The French Civil Aviation University (French: École nationale de l'aviation civile), also known as ENAC, is a French public aeronautical grande école. It was created on 28 August 1949. It has locations in Biscarosse, Carcassonne, Castelnaudary, Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban, Grenoble, Melun, Montpellier, Muret, Saint-Yan and Toulouse, in France. It is a member of the Conférence des Grandes Écoles, the University of Toulouse, and of the Aerospace Valley. It is one of five founders of France AEROTECH.

ENAC provides training in civil aeronautics. The university has around 25 courses. These include aerospace engineering, Masters, Mastères Spécialisés, and courses for technicians, airline pilots, air traffic controllers, managers and flight instructors (people who teach others to fly planes).

History

1945 - 1949

Air travel grew rapidly in France after World War II. Safe air transport required staff trained specifically for this activity. It also required people in different sectors of the aviation world to work together and understand each other. That is why ENAC was started. Max Hymans, the secretary general of civil and commercial aviation, was the chief organiser.

1949 - 1955

ENAC was created on 28 August 1949 (Decree 49-1205) in Paris. The university was located in Orly, south of Paris. René Lemaire considers ENAC as "a university of aviation safety".

A report of the Inspection générale de l'aviation civile said: "It was in the minds of the creators of the university, to develop between the crew and the ground staff a community of ideas, reciprocal knowledge, and esteem, that are essential for the teamwork required by air transport."  Training courses were longer or shorter depending on specialty.

1955 - 1959

The decree of 13 October 1959 announced the first partner of the university: Air France. It resulted in a sharing of tasks. It also established recruitment for airline pilots students with no previous flight experience. In 1958, the university already welcomed the first airline pilots students, on an experimental basis.

ENAC cooperated with the École nationale de la météorologie (National School of Meteorology). It promoted the teaching of this subject for air traffic controllers.  After World War II, ENAC helped the conversion of military aircrew.  The Service de l'aviation légère et sportive (SALS), under the decree of 31 March 1951, provided free flight training for airline pilot candidates coming from the army.

From 1949 to 1959, the number of courses held increased from 6 to 64. The number of students increased from 49 to 800.  In 1956, the navigation instructor rating was created. A training programme also started. In 1958, the airline pilot theoretical training course started.

It had rites such as a reception in full uniform by local authorities when university officials and students arrived at a new location.

ENAC Orly also held a yearly trip for all the students.

1959 - 1968

The university moved to Toulouse in 1968. The main campus is still there in 2020. It also changed from an external department of the French civil aviation administration to a public administration institution in 1970.

The French Civil Aviation University was started close to Paris-Orly Airport. This location was near the largest French airport at the time. It offered easy use of airplanes for a lot of activities such as navigation flights and promotional trips. It was also close to many airlines and aircraft manufacturers or businesses related to the aviation industry. The managers of these businesses often gave lectures and conferences at the university.

Traffic at Paris-Orly Airport grew rapidly at the beginning of the 1950s. In the mid-1950s plans began for a new location near to Parisian airports.  The potential locations were all less than 150 km from Paris, for example Melun, Pontoise, Coulommiers, Étampes, Reims, Évreux, Chartres, and Orleans.  A report dated 20 May 1959 lists the disadvantages of a location too far from Paris.  René Lemaire gave a report on 14June 1960 in which he supported a transfer to Toulouse. The École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs de constructions aéronautiques settled in Toulouse in 1961 and the École nationale supérieure de l'aéronautique et de l'espace was also going to move from Paris to Toulouse. On the 15 June 1961 Prime Minister Michel Debré accepted the transfer to Toulouse.  His successor Georges Pompidou confirmed the transfer in a letter dated 23 July 1963.

The construction of new buildings on the campus of Rangueil began in April 1966.  The project ended on 19 August 1968. The academic year started on 16 September 1968. 500 students started, including 325 who started their training. These trainees were as follows: 15 air navigation engineering student (mostly from the École Polytechnique), 70 engineering students in air navigation from two-years studies after the French Baccalaureate (the main end of school exams in France), 60 airline pilot students, 100 air traffic controller students, 40 electronics students, 20 commercial pilot students and 20 flight dispatcher students.

1968 - 1975

Before the university opened its doors to its new campus, the Commission permanente took into consideration the problem of an inadequate (not good enough) legal status. This problem was old. It was identified soon after the creation of the university. ENAC was supervised closely. There were many inspection reports. On average, these usually happened once every two years, sometimes more often. The management of the institution was judged severely (strictly). In the mid-1950s, some reports said the university was not allowed to exist, for example, the confidential report of Brancourt Controller on 12 March 1952. Some reports said that the university had "a lack of doctrine", and that "there is a certain tension with the training center of Air France", and even that "ENAC is madness".

The final decision is taken by Decree No. 70-347 of 13 April 1970. It was applied on 1 January 1971. ENAC received a board of directors when it became a public administrative institution. René Lemaire was the first president.

1975 - 1990

From 1975 a new thing is starting. It consists of an increase of the proportion of engineering students called "civilians" in opposition to the "officials" (civil servants) engineering students. ENAC is becoming a major player in the training for aerospace industry (civilian personnel), while its primary goal was only the training of officials for direction générale de l'aviation civile. It is true that the existence of students for the private sector is not new at the university : it was in 1956 that are trained the first of them. At the end of 1950s, however, this recruitment affects only a minority of students. It is primarily done to compensate the disadvantage which consists of the highly different number of students to work in the administration and to prevent the size of successive promotions with a too great difference. However, this second source tends to become more and more important, to finally become the first one. This results in an revision of the teachings. ENAC engineering education, particularly that of the specialty called "facilities" - it focuses on electronics - seduce the industrial sectors of electronics and information technology. Without having particularly desired, the university has progressively the role of a National University of Engineers.

Industry oriented university, research appeared in 1984, following the law on Higher education which provides that "engineering education [...] has a research activity, basic or applied, " and is organized around four areas: electronics, automation, computer and air transport economy. The university then feels interest for future engineers to learn research methods: while the method of deductive reasoning, for a long time favored by teachers in the two-years studies after French high school diploma and universities, shows its limitations, the method of inductive reasoning, characteristic of research, appears progressively better adapted to the nature of functions performed by today's engineers. The most recent manifestation of the growing interest in research at ENAC is the creation of the air transport economics laboratory, which designation reflects the desire to study, in addition to air transport itself, certain related activities such as air navigation.

The mid 1980s saw the emergence of mastères spécialisés programs. They are born for most of them from an industrial demand, including the groupement des industries françaises aéronautiques et spatiales, in order to support the export contracts by training. Indeed, while filling the needs of many French students or professionals, they can train in a relatively short period some foreign executives. The same period saw the diversification of continuing education at the university. The continuing education courses are organized in five main areas: air traffic systems, electronics, computer, aeronautics and languages/humanities.

1990 - today

The international dimension of the university grew in the 1990s. It is constrained, however, by the design and implementation of the new cycle for air traffic controllers. The effort required a specifically European component. It consists first in the participation in European projects such as EATCHIP (European Air Traffic control Harmonization and Integration Program), then in joining mobility programs for students such as Erasmus or Socrates. Under these programs, the university welcomes a growing number of foreign students. In doing so, it forges close relations with foreign universities, including those of Berlin and Darmstadt in Germany, as well as the one of Tampere in Finland. Since 1990, the university has new missions. Thus, ENAC negotiates new contracts for studies and research abroad. The 2000s are the years of the creation of courses entirely taught in English language and the development of activities focused on air navigation. In 2009, the university and its alumni association organize the first edition of the salon du livre aéronautique (aeronautical literary festival) in Toulouse. In December 2010, ENAC becomes an ICAO center for training in aviation security.

Meanwhile, the university develops new teaching facilities: the air traffic control simulator "CAUTRA", the aerodrome control simulator "AERSIM", an Airbus A320 flight management system simulator, a static model of the Airbus A321' s engine and the laboratory of telecom networks.

Since the 1st January 2011 and the merging of ENAC with the SEFA, the university is the biggest European aviation university.

In 2013, ENAC starts with the DGAC the consulting company France Aviation Civile Services.

Heads history

The current head of the university is Olivier Chansou, after Marc Houalla who was SEFA director from 2006 till the 1th of January 2011. It is the eighth person to be director since 1949. He was elected the 27th of November 2017. The directors since 1949 are given in the following table.

Administration

Governance
As all the equivalent universities in France, ENAC is managed by a President elected by a board of directors. He is member of the three councils of the university :
 Training and research council, managed by Gilles Perbost at the 1st of September 2011 ;
 Flight training council, coming from the merger with SEFA ;
 International relations and development council.

In addition to these three councils, the university has a director's office which includes communication and cultural affairs, a division of information systems and a general secretariat dedicated to legal management, logistics, financial and human resources.

Budget

The university has spent for its operation 126 million euros in 2011. The budget is up 61.12% compared to 2010 as a result of its merger with the SEFA and consists of:
 24 million of euros of own resources, of which 8.5 million euros corresponding to those of the service d'exploitation de la formation aéronautique ;
 102 million euros in subsidies.

ENAC fondation

In consideration for several months, a corporate foundation has been established in September 2011. It aims to guide the training and research council on the changes to be made to the training Ingénieur ENAC (ENAC engineer) and to the corporate partnerships.
It consists of technical and human resources managers from aerospace companies such as Air France, Airbus, Aéroport de Paris, Rockwell Collins, Thalès, Aéroconseil,....

Campuses

ENAC has eight campuses and can provide accommodation. It also has a canteen, cafeteria, library, computer rooms, sports halls including a fitness room, a sports field, a rugby field, five tennis courts, a beach volleyball and a golf driving range. Its main campus is located at Rangueil (Toulouse).

Since its merger with the SEFA, ENAC has eight locations :
 A gliding center at the Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban Airport
 A maintenance center at the Castelnaudary - Villeneuve Airport (long-term maintenance for ENAC fleet)
 A campus at the Carcassonne Airport (flight training)
 A campus at the Grenoble-Isère Airport (flight training)
 A campus at the Biscarrosse - Parentis Airport (flight and air navigation training)
 A campus at the Saint-Yan Airport (flight training)
 A campus at the Montpellier – Méditerranée Airport (flight and air navigation training. This campus has an antenna at the Aix-en-Provence Aerodrome)
 A campus at the Muret - Lherm Aerodrome (flight and air navigation training)
 Melun Villaroche Aerodrome (official people)

Equipment

ENAC has a fleet of 130 aircraft of different types: CAP-10, Socata TB-10, Socata TB-20, Beechcraft Baron 58, Beechcraft 200, ATR 42, Diamond DA40 (to replace the Socata TB-20) and Diamond DA42 (to replace the Beechcraft Baron 58).

On its Toulouse campus, the university has flight simulator Robin DR400 and Socata TB-20, and also some static simulators of Airbus A320 and Airbus A340.

In the air navigation department, it has control tower simulators (at 120 or 360 degrees).

Teaching and research

Initial training

ENAC has four Bachelor's degree courses to train pilots and aerospace technicians.

ENAC provide theoretical training for pilot students in eight months in its campus of Toulouse.  Practical training of 16 months is given in the other campuses of the university in Montpellier, Carcassonne, Saint-Yan or Muret.  There is also training for various aviation technicians.

In addition, the university has seven Master's degree programs to train people for both aerospace industry and French civil aviation authority.

Courses of Air traffic controller and Air Traffic Safety Electronics Personnel are done by the university.  The Ingénieur ENAC course trains aerospace engineer in three sectors : electronics and aeronautical telecommunications (L), computer systems and air traffic (S) and aeronautical engineering (T).  The university has created in 2007 a Master's degree in International Air Transport Opération Management, in 2011 the course Master's degree in Global Navigation Satellite System supported by the European Commission and in 2012 the Master's degree in Air Traffic Management in partnership with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The Master's degree in Human–computer interaction (IHM) is realized in cooperation with the Paul Sabatier University.

Finally, the French Civil Aviation University provides nine Mastères Spécialisés courses in the fields : airport management, air transport management (in partnership with Toulouse Business School), communication - navigation - surveillance and satellite applications for aviation, aviation safety aircraft airworthiness (in partnership with other grandes écoles), air-ground collaborative systems engineering, aviation and air traffic management and aerospace project management (APM) (in partnership with other grandes écoles).

The former students of the three Master programs, the Ingénieur ENAC course, as well as those of the Corps of Bridges and Roads and those of the Mastères Spécialisés courses was represented by an association, INGENAC, created in 1988, member of the CNISF (French scientific and engineer council) and in Toulouse. The 16th of March 2012, INGENAC decided to represent all the former students of the university and changes its name to « ENAC Alumni ».

Each course of the university has its own recruitment process.

Continuing education

By hosting each year more than 7,500 students who participate to more than 600 courses annually organized by the university, with a turnover of 15 million of euros, ENAC is now the largest organization in Europe for aeronautical continuing education. The continuing education of ENAC has been developed in areas which ENAC is well recognized : air traffic, electronics, computer science, aeronautical engineering, aircraft control, ...

International partners

Students of the aerospace engineer course can study at the two other grandes écoles members of the groupement des écoles d'aéronautique, and also at the National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse and at Nantes business school. Moreover, as part of France AEROTECH, an exchange of third year engineering students is under elaboration with the grandes écoles of this network.

In another country, students have access to the Erasmus programme and to Pegasus. In the aerospace engineer course, the university welcomes 8% of foreign students in 2011. Considering all the courses, this number is 46% in 2010.

The university has also agreements with  : Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Florida Institute of Technology, University of California, University of Washington, École africaine de la météorologie et de l'aviation civile. It also educates people of the Agence pour la sécurité de la navigation aérienne en Afrique et à Madagascar.

Also, ENAC is a founder of the Institut sino-européen d'ingénierie de l'aviation of Tianjin. On this city, the university has four Mastères Spécialisés courses at the Civil Aviation University of China only for Chinese students : airport management, aviation safety management - airworthiness, aviation safety management - flight operations and aviation safety management - aeronautical maintenance.

Finally, in December 2011, the university has signed a partnership with the École des Ponts ParisTech and the Académie internationale Mohammed VI de l'aviation civile to start an Executive MBA in aviation management for aerospace people in March 2012 at Casablanca.

Research activities

Research is a growing business at ENAC. Industry oriented university, it appears in 1984, following the law on higher education which provides that  « engineer training...contains a research activity, pure or applied ». It was originally organized around four areas : electronics, automation, computer and air transport economy. Mid-2009, the research teams was in the following laboratories : automation - operational research (LARA), economy - air econometrics (LEEA), study - optimization of telecommunications networks architectures (LEOPART), electromagnetism for aeronautical telecommunications (LETA), interactive computer (LII), applied mathematics (LMA), air traffic optimization (LOTA) and signal processing for the aeronautical telecommunications (LTST).

ENAC also has, since 2005, a team specializing in UAVs that maintains and develops Paparazzi, a free system for automatic control of UAVs, unmanned aerial vehicle laboratory. The infrastructure includes also a planetarium and an air traffic control simulator. ENAC is a founding member of the European academy for aviation safety (EAFAS), network of the key training organizations in the field of air safety.
During the Paris Air Show of 2005, the university announces a partnership with Office National d'Études et de Recherches Aérospatiales in the fields of air traffic management, air safety, satellite navigation, sustainable development and air transport economy.

End of 2011, the university has established a new research organization that are six transverse programs : UAVs and air traffic management, airports, aircraft and air operations, human-computer interaction, air/ground communications and sustainable development, everything is now based on four laboratories : applied mathematics - optimization - optimal control - control engineering operations research (MAIAA), signal processing - satellite positioning system - electromagnetism - networks (TELECOM), architecture - modeling - engineering of interactive systems (LII) and economics - air transport econometrics (LEEA).

Famous people

Alumni

Several famous pilots have studied at the French Civil Aviation University like Émile Allegret, soldier and member of the French Resistance during the World War II, Xavier Barral (Promotion 1966), former President of the association des professionnels navigants de l'aviation (Professional aircrew association), Noël Chevrier (Promotion 1970), antistress center manager at Air France, Gérard Feldzer (Promotion 1971), former President of the Aéro-Club de France, Bernard Pestel (Promotion 1972), vice president of the société française de droit aérien (French Air Law company), Béatrice Vialle (Promotion 1981), one of the two female Concorde pilot and the first French female pilot on a supersonic airliner.

Particularly because of its status of a French civil servant university, some civil servant has been student at ENAC like Jean-Marc de Raffin Dourny (Promotion 1966), President of the organisme pour la sécurité de l'aviation civile (organization for the safety of civil aviation), Michel Bernard (Promotion 1967), former head of the Agence nationale pour l'emploi and former President of Air Inter, Paul-Louis Arslanian (Promotion 1968), former head of the French Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile, Jean-Paul Troadec (Promotion 1970), head of the Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile, Patrick Ky (Promotion 1989), head of the EASA, Michel Wachenheim (Promotion 1975), French ambassador.

Some alumni of the university became managers like Yves Lambert (Promotion 1959), former head of Eurocontrol, Gérard Mestrallet (Promotion 1971), CEO of GDF Suez., Jean-Michel Vernhes (Promotion 1971), head of the Toulouse-Blagnac Airport, Jean-Charles Corbet (Promotion 1974), former head of Air Lib, Olivier Colaïtis (Promotion 1977), President of Galileo, Lionel Guérin, founding President of Airlinair, Philippe Crébassa, head of Toulouse-Blagnac airport, Franck Goldnadel (Promotion 1990), former head of the Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport, Régis Lacote (Promotion 1997), head of the Orly Airport, Méziane Idjerouidène (Promotion 2003), general manager of Aigle Azur.

Few intellectuals graduate from the university like Jacques Villiers (Promotion 1948), founder of the Centre d'études de la navigation aérienne (French air navigation center), Jean Peyrelevade (Promotion 1961), politician and business leader, Hamza Ben Driss Ottmani (Promotion 1963), Moroccan economist and writer, Alain Lefebvre (Promotion 1970), Journalist,  Solenn Colléter (Promotion 1993), novelist., Nicolas Tenoux (Promotion 2007), Philanthropist.

In science, personalities like Gabriel Weishaupt (Promotion 1948), founding member of the Académie de l'air et de l'espace, Jean Robieux, Physicist, Georges Maignan (Promotion 1955), former director of the experimental center of Eurocontrol, Gérard Desbois (Promotion 1979), younger flight engineer graduate and crew member during the first flight of the Airbus A380, have studied at the university.

Teachers and former teachers

Some aerospace personalities teach at the university such as Hervé Hallot, meteorology teacher and co-author of Météorologie aéronautique, Joel Laitselart (TAE 87), air operations teacher and former operations manager of Aeris airline, Patrick Lepourry, head of the engine department and co-author of Propulseurs aéronautiques, Instruments de bord and Initiation à l'aéronautique, Félix Mora-Camino, head of the control engineering department and co-author of Avionique - Tome 2, Système de conduite automatique et gestion du vol, Yves Plays (IENAC S71), head of the specialized master in air transport and co-author of Initiation à l'aéronautique., or Frantz Yvelin, founder of two French airlines.

Related pages
 Service d'exploitation de la formation aéronautique
 Civil Aviation University of China

References

Bibliography
 Ariane Gilotte, Jean-Philippe Husson and Cyril Lazerge, 50 ans d'Énac au service de l'aviation, Édition S.E.E.P.P, 1999
 Académie nationale de l'air et de l'espace and Lucien Robineau, Les français du ciel, dictionnaire historique, June 2005, 782 p. (), p. 626, « Les écoles d'ingénieurs aéronautiques »
 Sandrine Banessy, Le rêve d'Icare - Histoire de l'aviation à Toulouse, Labége, éditions TME, 2006, 95 p. (), p. 80 et 81 « Du rêve à la réalité »
 [PDF] Agence d'évaluation de la recherche et de l'enseignement supérieur, « Rapport d'évaluation de l'École nationale de l'aviation civile », September 2010
 GIFAS, Ouvrez grand vos ailes : une formation pour un métier dans l'industrie aéronautique et spatiale, Paris, GIFAS, 2011, 62 p., p. 41

  Nicolas Tenoux (MS EAGTA ENAC 2007), 6 mois dans la vie d'un Pilote de ligne: Les secrets du quotidien..., 15 April 2020, Amazon, 51p., (), p. 10
 Nicolas Tenoux (MS EAGTA ENAC 2007), 6 months in the life of an Airline pilot: Daily life secrets …, 5 October 2020, Amazon, 77p., (), p. 10

Other websites
 Official website
 Online Executive Advanced Master Airline Management
 ENAC Alumni

1949 establishments in Europe
1940s establishments in France

French Civil Aviation University


Punch, or The London Charivari was a British weekly magazine of humour and satire.  It was started in 1841 by Henry Mayhew and wood-engraver Ebenezer Landells. It was most influential in the 1840s and 1850s. It helped to start the use of the word "cartoon" in its modern sense. From 1850, John Tenniel was the chief cartoon artist at the magazine for over 50 years.  The London Charivari  subtitle referred to Charles Philipon's French satirical humour magazine Le Charivari which had started in 1832. A a charivari is a noisy parade, to shame or punish bad people.  It had a picture of Mr. Punch, of Punch and Judy on the front page.

It was popular with the upper classes and got mentioned in newspapers like The Times and the Sunday paper News of the World.   Several phrases in the English language, including The Crystal Palace, and the "Curate's egg" came from Punch.  Some famous British funny books were first serialised in Punch, such as the Diary of a Nobody and 1066 and All That. It was popular all over the British Empire.  It often had stories about British India.

It employed many famous writers and cartoonists.

After 1947–1948 when it sold more than  175,000 copies, it went downhill and closed in 1992. It was started again in 1996, but closed again in 2002.

References

British weekly magazines
Satire

Punch (magazine)


Claire Bolderson is a former BBC journalist and radio broadcaster who presented The World Tonight for BBC Radio 4.

Career

Bolderson was born in London. After studying at St Hilda's College, Oxford and graduating with a degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics, Bolderson started broadcasting from Indonesia as a reporter for the BBC and the Financial Times. Later, posted in Washington, Bolderson covered the 1996 US Election for the BBC World Service, then the Clinton impeachment.

Later, Bolderson returned to London to present on the BBC World Service and BBC Radio 4.  She regularly presented The World Tonight from 1999 to 2009.  She then concentrated on Newshour.  Bolderson left the BBC in 2012, presenting her final edition of Newshour on 20 March 2012.

References

External links
clairebolderson.com

Alumni of St Hilda's College, Oxford
BBC newsreaders and journalists
BBC World Service presenters
British radio presenters
British women radio presenters
British women journalists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Claire Bolderson


Mad Max is a post-apocalyptic action game developed by Canadian studio Gray Matter and published by Mindscape for the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1990. The game is based on the 1981 Australian film Mad Max 2. The game is a remake of Road Raider.

Gameplay
The object is to survive in a post-apocalyptic setting by battling survivalists and collecting valuable food, water, gasoline, and money in order to continue racing into the desert wasteland that lies beyond.

The player begins the game in Max's Pursuit Special (his famous car featured in the movie series). As the player drives through the non-linear stage (referred to as a Road War), they encounter enemy vehicles, roadblocks, and dynamite-hurling bunkers. The player is given a very limited supply of dynamite to be used on these threats by throwing it directly at them. In each level, a small, run-down service station can be found, offering goods such as fuel and dynamite, as well as auto repair services in exchange for food and water.

The main goal of each level is to enter the arena and battle the enemy gangs. The player must gather enough food and water to trade at the service station for an Arena Pass. Once the pass is obtained, the player must find the Arena, which appears as a large cave. Once inside the arena, the player must be the last vehicle to survive the demolition derby inside. Enemy vehicles drive around the arena and attempt to push the player, as well as each other, off of the road into the abyss below. In addition, several areas of the floor open up at random, leaving vehicles to fall into the pitfall. Once all enemy vehicles are destroyed, the player advances to the next Road War level of the game.

Mines
Scattered throughout the levels are abandoned mines, marked by a small shed. By driving into the shed, Max will leave his vehicle and enter the mine. While inside the mine, Max may explore the area in a pseudo-3D environment. Food, water, fuel, and ammunition may be found inside the mines. Enemy survivalists are also present inside the mine, and will protect the items found within, however Max is armed with a shotgun, which also has limited ammo. Additional ammo may be found inside the mine.

Final boss
After the third and final arena battle, the player engages in a one-on-one crossbow battle with the final boss of the game. The crossbow and ammo are both collected within the mines on the third Road War level. If the player wishes to start here, they must enter the password for the last Road War, rather than the final arena battle. If the player enters the password for the final arena battle, the player will not have enough crossbow ammo to kill the final boss, even if every single one hits him. It is unknown whether this was an untested bug in the game, or if it was a trick by the game developers.

References

External links

1990 video games
Gray Matter (company) games
Mad Max
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Nintendo Entertainment System-only games
North America-exclusive video games
Post-apocalyptic video games
Survival video games
Top-down video games
Video games about police officers
Video games based on films
Video games developed in Canada
Video games set in Australia
Mindscape games

Mad Max (1990 video game)


Bezděz Castle () is a Gothic castle located some  southeast of Česká Lípa, in the Liberec Region of the Czech Republic. Its construction began before 1264 by order of Ottokar II of Bohemia.

The royal castle of Bezděz was one of the most important Gothic castles in the Czech lands until its destruction in the Thirty Years' War. Erected between 1260 and 1280 on the phonolite hill of Velký Bezděz,  above sea level, it became the characteristic landmark of the local landscape and met the demands for an inaccessible as well as respectable royal castle.

History
A year after Přemysl's death, the castle Bezděz, which was still unfinished, became the place of imprisonment of Queen Kunhuta and her underage son Wenceslaus II, kept under lock and key in very spartan conditions by Wenceslaus's guardian Ota Braniborský, Margrave of Brandenburg, after the Battle on the Marchfeld. The boy, only 6 or 7 at the time, remained there alone when his mother escaped under a pretext and it is widely accepted that the place left its mark on him. As an adult, and ruling monarch, he returned to Bezděz to order the construction of a chapel, one of the best preserved areas of the castle today.

The castle complex was completed during the reign of Wenceslaus II, who used the local forests very frequently for hunting and relaxation. It served for this purpose until the Thirty Years' War when, as part of the round of confiscations after the Battle of the White Mountain, it fell into the hands of Albrecht of Wallenstein. The famous general started turning the castle into a fortress in 1623, but then halted the construction work. In 1627 he decided that it should be rebuilt into a monastery for the Benedictines from Montserrat, who later brought a copy of the Virgin of Montserrat (the Black Madonna) in 1666, making the castle a pilgrimage site for years to come.

In 1686 Stations of the Cross were built along the path to the castle and the whole complex served for religious purposes until 1785, when the monastery was dissolved on the orders of Joseph II. Pilgrimages were banned and the castle became forlorn, slowly becoming dilapidated. The Romantic Movement's passion for medieval monuments helped preserve the castle, which is a sole preserved example of an unaltered castle of the 13th century.

Parts that are accessible to visitors are the castle precincts including the royal palace, burgrave's house and the unique early Gothic chapel. The castle tower serves as an observation tower. The castle's romantic silhouette gave rise to many legends and inspired a great number of writers, artists and composers, the most famous of whom included the poet Karel Hynek Mácha and the composer Bedřich Smetana.

See also
Frýdlant

References

External links

 Hrad Bezděz
 Bezděz castle
 View from tower - virtual show

Buildings and structures completed in 1280
Česká Lípa District
Castles in the Liberec Region
Museums in the Liberec Region
Historic house museums in the Czech Republic
National Cultural Monuments of the Czech Republic

Bezděz Castle


Pangong Tso (or Pangong Lake; Tso: Ladakhi for lake) is a lake in the Himalayas at a height of about 4,250 m (13,900 ft). It is 134 km (83.3 mi) long and extends from Ladakh to Tibet. Two thirds of the length of this lake is in Tibet. The lake is 5 km (3 mi) wide at its widest point. In winter, the lake surface freezes completely despite being salt water.

Photo

Lakes of India
Geography of the People's Republic of China

Pangong Tso


Lieutenant-Colonel Dennis Coleridge Boles (4 June 1885 – 25 April 1958) was a British Army officer and Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom.

Dennis Boles was the son of Francis James Coleridge Boles (brother of Sir Dennis Boles) of Rackenford Manor, Devon and Charlotte Jones (sister of Walter Jones) of The Elms, Warrington and Adelaide Crescent, Hove. He was educated at Eton College, where he was President of "Pop", and set a record score of 183 in the Eton v Harrow cricket match at Lord's in 1904. He also played cricket for Devon in the Minor Counties Championship between 1903 and 1909.

After attending the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, where he won the Sword of Honour, he was commissioned in the 17th Lancers and served in India. In the Great War he served on the Staff of the 5th Indian Cavalry Brigade in France, and then saw active service in France and Ireland as Adjutant of the 17th Lancers. Boles was a noted polo player, winning the Coronation Cup for the 17th Lancers against an Argentine team in 1922, and playing for the British Army against the American Army in 1925 at the Hurlingham Club in London. In 1928 he became lieutenant-colonel of the Royal Horse Guards, and Silver Stick to the King, before leaving the Army in 1936.

He was elected unopposed as the member of parliament (MP) for Wells in Somerset at a by-election in December 1939, and held the seat until he stepped down at the 1951 general election.

He married Monica, the daughter of John Reid-Walker of Ruckley Grange, Shifnal, in 1921 and had two sons and one daughter. He lived at Barrow Court, Galhampton, Somerset; and Forsinard Lodge, Sutherland.

References

External links

1885 births
1958 deaths
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
17th Lancers officers
Royal Horse Guards officers
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1935–1945
UK MPs 1945–1950
UK MPs 1950–1951
People educated at Eton College
English cricketers
Devon cricketers
British Army personnel of World War I

Dennis Boles (British Army officer)


The 1919 U.S. Open was the 23rd U.S. Open, held June 9–12 at Brae Burn Country Club in West Newton, Massachusetts, a suburb west of Boston. In the first U.S. Open since 1916, Walter Hagen defeated Mike Brady by one stroke in an 18-hole playoff to win his second and final U.S. Open. It was the second of Hagen's eleven major titles. The championship was not held in 1917 and 1918 due to the First World War.

Charles Hoffner, age 22, opened the tournament with a 72 to take the first round lead, but he fell off the pace with a 78 in the second round. Mike Brady carded consecutive rounds of 74 to take the 36-hole lead by two over Hoffner, with Walter Hagen in a group three back. Brady shot 73 in the third round and opened up a commanding five-shot lead over Hagen. In the final round, he stumbled to an 80 for 301 total, allowing Hagen back into the championship. Hagen had a 10-footer (3 m) to win at the 18th, but his putt lipped out.

In the playoff the next day, Hagen carried a two-stroke lead to the 17th but then bogeyed to see his lead cut to one. But both players made par on the 18th, giving Hagen the title. Hagen's victory in the playoff came after he partied with entertainer Al Jolson all night before showing up to play.

This was the first U.S. Open to be played over three days, with the first and second rounds played on the first two days and the third and final rounds played on the last day (Wednesday). It reverted to the two-day schedule the following year; the three-day schedule returned in 1926 and the four-day schedule began in 1965.

Willie Chisholm set an unfortunate tournament record in the first round at the par-3 8th hole. His approach shot landed in a rocky ravine and he took several shots to get out. He eventually settled for an 18 on the hole, a dubious record that would stand until a 19 was recorded in 1938.

Defending champion Chick Evans finished twelve strokes back in tenth place and was the low amateur.

Round summaries

First round
Monday, June 9, 1919

Source:

Second round
Tuesday, June 10, 1919

Source:

Third round
Wednesday, June 11, 1919   (morning)

Source:

Final round
Wednesday, June 11, 1919   (afternoon)

Source:
(a) denotes amateur

Playoff
Thursday, June 12, 1919

Source:

References

External links
USGA Championship Database
USOpen.com - 1919

U.S. Open (golf)
U.S. Open (golf)
U.S. Open golf
History of Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Golf in Massachusetts
U.S. Open (golf)
Newton, Massachusetts
Sports competitions in Massachusetts
Sports in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Tourist attractions in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
U.S. Open (golf)

1919 U.S. Open (golf)


Frederic George D'Aeth (1875 – 1940) was a British social administrator, lecturer and author of books on social matters, whose work particularly in Liverpool "played a key role in winning for the city its status as the flagship of social advance in the early twentieth century".

Early life and education
D'Aeth was born at 4, Hyde Side Terrace, Edmonton, Middlesex, the fourth of seven children of bank clerk Alfred D'Aeth and Elizabeth (née Gosling). The D'Aeths were of Huguenot origin, having come to England to farm in Suffolk in the late eighteenth century. Educated at the Mercers' School, D'Aeth started work as a clerk at the National Assurance Company aged 15, where his apprenticeship allowed him to learn business administration and bookkeeping. He took up independent study with the goal of becoming a clergyman, subsequently attending King's College London classes part-time, then, in 1896, went up to Oxford as a non-collegiate student at the same time as studying theology at St Stephen's House.  D'Aeth completed his Oxford studies in 1899, receiving a third-class BA in theology.

In holy orders
Having left Oxford, later that year D'Aeth was ordained a deacon, and admitted in that role to Manchester Cathedral, working also as curate of St Matthew's Church, Habergham Eaves, Burnley, Lancashire. He was ordained a priest in 1901. His experience of the hardships encountered by his parishioners and the local community led to his life-long commitment to the concept of community as central to social progress. In 1902, he was appointed curate of St Margaret's, Leytonstone, in a poverty-stricken area of the East End of London. The duties of the clergy here primarily related to relief of poverty; D'Aeth was dismayed by the scale of the deprivation experienced by the local people. He described it as "a collection of streets and rows of houses... without cohesion, without name, without identity...".

Social administration and academia
By 1905, disillusioned by the church's attitude to poverty, D'Aeth (at the same time as his vicar) abandoned his clerical career, taking an appointment as junior lecturer at Liverpool University. He was the first paid lecturer in the newly formed School for Social Work Training. D'Aeth was integral to the development of the School as a centre for training. In 1909, D'Aeth became Director of Reports for the Liverpool Council for Voluntary Aid, in which position he ably co-ordinated diverse charitable organisations both within Liverpool and farther afield, in "the pioneering use of outstanding social administration skills".

His writings include Present Tendencies of Class Differentiation (1910), The Liverpool Social Worker's Handbook (1913), The Unit of Social Organisation in a Large Town (1914), and The Juvenile Adult Problem (1917).

Personal life
D'Aeth and his wife Margaret had two sons: Christopher John (1910–1931), who after Rugby and Balliol College, Oxford (where he read chemistry) died of exposure during a snowstorm whilst serving as ornithologist on a ten-man expedition to the uninhabited island of Akpotek, beyond Labrador in the Hudson Strait; and Andrew Maynard (b. 1913), who also attended Rugby and Balliol.

References

1875 births
1940 deaths
People educated at Mercers' School
Alumni of St Stephen's House, Oxford
British social scientists
British social sciences writers
20th-century Church of England clergy

Frederic D'Aeth


Stirr is an American ad-supported video streaming service owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group.

The streaming service is available on the web and via apps for iOS, Android devices and various streaming TV devices, including Amazon Fire TV, Roku, Apple TV, and Android TV.

Stirr's slogan is, "the new free TV."

History
Sinclair Broadcast Group began developing its technological infrastructure for the service before July 2017. The Stirr streaming service was announced by Sinclair in October 2018.

Sinclair hired Scott Ehrlich to head up the service and hired staff in Los Angeles and Seattle. Ehrlich is the Vice President of Emerging Platform Content at Sinclair. Stirr was launched on January 16, 2019 via a website and apps for iPhones, Android devices and various streaming TV devices, Amazon Fire TV, Apple TV and Roku. With the pending acquisition of the Fox Sports Networks, Sinclair indicated that they were looking at synergies between Stirr and those RSNs.

Channels
Stirr draws on programming from the Sinclair TV stations and other streaming live channels although some programming is available on demand. Although there are several US city regions to choose from when navigating the service, users do not have any geographic restrictions on what they can view. There were 20 national channels at launch on January 16, 2019 with expectations of having 50 by the end of the year.

Stirr City is the primary streaming channel which pulls content based on the location/station selected. When network programming runs on the local OTA channel, Stirr City carries an alternate schedule drawing from the other Stirr channels. WJLA-TV of Washington, D.C. is set as the default if no Sinclair news-carrying station is nearby. Second feeds can also be added to a local station's 'channel' during breaking news or severe weather events, as is done for WBMA-LD's Stirr channel, where meteorologist James Spann's live coverage of tornadic events in the Birmingham, Alabama market and Alabama in general is popular nationwide.

Additionally, Stirr has a number of private label channels, which at launch consisted of Stirr Movies, Stirr Sports and Stirr Life. In addition, the service carries TV networks that Sinclair owns or hold a stake in like Comet, Stadium and The T. Also, Stirr has TV series based channels. Some outside-produced channels are present on the platform, including Buzzr and Circle (the latter owned by a rival of Sinclair, Gray Television), which Stirr stated was the most popular channel on the platform as of July 2019.

Business
Stirr general manager is Adam Ware. Sinclair vice president of emerging platform content is Scott Ehrlich, under whom the streaming service was built.

While free, Sinclair's leaders plan on adding a premium pay tier of programming. Sinclair Digital, Compulse and Sinclair's local stations would coordinated between them with ad revenue shared with content partners. Sinclair promotes Compulse, Sinclair's digital advertising unit, through its local stations. Although Stirr is composed of Sinclair owned streams and stations, Sinclair has its own streaming platform, Hummingbird, as well.

References

External links

Internet television channels
Internet properties established in 2019
American entertainment websites
Subscription video on demand services
Internet television streaming services
Sinclair Broadcast Group

Stirr


Charlie Ross is an American politician and attorney who lives in Brandon, Mississippi. He served as Senator from District 20 in the Mississippi Senate until 2007. District 20 comprises parts of Madison and Rankin Counties.  Ross was first elected to the Senate in 1997 after serving as the representative from District 59 in the Mississippi House of Representatives. Prior to his legislative service, he served as the Chairman of the Rankin County Republican Executive Committee. In 2008, Ross ran for Congress in Mississippi's 3rd congressional district, but was defeated in the primary by Rankin County Republican Chairman Gregg Harper.

Education and military service

Ross grew up and attended high school in Eupora, Webster County, Mississippi. Ross is a 1978 graduate of the United States Air Force Academy, with a B.S. in economics. After the Academy, he served on active duty as a fighter interceptor pilot. In 1991, he was activated and served as a C-141 pilot during Operation Desert Storm with the Mississippi Air National Guard. In 2007 the National Guard Association awarded Ross the Charles Dick Award.

Legal career
In 1988 Charlie obtained his J.D., with honors, from Harvard Law School. Ross maintains a full law practice, concentrating on civil litigation. He is a shareholder in the Jackson law firm of Wise Carter Child and Caraway. He is admitted to practice before all Mississippi courts, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals and the U.S. Supreme Court.

Mississippi State Senate
In the Mississippi Senate, Ross served as Chairman of the Judiciary A Committee, which handles a wide variety of legislative issues including civil justice matters.  He also served on the Constitution, Elections, Environmental Protection, Executive Contingent Fund, Finance, Insurance, and the Veteran and Military Affairs committees.

Tort reform
In 2004, as Chairman of the Judiciary A Committee, Ross drafted the Comprehensive Tort Reform bill and was the leader in the Senate in the successful fight to pass the bill. Senator Merle Flowers (R-DeSoto) said, "Senator Charlie Ross' leadership and knowledge of our civil justice system was crucial in the tort reform fight. Charlie knew what needed to be done, and he knew how to do it. Mississippi is fortunate to have a leader of his character and ability in the Senate."

The American Tort Reform Association (ATRA) presented Ross with the Civil Justice Achievement Award. Ross also served as the Public Sector Chairman of the Civil Justice Task Force of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), a national organization of state legislators and private sector members.  In 2007, ALEC recognized Ross's legislative accomplishments by naming him Legislator of the Year. In 2007, the U.S. Chamber awarded Ross its Legislative Achievement Award.

Personal life
Ross and his family live in Rankin County. He and his family are members of Lakeside Presbyterian Church, where he serves as a Sunday school teacher. Ross and his wife, Sharon, have three sons: Andy, David, and Steven.

External links
 CharlieRoss.com - Campaign Website
 Winning the Tort War in Mississippi: Keys for Success in other States [PDF]

1956 births
Living people
People from Eupora, Mississippi
American Presbyterians
Republican Party Mississippi state senators
Republican Party members of the Mississippi House of Representatives
Mississippi lawyers
Harvard Law School alumni
United States Air Force Academy alumni
United States Air Force personnel of the Gulf War
People from Brandon, Mississippi
Mississippi National Guard personnel
United States Air Force officers
20th-century American lawyers

Charlie Ross (Mississippi politician)


George Norman Barnard (December 23, 1819 – February 4, 1902) was an American photographer most well known for his photographs from the American Civil War era. He is often noted as G. N. Barnard.

Early life

Barnard was born into a farming family in Coventry, Connecticut on December 23, 1819. His father died in 1826 and he grew up with relatives in a nearby town, apprenticing at various jobs in the family owned businesses. He married in 1843 and moved to Oswego, New York, where he briefly got into the hotel business before turning to photography.

Career
Starting his business in New York State in 1843, Barnard was one of the first to use daguerreotype, the first commercially available form of photography, in the United States.

A fire in 1853 destroyed the grain elevators in Oswego, New York, an event Barnard photographed. Historians consider these some of the first "news" photographs. Barnard also photographed Abraham Lincoln's 1861 inauguration.

Civil War

Barnard is best known for American Civil War era photos. He was the official army photographer for the Military Division of the Mississippi, which mostly involved photographing and documenting fortifications, bridges, and documents.

His 1866 book, Photographic Views of Sherman's Campaign, showed the devastation of the war. The book includes 61 albumen prints including Nashville, the Chattanooga Valley, Atlanta, and Savannah. He took the photos while operating under General Sherman's command. The book also includes a studio portrait of Sherman and his generals.

Post-war
After the war, Barnard ran photography studios in Ohio, Charleston, South Carolina and Chicago. His Chicago studio burned down in the 1871 city fire. In Rochester, New York, he briefly worked with George Eastman, the founder of the Eastman Kodak Company.

Collections

Barnard's work is included in the American Memory collection, Selected Civil War Photographs from the Library of Congress, 1861–1865. The J. Paul Getty Museum has one of his works and the MoMA also has his work in their collection.

Gallery of work

See also
Photographers of the American Civil War

References

External links

1819 births
1902 deaths
19th-century American photographers
People from Coventry, Connecticut
Photographers from Connecticut

George N. Barnard


One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is a novel. It was written in 1959 by Ken Kesey. It was published in 1962. It is set in a mental asylum in Oregon which is run by the tyrannical Nurse Ratched and where the new patient Randle McMurphy rebels against her. It was made into a movie in 1975 that was directed by Miloš Forman. The movie stars Jack Nicholson as the patient Randle McMurphy and Louise Fletcher as Nurse Ratched. It was very popular, and won 5 Academy Awards. The novel's writer, Kesey, disliked the movie, because it did not take the perspective (view) of a Native American character, Chief Bromden (a more important character in the book than in the movie). It was a very controversial book when it was published. The novel is now considered a classic.

1959 books
20th-century American novels
Oregon
Suicide in fiction
Works about prostitution
Mental disorders in fiction

One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (novel)


Anelosimus studiosus is a subsocial tangle web spider or theridiid spider living in both North America and South America. In 2012, genetic analysis revealed a previously identified species, A. tungurahua, is in fact the same species as A. studiosus.

Anelosimus studiosus is part of the comb-footed spider family, Theridiidae, and can be found throughout much of North and South America, as it is a tropical and temperate spider. A. studiosus exhibit social Polymorphism with two behavioral phenotypes; social spiders that live communally, and asocial solitary spiders. Social spiders not only share the same living space, but also share in the duties of brood care and capturing of prey, while asocial spiders live completely alone and will attack other female spiders that encroach its nesting territory. Populations displaying the social phenotype, generally are not found below 30˚ latitude, and the social phenotype becomes increasingly common moving north. Studies suggest that the correlation between a higher frequency of social phenotypes and colder temperatures is due to decreased survival rates amongst mothers and delayed juvenile development in colder temperatures. In other words, it is believed that sociality developed in A. studiosus in order to mitigate fitness costs for offspring should their mother die before the brood is ready to disperse and survive on their own. Despite drastic differences in behavioral phenotypes, both social and asocial spiders readily interbreed and produce viable offspring. Research on the relatedness of the socially polymorphic spider shows that social spiders in any given nest are more closely related genetically than asocial spiders. These findings suggest that social spiders have a lower dispersal distance than asocial spiders. Spiders that are more closely related genetically and display the social phenotype incur a fitness advantage by staying close to the nest and cooperating with their relatives  Although the emergence of a social phenotype may increase survival rates of offspring in the short term, research suggests it may cause long-term fitness consequences. Development of a social phenotype ultimately leads to a loss of aggression; meaning social spiders are less likely to fight off predators than their asocial counterparts. Social spiders can produce more young in a shorter period of time than asocial spiders, but when predators are introduced, nests of social spiders suffer high predation. This has been suggested to potentially lead to the extinction of large populations of A. studiosus.

Anelosimus studiosus exhibits social polymorphism with two behavioral phenotypes: social spiders that live communally, and asocial solitary spiders.

References

External links
 Nearctic Spider Data Base
 News story from Texas
 Community ecology of the Social Spider Anelosimus studiosus
 Bug Guide Web site

Theridiidae
Spiders described in 1850
Taxa named by Nicholas Marcellus Hentz
Spiders of North America
Spiders of South America

Anelosimus studiosus


The TVR Griffith Series 400 is a 2-door coupe sports car produced by Griffith Motor Company in Plainview, New York (a Ford Dealer in Plainview/Hicksville NY, Long Island), between 1964 and 1967. It was the successor to the TVR Griffith 200, featuring improved cooling via a larger radiator with twin electric fans, redesigned rear suspension, and a redesigned rear with better visibility and the round taillights sourced from the Ford Cortina Mark I.

The standard engine in the 400 was the more powerful Ford 289 'HiPo' Windsor engine producing 271 hp that was available in the Series 200 as an option. The 400 weighed a few more pounds than the 200 due mostly to the new Salisbury independent differential with a higher gear ratio giving it a higher top speed.

Grantura Ltd of England designed the independent suspension for the TVR automobiles which later became the Griffith 200 and 400. The Griffith 400 had then state-of-the-art unequal wishbone suspension on all four corners and the car weighed significantly less than its contemporary, the AC Cobra, making it a very potent racing car.

As the Series 400 cars were being produced in early 1965, the entire east coast of the US was crippled by a prolonged dock strike. This not only caused a disruption in the supply of the series 400 bodies that were being shipped from TVR in Blackpool, UK, it also caused a delay in the shipment of the newer Series 600. Frank Reisner, whose Intermeccanica body works in Turin, Italy, was building the new steel bodied Griffith, was also unable to have the rolling chassises shipped. Jack Griffith attempted to bring his car to the public by having these bodies airlifted across the Atlantic, before the venture collapsed. The remaining Intermeccanica cars were imported to the US by Steve Wilder, where they were assembled by Holman-Moody and sold as the Omega.

With only 59 copies of the 400 and 10 600s off the assembly line at the Griffith factory in Plainview, Long Island, N.Y, USA, the company was dissolved.

Specifications

 Engine capacity: 4,722cc/289 cid V8
 Power:
 Top speed: Approximately
 Transmission: 4-speed manual gearbox, rear-wheel drive

Griffith 400
Cars introduced in 1964
Cars discontinued in 1967

TVR Griffith 400


Eyal Maoz (born 1969, Haifa) is an Israeli-born American guitarist, bandleader, solo performer, and composer. His music has been described as a synthesis of rock, jazz and avant-garde, tinged with deep electronic and radical Jewish-middle-eastern music.

He leads a number of original music ensembles, including Edom, Dimyon, and Crazy Slavic Band. He also co-leads the Maoz-Sirkis Duet, the Maoz-Masaoka Duet (with koto player Miya Masaoka) and Hypercolor (with Lukas Ligeti and James Ilgenfritz), and is a guest member of John Zorn's Cobra.

Eyal's ensembles have performed at major music festivals worldwide, such as the Montreal International Jazz Festival, NYC 2007 Winter Jazz Fest, Brooklyn BAM Next Festival, Verizon Jazz Festival, the New York Jewish Music and Heritage Festival, Florida Music Harvest, The Jewzapalooza Festival in NYC and many more.

His music was featured in the movie Keepers of Eden by Yoram Porath, Israeli's Cinema History documentary by Raphaël Nadjari, as well as at the MTV show Undress. WNYC/NPR recently interviewed him and dedicated a 90-minute program to his music.

Eyal started to explore jazz, rock and avant-garde music at an early age. He led the Lemon Juice Quartet which performed regularly at the Red Sea International Jazz Festival, released three CDs and was heralded for their CD Peasant Songs, a version of Béla Bartók and Erik Satie's music on Piadrum Records.

Eyal's collaboration with long-time childhood friend and drummer Asaf Sirkis has resulted in two duo CDs; the most recent "Elementary Dialogues" released in June 2009 by Ayler Records (France).

His Jewish music acoustic ensemble, Dimyon, has earned critical acclaim after performances in Israel and Italy. After a solo tour in Austria, Eyal completed a guitar tour in China,

Hope and Destruction, his second CD on Tzadik Records, with his ensemble Edom was released in 2009. The group's debut CD, featured Maoz with, John Medeski,  Shanir Ezra Blumenkranz, and Ben Perowsky.

Discography
 Edom (Tzadik, 2005)
 Hope and Destruction (Tzadik, 2009)
 Elementary Dialogues (Ayler, 2009) with Asaf Sirkis

With 9Volt
 Open Circuit (OutNow, 2012)
With the Lemon Juice Quartet
 Peasant Songs (Piadrum, 2002)
With John Zorn
 Abraxas: Book of Angels Volume 19 (Tzadik, 2012) with Shanir Ezra Blumenkranz
 Psychomagia (Tzadik, 2014) with Abraxas

References

External links
 Official site

1969 births
Living people
American jazz composers
American jazz guitarists
Israeli composers
Israeli emigrants to the United States
Israeli rock guitarists
Jewish Israeli musicians
Jewish American musicians
Musicians from Haifa
Tzadik Records artists
Jewish rock musicians
American male guitarists
20th-century American guitarists
American male jazz composers
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American Jews

Eyal Maoz


Essen is a small hamlet in the municipality of Groningen in the province of Groningen. It lies between the city of Groningen and the village of Haren.

In 1215 a monastery was founded in Essen (or Yesse). It existed until 1594. During the Protestant Reformation it was closed down by the province of Groningen. It was known for having a miraculous statue of Mary (mother of Jesus). Only the terrain on which the monastery was built is recognisable.

Today Essen counts twenty farms in a very rural countryside; it is hard to imagine that the centre of the city of Groningen is only  away.

The existence of Essen is being threatened by plans to build a new beltway, the Zuidtangent. The municipality of Haren has so far resisted these plans.

References

Groningen (city)
Populated places in Groningen (province)

Essen, Groningen


The Gerrit Noordzij Prize is given to type designers and typographers for extraordinary contributions to the fields of type design, typography and type education. The prize, initiated by Anno Fekkes during the 1996 ATypI conference in The Hague, is awarded every three years by the Royal Academy of Art in The Hague together with the Museum Meermanno, under the auspices of the Dr. P.A. Tiele Trust. The prize is named after Gerrit Noordzij, who was a professor of typeface design at the Royal Academy of Art (a course that was founded by him). For the continuity of the prize, the Gerrit Noordzij Fund was created.

The award
By tradition, the award itself is designed by the previous winner. In addition to this, each time the prize is awarded, an exhibition about the work of the previous winner is organized, accompanied by a publication.

Through the years, the jury has consisted of:
 Ada Lopes Cardozo (head of the graphic design department at the Royal Academy of Arts).
 Erik Spiekermann (type designer, graphic designer and co-director of FSI FontShop International)
 Fred Smeijers (type designer and teacher of type design)
 Gerard Unger (professor of typography at the University of Leiden Department of Arts)
 Gerrit Noordzij (type designer and teacher of type design)
 Jack Verduyn Lunel (director of the Royal Academy of Arts)
 Leo Voogt (director of Museum Meermanno)
 Petr van Blokland (type designer and teacher at the Royal Academy of Arts)

Laureates
 1996: Gerrit Noordzij (Netherlands)
 2001: Fred Smeijers (Netherlands)
 2003: Erik Spiekermann (Germany)
 2006: Tobias Frere-Jones (United States)
 2009: Wim Crouwel (Netherlands)
 2012: Karel Martens (Netherlands)
 2015: Cyrus Highsmith (United States)

Publications
Different books have been published about, in honor of, or presented at the exhibitions:

 Ben Bos, Tony Brook, Tobias Frere-Jones, Karel Martens, David Quay: Wim Crouwel - Gerrit Noordzij Prize, The Hague (2012).
 Dawn Barrett, David Berlow, Matthew Carter (et al.): Tobias Frere-Jones Gerrit Noordzij Prize Exhibition, Amsterdam (2009).
 FontShop Benelux (ed.): e - Erik Spiekermann, The Hague/De Pinte (2006).
 Fred Smeijers (ed. by Robin Kinross): Type now: a manifesto, plus work so far, London (2003). (Published in honor of the exhibition Fred Smeijers: work so far).
 Mathieu Lommen, Anno Fekkes, Jan Willem Stas (et al.): Het primaat van de pen: een workshop letterontwerpen met Gerrit Noordzij, The Hague (2001).

References
 Dawn Barrett, David Berlow, Matthew Carter (et al.): Tobias Frere-Jones Gerrit Noordzij Prize Exhibition, Amsterdam (2009).
 Tobias Frere-Jones on the Gerrit Noordzij Prize Part 1: 'Outgoing' and Part 2: 'Incoming'.

External links
  Website of Museum Meermanno
  Website of the Dr. P.A. Tiele Trust
 Website of the Royal Academy of Arts

Awards established in 1996
Dutch awards
Design awards

Gerrit Noordzij Prize


Ogataea polymorpha is a methylotrophic yeast with unusual characteristics. It is used as a protein factory for pharmaceuticals.

Ogataea polymorpha belongs to a limited number of methylotrophic yeast species – yeasts that can grow on methanol. The range of methylotrophic yeasts includes Candida boidinii, Pichia methanolica, Pichia pastoris and Ogataea polymorpha. O. polymorpha is taxonomically a species of the family Saccharomycetaceae.

Strains
Three O. polymorpha strains, identified in the 1950s, are known. They have unclear relationships and are of independent origins. They are found in soil samples, the gut of insects or in spoiled concentrated orange juice. They exhibit different features and are used in basic research and to recombinant protein production:
strain CBS4732 (CCY38-22-2; ATCC34438, NRRL-Y-5445)
strain DL-1 (NRRL-Y-7560; ATCC26012)
strain NCYC495 (CBS1976; ATAA14754, NRLL-Y-1798)

Strains CBS4732 and NCYY495 can be mated whereas strain DL-1 cannot be mated with the other two. Strains CBS4732 and DL-1 are employed for recombinant protein production, strain NCYC495 is mainly used for the study of nitrate assimilation.
The entire genome of strain CBS4732 has completely been sequenced.

Ogataea polymorpha is a thermo-tolerant microorganism with some strains growing at temperatures above . The organism is able to assimilate nitrate and can grow on a range of carbon sources in addition to methanol. Cells grown under conditions of elevated temperature accumulate a sugar named trehalose (this sugar is usually found in insects) as thermo-protective compound. It was shown that trehalose synthesis is not required for growth under these conditions, but for acquisition of thermotolerance. The synthetic steps for trehalose synthesis have been detailed for O. polymorpha, and TPS1, the key enzyme gene of this pathway, has been isolated and characterized.

All methylotrophic yeasts share an identical methanol utilization pathway (Fig. 1). Growth on methanol is accompanied by a massive proliferation of cell organelles named peroxisomes in which the initial enzymatic steps of this pathway take place. O. polymorpha is model organism to study all aspects of peroxisomal functions and the underlying molecular biology. During growth on methanol key enzymes of the methanol metabolism are present in high amounts. An especially high abundance can be observed for enzymes called MOX (methanol oxidase), FMDH (formate dehydrogenase), and DHAS (dihydroxyacetone synthase). Their presence is regulated at the transcriptional level of the respective genes. In the related species C. boidinii, P. methanolica, and P. pastoris this gene expression strictly depends on the presence of methanol or methanol derivatives, whereas in O. polymorpha strong expression is elicited by appropriate levels of glycerol or under conditions of glucose starvation. O. polymorpha produces glycoproteins with two types of sugar chains, N- and O-linked glycans are attached to protein. Studies on the structure of N-linked chains have revealed a certain average length (Man8-12GlcNAc2) with terminal alpha-1,2-linked mannose residues, and not with allergenic terminal alpha-1,3-linked mannose residues as found in other yeasts, especially in the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Biotechnological applications
Ogataea polymorpha with its unusual characteristics provides an excellent platform for the gene technological production of proteins, especially of pharmaceuticals like insulin for treatment of diabetes, hepatitis B vaccines or IFNalpha-2a for the treatment of hepatitis C. Derivatives of both CBS4732 and DL-1 are employed in the production of such recombinant compounds. Further yeasts employed for this application are Pichia pastoris, Arxula adeninivorans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae and others.

Like other yeasts, O. polymorpha is a microorganism that can be cultured in large fermenters to high cell densities within a short time. It is a safe organism in not containing pyrogens, pathogens or viral inclusions. It can release compounds into a culture medium as it has all the components required for secretion (this is for instance not the case with bacteria like Escherichia coli). It can provide attractive genetic components for an efficient production of proteins.

In Fig. 2 the general design of a vector (a genetic vehicle to transform a yeast strain into a genetically engineered protein producer). It must contain several genetic elements:
1. A selection marker, required to select a transformed strain from an untransformed background –this can be done if for instance such an element enables a deficient strain to grow under culturing conditions void of a certain compound like a particular amino acid that cannot be produced by the deficient strain).
2. Certain elements to propagate and to target the foreign DNA to the chromosome of the yeast (ARS and/or rDNA sequence).
3. A segment responsible for the production of the desired protein compound a so-called expression cassette. Such a cassette is made up by a sequence of regulatory elements, a promoter that controls, how much and under which circumstances a following gene sequence is transcribed and as a consequence how much protein is eventually made. This means that the segment following the promoter is variable depending on the desired product – it could be a sequence determining the amino acids for insulin, for hepatitis B vaccine or for interferon. The expression cassette is terminated by a following terminator sequence that provides a proper stop of the transcription. The promoter elements of the O. polymorpha system are derived from genes that are highly expressed, from instance from the MOX gene, the FMD gene or the TPS1 gene mentioned before. They are not only very strong, but can also be regulated by certain addition of carbon sources like sugar, methanol or glycerol.

In 2000 an informal society of scientists was founded named HPWN (Hansenula polymorpha worldwide network) founded by Marten Veenhuis, Groningen, and Gerd Gellissen, Düsseldorf. Every two years meetings are held.

The attractiveness of the O. polymorpha platform is commercially exploited by several biotech companies for the development of production processes, among others by PharmedArtis, located in Aachen, Germany and the Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK).

References

Bibliography

External links
http://www.pharmedartis.de
http://www.ipk-gatersleben.de/Internet/Forschung/MolekulareZellbiologie/

Yeasts
Fungi described in 1959
Saccharomycetaceae

Ogataea polymorpha


"The Past" is the second single from the Chapter VII: Hope and Sorrow album produced by the American rock band Sevendust. This power ballad, with lead vocals from Lajon Witherspoon and featuring guest vocals by lead vocalist of the band Daughtry, Chris Daughtry, is a bit of a departure for the band, falling more into the post-grunge category than what fans have come to expect from Sevendust. "Sorrow", another song found on Chapter VII: Hope and Sorrow, is similar in tone and also contains guest vocals, this time by Myles Kennedy. The song doesn't feature music video.

Controversy
Florida TV station WFTV-Channel 9 reported that Sevendust's song "The Past" was played repeatedly by Casey Anthony, who has been charged with first-degree murder in the disappearance of her daughter, Caylee while she was out on bond. The track carries this lyric: "Beneath the water that's falling from my eyes, Lays a soul I've left behind." The song was also apparently a topic of discussion on "Nancy Grace", a nightly current affairs show on CNN's Headline News hosted by Nancy Ann Grace, an American legal commentator, television host, and former prosecutor.

Sevendust has issued the following statement regarding the matter, "After hearing the news that our song "The Past" was a topic of discussion on the Nancy Grace show yesterday, we would like to elaborate. The song was written as a song of hope. A song with positive message. To look back on your life and reflect and to feel good about getting through the rough times that everyone goes through, the roller coaster of life, so to speak." Also they added, "We regret that we've been linked to the horrible subject involving the disappearance of little Caylee Anthony. Most of us have children and have been saddened by the story from the beginning."

Personnel
 Lajon Witherspoon – lead vocals
 Chris Daughtry - co-lead vocals
 John Connolly – lead guitar
 Sonny Mayo – rhythm guitar
 Vinnie Hornsby – bass
 Morgan Rose – drums

Charts

References

2008 singles
Sevendust songs
Post-grunge songs
Songs written by John Connolly (musician)
Songs written by Morgan Rose
Songs written by Lajon Witherspoon
Songs written by Vinnie Hornsby
Asylum Records singles
Music controversies
2008 controversies in the United States
2008 songs

The Past (Sevendust song)


The Korean field mouse (Apodemus peninsulae), also known as the Korean wood mouse, is a species of mouse. It is distributed across Northeastern Asia, including the Russian Far East, northern China, the Korean Peninsula, Sakhalin, and Hokkaidō. It is not found on the Korean island of Jeju. The adult has a body length of 76–125 mm, with a tail of nearly equal length (75–112 mm).

See also
 Soochong virus

References

External links
IUCN
Hantavirus report
Genetic-historical study

Mammals of Korea
Apodemus
Mammals described in 1907
Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas
Mammals of Japan

Korean field mouse


MV John Hamilton Gray was an icebreaking railway, vehicle, and passenger ferry which operated across the Abegweit Passage of Northumberland Strait, connecting Port Borden to Cape Tormentine between 1968–1997.

John Hamilton Gray was named in honour of two different people who shared the same name:

 John Hamilton Gray, the fifth premier of the British colony of Prince Edward Island and one of Canada's Fathers of Confederation.
 John Hamilton Gray, the second premier of the British colony of New Brunswick and also one of Canada's Fathers of Confederation.

Both men lived in the same era and ended up in public service in the neighbouring colonies of Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick, which this vessel would connect as a ferry.

Ferry service
John Hamilton Gray was launched in May 1965 as hull 349 at the Marine Industries Limited shipyard in Sorel, Quebec, and sub-assemblies were built by the Davie Shipyard in Lauzon and towed by barge to Sorel to be completed on the ferry. She was fitted out on November 1, 1967, and delivered in October 1968. The sea trials took place in September 1968. Her designers were the Montreal design firm of German & Milne. Her owner was the Canadian National Railway (CN), operator of the Borden-Tormentine service from 1918–1977.

Beginning in May 1972, John Hamilton Gray was used during the peak travel season on CN's Cabot Strait services from North Sydney to Channel-Port aux Basques and Argentia.  The seasonal service to Newfoundland typically lasted until November, whereby John Hamilton Gray would return to the Northumberland Strait service for the winter icebreaking season where she served alongside . Her summer participation in the Newfoundland service ended in September 1988 in advance of 's entry into service in 1989.

In 1977, CN created a subsidiary CN Marine to operate its ferry services. In 1986, CN Marine changed its name to Marine Atlantic, the last operator of the ferry service between Borden and Cape Tormentine.

Throughout the 1970s until the new MV Abegweit entered service in 1982, John Hamilton Gray was the largest and most powerful ferry on the Northumberland Strait.

John Hamilton Gray was designed to be compatible with the A Dock at both Borden and Cape Tormentine which was in use by the original MV Abegweit (and whose design is traced to the SS Prince Edward Island).  John Hamilton Gray loaded only from the stern on the lower rail/truck deck, however until a modification in the early 1980s (in advance of the arrival of the new MV Abegweit), the upper car deck was loaded from a side hatch at the stern.  The modification in the early 1980s saw the side hatch sealed and a stern loading hatch added.

On December 31, 1989, John Hamilton Gray hauled the last railcars and locomotives off Prince Edward Island as CN Rail abandoned its former Prince Edward Island Railway trackage in the province.

John Hamilton Gray was chartered for two summers by "Croisières Carleton-les-Îles", a private ferry company in Quebec's Gaspé Peninsula during 1995 and 1996, running a passenger-vehicle service between Carleton-sur-Mer and Cap-aux-Meules, Quebec in the Magdalen Islands.

John Hamilton Gray departed the Northumberland Strait for the final time on April 28, 1997, when she headed to Point Edward, Nova Scotia for disposal.  The pending opening of the Confederation Bridge on May 31, 1997, would result in the permanent closure of the ferry service and Marine Atlantic only required three vessels (, , and ) during the last month of operation.

Casino cruise service

John Hamilton Gray was sold in July 1997 at Point Edward by the Government of Canada's Crown Assets Division to Contessa International, a casino cruise company in the United States. The vessel was overhauled at a shipyard in Les Méchins, Quebec, and departed for West Palm Beach, Florida, in November, no longer a ferry but a casino cruise ship.

Carrying the new name Contessa I, the vessel operated cruises from West Palm Beach from 1998 to 2001. Still owned by Contessa International, she was managed by Kyma Ship Management of Panama and renamed Texas Treasure II.  The vessel operated casino cruises from Freeport, Texas in late 2001 and early 2002 then from Port Aransas, Texas, for the remainder of the 2002 season before being mothballed at Freeport, Bahamas, and placed for sale, following the failure of U.S. Coast Guard safety and U.S. government hygiene inspections.

Scrapping

The vessel was renamed Treasure and sailed to the Alang Ship Breaking Yard in Alang, India. The Lloyd's Registry shows the vessel as demolished on March 15, 2004; however, records indicate that the vessel departed Freeport on April 30, 2004, passing the Suez Canal on June 11 and being scrapped later that month.

References

Ferries of Prince Edward Island
Ferries of New Brunswick
CN Marine
Marine Atlantic
1965 ships
Ships built in Sorel-Tracy
Train ferries
Transport in Prince County, Prince Edward Island

MV John Hamilton Gray


Richard J. Wills Jr (born 3 August 1942) is a bishop of the United Methodist Church, elected in 2004.

Birth and family
He married Eileen (Willis) Wills on 12 June 1965.  They have four children: Richard J. Wills III of Lakeland, Florida; Suzanne Wills Hart of West Palm Beach, Florida; Johanna Wills Clark of Orlando, Florida; and Rebekah Wills Stephens of Sebring, Florida.

Education
Richard graduated in 1964 with a B.S. degree in Psychology from Florida Southern College.  He earned an M.Div. degree from Candler School of Theology, Emory University in 1967.  He has received Honorary Doctorates from Bethune-Cookman College and from Florida Southern.

Ordained ministry
Rev. Wills was ordained a Deacon in the Florida Annual Conference of The Methodist Church in 1965.  He was ordained an Elder in 1969.  He was appointed pastor of the Crystal Lake Methodist/U.M. Church, Lakeland, Florida, from 1967 to 71.  He was pastor of the Mandarin U.M.C., Jacksonville, Florida, 1971-75.  In 1975, Rev. Wills was appointed Associate Council Director on the Conference Council of Ministries, Florida Annual Conference, serving in this capacity until 1978.  He became the pastor of the Englewood U.M.C. in 1978, and the senior pastor of Christ Church United Methodist, Fort Lauderdale from 1986 to 2004.

Rev. Wills was also very involved in Annual Conference and General Church responsibilities.  He chaired his conference's Board of Ordained Ministry (1984-1988), also serving as a member (1980-1988 and 2002–2004).  He was on the Terring Committee of the Large Church Initiative of the General Board of Discipleship for twelve years.  He was a member of the Southeastern Jurisdictional Committee on Episcopacy (1996-2004).  He was a member of the Board of Trustees of Bethune-Cookman College (1995-2000).  He held many other local and regional offices, as well.

Episcopal ministry
Rev. Wills was elected a delegate to the Southeastern Jurisdictional Conference and the General Conference of the U.M. Church 1988-2004, leading his delegation in 2000, and 2004.  He was elected to the episcopacy at the 2004 Jurisdictional Conference, having been endorsed by the Florida Conference delegation.  He was assigned to the Nashville Episcopal Area (the Tennessee and Memphis Annual Conferences).

Bishop Wills took volunteer early retirement on September 1, 2011.  He announced his retirement 16 months after having back surgery.  He said in a letter to the conference that the reason for his  decision was that the neurosurgeon who performed his surgery, "indicates my lifestyle (travel and a lot of sitting) is contributing to my ongoing pain and discomfort."

Selected writings
 Waking to God's Dream:  Spiritual Leadership and Church Renewal, Nashville:  Abingdon Press, 1999.
 author of many articles on spiritual leadership

See also
 List of bishops of the United Methodist Church

References

InfoServ, the official information service of The United Methodist Church.
The Council of Bishops of the United Methodist Church

External links
 Bishop Wills' Official Biography
 Photo of Bishop Wills
 Bishop Wills' page Tennessee Annual Conference Website
 Memphis Annual Conference Website

1942 births
Living people
Candler School of Theology alumni
United Methodist bishops of the Southeastern Jurisdiction
Methodist writers
Methodist theologians
21st-century Methodist ministers
20th-century Methodist ministers
American male writers

Richard J. Wills Jr