The history of watches began in 16th-century Europe, where watches evolved from portable spring-driven clocks, which first appeared in the 15th century.

The watch was developed by inventors and engineers from the 16th century to the mid-20th century as a mechanical device, powered by winding a mainspring which turned gears and then moved the hands; it kept time with a rotating balance wheel. In the 1960s the invention of the quartz watch  which ran on electricity and kept time with a vibrating quartz crystal, proved a radical departure for the watchmaking industry.  During the 1980s quartz watches took over the market from mechanical watches, a process referred to as the "quartz crisis".  Although mechanical watches still sell in the watch market, the vast majority of watches  have quartz movements.

One account of the origin of the word "watch" suggests that it came from the Old English word woecce which meant  "watchman", because town watchmen used watches to keep track of their shifts.  Another theory surmises that the term came from 17th-century sailors, who used the new mechanisms to time the length of their shipboard  watches (duty shifts).

The Oxford English Dictionary records the word watch in association with a timepiece from at least as early as 1542.

Clock-watch

The first timepieces to be worn, made in the 16th century beginning in the German cities of Nuremberg and Augsburg, were transitional in size between clocks and watches.  Portable timepieces were made possible by the invention of the mainspring in the early 15th century. Nuremberg clockmaker Peter Henlein (or Henle or Hele) (1485-1542) is often credited as the inventor of the watch.  He was one of the first German craftsmen who made "clock-watches", ornamental timepieces worn as pendants, which were the first timepieces to be worn on the body. His fame is based on a passage by Johann Cochläus in 1511,
Peter Hele, still a young man, fashions works which even the most learned mathematicians admire. He shapes many-wheeled clocks out of small bits of iron, which run and chime the hours without weights for forty hours, whether carried at the breast or in a handbag
However, other German clockmakers were creating miniature timepieces during this period, and there is no evidence Henlein was the first.

These 'clock-watches' were fastened to clothing or worn on a chain around the neck. They were heavy drum-shaped cylindrical brass boxes several inches in diameter, engraved and ornamented. They had only an hour hand. The face was not covered with glass, but usually had a hinged brass cover, often decoratively pierced with grillwork so the time could be read without opening. The movement was made of iron or steel and held together with tapered pins and wedges, until screws began to be used after 1550. Many of the movements included striking or alarm mechanisms. They usually had to be wound twice a day. The shape later evolved into a rounded form; these were later called Nuremberg eggs. Still later in the century there was a trend for unusually-shaped watches, and clock-watches shaped like books, animals, fruit, stars, flowers, insects, crosses, and even skulls (Death's head watches) were made.

These early clock-watches were not worn to tell the time. The accuracy of their verge and foliot movements was so poor, with errors of perhaps several hours per day, that they were practically useless. They were made as jewelry and novelties for the nobility, valued for their fine ornamentation, unusual shape, or intriguing mechanism, and accurate timekeeping was of very minor importance.

Pocketwatch
Styles changed in the 17th century and men began to wear watches in pockets instead of as pendants (the woman's watch remained a pendant into the 20th century). This is said to have occurred in 1675 when Charles II of England introduced waistcoats. This was not just a matter of fashion or prejudice; watches of the time were notoriously prone to fouling from exposure to the elements, and could only reliably be kept safe from harm if carried securely in the pocket.  To fit in pockets, their shape evolved into the typical pocketwatch shape, rounded and flattened with no sharp edges. Glass was used to cover the face beginning around 1610. Watch fobs began to be used, the name originating from the German word fuppe, a pocket.  Later in the 1800s Prince Albert, the consort to Queen Victoria, introduced the 'Albert chain' accessory, designed to secure the pocket watch to the man's outergarment by way of a clip.  The watch was wound and also set by opening the back and fitting a key to a square arbor, and turning it.

The timekeeping mechanism in these early pocketwatches was the same one used in clocks, invented in the 13th century; the verge escapement which drove a foliot, a dumbbell shaped bar with weights on the ends, to oscillate back and forth. However, the mainspring introduced a source of error not present in weight-powered clocks. The force provided by a spring is not constant, but decreases as the spring unwinds. The rate of all timekeeping mechanisms is affected by changes in their drive force, but the primitive verge and foliot mechanism was especially sensitive to these changes, so early watches slowed down during their running period as the mainspring ran down. This problem, called lack of isochronism, plagued mechanical watches throughout their history.

Efforts to improve the accuracy of watches prior to 1657 focused on evening out the steep torque curve of the mainspring. Two devices to do this had appeared in the first clock-watches: the stackfreed and the fusee. The stackfreed, a spring-loaded cam on the mainspring shaft, added a lot of friction and was abandoned after about a century. The fusee was a much more lasting idea. A curving conical pulley with a chain wrapped around it attached to the mainspring barrel, it changed the leverage as the spring unwound, equalizing the drive force. Fusees became standard in all watches, and were used until the early 19th century. The foliot was also gradually replaced with the balance wheel, which had a higher moment of inertia for its size, allowing better timekeeping.

Balance spring

A great leap forward in accuracy occurred in 1657 with the addition of the balance spring to the balance wheel, an invention disputed both at the time and ever since between Robert Hooke and Christiaan Huygens. Prior to this, the only force limiting the back and forth motion of the balance wheel under the force of the escapement was the wheel's inertia. This caused the wheel's period to be very sensitive to the force of the mainspring. The balance spring made the balance wheel a harmonic oscillator, with a natural 'beat' resistant to disturbances. This increased watches' accuracy enormously, reducing error from perhaps several hours per day to perhaps 10 minutes per day, resulting in the addition of the minute hand to the face from around 1680 in Britain and 1700 in France. The increased accuracy of the balance wheel focused attention on errors caused by other parts of the movement, igniting a two century wave of watchmaking innovation.

The first thing to be improved was the escapement. The verge escapement was replaced in quality watches by the cylinder escapement, invented by Thomas Tompion in 1695 and further developed by George Graham in the 1720s. In Britain a few quality watches went to the duplex escapement, invented by Jean Baptiste Dutertre in 1724. The advantage of these escapements was that they only gave the balance wheel a short push in the middle of its swing, leaving it 'detached' from the escapement to swing back and forth undisturbed during most of its cycle.

During the same period, improvements in manufacturing such as the tooth-cutting machine devised by Robert Hooke allowed some increase in the volume of watch production, although finishing and assembling was still done by hand until well into the 19th century.

Temperature compensation and chronometers

The Enlightenment view of watches as scientific instruments brought rapid advances to their mechanisms. The development during this period of accurate marine chronometers required in celestial navigation  to determine longitude during sea voyages produced many technological advances that were later used in watches. It was found that a major cause of error in balance wheel timepieces was changes in elasticity of the balance spring with temperature changes. This problem was solved by the bimetallic temperature compensated balance wheel invented in 1765 by Pierre Le Roy and improved by Thomas Earnshaw. This type of balance wheel had two semicircular arms made of a bimetallic construction. If the temperature rose, the arms bent inward slightly,    causing the balance wheel to rotate faster back and forth, compensating for the slowing due to the weaker balance spring. This system, which could reduce temperature induced error to a few seconds per day, gradually began to be used in watches over the next hundred years.

The going barrel invented in 1760 by Jean-Antoine Lépine provided a more constant drive force over the watch's running period, and its adoption in the 19th century made the fusee obsolete. Complicated pocket chronometers and astronomical watches with many hands and functions were made during this period.

Lever escapement

The lever escapement, invented by Thomas Mudge in 1754 and improved by Josiah Emery in 1785, gradually came into use from about 1800 onwards, chiefly in Britain; it was also adopted by Abraham-Louis Breguet, but Swiss watchmakers (who by now were the chief suppliers of watches to most of Europe) mostly adhered to the cylinder until the 1860s. By about 1900, however, the lever was used in almost every watch made. In this escapement the escape wheel pushed on a T shaped 'lever', which was unlocked as the balance wheel swung through its centre position and gave the wheel a brief push before releasing it. The advantages of the lever was that it allowed the balance wheel to swing completely free during most of its cycle; due to 'locking' and 'draw' its action was very precise; and it was self-starting, so if the balance wheel was stopped by a jar it would start again.

Jewel bearings, introduced in England in 1702 by the Swiss mathematician Nicolas Fatio de Duillier, also came into use for quality watches during this period. Watches of this period are characterised by their thinness. New innovations, such as the cylinder and lever escapements, allowed watches to become much thinner than they had previously been. This caused a change in style.  The thick pocketwatches based on the verge movement went out of fashion and were only worn by the poor, and were derisively referred to as "onions" and "turnips".

Mass production
At Vacheron Constantin, Geneva, Georges-Auguste Leschot (1800–1884), pioneered the field of interchangeability in clockmaking by the invention of various machine tools. In 1830 he designed an anchor escapement, which his student, Antoine Léchaud, later mass-produced. He also invented a pantograph, allowing some degree of standardisation and interchangeability of parts on watches fitted with the same calibre.

The British had predominated in watch manufacture for much of the 17th and 18th centuries, but maintained a system of production that was geared towards high quality products for the elite. Although there was an attempt to modernise clock manufacture with mass production techniques and the application of duplicating tools and machinery by the British Watch Company in 1843, it was in the United States that this system took off. Aaron Lufkin Dennison started a factory in 1851 in Massachusetts that used interchangeable parts, and by 1861 was running a successful enterprise incorporated as the Waltham Watch Company.

The railroads' stringent requirements for accurate watches to safely schedule trains drove improvements in accuracy. The engineer Webb C. Ball, established around 1891 the first precision standards and a reliable timepiece inspection system for Railroad chronometers. Temperature-compensated balance wheels began to be widely used in watches during this period, and jewel bearings became almost universal. Techniques for adjusting the balance spring for isochronism and positional errors discovered by Abraham-Louis Breguet, M. Phillips, and L. Lossier were adopted. The first international watch precision contest took place in 1876, during the International Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia (the winning four top watches, which outclassed all competitors, had been randomly selected out of the mass production line), on display was also the first fully automatic screw-making machine. By 1900, with these advances, the accuracy of quality watches, properly adjusted, topped out at a few seconds per day.

The American clock industry, with scores of companies located in Connecticut's Naugatuck Valley, was producing millions of clocks, earning the region the nickname, "Switzerland of America". The Waterbury Clock Company was one of the largest producers for both domestic sales and export, primarily to Europe. Today its successor, Timex Group USA, Inc. is the only remaining watch company in the region.

From about 1860, key winding was replaced by keyless winding, where the watch was wound by turning the crown. The pin pallet escapement, an inexpensive version of the lever escapement invented in 1876 by Georges Frederic Roskopf was used in cheap mass-produced watches, which allowed ordinary workers to own a watch for the first time; other cheap watches used a simplified version of the duplex escapement, developed by Daniel Buck in the 1870s.

During the 20th century, the mechanical design of the watch became standardized, and advances were made in materials, tolerances, and production methods. The bimetallic temperature-compensated balance wheel was made obsolete by the discovery of low-thermal-coefficient alloys invar and elinvar. A balance wheel of invar with a spring of elinvar was almost unaffected by temperature changes, so it replaced the complicated temperature-compensated balance. The discovery in 1903 of a process to produce artificial sapphire made jewelling cheap. Bridge construction superseded 3/4 plate construction.

Wristwatch

From the beginning, wristwatches were almost exclusively worn by women, while men used pocketwatches up until the early 20th century. The concept of the wristwatch goes back to the production of the very earliest watches in the 16th century.  Some people say the world's first wristwatch was created by Abraham-Louis Breguet for Caroline Murat, Queen of Naples, in 1810.   By the mid nineteenth century, most watchmakers produced a range of wristwatches, often marketed as bracelets, for women.

Founded in 1867, Longines was the world's first watch trademark and the first Swiss company to assemble watches under one roof.

Wristwatches were first worn by military men towards the end of the nineteenth century, when the importance of synchronizing maneuvers during war without potentially revealing the plan to the enemy through signaling was increasingly recognized. It was clear that using pocket watches while in the heat of battle or while mounted on a horse was impractical, so officers began to strap the watches to their wrist. The Garstin Company of London patented a 'Watch Wristlet' design in 1893, although they were probably producing similar designs from the 1880s. Officers in the British Army began using wristwatches during colonial military campaigns in the 1880s, such as during the Anglo-Burma War of 1885.

During the Boer War, the importance of coordinating troop movements and synchronizing attacks against the highly mobile Boer insurgents was paramount, and the use of wristwatches subsequently became widespread among the officer class. The company Mappin & Webb began production of their successful 'campaign watch' for soldiers during the campaign at the Sudan in 1898 and ramped up production for the Boer War a few years later.

These early models were essentially standard pocketwatches fitted to a leather strap, but by the early 20th century, manufacturers began producing purpose-built wristwatches. The Swiss company, Dimier Frères & Cie patented a wristwatch design with the now standard wire lugs in 1903. In 1904, Alberto Santos-Dumont, an early Brazilian aviator, asked his friend, a French watchmaker called Louis Cartier, to design a watch that could be useful during his flights. Hans Wilsdorf moved to London in 1905 and set up his own business with his brother-in-law Alfred Davis, Wilsdorf & Davis, providing quality timepieces at affordable prices – the company later became Rolex. Wilsdorf was an early convert to the wristwatch, and contracted the Swiss firm Aegler to produce a line of wristwatches. His Rolex wristwatch of 1910 became the first such watch to receive certification as a chronometer in Switzerland and it went on to win an award in 1914 from Kew Observatory in London.

The impact of the First World War dramatically shifted public perceptions on the propriety of the man's wristwatch, and opened up a mass market in the post-war era. The creeping barrage artillery tactic, developed during the War, required precise synchronization between the artillery gunners and the infantry advancing behind the barrage. Service watches produced during the War were specially designed for the rigours of trench warfare, with luminous dials and unbreakable glass. Wristwatches were also found to be needed in the air as much as on the ground: military pilots found them more convenient than pocket watches for the same reasons as Santos-Dumont had. The British War Department began issuing wristwatches to combatants from 1917.

The company H. Williamson Ltd., based in Coventry, was one of the first to capitalize on this opportunity. During the company's 1916 AGM it was noted that "...the public is buying the practical things of life. Nobody can truthfully contend that the watch is a luxury. It is said that one soldier in every four wears a wristlet watch, and the other three mean to get one as soon as they can." By the end of the War, almost all enlisted men wore a wristwatch, and after they were demobilized, the fashion soon caught on – the British Horological Journal wrote in 1917 that "...the wristlet watch was little used by the sterner sex before the war, but now is seen on the wrist of nearly every man in uniform and of many men in civilian attire." By 1930, the ratio of wrist- to pocketwatches was 50 to 1. The first successful self-winding system was invented by John Harwood in 1923.

In 1961, the first wristwatch traveled to space on the wrist of Yuri Gagarin on Vostok 1.

Electric watch

The first generation of electric-powered watches came out during the 1950s. These kept time with a balance wheel powered by a solenoid, or in a few advanced watches that foreshadowed the quartz watch, by a steel tuning fork vibrating at 360 Hz, powered by a solenoid driven by a transistor oscillator circuit. The hands were still moved mechanically by a wheel train. In mechanical watches the self winding mechanism, shockproof balance pivots, and break resistant 'white metal' mainsprings became standard. The jewel craze caused 'jewel inflation' and watches with up to 100 jewels were produced.

Quartz watch

In 1959, Seiko placed an order with Epson (a daughter company of Seiko and the 'brain' behind the quartz revolution) to start developing a quartz wristwatch. The project was codenamed 59A. By the 1964 Tokyo Summer Olympics, Seiko had a working prototype of a portable quartz watch which was used as the time measurements throughout the event.

The first quartz watch to enter production was the Seiko 35 SQ Astron, which hit the shelves on 25 December 1969, which was the world's most accurate wristwatch to date.
Since the technology having been developed by contributions from Japanese, American and Swiss, nobody could patent the whole movement of the quartz wristwatch, thus allowing other manufacturers to participate in the rapid growth and development of the quartz watch market, This ended — in less than a decade — almost 100 years of dominance by the mechanical wristwatch legacy.

The introduction of the quartz watch in 1969 was a revolutionary improvement in watch technology. In place of a balance wheel which oscillated at 5 beats per second, it used a quartz crystal resonator which vibrated at 8,192 Hz, driven by a battery-powered oscillator circuit. In place of a wheel train to add up the beats into seconds, minutes, and hours, it used digital counters. The higher Q factor of the resonator, along with quartz's low temperature coefficient, resulted in better accuracy than the best mechanical watches, while the elimination of all moving parts made the watch more shock-resistant and eliminated the need for periodic cleaning. The first digital electronic watch with an LED display was developed in 1970 by Pulsar. In 1974 the Omega Marine Chronometer was introduced, the first wrist watch to hold Marine Chronometer certification, and accurate to 12 seconds per year.

Accuracy increased with the frequency of the crystal used, but so did power consumption. So the first generation watches had low frequencies of a few kilohertz, limiting their accuracy. The power saving use of CMOS logic and LCDs in the second generation increased battery life and allowed the crystal frequency to be increased to 32,768 Hz resulting in accuracy of 5–10 seconds per month. By the 1980s, quartz watches had taken over most of the watch market from the mechanical watch industry.  This upheaval, which saw the majority of watch manufacturing move to the Far East, is referred to in the industry as the "quartz crisis".

In 2010, Miyota (Citizen Watch) of Japan introduced a newly developed movement that uses a new type of quartz crystal with ultra-high frequency (262.144 kHz) which is claimed to be accurate to +/- 10 seconds a year, and has a smooth sweeping second hand rather than one that jumps.

In 2019, Citizen Watch advanced the accuracy of a quartz watch to +/- 1 second a year.  The improved accuracy was achieved by using an AT-cut crystal which oscillates at 8.4 MHz (8,388,608 Hz). The watch maintains its greater accuracy by continuously monitoring and adjusting for frequency and temperature shifts once every minute.

Radio-controlled wristwatch
In 1990, Junghans offered the first radio-controlled wristwatch, the MEGA 1. In this type, the watch's quartz oscillator is set to the correct time daily by coded radio time signals broadcast by government-operated time stations such as JJY, MSF, RBU, DCF77, and WWVB, received by a radio receiver in the watch. This allows the watch to have the same long-term accuracy as the atomic clocks which control the time signals. Recent models are capable of receiving synchronization signals from various time stations worldwide.

Atomic wristwatch
In 2013 Bathys Hawaii introduced their Cesium 133 Atomic Watch the first watch to keep time with an internal atomic clock.  Unlike the radio watches described above, which achieve atomic clock accuracy with quartz clock circuits which are corrected by radio time signals received from government atomic clocks, this watch contains a tiny cesium atomic clock on a chip. It is reported to keep time to an accuracy of one second in 1000 years.

The watch is based on a chip developed by the breakthrough Chip Scale Atomic Clock (CSAC) program of the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) which was initiated in 2001, and produced the first prototype atomic clock chip in 2005.   Symmetricom began manufacturing the chips in 2011.  Like other cesium clocks the watch keeps time with an ultraprecise 9.192631770 GHz microwave signal produced by electron transitions between two hyperfine energy levels in atoms of cesium, which is divided down by digital counters to give a 1 Hz clock signal to drive the hands.  On the chip, liquid metal cesium in a tiny capsule is heated to vaporize the cesium. A laser shines a beam of infrared light modulated by a microwave oscillator through the capsule onto a photodetector.  When the oscillator is at the precise frequency of the transition, the cesium atoms absorb the light, reducing the output of the photodetector.  The output of the photodetector is used as feedback in a phase locked loop circuit to keep the oscillator at the correct frequency.  The breakthrough that allowed a rack-sized cesium clock to be shrunk small enough to fit on a chip was a technique called coherent population trapping, which eliminated the need for a bulky microwave cavity.

The watch was designed by John Patterson, head of Bathys, who read about the chip and decided to design a watch around it, financed by a Kickstarter campaign. Due to the large 1½ inch chip the watch is large and rectangular.  It must be recharged every 30 hours.

Smartwatch

A smartwatch is a computer worn on the wrist, a wireless digital device that may have the capabilities of a cellphone, portable music player, or a personal digital assistant.  By the early 2010s some had the general capabilities of a smartphone, having a processor with a mobile operating system capable of running a variety of mobile apps.

The first smartwatch was the Linux Watch, developed in 1998 by Steve Mann which he presented on February 7, 2000. Seiko launched the Ruputer in Japan- it was a wristwatch computer and it had a 3.6  MHz processor. In 1999, Samsung launched the world's first watch phone. It was named the SPH-WP10. It had a built-in speaker and mic, a protruding antenna and a monochrome LCD screen and 90 minutes of talk time. IBM made a prototype of a wristwatch that was running the Linux operating system. The first version had 6 hours battery life and it got extended to 12 in its more advanced version. It was improved by IBM with an accelerometer, a vibrating mechanism and a fingerprint sensor. IBM joined with Citizen Watch Co. to create the WatchPad. It featured a 320x240 QVGA monochrome touch-sensitive display and it ran Linux version 2.4. It displayed calendar software, Bluetooth, 8 MB RAM, and 16 MB of flash memory. It was targeted at students and businessmen at a price of about $399. Fossil released the Wrist PDA, a watch that ran Palm OS and contained 8 MB of RAM and 4 MB of flash memory and featured an integrated stylus and a resolution of 160x160. It was criticized for its weight of 108 grams and was discontinued in 2005.

In early 2004, Microsoft released the SPOT smartwatch. The company demonstrated it working with coffee makers, weather stations and clocks with SPOT technology. The smartwatch had information like weather, news, stocks, and sports scores transmitted through FM waves. Customers had to buy a subscription to use it. Sony Ericsson launched the Sony Ericsson LiveView, a wearable watch device which is an external BT display for an Android Smartphone. Pebble was  an innovative smartwatch that raised 10.3 million dollars on Kickstarter between April 12 and May 18. This watch had a 32 millimeter 144x168 pixel black and white memory LCD manufactured by Sharp with a backlight, a vibrating motor, a magnetometer, an ambient light sensor, and a three-axis accelerometer. It can communicate with an Android or iOS device using both BT 2.1 and BT 4.0 using Stonestreet One's Bluetopia+MFI software stack. As of July 2013 companies that were making smartwatches or were involved in smartwatch developments are: Acer, Apple, BlackBerry, Foxconn, Google, LG, Microsoft, Qualcomm, Samsung, Sony, VESAG and Toshiba. Some notable ones from this list are HP, HTC, Lenovo and Nokia. Many smartwatches were released at CES 2014. The model featured a curved AMOLED display and a built-in 3G modem. On September 9, 2014, Apple Inc. announced its first smartwatch named the Apple Watch and released early 2015. Microsoft released Microsoft Band, a smart fitness tracker and their first watch since SPOT in early 2004. Top watches at CES 2017 were the Garmin Fenix 5 and the Casio WSD F20. Apple Watch Series 3 had built-in LTE allowing phone calls and messaging and data without a nearby phone connection. During a September 2018 keynote, Apple introduced an Apple Watch Series 4. It had a larger display and an EKG feature to detect abnormal heart function. Qualcomm released their Snapdragon 3100 chip the same month. It is a successor to the Wear 2100 with power efficiency and a separate low power core that can run basic watch functions as well as slightly more advanced functions such as step tracking.

See also
 Patek Philippe
 Breitling
 Fortis Uhren AG
 IWC
 Longines
 Raketa
 History of timekeeping devices
 Zeno-Watch Basel
 Horology

References

Further reading
 Thompson, David, The History of Watches, New York: Abbeville Press, 2008.

External links
 Functioning of a simple mechanical watch
 Pictures and overview of the earliest watches
 Peter Henlein: Pomander Watch Anno 1505
 First American Colonial Watch
  Best Garmin Watch For Mountain Biking
 Smartwatch Under 200

Watches
Watches

History of watches


The 2010 National Scout Jamboree was the 17th national Scout jamboree of the Boy Scouts of America and was held from July 26 to August 4, 2010 at Fort A.P. Hill, Virginia. The 2010 National Scout Jamboree celebrated the 100th anniversary of the Boy Scouts of America and was the last jamboree held at Fort A.P. Hill. With more than 50,000 in attendance, the 2010 National Scout Jamboree was the largest overall since 1973, and the largest at a single location since 1964. All subsequent jamborees have been held permanently at The Summit Bechtel Family National Scout Reserve, the Boy Scouts of America's fourth High Adventure base. This was also the first jamboree to include Venturing programs.

Subcamps
The jamboree was divided into 21 subcamps with each subcamp named after a person, place, or animal that best represented the geographic area the councils in that subcamp came from. For example, subcamp 9 was named after the mountain elk.

The Northeast Region occupied subcamps 1–5, the Western Region occupied subcamps 6–9, the Central Region occupied subcamps 10–14, and the Southern Region occupied subcamps 15–21.

Northeast
 Camp Freedom
 Camp Liberty
 Camp Niagara
 Camp Keystone
 Rough Riders

Western
 Great Basin Buffalo
 Pacific Northwest Moose
 Sierra Ram
 Mountain Elk

Central
 Honest Abe
 Lewis and Clark
 Popcorn
 Wright Brothers
 Heartland

Southern
 Gulf Coast
 Lone Star
 Colonial
 The Mountainmen
 Pit Crew
 Flight Crew
 Rough Necks

Activities
Many activities were available for the Scouts to visit, each giving out stamps for the participant handbooks (aside from the Mysterium Compass, for which Scouts earned a rocker patch).

Action Center Activities

There were four action centers around the camp, one for each region. Each action center had the same activities as all the others, though some things were done slightly differently at each one. For example, the rappelling tower at Action Center "C" included a "helicopter rappel" where participants descended from a rope in free space, instead of climbing down in front of a wall as usual. Each of the activities (except bouldering, which was an optional component of rappelling) awarded a stamp for successful completion.
 Action Alley, an obstacle course designed for teams.
 Air-Rifle Shooting, a ten-foot .22 rifle range.
 Archery.
 Buckskin Games, 19th century frontiersman activities.
 Bikathlon, similar to a biathlon except with bicycles replacing skis.
 Camp Thunder, a challenging skeet shooting range.
 Climbing.
 Confidence Course, equivalent to a Low-COPE facility.
 Motocross, a BMX course.
 Mountain Boarding.
 Pioneering, in which complex projects were exhibited.
 Rapelling Tower.
 Trapshooting, a one-station clay pigeon shotgun range.

Outback Centers

During the jamboree, many boating activities were located around Travis Lake. Because most of these were far from any other jamboree activities, they were called the "Outback Centers". Other activities dealing with nature or water were grouped with these.
 Canoe Slalom, in which Scouts were timed while navigating a course.
 Canoe Sprint, timed canoe racing.
 Conservation, a non-boating activity which was on the north end of Thomas Road. It dealt with conservation topics and had exhibits from many large companies and branches of government.
 Discover Scuba, another activity far from the rest of the outback centers. Scouts could try out scuba gear and play underwater games at the Thomas Road swimming pools.
 Dragon Boats, four canoes lashed together and rowed by 11 Scouts at a time.
 Fishing, a Thomas Road activity centered at Fishhook Lake. Scouts caught, cleaned, and cooked fish.
 Kayak Fun.
 Racing Shell Fun, including one- and two-man boats.
 Raft Encounter, in which Scouts built rafts and then raced them without using paddles.
 Snorkel Search, located at the Thomas Road swimming pools. Scouts looked for jamboree insignia in the water.

Activities

These were other miscellaneous activities located in various areas of the site.
 American Indian Village, a reenactment of Native American life and traditions. Located next to the Merit Badge Midway.
 Brownsea Island Camp, a reenactment of the first Scout camp in 1907. Located near Trading Post "A".
 disAbilities Awareness, an area for Scouts to learn about various disabilities. Located next to Trading Post "A".
 K2BSA, an amateur radio station where Scouts could talk to people around the world and get their amateur radio license. Located across from the Mysterium Compass near Trading Post "A".
 Merit Badge Midway, offering 120 merit badges, many of which could be earned in one day. Located near the south end of Thomas Road across from the arena.
 National Exhibits, located at near the south end of Thomas Road next to the arena.
 Technology Quest, with technology exhibits from many large organizations such as NASA, Rockwell Collins, and National Geographic. Located next to Trading Post "A".
 The Outdoor Adventure Place (TOAP).

The Mysterium Compass
The Order of the Arrow's show at this jamboree was called The Mysterium Compass. It was the successor of the "Twelve Cubed" show presented at the 2005 jamboree. Tickets were distributed to the troops, with an average of 18 tickets for each one, enough for half of the Scouts to attend. The tickets instructed the Scouts to attend in patrols of 9, and each were good for one showing. The show was presented every 20 minutes but lasted over an hour. Each presentation of the program had three groups of four patrols of 9 Scouts each, that is, 108 people. No-shows were filled in with Scouts from a standby line. After doubling the amount of money spent on the jamboree, The Mysterium Compass cost over $1,000,000 to produce and had a staff of just above 300. It was closed to anyone over 18. Participants who completed the show were given a medallion for their jamboree emblem patches.

Arena shows

The 2010 National Scout Jamboree featured two arena shows: one on July 28, and another one was held on July 31. Both arena shows featured Chief Scout Executive Bob Mazzuca. The first arena show featured several celebrities, including Sgt. Slaughter, Miss America Caressa Cameron, and Secretary of Defense Robert Gates. The main arena show featured Mike Rowe, host of Discovery Channel's Dirty Jobs, and musical performances by Alex Boyé, Honor Society and Switchfoot. The show ended with the largest fireworks display ever performed on a military base or at a national Scout jamboree. There was some controversy over President Obama not appearing, as he had chosen to pre-record his appearance on The View that day - instead leaving a video message congratulating the Boy Scouts of America on their centennial. (unconfirmed that taping the VIEW excluded him from the 10 day event.  please source.)

At the 2005 jamboree, there were problems with a water shortage during the first arena show. This was not repeated in the second show or in those at the 2010 jamboree. Cases of water bottles were distributed everywhere on the arena seating area, with large stacks at the sides, back, and along the roads to the arena. In total, approximate three-quarters of a million bottles of water were placed in the arena during the 2010 National Scout Jamboree - in order to more effectively combat the risk of dehydration. On the way back to their camps from the second arena show after dark, some participants without flashlights had trouble avoiding running into extra cases of water bottles as they lay on the ground and the roads. A few others carried cases back to their camps because the water in the bottles tasted better than that distributed in the water system.

Social networking

There was a focus on social networking at this jamboree which was entirely new. Generally, Scouts are instructed to leave their electronics at home when on camping trips, but this event was an exception. AT&T, one of the corporate sponsors, provided excellent cell phone coverage and a Wi-Fi network which spanned the entire site. This effected "a better signal in [the jamboree site] than in most residential areas." AT&T also provided netbooks and cell phones for use by the Scouts in their Connection Centers, located throughout the site. There were also secure device charging lockers next to each connection center where phones or other devices could be recharged, although this set-up became controversial after Scouts began keeping the keys to the lockers in order to have a personal charging station. The jamboree trading posts sponsored competitions for videos and pictures submitted by participants. Staff members and signs placed around the site encouraged Scouts to tell about their experiences on various social websites. This allowed parents, siblings, and friends at home to get in on the action and see what was happening. Overall, the event was covered extensively on the internet as well as in local and national news.

Deaths
A staff member was found dead in his bed on August 3, 2010; the cause of the death was cardiac dysrhythmia.

References

2010 in Virginia
2010
July 2010 events in the United States
August 2010 events in the United States

2010 National Scout Jamboree


San Matéo is a Bolivian river in the Cochabamba Department, Tiraque Province and in the Chapare Province, Villa Tunari Municipality. It belongs to the Amazon River watershed.

San Matéo River flows to Villa Tunari in a northeasterly direction. Shortly before reaching the town it receives waters from its most important tributary, the Ivirizu River, which comes from the south. In the east of Villa Tunari San Matéo River meets Espíritu Santo River coming from the west. From the point of the confluence the river is known as Chapare River.

References

 lib.utexas.edu Detailed map of the area

External links

Rivers of Cochabamba Department

San Matéo River


"6 Years of Boney M. Hits (Boney M. on 45)" is a greatest hits medley by Boney M., inspired by the success of the hit medleys by Stars on 45. Originally released on the B-side of the band's 1981 Christmas single "Little Drummer Boy", the single was flipped over in January 1982 with the medley as an A-side. While failing to chart in Germany, the medley reached #6 in the Spanish charts and was also an A-side release in France and Japan. The 12" version featured a faded version on the German pressing and an unfaded version on the French pressing, while the UK version (included on the B-side of their UK top 40 hit "We Kill the World") was extended with their Christmas chart-topper "Mary's Boy Child – Oh My Lord".

Track listing
+ indicates inclusion in 12" version only

"Let It All Be Music" (W. S. van Vugt) +
"Daddy Cool" (Farian, Reyam)
"Ma Baker" (Farian, Reyam, Jay)
"Belfast" (Drafi Deutscher, Menke, Billsbury)
"Gotta Go Home" (Farian, Huth, Huth, Jay)
"Love for Sale" (Porter) +
"Painter Man" (Pickett, Phillips) +
"Rasputin" (Farian, Reyam, Jay) +
"Brown Girl in the Ring" (Farian)
"Oceans of Fantasy" (Dietmar Kawohl, Didi Zill, Fred Jay) +
"Hooray! Hooray! It's a Holi-Holiday" (Farian, Jay)
"The Calendar Song (January, February, March)" (Farian)
"Dancing in the Streets" (Farian) +
"Bye Bye Bluebird" (Farian, Reyam, Jay) +
"Baby Do You Wanna Bump" (Zambi)
"Rivers of Babylon" (Farian, Reyam, Dowe, McNaughton)
"Sunny" (Bobby Hebb)
"Nightflight to Venus" (Farian, Kawohl, Jay) +
"Mary's Boy Child / Oh My Lord" (Jester Hairston, Lorin, Farian, Jay) - UK 12" version only

Releases
7" singles
"6 Years of Boney M. Hits" / "Little Drummer Boy" (Hansa 103 777-100, Germany)
"6 Years of Boney M. Hits" (1-sided record) (Hansa 103 953-000, Promo-only, Germany)
"6 Years of Boney M. Hits" / "Rivers of Babylon" (Ariola B-103 782, Spain)
"6 Years of Boney M. Hits" / "Sad Movies" (Atlantic P-1627, Japan)
"6 Years of Boney M. Hits" / "Bye Bye Bluebird" - 4:17 (France)
"Boney M. On 45" / "Strange" - 3:28 (Greece)

12" singles
 "We Kill the World (Don't Kill the World)" - 6:32 / "6 Years of Boney M. Hits" - 13:26 (Atlantic K11689T, UK)
"6 Years of Boney M. Hits" - 11:13 / "Little Drummer Boy" (Hansa 600 479-213, Germany)
"6 Years of Boney M. Hits" - 11:13 / "Rivers of Babylon" (Ariola B-600 539, Spain)
"6 Years of Boney M. Hits" (unfaded) - 11:15 / "Bye Bye Bluebird" (edit) - 4:17 (Carrere, 8.153, France)

Sources
Rate Your Music entry
Fantastic Boney M.

1982 singles
Boney M. songs
Hansa Records singles

6 Years of Boney M. Hits


The Young Poisoner's Handbook is a 1995 black comedy-drama film based on the life of Graham Young, more commonly known as "The Teacup Murderer". It was directed by Benjamin Ross and written by Ross and Jeff Rawle. The film stars Hugh O'Conor in the lead role.

Plot
Graham Young has been obsessed with death and the macabre since childhood. He is highly intelligent, with an aptitude for chemistry. He also dreams of poisoning as many people as he can. In his teen years, he poisons a schoolmate—making him ill rather than killing him—in order to date a girl his schoolmate was seeing. His conversation with his date involves vivid, graphic descriptions of deadly car accidents. He also reads a comic book account of an event in which the Dutch Resistance killed a whole German army camp in the occupied Netherlands during the Second World War by poisoning their water supply with thallium.

Graham is arrested at the age of 14 outside his home in Neasden after poisoning his father and stepmother with thallium, killing his stepmother and leaving his father seriously ill. During the struggle with police, he drops his "Exit Dose" of thallium, which he intended to use to commit suicide should he be caught. He is hospitalised for nine years in an institution for the criminally insane, during which time a psychiatrist works with him in the hopes of rehabilitating him.

Graham's dishonesty becomes evident to the doctor, who can see that Graham is trying to deceive him. Graham apparently has no dreams to share with the psychiatrist so he "borrows" a fellow prisoner's dreams. This source is shut off to him, however, once the fellow prisoner commits suicide. Despite the initial evidence of Graham's deceitfulness, the doctor eventually gets him released.

Graham then goes to work in a camera factory and is shown the secret ingredient used in the company's shutter system—thallium. It is not long before Graham starts poisoning people again. He kills two of his workmates by poisoning their tea with thallium stolen from the laboratory, and makes many others ill. For months, the source of the "bug" afflicting the workers at the factory remains a mystery until one unforeseen event leads to Graham's being found out. As a hygiene measure, all the personalised teacups are replaced with uniform ones, leaving Graham unable to poison people selectively. His efforts to memorise which cup is going to which person give him away and his workmates finally realise what is going on.

Graham is arrested soon afterwards and he is later sentenced to a lengthy custodial term, this time in an ordinary prison. He commits suicide by poisoning himself with the "Newton's Diamond" he made in the psychiatric hospital.

Cast

Hugh O'Conor as Graham Young
Tobias Arnold as Young Graham
Ruth Sheen as Molly
Roger Lloyd-Pack as Fred
Norman Caro as Mr. Goez
Dorothea Alexander as Mrs. Goez
Charlotte Coleman as Winnie
Paul Stacey as Dennis
Samantha Edmonds as Sue
Robert Dem as Mr. Dextereger
Jack Deam as Mick
Peter Pacey as Dickie Boone
Joost Siedhoff as Dr. Scott
Vilma Hollingbery as Aunty Panty
Frank Mills as Uncle Jack
Rupert Farley as Nurse Trent
Dirk Robertson as Nurse Hopwood
Chris Lawson as Prison Officer
Malcolm Sinclair as Dr. Triefus
Charlie Creed-Miles as Berridge
Antony Sher as Dr. Zeigler
Cate Fowler as Social Services Worker
John Abbott as Chair
Anna and Katja Kollenda as Baby Donna
Hazel Douglas as Edna
Arthur Cox as Ray
John Thomson as Nathan
Jean Warren as Debra
Simon Kunz as John
Tim Potter as Simon

Reception
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, The Young Poisoner's Handbook has an approval rating of 87% based on 15 reviews.

Roger Ebert awarded the film 3 and ½ stars out of four and praised O'Conor's performance. He wrote, "Benjamin Ross, who directed and co-wrote with Jeff Rawle, somehow finds the right tone for this material; the events in the movie are dismaying, but the effect is darkly comic. Not long ago...I observed that anything can be made funny, 'but humor depends on tone, timing and even on taste, and when a comedy starts on the wrong foot, it is hard to regain balance'...The Young Poisoner's Handbook is both funny and creepy, like an accident that is tragic and absurd at the same time (I am reminded of the famous Second City sketch in which mourners at a funeral discover that their friend drowned in a large can of pork and beans)."

References

External links

1995 films
1995 comedy films
1990s crime films
1995 black comedy films
British black comedy films
British serial killer films
English-language French films
English-language German films
French black comedy films
French serial killer films
German black comedy films
German serial killer films
Films set in psychiatric hospitals
1990s English-language films
1990s British films
1990s French films
1990s German films

The Young Poisoner's Handbook


Jeffrey Braden Francoeur (; born January 8, 1984), nicknamed "Frenchy", is an American former professional baseball right fielder, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Atlanta Braves, New York Mets, Texas Rangers, Kansas City Royals, San Francisco Giants, San Diego Padres, Philadelphia Phillies, and Miami Marlins. When his playing days ended, he became a broadcaster; Francoeur is currently the lead television analyst for Atlanta Braves games.

A mid-season call-up for the Braves in 2005, he played in slightly fewer than half of his team's games that year and finished the season with impressive enough statistics to finish third in Rookie of the Year voting and a Sports Illustrated cover story declaring him "The Natural".  While he never again had similarly strong statistics, he continued to have a productive career, playing for 11 more seasons as a journeyman outfielder for seven more teams before retiring after a short stint with the Marlins in 2016.  Throughout his career, Francoeur was noted for his strong throwing arm in the outfield and his free-swinging tendencies in the batter's box. He won a Gold Glove Award in .

High School
Francouer graduated from Parkview High School in Lilburn, Georgia in 2002.  He lettered in both baseball and football.  He led Parkview to the Georgia 5A high school football championships in 2000 and 2001 as a wide receiver and defensive back. Francoeur was offered a scholarship to play wide receiver for the Clemson Tigers, before turning that down and getting drafted in the first round (23rd overall) of the 2002 MLB draft. He also led Parkview to two state titles in baseball in 2001 and 2002. Francoeur was inducted with the inaugural class of the Georgia High School Football Hall of Fame in October 2022.

Minor league career
Francoeur was selected by the Braves in the first round of the June 2002 MLB draft. A 4-star defensive back committed to Clemson, he chose to forego college to play baseball. After the draft, Francoeur was assigned to the team's advanced Rookie League club in Danville, Virginia, where he played 38 games and hit .327 with 8 home runs and 31 RBIs. Francoeur advanced steadily through the Braves minor league system, playing for Rome (Low A) in 2003, Myrtle Beach (High A) and Greenville (former AA) in 2004, and Mississippi (AA) in 2005.

Francoeur was a member of the Rome Braves inaugural season team which went on to win the 2003 South Atlantic League Championship.  He led that team in home runs with 14.

In 2004, Francoeur was named the top prospect in the Braves organization by Baseball America.  He was a member of the Carolina League regular season and postseason All-Star team. In 2005, he was selected to play in the All-Star Futures Game before getting called up by Atlanta.

In March 2014, after he was released by the Cleveland Indians, Francoeur signed with the San Diego Padres and was sent to the El Paso Chihuahuas in Triple A. Francoeur's new teammates played an elaborate month-long prank on him by convincing him that pitcher Jorge Reyes was deaf. Reyes cooperated with the prank, maintaining the appearance of being deaf by not speaking or listening to music. Chihuahuas first baseman/outfielder Cody Decker made a short film about the prank.

Major league career

Atlanta Braves
Francoeur was promoted by Atlanta on July 6, 2005. He was part of a group of rookie players, nicknamed the "Baby Braves", that Atlanta called up from its minor league system during the 2005 season.

Francoeur made his MLB debut the following day when he started in right field against the Chicago Cubs in the second game of a double header. In the bottom of the eighth inning he hit a 3-run homer to center field, his first Major League hit. Francoeur is famous for his promise at the very beginning of his career: he made the cover of the edition of August 26, 2005 of Sports Illustrated, who dubbed him "The Natural" after he hit .360 with a 1.067 OPS in his first 37 games. Francoeur finished the season batting .300/.336/.549 in 67 games, with 14 home runs, and 44 RBIs. During his rookie season he garnered a reputation as a free swinging fastball hitter, with his first walk not coming until his 128th plate appearance. On defense, Francoeur became known for having a strong and accurate arm, finishing the season with 13 outfield assists (third overall in MLB) despite playing less than half the season. He finished third in the National League Rookie of the Year voting while garnering the most second place votes.

Francoeur hit .260 with 29 homers and 103 RBIs in his first full season in the majors. He also became just the fourth Brave to play in all 162 games of a season, joining Félix Millán, Dale Murphy, and Andruw Jones. Francoeur was ejected for the first time in his career on July 16, 2006.  On May 13, 2006, Francoeur hit a walk-off grand slam off Chad Cordero of the Washington Nationals, the first walk-off home run and grand slam of his career.

In his second full season in 2007, Francoeur batted .293, with 19 homers, and 105 RBIs. Francoeur also displayed talent on the defensive side of the field, leading the league in outfield assists with 19 while earning his first career Gold Glove. Francoeur played in all 162 games for the second consecutive season.  He was ejected for the second time in his career on July 16, 2007, exactly one year to the day of his first ejection.

On April 12, 2008, Francoeur went 3 for 5 against the Washington Nationals including two home runs and a career high seven RBIs. He compiled a streak of 370 consecutive games played before sitting out the second game of a doubleheader, on May 20, 2008. On May 22, 2008, Francoeur went 3 for 4 against the New York Mets with an RBI triple, an RBI single, and a two-run home run, finishing a double short of a cycle.

After weeks of being mired in the worst slump of his career, Braves management optioned Francoeur to Double-A Mississippi on July 4, 2008, to work with his old hitting coach Phillip Wellman and refine his swing away from the pressurized major league setting. Francoeur had posted a line of .234/.287/.374 to that point of the season. Francoeur was recalled on July 7, 2008, after only three days in the minors because of the rash of injuries suffered by the Braves, over the holiday weekend. His slump continued after his return to the majors; Francoeur posted a .234/.300/.324 line through September 10.

New York Mets
On July 10, 2009, Francoeur was traded to the New York Mets for outfielder Ryan Church.

Francoeur made his Mets debut on July 11, 2009, and notched two RBIs in his first at bat. He finished the day going 2–4 with two RBIs, a strikeout, and was caught stealing once. On July 20, Francoeur hit his first home run as a Met off Washington Nationals pitcher Logan Kensing, during the ninth inning of that game.

On August 23, 2009, Francoeur became the second player in major league history (after Homer Summa in 1927) to hit into a game-ending unassisted triple play. He hit a line drive directly to Eric Bruntlett, second baseman for the Philadelphia Phillies. Francoeur re-signed with the Mets for 2010.

After being the Mets' starting right fielder for the first half of the 2010 season, Francoeur was replaced by Ángel Pagán to make room for the return of Carlos Beltrán in the second half.

Texas Rangers
On August 31, 2010, Francoeur was traded by the Mets to the Texas Rangers for infielder Joaquín Árias. Francoeur was utilized primarily for defensive purposes on the 2010 AL Champions.

Kansas City Royals

On December 8, 2010, Francoeur signed a one-year deal with the Kansas City Royals worth $2.5 million which included a mutual option for the 2012 season.

On August 18, 2011, Francoeur agreed to a two-year extension with the Royals worth $13.5 million. He was designated for assignment on June 30, 2013 after hitting .208/.249/.322 in 59 games with the Royals.

San Francisco Giants
Francoeur was signed to a minor league contract by the Giants, on July 9, 2013. On July 13, his contract was purchased from the Fresno Grizzlies. Francoeur was designated for assignment on August 20, and released on August 22. In 22 games for the Giants, he recorded 12 hits, 4 RBIs, batting only .194.

Cleveland Indians
Francoeur signed a minor league deal with the Cleveland Indians on January 6, 2014. The organization released Francoeur on March 22, 2014.

San Diego Padres
Francoeur signed a minor league deal with the San Diego Padres, on March 26, 2014. He was assigned to the Triple-A El Paso Chihuahuas and hit the first home run in team history on April 3, 2014. They considered converting him into a pitcher, and he spent part of his time in the minors pitching. However, they decided to keep him as an outfielder in the end. He was called up and was in the starting lineup on July 23. On August 11, Francoeur was designated for assignment. He cleared waivers and was outrighted back to the Chihuahuas. Francoeur elected free agency in October 2014.

Philadelphia Phillies
On November 13, 2014, Francoeur signed a minor league contract with the Philadelphia Phillies.
On June 16, 2015, Francoeur was used as a relief pitcher in a 19–3 loss to the Baltimore Orioles, throwing the only scoreless inning of the game. However, he surrendered two runs in the next inning. In July, he began to have success both off the bench and in the starting lineup, including a stretch during which he hit three home runs in eight games. Although he expressed a desire to remain with the Phillies through the 2015 season and perhaps even beyond, his play indicated he might be moved near the trading deadline to bolster a contending team's outfield. However, he was not moved at the trade deadline. Ultimately, he finished the season with a .258 batting average, 13 home runs, and 45 RBIs.

Return to Atlanta
On February 22, 2016, Francoeur agreed to a minor-league deal with the Braves, with an invitation to spring training. On March 29, the Braves purchased Francoeur's contract.

Miami Marlins
Francoeur was traded to the Miami Marlins on August 24, 2016, in a three-team deal that included the Texas Rangers. The Braves got minor league utility player Dylan Moore from the Rangers and minor league catcher Matt Foley from the Marlins.

Broadcasting
On May 12, 2017, it was announced that Francoeur would become a color analyst for select Atlanta Braves baseball games broadcast on Fox Sports South and Fox Sports Southeast.  On November 29, 2018, the Braves announced that Jeff Francoeur would replace Joe Simpson as their lead television analyst. In September 2019, it was announced that he had been hired by TBS to work as an analyst for the network's NL Wild Card Game, NLDS (Washington vs. Los Angeles alongside Ernie Johnson Jr.) and National League Championship Series (NLCS) alongside Brian Anderson and Ron Darling. He repeated this role in 2020 for American League playoff games, as TBS had the AL contract that year.

International career
Along with former Braves teammate Chipper Jones, Francoeur played on the USA team in the first ever World Baseball Classic, in March 2006. In six at bats, he hit a double, and scored one run.

Personal life
Francoeur comes from a family of teachers. His parents, David and Karen, are both retired teachers. Francoeur's father, who is of French-Canadian heritage, is from Springfield, Massachusetts; his mother is from Green Bay, Wisconsin. His sister Heather (Francoeur) Karvis used to teach English and co-coached the girls' basketball team at St. Pius X Catholic High School in Atlanta with Josh Geffner. She now teaches and coaches the varsity girls basketball team at The Westminster Schools in Atlanta. His brother David Francoeur, Jr. teaches special education at Parkview High School in Lilburn, Georgia. In 2007, on SportSouth the "Big Braves Summer" promos, Francoeur revealed that his profession of choice (were he not a baseball player) would be coaching high school football.

While in third grade, he met his future wife, Catie McCoy. They started dating as seniors in high school, and married on November 3, 2007. Francoeur lived with teammate Brian McCann in Lawrenceville, Georgia for their first two years in the majors, and he had his own fan club at Turner Field called "Francoeur's Franks."

In 2007, Francoeur participated in a fundraiser for the Atlanta-based charity with his friend Carl Schuster Dream House for Medically Fragile Children in which Delta Air Lines donated the value of 25,000 SkyMiles (frequent flyer miles) for each home run hit by Francoeur during the season.

Francoeur is a vocal and outspoken born-again Christian. On the strap of his left batting glove, Francoeur has the phrase "" written, referencing the Bible verse.

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
2006 World Baseball Classic players
American people of French-Canadian descent
Atlanta Braves announcers
Atlanta Braves players
Baseball players from Atlanta
Christians from Georgia (U.S. state)
Danville Braves players
El Paso Chihuahuas players
Fresno Grizzlies players
Gold Glove Award winners
Grand Canyon Rafters players
Greenville Braves players
Kansas City Royals players
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Major League Baseball right fielders
Miami Marlins players
Mississippi Braves players
Myrtle Beach Pelicans players
New York Mets players
Philadelphia Phillies players
Rome Braves players
San Diego Padres players
San Francisco Giants players
Texas Rangers players
World Baseball Classic players of the United States

Jeff Francoeur


Louis Antonelli (born July 28, 1962 in Chicago, Illinois) is a filmmaker and poet.

Biography
Louis Antonelli's professional career began in 1980, with the theatrical release of his short film, "The Game". His feature film debut was in 1994 with, "Last Day in Chicago". His films have been official selections at film festivals including, The Chicago International Film Festival (1992, 1993(2), 1994(2), 2008) WorldFEST Houston (1993) The San Francisco Film Festival (1992) The Berlin Film Festival (1992) The Venice Film Festival (1991) and the Cannes Film Festival (1995)
Louis Antonelli has won industry honors, including The Chicago International Film Festival (1992, 1993, 1994 x 2, 1995, 2008) MarCom Creative Award (2005)  The Videography Awards (2005, 2006, 2007, 2008) and two Silver TELLY Awards (1992, 2005) Louis Antonelli is a two time EMMY nominee (1993, 1997.) His most recent studio release was with Universal Pictures/UMe and Paul Stanley. Their feature, One Live KISS, debuted in 2008 and was awarded a Gold Classic TELLY award in 2009. Louis Antonelli's poetry has been published exclusively by VIA, Voices in Italian America beginning in 1990. His written works have been awarded POET/1990 by World Poetry, San Francisco, Ca. (1990) and Outstanding Writer of America; National Library, LOC. (1994)

Louis Antonelli, in association with Ida Lupino, The Estate of Ida Lupino, Mary Ann Anderson, The Library of Congress, and The Roan Group restored (with Ida Lupino's approval and consent) Ms. Lupino's film, "The Hitch-Hiker" (1953). The restoration took place in Washington, D.C., Alexandria, Virginia, Chicago, Illinois, and Hollywood, California, beginning 1994, and completed late 1996. The film was first reissued in its restored version internationally in 1997. In 1998 the film was inducted into The National Film Registry as, "culturally and historically significant" for permanent archival preservation, joining such motion pictures previously inducted into the registry such as, "Citizen Kane" (1941), "Raging Bull" (1981), and "2001: A Space Odyessy" (1969).

References

 Carlson, D.P., (2004) Chicago Filmmakers on the Chicago River. Film-Foetus, Inc.
 Anderson, Mary Ann (2013) The Making of The Hitch-Hiker Illustrated. Bear Manor Media. pp. 22–23, 31, 38, 61–63, 66, 69. .
 Lupino, Ida, with Anderson, Mary Ann (2011) Ida Lupino Beyond the Camera. Bear Manor Media. pp. 32–33, 49, 107, 116, 138,

Further reading
 Pogorzelski, Daniel; Maloof, John (2008-06-30). Portage Park. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 51–. .
 Antonelli, Louis (1991,1993) VIA Voices in Italian Americana. Bordighera Incorporated. pp. 103–105, 113–115, 176.
 Carlson, D.P., (2004) Chicago Filmmakers on the Chicago River. Film-Foetus, Inc.
 Anderson, Mary Ann (2013) The Making of The Hitch-Hiker Illustrated. Bear Manor Media. pp. 22–23, 31, 38, 61–63, 66, 69. .
 Lupino, Ida, with Anderson, Mary Ann (2011) Ida Lupino Beyond the Camera. Bear Manor Media. pp. 32–33, 49, 107, 116, 138, 141. .

Further viewing
 Antonelli, Louis, Stanley Paul (2008) One Live KISS Universal Pictures, UMe, New Door.

Antonelli, Louis, (2018) Fifty Eight Veils to Obscure Who She is, and Her Tears. The Filmakers/2 TM.
https://vimeo.com/278841325

Antonelli, Louis, (2017) Secrets From a Brief Ecstasy. Quadrama Film, LLC.
https://vimeo.com/278838441

Antonelli, Louis, (1994) The Wizard of Austin Boulevard. Grand Cinema Ltd.
https://vimeo.com/114021751

Antonelli, Louis, (1994) Last Day in Chicago. Grand Cinema Ltd,
https://vimeo.com/114045113
https://vimeo.com/114115127

Antonelli, Louis, (1990) A Place For Us. Antonelli Film Ltd.
https://vimeo.com/114634903
https://vimeo.com/114147695

Antonelli, Louis, (1992) it takes a lot of light to make a city. Grand Cinema Ltd.
https://vimeo.com/114636323

Antonelli, Louis, (1990) In the Shadows. Egg Production, Inc.
https://vimeo.com/157392388

Antonelli, Louis, (1991) Time Was.
Grand Cinema, Ltd.
https://vimeo.com/114741385

Antonelli, Louis, (1991) Susie's Windows. Antonelli Film Ltd.
https://vimeo.com/114736985

Antonelli, Louis, Hoge, Jeffrey (1993) Sour Angelica. Hannibal Harbinger, LCC.
https://vimeo.com/114645434

Antonelli, Louis, (1982) Midnight Movie. Green Core Inc.
https://vimeo.com/115271253

Antonelli, Louis, (1981) The Game.
Antonelli Film Ltd.
https://vimeo.com/114851883

Antonelli, Louis, (2008) One Live KISS. Universal Pictures, UMe, New Door, Quadrama/FILM, Paul Stanley Music, Ltd.http://vimeo.com/115515123http://vimeo.com/115260084 https://vimeo.com/115263907

External links

 http://www.Louisantonelli.com
https://vimeo.com/user35321805/videos

1962 births
Poets from Chicago
Film directors from Illinois
Film producers from Illinois
American male screenwriters
American cinematographers
American photographers
Living people
American male poets
Screenwriters from Illinois
21st-century American poets
21st-century American screenwriters
21st-century American male writers

Louis Antonelli


The Rock is a boulder on the campus of Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, United States, located in between University Hall and Harris Hall. It serves as a billboard for campus groups and events, and has been painted with different colors and messages over the years.

History

The Rock, a purple-and-white quartzite boulder, was transplanted from Devil's Lake, Wisconsin, as a gift of the class of 1902. That graduating class liked the idea of running water on campus "in some form or another" and rigged the Rock to make a fountain on the south end of campus. The original plumbing was later refitted into a water fountain.

Over time, vandalism of the Rock gradually increased, particularly during the Vietnam War. With the first painting of the rock in the 1940s, it became a canvas for student art, opinions, advertising, messages, proposals, and jokes. By tradition, students who wish to paint something on the Rock often guard it from sunrise until the early morning hours before painting.

The Rock is no longer one solid piece of quartzite. In 1989 the Rock was moved about 20 feet to accommodate new landscaping, and the work crew moving the Rock dropped it, splitting it up one side and crumbling part of the base. Scientists at McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science provided an epoxy to patch the Rock together again.

In popular culture
Author Bob Wood discusses The Rock in the Northwestern chapter of his 1989 book Big Ten Country.

External links
Webcam of The Rock
Blog about The Rock updated daily with pictures
The Rock, Northwestern University Archives, Evanston, Illinois
https://findingaids.library.northwestern.edu/repositories/6/resources/1159

Northwestern University
Landmarks in Chicago
Stones

The Rock (Northwestern University)


Javier Colon (stylized as Colón; born April 29, 1978) is an American acoustic singer-songwriter. He has referred to his style of music as being "acoustic soul." He was a member of EmcQ and The Derek Trucks Band, and worked with many musicians before going solo. From 2002 to 2006, he was signed to Capitol Records, known as artist Javier. In 2006, however, the contract was terminated and Javier Colon became an independent artist with his own label, Javier Colon Music. In 2011, He was the winner of season 1 of American talent competition show on NBC, The Voice, receiving $100,000 and signing a recording contract with Universal Republic Records. Colon eventually decided to part ways with Universal Republic in 2012.

Early life
Colon was born in Stratford, Connecticut, the son of a Dominican father and Puerto Rican mother. His father worked in a radio station. He went to Frank Scott Bunnell High School in Stratford, Connecticut, where he started writing songs. Then he pursued a degree in music education from the University of Hartford's Hartt School. While studying, Javier also performed as vocalist and percussionist in EmcQ, a soul/funk band led by lead guitarist Ian McHugh and mainly dedicated to the legacy of Stevie Wonder.

Music career
When EmcQ opened a show for the soul-jazz trio Soulive, the group's guitarist, Eric Krasno, was impressed by Javier's vocals and recommended him to his friend Derek Trucks, who he knew was looking for a lead vocalist for The Derek Trucks Band. Following his college graduation and a successful audition in July 2000, Javier joined the band in August 2000.

After touring with the band for nearly two years, Javier, then 24 years old, left the band in April 2002 to pursue a solo career, having been signed by Capitol Records. He went on to release two albums with Capitol Records, the first the self-titled Javier in 2003, and the second entitled Left of Center in 2006.

Since parting ways with Capitol Records, Javier has performed with such diverse acts as Joss Stone, Darius Rucker, the Indigo Girls, Stevie Nicks, Adam Levine, and Anthony Hamilton, and recorded an EP on his own label, Javier Colon Music. On stage, Javier's primary instruments are steel and nylon stringed acoustic guitars by Larrivée (guitar company) and Taylor Guitars. In 2009, he was featured as singer and songwriter for song, "October Sky", on Vanessa Williams's vocal album, The Real Thing.

Recordings
Javier (2003)
On August 5, 2003 – Javier released his debut, self-titled album on Capitol Records. His first single, entitled "Crazy", debuted at No. 95 on the Billboard Hot 100 and reached No. 42 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The second single, "Beautiful U R", did not have the same commercial success as his first release. The album reached No. 91 on the Billboard 200 albums chart and No. 18 on the R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart.  Javier consisted of mainly R&B songs, with a mixture of other genres such as jazz and funk, as well as a little influence of Javier's Latin roots. After the release, Javier's music style drew comparisons with the likes of Kenny Lattimore, Brian McKnight, and Babyface.  Pianist Mulgrew Miller and trumpeter Roy Hargrove performed on the final track, "October Sky", the only featured artists to appear on the album.

Left of Center (2006)
On March 7, 2006 – Three years after his self-titled debut, Javier released his second album  Left of Center. The album title was used to demonstrate that Javier was not like the rest of the present Contemporary R&B artists. Javier did keep to his main R&B/Neo-soul genre, but again mixed in other styles and genres. Three singles from album were released: "Indecent Proposal", "Dance for Me", and "The Answer is Yes". None of them had any major success, and the album only reached #37 on Billboard's R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. Like Javier, Left of Center had minimal artist features, namely just fellow R&B artist Anthony Hamilton who appeared on the song "Count On Me". Although the album was not successful commercially, multiple reviews praised Javier for his unique style and willingness to do his own thing.

The Truth-Acoustic – EP (2010)
On August 3, 2010 – This six-song EP entitled "The Truth" was released on Javier's own label. In the Album Notes for the EP at CD Baby, Javier is quoted as saying, "The Truth-Acoustic EP is part 1 of a larger project that I've been working on for over 3 years. I've taken a few songs that will be on my upcoming album Ok... Here's The Truth and recorded them acoustically for this EP."

The Voice (2011)

Starting April 26, 2011, Javier Colon appeared as a contestant on NBC's reality talent show The Voice. The show, produced by John de Mol and Mark Burnett, features a group of contestants competing for a $100,000 grand prize and a Universal Republic recording contract.

On the first show, Javier sang the Cyndi Lauper classic "Time After Time". All four judges, Adam Levine, Cee-Lo Green, Blake Shelton and Christina Aguilera, opted to take him as one of their finalists, with both Levine and Shelton giving him a standing ovation. He was the only contestant in blind auditions stage besides Jeff Jenkins to win all four judges. As judge Shelton was very late in hitting his "I Want You" button, despite urging by the other judges, show host Carson Daly jokingly said, "Oh Blake, you're an idiot!"

In comments, Cee Lo Green called him a "soul brother" and said "it was perfect". Levine added: "It was so perfect, it was so tasteful too.. I wanna win this (expletive), so I really need, really need for you to pick me..." Blake added: "I'm clearly over my head here... and I'm already a fan of yours already". Javier eventually chose Adam Levine as his coach/mentor.

On May 17, 2011, in the Battle Round (the Final 32), Javier's coach Adam Levine put him against Angela Wolff choosing that they both sing "Stand By Me", originally by Ben E. King. As a result, Levine picked him to continue in the show in the live shows, as part of the Final 16.

On June 14, 2011, Javier Colon sang Sarah McLachlan's song "Angel".

On June 21, 2011, Javier Colon sang Coldplay's "Fix You". The judges and the audience seemed to be thrilled that he took his signature hat off. Colon's coach, Adam Levine, said "You are the real deal. Competition or no, you have one of the best voices I've ever heard, ever!"

On June 22, 2011, Javier Colon advanced in the competition by accumulating the highest score on Team Adam. The highest score was determined by coach Adam Levine's score in combination with all America's votes. He beat out fellow team member Casey Weston to move on in the music competition.

On June 24, 2011, Javier Colon and the rest of The Voice "Final Four" contestants appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. During each commercial break each contestant sang a song that he or she had previously performed on The Voice. During one of the commercial breaks, Javier sang "Time After Time". At the end of the broadcast, The Voice "Final Four" joined in song and performed The Beatles song "Come Together".

On June 28, 2011, Javier Colon sang an original song titled "Stitch by Stitch". The song was produced by himself, his coach Adam Levine and Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins. Later in the show, Javier and his coach Adam Levine performed a cover together of "Man In the Mirror" by Michael Jackson.

On June 29, 2011, Javier Colon and Stevie Nicks performed "Landslide" together. At the end of the show, the voting results were announced. With more votes than any other contestant, Javier Colon won the first season of NBC's "The Voice", receiving $100,000 in cash and a Universal Republic recording contract.

Performances on The Voice

After The Voice

Javier Colon released his third album Come Through For You on Universal Republic Records on November 21, 2011. The debut single from the album is "As Long As We Got Love" and features Natasha Bedingfield. The album also includes "Stand Up", a song that features his mentor during The Voice, Adam Levine, and a song "Raise Your Hand", co-written by Season 8 American Idol Winner, Kris Allen.

A year after winning The Voice and being signed by Universal, Colon announced his departure from the record label through BuddyTV on June 7, 2012, stating the lack of support for his latest album Come Through for You, and his first after win, as the reason. In his statement he says: "I went into it with high hopes, as I believe everyone did. But when you pour your heart and soul into a new album that you think is really great, and your label who is supposed to support, market and promote your music does neither, it's really hard not to be upset. The truth is, we are all better off going our separate ways." Colon continues singing and looking for "a more mutually beneficial relationship".

In 2013, he launched the series Inside Voice, full title Inside Voice with Javier Colon, a weekly show broadcast on Back9Network that he co-hosts with Jenn Bosworth. In the show, they discuss the season 5 of The Voice.

In 2014, Concord Music Group announced the addition of Javier Colon to their list of artists. The label released his fourth album, Gravity in 2016.

Discography

Albums

Extended plays

Singles

Featured in

Filmography

Television

Tours
Supporting
The Voice Live on Tour (2011)

Opening
2011 Summer Tour (2011)
Hands All Over Tour (2012)
Overexposed Tour (2012)

Awards and nominations

References

External links
 Javier Colón official website
 Javier Biography at SoulTracks
 Javier Colon page on official NBC The Voice website

|-

Living people
21st-century American singers
Singers from Connecticut
University of Hartford Hartt School alumni
Capitol Records artists
Republic Records artists
American people of Dominican Republic descent
American people of Puerto Rican descent
American folk singers
American funk singers
American pop rock singers
The Voice (franchise) winners
Hispanic and Latino American musicians
American tenors
University of Hartford alumni
1978 births
American soul singers
Songwriters from New York (state)
Songwriters from Connecticut
People from Stratford, Connecticut
The Derek Trucks Band members
American contemporary R&B singers
21st-century American male singers
American male songwriters

Javier Colon


Satan's School for Girls is a 1973 American made-for-television horror film directed by David Lowell Rich, and produced by Aaron Spelling. The film has been named as one of the most memorable television movies of the 1970s.

Plot
A mysterious person seems to be chasing student Martha Sayers (Terry Lumley), who drives to her sister's lakeside house in Los Angeles. The same day, the police and Martha's sister Elizabeth (Pamela Franklin) find her hanged in the living room. The police rule her death as an unmotivated suicide, but Elizabeth refuses to believe this and investigates further. She decides to visit the exclusive academy that Martha attended, The Salem Academy for Women, despite warnings from Martha's roommate, Lucy Dembrow (Gwynne Gilford). Under the assumed name of Elizabeth Morgan, she enrolls at the college, where she is welcomed by her classmates Roberta Lockhart (Kate Jackson), Debbie Jones (Jamie Smith Jackson) and Jody Keller (Cheryl Ladd).

Elizabeth notes several strange occurrences, but postpones further investigation. Debbie has an outburst in class. The feared headmistress, Mrs. Jessica Williams (Jo Van Fleet), is worried about the influence of "the new girl". When Lucy commits suicide, Elizabeth resumes her investigation. She becomes intrigued with a painting of Martha in a dungeon-like room. Debbie, who painted it, is terrified of the painting and claims she invented the background, but Elizabeth finds an identical setting in a cellar on campus. When she is accosted by a man with a sharp weapon, Elizabeth flees.

The next night, Elizabeth returns to the cellar with Roberta, who is now suspicious as well. They locate a hidden room in which they find the dead body of Debbie, who earlier that evening had tried to leave the campus. Elizabeth suspects that Professor Delacroix (Lloyd Bochner) is responsible, considering his eccentric and mildly sadistic behavior. Elizabeth bursts into his office, finding him in a deranged state with a gun in his hand. He fears something supernatural is stalking him, and he jumps through the window. After running for some time, he ends up mired in a swamp, where he is beaten with sticks by several students including Jody.

Meanwhile, the otherwise popular Dr. Joseph Clampett (Roy Thinnes) reveals to Williams that he is responsible for all the murders. He orders the headmistress to evacuate the school. Elizabeth and Roberta are unaware of the evacuation. They discover the body of Delacroix, who has been brutally murdered. Elizabeth and Roberta turn to Williams for help, but she has gone insane.

When they are unsuccessful in calling the police, Elizabeth and Roberta go to the cellar to find a gun. Instead, they find Clampett leading a Satanic cult. His followers (including Jody) believe that he is Satan incarnate, and Roberta reveals herself as his loyal servant. Elizabeth is able to escape when she sets the school on fire, and she takes Williams with her. However, the other girls stay behind. The entire building is engulfed in flames. Clampett, who is actually supernatural, survives the fire and is shown outdoors, where he mysteriously disappears, leaving only a patch of charred grass where he stood.

Cast
 Pamela Franklin as Elizabeth Sayers/Elizabeth Morgan
 Kate Jackson as Roberta Lockhart
 Lloyd Bochner as Professor Delacroix
 Jamie Smith Jackson as Debbie Jones
 Roy Thinnes as Dr. Joseph Clampett
 Jo Van Fleet as Mrs. Jessica Williams
 Cheryl Ladd as Jody Keller
 Terry Lumley as Martha Sayers
 Gwynne Gilford as Lucy Dembrow

Remake
A remake with the same title was released in 2000 with Kate Jackson appearing again, this time as the headmistress.

See also
 List of American films of 1973

References

External links

1973 horror films
1973 television films
1973 films
1973 crime films
1970s mystery films
ABC Movie of the Week
American crime films
American mystery films
American supernatural horror films
Films about Satanism
Films directed by David Lowell Rich
Films produced by Aaron Spelling
Films scored by Laurence Rosenthal
Films set in schools
American horror television films
1970s supernatural horror films
Films about witchcraft
1970s American films

Satan's School for Girls (1973 film)


Jon Mirande (11 October 1925 – 28 December 1972) was a Basque writer, poet and translator who lived in Paris. Mirande exerted a great literary influence in the 1970s and 1980s, writing in Basque literary and cultural magazines as well as Breton ones. He wrote poetry and short stories in his youth, and essays and novels in his later years. Mirande was a nationalist and believed in the value of ethnicity, especially in the Basque language, but he was also pagan and laid claim to the values of paganism and of the ancient Basques.

Mirande managed to incorporate Basque poetry into the modern European poetry landscape through an aestheticism of symbolist characteristics indebted to Charles Baudelaire and Edgar Allan Poe. In his poetic works, Mirande covered topics never before dealt with by Basque poetry: prostitution, alcohol, pedophilic sex and so on.

Sources
 Altzibar, Xabier (2012). "The Essay in Basque" in Mari Jose Olaziregi (ed.), Basque Literary History, Reno, Center for Basque Studies/University of Nevada, pp. 276–77.
 Azurmendi, Joxe (1978). Mirande eta kristautasuna, GAK.
 Azurmendi, Joxe (1989). Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Spengler, Miranderen pentsamenduan, Susa.
 Azurmendi, Joxe (1989). Miranderen pentsamendua, Susa.
 Azurmendi, Joxe (1997). The democrats and the violent. Mirande's critique of the French revolution
 Azurmendi, Joxe (1998). Mirande, berriro, Jakin, 106: 31-46
 Otaegi, Lourdes (2012). "Modern Basque Poetry" in Mari Jose Olaziregi (ed.), Basque Literary History, Reno, Center for Basque Studies/University of Nevada, pp. 213–14.
 Sudupe, Pako 2011: 50eko hamarkadako euskal literatura I. Hizkuntza eta ideologia eztabaidak, Donostia, Utriusque Vasconiae.
 Sudupe, Pako 2011: 50eko hamarkadako euskal literatura II. Kazetaritza eta saiakera, Donostia, Utriusque Vasconiae.

External links
  Report about Jon Mirande

Basque writers
Basque-language writers
1925 births
1972 suicides
Translators from French
Translators from English
Translators to Basque
20th-century French translators
Basque-language poets
20th-century French poets
French male poets
20th-century French male writers
French male non-fiction writers
1972 deaths
Drug-related suicides in France
Barbiturates-related deaths

Jon Mirande


The Air Gunner's and Flight Engineer's badge () was a German military decoration awarded to air gunners, mechanics (flight engineers) or aircrew meteorologists who were members of the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) after they completed two months training or had taken part in at least five operational flights. If one was wounded during an operational flight, the badge could be awarded earlier. For Luftwaffe members who were air gunners and mechanics (flight engineers) this badge replaced an earlier separate badge which had been introduced back in 1935. The qualifications for the two badges were the same for recipients.

Description
The badge came into existence on 22 June 1942. It was to be placed on the lower part of the left breast side of the tunic, below the Iron Cross. The badge was oval in shape and had a silver-plated outside wreath around the rim. The middle of the wreath had a national eagle in flight. The polished eagle was also silver-plated but made of "oxidized old-silver" giving it a different shade of color than the polished wreath. The right side of the wreath was composed of laurel leaves and the left side of oak leaves. A Nazi swastika was at the bottom middle of the outside wreath. The badge was originally made of aluminum, however, in the latter stages of World War II it was made of aluminum, zinc or metal alloy. There was also a cloth version of the badge which could be worn on a flight jacket.

An earlier separate decoration known as the Radio Operator and Air Gunner's badge was introduced previously in 1935. It was awarded after a radio operator, air gunner or mechanic (flight engineer) completed the same criteria which was required for this badge. The difference between this 1942 badge with the prior 1935 badge is that the in-flight national eagle was not clutching in its claws the two crossed arrow-head lightning bolts which represented the radio operator.

Notes

References

Military awards and decorations of Nazi Germany
Awards established in 1942
1942 establishments in Germany

Air Gunner Badge


Roger E. Combs (February 22, 1945 – August 22, 2018) was an American major general in the Air National Guard and an Associate Circuit Judge in Missouri's 4th Judicial Circuit.  His last military assignment was as the Director of Strategic Plans and Policy (J-5) for the National Guard Bureau. Previously, General Combs was Assistant Adjutant General-Air and deputy commander of Joint Forces Headquarters, Missouri. He also served as the Air National Guard assistant to commander, First Air Force, Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida.

Military career
Combs began his military career by attending United States Marine Corps Officer Candidate School in 1968. After designation as a naval aviator, he served a tour of duty in Vietnam as a CH-46 combat helicopter pilot with HMM-364, Marble Mountain Air Facility, Republic of Vietnam from 1969 to 1970. During his time with HMM-364 he was a helicopter second pilot, aircraft commander/squadron administrative officer,  section leader, division leader/assistant operations officer, and flight leader. Upon returning to the United States Combs briefly served as assistant officer selection officer at United States Marine Corps Recruit Station, Kansas City before joining HMM-263, Marine Corps Air Facility Quantico.

Leaving active duty in 1973, Combs joined the 635th Aviation Company, Missouri Army National Guard where he was a UH-1 aircraft commander. In 1981, he transferred to the Missouri Air National Guard where he then served a number of years as director of intelligence for a C-130 Hercules Airlift Wing.

After transferring to Headquarters, Missouri Air National Guard, Combs became engaged in, and became nationally recognized for his expertise in long range and strategic planning. He served as the state plans and programs officer and later served as the Assistant Adjutant General-Air, Missouri National Guard.

His last military assignment was as the Director of Strategic Plans and Policy (J-5) for the National Guard Bureau. In this position he was responsible to the Chief of the National Guard Bureau to develop, promulgate and implement policy, plans, concepts and strategy for the nearly half million citizen soldiers and airmen of the Army and Air National Guard. His duties touched and concerned war-fighting, peacetime international activities and aspects of the federal and state homeland security and civil support missions of both the National Guard Bureau and the corporate National Guard. The mission scope of the J-5 Directorate also includes representing the Chief of the National Guard Bureau in Department of Defense, inter-agency, intergovernmental and non-governmental forums. He was a member of the Air Reserve Forces Policy Committee.

While he holds no United States Air Force rating, he is an aircraft commander who has earned ratings as a Naval Aviator and a Senior Army Aviator. He has over 2,500 flying hours in four types of rotary wing aircraft including more than 500 hours of combat time in a CH-46.

Promotions
Second Lieutenant, May 5, 1968
First Lieutenant, July 1, 1969
Captain, April 1, 1971
Major, April 11, 1981
Lieutenant Colonel, May 2, 1989
Colonel, December 4, 1994
Brigadier General, November 7, 1999
Major General, March 15, 2004

Awards and decorations
  Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
  Legion of Merit
  Distinguished Flying Cross
  Meritorious Service Medal
 Air Medal with Gold star and Strike/Flight numerals "37"
  Air Force Commendation Medal
  Navy Achievement Medal Valor
  Air Force Outstanding Unit Award
  Air Force Organizational Excellence Award
  Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation
  National Defense Service Medal
  Vietnam Service Medal
  Air Force Longevity Service Award
  Armed Forces Reserve Medal with silver hourglass device
  Small Arms Expert Marksmanship Ribbon with bronze service star
  Air Force Training Ribbon
  Civil Actions Medal Unit Citation (Vietnam)
  Campaign Medal (Vietnam)
  Missouri Meritorious Service Medal
  Missouri National Guard 20 Year Long Service Ribbon with silver hawthorn cluster (30 years service)

Other Achievements
National Guard Association of the United States Distinguished Service Medal, 2003

Civilian career
A 1975 graduate of the University of Missouri School of Law, Combs practiced law in St Joseph, Missouri. He later served as Gentry County Prosecuting Attorney for 10 years. Combs was an Associate Circuit Judge in Missouri's 4th Judicial Circuit.

Education
1968 Bachelor of Science degree, University of Missouri.
1975 Juris Doctor degree, University of Missouri.
1983 United States Marine Corps Command and Staff College, by correspondence
1988 National Security Management Course

Death
Combs died at his home in King City, Missouri on August 22, 2018. He is inurned at Arlington National Cemetery.

References

External links
House Resolution No. 1544, adopted April 6, 2004, Missouri House of Representatives.
Tribute to Major General Roger E. Combs Congressional Record Volume 153, Number 49 (Wednesday, March 21, 2007).

1945 births
2018 deaths
National Guard (United States) generals
United States Army officers
United States Marine Corps officers
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Vietnam War
University of Missouri alumni
Recipients of the Air Medal
Missouri National Guard personnel
Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
American Senior Army Aviators

Roger E. Combs


Elizabeth (also spelled Elisabeth) was the mother of John the Baptist. She was the husband of Zechariah.

The angel Gabriel said to Zechariah that Elizabeth would have a son. Zechariah did not believe that his wife could have a son, because she was old. The angel made him mute (unable to speak). Elizabeth then became pregnant.

New Testament people

Elizabeth (biblical figure)