Christopher Andrew Sabo (born January 19, 1962) is a former third baseman in Major League Baseball who played for the Cincinnati Reds, Baltimore Orioles, Chicago White Sox, and St. Louis Cardinals between 1988 and 1996. He was the head baseball coach of the Akron Zips (2020–2022).

Early life
Sabo was born in Detroit, Michigan, the son of a plumber and a waitress. The Sabos lived in Rosedale Park, three blocks from Willie Horton, a member of the 1968 World Champion Detroit Tigers.

Sabo attended Detroit Catholic Central High School. In high school, he excelled as both a hockey goalie and a golfer in addition to being one of the area's best baseball players, twice earning all-state honors. Sabo played hockey on two national championship 17-and-under teams and, before enrolling at Michigan, also played hockey as a goaltender in one game in the Ontario Junior Hockey League for the Niagara Falls Flyers in the 1979–80 season. As a senior, he was torn between pursuing a hockey career or a baseball career but ultimately chose baseball and a scholarship to the University of Michigan despite being drafted in the 1980 Major League Baseball Draft by the Montreal Expos.

In 1982, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Orleans Cardinals of the Cape Cod Baseball League. A third baseman, Sabo was a key component on a strong Michigan team that finished third in the College World Series in 1983, a season in which Sabo was joined as a starting infielder by future Reds teammate and Baseball Hall of Famer Barry Larkin. That season, Sabo earned first-team All-American honors from The Sporting News and Baseball America.

Professional career

Cincinnati Reds

Sabo was selected by the Cincinnati Reds in the second round of the 1983 Major League Baseball Draft.

Sabo spent five seasons in the Reds' minor league system, during which he never put up impressive numbers, although in two of those seasons he was named the Most Valuable Player of his team. By , he was given little chance of making the big-league team out of spring training, but his ability combined with his grit and hustle was reminiscent of, and endeared him to, Reds manager Pete Rose.  With Buddy Bell starting the season on the disabled list and the Reds needing a third baseman, Sabo stepped in and was the opening day starter. Batting eighth, Sabo collected his first hit, stolen base and run scored in the seventh inning and made a run-saving play on defense in the Reds' 5–4, 12-inning win over the St. Louis Cardinals.

Sabo continued to make the most of the opportunity throughout the season. On April 18, he hit his first career home run, a solo shot off San Francisco Giants pitcher Mike Krukow. For the season, he posted a .271 average with 11 home runs and 44 RBI, pounded out 40 doubles and also stole 46 bases. He won the National League Rookie of the Year Award and quickly became a fan favorite with his hustle and determination punctuated by his flat-top haircut and ever-present wraparound protective eyeglasses commonly known as Rec Specs. That season, Sabo was featured on the cover of Baseball America and The Sporting News and was the subject of a feature article in Sports Illustrated.

After a forgettable  campaign in which he was limited to 82 games, Sabo returned to help lead the Reds to a World Series Championship as he batted .270 with 25 home runs and 71 RBI. Sabo also had an outstanding World Series, batting an astounding .583 with nine hits in 16 at bats, including two home runs and five RBI plus two walks. At the Reds' Fountain Square victory celebration, he famously grabbed the microphone and bellowed to the cheering crowd, "We've got the rings, we've got the money, we've got everything!"

He had his most productive season in , posting career-highs in batting average (.301), home runs (26), RBI (88), hits (175) and games played (153).

Sabo made the National League All-Star team in ,  and .

After injuries limited his play in , his production dropped off drastically. Sabo never again hit above .260 nor would have more than 10 steals in a season.

Baltimore Orioles

Baltimore signed him in  where he endured another injury-plagued season and then split 1995 between Chicago and St. Louis.

Cincinnati Reds

His final season was in Cincinnati in . His homecoming did not go as well as he had hoped. In July, Sabo shattered his bat, which was filled with cork. As a result of the incident, Sabo received a seven-game suspension. Sabo maintains that he never corked a bat in his life, (even saying to the press afterward, "I can't even change a lightbulb!") claiming that the bat in question (which he was given in the middle of the plate appearance after breaking his original bat) belonged to another player (whom he would not name). Sabo also pointed out his minimal offensive numbers that year (.256 batting average with 3 home runs), saying "That's hardly a good endorsement for the cork industry." Moreover, even the live television announcers believed the illegal bat had already cracked on a foul ball prior to breaking it on the following pitch, leading them to speculate (after the cork was discovered) that it would have been highly unlikely for Sabo to knowingly risk using an apparently damaged bat if he had known it was also corked.

In a nine-season career, Sabo hit .268 with 116 home runs and 426 RBI in 911 games. Also an excellent fielder, Sabo led National League third basemen in fielding percentage in 1988 and 1990 and was second in 1991.

Reds manager Pete Rose gave Sabo the nickname "Spuds" during his rookie season in 1988, citing a resemblance to a bull terrier character in Bud Light commercials named Spuds MacKenzie.

On October 23, 2018 Sabo was named head baseball coach at the University of Akron. Akron had a losing record of 1-12 in their 2020 season.

Head coaching record

Personal life
Sabo lives in Sarasota, Florida with his wife, Susan, whom he married in 1989, and their three daughters Annie, Brooke, and Olivia. Annie is currently a sports reporter on Bally Sports Ohio covering the Reds.

He has served as a coach in the Reds' minor league system for the Advanced Rookie Billings Mustangs and Class A Dayton Dragons. He has also served as an assistant coach for the University of Cincinnati. In 2009, he began attending the Northern Kentucky University law school.

Sabo was inducted in the Cincinnati Reds Hall Of Fame, along with Big Red Machine reliever Pedro Borbón and 19th-century pitcher Tony Mullane, on July 17, 2010. The Reds gave away Chris Sabo bobblehead dolls to fans in attendance that evening.

On January 29, 2017, Sabo was named Field Manager of the Green Bay Bullfrogs of the Northwoods League, a college summer league.

On October 23, 2018 Sabo was introduced as the new head coach of the baseball team at the University of Akron. The program practiced with redshirted walk-ons (as is the practice for a new program) with the first class of recruits for the 2019–20 academic year. Sabo parted ways with Akron in 2022.

In May 2023, Sabo was appointed the manager of the Mumbai Cobras, an India-based franchise in the Baseball United league, which plans to bring professional baseball to South Asia and the Middle East.

He is an avid golfer, plays in celebrity golf tournaments and is a member of Kenwood Country Club in Cincinnati. He is good enough to have qualified for several major United States Golf Association tournaments. He is also a popular figure at Reds reunion events.

References

External links

1962 births
Living people
Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award winners
National League All-Stars
Baltimore Orioles players
Chicago White Sox players
Cincinnati Reds players
St. Louis Cardinals players
Major League Baseball third basemen
Michigan Wolverines baseball players
Orleans Firebirds players
Detroit Catholic Central High School alumni
Baseball players from Detroit
Nashville Sounds players
Vermont Reds players
American people of Hungarian descent
All-American college baseball players
Akron Zips baseball coaches

Chris Sabo


Edward Jay Allen (April 27, 1830 – December 26, 1915) was a pioneer, entrepreneur, and businessman.

Edward Jay Allen traveled west over the Oregon Trail in 1852 and made his way to Puget Sound, arriving in December of that year. Allen played a significant role in the early history of Washington Territory and left a detailed account of his years in the west (1852–1855).  Upon returning to Pittsburgh, he married, raised a family, served with distinction in the Civil War as a colonel in the 155th Pennsylvania Infantry, and in later life became quite prosperous as secretary/treasurer of the Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph Company. He was a member of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club that gained notoriety in the aftermath of the Johnstown, Pennsylvania flood. Allen also was a poet and writer of music lyrics and published several works including Hiou Tenas Iktah ("A Lot of Trifles" in Chinook jargon). In addition, he was a mentor of the artist John White Alexander.

Early life
The Allen family emigrated from Warwickshire, England, crossing the Atlantic on the ship Anacreon and arriving in New York City on September 4, 1827. The youngest of six children, Edward Jay Allen was born to Edward and Millicent Bindley Allen on April 27, 1830. After nearly three years in New York City, the Allen family moved to Pottsville, Pennsylvania, a bustling coal center that supplied Philadelphia's fuel needs via a newly constructed canal. In 1834 the family moved again, traveling by Conestoga wagon to Pittsburgh, where they lived thereafter. The senior Edward Allen made his living as a bricklayer and later as a construction contractor. He saw to it that his three sons and three daughters were well educated and versed in the classics. Edward Jay Allen attended Pittsburgh's South Ward School and the University of Pittsburgh (then known as the Western University of Pennsylvania. Suffering from a severe long-term lung ailment, Allen found respite in the summer of 1851 wandering the hills of Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania with friends. Looking for relief from his illness and to avoid the dreary prospect of a career working in a food warehouse, Allen conceived the idea of a trip west.

Out West
Allen was unusual among the emigrants heading to Oregon. He was college-educated, knew nothing about farming, and traveled without a family. He hoped, in addition to securing property under the Donation Land Claim Act, that the trip west would improve his health.

Leaving Pittsburgh in the spring of 1852, Allen began his six-month journey, joining a wagon train consisting primarily of farmers from Wapello County, Iowa. Allen kept a diary  and composed fourteen letters sent to his family from various locations along his route. These letters were published in the Pittsburg Dispatch newspaper and saved into a scrapbook by his sister Rebecca. This scrapbook became the basis of two books written about Allen's adventures by Dennis M. Larsen and Karen L. Johnson.

Allen's western journey officially began May 11, 1852 at Council Bluffs, Iowa (a.k.a. Kanesville). He experienced a typical Oregon Trail crossing until reaching the Snake River Valley in Idaho. Limping along on a badly sprained ankle, Allen concluded that he could walk no further. He decided to turn his wagon bed into a boat and float down the Snake River, soon learning why so few emigrants chose this method of travel. After days of running rapids and portaging around waterfalls Allen and his waterborne companions arrived at Fort Boise, knowing they were lucky to be alive. Here everyone agreed to give up water travel.

Allen remained at Fort Boise for four weeks, temporarily setting himself up in business. "Diary August 19: We found there was but one flat here to ferry the emigration over, and that discovery was the origin of the 'Pennsylvania Ferry Company." He left behind accounts of the ferry business and of the comings and goings at Fort Boise of Native Americans, Hudson's Bay Company employees, fur traders and travelers. Much of his account of these activities is new to historians.

After his sojourn at the ferry, Allen continued west on horseback. He was soon back on foot, however, and still lame, forced to walk through the desert country of eastern Oregon after losing his horse in the Blue Mountains. In October 1852, Allen reached Portland, Oregon Territory, and paused for a short time before heading north over the Cowlitz Trail to the small village of Olympia at the south end of Puget Sound. Allen was diverted on his journey north to serve as a delegate to the Monticello Convention where he participated in the beginnings of the political process that separated Washington Territory from Oregon. In December 1852, finally reaching his destination, Allen built a cabin on his Donation Land Claim three miles up Budd Inlet from Olympia. His decision to negotiate with local Indians to pay them for the land before he took up residence on it was remarkable for this time.

From late 1852 until January 1855, Allen remained in Washington Territory. In June 1853 he surveyed the Indian trail over Naches Pass in the Cascade Mountains as a potential route for a wagon road to divert incoming emigrants from the Willamette Valley to Puget Sound. From July through October he led a construction crew that began building the wagon road. That winter he explored Puget Sound to its northern reaches by whaleboat, ran for a position in the territorial senate (he lost), and shared his cabin with Captain George B. McClellan and George Gibbs (geologist), both on assignment to conduct various surveys of the newly created Washington Territory. Allen wrote up their reports and also created a dictionary of the Chinook Jargon at least as comprehensive as the better-known Gibbs dictionary. (This unpublished dictionary may be found in "Hervey Allen Papers," Special Collections Department, University of Pittsburgh.) In 1854 Allen and his crew returned to the mountains to improve the wagon road. He took time out from his road building to make the first ascent of Mount Adams.

Return to Pittsburgh
Allen returned to Pittsburgh in 1855 after three years out west. In July 1857 he married Elizabeth Robinson and together they raised five children. The outbreak of the Civil War found Allen constructing a railroad in today's West Virginia. He and his family were seized by Confederate forces and held captive until repatriated at Washington, D.C. He immediately offered his services to his friend, General McClellan, now commander of the Army of the Potomac. Circumstances instead took Allen to Virginia's Shenandoah Valley where he fought in the battles of Lewisburgh and Cross Keys. Allen later became a colonel in the 155th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment and fought at Fredericksburg and Gettysburg. He was medically discharged after Gettysburg but continued in a civilian role to provision the Union army in the Shenandoah Valley. (Allen's military history may be found in Under the Maltese Cross.)

Edward John (Jay) Allen was a member of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, the club that owned Lake Conemaugh.

In the post-Civil War years Allen made his fortune serving as secretary/treasurer of the Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph Company. He made two later trips to Washington in 1889 and 1891. Edward Jay Allen died on December 26, 1915 and is buried in Homewood Cemetery, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

References

External links
Hervey Allen Papers (1831-1965, SC.1952.01, Special Collections Department, University of Pittsburgh)
 Under the Maltese Cross
Colonel Edward Jay Allen at Find A Grave

Businesspeople from Pittsburgh
University of Pittsburgh alumni
1830 births
1915 deaths
Burials at Homewood Cemetery
19th-century American businesspeople

Edward Jay Allen


The Integrated Bar of the Philippines ( abbreviated as IBP) is the national organization of lawyers in the Philippines. It is the mandatory bar association for Filipino lawyers.

History
The IBP was established as an official organization for the legal profession by Republic Act No. 6397. The law confirmed the constitutional power of the Philippine Supreme Court to adopt rules for the integration of the Philippine Bar. Consequently, Presidential Decree 189 constituted the IBP into a corporate body in 1973.

On January 9, 1973, the Supreme Court ordained the integration of the Philippine Bar. The IBP Constitution and By-Laws shortly followed.

Then recently retired Supreme Court Associate Justice J.B.L. Reyes was named as the first Chairman of the IBP in 1973. He served in that capacity until 1975, and was the Chairman emeritus for the remainder of his life. Reyes had been a longtime proponent of bar integration in the Philippines.

Organizational structure
The IBP is administered by a Governing Board consisting of nine Governors representing the nine regions of the IBP. The Governing Board elects the IBP National President and IBP Executive Vice President from among themselves or from outside the Board.

The IBP House of Delegates decide on important matters. The chamber is composed of not more than one-hundred-twenty (120) members apportioned among all IBP Chapters in major cities throughout the country. Every two years, the IBP Governing Board makes a reappointment of delegates among all IBP chapters.

Membership
The IBP Constitution and By-Laws considers the following, "automatically and without exception," as members of the IBP:
All lawyers whose names were in the Roll of Attorneys of the Supreme Court on January 16, 1973.
All lawyers whose names were included or are entered therein after the said date.

There are currently about forty-thousand (40,000) living attorneys who comprise the IBP.

These are the attorneys whose names appear in the Rolls of Attorneys of the Supreme Court. They have qualified for and have passed the Philippine Bar Examination conducted annually, and have taken the attorney's oath, unless otherwise disbarred.

Membership in the IBP is compulsory for all lawyers in the country. The Philippine Supreme Court has required all lawyers to indicate their Roll of Attorneys Number in all papers and pleadings filed in judicial and quasi-judicial bodies in addition to the previously required current Professional Tax Receipt (PTR) and IBP Official Receipt or Life Member Number.

Notable projects
The IBP has been active in safeguarding the integrity of the bar exams; promoting ethical practices of lawyers, judges, lawyer-politicians, and lawyer-government officials; refraining from any partisan political activity especially during local and national elections; developing legal education and research in law schools and continuing legal education centers; and expanding legal aid offices throughout the country to provide free legal services to indigent Filipinos.

The IBP National Committee on Bar Discipline is the special group monitoring and upholding ethical practices in the profession.

The IBP National Committee on Legal Aid is the ad hoc committee for establishing and maintaining suitable legal aid offices in all IBP Chapters nationwide.

Protests and marches against Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
On December 20, 2007, the Integrated Bar of the Philippines (thru IBP president Feliciano Bautista and all the 9 members of the IBP Board of Governors - IBP governors Abelardo Estrada, Ernesto Gonzales Jr, Marcial Magsino, Bonifacio Barandon Jr, Evergisto Escalon, Raymond Jorge Mercado, Ramon Edison Batacan and Carlos Valdez Jr.) affirmed their published statement that it "is prepared to stage street protests to express the "growing anger" of lawyers over controversies pestering the Gloria Macapagal Arroyo's administration; we are ready. If we have to go to the streets we'll do it. We can't remain silent and neutral."

Integrated Bar of the Philippines (48,000 members in 83 chapters nationwide) president Feliciano Bautista informed Newsbreak newspaper that the bribery expose of Governor Eddie Panlilio triggered hitting the "culture of corruption" in the Gloria Macapagal Arroyo administration. The statement of concern advertisement was published in the Philippine Daily Inquirer on December 17 and in Philippine Star on December 20. IBP called for 3 courses of action: a) "prosecution of cases against corrupt government officials, b) continued Senate investigation on alleged corruption in government contracts, and c) filing of an impeachment case against President Arroyo." IBP also held the government responsible for widespread smuggling activities, extrajudicial killings, forced disappearances, and ghost projects. It called on the House of Representatives to endorse the impeachment complaint against President Arroyo and admonished the Senate to continue probes on government anomalies. In March 2006, the IBP, for the first time, organized its lawyers in a street protest against President Arroyo's Proclamation 1017.

See also
 Philippine Bar Examinations
 Legal education in the Philippines
 Supreme Court of the Philippines
 Judicial and Bar Council
 Professional Regulation Commission

References

External links

Integrated Bar of the Philippines
Integrated Bar of the Philippines - Batangas Chapter
Integrated Bar of the Philippines - Negros Oriental Chapter
Philippine American Bar Association
Council for the Non-Court Resolution of Disputes Foundation, Inc.
Public Interest Law Center
Sentro ng Alternatibong Lingap Panligal (Alternative Legal Assistance Center)

Bar associations of Asia
Legal organizations based in the Philippines
1973 establishments in the Philippines
Organizations established in 1973

Integrated Bar of the Philippines


The Apollonicon was presented to the public the first time in 1817 built by the English Organ builders Flight & Robson in London.
It was an automatic playing machine with about 1,900 pipes and 45 organ stops with a technic familiar to the barrel organ. It was inspired by Johann Nepomuk Mälzel's Panharmonikon. It also had five keyboards, one of them used as the pedal keyboard, so the instrument could be played by a few persons in manual mode as well.

A very detailed description with drawings can be found in the Mechanics Magazine from 1828. A notice about it is to be found in Polytechnisches Journal, 1828, with the Germanized name Apollonikon.

References

External links
 Description at the British Institute of Organ Studies, with drawings and a bibliography
 Description in The Victorian Dictionary

Keyboard instruments
Aerophones
Mechanical musical instruments
1817 introductions

Apollonicon


The Erinnerungsort Olympia-Attentat is a memorial in the Munich Olympiapark for the victims of the Munich massacre during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, at which eleven Israeli Olympic team members were taken hostage and eventually killed, along with a German police officer, by the Palestinian terrorist group Black September.

The 10 minutes long 11 meter width Video Installation loop is shown each day from 8 to 22 o'clock. Language is German with English subtitles.
The memorial was opened on September 6. 2017 by the President of Israel Reuven Rivlin and President of Germany Frank-Walter Steinmeier.

Buildings and structures in Munich
Monuments and memorials in Germany
Munich massacre

Erinnerungsort Olympia-Attentat


Cash Converters International Limited (Cash Converters or Cashies) is an Australian ASX-listed personal finance and secondhand retail company headquartered in Perth, Western Australia.

History
Cash Converters was founded in Perth, Western Australia, in 1984 by Brian Cumins and a group of partners. Within four years, the network had opened a further six outlets across Perth.

The Company commenced its international expansion in the mid-1990s establishing operations in New Zealand, the United Kingdom (UK), France, Belgium, South Africa, Italy and other markets. As of 30 June 2021, the Company operated 693 stores across 15 countries, with all non-Australian stores managed through franchising agreements.

The group listed on the London Stock Exchange (LSE) in 1995 and was then granted a dual listing on the ASX in February 1997 under the code CCV. In 2001, Cash Converters migrated its primary listing location to the ASX and subsequently delisted from the LSE on 19 February 2013 based on the composition of its share register and low trading volumes in the UK.

Cash Converters made two acquisitions in 2006. The first, Safrock Finance Corporation (Safrock), was completed on 29 September for a total consideration of $17.5 million (including earn out) and the second was financial software platform MON-E for $15 million. Both acquisitions were funded through a combination of cash and shares (scrip).

Cash Converters acquired 80% of vehicle financing company Green Light Auto Group Ltd (GLA) in September 2013 through the conversion of a $4 million loan previously provided to the business. In November 2014, Cash Converters acquired the remaining 20% of GLA, becoming a wholly-owned subsidiary.

In November 2009, EZCorp (NASDAQ:EZPW) purchased a 30% stake in Cash Converters, appointing two representatives to the Board of Directors. Between dividend reinvestments and a rights issue in 2018, EZCorp increased its ownership to 35.65% on 30 June 2021.

Products & Services

The primary service provided by Cash Converters is personal finance in the form of small amount credit contracts (SACC) up to $2,000 and medium amount credit contracts (MACC) up to $5,000. Both these products are regulated by the National Consumer Credit Act 2009 (NCCP Act) and are available throughout the store network and online to Australian customers. The personal finance business is the largest contributor to Cash Converters total earnings, representing 53% of the Company's EBITDA for the financial year 2021.

The second highest earnings contributor for Cash Converters is its corporate-owned store network, which generates income through the sale of second-hand goods, unsecured loans and secured pawnbroking loans. Cash Converters' franchise network represents 618 stores throughout the globe, including 80 in Australia, and income is generated through royalties paid to the Group by the franchisees.

Secured vehicle financing is provided through GLA – a wholly owned subsidiary – via a network of Australian finance brokers and car dealers. This business unit contributed 16% of Cash Converters EBITDA in financial year 2021.

Class Action lawsuits & Infringements
Two class actions have been launched in the Federal Court of Australia on allegations that Cash Converters charged excessive fees on short term loans in NSW between July 2010 and June 2013. Over 50,000 customers have joined to seek about $40 million in compensation. A $23 million in-principle settlement was reached with more than 37,000 Cash Converters customers in June 2015.

In 2016, an Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) investigation found that Cash Converters had failed to make reasonable inquiries into the income and expenses of customers availing their small amount loan product. They were ordered to pay back $10.8 million to consumers and fined a further $1.35 million in addition to entering an Enforceable Undertaking (EU) to uplift its risk, compliance and loan application assessment processes. Cash Converters completed all commitments made to ASIC as part of the EU in February 2018 which included the engagement of Deloitte as an independent expert to review the Company's updated practices.

The investigation was part of a wider focus by ASIC on pay day lending in 2016, with lenders Nimble and Fair Go Finance also refunding customers as a result of investigations.

In May 2018, Cash Converters reached a settlement with ASIC relating to debt collections practices between 2013 and March 2016 resulting in a payment of $650,000 to the National Debt Helpline and the outsourcing of debt collection activity to a third-party, Collections House Limited (ASX:CLH) which was completed by 30 June 2018. In 2021, Cash Converters recommenced its own debt collection activity after receiving ASIC approval.

Cash Converters made the final class action settlement payment relating to historic lending practices in September 2020.

References

Companies listed on the Australian Securities Exchange
Companies based in Perth, Western Australia
Financial services companies established in 1984
Retail companies established in 1984
1984 establishments in Australia
Retail companies of Australia
Pawn shops

Cash Converters


Louis II of Nassau-Weilburg (9 August 1565, Weilburg – 8 November 1627, Saarbrücken) was a count of Nassau-Weilburg.

Life
Louis was the eldest son of Count Albert of Nassau-Weilburg-Ottweiler and Countess Anna of Nassau-Dillenburg. His family moved in 1575 from Weilburg to Ottweiler.  After his education,  he traveled through Europe, in particular the French-speaking part of Switzerland.  He also visited France and princely courts in Germany.  During his visit to William IV of Hesse-Kassel, he met William's daughter Anna Maria and fell in love with her. He married her on 4 June 1589.

After Albert died on 11 November 1593, the inheritance was divided among his three sons.  Louis received the areas Ottweiler, Homburg, Kirchheim and Lahr in the left bank of the Rhine.  His brothers William (died: 25 November 1597) and John Casimir (died: 29 March 1602) chose the Weilburg part, which also fell to Louis after they died.  Louis also inherited the territories of his uncle Philip IV of Nassau-Saarbrücken (died: 12 March 1602) and John Louis II of Nassau-Wiesbaden (died: 9 June 1605), who was the last of his line.  So he ended up combining the entire property of the Walram line in one hand.

Louis moved his seat of government to Saarbrücken Castle.  He issued a series of regulations, and provided a better education for his population (e.g. through the establishment of the Louis Gymnasium Saarland in Saarbrücken and the promotion of elementary schools.  He committed himself to make the Saar navigable and supported many construction projects.  Prosperity increased during his reign.  However, the Thirty Years' War also began during his reign.

He instructed his registrar Johann Andreae to reorganize the Saarbrücken Archives and the painter Henrich Dors from Altweilnau to design tomb for the Nassau family, resulting in a major "epitaph book" being published in 1632.

Louis had fourteen children, including four sons who survived him and they divided his inheritance: William Louis, John, Ernest Casimir and Otto.

Marriage and issue
Louis married on 4 June 1589 Anna Maria of Hesse-Kassel (1567–1626), daughter of Landgrave William IV of Hesse-Kassel.
 William Louis (1590–1640) married on 25 November 1615 Anna Amalia of Baden-Durlach (born: 9 July 1595; died: 18 November 1651), daughter of Margrave George Frederick of Baden-Durlach
 Anna Sabina (1591–1593)
 Albert (1593–1595)
 Sophia Amalia (1594–1612)
 George Adolf (1595–1596)
 Philip (1597–1621)
 Louise Juliana (1598–1622)
 Moritz (1599–1601)
 Charles Ernest (1600–1604)
 Mary Elizabeth (1602–1626)
 John (1603–1677), Count of Nassau-Idstein
 married firstly on 6 June 1629 Sibylle Magdalene (born: 21 July 1605; died: 22 July 1644), daughter of Margrave George Frederick of Baden-Durlach
 married secondly in 1646 Countess Anna of Leiningen-Falkenburg (1625–1668)
 Dorothea (1605–1620)
 Ernest Casimir (1607–1655), Count of Nassau-Weilburg
 married in 1634 Countess Anna Maria of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Homburg (1610–1656)
 Otto (1610–1632)

See also
 List of the Counts of Nassau-Saarbrücken

References

 Henrich Dors (1590–1651): Genealogia Oder Stammregister Der Durchlauchtigen Hoch- Und Wohlgeborenen Fursten, Grafen Und Herren Des Uhralten Hochloblichen Hauses Nassau Samt Etlichen Konterfeitlichen Epitaphien, Minerva-Verlag Thinnes und Nolte, Saarbrücken 1983,

External links
 Louis II of Nassau-Weilburg in the Saarland biographies

16th-century German people
17th-century German people
House of Nassau
House of Nassau-Weilburg
1565 births
1627 deaths
Counts of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein

Louis II, Count of Nassau-Weilburg


John Petitbon (June 4, 1931 – November 11, 2006) was an American football player.

A native of New Orleans, Louisiana, Petitbon was a three-sport star in baseball, basketball, and football at Jesuit High School.  He was named the Louisiana All-State Most Valuable Player in football in 1946, and led Jesuit with 18 touchdowns in 1946 and 17 in 1947.  He played college football at Notre Dame under coach Frank Leahy, and was a member of Notre Dame's 1949 national championship team as a sophomore safety.  Moved to halfback for his final two years, he amassed 1,432 yards of total offense and 10 touchdowns during those seasons, and was named a Collier's Weekly All-American in 1950.  He was chosen to play in the College All-Star Game and the East-West Shrine Game after his senior season in 1951.

Petitbon was selected as a defensive back in the seventh round of the 1952 NFL Draft by the New York Yanks, who became the Dallas Texans for the 1952 season.  Petitbon, however, joined the United States Marine Corps and served in the Korean War.  Before the 1953 season, the Texans, who had become the Baltimore Colts, traded him to the Cleveland Browns as part of a 15-player deal, the second-largest trade in NFL history, in which the Colts received, among other players, defensive back Don Shula.  After returning from the Marines, Petitbon played for the Browns and was a member of their 1955 NFL championship team.  Petitbon was traded to the Green Bay Packers in 1957 and retired after that season.

Petitbon was selected for the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame and the Louisiana High School Sports Hall of Fame, as was his younger brother Richie Petitbon, a former NFL player and coach.

After leaving football, John Petitbon entered the insurance business.  He died of Alzheimer's disease in New Orleans on November 11, 2006.

External links
 New Orleans Times-Picayune obituary
 New York Yanks 1952 NFL Draft selections (databasefootball.com)
 Largest trades in NFL history (Pro Football Hall of Fame)
 NFL players who served in the military during the Korean War (Pro Football Hall of Fame)
 Browns/Packers trade, 1957 (Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel)
 Notre Dame All-Star game participants
 Jesuit High School individual scoring records

1931 births
2006 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
American football defensive backs
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football players
Cleveland Browns players
Green Bay Packers players
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Korean War
Jesuit High School (New Orleans) alumni
Players of American football from New Orleans
Neurological disease deaths in Louisiana

John Petitbon


A women's magazine is a magazine that is mostly for women. These magazines were started because big newsapers sometimes had parts that were for women. Sometimes tabloid journalism is also for women. Unlike tabloids, which are published daily, women's magazines are usually published weekly or monthly.

Magazines

Women's magazine


Travel is the activity of going from one place to another place.  When a person makes the same trip every day to work or school, this type of traveling is usually called "commuting."  Some people travel to other cities as part of their job.  This is called "business travel." When many people travel to a distant place to stay, it is called "human migration".

Some people travel on their vacation, to visit other towns, cities, or countries.  This is tourism.  These people stay overnight in hotels, hostels, motels, apartments or bed and breakfast.  Some prefer camping.  Through the centuries, modes of travel have changed. Some people (travel writers) write about travelling, as in autobiographies or journals. Some write guide books suggesting places to go.

Types of travelling:

 Hiking
 Cruise ship vacations
 Pilgrimage
 Train journeys
 Hitch-hiking
 Driving
 Flight

Famous travellers
 Marco Polo
 Ibn Battuta

Related pages
 Human migration

Other websites

Travel


Allan Frewin Jones (born 30 April 1954) is an English writer credited with more than 90 books for children and young adults. He has published under the alternate names: Fiona Kelly, A F Jones, Frewin Jones, Damien Graves, Adam Blade, Nick Shadow, and Allan Jones.

Life and work

Early years
Born in London, United Kingdom, Jones began writing at age nine. He grew up with his mother, father, and one older sister, and enjoyed art, music, reading, and writing from an early age. Jones worked various clerical and civil service jobs until obtaining a Fine Art Diploma of Higher Education from.

Writing career
Jones' first book,  The Mole and Beverley Miller, was published by Hodder Books in 1987. Since then, he has published children's and young adult books and stories in multiple genres, including fantasy, romance, and speculative fiction.

Jones is a prolific author of novel series for young people. He was commissioned to write the first book of The Mystery Club series (published as written by non-existent author Fiona Kelly), after which he was given his own series, including The Hunter and Moon books, Dark Paths, the Little Sister books (as A F Jones), Talisman, Special Agents (under the pen name Sam Hutton), and the six volume fantasy series The Faerie Path and Warrior Princess (both as Frewin Jones). One of the Talisman books, The Tears of Isis, was shortlisted for the 2006 Stockton Children's Book of the Year literary prize.

In 2008, Jones met with the illustrator Gary Chalk and they produced a series for Hodder Children's Books, published in the UK as Sundered Lands and in America as The Six Crowns.
This series was praised by the American Library Association's Booklist and well-reviewed in School Library Journal, Kirkus, and Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books, among other places. Following The Six Crowns, Jones was offered a six-volume spy-boy series by Orion, published as Codename Quicksilver, while continuing to do 'writer-for-hire' work and continuing to collaborate with Gary Chalk on new series ideas.

Jones is represented by Pam van Hylckama Vlieg of Foreword Literary, a hybrid literary agency based in California.

Personal life
Allan Frewin Jones lives in Cornwall with his wife and a cat called Tallulah Bankhead.

Works

Novels
The Mole & Beverley Miller (1987)
The Cost of Going Free (1988)
Dark Secrets Red Ink (as Steven Saunders) (1988)
Rabbit Back And Doubled (1989)
Kisschase (as Steven Saunders) (1989)
Blind Ally (as Steven Saunders) (1989)
Millions of Lisa (1990)
Bad Penny (1990)
The Half-Good Samaritan (1991)
Tommy And The Sloth (1992)
Burning Issues (1994)
The Great Sister War (1995)
Sneaking Out (1995)
My Sister, My Slave (1995)
Sister Switch (1995)
Stacy the Matchmaker (1995)
New Stacy (1996)
Writing for Children and Getting Published (1997)
Alien Fire File (1997)
Skull Stone File (1997)
The Weird Eyes File (1997)
Annas Birthday Adventure (1997)

Poetry
I've Got A Valentine (in the anthology Our Side of the Playground) (1991)

Short stories
Confessions of a Bad Bear (in the anthology Teddy Bear Stories for Grown Ups) (1993)
Karla (in the anthology Fantastic Space Stories) (1994)
Dear Mum, Please Don't Panic (in the anthology Dear Mum, Don't Panic) (1995)
The Cannibal Fiend of Rotherhithe (in the Steampunk anthology Corsets & Clockwork) (2011)

Story books
Wishing Bird & Co. (illustrated by Larry Wilkes)  (1993)
Anna's Birthday Adventure (illustrated by Judy Brown) (1997)

Picture book
Meerkat in Trouble (illustrated by  Adrienne Kennaway) (1997)

Non-fiction
Teach Yourself Writing For  Children (with Lesley Pollinger) (4 revised editions, most recent 2010)

Series
The Hunter & Moon Mysteries (1997-1998)
The Weird Eyes File, The Alien Fire File, The Skull Stone File, the Time Traveler File, The Thunderbolt File, The Star Ship File.
Dark Paths (1998-1999)
The Wicker Man, The Plague Pit, Unquiet Graves, the Phantom Pilot, The Wreckers, Blood Stone, The Monk's Curse, Ghostlight.
Dark Paths – Heinemann ELT Guided Readers (2000)
The Phantom Airman, Unquiet Graves.
Sundered Lands (UK)/The Six Crowns (USA) (co-created and illustrated by Gary Chalk) (2010-1011)
Trundle's Quest, Fair Wind to Widdershins, Fire Over Swallowhaven, The Ice Gate of Spyre, Sargasso Skies, Full Circle.
Codename Quicksilver (as Allan Jones) (2012-2013)
Beast Quest (as Adam Blade) (2008-2019)
In the Zone, The Tyrant King, Burning Sky, Killchase, Adrenaline Rush, End Game.

Working Partners series
The Mystery Club (as Fiona Kelly) (1993-1995)
Secret Clues, Dangerous Tricks, Hide & Seek, Secret Treasure, Crossed Lines, Crash Landing, Poison!, Out Of Control, The Secret Room.
The Mystery Kids (as Fiona Kelly) (1995-1996)
Spy-catchers, The Empty House, Blackmail!, Hostage!
Little Sister/Stacy & Co. (1995-1999)
The Great Sister War, Pippa's Problem Page, My Sister My Slave, My Real Best Friend, Stacy The Matchmaker, The New Guy, Copycat, Party Time, Sneaking Out, Scary Sleepover, Sister Switch, Fern Flips, Full House, You Look Great!, Bad Boy, The New Stacy!, Pippa On Air, Dream Sister.
Internet Detectives (as Michael Coleman) (1997)
Virus Attack, Access Denied.
Special Agents (as Sam Hutton) (2003-2005)
Deep End, Final Shot, Countdown, Kiss & Kill, Full Throttle, Meltdown.
Talisman (2005)
The Tears of Isis, The Mooncake of Chang-O, the Amulet of Quilla, the Elephant of Parvati.
The Faerie Path (as Frewin Jones) (2007-2011)
The Faerie Path, The Lost Queen, The Sorcerer King/The Seventh Daughter, The Immortal Realm, The Enchanted Quest, The Charmed Return.
Warrior Princess (as Frewin Jones) (Published in the UK as Destiny's Path and as Allan Frewin Jones) (2009-2012)
Warrior Princess/Rhiannon of the Spring, Destiny's Path/Govannon of the Wood, The Emerald Flame/Merion of the Stones, The Bright Blade/Caradoc of the North Wind(Unpublished in the USA).

References

External links

 Frewin Jones and Steven Saunders at LC Authorities, 11 and no records

1954 births
English children's writers
Living people
English fantasy writers

Allan Frewin Jones


The Cassatt String Quartet was founded in 1985. Originally the first participants in Juilliard's Young Artists Quartet Program, the Quartet has gone on to win many teaching fellowships and awards and has toured internationally. Named after impressionist painter Mary Cassatt, the quartet is based in New York City.

The Cassatt Quartet has performed at New York's Alice Tully Hall and Weill Recital Hall at Carnegie Hall, the Tanglewood Music Theater, the Kennedy Center and Library of Congress in Washington, DC. Internationally, it has taken the stage at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris, Maeda Hall in Tokyo, the American Academy in Rome, the Palacio de Bellas Artes in Mexico City and the Festival de Música de Cámera in San Miguel de Allende. Composers whose works the quartet has performed include Tina Davidson, Jay Reise, Andy Tierstien, Joan Tower, and Dan Welcher. The acclaimed quartet has built a reputation for being a champion of work by living composers.

Named three times in The New Yorker magazine's Best Of The Year CD Selection, they have recorded for the Koch, Naxos, New World, Albany and CRI Labels.

History

The Cassatt Quartet was founded in 1985 by four young artists at Juilliard who were inspired by the work of artist Mary Cassatt. It won the Coleman Chamber Music Competition one year later, and two top prizes in the Banff International String Quartet Competition in 1989. At that time the quartet consisted of Laura Goldberg and Muneko Otani, violins; Sarah Adams, viola; and Anna Cholakian, cello. Founding members included cellist Anna Cholakian and violinist Laura J. Goldberg. Goldberg went on to join the Juilliard pre-college teaching faculty and later left the quartet. She later founded Arts Ahimsa, a group that uses music and the arts to promote non-violence.

In 1991 the quartet, composed of Muneko Otani, Laura Goldberg (violin); Michiko Oshima (viola); Anna Cholakian (cello) performed for the soundtrack of the TV Show Fishing with John. That work appears in a CD produced in 1998.

As of 1993, the members of the quartet were Anna Cholakian, cello, Muneko Otani and Sunghae Anna Lim, violins, and Michiko Oshima, viola.

Cholakian was lost to cancer in February 1996. Composer Andrew Waggoner dedicated his Symphony No. 2 to Anna Cholakian's memory, indicating that the third movement echoed, among other things "an old Armenian song beloved of Anna and her father, "Hokis Murmur (My Soul is Sad)." Composer David Lang also wrote a piece in memory of Cholakian, 'Cello', as part of his piano works series, "memory pieces."

Members of the Cassatt Quartet have served in residency at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, and created the Louis Krasner Graduate String Quartet Program for training young, professionally oriented string quartets at the Setnor School of Music of Syracuse University while in extended residency there. Quartet members as of 2001 were Muneko Otani and Jennifer Leshnower, violins; Tawnya Popoff, viola; and Caroline Stinson, cello.

Current members

 Muneko Otani serves on the faculty of Columbia University and the Mannes College of Music in New York City, and the Mozarteum Summer Festival in Salzburg. Otani plays a 1770 J.B. Guadagnini of Parma violin.
 Jennifer Leshnower coaches chamber music worldwide, including masterclasses in Ireland at Trinity College, Dublin and the Royal Irish Academy of Music. Leshnower's violin is a 1655 Jacobus Stainer.
 Ah Ling Neu, violist, has performed chamber music as a former member of the Ridge Quartet and the New York Philomusica, and her summer festival appearances include the Marlboro Music Festival, Tanglewood and White Mountains Music Festivals. She presently teaches at Columbia University and Williams College.
 Elizabeth Anderson was formerly cellist of the Naumburg Award-winning Meliora Quartet and is Assistant Principal Cellist with the New York City Opera Orchestra. As recitalist she has toured throughout the United States, Europe and Asia.

Discography
 Cassatt: The Cassatt String Quartet, Composers Recordings, Jun 8, 1994
 Julia Wolfe: Arsenal for Democracy, Polygram Records, Jun 4, 1996
 Francis White: The Composer in the Computer Age IV, Centaur, Jan 21, 1997
 Nothing Devine is Mundane: Songs of Virgil Thompson, Albany Records, Dec 16, 1997
 Mary Jane Leach: Adriane's Lament, New World Records, Feb 24, 1998
 Gisburg: Trust, Tzadik, Oct 20, 1998
 The Music of Ursula Mamlok, Composers Recordings, Apr 13, 1999
 Margaret Brouwer: Crosswinds, New World Records, Nov 1, 2001
 Andrew Waggoner: Legacy, New World Records, Nov 1, 2001
 The Music of Ezra Laderman, Vol. 3, Albany Records, Jan 29, 2002
 Chamber Music by Lawrence Dillon, Albany Records, Jul 30, 2002
 Julia Wolfe: The String Quartets, Cantaloupe, Feb 11, 2003
 Daniel S. Godfrey: String Quartets, KOCH International Classics, Apr 27, 2004
 Steven Stucky: In Shadow, In Light, Albany Records, May 25, 2004
 Sebastian Currier: Quartetset, Quiet Time, New World Records, Feb 7, 2006
 Tina Davidson: It Is My Heart Singing, Albany Records, Jun 1, 2006
 Jay Reise: Chamber Music, Albany Records, Mar 4, 2008
 Music of Ezra Laderman, Vol. 8 Albany Records, Dec 1, 2008
 Andy Teirstein "Open Crossings" Naxos Records
 Dan Welcher "String Quartets Nos. 1-3" Naxos Records
 Ravel and Dvorak "String Quartet and Quartet Op. 105 in A-Flat Major", 2008

Recognition and awards
 First Prize at the Coleman Chamber Music Competition in 1986.
 First Prize at the Fischoff Chamber Music Competition
 2nd Place at the Banff International String Quartet Competition, plus 'Best performance of the piéce de concert (Allan Bell, Arche II)', 1989
 The 1995 CMA/ASCAP First Prize Award for Adventurous Programming
 A 1996 recording grant from the Mary Flagler Cary Charitable Trust
Julia Wolfe: The String Quartets listed in ''The New Yorkers Year's Best CDs of 2003
 Daniel S. Godfrey: String Quartets listed in The New Yorker'''s Year's Best CDs of 2004
 Sebastian Currier, Quartetset/Quiet Time listed in The New Yorkers Year's Best CDs of 2006

References

External links
 Cassatt Quartet website
 NY Times review of Cassatt Players' celebration of Joan Tower's 70th birthday, by Allan Kozinn, September 21, 2008.

Contemporary classical music ensembles
Musical groups established in 1985
American string quartets
1985 establishments in New York City

Cassatt Quartet


Lord Day & Lord was an American  large, blue-chip New York City law firm. It was established in 1845 by Daniel Lord, his son Daniel DeForest Lord, and his son-in-law Henry Day.

History
The firm had retained the same name until 1988 when it merged with smaller firm Barrett Smith Simon & Armstrong to become Lord Day & Lord, Barrett Smith. Barrett Smith was a firm of 65 attorneys (which then qualified as mid-sized) that focused on white collar criminal defense litigation, commodities and aircraft leasing. It brought major clients the Coffee, Sugar and Cocoa Exchange, Merrill Lynch, and British Airways. Lord Day's traditional clients were the American Stock Exchange, Cunard Line, The New York Times, and Chemical Bank. The combined firm maintained offices in New York City, Washington, D.C., and London. Prior to the consummation of the merger, however, rival New York firm Chadbourne & Parke lured away the entire corporate tax team from Barrett Smith, approximately 30 attorneys. Similarly, the 20-strong flagship white collar group of legacy Barrett Smith defected to Kirkpatrick & Lockhart shortly after the merger.

Dissolution
The firm unraveled in October 1994 amid mounting partner defections and discord. At the time of dissolution, it employed 125 lawyers, which was a decrease of 30% from the year prior. About 50 attorneys joined the New York office of the Philadelphia-based law firm Morgan, Lewis & Bockius. The firm was buffeted by partner departures and declining revenues while still holding the large commercial office rent of $6 million per year for its offices at 1675 Broadway.

Notable alumni
Louis M. Loeb, the former general counsel to The New York Times for twenty years.
James Goodale, the former general counsel and vice chairman of The New York Times.
Herbert Brownell Jr., the Attorney General of the United States in President Dwight D. Eisenhower's cabinet from 1953 to 1957.
Todd Stitzer, CEO of Cadbury Schweppes.

Further reading

References

External links
 Oldest Law Firm Is Courtly, Loyal and Defunct
 The Times v. Its Law Firm
  End Is Seen For Lord Day
 Business Digest: Friday, February 19, 1988

Law firms based in New York City
Defunct law firms of the United States
Law firms established in 1845
Defunct companies based in New York (state)
Law firms disestablished in 1994

Lord Day & Lord


Cassandra Foster is a fictional character on the ABC and The Online Network soap opera All My Children. On February 25, 2013, model Sal Stowers was cast as Cassandra on the Prospect Park's continuation of All My Children. The character originated in March 1997 as an infant on the now-defunct series The City, in its final days before cancellation. In 2008, Yaya DaCosta began portraying the character as a teenager from April 25, 2008, to August 25, 2008. DaCosta had placed runner-up in the third cycle of America's Next Top Model, while Stowers had won the competition in the ninth cycle of the show. Stowers made her debut on April 30, 2013.

Storylines

1997: The City
Cassandra Foster is the adopted daughter of Jacob Foster (Darnell Williams) and Angela Hubbard (Debbi Morgan), and the adopted half-sister of Frankie Hubbard (Cornelius Smith Jr.). Abandoned by as an infant in 1997, Cassandra is discovered by Angie in a garbage dumpster in the SoHo district of New York City.  Angie is still experiencing the loss of her foster daughter Kayla, who has been adopted by another couple.  Angie falls in love with Cassandra almost immediately, and she and her then-husband Jacob adopt her.

2008
Following her parents' divorce, Cassandra  (Yaya DaCosta) decides to spend time with her father in Paris. In 2008, Cassandra (now age 18) returns to the United States and travels to Pine Valley to meet her mother's first husband Jesse Hubbard (Darnell Williams), who was erroneously believed to have died years before Cassandra's birth. In a strange coincidence, Jesse looks almost exactly like Jacob.

Cassandra has become fast friends with Colby Chandler (Brianne Moncrief) (the daughter of her mother's former friend from high school Liza Colby (Jamie Luner)) and local musician Dre Woods (Sterling Sulieman). She plans to begin studies at Pine Valley University in the fall.

Colby become quite intoxicated at her 18th birthday party. Dre was driving Colby's car when he and Cassandra decided to bring her home. He ran over someone in the road, but was unable to determine what the object was, since it was nighttime. The next day—upon learning that Richie Novak (Billy Miller) had been struck by a car on the same road at approximately the same time—the three teenagers feared that they had inadvertently killed him.  Unaware that Richie had actually been murdered earlier that evening by his sister Annie Lavery (Melissa Claire Egan), the teens vowed to keep the entire incident a secret.

However, Jesse later finds out that Dre, Colby, and Cassandra may have run over Richie. All three teenagers are taken in and questioned. Then Dre confesses that he was the one who ran over Richie. Cassandra, still in shock begins acting more and more insecure, blaming Jesse for everything, and treating Frankie better than her. She begins acting spoiled, and says Angie that she cannot be a part of the "little family" that she always wanted yet. She later books a flight to Paris to be with her father, Jacob, whom she claims is having a major surgery, and wants her to be there. Jesse later calls Jacob and he says that is just a minor gall bladder surgery and he explicitly told Cass not to come. Cassandra still says she is leaving, and apologizes to Angie and Jesse, saying that he was very nice to her, she just doesn't know how to fit into their lives yet, and after saying goodbye to Dre, she leaves for Paris.

2013
Jesse hints about a surprise he has for Angie, it is then revealed that Jesse had paid for Cassandra's (Sal Stowers) plane ticket to visit Pine Valley. Jesse tries to contact Cassandra, but she is not responding to his calls on April 30, 2013. It is shown that someone has destroyed her phone. Cassandra makes her first appearance as she is being handcuffed to a bed by Vlad Koslov (Alfredo Diaz). It is revealed she was taken by an imposter driver, Vlad. Later on, it is revealed that Cassandra has been captured by a human trafficking ring. Yuri Koslov (Martin Harvey) finds that Vlad has been keeping Cassandra in a separate room for his own benefits, he then demands that Cassandra be with the other girls of the ring, he then visits her and gives her an oxycodone pill to take, she does so. On May 9, 2013, Vlad forces two other girls of the ring into Cassandra's room, the girls are in worse shape than Cassandra, later on Vlad takes Cassandra away. Jesse and Zach Slater  (Thorsten Kaye) are investigating into Cassandra's disappearance and find she is part of a human trafficking ring, although they rescue another girl who was found in a garbage dump. When Cassandra's captors find out (from another captive girl) that Cassandra is related to the chief of police, they initially panic but decide to turn the situation to their advantage. They contact Jesse and threaten to kill Cassandra unless he cooperates with them. Jesse insists on speaking with Cassandra to verify that they have her and that she's alive, so Yuri removes her gag long enough to allow her to scream to Jesse for help and to hear him reply that he will find her. Jesse then makes a secret deal with the traffickers in which they promise to release Cassandra in exchange for Jesse's cooperation in faking the death of Yuri Koslov. A body is found; testing reveals the teeth of the corpse match dental records for Yuri Koslov (fake dental records planted by Jesse as part of the scheme). Cassandra is dumped unconscious in the Hubbard home, where she is found by David Hayward, whose quick and skilled response saves her life. In the hospital, Cassandra says that her phone conversation with Jesse during her captivity had enabled her to believe that everything would be okay. Because Yuri had made it clear to Jesse that to reveal the secret of his faked death would mean terrible retribution against the whole family, Jesse is forced to deny that he ever spoke with Cassandra during her captivity, claiming that Cassandra must have been hallucinating—but Lea starts trying to put the pieces together. On July 1, 2013, Dr. Anders reveals that Cassandra's tests are negative to all STDs they have tested for, but he reveals to Angie and Jesse that she is pregnant.

References

External links
AMC News - Pine Valley's Newest Model Citizen - All My Children
Cassandra Foster @Soapcentral.com

All My Children characters
Fictional African-American people
Adoptee characters in television
Television characters introduced in 1997
American female characters in television
Crossover characters in television
Fictional victims of sexual assault

Cassandra Foster


Gilles Roux (born 20 January 1971) is a French speedcuber primarily known for inventing a 3x3x3 Rubik's Cube method, the Roux Method, and achieving fast times with it.

World Cube Association
Gilles Roux was a member of the World Cube Association Board from October 2004 until 1 November 2008. During his time as a board member, Gilles helped organize many competitions as a WCA delegate. He also contributed to WCA by creating much needed regulations which would in turn help out cubers all over the world. Presently, Gilles is a technical advisor for the WCA and assists when needed.

Roux method
Over a span of years, Gilles Roux developed his own method to solve the 3x3x3 cube. Using a smaller quantity of memorized algorithms than most methods of solving, Roux still found his method to be fast and efficient. The first step of the Roux method is to form a 3×2×1 block. The 3×2×1 block is usually placed in the lower portion of the left layer. The second step is to create another 3×2×1 on the opposite side. The remaining four corners are then solved using a set of algorithms known as CMLL (Corners of the Last Layer, without regards to the M-slice), which leaves six edges and four centers that are solved in the last step.

Official results
For official results, solves must be completed in a competition held by the WCA. In competition, Gilles has recorded a single solve of 10.06 seconds, ranking him just out the top one thousand solvers in the world (as of 1 January 2015). His best average of 5 was set on 16 September 2011 at 13.03. Also his greatest achieved fewest moves competition for the standard 3x3x3 is 31, being part of the "31 club", coming to a draw with another known cuber and creator of popular method of solving, Lars Petrus.

See also
 Rubik's Cube
 Speedcubing
 Jessica Fridrich
 Lars Petrus
 World Cube Association

References

1971 births
Living people
French speedcubers

Gilles Roux


The Sámi ethnic group in Norway, or Sámi people in Norway, are part of an ethnic group that also lives in Sweden, Finland, and Russia.

In Norway, the core-area of the Sami, is in 4 municipalities in Finnmark county and 1 municipality in Troms county: Kautokeino, Karasjok, Porsanger, Tana og Nesseby and Kåfjord.

The core area is inside Norway's part of Sapmi (or Lapland). (Lapland is a part of 4 countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia.)

The Sami languages in Norway, are Northern Sami (en), Lule Sami language (en), and Southern Sami language (en).

The government's definition
"[P]eople who want to vote for", or want to be a member of "the Sami Parliament (en), they must register as Sami. The definitions of Sami" that started to be used by "Sami organizations, including the Nordic Sami Council, in the 1950s, became part of Norwegian law in 1987. A Sami is defined as a person who: 1) has Sami as his/her first language, or whose father or mother , or one of whose grandparents, has Sami as their first language, or 2) considers himself/herself a Sami and lives in entire accordance with the rules of the Sami society, and who is recognized by the representative Sami body as a Sami, or 3) has a father or mother who satisfies the above-mentioned conditions for being a Sami".

History
"Archeological research indicates that a culture identified as Sami arose in the Scandinavian peninsula between 1500 and 1000 B.C."

"[R]ecorded reference to the Sami", was made as early as 98 A.D. - by Tacitus
.

One account (or description) from 896 , was told to Alfred the Great, by Ohthere of Hålogaland (en) - a Norwegian chieftain, that had some connection to the English king's court.

[Old] Norse literature, such as the Icelandic sagas tells about the Sami; "Olav Tryggvason's Saga says "that the king killed a big man who was "troll-wise" and "there followed him a great number of Finns whenever he had need of them". ("Finns" is a name that sometimes meant "Sami people".)

Regarding getting the Sami to change their religion to Christianity: In the 18th century Thomas von Westen, a pietist, led missionary work (among the Sami), that has been called a  concerted (or special) effort. "About a century later, Niels Vibe Stockfleth worked among the Sami and translated [the Bible's] New Testament into" [one of the Sami languages].

At Dovrefjell when Harald Hardrada was king, there was profit from the keeping of herds of reindeer, and the business was at its highest
 intensity.

In regard to Sami (in Norway) that had reindeer herds; when these Sami moved their herds (every year), then they would interact with people who lived permanently on the coast; the interaction also included verdde: a friendship of convenience; for example, Sami needed milk and fish after having been on a plateau (or highland) for some weeks; Sami might need repair of equipment; trade was done: People from the coast traded fish for meat from reindeer.

People living permanently on the coast in North Norway, were [largely] Sami; these Sami had permanent housing, and it became easier for these Sami to stop behaving like Sami; in some areas one was not allowed to own land, if one was Sami; some Sami changed names, to names that might sound more Norwegian (and family names such as Sæter, Strømeng, and Kalvemo became new family names).

Sami language [largely] disappeared among the Coastal Sami. Sami that did reindeer farming, and Coastal Sami slowly lost the close contact [between the two groups].

Policies to "Norwegianize" the Sami
"There were organized attempts to eradicate [or make to disappear ] the Sami language and culture[,] as a step in assimilating the Sami into Norwegian society". Policies to "Norwegianize", Samis - were in place from the late 1840s,
into the 1980s.

"From the late 1840s to the 1950s, missionaries, agricultural experts and schoolteachers" tried "to Norwegianize the Sami"; the "first formal act of Parliament regarding the Norwegianization of the Sami people was made in 1848: 'The government is requested to investigate ... [find out if, and how far] there should be opportunity to bring the Norwegian Lapps, especially those living in coastal areas , instruction in the Norwegian language for the enlightenment of these people, and that the result of their findings be reported to the next Parliament'".

[Norway's] authorities [or government] made "a language directive (or rule) in 1880, which" was "made more forceful in 1898. It" said "that 'Teachers in those districts where the Lappish ... and Finnish (kvænsk) languages are permitted for the sake of facilitating instruction in the public schools shall do their utmost to spread knowledge  of the Norwegian language and seek to promote its use in the circles where they work'". Furthermore, the "government had a major objective for the school[s]: Not a single Sami word was to be heard on the school grounds" [or in school buildings].

"The authorities also" used "economic measures to carry out the work of Norwegianization, including the Land Act. A regulation [or part of the law] from 1902" says that "Sale [of land] may only be made to Norwegian citizens ... who can speak, read, and write the Norwegian language and use it on a day-to-day basis".

A report by the "Parliamentary School Commission, appointed in 1922" said, without being able to show [ evidence], "that that the Sami are less educable [or able to learn] than others"; the report also said that the Sami population is less gifted and the "Sami culture does not lend itself to development".

From around 1850, a government policy of Fornorskning [tried to remove Sami culture]. An article in Klassekampen said that the policy was very rough [to Sami persons]. Into the 1980s, the policy of Fornorskning lasted in some places.

Creation of associations
[Possibly the first] Sami association (in Norway) was started during the New Year's weekend in 1911: Buolbmag Same Særvve, in Polmak municipality.

Other
In regard to the Frøyningsfjell drum, sometimes called the Folldal drum: Sami authorities went to a museum in a European country and were given the drum in 2023.

Reindeer farming
Reindeer farming, which is a type of animal husbandry, is done by Sami, between the White Sea and [towards the West and the South, across Russia's Kola peninsula, Finland, Sweden and Norway, into Norway's] county of Hedmark.

In reindeer farming, "the Sami travel with their flocks [of reindeer] according to an established cycle"; the cycle makes sure "that the" [reindeer] can eat properly during the various [or different] seasons of the year. For example, the spring migration to summer pastures, which have a rich variety of grasses and herbs, takes place just before new calves are born in May. Summer is a time when the calves grow and the adult animals regain their strength following a long, hard winter".

Among the Sami people are nomads that do reindeer farming. They lived in their cold environment by domesticating the reindeer. The Lapps were able to get everything they needed from the deer. They ate mostly meat, milk, and cheese. Their clothing was made from reindeer skins and wool. Their tents were also made from raindeer skins. The wool clothes were beautifully decorated.

The Lapps protected the herds, moving with them as they migrated from summer to winter pastures. They used reindeer to pull sleds carrying their supplies. During the winter, the herds moved south of where the trees grew. The Lapps lived nearby in homes made of logs or sod.

Winter clothing was made from layers of reindeer skin. The inside layer would be worn with the fur facing in toward the person's skin. The second layer was worn with the fur facing out. Boots were also made of fur and lined with grass that had been gathered during the short summer. Every evening the grass would be taken out and dried by the fire, so it would be ready to use again the next day. This way, a Lapp could be warm and comfortable in even the coldest weather.

Today only a few of the Lapp people still follow the herds. Those few use modern tools on their ancient migration. They use snowmobiles to herd the reindeer and rifles to kill the wolves that chase herds. Even helicopters and radios are used to locate and move the reindeer. Most of the Lapp people now live on small farms in one of the four nations of Lapland. They raise crops and animals, including a few reindeer, to meet their needs. The sale of reindeer meat is an important source of income for the Lapp people.

The Lapps were careful not to waste anything they got from the reindeer. Milk was taken from the reindeer to drink or make cheese. Meat was taken for food. The blood was frozen and then used for soup and pancakes. Knives and belt buckles were carved from the bones and antlers. The sinews (tendons) were used as sewing thread. Cleaned-out stomachs were used to carry milk or cheese. Every part of a dead reindeer was used.

Sami crafts
Sami crafts are called duodji  (en:). The men make knives, drums and 'guksi' (burl cups) from wood, bone, and antlers. The women use leather and roots to make 'gakti' (clothing). Women also use birch and spruce to weave baskets.

Sami clothing
Sami clothing is called 'gakti' and was originally made from reindeer leather, but now it is usually made from wool, cotton, or silk. Usually, there are different types of clothing for men and women.

Religion and spirituality
Sami shamanism is the main religion of the Sami people. These beliefs are connected to the land, animalism, and the supernatural. There is some practice of bear worship. Sami shamanism is a polytheistic religion. It believes there are many gods. The Sami shaman are called the 'Noadi'. There are some 'wise men' and 'wise women' who try to heal people who are sick. They use rituals and herbal medicine. Some Sami people have changed their beliefs to Christianity. They join either the Russian Orthodox Church or the Lutheran.

In popular culture
Publications by Snorri Sturluson(1178-1241) say that a Sami woman, Snøfrid, married Harald Fairhair; furthermore, none of her children or grandchildren became kings; first when Harald Hardrada became a king, then her blood became part of the blood of the royal family.

Related pages
 Nomads

References

Nordic people
Arctic
Lapland
Norway

Sámi people of Norway