A Description of New England (in full: A description of New England, or, Observations and discoveries in the north of America in the year of Our Lord 1614, with the success of six ships that went the next year, 1615) is a work written by John Smith. Published in 1616, it portrayed a fertile land of abundant resources and general plenitude to be found in the New World.

Unlike the reasons that the Pilgrims and the Puritans had for migrating to the New World, The Virginia Company, and other sponsored companies that traveled over, mainly came to the New World in order to make a life for themselves and start over in an economically fresh region. Smith's work described the situations and circumstances that were to be found in the New World, but it mainly promoted Smith in his abilities of being a travel guide and helpful resource in navigating the New World if the English wanted to migrate there. In the work, he printed many maps of the surrounding areas, and because he did so, the immigrants used those maps and found no need for Smith's help; Smith did not receive as much money from being a travel guide as he had originally planned on and hoped for. His work, however, did enable the new settlers to come over with some background knowledge about the general area and people inhabiting it.

The work goes into great detail about the wildlife, plants, "majestic land forms like the mountains", and other natural features, such as streams and the sea, both of which offered a seemingly endless amount of food. Smith appealed to the idea of the wilderness as a refuge, even if the riches were hard-earned, which was something that the religious refugees needed to hear at the time of their leaving their native countries.

The New World was a dangerous place when the settlers first arrived, with harsh weather, many Indian tribes, and wild animals; Smith resorts to reckless exaggeration to sell potential settlers on the region. Smith describes the purest waters, "proceeding from the entrails of rocky mountains" and claims that "in the harbors we frequented, a little boy might take of....such delicate fish, at the ship's stern, more than six or ten can eat in a day; but with a casting net [we took] thousands when we pleased..."

It was a place where the settlers believed they were free to start their lives over and turn their lives completely over to God and his will for them. Even if Smith didn't believe in God necessarily, he was careful to include the ideas of God and religion in the work, as it was something that the majority of the population valued in their lives. Smith further encouraged the settlers by telling them that there can be no better reward than "planting and building a foundation for his posterity, got from the rude earth by God's blessing in his own industry, without prejudice to any?" This is similar to the idea of Manifest Destiny that prompted the migration west in the 19th century.

Smith successfully goaded many English by saying that "it (living in Virginia) is not a work for everyone...it requires all the best parts of art, judgement, courage, honesty, constancy, diligence, and industry to do but near well."

References

External links

1616 books
17th-century history books
American history books
English colonization of the Americas
History of New England

A Description of New England


The Frank E. Moss United States Courthouse (originally known as the United States Post Office and Courthouse) is a historic United States federal courthouse and federal building in Salt Lake City, Utah.

The courthouse is located in Salt Lake's Exchange Place Historic District. It is the oldest building among eight buildings (all constructed between 1903 and 1917) that make up that district. The building reflect Utah's growing prosperity at the beginning of the twentieth century.

Until 2014, the courthouse housed most operations of the United States District Court for the District of Utah. The court eventually outgrew the courthouse, and a new, modern-style $186 million courthouse, the U.S. Courthouse for the District of Utah, was built adjacent to the Moss Courthouse. Most court operations moved to the new courthouse, which opened in 2014.  However, the United States bankruptcy court for Utah remains at the Moss Courthouse. Other federal agencies (which had been housed in leased space) were also relocated to the Moss Courthouse.

Building history
After Utah was admitted to the Union in 1896, planning began for a federal building in the capital city. The following year, Congress appropriated $500,000 for site acquisition and building construction. The selected site was purchased from two local bankers, the Walker brothers, for one silver dollar on November 21, 1899.

The Classical Revival style building was designed by the Office of the Supervising Architect of the United States Department of the Treasury headed by James Knox Taylor. Construction began in the summer of 1902. Flaws in the stonework delayed construction, but the United States Post Office and Courthouse was finished in late 1905. An addition, which echoed the style of the original building, was constructed on its west (rear) side between 1910 and 1912.

In the late 1920s another addition was planned under the direction of Louis A. Simon, Superintendent of the Architectural Section of the Treasury Department. The design was intended to duplicate the earlier facades, but an unforeseen problem arose. During construction of the building's final addition, extensive cracking and spalling were discovered in the soft Kyune sandstone that faced the 1905 and 1912 sections. As a consequence, the addition was constructed entirely in granite and nearly all the existing facades were refaced to match. Work was completed in 1932.

In 1990 the courthouse was renamed in honor of Frank Edward Moss, a Utah native who served as United States Senator from 1959 to 1977. The Exchange Place Historic District, including the Frank E. Moss U.S. Courthouse, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. This district is also listed as a historic landmark on the Salt Lake Register of Cultural Resources.

Architecture
Located on Main Street in Salt Lake City's Exchange Place Historic District, the courthouse helped introduce the Classical Revival style to Utah. The original building was constructed between 1902 and 1905 with a U-shaped plan. The two additions, completed in 1912 and 1932, closed the end of the U and added another U-shaped section. Together they form a plan with a figure-eight shape, enclosing a pair of light courts. When the last addition was constructed, the Classical Revival style was reinterpreted as a form of modern classicism that was prevalent for many public buildings of the 1930s.

The building rises five full stories above a basement and has a central two-story penthouse. The exterior walls of the 1905 and 1912 sections were originally clad in Kyune sandstone that experienced significant cracking and other damage over the years. These walls were refaced with Utah granite during the construction of the final addition. The only original sandstone wall surface remaining is on one of the eight internal light court elevations.

Because much of the original sandstone was replaced in 1932, the classically designed exterior displays elements of stylized modern classicism. Broad granite steps lead from the street to the courthouse's main entrance, along its east elevation. Flanking the steps are granite railings with streamlined detailing and eagles with outstretched wings. Atop the bronze entry doors are elaborate decorative grilles of bronze and aluminum.

A colonnade of fifteen fluted, engaged Doric columns spans the eastern facade, supporting a classical entablature and parapet with balustrade. Three-story high window openings are recessed behind the columns. In each bay, just below the third floor, is a decorative metal screen set on marble backing.

The north elevation is similar in style but not as wide with seven columns and ten window bays. Its three westernmost bays have wood spandrels and pediments in place of marble-backed metal screens. The south elevation, also ten bays wide, is simpler in design, having rectangular pilasters rather than the engaged columns of the north and east elevations.

The rear of the building, which faces west, presents the simplest elevation. It differs from the other three elevations, having neither columns nor pilasters, as it was intended to be the least visible when built. It is faced in yellow brick with a sandstone belt course. The north side of this elevation, which dates from the 1912 extension, has sandstone trim, while its south side, added in 1932, employs terra cotta for the window lintels and other elements. The internal light court elevations are also faced in yellow brick, except for the south elevation of the original building. It retains its intricately carved pilasters and capitals. This elevation originally faced the street.

Inside the courthouse, the floors of the main lobby and corridors are a combination of marble, tile, and terrazzo. Marble wainscoting appears throughout the 1905 portion of the courthouse. Three original courtrooms, located on the second floor, have retained much of their original appearance. They are two stories high, with oak wainscot and paneling, as well as ornamental plaster ceilings with decorative coffers.

Until 2014, the courthouse housed most operations of the United States District Court for the District of Utah. The court eventually outgrew the Moss Courthouse. A new, modern-style $186 million courthouse, the U.S. Courthouse for the District of Utah, was built adjacent to the old courthouse. Most court operations moved to the new courthouse, which opened in 2014.  However, the United States bankruptcy court for Utah remains at the Moss Courthouse. Other federal agencies (which had been housed in leased space) were also relocated to the Moss Courthouse. While the new courthouse was being built, the Moss Courthouse underwent a simultaneous renovation, including interior alterations as well as upgrades to all major building systems.

Significant events
1896: Utah becomes a state, and planning for a federal building in Salt Lake begins.
1899:The building site is purchased for one silver dollar.
1902-1905: The U.S. Post Office and Courthouse is constructed.
1910-1912: An addition is made to the west side of the building.
1932: A U-shaped addition to the south side gives the building its present plan; most of existing structure is refaced in granite.
1978: The building is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Exchange Place Historic District.
1990: The U.S. Courthouse is renamed in honor of Frank Moss, three-term U.S. Senator from Utah.

Building facts
Architect: James Knox Taylor, Supervising Architect of the Treasury Department
Louis A. Simon, Superintendent of the Architecture Section
Construction Dates: 1902-1905; additions 1910-1912, 1930–1932; renovation 2011-2014
Landmark Status: Listed in the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Exchange Place Historic District (the district is also a Salt Lake City Historic Landmark)
Location: 300-400 block of South Main Street
Architectural Style: Classical Revival; Modern Classicism
Primary Materials: Granite, sandstone, and terra cotta
Prominent Features: Fluted Doric colonnade; Decorative grilles on entrance doors

References

External links

Government buildings completed in 1905
Buildings and structures in Salt Lake City
Federal courthouses in the United States
Courthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Utah
Post office buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Utah
Courthouses in Utah
National Register of Historic Places in Salt Lake City
1905 establishments in Utah

Frank E. Moss United States Courthouse


Songs of Leonard Cohen is the debut album by Canadian folk singer-songwriter Leonard Cohen. It was released on December 27, 1967 on Columbia Records. The best known song from the album is "So Long, Marianne".

Songs of Leonard Cohen foreshadowed the kind of chart success Cohen would go on to achieve. It reached number 83 on the Billboard 200 and achieving gold status in the US only in 1989, but peaked at number 13 on the UK Albums Chart, and spent nearly a year and a half on it.

References

1967 albums
Leonard Cohen albums

Songs of Leonard Cohen


Flynn is an Australian film about the early life of Errol Flynn, focusing on his time in New Guinea starring Guy Pearce in the title role.

Plot
A young Errol Flynn leaves Sydney and has various adventures in New Guinea. He returns to Australia and starts acting in movies.

Original Cast
Guy Pearce as Errol Flynn
Paul Cantoni aa Klaus Reicher
Rebecca Rigg as Penelope Watts
John Frawley as Headmaster
Jan Friedl as Deidre Watt
Sue Jones as Elsa Chauvel
 Tommy Dysart as Macintosh
 Tiriel Mora as Sydney Station Porter

Final Cast
Guy Pearce as Errol Flynn
Steven Berkoff as Klaus Reicher
Claudia Karvan as Penelope Watts
John Savage as Joe Stromberg
Wendy Matthews as Nightclub Singer
William Gluth as Professor Flynn
Nicki Paull as Marelle Flynn
Tim Hughes as James Dickson
Adam May as First Director

Production

Development
Frank Howson claimed he spent five years writing the script. "It was the hardest script I've ever written," he said. "He [Errol Flynn] was such an enigmatic figure."

Howson gave the lead role to Guy Pearce, with whom he had previously made two films. Pearce felt he did not look anything like Errol Flynn but his hair was cut and he wore brown contact lenses. "He was a very mixed up-person," Pearce said of Flynn. "Most of the things he did were out of desperation, trying to find himself. He was more like a kid who never grew up."

Original shoot
The movie was originally directed by Brian Kavanagh in 1989 on a budget of $3.5 million. Shooting took place in Melbourne, Cairns and New Guinea and was completed in September, despite the Cairns shoot being delayed by the 1989 Australian pilots' dispute.

Re-shoot
At the 1990 Cannes Film Festival, marketing group J and M became interested in distributing the film but thought it needed some re-shooting and some "name" stars. They provided a further $1 million for this to happen.

The film was then largely re-shot with Frank Howson stepping in as director, and some different support actors cast. Guy Pearce returned as Errol Flynn, but Rebecca Rigg, Jeff Truman and Paul Steven were replaced by Claudia Karvan, Steven Berkoff and John Savage. This caused trouble with Australia's Actors Equity because two Australian actors were replaced with foreign ones. New scenes were shot in Melbourne and Fiji, which stood in for New Guinea.

The Fijian unit was based out of Lase Lase, about 50 km from Nadi. No Fijian women would agree to go topless, so South African actress Sandi Schultz was imported to play the role of the chief's daughter. The Fijian men were reluctant to take their underwear off to play New Guinea natives. It was estimated about 40% of the film was reshot.

Release
The movie was screened at the 1993 Cannes Film Festival under the title My Forgotten Man, by which time Howson said he had been working on it for 30 months. He blamed the stress of making it on the breakup of his marriage and business partnership. Howson:
It was like a game of Russian roulette. You actually wondered whether you would finish the film before you went broke. I now know what Coppola must have felt like on Apocalypse Now because in the end you just keep throwing money at this thing.
The film was set for release by Village Roadshow but Frank Howson became embroiled in a copyright dispute with his business partner; Roadshow withdrew the film from release seven days before it was scheduled to open. The movie was subsequently released on video and DVD several years later and sold widely around the world.

In 2002 Pearce described the film as the worst he had made.

Awards

|-
| 1993
| My Forgotten Man
| AACTA Award BASF Award for Best Original Music Score  Anthony Marinelli, Billy Childs
|
|}

References

Tulich, Katherine, "The Making and Re-Making of Flynn", Cinema Papers, May 1991

External links

Australian biographical films
1996 films
Films scored by Anthony Marinelli
1990s English-language films

Flynn (film)


The Four Corners Historic District is the intersection of Broad and Market Streets in Newark, New Jersey. It is the site of the city's earliest settlement and the heart of Downtown Newark that at one time was considered the busiest intersection in the United States. The area that radiates twenty-two square blocks from the crossroads is a state and federal historic district.

The crossing became the center of the town soon after establishment in 1666; the home of founder Robert Treat was located at the southwest corner. During the next centuries it remained the focal point of the city which grew around it. By 1834 the United New Jersey Railroad and Canal Company had established a terminal to the south and in 1869 the Newark and New York Railroad had one to the north. During the period of massive expansion at the start of the 20th century, the district became the city's modern business district, and site of its first skyscraper built by the Firemen's Insurance Company at the southeast corner in 1910. The Newark Public Service Terminal on Broad Street opened in 1916. Though faded in its former glory, the Four Corners district remains Newark's traditional center for commerce and business and since the late 2000s (decade) the focus of much interest in revitalizing retail, residential, and restaurant activity downtown.

Broad and Market
The names and the crossing of streets named Broad and Market is seen in many of the colonial cities in New Jersey, such as Paterson and Trenton and the United States, such as Philadelphia. In Newark, Broad Street, as the name suggests, is a wide avenue which runs north to Military Park and Broad Street Station, while to the south it passes Government Center and Symphony Hall. Market Street to the east passes Gateway Center
and Newark Penn Station, while to the west are the Essex County Veterans Courthouse and the university campuses located in the city. It has long been a busy crossroad. In 1915, Public Service counted over 280,000 pedestrian crossings in one thirteen-hour period. Eleven years later, on October 26, 1926, a State Motor Vehicle Department check at the Four Corners counted 2,644 trolleys, 4,098 buses, 2,657 taxis, 3,474 commercial vehicles, and 23,571 automobiles. Between 1925 and 1939 a staffed  traffic control tower stood at the intersection.

Historic district
The historic district is one of seven in Newark. The Four Corners Historic District is roughly bounded by Raymond Boulevard, Mulberry, Hill, and Washington streets and University Avenue. The district established in 1999–2000 encompasses an area of  and includes many buildings which themselves are listed on the national and state registers of historic places. The area is considered vital in the redevelopment of the city, located between city attractions, residential neighborhoods, educational and commercial institutions. In 2010, in order to promote the restoration of facades in the district the city has implemented stricter signage policy for any renovations.

The northwest quadrant of the district has been home to Prudential Headquarters since its founding. Three buildings built by the finance company, including the Gibraltar Building on Halsey Street, are found there, as is the original flagship store of the department store Bamberger's.

The city's two tallest buildings, the neoclassical National Newark and Art Deco Eleven 80, are found in the northeast quadrant near the abutting historic district of Military Park.

The southeast quadrant is home to the Kinney Building, Old First Presbyterian Church, the First National State Bank Building, the Newark and New York Railroad terminal, Newark City Hall at Government Center and historic Grace Church (Episcopal). The Prudential Center borders this section at Mulberry Street. A new hotel (Mariott Courtyard) and retail complex at Broad and Lafayette Streets is located there. Several buildings in the southeast quadrant have been renovated for residential spaces.

The southwest quadrant of the historic district is home to Teachers Village, a neighborhood in  which since 2010s has undergone revitalization through new construction and renovation. New construction and renovations in the neighborhood such as the mixed-use buildings, the William Flats, the approved 19-story Vibe and the planned 40-story Halo. as well as new restaurants, shops, bank, and a planned Eataly-style food marketplace. An IHOP restaurant with five floors of market rate apartments on top is under construction at the intersection of Broad and Hill streets.

Four Corners Millennium Project
In December 2012, the city council approved plans for further renovations in the district which would extend the neighborhood to Market Street that would rehabilitate former commercial buildings to residential and retail spaces. A similar proposal has been made for the former Newark Paramount Theatre movie palace. In January 2014, the Four Corners Millennium Project was awarded $52 million in New Jersey State Economic Development grants.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, New Jersey
 List of tallest buildings in Newark
 Government Center (Newark)

References

External links

Neighborhoods in Newark, New Jersey
Renaissance Revival architecture in New Jersey
Italianate architecture in New Jersey
Geography of Newark, New Jersey
Cass Gilbert buildings
National Register of Historic Places in Newark, New Jersey
Historic districts in Essex County, New Jersey
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
New Jersey Register of Historic Places
Streets in Essex County, New Jersey
Road junctions in the United States

Four Corners (Newark)


Francois de Lorraine (1506–1525) was the Lord of Lambesc, and a commander in the French army under Francis I of France. He was a son of René II, Duke of Lorraine and Philippa of Guelders. He commanded the Black Band of renegade Landsknechts at the Battle of Pavia, and in the bitter combat that ensued between the Black Band and Frundsberg's Imperial Landsknechts, Lorraine was killed.

References

Sources

1506 births
1525 deaths
Military leaders of the Italian Wars
French military personnel killed in action
16th-century French people

François de Lorraine


The Stanmore branch line was a railway line in Harrow, Middlesex (now Greater London), in the United Kingdom. Located to the north of London, it provided commuter rail services between Harrow and the village of Stanmore. Beginning at Harrow station (now called ), the line split off from the West Coast Main Line and followed a short  route to Stanmore.

The branch had two stations on the line,  and  (opened later). It was built and promoted by the Harrow and Stanmore Railway, a company owned by local hotel owner  Frederick Gordon, and operated by the London and North Western Railway company (LNWR).

The line was closed in 1964 during the Beeching axe and today the route only exists as a  rail trail footpath and cycle route. The empty platform for the branch line is still visible today at Harrow and Wealdstone station.

History

Construction
In 1882 the entrepreneur and hotelier Frederick Gordon purchased Bentley Priory, a large country house near the rural village of Stanmore. He planned to open it up as a country retreat for wealthy guests. Known as "The Napoleon of the Hotel World", Gordon was a successful international businessman, and had earned his millions through companies such as Ashanti Goldfields, Apollinaris and Johannis, Pears soap and Bovril. The location of Bentley Priory suffered from a lack of transport connections, and Gordon was not content to ferry his paying guests by horse-drawn stagecoach from London.

In order to make his resort more appealing to affluent clientele, he proposed the construction of a short railway line from nearby Harrow. Gordon struggled to raise the necessary capital to build the line, and funded most of its construction himself. He successfully negotiated a contract with the LNWR, the railway company that owned the mainline at Harrow, to operate the Stanmore line on his behalf.

Gordon's scheme met with some local opposition and he was forced to re-route the railway line further east to mitigate objections. The site for a terminus was selected in Old Church Lane in Stanmore. To allay the concerns of the local inhabitants — and to appeal to his well-heeled customers — Gordon commissioned an architect to design an elegant station building that resembled a Gothic-style English country church. After receiving parliamentary approval, Gordon began building work in July 1889.

The Stanmore branch line opened to great fanfare on 18 December 1890, turning Harrow into a junction station. The line terminated at Harrow in a bay platform on the north side of the station, adjacent to the London-bound platforms. From the outset, the line was staffed and operated by the LNWR, and after the first year the LNWR took over maintenance and repair of the line as well. Initially, train service patterns between Harrow and Stanmore were arranged to suit an upper-class leisure market; trains began running mid-morning and would end in the early evening, making the service unsuitable for ordinary workers.

Meanwhile, Gordon's business ambitions expanded; in Stanmore village he purchased land near the station and laid out a wide avenue — named Gordon Avenue — lined with new superior houses, in the hope of attracting wealthy Londoners to come to live in the country and commute into the city on his new railway. Despite the enormity of his efforts, Gordon's Stanmore ventures were not particularly successful. Neither the Bentley Priory Hotel nor the railway were commercially successful, and in 1899 he wound up the Harrow and Stanmore Railway and sold it outright to the LNWR for £35,000.

Competition
In the early years of the 20th century as the population of London grew, Stanmore was affected by increasing urbanisation and the small rural village was rapidly becoming a suburb of London. The London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS, the successor to the LNWR) was faced with competition from rival railway companies and from the growing number of motor bus services. In an attempt to attract more passengers, the company opened a new intermediate station at Belmont in September 1932, and it also introduced diesel railcars onto the route and began to run Sunday services. The increase in services and the opening of Belmont heralded a change in character of the branch line; while Gordon's original plan was to appeal to a leisure market, the branch line had now become a transport service for people with jobs. The new station attracted more working-class people to the line, and this was evidenced at Harrow & Wealdstone station with the introduction of gender and class-segregated waiting rooms for ladies, gentlemen and general passengers.

In December 1932 the Metropolitan Railway (MR) opened a new electrified, double-track line from  to  (now part of the Jubilee line). This provided Stanmore commuters with a more rapid and easier journey into central London without the need to change trains at Harrow. The LMS's slow, single-track Stanmore–Harrow branch line could not offer through services to London, as the junction with the main line at Harrow faced north, away from London and on the opposite side of the main line to the suburban Watford new line.

Decline and closure
Despite coal shortages during World War II, the Stanmore branch line continued to operate throughout the war. After 1948, the Stanmore–Harrow line became part of British Railways (BR). To avoid confusion with the Bakerloo line station of the same name (now part of the Jubilee line), the Stanmore BR station was renamed Stanmore Village in 1950.

In 1952 passenger services to Stanmore were withdrawn and passenger trains terminated at Belmont, although the line was kept open for goods trains. In 1963 the branch line was earmarked for closure in Richard Beeching's report, The Reshaping of British Railways. Despite still attracting substantial passenger numbers on rush hour services, the Stanmore branch line was closed as part of the Beeching cuts; the goods line from Belmont to Stanmore was shut on 6 July 1964, and the last passenger train ran from Belmont to Harrow on 5 October 1964.

The railway tracks were taken up in 1966 and the remaining trackbed was purchased by Harrow Council. Sections of the former line were sold off and built upon, but most of the line was left to grow wild. Despite its architectural merit, Stanmore Village station was allowed to fall into ruin. Attempts were made to preserve the building, but it suffered from neglect and vandalism. In 1969 it was redeveloped by a property developer, who removed most of the Gothic architectural features and converted it into a residential property, which still stands today on Gordon Avenue.

The route today
Remnants of the Stanmore branch line can still be seen today. At Harrow and Wealdstone station, the platform that was once served by Stanmore trains still exists but a railing now runs along the edge of platform 7. The adjacent track has been lifted and the old trackbed is covered in grass. A small paved path has been created to allow passengers to cross from platform 6 to the ticket hall without having to mount the footbridge.

After a local campaign in Stanmore, a scheme was launched in partnership with the London Wildlife Trust to re-open part of the old Stanmore branch line as a rail trail. Known as the Belmont Trail, the route is a pedestrian and cycle route along the old trackbed.

See also

 The Watford and Rickmansworth Railway,  from Harrow & Wealdstone (closed 1996)
 Nickey line, a closed line that ran from , about  further up the line from Harrow and Wealdstone
 List of rail trails
 List of closed railway stations in London
 List of closed railway stations in Britain
 Metro-land

References

External links

The Belmont Trail - video of the route filmed from a bicycle head cam
Carto.Metro map of the Stanmore branch line

Closed railway lines in South East England
Rail trails in England
Railway lines opened in 1890
Closed railway lines in London
Former buildings and structures in the London Borough of Harrow
London and North Western Railway
Transport in the London Borough of Harrow
Beeching closures in England
Railway lines closed in 1964

Stanmore branch line


The Sawyer House, also known as the Sawyer Homestead and in its previous incarnation as the Navarre House, is a city-owned house located at 320 East Front Street in Monroe, Michigan.  It was listed as a Michigan Historic Site on June 19, 1975.  The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 23, 1977, and is also part of the larger Old Village Historic District.

The property was settled in as early as 1785 along the banks of the River Raisin, and it was the first piece of land settled by European explorers.  There have been two different houses on the property since 1785.  The first house on the property was built by early-French explorer Francois Navarre, who was the first European to settle the area that would later become Monroe.  The property was given to Navarre from the native Potawatomi tribe and served as the center of the new settlement.  The Navarre House was famously used as the military headquarters for James Winchester, who commanded his troops during the ill-fated Battle of Frenchtown during the War of 1812.  The house had several different owners, but its namesake comes from Dr. Alfred Sawyer, who was a famous early proponents of homeopathy.  Dr. Sawyer lived on the property from 1859 to 1870.  When the Navarre House was demolished in 1873 to make way for the current house, it was the oldest structure in the county.

The Sawyer House, built in Italianate architecture, replaced the Navarre House on the property in 1873.  Timbers from the original Navarre House were used to create the stair banister in the Sawyer House. While Dr. Sawyer did not live in the house after 1870, the property remained in his family's ownership.  His daughter, Jenny Toll Sawyer, gave the house to the city of Monroe in 1938.  The house was used by a variety of organizations, such as the Monroe County Historical Museum, Red Cross, the Camp Fire Girls, and the Boy Scouts. The house stood empty before a group of citizens pooled their private funds and restored the building, and creating an organization whose main reason for existence was the maintenance of the historic structure. Today, the house remains owned by the City of Monroe and is available for public use through the custodial group, called The Sawyer Homestead, a 501(c)3 group who collects rent to fund the house's upkeep.

Gallery

References

Monroe, Michigan
Italianate architecture in Michigan
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
Michigan in the War of 1812
Michigan State Historic Sites in Monroe County
Houses completed in 1873
Houses in Monroe County, Michigan
National Register of Historic Places in Monroe County, Michigan
Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Michigan

Sawyer House (Monroe, Michigan)


Henry (Solomon) Lipson CBE FRS (11 March 1910 – 26 April 1991) was a British physicist.  He was Professor of Physics, Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, 1954–77, then professor emeritus.

Background
Lipson was born in Liverpool, England, into a family of Polish Jewish immigrants. His father was a steelworker at the Shotton works in Flintshire. His mother was very insistent about the importance of education and ensured that he attended Hawarden Grammar School where he won a scholarship and exhibition to study physics at Liverpool University. He graduated with First Class Honours in 1930 and stayed on to do research at Liverpool into crystal structures using x-ray diffraction.

Career

University of Liverpool
His research into crystal structures using x-ray diffraction became his primary research interest, and in this research he teamed up with Arnold Beevers and sought advice from Professor Lawrence Bragg (who had established a major crystallographic centre in Manchester). Whilst at Liverpool, and without significant funding Beevers and Lipson made most of their own equipment and invented an aid to calculation, Beevers-Lipson Strips, which were widely used in the days before computers and which made their names well known within the field.

University of Cambridge
In 1936, Bragg invited Lipson to move to Manchester, and he later followed Bragg in moves to Teddington and then, when Bragg became Cavendish Professor in 1937, to Cambridge. In Teddington in 1937 he married Jenny Rosenthal (23 January 1910 – 2009)

In practical terms, Lipson was in charge of the crystallography group in Cambridge, and took on a key role in nurturing young scientists. Whilst at the Cavendish he became convinced by contact with P. P. Ewald of the importance of the Fourier transform in X-ray crystallography.

Manchester Institute of Science and Technology
He was awarded a Liverpool DSc in 1939 and a Cambridge MA in 1942, but he never really integrated into University of Cambridge life and he moved to the Manchester College of Technology (later University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology) in 1945 as head of the physics department.

The position carried no title or status, but under his direction it quickly became a world centre for crystallographic research pioneering optical approaches to x-ray diffraction based on the Fourier transform. In 1954 he was made a professor and in 1957 he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society. He officially retired in 1977 but remained active in the department.

Lipson had a strong belief in the social responsibility of scientists, was an active member of Scientists against Nuclear Arms and was twice president of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. He was appointed a CBE in 1976.

Family
He had three children Ann (b. 1938), Stephen (b. 1941) and Judith (b. 1943). The death of his youngest daughter from leukaemia in 1990 devastated Henry. In 1991 the Lipsons were on a family visit to Haifa, Israel, where their son was Professor of Physics at the Technion. He suffered a heart attack and died on 26 April of that year.

Evolution
Lipson was a proponent of evolutionary creation. He authored a paper A Physicist Looks at Evolution which was widely quote-mined by creationists. Lipson was a critic of Darwinism but did not deny that species have evolved. The New Scientist quoted him as saying "I do not accept the Genesis account of creation as anything more than pleasing fantasy. My idea of creation is much subtler, but since it is not scientific (in the sense that it cannot be tested) I shall not expound it here."

Selected publications

References

1910 births
1991 deaths
Alumni of the University of Liverpool
Academics of the University of Liverpool
Academics of the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology
British crystallographers
British physicists
British Jews
Jewish scientists
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of the Royal Society
Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society
Jewish British scientists

Henry Lipson


Alexandra Denisova (; September 22, 1922 - July 5, 2018), real name Patricia Denise Meyers Galian, was a Canadian ballerina. Born in Canada, she started taking classical ballet lessons in childhood.

After the October Revolution, many artistic and cultural professionals, including ballet dancers and choreographers, emigrated from Russia, bringing with them the typical Russian forms of ballet, which was developing mostly independently from the Western trends since the 19th century and followed classic forms long abandoned in the West. As the Russian ballet enjoyed great popularity in the West, these emigrants were always in great demand. It is due to this popularity that the European dancers started to adopt Russian pseudonyms. Young Patricia Galian also followed this trend and started to perform as Alexandra Denisova.

Before the beginning of World War II, she worked in troupe of Original Ballet Russe — OBR (other name is Ballets Russes de Monte-Carlo). The troupe went on tour in the different countries, first of all making tour across Europe. All were broken by the Second World War: tours across Europe have been cancelled. The route has changed in a direction to the South America.
 Soon troupe Original Ballet Russe gave representations in Havana. One of founders of troupe Vasily Voskresensky, the former officer of the Russian imperial army, having brought troupe to Cuba, to Havana, has decided to meet the old colleague-officer who has settled there — Nikolay Yavorsky.

Nikolay Yavorsky wasn't the professional dancer too, but once in young years he has been given to training to ballet. In emigration this knowledge was useful. He began to give lessons of ballet skill. Among his pupils there were brothers Fernando Alonso (1914) and Alberto Alonso (1917—2007) and a girl Alicia Ernestina de la Caridad del Cobre Martínez Hoya. Fernando Alonso and Alicia married; Alicia became Alicia Alonso. Alberto Alonso began his dance career aged 17 in 1936 with Original Ballet Russe where he became the partner, and then the husband of  ballerina Alexandra Denisova. Alberto Alonso and Alexandra Denisova married in May 1939 in Melbourne.

Tours in Australia were tightened, in 1940 during this tours David Lichine created the ballet Graduation Ball (Alexandra Denisova as one of girl). To return to Europe at war it was impossible. It was reflected in the troupe finance. Some dancers have left troupe to America which was far from war. As a result, Alexandra Denisova accepted all roles of a star of troupe Irina Baronova, and has coped with them so successfully that critic Arnold Haskell marked in the publication in the newspaper The Home on April 1, 1940:

Young Denisova during the season danced many of her (Baronova) roles. For any ballerina to undertake this means shouldering an initial handicap, but the Canadian girl proved her mettle and earned high praise. (Arnold Haskell, The Home, April 1, 1940).

Alberto Alonso has been occupied in many parties too. But the family began to fall. Denisova and Alberto  separated in 1944, while on vacation in the United States, and she was never to return to Cuba. She began to live in the US, Los Angeles.

She acted at different theaters in ballets of Michel Fokine (Paganini), David Lichine (Rhapsody, 1946), George Balanchine (Song of Norway, 1946) etc.

Denisova's career continued in Hollywood, with small roles dancing when she has removed her Russian pseudonym: films On an Island with You — 1948 (in several scenes she replaced ill Cyd Charisse), Two Tickets to Broadway — 1951, Singin' in the Rain — 1952, Knock on Wood — 1954, Three for the Show — 1955, Meet Me in Las Vegas — 1956, Marjorie Morningstar — 1958 etc.

In the 1950s she had a position of  Assistant to the Dance Director in the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studios.

Fragments with his participation (with the real name Patricia Denise Galian) have entered into a film Ballets Russes ([San Francisco, CA] : Geller/Goldfine Productions ; New York, NY : Zeitgeist Films, ©2006).

References

Notes

Sources
Ю. А. Бахрушин (Yu. A. Bakhrushin). "История русского балета" (History of the Russian Ballet. М., Сов. Россия, 1965, 249 с.

External links
Alexandra Denisova (Patricia Denise). Marjorie Morningstar - Marjorie meets Noel Airman. Youtube.com.

Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo dancers
Canadian ballerinas
Canadian female dancers
1922 births
2018 deaths

Alexandra Denisova


Robert Hunter Weddell (26 December 1882 – 23 November 1951) was an Australian soldier and government administrator, who served as Government Resident of North Australia and Administrator of the Northern Territory.

Life and career
Weddell was born in Geelong, Victoria in 1882.

During World War I, Weddell served as a major in the 7th Battalion  of the Australian Imperial Force. His period of service included being an officer at the Battle of Gallipoli in 1915, where he was the only officer from the front two companies who survived. He married Flora (née McDonald) in April 1916, while he was serving in the Armed Forces. He left the army in 1917.

In 1926, Weddell was appointed Government Resident of North Australia. In 1936, he moved to the role of Administrator of the Northern Territory. He retired from this post in 1937, as a result of difficulties arising from angina.

Weddell was called to military service in 1939, serving with the Australian Army Intelligence Corps in Melbourne. He retired from the army as a colonel in 1943.

Weddell died on 23 November 1951 at Malvern, Victoria. His wife outlived him, dying in October 1976.

See also
Weddell, Northern Territory

References

Administrators of the Northern Territory
Australian soldiers
1882 births
1951 deaths
Australian military personnel of World War I
Australian Army personnel of World War II
People from Geelong
Military personnel from Victoria (state)

Robert Weddell


The American Rainwater Catchment Systems Association (commonly referred to as ARCSA) is an American non-profit association founded by Dr. Hari Krishna in 1994, focused on rainwater awareness and to promote sustainable rainwater harvesting (RWH) practices in the United States and around the world.

ARCSA's efforts include: creating a favorable regulatory atmosphere, creating a resource pool and educating professionals and the general public regarding safe rainwater harvesting design, installation and maintenance practices. It has more than 1,500 members consisting of both manufacturers as well as dealers/distributors of equipment.

In 2014, ARCSA created a White House petition to stimulate the rainwater-harvesting industry. While the petition didn't receive the 100,000 votes in 3 months needed to move to the next stage, ARCSA used this as a platform to begin a petition with Change.org to create an International Rainwater Harvesting Day.

In 2015, ARCSA merged with the Canadian Association of Rainwater Management (CANARM) and will continue as a North American association.

References

External links
Arcsa.org

Non-profit organizations based in Arizona
Water conservation in the United States
Rainwater harvesting
Water organizations in the United States


Pseudomatrix, as defined by Bill Dickinson in 1970, is the term for lithic fragments that have been deformed to become (part of or exclusively) a traditional sandstone matrix.  This is formed when a lithic-rich sandstone is compacted.  The compaction is usually more effective on the (typically) weaker lithic fragments in comparison to the stronger, coarser-grained framework grains.

References

Sedimentary structures
Sandstone

Pseudomatrix


Gunther's Amoy frog, Guenther's Amoy frog, Günther's frog, Guenther's frog, Günther's red-and-black frog or Gunther's brown frog (Sylvirana guentheri) is a frog from Vietnam, China and Taiwan.  People have brought this frog to Guam. It can live as high as 1100 meters above sea level.

Appearance

The adult male frog is 63 to 68 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 75 to 76 mm long.  The hind legs are about one and a half times as long as the body.  It has vomerine teeth and a large tongue.  It has a fold of skin on each side of its body, running from the eye down to the hip.  This frog has a brown or yellow-brown back and a white belly.

Life cyle

The female frog lays eggs in rice fields and streams where the water does not move quickly.  The tadpoles are silver-white in color.  They have stripes running from their noses to their eyes and a dark spot behind each eye.

Chemicals

This frog makes chemicals on its skin.  It makes (Val1)-bradykinin to stop larger animals from eating it.  It also has antibiotics on its skin: guentherin, brevinin-2GHa, brevinin-2GHb, brevinin-2GHc, and temporin-GH.

Danger to humans

The parasite Angiostrongylus cantonensis, or rat lungworm, can live in this frog.  This parasite gives humans the disease angiostrongyliasis and makes the membranes around the brain swell, which is very dangerous.

References

Frogs of Asia

Sylvirana guentheri


British actress Emily Blunt began her career as a teenager at the West End theatre, appearing alongside Judi Dench in a production of The Royal Family in 2001. Her first screen appearance was in the television film Boudica (2003), and she made her film debut with the lead role of a teenager exploring her homosexuality in Paweł Pawlikowski's drama My Summer of Love (2004). For playing the title role of an emotionally troubled young woman in the BBC television film Gideon's Daughter (2006), Blunt won the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film. In the same year, she gained wider recognition for playing a fashion editor's assistant in the American comedy The Devil Wears Prada, earning a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role.

Following this breakthrough, Blunt played lead roles in several films, including the period drama The Young Victoria (2009), the science fiction romance The Adjustment Bureau (2011), and the romance Salmon Fishing in the Yemen (2011). In 2014, she starred as a hardened sergeant in the action film Edge of Tomorrow and as the Baker's Wife in the musical fantasy Into the Woods. She gained praise for playing a principled FBI agent in the crime film Sicario (2015) and an alcoholic in the thriller The Girl on the Train (2016); the latter earned her a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role. In 2018, she starred in the critically acclaimed horror film A Quiet Place, directed by her husband John Krasinski, and in the musical fantasy Mary Poppins Returns, in which she played the title character. The former earned her the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Supporting Actress. She has since starred in the sequel A Quiet Place Part II, the adventure film Jungle Cruise (both 2021), and the western television miniseries The English (2022). In 2023, she portrayed the supporting part of Katherine Oppenheimer in Christopher Nolan's biographical film Oppenheimer, which ranks as her highest-grossing release.

Alongside her screen work, Blunt has provided her voice to several animated films, including Gnomeo & Juliet (2011) and its sequel Sherlock Gnomes (2018). She has also narrated the audiobook Sum: Forty Tales from the Afterlives in 2010, and recorded songs for the soundtrack of her films Into the Woods, My Little Pony: The Movie, and Mary Poppins Returns.

Film

Television

Stage

Radio

Audiobook

Web series

Discography

See also
List of awards and nominations received by Emily Blunt

Notes

References

External links

Actress filmographies
British filmographies

List of Emily Blunt performances


Deepak Shukla (born in India) is an American molecular virologist with expertise in herpesviruses. He contributed to the discovery of HSV-1 entry receptors and establishing a link between the receptors and HSV-1 induced ocular diseases such as keratitis and retinitis. He has authored over 100 published papers and several book chapters on herpes viruses.

Early life and education
Shukla was born in Sir Sunderlal Hospital of Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi.  He studied at Kendriya Vidyalaya BHU and obtained his bachelor's degree in chemistry from BHU. He also obtained a master's degree in biochemistry before joining the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) for a PhD degree in microbiology and immunology. In 1996 he was awarded his PhD. He received his postdoctoral training with Patricia Spear at Northwestern University in Chicago.

Family
He is the youngest son of Kala Rani Shukla and Ram Chandra Shukla. He has six siblings: Rekha, Pradeep, Dileep, Prakash, Rachana, and Anand, who all live in India. Deepak Shukla became a naturalized citizen of the US in 2007.

Work and awards
In 2001 Shukla joined UIC as an assistant professor of virology. He is jointly employed by the UIC Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Currently, he serves as the Marion H. Schenk Esq. Professor in Ophthalmology. He is also a professor of virology and the director of the Ocular Virology Laboratory of UIC.

Shukla has been directly associated with the discoveries of HSV-1 entry receptors, 3-O. Besides 3-O sulfated heparan sulfate, he also cloned and characterized the receptors (HVEM, nectin-1 and 3-O sulfated heparan sulfate) for experimental HSV-1 infection in mice. His more recent works include identification of a phagocytosis-like pathway for HSV-1 entry into ocular cells, significance of heparan sulfate in ocular infection, significance of autophagy in herpes infection, and development of a nanoparticle based herpes vaccine. He also discovered viral surfing in herpesviruses. His laboratory was first to implicate heparanase in HSV-1 release and syndecans in HSV-1 entry and cell-to-cell fusion. He has also used his knowledge of HSV-1 entry mechanism to identify new pharmaceutical agents to protect and treat HSV-1 infection in laboratory animals. His work has also focused on genital herpes and ways to control the spread of the disease.

His work has been recognized with merit awards and research grants from various organizations, including from the American Herpes Foundation (2001) for herpesvirus research and his discovery of a receptor for HSV-1 entry; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (2002–present); the Illinois Society to Prevent Blindness (2004); The Glaucoma Foundation (2007 and 2010); and the National Eye Institute (2013–present). Shukla received the Lew Wasserman Merit Award from Research to Prevent Blindness in 2009.

Selected works
 "A novel role for 3-O-sulfated heparan Sulfate in herpes simplex virus 1 entry" (1999)
 "A novel role for phagocytosis-like uptake in herpes simplex virus entry" (2006)
 "Viral entry mechanisms: simplicity drives complexity" (2009)
 "Herpesviruses and heparan sulfate: an intimate relationship in aid of viral entry" (2001)
"Striking similarity of murine nectin-1alpha to human nectin-1alpha (HveC) in sequence and activity as a glycoprotein D receptor for alphaherpesvirus entry." (2000)
"A novel role for phagocytosis-like uptake in herpes simplex virus entry" (2000)
"Anti-heparan sulfate peptides that block herpes simplex virus infection in vivo." (2011)
"A novel function of heparan sulfate in the regulation of cell-cell fusion." (2009)
"Heparanase is a host enzyme required for herpes simplex virus-1 release from cells." (2015)
"Prophylactic, therapeutic and neutralizing effects of zinc oxide tetrapod structures against herpes simplex virus type-2 infection." (2012)
"Extended Release of an Anti-Heparan Sulfate Peptide From a Contact Lens Suppresses Corneal Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Infection." (2016)
"Autophagy stimulation abrogates herpes simplex virus-1 infection." (2015)
"Cultured corneas show dendritic spread and restrict herpes simplex virus infection that is not observed with cultured corneal cells." (2017)
"Intravaginal Zinc Oxide Tetrapod Nanoparticles as Novel Immunoprotective Agents against Genital Herpes." (2016)

References

 College of Medicine at Chicago: Deepak Shukla
 Department of Microbiology & Immunology: Deepak Shukla
 "Nanoparticles hold promise as double-edged sword against genital herpes"(2016)
"Researchgate Profile"
"Top five most productive lab since 2010"

Living people
American virologists
Kendriya Vidyalaya alumni
Banaras Hindu University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Fellows of the American Academy of Microbiology

Deepak Shukla


Louis Byron Oubre, III (born May 15, 1958) is an American former professional football player who was a guard in the National Football League (NFL) for five seasons during the 1980s.  He played college football for the Oklahoma Sooners and earned All-American honors.  He played professionally for the NFL's New Orleans Saints, and later the Miami Dolphins.

He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, where he played at St. Augustine High School. He was a member of the Purple Knights' 1975 Class AAAA state championship team.

Louis B. Oubre, III attended the University of Oklahoma, coached by College Football Hall of Fame Coach Barry Switzer where he played for the Sooners from 1977 to 1980.  As a senior in 1980, he was recognized as a consensus first-team All-American.

The New Orleans Saints chose Oubre in the fifth round (112th pick overall) of the 1981 NFL Draft, and he played for the Saints where he was coached by the late Bum Phillips from  to . He was a member of the Philadelphia Eagles where he was coached by the late Buddy Ryan and was a member of the practice squad in . He later played for the Miami Dolphins where he was coached by the late NFL Hall of Fame Coach Don Shula during his final NFL season in .

He later served as the offensive line coach on Cedar Hill High School Football team from 2009-2017 winning two state championships in 2015 and 2016. He retired from coaching in 2018. He is also featured in the book What It Means to Be a Sooner by Jeff Snook.

External links
Oklahoma Sooners bio

1958 births
Living people
Players of American football from New Orleans
St. Augustine High School (New Orleans) alumni
All-American college football players
American football offensive guards
Miami Dolphins players
Philadelphia Eagles players
Oklahoma Sooners football players
National Football League replacement players
New Orleans Saints players

Louis Oubre


Castilleja aquariensis is a species of flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae known by the common name Aquarius Plateau Indian paintbrush. It is endemic to Utah in the United States, where it occurs on the Aquarius Plateau, including Boulder Mountain. All occurrences are within the bounds of Dixie National Forest.

This perennial herb grows 15 to 30 centimeters tall and blooms in inflorescences with small flowers and large light yellow bracts. It is probably "somewhat parasitic."

This plant grows in sagebrush-grass meadows in subalpine climates and openings in stands of spruce. The soils are rocky.

There are approximately 75,000 individuals in a peak year. Its range is about 270 square miles. The species was once on the United States Fish and Wildlife Service's list of candidates for federal protection. It was removed in 2006. The main threat is grazing, as its habitat has been impacted by the presence of livestock, especially sheep. The Aquarius Plateau in general has been overgrazed. Gophers cause localized damage to populations by burying plants. Plants are also infested with grasshoppers and crickets; these insects cause greater impacts during drought years.

References

External links

aquariensis
Flora of Utah
Flora of the Colorado Plateau and Canyonlands region
Endemic flora of the United States
Endangered flora of the United States
Plants described in 1973

Castilleja aquariensis


In telecommunications and tradecraft, cover is the technique of concealing or altering the characteristics of communications patterns for the purpose of denying an unauthorized receiver information that would be of value.

The purpose of cover is not to make the communication secure, but to make it look like noise, rendering it uninteresting and not worth analysis.  Even if an attacker recognizes the communication as interesting, cover makes traffic analysis more difficult since he must crack the cover before he can find out to whom it is addressed.

Usually, the covered communication is also encrypted.  In this way, enemies have no idea you sent a message; friends know you sent a message, but don't know what you said; the intended recipient knows what you said.

Technically, cover sometimes refers to the specific process of modulo two addition of a pseudorandom bit stream generated by a cryptographic device with bits from the control message.

Source: from Federal Standard 1037C and from MIL-STD-188

Cryptography

es:cobertura

Cover (telecommunications)


Brüno is a 2009 mockumentary comedy film directed by Larry Charles and starring Sacha Baron Cohen, who produced, co-wrote, and played the gay Austrian fashion journalist Brüno. It is the third film based on one of Cohen's characters from Da Ali G Show, following Ali G Indahouse and Borat. The film was released on July 10, 2009 to mostly positive reviews from critics.

Title
An alternative title for the film is Brüno: Delicious Journeys Through America for the Purpose of Making Heterosexual Males Visibly Uncomfortable in the Presence of a Gay Foreigner in a Mesh T-Shirt. It was initially a mock title proposed by Hollywood news and gossip blog Defamer and mistakenly reported as genuine by a number of sources of film information, including MovieTome, where it was still being used in the search results as late as 2011, The Irish Times, The Boston Globe, and (although no longer) the Internet Movie Database.

Plot

Gay Austrian fashion reporter Brüno Gehard is fired from his own television show, Funkyzeit mit Brüno after disrupting a Milan Fashion Week catwalk, and his lover Diesel leaves him for another man. Accompanied by his assistant's assistant, Lutz Schulz, he travels to the United States to become a famous Hollywood celebrity.

Brüno unsuccessfully attempts an acting career as an extra on Medium. He then interviews Paula Abdul, until he scares her off when he serves her sushi on the body of a totally naked Mexican man, even though she had no problem in sitting on a fully-clothed Mexican man beforehand. He then produces a celebrity interview pilot, showing him dancing erotically, criticizing Jamie Lynn Spears' fetus with reality TV star Brittny Gastineau, unsuccessfully attempting to interview actor Harrison Ford, and closing with a close-up of his penis being swung around by pelvic gyrations. A focus group reviewing the pilot hate it. Brüno then attempts and fails to make a sex tape by seducing politician Ron Paul, claiming to have mistaken him for drag queen RuPaul.

Brüno consults a spiritualist to contact the deceased Rob Pilatus of Milli Vanilli (a former lover) for advice, miming various sex acts on the "invisible" Pilatus. He consults charity consultants to select a world problem to maximize his fame, choosing the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. He flies to Jerusalem to interview former Mossad agent Yossi Alpher and Palestinian politician Ghassan Khatib and confuses hummus and Hamas. He sings his own "Dove of Peace" while cajoling the two to caress each other's hands. He also meets with Ayman Abu Aita, a militant group leader of Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades in a Palestinian refugee camp in Lebanon, where he hopes to be kidnapped. Brüno insults him and he is ordered to leave.

Brüno interviews parents of child models, asking if their toddlers would undergo liposuction and perform dangerous stunts. On a talk show hosted by Richard Bey, he shows the African American audience a baby he named O.J., whom he acquired in Africa by trading him for a U2 Product Red iPod. He shows photographs of the boy in dangerous and provocative situations and the audience is appalled. Social services take O.J. from Brüno, driving him to depression. He goes to a diner to gorge on high-carb junk food. Lutz carries him back to a hotel room. After a night of sex, they awake to find themselves trapped in a bondage mechanism, unable to find the key. They call a hotel engineer for help and are asked to leave. After accosting a group of anti-gay protesters from the Westboro Baptist Church while still in bondage gear and boarding a bus, Brüno and Lutz remove their equipment in Huntsville, Alabama. After being arrested, Lutz says he loves Brüno, but Brüno does not reciprocate, stating he was influenced by "carb goggles". Lutz leaves Brüno.

After realizing the biggest names in Hollywood are heterosexual, Brüno consults two gay converters to help him become heterosexual. He attempts other "masculine" activities, such as learning karate, joining the National Guard, going hunting, and attending a swingers' party (during which he is whipped by a dominatrix).

Eight months later, Brüno, under the alias "Straight Dave", hosts a cage-fight match in Arkansas, "Straight Dave's Man Slammin' Maxout". Lutz appears at the event and insults Brüno, leading to them fighting in the cage. During the confrontation, they begin to kiss and strip in front of shocked spectators who throw objects into the cage. The moment gets international press, and the now-famous Brüno attempts to marry Lutz, getting O.J. back in exchange for a MacBook Pro. At Abbey Road Studios Brüno records a charity song, "Dove of Peace", featuring Bono, Elton John, Chris Martin, Snoop Dogg, Sting, and Slash.

Cast

 Sacha Baron Cohen as Brüno Gehard
 Gustaf Hammarsten as Lutz "Garry" Schulz
 Clifford Bañagale as Diesel Ramirez
 Chibundu & Chigozie Orukwowu as O.J. Gehard
 Josh Meyers as Kookus Mansfield
 Gary Williams as the spiritualist
 Michelle McLaren as the dominatrix
 Vic Henley as the ring announcer
Cameos as themselves

 Paula Abdul
 Ayman Abu Aita
 Yossi Alpher
 Richard Bey
 Bono
 Harrison Ford
 Brittny Gastineau
 Elton John
 Ghassan Khatib
 Chris Martin
 Paul McCartney
 Ron Paul
 Miguel Sandoval
 Avraham Sela
 Slash
 Snoop Dogg
 Sting

Production
Baron Cohen was cognizant of his increased fame following the success of Borat, which led him to retire the character for a number of years, and realized it would be much harder to conduct his interviews as Brüno without being recognized. As a solution, Baron Cohen wore a wig that lowered the size of his forehead (easily recognizable on the Borat character), which to his amazement succeeded in hiding his identity for most of his interviews. Nevertheless, the flimsy nature of the disguise made Baron Cohen fearful that he would be recognized, to the point that he chose to live inside his trailer for almost the entirety of the six-month shoot.

During Baron Cohen's Middle East interview of Alpher and Khatib, he repeatedly conflated Hamas and hummus and feigned belief that the conflict was between Jews and Hindus. The two interviewees (who had received a fee to appear on camera), convinced by the elaborate production, were confused by the questions but generally went along, even when asked by Baron Cohen to hold hands.

On June 6, 2008, a riot ensued at a stunt orchestrated by Baron Cohen and the producers of the film as they staged a "Blue Collar Brawlin'" in Fort Smith, Arkansas. Patrons were lured to an event billed as cage fighting, held at a convention center, by print and Craigslist advertisements, promoting "hot girls", $1 beer, and $5 admission. Approximately 1,500 people attended the event and were greeted by signs that informed them that they were being filmed. No mobile phones, video, or cameras were allowed inside. The acts taking place became homosexual in nature, with Brüno inviting a man up to fight him, who turned out to be Lutz. Celine Dion's "My Heart Will Go On" started to play as both men began kissing and stripping. The audience reacted violently and threw chairs and beer at the performers. The performers were Brüno (Baron Cohen) under the ironic gimmick, "Straight Dave", and Gustaf Hammarsten portraying his opponent, Lutz.

In July 2008, Tyler, Texas television station KETK-TV was approached by a "documentary filmmaker" who was allowed to bring a crew to interview a few members of the staff, including news director Neal Barton and sports director Danny Elzner. They signed releases and expected to be talking about small-town news in the United States. Instead, the interviews conducted by the flamboyant Brüno character drifted towards the topic of homosexuality.

On November 2, 2008, Baron Cohen, dressed as Brüno, and his film crew were spotted at a Los Angeles rally that was in support of California's Proposition 8.

On November 7, 2008, while appearing as an extra in a scene for the NBC TV series Medium, Baron Cohen interrupted a scene in character and was removed from the set. Production on the episode was shut down temporarily, though actor Miguel Sandoval, who was told that a cousin of NBC executive Ben Silverman would appear as an extra in the jury, has stated that he recognized Baron Cohen and played along, commenting, "It's one thing for Borat to go into an antique store in Georgia or Alabama. For Brüno to go on a TV show, he's among insiders. Most people knew who he was."

The production team also deceived presidential candidate Ron Paul into being interviewed by Brüno by posing as an Austrian television reporter looking to question the congressman about economic issues. As soon as Brüno drops his trousers, the congressman storms out of the room. A spokeswoman for Paul commented on the incident. She said Baron Cohen's people were very deceptive in their tactics. At the time, he thought they were "legitimate" but later confessed to some concern. "I'm familiar with his work, so you can imagine how I feel about it," he said. Jesse Benton, senior vice-president of Ron Paul's Campaign for Liberty organization and former campaign spokesman for Paul, said Paul was not familiar with Baron Cohen's programme, Da Ali G Show. "If it's not on hard-core financial news, he doesn't follow it," Benton said. But, he added, "It sounds like it's going to be pretty funny."

The scene filmed during a taping of The Richard Bey Show, however, was staged, and Bey was in on the joke, as his daytime show went off the air in 1996. The audience, however, was not made aware of the truth of the production. Similarly unaware of the true nature of the production was Paula Abdul, who, during her interview scene in the film, sat atop a Mexican landscaper and was presented with food adorned upon a man lying down on a cart wearing nothing but a "sock" over his penis. Abdul told a radio interviewer that she was "scarred" by the incident.

Release
Brüno had its premiere at the Grauman's Chinese Theatre on June 25, 2009. The premiere is notable for taking place on the same day as the death of pop singer Michael Jackson, in which his star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame was covered by the red carpet, causing fans of the singer to access the star of another Michael Jackson (a radio host) for tributes. It was later released on July 10, 2009 in the United States. The film received an early release in Australia, Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands, New Zealand, and Iceland on July 8 and in Germany, Greece, Ireland, Serbia, Slovenia, Israel, and Bosnia and Herzegovina on July 9, 2009. The film was then released internationally on July 10.

Promotion
In a staged publicity stunt at the 2009 MTV Movie Awards, Baron Cohen appeared as Brüno to present the award for Best Male Performer. Dressed as a winged angel wearing a jockstrap and white go-go boots, he was suspended on wires and flew over the audience towards the stage, but fell and landed on rapper Eminem, with his head in Eminem's lap and his buttocks in front of Eminem's face. Eminem shouted, "Are you fucking serious?" and, "Get this motherfucker off me!" Eminem and his entourage then walked out of the show and did not return. It was later revealed that Eminem and Baron Cohen had staged the incident, rehearsing it beforehand to make sure it went off without a hitch, leaving Eminem laughing to himself in his hotel room about how the crowd was easily fooled.

Deleted scenes
The trailers for the film shown in the U.S. included a scene in which Brüno shops for clothing at Sears, telling the sales clerk "You might find this very hard to believe, but I'm gay" to which the clerk responds "Okay", while maintaining an awkward posture.

Michael Jackson controversy
Following the sudden death of Michael Jackson on June 25, 2009, a scene from Brüno was hastily removed from the US theatrical version of the film before its Hollywood premiere later that evening. The scene involved Brüno tricking La Toya Jackson into an interview in which he asked her to take a seat on hunched over Mexican workers substituting for chairs and invited her to eat sushi from the torso of an overweight and hairy naked man. In a ploy to get Michael's phone number, Brüno asked La Toya to let him look at her mobile phone, which she did.

The latter part of this scene was later confirmed to be removed from the film permanently (about the phone number, but "the Mexicans as furniture scene" was included until the food is served on a naked man, at a SVT Swedish television broadcast of the film, February 2014), but is included in the DVD and Blu-ray release's special features.

Home media
The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on November 17, 2009. Special features include deleted, alternative, and extended scenes and an audio commentary by Baron Cohen and Larry Charles.

Reception

Box office
Brüno opened with $30,619,130, ranking number one in its first weekend. At the end of its run on August 20, it had grossed $60,054,530 in the United States and Canada and $78,751,301 overseas for a worldwide total of $138,805,831. For its opening weekend, it narrowly beat Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs (in its second week of release) for the highest gross, in the lowest attended second-weekend-in-July in 18 years.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 67% based on 224 reviews, and an average rating of 6.18/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "Crude and offensive, but with ample cultural insights and gut-busting laughs, Bruno is another outlandish and entertaining mockumentary from Sacha Baron Cohen." Metacritic gives Brüno an average score of 54 out of 100 based on 34 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "C" on a scale of A+ to F.

Nick Curtis of the Evening Standard wrote that Brüno is "funnier, more offensive, and more outrageous than Borat". The Telegraph gave the film four stars out of four, saying "impossible not to laugh and also praising Brüno's controversial style of comedy." The BBC also gave the film a positive review, saying "Brüno pushes the boundaries further than Borat ever did." However, they also said that "It's not going to be everyone's cup of tea" due to the offensive nature of the film. Roger Ebert awarded the film three and a half out of four stars, and said "Here is a film that is 82 minutes long and doesn't contain 30 boring seconds", although he noted that the film's R rating was "very, very hard".

Andy Lowe from Total Film gave it a lower review, giving it three stars out of five and calling it "as phony and frustrating as it is funny... The clothes may be new and more fabulous, but the emperor seriously needs to go shopping." Others felt it was not as good, feeling it would insult and offend the gay community: A. O. Scott of The New York Times wrote that the film shows "that lampooning homophobia has become an acceptable, almost unavoidable form of homophobic humor," and called the film "a lazy piece of work that panders more than it provokes." At the Movies critic Ben Mankiewicz criticized the film for being too demeaning and playing on homosexual stereotypes. He later named Brüno the worst film at the halfway point of 2009.

Motion Picture Association of America
On October 11, 2010, it was revealed that the Motion Picture Association of America's Classification and Rating Administration would specifically note in the future which films contained "male nudity". A spokesman said this was in direct response to parental concerns about the content of Brüno.

Reception in Austria
While Borat was criticised in Kazakhstan, Austrians were generally positive about Brüno. Others regarded the humour as "pretty average" and "inoffensive to Austria". Within the Austrian press, reactions were generally mild and positive, although the film was also labelled "repetitive". Christian Fuchs, from the Austrian radio station FM4, wrote that "hidden beneath the hard-as-nails satirist Cohen, lies a humanist who enlightens." However, the film also met some opposition in Austria, due to its portrayal of homosexuality, and basing the portrayal of Austria on motifs such as Josef Fritzl and Adolf Hitler, even going as far as calling Mel Gibson "der Führer" as he pointed at the actor/director's photo in the film.

Ban in Ukraine
In Ukraine, the film was scheduled to premiere on July 23, but on July 14, the Minister of Culture and Tourism of Ukraine decided to ban the distribution and demonstration of the film in the country. The reason for the prohibition was that nine out of fourteen members of a commission of experts said the film contained "obscene language, homosexual scenes, and other scenes of offensive nature never shown in Ukraine." The "Vinnytsia Human Rights Group" immediately expressed its anger with the ban. Journalist Yevhen Minko accused the Ministry of moral censorship that missed the point of the film. An unofficial premiere of the film in Kyiv on July 22, 2009, was disrupted by a smoke bomb.

Lawsuit and death threats
On 2 December 2009, it was reported that Ayman Abu Aita, who stated he was falsely portrayed as a terrorist in the film, was filing a lawsuit of $110 million in libel damages for defamation. Ayman Abu Aita was identified in the film as a member of the Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades. Abu Aita says that he was never a member of Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades and was tricked into appearing in the film. In an interview with Time, Abu Aita stated, "It is true that I was jailed in 2003...I was active in resisting the occupation, in non-violent ways."

Baron Cohen claims he set up a meeting with Aita in the West Bank with the help of a CIA agent. According to the lawsuit, however, the interview with Abu Aita took place at a hotel chosen by Baron Cohen and located in a part of the West Bank that was under Israeli military control. The filing of the lawsuit was confirmed at a press conference on 2 December 2009. Included in the lawsuit are David Letterman, NBC Universal, CBS, Worldwide Pants, Gannett Company, and Larry Charles.
In November 2010, the lawsuit was dismissed in Washington D.C. Court so as to be refiled in the Supreme Court of New York. In July 2012, the lawsuit was reported to have been settled under undisclosed terms.

Baron Cohen has said he had to increase his security detail following death threats from the Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades after the release of the film. The group was angered by the interview with Abu Aita in which he was linked with the group, an armed wing of the Fatah movement. In a statement to the media, Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades denied that Abu Aita was a member and threatened that they "reserve the right to respond in the way we find suitable against this man (Baron Cohen)" and that they feel the segment was "a dirty use of our brother Ayman".

References

External links

 Et Tu, Brüno? by Richard Kim, The Nation, 10 July 2009

2009 films
2009 comedy films
2009 LGBT-related films
2000s American films
2000s English-language films
2000s satirical films
American LGBT-related films
American mockumentary films
American satirical films
British LGBT-related films
British mockumentary films
British satirical films
Censored films
Da Ali G Show
Film censorship in Ukraine
Film controversies in Austria
Film controversies in Ukraine
Film controversies in the United States
Film spin-offs
Films about conversion therapy
Films about fashion
Films about narcissism
Films directed by Larry Charles
Films scored by Erran Baron Cohen
Films set in Alabama
Films set in Fort Smith, Arkansas
Films set in Austria
Films set in Dallas
Films set in Israel
Films set in Italy
Films set in Lebanon
Films set in Los Angeles
Films shot in Arkansas
Films shot in Dallas
Films shot in Germany
Films shot in Israel
Films shot in Italy
Films shot in Jordan
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films shot in Missouri
Films shot in Texas
Films shot in Washington, D.C.
Films with screenplays by Dan Mazer
Films with screenplays by Jeff Schaffer
Films with screenplays by Peter Baynham
Films with screenplays by Sacha Baron Cohen
Gay-related films
LGBT-related comedy films
LGBT-related controversies in Austria
LGBT-related controversies in film
LGBT-related controversies in Ukraine
LGBT-related controversies in the United States
LGBT-related satirical films
Media Rights Capital films
Obscenity controversies in film
Universal Pictures films
2000s British films

Brüno


Clucer (; plural cluceri) was a historical rank traditionally held by boyars in Moldavia and Wallachia, roughly corresponding to that of Masters of the Royal Court. It originated in the Slavic kliučiari (from the word for "key"), being equivalent to the Russian title of klyuchnik.

Cluceri were in charge of supplying the courts of Moldavian or Wallachian Princes with food and other objects of necessity; the clucer de arie oversaw the supply in cereals and fodder, while the clucer de pivniţă and clucer de jigniţă organized, respectively, the supply in beverages and food for the military forces. In time, the title became purely symbolic, and faded out of use during the 19th century.

Romanian noble titles
Romanian words and phrases

ru:Ключник

Clucer


Ambedus is an extinct genus of possible diadectid reptiliomorph. Fossils have been found from the Early Permian Dunkard Group of Monroe County, Ohio. The type species A. pusillus was named in 2004. The genus name comes from the Latin word ambedo meaning "to nibble", in reference to its herbivorous diet. The specific name pusillus means "tiny" in Latin.

Description
Ambedus is a small tetrapod, possible Diadectid, known only from maxillae and dentary bones. It is usually considered the most primitive diadectid because unlike other forms it had a small, shallow lower jaw and many simple, conical teeth. It was also smaller than the later, rather bulky diadectids. Later diadectids have deep jaws with few teeth and forward-projecting incisiforms at the tips of the jaws for consuming plant material, and a corresponding greater girth.

Phylogeny
David Berman's 2013 paper argued against the inclusion of Ambedus in Diadectidae. He stated in his paper that its assignment to Diadectidae is based only on several isolated maxillae and dentaries containing cheek teeth that only exhibited a resemblance in their molar-like morphology to those in Diadectids. There are also a number of other characteristics that distinguish Ambedus from all other Diadectids, such as a shallow rather than deep deep dentary, and relatively high maxillary and dentary tooth counts, among other characteristics that distinguish them from Diadectids. Furthermore, the appearance of Ambedus pusillus so late in the fossil record, after all known Diadectomorphs have died out,also casts a doubt on the fact that it is supposed to represent the basalmost member of the Diadectid lineage. In contrast, the first Diadectids from the Upper Pennsylvanian were way more developed and had the characteristic dentary and maxillary features of the Diadectid lineage. This implicates that there should be a ghost lineage that goes back all the way back to the Middle Pennsylvanian, which is highly unlikely according to Berman.

Paleobiology
The holotype specimen of Ambedus was found from an outcrop of the Early Permian the Greene Formation on Clark Hill in Monroe County, Ohio. It was found alongside fossils of the lungfish Sagenodus, the temnospondyl amphibian Trimerorhachis, an embolomere reptiliomorph, and the synapsid Ctenospondylus. These animals likely lived alongside a freshwater lake or pond.

References

Diadectids
Artinskian genera
Kungurian genera
Cisuralian tetrapods of North America
Permian Ohio
Paleontology in Ohio
Fossil taxa described in 2004
Taxa named by Robert R. Reisz

Ambedus


Martin Richard Alexander Halstead, born 18 May 1986 in Oxford, England, is a pilot and onetime entrepreneur who founded two short-lived aviation businesses, both of which failed.

Biography
His secondary education was at Abingdon School and D'Overbroeck's College. After a spell at Oxford Aviation Training, since early 2008 rebranded as Oxford Aviation Academy, Halstead decided to set up his own airline and focus on managing an aviation business.

Alpha One Airways
Halstead first attracted media attention in the UK in March 2005 when, at the age of 18, he announced the launch of Alpha One Airways. Alpha One Airways never applied for an Air Operator's Certificate. Instead Halstead planned to subcontract the operation of flights to another carrier.

Alpha One Airways was due to launch its commercial services on the route linking Oxford and Cambridge with flights starting on 18 April 2005. Alpha One never operated any services on the route, although from 1 February 2006 another small airline, Sky Commuter, for a few weeks had scheduled flights linking the two university cities.

At the September 2005 B2B Routes Conference, held at the Bella Center in Copenhagen, Halstead spoke confidently of his plans for Alpha One Airways, remarking that "the reception here at Routes has been very positive. The airports we're seeing are taking us very seriously and want to see us succeed" and "We have more than enough money to operate without a single passenger for six months".

Returning from the Copenhagen Routes Conference, Halstead then made announcements of new routes for Alpha One Airways, including a route from Cambridge to Bristol and from Jersey to the Isle of Man. Flights from Cambridge never started, nor did flights from Jersey, but Halstead then unveiled a new plan for Alpha One Airways, this time working from a base at Southampton Airport and commencing operations on 7 November 2005 with flights to the Isle of Man.

During this time, press reports appeared largely uncritical, focusing on Mr Halstead's age, his plans, or his personality. A more sceptical note was sounded by Cambridge University student newspaper, Varsity. In October 2005, it reported Halstead's claims that he had twenty employees (the company having evidently downsized from the alleged 31 employees of six months earlier), who between them had accumulated "300 years worth of aviation background" and that he was due to take delivery of a fleet of jets. Yet the overall editorial line of the piece was critical. The article quoted Malcolm Gault, Operations Manager at Cambridge City Airport who described Halstead as Walter Mitty mark II. Gault is reported as saying "Believe nothing that [Halstead] tells you. He seems to have a big ego trip, gets a lot of people interested in his plans and then does nothing about it."

After Alpha One Airways
At the time that he was endeavouring to set up Alpha One Airways, Halstead acquired a reputation for wanting to live above his means, a situation about which he spoke candidly in a Channel 4 documentary broadcast in September 2005 when he told of his "fantasy James Bond lifestyle".

In an interview with The Oxford Times in October 2006, Halstead reflected on the Alpha One experience, admitting that he "had almost lost a sense of normality for a while." The newspaper reported that Halstead was working again, this time at a music shop in Oxford city centre. Halstead became a director of the company which owned the shop. The company, called Delicious Music Republic, ceased trading shortly thereafter.

Varsity Express
In January 2010 Halstead set up a new aviation venture called Varsity Express. Halstead stated that Varsity Express had sufficient funds to operate for 6 months without carrying a single passenger. Ten days prior to Varsity's first flight, Halstead also claimed to the media that his nascent airline already employed about 20 people.

The new company started services between Oxford and Edinburgh on 1 March 2010 and suspended operations one week later, after Halstead failed to pay fees due in respect of the small aircraft he had leased to operate the service. Thirteen passengers were left stranded because the second leg of their return tickets was not honoured.

A number of allegations of dishonesty surrounding Varsity Express were reported in The Times newspaper on 14 March 2010. The article reported allegations that Martin Halstead used a fictitious name to pose variously as both the commercial director and the financial backer of the airline: launched the business with a partner who was disqualified from acting as a company director; boasted of fictitious investors; and obtained finance for the business by asking four newly qualified pilot recruits to pay up to £15,000 each for specialised 'type training', which was never provided.

Mr Halstead stated that he lost £3,500 of his own money in the venture. An investigation by the Thames Valley Police found that no criminal offence had taken place.

See also
Varsity Express

References

1986 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Oxford
British businesspeople
Businesspeople in aviation

Martin Halstead


William Amos Sample (born April 2, 1955), is a former outfielder in Major League Baseball who played for the Texas Rangers, New York Yankees, and Atlanta Braves in parts of nine seasons spanning 1978–1986.

Early life
A native of Roanoke, Virginia, Sample grew up in Salem, Virginia and graduated from Salem's Andrew Lewis High School in 1973. While at school, Sample was a three-sport standout in football, basketball, and baseball. As a junior wide receiver on the football team, Sample scored the winning touchdown in a 1971 state AAA quarterfinal game. A victory later, Andrew Lewis advanced to the state championship, where Sample's team lost to T. C. Williams High School - a game dramatized with historical liberties in the motion picture Remember The Titans. After that, Sample attended Madison College (now James Madison University) for three years, before being drafted by the Rangers in 1976.

Major League Baseball career
Sample singled on his first major league pitch in 1978, made the Topps All Rookie Team in 1979, had his longest hitting streak (19 games) in 1981, was fifth in the American League in steals (44 of 52) in 1983, sixth in power-speed numbers and was the 10th toughest to strike out in the league, with only teammate Buddy Bell having hit more home runs of the preceding nine. Sample finished with a career .272 average.

Broadcasting and Writing career
Primarily a broadcaster/writer after his playing days, Sample has broadcast for the Braves, Seattle Mariners, and California Angels, as well as contributing to NPR, CBS Radio, ESPN, and MLB.com.  As a writer, Sample has been published in Sports Illustrated and The New York Times, and was one of the columnists at the inception of USA Today's Baseball Weekly (now Sports Weekly).  Sample was also the baseball consultant for Showtime's production Joe Torre: Curveballs Along the Way, which chronicled the Yankees' 1996 season.

Sample's daughter, Stacey, lettered in track (javelin) at the University of Rhode Island; his oldest son, Ian, caught 10 of Colt Brennan's then NCAA record 58 touchdown passes at the University of Hawaii in 2006, in addition to penning a tome about his experiences at the university titled, "Once a Warrior."  Sample's youngest son, Travis, is a nationally renowned motivational trainer/fitness guru, based out of Bergen County, N.J, who highlights the philosophy of entelechy among other self-determination end goals.

Billy Sample most recently added filmmaker to his résumé, producing his award-winning screenplay (Hoboken Film Festival 2011) into the movie "Reunion 108," an edgy, satirical comedy with a baseball backdrop directed by filmmaker James Suttles released in October 2013.

In June 2016, Sample self-published on Amazon his first book, A Year in Pinstripes ... And Then Some, which highlighted his 1985 season with the New York Yankees that included anecdotes from his childhood, as well as his seasons with the Texas Rangers and the Atlanta Braves.

On October 18, 2019, the stadium in which Sample played American Legion baseball and high school home football games known as Municipal Field when he was growing up, later known as Kiwanis Park was renamed Billy Sample Field at Kiwanis Park. It was also the Single-A minor league home of the Pittsburgh Pirates, Salem Buccaneers, and Sample watched many future major leaguers in the earlier stages of their professional careers including future teammate Mario Mendoza.

External links

Billy Sample at Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Professional Baseball League)

1955 births
Living people
African-American baseball players
American sportswriters
Atlanta Braves announcers
Atlanta Braves players
Baseball players from Virginia
California Angels announcers
Gulf Coast Rangers players
James Madison Dukes baseball players
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Major League Baseball left fielders
Navegantes del Magallanes players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
New York Yankees players
Sportspeople from Roanoke, Virginia
People from Salem, Virginia
Seattle Mariners announcers
Texas Rangers players
Tucson Toros players
Tulsa Drillers players
Wichita Aeros players
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople
Alaska Goldpanners of Fairbanks players

Billy Sample


Thomas L Schumacher (1941–2009) was an American academic architect and a Fellow of the American Academy in Rome.  He was well known throughout the architecture community for his role in the development of Contextualism, along with Colin Rowe, under whom he studied at Cornell; and for his expertise in rationalist Italian architecture.  Schumacher is ranked in the 90th percentile for research in architecture in a survey of over 3,000 architecture professors.  He was also a registered architect and a member of the Society of Architectural Historians.

Life, education and career
Thomas L. Schumacher was born on November 7, 1941, in New York City, and grew up in the Bronx, where he attended the now defunct Wm. Howard Taft High School, graduating in 1958.  Schumacher Attended Cornell University where he earned a Bachelor of Architecture in 1963 and a Master of Architecture in 1966.  His M.Arch thesis, "South Amboy new town; an exercise in urban form", was directed by Colin Rowe and was influential in the development of the contextualism school of thought.  Schumacher was awarded the Rome Prize for architecture in 1967, studying at the American Academy in Rome until 1969.  In 1977, he became a registered architect in the state of New Jersey.

Schumacher has taught at Catholic University of America (1977-1983), Princeton University (1972-1978), University of Virginia (1978-1984), University Iuav of Venice (Italy), Syracuse University in Florence (1991, 1993-4, 1996, 2000), and University of Maryland, College Park (1984-2009).  He has given over 100 lectures at universities throughout North America and Europe.

Following his death in July 2009, the University of Maryland School of Architecture established a scholarship in his honor for students wishing to study abroad in Rome.

Honors and awards
Distinguished Professor, ACSA (1993)

RAAR, American Academy in Rome (1991)

FAAR, American Academy in Rome (1967)

Robert James Eidlitz Fellowship, Cornell University (1963)

Selected works

Sole author:
 The Danteum, New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1996. English.
 Surface and Symbol: Giuseppe Terragni and the Architecture of Italian Rationalism, New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1991. English.
 L'immagine della ragione: La Casa del Fascio di Giuseppe Terragni, 1932-1936, Italy: Punto di vista, 1989. Italian.
 Giuseppe Terragni (Global Architecture Document), Japan: AIA Editors, 1994. Language.
 Giuseppe Terragni, 1904-1943, Italy: Publisher, 1992. Italian.

Co-author:
 Schumacher, Thomas and Galen Cranz. The Built Environment for the Elderly: A planning and design study, USA: Publisher, 1975. English.

Articles/as contributing author:
 Contextualism: Urban Ideals and Deformations, in Theorizing a New Agenda for Architecture: An Anthology of Architectural Theory, 1965-1995 by Kate Nesbitt. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1996. English.
 Introduction, The architecture of Frank Schlesinger. Washington DC, Grayson Publishing: 2005. English.
 "Horizontality: The Modernist Line".  Journal of Architectural Education, 2005. 59:1.
 "The Outside is the Result of the Inside: on the origins of some modern prescriptions concerning facades". Journal of Architectural Education, 2002. 56:1
 "The Skull and the Mask: The Modern Movement and the Dilemma of the Facade".  Cornell Journal of Architecture, Issue 3: The Vertical Surface.  New York: Rizzoli International, 1988.
 "The Palladio Variations: On Reconciling Convention, Parti, and Space".  Cornell Journal of Architecture, Issue 3: The Vertical Surface.  New York: Rizzoli International, 1988.

Dissertations:
 South Amboy new town; an exercise in urban form.  Thesis/Dissertation, M.Arch: 1966.  Held at Cornell University Library.
 Fiorello LaGuardia High School; the New York High School of Visual Art.  Thesis/Dissertation, B.Arch: 1963.  Held at Cornell University Library.

References

External links
 UMD Memorium
 UVA Memoriium
 Washington Post Obituary
 Cornell Memorium
 Abitare obituary
 Symposium Flyer

1941 births
2009 deaths
20th-century American architects
Architectural theoreticians
University of Maryland, College Park faculty
Cornell University alumni

Thomas L. Schumacher