Avalon: Web of Magic (also printed as Avalon: Quest for Magic) is a series of twelve young adult fantasy books written by American author Rachel Roberts between 2001 and 2010. The books tell of the adventures of a trio of modern girls who are turned into mages to save the legendary land of Avalon from those who want to use its magic for evil. There is a related graphic novel series, Avalon: The Warlock Diaries, and an animated series adaptation is currently in the works.

Synopsis
Emily Fletcher, Adriane Charday, and Kara Davies, three very different girls-turned-mages (highly skilled magic users), band together to protect and find Avalon, the very source of all magic. Each girl has a bonded animal and magic stone; their animal friends help them on their magical journeys through the different worlds along the Magic Web. The safety of the Magic Web, and the worlds it connects together, hangs on their success as they battle two main antagonists, the Dark Sorceress and the Spider Witch, who wish to harness the tremendous magical energy and magic of Avalon and distort the Magic Web for their own evil ends. The titular Web of Magic is a web on the magical, mystical plane of existence, connecting all worlds and planets with each other through mystical portals.

Circles in the Stream
Emily, Adriane, and Kara are all drawn to a secret place deep in the woods. It is much harder than it would be because Kara will not cooperate with the other two mages. There they discover a portal to another world through which strange and wondrous animals have emerged, searching desperately for the magic that will keep them alive. The animals are peaceful and good, but what follows them through the portal is pure evil. The girls have been chosen by magical beings called Fairimentals to protect the magical animals, though they do not know why. To save them and their world, the three girls must begin a quest to find the lost home of legendary magic, Avalon, or to perish trying.

All That Glitters
Emily and Adriane have one thing that Kara does not: a magical gem. But when Kara finally finds a magical stone of her own, a diamond unicorn horn (the unicorn jewel), it brings more trouble than anyone can handle. Pesky dragonflies start showing up everywhere and new Fairimentals warn of danger. While trying to use the mystical jewel to make her hair stop growing longer uncontrollably, her hair turns rainbow-colored. Worse, a band of terrifying monsters stalk Kara, and signs of an evil sorceress keep appearing before her. All these creatures come from another world and all want something from her. Finding out may take Kara, Emily, and Adriane a step closer to Avalon, the essential source of all magic. But it may also cost one of them her life.

Cry of the Wolf
Adriane and Stormbringer, the mistwolf, have quite a uniquely close and strong emotional bond of friendship. But is it strong enough to save them when Storm is lured through the portal to Aldenmor, another world much like Earth where magic still thrives? Adriane believes it is, and follows Storm to the magical world. There, Adriane faces the challenge of her life as she confronts Moonshadow, the pack leader and the entire mistwolf pack and tries to bring Storm home. The strange boy she meets, Zach, may be able to help her, but she will need Emily and Kara's magic to survive this battle.

The Secret of the Unicorn
Aldenmor's problems are worsening. Many new creatures are arriving in Ravenswood through the portal and they report that the Fairy Glen, home of the fairimentals, has vanished. A frightened and wounded unicorn is among the new refugees to Ravenswood. Can Emily communicate with her to offer help? The future of the Magic Web depends upon the dark secret the unicorn carries. All the while, a new terror of a harpy stalks Emily as she tries to find out about the injured creature.

Spellsinger
The first benefit concert for the Ravenswood Wildlife Preserve is on and everyone is depending on the event to ensure the Preserve's survival. Kara has booked hottie pop idol Johnny Conrad. But Conrad may be hiding a dangerous secret that threatens the animals, Ravenswood, and the girls themselves. This time, the magic is in the sound and music, and if Emily, Adriane, and Kara can not perform, their chance to find Avalon may be gone forever.

Trial by Fire
The road to Avalon is about to be revealed. The path is on the fairy map, a sparkling globe of wondrous magical power. Kara holds the fairy map in her hands, and must use it for the good of all worlds and all animals. But evil stalks Kara. The Dark Sorceress is after the map, too. If she finds Avalon first, people and animals from all worlds are doomed. The time has come for Emily, Adriane and Kara to be the healer, the warrior and the blazing star they were meant to be. They must win this battle – even if it means sacrificing the life of a dearly beloved friend.

Song of the Unicorns
Emily's dad wants her to vacation with him and his new wife—Emily's new step mom—at a horse ranch in New Mexico. Emily convinces her two friends to accompany her. But along the Magic Web, a dangerous magic tracker is hunting down unicorns, the one magical creature that can control the flow of magic. In the desert, the mages discover an entire herd of baby unicorns. Emily, Adriane, Kara, Ozzie, Dreamer, and Lyra must find a way to hide them and fight the dark hunter.

All's Fairy in Love and War
Kara cannot control her magical abilities. So she goes back to doing what she does best—being pretty and popular, and performing in the school play. The other mages, Emily and Adriane, have to continue without her. But the magic has other plans for Kara, the Blazing Star. Whisked into the Fairy Realms through a magic mirror, Kara falls smack into the middle of an impending war, and meets a mysterious boy with a dark secret. Kara may be the only one who can restore peace between the Fairies and the Goblins, but she must first tame her unstable powers, her wild heart, and a stallion made of pure fire. If she fails, it could mean the destruction of all of the Fairy Realms, the unraveling of the Magic Web... and even the end of Avalon itself.

Ghost Wolf
Adriane, the Warrior, knows what it's like to lose a close and dearest friend. And now she is on the verge of losing everything she loves. The Spider Witch and the Dark Sorceress will stop at nothing to capture the power crystals of Avalon. This time, they have launched an attack directly at Ravenswood, the sanctuary for magical animals and Adriane's home. The fight to save Ravenswood will take Adriane to places she never imagined, into the very heart of mistwolf magic where a best friend she thought she had lost forever lives on. Is Adriane brave enough to walk the ghostly spirit path? She will have to rise to a whole new, stronger power-level of magic in order to save her best friends, her pack-mates, and Avalon itself, or risk losing everything... again.

The Heart of Avalon
A mysterious sickness threatens the sea dragons of Aldenmor. But Emily the healer can not find a cure unless she can bond with one special animal and advance to a Level Two mages like her friends. A strange, shape-shifting creature whisks her away and Emily meets perilous monsters, salty sea elves, and a hidden treasure holding the secrets to evolving her healing magic and finding the path to Avalon. To save the animals, Emily must face her deepest fears, and discover the truth about her enormously strong and powerful mage abilities... but she would not be alone.

The Dark Mage
In the very heart of the magic, darkness is growing. Time is running out and Emily, Kara, and Adriane must retrieve the last remaining power crystals to open the Gates of Avalon and save the Magic Web. No one told the girls the real secret of the Prophecy. Like their enemies, the Spider Witch and the Dark Sorceress, one mage is destined to bond and become one with dark magic. In their most dangerous adventure yet, each mage will be called upon to face her darkest fears. Their friendship is pushed to the limit; and one will become the Dark Mage.

Full Circle
Emily, Adriane, and Kara became mages, but failed to discover the secrets of Avalon and save their beloved animal friends. Now, the Gates of Avalon are locked, beloved friends are doomed, and the Dark Sorceress reigns supreme. There may be one final chance to fulfill their destiny. The mages must put everything they deeply and dearly love and care for on the line; and be prepared to sacrifice all as the final battle for Avalon begins.

Publishing history

The six Avalon: Web of Magic books were originally published by Scholastic Corporation. After the end of the Web of Magic series, the rights were obtained by CDS publishers, who reprinted the first six books, along with the first four volumes of the six-book Avalon: Quest for Magic sequel series.
Book 1 - Circles in the Stream; Scholastic (August 2001); Seven Seas (March 2008)
Book 2 - All That Glitters; Scholastic (October 2001); Seven Seas (March 2008)
Book 3 - Cry of the Wolf; Scholastic (December 2001); Seven Seas (May 2008)
Book 4 - Secret of the Unicorn; Scholastic (April 2002); Seven Seas (July 2008)
Book 5 - Spellsinger; Scholastic (July 2002); Seven Seas (September 2008)
Book 6 - Trial by Fire; Scholastic (October 2002); Seven Seas (November 2008)
Book 7 - Song of the Unicorns; CDS (2003); Seven Seas (January 2009)
Book 8 - All's Fairy in Love and War; CDS (2003); Seven Seas (March 2009)
Book 9 - Ghost Wolf; CDS (2004); Seven Seas (May 2009)
Book 10 - Heart of Avalon; CDS (2005); Seven Seas (September 2009)
Book 11 - Dark Mage; Seven Seas (October 2009)
Book 12 - Full Circle; Seven Seas (March 2010).

Out of print for three years, new editions of the books were published by Seven Seas Entertainment, with updated cover art by Allison Strom, revised text, the addition of in-book illustrations and an informational section. Seven Seas also released the last two volumes of the series, Dark Mage and Full Circle, never before published. The Quest for Magic subtitle is no longer used, with the second series books published under the original Web of Magic subtitle. By August 2012, Avalon books had sold more than 2 million copies overall.

The series was revised again for an collected edition Avalon: Web of Magic Omnibus with bonus content, starting with Omnibus 1 including the first three books and published in May 2012.  It was also adapted for e-books on multiple eReader platforms by Premier Digital Publishing in 2012-2013. The first book, Circles in the Stream, was furthermore  made available as a free audiobook, narrated by Mandy Moore. French edition by Bayard Jeunesse began publishing in 2017 as Les magiciennes d'Avalon, in translation by Maud Ortalda and with new illustrations by Julia Blattman.

A new trilogy entitled Avalon: Shadow Warrior was announced for release in 2012. In 2012, Avalon author Rachel Roberts delayed Shadow Warrior to 2016. It still has not been released yet as of 2021.

Other media

Avalon: The Warlock Diaries
Seven Seas also released a three-book original English-language manga series, Avalon: The Warlock Diaries, written also by Rachel Roberts and drawn by Shiei (Aoi House, Amazing Agent Luna) and Edward Gan (The Outcast). Besides the manga storyline, each Warlock Diaries volume includes part of a short story, Legend of the LAOA, featuring secondary characters from the novels.

Avalon: The Warlock Diaries Vol 1 (June 2009)
Avalon: The Warlock Diaries Vol 2 (October 2009)
Avalon: The Warlock Diaries Vol 3 (March 2010).

The books were also released in an omnibus edition in December 2010. A "super special manga edition" was planned to be published in 2014.

Music
The musical band Be*Tween's first single "Supernatural High" was released by Sony Music Entertainment in a cooperative marketing program with the Avalon books. The fictional version of the band is also featured in the series. "Supernatural High" and three more of Be*Tween's songs and the instrumental Avalon Orchestral Suite, are available for MP3 download on the Avalon: Web of Magic website.

Film and animated adaptation projects
In 2012, Mind's Eye Entertainment announced that they have partnered with Red Sky Entertainment and UK-based Moving Pictures Media to produce several live-action, feature-length film adaptations of Avalon: Web of Magic, to be written by Robert Mandell, directed by Donald Petrie and produced by Isabella Battiston. The first film was to be based on the first book in the series, Circles in the Stream, planned to be released in the summer of 2014.

In 2017, an animated series adaptation was announced in production with Robert Mandell's imprint Voyager.World by Minds Eye Entertainment and Bridgegate Pictures to be in the works, instead of the films. It was to be created by animation studios Animagrad and Futurikon, possibly using the Unreal Engine. In 2019, a change of studios was announced along with a sneak peek of new designs.

See also
Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders, a 1990s animated series created, produced and directed by Mandell.

References

External links

gomanga.com: Avalon: Web of Magic (Seven Seas website)
Avalon: Ravenswood Wildlife Preserve (Scholastic website)

The Avalon Archive

American children's novels
American comics
Arthurian comics
Book series introduced in 2001
Fantasy novel series
Modern Arthurian fiction
Original English-language manga
Series of children's books
Children's books about witches
2000s children's books
Children's books about magic
Children's books based on Arthurian legend

Avalon: Web of Magic


CKKL-FM (93.9 MHz) is a commercial radio station in Ottawa, Ontario. Owned by Bell Media, it broadcasts a country format branded as Pure Country 94. CKKL's radio studios and offices are located in the Bell Media Building on George Street in Downtown Ottawa's ByWard Market.

CKKL-FM has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 95,000 watts. The transmitter is in Camp Fortune, Quebec, within Gatineau Park.

History

CFRA-FM
Frank Ryan originally launched the station on May 3, 1947 as CFRA-FM. At first it largely simulcast the programming of its sister station CFRA 560 AM (now on 580 kHz). In 1959, CFRA-FM began airing some separate programming.

In 1961, Ryan sought approval to increase power from 860 watts to 146,000 watts via a new tower site at Camp Fortune.  The Ryan Tower (named after Frank Ryan) would become the area's main radio and television transmission site.

CFMO-FM
In 1961, the simulcast with CFRA ended. The FM station began a format of beautiful music with some classical music at night. The station adopted the call sign CFMO-FM to give it a separate identity from CFRA. The call letters stood for FM Ottawa.  Both CFRA and CFMO were subsequently acquired by CHUM Limited in 1968.

The station manager at the time was veteran broadcaster Gord Atkinson, well known to Ottawa listeners. The music director was Ray Eckford. Announcers included: John Cavill and Bryan Williams (mornings) as well as Jim Bristow and Dick Richards (whose real name was Richard "Dick" Gasparini, originally with CKWW and CKCY-FM) in the evenings. Core artists heard on CFMO-FM were orchestras conducted by Percy Faith, Henry Mancini and Mantovani, as well as vocalists such as Frank Sinatra, Barbra Streisand and The Carpenters.

Kool-FM
As the 1990s began, CFMO began playing more soft vocal music and fewer instrumentals. CHUM, Ltd. dropped the longtime easy listening format on August 28, 1992.  The new call letters CKKL-FM were acquired and the brand name Kool FM was used for the station's new Hot AC format. The first song was Time, Love & Tenderness by Michael Bolton.  (The CFMO call sign and format were picked up by CHEZ-FM Inc., and adopted on what is now CKBY.)

During the hot AC days, they aired mostly contemporary hits during the evening hours (in large part due to CRTC regulations banning FM stations for having more than 50% of hit material on their playlists to protect AM stations and French-language stations), as well as the dance music show "Pirate Radio" with Chris Sheppard on Saturday nights. During the 1990s, CKKL competed against Top 40 stations CKTF-FM (which airs in French) and AM station Energy 1200 (which aired in English). Station liners during this time promoted "Hit Music on FM", directly targeting Energy 1200 listeners. After "Energy" flipped to alternative rock in 1997, CKKL was considered the default English-language hit music station in Ottawa. By February 2003, when CIHT-FM (now a CHR station) launched with its rhythmic contemporary format, CKKL completely shifted to CHR.

Bob FM

On May 31, 2003, at 9:39 AM, CKKL-FM dropped its CHR/Top 40 format, and began stunting with the audio from the movie What About Bob?. After the movie aired, snippets of music played, with "Bob FM" launching at Noon that day, adopting the adult hits format. The first song on "Bob" was I Want A New Drug by Huey Lewis and The News.

Bob FM's morning show, Cub & Company, was hosted by Cub Carson and Melanie Adams, and until February 2013, Sandy Sharkey. The show was formerly hosted by "Stuntman" Stu Schwartz, who is now at CJMJ-FM.

In 2007, CTVglobemedia bought CKKL-FM along with the other CHUM Limited properties. In 2011, Bell Canada acquired CTVglobemedia, renaming the company as Bell Media.

On February 1, 2013, Bell Media announced that longtime Bob FM announcers Steve Gregory and Sandy Sharkey were leaving the station as a result of cuts.

Pure Country 94
On November 10, 2014, Bell Media announced that the "Bob FM" format would be discontinued, citing changing "market conditions" and the need to "pursue a new opportunity". All of the station's on-air talent, including Cub Carson, were laid off, and the station began airing blocks of music punctuated by promos announcing an impending relaunch. Its website referred Bob FM listeners to the online stream of sister station CJPT-FM.

On November 12, 2014 at 11:45 a.m., after again playing "I Want a New Drug" (a near-bookend to the launch of "Bob"), followed by "Like a Virgin" by Madonna, CKKL went into a 15-minute stunt of a ticking clock. At Noon, CKKL flipped to country as New Country 94, launching with a marathon of 10,000 songs played without commercial interruption starting with "Cruise" by Florida Georgia Line. After the 10,000 song marathon, the station began airing advertisements again, preceding song number 10,001 and over.

On May 28, 2019, the station was renamed Pure Country 94 as part of a nationwide rebranding.

References

External links

Kkl
Kkl
Kkl
Radio stations established in 1947
1947 establishments in Ontario

CKKL-FM


Richard 'Dick' Railsback (born March 19, 1946) was a retired American pole vaulter. In 1967 he was ranked fifth in the world. Next year he won the national title, but placed fourth at the Olympic Trials and was not selected for the 1968 Olympic team. He attended the 1976 Summer Olympics as a coach for the American athletics team.

In August 1970 Railsback married Annika Rohlén, an interpreter during his 1967 visit to Sweden. In 1969–71 he mostly stayed in Sweden and competed for Gefle IF. Dick and Annika have a daughter Michelle and son Michael. Both were born and raised in Lincoln, Nebraska, but spent every summer in Sweden until ca. 2001; they hold dual citizenship and speak Swedish. Both competed for Gefle IF in hurdle running, and Michelle also in the pole vault and flat running.

References

American male pole vaulters
1946 births
Living people

Dick Railsback


Agorism is a free-market anarchist political philosophy founded by Samuel Edward Konkin III that believes the ultimate goal as bringing about a society in which all "relations between people are voluntary exchanges– a free market." The term comes from the Greek word "agora," referring to an open place for assembly and market in ancient Greek city-states. Agorist theory divides people into two classes: people who make their living through the market, and people who make their living by coercing others (called the "economic class" and "political class", respectively). They support a nonviolent overthrow of the second class by the first, through peaceful black market and grey market activity, known as counter-economics.

References

Anarcho-capitalism
Libertarianism

Agorism


There are two isomers of propanol.

1-Propanol, n-propanol, or propan-1-ol : CH3CH2CH2OH, the most common meaning
2-Propanol, Isopropyl alcohol, isopropanol, or propan-2-ol : (CH3)2CHOH

See also
 Propanal  (propionaldehyde) differs in spelling from propanol by a single letter and is a different compound.
 Propranolol is a drug used for reducing blood pressure and hand tremors.

Alkanols

Propanol


Carter Sans is a typeface by Matthew Carter, in collaboration with Dan Reynolds. In style, it is described as a "hybrid sans-serif" or "humanist stressed sans" ("flare serif", "glyphic serif"), as it does not have serifs, but letters do flare slightly near the ends of strokes, which is particularly notable in the capitals. This is a relatively rarer style, and Carter states that he was particularly influenced by Albertus (1932–40) by Berthold Wolpe, also of Monotype.

It is the first of his designs to bear his name, and was based on a commission by Alan Haley of Monotype to develop a sans-serif based on Carter's ITC Charter, though development ultimately took a different turn.

The font was unveiled in a preview on November 4, 2010, at the Art Directors Club 2010 Hall of Fame gala, and was released in January 2011.

The capitals are given particular focus, and in demonstrations it has been used to set passages in all caps, though a full suite (lower case, italics, bold, etc.) is available.

References

External links
 Carter Sans – home page
 About this Typeface
 New Work: Art Directors Club Hall of Fame Gala
 Graphic Content: Carter Sans, by Steven Heller, New York Times, February 2, 2011

Humanist sans-serif typefaces
Typefaces and fonts introduced in 2011
Display typefaces
Typefaces designed by Matthew Carter

Carter Sans


Posiva Oy is a Finnish company with headquarters in the municipality of Eurajoki, Finland. It was founded in 1995 by Teollisuuden Voima (60% of stock) and Fortum (40% of stock), two Finnish nuclear plant operators, for researching and creating a method of final disposal of spent nuclear fuel from their plants.

For this purpose, Posiva is currently constructing the Onkalo spent nuclear fuel repository, the world's first deep geological repository, at the Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant site.

References

Companies established in 1995
Eurajoki
Privately held companies of Finland
Radioactive waste repositories
1995 establishments in Finland

Posiva


is an Occitan word meaning 'banished' or 'proscribed'; it is used to denote a lord dispossessed of his land and title.

In historical works it is commonly used in reference to lords in the Languedoc who ran afoul of the Catholic Church during the Albigensian Crusade, who were accused of heresy and had their properties confiscated by the church. Some  abandoned their property of their own accord to avoid the crusaders, and it may have been confiscated in absentia later.

Many of the lords took up arms against the crusaders and effectively became outlaws, ambushing crusaders whenever the opportunity presented itself.

References

Albigensian Crusade

Faidit


De Northern Region be one of de sixteen regions wey dey Ghana insyd. E dey insyd de north of de country den ein be de second largest of de sixteen regions wey dey Ghana insyd. Nah before dem split am, e dey cover area of 70,384 square kilometres or 31 percent of Ghana's area. Insyd December 2018, dem create Savannah Region den North East Region from am. De Northern Region be divided into 14 districts. Tamale, largest city of Ghana be de capital town of de region.

Dema Geography den climate

Location den size
De Northern Region be bordered on de north by de North East region, on de east by de eastern Ghana-Togo international border, on de south by de Oti region, den on de west by de Savannah Region. Northern region dey mak up of 14 districts.

Climate den vegetation
De Northern Region be Guinea Savanna grassland. De Guinea Savanna be de wettest of de three savanna ecological zones. De vegetation dey comprise predominantly of woodalnds den grasslands. Between January den March be de dry season. De wet season dey between May den October, with an average annual rainfall of 750 to 1050 mm (30 to 40 inches). De highest temperatures dey reach at the end of the dry season, de lowest ein December den January. However, de Harmattan wind from de Sahara blow frequently between December den the beginning of February. De temperatures can vary between 14 °C (59 °F) at night den 40 °C (104 °F) during de day.

Dema Economy
Just like all parts of Ghana, More than half of de economically active population be agriculture. De region dey be one of de most agriculturally important regions wey dey insyd Ghana. Ein get de largest reserve of iron ore.

Dema Demographics
De Northern Region dey contain much of de territories wey dey de Kingdom of Dagbon den Dagbani be de  language wey dem speak more, den English. Dagbani dey part of de Oti–Volta subfamily insyd de Niger–Congo language family. Other languages wey dem speak for de region insyd include Likpakpaln den Nawuri.

References

Northern Region


The year 1579 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.

Exploration
 June 17 – Francis Drake, during his circumnavigation of the world, lands in what is now California, which he claims for Queen Elizabeth I of England as Nova Albion.

Physiology and medicine
 Hieronymus Fabricius discovers the membranous folds that serve as valves in the veins.

Births
 January 12 (bapt.) – Jan Baptist van Helmont, Flemish chemist (died 1644)
 July 13 – Arthur Dee, English physician and alchemist (died 1651)

Deaths
 June 17 – Johannes Stadius, Flemish mathematician and astronomer (born c. 1527)
 approx. date – Hans Staden, German adventurer (born c. 1525)

References

16th century in science
1570s in science

1579 in science


Paul Stapleton was the chairman of Plymouth Argyle from August 2001 to July 2009, and was a director of the club between 1998 and 2010. He is a senior partner at accountancy firm Parkhurst-Hill based in Plymouth.

Early life and education

Stapleton attended Victoria Road Primary School and then Devonport High School for Boys. He then studied Accountancy at Plymouth University.

Career

In August 2001, Stapleton succeeded Dan McCauley as chairman of Plymouth Argyle, heading a consortium of local businessmen each with an equal share in the club.

Stapleton's tenure saw Argyle win two championships, in 2001/02 and 2003/04, which took them from the fourth division of English football to the second. Stapleton also presided over the Board's purchase of the freehold of Argyle's ground, Home Park, from Plymouth City Council in early 2007. During Stapleton's 11 years as Director then Chairman Plymouth Argyle had five managers, two caretaker managers, and broke the transfer record four times, rebuilt three-quarters of Home Park and purchased the freehold of the stadium.

In July 2009, Stapleton stepped down as the club's chairman following the completion of a takeover by a consortium led by Sir Roy Gardner.

In July 2020 he took over as chairman at Tavistock. He stood down in June 2022.

References

English football chairmen and investors
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Paul Stapleton


"Spookyfish" is the fifteenth episode of the second season of the American animated television series South Park. It is the 28th episode of the series overall. It first aired on Comedy Central in the United States on October 28, 1998. Trey Parker wrote the episode.

Plot

In the episode, Stan's mother's Aunt Flo comes to stay.  She gives Stan a goldfish as a present.  But the goldfish is evil and kills people.  Stan's mother thinks it is Stan who has killed the people.  She hides the bodies.

Meanwhile, Cartman's double from another universe appears.  He is from an opposite universe where mean people are nice and nice people are mean, so this visiting Cartman is nice.  He helps the boys with their pumpkin carving contest.  He tries to help Stan and his friends defeat the evil fish.  All the characters from the evil universe have goatee beards, a reference to the "Mirror Mirror" episode of Star Trek.

References

1998 television episodes
South Park (season 2) episodes

Spookyfish


Post-hardcore is a musical genre that evolved from hardcore punk, itself a part of the broader punk rock movement. One of the main influences on this genre is the band Fugazi.

Post-hardcore uses elements of hardcore, along with emo, metal, alternative rock or whatever, to create a more experimental sound. It can be more melodic than normal hardcore, but sometimes is heavier.

Post-hardcore contributors
 Fugazi
 Thrice
 Enter Shikari
 Underoath
 Silverstein
 The Used
 Les Savy Fav
 Letter Kills
 Rites of Spring
 Hawthorne Heights
 Pierce the Veil
 Escape the Fate
 Sleeping with Sirens
 Moose Blood
 Touche Amore

References

Music genres

Post-hardcore


Tuma or Toma is a stage in the production of Pecorino cheese, which comes before salting and maturation. By extension, it also indicates cheese that is consumed or commercialized at this stage of production.

In a broader sense, it can refer to fresh cheese made of ewe's milk, cow's milk or a mixture. Originally Tuma was only made from ewe's milk, but nowadays the usage of cow's milk is generally accepted.

The four stages of maturation of the Pecorino cheese are:
 Tuma (directly from the curd)
Primosale (addition of salt and maturation for one month)
Secondo sale (maturation for at least another four months)
 Pecorino stagionato (any maturation period longer than five-six months)

Cheese products can be consumed at any of those stages and are usually referred to by the last stage completed.

Tuma is a typical product of southern Italy, especially Sicily, being particularly common in the interior areas. Since it is produced from the curd without the addition of salt, it has to be consumed within one or, at most, two weeks or it will spoil.

In France, Piedmont and the Aosta Valley there is a type of cheese, produced with different methods, that has a similar name: tomme or Tome in French and tuma or toma in the local dialect.

See also
 List of Italian cheeses

References
 Elenco e descrizione dei prodotti derivati dal latte riconosciuti come tradizionali dalla Regione siciliana e allegato alla Gazzetta Ufficiale della Regione Siciliana, Palermo, Sabato 6 febbraio 1999, N. 6
 Luigi Cremona e Francesco Soletti, L'Italia dei formaggi: 490 formaggi Dop e tradizionali, 360 produttori con vendita diretta, 517 negozi specializzati, ristoranti ed enoteche con degustazione. Guida Touring, Touring Editore, 2002, , p. 125

Italian cheeses
Sheep's-milk cheeses

Tuma (cheese)


Donald McAlpine ACS, ASC (born 13 April 1934) is an Australian cinematographer.

Career
McAlpine was a physical education teacher in Parkes, New South Wales, Australia. He began using a 16mm Camera to film athletes preparing for the Melbourne Olympic Games.

In Australia, from 1972 to 1981, McAlpine collaborated with Bruce Beresford. McAlpine filmed many of Beresford's early films including, The Adventures of Barry McKenzie, Barry McKenzie Holds His Own, Don's Party, The Getting of Wisdom, Money Movers, Breaker Morant and The Club. McAlpine also worked with director Gillian Armstrong on My Brilliant Career.

After My Brilliant Career, Breaker Morant and The Getting of Wisdom, were released, Paul Mazursky offered him work on the film Tempest.

McAlpine was nominated for an Academy Award for his work in Moulin Rouge!. He is a member of both the Australian Cinematographers Society and the American Society of Cinematographers.  The A.S.C. honored him with the 2009 International Achievement Award. In 2016 McAlpine received an honorary doctorate in Arts from Edith Cowan University in Perth, Western Australia.

Filmography
Film

Television

References

External links

1934 births
Living people
Australian cinematographers
People from New South Wales

Donald McAlpine


Eugenio Cavallini (16 June 1806 — 11 April 1881) was an Italian conductor, composer, violinist, and violist. In 1833 he became first violinist of the orchestra at La Scala, a post he held through 1855. He also served as a conductor at La Scala, notably leading the world premieres of Gaetano Donizetti's Lucrezia Borgia (1833), Donizetti's Gemma di Vergy (1834), Donizetti's Maria Stuarda (1835), Saverio Mercadante's Il giuramento (1837), Mercadante's Il bravo (1839), Giuseppe Verdi's Oberto (1839), Verdi's Un giorno di regno (1840), Donizetti's Maria Padilla (1841), Verdi's Nabucco (1842), Verdi's I Lombardi alla prima crociata (1843), Verdi's Giovanna d'Arco (1845), Federico Ricci's Estella di Murcia (1846), and Domenico Ronzani's Salvator Rosa (1854).

At La Scala Cavallini also conducted performances of Vincenzo Bellini's La sonnambula (1834), Donizetti's L'elisir d'amore (1834), Bellini's I puritani (1835), Daniel Auber's La muette de Portici (1838), Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor (1839), Donizetti's La fille du régiment (1840), Donizetti's Don Pasquale (1843), Donizetti's Linda di Chamounix (1844), Verdi's Ernani (1844), Verdi's Attila (1846), Verdi's Jérusalem (1850), Verdi's Rigoletto (1853), Verdi's Il trovatore (1853), Giacomo Meyerbeer's Les Huguenots (1854), Donizetti's Maria di Rohan (1855), Gioachino Rossini's The Barber of Seville (1855), Errico Petrella's Marco Visconti (1855), and Rossini's Otello (1855).

Selected works
 Divertimento in G major for viola solo and string quartet (or string orchestra) (1829)
 Guida per lo studio della viola (Viola Method), Book II: 24 Studi in tuoni minori (24 Studies in Minor Keys) for viola solo (c.1845)
 Guida per lo studio della viola (Viola Method), Book III: Concert Pieces for viola and piano (c.1845)
     Fantasia
     Souvenir
     Fantasia originale (a.k.a. Fantasia) for viola and piano (or 2 violas, 2 cellos and double bass)
     Tema con Variazioni
     Polacca
     Fantasia originale
     Tema Variato (Theme and Variations) in E major
     Adagio Variato dell'Opera Poliuto
     Serenata
 Riminiscenze di Santa Cristina, Fantasy for solo viola, 2 violas, 2 cellos and double bass

References

1806 births
1881 deaths
Italian male composers
Italian conductors (music)
Italian male conductors (music)
Italian classical violinists
Italian classical violists
19th-century Italian composers
19th-century conductors (music)
19th-century classical violinists
Male classical violinists

Eugenio Cavallini


Khiamniungan is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken by the Khiamniungan people in east-central Noklak District of Nagaland in northeastern India and in northwestern Burma. Most of the Khiamniungans in India are acquainted with Patsho Khiamniungan which is also one of the main languages within their geographical region.

Names
Alternate names for Khiamniungan include Aoshedd, Khiamnga, Kalyokengnyu, Khiamngan, Khiamniungan, Nokaw, Tukhemmi, and Welam (Ethnologue).

Distribution and status
There are approximately 50,000 speakers of Khiamniungan. There are an estimated 29 Khiamniungan villages in India and 132 in Burma. "Khiamniungan" is the autonym for the language, which means "the source of water" or "water people", whereas Kalyokengnyu is an exonym meaning "dwelling in stone", given to the group by European anthropologists after the slate roof houses the people lived in. The low number of speakers of Khiamniugan makes it vulnerable, but it is taught in schools and supported by the government through cultural programs.

Classification
Khamniungic fits into the following language branches, as proposed by van Dam (2023).

Patkaian (= Northern Naga)
SE Patkaian: Khamniungic, Lainong, Ponyiu-Gongwan, Makyam
Khamniungic: Thang, Patsho, Wolam (but not Lainong or Makyam)

Writing system
Like most languages spoken in Nagaland, Khiamniungan is written in a Latin alphabet, due to the early Christian missionary presence in the region.

History of scholarship
Most of the information of Khiamniungan comes from its inclusion in studies of the Naga or Konyak languages by the Central Institute for Indian Languages in Mysore. There is also a Khiamniungan vocabulary published in 1974 by Nagaland Bhasha-Parishad.

See also
Khiamniungan people

References

External links
 Khiamniungan Naga at the Endangered Languages Project

Languages of Myanmar
Languages of Nagaland
Sal languages
Endangered languages of India
Endangered Sino-Tibetan languages

Khiamniungan language


Jungbu-dong is a dong or a neighbourhood of the Gyeongju City, North Gyeongsang province, South Korea. It is bordered by Songdong-dong and Hwango-dong on the east, Seonggeon-dong on the west, Hwangnam-dong on the south and Hwangseong-dong on the north. Its 0.93 square kilometers are home to about 6,894 people. It is an administrative dong that consists of five legal dongs such as Seobu-dong, Dongbu-dong, Bukbu-dong, Noseo-dong, and Nodong-dong.

Jungbu-dong has two elementary schools and one middle school.

See also
Subdivisions of Gyeongju
Administrative divisions of South Korea

References

External links
 The official site of the Jungbu-dong office

Subdivisions of Gyeongju
Neighbourhoods in South Korea

Jungbu-dong, Gyeongju


The Bindunuwewa Massacre or Bindunuwewa Prison Massacre took place on October 24, 2000, at a detention center of Bindunuwewa, Sri Lanka, resulting in the deaths of 26 minority Tamil political prisoners by a mob of Sinhalese.

Camp
The low-security detention center was established to house former LTTE cadres. Of the 26 killed, 2 were under the age of 21 and the rest were between 21 and 30.

The massacre
On October 24, 2000, a mob of a few hundred villagers armed with knives, rods and torches stormed the detention center. The Sri Lankan Army detachment that was posted there had been withdrawn the previous day, for unknown reasons.

Once the massacre started, the posted police personnel refused to intervene to stop it.

Government response
Initially, the government responded by saying that the detainees had rioted and that the massacre was an outcome of an attempt to control the rioting. Then it was claimed that the police were unable to protect the detainees in the face of superior mob force. Eventually, the government charged a few police officers with a crime.  Most were initially convicted of murder, only to be released by the Sri Lankan Supreme Court in 2005.

Theories
A number of theories have been postulated to explain the massacre:
 It was organized by local Sinhala nationalist political activists with the connivance of Sri Lankan Army and police personnel.
 It was a reaction by the local villagers who resented the detention center in their neighborhood.
 It was organized by the military establishment to thwart an attempt by the detainees to go on hunger strike in the subsequent days to protest their detention.

See also
 List of attacks attributed to Sri Lankan government forces
 List of attacks attributed to the LTTE
 List of massacres in Sri Lanka

References
Report of Sri Lankan Human Rights commission

Riots and civil disorder in Sri Lanka
2000 in Sri Lanka
Bindunuwewa
Prison massacres in Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka and state terrorism
October 2000 events in Asia

Massacres in 2000
Massacres in Sri Lanka

Bindunuwewa massacre


John M. Barry (born 1947) is an American author and historian who has written books on the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927, the influenza pandemic of 1918, and the development of the modern form of the ideas of separation of church and state and individual liberty. He is a professor at the Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine and Distinguished Scholar at Tulane's Bywater Institute.

Life and education

Barry was born in Providence, Rhode Island and graduated from Brown University in 1968. He entered a Ph.D. program at the University of Rochester but withdrew from graduate school in the middle of the semester after he received his M.A. in History in 1969.
He then coached high school and college football. In 2021 he was inducted into the Tulane University Athletic Hall of Fame for his role as a coach of the 1973 Tulane football team, and his first several published articles appeared in a professional journal for coaches, Scholastic Coach. In the 1970s he began freelancing for magazines and moved to Washington DC, where he frequently contributed to The Washington Post Sunday Magazine and was Washington editor of the now-defunct Dun's Review and Dun's Business Month.

Literary works

His first book, The Ambition and the Power: A True Story of Washington, appeared in 1989 and explored the operation of the U.S. Congress, the use of power by Speaker of the House Jim Wright, and the rise of future Speaker Newt Gingrich. In 1995 the New York Times named it one of the eleven best books ever written on Congress and Washington.

With Steven Rosenberg, MD, PhD, chief of the Surgery Branch at the National Cancer Institute and a pioneer in the development of "immunotherapy" for cancer—stimulating the immune system to attack cancer—Barry co-authored his second book, The Transformed Cell: Unlocking the Mysteries of Cancer, which was published in 12 languages.

Barry's 1997 book Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How It Changed America appeared on the New York Times Best Seller list and won the 1998 Francis Parkman Prize from the Society of American Historians for the year's best book on American history. In 2005, the New York Public Library named it one of the fifty best books of all kinds—fiction, nonfiction, and poetry—in the preceding 50 years. His work on water-related issues was recognized by the U.S. National Academies of Science in its invitation to give the 2006 Abel Wolman Distinguished Lecture on Water Resources; he is the only non-scientist ever to give that lecture.

His 2004 book The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Greatest Plague in History was also a New York Times Best Seller, and won the 2005 Keck Communication Award from the United States National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine for the year's outstanding book on science or medicine. In 2005 he also won the "September 11th Award" from the Center for Biodefense and Emerging Pathogens at Brown University. He has served on a federal government's Infectious Disease Board of Experts, on the advisory board of Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Center for Engineering Fundamentals, and on the advisory committee at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health for its Center for Refugee and Disaster Response. This work resulted in Barry's induction into Delta Omega, an academic honorary society for public health.

Roger Williams and the Creation of the American Soul: Church, State, and the Birth of Liberty (2012)

Policymaking

Two of his books involved him directly in policy-making. From January 2007 until October 16, 2013, he was a member of the Southeast Louisiana Flood Protection Authority - East (SLFPAE), the levee board responsible for protecting the New Orleans metro area on the east bank of the Mississippi River. He has advised the private sector and local, state, national, and international government officials about preparing for another influenza pandemic. He has also both advised officials and taken a direct role in preparing for water-related disasters. A resident of New Orleans, after Hurricane Katrina he was also named to both the Southeast Louisiana Flood Protection Authority (SLFPA), which is the levee board overseeing several separate levee districts in the New Orleans area, and the state's Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority, which is responsible for hurricane protection for the entire state.

Recognizing that protecting New Orleans from storm surge required restoring much of coastal Louisiana, which had once served as a buffer between the city and the ocean and 2,000 square miles of which had disappeared, he proposed to the levee board that it file a lawsuit against oils companies responsible for a significant amount of the damage. His colleagues agreed and on July 24, 2013, SLFPAE filed a lawsuit against Exxon Mobil, BP, Shell, Chevron and 94 other oil, gas, and pipeline companies for their role in damage to Louisiana's coast. Barry was the chief architect of this suit, and was the authority's spokesperson on it. Governor Bobby Jindal immediately demanded SLFPAE withdraw the lawsuit. The board was created after Hurricane Katrina by a constitutional amendment, and its members—unlike members of other levee boards in the state—cannot be removed by the governor without cause. However, when Barry's term on the board expired, Jindal did not reappoint him. The board continues to support the suit, and Barry continues to argue for it, speaking at Rotary Clubs and similar groups throughout Louisiana to generate political support. Nonetheless, in June 2014 the state legislature passed a bill attempting to retroactively kill the lawsuit. Despite a veto urged by Attorney General Buddy Caldwell and 116 law school professors who warned that the bill undermined some of the state's claims against BP for the 2010 spill—and the opinion that the bill did not even kill the lawsuit—Jindal signed the bill, which became Act 544. In August 2014, attorneys for the board filed a motion seeking a partial summary judgment arguing that Act 544 does not apply to the flood authority and that the law is unconstitutional. A state court ruled that flood authority lawyers were correct on both counts; in a separate action, a federal district court dismissed the case. Both lower court rulings are now on appeal, one in the state Supreme Court and one at the federal Fifth Circuit Court of Appeal.

Other work

Barry has written for The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, Time Magazine, Fortune, The Washington Post, Esquire, and other publications and frequently appears as a guest commentator on networks in the U.S., including on NBC's Meet the Press, ABC's World News Tonight, PBS's The News Hour, numerous NPR shows, and such foreign media as the BBC and Al Jazeera. Tulane University awarded him an honorary doctorate for his contribution to the recovery of New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina. Roger Williams University also awarded him an honorary doctorate.

References

External links
 John Barry's website

  PBS NewsHour story on lawsuit

Interview with Barry on The Ambition and the Power, Booknotes, January 14, 1990
Talk by Barry on The Great Influenza, The Art of the Memoir, November 6, 2004
article on John Barry and his book on Roger Williams, New Orleans Times-Picayune, February 6, 2012
 "Roger Williams is with Us Yet", Providence Journal, Jan 8, 2012

Johns Hopkins University people
Writers from Providence, Rhode Island
Brown University alumni
University of Rochester alumni
Tulane University faculty
The New York Times writers
Living people
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
Separation of church and state in the United States
American political writers
American male non-fiction writers
Historians from Rhode Island
1947 births

John M. Barry


Michael Gibson (born 29 October 1980 in Blackburn, Lancashire) is a TV presenter and documentary director. He presented the MTV Select television program which aired weekday afternoons on MTV across Europe.

Career

Early career

After spending some time working as a runner at Talkback Thames, Gibson was hired by MTV to work as a presenter and began presenting MTV Select in the UK and Europe in 2006. He then went on to work as a researcher at Betty TV, working on Freaky Eaters. He worked as a freelance editor, working with big corporate clients like Belvedere Vodka and Nokia. He left London and started teaching media for a few years, then setting up a business renting out a video guestbook for special events in 2011. He now works at the BBC and just finished on series 12 of Dragons' Den.

Personal life

Gibson was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease at the age of 18. It is rare for someone to be diagnosed with Parkinson's at such a young age. Michael lived in denial about his condition for six years. He then pitched a documentary proposal to Channel 4, who commissioned him to make a documentary following Michael's journey with Parkinson's. All shook up: Parkinson's at 25 aired on Channel 4 in 2006.

Sources
Thisislondon.co.uk
MTV.co.uk
BBC.co.uk
Channel4.com
Parkinsons.org
BBC.co.uk
MMU.ac.uk

1980 births
Living people
People from Blackburn
English television presenters

Michael Gibson (TV presenter)


Thuja plicata is a large evergreen coniferous tree in the family Cupressaceae, native to the Pacific Northwest of North America. Its common name is western redcedar in the U.S. or western red cedar in the UK, and it is also called pacific red cedar, giant arborvitae, western arborvitae, just cedar, giant cedar, or shinglewood. It is not a true cedar of the genus Cedrus. T. plicata is the largest species in the genus Thuja, growing up to  tall and  in diameter. It mostly grows in areas that experience a mild climate with plentiful rainfall, although it is sometimes present in drier areas on sites where water is available year-round, such as wet valley bottoms and mountain streamsides. The species is shade-tolerant and able to establish in forest understories and is thus considered a climax species. It is a very long-lived tree, with some specimens reaching ages of well over 1,000 years.

Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest use the wood of this species for many purposes, such as building canoes, totem poles, and tools. The bark is harvested by indigenous peoples and processed into a fiber, which they use to make items such as rope, baskets, clothing, and rain hats. Because of its wide range of uses, the species is of great cultural importance to these people. Western redcedar wood is aromatic and rot-resistant and is used for applications such as the construction of shingles and siding. It has been introduced to cool temperate areas in other parts of the world, such as Northern Europe and New Zealand.

Description
Thuja plicata is a large to very large tree, ranging up to  tall and  in trunk diameter, larger than any other species in its genus. The trunk swells at the base and has shallow roots. The bark is thin, gray-brown, and fissured into vertical bands. Trees growing in the open may have a crown that reaches the ground, whereas trees densely spaced together will exhibit a crown only at the top, where light can reach the leaves. As the tree ages, the top is damaged by wind and replaced by inferior branches. The species is long-lived; some trees can live well over a thousand years, with the oldest verified aged 1,460.

The foliage forms flat sprays with scale-like leaves in opposite pairs, with successive pairs at 90 degrees to each other. The foliage sprays are green above and green marked with whitish stomatal bands below; they emit a strong aroma reminiscent of pineapple when crushed. The individual leaves are  long and  broad on most foliage sprays but up to  long on strong-growing lead shoots. The foliage of individual branchlets turns orange-brown before falling off in autumn. Branches growing in full sunlight produce denser foliage with more overlap, while shaded branches grow more horizontally, with less self-overlap.

The cones are slender,  long, and  broad, with 8 to 12 (rarely 14) thin, overlapping scales. They are green to yellow-green, ripening brown in fall about six months after pollination, and open at maturity to shed the seeds. The seeds are  long and  broad, with a narrow papery wing down each side. The pollen cones are  long, red or purple at first, and shed yellow pollen in spring.

Chemistry
The heartwood of western redcedar contains numerous chemical substances, such as plicatic acid, thujaplicatin methyl ether, hinokitiol and other thujaplicins, β-thujaplicinol, thujic acid, methyl thujate, 1,4-cineole, and γ-eudesmol. Plicatic acid is believed to be the main irritant and contact allergen responsible for provoking allergic reactions and asthma exaggeration. This leads to occupational asthma in woodworkers that are exposed to western redcedar wood dust. Thujaplicins serve as natural fungicides which prevent the wood from rotting. This effect lasts around a century even after the tree is felled. However, thujaplicins are only found in older trees. Saplings do not produce the chemical, causing them to often develop rot at an early stage, causing some trees to grow with a somewhat hollow trunk, as the tree moves to heal itself as it grows. Due to their fungicidal and anti-browning properties, thujaplicins are used in agriculture for fungal diseases and to prevent post-harvest decay. Thujaplicins, like other tropolones, are potent chelating agents and bind divalent metal ions. Basic and animal studies have shown that thujaplicins may have other biological properties, including antibacterial, antiviral, and antioxidant activities, however reliable evidence on their effectiveness is still lacking.

Etymology
The species name plicata derives from the Latin word  and means 'folded in plaits' or 'braided,' a reference to the pattern of its small leaves.

Most authorities, both in Canada and the United States transliterate the English name in two words as 'western redcedar', or occasionally hyphenated as 'western red-cedar', to indicate that it is not a true cedar (Cedrus), but it also appears as 'western red cedar' in some popular works. In the American horticultural trade, it is also known as the giant arborvitae, by comparison with arborvitae for its close relative Thuja occidentalis. Other names include giant red cedar, Pacific red cedar, shinglewood, British Columbia cedar (being the province's official tree), canoe cedar, and red cedar. Arborvitae comes from the Latin for 'tree of life'; coincidentally, Native Americans of the West Coast also address the species as "long life maker".

One endonymous name for the tree is the Halkomelem word xepá:y, from the roots , meaning 'scratch' or 'line', and , 'bark'; the former root may be in reference to both the lined or "folded/braided" appearance of the bark and the tree's ubiquity in carving and other forms of woodwork. It is called x̱ápay̓ay in the Squamish language. Further south, in the Lushootseed language, the root for red cedar is x̌payʔ and x̌payʔac refers to a red cedar tree.

Taxonomy, evolution, and paleobiogeography
Thuja plicata is one of two Thuja species native to North America, the other being T. occidentalis. Nuclear genome analysis indicates that it is likely more closely related to T. koraiensis, which is native to the Korean Peninsula. The two species are hypothesized to have diverged in the Miocene.

A 2008 study found that western redcedar populations in coastal areas of Washington and Oregon are more genetically variable than populations in the Rocky Mountains and coastal British Columbia, indicating that the species most likely spread throughout its current range from a single refugium in the southern portion of its range after the Last Glacial Maximum. Some studies have suggested the existence of an inland refugium during the Last Glacial Maximum, likely in central Idaho. However, more recent genomic approaches corroborate the existence of only a single glacial refugium near the south of the current distribution, with subsequent expansion northward and inland since the last glacial maxium. Refugial populations may have undergone repeated population bottlenecks during the glacial maxima of the Pleistocene. Pollen cores indicate that Thuja plicata only became common in southern coastal British Columbia starting at approximately 6,000 YBP. This coincides with a transition from the warmer, drier climate of the early Holocene to a cooler, wetter climate. The species arrived later in the Canadian Rockies, as recently as 4,000–5,000 YBP. Pollen Assemblages at Seeley Lake, on the eastern slope of the Coast Mountains east of Haida Gwaii, indicate that western redcedar became common there at approximately 2,200 YBP.

Distribution and habitat

Thuja plicata is among the most widespread trees in the Pacific Northwest. It is associated with Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) in most places where it grows. It grows best on moist sites in areas with a wet, maritime climate, and only occurs where precipitation exceeds  annually. It grows from the Cascade Range and Coast Mountains westward to the Pacific Ocean, from central South East Alaska (near the village of Kake) to northern California (growing closer to the coast at the northern and southern extremes). A disjunct population occurs inland from central-southeast British Columbia through the Idaho Panhandle. The easternmost extent of its distribution occurs in Glacier National Park in Montana, where it is a major component of forests surrounding Lake McDonald. It is present east of the continental divide in the park, growing in a handful of small, isolated stands. It is usually found from sea level to elevations of , but grows at altitudes of up to  at Crater Lake in Oregon and  in Idaho.

Western redcedar grows on many types of soils. It is present on all landforms and soil classes on Vancouver Island, but is restricted to wet, low-lying areas and streamsides in the drier eastern portions of its range. Unlike its associates western hemlock and Douglas-fir, western redcedar can grow well in environments with stagnant groundwater present less than  below the soil surface in the winter. It does not grow as well in areas with flowing groundwater, unlike another common associate, Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis). Western redcedars growing in the Rocky Mountains and along the eastern slope of the Washington Cascades are subject to higher mortality rates when growing on glacial till and sedimentary rocks than on other substrates. Western white pine (Pinus monticola) and Douglas-fir growing in these areas exhibit the opposite pattern, exhibiting low mortality rates on these substrates but high mortality rates on nutrient-poor metasedimentary rocks, a substrate on which western redcedar does not exhibit elevated mortality rates.

Western redcedar is less cold-tolerant than many conifer species that it shares its range with and is vulnerable to frost damage in late spring and early fall. Its northern range limit in Southeast Alaska and its upper elevational limits on Vancouver Island are controlled by temperature. In Southeast Alaska, it is absent from areas with mean summer temperatures less than . It does not grow in areas of coastal British Columbia with minimum temperatures of less than , although some interior populations experience colder temperatures.

It has been introduced to other temperate zones, including further north in Alaska, western Europe, Australia (at least as far north as Sydney), New Zealand, and higher elevations of Hawaii. The species was described as invasive in Great Britain by a 2004 survey, although it is not listed as such by the United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 as of September 2022. Its presence has also been recorded in Poland, where it has been identified as a potentially problematic exotic species in the Białowieża Forest.

Ecology

Use by wildlife
Western redcedar provides cover for bears, raccoons, skunks, and other animals which nest inside trunk cavities. It is used as a nest tree by cavity-nesting bird species such as yellow-bellied sapsuckers, hairy woodpeckers, tree swallows, chestnut-backed chickadees, and Vaux's swifts. Pileated woodpeckers on the Olympic Peninsula prefer very large western redcedars with heart rot when selecting roosting sites, but do not use them for nesting, instead relying on Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis) for that purpose. Old-growth valley bottom forests of western redcedar and western hemlock are the preferred habitat for white-tailed deer in the Priest River drainage of northern Idaho. The dense canopies of these forests prevent deep snow accumulation, which makes movement difficult for the deer.

The foliage, especially that of saplings, is an important food source year-round for browsing ungulates such as Roosevelt elk and black-tailed deer, especially during the winter months when little else is available. Western redcedar foliage is more palatable for browsing herbivores than the commonly associated Sitka spruce and western hemlock. Browsing by introduced Sitka black-tailed deer is a major source of mortality for seedlings and saplings in old-growth forests on Haida Gwaii, where the deer lack natural predators. The presence of deer there has been linked to a decline in western redcedar recruitment. The seeds may be eaten by birds and rodents such as deer mice, but are apparently not the preferred food source for most species, possibly due to their small size or unpleasant odor. A 1937 study conducted in western Cowlitz County, Washington demonstrated a strong preference among deer mice for Douglas-fir and western hemlock seeds over western redcedar seeds. However, pine siskins apparently favor western redcedar seeds over those of Douglas-fir and western hemlock.

Forest succession
Western redcedar appears in all stages of forest succession, but as one of the most shade-tolerant species in the Rocky Mountains and Pacific Northwest it is considered to be a climax species along with western hemlock. It will readily establish and grow in the shade of other, less shade-tolerant species such as red alder (Alnus rubra), black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa), or Douglas-fir, and prevent seedlings of those species from establishing themselves in its shade. However, western hemlock and Pacific silver fir are more tolerant of shade.

A 2010 study found that Thuja plicata growing in old-growth forests  above sea level in the North Shore Mountains of British Columbia have higher growth rates than associated western hemlock and Pacific silver fir when growing underneath a closed canopy. The study also found that western redcedars do not increase their growth rates in response to canopy gap formation that occurs after the death of a mature overstory tree as much as the two other species. This result indicates that western redcedar may be less reliant on canopy gaps for recruitment than western hemlock and Pacific silver fir. Western redcedar can also reproduce vegetatively via layering, as well as branch development from fallen branches or entire trees.

On northeastern Vancouver Island, western redcedar grows along with western hemlock in relatively open-canopied forests with an understory dominated by salal (Gaultheria shallon). Another type of forest characterized by dense stands of western hemlock and Pacific silver fir with sparse understory vegetation also occurs in the area. The two forest types occur in areas with very similar environmental conditions and are separated by sharp boundaries, often less than  wide. Western redcedar recruitment is nearly absent in the western hemlock-Pacific silver fir forest type, and there is no evidence of a transitional stage between the two types. It has been hypothesized that, once established, these forest types are self-sustaining and are unlikely to change unless a major disturbance occurs.

Fire ecology
It is considered to have low to moderate fire resistance, as its thin bark, shallow roots, low dense branching habit and flammable foliage confer little protection. Smaller trees are commonly killed by fire, but larger specimens often survive due to their size if they are not completely girdled. The intervals between fires within western redcedar stands tend to be very long, from 50 up to 350 years or more.

Pathology
Western redcedar shows susceptibility of varying degrees to the following soil pathogens: Armillaria ostoyae, Fomitopsis pinicola, Heterobasidion annosum, Phaeolus schweinitzii, Phellinus weirii, Rhizinia undulata, and Postia sericeomollis.

P. sericeomollis is responsible for brown cubical butt and pocket rot of cedar. It is the second-most common cause of decay in Western redcedar following P. weirii. Rather than forming a single column of decay in the heartwood, P. sericeomollis tends to cause rings or pockets of decay in the lower bole.

While Western redcedar is a host to P. weirii, the fungus which causes the disease laminated root rot, it is rated as resistant while other conifers are rated as highly susceptible or susceptible. P. weirii in Western redcedar expresses as a butt rot.

In addition to P. weirii, western redcedar is also less susceptible to H. annosum and A. ostoyae than other conifer species. Studies have found that western redcedar produces a phytochemical called thujaplicin which has been credited with granting the species its natural resistance to fungal attacks. Additional research has shown that western redcedar responds to A. ostoye infection by producing necrophylactic periderms and resin ducts near infection sites. Because of these natural defenses, it has been suggested that western redcedar may serve as a suitable alternative to other conifers when regenerating a site affected by these pathogens.

Cedar leaf blight
Western redcedar foliage can become infected by the ascomycete fungus Didymascella thujina, which causes cedar leaf blight. The fungus causes leaves to turn brown and does not spread between adjacent leaves through hyphae. It is present throughout the native range of western redcedar, but reproduces best when western redcedar foliage is wet for long periods of time, with minimal wind exposure. Significant variation in resistance to cedar leaf blight exists between populations of Thuja plicata; trees sourced from coastal populations exhibit higher resistance than trees from interior populations. Additional variation also occurs within populations. A study published in 2013 projected a decrease in the incidence of cedar leaf blight among western redcedars in coastal British Columbia by late 21st century as a result of warmer, drier summers due to climate change. The authors of the study conceded that they were unable to incorporate the impacts of warmer winter temperatures into their model because research on the topic was lacking at the time of their study. They hypothesized that warmer winter temperatures could result in increased incidence of cedar leaf blight and cautioned that management decisions should take this uncertainty into account.

Insect pathogens
Thuja plicata is a host to several destructive insect species such as the western cedar borer, cedar bark beetle, redcedar cone midge, and conifer seedling weevils. Redcedar cone midge (Mayetiola thujae) larvae hatch from eggs laid between the scales of immature cones, then feed on the cone scales and seeds. The application of insecticides has been used as a control measure.

Cedar dieback attributed to climate change

"Uncommonly hot, dry weather" in coastal Washington State, beginning in 2015, has been attributed as the underlying cause of a large dieback of this species that could not otherwise be attributed to any "killer pest or known pathogen."

Cultivation
Like its relative Thuja occidentalis and many other conifer species, T. plicata is grown as an ornamental tree, and for screens and hedges, throughout the world in gardens and parks. A wide variety of forms, sizes, and colors is available.

Cultivars
The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:
'Atrovirens'
'Aurea'
'Stoneham Gold'
'Whipcord'
'Zebrina'

Uses

In indigenous societies

Western redcedar is considered the Tree of Life by many of the First Nations of the Pacific Northwest, as the tree gave them everything that they needed for life – food, water (in the form of water tight woven cedar bark baskets), clothing, medicine, transportation (they made their canoes from the cedar tree), shelter (boards of wood from the cedar tree were used to build their long houses), and spirituality (in that the boughs were used in many ceremonies). Some northwest coast tribes refer to themselves as "people of the Red Cedar" because of their extensive dependence on the tree for basic materials. The wood has been used for constructing housing and totem poles, and crafted into many objects, including masks, utensils, boxes, boards, instruments, canoes, vessels, houses, and ceremonial objects. Western redcedar is also associated with a long tradition of curing and cooking fish over the open fire. Roots and bark are used for baskets, bowls, ropes, clothing, blankets, and rings.

A huge number of archaeological finds point to the continuous use of redcedar wood in native societies. Woodworking tools dating between 8,000 and 5,000 years ago, such as carved antlers, were discovered in shell middens at the Glenrose site, near Vancouver, British Columbia. In Yuquot, on the west coast of Vancouver Island, tools dating 4,000 to 3,000 years old have been found. The Musqueam site, also near Vancouver, yielded bark baskets woven in five different styles, along with ropes and ships dated to 3,000 years ago. At Pitt River, adzes and baskets were dated around 2,900 years ago. Wooden artefacts 1000 years old were unearthed on the east coast of Vancouver Island.

Western redcedar was used extensively wherever it was found along the northwest coast (British Columbia, Washington state, parts of Alaska). Evidence of this use is found in CMTs (Culturally Modified Trees) that are found throughout the coast. When First Nations people removed the bark from cedars, it left a scarwhich is considered a CMT. Other types of harvest (for planks, tinder, and other uses) leave different types of evidence of cultural modification.

A legend amongst the Coast Salish peoples describes the origins of the western redcedar. In this legend, there was a generous man who gave the people whatever they needed. When the Great Spirit saw this, he declared that when the generous man died, a great Red Cedar tree will grow where he is buried, and that the cedar will be useful to all the people, providing its roots for baskets, bark for clothing, and wood for shelter.

Tools
The wood was worked primarily with the adze, which was preferred over all other tools, even ones introduced by Europeans. Alexander Walker, an ensign on the fur trade ship Captain Cook, reported that the indigenous peoples used an elbow adze, which they valued over tools brought by the Europeans, such as the saw or the axe, going so far as to modify traded tools back into an adze. Tools were generally made from stone, bone, obsidian, or a harder wood such as hemlock. A variety of hand mauls, wedges, chisels, and knives are also used.

Excavations done at Ozette, Washington, turned up iron tools nearly 800 years old, far before European contact. When James Cook passed the area, he observed that almost all tools were made of iron. There has been speculation on the origin of these iron tools. Some theories include shipwrecks from East Asia or possible contact with iron-using cultures from Siberia, as hinted in the more advanced woodworking found in northern tribes such as the Tlingit.

Wood

Harvesting western redcedar required some ceremony and included propitiation of the tree's spirits as well as those of the surrounding trees. In particular, many people specifically requested the tree and its brethren not to fall or drop heavy branches on the harvester, a situation which is mentioned in a number of different stories of people who were not sufficiently careful. Some professional loggers of Native American descent have mentioned that they offer quiet or silent propitiations to trees which they fell, following in this tradition.

Felling of large trees such as western redcedar before the introduction of steel tools was a complex and time-consuming art. Typically the bark was removed around the base of the tree above the buttresses. Then some amount of cutting and splitting with stone adzes and mauls would be done, creating a wide triangular cut. The area above and below the cut would be covered with a mixture of wet moss and clay as a firebreak. Then the cut would be packed with tinder and small kindling and slowly burned. The process of cutting and burning would alternate until the tree was mostly penetrated through, and then careful tending of the fire would fell the tree in the best direction for handling. This process could take many days. A constant rotation of workers was involved to keep the fires burning through night and day, often in a remote and forbidding location.

Once the tree was felled, the work had only just begun, as it then had to be stripped and dragged down to the shore. If the tree was to become canoes, then it would often be divided into sections and worked into rough canoe shapes before transport. If it were to be used for a totem pole or building materials, it would be towed in the round to the village. Many trees are still felled in this traditional manner for use as totem poles and canoes, particularly by artists who feel that using modern tools is detrimental to the traditional spirit of the art. Non-traditionalists simply buy redcedar logs or lumber at mills or lumber yards, a practice that is commonly followed by most working in smaller sizes such as for masks and staves.

Because felling required such an extraordinary amount of work, if only planks for housing were needed, these would be split from the living tree. The bark was stripped and saved, and two cuts were made at the ends of the planking. Then wedges would be pounded in along the sides and the planks slowly split off the side of the tree. Trees which have been so harvested are still visible in some places in the rainforest, with obvious chunks taken off of their sides. Such trees usually continue to grow perfectly well, since redcedar wood is resistant to decay. Planks are straightened by a variety of methods, including weighing them down with stones, lashing them together with rope, or forcing them between a line of stakes.

Redcedar wood is used to make huge monoxyla canoes in which the men went out to high sea to harpoon whales and conduct trade. One of those canoes, a  craft dug out about a century ago, was bought in 1901 by Captain John Voss, an adventurer. He gave her the name of Tilikum ('Relative' in Chinook jargon), rigged her, and led her in a hectic three-year voyage from British Columbia to London.

Redcedar branches are very flexible and have good tensile strength. They were stripped and used as strong cords for fishing line, nets, rope cores, twine, and other purposes where bark cord was not strong enough or might fray. Both the branches and bark rope have been replaced by modern fiber and nylon cordage among the aboriginal northwest coast peoples, though the bark is still in use for the other purposes mentioned above.

Bark

At the right time of year, the bark is easily removed from live trees in long strips. It is harvested for use in making mats, rope and cordage, basketry, rain hats, clothing, and other soft goods. The harvesting of bark must be done with care, as stripping too much bark will kill the tree. To prevent this, the harvester usually only harvests from trees that have not been stripped before. After harvesting, the tree is not used for bark again, although it may later be felled for wood. Stripping bark is usually started with a series of cuts at the base of the tree above any buttresses, after which the bark is peeled upwards. To remove bark high up, a pair of platforms strung on rope around the tree are used and the harvester climbs by alternating between them for support. Since western redcedars lose their lower branches as all tall trees do in the rainforest, the harvester may climb  or more into the tree by this method. The harvested bark is folded and carried in backpacks. It can be stored for quite some time as mold does not grow on it and is moistened before unfolding and working. It is then split lengthwise into the required width and woven or twisted into shape. Bark harvesting was mostly done by women, despite the danger of climbing ten meters in the air, because they were the primary makers of bark goods.

Today bark rope making is a lost art in many communities, although it is still practiced for decoration or art in a few places. Other uses of bark are still common for artistic or practical purposes. In recent years there has been a revival of cedar weaving in some communities, and along with it, new forms of cedar bark products. For example, in some recent weddings cedar roses are used to decorate the tables.

Timber

The soft red-brown timber has a tight, straight grain and few knots. It is valued for its distinct appearance, aroma, and its high natural resistance to decay, being extensively used for outdoor construction in the form of posts, decking, shingles, and siding. It is commonly used for the framing and longwood in lightweight sail boats and kayaks. In larger boats it is often used in sandwich construction between two layers of epoxy resin and/or fiberglass or similar products. Due to its light weight driedit is about 30% lighter than common boat building woods, such as mahogany. For its weight it is quite strong but can be brittle. It glues well with epoxy resin or resorcinol adhesive.

Its light weight, strength, and dark, warm sound make it a popular choice for guitar soundboards, particularly among European guitar builders such as Lowden and Furch.

Western redcedar wood is export-restricted in the United States.
The tree is highly allergenic and woodworkers or loggers who work with it may have adverse reactions, including the development of occupational asthma, exacerbation of existing asthma, reduction of lung function, and eye irritation. Approximately 5% of workers are allergic to western redcedar. The US Occupational Safety and Health Administration has set a permissible exposure limit for western redcedar dust of 2.5 mg/m3 as a time-weighted average over eight hours.

Essential oil
The essential oil of western redcedar leaves contains natural compounds, such as α-thujone, β-thujone, fenchone, sabinene, terpinen-4-ol and beyerene, which have also been isolated from different other essential oils. Some of these substances are aroma compounds and are used in perfumery. Thujones are GABAA receptor competitive antagonists, but do not have any pharmacological use due to their high toxicity and convulsive activity.

Other uses
It is also widely used throughout Europe and America for making beehive components.

Its bark has been studied for applications in polyurethane.

Used in the construction of windows and doors (joinery grade timber).

Notable specimens

The largest living specimen is the Cheewhat Giant, in Pacific Rim National Park Reserve on Vancouver Island, at , with a diameter of 5.8 meters (19 ft). The tallest well-documented individual is called Whisky Creek Cedar II in Qualicum Beach, on Vancouver Island. It stands  in height. Although even taller ones are known to exist. The 'Quinault Lake Redcedar' was the largest known western redcedar in the world, with a wood volume of . Located near the northwest shore of Lake Quinault north of Aberdeen, Washington, about  from the Pacific Ocean, it was one-third the volume of the largest known tree, a giant sequoia named 'General Sherman'. The Quinault Lake Redcedar was  tall with a diameter of  at breast height. The Quinault Lake Redcedar was destroyed by a series of storms in 2014 and 2016 and is now only a stump. The fifth-largest known was the Kalaloch Cedar in Olympic National Park, at , until it was destroyed by a storm in March 2014.

A redcedar over  tall,  in diameter, and over 700 years old stood in Cathedral Grove on Vancouver Island before it was set on fire and destroyed by vandals in 1972. That tree now lies in "Giant's Grave", a self-dug 'grave' created by the force of its own impact. A specimen measuring  diameter and  tall on the Giant Red Cedar National Recreation Trail in the Idaho Panhandle National Forests is designated the "Champion Tree of Idaho".

The Giant Cedar Stump is an ancient redcedar turned roadside attraction in Snohomish County, Washington.

See also
 List of plants known as cedar
 List of superlative trees

References

Works cited

External links

plicata
Trees of the West Coast of the United States
Trees of Western Canada
Trees of the Northwestern United States
Trees of Alaska
Trees of British Columbia
Trees of the Southwestern United States
Flora of the Cascade Range
Flora of the Klamath Mountains
Flora of the Rocky Mountains
Flora of California
Trees of mild maritime climate
Trees of Subarctic America
Plants described in 1824
Building materials
Provincial symbols of British Columbia
Least concern plants
Least concern flora of North America
Least concern flora of the United States

Thuja plicata


Wendell P. Bowman (October 31, 1847  April 8, 1928) was a major general in the Pennsylvania National Guard, and served as commander of the 28th Infantry Division.

Early life
Wendell Phillips Bowman was born in Byberry, Pennsylvania on October 31, 1847. He lived at his family's home, "Cream Ridge," and was educated at the Benjamin Rush School and the Byberry Friends' School.

American Civil War
He was still a boy when the American Civil War broke out in 1861, and was too young for military service, so he became a drummer for a militia unit, the Byberry Guards.

At age 15 he joined the 44th Pennsylvania Militia, which was later mustered into federal service as a unit of the Pennsylvania Reserves.  He was a participant in the 1863 Battle of Gettysburg, and was discharged later in 1863.

In July, 1864 Bowman joined the 197th Pennsylvania Infantry, and he served until November.

He then joined an Iowa regiment, in which he served until being discharged for ill health.  Bowman was unable to walk as a result of his illness and complications caused by the harsh conditions of his service, and used crutches until he was able to begin walking unaided again in 1874.

Post–Civil War
After the war Bowman studied law in the firm of George H. Earle, Sr. and Richard P. White (brother and husband of Caroline Earle White), attained admission to the bar, and practiced in Philadelphia.

Bowman was active in the Grand Army of the Republic, and served as Judge Advocate of the Department of Pennsylvania.  He was also a sought after speech maker, and gave orations for Pennsylvania's Republican Party, Decoration Day commemorations, and other celebrations.

On April 18, 1876 Bowman married Elizabeth (Lizzie) W. Malcolm (died October 26, 1929), the daughter of Baptist clergyman Thomas Shields Malcolm.

Continued military service
In 1877 Bowman joined the 20th Pennsylvania Regiment, which was organized to respond to labor unrest during the Great Railroad Strike of 1877.

In 1878 he received a commission as a captain in command of Company H, 1st Regiment, Pennsylvania National Guard. He advanced through the ranks and became regimental commander with the rank of colonel in 1887.

Spanish–American War
Bowman volunteered for the Spanish–American War and his regiment was mustered into federal service in 1898. He was seriously injured during training at Mount Gretna on May 2, 1898, and was unable to lead the regiment when it departed Pennsylvania, so command passed to his lieutenant colonel, J. Lewis Good.

The war ended before the 1st Pennsylvania departed for Cuba. Bowman resumed command after the regiment returned to Pennsylvania from its encampment in Tennessee.

Post-Spanish–American War
In 1907 Bowman became commander of Pennsylvania's 1st Brigade as a brigadier general.

In 1909 he became commander of the Pennsylvania National Guard Division, the organization later known as the 28th Infantry Division, and was promoted to major general. He served until retiring in 1910, and was succeeded by Charles B. Dougherty.

Death and burial
Bowman died at his home "The Elms" in Merion Station, Pennsylvania on April 8, 1928, and was buried at Merion Friends Burial Ground.

References

External links

 Wendell Phillips Bowman at Memorial History of the City of Philadelphia
 Wendell Phillips Bowman at Warwick's Keystone Commonwealth
 Wendell Phillips Bowman in Pennsylvania and its Public Men
 Former Head of Penna. National Guard is Dead in Harrisburg Evening News, April 9, 1928

1847 births
1928 deaths
Lawyers from Philadelphia
People from Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania
People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
Union Army soldiers
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
Pennsylvania Republicans
National Guard (United States) generals
Burials in Pennsylvania
19th-century American lawyers
Grand Army of the Republic officials

Wendell P. Bowman


The Barry University School of Podiatric Medicine is one of the nine podiatric medical schools in the United States. It is located in Miami Shores, Florida.  The school was founded in 1985 as the first podiatric medical college to be part of a university.  It is one of several schools of Barry University.

Barry University School of Podiatric Medicine has graduated more than 1000 podiatric physicians since its inception in 1985. The Center for Community Health and Minority Medicine, the first of several medical sciences facilities for the Doctor in Podiatry and Physician Assistant Master students, began construction in 2007. A short walk west from the main campus, it is currently the new location of Barry University's School of Podiatric medicine. The school has affiliations with such Miami hospitals as: Mount Sinai Medical Center & Miami Heart Institute, Mercy Hospital, DVA Miami, North Shore Medical Center and Jackson Memorial Hospital.  The Dean of the school is Bryan Caldwell, DPM, MD.

External links
Barry University School of Podiatric Medicine

Podiatric medical schools in the United States
Universities and colleges established in 1985
Barry University
Catholic health care
1985 establishments in Florida


Johann Reinder Erlers Lutjeharms (13 April 1944 - 8 June 2011), was a leading South African marine scientist and an authority in the oceanography of the Agulhas Current, who authored a definitive work on the subject, The Agulhas Current (Springer 2006). His main field of investigation was the large-scale circulation patterns of the oceans adjacent to southern Africa and their influence on weather and climate, and he participated in 17 research cruises and was responsible for a further 48 projects undertaken on such cruises.

Scientific career
Lutjeharms joined the National Research Institute for Oceanology of the South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), where he held the position of chief specialist researcher. He became the Chair of Ocean Climatology at the University of Cape Town in 1990 and, in 1993, became the founding director of UCT's Centre for Marine Studies. He was made Professor Extraordinarius at the University of South Africa in 2009.

Natal pulse
He coined the term 'Natal pulse' in 1988 to describe a large offshore meander in the Agulhas Current originating near Durban. This meander travels slowly down the east coast of South Africa towards Port Elizabeth, then leaves the coast in a U-turn known as the retroflection. Becoming the Agulhas Return Current, it then turns east, before looping back towards Madagascar.

Delagoa Bight eddy
Lutjeharms also described and named the cyclonic Delagoa Bight eddy.

Awards and fellowships
Lutjeharms was a recipient of South Africa's highest honour, the Order of Mapungubwe (Silver)(2010), for his contribution to and achievements in oceanographic science. The University of Cape Town has three main forms of recognition for its academic staff; Lutjeharms received all three, and he held honorary degrees from the universities of Johannesburg, Pretoria and Rhodes.

 Academy of Science of South Africa SAJS Centenary Award
 German Humboldt Research Award (1993)
 European Geophysical Union Fridtjof Nansen Medal
 National Science and Technology Forum Individual Over a Lifetime (2008)
Royal Society of South Africa John FW Herschel Medal
 South African Society for Atmospheric Sciences Stanley Jackson Award
 University of Cape Town DSc degree (1992) (the university's most prestigious degree)
 University of Cape Town Faculty of Science Research Award
 University of Otago New Zealand Williams Evan Visiting Fellowship
 National Science and Technology Forum (NSTF) Category A award winner (2007/2008)
 South African Network for Coastal and Oceanic Research (Sancor) John D Gilchrist medal

Offices and memberships
 Academy of Science of South Africa member
 Council of the South African Society for Atmospheric Sciences member and honorary member
 Die Afrikaner Genootskap, Stellenbosch, member
International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans, working group member
 International Union of Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources working group member
 Royal Society of South Africa, Fellow, council member and vice-president
 Scientific Committee for Oceanic Research (SCOR), working group member
 South African National Committee for Oceanographic Research, member
 South African Society of Atmospheric Sciences, honorary member, council member
 Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns, member, Faculty Council for Science

Afrikaans
Lutjeharms extended his academic endeavours to the Afrikaans language by compiling a dictionary of oceanographic terms, and contributing to the leading dictionary of the language.

Biography

Early life and education
Lutjeharms was born in Bloemfontein on 13 April 1944, and attended Grey College. He completed his undergraduate studies in physics and, in 1971, received his MSc (cum laude) in oceanography at the University of Cape Town and was awarded the Harry Crossley Bursary, the Fisheries Development Corporation postgraduate overseas bursary and the CSIR overseas bursary to study for a PhD at the University of Washington, where he graduated in 1977.

Marriage and children
Lutjeharms was married to Ronel and they have two children, Wilhelm and Maria.

Death
Lutjeharms died at his home in Stellenbosch, aged 67, on World Oceans Day, 8 June 2011, after a 10-year battle with cancer.

References

South African oceanographers
South African scientists
2011 deaths
1944 births
University of Cape Town alumni
Academic staff of the University of Cape Town
People from Bloemfontein

Johann Lutjeharms


Tahupōtiki Wiremu Rātana (25 January 1873? – 18 September 1939) was the founder of the Rātana religion in the early 20th century in New Zealand.  He rose to prominence as a faith healer.

Beginnings

Rātana was of the Ngati Apa and Ngā Wairiki iwi — his subtribes were Nga Ariki, Ngāti Hikapirau, Ngāti Rangiwaho, Ngāti Kiriwheke and Ngati Kauae. On his mother's side he was of Ngā Rauru Kiitahi, his mother belonging to the Rangitaawhi Hapū.

He married Te Urumanao Ngāpaki Baker, who had whakapapa links to the Ngāti Ruanui, and possibly Te Āti Awa also.

Rātana began his spiritual mission during the 1918 influenza epidemic. He claimed that while standing on the veranda of his home at 2pm, on 8 November 1918, three days before the end of the First World War, he saw a small cloud coming in from the sea toward his house. When the cloud 'broke open' he was overwhelmed by a presence and he rushed into the house declaring 'Peace be unto you all, for I am the Holy Spirit that speaks to you all. Straighten yourselves. Repent.' He was told the Holy Spirit was looking for a people through whom God could be truly known and accepted. The Māori people had not forgotten Jehovah and so they had been chosen to become an example to the world if only they would turn from their dependence on tohungaism (particularly the manipulative forms of witchcraft) and Maori gods. Rātana was told to unite the Māori and turn them to Ihoa o nga Mano (Jehovah of the Multitudes).

He continued his study of the Bible and began one of the most powerful faith healing ministries in New Zealand history. He gained a large following among Māori, becoming known as "Mangai" (a mouthpiece of God). A splinter group, called the Christian Maramatanga Society, formed in the mid-1920s when they misinterpreted Rātana's call to 'close the Bible' in order to stop fanciful prophecies.

Variants of his name include Tahupōtiki Wiremu Rātana, Tahu Pōtiki Wiremu Rātana and T. W. Rātana.

Politics
From 1922 onwards the Rātana movement became increasingly occupied with politics. The movement campaigned for ratification of the Treaty of Waitangi as a "cure-all" for Māori problems and collected 30,000 signatures on a petition calling for this. In 1928 Rātana proclaimed that Rātana candidates would win the four Māori electorates in the New Zealand Parliament, likening them to the four parts of his body, or the Four Quarters, as the seats became known. Eruera Tirikatene arranged a meeting with Michael J. Savage in Parliament on 4 February 1936 at which an alliance with the Labour Party was agreed. Savage's predecessor Harry Holland had been reluctant, because of the animosity between Rātana and the Māori King Movement, especially Princess Te Puea. By 1943, the seats had been won, although Rātana had died in 1939.

Legacy

The Rātana Church remains one of the largest churches in Māoridom. The political links with the Labour Party remained strong for over 40 years, but were effectively divided by the rise of the Māori Party, which was founded in 2004 and came to power in a confidence and supply agreement (with the National Party, Labour's traditional rival) after the 2008 election.

References

External links
T. W. Ratana on the Rātana Church website
[http://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/R/RatanaTahupotikiWiremu/RatanaTahupotikiWiremu/en Biography in the 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand]
 in the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography''

1873 births
1939 deaths
Founders of new religious movements
Māori politics
Faith healers
Māori prophets
New Zealand Rātanas
Ngāriki Kaiputahi
Ngāti Apa people
Ngā Rauru people

T. W. Ratana


The Anhui University of Technology () is a university based in Ma'anshan, Anhui, China.  It offers instruction in engineering, economics, management, literature, science and law. It is more accurate to consider it an industrial university, catering to the needs of local industries like Ma Steel.

Anhui University of Technology (AHUT) offers a wide range of programs and courses including engineering, economics, management, literature, science and law while laying emphasis on engineering. The university is located in Ma'anshan city Anhui Province, which has been granted with many national titles "A National Garden City", "Top Quality Environment City", "National Tourism City" and "A Flower alongside South Bank of Yangtz River" and with half an hour's drive to Nanjing, "Capital City for Six Dynasties in Ancient China" and 4 hours' drive to Shanghai all by expressway.

Anhui University of Technology covers an area of 1.87 million square meters and has more than 1.65 million library collections (including electronic ones). The university has 20, 000 full-time students and 2, 000 staff members from the whole nation. AHUT has 16 schools: Metallurgy and Resources, Material Science and Engineering, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Construction Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Information, Arts and Law, Foreign Languages, Mathematics and Physics, Postgraduates Education, Continuing Education, Vocational Education, and Physical Education. The university offers 43 bachelor-degree programs, 3 dual-bachelor-degree programs, 31 master-degree programs, and 4 engineering master-degree programs. Since 1995, the university has successfully jointly trained doctors with renowned foreign universities. In 2001, AHUT started to accept foreign students. AHUT has 12 provincial-level labs and research centers. In the past two years, AHUT has got over 40 awards with provincial –level or above, 24 patents, and 4000 papers published including more than 200 employed by SCI, EI etc.. In 2004, the university won Excellent Grade for its teaching quality evaluated by State Ministry of Education. In Ma'anshan Hi-tech Plaza, the university has constructed an area for science and technology development. Yearly output value of the university's industry exceeds 200 million Yuan.

The International Affairs Office and International Exchange Center are responsible for the university's international cooperation and exchange affairs. The university has carried out long-term academic exchange and cooperation with over 20 higher institutions in more than 10 countries, in the fields of industrial technology, management, culture, economics and education, AHUT has established quite a few international research centers and institutes to carry out inter-collegial and inter-governmental scientific research projects. The university also carries out students exchange programs with universities in America, Korea, Germany, Sweden, etc..

AHUT is always ready for potential cooperation and exchanges with international partners for common prosperity

Scientific research institutes

National Engineering Research Center for High-efficiency Recycling of Metal Mineral Resources

Anhui Provincial Key Lab. of Metallurgical Eng. and Resources Recycling

Anhui Provincial Key Lab. of Companies Management and Operation

Anhui Provincial University Key Lab. of Metal Materials and Processing

Anhui Provincial Key Lab. of Power Electronics and Motion Control

Research Institute of Sino-Korea Industrial Technology, Anhui University of Technology and Changwon National University

Research Institute of Sino-Ukraine Economy, Anhui University of Technology and National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute"

Research Institute of Economy and Culture, Anhui University of Technology and Japanese Sapporo University

Research Institute of Coal Chemical Industry

Research Institute of Metallurgical Process Emulation Technology

Research Institute of New Process and Technology for Iron-making

Research Institute of Laser Application

Research Institute of Molding Technology

Research Institute of Applied Chemistry

Research Institute of Chemical Automation

Research Institute of Architectural Design

Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering

Research Institute of Engineering Dynamics

Research Center of Digital Control

Research Institute of Automation

Research Institute of Measuring and Control Technology

Research Institute of Computer Application

Research Institute of Accounting Management

Research Center of Modern Logistics

Research Center of ERP

See also
List of universities and colleges in Anhui
List of universities in China

References

External links
Anhui University of Technology English Website

Universities and colleges in Anhui
Universities and colleges established in 1958
1958 establishments in China
Technical universities and colleges in China

Anhui University of Technology