Club de Fútbol Tigres de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, internationally known as Tigres de México, and often abbreviated to Tigres UANL or Tigres, is a Mexican professional football club based in the Monterrey metropolitan area Nuevo León. Founded in 1960, the club has spent 60 years in Liga MX, the top tier of the Mexican football league system.

The club had their first major success in the 1975–76 season, becoming the first team from Nuevo León to win a trophy by conquering the Copa MX against Club América. Tigres have been league champions eight times, and have won the Copa MX three times. In international competitions, Tigres won a CONCACAF Champions League title in 2020 (finishing as runners-up three times), and was the 2015 Copa Libertadores Finals runner-up to River Plate. In the 2020 FIFA Club World Cup, Tigres finished runners–up against Bayern Munich as they became the first CONCACAF club to reach a Club World Cup final.

Tigres is the official team of the University of the state of Nuevo León. Their home is the 41,615 capacity Estadio Universitario, located inside the University complex in San Nicolás de los Garza. The team's traditional kit colours are gold and blue. Tigres is one of the two professional football teams of Nuevo León, along with rival C.F. Monterrey, the local derby is known as the Clásico Regiomontano.

History

Founding and promotion to Primera División, Cup and League champions

Club de Fútbol Tigres de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León was founded on 7 March 1960. They previously were named the Jabatos de Nuevo León. In 1967, their venue, the Estadio Universitario was built. In the 1973–74 season, José "Ché" Gómez guided the team to the title and promotion to the Primera División de México, now Liga MX. They defeated the Leones Negros de la Universidad de Guadalajara for 3–2. In the 1975–76, Tigres won their first domestic cup, the Copa México (now Copa MX), against América after winning 3–2.

Under the command of Uruguayan coach Carlos Miloc and players such as Tomás Boy and Gerónimo Barbadillo, for the 1977–78 season Tigres aimed to the league championship. In the quarter-finals of the liguilla (play-offs), they defeated Estudiantes Tecos by 1–0 and 3–2 (4–2). In the semi-finals Tigres defeated Cruz Azul 0–1 and 3–0 (3–1). In the finals they defeated UNAM 2–0 and 1–1 (3–1). Tigres made their best season ever with 48 points in the 1978–79, but did not reach the finals.

In the 1979–80 season, Tigres made it to the finals against Cruz Azul. In the first leg, Cruz Azul won 1–0 at the Estadio Universitario, and in the second leg, at the Estadio Azteca, Tigres, although down 3–0 at one point,  rallied back to ensure a 3–3 draw. Nonetheless, Tigres still lost the finals by an aggregate scoreline of 4–3. In the 1981–82 season, they won their second League championship against Atlante at the Estadio Azteca. In the quarter-finals of postseason, they tied with Guadalajara 1–1 and 1–1 (2–2). In the semi-finals, they defeated América 2–0 and 0–1 (2–1), and in the finals they tied 2–1 and 0–1 (2–2) against Atlante. Tigres won by penalty shoot-out ending 3–1 (5–3 global). In the 1983–84, they lost in quarter-finals against Pumas UNAM 1–0; 0–3 (1–3). In the 1986–87 season, they lost in the semi-finals against Monarcas Morelia 3–2 and 0–2 (3–4). In 1988, after fourteen years in the team, the iconic Mexican midfielder Tomás Boy retired. In the 1989–90 season, meanwhile, Tigres finished the tournament as the first place of their group with 40 points and went to liguilla. They lost in quarter-finals by 3–2 and 1–3 (4–5) against Club Universidad de Guadalajara. In 1990, Tigres lost the finals of the 1989–90 Copa Mexico against Puebla. In the 1992–93 season, they earned 44 points and went to play-offs. In the quarter-finals, Tigres lost 0–2 and 2–4 (2–6) against Club León.

Relegation, quick return to Primera División, 2001 and 2003 runner-up
In 1996, Tigres hired the Chilean international forward Claudio Núñez and after several years of ups and downs the team won their second domestic cup defeating Atlas by 2–1 but were relegated to Primera División A, now Ascenso MX, because of negative results of past seasons. Note that the Mexican League uses a percentage-based relegation system, in which the team with the worst performance percentage by year (instead of the worst team in the season) is relegated. Under the command of Victor Manuel Vucetich, the team qualified to play-offs in 1996 but because of the relegation they were unable to compete. After some negotiations, the administration of the team was given for ten years to Sinergia Deportiva, a trust-holder run by CEMEX. In 1997, after two consecutive Primera División A championships, the team returned to the Primera División. In 1998, Tigres hired international striker Luis Hernández.

Under the command of the Brazilian coach Ricardo Ferretti, Tigres finished the Verano 2001 season in the fourth place with 27 points and secured postseason. In the quarter-finals Tigres lost by 3–1 and 2–2 (5–3) against Puebla. In the Invierno 2001 season, Tigres finished the tournament as leader with 36 points. In the play-offs, they beat Santos Laguna in the quarter-finals 1–1 and 3–0 (4–1). In the semi-finals, they tied with Cruz Azul 1–1 (0–1 and 1–0), and because of the 36 points they achieved in the tournament, they went to the next stage. In the finals, Tigres lost 2–0 and 1–1 (3–1) against Pachuca in the Estadio Universitario. In June 2002, the talented Argentine attacking midfielder Walter Gaitán was hired, a player that later would become an icon of the team. In the Clausura 2003, Tigres finished the tournament as the fourth place with 34 points, and went to postseason. In the quarter-finals, they defeated Toluca by 2–1 and 2–2 for an aggregate of 4–3. In the semi-finals, Tigres lost against arch-rival Monterrey. In the first game they lost by 4–1, while in the second Tigres won 2–1 for an aggregate score of 5–3. After the loss, coach Ricardo Ferretti was fired.

On the Apertura 2003, now under the command of Argentine coach Nery Pumpido (with a team that Ferretti build), Tigres finished the tournament as leader now with 38 points. In the play-offs, they tied 1–0 and 1–2 (2–2) with Cruz Azul in the quarter-finals. In the semi-finals, they faced Toluca, who was now under the command of Ricardo Ferretti, and defeated them 0–1 and 2–0 (2–1). In the finals, Tigres lost 1–3 and 1–0 (3–2) once more against Pachuca in the Estadio Universitario. In the Clausura 2004, Argentine striker Andrés Silvera finished the tournament as one of the top goal scorers, but Tigres ended in 12th place and missed the play-offs. That same tournament they scored the biggest result in a Clásico Regiomontano, beating archrival Monterrey 6–2.

In October 2004, Sinergia Deportiva purchased the rights to a franchise in the MISL called the "Monterrey Tigres". However, due to conflicts with the previous MISL franchise "Monterrey Fury", the team elected not to complete the purchase of the team, and the MISL terminated the indoor franchise in December 2004. In the Clausura 2005, Tigres went to postseason and tied with Monarcas Morelia 2–2 and 2–2 (4–4) in the quarter-finals, and Morelia went to the next stage because of the points they achieved in the regular season.

In the Apertura 2005, Walter Gaitán finished the season as the top scorer of the tournament and Tigres went to play-offs in 8th place. In the quarter-finals, under the command of the iconic Osvaldo Batocletti, Tigres played the historical "Aztecazo", a way to describe a difficult victory over América or the Mexico national team in their venue, the Estadio Azteca. In the first game, Tigres lost in the Estadio Universitario by a 1–3 score. Against all odds, however, they defeated América in the second game 4–1 for an aggregate scoreline of 5–4, leaving América out of the postseason. In the semi-finals, Tigres drew Monterrey after 1–0 and 1–2 (2–2) scorelines, although Monterrey progressed to the next round because of the points in the tournament.

On 3 August 2006, CEMEX, the company that controls Tigres, celebrated its first 100 years with a match between Tigres and Barcelona in Monterrey. The game ended with the locals losing by 3–0. Sindey Balderas of Tigres scored an own goal, Ronaldinho scored with a free kick and later passed to Eiður Guðjohnsen for a third goal.

Tigres finished the Clausura 2007 season as eighth with 23 points, securing play-offs. Tigres lost in quarter-finals against Guadalajara 3–1 and 3–2 (6–3). In December 2007, Tigres hired who would become the last idol of the team, the skilled Argentine attacking midfielder Lucas Lobos. On 19 July 2008, Tigres played Atlético Madrid as their official presentation for the Apertura 2008 tournament. Atlético opened the score with goals from John Heitinga and Diego Forlán for a sturdy 2–0 in favour of the Spanish side. Tigres responded well to this for Blas Pérez and Manuel Viniegra tied the game 2–2. In the Apertura 2008, under the command of Manuel Lapuente, Tigres ended the tournament as sixth place and qualified for the play-offs. They tied in the quarter-finals against Atlante 1–1 and 1–1 (2–2), though Atlante progressed to semi-finals because they finished the regular season higher than Tigres, in third place.

Risk of relegation, third Ferretti era, Team of the Decade, 2023 Champions

In 2010, Santiago Martínez presided over the team's worst season in the past few years. On 27 March 2010, after their seventh loss in the season, and with only 25% effectiveness, the fans and media heavily criticized coach Daniel Guzmán. Eventually, Martínez was fired and replaced by a former president of the team, Alejandro Rodríguez. He signed Ricardo Ferretti as the head coach for the third time, upon which the face of the team changed completely. Tigres was saved from relegation and became one of the most competitive teams in the league. With the adherence of Argentine winger Damián Álvarez, Brazilian attacking midfielder Danilinho and Chilean striker Héctor Mancilla to captain Lucas Lobos, the offensive line of Tigres became the so-called "Cuatro Fantásticos" ("Fantastic Four").

In the Clausura 2011 season, Tigres finished the tournament as leader with 35 points and as the best defence in the history of the short seasons, allowing only 9 goals in 17 games. Tigres faced Guadalajara in the postseason. In the first leg of the quarter-finals, Tigres lost 3–1, while in the second they tied to 1–1 at the Estadio Universitario. With an aggregate score of 4–2, Tigres was eliminated. On the Apertura 2011, Tigres hired Carlos Salcido and was the best defense again, this time allowing 13 goals in 17 games. In playoffs, they faced old rival Pachuca: In the first leg of quarter-finals, Tigres defeated Pachuca by 1–0, while in the second they won 3–0 at the Estadio Universitario for an aggregate score of 4–0. In the semi-finals, Tigres beat Querétaro 1–0 in the second leg after a 0–0 draw in the first. In the finals, they faced Santos Laguna. In the first leg, Tigres won 1–0 in Torreón with goal from Damián Álvarez. On 11 December 2011, with goals from Héctor Mancilla, Danilinho and Alan Pulido, Tigres won 3–1 at the Estadio Universitario, becoming champion for the third time after 29 years.

For the Clausura 2012, Tigres hired Brazilian forward Edno and midfielder Elias Hernández. The season ended with Tigres in fifth place, securing postseason. In the quarter-finals, they beat Monarcas Morelia 1–0 at the Estadio Universitario with a goal from Héctor Mancilla, while in the second leg, they triumphed 4–1 in Morelia with goals from Hugo Ayala, Edno, Lucas Lobos and Elias Hernández; the aggregate score was 5–1. In semi-finals, they faced old rival Santos Laguna; in the first leg, at the Estadio Universitario, the teams drew 1–1, with Lobos scoring for Tigres. In the second, after a total domain of Tigres, and winning 2–0 with goals of Mancilla, Santos tied dramatically 2–2 with goals from Oribe Peralta in the 87th and 90th minutes. With an aggregate score of 3–3, Santos progressed to the next phase because they had finished the regular season in first place. In the Apertura 2012, Tigres replaced Héctor Mancilla with Spanish forward Luis García. Tigres finished in 12th place, thus missing playoffs.

Tigres brought in experienced Argentine striker Emanuel Villa while Danilinho returned from his loan to Brazil, giving the team a highly offensive power for the Clausura 2013 season. The regular season ended with Tigres as the leader with 35 points and only two defeats. Querétaro was the eighth-placed and meant to be the rival of Tigres, but was relegated to Ascenso MX, so Monterrey was dragged to postseason. In the away leg of quarter-finals, Monterrey defeated Tigres 1–0 in a game where Monterrey had less ball possession and offensive plays. In the second game, Tigres had to win by 1–0 or by a two-goal advantage because of the away goals rule (3–1, 4–2, 5–3). Tigres came out aggressive and Danilinho scored a goal early in the game. Minutes later, with a game totally handled by Tigres, Israel Jiménez scored an own goal that tied the game at 1–1, and Tigres lost with an aggregate score of 2–1.

For the Apertura 2013 tournament, Tigres hired midfielders Guido Pizarro and Édgar Lugo. Finishing the tournament in eight place, the team went to playoffs. In quarter-finals, they faced América, leaders of the tournament and reigning champions. In the home game at the Estadio Universitario, they tied by 2–2, with Guido Pizarro and Alan Pulido scoring for Tigres. In the away game, at the Estadio Azteca, the teams drew at 1–1, leaving Tigres out of the postseason. After the game, coach Ricardo Ferretti criticized the work of the referee, claiming that América is the only team in the world that "plays with 12 men".

Tigres hired Colombian winger Hernán Darío Burban, defender Jorge Iván Estrada and Argentine striker Emanuel Herrera for the Clausura 2014 tournament, but finished the season in 14th place, missing the playoffs. On 9 April 2014, Tigres won the Clausura 2014 Copa MX against Alebrijes de Oaxaca 3–0 at the Estadio Universitario. Ricardo Ferretti became the first coach in Mexico to win a league and cup title with the same team. By winning the Clausura 2014 Copa MX, Tigres secured the Supercopa MX and faced Monarcas Morelia, winners of the Apertura 2013 Copa MX. Tigres lost the 2014 Supercopa MX against Morelia and failed to qualify to the following year's Copa Libertadores as "Mexico 3".

For the Apertura 2014 tournament, Tigres hired the Argentine goalkeeper Nahuel Guzmán, American striker Herculez Gomez, Argentine striker Marco Ruben, Ecuadorian winger Joffre Guerrón, young defender Antonio Briseño and the international Uruguayan midfielder Egidio Arévalo Ríos. Tigres finished the regular season in second place with 31 points, securing postseason. In quarter-finals, Tigres tied by 1–1 and 1–1 against Pachuca for an aggregate of 2–2. In semifinals, Tigres drew against Toluca 0–0 in both games. On 11 December 2014, in the first match of the finals against América, Tigres won 1–0 with goal of Joffre Guerrón at the Estadio Universitario. On 14 December, in the second game, Tigres lost 3–0 at the Estadio Azteca in a controversial match where Hernán Darío Burbano, Damián Álvarez and goalkeeper Nahuel Guzmán were sent off on red cards, leaving Tigres with eight men. Tigres lost the finals by an aggregate of 3–1.

Tigres hired Brazilian forward Rafael Sóbis and finished the Clausura 2015 regular season in first place with 29 points, earning a ticket to playoffs. In the away game of the quarter-finals against Santos Laguna, Tigres tied 1–1 with goal of Guerrón at the Estadio Corona. In the home game, Tigres lost 1–0; with an aggregate score of 1–2, Tigres was eliminated.

For the Apertura 2015 season, the team brought in wingers Jürgen Damm and Javier Aquino and the international French striker André-Pierre Gignac. Tigres finished the season in fifth place with 28 points, best defense allowing 16 goals and securing playoffs. Gignac scored 11 goals in the regular season, the highest number for a Tigres player in the first season. In the postseason, with goals from Gignac and Damián Álvarez, Tigres won the first quarter-final leg 2–1 against Jaguares de Chiapas at the Estadio Universitario. In the second leg, they won 1–0 at Chiapas again with a goal of Gignac. In the semi-finals against Toluca, Tigres won the away leg 2–0 with goals of Damián Álvarez and Javier Aquino after a 0–0 draw in the first. Tigres reached to the finals against UNAM. In the home leg, with goals of Gignac, via a penalty kick, Aquino and Rafael Sóbis, Tigres won by 3–0, while in the second leg, at the Estadio Olímpico Universitario, UNAM won 3–0. With the aggregate score at 3–3, the game went to extra time. In the 103rd minute Gignac scored the 1–3 goal, making the aggregate scoreline 4–3. With only one minute left of extra time remaining, however, UNAM scored the 4–1 goal and equalized the aggregate scoreline at 4–4, sending the match to a penalty shoot-out. Gignac shot the first for Tigres, converting, and with similar conversions from Juninho, Rivas and Israel Jiménez, Tigres prevailed 4–2 to defeat Pumas and claim the Liga MX Apertura 2015 championship in dramatic fashion.

The team hired the Argentine attacking midfielder Lucas Zelarayán, Paraguayan striker Fernando Fernández and resigned Chilean striker Héctor Mancilla after his departure in 2012 for the Clausura 2016 season. Gignac scored 13 goals in regular season and finished as the top goal scorer of the tournament. Tigres finished the Clausura 2016 season in eight place with 24 points, securing playoffs, where they would face Monterrey. There, Tigres lost the home game 3–1 and won the away game 2–1, losing on an aggregate score of 4–3.

For the Apertura 2016 season, Tigres signed Argentine forward Ismael Sosa and their second French striker Andy Delort. On 10 July 2016, Tigres won the 2016 edition of the Campeón de Campeones Cup against Pachuca FC by 1–0 at the StubHub Center in Carson, California. Tigres finished the Apertura 2016 regular season in third place with 30 points and tied with Tijuana as the best defense, allowing 13 goals in 17 games. In playoffs, Tigres tied the first leg of quarterfinals in Mexico City against UNAM by 2–2. In the second leg, Tigres beat UNAM by 5–0 at the Estadio Universitario with a hat-trick of Gignac. At semifinals, Tigres faced León. In the first leg, Tigres won by 1–0 with a goal of Gignac after a cross from Ismael Sosa at the Estadio León. In the second leg, Tigres achieved a home victory of 2–1 with goals of Gignac and Zelarayán. In the finals against América, the teams tied 1–1 in the first leg at Estadio Azteca, Gignac scoring for Tigres. In the historical second leg played for the first time on 25 December, the teams tied 0-0 and went to overtime at the Estadio Universitario. At 95' Edson Álvarez scored the 1-0 for América and at 118' Jesús Dueñas tied dramatically and led the match to a penalty shoot-out. Nahuel Guzmán stopped three shots and with Gignac, Juninho and Guido Pizarro scoring their own, Tigres became the Apertura 2016 champions.

For the Clausura 2017, Tigres hired Chilean international forward Eduardo Vargas. Tigres finished the Clausura 2017 season in seventh place with 25 points and the best defense allowing twelve goals in 17 games. In the first leg of playoffs at the Estadio Universitario, Tigres faced Monterrey and beat them by 4–1 with Gignac and Dueñas scoring twice each. In the second leg of quarterfinals at the Estadio BBVA, Gignac scored twice for the 2–0 victory. Tigres beat Monterrey by an aggregate of 6-1 and secured semifinals. In the first leg of semifinals, Tigres defeated Tijuana by 2–0 with goals of Aquino and Zelarayán at the Estadio Universitario. With goals of Aquino and Jürgen Damm, Tigres beat Tijuana by 2–0 in the second leg at the Estadio Caliente, for a 4-0 aggregate. In the home leg of the finals against Guadalajara, Gignac scored twice and matched the score to 2–2. Tigres lost the second leg by 2–1 at the Estadio Omnilife for an aggregate of 4–3, in a controversial match where press and audience claimed that referee Luis Enrique Santander, who had refereed all of the home games of Guadalajara in play-offs, did not penalize a foul of Guadalajara's defender Jair Pereira over Ismael Sosa inside the penalty area minutes before the end of the match. Santander would later recognize and apologize for the mistake.

For the Apertura 2017 season, Tigres acquired Ecuadorian forward Enner Valencia, Brazilian midfielder Rafael Carioca and French defender Timothée Kolodziejczak. On 16 July 2017, Tigres beat Guadalajara by 1–0 at the StubHub Center in Carson, California, becoming the back-to-back Champion of the Campeón de Campeones Cup by winning the 2017 and 2016 editions. Tigres finished the regular season of the Apertura 2017 as second place with 32 points. In playoffs, Tigres tied 1–1 in both legs against Club León and by an aggregate of 2–2, secured semifinals due table position. In semifinals, Tigres defeated Club América by 1–0 in the away game and 3–0 in home. Tigres played the historical final against archrival CF Monterrey. In the first leg the teams tied by 1–1 at the Estadio Universitario. In the Estadio BBVA Bancomer, Tigres beat Monterrey by 2–1 with goals of Edu Vargas and Francisco Meza. In the aftermath, winger Jürgen Damm stated: "We knew we were facing the best team of the season, but, they were facing the best team of the decade." After the fourth title since 2010, Tigres was dubbed by the media as "The Team of the Decade".

For the Apertura 2018 season, Tigres rehired Guido Pizarro and on 15 July 2018, defeated Santos by 4–0 at the StubHub Center in Carson, California, becoming Champion of the Campeón de Campeones Cup for the third time in a row. On 19 September 2018, Tigres beat Toronto FC by 3–1 in the inaugural edition of the Campeones Cup hosted by Toronto at the BMO Field.

In the Clausura 2019, Tigres hired international defender Carlos Salcedo and finished the season in second place. In playoffs, Tigres tied a global of 2–2 against Pachuca. In semifinals, Tigres tied a global of 1–1 against rival Monterrey. In the home leg of the finals, Tigres beat León by 1–0 with goal of André-Pierre Gignac. In the second leg, the teams tied by 0-0 and Tigres conquered their seventh League championship. For the Apertura 2019 season, Tigres hired international defender Diego Reyes.

On May 20, 2021, after finishing the Clausura 2021 season in tenth place and losing against Atlas the reclassification, Tigres hired coach Miguel Herrera, ending an eleven-year successful era under command of Ricardo Ferretti. For the Apertura 2021 season, Tigres hired the international French and 2018 World Cup champion Florian Thauvin but lost against Club León in semifinals.

After a 2-2 global draw in quarterfinals against Pachuca that eliminated the team in the Apertura 2022 season and stating that the squad "was going old", Herrera was sacked of Tigres and Diego Cocca took over for the Clausura 2023 season. Cocca left for the Mexico national team head coaching and Tigres hired Marco Antonio Ruiz, who was working in the team as an assistant. After losing 1-2 to Mazatlán, a team that only won 3 games in the Clausura 2023 season and considered as the worst team of the torunament, Ruiz was ceased.

On April 10, 2023, coach Robert Dante Siboldi arrived to the team. Siboldi played for Tigres and became an idol in the mid-1990s. A talented goalkeeper, he was part of the squad that was relegated to Primera División "A", now Liga Expansión in March 24, 1996 and returned to the top tier after a year. When he took over, Tigres tied against Querétaro by 0-0, defeated Puebla by 1-0 and lost against León by 3-0. With goal of Sebastián Córdova, Tigres defeated Puebla FC in the "repechaje" (reclassification) for the liguilla (playoffs) by 1-0, setting the team against Toluca in quarterfinals. With goals of Gignac, Córdova, Vigón and López, the team won the home game 4-1, and lost the away game to 3-1. With a final score of 5-4, Tigres reached seminalfinals. Córdova scored the goal of the second game. On seminalfinals, they faced city rival Monterrey, team that finished the regular season as leader with 40 points out of 51 possible, winning 13 games and losing only 3. Tigres and Monterrey tied 1-1 in the first leg. In the second game, Tigres won by 0-1 for a 2-1 final score. Córdova scored both goals for Tigres. Set in the finals, Tigres faced Guadalajara in a rematch of the polemic Clausura 2017 finals. The teams tied in the first leg by 0-0. In the second leg, Tigres was losing by 2-0 in the first half. By the second half the team tied 2-2 with a penalty kick by Gignac and a header of Córdova. Guido Pizarro scored the 3-2 with a header in overtime and became champions. Sebastián Córdova was the key player by scoring five goals in six games.

International activity
In January 2005, the team won the InterLiga Championship in Houston, Texas. With this, they qualified for the prestigious Copa Libertadores de América. This was the first time the team qualified to any international tournament.

In the Copa Libertadores Tigres played their first ever game in that tournament against Alianza Lima in Peru on 15 February 2005 (away, score: 0–0) and 3 May 2005 (home, score: 0–0). Their first ever win on the tournament, on 23 February 2005, against Caracas, from Venezuela (home, score: 3–1), and on 13 April 2005 (away, score: 2–5). This last game is the biggest-scoring game the team has had in its history on the tournament. In the same group was also the Banfield. Tigres confronted them on 15 March (home, score: 2–2) and on 6 April 2005 (away, score: 0–3).

Tigres qualified (along with Banfield) into the next stage, where they met previous year champion Colombian team Once Caldas. On 19 May 2005, both teams tied (away, score: 1–1) and then, Tigres won in the second game on 26 May 2005 (home, score: 2–1) thus qualifying to quarter-finals against São Paulo, who later went on to become champion, and who only lost a match in this tournament against this team.

In the Quarter-Finals, the first game on 1 June 2005 was lost (away, score: 0–4) and the next game on 15 June 2005 was won (home, score: 2–1). The aggregate score was 5–2 against, and the team was eliminated from the championship. With Tigres, Hugo Sánchez became the first person born in Monterrey to ever score in the tournament.

In January 2006, after defeating their arch-rival, Monterrey, at the Home Depot Center in California, Tigres won their second consecutive Interliga and became the first Mexican team to qualify to two consecutive Copa Libertadores de América.

In this edition, Tigres faced the Universidad Católica from Chile, the Corinthians, from Brazil, and Deportivo Cali, of Colombia.

This was a tougher group stage than they had had the previous year, and was one of the toughest in the tournament. However, Tigres qualified for the next round, but only by goal-difference advantage, and after a last minute goal by Carlos Ramírez.

Because of its intensity, this group staged produced a lot of memorable games, particularly against Universidad Católica and against Corinthians at home and away. Tigres ended second in the group due to goal difference advantage, in a last minute goal against Universidad Católica, and so qualified again for play-offs.

In summary, Tigres played 8 games and produced 3 wins, 3 ties, and two defeats.

This performance at the beginning was considerably lacking, and it produced its first penalty kicks experience in Copa Libertadores.

On 5 August 2009, Tigres won the final of the 2009 North American SuperLiga against the Chicago Fire at their home stadium in the Chicago's suburb of Bridgeview, Illinois.

After finishing 3rd in the regular season of the Apertura 2011 Tournament, they returned after a 6-year absence to the 2012 Copa Libertadores, playing in the first stage. Tigres played home and away qualifying matches against Chile's Unión Española. They played the first match in Chile, on 25 January 2012 at 6:50pm local time (3:50pm CST). Unión Española took the first game by a score of 1–0, scoring at the 58th minute, after Tigres sent a reserve squad to play the match. They hosted their Chilean rival on 2 February 2012, at 8:00 pm CST. They tied 2–2 and failed to qualify for the Group Stage. Coach Ricardo Ferretti was criticized by the media and fans for sending a reserve squad to play the matches.

After the championship of the Apertura 2011, Tigres qualified for the first time to the CONCACAF Champions League. They lost in quarterfinals against Seattle Sounders by 1–0, 3–1, for an aggregate of 2–3. Ferretti was criticized again for sending a reserve squad to play the second match against the Sounders like he did in the Copa Libertadores.

Copa Libertadores 2015

By finishing the regular season of the Apertura 2014 as second place with 31 units, Tigres advanced to Copa Libertadores 2015 as Mexico 1 to play in Group 6 against River Plate, San José and Juan Aurich. On 18 February 2015, Tigres defeated Juan Aurich by 3–0 at the Estadio Universitario with two goals of Joffre Guerrón and one of Jesús Dueñas. On 5 March, with goal of Guerrón, Tigres tied 1–1 against River Plate at the Estadio Monumental. On 11 March, Tigres defeated San José by 1–0 with goal of Amaury Escoto at the Estadio Jesús Bermúdez. Tigres won by 4–0 against San José at the Estadio Universitario with two goals of Rafael Sóbis, and goals of Guerrón and Egidio Arévalo on 17 March. On 8 April, Tigres received River Plate for a high-profile match in the Estadio Universitario. River Plate needed to win or tie to remain in the fight for a ticket to the next phase. At 11' Egidio Arévalo scored the 1-0 for Tigres. The team kept the match under control and at 68' Damián Alvarez scored the 2–0. After a defensive mistake from José Rivas and Hugo Ayala, Teofilo Gutierrez scored the 1–2 at 86' for River Plate. Rodrigo Mora scored the 2–2 at the 89'. On 15 April, Tigres played against Juan Aurich at the Estadio Elías Aguirre.

Tigres, first place of the group and already qualified to the next phase, sent a reserve squad. The decision was heavily criticized by the Argentinian press, that stated that River Plate would not get to the second stage if Tigres lost against Juan Aurich. With a hat-trick of Enrique Esqueda, and goals of Dieter Villalpando and Jonathan Espericueta, Tigres won by 5–4, eliminating Juan Aurich. Tigres played the round of 16 against Universitario de Sucre. In the first leg, Tigres defeated Universitario by 2–1 with goals of Damián Álvarez and Enrique Esqueda. On 5 May, in the second leg, Tigres tied by 1–1 with goal of Sobis vía penalty-kick for an aggregate of 3-2 earning a ticket to quarterfinals. In the first leg of the quarterfinals, Tigres lost against Emelec by 1–0 at the Estadio Jocay. In the second leg at Estadio Universitario on 26 May, Tigres won by 2–0 with goals of Rafael Sóbis and José Rivas for an aggregate of 2-1 reaching semifinals against S.C. Internacional. On 15 July, Tigres lost the first leg of the semifinals at the Estádio Beira-Rio by 2–1 with goal of Hugo Ayala. In the second leg, on 22 July, Tigres defeated Internacional by 3–1 at the Estadio Universitario, with goals of André-Pierre Gignac, Egidio Arévalo and an own goal of Geferson. With an aggregate of 4–3, Tigres became the third Mexican team ever to reach the finals of the Copa Libertadores. On 29 July, in the first leg of the finals against River Plate, the teams tied by 0–0 at the Estadio Universitario. Tigres lost by 3–0 in the second leg at the Estadio Monumental on 5 August.

CONCACAF Champions League 2015–16

As the runners-up of the Apertura 2014, Tigres qualified to the 2015–16 CONCACAF Champions League, playing their first match of the tournament on 18 August, only thirteen days after the second leg of the final of the 2015 Copa Libertadores.  In the group stage, Tigres defeated A.D. Isidro Metapán at the Estadio Universitario by 2–1, tied by 1–1 against C.S. Herediano at the Estadio Eladio Rosabal Cordero, defeated Isidro Metapan by 2–1 at the Estadio Jorge Calero Suárez and tied at the Estadio Universitario against Herediano by 0–0, securing quarterfinals. Tigres defeated Real Salt Lake by 2–0 in the first leg of quarterfinals and tied 1–1 in the second leg, for an aggregate of 3–1. After a 0–0 draw in the first leg of semifinals against Querétaro, in the second leg Tigres won by 2–0. In the finals against Club América, Tigres fell by 0-2 the first leg at the Estadio Universitario and by 1–2 in the second leg at the Estadio Azteca for an aggregate of 1–4.

CONCACAF Champions League 2016–17
As the champions of the 2015 Apertura, Tigres qualified to the 2016–17 CONCACAF Champions League. The team won the first match of the group stage against Herediano on 4 August 2016, by 3–1 at the Estadio Eladio Rosabal Cordero. The second match was also a victory by 3–1, this time against Plaza Amador on 17 August at the Estadio Universitario. The third match, against Plaza Amador, Tigres fell by 0–1 on 28 September at the Estadio Maracaná. In the last match of the group stage, Tigres won by 3–0 against Herediano at the Estadio Universitario. In the knockout stage, Tigres beat Pumas UNAM by 1–1 in the home leg and by 3–0 in the away leg. In semifinals, Tigres defeated Vancouver Whitecaps by 2–0 in the home leg and 2–1 in the away leg. Tigres lost the finals against Pachuca FC by 1–1 in the first leg and 0–1 in the second leg.

CONCACAF Champions League 2020
UANL won the 2020 CONCACAF Champions League, defeating LAFC 2–1.

Campeones Cup

The team won the inaugural edition that was hosted by Toronto FC at BMO Field in Toronto on 19 September 2018. They would make their second appearance in the cup five years later, deafting LAFC on peanlties in 2023, becoming the first team in Campeones Cup history to win it more than once. As of 2023, Tigres are still the only Mexican side to have won the competition.

Leagues Cup
Tigres have made 2 appearances in Leagues Cup. They were invited to the inagural edition in 2019 (this iteration had 8 only teams competing), making it to the final but losing to Cruz Azul. In 2023, as part of the expanded field of 47 teams (containing all clubs from Liga MX and MLS), Tigres were placed in the West 1 group with MLS sides Portland Timbers and San Jose Earthquakes. The club won both group matches and advanced to the knockout round, where they then defeated Vancouver Whitecaps in the round of 32 before ultimately falling to Monterrey in the round of 16 at Shell Energy Stadium in Houston in a match marred by late game controversy.

2020 FIFA Club World Cup

By winning the 2020 CONCACAF Champions League, Tigres qualified for the 2020 FIFA Club World Cup in Qatar. In the first game, Tigres defeated Ulsan Hyundai by a 2–1 scoreline. Tigres won 1–0 in their semi-final fixture against Palmeiras, despite the efforts of goalkeeper Weverton. Tigres became the first CONCACAF team to reach a final in the FIFA Club World Cup, where they lost 1–0 to FC Bayern Munich. André-Pierre Gignac scored all of Tigres' three goals, finished as top goal scorer of the cup and achieved the Adidas Silver Ball for the Cup's second best player, behind Robert Lewandowski.

Culture

Colours

Since the foundation of the club in 1960, its distinctive colors are light gold and dark blue. In the home jersey, light gold is always predominant over dark blue, but in the away jersey, it is the opposite, the dark blue is predominant. The third colour has been inconsistent, sometimes presented as black, white, red, green, copper or dark gold.

Rivalry

Tigres' biggest rival is Monterrey. Their derby is called Clásico Regiomontano. On every Clásico the stadium is sold out as soon as tickets go on sale. It is known for being one of the most intense and competed derbies in Mexican football, and is widely regarded as the most important Mexican derby after the Clásico Nacional. Tigres and Monterrey played their first Clásico on 13 July 1974 at the Estadio Universitario, game that ended with a 3–3 draw. The teams played a historical final for the Liga MX championship of the Apertura 2017 season. In the first leg the teams tied by 1–1 at the Estadio Universitario. In the Estadio BBVA Bancomer, Tigres beat Monterrey by 2–1 with goals of Edu Vargas and Francisco Meza, winning the first league final between the two. In 2019, Tigres lost the final of the CONCACAF Champions League against Monterrey.

Fanbase

Tigres claims to have Mexico's most loyal supporting crowd. Every season Tigres play in front of a sold-out Estadio Universitario due to their over 39,000 season-ticket holders. Since the reactivation of the domestic cup (Copa MX) in 2012, the Estadio Universitario has registered a full attendance in the cup games as well. After getting relegated and made all of their games Local-PPV in 1996, fans continued their unwavering support during the year it took the club to achieve promotion back to Liga MX. It was the only team in the Ascenso MX that registered a full attendance for every home game during that entire year. Its fan base expands to other states such as Coahuila, Durango, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, Veracruz and (like many other Liga MX teams) in the US, particularly Texas. Several Mexican sports media have ranked the Tigres' fans as the best in the Liga MX, citing their loyalty during the club's bad streaks. The fans, nicknamed "Incomparables" (Incomparable ones), are the best known travelling support group due to the thousands of members chanting for the team in the away games. Founded in 1998, Libres y Lokos are the biggest group of ultras of the club. On 9 March 2013, over 23,000 fans traveled to the city of San Luis Potosí to support the team in a game against San Luis FC at the Estadio Alfonso Lastras.

Season to season

 Has played 70 Mexican Primera División Tournaments so far.
 Has played 7 2nd Division Tournaments, the last in 1974.
 Has played 2 Primera A Tournaments, the last in 1997.

Historic shields

Honours

National

League
 Liga MX
 Champions (8): 1977–78, 1981–82, Apertura 2011, Apertura 2015, Apertura 2016, Apertura 2017, Clausura 2019, Clausura 2023
 Ascenso MX
 Winners (3): 1973-1974, Invierno 1996, Verano 1997

Cups
 Copa MX
 Winners (3): 1975–76, 1995–96, Clausura 2014
 Campeón de Campeones
 Winners (4): 2016, 2017, 2018, 2023
 Supercopa MX
 Runners-up: 2014

International

CONCACAF Champions League
Winners (1): 2020
 Copa Libertadores
 Runners-up: 2015
FIFA Club World Cup
 Runners-up: 2020

Campeones Cup Concacaf Acredited
 Winners (2): 2018, 2023
 North American SuperLiga Concacaf & Conmebol
 Winners (1): 2009 Concacaf & Conmebol
 InterLiga
 Winners (2): 2005, 2006

Other/Friendly tournaments

 Rio Grande Plate (3):
2007, 2008, 2009
 Serie Mundial de Futbol:
2007
 Copa Chiapas:
2008
 Copa Cani:
2013
Copa Nissan:
2016

Personnel

Management

Coaching staff

Players

First-team squad

Out on loan

Reserve teams

Tigres SD
 Reserve team that plays in the Liga TDP, the fourth level of the Mexican league system.

Sponsorship
 Official shirt sponsors - Cemex (Cemento Monterrey), Coca-Cola, The Home Depot, Tecate, Afirme, Telcel, Bitso
 Official shirt manufacturer - Adidas
 Official Beer - Tecate
 Official beverages - Coca-Cola Mexico

Recent managers

 Grimaldo González (1971–1972)
 Salvador "Chava" Reyes (1972–1973)
 Árpád Fekete (1974–1976)
 Carlos Miloc (1977–1978) (1981–1982)
 Carlito Peters (1979)
 Alfonso Portugal (1982–1983)
 Hugo Fernández (1988–1989)
 Carlos Reinoso (1989–1992)
 Carlos de los Cobos (1994–1995)
 Víctor Manuel Vucetich (1 July 1995 – 30 June 1996)
 Alberto Guerra (1997)
 Miguel Mejía Barón (1999)
 Víctor Manuel Vucetich (17 September 1999 – 30 June 2000)
 Ricardo Ferretti (1 July 2000 – 30 June 2003)
 Nery Pumpido (1 July 2003 – 15 November 2004)
 Leonardo Álvarez (Jan 2005–Dec 5)
 Ricardo Ferretti (1 January 2006 – 30 June 2006)
 José Luis Trejo (1 July 2006 – 1 October 2006)
 Mario Carrillo (6 October 2006 – 30 June 2007)
 Américo Gallego (1 July 2007 – 13 February 2008)
 Manuel Lapuente (14 February 2008 – 22 February 2009)
 José Pekerman (24 February 2009 – 30 June 2009)
 Daniel Guzmán (1 July 2009 – 30 June 2010)
 Ricardo Ferretti (1 July 2010 - 9 May 2021)
 Miguel Herrera (20 May 2021 – 9 November 2022)
 Diego Cocca (16 November 2022 – 9 February 2023)
 Marco Antonio Ruiz (9 February 2023 – 9 April 2023)

See also

Football in Mexico

References

External links

Association football clubs established in 1960
Football clubs in San Nicolás de los Garza
University and college association football clubs
Ascenso MX teams
Liga MX teams
1960 establishments in Mexico
CONCACAF Champions Cup winning clubs

Tigres UANL


Lúcia Benedetti (March 30, 1914 in Mococa, São Paulo – 1998 in Rio de Janeiro) – was a Brazilian storyteller, writer of Children's Literature, novelist, playwright, chronicler and translator.

Biography
Lucia Benedetti was born in Mococa and was the daughter of Dominique Benedetti (tailor / musician) and D. Leocadia M. Benedetti [2] As a student based in Rio de Janeiro she began writing short stories, essays and fictional stories for the magazine O Ensaio.

She graduated in pedagogy at the Bittencourt Silva School in Niterói.

In 1932 she received a degree in legal science, but she never practiced as an attorney.

While working as a teacher, she wrote for the newspaper A Noite. At this carioca newspaper, she met her husband, the journalist, playwright and writer, Raimundo Magalhaes Júnior, whom she married in 1933.

In 1942 the couple moved to the United States, where Magalhaes Júnior worked with Nelson Rockefeller and for the New York Times. Lucia Benedetti became a correspondent for the New York Times and worked for the paper until 1945.

At that time she wrote her first novel, Chico Vira Bicho e outras histórias, in collaboration with her husband. However, the literary work that marked her debut as a writer, was Entrada de serviço, published in 1942.

Lúcia Benedetti is considered the precursor of the theater for children in Brazil, with the O Casaco Encantado (1948), staged by Companhia Artistas Unidos.

The dramatic works of Lucia Benedetti were staged in countries like Portugal and Argentina.

Lucia Benedetti is the mother of Rosa Magalhães.

Awards

 Prêmio Afonso Arinos – ABL by Vesperal com Chuva – 1950
 Prêmio de Teatro infantil – Prefeitura do Distrito Federal −1954
 Prêmio Arthur Azevedo – ABL – 1948 by O Casaco Encantado
 Prêmio A.B.C.T. – Revelação de Autor – 1949 by O Casaco Encantado
 Prêmio Teatro Infantil – Lei Jorge de Lima – 1952 by Joãozinho Anda Pra Trás

Works

Theatre for Children and Youth

 O Casaco Encantado (1948)
 Simbita e o Dragão (1948)
 A Menina das Nuvens (1949)
 Branca de Neve(1950)
 Josefina e o Ladrão (1951)
 Joãozinho Anda Pra Trás (1952)
 Sinos de Natal (1957)
 Sigamos a Estrela
 Palhacinho Pimpão

Novels

 Chico Vira Bicho (1943)
 Entrada de Serviço (1942)
 Noturno sem Leito (1947)
 Três Soldados (1955)
 Chão Estrangeiro (1956)
 Maria Isabel, Uma Vida no Rio  (1960)
 O Espelho Que Vê por Dentro (1965)

Theater

 O Banquete e a Farsa
 Amores de Celeste
 Figura de Pedro (1960)

Short stories

 O Inferno de Rosauro, tal como se deu(1960)
 Vesperal com Chuva(1950)
 Nove Histórias Reunidas(1956)

Bibliography

 COUTINHO, Afrânio; SOUSA, J. Galante de. Enciclopédia de literatura brasileira. São Paulo: Global; Rio de Janeiro: Fundação Biblioteca Nacional, Academia Brasileira de Letras, 2001: 2v.

References

External links
 Literatura Brasileira.ufsc
 Arquivo Aberto/cbtij.org

1914 births
20th-century Brazilian dramatists and playwrights
Brazilian people of Italian descent
Brazilian children's writers
Brazilian women children's writers
Writers from Rio de Janeiro (city)
1998 deaths
20th-century Brazilian women writers
Brazilian women dramatists and playwrights
People from Mococa

Lúcia Benedetti


Dubove (; ; ; ; ; ) is an urban-type settlement situated in the Carpathian Mountains in Tiachiv Raion, Zakarpattia Oblast, western Ukraine. While officially designated as an urban-type settlement, Dubove's character and composition more closely resembles that of a village. Population:

History

The area once known as Subcarpathia, which includes present-day Dubove (originally settled as Dombo), was part of the Kingdom of Hungary from the 10th century until 1919.  Located in the county of Máramaros, Dombo gained prominence in 1755 when it became the site of the district's forestry office, which drew skilled lumberjacks and their families from Bohemia.  Following the end of World War I in 1919, Subcarpathia, including Dombo, was annexed by the newly created Czechoslovak Republic and was given its current name, Dubove, a derivative of the Slavic word for oak tree (дуб).  During World War II, Dubove was occupied by pro-Nazi Hungary.  In 1930, 706 (or nearly 16%) of Dubove's 4,416 inhabitants were Jewish.  But by the end of World War II, virtually all of the Jews had been exterminated.  The Red Army occupied Dubove in 1945 and the village was officially incorporated into the Soviet Union the following year.  In 1969, Dubove became home to a major Soviet plant, the Zakarpattia Helicopter Production Enterprise, creating an influx of new settlers and eventually raising the population of the village to over 10,000.  By far the largest employer in the area, the factory was responsible for funding several projects in the village, including a stadium and technical school.  But after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, the factory laid off roughly 5,000 workers and Dubove fell on hard times.  Although the factory still creates helicopters today, most of its resources are devoted to producing commercial airplane seats, satellite antennas, and children's sleds.

Geography

Dubove is located approximately halfway along the path of the River Teresva.  It is regarded as the economic center of the tri-village area, which includes Ganichi and Kalyny.

Nearby villages
 Krasna - north 5.6 km
 Ust'-Chorna (Királymező in Hungarian and Königsfeld in German) - north 15 km
 Kalyny - south 3 km
 Ganichi - south 6 km
 Neresnytsya - southwest 10.4 km

Nearby towns
 Tiachiv - southwest 37 km
 Khust - southwest 70 km
 Mukachevo - southwest 120 km

Education

Dubove has one technical school, one secondary school, three primary schools, and a music school.

Demographics

The majority of the inhabitants are Ukrainian, with Russian, Hungarian, and Roma minorities.

References

External links
Dubove Web Site
Photos of Dubove

Urban-type settlements in Tiachiv Raion
Holocaust locations in Ukraine

Dubove, Zakarpattia Oblast


Westminster (not to be confused with Westminster Old Style) is a printing and display typeface inspired by the machine-readable numbers printed on cheques and designed by Leo Maggs.

In the 1960s, Leo Maggs was working at the Hazell Sun Group's design studio in Covent Garden, London. At that time, he was commanded to create a futuristic style title for an article of About the House (the magazine of The Friends of Covent Garden Opera House). Maggs based the letters of that title on the MICR (magnetic ink character recognition) system, E-13B, used on bank cheques. He then continued to design the rest of the letters of the alphabet in his spare time, basing their proportions on that of the Gill Sans typeface.

The MICR E-13B font was designed for automated reading by a very simple magnetic reader in the early days of automatic character recognition. The weight of strokes in the characters can be recognised as "light" or "heavy" by a simple circuit and these patterns then map directly to the bit patterns of a computer character set. This made the characters practical to read before 'smart' OCR, but limited the length of the character set. E-13B has only 14 characters: the numeric digits and a few control codes. None of the alphanumeric 'computer' typefaces like Westminster could be read magnetically.

The work was presented to Letraset, who declined to buy it, but soon after released their own rival typeface, Data 70.  Other contemporary typefaces based on E-13B include Moore Computer (recognisable by its dots underneath the letters M and N), Gemini, Orbit-B, and Countdown.  Later, Typodermic released another derivative, Minicomputer, and Pixel Sagas would release another derivative with Twobit.

Robert Norton, founder of the Photoscript Ltd photo-typesetting company, decided to produce Westminster. The font was named by Norton and, according to Microsoft, received its name from Westminster Bank Limited (now NatWest) in the United Kingdom because it helped fund the font's production. The font was included with Microsoft software after Microsoft hired Norton.

Usage
Since its design, the typeface has been strongly associated with computers, especially in the late 1960s and early-to-mid 1970s. The font is used frequently to indicate computer involvement in television series, films, books, and comics.

See also

 List of typefaces
 MICR
 OCR-A, another font designed to be machine-readable

References

Display typefaces
Microsoft typefaces
Typefaces and fonts introduced in the 1960s
NatWest Group

Westminster (typeface)


Paul Moravec (born November 2, 1957) is an American composer and a University Professor at Adelphi University on Long Island, New York and also a member of the composition department of the Mannes School of Music .  Already a prolific composer, he has been described as a "new tonalist."  He is best known for his work Tempest Fantasy, which received the 2004 Pulitzer Prize for Music. Among his compositions are two operas: The Letter (2009) and The Shining (2016).

Biography
Moravec was born in Buffalo, New York, and subsequently attended the Lawrenceville School, graduating in 1975. He received his B.A. in composition from Harvard University in 1980; while there, he performed with the Harvard-Radcliffe Collegium Musicum, one of the Holden Choirs.  He won the Prix de Rome and studied at the American Academy in Rome after graduating.  He then received the Master of Music (1982) and Doctor of Musical Arts (1987) in composition, both from Columbia University.

Moravec has taught at Dartmouth College (1987–96) and Hunter College (1997–98). He suffered from clinically diagnosed depression that worsened during the time immediately surrounding his departure from Dartmouth College, and underwent electroshock therapy. He is currently a University Professor in the music department at Adelphi University, He also  teaches composition at the Mannes School of Music, contributing to what The New York Times has called a "renaissance" in a college that went through academic and financial difficulties in the 1990s.

In 2004, Moravec received the Pulitzer Prize for Music for his work Tempest Fantasy. This prestigious award raised Moravec's profile significantly, and he was appointed to several residencies. He was named the new honorary  composer-member of the New York Composers Circle in September, 2006. He was also appointed the composer in residence for the 2007-2008 academic year at  the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey.

In addition to his Pulitzer Prize, Moravec has received a Composer Fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts, a Rockefeller Foundation fellowship, and the Charles Ives Prize and Goddard Lieberson Awards in American Composition. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2010.

He has been commissioned by such ensembles as the Dessoff Choirs, the Albany Symphony Orchestra, and the Harvard Glee Club.

Musical style
Moravec has been placed into a group called "new tonalists" by the critic Terry Teachout, who describes them as composers who are "neither embarrassed nor paralyzed by tradition. Rather they accept it as a given."  Thus, according to this analysis, his style is primarily tonal and neo-romantic. However, Moravec himself asserts: The term 'new tonalist' is a little outdated simply because of the passage of time[.] It had more relevance a few decades ago, when late modernism was dying or even dead. For my work, I regard the term only as a point of departure before considering each composition on a case-by-case basis. As a composer, I try always to make beautiful things, and I use whatever techniques and materials are useful for the particular composition at hand[.] Some of those materials are atonal or nontonal, but the overall harmonic context of my music derives from the tonal tradition, which after all is the lingua franca of Western music — essentially, Monteverdi to the Beatles and beyond.

Critic Jens F. Laurson described Moravec's Pulitzer Prize-winning Tempest Fantasy as "remarkably accessible music. Picturesque, conventionally beautiful at times, but without pandering to the ears' lowest harmonic expectations. [It is] music that works with all the traditional tools from the composer's workshop[,] which have changed surprisingly little since Bach - but Moravec uses them to create music anew." He named Federico Mompou, Claude Debussy, Paul Hindemith, Francis Poulenc, and Elliott Carter as clear musical influences in Moravec's music. He also noted a clear disparity between Moravec's music and that of minimalist composers Steve Reich, Philip Glass, and John Adams.

Critic Victor Carr Jr. characterizes Moravec's musical language as "generally tonal--and although it's not consistently melodic, it's always accessible. More than that, it's highly engrossing[.]"

Musical works

His best-known pieces include the Pulitzer-winning, Shakespeare-inspired Tempest Fantasy, a 30-minute chamber work scored for clarinet, violin, cello, and piano, which was premiered on May 2, 2003, at the Morgan Library in New York City by David Krakauer and Trio Solisti, for whom it was written;  Northern Lights Electric, a 1994 work that combines a musical illustration of the Northern Lights with a musical depiction of electric light; and the 1998 cantata Fire/Ice/Air, which contrasts the journeys of Captain Robert Falcon Scott, on his expedition to the Antarctic, and Charles Lindbergh, on his trans-Atlantic flight.  An oratorio, Blizzard Voices, about the Schoolhouse Blizzard of 1888, was commissioned by Opera Omaha and was premiered there in September 2008. He collaborated with Terry Teachout on The Letter, an opera based on the 1927 play by W. Somerset Maugham that was premiered in 2009 by the Santa Fe Opera.

Notes

External links

 Interview with Paul Moravec, October 28, 2006

1957 births
American male classical composers
American classical composers
American opera composers
Male opera composers
Pulitzer Prize for Music winners
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
Living people
Adelphi University faculty
Columbia University School of the Arts alumni
Harvard University alumni
Artists-in-Residence at the Institute for Advanced Study
Musicians from Buffalo, New York
Dartmouth College faculty
Hunter College faculty
American people of Czech descent
Lawrenceville School alumni
21st-century American composers
20th-century American composers
Classical musicians from New York (state)
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
Members of the American Philosophical Society

Paul Moravec


The Battle of Turbigo took place the 3 June 1859 saw the French army secure two crossing points over the Ticino River, allowing them to get a foothold in Austrian Lombardy.

In 1859 there were two main crossing points over the Ticino near Magenta. The main road and rail bridges crossed the river just to the west of Magenta. The road bridge was called the Ponte di Boffolara, after a village a few miles to the north east. On the western bank was the hamlet of San Martino, with an inn, railway station and Piedmontese custom post.

Five or six miles further to the north, at Turbigo, there was another river crossing, this time by ferry. In both cases the western bank of the river was higher than the eastern bank, so if the Austrians wanted to defend the river crossings they would have to do it on the west bank. They chose to fortify a bridgehead at San Martino, which by the start of June was defended by troops from Eduard Clam-Gallas's newly arrived corps.

For most of the month May the main armies had been campaigning, with the French and Piedmontese concentrated in the area around Alessandria and the Austrians to their north. In late May Napoleon III decided to move his entire army to the left and attack the vulnerable Austrian right wing.

After the Piedmontese victory at Palestro (30-31 May 1859) the Austrians finally realised what was happening, and Feldzeugmeister Franz Count Gyulai decided to retreat east, out of Piedmont and back across the Ticino into Lombardy. His aim was to defend Milan and prevent the Allies from advancing into the Austrian controlled  north of Italy.

According to Frederick Schneid, "General Camou with a division of the Guard Voltigeurs, followed by MacMahon's II Corps and Fanti's 2nd Division, arrived at Turbigo, five miles northwest of Magenta, in an attempt to outflank Austrian positions, making the defense of the Naviglio Grande untenable. Camou's division crossed the Ticino by boat between 2 and 3am on June 4. With the right bank secure, the French laid a pontoon bridge."

References

External links
  Battle of Turbigo

Turbigo
Turbigo
Turbigo
Turbigo
Turbigo
Turbigo
1859 in the Austrian Empire
1859 in France
1859 in Italy
May 1859 events

Battle of Turbigo


LanguageWare is a natural language processing (NLP) technology developed by IBM, which allows applications to process natural language text. It comprises a set of Java libraries which provide a range of NLP functions: language identification, text segmentation/tokenization, normalization, entity and relationship extraction, and semantic analysis and disambiguation. The analysis engine uses Finite State Machine approach at multiple levels, which aids its performance characteristics, while maintaining a reasonably small footprint.

The behaviour of the system is driven by a set of configurable lexico-semantic resources which describe the characteristics and domain of the processed language. A default set of resources comes as part of LanguageWare and these describe the native language characteristics, such as morphology, and the basic vocabulary for the language. Supplemental resources have been created which capture additional vocabularies, terminologies, rules and grammars, which may be generic to the language or specific to one or more domains.

A set of Eclipse-based customization tooling, LanguageWare Resource Workbench, is available on IBM's alphaWorks site, and allows domain knowledge to be compiled into these resources and thereby incorporated into the analysis process.

LanguageWare can be deployed as a set of UIMA-compliant annotators, Eclipse plug-ins or Web Services.

See also
 Data Discovery and Query Builder
 Finite state machine
 Formal language
 IBM Omnifind
 Linguistics
 Semantic Web
 Semantics
 Service-oriented architecture
 Web services
 UIMA

References

External links
IBM LanguageWare Resource Workbench on alphaWorks
IBM LanguageWare Miner for Multidimensional Socio-Semantic Networks on alphaWorks
JumpStart Infocenter for IBM LanguageWare on IBM.com
UIMA Homepage at the Apache Software Foundation
UIMA Framework on SourceForge
IBM OmniFind Yahoo! Edition (FREE enterprise search engine)
Semantic Information Systems and Language Engineering Group
SemanticDesktop.org

Related Papers
Branimir K. Boguraev Annotation-Based Finite State Processing in a Large-Scale NLP Architecture, IBM Research Report, 2004
Alexander Troussov, Mikhail Sogrin, "IBM LanguageWare Ontological Network Miner"
Sheila Kinsella, Andreas Harth, Alexander Troussov, Mikhail Sogrin, John Judge, Conor Hayes, John G. Breslin, "Navigating and Annotating Semantically-Enabled Networks of People and Associated Objects"
Mikhail Kotelnikov, Alexander Polonsky, Malte Kiesel, Max Völkel, Heiko Haller, Mikhail Sogrin, Pär Lannerö, Brian Davis, "Interactive Semantic Wikis"
Sebastian Trüg, Jos van den Oever, Stéphane Laurière, "The Social Semantic Desktop: Nepomuk"
Séamus Lawless, Vincent Wade, "Dynamic Content Discovery, Harvesting and Delivery"
R. Mack, S. Mukherjea, A. Soffer, N. Uramoto, E. Brown, A. Coden, J. Cooper, A. Inokuchi, B. Iyer, Y. Mass, H. Matsuzawa, and L. V. Subramaniam, "Text analytics for life science using the Unstructured Information Management Architecture"
 Alex Nevidomsky, "UIMA Framework and Knowledge Discovery at IBM", 4th Text Mining Symposium, Fraunhofer SCAI, 2006

Data mining and machine learning software
Java development tools
Natural language processing
Java (programming language) libraries

LanguageWare


Sir Henry Fildes (12 May 1870 – 12 July 1948) was a Liberal Party, later National Liberal Party) and later still Liberal National Party politician in the United Kingdom. He was a member of parliament (MP) from 1920 to 1923 and from 1935 to 1945.

He was elected as Coalition Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) for Stockport at a by-election in March 1920, following the death of one of the constituency's two MPs and the resignation of the other. He was re-elected in 1922 as a National Liberal (as the Coalition Liberals became following the dissolution of the Coalition), but was defeated at the 1923 general election by the Liberal Party candidate Charles Royle.

He did not contest the 1924 election, and came third in a closely fought 3-way contest at the 1925 by-election. He was unsuccessful again in 1929, and did not stand in 1931.

After the death in July 1935 of Joseph Hunter, the Liberal National MP for Dumfriesshire, Fildes contested the by-election in September, winning the seat with a large majority over his only opponent, the Labour Co-operative candidate. Only a month after the by-election, Parliament was dissolved for the 1935 general election, when Fildes was re-elected by a large majority. He stood down from Parliament at the 1945 general election.

He was knighted in 1932.

Notes

References

External links

1870 births
1948 deaths
Knights Bachelor
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
National Liberal Party (UK, 1922) politicians
National Liberal Party (UK, 1931) politicians
UK MPs 1918–1922
UK MPs 1922–1923
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies
UK MPs 1931–1935
UK MPs 1935–1945
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Stockport

Henry Fildes


State Road 269 (SR 269) is a part of the Indiana State Road that runs through rural Posey County in US state of Indiana.  The  of SR 269 that lie within Indiana serve as a mirror highway. None of the highway is listed on the National Highway System. The whole length is a rural two-lane highway.  The highway passes through farmland and woodland properties.

Route description
SR 269 begins at a rural intersection in Posey County at County Road 330 and Old Dam Road.  The route heads southeast away from Harmonie State Park, as a two-lane highway, passing through farmland and woodland.  The highway turns due east and heads towards SR 69.  SR 269 ends at a 3-way intersection with SR 69.

No segment of SR 269 is included as a part of the National Highway System (NHS).  The NHS is a network of highways that are identified as being most important for the economy, mobility and defense of the nation.  The highway is maintained by the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) like all other state road in the state. The department tracks the traffic volumes along all state highways as a part of its maintenance responsibilities using a metric called average annual daily traffic (AADT). This measurement is a calculation of the traffic level along a segment of roadway for any average day of the year. In 2010, INDOT figured that 100 vehicles and 10 commercial vehicles AADT along the route.

Major intersections

References

External links

269
Transportation in Posey County, Indiana
State highways in the United States shorter than one mile

Indiana State Road 269


Ruth Asawa (January 27, 1926 – August 5, 2013) was an American sculptor.

Asawa was born in Norwalk, California and was the fourth child out of seven. She attended Rohwer High School in Desha County, Arkansas as she had to evacuate from California due to World War II. Rohwer was a Japanese-American concentration camp at the time. She went to  the University of Wisconsin but could not get a degree because of where she was from. After that, she went to Black Mountain College. Ever since she was a young girl, she showed an interest in art. She even drew in the mud when she was a child. Ruth is famous for making sculptures out of metal wire. "Meandering lines and patterns, explorative variations of the same form or subject, and the most economical way to convey an image and characterize her work." She helped to found SCRAP, a recycling art program. This quote is saying that trying out different patterns and lines is the best way for her to make her work different from other people's work. Asawa also created the San Francisco School of Arts. Ruth believed that anybody who wanted to could do art and everyone had a part of them which was artistic. "Art is for everyone. It is not something that you should have to go to the museums in order to see and enjoy."said Asawa.

References

1926 births
2013 deaths
People from California
American sculptors

Ruth Asawa


A terrace crossing is a geographical zone between the sedimentation (downstream) part and the erosion (upstream) part of the river. This zone develops on the location where the transition of erosion to sedimentation takes place. Upstream of the crossing, terraces will exist. The highest terraces will be the oldest. Downstream of the crossing, older sediments will be buried beneath younger deposits.

See also
Riverterrace
Sedimentology

Fluvial landforms
Sedimentology
Geomorphology

Terrace Crossing


The Gotthard railway (; ) is the Swiss trans-alpine railway line from northern Switzerland to the canton of Ticino. The line forms a major part of an important international railway link between northern and southern Europe, especially on the Rotterdam-Basel-Genoa corridor. The Gotthard Railway Company () was the former private railway company that financed the construction of and originally operated that line.

The railway comprises an international main line through Switzerland from Basel (French Bâle) or Zürich to Immensee to Chiasso, together with branches, from Immensee to Lucerne and Rotkreuz, from Arth-Goldau to Zug, and from Bellinzona to Chiasso, via Locarno and Luino. The main line, second highest standard railway in Switzerland, penetrates the Alps using the Gotthard Tunnel at  above sea level. The line then descends as far as Bellinzona, at  above sea level, before climbing again to the pass of Monte Ceneri, on the way to Lugano and Chiasso. The extreme differences in altitude necessitate the use of long ramped approaches on each side, together with seven spirals.

Construction of the line started in 1872, with some lowland sections opening by 1875. The full line opened in 1882, following the completion of the Gotthard Tunnel. The line was incorporated into the Swiss Federal Railways in 1909 and electrified in 1922. The line has 36 tunnels totaling 31,216 meters.

The approaches to the existing tunnel continue to restrict speed and capacity on this important international route, and in 1992 it was decided to build a new lower level route on the Gotthard axis as part of the NRLA project. This route involves the construction of the new Gotthard Base Tunnel and Ceneri Base Tunnel. The Gotthard Base Tunnel has been completed and was integrated with the existing route in 2016, while the Ceneri Base Tunnel was opened in 2020.

History

Conception
By the early 1870s, northern Switzerland had a significant network of railways, with links to the adjoining railways of Germany and France. To the west, a line had reached , in the upper Rhone valley, from Lausanne. In the central north, lines linked Olten, Lucerne, Zug and Zürich. However, no line had yet reached through the Alps to southern Switzerland or the border with Italy. All north-to-south rail traffic had to pass either to the west or east of Switzerland through the Mont-Cenis, Semmering or Brenner railways.

A north-south route through Switzerland had been discussed as far back as 1848. An international conference in Bern in 1869 had decided that the best route would be via the valleys of the rivers Reuss and Ticino, linked by a tunnel under the Gotthard Pass. The selected route was an ancient one that pilgrims and traders had used since at least the 13th century.

Treaties for the construction of the line were made with the Kingdom of Italy, in 1869, and the German Empire, in 1871. The Gotthard Railway Company was incorporated in Lucerne in 1871. To the overall costs of CHF 238 million (in 1869/71) the Italian government eventually contributed CHF 58 million (£2.25 million), with Germany contributing CHF 30 million (£1.25 million).

Construction and opening
Construction of the Gotthard railway started in 1872, and the first lowland sections from Biasca to Locarno and Lugano to Chiasso were opened by 1874.

The whole line was inaugurated with festivities in Lucerne and Chiasso from 21 May to 25 May 1882. Scheduled operations started on 1 June. At the time, the  Gotthard Rail Tunnel was the world's longest rail tunnel (seconded by the Simplon Tunnel in 1906). Soon after construction, the army secured the line with fortresses (for instance, above Airolo, and at Biasca) and ways to block the tunnel in case of an invasion (among others, an artificial landslide to block the southern tunnel entrance).

At the same time, the Aargauische Südbahn completed the section from Rotkreuz to Immensee, which provided a rail link from Aarau. The additional feeder lines from Lucerne to Immensee, and from Zug to Arth-Goldau were completed in 1887.

Early railway operations

The Gotthard railway timetable from 1899

The Gotthard Railway graphic timetable contains a great variety of information with regards to material and especially operational aspects in the year 1899, 17 years after the inauguration of the Gotthard tunnel and completion of the railway. The map key and captions to each column are to be found at the top of the page. Leading from left to right information is given on the location of each station's elevation in relation to sea level, the longitudinal profile, signal lights, tunnels and their length, for each route section on southbound journeys the greatest gradient, distances, employed telegraphs and their networking, signal bells and their connection, telephones, block stations, track layout of the respective station and their equipment, total usable length of the remaining tracks, the longest side track, station names and distances between them, distance to point of origin and between main stations. Departure and arrival times are displayed within the graphic timetable.

Information can be drawn as to the tunnel's vertex which lies at 1154.5 meters above sea level and the fact that the tunnel does not run in a straight line but rather in a slope down from either side of its vertex. The tunnel was designed in such a way that inflowing water would be able to drain. From the railway station of Göschenen to the tunnel's vertex the train lines ascend at an angle of 6 ‰ and descend at 2 ‰ from vertex to the village of Airolo. The tunnel's length is indicated to be 14,998 meters, its vertex being at kilometre 80. The old Gotthard railways' distances were measured from the town of Immensee, as clearly indicated on the graphic timetable.

Electrical Telegraphs and signal bells are listed on the distance column's right and a detailed description thereof is to be found in the chapters The Gotthard railway Telegraph Network and The Gotthard railway Signal Bells.

The track layout of each station shows that in 1899 the Gotthard railway ran on double-tracks from the villages of Flüelen to Giubiasco. Facing north the picture on the right shows the watchman's house at the Mondascia bridge depicts the double-tracks and advance signal to the entry signal before Biasca (at 132.5 km), mentioned in the timetable. The next picture on the right shows the Pianotondo viaduct and the Pianotono-spiral tunnel's upper gate with its watchman's house, which came into use during the days of the double-track steam service, roughly at the time of the graphic timetable's validity.

The graphic timetable sees two tracks running southwards from Giubiasco station. One is signposted "Chiasso", the other "Luino/Locarno". From this point onwards the railway runs on single tracks. Giubiasco's neighbouring stations to the south, Rivera-Bironico and Cadenazzo, are all on single tracks. At each underpass on the Ceneri section it is clearly visible to this day that these were built at greatly different points in time. The Giubiasco-Al Sasso and Al Sasso-Rivera sections were equipped with double-tracks in 1922 and 1934 respectively.

The graphic timetable is a two-dimensional image of the train journeys. Time is displayed horizontally from midnight XII o'clock to midnight XII o'clock. The stations along the journey, from Zug and Lucerne to Chiasso, Locarno and Luino are displayed vertically. The first scheduled train, an express train with 1st, 2nd and 3rd class carriages, leaves Bellinzona at 03:17. The train with the number 55 is powered by a steam locomotive and, according to the timetable, does not make a scheduled stop at Giubiasco, Rivera-Bironico and Taverne. Arrival at Lugano is scheduled at 04:09, from where it leaves again at 04:14. In 1899 the entire train journey from Bellinzona to Lugano was scheduled to be 52 minutes. Today (2017), the same journey on one of the EC trains takes 27 minutes. The illustrations shows that between Giubiasco and Rivera Bironico trains do not pass each other as in 1899 this was, as mentioned in the paragraph above, a single track line. This information can thus be drawn form both, the stations' track layout and the graphic timetable. Also visible on the graphic timetable is the fact that between Osogna and Biasca, trains however do pass each other along their journeys, it being a double-track line. Further, the Arth-Rigi-Bahn's trains (nowadays Rigi Railways), are also listed in the Gotthard railways' timetable. The timetable's scale is 15mm/hour horizontally and 1.75mm/km vertically.

The Gotthard railway telegraph network

To coordinate trains, the Gotthard railway used a telegraph-network, which linked up all railway stations on the entire line from Luzern to Chiasso, Locarno and Luino. This network is pointed out on the left hand side of the graphic timetable dated 1899. The telegraphs for every railway station shown on the timetable are marked with a black dot. As a detailed section from the timetable shows, the Biasca station used four telegraphs at that time. One of those telegraphs linked all stations from Biasca to Bellinzona. Whatever message was tapped out on this telegraph (sent by morse code), was transmitted to all stations up to Bellinzona. A second telegraph linked all stations from Biasca to Göschenen.  What was tapped out on the third telegraph, reached only the railway stations Bellinzona, Faido, Airolo, Göschenen, Wassen and Erstfeld. The fourth telegraph was for long distances. Messages transmitted from there reached Bellinzona, Airolo, Erstfeld, Goldau and Luzern. The telegraphs with their Morse keys and the telegraph-relays were produced by  (Bern).

The Gotthard railway signal bells
The Gotthardbahn employed signal bells within its stations and along the line to signal any approaching train. An alarm was triggered once a train had left a neighbouring station or block station. These signal bells were partly installed along the line and signalled any construction worker of an approaching train. In addition, any railway watchman's house and railroad crossing would be equipped with a signal bell. Southbound trains were signalled by 3 triple chimes, northbound trains by two double chimes. The signalling mechanism at each signal bell had to be manually wound up every day by station employees and railway watchmen. Part of the mechanism was a weight having to be raised by help of a pulley. The electric signal triggering the alarm operated a relay, activating the bell's hammer through force of the aforementioned weight. Each signal bell within the Gotthard railway's network is marked on the graphic timetable. The railway watchman's house number 159 (Casello 159) signal bell on the Monte Ceneri line between Giubiasco and Rivera-Bironico is shown as an example in the timetable's excerpt. A southbound train departing Giubiasco for Rivera-Bironico would trigger alarms of eleven different signal bells on its 11 kilometres long journey. Around 1980 these signal bells were decommissioned.

Track maintenance and safety

In the Gotthard Railway's early days ultrasound was not available to examine the tracks. Fractures within these were far more common than today, when special ultrasound equipped trains are employed in the maintenance process. The railway watchman was especially important in ensuring the Gotthard railway's safe operation. A railway watchman was assigned to a special segment of tracks which he had to inspect every day. Fractures, deformations and the tracks' general condition were to be reported to the track master. Tending to loose screws and cutting down shrubs were also part of the watchman's job description. Also putting out small shrub fires, caused by the heavily employed brakes of downhill running cargo trains, were part of his duty. The railway watchman was equipped with a red flag to be able to stop trains in an emergency. The Gotthard railway's  watchmen lived in specially provided watchman houses along the line. In Italian Language these watchman's houses are called Casello. Every day they had to inspect the tracks up to the next watchman's segment. The watchman houses were built along the entire Gotthard line with distances of up to 4 kilometres between them and were all numbered. From 1950 onward the track inspections didn't require as many inspections as before. Between Giubiasco and Rivera the railway watchmen then only had to perform such an inspection every other day. Their former watchman houses now remained unmanned and were subsequently used as holiday homes or private dwellings. From 1995 onward the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) turned to selling these watchman houses.

Swiss Federal Railways

The Gotthard Railway Company worked the Gotthard railway until 1909, when it became part of the Swiss Federal Railways. This was seven years after the creation of that state owned railway, and the Gotthard railway was the last major railway to be absorbed. In 1922, the whole line was electrified by Brown, Boveri & Cie with  supplied by overhead line.

The approaches to the Gotthard Tunnel are susceptible to rockfalls, regularly leading to closures of the railway line. In the worst such incident in recent times, the Gotthard line was closed to all traffic for almost one month following a rockfall near Gurtnellen on 5 June 2012, which killed one rail worker and injured two others. The closure caused massive disruption of both passenger and international freight traffic.

Route

North of Arth-Goldau
The Lucerne branch of the Gotthard railway commences in Lucerne station, facing the south shore of Lake Lucerne. From here it undertakes a 270 degree turn, heading first south, then west, north and east, as well as crossing the river Reuss, to reach the north shore of the lake. From here it continues along the west shore of the Küssnacht arm of the lake to reach Immensee station. Here it meets the Rotkreuz branch, which runs from Rotkreuz to the north.

Immensee station is considered the starting point of the main line of the Gotthard railway, and official distances to all points south are measured from here. From Immensee, the line follows the Lake of Zug to Arth-Goldau station, at an altitude of . Here it joined by the Zug branch of the Gotthard railways, and there is a junction with the Südostbahn route to Rapperswil and Romanshorn. Connection is also made with the Arth-Rigi-Bahn, a rack railway climbing the mountain Rigi.

The Zug branch of the Gotthard railway commences in the city of Zug. It makes a junction, in Zug station, with the line to Zürich via Thalwil. The line then follows the east shore of the Lake of Zug to reach Arth-Goldau.

Arth-Goldau - Erstfeld
From Arth-Goldau, the line then follows the Lauerzer See and passes Schwyz, the capital of the canton of Schwyz, at an altitude of . From Brunnen to Flüelen, the line follows the Lake Lucerne (that part of it is also referred to as Urnersee). In that section, the Axen, the two tracks follow two different routes mainly in tunnel because the second track was built later (up to 1943) and on a straighter route through longer tunnels.

At Flüelen station, the railway makes a connection with the steamer services on Lake Lucerne. Steamers operate a shorter, in distance, but longer, in time, service to the city of Lucerne, serving many other towns and villages along the lake shore. The Gotthard Panorama Express uses this interchange to provide its tourist oriented boat and rail service between Lucerne and Lugano.

Erstfeld, at an altitude of , is reached via Altdorf. The depot at Erstfeld station houses rolling stock needed for the Gotthard route, i.e. for banking service. A Ce 6/8 "crocodile" serves as a memorial for the legendary Gotthard locomotives.

Northern ramp, Erstfeld - Göschenen
For the whole of the northern ramp from Erstfeld to Göschenen, the line follows the valley of the Reuss. The track now gets steeper with a gradient of up to 27 ‰. After Amsteg the line passes the Chärstelenbach Bridge and changes the side of the valley over the Intschireuss Bridge, which is, with its , the highest bridge in the SBB network.

After Gurtnellen, at an altitude of , the first of several tunneled railway spirals is encountered; their purpose is mainly to gain height where no space is available. Two of them form the double loop of Wassen, at an altitude of , which allows the famous church of Wassen to be seen three times from different perspectives, first from below and the last time from  above. The line passes over the Reuss twice, and the Meienreuss three times in this section.

After a  tunnel, the line reaches Göschenen station, at an altitude of . Here the Gotthard line meets the Schöllenenbahn, a metre gauge rack operated branch of the Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn that ascends to Andermatt, where connections can be made over the Oberalppass to Chur or through the Furka Base Tunnel to Brig.

Gotthard Tunnel

Immediately after Göschenen station, the Gotthard railway enters the Gotthard Tunnel, a , double-track tunnel, built as one tube. The highest point of the Gotthard line is within this tunnel,  above sea level, which makes it the second highest standard railway in Switzerland, after the Lötschberg railway line, the other main north-south axis in the country. Here the tunnel crosses the border between the canton of Uri and the canton of Ticino, and line passes from the German-speaking part of Switzerland to the Italian-speaking part.

The line exits the tunnel at Airolo, at an altitude of  in the valley of the river Ticino, which it follows as far as Bellinzona. Both north and south portals are within a few hundreds metres from those of the Gotthard Road Tunnel.

Southern ramp, Airolo - Bellinzona
After passing through Airolo station, the line crosses the Ticino and descends through its valley in the Leventina. Between Airolo and Biasca the line falls by no less than  in .

At Piotta, the Funicolare del Ritom ascends to the Ritom dam. Beyond Rodi-Fiesso, at an altitude of , the most impressive section of the southern ramp begins. The valley narrows to the Piotta canyon, and the line passes two spirals ("Piottino-Loops") to lose  in height before reaching Faido. Two more spirals, known as the "Biaschina-Loops", lead the line down to Giornico, at an altitude of .

By the time the line has arrived at Biasca, at an altitude of , the valley has widened, and the gradient reduced. From Biasca station the line continues to follow the Ticino as far as Bellinzona, at an altitude of  and the capital of the canton of Ticino.

Bellinzona - Luino / Locarno

Just beyond Bellinzona station, a major junction is reached at Giubiasco. Here the original main line branches off what is now considered the main Gotthard line to Lugano and Chiasso.

What was originally considered the main line continues down the valley of the Ticino, crossing the Italian border and continuing to meet the Italian railway system at Pino on the eastern shore of Lake Maggiore. The line beyond Pino to the Italian town of Luino, although Italian-owned, has always been operated as part of the Swiss system.

At Cadenazzo on the line to Pino, a further branch crosses the Ticino and runs a short distance down the western shore of Lago Maggiore to a terminus at the Swiss resort town of Locarno. Transfer can be made at Locarno station to the international metre gauge Domodossola–Locarno railway.

Bellinzona - Chiasso
At Giubiasco, the line from Immensee to Chiasso reaches its lowest point of  above sea level. From here the line rises again to Monte Ceneri, the pass between the Sopraceneri and the Sottoceneri, and then passes through the two parallel, single-track Monte Ceneri Tunnels. It reaches the highest point on this part of the line, at Rivera-Bironico station, at an altitude of , before descending to Lugano, at an altitude of .

At Lugano station interchange is made with the Lugano–Ponte Tresa railway, a metre gauge railway to the town of Ponte Tresa. Following the western waterside of Lake Lugano, the line crosses Lake Lugano at the Melide causeway, a  causeway and bridge.

The track follows the eastern waterside from the Melide causeway to Capolago-Riva San Vitale station. Here interchange is made with the Monte Generoso railway, a rack railway to the summit of Monte Generoso. The Gotthard line then continues to Mendrisio and Chiasso. Chiasso station houses the border controls and has a large international marshalling yard. Conventional trains change locomotives here due to different traction voltages and train protection systems in Italy.

Operation

Services
The Gotthard line carries a mixture of freight and long distance passenger trains over the full length of the line. The long distance passenger trains include EuroCity (EC) trains between Zürich and Milan, and ICN and IR trains between a number of cities in northern Switzerland and various points in Ticino. Passenger trains using the Gotthard line in the past included the Trans Europ Express trains Gottardo, Roland, and Ticino.

Regional commuter rail services also operate on the northern and southern sections of the Gotthard line. To the north, line S2 of the Zug Stadtbahn operates hourly between Zug, Arth-Goldau and Erstfeld, whilst line S3 of the S-Bahn Luzern operates hourly between Luzern, Arth-Goldau and Brunnen.

To the south, the Gotthard line is served by trains on line S10 of the Treni Regionali Ticino Lombardia (TILO), which operate every half-hour between Bellinzona, Lugano and Chiasso, with some trains extending northwards to Airolo and southwards to Milan. The same operator's lines S20 and S30 also operate over the Gotthard railway in the Bellinzona area, before proceeding down the branches to Locarno and Luino respectively, with some S30 trains extended to Milan Malpensa Airport.

Besides trains operated by the Swiss Federal Railways, other railway companies have also been able to run trains on the Gotthard route since the introduction of open access in 2001. Companies that have taken advantage of this include Deutsche Bahn AG, who operate through freight trains from Germany to Italy.

Rolling stock

Most of the Swiss locomotives were originally constructed for the Gotthard line, so many of them were called "Gotthardlokomotiven", for instance C 5/6 "Elephant", Ce 6/8 and Be 6/8 "Krokodil", Ae 8/14 "Landilok", Ae 6/6, Re 620. Famous trainsets on the Gotthard route are the Trans Europ Express and the Roter Pfeil, as well as the tilting train, Cisalpino Pendolino.

Nowadays passenger trains are mostly pulled by Re 4/4 II (up to two for long trains) and sometimes by Re 460, freight trains by Re 6/6 and Re 4/4 III. Up to 1300 tons may be pulled by an Re 6/6 with an Re 4/4 III. This combination is sometimes called a Re 10/10. If the trains are heavier, then any additional locomotives must be used as banking locomotives at the rear of the train, because the tractive effort of more power at the front of the train would exceed the capacity of the couplers within the train.

Civil engineering

Bridges

The Gotthardbahn and its branchlines pass over a total of 1234 bridges and open passages which span a total of . Arch bridges from stone were only constructed up to a clear width of , bridging larger distances with iron superstructures, which therefore became a frequent sight on the original Gotthard line, their iron representing a weight of 17723 tons. The construction of each bridge represented its own individual challenge, depending on the surrounding geography and geology.With the exception of three arch bridges all steel bridges consisted of very simple, straight, single beam truss constructions. These had to be reinforced already before 1914 still during steam operation of the Gotthardbahn due to quickly increasing traffic and load. Fish-belly truss structures were attached to the bridges from below where possible and an arch truss structure was added from the top, where a short clear height made this necessary, besides other measures. Eventually all original iron bridges had to be replaced with modern bridges because they had been built and were repeatedly reinforced to specifications that again and again were surpassed by increasing traffic, velocity and load.

Notable originally single beam truss bridges on the Gotthardbahn are:
The Chärstelenbach Bridge has two passage ways with clear widths of  each and rails at  above low water. The bridge was reinforced with a fish-belly structure. The modern replacement still uses the centre column and the stone arch abutments of the original.
The Intschireuss Bridge spans the widest clear width of , with rails at  above low water. The bridge was reinforced with a "fish-belly" before the iron structure was replaced.
The Middle Meienreuss Bridge spans  with rails  above the river bottom. The original iron construction has been replaced.

Current developments
The historical route, with its long climbs and spiral routings, restricts speed and capacity on this important international route. As a result, a largely new lower level route was constructed as the Gotthard axis of the NRLA project.

The Gotthard Base Tunnel, running from a point near Erstfeld to a point near Biasca, opened to traffic on 1 June 2016, with full service starting in December of that year. With a route length of , this is the world's longest railway tunnel, surpassing the Seikan Tunnel in Japan. Its maximum altitude of  is less than half the altitude of the current Gotthard Tunnel, and obviates the need to haul trains up long approach grades. Although given its name, because it bypasses the Gotthard Tunnel, the base tunnel's route is actually some  to the east, passing under Sedrun, rather than the Gotthard Pass, but still below the Saint-Gotthard Massif.

The Ceneri Base Tunnel, from Camorino to the south of Bellinzona, and Vezia to the north of Lugano, opened in 2020. This tunnel has a route length of  and allows trains to bypass the steep grades of Monte Ceneri.

The Gotthard Base Tunnel opened in 2016, and the Ceneri Base Tunnel in 2020. Now that they have opened, all rail traffic still needs to use the existing route north of Erstfeld, between Biasca and Bellinzona, and south of Lugano. The bypassed sections of the existing route are being retained for local passenger services, for general capacity and as a diversionary route.

Further bypasses have been planned as part of the Gotthard axis of the NRLA project, including a new largely tunnelled route from Arth-Goldau to Erstfeld, and an extension of the existing Zimmerberg Base Tunnel on the route between Zürich and Zug. No commitment to construct these sections of line has yet been made.

Operator Sudostbahn has announced, as of 13 December 2020, it will run a new service from Basel and Zurich via the original Gotthard line, using Stadler Flirt units which are also used on the Voralpen express.

See also
NRLA and the Lötschberg railway, Switzerland's other major Alpine freight corridor.
Saint-Gotthard Massif
Gotthard Pass
Gotthard Base Tunnel

References

Further reading

External links

 Detailed description by Bruno Lämmli (in German)
 Gotthardbahn-website by Waldis Carl (in German)
  illustrated description of the route

Defunct railway companies of Switzerland
International railway lines
Railway lines in Switzerland
Railway lines opened in 1882
Transport in the canton of Uri
Transport in the canton of Schwyz
Transport in Ticino
Cross-border railway lines in Italy
Transport in the Alps

Gotthard railway


Turbidity is a measure of how well light penetrates water. It is caused by particles (total suspended or dissolved solids) that are generally invisible to the naked eye. The measurement of turbidity is a key test of water quality.

Fluids can contain suspended particles of many different sizes. Some suspended material will be large enough and heavy enough to settle rapidly to the bottom if a liquid sample is left to stand. Very small particles settle very slowly or not at all if the sample is regularly agitated or the particles are colloidal. These small solid particles cause the liquid to appear turbid or murky.

Causes

Turbidity in open water may be caused by growth of phytoplankton. Naturally occurring Algal blooms can cause turbidity. Human activities that disturb land can lead to high sediment levels entering water bodies during rain storms due runoff. These can include construction, mining and agriculture. pollution from paved surfaces such as roads, bridges and parking lots is another source. Certain industries such as quarrying, mining and coal recovery can generate very high levels of turbidity from rock particles entering the water.

In drinking water, the higher the turbidity level, the higher the risk that people may develop diseases. Contaminants like viruses or bacteria can become attached to the suspended solids. The suspended solids interfere with water disinfection with chlorine because the particles act as shields for the virus and bacteria. Similarly, suspended solids can protect bacteria from ultraviolet (UV) sterilization of water.

In water bodies such as lakes, rivers and reservoirs, high turbidity levels can reduce the amount of light reaching lower depths. This can limit growth of submerged aquatic plants. In turn this affects species which are dependent on them, such as fish and shellfish. High turbidity levels can also affect the ability of fish gills to absorb dissolved oxygen. This situation has been regularly observed throughout the Chesapeake Bay in the eastern United States.

References

Water pollution

Turbidity