratinidhi Sabha
 Bryce, Jabez, Anglican Bishop
 Chambers, Amy, Anglican priest
 Dudley, Hannah, Methodist missionary
 Kuppuswami, Sadhu, Hindu religious leader (1890–1956)
 Kurulo, Suliasi, head of the Fiji- based Christian Mission Fellowship
 Kush, Kundan Singh, Arya Samaj missionary
 Mataca, Petero, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Fiji
 Qiliho, Apimeleki, first indigenous Fijian Anglican Bishop
 Sharma, Gabriel, first Indo-Fijian Anglican Bishop
 Sharma, Shri Krishna, Arya Samaj (Hindu) religious leader
 Sing, Sakiusa, Roman Catholic priest and educator (1946–2005)
 Tariq, Imam Fazlullah, Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at Missionary In-charge
 Yabaki, Akuila, clergyman and human rights activist

Sportspeople

Unionists
 Anthony, Felix, FTUC General Secretary
 Chandra, Baba Ram, India-born trade unionist
 Muni, Vashist, labour union organizer
 Naivaluwaqa, Timoci, trade unionist (1953–2006)
 Prasad, Ayodhya, founder of Kisan Sangh
 Rae, Pramod, labour union organizer and National Federation Party Secretary
 Sami, Jagannath, labour union organizer; suspended in late 2006 as chief executive officer of the Sugar Cane Growers Council
 Sanadhya, Totaram, labour union organizer
 Singh, Attar, FITCU General Secretary
 Singh, Mehar, founder of the Vishal Sangh
 Singh, Nirbhay, CPSU official

Miscellaneous
Fijian public figures who do not fit into one of the more other categories include:

 Navakasuasua, Maciu, 2000 coup plotter
 Padarath, Ben, 2006 election candidate, later imprisoned for manslaughter
 Waqabaca, Josaia, former NVTLP activist turned coup-plot informer

Non-resident Fiji Islanders
Fiji Islanders who are living abroad, or who have been naturalised as citizens of other countries, or who were born abroad but have Fijian roots, include:.

 Boyer, Derek, born in Lautoka, Fiji; acted in DOA: Dead or Alive released in 2006
 Butler, Trevor, winner of Big Brother Australia 2004
 Curuenavuli, Paulini, Australian-based singer and former member of the band Young Divas; born in Suva, Fiji
 Khan, Cassius, Canada, Indian classical musician; born in Lautoka
 Lal, Prerna, American writer and attorney; Fiji-born, Indian descent
 Mishra, Sudesh, Australian poet; Fiji-born, Indian descent
Narayan, Justin, winner of the thirteenth series of MasterChef Australia; born in Australia to Fiji-born parents of Indian origin
 Parker, Craig, New Zealand-based actor born in Suva, Fiji; acted in The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers
 Satyanand, Anand, Governor-General of New Zealand; born in New Zealand to Fiji-born parents of Indian origin
 Singh, Bobby, Canadian football player; born in Suva
 Singh, Jason, Australian-born singer; Fiji Indian father

References

Ii bhi dekho

Fiji
Fiji ke log

Fiji ke khaas log ke list


Bruce C. McKenna (born March 14, 1962) is an American writer for television and film. He was the co-executive producer, creator, principal writer and researcher on the 2010 HBO 10 part mini-series, The Pacific, which was co-produced by Steven Spielberg and Tom Hanks.

Early life
McKenna, a native of Englewood, New Jersey, is the youngest son of paleontologist Malcolm McKenna and Priscilla McKenna, who had served as Englewood's City Council President. He attended Elisabeth Morrow School and graduated from Dwight-Englewood School in 1980 and Wesleyan University in 1984, Phi Beta Kappa, where he majored in European history and received the Dutcher History Prize. After graduation, he attended the Ph.D. program in Russian and Soviet intellectual history at Stanford University for one year. McKenna left Stanford to become a freelance writer focusing in politics and foreign affairs.

Career
Before his work in television and film, McKenna worked as a journalist and freelance writer. He has written many articles on the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and Pakistan, and has interviewed Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto. McKenna "was the first Western journalist to write about Pamyat, the Russian anti-Semitic movement that emerged after the breakup of the Soviet Union." His work has appeared in Arete, the arts magazine, The National Review, The New York Times, and other publications.

In 2001, he wrote three episodes of the television series Band of Brothers, entitled: "The Last Patrol" (co-writer; eighth episode), "Bastogne" (sole writer; sixth episode), and "Replacements" (co-writer; fourth episode).  McKenna's "Bastogne" episode won a Writers Guild Award, garnered an Emmy nomination, and was a finalist for the Humanitas Prize.

The Pacific received eight Emmy Awards, including one for Outstanding Miniseries, at the 62nd annual Emmy Award ceremony held on August 29, 2010.  The Pacific had been nominated for 24 Emmy Awards, including McKenna's nomination for "Outstanding Writing for a Miniseries, Movie or Dramatic Special" for his writing (with co-writer Robert Schenkkan) of the episode "The Pacific" - "Part Ten."

He is currently adapting Arthur C. Clarke's novel Rendezvous with Rama for the screen.  He also is writing the screenplay for The Hands of Shang-Chi. In 2002, McKenna sold a pitch for an "Untitled Western" that he went on to write for a high-seven figure deal.  Ridley Scott is currently attached to direct.

References

External links

Living people
1962 births
Dwight-Englewood School alumni
Writers from Englewood, New Jersey
Wesleyan University alumni
American male screenwriters
American television writers
American male television writers
Screenwriters from New Jersey
Writers Guild of America Award winners

Bruce C. McKenna


City of York was a  iron ship which sank after hitting a reef off Rottnest Island in the last few kilometres of its voyage from San Francisco to Fremantle, Western Australia in 1899.

The three masted, , iron-hulled ship was built in 1869 by Glasgow shipbuilders J. Elder and Company. The British owners were the 'Ship City of York Company'.

Sinking
The vessel departed San Francisco on 13 April 1899 under Captain Phillip Jones with a cargo of  of Oregon timber and 3,638 doors. After making a record passage to Western Australia, she approached Rottnest from the north on the afternoon of 12 July 1899 in stormy weather including blinding rain and heavy seas. At that time, Wadjemup Lighthouse at the centre of the island was the single lighthouse on Rottnest. The ship was seen by the lighthouse keeper at 4:30 pm on a north-westerly bearing about 29 km (18 mi) off the coast of the island, heading north-east.

The keeper telephoned the news of the sighting to the head pilot who was on duty in the main island settlement at Thompson Bay who readied himself and his pilot boat to go to the assistance of the ship once it signalled for a pilot.

At 6:45 pm, the ship had still not signalled for a pilot and the assistant lighthouse keeper challenged the ship by lighting a flare at the base of the lighthouse, meaning for the ship to stand off until the pilot had arrived.

The captain however mistook the signal for the international code as being from a pilot boat itself and that the ship should continue towards it (the pilot boat). The ship was now unwittingly sailing straight towards the shallow reefs which surround the island.

Lead was cast three times over 15 minutes to gauge the depth, and readings of  were taken respectively. Shortly after the last cast, breakers were sighted. The captain gave immediate orders to turn the ship but was unsuccessful and she struck remaining high on the reef  offshore from what is today the City of York bay, midway along the north side of the island.

11 men drown
Captain Jones ordered the 26 crew into the two lifeboats. Six men including First Mate William Pape managed to get in the first lifeboat before its holding rope broke and it drifted free from the stricken vessel. The remaining 20 men managed to get into the remaining lifeboat and stood a short distance off for an hour or so while Captain Jones considered his options. As the ship appeared to be holding steady of the reef, Jones ordered the lifeboat to return to the ship, but while doing so, the small boat was hit by a large wave and overturned, tipping all of the men into the heavy seas.

Eight men managed to re-board City of York and one man was picked up by the first mate's boat. 11 others including Captain Jones were drowned. After several hours battling the seas, the seven men in the remaining lifeboat managed to get to shore and several walked, exhausted, several kilometres through the bush to the lighthouse to raise the alarm. The remaining men onshore were recovered shortly afterwards and the following morning, the master and owner of the steam tug Dunskey, Captain William Douglas, rowed his vessel's  dinghy to the wreck from seaward and was able to rescue the remaining eight men on the ship.

Court of inquiry
An inquiry was held a week later which found that the wreck was caused by the "gross carelessness and want of judgement shown by the master"; that is, Captain Jones. The finding was based on Admiralty Sailing Directions which direct that a ship must not approach Rottnest on its west or north-west side to a depth of less than .

The ship's owners challenged the finding, arguing that the international code of practice said that flare-ups were used as a signal from a pilot boat to show that the boat was in safe water. As was the practice, Captain Jones had replied with blue lights to signal his acknowledgement of the safe water flare-up signal. By implication, the assistant lighthouse keeper had been negligent in using an incorrect signal.

Concern about the signalling procedures grew and a Joint Select Committee of both Houses of Parliament was established to investigate the harbour and pilot services of the colony. The committee overturned the findings of the initial inquiry and exonerated Captain Jones.

The owners instituted a claim for damages of £7,000 from the Government of Western Australia on the basis that the ship was lost due to misleading signals and that the government, as operators of the lighthouse was responsible. The case was pursued as far as the Privy Council in London in October 1902. The Privy Council case was not heard however, as the respondents allowed the appeal to lapse.

A settlement of £3,000 was negotiated in early 1903.

City of York was abandoned with general agreement of there being no likelihood of the hull being salvaged. Much of the timber cargo was salvageable however and was bought for £323/5/- by a Perth syndicate who also bought the cargo from Carlisle Castle.

Current condition
The wreck is located on the northern side of Rottnest Island, lying in  of water on a reef bottom with the bow facing to shore. It appears the vessel may have broken in two amidships with two sections of deck framing off centre. Several sections stand proud of the sea-bed. The hull has largely disintegrated with only the vessel's floors and the stern section recognisable. Plating, frames and stringers are strewn throughout the wreckage with one deck winch and sections of windlass the only machinery apparent.

The anchor from the ship has been retrieved from the wreck site and currently stands prominently outside the accommodation office on the island.

Another wreck and aftermath

The same storm also caused the wrecking of Carlisle Castle, a ,  barque which hit Coventry Reef at , a few kilometres south of Rottnest and  west of Penguin Island. The ship had been carrying general cargo as well as locking bars which were for the construction of the Goldfields Water Supply Scheme. Between 24 and 26 people were estimated to be on board. All on board were drowned. Initially, it was unclear if there was one or two shipwrecks after debris started floating ashore near South Beach in Fremantle. A pilot sent out from Fremantle ascertained the fate of Carlisle Castle at about the same time as City of York was first sighted, however delays in communications and the severe weather added to the confusing situation.

A short time after the storm, the government recognised the need for additional lighthouses to assist with navigation in the waters around the island and the approaches to Fremantle. A second lighthouse at Rottnest at Bathurst Point on the eastern end was built soon after, being completed just 13 months after the City of York incident.

A memorial at Fremantle Cemetery commemorates the lives lost in the City of York and Carlisle Castle tragedies. The memorial was built in 1900 from public subscriptions.

See also
Rottnest Island shipwrecks

Notes

References

Barques
Shipwrecks of Western Australia
Maritime incidents in 1899
Rottnest Island
1869 ships
Ships built on the River Clyde

City of York (barque)


Dorothy B. Hughes (August 10, 1904  May 6, 1993) was an American crime writer, literary critic, and historian. Hughes wrote fourteen crime and detective novels, primarily in the hardboiled and noir styles, and is best known for the novels In a Lonely Place (1947) and Ride the Pink Horse (1946).

Early life
Born Dorothy Belle Flanagan in Kansas City, Missouri, she studied journalism and after graduating from the University of Missouri with a B.J. degree in 1924 worked in that field in Missouri, New Mexico, and New York. She did graduate work in journalism at the University of New Mexico and at Columbia University without receiving degrees from either institution.

Career
Hughes's first published book, Dark Certainty (1931), a volume of poetry, won the Yale Series of Younger Poets Competition.

In 1940, she published her first mystery novel, The So Blue Marble. She published eight more mystery novels in the 1940s. She also wrote a history of the University of New Mexico and a critical study of writer Erle Stanley Gardner. In 1951 she received an Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America in the category of Outstanding Mystery Criticism, and in 1978 she was given the MWA's Grand Master award.

Hughes acknowledged the influence of such writers as Eric Ambler, Graham Greene, and William Faulkner. Her writing style and suspenseful plots exemplify the hardboiled genre of crime and detective novels, and her literary career associates her with other female crime writers of the 1940s and 1950s, such as Margaret Millar, Vera Caspary, Elisabeth Sanxay Holding, and Olive Higgins Prouty. In his afterword to a reissue of her last novel,  The Expendable Man (1963), Walter Mosley wrote that her fiction "captures an unease under the skin of everyday life in a way that is all her own."

Hughes was a successful writer and popular during her day. Three of her novels were made into feature films: The Fallen Sparrow (1943), starring John Garfield; In a Lonely Place (1950), directed by Nicholas Ray and starring Humphrey Bogart; and Ride the Pink Horse (1947), directed by and starring Robert Montgomery, which was remade for television in 1964 as The Hanged Man. Hughes made her home in Santa Fe, New Mexico, which she used as the setting of several novels.

From 1940 to 1979 she reviewed mysteries for The Albuquerque Tribune, the Los Angeles Times, the New York Herald-Tribune and other newspapers. Over the course of her career, she wrote a total of fourteen novels, the majority of which were published between 1940 and 1952.

Death
Hughes died on May 6, 1993, in Ashland, Oregon, from complications following a stroke.

Published books
Dark Certainty (1931) – poetry
Pueblo on the Mesa: The First Fifty Years of the University of New Mexico (1939)
The So Blue Marble (1940) – her first novel
The Cross-Eyed Bear (1940) – later published as The Cross-Eyed Bear Murders
The Bamboo Blonde (1941) – sequel to The So Blue Marble
The Fallen Sparrow (1942) – filmed in 1943
The Blackbirder (1943)
The Delicate Ape (1944)
Johnnie (1944)
Dread Journey (1945)
Ride the Pink Horse (1946) – filmed in 1947; Robert Montgomery Presents TV series, "Ride the Pink Horse" episode, 1950, remade in 1964 as The Hanged Man
The Scarlet Imperial (1946) – also published as Kiss for a Killer
In a Lonely Place (1947) – filmed in 1950
The Big Barbecue (1949)
The Candy Kid (1950) – Climax TV series, "Spider Web" episode in 1958
The Davidian Report (1952) – also published as The Body on the Bench, 1952; Robert Montgomery Presents TV series, "The Davidian Report" episode, 1952
The Expendable Man (1963) – republished by Persephone Books, 2006
Erle Stanley Gardner: The Case of the Real Perry Mason (1978) – critical biography

References

Further reading
 DeAndrea, William L. (1994). Encyclopedia Mysteriosa. A Comprehensive Guide to the Art of Detection in Print, Film, Radio, and Television. New York: Macmillan.

External links

1904 births
1993 deaths
Writers from Kansas City, Missouri
American crime fiction writers
20th-century American novelists
Edgar Award winners
Writers from Santa Fe, New Mexico
American women journalists
Yale Younger Poets winners
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American poets
American women novelists
American women poets
Women mystery writers
Novelists from Missouri
University of Missouri alumni
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American Noir writers

Dorothy B. Hughes


War Correspondent is a 1932 American drama film directed by Paul Sloane. The film stars Jack Holt, Ralph Graves and Lila Lee. Although set in war-torn China, War Correspondent was entirely shot in California.

Plot
Outside of Shanghai, famous war correspondent Franklyn Bennett (Ralph Graves), part of an unofficial branch of the U.S. military, broadcasts over the radio an eyewitness report of an air battle won by China's ace, "General Ching," flying for the nationalist forces of Wu Sun (Victor Wong).

"General Ching" is Jim Kenyon (Jack Holt), a cynical American soldier of fortune. Wu Sun presents Jim with the Order of the Golden Dragon, China's highest medal for defeating the forces of General Fang (Tetsu Komai). The airman excuses himself to meet Julie March (Lila Lee), a former prostitute.

When Julie's rickshaw is smashed by an automobile, the passenger is a former client. Franklyn rescues her and escorts her back to the Cathay Hotel. A short time later, he places a notice in The North China Times announcing his engagement to Julie, exaggerating her "rescue" from a "mob of howling coolies."

Jim is jealous, and during a party at the hotel, Jim denounces the reporter as a liar and coward. Jim orders Franklyn imprisoned, and creates a false statement saying that the journalist attacked him. Jim forces Franklyn to leave China within 24 hours or face a firing squad. Frank tells Julie that he really is a coward, but she implores him to take her with him.

That night, bandit leader General Fang's thugs kidnap Julie and when Franklyn learns of her capture, he pleads with Jim to rescue her. Jim flies his aircraft to Fang's headquarters but Fang, bitter that Jim had switched allegiances for money, wants to make a bargain for Julie's life.

Jim offers Franklyn but relents and kills Fang. The two men prop Fang's limp bodies between their own and flee to the nearby airfield. Franklyn and Julie drive away, while Jim takes to the sky and attacks the forces pursuing their car but is wounded by enemy fire.

After his aircraft crashes, Jim is comforted by Julie. Along with her husband, she places the Order of the Golden Dragon on the chest of their dead friend.

Cast

 Jack Holt as Jim Kenyon
 Ralph Graves as Franklyn Bennett
 Lila Lee as Julie March
 Victor Wong as Wu Sun
 Tetsu Komai as Fang
 Luke Chan as Bandit
 Chester Gan as Bandit
 Richard Loo as Bandit
 William V. Mong as Man with Marked Shoe
 Miki Morita as Bandit
 James Wang as Bandit
 Otto Yamaoka as Bandit

Production
Principal photography on War Correspondent began on May 31 with the production wrapped on June 25, 1932. The locales used were the Wilson Airport transformed into a military base, while other location shooting took place at the Dry Lake, 20 miles east of Victorville, California in the Mojave Desert. Roy and Tave Wilson were the stunt pilots hired for the film, flying Speedwing Travelairs.

Reception
Mordaunt Hall in his review for The New York Times, described War Correspondent as, "An amateurish melodrama revelling in the title of 'War Correspondent' is the present film feature at the Paramount. If it possesses anything interesting, it is Chinese atmosphere, but it would take a great deal more than this to make up for the absurdities in the story."

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 Etling, Laurence. Radio in the Movies: A History and Filmography, 1926-2010. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., 2014. .
 Pendo, Stephen. Aviation in the Cinema. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 1985. .
 Wynne, H. Hugh. The Motion Picture Stunt Pilots and Hollywood's Classic Aviation Movies. Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Co., 1987. .

External links

1932 films
1932 drama films
American drama films
Films directed by Paul Sloane
Films with screenplays by Jo Swerling
Columbia Pictures films
American aviation films
1930s English-language films
1930s American films
English-language drama films

War Correspondent (film)


H.I.T (), also known as Homicide Investigation Team, is a 2007 South Korean television series starring Go Hyun-jung, Ha Jung-woo, Kim Jung-min, and Yoon Ji-min. It aired on MBC from March 19 to May 22, 2007 on Mondays and Tuesdays at 21:55 for 20 episodes. A police procedural crime drama that integrated crime scene analysis with action, suspense, and romance, H.I.T represented a departure from the usual Korean drama subjects of love and relationships.

Plot
Tough, sharp-shooting, and just a bit unkempt, Cha Soo-kyung (Go Hyun-jung) is the leader of Investigation Team 1 at the Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency. She is haunted by her failure, years ago, to catch a serial killer who wound up murdering her fiancé and escaping. When a new serial killer whose crimes resemble the old killer's surfaces in Seoul, Cha is appointed as the first female detective to head  H.I.T, the Homicide Investigation Team, charged with capturing the murderer. Soo-kyung's work is her life, and she is most comfortable when she is with her team. Because of her determination and work ethic, she immediately clashes with newly appointed D.A. Kim Jae-yoon (Ha Jung-woo) from the Prosecutor's Office who was assigned to work for H.I.T. Jae-yoon is a laid-back playboy whose greatest priority is to enjoy life. Despite their differences and personal conflicts, the two make a surprisingly formidable crime-fighting duo, and slowly realize that they have a lot to learn from each other. Soo-kyung must overcome her past and her grief for her dead boyfriend, and come to terms with her feelings for Jae-yoon.

Cast

Main characters
Go Hyun-jung as Cha Soo-kyung
Cha Soo-kyung is a lieutenant of Investigation Team 1 at the Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency, and the first female chief of homicide. She is single. Too busy to go home, she spends five days a week at the women's dorm in the Police Agency. Her hair is always messy and she walks around the office in sweats that has "Seoul Police Agency" written on it in huge print. Due to her athlete's foot, she wears toe socks that even the guys refuse to be seen in. Her only hobby is playing ball with her team. She has become tougher than anybody else since she has worked and lived among rugged detectives and criminals, but no one has been to her home. D.A. Kim Jae-yoon is the first one to set foot into her house. The place is simple and neat, and surprisingly, there is a teddy bear on her bed. She did indeed have a feminine side. But the biggest surprise comes from her shoe closet. It is filled with an incredible number of high heels.

She leads a life that confuses even herself on whether she's a man or a woman, but her shoes satisfy her feminine desire. Jae-yoon insists that her shoeholic tendency represents her yearning of her lost femininity and the reality that blocks her from exposing her feminine side. "Dump the toe socks and be a woman," he pleads but she casually blows it off. She shuts him up by solving a case with her expansive knowledge of shoes. She has the ability to recreate a crime scene with the shoe prints at the scene and predicts the criminal's occupation or traits by analyzing the shape and texture of the shoe.

She's a great shooter and is greatly attached to her guns. She has never had to shoot anyone yet but she's always ready for the inevitable circumstance. She believes that the gun puts her on an equal standing with men. She thinks that a woman with a gun versus a man with a gun is more equal than a woman versus a man. That's why she prefers a 38mm revolver to a 22mm.

Soo-kyung believes that:
"A cop without a sense of justice is nothing but a gangster."
"Victims are not tools of investigation, they are the purpose."
"Dream teams don't exist. They are created."
"Justice must take place when it can or it may never will."
"Han Sang-min is the only man in my life. The rest fall into three categories; colleagues, criminals or victims."

Ha Jung-woo as Kim Jae-yoon
Kang Soo-han as young Kim Jae-yoon
Kim Jae-yoon is a rookie district attorney at the Prosecutor's Office. He is single and an individualist who believes life is about having fun. The youngest son from a wealthy family, Jae-yoon is so smart that he has never failed a single test in his life. Overly optimistic to the point of being immature, he loves women, gambling, and traveling around the world. He has an extensive knowledge in music and art and whatever else he's interested in. Because he was born with a silver spoon in his mouth, there is nothing that he wants or expects in life.

He thinks the road to happiness is to have less and do less. He went to graduate school simply because he didn't want to get a job. After fulfilling his military duty as a KATUSA, he studied for the CPA and passed the test. But deciding that he didn't want to be an accountant, he studies for the judicial exam and passes. After graduating from the Judicial Research and Training Institute at the age of 30, he tries to land an easy position as a DA but ends up in the "Organized Crime and Violent Crime Analysis Team." However, he isn't that disappointed. The fact that they appointed a rookie D.A. like him to be in charge must mean that the team will last only about three months as so many other special task forces have before, or it must be a publicity stunt, or a ploy to get more budget. So it's the perfect place for someone like him who doesn't have any sense of justice or the drive to catch criminals. He just hopes to kill time and become a lawyer when the time is right. He wishes he won't get tangled up in a difficult situation.

Jae-yoon believes that:
"Protector of the people? Just do your job. That will make everyone happy."
"A husband who talks too much about his family often turns out to be a wife-beater and a leader who talks too much about team-work often turns out to be a bad leader."
"Try not to want anything too much, whether it's love or work. Your happiness ends the moment you start to desire."
"It's better to give up as soon as you can."
"Women are like bad habits. Keep them around all the time but always think about quitting."
"Being a pioneer is great. But I don't have to be that person."

Kim Jung-min as Kim Yong-doo
Kim Yong-doo is a 40-year-old ex-cop who currently runs a bar. He was demoted after a serial murder case that took the life of Soo-kyung's boyfriend Han Sang-min 14 years ago. He tried to forget about the incident by being a traffic police officer but that didn't work and he opened a bar after retiring. His old colleagues and cops are his regulars. He feels guilty about Han's death and he's compassionate towards Soo-kyung who took refuge in her work after losing her loved one. Somewhere along the line, that compassion turned to love. He hopes that Soo-kyung will leave the past behind and move on but she seems to have a problem opening herself up and she still has the tendency to link any homicide case to that old case.

He may have quit the force, but the reason he is lingering around by opening a bar near the agency and asks around for any information whenever there's a murder case and collects any related information, is because he still can't let go of it either.

When Jae-yoon comes into Soo-kyung's life, he doesn't know whether to be happy or sad.

He's a good bar owner who treats even the rudest customer well and is Soo-kyung's best friend who has stayed by her side for 15 years. Both of them go on dates and hook each other up with people they know, but still joke around, saying, "Is it considered cheating if I marry someone else?" "I think so."

Yoon Ji-min as Jung In-hee
Jung In-hee is a doctor at the National Institute of Scientific Investigation, specializing in hypnosis. She's also a criminal analyst at the Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency's VICAT (Violent Crime Analysis Team). She analyzes crime and refreshes the suspect's or the victim's memory with hypnosis. She also uses a lie detector when a case is assigned to VICAT.

She has known Jae-yoon since childhood, as their families were close. He is her confidant as well as her crush.

Supporting characters

Son Hyun-joo as Superintendent Jo Gyu-won
Ma Dong-seok as Detective Nam Seong-shik
Jung Eun-woo as Detective Kim Il-joo
Kim Jung-tae as Detective Shim Jong-geum
Choi Il-hwa as Detective Jang Yong-hwa
Lee Young-ha as D.A. Jung Taek-won, In-hee's father
Jung Sun-woo as Yeo Soon-kyung
Seo Hyun-jin as Jang Hee-jin, Detective Jang's daughter
Song Kwi-hyun as Chief of Police
Jo Kyung-hwan as Police Commissioner
Yoon Seo-hyun as Jung Man-soo
Ji Sang-ryul as Kang Yong-pil
Jeon Young-bin as Kim Jung-bin
Son Il-kwon as Shin Chang-soo
Um Hyo-sup as Shin Il-young
Oh Yeon-seo as Son Seong-ok
Yoon Joo-hee as nurse
Joo Min-ha
Na Kyung-mi
Son Young-soon
Choi In-sook
Han Young-kwang
Lee Hae-in
Jung Jin-gak
Jung Kyung-ho as Lee Hae-kang (guest appearance, ep 4)
Jung Ho-bin (guest appearance)
Kim Bu-seon (guest appearance)
Jung Doo-hong (cameo appearance)
 Jo Jae-yoon

References

International broadcast
 It aired in Vietnam on HTV3 beginning July 3, 2010.

External links
H.I.T official MBC website
H.I.T at MBC Global Media

MBC TV television dramas
2007 South Korean television series debuts
2007 South Korean television series endings
Korean-language television shows
South Korean crime television series
Television shows written by Kim Young-hyun
Television series by Kim Jong-hak Production

H.I.T (TV series)


Mount Agung, a volcano on the island of Bali in Indonesia, erupted in 2017. Thousands of people had to leave the area. Air travel was affected. As of 27 November 2017, the alert level was at its highest and evacuation orders were in place.

Tectonic earthquakes from the volcano had been detected since early August. Volcanic activity increased for several weeks. It decreased significantly in late October. A second, more violent period of major activity began in late November.

Forty thousand people had to leave 22 villages around Mount Agung. Airports had to be closed. More than 400 flights were canceled. About 59,000 passengers could not get on their flights.

References

eruption of Mount Agung
2010s in Indonesia

2017 eruption of Mount Agung


Jamil al-Ulshi (17 January 1883 – 25 March 1951) () was a Syrian politician, two-time prime minister of Syria and acting head of state (17 January – 25 March 1943) during the French Mandate era.

Biography
He was born and raised in Damascus, and educated in the Ottoman Military Academy in Istanbul.

He defected from the Ottoman army and joined the Arab revolt under the leadership of Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca. After the end of World War I, he was a member of a six-man committee charged with discharging executive authority in Syria until the Kingdom of Syria was proclaimed under Faisal I, after which, in October 1918, he was appointed private chamberlain to the new monarch. However, the kingdom was dissolved by the French, who imposed their mandate on Syria in July 1920 and exiled Faisal (see Sykes-Picot Agreement and San Remo conference). Ulshi remained behind and participated in successive pro-French and French-appointed puppet governments, occupying several high posts in the cabinet, becoming acting Prime Minister on 6 September 1920. He rapidly gained a reputation for subservience to the French and nepotism, appointing several family members to high government posts. The French mandate authorities subdivided Syria into independent and semi-independent zones and annexed large areas to Lebanon, enraging Syrian nationalists, and several revolts broke out across the country.

Ulshi became increasingly unpopular when he did nothing to oppose these measures, and raised no objections to the severe French military response to the revolts. He was forced to resign on 30 November 1920. He remained a political outcast until 1928, when he was able to return to the cabinet as Minister of Finance when his longtime ally Taj al-Din al-Hasani became Prime minister; he held this post until August 1930, when he retired. He came out of retirement in September 1941 to become an advisor to Hasani when the latter assumed the presidency. Hasani asked Ulshi to form a government in January 1943. He did so, giving several posts to nationalist politicians to appease the opposition. However Hasani died that same month, and Ulshi became acting president as well as prime minister. His tenure was marred by widespread public anger and rioting at high prices and taxes imposed to aid the unpopular French war effort in Europe. He was again forced to resign, and disappeared from public life until his death eight years later.

References
 Sami Moubayed Steel & Silk: Men and Women Who Shaped Syria 1900–2000 (Cune Press, Seattle, 2005) .

1883 births
1951 deaths
Arab people from the Ottoman Empire
20th-century Syrian politicians
Political people from the Ottoman Empire
Presidents of Syria
Prime Ministers of Syria
Syrian ministers of finance
Syrian ministers of defense
20th-century presidents in Asia

Jamil al-Ulshi


François-Claudius Compte-Calix (1813–1880) was a French painter of genre subjects and portraits. He was born in Lyons and studied in the fine art school of his native city, and in the studio of J. C. Bonnefond. He first exhibited at the Paris Salon in 1840. His Vieil Ami, painted in 1863, was in the International Exhibition at Paris in 1867. He died at Chazay d'Azergues near Lyons in 1880.

References

1813 births
1880 deaths
19th-century French painters
French male painters
Artists from Lyon
19th-century French male artists

François-Claudius Compte-Calix


Diegetic music or source music is music in a drama (e.g., film, opera, musical or video game) that is part of the fictional setting and so is knowingly performed and heard by the characters.  The term refers to diegesis, a style of storytelling. In 1987 Claudia Gorbman was influential in establishing the terms "diegetic/non-diegetic" (derived from narrative theory) for use in academic film music and soundtrack studies, and from there its usage spread to other disciplines.

Film
The opposite of source music is incidental music or underscoring, which is music heard by the viewer (or player), intended to comment on or highlight the action, but is not to be understood as part of the "reality" of the fictional setting.

Source music was sometimes used as scores from the earliest days of Hollywood talkies, in some cases—e.g., The Public Enemy (1931)—using it to the exclusion of any underscoring; or in Touch of Evil (1958), where there is proportionately more source compared to underscore.

In Britain from 1940 onwards there was a trend for including specially composed piano concertos (dubbed 'Denham Concertos' by Steve Race after the film studios) into films as part of the plot. An early example was Jack Beaver's 'Portrait of Isla' from the score for the 1940 Edgar Wallace film The Case of the Frightened Lady. Here the piano is actually played by lead actor Marius Goring (an accomplished pianist) as Lord Lebanon. A year later Richard Addinsell's much more famous Warsaw Concerto appeared in the film Dangerous Moonlight, in which a piano virtuoso plays a concerts and recalls composing the concerto while the Germans bomb London.

Songs are commonly used in various film sequences to serve different purposes. They can be used to link scenes in the story where a character progresses through various stages toward a final goal. If it is synchronized with the action, as in the "Good Morning" dance sequence from Singin' in the Rain, it is said to be Mickey Mousing.

Source and background music
If the characters in the film can (or could) hear the music the audience hears, then that music is called diegetic. It is also called source music by professionals in the industry. It is said to be within the narrative sphere of the film. For instance, if a character in the film is playing a piano, or turns on a CD player, the resulting sound is diegetic. The cantina band sequence in the original Star Wars is an example of diegetic music in film, with the band playing instruments and swaying to the beat, as patrons are heard reacting to the second piece the band plays. In road movies where the characters are traveling by car, we often hear the music that the characters are depicted as listening to on the car stereo.

By contrast, the background music that cannot be heard by the characters in the movie is termed non-diegetic or extradiegetic. An example of this is in Rocky, where Bill Conti's "Gonna Fly Now" plays non-diegetically as Rocky makes his way through his training regimen finishing on the top steps of the Philadelphia Museum of Art with his hands raised in the air.

Variations
A combination of these concepts in film sound and music is known in the industry as source scoring—a blending of diegetic source music, such as a character singing or playing an instrument, with non-diegetic dramatic scoring.

There are other varying dimensions of diegesis in film sound, for example, metadiegetic sound, which are sounds imagined by a character within the film, such as memories, hallucinatory sounds, and distorted perspectives.

Another notable condition of diegesis is cross-over diegesis, which is explored in the book Primeval Cinema - An Audiovisual Philosophy by Danny Hahn, in which he describes it as "blending/transforming a sound or piece of music from one spectrum of diegesis to another – from diegetic to non-diegetic space". The sci-film 2BR02B: To Be or Naught to Be is an example of cross-over diegetic music in film, with Schubert's Ave Maria playing over separate shot sequences as non-diegetic music, but then later showing it to come from a gramophone in a hospital waiting room. The music also becomes diegetic with the assistance of audio engineering techniques, having its reverberation undergo change to match the room's characteristics and indicate a spatial location from the surround speakers. Even though Ave Maria reappears extensively as diegetic music, its inclusion was treated as non-diegetic by the film-makers, the song being a bespoke recording by soprano Imogen Coward to match the film's tone, and the film being edited to her recording. The recording itself was timed to include a layer of narrative commentary for audiences familiar with the German lyrics.

This distinction may also be made explicit for comic effect, a form of breaking the fourth wall. For example, the first appearance of Kermit the Frog in The Muppets is accompanied by what initially appears to be a stock "heavenly choir" sound effect, which is then revealed to be coming from an actual church choir singing on a passing bus.

Opera
Examples of diegetic music in opera go right back to its beginnings - for instance the central wedding serenade in Monteverdi's L'Orfeo. Stories about musicians are common in opera, and almost all operas include some level of internal performance. Wagner used the singing contest as a plot mechanism in Tannhäuser and Die Meistersinger, and Bizet's Carmen makes full use of the street music and street activity of Seville.  Ariadne auf Naxos by Richard Strauss is an example of opera within an opera. Benjamin Britten's Peter Grimes contains a wide variety of diegetic music.

Musical theatre
In musical theatre, as in film, the term "diegesis" refers to the context of a musical number in a work's theatrical narrative. In typical operas or operettas, musical numbers are non-diegetic; characters are not singing in a manner that they would do in a naturalistic setting; in a sense, they are not "aware" that they are in a musical. In contrast, when a song occurs literally in the plot, the number is considered diegetic. Diegetic numbers are often present in backstage musicals such as Cabaret and Follies.

For example, in The Sound of Music, the song "Edelweiss" is diegetic, since the character (Captain von Trapp) is performing the piece in front of other fictional characters at a gathering. In "Do-Re-Mi" the character Maria is using the song to teach the children how to sing, so this song is also diegetic. In contrast, the song "How Do You Solve A Problem Like Maria?" is non-diegetic, since the musical material is external to the narrative, it being a conversation that would in a naturalistic setting take place as simple speech.

In both the 1936 and the 1951 film versions of Show Boat, as well as in the original stage version, the song "Bill" is diegetic. The character Julie LaVerne sings it during a rehearsal in a nightclub. A solo piano (played onscreen) accompanies her, and the film's offscreen orchestra (presumably not heard by the characters) sneaks in for the second verse of the song. Julie's other song in the film, "Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man", is also diegetic. In the 1936 film, it is supposed to be an old folk song known only to blacks; in the 1951 film, it is merely a song that Julie knows; however, she and the captain's daughter Magnolia are fully aware that Julie is singing. When Julie, Queenie, and the black chorus sing the second chorus of the song in the 1936 version, they are presumably unaware of any orchestral accompaniment, but in the 1951 film, when Magnolia sings and dances this same chorus, she does so to the accompaniment of two deckhands on the boat playing a banjo and a harmonica. Two other songs in the 1936 Show Boat are also diegetic: "Goodbye, My Lady Love" (sung by the comic dancers Ellie and Frank), and "After the Ball", sung by Magnolia. Both are interpolated into the film, and both are performed in the same nightclub in which Julie sings "Bill".

The musical The Phantom of the Opera offers an interesting example of ambiguity in distinguishing between diegetic and non-diegetic music. At the end of Act 1, Christine and Raoul sing "All I Ask of You", and the Phantom, having eavesdropped on them, reprises the song shortly after. Narratively, there is no reason for the characters to be singing, and so these numbers would appear to be non-diegetic. However, in Act 2, within the opera "Don Juan Triumphant", which the Phantom composed, not only are Christine and Raoul's words repeated, but they are sung to the same tune they used, suggesting that the eavesdropping Phantom heard them to be singing, rather than speaking, their conversation. To define "All I Ask of You" as either diegetic or non-diegetic is therefore not straightforward.

Television
In the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer, the episode entitled "Once More, with Feeling" toys with the distinction between diegetic and non-diegetic musical numbers. In this episode, the Buffy characters find themselves compelled to burst into song in the style of a musical. The audience is led to assume that this is a "musical episode", in which the characters are unaware that they are singing. It becomes clear that the characters are all too aware of their musical interludes, and that determining the supernatural causes of the singing is the focus of the episode's story. On the same show, the episode entitled "The Body" was presented without any non-diegetic music at all, in order to convey the reality of the theme of death within the family that it portrays.

See also
Diegesis
Incidental music
Background music
Ambient music
Furniture music
Film score

References

Film sound production
Theatrical sound production

Diegetic music


Contract management software constitutes a range of computer programmes, libraries and data used to support contract management, contract lifecycle management, and contractor management on projects and in the procurement of goods and services. It may be used with project management software.

Advantages and key functions
Most sophisticated projects involving contractors now use contract management software instead of relying on the manual management of paper contracts. It has become an essential tool for keeping track of multiple activities with cost implications and can be especially helpful for automating administration, ensuring compliance, monitoring risk, running reports and triggering alerts. In addition to these types of features, contract management software systems provide a centralized repository for employees to quickly access all contracts worldwide in one place. Having contracts stored in multiple locations can delay and interrupt the contracting process.

Contract management software is produced by many companies, working on a range of scales and offering varying degrees of customizability. Basic functions should include the ability to store contract documents, track changes to contract documents, search documents for a particular criterion, send key date alerts and to report required aspects of the contract. Other functions include managing a new contract request, capturing related data, following a document through a review and approval process, and collecting digital signatures.

Contract management software may also be an aid to project portfolio management and spend analysis, and may also monitor KPIs. Leading contract management software provides contract visibility, monitoring, and compliance to automate and streamline the contract lifecycle process.

A centralized repository provides a critical advantage allowing for all contract documents to be stored within one location. Having contracts stored in multiple locations can delay and interrupt the contracting process.

History
Historically, contract management has been seen as a "paper-intensive" process. Early steps from the early 2000's reported by the Aberdeen Group required extensive data conversion work to enable documents to be handled electronically. With the adoption of the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation in 2016, companies have needed to take additional steps in regards to contract management. Each data responsible entity is obliged to sign data processing agreements (DPAs) with the various vendors, who treat personal data on behalf of the data responsible. DPAs need to be regularly controlled, adjusted and renewed, which adds an extra agreement to such vendors or at least an extra DPA addendum to each agreement.

Contract risk management software (CRMS) for capital projects

Very large enterprises, such as capital expenditure (capex) projects, involve multiple parties and high risk and uncertainty. They are unlike traditional operating contracts in that they are subject to shared deadlines in unique situations. As the complexity of these unique projects increases, the relationships between parties become more important. This requires contract management software, or contract risk management software (CRMS), to become more dynamic and responsive.

The terms of these capex contracts necessarily involve assumptions at the start of the process and are likely to change over the lifetime of the project lifecycle. For this reason, CRMS must be capable of recording one single instance of agreed changes to contract terms and incorporating these changes in an auditable and legally robust way. With multiple decision makers involved, CRMS should also make accountability more transparent and enable faster decisions about variation proposals.

Artificial intelligence in contract management software
Contract management software that uses artificial intelligence (AI) can identify contract types based on pattern recognition. AI contracting software trains its algorithm on a set of contract data to recognize patterns and extract variables such as clauses, dates, and parties. It also offers simple prediction capabilities, by sorting through a large volume of contracts and flagging individual contracts based on specified criteria. Current AI software can also read contracts in multiple formats and languages, extract contract data, and provide analytics. It can reduce the risk of human error in contract drafting and review.

Select list of applications

 Agiloft
 Apttus
 Concord
 Gatekeeper
 Icertis
 Ironclad
 Onit
 SpringCM

References

Application software
Business software
Contract management software
Project management software

Contract management software


The American herring gull or Smithsonian gull (Larus smithsonianus or Larus argentatus smithsonianus) is a large gull that breeds in North America, where it is treated by the American Ornithological Society as a subspecies of herring gull (L. argentatus).

Adults are white with gray back and wings, black wingtips with white spots, and pink legs. Immature birds are gray-brown and are darker and more uniform than European herring gulls, with a darker tail.  As is common with other gulls, they are colloquially referred to simply as seagulls.

It occurs in a variety of habitats including coasts, lakes, rivers, parking lots and garbage dumps. Its broad diet includes invertebrates, fish, and many other items. It usually nests near water, laying around three eggs in a scrape on the ground.

Taxonomy
This gull was first described as a new species in 1862 by Elliott Coues based on a series of specimens from the Smithsonian Institution. It was later reclassified as a subspecies of the herring gull (Larus argentatus). The genus name is from Latin Larus, which refers to a gull or other large seabird. The species name smithsonianus commemorates English chemist James Smithson whose £100,000 bequest enabled the foundation of the institution that bears his name.

The taxonomy of the herring gull group is very complicated and much is still controversial and uncertain. A 2002 study suggested that the American herring gull is not closely related to European herring gulls, belonging instead to a separate clade of gulls. Several authorities such as the Association of European Rarities Committees and British Ornithologists' Union now recognize it as a separate species. The BOU also includes the Vega gull (Larus vegae) of northeastern Asia within the American herring gull. The American Ornithologists' Union has not adopted the split and continues to treat the American herring gull as a subspecies of Larus argentatus.

Description

It is a heavily built large gull with a long powerful bill, full chest and sloping forehead. Males are  long and weigh . Females are  long and weigh . The wingspan is . Among standard measurements, the wing chord is , the bill is  and the tarsus is .

Breeding adults have a white head, rump, tail, and underparts and a pale gray back and upperwings. The wingtips are black with white spots known as "mirrors" and the trailing edge of the wing is white. The underwing is grayish with dark tips to the outer primary feathers. The legs and feet are normally pink but can have a bluish tinge, or occasionally be yellow. The bill is yellow with a red spot on the lower mandible. The eye is bright, pale to medium yellow, with a bare yellow or orange ring around it. In winter, the head and neck are streaked with brown.

Young birds take four years to reach fully adult plumage. During this time they go through several plumage stages and can be very variable in appearance. First-winter birds are gray-brown with a dark tail, a brown rump with dark bars, dark outer primaries and pale inner primaries, dark eyes, and a dark bill, which usually develops a paler base through the winter. The head is often paler than the body. Second-winter birds typically have pale eyes, pale bill with black tip, pale head, and begin to show gray feathers on the back. Third-winter birds are closer to adults but still have some black on the bill and brown on the body and wings and have a black band on the tail.

Voice
It has no song but possesses a variety of cries and calls. An initial call in response to a threat is a quick "hahaha", varying in intensity depending on the threat. The more-intense "keow" is a loud yet short alarm call that is both identifying and communicative of impending danger. The "long call" is a series of loud notes during which the head is dipped and then raised. The "choking" call is produced during courtship displays, nest construction or territorial disputes, accompanied by a rapid bobbing of the head in a direction of interest. The "mew" call is used with an extended downturned neck to call attention in many contexts including chick or mate calling and nest defense. Juvenile birds emit high-pitched plaintive cries to elicit feeding behavior from a parent and may also emit a clicking distress call when a parent suddenly flies off .

Similar species
Adult European herring gulls are very similar to American herring gulls but those of the subspecies L. a. argenteus are smaller than many American birds while those of the northern subspecies L. a. argentatus are typically darker gray above. European birds lack the long gray tongues on the 6th, 7th, and 8th primaries and solid black markings on the 5th and 6th primaries that are shown by American herring gulls. First-winter European birds have more checkered upperparts, more streaked underparts, and a paler rump and base to the tail.

Distribution and habitat

The breeding range extends across the northern part of North America from central and southern Alaska to the Great Lakes and the northeast coast of the United States from Maine south to North Carolina. It breeds over most of Canada apart from the southwest and Arctic regions.

Birds are present all year in southern Alaska, the Great Lakes, and the north-east USA, but most birds winter to the south of the breeding range as far as Mexico with small numbers reaching Hawaii, Central America and the West Indies. Vagrants have reached Colombia and Venezuela and there is a report from Ecuador and another from Peru. The first European record was of a bird ringed in New Brunswick which was caught on a boat in Spanish waters in 1937 and there have been a number of additional records from Western Europe since 1990. The first British record was in 1994 in Cheshire.

It usually nests in colonies near water on coasts, islands, and cliffs. It also nests on rooftops in some cities. It feeds at sea and on beaches, mudflats, lakes, rivers, fields, and refuse dumps. It roosts in open areas close to feeding sites.

Behavior

Feeding

It has a varied diet, including marine invertebrates such as mussels, crabs, sea urchins, and squid; fish such as capelin, alewife, and smelt; insects; and other birds including their chicks and eggs. It often feeds on carrion and human refuse. Food is plucked from the surface of the shore or sea or is caught by dipping underwater or by shallow plunge-diving. They also feed on clams and mussels by dropping them from a height on hard surfaces such as roads or rocks to break their shells. There is some question about whether this behavior is learned or innate, although it seems to be learned.

Reproduction
Pairs form in March or April. The nest is a scrape on the ground lined with vegetation such as grass, seaweed, and feathers. Usually three eggs are laid over a four- to six-day period. They are  long and are variable in color with brown markings on a pale blue, olive, or cinnamon background. The eggs are incubated for 30–32 days beginning when the second egg is laid. The young birds fledge after 6–7 weeks and are fed in the nest area for several more weeks. They continue to be cared for by the parents until they are about 6 months old. Both parents are involved in building the nest, incubating the eggs and feeding the young.
It has been observed that some pairs cement a close bond, staying in watchful proximity of each other year-round; Other gulls display more independence, but may take the same mate each spring.

Status
The species became quite rare during the 19th century when it was hunted for its eggs and feathers. From the 1930s to the 1960s, it increased rapidly due to protection from hunting, increased waste from fisheries to feed on, and less competition for small fish and invertebrates as humans reduced the populations of large fish, whales, and pinnipeds (seals). It was one of many impacted by high DDT usage, and was the target of the study that first linked DDT to eggshell thinning. Population growth leveled off during the 1970s and 80s and may now be declining in some areas.

References

Further reading

Identification

 Lonergan, Pat and Killian Mullarney (2004) Identification of American Herring Gull in a western European context Dutch Birding 26(1): 1-35

External links

Gull Identification Website: Herring Gull (smithsonianus)
Martin Reid's Gull Website: American Herring Gull photos

American herring gull
Native birds of Alaska
Birds of Canada
Birds of the Dominican Republic
Native birds of the Northeastern United States
American herring gull
Taxa named by Elliott Coues

American herring gull