Diabetes was the eighth leading cause of death in the United States in 2020. People with diabetes are twice as likely to develop heart disease or stroke as people without diabetes. There are three types of diabetes: Type 1, Type 2, and gestational (diabetes while pregnant). Type 2 diabetes accounts for 90%-95% of all cases. In 2017, approximately 24.7 million people were diagnosed with diabetes in the United States, approximately 7.6% of the total population (and 9th in the world).

Diabetes is the leading cause of kidney failure, non-traumatic lower-limb amputations, and blindness in adults. Approximately 37.3 million adults currently have diabetes, of which 8.5 million remain undiagnosed.

Diabetes cost the United States approximately $327 billion in direct medical costs and lost productivity in 2017.

Prevalence
The prevalence of diabetes is higher among:
   Men compared with women.
   Adults ages 65 and older compared with adults ages 18–64.
   Black and American Indian/Alaska Native adults compared with Asian adults.
 Adults with less than a high school education compared with those with higher levels of education; the prevalence decreases as educational attainment increases.
 Adults with an annual household income of less than $25,000 compared with those with higher levels of income.
   Adults living in non-metropolitan areas are compared with those in metropolitan areas.

Diabetes is the leading cause of kidney failure, non-traumatic lower-limb amputations and blindness in adults. Approximately 37.3 million adults currently have diabetes, of which 8.5 million remain undiagnosed.

Geographically, the United States has a diabetes belt with high diabetes prevalence estimates that includes Mississippi and portions of Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. .

Prevention
Type 2 diabetes is affected by risk factors that can change, such as B. smoking, overweight and obesity, physical inactivity and high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels. Research shows that the onset of type 2 diabetes is largely preventable through weight loss, increased physical activity, and improvement. The National Diabetes Prevention Program, a partnership of public and private organizations working to prevent or delay type 2 diabetes, includes an evidence-based lifestyle change program that focuses on healthy eating and physical activity. Through the program, people with prediabetes have reduced their risk of developing Type 2 diabetes by 58%.

The National Clinical Care Commission report from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) discusses population-level strategies for federal programs in order to prevent and control diabetes. The report emphasizes the need for federal agencies to promote the consumption of water over sugar-sweetened beverages, support breastfeeding individuals, and expand housing opportunities for low-income individuals and families in areas with access to healthy food, green space, and walkability.

Diabetes management is critical to prevent complications from the disease. Diabetes can be controlled with a healthy diet, exercise, and insulin or oral diabetes medications. More information about the prevention and treatment of diabetes is available on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website and through the American Diabetes Association.

The cost of diabetes
Complicated diabetes is one of the twenty most costly diseases occurring during hospitalization in the United States. It was one of the top five most expensive conditions for uninsured patients. The economic cost of diabetes increased by 26% between 2012 and 2017 due to the increasing prevalence of diabetes and rising costs per person with diabetes. The estimated total cost of being diagnosed with diabetes in 2017 was US$327 billion, including US$237 billion in direct medical costs and US$90 billion in reduced productivity.

See also
 Epidemiology of diabetes
 Diabetes

References

Diabetes

Diabetes in the United States


Hunter is an American crime drama television series created by Frank Lupo, which ran on NBC from September 18, 1984, to April 26, 1991. It stars Fred Dryer as Sgt. Rick Hunter and Stepfanie Kramer as Sgt. Dee Dee McCall. The title character Sgt. Rick Hunter is a wily, physically imposing, often rule-breaking homicide detective with the Los Angeles Police Department.

The show's executive producer during the first season was Stephen J. Cannell, whose company produced the series. Stepfanie Kramer left after the sixth season (1990) to pursue other acting and musical opportunities. In the seventh season, Hunter partnered with two different female officers.

Episodes

Season one (1984–85)
The show began in a Tuesday night time slot with the two-part pilot episodes of "Hunter" initially broadcast in a time slot on a Friday night, competing for ratings against the popular Dallas. The show struggled to attract an audience and drew criticism for its often graphic depiction of violence. In the first season, the producers sought to create a hook by giving the main character a catchphrase, "Works for me", which was sometimes used two or three times in an episode and was even added to the end of Mike Post and Pete Carpenter's opening theme music. Several early episodes featured montages set to popular songs from the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, in a style similar to Miami Vice.

Midway through the first season, with low ratings still, Cannell gave network chief Brandon Tartikoff a private screening of a two-part episode ("The Snow Queen") that had not yet aired, and asked him to give the show more time to attract viewers. Tartikoff agreed and put the show on hiatus until a better time slot could be found. Two months later, Hunter resumed, this time on Saturday nights, and viewership slowly started to rise. The first season finished in 65th place.

Season two (1985–86)
For its second season, Cannell brought in his mentor, Roy Huggins, best known for his work on Maverick and The Rockford Files, to refine the show. As the new executive producer, Huggins pushed up the violence but softened the main character's fractious relationship with his superiors, dropped a backstory concerning Hunter's family ties to the mob, and emphasized the chemistry between Hunter and McCall. Huggins also moved the show's setting out of the back streets and into the more desirable areas of Los Angeles. Emboldened, Dryer and Kramer frequently improvised the scripts, and the Hunter character broke the fourth wall for the first time with an aside to viewers at the end of the episode "The Beautiful and the Dead".

Probably the most memorable aspect to the second season was the two-part episode "Rape and Revenge", which may have drawn from some diplomatic-immunity scandals that were prominent in the news. A psychopathic foreign diplomat meets McCall and wants to have a relationship with her, and after she declines, he brutally rapes her in her home. Hunter is badly shot in the shoulder and must recover quickly, then go to the diplomat's home country to dispense justice, Hunter-style. This episode was considered very controversial for its realistic and shocking depiction of a violent rape, which was not common in TV shows at the time. Because of the controversial plot and acting, "Rape and Revenge" is one of the most remembered and popular episodes of the series.

Another important aspect to the second season was towards its end (in the episode "The Return of Typhoon Thompson"), when viewers were first introduced to Hunter and McCall's favorite street informant—the humorous Arnold "Sporty" James, played by Garrett Morris.

Viewers also responded to Huggins' changes, and the show's second season ended in 38th place in the Nielsen ratings. Hunter continued this progress to become a mainstay of NBC's Saturday-night schedule.

In syndication, the season-two introduction was replaced by the season-one introduction. The former showed Hunter entering a women's locker room in one scene, and McCall and him pointing their guns at each other with the bathroom light on in another scene.

Season three (1986–87)
Just before work on the third season began, Dryer threatened to quit unless his salary, reportedly US$21,000 per episode, was raised and creative changes were made. Cannell responded with a US$20 million breach-of-contract lawsuit. A compromise was reached, a new deal with Dryer reportedly earning US$50,000 per episode. The third season, again led by Huggins, added Charles Hallahan as Captain Charlie Devane, who remained Hunter and McCall's captain for the rest of the show, eventually included in the opening credits of the show and becoming one of the show's main stars (none of the previous captains in the series had achieved this). This was the show's first season in the top 30, coming in at 25th.

In the episode "Shades" (which was the season finale, but aired later in the summer, in July 1987) when Hunter went missing, McCall teamed with a somewhat ditzy Columbo-like Detective Sgt. Kitty O'Hearn (Shelley Taylor Morgan). O'Hearn reappeared during the season-four three-part episode "City of Passion". Another remembered episode from season three was "Requiem For Sergeant McCall", which was a contradiction to a storyline from the beginning of the show. When the show first started, McCall's husband (Steven McCall) was supposedly killed five years before, in 1979, by a "punk" kid during a routine stop. At that time, Steven and Dee Dee were newly married and starting out as rookie uniform cops. However, in 1987, in "Requiem", just five years before (which would be around 1982 instead of 1979), Steven was a homicide detective (while Dee Dee was still just a rookie) and he was working on a big murder case that resulted in him being killed. In "Requiem", Steven's killer is getting paroled, and Dee Dee McCall is doing everything she can to get him back in prison—plus trying to solve the original murder case that her husband died trying to solve five years earlier.

Another notable episode was "Any Second Now", in which Theresa Saldana played a pianist being stalked by a psychotic fan. This was based on the real-life incident Saldana herself was a victim of when she was stalked and brutally stabbed by Scottish immigrant and drifter, Arthur Richard Jackson outside her Los Angeles home in 1982. The violent attack later became the subject of the 1984 TV film, Victims for Victims: The Theresa Saldana Story, and Jackson was then extradited to England to be tried for a 1966 robbery and murder. He was committed to a psychiatric hospital and remained there until 2004 when he died of heart failure.

Season four (1987–88)
Huggins retired at the end of the fourth season, which placed 18th in the Nielsen ratings. A three-part storyline, "City of Passion", teamed Hunter and Dee Dee with Sgt. Kitty O'Hearn (Shelley Taylor Morgan) and her new partner, Sgt. Brad Navarro (Erik Estrada). Together, they captured the serial rapist called Big Foot. Originally, the plot of "City of Passion" involved McCall getting raped again—this time by Big Foot, and she had to deal with the pain and emotions as she did in the second season's "Rape and Revenge". However, Stepfanie Kramer immediately balked at this and argued the rape idea had already been done, and to repeat it, as well as having her character put in a situation to get raped again, was ridiculous. Kramer threatened to quit unless the script was changed. Producers and writers agreed, and a compromise was made: Big Foot attacked and attempted to rape McCall, but she fought him and prevented the rape.

Also known as one of the more memorable episodes for fourth season was "The Black Dahlia". The real-life infamous unsolved Black Dahlia LA murder case from 1947 is thrust back into headlines as bones with identical cuts to the historical case are discovered under an old building being demolished. In the episode, Hunter and McCall solve the famous murder case 41 years to the day (1947–88) as the episode aired on the anniversary date of the real-life murder. As a special message at the end states, the real-life case is still open, and the real killer has never been found.

The episode "Murder He Wrote" was a play on words with the show Murder She Wrote which was on CBS at the time. In fact actress Marge Redmond was similar looking to Angela Lansbury in the episode, which led to a funny exchange between Hunter and McCall in one scene where Redmond's character "looked familiar".

Opening Credits changed, most notably removal of the gun and car "action" clips used in previous seasons. This reflected a change in the format where the frequent car chases and shootouts from the first three seasons were dropped and the show became more of a standard police procedural, with only occasional action scenes.

Season five (1988–89)
For the fifth season, George Geiger took on the role of executive producer, having worked in the same capacity on Scarecrow and Mrs. King, as well as a brief stint as co-executive producer on Miami Vice. In the first four seasons, Hunter and McCall typically worked on cases together, allowing the producers to showcase the chemistry between the actors, but the fifth season increasingly had them working apart, ostensibly to lessen the workload of Dryer and Kramer and to allow richer, more complex stories. So instead of jeans and an old sports jacket, Hunter often was seen in a full suit and tie.

One of the most memorable episodes of the fifth season was the special three-part episode "City Under Siege", which had a special introduction for each of the three parts. It dealt with a psychotic woman named Iris Smith (Cec Verrell) and her crazy boyfriend, Billy Joe Powell (Daniel Quinn), who terrorized the city of Los Angeles, committing multiple murders against people who the woman felt had "wronged" her in some way.

Hunter was one of the intended victims, having arrested Billy Joe years earlier for a series of murders in which he killed his female victims with a straight razor. One sub-plot focused on the huge crime spree throughout the city and the pressure the police department was under to get it under control. Another sub-plot involved a corrupt Deputy Chief named Curtis Moorehead (Robert Vaughn), who continually hamstrung the entire police department's efforts to find Iris and Billy Joe in order to further his own ends.

Further compounding the problem was Jack Small (James Sikking), a local resident who aggressively took the law into his own hands to combat the local crime wave, earning him a reputation in his neighborhood as an urban vigilante. He had a teenage daughter, Debbie (Brynn Horrocks) who was a good-hearted but troubled young woman whom McCall befriended while she was working undercover at her high school investigating the murder of one of the teachers named Sandra Clemens. Sandra was Iris' old teacher whom she had a grudge against for stopping her from stealing lunch money from a fellow student. Another subplot of the story revolved around Johnny Youngblood (Craig Hurley), a mover and shaker at the school who dealt in various shady enterprises. Also appearing in a guest-starring role was real-life journalist, Saida Pagan as television reporter, Saida Rodrigues Pagan. In part two, Laurelle Brooks guest-starred as Allison, a naive high-school cheerleader who falls under Johnny's charms and unknown to her, make a videotape of them having sex. At the end of the episode, statistics were presented showing a reduction of crime in Los Angeles that year. The fifth season placed 17th in the Nielsen ratings.

Uniformed officers costumes changed, dropping the Metro Police shoulder patch of previous four seasons, leaving the uniforms looking more the real LAPD. Door shields on patrol cars also changed to look like those of LAPD.

Season six (1989–90)
By the sixth season, Dryer's growing influence had won him the role of executive producer. Probably the most remembered episode of the sixth season was "Unfinished Business". During this episode, the audience learns that Hunter and McCall had actually once slept together, causing a rift in their working relationship. Fred Dryer stated that this episode was filmed to try to appease fans and the network, who were constantly wanting Hunter and McCall to get together. However, Fred Dryer and Stepfanie Kramer stated they did not want that to happen, because once it did, Hunter would become Hart To Hart.

Another memorable episode this season was "Yesterday's Child". In this episode, a Vietnamese man visits Hunter and pleads with him to take on the case of a robbery and murder at an upscale car dealership, of which his son was the main suspect. Over the course of the conversation, Hunter discovers that the 17-year-old suspect was actually his own son. The boy is revealed to be the product of a relationship Hunter had with a woman while he was in Vietnam.

Also for this season, homicide was moved to the more updated Parker Center, instead of the old downtown division building. However, at the end of the sixth season, which placed 26th in the Nielsen ratings, Stepfanie Kramer decided to leave the series to pursue a career in music. Kramer's character was written out in the season's two-part finale showing the McCall character marrying an old flame and moving out of Los Angeles.

Season seven (1990–91)
For the seventh and final season, NBC shifted the show to 10 pm on Wednesdays. A new female co-star, Darlanne Fluegel as Officer Joanne Molenski, was brought in. However, she reportedly had creative differences with Fred Dryer, and halfway through the season, she decided she wanted out. Her character was murdered by a female serial killer in the two-part episode "Fatal Obsession". Her replacement for the second half of the season was Lauren Lane as Sgt. Chris Novak, supposedly a former girlfriend of Hunter's. Hunter's signature unmarked vehicle, a moss green 1977 Dodge Monaco, was also finally replaced (after an accident with Molenski's cruiser in the season's first episode) by an updated new silver 1990 Ford LTD Crown Victoria. Hunter was now also back to wearing jeans and a shirt. Also for the first time (aside from the sixth-season finale), Hunter made sporadic appearances in uniform.

However, the new partners and changes did little to boost ratings (47th in the Nielsen standings). A salary dispute involving Dryer led to the show being discontinued at the end of the season.

Reunions and revivals
Four years after the original series ended, a reunion NBC TV movie, The Return of Hunter: Everyone Walks in L.A., had Dryer and Charles Hallahan reprise their roles as Rick Hunter and Charlie Devane. Hunter had now also been promoted to lieutenant. Airing on March 6, 1995, the movie seemed to take the Dirty Harry idea as the plot—a psycho wants fame and/or to be noticed and begins terrorizing the city to gain media attention. Along the way, he becomes infatuated with attention from Hunter, eventually wanting to kill him. Stepfanie Kramer, pregnant at the time, did not reprise her role as Dee Dee McCall. The TV-movie co-starred Barry Bostwick, Miguel Ferrer, and John C. McGinley.

Seven years later in November 2002, 11 years after the original series ended, the reunion TV movie Hunter: Return to Justice made its premiere to strong ratings. This time, Stepfanie Kramer returned to her role as McCall, and the show's setting switched from Los Angeles to San Diego—as Hunter's current L.A. partner is killed in the line of duty.

Given the success of the TV movie, Cannell, Dryer, and NBC attempted to bring back Hunter as a regular series: the April 2003 airing of another TV movie, Hunter: Back in Force, served as the pilot for the new series. The network decided to broadcast three new one-hour episodes of Hunter ("Vaya Sin Dios", "Untouchable", and "Dead Heat"). Another two episodes were filmed (as originally five episodes were to be aired), but never shown in the U.S, as NBC decided to cancel the new series. Fred Dryer later cited "creative difficulties" and budget constraints as the reasons for the revival's unexpected end.

Cast and crew

Original series
 Fred Dryer ... Det. Sgt. Richard "Rick" Hunter
 Stepfanie Kramer ... Det. Sgt. Dee Dee McCall (1984–90)
 Darlanne Fluegel ... Off. Joanne Molenski (1990–91)
 Lauren Lane ... Sgt. Chris Novak (1991)
 Michael Cavanaugh ... Capt. Lester D. Cain ("Pilot" Only)
 Arthur Rosenberg ... Capt. Lester D. Cain/Commander Lester D. Cain (1984/1987)
 John Amos ... Capt. Dolan (1984–85)
 Bruce Davison ... Capt. Wyler/Dep. Chief Wyler (1985–86/1987)
 Charles Hallahan ... Capt. Charles "Charlie" Devane (1986–91)
 John Shearin ... Lt. Ambrose Finn (1985–88)
 James Whitmore Jr. ... Sgt. Bernie Terwilliger (1984–86)
 Garrett Morris ... Arnold "Sporty" James (1986–89)
 Richard Beauchamp ... Carlos (Asst. M.E.) (1985–87)
 Perry Cook ... Barney Udall (Coroner) (1986–90)
 Stanley Kamel ... Gov. Agent Brad Wilkes (Occasional) (1987–88)
 Paul Mantee ... Commander Tom Clayton (Occasional) (1989-1991)
 Courtney Barilla ... Allison Novak (1991)

Revival series
 Fred Dryer ... Det. Lt. Richard "Rick" Hunter
 Stepfanie Kramer ... Det. Sgt. Dee Dee McCall
 Mike Gomez ... Capt. Roberto Gallardo
 Michelle Gold ... Off./Det. Cynthia Monetti
 Sid Sham ... Off./Det. Sid Keyes
 Meredyth Hunt ... Det. Krysta Carson (TV movies only) (2002–2003)
 Frank Grillo ... Det. Terence Gillette (TV movies only) (2002–2003)
 Kenneth Taylor ... Off. Mueller (TV movies only) (2002–2003)
 Robert Crow ... Off. Wilcher (TV movies only) (2002–2003)
 Alex Mendoza ... Det. Anthony Santiago (series episodes only) (2003)

Production

Vehicles
In the pilot television film, Hunter drove a blue 1977 Dodge Monaco and a 1970 Ford LTD. Because Hunter constantly was getting into wrecks chasing suspects and regularly "busted" up any police car he was given, the department would only issue him older model cars that would barely run. Once the series started (fall 1984), during the first season, Hunter drove a 1972 Chevrolet Impala, a 1971 Chevrolet Nova, a 1974 Plymouth Satellite, and a 1979 Chevrolet Caprice Classic. A 1971 Impala was actually shown exploding to end the episodes using Chevrolets. Monacos seemed to be the police car of choice, as the second season had Hunter occasionally driving a junker multiple-colored side panel 1977 Monaco (jokingly referred to as the "Partridge Family" Monaco), as well as other '77 models in yellow, brown, and black. After the show was more "established" and starting with the third season and through the first episode of seventh season, Hunter drove a moss green 1977 Monaco. This car was in better condition than the previous Monacos and became Hunter's trademark vehicle — to the point that when it was destroyed in the third season, it was replaced with an identical one. During the seventh and last season, Detective Hunter drove a new silver 1990 Ford LTD Crown Victoria.

During the first two seasons, McCall drove a garnet red and silver 1984 Dodge Daytona Turbo Z. Then starting with season three and on through season five, McCall drove a bright red 1987 Daytona Shelby Z (Sometimes though, a "Turbo Z" badge on this Daytona is also clearly visible). During the sixth season - her final season, she drove a gold-colored 1990 Dodge Dynasty. (An episode during the fourth or fifth season showed the outside of what was supposedly McCall's house and a yellow 1987 Ford Mustang was out front. However, McCall is only shown driving it once and then it was never shown again.)

Both Officer Joanne Molenski and Sgt. Chris Novak, during last season, drove a tan/beige 1990 LTD Crown Victoria.

In the first reunion film, The Return of Hunter: Everyone Walks in L.A., Hunter drove a black 1995 Ford Crown Victoria. In Hunter: Return to Justice, McCall drove a silver 2002 Mercedes Benz CLK320 convertible. In Hunter: Back in Force and the subsequent new series, Hunter drove a black 2003 Crown Victoria Police Interceptor and McCall occasionally drove a black 2003 Ford Expedition.

Film
In 2009, a film adaptation was announced to be in development with a screenplay by Frank Lupo and Fred Dryer, to be directed by Lupo for Columbia Pictures, Anchor Bay Films, and Warner Bros. Pictures.

Home media
Anchor Bay Entertainment released the first three seasons of Hunter on Region 1 DVD between January 2005 and January 2006. Due to poor sales, no further seasons were released.

On October 14, 2009, Mill Creek Entertainment was announced to have acquired the rights to several Stephen J. Cannell series, including Hunter. They subsequently re-released the first two seasons on DVD.

On July 27, 2010, Mill Creek released Hunter - The Complete Series, a 28-disc collection featuring all 152 episodes of the series.

On November 10, 2011, Mill Creek Entertainment released The Return of Hunter TV special on DVD in a four-pack.

On November 12, 2015, Tiberius Film in Germany released Hunter - The Complete Series, a 42-disc collection featuring all 152 episodes of the series in a special edition case, complete with an episode guide and collector's cards. The same collection was released as a standard edition on May 4, 2017. These releases are encoded Region 2.

Due to music rights issues, on both the Anchor Bay Entertainment and Mill Creek Home Entertainment, certain original songs throughout the series have been replaced with newer recordings. The German releases from Tiberius Film are complete and uncut, featuring the original broadcast soundtracks.

On April 29, 2022, Visual Entertainment released Hunter - The Complete TV Series, a special collection featuring all 152 episodes of the series plus the TV movie The Return of Hunter.

International airings
 In Australia, the show was shown on the regional station GTS/BKN and PRIME. It also screened on Thursday nights at 9.30 on STW - 9 in Perth in the '80s, and ATN - 7 in Sydney in the '80s.
 In Barbados, the show was shown on CBC TV 8.
 In Brazil, the show was shown on Rede Globo, dubbed in Portuguese.
 In Canada, the show was shown on the Global Television Network.
 In China, the show was dubbed in Standard Chinese and aired on STV. Hunter was one of the first US series to air regularly in China. Kramer was invited to China to sing at the Shanghai TV & Film Festival. Both Dryer and Kramer are still widely recognized in China. Dryer's efforts to set a Hunter movie there in the late 1990s did not bear fruit. The Hunter TV series is a favorite of the disgraced former Beijing Mayor Chen Xitong, who had quoted the name, character, and events of the TV series in various speeches he delivered.
 In Mexico, the series was shown as El Cazador. It was broadcast by Televisa Network on Canal Cinco.
 In Chile, the series was shown (until the sixth season) as Hunter on TVN
 In Croatia, the show was shown on HRT.
 In Colombia, the series was presented as El Cazador. It was broadcast by Producciones JES on Cadena Uno every Saturday night at 21:45, from 1987 to 1991. The final season was aired in 1993, thursdays at 5:30 pm, an unlikely time slot for an adult cop series.
 In Costa Rica, the show was shown on Teletica Canal 7 as El cazador.
 In Czech Republic, the show was shown on TV Prima.
 In Egypt, the show was shown on القناة الثانية (Channel 2) a lot during the '90s.
 In France, the show was shown on TF1 as Rick Hunter.
 In Germany, the show was shown on Sat.1.
 In Greece, the show was shown on Star Channel.
 In Hungary, the show was shown on Viasat 3.
 In Gibraltar, the show was shown on GBC TV Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation.
 In Hong Kong, ATV broadcast the show.
 In Indonesia, the show was shown on TVRI.
 In Israel, the show was shown on Israel 10.
 In Italy, the show was shown on Rai Due.
 In Japan, the show was shown on TBS and TV Tokyo.
 In Lebanon, the show was shown on the Lebanese tv station LBCI.
 In Pakistan, the show was aired on Pakistan Television (PTV)
 In the Philippines, the show was aired on RPN-9.
 In Sweden, the show was shown on TV4.
 In Thailand, the show was shown on Channel 3.
 In Turkey, the show was shown on Star TV and Kanal D.
 In the United Kingdom, the first two seasons aired regionally on terrestrial broadcaster ITV, the remainder on satellite/cable channel Sky One.

See also
 Sledge Hammer!, a parody show with a similar lead character

References

External links

  (revival)

1984 American television series debuts
1991 American television series endings
1980s American crime drama television series
1980s American mystery television series
1990s American crime drama television series
1990s American mystery television series
American detective television series
American television series revived after cancellation
American action television series
English-language television shows
Fictional portrayals of the Los Angeles Police Department
NBC original programming
Rape in television
Television series by Sony Pictures Television
Television shows set in Los Angeles
Television series by Stephen J. Cannell Productions
Television series created by Frank Lupo

Hunter (1984 American TV series)


Acmispon prostratus, synonyms Lotus nuttallianus and Syrmatium prostratum, is a species of legume native to California and northwestern Mexico. It is known by the common names beach lotus, Nuttall's lotus, and wire bird's-foot trefoil. It is native to Baja California and just into San Diego County, California, where it is a resident of coastal habitats, such as beaches and bluffs.

It is a rare plant of the highly developed coastline in and around the city of San Diego, where threatened populations are known at Mission Bay, the Silver Strand and Imperial Beach.

This is an annual herb lined with leaves made up of oval leaflets one half to one centimeter long. The inflorescence bears 3 to 8 red and yellow flowers each about a centimeter in length. The fruit is a slender, curved legume pod containing usually 2 small beanlike seeds.

References

Jepson Manual Treatment
USDA Plants Profile

External links
Photo gallery

prostratus
Flora of California
Flora of Northwestern Mexico

Acmispon prostratus


Case's Corner Historic District is a residential, civic, and rural historic district in the geographic center of Weston, Massachusetts.  The district is centered on the four-way intersection of School, Wellesley, Newton and Ash Streets in Weston, Massachusetts, and runs mainly along Wellesley Street, which runs north-south through the district between the centers of Weston and Wellesley.  The district encompasses a pastoral landscape managed by Marian Case, a horticulturalist and landscape preservationist.  One of its central features is the Case Estates, a  property bequested by Case to Harvard University that once served as a nursery for Boston's Arnold Arboretum.  The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

Description and history
The multi-junction intersection of Wellesley, School, Newton, and Ash Streets is located near the geographic center of Weston, a sprawling suburb of Boston, Massachusetts.  To the west and north of this junction is a cluster of civic buildings, including several schools and former school buildings, as well as the Weston Public Library.  East of this cluster and north of the junction is a residential area of late 19th and early 20th century houses that is bounded on the north by United States Route 20, which forms the historic district's northern boundary. East of the junction is town-owned open land that is partially occupied by Land's Sake Farm, but is generally preserved by the town as open space.  To the south and southwest are lands that made up a significant portion of the former Case Estate, some which are now owned by Harvard University.  Included in these lands are the Case Estates, west of Wellesley Street, which served as a nursery for the Harvard-owned Arnold Arboretum in Boston, but are now under negotiations to be acquired by the town.

The core of the historic district is a landscape mostly developed and preserved by Marian Case.  Her father, James Case, was a wealthy Boston businessman who purchased land here in 1869, and in 1889 built the large Shingle style mansion at 89 Wellesley Street.  After James Case died in 1907, Marian established what became known has Hillcrest Gardens, a model market garden property which she used to educate and train a generation of horticulturalists, and to bring an appreciation of the vanishing rural landscapes to the town's children.  In addition to the garden property, she purchased adjacent farm properties, preserving their farmhouses and outbuildings.  The Hillcrest garden property was bequested to Harvard upon her death in 1944.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Weston, Massachusetts

References

Historic districts in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Weston, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts

Case's Corner Historic District


The history of what is now New Jersey begins at the end of the Younger Dryas, about 15,000 years ago. Native Americans moved into New town reversal of the Younger Dryas; before then an ice sheet hundreds of feet thick had made the area of northern New Jersey uninhabitable.

European contact began with the exploration of the Jersey Shore by Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524. At the time of European contact, many tribes of the Lenape lived in the area.

In the 17th century, the New Jersey region came under the control of the Swedes and the Dutch, resulting in a struggle in which the Dutch proved victorious (1655). However, the English seized the Dutch colony of New Netherland in  1664, renaming it the Province of New Jersey. New Jersey became one of the Thirteen Colonies which broke away from Britain in the American Revolution, adopting the Declaration of Independence in 1776. Becoming a state upon the formation of the United States, New Jersey saw significant action during the American Revolutionary War. New Jersey's delegates signed the Articles of Confederation in 1779 and Princeton acted as the nation's capital for four months in 1783.

In 1787, New Jersey became the third state to ratify the United States Constitution.

In the 19th century, New Jersey cities led the United States into the Industrial Revolution and New Jersey soldiers fought in many of the United States wars throughout the 1800s, including 88,000 soldiers during the American Civil War. The state also became a component of the Underground Railroad. The state's transportation system continued to improve with the construction of canals and more rail lines that helped industrialization develop further. During the early 20th century New Jersey prospered, but the economy weakened in the Great Depression of the 1930s. During World War II (1939–1945) and the Cold War ( 1947–1991), New Jersey's shipyards and military bases played an important role in the defense of the United States. In the 1960s, New Jersey became the site of several race riots and of the Glassboro Summit Conference (1967), between American President Lyndon B. Johnson and Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin.

Paleo-Indians and Native Americans
Paleo-Indians first settled in the area of present-day New Jersey after the Wisconsin Glacier melted around 13,000 B.C.
The Zierdt site in Montague, Sussex County and the Plenge site along the Musconetcong River in Franklin Township, Warren County, as well as the Dutchess Cave in Orange County, New York, represent camp sites of Paleo-Indians.  Paleo Indians were hunter-gatherers, hunting game and gathering plants for eating. They moved as soon as game or plants became scarce.

The Woodland period of North American pre-Columbian cultures spans the time period from roughly 1000 BCE to 1,000 CE in the eastern part of North America. The Hopewell tradition summarizes the common aspects of the Native American culture that flourished along rivers in the northeastern United States from 200 BCE to 500 CE.

Later other Native Americans settled in New Jersey. Around the year 1000, a Native American group known as the Lenape, later called Delaware Indians, settled in New Jersey. They came from the Mississippi valley. The Lenape formed loosely organized groups who at first migrated seasonally. With the advent of the bow-and-arrow and of pottery around the year 500 A.D., extended family groups began to stay in areas longer. They practiced small-scale agriculture (companion planting), such as growing corn and pole beans together and squash. They were hunting and gathering, hunting with bow-and-arrow, and using deadfall traps and snares. They also gathered nuts in the autumn such as acorns, hickory nuts, walnuts, butternuts, beech nuts and chestnuts. The Native Americans and Paleo-Indians fished in all rivers and streams using nets and fish hooks and by hand. They also fished in the region surrounding the Delaware River, the lower Hudson River, and western Long Island Sound. Traces of their Algonquian language survive in many place-names throughout the state.

European exploration
In 1524, Giovanni da Verrazzano, sailing in the service of France, explored the Jersey Coast including Sandy Hook and The Narrows, now the site of the bridge which bears his name. In 1609, Sir Henry Hudson sailing for the Dutch East India Company, explored the East Coast including the Delaware, Raritan, Newark, New York bays and the Hudson Valley. During the next four years, on somewhat secretive missions, Adriaen Block explored and mapped the coast along Delaware, New Jersey, Long Island, and New England, naming it for the first time New Netherlands.

Colonial history

New Netherland

Between 1611 and 1614, three Dutchmen, Adriaen Block, H. Christiaensen and C. Mey surveyed land between the 40th and 45th parallels along the Atlantic coast and named the area they surveyed New Netherlands.

Initially, small out-posts were built for the fur trade. In May 1624, from a ship under the command of Cornelius Jacobsen Mey (after whom Cape May is named) thirty families were required to spread themselves throughout the region including Fort Wilhelmus. The last was on the east bank of the Delaware River, the site of the first European settlement in what would become New Jersey. Later another was built at Fort Nassau.

The next European settlement was on the banks of the Upper New York Bay across the Hudson from Fort Amsterdam (in Manhattan) in 1630. Located at Paulus Hook it was part of the patroonship Pavonia, named (in Latinized form) for Micheal Pauw who had bought the tract from the Lenape. At the time it was the territory of the Unami, or Turtle Clan. The settlement grew slowly, impeded by mismanagement of the Dutch West India Company and conflicts with the indigenous population known as Kieft's War and The Peach Tree War. In 1658, Director-General of New Netherland Peter Stuyvesant "re-purchased" the entire peninsula known as Bergen Neck, and in 1661 granted a charter to the village at Bergen, establishing the oldest municipality in the state. The British take-over in 1664 was formalized in 1674, ending the province of the New Netherland, though the North Jersey would retain a "Dutch" character for many years to come.

New Sweden

Part of southwestern New Jersey was settled by the Swedes by the mid-17th century. New Sweden, founded in 1638, rose to its height under governor Johan Björnsson Printz (1643–53). Led by Printz, the settlement extended north from Fort Christina on both sides of the Delaware River. Printz helped to improve the military and commercial status of the colony by constructing Fort Nya Elfsborg, near present-day Salem on the east side of the Delaware River. This action prevented the river from being easily taken by the English and Dutch, who were also trying to expand into the New World. The Swedish and Finnish colonists generally lived in peace with their Dutch and Lenape neighbors. C. A. Nothnagle Log House and Schorn Log Cabin are remainders of this early influence. (New Sweden's colonial population may have peaked at 368 people in 1654, after being boosted by more than 250 people along with new governor Johan Rising. This was not enough to stave off 317 Dutch soldiers the next year, however. At least one online source asserts that some 600 colonists settled in New Sweden; it is unclear from that source how many were in New Sweden at any one point in time.)

Province of New Jersey

From the colony of New Netherland, the Dutch interfered with Britain's transatlantic trade with its North American colonies. Insisting that John Cabot had been the first to discover North America, the British granted the land that now encompasses New Jersey to the Duke of York (later James II & VII), who ordered Colonel Richard Nicolls to take over the area. In September 1664, a British fleet under Nicolls' command sailed into what is now New York Harbor and seized the colony. The British encountered little resistance, perhaps due to the unpopularity of the Dutch governor, Peter Stuyvesant. After capturing the colony, Nicolls became deputy-governor of New Amsterdam and the rest of New Netherland, and guaranteed colonists' property rights, laws of inheritance, and the enjoyment of religious freedom. New Netherland west of the Hudson River was renamed New Jersey after the English Channel island of Jersey which Charles II of England, after having seen their loyalty to the crown, gave to the people of Jersey as a reward for having given him hospitality in the castle of Mont Orgueil before he was proclaimed king in 1649. The city of New Amsterdam was renamed New York (after the Duke of York).

Charles II gave the region between New England and Maryland to his brother, the Duke of York (later King James II & VII), as a proprietary colony. Later James granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River that would become New Jersey to two friends who had been loyal to him through the English Civil War: Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton. The two proprietors of New Jersey tried to entice more settlers to New Jersey by granting land to settlers and by passing Concession and Agreement, a document granting religious freedom to all inhabitants of New Jersey; the British Church of England allowed no such religious freedom. In return for land, settlers paid annual fees known as quitrents. The proprietors appointed Philip Carteret as the first governor of New Jersey, who designated Elizabethtown as the colony's capital. However, the two proprietors found collecting the quitrents difficult, and on March 18, 1674, Berkeley sold his share of New Jersey to the Quakers.

This sale divided the province into East Jersey and West Jersey. The exact line between West and East Jersey generally corresponded to the Keith Line between present day South and North Jersey and was created by George Keith. However, the line was constantly the subject of disputes. With the 1676 Quintipartite Deed more accurate surveys and maps were made resulting in the Thornton Line, drawn around 1696, and the Lawrence Line, drawn around 1743, which was adopted as the final line for legal purposes.

Many of the colonists of New Jersey became farmers. However, despite the fertility of the soil, farmers were forced to struggle due to the dearth of English money. Some owned slaves or had indentured servants work for them. The majority of the colonists lived in simple log cabins, coming from the original Dutch settlers. Since New Jersey was ideally located next to the Atlantic Ocean, colonists farmed, fished, and traded by sea. Transportation was slow and difficult usually on either foot or horseback. Education came through small religious schools, private academies, or tutors.

On April 15, 1702, under the reign of Queen Anne, West and East Jersey were reunited as a royal colony. Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury became the first governor of the colony as a royal colony. Lord Cornbury was an ineffective and corrupt ruler, taking bribes and speculating on land, so in 1708 he was recalled to England. New Jersey was then ruled by the governors of New York, but this infuriated the settlers of New Jersey, who accused those governors of favoritism to New York. Judge Lewis Morris led the case for a separate governor, and was appointed governor by King George II in 1738. From 1701 to 1765, New Jersey's border with New York was in dispute, resulting in a series of skirmishes and raids.

In 1746, the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) was founded in Elizabethtown by a group of Great Awakening "New Lighters" that included Jonathan Dickinson, Aaron Burr Sr. and Peter Van Brugh Livingston. In 1756, the school moved to Princeton.

American Revolution

New Jersey was one of the original thirteen colonies that joined in the struggle for independence from Great Britain. Many of the New Jersey settlers still felt ties of loyalty to the British crown, and many slaves sided with the British in exchange for freedom. The loyalists included the governor of New Jersey, William Franklin.

On July 2, 1776, the first Constitution of New Jersey was drafted, creating a basic framework for the state government. The New Jersey Constitution of 1776 allowed "all inhabitants of this Colony, of full age, who are worth fifty pounds proclamation money" to vote, including non-whites and widows; married women could not own property under the common law. The Constitution declared itself temporary and to be void if there was reconciliation with Great Britain. Both political parties in elections mocked the other for relying on "petticoat electors" for allowing women to vote. The right to vote was restricted to white males in 1807. Only two days after the new constitution was enacted, on July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was endorsed by five representatives from New Jersey.

New Jersey is referred to as the "Crossroads of the Revolution" because the British and Continental armies fought several crucial battles there. Throughout the war hundreds of engagements occurred in New Jersey, more than in any other colony. Five major battles were fought at Trenton, Princeton, Monmouth, Union and Springfield. The Battles of Trenton and Princeton are collectively referred to as the Ten Crucial Days because these desperately needed victories bolstered the morale of the nation.

On the night of December 25–26, 1776, the Continental Army, commanded by General George Washington, made the famous crossing of the Delaware River. The scene was immortalized in Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze's painting Washington Crossing the Delaware, and displayed on the New Jersey State Quarter. In the Battle of Trenton which followed the crossing, the American soldiers surprised the Hessians, capturing nearly 900 prisoners in 90 minutes and taking supplies that had been meant for the British army. After the victory, George Washington led the army back across the Delaware River into Pennsylvania.

A few days later, British General Charles Cornwallis hoped to engage Washington's army at Trenton after Washington recrossed the Delaware River, resulting in the Second Battle of Trenton. After recapturing Trenton, he ordered charges on fortified defenses at Assunpink Creek. The Americans inflicted heavy casualties on the British from their defenses. Later, the Continental army slipped past Cornwallis's stalled army and launched an attack on British soldiers stationed at Princeton in the Battle of Princeton on January 3, 1777. The British at Princeton were forced to surrender. Cornwallis immediately ordered his army to engage the Americans at Princeton, but was prevented by snipers. These victories forced the British to leave New Jersey.

On June 28, 1778, the Continental Army under George Washington met a British column under Sir Henry Clinton at the Battle of Monmouth. Washington hoped to surprise and overwhelm the rear of the British army. General Charles Lee led the American attack on the British rear but retreated prematurely when the British attempted to flank the Americans. The retreat nearly led to disorder, but Washington managed to rally the troops to withstand two British counter-attacks, both of which failed. As temperatures increased to over , many soldiers fell to sunstroke. After the battle, Charles Lee was court-martialed for his poor command. Over 1,000 British casualties were incurred while the Americans lost 452 men. It was during this battle that the legendary "Molly Pitcher" is said to have fought.

The last major battle to take place in New Jersey during the Revolutionary War (and for the rest of the history of New Jersey) was the Battle of Springfield. Baron von Knyphausen, the Hessian general, hoped to invade New Jersey and expected support from colonists of New Jersey who were tired of the war. He hoped to secure Hobart Gap, from which he could attack the American headquarters in Morristown. On June 23, 1780, the British attacked soldiers under the command of Nathanael Greene. General Greene successfully stopped a two-pronged attack from entrenchments held across the Raritan River, preventing the British invasion.

New Jersey ratified and then signed the Articles of Confederation on November 26, 1779. In the summer of 1783, the Continental Congress met in Nassau Hall of Princeton University. It had originally convened in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, but mutinous troops prevented the meeting from taking place. Princeton became the temporary capital for the nation for four months. During the brief stay in Princeton, the Continental Congress was informed of the end of the war by the signing of the Treaty of Paris on September 3, 1783. On December 18, 1787, New Jersey became the third state to ratify the United States Constitution, and on November 20, 1789, New Jersey became the first state in the Nation to ratify the United States Bill of Rights.

New Jersey played a major role in creating the structure of the new United States Government. When Virginia delegates proposed a plan calling for representation based on the population of each state, the smaller states refused, fearing that with such a plan they would no longer have a say in government affairs. William Paterson, a New Jersey statesman, introduced the New Jersey Plan, by which one vote would be given to each state, providing equal representation within the legislative body. The Great Compromise accepted both plans, creating two separate bodies in the Congress.

Nineteenth century

Industrial Revolution
The economy of New Jersey was largely based on agriculture, but crop failures and poor soil plagued the settlers of New Jersey. However, New Jersey eventually funded publications in the early 1850s of accurate agriculture-related surveys through the effort of George Hammell Cook. The publication of this survey helped to increase the state's involvement in agricultural research and direct support to farmers. As agriculture became a less reliable source of income for New Jerseyans, many began turning towards more industrialized methods.

Paterson became the cradle of the Industrial Revolution in America. Energy was harnessed from the 77 feet (23 m) high Great Falls of the Passaic River. The city became an important site for mills and other industries. These include the textile, firearms, silk, and railroad locomotive manufacturing industries. Because of its high silk production, it became nicknamed the "Silk City". In 1835, Samuel Colt began producing firearms in the city.

The second version of the New Jersey State Constitution was written in 1844. The constitution provided suffrage only to white males, removing it from all women and from people of other races. Suffrage had been awarded to those groups under the original New Jersey State Constitution of 1776. Some important components of the second State Constitution include the separation of the powers of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The new constitution also provided a bill of rights. Underneath the constitution, the people had the right to elect the governor.

The famous inventor Thomas Edison was born in 1847. Edison worked in Menlo Park, and was known as "the Wizard of Menlo Park" for his many inventions; over the course of his life, he was granted 1,093 patents. His most famous inventions included the phonograph, the kinetoscope, the stock ticker, the Dictaphone and the tattoo gun. He also is credited with improving the designs of the incandescent light bulb, radio, the telegraph, and the telephone. He started the Motion Picture Patents Company. One of his famous sayings was, "Genius is one percent inspiration and 99% perspiration", as his efforts consisted of research and testing.

The agricultural products from New Jersey usually were transported to larger markets in New York City and Philadelphia, requiring better transportation. The first ocean-going steamboat went from Hoboken, New Jersey, sailed around southern New Jersey, and ended in Philadelphia. Later, systems of canals were built, the first of which is called the Morris Canal and ran from Phillipsburg, New Jersey, on the Delaware River to Jersey City, New Jersey, on the Hudson River. The Delaware and Raritan canal ran from New Brunswick, New Jersey, on the Raritan River, to Bordentown, New Jersey, on the Delaware River. Locomotion was also improved; Hoboken-born inventor John Stevens built a 10-ton locomotive and his son Robert L. Stevens started constructing iron railroads. By 1833, The Camden & Amboy Railroad had been completed, allowing a 7-hour passage between Philadelphia and New York City. Through the 1800s, over a dozen companies were operating railroad lines.

Second Party System
Historians have examined the emergence of the Second Party System at the state and local level. For example, Bruce Bendler argues that in New Jersey the same dramatic changes that were reshaping the rest of the country were especially pointed in that state in the 1820s.  A new political system emerged by the end of the decade as voters polarized in support or opposition to Jackson.  By the mid-1830s the Democrats and the Whigs had fully mobilize practically all of the voters into pro-and anti—Jackson coalitions. Furthermore, the "Market Revolution" was well underway, as industrialization and upgraded transportation networks made the larger picture more important than the local economy, and entrepreneurs and politicians became leaders in speeding up the changes. for example William N. Jeffers of Salem County, New Jersey, build his political success on leadership with the Jacksonian forces at the local level, while at the same time building his fortune with a bank charter and building a steam mill.

War and slavery

During the Mexican–American War, a battalion of volunteers from New Jersey, in four companies, was active from September 1847 to July 1848. Philip Kearny, an officer who led a cavalry unit, followed General Winfield Scott and fought in the Battle of Contreras and Battle of Churubusco. After the war, Kearny made his home in the state of New Jersey.

The Quaker population was especially intolerant of slavery, and the state was a major part of the Underground Railroad. The New Jersey legislature passed an act for the gradual abolition of slavery in 1804, providing that no person born after that date would be a slave. It was not until 1830 that most blacks were free in the state. New Jersey was the last northern state to abolish slavery completely, and by the close of the Civil War, about a dozen African-Americans in New Jersey were still apprenticed freedmen. The 1860 census found just over 25,000 free African Americans in the state. Thousands of former slaves—both from rural New Jersey and the South—migrated to shore communities like Red Bank, Long Branch, and Asbury Park during the last decades of the nineteenth century, creating sizable, stable communities that persisted over the next century.

New Jersey at first refused to ratify the Constitutional Amendment banning slavery. Although no Civil War battles were fought within New Jersey, the state sent over 88,000 soldiers as part of some 31 infantry and cavalry regiments, and about 20% died in the war. 23,116 of those soldiers served in the Army of the Potomac. Soldiers from New Jersey fought generally in the War's Eastern theater. Philip Kearny, an officer from the Mexican–American War, led a brigade of New Jersey regiments under Brigadier General William B. Franklin. Kearny distinguished himself as a brilliant officer during the Peninsula Campaign, and was promoted to the position of major general.

New Jersey was one of the few states to favor Stephen Douglas over Abraham Lincoln in the 1860 presidential election. The people of New Jersey also cast their electoral votes for George B. McClellan when he ran for president against Abraham Lincoln in the election of 1864. The people had the distinction of being the only free state that rejected Lincoln twice. McClellan was later elected governor, serving from 1878 to 1881.

Many industrial cities like Paterson and Camden grew strong through Civil War production. They manufactured many necessities, including clothing and war materials like ammunition. These cities prospered through heavy production even after the end of the war.

Twentieth century

New Jersey had the notorious reputation of being under boss control, as the powerful political machines in Essex County (Newark) and Hudson County (Jersey City) worked closely with business leaders to control state and local politics. Progressive ideas emerged in the Republican party in the New York suburbs, notably in 1906 in the short-lived "New Idea" enthusiasm led by mayor Mark M. Fagan and especially the intellectual George L. Record. The main goal was to raise taxes on railways to the levels ordinary residents paid.

Governor Woodrow Wilson

By January 1910, Wilson had drawn the attention of James Smith Jr. and George Brinton McClellan Harvey, two leaders of New Jersey's Democratic Party, as a potential candidate in the upcoming gubernatorial election. Having lost the last five gubernatorial elections, New Jersey Democratic leaders decided to throw their support behind Wilson, an untested and unconventional candidate. Party leaders believed that Wilson's academic reputation made him the ideal spokesman against trusts and corruption, but they also hoped his inexperience in governing would make him easy to influence. Wilson agreed to accept the nomination if "it came to me unsought, unanimously, and without pledges to anybody about anything."

At the state party convention, the bosses marshaled their forces and won the nomination for Wilson. He submitted his letter of resignation to Princeton on October 20. Wilson's campaign focused on the Progressive theme of letting the people rule. He quickly shed his professorial style for more emboldened speechmaking and presented himself as a full-fledged progressive. Though Republican William Howard Taft had carried New Jersey in the 1908 presidential election by more than 82,000 votes, Wilson soundly defeated Republican gubernatorial nominee Vivian M. Lewis by a margin of more than 65,000 votes. Democrats also took control of the general assembly in the 1910 elections, though the state senate remained in Republican hands.After winning the election, Wilson appointed Joseph Patrick Tumulty as his private secretary.

Working closely with George Record, the intellectual leader of Progressivism in the state, Wilson began formulating his reformist agenda. Smith asked Wilson to endorse his bid for the U.S. Senate, but Wilson refused and instead endorsed Smith's opponent James Edgar Martine, who had won the Democratic primary. Martine's victory in the Senate election helped Wilson position himself as an independent force in the New Jersey Democratic Party.

By 1910 New Jersey had gained a reputation for public corruption; the state was known as the "Mother of Trusts" because it allowed companies like Standard Oil to escape the antitrust laws of other states. Wilson and his allies quickly won passage of the Geran bill, which undercut the power of the political bosses by requiring primaries for all elective offices and party officials. A corrupt practices law and a workmen's compensation statute that Wilson supported won passage shortly thereafter. For his success in passing these laws during the first months of his gubernatorial term, Wilson won national and bipartisan recognition as a reformer and a leader of the Progressive movement.

Republicans took control of the state assembly in early 1912, and Wilson spent much of the rest of his tenure vetoing bills. Nonetheless, he won passage of laws that restricted labor by women and children and increased standards for factory working conditions. A new State Board of Education was set up "with the power to conduct inspections and enforce standards, regulate districts' borrowing authority, and require special classes for students with handicaps." Before leaving office Wilson oversaw the establishment of free dental clinics and enacted a "comprehensive and scientific" poor law. Trained nursing was standardized, while contract labor in all reformatories and prisons was abolished and an indeterminate sentence act passed. A law was introduced that compelled all railroad companies "to pay their employees twice monthly," while regulation of the working hours, health, safety, employment, and age of people employed in mercantile establishments was carried out. Shortly before leaving office, Wilson signed a series of antitrust laws known as the "Seven Sisters," as well as another law that removed the power to select juries from local sheriffs.

1910s
The Standard Oil Company of New Jersey was a large nationwide integrated oil producing, transporting, refining, and marketing organization. Its main product at first was kerosene for lighting, and the gasoline for automobiles after 1900. In 1911, the U.S. Supreme Court ordered the dissolution of the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, viewing it as violating the Sherman Antitrust Act. Standard Oil had controlled nearly 90% of refined oil flows into the United States, having a near complete monopoly upon it. Standard Oil Company was split into 34 smaller companies as a result of the dissolution.

Between July 1 and July 12, 1916, a series of shark attacks occurred along the Jersey Shore in which four swimmers were killed and another severely injured. The incidents occurred during a deadly heat wave and polio epidemic in the Northeastern United States that drove thousands of people to the seaside resorts of the Jersey Shore. Scientists since then have debated which shark species was responsible, with the great white shark as the most cited.

World War I 1917-1918
New Jersey was a center of shipbuilding and manufacturing during World War I. Existing factories such as the Singer Company in Elizabeth, New Jersey were converted to making weapon parts. New refineries and ammunition factories were built by companies like DuPont Engineering. After the war, many of these companies and plants shifted to chemicals, making New Jersey one of the world's leading chemical producers. Several Allied ships were sunk off the New Jersey coast.

Camp Merritt, in Cresskill, was activated for use in World War I. It was from there that many soldiers were deployed to Hoboken before shipping off to Europe. Camp Merritt was decommissioned in November 1919. Fort Dix, in Pemberton Township, New Jersey, was also constructed in 1917 to help in the war effort. It was used as a training and staging ground throughout the war. After the war, it was converted into a demobilization center.

Roaring Twenties

Like much of the rest of the United States, New Jersey entered a prosperous state through the 1920s. Through this period, New Jersey's population and employment rate increased greatly. Although factory production decreased after the end of World War I, production lines still churned out goods.

Transportation became much easier through the 1920s. Cars became easily affordable and roads were paved and improved such that they incorporated new road features, including jughandle turns. As a result, people who had never been farther than the outskirts of their hometown now could travel around the state. The Jersey Shore became extremely popular as an attraction. Many bridges and tunnels were built for the ease of interstate traveling. The Benjamin Franklin Bridge was completed linking Camden and Philadelphia in 1926. The Holland Tunnel, under the Hudson River, was completed in 1927, providing a means of easy transportation between New Jersey and New York City. Before, ferries were required to travel across the Hudson River. Later on, the George Washington Bridge (1931) and the Lincoln Tunnel (1937) were completed, making access to Manhattan even easier. All of the tunnels and bridges linking New York and New Jersey are managed by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, established on April 30, 1921.

New Jersey was the first state to ratify Prohibition, which restricted the purchasing and selling of alcohol. However, the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which banned alcohol manufacturing & sales, was later repealed by the Twenty-first Amendment in December 1933. Newark's breweries reopened almost immediately.

Great Depression era
Like the rest of the United States, the people of New Jersey were hit hard by the Great Depression. By 1933, one-tenth of the population was dependent upon Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. In fact, New Jersey issued begging licenses to the poor people because the New Jersey government funds were being exhausted. Under the Works Progress Administration, part of the Second New Deal by FDR, many new jobs were provided in order to support the poor, including the expansion of Fort Dix, Roosevelt Park in Edison, and Rutgers Stadium in Piscataway. Strikes also grew common during the Great Depression; in 1937 a group of gravediggers from New Jersey went on strike.

In 1938, Orson Welles produced The War of the Worlds radio broadcast. Listeners were told that a "huge, flaming object ... fell on a farm in the neighborhood of Grover's Mill ... twenty-two miles from Trenton." It described extraterrestrial monsters that were causing much destruction. Although it was announced in advance that it was a radio play, the broadcast resulted in widespread panic into New Jersey and the surrounding areas. Many people had believed the bulletin to be real, causing them to flee the New Jersey area or to blockade their homes to ensure safety from the reported monsters. CBS was criticized for allowing fictitious bulletins to gain attention of listeners. Welles and the other broadcasters were not punished by law, but were held under a brief informal "house arrest" for a short period.

During the Great Depression, 20-month-old Charles Augustus Lindbergh Jr., son of famous aviator Charles Lindbergh, was abducted from his home near Hopewell, New Jersey in the Lindbergh kidnapping. The police sealed off many roads to prevent the kidnapper's escape, and interrogated the members of the Lindbergh household. Federal expert Arthur Koehler carefully examined the ladder used by the kidnapper, which he traced to a company in McCormick, South Carolina. James J. Finn was a lieutenant who attempted to capture the kidnapper while he was passing off ransom bills. Finally, a ransom note was located and traced to Bruno Hauptmann; the bill had the license plate number of Hauptmann's Dodge Saloon that was written down by a gas attendant. He was tried in Flemington, New Jersey in what was known as the "Trial of the Century", and was convicted. He was electrocuted in the New Jersey State Prison in Trenton, New Jersey. The Lindbergh kidnapping led to passage of the Federal Kidnapping Act, also known as the "Lindbergh Law", which made kidnapping a federal crime.

In 1937, the German zeppelin Hindenburg exploded over Lakehurst Naval Air Station in Manchester. While approaching a mooring mast at Lakehurst, the zeppelin suddenly caught fire, and within 34 seconds the entire hydrogen-filled zeppelin was engulfed in flames; 36 people died in the disaster, most of them leaping from the burning ship. Contrary to popular belief, the Hindenburg had flown an entire year of successful voyages before it caught on fire. Questions and controversy surround the accident to this day: theories for the sudden burst of flames include sabotage against the German Nazis, static build-up, and flammable fabric.

World War II And The 1940s

New Jersey shipyards were responsible for the construction of many naval ships in World War II, including battleships, aircraft carriers, heavy cruisers and destroyers, receiving 9% of all allied war-related contracts through the war. Nearly 500,000 residents enlisted for the war, more than 10% of the total population of New Jersey. Many women took jobs in factories during their husbands' absences.

Camp Kilmer was a staging area near New Brunswick that served the port of New York. Its buildings were painted with protective camouflage patterns. Camp Kilmer helped to serve troops by offering medical care and providing supplies. Camp Kilmer was later reactivated for the Korean War and the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. Fort Dix was reopened for the training of soldiers for the war effort. During the war, Naval Weapons Station Earle in Monmouth County was opened for naval production and provided ships with a safe port to take on ammunition.

Millville Airport opened on August 2, 1941. It was called "America's First Defense Airport" because it was opened as a gunnery training area for fighter pilots. Over 1,500 pilots were trained for advanced aircraft fighting at this airport. Fort Hancock was also opened in Sandy Hook. Gunners in the fort prevented German submarines from entering New York Harbor. The airfield, currently known as McGuire Air Force Base, was opened in 1937 as Rudd Field, a supporting Army airfield for Fort Dix. It was expanded during wartime operations and turned over to the Air Force in 1949.

One of the most dramatic war events in the Northeast occurred in 1945, when US forces hit and sank a German U-boat (U-869) off the coast of New Jersey. The Coast Guard station at what is now Sandy Hook Gateway Park was manned for the duration of the war to protect New York harbor.

An internment camp housing people of Japanese, German, and Italian descent was located in Gloucester City. In addition, Seabrook Farms took advantage of Japanese-American labor to increase productivity when the government allowed small groups of people from the internment camps to work there. At the end of World War II, the government closed down the internment camps, but many people from the camps continued to work at Seabrook Farms.

In 1947, the current New Jersey State Constitution was ratified, reorganizing the state government. Governors were allowed to serve four years instead of three, and the Legislature was constituted with a 40-member Senate and an 80-member General Assembly. The new State Constitution also returned the right of suffrage to females and non-whites.

Late twentieth century
In the 1950s, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey planned and built the Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal in the cities of Newark and Elizabeth. This was the first port in the world to containerize due to the innovation of Malcolm McLean and the founding of the Sea-Land Corporation. The newly opened port quickly made the docks of Brooklyn, Lower Manhattan and Hoboken obsolete. In 1985,  the port was the busiest in the world. (See Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal).

During the 1960s, many African Americans felt disenfranchised, feelings exacerbated by poor urban conditions, declining industrial jobs, and biased police forces with little minority representation. This tension led to race riots, the first of which occurred in Jersey City on August 2, 1964, causing heavy damage. Seventy-one stores were damaged and 46 people were injured. From August 11 to August 13, 1964, similar riots occurred in Paterson and Elizabeth. In the Paterson riot, twenty stores and other buildings were damaged, and eight people were injured. In the Elizabeth riot, six people were injured and seventeen stores were damaged. In the aftermath of these riots, 135 people were arrested.

In the summer of 1967, protests began after the alleged murder of John William Smith by two Newark cops. The protests and ensuing riots consisted mainly of the African American communities of Newark and Plainfield. While Smith was not murdered, the riots were a response to decades of racial tensions between majority-white government officials and African-American communities. Twenty-four people died in the riots, and nearly 1,600 were arrested. The riots are often cited as a major factor in the decline of Newark and its neighboring communities. Residents who could leave, fled to the suburbs following the riots.

In the middle of the Cold War from June 23 to June 25, 1967, president Lyndon Johnson met with Soviet premier Alexei Kosygin in Glassboro, New Jersey, for the Glassboro Summit Conference. at the Glassboro State College. No specific agreements were reached, especially in the area of restrictions on anti-ballistic missile systems. However, the meeting helped improve the strained relationships between the Soviet Union and the US.

Because of its strategic location on the East Coast, New Jersey played an important role in the United States' Cold War defense. Fourteen Nike anti-aircraft missile batteries in two groups were constructed in New Jersey to protect the metropolitan areas around Philadelphia and New York City. In addition, a regional command center was built in New Jersey. By 1974, the missile sites were deactivated. In addition to these, air defense radar sites, bases for interceptor aircraft, anti-aircraft gun batteries, surface-to-air missile sites, and command and control facilities were constructed to defend against an attack by long range, nuclear-armed aircraft of the Soviet Air Force.

In 1973, the New Jersey Supreme Court ordered the legislature to pass a statute funding schools more equitably for impoverished areas. The legislature did this in 1975 but failed to fund it. The Court thereupon shut down all public schools for eight days in 1976, until the legislature passed an income tax bill. Prior to this bill, the state had no income tax.

In 1998, the south side of Ellis Island came under the jurisdiction of New Jersey following a US Supreme Court decision, New Jersey v. New York. Before, the island had been governed by the state of New York. However, after the court decision, disagreements between New Jersey and New York led to the sharing of jurisdiction over the island by the two states.

Twenty-first century

Terrorist attacks

See: Anthrax attacks in New Jersey
In the September 11, 2001, attacks, hijackers took control of four domestic U.S. commercial airliners, including United Airlines Flight 93 which departed from Newark International Airport. The attacks caused 2,986 deaths, including about 700 residents of New Jersey. Over 160,000 people were evacuated by ferries and small boats from the Manhattan area to New Jersey because the NYCS and PATH stations were closed down.

The destruction of Lower Manhattan office space accelerated the pre-2001 trend of moving jobs from Lower Manhattan to Midtown and New Jersey. The Goldman Sachs Tower was constructed in Jersey City as part of this relocation. A new life passage after 9/11 (November 10, 2002), by J. Daw, retrieved January 10, 2006.</ref>

For several weeks beginning on September 18, 2001, letters bearing a Trenton, New Jersey postmark and containing anthrax bacteria were mailed to several news media offices and two US Senators. The letters were ultimately determined to have been mailed there by a Maryland-based scientist.

2004–05 gubernatorial vacancy and subsequent events

Former Governor James E. McGreevey resigned on November 15, 2004, after charges of pay-to-play and extortion scandals involving the impropriety of the appointment of an unqualified long-rumored homosexual love interest. New Jersey had no Lieutenant Governor position at the time, leaving a vacancy in the office. Senate President Richard Codey served as Acting Governor (then Governor) in McGreevey's place. Jon Corzine was elected Governor of New Jersey on November 8, 2005, and took office on January 17, 2006. On Election Day, November 8, 2005, the voters passed an amendment to the state constitution creating the position of Lieutenant Governor, effective with the 2009 elections. This position was first filled by the election of Kim Guadagno who assumed office in 2009.

See also

History of the mid-Atlantic states
New Jersey
Politics of New Jersey
 Timeline of New Jersey
Timeline of women's suffrage in New Jersey
Women's suffrage in New Jersey
Judicial:
New Jersey Supreme Court
Legislative:
New Jersey Senate
New Jersey General Assembly
New Jersey Provincial Congress
Executive:
Governor of New Jersey
List of colonial governors of New Jersey (1624–1776)
List of governors of New Jersey (1776–present)
 Cities:
 Timeline of Newark, New Jersey
 Timeline of Jersey City, New Jersey

Notes and references

Further reading

Surveys
 Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia...1863 (1864), detailed coverage of events in all countries; online; for online copies see Annual Cyclopaedia. Each year 1861 to 1902  includes several pages on each U.S. state.
 Federal Writers' Project, Works Progress Administration. New Jersey: A Guide to its Present and its Past (New York: Hastings House, 1939), famous guide to the state's cities, towns, economy and history
 Federal Writers' Project, Works Progress Administration. Stories of New Jersey
 Fleming, Thomas. New Jersey: A History (Norton, 1984), short popular overview
 Lurie, Maxine N., and Marc Mappen, eds. Encyclopedia of New Jersey (2005), a massive guide in 930pp.
 Lurie, Maxine N., and Richard Veit, eds. New Jersey: A History of the Garden State (Rutgers University Press, 2012) 319 pp.; university textbook
 New Jersey. History Committee. Outline history of New Jersey (1950) online 412pp

Local history
 The NJ Historical Portal is an open source collection of text searchable out-of-copyright publications from across New Jersey from the period 1850–1923
Dorwart, Jeffery M., and Mackey, Philip English. Camden County, New Jersey, 1616–1976 : a narrative history (1976) online free to borrow
 Nelson, William, and Charles A. Shriner.  History of Paterson and its environs (The Silk City) (2 vol 1920) vol 1 online

Economic and social history
 Burstyn, Joan N.  ed. Past and Promise: Lives of New Jersey Women (1990)
Clemens, Paul G. E. The Uses of Abundance: A History of New Jersey's Economy (New Jersey Historical Commission, 1992)
 Greason, Walter D. "Suburban Erasure: How the Suburbs Ended the Civil Rights Movement in New Jersey" (Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2013) 221 pp.
 Johnson, James P.  New Jersey: history of ingenuity and industry (1987).
 Murrin, Mary R., ed. Women in New Jersey History (1985).
 Purvis, Thomas L. "The European Origins of New Jersey's Eighteenth Century Population," New Jersey History 100 (Spring-Summer 1982): 15–31.
 Vecoli, Rudolph J. The People of New Jersey (D. Van Nostrand, 1964)

Politics
 Hirst, David W. Woodrow Wilson Reform Governor A Documentary Narrative (1965) https://archive.org/details/woodrowwilsonref0000davi
 Levine, Peter. "State Legislative Parties in the Jacksonian Era: New Jersey 1829–1844," Journal of American History 62 (December 1975): 591–608.
 Link, Arthur S. Wilson: The Road to the White House (Princeton UP, 1947) vol 1 pp 93–308.
 McCormick, Richard P. A History of Voting in New Jersey (Rutgers UP, 1953)
 Noble, Ransom E. New Jersey Progressivism before Wilson (Princeton UP, 1946) online
 Paulsson, Martin. he Social Anxieties of Progressive Reform: Atlantic City, 1854-1920. (NYU Press, 1996).
 Prince, Carl E. "Patronage and a Party Machine: New Jersey Democratic-Republican Activists, 1801–1816," William and Mary Quarterly (1964)  21#4 pp 571–578
 Renda, Lex. "The Dysfunctional Party: Collapse of the New Jersey Whigs, 1849–1853," New Jersey History 116 (Spring/Summer, 1998), 3–57.
 Reynolds, John F. Testing Democracy: Electoral Behavior and Progressive Reform in New Jersey, 1880–1920 (U of North Carolina Press, 1988)
 Salmore, Barbara G., and Stephen A. Salmore. New Jersey Politics and Government: The Suburbs Come of Age (4th ed. 2013) excerpt
 Tobin, Eugene M. "In Pursuit of Equal Taxation: Jersey City's Struggle Against Corporate Arrogance and Tax‐Dodging by the Railroad Trust." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 34.2 (1975): 213–224.

Primary sources

External links

New Jersey Local History Portal
New Jersey History
List of Governors of New Jersey
Everything Jersey
New Jersey county information for students
Documents Relating to the Colonial History of the State of New Jersey
NJ Chronology
Who Discovered New Jersey?
 Boston Public Library, Map Center. Maps of New Jersey, various dates.

New Jersey

History of New Jersey


Willow Camille Reign Smith (born October 31, 2000) is an American singer and actress. She is the daughter of actors Will Smith and Jada Pinkett Smith. She began acting in 2007 in the movie I Am Legend. She released her first single "Whip My Hair" in 2010. She released a single with Nicki Minaj in 2011.

Career

2007–2008
Willow Camilie Reign Smith singer and actress. As her acting career kick started,  Smith made her acting debut in I Am Legend  a post-apocalyptic action thriller film  alongside her father. Her next film, Kit Kittredge: An American Girl, a comedy-drama film was released on July 2, 2008. In 2008, she voiced in Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa, a 2008 American computer-animated comedy film produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Paramount Pictures, as character young Gloria the hippo alongside her mother as character of Gloria the hippo.

2009-2011
Smith's mother Jada Pinkett Smith announced in an interview on Lopez Tonight that Smith would be releasing an album. Smith then released her first single, "Whip My Hair", which went platinum in the US and peaked at number eleven. In the UK the single peaked at number two. It sold 1,216,000 digital copies in the US. Smith soon after announced her next single, "21st Century Girl". The video clip of the song shows Willow on the set of the music video. 21st Century Girl is an upbeat dance song and was produced by Swedish production team Twin. She performed the song on The Oprah Winfrey Show, she released it the next day on February 3, 2011. The video was released March 9, 2011.

On October 6, 2011, "Fireball", a collaboration between Smith and rapper Nicki Minaj, was released. It was released on iTunes two days later and was released to U.S. urban radio on October 18, 2011. In the song, Minaj says: "Ok, I'm the street fighter, call me Chun-Li" making referring to the character Chun-Li from the video game franchise Street Fighter. The song was a commercial failure, failing to chart in any type of music market, except the US R&B chart, charting at 121. It was her first song to miss the Billboard Hot 100. Smith's producer announced that they were almost finished working on her debut album, and that it would be done soon. He also said it has a similar style to "Whip My Hair". The name of the album was later announced to be Knees and Elbows. It was scheduled to be released around April 2012, but was later announced that it would be released later in the year.

May 1, 2012
She released a music video for "Do it Like Me (Rockstar)", saying that it was her "first video ever".

July 2, 2012
Smith released the "I Am Me" music video at the BET Awards.

July 17, 2012: I Am Me
She released her fourth single, "I Am Me" via iTunes and Amazon.

Knees and Elbows has still not been released    yet and has most likely been abandoned and scrapped.

Summer, 2013: Melodic Chaotic
Smith and DJ Fabrega started a duo named "Melodic Chaotic". "The Intro" was released as the first track,

July 6, 2013: Summer Fling
"Summer Fling" was released as the second track of the two. The music video was directed by Smith and Mike Vargas who previously directed her single "I Am Me". The song has been loads of criticism for its mature tone, the use of the word "fling", and the fake English accent she tries to speak.

September 16, 2013
Smith performed "Summer Fling" on the series premiere of The Queen Latifah Show. During the performance, she said: "Just for clarity, the word fling means something that's short lived...And this song is dedicated to all the kids around the world whose summer is never long enough."

October 24, 2014: 3
Smith and FADER announced that Smith would be releasing her first EP, titled "3", on October 31, 2014 for free via Google Play for limited time and November 10, 2014, but it was later pushed to November 17, 2014 via iTunes.

November 2014
The same day, she held a concert in New York City at The FADER Fort, where she performed select tracks from her new EP with SZA. She also performed the song "5" with her brother, as well as "Summer Fling" and a new mix of her famous hit "Whip My Hair".

May 7, 2015: F Q-C #7
Smith released the single "F Q-C #7" which was a major commercial failure, failing to get on any charts. An music video was released for the song the same day on Vevo.

September 2015
After release, a video to the track "Why Don't You Cry" was released.

December 11, 2015: Ardipithecus
Willow released her first album Ardipithecus. About her debut's title album, Willow said "Ardipithecus Ramidus Sahelanthropus tchadensis is the scientific name of the first hominid bones found on earth. I wanted to name my musical compilation after it because, while I was making these songs, I was in such a transitional state. Digging deep in the soil of my heart and finding bits and pieces of my ancient self that tell stories, which end up being the lyrics to the songs."

2016
Fashion Awards Smith won an award for New Fashion Icon.

December 7, 2016: Mellifluous
She self-released a only streaming album titled "Mellifluous"

December 11, 2016
Her single "Wait a minute" taken from her album "Mellifluous" saw little success upon it's release and which saw it's sales and streams go up to a million in the United States.

October 31, 2017: Birthday
On her birthday, October 31, 2017, she released her second studio album "The 1st" which is praised for its musical development, but mostly focusing Willow's ability to create music following her 1990s R&B predecessors, apart from not having been lively during the time.

End of 2017
She toured the album with Jhene Aiko alongside St. Beauty, Kodie Shane, and Kitty Cash. Along with her mother and grandmother, Adrienne Banfield-Norris, Smith hosts Red Table Talk, a web talk show for which she received a Daytime Emmy Award nomination.

June 24, 2019
Smith announced her third studio album, Willow.

July 19, 2019: Willow

It was released and was co-produced by herself and Tyler Cole. The album includes a feature from her brother Jaden Smith which is the song "U know" anc was produced by Tyler Cole.

2020: The Anxiety
Smith and Cole later released a collaborative album titled The Anxiety.

April 27, 2021: Transparent Soul
Smith released "Transparent Soul" featuring Travis Barker, a pop-punk song that was her first song into that genre. Willow described the song as having been written during a very introspective time at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, and inspired by a quote from Hindu guru Radhanath Swami. Smith was also inspired to enter the genre by her mother, Jada Pinkett Smith, who previously was in nu metal band Wicked Wisdom in the early 2000s

July 16, 2021: Lately I Feel Everything

Smith released her fourth album Lately I Feel Everything, featuring guests artists including Tierra Whack, Avril Lavigne and Travis Barker.The album has two singles, "Transparent Soul" and "Lipstick"

References

Other websites

2000 births
Actors from Los Angeles
African American actors
American child actors
American child singers
Singers from Los Angeles
Living people
African-American singers
American Jews
American contemporary R&B singers
American dancers
American hip hop singers
American movie actors
American pop singers
American producers
American television actors
Bisexual people
Emmy Award winners
Jewish actors
LGBT African Americans
LGBT actors
LGBT dancers
LGBT people from California
LGBT singers
Musicians from Los Angeles
Singer-songwriters from California

Willow Smith


Assaf Gavron (; born 21 December 1968) is an Israeli writer, novelist, translator and musician, formerly a journalist and hi-tech worker.
His books have been translated to several languages and won awards such as the Bernstein Prize for The Hilltop (2013), Prix Courrier International (France) for Croc Attack (2012), "Ein Buch für die Stadt" (Cologne, Germany) for the same novel (2012), and the Israeli Prime Minister Award for authors (2011).

Biography
Assaf Gavron was born in the town of Arad in 1968 and grew up in Motza Illit near Jerusalem. Studied BA in Media and Communication in Goldsmiths' College in London, UK (1991–1994), and New Media in Vancouver, Canada (1997). In the 1990s he worked as a journalist for several Israeli newspapers. Between 2000 and 2004 he was a creative director for Israeli high-tech company Valis. He has been teaching creative writing in Israel (Bar-Ilan University in Ramat Gan, the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School in Jerusalem, and Sapir Academic College in Sderot) and the United States (University of Nebraska Omaha and San Diego State University). Gavron has worked creating video games and as a rock musician; he has also translated American novels (Portnoy's Complaint among them) into Hebrew.

He lives in Tel Aviv, is divorced and has two daughters.

Works
 Ice (אייס): novel, Tel Aviv: Gvanim, 1997.
 Sex in the Cemetery (מין בבית העלמין): story collection, Tel Aviv: Zmora-Bitan, 2000.
 Moving (מובינג): novel, Or Yehuda: Zmora-Bitan Publishing, 2003. (German: Alles Paletti, Luchterhand Literaturverlag, 2010)
 CrocAttack (תנין פיגוע): novel, Or Yehuda: Kinneret Zmora-Bitan, 2006. (German: Ein schönes Attentat, Luchterhand Verlag, 2008; Dutch: Krokodil van de aanslagen, Ailantus, 2009; Italian: La mia storia, la tua storia, Mondadori, 2009; French: Croc Attack, Rivages, 2010; English (UK): CrocAttack, 4th Estate, 2010; English (US): Almost Dead, HarperCollins, 2010; English (Canada): Almost Dead, Harper Canada, 2010; Greek: Croc Attack, Bartzolulianos, 2013; Bulgarian: Almost Dead, Enthusiast, 2014)
 Hydromania (הידרומניה): novel, Or Yehuda: Kinneret Zmora-Bitan, 2008. (German: Hydromania, Luchterhand Verlag, 2009; Dutch: Hydromania, Ailantus, 2010; Italian: Idromania, La Giuntina, 2013)
 Eating Standing Up (אוכל בעמידה): collection of journalism, Jerusalem: Uganda, 2009.
 The Hilltop (הגבעה): novel, Tel Aviv: Books in the Attic (Sifrey Aliyat Hagag), 2013. (German: Auf fremdem Land, Luchterhand Verlag, 2013; Dutch: De Nederzetting, Nieuw Amsterdam, 2014; French: Les Innocents, Rivages, 2014; Italian: La Colina, La Giuntina, 2014; English (US): The Hilltop, Scribner, 2014; English (UK): The Hilltop, One World, 2014; Swedish: Uppe på höjden, Natur & Kultur, 2015; Czech: Osada na pahorku, Pistorius & Olšanská, 2017).
 Eighteen Lashes (שמונה-עשרה מלקות), Books in the Attic (Sifrey Aliyat Hagag), 2017. (German: Achtzehn Hiebe, Luchterhand Verlag, 2018; Italian: Le diciotto frustate, La Giuntina, 2019).

Awards and accolades
 The Hilltop won the Israeli Bernstein Prize (2013) and was long listed for the Sapir Prize (2014).
 CrocAttack won the Courrier International Prix in France (2013) and the "Buch für die Stadt" prize in Cologne, Germany (2012). It was short listed for the Adei-Wizo Prize in Italy (2010) and long listed for the Dayton Literary Peace Prize in the US (2011).
 Hydromania won the Wizo Prize in the Netherlands (2012) and the Geffen Award in Israel (2009).
 2010: DAAD artists-in-Berlin fellowship.
 2011: Israeli Prime Minister Award for Authors

Other activities
Apart from his original works, Gavron is a literary translator from English to Hebrew. Among the more than twenty books he translated are J.D. Salinger's Nine Stories, Philip Roth's Portnoy's Complaint, Jonathan Safran Foer's Everything is Illuminated, J. K. Rowling's The Casual Vacancy and Audrey Niffenegger's The Time Traveler's Wife.

Gavron is the singer and songwriter with Israeli cult pop band The Mouth and Foot (הפה והטלפיים), that has released five albums between 1989 and 2013.
He is the Founder and Captain of the Israeli Writers Football national team.
He was the chief writer of video game Peacemaker.

References

External links

 Mouth and Foot's website

CrocAttack / Almost Dead:
 David L. Ulin, Book review: 'Almost Dead' by Assaf Gavron, Los Angeles Times, May 16, 2010
 Jon Papernick, A balanced achievement, The Globe and Mail, June 29, 2010
 James Smart, Croc Attack!, by Assaf Gavron – review, The Guardian, February 5, 2011

The Hilltop:
 Anshel Pfeffer, Documenting a warped and psychotic society in Israel's Wild West, Haaretz, August 12, 2013
 Jessica Steinberg, A writer's life in translation, The Times of Israel, January 30, 2014
 Dan Friedman, Of Frum Hippies, West Bank Settlements and Leo Tolstoy, The Forward, December 3, 2014
 Ian Sansom, The Hilltop by Assaf Gavron review – 'an extraordinary view of contemporary Israeli society', The Guardian, 19 December 2014
 Mark Katkov, The Hilltop: A Novel, NPR's Book Concierge 2014

1968 births
Living people
Bernstein Prize recipients
Israeli journalists
Israeli musicians
Israeli novelists
Israeli translators
Academic staff of Sapir Academic College
People from Arad, Israel
Israeli people of British-Jewish descent
Alumni of Goldsmiths, University of London
People from Motza Illit

Assaf Gavron