Joseph of Chauncy (before 1213 – after 1283), also known as Joseph of Cancy, was an English religious knight. He was Grand Prior of the Knights Hospitaller in England from 1273 to 1281. He served as Royal Treasurer of the Order from 1273 to 1280.

Origins
Joseph of Chauncy was a younger son of an Anglo-Norman noble family who held estates in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. He entered the Order of St John before 1233. After 1233, but no later than 1238, he joined the Knights Hospitaller at Acre in Palestine. Before 1248, he became Treasurer of the Order. During this period, the Christian Crusader states in Palestine were being pushed back by the Muslim empires, first the Ayyubids and later the Mamluks. In 1270, the English heir to the throne, Lord Edward, undertook a Crusade in support of the hard-pressed Crusader states. To meet the high costs of what is now known as Lord Edward's Crusade, the future king had to borrow large sums of money. Part of the money was guaranteed by the Order of St. John, and Edward probably came into contact with Chauncy. Around 1271, he resigned as Treasurer of the Order.

Grand Prior of England and Royal Treasurer
While Edward was still on the return journey from his Crusade, he learned that he had become English king after the death of his father, Henry III of England. Even before his return to England, in October 1273, he appointed Chauncy as his new Treasurer, who became Grand Prior of the Order in England for this purpose. However, while Edward initially traveled to France, Chauncy now returned to England. From March to September 1274, he received a royal letter of protection for a foreign journey, presumably he took part in the Second Council of Lyon. By the spring of 1273, he had settled the debts of the king to foreign merchants during the fair at Provins, and before 1275 he settled further debts at another place called Myli. During the Parliament at Westminster in April 1275, it was decided to impose a duty on wool exports. The proposal came from Chauncy, who had taken the idea of the Italian merchant Poncius de Ponto. The duty was collected directly from Italian merchants in the ports. The revenue from the duty, which amounted to about £10,000 annually until 1279, was set off directly against debts owed by the Crown to Italian merchants.  As Grand Prior of the Order of Saint John, he had a chapel built at the Clerkenwell Priory in London, the Order's seat in England.

Impact on Jews
During Chauncy's tenure as Treasurer, English Jews were further burdened for this purpose. On 9 December 1273, he ordered all English Jews to come to the principal towns in the counties and remain there until Easter 1274. In case of non-appearance he threatened them with the death penalty as well as expropriation, presumably he demanded a high tax, the tallage, from the Jews. The Statute of the Jewry issued in 1275 forbade Jewish money lenders to charge usurious interest. In the run-up to Edward I's coinage reform, 29 Christians and 269 Jews were executed in London alone between 1278 and 1279 for alleged coinage debasement. To what extent Chauncy was partly responsible for this policy cannot be proven. Above all, he was probably an able administrator, but he was also one of the highest-ranking officials in the empire. Thus he had close contact with the king, who was also encouraged in this stance by his anti-Jewish wife Eleanor of Castile, by his mother Eleanor of Provence, and by his chancellor Robert Burnell. Chauncy himself acted as a moneylender to Christians on a small scale.

Return to the Holy Land
Chauncy was also preoccupied in England, as was the king, with the question of how to help the hard-pressed Crusader states in the Holy Land. Around 1280, he resigned his offices as Treasurer and as Grand Prior of England and returned to Acre. In letters he reported to Edward I on the situation on the ground. In 1281, he wrote a detailed account of the victory of the Mamluks over the Mongols in the Battle of Homs. Edward's response to Chauncy has also been recorded. Later, in 1283, Chauncy described in a letter to Edward I the difficult situation of the Christians in the Holy Land. The year of his death is unknown.

References

Bibliography

Knights Hospitaller

Lord High Treasurers of England
Crusades
Christians of the Crusades
1275 in England
13th century in England
Jewish English history
Edward I of England
Christian antisemitism in the Middle Ages

Joseph of Chauncy


Taco Mayo Restaurant is an American fast food chain which specializes in Mexican-style food.  The company was founded in Norman, Oklahoma, and is currently headquartered in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.  Taco Mayo has franchise locations throughout Oklahoma, northern Texas, southern Kansas, and western Arkansas.

History

The chain originated in Norman, Oklahoma in May 1978, and by 1980, Taco Mayo had expanded into franchising by establishing three stores in the Oklahoma City metropolitan area. Over the years, Taco Mayo has expanded from a single store in Norman into a regional operation with 53 Taco Mayo locations throughout Oklahoma and its surrounding areas. The restaurant wanted to expand to 200 locations by the year 2000. While it did not reach that goal, it had reached its 100th location by 1997. After the "expansion program" failed, the company began realizing its marketing mistake: never force quantity over quality. Many of the restaurants were built and opened in such a rush that the company did not care about finding the right individuals to run the restaurant or finding the right locations to place the restaurants. Not wanting to be the fast-food chain that everyone stereotyped as poorly crafted or run-down, Taco Mayo's corporate offices closed down many of the locations that were functioning poorly.

Fresh Mex
Also contributing to saving the franchise's name was the idea to upgrade to a "Fresh Mex" style on the restaurant's 25th anniversary. This upgrade included simplifying the menu and showing the customer the freshness of their food by using an open layout bar that displayed the ingredients in plain sight.

References

External links
 Official website

Companies based in Oklahoma City
Restaurants in Oklahoma
Economy of the Southwestern United States
Regional restaurant chains in the United States
Fast-food chains of the United States
Restaurants established in 1978
Fast-food Mexican restaurants

Taco Mayo


The 1856 State of the Union Address was given by Franklin Pierce, the 14th president of the United States.  It was presented to the 34th United States Congress by the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives. He said, "it is necessary only to say that the internal prosperity of the country, its continuous and steady advancement in wealth and population and in private as well as public well-being, attest the wisdom of our institutions and the predominant spirit of intelligence and patriotism which, notwithstanding occasional irregularities of opinion or action resulting from popular freedom, has distinguished and characterized the people of America."  He also stated, "In the long series of acts of indirect aggression, the first was the strenuous agitation by citizens of the Northern States, in Congress and out of it, of the question of Negro emancipation in the Southern States."  President Pierce supported the Kansas-Nebraska act.  This neutralized the issue of slavery in the central states, and did not say whether to allow it or not.

References

State of the Union addresses
Presidency of Franklin Pierce
34th United States Congress
State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address
State of the Union

1856 State of the Union Address


Alexander Hendrik George Rinnooy Kan (born 5 October 1949) is a Dutch politician, businessman and mathematician who served as Chairman of the Social and Economic Council from 2006 to 2012. A member of the Democrats 66 (D66) party, he was a member of the Senate from 2015 to 2019 and is a distinguished professor of Economics and Business Studies at the University of Amsterdam since 1 September 2012. He has also been president of the supervisory board of EYE Film Institute Netherlands since 2008 and of Museum Boerhaave since 2018.

Biography

Early life and education
Rinnooy Kan grew up in The Hague. He graduated with a doctorandus degree (eq. to MSc) in mathematics at Leiden University in 1972. The same year, he also obtained a candidate degree (eq. to BSc) in econometrics from the University of Amsterdam. In 1972–1973, he worked as a mathematician at Spectrum Encyclopedia. From 1973 until 1977, he was a scientific employee in the Department of Mathematics and Statistics at Delft University of Technology (then called the Delft Technical College). In 1976, he obtained a PhD in mathematics at the University of Amsterdam; he was advised by Gijsbert de Leve.

Private career
In 1977, he went to the Erasmus University Rotterdam, where he became a full Professor in Operations Research in 1980 at the age of 30. In 1983, he was appointed head of the Econometric Institute and in 1986 rector magnificus of the university. In the meantime, he was visiting professor at the University of California, Berkeley and MIT, among others.

From 1991 until 1996, he was president of the employers federation VNO and (after the merger with NCW) of the VNO-NCW. Between 1996 and 2006, Rinnooy Kan was a member of the board of directors of ING Group, where he was responsible for the Asian branch. He was a member of the Netherlands Innovation Platform until the platform was dissolved in 2010.

Social Economic Council
From 2006 until 2012, he was a crown-appointed member and Chairman of the Social and Economic Council (SER). He was succeeded in this position by Wiebe Draijer. During his farewell party at the SER he was appointed Commander in the Order of the Netherlands Lion. The Dutch newspaper de Volkskrant named him the most influential person in the Netherlands in 2007, 2008 and 2009.

Senate
On 9 June 2015, he became a member of the Senate on behalf of the Democrats 66 party. He did not seek reelection to the upper chamber in 2019; his term ended on 11 June 2019.

Publications

Books
 1985 The Traveling Salesman Problem: A Guided Tour of Combinatorial Optimization. With Eugene L. Lawler, Jan Karel Lenstra, and David B. Shmoys. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.
 1993, Logistics of Production and Inventory. Vol. 4. with Stephen C. Graves, and Paul Herbert Zipkin, eds.

Selected articles
 Byrd, R. H., Dert, C. L., Rinnooy Kan, A. H. G., & Schnabel, R. B. (1990). "Concurrent Stochastic Methods for Global Optimization". Mathematical Programming, 46(1-3), 1-29.
 Lenstra, A. K., A. H. G. Rinnooy Kan, and Alexander Schrijver. "History of Mathematical Programming: A Collection of Personal Reminiscences." (1991).
 Bastian, Cock, and Alexander H. G. Rinnooy Kan. "The Stochastic Vehicle Routing Problem Revisited." European Journal of Operational Research 56.3 (1992): 407–412.
 Flippo, O. E., & Rinnooy Kan, A. H. G. (1993). "Decomposition in General Mathematical Programming". Mathematical Programming, 60(1-3), 361–382.
 Lawler, Eugene L., J. K. Lenstra, A. H. G. Rinnooy Kan, and D.B. Shmoys . "Sequencing and Scheduling: Algorithms and Complexity." Handbooks in Operations Research and Management Science 4 (1993): 445–522.

Decorations

References

External links

Official
  Prof.Dr. A.H.G. (Alexander) Rinnooy Kan Parlement & Politiek
  Prof.Dr. A.H.G. Rinnooy Kan (D66) Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal

1949 births
Living people
Business educators
Chairmen of the Social and Economic Council
Commanders of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Academic staff of the Delft University of Technology
Democrats 66 politicians
Dutch academic administrators
Dutch business theorists
Dutch business writers
Dutch corporate directors
Dutch financial writers
Dutch nonprofit executives
Dutch nonprofit directors
Dutch trade association executives
Dutch political writers
Dutch technology writers
Academic staff of Erasmus University Rotterdam
Leiden University alumni
Academic staff of Leiden University
Mathematical economists
Mathematics writers
Members of the Senate (Netherlands)
Members of the Social and Economic Council
People from Bloemendaal
Politicians from The Hague
Rectors of universities in the Netherlands
University of Amsterdam alumni
Academic staff of the University of Amsterdam
20th-century Dutch businesspeople
20th-century Dutch civil servants
20th-century Dutch economists
20th-century Dutch educators
20th-century Dutch male writers
20th-century Dutch mathematicians
20th-century Dutch politicians
21st-century Dutch businesspeople
21st-century Dutch civil servants
21st-century Dutch economists
21st-century Dutch educators
21st-century Dutch male writers
21st-century Dutch mathematicians
21st-century Dutch politicians

Alexander Rinnooy Kan


The Colloquy of Worms was the last colloquy in the 16th century on an imperial level, held in Worms from September 11 to October 8, 1557. At the Diet of Augsburg in 1555 it had been agreed that the dialog on controversial religious issues should be continued. A resolution was passed at Regensburg in 1556, and the next colloquy took place in Worms in 1557. The Catholics Michael Helding, John Gropper, and Peter Canisius met with the Protestants Philip Melanchthon, Johannes Brenz and Erhard Schnepf. They first discussed the relation between the Bible and tradition. When Canisius alluded to differences among the Protestants themselves in their doctrine of original sin and justification, which they could not overcome, the meeting was dissolved.

Other participants present at this Colloquy included Julius von Pflug, Kaspar Schwenkfeld von Ossig, Johannes Pistorius, François Hotman, Maximilian Mörlin, and Theodore Beza.

References
 Conferences of Worms, article in Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, vol. 12, pp. 431–433.

Reformation in Germany
Schmalkaldic War
Worms, Germany
1550s in the Holy Roman Empire
1557 in Christianity

Colloquy of Worms (1557)


Shinkichi Tajiri (Los Angeles, December 7, 1923 – Baarlo, Netherlands, March 15, 2009) was a Dutch-American sculptor who was born in the US but resided in the Netherlands from 1956 onwards. He was also active in painting, photography and cinematography.

Childhood and education
A Japanese American, Tajiri was born in Watts, a working-class neighborhood of Los Angeles. He was the fifth of seven children born to Ryukichi Tajiri and Fuyo Kikuta, first generation emigrants (issei), who moved from Japan to the United States in 1906 and 1913.

In 1936, the family relocated to San Diego. His father died when he was fifteen.  In 1940, Tajiri received his first lessons in sculpture from Donal Hord.

Life and work
In 1942, following the signing of Executive Order 9066, Tajiri's family was incarcerated at Poston War Relocation Center in Arizona.  Tajiri was a soldier, with the 442nd Regimental Combat Team, like his brother Vincent. They fought in Europe, from 1943 on and he was wounded in Italy. Shinkichi went back to Chicago to study at the Art Institute from 1946 to 1948.

In 1949 he went to Paris to study with Ossip Zadkine and then Fernand Léger. He met Karel Appel and Corneille in Paris and shows at the 1949 COBRA exhibition at the Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam.  In 1951 he went to Germany and taught at the Werkkunstschule Wuppertal.  In 1955 he won a Golden Palm at Cannes, for his first short film, The Vipers, because of his experimental use of the language of film. From 1956 he lived in the Netherlands, since 1962 in Baarlo. He worked as a sculptor and painter. He exhibited at the famous Kassel documenta II, 1959; III, 1964 and IV, 1968. From 1969 Tajiri Shinkichi taught at the Hochschule für Bildende Künste at Berlin. 1969 and 1970 Shinkichi took pictures of every part of the Berlin Wall. In 1970 he went to Denmark and directed the award-winning documentary Bodil Joensen – en sommerdag juli 1970 about Bodil Joensen. In 1975 and 1976 he recreated the Daguerreotype: surreal portraits, nudes and daguerreotypes of the Wall.

Catalogues
 Spiegel mit Erinnerungen, Shiunkichi Tajiris Wiederentdeckung der Daguerreotypie. Exhibition, catalogue, Künstlerhaus Bethanien: Berlin, editor, 1977
 Stereoscopic Views by Tajiri, Exhibition, catalogue, Stedelijk Museum: Amsterdam, editor, 1979

Notes

References
 Jörg Kirchbaum, Lexikon der Fotografen, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer TB, 1981, p. 183.
 Claudia Bulk, "Tajiri, Shinkichi," in: Reinhold Mißelbeck, ed., Prestel- Lexikon der Fotografen: Von den Anfängen 1839 bis zur Gegenwart, Munich: Prestel, 2002, p. 235.

External links
 Official website of Shinkichi Tajiri
 Chicago Japanese American Historical Society
 Pictures of the Berlin Wall, 1969-'70
 Samurai in Space - Shinkichi Tajiri film on Amazon

1923 births
2009 deaths
Dutch sculptors
Dutch male sculptors
American artists of Japanese descent
Dutch people of Japanese descent
Naturalised citizens of the Netherlands
Sculptors from Los Angeles
United States Army personnel of World War II
American military personnel of Japanese descent
Japanese-American internees
20th-century American sculptors
American male sculptors
American emigrants to the Netherlands
20th-century American male artists

Shinkichi Tajiri


The Orphan of the Rhine is a gothic novel by Eleanor Sleath, listed as one of the seven "horrid novels" by Jane Austen in her novel Northanger Abbey.

Subtitled "A Romance" it was published in four volumes by the sensationalist Minerva Press in 1798.  It was part of a brief but popular vogue of German tales, a fashion criticized in the Critical Review of June 1807: "So great is the rage for German tales, and German novels, that a cargo is no sooner imported than the booksellers' shops are filled with a multitude of translators, who seize with avidity and without discrimination, whatever they can lay their hands upon...[these novels are] trash...[and] worthless objects."  Although most gothic novels took a resolutely anti-Roman Catholic stance, the author of this novel was herself a Catholic.

Summary
The novel tells the tale of Julie de Rubine, a noble orphan, who after the death of her  parents moved from France to Turin, to live with her wealthy aunt Madame Laronne. Before her death Julie's mother made her to swear that she would marry, if ever, only a Catholic. Julie faithfully promised to do so. Her aunt led a fashionable life, so there were fetes, outings and balls to attend. Julie was admired for her beauty, and soon had a marriage proposal from Signor Vescolini, the only son of the Conte della Croisse. He is well off, but a Protestant, and his solicitations are distasteful to Julie. She rejects him twice, but her aunt insists,  and forces her into this marriage. Julie's situation becomes even worse when the Marchese de Montferrat, rich and handsome, starts courting her. Madame Laronne hoped to marry the Marchese, because he paid her attention at the beginning of their acquaintance. When the aunt realises that he is after her niece, she presses the marriage with Vescolini even harder and keeps a close watch on Julie. The Marchese de Montferrat finds means to enter Julie's room and to arrange an elopement. He proposes to her a clandestine marriage, to be made public after a while. She agrees. Marchese marries her and keeps her in a hunting villa in the woods. He is tender and loving at first; but after Julie becomes pregnant, he cools down, and after a while tells her that the marriage was a sham, and she is, in fact, just his mistress. Julie gives birth to a son, Enrico, and leaves the Marchese for a little cottage on the borders of the Lake of Geneva. Her faithful servant Dorothée departs with her. After several years of residency in the cottage Julie receives a letter from the Marchese. He asks her to look after a little girl, four months old, and promises her a large house to live in, a quarterly allowance, servants and career help for their son, Enrico. If she refuses, he writes, he will "revenge on her." After some deliberation, Julie agrees. She, Enrico, Dorothée and the little nameless girl (the Marchesse left it to Julie to baptize her and to give her a name) depart to Germany, to a castle which the Marchese desired them to occupy, in the company of the Marchesse's sinister servant, Paoli. On their way to Germany they met a man called La Roque, who is left ill and dying in the inn, with only his daughter to attend him. Julie, moved by compassion, tries to cheer them up, sends for a physician, hires them a servant and leaves them a present of money.  La Roque tells her to seek for them in a convent, him under the name of Father Francisco, and his daughter as sister Maria. Though Julie tried to locate them, she could not find them again, and met them only many years afterwards.

Upon arrival to the castle of Elfinbach, Julie finds it somewhat dilapidated. She assumes a new name, and starts calling herself Madame Chamont. She concludes that the girl left in her care must be a daughter of the Marchese and a woman called Di Capigna, a daughter of a merchant and  her successor. The Marchese seduced her, but left her to marry a woman of large fortune and high rank. Di Capigna's father died from grief, and she herself disappeared, no one knows to where. Julie christens the child Laurette.

To increase his wealth even more the Marchese de Montferrat is rumoured to hire assassins who killed Conte della Caro, his relative, whose heir he was. The wife of the Conte died after giving birth to a daughter, and the daughter died with her mother, so the Marchese inherited the vast property of  della Caro. He is immensely rich now.
Julie raises up the children, teaching them classics, languages, music, and appreciation of nature and involves them in charitable works. A grown-up Enrico departs to join the army - the Marchese fulfilled his promise.
Julie lives quietly, visiting the neighbouring convent, where she discovers, by chance, Di Capigna, who confesses her identity when dying, and assures Julie that she never had a daughter.
Rambling in the woods, Julie stumbles upon a tower, enters to see what is inside and hears Paoli, threatening someone with death. She hides, to see him coming out from a tower and dropping a key. Julie sets the prisoner of the tower free - and it's no other than La Roque!

He tells her his story: he is, in fact, the Conte della Croisse, father of Signor Vescolini. He tells her that his son was killed by instigation of the Marchese de Montferrat, and he himself and his daughter were running away from his vengeance, when they met Julie on the road. Since then his daughter has married a rich and high-born German nobleman; and he was living near his family when one day he was abducted by Paoli and two ruffians.

Julie helps him to escape. Unfortunately, she dropped her bracelet in the tower, and Paoli found it among the files she used to break della Croisse's chains. Paoli lures Julie to look over the ramparts in the evening, and has her kidnapped by banditti. No one has seen her since, and Laurette proceeds to live on her own in the castle.

Enrico arrives and proposes Laurette marriage, he is in love with her. Though she is in love with him, too, she can't agree, since he has no means to keep a family. She decides to continue under the protection of the Marchese de Montferrat until Enrico will earn an establishment, and to brave the dark rumours about the Marchese's sinister past.

A white monk approaches Laurette, gives her the portrait of her mother, and is trying to reveal her identity to her, when they are interrupted by Paoli. Paoli immediately sends her off to another German castle of de Montferrat, in the principality of Salzburg. The Marchese, tired and weary of Italy, moves there himself. He falls in love with Laurette and presses marriage on her. When she refuses, he decides to dispose of her: she overhears him and Paoli conspiring to kill her. She is whisked away secretly, and no one sees her again. Enrico, who received a small legacy from a friend, travels to Salzburg, only to find out his Laurette has disappeared. Enrico finds her by chance in a hunting villa, guarded by Masehero, Paoli's brother, and left to die from hunger in one of the rooms below. He liberates her, and is surprised by arrival of the Conte della Croisse. The Conte informs him that he killed Paoli, and that the latter confessed all his crimes and announced that Enrico's mother was a lawful wife of the Marchese de Montferrat. The Marchese, wanting to have a fling, asked Paoli to procure a fake priest to perform a fake marriage ceremony. Paoli, thinking that he might benefit from it in the future, produced a real priest, so the ceremony was valid, and Enrico is a lawful heir of the Marchese. Paoli kept it secret, to blackmail the Marchese, if the later ever decided to dispose of him. The Conte della Croisse found Enrico's mother, too, shut in one of the local convents, where they tried to force her to become a nun. The monk who approached Laurette is revealed to be her maternal grandfather, and she is the legitimate daughter and the rightful heiress of the Conte della Caro. The Marchese de Montferrat is forced to confess his crimes and dies. Enrico marries Laurette, and they all, his mother included, reside in the castle of Elfinbach, doing a lot for charity.

Reception
According to the literary critic and bibliophile Michael Sadleir, in his survey of the Northanger Horrid Novels "The Orphan of the Rhine is a genuine product of the influence of Mrs Radcliffe. It contains sensibility with sensation, being more terrific than Clermont but more melodious and picturesque than the terror-novel pure and simple" (Sadleir 1944: 180).

Editions
1968, London: Folio Press
2008, Dodo Press

Reprint of the rare first edition
As part of their reprints of the Jane Austen Northanger Horrid Novels series, in 2014 Valancourt Books brought back The Orphan of the Rhine in the only complete reprinting of the original, unabridged and unedited text. The edition contains a new introduction by Jane Austen scholar Ellen Moody.

Bibliography
Michael Sadleir (1944), Things Past
Montague Summers (1938), The Gothic Quest: a History of the Gothic Novel

External links

1798 novels
British Gothic novels
Novels about orphans

The Orphan of the Rhine


Chok may refer to:

Places
 Chok State, a former princely state in Kathiawar
 its seat, a village in present Gujarat, western India
 Chok River, a river in western India
 Chok, Iran, a village in Yazd Province, Iran

People
 Chok people, a society that lived on the Elgeyo escarpment in Kenya
 Raymond Lam (), known as "Chok王"—meaning "the King of Chok"—a Hong Kong actor and singer
 "Chok", song from Raymond Lam's album LF
 A Chinese masculine given name, popular in Singapore:
 Goh Chok Tong (born 1941), second Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore
 Lionel Chok (21st century), Singaporean film-maker and director
 Bong Kee Chok (born 1937), politician
 Chok Sukkaew (born 1987), Thai footballer
 Elvie Chok (1924–2015), Hong Kong international lawn and indoor bowler
 Ming Tung Chok, former CEO of Soyo Group
 Philip Chok, Hong Kong international lawn and indoor bowler
 Vera Chok, London-based actor and writer

Other
  (擢樣), a popular term in Hong Kong, meaning "to forcefully make oneself look more handsome"
 CHOK, a Canadian radio station

See also

 Chock (disambiguation)

Chok


Julian Sargeant "Sarge" Reynolds (June 30, 1936 – June 13, 1971) of Richmond, Virginia, was an American educator, businessman, and Democratic politician. He served in both the House and Senate of the Virginia General Assembly and served as 30th Lieutenant Governor of the Commonwealth of Virginia under Governor Linwood Holton. He died of an inoperable brain tumor at age 34 while in office as Virginia's Lieutenant Governor.

Early and family life
Reynolds was born into wealth in New York City, the second son of Richard Samuel Reynolds, Jr. (president and CEO of Reynolds Metals Company), and Virginia McDonald Sargeant Reynolds. His grandfather had invented Reynolds Wrap and founded the metals company. His great-grandfather A.D. Reynolds of Bristol, Tennessee had been a successful tobacco farmer and brother of Richard Joshua Reynolds, who founded the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company.

Sarge Reynolds was educated in Richmond, Virginia, attending St. Christopher's School, and graduating from Woodberry Forest School in Orange, Virginia, in 1954. He then went to Philadelphia to attend the Wharton School of Finance, University of Pennsylvania. In 1958 he graduated 9th in his class of 356.

He married the former Elizabeth (Betsy) Weir Veeneman of Louisville, Kentucky. Before their divorce, they had four children: Virginia (Ginny) Weir, J. Sargeant, Jr., Jeanne Elizabeth (Liz) and David Parham Reynolds II (who died less than 2 months after birth). Reynolds then married Mary Ballou Handy Stettinius from Lynchburg, Virginia. They had one son, Richard Roland Reynolds.

Career
In 1958 Reynolds started his business career in the Market Research Department of the family's Reynolds Metals Company. In 1961 he became Assistant Treasurer and in 1965 he became Executive Vice-President of the Reynolds Aluminum Credit Corporation. He also taught economics at the University of Richmond to help him overcome shyness.

Political career
Reynolds began his political career with the Young Democratic Club, as the Byrd Organization struggled with the end of Massive Resistance. Reynolds first ran for elective office in 1965 and was elected as one of eight delegates for Richmond. In that election after the reapportionment required by Davis v. Mann as well as the Civil Rights Act of 1965, incumbents George E. Allen Jr., T. Coleman Andrews Jr., Harold H. Dervishian, Junie L. Bradshaw and Edward E. Lane won re-election, and Reynolds, E. B. Pendleton Jr. and T. Dix Sutton replaced fellow Democrat Fred G. Pollard (who became Lieutenant Governor) as well as Richmond's first elected Republicans in years--Louis S. Herrink Jr. (who moved to King George) and S. Strother Smith Jr. (each of whom had been elected in 1963 and proved one-termers).

Two years later, Reynolds ran for the Virginia State Senate from District 30, again representing Richmond City, Senator FitzGerald Bemiss having retired. Reynolds and incumbent fellow-Democrat Edward E. Willey thus became Richmond's two senators. In the General Assembly, Reynolds advocated establishing the Virginia Community College System. In the 1967 election at which Reynolds moved up to the state senate, among Richmond's eight delegates, half changed. Thomas P. Bryan, Ernest W. Farley Jr., William Ferguson Reid and Richmond's first woman mayor, Republican Eleanor Parker Sheppart replaced Andrews, Dervishian, Reynolds and Sutton.

Virginia's Democratic Party nominated Reynolds to run for Lieutenant Governor against pro-education Republican H. Dunlop Dawbarn in 1969, which proved to be a near-landslide year for Republicans. The Republicans concentrated their efforts on electing Richard Nixon President and Linwood Holton Virginia's governor (who outpolled Democrat William C. Battle), and succeeded with many other offices on the ticket. However, Reynolds broke the tide, polling 54% of the vote for lieutenant governor compared to Dawbarn's 42%, thus winning the 3-way race. In a 1969 special election following Reynolds' resignation from the State Senate, fellow Democrat L. Douglas Wilder (who would later become Virginia's first African-American governor) won election to represent Richmond in the state senate alongside Willey, thus replacing Reynolds.

Death and legacy

Shortly after taking office, Reynolds was diagnosed as having an inoperable brain tumor. Weakened by attempted treatments of the tumor in New York City, Reynolds died of pneumonia. Reynolds asked to be buried at his great-grandfather's boyhood home. Dying in office, he was accorded a state funeral before being buried in accordance with that wish. J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College, which serves Henrico County and metropolitan Richmond, was named in his honor after his death in 1971.

References

Further reading

The book, "Sarge Reynolds – In the Time of His Life" by Andy McCutcheon and Michael P. Gleason, published in 1996. Both men worked for and knew Sargeant Reynolds personally.

"Sarge Reynolds, a documentary" paid for by the Richard S. Reynolds Foundation (his grandfather) in cooperation with the Center for Politics at the University of Virginia, 2006.

External links
J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College

1936 births
1971 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American politicians
Deaths from brain tumor
Lieutenant Governors of Virginia
Democratic Party members of the Virginia House of Delegates
Politicians from New York City
Politicians from Richmond, Virginia
Reynolds family
St. Christopher's School (Richmond, Virginia) alumni
Democratic Party Virginia state senators
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni
Woodberry Forest School alumni

J. Sargeant Reynolds


Patrick Ayiecho Olweny is a Kenyan politician. He belongs to the Orange Democratic Movement and was elected to represent the Muhoroni Constituency in the National Assembly of Kenya in the 2007 Kenyan parliamentary election. In 2010 he created tribalist controversy by urging Luo people to disregard family planning and make as many children as possible to make the tribe more prominent in census and thus Kenyan politics.

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Orange Democratic Movement politicians
Members of the National Assembly (Kenya)

Patrick Ayiecho Olweny


Costanzo Antegnati (9 December 1549 - 14 November 1624) was an organist, organ builder and composer.

Biography
He was born in Brescia, to a family of prolific organ builders, a profession which also included his father Graziadio.  His was musically educated by Giovanni Contino and Girolamo Cavazzoni.

Organ builder
At age 21, he was sent by his father, who reassured the Duke Guglielmo Gonzaga of his son's abilities, to fix the organ of the basilica of Santa Barbara in Mantua.
Additionally, Costanzo worked with his father in the construction of the Antegnati organ, at one time the largest and most famous in the world, which was built in 1581 for the friars of St. Joseph's Church in Brescia.

In 1595 he was commissioned by Catherine Gonzaga, daughter of the Marquis Alfonso Gonzaga, for the construction of the organ at the Church of St. Erasmus Prepositurale in Castel Goffredo.  Although few of his instruments survive, the remarkable Organ Antegnati of the church of St. Nicholas (1588) in Bergamo was restored in 1996.  He is most famous for the work L'arte organica (1608) which provides technical details of 144 organs built by his family, rules about the tuning of organs and harpsichords, and advice regarding organ registration.

Organist and composer
Costanzo was an organist at the Brescia cathedral from 1584 until 1619.  Despite suffering a stroke sometime near 1600, he continued as principal organist.  He was relieved of his duties as organist in 1620 because of his crippled left hand.  He was not dismissed from his post and of his salary, as he was deemed "worthy of the city".

He wrote several Masses and madrigals between 1571 and 1592, and published a book of organ pieces, including some of his own, in 1608.  In 1571 he published, in Venice, The First Book of Madrigals for Four Voices with a Dialogue for Eight. Subsequently, he published, on an almost biennial basis, anthologies of mainly sacred compositions (Masses, psalms and motets), but also including secular works.

Antegnati's family tree

References

 Gli Antegnati. Studi e documenti su una stirpe di organari bresciani del Rinascimento, a cura di Oscar Mischiati, Bologna, Pàtron editore, 1995 (Biblioteca di cultura organaria e organistica, 9).
 Flavio Dassenno Bellissimi organi bresciani Provincia di Brescia, 2002

External links

Italian pipe organ builders
Renaissance composers
1549 births
1624 deaths
Male classical composers

Costanzo Antegnati


Golden Book Video was a line of children/family animated and live-action videos marketed by Western Publishing, beginning in the holiday season of 1985. They featured characters and stories from Western's print publications, such as Little Golden Books, and were originally released on VHS video cassette for under $10.

The videos made use of limited animation techniques to add motion to original illustrations from Western's print books; Western called this approach "bringing storybooks to life". As production was carried-out by multiple companies (usually Studio Consultants Inc., Universal Recording Corp. and Animagination Inc., among others), contents of the videos varies. Typically, they featured a full voice cast, with background music sourced from production music libraries (the APM Music library, in most cases), although original songs were recorded for some videos, occasionally with sing-along lyrics appearing on-screen. The video adaptions often carried original material that was not present in the original books. Some of their video releases were mastered with Dolby Stereo.

Starting in 1986, Golden also began releasing Golden Book Music Videos, which usually contained similar limited animation set to new illustrations and a full-length story, incorporating a combination of classic children's songs and new original songs. Golden Book Video also started the Golden Step-Ahead Video series, featuring educational videos dealing with subjects such as simple reading/letter phonics, basic mathematics, what going to school is like, etc.

In 1987, Golden Book Video started straying away from book adaptations, and began releasing general entertainment (i.e. cartoon episodes, TV specials, etc.) under their then-new "Golden Vision" banner, along with some newly created content (usually live-action), but by 1990, the Golden Vision banner was dropped and all new products, including general entertainment productions, were released under the regular Golden Book Video branding.

Also, starting in 1989, many of the earlier "storybook adaptation" videos were reissued under the "Golden Book Video Classics" banner, which often would have the same famous golden spine on the sides of the box similar to Little Golden Books. Beginning in 1991, Golden Book Video also began releasing several older CBS after-school special cartoons produced by Bosustow Entertainment under this banner.

In 1991, Golden Book Video purchased and absorbed Hi-Tops Video from Heron Communications, and began releasing new titles formerly distributed by Hi-Tops, such as the Baby Songs series and the Madeline specials.

By 1996, Golden Book Video was absorbed into its parent company's Golden Books Family Entertainment division, and in 1998, Sony Wonder would then distribute VHS and DVD tapes of Western Publishing properties afterwards.

Random House and Classic Media (now DreamWorks Classics) bought out Golden Books Family Entertainment in 2001.

VHS Releases

 See, Sing and Play
 The Rainy Day Number Show
 The Poky Little Puppy and the Patchwork Blanket and Other Stories (The Sailor Dog, and Little Toad to the Rescue)
 Three Favorite Stories (Scuffy the Tugboat, What Was That?, and Thoedore Mouse Goes to Sea)
 Richard Scarry and Other Nursery Stories (The Gingerbread Man and Other Nursery Tales (Goldilocks and the Three Bears, and The Three Little Pigs)
 Three Amye Rosenberg Stories (The Tale of Peter Rabbit, Polly's Pet, and The Little Red Hen)
 Three Mercer Mayer Stories (Herbert the Timid Dragon, Just for You, and How the Trollusk Got his Hat)
 Whatever Happened to the Dinosaurs?
 Jungle Animal Tales (The Saggy Baggy Elephant, Tawny Scrawny Lion and Rupert the Rhinoceros)
 Three Sesame Street Stories (Everyone Makes Mistakes, The City Worm and the Country Worm, and Wanted: The Great Cookie Thief)
 Five Sesame Street Stories (The Origins of Super-Grover, Super-Grover and the Speeding Sled, Super-Grover and the Three Bears, Super-Grover and the Hole Story or Gone Fishing, and Big Bird Brings Spring to Sesame Street)
 The Three Little Pigs Sing a Gig
 Goldilocks and the Three Bears Sing Their Little Bitty Hearts Out
 The Hugga Bunch Stories
 Pound Puppies Stories Volume 1: The Gate Crashers, Snowball the Wonder Dog, and the Puppy Who Couldn't Remember.
 Pound Puppies Stories Volume 2: The Newborns at Camp O-Kay-Boney, A Prince of a Pup, and Three Homes for Two Puppies
 Masters of the Universe Stories
 Richard Scarry's Old MacDonald's Farm and Other Stories (The Wolf and the Kids, and The Musicians of Breman)
 Richard Scarry's Get Ready for School
 Working With Words and Numbers
 Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day
 Mike Mulligan and His Steam Shovel
 Fairy Tale Classics (Jack and the Beanstalk, Little Red Riding Hood, and The Three Billy Goats Gruff)
 The Ugly Duckling and Other Hans Christian Andersen Treasured Tales (The Emperor's New Clothes, and Thumbelina)
 Cinderella and Other Stories (The Golden Goose, and The Elves and the Shoemaker)
 Little Golden Book Land in The Great Harbor Rescue

References

External links
The Official "Little Golden Books" Page

Little Golden Books
Western Publishing
DreamWorks Classics
American children's films
Early childhood education

Golden Book Video


is a Japanese work that a person creates alone or with people who also share same interest. A group of people who work together to create doujinshi are called a . Some circles have only one artist working by themselves: they are sometimes called . These works can be books, manga, art, or other things. Doujinshi are often created by amateurs, but, some professional artists also make doujinshi. The word "doujinshi" comes from  and . Shi is a contraction of the full word zasshi. Zasshi means magazine.

Doujinshi are part of a larger category of dōjin. This category includes art collections, anime, hentai, and games.

People who make Doujinshi are often called "Indie" creators. There are entire genres of games and music dedicated to doujinshi. Due to the nature of Doujinshi, people who make it often find it more difficult to distribute their work than those who choose to distribute on traditional publishing or mainstream channels.

Other websites
TheAkiba DoujinART Gallery : A gallery sharing Anime Artwork and Doujinshi scans.
Passion: A popular doujinshi fanlisting site
Doujinshi DB : A large database of dōjinshi artists, circles, and books

Anime and manga terms
Manga

Doujinshi


A National Historic Landmark (NHL) is a building, site, structure, object, or district with historical importance. The United States government marks them as NHLs only if they have high historical significance. Out of more than 80,000 places on the National Register of Historic Places only about 2,430 are NHLs.

A National Historic Landmark District (NHLD) is a historic district that is recognized as an NHL.  It may include contributing properties that have buildings, structures, sites or objects, and it may include non-contributing properties.

History
On October 9, 1960, Secretary of the Interior Fred Andrew Seaton announced 92 properties as NHLs.  The first of these was a political nomination, Sergeant Floyd Grave and Monument in Sioux City, Iowa as officially designated on June 30 of that year, but for various reasons the public announcement of the first several NHLs was delayed.

Criteria
NHLs are designated by the United States Secretary of the Interior because they are:
 Sites where events of national historical significance occurred;
 Places where prominent persons lived or worked;
 Icons (symbols) of ideals that shaped the nation;
 Outstanding examples of design or construction;
 Places characterizing a way of life; or
 Archeological sites able to yield information.

Overview of current NHLs
Of the 2,442 or so current NHLs, 3 states, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and New York account for nearly 25 percent of the nation's NHLs. In addition to these states, cities within these states, Boston, Philadelphia, and New York City (each separately) alone have more NHLs than 40 out of the 50 states. There are NHLs in all 50 states.  There are 74 in the District of Columbia, 15 in Puerto Rico and other U.S. commonwealths and territories, five in U.S.-associated states such as Micronesia, and one in Morocco.

There are 128 ships or shipwrecks that are NHLs.

Other
About half of the National Historic Landmarks are privately owned. The National Historic Landmarks Program relies on suggestions for new designations from the National Park Service, which also assists in maintaining the landmarks. The National Historic Landmark Stewards Association is a friends' group of owners and managers who works to preserve, protect and promote National Historic Landmarks.

If not already listed on the National Register of Historic Places, an NHL is automatically added to the Register upon designation. About three percent of Register listings are NHLs.

References

Other websites
 National Historic Landmarks Program Official website
 A History of the NHL Program
 List of NHLs
 National Historic Landmarks: Archaeological Properties

1960 establishments in the United States

National Historic Landmark


Ufot Ekaette  (born 1939) was appointed the first Nigerian Minister of Niger Delta on 17 December 2008 by President Umaru Yar'Adua.
He left office in March 2010 when acting president Goodluck Jonathan dissolved his cabinet.

Background

Ekaette was born in 1939 in Ikot Edor, Onna Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State and died on the 25th of September 2019.
He attended King's College, Lagos, graduating in 1960, then went to University College, Ibadan where he earned a B.Sc. in economics in 1964.
He joined the Federal Civil Service on 28 July 1964.
Ekaette was principal secretary to head of state General Yakubu Gowon (1968–1975).

Later Ekaette served in the Federal Ministries of Industries (1975), Information (1977–1979), Education (1979) and National Planning (1979–1983).
He was secretary, Public Service Department and Head of Service (1984).
He was director, External Finance at the Federal Ministry of Finance (1985–86).
Ekaette was appointed permanent secretary, Federal Ministry of Industries in January 1986, then permanent secretary, Federal Ministry of Works and Housing in 1988.
He was director-general, Directorate of Food, Roads and Rural Infrastructure (June 1988 – March 1989), director-general, Federal Ministry of Social Development, Youth and Sports (1989) and director-general (planning), Federal Ministry of Budget and Planning (1990).
In 1990, he was appointed Deputy Governor of Akwa Ibom State under Air Commodore Idongesit Nkanga.
In 1996, he became a non-executive director of First Bank of Nigeria, a post he held until May 1999.

Political career

Ekaette was appointed secretary to the Government of the Federation (SGF) on 29 May 1999 by President Olusegun Obasanjo, holding office until the end of Obasanjo's second term in May 2007.
In April 2007, his wife Eme Ufot Ekaette was elected senator for Akwa Ibom South on the People's Democratic Party (PDP) platform.

On 24 December 2008 he was sworn in as Minister for Niger Delta Affairs.
His appointment was criticized by the militant Joint Revolutionary Council, who said that he lacked the drive and leadership required, and questioned the sincerity and commitment of Yar'Adua in making this choice.
Talking to oil company executives in February 2009, he said that the low level of development in the Niger Delta region and the crisis in the Niger Delta could have been avoided if the local people had received benefits from oil and gas development. He pointed out that in many cases workers had been brought in from other areas of the country, while locals suffered from pollution and lack of basic facilities.

In March 2010 the Joint Revolutionary Council called for the removal of Ekaette for alleged duplication of development projects in the Niger Delta. A statement said among other things that "Chief Ufot Ekaette is incompetent and unqualified to lead a ministry as sensitive as the Ministry of Niger Delta."

References

1939 births
Living people
Federal ministers of Nigeria
Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria) politicians
Nigerian Permanent Secretaries
People from Akwa Ibom State
University of Ibadan alumni
King's College, Lagos alumni

Ufot Ekaette


Mohanan Chandrasekaran is a Carnatic classical violinist from Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. He was born in Calcutta, on 11 December 1937 as the younger of the two sons of T.N. Mohanan and Charubala Mohanan, a violinist herself.   He was awarded the Madras Music Academy's Sangeetha Kalanidhi in 2005. Chandrasekharan began playing the violin at the age of 11, after which he went on to accompany many musicians in the field of Carnatic music. Having lost his eyesight at the age of two, he overcame his difficulty by music. He is also considered an expert in the laya (tempo) aspects, recognizing and adapting to intricate rhythmic patterns. Sri Chandrasekharan also presents vocal concerts, and sometimes sings along during his solo violin recitals. He has composed various musical forms in different languages, and has travelled the world performing. He often performs violin duet concerts with his daughter Smt. G. Bharathi. He has accompanied several masters of Carnatic music including Maharajapuram Santhanam, G. N. Balasubramaniam, Madurai Mani Iyer, Dr. K J Yesudas, Maharajapuram Viswanatha Iyer, flute N. Ramani, K. V. Narayanaswamy, T. N. Seshagopalan, D. K. Jayaraman, and T. K. GovindaRao.

References

Carnatic violinists
Living people
1939 births
Sangeetha Kalanidhi recipients
Blind musicians
21st-century violinists
Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship
Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award

M. Chandrasekaran


Rock the Casbah is a 2013 French-Moroccan drama film written and directed by Laïla Marrakchi. It was screened in the Special Presentation section at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival.

Plot
After Moroccan entrepreneur Moulay Hassan (Omar Sharif) abruptly dies of a heart attack members of his family come together for a three-day mourning period over his death. Foremost among the mourners are Aicha (Hiam Abbass), his wife, and his three daughters Miriam (Nadine Labaki), Kenza (Lubna Azabal) and Sofia (Morjana Alaoui).

Sofia is someone estranged from her family, having left Morocco to act in Hollywood years before. Furthering the rift between her and her family is the fact that her older sister Leyla committed suicide years before, in part because Moulay was controlling towards her and refused to let her marry Zakaria, the son of their maid, who she was in love with.

Despite trying to reconnect with her family Sofia finds herself feuding with them when they discover that she is divorcing her American husband and is critical of her sisters decisions to marry Moroccan men whom their father approved of but whom they do not love. Sofia temporarily leaves her mourning family to spend time with Zakaria but fights with him after he leaves her at a club to go have sex with the mother of his child in the bathroom. Fighting with Zakaria, Sofia learns that her sister Leyla was pregnant when she committed suicide.

While going through her father's things Sofia finds a picture of Zakaria with her father and the maid looking like a family. She realizes that Zakaria was her father's biological son making him her half-brother. Zakaria also receives a call from the executor of Moulay's estate and learns that he was Moulay's son, and also his heir.

At the reading of the will the other sisters discover the truth including the fact that Aicha knew that Zakaria was Moulay's son. Initially horrified, they decide to forgive their mother after she tells them that she kept silent in order to preserve family unity. Furthermore she encourages Zakaria to accept his inheritance, which is greater than that of the sisters as he is the sole male heir.

Reconciled, the entire family gathers together to watch old home movies from when the sisters were little girls. They are interrupted by the arrival of Sofia's husband who left the set of his latest film in order to reunite with her.

Cast
 Morjana Alaoui as Sofia
 Nadine Labaki as Miriam
 Lubna Azabal as Kenza
 Hiam Abbass as Aicha
 Omar Sharif as Moulay Hassan

References

External links

2013 films
2013 drama films
French drama films
Moroccan drama films
2010s French-language films
2010s English-language films
2010s Arabic-language films
Films directed by Laïla Marrakchi
Films scored by Robin Coudert
Pathé films
Films shot in Morocco
Films set in Tangier
2013 multilingual films
French multilingual films
Moroccan multilingual films
2010s French films

Rock the Casbah (2013 film)


Ian Martin (born 1953) is an English comedy writer.
Martin was a writer for the BAFTA-winning BBC series The Thick of It.  He was famously hired as "swearing consultant" in 2005 by the show's creator, Armando Iannucci, for Series 1 of the political satire and went on to become a full member of the writing team. He won an Emmy for his writing across five series of Veep and was BAFTA nominated for co-writing The Death of Stalin.

Early life
Martin was born in London and has lived in Lancaster since 1988.

Career
Ian Martin edits the satirical website martian.fm. He is a weekly columnist for the Architects' Journal and a regular contributor to The Guardian newspaper.

Other credits include writing additional material for the 2009 Oscar-nominated film In the Loop, the 2007 Armando Iannucci-created series Time Trumpet and several series of the radio show Armando Iannucci's Charm Offensive.

He is the author of The Coalition Chronicles (2011), a satirical and scatalogical account of a year in the parliamentary life of the Coalition government. He was a leading contributor to The Missing DoSAC Files (2010).

On 9 June 2014, Ian Martin gave a lecture at the Royal Academy in an evening event hosted by writer and broadcaster Patrick Wright as part of the 2014 Festival of Architecture.

Martin was a writer and supervising producer for the HBO series Veep, having written on five seasons and having acted the role of Dave Wickford in Season 2. In 2014 Armando Iannucci described Ian Martin in The Washington Post as being "very good at making the language of political debate suddenly become nonsensical."

Martin's radio play  The Hartlepool Spy, concerning the Hartlepool monkey, was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on Christmas Day 2018, with a cast including Michael Palin, Vic Reeves, Toby Jones, Gina McKee and Monica Dolan.

Personal life
Martin is married with two children and four grandchildren, at least two of whom live in Seoul.

In August 2015, Martin endorsed Jeremy Corbyn's campaign in the Labour Party leadership election. He wrote in The Guardian: "To win over public opinion, Labour must reflect it. Is that right? I think that's right. I think that's why they're all doing this synchronised frowning at poor repellent-ebullient Jeremy Corbyn and pretending he's a weirdo."

References

External links

1953 births
Living people
21st-century English writers
BBC people
English comedy writers
English satirists
English socialists
The Guardian people
Writers from London
Writers from Lancaster, Lancashire

Ian Martin (writer)


Salvatore Tatarella (11 October 1947 – 28 January 2017) was an Italian politician.

Biography and career
Graduated in law at the University of Bari, in 1972 he became a member of the central committee  of the Italian Social Movement. From 1993 to 1999 he was Mayor of Cerignola and in the 1994 European Parliament election he was elected MEP. In 1999 he resigned as MEP and was candidate to the Chamber of Deputies in the supplementary election of Bari, in the vacant district for the death of his brother Pinuccio, and he was elected. In the 2001 Italian general election he was candidate in the district of Cerignola, but he wasn't re-elected.

In the European Parliament Election of 2004 he was again elected MEP with National Alliance for the Southern electoral district, and in the 2009 European Parliament election he was re-elected with The People of Freedom. In 2010 he left the PdL and joined Future and Freedom, the new party of Gianfranco Fini. He sat on the European Parliament's Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety. He also was a substitute for the Committee on Transport and Tourism, a member of the Delegation for relations with Iran and a substitute for the Delegation for relations with Mercosur countries.

Tatarella died on 28 January 2017 at the age of 69.

References

External links

1947 births
2017 deaths
People from Cerignola
National Alliance (Italy) MEPs
The People of Freedom MEPs
Italian Social Movement politicians
National Alliance (Italy) politicians
The People of Freedom politicians
Future and Freedom politicians
MEPs for Italy 2009–2014
MEPs for Italy 1994–1999

Salvatore Tatarella


Ricky William Schmitt (born August 17, 1985) is a former gridiron football punter and place kicker. He was signed by the Arizona Cardinals as an undrafted free agent in 2007. He played college football at Shepherd University.

Schmitt was also a member of the San Diego Chargers, Pittsburgh Steelers, Oakland Raiders, San Francisco 49ers, Tennessee Titans, Saskatchewan Roughriders, and BC Lions.

Early years
Schmitt graduated from Salem High School in Virginia Beach, Virginia in 2003, but did not play football until his senior year. A four-year varsity letterman in soccer, Schmitt only went out for football due to the Sun Devils' need for a kicker. He was named an all-Beach District punter/kicker his senior year. He also played basketball. Schmitt was offered a scholarship to play soccer for Virginia Tech.

College career
Schmitt played college football at Shepherd University, a Division II school in West Virginia. He was one of the premier punters/kickers in the NCAA. In 2006 he would have been among the leaders of all divisions in punting statistics however his offense only allowed him to punt 41 times (not enough to qualify for the leaders). In spring testing Schmitt was one of the fastest members of the Shepherd University squad recording 40-yard dash times in the 4.4's. He is a three-time first team All-WVIAC selection as a punter and a two-time first team selection as a kicker. 2006 Daktronics Division II First Team All-Northeast Region selection and a second-team All-American in 2006.

Additionally Schmitt holds virtually all Shepherd kicking records including:

All-time leader in career field goals (33)
Most extra points in a career (151)
Most extra points in a season (50-54, 2005)
Most kick scoring points in a season (80, 2005)
Most consecutive extra points in a career (60)
Most consecutive extra points in a season (43)
2006 Single-season extra point percentage (100% 43-43)
Career extra point percentage (.926 - 151-163)
WVIAC Record in 2006

Schmitt punted 41 times for a 44 average, with a long of 77, and 22 punts inside the 20 in 2006. A master of directional punts, with a 5 sec. hangtime only 17 of his punts were returned. He had eighteen kickoffs for touchbacks.

Professional career

Arizona Cardinals
Schmitt was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Arizona Cardinals following the 2007 NFL Draft. He was cut on August 27. During the Cardinals preseason, Ricky punted 3 times for 114 yards, for an average of 38 yards.

First stint with 49ers

Schmitt signed with the San Francisco 49ers on January 15, 2008. He was cut on August 30. During the 49ers preseason, Ricky kicked off twice with both going for touchbacks, punted 3 times for 131.1 yards, with 2 landing inside the 20 and a long of 54, for an average of 43.7 yards, and went 3 for 4 on field goals.

Pittsburgh Steelers
Schmitt was signed to the practice squad of the Pittsburgh Steelers on October 28, 2008. He was released on November 1.

Oakland Raiders
Schmitt was signed to the practice squad of the Oakland Raiders on December 15, 2008. On December 30, he signed a two-year contract with the Raiders. He was cut on September 5, 2009. During the Raiders preseason, Ricky punted 18 times for 729 yards, with 5 landing inside the 20, for an average of 40.5 yards, and went 6 for 6 on extra points.

Second stint with 49ers
Schmitt re-signed with the San Francisco 49ers on December 22, 2009. In his first regular season game against the Detroit Lions on December 27, Ricky kicked off 5 times for 325 yards with 1 touchback, for an average of 65 yards, and also went 2 for 3 on field goals (1blocked) and 2 for 2 on extra points. He was placed on injured reserve with a groin injury on January 2, 2010.  On March 5, he became a free agent.

Tennessee Titans
Schmitt was signed by the Tennessee Titans on March 15, 2010. He was cut on August 31. During the Titans preseason, Ricky kicked off 3 times for 205 yards with 2 touchbacks, for an average of 68.3 yards, and punted 2 times for 110 yards, with 1 landing inside the 20 and a long of 65, for an average of 55 yards. He did not attempt any field goals or extra points.

San Diego Chargers
Schmitt was signed by the San Diego Chargers on January 20, 2011.  He was cut on September 3.  During the Chargers preseason, Ricky kicked off 14 times for 830 yards, with 8 touchbacks and 1 landing out of bounds, for an average of 59.3 yards, and punted 5 times for 215 yards, with 1 landing inside the 20 and a long of 50, for an average of 43 yards.  He did not attempt any field goals or extra points.

Second stint with Cardinals
Schmitt re-signed with the Arizona Cardinals on May 14, 2012.  He was cut on August 24.  During the Cardinals preseason, Ricky kicked off 5 times for 339 yards with 2 touchbacks, for an average of 67.8 yards, and punted 12 times for 537 yards, with 3 landing inside the 20 and a long of 56, for an average of 44.8 yards.  He did not attempt any field goals or extra points.

Saskatchewan Roughriders
Schmitt was signed by the Saskatchewan Roughriders on November 2, 2012.  He played in the first round of the CFL playoffs.  Saskatchewan lost to Calgary 36-30.

During the 2013 CFL season, Schmitt punted 136 times for 6114 yards, for an average of 45 yards.  He had a long of 74.

Schmitt won the 101st Grey Cup with the Roughriders in 2013. In 2014, Schmitt became a free agent.

BC Lions
On February 20, 2014, Schmitt signed with the BC Lions After playing one season for the Lions, the option year on his contract was not picked up and he became a free agent.

References

External links

Arizona Cardinals bio
Tennessee Titans bio
San Francisco 49ers bio
BC Lions bio

1985 births
Living people
Players of American football from Virginia Beach, Virginia
American football punters
American football placekickers
Canadian football punters
American players of Canadian football
Shepherd Rams football players
Arizona Cardinals players
San Francisco 49ers players
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Oakland Raiders players
Tennessee Titans players
San Diego Chargers players
Saskatchewan Roughriders players
BC Lions players

Ricky Schmitt


The Land Acts (officially Land Law (Ireland) Acts) were a series of measures to deal with the question of tenancy contracts and peasant proprietorship of land in Ireland in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Five such acts were introduced by the government of the United Kingdom between 1870 and 1909. Further acts were introduced by the governments of the Irish Free State after 1922 and more acts were passed for Northern Ireland.

The success of the Land Acts in reducing the concentration of land ownership is indicated by the fact that in 1870, only 3% of Irish farmers owned their own land while 97% were tenants. By 1929, this ratio had been reversed with 97.4% of farmers holding their farms in freehold. However, as Michael Davitt and other Georgists had foreseen, peasant proprietorship did not end hardship in the Irish countryside. Emigration and economic disadvantage continued while the greatest beneficiaries of land reform were the middle class of medium farmers.

Landlord and Tenant (Ireland) Act 1870

Background
The British Prime Minister, William Ewart Gladstone, had taken up the "Irish question" in an effort to win the general election of 1868 by uniting the Liberal Party behind this single issue. The shock of Fenian violence, especially in England, as well as the growing awareness of the potency of strong nationalist feelings in pan-European politics, was a second reason to tackle the Irish question. Gladstone desired to bring peace with fairness to Ireland, and by extension, the rest of the UK, which was then at the zenith of worldwide Imperial power. The Landlord and Tenant (Ireland) Act 1870 was partly the work of Chichester Fortescue, John Bright and Gladstone. The Irish situation was favourable, with agriculture improving and pressure on the land decreasing since the Great Irish Famine. The Encumbered Estates' Court (1849) and agitation by the Tenant Right League had led to the sale of estates by debt-ridden mainly absentee landlords. Gladstone's Liberal government had no explicit mandate for the Act, unlike the Irish Church Act 1869, and so could expect some opposition from the English landlord class in the House of Lords, fearful for the implications of property rights in England, many of whom were Whigs that Gladstone relied on for support in Parliament. Partly for this reason, Gladstone's approach was cautious, even conservative, for he was dedicated to maintaining the landlord class whose "social and moral influence", he said in 1863, was "absolutely essential to the welfare of the country." Furthermore, Gladstone met resistance from Whigs in his Cabinet itself, especially Robert Lowe, and the resulting compromise measure was so weak that it had little difficulty in passing both Houses of Parliament, with one significant amendment. As well as the Land Act, the Liberal government also passed the Irish Church Act 1869 and put forward the Irish University Bill that failed to pass both Houses of Parliament.

Policymakers made much use of the statistical data recently collated in Griffith's Valuation (1853–68).

Terms
1. The Ulster custom or any similar custom prevailing elsewhere, was given the force of law where it existed.
2. Tenants not enjoying this protection (the vast majority) gained increased security by:
a) compensation for improvements made to a farm if they surrendered their lease (these had previously been accredited to the landlord, hence no incentive to the tenant);
b) compensation for 'disturbance', i.e. damages, for tenants evicted for causes other than non-payment of rent.
3. The John Bright Clauses, which Gladstone accepted reluctantly, allowed tenants to borrow from the government two-thirds of the cost of buying their holding, at 5% interest repayable over 35 years, provided the landlord was willing to sell (no compulsory powers).

To prevent eviction by rack-renting, and so avoiding paying compensation to tenants, the Bill said that rents must not be "excessive", leaving this for the courts to define. But the House of Lords in a wrecking amendment substituted "exorbitant" in its place. This enabled landlords to raise rents above what tenants could pay, and then to evict them for non-payment without giving any compensation.

Consequences
However well-intentioned, the Act was at best irrelevant, at worst counter-productive. Fewer than 1,000 tenants took up the Bright Clauses, since the terms were beyond most tenants and many landlords did not wish to sell. Many substantial leasehold farmers, who had led the campaign for land reform, were excluded from the Act because their leases were longer than 31 years. Legal disputes over customary rights and "exorbitant" rents actually worsened landlord-tenant relations. Figures do not indicate any impact of the Act on the rate of eviction, which was anyway at a low level. In the late 1870s when depression struck, evictions for non-payment of rent mounted, tenants had no protection, and in reply 'outrages' and the campaign by the Land League, led by Michael Davitt, became known as the Land War. The government had to pass a Coercion Act as early as 1881 (the Protection of Persons and Property (Ireland) Act 1881) because of the increase in violence in Ireland; it lost support to the Home Rule Movement, which won nine out of 14 Irish by-elections between 1870 and 1874, mainly formerly Liberal-held seats.

Friedrich Engels, a contemporary observer, professed not to know "what the Tories could have against this Bill, which is so indulgent with the Irish landlords and finally places their interests in the tested hands of the Irish lawyers". He thought it "very amusing if the brave Gladstone thinks he has settled the Irish question by means of this new prospect of endless lawsuits". The legislation, however, "had a symbolic significance far beyond its immediate effects." The Land Act turned the tide of laissez faire legislation favouring capitalist landlordism, and in principle, if not in practice, was a defeat for the concept of the absolute right of property. For the first time in Ireland tenants now had a legal interest in their holdings.

Bessborough Commission
The "Report of her Majesty's Commissioners of Enquiry into the working of the Landlord and Tenant (Ireland) Act of 1870 and the acts amending the same", under the chairmanship of the 6th Earl of Bessborough and hence commonly known as the "Bessborough Commission Report," was published in 1881 after lengthy hearings in 1880. It reported that the 1870 Act gave the tenant no real protection because compensation for improvements could be claimed only on giving up the lease and because tenants saw themselves as forced to accept rent increases to avoid sacrificing what they had put into their holdings. It declared, "Freedom of contract, in the case of the majority of Irish tenants, large and small, does not really exist". By a majority of 4 to 1 (Arthur MacMorrough Kavanagh dissenting) the commissioners declared in favour of the "Three Fs" as demanded by the Land League: fair rent, free sale, and fixity of tenure.

Agricultural depression
From 1873 to 1896, farmers in Britain and Ireland suffered the "Long Depression" with its lower prices. Grain from America was cheaper and better, and was exported to Europe in ever-increasing amounts. Meat could be sent in refrigerated ships from as far as New Zealand and Argentina. For many tenant farmers in Ireland this meant lower net incomes with which to pay the rents they had agreed. This impacted most on the poorer, wetter western parts of the island that also suffered from the 1879 famine. This provided the context and arguments for further legal reforms.

Land Law (Ireland) Act 1881

The Land Law (Ireland) Act 1881 gave tenants real security, though by this time the Irish were demanding proprietorship. The Act established the principle of dual ownership by landlord and tenant, gave legal status to the Custom of Ulster throughout the country, provided for compensation for improvements and created the Irish Land Commission and a Land Court.  In Gladstone's words, the intention of the Act was to make landlordism impossible. However, it was a complicated piece of legislation though it did provide for land purchase, three-quarters of the money to be advanced by the Land Commission, and to be repaid over 35 years at 5% interest. Under the Act, 731 tenants became proprietors. More important was the fact that tenants had the right to take their rents to the Land Court for reduction under the fair rent clause, where in most cases a reduction of between 15% and 20% was awarded.

Despite a short-term reduction of rents (by about 20% by 1882) this Act can generally be seen as economically ineffective. Instead of cutting costs or increasing productivity, Irish farmers increasingly turned to the Irish land courts to cut their rents and jack up their dwindling incomes. The land purchase element can be described as counterproductive because the conditions tenants now enjoyed under this Act gave them no incentive to buy, furthermore, some economic historians dispute the effectiveness of land purchase as a solution to the Irish land problem. Land purchase significantly reduced the amount of capital in Ireland that could have been invested to improve efficiency and competitiveness of Irish farms. Therefore, some headway is made towards lower rents but this is at the cost of lower rates of productivity growth in Irish farming.

The Arrears of Rent (Ireland) Act 1882 was the result of the No Rent Manifesto and the subsequent Kilmainham Treaty made between Parnell and Gladstone by which the Land Commission was empowered to cancel arrears of less than thirty pounds due by tenants. Two million pounds in arrears were estimated to have been written off.

The Act was further amended by Arthur Balfour: the Land Law (Ireland) Act 1887 extended the terms of the Act to leaseholders.

Overview
The flawed economics that lay behind these acts exposes a political aim on Gladstone's part, to destroy the raison d'être of the Land League (following the recent Land War). Although the second Land Act ushered in a period of tentative calm, it became clear further reforms were necessary.

The Act undermined the Land League by granting fair-rent control, fixity of tenure on leases, and freedom of sale: all to be overseen by the new government-sponsored Irish Land Commission. The 1881 Act involved state participation in the redistribution of land-ownership. Because of attacks on landlords, the police and witnesses, the Protection of Persons and Property (Ireland) Act 1881 was passed, which added to the atmosphere of distrust of the authorities. An overview of the land war, the reforms and the effect of the Coercion Act was published in 1888 by the journalist WH Hurlbert, an Irish-American Catholic.

A symbolic significance of these land acts are how far Gladstone had come from his starting point. Judicial control of rent levels and the establishment of many land courts was a change from Gladstone's policy of 'retrenchment' and his commitment to free markets.

An added consequence of the land acts was the gradual displacement of the Protestant Ascendancy during the latter 19th and early 20th centuries accompanied by the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland by the Irish Church Act 1869. Some "Ascendancy" land-owning families like the Marquess of Headfort and the Earl of Granard had by then converted to Catholicism, and a considerable number of Protestant Nationalists had already taken their part in Irish history. A survey of the 4,000 largest landlords in 1872 revealed that already 43% were Roman Catholics, 48% were Church of Ireland, 7% were Presbyterians, and 2% unknown. The term "Protestant Ascendancy" was used from 1879–90 in the Land War and the Plan of Campaign as an emotional term in what was an economic dispute. Religious affiliation was used as a factor as 55% of the largest estates were held by Protestants or Presbyterians in a country overwhelmingly Catholic. However, the "war" applied to landlords of all religions and none.

The pace for land law reforms quickened after the Representation of the People Act 1884, which gave a much greater number of votes to the Irish rural electorate.

Purchase of Land (Ireland) Act 1885 (Ashbourne Land Act)

Continued land agitations throughout the 1880s and 1890s culminated firstly with the passing of the Purchase of Land (Ireland) Act 1885, named the "Ashbourne Act" for Lord Ashbourne, putting limited tenant land purchase in motion. The Act allowed a tenant to borrow the full amount of the purchase price, to be repaid at 4% over 49 years. Five million pounds sterling were made available, and about 25,400 tenants purchased their holdings during the period up to 1888, many in Ulster. In all  were purchased, which made an average holding of . The purchase price was equal to 17½ years rental.

The Act was amended by the Land Law (Ireland) Act 1888, providing a further five million to the amount granted for purchase under the Ashbourne Act.

Land Law (Ireland) Act 1887 (Balfour)

The Land Law (Ireland) Act 1887 was Arthur Balfour's major Land Act, which came at the end of the 'Plan of Campaign' agitation. It provided £33,000,000 sterling for land purchase, but contained many complicated legal clauses, so that it was not put fully into effect until amended five years later. At this point only £13,500,000 had been employed. It substituted peasant proprietorship for dual ownership as the principle of land tenure. At the same time Balfour created the Congested Districts Board to deal with distress in the backward areas of the west of Ireland.

The Act was amended by the Land Law (Ireland) Act 1896, increasing the amount available for purchase and removing the clauses which had made the Act unattractive. The Land Courts were empowered to sell 1,500 bankrupt estates to tenants. A total of 47,000 holdings were bought out between 1891 and 1896.

Local government was introduced two years later under the revolutionary Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898, which in turn contributed to the success of the United Irish League (UIL) in the 1900 general election, laying the foundation for a lasting solution in the land question.

Land Purchase (Ireland) Act 1903 (Wyndham Land Act)

Under pressure from both government, UIL and IPP, the Chief Secretary for Ireland, George Wyndham, gave his backing to a Land Conference in December 1902, comprising four moderate landlord representatives led by Lord Dunraven and four tenant representatives led by William O'Brien, the others John Redmond, T. W. Russell (who spoke for Ulster tenant-farmers) and Timothy Harrington. They worked out a new scheme for tenant land purchase, sale was to be made not compulsory, but attractive to both parties, based on the government paying the difference between the price offered by tenants and that demanded by landlords. This was the basis of the "Wyndham Act" – the Land Purchase (Ireland) Act 1903 – which O'Brien orchestrated through Parliament.

It differed from earlier legislation which initially advanced to tenants the sum necessary to purchase their holdings, repayable over a period of years on terms determined by an independent commission, while the Wyndham Act finished off absentee landlords' control over tenants and made it easier for tenants to purchase land, facilitating the transfer of about  up to 1914. By then 75% of occupiers were buying out their landlords under the 1903 Act and the later Irish Land Act 1909 of Augustine Birrell, which extended the 1903 Act by allowing for the compulsory purchase of tenanted farmland by the Land Commission, but fell far short in its financial provisions. In all, under these pre-1921 Land Acts over 316,000 tenants purchased their holdings amounting to  out of a total of  in the country.

The Acts provided Irish tenant farmers with more rights than tenant farmers in the rest of the United Kingdom. Munster tenants availed of land purchase in exceptionally high numbers, encouraged by their Irish Land and Labour Association's leader D. D. Sheehan after he and O'Brien established an Advisory Committee to mediate between landlords and tenants on purchase terms which produced a higher take-up of land purchase than in any other province.

Historian R. K. Webb gives most of the credit for the Wyndham Act to Conservative leader Arthur Balfour. He says the Act was:
A complete success. By the time the Irish Free State was created in 1922, the system of peasant proprietorship had become universal... A land problem more than a century  old had been solved, though it had taken more than 30 years of educating Parliament and landlords to do it. The scheme was intended as well to "kill Home Rule by kindness".

Labourers (Ireland) Act 1906

Having largely settled the Irish land question, William O'Brien, convinced by the success of combining  the "doctrine of conciliation" with "conference plus business", turned his attention in a Second Phase to the Irish Land and Labour Association's demands for the need to settle Irish labourers in the soil. His parliamentary engagement achieved the successful enactment of the unprecedented Labourers (Ireland) Act 1906 (initiated by James Bryce), followed by the Labourers (Ireland) Act 1911 (initiated by Augustine Birrell), and finally the Labourers (Ireland) Act 1919, which all together made provisions for a programme of large scale state-funded rural social housing, in which over 40,000 labourer-owned cottages were erected on  of land by local County Councils. The Acts housed, at low annual annuities, over a quarter of a million rural labourers and their families, previously living in hovels, which thereby transformed the Irish countryside.

To provide small parcels of land for people to grow their own vegetables and fruits, Parliament passed the Local Government (Allotments and Land Cultivation) (Ireland) Act 1917.

Irish Land (Provision for Sailors and Soldiers) Act 1919

Following the Great War, a further 5,000 houses were built in both parts of Ireland for returning soldiers, under the Irish Land (Provision for Sailors and Soldiers) Act 1919 which was defined as "An Act to facilitate the provision of land in Ireland for men who have served in the Naval, Military, or Air Forces of the Crown in the present War, and for other purposes incidental thereto", and, "so far as it relates to the provision of holdings under the Land Purchase Acts, shall be construed as one with those Acts, and, so far as it relates to the provision of cottages, plots, or gardens under the Labourers (Ireland) Acts, 1883 to 1919, shall be construed as one with the last-mentioned Acts." It was effected by the Irish Soldiers' and Sailors' Land Trust, which co-operated with the new Irish Free State, mostly building small new housing estates for veterans at the edge of towns. The object of the Act was to facilitate the reinstatement in civil-life of ex-servicemen and their dependents with the provision of £800,000 sterling for housing accommodation by the Local Government Board.

Free State Land Acts

On the formation of the Irish Free State in 1922, the commission was reconstituted by the Land Law (Commission) Act 1923, which also dissolved the Congested Districts Board. The Land Act 1923 adopted many proposals for a final land settlement from decisions reached during the Irish Convention in 1918 under the chairmanship of Horace Plunkett. The convention's proposals formed the basis of the Act.

The Land Commission had bought up  of farmland between 1885 and 1920 where the freehold was assigned under mortgage to tenant farmers and farm workers. The focus had been on the compulsory purchase of untenanted estates so that they could be divided into smaller units for local families, some of which proved to be "uneconomic"; this policy was applied unevenly across the country, with some large estates surviving if the owners could show that their land was being actively farmed. Provision was made for compulsory purchase of land owned by a non-Irish person until repealed in 1966.

From 1923, the amounts outstanding under earlier acts were paid to the British government as "land annuities", accruing in a Land Purchase Fund. This was fixed at £250,000 annually in 1925. In December 1925, W. T. Cosgrave lamented that there were already: "250,000 occupiers of uneconomic holdings, the holdings of such a valuation as did not permit of a decent livelihood for the owners". Despite this, his government continued to subdivide larger landholdings, primarily to gain electoral support.

The Land Act 1933, passed on a vote of 70–39, allowed the Minister for Finance to divert the annuities for local government projects. This was a factor in the Anglo-Irish Trade War between 1932 and 1938, and was mutually resolved by a one-off payment of £10 million to Britain in 1938. From 1932 the government argued strongly that Irish farmers should no longer be obliged for historic reasons to pay Britain for Irish land, but when Britain had passed out of the payment system it illogically still required farmers to continue to pay their annuities to the Irish government as before.

The Land Act 1965 was designed to stop speculative purchases of land by non-Irish persons. The Succession Act 1965 treated real estate owned by a deceased person as personalty for the first time.

The commission ceased acquiring land in 1983; this signified the start of the end of the commission's reform of Irish land ownership, though freehold transfers of farmland still had to be signed off by the commission into the 1990s. The commission was dissolved on 31 March 1999, by the Irish Land Commission (Dissolution) Act 1992, and most of the remaining liabilities and assets were transferred to the Minister for Agriculture and Food. Many relevant historical records are held by the National Archives of Ireland.

Ground rents
A "ground rent" is a nominal annual rent paid where a property is held under a long lease. Legislation has reformed ground rents alongside the agricultural land laws (see above). While most tenancy reform legislation was enacted for agricultural land, urban and suburban occupiers / tenants have been allowed to "buy out" their ground rents from landlords, and so effectively can change a long lease into a freehold interest, most recently under Acts of 1978 and 2005. Notably, ground rents in Castlebar, County Mayo have been withheld following the disappearance of Lord Lucan in 1974.

Paying ground rents is still considered by some to be an unresolved part of Ireland's history as a part of the United Kingdom; the Irish Government itself pays ground rents for iconic public buildings, including Government Buildings, the Four Courts, Dublin Castle and the Botanic Gardens. While the individual cost of each is relatively small, given inflation, an estimated 250,000 ground rents still exist in Ireland, with the state annually paying for example to the Duke of Leinster for some buildings. Brian Hayes, Minister of State for the Office of Public Works in 2011, stated that a referendum would be required to put the practice to an end. Residents of Hayes' own constituency continue to be issued demands for payment, with many ignoring them, though given that outstanding liabilities of ground rent hinder residents' ability to sell their homes, about 1,600 applications per annum are made to buy out ground rents every year.

Land and Conveyancing Law Reform Act 2009
After years of debate, the Land and Conveyancing Law Reform Act 2009 comprehensively reformed the law of conveyancing, mortgages, registration of and claims to title, rights of way and easements in the Republic of Ireland. Some little-used interests relating to feudal tenure, life interests, leases for lives and fee tails were formally abolished.

Northern Ireland

The UK Parliament at Westminster passed further Land Acts for Northern Ireland after the Partition of Ireland, such as the Northern Ireland Land Act 1925, the Northern Ireland Land Act 1929 and the Northern Ireland Land Purchase (Winding Up) Act 1935.

The Parliament of Northern Ireland passed the Land Registration Act (Northern Ireland) 1970.

See also
 Land reforms by country
 Landlord and Tenant Law Amendment (Ireland) Act 1860
 Assignment and Sub-letting of Land (Ireland) Act 1826

References

Primary sources

Bibliography

  (with detailed bibliography}

Citations

External links
Des Keenan, Post Famine Ireland- Social Structure  Ireland as it Really Was. Chapter 2. The economy I: agriculture
William Macafee. Local historical studies of rural areas: methods and sources

History of human rights
History of Ireland (1801–1923)
Land reform in Ireland
1870 in British law
British constitutional laws concerning Ireland
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning Ireland
Landlord–tenant law

Land Acts (Ireland)