Koya is a South-Central Dravidian language of the Gondi–Kui group spoken in central and southern India. It is the native language of the Koya people. It is sometimes described as a dialect of Gondi, but it is mutually unintelligible with Gondi dialects.

Koya is the language spoken by the tribal community in Integrated Tribal Development Agency (ITDA),Rampachodavaram, East Godavari district ; ITDA,Kotaramachandrapuram, West Godavari district; ITDA,Bhadrachalam in Khammam district  in Andhra Pradesh. The Koyas also live in the southernmost part of Sukma in Chhattisgarh and Malkangiri, the southwesternmost district of Odisha.

Koya is variously written in the Oriya, Telugu, Devanagari or Latin script. Sathupati Prasanna Sree has also developed a unique script for use with the Koya language. With 270,994 registered native speakers, it figures at rank 37 in the 1991 Indian census. There are textbooks developed in Koya language under Mother Tongue based Multilingual Education Programme by Government of Andhra Pradesh and implemented in 50 primary schools in Koya habitations.

References

Agglutinative languages
Dravidian languages
Subject–object–verb languages
Languages written in Devanagari

Koya language


Reign & Shine is a 2005 album by the South African mbaqanga group the Mahotella Queens. The album was a break from their usual mgqashiyo music, focusing on three-part vocal harmonies and percussion (by Veli Shabangu), with electric guitar and bass only appearing on some tracks. The album featured new compositions such as "Amazemula" ("Monster") and "Ndodana Yolahleko" as well as old favourites like "Town Hall" and "Amabhongo" in addition to the South African national anthem, "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika".

Track listing
 "Amazemula" ("Monster")
 "Saphel' Isizwe" ("Disease Is All Over The Nation")
 "Muntu Wesilisa" ("We're Talking to You")
 "Ndodana Yolahleko"
 "Town Hall"
 "Mbube" ("The Lion")
 "Amabhongo"
 "Sela Ndini" ("Thieves Are About")
 "Thandanani" ("Love One Another")
 "Siyancela" ("We're Begging You")
 "Safa Yindlala" ("They Died Hungry")
 "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" ("God Bless Africa")

Personnel
 Hilda Tloubatla (vocals)
 Nobesuthu Mbadu (vocals)
 Mildred Mangxola (vocals)
 Veli Shabangu (percussions, backing vocals)
 Texan Thusi (lead guitar, rhythm guitar)
 Madoda Ntshingila (bass guitar)
 Engineer: Ian Osrin
 Producer: Ian Osrin
 An AS Entertainment/African Cream Music production

Mahlathini and the Mahotella Queens albums
2005 albums

Reign & Shine


The Bollington Festival is a festival which takes place every four or five years in the small town of Bollington in the Pennine foothills near Macclesfield, Cheshire in England.

History
The festival was the idea of John Coope, a doctor. Dr John set out in the 1960s to create in the village a sense of community to counteract what he saw as a drift away from the collective towards the individual, and his work continued until his death on Christmas Day 2008. The 2005 festival was the first in which he played no major role.

Coope believed that a community should be alive and kicking and, above all, an active place where people join together to achieve more than they can as lone operators. His legacy is in the organisations he launched, revived and often led: the brass band; the drama group; the festival players; the light opera group; the civic society; and the festival choir. He was also the driving force in the creation of an arts centre (few English towns of 7,000 people have one), a regular venue for string quartets, jazz, stand-up comedy, plays, pantomimes, as well as talks and lectures.

2009 Festival
The 2009 festival boasted 94 events in 18 days, and its principal venue was a 550-seat marquee, with comfortable seats, lighting rig and full sound system, erected on the town's recreation ground. Events ranged from a dog show to opera. Celebrations began with the official opening on May 8 by broadcaster Jenni Murray and ended with the traditional torchlight procession up White Nancy, the local hill-top folly, on the last night on May 25.

The music programme was aimed at all tastes: a concert version of Gershwin's opera Porgy and Bess and two performances of Jonathan Doves's opera Tobias and the Angel; a symphony concert; jazz with the Big Chris Barber Band, the Royal Northern College of Music Jazz Collective and Dave Mott; and folk with the New Rope String Band. The Upbeat Beatles sang with the Festival Orchestra and 17-year-old singer-songwriter Joni Fuller had a solo.

The aZZiZ company of drummers and dancers brought traditional music from South Africa, Ghana, Zimbabwe and Senegal, and Kim Schwartz and David Benitez demonstrated the sultry art of tango. There were also two big comedy nights: plays from (Dr Faustus, Wind In the Willows and Weekend Breaks by John Godber, and poetry with Carol Ann Duffy, Michael Symmons Roberts and Jackie Kay. There were also evenings with Barrie Rutter, founder of pioneering theatre company Northern Broadsides, and Sir Mark Elder, music director of the Hallé. Exhibitions included the work of artists working in and around Bollington – a map guided visitors round their studios. Up to 50 pictures by Guardian photographer Don McPhee were on show in the Arts Centre.

There was also a major science strand (measure the speed of light with a microwave oven), a fell race and many events aimed at children.

Sources
 The Bollington Festival
 Joni Fuller
 The Chris Barber Band

Festival
Festivals in Cheshire
Macclesfield
1964 establishments in England
Recurring events established in 1964

Bollington Festival


Snowy River Cave Passage is a cave passage within Fort Stanton Cave in Lincoln County, New Mexico, obtaining its name from a stream bed of white calcite.

Geology
The bed of Snowy River is covered with bright white calcite. Over time, ancient, slow moving ground water dissolved the limestone walls of the cave and, with the help of microorganisms, recrystallized limestone into the white-colored mineral. Since prehistoric times, ground water saturated with dissolved calcite has periodically flooded the cave, followed by extended periods of dryness, leaving behind coatings and deposits. Fort Stanton Cave, now including the Snowy River Passage, contains the fourth largest cave footprint (the area within a convex polygon that encloses the known cave passages) in the USA.

The Bureau of Land Management reports that Snowy River may be the largest continuous cave formation in America.

Hydrology
Discovered in 2001, Snowy River is a section of a much larger cave complex. Researchers and explorers have not yet determined how the formations relate to the geology and hydrology. After visits to the dry riverbed in 2001, 2003 and 2005, explorers were surprised to find Snowy River flowing with water in 2007 and also in 2010 after a heavy winter snowfall. In 2014, cave surveys reached points as far as 12 miles (19.3 km) from daylight from the cave's single entrance. In August 2014, Snowy River again started flowing and continued to flow for the next three years, severely limiting exploration far upstream past Midnight Junction where a camping area had been established. With surveyed passage reaching 31.59 miles (50.84 km) in 2017, this cave is the third longest cave in New Mexico. At 11 miles, Snowy River is the world's longest calcite formation. The non-profit [1] group has a long history of work in the cave, and in 2017 published a new book 12 Miles From Daylight with over 300 pages and 350 photographs and maps, featuring explorations from 1855 to the present.

Biology
From crusts on the cave walls, antibiotic-producing actinobacteria and some 36 strains of manganese-using bacteria have been discovered. New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology says the organisms live in this isolated environment by chemically breaking down manganese compounds, creating reconstituted mineral byproducts in the process that may have pharmaceutical uses. Scientists anticipate new biological as well as geologic discoveries will be found.

See also
 List of caves in the United States
 List of longest caves in the United States

References

External links
FSCSP: Fort Stanton Cave Study Project
BLM: Fort Stanton-Snowy River Cave, National Conservation Area
NCKRI: Dating the Snowy River formation

Limestone caves
Caves of New Mexico
Landforms of Lincoln County, New Mexico
National Natural Landmarks in New Mexico

Snowy River Cave


The privilege of competency is, in Catholic canon law, the right of a cleric to proper sustenance.

When a parochial church has been incorporated with a collegiate institution or monastery and a vicar has been appointed to the cure of souls in the parish, the possessors of the benefice are obliged to give him the needful salary. Nor can the right to this competency be done away with by agreement. If a private contract be made by which a less sum is to be accepted, it will not bind the successor of the contracting vicar. Even if the contract be approved by public authority, it is not binding unless an amount sufficient for the proper support of the pastor be stipulated. The right to competency also has place when several simple benefices are united with a parish church. If the endowment is not sufficient for the necessary number of pastors, then recourse is to be had to firstfruits, tithes, and collections among the parishioners.

It is the duty of the bishop to see that those who have the care of souls be provided with proper support.

References

External links
Catholic Encyclopedia "Privilege of Competency"

Canon law

Privilege of competency


Rosanna Fratello (born 26 March 1951) is an Italian singer and actress.

Biography and career
Born in San Severo, Foggia, Fratello emerged as singer in 1969, when she took part at the Sanremo Music Festival with the song "Il treno" and obtained her first commercial success with the song "Non sono Maddalena".

In 1971, she made her debut as actress with the film Sacco e Vanzetti; for her performance she was awarded with a Nastro d'Argento as best new actress. Her other roles were in the crime films The Black Hand (1973) and Cross Shot (1976).

In 1972, she topped the Hit Parade with her major success, the song "Sono una donna, non sono una santa"; in the following years she experimented with various genres such as disco music, folk music and Italo disco and competed in a number of Sanremo Festivals, but failed to repeat that success.

In 1985, Fratello took part in the musical project "Ro Bo T" together with Bobby Solo and Little Tony. In 1994, she came back to the Sanremo Music Festival with the supergroup Squadra Italia.

References

External links

 Rosanna Fratello at Discogs

Living people
1951 births
Italian women singers
People from San Severo
Italian film actresses
Nastro d'Argento winners

Rosanna Fratello


The hyacinth macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus), or hyacinthine macaw, is a parrot native to central and eastern South America.

It is longer than any other species of parrot, from the top of its head to the tip of its long pointed tail it is about 100 cm (3.3 ft). It is the largest macaw and the largest flying parrot species.

Habitat loss and trapping wild birds for the pet trade has taken a heavy toll on their population in the wild, and as a result the species is classified as endangered on the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List, and it is protected by its listing on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).

They eat nuts from native palms. They have large, powerful beaks that can crack nuts and seeds, while their dry, smooth tongues have a bone inside them that makes them effective for tapping into fruits. The acuri nut is so hard that the parrots cannot feed on it until it has passed through the digestive system of cattle. In addition, they eat fruits and other vegetable matter. Their diet includes fruits, nuts, nectar, and various kinds of seeds. They travel for ripe food over a vast area.

This beautiful bird is endangered. In the wild its eggs are eaten by various small mammals, by vultures, and by the toucan. The hyacinth depends on the toucan, which spreads the seeds of the Manduvi tree (Sterculia apetala) that the macaw needs for reproduction. The tree is just right for the macaw to make its nest, and there are few other places as good. The toucan disperses 83% of the tree's seeds, but also eats 53% of the macaw's eggs.

But by far, humans are the main cause of its problems. The illegal trade in fancy feathers, the pet trade and the destruction of habitat has greatly reduced its numbers.

References

True parrots
Birds of South America
Endangered species
IUCN Red List endangered species
IUCN Red List vulnerable species
Pets
Vulnerable species

Hyacinth macaw


Tegner Township is a township in Kittson County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 67 at the 2000 census.

Tegner Township was organized in 1882, and named for Esaias Tegnér, a Swedish writer.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 35.7 square miles (92.5 km), of which 35.7 square miles (92.4 km) is land and 0.04 square mile (0.1 km) (0.06%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 67 people, 23 households, and 18 families residing in the township. The population density was 1.9 people per square mile (0.7/km). There were 27 housing units at an average density of 0.8/sq mi (0.3/km). The racial makeup of the township was 100.00% White.

There were 23 households, out of which 43.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.9% were married couples living together, 4.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.7% were non-families. 21.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.91 and the average family size was 3.44.

In the township the population was spread out, with 32.8% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 19.4% from 25 to 44, 29.9% from 45 to 64, and 11.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.5 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $31,250, and the median income for a family was $35,625. Males had a median income of $23,750 versus $21,250 for females. The per capita income for the township was $14,021. There were 8.3% of families and 19.4% of the population living below the poverty line, including 18.8% of people under 18 and none of those over 64.

References

Townships in Kittson County, Minnesota
Townships in Minnesota

Tegner Township, Kittson County, Minnesota


George Marsden Waterhouse (6 April 1824 – 6 August 1906) was a Premier of South Australia from  8 October 1861 until 3 July 1863 and the seventh premier of New Zealand from 11 October 1872 to 3 March 1873.

Early life
George Waterhouse's father, Rev John Waterhouse, was general superintendent of the Wesleyan Missions in Australia and Polynesia.

Australia
Waterhouse was aged 15 when his family migrated in 1839, initially to Hobart. Four years later he moved to Adelaide and set up business as a merchant.

He was first elected to parliament in the electoral district of East Torrens in the colony of South Australia in August 1851. He resigned 3 years later, was elected again in 1857 but resigned again soon after.

He supported economic development of the colony through free trade and was elected to the South Australian Legislative Council again in 1860, where he advocated uniform tariffs for Australia. He was chief secretary in the First Reynolds Ministry from May 1860 to February 1861. After Reynolds ended his term as Premier in 1861, Waterhouse formed a government with the intention of finalising a motion in relation to Justice Benjamin Boothby, a judge in the Supreme Court of South Australia who was causing difficulties by objecting to the legitimacy of the Appeals Court under the new Constitution. Waterhouse resigned his ministry after this task was completed, but was persuaded to reform another government, which lasted until July 1863 before collapsing in the face of accusations of financial irregularities and alleged misappropriation of funds. In 1864 he retired from South Australian politics and spent some time in England.

New Zealand
Waterhouse migrated to New Zealand in 1869 and on 13 May 1870 was appointed to the New Zealand Legislative Council. He was in the Fox Ministry from 30 October to 20 November 1871, and in October 1872 became premier without portfolio. He resigned in March 1873 finding that as a member of the upper house it was impossible to keep control of his ministry. He remained a Legislative Council member until his resignation on 30 June 1890.

Retirement in England
Waterhouse fell into ill-health and retired to England in 1889, and died at Torquay, Devonshire on 6 August 1906.

Waterhouse had his career both in Australia and New Zealand, but it was much hampered by the poor state of his health. He has the unusual distinction of having been the premier of two colonies. Despite this distinction, Waterhouse never received a knighthood or a peerage for his services in governing two colonies.

Personal
He married Lydia Giles (1827 – 25 January 1910), a daughter of William Giles, on 5 July 1848. Fanny, one of their two adopted daughters, married William Fitzherbert in 1875.

References

External links

New Zealand Prime Ministers

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Prime Ministers of New Zealand
Premiers of South Australia
People from Penzance
Australian people of Cornish descent
British emigrants to Australia
British emigrants to New Zealand
New Zealand people of Cornish descent
1824 births
1906 deaths
Speakers of the New Zealand Legislative Council
Members of the New Zealand Legislative Council
Cornish Methodists
19th-century Australian politicians
19th-century New Zealand politicians
19th-century Methodists
Members of the South Australian House of Assembly
Members of the South Australian Legislative Council

George Waterhouse (politician)


The Rich Man's Wife is a 1996 American thriller film written and directed by Amy Holden Jones and starring Halle Berry. The title character becomes a suspect when her husband is murdered and the investigating detectives are suspicious of her alibi. The film was released on September 13, 1996.

Plot
Josie Potenza is the trophy wife of workaholic Hollywood producer Tony Potenza, but their marriage is crumbling due to his increased drinking resulting from stress at work. She convinces him to join her for a romantic getaway at a secluded lakeside cabin, but when it becomes obvious his concerns about the studio are going to take precedence over relaxation, she begrudgingly tells him to return home but decides to stay on her own for a few days.

Josie sees Cole Wilson ogling her at a local bar and, uncomfortable with the unwanted attention, she leaves. Her jeep breaks down on a dark, secluded country road and as she starts to hike to the cabin, Cole pulls up in his truck and offers her a lift. He convinces her he is harmless and when he extends an invitation to dinner the following night, Josie accepts.

As they linger over drinks after dinner, Josie discusses her unhappy marriage. Although there are problems, and she sometimes fantasizes about her husband's death, she is grateful to Tony for all he has given her and still has hopes for their future. Cole becomes aggressive and she resists his advances. During the drive back to the cabin, he turns off his headlights and begins to drive erratically, and Josie becomes hysterical. When he tries to force himself on her, Josie fires a gun she found in a kitchen drawer and grazes his face with the bullet. Vowing revenge, Cole leaves.

With the passing of time, Tony stops drinking and he and Josie successfully work at repairing their damaged marriage. On the way home one rainy night, he stops at an ATM, and Cole conceals himself in the back seat of his car. He forces him to drive to a secluded park and shoots him numerous times, then goes to Josie's home and reveals he has killed her husband. He warns her if she reports him to the police he will tell them she hired him to murder Tony, and demands $30,000 for his silence. When the police question Josie she says nothing about Cole's involvement, but her story - or lack of one - makes detective Dan Fredricks suspicious, and his African American partner Ron Lewis accuses him of suspecting Josie simply because she is black and her husband was white.

Josie tells her lover, struggling restaurateur Jake Golden that she knows the identity of Tony's killer but he warns her not to reveal anything. He has an ulterior motive - Jake, desperate for money to finance his failing business when his partner Tony bailed out, had hired Cole to kill Tony so Josie would be free to marry him and he could benefit from her wealth. Complications arise when attorney Bill Adolphe tells Josie all her husband's assets were in his name and he died intestate. All his accounts have been frozen and Josie will have to wait an undetermined amount of time for the court to supervise probate.

While Jake's ex-wife Nora tries to convince the police he may have killed Tony, Josie becomes the target of the increasingly deranged Cole. After killing Jake, he traps her in her garage and Josie kills him in the ensuing skirmish. Josie pleads self defense, and when Nora tells them she doesn't believe Josie is clever enough to have masterminded any of the events that have transpired, the police let her go, unaware the two women are partners in crime.

Cast
Halle Berry as Josie Potenza
Peter Greene as Cole Wilson
Clive Owen as Jake Golden
Christopher McDonald as Tony Potenza
Frankie Faison as Detective Ron Lewis
Charles Hallahan as Detective Dan Fredricks
Clea Lewis as Nora Golden
Allan Rich as Bill Adolphe

Critical reception
The Rich Man's Wife received negative reviews from critics. The film holds a 13% rating on Rotten Tomatoes from 15 reviews.

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times observed, "The movie proceeds more or less satisfactorily for 94 minutes, and then in the last 60 seconds expects us to revise everything we thought we knew, or guessed, or figured out - just because of an arbitrary ending.". He praises the dialogue and the character development, but criticizes the discontinuity of the ending which abruptly negates the previous plot development.

Lawrence van Gelder of The New York Times said, "The film owes no little debt to Alfred Hitchcock's thriller Strangers on a Train and to all those movies in which homicidal maniacs pop up unexpectedly, lone women hear creaking doors and ominous footsteps, thunderstorms erupt at convenient moments and couples who share disturbing confidences speed along dark, deserted roads while windshield wipers sweep across close-ups of their tense faces. Rich Man's Wife also owes a debt to its audience, whose credibility is sorely taxed at turning points where sensible individuals would disagree with Josie's actions."

Calling the film "a passable genre piece with weird plot twists and mediocre acting from the gorgeous Berry," Edward Guthmann of the San Francisco Chronicle compared it to "the old Lana Turner melodramas with the glossy sets, soft-focus photography and operatic emotional range." He continued, "Jones serves this slice of ham with slick direction and Haskell Wexler's handsome photography, and keeps twisting the plot and our presumptions right up to the final scene. It's diverting, good-looking trash, and it might be more defensible if Berry were genuinely talented and didn't have such a thin, high-school-cheerleader voice."

Barbara Shulgasser of the San Francisco Examiner felt the only reason to see the film "is to watch a charming actress called Clea Lewis . . . play a wronged ex-wife and steal the show in two short scenes. The rest of the movie is so cluttered with old plot twists and a lame attempt at what the filmmakers must have thought would be a surprise ending that the dialogue was drowned out half the time by audience members pleading with characters not to do the same dumb things we've all seen movie characters do hundreds of times before in equally bad movies . . . Writer-director Amy Holden Jones has written other ridiculous scripts before, including the one for Indecent Proposal, but she directed the laudable Jamie Lee Curtis vehicle Love Letters, so there really is no excuse for the sheer ineptitude of this movie."

Godfrey Cheshire of Variety said, "Thrills have seldom seemed as routine as they do in The Rich Man's Wife, a lady-and-the-psycho yarn so generic it might have been constructed by computer printout . . . Although her script is the source of the film's hackneyed feel, Jones' direction is generally top-drawer. Beyond her work with the supporting cast, she provides a polished, fluid look and proves especially effective at mounting punchy, visceral action scenes."

During a 2019 appearance on The Late Late Show with James Corden, Berry was asked if she had ever realized a film was going to be poorly received during filming. She replied by citing The Rich Man's Wife, saying: "I'm sorry everybody who worked on this movie. Everybody, sorry, but the truth is the truth. [...] I kinda knew it wasn't gonna be the greatest cinematic experience for the people. You go into these movies always with the best intentions. [...] Then sometimes you get on the set and you realize, 'What, was I high when I agreed to do this?'"

References

External links

1996 films
1996 crime thriller films
American crime thriller films
Films set in Los Angeles
Films shot in Los Angeles
Caravan Pictures films
Hollywood Pictures films
Films scored by James Newton Howard
Films scored by John Frizzell (composer)
Films directed by Amy Holden Jones
1990s English-language films
1990s American films

The Rich Man's Wife


The Museum of Hartlepool opened in 1996 and is located within the attraction Hartlepool's Maritime Experience. It houses the collections once on display in the Gray Art Gallery and Museum and the Maritime Museum which was on the Headland, Hartlepool, both are now closed.  The fine art collections are displayed at Hartlepool Art Gallery.  It is free to enter and houses hundreds of exhibits telling the story of Hartlepool, England, a North East coastal town with a rich heritage in shipbuilding, fishing and the sea.

The largest exhibit is the Paddle Steam Ship PS Wingfield Castle.  Built in 1934, for many years it served as a passenger ferry across the Humber. It was restored in Hartlepool and now is a floating exhibit and houses a coffee shop.  Other exhibits include the first gas illuminated lighthouse, a 'sea monster' or merman, a real coble boat to climb upon. You can also find out about the famous Monkey Legend, and why Hartlepudlians are often referred to as a Monkey hanger.  There is a temporary exhibition area in the museum which displays local, regional and national exhibitions.

External links
 This is Hartlepool information

Museums established in 1996
Museums in County Durham
Museum of Hartlepool
Maritime museums in England
Local museums in County Durham
Museum of Hartlepool

Museum of Hartlepool


Berlyn Dale Horne (April 12, 1899 – February 3, 1983) was a relief pitcher in Major League Baseball who played briefly for the Chicago Cubs during the 1929 season. Listed at 5' 9", 155 lb., Horne was a switch-hitter and threw right-handed. He was born in Bachman, Ohio.

In his one season in the majors, Horne posted a 1–1 record with a 5.09 ERA in 11 appearances, including one start, six strikeouts, 21 walks, 24 hits allowed, and 23 innings of work without a save. However, Horne's minor league baseball career spanned 22 seasons from 1917 to 1938, including several seasons in the Pacific Coast League. He won over 200 games in the minors during his career.

Horne died at the age of 83 in Franklin, Ohio.

Fact
His nickname was in reference to explorer Trader Horn.

References

External links

Retrosheet

Chicago Cubs players
Jacksonville Roses players
Battle Creek Custers players
Port Huron Saints players
Saginaw Aces players
Rochester Tribe players
Jersey City Skeeters players
Los Angeles Angels (minor league) players
Indianapolis Indians players
Omaha Packers players
Scranton Miners players
Knoxville Smokies players
Oakland Oaks (baseball) players
Sacramento Senators players
Mission Reds players
Hollywood Stars players
San Diego Padres (minor league) players
Wenatchee Chiefs players
Seattle Indians players
Vancouver Maple Leafs players
Yakima Pippins players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Ohio
Sportspeople from Montgomery County, Ohio
1899 births
1983 deaths

Trader Horne (baseball)


Katawa Shoujo (かたわ少女, Katawa Shōjo?, lit. "Cripple Lassies", owersett "Disabeelity Lassies") is a bishōjo-style visual novel bi Four Leaf Studios that tells a story o a young mannie an five young lasses bidin wi varyin disabilities.  The gemme uises a tradeetional text an sprite-based visual novel model wi an ADV-style text box rinnin on the Ren'Py visual novel ingine.  The gemme is licensed uner the Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-ND.

The majority o the story taks place at the fictional Yamaku High School for disabled bairns, locatit in an unnamed ceety somewhaur in modren, northren Japan. Hisao Nakai, an able-bodied lad, haes his life chynged whan a lang-dormant cardiac arrhythmia forces him tae transfer tae a new schuil efter a lang hospitalisation. In maugre o his difficulties, Hisao haes the opportunity tae find freends an luve.

References

Visual novelles
Disabeelity
Bishojo

Katawa Shoujo


Wear can mean:
 Wear (erosion), the erosion of material from a solid surface by the action of another material
 The River Wear, a river in northeast England
 WEAR-TV, an ABC affiliate, in Pensacola, Florida
 Wear is a lesser used synonym for jibe, generally referring to tall ships.
 To have on one's person, like an item of clothing.
 Wear (journal), a scientific journal

Wear


Psalmodia Choir is a choir formed in 1988 by Włodzimierz Siedlik at the Liturgy Institute of the Pontifical Academy of Theology in Kraków, Poland. In 1996 it was officially recognised as the choir of the Academy, and it is now the choir of the Pontifical University of John Paul II following the granting of university status to the Academy in 2009. Since 2001 the choir has included students from other faculties and from other universities in Kraków.

As well as performing works by composers from many countries across all epochs, Psalmodia Choir specialises in the music of contemporary Polish composers including Górecki, Penderecki and Wojciech Kilar. The choir usually sings a cappella, but has also performed vocal-instrumental works.

Psalmodia Choir has performed with the Polish Radio Choir in Kraków, presented the Johann Strauss operetta The Gypsy Baron with Opera Krakowska at the 12th Summer Opera Festival in Kraków in June 2008, and has appeared on Polish television. The choir prepared the musical setting for the Holy Mass liturgy during the papal pilgrimages to Kraków in 1991, 1997, 1999, 2002, and 2006. It was awarded first prize in the "mixed choirs" category at the 4th Choral Festival "Cantate Domino" in Kraków in May 2009.

References

Polish choirs
Musical groups established in 1988

Psalmodia Choir


An air gun is a gun which uses gas to fire a projectile instead of burning gunpowder that an ordinary gun uses.

The oldest air guns used a bellows to compress (squeeze) air in a tube. When the gun was fired the air was released. The only way for the air to go was by pushing the pellet out.

A later invention was the spring piston, these can only fire one shot before the spring has to be reset. Newer guns use air or another gas in a small cartridge, these guns can fire many more shots before the cartridge needs to be changed or refilled.

The projectile for an air gun is usually a pellet. Some guns of this sort fire small round pellets call "bb"s. Some people think this means ball bearing, but it does not. The letters bb stood for a size of shot that was used to make shotgun cartridges, This was used in the first bb guns.

The most popular calibres (pellet sizes) for air weapons are  mm  (also called .177 to .22). In many countries there are strict rules that limit the sales of air guns so not everyone can have one.

They are not as powerful as other guns but they can still hurt or even kill people.

Many people enjoy air rifle and pistol shooting either for fun or hunting. In the Olympics and target games, air pistols are used in some of the shooting events.

References

Firearms

Air gun


Richard D. Taylor (born April 5, 1931) is a former Iowa State Representative from the 53rd and 33rd Districts. He served in the Iowa House of Representatives from 2000 to 2009. He resigned in October 2009 because of family health concerns.

Prior to serving in the Iowa House, Taylor served in the United States Navy and was an electrician. Taylor served on the Robins, Iowa City Council.

During his last term in office, Taylor served on several committees in the Iowa House - the Commerce, Local Government, and Veterans Affairs committees.  He also served on the Natural Resources Committee, where he was vice chair, and on the Justice System Appropriations Subcommittee.  Earlier in his term, until November 2007, he served as vice chair of the Veterans Affairs Committee.

Taylor was first elected to House District 53 in a January 4, 2000 special election following fellow Democrat Kay Chapman's resignation.  The unusual, early date of the election meant that voter registration deadline was on Christmas and the county auditor's office had to be open on New Year's Day (both public holidays).  After the district lines were redrawn for the 2002 election, he represented the new District 53.  He resigned from office on October 14, 2009 and was succeeded by fellow Democrat Kirsten Running-Marquardt.

Electoral history
*incumbent

References

External links

 Taylor on Project Vote Smart
 Taylor's Capitol Web Address

Iowa city council members
Democratic Party members of the Iowa House of Representatives
People from Algona, Iowa
Politicians from Cedar Rapids, Iowa
1931 births
Living people

Dick Taylor (Iowa politician)


Aluminum wiring is electrical wiring made of aluminum, instead of the usual copper. It is widely and successfully used for electricity transmission and distribution. It is lighter  and stronger than copper wire, which helps prevent the cables from sagging. It is also less expensive than copper wire. It has also been successfully used in aircraft wiring. In the 1960s, with the rising price of copper, electricians started to use it to wire homes and other buildings. Aluminum wiring was not successful in this application and it is a major safety problem. Because of the safety problems with aluminum wiring, it was discontinued for building wiring in the mid-1970s. Over time, aluminum wiring can separate from the screws on electrical outlets, switches, or lights, creating a poor connection, which causes the wire to heat up. The heat can cause the aluminum to oxidize, creating an even worse connection and more heat, which can eventually start a fire. Incorrect repairs to aluminum wiring, such as connecting aluminum wire to copper wire with twist-on wire connectors, can make the problem even worse. Even twist-on connectors designed to connect aluminum to copper can be dangerous. The only proper way to repair aluminum wiring is to connect it to copper "tails" (short pieces of copper wire) with crimped or screw-on connectors specifically designed for this purpose.

Aluminium
Electrical wiring

Aluminum wiring


El Oro  is a province in Ecuador. The capital is Machala.

It was named for its historically important gold production. Today it is one of the world's major exporters of bananas.

Cantons
The province is divided into 14 cantons. The following table lists each with its population at the 2019 census, its area in square kilometres (km²), and the name of the canton seat or capital.

References

Provinces of Ecuador

El Oro Province


is a type of Japanese fermented chili paste manufactured in Niigata Prefecture. Originally a traditional condiment from the Jōetsu region, the name "kanzuri" was trademarked in 1966 by the Kanzuri, Co. Ltd. of Myōkō, the sole maker of the product.

Description
Kanzuri is a chili paste with a bright red color. Its texture and flavor are similar to that of yuzu koshō, which is prepared with the identical principal ingredients, but kanzuri has a milder flavor that is sweeter and less salty. The flavor of kanzuri is also comparable to that of Tabasco sauce or doubanjiang.

Production
The process to make kanzuri typically takes approximately three to four years. The ingredients used are tōgarashi, yuzu, salt, and kōji mold.

Production begins in April of the first year with the planting of the tōgarashi used for kanzuri. The particular cultivar used for the making of kanzuri is known as S-30; it is locally grown and about three times larger than other tōgarashi. These S-30 tōgarashi are harvested in the summer. The crop is rinsed with sea water, ground with yuzu and kōji mold, then left to ferment in barrels. In June or July, prior to the onset of peak summer heat, the barrels of fermenting tōgarashi are exposed to the air. This takes place from August until November. During the coldest part of the year, typically around January 20, the tōgarashi are then laid out on snow to dry for several days in a traditional process known as  or yukisarashi (). This is repeated several times until March. Exposure to the snow increases the potency of the tōgarashi's flavor and removes excess salt and bitterness. This process is repeated each year, after which the kanzuri is bottled and shipped to market.

Different varieties of kanzuri may take longer to ferment, with one variety taking as long as six years.

Kanzuri was trademarked by Kanzuri, Co. Ltd. of Myōkō, Niigata in 1966, who later also trademarked the name in China, South Korea, and the United States. They are the exclusive makers of kanzuri.

Uses
Traditionally, people from the Jōetsu region, which is known in Japan for its heavy snowfall, used kanzuri as a condiment that was thought to help warm up body temperature.

Today, kanzuri is used in a wide variety of dishes, including ramen, miso soup, yakiniku, nabemono, nattō, and pasta. It can also be dissolved into wasabi or tare, as well as be eaten as a complement to tsukemono. It is also used as a seasoning in snacks including kaki no tane, senbei, Kappa Ebisen, instant yakisoba, ramen, and chorizo.

According to Tōjō Kuniaki, the current president of Kanzuri, Co. Ltd., restaurateurs and chefs in Japan often use kanzuri as a "great supporting actor" and "secret ingredient" in their dishes. They have reported to him that kanzuri helps to mitigate the oiliness of a dish or to brighten its flavor.

History

Local legend in Jōetsu ascribes the origin of kanzuri to Uesugi Kenshin, who is said to have introduced tōgarashi to the region from Kyoto. Kanzuri was originally made by grinding tōgarashi together with miso paste.

The modern manufacturing of kanzuri began after the Pacific War. At the time, traditional food culture was rapidly disappearing in Japan, which during its postwar economic surge became Westernized. Tōjō Kuniji, the founder of what later became the official maker of kanzuri, deplored the situation, and told his son that he had to protect the heritage of kanzuri. He began to research methods of making kanzuri and sought to replicate homemade kanzuri for the domestic market. After graduating high school, his son Kuniaki joined him in his efforts.

A breakthrough came when Kuniaki was sent to the United States as part of an agricultural study-abroad program for his university. As he and his fellow students dined on steak on one occasion, he procured a jar of kanzuri that he had brought with him from home. He invited others to try it and their positive reaction strengthened his resolve to popularize kanzuri. When he returned, he co-founded Kanzuri, Co. Ltd. in Myōkō with his father and trademarked the name "kanzuri".

Local elderly women were recruited to help with the manufacturing of kanzuri and produce the right flavor. At first, he sold his kanzuri door-to-door to neighbors. Although his efforts were derided at the time, kanzuri became popular and the company a success. It currently makes approximately 20 tons of kanzuri per year.

Both kanzuri and the process of yukisarashi have become popular tourist attractions in Myōkō.

References

External links
 Official website
 Video about the making and uses of kanzuri

Chili sauce and paste
Condiments
Food paste
Niigata Prefecture
Japanese cuisine

Kanzuri


Critters 3 is a 1991 American science fiction comedy horror Direct-to-video film and the third installment of the Critters series, directed by Kristine Peterson. Cary Elwes mentioned on the commentary for the uncut edition DVD of Saw that he passed on the role of Josh. It was shot simultaneously (from February to July 1991) with its sequel, Critters 4. Unlike the first two films, it does not take place in the town of Grover's Bend. It marked Leonardo DiCaprio's film debut.

Plot
Sometime after the events in Critters 2: The Main Course, Charlie MacFadden is tracking down the last of the Critters. A family of three – Annie (the main protagonist), Johnny (her little brother) and Clifford (the father) – stops at a rest stop when their car's tire pops.

At the rest stop, Charlie warns them and Josh, the stepson of a corrupt landlord, about the Critters. As this happens, a Critter lays eggs under the family's car and the family leaves, unknowingly taking the eggs with them. Soon after they arrive at their tenement, the Critters hatch and attack the sleazy maintenance man, Frank. When the landlord arrives, he too is eaten by the Critters. Josh locks the landlord in Clifford's room, unknowingly trapping his stepfather with the creatures.

Next, one of the residents is attacked and wounded. Annie, her family and five others (including Josh) try to get to safety in one piece by getting to the roof of the building. Charlie arrives and destroys the remaining Critters, saving the remaining tenants. The film ends in a cliffhanger as Charlie is about to destroy two Critter eggs, but is ordered not to and a containment pod sent from the Intergalactic Council crashes into the basement.

Cast
 Leonardo DiCaprio as Josh
 Aimee Brooks as Annie
 Don Keith Opper as Charlie MacFadden
 John Calvin as Clifford
 Nina Axelrod as Betty Briggs
 William Dennis Hunt as Briggs
 Geoffrey Blake as Frank
 Christian & Joseph Cousins as Johnny
 Terrence Mann as Ug
 Jose Luis Valenzuela as Mario
 Diana Bellamy as Rosalie
 Katherine Cortez as Marcia
 Frances Bay as Mrs. Menges
 Bill Zuckert as Mr. Menges
William Hanna as Critter's screams and shrieks

Release
The film was released as a direct to video by New Line Home Video on December 11, 1991. New Line Home Entertainment released it on DVD in 2003. The film was re-released in a set containing four films on DVD by Warner Bros. in 2010.

Scream Factory, a subsidiary of Shout! Factory, released the four films as part of "The Critters Collection" on Blu-ray. The set was available from November 27, 2018.

Reception
Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 0%, based on reviews from six critics, with an average rating of 2.8/10.

References

External links

1991 horror films
1991 films
1990s monster movies
1990s science fiction comedy films
1990s science fiction horror films
1991 comedy horror films
1991 direct-to-video films
American comedy horror films
American monster movies
American science fiction horror films
Direct-to-video sequel films
Puppet films
Films set in apartment buildings
Films set in Los Angeles
Films shot in Los Angeles
New Line Cinema direct-to-video films
Critters (franchise)
1990s English-language films
Films directed by Kristine Peterson
1990s American films

Critters 3


{{Infobox television
| image              = Elizabeth at 90, A Family Tribute.jpg
| caption            = DVD cover
| genre              = Documentary film
| writer             =
| director           = John Bridcut
| presenter          =
| narrated           = Charles, Prince of Wales
| composer           = Edmund Jolliffe
| country            = United Kingdom
| language           = English
| num_episodes       =
| executive_producer = BBC
| producer           = John Bridcut
| location           =
| runtime            = 90 minutes
| company            =
| channel            =
| first_aired        =
| last_aired         =
| related            = {{Plainlist|
 The Diamond Queen (2012)
 The Coronation (2018)
}}
}}Elizabeth at 90: A Family Tribute is a 2016 television documentary film made to commemorate the 90th birthday of Queen Elizabeth II. It was produced by the BBC and directed by John Bridcut, and narrated by Charles, Prince of Wales. Aside from archive footage, the programme featured extensive footage shot by the Queen, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Princess Margaret, King George VI and Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. The footage had never been publicly shown and came from the Queen's private archive of homemade films. The footage shown was interspersed with members of the British royal family commenting on the films. The film featured contributions from the Queen, the Prince of Wales, Anne, Princess Royal, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, Prince Harry, Lady Sarah Chatto, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, Princess Alexandra, Margaret Rhodes and Queen Margrethe II of Denmark.

ReceptionElizabeth at 90 was positively received by critics.

Sam Wollaston, writing in The Guardian likened the film to a royal version of Gogglebox. Wollaston wrote that "While the Duke of Kent points out himself and other dukes, William and Harry admire the dresses and the jewels, Charles says wonderful a lot, the Queen says very little and Anne scowls. ...And fascinating because, whatever you think of them, this particular family does have a place in the history of this country. In some ways, as her eldest son says, the birthday girl's life has defined our age. Plus, it is a rare glimpse behind high walls, at the private life of a private family that really is nothing like anyone else's. And yes, some of it is touching, such as the young Elizabeth, as yet unburdened by her destiny, singing happily with her younger sister".

Writing in The Daily Telegraph'', Gerard O'Donovan felt that it was "a triumph from start to finish. I cannot recall ever seeing a more charming, warm and – dare I say – human portrait of the Queen than this one...". O'Donovan wrote that the film "succeeded in blurring the boundary between public formality and private emotion...The result was a documentary that brilliantly sampled a full 90 years of a life both intensely public and guardedly private. A film that felt less like a tribute and more like a private view, and one you really didn't need to be a bonkers-mad Royalist to enjoy".

References

2016 television specials
2016 in British television
BBC television documentaries
Documentary films about British royalty
Films about Elizabeth II
Cultural depictions of Jawaharlal Nehru

Elizabeth at 90: A Family Tribute


, also known as , is a type of soft confectionery made of pounded glutinous rice and eaten in Okinawa Prefecture. Muchi means "rice cake" in the Okinawan language, sometimes called "Casa Muchi" from the fact that it is wrapped in the leaves of shell ginger. After the muchi is seasoned with brown sugar,
white sugar, purple yam and so on, it is wrapped and steamed.

In December, it is eaten as a lucky charm for the prayer of health and longevity. Also, from the end of January to early February of the Gregorian calendar is the coldest season in Okinawa, and it is called "Muchibisa" over this period in Okinawan. "Families will prepare Muchi together, making dozens of individual ones called Kassa Muchi, and may even make a huge one, called Chikara Muchi, and eat the big one together. The Muchi treats are tied up in string and hung from the ceiling as pretty decorations in the house."

The origin of the "Onimochi" is from a folktale of the main island of Okinawa. It was written about 800 years ago in "Kyuuyo", which was compiled in the 18th century at the time of Nao Takashi reign. It states that a man who moved from Shuri city to Osato city was attacking humans and animals and became a demon known as an "oni". His younger sister was sorrowful and put iron nails in Muchi, which the man loved and fed. Then, she pushed away the brother, who was weakened, to the sea and killed him. From this Okinawan tale, it is also called "Onimochi" because Muchi was used to exterminate the oni.

See also
Mochi

References

Okinawan cuisine
Glutinous rice dishes
Japanese rice dishes
Japanese confectionery
Rice cakes

Muchi


Possessed is a 2000 American made-for-television horror film directed by Steven E. de Souza, written by de Souza and Michael Lazarou, and starring Timothy Dalton. The film is based on events appearing in the book Possessed by Thomas B. Allen, which was inspired by the exorcism case of Roland Doe.

The film aired on Showtime on October 22, 2000, and was released on DVD in the United States on October 2, 2001.

Plot summary
William S. Bowdern (Timothy Dalton) is a World War II veteran who was severely affected by a bad experience in France on All Saints' Day in 1944. In the first scene of the film, we flash-back through one of Bowdern's dreams to where he was trying to escape from a German advance as Schutzstaffel (SS) soldiers execute wounded American soldiers. A wounded soldier calls Bowdern, the chaplain, to give him the Last Rites; Bowdern at first denies him so he can escape. Bowdern rethinks the matter and does his duty but is bayonetted by an SS soldier. He becomes an alcoholic, tormented by his injuries and the guilt of refusing a dying man's last wish.

Years later, Bowdern is teaching his students at St. Louis University (SLU) when, at the end of the lecture, an angry mob smashes the classroom's windows. When Bowdern gets out, he discovers that there is a demonstration against the school's recent racial integration. When the police arrive, he asks them to arrest "those people" — meaning the protestors — but the police arrest the black students instead. Angered, Bowdern physically attacks the cops, who arrest him as well. Father Raymond McBride (Henry Czerny) pays his bail, and drives him to the Alexian Brothers Hospital to show where the church places hopeless alcoholics and the mentally ill.

Robbie Mannheim (Jonathan Malen) is sitting with his aunt, Hanna (Piper Laurie), who is teaching him how to contact the "other world". Robbie's mother (Shannon Lawson) suddenly discovers the two at the ouija board. She scolds Aunt Hanna for disregarding her request that she must not expose Robbie to such ideas. Robbie disobeys his mother's demands that he stay away from the supernatural, as he enjoys the contacts.

When Aunt Hanna dies, Robbie continues trying to reach the other world. One day one of Robbie's classmates (Sensei Jamie) during school is severely wounded in the hand when a desk falls on top of him. Robbie is blamed. Ultimately, he is expelled from school. His father (Michael Rhoades) demands to know why Robbie hurt his classmate. When Robbie explains to his father that he did not deliberately do that and the desk moved itself, his father does not believe him and decides to physically punish him. Before he can, the chair on which Robbie is sitting moves out from under him, making Robbie crash to the floor. Robbie's parents feel someone or something is trying to harm their child. They feel he may really be "possessed".

They take him to the Lutheran Pastor Reverend Eckhardt (Richard Waugh), who believes what they are experiencing is a poltergeist. He takes Robbie to his house to put him under exact monitoring (by putting him in a special room and attaching a light in front of his bed to help him record daily reactions by his camera). During Robbie's stay, several things occur that convince Pastor Eckhardt that Robbie is being afflicted by demons: strange noises are made in the house, the wall clock is smashed, and Robbie falls into fits of rage and hysteria. When Pastor Eckhardt tells his wife that Robbie should be treated by the Catholics, Robbie attacks him.

McBride visits the family in their house to check on Robbie after his parents go to the university requesting help. During one of Robbie's fits of hysteria, the parents find the letters SLU scrawled on his belly. When McBride enters his room, he is attacked and becomes convinced that the child is endowed with some sort of supernatural power. He convinces Bowdern to visit the family.

Bowdern visits Robbie in his room, comforting him with his knowledge of comic books. Bowdern notices that Robbie is interested in magic and ventriloquism, while Robbie notices that Fr. Bowdern is affected by his collection of toy soldiers that sets off a post traumatic stress disorder event. When Father Bowdern tries to convince the parents that there is nothing wrong with Robbie, the boy suddenly becomes hysterical, speaking in Latin as things fly across the room. Bowdern becomes convinced that Robbie must undergo treatment.

Bowdern and McBride go to Archbishop Hume (Christopher Plummer) to persuade him to give Robbie an exorcism. The Archbishop is skeptical, saying that he is trying to improve the Catholic Church's public image as a modern institution, free of ancient superstition. He requests to speak to McBride alone, and he nominates Bowdern to handle the issue.

Bowdern begins Robbie's treatment, assisted by McBride and Father Walter Halloran (Michael McLachlan). They conduct several visits to him during which Robbie starts throwing temper tantrums. He scratches at them, vomits and urinates on them, and swears uncontrollably. During the treatment trials, Bowdern has flashbacks to his war experiences and dreads that this may be another failure. Robbie is transferred twice to two different churches. Finally, Bowdern manages to cure him. The room in the church where the exorcism takes place is locked on Archbishop Hume's orders.

Cast
 Timothy Dalton as Fr. William S. Bowdern
 Henry Czerny as Fr. Raymond McBride
 Jonathan Malen as Robbie Mannhiem
Michael Rhoades as Karl Mannheim
 Shannon Lawson as Phyllis Mannheim
 Christopher Plummer as Archbishop Hume
 Piper Laurie as Aunt Hanna
 Richard Waugh as Reverend Eckhardt
Michael McLachlan as Fr. Walter Halloran

References

External links

Real Men of God at National Review

Exorcising 'The Exorcist' at "Brill's Content"
Demons Within: Exorcism Movies at "Starburst"

2000 films
2000 horror films
2000 television films
American supernatural horror films
Films about Catholic priests
Films about exorcism
Films about Spiritism
Films based on American horror novels
Films directed by Steven E. de Souza
Films set in 1944
Films set in the 1950s
Films set in France
Films set in St. Louis
Films scored by John Frizzell (composer)
American horror television films
Holiday horror films
Religious horror films
American World War II films
2000s American films

Possessed (2000 film)


An empire is a set of lands, regions or countries that are ruled by an Emperor. An empire usually also has many different cultures. In history, many empires were usually formed when a country began to invade or colonise nearby countries.

Usually, an empire is ruled by one dominant country.  For example, the British Empire was largely controlled by the United Kingdom's government.

Well-known empires include the Persian Empire, Roman Empire, Russian Empire, Greek Macedonian Empire, Holy Roman Empire and British Empire.

Sea empires grew mostly by sailing to distant places and conquering them. The Aztec Empire and the Mongol Empire were land empires. The Venetian Empire and the British Empire were sea empires. The largest empire was The British Empire.

Before Christopher Columbus, there were several American empires including Vikings (owned Greenland), the Aztec Empire, and the Inca Empire. The Spanish and the Portuguese were the first Europeans to discover America. Later came the English, later to be called the British Empire controlled most of North America, and the Spanish Empire controlled most of South America and Latin America.

The oldest empire was the Akkadian Empire, whose founder was Sargon of Akkad.

Modern empires
The newest created empire was The Soviet Union created in 1922, which included Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia.

Today, the only monarch to use the title "emperor" is the Emperor of Japan although his power is mostly ceremonial and the de facto head of government is the Prime Minister of Japan.

References

Empires

Empire


Hammondsport is a village in Steuben County, New York, United States. First settled in 1792 the village is located at the south end of Keuka Lake, one of the Finger Lakes. In the 1850s vineyards and the wine industry began to emerge in and around Hammondsport. Pioneer aviation engineer Glenn Curtiss was born in Hammondsport, where he built several types of aircraft, and the first sea-planes, which were tested in Keuka Lake. Hammondsport features a village square, historic buildings, wineries, breweries and museums.  Nearby municipalities contain vineyards, and wineries and grape-packing have played a major role in the economy. In 1935, heavy rains lasting three days resulted in mudslides and major flooding, ruining or damaging many homes and structures in Hammondsport, situated at the hillside. A number of buildings surrounding Pulteney Square make up the Pulteney Square Historic District and are listed in the National Register of Historic Places

History

Hammondsport was settled beginning in 1792 by Samuel Baker, Mr. Aulls and Capt. Amos Stone, and was originally called "Cold Spring Valley", due to its icy-cold spring that emptied into Keuka Lake (then called Crooked Lake) It was also known as  Pleasant Valley.

In the year 1802, General George McClure purchased several hundred acres of land in Pleasant Valley just south of Hammondsp[ort where he built a saw mill, fulling mill, flour mill and carding machine. During this time he opened a store on the site of Hammondsport, which sold goods produced by the mills, thus laying the foundation for future business there. The village was later renamed for Lazerus Hammond, a settler who arrived in 1810 from nearby Dansville. The first building constructed in the valley is still standing. Hammond officially founded the village around 1826, and it was incorporated in 1856. William Hastings, a member of the Presbyterian church, erected the first store, and started a mercantile business. The village became a center for the New York wine industry.

In 1825 the first Christian religious service was held in Hammondsport by Episcopal Reverend Bostwick, who organized the Episcopal Church Society in Hammondsport and resided in a rectory there.  In July, 1831, Reverend Isaac Flagler, a Presbyterian, arrived and began religious services. On July 25, a Presbyterian religious society was established, and on September 14 a Presbyterian church, consisting of eight members, was organized, by a committee from the Presbyterian church in Bath, consisting of Reverend Isaac W. Piatt, Reverend Samuel White, with the assistance of  two elders. During the  1830s other preachers began arriving and established other churches in Hammondsport, receiving financial assistance and guidance from the American Home Missionary Society.

Wine industry
Reverend Bostwick planted the first grapevines in a garden at his rectory in 1830. He soon discovered that the surrounding region would be ideal for growing imported grape vines and planted the first vines in the slopes around Keuka Lake, which established the wine country and its subsequent wine industry in the western Finger Lakes region.  The first townspeople to take vine cuttings from Bostwick's vines were John Poppino,  Lemuel Hastings and George McClure. Beginning with Andrew Swartout in 1852, grapes from vineyards around the lake were being shipped by boat to  Hammondsport, then by wagons, and then by the  Bath & Hammondsport Railroad to where it connected to the  Erie Railroad at the  Bath  railroad station and transported to New York. Subsequently the demand for fresh grapes in New York increased dramatically, which in turn greatly promoted the wine industry in and around Hammondsport. After the flood of 1935 the Bath & Hammondsport Railroad was purchased by local interests and renamed the B & H Railroad. The railroad remained in operation for 120 years. By 1870, Hammondsport had  3000 acres of vineyards; by 1879, 5000 acres; and by 1889, 14,500 acres.  Subsequently Hammondsport is considered the heart of the grape-growing region in New York.

The Crooked Lake Canal, after much deliberation with state officials, and labor disputes, was completed in three years and opened in 1833, connecting Hammondsport and the Town of Urbana to the Erie Canal. At a width of 42 feet, the canal was built to accommodate the same size boats in use on the Erie Canal. With access via the Seneca Canal to the Erie Canal, which led to the Hudson River, it became possible to ship goods between Hammondsport and  New York City by boat.  When the Bath and Hammondsport railroad opened in 1874 the canal became obsolete. Subsequently the canal was financially forced to close in 1877.

Village life

The first school-house to appear in Hammondsport was built in 1827 at the location where the St. James (Episcopal) Church exists today. In 1858 a private academy opened in a stone building at the corner of Main and Lake Streets in Hammondsport. The structure was later purchased by the Hammondsport school district around the beginning of the 20th century. Later additions were added to the building on both sides, and thereafter it continued to serve as  the Hammondsport school until 1935.

In 1836 Mallory Mill was built by Meridith Mallory on Pulteney Street in Hammondsport. Four stories in height, the stone structure was the second largest free-standing building in New York. It had three water wheels used to power a grist mill. During the winter months, however, operations at the mill stopped due to the freezing water. Subsequently its life as a grist mill was short lived and after 1840 it was used as a warehouse until 1880 when it was used as a winery by  the Glen Wine Company. In 1901 William H. Hallock, owner of the Hallock Bank in Bath, acquired the property. The structure is listed in U.S. National Register of Historic Places

Among the first physicians to practice medicine in Hammondsport were Dr. Ezekiel B. Pulling, Dr. Amasa Church,  Dr. C. E. Campbell, Dr. Moses T. Babcock, and Dr. Oliver H. Babeock. Among the first lawyers to live and practice in the village, were Benjamin Bennitt, Benjamin F. Drew, and Monroe Wheeler, Esqs. The first election of village officers was held November 22, 1856, which included William Hastings as senior trustee, and Orlando Shepard, as the town assessor.

The Hamondsport Advertiser, first published in 1838, and the Hammondsport Herald, first published in 1874, were Hammondsport's first newspapers. In 1931 the Hammondsport newspaper, the Keuka Grape Belt, combined with the Hammondsport Herald and Bath Plaindealer, and operated from 1931–1940. Published by the Keuka Grape Belt Co., its circulation served Hammondsport and Steuben County.

In 1895 the Saint James Episcopal Church was built. it was the third church, replacing the Episcopal churches that were built in 1833 and 1877. The cornerstone contains documents, including photographs and an 1886 Prayer Book formerly in the cornerstone of the second building.

Beginning in 1894 Hammondsport received its first water system from springs that were contained in the Rufus Scofield farm, on Mt. Washington, not far from the village. Aside from supplying the village with pure spring water, one of the first objectives was to install five fire hydrants at convenient locations about the village. Pressure from the water system came from the gravitational force and the high altitude of the springs.The water system plant was completed in 1865 costing  about $25,000, paid for and owned by the village of Hammondsport.

In 1917, the first telephone office was built in Hammondsport which was needed to accommodate the Curtiss Manufacturing Company with its many business involvements.

Steamboats
Hammondsport, on the shore of Keuka Lake, had several docs that accommodated lake-faring vessels that were typically used for trading and ferrying, transporting people and goods between Hammondsport and Penn Yan. The first vessel to set upon the waters of Keuka Lake was a schooner called The Sally, built in 1808 at Hammondsport by George McClure for the purpose of transporting wheat and other goods from Penn Yan to Hammondsport, where it would be shipped to market in New York.  McClure played a fundamental role in Hammondsport's business development.  When steam power came into common use there were several steamboats running on Keuka Lake in 1835. The first built was called the Keuka Maid, a sidewheeler of 85 feet in length. In the latter half of the 1800s Hammondsport became the home to various steamboat manufacturers which included A. W. Springstead and the Union Dry Dock Company. In 1892 the Dry Dock  company  built the Mary Bell, considered "The Queen of Lake Keuka",  which was the largest steamboat ever to operate on the lake. Some steamboats met an unusual fate while docked at Hammondsport.  The Steuben sank while docked there from a hull that developed leaks due to engine vibration. In 1909 the Cricket caught fire and was damaged beyond repair while docked at Hammondsport. By 1921, with the increased use of gasoline powered trucks and cars, large boat traffic on the lake was no longer economically feasible: The Mary Bell was the last large vessel to make the run between Hammondsport and Penn Yan on opposite ends of the lake.

In the 1850s the farming industry began to decline when the Erie Railroad came through the area, which subsequently reduced lake traffic. During this time, however, viticulture began to materialize as a new and promising industry, as the temperate climate and well-drained soil along the shores of the lake were ideal for growing grapes. Charles Champlin's Pleasant Valley Wine Company was the first vineyard established in the Hammondsport area, which was followed by Walter Taylor's vineyard, and others. Winemakers from France, including Jules D. Masson, who introduced new varieties of grapes from that country. The Bath and Hammondsport Railroad soon emerged, which connected to the Erie Railroad in Bath eight miles south of Hammondsport, which brought in more people and business to Hammondsport.

Civil War
During the American Civil War, with President Lincoln calling for 300,000 volumters, the 107th New York Infantry Regiment (nicknamed the Campbell Guards), was mustered. Young men from Hammondsport, Bath and Elimra who volunteered for service were assigned to Company G of the regiment which was organized in Elmira, NY. The regiment was mustered into service for three years and left the state to serve on August 13, 1862.

Morris Brown, Jr., a once Hammondsport resident, received the Medal of Honor posthumously on March 6, 1869, for his service in the Union Army at the Battle of Gettysburg, where he daringly captured the Confederate flag.  He died in action almost a year later in Virginia. Brown, Jr. was interred at Lakeview Cemetery in Penn Yan at the northern end of Keuka Lake.

Early 20th century
By the time World War I began in 1914 the village of Hammondsport included twelve wineries, five grape-packing houses, one barrel making factory, four hotels, five grocery stores, five meat markets, three blacksmiths, two livery stables, five barber shops, three pool halls, three movie houses, two men's clothing stores, three hat shops, three lumber yards, four coal yards, a grist mill, three doctors, two dentists, three lawyers, a chiropractor and a veterinarian and a harness shop, along with the airplane works at the Glenn Curtiss Company.

In 1921, five local men purchased a wood barrel factory just south of the present D.W. Putnam Wine Company, and named it the Aerial Service Corporation. Two of these men, Henry Kleckler, the president and William Chadeayne, vice president, were formerly with the Curtiss Aeroplane Company,  known as the Mercury Corporation, established in Hammondsport in 1920.

As the greater part of Hammondsport's economy was dependent on its wineries, the effects of the   prohibition from 1919 to 1933 forced many wineries to stop operations, resulting in  an overall decline in the wine industry and subsequent unemployment in Hammondsport, which in turn all but closed down the Bath & Hammondsport Railroad, which for years had routinely transported large cargoes of wine and grapes from Hammondsport to other towns.

Aviation development

Hammondsport was at the center of aviation development during the first years of the 20th century. The Reverend Claudius G. Curtiss, a Methodist minister, arrived at  Hammondsport in 1876. He was the grandfather of Glenn Hammond Curtiss, the airplane designer who first developed aircraft capable of taking off and landing in water, who resided at Hammondsport, where he was born in 1878. At this time the population of Hammondsport was almost 1000 people.

Not long after his father died Curtiss married Lena Pearl Neff in the Hammondsport Presbyterian Church. In a vacant storefront owned by Mrs. Benjamin Bennett, co-founder of the Hammondsport Hearld, he opened up a bicycle shop across from the bandstand on Pulteney Square, which soon grew into a successful business. Here he developed his own gasoline engine which he later produced in the Curtis Manufacturing Company in Hammondsport. Its great success and national notoriety is said to have "put Hammondsport on the map".. Later Glenn became a motorcycle and aircraft designer and manufacturer in Hammondsport, and became a recognized expert on gasoline engines.  Curtiss' first involvement with aeronautics occurred in 1904, with his association with Thomas Baldwin, a pioneer balloonist, when Curtiss sold him a motorcycle engine to power his balloon. Together they built a large building on Kingsley Flats, a low-lying area between the village and the lake and began manufacturing balloons and dirigibles at Hammondsport.

Early development of aircraft and seaplanes was carried out by Curtiss in his factory at Hammondsport, and who had joined with Alexander Graham Bell and others in the Aerial Experiment Association.  On July 4, 1908, the June Bug, was the first American airplane to fly at least 1km and was flown by Curtiss from the Hammondsport airfield. The June Bug was later fitted with pontoons and became the first aircraft to perform takeoffs and landings on the water. Hammondsport at Keuka Lake was the site where the first successful flight of a "flying boat" took place in July 1912. The first long distance "flying boat", the America, was also designed by Curtiss and launched in Keuka Lake at Hammondsport in 1914, while the people of Hammondsport and the press gathered to witness the landmark event.  This aircraft was again flown by Captain Jim Poel, and co-pilot, Lee Sackett, over Keuka Lake during an exhibition at Hammondsport in 2008 and again in 2009. In 1911 Curtiss founded the first flying school in America at Hammondsport.  Here he taught Blanche Stuart Scott how to operate an airplane, who became America's first female pilot. During this time Scott resided in Hammondsport at the home of Curtiss and his family.

In 1914 another aviation pioneer, Samuel Langley, brought his plane to Hammondsport to be reconditioned by Curtis and flown in a scientific demonstration  After a long and distinquished career in avionics Curtiss died unexpectedly in 1930 at the relatively early age of 52. His subsequent funeral service was held in Hammondsport at St. James Episcopal Church, with his interment in the family plot at Pleasant Valley Cemetery, just south of  Hammondsport in Urbana. Today the Glenn H. Curtiss Museum,  located less than a mile south of Hammondsport on State Road, Rt. 54, houses many examples of Curtiss' airplanes and other inventions.

Flood of 1935
Heavy rains in July 1935 caused flooding and damage across much of southern-central New York. With more than  of rain in a 48 hour period, the village of Hammondsport was among those that were subjected to wide spread damage and ruin. During the prolonged heavy rains much water had drained off the adjacent hills and funneled through Glen Brook, which at its end runs parallel between the hillside and Hammondsport before reachingf Keuka Lake. The torrents of water coming down through the brook at Hammondsport caused the stone retaining walls to give way, allowing the rushing waters to gouge a channel through some of the dirt roads in the  village. The flood killed seven people, five of them children. Among the ruin caused to houses and other structures, the flood also destroyed an old warehouse in the glen that housed the Georges Roulet Winnery, thereby flushing out several hundred barrels of aging brandy into the streets of Hammondsport that were previously stored in the winery during the prohibition years. Great amounts of mud was also deposited on many of the streets, and buried a number of cars, while the railroad line from Bath to Hammondsport was almost completely destroyed. Not long after the flood, the stone walls along Glen Brook in Hammondsport were widened and reinforced with concrete so as withstand heavy rain runoff from the hillside and channel any future flood waters to the lake.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , of which   is land and  (5.41%) is water.

Hammondsport is at the south end of Keuka Lake situated at the foot of one of the long hills that forms the Keuka Lake valley. The village is located north of the junction of New York State Route 54 and New York State Route 54A. NY-54A which passes through the village after linking with County Road 76. Keuka Inlet and Glen Brook flow past the village.

Demographics

At the 2000 census, there were 731 people, 332 households and 200 families residing in the village. The population density was . There were 388 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 96.58% White, 1.37% African American, 0.41% Native American, 0.41% Asian, 0.41% from other races, and 0.82% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.27% of the population.

There were 332 households, of which 27.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.3% were married couples living together, 13.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.5% were non-families. 34.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.83. 24.1% of the population were under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 24.4% from 25 to 44, 29.7% from 45 to 64, and 15.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 83.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.2 males.

The median household income was $38,182 and the family median income was $50,125. Males had a median income of $32,143 and females $28,906. The per capita income for the village was $18,308. About 4.6% of families and 5.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.1% of those under age 18 and 3.5% of those aged 65 or over.

Notable people
 Morris Brown, Jr., recipient of the Medal of Honor for his actions in the American Civil War.
 Glenn Curtiss, aviation pioneer, born 1878 in Hammondsport.
 Charles Champlin, film critic and writer, born in Hammondsport in 1926.
 Joseph M. Champlin, Roman Catholic priest, author and lecturer, born in Hammondsport in 1930.
 John Randolph Kuhl, former Congressman, New York assemblyman and state senator, resides in Hammondsport.
 Meredith Mallory, former Congressman.

Addendum
Sites on the National Register of Historic Places are Hammondsport Union Free School, Mallory Mill and the Pulteney Square Historic District.

Much of the 1995 mockumentary Dadetown was filmed in and around Hammondsport.

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

External links

Villages in New York (state)
Curtiss-Wright Company
Populated places established in 1827
Villages in Steuben County, New York
1827 establishments in New York (state)

Hammondsport, New York


HP Lovecraft's The Tomb is a 2005 American horror film directed by Ulli Lommel and starring Victoria Ullmann, Christian Behm, Gerard Griesbaum, and Michael Barbour. It is supposedly based on H.P. Lovecraft's 1917 story, "The Tomb".
However, the plot of the film is completely unrelated to the Lovecraft short story. The film was compared to the 2004 film, Saw, and the series was mentioned on the box art. The film is also known simply as The Tomb, but the title on the DVD case is HP Lovecraft's The Tomb. However, on the film itself, the title is given as "H.P. Lovecraft The Tomb", with no apostrophe or 's'.

Plot
Tara (Victoria Ullmann) and Billy (Christian Behm) awake in a dark basement or warehouse, bloodied and covered with wounds. As they explore the empty surroundings, they find other wounded people who die in horrible ways at the hands of "The Puppetmaster," a sinister villain who plays a deadly game with them in which there will be only one survivor. H.P. Lovecraft is mentioned several times during the course of the film by some characters, and the 'Puppetmaster' is referred to as 'Charles Dexter Ward' and one of his victims as 'Pickman' (a reference to Lovecraft's story Pickman's Model). However these passing references to Lovecraftian characters (and a quote from one of Lovecraft's stories about going "beyond ye spheres") are largely irrelevant to the serial killer plot played out on screen.

Filming
Production of HP Lovecraft's The Tomb took place during August 2005 in Marina Del Rey, California, at a warehouse on Princeton Drive that has since been demolished. The scenes at the "Palm Desert Motel" were shot on an indoor set at the same warehouse. Exteriors were shot in the high desert near Palmdale, California.

Co-executive producer Jeff Frentzen is wearing the black gloves of the killer throughout the film.

References

External links

Movie trailer

2007 direct-to-video films
2007 horror films
Films directed by Ulli Lommel
2007 films
Films shot in California
Films scored by Robert J. Walsh
2000s English-language films

The Tomb (2007 film)


Michael C. Salvatori (born 1954) is an American composer best known for his collaboration with colleague Martin O'Donnell for the soundtracks to the Halo video game series. Salvatori became acquainted with O'Donnell in college; when O'Donnell was given a job offer to score a colleague's film, Salvatori and O'Donnell formed a partnership and eventually created their own production company, TotalAudio. Salvatori continued to manage TotalAudio and worked on his own music for clients such as Disney and Wideload Games.

He most co-composed the soundtrack to the 2014 video game Destiny and its expansions, The Taken King (2015) and Rise of Iron (2016). He also composed music for Destiny 2 (2017) and its expansions, Forsaken (2018), Shadowkeep (2019), Beyond Light (2020), The Witch Queen (2022), and Lightfall (2023).

Biography

Early life
Michael Salvatori was born in Elmhurst, Illinois, in 1954. He attended Visitation Catholic School until eighth grade. He then attended York High School in the early 70s. After Salvatori had finished college he took a bank loan to build a basement studio at his home in Wheaton, which would later be used to record Salvatori's first solo album, Waiting for Autumn, published in 1982 when Salvatori was aged 28. The album sold around five hundred copies, some of which are owned by Salvatori due to how rare they have become.

Early works
Salvatori wrote music for his own rock band while he was in college, and became friends with Martin O'Donnell. O'Donnell eventually moved to Chicago after completing his degrees, and was approached with a job offer to score a colleague's film. Since Salvatori had his own recording studio, O'Donnell offered to split the job with him; the two became partners.

Soon after producing the music for Myth II, Bungie contracted O'Donnell for several of Bungie's other projects, including the third-person game Oni. Bungie wanted to re-negotiate the contracts for Oni in 1999, which resulted in O'Donnell joining the Bungie team ten days before the company was bought by Microsoft. Salvatori remained behind to manage the business aspect of TotalAudio, which he continues to do.

Bungie

O'Donnell and Salvatori's company TotalAudio was contracted to produce the music for Bungie's upcoming title, Halo: Combat Evolved. During production Bungie decided that instead of contracting work to O'Donnell, they would hire him. Salvatori remained at TotalAudio to manage the business aspect of the company, and shortly after O'Donnell joined the team, Bungie was bought by Microsoft. Salvatori co-composed the music for Halos sequels—Halo 2 and Halo 3—with O'Donnell, who has called Salvatori one of his musical influences.

For the music to Halo 3: ODST, O'Donnell began work on crafting the game's themes before Salvatori joined the team in February 2009. "Marty [O'Donnell] had started writing before me, and sent me some of his ideas," Salvatori said. "I picked a few that I felt I could add some magic to, and worked on those. I also came up with several ideas that I sent to Marty that he put his hands on." Once the duo felt they had enough material, the Chicago-based Salvatori flew to Bungie in Seattle to complete the arrangements and record live musicians.

Early on, the team decided that rather than rely on old Halo themes, ODST would feature all-new music. "It was a bit intimidating at first," Salvatori recalled, "because in previous Halo games if new ideas weren't coming, I could always dust off an old one and give it a new spin. I was afraid that we might hit some writer's block along the way, but that didn't happen at all. Instead, we had the freedom to explore some new musical territory, and the ideas flowed pretty quickly." With the exception of the main player character, O'Donnell and Salvatori did not compose themes to represent characters. While the game's setting in Africa inspired some percussion pieces, the team was interested in a sparser atmosphere, which Salvatori described as "a bit darker and less epic".

Salvatori co-composed the soundtrack to the 2014 video game, Destiny which won the 2014 Original Dramatic Score, New IP by National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers (NAVGTR).

He helped to write Destiny 2'''s soundtrack, released Fall 2017.

In October 2023, Salvatori was laid off from Bungie amid staff cutbacks across the company.

Collections and other work
O'Donnell and Salvatori's music has been packaged and released in physical and digital forms. The soundtracks feature "frozen" arrangements that represent an approximation of a play-through of the games. The Halo Original Soundtrack sold over 40,000 copies, and was followed by two different releases of the music to Halo 2. The two volumes of the Halo 2 Original Soundtrack were produced by Nile Rodgers, with the first album being released in sync with the video game in 2004 and became the best-selling game soundtrack of all time. The second album was released more than a year after the soundtrack had been mixed and mastered. Halo 3s soundtrack was released in November 2007, and featured a fan contribution that was the select winner from a pool of entries judged by O'Donnell, Rodgers, and others. All of Salvatori's contemporary work on the series was repackaged as Halo Trilogy—The Complete Original Soundtracks in December 2008, alongside preview tracks written by Halo Wars composer Stephen Rippy. The music for ODST was released in a two-disc set on September 22, 2009.

Salvatori continues to engineer, produce and compose his own music. Aside from Halo and Destiny, he has served as the audio lead and composer for Stubbs the Zombie. He also created the music for Disney's Guilty Party.

Salvatori made a guest appearance in the Nostalgia Critic'' episode "Planet of the Commercials" for the Flintstones Vitamins jingle.

Video Game Music Works

References

External links
 Michael Salvatori's website

 Composer profile at OverClocked ReMix

1954 births
21st-century American composers
21st-century American male musicians
American male composers
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Video game composers
PianoPianoGuitar

Michael Salvatori


John Abram (born 1959) is an Anglo-Canadian composer

Born in England, Abram became interested in music when he was six; he began composing in his teenage years. He took composition lessons with Roger Marsh and Peter Dickinson at Keele University, also studying the recorder with Alan Davis; since that time he has also studied composition with Vic Hoyland, Bernard Rands, and Boguslav Schäffer. Abram graduated in 1980 with a Bachelor of Science degree, earning his master's in composition in 1982. Upon leaving school, he moved to London, where he helped found the new music ensemble George W. Welch.

In 1984 Abram was awarded a Commonwealth Scholarship. This allowed him to travel to the University of Victoria in Canada, where he studied composition with Rudolf Komorous and electroacoustic music with Doug Collinge. For his Ph.D., he composed an anti-opera based on The Aeneid. In addition, he directed the music school's Collegium Musicum for two years and taught composition for one. He was granted awards from the college in 1985 and 1987. From 1986 to 1988 he served as the associate director and conductor of the Open Space Gallery's Open Space New Music Series in Victoria. He lived and worked in Toronto from 1989 to 1994, performing with numerous new music ensembles, co-founding The Drystone Orchestra, and becoming a member of ARCANA. Abram created INFINITE MUSIC, a software program for composing and performing in real time, from 1993 to 1996. He wrote numerous pieces using the software, which generates material from analysis of MIDI input, either live or pre-recorded.

Abram moved to Calgary, Alberta in 1994, and has since been active in the recording industry and as a teacher; he served as technology coordinator for the conservatory of music at Mount Royal University. In 1997 he was nominated for an AMPIA award for the soundtrack to the short film The Skating Party. In addition, he has received commission grants from the Canada Council for the Arts, the Laidlaw Foundation, the Alberta Foundation for the Arts, and the Ontario Arts Council. He lives in Calgary, Alberta.

Abram's work is recorded on the Six-Sided and ARTIFACT labels.

References

External links
John Abram official website
John Abram biography at the Canadian Music Centre

Date of birth missing (living people)
1959 births
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Alumni of Keele University
University of Victoria alumni
Musicians from Calgary
Canadian composers
Canadian male composers
English composers

John Abram


William Henry Getty France (September 26, 1909 – June 7, 1992) was an American businessman and racing driver. He was also known as Bill France Sr. or Big Bill. He is best known for founding and managing NASCAR, a sanctioning body of US-based stock car racing.

Early life
France was born in Washington, D. C., the son of Emma Graham, an immigrant from Ireland, and William Henry France. His older brother James is buried in Rock Creek Cemetery, after his death at 11. Big Bill skipped school as a teenager to make laps in the family Model T Ford at the high-banked  board track near Laurel, Maryland. He ran laps until there was just enough time to beat his father home. France worked at several jobs before owning and operating his own service station. He built his customer base by waking before dawn and crank-starting customers' cars in the middle of winter.

France was familiar with Daytona Beach's land speed record history when he moved his family from Washington D.C. to Daytona in the spring of 1935 to escape the Great Depression. He had less than $100 in his pocket when they left D.C. He began painting houses, then worked at a local car dealership. He set up a car repair shop in Daytona at 316 Main Street Station, still in existence today as an event and entertainment venue. Malcolm Campbell and other land speed record competitors decided to stop competing for land speed records at Daytona in favor of the Bonneville Salt Flats later in 1935 because the track was getting too rutted. Daytona had lost its claim to fame. City officials were determined to keep speed-related events, events which had been a mid-winter source of revenue for area hotels and restaurants.

Early racing career
On March 8, 1936, the first stock car race was held on the Daytona Beach Road Course, promoted by local racer Sig Haugdahl. The race was 78 laps long () for street-legal family sedans sanctioned by the American Automobile Association (AAA) for cars built in 1935 and 1936. The city posted a $5000 purse with $1700 for the winner. The race was marred by controversial scoring and huge financial losses to the city. Ticket-takers arrived to find thousands of fans already at the beach track. The sandy turns at the ends of the track became virtually impassable with stuck and stalled cars. Second and third-place finishers protested the results. France finished fifth. The city lost $22,000.

Haugdahl talked with France, and together they got the Daytona Beach Elks Club to host another event on Labor Day weekend in September 1937. The event was more successful but still lost money despite its $100 purse. Haugdahl didn't promote any more events. France took over the job of running the course in 1938. There were two events in 1938. Danny Murphy beat France in the July event. France beat Lloyd Moody and Pig Ridings to win the Labor Day weekend event. Three races each were held in 1939 and 1940. France finished fourth in March, first in July, and sixth in September 1940. Four events were held in 1941.

France was busy planning the 1942 event until the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor. France spent World War II working at the Daytona Boat Works while his wife Anne ran the filling station. Most racing stopped until after the war. Bill met Jim Johnstone Sr. in 1944 when Jim was stationed at the Navy Base in Daytona Beach, where Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University is currently located. Johnstone had been an auto mechanic in New Jersey, where his father built Indy car engines. He met France at Bill's filling station and became his race car mechanic. They traveled with their wives and children throughout Florida on the weekends, racing at many small tracks.

On April 6, 1946, Jim and Bill were testing Bill's car on the streets of Cocoa, Florida, when they were stopped for driving 74 mph (119 km/h) in the city limits. Jim was driving and had to pay a $25 fine. When the war ended, Jim moved his family back to New Jersey to start an auto parts business but remained close friends with Bill for the rest of his life. After the war, France decided to concentrate on promoting instead of driving. In sixteen events at Daytona Beach, France had two victories and six Top-5 finishes. France promoted events at Seminole Speedway immediately after the war. He built the Occoneechee Speedway in 1947.

NASCAR

France knew that promoters needed to organize their efforts. Drivers were frequently victimized by unscrupulous promoters who would leave events with all the money before drivers were paid. On December 14, 1947, France began talks with drivers, mechanics, and car owners at the Ebony Bar at the Streamline Hotel at Daytona Beach, Florida, which ended with the formation of NASCAR on February 21, 1948. They discussed uniform rules, insurance coverage and guaranteed purses.

By 1953, France knew it was time for a permanent track to hold the large crowds that were gathering for races at Daytona and elsewhere. Hotels were being constructed along the beachfront. On April 4, 1953, he proposed a new superspeedway called Daytona International Speedway. France began building a new  superspeedway in 1956 to host what would become the new premier event of the series – the Daytona 500. The event debuted in 1959 and has been the premier event since.

He later built the Talladega Superspeedway which opened in 1969.

He served as chairman and CEO of NASCAR. R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company became the title sponsor in 1971, a move that changed the name of the series from "Grand National" to "Winston Cup". Reynolds convinced France to drop all dirt tracks and races under  from the NASCAR schedule in 1972, a move that defined the "modern era" of the sport. Big Bill then turned the reins of NASCAR over to his son Bill France Jr. France kept an office at the headquarters until the late 1980s.

He built the International Motorsports Hall of Fame, which inducted France in its first class on July 25, 1990.

Political Activity
France also served as campaign manager for George Wallace during the latter's 1972 effort to achieve the Democratic nomination for President of the United States and permitted Wallace to campaign during the Daytona 500 race held in that year.

Death
France died June 7, 1992, at his home in Ormond Beach, Florida, after suffering from Alzheimer's disease, aged 82.

Awards
 He was inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame in 1990.
 He was inducted in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 1990.
 He was inducted in the Automotive Hall of Fame in 2004.
 He became a member of the National Motor Sports Press Association (NMPA) Hall of Fame at Darlington, South Carolina.
 He was inducted into the Daytona Beach Stock Car Racing Hall of Fame in 1992.
 He was inducted into the NASCAR Hall of Fame on May 23, 2010.

References
 The Unauthorized NASCAR Fan Guide by Bill Fleischman and Al Pearce, 1999.

External links
 NASCAR history
 Daytona Beach Stock Car Racing Hall of Fame

1909 births
1992 deaths
American motorsport people
American people of Irish descent
American automotive pioneers
Auto racing executives
Burials in Florida
International Motorsports Hall of Fame inductees
NASCAR people
Sportspeople from Daytona Beach, Florida
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Deaths from dementia in Florida
France family
Racing drivers from Washington, D.C.
NASCAR Hall of Fame inductees

Bill France Sr.