Mariette Hélène Delangle (1900–1984), better known by her stage name Hellé Nice, was a French dancer and motor racing driver.  She danced in Paris at the Hôtel Ritz, Olympia Hall and Casino de Paris, before her career was ended by a skiing accident. She then became a racing driver, using roadster cars built by companies such as Alfa Romeo, Bugatti, DKW, Ford, Hispano-Suiza, Renault and Rosengart. She competed in various Grand Prix motor racing, hillclimbing and rally events at a time when it was rare for a woman to do so. She won the  Grand Prix Féminin and the Actor's Championship in 1929. Already famous in Paris, she became a household name in France in the early 1930s and raced as an exhibition dirt track driver for a season in the United States.

Nice won the Rallye Paris – Saint-Raphaël Féminin in 1932 with Odette Siko. Racing was a dangerous profession in which some of her friends and lovers died. In 1949, the well-known racing driver Louis Chiron accused Nice without evidence of being a Gestapo agent in World War II. The allegation ruined her planned comeback and her partner eventually left her. She lived her last years in poverty and estranged from her family, supported by the charity . She died in Nice in 1984. A 2005 biography The Bugatti Queen: In search of a motor-racing legend by Miranda Seymour rehabilitated her reputation and her grave was marked by a plaque in 2010.

Early life
Mariette Hélène Delangle was born on 15 December 1901, to Alexandrine Estelle and Léon Aristide Delangle. Her father worked as the postman in Aunay-sous-Auneau, a village 40 miles from Paris. At three years old, she witnessed the 1903 Paris–Madrid race passing near to Aunay at Bourdinière. In 1915, she moved to Sainte-Mesme with her mother and three years later, she moved to Paris, living in rented apartments near Avenue des Ternes in the 17th arrondissement for the next decade. She worked as a nude model for artist René Carrère and also performed as a dancer.

Stage
Through Carrère, Delangle met Henri de Courcelles and  who ran a car accessory business together and raced sportscars. She passed her driving test in 1920 and decided to drive her Citroën car on a road trip around France. She travelled to England with the two men in 1921; they were planning to race Grégoire cars at the Brooklands circuit but the cars were not delivered. Delangle was disappointed that the race was for men only. Delangle moved to rue Saint-Senoch, still in the 17th arrondissement and became a dance partner of Celéstin Eugène Vandevelde, taking the stage name Hellé Nice. Their dance act became famous as they performed together at the Hôtel Ritz and the Olympia Hall. By 1927 she was well-known enough to accept a billing at the Casino de Paris, where she danced in a show headlined by Maurice Chevalier called Wings over Paris (). Two years later, whilst skiing offpiste at Megève, she injured the cartilage in her knee. Whilst she did perform again after taking a year to recover, she decided to switch to motor racing, taking morphine for the pain.

Racing

Nice entered her first Women's Grand Prix motor racing event in June 1929 (the Grand Prix Féminin), racing against Aniela d'Elern, Dominique Ferrand, Violette Morris and Lucy O'Reilly Schell. She was mentored by Mongin and trained hard, driving ten laps a day of the Autodrome de Linas-Montlhéry; at the wheel of an Oméga-Six car, she came first. The next day, she was invited to the Bugatti showroom on Avenue Montaigne in order to discuss driving a Type 43A roadster in the Actor's Championship. She met drivers Guy Bouriat and Albert Divo, and won the championship. She also won the race at Le Touquet in a 1928 Rosengart. She signed a sponsorship deal with Lucky Strike cigarettes and bought herself a yacht and a black Hispano-Suiza car.

Ettore Bugatti invited her to drive a Type 35 in speed trials at the Montlhéry circuit, advised by Bouriat and Divo.  In December, she recorded a speed of 196.871 km/h over 5 km (with a best lap at 197.7 km/h (123.56 mph)). At the time she was having an affair with Bruno, Count of Harcourt who was married to Princess Isabelle of Orléans. She bought one of the cars she had used in the time trials for 40,000 francs and travelled to the Moroccan Grand Prix in Casablanca where she hoped to spend time with the count. He died after crashing in practice and she withdrew from the race. She then raced in the Grand Prix Bugatti on the Le Mans Bugatti Circuit, coming third out of three behind Max Fourny and Juan Zanelli. At the Stade Buffalo in Montrouge, Paris, she fell off a motorcycle then jumped up and took a bow.

Nice had become a household name in France and capitalising on her fame, she toured the United States in 1930. She practiced dirt track racing at Harrington Park, New Jersey and was paid $200 per event as an exhibition driver. Her first appearance was in Woodbridge and she was immediately nicknamed the "Speedbowl Queen", gaining a sponsorship deal with Esso. Whilst promoters told her she was the first woman to race cars in the US, Joan la Costa and Elfreida Mais had done it previously, although no woman had raced on dirt tracks. Nice drove at dangerous circuits such as Langhorne Speedway where deaths frequently occurred: Bill Albertson shared tips with her and then died on the Orange County Fair Speedway in 1930; her friend Herman Schurch died on a practice run at the Legion Ascot Speedway the following year. After eight weeks, she was offered a contract extension. She drove cars borrowed from other drivers, such as an American-made Miller. In Winston-Salem, North Carolina she hit a pothole and crashed; her last ride was at Spartanburg, South Carolina and she holidayed in Florida before returning to Europe.

Nice appeared at the 1931 Mi-Carême carnival in Nantes and continued to race cars. She broke time records in a hillclimb on Mont Ventoux in Provence and competed in the Women's Championship at Montlhéry. In July 1931, she came second to Anne Itier in the Coupe des Dames at Reims and in the 2-litre race she came fourth, competing against male drivers such as Louis Chiron, Stanisław Czaykowski, René Dreyfus, Philippe Etancelin and the eventual winner Marcel Lehoux. The following month she came ninth in her blue Bugatti at the Grand Prix du Comminges, was the only female entrant at the Monza Grand Prix in Milan and competed in the Grand Prix on the beach at La Baule-Escoublac. She earned significant amounts from racing, receiving entry fees of 5,000 to 6,000 francs per race. Nice's biographer Miranda Seymour reports that she took many lovers in the early 1930s, including Georges d'Arnoux, Roger Bonnet, René Carrière, Marcel Lehoux and Philippe de Rothschild.

Nice started 1932 by winning the Rallye Paris – Saint-Raphaël Féminin with Odette Siko in an Alfa Romeo 6C. For the 1932 Grand Prix season, she travelled south with Lehoux for the Algerian Grand Prix at Oran, coming second in the 2-litre category. At the Moroccan Grand Prix in Casablanca, she failed to qualify and Lehoux came first. During the 1933 Grand Prix season, she participated in fewer events because of a burst appendix. She was flagged off ninth at the Monza Grand Prix on the Autodromo Nazionale Monza which was held the same day as the Italian Grand Prix, on a different circuit. Three drivers died, namely Giuseppe Campari, Baconin Borzacchini and Stanislas Czaikowski. Guy Bouriat, who had helped her in 1929, died at the Picardy Grand Prix. Nice won the Woman's Grand Prix again at Montlhéry and in the Coupe des Alpes came third with Roger Bonnet. The following year, at the Grand Prix de Dieppe, Nice saw her friend Jean Gaupillat crash into a tree in qualifying (he later died). She raced in the final despite women not normally being permitted to do so, coming seventh whilst competing against drivers such as Chiron, Lehoux, Etancelin and Francis Curzon, 5th Earl Howe. She came second in the Mont Ventoux hillclimb in the sports-car class, again breaking the women's time record and she placed seventh in the Algerian Grand Prix.

Nice travelled to Brazil in 1936 with her future partner Arnaldo Binelli, intending to compete in two Grand Prix races. During the São Paulo Grand Prix, she was in third place behind Brazilian champion Manuel de Teffé when her Alfa Romeo hit a hay bale and crashed into the grandstand, killing six people and injuring more than thirty others. Nice was thrown from the car, landing on a soldier who died; because she was unconscious, she was also thought to be dead. She was hospitalised and in a coma for three days, until she woke up. Whilst in hospital she was visited by President Getúlio Vargas and her lover Henri Thouvenet wrote from France to ensure she was not held responsible for the crash and received compensation. On her return to France, Nice became embroiled in a scandal over the importation of cars without paying duty and alongside other racing drivers such as Robert Brunet, Philippe Etancelin,  and Raymond Sommer was convicted and ordered to pay a fine.

In 1937, she participated in the Yacco oil endurance trials with Claire Descollas, Simone des Forest and Odette Siko at the Montlhéry circuit. Alternating with the three other women, Nice drove a Matford car with a V8 engine for ten days and ten nights, the team breaking ten world records. The following year, the German Fritz Huschke von Hanstein asked her to accompany him in the Chamonix rally in a DKW car. She won her last race in 1939 just before war broke out, driving a Renault 4CV in the Comminges.

During World War II, Nice lived with Binelli in Paris then in 1943 they moved to Villa des Pins on avenue Jean de la
Fontaine, in the hills above Nice in the south of France. In 1949, the noted racing driver Louis Chiron accused her of being a Gestapo agent in the war, at a party in Monaco to celebrate the first postwar Monte Carlo Rally. She was too shocked to reply at the time and she was later ostracised. Her biographer Miranda Seymour considers what the evidence could have been: a connection to Fritz Huschke von Hanstein did not prove problematic for fellow driver Anne Itier, who was known to have had an affair with him; in Nice's archives, Seymour found a picture of German General of the Cavalry Manfred von Richthofen, who had written to Nice in 1936 after her accident in Brazil, but no further link could be found; enquiries at the German Federal Archives in Berlin yielded no record of Nice having been a collaborator. Despite the allegations not being backed by facts, they were enough to deter sponsors and thus ended her racing career. She attempted to participate in the 1951 Nice Grand Prix but was replaced at the last minute by a young Jean Behra.

Final years and death

Nice lived in poverty in her later years. She moved from Nice to Magagnosc in 1957 and three years later Binelli left her. She asked for help from the charity  and lived above their offices in Paris, acting as a chauffeur. After she returned to Nice, she went to hospital in September 1984 for an operation on her legs, then fell into a coma from which she never recovered. La Roue Tourne organised a memorial service for her and her ashes were sent to Sainte-Mesme, where her estranged sister refused to engrave her name upon the family gravestone.

After Nice's name had fallen into obscurity, the 2005 biography The Bugatti Queen: In search of a motor-racing legend by Miranda Seymour rehabilitated her reputation, although Seymour admits part of her writing is creative reconstruction rather than based on facts. In 2010, the Helle Nice Foundation installed a plaque commemorating Nice in the graveyard. The 1927 Bugatti Type 35B she had owned was sold in 2014 by auction at the Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance in the US for $2,970,000. It had previously owned and raced as a vintage car by Brian Brunkhorst.

Racing record

Career highlights

Notes

References

Further reading
 Emanuelle Dechelette, La femme la plus rapide du monde. Automobile historique. November/December 2001 issue 51, pp. 52–56.

External links

French female dancers
French female models
French racing drivers
French female racing drivers
Grand Prix drivers
Bugatti people
1900 births
1984 deaths
Sportspeople from Eure-et-Loir
20th-century French women
French rally drivers

Hellé Nice


Will McClay (born October 13, 1966) is vice president of player personnel for the Dallas Cowboys. Previously, he was head coach of the Dallas Desperados of the Arena Football League.

Early life

McClay was born on October 13, 1966, in Memphis, Tennessee, but he grew up outside of Houston, Texas. He attended Missouri City Jr. High and Marian Christian High School. As a freshman, he played wide receiver and contributed to the team winning the 1981 Class 3A state title. As a senior, he was the starting quarterback, leading the team to win the 1984 Class 3A state titles.

He accepted a football scholarship from Rice University. He was recruited by future NFL head coach Mike Nolan to play as a defensive back. He was a four-year starter and a captain. He earned a bachelor's degree in political science.

Playing career

His football career took off as a player at Rice University, where he started all four years of his collegiate career (1985-1988) as a defensive back. In 1988, he was picked up by the Arena League football Detroit Drive, where he played as a wide receiver and defensive back for four seasons (1989-1992).

His best year was his last, in 1992 when he racked up 34 tackles and one interception. By the end of his playing career he had helped the Drive win three arena league football titles in four appearances.

Coaching and front office career

After his career as a player, he got an opportunity to serve as the Drive's secondary and special teams coach (1993).  He took two separate stints as a defensive coordinator for the Milwaukee Mustangs and the Florida Bobcats in 1995 and 1996 respectively.

He moved into the management side of football in 1997 where he serves as both the defensive coordinator and the director of player personnel for the Anaheim Piranhas.  He took the job as an assistant head coach and director of player personnel of the Grand Rapids Rampage in 1998 and 1999.

McClay moved onto the XFL, where he became the director of player personnel, consultant, and scout for the Orlando Rage. He made the jump into the NFL as the assistant director of Pro Scouting for the Jacksonville Jaguars (2001) where his main job was to scout teams that Jacksonville did not play that year in attempt to advance scouting information.

He then moved on to the Dallas Cowboys player personnel department only to finally come full circle as the defensive coordinator for the Arena League Dallas Desperados. In 2002, he served as the inaugural defensive coordinator and that's where he would stay until the beginning of the 2004 season when he was thrust into the role as head coach just days before the season, after Joe Avezzano was hired by Norv Turner as the special teams coach for the Oakland Raiders. He would remain head coach for the next five seasons where he accumulated an overall record of 55–28–1 and a 1–3 postseason record.

In 2013, he was promoted to the position of Assistant Director of Player Personnel over Tom Ciskowski, after the Dallas Cowboys where criticized in the media for their first round moves in the 2013 NFL Draft. He also oversaw his first NFL Draft in 2014. In 2015, he was named Senior Director of Pro/College Scouting. In 2017, he was given the title of the Vice President of Player Personnel.

Accolades

In 2006 McClay earned the honor of AFL Coach of the Year and was chosen by the other 18 coaches in the AFL as Coach of the Year.

References

External links
AFL coaching stats

1966 births
Living people
American football defensive backs
Rice Owls football players
Detroit Drive players
Dallas Cowboys executives
Dallas Cowboys scouts
Jacksonville Jaguars scouts
Milwaukee Mustangs (1994–2001) coaches
Massachusetts Marauders coaches
Florida Bobcats coaches
Grand Rapids Rampage coaches
Dallas Desperados coaches
Anaheim Piranhas coaches

Will McClay


The European Outline Convention on Transfrontier Co-operation between Territorial Communities or Authorities, also called the Madrid Convention, was launched by the Council of Europe (CoE) in 1980. The convention provides a legal framework for the establishment of cross-border regions. As of 2014, it has been ratified by 39 CoE member states.

The convention has two parts. Whereas the first part contains the legally binding regulations of the treaties, the second part lists a series of 'model agreements', both for the inter-state and the local levels, as options for possible CBC arrangements. This latter part of the convention is intended for guidance only and has no treaty value.
The legally binding obligation the Convention puts on the signatory states is to facilitate cross-border cooperation between territorial authorities and to promote the conclusion of agreements that may prove necessary for this purpose (art. 1). Furthermore, the contracting parties commit to encourage any initiative by territorial authorities inspired by the model agreements listed in part two of the convention. At the same time, the fulfilment of these obligations is subject to a number of clauses. CBC shall not alter the existing powers of the territorial authorities as they are defined in the respective domestic legal orders. The signatory states are also allowed to exclude certain types of authorities from the scope of the convention. These clauses mean that the fulfilment of the international law Convention is always limited by national law.
The second part of the Convention contains various optional 'model agreements', grouped in two categories, i.e. inter-state agreements on the one hand, and contracts between local authorities, on the other. The proposed model agreements provide possible frameworks for varying degrees of co-operation which were drafted according to actually existing CBC treaties and arrangements, such as the 1974 treaty between Luxembourg and the German Land Rheinland-Pfalz. For instance, the model agreements listed under art. 1.4 and 1.5 were inspired by the such as the 1974 treaty between Luxembourg and the German Land Rheinland-Pfalz Subsequently, they informed a series of further inter-state treaties, enabling local authorities to participate in private and public law CBC initiatives.

In 1995, the convention was supplemented by an Additional Protocol , ruling that cross-border co-operative arrangements can be set up as independent bodies which may or may not have legal personality. If the co-operation body does have legal personality, the latter is defined in the law of the country in which its headquarters are located. As stated in art. 4, the co-operation body cannot be empowered to take measures which apply generally or which might affect the rights and freedoms of individuals. It must be specified whether the body is to be considered a public or private law entity within the respective national legal systems.
However, the protocol gives the signatory states the option to extend the powers of such co-operation bodies (art. 5). They can be established as public law entities whose decisions have the same legal force as if they had been taken by the participating authorities themselves. Such bodies can therefore make decisions which are legally binding not only for the participating authorities but also for any individuals affected. In view of the far-reaching implications of such a transnational public authority, Germany, France and Sweden chose to sign the protocol without art. 5.
The Additional Protocol significantly extends the provisions made by the Madrid Convention.  However, the Convention still does not contain any regulations that override national law. This is why all initiatives have to conform to the national legal systems of the respective countries. Thus, no public law CBC initiative can be based on the CoE Convention and its additional protocols, but must be grounded either in inter-state treaties or at least unilaterally in national law.

Notes

Boundary treaties
Treaties concluded in 1980
Treaties entered into force in 1981
Council of Europe treaties
Treaties of Albania
Treaties of Armenia
Treaties of Austria
Treaties of Azerbaijan
Treaties of Belgium
Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Treaties of Bulgaria
Treaties of Croatia
Treaties of Cyprus
Treaties of the Czech Republic
Treaties of Denmark
Treaties of Finland
Treaties of France
Treaties of Georgia (country)
Treaties of West Germany
Treaties of Hungary
Treaties of Ireland
Treaties of Italy
Treaties of Latvia
Treaties of Liechtenstein
Treaties of Lithuania
Treaties of Luxembourg
Treaties of Moldova
Treaties of Monaco
Treaties of Montenegro
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of Norway
Treaties of Poland
Treaties of Portugal
Treaties of Romania
Treaties of Russia
Treaties of Serbia
Treaties of Slovakia
Treaties of Slovenia
Treaties of Spain
Treaties of Sweden
Treaties of Switzerland
Treaties of Turkey
Treaties of Ukraine
1980 in Spain
Treaties extended to West Berlin

ca:Conveni Marc Europeu sobre Cooperació Transfronterera entre comunitats o autoritats territorials
fr:Convention-cadre européenne sur la coopération transfrontalière des collectivités ou autorités territoriales


A gas lift chair is a form of office chair that allows the user to modify their height in relation to the height of a desk, leading to an increase in comfort and ergonomic benefit.

A patent describing a common configuration of a gas lift cylinder by John Wang, published 20 May 1989.

See also
 Lift chair

References

Chairs

Gas lift chair


Morden is a London Underground station in Morden in the London Borough of Merton. The station is the southern terminus for the Northern line and is the most southerly station on the Underground network, despite being on the Northern Line. The next station towards north is . The station is located on London Road (A24), and is in Travelcard Zone 4. Nearby are Morden Hall Park and Morden Park.

The station was one of the first modernist designs produced for the London Underground by Charles Holden. Its opening in 1926 contributed to the rapid development of new suburbs in what was then a rural part of Surrey with the population of the parish increasing nine-fold in the decade 1921–1931.

History
In the period following the end of First World War, the Underground Electric Railways Company of London (UERL) began reviving a series of prewar plans for line extensions and improvements that had been postponed during the hostilities. Finance for the works was made possible by the government's Trade Facilities Act 1921, which, as a means of alleviating unemployment, provided for the Treasury to underwrite the value of loans raised by companies for public works.

One of the projects that had been postponed was the Wimbledon and Sutton Railway (W&SR), a plan for a new surface line from Wimbledon to Sutton over which the UERL's District Railway had control. The UERL wished to maximise its use of the government's time-limited financial backing, and, in November 1922, presented bills to parliament to construct the W&SR in conjunction with an extension of the UERL's City and South London Railway (C&SLR) south from  through Balham, Tooting and Merton.

The C&SLR would connect to the W&SR route south of Morden station and run trains to Sutton and the District Railway would run trains between Wimbledon and Sutton. Under these proposals, the station on the C&SLR extension would have been named "North Morden" and the station on the W&SR route would have been called "South Morden" (the current Morden South station is in a different location). The proposals also included a depot at Morden for use by both District Railway and C&SLR trains.

The Southern Railway objected to this encroachment into its area of operation and the anticipated loss of its passenger traffic to the C&SLR's more direct route to central London. The UERL and SR reached an agreement in July 1923 that enabled the C&SLR to extend as far as Morden in exchange for the UERL giving up its rights over the W&SR route. Construction of the C&SLR extension was rapidly carried out and Morden station was opened on 13 September 1926.

Once the station was opened, the UERL established Morden station, the southernmost on the system, as the hub for numerous bus routes heading further into suburban south London and northern Surrey. These routes had a significant impact on the Southern Railway's main line operations in the area, with the SR estimating in 1928 that it had lost approximately four million passengers per year. The UERL though was able to demonstrate that its passenger numbers on its buses to Sutton station were actually more than double those for Morden. Across the road from the station, the UERL opened its own petrol station (the first of its kind in the country) and garage where commuters with cars, or bicycles, could leave their vehicles during the day. The opening of the C&SLR and the Wimbledon to Sutton line led to rapid construction of suburban housing throughout the area. The population of the parish of Morden, previously the most rural of the areas through which the lines passed, increased from 1,355 in 1921 to 12,618 in 1931 and 35,417 in 1951.

A post-war review of rail transport in the London area produced a report in 1946 that proposed many new lines and identified the Morden branch as being the most overcrowded section of the London Underground, needing additional capacity. To relieve the congestion and to provide a new service south of Morden, the report recommended construction of a second pair of tunnels beneath the northern line's tunnels from Tooting Broadway to Kennington and an extension from Morden to North Cheam. Trains using the existing tunnels would start and end at Tooting Broadway with the service in the new tunnels joining the existing tunnels to Morden. The extension to North Cheam would run in tunnel. Designated as routes 10 and 11, these proposals were not developed by the London Passenger Transport Board or its successor organisations.

Station building

Morden in 1926 was a rural area and the station was built on open farmland, giving its architect, Charles Holden, more space than had been available for the majority of the stations on the new extension which were located in already built-up areas. The stations on the Morden extension were Holden's first major project for the Underground. He was selected by Frank Pick, general manager of the UERL, to design the stations after he was dissatisfied with designs produced by the UERL's own architect, Stanley Heaps.

In a letter to his friend Harry Peach, a fellow member of the Design and Industries Association (DIA), Pick explained his choice of Holden: "I may say that we are going to build our stations upon the Morden extension railway to the most modern pattern. We are going to discard entirely all ornament. We are going to build in reinforced concrete. The station will be simply a hole in the wall, everything being sacrificed to the doorway and some notice above to tell you to what the doorway leads. We are going to represent the DIA gone mad, and in order that I may go mad in good company I have got Holden to see that we do it properly."

Built with a range of shops to both sides, the modernist design of the entrance vestibule takes the form of a double-height box clad in white Portland stone with a three-part glazed screen on the front façade divided by columns of which the capitals are three-dimensional versions of the Underground roundel. The central panel of the screen contains a large version of the roundel. The ticket hall beyond is octagonal with a central roof light of the same shape. The ticket hall originally had a pair of wooden ticket booths (passimeters) from which tickets were issued and collected, but these were removed when modern ticketing systems made them redundant.

The main structure of the station and the shops to each side was designed with the intention of taking upward development on its roof, though this did not come until around 1960 when three storeys of office building were added.

Unlike the other stations built for the extension, the station's platforms are not in tunnels, but in a wide cutting with the tunnel portals a short distance to the north. Three tracks run through the station to the depot, and the station has three platforms, two of which are island platforms with tracks on each side. The platforms are accessed by steps down from the ticket hall and are numbered 1 to 5 from east to west; the island platforms have different numbers for each face (2/3 and 4/5). To indicate departures, the platforms are usually referred to as 2, 3 and 5. The tunnel portals are one end of the longest tunnel on the London Underground running  to  via the Bank branch.

Refurbishment and improvement works completed in 2007 included new and reconstructed cross bridges between platforms and the installation of lifts for mobility impaired passengers. Cosmetic improvements carried out at the same time included the reinstatement of pole-mounted roundels on the sides of the entrance vestibule. Other work in the 2000s at the station includes the construction of a substantial air rights building spanning across the cutting.

The station is locally listed by Merton Council as being of architectural interest, though not statutorily listed like the others on the Morden extension.

Services and connections
The station sits at the southern end of the Northern line in London fare zone 4. It is the southernmost station on the whole London Underground network. The next station to the north is South Wimbledon. Train frequencies vary throughout the day, but generally operate every 2–5 minutes between 05:15 and 00:05.

London Bus routes 80, 93, 118, 154, 157, 163, 164, 201, 293, 413, 470 and K5, and night routes N133 and N155 serve the station.

Future
If built, a planned extension to the Tramlink light rail system would create a new tram interchange close to Morden, offering tram services to Sutton via St Helier.

Notes and references

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

Historic photographs of the station:
London Transport Museum Photographs Collection

London Borough of Merton: Merton Memories Photographic Archive
Historic film of the station:
 Silent newsreel footage of Lt-Col. John Moore-Brabazon junior Transport Minister opening the Morden extension.

Northern line stations
Tube stations in the London Borough of Merton
Former City and South London Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1926
Morden
London Underground Night Tube stations
Charles Holden railway stations

Morden tube station


St Martin an St Ninian Roman Catholic Church is in Whithorn in the historic cointy o Wigtounshire.

Saunt Ninian (c360-c432) also kennt as Saunt Ringan, is a Christian saunt first mentioned in the 8t century as bein an early missionary amang the Pictish fowks in Whithorn in Gallowa in Scotland.

The church wis biggit atween 1959-60 bi airchitect Harry Stuart Goodhart-Rendel an is his onlie kennt biggin in Scotland. The church includin the quadrant wa's,  is listed Category C(S).  A possible soorce o inspiration is the church o San Julián de los Prados Oviedo, Asturias in Spain. [2]

The interior wis reordered wi the altar brocht forrit fae the east wa, follaein the reforms o the  Seicont Vatican Cooncil. At that time the baldacchino wis demolisht, an the decorative ironwork at the baptistry an communion rail scrapped.

The oreeginal Creetoun granite altar wis placed ootdoors against the east elevation.

The East elevation haes a carvt stane Hew Lorimer crucifix mountit tae the Wall. [3]

 Scots airchitect Sir Basil Spence drew up the plans for a new pilgrimage church in 1951, but thae wur nae realised. Some o' his designs fur this project wur efter incorporatit in his Coventry Cathedral.

References

St Martin an' St Ninian Catholic Church, Whithorn, Wigtownshire


Day Planner was a late morning-early afternoon weather forecast program that aired on The Weather Channel Mondays through Fridays from 11 a.m.-2 p.m. ET.

Program history
Day Planner was added in 2003 as one of the last programs to be added to The Weather Channel's morning programming block. For all intents and purposes, its format was similar to Your Weather Today, but the primary focus for the show was towards Middle America and the West Coast. While the show originally aired from 9 a.m. to noon Eastern Time when it premiered, its schedule was shifted to 11 a.m.-2 p.m. ET; this time shifting had put Day Planner into the morning hours for the regions. In the event an ongoing significant weather event occurred (e.g., severe weather outbreak, winter storm, hurricane threatening the United States), Day Planner would be extended by an hour, preempting long-form programming during the 2-3 p.m. eastern timeslot.

On September 27, 2010, as part of TWC's major schedule change, Day Planner was expanded to 5pm (7pm in case of severe weather).

Another major shift occurred to Day Planner on March 26, 2012. Day Planner returned to the former timeslot 11am-2pm, with long-form programming replacing it from 2-4 p.m. ET, and an afternoon edition of Weather Center Live was added from 4-5 p.m. ET. Nick Walker and Vivian Brown, who had previously anchored Day Planner during the 2-5 p.m. ET timeslot, were moved up to this timeslot, replacing Heather Tesch and Carl Parker. Tesch moved to Weekend Now and the weekend afternoon edition of Weather Center Live, while Parker became the channel's storm specialist providing tropical weather updates during Day Planner and Weather Center Live as well as a fill-in host. In the event of extended coverage, Day Planner would finish at 3 p.m. ET.

After a ten-year run, the final broadcast of Day Planner aired on November 11, 2013, the day before the Weather Channel's 2013 relaunch. Day Planner was replaced with the new all-day Weather Center Live program beginning on November 12, 2013.

References

The Weather Channel original programming
2003 American television series debuts
2013 American television series endings

Day Planner


At the ceremonial opening of the Tenth Republican Parliament on June 18, 2010, the Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar announced that the date for the 2010 Local Elections was to be on July 26, 2010.

Regional Corporations

134 Local Areas were contested in 14 Corporations.

 Diego Martin Regional Corporation
 Port of Spain City Corporation
 San Juan–Laventille Regional Corporation
 Tunapuna–Piarco Regional Corporation
 Arima Borough Corporation
 Sangre Grande Regional Corporation
 Chaguanas Borough Corporation
 Couva–Tabaquite–Talparo Regional Corporation
 San Fernando City Corporation
 Princes Town Regional Corporation
 Penal–Debe Regional Corporation
 Siparia Regional Corporation
 Point Fortin Borough Corporation
 Rio Claro–Mayaro Regional Corporation

Results

City of Port of Spain: (PNM)

 St James West—Robin Bynoe (UNC)
 St James East—Balliram Ramsuchit (COP)
 Woodbrook—Cleveland Phillip Garcia (COP)
 Northern Port of Spain—Keron Valentine (PNM)
 Belmont East—Darryl Rajpaul (PNM)
 Belmont North and West—Deanne Boucaud (PNM)
 Southern Port of Spain—Ryan Junior Dunbar (PNM)
 East Dry River—Isha Wells (PNM)
 St Ann's River South—Ashtine Thomason (PNM)
 St Ann's River Central—Natasha Young (PNM)
 St Ann's River North—Nedra Marisa McClean (PNM)
 Belmont South—Jennel Young (PNM)

City of San Fernando: (Partnership)

 Marabella West—Gloria Calliste (COP)
 Marabella East—Jason Williams (UNC)
 Marabella South/Vistabella—Gobin Persad Sinanan (COP)
 Pleasantville—Robert Parris (PNM)
 Cocoyea/Tarouba—Daren McLeod (UNC)
 Mon Repos/Navet—Shaka Joseph (PNM)
 Springvale/Paradise—John Mark Chankersingh (UNC)
 Les Efforts West/La Romaine—Anthony A Ramkissoon (UNC)
 Les Efforts East/Cipero—Navi Muradali (COP)

Borough of Arima: (Partnership)

 Calvary—Wayne John Bertrand (COP)
 Arima North East—Patricia T Cedeno-Metivier (COP)
 Arima West/O'Meara—Flora Singh (COP)
 Arima Central—Clinton Jennings (COP)
 Malabar North—Vedya Mahabir (COP)
 Malabar South—Anthony Garcia (PNM)
 Tumpuna—Hugo Ambrose Lewis (COP)

Borough of Point Fortin: (PNM)

 Techier/Guapo—Sherwin St Hillaire (PNM)
 Newlands/Mahaica—Janelle St Hilaire (PNM)
 Egypt—Abdon Mason (PNM)
 Cap-de-Ville/Fanny Village—Marilyn Ramnarinesingh (COP)
 Hollywood—Kennedy Kendel Richards (PNM)
 New Village—Kriscia Simon (PNM)

Borough of Chaguanas:(Partnership)

 Felicity/Endeavour—Orlando Nehru Nagessar (UNC)
 Edinburgh/Longdenville—Dwarka Singh (UNC)
 Montrose—Gopaul Boodhan (UNC)
 Cunupia—Renuka N Kangal (UNC)
 Enterprise North—Narsingh Rambarran (COP)
 Enterprise South—Ronald Heera (PNM)
 Charlieville—Falisha Isahak (UNC)
 Munroe Road/Caroni Savannah—Joey Samuel (UNC)

Regional Corporation of Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo:(Partnership)

 Chickland/Mamoral—Merle Mungroo (UNC)
 Freeport/Calcutta—Anil Baliram (UNC)
 St Mary's/Edinburgh—Sandra Ramsingh-Abdool (UNC)
 Felicity/Calcutta/McBean—Allan Seepersad (UNC)
 Perseverance/Waterloo—Annmarie Boodram (UNC)
 California/Pt Lisas—Christine Soobram (UNC)
 Balmain/Esperanza/Forres Park—Gangaram Gopaul (UNC)
 Claxton Bay/Pointe-a-Pierre—Camille Elie-Govind (UNC)
 Caratal/Tortuga—Suresh Pooran Maharaj (UNC)
 Gasparillo/Bonne Aventure—Feeraz Ali (UNC)
 Las Lomas/San Raphael—Dhanraj Saroop (UNC)
 Longdenville/Talparo—Rana Persad (UNC)
 Piparo/San Pedro/Tabaquite—Henry Awong (UNC)

Regional Corporation of Diego Martin: (Partnership)

 Chaguaramas/Point Cumana—Enroy Slater (PNM)
 Glencoe/Goodwood/La Puerta—Ricardo Garcia (COP)
 Covigne/Richplain—Katty Ann Christopher (PNM)
 Diamond Vale—Gail Donna La Touche (PNM)
 Bagatelle/Blue Basin—Lisa Maraj (UNC)
 St Lucien/Cameron Hill—Anne Letren (UNC)
 Moka/Boissiere No.2—Nadine Maria Romany (UNC)
 Morne Coco/Alyce Glen—Phillip Joseph Murray (UNC)
 Petit Valley/Cocorite—Wazim Daniel (UNC)
 Belle Vue/Boissiere No.1—Susan Rodriguez (UNC)

Regional Corporation of Mayaro/Rio Claro: (Partnership)

 Biche/Charuma—Glen Ram (UNC)
 Rio Claro South/Cat's Hill—Cyrilla Zola Cooper (UNC)
 Rio Claro North—Hazarie Ramdeen (UNC)
 Cocal/Mafeking—Keshrie Kissoon (UNC)
 Ecclesville—Shaffik Mohammed (UNC)
 Mayaro/Guayaguayare—Raymond Cozier (UNC)

Regional Corporation of Penal/Debe: (Partnership)

 Palmiste/Hermitage—Roland Hall (UNC)
 La Fortune—Amir J Junior B Saiphoo (UNC)
 Bronte—Brian N Julien (UNC)
 Debe East/L'Esperance/Union Hall—Marsha Jaimungal-Khan (UNC)
 Debe West—Skafte Awardy (UNC)
 Penal—Shanty Boodram (UNC)
 Barrackpore West—Premchand Sookoo (UNC)
 Rochard/Barrackpore East—Vishnu Ramlakhan (UNC)
 Quinam/Morne Diablo—Hyacinth Rampersadsingh (UNC)

Regional Corporation of Princes Town: (Partnership)

 Reform/Manahambre—Judy Barbara Hart (UNC)
 Ben Lomond/Hardbargain/Williamsville—Akash A Manickchand (UNC)
 Corinth/Cedar Hill—Winston D Chindra (UNC)
 Inverness/Princes Town—Deryck Mathura (UNC)
 New Grant/Tableland—Gowrie N Roopnarine (UNC)
 Hindustan/Indianwalk/St Mary's—Jules Vernon Downing (UNC)
 Lengua/St Julien—Alvin Lutchman (UNC)
 Fifth Company—Rafi Mohammed (UNC)
 Moruga—Phillip Gonzales (UNC)

Regional Corporation of San Juan/Laventille: (PNM)

 Maracas Bay/Santa Cruz/La Fillette—Lyndon Lara (PNM)
 Febeau/Bourg Mulatresse—Roger Charles Celestine (COP)
 Morvant—Franz Lambkin (PNM)
 Caledonia/Upper Malick—Jeffrey Anthony Reyes (PNM)
 St Ann's/Cascade/Mon Repos West—Kenrick Preudhomme (COP)
 St Barb's/Chinapoo—Jason C Alexander (PNM)
 Beetham/Picton—Akil Audain (PNM)
 Success/Trou Macaque—Joel Harding (PNM)
 Aranguez/Warner Village—Santam Ramjit (UNC)
 Barataria—Harrylal Persad (UNC)
 Petit Bourg/Mount Lambert/Champs Fleurs—Kion Williams (PNM)
 San Juan East—Nazeemool Mohammed (UNC)
 San Juan West—Kwesi Junior Antoine (PNM)

Regional Corporation of Sangre Grande: (Partnership)

 Toco/Fishing Pond—Martin Rondon (PNM)
 Valencia—Lawrence P Lalla (UNC)
 Manzanilla—Annand Soodeen (UNC)
 Sangre Grande South—Patricia Debbie A Harris (UNC)
 Vega De Oropouche—Ravi Lakhan (UNC)
 Sangre Grande North West—Dayne Evan Francois (UNC)
 Cumuto/Tamana—Nirmal Singh (UNC)

Regional Corporation of Siparia: (Partnership)

 Avocat/San Francique North—Rajwantee Bullock (UNC)
 Siparia East/San Francique South—Leo Christiani Doodnath (UNC)
 Siparia West/Fyzabad—Doodnath Mayrhoo (UNC)
 Otaheite/Rousillac—Chanardaye Ramadharsingh (UNC)
 Brighton/Vessigny—Gerald Debesette (PNM)
 Mon Desir—Balkaran Frank Ramjit (UNC)
 Cedros—Fitzroy Paul Beache (UNC)
 Erin—Morena M. Martin Frederick (PNM)
 Palo Seco—Christine Neptune (PNM)

Regional Corporation of Tunapuna/Piarco (Partnership)

 Maracas/Santa Magarita—Winston C Ramsaroop (COP)
 Auzonville/Tunapuna—Esmond Irving Forde (PNM)
 Curepe/Pasea—Rosanna Sookdeo (COP)
 Caura/Paradise/Tacarigua—Sookdeo P Barath (COP)
 Macoya/Trincity—Ria Boodoo (COP)
 Five Rivers/Lopinot—Dianne Bishop (UNC)
 Bon Air/Arouca/Cane Farm—Colin Kerwin Rodney (PNM)
 Valsayn/St Joseph—Graham Butcher (UNC)
 Kelly Village/Warrenville—Khublal Paltoo (UNC)
 St Augustine South/Piarco/St Helena—Khadijah Ameen (UNC)
 Mausica/Maloney—Steven Sam (PNM)
 La Florissante/Cleaver— Erwin Augustine Hope (COP)
 D'Abadie/Carapo—J-Lynn Roopnarine (UNC)
 Blanchisseuse/Santa Rosa—Andrew V Mooteram (COP)
 Wallerfield/La Horquetta—Brian Hayden Joseph (PNM)

Nomination Day
Nomination day was July 5, 2010.

2010 elections in the Caribbean
2010 in Trinidad and Tobago
2010

2010 Trinidadian local elections


Fernleigh is a heritage-listed cottage at 73 Shore Street East, Cleveland, City of Redland, Queensland, Australia. It was built . It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 11 March 1994.

History
Fernleigh, consisting of a timber cottage and adjoining timber kitchen house, is located on Shore Street East in the area around the Cleveland Point where much of the early development of Cleveland took place. Fernleigh was permanently occupied from the early-mid 1880s by William Taylor, following his retirement from his business in Brisbane.

The first land sale took place in Cleveland in 1851, and was considered a great success, being described as "...The competition for the Cleveland lots was very spirited...the result [of the sale] shows considerable confidence". At the time of the sale, Ipswich was still a strong contender for the capital of Queensland and there was strong rivalry between Cleveland (promoted by Ipswich interests, supported in turn by the Darling Downs squatters) and Brisbane, as to which would become the port to serve the north.

The allotments on which Fernleigh stands, lots 14-16 of section 11, were acquired in the 1851 land sale by Jeremiah Scanlan, Robert Cribb and William Augustine Duncan respectively. The three men were actively involved in the development of the Moreton Bay settlement: Scanlan as a Brisbane hotel proprietor; Cribb as a baker and politician who acquired extensive land interests; and Duncan, a former Sydney journalist who took up a position as Sub-Collector of Customs in Brisbane from 1846.

As records do not clearly identify whether it was lot 15 or lot 16 on which Fernleigh was built, it is unclear whether it was Cribb or Duncan who actually was responsible for the erection of Fernleigh. It is however, evident that each of these men had an interest in the development of Cleveland and closely followed the debate regarding the future role of the township.

During the early 1850s, Cribb bought much land at both Brisbane and Cleveland land sales, apparently not wanting to "miss out" when the decision between Brisbane and Cleveland was made. Duncan was a strong advocate of settlement at Cleveland, expressing the opinion that "... Brisbane can never be aught but a country village..." and that "...the Government should not hesitate to open a Township at Cleveland Point...".

Locally, it is held that Fernleigh was built during the 1860s as a holiday house for William Taylor, who had arrived in Brisbane in 1849 on Chaseley, one of emigrant ships organised by the Rev Dr John Dunmore Lang. It is possible however, that references to Taylor at Cleveland during this period derive from his purchase of land, in the vicinity of Fernleigh, in the 1851 land sale.

By the late 1850s, Brisbane was finally recognised as the main port for Queensland. Cleveland remained isolated, developing into one of two fashionable Brisbane holiday resorts, the other being Sandgate to the north of Brisbane.

The Taylor family's first recorded connection with Fernleigh is in 1879, when Taylor's daughters, Ellen, Ann and Elizabeth acquired lots 14-15. Also in 1879, Taylor purchased the Cleveland State School building for , and it is understood that he moved this building to Fernleigh where it became the kitchen house. Prior to being used as a schoolhouse, the building was a cottage/shop in Cleveland, on land owned by the Hon Arthur Macalister (three times Queensland Premier). It was acquired by the Board of Education in 1868 for use as the first Cleveland State School which opened in April of that year.

Taylor acquired lot 16 in 1882, possibly at the same time he retired from his business (early-mid 1880s). Taylor moved to Fernleigh, where he lived until his death in December 1895. The title to lot 16 passed to Taylor's daughters, and Fernleigh remained in the Taylor family until the 1960s.

The house was proposed to be converted into flats during the 1970s/early 1980s. Fernleigh was acquired by the present owners in 1987.

Description

Fernleigh, fronting Shore Street East to the northwest and bounded by GJ Walker Park to the east and south, is a single-storeyed timber residence with a detached kitchen house overlooking Moreton Bay and Stradbroke Island to the east.

The residence has a corrugated iron gable roof, in which an attic space has been enclosed in recent years, with a large dormer window to both the northwest and southeast. The building has both timber and concrete stumps, with a timber batten skirt to the perimeter. It has verandahs to all sides with corrugated iron skillion roofs, boarded soffits and timber posts. The exterior walls are weatherboard and the building has sash windows of cedar, some of which have timber shutters, with a row of more recent silky oak sash windows to the eastern corner room. The southwest corner of the verandah has been enclosed with vertical boarding to form a bathroom and storeroom.

Internally, the building has four rooms with a central corridor. A stair has been added to the western room to access the attic bedroom. Walls and ceilings are of unpainted beech boarding, and floors are of polished beech. A brick fireplace with a timber surround is located in the southern room. The fireplace has had its earlier render removed. The attic has been lined with hardboard sheeting, it has a pine floor and casement windows are located in the gable ends.

The kitchen house is located to the south of the residence and is linked via a covered walkway. It has a corrugated iron gable roof with verandahs to three sides, the southeast wall being of weatherboard and containing a stove recess. The building has both timber and concrete stumps, with a timber batten skirt to the perimeter. The northeast verandah has weatherboard infill below the hand rail, with timber rail balustrade to the northwest and southwest. The verandah soffits are unlined and the southern corner has been enclosed to form a bathroom. The northwest wall of the kitchen house is constructed of split logs laid vertically, and the southwest wall is of pit-sawn vertical boards.

Internally, the building consists of two rooms with a vertically boarded timber partition between. The ceiling is boarded, walls are lined with hardboard sheeting with timber cover strips and it has mainly sash windows.

A recently constructed weatherboard garage with a corrugated iron gable roof is located at the southwest boundary.

The grounds include a very large Fig tree at the southwest boundary, two large Candle Nut trees framing the driveway near the northwest boundary, a Macadamia Nut tree and Black Bean tree to the west of the residence, large Eucalypts near the western and southern corners of the site, as well as numerous smaller shrubs and flowering plants. The northwest boundary has a timber paling fence, with a timber pergola structure over the entrance gate. The northeast and southeast boundaries have wire fences.

Heritage listing
Fernleigh was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 11 March 1994 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.

Originally a cottage, the kitchen house was used as the first Cleveland State School prior to its removal and re-erection at Fernleigh. Fernleigh is located on the land which was part of the first survey and sale at Cleveland in 1851 and demonstrates the pattern of subdivision and development of Cleveland along the peninsula.

The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.

Fernleigh is characteristic of a modest 1860s timber dwelling, having a four-room core and detached kitchen house.

The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.

The timber buildings and established garden have aesthetic quality, and form an integral part of the mature townscape of Cleveland Point.

The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

These structures remain as two of few surviving buildings associated with the development of Cleveland from the 1860s, and as such maintain a special association with the community.

References

Attribution

External links

Queensland Heritage Register
Cleveland, Queensland
Houses in Queensland
Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register
Buildings and structures in Redland City

Fernleigh, Cleveland


James Ray Hines  (September 10, 1946 – June 3, 2023) was an American track and field athlete and National Football League (NFL) player, who held the 100-meter world record for 15 years. In 1968, he became the first man to officially break the 10-second barrier in the 100 meters, and won individual and relay gold at the Mexico City Olympics.

Track career

Born in Dumas, Arkansas, Hines was raised in Oakland, California, and graduated from McClymonds High School in 1964. He was a baseball player in his younger years until he was spotted by track coach Jim Coleman as a running talent, and Hines became a sprinter. At the 1968 U.S. national championships in Sacramento, California, Hines became the first man to break the ten second barrier in the 100-metre race, setting 9.9 (manual timing), with an electronic time of 10.03 – two other athletes, Ronnie Ray Smith behind him (electronic time 10.13) and Charles Greene on the other semi-final (electronic time 10.09) having the same official clocking. That evening of June 20, 1968, at Hughes Stadium has been dubbed by track and field historians as the "Night of Speed". Hines attended Texas Southern University in Houston, Texas. He was a member of the Texas Southern University Tigers track team.

A few months later, at the 1968 Summer Olympics, Hines – a black athlete – found himself in a tense situation, with racial riots going on in his home country and a threat of a boycott by the black athletes of the U.S. team, who were disturbed by the controversial idea of admitting apartheid South Africa to the Games and revelations linking the head of the International Olympic Committee, Avery Brundage, to a racist and antisemitic country club. Hines reached the 100 m final, and won it with the time 9.89 appearing on the screen, later corrected to 9.95. The 9.89 was taken from a light beam across the finish line, while the official photographic process used Polaroid film and took a couple of minutes to process and read. There was some controversy over how his (slower appearing) automatic time of 9.95 should compare to the hand timed 9.9 world record (Hines was again recorded at 9.9  in his 9.95 race). Automatic times start instantly with the sound of the gun, while hand times include human reaction time to start the watch. It took until 1977 before fully automatic timing was required of world records. As the fastest electronic time to that point, Hines' mark was recognized exclusively as a new world record. The race was also significant for being the third all-black podium in Olympic history. Hines helped break another world record, when he and his teammates sprinted to the 4 × 100 m relay gold at the same Games.

Professional football career
Hines was drafted by the Miami Dolphins of the NFL in the sixth round of the 1968 NFL Draft. Hines spent the 1968 season on the Dolphins' practice squad. He was given the nickname "Oops". He appeared in ten games with Miami in 1969, accumulating a total of 52 all-purpose yards. Hines' final professional game was his first and only game with the Kansas City Chiefs in 1970. Hines was ranked as the 10th-worst NFL player of all time by Deadspin writer Jeff Pearlman.

Later years
For years Hines worked with inner-city youth in Houston, as well as on oil rigs outside the city.

Hines's world record remained unsurpassed until Calvin Smith ran a time of 9.93 in 1983.

Hines competed in the 100 at a 1984 Masters Track and Field Competition at UCLA.

Hines was inducted into the Texas Sports Hall of Fame, class of 1994. Hines was also inducted into the Texas Track and Field coaches Hall of Fame, class of 2016.

Hines died in Hayward, California, on June 3, 2023, at the age of 76.

References

External links

Official Website

Jim Hines wins the 1968 Olympics men's 100 meters final in 9.95 seconds via the Olympic Channel on YouTube

1946 births
2023 deaths
People from Dumas, Arkansas
American male sprinters
African-American male track and field athletes
Athletes (track and field) at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in track and field
Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
World record setters in athletics (track and field)
Texas Southern University alumni
American football wide receivers
Miami Dolphins players
Kansas City Chiefs players
Players of American football from Arkansas
Track and field athletes from Arkansas
Players of American football from Oakland, California
Track and field athletes from Oakland, California
USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships winners
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople
American masters athletes
Place of death missing
McClymonds High School alumni
 American Masters Athlete that competed in Olympics

Jim Hines


William Burn  (20 December 1789 – 15 February 1870) was a Scottish architect. He received major commissions from the age of 20 until his death at 81. He built in many styles and was a pioneer of the Scottish Baronial Revival, often referred to as the golden age of Scottish architecture.

Life
Burn was born in Rose Street in Edinburgh, the son of architect Robert Burn and his wife Janet Patterson. He was the fourth of their sixteen children.

He was educated at the High School in Edinburgh's Old Town. He started training with Sir Robert Smirke in London in 1808. This is where he worked on Lowther Castle with C.R. Cockerell, Henry Roberts and Lewis Vulliamy.

After training with Smirke, Burn returned to Edinburgh in 1812. There, he established a practice from the family builders' yard. His first independent commission was in Renfrewshire. In 1812, he designed the exchange assembly rooms in Greenock. His father gave him the commission for a church in North Leith; this commission is what made his career and gave him a reputation.

On 3 August 1815, Burn married Elizabeth MacVicar. They had seven children together.

In 1816, Burn entered a competition to complete Robert Adam's university. He lost the competition to William Henry Playfair. Thenceforth, Burn started designing country houses.

In 1827, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, unusual for an architect, his proposer being James Skene.

In 1825, he took on a pupil, David Bryce. In 1841, they went into partnership together. Bryce ran the Scottish office, and Burn ran the English office, in Stratton Street. From 1844, he worked in London, where he took on his nephew John Macvicar Anderson as a partner.

In the 1830s, he was living and working at 131 George Street in the New Town.

By 1850, the Scottish office was much more profitable, and the partnership ended.

Burn was a master of many styles. He was a pioneer of the Scottish Baronial Revival, with Helen's Tower (1848), Castlewellan Castle (1856) and Balintore Castle (1859).

Freemasonry
It has not been ascertained where Burn became a Freemason but he was the Grand Architect of the Grand Lodge of Scotland from 1827 to 1844 when his pupil, David Bryce, was named as 'joint' Grand Architect. Both served the Grand Lodge of Antient Free and Accepted Masons of Scotland, in that joint capacity, until 1849. Thereafter, David Bryce was Grand Architect in his own right until 1876.

Death
Burn died in 1870, aged 80, at 6 Stratton Street in Piccadilly, London, and is buried in Kensal Green Cemetery just on the edge of the path to the north-west of the Anglican Chapel.

Trained under Burn
William Burn had many pupils:
John Honeyman
David Bryce
John Lessels
George Meikle Kemp
Thomas Brown
James Campbell Walker
William Eden Nesfield
David MacGibbon

Works
Burn was a prolific architect and happy to turn his hand to a variety of styles. He designed churches, castles, public buildings, country houses (as many as 600), monuments and other structures, mainly in Scotland, but also in England and Ireland. His works include among others:

Scotland
 Ardanaiseig House, near Kilchrenan, Argyll
Balintore Castle, Angus (1859) Scottish Baronial
The Binns, remodelled for the Dalyell family (1811) Gothic
Blairquhan Castle, South Ayrshire (1821) Gothic
Blantyre Monument, Erskine (1825)
Camperdown House, Dundee (1820) Greek Revival
Castle Menzies (1840) new wing
Carstairs House, South Lanarkshire (1820–1823) Gothic
 Corstorphine Old Parish Church (1828) – considered too radical and returned to its medieval orientation in 1905
Dornoch Cathedral major reconstruction (1835–1837)
The Duke of Gordon's Monument, Elgin, Moray (1839)
Dundas Castle, near Edinburgh (1818) Gothic
Dunira, Perthshire (1852) demolished
Dupplin Castle (1828) demolished
The Edinburgh Academy (1824)
 Gallanach House, near Oban, Argyll (1814)
Garscube House, Dunbartonshire (1827)
House of Falkland, Falkland, Fife (1839–1844)
Inverness Castle, Inverness (1836) Gothic
John Watson's Institution now the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art, Edinburgh (1825) Neoclassic
 Keir Parish Church, Keirmill Village, Dumfriesshire (1813)
Lauriston Castle, Edinburgh, Scotland, (west range only) (1827) Jacobean
Lude House, Blair Atholl, Perth and Kinross (1837)

Murray Royal Lunatic Asylum, Perth (1827)
North Leith Parish Church, Madeira Street, Leith (1814) Neoclassical
Church of St John the Evangelist, Edinburgh (1818) Gothic
 The Melville Monument in the centre of St Andrew Square, Edinburgh (1820–3) (topped by a statue by Robert Forrest)
 New Abbey Church, Dunfermline, Fife (1821)
Madras College, St Andrews (1832) Jacobean

England
Adderstone Hall, near Lucker, Northumberland (1819) Georgian Grecian
Cliveden, Buckinghamshire
Harlaxton Manor, Grantham, Lincolnshire
Stoke Rochford Hall, Lincolnshire (1841–43).
Lynford Hall, Norfolk Jacobean
Montagu House, Whitehall, London, French Renaissance, demolished
Prestwold Hall, Loughborough, Leicestershire (1842) Classical
Revesby Abbey, Lincolnshire (1845), Elizabethan-Jacobean
 South Rauceby Hall, South Rauceby Lincolnshire (1842)
The Old Deanery, Lincoln, (1847)
Sandon Hall, Staffordshire, (1852), Jacobean

Ireland
Bangor Castle, County Down, Northern Ireland (1852) Elizabethan-Jacobean
Castlewellan Castle, County Down, Northern Ireland (1856) Scottish Baronial
Dartrey Castle, near Rockcorry in County Monaghan (1840s) Elizabethan-Jacobean, demolished
Helen's Tower, Clandeboye Estate near Bangor (1848) Scottish Baronial
Muckross House, Killarney, County Kerry (1843) Tudor
Conservatory at Killruddery House (1852)

Gallery

References

Further reading
 Walker, David (1984): William Burn and the influence of Sir Robert Smirke and William Wilkins on Scottish Greek Revival Design, 1810–40 in Scottish Pioneers of the Greek Revival, The Scottish Georgian Society, Edinburgh, pp 3–35

External links
Gazetteer for Scotland- William Burn

1789 births
1870 deaths
Architects from Edinburgh
People educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh
Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery
Scottish baronial architecture

William Burn


The bunga emas dan perak ( "golden and silver flowers",  ), often abbreviated to bunga mas (Jawi:   "golden flowers"), was a tribute sent every three years to the king of Ayutthaya (Siam) from its vassal states in the Malay Peninsula, in particular, Terengganu, Kelantan, Kedah, Pattani, Nong Chik, Yala, Rangae, Kubang Pasu and Setul. The tribute consisted of two small trees made of gold and silver, along with costly gifts of weapons, goods and slaves.

There are several supposed origins and reasons for the establishment of the tradition:
 According to a Kedah source, the first time a bunga mas was sent, it was sent as a toy for a new-born Thai prince who was the grandson of Sultan of Kedah himself since his kin, a princess was married to the Thai king.
 17th-century Kedah rulers considered it to be a token of friendship.
 Thai kings since maintain that it was a recognition of their suzerainty instead.

The practice ended with the establishment of British rule in most of the northern Malay states under the terms of the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909.

Before Lord Nguyễn Ánh of Nguyễn clan was crowned Emperor of Vietnam, he had offered bunga mas to the Siamese king six times to gain military support for his campaign against the Tây Sơn dynasty.

See also
 Malaysia–Thailand relations

References

Ayutthaya Kingdom
History of Patani
History of Malaysia

Bunga mas


Ludshott Common and Waggoners Wells (the latter sometimes written with an apostrophe: Waggoners' Wells) is a National Trust reserve; Ludshott Common is an area of heathland and Waggoners Wells a series of man-made ponds with a connecting stream. The reserve is situated between Grayshott, Bramshott and Headley Down in East Hampshire, England. To the south is the large heathland area of Bramshott Common. Some  is under the care of the Woodland Trust.

Ludshott Common

Description
Ludshott Common is one of the largest remaining areas of heathland in East Hampshire. It lies parallel to and south of the B3002 road between Headley Down to the west and Grayshott to the east. It covers  and is designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and Special Protection Area (SPA) due to the number of endangered species, including woodlark, nightjar and Dartford warbler. There are also a great many spiders and butterflies, including silver-studded blue, grayling and green hairstreak. Adders, grass snakes and sand lizards also inhabit the common. Rabbits are widespread and roe deer may occasionally be seen. The most common trees are Scots pine and silver birch, with some oak.

While much of the common is heather and gorse scrub on a fine sandy soil, there was an elevated stand of mature Scots pine trees with little or no undergrowth known locally as "the cathedral" or "cathedral pines". Many had been removed by the end of 2020, owing to their roots having been damaged by fires.

In 2013 consultations were underway with a view to seeking permission to resume grazing on 550 acres of the common.

History
Ludshott Common constituted half of the ancient Manor of Ludshott, in the Hundred of Neatham, dating back to Saxon times. It is described as being under the lordship of Hugh de Port in the Domesday Book of 1086, where it was listed as comprising 10 households; in 1066 the overlord had been King Edward the Confessor. Court baron rolls go back to about 1400.

Ludshott Common owes its present state to the traditional use made of common land by local people: to graze their cattle, pigs, sheep, and ponies and to collect gorse, heather, wood, and bracken for fuel, and for animal bedding and winter fodder. Such uses ceased around the beginning of the 20th century. The land was acquired by the National Trust in 1908 in response to the growing pressure from housing development in Headley Down.

During the Second World War in the 1940s, Ludshott Common was used as a tank manoeuvres training ground, and the heather was largely turned to mud. The heather recovered, and was managed from the 1970s onwards. A camp (named Superior Camp) for Canadian troops, one of several in the vicinity, was built at the eastern corner of the common. Evidence of the layout can be seen even though it was demolished in the 1950s/1960s.

Periodically, fires would break out on the common. In 1962,  were burnt and, in 1965, . Further serious fires occurred in 1969 and 1976, the latter being the worst ever known in Hampshire, spreading rapidly and burning , lasting eight days. On 12 May 1980, 600 of the  were burnt by a fire fanned by high winds. Residents of roads in Headley Down which bordered the common were evacuated. Firefighters brought the fire under control in just over seven hours at 19:55. Relief crews remained on site overnight controlling small outbreaks of fire and damping down, with further relief crews taking over at 06:00 the following morning.

Waggoners Wells

Waggoners Wells is set amongst woodland in a steep valley situated between Ludshott Common to the north west and Bramshott Common to the south east.

The original name of the series of ponds was Wakeners' Wells. They were created in the 17th century by the Hooke family of Bramshott.  They were possibly originally intended as hammer ponds, that is, to serve the local iron industry, but they appear never to have been so used. The woodland surrounding the ponds is notable for its mature beech trees.

Vehicular access is via Waggoners Wells Lane from Grayshott as far as the ford and a small car park beyond; the lane originally continued south-eastwards to Kingswood Lane, and thence to the London to Portsmouth road (A3), but today only a footpath through the woodland remains.

Catch and release fishing for carp, roach, tench, perch and other species is a popular pursuit, as is nature rambling and birdwatching.

The stream that emerges from the pond furthest to the south-west is called Cooper's Stream. The house situated at the bottom of the ponds is Summerden and is a private residence of the National Trust warden of the area. Near it is a wishing well, mentioned by Flora Thompson in her writings of the locality, and recorded by a National Trust plaque as being the place at which Alfred, Lord Tennyson was inspired to compose his short poem Flower in the Crannied Wall. The stream flowing from Waggoners Wells runs west to Standford, around the west of Headley, and eventually into the River Wey. The stream powered many mills that worked ironworks, including Headley Mill. Paper mills were also run along the water that flowed from Waggoners Wells.

The gatefold photo of Fleetwood Mac's 1973 album Penguin was shot on location at Waggoners Wells.

References

External links

Highlights and pictures of Waggoners Wells from Travblog
Headley History timeline

National Trust properties in Hampshire
Lakes of Hampshire
Nature reserves in Hampshire

Ludshott Common and Waggoners Wells


"Psycho Killer" is a song by American rock band Talking Heads, released on their debut studio album Talking Heads: 77 (1977).  The group first performed it as the Artistics in 1974.

The band also recorded an acoustic version of the song featuring Arthur Russell on cello. In the liner notes for Once in a Lifetime: The Best of Talking Heads (1992), Jerry Harrison wrote of the B-side of the single, "I'm glad we persuaded Tony [Bongiovi] and Lance [Quinn] that the version with the cellos shouldn't be the only one."

The band's "signature debut hit" features lyrics which seem to represent the thoughts of a serial killer. Originally written and performed as a ballad, "Psycho Killer" became what AllMusic calls a "deceptively funky new wave/no wave song" with "an insistent rhythm, and one of the most memorable, driving basslines in rock & roll."

"Psycho Killer" was the only song from the album to appear on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, peaking at number 92. It reached number 32 on the Triple J Hottest 100 in 1989, and peaked at number 11 on the Dutch singles chart in 1977. The song is included in The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll.

Lyrics
The song was composed near the beginning of the band's career and prototype versions were performed onstage as early as December 1975. When it was finally completed and released as a single in December 1977, "Psycho Killer" became instantly associated in popular culture with the contemporaneous Son of Sam serial killings. Although the band always insisted that the song had no inspiration from the notorious events, the single's release date was "eerily timely" and marked by a "macabre synchronicity".

According to the preliminary lyric sheets copied onto the 2006 remaster of Talking Heads: 77, the song started off as a semi-narrative of the killer actually committing murders. In the liner notes of Once in a Lifetime: The Best of Talking Heads, Byrne says:

The bridge lyrics are in French, as is the prominent chorus line "Qu'est-ce que c'est?" ("What is this/it?"). The bridge lyrics are:

The French lyrics were supplied by Weymouth. According to Frantz, "I told David that Tina's mother is French and that they always spoke French in the home. Tina agreed to do it and just sat down and did it in a little over an hour. I wrote a couple of more verses, and within a few hours, 'Psycho Killer' was more or less done."

Later releases
Talking Heads performed the song on the BBC2 television show The Old Grey Whistle Test on January 31, 1978. The performance was later released on a DVD compilation of performances from the show.

A live version recorded in 1977 for radio broadcast was released on The Name of This Band Is Talking Heads in 1982, featuring an additional verse not heard in the studio version, and the later CD release included a second, later live version from the Remain in Light tour. In 1984, another live version was included on the soundtrack for the band's concert movie Stop Making Sense. The film opens with Byrne alone onstage, announcing "'Hi. I've got a tape I want to play'...[and] strumming maniacally like Richie Havens", playing an acoustic version of "Psycho Killer", backed only by a Roland TR-808 drum machine whose sound appears to be issuing from a boombox.

The song also appears on their 1992 compilation album Sand in the Vaseline: Popular Favorites and, over a decade later, on another compilation album The Best of Talking Heads.

Charts

Certifications

Legacy
The song has been recorded in cover versions by many bands including Julie Christensen, Velvet Revolver, James Hall, Cage the Elephant, Phish, Antiseen, Richard Thompson, the Bobs, Moxy Früvous, Rico, Victoria Vox, Wet Leg, Duran Duran, and the Ukulele Orchestra of Great Britain at the 2009 BBC Proms.

Massachusetts-based band the Fools parodied the song and entitled it "Psycho Chicken"; it was included as a bonus record with their major-label debut album Sold Out in 1980. Ice-T says that "Psycho Killer" was a starting influence for his band Body Count's controversial song "Cop Killer". Singer Selena Gomez samples the bassline on her 2017 single "Bad Liar." A Talking Heads tribute band based in Baltimore, active since 2011, call themselves the Psycho Killers.

References

External links

1974 songs
1977 singles
Talking Heads songs
Sire Records singles
Song recordings produced by Tony Bongiovi
Songs written by Chris Frantz
Songs written by David Byrne
Songs written by Tina Weymouth
Macaronic songs
The Flying Pickets songs
Franglais songs
Art rock songs
Songs about criminals
Songs about mental health

Psycho Killer


The Private Gladiator is a pornographic trilogy (Private Gladiator, Private Gladiator: In the City of Lust and Private Gladiator: Sexual Conquest, length 115 minutes), directed by Antonio Adamo and produced by Private Media Group. It is one of the most expensive in the world of its genre. Also, unlike most adult films based on mainstream films, it is not a parody, but rather a straightforward remake of Ridley Scott's 2000 film Gladiator. The Private Gladiator trilogy was produced on November 28, 2001, total length - 351 minutes. It won the 2003 AVN award for Best Foreign Feature.

Storyline
The film is set in 180 AD, and focuses on a Roman general who is on his way to becoming Emperor, also known as Caesar. A jealous man in power decides to usurp the general's destiny and sets in motion a power play to become leader himself. By stripping the general (Toni Ribas) of all his rank and power, then sending him to become a slave who must fight in the arena to entertain the citizens, the thought is that the general will die an early death and never bother him again. Needless to say, the general survives, and thrives, which makes him become a threat to those who stole his position.

In the City of Lust
General Maximus, after becoming a slave, returns to Rome to take revenge on Commodus. But in order to do so, he must first become a gladiator, win glory in the arena, make himself loved by the public, and become a myth. When he arrives in the city, he meets Domitila, Caesar's cousin, and an old love of his. Upon seeing him again, she gives free rein to her passion, but then must do battle with Siria, the slave-girl who is with Maximus.

After the fields of battle, Maximus must fight again in the arena at the Colosseum, against gladiators and savage beasts. This second thrilling episode of the saga is also a faithful reconstruction of the amatory arts of Roman women, whether they were patricians with an itch to scratch, or unbridled plebeian women given to sodomy and gangbangs. The orgies in the lupanars and the parties held by Commodus and his henchmen bring to life a series of highly erotic and shocking sex scenes, with disturbing and sinful women, lovers of debauchery and proud of their arts.

See also
 Caligula
 Gladiator

References

2000s pornographic films
2001 films
Film series introduced in 2001
Films about gladiatorial combat
Films set in 2nd-century Roman Empire
Gladiator (2000 film)
Remakes of American films
Cultural depictions of Commodus
Colosseum

de:The Private Gladiator
sh:Private Gladiator

Private Gladiator


The Göttingen Forest () is a ridge in Germany's Central Uplands that is up to 427.5 metres high. It forms part of the Lower Saxon Hills in South Lower Saxony.

Geography
The Göttingen Forest, which is divided into numerous separate woods, is found in the south of the Leine Uplands, which is in turn part of the Lower Saxon Hills. It lies in the district of Göttingen east of the city of Göttingen itself, immediately south of the Nörten Forest, west of the Untereichsfeld and north of the Reinhausen Forest with its twin peaks, Die Gleichen. The Göttingen Forest, Nörten Forest and Reinhausen Forest each form part of the Göttingen-Northeim Forest. Several kilometres to the northeast is the ridge of Rotenberg and, beyond that, the Harz Mountains. Northwest of the Göttingen Forest is the Bovenden, north-northwest is Nörten-Hardenberg, to the north is Billingshausen, northeast is Ebergötzen, east is Landolfshausen, southeast is Gleichen and southwest and west is the city of Göttingen. The Göttingen Forest lies south of the Rodebach valley, a few kilometres west of the Seeburger See lake, north of the valleys of the Garte and Bramke and several kilometres east of that of the River Leine.

The Göttingen Forest is bounded to the north, east and south predominantly by steep hillsides. The exact boundary of the forest is, however, not always uniformly defined. For example, on the one hand, many define it in a narrow sense as only that part south of the B 27 excluding the Plessforst, on the other hand, others refer to the climbing region of Göttingen Forest, an area also including those woods to the north, east and south.

Geology
The bedrock of the Göttingen Forest area is mainly made up of layers of middle Triassic Muschelkalk. In the incisions made by the Lutter and Braten valleys there are deposits from the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs. The largest and highest-lying part of the forest, namely the plateau-like areas of the northern Plessforst from the Hünstollen to Plesse Castle and the eastern part from the Lengderburg in the south via the Mackenröder Spitze to the Södderich, are characterised by layers of Lower Muschelkalk, whilst Trochitenkalk and Ceratite layers of the Upper Muschelkalk are the predominant formations found in the central and western part of the forest that has undergone greater movement. Middle Muschelkalk is found in the transition areas. In the Lange Nacht region and the adjacent slopes of the Kleper there is an elongated trough of upper Triassic Keuper, and individual pockets of the Lower Keuper are also found in the southern part of the Göttingen Forest. To the north, east and south, regions of sandstone border on the forest. In the west there are Pleistocene silts and finally the  Holocene water meadow loam of the Leine valley. Many old quarries are located in the Trochitenkalk and Lower Muschelkalk in which limestone, the main building material for nearby settlements, was obtained. By contrast, the more thinly bedded and very brittle layers were just used as hard core for road building or to reinforce dirt tracks. The limestone areas of the Lower and Upper Muschelkalk are mostly covered with just a thin layer of humus which, even when weathered, do not support very fertile agricultural soils. Settlements were therefore established almost entirely in the areas where Middle Muschelkalk occurs which is also where several small springs rise.

In the lower Triassic Bunter Sandstone region of the Reinhausen Forest to the south there is the largest abri group (rock overhangs caused by erosion) in Central Europe. They are often found in the narrowest part of the ravine-like rocky valleys between the River Leine and the Eichsfeld. In a region of around 30 by 6-10 kilometres there are today around 1600 abris. The sandstone in this area has been quarried for a long time.

Hills
The hills and high points of the Göttingen Forest include:

Sources
 Ulrich Nagel und Hans-Georg Wunderlich: Geologisches Blockbild der Umgebung von Göttingen (publications by the  Lower Saxon Institute for Geography and Regional Development, Series A, Vol. 91, 2nd ed.), 50 pp. + enclosures, Göttingen, 1976

References

Central Uplands
Hill ranges of Lower Saxony
Forests and woodlands of Lower Saxony
Geography of Lower Saxony
Göttingen
Natural regions of the Weser-Leine Uplands

Göttingen Forest


The Chevrolet Series AA Capitol (or Chevrolet Capitol) is an American vehicle manufactured by Chevrolet in 1927. Launched in the year Ford changed from the Model T to the Model A, Chevrolet sold 1,001,820 Series AA cars, and under the direction of General Manager William S. Knudsen Chevrolet would overtake Ford's dominance in the market internationally. The GM introduction of the GM A platform also introduced yearly appearance changes while using a corporate appearance from the newly established Art and Color Section headed up by Harley Earl which meant the Chevrolet Capitol and the Cadillac Series 314 shared a common appearance as both cars, as well as Oakland, Oldsmobile and Buick used Fisher Body, now owned by GM, as the sole provider of coachwork. Individuality between the brands was defined by the manufacturer of the engine, which was brand exclusive, and badging on the radiator. This model documents that the accelerator pedal was introduced as previous generations used a throttle installed in the center of the steering column along with the installation of a gas gauge installed in the dashboard and a centrally installed rear view mirror.

Specification
Available in eight body styles, the bodywork was very similar to the 1926 Chevrolet Superior Series V and 1925′s Superior Series K. The chassis and platform were also used to build Chevrolet and GMC trucks.  In May of 1925 the Chevrolet Export Boxing plant at Bloomfield, New Jersey was repurposed from a previous owner where Knock-down kits for Chevrolet, Oakland, Oldsmobile, Buick and Cadillac passenger cars, and both Chevrolet and G. M. C. truck parts are crated and shipped by railroad to the docks at Weehawken, New Jersey for overseas GM assembly factories.

See also
1927 Cadillac Series 314
1927 LaSalle Series 303
1927 Buick Master Six
1927 Buick Standard Six
1927 Oldsmobile Model 30
1927 Oakland Six

References

Series AA Capitol
Cars introduced in 1927
1920s cars

Chevrolet Series AA Capitol


The Santa Monica Public Library (SMPL) is the public library serving residents of Santa Monica, California and surrounding areas. SMPL is directed by a City Librarian, who reports to the Santa Monica City Manager's Office and is overseen by a Library Board consisting of five members appointed by the Santa Monica City Council.

Services

The system consists of the Main Library, located at 601 Santa Monica Boulevard, and four branch libraries: the Fairview Branch (2101 Ocean Park Boulevard), the Montana Avenue Branch (1704 Montana Avenue), the Ocean Park Branch (2601 Main Street), and the Pico Branch (2201 Pico Boulevard).

Library cards are available free of charge to California residents. Library cardholders may borrow books, magazines, compact discs, DVDs, audiobooks, ebooks and can use their cards to access research databases. Public access Internet computers are available at all locations and can be accessed by both California residents and visitors, and libraries also offer free Wi-Fi. The Main Library and Pico Branch Library have several small group study rooms available free of charge to library cardholders. Each library location has one or more community meeting rooms which can be rented for a fee.

The library has an active schedule of public programs, including regular book discussion groups, computer training classes, music performances and frequent author appearances. The Santa Monica Reads program and Green Prize for Sustainable Literature are two of the Library's most prominent recurring programs. The Youth Services Department maintains a full roster of storytimes, special events, and a popular annual summer reading program.

The Main Library's Santa Monica Collection Room contains publications relating to the Santa Monica Bay region. The website Imagine Santa Monica contains the library's collections of digitized historical assets, including thousands of scanned photographs, historic postcards, maps, early editions of the Santa Monica Outlook newspaper and a selective newspaper index of the Outlook'''s later years. The SMPL owns a complete run of the Outlook (1875–1998) on microfilm.

History

Origins

Santa Monica officially became a town in 1875. In 1884, a room adjoining Dr. Fred C. McKinnie's drug store was established as a reading room. The reading room was turned over to the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) in 1888. At that time, the collection of books contained 400 items, plus popular magazines and newspapers. Despite some successful fundraising events, maintaining the reading room proved challenging for the WCTU.

In November 1890, the WCTU proposed to turn the library, now numbering 800 volumes, over to the city of Santa Monica. The town trustees accepted the gift. In December 1890, the first City Librarian, Ms. Elfie Mosse, was appointed. Two rooms in the Bank of Santa Monica building, located at Oregon Avenue (later Santa Monica Boulevard) and Third Street, were set aside for the library.

Use of the reading rooms was free of charge, but borrowing privileges cost 25 cents per month. In March 1893, the library was made free to the public. By this time, the library had 1,800 volumes. By 1898, the library expanded to include another room.

In March 1903, the library moved to the new City Hall, located at Fourth Street and Oregon Avenue (later Santa Monica Boulevard), which provided more space.

The Carnegie library buildings

As the city grew, so did the library's collection. In early 1903, Mrs. J. H. Clark wrote to Andrew Carnegie, making a plea for a library building in Santa Monica. Carnegie's reply in April 1903 stated in part: "... Mr. Carnegie will be pleased to furnish Twelve Thousand Five Hundred Dollars to erect a Free Public Library Building for Santa Monica."

Within a short time, the citizens raised $3982.50 and purchased a lot on the northeast corner of Oregon Avenue and Fifth Street. Work began on the building in January 1904. The library opened to the public eight months later, on August 11.

According to the 1912–13 library annual report, the collection had increased to 18,568 volumes and annual circulation totaled 80,666. The collection was already beginning to outgrow the building.

The need for branch libraries also became evident. The mayor wrote to the Carnegie Corporation requesting a grant to help with construction costs of a branch library. Carnegie granted $12,500. The Ocean Park branch library, located on a parcel of land on the northeast corner of Ocean Park Boulevard and Main Street that the City had purchased for $8,000, opened to the public on February 15, 1918.

The main library in the 1920s and 1930s

In 1926, a bond issue was passed in the sum of $50,000 for the reconstruction and expansion of the Main library located at Santa Monica Boulevard and Fifth Street. The small Carnegie-funded structure was enlarged and remodeled into a Spanish-style design by E. J. Baume, with two additional wings. The expanded Main library opened to the public on November 18, 1927.

One of the unique features of the remodeled Main Library (located at 503 Santa Monica Boulevard) was the mural by artist Stanton Macdonald-Wright. Commissioned by the Public Works Administration Project, Macdonald-Wright began work on the mural in February 1934. It took him 18 months to complete the project. Unveiled in 1935, the 2,000-square-foot composition made a lasting impression on visitors to the library.

Children's books illustrator Eulalie Wilson painted the murals for the Boys and Girls Room in the Main library. Peter Pan, Cinderella, and other characters from children's books would grace the walls of the children's section for more than two decades.

Further development of branch libraries

By 1930, Santa Monica had a population of 37,000. It had a hospital, junior college, and was home to the new Douglas Aircraft Company and Clover Field. On July 1, 1931, the Fairview Heights branch library opened. Located at 1903 20th Street, it was a 15-foot wide storefront branch, sandwiched between a grocery store and barber shop.

By 1942, it was clear the storefront Fairview Branch Library could no longer adequately handle increased patronage, and the library began to look for a more suitable location. On July 13, 1942, Fairview Branch Library opened in its second location at 2030 Pico Boulevard.

During World War II, long time Fairview Branch Librarian Nellie Sullivan initiated a service she had read about: preschool story times. It was the first of its kind on the West Coast.

Also, during the war in 1945, the basement of the Ocean Park branch library was converted to a Young People's Room, where teenagers gathered to study and play games. In subsequent years, this room housed children's books, then was used for meetings and library programs.

By the 1950s, plans were underway for a larger building for the Fairview branch, which, since the opening at its second location on Pico Boulevard in 1942, had grown tremendously. In 1956, the third Fairview branch at 2101 Ocean Park Boulevard opened to the public.

To meet the neighborhood library needs of residents on the city's north side, the Montana Avenue Branch, located in a rented building at 1528–30 Montana Avenue, opened in February 1952. The branch thrived, and within six years, the annual circulation climbed to over 80,000 items. The branch soon outgrew its rented space, and plans were made for a new building. The city purchased two lots at 1704 Montana Avenue, and groundbreaking ceremonies were conducted on August 20, 1959. The new Montana Avenue branch library opened to the public on March 1, 1960.

A new main Library for the 1960s

In 1962, a bond issue was passed and land purchased on the corner of Sixth Street and Santa Monica Boulevard for the building of a new Main library. Construction began in February 1964. This library, designed by architects Matthew Robert Leizer and Thomas J. Russell, opened to the public in September 1965.  The street address was 1343 Sixth Street.

Since this new facility did not include a place for the Macdonald-Wright murals (which were painted on detachable plywood panels and were therefore removable), they were first stored in a basement and then accepted by and moved to the Smithsonian Institution. Prior to the opening of the new Main Library building in 2006, the Smithsonian Institution arranged for a long term loan of the murals to the library. The murals are installed throughout the second floor of the Main Library.

In 1989, the Reference Department began answering questions via electronic mail as part of the City's innovative Public Electronic Network. The Reference Department later began interacting with the public via electronic mail. In 2000, Santa Monica Public Library became the first public library to offer Internet-based chat reference services as the pilot site of the 24/7 Reference Project, now known as OCLC's QuestionPoint service. In 2009, text messaging reference service was added.

In 2000, the Library began lending DVDs. In 2005, the Library began making downloadable audiobooks available online to its cardholders.
In spring of 2003, Santa Monica Public Library presented its first Citywide Reads program in which everyone in the City was encouraged to read the same book and to discuss it. The first selection was Dai Sijie's Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress.

A new main library for the 21st century

In 1996, a formal planning process began for the expansion of the Main Library, including community focus groups, surveys, and meetings. The result was a Library Master Plan, and Moore Ruble Yudell (MRY) Architects & Planners of Santa Monica was chosen to formulate the conceptual design. Pamela Burton & Company was the landscape architect on this project. In 1998, a bond was passed by 81% to fund library improvements.

In 2002, after extensive community input, the Santa Monica City Council approved MRY's design.

Prior to the closing of the old Main Library building, the branch libraries were refurbished. The Montana Avenue Branch acquired a community meeting room at this time. Razing of the old library building, construction of the three-level subterranean parking garage, and construction of the two-story Main Library began in spring of 2003.

While the Main Library was under construction, the core of the library's adult collections was housed in a temporary location at 1324 Fifth Street. The "Temp Main" served the public from May 12, 2003 to December 4, 2005. The Main Library's children's and youth collections were located in the lower level of the Ocean Park Branch during this time.

The new Main Library, a 104,000-square-foot facility honored with a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) award, opened to the public in January 2006. The new Main Library featured a larger array of public computer facilities and expanded meeting facilities, including the Martin Luther King, Jr. Auditorium.

In 2007, in collaboration with the City's Environmental Programs Division, the Library presented its first Green Prize for Sustainable Literature. The first winner was Al Gore's An Inconvenient Truth''. The Library was the host of the United States' first Living Library event in 2008. In 2010, the Library began lending ebooks.  Use of the public library system continued to surge throughout the first decade of the new century.

In 2009, visits to the Main Library topped the one million mark for the first time.

The first new branch library in over 50 years

The Pico Neighborhood Community Plan of 1983 addressed the need for a branch library to return to the neighborhood and suggested combining existing private sector commercial activities with public uses to include a library and a post office. As Virginia Avenue Park was being planned, the inclusion of a library was again raised.

In 2008, the idea of a library returning to the Pico neighborhood gained momentum as the community considered the rebuilding of Edison Language Academy and the opportunity for a joint-use (Santa Monica-Malibu Unified School District and City) branch library was explored. In 2009, the City Council approved construction of a new branch library in Virginia Avenue Park.

Designed by Koning Eizenberg Architecture of Santa Monica, the Pico Branch Library is located in between the Thelma Terry Center and the Farmers Market zone. The single-story, two-building design includes the main 7,872 square-foot library facility and the annex, a separate, 818 square-foot community room, which is connected to the library by a roof-line trellis with solar panels.

The groundbreaking ceremony took place on August 15, 2012. The branch had its soft opening on April 24, 2014, with the ribbon-cutting, grand opening ceremony on Saturday, June 28.

References

External links

Imagine Santa Monica History Web site

History of Santa Monica, California
Libraries in Los Angeles County, California
Public libraries in California
Carnegie libraries in California
Buildings and structures in Santa Monica, California
Organizations based in Santa Monica, California

Santa Monica Public Library


Ron Brown (born September 18, 1946) is an American Republican politician from Wisconsin.

Background
Born in Marion, Indiana, Brown received an associate degree from Purdue Extension-Fort Wayne. He served in the United States Air Force from 1964 to 1967. Then, Brown worked in the fire departments in Fort Wayne, Indiana and Eau Claire, Wisconsin serving as the fire chief. He also was a business owner. Brown served in the Wisconsin State Senate from 2003 to 2007 and was defeated for reelection in 2006.

Notes

American fire chiefs
People from Marion, Indiana
Politicians from Eau Claire, Wisconsin
Businesspeople from Wisconsin
Republican Party Wisconsin state senators
1946 births
Living people
20th-century American firefighters
21st-century American politicians

Ron Brown (Wisconsin politician)


Fu Xiaoguang (; born February 1952) is a Chinese politician from Heilongjiang province. He served as vice-governor of Heilongjiang between 2003 and 2004. He was demoted and admonished by party authorities in 2013 for spending public funds on a banquet, during which one of his drinking partners reportedly died from overconsumption of alcohol.

Biography
Fu was born in Zhaoyuan County, Heilongjiang in February 1952.

Fu became involved in politics in October 1968 and he joined the Chinese Communist Party in September 1973.

Fu entered Jilin University of Technology in 1973, majoring in design and manufacturer, where he graduated in 1977. After graduation, he worked as an officer in Heilongjiang.

In 1995 he was promoted to become the Chief of Heilongjiang Provincial Communications Department, a position he held until 1999.

Fu was elevated to the vice-governor of Heilongjiang in January 2003; he resigned in October 2004 for serious violation. Beginning in 2010 he served as the chair of the Heilongjiang Table Tennis Association, a largely ceremonial role which gave him sub-provincial level official status. Starting in 2012 he was put in charge of a provincial tourism development project.

Downfall
On December 17, 2013, Fu was placed on "one-year probation" within the Chinese Communist Party for public consumption of alcohol. Fu reportedly spend a large amount of public funds on a banquet he hosted. One of the attendees died and another was seriously harmed due to overconsumption of alcohol. Fu was subsequently demoted one level from a sub-provincial official to the bureau-level.

References

1952 births
People from Daqing
Living people
Chinese police officers
Expelled members of the Chinese Communist Party
People's Republic of China politicians from Heilongjiang
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Heilongjiang
Jilin University alumni

Fu Xiaoguang


The River Feshie () is a major right bank tributary of the River Spey in north-east Scotland. It rises in the remote countryside of the Glenfeshie Forest, flowing initially eastwards before turning sharply to the northwest as a result of the capture of the waters of Geldie Burn. After gaining the waters of the River Eidart on its right bank and dropping down into Glen Feshie, it flows northwards through the wooded glen and is often braided in nature. It is joined by several burns which descend steeply from the Cairngorm plateau to the east and, on its left bank, by the Allt Chomhraig near Balachroick. The river passes beneath the B970 road at Feshiebridge and after a further 1.5 miles (2.5 km) it joins the Spey near the village of Kincraig.

Etymology
The name of the river and the glen which it occupies derives from the Gaelic faith meaning 'boggy place' and isidh signifying 'pasture land'.

References

External links

Feshie
1Feshie

River Feshie