Xenocentrism is the preference for the cultural practices of other cultures and societies, such as how they live and what they eat, rather than of one's own social way of life. One example is the romanticization of the noble savage in the 18th-century primitivism movement in European art, philosophy and ethnography. Xenocentrism contrasts with ethnocentrism, the perceived superiority of one's own society to others.

Etymology
The term xenocentrism was coined by American sociologists Donald P. Kent and Robert G. Burnight in the 1952 paper "Group Centrism in Complex Societies" published in the American Journal of Sociology. Kent and Burnight state that feelings of xenocentrism are caused by three possible factors; individuals who have familial ties to a foreign country, specifically 2nd or 3rd generation immigrants, those who oppose the political choices of their native country. One example of this is the Communist Party USA. The party idealized the Soviet Union and its anti-capitalist government. As well as individuals who are exposed to other cultures and grow disenchanted with their society, and then rebel against it. This word remained obscure but considered useful and occasionally used by other sociologists.  The University of Florida treats it as a key term of Sociology.

The term is opposed to ethnocentrism, as coined by 19th-century American sociologist William Graham Sumner, which describes the natural tendencies of an individual to place disproportionate worth upon the values and beliefs of one's own culture relative to others.

Examples

Consumer xenocentrism
Rene Dentiste Mueller and Amanda Broderick were the first to apply the consumer xenocentrism (CX) concept to describe the preference that some consumers have for foreign goods, even when domestic goods are qualitatively and/or functionally similar or better. Although the CX phenomenon is global, the researchers cite a significant number of studies that suggests there are proportionally more consumer xenocentrics in former colonies where the locals have been conditioned to perceive 'foreign' as better.  A consequence of consumer xenocentrism is its negative effect on local industry and on the decline in living standards as poor consumers buy the (often) more expensive foreign products. Consumer xenocentrism, especially among the local elites, reduces confidence and pride in local manufacturing which can lead to the loss of local industries, a decline in purchase choices, especially among traditional products or even a dependency on foreign ones. Mueller, Wang, Liu and Cui, applied the concept to China and showed consumer xenocentrism is not a new phenomenon. The researchers were also able to show that when consumer xenocentrism grew too much,  a 'protection of the herd' mentality caused the pendulum to swing  back towards consumer ethnocentrism (nationalism).

In his doctoral dissertation, Steven James Lawrence suggests xenocentrism may be influential in making consumers buying decisions as they might have "favorable orientations to products from outside their membership group."

Puja Mondal cited some examples from India: "People in India often assume that British lifestyle (dress pattern, etc.), French fashion or Japanese electronic devices (TV, tape recorders, mobile set, washing machines, etc.) and Swiss watches are superior to their own."

Grace Susetyo suggests "the idea that foreign cultures and their elements are superior to the local" causes a crisis of cultural identity among Western-educated Indonesians and is a problem that needs to be eradicated.

George Balabanis and Adamantios Diamantopoulos further defined consumer xenocentrism to be a multi-dimensional construct by which to explain consumer affinities for foreign products. They define consumer xenocentrism to be rooted in two concepts, perceived inferiority of domestic goods and aggrandized perception of foreign products.

The Academy of International Business is studying "out of group favoritism and in-group derogation" as a consumer effect in the Chinese consumer market.

Measurement of consumer xenocentrism

Lawrence uses the definition of xenocentrism, conceived by Kent and Burnight, to propose a scale, CXENO, to predict how xenocentric views of non-domestic goods affects consumer behavior. The most recently proposed scale to quantity xenocentric consumer tendencies, XSCALE, includes both instances of social and consumer xenocentrism.

Economists have begun to include consumer xenocentrism, along with other consumer centrisms such as consumer ethnocentrism and consumer cosmopolitanism, in their analysis of consumer behavior. Most recent research has looked at how these three centrisms impact one another.

Further reading

See also

References

Bias
Prejudices
Multiculturalism
1950s neologisms
Anthropology
Affirmative action
Political terminology
Linguistic controversies

Xenocentrism


Beaumont Road is a housing estate located in Leyton in East London. It is the largest housing estate in the borough of Waltham Forest, and is now the last high rise estate (with 20-plus-storey towers) in Leyton. All neighbouring high rise estates (Oliver Close estate, Cathall, Boundary Road estate and Livingstone College estate) have been demolished. It is situated just south of the Bakers Arms, on Leyton High Road.

Original development

The Beaumont Road Estate was built in two stages. Stage 1, approved in 1963, consisted of one 20-storey tower (containing 120 flats) called All Saints' Tower, while an extension to Stage 1 approved in 1965 consisted of another 20-storey tower (containing 120 flats) called St Paul's Tower. Stage 2, approved in 1966, consisted of one 20-storey tower (containing 120 flats) called St Catherine's Tower Altogether (containing 360 flats). In addition 23 low rise blocks (containing 538 flats) were also approved in 1966. Beaumont road also contained many elderly homes, Victorian houses and bungalows. Beaumont road when completed contained; three tower blocks, twenty-three low rise blocks, bungalows, homes for the elderly, shops and a community center. Complete with 898 flats with a population of 4,490.

The original estate comprised:
 All Saints Tower
 St Cathrine's Tower
 St Paul's Tower
 St Thomas Court
 St Elizabeth Court
 St Edward's Court
 St Josephs Court
 St Mathews Court
 St Mark's Court
 St Lukes Court
 Flack Court
 Emanuel Court
 Ayerst Court
 Muriel Court
 Russel Court
 Osbourne Court
 Howell Court
 Kings Close
 Dare Court
 Staton Court
 Shelly Court
 Emmanuel Court
 Atkinson Court
 Shop Court
With
 Beaumont bungalows
 Beaumont House
 Beaumont Primary school
 Beaumont newsagents
 Beaumont Community centre
 Beaumont Cyber centre
 Leyton Community support centre
 The Six Bells pub

Redevelopment

Demolition of the original Beaumont road housing, including the two towers, began during early 2006. The estate is due to be redeveloped as part of a regeneration programme set to last three years and cost over £40 million.

Planned to replace the 40-year-old estate are a series of "squares and neighbourhoods around a central, tree-lined avenue on Beaumont Road and reinstated the road's pre-war route.". Some of the squares will be on the sites of the original towers. A total of 306 new properties will be built in three phases over the projects three years, of which some will be social housing.

The towers themselves have dominated the skyline in and around Bakers Arms and their demolition will mean Waltham Forest will have only one remaining high-rise over 20 floors, Northwood Tower. This is down from a peak of 20 in 1971.

Media
'Home' was the first production of site-specific theatre company Offstage Theatre UK and received media coverage on TV with news reports on Channel 4, ITN, BBC London as well as national and international papers. Directed by Cressida Brown, Home was performed promenade in St Catherine's Tower prior to its demolition in January 2006. The play text was inspired by interviews with the residents on the estate while Flat 14 on the 9th floor was designed with installations of found objects as well as the competition pictures of the local primary children, painted murals of the early teen crews, and graffiti of local tagger Edge. It was written by Gbolahan Obisesan to give the community of Beaumont estate a chance to "document what the area means to them." Rap, video projections of climbing the towers and acted scenes were used to recount stories of life in Beaumont in one flat in the tower with the audience moving from room to room to follow the story.

References

External links
"A bird's eye view about to be changed forever" By Sarah Cosgrove Waltham Forest Guardian, Friday 11 August 2006.

Housing estates in the London Borough of Waltham Forest
Leyton
Site-specific theatre

Beaumont Road


Henry Gastineau (1791–1876) was an English engraver and prolific painter in water-colours. He was born in London to a family of Huguenot descent. One of his daughters, Maria Gastineau, painted in a similar style.

Life
He was a student at the Royal Academy, and began as an engraver, but switched to painting in oils. He eventually settled down exclusively to working in water-colour. He first exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1812. A favourite subject was coastal scenery.

Gastineau joined the Society of Painters in Water-colours in 1818, when he exhibited for the first time. In 1821 he was elected an associate, and in 1823 a full member. He exhibited for 58 years without a break, showing eleven pictures when eighty-five years of age.

A contemporary of David Cox, Copley Fielding, George Cattermole, and Samuel Prout, he kept to the old manner of water-colour painting. Gastineau also devoted a great deal of his time to teaching, both privately and at various schools. Early in life he built for himself a house, Norfolk Lodge, in Cold Harbour Lane, Camberwell, and lived there until his death on 17 January 1876 in his eighty-sixth year. He was then the oldest living member of the Old Society of Painters in Water-colours. He left a family, one of whom, Maria Gastineau, was born in 1827 and she was also a water-colour painter.

Like Cox, Cattermole and Prout, he was buried at West Norwood Cemetery.

Gastineau's unsold works were auctioned at Christie's on 19 May 1876.

References

Further reading
 John Ramm, "Master of the Picturesque", Antique Dealer & Collectors Guide, November 1995, pp. 24–27.

External links
 Wales illustrated, in a series of views, comprising the picturesque scenery, towns, castles, seats of the nobility & gentry, antiquities, &c. (Volume 1) - Gastineau, Henry, 1791-1876
 More by Gastineau in Internet Archive

1791 births
1876 deaths
19th-century English painters
English male painters
English engravers
Burials at West Norwood Cemetery
19th-century English male artists

Henry Gastineau


Anthriscus sylvestris, known as cow parsley, wild chervil, wild beaked parsley, Queen Anne's lace or keck, is a herbaceous biennial or short-lived perennial plant in the family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), genus Anthriscus. It is also sometimes called mother-die (especially in the UK), a name that is also applied to the common hawthorn. It is native to Europe, western Asia and northwestern Africa. It is related to other diverse members of Apiaceae, such as parsley, carrot, hemlock and hogweed.  It is often confused with Daucus carota, another member of the Apiaceae also known as "Queen Anne's lace" or "wild carrot".

Description
Cow parsley is an upright herbaceous (non-woody) perennial, growing to  tall. The stems are hollow, striate (striped with parallel, longitudinal lines), furrowed, and green in colour with flushes of purple, with a diameter up to . It has tiny hairs on the stem, rachis, and leaf stalks which are difficult to see but can easily be detected by touch. The petioles clasp the stem around the base and are broad and flattened with a downy margin. The rachis has a deep grooved channel.

The leaves are triangular, 2–3 pinnate, roughly 30 cm wide and 45 cm long, green, and fern-like or feathery in appearance with hair on the underside. The lowest primary division is much smaller than the rest of the leaf.

The flowers are arranged in compound umbels on short pedicels (<1 cm) with a ring of short, stout hairs at the apex. There are downy oval bractioles with red pointy tips on the umblets, arranged on 4–10 rays 1.5–3 cm long. The rays are glabrous (smooth and hairless), with no bract present. Peduncles are similar in length to rays, more or less glabrous and furrowed. Each flower has 5 white petals, 2 stamens and 2 styles with an enlarged base forming a swelling at the apex of the ovary (stylopodium).

The main stem meets the roots in a single primary taproot which can branch further below the surface. From the roots lateral rhizomes can form.  Flowering time in the UK is April to early June.

Habitat
Cow parsley grows in sunny to semi-shaded locations in meadows and at the edges of hedgerows and woodland. It is a particularly common sight by the roadside and with its frothy early-flowering white blooms is regarded as the most important springtime landscape wildflower in Britain. However, the plant is also sufficiently common and fast-growing to be considered a nuisance weed in gardens.  Cow parsley's ability to spread rapidly by means of rhizomes and to produce large quantities of seeds in a single growing season has made it an invasive species in many areas of the United States. Vermont has listed cow parsley on its "Watch List" of invasive species, while Massachusetts has banned the sale of the plant. It is classed as a Class B Noxious Weed in the State of Washington since 1989, where its sale is also banned. In Iceland, cow parsley has been classified as an alien invasive species.

Uses
All above-ground parts of the cow parsley plant are edible, with a flavour sharper than garden chervil and described as grassy parsley, with a hint of licorice or aniseed. However, it is suspected of being mildly toxic according to some sources. The plant is an invasive species in many places outside of its native range.  It spreads easily along roads and the edges of woods and fields, so it is not cultivated but instead foraged in the wild.  In the UK it is foraged from February to November. However extreme caution is advised when foraging cow parsley because it is easily confused with other species of the Apiaceae family, such as the deadly poison hemlock, hemlock water-dropwort and fool's parsley. Because the plant's flavour is considered unremarkable and the risk is great, foraging cow parsley in the wild is usually strongly discouraged.

Gallery

References

External links

Apioideae
Edible Apiaceae
Herbs
Flora of Europe
Flora of Western Asia
Flora of North Africa
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Anthriscus sylvestris


Gusu of Baekje (died 234, r. 214–234) was the sixth king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.

Background
He was the eldest son of the 5th king Chogo. He became king upon Chogo's death in 214 which was the 49th year of his reign. The Samguk Sagi records that "he was seven feet tall and unusually exceptional in his power".

Reign
Even assuming that the dates given in the Samguk Sagi are accurate, Baekje through Gusu's reign was probably a confederacy, not yet a kingdom.

In 216, he prevailed against the Mohe forces at Sado Castle, and in 222, he destroyed a 5,000-strong force of Silla, the rival Korean kingdom. However, the Samguk Sagi records many Baekje defeats against the Mohe and Silla, as well as natural disasters towards the end of Gusu's reign.

Samguk Sagi:
 216 AD, autumn, eighth month. The Mohe came and surrounded Jeokhyeon Fortress. The lord of the fortress repelled them, and the bandits retreated. The King led 800 choice cavalry in pursuit of them, and fought them near Sado Fortress, and broke them. Many of them were killed or captured.
 217 AD, spring, second month. Twin palisades were constructed alongside Sado Fortress, and from east to west they ran in parallel for 10 ri. The people of Jeokhyeon were divided and some made to defend the palisade.
 218 AD, the king led soldiers to surround Jangsan Fortress of Silla. The king of Silla (Naehae of Silla) himself led and army out to attack them, and the Baekje army was defeated.
 221 AD, summer, fifth month. In the east of the country there was great rainfall, and the mountains collapsed in more than 40 places. Sixth month, last day of the month. There was a solar eclipse. Autumn, eighth month. There was a great examination of the area to the west of the Han River.
 222 AD, spring, second month. Commissioners were ordered to repair the dikes and embankments. Third month. The king made a proclamation encouraging production of agriculture. Summer, sixth month. It rained fish in the capital. Winter, tenth month. Soldiers were dispatched to Udujin in Silla, and the inhabitants were robbed and kidnapped. The Sillan general Chunghwon led 5,000 soldiers to counter-attack, and at Ungok Fortress they made a great rout of the Baekje forces. Only the cavalry escaped. 11th month, last day of the month, there was a solar eclipse.
 224 AD, autumn, seventh month. The Sillan Ilgil XYeonchin came and invaded. Our army counter-attacked near Mt. Bongsan but could not overcome them. Winter, tenth month. Venus was seen.
 227 AD, spring, third month. It hailed. Summer, fourth month. There was a great drought. The king prayed in the eastern court of Jumong, and it rained.
 229 AD, winter, tenth month. The king hunted at a cold spring. 11th month. There was a great pestilence. The Mohe came to the borders of Ugok Fortress and kidnapped the people there. The King led 300 spirited soldiers to repel them. The bandits hid themselves, then came to attack, the Baekje army suffered a great defeat.
 231 AD, summer, fourth month. There was hail the size of chestnuts. Some of the birds that were struck died.
 234 AD, the king died.

Legacy
Upon Gusu's death, his eldest son Saban briefly became the 7th king. Saban was dethroned by Goi, reported as Chogo's brother in the Samguk Sagi, but believed to be of a rival royal line by modern scholars. Indicating continuing rivalry between the two lines, Gusu's second son became the 11th king Biryu, and the name of the 14th king Geungusu indicates descent from the Gusu line.

Family
 Father: Chogo of Baekje
 Mother: unknown
 Queen(s): unknown
 1st son: 7th King, Saban of Baekje (沙泮王, ?–234) – before he was king he was known as Buyeo Sai (扶餘沙伊).
 Descendant: 11th King, Biryu of Baekje (比流王, ?–344) – before he was king he was known as Buyeo Biryu (扶餘比流); recorded as son of Gusu in the Samguk Sagi but because of date discrepancies scholars now believe he was a grandson of Gusu.
 Descendant: Buyeo Ubok (扶餘優福, ?–?) – in 321 he was appointed Minister of the Interior (Naeshinjoapyung, 內臣佐平) and in 327 he started a rebellion against his brother Biryu but it was stopped.

See also
List of monarchs of Korea
History of Korea
Three Kingdoms of Korea

References

  Content in this article was copied from Samguk Sagi Scroll 23 at the Shoki Wiki, which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 (Unported) (CC-BY-SA 3.0) license.
 The Academy of Korean Studies
 Doosan Encyclopedia

Baekje monarchs
234 deaths
3rd-century monarchs in Asia
Year of birth unknown
3rd-century Korean people

Gusu of Baekje


The Mystic Bank is a historic commercial building at 39 Main Street in the Old Mystic village of Stonington, Connecticut.  Built in 1856 for a bank founded in 1833, it was used by the town as a meeting hall after the bank closed in 1884, and now houses offices.  It is a good example of a small 19th-century Greek Revival brick bank building. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.

Description and history
The former Mystic Bank building is located in the center of Old Mystic Village, on the west side of Main Street south of its junction with Old Mystic Center Road.  It is a modest single-story brick building, with a gabled roof and granite foundation.  The main facade is three bays wide, topped by a pedimented gable.  Each bay is set in a round-arch recess, with rectangular sash windows in the outer bays and the main entrance in the center bay.  Each are topped by stone lintels, with brickwork filling the rounded arch above.  The interior retains virtually all of its original finishes, including woodwork, plaster, and flooring; the original bank vault is also still present.

The Mystic Bank was founded in 1833 by a consortium of local businessmen as a service to the local shipbuilding community and the surrounding rural areas.  The bank flourished, and was able to build this building in 1856 to accommodate its expanded business.  Mystic's economic center, however, had begun to shift south to the Mystic Bridge area (now Mystic), and the bank closed in 1887.  The town of Stonington acquired the building soon afterward, and used it as a district meeting hall and polling place.  These uses ended about 1960.  The building was again repurposed, this time to house the Indian and Colonial Research Center, a museum displaying a collection of native and colonial-era artifacts.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in New London County, Connecticut

References

External links
Indian And Colonial Research

Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
Commercial buildings completed in 1856
Stonington, Connecticut
Museums in New London County, Connecticut
History museums in Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places in New London County, Connecticut

Mystic Bank


Astatine is a radioactive, chemical element. Its atomic number is 85, and its atomic weight is 210. It is part of the Group 17 (halogens) on the periodic table of elements. All of astatine's isotopes are short-lived; the most stable is astatine-210, with a half-life of 8.3 hours.

History
The first creation of the element was in 1940 by Dale R. Corson, Kenneth Ross MacKenzie, and Emilio G. Segrè at the University of California, Berkeley, who named it from the Greek estates (ἄστατος), meaning "unstable".

Chemistry
Astatine is highly radioactive and all its isotopes have half-lives of approximately 8 hours or less, the longest being astatine-210 with a half-life of a bit over eight hours. Some of its isotopes may be found in nature, but because it is so unstable, only about an ounce exists in the Earth's crust at any point in time. Chemists say it is the rarest element in the Earth's crust. Less reactive than iodine, astatine is the least reactive of the halogens. Only a few compounds with metals have been found, in the form of astatides of sodium, palladium, silver, thallium, and lead.

Uses
It can be used for cancer treatment and in radioactive tracers.

References

Halogens

Astatine


Novi Punk Val (meaning New Punk Wave) is a compilation album of punk rock and new wave music from the SFR Yugoslavia. It covers the period from 1978 till 1980. It was released by ZKP RTLJ in 1981. It includes songs by notable Slovenian and Croatian artists from the former Yugoslav punk rock and new wave scenes including: Pankrti, Paraf, Prljavo kazalište, Termiti and others.

Along with Paket aranžman and Artistička radna akcija compilations which featured artists from Belgrade, Serbia it is considered a symbol of the former Yugoslav punk and new wave era.

Track listing

 "Anarhist" - Pankrti
 "Tovar'ši, jest vam ne verjamem" - Pankrti
 "Lublana je bulana" - Pankrti
 "Moj otac je bio u ratu" - Prljavo kazalište
 "Narodna pjesma" - Paraf
 "Sranje" - Problemi
 "Grad izobilja" - Problemi
 "Možgani na asfaltu" - Berlinski zid
 "Po cestah mesta" - Berlinski zid
 "Videti jih" - 92
 "Kontroliram misli" - 92
 "To ni balet" - Buldogi
 "Vjeran pas" - Termiti
 "Mama, s razlogom se brineš" - Termiti
 "Vremenska progonoza" - Termiti

See also
Paket aranžman
Artistička radna akcija
Svi marš na ples!
Vrući dani i vrele noći
Punk rock in Yugoslavia
New wave music in Yugoslavia

Punk rock albums by Croatian artists
Punk rock albums by Slovenian artists
Punk rock compilation albums
New wave compilation albums
1980 compilation albums
Regional music compilation albums
ZKP RTLJ compilation albums
Punk rock albums by Yugoslav artists
Croatian-language compilation albums
Slovene-language compilation albums
Serbian-language compilation albums
New wave albums by Croatian artists
New wave albums by Serbian artists
New wave albums by Yugoslav artists

Novi Punk Val


Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles is a 2014 American superhero film based on the characters of the same name created by Peter Laird and Kevin Eastman. Directed by Jonathan Liebesman and written by Josh Appelbaum, André Nemec, and Evan Daugherty, it is a reboot of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles film series. The film stars Megan Fox, Will Arnett, William Fichtner, Danny Woodburn, Abby Elliott, Noel Fisher, Jeremy Howard, Pete Ploszek, and Alan Ritchson, with the voices of Johnny Knoxville and Tony Shalhoub. In the film, four mutated reptilian warriors rise from the sewers to join forces with fearless reporter April O'Neil to save New York City from the Shredder and his evil minions.

The film was announced shortly before Turtles co-creator Peter Laird sold the rights to the characters to Nickelodeon in October 2009. It was released on August 8, 2014, by Paramount Pictures. The film received negative reviews from critics for its tone and characterization, while praising its visual effects, action sequences, and performances, although it was a box office success and grossing in all $493.3 million against a $125–150 million budget, becoming so the highest-grossing film of the series, as well as the highest-grossing film from Nickelodeon Movies. A sequel, Out of the Shadows, followed in 2016 to slightly better reviews but failed to match the first film's box-office gross.

Plot

April O'Neil, a local reporter for Channel 6 Eyewitness News in New York City, investigates a crime wave by a group of criminals called the Foot Clan. At a dock at night, she sees the Foot raiding cargo containers. After an unseen vigilante attacks the thieves, April notices a symbol left behind. April's supervisor Bernadette Thompson and her coworkers are oblivious to her story. Later while covering a charity event thrown by Sacks Industries, April expresses gratitude to the company's CEO Eric Sacks, who was her late father's lab partner.

Frustrated by the vigilante, the Foot Clan's leader Shredder has the Foot Soldiers take hostages at subway station in order to draw him out. April, at the scene, becomes a hostage herself. Four mysterious figures arrive, take out the Clan, and free the hostages. April follows them to a rooftop and is shocked to see that the vigilantes are anthropomorphic mutant turtles, causing her to pass out. When she regains consciousness, they advise her not to tell anyone of them. As they leave, April hears Raphael and Leonardo's names.

April returns to her apartment and remembers "Project Renaissance", her father's science experiment, which involved four turtles named Leonardo, Donatello, Michelangelo, Raphael, and a mutated rat called Splinter. Unable to convince Bernadette of the Turtles' existence, April is dismissed. Her coworker Vern Fenwick drives her to Sacks' estate where she confides in him about her discovery. Sacks believes her and reveals that he and April's father had been experimenting on a mutagen created to cure disease, which was thought lost in the fire that killed her dad.

At Splinter's behest, the Turtles bring April to their sewer lair. Splinter explains April had saved them all from the fire and free them into the sewer. The mutagen caused the five of them to grow and develop humanoid attributes. Splinter took on the role of their father, using April's father as an example. After finding a book on Ninjutsu in a storm drain, he proceeded to teach himself, then the Turtles, the fighting style. When April reveals she told Sacks about her discovery of the Turtles, Splinter informs her that Sacks was practically raised by the Shredder and works with him.

Then, Shredder and the Foot Soldiers attack the lair, defeating Splinter and incapacitating Raphael while the other Turtles are captured. April comes out of hiding and she and Raphael plan to save the others. At Sacks' estate, he has the Turtles' blood drained in order to create an antidote to a deadly virus that Sacks hopes to flood New York with, believing he will become rich from people seeking his cure. Raphael, April, and Vern storm the estate and free the other Turtles. The group then escapes the compound in pursuit of Sacks.

On a radio tower in the city, Sacks and Shredder plant a device that will flood the city with the virus while Sacks is preparing to convert the mutagen into a healing serum. Sacks reveals to April that he killed her father. April and Vern subdue Sacks in the lab, while the Turtles are battling Shredder on the roof. During the fight, the tower's support beams collapse. As the turtles try to keep it from falling and infecting the city, April confronts Shredder with the mutagen. In the struggle, the tower collapses and the Turtles pull April onto it with them, while Shredder falls to the street and is captured by the police. Believing they are about to die, the Turtles confess their secrets, while Raphael gives an impassioned speech about his love for his brothers before they land harmlessly on the street. They vanish before the humans find them and return to the sewers, where they give Splinter the mutagen and he begins to recover.

Sometime later, April meets with Vern, who tries and fails to ask her on a date. The Turtles appear in a special modified "Turtle Van", and Michelangelo accidentally blows up Vern's new car with a rocket. As the police respond to the explosion, the Turtles leave, but not before Mikey tries to serenade April with "Happy Together" by the band The Turtles, much to his brothers' annoyance and April's amusement.

Cast

Voice actors and Motion-capture
 Pete Ploszek (motion-capture) and Johnny Knoxville (voice) as Leonardo, the leader and oldest member of the Ninja Turtles.
 Jeremy Howard as Donatello, the smart member of the Ninja Turtles.
 Alan Ritchson as Raphael, the strong member of the Ninja Turtles.
 Noel Fisher as Michelangelo, the childish member and youngest member  of the Ninja Turtles who has a crush on April.
 Danny Woodburn (motion-capture) and Tony Shalhoub (voice) as Splinter, a mutant rat who is the adoptive father and sensei of the Ninja Turtles.

Live-action
 Megan Fox as April O'Neil, a reporter for Channel 6 News.
 Will Arnett as Vern Fenwick, April's co-worker and has a crush on her.
 William Fichtner as Eric Sacks, the CEO of Sacks Industries with ties to the Foot Clan.
 Tohoru Masamune as The Shredder, the leader of the Foot Clan.
 Whoopi Goldberg as Bernadette Thompson
 Minae Noji as Karai, a member of the Foot Clan.
 Abby Elliott as Taylor, April's roommate.
 Taran Killam as Jim McNaughton
 K. Todd Freeman as Dr. Baxter Stockman, a scientist that works at Sacks Industries who is briefly seen in flashbacks.
 Paul Fitzgerald as Dr. O'Neil, the late father of April O'Neil
 Chance Kelly as Mr. Rivetti
 Derek Mears as Dojo Ninja
 Kevin Eastman as Himself (credited as "Doctor")

Production

Development
In October 2009, following the news of Nickelodeon purchasing all of Mirage Studios' rights to the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles property, Nickelodeon announced plans to produce a new film through corporate sibling Paramount Pictures with an expected release date sometime in 2012. In late May 2010, Paramount and Nickelodeon had brought Michael Bay and his Platinum Dunes partners Andrew Form and Brad Fuller on to produce the next film that would reboot the film series. For the script, the studio originally hired Art Marcum and Matt Holloway to write the film. A year later, the studio turned to writers Josh Appelbaum and André Nemec to rewrite the script. In February 2012, Jonathan Liebesman began negotiations to direct the film, beating out Brett Ratner. Later in March, Paramount pushed back the film's release date to Christmas Day 2013. In early March 2012, Bay revealed at Nickelodeon's 2012 upfront presentation that the film will be simply titled Ninja Turtles and that the turtles would be "from an alien race". News of Bay's creative change was met with criticism from within the fan community.

In response to the announcement, actor Robbie Rist, who voiced Michelangelo in the first three films, wrote to Bay accusing him of "sodomizing" the franchise. Rist later remarked that he could have been out of line since Bay makes more money than he does. In response to the feedback, Bay issued a statement asking fans to calm down since a script had not been revealed, his team was working closely with the creators, and would include all the elements that made them fans to begin with. Both Brian Tochi, who voiced Leonardo in the first three films, and Judith Hoag, who played April O'Neil in the 1990 film, have voiced their support towards the creative change. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles co-creator Peter Laird expressed his thoughts on the change asking fans to take Bay's advice and wait until more of Bay's plan is made available. Laird also stated that he felt the "ill-conceived plan" could be a "genius notion", as it would allow fans to have the multitude of bipedal anthropomorphic turtles that they have been asking for. He would point out that while the concept of a turtle-planet backstory made for a great run-of-the-mill science fiction story, it had no real place in the Ninja Turtles universe.

Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles co-creator Kevin Eastman stated that he had been invited behind the scenes of the film, and concluded that he was officially on board with the project and that, although he could not say much, he believed it to be "awesome". Via Twitter, Corey Feldman, who voiced Donatello in the first and third films, voiced his support for the film saying that he loves Bay's remakes and he is eager to reprise his role. In response to the backlash, Liebesman stated that he was glad to hear about the fans' response, since he and Eastman had been locked in a room working on ideas that, from his own perspective as a fan, everybody would love. While he didn't confirm whether or not Bay's comment did represent the film's premise, he did stress on the ooze itself and its background in the original comic, reminding that the ooze was the product of alien technology. In regards to how the Turtles would be rendered, Liebesman would not say exactly what visual direction would be taken, but he did state that he enjoyed Weta Digital's work in Rise of the Planet of the Apes. He also pointed out that the film wasn't to be exclusively about action but also to focus on brotherhood, friendship, and responsibility.

Bay posted on his website explaining the title change and stressing that nothing had changed regarding the Turtles. He also said the reason the title was shortened was a request by Paramount to make the title "simple". He continued that the Turtles were the same as fans remember and regardless of the title change they still act like teenagers. He urged everyone to give everybody who was involved a chance, as they had the fans' interest at top priority and would not let anybody down. Eastman revealed some more information about the film, stating that April would not be 16 years old like in the 2012 cartoon series, he feels Ken Watanabe would make a great Shredder, he would like to bring Reyes back as a Foot lieutenant, and martial arts wise they are looking at Fist of Legend and The Raid: Redemption. Eastman called it "easily the best Turtle movie yet". Kevin Eastman stated that the movie is creating its own story but has to be true to the source material or else they will get "murdered".

In August 2012, an early version of the script, dated January 30, titled "The Blue Door" and written by Appelbaum and Nemec, was leaked online. It featured major changes to the origins: the Turtles hail from another dimension that consists of turtle warriors, Splinter is an alien from the same dimension as well, Shredder is "Colonel Schrader", a government agent who is secretly an alien who can grow blades from his body, "The Foot Clan" is just "The Foot", an elite Black Ops unit led by Col. Schrader, Casey Jones is an 18-year-old security guard/amateur ice hockey player that finds the Turtles and is the focus of the film, April is also 18 and is having relationship troubles with Casey because she is moving to New York City due to an internship at CBS, Raphael is the comic relief instead of Michelangelo, and Michelangelo falls in love with a turtle woman from his home planet. A cease and desist order was sent by Paramount Pictures to a website that was hosting the script. Peter Laird read the script and commented on his blog that "all true TMNT fans should be grateful to the new 'powers that be' that they did not allow this wretched thing to go any further". In response to The Blue Door, Bay stated that the draft had been written before he and Platinum Dunes joined the project and was promptly rejected sometime before. The filming started in April 2013 in New York. The studio pushed back the film's release date until June 6, 2014, and a new writer, Evan Daugherty, was brought on board, but Paramount postponed the release date again to August 8, 2014, in order to avoid competition with family-friendly films released in June as well as one of Paramount and Michael Bay's other releases, Transformers: Age of Extinction.

Casting
Megan Fox was cast as April O'Neil in February 2013, marking her first collaboration with Bay since her remark comparing him to Adolf Hitler. Bay had confirmed Fox was back on good terms with him as early as April 2011. Jessica Biel had expressed interest in playing the part. In regards to Fox's casting, Laird commented that he felt there were better choices to play April, but that he would prefer not to get too worked up over the issue.

Alan Ritchson, Pete Ploszek, Jeremy Howard and Noel Fisher were cast as Raphael, Leonardo, Donatello and Michelangelo respectively the following month. In early April, Will Arnett was cast in a role that was being kept secret until leaked photos revealed that he had been cast as April's cameraman and rival, Vern Fenwick. Soon after that, actor Danny Woodburn joined the cast as Splinter.

In early May, William Fichtner was cast in the film as "a lead with iconic stature in the Turtles' mythology", marking his third collaboration with Bay following Armageddon and Pearl Harbor. His character was revealed to be named "Eric Sacks", an Anglicised version of Oroku Saki / The Shredder. At this point in production Sacks was intended to be the film's version of the Shredder, but that idea was subsequently abandoned in favour of casting actor Tohoru Masamune as an authentically Japanese incarnation of the character following widespread whitewashing accusations. The movie underwent reshoots to change this element of the plot, with Sacks being changed to the Shredder's adopted son, although the film's tie-in video game would retain Sacks as the Shredder.

Also in May, former Saturday Night Live star Abby Elliott was cast in the film. Also, Whoopi Goldberg appeared on set, portraying Bernadette Thompson, a female version of Burne Thompson. William Fichtner revealed that Bebop and Rocksteady would not be appearing in the film, who appeared later in the sequel. Abby Elliott played April O'Neil's roommate, named as Taylor. Other actors Johnny Knoxville and Tony Shalhoub joined the film to dub Ploszek and Woodburn as the voices of Leonardo and Splinter respectively.

Filming
Principal photography commenced on March 22, 2013, in Tupper Lake, New York. Shooting began in April in New York City and at Jones Beach State Park in Wantagh on Long Island, New York under the code words "four squared" (4SQ). On April 20, the film was renamed Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. Michael Bay retracted comments that the turtles would be aliens. Early set photos were made public showing the turtles' actors in black and grey motion capture suits, complete with life-sized turtle shells, with each actor wearing armbands and accents of their corresponding turtle's signature color. Cinematographer Lula Carvalho, who was invited to work in the film during production of the 2014 remake of RoboCop, described the process as "demanding much imagination and participation of the visual effects supervisor", given that despite their presence on the set the actors would effectively be replaced by computer-generated creatures. Production for the film wrapped on August 6, 2013. Additional filming occurred in January and April 2014.

Alan Ritchson, who played Raphael, expressed displeasure with various production issues. At first, Ritchson was not sure about playing Raphael because he did not wish to play a motion-capture character, but the promise of career advancement by producers at Paramount, and the thought of pleasing his son, a huge fan of the franchise, convinced him to accept the part. The TMNT actors were then not given the same special treatments as their live-action co-stars Megan Fox and Will Arnett and often seemed to be mistreated and afterthought by most of the producers (including Michael Bay) and Paramount Pictures during and after filming of both movies, not even allowing many opportunities to do press for the picture and were not invited to the premiere as promised and instructed them to not give press interviews while claiming they (the turtles) were the ones refusing to give interviews but denying saying they wanted interviews. Ritchson personally emailed the late Brad Grey many times about the situation, Alan did not want to return as Raphael after having an unhappy experience making the first movie, but was bound by his contract to do so and then was promised it would not happen again on the sequel and then will be giving interviews for the film sequel and even made appearances at the film sequel's premieres, but nothing much changed during filming the sequel either.

Visual effects
The visual effects of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles were handled by Industrial Light & Magic, who had previously worked with Michael Bay and Nickelodeon, doing the special effects for The Island, the Transformers film series, Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events, The Spiderwick Chronicles, The Last Airbender, and the animation for the 2011 film Rango. To make sure the digital turtles had more nuanced facial expressions, the technicians employed a new motion capture system that captured the actors' faces with two high-definition cameras, which captured roughly 1 terabyte of data per day. Along with a more realistic design, the effects artists wanted the Ninja Turtles to be "charming, intimidating and individually recognizable". Thus, each had a distinctive body figure resembling their personalities and physicality. According to effects supervisor Pablo Helman, "Donatello is more like a basketball player, Raph is more like a football player and Mikey is a very short Messi and plays soccer".

Music

The film's score was composed by Brian Tyler. The soundtrack was released by Atlantic Records on August 5, 2014. Prior to that on July 21, a single titled "Shell Shocked" by Juicy J, Wiz Khalifa, and Ty Dolla $ign featuring Kill the Noise and Tyler (credited as Madsonik) was released, as a part of the movie's soundtrack.

Release

Theatrical
The release date was moved around several times until it was set for August 8, 2014. The film premiered on July 29 in Mexico City. Premiere events also occurred in Los Angeles and New York City. On September 12, the film was released in IMAX 3D for a one-week limited engagement.

Marketing
A teaser trailer for the film was shown at Cinema Con on March 24, 2014, before its public release on March 27. The trailer reached over 31.4 million views on YouTube in its first week. On April 13, the first TV spot for the movie was released. A second version of the teaser trailer was released on April 30. Footage of the film was shown at CineEurope with an introduction from Megan Fox. Playmates Toys produced a new product line of toys based entirely on the film, including action figures, vehicles and role-play gear.

Nickelodeon Consumer Products also announced a complete merchandise lineup of movie-based products that will be available in all major retailers from July 2014 through the holiday season. Paramount released a new trailer which includes the single "Reptile's Theme Song" by Skrillex.

On July 7, Pizza Hut announced a new advertising campaign for the film, which included the return of the chain's Cheesy Bites Pizza, social media contests themed around the film, and a television advertisement featuring the new movie incarnations of the characters. Four motion posters of the turtles were released and new TV spot debuted that day as well.

An extended behind-the-scenes featurette was shown after the 2014 Kids' Choice Sports.  An extended TV spot debuted the following day. Paramount promoted the film on July 24 at 2014 San Diego Comic-Con International. Five new TV spots were released that day as well.

The music video for the song, "Shell Shocked" debuted on July 28. Pentatonix released a new song titled "We Are Ninjas" and a music video as part of the promotion for the film on August 4.

Controversy
In Australia, a poster was released which featured the four turtles jumping from an exploding skyscraper as a promotion for its September 11 release. The poster offended many people since the World Trade Center was destroyed in 2001 during the September 11 attacks. Paramount apologized and removed the poster.

Home media
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles was released on Digital HD on November 25, 2014, and was released on DVD and Blu-ray (2D and 3D) on December 16, 2014. The film topped the home video sales charts in its first week and achieved the highest ratio of disc sales to theatrical tickets sales its first week in stores. It retained the top spot on the home video sales chart in its second weekend. Overall, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles was the eighth best-selling film of 2014 with 3.6 million units sold and earning a revenue of $79.8 million from home video sales. The film was made available to MGM+ on December 17, 2014. The film was released on 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray on July 25, 2023.

Reception

Box office
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles grossed $191.2 million in North America and $302.1 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $493.3 million, against a budget of $125 million. Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $81.3million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues.

On its opening day, the film grossed $25.6 million, including $4.6 million from Thursday night showings. In its first weekend, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles opened in first place with $65.6 million, which exceeded Paramount and box office analysts's predictions of a $40 to $45 million opening, and achieved the fourth highest weekend debut for the month of August, after Guardians of the Galaxy, The Bourne Ultimatum, and Rush Hour 2. The movie remained at the number one spot in its second weekend by grossing $28.5 million (down 56.5%), but slipped to number two for its third weekend (grossing $16.7 million, down 41.4%), as Guardians of the Galaxy reclaimed the top spot.

The film led the foreign box office during the weekend lasting from October 31 through November 2, 2014, by grossing $34.7 million ($26.5 million coming from China).

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of  based on reviews from  critics, with an average score of . The site's critical consensus reads: "Neither entertaining enough to recommend nor remarkably awful, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles may bear the distinction of being the dullest movie ever made about talking bipedal reptiles." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 31 out of 100 based on 33 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on a scale of A+ to F.

Kyle Smith of the New York Post gave the film one out of four stars, saying "the comedy-action mash-up is as weird as if the Dark Knight took a break from belting the Joker to plug Pizza Hut and bang out a hiphop beat on his nunchucks". Sandie Angulo Chen of The Washington Post gave the film two out of four stars, saying "while this reboot is fun, it's also forgettable and occasionally infuriating". Joe Neumaier of the New York Daily News gave the film zero stars, saying "even youngsters may wonder why any hint of charm or fun has scurried away. Those new to the franchise may withdraw their head into their neck, turtle-like".

Rafer Guzman of Newsday gave the film two out of four stars: "Rougher and slightly funnier than the 1990 original, but still harmless junk at best". Peter Howell of the Toronto Star gave the film one and half stars out of four: "Not much of an effort is made to differentiate the personalities of the turtles, who all frankly look as grotesque as a Terry Gilliam cartoon". Nicolas Rapold of The New York Times said: "Attached to this movie, the title no longer sounds zany; it looks like a series of keywords".

Mark Olsen of the Los Angeles Times said that "there is something half-hearted about the entire film, as if those behind it were involved not because they wanted to make it, not because they should make it, but just because they could". Kyle Anderson of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a C+, saying "too-brief thrills only shine a harsher light on the film's laborious pacing and cringeworthy one-liners spilling from the maws of the ninja teens".

Nancy Churnin of The Dallas Morning News gave the film a B, writing: "The turtles (engagingly voiced by Alan Ritchson, Noel Fisher, Johnny Knoxville and Jeremy Howard) look terrific" and "the best part is that the film has heart". Justin Lowe of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review, writing "Liebesman relies on his genre-film resume to keep events moving at a brisk clip and the motion-capture process employed to facilitate live-action integration with cutting-edge VFX looks superior onscreen". Justin Chang of Variety said the film is "neither a particularly good movie nor the pop-cultural travesty that some were dreading". A.A. Dowd of The A.V. Club gave the film a C+: "What the new Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles lacks is not fidelity, but a spirit of genuine boyish fun -- the sense that anyone involved saw more than a very specific shade of green in the freshly digital scales of these 30-year-old characters".

Soren Anderson of The Seattle Times gave the film one out of four stars: "If ever there was a movie that should not have been made, this is that movie". Drew Hunt of Chicago Reader wrote that "the light, comedic tone is weighed down by unimaginative pop-culture references and half-witted one-liners". Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic gave the film two out of five stars, saying: "It's just kind of a mess, as unfocused and immature as the four mutant turtles at its core. Stuff happens, stuff blows up and this is probably a good time to mention that Michael Bay produced the film". Alonso Duralde of The Wrap gave the film a negative review, writing "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles is a movie that takes its characters and its premise seriously, until it doesn't, and that operates at two speeds: tortoise (ponderous) and hare (head-spinning)".

Adam Graham of The Detroit News gave the film a B−: "There's enough turtle power to please kids and fans of the original series". Steven Rea of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film two out of four stars: "The kind of clichéd, misfit crimefighters-versus-demented villains scenario that Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird happily parodied when they came up with the original Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles comic books way back in the 1980s". Tom Russo of The Boston Globe gave the film one and a half stars out of five, describing "the repartee, as ever, is weak. Even with all the extra layers of digital detail, it's still tough to keep these four straight".

Cliff Lee of The Globe and Mail gave the film one and a half stars out of four, writing "for having gone to the trouble of making a self-descriptive movie called Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, its producers seem ultimately unsure about its most basic concept". James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film one and a half stars out of four: "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles doesn't so much provide brainless enjoyment as it pummels the viewer into submission. "Shell-shocked" is a reasonable description of the experience". Chris Cabin of Slant Magazine gave the film one out of four stars: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles only leaves one with the dim afterglow of forced normalcy, of a film so overworked to ensure mass-market appeal that it loses the charming oddness and loose goofiness that has allowed these characters, and their "frothy" appeal, to endure".

Accolades

Video games
Activision released a Nintendo 3DS game developed by Magic Pockets based on the film on August 8, 2014, to coincide with the movie, in which William Fichtner's Eric Sacks (an Anglicised version of Oroku Saki) is depicted as the Shredder, as in the original cut of the 2014 film prior to reshoots changing Sacks into being the Shredder's adoptive son for the film's theatrical release, following post-test screening criticisms of whitewashing. A mobile game, also based on the film, was released on July 24.

Sequel

Noel Fisher revealed in an interview that all four of the turtle actors have signed on for three films.

Liebesman and Fuller have confirmed that Casey Jones as well as Bebop and Rocksteady will appear in the sequels. There were also plans for Krang and Dimension X in the sequels as well. Shortly after the release of the film, Paramount announced that a sequel will be released on June 3, 2016, with Michael Bay returning as producer and Josh Appelbaum and André Nemec coming back as screenwriters and executive producers. Fox and Arnett returned in the sequel along with the character Shredder.

Dave Green, director of Earth to Echo, directed the sequel. Several new actors appeared for a sequel: Victoria's Secret's supermodel Alessandra Ambrosio was cast as herself and a love interest to Vern, also Los Angeles Clippers and Charlotte Hornets players DeAndre Jordan, Matt Barnes, JJ Redick, Austin Rivers and Spencer Hawes made cameos in the film. Stephen Amell has been cast as Casey Jones. Tyler Perry was cast as Baxter Stockman and Brian Tee portrayed Shredder in the sequel. Gary Anthony Williams and Stephen "Sheamus" Farrelly were cast as Bebop and Rocksteady respectively. Brittany Ishibashi also replaced Noji as Karai in the sequel. Johnny Knoxville did not return to voice Leonardo in the sequel as he was not asked to reprise the role. Instead, Pete Ploszek did both motion-capture and voice.

References

External links

2014 films
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2014 science fiction action films
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American 3D films
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Films scored by Brian Tyler
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Films produced by Michael Bay
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Films produced by Bradley Fuller
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2014 martial arts films
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2010s teen films
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Golden Raspberry Award winning films
Films produced by Ian Bryce

Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014 film)


American Bully is a breed of dog which is a cross between a Staffordshire Bull Terrier, American Bulldog, French Bulldog and a Red-Nose  Pitbull. These dogs were initially made for protection but some people now use them as house pets. Some American bullies are either small, standard, large or extra large. The breed was recognised in 2013 in the UK if a person wants one they need to have ABKS paper or this would be against the law because these dogs are EBKC (European Bully Kennel Club) which means it comes from Europe.

Origin
The American Bully breed was established in the mid-1990s with the purpose of creating the ultimate family companion. The American Bully was created through years of selective breeding by combining the desired traits of the UKC American Pit Bull Terrier and the AKC American Staffordshire Terrier. Some lines have added other bully breeds into the mix and sometimes non bully breeds. The American Bully's origins can be seen both on the East and West Coast of the United States, primarily in Virginia and Los Angeles, California and is spreading to all parts of the U.S. Today the American Bully can also be seen in Europe and Asia. The American Bully, also called the Bully Pit, Bullypit and the Bully Pitbull, is often confused with the American Pitbull Terrier but is clearly a different breed.

Health
The American Bulldog has a life expectancy of 10 to 16 years. Some have medical conditions such as cataracts, or hypothyroidism. If they suffer from obesity early in life, they may develop hip or elbow problems.

Merle American Bullies
Merle Bullies can produce any colour and have a complicated gene. Two American Bullies should never be bred together because the puppies may be born disabled or with disabilities because of the colour and the genes. Merle bullies don't need ebkc registered papers because they are from every country and also could be found in American or the whole off USA.

References

Dog breeds originating in the United States

American Bully


736 Palisado Avenue is one of a small number of Second Empire houses in Windsor, Connecticut.  Built about 1865, it is a distinctive surviving example of the style in brick, with a mansard roof and turret.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

Description and history
Palisado Avenue, designated Connecticut Route 159, is the principal north–south route through Windsor, roughly paralleling the Connecticut River which forms the town's eastern border.  Number 736 is on the east side of the road, a short way south of the Oliver Ellsworth Homestead, on a property that extends all the way to the river.  It is a -story brick structure, with a flared mansard roof providing a full third story in the attic space. It is asymmetrical in shape, with a prominent -story turret at the center of its front facade.  Windows are generally set in segmented-arch windows, with gabled dormers in the steeply sloping sections of the roof.  The main entry is in the right side of the tower, sheltered by a hip-roofed porch with turned post and spindled valance.

The house was built about 1865, and is one of three examples of the Second Empire style in the town.  Its more elaborate form is a significant contrast to the surrounding houses, many of which date to the 18th and early 19th centuries.

Homeowners have included Dr. Bill & Clotean Brayfield, A Connecticut Educator and Civil Rights Activist, the Amy Winnegar Family, Dr. Michael W. Klemens of the Connecticut Siting Council appointed by Governor Dannal Malloy and Chairman of Salisbury CT P & Z, and Honorable Judge Kevin Washington, Federal Govt and State and Town Human Rights and Social Justice Activist that still lives in the Town of Windsor.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Windsor, Connecticut

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places in Hartford County, Connecticut
Second Empire architecture in Connecticut
Houses completed in 1865
Houses in Windsor, Connecticut

House at 736 Palisado Avenue


Antonio Macías del Real (1866–1939) was a Spanish writer and pharmacist who moved to Guatemala where he wrote for most prestigious cultural publications.  Among his articles are those that we wrote for La Ilustración Guatemalteca during the last year of general José María Reina Barrios presidency.  When the president was assassinated on 8 February 1898, Macías del Real wrote Perfiles biográficos de don Manuel Estrada Cabrera (Biographical profiles of Mr. Manuel Estrada Cabrera, who had been appointed as interim President; Macias del Real kept writing on behalf of the new president since then. In 1902 his adulation paid off, as Estrada Cabrera granted him the Pacific Railroad concession.  According to Guatemalan historian Rafael Arévalo Martínez in his book ¡Ecce Pericles!, Macías del Real -a pharmacist graduated from Universidad Central de Madrid and later incorporated in Guatemala- was the one that gave Estrada Cabrera a potent venom that the latter used to get rid of his opponents.

Biography

Macías del Real got his doctorate in Pharmacy in Universidad Central de Madrid in 1890, with a dissertation about the pharmaceutical studies of Eucaliptus globulus and he was incorporated into the College of Medicine and Pharmacy of Universidad Nacional in Guatemala on 3 July 1896.

Between 1896 and 1897 he wrote regularly for the La Ilustración Guatemalteca where he worked alongside writer and public speaker Rafael Spinola and with the Guatemalan photography pioneer Alberto G. Valdeavellano.  His articles were mainly about political and cultural issues.

On 18 April 1902, given his then excellent relationship with president Manuel Estrada Cabrera, he was granted the concession to build and operate the Panamerican Railroad between Las Cruces and Vado-Ancho; however, he could not build the railway until Coatepeque and had to sell his rights to the Central Railroad Company. The original contract with Macías del Real had been extremely generous and had been signed by the lieutenant secretary of Economy, José Flamenco and approved by Estrada Cabrera; the contract authorized the exclusivity on the construction and usage of the railroad for twenty four years, counting from the moment the section was open to the public. Besides, Macías del Real and his descendants would have enjoyed the revenue from the railway for 99 years, after which the line was supposed to go back to the State of Guatemala.

See also

 Manuel Estrada Cabrera
 La Ilustración Guatemalteca
 Rafael Spinola

Notes and references

Notes

References

Bibliography

Manuel Estrada Cabrera
1866 births
1939 deaths
Date of birth missing
Date of death missing
Spanish male writers
Spanish emigrants
Immigrants to Guatemala
Immigrants to Argentina

Antonio Macías del Real


Michael Bolochoweckyj (born 4 May 1984) is a Scottish footballer who plays as a defender for Spartans.

Starting his career with Ross County, Bolochoweckyj also played for Alloa Athletic, Berwick Rangers, East Stirlingshire, Forfar Athletic, Clyde and Montrose.

Career
Though he spent the first eleven months of his career at Ross County, Bolochoweckyj moved to Alloa Athletic in January 2004 after playing just one game for the Staggies. Bolochoweckyj's début for Alloa saw him play 90 minutes against Stenhousemuir, one of four matches he played during January 2004, drafted in to save an injured defence from crumbling. He became a first-team player during the 2005–06 season, in which Alloa finished second bottom and avoided relegation by defeating Berwick Rangers in the Second Division play-off final.

Earlier in the same season, Bolochoweckyj played in four rounds of the 2005-06 Scottish Cup, scoring a goal in the third round clash against Livingston. Alloa were to exit in the next round at the hands of Hamilton Academical, at which point their season would go downhill as they were saved from relegation only at the last minute thanks to a two-legged relegation play-off victory against Berwick Rangers.

Throughout the 2006–07 season, Bolochoweckyj performed consistently in defence, attacking as and when necessary to score three goals, including one on the last day of the season against Forfar Athletic. During a 4–3 away defeat to Ayr United, Bolochoweckyj picked up the first red card of his career.

Bolochoweckyj moved to newly promoted Berwick Rangers at the end of the 2006–07 season. He began his Berwick career with scoring in the Scottish League Cup against Stenhousemuir to help his side to an extra time win. However, his spell at the Borders side was relatively short, and he signed for East Stirlingshire in March 2008. Bolochoweckyj scored his first goal for the Falkirk side just eleven days after signing in a 1–1 home draw with Dumbarton, which ended a run of eleven consecutive defeats for Shire.

He moved to Forfar Athletic for the 2010–11 season. It was announced that he had rejoined East Stirlingshire for the 2013–14 season. At the end of the 2014–15 season, Bolochoweckyj left East Stirlingshire and agreed a one-year deal with Scottish League Two rivals Clyde. He scored on his debut against Livingston in the Scottish Challenge Cup. After one season with Clyde, Bolochoweckyj left Broadwood, signing for Montrose in May 2016. After suffering an ankle injury at the end of the 2016–17 season, Bolochoweckyj moved on loan briefly to former side East Stirlingshire to gain match fitness, before returning to Montrose at the beginning of January 2018. Where upon his return he opened the scoring in a 2 - 0 win over Edinburgh City.

Career statistics

References

External links

1984 births
Scottish men's footballers
Alloa Athletic F.C. players
Berwick Rangers F.C. players
Ross County F.C. players
East Stirlingshire F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
Living people
Footballers from Edinburgh
Men's association football defenders
Forfar Athletic F.C. players
Montrose F.C. players
Scottish Professional Football League players
Clyde F.C. players

Michael Bolochoweckyj


Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia is a form of fibrous dysplasia affecting more than one bone. Fibrous dysplasia is a disorder where bone is replaced by fibrous tissue, leading to weak bones, uneven growth, and deformity.

McCune-Albright syndrome includes polyostotic fibrous dysplasia as part of its presentation. When polyostotic fibrous dysplasia manifests in the long bones, limping results; when it manifests in the face, asymmetric growth of the face can result.

One treatment that has been used is bisphosphonates.

See also
 Fibrous dysplasia of bone
 Monostotic fibrous dysplasia
 List of radiographic findings associated with cutaneous conditions

References

External links

Genodermatoses

Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia


The Loop Parkway (also known as the Loop) is a  parkway in Nassau County, New York, in the United States. It serves the barrier islands south of Long Island itself, beginning on Long Beach Barrier Island at an intersection with Lido Boulevard in Point Lookout. From here, it heads generally east–west across Alder and Meadow islands to an interchange with the Meadowbrook State Parkway on Jones Island, a part of Jones Beach State Park located just north of Jones Beach Island. The islands served by the Loop Parkway are separated by narrow channels of water, all of which connect to Jones Inlet. The parkway is maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) and inventoried by the department as New York State Route 908C (NY 908C), an unsigned reference route.

The highway was built in 1934 as the Long Beach Loop Causeway, funded with money from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation. It was completed six months ahead of schedule and officially opened on October 27, 1934, by Robert Moses, then a candidate for Governor of New York, and New York City Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia. The plans to fund the highway included the implementation of tolls, which went into effect on January 2, 1935. These tollbooths, once considered the murder site of Sonny Corleone in Mario Puzo's The Godfather, were closed in 1978 as part of Governor Hugh Carey's efforts to establish that year's state budget.

Route description

The Loop Parkway begins at an at-grade intersection with Lido Boulevard on the eastern end of Long Beach Barrier Island in the neighborhood of Point Lookout. It proceeds north as a four-lane freeway, crossing over Reynolds Channel to reach Alder Island, one of several islands comprising Jones Beach State Park. Here, the road slowly bends eastward as it runs across the marshy island. Two u-turn ramps are built into the median near the western end of the island, serving as the only intersections or interchanges of any kind on Alder Island.

The Loop Parkway heads east from Alder Island, traversing Long Creek on a drawbridge leading to Meadow Island. The road quickly continues northeast across the island with no connections via interchanges or intersections.

At the eastern edge of the island, the highway reaches Swift Creek, another channel separating Meadow Island from Jones Island. The parkway crosses the waterway and immediately enters a trumpet interchange with the Meadowbrook State Parkway. The right-of-way of the Loop Parkway connects to and from the northbound direction of the Meadowbrook Parkway while two other ramps provide access to the southbound Meadowbrook Parkway. The Loop Parkway handled an average of 30,520 vehicles per day in 2011 according to estimates made by NYSDOT. Traffic along the highway has steadily increased since 2003, when the department recorded a daily average of 24,740 vehicles.

History

Construction

The Loop Parkway, originally envisioned as the Long Beach Loop Causeway, was conceived as part the original design for the Long Island Parkway System, developed by Robert Moses and the Long Island State Park Commission (LISPC) in 1924. Moses wanted a parkway system to alleviate congestion on "unattractive" local roads. The system was designed to connect several parks that were under construction at the time, including Jones Beach State Park, Bethpage State Park and Sunken Meadow State Park. In 1927, the parkway system was linked to parkways within New York City's boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens, and in 1929, Jones Beach State Park and the Ocean Parkway opened, providing access to the mainland via the Jones Beach Causeway (now part of the Wantagh State Parkway).

In May 1933, construction began on the Meadowbrook State Parkway and the Long Beach Loop Causeway. It was financed by the Reconstruction Finance Corporation in Washington D.C., which loaned $5,050,000 (1933 USD) to the LISPC for the new parkways. It was proposed that the loan would be repaid in 25 years. The two highways would be connected by way of a trumpet interchange on Jones Island, with a total of  of hydraulic fill was used to build both parkways, and a new channel for boats heading to South Oyster Bay was constructed as part of the projects. The roadway of the  Loop Causeway would be made of macadam pavement and be  wide and help connect mainland Long Island to Jones Beach and Long Beach.

Both roadways were expected to be completed by January 1, 1935. They were ultimately completed in October 1934, six months ahead of schedule. The Long Beach Loop Causeway was opened to extreme fanfare on October 27, 1934, as was the Meadowbrook State Parkway with parades celebrating the event were held in Freeport and Rockville Centre, and they were attended by Robert Moses, at the time a candidate for Governor of New York, and Fiorello LaGuardia, the Mayor of New York City.

Tolls

When the Jones Beach State Park Authority was given the loan by the Reconstruction Finance Corporation in March 1933, a toll was planned for both the Meadowbrook Causeway and the Long Beach Loop Causeway to help repay the loan. Tollbooths were constructed, and a 25-cent toll () went into effect on both roadways on January 2, 1935. On that day, the supervisor with the LISPC reported that 300 people used the highway.

In 1975, the Jones Beach Parkway Authority increased the toll on the Southern State Parkway to 25 cents, while the Loop Parkway retained its 25 cent toll. The change faced immediate criticism from the New York State Legislature, and the Democratic members tried to rescind the toll hike. The power Robert Moses still had in a deal with the State of New York made sure that only his authority could choose when to raise and rollback tolls. However, the deals never prohibited the state from buying out the bonds the authority had themselves and thus take over the roads maintained by the Jones Beach Parkway Authority. Governor Hugh Carey had yet to craft the $12 billion state budget for 1978, and he proposed a deal to forgo the $24 million debt that the agency had accumulated and eliminate the toll on the Loop Parkway by taking over the roads.

After the governor and his department decided that the state could do without the $3.8 million that the toll would produce each year, a bill permitting the state to take over the Loop Parkway was passed on March 31, 1978. The removal of the tolls helped Governor Carey gain enough support to pass that year's state budget. The decision to eliminate the Loop Parkway tolls was influenced by Long Beach Supervisor Hannah Komanoff, who also unsuccessfully fought to have the tollbooth on the Atlantic Beach Bridge removed in 1979.

Popular culture
In Mario Puzo's 1969 novel, The Godfather, Sonny Corleone was in the process of running to go settle a years-long dispute with Carlo Rizzi when he drove his 1941 Lincoln Continental across Jones Beach from the Wantagh State Parkway (mentioned as the Jones Beach Causeway) towards the "causeway that would take him over the water from Long Beach". However, when Corleone approached the toll on the Jones Beach Causeway, the toll-taker fumbled his money and soon two men approached him with guns along with a fake toll-taker from another booth. All three men shot Corleone and flew back via car to the Meadowbrook Parkway and into Long Beach via the Loop Parkway. A common misconception is that the murder occurred on either the Loop or the Meadowbrook parkways; however, the book specifies that the event occurred at the tollbooth on the Wantagh State Parkway. Some of Puzo's descriptions in this scene in the novel contradict one another (for example, there was never an outbound toll on the Wantagh), so it is possible Puzo either had forgotten the exact layout of the road system, or simply remade it in his own liking for the sake of the narrative.

Exit list

References

External links

 Loop Parkway article from NYCROADS.com Website
 Jones Beach State Park
 Loop Parkway (Greater New York Roads)

Transportation in Nassau County, New York
Roads on Long Island
Parkways in New York (state)
Robert Moses projects
Former toll roads in New York (state)
Former toll bridges in New York (state)
Buildings and structures in Nassau County, New York

Loop Parkway


Jean-Pierre du Teil, baron du Teil, seigneur de Pommier, Chars, les Rousselières, Vaux and of other places (15 July 1722 – 22 February 1794) was a French artillery general and one of the most important influences on Napoleon I during his training at the École d'artillerie in Auxonne (set up in 1759).

Life
The son of the artillery officer François du Teil (1704–1758), knight of the order of Saint-Louis, and of Marguerite de Chambaran (died 1758), du Teil was born at château de Pommier, La Côte-Saint-André, and was the elder brother of the artillery theorist Jean du Teil.  Jean-Pierre was firstly a colonel du régiment de la Fère-Artillerie (1777), then the commandant of the École militaire at Auxonne (1779) and then an infantry brigadier (1780). In 1783, he was made military governor of Auxonne and was the following year promoted to maréchal de camp.  At the end of 1791, he was promoted to lieutenant général and inspector general of artillery.

In February 1794, he was arrested as a suspect and as a royalist by the military commission at Lyon, who condemned him to death.  As a serving military officer, he was shot by firing squad rather than guillotined.  However, Napoléon later gave 100,000 francs to the son or grandson of the baron du Teil in his memory.

1722 births
1794 deaths
People from Isère
French generals
French Army officers
French counter-revolutionaries
People executed by France by firing squad
Executed French people
People executed by the French First Republic
Executed people from Rhône-Alpes
People executed during the French Revolution

Jean-Pierre du Teil


Karlton Hester (born February 11, 1949) is an American, performer, composer, scholar, and educator.

Biography
Hester earned his B.M. at University of Texas at El Paso, his M.A. in Music Education from San Francisco State University, and his Ph.D. in composition from the City University of New York Graduate Center. He formally studied flute with Harry Nelsova and Paul Renzi, saxophone with Frank Chase and Bill Tremble, composition with Bruce Saylor and Robert Starer, and improvisation with Joe Henderson and John Handy. He began his career as a studio musician and music educator in Los Angeles and would later serve as the Herbert Gussman Director of Jazz Studies at Cornell University from 1990 to 2000. At Cornell, Hester directed the Traditional and Experimental Lab Ensembles and coordinated university festivals and conferences that included a diverse array of "jazz" and African artists including Jaki Byard, John Handy, Joe Henderson, Cecil Taylor, McCoy Tyner, Toshiko Akiyoshi, Stanley Turrentine, Louis Jordan, Buddy Collette, Dr. Donald Byrd, Dr. Billy Taylor, Randy Weston, Charles Lloyd, Geri Allen, Benny Powell, Charles Tolliver, Steve Turre, Sam Rivers, Thomas Mapfumo, George E. Lewis, Roscoe Mitchell, Hotep Galeta, Victor Goines, Akua Dixon, Mamadou Diabate, Samite Mulondo, Cecilia Smith, Phil Bowler, Adela Dalto, Pamela Wise, and Nick Mathis. As of 2000 Hester directs the "jazz" program at UC Santa Cruz and is a Professor of Music in the Music Department.

Hester is the founder and director of the San Francisco Fillmore Jazz Preservation Big Band and Hesterian Musicism. Hester's music involves a synthesis of Afrocentric and Western tonal, modal, quartal, serial, and electronic elements into an expressive voice that defies simple categorization as either premeditated or spontaneous composition. Hester's Ph.D. dissertation is titled "The Melodic and Polyrhythmic Development of John Coltrane's Spontaneous Compositions in a Racist Society," and the music of John Coltrane has been a lasting influence on his work. He coined the term musicism  to "represent the creative process by which musicians, visual artists and poets, through the merging of composition and performance, produce new art forms." This interdisciplinary approach is realized in projects such as "Three Bodies" where Hester collaborated with astrophysicist Greg Laughlin and dancer Ted Warburton to create a multimedia performance that offers a "solution" to the three-body problem. Hester has been the recipient of composer fellowships, grants, and commissions from the National Endowment of the Arts, New York Foundation for the Arts, New England Council of the Arts, ASCAP, and the William Grant Still Foundation. He served as the vice president of the International Society for Improvised Music (2008-2018) and is founding director of Interdisciplinary Artists Aggregation, Inc. (1970–present). Hester is a Gold Medal winner of a Global Music Award for Experimental Jazz in December 2017, for his 2016 album Trans-Cultural Musicism. Hester is currently the director and member of the principal faculty for the University of California, Santa Cruz Digital Arts and New Media (DANM) MFA program.

Discography
 1981: Karlton Hester and the Contemporary Jazz Art Movement (Hesteria Records)
 1982: Hesterian Musicism (Hesteria Records)
 1988: Dances Purely for the Sake of Love (Hesteria Records)
 1998: Musicism for the Sake of Love (Hesteria Records)
 1998: Sacred Musicism (Hesteria Records)
 1998: Retrospective: Cornell University Lab Ensembles & Guest Artists 1991-1998 (Hesteria Records)
 1998: Hesterian Liberation (Hesteria Records)
 1999: Reconstructive Musicism (Hesteria Records)
 2000: Harmonious Soul Scenes 2000 (Hesteria Records)
 2006: Musicism for Your Imagination (Hesteria Records)
 2006: Twentieth Century Musicism (Hesteria Records)
 2006: Live at Herbst Theatre with the Fillmore Jazz Preservation Big Band (Hesteria Records)
 2007: Divine Particle's Vision (Hesteria Records)
 2008: Sixth Sense - Stillness (Hesteria Records/Blue Cliff Records)
 2015: Trans-cultural Musicism (Hesteria Records)
 2017: Divine Consanguinity Ritual (Hesteria Records)
 2018: Hip-Hop Hesteria (Hesteria Records)
 2018: Quantum Elders Ballet (Hesteria Records/Centaur Records)
 2021: Quantum Elders Consciousness Vaccine (Hesteria Records/Blu-ray video)
 2022: Quantum Elders Consciousness Vaccine (Centaur Records/CD)

Books

 1997: The Melodic and Polyrhythmic Development of John Coltrane's Spontaneous Compositions in a Racist Society (Edwin Mellen Press)
 2000: From Africa to Afrocentric Innovations Some Call "Jazz" (SUNY Press)
 2009: Bigotry and the Afrocentric Jazz Evolution 4th Edition (Cognella Publishing)
 2010: Exploratory Musicism: Ideas for Spontaneous Composition (Cognella Publishing)
 2011: Survey of African Music (Cognella Publishing)
 2016: African Roots of the Jazz Evolution (Cognella Publishing)
 2019: Jazz Nucleus of Global Fission (Kendall Hunt Publishing)

References

Further References
 (September 1983). "Review of Hesterian Musicism." Downbeat Magazine. p. 43
 (January 1983). "Review of Karlton Hester's Contemporary Jazz Art Movement." Cadence Magazine. p. 38
 (May 1983). "Review of Hesterian Musicism." Cadence Magazine. p. 42
 Bivins, Jason. (January 2009). "Review of Divine Particle's Vision." Cadence Magazine. p. 120-121
 Elcombe, Chris. (March 2010). "Review of Stillness: Improvisations 2008." The Strad. p. 95
 Loewy, Steven. (August 2001). "Review of Harmonious Soul Scenes 2000." Cadence Magazine. p. 101-102
 Soergel, Brian. (April 2007). "Review of Live at Herbst Theatre." Jazz Times. p. 89-90
 Watrous, Peter. (April 1989). "Review of Dances Purely for the Sake of Love." Musician'' p. 90

External links

American jazz musicians
American composers
Living people
Cornell University faculty
1949 births
University of California, Santa Cruz faculty
San Francisco State University alumni
CUNY Graduate Center alumni

Karlton Hester


The 1968 Democratic National Convention of the U.S. Democratic Party was held at the International Amphitheatre in Chicago, Illinois, from August 26 to August 29, 1968. Because President Lyndon B. Johnson had announced he would not seek reelection, the reason of the convention was to select a new presidential nominee to run as the Democratic Party's candidate for the office. The keynote speaker was Senator Daniel Inouye (D-Hawaii).

Vice President Hubert Humphrey and Senator Edmund S. Muskie of Maine, were nominated for president and vice president.

The convention was held during a year of violence, political turbulence, and civil unrest, particularly riots in more than 100 cities following the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. on April 4. The convention also followed the assassination of Democratic presidential hopeful Senator Robert F. Kennedy of New York, who had been murdered on June 5. Both Kennedy and Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota had been running against the eventual Democratic presidential nominee, Vice President Hubert Humphrey. Another candidate was Senator of South Dakota George McGovern.

Chicago's mayor, Richard J. Daley, intended to showcase his and the city's achievements to national Democrats and the news media. Instead, the proceedings became notorious for the large number of demonstrators and the use of force by the Chicago police during what was supposed to be, in the words of the Yippie activist organizers, "A Festival of Life." Rioting and protesting took place between demonstrators and the Chicago Police Department, who were assisted by the Illinois National Guard. The disturbances were well publicized by the mass media, with some journalists and reporters being caught up in the violence. Network newsmen Mike Wallace and Dan Rather were both roughed up by the Chicago police while inside the halls of the Democratic Convention.

References

Other websites
1968 Democratic National Convention  at Smithsonian Magazine
Chicago '68: A Chronology
Chicago '68: An Introduction, by Dean Blobaum (2000)

Democratic National Convention
1960s in Chicago
United States presidential nominating conventions
Democratic Party (United States)
August events

1968 Democratic National Convention


Aron (Aaron) Fernandez (or Fernandes according to some sources, or Fernando, as he authored) (Livorno, 1761–1828) was a Jewish-Italian teacher of ancient and new languages, and a translator. Considered an extremist by the civil and religious (Jewish and Christian) authorities of Leghorn because of his Jacobin sympathies. Known through the official reprimands to his writings, some of which he managed to publish. Among them:
 an annotated Italian translation of Les Nuits Champêtres by Jean-Charles Thibault de Laveaux, written in 1792 and eventually published only in 1803.
 Lo spettatore libero ovvero speculazioni filosofiche sulla rigenerazione politica, e morale dello spirito umano, published in Milan, anno II della Libertà (1793).
 an Italian translation of Tom Paine's pamphlet Decline and Fall of the English System of Finance. On 29 June 1796, Fernando even managed to meet Napoleon passing through Livorno, to plead his support for the work. The translation was ultimately not published, but Fernando was expelled from Livorno because of it.
 The Progetto filosofico di una completa riforma del culto e dell'educazione politico-morale del popolo ebreo, a radical proposal for the reform of Judaism, announced to appear in two tomes by 1810. The first volume was indeed surreptitiously printed in 1813 by Marenigh in Livorno; after a long series of remands to the censor, which lasted till 1818, and with the changing political climate of the Restoration, almost all printed copies were confiscated and destroyed. The manuscript of the second tome, submitted to the French censor, is conserved at the French National Archives in Paris.

References

Italian translators
19th-century Italian writers
19th-century male writers
Jewish Italian writers
Reform Judaism
Livornese Jews
1761 births
1828 deaths
19th-century Italian translators

Aron Fernando