Sabrina Elaine Ionescu (born December 6, 1997) is an American professional basketball player for the New York Liberty of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). She played college basketball for the Oregon Ducks. She is the NCAA all-time leader in career triple-doubles, the Pac-12 Conference all-time leader in assists, and the only NCAA Division I basketball player to record 2,000 points, 1,000 assists, and 1,000 rebounds in a career.

Early life
Ionescu was born in Walnut Creek, California, to Romanian-American parents. Her father, Dan Ionescu, escaped communist Romania around the time of the 1989 revolution, seeking political asylum in the United States. He hoped that his then-wife, Liliana Blaj, and their son Andrei could join them in a few months, but they were unable to move to the US until 1995. By that time, Dan owned a limousine service in Northern California, where he had chosen to settle because he had several extended family members in that area. Sabrina was around three years old when she first picked up a basketball. She has a twin brother Edward ("Eddy"), who was born 18 minutes after her. Eddy played basketball at the City College of San Francisco before transferring to Oregon; he was solely a student in the 2018–19 school year before walking on to the Ducks men's basketball team in 2019–20. Sabrina Ionescu grew up in a Romanian-speaking household.

In a 2019 interview with Ava Wallace of The Washington Post, Ionescu admitted to being a "natural scorer", but said that most of the rest of her skill set came from playing alongside both boys and older girls in her childhood:

Ionescu attended a middle school that did not have enough players to field a girls' team, and her school refused to allow her to play on the boys' team. She recalled, "My middle school said I should be playing with dolls. Seriously, word-for-word." She responded by recruiting enough girls to enable her school to have a team.

High school career

Ionescu was a four-year varsity basketball letter winner at Miramonte High School in Orinda, California under head coach Kelly Sopak.

As a freshman in 2012–13, she started 14 of 29 games and averaged 13.8 points, 3.9 assists and 3.9 steals per game to help her team to a 27–3 record and a Northern California Section Division II runner-up finish.

As a sophomore in 2013–14, Ionescu helped her team to a 30–2 record.

During her junior year, Ionescu averaged 18.7 points, 7.7 rebounds, 4.2 assists and 4.7 steals per game, and helped Miramonte High School to a 30–2 record with an appearance in the CIF open division semifinals.

In her senior year, she led Miramonte to the CIF open division title game after averaging 25.3 points, 8.8 assists, 7.6 rebounds, 4.5 steals and 1.3 blocks per game. She posted a triple-double in the championship game loss to Chaminade with 24 points, 10 assists and 10 rebounds. Ionescu also made a first half buzzer-beating shot from half court. She received national honors including the USA Today Girls Basketball Player of the Year, Max Preps Player of the Year, Cal-Hi Sports Ms. Basketball State Player of the Year and Gatorade State Player of the Year. Ionescu was named a McDonald's All-America and Jordan Brand All-American selection. She was named the McDonald's All-America game MVP after scoring a record 25 points, including seven three-pointers, with 10 rebounds.

Ionescu left Miramonte with a career win–loss record of 119–9 and a school-record 2,606 points scored. She is also the all-time leader in assists (769), steals (549) and triple-doubles (21). In addition to the career record, Ionescu also held the Miramonte top three single-season scoring records with 598 (2013–14), 760 (2014–15) and 834 (2015–16). Ionescu also held the single-game scoring record of 43 points vs. Pinewood High School while being double- and triple-teamed and the single-game record in assists with 19 at Dublin High School.

Ionescu was the No. 1 ranked point guard and No. 4 overall player in the recruiting class of 2016. According to Ava Wallace of The Washington Post, Ionescu chose Oregon "because she wanted to be the all-American at Oregon, not just an all-American somewhere else." At the time, she was the highest-ranked recruit ever to commit to Oregon basketball. However, she had difficulty making a college choice, not signing a National Letter of Intent with any school during either the early signing period in November 2015 or the late period in April 2016. Ionescu finally committed to Oregon just before the school's 2016 summer term began, driving with her father for 8 hours from their Bay Area home to Eugene, making an unannounced visit to Matthew Knight Arena and telling head coach Kelly Graves that she would join the team.

College career

Freshman season
On November 13, 2016, Ionescu made her collegiate debut for Oregon, recording 11 points in an 84–67 win over Lamar. Ionescu recorded four triple-doubles, one shy of the Pac-12 record and two less than the NCAA record. She averaged 14.6 points, 6.6 rebounds and 5.5 assists per game, ranking second on the team in scoring and rebounding, and first in assists. She also posted seven double-doubles, ranked third in the Pac-12 and 29th in the NCAA with 183 assists on the year. Her 1.93-to-1 assist-to-turnover ratio was second-best in the Pac-12. She was named Pac-12 Freshman of Week four times and was named USBWA National Player of the Week. At the end of the regular season, she was named Pac-12 Freshmen of the Year and unanimous First Team All-Pac-12 and Pac-12 All-Freshman Team selection. Additionally, she was awarded the USBWA National Freshman of the Year presented by the United States Basketball Writers Association.

Sophomore season
Ionescu rose to national prominence in her sophomore year, she led the Ducks to their third regular-season league crown all-time and first-ever No. 1 seed in the Pac-12 Women's Basketball Tournament.
She led the Pac-12 in scoring (19.2) and assists, dishing out 7.8 assists per game which was fifth-most in the country. She had 16 double-doubles this season and 14 20-point games. She has recorded 10-assist games 13 times this season, handing out a league season-high 14 twice. On February 26, 2018, Ionescu was named ESPNW's college basketball player of the week.  Following her second season, she was named the Pac-12 Conference Women's Basketball Player of the Year, and was also named a first team All-American by ESPN. Ionescu's Oregon Ducks also won the Pac-12 championship for the first time since 2000. She was named the winner of the Nancy Lieberman Award as the top Division I women's point guard after the season, and was also a finalist for the Naismith Award. Ionescu became NCAA women's all-time leader in triple-doubles, trailing only former BYU men's player Kyle Collinsworth (with 12) among all NCAA players.

Junior season

On November 6, 2018, Ionescu recorded her 11th triple-double in a victory against Alaska-Fairbanks. Twelve days later, she would tie the NCAA triple-double record, with her 12th triple-double in a win against Buffalo. On December 20, 2018, Ionescu recorded her 13th triple-double in a game against Air Force and broke the NCAA triple-double record for both men's and women's basketball. She was later named ESPNW Player of the Week. Since that game on December 20, 2018, Ionescu has added five more triple-doubles for a season total of eight, and has broken the Oregon women's basketball assist record (formerly 608 assists) in a Pac-12 conference game against USC. In the 2019 NCAA Tournament, Ionescu leads the Ducks to their first Final Four appearance after their 88–84 victory over Mississippi State. Ionescu finished the game with 31 points, eight assists, seven rebounds and a steal. In the NCAA Tournament Final Four, the Ducks lost to the eventual national champion Baylor 72–67. Ionescu won John R. Wooden Award and the Wade Trophy as the best women's college basketball player in NCAA Division I.

Despite having only played for three seasons at this point, Ionescu was eligible for the 2019 WNBA draft by age. Additionally, she would receive her bachelor's degree that June. However, believing that she had "unfinished business" at Oregon, she chose to come back for her senior season. This announcement came shortly after Ionescu accepted a place in a newly launched one-year master's degree program in brand creation in UO's School of Journalism and Communications.

Senior season
In the second game of her senior season on November 13, 2019, Ionescu surpassed the 2,000 points, 800 assists mark for her college career with a 109–52 win over Utah State. She fell short of another triple-double with 16 points, 12 assists and 9 rebounds in the game but recorded her 2,012 career points and 810 career assists. In a win over then #3 Stanford (87–55), Ionescu scored a career high 37 points along with 11 rebounds and 7 assists, and broke Alison Lang's Oregon all-time career scoring record of 2,252 points in the third quarter. In the rivalry game against Oregon State on January 24, 2020, Ionescu had 24 points, 9 assists and 4 rebounds and broke Oregon State and NBA star Gary Payton's Pac-12 all-time record of 938 assists. Payton personally congratulated Ionescu on the achievement. On February 14, 2020, Ionescu recorded her 1,000th career assist in a game against #7 UCLA and joined Courtney Vandersloot as the only players in NCAA men's and women's basketball history with 2,000 plus points and 1,000 plus assists. Ten days later in the Ducks' 74–66 win at #4 Stanford, she became the first NCAA player ever with 2,000 points, 1,000 assists, and 1,000 rebounds in a career. Ionescu also recorded her eighth triple-double of the season, tying her own NCAA single-season record from last season. Earlier that day, she had been a featured speaker at the memorial service for Kobe Bryant, who had become a close personal friend within the previous two years, flying from Los Angeles to the Bay Area immediately after her speech.

On April 14, 2020, Ionescu was named the winner of the Honda Sports Award as the best collegiate female basketball player in the nation. Ionescu won the AP Player of the Year, Naismith College Player of the Year, USBWA National Player of the Year and the John R. Wooden Award and the Wade Trophy. Ionescu received the Nancy Lieberman award for her third straight season.

Impact at Oregon
According to Ducks coach Kelly Graves, in 2019 Ionescu had "a chance to be a Marcus Mariota, that level of player and an esteemed Oregon Duck when it's all said and done." He noted that attendance at Oregon women's games had dramatically increased during Ionescu's career at the school. In the season before she arrived, the average announced home attendance for the Ducks was 1,501. Her sophomore season saw an average attendance of over 4,200; it went up to over 7,100 in her junior season and over 10,000 in her senior season. Ionescu was also a significant draw when Oregon went on the road; for example, when the Ducks visited Washington during her junior season, the crowd for that game was 3,000 more than the Huskies drew two nights earlier against Oregon State.

Graves' remarks about Ionescu's future iconic status at Oregon proved to be prophetic. Shortly after the premature end of her senior season (caused by the COVID-19 pandemic), the university polled fans on social media, asking them to name the four Oregon alumni they would put on a notional Mount Rushmore for the university. According to a 2020 story in the university's web journal Around the O, more than 70 suggestions were provided, but the four top choices were Mariota, Steve Prefontaine, Phil Knight, and Ionescu. As the story's author Damian Foley put it,

Professional career

New York Liberty (2020–present)
Ionescu turned 22 in December 2019, making her eligible to declare for the 2019 WNBA draft. A January 2019 mock draft by ESPN, incorporating input from WNBA personnel and ESPN women's basketball analysts, concluded that Ionescu was a possible top pick should she declare. However, Ionescu announced in an open letter published in The Players' Tribune on April 6, 2019, the day after Oregon's loss to Baylor in the Final Four and four days before the draft, that she would return to Oregon for her senior season.

On April 17, 2020, the New York Liberty selected Ionescu with the first overall pick in the 2020 WNBA draft. She played her first game with the Liberty on July 25. In her second WNBA game on July 29 against the Dallas Wings, she recorded 33 points, 7 assists, and 7 rebounds in 34 minutes of play.

On August 1, 2020, Ionescu injured her left ankle in the second quarter against the Atlanta Dream. She was diagnosed the next day with a grade 3 sprain, and was expected to miss about one month while recovering. In the end, though, she did not play again for the remainder of her first professional season.

The next season, on May 18, 2021, Ionescu recorded her first professional triple-double. Scoring 26 points, 12 assists, and 10 rebounds, she became the youngest player in WNBA history to record a triple double. It was also the first Liberty triple-double, as well as the tenth in league history.

On July 6, 2022, Ionescu had 31 points, 13 rebounds and 10 assists to record the first 30-point triple-double in WNBA history.

On July 14, 2023, Ionescu scored 37 points in the Three-Point Contest, the highest in WNBA and NBA history, breaking the previous record of 31 set by NBA player Stephen Curry. Among what contributed to her 37 points included making 25 of her final 27 attempts.

Off the court
On April 17, 2020, Ionescu signed an endorsement deal with Nike, which will include signature footwear and apparel.

On November 11, 2022, Ionescu rejoined her alma mater, Oregon, as the director of athletic culture.

On November 14, 2022, Ionescu was ranked in the Forbes 30 Under 30 list for Sports.

National team career
In late April 2018, Ionescu and Oregon teammates Erin Boley, Otiona Gildon, and Ruthy Hebard entered the USA Basketball women's national 3x3 championship tournament at the United States Olympic Training Center in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Ionescu had never before played under FIBA 3x3 rules, admitting after the tournament, "I had to ask the rules before the games started." She adjusted quickly to the unfamiliar format, leading her team to the championship while going unbeaten and also being named tournament MVP. Ionescu and her Oregon teammates would be named as the US team for the 2018 3x3 World Cup to be held in June in the Philippines. At the World Cup, they were the youngest team in the field, but swept their pool, defeating Cup holders Russia along the way.

Career statistics

WNBA

Regular season

|-
|2020
|New York
|3
|3
|26.6
|.452
|.350
|1.000
|4.7
|4.0
|0.7
|0.0
|4.3
|18.3
|-
|2021
|New York
|30
|26
|30.0
|.375
|.329
|.911
|5.7
|6.1
|0.6
|0.5
|3.2
|11.7
|-
|2022
|New York
|36
|36
|32.3
|.411
|.333
|.931
|7.1
|6.3
|1.1
|0.3
|3.0
|17.4
|-
|2023
|New York
|36
|36
|31.5
|.423
|.448
|.872
|5.6
|5.4
|1.0
|0.3
|2.6
|17.0
|-
|Career
|4 years, 1 team
|105
|101
|31.2
|.409
|.377
|.909
|6.1
|5.9
|0.9
|0.3
|3.0
|15.7
|}

Playoffs

|-
|2021
|New York
|1
|1
|35.0
|.417
|.143
|1.000
|5.0
|11.0
|1.0
|0.0
|2.0
|14.0
|-
|2022
|New York
|3
|3
|31.0
|.531
|.400
|.750
|6.0
|4.3
|1.0
|0.3
|3.0
|14.3
|-
|Career
|2 years, 1 team
|4
|4
|32.0
|.500
|.318
|.857
|5.8
|6.0
|1.0
|0.3
|2.8
|14.3
|}

College
The following statistics represent Ionescu's collegiate career at the University of Oregon.
{| class="wikitable"
|Year
|Team
|GP
|Points
|FG%
|3P%
|FT%
|RPG
|APG
|SPG
|BPG
|PPG
|-
|2016–17
|Oregon
|33
|481
|39.0
|42.0
|82.5
|6.6
|5.5
|1.3
|0.2
|14.6
|-
|2017–18
|Oregon
|38
|748
|46.8
|43.8
|80.5
|6.7
|7.8
|1.7
|0.3
|19.7
|-
|2018–19
|Oregon
|38
|755
|44.3
|42.9
|88.3
|7.4
|8.2
|1.3
|0.2
|19.9
|-
|2019–20*
|Oregon
|33
|578
|51.8
|39.2
|92.1
|8.6
|9.1
|1.5
|0.3
|17.5
|-
|Career
|College Totals
|142
|2562
|45.5
|42.2
|85.1
|7.3
|7.7
|1.5
|0.3
|18.0

* 2020 NCAA tournament canceled due to COVID-19 pandemic

Personal life
Ionescu is a Christian. She was close with Kobe Bryant, with whom she had one-on-one training sessions, and spoke at the Kobe & Gianna Bryant Celebration of Life at the Staples Center on February 24, 2020. Ionescu is also a very close friend of her former teammate Ruthy Hebard.

Ionescu is engaged to former Oregon football player and Las Vegas Raiders center Hroniss Grasu.

See also
 List of NCAA Division I basketball career triple-doubles leaders
 List of NCAA Division I women's basketball career assists leaders

References

External links

 Oregon Ducks bio
 USA Basketball profile

1997 births
Living people
All-American college women's basketball players
American people of Romanian descent
American women's 3x3 basketball players
American women's basketball players
Basketball players at the 2019 Pan American Games
Pan American Games 3x3 basketball players
James E. Sullivan Award recipients
McDonald's High School All-Americans
Medalists at the 2019 Pan American Games
Miramonte High School alumni
New York Liberty draft picks
New York Liberty players
Oregon Ducks women's basketball players
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in basketball
Point guards
Sportspeople from Walnut Creek, California
Basketball players from Contra Costa County, California
American twins
Women's National Basketball Association All-Stars
Women's National Basketball Association first-overall draft picks

Sabrina Ionescu


Mexicanal is a Mexican-based Spanish-language pay television network launched the August 23, 2005 by Castalia Communications and Innokap. The network's studios and broadcast center is based in the Mexican city of San Luis Potosí.

Programming
Mexicanal features news, cultural programming, sports and popular entertainment from public broadcasters, independent producers and public access stations throughout Mexico.

Programming on Mexicanal also includes its sports show LMJP "Liga Mexicana de Jaripeo Profesional",  the docuseries "Las Cantinas de Cornelio" among other own productions. In addition, the network showcases top local, national and international news, series, movies and overall entertainment from Mexico.

Other programs include:

 Ahí viene la Marimba,
 Con el Son de la Marimba,
 Estrellas del Jaripeo,
 De Kiosko en Kiosko, with host Cornelio Garcia visiting different municipalities in Jalisco to explore their culture, customs and traditions
 El Grito de Independencia (The Cry of Independence), La Ruta de Mexico (The Route of Mexico), shows that portrays the festivities and traditions of Mexicans.

Charter, AT&T, Mediacom, DISH, SLING and Comcast offer Mexicanal in their "Spanish-language tier" lineups in the United States.

Mexicanal content
Since 2013 Mexicanal has been creating content:
 El Rayo Vida de Lucha, a reality series following the life of a Lucha libre wrestler and promoter Juan Padron Luna, also known as "Rayo de Plata".  The series takes place in San Luis Potosi and the Bajío region of Mexico.  In thirteen episodes, "El Rayo Vida de Lucha" highlights the ties between El Rayo his family, employees and wrestlers.
 Son Mariachis, a docu-reality series following a new generation Mariachi band.  The band is composed of members of the Cuellar family.  Son Mariachis now airs on NBC Universo.
 Necaxa, a docu-reality series following a soccer franchise.
 Imágenes de México, hosted by Javier Solórzano, Images of Mexico is a tourism show highlighting eclectic regions of Mexico from regional history to agriculture.
 Dragon Con Adventure, hosted by Maria Fernanda Villanueva, highlighting Atlanta's Dragon Con 2015 parade cosplay and celebrities.

Mexican affiliates
While Mexicanal creates a limited amount of its own content, almost all of it is sourced from the various state networks, public broadcasters owned by the state governments. A notable exception was 20tv Zacatecas, which is a noncommercial station owned by commercial broadcaster Grupo Radiofónico B-15 until SIZART Canal 24 appeared and became an affiliate.

References

External links
 mexicanal.com
 Castalia Communications
 Cablecom Mexico
 Directv USA

Television channels and stations established in 2005
Spanish-language television networks in the United States
Television networks in Mexico
Mass media in San Luis Potosí City

Mexicanal


John Hayes is a New Zealand politeecian, an a member o the kintra's pairlament in Wellington, representin the Naitional Pairty.  He is a consteetuency member unner the proportional representation seestem, representin Wairarapa.

1948 births
Lincoln Varsity (New Zealand) alumni
Livin fowk
New Zealand Naitional Pairty MPs
New Zealand public servants
Officers o the New Zealand Order o Meerit
Ambassadors o New Zealand tae Iran
Heich Commissioners o New Zealand tae Papua New Guinea
Fowk eddicatit at Rongotai College
Members o the New Zealand Hoose o Representatives
Fowk frae Greytown, New Zealand
New Zealand MPs for North Island electorates
21st-century New Zealand politeecians

John Hayes


Jay Ziskrout (born September 8, 1962) was the first drummer for Bad Religion, forming the group with schoolmate Brett Gurewitz in 1980. Ziskrout performed on Bad Religion's self-titled EP and half on their debut album How Could Hell Be Any Worse?. He decided to leave the band with only half of the songs recorded due to the other band members not listening to him. Bad Religion replaced him with his drum roadie, Pete Finestone.

After leaving Bad Religion, Jay formed the band Electric Peace. They would go on to release four albums including one on Enigma Records. Ziskrout would go on to be managing director for Epitaph Records Europe, Vice President of Album Promotion for Arista Records, COO of CMJ, and founder of Grita! Records.

For Grita! Records he signed or released such artists as:

 Los Mas Turbados (Spain)
 Cerebros Exprimidos (Spain)
 The Pleasure Fuckers (Spain), featuring Kike Turmix
 La Polla Records (Spain)
 Blind Pigs (Brazil) [Jay also produced the band's "São Paulo Chaos" album at BeBop Studios in São Paulo, Brasil]
 Todos Tus Muertos (Argentina)
 The Psychotic Aztecs (USA), featuring Tito Larriva (Tito & Tarantula, Cruzados), Steven Hufstetter (Cruzados), Johnny Vatos (Oingo Boingo), and John Avila (Oingo Boingo)
 Negu Gorriak (Euskara / Basque Country)
 Ninos Con Bombas (Germany); former project of Chilean artist Daniel Puente Encina
 Volumen Cero (USA)
 ¡Viva Malpache! (USA)
 Voodoo Glow Skulls (USA)

References

External links

Living people
Bad Religion members
American punk rock drummers
American male drummers
American music industry executives
1962 births
American chief operating officers
American chief executives
20th-century American drummers

Jay Ziskrout


In finance, unsecured debt refers to any type of debt or general obligation that is not protected by a guarantor, or collateralized by a lien on specific assets of the borrower in the case of a bankruptcy or liquidation or failure to meet the terms for repayment. Unsecured debts are sometimes called signature debt or personal loans. These differ from secured debt such as a mortgage, which is backed by a piece of real estate.

In the event of the bankruptcy of the borrower, the unsecured creditors have a general claim on the assets of the borrower after the specific pledged assets have been assigned to the secured creditors. The unsecured creditors usually realize a smaller proportion of their claims than the secured creditors.

In some legal systems, unsecured creditors who are also indebted to the insolvent debtor are able (and, in some jurisdictions, required) to set off the debts, so actually putting the unsecured creditor with a matured liability to the debtor in a pre-preferential position.

Under risk-based pricing, creditors tend to demand extremely high interest rates as a condition of extending unsecured debt. The maximum loss on a properly collateralized loan is the difference between the fair market value of the collateral and the outstanding debt. Thus, in the context of secured lending, the use of collateral reduces the size of the "bet" taken by the creditor on the debtor's creditworthiness. Without collateral, the creditor stands to lose the entire sum outstanding at the point of default and must boost the interest rate to price in that risk. Hence, although sufficiently high interest rates are considered usurious, unsecured loans would not be made at all without them.

Unsecured loans are often sought out if additional capital is required although existing (but not necessarily all) assets have been pledged to secure prior debt. Secured lenders more often than not include language in the loan agreement that prevents debtor from assuming additional secured loans or pledging any assets to a creditor.

Examples of unsecured debt

Types of unsecured debt

 Corporate unsecured debt – Since this type of debt assumes a greater amount of risk, corporations that have lower bond ratings (such as BBB) are classified as unsecured debt due to their higher default risk.
 Personal loan – A personal loan is a loan which can be taken to meet unspecified financial needs, such as a wedding, travel, or medical emergencies. The interest paid on a personal loan is in most cases higher than that payable on secured loans.
 Consumer durable loan –   In the retail sector or e-commerce, a growing number of merchants have embraced point-of-sale financing. It is commonly called consumer finance. On the spot no-cost EMI option is given. Even though, as per the rules and regulations of specific countries, there can never be no cost EMI option. Any lending institute is bound to take interest in some form or the other from you.
 Student loans – This common type of debt is considered unsecured in many countries, because the loan is usually taken by a student (usually at graduate or undergraduate level) or the student's parent or legal guardian to pay tuition fees. The borrower is usually expected to pay back the loan after completing the course and securing a job, and because this is uncertain, lenders have very strict criteria for this product. The loan is only given after the lender assesses the student's academic record, the type of course the student is wishing to pursue and the quality of the university / institute where the student has secured admission for the aforementioned course, in addition to other standard criteria such as the guarantor's credit history, bank account statements, assets and holdings, etc. However, in rare cases, the borrower (usually a parent / legal guardian) of the student can pledge assets against the loan, thereby making it a secured loan. In recent times, a lot of salaried professionals also take loans to complete part time courses or certifications. In such cases however, the loan is not considered to be a student loan – it is simply categorized as a general personal loan.

National differences

United States
Failure to make a payment on an unsecured debt may ultimately result in reporting the delinquent debt to a credit reporting agency or legal action. However, a nongovernmental unsecured creditor cannot seize any of your assets without a court judgment in the U.S.

A creditor must file a complaint in state or federal court before a judgment can be made for or against the borrower.

Malaysia
In Malaysia, there are personal loans for the private sector and for the government sector. The personal loan interest rate for the private sector is always higher than the government sector because it is of lower risk for the bank to lend to the government sector. The government will pay the salary of the civil servants through a payroll system known as the Biro Angkasa and the bank will deduct the monthly installment of the loan from the civil servant's salary through this system, before the salary is even released. An example of these loans are cooperative loans.

Interest rates for personal loans in Malaysia are influenced by either one of these factors: loan amount, loan tenure and income of the applicant. In some cases, the bank will take 2 or even 3 of these factors to decide on the appropriate interest rate to be applied to the personal loan. In 2013, the Malaysian Central Bank introduces a new maximum loan tenure of 10 years for personal loan (previous maximum loan tenure was 25 years).

Singapore
In Singapore, unsecured credit, including credit card debt and personal loans, can carry high interest rates due to the lack of collateral. To safeguard borrowers from excessive debt accumulation, the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) has implemented measures effective since January 1, 2018. These rules cap additional unsecured credit for borrowers whose outstanding debts exceed six times their monthly income, with a total credit limit not exceeding 12 times their monthly income.

The borrowing limit, set industry-wide, aims to prevent long-term reliance on unsecured credit and reduce debt accumulation. Banks must conduct credit bureau checks before granting new credit facilities or credit limit increases, ensuring loans align with borrowers' ability to repay. To manage debt effectively, borrowers can explore debt repayment plans and debt consolidation options. Understanding the rules and regulations can help borrowers maintain financial stability and make informed borrowing decisions in Singapore.

See also
High-yield debt
Guarantor loan
Medical debt
Merchant cash advance
Peer-to-peer lending
Term deposit
Credit card debt

References

Fixed income
Management theory

Unsecured debt


Ravivari market or Gujari Bazar is a market at the Sabarmati riverfront in Ahmedabad, India. It occurs every Sunday. Used items and antique pieces are sold there.

Etymology
Ravivar is a Gujarati word which means Sunday and so the market is named as Ravivari (takes place on Sunday). It's also known as Gujari bazaar which means second-hand market.

History
Ravivari Market was started by Sultan Ahmad Shah in 1414.  Previously, it was known as Khaas bazar. It was operated on Friday in Bhadra Taar and in Ahmedabad. At that time, it was also known as Shukravari Bazar because it took place on Friday. Due to communal riots in 1914, the market was closed temporarily. The market soon found a new place near Siddi Saiyyed Mosque. Then, it shifted to the old civil court. Since 1954, the market has taken place at the Sabarmati riverfront. Hence, it is also known as Riverfront market. It has been made open to the public, following a formal inauguration by Gujarat Chief Minister- Narendra Modi on February 3, 2014.

In 2002, when the communal riots happened, Sabarmati River functioned as the division between two communities. The west bank of the river is known as new Ahmedabad, where upper-middle-class people live; while the east bank of the river is old Ahmedabad, where lower-income people and minority class people live. The whole market is placed in the open space at Sabarmati Riverfront at Ellisbridge. The market does not have any formal physical entrance gate. However, there has an unwritten agreement among the vendors of where the market begins and ends. The entire market spreads across 32,000 squared feet behind Gaikwad Haveli, Ellisbridge, and Sardar Bridge.

Occupancy
The market has a platform for 1641 vendors. There are 1200 vendors registered in Gujari Association, among which one third are the women. There are many other vendors who trade along with Gujari traders but have not registered in Gujari Association. Most of the vendors sell used items but some vendors sell new items. The fees per stall per Sunday are ₨.6 for non-members and Rs.3 for members of Gujari Association members. Ahmed Shah Guajri Association looks after all the Gujari traders and also pays Rs.302 as a rent for the land every Sunday. There are other 7000 to 10,000 traders, who get indirect business through the market. It is estimated that over 3000 visitors visit every Sunday. SRFDCL - Sabarmati Riverfront Development Corporate Limited has allotted 16,500 spaces for parking vehicles. Minimum 280 two wheelers and 425 four wheelers can be parked on either sides of the market.

Market overview
Multiple products are available here at Ravivari market. The basic available products include all kinds of kitchen supplies, tools, furniture, hardware, clothing, electronics, used books, bedding, antiques, goats and chickens and any other household goods. An entire area is allotted to sell rat traps in various shapes, sizes in metal or wood. Products like aluminium utensils and plastic wares are available at Rs. 10 per piece.

Issues
During the Sabarmati Riverfront Development Project in 2010, Ravivari market was going to close permanently. The market was an obstacle for making 7,000 houses in a shanty town on the river bank was demolished. Around 20,000 displaced people were going to resettle close to the city. However, later on it was decided give a 32,000 square meter plot for the Ravivari market.

In November 2011, around 2000 vendors in Ravivari market suffered from loss because AMC (Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation) had occupied their space. Vendors were told that the market was closed as the anti-encroachment drive was in progress. A public interest litigation (PIL) was filed in the High Court seeking a relief for vendors in Gujari. A division bench of the High Court, comprising Chief Justice S J Mukhopadhaya and Justice J B Pardiwala, directed AMC not to take any action against the vendors. The high Court granted a stay on eviction of 1,200 vendors in Gujari bazar.

References

Markets in India

Ravivari Market


Accretion is the process of coastal sediment returning to the visible portion of a beach or foreshore after a submersion event. A sustainable beach or foreshore often goes through a cycle of submersion during rough weather and later accretion during calmer periods.

If a coastline is not in a healthy sustainable state, erosion can be more serious, and accretion does not fully restore the original volume of the visible beach or foreshore, which leads to permanent beach loss.

Coastal geography
Deposition (geology)
Physical oceanography

Accretion (coastal management)


In 2019, the boycott of Japanese products and travel began in South Korea due to trade disputes between South Korea and Japan.

History
In 2019, a new wave of boycotts were started in South Korea as a response to the Japan–South Korea trade dispute. People participating in the movement stopped buying Japanese products and services, travelling to Japan, and watching Japanese-made films.

Boycotts of Japanese products and services in South Korea have affected Japanese brands and tourism to Japan. On July 29, 2019, a Korean credit card company reported that credit card sales from Muji fell by 33.4%, ABC Mart sales fell by 11.4% and Daigaku Honyaku Center fell by 55.3%. Uniqlo sales dropped by 40% and the company announced it will close down its Jongno 3-ga store in central Seoul. Similarly, credit card spending from South Koreans in Japan have also declined. JTB Corporation reported that the number of Koreans visiting Japan declined by about 10%. Some South Korean airlines announced they will reduce flights or suspend direct routes between major Japanese and South Korean cities.

The boycott of Japanese products spread into the cultural sector, with the latest release of the Doraemon film series Doraemon: Nobita's Chronicle of the Moon Exploration, which was originally scheduled for release on August 14, had been postponed indefinitely even after the film's Korean dubbing was finished. In July, two other anime films, Butt Detective the Movie and Detective Conan: The Fist of Blue Sapphire, was subjected to unfavourable online reviews on internet and sold only 134,000 and 200,000 tickets respectively.

A poll conducted by Realmeter involving 504 adults reveal that, as of July 24, 62.8% of respondents say they are boycotting Japanese goods. Another poll conducted by Gallup Korea involving 1,005 adults found that only 12% held favourable views on Japan, while 77% have negative views. Likewise the poll found that 61% of respondents blame the Japanese government for the conflict, while 17% hold the South Korean government responsible.

A new poll conducted by Embrian involving 1000 adults reveal that, as of December 2, 2020, 71.8% of respondents say they are participating in boycotting Japanese goods.

References

Boycotts of Japan
Social movements in South Korea
Anti-Japanese sentiment in South Korea
2019 in South Korea
2020 in South Korea
2021 in South Korea

2019 boycott of Japanese products in South Korea


Jon Sobrino  (born 1938) is a Jesuit Catholic priest and theologian, known mostly for his contributions to Latin American liberation theology. He received worldwide attention in 2007 when the Vatican's Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith issued a notification for what they termed doctrines that are "erroneous or dangerous and may cause harm to the faithful."

Life
Born 27 December 1938 into a Basque family in Barcelona, Sobrino entered the Society of Jesus when he was 18. The following year, in 1958, he was sent to El Salvador. He later studied engineering at Saint Louis University, an American Jesuit university, and then theology at Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology in Frankfurt in West Germany for his Doctor of Theology (Dr.theol.) degree. Returning to El Salvador, he taught at the Jesuit-run University of Central America (UCA) in San Salvador, which he helped to found.

On 16 November 1989 he narrowly escaped the murder of the UCA scholars by the Atlacatl Battalion, an elite unit of the Salvadoran Army. By a coincidence, he was away from El Salvador when members of the military broke into the rectory at the UCA and brutally murdered his six fellow Jesuits, Ignacio Ellacuría, Segundo Montes, Juan Ramón Moreno, Ignacio Martín-Baró, Amando López, and Joaquín López y López, as well as their housekeeper Elba Ramos and her 16-year-old daughter Celina Ramos. The Jesuits were targeted for their outspoken work to bring a resolution to the brutal El Salvador Civil War that left about 75,000 men, women, and children dead, mostly civilians.

Investigated by the Vatican throughout his career as a professor of theology, he has remained an outspoken proponent of peace, joining protests in 2008 of the continued training of Latin American military officers in torture techniques at the School of the Americas at Fort Benning.

Works
Sobrino's main works are Jesus the Liberator (1991) and its sequel Christ the Liberator (1999), along with Christology at the Crossroads (1978), The True Church and the Poor (1984), Spirituality of Liberation (1990), The Principle of Mercy: Taking the Crucified People from the Cross (Orbis, 1994), No Salvation Outside the Poor, and Prophetic-Utopian Essays (Orbis, 2008).

Vatican notification
Because of the theological positions he took in his works, Sobrino was the subject of a theological notification; a critique statement and an admonishment by the Vatican and the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith in March 2007.

The congregation declared that Sobrino placed too great an emphasis on the human nature of Jesus Christ, downplaying Jesus' divine nature, and that his "works contain propositions which are either erroneous or dangerous and may cause harm to the faithful."

While certain of his teachings were declared false, the congregation did not condemn or censure him, or prohibit him from teaching or lecturing. However, Federico Lombardi at the Vatican Press Office hinted at the possibility that his bishop or superior in the Jesuit order might choose to take action.

The congregation emphasized in the notification that it was issued as part of its service "to the people of God, and particularly to the simple and poorest members of the Church." They emphasized the people's "right to know the truth ... about Christ" and therefore their corresponding duty to intervene. The notification was premised on Benedict XVI's teaching that "the first poverty among people is not to know Christ."

According to the Notification, Sobrino's erroneous propositions concerned: "1) the methodological presuppositions on which the Author bases his theological reflection, 2) the Divinity of Jesus Christ, 3) the Incarnation of the Son of God, 4) the relationship between Jesus Christ and the Kingdom of God, 5) the Self-consciousness of Jesus, and 6) the salvific value of his Death."

At the root of what the Vatican saw as Sobrino's error is his affirmation that "the 'Church of the poor' is the ecclesial 'setting' of Christology and offers it its fundamental orientation." However, the Vatican believes that it is "only the apostolic faith which the Church has transmitted through all generations that constitutes the ecclesial setting of Christology and of theology in general."

Contrary to criticisms that the Vatican acted without due consultation and unfairly, the Vatican says that a Notification is made after notifying the author of the statements that are seen to be problematic and after awaiting a reply from the author who is given 3 months whereby to respond.

Retired professor of theology Peter Hünermann (then Tübingen, Germany) declared in April 2007 that the Vatican notification was a "shock" for all theologians, because along with Sobrino "the most distinguished exegetes and systematic theologians – both Catholic and Protestant – stood in the dock". Supported by more than 100 professors of Catholic theology, Hünermann also demanded an "intelligent redevelopment" of the Vatican Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, because, as successor organization of the Holy Office, it still had the structure of an "early modern board of censors".

Sobrino's work was reviewed by a number of theologians, including , , Javier Vitoria, Carlo Palacio of Belo Horizonte, and Martin Maier, editor of the German Jesuit periodical Stimmen der Zeit. These theologians found no doctrinal errors in Sobrino's works. It is not apparent that their findings have been considered by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.

References

External links

  An anthology written in response to the notification.

 full text of Vatican rebuke

 Video clip of Sobrino discussing Salvadoran war

1938 births
20th-century Spanish Jesuits
21st-century Spanish Jesuits
People of Basque descent
Christian radicals
Dissident Roman Catholic theologians
Jesuit missionaries
Jesuit theologians
Liberation theologians
Living people
Clergy from Barcelona
Roman Catholic missionaries in El Salvador
Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology alumni
Spanish Roman Catholic missionaries
20th-century Spanish Roman Catholic theologians
Academic staff of Central American University

Jon Sobrino


The Cello Player is a painting by the American artist Edwin Dickinson (1891–1978). Painted in oils on a canvas measuring 60 x 48 1/2  inches, it was begun in 1924 and finished in 1926. In 1988 it was purchased by the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco.

History
The fourth of Dickinson's paintings that art historian John Driscoll identified as major and symbolical, The Cello Player (1924–1926) took the longest to paint of works to that date. Again, the dominant figure is an old man, here posed for by a different model, ostensibly playing a cello in a room littered with objects and seen from above, so that the space tips up to a horizon well above the picture top. The progressive tipping and enclosure of space can be observed in the sequence of works leading up to this one, a strategy that tends to equalize the parts of the picture and enhance their pictorial interaction. But although this parallels modernist tendencies toward pictorial abstraction accompanied by spatial flattening, the figure and objects in this picture give up none of their volume or tactile presence as objects.

Analysis
Sheet music from a Beethoven quartet leads us into the picture and, with the two keyboard instruments at the right, suggests again the equation of painting and music, a notion widely accepted among Provincetown artists, as well as members of Steiglitz's circle, in particular Marsden Hartley.  That the music in the picture is purely visual is once again indicated by the picture's undermined narrative coherence, with objects positioned not for use but to create visual rhythms and harmonies, and more explicitly by preventing the cellist from playing. The hand that would finger the notes is not in position and the bow hand has no bow to play with.  Further, the music is for a string quartet, but only one string instrument is present and the cellist's position prevents the piano, not a stringed instrument in any case, from being played.

But the formal character of the painting does not mean that the objects have no meaning. Dickinson himself admitted that many of them represented his interests at the time, including a book on the Arctic explorer Fridtjof Nansen, and Driscoll notes that a teapot on the right was one given to Dickinson by a Southern woman who told him that General Sherman had once used it.  Moreover, Driscoll believes the meanings go deeper. Specifically, he sees the painting as a tribute to Beethoven, the composer he honored above all others, and, through him, to his deceased brother Burgess, pianist and composer, whom his fellow students at Yale had nicknamed "Beethoven."  He observes that the score that Dickinson chose to depict, flanked on the right by a corner of music from Mozart's "Marriage of Figaro," was the string quartet in which Beethoven displays his greatest indebtedness to Mozart.  Driscoll argues that Dickinson intended thereby to express his lasting gratitude to his brother, whom he deeply admired, just as Beethoven showed his admiration for Mozart in the depicted score.  But such a reading equates Burgess with Mozart, the teacher, and Dickinson with Beethoven, his student, although, as Driscoll points out, it was Burgess who was called Beethoven by school mates, friends, and colleagues.  A different reading, one that supports Driscoll's basic conclusion but identifies Burgess as Beethoven, turns on the question of why Dickinson chose to depict the second violin part to represent the quartet, given the fact that without the melody of the first violin something essential is missing. The choice confirms his intention to express his indebtedness to his brother by suggesting that he played second fiddle to Burgess's Beethoven.

Ward connects this and other roses in Dickinson's paintings with a note that Dickinson wrote in the margin of his journal from 1970 next to the name of Alie Mörling: "The rose when Burgess died."  He believes that Alie may have given Edwin a rose on that occasion and that the smell and sight of roses may have recalled that event to him and caused its association in his mind with the kindness and beauty of women. He believes that by this time Dickinson was probably familiar with Proust's description of taste and smell awakening recollections of the past.

Dickinson may have turned down the head of the cellist to contribute to the effect of a view from an elevated position, as well as the eliminate the gaze, which would overemphasize the head and weaken the effect of allover visual flow. But it also suggests that the cellist is dreaming, which contributes to the idea of recollection. Dickinson records having had dreams numerous times in his journals, and on 13 March 1925, while painting The Cello Player, he wrote "Dreamed of Burg[ess]."
 In his painting Villa and Alice, 1941, the woman appears quite clearly to be dreaming. Further, in the three large studio paintings following The Cello Player (The Fossil Hunters, Woodland Scene, and Composition with Still Life) the world that Dickinson creates has become so difficult to reconcile with waking experience that the paintings demand to be seen as dreams or visions.

Notes

References
Abell, Mary Ellen and Helen Dickinson Baldwin. Edwin Dickinson: The Provincetown Years, 1912–1937. Exhibition catalogue, The Provincetown Art Association and Museum, 2007.
Adler, Eliot. "Observations on Edwin Dickinson." Edited with notes by Matthew Baigell. Arts Magazine, 56, no 8 (April 1982): 124-126.
Baldwin, Helen Dickinson. "Chronology," in Douglas Dreischpoon  et al. Edwin Dickinson: Dreams and Realities. Exhibition catalogue, New York: Hudson Hills Press in association with the Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York, 2002.
Carmean Jr., E.A., Eliza E. Rathbone,  Thomas B. Hess. American Art at Mid-Century: The subjects of the Artist. Exhibition catalogue, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., 1978.
de Kooning, Elaine. "Edwin Dickinson Paints a Picture," ARTnews 48 no. 5 (September 1949): pp. 26–28, 50-51.
---------. "The Modern Museum's Fifteen: Dickinson and Kiesler," ARTnews 81, no. 8
(October, 1982): pp. 20–23; 66-67.
 Dickinson, Edwin. Interview by Dorothy Seckler, 22 August 962. Archives of American Art, Washington, DC.Transcript of audiotape.
---------.  Journals, 1916–1971. Unpublished . Syracuse University, George Arents Research Library for Special Collections. Microfilm  of years 1916–1962  available through Archives of American Art: reels D93-96.
---------. Letters to Esther Hoyt Sawyer. Esther Hoyt Sawyer Letters, 1916–1945. Archives of American Art. microfilm reel 901.
Dreishpoon, Douglas et al. Edwin Dickinson: Dreams and Realities. New York: Hudson Hills Press, 2002.
 Driscoll, John. "Edwin Dickinson: South Wellfleet Inn," in Charles Brock, Nancy Anderson, with Harry Cooper, American Modernism: The Schein Collection, Exhibition Catalogue. National Gallery of Art, 2010, pp. 46–51.
---------. "Edwin Walter Dickinson: An Iconological Interpretation of the Major Symbolical Paintings," Ph.D. diss., Pennsylvania State University, 1985.
Geske, Norman A. Venice 34. The Figurative Tradition in Recent American Art. 34th International Biennial Exhibition of Art, Venice, Italy, 1968. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1968, pp. 43–70.
Goodrich, Lloyd. Edwin Dickinson, New York: Whitney Museum of American Art, 1966. Exhibition catalogue.
--------- The Drawings of Edwin Dickinson, New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1963.
Gruber, Carol S. "The Reminiscences of Edwin Dickinson," interviews conducted between November 1957-January 1958. Columbia University Oral History Research Office Collection. Available on microfilm.
Hawthorne, Charles W. Hawthorne on Painting. edited by Mrs. Charles W. Hawthorne from student notes. Reprint. New York: Dover Publications, 1960.
Kahan, Mitchell D. "Subjective Currents in American Painting of the 1930s." Ph.D. diss., City University of New York, 1983. Unpublished.
Kuh, Katharine. The Artist's Voice. New York: Harper and Row, 1960.
Kuspit, Donald. "American Romantic." Art in America 71, no. 2 (February 1983): pp. 108–11.
O'Connor, Francis V. "Allegories of Pathos and Perspective in the Symbolical Paintings and Self-Portraits of Edwin Dickinson," in Dreishpoon, et al. 2002, pp. 51–75.
Schwartz, Sanford. "New York Letter." Art International, 6, no. 9 (November 1972, pp. 43–46).
Shannon, Joe. Edwin Dickinson: Selected Landscapes. Exhibition catalogue, Hirschhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1980.
Soby, James Thrall. "Romantic Painting in America," In James Thrall Soby and Dorothy C. Miller, Romantic Painting in America. Exhibition catalogue, New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1943.
Tillim, Sydney. Month in Review." Arts 35, no. 6 (March 1961): pp. 46–48.
Waldman, Diane, "Dickinson: Reality of Reflection." ARTnews 64, no.7 (November 1965): pp. 28–31; 70.
Ward, John L. Edwin Dickinson: A Critical History of His Paintings. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2003.

1926 paintings
Paintings in the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco
Paintings by Edwin Dickinson
Musical instruments in art

The Cello Player


Francesco Marino Mannoia (born 5 March 1951) is a former member of the Sicilian Mafia who became a pentito (government witness) in 1989. His nickname was Mozzarella. He is considered to be one of the most reliable government witnesses against the Mafia. Antimafia magistrate Giovanni Falcone, who was first to interrogate him, recalled Marino Mannoia as an intelligent and reliable witness.

Criminal career

He was raised in Palermo, the capital of Sicily, and joined the Santa Maria di Gesù Mafia Family, headed by Stefano Bontade. He was highly sought after by all Mafia families for his skills in chemistry to be used to refine heroin for the Spatola-Inzerillo-Gambino ring. Marino Mannoia recalled having refined at least 1,000 kilograms of heroin for Bontade. He had learned how to refine heroin from Antonino Vernengo, alias u dutturi (the doctor), who was the first to set up a refinery in 1977. He was also suspected of being involved in at least seventeen homicides.

During the Second Mafia War of the early 1980s his boss, Stefano Bontade, was murdered along with hundreds of associates. Mannoia only survived because he was in prison at the time for drug trafficking. He escaped from prison in 1983 with the help of his younger brother, a hitman named Agostino Marino Mannoia. They met with Corleonesi boss Salvatore Riina to establish their position in the dramatically altered landscape of the Sicilian Mafia and were both allowed to live and work under the auspices of the Corleonesi boss. Francesco Marino Mannoia became a major refiner of heroin for the Corleonesi.

In 1986 he was recaptured and returned to prison. On 20 April 1989, his brother Agostino Marino Mannoia, aged twenty-three, vanished and was never seen again. His bloodstained car was found later that day. Francesco Mannoia realised his brother had been killed. As it turned out, both Mannoia brothers had been plotting along with Vincenzo Puccio to overthrow Salvatore Riina as the boss of the Sicilian Mafia. Somehow word had got out and Agostino Marino Mannoia was the first of the conspirators against Riina who would die. Puccio and his brothers followed soon afterwards.

Government witness
In the fall of 1989 Marino Mannoia's mistress contacted the police's Antimafia unit in Rome, indicating the mafioso was ready to talk. After negotiations over security, Marino Mannoia and magistrate Giovanni Falcone started a series of testimonies on 8 October 1989. He followed in the footsteps of Tommaso Buscetta and Salvatore Contorno in becoming an informant. Falcone recalled Marino Mannoia as an intelligent and reliable witness.

His collaboration was important because he was the first pentito that came out of the winning faction of the Second Mafia War. He was able to update the authorities on the activities within Cosa Nostra throughout the 1980s, including the lupara bianca of Filippo Marchese and Giuseppe Greco. Not long after he began to talk to the authorities, Mannoia's mother, aunt and one of his sisters were murdered in their Bagheria home as revenge, it being a common tactic by the Mafia to kill the relatives of the pentiti in order to discourage others from similar cooperation with authorities.

Marino Mannoia was admitted into the Witness Protection Program in the United States (Italy had no such programme at the time). In the US, he testified against the Sicilian faction of the Gambino Family, the so-called Cherry Hill Gambinos, John, Rosario and Joe Gambino. He had met with John Gambino, who had inspected the quality of the heroin Marino Mannoia was refining in Palermo.

Testimonies
Marino Mannoia disclosed that Roberto Calvi, the so-called God's banker of the Banco Ambrosiano and the Vatican, had been killed by the Mafia because he had lost Cosa Nostra's criminal proceeds when the Banco Ambrosiano collapsed. According to Mannoia the killer was Francesco Di Carlo, a mafioso living in London at the time, and the order to kill Calvi had come from Mafia boss Giuseppe Calò and Licio Gelli. When Di Carlo became an informer in June 1996, he denied that he was the killer, but admitted that he had been approached by Calò to do the job.

Marino Mannoia testified that his former boss Stefano Bontade had close relations with Sicilian politicians, in particular with Salvo Lima, Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti's man in Sicily. In April 1993, after the killing of Lima and the judges Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino, he gave evidence against former Italian Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti, who was accused of Mafia association. He claimed Andreotti had met with Stefano Bontade in the 1970s.

Marino Mannoia provided the first eyewitness account tying Andreotti directly to bosses of the Mafia. He described a high-level meeting in 1980 with Salvatore Inzerillo and Stefano Bontade at which Andreotti allegedly arrived with Lima in a bulletproof Alfa Romeo belonging to the Salvo cousins. Andreotti had come to protest the killing of Piersanti Mattarella in January 1980.

He also testified about the murder of journalist Mauro De Mauro. The investigative reporter had been kidnapped and killed by the Mafia in 1970. Marino Mannoia had been ordered by Bontade in 1977 or 1978 to dig up several bodies including the one of De Mauro and dissolve them in acid.

Marino Mannoia admitted he had been one of the men who had stolen the Nativity with St. Francis and St. Lawrence, a painting by Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio that has never been seen since it was stolen in 1969 (the artwork was believed, at one point, to have been in the hands of the late Mafia boss Rosario Riccobono).

Witness Protection Program
He lived in an undisclosed location with a new identity in the FBI Witness Protection Program, having been granted American citizenship after testifying against a number of Sicilian Mafiosi at work in the US. It was claimed, and not denied, that Marino Mannoia received US$600,000 when he gave evidence against Giulio Andreotti in the spring of 1993. At the time he was living at liberty in the US on US$3,000 per month plus his father's pension, all paid from Italy.

He served a cumulative 17-year jail sentence in Italy and the U.S. which he finished in February 2010. In June 2011, after 16 years under protection by the US Marshall Service, he returned to Italy. Forced to not have an own identity and live in uncomfortable conditions, he considered the conditions of life in the United States unacceptable to him and especially his family. His wife and two children could not adapt to life in the United States. His allowance in Italy was reduced to 1,000 euros a month.

Marino Mannoia was disillusioned by the little reward and support he received from the Italian government in relation to the sacrifice he made and family members that had been killed. "I am disappointed, embittered, after everything I have done for the fight against the Mafia since 1989," he said. He attempted suicide by taking a cocktail of pharmaceuticals in July 2011, but was saved by his wife who got him to the hospital in time.

Quotes
Many believe that you enter Cosa Nostra for money. This is only part of the truth. Do you know why I entered Cosa Nostra? Because before in Palermo I was Mr. Nobody. Afterward, wherever I went, heads lowered. And this for me was worth any price.

References

Gambetta, Diego (1993). The Sicilian Mafia: The Business of Private Protection, London: Harvard University Press,
Jamieson, Alison (2000), The Antimafia. Italy's Fight Against Organized Crime, London: MacMillan Press
Paoli, Letizia (2003). Mafia Brotherhoods: Organized Crime, Italian Style, Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press
Stille, Alexander (1995). Excellent Cadavers. The Mafia and the Death of the First Italian Republic, New York: Vintage

External links
  Biographies of Mafia bosses

1951 births
Living people
Gangsters from Palermo
Pentiti
People with acquired American citizenship
People who entered the United States Federal Witness Protection Program
Sicilian mafiosi

Francesco Marino Mannoia


Jaworek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ząbkowice Śląskie, within Ząbkowice Śląskie County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Prior to 1945, it was located in Germany.

It lies approximately  north-east of Ząbkowice Śląskie, and  south of the regional capital Wrocław.

References

Villages in Ząbkowice Śląskie County

Jaworek, Ząbkowice Śląskie County


Nippon musekinin jidai (ニッポン無責任時代, Irresponsible Era of Japan) is a 1962 Japanese comedy film directed by Kengo Furusawa. It became one of the most popular comedic films in Japan with the box office earning around ¥350 million ($3,343,567.50 in US dollar).

The Crazy Cats comic jazz band and their featured singer Hitoshi Ueki did not invent the local genre of the "salaryman" comedy but they were its ubiquitous face in the 1960s. Some of the first big stars of the new medium of television brought standing-room-only audiences to a cinema in decline. This film established Ueki's comic persona as a salaryman who would goof off at work and yet somehow always come out ahead, every so often bursting into one of his well-known Japanese folk-inflected songs while dancing something like the twist. The first in a series of "Irresponsible" films whose comic songs formed the soundtrack of Japan's high economic growth.

Overview
This movie was shot in color and cinemascope (TohoScope). The musical themes are "Irresponsible Ichidai Otoko" and "Hello, Until Then". This was the first memorable movie of the Crazy Movie series. The Crazy Cats, which became popular on "Shabontama Holiday" (Nippon TV) at that time, especially Hitoshi Ueki's big hit apperence on "Sudara Bushi". The series involved three main actresses (Sonomi Nakajima, Noriko Shigeyama, Reiko Dan), but it became unexpectedly popular, and 30 more were produced up to "Nippon ichi no shokku otoko" (directed by Takashi Tsuboshima) in 1971. In this play, Yasuo Tanami, who was an employee of the Toho Literature Club at the time, was originally involved in planning the President's Series, wrote the draft of the "Irresponsible Employee" as the antithesis of a loyal member of the company.

They sold it as a project for a movie starring Frankie Sakai, but the idea was scrapped due to poorly script writing, and when he left it as it was, producer Eizaburō Adachi asked Tanami to make a movie named after the success of Crazy Cats' music hit "Sudara Bushi", and he began to write the screenplay. When it was released, it was agreed, and it was a scenario where Crazy Cats members were assigned to act in the film.

Plot
The average Kuchihaccho and Tehaccho (Taira Hitoshi) heard the story of Pacific sake riding in the bar "Madrid". Hitoshi's first job, when he mentioned the name of a senior in his hometown to the president of Pacific Sake and worked in the general affairs department, was to acquire the president of Toyama Shoji, a major shareholder.

Success with a single check. Shimbashi geisha Manmaru is also cholera with his great ability, and promotion to chief of staff is a completely easy business. However, as Mika Tenka often said, Hitoshi was immediately fired when he learned that the kidnapper, Yuto Kuroda, had acquired Toyama's property. Kuroda's brain is Ryosuke Oshima, president of Sankai Foods, but his daughter Yoko ran away with her boyfriend Takasaku Ujiie. By the way, Hitoshi met Kuroda at the new president's inauguration party, but he returned with the outside director due to the skill of the show and the banquet. It is an unfortunate story for employees on the Taihei side that the traditional Pacific sake will become a subsidiary of Sankai Foods.

On the other hand, Kyoko, a geisha, and Aiko, a liquor secretary from the Pacific, ran to Tonton's boarding house and began to guess love. Hitoshi is fluttering with Aiko's fierce kiss. Around this time, Kuroda, who visited the Oshima Residence, cut the story of his daughter Yoko's marriage and discovered that he had a favorite partner, Takasaku Ujiie. Hitoshi's next job is to buy hops from Hokkai Bussan, a Pacific liquor business.

Hitoshi captured the president of the North Sea, Ishikari, who could not eat even if it was boiled or baked, with a pink film and a naked tatami in the room. However, Hitoshi, who simply doesn't wake up when he falls, discovers that Oshima and Kuroda are injured by Yoko's marriage and urges Ujiie's president to return to work, using Yoko's whereabouts as a seed. Who knows that Hitoshi, who appeared in a black tie at the Ujiie and Oshima families' wedding ceremony that day, is the new president of Hokkai Bussan!

Cast

 Hitoshi Ueki as Hitoshi Taira (Average salary man & main character)
 Hajime Hana as Yusaku Ujiie (President of Pacific Sake)
 Kei Tani as General Manager of General Affairs Department Yata (Director of "Pacific Sake")
 Sonomi Nakajima as Kyoko Asada (Madam of the "Madrid" Bar)
 Noriko Shigeyama as Aiko Sano ("Ohira Western Liquor" President's Secretary)
 Reiko Dan as Manmaru (Geisha)
 Yôko Fujiyama as Yoko Oshima (daughter of Ryosuke)
 Tôru Minegishi (credited Kenji Mine) as Takasaku Ujiie (son of Yusaku)
 Takashi Inagaki as Uemura (Yoko's matchmaking partner)
 Jun Tazaki as Yūjin Kuroda (President of "Kuroda Bussan" → New president of "Ohira Yoshu")
 Tôru Yuri as Kumagoro Ishikari (President of "Hokkaido Bussan")
 Tatsuo Matsumura as President Toyama (main shareholder of "Pacific Sake")
 Gen Shimizu as Ryosuke Oshima (president of "Sankai Foods")
 Asami Kuji as Tokiko Ujiie (Yusaku's wife)
 Chieko Nakakita as Sakiko (housewife in a pension)
 Hiroshi Inuzuka as Otsuka ("Ohira Western Liquor" employee)
 Êtarô Ishibashi as Sakura (〃)
 Senri Sakurai as Aoki (〃)
 Shin Yasuda as Yasui (〃)
 Kenzô Tabu as Detective in plain clothes
 Akira Hitomi as Kenkichi (pension master)
 Hiroyo Miyata as Traffic police officer
 Daisuke Inoue as Haruki (bartender)
 Shiro Tsuchiya as Uemura's father
 Yasuzo Okawa as Driver of President Ujiie
 Yaeko Izumo as Apartment neighbor
 Hiromi Mineoka as Hana (maid of the Ujiie family)
 Yuki Shimizu as Ohira Western liquor employee
 Terumi Oka as Employees chasing volleyball
 Sumie Miyagawa as Corner of a Café Hall
 Yutaka Oka as Funeral receptionist
 Yasuo Araki as Incense thief
 Yoshie Kihira as restaurant lady Nakai
 Chie Sugiura as Oshima family maid
 Wakako Tanabe as Madrid hostess
 Kazuko Ejima as Restaurant costumers
 Kazuko Tani as Madrid waitress
 Hiromi Terazawa, and Kiyoko Hara as Two geishas
 Saburō Kadowaki as Ohira Western Liquor Employee
 Eisaburo Komatsu as Man at the station
 Kiyoshi Kodama as a Taxi driver (non-credited)
 Yoshio Ouchi, Akinori Kuchina, and Yoshio Yasumoto as Takasaku's bandmates
 Jun Kuroki as Public bath guest

※ Uncredited

 Bin Furuya, Haruo Nakajima, Rinsaku Ogata, Junnosuke Suda, Ryûtarô Amami, and Keiichirô Katsumoto as Guests of Madrid
 Shizuka Yoshida, Kiyoko Tsuji, Reiko Seto, Terumi Hoshi, Junko Ebata, and Kinuko Obata as Female customers at Madrid
 Somesho Matsumoto, Sôji Ubukata, Shin Otomo, and Kyorô Sakurai as Pacific Sake executives
 Shigeki Ishida, Naoya Kusakawa, Kenzô Matsui, and Tatsuhiko Hari as Pacific Sake employees
 Minoru Ito, Kazuo Imai, Akira Yamada, Takuya Yuki, Hideo Shibuya, Wataru Ōmae, and Toku Ihara as Police officers
 Hiroshi Takagi, Toshihiko Furuta, Ichirō Shōji, Yukihiko Gondo, Kōichi Satō, Kenichiro Maruyama, and Haruo Suzuki as Detectives
 Koji Uno as Desk clerk
 Jun'ichirô Mukai as Headwaiter
 Fuminori Ōhashi as Newspaper editor
 Shoichi Hirose as Truck driver
 Takuzô Kumagai as Finances president
 Kenzaburô Ôsawa as Paperboy
 Ikio Sawamura as Streetcleaner
 Toyohiko Sata as Noodle chef
 Katsumi Tezuka as Police chief
 Kenzô Echigo as Doorman
 Kuniyoshi Kashima, Shinjirô Hirota, Ichirô Chiba, and Yûsuke Suzuki as Guys in the hallway
 Saburô Iketani as Newsreader
 Shigeo Katô as Janitor
 Akira Kitchôji, Keiji Sakakida, Masahide Matsushita, and Keisuke Yamada as Kuroda Bussan executives
 Ichiro Chagawa, Toshitsugu Suzuki, and Yasushi Matsubara as Newspaper reporters
 Kôji Uruki, Nadao Kirino, Fumio Sakashita, and Yasuhiko Saijô as Kuroda Bussan employees
 Yûko Shibaki, Toshiko Higuchi, Keiko Yanagawa, and Machiko Kitagawa as Female employees
 Fumie Noguchi as Fashion editor
 Tomoko Watanabe as Laundry lady
 Fujie Satsuki as an Elderly woman
 Makiko Takatori as Dance teacher
 Keiko Sata as Office worker
 Tsurue Ichimanji as Woman next door
 Hiroshi Akitsu, Akio Kusama, Junpei Natsuki, Ryôji Shimizu, Kamayuki Tsubono, Shin Yoshida, Michiko Ari, Reiko Hatsune, Mariko Harada, Keiko Muramatsu, Kyoko Komatsu, and Mariko Hasegawa as Party guests
 Yasumasa Ônishi, Yoshio Katsube, Ikuo Kawamura, Takashi Narita, Jirô Mitsuaki, Mariko Kawauchi, Ruri Asahi, Chiyoko Mizumachi, Keiko Chigusa, Sumiko Minami, Junko Arita, and Masako Fujimura as Bystanders

Staff

 Producers: Eizaburō Adachi, Shin Watanabe (entertainment producer)
 Executive Producer: Shin Morita
 Screenwriters: Hiroshi Matsuki (screenplay), Yasuo Tanami (screenplay)
 Director: Kengo Furusawa
 Cinematographer: Takao Saitô
 Music Composer: Yoshiyuki Kozu, Hiroaki Hagiwara (music arrangement), Yukio Aoshima (songwriter)
 Production Designer: Kazuo Ogawa
 Second Unit Director or Assistant Director: Yoshimitsu Banno (second assistant director), Masanobu Deme (third assistant director, Ken Sano (chief assistant director)
 Sound Department: Akira Saitô (sound recordist), Hisashi Shimonaga (sound effects editor)
 Stunt Coordinator: Ryû Kuze
 Photographer: Masao Soeda

Theme songs / Insert songs

 All the lyrics are written by Yukio Aoshima and composed by Hiroaki Hagiwara.

Skinny Manbushi (やせがまん節, Yase gaman-bushi)

An original movie song is played when Hitoshi goes to the Ujiie family at night. Later sung in "Sudara Gaiden". In the trailer, it was "Skinny Manbushi", but in the OP credit, it was written as "Skinny Patience Bushi".

Don't Clause (ドント節, Donto-bushi)

Hitoshi, who went to the Ujiie family, robs Takasaku of his guitar and sings.

Sudara Section (スーダラ節, Sūdara-bushi)

Use number 2. After returning to the boarding house, Hitoshi throws out the betting ticket while climbing the stairs and sings while cleaning his suit.

Fifty Thousand Verses (五万節, 50, 000-Setsu)

Hitoshi, who saw a pair of Takasaku and Yoko at the bar, muttered, "Well, when I was a student," and first sang one phrase with a cappella, followed by a shout of "Ah, that!" With BGM, and was a guest at the same bar. Sing with Otsuka, Sakura, Aoki and Yasui. All lyrics are movie originals.

Hello, Until Then (ハイそれまでョ, Haisoremade~yo)

Hitoshi sings at the inaugural meeting of President Kuroda, and Otsuka, Sakura, Aoki, and Yasui act as back dancers. He used No. 1 and No. 3, but the lyrics have changed in the latter half of both. At first glance, it seems to be a stage, but in fact, it is a production peculiar to the Furusawa movie, that is, at the inaugural meeting.

In the trailer, it is "High Until Then", but in the opening credit is written as "High Until Then".

Irresponsible First Generation Man (無責任一代男, Musekinin ichidaiotoko)

The theme song of this work. It was played twice in total, and the second time, Hitoshi sang instead of congratulations at the wedding ceremony of Takasaku and Yoko, and Otsuka, Sakura, Aoki, and Yasui danced.

Location

 Sarugaku Bridge
In front of Ebisu station
 Ebisu Station South
 Daiwa Securities Co.Ltd. HQ (Used for the "Pacific Sake" building. A familiar place in the "Shacho Series")
 Yokohama Prince Hotel (used for Takasaku and Yoshiko's wedding ceremony)
 Hibiya Park
 Aoyama Funeral Hall
 Benkei Horibata
 Sukiyabashi Intersection

Simultaneous screening
"Kigeki ekimae onsen" (喜劇 駅前温泉, Comedy Station Square Hot Spring)

 Screenplay: Kihan Nagase / Director: Seiji Hisamatsu / Starring: Hisaya Morishige / Distributor: Tokyo Eiga Co., Ltd.

The fourth installment of the "Ekimae Series". Since then, Industrial Spy Free for All (directed by Takashi Tsuboshima), "Mahjong Madness" will be coupled eight times in total with the Crazy Movie and "Ekimae Series".

Nippon musekinin jidai


Deng Zhong () is a character in Fengshen Yanyi. He is the number one figure of the four Mount Yellow Blossom's lords. During the personal Western Foothills campaign of the Grand Old Master Wen Zhong, these four would become an assisting sword of the Shang Dynasty.

Plot
In appearance, Deng Zhong has an indigo face, protrusive buck teeth, and long crimson red hair; he also wields a great golden axe as his primary weapon. During his first encounter with Wen Zhong, he was killed through a golden prison genjutsu trick employed by Wen Zhong. Due to second brother Xin Huan's later compliance, Deng would serve as a loyal sword of Wen Zhong following his revival. Once Wen had finally arrived at the foot of the Western Foothills, Deng would personally deliver a letter to Jiang Ziya. Once battle had begun following three days of time, Deng would personally battle it out against Huang Feihu with his golden axe.

Deng was appointed as one of the 24 Leibu Tianju (雷部天君) in the end.

Notes

Chinese gods
Investiture of the Gods characters

Deng Zhong (Investiture of the Gods)


Moltke Bridge is a bridge over the Spree River in Berlin, Germany. Completed in 1891, it connects Alt-Moabit near the main railway station on the north bank to Willy-Brandt-Straße and the Chancellery on the south bank. The bridge is named after Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke the Elder (1800–1891), chief of staff of the Prussian Army for thirty years. Moltke died just before the bridge's completion and it was inaugurated by his funeral cortege. The bridge has three crossed arches spanning the Spree made from red Main sandstone, decorated with statues of Johannes Boese, Carl Piper and Carl Begas.

History

Construction started in 1888 and was completed in 1891.
The bridge saw heavy fighting during the Battle of Berlin in April 1945 at the end of World War II. German defenders, about 5000 members of the SS and Volksturm, barricaded the bridge at both ends and wired it for demolition. On 28 April, units of the Soviet 3rd Shock Army, commanded by Major-General S.N. Perevertkin, fought their way down Alt-Moabit towards the bridge. Their goal was the capture of the German Reichstag, only 600 metres (about 660 yards) from the bridge. At dusk, the Soviets assaulted the bridge. The detonation charges damaged the bridge, with a section falling into the Spree, but enough stood for men and vehicles to cross. By midnight, the Soviet 150th and 171st rifle divisions had secured the bridgehead against any counterattack the Germans could muster. From here they moved on the Reichstag, which they captured on 2 May.

Though damaged, the bridge was one of the few to survive the war and looks similar to the original construction, though it was repaired and strengthened to take the weight of modern traffic.

References

Sources
 Read, Anthony & Fisher, David, "The Fall of Berlin", W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 1992,
 Beevor, Antony "Berlin: The Downfall 1945", Viking-Penguin Books, 2002,

External links

1891 establishments in Germany
Bridges completed in 1891
Bridges in Berlin
Buildings and structures in Mitte

Moltke Bridge


Cassata or cassata siciliana ( , , ) is a traditional cake from Sicily, Italy. Cassata is typically composed of a round sponge cake moistened with fruit juices or liqueur and layered with ricotta cheese and candied fruit (a filling also used with cannoli). Cassata has a shell of marzipan, pink and green coloured icing, and decorative designs. Cassata may also refer to a Neapolitan ice cream containing candied or dried fruit and nuts.

Origin

Cassata is believed to have originated in Palermo in the 10th century, when under Emirate of Sicily. The word  –  – was first mentioned in Corleone in 1178.

The Arabic word qas'ah, from which cassata may derive, refers to the bowl that is used to shape the cake.

Variations

Unlike the round, traditional shape some cassata are made in the form of a rectangle, square, or box. The word "box" in Italian is cassa, although it is unlikely that the word cassata originated from this term.

Cassata Catanese, as it is often prepared in the Sicilian province of Catania, is made similar to a pie, containing a top and bottom crust, filled with ricotta, and baked in the oven.

The Cassatella di sant'Agata (pl. cassatelle)—colloquially named Minni di Vergini, meaning "virgin breasts"—is a similar dessert, but made in a smaller, personal-serving size,  with a candied cherry on top, and often a specifically green-coloured marzipan. It is typically made in Catania for the festival of Saint Agatha. The allusion to the female breast relates the specific torture Saint Agatha faced as a Catholic martyr.

When a cassata is made, layers of gelato (Italian ice cream) can be substituted for the layers of cheese, producing a dessert similar to an ice cream cake. The version of the recipe followed in Messina is less sweet than the one used in Palermo.
"Cassata" can also refer to a flavor of ice-cream inspired by the sweet.

United States
In Cleveland, Ohio and the surrounding region, the term "Cassata Cake" uniquely refers to a layered yellow sponge cake soaked in rum or rum syrup, filled with fresh strawberries and custard, and usually decorated with whipped cream and sliced strawberries.

This Cleveland version of the Cassata Cake first appeared in the early 1920s at LaPuma Spumoni & Bakery in Cleveland. The children of the owners did not like traditional cassata cake, made with sweetened ricotta and candied fruit. Using what he had in the bakery, Tomasso LaPuma created what was to become known as the Cleveland Cassata Cake. The fifth generation of this bakery, now located in the city's eastern suburb of Chesterland, still continues to make the original version of this cake, as do many other Italian bakeries in the area. The layered cake is served for special occasions such as weddings and large family events. Some local specialty bakers or restaurants, including several in Cleveland's Little Italy neighborhood, sell Cassata Cake by the slice or have adapted the cake to be sold with ingredients layered with in a jar to-go.

See also
Cannoli
Crema de fruta
Trifle
Tipsy cake

References

Italian cakes
Palermitan cuisine
Cuisine of Sicily
Italian desserts
Culture of Cleveland
Marzipan
Sponge cakes
Foods with alcoholic drinks
Dried fruit

Cassata


The Variegated Fritillary (Euptoieta claudia) is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae.  It is native to North America and South America.  The Variegated Fritillary is closely related to butterflies in the genus Speyeria.  It has some differences from Speyeria butterflies.  Some of the differences are: Variegated Fritillaries have 2-3 broods per year vs. one per year in Speyeria.  They travel more vs. staying in the same place.  And they use a wide range of host plants vs. just violets.  Variegated Fritillaries use passionflowers as a host plant.  Because of this, Variegated Fritillaries have taxonomic links to the heliconians.  Their flight is low and fast, and they are hard to approach.  Its genus name was taken from the Greek word euptoietos meaning "easily scared".

Description
The upper side of the wings is orange and black.  The fore wing and hind wing have a row of submarginal black spots and black median lines running across the wings.  (Submarginal means just inward of the wing edge.  Median means through the center of the wing.)  The underside of the fore wing is orange.  The hind wing is mottled with browns and grays.  There is a pale postmedian band (postmedian means just outward of the median).  There is no silvering.  The wingspan is 1.75-2.25 inches.

Similar species
There is a butterfly similar to the Variegated Fritillary.  It is the Mexican Fritillary (Euptoieta hegesia).  The Mexican Fritillary is brighter orange.  The upper side of its hind wing has more orange.  The underside of its wings is plainer, with no submarginal spots or median black lines.

Flight period
This species may be seen flying from April-October in the south.  It flies in the north from summer to early fall.

Habitat
This butterfly is found in different kinds of habitats.  It can by found in clover fields, alfalfa fields, fields, pastures, waste areas, roadsides, and mountain meadows.

Nectar plants

The Variegated Fritillary has been seen on different kinds of flowers.  Here is a list of them:

Apocynum sp. - dogbane
Asclepias syriaca - Common Milkweed
Aster sp. - asters
Bidens aristosa - Bearded Beggerticks
Cirsium sp. - thistles
Echinacea sp. - coneflowers
Erigeron sp. - fleabane
Eupatorium perfoliatum - Common Boneset
Medicago sativa - Alfalfa
Trifolium pratense - Red Clover
Vernonia sp. - ironweed

Life cycle

Females lay their eggs singly on the host plant's leaves and stems.  The eggs are pale green or cream colored.  The caterpillar eats the leaves, flowers, and stems of the food plant.  The caterpillar is red with black stripes.  There are white spots in the black stripes.  In many individuals, the white is more noticeable than the black.  It has six rows of black spines.  It has a pair of long, clubbed spines on the head.  The chrysalis is shiny white with small black spots.  It has a variable amount of brown markings and has orange and gold projections.  Adults overwinter in the south and fly north each spring and summer.  It has 2-3 broods per year.

Host plants
Here is a list of host plants that the Variegated Fritillary caterpillar eats:

 Boerhaavia intermedia - Five-wing Spiderling
 Cynanchum arizonicum - Arizona Swallow-wort
 Hybanthus verticillatus - Babyslippers
 Linum australe - Southern Flax
 Linum rigidum - Stiffstem Flax
 Linum sulcatum - Grooved Yellow Flax
 Menispermum canadense - Canadian Moonseed
 Menispermum mexicanum - Mexican Moonseed
 Passiflora caerulea - Blue Passionflower
 Passiflora foetida - Foetid Passionflower
 Passiflora incarnate - Purple Passionflower
 Plantago sp. - plantain
 Podophyllum peltatum - Mayapple
 Portulaca oleracea - Common Purslane
 Turnera ulmifolia - Yellow Alder
 Sedum lanceolatum - Lance-leaf Stonecrop
 Viola bicolor - American Field Pansy
 Viola sororia - Common Blue Violet
 Viola tricolor ssp. - Heartsease

References

Nymphalidae

Euptoieta claudia


Mount Catherine is a mountain peak in the Cascade Range in Washington state located near Snoqualmie Pass and Keechelus Lake. It is accessible via Forest Road 9070 except in winter. The Nordic Pass snowshoe trail starts near the Summit East ski area (formerly called Hyak), and ends at this popular destination at a low point on the west ridge of Mount Catherine. Winter ascents of Mount Catherine are frequently done by continuing up the ridge to the summit.

Climate
Mount Catherine is located in the marine west coast climate zone of western North America. Most weather fronts originate in the Pacific Ocean, and travel northeast toward the Cascade Mountains. As fronts approach, they are forced upward by the peaks of the Cascade Range, causing them to drop their moisture in the form of rain or snowfall onto the Cascades. As a result, the west side of the North Cascades experiences high precipitation, especially during the winter months in the form of snowfall. Due to its temperate climate and proximity to the Pacific Ocean, areas west of the Cascade Crest very rarely experience temperatures below  or above . During winter months, weather is usually cloudy, but, due to high pressure systems over the Pacific Ocean that intensify during summer months, there is often little or no cloud cover during the summer. Because of maritime influence, snow tends to be wet and heavy, resulting in high avalanche danger.

References

External links

Mountains of Kittitas County, Washington
Mountains of Washington (state)

Mount Catherine (Washington)


TRPP (transient receptor potential polycystic) is a family of transient receptor potential ion channels which when mutated can cause polycystic kidney disease.

Subcategories
TRPP subunits can be divided into two subcategories depending on structural similarity.

Polycystic Kidney Disease 1 (PKD1)-Like Group
The first group, polycystic kidney disease 1 (PKD1)-like, contains polycystin-1 (Previously known as TRPP1), PKDREJ, PKD1L1, PKD1L2, and PKD1L3. Polycystin-1 contains numerous N-terminal adhesive domains that are important for cell-cell contact. This group of subunits also contain a large extracellular domain with numerous polycystin motifs. These motifs are of unknown function and are located between the S6 and S7 segments. The large intracellular C-terminal segment of TRPP1 seems to interact with TRPP2 to act as a signaling complex.

Polycystic Kidney Disease 2 (PKD2)-Like Group
This group of TRPP members (previously known as TRPP2-like) are: TRPP1 (previously known as TRPP2 or PKD2), TRPP2 (previously known as TRPP3 or PKDL2), and TRPP3 (previously known as TRPP5 or polycystin-L2). Unlike the previous group, which contain 11 membrane-spanning segments, this group resemble other TRP channels, having 6 membrane-spanning segments with intracellular N- and C-termini. All of the members of this group contain a coiled coil region in their C-terminus involved in the interaction with the polycystin-1 group. TRPP1 and TRPP3 form constitutively active cation-selective ion channels that are permeable to calcium. TRPP2 has also been implicated in sour taste perception. Coupling of PKD1 and TRPP1 recruits TRPP1 to the membrane. Here, its activity is decreased and it suppresses the activation of G proteins by PKD1.

Genes
 Group 1: polycystic kidney disease 1 (PKD1) like proteins
 PKD1

 Group 2: polycystic kidney disease 2 (PKD2) like proteins
 TRPP1
 TRPP2
 TRPP3

See also
 Polycystic kidney disease

References

External links

Membrane proteins
Ion channels

TRPP


The Rapidan Passenger Depot is located at the junction of VA 614, VA 615, and VA 673 in Rapidan, Virginia, United States.

History
In January 1848 three petitions were submitted to the Virginia General Assembly from businessmen in Culpeper County for incorporation of an "Orange and Alexandria Railroad Company". In March 1848 the Virginia General Assembly chartered the Orange and Alexandria Railroad Company. Its charter specified that it was to run from Gordonsville through Culpeper Court House to Alexandria.

The town in which the station lies began in the small milling community known as Waugh's Ford. With the coming of the Orange and Alexandria Railroad in 1854, the settlement was renamed Rapid Ann Station, reflecting the customary name of the river (a fast-moving stream named for Princess Ann).

In January 1854, the railroad reached the Rapidan River and a station was established. A post office was opened at "Rapid Ann Station".  In April 1863, W.H.F. Lee's Confederate Cavalry burnt the Rapidan River Bridge. In September 1864, the federal cavalry burnt facilities at Mitchell and Rapidan Stations. In 1876, the Charlottesville & Rapidan RR was incorporated to construct a direct line between Orange and Charlottesville.  The line was eventually merged into the Southern Railway and today serves as Norfolk Southern's mainline between the two cities. The original line between Orange and Gordonsville was leased to the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad.  The current Passenger Depot was constructed. In 1880, the Charlottesville and Rapidan Railroad was opened (Gordonsville by-pass). In 1886, the village and the station was renamed Rapidan. Today the station is part of the Rapidan Historic District.

References

External links
Image of station
Orange and Alexandria railroad stations
Existing railroad stations in Culpeper County, Virginia

Former railway stations in Virginia
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1854
Former Chesapeake and Ohio Railway stations
Former Southern Railway (U.S.) stations
Buildings and structures in Culpeper County, Virginia
Transportation in Culpeper County, Virginia
Historic district contributing properties in Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Culpeper County, Virginia
1854 establishments in Virginia

Rapidan station


Seamus Costello (, 1939 – 5 October 1977) was an Irish politician. He was a leader of Official Sinn Féin and the Official Irish Republican Army and latterly of the Irish Republican Socialist Party (IRSP) and the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA).

He argued for a combination of socialist politics on economic issues and traditional physical force Irish republicanism. He is best remembered for the founding of the IRSP and the INLA. He was a victim of a feud with his former comrades in the Official IRA.

Early life and IRA Border Campaign
Born into a middle-class family in Bray, County Wicklow, he was educated at Christian Brothers College, Monkstown Park. He left school at 15 and became a mechanic and later car salesman in Dublin.

At the age of 16 he joined Sinn Féin and the Irish Republican Army. Within a year, he was commanding an active service unit in south County Londonderry during the Border Campaign, where his leadership skills and burning down of the courthouse in Magherafelt earned him the nickname of "the Boy General". The unit's most publicised actions included the destruction of bridges.

He was arrested in Glencree, County Wicklow, in 1957 and sentenced to six months in Mountjoy Prison.  On his release, he was immediately interned in the Curragh prison camp for two years.

He spent his time in prison studying.  He was particularly inspired by his studies of the Vietnamese struggle for independence. He became a member of the escape committee which engineered the successful escapes of Ruairí Ó Brádaigh and Dáithí Ó Conaill, among others.  Costello would later refer to this time as his "university days".

Costello eventually reached the rank of Adjutant-General of the IRA. In 1964 Costello was sent to the recently opened Chinese embassy in Paris to seek assistance from the Chinese government.

Political activism
After his release, Costello worked to rebuild the republican movement, beginning by building a local base of support in County Wicklow as Sinn Féin's local organiser. Costello strongly supported the movement's left-wing orientation of these years, especially its emphasis on grassroots political activism. He helped found a strong tenants' association in Bray, and also became involved with the credit union movement and various farmers' organisations. During this period, he married a Tipperary woman, Maeliosa, who also became active in the republican movement. Costello was elected to both Bray Urban District Council and Wicklow County Council in 1966.

After the Troubles broke out in Northern Ireland in 1969, factions in both the IRA and Sinn Féin were divided over abstentionism and the left-wing faction's socialist politics.  The republican movement divided into Official and Provisional movements in 1969/70, but Costello remained with the Officials, owing to a greater commitment to left-wing politics.  He served as vice-president of Official Sinn Féin and as a staff officer in the Official IRA.

He was the Official IRA's Director of Operations.

Costello was opposed to the 1972 ceasefire and started to clash openly with the leadership, in particular Eoin Ó Murchú. Costello was subjected to court martial in 1974. Brigid Makowski, who was called to testify at his court martial in Mornington in County Meath, remarked that "Jesus could have testified on Costello's behalf and it wouldn't have changed the verdict." He was dismissed from OSF in 1974 after the OSF leadership blocked his supporters from attending the party convention.

He stood again in the 1974 local elections and topped the poll for the Wicklow County Council and the Bray Urban District Council.

Founds INLA and IRSP
At a meeting in the Lucan Spa Hotel near Dublin, on 8 December 1974, the Irish Republican Socialist Party was formed by republicans, socialists, and trade unionists with Costello as the chairperson.

At a private meeting later the same day, the Irish National Liberation Army was formed with Costello as the Chief of Staff, although its existence was to be kept secret for a time.  The new grouping intended to combine left-wing politics with the "armed struggle" against British security forces in Northern Ireland.

Within days of its founding, the fledgling Irish Republican Socialist Movement was embroiled in a bitter feud with the Official IRA. The feud resulted in the attempted assassination of Official IRA leader Sean Garland who was wounded in an INLA attack near his home in the Ballymun area of Dublin (Garland was wounded six times but survived the attack). Before a truce was reached, three members of the IRSP were dead.  Later that same year, Bernadette Devlin McAliskey resigned from the IRSP over the failure of a motion that would have brought the INLA under IRSP control, taking over half of the Ard Chomhairle members with her.

In July 1976 Costello was replaced as INLA chief-of-staff by South Londonderry man Eddy McNicholl, although he still wielded considerable influence within the movement, retaining his position as chairman of the IRSP.

Death
Despite the truce, Costello was shot dead with a shotgun as he sat in his car on Northbrook Avenue, off the North Strand Road in Dublin on 5 October 1977 allegedly by a member of the Official IRA, Jim Flynn, who happened to be in the area at the time. The Official and Provisional IRAs both denied responsibility and Sinn Féin/The Workers' Party issued a statement condemning the killing. Members of an opposing INLA faction in Belfast also denied the killing. However, the INLA eventually deemed Flynn the person responsible, and he was shot dead in June 1982 in the North Strand, Dublin, very close to the spot where Costello died.

Costello is the only leader of an Irish political party killed to date.

At the time of his death, he was a member of the following bodies:
 Wicklow County Council
 County Wicklow Committee of Agriculture
 General Council of Committees of Agriculture
 Eastern Regional Development Organisation
 National Museum Development Committee
 Bray Urban District Council
 Bray Branch of the Irish Transport and General Workers Union
 Bray and District Trade Unions Council (of which he was president 1976–77)
 Cualann Historical Society
as well as still holding the positions of
 Chairperson of the IRSP and
 Chief of Staff of the INLA.

His funeral was attended by Ruairí Ó Brádaigh, the then president of Sinn Féin, Michael O'Riordan of the Communist Party of Ireland, Bernadette McAliskey and local Wicklow TDs Liam Kavanagh (Labour), Ciarán Murphy (Fianna Fáil) and Godfrey Timmins (Fine Gael). At his funeral, former Senator Nora Connolly O'Brien, daughter of the Easter Rising leader James Connolly, gave the oration.
Of all the politicians and political people with whom I have had conversations and who called themselves followers of Connolly, he was the only one who truly understood what James Connolly meant when he spoke of his vision of the freedom of the Irish people.

Notes

References

 "Irish Republican Socialist Party"  Seamus Costello Tribute Page 6 October 2003, retrieved 5 January 2010.
 Political Biography and Tributes  13 August 2003, retrieved 5 January 2010.
 Profile at Electionsireland.com

1939 births
1977 deaths
Deaths by firearm in the Republic of Ireland
Irish National Liberation Army members
Irish Republican Army (1922–1969) members
Irish Republican Socialist Party politicians
Irish republicans
Irish republicans interned without trial
Irish revolutionaries
Irish socialists
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Seamus Costello


Wesoła Lwowska Fala (Polish for Lwów's Merry Wave) was a weekly radio program of the Polish Radio Lwow, broadcast every Sunday by the Polish Radio. The broadcast, composed mostly of light music, sketches and humour, was among the most popular programmes of the Polish Radio in the period between the world wars. Started in 1933, it remained on the air until the Invasion of Poland of 1939.

As the idea of an all-day-long programme prepared by one of the regional branches of the Polish Radio, rather than by the central editorial office, was a novelty, the initial broadcasts were prepared almost free of charge by amateur journalists and comedians. With time it became one of the most successful broadcasts of the Polish Radio, recognized countrywide.

The author of most of the sketches was Wiktor Budzyński. Among the best-known comedians associated with the Merry Wave were the Szczepcio and Tońcio duo, known for their dialogues in the Lwów dialect. Other notable personalities were Mieczysław Monderer and Adolf Fleischen who parodied the local Jewish community, as well as Włada Majewska, Wilhelm Korabiowski and many more. After the outbreak of World War II most of the artists were mobilized into the Polish Army and successfully evacuated from Poland. They served as the Wesoła Lwowska Fala Theatre on various fronts of the war. After the war most of them remained in exile.

Sources

See also
Radio stations in interwar Poland

External links
One of the most popular songs about prewar Lwow, sung by Kazimierz Wajda and Henryk Vogelfänger
Włóczęgi, a 1939 film, featuring most popular characters of the Merry Lwów Wave

Polish radio programs
Culture in Lviv
1933 radio programme debuts
1939 radio programme endings
Comedy radio programs
History of Lviv

Wesoła Lwowska Fala