Barloworld () was a UCI Professional Continental cycling team that competed between 2003 and 2009. Its sponsor company was South African and the team maintained a South African identity, but it was first registered in Italy and then, from 2007, in Great Britain.

Barloworld rode UCI Continental Circuits races and, when selected, UCI ProTour events. They were managed by Claudio Corti, with Valerio Tebaldi, Christian Andersen and Alberto Volpi as directeurs sportifs. Its prominent riders included South African Robert Hunter and Colombian Mauricio Soler. Chris Froome rode for Barloworld for 2008 and 2009.

The sponsor was Barloworld, an industrial brand management company. The team rode Bianchi frames with Shimano components.

Tour de France 2007
Barloworld competed in the 2007 Tour de France after a wild card entry. It was the first British-registered team in the Tour since ANC-Halfords in 1987.  The team won two stages through Mauricio Soler and Robert Hunter, won the King of the Mountains competition (Soler), and had eight of its nine riders finish the race.  Shortly after the Tour, team rider Ryan Cox, not a member of the Tour squad, died when an artery burst in his leg following surgery.

Tour de France 2008
The team again received a wildcard entry for the 2008 Tour de France, but Soler was injured on Stage 1 and dropped out in stage 5.  Three others left with injuries, and only four completed the race, with no top three placings on any stage.   Moisés Dueñas had a positive test for EPO following stage four and was withdrawn before stage 11.  Barloworld announced their withdrawal from sponsorship after the tour, but on 28 October decided to sponsor for another year.

The team was not invited to the 2009 Tour de France.

Major wins

2003
Overall Tour d'Egypte, Tiaan Kannemeyer
Stages 1 & 2, Hilton Clarke
Stage 3, Tiaan Kannemeyer
Overall Giro del Capo, David George
Stage 5, David George
Stage 3 Circuit des Mines, Ryan Cox
 Road Race Championships, David George
Stage 2 Herald Sun Tour, Hilton Clarke
Stage 2 Tour of Queensland, Sean Sullivan
Stage 3 Tour of Queensland, Tiaan Kannemeyer

2004
Stage 4 Tour de Langkawi, Sean Sullivan
 Time Trial Championships, David George
 Road Race Championships, Ryan Cox
Overall Giro del Capo, David George
Stage 1, Tiaan Kannemeyer
Stage 4, Ryan Cox
Criterium d'Abruzzo, Enrico Degano
Overall Tour of Qinghai Lake, Ryan Cox
Stage 3 Brixia Tour, Enrico Degano
Stage 5 Tour of Britain, Enrico Degano

2005
Overall Tour de Langkawi, Ryan Cox
Stage 8, Ryan Cox
 Time Trial Championships, Tiaan Kannemeyer
 Road Race Championships, Ryan Cox
Stage 4 Vuelta a Murcia, Pedro Arreitunandia
Overall Giro del Capo, Tiaan Kannemeyer
Stages 2 & 5, Tiaan Kannemeyer
Stage 2 Vuelta a Aragón, Vladimir Efimkin
Stage 4 Four Days of Dunkirk, Vladimir Efimkin
Overall Tour of Japan, Félix Cárdenas
Stages 3 & 5, Félix Cárdenas
Stage 3 Euskal Bizikleta, Pedro Arreitunandia
Stages 1 & 5 Ster Elektrotoer, Enrico Degano
Stage 6 Tour of Qinghai Lake, Ryan Cox
Stage 9 Tour of Qinghai Lake, Sean Sullivan
Overall Tour de Wallonie, Luca Celli
Stage 1, Luca Celli
Overall Volta a Portugal, Vladimir Efimkin
Stage 3, Vladimir Efimkin
Stage 2 Vuelta a Burgos, Igor Astarloa

2006
Sategs 2 & 4 GP Costa Azul, Enrico Degano
Milano–Torino, Igor Astarloa
Overall Course de la Paix, Giampaolo Cheula
Stage 2 Volta ao Alentejo, Enrico Degano
Stage 1 G.P. CTT Correios, Enrico Degano
Stage 2 Brixia Tour, Félix Cárdenas
Prueba Villafranca de Ordizia, Félix Cárdenas
Gran Premio Industria e Commercio Artigianato Carnaghese, Félix Cárdenas

2007
Overall Giro del Capo, Alexander Efimkin
Stage 1, Félix Cárdenas
Stage 3, Alexander Efimkin
Stage 5, Robert Hunter
Overall Volta ao Distrito de Santarém, Robert Hunter
Stage 2, Robert Hunter
Overall Settimana Lombarda, Alexander Efimkin
Stage 3, Alexander Efimkin
Stage 2 Clasica Alcobendas, Robert Hunter
Overall Tour de Picardie, Robert Hunter
Stage 1, Robert Hunter
Stage 1 G.P. CTT Correios, Enrico Degano
 Mountains classification in the Tour de France, Mauricio Soler
Stage 9 Tour de France, Mauricio Soler
Stage 11 Tour de France, Robert Hunter
Overall Vuelta a Burgos, Mauricio Soler
Stage 2, Mauricio Soler

2008
World's View Challenge 3, Robert Hunter
World's View Challenge 4, Robert Hunter
Stage 2 Giro della Provincia di Reggio Calabria, Steve Cummings
Overall Giro del Capo, Christian Pfannberger
Stage 1, Christian Pfannberger
Stage 1 Driedaagse van De Panne, Enrico Gasparotto
Grand Prix Pino Cerami, Patrick Calcagni
Stage 2 Clasica Alcobendas, Baden Cooke
Stage 4 G.P. CTT Correios, Robert Hunter
Overall Ster Elektrotoer, Enrico Gasparotto
Stage 3, Enrico Gasparotto
 Road Race Championships, Christian Pfannberger
Gran Premio Nobili Rubinetterie, Giampaolo Cheula
Coppa Bernocchi, Steve Cummings
Giro della Romagna, Enrico Gasparotto
Stage 3 Herald Sun Tour, Baden Cooke
Stage 6 Herald Sun Tour, Daryl Impey

2009
Stage 4 Tour Méditerranéen, Robert Hunter
Giro del Capo I, Robert Hunter
Giro del Capo II, Chris Froome
Giro del Capo III, Steve Cummings
Overall Presidential Cycling Tour of Turkey, Daryl Impey
Stage 4, Daryl Impey
Stage 3 Giro del Trentino, Robert Hunter
Stage 8 Tour of Britain, Michele Merlo

National champions
2003
  South African Road Race Championships, David George
2004
  South African Time Trial Championships, David George
  South African Road Race Championships, Ryan Cox
2005
  South African Time Trial Championships, Tiaan Kannemeyer
  South African Road Race Championships, Ryan Cox
2008
  Austrian Road Race Championships, Christian Pfannberger

Team roster
On 7 February 2009.

See also
List of teams and cyclists in the 2008 Tour de France
2008 Tour de France
Tour de France

References

External links

Former UCI WorldTeams
Defunct cycling teams based in the United Kingdom
Cycling teams based in the United Kingdom
Cycling teams established in 2003
Cycling teams disestablished in 2009
2009 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
2003 establishments in the United Kingdom

Barloworld (cycling team)


Ron C. Bigelow (born 1948) was the eighth mayor of Utah's second largest city, West Valley City. He was Director of the Office of Planning and Budget for the State of Utah. He was elected for nine terms as a member of the Utah State House of Representatives District 32, representing West Valley City, before stepping down at the invitation of the Governor.

Previously he had served as House Chair of the Executive Appropriations Committee (state budget committee), Vice-Chairman of the Executive Appropriations Committee, Vice-Chairman of the Education Committee, Chairman of the Executive Offices, Criminal Justice sub-appropriations committee and Chairman of the Retirement and Independent Entities Committee, Government Operations Committee, Higher Education sub-appropriations, and the National Conference State Legislatures Revenue and Budgets Committee.

He was recognized with the Friend of the Taxpayer award by the Utah Taxpayers Association, Guardian of Small Business by the National Federation of Independent Businesses and Champion of Children by NetSmartz.

Utah has long been recognized as either the best or one of the best financially managed states in the United States of America by numerous national publications. This trend continued while he served as the Co-Chair of the committee that sets the state budget.

Career
Previous to his work with the Governor, he was the Manager of Finance in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Missionary Department. He has also worked in their administration offices in Mexico and Chile.

He has worked for other local companies such as Salt Lake International Center, Busch Development and Thompson Flying Service.

Bigelow received his education at the University of Utah and Salt Lake Community College.

Personal
He is married to Charlene Larsen Bigelow, his wife of 37 years. They have four grown sons and one grandson.

For the last twelve years, he has served as president of The Bigelow Society, a national organization of over 700 members researching the genealogy of John Bigelow and Mary Warren of the 18th century in Watertown Massachusetts.

References

57th Utah State Legislature

1948 births
Latter Day Saints from Wyoming
Living people
Utah Republicans
University of Utah alumni
People from West Valley City, Utah
Salt Lake Community College alumni
21st-century American politicians
Latter Day Saints from Utah
People from Evanston, Wyoming

Ron C. Bigelow


सुलतानगंज बुद्ध एगो गुप्त–पाल संक्रमण काल केरौ मूर्तिकला छेकै, जे अखनी तलक केरौ ज्ञात सबसँ बड़ौ पूर्ण तांबा केरौ बुद्ध आकृति छेकै। प्रतिमा 500 आरू 700 ईस्वी के बीच केरौ छेकै । ई 2.3 मीटर ऊँच्चौ आरू 1 मीटर चौड़ौ छै आरू एकरौ वजन 500 किलोग्राम सँ जादे छै। ई 1861 ई. मँ ईस्ट इंडियन रेलवे  केरौ निर्माण के दौरान बिहार केरौ भागलपुर जिला के पूर्वी भारतीय शहर सुलतानगंज   मँ पैलौ गेलौ छेलै। ई अबअ बर्मिंघम संग्रहालय आरू आर्ट गैलरी, बर्मिंघम, इंग्लैंड मँ छै।

Over life-size, this is "the only remaining metal statue of any size" from Gupta art, out of what was at the time probably approximately as numerous a type as stone or stucco statues. The metal Brahma from Mirpur-Khas is older, but about half the size. The Jain Akota bronzes and some other finds are much smaller still, probably figures for shrines in well-off homes.

In Lalitpur, Nepal the Guita Bahī monastery has a copper Buddha about 1.8 metres tall, of Nepali make and style, of about the 9th or 10th century. This remains in place, and in worship, against a wall at the end of a shrine or prayer-hall, and the Sultanganj Buddha was probably originally placed in a similar location.

The style of the Sultanganj figure is comparable to slightly earlier stone Buddha figures from Sarnath in "the smoothly rounded attenuation of body and limbs" and the very thin, clinging body garment, indicated in the lightest of ways. The figure has "a feeling of animation imparted by the unbalanced stance and the movement suggested by the sweeping silhouette of the enveloping robe".

Description
The Sultanganj Buddha was cast in pure, unrefined copper by the cire perdue, or lost wax, technique. Inside there is a clay body, mixed with rice husks that allowed radiocarbon dating. The figure stands in the "Fearless Posture", with his right hand raised in abhayamudra (a gesture of reassurance or protection), and his left hand is held downwards with palm outwards, said to indicate granting a favour. The end of the monastic robe is held between the thumb and forefinger of this hand in the manner that is still practised by Theravadin monks.

The surface of the metal is now dark, and "displays over much of its surface a black encrustation of fine clay minerals, which are the result of the long period exposure to atmospheric agents and the burial", except where museum visitors had touched the fingers of the proper left hand, wearing away this coating and leaving at least their tips brightly polished and light and gold-like in colour. It is probable that this was the original appearance of the whole surface except the hair, achieved by intensive polishing after casting, reflecting references in early Buddhist scriptures to the radiance and colour of the Buddha's body. Other Buddha images were gilded.

The sheer size of the statue meant that "the workshop which was in charge of casting the 'Sultanganj Buddha' worked at the limit of its technical capabilities", and various stages of repairs and a "secondary casting" (at a rather lower level of skill) were carried out to complete and perhaps maintain the statue.

Date
The sculpture was originally dated to the Gupta period, Vincent Arthur Smith specifying around 400 in a book of 1911. Then dates as late as 800 came to be preferred. The results of the radiocarbon dating suggest 600–650, though the museum still prefers "500–700".

Discovery and later history

E. B. Harris, the railway engineer who discovered the Buddha during excavations that he carried out on ancient remains near the Sultanganj station that he was constructing, published a detailed account of his work, complete with a site plan and photographs. He describes finding the right foot of the Buddha ten feet under the surface, beneath a floor he considered to have been used to conceal the statue after it had been toppled from its former place. Harris sent the statue to Birmingham, the cost of its transport to England being paid by Samuel Thornton, a Birmingham manufacturer of ironmongery. Thornton, himself a former mayor of Birmingham, offered it to the Borough Council for their proposed Art Museum in 1864. In Birmingham, a town that boasted a thousand trades, the Art Museum was intended to be an exemplar and inspiration for local metalworkers and other artisans.

Over the years, it has been shown in a number of prominent locations throughout Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery (BMAG) and remains an indispensable display item. It was the foundation donation to the collections and is BMAG's most treasured possession. Harris's report shows him with the Buddha and a number of smaller finds. They included two much smaller standing Buddhas in stone: one is now in the British Museum and the other in the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco. A stone Buddha head, also from Sultanganj, is now in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London.

From 1998 to 2015, the Buddha was the centrepiece of a gallery at Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery dedicated to displaying a number of Buddhas and related artefacts, and Birmingham Museum held an annual 'Buddha Day', when West Midlands-based Buddhist groups from a range of traditions would bless the statue.

During 2015, Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery worked with representatives of a number of faith groups from the city on the creation of a new 'Faith Gallery', and the Sultanganj Buddha was moved from its previous location. It is now displayed in a new gallery that tells the story of the range of faiths that are practiced in Birmingham.

Gallery

Notes

References
Graldi, Aurora, "With a face of 'red copper': new insights on the over life-size Buddha of Guita Bahī, Lalitpur, and the alteration of the face through technical enhancement" (Draft version on academia.edu), 2018
Harle, J.C., The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent, 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art,
Rowland, Benjamin, The Art and Architecture of India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain, 1967 (3rd edn.), Pelican History of Art, Penguin,

External links

 तांबा के बुद्ध केरौ मूर्ति सब
गुप्ता कला
भागलपुर जिला
 बर्मिंघम संग्रहालय आरू आर्ट गैलरी केरौ संग्रह
बिहार मँ मूर्ति सब
 भारतीय बौद्ध मूर्तिकला
 बिहार केरौ मूर्ति सब
 इंग्लैंड मँ मूर्ति सब
 बर्मिंघम, वेस्ट मिडलैंड्स मँ मूर्ति सब
 अंगप्रदेश केरौ धरोहर

सुलतानगंज बुद्ध


Colchagua was a province (region) of Chile between 1826 and 1976. Its capital was located in San Fernando during most of its existence. For some years, Curicó and Rancagua were capitals of Colchagua.

History

The province was one of the earliest, original eight provinces of Chile (Coquimbo, Aconcagua, Santiago, Colchagua, Maule, Concepción, Valdivia, and Chiloé) created by the federal laws of 31 January 1826. Its territory comprised former delegations of Colchagua, Curicó and Talca. The province was sanctioned by the 1828 Constitution.

During its early years, Colchagua was divided into the departments of San Fernando (cap. San Fernando), Curicó (cap. Curicó), and Talca (cap. Talca).

In 1833, a new Constitution reorganized the country, creating departments, subdelegations and districts as lower entities of provinces. Later that year, by law dated August, the department of Talca was separated to create the province of Talca, and in 1834, the department of Caupolicán was created, with Rengo as its capital.

Although the title of provincial capital was disputed by San Fernando, Curicó and Talca, depending on the desired residence of the intendant, a September 1840 decree established San Fernando as the definitive capital.

In 1865, the department of Curicó was separated from Colchagua, in order to create the province of Curicó.

On 17 September 1925, by Law Decree N.° 529, the department of San Vicente was created, separated from Caupolicán.

In 1928, the government of Carlos Ibáñez del Campo decided to reorganize the provinces of Chile, by Decree with Law Force N.° 8.582 dated 28 January 1929. The new province of Colchagua incorporated the departments of Rancagua (cap. Rancagua) and Cachapoal (cap. Peumo), originally from the province of O'Higgins, and the department of Santa Cruz (cap. Santa Cruz), which belonged to the province of Curicó.

Because of public discontent, the former provinces of O'Higgins and Colchagua were re-established by Law 5.376, in January 1934. Colchagua kept the departments of San Fernando and Santa Cruz. In 1973, under the government of Salvador Allende, the department of Cardenal Caro was created (cap. Marchigüe).

In July 1974, a new reform took place, directed by the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet, who created regions. On 1 January 1976, the new VI Región (Sixth Region) came into existence, with the territory of former provinces of O'Higgins and Colchagua. Former departments of San Fernando, Santa Cruz and Cardenal Caro were suppressed. In 1979, the region was renamed VI Región del Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins (Sixth Region of Liberator General Bernardo O'Higgins, in short, Region of O'Higgins). Its territory comprises current provinces of Cachapoal, Colchagua and Cardenal Caro.

References

Historical provinces of Chile
1826 establishments in Chile
1976 disestablishments in Chile
States and territories established in 1826
States and territories disestablished in 1976

Colchagua (historical province)


The Black Scorpion is a retired professional wrestling gimmick in World Championship Wrestling in 1990 that was played by a variety of wrestlers. The character had a feud with Sting which lasted from fall to winter that year.

History
In August 1990, The Black Scorpion debuted in WCW (which was still under the NWA banner at the time) in vignettes taunting NWA World Heavyweight Champion Sting. He wore a hooded robe to conceal his face and warned Sting he was after him. The wrestler playing this part was Ole Anderson with his voice distorted enough to keep the fans pondering his identity. The announcers and parties involved attempted to imply that The Scorpion was a former friend of Sting, with the main suspects being former tag partner Jim Hellwig (a.k.a. The Ultimate Warrior, who was the WWF Champion at the time), or former training and Powerteam USA partner Dave Sheldon aka The Angel of Death.

The Black Scorpion debuted in the ring against Sting for his title at Clash of the Champions XII on September 5, 1990. The wrestler playing him this time was Al Perez, who, according to Ric Flair, was supposed to remain The Black Scorpion until his unmasking—that is, before he quit. Sting was about to unmask him when another Black Scorpion appeared on the entrance ramp, allowing the one that wrestled to escape. The Scorpion would also incorporate amateur "magic" into his taunting of Sting by performing parlor tricks with members of the audience, presumably plants. According to one wrestling website, magician Franz Harary performed the illusions.

Sting wrestled Black Scorpion at house shows but could never unmask him because of continuous attacks by Sid Vicious. The performers Sting faced at these house shows were either Jeff Ellis or The Angel of Death. The Black Scorpion gimmick was cut short by an accident in training when Anderson's arm was broken.

Eventually, a rematch was signed between Sting and the Black Scorpion for Starrcade. It was to be a cage match with professional wrestling legend Dick the Bruiser as the special guest referee. The rule was if the Black Scorpion did not win the title, he would be forced to reveal his identity. Sting defeated the Black Scorpion with a flying shoulder tackle off the top rope. The Scorpion was unmasked to reveal Ric Flair. According to Flair, it would have been either himself or Barry Windham. Flair volunteered thinking the gimmick wouldn't hurt him, whereas it could Windham, who recently portrayed an imposter Sting at Halloween Havoc on October 27. The Black Scorpion angle ended with Flair's unmasking. Flair, as himself, ended up winning the title from Sting at a WCW house show less than a month later.

See also
The Four Horsemen

References

External links
OnlineWorldofWrestling.com - Wrestler Profiles: "Nature Boy" Ric Flair

Professional wrestling gimmicks
1990 in professional wrestling
World Championship Wrestling

The Black Scorpion (professional wrestling)


The SunBridge Wind Farm is a facility situated  five kilometres southeast of Gull Lake, Saskatchewan.  The facility is owned by Suncor Energy and Enbridge.   The wind farm consists of  17 Vestas V47 wind turbines, for a total capacity of 11.2 MW.   The project, completed in 2002, was the first modern wind farm in Saskatchewan. It was decommissioned in August, 2022.

See also

List of wind farms in Canada

References

Wind farms in Saskatchewan
Enbridge

SunBridge Wind Farm


Evasion is the act of avoiding something.

It may refer to:
Evasion (law), to avoid government mandate through specious means (tax evasion, for example)
Evasion (book), a zine-turned-book published by CrimethInc., an anarchist group
Evasion (Objectivism), refusal to think on or accept the consequences of a line of thought
Evasion (Ethics)
Citroën Evasion, a car

Evasion


Crowheart is a census-designated place (CDP) in Fremont County, Wyoming, United States. The population was 141 at the 2010 census.  Nearby Crowheart Butte was the site of a battle between the Crow and Shoshone American Indian tribes in 1866.  According to legend, following a five-day battle for rights to the hunting grounds in the Wind River Range, Chief Washakie of the Shoshone and Chief Big Robber of the Crow agreed to a duel, with the winner gaining the rights to the Wind River hunting grounds.  Chief Washakie eventually prevailed, but he was so impressed with the courage of his opponent, that rather than scalp him, he instead cut out his heart and placed it on the end of his lance.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 163 people, 62 households, and 43 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 5.2 people per square mile (2.0/km2). There were 80 housing units at an average density of 2.6/sq mi (1.0/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 49.08% White, 43.56% Native American, 1.23% from other races, and 6.13% from two or more races. 3.07% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 62 households, out of which 37.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.2% were married couples living together; 16.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.6% were non-families. 27.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.23.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 32.5% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 23.9% from 25 to 44, 27.0% from 45 to 64, and 9.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 147.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 120.0 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $35,500, and the median income for a family was $35,750. Males had a median income of $31,111 versus $30,313 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $18,434. 14.0% of the population and 17.8% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 8.2% of those under the age of 18 and 52.2% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

Education

Public education in the community of Crowheart is provided by Fremont County School District #6. Zoned campuses include Crowheart Elementary School (grades K-3) and Wind River Middle/High School (grades 6-12).

Notable people from Crowheart
 Matthew Fox — Plays Jack Shephard in Lost and was also a main character in Party of Five.

References

Census-designated places in Fremont County, Wyoming
Census-designated places in Wyoming

Crowheart, Wyoming


StarDate is a science radio program of The University of Texas at Austin McDonald Observatory, broadcast on over 300 radio stations. It is a daily guide to the night sky and breaking astronomical news. Typically heard without formal introduction, StarDate is a self-contained science news feature interwoven with routine radio programming. It is the longest-running science outreach program on U.S. radio.

Created in 1978 by science journalist Deborah Byrd of the McDonald Observatory, the short (2-minute) format of StarDate sprang Byrd's scripts written for a telephone hot line on astronomy, which had started a year earlier. The telephone scripts had attracted the notice of a producer at radio station KLBJ-FM in Austin, who had turned them into a radio show that was broadcast for a year under the name "Have You Seen the Stars Tonight?" — a reference to the song co-written by Paul Kantner of Jefferson Starship. With the support of Harlan James Smith, McDonald Observatory's director, and after securing funding from the National Science Foundation, Byrd changed the name to Star Date (invoking the term "stardate" used in the opening monologue of the 1960s television series Star Trek) and began the series' national distribution in 1979.

The niche broadcasting position of StarDate has always been its quick but relaxed, diary-like delivery which allows it to be interspersed with regular programming.

Byrd produced the show, and Joel Block hosted it, until 1991, when a change in management at McDonald led both to depart and start another syndicated radio series, Earth & Sky, which aired from 1991 to 2013 and was heard on about 1,000 radio stations.

Beginning in 1991, StarDate was produced by Damond Benningfield and hosted by Sandy Wood, a San Antonio radio personality who was one of the first female disc jockeys in the southwestern United States. After Wood's retirement on July 16, 2019, the host position was assumed by Billy Henry, an Austin-based musician and educator.

Stations that broadcast StarDate include affiliates and owned stations of CBS Radio and National Public Radio, totaling approximately 300 stations. The program is also available as a downloadable podcast. Universo, the Spanish language version of StarDate, aired from 1995 to 2010.

StarDate Magazine was first known as McDonald Observatory News in 1972. It became a bimonthly magazine in 1988.

See also
 The Sky Above Us, a television show on astronomy
 The Sky at Night, the longest running television show in the world
 SkyWeek, a weekly television show on astronomy
 Star Gazers, a weekly television show on astronomy

References

External links

American radio programs
Science radio programmes
Astronomical observatories in Texas
University of Texas at Austin
1977 radio programme debuts

StarDate


Global figures show, London Southend Airport (IATA Code: SEN) welcomed 2,035,535 (Wikipedia) passengers through its doors in 2019. The airport itself sits to the north of Southend-on-Sea, separated from the town of its namesake by the A127, which joins the M25 at junction 29, north of the Dartford Thames river crossing.

Most aircraft operating at the airport are mostly short regional flights or short-haul international flights to destinations such as the north of Spain, Bilbao and the south of France. Most Aircraft are operated by either EasyJet, and their small A320NEO family aircraft and Flybe, who operate turboprop aircraft that have a maximum capacity of just over 60 people. Therefore, due to the airport's short runway, much like London City Airport's (IATA Code: LCY), larger wide-bodied aircraft produced to serve long-haul routes, such as the A350, A380, Boeing 747 and Boeing 777, are unable to land at the airport. As a result, the airport is limited by the runway size, along with it's sole terminal's floor space to become a destination to many more tourists from around the United Kingdom and the rest of the World.

Another limiting factor is it's accessibility from central London, as larger airports such as Heathrow, Gatwick and Stanstead are easier and quicker to access due to the infrastructure already in place, such as the M25, M23 and M11 respectively, whereas the A127 doesn't have the capacity of the M25 or M23, due to its 2 lanes and 50 mph national speed limit. Southend Airport's location puts it at a great disadvantage too, as many larger airports are closer to the touristic hub of central London, as tourists and visitors have greater ease of access to central London.

Airports in England

London Southend Airport


The Columbus Association for the Performing Arts (CAPA) is non-profit arts and theater management organization based in Columbus, Ohio.

History
CAPA was formed in 1969 by Robert Karlsberger, Lawrence L. Fisher, Jean Whallon, and Scott Whitlock to raise money to save the Ohio Theatre, a 1928 movie palace, from demolition and revive it for use as a performing arts center.

CAPA's initial success in restoring and operating the Ohio has led over the years to a great expansion of its activities. It took over ownership and operations of the Palace Theatre in the early 1990s. In 1998 it purchased and completely rebuilt and restored the historic 1890s Southern Theatre. Later CAPA took over management of Columbus's Capitol Theater complex for the State of Ohio.

Outside of Columbus, CAPA managed the historic Chicago Theatre from 1998 to 2003, and took over operations of the Shubert Theatre in New Haven, Connecticut in 2001.

CAPA was responsible for overseeing the 2009 $13.5 million renovation of the Lincoln Theatre in Columbus's historic King-Lincoln neighborhood. CAPA will also operate that theater, combining with ten local arts organizations to provide a varied slate of events for the new community arts center.

The most recent addition to the list of theaters operated by CAPA is the Valentine Theatre in Toledo, Ohio. On June 22, 2009 the Toledo Cultural Arts Center announced that they had initiated a five-year agreement with CAPA to oversee operations of the 114-year-old landmark theater. Recently the recipient of a multimillion-dollar renovation, the theater is home to forty of Toledo's performing arts groups, including the Toledo Symphony Orchestra.

In addition to operating theaters, CAPA oversees administrative operations for the Columbus non-profit cultural groups Franklin Park Conservatory, Opera Columbus, Contemporary American Theatre Company and Phoenix Theatre for Children.

CAPA is a non-profit organization overseen by an independent board of directors. Its main offices are located in the Ohio Theatre building at 55 E. State St and the President & CEO was William B. "Bill" Conner, Jr. prior to his death of cancer in October 2016.

References

External links

Culture of Columbus, Ohio
Theatres in Columbus, Ohio


The Boeing 747 is a jet airliner developed by Boeing in 1969. It is made by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. The Boeing 747 has more than one aisle, which means it is a wide-body aircraft. It is often called the Jumbo Jet or Queen of the Skies. The Boeing 747 is one of the easiest planes in the world to recognize. It was the first wide-body aircraft ever made. The first type of 747 was two and a half times the size of the Boeing 707. The Boeing 747 made its first flight for an airline in 1970. The 747 could carry more people than any other aircraft for 37 years, until the Airbus A380 was made.

The 747 is a double deck plane. It can carry people, cargo and many other things. Boeing designed the 747's upper deck to be a first class lounge or just extra seats. They also designed the upper deck so that the aircraft could be changed into a cargo plane easily. This was done by removing seats and putting in a cargo door at the front of the plane. Boeing did this because they thought that supersonic airliners would become much more popular than the 747 and other subsonic airliners. However, they thought that subsonic cargo planes would always be popular. It was thought that the 747 would become unpopular after 400 were sold. However, 1,000 planes had been made by 1993, so it stayed popular. By September 2012, 1,448 aircraft had been built. 81 747-8s were still waiting to be built.

The 747-400 is one of the fastest airliners being used today. It usually flies at Mach 0.85–0.855 (up to ). It can fly for 7,260 nautical miles (8,350 mi or 13,450 km). The last version of the 747, the 747–8, ended being made in December 2022.

The 747 will be replaced by the Boeing Y3 (part of the Boeing Yellowstone Project) eventually.

Development

Background
In 1963, the United States Air Force began to look for a very big plane to transport things. At that time, they were using the Lockheed C-141 Starlifter. However, the Air Force thought that a much bigger plane which could carry more cargo was needed. The Air Force called the big plane the CX-Heavy Logistics System (CX-HLS). It needed to be able to carry  of cargo and travel at Mach 0.75 (). It also had to be able to fly for  while carrying  of cargo. The cargo bay had to be  wide,  high and  long. There had to be doors for the bay at the front and the back of the plane.

The Air Force also wanted the plane to have only four engines. This meant that new engines had to be made. On May 18, 1964, Boeing, Douglas, General Dynamics, Lockheed and Martin Marietta designed a plane. General Electric, Curtiss-Wright and Pratt & Whitney designed the engines. The Air Force liked Boeing, Douglas and Lockheed's designs. They also liked General Electric and Pratt & Whitney's engine designs.

In 1965, Lockheed's plane and General Electric's engines were used for the C-5 Galaxy. At that time, it was the biggest military cargo plane in the world.

Airliner
The idea for the 747 was thought of in the 1960s. Jets like the Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8 had made it easy to travel long distances. Juan Trippe from Pan American World Airways (Pan Am), asked Boeing to build a plane which was more than two times bigger than the Boeing 707. At this time, airports were very busy. Trippe thought that a big plane could help make them quieter.

In 1965, Joe Sutter was told to design this new plane. It was called the 747. Sutter asked Pan Am and other airlines what they would like from the plane. At the time, it was thought that supersonic aircraft would replace the 747. Because of this, Boeing made the 747 so that it could easily be turned into a cargo plane if the passenger version became less popular.

In April 1966, Pan Am bought 25 747-100 planes. The order cost US$525 million. Since Pan Am was the launch customer, Pan Am had a big say in the design and making of the 747. No other airline before then or since then has been able to have so much influence over a plane.

Designing
The design that Boeing made for the Air Force in 1963 was not used for the 747. However, Boeing made some new things for the Air Force which were used in the 747. The first design had two full decks. However, in 1966, this was changed to only one deck. The cockpit was put above the deck, which made a "bulge". There was a small space behind the cockpit which people could sit in. At first, it was a "lounge" area with no seats.

Planes as big as the 747 needed high-bypass turbofan engines. High-bypass turbofans can produce twice the power of turbojets, and also use a lot less fuel. General Electric made the first of these engines. However, it was making the engines for the C-5 Galaxy. It did not make engines for airliners until later. Pratt & Whitney was also working on this type of engine. In 1966, Boeing, Pan Am and Pratt & Whitney designed a new engine, the JT9D, for the 747.

Boeing used some special devices to make the plane make more lift. This was done so that the 747 could take off from shorter runways. The 747 has a lot of flaps on the wing. The flaps make the wings bigger by 21 percent. They also make 90 percent more lift when they are used.

Boeing tried to give the 747 to Pan Am by the end of 1969. This meant that Boeing only had 28 months to design the aircraft. The people who worked on the 747 had the nickname "The Incredibles".

Factory

Boeing did not have a factory big enough to make the new plane. Boeing thought about putting their factory in 50 different cities. They eventually decided to build their factory in Seattle, near Everett, Washington. Boeing bought the factory in June 1966.

Designing the 747 was very difficult. Building its factory was also not easy. Boeing's president, William M. Allen, asked Malcolm T. Stamper to be in charge of the building of the Everett factory. He was also asked to begin building the 747. The factory is the biggest building ever built (by volume). It has been made bigger many times so that Boeing can build even bigger planes.

Development and testing
Before the first 747 was put together, parts and systems were being tested. In one important test, 560 volunteers evacuated a replica of a 747 cabin using the emergency chutes. The first evacuation took two and a half minutes. However, the FAA says that the maximum time for an evacuation is 90 seconds. Many of the volunteers were hurt. More evacuations happened, and they eventually reached the 90 seconds. However, they also caused a lot of injuries. Evacuating from the top deck of the plane was difficult. Instead of using the usual slides, the volunteers had to leave the plane using a harness. The plane's taxiing also had to be tested. Boeing made "Waddell's Wagon" (named after a 747 test pilot, Jack Waddell) to train the pilots. "Waddell's Wagon" was a replica of a 747 cockpit which was put on the roof of a truck. This helped pilots to learn how to taxi the plane.

On September 30, 1968, the first 747 was finished. People from the 26 airlines that had ordered the 747 were also there. The 747 first flew on February 9, 1969. Its pilots were Jack Waddell and Brien Wygle. There was a small problem with the flaps, but the 747 handled well.

The testing was delayed because of some problems with the JT9D engines. For example, the engines stalled if the throttles were moved too quickly. This meant that 747s could not be delivered for many more months. 20 planes were stuck at the factory while they were waiting on engines. On December 13, 1969 the test plane was being taken to have some changes made to it. The pilot, Ralph C. Cokely landed too early and did not reach the runway. One of the landing gears was ripped off, and two of the engines were damaged. However, Boeing took the 747 to the 28th Paris Air Show in mid-1969. There, the public saw the 747 for the first time.

Designing the 747 and building the new factory cost a lot of money. This meant that Boeing had to borrow a lot of money from a bank. Just before the first aircraft was finished, Boeing had to keep asking for more money. If Boeing was not given this money, the company could have collapsed. Boeing was in over $2 billion in debt. Allen said, "It was really too large a project for us." However, the 747 program was a success. Boeing was the only company to make very big planes for many years.

Use by airlines
The very first time a 747 was used by an airline was on January 22, 1970. Pan Am used it to fly from New York to London. The flight was supposed to happen on the evening of January 21. However, the engines on the aircraft overheated. Pan Am had to find another plane, which took six hours.

The 747 did quite well when it first began to be used. Some people thought that airports would not be able to handle such a big plane. However, they could. There were some problems, but they were quite small and they were fixed quickly. After Pan Am began to use the plane, other airlines began to use their 747s. Boeing thought that a lot of 747s would be sold because airlines wanted a plane which could fly for a long time, not because it was so big.

The recession of 1969-1970 was very bad for Boeing. For over a year after September 1970, it only sold two 747s. None were sold to an American airline for over three years. Some airlines did not have enough passengers to fly the 747. Therefore, they replaced them with the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 and Lockheed L-1011 TriStar. American Airlines eventually only used its 747s to carry cargo. In 1983, AA gave its 747s to Pan Am. Pan Am gave American Airlines some smaller planes. Delta Air Lines also stopped using its 747s after many years. Delta would later merge with Northwest Airlines, which operates 747s.

Flights which landed in smaller cities became quite usual in the 1980s. This was bad for the 747. However, many airlines still used the 747 to fly across the Pacific.

Upgrades made to the 747
The first type of 747 was called the 747–100. After this, Boeing made the , which has a higher MTOW (maximum takeoff weight), and the  (Short Range). The -100SR could carry more passengers. A higher MTOW means that the plane can carry more fuel and fly further. In 1971, Boeing made the . It had better engines and a higher MTOW. Airliner and cargo versions of the  were made. The 747SP (special performance) was also made. It began being used in 1976.

In 1980, Boeing made the 747–300. The first 747-300 was made in 1983. Its upper deck was longer, it flew faster and it could hold more passengers. The −300 was first called the 747SUD for "stretched upper deck". Then it was called the 747-200 SUD, then the 747EUD, and finally it was called the 747–300.

In 1985, Boeing began to design the 747-400. This type has a glass cockpit. This meant that only two people were needed in the cockpit. It also had new engines and a new cabin. The workers who made the 747-400 were not very experienced and Boeing wanted them to work for longer than they needed to. This meant that there were some problems with the first 747-400s. The −400 began being used by airlines in 1989.

In 1991, 1,087 passengers were taken to Israel on a 747. This was a part of Operation Solomon. The Antonov An-225 cargo transport is the world's biggest plane. The Hughes H-4 Hercules has the biggest wingspan, but it only flew once.

More developments

Since the 747-400 was made, many more types of 747 have been suggested. Boeing said that they would make the 747-500X and  in 1996. These new planes would have cost more than US$5 billion to design and make. Airlines did not like it enough, so Boeing decided not to make the planes. In 2000, Boeing said it would make a 747X to rival the Airbus A3XX. However, airlines did not like the 747X enough, so it was cancelled. A year later, Boeing began concentrating on the Sonic Cruiser. The Sonic Cruiser was stopped, so Boeing then focused on the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. Some of the ideas that Boeing had for the 747X were used on the 747-400ER.

In 2004, Boeing said that it might work on the 747 Advanced. Boeing decided to go ahead with this. The 747 Advanced used some things from the 787 to make the 747's design more modern. The 747 was the world's biggest passenger plane until the Airbus A380 was finished in 2007.

On November 14, 2005, Boeing said it had changed the name of the 747 Advanced to the Boeing 747-8. The last 747-400s were made in 2009. On February 8, 2010, the 747-8 Freighter made its first flight. Cargolux got the first 747–8 in 2011. Eventually, the 747 will be replaced by "Y3".

Design

The Boeing 747 is a big, wide-body airliner. It has four engines on the wings, and the wings are swept at 37.5 degrees, so the 747 can fly very fast. The sweep also means that the 747 does not need any special hangars.

Since the cockpit is above the main deck, it makes a "hump", and because it is so high, the plane can have a cargo door installed at the front.

The 747-100 can fly for 5,300 nautical miles (6,100 mi, 9,800 km), and the 747-8i can fly for 8,000 nmi (9,200 mi, 14,815 km).

The 747 has special flaps, which allow the 747 to fly slowly and land on normal runways. A 747 can carry a fifth engine on the wing, but it cannot be used.

Types of Boeing 747
The 747-100 was the very first type of 747, which was made in 1966. The 747–200, the next version, was made in 1968. The 747-300 was made in 1980 and the 747-400 was made in 1985. The newest version, the 747–8, was announced in 2005. These types also have smaller sub-types. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) names these planes by combining the model number of the plane with its type number. For example, the 747-100 is "B741" and the 747-400 is "B744".

747-100

The first 747-100s had six windows on the upper deck. Later, airlines began to use the upper deck to hold more people instead of using it as a lounge. Boeing then made an upper deck with ten windows. Some −100s had the new ten-window upper deck installed after the plane was made (retrofitted). The −100 had Pratt & Whitney JT9D-3A engines. Boeing did not make a freighter version of the 747–100, but some airlines have turned some 747-100s into freighters. 167 747-100s were made.

747-100SR
After Japanese airlines requested an aircraft to fly routes between major cities in Japan, Boeing produced the -100SR. This model flies shorter distances, but is able to carry more passengers. The first -100SR started flying with Japan Air Lines (JAL) on October 7, 1973. The -100SR had four General Electric CF6-45A2 or Pratt & Whitney JT9D-7A engines. A total of 7 -100SR were produced.

Later, Boeing designed a type of -100SR with the ability of taking off with greater weight. This was the -100BSR. It was first delivered to All Nippon Airways (ANA) on December 21, 1978. 20 -100BSR were delivered to JAL and ANA.

In 1986, 2 -100BSR with stretched upper deck (SUD) from the -300 series were delivered to JAL. It was the last -100SR/BSR ever built. The last delivery was to JAL, in September 1986. There were a total of 29 -100SR/BSR made.

747SP

The 747SP (SP means special performance) is designed as Pan Am and Iran Air both wanted a wide-body plane that can fly long distances; from New York to the Middle East (for Pan Am) and Tehran to New York (for Iran Air). The first 747SP was produced on May 19, 1975. Its first flight was on July 4. On this flight, it flew at a top speed of Mach 0.92 (). It started flying people on April 25, 1976, after being delivered on March 5. Now, it is not often used. A total of 45 747SP were made and used by airlines like Qantas, China Airlines, Air China, and South African Airways.

747-200
After the -100 were made, Boeing started making -200. The -200 has a longer range, but still carries the same number of people. This is because airlines said the -100 could not fly long distances. The -200 is made in passenger type (-200B), freighter type (-200F), Combi type (A plane that carries both cargo and people; -200M) and convertible type (a plane that can be easily changed to carry cargo; -200C).

The first -200B was finished on September 10, 1970 before its first flight on October 11 and finally, it started being used by KLM. Boeing then started making the other types of -200. The -200F first flight was on November 30, 1971, 7 days after it was finished. It was then delivered to Lufthansa.

The -200C first flew on March 23, 1973 before being delivered to World Airways in May the same year. Finally, the -200M had its first flight on November 11, 1974 before being delivered to Air Canada.

There was a total of 393 -200 series ever made, which includes 225 -200B, 78 -200M, 73 -200F, 13 -200C and 4 military.

747-300
The 747-300 is a stretched upper deck version of the 747–200. It was designed to fit more passengers on the upper deck. The 747-300 also has updated General Electric CF6-80C2 engines. Otherwise, there are not many differences between the 747-200 and 747–300. The 747-300 has a length of 231 feet 10 inches and a wingspan of 195 feet 8 inches.

747-400

The 747-400 was the next-generation Boeing 747 introduced in 1989. It is the best-selling variant of the Boeing 747. It includes improvements over the 747-300 including new engines, and new winglets, which improve fuel efficiency. Its length is the same as the 747-300 but the wingspan has been increased to 211 feet 5 inches. The 747-400 retains the same longer upper deck as the 747-300 (excluding freighter versions), and came in six variants: the 747–400, 747-400F, 747-400M, 747-400D, 747-400ER, and the 747-400ERF.

747-8

The last variant of the Boeing 747 was announced in 2005 and released in 2011. It includes a longer stretched upper deck, a new Boeing Sky Interior, an updated flight deck, new wings based on ones from the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, and new GEnx turbofan engines. It totals 250 feet in length, making it the longest commercial passenger jet ever built. The 747-8 comes in two variants: 747-8I and 747-8F (freighter).

Accidents and Problems
 March 27, 1977 - the deadliest aviation accident in history occurred when KLM Flight 4805 collided on the runway with Pan Am 1736 in heavy fog at Tenerife Airport, resulting in 583 fatalities. Both aircraft were 747s. The 61 survivors were all from the Pan Am 747. The Pan Am aircraft was the first 747 to enter commercial service.
 September 1, 1983 - Korean Air Lines Flight 007 from New York City to Seoul via Anchorage, was shot down just west of Sakhalin Island by the Soviet Air Force, killing all 269 passengers and crew aboard.
 June 23, 1985 - Air India Flight 182 en route from Montreal to New Delhi, a bomb exploded. causing the aircraft to explode and crash off the southwest coast of Ireland, killing all 329 on board. Until the September 11 attacks of 2001, the Air India bombing was the single deadliest terrorist attack involving aircraft. It remains the "worst mass murder in Canadian history."
 August 12, 1985 - Japan Airlines Flight 123 crashed when the rear pressure bulkhead of a 747SR flying from Tokyo to Osaka failed at cruising altitude, severing the aircraft's vertical stabilizer. The pilots kept it in the air for 32 minutes, but it eventually struck Mount Takamagahara and crashed. Of the 524 people on board, only four passengers survived, making it the deadliest-ever single-aircraft accident. The accident was caused by Boeing improperly repairing the tail strike suffered by the same aircraft seven years earlier.
 November 28, 1987 - South African Airways Flight 295 en route from Taipei to Johannesburg, crashed into the ocean off Mauritius after a fire broke out in the rear cargo hold, damaging vital control systems. All 159 people on board died.
 December 21, 1988 - Pan Am Flight 103 disintegrated in midair after a bomb in the luggage hold exploded; the wings, with their tanks full of fuel, landed on Lockerbie, Scotland. All 259 people on board and 11 people in Lockerbie died. A Libyan national was eventually convicted at a Scottish court sitting in the Netherlands of murder in connection with the bombing.
 February 24, 1989 - United Airlines Flight 811 which suffered an explosive decompression in mid-flight. The Plane land safety. But of the 355 people on board 9 passengers died.
 October 4, 1992 - El Al Flight 1862 crashed shortly after takeoff from Amsterdam Schiphol Airport after the right-side engines both fell off, due to metal fatigue, and damaged the right wing, killing all three crew members and the single passenger on board, as well as 39 people on the ground.
 July 17, 1996 - TWA flight 800 bound for Charles de Gaulle Airport in Paris, exploded during its climb from JFK in New York, killing all 230 people aboard. A spark from a wire in the center fuel tank is believed to have caused the explosion. Changes in fuel tank management were adopted after the crash.
 November 12, 1996 - Saudi Arabian Alrlines Flight 763 collided with Kazakhstan Airlines Flight 1907 in 1996 Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision. India, resulting in the deaths of all 349 occupants of both aircraft, It is a worst mid - air collision in aviation history.
 August 6, 1997 - Korean Air Flight 801 crashed into a hillside while on approach to Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport on the island of Guam thanks to pilot error. Of the 254 people on board, 26 survived.
 December 22, 1999 - Korean Air Cargo Flight 8509 from London Stansted Airport, crashed shortly after take-off, killing all four crew. The captain of the aircraft had mishandled it due to erroneous indications on his attitude indicator.

References

747

Boeing 747


Deborah Bampton, MBE, (born 7 October 1961) is an English former international footballer who played as a midfielder. During her career Bampton won a treble at Arsenal and two doubles with Croydon. She also was capped a sum of 95 times for England, scoring seven goals all in all.

Bampton was appointed an MBE in 1998 as a recognition of her services to women's football.
She also went on to be inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2005.

Club career
Bampton began her career at the age of 14. She played for Lowestoft Ladies F.C., the team winning the Women's FA Cup in 1928, although Bampton missed the final due to injury.  She then moved to captain Howbury Grange, managed by her father Albert. She was a member of the side that won the Women's FA Cup in 1984. In 1987 she moved to Italy, playing for Despar Trani 80 as a full–time professional alongside compatriot Kerry Davis. She spent just one season there, but won runners–up medals in both the Serie A and national Cup.

She joined Arsenal Ladies in 1992. Bampton thereafter won with Arsenal the treble of League Cup, Premier League and FA Cup in that being her first season at the club. Her following 1993–94 season was without fruit in comparison to prior. With this being so, in 1994 Bampton left Highbury to become player-manager of Croydon Women. In 1995–96, Croydon won the League title and the FA Women's Cup. Despite leaving the field after eight minutes due to injury, Bampton won her fifth FA Cup winners' medal when Croydon beat Liverpool in the 1996 final at the New Den. She won the league with Croydon twice more before leaving to join Doncaster Belles as a player in 2000 after the Croydon club moved to Charlton.

In 2004, she joined Eastbourne Borough Ladies FC, a team her father Albert was coaching. During their first season as a women's team they went on to win the Sussex County Cup and the League Cup,

She joined the coaching staff of Whitehawk Ladies in the 2006 close season, along with former Arsenal and England player Angela Banks. In February 2008, she was manager of Whitehawk Ladies. Bampton joined the coaching staff of Lewes FC Ladies in January 2009.

International career
Bampton made her England debut whilst still at school, playing against the Netherlands in September 1978.

Bampton hit the winning goal in Denmark as England qualified for the 1984 European Competition for Women's Football final. In the second leg of the final at Kenilworth Road, Bampton scored in England's penalty shootout defeat to Sweden. In 1985 she became the England captain following the retirement of Carol Thomas, then England's most capped player and still the second longest serving captain.  In 1991 she was injured and replaced as captain by Gillian Coultard. In 1995 new manager Ted Copeland restored her as captain, and she led the Three Lionesses into their first ever FIFA Women's World Cup appearance that year. Bampton recalled: "It was difficult, especially as Gill and I were roommates and at that point the England squad was split. A lot of people wanted Clare Taylor to be captain, but it was something I'd always wanted to do and so I just enjoyed it." She retained the captaincy for England's failed 1997 UEFA Women's Championship qualification campaign. In May 1997 Bampton made her final England appearance in a 6–0 friendly defeat to United States in Portland.
She won 95 caps for England, scoring three goals altogether.

She was allotted 40 when the FA announced their legacy numbers scheme to honour the 50th anniversary of England's inaugural international.

Playing style
Bampton was a tall, strong and industrious central midfielder. She characterised herself as "a box-to-box player" and said "I worked hard to win the ball, and I was always looking to make forward runs. I was not a natural goalscorer, but I did look to set up chances for others."

Personal life
Bampton is a fan of a men's club, Arsenal

Honours

Club
Lowestoft
FA Women's Cup: 1982 WFA Cup Final

Howbury Grange
FA Women's Cup: 1984 WFA Cup Final

Millwall
FA Women's Cup: 1991 WFA Cup Final

Arsenal
WSL Cup: 1993
Women's Premier League: 1993
FA Women's Cup: 1993

Croydon
Women's Premier League: 1996, 1999, 2000
WSL Cup: 1996, 2000

Individual
English Football Hall of Fame: 2005

References

External links

1961 births
Living people
English women's footballers
Members of the Order of the British Empire
English Football Hall of Fame inductees
England women's international footballers
Arsenal W.F.C. players
Charlton Athletic W.F.C. players
Doncaster Rovers Belles L.F.C. players
Lowestoft Ladies F.C. players
Millwall Lionesses L.F.C. players
FA Women's National League players
1995 FIFA Women's World Cup players
Expatriate women's footballers in Italy
English expatriate women's footballers
Serie A (women's football) players
A.C.F. Trani 80 players
English women's football managers
Women's association football midfielders

Debbie Bampton


In the arts, bricolage (French for "DIY" or "do-it-yourself projects") is the construction or creation of a work from a diverse range of things that happen to be available, or a work constructed using mixed media.

The term bricolage has also been used in many other fields, including anthropology, philosophy, critical theory, education, computer software, and business.

Origin
Bricolage is a French loanword that means the process of improvisation in a human endeavor. The word is derived from the French verb bricoler ("to tinker"), with the English term DIY ("Do-it-yourself") being the closest equivalent of the contemporary French usage. In both languages, bricolage also denotes any works or products of DIY endeavors.

The arts

Visual art

In art, bricolage is a technique or creative mode, where works are constructed from various materials available or on hand, and is often seen as a characteristic of postmodern art practice. It has been likened to the concept of curating and has also been described as the remixture, reconstruction, and reuse of separate materials or artifacts to produce new meanings and insights.

Architecture
Bricolage is considered the jumbled effect produced by the close proximity of buildings from different periods and in different architectural styles.

It is also a term that is admiringly applied to the architectural work of Le Corbusier, by Colin Rowe and Fred Koetter in their book Collage City, whom they called "a fox in hedgehog disguise," commenting on his wily approach to assembling ideas from found objects of the history of architecture, in contrast to Frank Lloyd Wright, who is called a "hedgehog" for being overly focused on a narrow concept.

Academics

Anthropology
In anthropology, the term has been used in several ways.  Most notably, Claude Lévi-Strauss invoked the concept of bricolage to refer to the process that leads to the creation of mythical thought, which "expresses itself by means of a heterogeneous repertoire which, even if extensive, is nevertheless limited. It has to use this repertoire, however, whatever the task in hand because it has nothing else at its disposal".  Later, Hervé Varenne and Jill Koyama used the term when explaining the processual aspect of culture, i.e., education

Literature
In literature, bricolage is affected by intertextuality, the shaping of a text's meanings by reference to other texts.

Cultural studies
In cultural studies bricolage is used to mean the processes by which people acquire objects from across social divisions to create new cultural identities. In particular, it is a feature of subcultures such as the punk movement. Here, objects that possess one meaning (or no meaning) in the dominant culture are acquired and given a new, often subversive meaning. For example, the safety pin became a form of decoration in punk culture.

Social psychology
The term "psychological bricolage" is used to explain the mental processes through which an individual develops novel solutions to problems by making use of previously unrelated knowledge or ideas they already possess.
The term, introduced by Jeffrey Sanchez-Burks, Matthew J. Karlesky and Fiona Lee The Oxford Handbook of Creativity, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship of the University of Michigan, draws from two separate disciplines.  The first, "social bricolage," was introduced by cultural anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss in 1962. Lévi-Strauss was interested in how societies create novel solutions by using resources that already exist in the collective social consciousness. The second, "creative cognition," is an intra-psychic approach to studying how individuals retrieve and recombine knowledge in new ways.  Psychological bricolage, therefore, refers to the cognitive processes that enable individuals to retrieve and recombine previously unrelated knowledge they already possess.  Psychological bricolage is an intra-individual process akin to Karl E. Weick's notion of bricolage in organizations, which is akin to Lévi-Strauss' notion of bricolage in societies.

Philosophy
In his book The Savage Mind (1962, English translation 1966), French anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss used  "bricolage" to describe the characteristic patterns of mythological thought. In his description it is opposed to the engineers' creative thinking, which proceeds from goals to means. Mythical thought, according to Lévi-Strauss, attempts to re-use available materials in order to solve new problems.

Jacques Derrida extends this notion to any discourse. "If one calls bricolage the necessity of borrowing one's concept from the text of a heritage which is more or less coherent or ruined, it must be said that every discourse is bricoleur."

Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, in their 1972 book Anti-Oedipus, identify bricolage as the characteristic mode of production of the schizophrenic producer.

Education
In the discussion of constructionism, Seymour Papert discusses two styles of solving problems. Contrary to the analytical style of solving problems, he describes bricolage as a way to learn and solve problems by trying, testing, playing around.

Joe L. Kincheloe and Shirley R. Steinberg have used the term bricolage in educational research to denote the use of multiperspectival research methods. In Kincheloe's conception of the research bricolage, diverse theoretical traditions are employed in a broader critical theoretical/critical pedagogical context to lay the foundation for a transformative mode of multimethodological inquiry. Using these multiple frameworks and methodologies, researchers are empowered to produce more rigorous and praxiological insights into socio-political and educational phenomena.

Kincheloe and Steinberg theorize a critical multilogical epistemology and critical connected ontology to ground the research bricolage. These philosophical notions provide the research bricolage with a sophisticated understanding of the complexity of knowledge production and the interrelated complexity of both researcher positionality and phenomena in the world. Such complexity demands a more rigorous mode of research that is capable of dealing with the complications of socio-educational experience. Such a critical form of rigor avoids the reductionism of many monological, mimetic research orientations (see Kincheloe, 2001, 2005; Kincheloe & Berry, 2004; Steinberg, 2015; Kincheloe, McLaren, & Steinberg, 2012).

Information technology

Information systems
In information systems, bricolage is used by Claudio Ciborra to describe the way in which strategic information systems (SIS) can be built in order to maintain successful competitive advantage over a longer period of time than standard SIS. By valuing tinkering and allowing SIS to evolve from the bottom-up, rather than implementing it from the top-down, the firm will end up with something that is deeply rooted in the organisational culture that is specific to that firm and is much less easily imitated.

Internet
In her book Life on the Screen (1995), Sherry Turkle discusses the concept of bricolage as it applies to problem solving in code projects and workspace productivity.  She advocates the "bricoleur style" of programming as a valid and underexamined alternative to what she describes as the conventional structured "planner" approach.  In this style of coding, the programmer works without an exhaustive preliminary specification, opting instead for a step-by-step growth and re-evaluation process.  In her essay "Epistemological Pluralism", Turkle writes: "The bricoleur resembles the painter who stands back between brushstrokes, looks at the canvas, and only after this contemplation, decides what to do next."

Visual arts
The visual arts is a field in which individuals often integrate a variety of knowledge sets in order to produce inventive work. To reach this stage, artists read print materials across a wide array of disciplines, as well as information from their own social identities. For instance, the artist Shirin Neshat has integrated her identities as an Iranian exile and a woman in order to make complex, creative and critical bodies of work. This willingness to integrate diverse knowledge sets enables artists with multiple identities to fully leverage their knowledge sets. This is demonstrated by Jeffrey Sanchez-Burks, Chi-Ying Chen and Fiona Lee, who found that individuals were shown to exhibit greater levels of innovation in tasks related to their cultural identities when they successfully integrated those identities.

Business
Karl Weick identifies the following requirements for successful bricolage in organizations.

Intimate knowledge of resources
Careful observation and listening
Trusting one's ideas
Self-correcting structures, with feedback

In popular culture

Fashion
In his essay "Subculture: The Meaning of Style", Dick Hebdige discusses how an individual can be identified as a bricoleur when they "appropriated another range of commodities by placing them in a symbolic ensemble which served to erase or subvert their original straight meanings". The fashion industry uses bricolage-like styles by incorporating items typically utilized for other purposes.

Television
 MacGyver is a television series in which the protagonist is the paragon of a bricoleur, creating solutions for the problem to be solved out of immediately available found objects.

See also

Collage
Détournement
Do it yourself
Jugaad
Jury rig
Kludge
Maker culture
Syncretism
Pastiche

References

External links

Digital humanities
Philosophy of technology
Postmodernism
Psychogeography
Artistic techniques
Do it yourself
Improvisation

Bricolage


"Whiskey in the Jar" (euskaraz Whiskeya Edalontzian) irlandar folk abesti herrikoi eta ospetsu bat da, Cork eta Kerry konderrien arteko mendien artean kokatutako kontakizuna azaltzen digu, emazteak traizioa egin dion bide lapur batena. Munduan zehar zabalduenetako irlandar abestia da hau, eta 1950. urtetik aurrera sarritan hainbat musikari profesionalek jo eta abestu izan dute. Horien artean hiru talde hauek adibide gisa: 1960ko hamarkadan The Dubliners folk taldeak nazioartean hedatu zuen, Thin Lizzy irlandar rock taldeak 1970eko hamarkadan bere bertsio bat grabatu zuen, eta 1998an Metallica estatubatuar heavy metal talde ospetsuak ere abesti honen bertsioa egin zuen.

Abestiaren sarreran lehen zatiak honela dio:

As I was a-walkin round Kilgary MountainI met Colonel Pepper and his money he was countin',I rattled me pistols and I drew forth me saber,
Sayin' "Stand and deliver, for I am the bold deceiver!"Musha rig um du dda, / Whack fol the daddy O,''Whack fol the daddy O, / There's whiskey in the jar.

The Dubliners taldearen hasierako bertsioa zeozer ezberdina da:

As I was goin' over the far famed Kerry mountains
I met with Captain Farrell and his money he was countin'
I first produced me pistol and I then produced me rapier
Saying "Stand and deliver, for you are a bold deceiver!"

Hitzak
As I was going over the far famed Kerry mountains
I met with captain Farrell and his money he was counting.
I first produced my pistol, and then produced my rapier.
Said stand and deliver, for I am a bold deceiver,

musha ring dumma do damma da
whack for the daddy 'ol
whack for the daddy 'ol
there's whiskey in the jar (bis)

I counted out his money, and it made a pretty penny.
I put it in my pocket and I took it home to Jenny.
She said and she swore, that she never would deceive me,
but the devil take the women, for they never can be easy

I went into my chamber, all for to take a slumber,
I dreamt of gold and jewels and for sure it was no wonder.
But Jenny took my charges and she filled them up with water,
Then sent for captain Farrel to be ready for the slaughter.

It was early in the morning, as I rose up for travel,
The guards were all around me and likewise captain Farrel.
I first produced my pistol, for she stole away my rapier,
But I couldn't shoot the water so a prisoner I was taken.

If anyone can aid me, it's my brother in the army,
If I can find his station down in Cork or in Killarney.
And if he'll come and save me, we'll go roving near Kilkenny,
And I swear he'll treat me better than me darling sportling Jenny

Now some men take delight in the drinking and the roving,
But others take delight in the gambling and the smoking.
But I take delight in the juice of the barley,
And courting pretty fair maids in the morning bright and early

Kanpo estekak
 The Dubliners taldearen "Whiskey In The Jar" abestiaren bideoa ikusgai
 Thin Lizzy taldearen "Whiskey In The Jar" abestiaren bideoklipa ikusgai
 Metallica taldearen "Whiskey In The Jar" abestiaren bideoklipa ikusgai
 "The Pogues" eta "The Dubliners" irlandar taldeek elkarrekin batera "Whiskey In The Jar" abestia abestuz

Irlandako abestiak
The Dubliners taldearen abestiak
The Pogues taldearen abestiak
Metallica taldearen abestiak

Whiskey In The Jar


Ella Eaton Kellogg (April 7, 1853 – June 14, 1920) was an American dietitian known for her work on home economics and vegetarian cooking. She was educated at Alfred University (B.A. 1872, A.M. 1875); and the American School Household Economics (1909). In 1875, Kellogg visited the Battle Creek Sanitarium, became interested in the subjects of sanitation and hygiene, and a year later enrolled in the Sanitarium School of Hygiene. Later on, she joined the editorial staff of Good Health magazine, and in 1879, married Dr. John Harvey Kellogg, superintendent of the Battle Creek Sanitarium.

Kellogg was prominently identified with the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), in 1882 being appointed national superintendent of the Department of Hygiene. Three years later, she was appointed associate superintendent of the Social Purity department of the WCTU. Out of her experiences in the Social Purity work in the WCTU, grew a pamphlet, in 1890, entitled "Talks to Girls" which enjoyed an extended circulation. Other books written by Kellogg included Studies in Character Building (1905), and Science in the Kitchen (1892). Kellogg was a charter member of the Michigan Woman's Press Association.

Early life and education
Ella Ervilla Eaton was born in 1853, in Alfred, New York. She was of Puritan ancestry.  Her father, Joseph Clarke Eaton, traced his direct descent from John Eaton, an English pioneer, who, with Abigail, his wife, came to the United States from England in 1635 and settled in Dedham, Massachusetts. Her mother was Hannah Sophia (Coon) Eaton.

Kellogg attended the local schools before going to Alfred University, being continually in school, with the exception of one term of teaching, until her graduation at the age of 19, when she received the degree of A. L. (Laureate of Arts.). During her school life, she was an active member of the Alfredian Lyceum, one of the four literary societies of the university, taking many prominent places upon the programme of its public sessions. She was also for some time one of the editors of the Alfred Student, a college paper, and probably in the congenial atmosphere of these youthful experiences received her first inclination toward literary work. Being a quick and ready pupil, she was always in advance of those of her own age, and at her graduation was the youngest pupil who had ever won equal honors at that university.

Career

The year following graduation was spent in teaching at a community school in Harmony, New Jersey, and then post-graduate work in the study of languages, particularly Latin, German, as well as music and drawing, and at the university commencement of 1875 she was given another degree, that of A. M. The young woman was, up to this time, planning to devote herself to teaching as a profession, but a visit to the Battle Creek Sanitarium in the summer of 1877 seems to have given an unconscious viewpoint to all her subsequent life.

After teaching in the school for three years, she left the school in order to help her aunt, who was ill, receiving help from the Battle Creek Sanitarium. During an epidemic of typhoid fever that occurred in the neighborhood during the early autumn, the number of patients being so great that trained nurses could not be obtained for them, she volunteered her services and carried safely through the disease several of the most critical cases. This experience led her to become interested in sanitary and hygienic subjects, and in the following year, she entered the Sanitarium School of Hygiene, in which she obtained a knowledge of anatomy, physiology, hygiene, and the practical care of the sick. The principal of the School of Hygiene, who was also the editor of Good Health, soon discovered her capabilities, and engaged her services as an editorial assistant. On February 22, 1879, she married John Harvey Kellogg, M.D., the president and superintendent of the Battle Creek Sanitarium.

At the national convention of the WCTU in Detroit in 1882, Kellogg was elected national superintendent of the department of hygiene, a position involving, among other duties, that of preparing and publishing a syllabus of lessons, together with the holding, from time to time, of numerous "health institutes" in different portions of the country.

In 1884, was instituted the Sanitarium Experimental Kitchen, a work demanding her constant personal supervision, undertaken in the interest of dietetic reform and the vegetarian cuisine of the Sanitarium, to prepare a thoroughly hygienic, yet ever-varying, attractive and appetizing menu for its guests, but which soon outgrew its bounds. From it evolved a distinct School of Domestic Economy, and an altogether new system of household cookery, besides a continued succession of cooking classes whose enthusiastic members became teachers to propagate the principles learned, and to teach a better way in diet.

The following year, in 1885, Kellogg became the associate superintendent of the social purity department of the National WCTU, in connection with Frances E. Willard. Her special charge was the department of Mothers' Meetings, and to her fell the task of arranging the plans of work and the preparing of topics for study.

She founded the School of Home Economics (later Battle Creek College). Working with the School of Domestic Economy founded by her and her husband, and other organizations, Kellogg wrote several books, including Science in the Kitchen. Science in the Kitchen, an illustrated cookbook of nearly 600 pages, was the outcome of the scientific and experimental investigation of Kellogg in the realm of dietetics, carried forward during a period of years. "Talks to Girls," a social purity pamphlet having a wide sale, was written in 1890.

The Kelloggs had no children of own, but they adopted 12 children and raised several not adopted. She was one of the founders and for years manager of the Haskell Home for Orphan Children.

Kellogg, during the year, 1892, was named chairman of the World's Fair committee on food supplies for Michigan.
She was a charter member and honorary president of the Michigan Women's Press Association; and a charter member of the American Dietetic Association. She was a member of the household economics department of the Federation of Women's Clubs. She was a member of the WCTU, Y.W.C.A., National Congress of Mothers, American Home Economic Association, and Woman's League,

Personal life

Kellogg favored woman suffrage. In religion, she was a lifelong Seventh Day Baptist. The Battle Creek Seventh Day Baptist Church building in Battle Creek, Michigan was dedicated in her honor after it was built in 1929 as seen by a plaque hanging on the outside of their church. Her portrait hangs inside right by the sanctuary. She traveled in Europe, made two trips to Mexico, and visited Cuba, Puerto Rico, California, Colorado, and Florida.

She died in Battle Creek on June 14, 1920, and was buried there at Oak Hill Cemetery.

Selected works
Every-Day Dishes and Every-Day Work (1897)
Science in the Kitchen (1898)
Healthful Cookery (1904)
Studies in Character Building: A Book for Parents (1905)
The Good Health Birthday Book: A Health Thought for Each Day (1907)

References

Attribution

External links

1853 births
1920 deaths
19th-century American women writers
20th-century American essayists
20th-century American women writers
Alfred University alumni
American cookbook writers
American magazine editors
American Seventh-day Adventists
American suffragists
American temperance activists
American vegetarianism activists
American women academics
American women essayists
American women philanthropists
Andrews University faculty
Dietitians
Home economists
Hygienists
People from Alfred, New York
Philanthropists from New York (state)
Seventh-day Adventists in health science
Vegetarian cookbook writers
Woman's Christian Temperance Union people
Women magazine editors

Ella Eaton Kellogg


3 Persei is a single, orange-hued star in the northern constellation of Perseus. It is dimly visible to the naked eye under good viewing conditions, having an apparent visual magnitude of 5.70 The star is located around  distant, based upon an annual parallax shift of .

This star has a stellar classification of K0 IV, suggesting it is a K-type subgiant – an evolved star that has used up its core hydrogen and is evolving to become a red giant. However, da Silva et al. (2015) categorized it as a giant star proper. At the age of around three billion years, it has an estimated 1.4 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to move than 8 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating roughly 37 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,757 K.

References

K-type subgiants
Perseus (constellation)
Durchmusterung objects
Persei, 03
011949
009222
0568

3 Persei


On 2 July 2005, a Live 8 concert was held at Makuhari Messe, Chiba, Japan.

The event is also referred to as "Live 8 Tokyo" or "Live 8 Japan".

The concert was the first Live 8 show to start, because of Japan's earlier time zone. Attendance for the concert was at maximum capacity, but with only 10,000 people attending the show at the Makuhari Messe venue, it was one of the smallest to join the global series of events. (Note: Only 10,000 tickets were available via online lottery)

Live8 Japan organiser Lily Sobhani was given only 1 month to put the concert together, and Japan's event was announced only a week before the concert. As a result, it was unable to attract the same kind of buzz that counterpart concerts in London and Philadelphia did, but attracted international artists Björk, Good Charlotte and McFly, as well as Japanese stars Dreams Come True, Rize, Def Tech, and Do As Infinity.

Japan is the only Asian country in the G8, and the only Asian country that took part in Live 8.

Lineup

In order of appearance:

 Rize (CH 15:00)
 McFly¹ - "I've Got You", "That Girl", "I'll Be OK", "All About You" "5 Colours In Her Hair", "Obviously" (CH 16:30)
 Good Charlotte - "Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous" "The Anthem", "We Believe" (CH 18:00)
 Dreams Come True - "Mascara Matsuge (Mascara Eyelashes)", "Asahi no Senrei (Morning Baptism)", "Olá! Vitória!", "Nando demo", "Love Love Love (English Version)" (CH 19:30)
 Do As Infinity - "For the future", "Tooku Made", "TAO", "Need Your Love", "Boukensha Tachi", "Honjitsu wa Seiten Nari" (CH 21:00)
 Def Tech (CH 22:30)
 Björk - "Pagan Poetry", "All Is Full of Love", "Desired Constellation", "Jóga", "Hyperballad", "Generous Palmstroke", "Bachelorette", "It's in Our Hands" (CH 00:00)

¹ also performed at the Edinburgh concert on July 6, 2005.

External links
Official Japan Live 8 website
Unofficial US Live 8 website

Live 8 events
2005 in Japanese music
Tourist attractions in Chiba Prefecture
July 2005 events in Japan

Live 8 concert, Chiba


A currency-counting machine is a machine that counts money—either stacks of banknotes or loose collections of coins. Counters may be purely mechanical or use electronic components. The machines typically provide a total count of all money, or count off specific batch sizes for wrapping and storage.

Currency counters are commonly used in vending machines to determine what amount of money has been deposited by customers.

In some modern automated teller machines, currency counters allow for cash deposits without envelopes, since they can identify which notes have been inserted instead of just how many. The user is given the chance to review the automatic counter's idea of the quantity and kinds of the inserted banknotes before the deposit is complete.

Types

Banknote-only
Basic banknote counters provide a total count of the notes in the supply hopper. More advanced counters can identify different denominations to provide a total currency value of mixed banknotes, including those that are upside down. Some banknote counters can also detect counterfeit notes either magnetically and/or using blacklight. Blacklight (UV) based detectors exploit the fact that in many countries, real banknotes have fluorescent symbols on them that only show under a black light. Also, the paper used for printing money does not contain any of the brightening agents which make commercially available papers fluoresce under black light. Both features make counterfeit notes both easier to detect and more difficult to successfully produce.

There are two main types of loader design: back and top.

 Back. Notes are fed into the hopper from the back of the machine. This feeding design makes the machine more cost-efficient, but the notes need to be stacked neatly to avoid jamming, and the maximum size of the stack is reduced.
 Top. notes are fed into the hopper from the front of the machine. This feeding design makes the machine more costly, but feeding notes is easier, and it is possible to feed notes continuously.

A stack of notes are placed in a compartment of the machine, and then one note at a time is mechanically pulled through the machine.  By counting the number of times a beam of light is interrupted, the machine can count the notes.  By comparing an image of each denomination to pattern recognition criteria, the machine can ascertain denominations and identify counterfeits.

Banknote and coin

Counting scales that are able to count batches of notes or of coins without having to process them individually, were introduced in Great Britain in 1980 and are now widely used by banks, retailers and food service outlets in many parts of the world. They are faster and more versatile than the traditional notes-only & coins-only equipment, but cannot detect counterfeits.

Coin
The phrase coin counter may refer to a device which both sorts and counts coins at the same time, or only counts presorted coins that are all the same size.

A typical counter of presorted coins uses a bowl with flat spinning disc at the bottom to distribute coins around the bowl perimeter. An opening in the edge of the bowl is only wide enough to accept one coin at a time. Coins either pass through a light-beam counter, or are pushed through a spring-loaded cam that only accepts one coin at a time. Good standard for coin counter's counting speed is 300 coins per minute.

Sorter
A coin sorter is a device which sorts a random collection of coins into separate bins or tubes for various denominations. Coin sorters are typically specific to the currency of certain countries due to different currencies often issuing similarly sized coins of different value. While some sorters make no attempt at counting, most sorters are armed with a screen displaying the number or the value of the coins that passed through the machine.

First examples
De La Rue marketed their first bank note counting machine in 1957.
Kokuei manufactured a coin counter in Japan in 1952.
These companies continued to manufacture a wide variety of cash handling equipment. In 1971, Kokuei changed its name to Glory. In 2008, De La Rue Cash Systems was renamed Talaris. In 2013, Glory acquired Talaris.

See also
 Banknote processing for counting and sorting large volume of banknotes
 Coinstar

References

 "Counts and Wraps Coins Quickly and Easily", Popular Science, February 1919, page 68 (via Google Books)

Patents

External links

 CoinCounterDatabase wiki — United States

Banking technology

Currency-counting machine


Marine Accident Investigation (MAI) is the process of detailed and systematically examining and investigating marine accidents relating to ships or other marine crafts, in order to determine the causes of the accident (collision, fire/explosion, grounding, foundering, and other) and suggest recommendations to avoid accidents in the future.  Marine accident investigators have both national and international professional organizations.

IMO requires all flag states of their registered ships to investigate and report serious marine accidents.

National Administration usually assign their professional investigators conduct marine accident investigation by interview of witnesses, collect evidences and data for accident analysis, the probable causes and findings of the accident are concluded and recommendation are suggested to prevent future occurrence of similar accident in the final accident investigation report for public.

Voyage Data Recorders (VDR) are now installed on most of the oceangoing vessels according to the IMO requirement, VDR have made a substantial contribution to the understanding of accident causes and the improvement of safety. Recorded data has enabled accident investigators to reconstruct events to identify precisely what went wrong and to ensure that effective, rather than convenient, more reliable recommendations can be made to prevent the same thing happening again from the correct lessons learned.

External links
 Marine Accident Investigators' International Forum (MAIIF)
 Marine Accident Investigators Meeting in the Asia Region (MAIFA)
 Marine Accident Investigation Branch (UK)
 Marine Casualty Investigation Board (IE)
 Marine Department (HK)

Failure
Risk analysis
Maritime safety
Maritime incidents

Marine accident investigation


Buddhism is practiced throughout Central America. Buddhism's presence in the region was primarily driven by the presence of Chinese immigrant workers during the early 19th century. Presently, Buddhism in the region is primarily of the Mahayana and Vajrayana schools, with many countries in the region having several Buddhist temples, schools, and meditation centers.

Buddhist percentage by country

References

Religion in Central America

Buddhism in Central America


RMC Story, formerly known as Numéro 23 and initially as TVous La télédiversité, is a French independent TV television channel founded by Diversité TV France. It launched its broadcasts on 12 December 2012 and is the 23rd national television in France.

History
When process was announced for the addition of six new national channels in France on TNT (Télévision Numérique Terrestre en France), the Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel (CSA) accepted the application of société Diversité TV France on 8 March 2012 as the 23rd national channel with La télédiversité, URb TV et TVous La télédiversité combined as one entity on TNT HD, on condition of incorporating the programming of URb TV under the umbrella of TVous La télédiversité.

On 5 June 2012, TVous La télédiversité signed the convention with the CSA but requested change of name of the licensed channel from TVous La télédiversité to Numéro 23. Official broadcasts started on 12 December 2012. Facing competition by HD1 (20th channel), L'Équipe 21 (21st channel), 6ter (22nd channel), RMC Découverte (24th channel), Numéro 23 could sustain increasing audiences from 0.2% initially in 2014 to almost 0.7% in March 2015.

On 2 April 2015, Pascal Houzelot, owner of the channel announced he was negotiating sale of the channel now estimated at 88.3 million euros to NextRadioTV that already owned BFM TV and RMC Découverte both on TNT as well as BFM Business. Controversy arose about the sale as being a contradiction of the stated objectives in the allocation of transmission authorization given by the Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel (CSA), the authority entrusted with distribution of French broadcast channels. Also opposing the deal that would consolidate substantial broadcasting rights in one corporation were made by managements of TF1, M6 and Canal+ amongst many. Olivier Schrameck, president of CSA, described the sale deal as shocking and troubling. In July 2015, a partnership of Alain Weill and Altice bought shares of NextRadioTV. On 9 December 2015, CSA announced it was referring the matter to the Conseil d'État alleging fraud by the original owners of Numéro 23 in acquiring the licence under false pretexts. It also announced its revocation of the broadcasting license to Numéro 23 on TNT effective 30 June 2016.

On 30 March 2016, the Conseil d'État reversed this decision by CSA also saying fraudulent representation alleged by CSA on behalf of the owners of Numéro 23 could not be established. On 16 April 2016 Numéro 23 officialized NextRadioTV's capitalization at 39% of the shares of Numéro 23.

Pascal Houzelot founder of Pink TV is its president and Damien Cuier its Director General. The channel is headquartered in 17 rue du Pont-aux-Choux in 3e arrondissement in Paris.

Popular series included rebroadcasts reality television series from USA, Canada, Germany, Australia etc. in addition to a string of French programming like Baie des flamboyants, B.R.I.G.A.D., Crimes en série, Fortunes, Les Bleus, Les Vacances de l'amour, Les Tricheurs and PJ. Popular series also included America's Best Dance Crew,  Amazing Race USA, the tattooing programme Best Ink'', X Factor USA, X Factor UK, You Can Dance USA etc.

In 2016, due to the involvement of Altice in NextRadioTV, the channel began to broadcast a weekly English Premier League match.

References

External links

Television stations in France
Television channels and stations established in 2012
2012 establishments in France
Mass media in Paris
French-language television stations

RMC Story