Petro Maha is a Ukrainian-Rusyn actor, song and playwright, television host, and one of the presenters of the Shuster LIVE political show. He is an author of lyrics for several Ukrainian singers including Pavlo Zibrov. Maha is a Merited Artist of Ukraine.

Maha was born in village Solomonovo (or Strazh), Uzhhorod Raion in a family of railroad workers. In 1987 after graduating the Russophone high school N1 in Chop (at that time city of Uzhhorod Raion), he worked as a locomotive mechanic at the Chop rail depot (Lviv Railways). While a student in high school, Maha became a laureate of the All-Union theatric festival of propaganda (agitation) collectives. In 1989-1993 he was a student of the Faculty of performing art (Professor Zymna actor shop) at the Karpenko-Karyi State Institute of Theatric Arts.

After graduating, in 1993-1999 Maha was an actor of the Kobylianska Music and Drama Theater in Chernivtsi. Since 1999 he is a director of the Zibrov's Song Theater as well as an actor, playwright and director of several concerts in the Palace of Arts "Ukrayina". Maha wrote number of songs for several Russian and Ukrainian singers such as Iryna Bilyk, Larisa Dolina, Iosif Kobzon, Taisia Povaliy, and many others. He also wrote a drama play "Danube Cossack beyond the rapids" for the Beniuk-Khostikoyev Theatric Company.

In 1999-2007 Maha hosted a show "Telefortuna" at the Pershyi Natsionalnyi (state central channel).

Since 2008 he is co-presenter of the Shuster LIVE show along with Savik Shuster.

References

External links
 Profile on the LIGA.net (9 September 2010)

1971 births
Living people
Rusyn people
People from Zakarpattia Oblast
Kyiv National I. K. Karpenko-Kary Theatre, Cinema and Television University alumni
Ukrainian lyricists
Ukrainian dramatists and playwrights
Ukrainian male stage actors
UA:First people

Petro Maha


Anuradha () is an Assamese language drama film directed by Rakesh Sharma and starring Meghranjani and Diganta Hazarika in the lead roles.
The film was produced by Luit Kumar Barman under the banner of M L Entertainment and Cine Dream Unlimited, and released on 27 March 2015.

Plot

The movie is based on the central character Anuradha (Meghranjani). It is about a woman abandoned by her husband to lead an unexpected solitary life in the laps of nature. The movie showcases different inner conflicts in various female characters in a male dominated Indian society. This movie explores different female mythological characters of Indian culture like Kunti, Shakuntala, Chitangada, Supornakha etc. and analyse their relevance to the common present day women.

Cast
 Meghranjani
 Diganta Hazarika
 Joy Kashyap
 Pranami Bora
 Suruj Kalita
 Taniya Nandy
 Nayan Saikia

Production
Story, dialog and screenplay of the film is the director's own. The editor of the film is Ratul Deka. Executive producer is Diganta Saikiya. Cinematography by Suruz Deka. Main assistant director is Anupam Baisya .

Soundtrack

Music director of the film Anuradha is Geet Priyam. The singers are Zubeen Garg, Angaraag Mahanta, Rupam Bhuyan, Prarthona Gogoi, Anita Borthakur and Sourabh Mahanta. The music and lyrics of this movie is composed by Geet Priyam. Renowned singers like Zubeen Garg, Angaraag Mahanata and others have contributed in the music album. The songs "Boi Jua" by Angaraag Mahanta is being considered as one of the best Assamese songs of 2014. All the other songs were also well received by audience with the positive response. The music of the album was released on 14 February 2014 by Prafulla Kumar Mahanta, former Chief Minister of Assam.

References

2015 films
Films set in Assam
2010s Assamese-language films

Anuradha (2015 film)


John Reed Kilpatrick (June 15, 1889 – May 7, 1960) was an American athlete, soldier, and sports businessperson.  He is a member of the Hockey Hall of Fame and College Football Hall of Fame.

Kilpatrick was born to a Canadian mother and American father, raised in New York City, and later attended Yale University. He competed in football and track and field, and was recognized as one of the top players of the era. After college, he worked in New York City before being drafted to serve in the United States Army in World War I. During this service, he won several honors including the Distinguished Service Medal. After the war, he commenced a successful business career in New York that led him to becoming the president of the Madison Square Garden Corporation.

Kilpatrick ran Madison Square Garden for more than twenty-five years, personally overseeing the operations of the New York Rangers NHL club from 1935 to 1960.  The Rangers won the Stanley Cup in 1940 while he was in charge.  Kilpatrick introduced a number of other professional events at Madison Square Garden, such as ice shows and, with the assistance of Ned Irish, college and professional basketball player. In 1936, he was elected an NHL Governor.

In June 1942, Kilpatrick was recalled to active military duty to serve in World War II and was promoted to brigadier general. He retired from the army in 1949 and resumed his career at Madison Square Garden.

Kilpatrick continued to make contributions to the sport of ice hockey, including establishing the National Hockey League Pension Society in 1947. Posthumously, he was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1960, and in 1968, he received the Lester Patrick Trophy for outstanding service to hockey in the United States.

References

External links

Generals of World War II

1889 births
1960 deaths
Military personnel from New York City
All-American college football players
American football ends
American ice hockey administrators
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Lester Patrick Trophy recipients
New York Rangers executives
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Stanley Cup champions
United States Army generals
Yale Bulldogs football players
Yale University alumni
American people of Canadian descent
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army generals of World War II

John Kilpatrick


Total Operations Processing System, or TOPS, is a computer system for managing the locomotives and rolling stock (railroad cars) owned by a rail system.  It was originally developed by the Southern Pacific Railroad and was widely sold; it is best known in the United Kingdom for its use by British Rail.

British Rail
Rail technologies

TOPS


ಇವ್ರಿತ್ ಭಾಷೆಯು  ಇಸ್ರೇಲ್ ದೇಶದ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಭಾಷೆ. ಇವ್ರಿತ್ ಮಾತನಾಡದವರು, ಈ ಭಾಷೆಯನ್ನು ಹೀಬ್ರೂ ಅಂತಲೂ ಕರೆಯುತ್ತಾರೆ.

ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು

ಬಾಹ್ಯ ಸಂಪರ್ಕಗಳು
General
History of the Ancient and Modern Hebrew Language by David Steinberg
Short History of the Hebrew Language by Chaim Menachem Rabin
Zuckermann, Ghil'ad, 2020 Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond, Oxford University Press ISBN 9780199812790 / ISBN 9780199812776
Zuckermann, Ghil'ad, 2003 Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew, Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 9781403917232 / ISBN 9781403938695
Courses, tutorials, dictionaries
Fully Transliterated Modern Hebrew Course  (with listing of verb roots and derived verbs)
Modern Hebrew for Beginners at the University of Texas at Austin College of Liberal Arts
Morfix online dictionary
USA Foreign Service Institute (FSI) Hebrew basic course
Hebrew language, alphabet and pronunciation
Miscellaneous
Early Hebrew Newspapers , thousands of pages of mid- to late-19th-century and early 20th-century Hebrew newspapers.
Categorized Hebrew language study resources
Biblical Hebrew Poetry and Word Play – Reconstructing the Original Oral, Aural and Visual Experience
Hebrew Pronunciation, Rabbi Gil Student about how Hebrew should be pronounced in prayer, in accordance with Halakha and Poskim
Hebrew fonts
Jewish Story Writing Resource for Jewish writers.

Hebrew Phrases with Audio

ಏಷ್ಯಾದ ಭಾಷೆಗಳು
ಸೆಮಿಟಿಕ್ ಭಾಷೆಗಳು
ಭಾಷೆಗಳು

ಇವ್ರಿತ್


Robert Gerard Goulet (November 26, 1933 – October 30, 2007) was an American singer, movie, television, stage, radio, and voice actor.

He was known for his deep voice and for his roles in Beetlejuice, The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear, and in the broadway version of Camelot as Lancelot. He won a Grammy Award and a Tony Award. He was a "lost Canadian".

Goulet was born on November 26, 1933 in Lawrence, Massachusetts. He studied at Victoria Composite High School and at The Royal Conservatory of Music.

He was married to Louise Longmore from 1956 until they divorced in 1963. Then he was married to Carol Lawrence from 1963 until they divorced in 1981. Then he was married to Vera Novak from 1982 until his death in 2007.

Goulet died on October 30, 2007 in Los Angeles, California from respiratory failure caused by pulmonary fibrosis, aged 73.

Filmography

Animated Roles
 Gary the Rat - Robert Goulet
 Recess: School's Out - Mikey Blumberg (singing)

References

Other websites

Robert Goulet official website

1933 births
2007 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
Deaths from pulmonary fibrosis
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American radio actors
Actors from Massachusetts
Singers from Massachusetts
People from Lawrence, Massachusetts
Tony Award winning actors
Grammy Award winners

Robert Goulet


The South Eastern Mounted Brigade was a formation of the Territorial Force of the British Army, organised in 1908.  After service in the Gallipoli Campaign, it was absorbed into the 3rd Dismounted Brigade in Egypt in February 1916.

Formation

Under the terms of the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 (7 Edw.7, c.9), the brigade was formed in 1908 as part of the Territorial Force.  It consisted of three yeomanry regiments, a horse artillery battery and ammunition column (provided by the Honourable Artillery Company), a transport and supply column and a field ambulance.  The Surrey Yeomanry was attached for training in peacetime.

As the name suggests, the units were drawn from South East England, predominantly Kent, Sussex and Surrey.

World War I
The brigade was mobilised on 4 August 1914 at the outbreak of the First World War and concentrated in the Canterbury area of Kent. The Surrey Yeomanry (attached for training, pre-war) was detached in November 1914 and split up as divisional cavalry squadrons.  The rest of the brigade remained in the Canterbury area (under Second Army of Central Force) until September 1915, the Field Ambulance detachment occupying the St Lawrence cricket ground.

Gallipoli
In September 1915 the brigade was dismounted and left Kent for Liverpool.  On 24 September it boarded  and sailed the next day.  It arrived at Lemnos on 1 October.  The Brigade landed in Gallipoli on 8 October and was attached to the 42nd (East Lancashire) Division.  On 30 December it was evacuated to Mudros with 42nd Division; it left the Division at Mudros on 2 January 1916.  In this period, the brigade consisted of the three yeomanry regiments, a signal troop and the field ambulance under the command of Br.-Gen. H. Clifton-Brown.

Egypt
In February 1916, the brigade landed in Egypt and on 22 February was absorbed into the 3rd Dismounted Brigade (along with the  Eastern Mounted Brigade).  3rd Dismounted Brigade was later renamed as 230th Brigade in the 74th (Yeomanry) Division.

Commanders
At the outbreak of the war, the South Eastern Mounted Brigade was commanded by Colonel H. Clifton-Brown. Like all of the mounted brigade commanders, he was promoted to brigadier general on 5 August 1914. He was still in command when the brigade was absorbed into 3rd Dismounted Brigade.

See also

 2/1st South Eastern Mounted Brigade for the 2nd Line formation
 British yeomanry during the First World War

References

Bibliography

SE11
Military units and formations established in 1908
Military units and formations disestablished in 1916

South Eastern Mounted Brigade


Lesley Cox (née Duncan; 12 August 1943 – 12 March 2010) was an English singer-songwriter, best known for her work during the 1970s. She received much airplay on British radio stations such as BBC Radio 1 and BBC Radio 2, but never achieved greater commercial success, in part because of her unwillingness to chase stardom, as well as crippling stage fright.

Early life
Duncan was born in Stockton-on-Tees on 12 August 1943, and left school while only 14 years old. At 19, while working in a London coffee bar, she and her brother were placed on weekly retainers by a music publisher. Within a year, Duncan had signed her first recording contract, with EMI, and appeared in the film What a Crazy World.

Career

"Love Song"
Duncan is considered one of Britain's first female singer-songwriters. Her songs included "Everything Changes" and "Sing Children Sing", and the song for which she is best known, "Love Song". Elton John recorded a duet with Duncan of the song, similar to her solo version, for his album Tumbleweed Connection. She appeared onstage with John in concert at the Royal Festival Hall on 18 May 1974, to perform the duet once again, and the live recording of "Love Song" was included on John's Here and There album. John described "Love Song" as "one of the very few" songs he did not co-author but included on an album earlier in his career. Duncan's version was later covered by more than 150 other artists, including David Bowie. In 2022, both Duncan and John's versions of the song were featured in the folk horror film Men. This success notwithstanding, and despite their receiving critical acclaim, Duncan's multiple solo albums failed to achieve commercial success.

Olivia Newton-John recorded "Love Song" and it was included in her 1971 debut album If Not For You, as well as Olivia's remastered, reissue of her greatest hits, double album Vol.1-Deluxe Edition, released in 2022.

Backing vocalist
In addition to writing and singing her own material, Duncan was in wide demand as a session singer during the mid to late 1960s, most notably working with Dusty Springfield from 1964 to 1972, a favour Springfield returned by performing backing vocals for several Duncan recordings. Duncan can be seen on many of the performances featured in the BBC DVD Dusty at the BBC. She worked frequently with her colleague Madeline Bell, including on many Dusty Springfield sessions, as well as providing backing vocals on a number of notable pop/rock recordings such as the 1969 Donovan hit single "Barabajagal".

Duncan again joined Elton John at his request to provide vocals for his 1971 album Madman Across the Water, and in exchange John played piano on her first solo album Sing Children Sing. She also co-wrote three songs with Scott Walker for The Walker Brothers in addition to providing backing vocals for them. She can also be heard on the studio recording of Jesus Christ Superstar.

Duncan famously contributed backing vocals to one of the top selling albums of all time, Pink Floyd's 1973 release The Dark Side of the Moon, which was engineered by Alan Parsons. Later, in 1979, she again worked with Parsons, singing lead vocals on the song "If I Could Change Your Mind" for the Alan Parsons Project album Eve, in her final album appearance.

Personal life
Duncan was first married to Jimmy Horowitz, who produced her early albums. Together, they had two sons. In 1978, Duncan married Tony Cox, a record producer. They later moved to the Isle of Mull, Scotland, in 1996, where most residents came to know her as a cheerful gardener, knowing nothing of her prior musical career. By all accounts content to lead a more private, family-oriented life in her later years, she died on 12 March 2010 of cerebrovascular disease, following an extended illness.

UK singles
 "I Want a Steady Guy" (as 'Lesley Duncan and the Jokers') b/w "Moving Away" (1963) – Parlophone R5034
 "You Kissed Me Boy" b/w "Tell Me" (1963) – Parlophone R5106
 "When My Baby Cries" b/w "Did It Hurt" (1963) – Mercury MF830
 "Just for the Boy" b/w "See That Guy" (1965) – Mercury MF847
 "Run to Love" b/w "Only the Lonely and Me" (1965) – Mercury MF876
 "Hey Boy" b/w "I Go to Sleep" (1966) – Mercury MF939
 "Lullaby" b/w "I Love You, I Love You" (1968) – RCA 1746
 "A Road to Nowhere" b/w "Love Song" (1969) – RCA 1783
 "Sing Children Sing" b/w "Exactly Who You Are" (1969) – CBS 4585
 "Love Song" b/w "Exactly Who You Are" (1970) – Columbia 4-45354
 "Sing Children Sing" b/w "Emma" (1971) – CBS S 7493
 "Earth Mother" b/w "Love Will Never Lose You" (1972) – CBS S 8362
 "Watch the Tears" b/w "Sam" (1974) – GM GMS 016
 "Everything Changes" b/w "Love Melts Away" (1974) – GM GMS 022
 "I Can See Where I'm Going" b/w "Heaven Knows" (1975) – GM GMS 036
 "Could've Been a Winner" b/w "Moonbathing" (1975) – GM GMS 9040
 "Maybe It's Lost" b/w "Another Rainy Day" (1977) – GM GMS 9046
 "The Sky's on Fire" b/w "Don't Worry 'Bout It" (1977) – GM GMS 9048
 "The Magic's Fine" b/w "Paper Highways" (1978) – GM GMS 9049
 "Sing Children Sing" b/w "Rainbow Games" (1979) – CBS S8061 (Charity 45)
 "Masters of War" b/w "Another Light Goes Out" (1982) – Korova KOW 22
 "Tomorrow" b/w "Paper Highway" (1986) – R4 FOR 4

Albums
 Sing Children Sing (1971)
 Earth Mother (1972)
 Everything Changes (1974)
 Moon Bathing (1975)
 Maybe It's Lost (1977)

Compilations
 Sing Lesley Sing: The RCA and CBS Recordings 1968–1972 (2017) – first two albums and bonus tracks
 Love Song: Previously Unreleased 1977–86 (2018)
 Lesley Step Lightly: The GM Recordings Plus 1974–1982 (2019) – last three albums and bonus tracks

References

External links
 Lesley Duncan fansite

 Lesley Duncan at Discogs

1943 births
2010 deaths
British folk-pop singers
British women pop singers
Deaths from cerebrovascular disease
English pop singers
English session musicians
English women singer-songwriters
English singer-songwriters
Musicians from County Durham
People from Stockton-on-Tees

Lesley Duncan


Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, 393 U.S. 503 (1969), was a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court that defined First Amendment rights of students in U.S. public schools. The Tinker test, also known as the "substantial disruption" test, is still used by courts today to determine whether a school's interest to prevent disruption infringes upon students' First Amendment rights.

Background
In 1965, five students in Des Moines, Iowa, decided to wear black armbands to school in protest of American involvement in the Vietnam War and supporting the Christmas Truce that was called for by Senator Robert F. Kennedy. Among the students were John F. Tinker (15 years old), his siblings Mary Beth Tinker (13 years old), Hope Tinker (11 years old), and Paul Tinker (8 years old), along with their friend Christopher Eckhardt (16 years old). The students wore the armbands to several schools in the Des Moines Independent Community School District (North High School for John, Roosevelt High School for Christopher, William Harding Junior High School for Mary Beth, elementary school for Hope and Paul).

The Tinker family had been involved in civil rights activism before the student protest. The Tinker children's mother, Lorena, was a leader of the Peace Organization in Des Moines. Christopher Eckhardt and John Tinker attended a protest the previous month against the Vietnam War in Washington, D.C. The principals of the Des Moines schools learned of the plan and met before the incident occurred on December 16 to create a policy that stated that school children wearing an armband would be asked to remove it immediately. Students violating the policy would be suspended and allowed to return to school after agreeing to comply with it. The participants decided to violate this policy. Hope and Paul Tinker were not in violation of the policy, since the policy was not applicable to elementary schools, and were not punished. No violence or disruption was proven to have occurred due to the students wearing the armbands. Mary Beth Tinker and Christopher Eckhardt were suspended from school for wearing the armbands on December 16 and John Tinker was suspended for doing the same on the following day.

Legal precedents and issues
Previous decisions, such as West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, had established that students did have some constitutional protections in public school. This case was the first time that the court set forth standards for safeguarding public school students' free speech rights. This case involved symbolic speech, which was first recognized in Stromberg v. California.

Lower courts
A suit was filed after the Iowa Civil Liberties Union approached the Tinker family, and the ACLU agreed to help with the lawsuit. Dan Johnston was the lead attorney on the case.

The Des Moines Independent Community School District represented the school officials who suspended the students. The children's fathers filed suit in the U.S. District Court, which upheld the decision of the Des Moines school board.

A tie vote in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 8th Circuit meant that the U.S. District Court's decision continued to stand, which forced the Tinkers and Eckhardts to appeal to the Supreme Court directly.

The only students involved in the lawsuit were Mary Beth Tinker, John Tinker, and Christopher Eckhardt. During the case, the Tinker family received hate mail, death threats, and other hateful messages.

The case was argued before the court on November 12, 1968. It was funded by the Des Moines residents Louise Noun, who was the president of the Iowa Civil Liberties Union, and her brother, Joseph Rosenfield, a businessman.

Decision

Majority opinion
The court's 7–2 decision held that the First Amendment applied to public schools, and that administrators would have to demonstrate constitutionally valid reasons for any specific regulation of speech in the classroom. The court observed, "It can hardly be argued that either students or teachers shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate." Justice Abe Fortas wrote the majority opinion, holding that the speech regulation at issue in Tinker was "based upon an urgent wish to avoid the controversy which might result from the expression, even by the silent symbol of armbands, of opposition to this Nation's part in the conflagration in Vietnam." This decision made students and adults equal in terms of First Amendment rights while at school. Bethel School District v. Fraser and Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier later rewrote this implication, limiting the freedoms granted to students.

The Court held that for school officials to justify censoring speech, they "must be able to show that [their] action was caused by something more than a mere desire to avoid the discomfort and unpleasantness that always accompany an unpopular viewpoint," that the conduct that would "materially and substantially interfere with the requirements of appropriate discipline in the operation of the school." The Court found that the actions of the Tinkers in wearing armbands did not cause disruption and held that their activity represented constitutionally protected symbolic speech. The Court ruled that First Amendment rights were not absolute, and could be withheld if there was a "carefully restricted circumstance." Student speech that has the potential to cause disruption is not protected by Tinker.

Dissents
Justices Hugo Black and John M. Harlan II dissented. Black, who had long believed that disruptive "symbolic speech" was not constitutionally protected, wrote, "While I have always believed that under the First and Fourteenth Amendments neither the State nor the Federal Government has any authority to regulate or censor the content of speech, I have never believed that any person has a right to give speeches or engage in demonstrations where he pleases and when he pleases." Black argued that the Tinkers' behavior was indeed disruptive and declared, "I repeat that if the time has come when pupils of state-supported schools, kindergarten, can defy and flout orders of school officials to keep their minds on their own schoolwork, it is the beginning of a new revolutionary era of permissiveness in this country fostered by the judiciary."

Harlan dissented on the grounds that he "[found] nothing in this record which impugns the good faith of respondents in promulgating the armband regulation."

Legacy

Subsequent jurisprudence
Tinker remains a viable and frequently cited court precedent, and court decisions citing Tinker have both protected and limited the scope of student free speech rights. Tinker was cited in the 1973 court case Papish v. Board of Curators of the University of Missouri, which ruled that the expulsion of a student for distributing a newspaper on campus containing what the school deemed to be "indecent speech" violated the First Amendment. In the 1986 court case Bethel School District v. Fraser, the Supreme Court ruled that a high school student's sexual innuendo-laden speech during a school assembly was not constitutionally protected. The court said the protection of student political speech created in the Tinker case did not extend to vulgar language in a school setting. The court ruled that similar language may be constitutionally protected if used by adults to make a political point, but that those protections did not apply to students in a public school.

Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier was a 1988 court case where a high school principal blocked the school paper from publishing two articles about divorce and teenage pregnancy. The Supreme Court ruled that schools have the right to regulate the content of non-forum, school-sponsored newspapers under "legitimate pedagogical concerns." The court reasoned that the principal's editorial decision was justified because the paper was a non-public forum since it was school-sponsored and existed as a platform for students in a journalism class. The Court in Hazelwood said that under the doctrine of Perry Education Association v. Perry Local Educators Association, a 1982 court case that clarified the definition of a public forum, a school facility like a newspaper only qualifies as a public forum if school authorities make those facilities available for "indiscriminate use by the general public."

The Court's rulings in Fraser and Hazelwood state that a "substantial disruption" or infringing on the rights of other students was reason enough to restrict student freedom of speech or expression. Some experts argue that the three individual cases each act independently of one another and govern different types of student speech. It is argued that Fraser does not interfere with Tinker, since Fraser questions sexual speech while Tinker protects political speech. While some believe that Tinker's protections were overturned by Fraser and Kuhlmeier, others believe that the latter cases created exceptions to the Tinker ruling. Others argue that a broad reading of Tinker allows for viewpoint discrimination on certain topics of student speech.

In 2013, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit re-heard a case en banc that had been argued before a panel of three of its judges, considering whether middle school students could be prohibited from wearing bracelets promoting breast cancer awareness that were imprinted with "I ♥ Boobies! (Keep a Breast)." The Third Circuit cited Tinker when ruling that the school's ban on the bracelets violated the students' right to free speech because the bracelets were not plainly offensive or disruptive. The court also cited Fraser, saying the bracelets were not lewd speech. The Supreme Court later declined to take up the case.

Several cases have arisen from the modern display of the Confederate flag. Courts applying the "substantial disruption test" under Tinker have held that schools may prohibit students from wearing clothing with Confederate symbols. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit cited Tinker in the 2013 court case Hardwick v. Heyward to rule that prohibiting a student from wearing Confederate flag shirt did not violate the First Amendment because there was evidence that the shirt could cause disruption. Exceptions to this are the 2010 court case Defoe v. Spiva and the 2000 court case Castorina v. Madison County School Board. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit said in Castorina v. Madison County School Board that based on Tinker and other Supreme Court rulings, the school board could not ban Confederate flag T-shirts while other "controversial racial and political symbols" like the "X" symbol associated with Malcolm X and the African American Muslim movement were permitted. In Defoe v. Spiva, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ruled that "racially hostile or contemptuous speech" can be restricted, even if it was not disruptive. This deviated from the Tinker ruling, which said the school's restriction of the Tinkers' speech was unconstitutional because it was not disruptive.

The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit applied Tinker  in February 2014 to rule that a California school did not violate the First Amendment in Dariano v. Morgan Hill Unified School District, where a school banned American flag apparel during a Cinco de Mayo celebration. The school said they had enacted the ban due to a conflict caused by American flag apparel that had occurred at the event the previous year. The Ninth Circuit declined to re-hear the case en banc and the U.S. Supreme Court later declined to review the case.

A Pennsylvania high school cheerleader, who had been reprimanded by her school for using offensive language in a social media post that she made off-campus and outside school hours, filed suit against the school in 2017 claiming her First Amendment rights had been infringed. The district court ruled in her favor, and the school district appealed to the Third Circuit. There, the three-judge panel upheld the district ruling unanimously, but the majority stated that Tinker could never apply to off-campus speech made by a student, while Judge Thomas L. Ambro believed this was too broad a claim. The school petitioned to the Supreme Court, which ruled in June 2021 in Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L. to uphold the ruling in favor of the student, but overturning the decision of the Third Circuit in that Tinker may cover some parts of off-campus speech when the school has a compelling interest, such as for incidents of harassments or threats. However, the Supreme Court did not attempt to define when such off-campus speech fell under a school's compelling interest.

Tinker Tour
Mary Beth Tinker decided to embark on a tour around the United States, called the Tinker Tour, beginning in 2013 to "bring real-life civics lessons to students through the Tinker armband story and the stories of other young people." The tour is a project of the Student Press Law Center.

See also

 List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 393
 Schenck v. United States,
 Shanley v. Northeast Independent School District (1972)
 Miller v. California,
 Broussard v. School Board of Norfolk (1992)
 Gillman v. Holmes County School District (2008)

References

External links

 First Amendment Library entry on Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District
 Schema-root.org: Tinker v. Des Moines John Tinker's page about Tinker v. Des Moines. Contains a current news feed.
 Background summary and questions about the case
 Tinker v. Des Moines from C-SPAN's Landmark Cases: Historic Supreme Court Decisions

Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Free Speech Clause case law
Student rights case law in the United States
United States children's rights case law
Education in Des Moines, Iowa
1969 in United States case law
American Civil Liberties Union litigation
United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court
Armbands


George Lackman "Doc" Gunther (November 22, 1919 - August 26, 2012) was the longest-serving state legislator in Connecticut history. Senator Gunther represented the 21st Connecticut Senate District, comprising all of Shelton, most of Stratford, and parts of Monroe and Seymour, Connecticut, from 1966 to 2006. When Gunther retired in 2006, he was replaced by his protégé and former campaign manager, Dan Debicella from Shelton.

Born in Bridgeport, Connecticut, he was a naturopath and had studied in Chicago, Illinois. Gunther first served on the Stratford Board of Education for four years, followed by five years on the Stratford Town Council, before being elected to the state Senate. Although he was the Deputy Minority Leader at Large for the Republican Party in the Connecticut Senate, Gunther had a reputation for following his own mind, particularly in regards to the welfare of Stratford. He was instrumental in Connecticut state government reform activities, including sponsoring formation of the state Property Review Committee to oversee state contracts. Gunther served for almost 20 years on the National Council of State Legislatures, and for more than 15 years on the board of directors of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC).

Gunther had one of the longest and strongest reputations for environmentalism in the Connecticut legislature, stemming back to when the movement was known as conservation. While still on the Stratford Town Council, he sponsored the establishment of the first municipal conservation commission in Connecticut; then in his freshman year as state senator, he co-authored the first law to regulate and restrict activities allowed in tidal wetlands. He has been recognized many times by environmentalist and conservation groups for his opposition to pollution and his work to preserve the environment for hunters, fishermen, and the shell fishing industry. In 1975, he toured the ruins of the burned-out Sponge Rubber Products plant in Shelton with then Connecticut Governor Ella Grasso, which led to the eventual establishment of the property as Riverwalk Park, thirty years later. He served for nearly thirty years on the federal Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission, and in 1990 helped form the Housatonic River Estuary Commission to develop the recreational and commercial resources of the lower Housatonic River. He spearheaded opposition to construction of a large natural gas terminal in Long Island Sound, proposed by Broadwater Energy.

His interest in preserving the environment dovetailed with his advocacy of the recreation and tourism industries. He supported the revival of the Shakespeare Festival Theater in Stratford, and aided the purchase of the H.M.S. Rose by Kaye Williams in Bridgeport.

Another of Gunther's passions is Connecticut's aviation history. In 2005, he successfully sponsored a bill naming World War II's F4U Corsair fighter, developed and manufactured in Connecticut, as the state's official aircraft, and organized a Corsair Celebration and Symposium at Sikorsky Memorial Airport in Stratford for Memorial Day, May 29, 2006. Gunther was also instrumental in the state legislature's designation of Igor Sikorsky as a Connecticut Aviation Pioneer, and sponsored a bill supporting Gustav Whitehead's claim to having achieved controlled powered heavier-than-air flight in Bridgeport, two years before the Wright brothers' Kitty Hawk flight. Gunther hopes to see the Connecticut Air & Space Center move to the former Stratford Army Engine Plant, when the U.S. Army terminates ownership of the property.

"Doc" Gunther died at 3am on August 26, 2012, in a hospice facility in Branford, Connecticut.

In 2018 Stratford named a short access road to Long Beach Park in remembrance of Gunther, naming it "George "Doc" Gunther Way". The street is about 400 feet long, extending roughly from a guard shack to the parking lot.

See also
 Connecticut Senate
 Stratford, Connecticut

References

Republican Party Connecticut state senators
1919 births
2012 deaths
Connecticut city council members
School board members in Connecticut
Naturopaths
Politicians from Bridgeport, Connecticut

George Gunther


Classical economics is the first modern school of economic thought. Its main developers include Adam Smith, Jean-Baptiste Say, David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus and John Stuart Mill.

Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations

Adam Smith's book The Wealth of Nations (1776) was the beginning of classical economics. Smith said that if everyone did what was best for themselves, the result would be best for society. Before that, economics was about the king's personal interests, and the wealth of a nation was measured by the king's treasury. Smith said what's important is what's best for the whole nation, and that wealth should be measured by the yearly income of the nation. He wanted to discover how wealth can grow, and how people could do things to support that growth. Smith's book said land, labor, and capital were the three "factors of production" and the main contributors to a nation's wealth.

Prices naturally adjust to having more or less of something: supply and demand. If there is too much of something (more supply), prices go down so that people have more reason to buy it. If a lot of people want something (high demand), there may not be enough of it (scarcity); there will be a competition among the people who want to buy it, and some people will agree to pay more to get what they want, and prices go up.

Smith said markets should be free. At the time, some big companies (like the East India Company) were controlled by the government. Sometimes the rulers made laws that were good for themselves but not for workers or customers. For example, in the American colonies, colonists could grow cotton but were not allowed to make clothing from it. They had to ship it to England to be made into clothing, then buy it back after it was finished. Smith said this was bad for individuals and for society. He thought it was better for money to flow freely and naturally between buyers and sellers without outside interference. Money would naturally go to the sellers who made the best product at the best price. This way if people did what was best for them, it would end up being best for society as a whole, almost like an "invisible hand" was guiding everything.

References

Economic theories

Classical economics


Nikolaos Roussen (, 1913–1944) was a Greek naval officer who distinguished himself during World War II. He served in the two most successful Greek submarines of the war as executive officer and captain.  He died during the suppression of the Navy mutiny in April 1944.

Life
Roussen was born in Athens on 25 April 1913. After completing his studies in the Hellenic Naval Academy in 1929-1933, he was commissioned as ensign. His first command was the torpedo boat Doris (1936–1937). He was subsequently promoted to sub-lieutenant and entered the Submarine School. During the Greco-Italian War, he served in the submarine Katsonis. In December 1940, he was promoted to Lieutenant. Following the German invasion and capitulation of the Army, the surviving ships of the fleet fled to Alexandria in Egypt. In the Middle East, he served aboard the armoured cruiser Averof before returning to the Katsonis as its XO.

On 10 October 1942, Roussen was assigned as captain of Katsonis''' sister vessel, the submarine Papanikolis. With this vessel, Roussen operated in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Aegean Sea, scoring a number of successes. On 30 November, Papanikolis successfully ambushed and sank an 8,000-ton cargo vessel at the Alimnia islet, near Rhodes, and on subsequent patrols in January, March and May, she captured two large schooners and sank further five.

In early 1944, political tensions grew both in occupied Greece and in the Greek Armed Forces in the Middle East. As liberation drew nearer, the simmering conflict between the country's dominant resistance group, the Communist-controlled National Liberation Front (EAM), with the conservative sections of Greek society, and with the royalist Greek government in exile, erupted. In April 1944, pro-EAM demonstrations took place in several Greek units in Egypt, and the majority of the Navy's ships were commandeered by their crews. In order to quell this mutiny, the government formed special boarding detachments of reliable officers. Thus, on 22 April 1944, while leading his detachment to recover the corvette Apostolis, Roussen was mortally wounded. On 27 April, he was posthumously promoted to captain.

 Awards and honours
Roussen was awarded several decorations for his successful service as a submarine commander: the War Cross Second Class, on 5 January 1940 (as XO of the Katsonis) and again on 25 February 1943, the War Cross First Class on 30 January 1942 and again posthumously on 23 April 1944, while on 1 September 1943 he was awarded the British Distinguished Service Cross. On 27 September 1945 he was posthumously awarded the Outstanding Actions Medal for his war service.

Two Hellenic Navy ships have been named after him: the landing ship Ypoploiarchos Roussen (L-164) (1958–2001), and the new fast attack craft Roussen'' (P67), the lead ship of the Roussen class, commissioned in December 2005.

References

Sources
 Hellenic Navy - Submarine Papanikolis Y-2 (1927-1945)
  Hellenic Navy Historical Service - Biographies
  Hellenic Navy Historical Service - Ship histories

1913 births
1944 deaths
Greek military personnel killed in World War II
Military personnel from Athens
Hellenic Navy officers
Submarine commanders

Nikolaos Roussen


John Bacon F.S.A. (1738–1816), was a British clerk and editor, who edited a revised edition of John Ecton's Thesaurus. He spent much of his working life in the first-fruits department of the office Queen Anne's Bounty in the Temple, London.

Career

His first appointment at the Temple was as junior clerk to the deputy remembrancer. Bacon rose to become the senior clerk in 1778 and the receiver in 1782, a position which he held until 1816. With these offices he combined the duties of treasurer to the Corporation of the Sons of the Clergy. He obtained the leasehold interest, under the Dean of St. Paul's Cathedral and chapter of St. Paul's, of the manor of Whetstone, or Friern Barnet, and when the Land Tax Redemption Act authorised them to effect a sale of their landed property, he purchased the reversion of the manor-house and the whole of their estate in the parish of Friern Barnet. A description of the house and the curiosities which it contained may be found in Lysons's 'Environs of London,' ii. 22.

Bacon was appointed a fellow of the Society of Arts (later the Royal Society of Arts) in 1774.

His edition of John Ecton's Liber regis, vel thesaurus rerum ecclesiasticarum, a detailed account of the valuations of all ecclesiastical benefices which were charged with first fruits and tenths, was published in 1786. Severe comments were made at that time in the 'Gentleman's Magazine' on the omission of any mention in the title-page or the preface of the previous compilation of Ecton.

Death
He died in the manor-house on 26 February 1816, and was buried in a small vault on the outside of the church. His tombstone in the churchyard records his second son and his son's wife; his only daughter, Maria, was married to Sir William Johnston, of that ilk, Aberdeenshire.

References

External links

1738 births
1816 deaths
Clerks
Antiquarians from London
18th-century antiquarians
19th-century antiquarians

John Bacon (clerk)


A seascape is a photograph, painting, or other work of art which depicts the sea, in other words an example of marine art.  The word originated as a formation from landscape, which was first used of images of land in art.  By a similar development, "seascape" has also come to mean actual perceptions of the sea itself. It is applied in planning contexts to geographical locations possessing a good view of the sea. Seascape aesthetics receive legal protection in terms of biodiversity/ health of the seas (the OSPAR Convention), and in terms of the visual bio-cultural seascape (European Landscape Convention).

History
The word seascape was first recorded and coined in 1790. Smithsonian noted in 2016 that the first use it found was 1804. The term was modelled after the word landscape. In modern times, seascapes have endured partially in depictions of maritime works of art, as well as views of the sea.

Planning use

In the UK a seascape is defined in planning and land use contexts as a combination of adjacent land, coastline and sea within an area, defined by a mix of land-sea inter-visibility and coastal landscape character assessment, with major headlands forming division points between one seascape area and the next.  This approach to coastal landscape planning was developed jointly by Government environmental bodies in Wales (UK) and Ireland in 2000 to assist spatial planning for (at that time new) offshore wind farm developments.  The resulting "Guide to best practice in seascape assessment" (Marine Institute, Ireland, 2001), have since been adapted and applied in Scotland and Wales for guidance to offshore wind farm developers and for carrying out spatial planning assessments.

Meanwhile, the word has also been adopted in England  referring to the historic and archaeological character areas of the sea – a different but complementary methodological approach encompassing what lies beneath the sea surface.  This use of the word departs from the focus on scenery and visual perception, relying instead just on cognitive perception (what lies beneath the sea surface is out of sight to most of us).

The Welsh language distinguishes between 'Morluniau' (seascape in the traditional sense of a picture, view or painting) and 'Morweddau' (seascape as a distinct, geographical area exhibiting particular characteristics and qualities).  There is no such distinction in the English language.

References

Land use
Landscape
Water in art
Sea in culture

Seascape


Oh, What a Mighty Time is an album by the country rock band the New Riders of the Purple Sage.  Their sixth studio album and their seventh album overall, it was released by Columbia Records in 1975.

Oh, What a Mighty Time was produced by Bob Johnston.  Jerry Garcia of the Grateful Dead plays guitar on three songs, and Sly Stone plays keyboards and sings on one song.

Track listing
"Mighty Time" (Don Nix) – 5:13
"I Heard You Been Layin' My Old Lady" (Russell Wier) – 3:24
"Strangers on a Train" (Skip Battin, Kim Fowley) – 2:45
"Up Against the Wall, Redneck Mother" (Ray Wylie Hubbard) – 4:13
"Take a Letter, Maria" (R. B. Greaves) – 4:07
"Little Old Lady" (Richard Wilbur) – 2:52
"On Top of Old Smoky" (traditional, arranged and adapted by Frank Wakefield) – 2:39
"Over and Over" (John Dawson) – 3:08
"La Bamba" (Ritchie Valens) – 3:44
"Going Round the Horn" (Dawson, Wakefield) – 3:33
"Farewell, Angelina" (Bob Dylan) – 2:42

Personnel

New Riders of the Purple Sage
John Dawson – guitars, vocals, autoharp, mouth harp, baby guitar, percussion, Acme siren
David Nelson – guitars, vocals, percussion, regular tuning Heineken's bottle
Buddy Cage – pedal steel, vocal
Skip Battin – bass, vocals, percussion
Spencer Dryden – drums, percussion, vocal

Additional musicians
Sly Stone – vocals, organ, piano on "Mighty Time"
Jerry Garcia – guitar on "Mighty Time", "I Heard You Been Layin' My Old Lady", and "Take a Letter, Maria"
Jeff Narell – steel drum on "Over and Over"
Pepper Watkins, Bootche Anderson, Marilyn Scott – vocals on "I Heard You Been Layin' My Old Lady", "Strangers on a Train", "Up Against the Wall, Redneck", and "Take a Letter, Maria"
Ray Park – fiddle on "Going Round the Horn"
St. Beulah's Church Choir – vocals on "Mighty Time"
Portion of Glide Memorial Church Choir – vocals on "Mighty Time"
Patty Santos Cockrell, Peña Blanca, Lucha Cardenas – vocals on "Over and Over", "La Bamba"
The Senator – vocals on "Over and Over"
Andrea Ahlgren – vocals on "Over and Over"

Production
Bob Johnston – producer
Joe Garnett – front cover illustration
Ron Kriss – back cover illustration
Herb Greene – cover and inside photography
Tyler Thornton – back cover photography
Bob DeSantos – color prints
Ron Coro – design

Notes

New Riders of the Purple Sage albums
1975 albums
Albums produced by Bob Johnston
Columbia Records albums

Oh, What a Mighty Time


Midnight is a lost 1922 American silent drama film directed by Maurice Campbell and written by Harvey F. Thew. The film stars Constance Binney, William Courtleigh, Sidney Bracey, Arthur Stuart Hull, Herbert Fortier, Helen Lynch, and Edward Martindel. The film was released on February 19, 1922, by Paramount Pictures.

Plot
As described in a film magazine, Edna Morris (Binney), daughter of William Morris (Courtleigh), American ambassador to a South American country, is inveigled into a hasty marriage with George Potter (Hull), an attache of the embassy. That same day George is threatened with arrest for embezzlement and escapes by leaping into the bay. He is believed drowned. Edna's father resigns his post and they return to their American home. On an adjoining estate is Senator Dart (Martindel) and his son Jack (Mulhall). Edna falls in love with Jack and their engagement is announced. George returns and attempts to blackmail Edna's father, who then forbids the marriage of Edna and Jack. However, the couple elope and are married right at midnight. Upon their return home, Edna finds George's body in the library. The butler clears up the mystery, stating that he shot the man in the dark, thinking he was a burglar. A bullet from Potter's gun hit the wall clock and it shows that the shooting occurred ten minutes before midnight.

Cast
Constance Binney as Edna Morris
William Courtleigh as William Morris
Sidney Bracey as Dodd
Arthur Stuart Hull as George Potter
Herbert Fortier as Bishop Astor
Helen Lynch as Grace Astor
Edward Martindel as Senator Dart
Jack Mulhall as Jack Dart

References

External links

1922 films
1920s English-language films
Silent American drama films
1922 drama films
Paramount Pictures films
American black-and-white films
American silent feature films
Lost American drama films
Films directed by Maurice Campbell
1922 lost films
English-language drama films
1920s American films

Midnight (1922 film)


George Smith (died Monday 29 June 1761 at The Castle in Marlborough) was an English cricketer and also the "keeper" (i.e., strictly speaking a leaseholder) of the Artillery Ground, which was cricket's main venue in London during the mid-Georgian period.

Smith was the landlord of the neighbouring Pyed Horse Inn, through which admittance to the Artillery Ground was compulsory.  He was an occasional player in matches but he seems to have been one who "made the numbers up".  His real significance was his role as groundkeeper during the 1740s until 1752.  Smith had a number of well-publicised problems over the years, especially around admission fees and security.  It is possible that several planned matches were cancelled whenever the Honourable Artillery Company demanded its ground back or, as often occurred, simply took umbrage.  Smith was sometimes accused of having breached the terms of his lease and these instances may have been due to crowd control issues, which was a frequent problem at big matches, or perhaps to do with excessive gambling.

He had numerous problems with money.  In 1747, he issued a statement that: "These matches being attended with great Charge the Door, for the Future, will be Six-pence; Two-pence not being sufficient to defray the Expence".  Followed by another that: "The Town may be certain that the taking Six-pence Admittance is out of no avaricious Temper.  Two-pence being greatly insufficient to the Charge that attends the Matches, which Mr Smith is ready and willing to make appear to any Gentleman".

In 1748, he declared bankruptcy.  Evidently his pricing problems of recent years did have some basis in needing to balance the books after all.  A number of notices appeared in the press during the first six months of 1748 but Smith eventually resolved his problems, perhaps through the sale of other property, and was able to retain control of the Artillery Ground until 1752.

On Thursday 27 February 1752, the Daily Advertiser reported that George Smith of the Artillery Ground has taken the late Duke of Somerset's house at Marlborough and intends to open it as an inn.  Smith offered the Artillery Ground and its dwelling house, etc. on lease for 7 years.  He had evidently overcome his bankruptcy problems.

On Saturday 30 May 1752, the Daily Advertiser carried another notice re the Artillery Ground that "gentlemen may be supplied with bats and balls" and that "the ground is kept in good order for play by your humble servant William Sharpe".

On Thursday 2 July 1761, the Whitehall Evening Post reported the death of Mr George Smith on Monday 29 June at The Castle in Marlborough.  The report stated that he was formerly the keeper of the Artillery Ground and the landlord of the adjoining Pyed Horse in Chiswell Street.

References

1761 deaths
Cricket patrons
Year of birth unknown

George Smith (groundskeeper)


Mohammed Bah Abba (1964–2010) was a teacher from northern Nigeria who developed the pot-in-pot refrigerator in the 1990s.  This refrigerator is extremely simple and does not require power, making it suitable for use in desert environments without easy access to electricity or repairs.  It consists of a small glazed earthenware pot placed inside a larger unglazed one, with the space between the two filled with moist sand. The inner pot is filled with whatever is desired to be cooled (fruit, vegetables, drinks) and covered with a wet cloth.  The evaporating water draws heat from the inside through the porous outer pot, cooling the interior by up to 14°C.

Abba hailed from a family of potmakers and tapped into the large underemployed local workforce for the project.  Local pot-makers he hired produced the first batch of 5,000 pot-in-pot refrigerators.  He received the Rolex Award for Enterprise in 2001 and used his $75,000 award to make the invention available throughout Nigeria. Abba devised an educational campaign tailored to village life and the illiterate population featuring a video-recorded play by local actors to dramatise the benefits of the desert refrigerator. The pots sell at 40 US cents a pair.

References

External links
Mohammed Bah Abba

1964 births
2010 deaths
20th-century Nigerian inventors

Mohammed Bah Abba


Edward Charles Francis Publius de Bono (19 May 1933 – 9 June 2021) was a Maltese physician, psychologist, author, inventor and broadcaster. He originated the term lateral thinking, wrote many books on thinking including Six Thinking Hats, and was a proponent of the teaching of thinking as a subject in schools.

Life and career
Edward Charles Francis Publius de Bono was born in Malta on 19 May 1933. He was the son of Josephine Burns de Bono.

Educated at St. Edward's College, Malta, he then gained a medical degree from the University of Malta. Following this, he proceeded as a Rhodes Scholar in 1955 to Christ Church, Oxford, where he gained an MA in psychology and physiology. He represented Oxford in polo and set two canoeing records. He then gained a PhD degree in medicine from Trinity College, Cambridge, an honorary DDes (Doctor of Design) from the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, and an honorary LLD from the University of Dundee.

De Bono held faculty appointments at the universities of Oxford, Cambridge (where he helped to establish the university's medical school), London and Harvard. He was a professor at the University of Malta, the University of Pretoria, the University of Central England (now called Birmingham City University) and Dublin City University. De Bono held the Da Vinci Professor of Thinking chair at the University of Advancing Technology in Tempe, Arizona, US. He was one of the 27 Ambassadors for the European Year of Creativity and Innovation 2009.

The originator of the term 'Lateral Thinking', de Bono wrote 85 books with translations into 46 languages. He taught his thinking methods to government agencies, corporate clients, organizations and individuals, privately or publicly in group sessions. He promoted the World Center for New Thinking (2004–2011), based in Malta, which applied Thinking Tools to solution and policy design on the geopolitical level.

In 1976, de Bono took part in a radio debate for the BBC with British philosopher A. J. Ayer, on the subject of effective democracy.

Starting on Wednesday 8 September 1982, the BBC ran a series of 10 weekly programmes entitled de Bono's Thinking Course. In the shows, Dr Edward de Bono explained how thinking skills could be improved by attention and practice. The series was repeated the following year. A book with the same title accompanied the series.

In May 1994, he gave a half-hour Opinions lecture televised on Channel 4 and subsequently published in The Independent as "Thinking Hats On".

In 1995, he created a futuristic documentary film, 2040: Possibilities by Edward de Bono, depicting a lecture to an audience of viewers released from a cryogenic freeze for contemporary society in the year 2040.

In 2005, he was nominated (and reached the shortlist) for the Nobel Prize in Economics.

Schools from over 20 countries have included de Bono's thinking tools into their curriculum, and he has advised and lectured at the board level at many of the world's leading corporations.

Convinced that a key way forward for humanity is a better language, he published The Edward de Bono Code Book in 2000. In this book, he proposed a suite of new words based on numbers, where each number combination represents a useful idea or situation that currently does not have a single-word representation. For example, de Bono code 6/2 means "Give me my point of view and I will give you your point of view." Such a code might be used in situations where one or both of the two parties in a dispute are making insufficient effort to understand the other's perspective.

Asteroid 2541 Edebono discovered by Luboš Kohoutek is named after him.

Personal life
In 1971 he married Josephine Hall-White. They had two sons, Caspar and Charlie, and later divorced. His will, published after his death, named two more children, another son, Francis Edward de Bono, also known as Edward de Bono, the son of Magdalena Szekely, and a daughter, Juliana Pars.

Other ideas
De Bono invented the L game, which he introduced in his book The Five-Day Course in Thinking.

In 2000, de Bono advised a UK Foreign Office committee that the Arab–Israeli conflict might be due, in part, to low levels of zinc found in people who eat unleavened bread (e.g. pita flatbread). De Bono argued that low zinc levels leads to heightened aggression. He suggested shipping out jars of Marmite to compensate.

Edward de Bono argued that companies could raise money just as governments now do – by printing it. He put forward the idea of private currency as a claim on products or services produced by the issuer. So IBM might issue "IBM Dollars" – theoretically redeemable for IBM equipment, but also practically tradable for other vouchers or cash. To make such a scheme work, IBM would have to learn to manage the supply of money to ensure that—with too many vouchers chasing too few goods—inflation does not destroy the value of their creations. But companies should be able to manage that trick at least as easily as governments do, particularly as they don't have voters to cope with.

Critiques
In the Handbook of Creativity, Robert J. Sternberg writes,Equally damaging to the scientific study of creativity, in our view, has been the takeover of the field, in the popular mind, by those who follow what might be referred to as a pragmatic approach. Those taking this approach have been concerned primarily with developing creativity, secondarily with understanding it, but almost not at all with testing the validity of their ideas about it. [...] Perhaps the foremost proponent of this approach is Edward De Bono, whose work on lateral thinking and other aspects of creativity has had what appears to be considerable commercial success.

Frameworks For Thinking is an evaluation of 42 popular thinking frameworks conducted by a team of researchers. Regarding Edward de Bono they write, [he] is more interested in the usefulness of developing ideas than proving the reliability or efficacy of his approach. There is sparse research evidence to show that generalised improvements in thinking performance can be attributed to training in the use of CoRT [Cognitive Research Trust] or Thinking Hats tools. An early evaluation of CoRT reported significant benefits for Special Educational Needs (SEN) pupils... However, in a more recent study with Australian aboriginal children (Ritchie and Edwards, 1996), little evidence of generalisation was found other than in the area of creative thinking.

Summarising de Bono's 1985 work in Conflicts: A Better Way to Resolve Them, M. Afzalur Rahim, distinguished professor of management at Western Kentucky University with a particular focus on conflict management in organizations, gives his view that, as pertains to Rahim's own field of research, "De Bono's approach to total elimination of conflict is no different from the approaches of the classicists. This approach to dealing with conflict is completely out of tune with modern thinking and, therefore, unsatisfactory."

Published works

A partial list of books by de Bono includes:
 The Use of Lateral Thinking (1967) , introduced the term "lateral thinking"
 New Think (1967, 1968)
 The Five-Day Course in Thinking (1968), introduced the L game
 The Mechanism of Mind (1969), Intl Center for Creative Thinking 1992 reprint:
 Lateral Thinking: Creativity Step by Step, (1970), Harper & Row 1973 paperback:
 The Dog-Exercising Machine (1970)
 Technology Today (1971)
 Practical Thinking (1971)
 Lateral Thinking for Management (1971)
 Po: A Device for Successful Thinking (1972), , introduced the term Po
 Children Solve Problems (1972) ,  (1974 reprint)
 Po: Beyond Yes and No (1973),
 Eureka!: An Illustrated History of Inventions from the Wheel to the Computer (1974)
 Teaching Thinking (1976)
 The Greatest Thinkers: The Thirty Minds That Shaped Our Civilization (1976),
 Wordpower: An Illustrated Dictionary of Vital Words (1977)
 The Happiness Purpose (1977)
 Opportunities: A handbook for business opportunity search (1978)
 Future Positive (1979)
 Atlas of Management Thinking (1981)
 De Bono's Thinking Course (1982)
 Learn-To-Think: Coursebook and Instructors Manual with Michael Hewitt-Gleeson de Saint-Arnaud (1982),
 Tactics: The Art and Science of Success (1985)
 Conflicts: A Better Way to Resolve them (1985)
 Masterthinker's Handbook (1985)
 Six Thinking Hats (1985)
 I Am Right, You Are Wrong: From This to the New Renaissance: From Rock Logic to Water Logic (1968)
 Six Action Shoes (1991)
 Handbook for the Positive Revolution (1991)
 Serious Creativity: Using the Power of Lateral Thinking to Create New Ideas (1992)  – a summation of many of De Bono's ideas on creativity
 Sur/Petition (1992)
 Water Logic: The Alternative to I am Right You are Wrong (1993)
 Parallel thinking: from Socratic thinking to de Bono thinking (1994)
 Teach Yourself How to Think (1995)
 Textbook of Wisdom (1996)
 How to Be More Interesting (1998)
 Simplicity (1999)
 New Thinking for the New Millennium (1999)
 Why I Want To Be King of Australia (1999)
 The De Bono Code Book (2000)
 How to Have A Beautiful Mind (2004)
 Six Value Medals (2005)
 H+ (Plus): A New Religion (2006)
 How to Have Creative Ideas (2007)
 Free or Unfree? : Are Americans Really Free? (2007)
 Intelligence, Information, Thinking (2007)
 Six Frames For Thinking About Information (2008)
 The Love of Two Cockroaches (2009)
 Think! Before It's Too Late (2009)
 Lateral Thinking – An Introduction (2014)
 Bonting – Thinking to Create Value (2016)
De Bono also wrote numerous articles published in refereed and other journals, including The Lancet and Clinical Science.

See also
 Parallel thinking

Research on Edward de Bono's methods

 Can Simple Ideation Techniques Enhance Idea Generation? Belski, I., Hourani, A., Valentine, A., & Belski, A. In A. Bainbridge-Smith, Z. T. Qi, & G.S. Gupta (Eds.), Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference of the Australasian Association for Engineering Education (pp. 1-9). Wellington, New Zealand. 2014
 Can simple ideation techniques influence idea generation: comparing results from Australia, Czech Republic, Finland and Russian Federation. Belski, I., Belski, A., Berdonosov, V., Busov, B., Bartlova, M. Malashevskaya, E., ...Tervonen, N. In A. Oo, A. Patel, T.Hilditch, & S. Chandran (Ed.s), Proceedings of the 26th Annual Conference of the Australasian Association for Engineering Education (pp. 474-873). Geelong, Australia: School of Engineering, Deakin University. 2015
 Eight Fields of MATCEMIB help students to generate more ideas.Belski, I., Livotov, P., & Mayer, O. Procedia CIRP, 39, 85-90 2016
 Engineering Creativity: The Influence of General Knowledge and Thinking Heuristics Belski, I., Skiadopoulos, A., Aranda-Mena, G., Cascini, G., Russo, D. Advances in Systematic Creativity pp 245-263 2019
 'E' posibile migliorare la creattivita' e' la riflessivita' dei ragazzi' (Can we improve thinking and creativity in school children?) Tidona, G. DIALOGO – mensile regionale di cultura, politica e attualita', n. 7, anno XXVI, October 2001
 Reflexivity and creativity at school, Tidona, G. 2002
 "The effects of the six thinking hats and speed on creativity in brainstorming". Göçmen, O., Coşkun H., 2019
 The effects of the CoRT 1 thinking skills program on students. Edwards, J., & Baldauf, R. B. (Jr.). The effects of the CoRT 1 thinking skills programme on students. In D. N. Perkins, J. Lochhead, & J. Bishop (Eds.),Thinking: The second international conference (pp. 453–473). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. 1987
 Measuring the effects of the direct teaching of thinking skills. Edwards, J. Human Intelligence Newsletter , 9 (30), pp.9-10;1988
 The direct teaching of thinking skills Edwards, J. G. Evans, Learning and Teaching Cognitive Skills , Melbourne, Australian Council for Educational Research, 1991, pp. 87-106; 1991
 Research work on the CoRT method. Edwards, J. In S. Maclure & P. Davies (Eds.), Learning to think: Thinking to learn (pp. 19–30). Oxford, UK: Pergamon. 1991
 The Teaching of Thinking Edwards, J. Paper presented at the Joint AARE/NZARE Conference, Geelong. 1992
 Thinking, education and human potential: International Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Melbourne: Hawker Brownlow, 6-15. 1994
 Thinking and change. Edwards, J. In S. Dingli (Ed.), Creative thinking: A multi-faceted approach (pp. 16–29). Msida: Malta University Press. 1994
 Teaching thinking in schools: An overview. Edwards, J. Teaching thinking in schools, Unicorn, 21(1), 27-36. 1995
 The direct teaching of thinking in education and in business. Edwards, J. In S. Dingli (Ed.), Creative thinking: New perspectives (pp. 82–95). Msida: Malta University Press. 1996
 Learning, Thinking and Assessment Edwards, J. Personal paper summarising work 1999

References

Further reading
 Piers Dudgeon: Breaking Out of the Box: The Biography of Edward de Bono. London: Headline, 2001.

External links

1933 births
2021 deaths
20th-century Maltese philosophers
Maltese Rhodes Scholars
Maltese psychologists
Popular psychology
20th-century Maltese physicians
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
University of Malta alumni
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Academic staff of the University of Pretoria
Creativity researchers
21st-century Maltese philosophers
Crown Colony of Malta people

Edward de Bono


John Robson (born 31 January 1957) in Kelso, Scotland is a retired British male athlete who competed in the 1500m. He has a personal best time of 3 minutes and 33.83 seconds.

Athletics career
Robson competed for Scotland at the 1978 Commonwealth Games in Edmonton Canada winning a bronze medal. He also competed at the 1982 Commonwealth Games in Brisbane, Australia and the 1986 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, Scotland. Indoors he ran for Great Britain and won another bronze medal at the 1979 European Athletics Indoor Championships in Vienna, Austria. Robson also finished 8th at the 1978 European Athletics Championships in Prague (in former Czechoslovakia).

He also won the revered Emsley Carr Mile held at Crystal Palace London in 1978.

Other personal best performances include: the mile 3 minutes 52.44 seconds, 800m 1 minute 47.8 seconds, 3000m 7 minutes 45.81 seconds, 5000m 13 minutes 34.02 seconds.

He was ranked 4th in the World on time in the 1500m event in 1978 and 1979 and finished 5th in the 1980 IAAF World Cross Country Championships in Longchamp, Paris.

Robson also held long standing Scottish national records for the 1500m from 1979 to 2017 and the 3000m from 1984 to 2016.

References

1957 births
Living people
Scottish male middle-distance runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 1978 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Scotland
Medallists at the 1978 Commonwealth Games

John Robson (athlete)


In stochastic game theory, Bayesian regret is the expected difference ("regret") between the utility of a Bayesian strategy and that of the optimal strategy (the one with the highest expected payoff).

The term Bayesian refers to Thomas Bayes (1702–1761), who proved a special case of what is now called Bayes' theorem, who provided the first mathematical treatment of a non-trivial problem of statistical data analysis using what is now known as Bayesian inference.

Economics
This term has been used to compare a random buy-and-hold strategy to professional traders' records. This same concept has  received numerous different names, as the New York Times notes:

"In 1957, for example, a statistician named James Hanna called his theorem Bayesian Regret. He had been preceded by David Blackwell, also a statistician, who called his theorem Controlled Random Walks. Other, later papers had titles like 'On Pseudo Games', 'How to Play an Unknown Game', 'Universal Coding' and 'Universal Portfolios'".

Social Choice (voting methods)

"Bayesian Regret" has also been used as an alternate term for social utility efficiency, that is, a measure of the expected utility of different voting methods under a given probabilistic model of voter utilities and strategies. In this case, the relation to Bayes is unclear, as there is no conditioning or posterior distribution involved.

References

Game theory
Bayesian estimation
Economic theories
Machine learning
Bayesian statistics
Social choice theory

Bayesian regret


Grenada competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 5 to 21 August 2016. This was the nation's ninth consecutive appearance at the Summer Olympics.

Grenada Olympic Committee sent a total of seven athletes, five men and two women, to the Games, competing only in athletics and swimming. The Grenadian team featured two returning athletes from London 2012; decathlete Kurt Felix and track sprinter Kirani James, who became the nation's first ever Olympic champion, earning the gold in the men's 400 metres. As the most successful athlete of the Games, James was selected to carry the Grenadian flag for the second consecutive time in the opening ceremony.

Grenada left Rio de Janeiro with an Olympic silver medal won by James in the men's 400 metres, unable to defend his title from the previous Games.

Medalists

Athletics (track and field)

Grenadian athletes have so far achieved qualifying standards in the following athletics events (up to a maximum of 3 athletes in each event):

Track & road events

Combined events – Men's decathlon

Swimming

Grenada has received a Universality invitation from FINA to send two swimmers (one male and one female) to the Olympics.

See also
Grenada at the 2015 Pan American Games

References

External links

Nations at the 2016 Summer Olympics
2016
2016 in Grenadian sport

Grenada at the 2016 Summer Olympics


Worcester Country Club is a private country club and golf course in Worcester, Massachusetts. The course hosted the first Ryder Cup in 1927, and was the site of the 1925 U.S. Open, which was won by Willie Macfarlane. Worcester also hosted the 1960 U.S. Women's Open.  It was the first, and currently only one of three golf courses in the United States to host the men's and women's U.S. Open Championships and the Ryder Cup.  For over half a century Worcester was the only club to have hosted all three events until 2014 when Pinehurst hosted its first U.S. Women's Open.  Hazeltine made it an elite group of three upon its host of the 2016 Ryder Cup, but notably, Hazeltine is not a classic course (built in 1962).  Worcester also hosted the first-ever U.S. Open qualifying round in 1924.  The club is tied with Oyster Harbors for hosting the most Massachusetts Opens (7) and has also hosted 7 Massachusetts Amateur Championships.  Worcester is one of a few private clubs in the United States that has a bowling alley in the men's locker room.

History
Worcester Country Club was founded in 1900. In 1913 the club called on golf architect Donald Ross to build an 18-hole golf course on a new site in Worcester and in 1914 President William Howard Taft dedicated the new club. In 1925, the club hosted its first major championship the mensU.S. Open. The event was won by Scottish golfer Willie Macfarlane in a second 18-hole playoff over Bobby Jones. After his arrival in the U.S. from Carnoustie, Scotland, Willie Ogg – who served as one of the early head professionals at the club – was instrumental in arranging for the first Ryder Cup matches to be held at his home course in 1927. Ogg also laid out the Green Hill Golf Club in Worcester, and the course opened up for play on April 1, 1929. Ogg served as vice president of the PGA of America.

This was the championship in which Jones famously called a penalty on himself when his ball moved slightly in the rough after he touched the grass with his club on the 11th hole of the first round. The penalty cost him the title. When praised by the press for his sportsmenship Jones said "You may as well praise me for not robbing a bank. There is only one way to play the game."

Walter Hagen on the 6th hole had his first hole-in-one during a practice round of the 1925 U.S. Open. In 1939 Byron Nelson won the Massachusetts Open held at Worcester. In 1927 Worcester Country Club hosted the inaugural Ryder Cup. The United States team led by captain Walter Hagen and Gene Sarazen defeated captain Ted Ray and the British team by a score of 9.5 to 2.5. Donald Ross came back to the club in 1929 with plan for changes, including new tees and some work that he had been unable to carry out in 1913.

In 1960, Betsy Rawls won her fourth U.S. Women's Open with a score of 292. Hosting the Women's Open marked Worcester CC as the first club in the United States to entertain both Open Championships. Judy Torluemke (Judy Rankin), then 15 years old, was the youngest player in history to win low amateur honors, with 326. Mickey Wright, the leader going into the final day and seeking her third consecutive Open championship, shot eighty-one to lose to Betsy Rawls. The prize money was $7,200. Rawls won $1,800.

Tournaments

 1919 Massachusetts Open won by Jesse Guilford
 1921 Massachusetts Amateur won by Jesse Guilford
 1925 U.S. Open won by Willie Macfarlane
 1926 Massachusetts Open won by Donald Vinton
 1927 Ryder Cup won by the United States over Great Britain 9½-2½
 1927 New England Amateur won by Fred Wright
 1931 Massachusetts Open won by Wiffy Cox
 1933 Massachusetts Amateur won by Joseph P. Lynch
 1935 New England Amateur won by Harold H. Mandly Jr.
 1939 Massachusetts Open won by Byron Nelson
 1947 Massachusetts Junior Amateur won by John Nies Jr.
 1948 Massachusetts Amateur won by Edward Martin
 1953 Massachusetts Open won by Jim Browning
 1958 Massachusetts Women's Amateur won by Joanne Goodwin
 1960 U.S. Women's Open won by Betsy Rawls
 1964 Massachusetts Amateur won by William Foley
 1976 Massachusetts Open won by Paul Barkhouse
 1989 Massachusetts Amateur won by Jim McDermott
 1996 New England PGA Championship won by Dana Quigley
 2000 Massachusetts Amateur won by Jim Salinetti
 2006 Massachusetts Amateur won by Ben Spitz
 2009 New England PGA Championship won by Paul Parajeckas
 2016 Massachusetts Open won by Jason Thresher

References

External links
 Official Site

1900 establishments in Massachusetts
Golf clubs and courses in Massachusetts
Sports venues in Worcester, Massachusetts
Sports venues completed in 1900
Ryder Cup venues

Worcester Country Club


Michael Cole is a former BBC journalist. He was their Royal Correspondent. After leaving the BBC, he worked as Director of Public affairs for Harrods. He was also spokesman for Harrod's owner Mohamed Al Fayed.

Cole began his career in newspapers. He then worked in television. He worked for the BBC from 1968 to 1988.

In 1973, the BBC sent him to Israel. His job there was to report on the Yom Kippur War.

After leaving the BBC he started to work for Harrods. He left Harrods in 1998. He left to take early retirement. He was then 55 years old.

He is now chair of his own company. It is called Michael Cole & Company Limited. It is a public relations and broadcasting company.

He has also written for the East Anglian Daily Times newspaper. He has appeared as a panellist on Have I Got News for You.

References

1943 births
Living people
English journalists
BBC newsreaders and journalists

Michael Cole (public relations)


Donald Callis (born October 13, 1963) is a Canadian professional wrestling manager, color commentator, actor, and former professional wrestler and business executive. He is signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW), where he works as the on-screen manager for Konosuke Takeshita, Sammy Guevara, Will Ospreay, Powerhouse Hobbs, and Kyle Fletcher, better known as The Don Callis Family; as well as working as a backstage consultant for the company.

A former wrestler, Callis spent the majority of his career performing as either Cyrus (shortened from Cyrus the Virus) or Don Callis. He first gained international attention working under the name The Jackyl for the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). While in the WWF, Callis managed a group known as The Truth Commission and later managed The Oddities and The Acolytes before being released in 1999. From 1999 to 2001, he worked for Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) as a manager and commentator, during which he was portrayed as a fictional "network representative" who headed a group known as The Network. In 2003, he was introduced as an on-screen character for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) and returned to the company, now called Impact Wrestling, in 2017 becoming an executive vice president and commentator for the promotion. While with Impact, Callis also worked for New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) where he served as an English language commentator on NJPW World. In 2020, through Impact's relationship with AEW, Callis began appearing on AEW programming. The following year in 2021, Callis' time as Impact executive vice president came to an end, with Callis remaining in the company as an on-air talent until October 2021 when the AEW and Impact partnership ended.

Professional wrestling career

West Four Wrestling Alliance/International Wrestling Alliance (1989–1998)
Callis was trained by Manitoba wrestling promoter Tony Condello, debuting in 1989 in Condello's West Four Wrestling Alliance (WFWA) promotion under his birth name. Later that year, Callis adopted the ring name "The Natural". In May 1991, The Natural won the WFWA Canadian Heavyweight Championship. Between 1991 and 1994, he held the championship a total of four times. In 1994, the West Four Wrestling Alliance was renamed the International Wrestling Alliance (IWA). Callis held the IWA Heavyweight Championship twice in 1996.

In 1992, Callis wrestled for the Quebec-based Lutte Lanaudière as "The General", teaming with El Diablero as "The Jet Set Team". The Jet Set Team held the Lutte Lanaudière Tag Team Championship for eight months.

World Wrestling Federation (1996–1998)

The Truth Commission (1996–1998)

Callis received a try-out match with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1996 and was eventually hired to form a tag team with Rick Martel, which was dubbed "The Models". When Martel officially departed from the WWF for World Championship Wrestling (WCW), Callis was left without a gimmick and spot on WWF television. In a shoot interview with RF Video, Callis first revealed that he and Rick Martel were set to debut on WWF TV as "The Supermodels" in 1997, before he would eventually turn on Martel, turning Martel into a babyface for the first time since Martel walked out on his former teammate Tito Santana at WrestleMania V. Callis later reaffirmed that he and Martel were set to debut as a team during an interview with WWE.com in 2015.

On September 20, 1997, Callis debuted in the WWF as "The Jackyl", a member (and eventually leader) of a group of wrestlers known as "The Truth Commission" (a take on the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission) replacing the Commandant for refusing to take bumps. An article in WWF Magazine claimed that he was a lower-level WWF employee during the early 1990s, and that he developed a messianic complex when he led a group of WWF wrestlers out of Kuwait when they were stranded there during the Gulf War. In an effort to play up The Jackyl's gimmick as a charismatic, power-hungry fanatic, commentator Jim Ross often referred to him as the "David Koresh of the World Wrestling Federation". The Jackyl, though mainly a manager, would sometimes compete in singles matches mainly on Shotgun Saturday Night and at house shows. Notably, The Jackyl fought in his hometown, Winnipeg, as "The General", against Jim Neidhart in a losing effort. Jackyl would frequently participate in tag team matches with The Interrogator (later known as Kurrgan). The Truth Commission stable was not particularly successful, with their biggest achievement being a victory over the Disciples of Apocalypse at Survivor Series 1997. At WrestleMania XIV, The Jackyl ordered Kurrgan to eliminate stablemates Recon and Sniper from the Tag Team Battle Royal, effectively disbanding the stable.

The Oddities and The Acolytes (1998)

Callis returned to television in 1998, forming a stable known as "The Parade of Human Oddities" (later known as simply "The Oddities"). The group consisted of "freakish" wrestlers, including Golga (a masked Earthquake) and Kurrgan, among others. The group had entrance music performed by the Insane Clown Posse. The stable did not last long, and Callis eventually started managing the new tag team of Faarooq and Bradshaw, "The Acolytes", until he was released by the WWF.  Callis claims he was released by Bruce Prichard for "getting himself over at the expense of the talent". Shortly after being released, Callis began writing weekly wrestling columns for the Sun Media Group and co-hosted a local Winnipeg radio show called "No Holds Barred" with Joe Aiello on CITI-FM.

Extreme Championship Wrestling (1999–2001)

In mid-1999, Callis debuted in Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) as "Cyrus the Virus" (a name lifted from the 1997 movie Con Air), a commentator with a gimmick similar to that of his WWF persona. He would broadcast exclusively on pay-per-view along with Joey Styles. As the real-life issues between ECW and their network TNN heightened, Callis was then presented as working for the network, under the shortened moniker of "Cyrus". His character represented many of the real problems between ECW and TNN at that point, as he constantly criticized the violent nature of ECW programming. He would also display affection for RollerJam and Rockin' Bowl, two programs on the network that ECW fans alike despised, due to the network giving them preferential treatment despite poor ratings in comparison with ECW. He singled out Joel Gertner for disciplinary measures, among other things due to Gertner "getting himself over at the expense of the talent", which was the reason given to Callis by Bruce Prichard for his WWF release.

Cyrus then displayed authority in ECW due to his executive position with the network, working as a heel to crusade against ECW fan favorites (in kayfabe), but to also appease the network by preventing the lewd content (as a shoot). Cyrus then teamed with the anti-hardcore Steve Corino, and eventually formed a stable with Corino, his manager Jack Victory, and their hired guns Yoshihiro Tajiri and Rhino. They were collectively known as The Network. He engaged in a long-term feud with commentator Joel Gertner, which culminated in a match on October 1, 2000, at Anarchy Rulz 2000, in which Gertner was triumphant.

Following this, Cyrus (kayfabe) canceled ECW on TNN (as the show was soon to be canceled legitimately, in favor of WWF Raw). Cyrus would then go on to aid Rhino in winning his first ECW World Heavyweight Championship at the final pay-per-view, Guilty as Charged 2001. ECW would declare bankruptcy soon after.

Independent circuit (2001–2003, 2018)
With ECW out of business and WCW, which had expressed interest in signing Callis, purchased by the WWF, Callis returned to university, eventually earning a Master of Business Administration (MBA).

Following ECW's closing, Callis wrestled on the independent circuit, primarily appearing for Canadian promotions such as the Prairie Wrestling Association, Pro Outlaw Wrestling, and Top Rope Championship Wrestling. From 2001 to 2002, he appeared with Border City Wrestling, holding the BCW Can-Am Tag Team Championship with Terry Taylor. Callis also briefly operated the No Holds Barred Wrestling Camp, a Winnipeg-based wrestling training camp.

On July 13, 2018, it was announced Callis would serve as part of the broadcast team for the September 1 All In event, alongside Ian Riccaboni, Sean Mooney, Excalibur, Alicia Atout, Justin Roberts, and Bobby Cruise.

Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2003–2004)
In 2003, Callis debuted in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) as a "Management Consultant". During this time, he claimed credit for the creation of the Ultimate X match, which he said he devised to settle a dispute over who the rightful X Division champion was.

In storyline, Callis engaged in a power struggle with then Director of Authority Erik Watts and used his power to make life difficult for Jerry Lynn, repeatedly fining and suspending him. On January 28, 2004, Callis succeeded in ousting Watts from TNA when he defeated him in a match for control of the promotion, though he quietly departed TNA soon afterward.

Retirement (2004–2017)
Callis departed from TNA on good terms in 2004, having been offered a job in International trade that made use of his MBA. While having generally retired from professional wrestling, Callis made an appearance at the ECW reunion show Hardcore Homecoming on June 10, 2005.

Following his departure from TNA, Callis began writing weekly wrestling columns for the Sun Media Group and co-hosted a local Winnipeg radio show called No Holds Barred with Joe Aiello on 92 CITI FM. On October 18, 2016, Callis debuted a new podcast with longtime friend Lance Storm called Killing the Town with Storm and Cyrus.

New Japan Pro-Wrestling (2017–2019)
On January 17, 2017, Callis announced that he had accepted an offer to become the new English color commentator for New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) events on the NJPW World streaming service, working alongside Kevin Kelly. Callis replaced Steve Corino who had signed with WWE. At the December 11 World Tag League 2017 Final, Callis was attacked by Chris Jericho in an angle that promoted Jericho's match with Kenny Omega at Wrestle Kingdom 12 – a match Callis helped NJPW to book.

Callis stopped commentating for NJPW after Dominion 2019.

Return to Impact (2017–2021)
On December 5, 2017, Impact Wrestling announced Callis as the promotion's new co-executive vice president, alongside Scott D'Amore.

On April 22, 2018, Callis served as the color commentator for the Redemption pay-per-view event as well as on the following episode of Impact!. During the Summer and Fall of 2018, Callis began appearing regularly alongside Josh Matthews on commentary for Impact events, eventually becoming the permanent color commentator for the promotion. Callis was later replaced on commentary by Madison Rayne, though he would remain Impact's co-executive vice president.

In May 2021, it was reported that Callis' time as Impact executive vice president has ended, though he would remain as an on-air talent. On the June 17 episode of Impact!, Callis role as executive vice president was terminated by Tommy Dreamer.

All Elite Wrestling (2020–present)

Managing Kenny Omega (2020–2023)
Callis made his All Elite Wrestling (AEW) debut as a special guest commentator, at the request of Kenny Omega, during the World Title Eliminator Tournament Final between Omega and "Hangman" Adam Page at Full Gear.

On December 2, 2020, at Winter Is Coming, Callis was a special guest commentator for the AEW World Championship match between the champion Jon Moxley and the challenger Omega. During the match, Callis helped Omega win the title. When asked about his interference, he assured everyone that their questions would get answered on the December 8 episode of Impact!. On December 9, Callis returned to Dynamite, arriving by helicopter with Omega. Callis then revealed he had been planning Omega's championship victory since both men first met in their native country of Canada decades ago.

On the 29 March 2023 edition of Dynamite, Callis was featured in a backstage interview alongside Kenny Omega and the Young Bucks which was interrupted by an attack from the Blackpool Combat Club. During the segment Jon Moxley struck Callis, who fell into a lighting rig and Callis' head caught the edge of the Barn Door portion of the rig. This legitimately caused a large wound on Callis' head which later left him with a prominent scar.

Don Callis Family (2023–present)
On the May 10, 2023 episode of Dynamite, during a steel cage match between Kenny Omega and Jon Moxley, Callis turned on Omega, stabbing him with a screwdriver which allowed Moxley to get the win. At Double or Nothing, Callis allied himself with Konosuke Takeshita, after he delivered a jumping knee strike to Omega.

During a post-show press conference at Triplemanía XXXI Tijuana, Callis was legitimately assaulted by a man who mistook the proceedings as real. Callis was there as a continued part of the storyline in which he had turned on Kenny Omega in favour of Takeshita. The man attacked Callis from behind, punching him in the mouth and concussing his eardrum. Callis suffered further injuries to his neck and ankle and immediately went to San Diego to seek medical attention.

At Grand Slam, Callis recruited Sammy Guevara to his family, after he turned on Chris Jericho. In October 2023, Powerhouse Hobbs joined the Don Callis Family.

Championships and accomplishments
Amateur Wrestling Association
AWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with El Diablero
Border City Wrestling
BCW Can-Am Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Terry Taylor
Lutte Lanaudière
Lutte Lanaudière Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with El Diablero
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Ranked No. 345 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500'' in 2002
West Four Wrestling Alliance/International Wrestling Alliance
IWA Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
WFWA Canadian Heavyweight Championship (5 times)

References

External links

1963 births
All Elite Wrestling personnel
Canadian colour commentators
Canadian expatriate professional wrestlers in the United States
Canadian male professional wrestlers
Canadian podcasters
Fictional cult leaders
Faux South African professional wrestlers
Impact Wrestling executives
Living people
Professional wrestlers from Manitoba
Professional wrestling announcers
Professional wrestling managers and valets
Professional wrestling podcasters
Sportspeople from Winnipeg
University of Manitoba alumni

Don Callis


Barry Dee Ivey (born November 1979) is a businessman from Baton Rouge, Louisiana, who is a Republican member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from District 65.

Background

Ivey graduated from Central High School in his native Central in East Baton Rouge Parish and received a Bachelor of Science degree in finance from Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge. He is the president of Pinnacle Precision Services LLC, which supplies piping/mechanical services mostly to the nuclear power industry. He is a member of the board of directors of the Louisiana Republican State Central Committee. A non-denominational Christian, he is a member of First New Testament Church. He and his wife, Julie Marie Ivey, whom he married , have four children.

Legislative career

Ivey was elected to the Louisiana House of Representatives in a special election held on March 2, 2013. A newcomer to politics, Ivey defeated fellow Republican Scott Wilson, a member of the Baton Rouge Metro Council, to fill the seat vacated by Clif Richardson, a Republican legislator from Greenwell Springs, who stepped down in November 2012 because of cancer.

Former State Representative Woody Jenkins, now chairman of the East Baton Rouge Parish Republican Executive Committee, said that the panel endorsed Ivey because he is "strongly pro-life and is a staunch defender of Second Amendment rights. ... His priority is to cut the state budget to eliminate waste, fraud and low priority programs." Ivey described himself as an "ordinary citizen who is very concerned about the direction of our government and the erosion of our freedom.  I will oppose the growth of government ... and protect the freedoms of the people of District 65 from slowly eroding." In the campaign, Ivey said that he has "the temperament and experience to work with other legislators to deliver concrete results for our district."

Opponent Scott Wilson said that he and Ivey are "very similar in nature ... as far as being conservative, but I just think I have more experience." Wilson was reelected in 2012 without opposition to his second four-year term on the Metro Council.

Ivey spent $50,000 of his own money in the race; Wilson received more than $30,000 in donations from 43 contributors. The candidates spent mostly on signs, mailers, and telephone systems to reach voters. Ivey polled 2,202 votes (53 percent) to Wilson's 1,954 (47 percent).

Representative Ivey serves on these House committees:  (1) Education, (2) Retirement, and (3) Transportation, Highways, and Public Works. He opposes abortion in all circumstances except to save the life of the woman giving birth in a medical emergency, but Wilson supports exceptions in the cases of impregnation from rape and incest. Ivey noted his friendship with the strongly anti-abortion Representative Valarie Hodges, a Republican from Denham Springs in neighboring District 64; the two were once on a church mission trip together.

In the 2013 legislative session, Ivey citing an excessive tax burden that discourages business growth in Louisiana, proposed a measure to phase out the state income tax over a ten-year period, with another bill to end the tax over five years, with special provisions for residents aged sixty-five and older. However, Representative Joel Robideaux of Lafayette, the chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, said that such phase-out proposals are not "a prudent thing to do. The budget is not stable enough to just take money out of it."

Though a freshman legislator, Ivey authored the new law signed by Governor Bobby Jindal which allows for a lifetime permit for individuals to carry concealed weapons. The legislation still requires holders of such permits to undergo safety retraining at least every five years.  The permit is available only to Louisiana residents; those who move out-of-state would forfeit the lifetime permit.

Only five months into his first term in the state House, Ivey was listed by political analyst John Maginnis as a potential candidate in 2014 for Louisiana's 6th congressional district. This office was being vacated by Republican Bill Cassidy, who instead successfully challenged U.S. Senator Mary Landrieu, a candidate for a fourth term. However, he ultimately did not run.

, Ivey also holds the District 6E seat on the Louisiana Republican State Central Committee.

References

1979 births
Living people
Republican Party members of the Louisiana House of Representatives
Politicians from Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Businesspeople from Louisiana
Louisiana State University alumni
21st-century American politicians
People from Central, Louisiana

Barry Ivey


Torna Ó Maolconaire was  Ollamh Síol Muireadaigh from 1447-1468.

The Annals of Connacht, sub anno 1468, say of him:

Torna O Mailchonaire, ollav of Sil Murray in History and Poetry, died after a victory of repentance in his own house at Lis Ferbain after St. Patrick's day; he was buried under the protection of Patrick and St. Francis at Elphin and Urard O Mailchonaire succeeded to the ollavship.

External links
 http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100011/index.html

Sources
 Annals of Connacht, A. Martin Freeman, Dublin, 1946.
 Annals of Ireland from the year 1443 to 1468 ... translated by ... Dudley mac Firbisse, ed. John O'Donovan, in The Miscellany of the Irish Archaeological Society, vol. i, pp. 198–302, Dublin, 1846.

1468 deaths
15th-century Irish historians
People from County Roscommon
15th-century Irish poets
Year of birth unknown
Irish male poets

Torna Ó Maolconaire