The Jackson County Courthouse, also known as the Truman Courthouse, is a historic courthouse in Independence, Missouri.

In 1922, Harry S. Truman won election as county judge for eastern Jackson County as a candidate of the Tom Pendergast faction of the Democratic Party. He failed to be re-elected in 1924, but, then won election as presiding judge in 1926. Truman served in this position in effect as county commissioner for eight years. He divided his time between the two Jackson County courthouses; this one in Independence, and the Jackson County Courthouse in Kansas City.  (Truman later had an office in the Kansas City courthouse during most of his first term as U.S. Senator from 1935 to 1939.)

No county offices are currently in the building.  The county offices have moved a few blocks away to the Independence Courthouse Annex, located at 308 W. Kansas.  The Jackson County Historical Society office and archives are housed in the building.  It underwent a massive renovation to restore President Truman's office and courtroom, and to fix major structural issues.

The courthouse grounds include statues of Presidents Harry S. Truman and Andrew Jackson, and historical markers and monuments commemorate pioneers, the Civil War, and the trails heading west – Santa Fe, California and Oregon trails – that marked the Independence Square as their starting point.

Jackson County Historical Society
The courthouse is now the home of the Jackson County Historical Society.  The Society's facilities include a History Center, an Archives and Research Center that is available by appointment, a museum of art, and Harry S Truman Office and Courtroom that is available for guided tours.

References

External links

 Truman Courthouse – Jackson County Historical Society

Colonial Revival architecture in Missouri
Government buildings completed in 1836
County courthouses in Missouri
Buildings and structures in Independence, Missouri
Courthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri
Tourist attractions in Jackson County, Missouri
National Register of Historic Places in Jackson County, Missouri

Jackson County Courthouse (Independence, Missouri)


The West Webburn is a stream on Dartmoor in Devon in south-west England. It rises on the eastern side of the moors flowing off the east side of Hameldown Ridge. Its source is extremely close to the Grimspound Bronze Age settlement, and it was probably the main source of water for the settlement. It flows south, going past Widecombe-in-the-Moor, and joins the East Webburn River at Lizwell Meet in Oakmoor Wood. These combined streams then join the River Dart at Buckland Bridge in Holne Chase.

References

Rivers of Devon
West Webburn
2WestWebburn

West Webburn River


Skip Lievsay is an American supervising sound editor, re-recording mixer and sound designer for film and television,  Lievsay has worked with filmmakers and directors including the Coen brothers, Martin Scorsese, Spike Lee, Jonathan Demme and Robert Altman.

In January 2007, he received two Oscar nominations—for Best Sound Mixing and Best Sound Editing—for his work on Joel and Ethan Coen's No Country for Old Men. In 2011, he was nominated in the same categories for the film True Grit.

In 2014, he won the Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing for Gravity; he was also nominated in the same category for the films Inside Llewyn Davis and Roma.

References

External links

Mix Magazine Online-Skip Lievsay: Bringing A Musician's Ear To Film Sound

Living people
American sound designers
American audio engineers
Best Sound Mixing Academy Award winners
Best Sound BAFTA Award winners
Year of birth missing (living people)

Skip Lievsay


The montane shrew (Sorex monticolus) is a type of shrew in the genus Sorex. It is also called the dusky shrew.

Description
Montane shrews are small, long tailed shrews. They can grow up to 103 and 142mm long. It moults two times a year. They are brownish and silvery white or gray in summer.

Distribution and Habitat
The montane shrew can be found from northern Alaska to New Mexico and from the Pacific coast to central Manitoba. They also live in the Rocky Mountains, Blue Mountains, and the Sierra Nevada. They can be found on Vancouver Island and Queen Charlotte Island.

Montane shrews live in a lot of habitats such as tundra, alpine meadows, forests, and prairies. They are usually found in forest floor. They almost never dig a burrow.

Behavior
Montane shrews are live by themselves. They do not hibernate. They almost never sleep or rest. They are always eating.

Feeding
Montane shrews are insectivorous. It eats insects and their larvae, earthworms, spiders, snails, and, rarely eats small salamanders. Montane shrews have been seen eating conifer seeds, lichens, and fungi.

Reproduction
The breeding season may last from February to August. The gestation period is estimated to be about 13 to 28 days. The young ones  are born in a small nest made from grass and kept under a rock or fallen tree. They are given birth to blind and naked. At the age of 3 weeks they are weaned. The expected to live up to 12 to 18 months.

References

Sorex
Mammals of North America

Montane shrew


"Love Me Tender" is a 1956 ballad song recorded by Elvis Presley and published by "Elvis Presley Music" from the 20th Century Fox film of the same name. Lyrics are credited to "Vera Matson" (though the actual lyricist was her husband, Ken Darby). The melody is identical to the sentimental Civil War ballad "Aura Lea" (sometimes spelled "Aura Lee") and therefore credited to Aura Lea's composer, the Englishman George R. Poulton. The RCA Victor recording by Elvis Presley was No. 1 on both the Billboard and Cashbox charts in 1956.

The song is also featured in many other films and television shows, including FM, Touched By Love, This is Elvis, Porky's Revenge, Wild at Heart, Die Hard 2, Honeymoon in Vegas, Backbeat, Gaudi Afternoon, Machine Gun Molly, The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement, William Eggleston in the Real World, California Dreamin', Love in Space, Masters of Sex, Devil's Due, Just Before I Go, 90 Minutes in Heaven, and Ready or Not.

History
The 1956 song "Love Me Tender" puts new words to a new musical adaptation of the Civil War song "Aura Lea," published in 1861. "Aura Lea" had music by George R. Poulton and words by W. W. Fosdick. It later became popular with college glee clubs and barbershop quartets. It was also sung at the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York.

The principal writer of the lyrics was Ken Darby, who also adapted Poulton's Civil War tune, which was in the public domain. The song was published by Elvis Presley Music. and credited to Presley and Darby's wife Vera Matson. Presley received co-songwriting credit due to his Hill & Range publishing deal which demanded songwriters concede 50 percent of the credit of their song if they wanted Presley to record it; Presley had songwriting input on only a very small number of the many songs he recorded.  Darby was often asked about his decision to credit the song to his wife along with Presley, and his standard response was an acid, "because she didn't write it either".

As with nearly all his early RCA recordings, Presley took control in the studio despite not being credited as producer. He would regularly change arrangements and lyrics to the point that the original song was barely recognizable. Ken Darby described Elvis Presley's role in the creation of the song:
He adjusted the music and the lyrics to his own particular presentation. Elvis has the most terrific ear of anyone I have ever met. He does not read music, but he does not need to. All I had to do was play the song for him once, and he made it his own! He has perfect judgment of what is right for him. He exercised that judgment when he chose 'Love Me Tender' as his theme song.

Elvis Presley performed "Love Me Tender" on The Ed Sullivan Show on September 9, 1956, shortly before the single's release and about a month before the movie, Love Me Tender, was released (for which the reworded song had been written). After that, RCA received more than a million advance orders, making it a gold record before it was even released. The studio, 20th Century Fox, originally wanted to call the movie The Reno Brothers, but instead re-titled it Love Me Tender to capitalize on the song's popularity.

Movie producer David Weisbart would not allow Presley's regular band (Scotty Moore, Bill Black, and D. J. Fontana) to play on the soundtrack. Instead, The Ken Darby Trio provided the musical backing with Red Robinson on drums, Charles Prescott on bass, Vita Mumolo on guitar, and Jon Dodson on background vocals, with Presley providing only lead vocals.

Elvis Presley recording
The single debuted at #2 on the "Best Sellers in Stores" pop singles chart, the first time a single made its first appearance at the #2 position.

The song hit #1 on the Billboard charts the week ending November 3, 1956, remaining in the position for 5 weeks and reached no. 11 on the charts in the UK. "Love Me Tender" also reached number three for three weeks on the R&B chart. This version was ranked #437 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. In 1968, Presley recorded a 52-second track entitled "Violet (Flower of N.Y.U.)" for the soundtrack of the film The Trouble with Girls. Unreleased until after Presley's death, the song was Presley's second adaptation of "Aura Lee".

Although Presley never re-recorded "Love Me Tender" in a studio setting, two live recordings of the song were released on the albums: NBC-TV Special and Elvis: As Recorded at Madison Square Garden, with additional performances from concert and television appearances being released after Presley's death. The song was also performed in the Golden Globe-winning concert film Elvis on Tour (1972). As seen in that film, and in other filmed and recorded accounts, Presley generally performed only a portion of the song's lyrics live, instead usually using the song as a device to interact with (usually) female members of the audience. "Love Me Tender" was also included in the four song extended play (EP) album Love Me Tender of the songs from the film. The reprise of the song was not included on the EP. In 2010, a remix version was released featuring singer Dea Norberg and makes a mashup with the a snippet of 1965 song "In My Way" and was released on Viva Elvis: The Album . In 2015, another version was made accompanied by new orchestral arrangement by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and was released on album If I Can Dream.

Versions
 Love Me Tender - 2:41 - Recorded Aug 24, 1956
 Love Me Tender (End title version) - 1:08 - Recorded Oct 01, 1956
 Love Me Tender (Stereo version) - 2:42 - Recorded Aug 24, 1956

The 1997 compact disc reissue with bonus tracks of the Jailhouse Rock EP contains these three versions.

Other recordings
 Richard Chamberlain reached no. 21 on the Billboard Pop singles chart with his version when it was released as a single in 1962 on MGM, no. 15 in the UK, and no. 31 in Canada.
 Percy Sledge had a hit with a cover version in 1967, going to no. 40 on the US Billboard Pop chart, no. 35 on the R&B chart, and no. 35 on the Canadian chart.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

External links
 Love Me Tender recording sessions, Hollywood, 1956, part 1.
 Love Me Tender recording sessions, Hollywood, 1956, part 2.
 Love Me Tender / Anyway You Want Me Guide part of The Elvis Presley Record Research Database
 The Truth Behind Love Me Tender

1950s ballads
Elvis Presley songs
Richard Chamberlain songs
The Lettermen songs
Merle Haggard songs
Norah Jones songs
Scatman John songs
Gene Summers songs
Linda Ronstadt songs
Amy Grant songs
Willie Nelson songs
Kenny Rogers songs
Tony Bennett songs
Frank Sinatra songs
Mental As Anything songs
Number-one singles in Canada
Number-one singles in the United States
Billboard Top 100 number-one singles
1956 singles
1962 singles
1956 songs
RCA Records singles
RCA Victor singles
MGM Records singles
Folk ballads

Love Me Tender (song)


Alexander Babatunde Akinyele, CBE (5 September 1875 – 1 October 1968) was the first Anglican Diocesan Bishop of Ibadan, Nigeria.  He was the first indigene of Ibadan to obtain a university degree, and the founder of the first secondary school, Ibadan Grammar School in Ibadan.

Early beginnings
Bolude, a pagan Ibadan warrior and herbalist of repute in the years of Ibadan militocracy, had Josiah Akinyele as his first son. Josiah was one of the early converts under the auspices of David Hinderer, the German leader of the Church Missionary Society (CMS) and his team of six missionaries that first brought Christianity to Ibadan in 1851. Josiah Akinyele took Abigail Lapeno, the daughter of Kukomi, another powerful Ibadan pagan warrior, who also was converted to Christianity through Hinderer; as his second wife in 1870. She gave birth to her first son; Alexander Babatunde Akinyele. He had four siblings, but only one of them compared to him favourably in eminence and prominence; Isaac Babalola Akinyele. Between the brothers, they bestrode the environment of Ibadan in the fields of education, religion, social responsibility and politics, each like a colossus as from the last quarter of the nineteenth century.

Education
Since Alexander Akinyele was born during the height of Ibadan military exploits, to be sent to school in those days in Ibadan was merely to please the European missionaries and it was often a perilous endeavour. It was a period when slavery, though officially outlawed by the British, was still in vogue in Ibadan, therefore the fear of child kidnapping and ritual murders pervaded the social atmosphere. Given the stated scenario, the few school boys of the time were led to school by warriors. In Alexander's case, the leader of his security escort was a warrior called Babamboni; who always carried the future bishop on his shoulders, for safety to school. He attended St. Peter's school Ibadan around 1880, and later completed his primary school education at Abobade school, Aroloya Lagos. He graduated first in his class, and was admitted the following year to the famous CMS Grammar School in Lagos, founded by the Church Missionary Society.
The Bishop would recall in later life how he was jeered, taunted and ridiculed by his schoolmates in Lagos as "that boy with tribal marks". He then left to attend St. Andrews College, Oyo for teacher training.  Subsequently, he became a teacher, and combined teaching with the duties of a catechist, organist and choirmaster. Bishop Tugwell in his Episcopal visit to Abeokuta in 1903, was so impressed with Alexander Akinyele's expertise as the organist at a church in Ake, particularly his flawless rendition of the visiting European Bishop's favourite hymn; that he ordered Alexander to sit for the entrance examination to Fourah Bay College, Sierra Leone. He entered the college on 25 January 1904. In 1906 he was awarded Licentiate in Theology (LTh), and later he obtained his Bachelor of Arts (Dunelm) in 1912, thus becoming the first Ibadan indigene to obtain a University degree.

Pastoral work
On 6 June 1909, he was ordained a Deacon, and posted to Ibadan as an assistant priest. He married Miss Marian Davies on 12 January 1911, and together had four children. He put pressure on the Church Missionary Society to establish a grammar school in Ibadan, consequently on 31 March 1913, Ibadan Grammar School was established; with Alexander Akinyele, as its first principal. During his administration of the school, a tenure that spanned twenty years (1913–1933), he employed a non-discriminatory admission policy, and catered for all sections of Nigeria south of the Niger and Benue rivers. Alexander Akinyele became a Canon on 17 May 1931, and was consecrated as Assistant Bishop on 25 July 1933 at a solemn ceremony at Lambeth Palace Chapel, London. On 24 March 1952 at St. James Cathedral Church Ibadan, at the age of 77; he was enthroned as the first Bishop of the new Diocese of Ibadan. It was a crowning glory to a life of dedicated service to God. Because of his inestimable contribution to the progress and development of Ibadan, he was honoured with the chieftaincy title of the Aare of Ibadanland.

His younger brother, HRH Oba Isaac Babalola Akinyele, later ascended the throne of Ibadan, becoming the first educated Olubadan of Ibadan. They both passionately loved Ibadan. In 1949, Alexander Akinyele was appointed as a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. The Bishop who lived a life of purity and uprightness enjoined all Christians – as in his famous sermon delivered on 12 February 1956, when Queen Elizabeth II on state visit to Nigeria; worshiped at St. James Cathedral, Oke Bola, Ibadan – to use their eyes, heads, hands, voices and hearts for uplifting Jesus Christ. Alexander Babalola Akinyele was later called to join the Church triumphant in 1968, aged 92.

References

Bibliography
Theophilus Adeleke Akinyele: "Ibadan – the town, the gown and the dawn" derived from Readings in Political Economy and Governance in Nigeria. Published by CSS Ltd. 2002
Theophilus Adeleke Akinyele: "The Life and Times of Bishop A.B. Akinyele" a speech delivered on 25 July 2002, at Ibadan Grammar School.

1875 births
1968 deaths
Anglican bishops of Ibadan
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Fourah Bay College alumni
Yoruba Christian clergy
People from Ibadan
CMS Grammar School, Lagos alumni
19th-century Nigerian people
20th-century Nigerian people
Nigerian schoolteachers
Yoruba educators
People from colonial Nigeria
History of Ibadan

Alexander Akinyele


A formula game is an artificial game represented by a fully quantified Boolean formula. Players' turns alternate and the space of possible moves is denoted by bound variables. If a variable is universally quantified, the formula following it has the same truth value as the formula beginning with the universal quantifier regardless of the move taken. If a variable is existentially quantified, the formula following it has the same truth value as the formula beginning with the existential quantifier for at least one move available at the turn. Turns alternate, and a player loses if he cannot move at his turn. In computational complexity theory, the language FORMULA-GAME is defined as all formulas  such that Player 1 has a winning strategy in the game represented by . FORMULA-GAME is PSPACE-complete.

References

 Sipser, Michael. (2006).  Introduction to the Theory of Computation.  Boston: Thomson Course Technology.

Satisfiability problems
Boolean algebra
PSPACE-complete problems

Formula game


The British Antarctic Territory (BAT) is a sector of Antarctica claimed by the United Kingdom as one of its 14 British Overseas Territories. It comprises the region south of 60°S latitude and between longitudes  and , forming a wedge shape that extends to the South Pole. The Territory was formed on 3 March 1962, although the UK's claim to this portion of the Antarctic dates back to Letters Patent of 1908 and 1917. The area now covered by the Territory includes three regions which, before 1962, were administered by the British as separate dependencies of the Falkland Islands: Graham Land, the South Orkney Islands, and the South Shetland Islands.

Bases
There are a number of current and former bases in the territory:
 Halley
 Rothera
Signy was operated from 1947 until 1996 and now is only staffed in the summer.
Two summer-only forward operating stations, at Fossil Bluff and Sky Blu.
Faraday was maintained until 1996, when it was sold to Ukraine and renamed Akademik Vernadsky Station.
Port Lockroy on Goudier Island is a tourist centre operated by the UK Antarctic Heritage Trust.
Mail is found from all of these bases, although most of it is philatelic in nature.

Postage stamps
All stamps issued to date have been issued during the reign of Queen Elizabeth II. While some are actually used by visiting tourists and resident scientists, the bulk are sold overseas to collectors. The first issue came in 1963, an engraved set with 15 values ranging from ½d to one pound, featuring a portrait of Queen Elizabeth overlooking various scenes of human activity in Antarctica. Several additional issues in the 1960s were followed by a decimalisation issue in 1971 produced by overprinting the 1963 stamps.

Since then, stamps have come out at regular intervals, about 10-20 per year in several sets, with a full definitive series every few years (polar explorers in 1973, plankton in 1984, fossils in 1990, research ships in 1993, etc.). The design topics are related either to Antarctic research or to the native life of Antarctica.

Prior to the establishment of the territory in 1962, stamps were issued for the South Orkney Islands, South Shetland Islands, and Graham Land as parts of the Falkland Islands Dependencies.

All postage stamps of the British Antarctic Territory are denominated in sterling. For more information see British currency in the South Atlantic and the Antarctic

First day covers
The Falkland Islands Philatelic Bureau acts as the sales agent for the British Antarctic Territory. Unlike some Antarctic postal administrations, all official First Day Covers are cancelled at the relevant base in the Territory, before being returned to the Philatelic Bureau at Port Stanley for distribution.

The Antarctic Postman
The Antarctic Postman, based at Port Stanley, visits BAT bases by ship to officially release new stamps and the stamps are not otherwise available for sale until this has happened. The date of the visit is recorded and the stamps are then released at the Falkland Islands Philatelic Bureau, at Port Lockroy for tourists, and elsewhere.

References

Bibliography
 Heijtz, Stefan. Specialised Stamp Catalogue of The Falkland Islands and Dependencies including postal history and cancellations, 1800-2013, with British Antarctic Territory. Stockholm: S. Heijtz, 2014 272p.
 Pirie, J. H. Harvey. Antarctic Posts and Stamps. Batley, Yorks.: Harry Hayes, 1975 71p.
 Vogel, Hal. Essence of polar philately. American Society of Polar Philatelists, 2008.0862-7
 Youle, John H. Postmarks and Cachets of the British Antarctic Bases and South Georgia; Including: Cachets associated with the royal research ships when in Antarctic waters and the Royal Naval Antarctic patrol vessels HMS Protector and HMS Endurance 1 & 2. Bridlington: J. Youle, 2001 188p. Addendum 2009 here.

British Antarctic Territory
British Antarctic Territory
Graham Land

Postage stamps and postal history of the British Antarctic Territory


A proper noun is a noun that identifies a single entity and is used to refer to that entity (Africa, Jupiter, Sarah, Tesla, Inc.) as distinguished from a common noun, which is a noun that refers to a class of entities (continent, planet, person, corporation) and may be used when referring to instances of a specific class (a continent, another planet, these persons, our corporation). Some proper nouns occur in plural form (optionally or exclusively), and then they refer to groups of entities considered as unique (the Hendersons, the Everglades, the Azores, the Pleiades). Proper nouns can also occur in secondary applications, for example modifying nouns (the Mozart experience; his Azores adventure), or in the role of common nouns (he's no Pavarotti; a few would-be Napoleons). The detailed definition of the term is problematic and, to an extent, governed by convention.

A distinction is normally made in current linguistics between proper nouns and proper names. By this strict distinction, because the term noun is used for a class of single words (tree, beauty), only single-word proper names are proper nouns: Peter and Africa are both proper names and proper nouns; but Peter the Great and South Africa, while they are proper names, are not proper nouns (though they could be said to function as proper noun phrases). The term common name is not much used to contrast with proper name, but some linguists have used the term for that purpose. Sometimes proper names are called simply names, but that term is often used more broadly. Words derived from proper names are sometimes called proper adjectives (or proper adverbs, and so on), but not in mainstream linguistic theory. Not every noun or a noun phrase that refers to a unique entity is a proper name. Chastity, for instance, is a common noun, even if chastity is considered a unique abstract entity.

Few proper names have only one possible referent: there are many places named New Haven; Jupiter may refer to a planet, a god, a ship, a city in Florida, or a symphony; at least one person has been named Mata Hari, but so have a horse, a song, and three films; there are towns and people named Toyota, as well as the company. In English, proper names in their primary application cannot normally be modified by articles or another determiner, although some may be taken to include the article the, as in the Netherlands, the Roaring Forties, or the Rolling Stones. A proper name may appear to have a descriptive meaning, even though it does not (the Rolling Stones are not stones and do not roll; a woman named Rose is not a flower). If it had once been, it may no longer be so, for example, a location previously referred to as "the new town" may now have the proper name Newtown, though it is no longer new and is now a city rather than a town.

In English and many other languages, proper names and words derived from them are associated with capitalization; but the details are complex, and vary from language to language (French lundi, Canada, un homme canadien, un Canadien; English Monday, Canada, a Canadian man, a Canadian; Italian lunedì, Canada, un uomo canadese, un canadese). The study of proper names is sometimes called onomastics or onomatology, while a rigorous analysis of the semantics of proper names is a matter for philosophy of language.

Occasionally, what would otherwise be regarded as a proper noun is used as a common noun, in which case a plural form and a determiner are possible. Examples are in cases of ellipsis (for instance, the three Kennedys = the three members of the Kennedy family) and metaphor (for instance, the new Gandhi, likening a person to Mahatma Gandhi).

Proper names
Current linguistics makes a distinction between proper nouns and proper names but this distinction is not universally observed and sometimes it is observed but not rigorously. When the distinction is made, proper nouns are limited to single words only (possibly with the), while proper names include all proper nouns (in their primary applications) as well as noun phrases such as the United Kingdom, North Carolina, Royal Air Force, and the White House. Proper names can have a common noun or a proper noun as their head; the United Kingdom, for example, is a proper name with the common noun kingdom as its head, and North Carolina is headed by the proper noun Carolina. Especially as titles of works, but also as nicknames and the like, some proper names contain no noun and are not formed as noun phrases (the film Being There; Hi De Ho as a nickname for Cab Calloway and as the title of a film about him).

Proper names are also referred to (by linguists) as naming expressions. Sometimes they are called simply names; but that term is also used more broadly (as in "chair is the name for something we sit on"); the latter type of name  is called a common name to distinguish it from a proper name.

Common nouns are frequently used as components of proper names. Some examples are agency, boulevard, city, day, and edition. In such cases the common noun may determine the kind of entity, and a modifier determines the unique entity itself. For example:

 The 16th robotic probe to land on the planet was assigned to study the north pole, and the 17th probe the south pole.
(common-noun senses throughout)
 When Probe 17 overflew the South Pole, it passed directly over the place where Captain Scott's expedition ended.
(in this sentence, Probe 17 is the proper name of a vessel, and South Pole is a proper name referring to Earth's south pole)
 Sanjay lives on the beach road.
(the road that runs along the beach)
 Sanjay lives on Beach Road.
(as a proper name, Beach Road may have nothing to do with the beach; it may be any distance from the waterfront)
 My university has a school of medicine.
(no indication of the name of the university or its medical school)
 The John A. Burns School of Medicine is located at the University of Hawaii at Manoa.

Proper nouns, and all proper names, differ from common nouns grammatically in English. They may take titles, such as Mr Harris or Senator Harris. Otherwise, they normally only take modifiers that add emotive coloring, such as old Mrs Fletcher, poor Charles, or historic York; in a formal style, this may include the, as in the inimitable Henry Higgins. They may also take the in the manner of common nouns in order to establish the context in which they are unique: the young Mr Hamilton (not the old one), the Dr Brown I know; or as proper nouns to define an aspect of the referent: the young Einstein (Einstein when he was young). The indefinite article a may similarly be used to establish a new referent: the column was written by a [or one] Mary Price. Proper names based on noun phrases differ grammatically from common noun phrases. They are fixed expressions, and cannot be modified internally: beautiful King's College is acceptable, but not King's famous College.

As with proper nouns, so with proper names more generally: they may only be unique within the appropriate context. For instance, India has a ministry of home affairs (a common-noun phrase) called the Ministry of Home Affairs (its proper name). Within the context of India, this identifies a unique organization. However, other countries may also have ministries of home affairs called "the Ministry of Home Affairs", but each refers to a unique object, so each is a proper name. Similarly, "Beach Road" is a unique road, though other towns may have their own roads named "Beach Road" as well. This is simply a matter of the pragmatics of naming, and of whether a naming convention provides identifiers that are unique; and this depends on the scope given by context.

Proper names and the definite article
Because they are used to refer to an individual entity, proper names are, by their nature, definite; so many regard a definite article as redundant, and personal names (like John) are used without an article or other determiner. However, some proper names are usually used with the definite article. Grammarians divide over whether the definite article becomes part of the proper name in these cases, or is preceding the proper name. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language terms these weak proper names, in contrast with the more typical strong proper names, which are normally used without an article.

Entities with proper names that use the definite article include geographical features (e.g., the Mediterranean, the Thames), buildings (e.g., the Parthenon),  institutions (e.g., the House of Commons), cities and districts (e.g., The Hague, the Bronx), works of literature (e.g.,  the Bible), newspapers and magazines (e.g., The Times, The Economist, the New Statesman), and events (e.g., the '45, the Holocaust). Plural proper names take the definite article. Such plural proper names include mountain ranges (e.g., the Himalayas),  and collections of islands (e.g., the Hebrides).

However, if adjectives are used, they are placed after the definite article (e.g., "the mighty Yangtze"). When such proper nouns are grouped together, sometimes only a single definite article will be used at the head (e.g., "the Nile, Congo, and Niger"). And in certain contexts, it is grammatically permissible or even mandatory to drop the article.

The definite article is not used in the presence of preceding possessives (e.g., "Da Vinci's Mona Lisa", "our United Kingdom"), demonstratives (e.g., "life in these United States", "that spectacular Alhambra"), interrogatives (e.g., "whose Mediterranean: Rome's or Carthage's"), or words like "no" or "another" (e.g., "that dump is no Taj Mahal", "neo-Nazis want another Holocaust").

An indefinite article phrase voids the use of the definite article (e.g., "a restored Sistine Chapel", "a Philippines free from colonial masters").

The definite article is omitted when such a proper noun is used attributively (e.g., "Hague residents are concerned ...",  "... eight pints of Thames water ..."). If a definite article is present, it is for the noun, not the attributive (e.g., "the Amazon jungle", "the Bay of Pigs debacle").

Phrases that take the form of addressing a proper noun also cause the article to be dropped (e.g., "jump that shark, Fonz!", "o Pacific, be so on our voyage").

In grammatical constructs where a definite article would be used even with a proper noun that normally doesn't use it, only a single article is used (e.g., "the Matterhorn at Disneyland is not the Matterhorn"). In a grouping, a single definite article at the head may be understood to cover for the others (e.g., "the Germany of Hitler, British Empire of Churchill, United States of Roosevelt, and Soviet Union of Stalin").

Headlines, which often simplify grammar for space or punchiness, frequently omit both definite and indefinite articles. Sports chants also often omit definite articles (e.g., "Go Bears!", "U-S-A! U-S-A!").

Maps will typically include definite articles in the title, but omit them from the map image itself (e.g., Maldives, Sahara, Arctic Ocean, Andes, Elbe); however, exceptions may be made (e.g., The Wash, The Gambia). It is also customary to drop the definite article in tables (e.g., a table of nations or territories with population, area, and economy, or a table of rivers by length).

Variants
Proper names often have a number of variants, for instance a formal variant (David, the United States of America) and an informal variant (Dave, the United States).

Capitalization

In languages that use alphabetic scripts and that distinguish lower and upper case, there is usually an association between proper names and capitalization. In German, all nouns are capitalized, but other words are also capitalized in proper names (not including composition titles), for instance: der Große Bär (the Great Bear, Ursa Major). For proper names, as for several other kinds of words and phrases, the details are complex, and vary sharply from language to language. For example, expressions for days of the week and months of the year are capitalized in English, but not in Spanish, French, Swedish, or Finnish, though they may be understood as proper names in all of these. Languages differ in whether most elements of multiword proper names are capitalized (American English has House of Representatives, in which lexical words are capitalized) or only the initial element (as in Slovenian Državni zbor, "National Assembly"). In Czech, multiword settlement names are capitalized throughout, but non-settlement names are only capitalized in the initial element, though with many exceptions.

History of capitalization

European alphabetic scripts only developed a distinction between upper case and lower case in medieval times so in the alphabetic scripts of ancient Greek and Latin proper names were not systematically marked. They are marked with modern capitalization, however, in many modern editions of ancient texts.

In past centuries, orthographic practices in English varied widely. Capitalization was much less standardized than today. Documents from the 18th century show some writers capitalizing all nouns, and others capitalizing certain nouns based on varying ideas of their importance in the discussion. Historical documents from the early United States show some examples of this process: the end (but not the beginning) of the Declaration of Independence (1776) and all of the Constitution (1787) show nearly all nouns capitalized; the Bill of Rights (1789) capitalizes a few common nouns but not most of them; and the Thirteenth Constitutional Amendment (1865) capitalizes only proper nouns.

In Danish, from the 17th century until the orthographic reform of 1948, all nouns were capitalized.

Modern English capitalization of proper nouns

In modern English orthography, it is the norm for recognized proper names to be capitalized.  The few clear exceptions include summer and winter (contrast July and Christmas). It is also standard that most capitalizing of common nouns is considered incorrect, except of course when the capitalization is simply a matter of text styling, as at the start of a sentence or in titles and other headings. See Letter case § Title case.

Although these rules have been standardized, there are enough gray areas that it can often be unclear both whether an item qualifies as a proper name and whether it should be capitalized: "the Cuban missile crisis" is often capitalized ("Cuban Missile Crisis") and often not, regardless of its syntactic status or its function in discourse. Most style guides give decisive recommendations on capitalization, but not all of them go into detail on how to decide in these gray areas if words are proper nouns or not and should be capitalized or not.

Words or phrases that are neither proper nouns nor derived from proper nouns are often capitalized in present-day English: Dr, Baptist, Congregationalism, His and He in reference to the Abrahamic deity (God). For some such words, capitalization is optional or dependent on context: northerner or Northerner; aboriginal trees but Aboriginal land rights in Australia. When the comes at the start of a proper name, as in the White House, it is not normally capitalized unless it is a formal part of a title (of a book, film, or other artistic creation, as in The Keys to the Kingdom).

Nouns and noun phrases that are not proper may be uniformly capitalized to indicate that they are definitive and regimented in their application (compare brand names, discussed below). For example, Mountain Bluebird does not identify a unique individual, and it is not a proper name but a so-called common name (somewhat misleadingly, because this is not intended as a contrast with the term proper name). Such capitalization indicates that the term is a conventional designation for exactly that species (Sialia currucoides), not for just any bluebird that happens to live in the mountains.

Words or phrases derived from proper names are generally capitalized, even when they are not themselves proper names. For example, Londoner is capitalized because it derives from the proper name London, but it is not itself a proper name (it can be limited: the Londoner, some Londoners). Similarly, African, Africanize, and Africanism are not proper names, but are capitalized because Africa is a proper name. Adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and derived common nouns that are capitalized (Swiss in Swiss cheese; Anglicize; Calvinistically; Petrarchism) are sometimes loosely called proper adjectives (and so on), but not in mainstream linguistics. Which of these items are capitalized may be merely conventional. Abrahamic, Buddhist, Hollywoodize, Freudianism, and Reagonomics are capitalized; quixotic, bowdlerize, mesmerism, and pasteurization are not; aeolian and alpinism may be capitalized or not.

Some words or some homonyms (depending on how a body of study defines "word") have one meaning when capitalized and another when not. Sometimes the capitalized variant is a proper noun (the Moon; dedicated to God; Smith's apprentice) and the other variant is not (the third moon of Saturn; a Greek god; the smith's apprentice). Sometimes neither is a proper noun (a swede in the soup; a Swede who came to see me). Such words that vary according to case are sometimes called capitonyms (although only rarely: this term is scarcely used in linguistic theory and does not appear in the Oxford English Dictionary).

Brand names

In most alphabetic languages, brand names and other commercial terms that are nouns or noun phrases are capitalized whether or not they count as proper names. Not all brand names are proper names, and not all proper names are brand names.

 Microsoft is a proper name, referring to a specific company. But if Microsoft is given a non-standard secondary application, in the role of a common noun, these usages are accepted: "The Microsofts of this world"; "That's not the Microsoft I know!"; "The company aspired to be another Microsoft."
 Chevrolet is similarly a proper name referring to a specific company. But unlike Microsoft, it is also used in the role of a common noun to refer to products of the named company: "He drove a Chevrolet" (a particular vehicle); "The Chevrolets of the 1960s" (classes of vehicles). In these uses, Chevrolet does not function as a proper name.
 Corvette (referring to a car produced by the company Chevrolet) is not a proper name: it can be pluralized (French and English Corvettes); and it can take a definite article or other determiner or modifier: "the Corvette", "la Corvette"; "my Corvette", "ma Corvette"; "another new Corvette", "une autre nouvelle Corvette". Similarly, Chevrolet Corvette is not a proper name: "We owned three Chevrolet Corvettes."  It contrasts with the uncapitalized corvette, a kind of warship.

Alternative marking of proper names

In non-alphabetic scripts, proper names are sometimes marked by other means.

In Egyptian hieroglyphs, parts of a royal name were enclosed in a cartouche: an oval with a line at one end.

In Chinese script, a proper name mark (a kind of underline) has sometimes been used to indicate a proper name. In the standard Pinyin system of romanization for Mandarin Chinese, capitalization is used to mark proper names, with some complexities because of different Chinese classifications of nominal types, and even different notions of such broad categories as word and phrase.

Sanskrit and other languages written in the Devanagari script, along with many other languages using alphabetic or syllabic scripts, do not distinguish upper and lower case and do not mark proper names systematically.

Acquisition and cognition
There is evidence from brain disorders such as aphasia that proper names and common names are processed differently by the brain.

There also appear to be differences in language acquisition.
Although Japanese does not distinguish overtly between common and proper nouns, two-year-old children learning Japanese distinguished between names for categories of object (equivalent to common names)  and names of individuals (equivalent to proper names): When a previously unknown label  was applied to an unfamiliar object, the children assumed that the label designated the class  of object (i.e. they treated the label as the common name of that object), regardless of whether the object was inanimate or not. However, if the object already had an established name, there was a difference between inanimate objects and animals:
 for inanimate objects, the children tended to interpret the new label as a sub-class, but
 for animals they tended to interpret the label as a name for the individual animal (i.e. a proper name).

In English, children employ different strategies depending on the type of referent but also rely on syntactic cues, such as the presence or absence of the determiner "the" to differentiate between common and proper nouns when first learned.

See also

Name
Proper name (philosophy)

Notes

References

Bibliography

 Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (1993; 10th ed.). Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster. .
 Online Dictionary of Language Terminology [ODTL]. Steeves, Jon (ed.). http://www.odlt.org.
 The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (2000; 4th ed.). Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin. .

External links
 Wikiversity:Proper name

Nouns by type

Proper noun


A gear is a toothed wheel designed to transmit force (torque) to another gear or toothed component.

Gear can also mean:

 One of a series of pre-set rotation mechanisms for a manual transmission.
 Gear (graphic novel), written by Doug Tennapel and later made into a TV show called Catscratch
 Gear (comics), a DC comics superhero
 Gear (Static Shock), a DCAU superhero
 "Gear", a slang term for equipment or apparel, particularly used for motorcycle safety clothing and cargo
 Gear (magazine), an international men's magazine
 Gears, types of mecha in the Xenogears and Metal Gear video games, as well as the Heavy Gear universe
 "Gear", a slang term for marijuana, used when making reference to the drug in a green or solid form
 Gears are a type of biomechanical or mystical creature in the video games series Guilty Gear
Gears (Transformers), a character in Transformers
 Gears of War, an Xbox 360 game

GEAR may refer to:
 Geographic and Energy Aware Routing, a routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

Gear (disambiguation)


Laudanum is the name of a tincture containing opium. A tincture is usually an extract of plant or animal material dissolved in ethanol (ethyl alcohol). Laudanum is dissolved extracts from the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum Linnaeus) in alcohol (ethanol).

Paracelsus thought that it was good for treating almost anything. According to Paracelus, laudanum consists of about 9 parts wine, and one part opium. Other ingredients, such as henbane, mandrake and deadly nightshade were commonly added. Since its discovery in the 16th century, laudanum was often used to treat different diseases. Its popularity and use is comparable to the modern drug aspirin. Its main effect was that of the opium: it was a painkiller, and a sedative.

The main problem is that opium causes addiction. This was only understood in the 19th century. Towards the end of the 19th century, there were good alternative drugs. England banished opiates from open sale in the 1920s, and Germany regulated their use in 1929.

Laudanum, like other opiates was used as a painkiller, and a sedative. Until the 1970s it was used to treat clinical depression. Laudanum is dangerous to children as it is easy to get an overdose. Today, laudanum is still used to treat severe cases of diarrhea which sometimes occur with chemotherapy.

Opioids

Laudanum


Live at the Fillmore is a limited release double CD recording of a live show by the Residents.  To celebrate their 25th anniversary, the Residents performed a series of concerts during the last week of October 1997.  The first part of the show featured mainly songs from their Gingerbread Man, Freak Show and Have a Bad Day albums, and the second half a performance of their live piece, "Disfigured Night".  The recording on this release is from the October 31, 1997, performance.

Two releases were made by Ralph America.  The original, in 1998, was a limited run of 1200 copies.  It was re-released in 2005 in a second run of 1000 copies, with a note on the inside showing that it was a second pressing.

Track listing
 Jambalaya. Not at all.
 44
 The Gingerbread Man
 Part 1 - The Aging Musician
 Part 2 - The Old Woman
 Part 3 - The Sold-Out Artist
 Everyone Comes to the Freak Show
 Loss of Innocence
 Jelly Jack (The Boneless Boy)
 Lottie (The Human Log)
 Ted
 Benny (The Bouncing Bump)
 Disfigured Night
 Introduction
 Disfigured Night 1
 Disfigured Night 2
 Disfigured Night 3
 Disfigured Night 4
 Disfigured Night 5
 Disfigured Night 6
 Disfigured Night 7 (We Are the World)
 Hello Skinny
 This Is a Man's Man's Man's World
 Curtain Call
 Good Night (Cruel World)

Albums recorded at the Fillmore
The Residents live albums
1998 live albums

Live at the Fillmore (The Residents album)


Frank Batten (February 11, 1927September 10, 2009) was a co-founder of the first nationwide, 24-hour cable weather channel, The Weather Channel. His media company, Landmark Media Enterprises, once owned nine daily newspapers, more than 50 weekly newspapers, television stations in Las Vegas and Nashville, and a national chain of classified advertising publications.

Batten assumed leadership in 1954 of two newspapers, The Virginian-Pilot and The Ledger-Star in Norfolk, Virginia, parlaying those papers into a media conglomerate by acquiring other newspapers, radio stations, and television stations and establishing a cable outlet as well as the national cable weather channel. Until 2008, the company, Landmark Communications, now Landmark Media Enterprises, was one of the country's largest privately held media companies.

Batten sold TeleCable (a multi-system cable TV company) in 1995 to TCI for $1 billion and the Weather Channel in 2008 to NBC Universal and two private equity firms for nearly $3.5 billion.

Batten served as chairman of the Associated Press from 1982 to 1987.

Early life
Batten was born on February 11, 1927, to Frank Batten, a bank auditor, and Dorothy Martin Batten, the daughter of a wealthy Norfolk family. After the death of his father the following year, Batten and his mother moved in with his aunt and uncle, Fay and Samuel L. Slover. A Jewish native of Tennessee, Slover had taken ownership of a newspaper in Newport News, Virginia, which he sold in 1907 to buy what would become the Norfolk Ledger-Dispatch. Themselves childless, the Slovers raised young Frank as their own son.

Batten attended the Culver Academies, a boarding school in Indiana, to graduate in 1945 and later attend the United States Merchant Marine Academy in Kings Point, New York. He received his undergraduate degree from the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, Virginia, where he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity. He then received his MBA from Harvard in 1952.

The Virginian-Pilot
Batten professionalized the newspaper he inherited in 1954 at age twenty-seven, and went on to acquire the Portsmouth Star, which he later merged with the Ledger-Dispatch to form the Ledger-Star. During his early days as publisher of The Virginian-Pilot, Batten championed desegregation, a position not often taken in the state of Virginia during the 1950s; Virginia, like much of the American South, was undergoing deep resistance to the movement. In 1960 The Virginian-Pilot received a Pulitzer Prize for articles written in support of racial desegregation.

Media acquisitions
In 1965, Batten acquired The Greensboro Daily News and The Greensboro Record, adding The Roanoke Times in 1969. Together with The Virginian-Pilot, these papers made up the core of the Landmark Publishing business. Under Landmark Publishing many other papers were started and acquired, including dailies, weeklies, community papers, and military papers across the southern and western parts of the United States.

Birth of The Weather Channel

When John Coleman, former WLS-TV Chicago chief meteorologist and Good Morning America forecaster, suggested creating a 24-hour cable weather station, the idea confirmed what Batten had learned at The Virginian-Pilot, that readers prioritized weather information as a primary reason for purchasing the daily paper.

The Weather Channel debuted on May 2, 1982, after ten months in development. Although initially criticized, The Weather Channel ultimately thrived and expanded to include its sister web site, Weather.com, which receives more than 300 million visits per month.

In 2002, on its twentieth anniversary, Batten co-authored The Weather Channel: The Improbable Rise of a Media Phenomenon, recounting the creation of The Weather Channel.

Philanthropy
Batten became the first rector of Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia, served on the boards of the College of William and Mary and Hollins University, and served as vice chairman of the State Council of Higher Education for Virginia.

His gifts to schools and institutions include $32 million to the Harvard Business School, $60 million to the Darden Graduate School of Business Administration at the University of Virginia, $32 million to Old Dominion University, and various scholarships, such as the Batten Scholarship at the Culver Academies. On April 12, 2007, Batten made a gift of $100 million to the University of Virginia, the largest gift in the university's history, to establish the Frank Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy, and in 2006, made a gift of $2 million to Hollins University.

Frank Batten made a $20 million gift to Virginia Wesleyan University to construct the Jane P. Batten Student Center in honor of his wife. Jane P. Batten joined the VWU Board of Trustees in 1981, served as chair of the board from 1995 to 1998, and was named trustee emerita in 2015. In 2017, Mrs. Batten made a donation to found the Batten Honors College of VWU (including a later $80.2 million endowment) and a 44,000-square-foot academic building to support the BHC mission of environmental stewardship. Additionally, Mrs. Batten made a lead gift in 2003 to the VWU Key to the Future Campaign, which has funded a number of significant endowments at the university, among them the Batten Professorship, the Frank and Jane P. Batten Distinguished Scholar Award, which recognizes scholarship achievements among VWU faculty since 2004, and the Jane and Frank Batten Endowed Scholarships, which laid the foundation for the Batten Honors College full tuition scholarships.

Frank Batten donated to the Norfolk Academy, for the school's library, as well as to the City of Norfolk for a new downtown library.

In 2009, he also started the $50 million Batten Challenge at the Culver Academies, where he would match every dollar donated to the school during 2009-2010 with a dollar of his own.

Personal life
Batten lived in Virginia Beach, Virginia, with his wife Jane Parke Batten. They had two daughters, Mary Elizabeth and Dorothy, and one son, Frank Batten, Jr., who succeeded his father as chairman and CEO of Landmark Communications on January 1, 1998. In 2007, Batten was listed as the 190th richest person in the United States, according to Forbes 400, with a net worth of approximately $2.3 billion. Batten owned one of the Chesapeake Bay's largest racing yachts, the Shadow.

References

External links

 AP Obituary. Legacy.com
 Weather.com
 Profile - Harvard Business School

1927 births
2009 deaths
American billionaires
American newspaper chain founders
20th-century American newspaper publishers (people)
American television company founders
Harvard Business School alumni
People from Norfolk, Virginia
University of Virginia alumni
Journalists from Virginia
Culver Academies alumni
20th-century American journalists
American male journalists

Frank Batten


The Bakossi people are a Bantu ethnic group that live on the western and eastern slopes of Mount Mwanenguba and Mount Kupe in the Bakossi Mountains of Cameroon. They number about 200,000, mostly engaged in subsistence farming but also producing some coffee and cocoa.

Origins

According to their tradition, the Bakossi are descended from the great hunter Ngoe (or Ngweh) and his beautiful wife Sumediang. They had twelve children. At one time, a supernatural being warned the couple that a flood was coming and told them to make a box in which to escape. They built an ark, taking in their family and all kinds of animals, and survived the flood. The ark came to rest between the twin lakes of Mwanenguba, one of which is said to have a female character and the other male.
The different clans claim descent from different children and grandchildren of this couple.

The Bakossi are related to other people of the region including the Bafaw, Bakundu, Balong, Bassossi, Mbo, Abo, Miamilo, Baneka, Muaneman, Muange, Bareko, Bakaka, Babong, Balondo, Manehas, Bongkeng, and Bakem.
The Bakossi people speak a Bantu language called Akose.
Today, this language includes many loan words from English, French and word that are also found or related to words in Douala.
Ethnologue classifies the language in the Ngoe group of the Lundu-Balong family.

Environment

The land occupied by the Bakossi people includes both highlands and lowlands. It has fertile soils, watered by streams that rise in the mountains, and is covered by dense forest which contain a wide variety of trees, birds and animals.
Many of the Bakossi grow coco yam, cassava and some corn for food. For cash they cultivate coffee in the higher parts and cocoa lower down.
More exotic foods include tadpoles and males of the Hairy Frog, which are thought to fall from the sky and, when eaten, to help childless human couples become fertile.
Among the Bakossi, a hunter is respected for his skills and achievements as much as for the economic value of the animals he has managed to kill.

The Bakossi Forest Reserve of  was created in 1956. In 2000, the main section of Bakossi was designated a protected forest. All logging was banned and Kupe became a "strict nature reserve". The local Bakossi people participated in delineating the boundaries.
There were large gains in management effectiveness of the forest between 2003 and 2007 although the local people are still not well integrated into management of the area and there are weaknesses in education on environmental subjects.

Traditional beliefs

The Bakossi beliefs and customs included belief and participation in jujus, a rather vague concept where the name of a juju might apply to a secret society, objects such as masks associated with the society, and certain magical powers.
Mwakum was the most powerful of all the jujus, invisible, mysterious and full of magic.
Some jujus were restricted to men of a certain age and demanded an initiation fee.
Jujus and their ceremonies kept peace in the villages, warded off evils and detected the presence of witches.

The Bakossi people attached sinister magical properties to Mount Kupe.
They believed that Nyongo, or members of the ekom association of witches, could put people to work on invisible plantations on the mountain.
While still living, the future slaves would be given to a witch by a greedy relative in return for joining the association and gaining a plantation.
After they appeared to die, but in fact became ekongi, the relatives were stolen from their graves by the witches and sold to a plantation owner.
The practice of visiting a trader in ekongi is reported from 1962 in Douala, the commercial capital of Cameroon.
The "ekongeur" would throw his visitor into a deep sleep through hypnosis. He would see the plantations with the ekongi working, and would be offered a plantation in return for someone such as his mother. On waking up, the ekongeur would explain that he now should take his time to decide what he would do...
There may be an echo in this belief of early experiences with the slave trade.

The Nyongo could also find closed bundles on the mountain which might contain either riches or misfortunes, including illness and death. The bundle had to be brought back unopened and immediately thrown in the river if it was found to contain bad luck.
By the 1950s a belief had risen that anyone who could afford a modern house with a tin roof must be a Nyongo, earning his wealth from the labors of his dead relatives. There was a reluctance to build such a house, even if the owner visibly did the work with his own hands and none of his relatives died. When a witch died, he could also become an ekongi. To prevent this, he might be buried face down so he could not rise, perhaps with his head severed from his body.
These beliefs are now discredited. Heinrich Balz, in his 1984 study of the Bakossi, Where the Faith Has to Live, reported that before dying the last Ekom men left a message that there was no longer anything good to be found on Koupe. To get wealthy the people should take their cutlasses and open farms in the bush.

The Bakossi observed a ten-day cycle rather than the seven-day week common elsewhere. As elsewhere, they did not align their weeks with months.

Pre-independence history

The different Bakossi tribes originally each occupied independent territories, living as hunter-gatherers.
As the Atlantic slave trade developed, the coastal town of Douala became an important trading center, reaching into the interior Bakossi Mountains along the Mungo valley. However, by the 1840s the slave trade had been replaced by the palm oil trade. Little is known about the effect on the Bakossi of either trade, but they were certainly involved in both. In nearby regions, slaves were still used domestically on palm oil plantations as gatherers, processors and carriers long after the export of slaves to the USA, Caribbean and Brazil had ceased.

During the European colonial era, the Bakossi came under German rule in the 1880s, and then, after World War I, their land was split between British and French colonies.
The Mungo River, which flows through Bakossi territory, was taken as the southern boundary between the two colonies. Starting in the first half of the 20th century, Bamileke people began to migrate into Bakossi territory, particularly to the Tombel area, where they found work on the plantations and escaped the harsh forced-labor conditions on the French side of the border. They were welcomed by the Bakossi, who gave them land in return for free labor.
The use of laborers in this way was consistent with the Bakossi's memories of employing slave labor and their belief in the invisible slave plantations on Mount Kupe.

In 1953, the Kumba Eastern Area Federation was established as an indigenous authority covering all the Bakossi.
In the period immediately following World War II, the Bakossi people enjoyed a period of prosperity.
Cocoa prices were high, and the farmers did not have to work since they could employ a sharecropper to tend the crop in return for one-third of the earnings. With nothing else to spend their money on, the men would buy cases of Spanish gin and brandy, consuming the booze in long drinking bouts that lasted all night. By the 1960s, the hangover set in as the people started to realize the need to invest in more important things, particularly education and became aware that they may have lost control of their land.

Post-independence troubles

The modern independent state of Cameroon was formed in 1961 when the southern part of the British Cameroons united with the Republic of Cameroon, which had succeeded the French colony of Cameroun in 1960.
The Bakossi were opposed to the union, and the Mwane-Ngoe Union of the Bakossi asked the United Nations to respect their wish to avoid the conflict in Cameroun and instead let them join Nigeria.
At first the Southern Cameroons retained a degree of independence in a federation between two states.
Full unification was resisted by the people of Southern Cameroons since they had a more democratic society than prevailed in the rest of the country under the oppressive regime of Ahmadou Ahidjo.
In 1963, the Bangem District was created covering the land occupied by the Bakossi.

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, tensions began to rise between the Bakossi and the Bamileke people, who were becoming increasingly successful as farmers. The UPC rebellion broke out in the French territory in 1955, with Bamilekes prominent among the rebels.
A growing number of Bamileke fled from persecution in the east and settled with their kin in Bakossi country.
After unification in 1961 the UPC rebels came under increasing pressure and their numbers shrank. The remainder turned to living off the land, demanding supplies from the villages and capturing youths whom they inducted into their forces.

By late 1966, medicine men were active in distributing secret medicines which would give the Bakossi men courage and make them immune to bullets or machete strokes.  After three Bakossi were killed by unknown assailants on 31 December 1966, the Bakossi went on a rampage, killing 236 Bamileke settlers, looting and burning their houses.
In response the army moved in, rounded up all able-bodied Bakossi men in the Tombel area, and placed them in detention camps. Many were severely tortured to obtain confessions.
Eventually 143 Bakossi men were put on trial and 17 sentenced to death. 75 received life sentences of life imprisonment.
Bangem District was split into Northern and Southern districts in 1968, and, in 1977, the Bakossi Council was also split into Northern and Southern councils.

Economic difficulties

Cameroon is a poor country, with a 2010 GPD per capita of US$2,300, placing it 183 among countries by wealth. Most of the people are engaged in agriculture.
After independence the government faced growing demand for rural water supply.
The government required that local communities provide labor to build the water facilities between 1964 and 1988, providing water through public taps. However, local councils found that the cost of supplying water to these taps was eating up a large part of their budget. When they failed to pay their bills the National Water Supply Company of Cameroun (SNEC) simply disconnected the supply.
Starting in 1993 the SNEC tried privatizing the taps to reduce waste and recover costs, with an individual running the tap and selling the water. The Bakossi women of Tombel made a dramatic protest against these changes. In April 1994, 4,000 women marched on the SNEC offices, led by some old women who marched naked - their final weapon before death - and urinated on the steps. Herbs were thrown on the steps, which were said to be able to turn into poisonous snakes if anyone crossed the threshold. The SNEC employees had fled and refused to return from fear of the people and of the juju the women had placed. The outcome was partial success. Control of the water supply was given to a committee headed by the woman who had organized the protest. But the supply remained uncertain.

As of 2008, young Bakossi farmers faced the difficult choice of trying to make their way in the city or taking their chances in rural development. Some had started growing oil palms in Mbulle but lacked a processing machine, fertilizers and chemicals. Most important they lacked roads and transport to get their crops to market. Earlier cooperatives that gave some collective bargaining power had been disbanded leaving cash crop farmers at the mercy of private buyers.

Prominent people

Albert Ngome Kome was a leading political figure of the Bakossi people.
He was Minister of Transport from 8 November 1979 to 17 July 1984 under the governments of Ahmadou Ahidjo and his successor Paul Biya.
A 2006 article described Kome as a member of the Kupe Muanenguba elite, which also included Mr Ekinde Sone Bernard Ivo, an educationist and politician; Professor Elvis Ngolle Ngolle, appointed Minister of Forests and Wildlife on 22 September 2006; Chief Justice Epuli Aloh Mathias; Professor Charles Epie Alobwede; Thomas Kolle Ekaney; Late Hon Nhon Nzuobontane Andrew Ngabe, Late Chief Lucas  Nzuonkwelle; Ambassador Nkwelle Ekaney; Mr. Ngole Philip Ngwese; Nhon Mesue Stephen Nzuonkwelle; Makoge Ivo Charles; Nhon Nzuonkwelle Emmanuel Nkwelle; Nicolas Nkwelle Metuge; Dr. Nhon Nkwelle Jude Nzuonkwelle; General Ekongwese Divine Nnoko, appointed Military General on a presidential decree of 29 June 2017; Paul Elung;  Hon. John Ebong Ngole; Dr. Nkwelle Akede Aaron, a pediatrician;late Ebong Ngalame and Late Justice Ngalame Kome, Mr Ekane Ivo Ekoti Supreme Court Justice and former Secretary of State ; actress Syndy Emade and vocal Junior parliamentarian, Ekane Loïc Evrade.

References

Bantu peoples
Ethnic groups in Cameroon

Bakossi people


The Walla Walla Sweets is an amateur baseball team located in Walla Walla, Washington.  They play in the West Coast League, a collegiate summer baseball league.  Walla Walla calls Borleske Stadium home which has a capacity of 2,378 spectators.

History

2010 season
The Sweets were an expansion team for the 2010 season. They set a WCL record for attendance in their first season, drawing 40,461 fans during 28 home games in 2010 (34,824 during league games), ranking #23 in the country in overall attendance. Four Sweets gained league recognition, with catcher Elliot Stewart (Cal Poly) being named to the second team All-WCL and pitcher Joey Wagman (Cal Poly), SS Kevin Kuntz (Kansas) and 1B/OF Dennis Holt (UCLA) being named to the honorable mention All-WCL team. GM Zachary Fraser was named the 2010 WCL Executive of the Year.

2011 season
After a last-place finish in the WCL East Division in 2010, the Sweets made significant changes to their roster, specifically bolstering the pitching rotation (a major concern after the inaugural campaign). Opening the season against Corvallis, the Sweets took 2-of-3 at home from the Knights, but the Sweets struggled for the next month. By July 15, the team was in third place in the East, trailing the Bellingham Bells by five games for the wild-card spot with only three weeks left in the regular season. The Sweets then became one of the hottest teams in the WCL, turned around their season and caught the Bells in the last week of the season to earn the WCL East wild-card spot with a 26-28 league record. With the WCL's second-best pitching staff and an improved offense, the Sweets shocked the league by sweeping Wenatchee (who were ranked #3 in the country and had won the regular season division title by 13 games over Walla Walla) two games to none in the division series, winning the WCL East Division as a wild card and earning a spot in the WCL Championship Series. The Sweets magic ran out, as the Knights swept the Sweets. However, the club saw major improvements over the first season. The team had the league MVP in 2011, 2B/SS Alex Stanford of Gonzaga, who also broke the league record for hits in a season (setting the new mark at 66). In addition to once again being a league leader in attendance (ranking #21 in the country, up from #23 and drawing over 54,000 fans), the team placed 6 players on the WCL East All-Star team (C Elliot Stewart, 2B/SS Alex Stanford, OF Andrew Mendenhall, and pitchers Ryan Richardson, Tim Culligan and Brett Watson), as well as the following recognitions for all-WCL performance: Alex Stanford (1st Team All-WCL), Andrew Mendenhall (2nd Team All-WCL), RHP Tim Culligan (2nd Team All-WCL), C Elliot Stewart (Honorable Mention All-WCL), RHP Ryan Richardson (Honorable Mention All-WCL), and LHP Brett Watson (Honorable Mention All-WCL). Richardson  led the league in ERA with a 1.53 mark in 53 IP.

Traditions started in 2011
The 2011 Sweets established a tradition that became a rallying call for the season. In the eighth inning, the club would play "Love is Gone"  by David Guetta over the sound system. 1,600 fans would get into a frenzy as the players would start to dance in rhythm to the song in the dugout. The team went on to win five games in which they were trailing after the 7th inning, the most in the WCL in 2011. Another tradition that became a fan favorite as the Sweets made their late-season push to the playoffs was the iconic call of broadcaster Tristan Hobbes calling with joy "The Sweets Win! How Sweet it is! ", while another favorite was his "Simon Says...Game Over!" call as closer Simon Anderson (North Dakota State) would finish off the game with a save.

2012 season
Despite high expectations heading into the season, in 2012 the Sweets didn't do as well as the year before. After an opening night sellout that saw streakers invade Borleske Stadium, the club struggled in the first few weeks of the season, and never climbed back out of the hole created. They finished last in their division, with a record of 24-30 they finished 8th overall. They did host the 2012 WCL All-Star Game with great success, and once again drew over 45,000 fans to Borleske Stadium. After the 2012 season, manager J.C. Biagi was promoted to Assistant GM, and general manager Zachary Fraser added the role of vice-president of Pacific Baseball Ventures to his title.

2013 season
2013 saw a Sweets club that stayed close to the top of the re-aligned North Division from start to finish, eventually clinching the club's first-ever WCL Division Pennant. The season got started with a bang, as the Sweets hosted a Walla Walla Police vs. Fire baseball battle to raise money for local charities. The Battle of the Badge raised $24,000 for local non-profits, and the success of that first night was a harbinger of what was to come. During the season, a tight pennant race ensued between Bellingham, Wenatchee and the Sweets, each taking turns at the top of the standings. The Sweets were led by an astounding nine All-Stars (6 pitchers, 3 position players) who represented Walla Walla in Victoria during the WCL All-Star Game: C Renae Martinez (UC-Irvine), OF Kramer Lindell (Linfield), 1B Matt Mendenhall (WSU), whose older brother Andrew had represented the Sweets in the ASG in 2011, and the following pitchers: Sean-Luke Brija (Gonzaga), Matt Hall (Missouri State), Sean Silva (USC), Chris Lovejoy (Ball State), Cody Poteet (UCLA), and Bret Helton (Utah). Helton was selected as the starter for the North in the All-Star Game, and Poteet was named the top prospect by the MLB Scouting Bureau. The Sweets made their run after the All-Star Game, going 11-5 to finish the season (winning a team-record eight in a row to close out the regular season), sweeping the Bend Elks in Bend to knock of the Wenatchee AppleSox (2012 pennant winners). The Sweets would face off against the AppleSox in the division series, a re-match of the 2011 playoffs. This time around, the Sox were the wildcard winners, and ultimately the victors, as Wenatchee advanced to the WCL Championship Series. The Sweets would finish the regular season 37-22 (31-22 in WCL league play), their best-ever record. Accolades on the season would include the 9 All-Stars, a ranking of #41 in the Perfect Game National Top 50 of Summer Collegiate teams, again ranking among the top 50 markets in the nation in attendance, and for the second consecutive year, counting a Sweet as the best MLB prospect in the game as named by Baseball America and Perfect Game (Poteet/UCLA). Closer Brija tied a WCL record for saves in a season (13) and joined teammates Hall and Silva as First-Team All-WCL performers.

2014 season
The Walla Walla Sweets went 28-26 in the 2014 season. They missed the playoffs by 2 games to the Yakima Valley Pippins. One of the most memorable nights in that season was a cool summer's night, the game was going in Kitsap's favor with a score of 2-1 in the top of the 4th inning, a runner on 2nd, Copper Hummel catching, and 2 outs, the pitch was delivered and the runner went. Hummel went to throw the ball but the backswing of the batter hit Hummel making him throw the ball all the way in to the mid-right outfield, the runner rounded 3rd and scored, the ruling should have been batter interference, the batter making the 3rd out and ending the inning but, the umpire never called batter interference, this in-turn caused a major uproar in the crowd and players. Head Coach J.C. Biagi went to go talk to the umpire but then retreated to the dugout but, before Biagi could get back Pitching Coach Mark Michaud yelled from the dugout "GET THE CALL RIGHT UMP'!" The argument with Michaud lasted about 5 minutes before Michaud was ejected and, left the field of play. Later in the game, Mikey Duarte was up to bat and turned to have the upcoming pitch hit his back instead of his side and he did get hit by the pitch. Now, in baseball if you get hit by the pitch you are awarded a walk to first base but, in some High School and Collegiate leagues, if the batter made no attempt to get out of the way of the pitch they are not awarded their base, the WCL is not one of these leagues. The umpire told Duarte to get back to the plate and finish his at-bat because he never got out of the pitch's way. Biagi got out of the dugout to complain to the umpire, except this Biagi got ejected and took 7 minutes to leave the field of play. One of the spectators claim from the crowd was "FORGET THE UMPIRES CODE AND MAKE THE RIGHT CALL!" The Umpires Code is a code between umpires where the other umpires will back up the umpire who made the call no matter how bad it was. Biagi and Michaud's appeal did not go their way and both were suspended for 4 games. After a five year run that included winning the Eastern division twice and one appearance in the WCL Championships, as well as impacting the community in so many ways through camps, business connections and leadership programs for children manager J.C. Biagi and pitching coach Mark Michaud stepped down. Biagi went to pursue other interests, while Michaud still lives in Walla Walla and is a full-time teacher in Milton Freewater where he also coaches boys basketball at McCloughlin High School. During the off-season, the Sweets hired Frank Mutz, former MLB pitcher, as the new head coach for 2015. The sweets averaged 1,188 fans a night drawing in 36,823 fans in 31 regular season games.

2023
On July 10th, outfielder Ben Parker (William & Mary) was named pitcher of the week.

Season-by-season record

Division winning years
2011
2013

Media
Walla Walla Sweets games are broadcast live on KTEL 1490AM. In 2022, Gary Erdelyi became the radio play-by-play announcer and is the media relations liaison for the team.

References

External links

 West Coast League

Amateur baseball teams in Washington (state)
Sports in Walla Walla, Washington

Walla Walla Sweets


Louis Christophe François Hachette () (5 May 1800 – 31 July 1864) was a French publisher who established a Paris publishing house designed to produce books and other material to improve the system of school instruction. Publications were initially focused on the classics and subsequently expanded to include books and magazines of all types. The firm is currently part of a global publishing house.

Early life
Hachette was born at Rethel in the Ardennes département of France. After studying for three years at the prestigious École Normale Supérieure with the intention of becoming a teacher, in 1822 he was expelled, on political grounds. In 1826, after briefly studying law, Hachette opened Brédif, a bookshop located near the Sorbonne in Paris. The focus of the business  was to produce works designed to improve the system of school instruction and to promote general culture in the community. He published manuals on various topics including dictionaries of modern and ancient languages, educational journals, and French, Latin and Greek classics annotated by the most eminent authorities.

Milestones
In 1833, the Guizot Schools Law was passed which required all municipalities to open a primary school. Louis Hachette had been putting together an alphabet primer since 1829 and his was the only company capable of responding to the public order for a million textbooks.

In 1846, the L. Hachette & Company was founded. That year, Emile Littré signed a contract with the new firm to publish a dictionary, the first volumes of which appear in 1863.

In 1852, Hachette contracted with seven railway companies to create station bookstalls. In addition to travel guides for rail passengers, the small outlets sold novels by authors including Charles Dickens, Gérard de Nerval, George Sand and the children's series Bibliothèque Rose, including those by La Comtesse de Ségur.

In 1855 Hachette founded Le Journal pour tous, a publication with a circulation of 150,000 weekly.

Hachette started printing Le Tour du Monde, a weekly travel journal, in January 1860

Hachette also manifested great interest in the formation of mutual friendly societies among the working classes, in the establishment of benevolent institutions, and in other questions relating to the amelioration of the poor, a subject on which he wrote various pamphlets. He also lent the weight of his influence towards a just settlement of issues relating to international literary copyright.

See also
 Hachette

References

Hachette Livre – Key dates retrieved 2017-03-05 from http://www.hachette.com/en/about-us/key-dates
"Hachette, Louis Christophe Francois". (2000). Hutchinson Encyclopedia of Biography

1800 births
1864 deaths
People from Rethel
French magazine publishers (people)
French magazine founders
French book publishers (people)
École Normale Supérieure alumni
19th-century French businesspeople

Louis Christophe François Hachette


Goethe-Gymnasium is a gymnasium (secondary school) named after notable Frankfurt native Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832). It is situated in the Westend of the city of Frankfurt am Main in Germany, near the Hauptbahnhof.

It is currently the only state funded school in Germany that offers students the option of taking International Baccalaureate examinations.

The Goethe-Gymnasium offers Japanese as a third foreign language, which is rare in Germany.

History
The Städtisches Gymnasium was founded in 1520, and split into the Goethe-Gymnasium and the Lessing-Gymnasium in 1897. Thus, both schools descend directly from the city's oldest school.

The school building was severely damaged by bombing in 1944. The new building designed by the architects Zitter and Kempf was dedicated in 1959.

In 1969, the Goethe-Gymnasium became the first school in Hesse to offer bilingual lessons in German and English.

Curriculum
Students can study numerous languages, including English, French, Latin, Russian and Japanese. The bilingual stream offers additional subjects taught in English, such as history, geography, philosophy, biology and social sciences. Further, students can choose to study Latin or French at the same time as English, beginning in grade 5, which is exceptional among state-funded secondary schools in Germany.

The Goethe-Gymnasium has been an International Baccalaureate World School since January 1972. Students can choose to take IB exams in addition to the traditional Abitur.

Students can join the school's choir, chamber choir, flute orchestra, and two symphony orchestras.

The school owns a cottage in Oberreifenberg, the Taunus mountain range, and it is a tradition for students to spend a week there twice a year. The school's orchestras spend their intense rehearsal periods there and final year students go there to study for their exams.

School exchange visits
The Goethe-Gymnasium operates a program of exchange visits with partner schools in the following countries:

 England (Anglo European School, Ingatestone)
 France
 United States
 Russia
 Japan
 India
 Kosovo
 Morocco

Notable alumni
 Hans Bethe, physicist
 Michel Friedman, politician
 Richard Goldschmidt, geneticist
 Erich Klibansky, headmaster
 Thor Kunkel, author
 Kurt Lipstein, legal scholar
 Leo Löwenthal, sociologist
 Richard Plant, professor of German and author
 Christine Schäfer, soprano
 Britta Böhler, lawyer and member of the Dutch Senate

References

External links

http://www.gg-ffm.de/

International Baccalaureate schools in Germany
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Educational institutions established in 1897
1897 establishments in Germany
Schools in Frankfurt

Goethe-Gymnasium, Frankfurt