The Whisperers is a 1967 British drama film directed by Bryan Forbes and starring Edith Evans. It is based on the 1961 novel by Robert Nicolson. Star Edith Evans received many honours for her leading performance, including her third Oscar nomination.

Plot
Mrs Margaret Ross, an impoverished, elderly, eccentric woman, is living in a ground floor flat, in an unnamed town in northern England. Aged 76, she is dependent on National Assistance from the British government. She is visited by her criminal son, who hides a package containing a large sum of money in her unused spare room. The son confesses to the police of his robbery, then is sent to jail. Meanwhile, Mrs Ross finds the money. Thinking the money is a windfall intended for her, Mrs Ross makes elaborate plans. She casually confides to a stranger, who befriends her in order to ply her with spirits, kidnap her, then rob her of the stolen money. Rendered drunk and abandoned to the elements by her captors, Mrs Ross contracts pneumonia. She is found by neighbours, then after almost dying, recovers in a hospital. It is the first time anyone has cared for her in years. Doctors, nurses, psychiatrists, and social workers all focus on her case. An agent at the National Assistance bureau traces down her husband, Archie (who deserted her decades ago). Motivated by the agent, who threatens him with legal pressure, informing him of his legal responsibility to her, the husband is strongly encouraged to move back in with her, which he does. Soon, he becomes involved with gamblers, then steals their money at a chance opportunity, which forces him to flee, so he deserts her again. Having been on the verge of a return to functional living, Mrs Ross resumes her lonely status as an isolated person, who talks to the walls. This movie depicts these events as occurring during the year 1966, the year that British National Assistance was replaced by Supplementary Benefit.

Cast

 Edith Evans – Mrs Ross
 Eric Portman – Archie Ross
 Nanette Newman – Girl Upstairs
 Harry Baird – Man Upstairs
 Jack Austin – Police Sergeant
 Gerald Sim – Mr Conrad
 Lionel Gamlin – Mr Conrad's Colleague
 Glen Farmer – 1st Redeemer
 Oliver MacGreevy – 2nd Redeemer
 Ronald Fraser – Charlie Ross
 Kenneth Griffith – Mr Weaver
 Avis Bunnage – Mrs Noonan
 John Orchard – Grogan
 Peter Thompson – Publican
 Sarah Forbes – Mrs Ross when young
 Kaplan Kaye – Jimmie Noonan
 Penny Spencer – Mavis Noonan
 Robin Bailey – Psychiatrist
 Leonard Rossiter – Assistance Board Officer
 Margaret Tyzack – Hospital Almoner
 Frank Singuineau – Doctor
 Michael Robbins – Mr Noonan

Production
Forbes was approached by two American producers, Ronald Shedlo and Michael Laughlin, to adapt the novel. He felt it could be a vehicle for Edith Evans. Forbes wrote the script in two weeks. He said it was the one film in his career where he had complete creative control.

Filming location
Although the fictional setting of the film is not named, it was mainly shot on location in the Lancashire town of Oldham, a once-thriving textile centre near Manchester which by 1967 had fallen into decline.

Release

Awards
Edith Evans was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress, and won the BAFTA Award, the Silver Bear for Best Actress award at the 17th Berlin International Film Festival, the National Board of Review award, the New York Film Critics Circle award, and the Golden Globe Award all for Best Actress.

Home media
Announced by Kino Lorber Studio Classics on Facebook on 14 March 2019 that a new 2K scan would be coming soon.

References

External links

The Whisperers at the British Film Institute

1967 films
1967 drama films
Films featuring a Best Drama Actress Golden Globe-winning performance
Films based on British novels
Films directed by Bryan Forbes
British black-and-white films
Films shot at Pinewood Studios
Films scored by John Barry (composer)
British drama films
Films produced by Michael Laughlin
Social realism in film
Films shot in Greater Manchester
1960s English-language films
1960s British films

The Whisperers


What today is commonly called the Independence of Argentina was made on July 9, 1816.  It was done by the Congress of Tucumán. In reality, the congressmen that were together in Tucumán declared the independence of the United Provinces of South America.  This is still today one of the legal names of the Argentine Republic. The Federal League Provinces, were at war with the United Provinces.  They were not allowed into the Congress. Many provinces from Upper Peru were at the Congress.

Independence began with the 1810 May Revolution.

Signatories of the declaration
Francisco Narciso de Laprida, Deputy for San Juan, President
Mariano Boedo, Deputy for Salta, Vice-president
José Mariano Serrano, Deputy for Charcas (present-day Bolivia), Secretary
Juan José Paso, Deputy for Buenos Aires, Secretary
Dr. Antonio Sáenz, Deputy for Buenos Aires
Dr. José Darragueira, Deputy for Buenos Aires
Friar Cayetano José Rodríguez, Deputy for Buenos Aires
Dr. Pedro Medrano, Deputy for Buenos Aires
Dr. Manuel Antonio Acevedo, Deputy for Catamarca
Dr. José Ignacio de Gorriti, Deputy for Salta
Dr. José Andrés Pacheco de Melo, Deputy for Chibchas (present-day Bolivia)
Dr. Teodoro Sánchez de Bustamante, Deputy for Jujuy
Eduardo Pérez Bulnes, Deputy for Córdoba
Tomás Godoy Cruz, Deputy for Mendoza
Dr. Pedro Miguel Aráoz, Deputy for Tucumán
Dr. Esteban Agustín Gazcón, Deputy for Buenos Aires
Pedro Francisco de Uriarte, Deputy for Santiago del Estero
Pedro León Gallo, Deputy for Santiago del Estero
Pedro Ignacio Rivera, Deputy for Mizque (present-day  Bolivia)
Dr. Mariano Sánchez de Loria, Deputy for Charcas (present-day  Bolivia)
Dr. José Severo Malabia, Deputy for Charcas (present-day  Bolivia)
Dr. Pedro Ignacio de Castro Barros, Deputy for La Rioja
Lic. Gerónimo Salguero de Cabrera y Cabrera, Deputy for Córdoba
Dr. José Colombres, Deputy for Catamarca
Dr. José Ignacio Thames, Deputy for  Tucumán
Friar Justo de Santa María de Oro, Deputy for San Juan
José Antonio Cabrera, Deputy for Córdoba
Dr. Juan Agustín Maza, Deputy for Mendoza
Tomás Manuel de Anchorena, Deputy for Buenos Aires

Recognition of independence
 Kingdom of Hawaii: 1818
 Portugal: 1821
 Brazil, United States of America: 1822
 United Kingdom: December 15, 1823
 France: 1830
 Denmark: 1841
 United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway: 1847
 Spain: April 29, 1857

References

 9 de Julio de 1816: Declaración de la Independencia
Act of Independence - Spanish Wikisource
Machine translations of the full text at College of Humanities and Social Sciences - North Carolina State University

1816
Declarations of independence
19th century in Argentina
Politics of Argentina

Argentine Declaration of Independence


Andrew Allan (1 December 1822 – 27 June 1901) was a Scottish-born Canadian businessman and financier. In 1882, he succeeded his brother, Sir Hugh Allan, of Ravenscrag, in the Allan family's Canadian enterprises that were centred on the Allan Line Royal Mail Steamers, but also included banking and railways. He was Master of Foxhounds for the Montreal Hunt.

Early life
Born in 1822 at Saltcoats, Ayrshire, Andrew Allan was the fourth son of Captain Alexander Allan and his wife Jean Crawford (1782–1856). He was a first cousin of Sir Alexander Tilloch Galt and his father was a first cousin of the Scottish bard, Robert Burns. In 1819, Allan's father established the Allan Shipping Line, which became synonymous with running goods and passengers between Scotland and Montreal. After a parish education at Greenock, Andrew was brought into the family shipping business, then known as J & A Allan, of Glasgow. Of his four brothers, at this time James was running the Glasgow office, helped by Alexander; Bryce, was in charge of the Liverpool office, while Hugh was expanding the family's interests in Montreal. With the rapid growth of the business in Montreal, it was decided that Andrew would be best placed there.

Shipping

As a clerk, Andrew joined the newly organised shipping firm of Edmonstone, Allan & Co., of which his brother, Hugh, was partner. By 1846, Andrew had also become a partner and from 1863 the firm was known as the H & A Allan, of Montreal. Andrew worked closely with his brother in forming the Montreal Ocean Steamship Company, incorporated in 1854. By 1857, the Allan family were the sole owners, whose chief advantage over their competition was the use of iron-hulled steamships with screw propellers. The company won government mail contracts and was subsidised for the number of immigrants it brought from Britain to Canada.

There was never any doubt that Hugh Allan was the driving force behind what became Canada's leading steamship company, and the multitude of his other business interests. For the most part, Andrew remained comfortably under his brother's wing. In 1870, he wrote "every year I have even more reason to wonder at, and admire his (Hugh's) business capabilities."

When Hugh died in 1882, Andrew took his place as head of the Allan family's Canadian enterprises, presiding over the peak of the shipping firm's worldwide cargo and passenger activities in the 1880s and 1890s. Andrew had kept things as they were under his brother, but by 1897 it was necessary to make some major changes, in part to raise additional capital for a new fleet of ships. He presided over the dissolution of the family partnership and the creation of a steamship company with limited liability, taking the post of chairman in the Allan Line Steamship Company Limited, based in Glasgow. Andrew tirelessly represented the Allan family's shipping interests wherever they were needed. From 1873 until his death he was an influential member of the Montreal Harbour Commission and for several years he served as its chairman.

Banking

In 1861, Andrew and Hugh Allan founded the Merchant's Bank of Canada which became an important part of the Allan family's financial empire. The bank had grown with particular success in Ontario and the Canadian West to become one of Canadas most important financial institutions. In addition to being an important shareholder, Andrew was a director from its start in 1861, to 1883 when he became its president, a position he held until his death. As president, he continued the bank's policy of western expansion, seeing the bank's assets grow by one-third but its net profits falling.

Since its creation, the bank had been used by the Allan family, including Andrew, to finance their personal investments, particularly in Manitoba and towards the North Western Railway. The loans taken out by the Allans were almost always outstanding, which stunted a greater percentage of its investments going into more secure bonds.

Railways
Andrew had enjoyed relative success in shipping and banking, but his involvement with the Manitoba and North Western Railway Company of Canada was a failure. The Allan family had invested heavily in the venture and Andrew, connected with the railway since 1883, was its president by 1892. Despite expansive and enthusiastic lobbying, by 1894 the Allans could not afford the interest payments on its debt and the company was put into receivership. A dispute quickly arose between the railway's bondholders and the Allan family over control of the company's assets. The fact that Andrew took little direct part in the negotiations perhaps indicated the rise of younger family members within the Allan hierarchy. In 1898, after extensive litigation, administration of the company's assets passed to a receiver representing the bondholders. Andrew's nephew, H. Montagu Allan managed to pass the lease of the railway line from Portage la Prairie to Yorkton to the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1900.

Further business interests
Andrew Allan was president of several manufacturing enterprises, including the Montreal Rolling Mills Company; Cornwall Woollen Manufacturing; Dominion Oil Cloth; Canadian Rubber Company; Windsor Hotel of Montreal and the Montreal Lumber Company. In 1883, he co-founded the Citizens Gas Company of Montreal in an unsuccessful attempt to challenge the Montreal Gas Company. Among others, he was a director of Confederation Life and the Montreal Telegraph Company, succeeding his brother Hugh as president of the latter in 1882.

Private life

Andrew Allan was chairman of St. Paul's Church from 1872 to 1901, which under him and through his own significant financial donations became the wealthiest Presbyterian church in Canada. He was a life member of the St Andrew's Society of Montreal and served as an officer in the Royal Light Infantry of Montreal. From 1862 until his death he was president of the Montreal Sailors Institute, established to promote sobriety and morality among seamen ashore. Apart from the funds collected by ships officers from their crews, (including those of the Allan Line) the institute's main source of revenue was the Allan family. His other philanthropic interests included the Montreal Protestant House of Industry and Refuge, of which he was made a life governor in 1863. He was Master of the Montreal Hunt from the 1870s, and like other members of his family he took a great interest in floriculture and horses.

In comparison to his brother Hugh Allan, Andrew's business ability is often overlooked. While he lacked his brother's entrepreneurial flair and despite his failure with the railway in the Canadian West, he nonetheless steered the Allan Line through the height of its success, and when needed, stepped up to re-organize the family firm ready for his many sons and nephews on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean to take them into the 20th century. He is buried with his family at Mount Royal Cemetery, Montreal.

Family

In 1848, Andrew Allan married Isabella Ann Smith, one of the four daughters of John Smith (d.1872) of Athelstane Hall, Montreal, and his wife Betsy Rea. John Smith was a native of Athelstaneford and became one of Montreal's leading dry goods merchants. Isabella's eldest sister, Caroline, had married Andrew's brother Hugh in 1844. Mrs Allan's sister, Elizabeth, married Hartland St. Clair MacDougall (brother of George Campbell MacDougall) and the last remaining sister married James St. George Bellhouse, of the firm Bellhouse & Dillon. The Allans home, Iononteh, was a greystone mansion that dominated Upper Peel Street in the Golden Square Mile, near to Andrew's brother's house, Ravenscrag. Designed by John William Hopkins, it was built in 1865 and enlarged in 1873. Andrew Allan also owned a farm near Lachine, Quebec. Andrew and Isabella were the parents of eight children,

 Bessie Rae Allan (born 1848). In 1868, she married Captain William Henry Benyon (1842–1912), of the 23rd Royal Welsh Fusiliers, son of Thomas Benyon of New Grange Hall, Leeds
 Nina (Jean Crawford) Allan (1851–1922). She married William Mackenzie, of Montreal, and had four children with him, including Isabel, later Mrs Alex Paterson. In 1876, while still married to Mr Mackenzie, she eloped to the United States with Frederick Henderson Brydges (1852–1928), son of Charles John Brydges. In 1877, she divorced her first husband and married Mr Brydges in Boston, moving with him to Winnipeg.
 John Smith Allan, of Montreal. He married Adelaide Stuart Gault (1857–1937), daughter of The Hon. Matthew Hamilton Gault of Montreal and Elizabeth Bourne. Mrs Allan was a first cousin of Andrew Hamilton Gault who raised Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. John and Adelaide were the parents of six children, including Lady Marler. In 1892, like his sister Nina, Jack Allan eloped to San Francisco with Mrs Edith Montagu Hebden.
 Hugh Andrew Allan (1857–1938), in charge of the Allan Line at Boston (1887–1892) and chairman at London (1909–1917). He married Margaret Rae, daughter of William Rae, merchant, ship-owner and agent to the Allan Line at Quebec. Their only child, (Margaret) Rachel, married Maj. George Bevil Hastings Wheler MC, of Otterden Place, Kent.
 Andrew Alexander Allan (1860–1919), was vice-president of the Allan Line at Montreal. He was the father of Doris, wife of Russell Cowans of Montreal.
 James Bryce Allan (1861–1945) K.C. Educated at Rugby School, University of Oxford and Laval University. He became a lawyer and senior partner in the prominent Montreal firm of Campbell, Meredith & Allan, who represented the Allan family businesses. He died unmarried in England.
 William Rae Allan (1864–1926), shipping agent to the Allan Line at Winnipeg.
Isabel Brenda Allan (1867–1959). In 1888, she married Sir Vincent Meredith. No children.

References

1822 births
1901 deaths
Anglophone Quebec people
Businesspeople from Montreal
Scottish businesspeople in shipping
Canadian bank presidents
Canadian businesspeople in shipping
Canadian Presbyterians
Masters of foxhounds in Canada
People from Saltcoats
Pre-Confederation Canadian businesspeople
Pre-Confederation Quebec people
Scottish emigrants to pre-Confederation Quebec
19th-century Canadian businesspeople
Burns family
Burials at Mount Royal Cemetery
19th-century Scottish businesspeople

Andrew Allan (shipowner)


The eXtensible Host Controller Interface (xHCI) is a technical specification that provides a detailed framework for the functioning of a computer's host controller for Universal Serial Bus (USB). Known alternately as the USB 3.0 host controller specification, xHCI is designed to be backward compatible, supporting a wide range of USB devices from older USB 1.x to the more recent USB 3.x versions.

Distinct from its predecessors, the Open Host Controller Interface (OHCI) and the Universal Host Controller Interface (UHCI), xHCI offers several technological improvements. Specifically, it is designed to handle multiple data transfer speeds (low, full, high, and SuperSpeed) within a single unified standard. This makes it more efficient in managing computational and power resources, a feature particularly beneficial for mobile devices with limited power capabilities like tablets and smartphones. Additionally, xHCI simplifies the architecture needed to support a mixture of low-speed and high-speed devices, which streamlines the development of drivers and system software.

xHCI marks a significant improvement over its predecessors, the Open Host Controller Interface (OHCI) and the Universal Host Controller Interface (UHCI), in several key ways:

 Multi-Speed Support: Unlike OHCI and UHCI, which were limited to specific USB speeds, xHCI is capable of managing multiple data transfer speeds—low, full, high, and SuperSpeed—under a single standard. This eliminates the need for multiple host controllers or complex switching mechanisms when dealing with various types of USB devices, thereby improving efficiency.
 Power Management: xHCI includes advanced power management features that allow for selective suspension of USB devices and more granular power distribution. This is especially beneficial for mobile devices with limited battery life, such as tablets and smartphones, as it helps to maximize power utilization and extend battery life.
 Streamlined Architecture: xHCI's architecture is designed to be simpler and more straightforward, reducing the complexity of driver development. In older architectures like OHCI and UHCI, supporting a mix of low-speed and high-speed devices required complicated algorithms and multiple transaction translators. xHCI simplifies this by integrating these functions into the host controller itself, thus easing the burden on system software and driver developers.

By enhancing support for multiple speeds, optimizing power management, and simplifying the underlying architecture, xHCI serves as a more efficient and unified standard for USB host controllers.

Architectural goals
The xHCI is a radical break from the previous generations of USB host controller interface architectures (i.e. the Open Host Controller Interface (OHCI), the Universal Host Controller Interface (UHCI), and the Enhanced Host Controller Interface (EHCI)) on many counts.
Following are the key goals of the xHCI architecture:
 Efficient operation – idle power and performance better than legacy USB host controller architectures.
 A device level programming model that is fully consistent with the existing USB software model
 Decouple the host controller interface presented to software from the underlying USB protocols
 Minimize host memory accesses, fully eliminating them when USB devices are idle
 Eliminate register writes and minimize register reads for normal data transfers
 Eliminate the "Companion Controller" model
 Enable hardware "fail-over" modes in system resource constrained situations so devices are still accessible, but perhaps at less optimal power/performance point
 Provide the ability for different markets to differentiate hardware capabilities, e.g. target host controller power, performance and cost trade-offs for specific markets
 Define an extensible architecture that provides an easy path for new USB specifications and technologies, such as higher bandwidth interfaces, optical transmission medium, etc., without requiring the definition of yet another USB host controller interface

Architectural details

Support for all speeds
The OHCI and UHCI controllers support only USB 1 speed devices (1.5 Mbit/s and 12 Mbit/s), and the EHCI only supports USB 2 devices (480 Mbit/s).

The xHCI architecture was designed to support all USB speeds, including SuperSpeed (5 Gbit/s) and future speeds, under a single driver stack.

Power efficiency
When USB was originally developed in 1995, it was targeted at desktop platforms to stem the proliferation of connectors that were appearing on PCs, e.g. PS/2, serial port, parallel port, game port, etc., and host power consumption was not an important consideration at the time. Since then, mobile platforms have become the platform of choice, and their batteries have made power consumption a key consideration. The architectures of the legacy USB host controllers (OHCI, UHCI, and EHCI) were very similar in that the "schedule" for the transactions to be performed on the USB were built by software in host memory, and the host controller hardware would continuously read the schedules to determine what transactions needed to be driven on the USB, and when, even if no data was moved.  Additionally, in the case of reads from the device, the device was polled each schedule interval, even if there was no data to read.
 The xHCI eliminates host memory based USB transaction schedules, enabling zero host memory activity when there is no USB data movement.
 The xHCI reduces the need for periodic device polling by allowing a USB 3.0 or later device to notify the host controller when it has data available to read, and moves the management of polling USB 2.0 and 1.1 devices that use interrupt transactions from the CPU-driven USB driver to the USB host controller. EHCI, OHCI, and UHCI host controllers would automatically handle polling for the CPU if there are no changes that need to be made and if no device has any interrupts to send but they all rely on the CPU to set the schedule up for the controllers. If any USB device using interrupt transactions does have data to send, then an xHCI host controller will send an interrupt to notify the CPU that there is a USB interrupt transaction that needs handling. Since the CPU no longer has to manage the polling of the USB bus, it can spend more time in low power states.
 The xHCI does not require that implementations provide support for all advanced USB 2 and 3 power management features, including USB 2 LPM, USB 3 U1 and U2 states, HERD, LTM, Function Wake, etc.; but these features are required to realize all of the advantages of xHCI.

Virtualization support
Legacy USB host-controller architectures exhibit some serious shortcomings when applied to virtualized environments. Legacy USB host-controller interfaces define a relatively simple hardware data-pump; where critical state related to overall bus-management (bandwidth allocation, address assignment, etc.) resides in the software of the host-controller driver (HCD). Trying to apply the standard hardware IO virtualization technique - replicating I/O interface registers - to the legacy USB host controller interface is problematic because critical state that must be managed across virtual machines (VMs) is not available to hardware. The xHCI architecture moves the control of this critical state into hardware, enabling USB resource management across VMs. The xHCI virtualization features also provide for:

 direct-Assignment of individual USB devices (irrespective of their location in the bus topology) to any VM
 minimizing run-time inter-VM communications
 support for native USB device-sharing
 support of PCIe SR-IOV (single root I/O virtualization)

Simplified driver architecture
The EHCI utilizes OHCI or UHCI controllers as "companion controllers", where USB 2 devices are managed through the EHCI stack, and the port logic of the EHCI allows a low-speed or full-speed USB device to be routed to a port of a "companion" UHCI or OHCI controller, where the low-speed or full-speed USB devices are managed through the respective UHCI or OHCI stack.  For example, a USB 2 PCIe host controller card that presents 4 USB "Standard A" connectors typically presents one 4-port EHCI and two 2-port OHCI controllers to system software. When a high-speed USB device is attached to any of the 4 connectors, the device is managed through one of the 4 root hub ports of the EHCI controller. If a low-speed or full-speed USB device is attached to connectors 1 or 2, it will be routed to the root hub ports of one of the OHCI controllers for management, and low-speed and full-speed USB devices attached to connectors 3 or 4 will be routed to the root hub ports of the other OHCI controller. The EHCI dependence on separate host controllers for high-speed USB devices and the group of low-speed and full-speed USB devices results in complex interactions and dependencies between the EHCI and OHCI/UHCI drivers.
 The xHCI architecture eliminates the need for companion controllers and their separate driver stacks.
 The incorporation of the schedule, bandwidth management, and USB device address assignment functions, that were previously performed by the driver in to the xHCI hardware enable a simpler, leaner, lower latency software stack for the xHCI.

Stream support
Support for Streams was added to the USB 3.0 SuperSpeed specification, primarily to enable high performance storage operations over USB. Classically there has been a 1:1 relationship between a USB endpoint and a buffer in system memory, and the host controller solely responsible for directing all data transfers. Streams changed this paradigm by providing a 1-to-many "endpoint to buffer" association, and allowing the device to direct the host controller as to which buffer to move. The USB data transfers associated with a USB Stream endpoint are scheduled by the xHCI the same as any other bulk endpoint is, however the data buffer associated with a transfer is determined by the device.
 The xHCI USB Stream support allows up to 64K buffers to be associated with a single endpoint.
 The xHCI Streams protocol support allows a USB device to select which buffer that the xHCI will transfer when the endpoint is scheduled.

Scalability
The xHCI architecture was designed to be highly scalable, capable of supporting 1 to 255 USB devices and 1 to 255 root hub ports. Since each USB device is allowed to define up to 31 endpoints, an xHCI that supported 255 devices would have to support 7,906 separate total endpoints. Classically, each memory buffer associated with an endpoint is described by a queue of physical memory blocks, where the queue requires a head pointer, tail pointer, length and other registers to define its state. There are many ways to define queue state, however if one were to assume 32 bytes of register space for each queue, then almost a 256KB of register space would be required to support 7,906 queues. Typically only a small number of USB devices are attached to a system at one time, and on the average a USB device supports 3-4 endpoints, of which only a subset of the endpoints are active at the same time.
The xHCI maintains queue state in system memory as Endpoint Context data structures. The contexts are designed so that they can be cached by the xHCI, and "paged" in and out as a function of endpoint activity. Thus a vendor can scale their internal xHCI Endpoint Context cache space and resources to match the practical usage models expected for their products, rather than the architectural limits that they support. Ideally the internal cache space is selected so that under normal usage conditions, there is no context paging by the xHCI.
Also USB endpoint activity tends to be bursty. That is, at any point in time a large number of endpoints may be ready to move data, however only a subset are actively moving data. For instance, the interrupt IN endpoint of a mouse may not transfer data for hours if the user is away from their desk. xHCI vendor specific algorithms could detect this condition and make that endpoint a candidate for paging out if other endpoints become busy.
 The xHCI architecture allows large maximum values for the number of USB devices, ports, interrupt vectors, etc. supported, however an implementation only needs to define the number necessary to meet its marketing requirements. For instance, a vendor could choose to limit the number of USB devices that it supported for a tablet xHCI implementation to 16 devices.
 A vendor can further take advantage of xHCI architectural features to scale its internal resources to match its target usage models. For instance, if through usability testing a vendor determines that 95% of tablet users will never connect more than 4 USB devices, and each USB device typically defines 4 endpoints (or less), then internal caching for 16 Endpoint Contexts will ensure that under normal conditions there will be no system memory activity due to Endpoint Context paging.

History
The Open Host Controller Interface (OHCI) specification was defined by a consortium of companies (Compaq, Microsoft, and National Semiconductor) as open specification to support USB 1.0 devices. The Universal Host Controller Interface (UHCI) refers to a specification that Intel originally defined as a proprietary interface to support USB 1.0 devices. The UHCI specification was eventually made public, but only after the rest of industry had adopted the OHCI specification.

The EHCI specification was defined by Intel to support USB 2.0 devices. The EHCI architecture was modeled after the UHCI and OHCI controllers, which required software to build the USB transaction schedules in memory, and to manage bandwidth and address allocation. To eliminate a redundant industry effort of defining an open version of a USB 2.0 host controller interface, Intel made the EHCI specification available to the industry with no licensing fees.

The EHCI licensing model was continued for Intel's xHCI specification, however with a greatly expanded industry contribution. Over 100 companies have contributed to the xHCI specification. The USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF) has also funded a set of xHCI Compliance Tests to maximize the compatibility of the various xHCI implementations.

xHCI 1.0 controllers have been shipping since December 2009. Linux kernels since 2009 contain xHCI drivers, but for older kernels there are drivers available online. Windows drivers for XP, Vista, and Windows 7 are available from the respective xHCI vendors. xHCI drivers for embedded system are available from MCCI, Jungo, and other software vendors. xHCI IP blocks are also available from several vendors for customization in SOC environments. xHCI 1.1 controllers and devices began shipping in 2015.

Version history
The xHCI specification uses "errata" files to define updates and clarifications to a specific release. The changes in the errata files are accumulated in each release. Refer to the associated errata files for the details of specific changes.
Most changes defined in the xHCI errata files are clarifications, grammatical or spelling corrections, additional cross-references, etc., which do not affect a driver implementation. Changes that are determined to be architectural utilize a Capability flag to determine whether a particular feature is supported by an xHCI implementation, and an Enable flag to turn on the feature.

Prereleases
The xHCI specification evolved through several versions before its official release in 2010:
 xHCI 0.9: Released in August 2008.
 USB 0.95: Released in December 2008.
 USB 0.96: Released in August 2009.
 USB 0.96a: 1.0 Release Candidate, Released in April 2010. First shipping devices based on this version.

xHCI 1.0
 xHCI 1.0: First public release, May 21, 2010. Specified USB data rates of 1.5 Mbit/s (Low-speed), 12 Mbit/s (Full-speed), 480 Mbit/s (High-speed) and 5 Gbit/s (SuperSpeed).
 xHCI 1.0, errata files 1-4: Released on January 17, 2011. Incorporated initial review feedback from larger 1.0 public audience, Save-Restore clarifications, and Hardware LPM support.
 xHCI 1.0, errata files 1-6: Released on March 18, 2011. Clarifications.
 xHCI 1.0, errata files 1-7: Released on June 13, 2011. Clarifications.

xHCI 1.1
 xHCI 1.1: Released on December 21, 2013. Specified USB 3.1 data rate of 10 Gbit/s (SuperSpeed+). This incorporates xHCI 1.0 errata files 1-21.  Allows controller to require a larger number of scratchpad buffers (up to 1023) in HCSPARAMS2 capability register.

xHCI 1.2
 xHCI 1.2: Dated May 2019. Specified USB 3.2 data rates of 10 Gbit/s (SuperSpeedPlus Gen1x2) and 20 Gbit/s (SuperSpeedPlus Gen2x2).

References

External links

 USB official website (USB Implementers Forum, Inc.)
 Open Host Controller Interface (OHCI)
 Intel Universal Host Controller Interface (UHCI) Archived there
 Intel Enhanced Host Controller Interface (EHCI)
 Intel eXtensible Host Controller Interface (xHCI)

USB

Extensible Host Controller Interface


Leon Askin (; born Leo Aschkenasy, 18 September 1907 – 3 June 2005) was an Austrian Jewish actor best known in North America for portraying the character General Burkhalter on the TV situation comedy Hogan's Heroes.

Life and career
Askin was born into a Jewish family in Vienna, the son of Malvine (Susman) and Samuel Aschkenasy (both of whom were later murdered in the Holocaust). According to his autobiography his first experience of show business occurred during World War I when he recited a poem before Emperor Franz Joseph.  In the 1920s, he studied acting with Louise Dumont and Max Reinhardt.  While working at Vienna's "ABC" cabaret theater in the 1930s, he frequently directed the works of dissident political writer Jura Soyfer.

Askin fled Austria to the United States in 1940, after having been beaten and abused by the Nazi SA and SS. His parents were murdered in the Treblinka death camp. He then served in World War II as a Staff Sergeant in the U.S. Army Air Forces. After the war, he went to Hollywood to begin a career in films, invariably portraying foreign characters who speak English with a strong accent. Askin appeared as the Russian composer Anton Rubinstein in a Disneyland anthology episode of the life of Peter Tchaikovsky. Fans of the television series Adventures of Superman recall his portrayals of an eastern European diamond smuggler (Joseph Ferdinand) in the 1953 black-and-white episode "Superman in Exile", and as a South American prime minister in a color episode. He appeared in 20th Century Fox's biblical epic The Robe in 1953 as a Syrian guide named Abidor.  In 1960, he appeared in the film Pension Schöller, and the following year was prominently featured in Billy Wilder's film One, Two, Three, co-starring with James Cagney.

Askin gained wide recognition and popularity for his recurring role as the stern General Albert Burkhalter in the sitcom Hogan's Heroes, appearing in 67 episodes  of the show's run from 1965 to 1971, including the pilot episode. Burkhalter was the gruff and portly commanding officer of Colonel Klink, the bungling commandant of a German World War II prisoner-of-war camp, manipulated by American Colonel Hogan so that the prisoners would get away with clandestine activities.

Askin made guest appearances on The Restless Gun 1957 episode "The Shooting of Jett King", My Favorite Martian and the 1965 episode "Martin Of The Movies" as Von Reinbein. The Monkees 1967 episode "The Card Carrying Red Shoes", as Nicolai, on Daniel Boone in its 1969 episode "Benvenuto... Who?" as Roquelinm and in the "Fiddler in the House" episode of the 1974 situation comedy Paul Sand in Friends and Lovers as a violin virtuoso.  Between 1977 and 1979, he appeared in Steve Allen's PBS series, Meeting of Minds, portraying Martin Luther and Karl Marx. He portrayed a psychology professor in a season six episode of Happy Days. In 1979 he portrayed the character Mr. Hoffmeier of Hoffmeier's Bakery, judging a pie contest in an episode in the third season of Three's Company titled "The Bake-Off".

His other film credits include roles in Road to Bali (1952), Desert Legion (1953), The Veils of Bagdad (1953), Knock on Wood (1954), Secret of the Incas (1954), Valley of the Kings (1954), Son of Sinbad (1955), The Last Blitzkrieg (1959), Lulu (1962), Sherlock Holmes and the Deadly Necklace (1962), Do Not Disturb (1965), What Did You Do in the War, Daddy? (1966), Double Trouble (1967), The Caper of the Golden Bulls (1967), The Perils of Pauline (1967), The Wicked Dreams of Paula Schultz (1968), A Fine Pair (1968), Guns for San Sebastian (1968),  The Maltese Bippy (1969), Death Knocks Twice (1969), Hammersmith Is Out (1972), The World's Greatest Athlete (1973), Going Ape! (1981), and Frightmare (1983). In 1982, he had a brief appearance as a Moscow Anchorman in the film Airplane II: The Sequel.
Askin had a role in the classic Mel Brooks comedy Young Frankenstein (1974), but his scenes were cut from the film.

Death

Askin died from natural causes in Vienna on June 3, 2005, at the age of 97 and is interred at Vienna Central Cemetery.

Filmography

Film

Television

Decorations and awards
 1988: Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art
 1994: Silver Medal for Service to the City of Vienna
 1996: Award of the title "professor"
 2001: Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class
 2002: Gold Medal of Honour for Services to the city of Vienna
 2003: Goldener Rathausmann of Vienna to mark the 75th anniversary
 2007: Naming of Leon-Askin-Platz in Vienna-Penzing
 2007: A bust of Leon Askin in Türkenschanzpark (Vienna)
 2007: Plaque unveiled at Hütteldorferstrasse 349 in Vienna-Penzing, to mark 100th anniversary of Askin's birth
 2009: At Sechsschimmelgasse 19 in Vienna-Alsergrund a public housing block was named after him
 27 May 2010: Leon-Askin-Park at Grundsteingasse in Ottakring (Vienna's 16th District) named after Askin

See also

References
Notes

External links

Literature on Leon Askin
 Leon Askin (in German) from the archive of the Österreichische Mediathek

1907 births
2005 deaths
20th-century Austrian male actors
21st-century Austrian male actors
Austrian expatriates in the United States
Austrian expatriate male actors in the United States
Austrian male film actors
Austrian male television actors
Burials at the Vienna Central Cemetery
Jewish Austrian male actors
Male actors from Vienna
Recipients of the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
Jewish actors on Hogan's Heroes

Leon Askin


A biotope is an area of uniform environmental conditions providing a living place for a specific assemblage of plants and animals. Biotope is almost synonymous with the term "habitat", which is more commonly used in English-speaking countries. However, in some countries these two terms are distinguished: the subject of a habitat is a population, the subject of a biotope is a biocoenosis or "biological community".

It is an English loanword derived from the German Biotop, which in turn came from the Greek bios (meaning 'life') and topos ('place'). (The related word geotope has made its way into the English language by the same route, from the German Geotop.)

Ecology
The concept of a biotope was first advocated by Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919), a German zoologist famous for the recapitulation theory. In his book General Morphology (1866), which defines the term "ecology", he stresses the importance of the concept of habitat as a prerequisite for an organism's existence. Haeckel also explains that with one ecosystem, its biota is shaped by environmental factors (such as water, soil, and geographical features) and interaction among living things; the original idea of a biotope was closely related to evolutional theory. Following this, F. Dahl, a professor at the Berlin Zoological Museum, referred to this ecological system as a "biotope" (biotop) (1908).

Biotope restoration
Although the term "biotope" is considered to be a technical word with respect to ecology, in recent years the term is more generally used in administrative and civic activities. Since the 1970s the term "biotope" has received great attention as a keyword throughout Europe (mainly Germany) for the preservation, regeneration, and creation of natural environmental settings. Used in this context, the term "biotope" often refers to a smaller and more specific ecology and is very familiar to human life. In Germany especially, activities related to regenerating biotopes are enthusiastically received. These activities include:
 making roof gardens
 reconstructing rivers to restore their natural qualities
 leaving bushes or trees on farms
 building nature parks along motorways
 making school gardens or ponds by considering the ecosystem
 bearing in mind ecological considerations in private gardens

Various sectors play a part in these activities, including architecture, civil engineering, urban planning, traffic, agriculture, river engineering, limnology, biology, education, landscape gardening, and domestic gardening. In all fields, all sorts of people are seeking a viable way for humans to respect other living things. The term "biotope" would include a complete environmental approach.

Characteristics
The following four points are the chief characteristics of biotopes.

Microscale
A biotope is generally not considered to be a large-scale phenomenon. For example, a biotope might be a neighbouring park, a back garden, potted plant, a terrarium or a fish tank on a porch. In other words, the biotope is not a macroscopic but a microscopic approach to preserving the ecosystem and biological diversity. So biotopes fit into ordinary people's daily activities and lives, with more people being able to take part in biotope creation and continuing management.

Biotope networks
It is commonly emphasised that biotopes should not be isolated (although there are exceptions, such as manmade closed ecological systems which are specifically designed for no exchange of materials with the outside world). Instead biotopes need to be connected to each other and other surrounding life for without these connections to life-forms such as animals and plants, biotopes would not effectively work as a place in which diverse organisms live. So one of the most effective strategies for regenerating biotopes is to plan a stretch of biotopes, not just a point where animals and plants come and go. (Such an organic traffic course is called a corridor.) In the stretch method, the centre of the network would be large green tracts of land: a forest, natural park, or cemetery. By connecting parcels of land with smaller biotope areas such as a green belt along the river, small town parks, gardens, or even roadside trees, biotopes can exist in a network. In other words, a biotope is an open, not a closed, system and is a practicable strategy.

Human daily life
The term "biotope" does not apply to biosphere reserves, which are completely separate from humans and become the object of human admiration. Instead, it is an active part of human daily life. For example, an ornamental flower bed may be considered a biotope (though a rather small one) since it enhances the experience of daily life. An area that has many functions, such as human living space, and is home to other living things, whether plant or animal, can be considered a biosphere reserve.

Artificial
When artificial items are introduced to a biotope setting, their design and arrangement is of great importance for biotope regeneration. Tree-planting areas where the surface is uneven results in plants that sprout and the nesting of small insects. A mat or net made from natural fibres will gradually biodegrade as it is exposed to the weather. So there is no binomial opposition between the natural and the artificial in a biotope. Rather, such artificial materials are widely used.

Germany
It is especially characteristic in Germany, which is the birthplace of the term biotope, that the authorities take the initiative in conserving biotopes, maintaining consistency with urban or rural planning and considering the regions' history and landscape.

Legal basis
Since 1976, the federal nature protection law, Bundesnaturschutzgesetz (BNUM), requires that wild animals and plants and their community should be protected as part of the ecosystem in the specific diversity that has grown naturally and historically, and their biotope and other living conditions should be protected, preserved, developed, and restored. (Number 9, Clause 1, Article 2). The law also requires that some kinds of biotope that are full of a specific variety should not be harmed by development. So there is a law that mandates the protection of biotopes. There is also a provincial law corresponding to the federal one. Such developments were uncommon in those times.

Landscape plan
Many German states are obliged by law to produce a landscape plan (Landschaftsplan) as part of their urban planning, though these plans vary somewhat from place to place. The purpose of the Landschaftsplan is to protect the region's environment and landscape. These plans use text and figures to describe the present environmental state and proposed remedies. They consider, for example, the regional lie of the land, climate, wind direction, soil, ground water, type of biotope, distribution of animals and plants, inhabitants' welfare and competition with development projects.

Citizen welfare
Biotope preservation in cities also emphasises recreation and relaxation for citizens and improving the urban environment. For example, in the reserve of Karlsruhe in Baden-Württemberg people can cycle on the bike path or walk the dog, although it is forbidden to gather plants and animals there or walk in the exclusion zone. At the core of biotope preservation is the idea that if civic life is surrounded by a rich profusion of nature whose background is in local history and culture, it is improved by protecting nature and preserving the landscape.

Aquaria

The term "biotope" is also often incorrectly used by aquarium hobbyists to describe an aquarium setup that tries to simulate the natural habitat of a specific assemblage of fish. The idea is to replicate conditions such as water parameters, natural plants, substrate, water type (fresh, saline or brackish), lighting, and to include other native fish which usually live together in nature and as such, represent a particular real-world biotope. An example of one South American biotope type might be "Forest creek tributary of Rio Negro near Barcelos, Brazil" with many branches, twigs, roots, dead leaves, light sandy substrate, tannin-stained water and subdued lighting with floating plants, along with Nannostomus eques, Paracheirodon axelrodi, Hemigrammus bleheri, and Dicrossus filamentosus. "South American" is not itself a biotope, as South America contains thousands of distinct biotopes in different regions.

Artificial closed ecological systems

The term "biotope" can be also used to describe manmade closed ecological systems, occasionally also referred to as CES systems. Examples of these include the Biosphere 2 project and to a lesser degree the Eden Project, which contain areas of uniform environmental conditions and house numerous species of plants, animals and fungi. Therefore these can be considered biotopes. Homemade ecological systems, often incorrectly referred to as ecospheres (due to the product, known as the EcoSphere) or jarrariums also fall under the definition of biotope. These homemade ecosystems (which also include closed terrariums) are often made by hobbyists in what are often jars (hence the name jarrarium) or sealed glass tanks with the intention of mimicking a larger ecosystem. They are often made by going out and collecting material (including soil, plants, small insects and water if an aquatic ecosystem) from said ecosystem and sealing it in an airtight container. These closed ecosystems are often made by hobbyists who enjoy the idea of having an entire ecosystem on their windowsill, or by those interested in studying the viability of small scale, closed loop ecological systems for the purpose potentially creating life support systems.

See also

 Dieter Duhm
 Ecological land classification
 Ecotope
 Geotope
 Microclimate

References

External links
 CORINE Biotopes Abstract on-line at EEA of CORINE Biotypes – The design, compilation and use of an inventory of sites of major importance for nature conservation in the European Community
 CORINE Biotopes Manual – Habitats of the European Community
German Biotopes (www.biolflor.de)
 Swiss Plant Biotopes
 MarLIN The Marine Life Information Network for Britain & Ireland
 Biotope Aquariums at Badman's Tropical Fish

Ecology terminology
Ecosystems
Environmental soil science
Habitat
Fishkeeping

Biotope


Richard Allen York (September 4, 1928 – February 20, 1992) was an American radio, stage, film, and television actor. He was the first actor to play Darrin Stephens on the ABC fantasy sitcom Bewitched. He played teacher Bertram Cates in the film Inherit the Wind (1960).

York's career was hampered by a serious back injury he sustained while working on the film They Came to Cordura in 1959; although his role in Bewitched was a success, he left the series in 1969 after a further decline in his physical health, and rarely acted thereafter.

Early life
York was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana to Bernard York, a salesman, and Betty, a seamstress. He grew up in Chicago, where a Catholic nun first recognized his vocal promise. He began his career at the age of 15 as the star of the CBS radio program That Brewster Boy. He also appeared in hundreds of other radio shows and instructional films before heading to New York City, where he acted on Broadway in Tea and Sympathy and Bus Stop. He performed with stars including Paul Muni and Joanne Woodward in live television broadcasts and with Janet Leigh, Jack Lemmon, and Glenn Ford in movies, including My Sister Eileen and Cowboy.

While filming the movie They Came to Cordura (1959) with Gary Cooper and Rita Hayworth, he suffered a permanent, disabling back injury. In York's own words, "Gary Cooper and I were propelling a handcar carrying several 'wounded' men down [the] railroad track. I was on the bottom stroke of this sort of teeter-totter mechanism that made the handcar run. I was just lifting the handle up as the director yelled 'cut!' and one of the 'wounded' cast members reached up and grabbed the handle. Now, instead of lifting the expected weight, I was suddenly, jarringly, lifting his entire weight off the flatbed180 pounds or so. The muscles along the right side of my back tore. They just snapped and let loose. And that was the start of it all: the pain, the painkillers, the addiction, the lost career."

York's injury did not immediately end his career. In 1960, a year after York's injury, he played Bertram Cates (modeled on John Thomas Scopes, of "Monkey Trial" fame) in the film version of Inherit the Wind.

York went on to star with Gene Kelly and Leo G. Carroll in the ABC comedy-drama Going My Way (1962). York was cast in the series, which lasted one season, as Tom Colwell, who operates a secular youth center.

York appeared in dozens of episodes of now-classic television series, including Justice, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, The Alfred Hitchcock Hour, The Untouchables, Rawhide, The Americans, Wagon Train, Father Knows Best, and CBS's The Twilight Zone and Route 66.

Bewitched

York was cast as Darrin Stephens in the 1960s sitcom Bewitched as Samantha's (Elizabeth Montgomery) mortal husband. The show was a huge success and York was nominated for an Emmy Award in 1968.

The crew built York a slanted wall on which he could lean between scenes; during the first two seasons, this allowed York to manage his back injury with little difficulty. Halfway through the third season, York's back injury was aggravated into a painful degenerative spine condition, frequently causing shooting delays while he required assistance to walk. Because York would sometimes be seized with debilitating pain, the scripts for some of his later Bewitched episodes were written and staged such that his character would be in bed or on the couch for the entire episode. York did not appear in several third- and fourth-season episodes, and his eventual departure from the show well into the filming of the fifth season necessitated more episodes focusing on Samantha and other members of her family, with mentions that Darrin was away on business.

While filming the fifth-season episode "Daddy Does His Thing", York fell ill: "I was too sick to go on. I had a temperature of 105, full of strong antibiotics, for almost 10 days. I went to work that day, but I was sick. I lay in my dressing room after being in make-up, waiting to be called on the set. They knew I was feeling pretty rotten, and they tried to give me time to rest. I kept having chills. This was the middle of the summer and I was wearing a sheepskin jacket and I was chilling. I was shaking all over. Then, while sitting on a scaffolding with Maurice Evans, being lit for a special-effects scene: They were setting an inkythat's a little tiny [spotlight] that was supposed to be just flickering over my eyes. That flickering, flickering, flickering made me feel weird. And I'm sitting on this platform up in the air... and I turn to Gibby, a friend of mine on the set who was just down below, and I said, 'Gibby, I think I have to get down.' He started to help me down and that's the last thing I remember until I woke up on the floor. That's about all I remember of the incident... and I'd managed to bite a very large hole in the side of my tongue before they could pry my teeth apart."

From York's hospital bed, he and director William Asher discussed York's future. "Do you want to quit?" Asher asked. "If it's all right with you, Billy," York replied. With that, York left the sitcom to devote himself to recovery, never to return. Dick Sargent replaced York in the role of Darrin Stephens, taking over the role at the start of the series' sixth season (1969–1970) and continuing in the part until the series ended after its eighth season (1971–1972). Sargent was originally offered the role of Darrin in 1964, but declined in favor of a part in the short-lived sitcom Broadside.

Later years
For the next 18 months, York was largely bed-ridden in a haze of prescription painkillers. In his memoir, The Seesaw Girl and Me, published posthumously, he describes the struggle to break his addiction and come to grips with the loss of his career. The book is in large part a love letter to his wife, Joan (née Alt), the seesaw girl of the title, who stuck with him through the hard times.

He then quit drugs cold turkey, which led to six months' difficult withdrawal and recovery. "I had a band playing in my head, bagpipes night and day," York recalled. "It just went on and on and on and on and on... The fans whisper to you and the walls whisper to you and you look at television and sometimes it flashes in a certain way that sends you into a fit and you know that your wife has put her hand in your mouth so you won't bite off your tongue. You can't sleep. You hallucinate. I used to make a tape recording of rain so I could listen to the rain lying in bed at night to drown out those damned bagpipes."

York eventually beat his addiction, and in the early 1980s tried to revive his career. His last two credits were on two primetime television series, Simon & Simon and Fantasy Island. Afterward he stopped receiving calls when his agent failed to register with the Screen Actors Guild on his behalf, and he retired from show business.

Death
York was a three-pack-a-day smoker for much of his life and often smoked cigarettes on the set of Bewitched; he spent his final years battling emphysema. By 1989, he was using an oxygen tank to help him breathe. While bedridden in his Rockford, Michigan, home, he founded Acting for Life, a private charity to help the homeless and others in need. Using his telephone as his pulpit, York motivated politicians, business people, and the general public to contribute supplies and money.

Despite his suffering, York said, "I've been blessed. I have no complaints. I've been surrounded by people in radio, on stage, and in motion pictures and television who love me. The things that have gone wrong have been simply physical things."

York died of complications from emphysema at Blodgett Hospital in East Grand Rapids, Michigan, on February 20, 1992, at age 63. He is buried at Plainfield Cemetery in Rockford, Michigan.

Filmography

Book
 York, Dick. The Seesaw Girl and Me (New Path Press, 2004) Published Posthumously.

Awards and nominations
Emmy Awards
 1968: Nominated, "Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series"- Bewitched

See also

References

 York, Dick. The Seesaw Girl and Me (New Path Press, 2004) pp. 15–16, 100–105.

External links

1928 births
1992 deaths
Actors from Fort Wayne, Indiana
American male film actors
American male radio actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
Deaths from emphysema
Male actors from Indiana
Male actors from Chicago
Male actors from Grand Rapids, Michigan
Male actors from New York City
Male actors from Los Angeles
20th-century American male actors
Burials in Michigan
People from Rockford, Michigan
Bewitched

Dick York


The Anderson School of Management (Anderson) is the business school of the University of New Mexico (UNM). Anderson was the first professional school of management established in the state of New Mexico. Anderson's current alumni base is over 24,000 graduates.

History
The school was founded as the College of Business Administration in 1947 under xxx. It has been accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) since 1975. UNM was the third university to gain professional AACSB accreditation for both their bachelor's and master's degree programs management programs. In 1974, the school was named for Robert Orville Anderson, a New Mexico oilman and longtime CEO of the Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO). The school was the first at a state college or university in New Mexico to be named in honor of a prominent citizen.

The school has grown from 15 tenured or tenure-track faculty members when it was established to 50 tenured or tenure-track faculty members today. The current interim dean is Julie Coonrod.

Campus

Academics
The Anderson School offers undergraduate Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) degrees and four master's degree programs: The Master of Business Administration (MBA), including online, professional and executive MBA (EMBA) programs, the Master of Science in Cybersecurity and Business Analytics (MS-CBA), the Master of Science in Project Management (MS-PM), and the Master of Accounting (MACCT). BBA and MBA students may select from ten concentrations: Accounting, entrepreneurship, financial management, information assurance, international management, information systems management, management of technology, marketing management, operations management, organizational behavior/human resource management, and policy and planning. Students may also choose not to pursue a concentration.

BBA students may select from ten concentrations: Accounting, finance, human resource management, interdisciplinary film and digital media (IFDM), international management, information systems management, marketing management, operations management, entrepreneurial studies, or organizational leadership.

The Anderson School offers several dual-degree programs for students who wish to pursue a second advanced degree in conjunction with the MBA. MBA dual degree programs are offered with the Juris Doctor (JD) with the School of Law (MBA/JD), the Master of Engineering programs in manufacturing engineering and electrical or computer engineering (MBA/MEME and MBA/ME) with the School of Engineering; the MBA/Pharm.D. (MBA/Doctor of Pharmacy); and the Master of Arts in Latin American Studies (MBA/MA) with the UNM Latin American Studies Program. The School also offers a dual-degree program with the School of Law with the Master of Accounting (JD/MACCT).

Anderson's MBA program in Management of Technology was ranked in the top 10 in the U.S. in a 2004 study published in the Journal of Product Innovation Management.

The Anderson School offers several scholarships to its students. In the 2012–2013 academic year, 131 undergraduate students applied for scholarships; 53 students received awards totaling $51,500. 155 MBA/MACCT students applied for scholarships; 97 students received awards totaling $191,030.

In April 2008, the Federal Bureau of Investigation announced that was awarding the nation's 15th Regional Computer Forensics Laboratory (RCFL) to New Mexico, with the  University of New Mexico as one of several partnering institutions and agencies. The New Mexico RCFL is a computer forensics laboratory and training center supporting local, state, and federal criminal investigations. The Anderson School's Center for Information Assurance Research and Education, established in 2006, is involved with the laboratory. The CIARE was designated a Center of Academic Excellence in Information Assurance by the National Security Agency and Department of Homeland Security in spring 2007.

The Anderson School is part of the UNM Interdisciplinary Film and Digital Media Program, along with the College of Fine Arts and other UNM programs.

The Anderson School's Endowed Chair in Economic Development, currently held by Dr. Suleiman Kassicieh, oversees a wide range of economic development initiatives within the school, including the UNM Business Plan Competition, with over $100,000 in annual prizes and additional venture capital funding for student teams who compose the strongest technology and entrepreneurial business plans.

The UNM Small Business Institute (SBI) at Anderson, established in 1978, connects with Albuquerque-area businesses with graduate and undergraduate students who provide free consulting work under the guidance of the faculty. The institute works with around 25 businesses a semester.

Anderson MBA marketing have won the Cadillac National Case Study Competition in 2005 and 2006, and placed second in 2007.

Senior-level BBA marketing students won Project Acceleration: The Subaru Impreza Collegiate Challenge in 2007.

Rankings
In April 2009, the Bridgespan Group ranked the Anderson School tied for third in the nation in the number of courses specifically related to managing social sector organizations. In 2007, the Aspen Institute Center for Business Education rated the Anderson School 18th in the world among business schools for demonstrating significant leadership in integrating social and environmental issues into its MBA program. In the same year, Hispanic Business magazine included Anderson School one its list of "top ten U.S. business schools for Hispanics" based on its total graduate and Hispanic enrollment, faculty, student services, retention rate and reputation. In March 2011 Anderson was, according to US News, one of the top 10 business schools with the highest three month job placement rates among full-time 2010 M.B.A. graduates. US News

Enrollment
According to data reported in 2011 by U.S. News & World Report, 50.7 percent of Anderson MBA students are minorities, the 17th highest proportion of minority MBA student enrollment in the United States. Other data reported on 2011 indicates that 53.6 percent of Anderson MBA students are women.

Student life

Organizations
Several student organizations are active at Anderson, including the Alpha Kappa Psi Professional Business Fraternity (Beta Tau Chapter) Fraternity, the American Indian Business Association (AIBA), DECA, the Association of Graduate Business Students (AGBS), the Association of Latino Professionals in Finance and Accounting (ALPFA), the Beta Alpha Psi Honors Fraternity for Financial Information Professionals, Delta Sigma Pi (Gamma Iota Chapter), the Finance Management Association (FMA), the Graduate and Professional Association (GPSA), the Hispanic Business Student Association (HBSA), the Institute of Management Accountants (IMA), Net Impact, the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM), and the Student Contracts Management Association.

Events
Anderson's "Distinguished CEO Lecture Series" has featured lectures from CEOs, including New Mexico native and Anderson alumnus Michael S. Gallegos Gallegos also sponsors the $25,000 first-place prize for the UNM Technology Business Plan Competition, an Anderson initiative which seeks to foster high-tech startup firms and high-wage job creation in the state.

Anderson hosted the first Albuquerque Hispano Chamber of Commerce Day in the spring 2008, where prominent Hispanic business leaders spoke.

Alumni
Anderson alumni include James G. Ellis (BBA, 1968), dean of the University of Southern California's Marshall School of Business, and Gene E. Franchini (BBA, 1957), lawyer, judge, New Mexico Supreme Court Chief Justice.

References

External links

Business schools in New Mexico
Universities and colleges established in 1947
The Washington Campus
University of New Mexico colleges and schools
1947 establishments in New Mexico

Anderson School of Management (University of New Mexico)


Pages appear in :Category:Turkish scientists
This is a list of notable Turkish scientists.

 Piri Reis (d. 1554 or 1555), Ottoman cartographer and admiral
 Feza Gürsey (d. 1992) - elected as a member of American Academy of Arts and Sciences; mathematician and physicist
 Aziz Sancar (b. 1946), received the 2015 Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Tomas Lindahl and Paul Modrich for mechanistic studies of DNA repair
 Dani Rodrik (b. 1957)
 Mehmet Öz (b. 1960), scientist, surgeon and author

Related pages
 List of scientists from the Middle East

References

Turkish
scientists
Turkish

List of Turkish scientists


The Chengdu J-20 FAGIN is an airplane China uses that was designed to fight other airplanes. It has stealth, which means it is very hard for radar to see it. It also has 2 engines, one seat, and can fly good in all weather. It started being used by China in March 2017. It has canards, which are tiny wings in front of the main set of bigger wings that help it stay in the air. It is the world's third working stealth fighter. The first is the F-22 and the second is the F-35. It can fly 1.7 times faster than sound.

The Pentagon said that their files on the F-35 were hacked by someone from China. Some people think that this hack helped the Chinese build the J-20 faster.
Chinese military aircraft

Chengdu J-20


This article deals with the Wisconsin state affiliate established in 1897 of the Social Democratic Party of America and its successor, the Socialist Party of America. For the current party affiliated with the Socialist Party USA, see Socialist Party of Wisconsin.

The Social-Democratic Party of Wisconsin (SDPW) was established in 1897 as the Wisconsin state affiliate of the Chicago faction of the Social Democratic Party of America. When that organization merged in 1901 to form a political party known as the Socialist Party of America, the Social-Democratic Party of Wisconsin became the state affiliate of that organization, retaining its original name.

The party was responsible for electing the first socialist member of the United States Congress and was the governing party in the city of Milwaukee for many years, electing several long-time mayors. The SDPW experienced a golden period in the 1920s and early 1930s with many electoral successes and extensive influence on state-level legislation.

Historical background

Socialism was by no means new to Wisconsin, a fair percentage of the émigrés from Germany in the dozen years prior to the Civil War, the so-called "Forty-Eighters," had been exposed to radical ideas and been participants in a continent-wide battle against absolutist monarchy. Milwaukee was, among other things, an enclave of German-American radicalism, with some 24% of the city German born in 1895. it was there that the American Socialist movement sank deep roots.

The first socialist newspaper in Wisconsin appeared in Milwaukee in November 1875, a small sheet called Der Sozialist. The paper had a Lassallean political orientation and survived for only about one year. The first English-language paper appeared the next year, when a weekly called Social Democrat saw print. As with Der Sozialist, this paper proved to be short-lived.

Chicago radical publisher Paul Grottkau came to Milwaukee in 1886, bringing with him his newspaper, the German-language tri-weekly the Arbeiter Zeitung (Workers News). This publication continued without interruption, although undergoing a name change to the Volks Zeitung (Peoples' News), until it was sold in January 1893 to a young school teacher named Victor L. Berger and transformed into the Wisconsin Vorwärts ('Wisconsin Forward'). Berger assumed the role of both editor and publisher of the publication, and his emergence in this capacity marked a turning point in the history of the socialist movement in the state. Berger grew his paper by attempting to de-emphasize revolutionary change in favor of incremental reform, and made a conscious effort to forge alliances with the trade union movement of his city and state.

The minimum program which Berger espoused included such things as the municipal ownership of public utilities, the national ownership of mines, abolition of child labor, establishment of income and inheritance taxation, and establishment of state standards for working conditions as well as old age pensions and insurance against sickness. Additional political demands included abolition of the United States Senate and the veto power of the executive branch, and the elimination of the standing army and restrictions upon immigration. Berger's consistent advocacy of this "constructive" program began to be felt and by the end of the 1890s the Milwaukee Federated Trades Council was won over to support of the practical immediate demands espoused by Berger.

In 1901 The Social Democratic Herald, the official organ of the Chicago-based Social Democratic Party of America, moved its office to Milwaukee. This paper would continue as the English-language voice of socialism in Wisconsin through September 1913.

Early organizations

Behind Milwaukee's socialist press, there was an evolving political organization. Between 1874 and 1876 there was a Milwaukee branch of the International Workingmen's Association — the so-called "First International" in which Karl Marx played no small role. Many of the members of this pioneering group, which met at a place called Casino Hall, would go on to become leading members of the Social-Democratic Party during the decade of the 1890s.

The 1877 election saw the first explicitly socialist campaign in Wisconsin, when leaflets touting a so-called "Social Democratic Ticket" were circulated among the workers of Milwaukee.

The direct forerunners of the Social-Democratic Party of Wisconsin Included the German language Sozialistischer Verein, in which Victor Berger played a leading role, and a small English-language group styling itself as the "Fabian Society," in which Frederic Heath was the most active participant. Berger's group was part of the turner movement — a network of social and gymnastic organizations established in America by emigrants from Germany.

On October 9, 1893, with a city election in Milwaukee less than a month away, members of the Sozialistischer Verein and Fabian Society gathered with individuals associated with the Socialist Labor Party of America, the People's Party ("Populists"), and unaffiliated trade unionists to decide upon a common plan of action. A committee of 15 was elected, who managed to hammer out the differing views of the various participating organizations into a coherent platform behind a set of nominees called the "Cooperative Ticket."

The alliance of reformers and radicals had no great delusions of their prospects of success, but instead sought to make their united effort at the polls a cause for building the organized strength of the working class. This alliance lasted until the summer of 1894, when the Populists severed themselves from the socialist movement by banning admission of Victor Berger and two dozen socialists as delegates to their state convention.

Relations between the socialists and the Populists continued to sour over the next several years, with Berger declaring at the time of the November 1896 elections that socialists should support the Populists at the polls only until a national political party was established for the working class.

Berger and his co-thinkers had not long to wait for such an organization. On January 2, 1897, trade union organizer and orator Eugene V. Debs announced in an open letter that he was severing himself from the increasingly conservative People's Party, owing to his conversion to Socialism. Berger had been instrumental in winning Debs to the socialist cause, visiting him with books in hand during the time of his incarceration in Woodstock Jail in Chicago in 1895, and he wrote to Debs exploring the formation of a new explicitly socialist political party. This would take shape later that same year as the Social Democracy of America, from which Berger and Debs would split in 1898 to form the electorally-oriented Social Democratic Party.

Establishment

On July 7, 1898, Eugene Debs made his first public speech on behalf of the Social Democracy at a meeting held at West Side Turner Hall in Milwaukee before a large and enthusiastic audience. Two nights later, Milwaukee saw the establishment of Branch 1 of the Social Democracy of America, with Debs again on hand to provide a keynote address to the session. Between 75 and 100 of the city's residents, including many German-American immigrants, turned out to help establish the new organization.

From the earliest days, left wing opposition existed to the new organization in the form of the Socialist Labor Party, which sought to debate Debs and the Social Democracy on the nature of Socialism. One historian of this interlude has intimated that such a desire for debate was natural, characterizing party leader Daniel DeLeon of the SLP and Victor Berger of the Social Democracy as "the sages behind two opposing schools of socialism."

Debs had planned to stay in Wisconsin helping to establish the Social Democracy in other cities around the state, but he was ultimately called away to the West Virginia coal fields to help organize striking miners then engaged in a heated economic battle with mine-owners.

Berger and Heath, the two leading figures in the Wisconsin movement, sought to expand the size and influence of their movement among Wisconsinites by establishing a daily newspaper, which they hoped to launch on New Year's Day, 1898. In a surprising move intended to unite the warring factions of American socialism, an offer was made to Daniel DeLeon to come to Wisconsin from New York City in order to edit the new paper. There is no evidence that DeLeon ever answered this proposal, which seems to have been made in good faith. The idea for an English daily was ultimately abandoned at this time.

The first city convention of the Social Democratics in Milwaukee was held on February 1, 1898, and included substantial representation from the Milwaukee Federated Trades Council and individual unions. An initial slate of four candidates was put forward by the organization to run in the Milwaukee municipal election which followed on April 5. Those nominated were the first of many subsequent Socialist candidates to be bound to the party program through the submission of signed-but-undated "blank resignations," which were entrusted to the party organization to be dated and submitted if the elected candidate were to ever lose the party's trust.

The electoral platform guiding these candidates has been described by one historian as one of "detailed reformism," including calls for city-owned utilities, public works projects, free textbooks for schoolchildren, and the development of recreation areas in poor sections of the city of Milwaukee.

The Social Democratic candidate for mayor, machinist Robert Meister, ultimately received 2400 votes, trailing the 26,000 ballots received by the Democratic Party's victorious nominee and the 18,000 votes for his Republican opponent.

The Social Democratic campaign was taken statewide for the first time in the fall of 1898, with a platform calling for establishment of a progressive income tax and a new property tax to replace the current system of taxation, universal suffrage for all literate adults, establishment of the initiative and referendum, abolition of the veto power of the governor, abolition of the Wisconsin State Senate, and prohibition of child labor and night work for women. This set of substantial reforms was not met with favorably by the electorate as the Social Democratic ticket generated results no better than the Milwaukee mayoral effort, polling a mere 2,544 votes in a statewide race.

Development
The Social-Democratic Party was buoyed to some extent by an onslaught against the Socialist Labor Party, an ideological battle lead nationally by the Appeal to Reason, a large circulation weekly based in the rural town of Girard, Kansas. The Appeal's 1898 onslaught was followed by a  split of the SLP over the question of trade union tactics in the following year. Dissatisfied former member of the SLP in Milwaukee bolted for the Social-Democratic Party, swelling its ranks and reducing the physical and rhetorical volume of its left wing opponents.

In 1900 dissident former members of the SLP and the Chicago-based Social Democratic Party managed to patch up their differences long enough to run a joint ticket for the presidency, headed by Eugene Debs for President and Job Harriman of California for Vice-President. Although the SDP leadership remained leery of the former SLP members, organizational unity eventually followed, formalized by a convention in Indianapolis which was gaveled to order on July 29, 1901. The Socialist Party of America was thereby born.

Electoral victories

The Social-Democratic Party of Wisconsin broke through electorally in 1904, first winning office in the Milwaukee city election in April. That successful campaign saw nearly 20,000 votes cast for the SDP, with ten party members elected as city aldermen and another four as city supervisors. In addition, two party members won positions as justices and two more as constables. Among those elected to office for the first time as incoming aldermen were pioneer English-speaking socialist Frederic Heath and future Mayor Emil Seidel. Newspaper editor Victor Berger finished third in his bid to become Mayor of Milwaukee, but he nonetheless recorded a respectable 15,343 votes (27.2% of those cast) in a three-cornered race.

Success continued in November 1904 when the party saw five of its candidates elected to the Wisconsin State Assembly and one other elected to the Wisconsin State Senate. That election also saw the first Congressional campaign of the party's patriarch, Victor Berger, when he stood for election in Wisconsin's 5th Congressional District, centered in Milwaukee. During this campaign the SDP refined its electoral tactics, dividing the distribution of campaign literature in the urban center of Milwaukee on a carefully planned block-by-block basis and managing to distribute 100,000 pieces of campaign literature, hitting every dwelling in the city, in a 24-hour period. An efficient political machine to rival those of the so-called "old parties" was thereby developed — a factor not to be underestimated in any assessment of the organization's electoral success.

The SDP scored its biggest electoral triumph to date in the spring of 1910 when Emil Seidel was elected as Mayor of Milwaukee. One key factor behind socialist success in this race was a breakthrough by the SDP among working class Polish-American voters, who had traditionally supported candidates of the Democratic Party. Seidel's victory capped a decade of steady SDP growth in Milwaukee mayoral elections, in which the party's candidates had seen the number of socialist votes cast grow by a factor of 8 between the election of 1900 and the end of the decade.

In the fall 1920 election, the Socialist Party of Wisconsin elected 3 State Senators and another 9 of its members to the Wisconsin Assembly. This was topped in the 1922 election, which saw the return of Victor Berger to Congress, while 2 party members were elected to the State Senate and another 10 were sent to the Assembly. The party did not run a candidate for U.S. Senate in 1922, avoiding a race which was handily won by popular progressive Republican Robert M. La Follette, Sr. over his Democratic challenger by a margin of nearly 5-to-1.

Sewer Socialists

The SDPW was the center of what was derisively termed "Sewer Socialism" within the socialist movement: an element which favored democratic socialism over Orthodox Marxism, deemphasizing social theory and revolutionary rhetoric, in favor of honest government and efforts to improve public health. The Sewer Socialists fought to clean up what they saw as "the dirty and polluted legacy of the Industrial Revolution," cleaning up neighborhoods and factories with new sanitation systems, city-owned water and power systems, and improved education.

Successor organizations
In December 1972, when in convention a majority of the Socialist Party voted to change the name of the organization to Social Democrats, USA so as to better work within the Democratic Party, a secessionist Wisconsin contingent was influential in the formation of a new organization dedicated to the traditional vision of independent political action, the Socialist Party, USA.

Prominent members

 Oscar Ameringer
 Louis A. Arnold
 Allan L. Benson
 Meta Berger
 Victor L. Berger
 George Gauer

 Winfield R. Gaylord
 Frederic Heath
 Daniel Hoan
 W. A. Jacobs
 Ralph Korngold
 Leo Krzycki

 Isador Ladoff
 George Lippert
 Edmund T. Melms
 George A. Nelson
 Paul Porter

 Emil Seidel
 A.M. Simons
 Elizabeth H. Thomas
 Carl D. Thompson
 Frank Zeidler

Party Press

Milwaukee
 Milwaukee Arbeiter Zeitung [Milwaukee Workers' Newspaper] (1886–1893) — Tri-weekly, published previously in Chicago.
 Wisconsin Vorwärts [Wisconsin Forward] (1893–??) — Edited by Victor Berger.
 Die Wahrheit [The Truth] (1893–1910) — Edited by Victor Berger.
 Social Democratic Herald (1901–Sep. 1913) — Weekly, published previously in Terre Haute and Chicago.
 The Vanguard (1900s) — Monthly theoretical magazine.
 Milwaukee Leader (Dec. 1911–1940s)
 Wisconsin Comrade (1914–May 1916) — Monthly members' bulletin.
 The Coming Nation (June 1916–March 1917)

See also
 Socialist Party of Missouri
 Socialist Party of North Dakota
 Socialist Party of Oklahoma
 Socialist Party of Oregon
 Socialist Party of Washington

Footnotes

Publications
 Louis A. Arnold, Men of Wisconsin: They Have Silenced the Voice of Freedom But Votes Speak Louder than Words: Let Your Answer Be Victor L. Berger for US Senator (Socialist Ticket). Milwaukee: Louis A. Arnold, n.d. (1918).
 Victor L. Berger, "A 'Dissolved' Trust," The Vanguard, vol. 5, no. 10, whole no. 54. Milwaukee: Social-Democratic Publishing Co., 1907.
 Berger's Broadsides. Milwaukee: Social-Democratic Publishing Co., 1912.
 Voice and Pen of Victor L. Berger: Congressional Speeches and Editorials. Milwaukee: Milwaukee Leader, 1929.
 Winfield R. Gaylord, County Option: Where Labor Stands at Present on the Liquor Question: Address Delivered in the Debate on County Option in the Wisconsin Legislature, March 31st, 1909. Milwaukee: Social-Democratic Publishing Co., n.d. (1909).
 Daniel W. Hoan, Inaugural Address of Daniel W. Hoan, Mayor of Milwaukee: Delivered to the Common Council of Milwaukee, Wis., April 16, 1918. Milwaukee: n.p., n.d. (1918).
 Ralph Korngold, Brain Jolters. Milwaukee: Milwaukee Social-Democratic Publishing Co., n.d. (c. 1914).
 Paul Porter, Which Way for the Socialist Party? Milwaukee: State Executive Board, Socialist Party of Wisconsin, 1937.
 Emil Seidel, Which Must Go? America or Private Ownership of Railroads? Milwaukee: Socialist Party of Wisconsin, n.d. (c. 1920).
 Norman Thomas, Collective Security and War. Milwaukee: Socialist Party of Wisconsin, 1938.
 Carl D. Thompson, Ferdinand Rehfeld, and Max Grass (eds.), Milwaukee Municipal Campaign Book 1912, Social-Democratic Party. Milwaukee: County Central Committee of the Social-Democratic Party, Milwaukee County, Wis., 1912.
 R.W. Tucker, The Debs Caucus: A Party Within a Party. Milwaukee: Socialist Party of Wisconsin, 1970.
 Some Anti-Socialist Voices of the Press on Victor L. Berger, Representative of the Fifth Wisconsin District, and his Work in Congress. Milwaukee: Social-Democratic Publishing Co., n.d. (c. 1912).
 Socialist Party of Wisconsin, Wisconsin Socialist Platform, 1918," Milwaukee Leader, vol. 7, no. 337 (Aug. 31, 1918), pg. 8.

 Further reading
 Elmer A. Beck, The Sewer Socialists: A History of the Socialist Party of Wisconsin, 1897-1940. In Two Volumes. Fennimore, WI: Westburg Associates, 1982.
 Edward A. Benoit, III, A Democracy of Its Own: Milwaukee's Socialisms, Difference and Pragmatism. MA thesis. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2009.
 Nichali M Ciaccio, Because It Had to Be: the Milwaukee Leader, Socialism and the First World War. MA thesis. 2011.
 Winfield R. Gaylord, "The Legislative Program of the Social-Democratic (Socialist) Party in the Wisconsin Legislative Session of 1909," American Political Science Review, vol. 3, no. 2 (May 1909), pp. 226-230. In JSTOR
 Rosalind Margaret Drosen, The History of Socialism in Milwaukee, 1910-1930. BA thesis. University of Wisconsin, 1931.
 Elizabeth A. Joswiak, '''The City for the People': Milwaukee Municipal Recreation and the Socialists, 1890-1917. PhD dissertation. University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1997.
 Arnold Kaltinick, Socialist Municipal Administration in Four American Cities (Milwaukee, Schenectady, New Castle, Pennsylvania, and Conneaut, Ohio), 1910-1916. PhD dissertation. New York University, 1982.
 James J. Lorence, "'Dynamite for the Brain': The Growth and Decline of Socialism in Central and Lakeshore Wisconsin, 1910-1920," Wisconsin Magazine of History, vol. 66, no. 4 (Summer, 1983), pp. 250–273.  in JSTOR
 John McCarthy, "Dreaming of a Decentralized Metropolis: City Planning in Socialist Milwaukee," Michigan Historical Review, vol. 32, no. 1 (Spring 2006), pp. 33–57.
 Sally M. Miller, Victor Berger and the Promise of Constructive Socialism, 1910-1920. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1973.
 Frederick I. Olson, The Milwaukee Socialists, 1897-1941. PhD dissertation. Harvard University, 1952.
 Frederick I. Olson, "The Socialist Party and the Union in Milwaukee, 1900-1912," Wisconsin Magazine of History, vol. 44, no. 2 (Winter 1960/61), pp. 110–116. In JSTOR
 William J. Reece, "'Partisans of the Proletariat': The Socialist Working Class and the Milwaukee Schools, 1890-1920," History of Education Quarterly, vol. 21, no. 1 (Spring 1981), pp. 3–50. In JSTOR.
 Robert C. Reinders, "Daniel W. Hoan and the Milwaukee Socialist Party during the First World War," Wisconsin Magazine of History, vol. 36, no. 1 (Autumn 1952), pp. 48–55.  In JSTOR
 Kevin D. Smith, "From Socialism to Racism: The Politics of Class and Identity in Postwar Milwaukee," Michigan Historical Review, vol. 29, no. 1 (Spring 2003), pp. 71–95. In JSTOR
 Kenneth Neil Teitelbaum, Schooling for 'Good Rebels': Socialist Education for Children in the United States, 1900-1920 (Curriculum: New York City, Rochester, New York; Milwaukee, Wisconsin). PhD dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1985.
 Marvin Wachman, Social-Democratic Party of Wisconsin, 1897-1910. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1945.
 Frank P. Zeidler, Ninety Years of Democratic Socialism: A Brief History of the Socialist Party USA.'' Milwaukee: Socialist Party USA, 1991.

SDPW average paid memberships

{| class="wikitable" border="3"
|-
! Year
! Average Paid Membership
! Exempt Members
! National SPA Membership
|-
! align="center" | 1901
| align="center" |
| align="center" | n/a
| align="center" | 4,759 paid (of 7,629)
|-
! align="center" | 1902
| align="center" | 370
| align="center" | n/a
| align="center" | 9,949
|-
! align="center" | 1903
| align="center" |
| align="center" | n/a
| align="center" | 15,975
|-
! align="center" | 1904
| align="center" |
| align="center" | n/a
| align="center" | 20,763
|-
! align="center" | 1905
| align="center" |
| align="center" | n/a
| align="center" | 23,327
|-
! align="center" | 1906
| align="center" |
| align="center" | n/a
| align="center" | 26,784
|-
! align="center" | 1907
| align="center" |
| align="center" | n/a
| align="center" | 29,270
|-
! align="center" | 1908
| align="center" |
| align="center" | n/a
| align="center" | 41,751
|-
! align="center" | 1909
| align="center" | 1,831
| align="center" | n/a
| align="center" | 41,470
|-
! align="center" | 1910
| align="center" |
| align="center" | n/a
| align="center" | 58,011
|-
! align="center" | 1911
| align="center" |
| align="center" | n/a
| align="center" | 84,716
|-
! align="center" | 1912
| align="center" |
| align="center" | n/a
| align="center" | 118,045
|-
! align="center" | 1913
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" | 95,957
|-
! align="center" | 1914
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" | 93,579
|-
! align="center" | 1915
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" | 79,374
|-
! align="center" | 1916
| align="center" | 3,092
| align="center" |
| align="center" | 83,284
|-
! align="center" | 1917
| align="center" | 3,694
| align="center" |
| align="center" | 80,379
|-
! align="center" | 1918
| align="center" | 5,160 (first 6 mos.)
| align="center" |
| align="center" | 82,344
|-
! align="center" | 1919
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" | 104,822
|-
! align="center" | 1920
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" | 26,766
|-
! align="center" | 1921
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" | 13,484
|-
! align="center" | 1922
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" | 11,019
|-
! align="center" | 1923
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" | 10,662
|-
! align="center" | 1924
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" | 10,125
|-
! align="center" | 1925
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" | 8,558
|-
! align="center" | 1926
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" | 8,392
|-
! align="center" | 1927
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" | 7,425
|-
! align="center" | 1928
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" | 7,793
|-
! align="center" | 1929
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" | 9,560
|-
! align="center" | 1930
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" | 9,736
|-
! align="center" | 1931
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" | 10,389
|-
! align="center" | 1932
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" | 16,863
|-
! align="center" | 1933
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" | 18,548
|-
! align="center" | 1934
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" | 20,951
|-
! align="center" | 1935
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" | 19,121
|-
! align="center" | 1936
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" | 11,922
|-
|}
 Sources: Carl D. Thompson, "The Rising Tide of Socialism," The Socialist (Columbus, OH), Aug. 12, 1911, pg. 2; St. Louis Labor, Feb. 22, 1902, pg. 5; "Dues Paid Last Year," The Worker, March 22, 1903, pg. 4; Socialist Party Official Bulletin and successors, Executive Secretary state-by-state membership summaries, January issues;"Socialist Party Official Membership Series,' (1932). Report to 1937 Convention, cited in "Socialist Party of America Annual Membership Figures," Early American Marxism website. Adoloph Germer, Report of Executive Secretary to the National Executive Committee: Chicago, Illinois — Aug. 8, 1918, pp. 5-6. "Exempt" members denote those receiving special dispensation from the state office due to unemployment starting 1913. 1909 figure from Socialist Party Official Bulletin, April 1910, pg. 10.

External links
 "Socialist Party Papers, 1897-1980s, finding aid," Milwaukee County Historical Society, Collection Mss-0770.

Political history of Wisconsin
Organizations disestablished in 1972
Political parties established in 1897
1897 establishments in Wisconsin
Political parties in Wisconsin
Wisconsin

Social-Democratic Party of Wisconsin


Eelke van Kleijn (born 11 June 1983) is a Dutch producer and DJ hailing from Rotterdam, The Netherlands. He is known mostly for his electronic dance music. Nowadays he currently produces music for other media, such as television series, commercials, movie trailers and animations.

Early life
In his early career (between 2003 and 2005), he mainly produced electronic records as MI.D.O.R. and Six4Eight, and he was responsible for some of the DJ Precision releases and remixes.

Career
Kleijn first release as Eelke Kleijn was "4.5 Billion Years" in 2003 on Segment Records. From 2005 onwards, he solely released music under his own name. His breakthrough came in 2006 when Nick Warren used the track "8 Bit Era" for his Global Underground: Paris compilation. As a result, Eelke released his first artist album Naturally Artificial on Global Underground in 2007. He remixed artists such as John Legend, Goldfish, Dave Seaman, Way Out West, Hybrid, Sander Kleinenberg and Nadia Ali. In 2010, Eelke released his second artist album Untold Stories through Manual Music.

As a DJ, Eelke has played in many venues and festivals including Mystery Land, Extrema Outdoor, Dance Valley, Sensation, Warung Brazil, Privilege Ibiza, Moonpark Buenos Aires, Balaton Sound, and several Ultra Music Festivals around the globe.

Since 2010, Eelke Kleijn as a producer is also involved in composing music for animations, games, and advertisements.

He is a BBC Radio 1 'Next Hype' act for 'Stand Up', remixing John Legend and Hollywood soundtracker for Parker, Wrath Of The Titans, This Means War, and Ron Howard's Rush trailers.
Eelke has been performing and producing in the Before.Now.After collaboration with Dutch DJs/producers and friends Olivier Weiter, Miss Melera, and Arjuna Schiks in 2014 and 2015. Weiter and Kleijn are presenting the weekly Before.Now.After the radio show at Slam!FM with support of Miss Melera and Schiks as well.

Furthering his cinematic endeavors, Eelke Kleijn released his bootleg for The Hunger Games song "The Hanging Tree" by James Newton Howard featuring Jennifer Lawrence as main character. Having also built a new studio in 2016, Eelke spent much of his time creating new music leading up to the launch of his new imprint Days Like Nights.

Discography

Studio albums

Mix albums

Singles

Remixes

References

External links

Eelke Kleijn on Resident Advisor
Interview with Eelke Kleijn on RomaInTheClub

Dutch DJs
1983 births
Living people
Musicians from Rotterdam
Spinnin' Records artists
Progressive house musicians
Electronic dance music DJs

Eelke Kleijn