Davisville is a heritage-listed former YWCA women's home, residence and commune and now residence and bed and breakfast at 63-67 Falls Road, Wentworth Falls, City of Blue Mountains, New South Wales, Australia. It was built from 1888 to 1920 by David Davis, Sydney builder. It is also known as Rennie House. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

History

The first land grant in the area of Wentworth Falls was of  to Edward Dougherty in 1857. The property on which Davisville was built was originally part of Dougherty's grant. In 1858 the land was bought by Archibald Campbell who owned it while the subdivision of Brasfort was formed. His daughters sold the Davisville subdivision to David Davis in 1888. Davis was an early purchaser of land along Falls Road (then Boonara Street). He appears to have built/ developed or owned a number of houses along Falls Road including no. 69, 74, 85 and 63.

David Davis, a Sydney builder, erected his eponymous holiday home in 1888 just north of the laid-out village of Brasfort, later Wentworth Falls. Davis clearly used materials from older houses in the building of Davisville, which has confused interpretation of the interior. There seem to have been additions made to the footprint of the house after 1913, if a rough sketch of that date can be trusted.

A  photo of Davisville indicates the presence of the current footprint of the house including the verandah enclosures to the south, the Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) plantings along the northern boundary (large by this time), the tennis court on the north lawn and the Monterey pine tree adjacent to the tennis court. The Monterey pine on the southern side of the garden is not present in this photo. Davis finally sold the house in 1920 to the Young Women's Christian Association, which used it as a holiday home under the name Rennie House. Miss M. Stephens was resident at the house on behalf first of the YWCA and then their successors, the Christian Alliance of Women and Girls, from 1920 until after 1947.

In 1974 the Anglican church was using Rennie House and considered building a retirement village on the site. This project was abandoned and Robert Bunda, the antique dealer of Springwood, (cf. SP 030) bought the property around 1975. Alterations were made to the house about 1976 and it was soon sold to Mr and Mrs Seymour who leased it to a young commune around 1979. It is currently being conserved by new owners in preparation for the opening of a bed-and-breakfast establishment.

An interim conservation order was placed on Davisville in 1984 after community concern was raised over its fate and the adjacent "Mon Repos" in relation to a proposed development on the adjacent land. This resulted in subdivision of the rear of Davisville to its current layout which was established as the curtilage for the house at this time. A permanent conservation order was placed on the house in 1985. Mon Repos was not saved and has been replaced by a new house.

Significant alterations to the house occurred in 1985 under the ownership of Mrs G. Rawles which included alterations to the verandah, the demolition of rear outbuildings, replacement of all corrugated roofs including the bull-nosed verandah, the rewiring of all electrics and removal of pull cords, conversion of the central room along the north verandah to a bathroom (removed by the current owners). The garage was an addition under the ownership of the Westgarths in 1985.

In 1998 the house was altered internally with the placement of a number of ensuites and room divisions for conversion of the house into a bed and breakfast.

In 2006, under standard exemptions from the Heritage Council, Davisville underwent alterations to remove some of the 1998 Ensuites and alterations, and repair the surrounding verandah, in order to allow for the continued usage of the house as a private.

Description

Garden
Mature Monterey pines (Pinus radiata) along the northern Falls Road boundary of the property (approx. 80 years old, over  high) are remnants of shelter belts around the property (mainly to the north, one tree to the south (since removed) and one beside the tennis court on the north lawn.

The general layout of the 1920s garden remains discernable today. The tennis court netting is gone but the flat area north of the house remains, as do surrounding windbreak trees, mainly (as noted above) Monterey pines. Large shrubs in the garden are likely to remain from the 1920s including a large mature Rhododendron sp./cv. near the front verandah, camellias etc. Dry stone walls also contribute to the mature landscape setting. The garden itself contributes to the leafy setting of Falls Road as a precinct.

The site contains a small gazebo to the west of the rear court, with a sandstone pond, both of these are said to be modern, c.1950 additions. There is also a garage added c.1985 in the northwest corner.

The frontage trees (east) sitting to the north and south of the house enframe it in a mature landscape setting, along with the northern windbreak treesa long the boundary. The northern windbreak tree closest to the garage is leaning over that.

Windbreak trees to the western boundary form a backdrop to the house. These consist of s Leyland false cypresses added during the 1980s subdivision of the rear of the property, to provide privacy.

A double width driveway leads from Falls Road to the garage.

House
The original cottage (1888) was front four rooms only with an attached service wing to the rear with two fireplaces (only one survives). Now it is a three bay gabled cottage on north-south axis facing east to Falls Road, extended south -20 with a dining room (with decorative pressed metal walls and ceiling), to five bays.

Corrugated galvanised steel roof with fretwork barge boards in clubs and diamonds pattern and finials and exposed collar tie to gables. 3 no. brick-corbelled chimneys. Wrap-around bull-nosed verandah with corrugated galvanised steel roof, no rafters. Timber verandah posts with iron lace valance. Rusticated weatherboard cladding. Six panel front door with toplight centred on original cottage. Two pairs french doors either side of front door, double hung window and 3 panel half glazed door to southern extension (east facade).

Entry stair with decorative glazed tiles and slate treads with rendered spandrel and piers. Rear (west) wing at southern end with bullnosed verandah infilled at west end with rusticated weatherboards (LEP). The house bears substantial general visual appearance to, and is detailed similarly to a nearby house, Hastings, at 85 Falls Road, also built in 1888.

Kitchen block
Detached block to rear (south) of house in courtyard - demolished 1987.

Recent garage
 single storey weatherboard building, corrugated.

Condition

As at 16 November 2010, good.

Modifications and dates
: extension
: modification for YWCA home use
: gazebo and sandstone pool added in rear garden
: likely modification for change of owner
: subdivision of rear of block.
1985: alterations to verandah; demolished rear outbuildings, re-roofed iron roofs including bull-nosed verandah; rewiring all electrics including all pull-cords for lights; converted central room along north verandah to bathroom (since removed by current owners); added current single storey double garage at rear.
1998: internal alterations - placement of a number of ensuites and divisions for conversion into bed-and-breakfast.
2006: (as exemptions) Removed some of 1998 ensuites and alterations to north-facing rooms, reinstating earlier room layouts, repaired surrounding verandahs to allow the use of the house again as a private residence.
2010: removal of 13 mature Monterey pine trees approved.
: iron lace work on verandah fabricated and reinstated.

Heritage listing
Davisville was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

See also

References

Bibliography

Attribution

New South Wales State Heritage Register
Wentworth Falls, New South Wales
Bed and breakfasts
Houses in New South Wales
Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register

Davisville, Wentworth Falls


The International Coastal Road in Egypt connects the country with the Maghreb region through the border crossing in Sallum and ends in Port Said in the opposite direction. It runs along the coast of Mediterranean Sea and through the beach city New Damietta. It has made road traffic and transportation easier and faster between the ports of New Damietta and Alexandria.

The road was officially opened in 2002 by President Husni Mubarak.

References

2002 establishments in Egypt
Roads in Egypt

International Coastal Road


The altar rail (also known as a communion rail or chancel rail) is a low barrier, sometimes ornate and usually made of stone, wood or metal in some combination, delimiting the chancel or the sanctuary and altar in a church, from the nave and other parts that contain the congregation. Often, a central gate or gap divides the line into two parts. Rails are a very common, but not universal, feature of Roman Catholic, Anglican, Lutheran, and Methodist churches. They are usually about two feet 6 inches high, with a padded step at the bottom, and designed so that the wider top of the rail can support the forearms or elbows of a kneeling person.

The altar rail is a modest substitute for earlier barriers demarcating the chancel, the area containing the altar, which was reserved, with greatly varying degrees of strictness, for officiating clergy, including boys as choristers and altar servers. Although it only emerged after the Protestant Reformation, it has been found convenient by both Roman Catholic and more traditional Protestant churches, such as the Anglican, Lutheran and Methodist churches, although it is disliked by many Reformed and nondenominational churches.

History

Barriers of various kinds often mark off as especially sacred the area of a church close to the altar, which is largely reserved for ordained clergy. The Temple in Jerusalem contained a barrier of this kind, which separated the Courtyard of the Israelites from the Courtyard of the Priests. The templon was typical for the Late Antique period.  In the Armenian Apostolic Church, curtains are still drawn to cut off that area during the holiest moments of the liturgy. In Eastern Orthodox and related rites, this evolved into a solid, icon-clad screen, called the iconostasis, that has three doorways which usually have doors and curtains that can be closed or drawn aside at various times.

Barriers demarcating the chancel, such as the rood screen, became increasing elaborate. They were largely swept away after both the Protestant Reformation and then the Counter-Reformation prioritized the congregation having a good view of what was happening in the chancel. Now the low communion rail is generally the only barrier. Despite being essentially a Counter-Reformation invention, this has proved useful and accepted in the Protestant churches that dispense communion. The screen enjoyed a small revival in the 19th century, after the passionate urgings of Augustus Pugin, who wrote A Treatise on Chancel Screens and Rood Lofts, and others.

There were medieval structures like communion rails, but the various types of screen were much more common.  A church in Hasle, Bornholm claims to have "a rare 15th-century altar rail"; perhaps, like other examples, this is in fact a sawn-off medieval screen. The origin of the modern form has been described by one historian as "nebulous", but it probably emerged from Italy in the 16th century. The German Lutherans and the Church of England were not far behind in adopting it, perhaps without being aware of the Italian versions.  In England the rail became one of the focuses of tussles between the High Church and Low Church factions, and in many churches they were added, removed and re-added at different times.

Archbishop Laud was a strong supporter of rails, but the common story that he introduced them to England is incorrect; he was trying to prevent Puritan clergy from continuing to remove them, and his pressure in favour of rails was bound up with his very controversial "altar policy", reasserting the placement of the altar in its medieval position.  Matthew Wren, Laudian Bishop of Ely, was imprisoned during the whole of the English Commonwealth. Wren defended himself against charges of enforcing altar rails, which he pointed out had been found in many English churches "time out of mind".

In both Catholic churches and Anglican ones following Laudian instructions, the congregation was now asked to come up to the rails and receive communion kneeling at them, replacing a variety of earlier habits.  This too was controversial in England, and the Laudian party did not push too hard for this in many dioceses.

In many of the parishes of the Lutheran Churches and the Methodist Churches, the use of altar rails have remained more common. There is typically no specific regulation concerning their presence or use, although they remain a common feature even in newly constructed churches. Their continued popularity results from a preference on the part of many to assume a posture of kneeling to receive the Eucharist.  For those sanctuaries without an altar rail, in some cases a portable rail with attached kneeler is used for those who wish to kneel to receive the Eucharist.

Catholic Church

Newly constructed Catholic churches rarely have altar rails, which were once common in parish churches, those of the late nineteenth century being particularly decorative. Communicants knelt at the railings to receive the Eucharist by a priest. After the Second Vatican Council, many parishes removed their altar rails, and an unfounded idea arose that the council or the Holy See had ordered the change.

Some Catholics and many architects and planners criticised some removals, often on liturgical, historical and aesthetic grounds. While in some states, the Roman Catholic Church has adopted a minimalist approach towards the removal of altar rails; in other countries, for example in Ireland, almost every re-ordering eliminated altar rails. Many Catholics resisted the changes: some took legal action to try to prevent the removal of altar rails and of other traditional features in pre-Vatican II sanctuaries.

Not all Catholics supported the changes to sanctuaries. Some disputed the belief that the altar rails were a barrier, claiming that many churches were able to allow full participation by the laity in the Ordinary form without removing altar rails. In recent times, a number of restorations of historic churches have re-introduced altar rails, since the idea that Vatican II required their removal is a misconception.

The General Instruction of the Roman Missal states explicitly that the sanctuary "should be appropriately marked off from the body of the church either by its being somewhat elevated or by a particular structure and ornamentation".

Lutheran churches

Within Lutheranism, the altar rail is the common place for a pastor to hear a confession, confession being generally required to receive the Eucharist for the first time.

Methodist churches
In many Methodist churches, communicants receive holy communion at the chancel rails, devoutly kneeling. The rite of confirmation, as well as the imposition of ashes on Ash Wednesday takes place at the chancel rail in many Methodist parishes. The chancel rail also serves as the place where many individuals go, during the part of the Methodist liturgy called the Altar Call or An Invitation to Christian Discipleship, to experience the New Birth.

Some people who have already had the New Birth go to the chancel rails to receive entire sanctification. Others go there repent of their sins, as well as pray. During this time, a Methodist minister attends to each person at the chancel rail, offering spiritual counsel.

See also

Mourners' bench

Notes and references

Cox, J. Charles, English Church Fittings, Furniture and Accessories, 2008 reprint, Jeremy Mills Publishing, , 9781905217939, google books
Spurr, John, The Post-Reformation: Religion, Politics and Society in Britain, 1603-1714, 2014 reprint, Routledge, , 9781317882626, google books

External links
Altar Rail - Article from the Catholic Encyclopedia

Church architecture

Altar rail


Paradise Beach is a small settlement situated on the Ninety Mile Beach in Gippsland Victoria. Located near the holiday hamlet of Golden Beach. As with the case of most holiday hamlets in Australia, the housing is unoccupied for most of the year, families moving in to stay during the summer months. The beaches there offer long distances for walking and fishing, but are not patrolled. Together with its nearest neighbour there were 750 houses but only 444 persons on Census night 2016. It has kangaroos on the golf course, a playground near the shops and a lookout deck near the ocean beach. There are many nearby wildlife reserves which are sanctuaries for water birds and other species. Seaspray and Loch Sport are nearby settlements which are slightly more developed with eating places and a caravan park.

Pastoralist William Letts purchased the land from the state government and it become known as Letts' beach. In the late 1940s, a developer changed the name from Letts' Beach to the more appealing Paradise Beach and Golden Beach. In the early 1950s the area was promoted as the "Surfers Paradise of Victoria".
In 2011 there were 330 persons within the twin towns of Golden Beach and Paradise Beach.

In 2020 Wellington Shire Council decided to compulsorily acquire the last 750 undeveloped lots along a "Surfers Paradise of Victoria". Between 1955 and 1969, developers lured thousands of mostly migrants from Melbourne to buy the blocks between Paradise Beach and The Honeysuckles. The subdivision of 11,800 small blocks, should never have been sold off in the first place because most of the land is in flood-prone areas.

References

Coastal towns in Victoria (state)
Towns in Victoria (state)
Shire of Wellington

Paradise Beach, Victoria


Sicklerville is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within Winslow Township in Camden County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It was founded in 1851 by John Sickler, who lived in the area when the present-day town was located within Gloucester Township. The area is served as United States Postal Service ZIP Code 08081.

History
In 1874, the Sicklerville Post Office was established. Paul H. Sickler (his descendants still live in Winslow Township) was appointed the first Postmaster. Today, the Post Office is located near the original location on Sicklerville Road. The post office also services contiguous addresses in portions of Gloucester Township and Washington Township.

Sicklerville was founded as "Sickler Town". In 1886, there were only ten residences in Sicklerville.

Demographics

2010 Census
At the 2010 census, there were 50,589 people, 17,007 households, and 13,209 families living in the town. The population density was . There were 17,805 housing units at an average density of 172.8/sq mi (66.7/km). The racial make-up of the town is 45.3% White, 44.9% African American, 0.3% Native American, 4.1% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 2.3% from other races, and 3.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.0% of the population.

Of the 6,873 households 40.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.7% were married couples living together, 16.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.3% were non-families. 17.9% of households were one person and 5.4% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.97 and the average family size was 3.37.

The age distribution was 31.4% under the age of 19, 6.1% from 19 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 27.3% from 45 to 64, and 7.5% 65 or older. The median age was 35.3 years. The population is 51.9% female and 48.1% male.

The median household income was $79,746 and the median family income  was $90,510. Males had a median income $63,818 versus $50,935 for females. The per capita income for the town was $31,468. About 5.4% of families and 7.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.8% of those under age 18 and 5.5% of those age 65 or over.

2000 Census
At the 2000 census, there were 42,891 people, 14,066 households, and 11,342 families living in the town. The population density was . There were 14,811 housing units at an average density of 172.8/sq mi (66.7/km). The racial make-up of the town is 68.2% White, 26.3% African American, 0.3% Native American, 2.1% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 1.1% from other races, and 1.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.5% of the population.

Of the 5,483 households 49.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.5% were married couples living together, 13.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.4% were non-families. 15.5% of households were one person and 4.2% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 3.05 and the average family size was 3.41.

The age distribution was 21.8% under the age of 18, 4.8% from 18 to 24, 35.5% from 25 to 44, 18.8% from 45 to 64, and 5.5% 65 or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.4 males.

The median household income was $61,366 and the median family income  was $66,234. Males had a median income of $46,143 versus $32,420 for females. The per capita income for the town was $21,903. About 4.8% of families and 5.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.3% of those under age 18 and 5.0% of those age 65 or over.

Houses of worship
Places of worship in Sicklerville include:
Two Baptist churches
The Sicklerville Methodist Episcopal (oldest church, constructed over 131 years ago)
One other Methodist church
One Catholic church – St. Charles Borromeo
R.S. Fink Shrine (second-oldest church, constructed over 127 years ago)
Iglesia ni Cristo Church
Stagecoach Road Christian Fellowship

Notable people
People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Sicklerville include:
 Jordan Burroughs (born 1988), Olympic gold medalist 2012 – freestyle wrestling
 Damiere Byrd (born 1993), wide receiver for the Chicago Bears
 Ed Forchion (born 1964), marijuana rights activist who uses the name "NJWEEDMAN"
 Priscilla Frederick (born 1989), high jumper and silver medalist at the 2015 Pan American Games
 Shonn Greene (born 1985), former running back for the New York Jets
 Kyle Hines (born 1986), one of only six players in NCAA basketball history to amass 2,000 points, 1,000 rebounds and 300 blocks in a collegiate career
 Tziarra King (born 1998), professional soccer player who plays as a forward for National Women's Soccer League (NWSL) club Utah Royals FC
 Devin Leary, American football quarterback for the NC State Wolfpack
 Brendan McHugh (born 1990), swimmer who specializes in breaststroke events
 Hakeem Valles (born 1992), tight end for the Arizona Cardinals
 Max Valles (born 1994), defensive end for the Buffalo Bills

References

Census-designated places in Camden County, New Jersey
Census-designated places in New Jersey
Unincorporated communities in Camden County, New Jersey
Unincorporated communities in New Jersey
Winslow Township, New Jersey
1851 establishments in New Jersey
Populated places established in 1851

Sicklerville, New Jersey


Getty-Dubay Italic is a modern  teaching script for handwriting based on Latin script, developed in 1976 in Portland, Oregon, by Barbara Getty and Inga Dubay with the aim of allowing learners to make an easier transition from print writing to cursive.

Characteristics
Getty-Dubay Italic is designed as a semi-cursive Italic script. Other than strokes to join the letters, only the lower-case letter 'k' and a few upper-case letters have forms different from their printed equivalents. Getty-Dubay Italic is written with a slant of 85 degrees, measured counterclockwise from the baseline.

Prevalence
It has been claimed that about one-third of US homeschoolers (and about 7% of US schoolchildren generally) now learn Getty-Dubay Italic rather than conventional manuscript-then-cursive handwriting styles.

Publishing
Getty-Dubay Italic books were previously published by Portland State University and are now self-published by the authors and Allport Editions.

See also
 Spencerian script, a US teaching script
 Palmer script, a US teaching script
 D'Nealian script, a US teaching script
 Zaner-Bloser script, a US teaching script
 BFH script, a US teaching script
 Regional handwriting variation

References

External links
 Getty-Dubay Italic official site

Penmanship
Typefaces and fonts introduced in 1976

Getty-Dubay Italic


Malmö City Library () is a municipal public library in Malmö, Sweden, which opened on 12 December 1905. It has 550,000 different media, about 10,000 DVDs and 33,500 music CDs. In 2006, it became the first library in Sweden to lend video games.

History
Malmö City Library first opened on 12 December 1905, then in Hotel Tunneln. At that time they had 3,096 volumes – books and periodicals. In 1946, it moved to "The Castle" at Regementsgatan. The Castle, as it had come to be known as, was originally built for Malmö Museum, and was designed by the architects John Smedberg and Fredrik Sundbärg who had been inspired by Danish and Southern Swedish renaissance castles.

Malmö City Library, as it is today, consists of three buildings. "The Calendar of light" was designed by the Danish architect Henning Larsen and was inaugurated 31 May 1997. The Castle was restored and re-inaugurated 24 September 1999. These two main buildings are linked by a building called "The Cylinder", where the entrance, an information desk, a return desk and a cafe are located.

References

External links

 Malmö City Library – Official Site

1905 establishments in Sweden
Buildings and structures in Malmö
Libraries in Sweden
Modernist architecture in Sweden
Library buildings completed in 1997
Tourist attractions in Malmö

Malmö City Library


Lynn Bari (born Margaret Schuyler Fisher; December 18, 1913 – November 20, 1989) was a movie actress. She played sultry and statuesque man-killers in about 150 20th Century Fox movies from the 1930s to 1940s.

In most of her early movies, Bari often played as chorus girls or receptionists. She could hardly find starring roles in movies. Rare leading roles were China Girl (1942) and The Spiritualist (1948).

During World War II, Bari was the second most-popular pin-up girl; Betty Grable was the first.

Bari's movie career died out in the 1950s as she approached her 40th birthday. However, she continued working at a limited pace. She played matronly characters instead of temptresses.

Bari quickly took up the medium of rising television in the 1950s. In 1950, she acted in the live sitcom Detective's Wife.

Bari was born near Roanoke, Virginia. She died of a heart attack in Santa Monica, California at age 75.

References

1913 births
1989 deaths
American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Virginia

Lynn Bari


Sarah Calati (born 13 October 1986) is an Australian wheelchair tennis player. She competed for Australia at the 2016 Rio Paralympics.

Personal
Calati was born on 12 October 1986. At motorcycle accident in 2006 led to the amputation of her right leg. In 2014, she  was working four days a week for a landscaping business as a gardener.

Wheelchair tennis
Her prosthetist recommended she take up sport and this led to a meeting with national wheelchair tennis coach Greg Crump in 2009.
Calati made her international debut in 2012 at the BNP Paribas World Team Cup in India.
, her singles ranking is 59 and her best ranking was 29 on 14 December 2015. She was allocated a place in the 2016 Rio Paralympics after Russia was suspended from the Games .

At the 2016 Rio Paralympics, Calati lost to Zhu Zhenzhen (CHN) 0-2 (0–6, 1–6) in the first round of the Women's Singles.

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
Australian female tennis players
Australian gardeners
Australian wheelchair tennis players
Paralympic wheelchair tennis players for Australia
Wheelchair tennis players at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
Wheelchair category Paralympic competitors
Sportswomen from Victoria (state)
Tennis players from Melbourne
21st-century Australian people

Sarah Calati


Francisco Antonio Manzanares (January 25, 1843 – September 17, 1904) was an American businessman and politician.

Family background and childhood
Francisco Antonio Manzanares, son of Jose Antonio Manzanares and Maria Manuela Valdez, was born in Abiquiú, New Mexico, on January 25, 1843. Barely three years later in 1846, the Mexican–American War commenced. By the time he was seven, New Mexico had become a territory of the United States.

The Manzanares family held a very prominent place in the community. His parents were from Spanish families that moved to the New Mexico territory during the colonial period. Manzanares's father had supported the Union during the civil war, and afterward, served in the legislative assembly as an Indian Agent.

Manzanares grew up with Spanish as his first language, and during his youth attended Taos School under the instruction of Father Antonio Jose Martinez. In 1863 he began attending St. Louis University, where he studied English until 1864.

Career in business
Manzanares then began his business career with Chick, Browne, and Co. in Kansas City, the birthplace of the firm. He held a sales position there for a brief period, and then quickly relocated to New York City, where he continued his college education. While in New York, Manzanares began working at a bank. He learned valuable skills during his year in New York which resulted in a career leap upon his return to Kansas City. where he was named partner of Chick, Browne, and Co. Throughout his years working for the firm, Manzanares opened a number of markets throughout Kansas Pacific, Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway train routes. In 1879, the firm was renamed to Browne and Manzanares, with Manzanares now a full partner. The firm was then moved to Las Vegas, New Mexico.

Though New Mexico was still in a period of transition, Manzanares wasted no time in working to boost the economy. With the help of other members in the community, Manzanares planned and founded Las Vegas Waterworks Association. He did not stop there, however, and soon aided in the development of financial infrastructure of the state by opening First National Banks in Las Vegas, Santa Fe, and Raton.

A political transition
In 1882, Manzanares left the banking business and challenged Republican candidate Tranquilino Luna for a seat in Congress. Luna was declared the winner and initially was seated by the House, but Manzanares later won an election contestation and was seated. Manzanares served as a territorial delegate to the United States House of Representatives from March 5, 1884 to March 3, 1885. He did not run for re-election.

Manzanares was also a member of the board of county commissioners in San Miguel County in 1896 and 1897. He died on September 17, 1904, in Las Vegas, New Mexico.

See also
 List of Hispanic Americans in the United States Congress

Sources

1843 births
1904 deaths
American bankers
American people of Spanish descent
County commissioners in New Mexico
Manzares, Francisco
Hispanic and Latino American members of the United States Congress
Neomexicanos
19th-century American politicians
New Mexico Democrats
People from Abiquiú, New Mexico
19th-century American businesspeople
Hispanic and Latino American people in New Mexico politics

Francisco Antonio Manzanares


Ishank Jaggi (born 27 January 1989) is an Indian cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and a leg-break bowler who plays for Jharkhand. He was born in Bacheli. He was brought up in Jamshedpur.

Jaggi began his youth career playing with Bihar's Under-15s team, in the 2002-03 Polly Umrigar Trophy - scoring a duck in his first appearance. Though he did not make another appearance in that season's competition, he played five further games in the following season's competition, before moving to Jharkhand. Jaggi continued his youth career for the Eastern Indian team, moving up to Under-17s cricket and, two seasons later, Under-19s cricket.

Thanks to his performances, which included a hard-fought innings of 115 in the quarter-final of the 2006-07 Vinoo Mankad Trophy, Jaggi was offered his first two List A appearances the following month, in the first match of which he contributed a fifth-ball duck.

At the back end of the following season, Jaggi made five further List A appearances, four in the Vijay Hazare trophy. Jaggi's first-class debut followed at the start of 2008–09, against Jammu and Kashmir. Batting in the upper-order, he scored 58 in the first innings in which he batted, and an unbeaten 71 in the second - securing two half-centuries on debut.

Jaggi made his debut century in his second match, against Haryana.

Jaggi was part of Royal Challengers Bangalore in the inaugural season of IPL in 2008 but did not feature in any match for team RCB.

He was signed by the Deccan Chargers signed him for IPL 2011 and was retained by the team for IPL 2012.

In February 2017, he was bought by the Kolkata Knight Riders team for the 2017 Indian Premier League for 10 lakhs. In January 2018, he was again signed up by the Kolkata Knight Riders in the 2018 IPL auction.

References

External links

1989 births
Living people
Indian cricketers
Jharkhand cricketers
East Zone cricketers
Deccan Chargers cricketers
India Red cricketers
Legends of Rupganj cricketers
Royal Challengers Bangalore cricketers
Kolkata Knight Riders cricketers

Ishank Jaggi


The Gardes du Corps (Regiment der Gardes du Corps) was the personal bodyguard of the king of Prussia and, after 1871, of the German Emperor (in German, the Kaiser). The unit was founded in 1740 by Frederick the Great. Its first commander was Friedrich von Blumenthal, who died unexpectedly in 1745; his brother Hans von Blumenthal, who, with the other officers of the regiment had won the Pour le Mérite in its first action at the battle of Hohenfriedberg, assumed command in 1747. Hans von Blumenthal was badly wounded leading the regiment in a successful cavalry charge in the battle of Lobositz and had to retire from the military.

Initially, the Regiment was used in part as a training unit for officers as part of a programme of expansion of the cavalry. Early officers included the rake and memoirist Friedrich von der Trenck, who described the arduous life of sleep deprivation and physical stress endured by officers, as well as the huge cost of belonging to the unit (the cuirasses, for example, were silverplated at a time when the precious metal was exceptionally expensive).

Unlike the rest of the Imperial German Army after German unification in 1871, the Garde du Corps was recruited nationally and was part of the 1st Guards Cavalry Division. The Regiment wore a white cuirassier uniform with certain special distinctions in full dress. These included a red tunic for officers in court dress and a white metal eagle poised as if about to rise from the bronze helmet on which it sat. Other unique features of the regiment's full dress worn until 1914 included a red sleeveless Supraweste (vest) with the star of the Order of the Black Eagle on front and back and the retention of black iron cuirasses edged with red which had been presented by the Russian Tsar in 1814. These last replaced the normal white metal breastplates on certain special occasions.

See also
List of Imperial German cavalry regiments

References

Military units and formations established in 1740
Royal guards
Guards cavalry regiments of the Prussian Army
1740 establishments in Prussia

nl:Garde du Corps

Life Guards (Prussia)


Crooked Lake is a lake that feeds the Crooked River. Located within Emmet County in the U.S. state of Michigan, it is the southwesternmost point of the recreational Inland Waterway. This watercourse uses locks to connect Crooked Lake with Lake Huron at Cheboygan.  The discharge of water from Crooked Lake is controlled by the Alanson Waterway Locks located near Alanson, Michigan.

The lake is a remnant of the postglacial Lake Nipissing.  Its convoluted shape is the outcome of the glacier-cut topography through which its water drains, which includes lateral moraines, recessional moraines, and at least one kettle gouged by melting ice.

Three small lakeside communities, Conway, Oden, and Ponshewaing, reflect the historic operations of depots of the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad that once brought residents and visitors to and from the lake. Today the north shore of the lake is served by U.S. Highway 31, and a continuous strip of development joins together the road and lake.

See also
List of lakes in Michigan

References

Lakes of Michigan
Lakes of Emmet County, Michigan
Kettle lakes in the United States

Crooked Lake (Michigan)


Soap is an American sitcom television series that originally ran on ABC from September 13, 1977, until April 20, 1981. The show was created as a nighttime parody of daytime soap operas, presented as a weekly half-hour prime time comedy. Similar to a soap opera, the show's story was presented in a serial format, and featured melodramatic plotlines including alien abduction, demonic possession, extramarital affairs, murder, kidnapping, unknown diseases, amnesia, cults, organized crime warfare, a communist revolution and teacher-student relationships. In 2007, it was listed as one of Time magazine's "100 Best TV Shows of All-TIME", and in 2010, the Tates and the Campbells ranked at number 17 in TV Guides list of "TV's Top Families".

The show was created, written, and executive produced by Susan Harris, and also executive produced by Paul Junger Witt and Tony Thomas. Each returning season was preceded by a 90-minute retrospective of the previous season. Two of these retrospectives were made available on VHS in 1994, but were not included on any DVD collections.

The show aired 85 episodes over the course of four seasons. Of these, eight episodes (including the final four) aired as one-hour episodes during the original run on ABC. These hour-long episodes were later split in two, yielding 93 half-hour episodes for syndication. Like most sitcoms of the era, Soap was videotaped rather than filmed, but this coincidentally helped further its emulation of the daytime soap opera format, as most such productions were also videotaped. All episodes are available on Region 1 DVD in four box sets. There is a box set of Season 1 on Region 2 DVD. The series has rerun in syndication on local channels as well as on cable.

The show starred Katherine Helmond and Cathryn Damon as sisters and matriarchs of their own families. The cast also included several former soap opera actors. Robert Mandan (Chester Tate) had previously appeared on Search for Tomorrow as a leading man for Mary Stuart; Donnelly Rhodes (Dutch Leitner) had played the first husband of Katherine Chancellor on The Young and the Restless; Arthur Peterson Jr. ("The Major") played Rev. John Ruthledge in the radio version of Guiding Light; and Marla Pennington (Leslie Walker) appeared for three years as Samantha Livingston Chandler on General Hospital. Additionally, after the series ended, Lynne Moody (Polly Dawson) went in to appear in a recurring capacity on primetime soap opera Knots Landing (which also starred Ted Shackelford, who appeared on Soap in a guest appearance).

Plot

Soap is set in the fictional town of Dunn's River, Connecticut.

In the opening sequence of the first installment, the announcer says "This is the story of two sisters—Jessica Tate and Mary Campbell". The Tates live in a wealthy neighborhood (the announcer calls it the neighborhood known as "Rich"). Jessica Tate (Katherine Helmond) and her husband, Chester (Robert Mandan), are hardly models of fidelity, as their various love affairs result in several family mishaps, including the murder of Peter Campbell (Robert Urich), the stepson of her sister Mary (Cathryn Damon). Even though everyone tells Jessica about Chester's continual affairs, she does not believe them until she sees his philandering with her own eyes. While out to lunch with Mary, Jessica spots Chester necking with his secretary, Claire (Kathryn Reynolds). Heartbroken, Jessica sobs in her sister's arms. On later occasions, it becomes clear that Jess has always known on some level about Chester's affairs but never allowed herself to process the information.

The wealthy Tate family employs a sarcastic butler/cook named Benson (Robert Guillaume). Benson clearly despises Chester, but has a soft spot for their son, Billy (Jimmy Baio). He also gets along with the Tates' daughter Corinne (Diana Canova) as well as their mother, Jessica; but doesn't speak to the other daughter, Eunice (Jennifer Salt), although that later changed. Benson became a popular character and in 1979 left the Tates' employ to work for Jessica's cousin, Governor Gene Gatling, on the spin-off series Benson, wherein his last name, DuBois, was revealed. The Tates had to hire a new butler/cook named Saunders (Roscoe Lee Browne), whose attitude is similar to that of Benson, but has a more formal personality.

Mary's family, the Campbells, are working-class, and as the series begins, her son Danny Dallas (Ted Wass), a product of her first marriage to Johnny Dallas, is a junior gangster-in-training. Danny is told to kill his stepfather, Burt Campbell (Richard Mulligan), Mary's current husband, who, Danny is told, murdered his father Johnny, who was also a mobster. It is later revealed that Danny's father was killed by Burt in self-defense. Danny refuses to kill Burt and goes on the run from the Mob in a variety of disguises. This eventually ends when Elaine Lefkowitz (played by Dinah Manoff in one of her earliest roles), the spoiled daughter of the Mob Boss (played by Sorrell Booke), falls in love with Danny and stops her father, who then tells Danny he will have to marry Elaine or he will kill him. In the fourth season, it is revealed that Chester is Danny's true father, the product of a secret affair between him and Mary before his marriage to Jessica. Mary's other son, Jodie (Billy Crystal, in an early role), is gay, having a secret affair with a famous professional football quarterback, and contemplating a sex-change operation.

The first season ends with Jessica convicted of the murder of Peter Campbell. The announcer concludes the season by announcing that Jessica is innocent, and that one of five characters—Burt, Chester, Jodie, Benson, or Corinne—killed Peter Campbell. Chester later confesses to Peter's murder and is sent to prison. He is soon released after a successful temporary insanity defense, due to a medical condition in his brain.

Other plot lines include Jessica's adopted daughter Corinne courting Father Tim Flotsky (Sal Viscuso), who ended up leaving the priesthood, with the two eventually marrying and having a child who is possessed by the Devil; Chester being imprisoned for Peter's murder, escaping with his prison mate Dutch, and being afflicted with amnesia after a failed operation; Jessica's other daughter, Eunice, sleeping with a married congressman, and then falling in love with Dutch; Mary's stepson Chuck (Jay Johnson), a ventriloquist whose hostilities are expressed through his alter ego, a quick-witted dummy named Bob; Jessica's love affairs with several men, including Donahue, a private investigator hired to find the missing presumed-dead Chester, her psychiatrist, and a Latin American revolutionary known as El Puerco ('The Pig'; his friends just call him "El"); Billy Tate's confinement by a cult called the "Sunnies" (a parody of Sun Myung Moon's Unification Church, called the "Moonies" by its critics), and then his affair with his school teacher who becomes unhinged; Danny and his romantic trials with the daughter of a mobster (Elaine, who is murdered in a botched kidnapping), black woman (Polly), a prostitute (Gwen), and Chester's second wife (Annie); and Burt's confinement to a mental institution, his abduction by aliens while being replaced with an oversexed alien lookalike on Earth, and getting blackmailed by the Mob after becoming sheriff of their small town.

At the beginning of each episode, off-camera announcer Rod Roddy gives a brief summary of the convoluted storyline and remarks, "Confused? You won't be, after  week's episode of... Soap." At the end of each episode, he asks a series of life-or-death questions in a deliberately deadpan style—"Will Jessica discover Chester's affair? Will Benson discover Chester's affair? Will Benson care?" and concludes each episode with the trademark line, "These questions—and many others—will be answered in the next episode of... Soap."

Cast and characters

Main

Recurring

Nielsen ratings and time slots

Pre-broadcast protests and controversy
In early March 1977, ABC screened the first two episodes of Soap for the executives of its 195 affiliate stations, many of whom were instantly appalled by the show's emphasis on sex and infidelity. ABC was privately told by two of the affiliates, neither in a major market, that the show was "raunchy" and its subject matter unfit for television.

In June 1977, a Newsweek preview of the fall season written by Harry F. Waters panned the show while characterizing some of its basic plot elements incorrectly and offering exaggerated reports of its sexual content. Despite having not seen the pilot, Waters called the show a "sex farce" and claimed (erroneously) that the show included a scene of a Catholic priest being seduced in a confessional. Waters also stated:

Whether Waters's errors and misrepresentations were intentional or accidental is unknown.

Within days of the Newsweek report, a number of local and national religious organizations began to quickly mobilize against Soap, despite the fact that they also had not seen the pilot. Among these were the National Council of Churches, the United Church of Christ, the United Methodist Church, the National Council of Catholic Bishops and the Christian Life Commission of the Southern Baptist Convention, the latter of which went so far as to divest itself of 2,500 shares of ABC stock "because the board does not approve of programming related to the abuse of human sexuality, violence and perversion".

The Roman Catholic Church, led by its Los Angeles Archdiocese, also condemned the show and asked all American families to boycott it, saying, "ABC should be told that American Catholics and all Americans are not going to sit by and watch the networks have open season on Catholicism and morality. [Soap] is probably one of the most effective arguments for government censorship of TV that has yet come along." In August, the Board of Rabbis of Southern California, representing the three branches of Judaism, joined the Catholic protest, saying that the show, yet to be aired, "reached a new low".

Dr. Everett Parker of the United Church of Christ called Soap "a low-life, salacious program" and complained that the show would be airing when children would be able to watch it. (ABC had scheduled it on Tuesdays after Happy Days and Laverne & Shirley, two of the most popular family television shows being broadcast at the time.)

The religious bodies organized a letter-writing campaign designed to pressure the show's sponsors not to advertise on the network. Although some of the groups asked their members to watch the show first, and then inform ABC of their feelings about it, others began working hard to get ABC to cancel the show before it premiered. One ABC vice president was shocked to learn that his 11-year-old child was required by a parochial school teacher to write a letter of protest to ABC, asking it to take the show off the air. In the end, 32,000 people wrote letters to ABC, only 9 of which were in support of the show.

In addition to the religious protest, Soap also faced substantial pre-broadcast criticism from the International Union of Gay Athletes and the National Gay Task Force, both of which were concerned about the way the gay character Jodie Dallas and his professional football player lover would be portrayed.

To allay the concern of advertisers, some of whom had begun to cancel sponsorship of the program, ABC reluctantly dropped the price for commercial time from $75,000 per spot to $40,000 per spot. When Soap premiered on September 13, 1977, 18 out of 195 ABC affiliates refused to air the program, and others chose to broadcast it after 11p.m.  By its second week on the air, 2 more affiliates dropped out, bringing the boycott to 20 stations. Boycotting affiliates included KDUB in Dubuque, Iowa; KMVT in Twin Falls, Idaho; KTVO in Kirksville, Missouri/Ottumwa, Iowa; KXON in Sioux Falls, South Dakota; WABG-TV in Greenwood, Mississippi; WBAK in Terre Haute, Indiana; WCCB in Charlotte, North Carolina; WJCL in Savannah, Georgia; WJZ in Baltimore; WKAB in Montgomery, Alabama; WOWK-TV in Huntington, West Virginia; WRAL-TV in Raleigh, North Carolina; and WYUR in Huntsville, Alabama.<ref name="KXON boycott">{{cite news |last1=O'Gara |first1=Hugh |title=KXON says 'No 'Soap to eastern South Dakota TV audiences |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/81217726/kxon-says-no-soap-to-eastern-south-d/ |access-date=July 11, 2021 |newspaper=Argus-Leader |date=September 10, 1977 |location=Sioux Falls, SD |page=1 |language=English| volume=92| number=253}}</ref>

In 1978, when WCCB gave up its ABC affiliation to former NBC affiliate WSOC-TV and became independent, the latter station aired the show starting with late-night summer repeats of the first season, then showed it in its regular prime time slot the following fall. Except for two individuals, the only angry calls came from people wondering what happened to Saturday Night Live, which could now be found on WRET (today's WCNC-TV).

 "The Soap Memo"
Aside from the external protests, Soap was also subject to heavy internal revisions from ABC's Broadcast Standards & Practices department, which monitors the content of programs. Writer-creator Susan Harris had developed a story arc for Soap in the form of a "show bible" which traced all the major characters, stories and events for five seasons. The Standards & Practices executives (commonly referred to as "censors") reviewed this extensive bible as well as the script for the two-part pilot and issued a long memo to Harris voicing their concerns about various storylines and characters. In addition to the sexual material that was widely reported in the press, the censors also took issue with the show's religious, political and ethnic content.

"The Soap Memo" was leaked to the press before the show premiered and was printed in its entirety in the Los Angeles Times on June 27, 1977. Among the notes were:

 "Please delete [the lines] '...the slut', 'that Polish slut', 'get your clothes off', 'it doesn't grow back', 'transsexual', 'Oh my God', 'did it hurt?'"
 "Substitute [the words] fruit, slut, tinker bell."
 "The CIA or any other government organization is not to be involved in General Nu's smuggling operation." (This character and storyline, which dealt with a Vietnamese opium smuggler who becomes involved in the Tate family through Jessica's long-lost son, was eventually removed from the show bible.)
 "In order to treat Jodie as a gay character, his portrayal must at all times be handled without 'limp-wristed' actions"
 "The colloquy between Peter and Jessica ... which relates to cunnilingus/fellatio is obviously unacceptable"
 "The relationship between Jodie and the football player should be handled in such a manner that explicit or intimate aspects of homosexuality are avoided entirely."
 "Father Flotsky's stand on liberalizing the Mass will have to be treated in a balanced, inoffensive manner. By way of example, the substitution of Oreos for the traditional wafer is unacceptable."

"The Soap Memo" also contained notes that were subsequently disregarded by the producers including:
 "Please change Burt Campbell's last name to avoid association with the Campbell Soup Co."
 "Corinne's affair with a Jesuit priest, her subsequent pregnancy as a result, and later exorcism, are all unacceptable."
 "Please direct Claire to dump the hot coffee in some part of Chester's anatomy other than his crotch." (Susan Harris later responded to this note: "so we didn't—we poured it in his .")

"The Soap Memo" was a rare public look into the behind-the-scenes process at a major network and copies of the document were often found posted on the bulletin boards of television production companies and on studio sets as a rallying point against censorship. In addition, the specific details in the memo further fueled the growing debate regarding the controversial content of Soap. Premiere and critical reception Soap premiered on Tuesday, September 13, 1977, at 9:30p.m.  The episode was preceded by a disclaimer that the show "was part of a continuing character comedy" that included adult themes and that "viewer discretion" was advised. The disclaimer was both displayed on the screen and read by announcer Rod Roddy. It would remain throughout the first season before being dropped.

Much of Soap's controversy, among liberals and conservatives alike, ironically helped sell the series to the general public. Fueled by six months of pre-show protests (as well as a solid lead-in from the hit shows Happy Days, Laverne & Shirley and Three's Company), the first episode swept its time slot with a 25.6 rating and a 39% share of the national audience. Although ABC received hundreds of phone calls after the premiere, executives at the network described initial public reaction as "mild" with more calls in favor of the show than in protest. A University of Richmond poll found that 74% of viewers found Soap inoffensive, 26% found it offensive, and half of those who were offended said they planned to watch it the next week.

Initial reviews—somewhat clouded by the controversy—were mixed, with negative reviews predictably focusing on the show's racy content. The Los Angeles Times called the show "a prolonged dirty joke" that "is without cleverness or style or subtlety. Its sex jokes are delivered by the shovelful, like manure." Variety called the show "forced and derivative", "bland" and "predictable and silly" while conceding that the sex is "no more outrageous than daytime soapers, no more outspoken than Three's Company." Time magazine praised the "talented cast" and singled out Jimmy Baio and Billy Crystal as "sharp young comedians", but felt the show suffered from "nastiness" and "lacked compassion".

On the more positive side, TV Guide gave the show a good review saying that there was "a heap of talent" in the cast and asking "Is it funny? Yes it is... and I guess that constitutes redeeming social value".

Harry F. Waters' 1977 Newsweek review proved prescient of conservative reaction when the following year, the National PTA declared Soap one of "ten worst" shows in television. In spite of this designation, Soap ranked #13 for the 1977–78 season and went on to gain positive critical reviews and high ratings over the rest of its four-year run.

 Later seasons and cancellation

Although the uproar against Soap subsided shortly after its premiere, the program continued to generate additional criticism for its relatively frank depictions of homosexuals, racial and ethnic minorities and the mentally ill, as well as its treatment of other taboo topics such as social class, marital infidelity, impotence, incest, sexual harassment, rape, student-teacher sexual relationships, kidnapping, organized crime, murder of and by cast members, and new age cults. Much of the criticism focused on the openly gay character of Jodie Dallas (Billy Crystal). Soap was among the earliest American primetime series to include an openly gay character who was a major part of the series. Some social conservatives opposed the character on religious grounds, while some gay rights activists were also upset with the character of Jodie, arguing that certain story developments reinforced distorted stereotypes, for example his desire to have a sex change operation, or represented a desire to change or downplay his sexual orientation.

Before the start of the second season, ABC ran a 90-minute retrospective clip show called "Who Killed Peter?" in which Burt Campbell visits Jessica Tate in prison as she awaits the verdict of her murder trial. The two discuss each of the show's individual characters and their possible motives for killing Burt's son Peter using flashbacks to illustrate specific story lines. The show was designed to remind viewers of what happened in Season 1 to prepare them for the upcoming season.

At the start of season three, another 90-minute retrospective aired in which Jessica says goodbye to Benson, using the flashback clips to try to explain why he should stay. This show also served to help launch the spinoff Benson, which was premiering at the start of the 1979–80 television season.

A third 90-minute retrospective titled "Jessica's Wonderful Life" aired at the start of Season 4. Jessica, who had just died in the hospital, found herself in heaven speaking to an angel (played by Bea Arthur). Jessica explained via the flashback clips why she was not ready to die and had to return to earth to help her family.

Although Susan Harris had planned for five seasons of Soap, the program was abruptly canceled by ABC after its fourth season. Therefore, the final one-hour episode, which originally aired on April 20, 1981, did not serve as a series finale and instead ended with several unresolved cliffhangers. These involve a suicidal Chester preparing to kill Annie (his wife) and Danny (his biological son) after catching them in bed together, a hypnotized Jodie believing himself to be a 90-year-old Jewish man, Burt preparing to walk into an ambush orchestrated by his political enemies, and Jessica about to be executed by a Communist firing squad. Vlasic Foods pulled its sponsorship of the program shortly after this episode aired and ABC announced that the program was not renewed for its planned fifth season. The official reason given by the network was its declining ratings. However, according to the Museum of Broadcast Communications, Soap "ended under suspicion that resistance from ad agencies may have caused ABC to cancel [it] at that point" because its still-controversial content was negatively affecting its relationship with sponsors.

A 1983 episode of Benson mentions Jessica's disappearance, noting that the Tate family is seeking to have her declared legally dead. In the episode, Jessica appears as an apparition who only Benson can see or hear and reveals to him that she is not dead, but in a coma somewhere in South America. No other incidents from the final episode of Soap are mentioned, and the opening bars of the theme song for Soap play as she leaves the room.

 Legacy
Since its cancellation, Soap's reputation has grown and it is often considered one of the best shows in television history. Much praise has been given to its "exceptionally rich cast" of performers "such as was seldom seen on any serious dramatic show".

In a 1982 analysis in The Village Voice, published as the series was entering syndication, TV critic Tom Carson lauded the ensemble, saying that "the cast matches the best TV series rep troupes ever." Carson went on to note that Soap "patently started out intended as a lampoon of middle-class values, and ended up instead as a weirdly offbeat celebration of them".

In 2007, Time, which initially panned the show, named it one of the "100 Best Shows of All-TIME". The Museum of Broadcast Communications said that Soap is "arguably one of the most creative efforts by network television before or after".

In 2010, The Huffington Post called Soap a "timeless comedy" and concluded: "Rarely does a show come along with such a unique voice and vision from the first episode".

 Awards and nominations Soap was nominated for a total 17 Emmy Awards including:
 Outstanding Comedy Series – nominated: 1978, 1980, 1981
 Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series (Richard Mulligan) – won: 1980, nominated: 1981
 Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series (Cathryn Damon) – won: 1980, nominated: 1978, 1981
 Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series (Katherine Helmond) – nominated: 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981
 Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series (Robert Guillaume) – won: 1979
 Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series (Jay Sandrich) – nominated: 1978, 1979
 Outstanding Art Direction in a Comedy Series – won: 1978
 Outstanding Achievement in Video Tape Editing in a Comedy Series – nominated: 1978

At the 1981 Golden Globe Awards, Katherine Helmond won Best Performance by an Actress in a TV Series – Musical/Comedy. That same year, the program was also nominated for Best TV Series – Musical/Comedy.

Director Jay Sandrich was nominated for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Comedy Series at the DGA Awards in 1978 and 1979.

 Home media
Sony Pictures Home Entertainment has released all four seasons of Soap on DVD in Region 1. Season 1 has been released on DVD in Region 2 in Norway (as Forviklingar), Sweden (as Lödder), Spain (as Enredo) and the UK. All four seasons have been released in Australia (Region 4).

Some of the episodes on these DVD collections are edited or replaced with the syndicated versions, shortened by as much as 2 to 3 minutes. Season 1 is also missing the disclaimer at the start of the show. In addition, the DVDs omit the three 90-minute Soap retrospective clips shows, which aired before each season began to remind the audience of what happened in the story during the previous season. The season 1 retrospective "Who Killed Peter Campbell?" and season 3 retrospective "Jessica's Wonderful Life" were released on VHS in the 1990s.

On August 27, 2013, it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the rights to various television series from the Sony Pictures library, including Soap. The company subsequently rereleased the first and second seasons on DVD on September 2, 2014, and Soap: The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1 on June 2, 2015. Most of the episodes on the Mill Creek sets are the original, uncut ABC versions, and the "On the last episode of Soap..." synopses from the final season have been restored.

 See also

 List of Soap episodes
 Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman (1976)
 Benson (1979)
 The Life and Times of Eddie Roberts'' (1980)

References

External links

 Encyclopedia of Television

 Extended audio interview with Jay Johnson about Soap

Soap (TV series)
1970s American satirical television series
1970s American sitcoms
1970s American LGBT-related television series
1970s American sex comedy television series
1977 American television series debuts
1980s American satirical television series
1980s American sitcoms
1980s American LGBT-related comedy television series
1980s American sex comedy television series
1981 American television series endings
Adultery in television
Television series about alien visitations
American Broadcasting Company original programming
American LGBT-related sitcoms
American parody television series
American television soap operas
English-language television shows
Television controversies in the United States
Television series about families
Television series by Sony Pictures Television
Television shows set in Connecticut
Television soap opera parodies

Soap (TV series)


Eurythmics were a British pop duo formed in 1980, consisting of Scottish vocalist Annie Lennox and English musician and producer Dave Stewart. They were both previously in the Tourists, a band that broke up in 1980. They released their first studio album, In the Garden, in 1981 to little success, but achieved global acclaim with their second album, Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This) (1983). The title track became a worldwide hit, reaching number two in the UK Singles Chart, and number one in Canada and the US Billboard Hot 100. Eurythmics went on to release a string of hit singles and albums, including "Love Is a Stranger", "There Must Be an Angel (Playing with My Heart)" and "Here Comes the Rain Again", before splitting in 1990.

Stewart became a sought-after record producer, while Lennox began a solo recording career in 1992 with her debut album Diva. After almost a decade apart, Eurythmics reunited to record their ninth album, Peace, released 1999. They reunited again in 2005 to release the single "I've Got a Life", as part of a new compilation album, Ultimate Collection.

Eurythmics have sold an estimated 75 million records worldwide. Their awards include the MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist in 1984, the Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal in 1987, and the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music in 1999. They were inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005, the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2020, and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2022.

History

1976–1982: Formation and In the Garden
Lennox and Stewart met in 1975 in a restaurant in London, where Lennox worked at that time. They first played together in 1976 in the punk rock band the Catch. After releasing one single as the Catch in 1977, the band evolved into the Tourists. Stewart and Lennox were also romantically involved. The Tourists achieved some commercial success, but the experience was reportedly an unhappy one. Personal and musical tensions existed within the group, whose main songwriter was Peet Coombes, and legal wrangling happened with the band's management, publishers and record labels. Lennox and Stewart felt the fixed band line-up was an inadequate vehicle to explore their experimental creative leanings and decided their next project should be much more flexible and free from artistic compromise. They were interested in creating pop music, but wanted freedom to experiment with electronics and the avant-garde.

It was in a hotel in Wagga Wagga, Australia, while playing around with a portable mini-synthesizer that Lennox and Stewart decided to become a duo. Calling themselves Eurythmics (after the pedagogical exercise system that Lennox had encountered as a child), they decided to keep themselves as the only permanent members and songwriters, and involve others in the collaboration "on the basis of mutual compatibility and availability". The duo signed to RCA Records. At this time, Lennox and Stewart also split as a couple. During the period that Lennox and Stewart were in the Tourists, and later as Eurythmics, they were managed by Kenny Smith and Sandra Turnbull of Hyper Kinetics Ltd.

They recorded their first album, In the Garden, in Cologne with Conny Plank (who had produced the later Tourists sessions). The album, released in October 1981, mixed psychedelic, krautrock and electropop influences, and featured contributions from Holger Czukay and Jaki Liebezeit (of Can), drummer Clem Burke (of Blondie), Robert Görl (of D.A.F.), and flautist Tim Wheater. A couple of the songs were co-written by guitarist Roger Pomphrey (later a TV director). The album was not a commercial success (though the debut single "Never Gonna Cry Again" made the UK charts at No. 63). Lennox and Stewart then activated their new Eurythmics mode of operation by touring the record as a duo, accompanied by backing tracks and electronics, carted around the country by themselves in a horse-box.

During 1982, the duo retreated to Chalk Farm in London and used a bank loan to establish a small eight-track studio above a picture framing factory, giving them freedom to record without having to pay expensive studio fees. They began to employ much more electronics in their music, collaborating with Raynard Faulkner and Adam Williams, recording many tracks in the studio and playing live using various line-up permutations. However, the three new singles they released that year ("This Is the House", "The Walk" and "Love Is a Stranger") all performed badly on initial release in the UK. Although their mode of operation had given them the creative freedom they desired, commercial success still eluded them and the responsibility of personally running so many of their affairs (down to transporting their own stage equipment) took its toll. Lennox apparently suffered at least one nervous breakdown during this period, while Stewart was hospitalised with a collapsed lung.

1983–1984: Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This) and Touch

Eurythmics' commercial breakthrough came with their second album, Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This), released in January 1983. The successful title track featured a dark and powerful sequenced synth bass line and a dramatic video that introduced the now orange crew-cut Lennox to audiences. The song reached No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart, becoming one of the year's biggest sellers, No. 6 in Australia, and later topped the Canadian chart and US Billboard Hot 100. The band's fortunes changed immensely from this moment on, and Lennox quickly became a pop icon, gracing the covers of numerous magazines including Rolling Stone. Their previous single, "Love Is a Stranger", was also re-released and became another chart success. The video for the song saw Lennox in many different character guises, a concept she would employ in various subsequent videos. The album's working title was Invisible Hands (as was a track left off the album), inspiring the name of the British independent company Invisible Hands Music – known for releasing music by Hugh Cornwell, Mick Karn and Hazel O'Connor. The album also featured a cover of the 1968 Sam & Dave hit "Wrap It Up", performed as a duet between Lennox and Green Gartside of Scritti Politti.

The duo quickly recorded a follow-up album, Touch, which was released in November 1983. It became the duo's first No. 1 album in the UK, and also spawned three major hit singles. "Who's That Girl?" was a top 3 hit in the UK, the video depicting Lennox as both a blonde chanteuse and as a gender-bending Elvis Presley clone. It also featured cameo appearances by Hazel O'Connor, Bananarama (including Stewart's future wife, Siobhan Fahey), Kate Garner of Haysi Fantayzee, Thereza Bazar of Dollar, Jay Aston and Cheryl Baker of Bucks Fizz, Kiki Dee, Jacquie O'Sullivan and the gender-bending pop singer Marilyn, who would go on to musical success of his own that same year. The upbeat, calypso-flavoured "Right by Your Side" showed a different side of Eurythmics altogether and also made the Top 10, and "Here Comes the Rain Again" (No. 8 in the UK, No. 4 in the US) was an orchestral/synth ballad (with orchestrations by Michael Kamen).

In 1984 RCA released Touch Dance, an EP of remixes of four of the tracks from Touch, aimed at the club market. The remixes were by prominent New York City producers Francois Kevorkian and John "Jellybean" Benitez. Also released in 1984 was Eurythmics' soundtrack album 1984 (For the Love of Big Brother). Virgin Films had contracted the band to provide a soundtrack for Michael Radford's modern film adaptation of George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four. However, Radford later said that the music had been "foisted" on his film against his wishes, and that Virgin had replaced most of Dominic Muldowney's original orchestral score with the Eurythmics soundtrack (including the song "Julia", which was heard during the end credits). Nevertheless, the record was presented as "music derived from the original score of Eurythmics for the Michael Radford film version of Orwell's 1984". Eurythmics charged that they had been misled by the film's producers as well, and the album was withdrawn from the market for a period while matters were litigated. The album's first single, "Sexcrime (Nineteen Eighty-Four)", was a top 5 hit in the UK, Australia and across Europe, and a major dance success in the United States.

1985–1986: Be Yourself Tonight and new musical direction

The duo's next album, Be Yourself Tonight, was produced in a week in Paris and spent 4 weeks at No. 1 in Australia.  It showcased much more of a "band style" and a centred sound (with an R&B influence), with real drums, brass, and much more guitar from Stewart. Almost a dozen other musicians were enlisted, including members of Tom Petty's Heartbreakers, guest harmonica from Stevie Wonder, bass guitar from Dean Garcia, string arrangements by Michael Kamen, and Lennox singing duets with Aretha Franklin and Elvis Costello. It continued the duo's transatlantic chart domination in 1985, and contained four hit singles: "Would I Lie to You?" was a US Billboard top five hit and Australian No. 1, while "There Must Be an Angel (Playing with My Heart)" (featuring Wonder's harmonica contribution) became their first and only UK No. 1 single. The feminist anthem "Sisters Are Doin' It for Themselves" (a duet with Aretha Franklin, though originally intended for Tina Turner), and "It's Alright (Baby's Coming Back)" also rode high in the charts. In September 1985, Eurythmics performed "Would I Lie to You?" at the 1985 MTV Video Music Awards at the Radio City Music Hall in New York.

1986–1990: Revenge, Savage and We Too Are One

Eurythmics released their next album, Revenge, in 1986. The album continued their move towards a band sound, verging on an AOR-pop/rock sound. Sales continued to be strong in the UK and internationally, but were somewhat slower in the US, though "Missionary Man" reached No. 14 on the US Hot 100 chart and went all the way to No. 1 on the US Album Oriented Rock chart (AOR). Revenge would eventually certify double Platinum in the UK and Gold in the US, and spend 40 weeks in the Australian top 10 where it reached No. 2. The band went on a massive worldwide tour in support of the album, and a live concert video from the Australian leg of the tour was released.

In 1987, Lennox and Stewart released the album Savage. This saw a fairly radical change within the group's sound, being based mainly around programmed samples and drum loops (Lennox would later say that where Revenge was more of a Stewart album in sound, Savage was more of a Lennox one). Lyrically the songs showed an even darker, more obsessive side to Lennox's writing. A video album was also made, directed by Sophie Muller, with a video for each song. This was largely a concept piece, following characters portrayed by Lennox, specifically one of a frustrated housewife-turned-vamp (as exemplified in "Beethoven (I Love to Listen To)", a UK top 30 and Australian No. 13 hit). The brazen, sexually charged rocker "I Need a Man" remains a Eurythmics staple, as does "You Have Placed a Chill in My Heart". Much less commercial than the two previous albums, Savage was mostly ignored in the US, although rock radio in more progressive markets supported "I Need a Man". In the duo's native UK however, the album was a top 10 success and was certified Platinum.

In 1989, Eurythmics released the album We Too Are One, which entered the UK Album Chart at No. 1 (their second No. 1 album after Touch) and gave the duo four UK Top 30 hit singles. The album was a return to the rock/pop sound of their mid-80s albums and was certified Double Platinum in the UK, and reached No. 7 in Australia, but was less successful in the US (although the single "Don't Ask Me Why" grazed the Billboard Top 40). Other singles from the album included "Revival", "The King and Queen of America" and "Angel". Accompanying the album, the duo conducted their Revival world tour from 8 September 1989 to 25 January 1990. Parts of the tour (both on and off-stage) were interspersed with promo videos for Eurythmics' 1990 video album We Two Are One Too.

1990–1998: Hiatus and solo careers
After strenuous years of touring and recording (Eurythmics had released eight studio albums in eight years), a rift had developed between the duo and Eurythmics disbanded, although no formal notice was given. Stewart began writing film soundtracks and had a big international hit in 1990 with the instrumental track "Lily Was Here" (featuring saxophonist Candy Dulfer). The single reached No. 6 in the UK and the Top 20 throughout much of Europe and the US, and top 10 in Australia.  A soundtrack of the same name was also released, produced and largely written by Stewart. He formed a band called the Spiritual Cowboys, releasing two albums with this group in the early 1990s. Lennox took time off from her career to have a baby and to consider a life after Eurythmics. Accordingly, the duo had very little communication with each other from 1991 to 1998. In 1991, Eurythmics' Greatest Hits collection was released, entering the UK album chart at No. 1 and spending a total of 10 weeks at that position, plus 7 weeks at No. 1 in Australia as well as becoming a massive worldwide seller. New remixes of "Sweet Dreams" and "Love Is a Stranger" were also released as singles at this time. During 1993, a live album entitled Live 1983–1989 featuring recordings from various years throughout Eurythmics' career was also released.

In 1992, Lennox released her first solo album, Diva. The album was a critical and popular success, entering the UK album chart at No. 1 and achieving quadruple platinum status (more than any Eurythmics studio album had done), as well as producing a string of five hit singles. She followed this up in 1995 with her second album, Medusa, an album of cover versions. It became her second No. 1 album in the UK, reaching double platinum status both there and in the US.

Stewart, meanwhile, released the solo albums Greetings from the Gutter (1995), and Sly-Fi (1998), but neither was commercially successful.

1999–2005: Peace and Ultimate Collection

In the late 1990s, Eurythmics reunited and recorded a new album, Peace, which was released in 1999. The single "I Saved the World Today" reached No. 11 in the UK Singles Chart, and a remix of "17 Again" gave the duo their first chart-topper on the US Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart. The band also embarked on a world tour, dubbed the "Peacetour", to support the album. The tour started on 18 September 1999 at Cologne's Kölnarena and ended on 6 December 1999 at the London Docklands Arena (which was filmed and released on video and DVD). All proceeds from the tour went to Greenpeace and Amnesty International. The year 2000 saw numerous European festival appearances by Eurythmics (at Germany's Rock am Ring, among others). In 2001, Stewart performed with U2 for the America: A Tribute to Heroes benefit concert. In 2002, he collaborated with Bryan Ferry on his album Frantic.

In June 2003, Lennox released her third solo album, Bare, which was a top-five hit in the UK and the US., with three tracks reaching the top of the US Billboard Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart. She also recorded the song "Into the West" for Peter Jackson's film The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, where it appeared as the closing theme and earned Lennox the Academy Award for Best Song. In November 2003, Eurythmics played three songs at the 46664 in Cape Town, South Africa, for which Stewart was one of the primary organisers. They played an unplugged version of "Here Comes the Rain Again", "7 Seconds" with Youssou N'Dour and "Sweet Dreams". Stewart collaborated with Rolling Stones vocalist Mick Jagger on the soundtrack to the movie Alfie, released in 2004, including the critically acclaimed "Old Habits Die Hard", which won a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song from a Motion Picture.

On 7 November 2005, Eurythmics released Ultimate Collection, a remastered greatest hits package with two new songs. One of them, "I've Got a Life", was released as a single and reached No. 14 on the UK Singles Chart as well as spending three consecutive weeks at No. 1 on Billboard's Hot Dance Music/Club Play in the US. Lennox and Stewart appeared on a number of TV shows to promote their new compilation album, which was a Top 5 hit and certified Platinum in the UK. On 14 November 2005, the duo's label, RCA, re-released their eight studio albums in remastered and expanded editions featuring rare B-sides, remixes and unreleased songs. The remasters were made available separately with expanded artwork, and also together in a collector's box set, entitled Boxed. However, the 1984 soundtrack album 1984 (For the Love of Big Brother) was not included in this re-release campaign as Virgin Records holds the rights to that album. Also in 2005, Eurythmics were inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame. In 2007, Lennox resumed her solo career with her fourth album, Songs of Mass Destruction, which was a top 10 success in the UK and the US. In 2009, she released her first solo "greatest hits" package, The Annie Lennox Collection. The same year, Lennox stated that although she and Stewart remain friends, she does not foresee any further Eurythmics projects in the future.

One–off reunions (2012–present)
In an interview with Reuters in September 2012, Stewart was quizzed on whether a new Eurythmics album is in the works, to which he replied: "We're not talking about one right now, but never say never." He added that he was considering developing a musical based on the music of Eurythmics.

2014: Beatles tribute concert
Annie Lennox and Dave Stewart performed as a duo for "The Night That Changed America: A Grammy Salute to the Beatles". The event was recorded at the Los Angeles Convention Center on 27 January 2014, the day after the Grammy Awards. They performed the Beatles song "The Fool on the Hill".

2019: Sting's 30th We'll Be Together benefit concert
Annie Lennox and Dave Stewart, billed as Eurythmics, performed at Sting's 30th We'll Be Together benefit concert in aid of his Rainforest Foundation Fund on 9 December 2019 at New York City's Beacon Theatre. The group played "Would I Lie to You?", "Here Comes the Rain Again", and "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)", before returning to join in the finale performance of Journey's "Don't Stop Believin' along with the night's other performers.

2022: Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony
Annie Lennox and Dave Stewart performed as Eurythmics at the Microsoft Theater in Los Angeles, California performing "Would I Lie to You?", "Missionary Man" and "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)" as part of the 2022 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony. They were inducted by U2's the Edge.

Discography

 In the Garden (1981)
 Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This) (1983)
 Touch (1983)
 1984 (For the Love of Big Brother) (1984, soundtrack)
 Be Yourself Tonight (1985)
 Revenge (1986)
 Savage (1987)
 We Too Are One (1989)
 Peace (1999)

Concert tours
 Sweet Dreams Tour (1983)
 Touch Tour (1983–1984)
 Revenge Tour (1986–1987)
 Revival Tour (1989–1990)
 Peace Tour (1999)

Awards

Billboard Music Awards

!Ref.
|-
| 1983
| "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)"
| Top Hot 100 Song
|
|
|-
| 1984
| rowspan=6|Themselves
| Top Disco Artist – Duo/Group
|
|
|-
| rowspan=9|1985
| Top Artist
|
| rowspan=9|
|-
| Top Billboard 200 Artist
|
|-
| Top Hot 100 Artist
|
|-
| Top Hot 100 Artist – Duo/Group
|
|-
| Top Dance Club Play Artist
|
|-
| rowspan=2|Be Yourself Tonight
| Top Billboard 200 Album
|
|-
| Top Compact Disk
|
|-
| "Would I Lie to You?"
| Top Hot 100 Song
|
|-
| "Sexcrime"
| Top Dance Play Single
|
|-
| rowspan=2|1986
| rowspan=2|Themselves
| Top Billboard 200 Artist
|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| Top Hot 100 Artist
|

Brit Awards

|-
|1984
|Themselves
|Best British Group
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |1986
|Be Yourself Tonight
|Best British Album
|
|-
|rowspan="3" |Themselves
|rowspan="3" |Best British Group
|
|-
|1987
|
|-
|rowspan="3" |1990
|
|-
|We Too Are One
|Best British Album
|
|-
|"Don't Ask Me Why"
|Best British Video
|
|-
|1999
|Themselves
|Outstanding Contribution to British Music
|
|-
| 2010
| "There Must Be an Angel"
| Live Performance of 30 Years
|

Grammy Awards

|-
| 1984
||Themselves
|Best New Artist
|
|-
| 1985
|Eurythmics Sweet Dreams: The Video Album
|Best Video Album
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1986
|"Sisters Are Doin' It for Themselves" (with Aretha Franklin)
|Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal
|
|-
|"Would I Lie to You?"
|rowspan="2"|Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal
|
|-
| 1987
|"Missionary Man"
|
|-
| 1990
|Savage
|rowspan="2"|Best Music Video – Long Form
|
|-
| 1991
|We Two Are One Too
|

MTV Video Music Awards

|-
|1984
|"Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)"
|Best New Artist
|
|-
|rowspan=5|1985
|rowspan=5|"Would I Lie to You?"
|Best Stage Performance
|
|-
|Best Overall Performance
|
|-
|Best Choreography
|
|-
|Best Editing
|
|-
|rowspan=2|Best Group Video
|
|-
|rowspan=5|1987
|rowspan=5|"Missionary Man"
|
|-
|Best Concept Video
|
|-
|Most Experimental Video
|
|-
|Best Special Effects
|
|-
|Best Editing
|
|-
|rowspan=2|1988
|"I Need a Man"
|Best Group Video
|
|-
|"You Have Placed a Chill in My Heart"
|Best Direction
|

Music & Media Year-End Awards

!Ref.
|-
| 1987
| Themselves
| Group of the Year
|
|

 1984: Ivor Novello Award – Songwriters of the Year
 1987: Ivor Novello Award – Songwriters of the Year
 1987: Ivor Novello Award – Best Contemporary Song for "It's Alright (Baby's Coming Back)"
 2000: Silver Clef Award
 2000: ASCAP Award for "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)"
 2003: Kindred Spirit Music Award
 2005: Inducted into UK Music Hall of Fame
 2008: ASCAP Award for "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)"
 2009: ASCAP Award for "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)"
 2010: ASCAP Award for "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)"

References

External links

19 Recordings artists
1980 establishments in England
Brit Award winners
New wave duos
English pop music duos
English new wave musical groups
English synth-pop groups
British synth-pop new wave groups
Dance-rock musical groups
Grammy Award winners
Ivor Novello Award winners
Male–female musical duos
Musical groups disestablished in 1990
Musical groups disestablished in 2005
Musical groups established in 1980
Musical groups from London
Musical groups reestablished in 1999
RCA Records artists
Female-fronted musical groups
Second British Invasion artists

Eurythmics


The Advanced Combat Direction System (ACDS) is a centralized, automated command-and-control system, collecting and correlating combat information. It upgrades the Naval Tactical Data System (NTDS) for aircraft carriers and large-deck amphibious ships. A core component of non-Aegis combat systems, ACDS provides the capability to identify and classify targets, prioritize and conduct engagements, vector interceptor aircraft to targets, and exchange targeting information and engagement orders within the battle group and among different service components in the joint theater of operations.  ACDS integrates the ship's sensors, weapons, and intelligence sources to allow command and control of battle group tactical operations.

The ACDS upgrade is divided into two phases designated as Block 0 and Block 1. The Block 0 system replaces obsolete Naval Tactical Data System (NTDS) computers and display consoles with modern equipment and incorporates both new and upgraded NTDS software. Block 1 operates with the equipment provided under ACDS Block 0 but implements significant improvements in software capability. The Block 1 upgrade includes modifiable doctrine, the Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS) for joint and allied interoperability, increased range and track capability, multi-source identification, National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) based digital maps, and an embedded training capability.

Program Status
ACDS Block 0 was deployed in nine aircraft carriers, five Wasp-class amphibious assault ships, and all five Tarawa-class amphibious assault ships. The first installation of ACDS Block 1 began in FY 1996 with the USS Eisenhower (CVN-69) and Wasp (LHD-1), followed by the USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67) in 1999 and USS Iwo Jima (LHD-7) and USS Nimitz (CVN-68) in 2001. ACDS will be replaced with the Ship Self-Defense System (SSDS) Mark 2 as it is fielded across the fleet.

Developer/Manufacturer
Raytheon, San Diego, California. ACDS Block I development, performance, and integration testing: Raytheon; SPAWAR Systems Center, San Diego, California; and the Integrated Combat Systems Test Facility (ICSTF) and Naval Surface Warfare Center Port Hueneme (NSWC/PHD) (Later, Combat Direction System Activity (CDSA)), Dam Neck, Virginia.

See also
H/ZKJ
Naval Tactical Data System
Ship Self-Defense System

References

Anti-submarine warfare
Military computers
Military equipment introduced in the 1990s

Advanced combat direction system


Thomas David Petite (born May 30, 1956) is an American inventor. He is Native American and a member of the Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa tribe. He is also a founder of the Native American Intellectual Property Enterprise Council, a non-profit organization helping Native American inventors and communities.

Petite has more than 100 US patents pending, dating back to 1995 on ad hoc networks. A listing of some of his inventions can found at Patent Genius or by a search at The US Patent Office.
Petite is considered to be a visionary scientist/engineer, with business knowledge skills. His early inventions seem to demonstrate a foresight to see the technology curve with business values.

Early life
Born in Atlanta, Georgia, he is the son of Robert Eugene Petite of the Fond du Lac Chippewa tribe and Helen Ruth Byrd.

Thomas David Petite goes by his middle name David. He was brought up in Atlanta by his father who was a Native American Chief of the Chippewa tribe in Wisconsin. His father educated David on the cultural heritage of the Chippewa tribe instilling strong values and a great sense of pride.

Inventions
Petite is best known for his work in developing wireless mesh technology and much of his work revolves around the networking, remote control, activation or monitoring of wireless enabled devices. From his early invention of a personalized security system, in which a portable transmitter can be carried or worn and activated by an individual in need of assistance to transmit data relating specifically to that individual, to his most recent patents covering a site controller adapted to be used in an automated monitoring system for monitoring and controlling a plurality of remote devices via a host computer connected to a first communication network, his work has covered a multitude of industry sectors and applications.

He is perhaps best known for his role in the invention of the necessary components integral to creating remotely monitored and controlled environmental systems within a specific location such as a home   This set of inventions was a driving force behind the development of the so-called "Smart meter", and thus to what is now known as the "Smart Grid". According to one description "A true Smart Grid enables multiple applications to operate over a shared, interoperable network, similar in concept to the way the Internet works today."  His major contribution was developing the technology to allow a plurality of devices to operate together on one low power or proximity network.  This technology allows each device to have single addressable identities and act as individuals or as an infinite and scalable series of devices.

Career
Petite was a founder of StatSignal Systems, Inc. the first company, in the late 1990s, to patent and introduce wireless mesh technology (SMART CLOUD) to the utility industry and health care industry.  The company later ran out of cash and was unable to commercialize the patents.

In 2003 Petite, along with partners, founded SIPCO, which develops technologies enabling robust self-organizing wireless networking and related technologies known as Wireless Mesh in conjunction with IntusIQ, a brand marketing company that licenses Petite's and other key innovators patents to various industries.

In 2012, GE and MPEGLA acquired a minority stake in SIPCO.

Honors
In 2010 he was honored by the Georgia State Senate in a resolution introduced by Chairman of the Economic Development Committee Senator Chip Pearson.  Mr. Petite was recognized for "his innovations in wireless technology and his incredible career in engineering and invention."

In 2010 he was honored as the 4th most successful Native American entrepreneur by Legal Zoom

Petite was invited to attend the presidential signing of The America Invents Act, in September 2011.

In September 2011 Gov. Nathan Deal of Georgia appointed Petite to the Georgia Council on American Indian Concerns, a body created by the Georgia Legislature in 1992 to help protect Indian graves and burial objects from accidental and intentional desecration. The Council is the only state entity specifically authorized to address the concerns of Georgia's American Indians.

Media
In 2011 Petite was featured by CNN in its series, "In America".

Sources
 United States Patent Trademark Office: [www.uspto.gov] Petite, Thomas inventor
 Energy Central; March 21, 2008 leading developer of wireless mesh David Petite

References
Reuter News; Wed Jan 30, 2008 Coughlin Stoia Geller Rudman & Robbins now representing pioneers of mesh technology - David Petite, and Dr Edwin Brownrigg.

From Fulton County Daily Report; FRIDAY, JULY 20, 2007 In Court fight over wireless technology invented by David Petite.

Atlanta Business Chronicle; Patent ruling could be key for wireless industry IPCo patents could be worth hundreds of millions.

Marietta Daily Journal; Dick Yarbrough: Native American inventor proud of past and focused on future. PAGE NOT FOUND

1956 births
Living people
21st-century American engineers
21st-century Native Americans
Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa people
Native American people from Georgia (U.S. state)
Engineers from Georgia (U.S. state)

Thomas David Petite


Fibrocartilaginous mesenchymoma of bone (FCMB) is an extremely rare tumor first described in 1984. About 26 cases have been reported in literature, with patient ages spanning from 9 to 25 years, though a case in a male infant aged 1 year and 7 months has been reported. Quick growth and bulky size are remarkable features of this tumor.

Diagnosis
The most common locations are the shaft and epyphises of long bones (fibula and humerus) but the spine, metatarsal bones, and ilium have been involved as well. Radiologic examination evidences osteolytic areas with a lobulated framework comprising radiolucent and radiodense foci admixed to speckled calcification. Cortical destruction is a common finding with no soft tissue expansion in many cases. Histopathology of the lesion shows large areas of mature fibrous stroma undergoing hyaline cartilage metaplasia resulting in conspicuous lobules or gradual transformation into chondroid foci. Both hyaline cartilage and chondroid in turn undergo calcification and endochondral cancellous bone formation mimicking epiphyseal plate-like cartilage.

Differential diagnosis is concerned with fibrocartilaginous dysplasia of bone, desmoplastic fibroma, low-grade fibrosarcoma, chondromyxoid fibroma and low-grade chondrosarcoma.

A full account of imaging findings on radiography, bone scan, CT and magnetic resonance has been provided by Sumner et al.

Treatment
Surgery is curative despite possible local relapses. Wide resection of the tumor and resection arthrodesis with an intramedullary nail, vertebrectomy and femoral head allograft replacement of the vertebral body, resection of the iliac wing and hip joint disarticulation have been among the performed procedures.

The close resemblance of FCMB to fibrocartilaginous dysplasia has suggested to some scholars that they might be closely related entities, although the latter features woven bone trabeculae without osteoblastic rimming, which is a quite distinctive aspect. Instead, the occurrence of epiphyseal plate-like cartilage is peculiar of the former.

Notes

References

External links

Osteopathies
Rare diseases
Types of cancer

Fibrocartilaginous mesenchymoma of bone


Pharaoh Overlord is an experimental rock music band, initially featuring three members of the Finnish group Circle, Jussi Lehtisalo, Janne Westerlund and Tomi Leppänen. Originally begun as a vehicle to indulge their love of stoner rock, Pharaoh Overlord's output has become more varied, mirroring the development of their sister group. Their 2007 album Live In Suomi Finland features contributions from krautrock pioneer Hans Joachim Irmler. Julius Jääskeläinen and Pekka Jääskeläinen also appear on that recording, and have played regularly with the band since both in performance and in the studio. Since the 2019 release 5, the band has been a duo consisting of Lehtisalo and Leppänen. The 2020 album 6 also features vocals by Aaron Turner.

In September 2010, it was announced that Circle/Pharaoh Overlord would be performing the role of artists-in-residence at Dutch rock festival Roadburn Festival 2011.

Discography
 2000: Pharaoh Overlord #1, CD (Ektro Records)
 2003: Pharaoh Overlord #2, CD (No Quarter Records)
 2004: The Battle Of The Axehammer, CD (Last Visible Dog)
 2004: Pharaoh Overlord #3, CD (Riot Season)
 2005: Pharaoh Overlord 4, CD (Ektro Records)
 2007: Live In Suomi Finland, CD (Vivo Records)
 2010: Siluurikaudella, CD (Ektro Records)
 2011: Out Of Darkness, CD (Ektro Records)
 2011: Horn, LP (Svart Records / Full Contact)
 2012: Lunar Jetman, CD/LP (Ektro Records)
 2012: Black Tar Prophecies Vol. 5/ Palmu, LP (Kemado Records)
 2014: Överhörn, MC (Ruton Music)
 2014: 6000 km/h, LP (Full Contact Records)
 2015: Circle, CD/LP (Ektro Records)
 2018: Zero (Ektro Records)
 2019: 5 (Ektro Records)
 2020: 6 (Rocket Recordings)

References

External links
Pharaoh Overlord's myspace page
Ektro Records

Finnish musical groups
Musical groups from Pori

Pharaoh Overlord