Velo de novia (English: The Bride's Veil) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Juan Osorio for Televisa in 2003. It aired on Canal de las Estrellas from June 30, 2003 to January 2, 2004. The telenovela stars Susana González, Eduardo Santamarina, Héctor Suárez, Cynthia Klitbo, Blanca Guerra and Carmen Salinas.

The 1st part is based on 1969 Brazilian telenovela Véu de Noiva and its an adaptation of the 1971 mexican telenovela of the same name . The 2nd part is based on 1989 Venezuelan telenovela Rubí rebelde and 1991 Mexican telenovela Yo no creo en los hombres.

Plot
Andrea (Susana González) is a young and beautiful woman, with a strong will to live even though her life expectancy is short; she suffers from a potentially fatal heart condition.

She works as a seamstress at a clothing factory. One day she is assigned to make a bridal veil for Raquela Villaseñor del Moral (Cynthia Klitbo), the factory owner's daughter, who is engaged to José Manuel del Álamo Sánchez (Eduardo Santamarina), a famous cyclist.

Fate will make this veil, created with much love and dedication, to eventually belong to Andrea. José Manuel realizes too late that whom he truly loves is Ángeles (Marlene Favela), Raquela's sister. Ángeles loves him too, but she is very aware that their love is impossible.

Ángeles suffers a fatal accident at the same time that Andrea has a heart attack. Ángeles is an organ donor, and Andrea's life is saved when she becomes the recipient of Ángeles' heart. After losing his true love, José Manuel's personality changes drastically; he is no longer the happy and cheerful young man that he used to be.

Yet he gets another chance at love when he meets Andrea, who has always admired him as an internationally renowned champion athlete.  Soon they fall in love. He does not know that she received Ángeles' heart.

Raquela comes to suspect and fear that the ghost of her sister still lives on in Andrea's new heart and that it has returned to steal José Manuel from her again. Meanwhile, Azael Villaseñor (Héctor Suárez), Raquela's father, is pressuring José Manuel to fulfill his promise to marry her.

Andrea is unsure whether José Manuel loves her for who she is or for the heart that once belonged to Ángeles. Despite this and many other obstacles, they decide to get married. At the wedding ceremony, Ricarda (Blanca Guerra), José Manuel's mother, full of hatred for Andrea, pulls out a gun, intending to kill her right at the altar.

She takes aim and shoots, but the bullet meant for Andrea hits José Manuel instead. He dies at the altar, in Andrea's arms. A grieving Andrea, wanting to start anew, moves to Guadalajara joined by her loyal and trusted friend Vida (Niurka Marcos). Unbeknownst to Andrea, Raquela is also living there with an aunt.

One day, Andrea has a mishap on the street, and that is when she meets Jorge Robleto (also played by Eduardo Santamarina). She is shocked by his uncanny resemblance to José Manuel.  Although Andrea no longer believes in love, she begins to fall for Jorge.

She is unaware that Raquela has met him already and plans to win his love at all costs.  This will now bring even more suffering to Andrea.  Still, fate will intervene to ensure that the veil is worn by its deserving owner.

Cast
1st part

Susana González as Andrea Paz González
Eduardo Santamarina as José Manuel del Álamo Sánchez
Cynthia Klitbo as Raquela Villaseñor del Moral
Héctor Suárez as Azael Villaseñor: Raquela, Ángeles and Juan Carlos's father
Marlene Favela as Ángeles Villaseñor del Moral: Raquela and Juan Carlos's sister
Blanca Guerra as Ricarda Sánchez de del Álamo: José Manuel's mother
Julissa as Lía del Moral de Villaseñor: Raquela, Ángeles and Juan Carlos's mother
Paquita la del Barrio as Antonia González "Mamá Grande": Andrea and Anny's grandmother
Raymundo Capetillo as Filemón Paz: Andrea and Anny's father
Carmen Salinas as Malvina González: Andrea and Anny's mother
Jorge Poza as Rafael Sosa/Ernesto Sosa: Twin brothers
Roberto Vander as Germán del Alamo: José Manuel, Federica and Sebastián's father
Toño Mauri as Juan Carlos Villaseñor del Moral: Raquela and Ángeles's brother
Alan as Isaac Carvajal
Yuliana Peniche as Aniceta "Anny" Paz González: Andrea's sister, in love with Rafael
Jessica Segura as Nydia
Elizabeth Álvarez as Dulce María Salazar: Mistress of Azael
Niurka Marcos as Vida: Andrea's friend
Arturo Vázquez as Sebastián Paz/Sebastián del Álamo: Andrea and Anny's stepbrother, Federica and José Manuel's biological brother
Juan Imperio as Dr. Angelo
Alicia Fahr as Eduarda
Moisés Suárez as Demetrio Carillo
Joemy Blanco as Claudia Montenegro
Lorena de la Garza as Cachita Chávez
Mariana Sánchez as Federica del Álamo Sánchez: José Manuel's sister
Juan Carlos Franzoni as Erick
Vannya Valencia as Romina: Vida's sister
Martha Ortiz as Doña Catalina Sosa
Manolo Royo as Armando
Jaime Fernández as Hernán Ocampo
Manoella Torres as La Pecosa
Fernando Robles as Marcelo Mejía
Rubén Olivares as El Púas
Sandra Montoya as Yolanda Montero
Lucero Campos as Carmelita
Lucía Bravo as La Leona
Azalia as Lizárraga Ulloa
Nora Patricia Romero as Ana Luisa Reyes
Eric Aurioles "El Tlacua-H" as Pancho
Emilio Fernández as Memo
Yirelka Yeraldine as Alambrito Almanedá
Uberto Bondoni as Aarón Montenegro
Cynthia Urias as Jovita Luna
Adriana Chapela as Olga
Ricardo Margaleff as Adán
Sergio Argueta as Teo
Angel Enciso as Zury
Elena Silva as Imelda
Enrique Bermúdez as Mauro
Juan Carilles as Javier Ortiz Insunza
Juan M. Espadas as Isauro
Silvio Gomagui as Nicolás Nava
Arturo Guizar as Lic. Yépez
Pablo Cheng as Tequila
Irma Dorantes as Isabel "Chabelita"
Pablo Magallanes as Raúl
Miguel Ángel Loyo as Leonel Carvajal
Pietro Vannucci as Luigi
Manuel Landeta as Román Ruiz
Raúl Padilla "Chóforo" as Jacinto
Raúl Magaña as Lic. Efraín Vega
Carlos Bonavides as himself
Juan Verduzco
Adriana Rojo
Natalia Traven
Libertad
Carlos Probert

2nd part

Susana González as Andrea Paz González
Eduardo Santamarina as Jorge Robleto: José Manuel's lookalike
Cynthia Klitbo as Raquela Villaseñor del Moral: in love with José Manuel
Carmen Salinas as Malvina González: Andrea and Anny's mother
Niurka Marcos as Vida: Andrea's friend
Lilia Aragón as Enriqueta Valverde del Moral: Arturo's mother
Humberto Elizondo as Pedro Robleto: Jorge and Alexis's father
Imanol Landeta as Alexis Robleto: Jorge's brother
Irma Dorantes as Isabel "Chabelita"
Silvia Mariscal as Leticia de Robleto: Jorge and Alexis's mother
Mónica Dossetti as Francisca "Paca" Rivero
Claudia Silva as Virginia Mirabal de del Moral
Miguel Pizarro as Reynaldo Portillo
Aitor Iturrioz as Marcos Ruiz
Bobby Larios as Beto Castell: Vida's husband
Lorena Velázquez as Adela Mirabal: Arturo's wife, Virginia's aunt
Isabel Martínez "La Tarabilla" as Zoila Ramírez/Belén
José Luis Cordero as Gumaro Estrada
Óscar Traven as Lic. Álvaro Julio Castillo
Amparo Garrido as Cándida
Julio Preciado as Father Julio Monterde
Luis Madaría as Arturo del Moral Valverde: Raquela's cousin
Lorena Enríquez as Inés González
Jessica Segura as Nydia
Emilio Fernández as Guillermo "Memo"
Roberto Marín as Hugo
María Clara Zurita as Úrsula
Teo Tapia as Lucio González
Claudia Ortega as Sandra
Vanessa Arias as Neddy
Latin Lover as Latin
Gabriel de Cervantes as Dr. Quintanilla
Estrella Lugo as Gloria
Eduardo Antonio as Dr. Eduardo Bárcenas
Archie Lafranco as Carlos Alfredo Escobar
Flor Procuna as Josefa "Fefa"
Kelchie Arizmendi as Patricia
Ángeles Alonso as Teresa
Rebeca Manríquez as Lamara
Andrés Puentes Jr. as Sammy
Rebeca Mankita as Yara
Dalilah Polanco as Aracely
Hugo Aceves as Chato
Juan Carlos Bonet as Arsenio López
Raúl Castellanos as Enrique
Queta Lavat as Socorro
Hugo Macías Macotela as Don Filiberto Castell
Rubén Morales as Basilio López
Francisco Avendaño as Lic. Galvis
Naydelin Navarrete as Patricia
Fátima Torre as Flavia Morales
Lucía Pailles
Elena Silva as Imelda Pérez
Ramón Menéndez as Jiménez
Erendira Zumaya as Lalita
Arturo Guizar as Host
Roberto Ruy as Evaristo
Miriam Jasso as Alicia
Shula as Marissa
Albert Chavez as Contreras
Pablo Cheng as Tequila
Ileana Muñiz as Susy
Sergio Jiménez as Juez Estévez
Juan Carlos Novoa as Bigotes
Mauricio Roldan as Braulio Cancino
Carlos Balart as Tony
Tomas García as Jaro
Carlos Bonavides as himself
José Miguel Checa as Dr. Molina

Soundtrack

References

External links

 at esmas.com

2003 telenovelas
2003 Mexican television series debuts
2004 Mexican television series endings
Television shows set in Veracruz
Televisa telenovelas
Mexican television series based on Brazilian television series
Spanish-language telenovelas

Velo de novia


In political science and sociology, a cleavage is a historically determined social or cultural line which divides citizens within a society into groups with differing political interests, resulting in political conflict among these groups. Social or cultural cleavages thus become political cleavages once they get politicized as such. Cleavage theory accordingly argues that political cleavages predominantly determine a country's party system as well as the individual voting behavior of citizens, dividing them into voting blocs. It is distinct from other common political theories on voting behavior in the sense that it focuses on aggregate and structural patterns instead of individual voting behaviors.

Classical cleavage theories have generally been focused on the persistence of dominant conflicts within national political systems over the course of history. Political sociologists Seymour Martin Lipset and Stein Rokkan (1967) for example used the term in their often cited essay on cleavage structures in West European politics. In their essay, the authors argue how the European party systems at their time of writing were still largely based on the social and cultural cleavages that characterized European societies a century earlier. They therefore argue that these 'frozen party systems' can be seen as political expressions of historically determined societal divisions.

Although some authors have claimed that the cleavages in Lipset and Rokkan's theory are still dominant for contemporary voting behaviors in Western Europe, others have argued that these traditional cleavages have become less important and new conflict lines have emerged. Conflicts that have emerged around several new political cleavages are for example cultural, such as conflicts over integration and multiculturalism, or environmental, such as ongoing politics over climate change.

Frozen party systems
The cleavages in Lipset and Rokkan's classical theory have its origins in two developments in 19th century Western Europe. On the one hand European societies at the time saw a period of so-called national revolutions. These events were revolutionary as the centralized state came to take over political roles that had formerly been assigned to decentralized and/or religious communities. According to Lipset and Rokkan, these historical national revolutions gave rise to the following two societal and political cleavages:
  between elites in the central administrative areas and those in more outlying areas. This usually expresses itself in terms of regional nationalism.  For example, in Spain many regions have regionalist or separatist parties. This division is, according to Lipset and Rokkan, caused by the creation of modern nation-states, where some states were better than others at assimilating other cultures into the majority nation.
  between religious and secular voters. In the Netherlands until the 1970s there were five major parties: the Catholic People's Party (KVP), the Protestant Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) and Christian Historical Union (CHU), the social democratic Labour Party (PvdA), and the liberal People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD), the last two being secular.

On the other hand, the authors claim that the Industrial Revolution also generated two persistent cleavages:

 a class cleavage, causing the formation of parties of the left and parties of the right. This cleavage was particularly present in Western countries. It concerned mostly economical conflicts, such as the choice between Keynesian economics and Liberal economics. Sometimes it is argued that this cleavage represents a conflict between the rich and poor. Various parties have claimed to represent either interest, though this may or may not be genuine. Socialist parties such as the British Labour Party, Argentinian Socialist Party and the Swedish Democratic Workers' Party represent the left while the British Conservative Party and the Republican Party in the United States represent the right.
 Conflict between industrial and agricultural sectors on trade policies such as continued state exercise of control over tariffs, against freedom of control for industrial enterprise. This creates agrarian and peasant parties such as the Australian County Party, Finnish Centre Party and Polish Peasants People's Party.

Lipset and Rokkan claim that the political parties that emerged in Western Europe during the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century were formed on the base of these structural cleavages in societies. At the time of writing their essay (1967), they moreover observed that these party systems had for the biggest part not changed. Parties then still seemed to be based on the aforementioned four cleavages, making many European party systems seem 'frozen'. The main explanation they give for this is that with the development of labor parties as well as the introduction of universal suffrage at the beginning of the 20th century all groups of civil society were in a way represented in the political arenas of these states. According to Paul Pierson, the account by Lipset and Rokkan typifies path dependence, as cleavages at particular critical junctures led to stable party systems. Barbara Geddes extended Lipset and Rokkan's argument to Latin American states, finding that Lipset and Rokkan's argument did not successfully explain the party systems there even though the cases were consistent with the initial conditions outlined by Lipset and Rokkan in their study of mostly European party stems.

There have been noteworthy exceptions to Lipset and Rokkan's theory of Western European party systems, however. As the authors claim, the fascist or national-socialist authoritarian politics of for example Spain, Italy and Germany were not based on these historical cleavages. Thus, not all Western European states had had 'frozen party systems' for the period concerned.

New cleavages
From the 1960s onwards the party systems discussed in Lipset and Rokkan's theory partially 'unfroze' as the traditional cleavages seemed to become less deterministic for voting behaviors than before. In political science, this is termed dealignment. The arguments for the causes of de-alignment are varied. One argument is that the importance of the religious cleavage, for example, has significantly declined because of widespread secularization. A second theory is one linked to class affiliations. Historically, those who identify as working class would tend to vote for left or left leaning parties, while those in a stronger economic position would vote for parties on the right of the political spectrum. Ronald Inglehart argues that the rise of affluence, particularly in the middle classes, has led to voting behaviour and party affiliations no longer being primarily based on class. While this brings into question the continued existence of the Left-Right cleavage, it also leaves room for voters to based their vote on factors other than class, such a concerns regarding the environment or immigration.

A third explanation for dealignment of cleavages is a top-down approach. Rather than voters being the cause of the breaking down of the Left-Right divide, it is actually caused by political parties themselves. In an attempt to appeal to a wider variety of voters it has been argued that parties on both sides of the political spectrum have consciously moved their policy further toward the centre ground, ensuring the support of a wider variety of voters that transcends class divisions. As a result of this, some authors argue that from this period onwards cleavages have therefore lost their overall importance for political outcomes.

Other scholars, however, have argued that new cleavages have replaced the traditional ones and have become determinants for political outcomes (realignment), emphasizing the persisting value of cleavage theory for political science and sociology. As argued by several scholars, the following new political cleavages have seemed to gain importance in the late 20th and early 21st century:

Winners versus losers of globalization: a cleavage introduced by political sociologist Hanspeter Kriesi. This cleavage has emerged because globalization supposedly affects citizens within Western European states differently. Due to the increased global circulation of goods and services, migration rates have increased and low-income jobs have partially been relocated to low-income settings. Accordingly, globalization creates a distinction between those in the post-industrial sectors that profit from a globalized economy and the opening of labor markets (the 'winners') versus those in sectors negatively affected by cheap labor influxes (the 'losers'). This new cleavage differs from the traditional class cleavage in the sense that it is not about a division between who owns the means of production (capitalist) versus who does not (laborer). Rather, it is a cleavage between who is part of the sector that profits from globalization and open borders versus who is excluded from these sectors. Kriesi et al. (2008) therefore argue that this cleavage has largely become politicized over conflicts such as integration, Europeanization, open border policies and multiculturalism. For the 'losers' this new cleavage may for instance translate itself into welfare chauvinism, which could reinforce support for populist protest parties that favor trade barriers to protect local manufacturing and 'locals first' policies in the labor market. This ideology is represented by political parties such as the UK Independence Party, National Rally in France and Danish People's Party.
Materialism versus post-materialism: this cleavage stems from post-materialist theory by political scientist Ronald Inglehart. In his theory, Inglehart hypothesizes that a political cleavage emerges between generations over policy priorities due to different sets of values. On the one hand Inglehart claims that mostly younger generations, such as the 'generation X', have developed post-materialist values such as belonging, self-expression and the overall quality of life. These values can for example be translated politically in policies for fair trade, peace, environmental protection and solidarity for low-income countries, resulting in potential support for political parties such as Die Grünen (Alliance 90/The Greens) in Germany, Pirate Party UK and Women's Equality Party in the UK. Such post-materialism ideology contradicts the materialist values of physical sustenance and safety, which is supposedly held by older generations. These values could be translated into policies in favor of national security, protection of private property, tradition and authority within the family and the state.

In some 21st century Western European countries like Austria, Denmark, Norway and Switzerland, a new cultural divide is suggested to have arisen, challenging the old primary political cleavage over economic conflicts. This transformation has occurred since the late 1960s, with the New Left that arose in this period espousing libertarian and universalistic values, and a populist right reaction arising from the 1980s espousing traditionalist and communitarian ones. This is known as Populism and many examples from the 2020s can be highlighted: the election of several populist presidents and parties (Erdogan in Turkey, Trump in the US, The Five Stars Movement in Italy), the vote of citizens (the 2016-UK-referendum leading to the Brexit). This can be explained by the rise of the influence of values upon voting behavior. Citizens do not only take into account economics parameters, but also cultural ones. This new trend, the Authoritarian populist-Libertarian pluralist cleavage, is, slowly, replacing the former Western-countries political cleavage which is the Left-Right fight. The term for this new cleavage was coined by Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart. It has been argued that the pattern that can be seen emerging in terms of election outcomes in America and across Europe is as a result of this new cleavage.

 Authoritarian Populists: Those who align with this cleavage share are usually socially conservative and working class, leading them to lean towards voting for right wing parties. Authoritarian populists share a view of elites as untrustworthy and hold their leadership in very high regard. In terms of political values, this cleavage puts emphasis on conformity, nationalism and security.
 Liberal Pluralists: Liberal pluralists also tend to be working class but hold core liberal values. In contrast to the authoritarian populists, liberal pluralists are usually in favour of immigration and diversity and hold experts in high esteem. In a British context, a liberal pluralist would be pro-membership of the European Union. Supporting marginalised groups and minority rights are of high importance.

In terms of electoral outcomes and emerging patters in voting behaviour, Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart argue that both the rise of populism, and this new cleavage can be used to explain why the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union in 2016, and President Donald Trump's successful bid for the American presidency the same year.

According to Robert Ford and Will Jennings, new cleavages are forming in Western democracies around education, age, geography, and attitudes to immigration. These cleavages were made politically salient due to increased ethnic diversity and certain structural economic changes for advanced economies in the last decades. However, Raul Gomez argues that, while structural changes can increase the salience of cultural issues, their actual political consequences will depend on how individual political parties respond to them.

See also
Class conflict
Cross-cutting cleavage
Psephology
Urban–rural political divide
Wedge issue
Political party

Further reading

 Ford, Robert, and Will Jennings. 2020. "The Changing Cleavage Politics of Western Europe." Annual Review of Political Science 23(1).
 Norris, Pippa; Inglehart, Ronald. (2019) Cultural Backlash: Trump, Brexit and Authoritarian Populism

References

Elections
Psephology
Voting
Political terminology
Demographics
Identity politics

Cleavage (politics)


The Variscan orogeny (Hercynian orogeny) is an ancient mountain-building event in the late Palaeozoic era. It was caused by a continental collision between Euramerica (Laurussia) and Gondwana to form the supercontinent of Pangaea.

It explains many older features of the present-day world. The Appalachians in North America and the Massif Central in France are two examples. Other examples are the Pyrenees, Sardinia, the Rhine Massif, the Anti-Atlas in Morocco. To the east, the Variscan caused the Urals, the Pamir, the Tian Shan mountains.

This geologic mountain-building event took place mostly in the Devonian and Carboniferous periods. By then Pangaea was more or less complete. In the Triassic period of the Mesozoic, there was land between Siberia over the North Pole to Antarctica over the South Pole. Later in the Mesozoic, the opening of the Atlantic split Pangea. The various parts of the huge mountain belts ended up widely apart on the modern globe.

Higher mountain chains on present-day Earth are the product of a later episode of mountain-building known as the Alpine orogeny.

References

Orogenies
Palaeozoic

Variscan orogeny


Six Pack is a 1982 American comedy-drama film directed by Daniel Petrie and starring Kenny Rogers, Diane Lane, Erin Gray, Anthony Michael Hall and Barry Corbin.

Plot
When race car driver Brewster Baker stops at a gas station in a small Texas town, parts are stolen from his race car. While at a local diner, he sees people stealing parts from another car, so he gives chase.

When the thieves' van goes into a river, Brewster rescues them and discovers that they are orphaned children. The kids were stealing for "Big John" the corrupt county sheriff, who jails Brewster for breaking and entering, larceny, resisting arrest and speeding.

After the kids help break Brewster out of jail, Brewster reluctantly takes the children with him. They prevent the sheriff from giving chase by loosening many bolts on the car, like those on the doors and hood and the lug nuts.

Arriving in Shreveport, LA, while Brewster is in a bar reacquainting himself with Lilah, the kids steal parts off other cars to reequip his car. He is able to come in fourth in the Dixie 100, but uses most of his winnings paying back the drivers whose car parts the kids took.

At the next track in Mississippi, Breezy distracts Terk while her brothers tinker with his car.
A few races later, he tries to get revenge on Brewster and the kids by calling the law on them. As they have formed a friendship and bonded, Brewster breaks them out by impersonating the law.

Finally sponsored by Ford, Brewster gets a new car for the Atlanta 500. Lilah surprises him there. Terk and some men jump him, dumping him in the woods. He comes to, hitches a ride, and makes it to the track in time to race. In contention for the win against Terk, he swerves off the track, cutting off the Texas sheriff as he tries to take the kids away.

Brewster and Lilah marry, adopting the kids.

The end of the movie features real race footage from the 1982 NASCAR Coca-Cola 500, held at Atlanta Motor Speedway and won that year by Darrell Waltrip.

Cast

Music
The theme song to the film is "Love Will Turn You Around", a song performed and co-written by Rogers that was a #1 country and adult contemporary hit. It peaked at #13 on the pop chart. Miles Goodman served as an orchestrator for the film's score.

Box office
The film had a limited release on July 16, 1982, and went wide on July 23, 1982. It proved to be a moderate hit at the box office and grossed over $20 million during its theatrical run.

Reception
Janet Maslin of The New York Times in her review, called Six Pack "good-natured but none-too-interesting" as a typical fable where "orphans find a father, a lonely man finds a good woman, an unsuccessful racer makes good on the comeback trail, and everybody lives unreasonably happily ever after."

Filming locations

Parts of the movie were filmed in Jefferson, Georgia, at Jefco Speedway also known as Georgia International Speedway and Peach State Speedway now known as Gresham Motorsports Park. Some local Jefferson
teens were used as extras in the film. Notable NASCAR racing legends raced at the track such as Bobby Isaac, '(Tiger Tom)' Tom Pistone, Jody Ridley, LeeRoy Yarbrough, Wendell Scott, Mark Martin, Freddy Fryar, Darrell Waltrip, Alan Kulwicki, Larry Pearson and Rusty Wallace. 'Alabama Gang' racing legends Neil Bonnett, Bobby Allison, Donnie Allison and Davey Allison.

The film crew worked from the Holiday Inn Powers Ferry in Atlanta, Georgia. At least one scene was filmed in a guest room there. Another scene was filmed at a pub located in a strip mall up the hill from the Holiday Inn.

The jail and sheriff car sabotage scenes were filmed in downtown Buford, Georgia.

The scene with the van going in the river was filmed in Suwanee, Georgia, at Settles Bridge at the Chattahoochee River.

The movie also features the bas-relief Confederate memorial sculpture at Stone Mountain in one scene.

The car chase scene was shot on Poplar Springs Road in Powder Springs, Georgia.

The wedding scene was shot at McEachearn United Methodist Church in Powder Springs.

Television show
In 1983, there was a spin-off television series pilot of the same name which featured Don Johnson as Brewster Baker and Markie Post as Sally Leadbetter. This show also featured Joaquin Phoenix (billed as Leaf Phoenix) in his second role.

Home media
The film was released on VHS on May 19, 1993. It has been released twice on DVD, the first time on April 4, 2006, followed by a second release on July 3, 2012.

, the feature has not been released in the digital format.

In popular culture
Six Pack is mentioned prominently in "Breakfast in Dubbo", the ninth chapter of New Zealand-Australian comedian Tony Martin's collection of autobiographical essays, Lolly Scramble: A Memoir of Little Consequence (2005). In "Breakfast in Dubbo," Martin recounts a lengthy bus trip in New South Wales that took place in 1986, during which the passengers were given the opportunity to vote for a movie to watch on video. Passengers were invited to vote for either Excalibur, Beverly Hills Cop, This is Spinal Tap, or Six Pack. Despite Martin's attempts to drum up support for This is Spinal Tap, the majority of passengers voted to watch Six Pack, to Martin's dismay. Martin recorded a spoken-word version of "Breakfast in Dubbo" which appears as track 27 on the CD Get This: Illegal Download (2006).

Six Pack is mentioned in the TV show Squidbillies Season 2 Episode 11 "Terminus Trouble". In the episode, Early Cuyler, his son Rusty, and the Sheriff make a trip to Atlanta, Georgia and visit a location used in the film.

In 2019, Jonathan Davenport ran a Brewster Baker-inspired paint scheme in dirt late model's biggest race, the World 100 at Eldora Speedway, and won the race. The following year, NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series driver Ty Majeski's truck was wrapped in the style of Brewster's car for the Southern 500 throwback weekend at Darlington Raceway.

The movie was featured on the full Kenny Rogers tribute episode of the Disasters In The Making podcast in April 2020.

References

External links

1982 films
1980s sports comedy-drama films
American sports comedy-drama films
American auto racing films
Country music films
Films directed by Daniel Petrie
Films scored by Charles Fox
Films set in Texas
Films set in Atlanta
20th Century Fox films
1982 comedy films
1982 drama films
1980s English-language films
1980s American films

Six Pack (film)


WLID (1370 AM) is a radio station licensed to Patchogue, New York.  Established in 1952 as WALK, the station broadcasts a Spanish language Christian radio format.

WLID broadcasts at 500 watts by day. Because radio waves travel farther at night, the station reduces power to 102 watts at sunset to protect other stations on 1370 AM. WLID's transmitter is located at the former WALK studios on Colonial Drive in East Patchogue, New York.

History
The station, initially owned by the Suffolk Broadcasting Corporation, went on the air April 20, 1952 as WALK from studios on Colonial Drive in East Patchogue, New York. The station's studios would remain there for more than 62 years.

In its early years, WALK played nothing but classical, big-band, and jazz. It was purchased in 1963 by the Island Broadcasting System along with its sister stations, WALK-FM Patchogue, New York and WRIV Riverhead, New York. Island Broadcasting was owned in part by NBC News anchorman Chet Huntley. WALK was one of the first stations on Long Island to run a full schedule of Christmas music during the holiday season. The holiday format began in 1995. In later years, it was run on both WALK and WALK-FM.

On May 15, 2014, Qantum Communications announced that it would acquire WALK and WALK-FM from the Aloha Station Trust in exchange for transferring its existing 29 stations to the WALK stations' former owner, Clear Channel Communications. Qantum then immediately resold the WALK stations to Connoisseur Media. On September 12, 2014, WALK flipped to a simulcast of WHLI's adult standards format.

On October 30, 2019, it was announced that Connoisseur Media would be donating WALK's license to Cantico Nuevo Ministry, the owner of WNYG Patchogue, New York, and WLIM Medford, New York. As part of the deal, Iglesias de Evangelizacion Misionera Jovenus Cristianos de EU Inc. purchased WALK's transmitter site and former studios for $500,000. The deal was consummated on December 31, 2019. As Connoisseur retained the rights to the "WALK" call sign for WALK-FM, 1370's call letters were changed to WLID.

References

External links

Mass media in Suffolk County, New York
Radio stations established in 1952
1952 establishments in New York (state)
LID
Patchogue, New York

WLID


Parodius! From Myth to Laughter, released in Japan as  and outside Japan as Parodius (from "Parody Gradius"), is a shoot 'em up arcade video game and the second title in the Parodius series produced by Konami. The European SNES, Sega Saturn and PlayStation versions are also known as Parodius: Non-Sense Fantasy. The gameplay is stylistically very similar to the Gradius series, but the graphics and music are intentionally absurd.

As a result of its localised title, From Myth to Laughter is often mistaken as the original game of the series. The lesser known original game, Parodius: The Octopus Saves the Earth, was released for the MSX computer in Japan.

Story

Gameplay

As stated above, gameplay is very similar to the Gradius series with a few differences. Parodius retains the selectability of different weapons configurations but implements it via four different characters: Vic Viper (from Gradius), Octopus, TwinBee, and Pentarou.  The second main difference is the addition of bell power-ups, from the TwinBee series.  These bells act as one-time power-ups, allowing the player to destroy every enemy on screen, fire huge beams of energy, etc. Enemies and environments from the Gradius games and TwinBee are mixed in along with a host of anime-style opponents, including scantily-clad women. All of the Gradius elements are integrated in a light-hearted fashion. The Big Core, a regular boss within the Gradius series, is given a neon look and is called "Viva Core". Moreover, there is a moai (Easter Island head statues) level, but all of the statues are given a much more animated look. The boss of that level, Yoshiko, fires other moai at the player by spitting them out of her mouth. The final boss, in typical Gradius fashion, is an unarmed enemy that once defeated results in a destruction/escape sequence.

Characters and weapons
Vic Viper – Traditional Gradius configuration
The missile will fall to the ground, and then move along until it encounters an enemy. The Double mode will fire two blasts, one forward, and one at an incline forty-five degrees above. The Laser mode is a thin blue laser, identical to the one in Gradius.

Octopus – Salamander configuration
This configuration is identical to the weapons presented in the Salamander arcade game. The missile is '2-way' that yields two bomb-like explosives that fall both up and down. The Double is the tail gun present in the second configuration, and the laser is the ripple laser, which fires expanding concentric circles at the front of the craft/person.

TwinBee (Colored as Winbee) – TwinBee configuration
This set is the weapons from the vertically scrolling TwinBee, applied to horizontal gameplay.  The missile is now the rocket punch, which has a larger impact area than the standard missile. The double is the same tail gun from the Octopus/Salamander configuration. The laser is a 3-way gun which fires shots the same size as the Double and standard weapons.
 Due to the color bug, it could be considered that Winbee, rather than TwinBee, has the most appearances in video games, however this TwinBee does not have the same cockpit windshield design as either TwinBee, Winbee or Gwinbee.

Pentarou – Gradius II: Gofer's Ambition configuration
This set is almost identical to one of the power meter sets in Gradius II: Gofer's Ambition. The missile is the photon torpedo (spelled in-game as "Poton") that fires one missile that travels along the bottom ground and penetrates multiple enemies. The Double mode will fire two blasts, one forward, and one at an incline forty-five degrees above. The laser mode is different from the one in Gradius II; instead of a ripple laser analog, it fires bullets that create small explosions upon impact.

Stages
Below is a listing of the stages from the original version:
The first stage is a pirate-themed, earth-like planet. The music is a remix of "Thunder & Lightning Polka" by Johann Strauss II. The music during Cat Battleship is a remix of the final part of "Symphony No. 9" by Ludwig van Beethoven, and the music during the boss fight against Captain Penguinovski the 3rd is a remix of "Flight of the Bumblebee by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov.
The second stage is a Las-Vegas-themed and circus-themed planet. The music is a remix of "Piano Concerto No. 1" and "Dance of the Reed Pipes" by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky.  The music during Chichibinta Rika is a remix of "The Final Enemy" from Gradius II, and the music during the boss fight against Eagle Eagle Sabnosuke is a remix of the final boss theme from Gradius II.
The third stage is a recreation of a floating candy fortress in space. The music is a remix of "Trepak" by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, followed by "William Tell Overture" by Gioachino Rossini. During boss fight against Hot Lips, the music is a remix of "Can-can" by Offenbach.
The fourth stage is a Japanese-themed volcanic planet. The music is a remix of "Sabre Dance" by Aram Khacaturian (Russian folk song "Kalinka" by Ivan Larionov and "Hungarian Dances" by Johannes Brahms in PSP version). The music during the boss battle against Pig Tide is a remix of Japanese folk song "Yagibushi".
The fifth stage is a Moai battleship. The music is a remix of "L'Arlésienne Suite No. 2, Farandole" by Georges Bizet, followed by "The Old Stone Age" from Gradius series. The boss fight against Yoshiko uses "Flight of the Bumblebee" as its music.
The sixth stage is a pinball planet. The music is a remix of "Gunkan March" by Tōkichi Setoguchi. During the boss against Viva Core, a remix of "Aircraft Carrier" from the Gradius series plays.
The seventh stage is a planet that full of pink clouds, beautiful girls, and bubbles. The music is a remix of "Waltz of the Flowers" by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. The music for the boss, Honey Mikayo, is a remix of "Flight of the Bumblebee".
The eighth stage is a strange, alien, ice cavern planet. The music is a remix of "Violin Concerto, Op. 64" by Felix Mendelssohn and "Under the Double Eagle" by Josef Franz Wagner. The boss is Pooyan (a giant pufferfish), and the music is a remix of "Flight of the Bumblebee".
The ninth stage is a graveyard planet full of ghosts from Japanese and Egyptian folklore, and contains a lava lake. The music is a remix of "In the Hall of the Mountain King" by Edvard Grieg and "Swan Lake". The boss fight against Iron Maiden MK III uses the final part of Beethoven's "Symphony No. 9", and the boss fight against Yoshiwara Dayuu with ash clouds uses a remix of "William Tell's Storm" by Gioachino Rossini.
The tenth and final stage is Zeo's fortress in the unknown planet. The music is the final stage theme from Gradius II, and the final boss theme is "Aircraft Carrier" from Gradius II.

Bosses
Below is a list of the bosses from the original version:
Cat Battleship
Captain Penguinovski the 3rd
Chichibinta Rika
Eagle Eagle Sabnosuke
Hot Lips
Pig Tide
Yoshiko
Viva Core
Honey Mikayo
Pooyan
Iron Maiden MK III
Yoshiwara Dayuu
Showering Beauty
Golgotha Takobee

The platform-exclusive bosses include Penguin Conducter, Madam of Yotsuya Q, Viking Moai, Woon Botton, Crystal Golem, Marvelous Green Mantle, Great Gourmet King Manjiri Kun, Super DX Emperor Penguin, Tako Hyuuma, Penguin Bomb.

The NES version replaces Chichibinta Rika with Miss Mishitarina, and Honey Mikayo does not appear within the game at all despite appearing on the European NES cover.

Hot Lips, Pig Tide, Honey Mikayo, Iron Maiden MK III and Yoshiwara Dayuu do not appear in the Mobile version.

Music

The soundtrack was produced by Konami Kukeiha Club and released by King Records on July 21, 1990 in Japan. It was also reprinted on September 23, 1998.
A CD Arrangement was released on June 21, 1991.
A Ending Music for Parodius for Game Boy Version was a part of Konami Ending Collection, which was released for CD Soundtrack on October 21, 1991.
In addition, disc 4 of Konami Music Masterpiece Collection, which was released on October 1, 2004, is devoted to this game.

Ports
Parodius has been ported to a number of platforms, most notably the Super Famicom (released on the SNES in Europe) and the PC Engine. The game was also ported to the Family Computer (released on the NES in Europe) with several stages omitted but with a new amusement park stage as well as several hidden bonus stages. Most recently the game, along with several other Gradius titles, has been ported to Java-based cell phones in Japan.

The Game Boy version (which was also released in Europe) shows the ages of the playable characters, and only has 8 stages, which include stages 1–6, and 10 from the arcade game. Stage 3 was moved to Stage 4. The Game Boy version of stage 3 also has a hidden stage. This version was also re-released in color as part of the Konami GB Collection Vol. 2.

There was also a Japan-exclusive port for the X68000.

The PC Engine version does not have the arcade Stages 5 and 8, but features a stage titled SPECIAL and a new introduction that features several strange-looking Japanese characters. This is in contrast to the arcade intro, which chronicles the Gradius legacy up until the time of release.

The SFC/SNES version added the bath house and "Omake" stages over the arcade version. In the "Omake" stage, the player immediately continues after dying, instead of at a checkpoint. The PAL version of the SNES port was titled Parodius: Non-Sense Fantasy and "Omake" was retitled "Lollipop".

The Mobile phone version titled  was released in 2003 in Japan, and does not have the arcade Stages 3, 4, 7, 8 and 9.

Parodius was also ported along with its sequel Fantastic Parodius - Pursue the Glory of the Past on the compilation also simply titled Gokujou Parodius Da! Deluxe Pack in Japan and Parodius in Europe for PlayStation in 1994 and Sega Saturn in 1995 and in Parodius Portable for PlayStation Portable in 2007.

Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed Parodius! From Myth to Laughter on their June 1, 1990 issue as being the seventh most-successful table arcade unit of the month. It went on to be one of the top five highest-grossing arcade games of 1990 in Japan, where it also won the 1990 Gamest Awards for Best Production and Best Shooting Game. In 1996, Super Play ranked the game 93rd on their Top 100 SNES Games of All Time.  The described the game as "Gradius on hallucinogens."

Mean Machines magazine gave the Super NES version a positive review, giving it a 93% score. Computer and Video Games gave the SNES version an 88% score, and the PlayStation version an 85% score.

Notes

References

External links
Official Konami Mobile Minisite

1990 video games
Arcade video games
Game Boy games
Mobile games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Parodius
Horizontally scrolling shooters
X68000 games
Sega Saturn games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
PlayStation (console) games
TurboGrafx-16 games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games set in outer space

Parodius! From Myth to Laughter


The 1982 FIFA World Cup was the 12th FIFA World Cup, a quadrennial football tournament for men's senior national teams, and was played in Spain between 13 June and 11 July 1982. The tournament was won by Italy, who defeated West Germany 3–1 in the final held in the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in the capital, Madrid. It was Italy's third World Cup title, but their first since 1938. The defending champions, Argentina, were eliminated in the second round (finishing third and last in their group). Algeria, Cameroon, Honduras, Kuwait and New Zealand made their first appearances in the finals.

The tournament featured the first penalty shoot-out in World Cup competition. This was the third and last World Cup to feature two rounds of group stages. It was also the third time (after 1934 and 1966) in which all four semi-finalists were European.

In the first round of Group 3, Hungary defeated El Salvador 10–1, equalling the largest margin of victory recorded in the finals (Hungary over South Korea 9–0 in 1954, and Yugoslavia over Zaire 9–0 in 1974).

Although successful and filled with compelling and entertaining matches, this tournament also was blighted by violent fouls, some poor officiating and some overcrowded stadiums. One particular incident of note was West German goalkeeper Harald Schumacher's foul of French player Patrick Battiston during a semi-final match in Seville, and another was Italian player Claudio Gentile's intense and often violent match-long fouling and marking of Argentine player Diego Maradona. FIFA changed the regulations to somewhat prevent this kind of brutality on the pitch for the subsequent tournament in Mexico.

Host selection

Spain was chosen as the host nation by FIFA in London on 6 July 1966. Hosting rights for the 1974 and 1978 tournaments were awarded at the same time. West Germany and Spain agreed a deal whereby Spain would support West Germany for the 1974 tournament and West Germany would allow Spain to bid for the 1982 World Cup unopposed.

At the time of Spain being selected, the country was under the dictatorship of Francisco Franco's regime, but his regime had ended before the start of the tournament, and the World Cup had its effects on Spanish society after the democratic transition.

Qualification

For the first time, the World Cup finals expanded from 16 to 24 teams. This allowed more countries to participate from Africa and Asia.

Teams absent from the finals were 1974 and 1978 runners-up Netherlands (eliminated by Belgium and France), Mexico (eliminated by Honduras and El Salvador), and the three times 1970s participants Sweden (eliminated by Scotland and Northern Ireland). Northern Ireland qualified for the first time since 1958. Belgium, Czechoslovakia, El Salvador, England and the Soviet Union were all back in the finals after 12-year absences. England had its first successful World Cup qualifying campaign in 20 years, having qualified automatically as hosts in 1966 and as defending champions in 1970, then failing to qualify in 1974 and 1978. Yugoslavia and Chile were also back after missing the 1978 tournament.

Algeria, Cameroon, Honduras, Kuwait, and New Zealand all participated in the World Cup for the first time. As of 2022, this was the last time that El Salvador and Kuwait qualified for a FIFA World Cup finals, as well as the last time that South Korea failed to qualify. This is also the last time that Mexico failed to qualify by playing (they were banned from the 1990 FIFA World Cup qualification).

This was the first time that all six confederations (AFC, CAF, CONCACAF, CONMEBOL, OFC and UEFA) sent representative teams to the tournament, which would only happen again in 2006 and 2010 (Australia would also participate in 2010, 2014, 2018 and 2022 tournaments, but as representative of the AFC).

There was some consideration given as to whether England, Northern Ireland, and Scotland should withdraw from the tournament because of the Falklands War between Argentina and the United Kingdom. A directive issued by the British sports minister Neil Macfarlane in April, at the start of the conflict, suggested that there should be no contact between British representative teams and Argentina. This directive was not rescinded until August, following the end of the tournament and of the hostilities. Macfarlane reported to Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher that some players and officials were uneasy about participating because of the casualties suffered by British forces, and the strong diplomatic ties between Argentina and Spain. FIFA advised the British Government that there was no prospect that Argentina (the defending champions) would be asked to withdraw. It also became apparent that no other countries would withdraw from the tournament. It was decided by Cabinet Secretary Robert Armstrong to allow the British national teams to participate so that Argentina could not use their absence for propaganda purposes, reversing the intended effect of applying political pressure onto Argentina.

List of qualified teams

The following 24 teams qualified for the final tournament.

AFC (1)
  (debut)
CAF (2)
  (debut)
  (debut)
OFC (1)
  (debut)

CONCACAF (2)
  (debut)

CONMEBOL (4)
  (holders)

UEFA (14)

  (hosts)

Summary

Format

The first round was a round-robin group stage containing six groups of four teams each. Two points were awarded for a win and one for a draw, with goal difference used to separate teams equal on points. The top two teams in each group advanced. In the second round, the twelve remaining teams were split into four groups of three teams each, with the winner of each group progressing to the knockout semi-final stage.

The composition of the groups in the second round was determined before the start of the tournament. Groups A and B were to include one team from each of Groups 1 through 6, and Groups C and D included the remaining six teams. The winners of Groups 1 and 3 were in Group A whilst the runners-up were in Group C. The winners of Groups 2 and 4 were in Group B whilst the runners-up were in Group D. The winner of Group 5 was in Group D whilst the runner-up was in Group B. The winner of Group 6 was in Group C whilst the runner-up was in Group A. Thus, Group A mirrored Group C, and Group B mirrored Group D with the winners and runners-up from the first round being placed into opposite groups in the second round.

The second-round groups that mirrored each other (based on the first-round groupings) faced off against each other in the semifinals. Thus, the Group A winner played the Group C winner, and the Group B winner played the Group D winner. This meant that if two teams which played in the same first-round group both emerged from the second round, they would meet for the second time of the tournament in a semifinal match. It also guaranteed that the final match would feature two teams that had not previously played each other in the tournament. As it turned out, Italy and Poland who were both in Group 1 in the first round, each won their second-round groups and played each other in a semifinal match.

First group stage

In Group 1, newcomers Cameroon held both Poland and Italy to draws, and were denied a place in the next round on the basis of having scored fewer goals than Italy (the sides had an equal goal difference). Poland and Italy qualified over Cameroon and Peru. Italian journalists and tifosi criticised their team for their uninspired performances that managed three draws; the squad was reeling from the recent Serie A scandal, where national players were suspended for match fixing and illegal betting.

Group 2 saw one of the great World Cup upsets on the first day with the 2–1 victory of Algeria over reigning European Champions West Germany. In the final match in the group, West Germany met Austria in a match later dubbed as the "Disgrace of Gijón". Algeria had already played their final group game the day before, and West Germany and Austria knew that a West German win by 1 or 2 goals would qualify them both, while a larger German victory would qualify Algeria over Austria, and a draw or an Austrian win would eliminate the Germans. After 10 minutes of all-out attack, West Germany scored through a goal by Horst Hrubesch. After the goal was scored, the two teams kicked the ball around aimlessly for the rest of the match. Chants of "Fuera, fuera" ("Out, out") were screamed by the Spanish crowd, while angry Algerian supporters waved banknotes at the players. This performance was widely deplored, even by the German and Austrian fans. One German fan was so upset by his team's display that he burned his German flag in disgust. Algeria protested to FIFA, who ruled that the result be allowed to stand; FIFA introduced a revised qualification system at subsequent World Cups in which the final two games in each group were played simultaneously.

Group 3, where the opening ceremony and first match of the tournament took place, saw Belgium beat defending champions Argentina 1–0. The Camp Nou stadium was the home of Barcelona, and many fans had wanted to see the club's new signing, Argentinian star Diego Maradona, who did not perform to expectations. Both Belgium and Argentina ultimately advanced at the expense of Hungary and El Salvador despite Hungary's 10–1 win over the Central American nation – which, with a total of 11 goals, is the second highest scoreline in a World Cup game (equal with Brazil's 6–5 victory over Poland in the 1938 tournament and Hungary's 8–3 victory over West Germany in the 1954 tournament).

Group 4 opened with England midfielder Bryan Robson's goal against France after only 27 seconds of play. England won 3–1 and qualified along with France over Czechoslovakia and Kuwait, though the tiny Gulf emirate held Czechoslovakia to a 1–1 draw. In the game between Kuwait and France, with France leading 3–1, France midfielder Alain Giresse scored a goal vehemently contested by the Kuwait team, who had stopped play after hearing a piercing whistle from the stands, which they thought had come from Soviet referee Miroslav Stupar. Play had not yet resumed when Sheikh Fahad Al-Ahmed Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, brother of the then-Kuwaiti Emir and president of the Kuwait Football Association, rushed onto the pitch to remonstrate with the referee. Stupar reversed his initial decision and disallowed the goal to the fury of the French. Maxime Bossis scored another valid goal a few minutes later and France won 4–1.

In Group 5, Honduras held hosts Spain to a 1–1 draw. Northern Ireland won the group outright, eliminating Yugoslavia and beating hosts Spain 1–0; Northern Ireland had to play the majority of the second half with ten men after Mal Donaghy was dismissed. Spain scraped by thanks to a controversial penalty in the 2–1 victory over Yugoslavia. At 17 years and 41 days, Northern Ireland forward Norman Whiteside was the youngest player to appear in a World Cup match.

Brazil were in Group 6. With Zico, Sócrates, Falcão, Éder and others, they boasted an offensive firepower that promised a return to the glory days of 1970. They beat the USSR 2–1 thanks to a 20-metre Éder goal two minutes from time, then Scotland and New Zealand with four goals each. The Soviets took the group's other qualifying berth on goal difference at the expense of the Scots.

Second group stage

Poland opened Group A with a 3–0 defeat of Belgium thanks to a Zbigniew Boniek hat-trick. The Soviet Union prevailed 1–0 in the next match over Belgium. The Poles edged out the USSR for the semi-final spot on the final day on goal difference thanks to a 0–0 draw in a politically charged match, as Poland's then-Communist government had imposed a martial law a few months earlier to quash internal dissent.

In Group B, a match between England and West Germany ended in a goalless draw. West Germany put the pressure on England in their second match by beating Spain 2–1. The home side drew 0–0 against England, denying Ron Greenwood's team a semi-final place and putting England in the same position as Cameroon, being eliminated without losing a game.

In Group C, with Brazil, Argentina and Italy, in the opener, Italy prevailed 2–1 over Diego Maradona and Mario Kempes's side after a game in which Italian defenders Gaetano Scirea and Claudio Gentile proved themselves equal to the task of stopping the Argentinian attack. Argentina now needed a win over Brazil on the second day, but lost 3–1 – Argentina only scoring in the last minute. Maradona kicked Brazilian player João Batista in the groin and was sent off in the 85th minute.

The match between Brazil and Italy pitted Brazil's attack against Italy's defence, with the majority of the game played around the Italian area, and with the Italian midfielders and defenders returning the repeated set volleys of Brazilian shooters such as Zico, Sócrates and Falcão. Italian centre back Gentile was assigned to mark Brazilian striker Zico, earning a yellow card and a suspension for the semi-final. Paolo Rossi opened the scoring when he headed in Antonio Cabrini's cross with just five minutes played. Sócrates equalised for Brazil seven minutes later. In the twenty-fifth minute Rossi stepped past Júnior, intercepted a pass from Cerezo across the Brazilians' goal, and drilled the shot home. The Brazilians threw everything in search of another equaliser, while Italy defended bravely. On 68 minutes, Falcão collected a pass from Júnior and as Cerezo's dummy run distracted three defenders, fired home from 20 yards out. Now Italy had gained the lead twice thanks to Rossi's goals, and Brazil had come back twice; at 2–2, Brazil would have been through on goal difference, but in the 74th minute, a poor clearance from an Italian corner kick went back to the Brazilian six-yard line where Rossi and Francesco Graziani were waiting. Both aimed at the same shot, Rossi connecting to get a hat trick and sending Italy into the lead for good. In the 86th minute Giancarlo Antognoni scored an apparent fourth goal for Italy, but it was wrongly disallowed for offside. In the dying moments Dino Zoff made a miraculous save to deny Oscar a goal, ensuring that Italy advanced to the semi-final.

In the last group, Group D, France dispatched Austria 1–0 with a free kick goal by Bernard Genghini, and then defeated Northern Ireland 4–1 to reach their first semi-final since 1958.

Semi-finals, third-place match and final

In a re-match of the encounter in the first round, Italy beat Poland in the first semi-final through two goals from Paolo Rossi. In the game between France and West Germany, the Germans opened the scoring through a Pierre Littbarski strike in the 17th minute, and the French equalised nine minutes later with a Michel Platini penalty. In the second half a long through ball sent French defender Patrick Battiston racing clear towards the German goal. With both Battiston and the lone German defender trying to be the first to reach the ball, Battiston flicked it past German keeper Harald Schumacher from the edge of the German penalty area and Schumacher reacted by jumping up to block. Schumacher did not seem to go for the ball, however, and clattered straight into the oncoming Battiston – which left the French player unconscious and knocked two of his teeth out. Schumacher's action has been described as "one of history's most shocking fouls". The ball went just wide of the post and Dutch referee Charles Corver deemed Schumacher's tackle on Battiston not to be a foul and awarded a goal kick. Play was interrupted for several minutes while Battiston, still unconscious and with a broken jaw, was carried off the field on a stretcher.

After French defender Manuel Amoros had sent a 25-metre drive crashing onto the West German crossbar in the final minute, the match went into extra time. On 92 minutes, France's sweeper Marius Trésor fired a swerving volley under Schumacher's crossbar from ten metres out to make it 2–1. Six minutes later, an unmarked Alain Giresse drove in an 18-metre shot off the inside of the right post to finish off a counter-attack and put France up 3–1. But West Germany would not give up. In the 102nd minute a counter-attack culminated in a cross that recent substitute Karl-Heinz Rummenigge turned in at the near post from a difficult angle with the outside of his foot, reducing France's lead to 3–2. Then in the 108th minute Germany took a short corner and after France failed to clear, the ball was played by Germany to Littbarski whose cross to Horst Hrubesch was headed back to the centre towards Klaus Fischer, who was unmarked but with his back to goal. Fischer in turn volleyed the ball past French keeper Jean-Luc Ettori with a bicycle kick, levelling the scores at 3–3.

The resulting penalty shootout was the first at a World Cup finals. Giresse, Manfred Kaltz, Manuel Amoros, Paul Breitner and Dominique Rocheteau all converted penalties until Uli Stielike was stopped by Ettori, giving France the advantage. But then Schumacher stepped forward, lifted the tearful Stielike from the ground, and saved Didier Six's shot. With Germany handed the lifeline they needed Littbarski converted his penalty, followed by Platini for France, and then Rummenigge for Germany as the tension mounted. France defender Maxime Bossis then had his kick parried by Schumacher who anticipated it, and Hrubesch stepped up to score and send Germany to the World Cup final yet again with a victory on penalties, 5–4.

In the third-place match, Poland edged the French side 3–2 which matched Poland's best performance at a World Cup previously achieved in 1974. France would go on to win the European Championship two years later.

In the final, Antonio Cabrini fired a penalty wide of goal in the first half. In the second half, Paolo Rossi scored first for the third straight game by heading home Gentile's bouncing cross at close range. Exploiting the situation, Italy scored twice more on quick counter-strikes, all the while capitalising on their defence to hold the Germans. With Gentile and Gaetano Scirea holding the centre, the Italian strikers were free to counter-punch the weakened German defence. Marco Tardelli's shot from the edge of the area beat Schumacher first, and Alessandro Altobelli, the substitute for injured striker Francesco Graziani, made it 3–0 at the end of a solo sprint down the right side by the stand-out winger Bruno Conti. Italy's lead appeared secure, encouraging Italian president Sandro Pertini to wag his finger at the cameras in a playful "not going to catch us now" gesture. In the 83rd minute, Paul Breitner scored for West Germany, but it was only a consolation goal as Italy won 3–1 to claim their first World Cup title in 44 years, and their third in total.

Records
Italy became the first team to advance from the first round without winning a game, drawing all three (while Cameroon were eliminated in the same way by virtue of having only one goal scored against Italy's two), and also the only World Cup winner to draw or lose three matches at the Finals. By winning, Italy equalled Brazil's record of winning the World Cup three times. Italy's total of twelve goals scored in seven matches set a new low for average goals scored per game by a World Cup winning side (subsequently exceeded by Spain in 2010), while Italy's aggregate goal difference of +6 for the tournament remains a record low for a champion, equalled by Spain.

Italy's 40-year-old captain-goalkeeper Dino Zoff became the oldest player to win the World Cup. This was the first World Cup in which teams from all six continental confederations participated in the finals, something that did not happen again until 2006.

Venues

Seventeen stadiums in fourteen cities hosted the tournament, a record that stood until the 2002 tournament, which was played in twenty stadiums in two countries. The most used venue was FC Barcelona's Camp Nou stadium, which hosted five matches, including a semi-final; it was the largest stadium used for this tournament. With Sarrià Stadium also hosting three matches, Barcelona was the Spanish city with the most matches in España 1982 with eight; Madrid, the nation's capital, followed with seven.

This particular World Cup was organised in such a way that all of the matches of each of the six groups were assigned stadiums in cities near to each other, in order to reduce the stress of travel on the players and fans. For example, Group 1 matches were played in Vigo and A Coruña, Group 2 in Gijón and Oviedo, Group 3 in Elche and Alicante (except for the first match, which was the opening match of the tournament, which was played at the Camp Nou), Group 4 in Bilbao and Valladolid, Group 5 (which included hosts Spain) in Valencia and Zaragoza, and Group 6 in Seville and Malaga (of the three first-round matches in Seville, the first match between Brazil and the Soviet Union was played in the Pizjuán Stadium, and the other two were played in the Villamarín Stadium). Group stage matches in the milder northern cities like Bilbao or Gijón would start at 17:00, while the matches in the southern cities like Seville or Valencia would start at 21:00, in an attempt to avoid the intense southern Spanish summer heat.

When the tournament went into the round-robin second round matches, all the aforementioned cities excluding Barcelona, Alicante and Seville did not host any more matches in España 1982. Both the Santiago Bernabéu and Vicente Calderón stadiums in Madrid and the Sarrià Stadium in Barcelona were used for the first time for this tournament for the second round matches. Madrid and Barcelona hosted the four second round group matches; Barcelona hosted Groups A and C (Camp Nou hosted all three of Group A's matches, and Sarrià did the same with Group C's matches) and Madrid hosted Groups B and D (Real Madrid's Bernabeu Stadium hosted all three of Group B's matches, and Atlético Madrid's Calderon Stadium did the same with the Group D matches)

The two semi final matches were held at Camp Nou and the Pizjuán Stadium in Seville, the third largest stadium used for the tournament (one of only two España 1982 matches it hosted), the third place match was held in Alicante and the final was held at the Bernabeu, the second largest stadium used for this tournament.

Match officials

AFC
  Ibrahim Youssef Al-Doy
  Chan Tam Sun
  Abraham Klein
CAF
  Benjamin Dwomoh
  Yousef El-Ghoul
  Belaid Lacarne
CONCACAF
  Rómulo Méndez
  Mario Rubio Vázquez
  Luis Paulino Siles
  David Socha

CONMEBOL
  Gilberto Aristizábal
  Luis Barrancos
  Juan Daniel Cardellino
  Gastón Castro
  Arnaldo Cézar Coelho
  Arturo Ithurralde
  Enrique Labo Revoredo
  Héctor Ortiz
UEFA
  Paolo Casarin
  Vojtech Christov
  Charles Corver
  Bogdan Dotchev
  Walter Eschweiler
  Erik Fredriksson
  Bruno Galler
  António Garrido
  Alojzy Jarguz
  Augusto Lamo Castillo
  Henning Lund-Sørensen
  Damir Matovinović
  Malcolm Moffat
  Károly Palotai
  Alexis Ponnet
  Adolf Prokop
  Nicolae Rainea
  Miroslav Stupar
  Bob Valentine
  Michel Vautrot
  Clive White
  Franz Wöhrer
OFC
  Tony Boskovic

Squads
For a list of all squads that appeared in the final tournament, see 1982 FIFA World Cup squads.

Groups

Seeding
The 24 qualifiers were divided into four groupings which formed the basis of the draw for the group stage. FIFA announced the six seeded teams on the day of the draw and allocated them in advance to the six groups; as had become standard, the host nation and the reigning champions were among the seeds. The seeded teams would play all their group matches at the same venue (with the exception of World Cup holders Argentina who would play in the opening game scheduled for the Camp Nou, the largest of the venues). The remaining 18 teams were split into three pots based on FIFA's assessment of the team's strength, but also taking in account geographic considerations. The seedings and group venues for those teams were tentatively agreed at an informal meeting in December 1981 but not officially confirmed until the day of the draw. FIFA executive Hermann Neuberger told the press that the seeding of England had been challenged by other nations but they were to be seeded as "the Spanish want England to play in Bilbao for security reasons"*. As well as security the footballing grounds that they were winners in 1966 and reached the quarter-final as holders in 1970, as the 1970 in Mexico and 1974 in West Germany tournaments were taken into consideration for seeding with West Germany seeded for their 1980 European Championship win (due to the Netherlands failing to qualify) having won in 1974. However, due to England's seeding for security reasons, if the Netherlands had qualified, West Germany would not have been seeded as West Germany were eliminated in the second group stage in 1978, while the Netherlands were runners up.

Final draw
On 16 January 1982, the draw was conducted at the Palacio de Congresos in Madrid, where the teams were drawn out from the three pots to be placed with the seeded teams in their predetermined groups. Firstly a draw was made to decide the order in which the three drums containing pots A, B and C would be emptied; this resulted in the order being pot B, C and A. The teams were then drawn one-by-one out of the respective pot and entered in the groups in that order. A number was then drawn to determine the team's "position" in the group and hence the fixtures.

The only stipulation of the draw was that no group could feature two South American teams. As a result, Pot B – which contained two South American teams – was initially drawn with only the four Europeans in the pot. These first two European teams drawn from pot B were then to be immediately allocated to Groups 3 and 6 which contained the two South American seeds Argentina and Brazil. Once these two groups had been filled with the entrants from Pot B, Chile and Peru would be added to the pot and the draw would continue as normal. In the event, FIFA executives Sepp Blatter and Hermann Neuberger conducting the draw initially forgot this stipulation and therefore immediately placed the first team drawn from this pot (Belgium) into Group 1, rather than Group 3 as planned, before then placing the second team drawn out (Scotland) into Group 3; they then had to correct this by moving Belgium to Group 3 and Scotland into Group 6. The ceremony suffered further embarrassment when one of the revolving drums containing the teams broke down.

Results
All times are Central European Summer Time (UTC+2)

First group stage
The group winners and runners-up advanced to the second round.

Teams were ranked on the following criteria:

 Greater number of points in all group matches
 Goal difference in all group matches
 Greater number of goals scored in all group matches
 Drawing of lots

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

Group 4

Group 5

Group 6

Second group stage
The second round of the tournament consisted of four groups of three teams, each played at one stadium in one of Spain's two largest cities: two in Madrid and two in Barcelona. The winners of each group progressed to the semi-finals.

Teams were ranked on the following criteria:

 Greater number of points in all group matches
 Goal difference in all group matches
 Greater number of goals scored in all group matches
 Whether the team finished first or second in their first round group
 Drawing of lots

Although the fixtures were provisionally determined in advance, the teams competing in each fixture depended on the result of the opening match in each group: Should a team lose their opening game of the group, that team would then have to play in the second fixture against the third team in the group and the winner would, by contrast, be rewarded by not needing to play again until the final fixture of the group and therefore gained extra recovery time. If the opening game was a draw, the predetermined order of games would proceed as planned. These regulations helped ensure that the final group games were of importance as no team could already have progressed to the semi-finals by the end of the second fixtures.

The 43,000-capacity Sarria Stadium in Barcelona, used for the Group C round-robin matches between Italy, Argentina and Brazil was, unlike any of the other matches (except 1) in the other groups, severely overcrowded for all 3 matches. The venue was then heavily criticised for its lack of space and inability to handle such rampant crowds; although no one had foreseen such crowds at all; the Group A matches held at the nearby and much larger 121,401-capacity Camp Nou stadium never went past 65,000 and hosted all European teams; it was anticipated there would be larger crowds for the Camp Nou-hosted second round matches between Belgium, the Soviet Union and Poland.

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Knockout stage

Semi-finals

Third place play-off

Final

Statistics

Goalscorers
Paolo Rossi received the Golden Boot for scoring six goals. In total, 146 goals were scored by 100 players, with only one of them credited as own goal.

6 goals
 Paolo Rossi
5 goals
 Karl-Heinz Rummenigge
4 goals
 Zico
 Zbigniew Boniek
3 goals
 Falcão
 Alain Giresse
 László Kiss
 Gerry Armstrong
2 goals

 Salah Assad
 Daniel Bertoni
 Diego Maradona
 Daniel Passarella
 Walter Schachner
 Éder
 Serginho
 Sócrates
 Antonín Panenka
 Trevor Francis
 Bryan Robson
 Bernard Genghini
 Michel Platini
 Dominique Rocheteau
 Didier Six
 László Fazekas
 Tibor Nyilasi
 Gábor Pölöskei
 Marco Tardelli
 Billy Hamilton
 John Wark
 Klaus Fischer
 Pierre Littbarski

1 goal

 Lakhdar Belloumi
 Tedj Bensaoula
 Rabah Madjer
 Osvaldo Ardiles
 Ramón Díaz
 Reinhold Hintermaier
 Hans Krankl
 Bruno Pezzey
 Ludo Coeck
 Alexandre Czerniatynski
 Erwin Vandenbergh
 Júnior
 Oscar
 Grégoire M'Bida
 Juan Carlos Letelier
 Gustavo Moscoso
 Miguel Ángel Neira
 Luis Ramírez Zapata
 Paul Mariner
 Maxime Bossis
 Alain Couriol
 René Girard
 Gérard Soler
 Marius Trésor
 Eduardo Laing
 Héctor Zelaya
 Lázár Szentes
 József Tóth
 József Varga
 Alessandro Altobelli
 Antonio Cabrini
 Bruno Conti
 Francesco Graziani
 Abdullah Al-Buloushi
 Faisal Al-Dakhil
 Steve Sumner
 Steve Wooddin
 Rubén Toribio Díaz
 Guillermo La Rosa
 Andrzej Buncol
 Włodzimierz Ciołek
 Janusz Kupcewicz
 Grzegorz Lato
 Stefan Majewski
 Włodzimierz Smolarek
 Andrzej Szarmach
 Steve Archibald
 Kenny Dalglish
 Joe Jordan
 David Narey
 John Robertson
 Graeme Souness
 Andriy Bal
 Sergei Baltacha
 Oleh Blokhin
 Aleksandre Chivadze
 Yuri Gavrilov
 Khoren Oganesian
 Ramaz Shengelia
 Juanito
 Roberto López Ufarte
 Enrique Saura
 Jesús María Zamora
 Paul Breitner
 Horst Hrubesch
 Uwe Reinders
 Ivan Gudelj
 Vladimir Petrović

Own goals
  Jozef Barmoš (against England)

Red cards
  Américo Gallego
  Diego Maradona
  Ladislav Vízek
  Gilberto Yearwood
  Mal Donaghy

Awards
Source:

FIFA retrospective ranking
In 1986, FIFA published a report that ranked all teams in each World Cup up to and including 1986, based on progress in the competition, overall results and quality of the opposition. The rankings for the 1982 tournament were as follows:

Branding

Mascot

The official mascot of this World Cup was Naranjito, an anthropomorphised orange, a typical fruit in Spain, wearing the kit of the host's national team. Its name comes from naranja, the Spanish word for orange, and the diminutive suffix "-ito".

The official poster was designed by Joan Miró.

Football in Action (fútbol en acción) was the name of an educational animated series first aired in 1982 on public broadcaster RTVE. Chapters had a duration of 20 minutes and the main character was Naranjito. The series lasted for 26 episodes and the theme was football, adventures and World Cup of 82. Naranjito was accompanied by other characters, as his girlfriend Clementina, his friend Citronio and Imarchi the robot.

Match ball
The match ball for 1982 World Cup, manufactured by Adidas, was the Tango España.

References

External links

1982 FIFA World Cup Spain, FIFA.com
Details at RSSSF
FIFA Technical Report (Part 1), (Part 2) and (Part 3)
FIFA Awards – World Cup 1982 "Golden Ball"

FIFA World Cup tournaments
International association football competitions hosted by Spain
WorldWorldW
June 1982 sports events in Europe
July 1982 sports events in Europe

1982 FIFA World Cup


John Preston "Pete" Hill (October 12, 1882 – November 19, 1951) was an American outfielder and manager in baseball's Negro leagues from 1899 to 1925. He played for the Philadelphia Giants, Leland Giants, Chicago American Giants, Detroit Stars, Milwaukee Bears, and Baltimore Black Sox. Hill starred for teams owned by Negro league executive Rube Foster for much of his playing career.

He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2006.

Early life
Though he was thought to have been born Joseph Preston Hill in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on October 12, 1880, recent research has shown that Hill's first name was John and that he was probably born on October 12, 1882, in Culpeper County, Virginia; some sources indicate a birth year of 1883 or 1884. Hill lived in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania at the time of the 1900 Census.

Career

The , 215 pound Hill was considered the most important member of three of the most talented Negro league teams to ever play. Author William NcNeil referred to Hill as "black baseball's first superstar", citing Hill's speed, his strong throwing arm, and his ability to hit for batting average or for power. He spent much of his career playing for teams run by Negro league pioneer Rube Foster. Foster usually built his teams around Hill.

From 1904 through 1907, he was the star left fielder for Sol White's great-hitting Philadelphia Giants. Also during this time, like many Negro league stars of the era, Hill spent some time in a few other leagues, mainly the Cuban Winter League. In 1910-11, he led the league in batting average (.365).

Foster decided to form the Chicago American Giants, which chiefly consisted of Foster's best players from Leland, including Hill, who was made team captain. In the first year of the American Giants' existence, Hill came to be known as one of its best hitters. He hit safely in 115 of 116 games that year against all levels of competition. While he faced mostly minor-league level opponents, some of his opposition consisted of major league quality pitching, including Eddie Plank, Chief Bender, Nap Rucker and Mordecai Brown.

Cumberland Posey, owner of the Homestead Grays and famous black baseball player, manager and executive, once called Hill "the most consistent hitter of his time." He also maintained that the left-handed Hill could "hit both left-handers and right-handers equally well". Besides being a top-class hitter, Hill was known to have great power, although not enough home run and RBI numbers were preserved for precise statistics, as was the case with other Negro league players.

Sportswriter and fellow player Jimmy Smith put Hill on his 1909 "All American Team."

While playing for Foster, the two had a close friendship and in 1919, Foster asked Hill to become the player/manager of the newly formed Detroit Stars. Hill was then 36 years old, but agreed to take on the job. By his third year, Hill was respected by his players and continued to hit, with an average of .388 in 1921 to lead the Stars. After his stint with Detroit, Hill went on to play with three more Negro league clubs, also spending time in other leagues. As his playing career came to an end (he played his last game with the Baltimore Black Sox in 1925), Hill attempted to follow in Foster's footsteps and take a baseball front office job.

His final position in pro baseball was as the field manager of the 1924–25 Baltimore Black Sox.

Later life and legacy

Hill died at age 69 in Buffalo, New York, and he was buried in the Holy Sepulchre Cemetery in Alsip, Illinois. In a poll taken in 1952 by the African-American weekly Pittsburgh Courier poll named Hill the fourth-best outfielder in Negro league history, behind Oscar Charleston, Monte Irvin and Cristóbal Torriente. An all-star team compiled by Cumberland Posey in 1944 also listed Hill as one of the greatest Negro league outfielders.

Hill was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2006 along with 16 other Negro league and pre-Negro league figures. In late July 2010, the Hall of Fame announced that it would commission a new plaque to correct Hill's name from Joseph Preston Hill to John Preston Hill. The new plaque was unveiled at a ceremony on October 12, 2010, attended by Hill's relatives and researchers. Although he died in Buffalo, NY, he is buried in Holy Sepulchre Cemetery in Alsip, Illinois. His grave, originally unmarked, has a marker provided by SABR.

Notes

Further reading

(Riley.) Pete Hill, Personal profiles at Negro leagues Baseball Museum. – identical to Riley (confirmed 2010-04-16)

External links

 and Baseball-Reference Black Baseball stats and Seamheads
  and Seamheads
Pete Hill. Article written by Phil Williams. SABR Biography Project

National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
Philadelphia Giants players
Leland Giants players
Chicago American Giants players
Detroit Stars players
Milwaukee Bears players
Baltimore Black Sox players
San Francisco Park players
Club Fé players
Habana players
Negro league baseball managers
1882 births
1951 deaths
Baseball players from Virginia
People from Culpeper County, Virginia
Baseball outfielders
American expatriate baseball players in Cuba
20th-century African-American people

Pete Hill


Shakespearean dance refers to dancing in the time and plays of William Shakespeare and his contemporaries.

Overview

There are references to dances such as the galliard or sinkapace, volta, coranto, pavane, and canario, and stage directions indicate dancing in many plays including Romeo and Juliet, Much Ado About Nothing, Twelfth Night, or What You Will, Macbeth, and As You Like It. Terms like 'measure' and 'foot it' can also refer to dancing, and dance is often woven into the plot as part of a masque or masquerade ball, especially in plays by John Marston.

Primary sources
There is no known dancing instruction manual for English dances of Shakespeare's time, but there are descriptions of almains and the measures in the Inns of Court manuscripts (see Payne), mentions of Morris dance in church court and civic records (see Forrest), and large sections of dancing in court masques (see Ravelhofer and Welsford). Other dances referred to in English Renaissance plays such as the galliard, pavane, and volta are described in French and Italian dancing manuals by Thoinot Arbeau and Fabritio Caroso among others. Some of the country dances Shakespeare mentions appear in John Playford's The English Dancing Master (1651), but Playford's choreographies probably differ from the versions performed on the Shakespearean stage.

Jigs often followed performances of plays in late sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century England, but we know very little about the actual steps of this dance (see Baskerville).

Dances mentioned in Shakespeare plays

 Volta – Troilus and Cressida (Act IV, scene 4), Henry V (Act III, scene 5)
 Coranto – All's Well That Ends Well (Act II, scene 3), Twelfth Night (Act I, scene 3)
 Galliard, cinquepace, or sinkapace – Twelfth Night (Act I, scene 3), Much Ado About Nothing (Act II, scene 1), Henry V (Act I, scene 2)
 Measure, measures, or old measures – As You Like It (Act V, scene 4), Richard II (Act III, scene 4), Much Ado About Nothing (Act II, scene 1)
 Jig – Love's Labour's Lost (Act III, scene 1), Much Ado About Nothing (Act II, scene 1)
 Country footing – The Tempest (Act IV, scene 1)
 Canario – All's Well That Ends Well (Act II, scene 1)

See also
 Early dance
 Elizabethan theatre
 English Renaissance
 Historical dance
 History of dance
 Renaissance dance
 Renaissance music

Bibliography

 Baskerville, Charles Read. The Elizabethan Jig. 1929.
 Brissenden, Alan. Shakespeare and the Dance. 1981, 2001.
 Chevrier-Bosseau, Adeline, ed. Cahiers Élisabéthains: A Journal of English Renaissance Studies vol. 102, no. 1 (2020). Special issue on Shakespeare and Dance, https://journals.sagepub.com/toc/caea/102/1.
 Ciambella, Fabio. Dance Lexicon in Shakespeare and His Contemporary: A Corpus-based Approach. 2021.
 Clegg, Roger, and Lucie Skeaping. Singing Simpkin and Other Bawdy Jigs: Musical Comedy on the Shakespearean Stage, Scripts, Music, and Context. 2013.
 Forrest, John. The History of Morris Dancing, 1458-1750. 1999.
 Howard, Skiles. The Politics of Courtly Dancing in Early Modern England. 1998.
 McCulloch, Lynsey. "Shakespeare and Dance." Literature Compass vol. 13, no. 2 (2016): 69-78.
 McCulloch & Shaw, et al. The Oxford Handbook of Shakespeare and Dance. 2019.
 Payne, Ian. The Almain in Britain, c.1549-c.1675: A Dance Manual from Manuscript Sources. 2003.
 Ravelhofer, Barbara. The Early Stuart Masque: Dance, Costume, and Music. 2006.
 Schülting, Sabine, ed. Tanz: Shakespeare Jahrbuch 2021 vol. 157 (2021). Special issue on Shakespeare and Dance, https://shakespeare-gesellschaft.de/shakespeare-jahrbuch/volume-156-2020-2/?lang=en.
 Welsford, Enid. The Court Masque: A Study in the Relationship Between Poetry and the Revels. 1927, 1962.

External links
 Renaissance Dance Overview
 The Shakespeare and Dance Project

Renaissance dance
Dance, Shakespearean

Shakespearean dance


Lakeport is a neighborhood in the city of Laconia in Belknap County, New Hampshire, in the United States. It was once known as "Lake Village" and is centered on a power dam on the short river channel between Paugus Bay (an arm of Lake Winnipesaukee) to the north, and Opechee Bay to the south. Lakeport lies approximately  north of downtown Laconia.

During the summer months the Lakeport train station is the southern destination of the Winnipesaukee Scenic Railroad. Trains are boarded at Weirs Beach or Meredith to the north.

Once a busy center for entertainment, the business area of Lakeport now consists of a couple of convenience stores, several restaurants, a large hotel on Opechee Bay, a small post office, and other small businesses. Over the past few years projects to revitalize the area have included redesign of the main intersection, replacement of the Lakeport Bridge, new plantings and foot bridges for pedestrians. Such projects have encouraged new business growth and investment to include lodging, dining, and various other services.

There are two free public parks that have been rebuilt over the last couple of years and have new playground equipment.  There are also several boat launches and marinas on the Paugus Bay side of Lakeport.

Climate

According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Lakeport has a warm-summer humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.

References

External links
Lakeport Community Association

Unincorporated communities in New Hampshire
Laconia, New Hampshire

Lakeport, New Hampshire


Leopold Anton Eleutherius Freiherr von Firmian (11 March 1679 – 22 October 1744) was Bishop of Lavant 1718–24, Bishop of Seckau 1724–27 and Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg from 1727 until his death.

Early life
He was born in Munich, on his father's side to the dynasty of Freiherren (Barons) von Firmian descending from Sigmundskron (Formigar) Castle in Tyrol, by virtue of being the son of Countess Maria Viktoria von Thun and the Imperial envoy, Baron Franz Wilhelm von Firmian. His maternal uncle Count Johann Ernst von Thun was Bishop of Seckau from 1679 until 1687 and Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg from 1687 to 1709.

Leopold Anton von Firmian was the uncle of Cardinal Leopold Ernst von Firmian, also prince-bishop of Passau. His nephew, Karl Joseph von Firmian, the Austrian plenipotentiary minister in Milan, was renowned as a patron of the arts, including poets such as Giuseppe Parini, musicians such as Johann Ernst Eberlin  and painters such as Giambettino Cignaroli. While Leopold Anton was an early patron of Leopold Mozart, his nephew, Count Karl von Firmian appears to have been one of the patrons of Amadeus Mozart's opera Mitridate, Re di Ponto in Milan circa 1770.

Ecclesiastical career
Firmian had prepared for an ecclesiastical career, received his ordination in Rome in 1707 and became provost of the Salzburg chapter in 1713. Pope Clement XI appointed him Bishop of Lavant in 1718, Pope Benedict XIII also made him Bishop of Seckau in 1724. On 4 October 1727 he was elected Archbishop of Salzburg. He had Schloss Klessheim finished and Schloss Leopoldskron erected as his private residence.

Firmian saw it as his goal to give the Catholic Church its "old power and glory". Accordingly, he tried to convert the Protestant minority living in the archbishopric (especially in Pongau) to the Catholic faith - he had Jesuits preach in the village squares, all villagers had to appear at threat of severe penalties. On 31 October 1731, the 214th anniversary of Martin Luther's nailing of his 95 Theses to the door of the church in Wittenberg, Firmian signed an Edict of Expulsion of Protestants declaring that all Protestants in the archbishopric had to recant their non-Catholic beliefs or be banished within days. To enforce his order Firmian brought over 6000 Austrian soldiers to Salzburg. Surprisingly, over twenty thousand of his subjects professed Protestant beliefs and were exiled. Most of those who survived their flight were received by King Frederick William I of Prussia and settled around Gumbinnen in East Prussia. Others found refuge in Hanover, the Netherlands, and the British colony of Georgia. The expulsion drew vehement protests from the Protestant body in the Reichstag and the Protestant countries of Europe. After the expulsion of the Protestants, Firmian divided the Salzburg territory into four mission areas: Augustinian, Capuchin, Benedictine and Franciscan.

Firmian completed construction on Schloss Klessheim, he had the Kapitelschwemme and Marstallschwemme redesigned, and constructed the Schloss Leopoldskron for his nephew Franz Laktanz Firmian.

Archbishop Firmian is buried at the crypt of Salzburg Cathedral while his heart rests under the floor of his 'dearly beloved' Schloss Leopoldskron chapel.

References

External links

 Edict of Expulsion of Protestants

Note
 Freiherr  is a title, translated as Baron, not a first or middle name.

18th-century Austrian people
18th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the Holy Roman Empire
Roman Catholic archbishops of Salzburg
Barons of Austria
Clergy from Munich
1679 births
1744 deaths
Bishops of Graz-Seckau
Bishops of Lavant
Prince-archbishops of Salzburg

Leopold Anton von Firmian


Justus Ludwig Adolf Roth (September 15, 1818, Hamburg – April 1, 1892) was a German geologist and mineralogist.

Biography
In 1844 he obtained his doctorate from the University of Jena and spent the next few years working as a pharmacist in Hamburg.  In 1848 he relocated to Berlin, where he came under the influence of Gustav Rose and Heinrich Ernst Beyrich. In 1867 he became an associate professor of mineralogy at the University of Berlin.

He may be regarded as one of the founders of petrographical science. In his published papers he dealt with metamorphism and crystalline schists, discussed the origin of serpentine, and wrote on the rocks of Mount Vesuvius and Ponza Island.

Selected works
His separate works included:
Der Vesuv und die Umgebung von Neapel (1857) – On Vesuvius and the environs of Naples.
Die Gesteinanalysen in tabellarischer Übersicht und mit kritischen Erläuterungen (1861) – Rock analyzes in tabular overview with critical explanations.
Beiträge zur Petrographie der plutonischen Gesteine, a continuation of the preceding work (1869, 1873, 1879, 1884) – Contributions to the petrography of plutonic rocks.
Flußwasser, Meerwasser, Steinsalz (1878) – River water, sea water and rock salt.
Allgemeine und chemische Geologie (3 volumes, 1879–93) – General and chemical geology.
Die geologische Bildung der norddeutschen Ebene (1879) – The geological formation of the North German plain.
Über die Erdbeben (1882) – About the earthquake.

References

1818 births
1892 deaths
19th-century German geologists
German mineralogists
Petrologists
University of Tübingen alumni
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
University of Jena alumni
Scientists from Hamburg

Justus Ludwig Adolf Roth


Thomas Hill Moore was a commissioner of the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, an independent agency of the U.S. federal government. He was first appointed to the commission by President Bill Clinton in 1995 to complete an unexpired term and was reappointed by Clinton to a full seven-year term in 1996. Moore was appointed to a third term by President George W. Bush in 2003. This term expired in 2010. He served an additional year after the expiration of his term, as commissioners are permitted to do until their successors are appointed.

For most of George W. Bush's term, Moore was the lone Democrat on the three-person commission (two seats lacked appropriation by statute until passage of the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008). With the July 2006 resignation of Chairman Hal Stratton, Moore became one of only two commissioners. Moore's seat was filled by Marietta S. Robinson.

References

External links
Official CPSC Biography

U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission personnel
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Thomas Hill Moore


Cebu City is a metropolis. It is one of the largest cities in the Philippines. It is the capital of Cebu Province.

It is often called the "Queen City of the South". Cebu is the main center of Christianity in the Philippines. The city has a lot of interesting history. Cebu was a fishing village and busy trading port in 1521 when the famous explorer Ferdinand Magellan visited it and died there. The center of the city has become modern and is well developed. There are also 44 smaller towns. Cebu has recently become the favorite tourist spot of the country.

Cities in the Philippines
City

Cebu City


Pirates of Penzance – The Ballet! is a comic ballet adapted from Gilbert and Sullivan's 1879 Savoy Opera The Pirates of Penzance. The plot is the same as in the opera, and the music is arrangements of Arthur Sullivan's original music for the opera.

Scenario
After the music begins, an usher leads four people (who turn out to be opera singers) on stage as they loudly discuss mundane matters.  As the audience begins showing its irritation, the singers are seated as an onstage audience.  During the ballet, they sing part of the original score of Pirates, sometimes using new lyrics, as the dancers act out the story.  In character as audience members, the singers interact with the pirates and police at times.

Productions
The work, originally titled Pirates! The Ballet, was created for the Queensland Ballet.  The choreographer was Daryl Gray, with orchestration by Henry Aronson and design by Christopher Smith. The world première took place at the Suncorp Theatre in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, on 12 April 1991.

Between 1991 and 1995, Gray slightly restructured the ballet and added 4 singers with musical staging to its cast.  The Queensland Ballet performed the revised work in 1996, following which the company took it on an extended tour to the United States presented by Columbia Artists Management.  Gray largely re-choreographed the work for Ballet San Jose for a 2004 revival and retitled Pirates of Penzance – The Ballet!.  In 2008, Orlando Ballet, under the direction of Bruce Marks, toured the ballet in Florida.  It was again revived in November 2009 at Ballet San Jose.  The San Francisco Chronicle reviewer wrote of the revival, "the show is a perpetual motion machine. ...  Ebullient, athletic, bright as a picture book and blurrily overstuffed, Ballet San Jose's Pirates of Penzance is a crowd pleaser by default.  With all that's happening onstage, how can you not be entertained?"  However, "the libretto, score and theatrical elements tend to combine without much mutual enrichment."  Rita Felciano of San Jose Mercury News called the production "delightfully wacky", writing: "this laugh-out-loud comedy is guaranteed to cure you of the vapors!"

The San Francisco Chronicle commented that the audience focus is split between the singers and the dancers, and that the ballet "proudly flies under the more-is-more flag.  From the steps packed into each dancer's arsenal to dauntingly busy crowd scenes, the show is a perpetual motion machine.  Now and then, as if they didn't have enough to do, the dancers break into tap, jazz, Broadway shimmies or moonwalk riffs, as if in tribute to the late Michael Jackson."  The review added, "In the famous 'Major General' patter song, for example, the singers offer some of the deliciously impacted wordplay while the character ... runs through a whirling dumb show. Eventually, as if the lyrics were superfluous, the singers leave off".  Nevertheless, according to a 2004 review by the same paper, "the audience happily allows itself to be taken prisoner."

References

External links
Pirates of Penzance - Ballet San Jose
Pirates of Penzance - Photos from the Ballet San Jose productions
"Brave and Jolly Pirates of Queensland" - New York Times review of original Australian production, 1996

Adaptations of works by Gilbert and Sullivan
Ballets by Daryl Gray
Ballets designed by Christopher Smith
1991 ballet premieres
Ballets by Arthur Sullivan

Pirates of Penzance – The Ballet!