Savoy Place is a large red brick building on the north bank of the River Thames in the City of Westminster. It is on a street called Savoy Place; Savoy Hill and Savoy Street run along the sides of the building up to the Strand. In front is the Victoria Embankment, part of the Thames Embankment. Close by are Savoy Hill House (best known for accommodating the BBC Savoy Hill recording studios), the Savoy Hotel and Waterloo Bridge. There are commanding views over to the South Bank and the London Eye.

History

The Savoy Place is located at a site originally called Savoy Manor, taking its name from Peter II, Count of Savoy. He was given the land by Henry III on 12 February 1246 and built a palace on the site. After his death in 1268, the property was left to a French hospice. The Savoy Palace was extended by successive Earls of Lancaster and John of Gaunt, but was burnt down during the Peasants' Revolt of 1381. The palace was modified to become a prison in the 15th century.

In 1509, Henry VII left money in his will for a hospital. This was completed on the site in 1517 but it fell into decline and eventually became a military barracks and prison.
Various religious institutions were based on the site, including a Jesuit school. The area was also a retreat for Huguenots families. In 1723, a German Lutheran church was built on part of the site, but demolished in 1877 for the construction of the Thames Embankment.

Current building

The current building, completed in 1889, was built to serve as an examination hall for the Royal College of Physicians and the Royal College of Surgeons. The foundation stone at the front of the building was laid by Queen Victoria on 24 March 1886.

On 1 June 1909, the Institution of Electrical Engineers bought the lease and various alterations were carried out by H. Percy Adams and Charles Holden. The building is currently the headquarters for the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET), formed from the Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE) and the Institution of Incorporated Engineers (IIE) in 2006.

Outside the building, there is a statue of the leading Victorian scientist Michael Faraday by the Irish sculptor John Henry Foley (1818–1874).

Savoy Hill House

Behind Savoy Place is a building originally known as Lancaster House and later as Savoy Mansions. It was built in 1880 by the Savoy Building Company. Occupants included beer merchants, architects, solicitors, and even Turkish baths in the basement.

In 1923, the newly created British Broadcasting Company (BBC) leased spare space for its Savoy Hill broadcasting studios with the transmissions taking place from Marconi House in the Strand. The original two studios were increased to nine until in 1932 the BBC left the premises when it moved to the larger purpose-built Broadcasting House. Savoy Hill was bought by the IEE in 1984 and is now known as Savoy Hill House.

See also
 List of eponymous roads in London
 Savoy Chapel
 Savoy Theatre

References

External links
 Savoy Place website
 LondonTown.com information

Houses completed in 1889
Buildings and structures in the City of Westminster
Streets in the City of Westminster
Buildings and structures on the River Thames
Charles Holden buildings

Savoy Place


was a Japanese samurai of the sixteenth century, who served Date Masamune, ruler of the Sendai domain.

In September 1616, under an order by Date Masamune, Yokozawa went to Mexico on the San Juan Bautista in order to fetch his compatriot Hasekura Rokuemon who was coming back from an embassy to Europe.

His trip proved difficult, and around one hundred men on the ship died en route. He arrived in Acapulco in May 1617. He remitted a letter and some merchandise from Date Masamune, and was baptized, receiving the name of Don Alonzo Hacaldo.

The ship sailed in April 1618 for a fourth trans-Pacific travel, and arrived in the Philippines, where she was bought by the local Spanish government in order to "reinforce defenses against Holland forces by all means possible". Luis Sotelo chose to remain in the Philippines due to the worsening anti-Christian situation in Japan, but Yokozawa Shogen managed to leave for Japan together with Hasekura Rokuemon on a trade ship in August 1620.

After his arrival in Japan, Yokozawa is recorded to have renounced the Christian faith and burnt all his Christian-related belongings.

In 1621 however, Yokozawa Shogen is known to have signed a letter to the Pope together with seventeen other Christians from Northern Japan. His name comes in second place after  (後藤寿庵).

Neither the later life of Yokozawa, or his grave's location, are known.

Notes

Samurai
Japanese Roman Catholics
Year of death unknown
Year of birth unknown
17th-century Japanese people

Yokozawa Shōgen


Prince Oleg Konstantinovich of Russia ( – ) was a son of Grand Duke Constantine Constantinovich.

He died of wounds suffered in battle against the Germans during World War I.

Early life
Prince Oleg was generally considered to be the brightest of Grand Duke Konstantine's children. He had great curiosity and created complicated fantasy games for himself and his siblings to play.

Grand Duke Konstantin, a poet himself, arranged for his children to receive lessons from experts in a variety of fields. Well-known archaeologists told the children about their latest expeditions, architects showed the children slides and explained their works, choirs of Old Believers and peasants from all corners of the empire were brought to sing church music or folk songs to the children. Oleg was so intelligent that his father decided to send him to a prestigious school, the Alexander Lyceum, rather than to give him the standard military education that the other men in the family received. Konstantin's unconventional choice of education for Prince Oleg met with disapproval from his family members. Oleg was Grand Duke Konstantin's favorite son.

At one point he reportedly hoped to marry a cousin, Princess Nadezhda Petrovna of Russia, but this hope was prevented by the advent of World War I.

Service in World War I and death
Prince Oleg, with four of his brothers, served in the Guards during World War I. He was wounded while fighting against the Germans near Vladislavovas (today Kudirkos Naumiestis). Emergency surgery in Vilna (today Vilnius) could not save him. As he was dying, he said, "I am so happy. It will encourage the troops to know that the Imperial House is not afraid to shed its blood."

Ancestry

Notes

1892 births
1914 deaths
Princes of royal blood (Russia)
Imperial Russian Army personnel
Russian military personnel killed in World War I
19th-century people from the Russian Empire
20th-century Russian people

Prince Oleg Konstantinovich of Russia


Open All Hours is a British television sitcom created and written by Roy Clarke for the BBC. It ran for 26 episodes in four series, which aired in 1976, 1981, 1982 and 1985. The programme developed from a television pilot broadcast in Ronnie Barker's comedy anthology series, Seven of One (1973). Open All Hours ranked eighth in the 2004 Britain's Best Sitcom poll. It is set in a small grocery shop in Balby, Doncaster, South Yorkshire. It stars Ronnie Barker as the owner Albert Arkwright and David Jason as his nephew Granville, who works for him. Lynda Baron plays nurse Gladys Emanuel, whom Arkwright is strongly attracted to. A sequel, entitled Still Open All Hours, began airing in 2013.

References

Other websites

1973 television series debuts
1985 disestablishments in Europe
1970s British sitcoms
1970s British workplace television series
1970s establishments in the United Kingdom
1970s workplace comedy television series
1980s British sitcoms
1980s British workplace television series
1980s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1980s workplace comedy television series
BBC television sitcoms
British workplace comedy television series
South Yorkshire
Television series about families
Television shows set in Yorkshire
English-language television programs
1985 television series endings

Open All Hours


Open Sans is an open source humanist sans-serif typeface that was designed by Steve Matteson under commission from Google. It was released in 2011 and is based on his earlier design called Droid Sans, which was specifically created for Android mobile devices but with slight modifications to its width.

The typeface is characterized by its wide apertures on many letters and a large x-height, making it highly legible on screens and at small sizes. Being part of the humanist genre of sans-serif typefaces, it also features a true italic style. As of July 2018, Open Sans is the second most widely used font on Google Fonts, serving over four billion views per day across more than 20 million websites.

In March 2021, the Open Sans font family was updated to include a variable font version, which now also supports Hebrew characters.

Use
Open Sans is popular in flat design-style web design.

Open Sans is used in some of Google's web pages as well as its print and web advertisements. It is the official font of the UK's Labour, Co-operative, and Liberal Democrat parties.

Used in WordPress 3.8 which was released on December 12, 2013.

Development
According to Google, it was developed with an "upright stress, open forms and a neutral, yet friendly appearance" and is "optimized for legibility across print, web, and mobile interfaces." Its design is similar to that of Matteson's Droid Sans, created as the first user interface font for Android phones, but with wider characters and the inclusion of italic variants. Explaining the different name, Matteson has said "Droid was intentionally narrow for mobile screens but it didn't have 'narrow' in the name. Open Sans isn't really 'extended' so that wasn't really an option either. A new family name is the direction they chose."

Unicode support
The character repertoire contains 897 glyphs, covering the Latin, Greek and Cyrillic alphabets with a wide range of diacritics.

In January 2014, Israeli type designer Yanek Iontef released an extension font covering the Hebrew alphabet with support for niqqud (but not cantillation marks) for early access. The extension font went on to become popular and to be used by prominent institutions such as Tel Aviv University in its 2016 rebranding, and by the Haaretz website. Hebrew support was added in March 2021.

Derivatives
Open Sans has six weights (Light 300, Normal 400, Medium 500, Semi-Bold 600, Bold 700 and Extra Bold 800), each of them with an italic version, totaling 12 versions, although the Medium and Medium Italic styles are not yet accepted into Adobe Fonts. It has a number of stylistic alternates, such as a capital 'i' with a serif (for situations where this could be confused with a number '1' or lower-case 'L') and a selectable choice between a single and double-storey 'g'. Numbers can be set as tabular or proportional lining figures or as proportional text figures.

Open Sans Condensed
Open Sans Condensed has three styles: light, bold and light italic.
As of 2021, the "Regular", "Semibold", and "Extra Bold" versions have been released to GitHub, but not yet accepted into Google Fonts or Adobe Fonts.

Open Serif
Matteson designed Open Serif, a companion slab serif typeface family. While Open Serif is not open-source, the font is sold by Matteson Typographics, owned by Steve Matteson and released on August 26, 2016.

Open Sans Soft
On March 23, 2021, Matteson released a rounded version of Open Sans called Open Sans Soft. Like Open Serif, it is not an open-source font and is sold by Matteson Typographics. In contrast to the original open-source Open Sans, the capital 'i' with a serif is the default glyph for that letter, with the glyph without a serif as a stylistic alternate for it.

See also
Droid Sans
Noto fonts

References

External links
 Google Fonts Open Sans
 Open Sans in GitHub

Typefaces and fonts introduced in 2011
Humanist sans-serif typefaces
Digital typefaces
Typefaces with text figures
Open-source typefaces
Typefaces designed by Steve Matteson

Open Sans


Sword in the Moon () is a 2003 South Korean action-adventure film. It screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival.

Plot
The film opens up with an assassination attempt on the king of Joseon Dynasty at some sort of reception. The attempt is foiled by a special security squad, and specifically by its leader, Gyu-yup. A series of deaths of prominent politicians leads to a nighttime battle in which one member, a female, of what is apparently an assassin duo, is captured. Gyu-yup recognizes this female, and after her torture in prison (of which Gyu-yup is left in charge when she refuses to divulge any information), the film flashes back to Gyu-yup's past.

Shortly after the Japanese invasions of Korea in the middle of the Joseon Dynasty, a military unit of elite soldiers (made up of students of the Clear Wind Shining Moon sword school) is created to ensure the peace and the security/safety of the country. In its center, the two best swordsmen, Ji-hwan and Gyu-yup, are also two inseparable friends. But a political coup d'etat plot (it is referred to as a "rebellion" in the film) forces Gyu-yup, threatened with the death of his entire unit of elite soldiers, to not only kill his fencing master, but also Ji-hwan, who is seeing the female assassin from the night battle, Shi-young (who was also a warrior at the time, and the daughter of the school's fencing master). Having had to behead his master, kill his best friend and his best friend's lover, and lead his troops against members of their own training school (as one character protests, "we have killed the brothers with whom we shed blood"), we are led to understand that Gyu-yup loses some part of himself.

The film returns to the present, five years after the events in the flashback. Gyu-yup is known as a cold and cruel commander, nicknamed "the human butcher." The discovery of a sword during the night battle that carries the seal of Gyu-yup's old unit (such swords, with the exception of Gyu-yup's, were apparently destroyed and at least not in use by this time, so the only other person who could be wielding one is Ji-hwan) confirms the fact that Ji-hwan is back as well (and not dead as Gyu-yup had thought). The current king (the usurper general who, in Gyu-yup's flashback, is the commander who forces him to choose between the deaths of his men and leading his men against Ji-hwan, Shi-young, and the training master) himself becomes embroiled in what amount to attempts to cover up his tracks and betrays at least one of his foremost commanders by ordering his assassination. The king then plans an excursion aimed at drawing out Ji-hwan and Shi-young (who we are made to understand was allowed to be freed by Ji-hwan in disguise under Gyu-yup's watch) into the open where they are meant to be killed.

The excursion (of which Ji-hwan and Shi-young become aware) takes place, and the king is almost killed by Ji-hwan, but he is momentarily distracted by the death of Shi-young at the hands of the king's elite bodyguard and troops. The king, stabbing Ji-hwan with a heretofore hidden dagger, pushes Ji-hwan away; and the king continues to look on as Ji-hwan battles more troops. Almost defeated, Gyu-yup, finally moved by compassion and his past relationship with Shi-young and Ji-hwan, comes to Ji-hwan's rescue. He pleads for his and Ji-hwan's freedom (Gyu-yup had promised his neck to the current king during the rebellion in order to save his own troops from execution, and the now-king took this to mean this promise was binding in perpetuity), and when that is met with silence, he and Ji-hwan engage the troops that have surrounded them. The movie ends by freezing the old friends, united in battle again, in action against the usurper king's troops.

Cast
Cho Jae-hyun as Yoon Gyu-yup
Choi Min-soo as Choi Ji-hwan
Kim Bo-kyung as Kim Shi-young
Lee Jong-soo as Jae-duk
Jeon Sung-hwan as Jung Yeo-kyun
Cho Sang-keon as Kim In
 Kim Sung-oh as Mu-kwan's underling 3

References

External links

2003 films
Films directed by Kim Ui-seok
2000s action drama films
South Korean action adventure films
2003 drama films
2000s South Korean films
2000s Korean-language films

Sword in the Moon


Leonardo Muraro (Mogliano Veneto, 8 August 1955) is an Italian Venetist politician. He is a leading member of Liga Veneta–Lega Nord.

A long-time member of Liga Veneta, Muraro was appointed Vice President of the Province of Treviso by President Luca Zaia, who led a monocolor government, in 2002. Three years later, when Zaia was elevated to Vice President of Veneto, Muraro became acting President of the Province. On 29 May 2006 he was elected President on a special election with the 57.3% of the vote. On 16 May 2011 Muraro was easily re-elected for another five-year term with 57.5% of the vote.

References

1955 births
Living people
Politicians of Veneto
Venetist politicians
People from Mogliano Veneto
Presidents of the Province of Treviso
Lega Nord politicians
21st-century Italian politicians

Leonardo Muraro


Mars Electric was an American rock band from Birmingham, Alabama.

History
Lead singer Jacob Bunton first formed the group under the name Wish in Birmingham in 1995. They signed with Atlantic Records in 1997 and recorded an album, but Atlantic dropped them before releasing any of their material. In 1999, legendary A&R guru John Kalodner signed the band to Columbia and released their debut record Beautiful Something in February 2000. The band consisted of Bunton on lead vocals, guitarist Michael Swann (later replaced by Chris Simons), Bassist Carl Ray Hopper, and drummer Matt Finn.  The group toured with Stone Temple Pilots, Mötley Crüe, Live, 3 Doors Down, Nickelback, Vertical Horizon, Alice Cooper and Papa Roach following the album's release.

Mars Electric broke up at the end of 2000, and Bunton put together a group called Lynam, which would go on to have its own major-label contract a few years later. However, in 2003, Magnus Soderkvist of Swedish label Atenzia Records learned the group had recorded a second album which was never released, and offered to put it out on his label. The result was Fame Among the Vulgar, released in May 2003. By this time, Lynam had become Bunton's primary concern, and Simmons went on to play with Leon Russell later in the decade.

Members
Jacob Bunton - vocals, guitar (1995-2000)
Carl Hopper - bass (1995-2000)
Matt Finn - drums (1995-2000)
Michael Swann - guitar (1995-1997)
Chris Simmons - guitar (1997-2000)
Jesse Suttle-drums 1995

Discography
Beautiful Something (Portrait/Columbia, 2000)
Fame Among the Vulgar (Atenzia Records, 2003)

References

Rock music groups from Alabama
American hard rock musical groups
Musical groups established in 1995
Musical groups disestablished in 2000
Musical groups from Birmingham, Alabama
Atenzia Records artists

Mars Electric


MK-0773, also known as PF-05314882, is a steroidal, orally active selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) that was under development by Merck and GTx for the treatment of sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass) in women and men. Clinical trials for sarcopenia began in late 2007 but the collaboration between Merck and GTx ended in early 2010 and GTx terminated development of MK-0773 shortly thereafter.

MK-0773 is a 4-azasteroid and a potent and selective agonist of the androgen receptor (AR). It binds to the AR with an EC50 of 6.6 nM and is a partial agonist in transactivation modulation of the AR with an IP of 25 nM and Emax of 78% and has a TRAF2 Emax of 29% and a virilization (N/C interaction) counterscreen assay Emax of 2%. That is, it produces promoter activation but induces the N/C interaction almost negligibly. MK-0773 is reportedly four times as potent as testosterone as an agonist of the AR. The drug is selective and does not bind to other steroid hormone receptors such as the progesterone receptor or glucocorticoid receptor and shows no significant inhibition of 5α-reductase (IC50 > 10 μM). In addition, it is non-aromatizable and hence has no potential for estrogenic effects or side effects, like gynecomastia. MK-0773 had similar effects on lipid metabolism relative to DHT, including a decrease in total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) of a similar magnitude.

MK-0773 shows tissue-selective androgenic effects in vivo in animals. It increases lean body mass with maximal anabolic effects that are approximately 80% of those of dihydrotestosterone (DHT). However, it had less than 5% of the effect of DHT on uterine weight, about 30 to 50% of the increase of sebaceous gland area induced by DHT, and increased the weight of the seminal vesicles by 12% of that of DHT at the highest dosage assessed. It had similarly reduced effects on the prostate gland. No significant increase in gene expression of six candidate genes of virilization was observed. As such, MK-0773 shows a profile of an anabolic SARM with limited effects on sebaceous glands and reproductive tissues in animals and a minimal propensity for virilization.

In human clinical studies, MK-0773 produced anabolism in women and men while producing no or very low effects on sebaceous glands, the endometrium, or the prostate gland after 12 weeks of treatment. A decrease in total cholesterol and HDL was also observed in the clinical studies. MK-0773 produced a significant increase in lean body mass in elderly (≥65 years of age) women with sarcopenia and moderate physical dysfunction. It also increased muscle strength relative to placebo but this failed to reach statistical significance. MK-0773 has been associated with elevated liver enzymes in clinical studies.

See also
 TFM-4AS-1
 YK-11

References

Androstanes
Carboxamides
Imidazopyridines
Organofluorides
Selective androgen receptor modulators

MK-0773


is a Japanese professional wrestler currently working for All Japan Pro Wrestling, where he is the current AJPW Triple Crown Heavyweight Champion in his first reign, and a member of the Nextream stable. He is a two time AJPW All Asia Tag Team Champion, as well as a 3 time AJPW World Tag Team Champion. He is also the older brother of professional wrestler, Atsuki Aoyagi.

Early life
Yuma Aoyagi was born on November 2, 1995, in Matsumoto City, Nagano Prefecture of Japan. Up to Junior High School, Aoyagi would be playing soccer and watching professional wrestling on television and in live venues, along with his father who also was a pro wrestling fan. While giving his high school exams at Tagawa High School in Nagano Prefecture, he would go from liking pro-wrestling to telling his parents that he was determined to become a pro wrestler.

Professional wrestling career

All Japan Pro Wrestling (2014–present)
After graduating from high school, Yuma Aoyagi joined All Japan Pro Wrestling's dojo system on April 1, 2014. After 8 months in a trainee period, he made his debut as a Junior Heavyweight on December 14 losing to Kento Miyahara in Korakuen Hall. Aoyagi debuted in blue short tights reminiscent of Jun Akiyama's original debut color. It was later revealed that the tights were Akiyama's as he gave them to the young rookie as a gift for his hard work. On July 7, 2015, Aoyagi picked up his first win by defeating Naoya Nomura. At the World's Strongest Tag Determination League 2015 Aoyagi and Naoya Nomura finished with 2 points by only defeating Kenso and Osamu Nishimura.

On January 3, 2016, after Yohei Nakajima defeated Naoya Nomura for the Gaora TV Championship, Aoyagi came out and challenged Nakajima for the Gaora TV title. On January 18, Aoyagi had a match against Daisuke Sekimoto at Big Japan Wrestling (BJW)'s D-Rize. On February 12, Aoyagi lost to Yohei Nakajima and failed to win the Gaora TV Championship.

On July 20, at the New Japan Pro-Wrestling's Super J-Cup, Aoyagi lost to Suzuki-gun's Taichi at the first round. On May 4, AJPW president Jun Akiyama made a surprise appearance for Wrestle-1, facing off with Keiji Mutoh with the two agreeing to a tag team match against each other on August 11. On August 11, Wrestle-1 presented an interpromotional six-man tag team match, which saw AJPW president Jun Akiyama take on former AJPW president Keiji Mutoh. In the match, the AJPW trio of Akiyama, Naoya Nomura and Yuma Aoyagi were victorious over the Wrestle-1 trio of Mutoh, Koji Doi and Kumagoro.

After the Pro Wrestling Love PPV, Aoyagi formed a team with Nomura. On September 19, Aoyagi and Nomura lost to Kento Miyahara and Jake Lee. After the match Miyahara and Lee invited them to join Nextream which they accepted. On November 11, it was announced that Aoyagi and Nomura would participate in the World's Strongest Tag Determination League at Block B. From November 12 to 17, Aoyagi participated at the 2016 Jr. Tag Battle of Glory with the reigning World Junior Heavyweight Champion Soma Takao. Aoyagi and Takao finished the tournament with 5 points, advancing to the finals. In the finals, Aoyagi and Takao lost to Aoki and Sato. In the World's Strongest Tag Determination League, Aoyagi and Nomura tied in fourth place with two points with their only win being over Super Tiger and Sato.

On January 3, 2017, Aoyagi unsuccessfully challenged Keisuke Ishii for the World Junior Heavyweight Championship. From February 17 to 26, Aoyagi participated in the 2017 Jr. Battle of Glory where he finished in last place of his block with 3 points where he scored a win over Yohei Nakajima and went to a draw with Atsushi Maruyama. On June 18, Aoyagi with Lee and Miyahara won the Nemuro Dining Room Cup 6 Man Tag Tournament defeating Ultimo Dragon, Jun Akiyama and Takao Omori in the finals to win his first tournament in the process.

After graduating to the heavyweight division on September 12, 2017, Aoyagi and Naoya Nomura defeated Black Tiger VII and Taka Michinoku to win the All Asia Tag Team Championship on September 30. He would defend the belt four times before he would relinquish the title, after fracturing his leg in a match with Ryoji Sai on January 25, 2018. He would return on June 5 of the same year and reclaim the All Asia Tag Titles with Nomura on July 29.

On January 3, 2020, Aoyagi would storm Miyahara after a Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship defence, to challenge him for a title match. On the 11th of the same month, Aoyagi would announce that if Miyahara would beat him in a singles Championship contest, he would leave Nextream. Miyahara would do so, and thus Aoyagi would be forced to leave the stable which he had been a member of for the past years. During this time Izanagi would offer Aoyagi a place in the Purple Haze stable, yet he would decline, and would go on during this time tagging with his brother Atsuki Aoyagi.

Aoyagi would participate in the 2020 Champion Carnival, being unsuccessful by ending up with a score of 2 wins to 2 losses. In the finals of the tournament, Zeus would defeat Aoyagi's previous ally. Aoyagi would then return to Miyahara and lift him on his shoulders, and they would announce on twitter that Aoyagi would be teaming up with Miyahara in the World's Strongest tag Determination League. On December 7, 2020, Aoyagi along with Kento Miyahara would beat the team of Jake Lee and Koji Iwamoto, to win the 2020 AJPW World's Strongest Tag Determination League. On January 2, 2021, Aoyagi & Miyahara would beat the AJPW World Tag Team Champions, Shuji Ishikawa & Suwama to win the titles, in Korakuen Hall. Aoyagi would defeat Jake Lee on May 4, 2022, to win his first Champion Carnival, becoming the youngest ever winner of the tournament in the process.

Championships and accomplishments

All Japan Pro Wrestling
Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship (1 time, current)
All Asia Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Naoya Nomura
World Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Kento Miyahara (2) and Naoya Nomura (1)
World's Strongest Tag Determination League (2020, 2021) – with Kento Miyahara
January 2 Korakuen Hall Heavyweight Battle Royal (2016)
Nemuro Shokudō Cup 6-Man Tag Tournament (2017) – with Kento Miyahara and Jake Lee
Champion Carnival (2022)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Ranked No. 94 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2022
Tenryu Project
Tenryu Project United National Heavyweight Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Atsuki Aoyagi
Tokyo Sports
Newcomer Award (2017)

References

1995 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Nagano Prefecture
Japanese male professional wrestlers
People from Matsumoto, Nagano
All Asia Tag Team Champions
World Tag Team Champions (AJPW)
Triple Crown Heavyweight Champions

Yuma Aoyagi


Bottle caps are used to seal the opening of bottles. For glass bottles, these are usually small, specially adapted pieces of metal. With plastic bottles, plastic caps are used instead.

The original bottle cap was called Crown cork. It is pressed onto the bottle, and can be removed, using a bottle opener.

In recent years bottle caps with screw on mounts are used that way, a bottle opener is no longer required. Caps for plastic bottles are often made of a different type of plastic from the bottle.

A cork is another type of closure for the top of a bottle.

Other websites

Tools

Bottle cap


In genealogy and in phylogenetic studies of evolutionary biology, antecedents or antecessors are predecessors in a family line. For example, one is the descendant of their grandparents, who are one's antecedents. This term has particular utility in evolutionary coalescent theory, which models the process of genetic drift in reverse time.

The antonym of antecedent is descendant.

In culture
An adoption detective is any licensed or unlicensed person who looks into historic records to locate persons of interest. Clients are children suffering from genealogical bewilderment with a desire to learn something about their genetic antecedents by tracing family lineages to become enlightened about their ancestral social and cultural heritage; discover the geographical niche from which their ancestral population originated; and meet biological descendants.

References

Genealogy
Kinship and descent
Genetic genealogy

Antecedent (genealogy)


Krautrock (also called , German for ) is a broad genre of experimental rock that developed in West Germany in the late 1960s and early 1970s. It originated among artists who blended elements of psychedelic rock, avant-garde composition, and electronic music, among other eclectic sources. Common elements included hypnotic rhythms, extended improvisation, musique concrète techniques, and early synthesizers, while the music generally moved away from the rhythm & blues roots and song structure found in traditional Anglo-American rock music. Prominent groups associated with the krautrock label included Neu!, Can, Faust, Tangerine Dream, Kraftwerk, Cluster, Ash Ra Tempel, Popol Vuh, Amon Düül II and Harmonia.

The term "krautrock" was popularized by British music journalists as a humorous umbrella-label for the diverse German scene, and although many so-labeled artists disliked the term, it is no longer considered controversial by German artists in the 21st century, although English-language authors remain critical of it. The movement was partly born out of the radical student protests of 1968, as German youth rebelled against their country's legacy in World War II and sought a popular music distinct from traditional German music and American pop. The period contributed to the development of ambient music and techno, and influenced subsequent genres such as post-punk, new-age music, and post-rock.

Characteristics
Krautrock has been described as a broad genre encompassing varied approaches, but commonly drawing on  psychedelia, avant-garde collage, electronic sounds, and rock music, while typically featuring "improvisation and hypnotic, minimalistic rhythms."  Los Angeles Magazine summarized the genre as "American psychedelica meets icy Germanic detachment." Melody Maker described the style as "where the over-reaching ambition and untethered freakitude of late '60s acid rock is checked and galvanised by a proto-punk minimalism ... music of immense scale that miraculously avoided prog-rock's bombastics." AllMusic described it as expanding on the territory associated with art rock and progressive rock, but diverging from the American and British groups' emphasis on jazz and classical elements in favor of "a droning, pulsating sound that owed more to the avant garde than to rock & roll."

Some common musical features exhibited by krautrock artists include:

 A blend of elements from psychedelic rock with electronic music or avant-garde sources
 Hypnotic or minimalistic rhythms, including the common 4/4 "motorik" beat pattern
 Emphasis on long-form repetition, texture, and drone elements rather than song structure
 Use of synthesizers and musique concrète techniques
 A movement away from rock's traditional rhythm & blues roots
 Extended improvisation

Despite a common approach and generational attitude among artists, the New Statesman argues that "in truth, no two Krautrock acts sound remotely alike. Compare the dreamy synthesiser washes of Tangerine Dream with the alien noise collages of Faust or the psychedelic funk of Can." However, a common feature is the "motorik" beat: the 4/4 beat often used by drummers associated with krautrock, characterised by a kick drum-heavy, pulsating groove, that created a forward-flowing feel. The motorik beat was used by Can in the song "Mother Sky", by Neu! on their debut album, and by Kraftwerk in the song "Autobahn" on their album of the same name, later being adopted by other krautrock bands. It has been widely used in many different styles of music beyond krautrock. According to XLR8R, the term krautrock is often used by critics to signify the "mesmerizing motorik rhythms pioneered by Can and Neu!", but contested that "they represent merely a tiny fraction of the music that emerged from Germany during krautrock's Golden Age".

Origins and influences

Krautrock emerged in West Germany during the 1960s and early 1970s. The music was partially inspired by broad cultural developments such as the revolutionary 1968 German student movement, with many young people having both political and aesthetic concerns. Youth rebelled against both dominant American influence and conservative German entertainment such as schlager music, seeking to liberate themselves from Germany's Nazi legacy in World War II and create a new popular culture. Dieter Moebius, of the bands Cluster and Harmonia, noted that "we were a lot of the times on the streets instead of studying. As young people we were not very proud to be German [...] we were all tired of listening to bad German music and imitations of American music. Something had to happen." The movement saw artists merge elements of varied genres such as psychedelic rock, avant-garde forms of electronic music, funk rhythm, jazz improvisation and "ethnic" music styles, typically reflecting a "genuine sense of awe and wonder."

Core influences on these German artists included avant-garde composers Karlheinz Stockhausen and Terry Riley, and bands such as the Mothers of Invention, the Velvet Underground, the Beatles, and Pink Floyd. A significant influence was the work of American minimalists such as Riley, Tony Conrad, and La Monte Young, as well as the late '60s albums of jazz musician Miles Davis, particularly his jazz fusion work on In a Silent Way (1969). The influence of Jimi Hendrix and James Brown on krautrock musicians was also notable. Some artists drew on ideas from 20th century classical music and musique concrète, particularly composer Stockhausen (with whom, for example, Irmin Schmidt and Holger Czukay of Can had previously studied), and from the new experimental directions that emerged in jazz during the 1960s and 1970s (mainly the free jazz pieces by Ornette Coleman or Albert Ayler). Moving away from the patterns of song structure and melody of much rock music in America and Britain, some in the movement were drawn to a more mechanical and electronic sound.

Etymology
Until around 1973, the word  ("German Rock") was used to refer to the new groups from West Germany.  Other names thrown around by the British and American music press were "Teutonic rock", "Überrock" and "Götterdämmer rock". West Germany's music press initially used  as a pejorative, but the term lost its stigma after the music gained success in Britain.  The term derives from the ethnic slur "kraut". "Kraut" in German can refer to herbs, weeds, and drugs.

The term was originally used by Virgin records in 1972. Various sources claim that "krautrock" was originally a humorous term coined in the early 1970s, either by British disc jockey John Peel or by the UK music newspaper Melody Maker, in which experimental German bands found an early and enthusiastic following. The first use of the term however, was found in a full-page advertisement from Popo Music Management and Bacillus Records promoting German Rock in the UK, in April 1971. The music emerging in Germany was first covered extensively in three concurrent issues of the UK music paper New Musical Express in the month of December 1972, by journalist Ian MacDonald.

Its musicians tended to reject the name "krautrock". This was also the case for "kosmische Musik". Musicologist Julian Cope, in his book Krautrocksampler, says "krautrock is a subjective British phenomenon", based on the way the music was received in the UK rather than on the actual West German music scene out of which it grew. For instance, while one of the main groups originally tagged as krautrock, Faust, recorded a seminal 12-minute track they titled "Krautrock", they would later distance themselves from the term, saying: "When the English people started talking about krautrock, we thought they were just taking the piss... and when you hear the so-called 'krautrock renaissance', it makes me think everything we did was for nothing."

Kosmische musik

Kosmische musik ("cosmic music") is a term which came into regular use before "krautrock" and was preferred by some German artists who disliked the English label; today, it is often used synonymously with krautrock. More specifically, it may describe 1970s German electronic music which uses synthesizers and incorporates themes related to space or otherworldliness; it is also used as a German analogue to the English term "space rock". The style was often instrumental and characterized by "spacy", ambient soundscapes. Artists used synthesizers such as the EMS VCS 3 and Moog Modular, as well as sound processing effects and tape-based approaches. They largely rejected rock music conventions, and instead drew on "serious" electronic compositions.

The term "kosmische musik" was coined by Edgar Froese and later used by record producer Rolf-Ulrich Kaiser as a marketing name for bands such as Ash Ra Tempel, Tangerine Dream, and Klaus Schulze. The following year, Rolf-Ulrich Kaiser's Ohr Records when he released the compilation Kosmische Musik (1972) featuring tracks by Tangerine Dream, Klaus Schulze, Ash Ra Tempel, and Popol Vuh. Kaiser eventually began referring to the style as "cosmic rock" to signify that the music belonged in a rock idiom. German producer Conny Plank was a central figure in the kosmische sound, emphasizing texture, effects processing, and tape-based editing techniques. Plank oversaw kosmische recordings such as Kraftwerk's Autobahn, Neu!'s Neu! 75, and Cluster's Zuckerzeit.

Several of these artists would later distance themselves from the term. Other names for the style, and for sub-genres were "Berlin School" and "Dusseldorf School", both of which are recognised and actively contributed to by artists such as Node, Martin Sturtzer, Propaganda, Kraftwerk, Tannheuser and Fritz Mayr, from the 1980s through to the present day. The style would later lead to the development of new-age music, with which it shared several characteristics. It would also exert lasting influence on subsequent electronic music and avant-garde rock.

Legacy and influence

Krautrock has proved to be highly influential on a succession of other musical styles and developments. Early contemporary enthusiasts outside Germany included Hawkwind and in particular Dave Brock who supposedly penned the sleeve notes for the British edition of Neu!'s first album. Faust's budget release The Faust Tapes has been cited as a formative teenage influence by several musicians growing up in the early 1970s such as Julian Cope, who has always cited krautrock as an influence, and wrote the book Krautrocksampler on the subject. The genre also had a strong influence on David Bowie's Station to Station (1976) and the experimentation it inspired led to his 'Berlin Trilogy'.

Ash Ra Tempel's first album, released in 1971, informed later krautrock music.

Kosmischer Läufer, a Scottish-German music project with its first installment launched in 2013, presents itself as a music collection supposedly used by East German athletes in their training. The music bears excessive inspiration and techniques of the Krautrock genre.

Modern bands, such as Osees and King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard, have been described as krautrock, or have noted krautrock as influential on their styles.

See also

References
Citations

Bibliography

External links
Krautrock @ pHinnWeb
krautrock website
Krautrocksite – online magazine from Germany

20th-century music genres
Music scenes
Electronic rock
Electronic music genres
Rock music genres
German styles of music
1970s neologisms
1960s in music

Krautrock


Viktoria 96 Magdeburg was a German football club playing in the Cracau district of Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt.

History
The club was founded under the name Victoria on 26 June 1896 by twelve ninth-graders of Magdeburg's Guericke-Realschule. Soon renamed Magdeburger Fußball-Club Viktoria von 1896, the club played association football exclusively by September 1897. This makes it the city's first football club.

On 12 September 1897, Schüler-Victoria (Students' Victoria), as the club was also called, played their first competitive association football match against the reserve team of Cricket Viktoria Magdeburg. The match ended in a clear 6–3 win for Victoria 96. Victoria 1896 became well known among the country's football pioneers and soon began to receive payments to make appearances against other clubs. Victoria was a member of the Ring Magdeburger Ballspielvereine, but this was soon replaced by the Verband Magdeburger Ballspielvereine (VMBV) that was founded in 1900. On 26 December 1900, MFC Victoria 1896 became a founding member of the Verband Mitteldeutscher Ballspielvereine. Alongside local rival Cricket Viktoria Magdeburg, the club was a founding member of the German Football Association (Deutscher Fussball Bund or German Football Association) at Leipzig in 1900. As champions of the VMBV in 1903 the club played in the final round of Germany's national championship, but went out 1–8 to Altonaer FC 1893 in the first round, in front of 200 spectators at the Exerzierweide Altona.

Victoria repeated their title in the Verband Magdeburger Ballspielvereine champions in 1904, losing 0–1 to VfB Leipzig in the quarterfinal of the German championship, due to an own goal by their keeper Kurt Stollberg. Victoria finished their last VMBV season with another title and advanced to the second round of the German championship through a walkover as opponents Schlesien Breslau withdrew due to the high cost of travel for their second-round match in Leipzig against Magdeburg. In 1905 the local Magdeburg league merged with the Verband Mitteldeutscher Ballspielvereine. The club played in the Gau Mittelelbe and continued their winning ways with six league titles between 1906 and 1917. Despite this record they were unable to make a return to the national stage.

The club grew rapidly at this time and by 1920 had 728 members. Several new sports were adopted with track-and-field and watersports being especially popular. In 1912 the name was changed from Magdeburger FC Victoria 1896 to Sportverein Viktoria 96 Magdeburg and a new logo was introduced. Over the next years the club produced a number of outstanding athletes who became well known as they won several national and international titles. The football team, however, became simply an average regional side.

In 1933 German football was re-organized under the Third Reich into sixteen new top-flight divisions known as Gauligas. Viktoria 96 qualified for play in the Gauliga Mitte where they played until a last place finish and bankruptcy in 1937 drove them out of first division football. The team merged with Männer-Turnverein 1860 Neustadt the following year to form VfL 1860 Viktoria Neustadt  which was disbanded at the end of World War II in 1945.
However, the club had a short revival in 2008, but was expelled from league play for failing to pay their fees during the 2008–09 season.

Stadium
The home ground of the club was the Sportplatz am Gübser Damm, also known as Viktoriaplatz in the eastern part of Magdeburg. It was opened in 1912 in front of 1,500 spectators with a friendly match against Hertha BSC (0:9).
The stadium hosted the German championship final on 31 May 1914 in a contest that saw SpVgg Fürth beat VfB Leipzig 3:2 in extra time.

After the bankruptcy of Viktoria 96 in 1937 the Allianz insurance company became the new owner of the stadium and the ground was renamed Allianz-Stadion. The stadium was totally destroyed in heavy bombardments by Allied air forces in 1944. Construction of a new stadium in almost at the same spot began in 1954 with the ground-breaking for the Ernst-Grube-Stadion, which would later become the home ground of 1. FC Magdeburg. In the opening match there, the B-squad of the East Germany national team defeated their Romanian counterparts 3:1.

Notable players
 Paul Matthes, German international who played in the 1–5 loss to England on 20 April 1908 in Berlin; also refereed in four matches of the German championship between 1904 and 1910

Honours
 Verband Magdeburger Ballspielvereine: 5
 Winners: 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905
 Gau Mittelelbe Champions: 6
 Winners: 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1916, 1917

References

Football clubs in Germany
Football clubs in East Germany
Defunct football clubs in Saxony-Anhalt
Sport in Magdeburg
Association football clubs established in 1896
Association football clubs disestablished in 1937
1896 establishments in Germany
1937 disestablishments in Germany

SV Victoria 96 Magdeburg


Massimiano Bucchi (born Arezzo, 15 May 1970) is an Italian sociologist, writer and a scholar of the relationships among science, technology and society.

Biography
After graduating in sociology at the University of Trento, Italy, he pursued his studies in the United Kingdom at Sussex University and in the United States at University of Wisconsin and University of California Berkeley, receiving a doctorate in Political and Social Sciences at the European University Institute. Since 2005 he has been associate professor of Science, Technology and Society at the Faculty of Sociology, University of Trento, where since 2007 he also coordinated an interdisciplinary programme of seminars and research on the same topic.

His research interests concern the communication of science and the interaction between scientific experts and the public; the perception and attitudes of citizens toward science and technology; historical-social changes in the relationships among science, technology and society; the challenges and dilemmas that characterize science and technology in contemporary democracies.

He is a member of the international scientific committee on Public Communication of Science and Technology and he curated the program of the XII World Conference. He has been a member of the Italian Council for the Social Sciences, of consultation and evaluation committees for international institutions, among them the National Science Foundation, the Royal Society and the European Commission, DG Research.

He has conducted research and held seminars at numerous universities and research institutions (Royal Society of London, Universität Bielefeld, ETH Zurich, London School of Economics, University of California Berkeley, Swedish Academy of Sciences, University of Tokyo, Rikken Institute, Museu da Vida Rio de Janeiro, Austrian Academy of Sciences). He sits on the scientific committee of the non-profit research centre "Observa Science in Society", for which he has conceived and edited from 2005 the Science in Society Yearbook, published since 2009 by Il Mulino. He has published in numerous international scientific journals, among them Nature, Science, History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, New Genetics and Society, and Public Understanding of Science. He regularly contributes to the TuttoScienzeTecnologia and Nòva24 supplements to La Stampa and Sole 24 Ore respectively. His articles and interviews have been published and broadcast by the media of various countries, among them China, South Korea, Croatia, Belgium, Japan, Poland, Spain, Sweden, United States.

From 2016 he is the editor of the international peer reviewed journal Public Understanding of Science, published by Sage.

Awards
Massimiano Bucchi has received numerous awards for his research: among them the Rai "G.Mencucci" Prize for research on mass communications (1996 and 2000), the "N. Mullins" international prize of the Society for Social Studies of Science for the best essay in sociology of science (1997) and the Lelli Prize for the best doctorate thesis in sociology (1998). His book Scegliere il mondo che vogliamo. Cittadini, politica, tecnoscienza (il Mulino, 2006) received special mention from the jury for the Merck-Serono prize (2007). The book Scientisti e antiscientisti: perché scienza e società non si capiscono received the Premio Calabria 2011 in the section of books about science. His book Il Pollo di Newton received the international award "Biblioteca la Vigna" 2014.

Works
Science and the media. Alternative Routes in Scientific Communication, Routledge, Milan, 1998.
La scienza imbavagliata. Eresia e censura nel caso AIDS, Limina, 1998.
Vino, alghe e mucche pazze: la rappresentazione televisiva delle situazioni di rischio, ERI/RAI, 1999.
La scienza in pubblico. Percorsi nella comunicazione scientifica, McGraw-Hill Libri, 2000.
Sociologia della Salute, Carocci 2001, con Federico Neresini (5 editions).
Scienza e società, il Mulino, 2002 and Raffaello Cortina, 2010.
Science in Society. An introduction to social studies of science, Routledge, 2004.
Scegliere il mondo che vogliamo. Cittadini, politica, tecnoscienza, il Mulino, 2006. Published also in Chinese edition.
Cellule e cittadini. Biotecnologie nello spazio pubblico, Sironi, 2006 (with Federico Neresini).
Sapere Fare Potere. Verso un'innovazione responsabile. Le lectures della Fondazione Giannino Bassetti, 2002-2005, Rubbettino, 2006.
Journalism, Science and Society: Science Communication Between News and Public Relations, Routledge, 2007 (with Martin W Bauer). Published also in Chinese edition.
Handbook of Science Communication, Routledge, 2008 (with Brian Trench). New reviewed and expanded edition: Routledge, 2014.
Annuario Scienza e Società 2009, il Mulino, 2009 (with Valeria Arzenton).
Beyond Technocracy. Citizens, Politics, Technoscience, Springer (international edition of Scegliere il mondo che vogliamo, il Mulino, 2006).
Annuario Scienza e Società 2010, il Mulino, 2010 (with Federico Neresini).
Scientisti e antiscientisti. Perché scienza e società non si capiscono, il Mulino, 2010.
Scienza e società. Introduzione alla sociologia della scienza, Raffaello Cortina Editore, 2010.
Annuario Scienza e Società 2011, il Mulino, 2011 (con Giuseppe Pellegrini).
Robert K. Merton, Scienza, religione e politica, Il Mulino, 2011. Introduzione, poscritto e selezione di saggi a cura di Massimiano Bucchi.
Trasformare conoscenza, trasferire tecnologia. Dizionario critico delle scienze sociali sulla valorizzazione della conoscenza, Marsilio, 2011 (con Andrea Bonaccorsi).
Il pollo di Newton. La scienza in cucina, Guanda, 2013. Published also in Portuguese, Korean, Finnish and Spanish.
 Il diavolo non gioca a dadi. Da Einstein a Hiroshima, eBook Il Corriere della Sera, 2015.
 with E. Canadelli, Nature immaginate. Immagini che hanno cambiato il nostro modo di vedere la natura, Aboca Edizioni, 2015.
 Per un pugno di idee. Storie di innovazioni che hanno cambiato la nostra vita. Bompiani, 2016.
 with B. Trench (eds.) The Public Communication of Science'' 4 vol. set, Critical Concepts in Sociology, Routledge, 2016.

References

External links
Personal page, University of Trento
Observa
STSTN

1970 births
Living people
Italian sociologists
Sociologists of science

Massimiano Bucchi


All Saints Memorial Church is a historic Episcopal church at 674 Westminster Street in Federal Hill, Providence, Rhode Island. The current church building, a large brownstone structure with a flat-topped tower, was designed by architect Edward Tuckerman Potter in a Gothic, Tudor Revival style, and built from 1869 to 1872. It is the largest Episcopal church building in the state, and its only known Potter-designed church. The accompanying (now-demolished) parish house is a Tudor Revival structure designed by Gorham Henshaw and built in 1909.

The church building added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Providence, Rhode Island

References

External links

 Official Church Website

Episcopal churches in Rhode Island
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Edward Tuckerman Potter church buildings
Churches in Providence, Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places in Providence, Rhode Island

All Saints Memorial Church


Allan Kardec () is the pen name of the French educator, translator, and author Hippolyte Léon Denizard Rivail (; 3 October 1804 – 31 March 1869). He is the author of the five books known as the Spiritist Codification, and the founder of Spiritism.

Early life
Rivail was born in Lyon in 1804 and raised as a Roman Catholic. He pursued interests in philosophy and the sciences, and became an acolyte and colleague of Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi. Rivail completed a number of educational courses including a Bachelor of Arts degrees in science and a doctorate in medicine. He was also fluent in German, English, Italian, and Spanish, in addition to his native French. Kardec became interested in Protestantism after his education in Switzerland.

He was a member of several scholarly societies, including the Historic Institute of Paris (Institut Historique), Society of Natural Sciences of France (Société des Sciences Naturelles de France), Society for the Encouragement of National Industry (Société d'Encouragement pour l'Industrie Nationale), and The Royal Academy of Arras (Académie d'Arras, Société Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Arts). He organized and taught free courses for the underprivileged.

Rivail's work with Pestalozzi helped lay the foundations for the teaching model in schools in France and Germany. For several decades he helped advance Pestalozzi's pedagogy in France, founding schools and working as a teacher, educational writer and translator.

Family
On 6 February 1832 he married Amélie Gabrielle Boudet.

In 1839, with a new partner, Mr. Maurice Delachatre, a merchant, he created a so-called "exchange" bank, which aimed to facilitate commercial transactions and thus create new opportunities for trade and industry, in order to support in default of pecuniary resources for the natural products. The duration of the trading bank was fixed by the Chamber of Commerce and Industry at ten years.

According to "My predictions concerning spiritualism" as he himself described in his manuscript written between 1855 and 1856, "in May 1855, he met a certain Mr. Fortier, a magnetizer, who took him to Madame de Plainemaison, a medium who lived in the Rue de la Grange Bateliere in Paris, just a step away from the Opera House. In the presence of other guests for the session, he entered into communication with a spirit named Zephyr, who gave him the mission of being the spokesman of the Dead. For him, it was a revelation. He was there, for the first time, witnessing the phenomenon of turntables jumping and running".

Spiritism

Rivail was in his early 50s when he became interested in séances, which were a popular entertainment at the time. Strange phenomena attributed to the action of spirits were considered a novelty, featuring objects that moved or "tapped", purportedly under the control of 'spirits'. In some cases, this was alleged to be a type of communication: the supposed spirits answered questions by controlling the movements of objects so as to pick out letters to form words, or simply indicate "yes" or "no". At the time, Franz Mesmer's theory of animal magnetism had become popular. When confronted with the phenomena described, some researchers, including Rivail, pointed out that animal magnetism might explain them. Rivail, however, after seeing a demonstration, dismissed animal magnetism as insufficient to explain his observations.

As a result of these influences, Rivail began his own investigation of psychic phenomena, mainly mediumship. During his initial investigation, he stated that before accepting a spiritual or paranormal cause for some phenomena, it would be necessary first to test if ordinary material causes could explain them. He proposed that fraud, hallucination and unconscious mental activity might explain many phenomena regarded as mediumistic, and also proposed that telepathy and clairvoyance may be responsible.

He compiled over one thousand questions concerning the nature and mechanisms of spirit communications, the reasons for human life on earth, and aspects of the spiritual realm. He asked those questions to ten mediums, all purportedly unknown to each other, and documented their responses. From these, he concluded that the best explanation was that personalities that had survived death were the source of at least some mediumistic communications. He became convinced that the mediums:

 provided accurate information unknown to themselves or others present (e.g. personal information about deceased individuals);
 demonstrated unlearned skills such as writing by illiterate mediums, handwriting similar to the alleged communicating personality, and speaking or writing in a language unknown to the medium (xenoglossy and xenography);
 accurately portrayed a range of personality characteristics of deceased individuals.

He compiled the mediums' responses that were consistent and adapted them into a philosophy that he called Spiritism, which he initially defined as "a science that deals with the nature, origin, and destiny of spirits, and their relation with the corporeal world."

Rivail wrote under the name "Allan Kardec", allegedly following the suggestion of a spirit identified as Truth. On 18 April 1857, Rivail (as Allan Kardec) published his first book on Spiritism, The Spirits' Book, comprising a series of answered questions (502 in the first edition and 1,019 in later editions) exploring matters concerning the nature of spirits, the spirit world, and the relationship between the spirit world and the material world. This was followed by a series of other books, including The Medium's Book, The Gospel According to Spiritism, Heaven and Hell and The Genesis According to Spiritism, and by a periodical, the Revue Spirite, which Kardec published until his death. Collectively, the books became known as the Spiritist Codification.

Kardec's research influenced the psychical research of Charles Richet, Camille Flammarion and Gabriel Delanne.

Memorial

After his death caused by aneurysm, Kardec was buried at the Cimetière du Père Lachaise.

Writings
 Cours pratique et théorique d'arithmétique (1824)
 Plan proposé pour l'amélioration de l'éducation publique (1828)
 Catéchisme grammatical de la langue française (1848)
 Le Livre des Esprits (The Spirits Book), 1857
 Le Livre des Médiums (The Book on Mediums), 1861
 L'Évangile selon le Spiritisme (The Gospel According to Spiritism), 1864
 Le Ciel et L'Enfer (Heaven and Hell), 1865
 La Genèse (The Genesis According to Spiritism), 1868

Notes

References

External links

 The Spirits' Book by Allan Kardec (PDF)
 The Book on Mediums by Allan Kardec (PDF)
 The Gospel According to Spiritism by Allan Kardec (PDF)
 Heaven and Hell by Allan Kardec (PDF)
 Genesis by Allan Kardec (PDF)
Allan Kardec Educational Society
ALLAN KARDEC: Free PDF spiritist books in several languages
Kardec a 2019 film.
U.S. Spiritist Council
Allan Kardec Biographic Information
The Spirits' Book  by Allan Kardec
Divulgacion de Espiritismo en Argentina de Allan Kardec
Libros de Espiritismo de Allan Kardec
British Union of Spiritist Societies
Works by Allan Kardec at Domínio Público

by Federação Espirita Brasileira

1804 births
1869 deaths
Writers from Lyon
French spiritual writers
French male writers
Deaths from aneurysm
Spiritism
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
19th-century occultists

Allan Kardec


The University Corporation for Internet Development (; CUDI) is a non-profit consortium to build and operate a Mexican high-performance backbone network for research and education, sometimes called Internet-2 for Mexico.

Overview

Established in 2000, the RedCUDI (CUDI Network) backbone had, during many years, a capacity of 155 Megabits per second (STM-1) using ATM, recently 10 Gigabits links, with 3 international links to Abilene Network, Gigabit links to the California Research and Education Network (CalREN) managed by CENIC, and one Mbit link to RedCLARA. Over 200 members institutions (research centers, universities) participate in RedCUDI, some corporate and affiliate institutions, in all of the 31 states of Mexico. Its purpose has been to develop and deploy advanced network applications and technologies such as IPv6, IP multicasting, quality of service, Software-defined networking  and other innovations.

External links
 Home of CUDI

National research and education networks
Universities and colleges in Mexico

CUDI


Google Play Music was a music and podcast streaming service and an online music locker operated by Google as part of its Google Play line of services. The service was announced on May 10, 2011; after a six-month, invitation-only beta period, it was publicly launched on November 16, 2011 and shut down in December 2020.

Users with standard accounts could store up to 50,000 songs from their personal libraries at no cost. A paid Google Play Music subscription allowed users to on-demand stream any song in the Google Play Music catalog and in YouTube Music Premium catalog and in several territories in YouTube Premium catalog. Also, users could purchase additional tracks from the music store section of Google Play. Google Play Music mobile apps also supported offline playback of tracks stored on the device.

Features

Standard accounts
Google Play Music offered all users storage of up to 50,000 files for free. Users could listen to songs through the service's web player and mobile apps. The service scanned the user's collection and matched the files to tracks in Google's catalog, which could then be streamed or downloaded in up to 320 kbit/s quality. Any files that were not matched were uploaded to Google's servers for streaming or re-download. Songs purchased through the Google Play Store did not count against the 50,000-song upload limit.

Supported file formats for upload included: MP3, AAC, WMA, FLAC, Ogg, or ALAC. Non-MP3 uploads would be converted to MP3. Files could be up to 300 MB after conversion.

Songs could be downloaded on the mobile apps for offline playback, and on computers through the Music Manager app.

Standard users located in the United States, Canada, and India could also listen to curated radio stations, supported by video and banner advertisements. Stations were based on "an activity, your mood, or your favorite popular music". Up to six songs per hour could be skipped when listening to curated radio.

Podcasts were also available for free to listen to for standard users in the US and Canada.

Premium accounts
With a paid subscription to Google Play Music, users received access to on-demand streaming of 40 million songs and offline music playback on the mobile apps, with no advertisements during listening and no limit on the number of track skips. A one-time 30-day free trial for a subscription to Google Play Music was offered for new users. Paid subscribers also received access to YouTube Premium (including YouTube Music) in eligible countries.

Platforms
On computers, music and podcasts could be listened to from a dedicated Google Play Music section of the Google Play website.

On smartphones and tablets, music could be listened to through the Google Play Music mobile app for the Android and iOS operating systems, while podcasts were only supported on Android. Up to five smartphones could be used to access the library in Google Play Music, and up to ten devices total. Listening was limited to one device at a time.

Samsung Galaxy S8
In April 2017, reports surfaced that the default music player on the then-new Samsung Galaxy S8 would be Google Play Music, continuing a trend that started with the S7 in 2016. However, for the S8, Samsung partnered with Google to incorporate additional exclusive features into the app, including the ability to upload up to 100,000 tracks, an increase from the 50,000 tracks users are normally allowed to upload. Google also stated that it would develop other "special features in Google Play Music just for Samsung customers". In June, Google Play Music on the S8 was updated to exclusively feature "New Release Radio", a daily, personalized playlist of new music releases. In July, the playlist was made available to all users, with Google noting in a press release that the exclusivity on Samsung devices was part of an "early access program" for testing and feedback purposes.

History

Introduction (2010–2011)
Google first hinted at releasing a cloud media player during their 2010 Google I/O developer conference, when Google's then-Senior Vice President of Social Vic Gundotra showed a "Music" section of the then-called Android Market during a presentation. A music service was officially announced at the following year's I/O conference on May 10, 2011, under the name "Music Beta". Initially, it was only available by invitation to residents of the United States, and had limited functionality; the service featured a no-cost "music locker" for storage of up to 20,000 songs, but no music store was present during the beta period, as Google was not yet able to reach licensing deals with major record labels.

After a six-month beta period, Google publicly launched the service in the US on November 16, 2011, as "Google Music" with its "These Go to Eleven" announcement event. The event introduced several features of the service, including a music store integrated into the then-named Android Market, music sharing via the Google+ social network, "Artist Hub" pages for musicians to self-publish music, and song purchasing reflected on T-Mobile phone bills. At launch, Google had partnerships with three major labels – Universal Music Group, EMI, and Sony Music Entertainment – along with other, smaller labels, although no agreement had been reached with Warner Music Group; in total, 13 million tracks were covered by these deals, 8 million of which were available for purchase on the launch date. To promote the launch, several artists released free songs and exclusive albums through the store; The Rolling Stones debuted the live recording Brussels Affair (Live 1973), and Pearl Jam released a live concert recorded in Toronto as 9.11.2011 Toronto, Canada.

Slow growth (2012–2017)
In January 2012, a feature was added to Google Music that allows users to download 320kbit/s MP3 copies of any file in their library, with a two-download limit per track via the web, or unlimited downloads via the Music Manager app.

According to a February 2012 report from CNET, Google executives were displeased with Google Music's adoption rate and revenues in its first three months.

In March 2012, the company rebranded the Android Market and its digital content services as "Google Play"; the music service was renamed "Google Play Music".

Google announced in October 2012 that they had signed deals with Warner Music Group that would bring "their full music catalog" to the service.

At the Google I/O developer conference in May 2013, Google announced that Google Play Music would be expanded to include a paid on-demand music streaming service called "All Access", allowing users to stream any song in the Google Play catalog. It debuted immediately in the United States for $9.99 per month ($7.99 per month if the users signed up before June 30). The service allows users to combine the All Access catalog with their own library of songs.

Google Play Music was one of the first four apps compatible with Google's Chromecast digital media player that launched in July 2013.

In October 2014, a new "Listen Now" feature was introduced, providing contextual and curated recommendations and playlists. The feature was adapted from technology by Songza, which Google acquired earlier in the year.

On November 12, 2014, Google subsidiary YouTube announced "Music Key", a new premium service succeeding All Access that included the Google Play Music streaming service, along with advertising-free access to streaming music videos on YouTube. Additionally, aspects of the two platforms were integrated; Google Play Music recommendations and YouTube music videos are available across both services. The service was re-launched in a revised form as YouTube Red (now YouTube Premium) on October 28, 2015, expanding its scope to offer ad-free access to all YouTube videos, as opposed to just music videos, as well as premium content produced in collaboration with notable YouTube producers and personalities.

In December 2015, Google started offering a Google Play Music family plan, that allows unlimited access for up to six family members for US$14.99/month. The family plan is currently only available in Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

In April 2016, Google announced that podcasts would be coming to Google Play Music. Its first original podcast series, "City Soundtracks", was announced in March 2017, and would "feature interviews with various musicians about how their hometowns influenced their work, including the people and the moments that had an impact".

In November 2016, Google introduced the Google Home smart speaker system, with built-in support for Google Play Music.

Sunsetting (2018–2020)
In May 2018, YouTube announced a new version of the YouTube Music service, including a web-based desktop player and redesigned mobile app, more dynamic recommendations based on various factors, and use of Google artificial intelligence technology to search songs based on lyrics and descriptions. YouTube Music was provided to Google Play Music users as part of the YouTube Premium offering.

In June 2018, Google announced that YouTube Red would be replaced by YouTube Premium along with YouTube Music. As a result, users subscribed to Google Play Music in the United States, Australia, New Zealand and Mexico are now given access to YouTube Premium—which includes YouTube Music Premium. Users outside of those four countries are still required to pay the regular YouTube Premium price to access Premium features, but are given free access to YouTube Music Premium.

In June 2018, Google announced plans to shut down Play Music and offer subscribers to migrate to YouTube Music. Since May 2020, users are able to move their music collections, personal taste preferences and playlists to YouTube Music and their podcast history, subscriptions to Google Podcasts.

In August 2020, Google announced a detailed shutdown timeline starting in late August and ending with complete data deletion in December. Since late August the Music Manager no longer supports uploading or downloading music. Since September, Google Play Music is no longer available in New Zealand and South Africa, and since October, music streaming started shutting down for some users internationally on the web and the app. The music store was made unavailable in October 2020 and finally all usage of the service was discontinued in December 2020 and was replaced by YouTube Music and Google Podcasts.

Geographic availability

Standard accounts on Google Play Music was available in 63 countries before the discontinuation of the service. The full list included: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, North Macedonia, Malta, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, and Venezuela.

Premium subscriptions are available in the same countries as Standard accounts.

Availability of music was introduced in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain in October 2012, Czech Republic, Finland, Hungary, Liechtenstein, Netherlands, Russia, and Switzerland in September 2013, Mexico in October 2013, Germany in December 2013, Greece, Norway, Sweden, and Slovakia in March 2014, Canada, Poland and Denmark in May 2014, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Peru, and Ukraine in July 2014, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, El Salvador, and Venezuela in August 2014, Brazil and Uruguay in September 2014, 13 new countries in November 2014, Brazil in November 2014, Argentina in June 2015, Japan in September 2015, South Africa and Serbia in December 2015, and India in September 2016, where only purchasing of music was offered. The All Access subscription service launched in India in April 2017.

Reception

In 2013, Entertainment Weekly compared a number of music services and gave Google Play Music All Access a "B+" score, writing, "The addition of uploading to augment the huge streaming archive fills in some huge gaps."

References

External links

Android (operating system) software
IOS software
Play Music
Mobile software
2011 software
Mobile software distribution platforms
Products introduced in 2011
Products and services discontinued in 2020
Music streaming services
Android Auto software
Music

Google Play Music


El Almendro (meaning "The Almond Tree") is a rural municipality in the Río San Juan department of Nicaragua.

Tradition states that El Almendro was founded in 1892, when Nery López, Perfecto Romero Acosta, Francisco González, and others, searchers of rubber trees and growers of Ipecacuanha (known locally as raicilleros) arrived looking for rubber and Ipecacuanha (known locally as raicilla).

Ipecacuanha played an important part in the town's history, and it was one of the largest exporters of rubber in the world. But later production fell. Near the end of the 1970s the inhabitants turned to farming, but today produce less than 10% of what they used to produce according to local resident José Benito Acevedo, 70.

In the 1970s, Julio Barrios, Federico Brenes, Ángela Acevedo, Raúl Rocha, Norma Mejía y Cándido Mejía, this last one having perished, travelled to the city of San Miguelito to get a survey done. Acevedo relates that it took them 4 years to get the town incorporated into a city.

In El Almendro's park they built a bust to the priest Lucinio Martínez, who founded la Asociación  para el Desarrollo de El Almendro (The El Almendro Development Society) or ASODEAL, by means of which progressive projects are brought to the city. Father Lucinio is well known in this town.

Municipalities of the Río San Juan Department

El Almendro


The Outer Ring Road is a  multi-lane highway located in Nairobi, Kenya. Construction funding was initially provided by the African Development Bank in 2013, although construction delays and increased traffic have delayed completion of the project. The highway runs primarily along the Eastlands area of Nairobi and connects major transportation hubs including the Nairobi-Thika Highway, Mombasa Road, and the Jomo Kenyatta International Airport.

In August 2020, Kenya secured a $59 million (KSh6.4 billion) loan from the South Korean Export-Import Bank to build special lanes for high-capacity buses (bus rapid transit) to expand the road's carrying capacity.

References

Nairobi
Streets in Nairobi

Outer Ring Road, Nairobi


The Sun Gro Centre is a multi-purpose recreation complex located in the town of Beausejour, Manitoba. The complex features a 1,100 seat ice hockey arena, a curling club, an outdoor pool, and an indoor walking track.

The complex opened in 2002 and was completed at a cost of $2.75 million. The project was primarily funded by the taxpayers of Beausejour and the Rural Municipality of Brokenhead. The federal government contributed $250,000. The naming rights to the facility were sold to Sun Gro Horticulture.

The Sun Gro Centre is the home arena for the Beausejour Beavers of the Manitoba Senior Hockey League and Eastman Selects of the Manitoba Midget 'AAA' Hockey League. From 2007 to 2009, the Beausejour Blades of the Manitoba Junior Hockey League played out of the Sun Gro Centre, before relocating to Steinbach.  Beausejour's minor hockey and ringette teams also play their home games at the arena.

The Sun Gro Centre has hosted two Manitoba provincial curling championships – the 2004 Scott Tournament of Hearts and the 2011 Safeway Championship.

External links
Official Website

References

Indoor arenas in Manitoba
Indoor ice hockey venues in Canada

Eastman Region, Manitoba
Sport in Eastman Region, Manitoba

Sun Gro Centre


Born to the Saddle is a 1953 American Western film directed by William Beaudine.

Plot
Bent on revenge for the death of his father and the theft of their ranch, young Bill Walton rides into town seeking the aid of his uncle. As he rides into town, he takes a bullet meant for gambler Matt Daggett and across the street lies his uncle, victim of the gambler's gun. Dagget looks on Bill as 'good luck' and nurses him back to health and gives him the job of training "Blue Chip", the fastest quarter horse in the west, for a big race. Bill doesn't know that Dagget plans to fix the race and put his own money on another horse at heavy odds. Quartered at the nearby ranch of John Grant, Bill meets Jerri Marshall, daughter of Bob Marshall, who lost "Blue Chip" to Daggett in a crooked gambling deal. Grant gets mixed up in a stage coach robbery and killing and rides back to the ranch with Daggett henchman Red Roper. When Roper tries to molest a woman, Bill bluffs him with an empty gun and forces him back to town. Roper is arrested for the killing and implicates Grant. Incited by Daggett, who fears exposure as the outlaw leader, a paid mob breaks into the jail and both Grant and Roper are hanged, but Grant, barely able to touch a plank with the toe of his boot, clings to life until Bill finds him and cuts him down. On the day of the race, Daggett lures Bill away from "Blue Chip" long enough for a wire to be twisted around the horse's leg at the fetlock. "Blue Chip" goes lane partly through the race but races on in agony and wins. Daggett tries to hide his treachery by blaming the lameness on a broken leg and draws his gun to shoot the horse. Marshall intervenes and is shot by the gambler. Bill discovers the wire and now also knows that Daggett is the outlaw leader responsible for his father's death and the hanging of his friend Grant. Bill heads for the saloon to confront Daggett. Just as the gambler turns to fire on Bill, Grant appears. When the smoke clears both Daggett and Grant are dead.

Cast
 Chuck Courtney as Bill Walton
 Donald Woods as Matt Daggett
 Leif Erickson as Bob Marshall
 Rand Brooks as John Grant
 Glenn Strange as Tom Roper
 Dolores Prest as Jerry Marshall
 Robert J. Anderson as Ricky Summers
 Lucille Thompson as Doris, the Saloon Girl
 Fred Kohler Jr. as Jeff Sanger
 Dan White as Sheriff
 Milton Kibbee as Dr. Granden
 Boyd Davis as Judge Trumbull
 Karen Morley as Kate Daggett
 Bill Kennedy as Bit

See also
 List of films about horse racing

External links

1953 films
1953 Western (genre) films
1950s English-language films
Films directed by William Beaudine
Astor Pictures films
American Western (genre) films
1950s American films

Born to the Saddle


The Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan (RAWA) is a women's organization in Kabul, Afghanistan. In Persian, it is called جمعیت انقلابی زنان افغانستان (Jamiʿat-e Enqelābi-ye Zanān-e Afghānestān), in Pashto its name is د افغانستان د ښڅو انقلابی جمعیت . It works for women's rights. It wants Afghanistan to have a government that is chosen by the Afghan people, a democracy. RAWA also wants that government to not be based on a religious belief or to allow religious people to have too much power.  In English, this kind of government is called a secular state. The group is against violence.

Meena Keshwar Kamal, an Afghan student activist founded RAWA in 1977. In February 1987, Kamal was killed for her political work. The group was started in Kabul, but it moved to Pakistan in the early 1980s.

The group wants women to be part of both political and social activities. That way, they should get human rights. They should also continue to work against the government of Afghanistan, because it is not democratic or secular enough. In the last years, many Afghan governments were  fundamentalist. According to RAWA, women should be part of a democratic and secular Afghan government. Afghanistan has seen many civil wars. RAWA wants to disarm the different groups. The group has opposed all Afghan governments, since 1977: the  Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, the Islamic State of Afghanistan, the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996-2001), the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2001-2021), and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (from 2021).

Background

The RAWA was started in Kabul in 1977 as an independent social and political organization of Afghan women fighting for human rights and social justice. The organization then moved parts of its work out of Afghanistan into Pakistan. For many years, it has been working for Afghan women from Pakistan. A group of Afghan women led by Meena Keshwar Kamal founded RAWA in 1977. At age 21, she worked on  educating women. This was the founding idea for RAWA. In 1979, Kamal began a campaign against the Soviet occupation and the Soviet-supported government of Afghanistan. In 1981, she launched a bilingual magazine Payam-e-Zan (Women's Message).That year, she visited France for the French Socialist Party Congress. She also established schools for Afghan refugee children, hospitals and handicraft centers for refugee women in Pakistan. Because of her activities and views, as well as her work against the government and religious fundamentalists, she was assassinated on February 4, 1987.

Activities

In the 1990s, RAWA held many seminars and press conferences, and did some fundraising in Pakistan. RAWA also created secret schools and orphanages for women and girls in Pakistan and Afghanistan. They secretly filmed how the religious police beat women, and executed some of them. Both the Taliban and the Northern Alliance outlawed RAWA activities, but RAWA continued. RAWA was even able to show what they did in publications like Payam-e-Zan.

In 2001 NATO removed the Taliban government from power, and started occupation. RAWA is very critical about this, because there were many civilian casualties. The group even threatened to sue the US government, because it had used four photos of the RAWA website without permission. These photos were used in propaganda material that was later dropped on cities in Afghanistan, during the 2001 invasion.

RAWA warned that the Afghan forces that fought alongside NATO troops were just as fundamentalist and dangerous as the Taliban.  The government led by President Hamid Karzai didn't have any support in most parts of Afghanistan. According to RAWA, fundamentalists were enforcing laws against women in much the same way the Taliban had done. Media reports about the Herat government of Ismail Khan also support these claims. Khan was the person who created a Committee for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice. Reports by Human Rights Watch also support these claims.  One report released by Human Rights Watch in 2012 describes a situation where women are punished by the law for attempting to escape from domestic abuse and also occasionally for being victims of rape. According to the report, Karzai was unwilling or unable to have a unchanging opion against conservative forces. According to the report, it was shocking to see that after ten years, the situation of women in Afghanistan hadn't changed much.

RAWA still does much of the same things it did in the 1980s: Collect money to support hospitals, schools and orphanages. They still run many projects in Afghanistan an Pakistan. Since 2006, RAWA has held an event on International Women's Day.

In 2006, a member of RAWA was invited to a televised discussion on a local Afghan TV channel, TOLO TV. In that discussion, she talked with a representative of a hard line Islamic fundamentalist group. She named the leaders of the different Islamist groups. During the discussion, she called these leaders war criminals and said they were responsible for "the ongoing tragedy in Afghanistan". TOLO TV edited the discussion, and removed the audio of the parts that contained the names of the people she gave.

On October 7, 2006, the Afghan Women's Mission (AWM) organized a fund raising event for RAWA in Los Angeles, California. Eve Ensler was the chief guest and radio host. Sonali Kolhatkar and Zoya, a member of RAWA, were among the speakers. "Zoya" is a pseudonym for an active member of RAWA's Foreign Committee who has traveled to many countries, including the United States, Spain and Germany. In 2003, she published her biography Zoya's Story - An Afghan Woman's Battle for Freedom. In June 2008, Zoya testified to the Human Rights Commission of the German Parliament (Bundestag) to persuade the German government to withdraw its troops from Afghanistan.

In 2009, RAWA and other women's rights groups strongly condemned a "Shia Family Code". They say it legalized rape in a marriage within Northern Afghan Shia Muslim communities. It also supports child marriage, and purdah (seclusion) for married women. President Hamid Karzai passed this law to get more support for his coalition government from hardliners in these communities. With this law he also got support from  Iran. This code also discriminates against women when they want to inherit, or get a divorce.

In February 2012, the group commemorated the 25th anniversary of the death of RAWA founder Meena Keshwar Kamal with a gathering of women in Kabul. In August 2012, a RAWA representative was a keynote speaker at the annual convention of Veterans For Peace at the University of Maryland in College Park.

Recognition
RAWA has so far won 16 awards and certificates from around the world for its work for human rights and democracy. They include the sixth Asian Human Rights Award - 2001, the French Republic's Liberty, Equality, Fraternity Human Rights Prize, 2000, Emma Humphreys Memorial Prize 2001, Glamour Women of the Year 2001, 2001 SAIS-Novartis International Journalism Award from Johns Hopkins University, Certificate of Special Congressional Recognition from the U.S. Congress, 2004, Honorary Doctorate from University of Antwerp (Belgium) for outstanding non-academic achievements, and other awards.

What others say about RAWA
In the book With All Our Strength: The Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan
by Anne Brodsky, a number of world-known writers and human rights activists share their views of RAWA. They include Arundhati Roy who says "Each of us needs a little RAWA"; Eve Ensler, author of The Vagina Monologues, who suggests that RAWA must stand as a model for every group working to end violence; Katha Pollitt, author of Subject to Debate: Sense and Dissents on Women, Politics, and Culture; Ahmed Rashid, author of Taliban and Jihad; and Asma Jahangir, Special Rapporteur of the United Nations and prominent women's rights activist of Pakistan are two Pakistanis who write about RAWA and express their support.

References

Other websites
 Official webite

Organizations based in Afghanistan


The first USS Mahaska was a wooden, double-ender, sidewheel steamer of the third rate in the United States Navy during the American Civil War. She was named for Ioway Chief Mahaska.

Mahaska was built at the Portsmouth Navy Yard, Kittery, Maine, for $130,001.68; launched 10 December 1861 and commissioned 5 May 1862, Lt. Norman H. Farquhar in command.

Mahaska sailed from Portsmouth 15 May 1862, reporting shortly thereafter for duty in the rivers flowing into Chesapeake Bay. On 20 June she engaged the Confederate batteries along the Appomattox River and on 1 November destroyed entrenchments at West Point, Virginia. Continuing her patrols into the next year, she captured the schooner General Taylor in Chesapeake Bay 20 February 1863. Moving south later in the year, she joined in the blockade of Charleston and participated in the attacks on the forts and batteries in that harbor: Fort Wagner, 8 and 18 August; Morris Island, 13 to 17, and 20 August; and Fort Sumter, 21 August 1863. The following year she took part in the joint expedition against Jacksonville, Florida, 5 February to 4 April, remaining on picket and patrol duty in the St. Johns River until 16 August when she returned to Charleston, South Carolina. She then steamed north to Boston, Massachusetts for overhaul.

Overhaul completed 16 January 1865, Mahaska returned to Florida waters, capturing the schooner Delia, near Bayport, 17 February. After the end of the Civil War, the steamer continued to cruise in southern waters until decommissioned at New Orleans, Louisiana on 12 September 1868. She was sold 20 November 1868 to John Dole of Boston.

References

Gunboats of the United States Navy
1861 ships

USS Mahaska (1861)


St. Mary's Episcopal Church is a historic Episcopalian parish in the city of Hillsboro, Ohio, United States.  Constructed during the middle of the 19th century, this Gothic Revival church building has been named a historic site.

St. Mary's considers its history to have begun in 1851, when occasional Episcopalian services were conducted in the Highland County Courthouse.  The first priest, Noah Schenck, came two years later, after Bishop McIlvaine directed him to spend half of his Sundays with St. Mary's and half with a parish in Troy.  In 1854, the parish began construction of its church building after hiring Cincinnati architect John R. Hamilton, and the Hillsboro contractors Henning and Shinn completed construction in the following year.  Thirty years later, the building was improved by the installation of a large pipe organ with 1,600 pipes.

Built on a foundation of limestone and covered with an asphalt roof, the church has substantial components of wood and glass.  A small tower sits atop the building's large gable front, much of which consists of a large stained glass window above the main entrance.  Its buttressed limestone walls set it apart from all other churches in the city, as no other limestone churches were built in Hillsboro in the nineteenth century.  Lit by six ogive-arch windows, the interior features oaken pews installed at the time of construction, a lofty vaulted ceiling, and wainscoting made of marble.

In 1988, St. Mary's Church and its rectory were together listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of their distinctive historic architecture.  The combined property is one of more than thirty current and former Episcopal churches on the Register in Ohio, and one of twenty-six Register-listed properties in Highland County.  The parish remains an active part of the Diocese of Southern Ohio.

References

Churches completed in 1854
Buildings and structures in Highland County, Ohio
National Register of Historic Places in Highland County, Ohio
Episcopal churches in Ohio
Gothic Revival church buildings in Ohio
Limestone churches in the United States
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
Stone churches in Ohio
19th-century Episcopal church buildings
Hillsboro, Ohio

Saint Mary's Episcopal Church (Hillsboro, Ohio)