AMES, short Air Ministry Experimental Station, was the name given to the British Air Ministry's radar development team at Bawdsey Manor (afterwards RAF Bawdsey) in the immediate pre-World War II era. The team was forced to move on three occasions, changing names as part of these moves, so the AMES name applies only to the period between 1936 and 1939.

Although used as a name by the team itself only briefly, the AMES acronym became the basis for naming Royal Air Force radar systems through the war. The same numbering sequence was used after the war as well, but often dropped the AMES from the name. A good example is the Type 80, which was officially AMES Type 80, but often appears without that marque. Many post-war systems were also assigned a rainbow code and are better known by that name.

The AMES numbering scheme was often ad hoc, with some entries simply being other sets operating together. For instance, the Type 21 was simply a Type 13 and Type 14 in a single vehicle convoy. In other cases Types differ only in minor details, like the Type 31 through 34, which are the same radars mounted in various ways. They are also often out-of-order; the Type 8 was the prototype for the Type 7.

Equipment
 AMES Type 1, Chain Home (CH) – Early Warning
 AMES Type 2, Chain Home Low (CHL) – Early Warning, low altitude
 AMES Type 3, Type 1 and Type 2 operating in close proximity
 AMES Type 4, Chain Overseas (CO), also known as Intermediate (ICH)
 AMES Type 5, Chain Overseas Low (COL)
 AMES Type 6, Light Warning Set
 AMES Type 7, Final static Ground-controlled interception (GCI) station (Happidrome)
 AMES Type 8, Various marks of GCI radars, mobile and semi-static
 AMES Type 9, Mobile Chain Home
 AMES Type 10, Mobile Air Transportable System
 AMES Type 11, Type 8 adapted to work at 600 MHz in case 1.5 m CHL/GCI was jammed
 AMES Type 12, Low Frequency transportable Chain Home Low.
 AMES Type 13, 10 cm "Nodding" Height Finder.  Transmitter and Receiver of Naval Type 277 – Marconi
 AMES Type 14, 10 cm surveillance radar – Marconi
 AMES Type 15, GCI radar, mobile version of Type 7
 AMES Type 16, Fighter Direction Station
 AMES Type 17, Fighter Direction (abandoned)
 AMES Type 18, CHL/GCI Modified Type 11 Mk2 (H) with height finding (abandoned)
 AMES Type 19, GCI Final Standby Type
 AMES Type 20, Decimetric Height Finder
 AMES Type 21, Tactical Control.  Five vehicle GCI convoy – Marconi
 AMES Type 22, GCI / COL (similar to AMES Type 11)
 AMES Type 23, LOMAN Overseas LORAN system
 AMES Type 24, Long range 10 cm Height Finder
 AMES Type 25, Experimental CHL
 AMES Type 26, GCI British version of American MEW (Microwave Early Warning)
 AMES Type 27, Air Transportable GCI
 AMES Type 28, CMH Air transportable Height Finder
 AMES Type 29, CHEL (Chain Home Extra Low) Air transportable (abandoned)
 AMES Type 30, CD (Coast Defence) / CHL (Admiralty only)
 AMES Type 31, CHEL CD in wooden hut
 AMES Type 32, CHEL CD – Nissen hut – none built
 AMES Type 33, CHEL CD – brick built
 AMES Type 34, CHEL CD 200 ft tower
 AMES Type 37, CHEL CD
 AMES Type 40, CD/CHL
 AMES Type 41, CHEL
 AMES Type 42, CHEL
 AMES Type 43, CHEL
 AMES Type 44, CHEL
 AMES Type 46, CHEL
 AMES Type 47, CHEL
 AMES Type 48, CHEL
 AMES Type 50, CHEL
 AMES Type 70, a combination of Type 13, 14 and several other systems organized into a huge convoy of vehicles for mobile large-scale operations. Two such collections put together.
 AMES Type 79, an IFF Mark X interrogator retrofit to some Type 7 stations during ROTOR
 AMES Type 100, 20–80 MHz Transponder-based navigation system – GEE-H
 AMES Type 700, 1.7–2.0 MHz Hyperbolic navigation system – LORAN
 AMES Type 7000, 30–60 MHz Hyperbolic navigation system – GEE ground station
 AMES Type 9000, 200 MHz transponder-based navigation system – Oboe Mk I ground station – Oboe Mk III, S band

Mobile units

Mobile radar units, usually consisting of COL, GCI, or similar equipment, mounted in vehicles, was used extensively overseas, and these units received numerical designations preceded by 'AMES', e.g., AMES 1505 – one of the units providing GCI coverage of the Naples sector during the Allied invasion of Italy.

Fighter Direction Tenders

Three Landing Ship, Tank (LST) were converted into "Fighter Direction Tenders" (FDT), swapping their landing craft for Motor Launches and outfitted with AMES Type 11 and Type 15 fighter control radar to provide GCI coverage for air defence of the D-Day landing areas. Of these ships, FDT 216 was stationed off Omaha and Utah beaches, FDT 217 was allocated Sword, Juno, and Gold beaches. FDT 13 was used for coverage of the overall main shipping channel. In the period 6 to 26 June Allied fighters controlled by the FDTs resulted in the destruction of 52 enemy aircraft by day, and 24 enemy aircraft by night.

Post-War

Post World War II in addition to the AMES Type XX designation new equipment was also allocated a Rainbow Code name during development, e.g., AMES Type 86 was allocated the code name Blue Anchor. In addition, the manufacturing company, Ferranti, had its own internal and marketing name for the equipment, in this case, Firelight.
 AMES Type 79 – version of IFF Mark 10 using separate antennas, used with upgraded AMES Type 7
 AMES Type 80, 2.850/3.050 GHz 1 MW S-Band Early Warning radar – a.k.a. Green Garlic – Decca – high performance system made ROTOR obsolete
 AMES Type 81, version of the Type 80 intended for fighter direction, but never built. Role went to Type 80 Mark III instead.
 AMES Type 82, 3 GHz 3D tactical control radar for Bristol Bloodhound – a.k.a. Orange Yeoman – Marconi
 AMES Type 83, 4 GHz/10 GHz mobile tactical control radar for Bristol Bloodhound 1 – a.k.a. Yellow River, Stingray – BTH, later Marconi
 AMES Type 84, 1.2 GHz 2.5 MW L band surveillance  radar, a.k.a. Microwave Early Warning, Blue Label  – Marconi
 AMES Type 85, 2.75/3.2 5 GHz, 54 MW – a.k.a. Blue Yeoman, Linesman – AEI, later Marconi. q.v. RX12874 a.k.a. Winkle
 AMES Type 86, 10 GHz mobile CW target illuminator radar for Bristol Bloodhound 2 – a.k.a. Blue Anchor, Firelight – Ferranti
 AMES Type 87, Bloodhound Mk 2 guidance control system a.k.a. Scorpion - some sources claim this was initially applied to the  Blue Joker balloon-borne radar, but there is no solid evidence of this and it was cancelled in 1960 before it proceeded to production and would have been assigned a number
 AMES Type 88, 1.3 GHz/3 GHz Tactical Control/Surveillance radar – used in conjunction with AMES Type 89 – pair a.k.a. Green Ginger – Marconi
 AMES Type 89, 3 GHz Tactical Control Height Finder – used in conjunction with AMES Type 88 – pair a.k.a. Green Ginger – Marconi
 AMES Type 90, 1.3 GHz 3MW Early Warning/Fighter Control radar, Marconi Martello S713
 AMES Type 91, 1.3 GHz 132 kW Early Warning/Fighter Control radar – a.k.a., Martello S723
 AMES Type 92, RAF name for Lockheed Martin AN/FPS-117
 AMES Type 93, Plessey AR-320
 AMES Type 94, Plessey AR-3D
 AMES Type 96, Marconi S649, dual-band 3/1.3 GHz 2D long-range early warning radar. Used at RAF Saxa Vord paired with Plessey HF200 height-finders.
 AMES Type 99, Westinghouse AN/TPS-43 captured in Argentina
 AMES Type 101, RAF name for the BAE Commander (formerly Plessy AR327) long-range radar.

See also
 Telecommunications Research Establishment
 Royal Radar Establishment
 Royal Signals and Radar Establishment
 Signals Research and Development Establishment

References
Notes

Bibliography
  The history of ground radar in the UK during World War II
  A history of radar in the UK during World War II told by the men and women who worked on it.

External links
 Radar Types
 Air Ministry equipment numbers
 A set of Photos on Flickr relating to AMES circa 1945

Air Ministry during World War II
Ground radars
Radar
Military radars of the United Kingdom
Royal Air Force
Telecommunications in World War II
United Kingdom aviation-related lists
World War II British electronics
World War II radars

Air Ministry Experimental Station


Jo Jo in the Stars is a twelve-minute film that won the 2004 BAFTA Award for Best Animated Short Film.  Created and directed by Marc Craste, it was indirectly inspired by "The Carny", a song by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds.

Plot
Madame Pica is the cold-hearted mistress of a circus of "monsters and misfits", attended each night by thousands of curious spectators. Hero is among them every night, but he is there only to see Jo Jo, the winged trapeze artist.  One night after the show, he steals the keys of the cell where Jo Jo is imprisoned, freeing her.  The two escape and start to dance a romantic waltz in the stars.  But soon the two lovers are discovered and as a last desperate act, hand-in-hand, they jump from the highest window in the tower.  Jo Jo attempts to fly the two of them to safety, but Hero loses his grip and falls to the ground. Jo Jo is blown onto a window sill and re-captured by Madame Pica. A single feather from JoJo's wing floats to the ground, landing on Hero's apparently lifeless body.

Ten years pass, and Madame Pica is in search of some new attraction to draw in the crowds. She discovers that Hero is still alive but horribly disfigured, and takes him on as the new star of the show. He is taken to the cell next to JoJo's, and the reunited lovers embrace through the bars.

Production
Marc Craste's original aim was to make a short film based on "The Carny", a song by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds. He began work on a storyboard, intending it to be a "straight visual interpretation of the text", featuring live action sequences combined with 3D animation. He received encouragement from Nick Cave, but was ultimately unable to secure funding for the project.

In the following years, Craste made three one-minute films for Studio AKA, starring Madame Pica in a circus setting. Studio AKA then asked Craste to make "a longer film using the same characters, but without any murders". JoJo in the Stars was the result.

Craste's influences include David Lynch's Eraserhead (1977) and Wim Wenders's Wings of Desire (1987).

Personnel
 Marc Craste - Director, Writer
 Sue Goffe - Producer, Executive producer
 Oliver Miceli – voice
 Andrew Stirk – voice
 Mike Cachuela - Storyboard Artist (uncredited)
 Dominic Griffiths - Animator
 Boris Kossmehl - Animator
 Fabienne Rivory - Animator
 William Eagar - Editor
 Melissa Lake – foley artist
 Ben Meechan – sound editor
 Barnaby Smith – foley editor
 Michele Woods – sound mixer
 Hilary Wyatt – supervising sound editor
 Ren Pesci - Production Assistant
 Lindsay Fraine - Production Assistant

Awards
Jo Jo in the Stars has won the following awards:

The film has been screened at more than 80 festivals to date, including: Melbourne International Film Festival Short Film Competition, Sydney Film Festival, Anima Mundi, Cinémathèque québécoise, Prend ça court! (Montreal), Zagreb Film Festival, Tampere Film Festival, Annecy International Animated Film Festival (CICA), Festival Némo (Paris), Tübingen International Short Film Festival, Wiesbaden International Weekend of Animation, Holland Animation Film Festival, Holland Youth Film Festival, l0110 (India), Darklight Festival (Ireland), Cartoombria (Perugia), Castelli Animati (Genzano di Roma), Kraków Film Festival, IndieLisboa, Vila do Conde, Donostia Kultura, Sitges Film Festival, SWAMP (Switzerland), British Animation Awards (BAA), Edinburgh International Film Festival (EIFF), Glastonbury Festival, onedotzero, Raindance Film Festival (London), Rêl Institiwt (Real Institute; Wales), Soho Shorts Film Festival, SAND, Independent Film Festival of Boston, Los Angeles Film Festival, Tallgrass Film Festival, and The World According to Shorts in 2004.

Adelaide Film Festival, Anima, Hong Kong InDPanda International Short Film Festival, Tehran International Animation Festival, Skopje Film Festival, Norwegian Film Institute, Future Shorts (South Africa), Fantoche Film Festival (Switzerland), Draken Film Festival (Sweden), Stockholm International Film Festival, Golden Horse Film Festival, Turkey British Council (tour of Turkey), Animated Encounters (UK), Animex (University of Teesside), Cambridge Film Festival, Cinemagic, Commonwealth Film Fest (Manchester), Hertfordshire International Film Festival (HIFF), London Institute's Arts Festival, Northern Film Network (UK), Norwich Film Festival, Antelope Valley Independent Film Festival, Brooklyn In Film Fest, Milwaukee International Film Festival, Portland International Film Festival, REDCAT, Red Stick International Animation Festival (Louisiana) in 2005.

Singapore RestFest, Bucharest Festival, Short bl Movifest (Russia), Kyiv IFF Molodist Festival, Animacor (Spain), Flip Animation Festival (UK), and Milwaukee International Film Festival in 2006. Ankara Uluslararasi Film Festivali (International Film Festival), Taiwan International Animation Festival, and CineGuernsey (Guernsey) in 2007. Berlin International Film Festival, Lucca Animation, Brussels Short Film Festival, Rooftop Films, Fresh Film Festival in 2008.

References

External links

2003 films
2000s animated short films
British animated short films
2003 drama films
2000s dark fantasy films
British black-and-white films
2003 computer-animated films
Computer-animated short films
British animated drama films
2000s English-language films
2000s British films

Jo Jo in the Stars


Michael Ndapamapedu Hishikushitja (22 November 1953 – 27 September 2001) was a Namibian parliamentarian.

Hishikushitja was born and grew up in Onamunama, close to the Angolan border in the Ohangwena Region of Namibia. In the 1970s he attended school at St Mary Mission School in Odibo, where he later also worked as teacher until it was closed in 1979. He spied for the People's Liberation Army of Namibia, the armed wing of SWAPO, and assisted people wanting to cross the border to Angola.

In 1979 he took up a position as an English teacher in Engela for the Council of Churches in Namibia. When his political involvement became known to the South African administration, he was forced to move to Windhoek. The Anglican Church sent him into British exile where he completed a master's degree in education.

After Namibian independence Michael Hishikushitja was elected Regional Councillor of the Oshikango Constituency, a position he held until he died. When the National Council of Namibia was formed in 1993, he was one of the Regional Councillors to be elected to serve. He was vice chairperson of the first National Council, and SWAPO Chief Whip of the second. He also was a member of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, and the chairperson of the Standing Committee on Constitutional and Legal Affairs.

Hishikushitja was married with two daughters. He died from a heart attack shortly before his 48th birthday. Sam Nujoma, then President of the Republic of Namibia, spoke at his funeral, calling him "one of [Namibia's] most active and effective young Parliamentarians."

References

1953 births
2001 deaths
People from Ohangwena Region
Namibian educators
People's Liberation Army of Namibia personnel
South West African anti-apartheid activists
Namibian Christians
SWAPO politicians
Namibian expatriates in the United Kingdom
Members of the National Council (Namibia)

Michael Hishikushitja


Hoi An is a city in Quang Nam Province in Vietnam. It is a popular tourist site near Danang. The old town area has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1999. It is a well-kept trading port that mixed native Vietnamese architecture with other types of architecture. Popular ways of traveling the nearby areas are by bicycle, motorcycle, kayak, and motorboat.

Cities in Vietnam

Hoi An


3D World Atlas is a virtual globe program developed by the Cosmi Corporation. At Version 2.1, it is one of the leading atlas programs, along with other 3D atlas exploring programs such as Google Earth .

History
3D World Atlas was created by the Cosmi Corporation in 1999. It was programmed by Ron Paludan and the research was done by Eve Paludan. Information came from the 1999 World Factbook by the Central Intelligence Agency and the US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency.

Features
As an atlas software, the 3D World Atlas has many features. These include, but are not limited to, world maps on a 3D globe, thousands of tables and charts, national flags, and a world clock. The software also includes distance measuring and in-depth information on every country, including independence days, government types, and such. There are many tools you can use on the program. These all perform basic tasks helping the viewer in understanding the world. A zoom feature allows you to zoom into countries, and lists major cities, a print option allows you to print the current display of a page, and a find button allows you to find any city, country, river, lake, or continent within seconds.

Other features include the ability to copy the current view onto the clipboard, where it can by displayed by pasting it on an image program such as Microsoft Paint, thematic maps, charts, and clocks that all allow you to customize the area, an "Earth shadow" feature which creates a shadow on the Earth if you are on 3D, and a 2D feature that allows you to see the Earth from a map perspective. The program also allows you to retrieve the coordinates of any point on Earth by hovering your mouse over the location you wish to know.

Awards
3D World Atlas won the "editor's pick" from online software reviewer Software Informer.

References

Windows-only proprietary software
Virtual globes
1999 software

3D World Atlas


The Air Tractor-L3Harris OA-1K Sky Warden (company designation AT-802U) is an American fixed-wing, single-engine Light Attack/Armed Reconnaissance aircraft built by Air Tractor and L3Harris for the Armed Overwatch program of the United States Special Operations Command (SOCOM). It was developed from the Air Tractor AT-802, an American aircraft often used for agricultural purposes.

The AT-802U Sky Warden won the Armed Overwatch trial, and on 1 August 2022, SOCOM announced a US$3 billion contract to purchase 75 aircraft by 2029.

Design and development
The AT-802U Sky Warden was developed from the Air Tractor AT-802, for the Special Operations Command's Armed Overwatch trial. A version of the AT-802 has been used for years eradicating coca leaf crops (used in the production of illicit drugs) and as a result was already outfitted with lightweight composite ballistic armored engine compartment and cockpit, called a "bathtub." The windshield features flat ballistic glass panels. The cockpit is built of a steel tube frame design to act as a roll cage, and can support the entire weight of the aircraft.

The aircraft is not designed to fit ejection seats. The fuel lines and fuel tank are self-sealing and features emergency fuel jettison. Restraints include a 5-point harness equipped with airbags. Essential flight controls are present in both the front and rear seats. The landing gear configuration differs from most modern aircraft in that it is a tail-wheel configuration, which is optimal for austere and unimproved airstrip landings.

The AT-802U is designed for expedient deployment and can be disassembled within a day to fit inside a single C-17 cargo aircraft. It can then be reassembled to mission-ready status within a single day.

On 1 August 2022, Air Tractor and L3Harris were awarded a US$3 billion contract for 75 aircraft. The contract included an upfront payment of US$170 million, with the rest being paid out as the fleet is delivered. The aircraft is built in two stages; the airframe is built by Air Tractor in Olney, Texas, and the armor and weapons systems are added by L3Harris in Tulsa, Oklahoma. It is to replace the U-28A Draco, often used for anti-insurgency operations.

The AT-802U was officially designated the OA-1K in late 2022.

Operators

 United States Air Force
 Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC)

Specifications (AT-802U)

References

External links

 Air Tractor AT-802U website
 L3Harris Sky Warden website

2020s United States attack aircraft

Air Tractor-L3Harris AT-802U Sky Warden


An HCNG dispenser is a type of fuel dispenser at a filling station that is used to pump HCNG into vehicles.

Principle
An HCNG dispenser is in general combined with a CNG dispenser for natural gas vehicles as both use the same feed stream from the compressed natural gas grid, in addition the hydrogen production method differs per station, some stations use on-site generation where other stations use on-site delivery of hydrogen to feed the HCNG dispensers. The dispensed blend is  30% H2 by volume with CNG at 250 bar non-communication fill as HCNG

Locations
HCNG dispensers can be found at Hynor (Norway) Thousand palms and Barstow  California Fort Collins Colorado,  Dunkerque, Grenoble and  Toulouse (France) Göteborg Sweden,  Dwarka and Faridabad (Delhi),  India   and the BC hydrogen highway in Canada.

See also
Hydrogen compressor
Hydrogen infrastructure
Hydrogen station
Hydrogen economy

References

Pumps
Natural gas infrastructure
Filling stations

HCNG dispenser


Chinese philosophy originates in the Spring and Autumn period and Warring States period, during a period known as the "Hundred Schools of Thought", which was characterized by significant intellectual and cultural developments. Although much of Chinese philosophy begun in the Warring States period, elements of Chinese philosophy have existed for several thousand years. Some can be found in the I Ching (the Book of Changes), an ancient compendium of divination, which dates back to at least 672 BCE.

It was during the Warring States era that what Sima Tan termed the major philosophical schools of China—Confucianism, Legalism, and Taoism—arose, along with philosophies that later fell into obscurity, like Agriculturalism, Mohism, Chinese Naturalism, and the Logicians. Even in modern society, Confucianism is still the creed of etiquette for Chinese society.

Chinese philosophy as a philosophy

The debate over whether the thought of ancient Chinese masters should be called philosophy has been discussed since the introduction of this academic discipline into China. See Legitimacy of Chinese philosophy for details.

Early beliefs
Early Shang dynasty thought was based on cycles like the 10 stems and 12 earthly branches. This notion stems from what the people of the Shang dynasty could observe around them: day and night cycled, the seasons progressed again and again, and even the moon waxed and waned until it waxed again. Thus, this notion, which remained relevant throughout Chinese history, reflects the order of nature. In juxtaposition, it also marks a fundamental distinction from western philosophy, in which the dominant view of time is a linear progression. During the Shang, Ancestor worship was present and universally recognized.

When the Shang were overthrown by the Zhou a new political, religious and philosophical concept was introduced called the Mandate of Heaven. This mandate was said to be taken when rulers became unworthy of their position and provided a justification for Zhou rule it is said that the Duke of Zhou made the early solar terms by measuring with a gnomon that was added to make the complete solar terms. He is also said to have used try squares and wrote the Zhoubi Suanjing with his astrologer. Several early beliefs might be found in the Guicang and perhaps the earliest Chinese book, the small calendar of the Xia in Da Dai Liji, though debated to exist the Xia dynasty is said to be its origin.

Overview
Confucianism developed during the Spring and Autumn period from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius (551–479 BCE), who considered himself a retransmitter of Zhou values. His philosophy concerns the fields of ethics and politics, emphasizing personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice, traditionalism, and sincerity. The Analects stress the importance of ritual, but also the importance of ren, which loosely translates as "human-heartedness", Confucianism, along with Legalism, is responsible for creating the world's first meritocracy, which holds that one's status should be determined by education and character rather than ancestry, wealth, or friendship. Confucianism was and continues to be a major influence in Chinese culture, the state of China and the surrounding areas of East Asia.

Before the Han dynasty the largest rivals to Confucianism were Chinese Legalism, and Mohism. Confucianism largely became the dominant philosophical school of China during the early Han dynasty following the replacement of its contemporary, the more Taoist Huang-Lao. Legalism as a coherent philosophy disappeared largely due to its relationship with the unpopular authoritarian rule of Qin Shi Huang, however, many of its ideas and institutions would continue to influence Chinese philosophy throughout the Han dynasty and after.

Mohism, though initially popular due to its emphasis on brotherly love versus harsh Legalism, fell out of favour during the Han dynasty due to the efforts of Confucians in establishing their views as political orthodoxy.  The Six Dynasties era saw the rise of the Xuanxue philosophical school and the maturation of Chinese Buddhism, which had entered China from India during the Late Han dynasties. By the time of the Tang dynasty five-hundred years after Buddhism's arrival into China, it had transformed into a thoroughly Chinese religious philosophy dominated by the school of Zen Buddhism. Neo-Confucianism became highly popular during the Song dynasty and Ming dynasty due in large part to the eventual combination of Confucian and Buddhist and even Taoist Philosophy.

During the 19th and 20th centuries, Chinese philosophy integrated concepts from Western philosophy. Anti-Qing dynasty revolutionaries, involved in the Xinhai Revolution, saw Western philosophy as an alternative to traditional philosophical schools; students in the May Fourth Movement called for completely abolishing the old imperial institutions and practices of China.  During this era, Chinese scholars attempted to incorporate Western philosophical ideologies such as democracy, Marxism, socialism, liberalism, republicanism, anarchism and nationalism into Chinese philosophy. The most notable examples are Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People ideology and Mao Zedong's Maoism, a variant of Marxism–Leninism. In the modern People's Republic of China, the official ideology is Deng Xiaoping's "market economy socialism".

Although the People's Republic of China has been historically hostile to the philosophy of ancient China, the influences of past are still deeply ingrained in the Chinese culture. In the post-Chinese economic reform era, modern Chinese philosophy has reappeared in forms such as New Confucianism. As in Japan, philosophy in China has become a melting pot of ideas. It accepts new concepts, while attempting also to accord old beliefs their due. Chinese philosophy still carries profound influence amongst the people of East Asia, and even Southeast Asia.

Ancient philosophy

Spring and Autumn period

Around 500 BCE, after the Zhou state weakened and China moved into the Spring and Autumn period, the classic period of Chinese philosophy began. This is known as the Hundred Schools of Thought (; zhūzǐ bǎijiā; "various scholars, hundred schools"). This period is considered the golden age of Chinese philosophy. Of the many schools founded at this time and during the subsequent Warring States period, the four most influential ones were Confucianism, Daoism (often spelled "Taoism"), Mohism and Legalism.

Confucianism

Confucianism is a philosophical school developed from the teachings of Confucius collected and written by his disciples after his death in The Analects, and in the Warring States period, Mencius in The Mencius and Xunzi in The Xunzi. It is a system of moral, social, political, and religious thought that has had tremendous influence on Chinese history, thought, and culture down to the 20th century. Some Westerners have considered it to have been the "state religion" of imperial China because of its lasting influence on Asian culture. Its influence also spread to Korea, Japan, Vietnam and many other Asian countries.

Confucianism reached its peak of influence during the Tang and Song dynasties under a rebranded Confucianism called Neo-Confucianism. Confucius expanded on the already present ideas of Chinese religion and culture to reflect the time period and environment of political chaos during the Warring States period. Because Confucius embedded the Chinese culture so heavily into his philosophy it was able to resonate with the people of China. This high approval of Confucianism can be seen through the reverence of Confucius in modern-day China.

The major Confucian concepts include filial piety, loyalty (),  li (ritual), ren (humanity or humaneness), the rectification of names (i.e., to ensure everything is what its name implies it should be),. Confucius taught both positive and negative versions of the Golden Rule. The concepts yin and yang represent two opposing forces that are permanently in conflict with each other, leading to perpetual contradiction and change. The Confucian idea of "Rid of the two ends, take the middle" is a Chinese equivalent of the idea of "thesis, antithesis, and synthesis", often attributed to Hegel, which is a way of reconciling opposites, arriving at some middle ground combining the best of both.

Confucius heavily emphasized the idea of microcosms in society (subunits of family and community) success's were the foundations for a successful state or country. Confucius believed in the use of education to further knowledge the people in ethics, societal behavior, and reverence in other humans. With the combination of education, successful family, and his ethical teachings he believed he could govern a well established society in China.

Taoism

Taoism arose as a philosophy and later also developed into a religion based on the texts the Tao Te Ching (ascribed to Laozi) and the Zhuangzi (partly ascribed to Zhuang Zhou). The word Tao (; also transliterated as Dao) literally means 'path' or 'way'. However, in Taoism it refers more often to a meta-physical force that encompasses the entire universe but which cannot be described nor felt.

All major Chinese philosophical schools have investigated the correct Way to go about a moral life, but in Taoism it takes on the most abstract meanings, leading this school to be named after it. It advocated nonaction (wu wei), the strength of softness, spontaneity, and relativism. Although it serves as a rival to Confucianism, a school of active morality, this rivalry is compromised and given perspective by the idiom "practice Confucianism on the outside, Taoism on the inside."

Most of Taoism's focus is on the notion that human attempts to make the world better actually make the world worse. Therefore, it is better to strive for harmony, minimising potentially harmful interference with nature or in human affairs.

Warring States period

Legalism

Philosopher Han Fei synthesized together earlier the methods of his predecessors, which famous historian Sima Tan posthumously termed Legalism. With an essential principle like "when the epoch changed, the ways changed", late pre-Han dynasty reformers emphasized rule by law.

In Han Fei's philosophy, a ruler should govern his subjects by the following trinity:
Fa (): law or principle.
Shu (): method, tactic, art, or statecraft.
Shi (): legitimacy, power, or charisma.

What has been termed by some as the intrastate Realpolitik of the Warring States period was highly progressive, and extremely critical of the Confucian and Mohist schools. But that of the Qin dynasty would be blamed for creating a totalitarian society, thereby experiencing decline. Its main motto is: "Set clear strict laws, or deliver harsh punishment". In Han Fei's philosophy the ruler possessed authority regarding reward and penalty, enacted through law. Shang Yang and Han Fei promoted absolute adherence to the law, regardless of the circumstances or the person. Ministers were only to be rewarded if their words were accurate to the results of their proposals. Legalism, in accordance with Shang Yang's interpretation, could encourage the state to be a militaristic autarky.

Naturalists

The School of Naturalists or the School of Yin-yang () was a Warring States era philosophy that synthesized the concepts of yin-yang and the wuxing; Zou Yan is considered the founder of this school. His theory attempted to explain the universe in terms of basic forces in nature: the complementary agents of yin (dark, cold, female, negative) and yang (light, hot, male, positive) and the Five Elements or Five Phases (water, fire, wood, metal, and earth).

In its early days, this theory was most strongly associated with the states of Yan and Qi. In later periods, these epistemological theories came to hold significance in both philosophy and popular belief.  This school was absorbed into Taoism's alchemic and magical dimensions as well as into the Chinese medical framework. The earliest surviving recordings of this are in the Mawangdui texts and Huangdi Neijing.

Mohism

Mohism (Moism), founded by Mozi, promotes universal love with the aim of mutual benefit. Everyone must love each other equally and impartially to avoid conflict and war. Mozi was strongly against Confucian ritual, instead emphasizing pragmatic survival through farming, fortification, and statecraft. Tradition is inconsistent, and human beings need an extra-traditional guide to identify which traditions are acceptable. The moral guide must then promote and encourage social behaviors that maximize general benefit. As motivation for his theory, Mozi brought in the Will of Heaven, but rather than being religious his philosophy parallels utilitarianism.

Logicians

The logicians (School of Names) were concerned with logic, paradoxes, names and actuality (similar to Confucian rectification of names). The logician Hui Shi was a friendly rival to Zhuangzi, arguing against Taoism in a light-hearted and humorous manner. Another logician, Gongsun Long, originated the famous When a White Horse is Not a Horse dialogue.

Agriculturalists

Agriculturalism was an early agrarian social and political philosophy that advocated peasant utopian communalism and egalitarianism. The philosophy is founded on the notion that human society originates with the development of agriculture, and societies are based upon "people's natural propensity to farm."

The Agriculturalists believed that the ideal government, modeled after the semi-mythical governance of Shennong, is led by a benevolent king, one who works alongside the people in tilling the fields. The Agriculturalist king is not paid by the government through its treasuries; his livelihood is derived from the profits he earns working in the fields, not his leadership. Unlike the Confucians, the Agriculturalists did not believe in the division of labour, arguing instead that the economic policies of a country need to be based upon an egalitarian self sufficiency. The Agriculturalists supported the fixing of prices, in which all similar goods, regardless of differences in quality and demand, are set at exactly the same, unchanging price.

Early imperial era philosophy

History

Qin and Han dynasties

The short founder Qin dynasty, where Legalism was the official philosophy, quashed Mohist and Confucianist schools. Legalism remained influential during the early Han dynasty under the Taoist-Realist ideology Huang-Lao until Emperor Wu of Han adopted Confucianism as official doctrine. Confucianism and Taoism became the determining forces of Chinese thought until the introduction of Buddhism.

Confucianism was particularly strong during the Han dynasty, whose greatest thinker was Dong Zhongshu, who integrated Confucianism with the thoughts of the Zhongshu School and the theory of the Five Elements. He also was a promoter of the New Text school, which considered Confucius as a divine figure and a spiritual ruler of China, who foresaw and started the evolution of the world towards the Universal Peace.

In contrast, there was an Old Text school that advocated the use of Confucian works written in ancient language (from this comes the denomination Old Text) that were so much more reliable. In particular, they refuted the assumption of Confucius as a godlike figure and considered him as the greatest sage, but simply a human and mortal

Six Dynasties
The 3rd and 4th centuries saw the rise of the Xuanxue (mysterious learning), also called Neo-Taoism.

Buddhism arrived in China around the 1st century AD, but it was not until the Northern and Southern, Sui and Tang dynasties that it gained considerable influence and acknowledgement. At the beginning, it was considered a sort of Taoist sect. Mahayana Buddhism was far more successful in China than its rival Hinayana, and both Indian schools and local Chinese sects arose from the 5th century. Two chiefly important monk philosophers were Sengzhao and Daosheng. But probably the most influential and original of these schools was the Chan sect, which had an even stronger impact in Japan as the Zen sect.

In the mid-Tang Buddhism reached its peak, and reportedly there were 4,600 monasteries, 40,000 hermitages and 260,500 monks and nuns. The power of the Buddhist clergy was so great and the wealth of the monasteries so impressive, that it instigated criticism from Confucian scholars, who considered Buddhism as a foreign religion. In 845 Emperor Wuzong ordered the Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution, confiscating the riches and returning monks and nuns to lay life. From then on, Buddhism lost much of its influence.

Schools of thought

Xuanxue

Xuanxue was a philosophical school that combined elements of Confucianism and Taoism to reinterpret the I Ching,Tao Te Ching, and Zhuangzi. The most important philosophers of this movement were Wang Bi, Xiang Xiu and Guo Xiang. The main question of this school was whether Being came before Not-Being (in Chinese, ming and wuming). A peculiar feature of these Taoist thinkers, like the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove, was the concept of feng liu (lit. wind and flow), a sort of romantic spirit which encouraged following the natural and instinctive impulse.

Buddhism

Buddhism is a religion, a practical philosophy, and arguably a psychology, focusing on the teachings of Gautama Buddha, who lived on the Indian subcontinent most likely from the mid-6th to the early 5th century BCE. When used in a generic sense, a Buddha is generally considered to be someone who discovers the true nature of reality.

Buddhism until the 4th century AD had little impact on China but in the 4th century its teachings hybridized with those of Taoism. Buddhism brought to China the idea of many hells, where sinners went, but the deceased sinners souls could be saved by pious acts. Since Chinese traditional thought focused more on ethics rather than metaphysics, the merging of Buddhist and Taoist concepts developed several schools distinct from the originating Indian schools.

The most prominent examples with philosophical merit are Sanlun, Tiantai, Huayan, and Chan (a.k.a. Zen). They investigate consciousness, levels of truth, whether reality is ultimately empty, and how enlightenment is to be achieved. Buddhism has a spiritual aspect that complements the action of Neo-Confucianism, with prominent Neo-Confucians advocating certain forms of meditation.

Mid to late imperial era philosophy

History
Neo-Confucianism was a revived version of old Confucian principles that appeared around the Song dynasty, with Buddhist, Taoist, and Legalist features. The first philosophers, such as Shao Yong, Zhou Dunyi and Chang Zai, were cosmologists and worked on the I Ching. The Cheng brothers, Cheng Yi and Cheng Hao, are considered the founders of the two main schools of thought of Neo-Confucianism: the School of Principle the first, the School of Mind the latter.

The School of Principle gained supremacy during the Song dynasty with the philosophical system elaborated by Zhu Xi, which became mainstream and officially adopted by the government for the imperial examinations under the Yuan dynasty. The School of Mind was developed by Lu Jiuyuan, Zhu Xi's main rival, but was soon forgotten. Only during the Ming dynasty was the School of Mind revived by Wang Shouren, whose influence is equal to that of Zhu Xi. This school was particularly important in Japan.

During the Qing dynasty many philosophers objected against Neo-Confucianism and there was a return to the Han dynasty Confucianism, and also the reprise of the controversy between Old Text and New Text. In this period also started the penetration of Western culture, but most Chinese thought that the Westerners were maybe more advanced in technology and warfare, but that China had primacy in moral and intellectual fields.

Chinese culture was highly influential on the traditions of other East Asian states, and its philosophy directly influenced Korean philosophy, Vietnamese philosophy and Japanese philosophy. During later Chinese dynasties like the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), as well as in the Korean Joseon dynasty (1392–1897), a resurgent Neo-Confucianism led by thinkers such as Wang Yangming (1472–1529) became the dominant school of thought and was promoted by the imperial state. In Japan, the Tokugawa shogunate (1603–1867) was also strongly influenced by Confucian philosophy.

Schools of thought

Neo-Confucianism

Despite Confucianism losing popularity to Taoism and Buddhism, Neo-Confucianism combined those ideas into a more metaphysical framework. Its concepts include li (principle, akin to Plato's forms), qi (vital or material force), taiji (the Great Ultimate), and xin (mind). Song dynasty philosopher Zhou Dunyi (1017–1073) is commonly seen as the first true "pioneer" of Neo-Confucianism, using Daoist metaphysics as a framework for his ethical philosophy.

Neo-Confucianism developed both as a renaissance of traditional Confucian ideas, and as a reaction to the ideas of Buddhism and religious Daoism. Although the Neo-Confucianists denounced Buddhist metaphysics, Neo-Confucianism did borrow Daoist and Buddhist terminology and concepts.
Neo-Confucianist philosophers like Zhu Xi and Wang Yangming are seen as the most important figures of Neo-Confucianism.

Modern era

During the Industrial and Modern Ages, Chinese philosophy had also begun to integrate concepts of Western philosophy, as steps toward modernization.  Chinese philosophy never developed the concept of human rights, so that classical Chinese lacked words for them. In 1864, W.A.P. Martin had to invent the word quanli () to translate the Western concept of "rights" in the process of translating Henry Wheaton's Elements of International Law into classical Chinese.

By the time of the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, there were many calls such as the May Fourth Movement to completely abolish the old imperial institutions and practices of China.  There have been attempts to incorporate democracy, republicanism, and industrialism into Chinese philosophy, notably by Sun Yat-Sen at the beginning of the 20th century. Mao Zedong added Marxism, Stalinism, Chinese Marxist Philosophy and other communist thought.

When the Chinese Communist Party took over the reign, previous schools of thought, excepting notably Legalism, were denounced as backward, and later even purged during the Cultural Revolution, whereas their influences on Chinese thoughts remain until today. The current government of the People's Republic of China is trying to encourage a form of market socialism.

Since the radical movement of the Cultural Revolution, the Chinese government has become much more tolerant with the practice of traditional beliefs. The 1978 Constitution of the People's Republic of China guarantees "freedom of religion" with a number of restrictions. Spiritual and philosophical institutions have been allowed to be established or re-established, as long they are not perceived to be a threat to the power of the CPC. Moreover, those organizations are heavily monitored. The influences of the past are still deeply ingrained in the Chinese culture.

New Confucianism

New Confucianism is an intellectual movement of Confucianism that began in the early 20th century in Republican China, and revived in post-Mao era contemporary communist China. It is deeply influenced by, but not identical with, the Neo-Confucianism of the Song and Ming dynasties.

Philosophers

 Confucius, seen as the Great Master but sometimes ridiculed by Taoists.
 Mencius, Confucius' follower having idealist inspiration
 Xun Zi, another Confucius' follower, closer to realism, teacher of Han Fei and Li Si
 Zhu Xi, founder of Neo-Confucianism
 Wang Yangming, most influential proponent of "state of mind." ()
 Laozi, the semi-mythical founder of Taoist school.
 Zhuang Zhou, said to be the author of the Zhuangzi.
 Lie Yukou, said to be the author of the Liezi.
 Mozi, the founder of Mohist school.
 Shang Yang, Legalist founder and pivotal Qin reformer
 Han Fei, one of the most notable theoreticians of Legalism
 Li Si, major proponent and practitioner of Legalism

Concepts

Although the individual philosophical schools differ considerably, they nevertheless share a common vocabulary and set of concerns.

Among the terms commonly found in Chinese philosophy are:
  Dao (the Way, or one's doctrine)
  De (virtue, power)
  Li (principle, Law)
  Qi (vital energy or material force)
 The Tai-chi (Great Heavenly Axis) forms a unity of the two complementary polarities, Yin and Yang. The word Yin originally referred to a hillside facing away from the sun. Philosophically, it stands the dark, passive, feminine principle; whereas Yang (the hillside facing the sun) stands for the bright, active, masculine principle. Yin and Yang are not antagonistic, they alternate in inverse proportion to one another—like the rise and fall of a wave and are known by their comparison.

Among the commonalities of Chinese philosophies are:
 The tendency not to view man as separate from nature.
 Questions about the nature and existence of a monotheistic deity, which have profoundly influenced Western philosophy, have not been important in Chinese philosophies or a source of great conflict in Chinese traditional religion.
 The belief that the purpose of philosophy is primarily to serve as an ethical and practical guide.
 The political focus: most scholars of the Hundred Schools were trying to convince the ruler to behave in the way they defended.

See also

References

Further reading
 Bo Mou (Editor), History of Chinese Philosophy, Routledge, 2009.

 Antonio S. Cua (Editor),  Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy, Routledge, 2003.
 Feng Youlan, A History of Chinese Philosophy (Princeton Paperbacks), tr. Derk Bodde, 1983.
 Herrlee Glessner Creel,  Chinese Thought, from Confucius to Mao Zedong, 1971.
  A. C. Graham, Disputers of the Tao; Philosophical Argument in Ancient China, 1989.
 Christoph Harbsmeier, Logic and Language in Ancient China, (Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 7, Part I, Cambridge University Press, 1998.
 Philip J. Ivanhoe and Bryan W. Van Norden (Editors), Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy, 2nd edition, Indianapolis:  Hackett Publishing, 2005.
 Karyn Lai, Introduction to Chinese Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, 2008.
 Lin Yutang, The Importance of Living, William Morrow Paperbacks, 1998.
 Jana S. Rošker, Searching for the Way: Theory of Knowledge in Pre-modern and Modern Chinese Philosophy Hong Kong Chinese University Press, 2008.
 Roel Sterckx, Chinese Thought. From Confucius to Cook Ding. London: Penguin, 2019.
 Roel Sterckx, Ways of Heaven. An Introduction to Chinese Thought. New York: Basic Books, 2019.
 Justin Tiwald and Bryan W. Van Norden (Editors), Readings in Later Chinese Philosophy: Han Dynasty to the 20th Century, Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 2014.
 Bryan W. Van Norden,  Introduction to Classical Chinese Philosophy, Indianapolis:  Hackett Publishing, 2011.
 Arthur Waley, Three Ways of Thought in Ancient China, 1983.

External links

 Article "The Chinese Concept of Space"
 Article "The Chinese Concept of Time"
 The Hundred Schools of Thought
 Chinese Text Project – Chinese philosophy texts in classical Chinese with English and modern Chinese translations

 Contesting Confucius Henry Zhao, New Left Review 44, March–April 2007
 Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, 1751–1772, ""Philosophie des Chinois" [in French]
 Warp Weft and Way – A Group Blog of Chinese and Comparative Philosophy

Chinese literature
Cultural history of China

Chinese philosophy


Highland Road Park Observatory or Baton Rouge Observatory is an astronomical observatory jointly operated by Louisiana State University's astronomy department, Baton Rouge Astronomical Society, and The Recreation & Park Commission for the Parish of East Baton Rouge. It is in Baton Rouge, in the U.S. state of Louisiana, in Highland Road Park.

The observatory uses a  Ritchey–Chrétien telescope (f/8.1) with a hyperbolic figured 20-inch primary mirror and a 7.25-inch secondary mirror – both conical shaped, made of lightweight, low-expansion ceramic – an OGS140 equatorial fork mount, and a computer control system.

The Baton Rouge Astronomical Society, also known as B.R.A.S., was founded in 1981 as a non-profit organization. Volunteer members of this organization meet monthly at the Highland Road Park Observatory. The society is a member organization of the Astronomical League, members volunteer in support of operation of the Highland Road Park Observatory and conduct many outreach activities including sidewalk astronomy and dark sky advocacy.

Discoveries

More than 40 numbered minor planets have been discovered at the Highland Road Park Observatory since 1998. The Minor Planet Center credits these discoveries to the astronomers Walter R. Cooney Jr., Matthew Collier, Patrick M. Motl, Susannah Lazar, Katrina Wefel, Terry Martin, Merrill Hess, Geoffrey Burks, Ethan Kandler and Meredith Howard. One minor planet is directly credited to the observatory (see table).

The outer main-belt asteroid 11739 Baton Rouge, discovered by Walter R. Cooney Jr. in 1998, is named for the Louisiana state capital, where the discovering observatory is located.

See also
 List of asteroid-discovering observatories
 List of astronomical observatories

 List of observatory codes

References

External links
 "Dark Sky Advocacy Site - Baton Rouge Astronomical Society"

Astronomical observatories in Louisiana
Education in Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Highland
Minor-planet discovering observatories
Tourist attractions in Baton Rouge, Louisiana

Highland Road Park Observatory


The Detroit Wheels were an American rock band, formed in Detroit in 1964. They served as Mitch Ryder's backup band from 1964 to 1967.

The band had a number of top twenty hits in the mid-1960s before lead singer Ryder was enticed away by Bob Crewe with offers of a solo career, after which the group quickly dissolved. Two of its former members, Jim McCarty and Johnny "Bee" Badanjek, later reunited to establish the nucleus of a new band called The Rockets, after McCarty found some fame with the hard rock outfit Cactus.

History
The band had its origins in Detroit in the early 1960s. At this time, a young white singer by the name of William Levise, Jr., who was singing at a black soul club called The Village, met a rock & roll group which included McCarty, bassist Earl Elliot, and Badanjek. Levise decided to join the group and took the stage name of Billy Lee, and the band became Billy Lee and the Rivieras. After attracting attention from producer Bob Crewe while working as a support act to The Dave Clark Five, the group moved to New York to start recording. However, since another band had already recorded as The Rivieras, the band decided to change its name again. With the help of a phone book, Levise took the new stage name of Mitch Ryder, and Mitch Ryder & The Detroit Wheels were born. The group's live performances are said to have had an "explosive quality" and their style has been described as "revved up...R&B".

Mitch Ryder & The Detroit Wheels had their first big hit in 1965 with "Jenny Take a Ride", which reached No. 10 on the Billboard Hot 100, and No. 1 on the R&B chart – the first time a self-contained rock group had achieved the latter distinction. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA. Crewe had originally planned to release the track as a B-side, but changed his mind after seeing the reactions of Brian Jones and Keith Richards, of The Rolling Stones, who were in the Stei-Philips studio in New York City as it was being recorded.

Ryder and the Detroit Wheels followed up with another top twenty hit, "Little Latin Lupe Lu," which peaked at No. 17. After a couple of misses, the group had its biggest hit with the "Devil with a Blue Dress On"/"Good Golly Miss Molly" medley which reached No. 4. Around this period they also recorded a number of albums, largely composed of reworked R&B classics, along with a smattering of original compositions.

In 1967, Ryder had another top ten hit with "Sock It to Me, Baby!" which was banned by some stations as too sexually suggestive. The band had its last hit with the brassy "Too Many Fish in the Sea"/"Three Little Fishes" single, which reached No. 24. Crewe then persuaded Ryder to quit the group and embark on a solo career.

After Ryder's departure, Badanjek fronted a short-lived band of the same name which recorded several tracks, most notably "Linda Sue Dixon", a song glorifying the illicit hallucinogenic drug LSD, which charted worldwide in 1968. They also recorded "Think (About the Good Things)/For the Love of a Stranger". The band's line-up during this time is uncertain.

Ryder's solo career, meantime, had been mishandled and failed to take off. In 1969 he, Badanjek and some other musicians along with Mitch Ryder on vocals covering a number of the songs established a new band called The Band Detroit, which recorded an eponymous named album. One single was released from the album, a cover of Lou Reed's "Rock & Roll" that Reed reportedly liked better than his original version, and Reed subsequently hired Detroit guitarist Steve Hunter for his own band. Detroit's follow-up tour to the album, however, met with little success, after which Ryder departed once again and the band broke up. The final lineup of the band featured harmonica player and powerhouse singer Rusty Day, who Ryder chose to replace him in 1972, and also featured pre-Lynyrd Skynyrd guitarist Steve "Crawdaddy" Gaines, guitarist Bill Hodgson of Shadowfax, drummer Ted "T-Mel" Smith of The Spinners, bassist Nathaniel Peterson of Twin Dragons, and keyboardist Terry Emery of the Moxie Band Atlanta. Steve Gaines died on Skynyrd's plane crash October 20, 1977. Also killed in the crash were Gaines's older sister Cassie, and Skynyrd founder and lead singer Ronnie VanZant. Rusty Day was murdered on June 3, 1982, at his own home in Longwood, Florida. Nobody knows who killed Day, and the case remains open even now. Bill Hodgson died around 1983 shortly after having moved to New York. Hodgson died due to what was confirmed to be a drug overdose, most likely accidental. Ted "T-Mel" Smith died of natural causes in 2006. Terry Emery joined the Moxie Band Atlanta in 1997, which he's remained in ever since. Nathaniel Peterson has been in several bands after The Band Detroit broke up, in particularly one that Peterson founded called Twin Dragons.

In 1972, Badanjek and former Wheels guitarist McCarty reunited to form the nucleus of a new group called The Rockets, which recorded a number of albums through the 1970s and 1980s. McCarty continues to perform today with his group, Mystery Train. John Badanjek remains active as well and still plays out with McCarty. McCarty also played with Rusty Day, Tim Bogert and Carmine Appice in the group Cactus.

Discography

Mitch Ryder & The Detroit Wheels
Take a Ride (1966)
1. Shake A Tail Feather
2. Come See About Me
3. Let Your Lovelight Shine
4. Just A Little Bit
5. I Hope
6. Jenny Take A Ride
7. Please, Please, Please
8. I'll Go Crazy
9. I Got You
10. Sticks And Stones
11. Bring It On Home To Me
12. Baby Jane (Mo-Mo Jane)
13. Joy

Re-released on the Sundazed Music Inc. label, ASIN B000003GX4.

Breakout...!!! (1966)
1. Walking The Dog
2. I Had It Made
3. In The Midnight Hour
4. Ooh Poo Pah Doo (Jessie Hill)
5. I Like It Like That
6. Little Latin Lupe Lu
7. Devil With A Blue Dress On/Good Golly Miss Molly
8. Shakin' With Linda
9. Stubborn Kind Of Fellow
10. You Get Your Kicks
11. I Need Help
12. Any Day Now
13. Breakout

Re-released on the Sundazed Music Inc. label, ASIN B000003GX5.

Sock It To Me! (1967)
1. Sock It To Me-Baby
2. I Can't Hide It
3. Takin' All I Can Get
4. Slow Fizz
5. Walk On By
6. I Never Had It Better
7. Shakedown  Listen Listen
8. A Face In The Crowd
9. I'd Rather Go To Jail
10. Wild Child
11. Too Many Fish In The Sea/Three Little Fishes
12. You Are My Sunshine
13. Ruby Baby & Peaches On A Cherry Tree

Re-released on the Sundazed Music Inc. label, ASIN B000003GX6.

All Mitch Ryder Hits! (1967. Collector's Edition with bonus tracks, 1993)
1. Devil With A Blue Dress/Good Golly Miss Molly
2. Jenny Take A Ride
3. Joy
4. Breakout
5. In The Midnight Hour
6. Sock It To Me - Baby!
7. Little Latin Lupe Lu
8. Takin' All I Can Get
9. Too Many Fish In The Sea/Three Little Fishes
10. I'd Rather Go To Jail
11. Shake A Tail Feather
12. (You've Got) Personality/Chantilly Lace (bonus track)
13. Baby I Need Your Loving/Theme For Mitch  (bonus track)

Re-released on the Sundazed Music Inc. label, ASIN B000003GXU.

The Detroit Wheels
"Linda Sue Dixon"/"Tally Ho" (single, 1968 - Inferno I-5002).
" Think (About the Good Things)"/"For the Love of a Stranger" (single, 1968 - Inferno I-5003).

The Band Detroit
The Band Detroit "featuring; Mitch Ryder" (1971 album).
MCA label, ASIN B00004VPJG.

1. Long Neck Goose
2. Is It You (Or Is It Me)
3. Box of Old Roses
4. It Ain't Easy
5. Rock 'N' Roll
6. Let It Rock
7. Drink
8. Gimme Shelter*
9. I Found A New Love
*Bonus track on CD that was not on original album

Members
Their original members were:
 Mitch Ryder - lead vocals, percussion
 Jim McCarty - lead guitar
 John Deleone - drums, percussion
 Mark Manko - lead guitar
 Joseph Kubert - rhythm guitar
 Earl E. Elliott - bass (replaced)
 Jim McCallister - bass (replaced Earl Elliot in 1966, pictured on album displayed on this page)
 Johnny "Bee" Badanjek - drums

In an offshoot of the band called Detroit, there was:

 Rusty Day  - lead and backing vocals, harmonica, percussion
 Steve Gaines - guitars, backing and lead vocals
 Bill Hodgson - guitars
 Steve Hunter - guitars
 Nathaniel Peterson - bass, backing vocals
 Terry Emery - keyboards, backing and lead vocals
 Ted "T-Mel" Smith - drums, backing and lead vocals, percussion
 Wilson Owens - drums, Percussion

References

Further reading
The Ryder Stipulates, Metro Times September 15, 2004.
The official Mitch Ryder homepage.
Carson, David A. (2006): Grit, Noise and Revolution: The Birth of Detroit Rock 'n' Roll - University of Michigan Press, .

External links
Mitch Ryder & The Detroit Wheels performing "Jenny Take a Ride" - YouTube.

Rock music groups from Michigan
American rhythm and blues musical groups
Musical groups from Detroit
Musical groups established in 1964
1964 establishments in Michigan
Musical groups disestablished in 1967
1967 disestablishments in Michigan

The Detroit Wheels


Jochen Hick (born April 2, 1960 in Darmstadt) is a German film director and producer of mainly independent feature and documentary films, also specialising in LGBT subjects. In 1994 he founded the film and TV production company GALERIA ALASKA PRODUCTIONS, based in Hamburg and Berlin. He worked and produced for several production companies and TV channels and contributed to TV documentary programs such as ARD-Exclusiv or SPIEGEL TV Reportage. 2007-2010 he is as well editor-in-chief, head of program acquisitions and co-programming director of TIMM, the first TV channel for gay male audiences in German speaking countries, which has been on the air since November 1, 2008.

His 2008 documentary East/West – Sex & Politics concerns Nikolai Alekseev's attempts to organise the 2007 Moscow Pride event.

His most recent project, the 2017 documentary Mein wunderbares West-Berlin (My Wonderful West Berlin), covers gay experiences in West Berlin between the mid-1940s and the late 1980s and beyond. The film premiered in February 2017 at the 67th Berlin International Film Festival (aka Berlinale).

Filmography

 Mein wunderbares West-Berlin (My Wonderful West Berlin) (2017)
 The GDR Complex (2016)
 Out in East Berlin – Lesbians & Gays in the GDR (2013)
 DDR unterm Regenbogen (2011) (TV)
 The Good American (2009)
 East/West – Sex & Politics (2008)
 Deutschland – Ein Herbstmärchen (2007)
 Hallelujah! (2006)
 Rainbow's End (2006)
 Am Ende des Regenbogens (2005) (TV)
 Cycles of Porn: Sex/Life in L.A., Part 2 (2005)
 Talk Straight: The World of Rural Queers (2003)
 No One Sleeps (2000)
 Sex/Life in L.A. (1998)
 Menmaniacs – The Legacy of Leather (1995)
 Welcome to the Dome (1992)
 Via Appia (1990)
 Gerd Hansen, 55 (1987)
 Moon Over Pittsburgh (1985)
 Die Gedaechtnisluecke (1982)

Awards
The 2003 Teddy Award for Best Documentary at the 53rd Berlin International Film Festival for Talk Straight: The World Of Rural Queers.

External links

References

Film people from Hesse
Living people
1960 births
Mass media people from Darmstadt

Jochen Hick


Michel Sardaby (born 4 September 1935)  is a French jazz pianist.

Background and career
Born in Fort-de-France, Martinique, he moved to Paris, where in March 1967, he was one of the pianists, the others being Joe "Stride" Turner, Errol Parker, Claude Bolling, Stuart de Silva, and Aaron Bridgers, accompanied on some tracks by bassist John Lamb, among others, who recorded the 90-minute session known as Tape for Billy, dedicated to Billy Strayhorn, who was in hospital. Duke Ellington, also in Paris, personally supervised the recording, although he did not actually perform on it himself, and wanted to use the proceeds from its sale to create a Billy Strayhorn scholarship in Paris, similar to the one at Juilliard in New York.

Sardaby's first album Five Cat`s Blues was recorded in October 1967 in Paris with 5 compositions created by the pianist. In 1970, he led a trio comprising Percy Heath and Connie Kay for his second album, Night Cap. A 1972 New York recording has him leading a line-up comprising Richard Davis, Billy Cobham and Ray Barretto (Sound Hills Records 1997). His album, Gail (1974), won the 1976 Prix Boris Vian.

For his 1989 album, Going Places, he was accompanied by Rufus Reid and Marvin "Smitty" Smith, and in 1993, he recorded with his quintet, which comprised Ralph Moore, Louis Smith, Peter Washington and Tony Reedus.

Discography

As leader/co-leader
1969  Five Cat`s Blues (President)
1970: Night Cap (Sound Hills)
1970: Blue Sunset
1972: Michel Sardaby in New York (Sound Hills)
1975: Gail (Disques Debs)
1990: Going Places (Mantra)
1990: Night Blossom (DIW Records)
1990: In New York (Disques Debs)
1990: Con Alma (Mantra)
1993: Straight On (Sound Hills)
1997: Classics and Ballads (Sound Hills)
1997: Intense Moment (Sound Hills)
2003: Karen (Sound Hills)
2004  At Home (Sound Hills)
2014: Night in Paris (Sound Hills)

With T-Bone Walker
Good Feelin' (Polydor, 1969)

References

1935 births
Living people
People from Fort-de-France
Martiniquais musicians
French jazz pianists
French male pianists
21st-century pianists
21st-century French male musicians
French male jazz musicians

Michel Sardaby


is a Japanese economist. He is a professor of economics at Northwestern University and, since December 2018, the chief scientific adviser of the Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research.[1] He is also an international senior fellow at the Canon Institute of Global Studies.[2] He was awarded the Nakahara Prize from the Japanese Economic Association in 1996 and was elected a fellow of the Econometric Society in 1999, and a fellow of the Society for the Advancement of Economic Theory[3] in 2011.

Early Life and Education

Born on November 19, 1957, Matsuyama grew up in Bunkyō-ku, Tokyo. After graduating from Seishi Elementary School, and then from Azabu High School, he enrolled in Science Division-I of the University of Tokyo, in 1976. Among those in his class in the Division was Makoto Gonokami (physicist and current president of the University of Tokyo). Matsuyama later switched to International Relations. Among those in his class there were Toyohisa Kozuki (current ambassador to Russia), Jun Yamazaki (current ambassador to Singapore, former ambassador to the United Nations and Sweden) and former LDP Diet member Seiji Hagiwara. It was through his studies in international relations that he came across economics for the first time. Although he passed the advanced-level civil service examination of the Japanese government in his senior year, he chose to continue his studies in economics.

After receiving his BA in International Relations in 1980, he enrolled in the doctoral program at the University of Tokyo's Graduate School of Economics, where he studied with Ryūtarō Komiya, Kōichi Hamada, Takashi Negishi, and Tsuneo Ishikawa, as well as, briefly, with Motoshige Itō,[4] Katsuhito Iwai, and Kiyohiko Nishimura.

From October 1982, he also worked as a research assistant for economist Masahiro Okuno, who was then a visiting fellow at the Bank of Japan's Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies.[5]

Matsuyama enrolled in Harvard University's doctorate program in September 1983, where he studied under Jeffrey Sachs, Lawrence Summers, and Greg Mankiw. Classmates included Philippe Aghion, Abhijit Banerjee (2019 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences), Mathias Dewatripont, Miles Kimball, and Alan Krueger. He received a PhD in economics from Harvard in 1987.

Career

Matsuyama became an assistant professor of economics at Northwestern University in September 1987, associate professor in September 1991, and professor in September 1995. He spent 1991 at the Hoover Institution of Stanford University as a National Fellow. He received the Nakahara Prize from the Japanese Economic Association in 1996 and became a Fellow of the Econometric Society in 1999. In addition to teaching at the University of Chicago as a visiting professor in 1993 and at MIT in 2008,[6] he has visited many universities and research institutes around the world and has been invited to deliver plenary lectures and keynote speeches at various international conferences.

In 2014, he became an international senior fellow of the Canon Institute for Global Studies,[7] and in December 2018 he was appointed chief scientific adviser of the Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research

Research

Matsuyama's main fields of research are international trade and macroeconomics.[8] His thesis for a BA in international relations at the University of Tokyo was on foreign direct investment and multinational corporations. He wrote his doctoral dissertation at Harvard University on the intertemporal approach to the current account and the game-theoretic analysis of the political economy of international monetary policy coordination and of trade and industrial policies. After joining the Northwestern faculty, he has worked extensively on such topics as international trade, economic growth, economic development, income inequality, structural change, and endogenous economic fluctuations. He is, in his own words, "interested in understanding the mechanisms behind macroeconomic instability, structural transformation, as well as inequality across countries, regions, and households, and how they interact with credit market imperfections and product market innovations."[9]

Selected Papers

"Current Account Dynamics in a Finite Horizon Model" Journal of International Economics 23 (November 1987): 299-313.
"Terms of Trade, Factor Intensities and the Current Account in a Life Cycle Model"  The Review of Economic Studies 55 (April 1988): 247-262.
"Residential Investment and the Current Account" Journal of International Economics 28 (February 1990): 137-153.
"Perfect Equilibria in a Trade Liberalization Game" The American Economic Review 80 (June 1990): 480-492.
"Increasing Returns, Industrialization, and Indeterminacy of Equilibrium," The Quarterly Journal of Economics 106 (May 1991): 617-650.
"Endogenous Price Fluctuations in an Optimizing Model of a Monetary Economy," Econometrica 59 (November 1991): 1617-1631.
"A Simple Model of Sectoral Adjustment," The Review of Economic Studies 59 (April 1992): 375-388.
"Custom versus Fashion: Path-dependence and Limit Cycles in a Random Matching Game," Working Paper in Economics, E-92-11, Hoover Institution.
"Agricultural Productivity, Comparative Advantage, and Economic Growth," Journal of Economic Theory 58 (December 1992): 317-334.
"Toward a Theory of International Currency," with Nobuhiro Kiyotaki and Akihiko Matsui, The Review of Economic Studies 60 (April 1993): 283-307.
"An Approach to Equilibrium Selection," with Akihiko Matsui, Journal of Economic Theory 65 (April 1995): 415-434.
"Complementarities and Cumulative Processes in Models of Monopolistic Competition," Journal of Economic Literature 33 (June 1995): 701-729.
"Start-up Costs and Pecuniary Externalities as Barriers to Economic Development," with Antonio Ciccone, Journal of Development Economics, 49 (April 1996): 33-59
"The 1996 Nakahara Lecture: Complementarity, Instability, and Multiplicity," Japanese Economic Review, 48 (September 1997): 240-266.
"Self-Defeating Regional Concentration," with Takaaki Takahashi, The Review of Economic Studies, 65 (April 1998): 211-234.
"Growing Through Cycles," Econometrica, 67 (March 1999): 335-347.
"Efficiency and Equilibrium with Dynamic Increasing Aggregate Returns Due to Demand Complementarities," with Antonio Ciccone, Econometrica, 67 (May 1999): 499-526.
"Endogenous Inequality," The Review of Economic Studies, 67 (October 2000): 743-759.
"A Ricardian Model with a Continuum of Goods under Nonhomothetic Preferences: Demand Complementarities, Income Distribution and North-South Trade," Journal of Political Economy, 108 (December 2000): 1093-1120.
"Growing Through Cycles in an Infinitely Lived Agent Economy," Journal of Economic Theory, 100 (October 2001): 220-234.
"Explaining Diversity: Symmetry-Breaking in Complementarity Games," American Economic Review, 92 (May 2002): 241-246.
"The Rise of Mass Consumption Societies," Journal of Political Economy, 110 (October 2002): 1035-1070.
"Financial Market Globalization, Symmetry-Breaking, and Endogenous Inequality of Nations," Econometrica, 72 (May 2004): 853-884.
"Credit Market Imperfections and Patterns of International Trade and Capital Flows," Journal of the European Economic Association, 3 (April-May 2005): 714-723.
"The 2005 Lawrence R. Klein Lecture: Emergent Class Structure," International Economic Review, 47 (May 2006): 327-360.
"Credit Traps and Credit Cycles," American Economic Review, 97 (March 2007): 503-516.
"Beyond Icebergs: Toward A Theory of Biased Globalization," The Review of Economic Studies, 74 (January 2007): 237-253.
"Aggregate Implications of Credit Market Imperfections," in Daron Acemoglu, Kenneth Rogoff, and Michael Woodford, eds., NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2007, Volume 22.
"Structural Change in an Interdependent World: A Global View of Manufacturing Decline," Journal of the European Economic Association, 7 (April-May 2009): 478-486.
"Imperfect Credit Markets, Household Wealth Distribution, and Development," Annual Review of Economics , 2011, Volume 3, 339-362.
"The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly: An Inquiry into the Causes and Nature of Credit Cycles," Theoretical Economics, 8 (September 2013): 623-651.
Endogenous Ranking and Equilibrium Lorenz Curve Across (ex-ante) Identical Countries," Econometrica, 81 (September 2013): 2009-2031.
"Institution-Induced Productivity Differences and Patterns of International Capital Flows," Journal of the European Economic Association, 12 (February 2014): 1-24.
"Globalization and Synchronization of Innovation Cycles," with Laura Gardini and Iryna Sushko, London School of Economics Centre for Macroeconomics DP#2015-27.
"Revisiting the Model of Credit Cycles with Good and Bad Projects," with Iryna Sushko and Laura Gardini, Journal of Economic Theory, 163 (May 2016): 525-556.
"Geographical Advantage: Home Market Effect in a Multi-region World," Research in Economics, (formerly Ricerche Economiche), 71 (December 2017): 740-758
"Beyond CES: Three Alternative Classes of Flexible Homothetic Demand Systems, " with Philip Ushchev, December 2017, CEPR-DP12210.
"Engel's Law in the Global Economy: Demand-Induced Patterns of Structural Change, Innovation, and Trade," Econometrica, Vol. 87 No.2 (March 2019): 497-528.
"Reconsidering the Market Size Effect in Innovation and Growth," with Helene Latzer and Mathieu Parenti, December 2019, CEPR-DP14250.

Other websites
Kiminori Matsuyama, Department of Economics, Northwestern University
Kiminori Matsuyama, Chief Scientific Adviser, Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research

References
[1] Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research, https://www.tkfd.or.jp/en/experts/detail.php?id=303

[2] Canon Institute for Global Studies, https://www.canon-igs.org/en/fellows/kiminori_matsuyama.html

[3] Society for the Advancement of Economic Theory, https://saet.uiowa.edu/economic-theory-fellows/

[4] "Special New Year's Colloquy: Priority Issues for Public Policy Research (Part I)," https://www.tkfd.or.jp/en/research/detail.php?id=668

[5] Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies(IMES), https://www.imes.boj.or.jp/english/index.html

[6] http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/~kmatsu/vita.pdf

[7] https://www.canon-igs.org/en/fellows/kiminori_matsuyama.html

[8] https://www.canon-igs.org/en/fellows/kiminori_matsuyama.html

[9] https://www.college-de-france.fr/site/en-economics-innovation-lab/Clement-Malgouyres__1.htm

Japanese economists
People from Tokyo
Harvard University alumni

Kiminori Matsuyama


Gordon "Bud" Lindemann (born August 22, 1925 in Chicago, Illinois – November 14, 1983) was a pioneer in motor sports broadcasting.

Early history
Lindemann graduated from high school in 1940. He joined the United States Coast Guard during World War II, and was stationed on the  in the North Atlantic. While in the service, Gordon met his future wife Kay and they were married on February 9, 1945. Lindemann worked briefly in radio in Boston following the war before moving to Grand Rapids, Michigan in 1946.

Motorsports career
"Big Bud" (another nickname) then became actively involved in motor sports in the mid-1950s as an announcer at the now-defunct Grand Rapids Speedrome. He later worked at the Berlin Raceway and the Kalamazoo Speedway until the mid-1960s.

In 1964, while working for the WZZM-TV broadcasting company, he developed a program called "Autoscope".  The show featured local races as well as some national events. "Autoscope" became a local success, and in 1967 Lindemann expanded by forming his own production company, "Car & Track Productions", owned by Lindemann himself and operated by many of his own family members.  Subsequently, he sought to produce the first nationally syndicated television show devoted to motor sports and many additional auto forums. Entitled "Car and Track", the show was carried by over 160 stations across the country and covered over 250 racing and auto events. In 1975 "Car and Track" ended its eight-year run on CBS.  The show was resurrected for reruns on the cable network Speedvision (now the Speed Channel) in 1996.

In 1976, "Car & Track Productions" began producing racing features for major sports shows, including "ABC's Wide World of Sports" and "CBS Sports Spectacular". Lindemann also initiated another new trend by producing ten-minute motor sports-related theatrical shorts. It is believed that he continued these until his next creative venture in 1979 when he produced a new series featuring author George Plimpton of "Paper Lion" fame in 1979. Entitled "The Ultimate High", the program followed George as he participated in various sporting endeavors. Some of these included skydiving, hang gliding, kayaking and windsurfing. Plimpton was also filmed driving a Carl Haas Can-Am car and sharing an IndyCar ride with a rookie driver named Bobby Rahal.

Death
The Grand Rapids Press makes reference to the passing of Gordon "Bud" Lindemann in 1983 due to cancer.

Career award
In 1991, Gordon "Bud" Lindemann was inducted into the Michigan Motorsports Hall of Fame.

References

"Junior to host racing history series on Speed", January 19, 2006 press release, NASCAR.com, Retrieved March 15, 2007
"Feature Article from Hemmings Classic Car - Jim Donnelly", December, 2006. Retrieved March 7, 2011

1925 births
1983 deaths
Motorsport announcers
Lindamann, Budd

Bud Lindemann


"Heart Attack" is a 2013 single from singer Demi Lovato. It is about heart issues being caused from lovesick feelings. This single became a hit in certain areas and a strong charting song overall. It received good reviews from music critics.

2013 songs
Pop songs

Heart Attack (song)


Chris Atkinson (born 30 November 1979 in Bega, New South Wales, Australia) is a professional rally driver. In the World Rally Championship (WRC), Atkinson drove for the Subaru World Rally Team between 2004 and 2008. His best finish on an individual WRC event is second, which he achieved at the 2008 Rally México and Rally Argentina. Other podium placings include third-place finishes at the 2005 Rally Japan and the 2008 Monte Carlo Rally.

Atkinson drives for Team MRF, and competed in the 2012 Asia-Pacific Rally Championship and made a guest appearance in the World Rally Championship. Atkinson won the 2012 Asia-Pacific Rally Championship.

On 16 August 2012, it was announced that Atkinson would be the number one driver for the WRC Team Mini Portugal outfit for the last five races of the 2012 WRC season.

Early career
Prior to his motorsport career, Atkinson had a career as a stockbroker. He graduated at Bond University in commerce, majoring in finance and accounting in 1999 after receiving an academic scholarship for studies. Atkinson  was a co-driver for his brother Ben, but after attending a rally school with his brother, the pair swapped positions, scoring a class win and third overall. Atkinson's brother, Ben Atkinson, is a co-driver for Cody Crocker in APRC.

For his first full season of competition, Atkinson contested the Australian Rally Championship aboard a privately entered Group N Mitsubishi Lancer Evo, finishing inside the top ten in Group N and in the overall top 20 on every round he contested, as well as setting two second-fastest stage times. The Atkinsons finished ninth outright to become Privateer Champions. This performance brought Atkinson to the attention of Suzuki, who offered him the opportunity to drive one of its Super 1600 Ignis models with the Suzuki Sport team in the 2003 Asia-Pacific Rally Championship.

WRC career

Atkinson's first world rally was in 2004 at the Rally New Zealand in a Subaru Impreza WRX STI. For 2005, he was signed by Subaru World Rally Team to drive the Subaru Impreza WRC alongside 2003 world champion Petter Solberg. He finished 12th overall in the drivers' world championship with 13 points. His best results were third in Japan and fourth in Australia.

After finishing the 2006 season tenth overall in the drivers championship with 20 points and a fourth place as his best finish, Subaru told Atkinson that his job was on the line, and if he could not balance his speed with safety and achieve quality results he would be replaced by another driver.

At the start of the 2007 season Atkinson finished fourth at the 2007 Rally Monte Carlo, recording three stage wins. On the final day of the rally, Atkinson was 0.8 seconds behind fourth place man Mikko Hirvonen and had to beat him in the super special stage, a 2.4 km run through Monaco which uses part of the world-famous Formula One course. Hirvonen set a time of 1:50.9 meaning that Atkinson had to at least set a time of 1:50.1 to beat him, but Atkinson did better and took the stage win with a time of 1:49.9. Hirvonen was the first person over to Atkinson to congratulate him.

At the 2007 Rally Finland, Atkinson posted the fastest time on the short opening super special stage on a horse-racing course at Killeri, to lead the rally for a short time. Atkinson finished the 2007 season seventh overall in the drivers' world championship.

At the beginning of the 2008 season, Atkinson took third place in Monte Carlo; while at the 2008 Corona Rally Mexico, Atkinson managed second, 30 seconds ahead of Jari-Matti Latvala. He finished the season fifth in the drivers' standings, and for the first time, outscored hitherto team leader Solberg.

After Subaru's season-ending announcement of its withdrawal from the WRC, Atkinson signed for the new Citroën Junior Team for the 2009 season. In his only rally for the season with the team in Ireland, he produced a strong showing to finish fifth, despite colliding with a telegraph pole during the first day, and suffering a spin on SS18.

Re-entry into WRC (2012)
After signing with Monster World Rally Team in 2012, Atkinson raced alongside Ken Block in Mexico. Atkinson won a stage, SS12 – Leon Super Special but finished with a DNF due to mechanical failure.

Atkinson also signed up for a one-off drive in a Citroën DS3 WRC for the Qatar World Rally Team for Rally Finland. However, his medium term WRC future was granted when it was announced he would replace Armindo Araujo as the lead driver for the factory-backed WRC Team MINI Portugal in the last five rallies of the 2012 season.

Atkinson contested the last five rounds of the 2012 WRC season with the Motorsport Italia-run MINI squad to finish the year 13th in the Championship. His best result for the year was achieved at Rallye Deutschland (Rally Germany) where he secured 5th behind the wheel of the MINI John Cooper Works WRC.

Atkinson was snapped up by the Citroën team for 2013, however, the team only used him for Rally Mexico, where he finished 6th, 11 minutes off the winner (Sebastien Ogier). Hyundai hired him mid-year as a test driver for their i20 rally car, which led to a part-time deal for 2014. In 2014 he raced at the rallies of Mexico and his home event in Australia, finishing 7th and 10th respectively. In both events, Atkinson was the last of the Hyundai drivers.

Regional series
In April 2010, Chris Atkinson began a partnership with the Proton R3 Rally Team. Competing in the Asia-Pacific Rally Championship (APRC), Atkinson drove a Proton Satria Neo Super 2000, alongside co-driver Stephane Prevot.

After making a guest appearance at the Intercontinental Rally Challenge (IRC) Monte Carlo Rally, Atkinson has dominated the 2011 APRC, winning the Malaysian Rally, Rallye de Nouvelle Caledonia and the International Rally of Whangarei. However missing round two in Queensland and the final round in Hokkaido saw him finish second to his teammate Alister McRae who competed in all rounds.

Atkinson competed in an Australian-run Skoda in the 2012 FIA Asia-Pacific Rally Championship, driving for the MRF team in a Skoda Fabia S2000, co-driven by regular wingman Stephane Prevot and the pair were crowned 2012 FIA Asia-Pacific Rally Champions.

In 2014, Atkinson signed with FAW-VW Rally Team from China. He competed with a S2000 with two rallies. At the end of 2014, with the coming of FAW-FW Golf 7 SCRC, Atkinson restarted his prominence in CRC (China Rally Championship). In the debut of the Golf 7 SCRC, Atko won by 25 mins in the penultimate rally of 2014 CRC in Longyou. And in the Wuyi, the last one, he did not give the champion away. For 2015 and 2016, Atko won 9 of 11 in CRC, defeating the Subaru Rally Team China driver Mark Higgins. However, CRC does not count the points achieved by a foreign driver, or he would surely be the Driver's Champion of CRC in 2015 and 2016.

2015: Guiyang (1st), Zhangye (Ret, Mark Higgins won), Beijing (1st), Dengfeng (1st), Longyou (1st), Wuyi (1st), Jixi (3rd, Jari Ketomaa won)

2016: Dengfeng (1st), Zhangye (1st), Jinzhong (1st), Changchun (1st)

Other racing
At the 24 Hours Nürburgring in 2006, Chris made his circuit racing debut driving a Subaru Impreza for the Autosportif Racing UK placing second in class. From that lead a drive in the 2007 Bathurst 12 Hour again in a Subaru Impreza where he finished first in class and second outright. In 2009 he competed in the third round of the Australian Mini Challenge co-driving with two-time Fujitsu V8 Supercar Series Champion Steve Owen finishing second in the 30-minute endurance race.

Atkinson competed in the final four rounds of the 2016 Global RallyCross Championship, finishing the championship in 11th in a campaign that included a finals appearance in Seattle. He is likely to stay in rallycross for 2017, whether it be in the GRC or the World Rallycross Championship.

Complete WRC results

APRC results

Complete Global Rallycross Championship results
(key)

Supercar

Complete Americas Rallycross Championship results

Supercar

Career highlights

2012 – Winner, Asia-Pacific Rally Championship
2011 – 2nd, Asia-Pacific Rally Championship
2010 – 5th, Asia-Pacific Rally Championship
2009 – 14th, World Rally Championship
2008 – 5th, World Rally Championship
2007 – 7th, World Rally Championship
2006 – 10th, World Rally Championship
2005 – 12th, World Rally Championship
2004 – Winner, Asia-Pacific Super 1600 Championship
2004 – Second, Australian Rally Championship
2003 – Winner, Asia-Pacific Super 1600 Championship
2002 – Winner, Australian Privateers Cup

References

 Subaru World Rally Team Official Site
 Plenty of Rallies for Chris Atkinson in 2011

External links

 Chris' official website
 SWRT Profile on Chris Atkinson

1979 births
Living people
Australian rally drivers
Bond University alumni
Intercontinental Rally Challenge drivers
People from the South Coast (New South Wales)
Racing drivers from New South Wales
World Rally Championship drivers
Global RallyCross Championship drivers
Citroën Racing drivers
Hyundai Motorsport drivers

Chris Atkinson


"Friends" b/w "Kick"/"Physical", also known as The B-Sides, is an extended play and the final single from Adam and the Ants. All three songs were written by Adam Ant, and were early fan favourites among 'Antpeople'. "Friends" and "Physical" were performed at a John Peel session on 10 July 1978. All three tracks had previously been recorded in 1978 for the Ants' first label Decca Records. "Kick" at RAK Studios in Chalbert Street, London, produced by Snips, "Friends" and "Physical" at Decca's own studio at Broadhurst Gardens, West Hampstead, produced by Ant himself.

Antmusic EP
All three tracks were recorded during the Dirk Wears White Sox recording session at Sound Development Studios in August 1979; none were used on the album. Following the departure of all three sidemen with manager Malcolm McLaren to form Bow Wow Wow in January 1980, Do It Records intended to release the tracks on the Antmusic EP in early 1980 to complete the contract of the seemingly defunct band. However Adam quickly proved the survival of the band with a new line-up. The songs "Cartrouble" (Pt. 2) and "Kick" along with new lyrics added, were re-recorded with new guitarist Marco Pirroni and guest drummer Jon Moss. With the contract thus fulfilled Adam and the Ants and Do It Records parted ways,after releasing the single "Kick".

Soon afterwards Adam and the Ants signed with CBS Records and achieved massive commercial success with the album Kings of the Wild Frontier. Released in late 1980, it was the UK number one selling album in 1981, and the 48th best seller of 1980. It was named the Best British Album at the 1982 Brit Awards.

As the band's popularity peaked in Britain, Do It decided to cash in on their success by releasing the Antmusic EP, consisting of "Friends" b/w "Kick"/"Physical" as a 7" single in 1982, along with a 12" version also featuring remixes of the original album versions of "Cartrouble" parts 1 and 2. Chronologically the single followed "Deutscher Girls", which was also an old track released by a former label (E.G. Records). It reached number 46 on the UK Singles Chart.

B-sides
Cleaner, more polished versions of three songs had already been released as B-sides to previous Adam and the Ants singles. "Friends" was the B-side of "Ant Rap", "Kick", with completely different lyrics, was the B-side of "Cartrouble", and "Physical" was renamed "Physical (You're So)" when it appeared on the B-side of "Dog Eat Dog".

The version of "Physical" that appears on this single appeared on the B-side of a July 1980 pressing of 2000 copies of the "Zerox" single, though "Whip in My Valise" was still credited.

"Friends" lyrics
In "Friends", Adam does a considerable amount of name dropping, among the people sited as friends include Shirley Bassey, former Beatle Stuart Sutcliffe, Mr. Spock, Michael Caine, John Wayne, Stevie Wonder, Eric Fromm and Bryan Ferry. It is also cited in the lyrics by Ant that: "I'm a friend of a friend but you don't know me."

References

1982 debut EPs
1982 singles
Adam and the Ants songs
Songs written by Adam Ant
1978 songs

The B-Sides (EP)


Henry the Navigator was born in 1394 and died in 1460. He was a prince from Portugal, the third son of King John I of Portugal. He was called Infant Dom Henrique in Portuguese. He was never a navigator himself. He got his name because he organized many ocean voyages on which lands were found. He is seen as the man who started the Age of Discovery.

He opened a navigation school in Portugal, so the technology of tools and ships could be made better. One of these developments was the caravel. His explorers discovered the first shipping routes directly from Europe to Asia for the Portuguese monarchy.

References

1394 births
1460 deaths

Portuguese royalty
Princes and princesses

Henry the Navigator


Alexander Wilson James (14 September 1901 – 1 June 1953) was a Scottish international footballer. He is mostly noted as a playmaking lynchpin at Arsenal with whom he won six trophies from 1930 to the 1936 season. James featured as a deep-lying creative midfielder who provided a link between defence and attack. He was famed for his high level of footballing intelligence, outstanding ball control and supreme passing.

James was described by Tom Finney as "an inspiration" and "pure magic" with his style of play eventually leading to comparisons with Dennis Bergkamp. His rheumatism meant he wore "baggy" shorts so as to conceal the long johns he put on for warmth. His baggy attire became his own trademark look displayed upon the field of play.

Early years
Born in Mossend, Lanarkshire, James was schooled at the Bellshill Academy in Bellshill where he began a long friendship with Hughie Gallacher. James started his youth footballing career with local Junior clubs, Bellshill Athletic and Ashfield.

Club career

Raith Rovers
Alex James joined Raith Rovers in 1922. Having finished third in the season before his arrival, Rovers' best league finish whilst James was at the club was fourth in 1924. Raith placed ninth within both the 1923 and 1925 seasons. All in all he made close to a hundred League appearances in his three seasons at Starks Park, and was also involved in an incident of shipwrecking in the summer of 1923 when the team's vessel bound for the Canary Islands struck rocks in a storm.

Preston North End
James then went on to link up for £3,000 (£ today) with club Preston North End in 1925. During his time at the Second Division side, The Lilywhites twice seemed certain for promotion to only finish sixth and fourth respectively. He then fell out with the club firstly over his wages which were at the Football League's maximum of £8 a week, and also due to Preston not always releasing him for international duty with Scotland. Altogether James scored 55 goals in 157 appearances with the club.

Arsenal

James left Preston for Herbert Chapman's Arsenal in 1929 for £8,750 (£ today), making his debut against Leeds United on 31 August 1929 two weeks before his 28th birthday. In order to circumvent the maximum wage rules, Arsenal arranged it so that his employment at the club was supplemented by a £250-a-year "sports demonstrator" job at Selfridges, the London department store. James had an unremarkable first season at Arsenal, partly due to the recovery from injuries he had accrued at Preston. However his first season brought the first of what would be six trophies in seven seasons when he played in the 1930 FA Cup Final win against Huddersfield Town, scoring the first in a 2–0 win to give Arsenal their first major trophy.

Over time he settled into his role and became part of the dominant side of English football in 1930s. Playing so deep as a supporting player, he scored relatively few goals for Arsenal – only 27 in 261 appearances – but created many times that number. James's passing and vision supplied the ammunition that Joe Hulme, David Jack, Cliff Bastin, and Jack Lambert all put into the net. James orchestrated Arsenal to their first ever First Division Championship win in 1930–31.

The defending champions started the 1931–32 season badly largely through missing goals from injured Jack Lambert. However, as Lambert returned to goalscoring form Arsenal enjoyed a good run to regain ground on leaders Everton. After their FA Cup semi final win they harboured hopes of a league and cup double; they were now only three points behind Everton with a game in hand. However, only two minutes into the next game at West Ham United, James suffered serious ligament damage. He missed the rest of the league season and without their playmaker, Arsenal won only one more league game and finished second to Everton. They also lost in the 1932 FA Cup Final against Newcastle United. James had been passed fit before injuring himself in a pre-match photo call for the press. Without him, Arsenal lost 2–1, albeit thanks to a highly controversial goal from Newcastle's Jack Allen. He recovered to help Arsenal to a second title in 1932–33; Arsenal scored a club record 118 goals in the League that season.

Another spate of injuries marred James's 1933–34 season. Arsenal retained their title but scored far fewer (75) goals in the process. With James recovered they won a fourth championship, and their third in a row in 1934–35 in style. Ted Drake scored 42 league goals in his first season with the club, many of them supplied by James.

In 1935–36 James won his last trophy, a second FA Cup winners' medal, when he captained Arsenal to their 1–0 win over Sheffield United. With age and injuries taking their toll in the last two years of his career, Alex James retired from playing in the summer of 1937.

International career

Despite his club form, James won just eight caps for Scotland. This was partly due to Preston's reluctance to release him for international matches. He made his international debut on 31 October 1925 in a game against Wales which Scotland won 3–0. With the legendary "Wembley Wizards" team he scored a brace in their 5–1 thrashing of England at Wembley in 1928. This game was one of six where James and Hughie Gallacher both played with Scotland winning all of them. All three of James's international goals also came while playing alongside Gallacher.

Later years
In the summer of 1939, James went to Poland, invited by the Polish Football Association (PZPN). He spent six weeks there, working with Polish coach Józef Kałuża and members of the national team. He taught them modern tactics and led several training sessions. James also played in one or two friendly games with Warsaw's teams.

In September 1939 James signed for Drumcondra in the League of Ireland and featured in two games for them. Both matches ended in defeat for Drumcondra to the same opponents St. James's Gate F.C. in the League of Ireland Shield and Leinster Senior Cup competitions respectively. After failing to agree terms with Drumcondra James left the club later that month.

During World War II he served in the Royal Artillery. After the war he became a journalist and as well running a football pools competition.

In 1949 he was invited back to Arsenal to coach the club's youth sides. However, he died quite suddenly from cancer in 1953 at the age of 51. He was survived by his wife and three children.

James was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2005 in recognition of his contribution to the English game.

In popular culture

He is mentioned in the lyrics of the 1930s song "With Her Head Tucked Underneath Her Arm" which was written by R. P. Weston and Bert Lee and originally performed by Stanley Holloway.

Honours

Club
Arsenal
First Division: 1930–31, 1932–33, 1933–34, 1934–35
FA Cup: 1929–30, 1935–36; runner-up 1931–32
FA Charity Shield: 1931, 1933

Individual
English Football Hall of Fame: 2005
Scottish Football Hall of Fame: 2005
Raith Rovers Hall of Fame: 2013

Notes

References

External links
The Times on Alex James and Dennis Bergkamp
Alex James statistics on Gunnermania

Alex James- Life of A Football Legend by John Harding available from DB Publishing

1901 births
1953 deaths
Military personnel from Lanarkshire
Footballers from North Lanarkshire
Scottish men's footballers
Scotland men's international footballers
Scottish Football League players
English Football League players
Raith Rovers F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
Arsenal F.C. players
Arsenal F.C. non-playing staff
English Football Hall of Fame inductees
Deaths from cancer in England
Scottish Football Hall of Fame inductees
Golders Green Crematorium
Men's association football inside forwards
Scottish Junior Football Association players
Ashfield F.C. players
Bellshill Athletic F.C. players
British Army personnel of World War II
Royal Artillery personnel
People educated at Bellshill Academy
Association football coaches

Alex James (footballer)


Luce Bay is a large bay in Wigtownshire in southern Scotland.  The bay is 20 miles wide at its mouth and is bounded by the Rhins of Galloway to the west and the Machars to the east.  The Scares are rocky islets at the mouth of the bay.

Bombing range
From the 1930s to the 1990s, it was a bombing range used for training purposes by RAF aircraft (and later allied aircraft on a leasing basis) based at West Freugh.  Discharged bombs were retrieved by a retired minesweeper based at Drummore. It is still a licensed Ministry of Defence range with byelaws restricting access during test and evaluation activities conducted by QinetiQ on behalf of the MOD.

Once an important commercial fishery, Luce Bay is now seldom used for this purpose.  It contains important marine and littoral life, and has been declared a Special Area of Conservation by Scottish Natural Heritage

Places on Luce Bay coastline
Ardwell, Auchenmalg
Chappel Rossan
Drummore
Glenluce
River Luce
Maryport, Mull of Galloway
Monreith
Port William
Sandhead
Terrally Bay, Torrs Warren

See also
 Deep Sea Range on the Outer Hebrides
 RAF Tain on the Moray Firth

References

External links
 Qinetiq

Bays of Scotland
Bombing ranges
History of Dumfries and Galloway
Landforms of Dumfries and Galloway
Military installations in Scotland
Solway Firth
Bays of the Irish Sea

Luce Bay