Mammal are an Australian band that formed in March 2006. Mammal rose up the ranks of the Australian music scene very quickly. Their first self-titled EP was recorded soon after the band came together. Their debut live album "Vol:1 The Aural Underground" was recorded just 4 months after the band started touring at a sold-out show at The Evelyn Hotel on 2 February 2007. Mammal also released a single titled "Slaves/Nagasaki in Flames" AA side, featuring 3 songs. Mammal entered the studio on 21 April 2008 to begin recording their debut studio album, The Majority which was released in August 2008. It peaked at No. 51 on the ARIA Albums Chart in early September. Some of the band's songs, including Hell Yeah!, New Breed Judas and Slaves, received regular airplay on Australian radio station Triple J.

History

2006
Mammal began in March 2006 when former Full Scale frontman Ezekiel Ox joined up with old friend Pete Williamson (of Pete Murray's Stonemasons) who had already been working on some songs with bass player Nick Adams, the two had needed a vocalist and with Zeke everything came together. The trio soon found drummer Zane Rosanoski and the official Mammal line-up was complete. Mammal began playing all the shows they could very soon after forming, which were very well received by audiences and started to gain a fast-growing fan base. In mid-2006 they entered the Sing Sing Studios to record their self-titled debut EP, which was very popular and the fanbase kept growing.

2007
Mammal continued to play many gigs in 2007 and on 2 February they recorded their debut live album "Vol 1: The Aural Underground" which was released on 1 September. They began to find themselves on the bills at some of the country's biggest music festivals and playing more gigs than ever. They also released their single titled "Slaves/Nagasaki in Flames" which had a live version of "Hollywood Shrine". Mammal began work on material for their debut studio album on 20 November.

2008–2009
The band continued to play many shows at the beginning of 2008 and were fast becoming one of Australia's biggest bands, with a solid reputation as a live band. They performed at the Melbourne "Big Day Out" and they opened for KISS at their Brisbane show in February. They entered "Sing Sing Studios" on 21 April to begin recording their new studio album, which was released on 30 August 2008. The released album was called The Majority and it debuted at No. 51 on the ARIA Albums chart. and at No. 2 on the independent AIR chart. Their single "Smash the Piñata" was placed on rotation by Triple J. and its accompanying video clip received high rotation on UK TV music channel "Scuzz TV". Mammal also played at Bassinthegrass 2007 and again in 2008 on 24 May. Mammal undertook 3 tours in the last 6 months of 2008 - the first in support of "Smash the Pinata", the first single from the debut album, the second an album launch tour, and the third, and final, more extensive run including some regional/coastal shows as a proper tour for "The Majority". Mammal finished 2008 by winning Best Live Band at the Music Oz awards for independent bands. The band played at the 2009 Peaches and Cream Festival on the Murray River. In 2009, Mammal performed at all Australian dates on the Big Day Out Festival tour, undertook several national tours, including a two-week UK tour with sold-out shows in London, Manchester and Glasgow. They were writing material for a second studio album before later disbanding.
A live CD/DVD, "Vol 2: Systematic/Automatic" was released on 5 September, and were planning to tour the UK with The Answer, famed for touring with AC/DC.

Break up
On October 31, 2009, Mammal announced via newsletter that all touring had been canceled and they had split up, releasing the statement: "Due to long standing personal, political, musical and business differences, Mammal has decided it cannot continue and is no more...".

Reunion (2017–present)

Mammal released a statement on 8 August 2017 announcing that they were playing their first show after almost 8 years scheduled for Fri, 27 October 2017 in Melbourne. Following the sold-out performance at Melbourne's Max Watts, the band announced a small tour for late December.

In May 2018, Mammal released their first new material since 2009, the digital double-A side single "Community". A film clip was also released for the title track, and the song "Virtue Signalling", which had been played live on the band's December tour the previous year, was also released. The band also announced a tour to take place from June through to September.

Related projects

Ezekiel Ox plays in Over-Reactor, Full Scale, and Superheist as well as leading his solo rock project "Ezekiel Ox".

Pete Williamson and Zane Rosanoski formed a blues-rock band, Black Devil Yard Boss, with Michael "Big D" Davids on bass.

Nick Adams joined up with Hugo Tremayne, formerly of K-Oscillate, and Ben Ellingworth, formerly of MM9, in the electronic/rock band, Sub Atari Knives. He also plays in Warflags, Machine Gun Tongues and is session bass player for Clairy Browne.

Zane Rosanoski plays in East York.

Line up
 Ezekiel Ox – vocals
 Pete Williamson – guitar
 Zane Rosanoski – drums, percussion
 Kade Turner – bass guitar

Former members
 Nick Adams – bass guitar

Discography

Studio albums

Live albums

Extended plays

Singles

References

External links

 Official Mammal website

Australian rock music groups
Musical groups established in 2006
Musical groups disestablished in 2009
Australian heavy metal musical groups
Musical groups from Melbourne
Australian musical quartets

Mammal (band)


W11 Opera is an independent opera company in London which produces operas performed by young people aged 9 to 18. Founded in 1971, it takes its name from its location in W11, a postal district in West London consisting largely of Notting Hill and parts of Holland Park.

Almost all of the productions are new works created by composers such as George Fenton, John Gardner, Richard Harvey, Colin Towns and Timothy Kraemer. Some of these works go on to be revived by schools and other opera companies.

Notable alumni of the company include Eve Best, Jonathan Antoine and Sophie Ellis-Bextor.

Works commissioned and premiered
W11 Opera has commissioned and produced almost 40 new operas, more than any other UK company, providing a repertoire of music theatre for its cast of 9- to 18-year-olds. Each has a running time of just over one hour. Most of the group's commissions are available for performance by schools and music theatre groups.

1971	Noye's Fludde* 	Benjamin Britten, (Chester Mystery play)
1972	The Pied Piper Christopher Bowers-Broadbent, Jeremy Hornsby
1973 	Bel and the Dragon, John Gardner, Timothy Kraemer
1974	The Winter Star*, Malcolm Williamson
1975	Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat *, Andrew Lloyd Webber, Tim Rice
1976	Like This, Like That, Timothy Kraemer, Peter Dickinson
1977 	The Adventures of Jonah, Timothy Kraemer, Timothy Kraemer and Peter Dickinson
1978	The Girl and the Unicorn, Stephen Oliver, Stephen Oliver
1979	Dreamtime, Daryl Runswick, Daryl Runswick
1980	Mak the Sheep Stealer*, Herbert Chappell, Don Taylor
1981	Wenceslas, Timothy Kraemer, Timothy Kraemer
1982 	Birthday (revived 1998), George Fenton, Timothy Kraemer
1983	Rainbow Planet, Christopher Gunning, Timothy Rose Price
1984 	The Adventures of Jonah, + 	Timothy Kraemer, Timothy Kraemer & Peter Dickinson
1985	Bel and the Dragon, + John Gardner, Timothy Kraemer
1986	The Tin Knight, Francis Shaw, Michael Finch
1987 	Ulysses and the Wooden Horse, Timothy Kraemer, Timothy Kraemer
1988	The Return of Odysseus, David Bedford, David Bedford
1989	Koppelberg,	Steve Gray, Norman Brooke
1990	Double Trouble, Louisa Lasdun, Adam Thorpe
1991	A Time of Miracles, Richard Harvey, John Kane
1992	Listen to the Earth, Steve Gray, Sarah Shuckburgh
1993	Traveller's Tale, Michael Kamen, Michael Kamen
1994	Antiphony, (revived 2005), Graham Preskett, John Kane
1995	The Dancing Princesses, Bill Connor, Nick Renton
1996	Ulysses and the Wooden Horse, + Timothy Kraemer, Timothy Kraemer
1997	Eloise, Karl Jenkins, Carol Barratt
1999	Rip, Colin Towns, Martin Newell
2000	Deep Waters, Cecilia McDowall, Christie Dickason
2001	Flying High, Graham Preskett, John Kane
2002	Stormlight, David Knotts, Katharine Craik
2003	Game Over, Guy Dagul, Jane Aspeling
2004	All in the Mind, Edward Lambert, Edward Lambert
2005	ANTiphony, + Graham Preskett, John Kane
2006	Chincha-Chancha Cooroo, Bernard Hughes, William Radice
2007	Shadowtracks, Julian Grant, Tina Jones
2008	The Song of Rhiannon, Mark Bowden, Helen Cooper
2009	The Whale Savers, Martin Ward, Phil Porter
2010	Rain Dance, Stuart Hancock, Donald Sturrock
2011	Original Features, Julian Grant, Christina Jones
2012	Good Intentions, Julian Philips, Simon Christmas
2013	The Fizz, Martin Ward, Phil Porter
2014	Deep Waters, + Cecilia McDowall, Christie Dickason
2015	Eliza and the Swans, John Barber, Hazel Gould
2016	The Price, Russell Hepplewhite, Helen Eastman
2017	The Cutlass Crew, Stuart Hancock, Donald Sturrock
2018	Shadow Tracks, + Julian Grant, Christina Jones

Note: * not a W11 Opera commission; + denotes commission revivals

British opera companies
Opera in London
Musical groups established in 1971

W11 Opera


CT Financial Services Inc., operating as Canada Trust, was a financial services holding company headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, which operated in Canada through its trust company subsidiaries, including Canada Trustco Mortgage Company and The Canada Trust Company.

The company's operations were acquired by the Toronto-Dominion Bank in 2000, and merged into Toronto-Dominion's existing retail banking operations, forming the current TD Canada Trust division.

History

Canada Trust began in 1894 as the General Trust Corporation of Canada. In 1899, it changed its name to the Canada Trust Company. In 1901, the London, Ontario company Huron and Erie Savings and Loan Society, which had been founded in 1864, purchased Canada Trust and began operating it as a subsidiary. The parent company changed its name to the Huron and Erie Mortgage Corporation in 1915, then began branding itself as Huron and Erie–Canada Trust; the branding was changed to Canada Trust–Huron and Erie in 1962 to reflect the company's national reach. In 1976, Huron and Erie changed its name to Canada Trustco Mortgage Company and continued to operate Canada Trust as a subsidiary.

Canada Trust was a trust company that offered the same services as a bank. It was one of Canada's largest non-bank financial institutions, with $38 billion in deposits and $176 billion in assets. It had 11,000 employees and 3.5 million customers and operated a network of 413 branches across Canada; and almost 1,000 automated banking machines. Its banking machines were, at one point in the late 1980s to early 1990s, called "Johnnycash" machines. They were even promoted with lifesize cutouts of Johnny Cash asking the question, "Why walk the line?", a reference to one of his hit songs.

In the United States, CT Financial operated through First Federal Savings and Loan Association. First Federal was founded in 1896, and operated through 82 branches throughout New York State. CT Financial also operated other divisions including Truscan Realty Limited (d/b/a Canada Trust Realty), CT Insurance Limited, and Canada Trust Bank N.V.

During the 1980s and 1990s, CT Financial was controlled by Imasco, a conglomerate which at that time also owned Imperial Tobacco Canada and Shoppers Drug Mart. Imasco was publicly traded, although it was controlled by British American Tobacco (BAT) through the latter's ownership of 41.5% of Imasco's shares. During the late 1990s, some synergy between the companies manifested in the form of Canada Trust ATMs appearing in or adjacent to Shoppers Drug Mart locations.

In 2000, BAT moved to take Imasco private and intended to sell its non-tobacco assets as part of the process, including Canada Trust. CIBC had long indicated its interest in Canada Trust, but ultimately BAT accepted an $8 billion offer from the Toronto-Dominion Bank. Following the completion of this deal on February 1, 2000, Canada Trust's retail banking operations were integrated into TD's similar operations, now collectively known as TD Canada Trust.

TD merged its existing subsidiary TD Trust Company with the acquired Canada Trustco Mortgage Company, naming the resulting new subsidiary entity the Canada Trust Company. This new subsidiary now primarily provides traditional trust company services, and also services Canada Trust accounts opened prior to the merger with TD (other existing TD Canada Trust-branded accounts are actually issued by TD Bank itself).

References

Toronto-Dominion Bank
Trust companies of Canada
Defunct financial services companies of Canada
Mortgage lenders of Canada
Banks established in 1864
Banks disestablished in 2000
1864 establishments in Canada
2000 disestablishments in Ontario

Canada Trust


Pyrrole is a heterocyclic, aromatic, organic compound, a five-membered ring with the formula . It is a colorless volatile liquid that darkens readily upon exposure to air. Substituted derivatives are also called pyrroles, e.g., N-methylpyrrole, . Porphobilinogen, a trisubstituted pyrrole, is the biosynthetic precursor to many natural products such as heme.

Pyrroles are components of more complex macrocycles, including the porphyrinogens and products derived therefrom, including porphyrins of heme, the chlorins, bacteriochlorins, and chlorophylls.

Properties, structure, bonding
Pyrrole is a colorless volatile liquid that darkens readily upon exposure to air, and is usually purified by distillation immediately before use. Pyrrole has a nutty odor. Pyrrole is a 5-membered aromatic heterocycle, like furan and thiophene. Unlike furan and thiophene, it has a dipole in which the positive end lies on the side of the heteroatom, with a dipole moment of 1.58 D. In CDCl3, it has chemical shifts at 6.68 (H2, H5) and 6.22 (H3, H4). Pyrrole is an extremely weak base for an amine, with a conjugate acid pKa of −3.8. The most thermodynamically stable pyrrolium cation (C4H6N+) is formed by protonation at the 2 position. Substitution of pyrrole with alkyl substituents provides a more basic molecule—for example, tetramethylpyrrole has a conjugate acid pKa of +3.7. Pyrrole is also weakly acidic at the N–H position, with a pKa of 16.5.
As a hydrogen bonding Lewis acid it is classified as a hard acid and the ECW model lists its acid parameters as EA = 1.38 and CA = 0.68.

Pyrrole has aromatic character because the lone pairs of electrons on the nitrogen atom is partially delocalized into the ring, creating a 4n + 2 aromatic system (see Hückel's rule).  In terms of its aromaticity, pyrrole's is modest relative to benzene but comparable to related heterocycles thiophene and furan. The resonance energies of benzene, pyrrole, thiophene, and furan are, respectively, 152, 88, 121, and 67 kJ/mol (36, 21, 29, and 16 kcal/mol).   The molecule is flat.

History
Pyrrole was first detected by F. F. Runge in 1834, as a constituent of coal tar. In 1857, it was isolated from the pyrolysate of bone. Its name comes from the Greek pyrrhos (, "reddish, fiery"), from the reaction used to detect it—the red color that it imparts to wood when moistened with hydrochloric acid.

Occurrence in nature

Pyrrole itself is not naturally occurring, but many of its derivatives are found in a variety of cofactors and natural products. Common naturally produced molecules containing pyrroles include vitamin B12, bile pigments like bilirubin and biliverdin, and the porphyrins of heme, chlorophyll, chlorins, bacteriochlorins, and porphyrinogens. Other pyrrole-containing secondary metabolites include PQQ, makaluvamine M, ryanodine, rhazinilam, lamellarin, prodigiosin, myrmicarin, and sceptrin. The syntheses of pyrrole-containing haemin, synthesized by Hans Fischer was recognized by the Nobel Prize.

Pyrrole is a constituent of tobacco smoke and may contribute to its toxic effects.

Synthesis
Pyrrole is prepared industrially by treatment of furan with ammonia in the presence of solid acid catalysts, like SiO2 and Al2O3.

Pyrrole can also be formed by catalytic dehydrogenation of pyrrolidine.

Several syntheses of the pyrrole ring have been described.  Three routes dominate, but many other methods exist.

Hantzsch pyrrole synthesis

The Hantzsch pyrrole synthesis is the reaction of β-ketoesters (1) with ammonia (or primary amines) and α-haloketones (2) to give substituted pyrroles (3).

Knorr pyrrole synthesis

The Knorr pyrrole synthesis involves the reaction of an α-amino ketone or an α-amino-β-ketoester with an activated methylene compound. The method involves the reaction of an α-aminoketone (1) and a compound containing a methylene group α to (bonded to the next carbon to) a carbonyl group (2).

Paal–Knorr pyrrole synthesis

In the Paal–Knorr pyrrole synthesis, a 1,4-dicarbonyl compound reacts with ammonia or a primary amine to form a substituted pyrrole.

Other methods
Van Leusen reaction pyrroles are produced by reaction of tosylmethyl isocyanide (TosMIC) with an enone in the presence of base, in a Michael addition. A 5-endo cyclization then forms the 5-membered ring, which reacts to eliminate the tosyl group. The last step is tautomerization to the pyrrole.

By the Barton–Zard synthesis, an isocyanoacetate reacts with a nitroalkene in a 1,4-addition, followed by 5-endo-dig cyclization, elimination of the nitro group, and tautomerization.

The starting materials in the Piloty–Robinson pyrrole synthesis, named for Gertrude and Robert Robinson and Oskar Piloty, are two equivalents of an aldehyde and hydrazine. The product is a pyrrole with substituents at the 3 and 4 positions. The aldehyde reacts with the diamine to an intermediate di-imine (R−C=N−N=C−R). In the second step, a [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement takes place between. Addition of hydrochloric acid leads to ring closure and loss of ammonia to form the pyrrole. The mechanism was developed by the Robinsons.

In one modification, propionaldehyde is treated first with hydrazine and then with benzoyl chloride at high temperatures and assisted by microwave irradiation:

Pyrroles bearing multiple substituents have been obtained from the reaction of münchnones and alkynes. The reaction mechanism involves 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition followed by loss of carbon dioxide by a retro-Diels–Alder process. Similar reactions can be performed using azalactones.

Pyrroles can also be prepared by silver-catalyzed cyclization of alkynes with isonitriles, where R2 is an electron-withdrawing group, and R1 is an alkane, aryl group, or ester. Examples of disubstituted alkynes have also been seen to form the desired pyrrole in considerable yield. The reaction is proposed to proceed via a silver acetylide intermediate. This method is analogous to the azide–alkyne click chemistry used to form azoles.

One synthetic route to pyrrole involves the decarboxylation of ammonium mucate, the ammonium salt of mucic acid. The salt is typically heated in a distillation setup with glycerol as a solvent.

Biosynthesis
The de novo biosynthesis of pyrrole rings begins with aminolevulinic acid (ALA), which is synthesized from glycine and succinyl-CoA. ALA dehydratase catalyzes the condensation of two ALA molecules via a Knorr-type ring synthesis to form porphobilinogen (PBG). This later reacts to form, for example, the macrocycles heme and chlorophyll.

.

Proline is biosynthetically derived from the amino acid L-glutamate.  Glutamate-5-semialdehyde is first formed by glutamate 5-kinase (ATP-dependent) and glutamate-5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (which requires NADH or NADPH). This can then either spontaneously cyclize to form 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid, which is reduced to proline by pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (using NADH or NADPH), or turned into ornithine by ornithine aminotransferase, followed by cyclisation by ornithine cyclodeaminase to form proline.

Proline can be used as precursor of aromatic pyrroles in secondary natural products, as in prodigiosins.
The biosynthesis of Prodigiosin involves the convergent coupling of three pyrrole type rings (labeled A, B, and C in figure 1) from L-proline, L-serine, L-methionine,  pyruvate, and 2-octenal.

Ring A is synthesized from L-proline through the nonribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS) pathway (figure 2), wherein the pyrrolidine ring of proline is oxidized twice through FAD+ to yield pyrrole ring A.

Ring A is then expanded via the polyketide synthase pathway to incorporate L-serine into ring B (figure 3). Ring A fragment is transferred from the peptidyl carrier protein  (PCP) to the Acyl Carrier Protein (ACP) by a KS domain, followed by transfer to malonyl-ACP via decarboxylative Claisen condensation. This fragment is then able to react with the masked carbanion formed from the PLP mediated decarboxylation of L-serine, which cyclizes in a dehydration reaction to yield the second pyrrole ring. This intermediate is then modified by methylation (which incorporates a methyl group from L-methionine onto the alcohol at the 6 position) and oxidation of the primary alcohol to the aldehyde to yield the core A–B ring structures.

Reactions and reactivity
Due to its aromatic character, pyrrole is difficult to hydrogenate, does not easily react as a diene in Diels–Alder reactions, and does not undergo usual olefin reactions. Its reactivity is similar to that of benzene and aniline, in that it is easy to alkylate and acylate. Under acidic conditions, pyrroles polymerize easily, and thus many electrophilic reagents that are used in benzene chemistry are not applicable to pyrroles. In contrast, substituted pyrroles (including protected pyrroles) have been used in a broad range of transformations.

Reaction of pyrrole with electrophiles
Pyrroles generally react with electrophiles at the α position (C2 or C5), due to the highest degree of stability of the protonated intermediate.

Pyrroles react easily with nitrating (e.g. HNO3/Ac2O), sulfonating (Py·SO3), and halogenating (e.g. NCS, NBS, Br2, SO2Cl2, and KI/H2O2) agents. Halogenation generally provides polyhalogenated pyrroles, but monohalogenation can be performed. As is typical for electrophilic additions to pyrroles, halogenation generally occurs at the 2-position, but can also occur at the 3-position by silation of the nitrogen. This is a useful method for further functionalization of the generally less reactive 3-position.

Acylation
Acylation generally occurs at the 2-position, through the use of various methods. Acylation with acid anhydrides and acid chlorides can occur without a catalyst; alternatively, a Lewis acid may be used. 2-Acylpyrroles are also obtained from reaction with nitriles, by the Houben–Hoesch reaction. Pyrrole aldehydes can be formed by a Vilsmeier–Haack reaction. N-Acylation of simple pyrrole does not occur.

Alkylation
Electrophilic alkylation of simple pyrrole is uncommon. Alkylation to form enones at C2 has been seen.

Reaction of deprotonated pyrrole
The NH proton in pyrroles is moderately acidic with a pKa of 16.5. Pyrrole can be deprotonated with strong bases such as butyllithium and sodium hydride. The resulting alkali pyrrolide is nucleophilic. Treating this conjugate base with an electrophile such as iodomethane gives N-methylpyrrole. N-Metalated pyrrole can react with electrophiles at the N or C positions, depending on the coordinating metal. More ionic nitrogen–metal bonds (such as with lithium, sodium, and potassium) and more solvating solvents lead to N-alkylation. Nitrophilic metals, such as MgX, lead to alkylation at C (mainly C2), due to a higher degree of coordination to the nitrogen atom.
In the cases of N-substituted pyrroles, metalation of the carbons is more facile. Alkyl groups can be introduced as electrophiles, or by cross-coupling reactions.

Substitution at C3 can be achieved through the use of N-substituted 3-bromopyrrole, which can be synthesized by bromination of N-silylpyrrole with NBS.

Reductions
Pyrroles can undergo reductions to pyrrolidines and to pyrrolines. For example, Birch reduction of pyrrole esters and amides produced pyrrolines, with the regioselectivity depending on the position of the electron-withdrawing group.

Cyclization reactions
Pyrroles with N-substitution can undergo cycloaddition reactions such as [4+2]-, [2+2]-, and [2+1]-cyclizations. Diels-Alder cyclizations can occur with the pyrrole acting as a diene, especially in the presence of an electron-withdrawing group on the nitrogen. Vinylpyrroles can also act as dienes.

Pyrroles can react with carbenes, such as dichlorocarbene, in a [2+1]-cycloaddition. With dichlorocarbene, a dichlorocyclopropane intermediate is formed, which breaks down to form 3-chloropyridine (the Ciamician–Dennstedt rearrangement).

Commercial uses
Polypyrrole is of some commercial value.  N-Methylpyrrole is a precursor to N-methylpyrrolecarboxylic acid, a building-block in pharmaceutical chemistry.  Pyrroles are also found in several drugs, including atorvastatin, ketorolac, and sunitinib.  Pyrroles are used as lightfast red, scarlet, and carmine pigments.

Analogs and derivatives
Structural analogs of pyrrole include:
 Pyrroline, a partially saturated analog with one double bond
 Pyrrolidine, the saturated hydrogenated analog

Derivatives of pyrrole include indole, a derivative with a fused benzene ring.

See also

 Simple aromatic rings
 Tetrapyrrole
 Polypyrrole
 Azonine

References

Further reading

External links
 Synthesis of pyrroles (overview of recent methods)
 Substitution reaction mechanisms of nitrogen-containing heteroaromatics

Pyrrole


The former First Bible Missionary Church, located in the West End of Davenport, Iowa, United States, is an historic structure listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The building was built as a Congregational Church.

History
The Congregational Church established a congregation in Davenport in 1839 as First Congregational Church and in 1861 it was reorganized as Edward's Congregational Church. The denomination was never large or broad-based in the city and was supported in part by the American Home Mission Society.

In 1857 the German Congregational Church was founded with a handful of members. They merged with Bethlehem Congregational Mission in 1909 and formed Berea Congregational Church. Berea was the congregation that built this structure. In 1964 Berea merged with Sunnymead Evangelical and Reformed Church and became Faith United Church of Christ. They occupied the Sunnymead facility in northwest Davenport. This building became First Bible Missionary Church, and it has changed congregations since. It has always housed small Protestant congregations.

Architecture
The church building is constructed of brick on a rock-faced stone basement. The structure was designed in no clearly definable architectural style. It is a cross-gabled building with a tower in the angle on the east side. The exterior bricks are painted white, and the primary ornamentation of the building are narrow, molded stringcourses and its stained glass windows. It is defined more by its plain surface areas and clean, sharp lines. Also of note are the variety of window shapes employed on the building. Other features include short cornice returns, a pedimented roof dormer and palladian-like arrangement of the windows on the east side, all of which suggests Neoclassicism that was popular at the turn of the 20th-century.

References

Churches completed in 1902
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
Churches in Davenport, Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Davenport, Iowa
Congregational churches in Iowa
German-American history

First Bible Missionary Church


was the 31st emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.

The years of the reign of Yōmei start in 585 and end in 587.  The names and sequence of the early emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

Traditional history
Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Yōmei to be possibly legendary, but probable.  The name Yōmei-tennō was created for him posthumously by later generations.

Emperor Yōmei was the fourth son of Emperor Kimmei. His mother, Soga no Kitashihime, was a daughter of Soga no Iname.

His palace in Yamato Province was called Namitsuki no Miya at Ikebe.

Yōmei had three Empresses and seven Imperial sons and daughters.

Yōmei's son, Prince Umayado, is also known as Prince Shōtoku.

Events of Yōmei's life

 586: In the 14th year of Bidatsu's reign, the emperor died. The succession (senso) received by Bidatsu's younger brother who would become Emperor Yōmei. This was confirmed in ceremonies.
 587, in the 4th month: Yōmei died and his body was placed in a coffin, but not buried. His reign lasted only two years.  He died at the age of 69.
 587, in the 5th month: There was armed conflict over the succession; and forces led by Prince Shōtoku and Soga no Umako overcame the opposition.  The throne passed to a younger brother who would become known as Emperor Shushun.

 587, in the 7th month: The body of former Emperor Yōmei was buried.

After his death
According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus (kofun).  Yōmei is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) which is associated with the burial mound.

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree
 Yōmei Seamount

References

Other websites

518 births
587 deaths
Emperors of Japan

Emperor Yōmei


The Florence Stockade, also known as The Stockade or the Confederate States Military Prison at Florence, was a Confederate prisoner-of-war camp located on the outskirts of Florence, South Carolina, during the American Civil War. It operated from September 1864 through February 1865; during this time, as many as 18,000 Union soldiers were imprisoned there, about 2,800 of whom died.

History
The Florence Stockade was built and became operational in September 1864, and was in operation during the final fall and winter of the war. Overall in command was  Lt. Col. John Iverson, of the 5th Georgia Infantry but the officer in charge of the stockade (a position comparable to that of Henry Wirz at Andersonville Prison) was Lt. James Barrett, also of the 5th Georgia. During its time of operation, anywhere from 15,000 to 18,000 captives were held there. The need for additional prisons became imperative after General Sherman captured Atlanta on September 1, 1864.  Andersonville prison in south Georgia was thought to be in the path of Sherman and the Confederate prison authorities determined to relocate the approximately 30,000 Union prisoners then at Andersonville.  Because Florence had three railroads, and was thought to be secure, it was chosen as a site for a newly constructed prison. To keep the Union soldiers in order during relocation, they were told that they were to be paroled.  Many of those who were unable to walk or not stable enough to travel were left behind in Andersonville. Most of the prisoners who initially came to Florence were first transported to Charleston before making their way 90 miles inland to Florence.  The Florence Stockade was still under construction when the first several thousand prisoners arrived.

The Florence Stockade covered  of land with a trench dug out around the outside to prevent prisoners from tunnelling out. After about a month of operation, there were about 12,000 prisoners and a death rate of 20 to 30 per day.  Supplies were scarce for both the prisoners and the guards. Men were sleeping almost naked and with no blankets. In his 1879 book Andersonville: a Story of Rebel Military Prisons, John McElroy, who was imprisoned in both, states, "I think also that all who experienced confinement in the two places are united in pronouncing Florence to be, on the whole, much the worse place and more fatal to life." He states that government records suggest that about one man in each three imprisoned there died. Part of the reason for this is that its prisoners had already been weakened by their stay in the infamous Andersonville Prison. McElroy, Sgt. Robert H. Kellogg of the 16th Connecticut Volunteers, and Sgt. S.S. Boggs of the 21st Illinois have written similar accounts of Barrett's cruel, inhumane behavior and murders of prisoners.

In mid-October, the United States Sanitary Commission delivered supplies. Of the total number of prisoners that passed through the Florence Stockade, 2,802 Union soldiers died there and most were buried in unmarked trenches in what would become the Florence National Cemetery after the war.

The Stockade was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

The site is open to the public and is a component of the City of Florence Trail System.  The City of Florence and the Friends of the Florence Stockade have developed a walking tour of the site.  There is also an informational gazebo on-site containing a permanent display detailing the history of the site.

See also
 List of Civil War POW Prisons and Camps

References

External links

Florence Prison Stockade History
Friends of the Florence Stockade
The Stockade, Florence County (Florence), with two photos, at South Carolina Department of Archives and History
City of Florence
Stockade Site Now Open to the Public

Military facilities on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
American Civil War prison camps
Defunct prisons in South Carolina
South Carolina in the American Civil War
Buildings and structures in Florence, South Carolina
Tourist attractions in Florence County, South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Florence County, South Carolina
American Civil War on the National Register of Historic Places
African Americans in the American Civil War
1864 establishments in South Carolina
1865 disestablishments in South Carolina

Florence Stockade


Bread pudding is a bread-based dessert popular in many countries' cuisines. It is made with stale bread and milk or cream, generally containing eggs, a form of fat such as oil, butter or suet and, depending on whether the pudding is sweet or savory, a variety of other ingredients. Sweet bread puddings may use sugar, syrup, honey, dried fruit, nuts, as well as spices such as cinnamon, nutmeg, mace, or vanilla. The bread is soaked in the liquids, mixed with the other ingredients, and baked.

Savory puddings like breakfast strata may be served as main courses, while sweet puddings are typically eaten as desserts.

In other languages, its name is a translation of "bread pudding" or even just "pudding", for example "pudín" or "budín". In the Philippines, banana bread pudding is popular. In Mexico, there is a similar dish eaten during Lent called capirotada. In Liverpool in the United Kingdom, a moist version of Nelson cake, itself a bread pudding, is nicknamed "Wet Nelly".

History

Bread pudding originated with 11th-century English cooks who repurposed leftover stale bread. In the following centuries, the dish became known as "poor man's pudding" because of the scarcity of food at the time, with the pudding being made only with boiling water, sugar, and spices.

It was only in the 13th century that eggs and milk were added to the recipe, which then became known as "bread and butter pudding" and later as "Bread Pudding."

The 18th-century English cookbook The Compleat Housewife contains two recipes for baked bread pudding. The first is identified as "A Bread and Butter Pudding for Fasting Days". To make the pudding a baking dish is lined with puff pastry, and slices of penny loaf with butter, raisins and currants, and pieces of butter are added in alternating layers. Over this is poured thickened, spiced cream and orange blossom water, and the dish is baked in the oven. There is another version of the dish that is simpler, omitting the spices and dried fruits.

With the arrival of the first settlers in the 13 English Colonies in America, bread pudding became popular in the colonies and later in the United States of America.

Regional variations

In Belgium, particularly Brussels, bread pudding is baked with brown sugar, cinnamon, stale bread, and raisins or apple.

In Canada, bread pudding is sometimes made with maple syrup.

In Hong Kong, bread pudding is usually served with vanilla cream dressing.

In Hungary, it is called 'Máglyarakás' (literally, "bonfire") which is baked with whipped egg whites on top.

In Malaysia, bread pudding is eaten with custard sauce.

In Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany, black bread is used to make "black bread pudding" (Schwarzbrotpudding).

In the Philippines, stale unsold bread are commonly used by bakeries to make the characteristically bright red filling of pan de regla.

In the United States, especially Louisiana, bread puddings are typically sweet and served as dessert with a sweet sauce of some sort, such as whiskey sauce, rum sauce, or caramel sauce, but typically sprinkled with sugar and eaten warm in squares or slices. Sometimes, bread pudding is served warm topped with or alongside a dollop of whipped cream or a scoop of vanilla ice cream. In Puerto Rico, there are many variations of bread pudding on the island. Cream cheese with lime zest and guava or coconut-sweet plantain with rum raisins is perhaps the most popular. Bread pudding is always made with a variety of spices. Puerto Rican bread pudding is cooked the same as crème caramel with caramel poured into a baking dish and then the pudding mix is poured on top. The baking dish is placed in a bain-marie and then in the oven.

In Argentina, Peru, Paraguay, and Uruguay, bread pudding is known as "budín de pan".

In Brazil, bread pudding is known as "pudim de pão". The dish consists of bread, eggs, milk, condensed milk, butter, vanilla extract, and a pinch of cinnamon (optional). However, all the ingredients are mixed together in a blender and poured into a bundt-like mold (with a hole in the middle) lined with caramelized sugar syrup, which is then baked in a water bath for about 1 hour and a half. Afterwards, it is left to cool before unmolding and serving. When ready, its appearance can be compared to a creamy yet dense flan.

In Panama, bread pudding is known as "mamallena".

In Aruba, bread pudding is known as "pan bolo".

In Cuba, bread pudding is known as "pudín de pan" and many serve it with a guava marmalade.

In Chile, bread pudding is known as "colegial" or "budín de pan".

In Czech Republic and Slovakia bread pudding is known as "žemľovka" and is most commonly made of apples and rohlíks or veka, soaked in sweet milk.

In Southeast Asian regions like Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia, bread pudding is sometimes found in local dessert shops. To cater to local preferences, it may incorporate ingredients such as coconut milk, pandan leaves, palm sugar, and tropical fruits.

In Turkey, bread pudding is known as ekmek kadayıfı and served with a slice of kaymak or ice cream on top of the cake which is garnished with ground pistachio or shredded coconut.

See also

 Bread and butter pudding
 Ekmek kadayıfı
 Cabinet pudding
 Klappertaart
 List of bread dishes
 Pain à la grecque

References

External links

American desserts
Argentine desserts
Australian desserts
New Zealand desserts
Paraguayan desserts
Uruguayan desserts
Canadian cuisine
British puddings
English cuisine
Louisiana cuisine
Cuban cuisine
Belgian cuisine
Puerto Rican cuisine
Colombian cuisine
Bahamian cuisine
Bread dishes
Christmas food
Puff pastry
Dried fruit
Louisiana Creole cuisine

Bread pudding


Michael Doggrell (1935–1988) was an English cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and right-arm medium-fast bowler who played for Dorset. He was born in Salisbury, Wiltshire.

Doggrell made his debut for the team in the Minor Counties Championship in 1955, and continued to represent the team in the competition until 1970. He made a single List A appearance, in the 1968 Gillette Cup competition, against Bedfordshire.

A tailend batsman, Doggrell scored a duck and took figures of 0-15 from seven overs of bowling.

External links
Michael Doggrell at CricketArchive

1935 births
1988 deaths
English cricketers
Dorset cricketers
Cricketers from Salisbury

Michael Doggrell


A belt-driven bicycle is a chainless bicycle that uses a flexible belt, typically a synchronous toothed design, in order to transmit power from the pedals to the wheel.

The application of belt drives to bicycles is growing, especially in the commuter bicycle market, due to the low maintenance and lubrication-free benefits. Belt drives are also available for stationary and fitness bicycles.

Benefits
 Belts do not rust.
 Lubrication is not required.
 Cleanliness due to lack of lubrication.
 Little to no maintenance.
 Smoother operation.
 Quieter than chain.
 Longer life than metal bicycle chains.
 Some belt systems are lighter than conventional chain-driven system.

Drawbacks
 Derailleurs cannot be used, so a hub gear is used if multiple gear ratios are required.
 Most belts cannot be taken apart as a chain can, so a frame must be able to accommodate the belt by having an opening in the rear triangle or an elevated chain stay. There is only one option where the belt can be spliced and joined through the rear triangle.
 Belts come in limited selection of lengths, which must be accommodated in the design of the frame.
 Belt-driven bicycles and their repair or replacement parts are scarcer at shops than bicycles with conventional chain.
 Front and rear pulleys or sprockets must be well aligned to avoid excessive friction and wear. A chain is more flexible in this respect.
 Compared to a chain, belts are typically run at a much higher tension. This is done in order to avoid skipping of the belt while in use. However, high belt tensions can reduce the life expectancy of the bearings in the bottom bracket, as well as in the rear hub.
 First-generation pulleys with dual guides had problems with snow becoming compacted and trapped in the pulley (up to complete inoperability in some cases). Second generation (one guide, wheel side) and third generation (center guide) improve upon the design.

Tensioning
Tensioning can be implemented in all the same ways that single-speed chain drives can be tensioned. The fork ends for the rear axle are horizontal, in line with the belt, with or without chain tugs, which allows the distance between the rear wheel axle and the crank axle to be adjusted. The fork ends themselves can be moved, to change the distance between the rear wheel axle and the crank spindle. The fork ends are fixed but there is a separate tensioner pulley, which changes the travel distance of the belt.

History

A belt drive for a bicycle was patented in the United States on April 8, 1890 by Charles D. Rice, Patent # 425,390.

In 1898, Mathew Joseph Steffens of Chicago, Illinois received a patent for a rear-wheel drive electric bicycle using a driving belt attached to the periphery of the pneumatic-tired wheel. By the early 1900s, some motorcycles were using leather drive belts.

The Bridgestone Picnica belt-drive bicycle was introduced in the early 1980s. It used a tooth-belt drive like auto timing belts and Harley-Davidson drive belts, along with a novel two-part chainring that increased belt tension with increasing load. The Picnica was a folding bicycle, and part of the appeal of the belt drive was cleanliness. The Picnica was a small-wheel bicycle, so belt tension may have been less than on a bicycle with standard-size wheels. It was apparently successful, but was offered mainly in Japan.

Bridgestone offered belt-drive bicycles in the USA until they left the market about 1994. Since their innovation, they have continuously offered belt-drive bicycles in Japan including their best-selling Albelt model.

In 1984 and 1985, Mark Sanders, a designer who had earned his degree in mechanical engineering from Imperial College, London, designed a folding bicycle as part of his graduate studies in an Industrial Design Engineering (IDE) program. The program was run jointly by Imperial College and the Royal College of Art in London. He collaborated with a design engineer from Gates Corporation to outfit his bicycle with a belt, rather than a chain.

When his project was complete, Sanders chose entrepreneur and former Greg Norman manager James Marshall and a Glasgow manufacturer to turn his award-winning design into a product. The manufacturer coined the name Strida, and in 1987 the bicycle began rolling off the production line. In 2002 production was moved to Taiwanese manufacturer Ming Cycle in order to meet increased demand, and as of 2007, Ming Cycle fully owned the Strida brand and intellectual property rights.

iXi bicycles, distributed in the United States by Delta Cycle Corporation, followed in 2004 with a compact design that, like Strida, featured a belt drive. Other folding-bike manufacturers that have implemented a belt drive include U.S. company Bike Friday and Netherlands-based Bernds.

In 2007, Gates Corporation developed a high-modulus 8mm synchronous belt and sprocket system called the Carbon Drive System. The belt's pitch allowed for lower tension requirements to help prevent skipping. Lightweight, patent-pending sprockets have mud ports, openings under each tooth, which work to slough off debris.

In 2009, an increasing number of bicycle companies, including Trek and f8 Cycles, offered belt-driven bicycles. While builders initially focused on single-speeds and internal hubs, in early 2009 f8 used a Gates-compatible fixed-gear cog designed by Phil Wood & Co., offering a belt-driven fixed-gear bicycle.

In 2009, Wayne Lumpkin, owner of Spot Brand and best known as the founder of Avid, designed a belt system called CenterTrack. In 2010, Gates Corporation acquired a patent from Lumpkin for CenterTrack, a new belt-and-pulley design that improves on the initial Carbon Drive System design. CenterTrack is more tolerant to misalignment than its predecessors. It is also lighter, 20% stronger due to a wider 11mm belt, yet has narrower pulleys, making packaging with the latest generation of internally geared hubs much easier. The company's CDX belt is the first belt drive designed for severe off-road use on mountain bikes.

In 2010, Daimler introduced the Smart eBike, a power-electric hybrid bicycle featuring Gates Carbon drive-belt system. The eBike is designed for a clean, grease-free ride. Other notable eBike brands include Grace and Pi-Mobility.

In 2012, Continental AG's subsidiary ContiTech introduced the CONTI® DRIVE SYSTEM for bicycles. The CDS belt drive shared the basic operation of the early 8mm Gates Carbon Drive system, but employed aramid instead of carbon fibers in its construction. The Conti CDS was designed exclusively for 'normal use on properly laid' roads and paths. ContiTech eventually switched to carbon belts for bicycle use, citing issues with traction using aramid fibers.

The CDS belt drive was utilized on some Trek bicycles and the Sladda utility cycle marketed by IKEA of Sweden. After reports of failures of the belt itself and a recall, CDS was withdrawn from the belt-drive bicycle market.

In 2018, Veer Cycles created the first belt drive conversion kit that allows riders to convert their chain driven bikes to belt drives. The belt is spliced to fit through the rear triangle and eliminates the need for a frame with a split already in it.

The possibilities for belt-driven bicycles are increasing as manufacturers of internal hub gears (gears inside the rear hub, which allow riders of belt-driven bicycles to shift easily) introduce new designs such as the Shimano Alfine 11 and Fallbrook Technologies's NuVinci. Other major internally geared hub makers include SRAM, Sturmey-Archer, Rohloff and Kindernay.

Another option to provide gears is to create a gearbox bicycle using a bracket-mounted gearbox like the Pinion P.18.

Manufacturers

The belts are typically made by the same manufacturing companies that produce toothed belts for automobiles, machinery, and other synchronous belt-drive applications.

Belt-drive manufacturers
Current and former manufacturers of belt-drive bicycles and pedal belt-drive systems include:

 Advanced Belt Drive
Bridgestone — Albelt, Beltrex
Continental AG — CONTI® DRIVE SYSTEM (CDS) belt drives and sprockets Safety Advisory and Recall(discontinued 2018)
Gates Corporation — CDX and CDN carbon belt drives, sprockets and cogs
 Veer Cycle
 Optibelt

OEM bicycle manufacturers
Current and former bicycle manufacturers who have incorporated belt-drive on their bicycles include:

Avanti
BMC Trading — Lifestyle models Urban Challenge and Mass Challenge
Boardman – URB 9.4
Canyon Safety Advisory for Continental CDS Belt
Co-Motion Cycles — Americano, Pangea, CityView and Speedster (tandem) bicycle models
Cube Bikes — Cube hyde pro
Cycle Union
Daimler – Smart eBike creators featuring Gates belt drive
Diamant
Focus Bikes
Ikea — SLADDA(discontinued 2018)
Kalkhoff – Voyager De Luxe model and Endeavour 8 Gates
Marin
Priority Bicycles – Priority Classic & Priority 8
Raleigh
Scott
Specialized — Source Eleven model
Strida — a portable, folding bicycle
Trek Bicycle Company — District, Soho and Zektor bicycle models. Also under the Villager brand.

Gallery

See also
 Chainless bicycle
 Outline of cycling

References

External links
BikeCAD modeling a chain or belt drive.

Cycle types

Belt-driven bicycle


A snickerdoodle is a type of cookie made with flour, butter or oil, sugar, salt, and rolled in cinnamon sugar. Eggs are sometimes used, with cream of tartar and baking soda added to leaven the dough. They are characterized by a cracked surface, and can be crispy or soft.

Snickerdoodles are sometimes called "sugar cookies". But, sugar cookies are rolled in white sugar while snickerdoodles are rolled in a mixture of white sugar and cinnamon.

Cookies

Snickerdoodle


Melissa Joan Hart (born April 18, 1976) is an American actress, producer, and director. She had starring roles as the title characters in the sitcoms Clarissa Explains It All (1991–1994), Sabrina the Teenage Witch (1996–2003), and Melissa & Joey (2010–2015). She appeared as Liz in No Good Nick (2019). She has also appeared in the films Drive Me Crazy (1999), Nine Dead (2009), and God's Not Dead 2 (2016). On October 17, 2021, she became the first celebrity to win the $1 million top prize for her charity, Youth Villages, on Celebrity Wheel of Fortune and the fourth overall million dollar winner on Wheel of Fortune.

Early life
Hart was born in Smithtown, New York, the first child of Paula Hart (née Voje), a producer and talent manager, and William Hart, a carpenter, shellfish purveyor, oyster hatchery worker, and entrepreneur. Her maternal grandfather, Stanley John Voje, was a Navy veteran and Catholic. Hart grew up in Sayville, New York.

Hart's parents had four other children after Melissa: Trisha, Elizabeth, Brian, and Emily, who are all in acting. Her parents divorced in the early 1990s, and she moved with her mother and siblings to New York City. In 1994, her mother married television executive Leslie Gilliams, who is best known for his appearance on Season 5 of MasterChef in 2014, when he finished in 3rd place. Hart has three half-sisters: Alexandra, Samantha, and Mackenzie.

Hart was named after the Allman Brothers song "Melissa", while her middle name, Joan, came from her maternal grandmother. She chose Catherine as her confirmation name when she was in the eighth grade, but does not use it professionally.

Career

Early career
Hart's career began at age four when she made a television commercial for a bathtub doll called Splashy. From then on, she appeared regularly in commercials, making 25 of them before the age of five. Other early television work included a small role in the miniseries Kane & Abel in 1985, a guest-starring role in an episode of The Equalizer in 1986, and a starring role alongside Katherine Helmond in the Emmy Award-winning TV film Christmas Snow,  also in 1986. She appeared on the April 22, 1986 episode of the NBC daytime soap opera Another World. She also auditioned for the lead role Jamie Lloyd in Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers, losing the role to Danielle Harris.

In 1989, she became an understudy in a Broadway production of The Crucible starring Martin Sheen. That same year, she appeared in an off-Broadway production of Beside Herself with William Hurt and Calista Flockhart.

1991–1994: Clarissa Explains It All

In 1991 Hart landed the starring role on the Nickelodeon series Clarissa Explains It All, a comedy about a teenaged girl in everyday situations, which was successful during its four-year run. The show brought her four consecutive Young Artist Award nominations, winning three. Her role in the series also led to her starring in the FMV video game Nickelodeon's Director's Lab as a tour guide who takes the player around a film studio.

Initially, after first being recognized in public, Hart felt embarrassed to be acting in a children's show while being a teenager. Nevertheless, she was enthusiastic about the role, and "all [she] hoped for that [she] would get to do it for a while."

Hart also recorded two albums as Clarissa: This Is What 'Na Na' Means and a recording of Peter and the Wolf.

In 1995, a year after the end of Clarissa Explains It All, Hart filmed a pilot episode for a spin-off show featuring a college-aged Clarissa explaining it all about her foray into the professional world as an intern at a newspaper. As its musical theme, the show featured a slow, jazz version of its predecessor's theme song, and also starred Robert Klein as her boss.

Hart appeared on Nickelodeon's anthology show Are You Afraid of the Dark?, in the Season 2 episode "The Tale of the Frozen Ghost" (1993).

1996–2003: Sabrina the Teenage Witch
After the television series ended, Hart attended New York University. However, she dropped out after she earned the title role for the 1996 TV film Sabrina the Teenage Witch, which was followed by the television series of the same name, which lasted seven seasons on ABC and The WB. She later collaborated on an animated version that featured Hart voicing the two aunts Hilda and Zelda, and Hart's younger sister Emily starring in the title role. She also guest-starred on the series Touched by an Angel and starred in several TV films. She guest starred on the Boy Meets World episode "Witches of Pennbrook" as her character Sabrina Spellman; the episode also guest starred Hart's closest friend Candace Cameron Bure as a witch named Millie.

In 1998, Hart had a small role in the film Can't Hardly Wait; shortly afterwards Hart began working on a theatrical film project titled Next to You, in which she acted alongside Adrian Grenier. Britney Spears released a remix of her song "(You Drive Me) Crazy" to promote the film's soundtrack. To capitalize on the song's success as a top-ten hit, the name of the film was changed to Drive Me Crazy. To promote the film, both Hart and Grenier appeared in the song's music video. Around the same time, Spears made a guest appearance as herself on Sabrina, in the season four episode "No Place Like Home".

Coinciding with the release of Drive Me Crazy, Hart appeared wearing lingerie on the cover of Maxim magazine's October 1999 issue, as well as in a photo shoot and an accompanying article, which resulted in an attempt by the publisher of the Sabrina comic book series to sue her for breach of contract. Hart continued her acting career, starring in the film Rent Control, which aired in 2005 on the ABC Family cable network. Hart also continued to star on Sabrina, the Teenage Witch until 2003. Hart was also a primary voice-actress on Sabrina: The Animated Series, which ran for 65 episodes in 1999 on ABC and UPN.

In 1999, Hart made her directorial debut in an episode of Disney Channel's So Weird called "Snapshot" which guest-starred her sister Emily. Hart directed an episode of Nickelodeon's Taina in 2001. In 2001 and 2002, she directed six episodes of Sabrina.

2004–2010: Post-Sabrina
After Sabrina ended in 2003 after 7 seasons, Hart directed her first film, a 15-minute live-action short film called Mute (2005), starring her sister Emily. In 2007, Hart guest-starred on an episode of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit titled "Impulsive" as a teacher accused of statutory rape. In late 2007, she directed the "Anger Cage" video for her husband Mark Wilkerson's band Course of Nature. She also starred in the ABC Family film Holiday in Handcuffs, opposite Mario Lopez. The film premiered on December 9, 2007, and was the highest rated program in the history of the network, with 6.7 million viewers. Hart followed this with another ABC film with a similar premise, My Fake Fiancé, in 2009.

It was announced on August 17, 2009, that she would compete in season nine of Dancing with the Stars. Hart was paired up with two-time reigning champion, Mark Ballas. She was eliminated from the competition in week six out of a possible ten. In 2010, Hart starred as Kelley in the horror thriller film Nine Dead.

2010–2015: Melissa & Joey
In 2010, Hart returned to a new weekly television series, starring with Joey Lawrence in the ABC Family sitcom Melissa & Joey.  In the series Hart plays a woman who hires Lawrence as a nanny to help care for her incarcerated sister's children. In the second season, she occupied the director's chair for an episode, for the first time since Sabrina.

Hart joined the cast of an off-Broadway production of Love, Loss, and What I Wore for a four-week run that started in March 2010 and ended April 25, 2010.

In March 2010, Hart took part in an ad campaign for Gain detergent with Sabrina, the Teenage Witch co-star and friend Soleil Moon Frye.

On November 22, 2010, Hart participated as a presenter in the International Emmy Awards.

In June 2012, St. Martin's Press announced that it had made a deal with Hart to publish her memoir Melissa Explains It All: Tales from My Abnormally Normal Life in the fall of 2013. In the memoir, Hart wrote about growing up, being a child actor and her rise to fame, her rebellious teen years, and her efforts to balance a career as an adult with motherhood and family life.

In 2013, Hart attempted to use crowdfunding (via Kickstarter) to fund a romantic comedy film to be titled Darci's Walk of Shame, but was only able to garner $51,605, or just 2.6% of the expected $2 million goal. Ultimately, the idea was scrapped.

Melissa & Joey concluded in August 2015 after 4 seasons and 104 episodes.

2016–present: Recent work
In 2016, Hart starred as the lead, Grace Wesley, in the film God's Not Dead 2.

In 2018, Hart was cast as Liz in the Netflix comedy series No Good Nick. The series premiered on April 15, 2019. She directed one episode from The Goldbergs, "Hail Barry" and the Young Sheldon episode "Cowboy Aerobics and 473 Grease-Free Bolts". Hart also made her return to Nickelodeon 25 years after the end of Clarissa Explains It All when she joined the voice cast of The Casagrandes, a spinoff of The Loud House, portraying Becca Chang opposite of Ken Jeong as Stanley Chang.

In 2022, Hart starred in the Lifetime film Dirty Little Secret as part of its "Ripped from the Headlines" feature film where it was inspired by true events and the book Dirty Little Secrets by C.J. Omolulu.

In 2023, Hart competed in season nine of The Masked Singer as "Lamp". She was eliminated in "Masked Singer in Space" alongside Alicia Witt as "Dandelion".

Business ventures

In May 2009, Hart opened a candy shop called SweetHarts in Sherman Oaks, California. Hart commented that it had been her "childhood dream" to own a candy shop. SweetHarts closed in December 2011 due to a lawsuit by a former employee alleging wrongful termination and racial discrimination, as well as other issues. Hart denied all of the employee's claims, and the case was dismissed in 2012. SweetHarts later reopened with new owners before closing permanently in 2015.

In 2015, Hart and her husband started their own fashion line called King of Harts.

Personal life
On July 19, 2003, Hart married musician Mark Wilkerson, having met at the Kentucky Derby in May 2002. The preparations for the ceremony, which took place in Florence, Italy, were documented in a TV miniseries titled Tying the Knot, produced by Hart's production company Hartbreak Films and aired on ABC Family. Hart and Wilkerson have three sons, Mason (born January 2006), Braydon (b. March 2008), and Tucker (b. September 2012). They lived in Westport, Connecticut, until 2019, when they moved to Lake Tahoe and then in 2020, they moved to Nashville.

Hart and Wilkerson were featured in People magazine's April 7, 2008, issue, introducing Braydon, their second child. Hart wrote a diary, including video entries, to document potty training her son, Mason, for Huggies Pull-Ups brand diapers.

Hart and her family are Presbyterians. In an interview, she stated that they attend church every Sunday and pray every night and before every meal.

Hart was near The Covenant School in Nashville when a mass shooting occurred there in March 2023 and helped escort some of the fleeing children to safety. She later recounted the experience on NewsNation and her social media accounts, while noting that she and her children were also in proximity to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in 2012.

Hart has expressed her support for some Republican candidates, such as voting for Bob Dole during the 1996 election. On November 5, 2012, the day before that year's Election Day, she tweeted that she was endorsing Mitt Romney for president. Hart has expressed support for increased gun control, marching in a Moms Demand Action demonstration in Brooklyn in May 2016. On August 16, 2016, in the run-up to that year's presidential election, she donated to Libertarian Party candidate Gary Johnson's campaign. On August 28, 2016, she joined Johnson's campaign as its Connecticut chairperson. On August 21, 2023, she marched with Moms Demand Action in Nashville.

Filmography

TV series

Film

Dancing with the Stars

Director

Music videos

Audiobooks
 2013: Melissa Explains It All: Tales from My Abnormally Normal Life (read by the author), Macmillan Audio,

Awards and nominations

References

External links

 Hartbreak Films

1976 births
20th-century American actresses
20th-century American comedians
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American comedians
Actresses from New York (state)
Activists from New York (state)
American child actresses
American film actresses
American gun control activists
American podcasters
American Presbyterians
American sketch comedians
American stage actresses
American television actresses
American television directors
American voice actresses
American women comedians
American women television directors
American women television producers
Converts to Presbyterianism
Former Roman Catholics
Living people
New York University alumni
Participants in American reality television series
People from Sayville, New York
People from Smithtown, New York
Television producers from New York (state)

Melissa Joan Hart


Esther Averill (July 24, 1902 – May 19, 1992) was an American writer and illustrator best known for the Cat Club picture books, a collection of 13 stories featuring Jenny Linsky, a small black cat who always wears a red scarf. She was also an editor and publisher.

Life
Averill was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut on July 24, 1902, daughter of Charles Ketchum and Helen (Holden) Averill, where she was a teenage cartoonist for a local newspaper. After graduating from Vassar College with honors in 1923, she joined the editorial staff of Women's Wear Daily. In 1925 she moved to Paris, France to work as a photojournalist's assistant. In 1931, Averill founded the Domino Press, which specialized in "children's picture books illustrated by gifted young artists and reproduced by means of the excellent color processes that were available". Domino's first publication was a book entitled Daniel Boone : les adventures d'un chasseur americain parmi les peaux-rogues, illustrated by Feodor Rojankovsky (who later won a U.S. Caldecott Medal for picture book illustration). Averill worked on an English edition of the same title also released in 1931.  Domino published several other children's books before it ceased operations in 1938.

Averill returned to the United States in 1941, continuing with Domino press until it ceased operations and then working in the children's department at the New York Public Library.  In 1944, she wrote and illustrated The Cat Club, the first in a series of stories about a cat, Jenny Linsky, who lived in New York City with her master, the benevolent Captain Tinker. Between 1944 and 1972, Averill wrote and illustrated a dozen more stories about Jenny Linsky and her cat friends, all of whom were based on cats Averill owned or knew.  The cat club books proved to be Averill's most popular works, and were eventually translated into six languages.  Starting in 2003, a series of reissues by the New York Review Children's Collection brought all the Cat Club titles except for Jenny's Bedside Book back into print.

Averill died in New York City on May 19, 1992.

Cat Club series
 The Cat Club, 1944
 The School for Cats, 1947
 Jenny's First Party, 1948
 Jenny's Moonlight Adventure, 1949
 When Jenny Lost Her Scarf, 1951
 Jenny's Adopted Brothers, 1952
 How the Brothers Joined the Cat Club, 1953
 Jenny's Birthday Book, 1954
 Jenny Goes to Sea, 1957
 Jenny's Bedside Book, 1959
 The Fire Cat, 1960
 The Hotel Cat, 1969
 Captains of the City Streets, 1972

Other works
 Daniel Boone, 1931 (with Lila Stanley; illustrated by Feodor Rojankovsky)
 Powder: The Story of a Colt, a Duchess, and the Circus, 1933 (with Lila Stanley; illustrated by Feodor Rojankovsky)
 Fable of a Proud Poppy, 1934 (as John Domino; illustrated by Emile Lahner)
 Flash: The Story of a Horse, a Coach-Dog, and the Gypsies, 1934 (illustrated by Feodor Rojankovsky)
 Political Propaganda in Children's Books of the French Revolution, 1935
 The Voyages of Jacques Cartier, 1937 (illustrated by Feodor Rojankovsky)
 The Adventures of Jack Ninepins, 1944
 Daniel Boone, 1945 (new text for the 1931 title, same illustrations by Feodor Rojankovsky)
 King Philip: The Indian Chief, 1950 (illustrated by Vera Belsky)
 Cartier Sails the St. Lawrence, 1956 (new text of the 1937 title, same illustrations by Feodor Rojankovsky)
 Eyes on the World: The Story and Work of Jacques Callot, 1969

See also
 The New York Review Children's Collection

References

Citations

Other sources
 Something About the Author, Volume 28 (1982), pp. 39–43
 Esther Averill Collection, Children's Literature Research Collections, University of Minnesota
 Esther Averill Papers, Special Collections at The University of Southern Mississippi (de Grummond Children's Literature Collection)

1902 births
1992 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American businesswomen
20th-century American women artists
20th-century American women writers
American book publishers (people)
American children's book illustrators
American children's writers
American women children's writers
American women illustrators
Vassar College alumni
Women book publishers (people)
Writers from Bridgeport, Connecticut

Esther Averill


Archeria is a genus of embolomere which lived in the Early Permian of Texas and Oklahoma. It was a medium-sized aquatic predator, with an elongated body and tail. The limbs were proportionally small but well-developed, connected to robust limb girdles. The skull was moderately long and low, up to 30 cm (12 inches) in length. Unlike most embolomeres, Archeria had many small chisel-shaped teeth instead of large fangs.

The anatomy of Archeria is well known compared to most embolomeres, as it is known from multiple complete skeletons discovered in 1939 by A.S. Romer. These specimens hail from the Geraldine bonebed, a deposit of the coastal Nocona Formation (formerly Admiral Formation) in Archer County, Texas. Other remains of the genus were previously referred to Cricotus, a North American embolomere of dubious validity.

References

Embolomeres
Cisuralian amphibians of North America

Archeria (animal)


Lake Bonny Park, is a park in Lakeland, Polk County, Florida, in the United States bordering  Lake Bonny. The park is home to Lakeland Skatepark, a $1.3 million state-of-the-art skate facility that opened in 2013 and which has been used in photo shoots by Nike and other national advertisers. The skate park won the "Build It" award from the American Planning Association's Florida chapter. The park is also home to a lighted softball field, two lighted baseball fields and a multi-purpose field. In addition, there is a fishing pier, a 1.3 mile long jogging trail, and several other amenities. It is located directly between Lakeland High School and Southeastern University

References

Urban public parks
Skateparks in the United States

Lake Bonny Park


Swansea (known officially as Swansea Town, to distinguish it from the Swansea District seat) was a borough constituency. It was represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first-past-the-post system of election.

Overview
In contrast to most of the Glamorgan seats, Swansea Town was not natural Liberal territory although the involvement of its powerful industrialists within the Liberal Association prevented the Conservatives from gaining the seat, apart from the 1895 election. After the turn of the century, labour candidates began to make an impact in municipal elections in Swansea, drawing support from the dockers as well as the miners and tin-platers, but this did not lead to a serious parliamentary challenge to the Liberals until after the First World War.

Boundaries
The constituency was created in 1885 when the previous Swansea District constituency - a combination of the boroughs of Swansea, Neath, Aberavon. Loughor and Kenfig, which had existed since 1832, was split into two. The new Swansea Town constituency consisted of the bulk of the borough of Swansea, while the northern part of the borough, centred on Morriston, together with the four smaller boroughs formed the new Swansea District constituency.

Members of Parliament

History
Swansea was represented by William Foxwist in the Third Protectorate Parliament of 1659. Otherwise it was a contributory borough to Cardiff until 1832 and then until 1885 it was the principal borough of the Swansea district of boroughs.

Swansea Liberal Association was presided over from the outset by industrialists such as Cory Yeo and Morgan Tutton, and their influence contributed to the return of a Liberal candidate at every election down to 1922, save that of 1895. In relation to popular support, the substantial Irish community in Swansea supported the Liberals. However, the most powerful feature in the last years of the nineteenth century was the substantial nonconformist vote, which was strongly influenced by ministers such as Gomer Lewis of Capel Gomer Baptist Church in the centre of the city.

Lewis Llewelyn Dillwyn
The first member, from 1885, was the veteran radical Lewis Llewelyn Dillwyn. Although Dillwyn was an Anglican, he was considered to have 'advanced' views in relation to the disestablishment of the Anglican Church in Wales and he regularly sought to introduce legislation on this issue in the House of Commons. Dillwyn was opposed in 1885 by the little known 22-year-old  Conservative candidate, W.H. Meredyth. Meredyth belonged to a leading Anglo-Irish family and drew much of his support during the campaign from various members of the aristocracy who came to Swansea to support him. At several meetings, he struggled to gain a hearing but polled remarkably well given his youth and inexperience.

In 1892, Dillwyn, now aged 78, had every intention of contesting the General Election. On 1 June a joint meeting of the Swansea Conservative and Liberal Unionist associations resolved to nominate F. Ormesby-Gore as the candidate in the forthcoming election. However, on 18 June, Dillwyn, having attended a meeting at Swansea Liberal Club where David Randell was re-adopted as Liberal candidate for the Gower constituency, Dillwyn was taken ill at a meeting to plan his own campaign and died the following day at the Royal Hotel, Swansea.

Robert Burnie
Shortly after Dillwyn's death, Ormesby-Gore withdrew and the Conservatives selected his nephew, Sir John Llewelyn as their candidate. Llewelyn was commonly regarded as being the strongest candidate available to the Conservatives but due to the family connection he was unable to contest Swansea Town. The Liberals selected R.D. Burnie, who was well known for his radical views and was, as a result, popular amongst the working class electorate. At his adoption meeting, Burnie declared himself sternly in favour of disestablishment, reflecting the views of his predecessor, but also expressed strong support for Home Rule for Wales as well as Ireland, thus placing himself firmly in the Cymru Fydd camp.

Burnie was another local industrialist whose somewhat advanced views on social questions made him popular with the labour element but somewhat suspect amongst his colleagues. Burnie launched his campaign at a public meeting at the Albert Hall, Swansea, where Sir Hussey Vivian presided and endorsed Burnie's campaign in a speech resonating with references to his own father's time as MP for Swansea. Vivian's intervention may have been calculated to counter the impact of the Conservatives' decision to adopt Sir John Llewelyn, a very popular figure locally and nephew of the late member, Lewis Llewelyn Dillwyn.

Sir John Llewelyn
Burnie was a casualty of the 1895 election when he was defeated by Sir John Dillwyn-Llewelyn, Bt, a prominent local Conservative and one of the few non-Liberals to be elevated to the aldermanic bench on Glamorgan County Council.

George Newnes
By 1900 Burnie's opposition to the South African Wr ensured that he was not re-adopted. In his place the Liberals selected Sir George Newnes, a newspaper magnate whose wealth far outweighed his political skills.

Alfred Mond
Newnes served until 1910 when he was replaced by Alfred Mond. Mond was subjected to anti-semitic attacks by the Conservatives who mocked him as an unsuitable representative for the nonconformist Swansea middle-class. But as a Powerful capitalist who employed much of the Swansea population his position was, for the time being, beyond challenge.

Election results

Elections in the 1880s

Elections in the 1890s

Elections in the 1900s

Elections in the 1910s

General Election 1914–15:

Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1915. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by the July 1914, the following candidates had been selected;
Liberal: Alfred Mond
Unionist:
Labour: David Williams

References

Sources

Books and Journals

Politics of Swansea
Historic parliamentary constituencies in South Wales
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1885
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1918

Swansea (UK Parliament constituency)


A strong noun is a phenomenon of more conservative Germanic languages like Icelandic, and also of Irish, marked in each by case or number markings.

Icelandic

In the Icelandic language, a strong noun is one that falls into one of four categories, depending on the endings of the characteristic cases, i.e. the nominative and genitive singular and the nominative plural. For masculines this gives the following four-way split to be counted as strong:

The latter two cases end in -s and -ar.
The latter two cases end in -s or -ar and -ir.
The latter two cases end in -ar and -ir.
Irregular but not a weak noun.

For feminines this looks like:

The latter two cases end in -ar or -r and -ar.
The latter two cases end in -ar and -ir.
The latter two cases end in -ar or -ur and -ur or -r.
Irregular but not a weak noun.

Most neuters are strong, and end in -s in the genitive singular with the exception of fé, genitive fjár. Although strong neuters technically only belong to one category, it is a diverse group, so about a dozen paradigms are necessary to account for varieties and exceptions.

The weak neuters are so few, that a list suffices, to be found on the page for weak nouns.

Irish
In the Irish language, a strong noun is one in which a noun maintains the same form of the plural in all cases, especially both the nominative and genitive plurals.

The strong-noun endings are -(a)í, -ta/-te, -the, -(e)acha, and (e)anna.  Certain other nouns that take plain -a or -e may be strong if the nominative and genitive plural are the same.  All nouns ending in vowels in Irish are considered strong.

See also
Weak noun
Icelandic language
Irish language

Bibliography

Icelandic language
Nouns by type

Strong noun


Glen F. Post III (born October 4, 1952) was the chief executive officer and president of CenturyLink, an S&P 500 integrated communications service provider based out of Monroe, Louisiana. He earned a bachelor's degree in accounting in 1974 at Louisiana Tech University and an MBA in 1976 at Louisiana Tech. Post joined CenturyTel in 1976. He was named vice president in 1982 and was promoted to senior vice president and treasurer in 1984. He was appointed to the CenturyTel board of directors in 1985, and the following year he was promoted to senior vice president and chief financial officer. In 1988 Post was named executive vice president and chief operating officer. He became the president and chief operating officer of CenturyTel in 1990. In 1992 Post was named vice chairman of the board, president, and chief executive officer. In 2002 he was appointed chairman of the board and chief executive officer. Since 2009 Post has served as chief executive officer and president of CenturyLink. His honors include: Louisiana Tech College of Administration and Business Distinguished Alumni in 1991, Louisiana Tech University Tower Medallion Award in 1997 and DeGree Enterprises Lifetime Achievement Award in Business 2003.

CenturyLink's 2014 annual revenues were $18 billion, up from $360 million in 1992 when Post was appointed CEO.
Post serves on the National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee (NSTAC) and a number of other boards and foundations.

References

Living people
Louisiana Tech University alumni
American chief executives
People from Union Parish, Louisiana
American chief operating officers
American chief financial officers
1952 births

Glen Post


Nan-o kabab (Persian: نان كباب) (bread with kabab) is a national dish of Iran. The meal is simple, consisting of kabab, of which there are several Iranian varieties, and a type of Iranian flat bread (specifically nan-e lavash). It is served everywhere throughout Iran today, but traditionally was associated with the southern and central parts of the country, and probably originated in the province of Fars.

Traditionally, this dish is restricted to kabab koobideh (the most common variety of nan-o kabab), as well as jujeh kabab, shish kabab, shishleek, and chenjeh. Kabab barg is never used, and is strictly associated with chelow kabab.

Kebabs
Iranian cuisine
Azerbaijani cuisine
Kurdish cuisine

Nan-o-kabab


Pig iron is iron with a high carbon content. Pig iron is made by smelting iron ore into ingot form, in a blast furnace. It's called pig iron because when being cast, each ingot being cast looks like a Piglet suckling milk from a sow.

History
Ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Chinese knew about pig iron, and were producing it as early as 1100 BC.

Uses
Pig iron is refined into Wrought iron by melting it and blowing hot air through it. Pig iron can also be turned into gray iron.

Modern Uses
Originally, pig iron was poured out the bottom of the furnace and shipped to a steel mill for processing. Now, we turn the metal into pellets before shipping it.

Iron
Alloys

Pig iron


Ghulam Rasul, also written Ghulam Rasool, () is a male Muslim given name. It may refer to

Ghulam Rasool Gangi, 19th century Uyghur
Ghulam Rasul Raja, army officer in British India/Pakistan
Maulana Ghulam Rasool Mehr (1893–1971), Muslim scholar and political activist in British India/Pakistan
Ghulam Rasool Kar (1921–2015), Indian politician from Jammu and Kashmir
Ghulam Rasool Jamaati (born 1923), Pakistani Islamic scholar
Ghulam Rasool Santosh (1929–1997), Kashmiri Indian painter
Ghulam Rasool (Telugu journalist) (died 1992), journalist said to have been killed by Andhra Pradesh Police
Chaudhry Ghulam Rasool (1931–1991), Pakistani educationist and field hockey Olympian
Ghulam Rasool (footballer) (born 1962), Pakistani footballer
Abdullah Gulam Rasoul (born c. 1973), Afghan held in Guantanamo
Ghulam Rasool Birhamani (died 2010), murdered Pakistani journalist
Ghulam Rasul (swimmer) (born 1935), Pakistani Olympic swimmer

Ghulam Rasul


The New Mexico State University teams are called the Aggies, a nickname derived from the university's agricultural beginnings. The mascot is known as "Pistol Pete". NMSU's colors are crimson and white. Since 2023 the Aggies have competed in Conference USA in all men's and women's sports. New Mexico State sponsors six men's and ten women's teams in NCAA sanctioned sports. The athletic director is Mario Moccia, who has held the position since January 2015.

Nickname
The "Aggies" nickname derives from the university's agricultural roots and status as a land grant institution. Prior to 2000 the women's intercollegiate athletic teams were known as the Roadrunners, placing NMSU among the handful of NCAA Division I schools which had separate nicknames and mascots for its men's and women's programs. By the late 1990s sentiment began to grow for the university to adopt a single, uniform mascot for all its athletic teams, and during the 1999–2000 academic year the school's female student athletes voted to adopt the "Aggies" moniker. NMSU's women's teams officially became the Aggies at the start of the 2000–2001 academic year.

History

Conference history
The NMSU Aggies have had various conference affiliations, listed below with the year of change:

 1931 – Border Conference
 1962 – Independent
 1971 – Missouri Valley
 1983 – Big West (formerly Pacific Coast Athletic Association)
 2001 – Sun Belt
 2005 – WAC
 Football: Independent (2013), Sun Belt (2014–2017), Independent (2018–2022)
 2023 – Conference USA

NMSU maintains major rivalries with the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque, called the "Rio Grande Rivalry," and with the University of Texas at El Paso, called "The Battle of I-10." The winner of the NMSU-UTEP football game receives the Silver Spade trophy. Since a major reconfiguration of the WAC in 2013, NMSU has also developed a rivalry with Grand Canyon University in Phoenix, Arizona, as two of the conference's more passionate fan bases and successful programs.

The Big West Conference discontinued its sponsorship of football after the 2000 season, and the WAC dropped it following the 2012 season.

On November 5, 2021, an offer to join Conference USA was accepted with a start date of July 2023.

Sports sponsored

Baseball

New Mexico State's first baseball team was fielded in 1907. The team plays its home games at Presley Askew Field.

Basketball

NMSU Basketball has seen much success throughout the years, highlighted by an NCAA Final Four appearance in 1970. The Aggies basketball program has seen 19 NCAA tournament appearances, 5 NIT Tournament appearances and 16 conference championships. Under Chris Jans, the Aggies won their first NCAA tournament in 2022, the program's first tournament victory in 25 years. After the season, Jans was hired to coach at Mississippi State. His replacement, Greg Heiar, was dismissed on February 15, 2023, in the wake of scandals involving a NMSU basketball player fatally shooting a University of New Mexico student and several NMSU basketball players sexually assaulting a teammate; the university also canceled the rest of the team's games for the 2022–2023 season.

Football

The Aggies won the Sun Bowl in 1959 and 1960 under coach Warren B. Woodson and continued to do well until he was let go in 1967. Since then the Aggies have had only 6 winning seasons and 2 conference championships in 1976 and 1978. The 1976 championship was shared with Tulsa.

NMSU usually plays two big rivalry games each year against New Mexico and UTEP. UTEP is located just 45 miles to the south on I-10. This rivalry is often referred to as The Battle of I-10. UNM is less than 250 miles to the north on I-25. This rivalry was traditionally called The Battle of I-25 until it officially became the Rio Grande Rivalry in 2007 as part of a points system that includes all varsity sports competitions between the two schools.

Men's golf
The men's golf team has won 17 conference championships:
Missouri Valley Conference (5): 1973, 1976, 1980–81, 1983
Big West Conference (3): 1987^, 1995, 2000^
Sun Belt Conference (1): 2004
Western Athletic Conference (8): 2006, 2008–11, 2013–15
^ Co-champions

Aggies who have won at the professional level include Rich Beem (three PGA Tour wins including 2002 PGA Championship), Bart Bryant (three PGA Tour wins), Tom Byrum (one PGA Tour win), and Steve Haskins (two Web.com Tour wins).

Softball
The Aggie softball team has appeared in one Women's College World Series in 1981.

Volleyball
Since the arrival of head coach Mike Jordan in 1998 the Aggies have established a rich tradition as one of the nation's most consistently competitive mid-major volleyball programs. In Jordan's quarter century at the helm the Aggies have made 10 NCAA Tournament appearances and won or shared a combined 19 regular season and tournament championships across their time in both the Sun Belt and Western Athletic Conferences. In 2006 the Aggies became the first opponent in eight years to defeat perennial national power Hawaii in WAC play, snapping its NCAA record 114-match conference winning streak.

Former varsity sports
 Equestrian - At the time of disbandment in 2017, equestrian was recognized by the NCAA as an "emerging sport" for women, but did not yet have an NCAA-sponsored team championship. The equestrian team formerly competed as a member of the United Equestrian Conference and the National Collegiate Equestrian Association, but was considered by the NCAA to be an Independent.

Athletic facilities
Aggie Memorial Stadium – Football
Pan American Center – Men's and women's basketball, Volleyball
Presley Askew Field – Baseball
New Mexico State University Golf Course – Men's and women's golf, Men's and women's cross country
NM State Soccer Athletic Complex – Women's soccer
NM State Softball Complex – Softball
NM State Swimming and Diving Complex – Women's swimming and diving
NM State Tennis Center – Men's and women's tennis
NMSU Track and Field Complex – Women's outdoor track and field

New Mexico State traditions

Fight song
NMSU's "Aggie Fight Song" is based on a popular turn-of-the-century song titled "Oh Didn't He Ramble." The music and lyrics are similar to songs used by several other universities, most notably Cal ("California Drinking Song") and Ohio State ("I Wanna Go Back to Ohio State"). However, only NMSU uses it as the primary school song. The fight song's lyrics have evoked some controversy in recent years due to the reference to drinking, but a vast majority of students and alumni support preserving the traditional lyrics.

Additionally, during the time that NMSU's women's teams were known as the Roadrunners, an arrangement of the theme song from the Warner Bros. "Road Runner" cartoons was used as the unofficial women's fight song. However, since the adoption of the Aggies nickname by the women's teams, this practice has fallen from use and the "Road Runner" song is no longer used.

Logo

For many years, NMSU's athletics logo was a caricature of gunfighter Frank "Pistol Pete" Eaton which is identical to the logo used by Oklahoma State. A block "NM STATE" logo was introduced in 2007 as a universal logo.

The current athletics logo was initially designed in 2005 as part of a plan to remake the university's image on the national stage; Pete's pistol was replaced with a lasso, and his name was briefly officially abbreviated to simply "Pete". In addition to the new logo, the costumed mascot seen at games was also given a new look, losing his six shooters and holster belt in favor of a lasso.  The disarming of Pete led to a massive uproar among students, alumni and outsiders demanding the return of Pete's guns.  The most popular nickname given to the widely unpopular new mascot was "Lasso Larry". After one year the university changed the  mascot in favor of a real student dressed in more traditional cowboy attire, carrying a holster belt and six shooters, and wearing nothing on his head but a black cowboy hat. The "Pistol Pete" name was also restored. In 2007, NMSU modified the "Lasso Larry" logo to remove the lasso and once again depict Pistol Pete carrying pistols, and this is now the official athletics logo.

Notable former Aggie athletes and coaches
Football
Davon House, current Jacksonville Jaguars cornerback
Jonte Green, former Detroit Lions cornerback
Taveon Rogers, former Cincinnati Bengals wide receiver, currently playing with the LA KISS of the AFL
Jeremy Harris, current Washington Redskins cornerback
Kemonte Bateman, former Denver Broncos wide receiver, currently playing with the Edmonton Eskimos of the CFL
Donte Savage, former Green Bay Packers linebacker
Carl Nicks, former Tampa Bay Buccaneers offensive lineman
Chris Williams, former New Orleans Saints wide receiver, currently playing with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the CFL
Buck Pierce, former player of and current QB coach with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the CFL
Leo Barker former NFL linebacker, played in Super Bowl XXIII with the Cincinnati Bengals;
Courtney Bryan, NFL safety;
Nick Cole, current Philadelphia Eagles offensive lineman;
Roy Gerela, former NFL kicker, won three Super Bowls with the Pittsburgh Steelers;
Duriel Harris, former NFL receiver;
Charley Johnson, former NFL quarterback, only football player in school history to have his uniform number (33) retired, member of Denver Broncos Ring of Fame;
Kenton Keith, NFL and CFL running back (Indianapolis Colts, Hamilton Tiger-Cats);
Donald Malloy, former NFL, CFL, and Arena Football League strong safety;
Denvis Manns, former NFL Europa running back, third player in NCAA history to rush for 1,000 years in four consecutive seasons;
Joe Pisarcik, former NFL and CFL quarterback;
Siddeeq Shabazz, former NFL and CFL safety;
Troy Sienkiewicz, former NFL San Diego Chargers offensive lineman;
Danny Villanueva, former NFL punter and placekicker, later became a prominent television executive and was instrumental in founding Univision;
Tony Wragge, current San Francisco 49ers guard;
Fredd Young, former NFL linebacker Seattle Seahawks;

Men's basketball
Randy Brown, former NBA guard, won three NBA Championships with Chicago Bulls, former assistant coach of Chicago Bulls;
Steve Colter, former NBA guard with Portland, LA, Chicago, Philadelphia, Washington, Sacramento and Cleveland
Jimmy Collins, former ABA and NBA guard, member of 1970 Final Four team, former head coach at UIC;
Charlie Criss, former ABA and NBA guard, member of 1970 Final Four team;
Lou Henson, former player and head coach, currently sixth-winningest coach in NCAA history with 779 career wins;
Reggie Jordan, former NBA guard, Los Angeles Lakers, Atlanta Hawks, Portland Trail Blazers, Minnesota Timberwolves and Washington Wizards.
Sam Lacey, former NBA All-Star center, member of 1970 Final Four team;
Reggie Theus, former head men's basketball coach; former NBA Head coach of Sacramento Kings;
John Whisenant, former NBA guard, former coach of WNBA's Sacramento Monarchs, 2005 WNBA Coach of the Year; Former Assistant Coach at the University of New Mexico
"Super John" Williamson, former ABA and NBA guard, number retired by New Jersey Nets
Pascal Siakam, NBA forward, won an NBA Finals with Toronto Raptors, 2019 NBA Most Improved Player

Women's basketball
Anita Maxwell, former WNBA forward for the Cleveland Rockers, only basketball player (male or female) in school history to have her uniform number (40) retired.

References

External links

New Mexico State Aggies