Say Atlantiko et komaduan sankabalgan ya dayat, ya manga sakey a kakapat na kabaleg na dalin. Say ngaran na dayat, a nanlapud Griegon mitolohiya, et mankabaliksan na "Dagat na Atlas". Say sankadaanan ya abitlan impangisalaysay ed sayan ngaran et walad The Histories nen Herodotus nen manga 450 B.C. (I 202).

Sayan dayat et walaan na andukey, S-shaped a bassin ya ontutuloy ed bandad amianen-abagatan tan naapag ed North Atlantic tan South Atlantic panamegley na Equatorial Counter Currents diad manga 8° North latitude. Say Atlantiko et mikonektaan ed Pasipiko panamegley na Dayat Arktiko diad amianen tan say Drake Passage diad abalaten. Say Panama Canal so ginawa na too a koneksion na Atlantiko tan Pasipiko. Diad bukig, say linean a mangibiig ed Atlantiko tan dayat Indyano et say 20° East meridian, a manlalapud abalaten manlapud Cape Agulhas anggad Antarctica. Say Atlantiko so nisian ed Artiko na sakey a linya manlapud Greenland ya anggad amianen a sagur na Islandia insan manlapud amianen-bukig na Islandia ya anggad abalaten a sampot na Spitsbergen insan anggad North Cape diad amianen a Norway.

Diad kabaleg to, say Dayat Atlantiko et komadua labat ed Pasipiko. Kaibay asinggeran a dayat to, say sukat to et manga 106,400,000 kilometro kwadrado; no anggapo iratan, say sukat to et 82,400,000 kilometro kwadrado. Say dalin ya onagos ed Atlantiko et apatiran beses a mas baleg nen say Pasipiko odino Indian Ocean. Say kabaleg na Dayat Atlantiko tan saray asingger a dayat et 354,700,000 kilometro kubiko (85,100,000 mi) tan 323,600,000 kilometro kubiko (77,640,000 mi).

Say average a kaaralem na Atlantiko, a pati saray asingger a dayat, et 3,338 metro (10,932 ft); no anggapo iratan et 3,926 metro (12,881 ft). Say sankaaraleman a kaaralem, 8,605 metro (28,232 ft), et diad Puerto Rico Trench. Say kabaleg na Atlantiko et manlalapud 2,848 kilometro (1,770 mi) ed baetan na Brazil tan Liberia anggad manga 4,830 kilometro (3,000 mi) ed baetan na Estados Unidos tan amianen ya Aprika.

Saray Karakteristika na Danum

Diad average, say Atlantiko so sankasalin dayat ed saray manunan dayat ed mundo; say salinidad na danum ed paway na dayat et manlalapud 33 anggad 37 a parte ed kada sanlibon masa tan nandumaan unong ed latitude tan panaon. Saray balor na salinidad ed tapew na dalin et naiimpluensyaan na panag-ebolusyon, uran, isusublay na ilog, tan itetelek na yelo ed dayat. Anggaman saray sankaabebaan a balor na asin et walad bandad norte na equator (lapud maples ya uran), diad inkalapagan et saray sankamelagan a balor et walad atagey iran latitude tan diad gilig na baybay a ditan et onagos iray baleg a ilog ed dayat. Say sankatageyan ya salinidad et nagagawa ed manga 25° ed norte tan abalaten na equator, diad subtropikal iran rehiyon ya melag so uran tan atagey so ipapaway.

Surface water temperatures, which vary with latitude, current systems, and season and reflect the latitudinal distribution of solar energy, range from less than −2 °Celsius to 29 °C (28 °F to 84 °F).  Maximum temperatures occur north of the equator, and minimum values are found in the polar regions. In the middle latitudes, the area of maximum temperature variations, values may vary by 7 °C to 8 °C (44 °F to 46 °F).

The Atlantic Ocean consists of four major water masses. The North and South Atlantic central waters constitute the surface waters. The sub-Antarctic intermediate water extends to depths of 1,000 metres (3,300 ft). The North Atlantic deep water reaches depths of as much as 4,000 metres (13,200 ft). The Antarctic bottom water occupies ocean basins at depths greater than 4,000 metres (13,200 ft).

Within the North Atlantic, ocean currents isolate a large elongated body of water known as the Sargasso Sea, in which the salinity is noticeably higher than average.  The Sargasso Sea contains large amounts of seaweed and is also the spawning ground for the European eel.

Because of the Coriolis effect, water in the North Atlantic circulates in a clockwise direction, whereas water circulation in the South Atlantic is counter-clockwise. The south tides in the Atlantic Ocean are semi-diurnal; that is, two high tides occur during each 24 lunar hours. The tides are a general wave that moves from south to north. In latitudes above 40° North some east-west oscillation occurs.

Climate

The climate of the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent land areas is influenced by the temperatures of the surface waters and water currents as well as the winds blowing across the waters. Because of the ocean's great capacity for retaining heat, maritime climates are moderate and free of extreme seasonal variations. Precipitation can be approximated from coastal weather data and air temperature from the water temperatures. The oceans are the major source of the atmospheric moisture that is obtained through evaporation. Climatic zones vary with latitude; the warmest climatic zones stretch across the Atlantic north of the equator. The coldest zones are in the high latitudes, with the coldest regions corresponding to the areas covered by sea ice. Ocean currents contribute to climatic control by transporting warm and cold waters to other regions. Adjacent land areas are affected by the winds that are cooled or warmed when blowing over these currents. The Gulf Stream, for example, warms the atmosphere of the British Isles and northwestern Europe, and the cold water currents contribute to heavy fog off the coast of northeastern Canada (the Grand Banks area) and the northwestern coast of Africa. In general, winds tend to transport moisture and warm or cool air over land areas. Hurricanes develop in the southern part of the North Atlantic Ocean.

History
The Atlantic Ocean appears to be the second youngest of the world's oceans, after the Southern Ocean. Evidence indicates that it did not exist prior to 180 million years ago, when the continents that formed from the breakup of the ancestral supercontinent, Pangaea, were being rafted apart by the process of seafloor spreading. The Atlantic has been extensively explored since the earliest settlements were established along its shores. The Vikings, Portuguese, and Christopher Columbus were the most famous among its early explorers. After Columbus, European exploration rapidly accelerated, and many new trade routes were established. As a result, the Atlantic became and remains the major artery between Europe and the Americas (known as transatlantic trade). Numerous scientific explorations have been undertaken, including those by the German Meteor expedition, Columbia University's Lamont Geological Observatory, and the United States Navy Hydrographic Office.

Some important events in relation to the Atlantic:
 In 1858, the first transatlantic telegraph cable was laid by Cyrus Field.
 On April 14th 1912 the RMS Titanic sank after hitting an iceberg with loss of 1,593 people.
 In 1919, the American NC-4 became the first airplane to cross the Atlantic (though it made a couple of landings on islands along the way).
 Later in 1919, a British airplane piloted by Alcock and Brown made the first non-stop transatlantic flight, from Newfoundland to Ireland.
 In 1921, the British were the first to cross the North Atlantic in an airship.
 In 1922, the Portuguese were the first to cross the South Atlantic in an airship.
 The first transatlantic telephone call was made on January 7, 1927.
 In 1927, Charles Lindbergh made the first solo non-stop transatlantic flight in an airplane (between New York City and Paris).
 In 1998, Ben Lecomte was the first person to swim across the Atlantic Ocean, stopping for only one week in the Azores.
 After rowing for 81 days and 4,767 kilometres (2,962 mi), on December 3, 1999, Tori Murden became the first woman to cross the Atlantic Ocean by rowboat alone when she reached Guadeloupe from the Canary Islands.

Economy
The ocean has also contributed significantly to the development and economy of the countries around it. Besides its major transatlantic transportation and communication routes, the Atlantic offers abundant petroleum deposits in the sedimentary rocks of the continental shelves and the world's richest fishing resources, especially in the waters covering the shelves. The major species of fish caught are cod, haddock, hake, herring, and mackerel. The most productive areas include the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, the shelf area off Nova Scotia, Georges Bank off Cape Cod, the Bahama Banks, the waters around Iceland, the Irish Sea, the Dogger Bank of the North Sea, and the Falkland Banks. Eel, lobster, and whales have also been taken in great quantities. All these factors, taken together, tremendously enhance the Atlantic's great commercial value. Because of the threats to the ocean environment presented by oil spills, marine debris, and the incineration of toxic wastes at sea, various international treaties exist to reduce some forms of pollution.

Current environmental issues
Endangered marine species include the manatee, seals, sea lions, turtles, and whales. Drift net fishing is killing dolphins, albatrosses and other seabirds (petrels, auks), hastening the decline of fish stocks and contributing to international disputes. There is municipal sludge pollution off the eastern United States, southern Brazil, and eastern Argentina; oil pollution in the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Lake Maracaibo, Mediterranean Sea, and North Sea; and industrial waste and municipal sewage pollution in the Baltic Sea, North Sea, and Mediterranean Sea.

On June 7, 2006, Florida's wildlife commission voted to take the manatee off of the state's endangered species list. Some environmentalists worry that this could erode safeguards for the popular sea creature.

Major ports and harbours

North America

United States
 Baltimore, Maryland
 Boston, Massachusetts
 Port Canaveral, Florida
 Charleston, South Carolina
 Corpus Christi, Texas
 Port Everglades
 Houston, Texas
 Jacksonville, Florida
 Port of Miami-Dade
 Morehead City, North Carolina
 Nantucket, Massachusetts
 New Haven, Connecticut
 New London, Connecticut
 New Orleans, Louisiana
 New York, New York
 Newport News, Virginia
 Norfolk, Virginia
 Port of Palm Beach
 Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal
 Portland, Maine
 Portsmouth, New Hampshire
 Providence, Rhode Island
 Savannah, Georgia
 Tampa, Florida
 Wilmington, North Carolina

Canada

 Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
 Digby, Nova Scotia
 Halifax Nova Scotia
 Liverpool, Nova Scotia
 Pictou, Nova Scotia
 Hantsport, Nova Scotia
 Saint John, New Brunswick
 Shelburne, Nova Scotia
 Sept-Îles, Quebec
 St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
 Sydney, Nova Scotia
 Yarmouth, Nova Scotia

Other North American locales
 Puerto Cortés, Honduras
 Willemstad, Netherlands Antilles

Europe
 Aberdeen, United Kingdom
 A Coruña, Spain
 Ålesund, Norway
 Amsterdam, Netherlands
 Antwerp, Belgium
 Avilés, Spain
 Belfast, United Kingdom
 Bergen, Norway
 Bilbao, Spain
 Bodø, Norway
 Bordeaux, France
 Bremen, Germany
 Brest, France
 Bristol, United Kingdom
 Cadiz, Spain
 Cherbourg-Octeville, France
 Cork, Republic of Ireland
 Dublin Port, Republic of Ireland
 Dunkirk, France
 Edinburgh, United Kingdom
 Esbjerg, Denmark
 Funchal, Portugal
 Galway, Republic of Ireland
 Gijón, Spain
 Glasgow, United Kingdom
 Gothenburg, Sweden
 Hafnarfjörður, Iceland
 Hamburg, Germany
 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands
 Le Havre, France
 Lisbon, Portugal
 Liverpool, United Kingdom
 London, United Kingdom
 Milford Haven, United Kingdom
 Nantes, France
 Narvik, Norway
 Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
 Newport, United Kingdom
 Normandy, France
 Oslo, Norway
 Ostend, Belgium
 Penzance, United Kingdom
 Peterhead, United Kingdom
 Porto, Portugal
 Portsmouth, United Kingdom
 Reykjavík, Iceland
 Rotterdam, Netherlands
 Saint-Nazaire, France
 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands
 Santander, Spain
 Seville, Spain
 Sines, Portugal
 Southampton, United Kingdom
 Stavanger, Norway
 Swansea, United Kingdom
 Tromsø, Norway
 Trondheim, Norway
 Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
 Vigo, Spain

South America
 QuequenArgentina
 Bahia Blanca, Argentina
 Mar del Plata, Argentina
 Cayenne, French Guiana
 Punta Arenas, Chile
 Puerto Williams, Chile
 Georgetown, Guyana
 Iquitos, Peru (via the Amazon)
 Pucallpa, Peru (via the Amazon)
 Yurimaguas, Peru (via the Amazon)
 Paramaribo, Suriname

Brazil

 Belém, Pará
 São Luís , Maranhão
 Fortaleza, Ceará
 Recife, Pernambuco
 Suape,Pernambuco
 Maceió, Alagoas
 Aratu, Bahia
 Salvador, Bahia
 Vitória, Espírito Santo
 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro
 São Sebastião, São Paulo
 Santos, São Paulo
 Paranaguá, Paraná
 Itajaí, Santa Catarina
 São Francisco do Sul, Santa Catarina
 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul
 Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul

Africa
 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
 Accra, Ghana
 Banjul, The Gambia
 Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
 Cape Town, South Africa
 Casablanca, Morocco
 Conakry, Guinea
 Cotonou, Benin
 Dakar, Senegal
 Douala, Cameroon
 Lagos, Nigeria
 Libreville, Gabon
 Lomé, Togo
 Luanda, Angola
 Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
 Monrovia, Liberia
 Nouakchott, Mauritania
 Port Harcourt, Nigeria
 Porto-Novo, Benin
 Praia, Cape Verde
 Rabat, Morocco
 Saldanah, South Africa
 Tangier, Morocco
 Walvis Bay, Namibia

Note: This list of ports and harbors is very short.  For instance, Panama alone has 30 ports.

Saray reperensiya

Much of this article comes from the public domain site http://oceanographer.navy.mil/atlantic.html (dead link).  It is now accessible from the Internet Archive at https://web.archive.org/web/20020221215514/http://oceanographer.navy.mil/atlantic.html.
 Disclaimers for this website, including its status as a public domain resource, are recorded on the Internet Archive at https://web.archive.org/web/20020212021049/http://oceanographer.navy.mil/warning.html.

Nengnengen met
 Transatlantic
 Transatlantic flight
 List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean
 :Category:Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
 :Category:Atlantic hurricanes
 Ocean Highway

Saray gawing ed labas

 Oceanography Image of the Day , from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
 NOAA In-situ Ocean Data Viewer Plot and download ocean observations
 CIA – The World Factbook – Atlantic Ocean

Atlantic Ocean
Oceans

Dayat Atlantic


is a 2D crossover fighting game developed by Studio Saizensen and published by Nicalis, released on PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch and Microsoft Windows via Steam in August 2018, as well as a Japanese arcade release. It features one-on-one combat between several characters from various independent video game franchises.

Gameplay

Gameplay in Blade Strangers takes place on a 2D plane and features two characters battling one another until one character's health is depleted, causing them to lose the match. The game avoids the use of more complex directional inputs seen in other fighting games; instead, players perform various attacks and special moves by pressing a single directional input in combination with one or more of the four attack buttons, similar to the Super Smash Bros. series. During battle, players can build their super meter by dealing or receiving damage, which can be used to enhance their special moves or perform powerful super attacks. When a player character's health depletes below a certain level, the player is able to activate a temporary "Heat Up!" state. This can only be used once per round for a short time, and will increase the player character's attack speed while preventing opponents from interrupting the player's attacks.

Blade Strangers offers a single-player story mode, with characters interacting with one another while progressing through a tournament ladder, along with arcade, survival, training and challenge modes. The game also supports local and online multiplayer battles.

Characters
The launch roster of Blade Strangers featured 12 playable characters drawn from six different independent game franchises, primarily other Studio Saizensen and Nicalis works, along with two original characters for a total roster of 14. Three additional characters were added via a free update on the game's first anniversary, bringing the total to 17. Each character also receives a stage based on their game of origin.

Notes

Plot
In the world of Blade Strangers, every universe is one of many simulations being generated by an interdimensional network of servers. These simulations are overseen by the goddess Exiva and her Motes, a group of sentient computers, and protected by their champions, the Blade Strangers. A cybernetic being known as Lina appears and begins consuming the servers' data, wiping out whole worlds and defeating all of the Blade Strangers. To protect the universe, the motes summon heroes from worlds Lina has not yet reached, altering their memories to make them believe they are participating in a fighting tournament. The one left standing will be named the new Blade Stranger in the hopes of awakening their power and allowing them to defeat Lina.

Development
Blade Strangers was announced on June 12, 2017 during E3 2017. New characters were revealed gradually in the months leading up to the game's release. The game was initially developed independently by Studio Saizensen, and primarily featured characters from games they had previously created. When Nicalis became the game's publisher, they offered additional suggestions for potential playable characters, and worked with each character's rights holders to include them in the roster.

The game's character sprites were created by designing three-dimensional models for each fighter, rendering them in individual animation frames, then rasterizing those frames and performing additional cleanup by 2D artists. According to director Toshinobu Kondo, the development team initially struggled to maintain balance due to some characters possessing weapons that gave them extra advantages. The decision to simplify player inputs was due to a desire to make the game more accessible to those who do not normally play fighting games, as well as to reduce the data transfer and resulting input lag during online multiplayer battles. The game's soundtrack was composed and performed by American rock band Ridiculon, with additional vocals performed by Siobhan Magnus.

For the first anniversary of the game's launch, a free in-game update was released that made several changes, including improved graphics, faster gameplay speed, a full rebalancing of the character roster, and three additional playable characters.

Reception

See also
 Crystal Crisis, another Nicalis crossover title developed concurrently with Blade Strangers.
 Blade Arcus from Shining, a 2014 fighting game developed by Studio Saizensen, featuring characters from Sega's Shining series.

References

External links

2018 video games
Arcade video games
Crossover fighting games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Nicalis games
Nintendo Switch games
PlayStation 4 games
Video games developed in Japan
Windows games
Studio Saizensen games
Pikii games

Blade Strangers


Joshua Payne Scobey (born December 11, 1979) is a former American football running back and kick returner who played seven seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Kansas State and was drafted by the Arizona Cardinals in the sixth round of the 2002 NFL Draft. He is currently the assistant director of college scouting for the Arizona Cardinals after serving as an area scout.

Early years
At Del City High School, Scobey finished with the best single season rushing total in Del City High School history, with 1,829 yards (1997). He rushed for 3,303 total rushing yards, trailing only Bennie Butler (University of Oklahoma) in career rushing yards. He also finished only behind Butler in total rushing and receiving yards with 3,408.

College career
Scobey attended Northeastern Oklahoma A&M College in Miami, Oklahoma.

He then transferred to Kansas State University, where he started at running back and set a school record for rushing touchdowns.

Professional career

Scobey's NFL career began when he was drafted by the Arizona Cardinals in the 2002 NFL Draft. In 2003, Scobey led the National Football League in kick-off return yardage and was allowed to be voted for the Pro Bowl. He played for the Cardinals for three seasons before moving to the Seahawks. In Seattle, he earned an NFC championship ring and he was the Seahawks' kickoff returner in Super Bowl XL against the Pittsburgh Steelers, and served as a team captain for the game and coin toss.

On May 3, 2007, Scobey signed with the Buffalo Bills, but he re-signed with the Seahawks on December 4, exactly one year after he was placed on injured reserve by the Seahawks in 2006.

Post-playing career
On June 25, 2022, Scobey was promoted to the director of college scouting by the Arizona Cardinals.

Personal life
Scobey is a Buddhist. He practices Nichiren Buddhism through the Soka Gakkai International, and has been a practicing Buddhist since he was five years old.

References

External links

Just Sports Stats
Seattle Seahawks bio
United Football League bio

1979 births
American Buddhists
Living people
Players of American football from Oklahoma City
American football running backs
American football return specialists
Kansas State Wildcats football players
Arizona Cardinals players
Seattle Seahawks players
Buffalo Bills players
Las Vegas Locomotives players
People from Del City, Oklahoma
Northeastern Oklahoma A&M Golden Norsemen football players

Josh Scobey


A fashion show is an event put on by a fashion designer. It is to show his or her new line of clothing. Often they are held during Fashion week.  Fashion shows debuts every season. There are the Spring/Summer and the Fall/Winter seasons. This is where the latest fashion trends are made. The two most influential fashion weeks are Paris Fashion Week and New York Fashion week. Both are semiannual events. The Milan and London are also of global importance.

In a typical fashion show, models walk the catwalk dressed in the clothing created by the designer.  Occasionally, fashion shows take the form of installations. This is where the models will pose standing or sitting to show the clothing. The order in which each model walks out wearing a specific outfit is usually planned.

References

Fashion

Fashion show


Scott Michael Sellers (born August 16, 1986) is an American track and field athlete who holds records in the high jump. His clearance of 7-07.75 is currently 4th in NCAA history and 15th in U.S. history. As a high schooler, Sellers broke the national indoor record with a jump of 2.27m in Landover, Maryland. Sellers is currently attending Kansas State University in Manhattan, Kansas.

Sellers won the 2007 Big 12 championships with a jump of 2.33m.  This accomplishment is the fourth highest jump in NCAA history. Sellers followed up his performance by capturing the Midwest Regional title with a jump of 2.25m. Two weeks after winning a Regional title, Sellers became a Division I National Champion when he defeated a very talented field, jumping 2.32m on his second attempt.

In 2009, Sellers won gold in both the NCAA Indoor and Outdoor Championships. These two wins gave Sellers his 7th and 8th All-American honors in the same event, a feat accomplished by a select few in NCAA history.

At the end of 2009 Sellers was named the high school high jump athlete of the decade by ESPN and USAToday.

External links
Kansas State bio
Big 12 spotlight

1986 births
Living people
American male high jumpers
Sportspeople from Katy, Texas

Scott Sellers


George Charles Spencer-Churchill, 8th Duke of Marlborough, DL (13 May 1844 – 9 November 1892), styled Earl of Sunderland until 1857 and Marquess of Blandford between 1857 and 1883, was a British peer.

Early life
Marlborough was born in England on 13 May 1844. He was the eldest son of John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough (1822–1883), who served as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and Lord President of the Council, and Lady Frances Anne Emily Vane (1822–1899).  He was the elder brother of Lord Randolph Churchill and the uncle of Winston Churchill.

His paternal grandparents were George Spencer-Churchill, 6th Duke of Marlborough, and Lady Jane Stewart, daughter of Admiral George Stewart, 8th Earl of Galloway. His maternal grandparents were Charles Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry and Frances Vane, Marchioness of Londonderry.

Like his father before him, he was educated at Eton College, entering in 1857 and being expelled in 1860.

Career
In 1863 Marlborough joined the British Army, purchasing a commission in the rank of Lieutenant in the Royal Horse Guards. He was initiated into the Freemasonry in January 1871 along with his brother Randolph, in the Churchill Lodge in London but resigned in 1872. In the following years, he was also initiated into the Ancient Order of Druids.

After succeeding to the Dukedom, Marlborough sold the family holdings at Wolvercote and Godstow in 1884.

Personal life
Marlborough was married twice.  On 8 November 1869, he married Lady Albertha Frances Anne Hamilton, daughter of James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn, at Westminster Palace. She was unkindly described by her mother-in-law as "stupid, pious and dull". They divorced on 20 November 1883, shortly after Marlborough inherited the dukedom upon the death of his father, having parented four children:

 Lady Frances Louisa Spencer-Churchill (1870–1954), who married Sir Robert Gresley, 11th Baronet, on 6 June 1893, by whom she had issue.
 Charles Richard John Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough (1871–1934).
 Lady Lillian Maud Spencer-Churchill (1873–1951), who married Colonel Cecil Grenfell on 6 October 1898, by whom she had two daughters.
 Lady Norah Beatrice Henriette Spencer-Churchill (1875–1946), who married Francis Bradley Bradley-Birt on 1 December 1920, by whom she had issue.

While married to Albertha, he fathered an illegitimate son Guy Bertrand, later known as Guy Bertrand Spencer (b. 4 November 1881, 9 days before his half-brother), by Edith Peers-Williams (d. 1897) who was still married to Heneage Finch, 7th Earl of Aylesford (1849–1885). In an attempt to pressure Lord Aylesford to drop his divorce suit, Lady Aylesford and Marlborough's younger brother, Lord Randolph Churchill, threatened the Princess of Wales that they would subpoena the Prince of Wales (who was touring India at the time) as a witness in the divorce.

 Guy Bertrand Spencer, whom Marlborough reportedly cared more for than his legitimate children, worked in a brewery. He married, in 1910, Lily Blanche Minnie Saville (1876-1953), who was a coachman's daughter. Spencer served in the Royal Garrison Artillery during World War I. At the end of his life he lived at 2 Glaziers Lane, Normandy, Surrey, England, and died in hospital at Knaphill, Woking, Surrey, on 31 March 1950.

The Duke was cited as one of four co-respondents in the sensational divorce trial of Lady Colin Campbell.

Marlborough married his second wife, (Jane) Lilian Warren Price (1854–1909), the widow of Louis Carré Hammersley, a New York real-estate millionaire, and a daughter of retired United States Navy Commodore Cicero Price. The civil marriage took place on 29 June 1888 at New York City Hall, with the ceremony officiated by the Mayor of New York City, Abram S. Hewitt. A religious ceremony followed the same day, in the chancel of Tabernacle Baptist Church and presided over by its minister, Daniel C. Potter. They had no children.

The 8th Duke of Marlborough died in 1892, aged 48 at Blenheim Palace, and was succeeded by his only legitimate son, Charles, Marquess of Blandford.

Gallery

See also
 List of Freemasons

References

External links

1844 births
1892 deaths
Deputy Lieutenants of Oxfordshire
People educated at Eton College
Royal Horse Guards officers
George Spencer-Churchill, 8th Duke of Marlborough
108
Members of the Ancient Order of Druids


Tunoa Lui is an American Samoan football coach who trained the national team of American Samoa for a period of one year. He resigned from the position in 2001. Since 2017 he is the coach of the American Samoa national under-18 futsal team.

Biography
Lui was in charge of American Samoa in the 31–0 loss against Australia in a qualifying match for the 2002 World Cup.

Tunoa Lui, who was appointed only a year before, left on the 30th of July, 2001. The American Samoa national team was then without a coach for two years before the appointment of Ian Crook in 2003.

He later coached Samoa's football team for the Oceania Cup.

References

External links

American Samoa national football team managers
Living people
American Samoan football managers
Samoa national football team managers
Year of birth missing (living people)

Tunoa Lui


Until 1 January 2007 Bov municipality (; ) was a municipality (Danish, kommune) in South Jutland County on the Jutland peninsula in south Denmark.  The municipality covered an area of 148 km2, and had a total population of 9,992 (2005). Its last mayor was Jens Aage Helmig, a member of the Venstre (Liberal Party) political party. The main town and the site of its municipal council was the town of Padborg.

The municipality was created in 1970 due to a  ("Municipality Reform") that combined Bov and Holbøl parish.

Bov municipality ceased to exist as the result of Kommunalreformen ("The Municipality Reform" of 2007). It was merged with former Lundtoft, Rødekro, Tinglev,  and Aabenraa municipalities to form the new Aabenraa municipality.  This created a municipality with an area of 951 km2 and a total population of 60,151 (2005). The new municipality belongs to the new Region of Southern Denmark.

External links

References

 Municipal statistics: NetBorger Kommunefakta, delivered from KMD aka Kommunedata (Municipal Data)
 Municipal mergers and neighbors: Eniro new municipalities map

Former municipalities of Denmark

Bov Municipality


Kelly Kulick (born March 16, 1977) is an American professional bowler, bowling coach and sportscaster. She has won ten professional women's bowling titles (six of them majors), one PBA Tour title (a major) and a professional mixed doubles title. Kulick is the first woman ever to win a regular Professional Bowlers Association tour title and the only woman to win a major PBA Tour tournament. She is a 16-time member of Team USA (1998–2001, 2008, 2010–2020). Kulick is currently a pro staff member for Storm Bowling, Vise grips and High 5 gear. In 2019, Kulick was inducted into the USBC Hall of Fame, Superior Performance category.

She has won four medals at The World Games, including two golds. Kulick is currently the head coach for Junior Team USA.

Bowling career

Overview

Kulick is the first woman ever to win a regular Professional Bowlers Association tour title and the only woman thus far to win a major PBA Tour tournament, winning the 2010 PBA Tournament of Champions in Las Vegas on January 24, 2010.  After finishing the weekly qualifying as the #2 seed, she defeated #3 qualifier Mika Koivuniemi to advance to the final against 12-time titlist and 2007–08 PBA Player of the Year Chris Barnes.  In the final, she threw 10 strikes in a dominating 265–195 win.  This earned Kelly a 2-year exemption to compete on the PBA Tour. This feat was followed in November 2017 (although in a non-major tournament) when Liz Johnson won the PBA Chameleon Championship during the 2017 PBA World Series of Bowling.

(The previous high finish for a female in a regular PBA Tour event was second place, accomplished by Liz Johnson at the 2005 Banquet Open. By winning her semifinal match against Wes Malott, Johnson was also the first woman to defeat a man in a televised PBA Tour event. The first woman to defeat a man in a televised championship bowling match was Lynda Barnes, who defeated Sean Rash in the finals of the 2008 USBC Clash of the Champions—a non-PBA made-for-TV event broadcast nationally in the U.S. on CBS-TV.)

Billie Jean King, former tennis superstar and head of the Women's Sports Foundation, summed up the impact of Kulick's TOC victory:

Kulick was also one of the invitees to the International Women's Day reception, hosted by Barack Obama and Michelle Obama and held in the East Room of the White House on March 8, 2010.

Amateur career
Kulick attended and bowled competitively at Morehead State University, where she was a two-time Collegiate Bowler of the Year and two-time All-American. She graduated from Morehead State with a degree in Physical and Health Education.

Kulick has been a 16-time member of Team USA (1998–2001, 2008, and 2010–2020) and was on Junior Team USA in 1998 and 2000. She was part of the 2011 team that took home the United States' first gold medal in the team event of the World Tenpin Bowling Championships since 1987.

Kulick won two medals each at The World Games 2013 in Cali, Colombia and The World Games 2017 in Wrocław, Poland. In December 2015, Kulick and Team USA teammate Danielle McEwan won the Gold Medal in the doubles competition at the World Bowling Women's Championship in Abu Dhabi, and she was on the Team USA squad that won the Gold Medal in the team(-of-five) competition.

Overall, Kulick has won 40 medals in international competition.

Original PWBA Tour

Kulick began her professional career with the Professional Women's Bowling Association (PWBA), winning the 2001 Rookie of the Year Award.  She also won the 2003 U.S. Women's Open for her first PWBA Tour title and first major. The PWBA folded following the 2003 season.

PWBA Tour hiatus and competing in the PBA
After the demise of the PWBA, Kulick began bowling in the PBA Eastern Region.  In 2005-06, Kulick cashed in 12 of the 14 regional events in which she competed.

The PBA opened its membership to women in April 2004 after the PWBA folded. The PBA Tour switched to an all-exempt field in 2004-05, with 58 bowlers earning full-time exemptions for each season. Two women — Liz Johnson and Carolyn Dorin-Ballard — had previously gained entry to PBA Tour events through weekly qualifying.

On June 4, 2006, Kulick made history by becoming the first female professional bowler to earn a PBA Tour exemption (see PBA Bowling Tour: 2005-06 season).  This allowed her to compete in every PBA event of the 2006–07 season.  Kulick was quoted in 2006 as saying, "To be the first woman is huge...words can't even describe the feeling. I feel confident I can be a good enough competitor to stay out on Tour. My next goal is to make a television show and become the first woman to win a PBA Tour title." During the 2006–07 season, however, Kulick only made five cuts, finished 54th in points, and lost her PBA exempt status.  Kulick was also unsuccessful in her attempt to regain an exemption for the 2007–08 season at the 2007 PBA Tour Trials.

Kelly rebounded by winning the USBC Queens event in May, 2007.

In 2008, Kelly won the PBA Senior Ladies and Legends title with Robert Harvey, and won the PBA Women's Series Shark Championship in 2009.

Also in 2009, Kelly defeated Shannon Pluhowsky, 219–204, to win the inaugural PBA Women's World Championship—the first women's major tournament under PBA sanction. The finals were contested September 6, 2009, and aired October 25 on ESPN.  With the win, Kulick earned a spot in the 2010 PBA Tournament of Champions, where she was the first-ever female competitor in the field. In this event, which took place in January 2010, Kulick soundly defeated the field of male bowlers to become the first woman to win any PBA Tour event that was also open to men. She also locked up a two-year PBA Tour exemption.

Kulick's amazing 2010 continued when she won her second USBC Queens crown on April 28, 2010, then won the U.S. Women's Open on May 12, 2010. She also won the 33rd Malaysian Open in 2010. For her efforts, she was presented with three awards at the PBA Hall of Fame induction ceremonies on January 22, 2011: the 2010 Bowlers Journal Person of the Year, the 2010 World Bowling Writers International Bowler of the Year, and the 2010 Glenn Allison Hero Award.

On June 4, 2011, Kelly won the 44th Singapore International Open.

On June 30, 2011, Kelly had the chance to be the first woman in 32 years to successfully defend a U.S. Women's Open title, when she averaged over 241 during qualifying to capture the #1 seed for the event in Arlington, Texas. But Kulick rolled her lowest game of the entire tournament in the televised finals, getting upset by Leanne Hulsenberg, 218–183. Kelly rebounded by winning the 2012 U.S. Women's Open, in the process becoming only the third woman (besides Marion Ladewig and Patty Costello) to win the event at least three times. Liz Johnson joined that exclusive group the following year, with her third U.S. Women's Open win.

Kulick has won back-to-back World Bowling Tour (WBT) Women's Finals at the World Series of Bowling in Las Vegas, NV. She defeated Missy Parkin in 2013 and Liz Johnson in 2014. The WBT Finals is a non-title tournament, with finalists based on a rolling points list from WBT tournaments over the previous two years.

In 2015, Kulick won the BPAA's Dick Weber Bowling Ambassador Award, an honor given annually to the "bowling athlete who has consistently shown grace on and off the lanes by promoting the sport of bowling in a positive manner."

PWBA Tour relaunch
Following the rebirth of the PWBA Tour in 2015, Kulick won the title at the PWBA Fountain Valley Open (Fountain Valley, CA) on May 23, 2017. With her previous women's major wins being counted as PWBA titles, Kulick was credited with her sixth PWBA Tour championship. Kulick finished runner-up to Shannon O'Keefe in the final major of the 2017 season (The Smithfield PWBA Tour Championship), while also finishing runner-up to Liz Johnson in PWBA Player of the Year points. She also finished runner-up in the last two majors of the 2018 season, the PWBA Players Championship and PWBA Tour Championship.

On June 5, 2021 Kulick won the PWBA Albany Open for her seventh PWBA Tour title and 12th professional title overall.

Kelly Kulick's professional titles
Major tournaments in bold type.

 2003 U.S. Women's Open
 2007 USBC Queens
 2008 PBA Ladies and Legends (doubles title with Robert Harvey; PBA Senior Tour event)
 2009 PBA Women's Series Shark Championship
 2009 PBA Women's World Championship
 2010 PBA Tournament of Champions
 2010 USBC Queens
 2010 U.S. Women's Open
 2011 Singapore International Open
 2012 U.S. Women's Open
 2017 PWBA Fountain Valley Open
 2021 PWBA Albany Open

In the media
Kelly Kulick was featured as a supporting character in Spider-Man's cast, as friend and former girlfriend of Flash Thompson, starting with Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #20. She was written into the comic after bowling a pro-am event with the daughter of one of the Spider-Man writers.  Her main goal was to have an actual role in the movie, such as Parker's girlfriend. However, it did not happen due to Kulick's objection to a wet-shirt make out scene in Spiderman.

Kulick has also endorsed several clothing lines, including many bathing suit lines, following her win at the Tournament of Champions.

Kulick posed nude (with strategically placed shadows) for ESPN The Magazine's annual "Bodies We Want" issue in October, 2011.  The issue featured Kulick along with 19 other professional athletes, both male and female. Kulick is the first bowler to ever appear in this issue.

Kulick appears in an ESPN Bridgestone commercial, also including sports reporter Michelle Beadle, in which she rolls a bowling ball made of special rubber down a long lane through three separate sets of ten pins, knocking down all of them along the way. At the end of the commercial, she is seen with the Bridgestone scientist trying to pry the prototype away from him.

From 2016 to the present, Kulick has provided color commentary for CBS Sports Network broadcasts of the PWBA Tour, except in tournaments where she qualified for the televised finals.

Personal
Outside of bowling, Kulick enjoys cooking, country music and line dancing. She is a USBC silver-certified bowling coach. In December 2021, Kulick was named head coach of Junior Team USA.

Sources

 Former Team USA member makes history
 Professional Bowler's Association
 Profile of Kelly Kulick
 USA Today chat transcript June 16, 2006

References

American ten-pin bowling players
Bowlers at the 2011 Pan American Games
Morehead State University alumni
People from Union Township, Union County, New Jersey
Sportspeople from Union County, New Jersey
1977 births
Living people
World Games gold medalists
World Games silver medalists
World Games medalists in bowling
Pan American Games medalists in bowling
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Competitors at the 2013 World Games
Competitors at the 2017 World Games
Sportswomen from Kentucky
Bowling broadcasters
Medalists at the 2011 Pan American Games
20th-century American women
21st-century American women

Kelly Kulick


Anonaine is a bioactive benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, present in members of the plant families Magnoliaceae and Annonaceae It is named after the plant it was first extracted from, Annona reticulata, which is commonly known as Anona.

Extraction from Annonaceae
The alkaloid was first isolated from the bark of the Annona reticulata. It has since been found in Annona squamosa, the leaves of Michelia × alba, Fissistigma latifolium and Goniothalamus australis, among many others. The compound may be obtained by dry roasting the bark of Annona reticulata and extracting with methanol. The methanol is removed and the resulting syrup is then treated with hydrochloric acid and the insoluble salts filtered off. The filtrate can then made basic with NH4OH and extracted with diethyl ether. Shaking the extract with 5% sodium hydroxide and retaining the organic layer removes the phenolic content of the extract. The hydrogen chloride salt is then obtained by mixing with hydrochloric acid and recrystallized from diethyl ether. The free base can then be obtained. The anonaine content of Annona reticulata is approximately 0.12%, based on the weight of the starting dried bark.

Research

Traditional medicines
Anonaine is found in many species of Annonacae, which have been used as traditional medicines for many years. For example, extracts of Annona squamosa have been used as treatments for epilepsy, dysentery, cardiac problems, worm infection, constipation, bacterial infection, fever and ulcers. It appears, however, that anonaine is not active in the treatment of many of these ailments. Studies into the bioactivity of anonaine have revealed various interesting pharmacological activities including antitumour, vasorelaxation, antioxidative, antiparasitic and antimicrobial effects, as well as having an effect on the central nervous system.

Anti-tumour properties
Anonaine is known to inhibit growth in human cervical cancer and human lung carcinoma H1299 cells in vitro. The mechanism by which anonaine induces apoptosis in these cells is believed to occur by several mechanisms: generation of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species, reduction in intracellular glutathione concentration, activation of caspases and apoptosis-related proteins, and damage to DNA.

See also
 Apomorphine – a related chemical used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease
 Aporphine – the core alkaloid
 Nuciferine
 Pukateine

References

Aporphine alkaloids
Dibenzoquinolines
Heterocyclic compounds with 5 rings

Anonaine


Bình Minh is a town of Vĩnh Long Province, in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. Under the decree No 89/NQ-CP dated Dec 28, 2012, the cabinet of Vietnam SR decided to upgrade Bình Minh of Vĩnh Long to town from rural district.

The area of Bình Minh is 93.62 km2 with 95,282 inhabitants, 2013 census.

As of 2003 the district had a population of 177,275. The district covers an area of 244 km2. The district capital lies at Cái Vồn.

Geography
Bình Minh town lies to the south-west of Vĩnh Long province. It shares the border with:
	Bình Tân district to the North.
	Trà Ôn district and Cần Thơ City to the South.
	Bình Tân district and Cần Thơ City to the West.
	Tam Bình district to the East

The land of pomelos - a plan in the future

Binh Minh is famous for pomelos. It is located in the south of Hậu Giang river and is bordered upon Cần Thơ city by this river. In this convenient position, the land of pomelos has developed its economy rapidly, especially in recent years. The completion the Cần Thơ Bridge triggered the development of the town. Bình Minh hospital is one of the five constructions built to answer to Millennial Anniversary of Hanoi, it was completed and was used since then. The Central Administration Building has built that is designed and is constructed by Hà Đô Group with architectural way of modern somewhat ancient. Ngô Quyền street, which has a length without one kilometer but it contains park, the State Treasury, the Tax Department, post office, primary school, under economics house, district unit head, three banks and a part of market.
In 2012s, it is exact become type four city. Bình Minh, the land of pomelos will become the land of investment.

Commune-level subdivisions

The town of Binh Minh consists of three wards and five communes.

The three new wards comprise former Cai Von town and some lands from Thuận An and Dong Binh communes.

Wards:

 Cái Vồn
 Thành Phước
 Đông Thuận

Communes:

 Thuận An
 Mỹ Hòa
 Đông Bình
 Đông Thạnh
 Đông Thành

History of the town
Bình Minh was formerly a district of Vĩnh Long under the control of Republic of Vietnam. Its headquarters was located in Mỹ Thuận commune. During the 1975 Spring Offensive, the ARVN 21st division soldiers defended strictly at the ferry crossing between Can Tho-Binh Minh, VL Province. After Saigon government collapsed, Bình Minh became one of 10 districts of the newly established province Cửu Long in February 1976.

According to the decree 59/CP on 3 March 1977, the government decided to merge Bình Minh and Tam Bình into a new district named Tam Bình. In fact, Bình Minh and Tam Bình was two independent ones without any changes.

On 29 September 1981, Ministerial Council re-established Bình Minh district from the former part. Bình Minh comprised Cái Vồn town and 6 communes such as: Tân Quới, Tân Lược, Thành Lợi, Mỹ Thuận, Mỹ Hòa, Đông Thành.

Under the  decree no 86-HĐBT dated 27 March 1985, Mỹ Thuận commune was split into 3 new communes: Mỹ Thuận commune, Nguyễn Văn Thảnh commune and Thuận An commune under control of Bình Minh district, Cửu Long province.

Since 1991, Bình Minh district has been one of 6 districts of the newly reestablished province, Vĩnh Long.

On 9 August 1994, government issued the decree no 85/CP to split Đông Thành commune into Đông Thành, Đông Bình and Đông Thạnh commune; Thành Lợi commune into Thành Lợi, Thành Đông and Thành Trung commune; Tân Quới commune into Tân Quới, Tân Bình, Tân Thành commune; Tân Lược into Tân Quới, Tân An Thạnh, Tân Hưng commune.

On 31 July 2007, government split the district into 2 districts named respectively Bình Minh and Bình Tân (New Bình Minh).

Bình Minh comprised Cái Vồn town and 5 communes: Thuận An, Mỹ Hòa, Đông Bình, Đông Thành, Đông Thạnh. Bình Tân comprised 11 communes: Mỹ Thuận, Nguyễn Văn Thảnh, Thành Lợi, Thành Đông, Thành Trung, Tân Quới, Tân Thành, Tân Bình, Tân Lược, Tân An Thạnh and Tân Hưng.

On 17 September 2010, Ministry of Construction upgraded Cái Vồn town into the fourth-level town.

On 28 December 2012, Government upgraded Bình Minh district into Bình Minh town with 3 wards and 5 communes.

Historical monuments

 Mỹ Thuận temple
 Long An pagoda
 Đông Phước old pagoda
 Bà pagoda (Chinese community)
 Bửu Hưng pagoda

Gallery

References

Populated places in Vĩnh Long province
Districts of Vĩnh Long province
County-level towns in Vietnam

Bình Minh


Beach Spike (Yit long kau oi jin 熱浪球愛戰) is a 2011 Hong Kong film directed by Tony Tang. The film involves a female beach volleyball teams with martial arts skills. It has a proposed cast of veteran actors Bolo Yeung and Ronald Cheng along with the female leads of Theresa Fu, Chrissie Chau, Phoenix Chou and Ankie Beilke.

Plot
In Hong Kong's Paradise Cove Sharon (Chrissie Chau) and Rachel (Theresa Fu) work at a restaurant of their kung fu master uncle Tao (Lo Mang) while taking on rivals in beach volleyball matches.
The wealthy Bu family has plans to have the beach made into a playground for the rich and getting rid of the youth at the beach. Mrs. Bu's two Eurasian daughters, Natalie (Jessica C) and Natasha (Phoenix Chou) challenge Sharon and Rachel to a volleyball match which Natalie and Natasha win.
Natasha and Natalie give Rachel and Sharon a challenge: if the two local girls enter and win the upcoming All Hong Kong Women's Volleyball tournament, Mrs. Bu will revise her plans to further develop the area. Sharon and Rachel feel they don't have a chance to win the tournament. Their uncle then Tao teaches the girls kung fu skills that they apply to volleyball.

Cast
Chrissie Chau as Sharon
Theresa Fu as Rachel
Jessica C as Natalie
Him Law as Tim
Alex Lam as Water
Lam Suet as Water's father
Lo Mang as Uncle Tao
Sharon Yeung as Auntie Tao
Phoenix Chou as Natasha
Candice Yu as Mrs. Bro
Philip Ng as Coach
La Ying as SingSing

Production
Beach Spike is the live-action feature debut of animator Tony Tang, who previously directed the actress Chrissie Chau in a Slim Beauty television commercial in 2009, where she rips open her office outfit to reveal herself in a bikini. The film was set to shoot in Nanhai and Hong Kong. Beach Spike is the second film after The Blood Bond to come from producer Bey Logan's B&E Productions. The film was partially funded by the Hong Kong Film Development Fund who approved $2,799,836.00 for it in June 2010. Chau took three months of volleyball training to prepare for her role in Beach Spike. While working on Beach Spike during the day, Chau and Him Law were shooting the scenes for Marriage with a Liar by night. Production on Beach Spike ended in late September 2010.

Release
Beach Spike was released in Hong Kong on 7 July 2011. It was the fourth highest-grossing film in the Hong Kong box office on its opening week. In total, the film has grossed $191,748.

Notes

External links

Hong Kong romantic comedy films
2011 films
Volleyball films
2010s Cantonese-language films
Films set in Hong Kong
Films shot in Hong Kong

Beach Spike


Cupiennius salei, from the genus Cupiennius also commonly called the Tiger bromeliad spider, which are large bodied, actively-hunting spiders that are part of the family Trechaleidae.

In the mid-1950s it was realised that the spider is an ideal model for biological research because of their large size, predictable behaviour, and ease of breeding in laboratories. From an initial 1963 publication on its biological characteristics, their venom has also become one of the most studied among spiders, which now known to include complex Neurotoxins, such as cupiennins and CSTX.

As with most spiders which also use venom to subdue prey, the bite of Cupiennius salei is not medically significant for humans, therefore they are not be considered dangerous. In particular, a peptide called CsTx-1 is highly potent for paralysing their prey which is mostly small insects.

They are visually similar to another group called wandering spiders (but also see that diverse kinds often get mistakenly called banana spiders).

Description

Cupiennius salei is a large spider with distinct sexual dimorphism. The females are relatively larger than the males, measuring up to 3.5 cm in body length, with a 10 cm legspan. The dorsal side of the body is chocolate-brown with small, lighter spots on the abdomen and many darker longitudinal stripes, particularly on the carapace. The ventral side is red-orange with thick black central region under the abdomen. Males measure up to 2.5 cm long and have very long and thin legs. The males are much lighter in colour than the females. They are distinct, with conspicuous palpal bulbs.

Range
Cupiennius saleiare found naturally across the northern parts of Central America and Mexico, while other species in the genus are also found in various parts of Central America and South America. More precisely, this species naturally occurs in Southeastern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua and possibly into northwestern Costa Rica. Yet, it has also been introduced to various parts of the world either by accidental imports (such as in the early 20th century from banana plantations), or deliberately introduced elsewhere as either a laboratory model organism or an exotic pet. However, it has not yet been recorded as established in the wild outside of its native Mexico and Central America.

Habitat

Can be found in a wide variety of natural habitats but primarily moister broadleaf subtropical and tropical forests. However, they can also coexist close to human habitats in disturbed areas, where introduced plants such as bananas can provide ideal refuges. In general Cupiennius salei are largely arboreal, living in trees and bushes, often favoring plants with broad flat leaves and wide joints that provide shelter. Plants such as bananas and many bromeliads appear to provide ideal refuges, and the spiders can often be seen sheltering in the base of such plants where pools of water can provide protection. Although they tend to generally be inactive for long periods of time, often resting on the surfaces of broad leaves, they are capable of running fast when provoked, either to catch prey or to escape from threats.

Ecology

Cupiennius salei is largely a nocturnal, "sit-and-wait" ambush predator behaving with a strong circadian rhythmicity. They hide during daylight, mostly under leaves, and emerge at dusk. At sunset, when the light intensity falls to about 15 lux, they leave their refuge but usually remain nearby. They remain there motionless for about 30 mins until it is dark (less than 0.1 lux) then move to the surface of the leaf and lie in-wait for prey, occasionally briefly walking about the leaf. Their activity is greatest during the first three hours of the night. They retreat back to their refuge after six to seven hours.

Under laboratory conditions, females make cocoons every three to four weeks, each containing up to 1,500 embryos. The embryo is typically 1.3 mm in diameter. The complete life cycle takes between 9 and 12 months from fertilized egg to mature adult. After hatching from the cocoon, the larvae start feeding. Generally they are fed first with fruit flies and later with crickets. They become reproductively mature after the final moult.

During courtship, Cupiennius salei communicate using sex pheromones. Females are usually solitary and to attract males, release the pheromones on trees along a silk thread. When a male detects the pheromone, he generates oscillatory movement that creates vibrations on the leaves (an average frequency of 76 Hz). The female responds to this by creating a counter vibration, and in this way guides the receptive male to her exact location. The female pheromone has been identified as (S)-1,1'-dimethyl citrate. The male's pheromone sensory cells are located in tip pore sensilla and respond to touching with either female silk or the synthetic compound of the pheromone.

Cupiennius salei have one pair of principal eyes and three pairs of secondary eyes located on the prosoma (the anterior end of the head) and they are colour blind. Being adapted to nocturnality, their visual capability is reduced and they rely on their tactile sensation to detect movements or vibrations in their environment.

Venom

As Cupiennius salei does not produce any dedicated prey capture web, their bite effect plays an important part of their hunting strategy alongside grasping with the chelicerae, forelegs and pedipalps. Both ambush and pursuit are key parts of active prey capture. They prey on a wide range of invertebrates especially insects (moths, earwigs, cockroaches, flies, grasshoppers, etc), and small vertebrates such as frogs and lizards. Without any dedicated web for prey capture, they therefore depend entirely on body mechanics and venom for predation.
They produces a neurotoxic venom which is composed of a complex mixture of at least 286 compounds and 49 novel proteins. In addition, there are many low molecular compounds, nine neurotoxic acting peptides (CSTX), at least eight neurotoxic and cytolytic acting peptides (collectively called cupiennins), highly active hyaluronidases. The most powerful neurotoxin is a peptide called CsTx-1. In 2002 a new family of peptides called cupiennins (cupiennin 1a, cupiennin 1b, cupiennin 1c, cupiennin 1d) was discovered from the venom, all composed of 35 amino acid residues, and have high antimicrobial activities. It was subsequently discovered that the cupiennins are broad-spectrum bioactive compounds having bactericidal, insecticidal and haemolytic activities.

They produce venom in a pair of cylindrical pouch-like glands located at the anterior end of the head (prosoma). In adult females, each gland measures 1.8 mm in diameter and 6.5 mm in length. The glands are connected to a small duct through which the venom is discharged via its fang-like chelicera. Just before entering the chelicera, the duct enlarges to a muscle-invested ampulla and then constricts again. This specific arrangement is believed to be the regulatory system on the amount of venom that is released.

The venom glands of Cupiennius salei store only about 10 μl of crude venom. Refilling of the glands takes 2–3 days and the lethal efficacy of the venom is very low for several days after envenomation, requiring 8 to 18 days to regain full effect. It has been determined that the amount of venom released differs between types of prey. For larger and stronger insects such as beetles, the spider uses the entire amount of its venom; for smaller prey, it uses only small amounts, thus economising use of the biologically costly venom.

Etymology

The species was named after the species initial collector Auguste Sallé, who travelled across Mexico, and parts of Central and South America principally for making entomological collections, sent to Hugh Cuming, but is known for his Ornithology. Some of his Mexican collections are described by Sclater, 1857 plus memoires.

Taxonomy

References

External links

i5k Insect and other Arthropod Genome Sequencing Initiative
Photograph
Photograph at fineartamerica
Taxonomy at Encyclopedia of Life
Taxonomy at UniProt
Taxonomic information at ITIS Report
Classification at Animal Diversity Web
Information at ZipcodeZoo

Trechaleidae
Spiders of Central America
Spiders of Mexico
Spiders described in 1877

Cupiennius salei


A  hedgehog  is a spiny mammal of the subfamily Erinaceinae, in the eulipotyphlan family Erinaceidae. There are seventeen species of hedgehog in five genera found throughout parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa, and in New Zealand by introduction. There are no hedgehogs native to Australia and no living species native to the Americas. However, the extinct genus Amphechinus was once present in North America.

Hedgehogs share distant ancestry with shrews (family Soricidae), with gymnures possibly being the intermediate link, and they have changed little over the last fifteen million years. Like many of the first mammals, they have adapted to a nocturnal way of life. Their spiny protection resembles that of porcupines, which are rodents, and echidnas, a type of monotreme.

Etymology
The name hedgehog came into use around the year 1450, derived from the Middle English heyghoge, from heyg, hegge ("hedge"), because it frequents hedgerows, and hoge, hogge ("hog"), from its piglike snout. Other names include urchin, hedgepig and furze-pig.

Description
Hedgehogs are easily recognized by their spines, which are hollow hairs made stiff with keratin. Their spines are not poisonous or barbed and, unlike the quills of a porcupine, do not easily detach from their bodies. However, the immature animal's spines normally fall out as they are replaced with adult spines. This is called "quilling". Spines can also shed when the animal is diseased or under extreme stress. Hedgehogs are usually brown, with pale tips to the spines, though blonde hedgehogs are found on the Channel Island of Alderney.

Hedgehogs roll into a tight spiny ball when threatened, tucking in the furry face, feet, and belly. The hedgehog's back contains two large muscles that direct the quills. Some light-weight desert hedgehog species with fewer spines are more likely to flee or attack, ramming an intruder with the spines, rolling up only as a last resort.

Hedgehogs are primarily nocturnal, with some species also active during the day. Hedgehogs sleep for a large portion of the day under bushes, grasses, rocks, or most commonly in dens dug underground. All wild hedgehogs can hibernate, though the duration depends on  temperature, species, and abundance of food.

Hedgehogs are fairly vocal, with a variety of grunts, snuffles and/or squeals.

They occasionally perform a ritual called anointing. When the animal encounters a new scent, it will lick and bite the source, then form a scented froth in its mouth and paste it on its spines with its tongue. Some experts believe this might serve to camouflage the hedgehog with the local scent, and might also lead to infection of predators poked by the spines. Anointing is sometimes also called anting after a similar behavior in birds.

Like opossums, mice, and moles, hedgehogs have some natural immunity against some snake venom through the protein erinacin in their muscles, though in such small amounts that a viper bite may still be fatal. In addition, hedgehogs are one of four known mammalian groups with natural protection against another snake venom, α-neurotoxin. Developing independently, pigs, honey badgers, mongooses, and hedgehogs all have mutations in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor that prevent the binding of the snake venom α-neurotoxin.

The sense of smell has been little studied in the hedgehog, as the olfactory part of the mammal brain is obscured inside the neopallium. Tests have suggested that hedgehogs share the same olfactory electrical activity as cats.

Diet
Although traditionally classified in the now abandoned order Insectivora, hedgehogs are omnivorous. They feed on insects, snails, frogs and toads, snakes, bird eggs, carrion, mushrooms, grass roots, berries, and melons. Afghan hedgehogs devour berries in early spring after hibernation.
Hedgehogs have been observed eating cat food left outdoors for pets, but this may not be a proper food for hedgehogs in captivity.[video:1]

Hibernation
When a hedgehog hibernates, its normal  body temperature  decreases to .

Reproduction and lifespan
Hedgehog gestation lasts 35–58 days, depending on species. The average litter is 3–4 newborns for larger species and 5–6 for smaller ones. As with many animals, it is not unusual for an adult male hedgehog to kill newborn males.

Hedgehogs have a relatively long lifespan for their size. In captivity, lack of predators and controlled diet contribute to a lifespan of 8–10 years depending on size. In the wild, larger species live 4–7 years (some recorded up to 16 years), and smaller species live 2–4 years (4–7 in captivity). This compares to a mouse at 2 years and a large rat at 3–5 years.

Newborn hoglets are blind, with their quills covered by a protective membrane which dries and shrinks over several hours, and falls off after cleaning, allowing the quills to emerge.

Predators
The various species have many predators: while forest hedgehogs are prey primarily to birds (especially owls) and ferrets, smaller species like the long-eared hedgehog are prey to foxes, wolves, and mongooses. Hedgehog bones have been found in the pellets of the Eurasian eagle owl.

In Britain, the main predator is the European badger. European hedgehog populations in the United Kingdom are lower in areas with many badgers, and hedgehog rescue societies will not release hedgehogs into known badger territories. Badgers also compete with hedgehogs for food.

Domestication

The most common pet species of hedgehog are hybrids of the white-bellied hedgehog or four-toed hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris) and the smaller North African hedgehog (A. algirus, pygmy hedgehog). Other species kept as pets are the long-eared hedgehog (Hemiechinus auritus) and the Indian long-eared hedgehog (H. collaris).

It is illegal to own a hedgehog as a pet in some US states including Hawaii, Georgia, Pennsylvania, and California, and some Canadian municipalities, and breeding licenses are required. No such restrictions exist in most European countries with the exception of Scandinavia. In Italy, it is illegal to keep wild hedgehogs as pets.

As invasive species
In areas where hedgehogs have been introduced, such as New Zealand and the islands of Scotland, the hedgehog has become a pest, lacking natural predators. In New Zealand it has decimated native species including insects, snails, lizards and ground-nesting birds, particularly shore birds.

Eradication can be troublesome. Attempts to eliminate hedgehogs from bird colonies on the Scottish islands of North Uist and Benbecula in the Outer Hebrides were met with international protest. Eradication began in 2003 with 690 hedgehogs killed, though animal welfare groups attempted rescues. By 2007, legal injunctions prohibited the killing, and in 2008, the elimination process was changed to trapping and releasing on the mainland.

In 2022, it was reported that the hedgehog population in rural Britain declining rapidly, down by 30%-75% since 2000.

Diseases
Hedgehogs suffer many diseases common to mammals, including cancer, fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular disease.

Cancer is very common in hedgehogs. The most common is squamous cell carcinoma, which spreads quickly from bone to the organs, unlike in humans. Surgery to remove the bone tumors is impractical.

Fatty liver and heart disease are believed to be caused by bad diet and obesity. Hedgehogs will eagerly eat foods high in fat and sugar, despite a metabolism adapted for low-fat, protein-rich insects.

Hedgehogs are also highly susceptible to pneumonia, with difficulty breathing and nasal discharge, caused by the bacterium Bordetella bronchiseptica.

Hedgehogs uncommonly transmit a fungal ringworm or dermatophytosis skin infection to human handlers and other hedgehogs, caused by Trichophyton erinacei, a distinct mating group among the Arthroderma benhamiae fungi.

Hedgehogs can suffer from balloon syndrome, a rare condition in which gas is trapped under the skin from injury or infection, causing the animal to inflate. The condition is unique to hedgehogs because their skin is baggy enough to curl up. In 2017 the BBC reported a case of a male hedgehog "almost twice its natural size, literally blown up like a beach ball with incredibly taut skin". At Stapeley's Wildlife Hospital, vet Bev Panto, said, "I have seen three or four of these cases and they are very strange every time and quite shocking ... When you first see them they appear to be very big hedgehogs but when you pick them up they feel so light because they are mostly air". The British Hedgehog Preservation Society advises:
There is no single cause for this condition. The air can be removed by incising or aspirating through the skin over the back. Antibiotic cover should be given. This may be associated with lung/chest wall damage or a small external wound acting like a valve or a clostridium type infection.

Human influence
As with most small mammals living around humans, many are run over as they attempt to cross roadways. In Ireland, hedgehogs are one of the most common mammalian road fatalities. Between April 2008 and November 2010 on two stretches of road measuring 227 km and 32.5 km there were 133 recorded hedgehog fatalities. Of another 135 hedgehog carcasses collected from throughout Ireland, there were significantly more males than females collected, with peaks in male deaths occurring in May and June. Female deaths outnumbered males only in August, with further peaks in female deaths observed in June and July. It is suggested that these peaks are related to the breeding season (adults) and dispersal/exploration following independence.

Domesticated hedgehogs can get their heads stuck in tubes such as toilet paper tubes, and walk around with them. Some owners call this "tubing" and promote the behavior, providing a tube cut lengthwise to allow the hedgehog to remove it. Some hedgehogs intentionally wear tubes for hours.

Culinary and medicinal use
Hedgehogs are a food source in many cultures. They were eaten in Ancient Egypt and some recipes of the Late Middle Ages call for hedgehog meat. They are traded throughout Eurasia and Africa for traditional medicine and witchcraft. In the Middle East and especially among Bedouins, hedgehog meat is considered medicine against  rheumatism and arthritis. Hedgehogs are also said to cure a variety of disorders from tuberculosis to impotence. In Morocco, inhaling the smoke of the burnt skin or bristles supposedly remedies fever, impotence, and urinary illnesses; the blood is sold as a cure for ringworm, cracked skin and warts, and the flesh is eaten as a remedy for witchcraft. Romani people still eat hedgehogs, boiled or roasted, and also use the blood and the fat as a medicine.

In 1981, British publican Philip Lewis developed a line of Hedgehog Flavoured Crisps, whose taste was apparently based on the flavourings used by Romani to bake hedgehogs. As they did not contain any actual hedgehog product, the Office of Fair Trading ordered him to change the name to Hedgehog Flavour Crisps.

Genera and species

Subfamily Erinaceinae (hedgehogs)
 Genus Atelerix
 Four-toed hedgehog, Atelerix albiventris
 North African hedgehog, Atelerix algirus
 Southern African hedgehog, Atelerix frontalis
 Somali hedgehog, Atelerix sclateri
 Genus Erinaceus
 Amur hedgehog, Erinaceus amurensis
 Southern white-breasted hedgehog, Erinaceus concolor
 European hedgehog, Erinaceus europaeus
 Northern white-breasted hedgehog, Erinaceus roumanicus
 Genus Hemiechinus
 Long-eared hedgehog, Hemiechinus auritus
 Indian long-eared hedgehog, Hemiechinus collaris
 Genus Mesechinus
 Daurian hedgehog, Mesechinus dauuricus
 Hugh's hedgehog, Mesechinus hughi
 Small-toothed forest hedgehog, Mesechinus miodon
 Gaoligong forest hedgehog, Mesechinus wangi
 Genus Paraechinus
 Desert hedgehog, Paraechinus aethiopicus
 Brandt's hedgehog, Paraechinus hypomelas
 Indian hedgehog, Paraechinus micropus
 Bare-bellied hedgehog, Paraechinus nudiventris

See also

References

External links

 Hedgehog reference at the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
 Hedgehog facts
 Hedgehog care and advice
 Natural History of European Hedgehogs (Wildlife Online)

Rolling animals

Hedgehog


Shannon McIntosh (born July 24, 1989) is an American auto racing driver who competes in the ARCA Racing Series, recently competing for Cunningham Motorsports. She previously raced in the U.S. F2000 National Championship for Pabst Racing Services and with Cape Motorsports with Wayne Taylor Racing in 2011. She also drove for car builder and owner Bob East in 2010 in the USAC Midgets.

Born and raised in Miamisburg, Ohio, McIntosh began her racing career at age 5 and has amassed over 100 combined victories through Quarter Midgets and USAC Midgets. In 2012, McIntosh was the only female competitor in the US F2000 National Championship and the only American female in The Road to Indy. McIntosh has been sponsored by companies like TrueCar and TAG Heuer while adorning a racing suit by AlpineStars and uses Arai Helmet.

Recently, McIntosh partnered with Dallas Mavericks owner and American businessman Mark Cuban with the social media app called Cyber Dust.

McIntosh competed for the October 2011 cover of Seventeen as one of five finalists chosen from 35,000 applicants which also included a docu-reality special on MTV.

She finished eighth in the 2011 U.S. F2000 National Championship Her best race finish was eighth (twice) and 18th in the 2012 U.S. F2000 National Championship, scoring a best finish of eleventh.

After working diligently for a drive during the 2013 season, McIntosh earned an opportunity to race part-time in the ARCA Racing Series for Cunningham Motorsports. Competing in the Scott Get Geared Up 200 at Lucas Oil Raceway at Indianapolis, McIntosh drove from 29th to score a respectable 15th-place finish in the race.

Motorsports career results

ARCA Racing Series
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)

References

External links

1989 births
American female racing drivers
People from Miamisburg, Ohio
Sportspeople from Montgomery County, Ohio
Living people
Racing drivers from Dayton, Ohio
ARCA Menards Series drivers
U.S. F2000 National Championship drivers
Wayne Taylor Racing drivers

Shannon McIntosh (racing driver)


Suziann Reid (born January 14, 1977) is an American-Jamaican former track and field sprinter who specialized in the 400-meter dash. She set a personal record of 50.74 seconds for the distance in 1999. She was a silver medalist with the American women's 4 × 400-meter relay team at the 1999 World Championships in Athletics. She was part of the World Championship team twice more, in 2001 and 2005, and helped the United States to silver at the 2002 IAAF World Cup and gold at the 2001 Goodwill Games.

Reid competed collegiately for the Texas Longhorns and won three outdoor NCAA titles in the 400 m and two indoor NCAA titles. She also won four back-to-back NCAA outdoor titles in the 4 × 400 m relay. After her track career she became a writer and released Dark Secrets: Choosing Your Child's Sports Coach in 2013.

Career

Early life and college
Born in Kingston, Jamaica with dual American citizenship, she moved the United States at age eleven and began attending Eleanor Roosevelt High School in Maryland. Her mother had been a track and field athlete in her youth. Reid took up cross country running at high school at age 14 and the coach suggested she try out for the indoor track team. It was a highly successful transition as she won a 400-meter dash and 800-meter run double at the Maryland state high school championship in 1992 then went on to take three consecutive sprint sweeps in the 100-meter dash, 200-meter dash and 400-meter dash from 1993 to 1995. At national level, she won 400 m at the National Scholastic Indoor Championships in 1994 and 1995. By the time she finished her high school career she had a best of 52.77 seconds for the 400 m.

Reid gained a sports scholarship to attend The University of Texas at Austin and began competing for their Texas Longhorns collegiate track team. In her first major competition she took third individually and in the 4 × 400-meter relay at the 1996 NCAA Division I Women's Indoor Track and Field Championships. Success followed at the NCAA Outdoor Championships where she was 400 m champion and helped set a collegiate record of 3:27.50 minutes to win the relay. Having gained eligibility to represent the United States, she won the American junior title in 400 m and won the silver medal behind Andrea Burlacu at the 1996 World Junior Championships in Athletics.

At the 1997 NCAA Indoors she was off the podium in the 400 m but improved to runner-up in the relay. She achieved a personal record of 50.95 seconds in the NCAA Outdoor Championships final, edged out by LaTarsha Stroman. She retained the relay title for the Texas Longhorns that year. In her last two years of college competition she went undefeated with back-to-back wins in the 400 m indoors and outdoors at the NCAA meet. She also helped the Longhorns to four straight NCAA 4 × 400 m relay titles from 1996 to 1999.

For her collegiate career, she was given the Honda Broderick Award (now the Honda Sports Award)  as the female track and field athlete of the year in 1999.

Professional career
Reid was a frequent competitor for the United States in 4 × 400-meter relay team and her first medal with them came at the 1999 Summer Universiade, where she anchored a team of Yolanda Brown-Moore, Yulanda Nelson and Mikele Barber to the gold medals. She was the 400 m runner-up at the 1999 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships to Maicel Malone and as result gained an individual and relay spot on the team for the 1999 World Championships in Athletics She was eliminated in the semi-finals of the 400 m, but won a silver medal  leading off the relay team including Michelle Collins and Jearl Miles Clark, which finished behind Russia. Reid's career best run of 50.74 seconds that year ranked her third in the United States.

In the 2000 track season she won her first national title at the USA Indoor Track and Field Championships, bringing an end to Jearl Miles Clark's three-year streak. She failed to make the Olympic team after missing the final at the 2000 United States Olympic Trials. She repeated as USA Indoor champion and ran at the 2001 IAAF World Indoor Championships, though an injury during her run in the final saw her finish a distant sixth. With a fifth-place finish at the 2001 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships she made the United States relay team. Reid did not another medal at the 2001 World Championships in Athletics as she dropped the baton on the final exchange and the team of Miles-Clark, Monique Hennagan and Collins ended in fourth as a result. Redemption came at the 2001 Goodwill Games, where she anchored the same team to a gold medal in 3:24.63 minutes.

In the last few years of her career, Reid remained a finalist at national level and made two last international appearances in the relay. A team of Collins, Crystal Cox, Reid and Hennagan claimed the silver medals behind the Americas team at the 2002 IAAF World Cup. At the 2005 World Championships in Athletics, Reid led off the American women, but a line violation in the heats stage saw them disqualified. She retired after that competition.
She is the author of the book Dark Secrets.
https://suziannreid.com/

In 2014, she married International and Constitutional Law Attorney Johnny B. Davis.

Personal records
Outdoor
100 metres – 11.70 (2001)
200 metres – 23.15 (1999)
400 metres – 50.74 (1999)
800 metres – 2:23.80 (1998)
4 × 400 metres relay – 3:22.09 (1999)
Indoor
60 metres – 7.41 (1999)
200 metres – 23.13 (1999)
400 metres – 51.68 (1999)

All information from All-Athletics profile.

International competitions

National titles
USA Indoor Track and Field Championships
400 m: 2000, 2001
NCAA Division I Women's Outdoor Track and Field Championships
400 m: 1996, 1998, 1999
4 × 400 m relay: 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999
NCAA Division I Women's Indoor Track and Field Championships
400 m: 1998, 1999

See also
List of World Championships in Athletics medalists (women)

References

External links

Living people
1977 births
Athletes from Kingston, Jamaica
American female sprinters
Jamaican female sprinters
World Athletics Championships athletes for the United States
World Athletics Championships medalists
Texas Longhorns women's track and field athletes
Jamaican emigrants to the United States
American women sportswriters
American sportswriters
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
Goodwill Games medalists in athletics
American women non-fiction writers
FISU World University Games gold medalists for the United States
Medalists at the 1999 Summer Universiade
Competitors at the 2001 Goodwill Games
Goodwill Games gold medalists in athletics

Suziann Reid


The first set of Highland Council wards was first used for Highland Council election purposes in 1995, for the first general election of the council. They were replaced with 80 new wards for the second general election in 1999.

The Highland Council (Comhairle na Gaidhealtachd in  Gaelic) had become a local government authority in 1996, when the two-tier system of regions and districts was abolished and the Highland region became a unitary council area, under the Local Government etc (Scotland) Act 1994. The first Highland Council election, however, was one year earlier, in 1995. Until 1996 councillors shadowed the regional and district councils and planned for the transfer of powers and responsibilities. Elections to the council are normally on a four-year cycle, all wards being contestable at each election.

For the periods 1995 to 1999 each ward elected one councillor by the first past the post system. The first past the post system continued in use when new wards were introduced in 1999, but the increased number of wards meant an increase in the number of councillors.

The wards used from 1995 to 1999 were subdivisions of eight council management areas, with councillors elected from each area forming an area committee. The wards created in 1999, however, were not exactly subdivisions of the management areas, management area boundaries were not adjusted to take account of new ward boundaries and, therefore, area committees ceased to be exactly representative of areas for which they were named and for which they took decisions.

Lists of wards, 1995 to 1999

Wards are listed by management area, and are numbered as well as named.

Badenoch and Strathspey wards
The Badenoch and Strathspey management area consisted of five wards:

Caithness wards
The Caithness management area consisted of eight wards:

Inverness wards
The Inverness management area included Loch Ness, Strathglass and the town of Inverness.

The management area consisted of 20 wards:

Lochaber wards
The Lochaber management area consisted of eight wards:

Nairn wards

The Nairn management area included the town of Nairn but was mostly rural.
It consisted of five wards:

Ross and Cromarty wards
The Ross and Cromarty management area consisted of 13 wards:

Skye and Lochalsh wards

The Skye and Lochalsh management area included the islands of Skye, Raasay and Scalpay, the village of Kyle of Lochalsh on the mainland, and a rural area to the east of Kyle of Lochalsh. It consisted of six wards:

Sutherland wards
The Sutherland management area consisted of seven wards:

See also
Politics of the Highland council area

Notes and references

Highland council wards
Lists of wards in Scotland

Highland Council wards 1995 to 1999


Arthana is a 1993 Indian Malayalam language film, directed by I. V. Sasi and starring Murali, Priya Raman and Raadhika.

Plot
Ramachandran/Ramu is a draughtsman. He stays with his wife Bharathi and daughter. Bharathi has enough love for him, however is short tempered and has kept many restrictions in the house keeping in mind the goodwill for all. Much to his dislike, Ramu's father in law and brother in law use all means to save money from projects he is involved in, as they are partners in his construction company. His daughter, besides doing college education, is also attending a dance class. She is in love with the dance master Unni, whose mother is a well known dancer. However Unni's father's details are not revealed by his mother as he had died before their marriage and his birth. On knowing that her daughter is in love with dance master, Bharathi reaches the dance school and shouts at them, calling him a Bastard. She also suggests her club members to refrain from sending their children for the dance class. Ramachandran was much disappointed about this incident as he too had an illegitimate son.

Ramachandran's son Sreekuttan and his mother Priya are living in another house at a place where one of his project is in progress. He has a happy life there too, enjoying all freedom. He visits them often and only his best friend knows about this relationship. Though he was willing to marry Priya, she told that it is not required as she is much confident to live with his son. His best friend also suggests that the marriage will turn void as it does not have the consent of his wife. However Ramachandran plans to write his house in the village in Sreekuttan's name.

Things go worst as Ramachandran suffers a heart attack and is admitted in the ICU section of hospital. He becomes speechless, and informs his best friend that he wants to see Priya. Priya reaches the hospital with Sreekuttan and Ramachandran's friend makes way for her to visit him by carefully avoiding the presence of Bharathi. However Bharathi sees both of them, just before leaving the ICU. Ramachandran passes away that night. His brother-in-law was just about to cremate the body when Sreekuttan shouts for his father and runs towards the body. Ramachandran's friend reveals that it is Ramu's kid and, as per rituals, if there is a son for the deceased, it's he who should perform the last ceremony for his father. And so, Sreekuttan performs the last rituals and lights the body for cremation.

Bharathi's hatred toward Priya increases. However Ramu's daughter develops sisterly feelings for Sreekuttan and then with the help of Unni she traces Priya's house. It is then she realises that happy her father had been when he was with Priya and Sreekuttan. The name Sreekuttan was suggested by her. The clothes that was bought by Ramu for her were actually stitched by Priya. She is also told about how they became attracted to each other. For a new project construction, as instructed by his client, Ramachandran had destroyed the house where Priya and her mother resided. On seeing their house being destroyed, Priya's mother dies. Priya then stays with one of her friends, who insists the she tries her luck in painting. Though she tried that, no one was purchasing it. Ramachandran happened to see her, but she completely ignored him. Soon after that her paintings started to get sold. Later she learned that the paintings had been purchased by Ramachandran for use in his business ventures such as hotels. Also she finds out that Ramachandran too likes painting, and she sees portrait of her and her mother that was done by Ramachandran. As time passed by, even after knowing that Ramachandran was married, they got attracted to each other. Owing to the fear of Bharathi's reaction, he had hidden this fact from everyone.

Bharathi gets angry with her daughter and locks her up in the room. However she manages to escape through the window, and visits Priya's house. Bharathi reaches there along with her father Soman and brother and asks Priya and son to leave the house. Priya asks for a period of two days to shift.

Sreekuttan tells his mother Priya that he wants to meet his father. Priya consoles him by telling that they will meet him shortly. Bharathi's daughter plans to leave the house as she finds it uncomfortable to stay in the house. What will happen to Priya and Sreekuttan? Will Bharathi accept them? The climax reveals it.

Cast
 Murali as Ramachandran
 Priya Raman As Priya Ramachandran
 Raadhika as Bharathi Ramachandran
 Siddique as Suresh
 Vineeth as Jayakrishnan
 Sangeetha as Anu Ramachandran
 Sukumari As priyas mother
 Kuthiravattam Pappu as Nanu
 MG Soman as Madhavan Nair
 Kavitha as Savithri, Jayakrishnan's Mother
 Rajeev Rangan	as Ravi
 Rani Larius aട Girija Suresh
 Jm Riswan as Sreekuttan,Ramachandran's

References

External links

1993 films
1990s Malayalam-language films
Films directed by I. V. Sasi

Arthana