Joseph Gallo (April 7, 1929 – April 7, 1972), also known as "Crazy Joe", was an Italian-American mobster and Caporegime of the Colombo crime family of New York City.

In his youth, Gallo was diagnosed with schizophrenia after an arrest. He soon became an enforcer in the Profaci crime family, later forming his own crew which included his brothers Larry and Albert. In 1957, Joe Profaci allegedly asked Gallo and his crew to murder Albert Anastasia, the boss of the Gambino crime family; Anastasia was murdered on October 25 at a barber shop in midtown Manhattan. In 1961, the Gallo brothers kidnapped four of Profaci's top men: underboss Joseph Magliocco, Frank Profaci (Joe Profaci's brother), caporegime Salvatore Musacchia and soldato John Scimone, demanding a more favorable financial scheme for the hostages' release. After a few weeks of negotiation, Profaci and his consigliere, Charles "the Sidge" LoCicero, made a deal with the Gallos and secured the peaceful release of the hostages. This incited the First Colombo War.

In 1961, Gallo was convicted of conspiracy and extortion for attempting to extort money from a businessman, and was sentenced to seven-to-fourteen years in prison. While Gallo was imprisoned, Profaci died of cancer in 1962, Magliocco took over, and the Gallo crew attempted to kill Carmine Persico in 1963. Patriarca family boss Raymond L.S. Patriarca negotiated a peace agreement between the two factions, but after Gallo was released from prison on April 11, 1971, he stated that the agreement did not apply to him because he was in prison when it was negotiated. Upon his release, a peace offering of $1,000 was made by boss Joseph Colombo, but Gallo demanded $100,000; Colombo refused. On June 28, 1971, at an Italian-American Civil Rights League rally in Columbus Circle in Manhattan, Colombo was shot three times by an African-American gunman who was immediately killed by Colombo's bodyguards; Colombo survived the shooting but was paralyzed. Although many in the Colombo family blamed Gallo for the shooting, the police eventually concluded that the gunman acted alone after they had questioned Gallo.

The Colombo family leadership was convinced that Gallo ordered the murder after his falling out with the family, inciting the Second Colombo War. On April 7, 1972, around 4:30 a.m., Gallo was shot dead at Umbertos Clam House in Manhattan's Little Italy while celebrating his 43rd birthday. Although differing accounts of who the killer or killers were have been reported by various sources over the years, "the case officially remains unsolved".

Early life
Joe Gallo was born in the Red Hook, Brooklyn, area of New York City. His parents were Umberto and Mary Gallo. A bootlegger during Prohibition, Umberto invested his earnings into a loan-sharking racket and did little to discourage his three sons from participating in local criminal activity.

Although he would remain deeply entwined with South Brooklyn in the popular imagination throughout his criminal career and often frequented the area as a youth because of familial ties, Gallo was actually raised in the borough's Kensington section (then customarily characterized as a subsection of Flatbush), where his family owned and operated Jackie's Charcolette, a greasy spoon at 108 Beverley Road which capitalized on foot traffic from the nearby Church Avenue business district and IND subway station. As late as 1964, a United States Senate dossier on organized crime identified the family home at 639 East 4th Street as Gallo's permanent residence. (By 1972, the Gallo family had relocated across the street to a larger abode at 652 East 4th Street, which was operated as a rooming house.) He completed his primary education at P.S. 179 in Kensington before dropping out of the Brooklyn High School of Automotive Trades in Williamsburg at the age of sixteen.

Shortly thereafter, Gallo sustained head trauma in an automobile accident, resulting in the manifestation of a "nervous tic"; by this juncture, he and lifelong associates Peter "Pete the Greek" Diapoulas and Frank Illiano had begun to contemplate various criminal schemes while frequenting Church Avenue's Ace Pool Room and a candy store on 36th Street and Fourteenth Avenue in the nearby Borough Park section. In 1949, after viewing the film Kiss of Death, Gallo began mimicking Richard Widmark's gangster character "Tommy Udo" and reciting movie dialogue. After a 1950 arrest, he was temporarily confined to Kings County Hospital Center, where he was diagnosed with schizophrenia. Albert Seedman, the head of New York City Police Department's Detective Bureau, called Gallo "that little guy with steel balls". Gallo's brothers, Larry and Albert "Kid Blast" Gallo, were also his criminal associates.

Gallo's first wife  whom he married around 1960, divorced in the mid-1960s, and then remarried in July 1971  was Las Vegas showgirl Jeffie Lee Boyd. Later in 1971, Jeffie divorced Gallo again. The couple had one daughter, Joie. In March 1972, three weeks before his death, Gallo married 29-year-old actress Sina Essary. He became the stepfather of Sina's daughter, Lisa Essary-Gallo (born 1962).

Early criminal career
Gallo started as an enforcer and hitman for Joe Profaci in the Profaci crime family. In addition to helping to manage his father's loan-sharking business and Larry Gallo's vending machine and jukebox operations (with the latter often perceived as the "crown jewel" of the family's rackets), he directly oversaw a variety of enterprises, including floating dice and high-stakes card games, extortion shakedowns and a numbers game. He maintained his headquarters at "The Dormitory", a three-story brick tenement at 51 President Street (within the boundaries of Brooklyn's contemporary Columbia Street Waterfront District) that previously housed the Gallo family's vending machine interests; there, he allegedly kept a pet lion named Cleo in the basement. Within a few years, Gallo secretly owned several Manhattan nightclubs and two sweat shops in the Garment District.

In 1957, Profaci allegedly asked Gallo and his crew to murder Albert Anastasia, the boss of the Gambino crime family. Anastasia's underboss, Carlo Gambino, wanted to replace him and asked Profaci for assistance. On October 25, Anastasia entered the barber shop at the Park Sheraton Hotel in midtown Manhattan. As Anastasia relaxed in the barber's chair, two men—scarves covering their faces—rushed in, shoved the barber out of the way, and killed the Gambino boss in a hail of bullets. Anastasia's killers have never been conclusively identified, but Carmine Persico later claimed that he and Gallo had shot Anastasia, joking that he was part of Gallo's "barbershop quintet".

The following year, Gallo and his brothers were summoned to Washington, D.C., to testify before the McClellan Committee of the United States Senate on organized crime. While visiting Senate Counsel Robert F. Kennedy in his office, Gallo flirted with Kennedy's secretary and told Kennedy his carpet would be excellent for a dice game. On the witness stand, none of the brothers provided any useful information.

First Colombo War
On February 27, 1961, the Gallo brothers kidnapped four of Profaci's top men: underboss Joseph Magliocco, Frank Profaci (Joe Profaci's brother), caporegime Salvatore Musacchia and soldier John Scimone. Profaci himself eluded capture and flew to sanctuary in Florida. While holding the hostages, Larry and Albert sent Joe to California. The Gallos demanded a more favorable financial scheme for the hostages' release. Joe wanted to kill one hostage and demand $100,000 before negotiations, but his brother Larry overruled him. After a few weeks of negotiation, Profaci and his consigliere, Charles "the Sidge" LoCicero, made a deal with the Gallos and secured the peaceful release of the hostages.

However, Profaci had no intention of honoring this peace agreement. On August 20, 1961, he ordered the murders of Larry Gallo and Joseph "Joe Jelly" Gioielli, a member of the Gallo crew. Gunmen allegedly murdered Gioielli after inviting him to go fishing. Larry survived a strangulation attempt by Persico and Salvatore "Sally" D'Ambrosio at the Sahara Club in East Flatbush after a police officer intervened. The Gallo brothers had been previously aligned with Persico against Profaci and his loyalists; they then began calling Persico "the Snake" after he had betrayed them. The gang war continued, resulting in nine murders and three disappearances. With the start of the war, the Gallo crew retreated to the Dormitory. Persico was indicted later that year for the attempted murder of Larry Gallo, but the charges were dropped when Larry refused to testify.

In November 1961, Gallo was convicted of conspiracy and extortion for attempting to extort money from a businessman. On December 21 of that year, he was sentenced to seven-to-fourteen years in prison.

Prison
While serving his sentence, Gallo was incarcerated at three New York state prisons: Green Haven Correctional Facility, Attica Correctional Facility, and Auburn Correctional Facility.

In 1962, while Gallo was serving time in Attica, his brothers Larry and Albert, along with five other members of the Gallo crew, rushed into a burning Brooklyn tenement near their hangout, the Longshore Rest Room, and rescued six children and their mother from a fire. The crew was briefly celebrated in the press.

While at Green Haven, Gallo became friends with African-American drug trafficker Leroy "Nicky" Barnes. Gallo predicted a power shift in the Harlem drug rackets towards black gangs, and coached Barnes on how to upgrade his criminal organization. On August 29, 1964, Gallo sued the Department of Corrections, stating that correction officers inflicted cruel and unusual punishment on him at Green Haven after he allowed a black barber to cut his hair. The prison commissioner characterized Gallo as a belligerent inmate and an agitator.

At Auburn, Gallo took up watercolor painting and became an avid reader. He worked as an elevator operator in the prison's woodworking shop. During a prison riot at Auburn, he rescued a severely wounded corrections officer from angry inmates. The officer later testified for Gallo at a parole hearing. According to Donald Frankos, a fellow inmate at Auburn, Gallo was "articulate and had excellent verbal skills being able to describe gouging a man's guts out with the same eloquent ease that he used when discussing classical literature."

In May 1968, while Gallo was still in prison, his brother Larry died of cancer.

Release from prison and Second Colombo War
While Gallo was serving his sentence, big changes were happening in the Profaci family. On June 7, 1962, after a long illness, Profaci died of cancer. Magliocco took over and continued the battle with Gallo's brothers. On May 19, 1963, a Gallo hit team shot Persico multiple times, but he survived. In 1963, through negotiations with Patriarca family boss Raymond L.S. Patriarca, a peace agreement was reached between the two factions. Gallo later stated that the peace agreement did not apply to him because he was in prison when it was negotiated.

Later in 1963, The Commission forced Magliocco to resign after the body discovered he helped formulate a plot to overthrow them, and installed Joseph Colombo, an ally of Gambino, as the new Profaci family boss; the Profaci family then became the Colombo crime family. However, Colombo soon alienated Gambino with his establishment of the Italian-American Civil Rights League and the media attention that it entailed.

Gallo was released from prison on April 11, 1971. His second wife, Sina, described him shortly after his release, saying he appeared extremely frail and pale. "He looked like an old man. He was a bag of bones. You could see the remnants of what had been a strikingly handsome man in his youth. He had beautiful features—beautiful nose, beautiful mouth and piercing blue eyes."

Gallo soon became a part of New York high society. His connection started when actor Jerry Orbach played the inept mobster Kid Sally Palumbo in the 1971 film The Gang That Couldn't Shoot Straight, a role based loosely on Gallo.

After his release, Colombo and Joseph Yacovelli invited Gallo to a peace meeting with an offering of $1,000. Gallo reportedly told the family representatives that he was not bound by the 1963 peace agreement and demanded $100,000 to settle the dispute, which Colombo refused. On June 28, 1971, at the second League rally in Columbus Circle in Manhattan, Colombo was shot three times, once being in the head, by an African-American gunman named Jerome A. Johnson; Johnson was immediately killed by Colombo's bodyguards. Colombo survived the shooting, but was paralyzed until his death in May 1978. Although many in the Colombo family blamed Gallo for the shooting, the police eventually concluded that Johnson was a lone gunman after they had questioned Gallo. The Colombo leadership was convinced that Gallo ordered the murder after his falling out with the family.

Murder
On April 7, 1972, around 4:30 a.m., Gallo and his family entered Umbertos Clam House in Manhattan's Little Italy to celebrate his 43rd birthday with sister Carmella, wife Sina, her daughter Lisa, his bodyguard Peter "Pete the Greek" Diapoulas, and Diapoulas's girlfriend. Earlier that evening, the Gallo party had visited the Copacabana with Jerry Orbach and his wife, Marta, to see a performance by comedian Don Rickles and singer Peter Lemongello. Once at Umbertos, the Gallo party took two tables, with Gallo and Diapoulas facing the wall. Rickles and Lemongello, whom Gallo had invited to join them at Umbertos, managed to find an excuse to get out of the engagement, possibly saving their lives.

Colombo associate Joseph Luparelli claimed he was sitting at the bar, unbeknownst to Gallo. When Luparelli saw Gallo, he claimed he immediately left Umbertos and walked to a Colombo hangout two blocks away. After contacting Yacovelli, Luparelli said he recruited Colombo associate Philip Gambino, Genovese soldier Carmine "Sonny Pinto" DiBiase, and two other men  reputedly members of the Patriarca family  to kill Gallo due to their belief the Colombo family had a contract on Gallo's life. On reaching Umbertos, Luparelli said he stayed in the car and the other four men went inside through the back door. Between seafood courses, Luparelli asserted the four gunmen walked into the dining room and opened fire with .32- and .38 caliber revolvers. Gallo swore and attempted to draw his handgun, but twenty shots were fired at him, and he was hit in the back, elbow and buttock. After overturning a butcher block dining table, Gallo staggered to the front door. Witnesses claimed that he was attempting to draw fire away from his family. Diapoulas was shot once in the hip. The mortally wounded Gallo stumbled into the street and collapsed. He was taken in a police car to Beekman-Downtown Hospital where he was pronounced dead shortly after at around 5:30 a.m.

Luparelli's account earned wide publicity, but was met with skepticism by police. NYPD homicide detective Joe Coffey, who inherited the Gallo case from original investigators, reported that based on eyewitness testimony and crime scene reconstruction police always believed the Gallo shooter was a lone man. Coffey also asserted that police circulated a false story about three shooters to help screen information from supposed witnesses or informers: anyone who reported three gunmen rather than one was immediately deemed unreliable. Author Charles Brandt notes that "[Luparelli's] statement was never corroborated in a single detail" and resulted in no arrests. Brandt further speculates that Luparalli's confession was most likely disinformation ordered by his Colombo family superiors intended to defuse tensions after the Gallo shooting. Umbertos was owned by associates of the Genovese crime family, which would normally imply the Genovese family had given their blessing to a killing on their territory. But Luparelli's account, that the shooting was a spontaneous unplanned act without approval from high-ranking mafiosi, took pressure off the feuding Colombo and Genovese families.

A differing but equally disputed<ref name="esq">[https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/a30061890/joseph-crazy-joe-gallo-the-irishman-true-story/ The Irishman'''s Joe Gallo Was One of New York's Most Famous Reputed Mobsters], Esquire</ref> account of the murder was offered by Frank Sheeran, a hitman and labor union boss. Shortly before his death in 2003, Sheeran claimed that he was the lone triggerman in the Gallo hit acting on orders from mobster Russell Bufalino, who felt that Gallo was drawing undue attention with his flashy lifestyle. Coffey and several other New York police officers are confident that Sheeran killed Gallo. Furthermore, an eyewitness at Umbertos on the night of the incident, later a New York Times editor who spoke on condition of anonymity, also identified Sheeran as the man she observed shooting Gallo. Jerry Capeci, a journalist and Mafia expert who was at Umbertos shortly after the shooting as a young reporter for the New York Post, later wrote if he were "forced to make a choice" about who shot Gallo, Sheeran was the most likely culprit. Bill Tonelli disputes the truthfulness of Sheeran's claim in his Slate article "The Lies of the Irishman", as does Harvard Law School professor Jack Goldsmith in "Jimmy Hoffa and 'The Irishman': A True Crime Story?" which appeared in The New York Review of Books. Former Colombo family capo Michael Franzese, also disputes that Sheeran was the killer when reviewing the scene depicting the assassination in The Irishman, claiming that he knows "for a fact what happened there" based on his personal involvement with the Mafia at the time. Gallo's widow had later stated she remembered the attack involving multiple men, all of whom were short and appeared to be Italian. Sheeran, on the other hand, was of mixed Irish-Swedish descent and 6'4".

Aftermath
Gallo's funeral was held under police surveillance; his sister Carmella declared over his open coffin that "the streets are going to run red with blood, Joey!" Looking for revenge, Albert Gallo sent a gunman from Las Vegas to the Neapolitan Noodle restaurant in Manhattan, where Yacovelli, Alphonse Persico, and Gennaro Langella were dining. However, the gunman did not recognize the mobsters and shot four innocent diners instead, killing two of them. After this assassination attempt, Yacovelli fled New York, leaving Persico as the new boss. The Colombo family, led by the imprisoned Persico, was plunged into a second internecine war which lasted for several years, until a 1974 agreement allowed Albert and his remaining crew to join the Genovese family.

An increasingly paranoid Luparelli fled to California, then contacted the Federal Bureau of Investigation and reached a deal to become a government witness. He then implicated the four gunmen in the Gallo murder. However, the police could not bring charges against them; there was no corroborating evidence and Luparelli was deemed an unreliable witness. No one was ever charged in Gallo's murder.

In October 1975, the New York City Department of Water Resources began to replace the sewer on the "Gallo block" of President Street (between Columbia and Van Brunt Streets) with a system designed to connect to a new sewage treatment plant in Red Hook. When a house at 21 President Street collapsed on December 3, 1975 (resulting in the death of one man), all work on the project stopped for more than eighteen months, leaving an "open trench in the middle of the street [...] braced with steel and filled with stagnant water" due to an ensuing pump failure; this compromised the foundations of every building on the block and the remaining buildings on an adjoining stretch of Carroll Street, compounding the effects of probable earlier damage stemming from the construction of the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel and the depressed alignment of the Brooklyn–Queens Expressway on nearby Hicks Street. Gallo crew member Frank DiMatteo has speculated that "lawyers and corrupt politicians [...] decided to turn the whole block into a stinking shithole until no one could live there anymore" in an effort to rid the area — by now convenient to the gentrifying enclaves of Carroll Gardens and Cobble Hill — of remaining Gallo associates. According to DiMatteo, only four buildings on the block were owned by the Gallo crew: "The rest were all owned by innocent people who'd had those buildings in their families for generations. [...] The Law didn't care. They got what they wanted." As many as 33 buildings on the block were subsequently condemned and replaced with new housing, with none of the Gallo-era buildings extant today.

Gallo Crew
 Albert "Kid Blast" Gallo – transferred to Genovese crime family in 1975
 Larry Gallo – died of cancer in 1968
 Frank "Punchy" Illiano – transferred to Genovese crime family in 1975, died in January 2014
 Bobby Boriello – transferred to Gambino crime family in 1972, murdered in 1991 on orders of Anthony Casso
 Nicholas Bianco – transferred to Patriarca crime family in 1963, died of natural causes in 1994
 Vic Amuso – transferred to Lucchese crime family, serving life in prison
 Joseph "Joe Pesh" Luparelli – entered witness protection program in 1972, current location unknown
 Joe Gioelli – murdered in 1961 by Profaci gunmen
 Carmine "the Snake" Persico – Colombo family boss, died in 2019 while serving 139-year sentence in prison
 Michael Rizzitello – transferred to Los Angeles crime family, died while incarcerated due to complications of cancer in 2005
 Peter ("Pete the Greek") Diapoulas
 John Cutrone – led breakaway faction from Gallo crew, murdered in 1976 by unknown gunmen
 Gerry Basciano – seceded from Gallo crew, murdered in 1976 by unknown gunmen
 Steve Cirrilo – murdered in 1974 by Cutrone gunmen
 Joseph Cardiello – defected to Profaci, murdered by Gallo gunmen on December 10, 1963
 Louis Mariani – murdered by Profaci gunmen on August 10, 1963
 Leonard "Big Lenny" Dello – died in 2009
 John Commarato
 Alfonso Serantonio
 Joseph Yancone
 Eugene LaGana
 Frank Balzano
 Sergio "SergForce" Gallo
 Dan 'Big Fish' Cantelliani
 Hugh "Apples" McIntosh – died in 1997

In popular culture
Author Jimmy Breslin's 1969 book The Gang That Couldn't Shoot Straight was a fictionalized and satirical depiction of Gallo's war with the Profaci family. It was made into a 1971 feature film with Jerry Orbach playing Kid Sally Palumbo, a surrogate for Gallo.

After Gallo's murder, producer Dino De Laurentiis produced a more serious, but still fictionalized drama about Gallo titled Crazy Joe, released in 1974. Based on newspaper articles by reporter Nicholas Gage, the movie was directed by Carlo Lizzani and starred Peter Boyle as the title character.

Gallo is the main character in Bob Dylan's biographical, 12-verse ballad "Joey". The song appears in Dylan's 1976 album Desire. Dylan was criticized for overly romanticizing his life in the song.

Gallo was portrayed by Sebastian Maniscalco in the 2019 Martin Scorsese film The Irishman.

Gallo is portrayed in the 2019 film Mob Town by Kyle Stefanski.

In the Paramount+ 2022 TV Series The Offer Gallo is portrayed by Joseph Russo.

See also
List of unsolved murders

References

Further reading
 Albanese, S. Jay, Contemporary Issues in Organized Crime'', Criminal Justice Press 1995

External links
 Joey Gallo's Murder
 New York City Gangland by Arthur Nash, Chapter 6: "The Godfather Game: Gangland Jumps the Shark"
 Gallo article at americanmafia.com
 Joe Gallo Mafia Archives at thechicagosyndicate.com
 Death of Gallo at crimelibrary.com
 Former Umberto's Clam House at Google Maps
 Green-Wood Cemetery Burial Search
 Joey Gallo at Findagrave

1929 births
1972 deaths
1972 murders in the United States
20th-century American criminals
American people convicted of murder
Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery
Colombo crime family
Deaths by firearm in Manhattan
Male murder victims
Murdered American gangsters of Italian descent
People from Red Hook, Brooklyn
People murdered by the Colombo crime family
People murdered in New York City
People with schizophrenia
Unsolved murders in the United States

Joe Gallo


Knafeh () is a traditional Middle Eastern dessert, made with spun pastry called kataifi, soaked in a sweet, sugar-based syrup called attar, and typically layered with cheese, or with other ingredients such as clotted cream, pistachio or nuts, depending on the region. It is popular in the Middle East. Variants are also found in Turkey.

In Arabic, the name may refer to the string pastry itself, or to the entire dessert dish. In Turkish, the string pastry is known as , and the cheese-based dessert that uses it as . In the Balkans, the shredded dough is similarly known as , and in Greece as , and is the basis of various dishes rolled or layered with it, including dessert pastries with nuts and sweet syrups.

Etymology
The English language borrows the word "knafeh" from Levantine and Egyptian Arabic, and widely transliterates it as , and similar variations.

The ultimate origin of  is debated. Some sources state that it comes from the Coptic Egyptian word "", meaning a bread or cake. Early attestations are found in Egyptian stories in the One Thousand and One Nights. Another view is that it comes from a Semitic root with a meaning of "side" or "wing", from the Arabic , "to flank or enclose".

History
A common story is that the dish was created, and prescribed by doctors, to satisfy the hunger of caliphs during Ramadan. The story is variously said to have happened in Fatimid Egypt, or in the Umayyad Caliphate in Syria. It is also reported to have been mentioned in writing as early as the tenth century, and to be of Fatimid origin. However, dishes mentioned in historical texts are not necessarily the same as the modern versions of .

Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq's tenth century  (Book of Dishes), a collection of Arabic and Persian recipes and food advice of the Abbasid caliphs, mentions neither the word , nor a description of the dish as it is known today. However, it does feature a chapter on desserts made with the related , meaning crêpes, from which the Turkish word  and Greek word  derive. In one recipe,  are stuffed with nuts, deep-fried, and topped with honey-sugar syrup, which is essentially unchanged in today's version. Also described are large thin crêpes resembling fabric, called , cooked on a round sheet of metal called a , layered with fruit, and drenched with sugar.The 13th century anonymous  (Book of Dishes from Maghreb and Al-Andalus) uses the word  to describe a crêpe made with thin batter on an Indian pan or "mirror" (the ), and says it is equivalent to . It also gives a recipe for  (the crêpes being called  in Al-Andalus), which uses the same batter, but the  is made thinner, "like a fine tissue". It gives a number of dessert recipes for , where the crêpes are served layered with fresh cheese, baked, and topped with honey and rose syrup; or cut up into shreds like rose leaves and cooked with honey, nuts, sugar, and rosewater.

Ibn al-Jazari gives an account of a 13th-century market inspector who rode through Damascus at night, ensuring the quality of , and other foods associated with Ramadan, during the Mamluk period.

In the later Middle Ages, a new technique was created, with thin batter being dripped onto the metal sheet from a perforated container, creating hair-like strings. A mid-15th century Ottoman Turkish translation of Muhammad bin Hasan al-Baghdadi's  added several new contemporary recipes, including one for this , though it does not specify where it originated. This became the basis for the modern . It is fried together with butter and fillings or toppings such as nuts, sweetened cheese, or clotted cream, and mixed with rosewater and sugar. The pastry spread from the Arab lands to neighboring countries including Iran and Greece, and to Turkey where the string pastry itself is known as  ("string crêpes"), also used in related pastries such as .

Preparation

There are many types of kanafeh pastry:
 khishnah (, rough): crust made from long thin noodle threads.
 nāʿimah (, fine): semolina dough.
 muhayara (, mixed): a mixture of khishnah and na'ama.
 mabruma (, twined): It is prepared with noodle.

The pastry is heated in butter, margarine, palm oil, or traditionally semneh and then spread with soft sweet cheese, such as Nabulsi cheese, and topped with more pastry. In khishnah kanafeh the cheese is rolled in the pastry. A thick syrup of sugar, water, and a few drops of rose water or orange blossom water is poured on the pastry during the final minutes of cooking. Often the top layer of pastry is tinted with red or orange food coloring (a modern shortcut, instead of baking it for long periods of time). Crushed pistachios are sprinkled on top as a garnish.

Variants

Kanafeh Nabulsieh

Kanafeh Nabulsieh originated in the Palestinian city of Nablus, hence the name Nabulsieh. Nablus is still renowned for its kanafeh, which consists of mild white cheese and shredded wheat surface, which is covered by sugar syrup. In the Middle East, this variant of kanafeh is the most common.

Kadayıf and künefe

In the Hatay region of Turkey, which was formerly part of Syria and has a large Arab population, the pastry is called künefe and the wiry shreds are called tel kadayıf. A semi-soft cheese such as Urfa peyniri (cheese of Urfa) or Hatay peyniri (cheese of Hatay), made of raw milk, is used in the filling. In making the künefe, the kadayıf is not rolled around the cheese; instead, cheese is put in between two layers of wiry kadayıf. It is cooked in small copper plates, and then served very hot in syrup with clotted cream (kaymak) and topped with pistachios or walnuts. In the Turkish cuisine, there is also yassı kadayıf and ekmek kadayıfı, none of which is made of wiry shreds.

The EU Commission approved 'Antakya Künefesi' from Hatay, Türkiye as Protected Geographical Indication (PGI).

Riştə xətayi
This South Azerbaijani variant is prepared in Tabriz, Iran. Riştə xətayi is typically cooked in Ramadan in the world's biggest covered Bazaar of Tabriz. It is made with chopped walnuts, cinnamon, ginger, powder of rose, sugar, rose water and olive oil.

Kadaif

In this variant, called also  () or  () in Greek, the threads are used to make various forms of pastries, such as tubes or birds' nests, often with a filling of chopped nuts as in baklava.

These very thin threads are also known as "kadaif noodles" and are used to make the outer shell of the Greek dessert kataifi. These vermicelli-like threads become very crispy when fried or baked. For this particular Greek dessert, the filling is usually a blend of coarsely chopped nuts, such as walnuts and pistachios, mixed with honey and a light cream.

Gaza knafeh
It originated in Gaza Strip, Palestine, and is made of soft bulgur, cinnamon, pecan nuts, and dairy fats.

World records

The world's largest plate of the dessert was made in Antakya, Turkey, in 2017. The tray of künefe measured 78 meters long, and weighed 1550 kilograms. A previous record attempt was made by rival Nablus in 2009, with a 75-meter tray, weighing 1,350 kilograms. Neither attempt was officially listed as breaking the record; according to the website of the Guinness World Records, there is no current record holder for the title.

See also
 Ekmek kadayıfı, Turkish bread custard
 List of pastries
 Palestinian cuisine
 Phyllo
 Qatayef, a dumpling-like confection involving some of the same ingredients

Gallery

References

External links

Arab desserts
Arab pastries
Ottoman cuisine
Egyptian cuisine
Iranian cuisine
Israeli desserts
Jordanian cuisine
Lebanese desserts
Levantine cuisine
Palestinian cuisine
Syrian cuisine
Turkish desserts
Stuffed desserts
Cheese desserts
Albanian cuisine

Knafeh


Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. Some types of brass are called bronzes.

Brass has a golden appearance. It is harder than pure metals and resists corrosion. It costs more than zinc.

There are some common brasses:
 Alpha brasses - with less than 40% zinc
 Beta brasses -
 White brasses - with more than 45% zinc

Things brass are used to make include:
 Brass instruments
 Ornaments
 Electrical fittings
 Buttons
 Screws
 Taps
 Hinges
 Door knobs

Properties
Brass is more malleable than bronze or zinc. The melting point of brass can be 900 to 940 °C or 1,650 to 1,720 °F, depending on what it is made of. The density of brass is 8.4 to 8.73 g/cm3 (0.303 to 0.315 lb/cu in).

Today, almost 90% of all brass alloys are recycled. Brass is not ferromagnetic. Brass scrap is collected and transported to the foundry. In the foundry, it is melted and recast into billets. The billets are heated and stretched into the form and size that is wanted.

Brass will corrode when it is exposed to moisture, chlorides, acetates, ammonia, and some acids.

Brass alloys
There are many brass alloys. They include:

 Abyssinian gold
 Admiralty brass
 Aich's alloy
 Aluminum brass
 Arsenical brass
 Cartridge brass
 Common brass
 DZR brass
 Delta metal
 Free machining brass
 Gilding metal
 High brass
 Leaded brass
 Lead-free brass
 Low brass
 Manganese brass
 Muntz metal
 Naval brass
 Nickel brass
 Nordic gold
 Orichalcum
 Prince's metal
 Red brass
 Tombac
 Silicon tombac
 Tonval brass
 Yellow brass

References

Alloys
Basic English 850 words

Brass


William Eifion Jones (1925 – March 2004) was a Welsh marine botanist, noted for his study of marine algae.

He was born and brought up in Aberystwyth and studied botany at the University of Wales under Professor Lilly Newton. He moved to Bangor in 1953 to join the newly founded Marine Biology Station as a lecturer with Denis Crisp, and completed his PhD in 1957. He had a wife, Marian, and two children, Rhiannon and Aled.

He retired early in 1986, but went on to lecture in Kuwait, returning to do part-time lecturing at the University of Wales, Bangor. He died in a car accident at Gaerwen, aged 79.

He wrote A key to the Genera of the British Seaweeds (1962).  It was most valuable as an update to Newton's Handbook of 1931 had become out-of-date and this was required to identify the genera of algae to be found on the shores of the British Isles.

He joined the British Phycological Society  in 1955 and served as a Member of Council (1959 and 1974–1977), as Assistant Secretary (1959) and Hon. Treasurer (1964–1968).  At the Eighth International Seaweed Symposium, held in Bangor in 1974, he was a member of the organizing committee and secretary.  He was President of the North Wales Wildlife Trust and Bardsey Bird and Field Observatory.

Publications
Jones, W.E. 1956. Effect of spore coalescence on the early development of Gracilaria verrucosa (Hudson) Papenfuss. Nature, Lond. 178: 426 - 427.
Jones, W.E. 1958. Experiments on some effects of certain environmental factors on Gracilaria verrucosa (Huds.) Papenf. Journal of the Marine biological Association of the United  Kingdom., 38: 153 - 167.
Jones, W.E. 1959. The growth and fruiting of Gracilaria verrucosa (Hudson) Papenfuss. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.,  38: 47 - 56.
Jones, W.E. 1962a. "A key to the genera of the British Seaweeds." Field Studies. 1: No.4. pp. 1 – 32.
Jones, W.E. 1962b. The identity of Gracilaria erecta (Grev.) Grev. British phycological Bulletin 2: 140 - 144.
Jones, W.E.(Ed.) 1968. Natural History of Anglesey. Anglesey Antiquarian Society, Llangefni.
Jones, W.E. and Moorjani, S.A. 1973. The attachment and early development of the tetraspores of some coralline red algae. Special Publications of the Marine Biological Associations of India. 1973: 293 - 304.
Jones, W.E. 1974. Changes in the seaweed flora of the British Isles. In Hawkesworth, D.L. (Ed) The changing flora and fauna of Britain. pp. 97 – 113. Systematics Association Special Volume 6. Academic Press, London and New York.

See also
Menai Strait.

References

Fogg, T. 2004. Dr William Eifion Jones (1925 - 2004). The Phycologist. No.67: 204.
Newton, L. 1931. A Handbook of the British Seaweeds. British Museum (Natural History), London.

External links
http://www.brphycsoc.org British Phycological Society

Welsh botanists
British marine biologists
Alumni of the University of Wales
People from Aberystwyth
Alumni of Bangor University
1925 births
2004 deaths
Marine botany
20th-century British zoologists

Eifion Jones


Raymond Federman (May 15, 1928 – October 6, 2009) was a French–American novelist and academic, known also for poetry, essays, translations, and criticism. He held positions at the University at Buffalo from 1973 to 1999, when he was appointed Distinguished Emeritus Professor. Federman was a writer in the experimental style, one that sought to deconstruct traditional prose. This type of writing is quite prevalent in his book Double or Nothing, in which the linear narrative of the story has been broken down and restructured so as to be nearly incoherent. Words are also often arranged on pages to resemble images or to suggest repetitious themes.

Biography
Federman, who was Jewish, was born in Montrouge, France.  He was 14 years old when his parents hid him in a small stairway landing closet as Gestapo arrived at the family home in Nazi-occupied France. His family was taken away, and his parents and two sisters were killed in the Auschwitz concentration camp. Federman hid from the Nazis on farms in southern France during the Holocaust.

He later became a leading backstroker on the French national team, and emigrated to the U.S. in 1947. After serving in the U.S. Army in Korea and Japan from 1951 to 1954, he studied at Columbia University under the G.I. Bill, graduating in 1957.  He did his graduate studies at UCLA, receiving his M.A. in 1958, and Ph.D. in Comparative Literature in 1963, with his doctoral dissertation on Samuel Beckett.

Federman's step-son's daughter is Andrea Murez, an Israeli Olympic swimmer who competed in the 2016 Summer Olympics.

He taught in the French Department at the University of California, Santa Barbara from 1959 to 1964, and in the French Department at The State University of New York at Buffalo from 1964 to 1973, and as a fiction writer in the English Department at the University at Buffalo from 1973 to 1999. He was promoted to the rank of Distinguished Professor in 1990, and in 1992, appointed to the Melodia E. Jones Chair of Literature, where he served until retiring in July 1999. In 2000, he was appointed as Distinguished Emeritus Professor.

In his 1973 manifesto "Surfiction—A Position", Federman coined the term surfiction, which refers to a style of fiction that rejects realism and advertises its own fictional status, similar to metafiction, postmodern fiction or fabulation.

He was a member of the Board of Directors of The Coordinating Council of Literary Magazines from 1973 to 1976.  From 1979 to 1982 he was co-director of the Fiction Collective, a publishing house dedicated to experimental fiction and its writers, and later served on the Board of Directors of Fiction Collective Two.

Federman died of cancer at the age of 81 in San Diego, California, and in May 2010, his final new English novel was released by Starcherone Press: SHHH: The Story of a Childhood, edited and with an introduction from writer Davis Schneiderman, who also made a 2007 YouTube video with Federman and author Lidia Yuknavitch, in which the three boil books in noodles. This is a reference to Federman's first novel Double or Nothing.

In his lifetime he read from his work in most major American universities, and lectured in at least 18 foreign countries. His novels have been translated into over a dozen languages, and all his novels have been adapted into radio plays in Germany.

Federman's books of fiction were more often than not praised by critics. For example, reviewing The Twofold Vibration in Newsday, Melvin J. Friedman wrote:Federman is a very gifted storyteller who prefers a circular to a linear design, who comes down on the side of verbal exuberance rather than spareness ... Despite the eccentricities of telling, of composition, and even of typography and punctuation, [the novel] seems part of the leisurely picaresque tradition; it confronts contemporary issues and involves itself in the history of literature and thought ... Federman's methods surely take some getting used to. But the effort of reading him is amply rewarded.Reviewing the same novel in The Chicago Tribune, Welch D. Everman wrote:"The Twofold Vibration" proves what readers of his earlier novels "Double or Nothing," "Take It or Leave It" and "The Voice in the Closet" have known for some time: that Raymond Federman is a brilliantly talented fictioneer who can tell stories that are entertaining, funny and wildly imaginative yet always profound and deeply moving ... Federman is an optimist, a lover of life, language and laughter.

Several full-length books have been written about his work, including a 400-page casebook entitled Federman From A to X-X-X-X by Larry McCaffery, Thomas Hartl and Doug Rice. In 2010 SUNY Press published Federman's Fiction's: Innovation, Theory, and the Holocaust, a collection of essays edited by Jeffrey R. Di Leo intended to demonstrate the relevance of Federman's writing to disciplines beyond contemporary and experimental literature.  His collected plays were published in Austria in a bilingual edition (English/German) under the title The Precipice & Other Catastrophes. In 2002 The Journal of Experimental Fiction devoted a 510-page issue to his work.

Federman's excerpt from Return to Manure won an &NOW award in 2009 and was published in The &NOW Awards: The Best Innovative Writing. Federman also participated in the biennial &NOW festival, a festival for experimental and innovative writing.

Awards
Guggenheim Fellowship (1966–67)
Fellow in residence at the Camargo Foundation in Cassis, France (1977)
Fulbright Fellowship to Israel as Writer-in-Residence at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (1982–83)
National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship in fiction (1985)
New York Foundation for the Arts Fellowship for fiction (1986)
Writer-in-Residence at The Artists-in-Berlin Programme of the DAAD (1990)
Awarded Ordre des Palmes Académiques by the French Government (1995)
Honorary Trustee of the Samuel Beckett Society.
Double or Nothing winner of the Frances Steloff Fiction Prize (1971) and The Panache Experimental Fiction Prize (1972)
Amer Eldorado nominated for Le Prix Médicis
American Book Award for "Smiles on Washington Square: A Love Story of Sorts" (1986)

Selected bibliography

Novels or Novelistic Memoirs
Double or Nothing Swallow Press. Re-issued by Ohio University Press, 1976. New revised edition, following the page design of the German edition Alles oder Nichts, (transl. by Peter Torberg), Greno Verlag, 1985, by Fiction Collective Two, 1991.
Amer Eldorado Written in French, Editions Stock, Paris, 1974. New Editions revised and expanded, Weidler Buchverlag, 2001.
Take It Or Leave It  The Fiction Collective, 1976. New revised edition, Fiction Collective Two, 1997.
The Voice in the Closet / La Voix Dans le Cabinet de Débarras (Bilingual novel), Coda Press, 1979. Re-issued Station Hill Press, 1985. New edition, Starchrone Books, 2001. New expanded edition Impressions Nouvelles, 2001. Trilingual edition (English, French, German, (transl. by Peter Torberg)) Kellner Verlag, 1989.
The Twofold Vibration Indiana University Press & Harvester Press Ltd., 1982.
Smiles on Washington Square Thunder's Mouth Press, 1985.
To Whom It May Concern Fiction Collective Two, 1990.
La Fourrure de ma Tante Rachel (written in French) Éditions Circé, 1997.
Loose Shoes Weidler Verlag, 2001.
Aunt Rachel's Fur Fiction Collective Two, 2001.
Mon corps en neuf parties Editions Al Dante, 2003.
A qui de droit (French) Al Dante, 2003. New edition, 2006.
Retour au fumier Editions Al Dante, 2005.
My Body in Nine Parts Starcherone Books, 2005.
Return To Manure Fiction Collective Two, 2006.
The Twilight of the Bums with George Chambers, and cartoon accompaniment by T. Motley. Starcherone Books, 2007.
Chut (French) Léo Scheer, 2008.
The Carcasses (A Fable) BlazeVOX Books, 2009.
SHHH: The Story of a Childhood  Introduction by Davis Schneiderman; Edited by Ted Pelton and Davis Schneiderman. Starcherone Books, 2010.

Poetry
Among the Beasts / Parmi Les Monsters (Bilingual poems) Milas-Martin Editions, 1967.
Me Too Westcoast Poetry Press, 1975.
Duel-L (Poems in English/French/German). The Stop-over Press, 1991.
Now Then / Nun denn (Bilingual Poems in English & German (transl. by Peter Torberg)) Edition Isele, 1992.
99 hand written poems = 99 poèmes faits à la Main Weidler Buchverlag, 2001.
Here and Elsewhere: Poetic Cul de Sac Six Gallery Press, 2003.
Surcomixxxx (English and German with comic strips illustrations). Ed. Dirk Görtler. Klauss Isele, 2003.
Ici et ailleurs / Here & elsewhere Le Mot et le reste, 2004.
L'extatique de Jule & Juliette Le Mot et le reste, 2006.
Chair Jaune (English & French) Le Bleu du Ciel, 2007.

Critical Work
Journey into Chaos: Samuel Beckett's Early Fiction University California Press, 1965. Reprinted by Books on Demand, 1998.
Samuel Beckett, His Works and His Critics: An Essay in Bibliography (with John Fletcher). University California Press, 1970.
Surfiction: Fiction Now & Tomorrow Editor, Swallow Press, 1975. Revised & expanded edition, Ohio University Press, 1981.
Samuel Beckett (Co-Editor with Tom Bishop). Editions de L'Herne, 1976. New edition, Hachette, 1985.
Samuel Beckett the Critical Heritage (Co-Editor with Lawrence Graver). Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978.
Critifiction: Postmodern Essays State University of New York Press, 1993.

Selected other works
The Rigmarole of Contrariety (Limited edition chapbook) The Bolt Court Press, 1982.
Eine Version meines Lebens (Autobiography with photos, in German, transl. by Peter Torberg) Maro Verlag, 1993.
The Supreme Indecision of the Writer: The 1994 Lectures in Turkey (Essays) The Boltcourt Press, 1995.
The Line, 1996.
The Precipice and Other Catastrophes / der abgrund und andere katastrophen (Collected Plays, bilingual edition, English/German). Ed. Thomas Hartl. Poetry Salzburg, 1999.
The Twilight of the Bums (with George Chambers), 2002.
More Loose Shoes and Smelly Socks Six Gallery Press, 2005.
Coup de Pompes (Fragments d'écriture). Le Mot & Le Reste, 2007.
The Sam Book (Memoir), Two Ravens, 2008.

References

External links
Raymond Federman's website
Raymond Federman's blog
Raymond Federman's University at Buffalo page
Volker Frick: go   a head begin [pages 35–65: Bibliography]
Raymond Federman Papers (MS-MS-ms044), Washington University Libraries, Julian Edison Department of Special Collections
"Here & Elsewhere" Federman's poem "on Faith and Reason."
the precipice and other catastrophes / der abgrund und andere katastrophen (Poetry Salzburg, 1999)
The &NOW AWARDS: The Best Innovative Writing (Volume 1)
 &NOW Festival

1928 births
2009 deaths
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
Recipients of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques
American male novelists
American people of French-Jewish descent
Deaths from cancer in California
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Holocaust survivors
21st-century French Jews
People from Montrouge
University at Buffalo faculty
Jewish American novelists
Postmodern writers
20th-century American poets
21st-century American poets
American male poets
American Book Award winners
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
Novelists from New York (state)
American poets in French
American writers in French
French emigrants to the United States
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews

Raymond Federman