Alexander Zakin (22 January 190316 October 1990) was a Russian pianist, best known for being the accompanist of the violinist Isaac Stern between 1940 and 1977. They appeared together in many of the world's most prestigious concert halls and made many recordings together.

Early years
Zakin was born to a violinist father in Tobolsk, Tyumen Oblast, and began studying at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory from the age of 8. He was a pupil of Aleksander Michałowski from 1911 to 1914, and then studied under Leonid Nikolayev. He emigrated in 1921 and studied music in Berlin, making his solo debut as a performer there in 1926.

Career

In February 1926, a piano quartet debuted, alternately named Klavier Kiddies, Jass auf vier Flügeln, and ERKLA (Erstes Klavier-quartett), which included Zakin, Adam Gelbtrunk, Lewitsch (replaced by J. Pomerane, and later by Rio Gebhardt) and Leopold Mittmann. They performed for a few years on the radio and in concert, while also making gramophone recordings. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, he was a performer in parts of Central Europe, giving recitals and supporting chamber-music ensembles. After Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, he fled to Luxembourg and became a piano teacher to the Royal Family and was employed by the Radio Luxembourg. In 1940, he began performing with violinist Isaac Stern, a partnership which would last 37 years until 1977.  He also performed with violinists Paul Godwin, David and Igor Oistrakh, Leonid Kogan and cellist Gregor Piatigorsky in an illustrious career which saw him in frequent contact with impresario Sol Hurok. Zakin played the piano at the White House on several occasions during the terms of Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson.

Over the years he performed works by composers such as Johann Sebastian Bach, Ludwig van Beethoven, Béla Bartók,  Ernest Bloch, Johannes Brahms, Claude Debussy, George Frideric Handel, Joseph Haydn, Paul Hindemith, Darius Milhaud, Sergei Prokofiev, Robert Schumann, Grigoraș Dinicu, George Enescu, César Franck, Fritz Kreisler, Ottokar Nováček, Gaetano Pugnani, Pablo de Sarasate and Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. His performances of the sonatas of Brahms with Stern received considerable acclaim, amongst other performances they did together. He died on October 16, 1990, at the St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center in New York City of heart failure, aged 87.

References

1903 births
1990 deaths
Russian classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Classical accompanists
People from Tobolsk
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century Russian male musicians
White Russian emigrants
Immigrants to the Weimar Republic
Immigrants to the United States

Alexander Zakin


The Mohammed VI Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art , abbreviated MMVI, () is a contemporary and modern art museum in Rabat, Morocco which opened in 2014. It is one of fourteen museums of the National Foundation of Museums of Morocco. The museum curates modern and contemporary Moroccan and international art. The MMVI is the first large scale museum built in Morocco since independence from France in 1956. It was the first Moroccan public museum to meet International Museography Standards. The museum houses the works of 200 Moroccan artists, including Hassan Hajjaj and Ahmed Yacoubi.

Background
The museum was founded in 2014 by Mohammed VI, the King of Morocco, in Rabat.

The museum was created to preserve and disseminate to the public the heritage of Moroccan art and encourage the creativity of Moroccan artists. It forms part of a wider Moroccan cultural infrastructure including the National Library of the Kingdom of Morocco and the Mohammed V National Theatre.

Rabat was chosen for the location of the museum because it is the capital of Morocco; it is a Unesco World Heritage Site (2012) and is a popular tourist destination. The inaugural exhibition was entitled "1914  2014: 100 Years of Creation".

Mission
The museum curates Moroccan artistic creation in the plastic and visual arts from the beginning of the 20th century onwards. The museum values modern and contemporary Moroccan culture as well as Moroccan artistic and cultural heritage and makes it accessible to the public. This involves referencing, researching, conserving and promoting the art of Morocco. The museum introduces art to young people, promotes artworks by young people and teaches respect for art. It also teaches history of art and assists scientific research in the artistic field.

Architecture
The museum took ten years to build in central Rabat. The museum's architecture incorporates features of Rabat's identity and urbanism; Morocco's cultural diversity; the harmony of Morocco's secular heritage and reworked traditional motifs. The architecture links past to present with Arab-Moorish inspiration in a modern building. However, the design is also a statement of the will to continue in Morocco a well-established tradition of modernity.

The arcades
The outermost façade, called the "architectural skin", is of Arab-Moorish inspiration. It is white with a colonnade of double arches. The cloisters have a motif called "Keef was Darja". The double arches project shadows onto the building according to the light and the seasons. The museum is most easily recognised by the arches.

Chromatic facade
A chromatic façade invites the public to events and exhibitions at the museum. It displays large reproductions of works by Chaibia, Hassan El Glaoui, Mohamed Kacimi, Gharbaoui and Melehi. The largest displays are  by . In the evenings, colourful lights are projected onto the building.

Visual axes
The museum has two clear lines of sight, each commencing with an entrance. The east  west axis is lit by sunsets at the winter solstice. Where the clear lines of sight cross, there is a patio atrium for events and temporary exhibitions surrounded by a tea room, bookshop, educational workshops and an auditorium.

Interior
The interior spaces are defined by variations in height, from single to triple. Natural light also helps define the spaces.

Floors
The floors of the halls, corridors and stairs are decorated with traditionally inspired grand abstract patterns. The patterns give an intuitive signage allowing visitors to understand the building's geometric design.

Ornaments
The main theme of the building is a stylized motif. It is worked in a variety of ways such as laser cutting, cast plaster, and chiselled nickel silver. There is a polished stainless steel laser-cut frieze and a similar design made in moulded plaster decorating the light wells. The columns of the atrium are dressed in nickel silver with hand-carved motifs by the artisans of Fez.

References

External links

 Ahmed Yacoubi website

2014 establishments in Morocco
Art museums established in 2014
Art museums and galleries in Morocco
Modern art museums
Buildings and structures in Rabat
21st-century architecture in Morocco


Milind Date (born 28 February) is an Indian flautist and music composer who plays the bansuri. He studied under Hariprasad Chaurasia and is known for his technique and playing in various musical styles.

Early life and career
At the age of 21, Date started learning flute from Ajit Soman in his hometown Pune. After a year, he was learning from Hariprasad Chaurasia. When Date turned 25, he had already performed with Hridaynath Mangeshkar, Asha Bhosle, Usha Mangeshkar, Yashwant Deo, Suresh Wadkar, Ghulam Ali, Trilok Gurtu and other outstanding musicians. In 1998, Date started a world Music band – "Fusion Ensemble". Date has performed in over 3500 Indian classical, fusion, and world music concerts.

Besides of course Pt. Hariprasad ji, Milind considers influences of 4 legendary musicians on his music. Dr. L. Subramaniam, Pandit Jasraj, Ustad Vilayat Khan and Asha Bhosale. Milind also says that he learnt a lot from Ashok Hande, Pt. Hridaynath Mangeshkar, Pt. Jagjit Singh [Ghazal Singer], and Ustad Zakir Hussain

Milind has been blessed by the teachings of spiritual masters Osho and Sai Kaka.

In 2002, Milind Date began to perform in South Korea and collaborated with musicians like maestro Kim Se-hwang, Kim De Hwan, Beik in Young, Park Chang Soo, Chang Jae Hyo, Mutdance – Kim Young Hee, Jin Bora, Roh Young Sim, Lim won Sik, Park Je Chun, Mi Yeon, Lim dong Chan, Lee Ki Hwa, Park Chi Um, and others. Date is a member of Orientillica – the World Music Ensemble and recorded several albums released in Korea.

Milind Date has performed different styles of music such as Indian classical music, Indian folk music, Devotional Music, Jazz, Arabic, Blues, Rock, Fusion or World Music, and Free Music. He has experimented with several music and dance forms through his performances and recordings.

Date produced and composed an album called "The Earth Concerto" with musicians from Iran, Iraq, Korea, Israel, Morocco and India. This album won several awards in South Korea. Date co-produced the mainstream American pop music album "Fantasy" for the New York-based singer, Angeli. "Prayer from the Heart", a meditation album, was released by Polyglobe Music Austria. For this album Milind has collaborated with Tanmayo, a Scottish singer and violinist, and Shubhangi, an Indian singer.

In 2010, Milind Date produced his debut album of devotional Marathi songs 'Krishna Gaan'. Singers including Suresh Wadkar and Shubhangi Gokhale-Joshi have covered the songs. This album went into private circulation and copies have been distributed for free.

Milind date has recently launched his another live production 'Milind Date Experience' and has been touring with it for last five years. The group has performed in over 500 shows.  After Fusion Ensemble, Date performs with a keyboard-orientated sound more than the previous guitar-orientated sound for live performances. Now, Date is touring with a steady line up of Charudatta Phadake playing Tabla – Kanjira, Subhash Deshpande playing Keyboards and Abhay Ingale playing various percussion instruments, Dholak Octapad and Djembe. They have travelled in India performing about 300 concerts in the last three to four years.

In April 2013, Date travelled to the USA for the first time. He performed mostly Indian classical music in several concerts. Date went on his around the world tour, called the "World is Round 2013" tour, until October of that year. As a part of this tour, Date performed extensively in South Korea after a gap of six years. This was his 11th performance tour to South Korea.

Date recently performed for an event in Delhi where President of India  was participating. In this performance he created a new Woodwind Ensemble. Indian wind instruments from India included in the ensemble were Shehnai, Nadaswaram, Venu, Algoza, Pungi, Sundri and Bansuri.

Date composed music for the film Among the Believers directed by Emmy Award winner Hemal Trivedi. This filmed was released in Tribeca Film Festival and was nominated for the 2017 Emmy Award. Date also composed music for the film, Flying On One Engine in 2008 directed by Joshua Z. Weinstein.

On the day of Gudhi Padwa of 2015, Milind's Indian Classical music album 'Milder Milind' was launched by the Kolkata-based 'Qustz World' music label. Milind has played Raag Naagmani, Raag Madhuvanti, Raag Gorakh Kalyan and Bhatiyal Dhun in this album. This album was nominated for Global Indian Music Academy Awards (GiMA) awards in India.

The USA-based record label, Neelam Audio Video released another Indian Classical Album Sunand Sarang on the day of Krishna Janmashtami in 2015. Date has played a new Raga composed by him - Sunand Sarang. This is a variation of the raag Madhymaadi Sarang.

Date released two albums with Manish Vyas, a singer and composer. These were released by New Earth Records and Malimba Records.

Date toured South Korea 12th time in 2015. The tour was a part of his 'East Winds Tour' of Malaysia and Thailand as well as the One Month Festival curated by famous pianist Park Chang Soo.

In November 2019, Date was conferred the prestigious Femina Pune's Most Powerful Award.

On 23 February 2020, Date was conferred the prestigious Economic Times Gen Next Award.

From January 2021 till July 2021, he travelled solo in his car, across western India. From Tamil Nadu to Ladakh, Date travelled interacting with local musicians and artisans. He is reported to be writing a travel book from his experiences in this travel.

On the day of Holi of 2022, Date released his new series of albums - Music For Sleep.

Date released 20 albums in the month of August 2022.

New ragas
Date has been credited with the creation of several new ragas. Most of these are not just a combination of two other already existing ragas, but they have special structure. By applying very specific rules, Date has created these ragas which bear the mark of his style on them. One can find a certain similarity in the ragas created by Date.

A list of notable ragas Date has created –
Zim Kalyan
Sunand Sarang
Sunand Bhairav
Hari Mohini (Tribute to his Guru Pandit Hariprasad Chaurasia)
Hari Bhairav (Tribute to his Guru Pandit Hariprasad Chaurasia)
Hussaini Bhairav (Tribute to Ustad Zakir Hussain)
Mugdha Chandrika
Divya Chandrika
Uday Chandrika
Mangeshi Todi (Tribute to Lata Mangeshkar, Asha Bhosale, Hridaynath Mangeshkar and Family)
Narendra Kaunsa (Tribute to Shri Narendra Modi)
Krishna Prabha (Dedicated to Spiritual Guru Sai Kaka)
Keshav Bhairav (Dedicated to Keshav Baliram Hegdewar) (Of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh)
Madhav Bhairav (Dedicated to M. S. Golwalkar) (Of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh)

Neelam Records of USA released an album of Raga Sunand Sarang in 2015.

Discography
 Om Chant - Different singles with variations of chanting of Om
 Yamini - Romantic flute - Night Ragas Indian Classical Music album
 Krishnagaan - Songs of Lord Krishna with Suresh Wadkar and Shubhangi Joshi
 Sunand Bhairav Indian Classical Music single
Swar Venu - Indian Classical Music album
 Prabhat Sagar - Indian Classical Music album
 Contemplative Mind - Indian Classical Music album
 Hypnotic Ragas
 The Noble Mind
 Prashanti
 From Anxiety to Ecstasy Meditation Music
 Maitri Bhavana Meditation Music
 Hands of Love - Music for Reiki
 Reiki Hands of Love
 Reiki
 Reiki Living
 Spa Wellness
 Mindfulness
 Ocean and Trees
 Lights of Faith
 A Walk in Himalayas
 Pensive Mind - Music For Sleep - Malkaunsa
 Infinite Mind - Music For Sleep - Hari Mohini
 Krishna Mind - Music For Sleep - Krishna Prabha
 Empathetic Mind - Music For Sleep - Mugdh Chandika
 Quiet Mind - Music For Sleep - Rageshree
 Tranquil Mind - Music For Sleep - Yaman
 Bansuri Lounge
 Chitta Shanti
 Naad Nidra - Shoonyata
 Naad Nidra - Swasth Nidra
 Naad Nidra - Sushupti
 Naad Nidra - Antar Pradnya
 Atma Bhakti - New Earth Records (With Manish Vyas)
 Sunand Sarang - Neelam Audio
 Milder Milind - Questz World [Nominated for GIMA Awards 2016
 Enchanting Kirwani - Live in Concert
  Raag Poorvi - Transcendent Evening
 'Prayer From The Heart'
 'Earth Concerto' - with musicians from 6 countries
 'Fusion Ensemble' - The East West Fusion
 'Fantasy' - Angeli
 'Krishna Gaan' Featuring Suresh Wadkar, Shubhangi Gokhale-Joshi
 'Universe Will Never End' - With Devapath
 'Aayuta ki Pawan' - With 'Sangeet' - Kim JinMook
 Punyapur ki Sarita - Mook Sound - South Korea
 Diamond Sutra - Mook Sound -Winner of Critics Choice Award in South Korea

References

External links

Hindustani instrumentalists
Indian flautists
Bansuri players
Living people
People from Pune
Year of birth missing (living people)
Fergusson College alumni

Milind Date


The Institute of Advanced Legal Studies (IALS) is a member institute of the School of Advanced Study, University of London. Founded in 1947, it is a national academic centre of excellence, serving the legal community and universities across the United Kingdom and the world through legal scholarship, facilities, and its comparative law library.

The mission of the institute is to be "the focal point of legal research for the United Kingdom and the countries of the British Commonwealth."

Since 1976, the institute's home has been Charles Clore House, located in the heart of Bloomsbury, at 17 Russell Square.

History
The Institute of Advanced Legal Studies was established in 1947 in response to recommendations made in 1932 by Lord Atkin that the United Kingdom needed an institution "which would be a headquarters for academic research and would promote the advancement of knowledge of the law in the most general terms."   On 11 June 1948, the institute was officially opened by the Lord Chancellor, William Jowitt, 1st Earl Jowitt.   The first director was Professor Sir David Hughes Parry, a distinguished Professor of English Law at the London School of Economics and for many years Vice-Chancellor of the University of London.  The Librarian, K. Howard Drake also acted as administrative secretary for the institute.

Housed at 25 Russell Square, the institute occupied all floors of the building, the ground and first floors reserved for the library with rooms on the second and third converted into offices or study/seminar rooms.  The library held 11,000 books in its first year, a substantial number donated by Dr. Charles Huberich.  An internal telephone system connected all the rooms with a hand book lift installed to move books from floor to floor.

By 1949, the institute was running out of space and were given permission to extend into the basement and ground floor 26 Russell Square.  Here it remained until 1976, when the institute moved into No. 17 Russell Square, part of the newly built Charles Clore House designed by Sir Denys Lasdun.   At the official opening on 1 April 1976, the then Chancellor of the University of London,  Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother, overstayed and her official schedule had to be abandoned.

In 1994, the IALS became a member of the School of Advanced Study.

A five-year refurbishment of Charles Clore House is currently underway, the first phase of which was completed in September 2012, incorporating a larger café and improved lecture facilities on the ground floor.

Library

Collections

The IALS library holds a collection of over 300,000 legal texts, complemented by over 3,000 current serial titles, reports, and legislative materials.   It has been described as the "jewel in the Institute's crown", and is a repository library for legal texts published in the United Kingdom.   The library covers five floors of Charles Clore House with the library entrance on the fourth floor.   The library catalogue forms part of a shared catalogue with its fellow School of Advanced Study institutes and that of Senate House Library.

The institute library is considered one of the world's leading comparative research libraries, holding significant material not otherwise available in the United Kingdom.    Jurisdictions covered include countries in, North America,  Latin America, Europe (including the European Union) and the Commonwealth.   The library is particularly strong in Public International Law.  It has a large collection of United States Federal resources and holdings of State primary resources, focused on California, New York, Pennsylvania, Texas, and Louisiana. Postgraduate law students of the University of London colleges, including University College London, London School of Economics and Political Science, King's College London, and Queen Mary, University of London rely exclusively on the institute's research holdings for coursework.

Projects

Since the late 1990s, IALS has participated in collaborative and standalone digital projects resulting in a number of searchable databases publicly available via the website.  These include FLAG (Foreign Law Guides), FIT (Flare Index to Treaties), and Eagle-I, which builds upon the original Jisc funded Intute: Law project (formerly SOSIG Law).

Collaborations

The IALS library has partnered with other libraries and organisations in promotions and projects to highlight legal research.  The library concentrates on printed and digital resources, often as lead developer for web-based initiatives.  Ongoing collaborations with the British Library and BAILII have led to increased web presence for legal research, with IALS hosting BAILII and supporting its role in providing free access to full text British and Irish legal materials.   The Concordat with the British Library is a collaboration to map existing holdings in foreign legal materials in both libraries and collate information to form a national collection of foreign official gazettes.   Recently the library became a charter member of LLCM-Digital, a US-based consortium of libraries dedicated to the  preservation of legal documentation for dissemination via a searchable online database.

Research
The institute actively promotes research by its own academic staff and students in conjunction with its role as a national legal research centre. Research centres at the institute contribute to legal research via externally funded projects or study, with the Sir William Dale Centre, and Woolf Chair of Legal Education at the fore. Areas of research conducted by the institute include legislative drafting, human rights, international financial regulation, and transnational taxation law. Notable recent works by Institute faculty includes Thornton's Legislative Drafting, Fifth Edition, by Professor Helen Xanthaki, and Foundations and Future of Financial Regulation and European Comparative Company Law by Professor Mads Andenas.

Through its association with the School of Advanced Study, the institute offers a number of fellowships for legal research to both national and international legal academics and practitioners. Fellows give lectures in their field of expertise during their tenure.

Postgraduate programmes

There are over 70 Ph.D./M.Phil. students studying at the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, in addition to postgraduate law students registered for LL.M. and M.A. degrees.

The LL.M. in Drafting Legislation, Regulation, and Policy, which the institute claims is "prized by governments around the world as the flagship degree in the subject," trains lawyers from across the common law world in the art of statutory drafting, law reform, and the legislative process. The programme emphasizes a "blend of academic and practitioner concerns in [an] area of critical constitutional importance."

During the summer term, short courses are available on a variety of relevant topics. Courses include the Sir William Dale Centre Course in Legislative Drafting and the Certificate in International Commercial Arbitration.

In 2013, the peer-reviewed IALS Student Law Review was founded, offering both Master's and Ph.D. students the opportunity to publish original research and manage a scholarly journal.

Lectures and exchange programmes

The institute has one main lecture theatre complemented by a number of smaller lecture/seminar rooms.  Each year, it arranges workshops and lectures for academics and practitioners. Two annual conferences hosted by the IALS are the W. G. Hart Workshop and the Hamlyn Lectures series.

The institute maintains exchange programmes with foreign legal institutions. A partnership with the Beijing Arbitration Commission, established in 2012, seeks to promote the study of alternative dispute resolution, and deepen Sino-British legal relationships. The IALS has also begun an exchange programme with judges from the Brazilian State of Pernambuco and the School of Advanced Judicial Studies of Pernambuco. This program focuses on comparative common law/civil law features and law reform consequences.

References

External links
 Institute of Advanced Legal Studies
 Sir William Dale Centre for Legislative Studies
 IALS Student Law Review
  Information Law & Policy Centre Blog

Advanced Legal Studies
Law schools in England
Legal research
Research institutes established in 1947
1947 establishments in England

Institute of Advanced Legal Studies


Santo Domingo de Soria is a Romanesque-style, Roman Catholic church in Soria, Castile and León, Spain.

History
It was built in the late 12th century above a pre-existing church dedicated to San Tomé, although it was partially renovated in the following centuries, including the century transept and choir area, added in the 16th century when a Dominican convent was founded annexed to the church.

It has a façade with two orders of arcades at the sides of the portal, which is surmounted by a rose window. The portal has an elaborated archivolt with Biblical characters and scenes, including the 24 elders of the Apocalypse, the Massacre of the Innocents, the Youth, the Passion and the death of Christ. The tympanum has representations of the God the father sitting with the Child, four angels with the symbols of the Evangelists, the prophet Isaiah and the Virgin Mary. The capitals on the jambs of the entry feature biblical scenes from the Genesis and the life of Christ.

The interior is on the Latin cross plan with a nave and two aisles, covered by barrel vaults.

External links
Page at Spain Is Culture website

12th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Spain
Domingo, Soria
Romanesque architecture in Castile and León

Church of Saint Dominic, Soria


Jackie Genova is an Australian-born exercise teacher. She was well known in the United Kingdom during the early 1980s for her TV appearances, particularly on the TV-am show Good Morning Britain where she presented the daily aerobics spot on weekends (Lizzie Webb presented it on weekdays). Her book, video and record album Work That Body! were best-sellers in Britain, the album reaching number 74 on the British charts in May 1983.

Today, Genova works as a psychotherapist in London, specialising in counselling, treating alcohol dependency and eating disorders.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Australian exercise instructors
Australian television personalities
Women television personalities

Jackie Genova


The military history of Finland consists of hundreds of years of armed actions in the territory encompassing modern Finland.

Prehistory
Finland was first settled around 8300 BC, immediately after the last ice age.  Archaeological evidence of prehistoric warfare is largely incomplete, primarily because prehistoric skeletons, which might bear traces of violent traumas, rarely survive in the Finnish soil. From the Bronze Age (1500–500 BC) onwards, improved weapons, such as battle-axes and swords, are included in the archaeological record. There is also evidence of hill-forts from the same time period.  Weapons are common finds from the Roman Iron Age (1 A.D. – 400 A.D.) onwards.

Middle Ages

Viking attacks on Finland are indicated only by a couple of runic inscriptions in Sweden, as well as some uncertain saga sources. According to one saga, Olaf the Holy, later a King of Norway, made an attack on a country that has often been interpreted as south-western Finland around the years 1007/8. He was defeated in the Battle at Herdaler.

Before the 14th century Finnish history is very poorly documented. However, archaeological evidence, for example hill-forts, suggests that the 12th and 13th centuries were relatively restless, as Sweden and the Russian state of Novgorod were slowly spreading their dominance in Northeastern Europe. The Swedish kingdom championed Roman Catholic Christianity, whereas Novgorod was an Eastern Orthodox state. Several raids and attacks against the Finns are mentioned in Russian chronicles during the 12th and 13th centuries. Both Swedes and Danes made offensives against the Finns. These operations were dubbed as "Crusades" in later historiography.

According to the Icelandic Egil's Saga, the Norse and the (Northern) Fennic people united their forces, apparently during the 12th century, against attacks by the Karelians who—with the assistance of Novgorod (part of today's Russia)—made advances towards Northern Finland and Norway.

According to some sources, the Karelians destroyed the Swedish town of Sigtuna in 1187.

In 1251 the Finnish Karelians again fought against the Norwegians, and in 1271 the two Finnish peoples, the Kvens and the Karelians, cooperated in wars and battles against the Norwegians in Hålogaland (Haalogaland).

Finland as a part of Sweden

During the several following centuries, a gradual and slow process of Swedish expansion in today's Finland and the consolidation of Sweden took place, not through wars fought between the Finns and the Swedes, but rather by various levels of wars and skirmishes between the Finns themselves, others—in the west, such as the people of Häme—sympathising with the Catholic Swedes, and others—in the eastern parts, particularly the Karelians—cooperating with the Orthodox Russians.

During the initial centuries of Swedish expansion into the ancestral territories of the Finns, which lasted until the 16th century and beyond, the Swedish influence was primarily limited to the southwestern regions of what is now Finland. It's important to note that the lands inhabited by the Finns extended beyond the present-day borders of the Republic of Finland. These southwestern areas had been incorporated into the Swedish realm through this expansion.

From 1323 until 1809, Finland was officially an integral part of the Swedish Realm, including first only the south-western lands inhabited by the Finns but expanding east as time went by.

Finnish soldiers fought in at least 38 known wars of Sweden, all of them having something to do with either power struggles within the Swedish royal family or struggles between Sweden and other nations.

Grand Duchy of Finland

As a result of the so-called Finnish War of 1808–1809 Finland became an autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland in the Russian Empire until Finland's declaration of independence on December 6, 1917.  During that period the Finnish army participated in the wars of Russia, such as the Crimean War—during which, in 1855, the French and the British navies attacked Finland—and the First World War.

Republic of Finland

From 1917 on Finland has been an independent republic.  This period started with the Finnish Civil War in 1918, between the Reds (communists) and the Whites (mixed right wing, liberal and centrist groups allied against the Reds), soon after Finland's declaration of independence. The former were supported by Bolshevik Russia, and the latter by the German Empire. The Whites eventually defeated the Reds.

World War II

The Soviet Union invaded Finland on 30 November 1939, starting the Winter War, with the goal of annexing Finland. An expected easy Soviet victory instead saw the Red Army suffer severe losses in men and materiel, and the attempt to conquer Finland failed. The war ended on 13 March 1940 with the signing of the Moscow Peace Treaty in which Finland ceded 9% of its territory to the Soviet Union.

Finland invaded the Soviet Union in June of 1941, initiating the Continuation War. Finland retook territory lost in the Winter War and proceeded to occupy East Karelia. The Soviets launched the Vyborg–Petrozavodsk offensive in June 1944 and drove Finland out of the territory it had taken, but the Finns halted the offensive with a string of victories, beginning with the Battle of Tali-Ihantala and ending with the Battle of Ilomantsi in August 1944. The Continuation War ended with the Moscow Armistice.

As part of the Moscow Armistice, Finland was obliged to drive out the Germans from Finnish territory, in what became the Lapland War. The war ended in April of 1945.

The Finns successfully resisted Soviet attempts to conquer Finland, making Finland one of two combatant continental European countries in World War II not to have its capital occupied (the other being the Soviet Union).

Post World War II
Soon after the birth of the United Nations, Finnish military troops—including various types of military personnel and advisers—started participating in many UN peacekeeping operations, beginning in 1956 with the United Nations Emergency Force at the Suez Crisis. Defense strategy in Finland after World War II required tact and diplomacy. In the event of major hostilities, The Finnish Defence Forces basically needed to hold off attackers and establish an evacuation corridor, most likely to the West, just long enough for the population center in the areas surrounding the capital to evacuate to safety. Because it was not clear from which direction troops might come during the Cold War, it was necessary to train for all possibilities without antagonizing NATO, the Soviet Union, or neighboring countries.

In response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Finland announced that it would apply to join the NATO military alliance, ending its postwar policy of neutrality. Finland joined NATO on April 4, 2023.

See also
 List of Finnish wars
 Finnish–Estonian defense cooperation

References

fi:Suomen sodat

Military history of Finland


A hair follicle is a part of the skin, which grows a hair by packing old cells together. Attached inside the top of the follicle are sebaceous glands, which are tiny sebum-producing glands in almost all skin except on the palms, lips and soles of the feet. The thicker the hair, the more the number of sebaceous glands there are.

Also attached to the follicle is a tiny bundle of muscle fiber, called the arrector pili, which is responsible for causing the follicle lissis to become more upright the surface of the skin. The muscle area can also cause the follicle to stick up slightly above the nearby skin (piloerection) with a pore incased with skin oil. This process results in goose bumps (or goose flesh).  Stem cells are at the junction of the arrector and the follicle, and are principally responsible for the ongoing hair production during a process known as the Anagen stage.

The average growth rate of healthy hair follicles on the scalp is nearly  per month.

Structure

Papilla
At the base of the follicle is a structure that is called the papilla. The papilla is made up mainly of connective tissue and a capillary loop. Cell division in the papilla is either rare or non-existent.

Matrix
Around the papilla is the hair matrix, a collection of epithelial cells often mixed with the pigment-producing (color) cells, known as melanocytes.  Cell division in the hair matrix is responsible for the cells that will form the major structures of the hair fiber and the inner root sheath. The hair matrix epithelium is one of the fastest-growing cell areas in the human body, which is why some forms of chemotherapy which kill dividing cells or radiotherapy may lead to temporary hair loss. The papilla is usually oval or pear-shaped, with the matrix wrapped almost totally around it, except for a short stalk-like connection to the surrounding connective tissue that provides access for the capillary.

Root sheath
The root sheath is composed of an external (outside) and internal (inside) root sheath. The external root sheath appears empty with cuboid cells when stained with H&E stain. The internal root sheath is composed of three layers, Henle's layer, Huxley's layer, and an internal cuticle that is continuous with the outer layer of the hair fiber.

Hair fiber
The hair fiber is composed of a cuticle that is continuous with the root sheath, an intermediate cortex, and an inner medulla.

Bulge
The bulge is in the outer root sheath at the insertion point of the arrector pili muscle. It houses several types of stem cells, which supply the entire hair follicle with new cells, and take part in healing the epidermis after a wound.

Other structures
Other structures associated with the hair follicle include arrector pili muscles, sebaceous glands and apocrine sweat glands. Hair follicle nerve receptors sense the position of the hairs.

Morphogenesis (origin of form)
Before a baby is born, the epithelium and underlying mesenchyma interact to form hair follicles.

Hair-follicle cycling
Hair grows in cycles of various phases: anagen is the growth phase; catagen is the involuting or regressing phase; and telogen, the resting or quiescent (still) phase.  Each phase has several morphologically and histologically distinguishable sub-phases.  Prior to the start of cycling is a phase of follicular morphogenesis (formation of the follicle).  There is also a shedding phase, or exogen, that is independent of anagen and telogen in which one of several hairs that might arise from a single follicle exits.  Normally up to 90% of the hair follicles are in anagen phase while, 10–14% are in telogen and 1–2% in catagen phase. The cycle's length varies on different parts of the body. For eyebrows, the cycle is completed in around 4 months, while it takes the scalp 3–4 years to finish; this is the reason eyebrow hairs have a much shorter length limit compared to hairs on the head. Growth cycles are controlled by a chemical signal like epidermal growth factor.

Anagen phase
Anagen is the color phase of hair follicles. The color of your hair will start to fade because the cell only last a couple months.

Catagen phase
The catagen phase is a short transition stage that occurs at the end of the anagen phase. It signals the end of the active growth of a hair. This phase lasts for about 2–3 weeks while a club hair is formed.

Telogen phase
The telogen phase is the resting phase of the hair follicle. The club hair is the final product of a hair follicle in the telogen stage, and is a dead, fully keratinized hair.  Fifty to one-hundred club hairs are shed daily from a normal scalp.

Hair growth cycle times
Scalp:  The time these phases last varies from person to person. Different hair colour and follicle shape affects the timings of these phases.
anagen phase, 2–3 years (occasionally much longer)
catagen phase, 2–3 weeks
telogen phase, around 3 months

Eyebrows etc.:
anagen phase, 4–7 months
catagen phase, 3–4 weeks
telogen phase, about 9 months

Additional images

References

Hair
Skin

de:Haar#Haarfollikel (Haarbalg)

Hair follicle


"Baby Mine" is a song from the 1941 Disney animated feature Dumbo. The music is by Frank Churchill, with lyrics by Ned Washington. Betty Noyes recorded the vocals for the original film version.  In the film, Dumbo's mother, Mrs. Jumbo, an elephant locked in a circus wagon, cradles her baby Dumbo with her trunk while this lullaby is sung. It is also the last appearance of the circus animals.

The song was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 14th Academy Awards in 1942.  It is also listed on AFI's "100 Years... 100 Songs" as one of America's greatest film songs.

Recordings
Early popular recordings include those by Les Brown, Glenn Miller, and Jane Froman, followed by several others; and decades later, the song regained attention.
Bette Midler covered the song on the 1988 Beaches soundtrack. In the same year, Bonnie Raitt and Was (Not Was) recorded the song for the album, Stay Awake: Various Interpretations of Music from Vintage Disney Films.

Alison Krauss recorded the song for the 1996 album The Best of Country Sing the Best of Disney. Her version peaked at number 82 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada. Krauss' cover earned her a Grammy nomination for Best Female Country Vocal Performance in 1997.

Soap actress Kassie DePaiva recorded the song with Jim Brickman for The Disney Songbook.

An instrumental version by violinist Jenny Oaks Baker was included in the Grammy-nominated album Wish Upon a Star, released in 2011.

Brian Wilson recorded his own arrangement of "Baby Mine" on his In the Key of Disney Disney cover album in 2011.

There have been numerous Disney compilation releases of the original, as well as an Original Cast recording from the musical, Disney's On the Record: A New Musical Review

The song is used recurrently in the AMC television drama Halt and Catch Fire as a lullaby that Donna Clark (Kerry Bishé) sings to her daughters.

Sharon Rooney and Arcade Fire covered the song for the 2018-2019 live-action remake of Dumbo, while Norwegian singer Aurora performed the song for the trailer.

The song also features in the 2019 Netflix sci-fi drama I Am Mother, sung by Clara Rugaard and later by Nina Ferro.

References
Notes

Sources

Disney songs
1941 songs
Dumbo
Songs about elephants
Songs written for animated films
Songs with lyrics by Ned Washington
Songs with music by Frank Churchill
Alison Krauss songs
Bette Midler songs
Brian Wilson songs
Kenny Loggins songs
Songs about parenthood
Lullabies
Walt Disney Records singles

Baby Mine (song)


Flora Australiensis: a description of the plants of the Australian Territory, more commonly referred to as Flora Australiensis, and also known by its standard abbreviation Fl. Austral., is a seven-volume flora of Australia published between 1863 and 1878 by George Bentham, with the assistance of Ferdinand von Mueller. It was one of the famous Kew series of colonial floras, and the first flora of any large continental area that had ever been finished. In total the flora included descriptions of 8125 species.

Bentham prepared the flora from Kew; with Mueller, the first plant taxonomist residing permanently in Australia, loaning the entire collection of the National Herbarium of Victoria to Bentham over the course of several years. Mueller had been dissuaded from preparing a flora from Australia while in Australia by Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker since historic collections of Australian species were all held in European herbaria which Mueller could not access from Australia. Mueller did eventually produce his own flora of Australia, the Systematic Census of Australian Plants published in 1882 extended the work of Bentham with the addition of new species and taxonomic revisions.

Flora Australiensis was the standard reference work on the Australian flora for more than a century. As late as 1988, James Willis wrote that "Flora Australiensis still remains the only definitive work on the vascular vegetation of the whole continent." According to Nancy Burbidge, "it represents a prodigious intellectual effort never equalled."

Flora Australiensis is credited with forming the basis of subsequently published regional floras; 19th century floras were published for all states except Western Australia, they were for the most part extracts of this work.

References

Further reading

Florae (publication)
Botany in Australia
Books about Australian natural history
19th-century non-fiction books

Flora Australiensis


Samuel Vimes is a fictional character created by Terry Pratchett for the Discworld books and is the leader of the police in the city of Ankh-Morpork.

Guards!Guards!
In Guards! Guards!, Samuel Vimes is the captain of the Night Watch and is an alcoholic because he has a disease which makes him less drunk than people are supposed to be. And Captain Vimes has as his men, a corporal named Nobbs who is a kleptomaniac and a sergeant named Colon who is an idiot so Captain Vimes has given up because of all the crime and corruption in Ankh-Morpork. Then a person named Carrot Ironfounderson joins the police and actually believes in the law so Captain Vimes ends up helping to stop a dragon, save the city, rescue The Patrician and falling in love with a woman named Sibyl Ramkin who marries him.

Men at Arms
In Men at Arms, Captain Vimes has to train a dwarf, a female werewolf and a troll to become police and he trains Carrot Ironfounderson to take over as captain of the Night Watch when he retires and in the end Lord Havelock Vetinari is impressed enough that he decides to put Vimes in charge of all the police to fight against corruption and has Vimes start to call himself Commander Vimes.

Feet of Clay
In the book, Feet of Clay, Commander Vimes is hates by the aristocrats because his ancestor killed the last king.  In the end, Commander Vimes saves the city from an evil plan involving a golem so Lord Vetinari gives Vimes a knighthood.

Jingo
In Jingo, Ankh-Morpork almost gets into a war with a country called Klatch and Commander Vimes is fired so he starts his own regiment and later goes to Klatch to find and stop the villains of the book and at one point arrests Lord Vetinari who later makes Commander Vimes a duke.

The Fifth Elephant
In The Fifth Elephant, Lord Vetinari makes Commander Vimes ambassador to a place called Überwald where Vimes has to stop an evil racist werewolf baron by killing him.

Night Watch
In Night Watch, Commander Vimes accidentally time travels to the past while chasing a murderer who then kills Vimes's old friend John Keel before Keel actually died so Vimes pretends to be John Keel and teaches the young Samuel Vimes everything that Keel ever taught him. And after Vimes goes back to the present, his wife gives birth to a son.

Thud!
In Thud!, Commander Vimes tried to prevent a war between the dwarf king and the trolls and ends up being mind controlled by a demon called the Summoning Dark but Vimes escapes its control so that he can read a children's book to his son.

Snuff
In Snuff (Pratchett novel), Commander Vimes tried to stop a man named Stratford who is a murderer and drug dealer while Vimes's inner demon The Summoning Dark helps him.

Characters in written fiction

Samuel Vimes


Kannur is a city in the Kerala state of India. Kannur district derived its name from the location of its headquarters at Kannur town. The old name 'Cannanore' is the anglicised form of the Malayalam word Kannur. According to one opinion, 'Kannur' is a derivation from Kanathur, an ancient village, the name of which survives even today in one of the wards of Kannur Municipality. Another version is that Kannur might have assumed its name from one of the , deities of the Hindu pantheon, a compound of two words, Kannan (Lord Krishna) and Ur (place) making it the place of Lord Krishna. In this context, it is worth mentioning that the deity of the Katalayi Sreekrishna temple was originally installed in a shrine at Katalayi Kotta in the south eastern part of the present Kannur town.

History
The earliest evidence of human habitation in the district are rock-cut caves and megalithic burial sites of the Neolithic age. The Taliparamba-Kannur-Thalassery area abounds in rock-cut caves, dolmens, burial stone circles and menhirs, all of megalithic burial order. The district was part of the Chera kingdom, which ruled most of Kerala during the first several centuries CE. Later Kannur was the capital of the Kolattiri Rajas, whose kingdom had trading relations with Arabia and Persiain the 12th century and 13th centuries.

Kannur District witnessed one of the longest and bloodiest resistance to British rule in India. This revolt led by Pazhassi Raja in the 1792–1806 period kept a large part of the district in a state of war.

Kannur District played an important role in the Indian freedom movement. The Indian National Congress, founded in 1885, established a Malabar District committee in 1908. A branch of the All India Home Rule League, founded by Dr. Annie Besant, functioned in Thalassery during this period and among its active workers was V.K. Krishna Menon. By the end of 1939, a branch of the Communist Party of India was formally established at Pinarayi, a village near Thalassery.

References

Cities in Kerala

Kannur


Boutique hotels are small-capacity hotels that provide more personalized service than typical hotels. They typically have fewer than a hundred rooms, and are considered more "trendy" and "intimate", often due to their location in urban areas. They may be themed, such as by having a focus on nature, environment, cuisine, history, community and cultural immersion, attentive service, or well-being.

History
Boutique hotels first began appearing in the 1980s in major cities such as London, New York, and San Francisco. There is debate about who started the boutique hotel concept. Blakes Hotel in South Kensington, London, designed by Anouska Hempel, and the Bedford in Union Square, San Francisco, both founded in 1981, may have started the trend. Morgans Hotel, founded in 1984 by Steve Rubell and Ian Schrager, is regarded by some as the real start.

The term "boutique hotel" was coined by Steve Rubell, who compared Morgans Hotel to a boutique as opposed to a department store, to which chain hotels were compared.

In recent times, boutique hotels have grown in popularity, corresponding with the general public's increased interest in individualized service. Many hotel chains have begun to focus on creating subsidiary hotels to establish smaller, boutique-style hotels, or in acquiring previously independent boutique hotels.

Description
Boutique hotels are typically furnished in a themed, stylish, and/or aspirational manner with distinctive concepts. These concepts often reflect the local culture and neighborhoods in which the hotels reside. Typically, these hotels are designed to have a more "intimate" feel than many larger hotel chains.

Boutique hotels are commonly found in the city centers of London, New York City, Miami, New Orleans, and Los Angeles. They are also found in resort destinations and may be furnished with amenities such as spas, yoga, and painting classes.

References

Hotel types

Boutique hotel


Tom Abs (born 1972) is an American multi-instrumentalist and filmmaker. He works primarily in jazz, free jazz, and free improvisation, and plays double bass, tuba, cello, violin, didgeridoo, and wooden flute, often playing several instruments simultaneously.

Career
A native of Seattle, Washington, Abs attended The New School, studying with Reggie Workman, Buster Williams, Joe Chambers, Brian Smith, Junior Mance, Arnie Lawrence, Chico Hamilton, and Arthur Taylor. He began his performing career in 1992.

He has worked with Lawrence "Butch" Morris, Charles Gayle, Daniel Carter, Cooper-Moore, Steve Swell, Roy Campbell, Jr., Sabir Mateen, Ori Kaplan, Jemeel Moondoc, Assif Tsahar, Borah Bergman, Billy Bang, Andrew Lamb, and Warren Smith. Abbs is a member of Triptych Myth, Yuganaut, and Transmitting (with Napoleon Maddox and Jane LeCroy). He leads the band Frequency Response and tours with his solo multimedia act Multifarious. He has collaborated with the painter M. P. Landis.

Abbs is the founder of the arts coalition Jump Arts, which presented performances and workshops throughout New York City from 1997 to 2002.

He was the general manager of ESP-Disk from 2007 to 2010 and founded Northern Spy Records which he co-owns with Adam Downey.

Discography

As leader
 Conscription (CIMP, 2003)
 Titration with Active Ingredients (Delmark, 2003)
 The Animated Adventures of Knox (482 Music, 2006)
 Live at the Marquise Dance Hall (Small Doses, 2008)
 Lost and Found (Engine Studios, 2009)

As sideman
 Daniel Carter, The Perfect Blue (Not Two, 2010)
 Roscoe Mitchell, Four Ways (Nessa, 2017)

References

External links
Tom Abbs page from Jump Arts site
Tom Abbs interview by John Sharpe, June 23, 2008
[ Tom Abbs discography] from Allmusic

Musicians from Seattle
Musicians from Brooklyn
American experimental filmmakers
1972 births
Didgeridoo players
American jazz double-bassists
Male double-bassists
American jazz cellists
American male jazz musicians
Living people
Avant-garde jazz cellists
Avant-garde jazz double-bassists
Avant-garde jazz flautists
Avant-garde jazz violinists
Jazz musicians from New York (state)
21st-century double-bassists
21st-century American violinists
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century cellists
21st-century flautists

Tom Abbs


Command Decision is a war novel by William Wister Haines, serialized in 1946–47 in four parts in The Atlantic Monthly. It was published in book form in 1947. It was developed from the unproduced play of the same title in order to provide a market for a Broadway production that followed in 1947, then adapted as a film in 1948. The novel depicts the stresses and emotional toll on the commander of a United States Army Air Forces general, K.C. "Casey" Dennis, in implementing a costly series of attacks by B-17 Flying Fortresses against German industries manufacturing jet fighters.

The collective trio has been called the first important work of fiction about World War II.  They differ from most of the prior war-themed works from that period, which stressed the experiences of average citizens forced to go to war, in that Command Decision explores the pressures of leadership, political in-fighting, moral conflicts, and psychological effects rather than glamorizing combat, and frankly admitting the high losses in men and materiel that characterized air combat. The novel has no action scenes and takes place over a two-day period entirely within the English headquarters of an American bombardment division.

References

1947 American novels
Novels set during World War II
Novels first published in serial form
Works originally published in The Atlantic (magazine)
Aviation novels
Little, Brown and Company books

Command Decision (novel)


Asdas is a village in the northern part of the Ma'rib Governorate of Yemen. It is located northwest of the city of Ma'rib. It is roughly halfway between Ma'rib and Al Hazm to the northwest. Yasaihar is one of the nearest settlements to the northwest on the way to Al Hazm.

References

Populated places in Marib Governorate
Villages in Yemen

Asdas


The second USS Whippet (IX-129), an Armadillo-class tanker designated an unclassified miscellaneous vessel, was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for the whippet.  Her keel was laid down on 31 October 1943 at New Orleans, Louisiana, by the Delta Shipbuilding Company under a Maritime Commission contract (MCE hull 1933). She was launched on 15 December 1943 sponsored by Mrs. Will Camp Sealy, delivered to the Navy on 13 January 1944, and commissioned on 14 January 1944.

Following shakedown out of New Orleans, Whippet got underway late in January for duty in the South Pacific. She arrived at Bora Bora in the Society Islands on 27 February and remained there until 9 March when she continued her voyage. Two days later, the ship arrived at Funafuti and served there as station tanker until the beginning of the second week in May. On 10 May, Whippet headed for Oahu and, after a nine-day voyage, arrived in Pearl Harbor. Late in June, she had returned west of the International Date Line, arriving at Eniwetok on 24 June. For the next nine months, she served as station tanker at various forward bases in the Central Pacific, including Eniwetok during the Marianas campaign and Ulithi during the struggles for the Palau Islands and the Philippines. By the spring of 1945, the tanker had moved to Saipan in the Mariana Islands to prepare for the Okinawa assault.

On 27 March, she departed Saipan and, on 2 April, entered the anchorage at Kerama Retto in the Ryukyu Islands to the west of Okinawa. There she remained, serving again as station tanker until well after organized resistance on Okinawa ceased. On 25 July, she departed the Ryukyus and steamed via Ulithi to Leyte where she arrived on 7 August.

Whippet remained there until 12 October when she got underway for Manila. The tanker arrived at Manila the following day and served there until near the end of the second month of 1946. On 24 February, she returned to Leyte briefly before continuing on to the Marianas. After spending the month of March in the Marianas, she returned to the Philippines at Subic Bay at the end of the second week in April. The ship stayed there until the end of the month at which time she received orders to return to the United States at Norfolk, Virginia. She stopped at Pearl Harbor from 7 May to 20 May and arrived in San Francisco, California on 29 May. Instead of returning to Norfolk, however, she remained on the West Coast. On 1 July 1946, she was decommissioned at San Francisco, and returned to the War Shipping Administration for layup with the National Defense Reserve Fleet at Suisun Bay, California. Her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 19 July 1946.

Whippet received two battle stars for World War II service

References

External links
 Photo gallery at navsource.org

Armadillo-class tankers
Unclassified miscellaneous vessels of the United States Navy
Ships built in New Orleans
1943 ships

USS Whippet (IX-129)


Sleep inertia is a physiological state of impaired cognitive and sensory-motor performance that is present immediately after awakening. It persists during the transition of sleep to wakefulness, where an individual will experience feelings of drowsiness, disorientation and a decline in motor dexterity. Impairment from sleep inertia may take several hours to dissipate. In the majority of cases, morning sleep inertia is experienced for 15 to 30 minutes after waking.

Sleep inertia is of concern with decision-making abilities, safety-critical tasks and the ability to operate efficiently soon after awakening. In these situations, it poses an occupational hazard due to the cognitive and motor deficits that may be present.

Symptoms
 "Grogginess", as defined by a drowsy or disoriented state in which there is a dampening of sensory acuity and mental processing.
 Impaired motor dexterity and decrease in cognitive ability. These gross impairments may be responsible for the associated increase in reaction time and drop in attentiveness.
 Deficits in spatial memory
 Reports of heightened subjective fatigue
These symptoms are expressed with the greatest intensity immediately after waking, and dissipate following a period of extended wakefulness. The duration of symptoms varies on a conditional basis, with primary expression during the first 15–60 minutes after waking and potentially extending for several hours.  Tasks that require more complex cognitive operations will feature greater deficits as compared to a simple motor task; the accuracy of sensory and motor functioning is more impaired by sleep inertia as compared to sheer speed.  In order to measure the cognitive and motor deficiencies associated with sleep inertia, a battery of tests may be utilized, including: the psychomotor vigilance task, descending subtraction task (DST), auditory reaction time task, and the finger tapping task.

Causes
 Studies have shown that abrupt awakening during stage 3 sleep, slow-wave sleep (SWS), produces more sleep inertia than awakening during sleep stages 1, 2 or REM sleep.
 Prior sleep deprivation increases the percentage of time spent in slow-wave sleep (SWS). Therefore, an individual who was previously sleep deprived will have a greater chance of experiencing sleep inertia.
 Adenosine levels in the brain progressively increase with sleep deprivation, and return to normal during sleep.  Upon awakening with sleep deprivation, high amounts of adenosine will be bound to receptors in the brain, neural activity slows down, and a feeling of tiredness will result.
 Studies show that individuals express a lack of blood flow to the brain upon awakening. Levels of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral blood flow velocities (CBFV) will take up to 30 minutes to increase and reach daytime levels.  Studies using advanced imaging have shown that cerebral blood flow will return to waking levels in the brainstem and thalamus first. Then, after 15 minutes, the brain's anterior cortical regions receive normal daytime blood flow. This 15 minute time period corresponds to the sleep inertia period.
Studies show that drinking alcoholic beverages in the evening causes physiological distress upon wake up. This phenomenon is known colloquially as a hangover.

Treatments and countermeasures

There has been a great deal of research into potential methods to relieve the effects of sleep inertia.  The demand for remedies is driven by the occupational hazards of sleep inertia for employees who work extended shifts such as medical professionals, emergency responders, or military personnel.  The motor functioning and cognitive ability of these professionals who must immediately respond to a call can pose a safety hazard in the workplace.  Below are some of the various methods that have been suggested to combat sleep inertia.

Napping
When a person is sleep deprived, re-entering sleep may provide a viable route to reduce mental and physical fatigue, but it can also induce sleep inertia. In order to limit sleep inertia, one should avoid waking from the deeper stages of slow-wave sleep. The onset of slow-wave sleep occurs approximately 30 minutes after falling asleep, therefore a nap should be limited to under 30 minutes to prevent waking during slow-wave sleep and enhancing sleep inertia. Furthermore, self-awakening from a short nap was shown to relieve disorientation of sleep inertia as opposed to a forced awakening, but these results may warrant more research into the nature of arousal after sleep periods.

Caffeine
Caffeine is a xanthine derivative that can cross the blood–brain barrier, as well as the most widely-consumed stimulant compound, present in therapeutic qualities in a variety of food and drink, including tea, coffee, soft drinks and chocolate. The caffeine present in coffee or tea exerts its stimulating action by blocking adenosine receptors in the brain. By antagonizing the adenosine receptors, caffeine limits the effects of adenosine buildup in the brain and increases alertness and attentiveness. Previous research has shown that coupled with a short nap, consuming caffeine prior to the nap can alleviate the effects of sleep inertia. Nonetheless, individual degree of consumption and tolerance to caffeine may be responsible for variation in its efficacy to reduce sleep inertia symptoms.

Light
The natural light provided by the sunrise may contribute to a reduction in sleep inertia effects. Research simulating increase of light at dawn was shown to potentiate the cortisol awakening response (CAR). The CAR is a spike in blood cortisol levels following awakening, and is associated with the return to an alert cognitive state.

Other
Some other interventions that could potentially minimize the effects of sleep inertia are sound and temperature. There is moderate evidence that the presence of mild sounds and a sharp decrease in the temperature of the extremities may independently reverse sleep inertia symptoms. Sound, especially music, is thought to increase attentiveness and decrease one's subjective feeling of sleepiness upon awakening. A drop in temperature of the extremities may prevent heat loss upon awakening, facilitating the return of core body temperature to homeostatic daytime levels.

See also
 Circadian rhythm sleep disorder
 Delayed sleep phase syndrome
 Shift work

References

External links
 Flying Safely Article on Napping

Sleep
Sleep physiology
Circadian rhythm

Sleep inertia


Distaff Day, also called Roc Day or Rock Day, is 7 January, the day after the feast of the Epiphany. It is also known as Saint Distaff's Day, one of the many unofficial holidays in Catholic nations.

The distaff, or roc, used in spinning was the medieval symbol of women's work. In many European cultural traditions, women resumed their household work after the twelve days of Christmas. Women of all classes would spend their evenings spinning on the wheel. During the day, they would carry a drop spindle with them. Spinning was the only means of turning raw wool, cotton or flax into thread, which could then be woven into cloth.

Men have their own way of celebrating this occasion, called Plough Monday, the first Monday after Epiphany when men are supposed to get back to work. Every few years, Distaff Day and Plough Monday fall on the same day.

Often the men and women would play pranks on each other during this celebration, as described by Robert Herrick in his poem  "St. Distaff's Day", which appears in his Hesperides (1648). In the 20th century, Herrick's poem was set to music.

Some modern craft groups have taken up the celebration of Distaff Day as part of their New Year celebrations. Distaff Day gatherings are held, large and small, throughout local fiber communities.

References

External links
 Chambers' Book of Days – January 7

Unofficial observances
Epiphany (holiday)
January observances

Distaff Day


Shoot on Sight is a 2007 British film directed by Jag Mundhra and produced by Aron Govil. The film was marketed and distributed globally by Aron Govil Productions Inc. The cast includes Brian Cox, Sadie Frost, Naseeruddin Shah and Om Puri.

Plot
Tariq Ali (played by Naseeruddin Shah), a Muslim police commander of Scotland Yard, is asked to hunt down suspected suicide-bombers against the backdrop of the 7 July bombings in London. Ali's task becomes more  complicated as an innocent Muslim is killed by armed police on the Underground. Ali (Naseeruddin Shah), a Lahore-born British citizen married to an English woman with two children, is himself distrusted by his colleagues, despite his long service in the Metropolitan Police.

Cast

Production
Shoot on Sight is a story based on Operation Kratos, the police "shoot-to-kill" policy applied to suspected suicide-bombers after the 7 July 2005 London bombings. The shooting of the innocent Muslim in the Underground is based on an actual event, the shooting of an innocent Brazilian on 22 July 2005 whom police thought to be a Muslim terrorist about to detonate a suicide bomb.

References

External links

 Reuters
 http://www.radiosargam.com/films/archives/5448/movie-preview-shoot-on-sight-2007.html
 http://www.arongovil.com/2008/sos_news.php

2007 films
Films about terrorism in Europe
Films about Islam
British police films
2000s English-language films
Films directed by Jag Mundhra
2000s British films

Shoot on Sight


Christos Rozakis (, born 1941 in Athens)  is a Greek judge, and currently the President of the Administrative Tribunal of the Council of Europe. He was formerly the first vice-president of the European Court of Human Rights. In 1996, he also served briefly as a Deputy Foreign Minister of Greece.

He studied Law in the University of Athens and continued his studies at University College London (LL.M 1970), the University of Illinois (LL.M 1971, J.S.D. 1973) and the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva.

Rozakis was member of the European Commission of Human Rights since 1987, and has been member of ECtHR since 1998.

His dissenting opinions include those in Grand Chamber cases Sahin v. Germany, Ždanoka v. Latvia, Kingsley v. the United Kingdom, McElhinney v. Ireland, Al-Adsani v. the United Kingdom. He also joined dissents in Grand Chamber cases Bykov v. Russia, Blecic v. Croatia, Janowski v. Poland, K. and T. v. Finland, Draon v. France, Maurice v. France.

References

External links
CVs of ECHR judges
Letsas G. Judge Rozakis's Separate Opinions and the Strasbourg Dilemma University College London, 2011

1941 births
Judges of the European Court of Human Rights
Greek diplomats
20th-century Greek judges
Living people
Alumni of University College London
Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies alumni
Members of the European Commission of Human Rights
Greek judges of international courts and tribunals
21st-century Greek judges
Lawyers from Athens
Politicians from Athens

Christos Rozakis


Tower Block is a 2012 British thriller film directed by James Nunn and Ronnie Thompson as their directorial debut, and written by James Moran. The film stars Sheridan Smith, Jack O'Connell, Ralph Brown, and Russell Tovey and entails residents of a block of flats targeted by an unseen sniper after witnessing the murder of a teenager. Tower Block was theatrically released in the United Kingdom on 21 September 2012 and was also the closing film at the 2012 FrightFest Film Festival.

Plot

One night in London, the 15-year-old Jimmy (Ralph Laurila) runs through a housing estate begging passersby for help. Everyone ignores him. He enters the condemned Tower Block 31 and finds his way to the top floor, which is the only floor that is still inhabited as the tenants wait to be rehoused. He bangs on doors as the two masked men who have been chasing him appear. The only person who helps him is office worker Becky (Sheridan Smith), but she is beaten to the ground and he is dragged away. The next morning Detective Constable Devlin (Steven Cree) conducts door-to-door enquiries about the previous night's murder, as the boy's body has been found. Nobody will speak to him; not even Becky, who claims her injuries are the result of a mugging.

Three months later, Becky wakes up in her flat next to her colleague Ryan (Jamie Thomas King), with whom she has had a one-night stand following an office party. As they have breakfast, Ryan is suddenly shot in the head through the window. Becky flees into the hallway, along with the other residents, as all the flats have been targeted: young couple Amy (Loui Batley) and Jeff (Michael Legge); Carol (Julie Graham) and her teenaged computer game addict son Daniel (Harry McEntire); chavvy single mother Jenny (Montserrat Lombard); middle-aged former soldier Neville (Ralph Brown) and his wife Violet (Jill Baker); small-time drug dealers Gary (Nabil Elouahabi) and Mark (Kane Robinson); lonely alcoholic Paul (Russell Tovey); and the violent petty criminal Kurtis (Jack O'Connell), who extorts protection money from his neighbours. Amy, Jeff, and Mark are wounded. As well as Ryan, Carol's husband, Brian, and Jenny's two young children have already been killed by the sniper. Amy too soon succumbs to her injuries despite the best efforts of Violet, who is a first aider. The phones and internet have stopped working. The walls and doors are covered by homemade posters bearing three emoticons. Daniel, who has learned about such things from computer games, says that the sniper knows what he is doing and is using a high-powered military-grade rifle.

The fire escape is exposed to the sniper's gunfire, so they force open the lift door. It is boobytrapped with a shotgun, however, which kills Jeff. Becky, Kurtis, and Paul climb down the lift shaft, but discover the ground-floor exit door has been blocked with a skip and return to the top floor. Jenny suggests the emoticons symbolise the three wise monkeys and that the sniper is targeting them because they let Jimmy be killed and refused to speak to the police about it. She then walks into her flat to be shot dead alongside her children.

The largest of the posters has been stuck on the door of the flat occupied by Gary and Mark. Kurtis forces them to admit that they were the two masked men who chased and beat Jimmy because he had withheld money from them after they used him as a drug courier; they claim they did not mean to kill him. Nevertheless, Kurtis forces them into the flat where the sniper kills both of them.

Believing they can now leave because Jimmy's killers are dead, Carol runs down the fire escape, followed by Daniel. The sniper lets them reach the ground and then kills both of them. It is now obvious that he intends to execute all of them for refusing to help the police. The survivors have now been trapped for two days. They hatch a plan to tie all the building's fire hoses together and for one of them to climb down to the ground from the roof on the far side, where the sniper cannot see. Paul volunteers to go. Violet opens the door to the roof and is killed by another shotgun boobytrap. Becky, Kurtis, and Paul climb to the roof and secure the hoses, and Paul begins to climb down. The sniper, however, shoots the top of the hose until it breaks, and Paul falls to his death. Becky and Kurtis barely manage to get back inside.

As a final act of desperation, the three survivors set fire to the top floor, hoping someone will see the fire and alert the emergency services. They then climb down the lift shaft. Kurtis falls and breaks his leg. Property developer Kevin (Christopher Fulford) and his assistant Eddie (Tony Jayawardena) arrive and spot the flames, but before they can call the fire brigade, the gunman shoots them both at close range. He then enters the building after throwing in a smoke grenade. Becky sneaks out and finds a nail gun in Kevin's pick-up truck. Using this the three survivors manage to subdue the gunman and remove his mask, only to discover it is DC Devlin, who has cracked after endless lack of assistance in the cases he is investigating. After a struggle, Becky kills him with the nail gun and the survivors walk outside with the sound of approaching sirens.

Cast
Sheridan Smith as Becky
Jack O'Connell as Kurtis
Ralph Brown as Neville
Russell Tovey as Paul
Jill Baker as Violet
Loui Batley as Amy
Steven Cree as DC Devlin
Nabil Elouahabi as Gary
Christopher Fulford as Kevin
Julie Graham as Carol
Tony Jayawardena as Eddie
Jamie Thomas King as Ryan
Ralph Laurila as Jimmy
Michael Legge as Jeff
Montserrat Lombard as Jenny
Jordan Long as Ormond
Harry McEntire as Daniel
Kane Robinson as Mark
James Weber Brown as Brian
Caroline Artiss as Liz

Critical reception
The film-critics aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports a rating of 47% based on 17 reviews, with a weighted average score of 5/10. Simon Crook of Empire rated the film 3 out of 5, stating, "An unusual, scuzzy setting for a thriller that delivers with brutal simplicity", Sky Cinema also giving it 3 out of 5, and Phelim O'Neill of The Guardian 2 out of 5, who wrote that: "It's not a bad idea for a movie, but what we get is undercooked, with poor logic and even poorer pacing conspiring to prevent any much-needed tension to build." Jordan Mintzer of The Hollywood Reporter wrote from the Berlin International Film Festival: "Making up for its high concept/low brainpower scenario with some nifty action sequences and energetic performances, this rather promising directorial debut from duo James Nunn and Ronnie Thompson should foreclose at genre fests and ancillary outings worldwide." Allan Hunter for the Daily Express "It doesn't sound like a great premise but this is surprisingly taut and involving thanks to some resourceful film-making and eye-catching acting." Film4's Terry Mulcahy stated that, "Despite its relative simplicity, Tower Block packs a punch that's best experienced fresh - so steer clear of spoilers!" heDD Magazine reviewed the film, stating that it is, "Easily the best British film for 2012", with the Sunday Times, Starburst, and Box Office Buzz giving it 4 out of 4 stars, with Box Office Buzz stating that it is a "brutal ride of suspense and tension."

References

External links

2012 films
2012 crime thriller films
2012 directorial debut films
2010s British films
2010s English-language films
British crime thriller films
Films shot in London
Plaion

Tower Block (film)