Old Dominion Freight Line, Inc. (ODFL) is an American regional, inter-regional and national less than truckload shipping (LTL) company. In addition to its core LTL services, the company offers expedited, logistics and household moving services.

The company has five primary product groups: Domestic, Expedited, People, Global, Household Services and Technology. Global offerings include full container load (FCL) and less-than-container load (LCL) service to the Caribbean, Europe, the Far East, Central America and South America. The company operates more than 5,800 tractors and more than 22,500 trailers.

History

Foundation and early history
Old Dominion Freight Line, Inc. traces its origins to 1934 when husband and wife Earl Congdon, Sr. and Lillian Congdon (née Herbert) founded the company with a single straight truck running between Richmond and Norfolk, Virginia. The name is a reference to a common nickname for the Commonwealth of Virginia, the "Old Dominion". The company initially operated with Earl as its only driver and Lillian both running business operations from their home and serving as an alternate driver if Earl was unavailable.

Following passage of the Motor Carrier Act of 1935, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) began regulating the trucking industry. ODFL was initially granted a Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity (CPCN) by the ICC to transport interstate freight on their original route between Richmond and Norfolk but this freight had to be destined for transit outside the state of Virginia either internationally or interstate. The only other type of shipments ODFL was allowed to carry were interline shipments, transiting freight along this route on behalf of other carriers who did not possess a CPCN for that route.

The company moved its operations out of the Congdon's house into its terminal, a space outside a grocery store, in 1935. But, with that space lacking a loading dock, they moved again in 1936 to a facility with two truck bays. The facility was shared with Overnite Transportation with the two bays split between them. By the end of that year, ODFL was operating six tractor-trailers and 12 straight trucks and shortly thereafter moved to a dedicated 7-bay facility.

Through the late 1930s, the company made several moves to remain solvent under regulation. These included wet leasing a significant portion of their fleet to the Manchester Board and Paper Co. in 1936 and unsuccessfully attempting to lease operating authority from Carter Brothers Express Lines in 1939 to expand ODFL's routes. An attempt by employees to unionize under the Teamsters Union was unsuccessful in 1939 after a 3-month strike. Despite some challenges, the company remained profitable thorough the end of the decade but used its proceeds to finance expansion and by 1940 had three service centers, 45 employees, and 12 drivers.

In 1940, the company's drivers were successfully unionized under the Teamsters this time supported by Earl, Sr. at the behest of a large customer. In the 1940s, ODFL switched from a navy blue and red livery for its tractors to the dark green color which it continued to use throughout its history. The reason for the change was that it had purchased vehicles from International Harvester which were delivered dark green. Instead of repainting the new trucks to match its older trucks, ODFL chose to repaint the older trucks to match the new ones.

Wartime expansion

During World War II, ODFL expanded outside Virginia beginning in 1941 by buying the trucks of New Dixie Transfer and leasing New Dixie's CPCN for a year. This allowed ODFL to operate between Richmond and a number of points in North Carolina and South Carolina. ODFL also received broader authorization to run routes within Virginia and acquired an additional route from the Wilson Trucking Co. in 1942. This was one of three routes Wilson had acquired from former ODFL competitor Hampton Roads Transport Company earlier that year. With a focus on its Virginia operations, especially transporting equipment and supplies for the military to ports, ODFL chose not to renew their lease of New Dixie's CPCN making them solely a Virginia intrastate operator again.

The company converted a disused lumber mill into a trucking terminal in 1942 to support the volume of business they were doing during the war. This facility also housed the company's offices and its first maintenance shop. Also in 1942, Earl, Sr. and Lillian became 50-50 partners in the business officially, though through the late 1940s Lillian stepped back from day-to-day operations as the company hired additional staff. By 1944, the company operated 14 straight trucks, 18 tractors, and 25 trailers with 74 employees.

Post-war growth

ODFL was one of many unionized carriers impacted by a Teamsters strike that lasted over 10 weeks in 1946. Just before the union called the end of the strike, ODFL drivers in Richmond decided to leave the union and return to work. Other ODFL drivers remained unionized. The financial impact of the strike forced the company to lay off many of its office workers and sell off its operating authority for a major route between Richmond and Norfolk to Davidson Transfer and Storage to maintain enough capital to continue operations.

Following the strike, ODFL was able to recover and in 1947 was operating 16 straight trucks, 25 tractors, and 35 trailers and was profitable. The following year, it began a partnership with Globe Freight Airline, Inc. where ODFL distributed airfreight through Virginia.

After Earl Congdon died in 1950, Lillian Congdon assumed the presidency and was joined by sons Earl, Jr. and Jack. In 1957, Old Dominion extended its operations to most major markets in North Carolina and southern Virginia. Five years later, the company relocated its headquarters to High Point, North Carolina, in 1962 and merged with Bottoms-Fiske trucking company.

Between 1969 and 1979, the company acquired several competing trucking lines. With the deregulation of the trucking industry in the 1980s, Old Dominion extended its service area into Florida, Tennessee and California and also started serving the major markets of Chicago and Dallas.

In 1991, the company became a public company via an initial public offering.

David Congdon, grandson of the company's founders, was named president and COO in 1997. Until May 2018 he served as the company's Vice Chairman and CEO. He then succeeded his father Earl Congdon, Jr. as executive chairman. Earl moved to the role of senior executive chairman. Greg C. Gantt served as president and CEO until July 1, 2023, when he was succeeded by Marty Freeman as president and CEO.

Operations

Old Dominion operates in 50 U.S. states, Canada, and Puerto Rico, with over 23,000 employees . In , ODFL operated 256 terminals, referred to by the company as "service centers." Corporate headquarters are located in Thomasville, North Carolina, in the Piedmont Triad region.

Old Dominion's core less-than-truckload (LTL) operations are typical of the LTL business model. Customer deliveries and pickups are made during the day, using day cab trucks and smaller trailers, some equipped with liftgates. These "P&D" trucks are driven by local drivers, who return to the service center at the end of the business day. At the service center, these small shipments are consolidated onto larger trucks and transported by night-shift "linehaul" drivers to another service center close to the final destination of the freight.

Sustainability

Old Dominion is part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's SmartWay Transport Partnership, a collaboration between freight shippers, carriers, and logistics companies to voluntarily achieve certain environmental standards around fuel efficiency and reduced emissions.

Citations

References

External links

Moving companies of the United States
Companies based in North Carolina
Companies listed on the Nasdaq
Companies in the Dow Jones Transportation Average
1991 initial public offerings

Old Dominion Freight Line


𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰 𐌳𐌿 𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌰
𐌷𐌴𐍂 𐌸𐌿 𐌼𐌰𐌲𐍄 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌰 𐌴𐌹 𐌽𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐌿𐍃. 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰 𐌿𐍂𐍂𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐌴𐌹 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳 𐌲𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌳𐌰. 𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍆𐍄 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐍉𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰.
𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲 𐌳𐌿 𐌸𐍉 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌰.
𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌳𐌿 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌳𐍉𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉

On Loanwords
(Transferred from Portal:𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃/𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰.)

I've seen numerous things in the dictionary that could really be changed. My biggest problems with it are:
 Do we really need a made-up word for countries? "Peru" is, in the list, "Igkaland". This is a big problem, though, because not only Incans live there, even before the Spanish came. Also, it's kind of strange to be going and making up new names for countries when they already have names. "Peru" should be "Paíru", as a neuter u-stem noun. Of course, places in Europe can have their own names, and maybe some elsewhere, but we don't need to go crazy with calques. I see "Vatican City" is "Papagards". Okay, it seems nice, but wouldn't something like "Baúrgs Watikanus". It would make much more sense. I can help come up with better names, if you agree that it should be this way.
 On a similar note, do we need to come up with new words for characters in things like Game of Thrones, The Hobbit, etc.? Those characters already have names that aren't worth making new ones.
 I think Gothic would have, if it had lived all these years, taken in a ''lot'' of loan words. Since it's surrounded by Latin and Greek, it would have been full of words from those languages, and Arabic would have brought a lot of new words in, too. It wouldn't have stayed linguistically pure at all. Mostly Germanic, of course, but still not completely Germanic.
I don't want to sound rude, but I think Gothic wouldn't have stayed so pure, and even going as far as to make up ridiculous names for faraway places shouldn't be encouraged here. (I can imagine a group of Goths when they just hear that the Spanish have set up a place called "Perú": "You call it Perú, you say? Then, we shall call it "Igkaland"! Now tell me, what kind of people live there, what's it like, where is it?") --Shikku27316 (talk) 21:10, 22 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌼𐌴𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃 2014 (UTC)
I actually agree with you. We should however stay with Thiudiskaland for Germany, as this is how the Germans called themselves in the time of the Goths. Bokareis (talk) 23:37, 22 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌼𐌴𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃 2014 (UTC)
Well, like I said, locations in Europe should keep the names we're giving them, and all the other Germanic languages use "Thiudiskaland" anyway, so it works. I just needed to tell people that "Igkaland" is too obscure and ridiculous. Speaking of which, will there be a place where we put Gothic place names, kind of like an atlas? Or will this dictionary be the place for that? --Shikku27316 (talk) 17:37, 23 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌼𐌴𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃 2014 (UTC)

Hello and thank you for using these discussion pages for the dictionary. To the topic:
I can somehow understand that you have mixed feeling on those new created words. But I have to say I do not share them at the same extent. I don't know who invented the word 'Igkaland', but maybe it comes from the name in Nahuatl for Peru which is 'Incatlan'. I doubt the '-lan' has anything to do with 'land, country'. I see that this is a case where a new word should be taken and I am totally fine when the 'community' (let's call this a community ;)) isn't fine with a certain word. Gothic language development isn't or shouldn't be a one-man project, consensus among several 'speakers' is always more useful. I would be glad for new ideas on names, you can either post them here or on the respective discussion page if there's an article on it.
To the second thing: I am judging since quite a time on this Wikipedia that 'names stay names'! Names like Amy Winehouse shouldn't be reinterpreted to make them more Gothic. I haven't finished it yet but I am working on a guide on how write foreign , espacially English, names with Gothic script. I think we should proceed here as all the other languages with script that aren't Latin. So: What has a name keeps it. To write that name in Gothic script there should be two maxims: Write it as similar as possible, but also transcript it as similar to the original pronounciation as possible. There must be of course more rules, and I am on it and I have it finished we can discuss it. Examples are 𐌻𐌴𐍉𐌽𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍉 𐌳𐌰 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐍄𐍃𐌾𐌹, 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌴𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌶𐌾𐌴𐌻𐍉 and 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐍄𐍃𐌴𐌽𐍄 𐍆𐌰𐌽 𐌲𐍉𐍇.
To the purism: Of course, if Gothic had stayed alive until now it would have undergone a lot more foreign influences. But not only would it have borrowed words it would also look totally different: See here. This is a approach to create a New Gothic, how it would like today if it had undergone natural language change. But concerning this matter it is hard to find a basis everybody can agree on because the revived Gothic language is a different one for everybody. It can either be the language spoken then, and only that. It can also be the language from then spoken coincidentally and suddenly today (like it travelled with a time machine) since some years to adopt and create new words from nowadays like mobile, fridge or microwave oven. (And even there are different movements: create new words on the basis of Gothic and with as much purism as possible to make words with the own lexicon and morphology resources, or allowing the process of foreign words incorporation or word borrowing). Another story is that Gothic survived throughout the whole time but didn't undergo structural language change but only adepted words from other languages in a natural way. That would be quite the scenario you are talking of. I myself think there is a way to reconcile all these. It is sure that nobody really wants the scenario with language change as seen in the link (only of course as a second New Gothic for it is fairly interesting). So it is just about borrowing and creating new words. And I guess the medio way is the best. It would be unnormal to keep the language clean of foreign influence. But on the other hand Gothic revival is a playground and a way to express creativity. So, by only adepting borrowed words the language revitalisation would be quite dull. I would always tend to be creative in the first instance, but when a word doesn't seem natural or too stilted I wouldn't dare to take a borrowed word that also correspond to the language's past, which means that a Chinese word would by pretty unlikely, Latin, Spanish, Greek or other Germanic languages would be very much more probable. And concerning the history I would say one should focus more on Spanish or older Spanish. Goths survived the fall of the West Gothic Empire, surely not as an ethnic group or language community until today, seen in some Gothic names of Spanish people. I guess they would have taken a lot of Spanish loanwords throughout the time. And of course Arabic as the Arabic Empire annexed Spain after the Goths failed.
Gothic place names should be first of all articles about that place. But feel free to create an article on special regions that summarise several names there and how they would be in Gothic. A Gothic atlas would of be great, but I guess we all are lacking time and ressources to do that. You can also bring words up for discussion in here.
(Okay, this text got longer as I firstly intended, sorry. But that's it from my side.) Zylbath (talk) 14:46, 24 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌼𐌴𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃 2014 (UTC)
It seems highly unlikely that the Gothic word for "Peru" would be based on a word used by a native language of Mexico. The natives of Peru callit it "Piruw" or similar things, and so do all the languages of Europe, so there is no way "Incatlan" would find its way into Gothic. I really think Paíru is best here. About personal names, though, you're right, we have to transliterate them. I wasn't suggesting not doing that, as it's the only way. "Amy Wimehouse" would have to be "Eïmei Wáinháus", since this is the transliteration, and I'm okay with it. But, words like "fridge" or "cell phone", however, would get loanwords. It may not be creative, but it's certainly more plausible, and I think it would only make sense. I can't see how the Goths would immediately know that the German word for TV was "Fernsehen" and then calque that, so it's highly unlikely that that's what they'd do. They'd probably use a Spanish or English word, or even Italian for the Ostrogoths (and the two groups would eventually speak different dialects with influences from Spanish and Italian), so it would be, perhaps, "tēlēbisaúr" (tell me if I'm getting too slap-happy with the diacritics). Of course, there's always the possibility that they'd calque "televisor" anyway. The point is, it looks unnatural with this purism. Of course, we wouldn't randomly inject it with foreign words from all around the world, but some LAtin, Greek,  Spanish, Italian, and French would need to get in somehow. It's nothing to be afraid of, until it takes over, like with English.
And, as for the atlas, what I meant is that we should have a place where we list the Gothic names of places. For example, we'd have the heading "Eitalja", and in bullet points below, it would say "Ruma", "Naiapoleis", etc....--Shikku27316 (talk) 17:19, 24 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌼𐌴𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃 2014 (UTC)
About Peru, I am totally on your side. That article can really be moved.
About the rest: I'd say that Eïmei Wáinháus would be a bit too much. That would only be for the maxim to transliterate it so it fits the pronounciation the best. But most languages with different scripts, that somehow ressemble the Latin one, use a compromise between that one and that similar letters should be kept when the pronounciation isn't altered too much. That's why I would go with: 𐌰𐌼𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍃. (There is also an old discussion regarding this on the discussion page of that article.)
Well, it is not always natural to borrow words for very modern things. Of course 'television' is a widely used term, but a lot of Germanic languages tend to use their own: German: Fernseher, Low Saxon: Kiekkassen, Sater Frisian: Fiersjoon, Fierkieker, Danish: fjernsyn, Icelandic and Faroese: sjónvarp, Norwegian: fjernsyn, Swedish: fjärrsynthet/fjärrskådning. Your English seems to be your mother tongue, so I would kindly raise the suggestion not to put so much realibility into English in this concern. English underwent so much foreign influence that more than 60% of its vocabulary came from Romance languages or Latin/Greek. It is quite common for Germanic languages to create words with their own morphological tools. So, I would suggest to do so with Gothic. Of course without carrying it too far. Creativity is of the essence and we should put it to use, at least a little bit. For example 'refridgerator' is a word that has this root almost only in Romance languages or English. Most of the languages use their own morphological tools to build a word for it: refridgerator (see translations).
Another point is: We are facing two problems with Gothic: 1. We only have a restricted documentation, there are a lot of words not attested, and 2. it was spoken centuries ago where a lot of words or notions haven't existed yet. It is therefore advised to use the language's own possibilities to build missing words or reconstruct them by historic linguistics, as long as we don't know what they really used. We can't know whether they used an own word for something or not, but we have to assume it first. Putting tons of borrowed words into Gothic just because it isn't attested or existant when the Goths lived is a bit too easy and kind of not respectful enough for the language. There is a slight difference between that and the language purism as we have him for example in the Icelandic language. There they are deliberatly using own words for keeping the language 'clean' as an expression for something like language proud. In Gothic's case we cannot know what did happen or would have happened, so we must firstly decide for Gothic's sake before we just take words from other languages. But, as I said, this must not go too far and should be kept on a normal level, borrowing is always normal. But this question can't be answered universally, it has to be decided individually on each case. I would always go first with the language's own tools, but I would usually not provoke a quarrel because I am putting ideological or personal-emotional feelings in it. ;) Some words are just predestined to use it from other languages as they are internationalism and mostly everywhere in use. But Gothic has a rich morphology and unlike other old languages that system has been quite well attested, so, why not use it to some extent? Well, that's my epilogue for the day. I wish you a nice evening. ;)
Let me join the discussion. What I don't understand is why nobody here has brought up modern Hebrew. In my attempts to revive Gothic, I 'm thankfully using the only language which is actually revived, although the word order is different from the ancient one (but that's exactly the same with Gothic), which is modern Hebrew. I know some Hebrew and they actually have neologisms for words which the ancient Hebraic population didn't know, but they do exactly the same as I do, build on the old roots. We shouldn't be too stubborn on the loanwords, but we should also try in places where internationalisms aren't used, like with the word 'police', to use neologisms built upon old words. For example, in my newsblog in Gothic I used the word 'wardja' for police, because it is the best approximation of the word. A guard is a person which makes sure that the security is well and that everything is alright, so wardja is the best choice here. For library I have got an agreement with Benjamin Johnson to use the word 'bokahus'. The reason is that the suffix -hus is used for things happening in buildings and 'boka' is the root-word, from which the plural means book or books, so literally it means: 'house of the letter'. This is a very good neologism in my view and better than 'libraria' or something like that, as in this case there isn't an internationalism, German uses: 'Bücherei' or 'Bibliothek', Dutch only 'bibliotheek', Spanish 'biblioteca'. We can of course have 2 words here: 'bokahus' and 'biblioteka', we need to see where the word comes from and just as Wulfila we use the original Greek or Latin word, instead of inventing our own adaptation. I also think that we shouldn't rely too much on Spanish and Arabic words. We don't know which words the Goths would have taken over, so it's preferred that we stay pure and only in the case of internationalisms use loanwords. For example, 'tv' is present in all languages, including Spanish, so we could have this word as 'taivai' in Gothic.

We should also use what most languages use. Most languages use 'far' + 'seeing' for television, so we should use Gothic roots to form the same combination, because all other languages do the same, so the most logical conclusion is that the Goths would have done the same.

I also think that we should try to find some way to create a dictionary in a better way. Wikipedia isn't a good platform for this and I recommend that we use a different website for this objective. I could try to create one, but maybe there are already some possibilities to do this with websites. The reason why we need this is that for translation-work we need to rely on some kind of database or dictionary with words which is easy to use. Bokareis (talk) 13:43, 25 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌼𐌴𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃 2014 (UTC)

Well, for internationalisms that come from Arabic, and many words that are in Spanish and Portuguese, and maybe even Italian, which stem from Arabic can be Arabic-based in Gothic, too. Not every word we don't know has to be a loanword (I think this is what Zylbath thought I meant), but just some common internationalisms. I think Gothic could have a bit more purity than, say, English or Dutch, but not as much as Icelandic. English was given so many Romance parts because of the Norman Invasion, and now, we have tons of words from them, so Gothic, which is surrounded by Romance languages, wouldn't realistically be pure, had it survived naturally. I don't want to step on people's views that Gothic should be pure, but it's unlikely that it would.
As for the dictionary, we could find something. I don't know about Glosbe, since our new words would get in the way of the already attested words in their Gothic dictionary. However, it's the only thing I can think of right now.--Shikku27316 (talk) 21:13, 25 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌼𐌴𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃 2014 (UTC)
Yes, we need an alternative. As for modern Gothic. I think that just as modern Hebrew we should choose to build just from Gothic words to be most reliable to the Gothic language. If we lend randomly from Spanish or Arabic or Portuguese, we are creating a conlang, which is not what we want. We want a Gothic language and the only words from Spanish or Portuguese or Arabic which we are allowed to use are the ones which are attested to have been used by the Goths. I don't want this language to become a conlang in the real definition, it is only allowed to become a conlang in the same way as modern Hebrew sometimes is interpreted in it's construction. Just as modern Hebrew only uses semitic languages or Yiddish we should also only rely on Gothic and Germanic languages and culture, exceptions are for example the Greek 'paintedags', which was used by Wulfila and other Goths to describe Thursday. It is attested and although it's Greek and not Germanic it was definitely used by the Goths, so this is a correct word which should be used in modern Gothic too, instead of a modern invention like thundaradags, we should stick with what was actually used by the Goths. Bokareis (talk) 22:01, 25 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌼𐌴𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃 2014 (UTC)

Hello. I didn't think that you would want every word to become a neologism, Shikku. ;) I guess we three are on the same wavelength in this matter. But as I said, it'll be hard to find a universal solution for that. We have to decide that on each word individually, I'd say. And yes, there are tons of better ways to make a dictionary than this. This was rather an auxiliary workaround. We would need a dictionary where everybody can submit new words easily, which then get displayed in an edit queue where everybody can discuss on it, together with a voting possibility. Furthermore every word should have a comment on what the creater thought about the etymology. (I am really really sorry, must've deleted it by accident. :( )Zylbath (talk) 11:37, 26 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌼𐌴𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃 2014 (UTC)

I don't think Gothic should have too many loanwords, but it would make sense to have some. As for the dictionary, I don't know what we're going to do, besides setting up a website on our own. I have another question: Where can we talk about Gothic culture and the Gothic language revival project in general on here? --Shikku27316 (talk) 21:48, 26 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌼𐌴𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃 2014 (UTC)
Not really in a particular place, as Wikipedia isn't intended to be a language revival service. I have done an attempt at creating a Gothic language website which hasn't been used for months now, here: http://roel.tengudev.com/GutiskaRazda/
I stopped developing it. You can add new words by the way if you log in and go to new words and vote for them, and you can add existing words too. But I don't think this is ideal, as I haven't made my own template and this template is simply ugly and not fit for a general website for Gothic. I would like it if there was a webdesigner wanting to help us, as I can do some webdesign, but I 'm an amateur, not a professional. For the dictionary an existing dictionary website is preferred, I will see if I can find one. Bokareis (talk) 21:53, 26 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌼𐌴𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃 2014 (UTC)

You can talk in general about Gothic culture and the language in the yahoo group gothic-l. They have almost 500 members and there are very educated people and gothic culture and language experts.
For the dictionary: Maybe when I have done my webpage transition from [www.vereindergotischensprache.de] to an English one I could implement a dictionary that would suite our desire. I know some informatics students, some of them are also members in our association for gothic. Maybe when I ask them nicely and give them a bottle of Korn they would lend me a helping hand. ;) Zylbath (talk) 09:05, 27 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌼𐌴𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃 2014 (UTC)
Alright, the dictionary idea sounds good now. UNfortunately, it will be a while before I can get involved in Yahoo groups, but, in the meantime, I can post my findings and ideas perhaps on DeviantArt and then somehow get this community to know about it. I'll also post translations on there, so, if you like, you can check to see if I have anything up whenever. --Shikku27316 (talk) 17:14, 27 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌼𐌴𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃 2014 (UTC)
Zylbath. I made a word-add system at my website already and you can ask these students of course, but I have a ready-to-use code already. If you can send me which additions you would like, I can make those. I can also send you the code, because it isn't visible to other people (which is logical with PHP, but I also don't want my code to be stolen). You can find the page to add words here, but in order to try out the system you need to make an account, because I don't want guests to post spam-words, this is why I protected this by adding a limitation of needing to be registered. However, although I can code this I 'm terrible at lay-out and templates, in which I want to become better. If you can find students wanting to add a nice lay-out to the code, that would be awesome. Can you also tell me which additions would be good? Bokareis (talk) 22:13, 27 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌼𐌴𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃 2014 (UTC)

qiufrisahts/qiusahts
I don't really know where the 'qiu-' comes from but this word is now widely used on this Wikipedia, so we have to stick to that. But I would say that we should only use 'qiufrisahts' from now on, especially where it matters. Currently we have two categories 'qiusahts' and 'qiufrisahts' which makes no sense as they mean the same thing. In my opinion 'qiufrisahts' shows more of the real meaning, so we should stick to that. Don't you think? They can both stay synonyms, but like in categories, article names etc. one should be chosen. Kevin Behrens (talk) 22:36, 9 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌼𐌴𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃 2014 (UTC)

𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃

sundrawei
We really have to find another word for 'privacy'. 'sundro-' is not bad as a part of it, but '-w-ei' isn't even a real ending. Kevin Behrens (talk) 14:26, 14 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌼𐌴𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃 2014 (UTC)

Correction

It's azbageda, not azbegeda, for alphabet.

Please always put your signature after what you wrote. I just copied that from the page, so it was you who wrote it wrong ;) I changed it now. Thank you for the hint. Zylbath (talk) 01:41, 2 𐌱𐌻𐍉𐌼𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃 2012 (UTC)

Alphabet

What's the story behind changing the word for alphabet. (as in the etymology) Bleakgh (talk) 00:21, 29 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌼𐌴𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃 2012 (UTC)

Hey, you can look it up on the niuja waurda page. "azbageda" had no etymological history as it is not sure where the forms "az, ba, ge and da" come from. Now the word is "ansubairka" according to the names of the both first letters of the gothic alphabet. Zylbath (talk) 09:20, 29 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌼𐌴𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃 2012 (UTC)

Afarland

==> Afarland, na. - Africa; Afrika

Isn't it better to change this to:

==> Afrika, na. - Africa,

or is the ; Afrika meaning that Afrika is correct too?

Bokareis (talk) 22:22, 23 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌼𐌴𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃 2014 (UTC)

Seido

I understood that the new form is seida, but why should the -o be omitted?

seido - page (Reversal of Verner's Law + change of extension to agree with Gothic gender)

Changing everything back to seida at Polyglotclub.com is practically impossible, I don't even know in how many instances I used it, but the were a lot. I think it would take about 5 hours to change it all back.

Bokareis (talk) 22:23, 23 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌼𐌴𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃 2014 (UTC)

Portal:𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃/𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌰


Enrico Martino (born 16 January 1948) is an Italian photojournalist.

Biography

Enrico Martino was born in Turin, Italy, and has been a freelance photojournalist since 1971, He covered the Yom Kippur War in 1973, the Sahel famine in 1984, the first elections in the German Democratic Republic, Hungary, and Romania after the Berlin Wall fell in 1990, and the Gulf War in 1991,. He also was the first Italian photojournalist to report on United States Marine Corps training at Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, South Carolina, in the United States.

After 1985, Martino specialized in geographic reporting, with special attention to social and cultural aspects. His work in recent years is characterized by special attention to Latin America with a strong specialization in Mexico, where he has reported frequently on indigenous peoples. He has published books in Italy and France and had personal exhibitions in Turin, Rome, Palermo, Padua, Mexico City, Acapulco, Buenos Aires, Berlin, and Chicago. He has had stories published internationally in  publications such as Elle, Marie Claire, Merian, Der Spiegel, Die Zeit, GEO, Jeune Afrique, Rutas del Mundo, Meridiani, "D" di Repubblica, Epoca, L'espresso, Panorama, Atlante, Europeo, Focus, Gente Viaggi, In Viaggio, Airone, Panorama Travel, Sette, Traveller, and Tuttoturismo. He has also collaborated with the Mexico City-based Caritas charity organization on a wide-ranging visual communications project.

Martino′s photographs are preserved at the British Museum in London and by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in Geneva.

Books

 Liguria (A. Mondadori, 1984)
 L'anima degli indios ("Indian Soul", EGA, Torino, 1992)
 Gente chiamata Torino (EGA, 1996)
 Messico (Idealibri, Milano, 1996)
 Borgogna di pietra (Idealibri, Milano, 1998)
 Italie (collective book, Vilo, Paris 2003)

Martino also has contributed to many publishing houses and guidebooks.

Exhibitions
 Reporter' 70, Turin 1979
 I 35 giorni, Turin 1980
 Turismo e centri d'arte, Milan 1981
 Chiapas, Palermo, Messina, Catania, Padua 1992
 Baja California, Mexico City, Querétaro, Acapulco, Buenos Aires, Berlin, Milan, Rome 1994-1995
 Gente di Torino, Turin 1997

Awards

Martino has received two Lentes de Plata and three Plumas de Plata, Mexico′s highest award for travel and cultural stories, presented personally by the President of Mexico.

References

External links
 Enrico Martino
 Photo Gallery
 Storyteller's channel - Enrico Martino's Multimedia

1948 births
Italian photojournalists
Journalists from Turin
Living people

Enrico Martino


The Prix Jean Gabin was a French award presented each year between 1981 and 2006 to a young and upcoming actor working in the French film industry.

The award was created on the initiative of Louis de Funès (1914–1983) in 1981, as a tribute to the late Jean Gabin (1904–1976). It was renamed the Prix Patrick Dewaere in 2008, following a dispute between the organisers and the daughter of Jean Gabin.

The counterpart of Prix Jean Gabin, the Prix Romy Schneider, is awarded to an actress each year in Paris since 1984.

Recipients

References

External links

French film awards
Awards established in 1981
Awards disestablished in 2006

Prix Jean Gabin


A quintet is a group containing five members. It is commonly associated with musical groups, such as a string quintet, or a group of five singers, but can be applied to any situation where five similar or related objects are considered a single unit.

Overview
In classical instrumental music, any additional instrument (such as a piano, clarinet, oboe, etc.) joined to the usual string quartet (two violins, a viola, and a cello), gives the resulting ensemble its name, such as "piano quintet", "clarinet quintet", etc. A piece of music written for such a group is similarly named.

The standard wind quintet consists of one player each on flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, and horn, while the standard brass quintet has two trumpets, horn, trombone, and tuba. Other combinations are sometimes found, however.

In jazz music, a quintet is group of five players, usually consisting of two of any of the following instruments, guitar, trumpet, saxophone, clarinet, flute or trombone, in addition to those of the traditional jazz trio – piano, double bass, drums.

In some modern bands there are quintets formed from the same family of instruments with various voices, as an all-brass ensemble, or all saxophones, in soprano, alto, baritone, and bass, and sometimes contrabass.

Notable quintets

Performing groups
 Artecombo
 Bergen Wind Quintet
 Canadian Brass
 Danzi Quintet
 Dorian Wind Quintet
 Hi-5
 Imani Winds
 New London Chamber Ensemble
 New York Woodwind Quintet
 Quintet of the Americas
 Soni Ventorum Wind Quintet
 Vancouver Woodwind Quintet
 Vento Chiaro

Classical music
 Luigi Boccherini: String Quintet in E major, Op. 11, No. 5 (1775)
 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Quintet for Piano and Winds, K. 452 (1784) , Clarinet Quintet, K. 581 (1789)
 Franz Schubert: Trout Quintet in A major, D. 667 (1819), String Quintet in C major, Op. 163 (D. 956, 1828)
 Robert Schumann: Piano Quintet in E-flat, Op. 44 (1842)
 Johannes Brahms: Piano Quintet in F minor, Op. 34 (1862); String Quintet No. 1 in F major, Op. 88 (1882); Clarinet Quintet in B minor, Op. 115 (1891)
 Antonín Dvořák: Piano Quintet No. 1, Op.5 (1872); Piano Quintet No. 2 (1887); String Quintet No. 3 (1893)
 Anton Bruckner: String Quintet in F major (1879)
 Paul Hindemith: Kleine Kammermusik, Op. 24, No. 2 (1922)
 Carl Nielsen: Wind Quintet (1922)
 Arnold Schoenberg: Wind Quintet, Op. 26 (1923–24)
 Heitor Villa-Lobos: Quinteto (em forma de chôros) (1928)
 Dmitri Shostakovich: Piano Quintet in G minor, Op. 57 (1940)
 Karlheinz Stockhausen: Zeitmaße (1955–56)
 George Perle: Wind Quintet No. 4 (1984–85)

Jazz

Jazz at Massey Hall

Also known as The Greatest Jazz Concert Ever, featuring a group simply known as "The Quintet", made up of Charlie Parker, alto saxophone; Dizzy Gillespie, trumpet; Bud Powell, piano; Charles Mingus, bass; and Max Roach, drums. They performed at Massey Hall in Toronto, Canada on 15 May 1953. This concert took place against all odds: Bud Powell was drunk; Charlie Parker, identified as "Charlie Chan" in the original notes, played on a plastic alto saxophone; and Dizzy Gillespie would disappear offstage to check on the status of the first Rocky Marciano-Jersey Joe Walcott heavyweight championship match.

Miles Davis

 The First Great Quintet (1955–1958) Miles Davis, trumpet; John Coltrane, tenor saxophone; Red Garland, piano; Paul Chambers, bass; Philly Joe Jones, drums.
 The Second Great Quintet (1964–1968) Miles Davis, trumpet; Wayne Shorter, tenor saxophone; Herbie Hancock, piano; Ron Carter, bass; Tony Williams, drums.

Soul/R&B
 Hi-Five
 The Temptations 1960–present
 The Dells 1954–present
 The Dramatics
 The Tavares
 The Stylistics
 Blue Magic
 Jackson 5 1964–1975,
 The Jacksons 1976–

Doo wop
 The Moonglows
 The Heartbeats
 The Jive Five
 The Flamingos
 The Five Keys
 The Five Satins

References

Chamber music
Types of musical groups

5

Quintet


Selly Park is a residential suburban district in south-west Birmingham, England. The suburb of Selly Park is located between the Bristol Road (A38) and the Pershore Road (A441).

Toponymy
Selly Park is named after the parkland that was originally associated with Selly Hall, now preserved within Selly Convent.

History
Initially Selly Park was developed on the parkland around Selly Hall, whilst the land to the west of the Pershore Road (A441) was laid out for development in the mid nineteenth century with spacious plots and tree-lined streets, and where development is still restricted by covenant. On the other side of the Pershore Road, between it and Cannon Hill Park are several streets of superior c19 terraced housing, built by Grants, the principal local builder. One or two of the larger houses have been converted into offices and two small hotels.

Governance

The suburb is in the Birmingham City Council ward of Bournbrook and Selly Park. Prior to 2018, it was part of the Selly Oak council ward, along with the districts of Bournbrook, Selly Oak, Ten Acres and a small part of Stirchley. It also comes under the Selly Oak local council constituency, which is managed by its own district committee, and comprises both the Selly Oak ward as well as the wards of Billesley, Bournville and Brandwood.

Geography

The area of Selly Park stretches from the River Rea up the hill to St Stephens and Elmdon Road. The river is subject to flooding after heavy rainfall, despite recent amelioration works.

Education
Selly Park is the location of Selly Park Girls' School, St Edwards Primary School, and Raddlebarn Primary School.

Health
One of Birmingham Hospice's two sites is located on Raddlebarn Road in Selly Park. It was formerly known as Birmingham St Mary's Hospice, and opened in 1979.

Religion

St Edward's Church, Selly Park is the main local Catholic Church. Selly Park is also home to three Protestant Churches, namely St Stephen's Church, Christ Church, Selly Park and Selly Park Baptist Church.

Television
The BBC's Pebble Mill Studios were located to the north of the region, before moving to The Mailbox in 2004.

Some episodes of "Dalziel and Pascoe" have been shot in Oakfield Road, An episode of "Bird of Prey" was filmed in Selly Wick Drive and various local shops and houses have been used in the soap opera of "Doctors".  Episodes of "Nice Work", the TV drama series based on David Lodge's 1988 novel, were filmed in Sir John's Road.

Notable residents
W. H. Auden (1907–1973), who briefly lived in the grounds of Selly Wick House.
Sir Richard Alfred Pinsent (1852–1948), 1st Baronet Pinsent of Selly Hill, 1938–1948, and former President of the Law Society, 1918–1919, who lived at Selly Wick.
Phil Lynott (1949–1986), rock musician, was baptised in St Edwards Church and lived in the area as a child.
The economist P. Sargent Florence lived in Highfield House on Selly Park Road.
The area is and was home to many academics from Birmingham University, such as Prof. Ivor Keys (1919–1995)  and Dr Gordon Warwick (1918–1983), and to two former Olympic athletes, Audrey Court and Max Madders.

Sporting history
Alex Higgins won his first snooker World Championship in 1972 at the British Legion Club in Selly Park. This was demolished around 2000 and is now a block of flats.

References

Areas of Birmingham, West Midlands

Selly Park


Simon Asher Levin (born April 22, 1941) is an American ecologist and the James S. McDonnell Distinguished University Professor in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and the director of the Center for BioComplexity at Princeton University. He specializes in using mathematical modeling and empirical studies in the understanding of macroscopic patterns of ecosystems and biological diversities.

Education
Levin received his B.A. from Johns Hopkins University. He went on to receive his Ph.D. from University of Maryland in mathematics, which is part of the University of Maryland College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences.

Career
At Cornell University 1965–1992, he was chair of the Section of Ecology and Systematics, and then director of the Ecosystems Research Center, the Center for Environmental Research and the Program on Theoretical and Computational Biology, as well as Charles A. Alexander Professor of Biological Sciences (1985–1992).

In 1992, Professor Levin published his highly cited paper, titled "The Problem of Pattern and Scale in Ecology".

Since 1992, he has been at Princeton University, where he is currently the James S. McDonnell Distinguished University Professor in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and director of the Center for BioComplexity. He retains an adjunct professorship at Cornell, where he still has many valued colleagues, and is a distinguished visiting professor at Arizona State University.

His research interests are in understanding how macroscopic patterns and processes are maintained at the level of ecosystems and the biosphere, in terms of ecological and evolutionary mechanisms that operate primarily at the level of organisms; in infectious diseases; and in the interface between basic and applied ecology.

Levin is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the American Mathematical Society, a Member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Philosophical Society, and a Foreign Member of the Istituto Veneto. He is a University Fellow of Resources for the Future, a Fellow of the Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, a Fellow of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, a Fellow of the Society for Mathematical Biology, a Fellow of the American Mathematical Association, and a Distinguished Fellow of the Luohan Academy.

He also has received honorary doctorates from Eastern Michigan University, Whittier College (2004), Michigan State University, McMaster University, and the University of Victoria.

He chaired the governing council for IIASA for more than five years and was vice-chair from 2009 to 2012. He serves on the science board of the Santa Fe Institute, which he co-chaired from 2007 to 2010. He is also vice-chair for mathematics of the Committee of Concerned Scientists. Levin is a former president of the Ecological Society of America and the Society for Mathematical Biology, and a past chair of the board of the Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics.

He won the MacArthur Award (1988), Distinguished Service Citation (1998) and the Eminent Ecologist Award (2010) of the Ecological Society of America, the Okubo Award of the Society for Mathematical Biology and the Japanese Society for Theoretical Biology, and the Distinguished Scientist Award of the American Institute for Biological Sciences. He was honored with the Dr. A.H. Heineken Prize for Environmental Sciences by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (2004), the Kyoto Prize in Basic Sciences (2005) by the Inamori Foundation, and the Margalef Prize (2010) of the Government of Catalonia, the Luca Pacioli Prize from Ca'Foscari University of Venice, Italy, the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement (2014), the National Medal of Science (2014, announced 2015, awarded 2016), and most recently, the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in Ecology and Conservation Biology (2022).

Levin has mentored more than 100 graduate students and postdoctoral fellows, and has published widely. He is the editor of the influential Princeton Guide to Ecology and the landmark Encyclopedia of Biodiversity.

Awards and distinctions
 1988 – Robert H. MacArthur Award from the Ecological Society of America
 1998 – Distinguished Service Award from the Ecological Society of America
 2001 – Okubo Prize from the Society for Mathematical Biology and the Japanese Society for Mathematical Biology
 2004 – Heineken Prize for Environmental Sciences from the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
 2005 – Kyoto Prize for Basic Sciences.
 2007 – Beijer Fellow
 2007 – American Biological Sciences Distinguished Scientist Award.
 2010 – Ramon Margalef Prize in Ecology and Environmental Sciences of the Generalitat of Catalonia.
 2010 – Eminent Ecologist Award from the Ecological Society of America.
 2014 – Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement.
 2014 – National Medal of Science.
 2021 – BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Awards in Ecology and Conservation Biology.

References

External links

Princeton faculty page
INAMORI FOUNDATION (Japanese)

Mathematical ecologists
21st-century American biologists
American ecologists
1941 births
Living people
Levin, Simon
Fellows of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
Winners of the Heineken Prize
Kyoto laureates in Basic Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Theoretical biologists
Winners of the Ramon Margalef Prize in Ecology
Santa Fe Institute people
University of Maryland, College Park alumni
Fellows of the Ecological Society of America

Simon A. Levin


The Sierra Mazateca is a mountainous area, part of the Sierra Madre de Oaxaca mountain range, located in the northern part of the state of Oaxaca in Southern Mexico. It is named after the Mazatec people, who are indigenous to the area.

Geography
Its western part is within the district of Teotitlan del Camino in the Cañada Region; and its eastern part is within the district of Tuxtepec, in the Papaloapan Region.

The main towns of the region are Huautla de Jimenez, Eloxochitlán de Flores Magón and Jalapa de Díaz.

In 1954 the eastern part of the Sierra Mazateca region was submerged by the construction of the Miguel Alemán Dam, now under Miguel Alemán Lake reservoir.

See also

Regions of Oaxaca
Sierra Madre de Oaxaca

Sierra Mazateca


"White Rabbit" is a song written by Grace Slick and recorded by the American rock band Jefferson Airplane for their 1967 album Surrealistic Pillow.  The song is notable for its opening bassline played by Jack Casady, its bolero-type form, and for its drug references, which are believed to be the first of their kind to make it past radio censorship.

The song is influenced by Alice in Wonderland.  It is notably used in the movie Platoon (not to be confused with the film's theme, which is Adagio for Strings). The song often appears on critics' lists of the greatest songs of all time, and at 2:31, it is often one of the shortest songs in length on these lists.

1967 songs

White Rabbit (song)


In organic chemistry, an ynone  is an organic compound containing a ketone () functional group and a  triple bond.  Many ynones are α,β-ynones, where the carbonyl and alkyne groups are conjugated. Capillin is a naturally occurring example.  Some ynones are not conjugated.

Synthesis of α,β-ynones
One method for synthesizing ynones is the acyl substitution reaction of an alkynyldimethylaluminum with an acyl chloride. An alkynyldimethylaluminum compound is the reaction product of trimethylaluminum and a terminal alkyne.

An alternative is the direct coupling of an acyl chloride with a terminal alkyne, using a copper-based nanocatalyst:

Other methods utilize an oxidative cleavage of an aldehyde, followed by reaction with a hypervalent alkynyl iodide, using a gold catalyst.

An alternative but longer synthetic method involves the reaction of an alkynyllithium compound with an aldehyde. The reaction produces a secondary alcohol that then can be oxidized via the Swern oxidation.

Synthesis of β,γ- and γ,δ-ynones
Terminal alkynes add across α,β-unsaturated ketones in the presence of palladium catalysts.  The reaction affords γ,δ-ynones.  Terminal alkynes add across epoxides to given yneols, which can be oxidized to give β,γ-ynones.

Further reading
Bis-ynones can undergo an intramolecular cycloaddition to form furan derivatives.

See also
Diketone

References

External links

Functional groups
Ketones
Alkyne derivatives

Ynone


The red/black concept, sometimes called the red–black architecture
or red/black engineering,
refers to the careful segregation in cryptographic systems of signals that contain sensitive or classified plaintext information (red signals) from those that carry encrypted information, or ciphertext (black signals). Therefore, the red side is usually considered the internal side, and the black side the more public side, with often some sort of guard, firewall or data-diode between the two.

In NSA jargon, encryption devices are often called blackers, because they convert red signals to black. TEMPEST standards spelled out in Tempest/2-95 specify shielding or a minimum physical distance between wires or equipment carrying or processing red and black signals.

Different organizations have differing requirements for the separation of red and black fiber optic cables.

Red/black terminology is also applied to cryptographic keys. Black keys have themselves been encrypted with  a "key encryption key" (KEK) and are therefore benign.  Red keys are not encrypted and must be treated as highly sensitive material.

Red/Gray/Black

The NSA's Commercial Solutions for Classified (CSfC) program, which uses two layers of independent, commercial off-the-shelf cryptographic products to protect classified information, includes a red/gray/black concept. In this extension of the red/black concept, the separated gray compartment handles data that has been encrypted only once, which happens at the red/gray boundary. The gray/black interface adds or removes a second layer of encryption.

See also
Computer security
Secure by design
Security engineering

References

Cryptography
Secure communication
Security engineering

Red/black concept


Across the Pacific is a 1942 American spy film set on the eve of the entry of the United States into World War II. It was directed first by John Huston, then by Vincent Sherman after Huston joined the United States Army Signal Corps. It stars Humphrey Bogart, Mary Astor, and Sydney Greenstreet. Despite the title, the action never progresses across the Pacific, concluding in Panama. The original script portrayed an attempt to avert a Japanese plan to invade Pearl Harbor. When the real-life attack on Pearl Harbor  occurred, production was shut down for three months, resuming on March 2, 1942, with a revised script changing the target to Panama.

The screenplay by Richard Macauley was an adaptation of a Saturday Evening Post serial by Robert Carson, "Aloha Means Goodbye", published June 28–July 26, 1941.

Warner Bros. used the same title for a 1926 silent adventure film starring Monte Blue, who has a small role in this picture. However, the plots of the two films have no similarities.

Plot
On November 17, 1941, on Governor's Island in New York City, Captain Rick Leland is court-martialed and discharged from the United States Army Coast Artillery Corps after he is caught stealing. He tries to join the Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry but is coldly rebuffed. Ostensibly on his way to China to fight for Chiang Kai-shek, he boards a Japanese ship, the Genoa Maru, sailing from Halifax, Nova Scotia to Yokohama via the Panama Canal and Hawaii.

On board, he meets Canadian Alberta Marlow who claims to be from Medicine Hat, and a lighthearted romance begins. The other passengers are Dr. Lorenz and his servant, T. Oki. Lorenz, a professor of sociology, admires the Japanese and therefore is very unpopular in the Philippines, where he resides. Leland, in turn, makes it clear that he will fight for anyone willing to pay him enough.

During a stop in New York City, Leland is revealed as a secret agent when he reports to Colonel Hart, an undercover Army Intelligence officer. Lorenz is a known enemy spy, but Hart and Leland are uncertain about Marlow. Hart also warns him to look out for a Japanese criminal named Totsuiko. Returning to the ship, Leland surprises a Filipino assassin about to shoot Lorenz. Leland gains Lorenz's confidence by remaining indifferent when Lorenz has the man killed. Joe Totsuiko embarks as a passenger, in the guise of a wise-cracking young Nisei, and a different man returns as T. Oki. Lorenz pays Leland in advance for information concerning the military installations guarding the Panama Canal.

In Panama, the captain announces that Japanese ships are being denied entry into the Canal and must detour around Cape Horn. Leland, Marlow and Lorenz wait for another vessel at Sam's hotel. Crates addressed to Dan Morton, Bountiful Plantation, are unloaded. Lorenz demands that Leland procure up-to-date schedules for the air patrol. On December 6, 1941, Leland meets with his local contact, A. V. Smith, and convinces him to provide real timetables, as Lorenz would recognize fakes. Smith adds that plantation owner Dan Morton is a rich dipsomaniac and that Marlow is a buyer for Rogers Fifth Avenue in New York City.

Leland hands over the schedules and is brutally beaten. He revives several hours later and immediately calls Smith, warning him to change the patrol schedule. Smith is killed after Leland hangs up. Lorenz and Marlow are gone. Sam sends Leland to a cinema, where a man whispers, "Go Bountiful Plantation..." and is killed. At the plantation, Leland sees a torpedo bomber being prepared. He is captured and brought to Lorenz. Also present are Totsuiko, Marlow, Dan Morton, and the second T. Oki, who turns out to be a Japanese prince and pilot. Morton, whose weakness was exploited by the enemy agents to gain a base for their activities, is Marlow's father. Her only stake in the affair is his welfare.

Lorenz reveals that Smith is dead, so the prince can destroy the Panama Canal locks without interference. Totsuiko is left to guard the prisoners. When Morton staggers to his feet, Totsuiko shoots him, but that enables Leland to overpower Totsuiko. Outside, Leland seizes a machine gun, shoots down the bomber as it is taking off, and dispatches Lorenz's henchmen. In the house, a defeated Lorenz attempts to commit seppuku, but his nerve fails him. He begs Leland to kill him. Leland refuses, telling Lorenz he "has a date with Army Intelligence." Leland and Marlow clasp hands and look up at a sky filling with American planes.

Cast

 Humphrey Bogart as Rick Leland
 Mary Astor as Alberta Marlow
 Sydney Greenstreet as Dr. Lorenz
 Kam Tong as T. Oki, Lorenz's Servant
 Charles Halton as A.V. Smith
 Victor Sen Yung as Joe Totsuiko
 Roland Got as Sugi
 Lee Tung Foo as Hotel Owner Sam Wing On, Rick's friend
 Frank Wilcox as Captain Morrison
 Paul Stanton as Colonel Hart
 Lester Matthews as Canadian Major
 John Hamilton as Court-Martial President
 Roland Drew as Captain Harkness
 Monte Blue as Dan Morton
 Chester Gan as Captain Higoto
 Richard Loo as First Officer Miyuma
 Keye Luke as Steamship Office Clerk
 Rudy Robles as  A Filipino Assassin
 Spencer Chan as Chief Engineer Mitsuko
 Frank Mayo as Trial Judge Advocate
 Philip Ahn as Man in Theatre (uncredited)
 Anthony Caruso as Taxi driver (uncredited)
 William Hopper as Orderly (uncredited)
 Jack Mower as Major (uncredited)

Production
On Dec. 20, 1941, The New York Times reported the sale of Carson's story for $12,500.

After the hiatus caused by the attack on Pearl Harbor, production resumed on March 2, 1942, and filming continued through May 2, 1942 (including retakes). The film opened in New York City on September 4, 1942.

Colonel J. G. Taylor was technical advisor for the court-martial scene that opens the film.

TCM's Bret Wood reports that John Huston created the effect of being on the ocean by having the set of the ship's deck built on a platform supported by hydraulic lifts to keep everything moving. In some of the interior shots, "The camera subtly, almost imperceptibly, edges toward and away from the actors, providing a vaguely disorienting effect that well serves the film's ever-shifting moral ground."

Music
Adolph Deutsch turned the Engineers Hymn (as played to the tune of "The Son of a Gambolier") into an evocative theme for the character of Richard Leland. We also hear a few poignant measures of West Point's "Alma Mater " after the court-martial, when Leland looks at his class ring and puts it back on his finger.

Changing directors
Director John Huston was called up by the Army Service Forces Signal Corps during filming. In a later interview he claimed that he deliberately left Leland tied up and held at gunpoint in a cliff-hanger set up for his replacement to solve.  Vincent Sherman took over on April 22, 1942, and finished directing the film (minus the script that Huston had taken with him, explaining "Bogie will know how to get out"). Afterwards, Huston declared that Sherman's solution to the problem "lacked credibility". The studio's solution to the problem was to discard Huston's footage of the impossible dilemma and write a new scenario.

Effect of internment
TCM.com reports that Mary Astor later recalled that the constantly expanding internment of Japanese Americans ordered by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 3, 1942, deprived Japanese actors of their jobs on the film. The file on Across the Pacific in the USC Cinema-Television Library shows that ethnically Chinese actors were cast as the Japanese characters from the beginning. Aside from Technical Advisor Dan Fujiwara and "a few bit players", there were no ethnically Japanese participants in Across the Pacific.

Reception
Variety commented, "Although the picture does not quite hit the edge-of-seat tension engendered by Maltese Falcon, it's a breezy and fast-paced melodrama. Huston directs deftly from thrill-packed script by Macauley."

On Sept. 5, 1942, Bosley Crowther of The New York Times had high praise for "young Mr. Huston... he has made a spy picture this time which tingles with fearful uncertainties and glints with the sheen of blue steel... (taking) his audience right into the picture by artful camera work dependent on close-ups... He never lets you know for certain just which way a character is going to jump...With these deceptive characters, with excellent dialogue and realistic mise en scéne, Mr. Huston has given the Warners a delightfully fear-jerking picture. It's like having a knife at your ribs for an hour and a half."

Radio adaptation
Across the Pacific was adapted as a radio play on The Screen Guild Theater's January 25, 1943, broadcast with Bogart, Astor, and  Greenstreet reprising their film roles.

Real unit
The opening scene shows 198th Coast Artillery Command at Governors Island, New York City. In fact the 198th Coast Artillery Regiment was stationed at Wilmington, Delaware.

Box office
According to Warner Bros records, the film earned $1,381,000 domestically and $994,000 in overseas markets.

References

External links

Across the Pacific on Screen Guild Theater: January 25, 1943

1942 films
1940s spy drama films
American spy drama films
American black-and-white films
1940s English-language films
Films based on short fiction
Films directed by John Huston
Films directed by Vincent Sherman
Films scored by Adolph Deutsch
Films set in 1941
Films set in Panama
Warner Bros. films
1942 drama films
1940s American films
Films set on ships

Across the Pacific


Anna Schepeler-Lette (née Anna Lette; December 19, 1829 –  September 17, 1897) was a German feminist, women's social reformer, and pedagogue. She founded schools that had no precedent at the time. She was the first director of Lette-Verein (Lette Society), a German educational institution for girls.

Biography

Schepeler-Lette was born December 19, 1829, at Soldin, Germany (now Poland). She was the eldest daughter of Dr. Wilhelm Adolf Lette whom she accompanied, in 1848, to Frankfurt am Main, where he went as a member of the German National Parliament. In 1866, she joined her father in Berlin, and was initiated into the work of the Lette Society, to which she devoted all her time and energy. A reformer, Schepeler-Lette went to America in 1876, and visited the Centennial Exposition, and many of the principal cities of the US, where she carefully examined various institutions whose aims were similar to those of the Lette Society.

In 1872, Schepeler-Lette established the "Association to promote the employment of the female sex" in Berlin, later renamed Lette-Verein. Under her leadership, the association became a global model for women's vocational training. She founded schools that had no precedent at the time, nor was there a guarantee that government or industry would find the education provided as being acceptable. Under her leadership, the trade and vocational school was established in 1872, telegraph training in 1873, typesetting in 1875, and photography in 1890. Schepeler-Lette is also remembered for recognizing the need to train and retrain instructors.

Death and legacy
After her death in Berlin, September 17, 1897, the artist Alexander Tondeur created a bust in her honor.

Selected works
 "Bericht über den Verband deutscher Frauenbildungs- und Erwerbvereine erstattet auf der Generalversammlung des Allgemeinen Deutschen Frauenvereins zu Heidelberg." In Frauenanwalt. Berlin, 1879, pp. 340–345 (in German)
 "Die Spitzenfabrikation des Riesengebirges." In Deutscher Frauenanwalt. Berlin, 1881,  pp. 1–4 (in German)

References

Attribution

Bibliography

1829 births
1897 deaths
Heads of educational institutions
People from Myślibórz
Women academic administrators
German feminists
German social reformers
German women academics
German academic administrators
19th-century German women writers
German founders
School founders
Women founders

Anna Schepeler-Lette


Juan de Borgoña (c. 1470–1536), was a High Renaissance painter who was born in the Duchy of Burgundy, probably just before it ceased to exist as an independent state, and was active in Spain from about 1495 to 1536.  His earliest documented work was painted in 1495 for the cloister of the Cathedral of Toledo.  Borgoña's compositions are well balanced with finely drawn figures in elegant, tranquil poses.  They are set either against open spaces leading on to craggy landscapes or against gold embroidered drapery. There were a number of foreign painters active in Spain in this period, including Juan de Flandes.  He brought the Quattrocento form of paintings into Castile.

He is not to be confused with another painter Joan de Burgunya or Borgunya who was active in Catalonia between 1510 and 1525.

Borgoña's students include Pedro de Cisneros the Elder (died 1546), Antonio de Comontes (ca. 1500-1519), Juan Correa de Vivar (ca. 1510-1566) and Borgoña's own son Juan de Borgoña the younger (ca. 1550-1565).

References
Smith, Virginia Carlson, Juan de Borgoña and His School, Los Angeles, Hennessey & Ingalls, 1973.
Museo del Prado, Catálogo de las pinturas, 1996, p. 33, Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, Madrid, No ISBN
The Grove Dictionary of Art, Macmillan Publishers Limited, 2000.
Sánchez Rivera, Jesús Ángel, Las pinturas de Juan de Borgoña en la sala capitular de la catedral de Toledo. Aproximación crítica a su historiografía, Anales toledanos, no. 40 (2004), p. 149-164.

External links
Obras de Juan de Borgoña
 Biography at the Museo del Prado online encyclopedia

1470s births
15th-century French painters
French male painters
16th-century French painters
15th-century Spanish painters
Spanish male painters
16th-century Spanish painters
Renaissance painters
Spanish Renaissance painters
1534 deaths

Juan de Borgoña


Penang Toy Museum is a toy museum located at 1370, Mk 2, Teluk Bahang (Next to SJK (C) Eok Hua School), Penang, Malaysia. With more than 110,000 toys, dolls and other collectible items, it is the largest toy museum in the world. The 1,000 square meters museum, opened in 2005, was also recognised by the Malaysian Book of Records as the first toy museum in the country. The museum is visited by an estimated 100,000 visitors each year.

Schedule
Operating Hours: 9am to 6pm daily      Contact: 012-4602096

History
The museum was founded by an engineer, Mr. Loh Lean Cheng. He got his inspiration while visiting the London Toy and Model Museum. The first toy that he bought back in 1973 was a Popeye doll.

Museum Sections
 Cave of Dinosaurs
 Chamber of Comic Book Heroes
 Chamber of Fantasy
 Chamber of Horrors
 Chamber of Monsters
 Fields of Combat
 Hall of Beauties
 Hall of Cartoons
 Hall of Celebrities
 Hall of Rock Legends
 Hall of Virtual Reality
 Star Wars Collections

Collections
The museum features more than 110,000 toys and figures. There are another 30,000 toys that are kept in storage as the museum is not big enough to accommodate all of the toys. Some of the toys displayed in the museum were obtained direct from Hollywood.

The museum features a notable 1.8m-tall Japanese Gundam robot, which cost RM9000. Other life size figures include Batman, Indiana Jones, Iron Man, Jack Sparrow, King Kong, Kung Fu Panda, Lara Croft, Monsters, Inc. characters, Power Rangers, Sheriff Woody, Shrek, Silver Surfer, Spider-Man, Superman, WALL-E and others.

The toy collections include Disney's characters such as 101 Dalmatians, A Bug's Life, Lilo & Stitch, Peter Pan, Pinocchio, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, The Incredible Hulk, The Lion King and The Little Mermaid. Also featured are Barbie dolls, Doraemon, Dragon Ball, the Fantastic Four, Frankenstein, Garfield, the Hulk, Looney Tunes characters, Mr. Bean, Pokémon toys, Snoopy, Spider-Man, Superman, WWE figures, X-Men figures and others.

The walls and ceiling of the museum are decorated with an Egyptian theme, featuring Pharaoh and sphinx statues.

See also
 Malacca Toy Museum

References

External links
 http://www.penang-hotels-review.com/2009/11/penang-toy-museum-map-and-address.html
 http://www.penangtoymuseum.com
 Penang Toy Museum | Virtual Malaysia

Museums in Penang
Toy museums
Tourist attractions in George Town, Penang

Penang Toy Museum


James Lewis Venable is an American composer. He works in American film and television. He is known for his scores to the Cartoon Network animated television series The Powerpuff Girls, Samurai Jack, My Life as a Teenage Robot and Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends. The latter was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Main Title Theme Music in 2005, the same score won a 2005 Annie Award—Venable's third—for achievement in music for an animated series. Among Venable's feature film scores are Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back, Scary Movie 3, 4, and 5 and EuroTrip. On August 3, 2004, Venable released an electronica album titled Holding Space with Screaming Fan Records.

Other websites

1975 births
Living people
Musicians from Santa Monica, California
American movie score composers

James L. Venable


The Haltern Hills () comprise the three ridges of Hohe Mark (146 m), Borkenberge (133 m) and Haard (154 m) located respectively northwest, east and south of the German town of Haltern am See in Westphalia. They are the only submontane subunit in the major natural region of Westmünsterland, and are found in the southeast of the region. Immediately to the east is the southwestern part of the  Kernmünsterland, also part of the Westphalian Lowland.

They are separated by the valleys of the rivers Lippe (northern boundary of the Haard with the other two ridges) and a line from the Halterner Mühlenbach via the Halterner Stausee and Stever river to its confluence (eastern boundary of the Hoher Mark with the Borkenbergen).

The Haltern Hills, including the valleys that separate them, have an area of 283 km² in the southeast of the Hohe Mark Nature Park.

References

Münster (region)
Geography of North Rhine-Westphalia

Haltern Hills


Józef Klemens Piłsudski (December 5, 1867 – May 12, 1935) was an important leader of Poland. He is seen in Poland as the father of the Polish state, since he declared Poland's independence at the end of World War 1.

From 1795 to 1918, Poland was not an independent country. The partitions of Poland divided it into three parts between Russia, Prussia (Germany) and Austria-Hungary. Piłsudski was born in the Russian part. The government tried to make Poles become Russian but Piłsudski was born in a noble family of patriots, that wanted Poland to be an own independent country.

In 1887 he got into trouble for helping people who tried to overthrow the Russian Tsar. For that he was sent to Siberia. When he came back from there he got more and more involved in politics.

Later Piłsudski became a soldier and wanted to make Poland independent again. At the beginning of World War I, people who agreed with Pilsudski helped Austria-Hungary, because they preferred it to Russia. Piłsudski created a Polish army in Austria called the Polish Legions. Piłsudski is famous for leading the I. Brigade of the Polish Legions.

When they stopped helping Austria-Hungary and Germany, Piłsudski was arrested. When the War was over, he was freed.

He came to Warsaw in November 1918 and helped to organize Poland, which now existed again after 123 of partition. Then, for a short time, he became its leader (not president but head of state). Gabriel Narutowicz became Poland's first president, but he was assassinated a few days later and Stanisław Wojciechowski became the next president. Piłsudski was shocked and left politics for a few years.

Poland's situation was not good and the politicians argued a lot. Many people, especially the soldiers, wanted Piłsudski back, so he told Wojciechowski to resign. When Wojciechowski said no, Piłsudki took over with the help of the Army. Parliament elected Ignacy Mościcki, Piłsudski's close friend to be the new president. . Together, they changed the Polish constitution and made other changes which made Poland stronger in the 1920s and 30s.
Today, Piłsudski is remembered as a heroe. He has many statues and streets named after him.

Childhood and youth
Joseph Piłsudski, was born on 5 December 1867 in Zułowo in Lithuania, into a patriotic family. His father, Joseph Wincenty (1833-1902), had fought in the January 1863 Uprising against the Russian rule of Poland-Lithuania. His mother - Maria (1842-1884) - came from a famous family. He had a daughter, Jadwiga Piłsudska (1920-2014).

Piłsudski was a patriot since he was very young and often had problems with the Russian teachers in his school.

In his youth he got involved with Polish and Russian revolutionaries that planned to overthrow the Russian government and was sent to Siberia for helping them.

In Siberia he met many Polish Soldiers that fought for Independence in the 1863 uprising against Russia.

Early Political Life
After his return from Siberia, Piłsudski created the Polish Socialist Party, that wanted to bring Poland back. They also wanted workers to be treated fairly. He wrote newspapers for the party and reminded Polish workers of their old homeland.

His party had paramilitary organizations that made protests and uprisings against Russian officers and generals from time to time.

Piłsudski personally took part in the famous Bezdanny Raid, where Piłsudski and his friends took a lot of money from a train that belonged to the Tsar.

With the money Piłsudski bought weapons and started preparing for the coming World War. Piłsudski hoped that during the war Russia and Germany would fight against each other, giving Poland a chance to return.

World War 1
When World War 1 broke out, Piłsudski lead his armies on the side of Austria.

Piłsudski's Polish Legions won many battles for Austria and Germany against Russia and this made them respect Poland, allowing the existence of a Polish State in 1916.

Piłsudski's Brigade (I. Brigade) is also the subject of the famous Polish military song "My pierwsza brygada" which is the current anthem of the Polish military and very popular in Poland.

When Piłsudski decided that Poland must be indepenent from Germany too, he was arrested and brought to a fortress in Magdeburg, Germany in 1917. He was released at the end of the war in November 1918.

When Piłsudski returned to Poland, he was celebrated by masses of happy people. He was and is loved as a heroe in Poland to this day.

On 11. November Piłsudski declared that Poland is an independent country again, after 123 years of Poland not existing on the map.

Politics in Independent Poland
After Poland started to exist again, Piłsudski was the leader of Poland.

In Russia a revolution broke out during World War 1 that deposed the Tsar and later the government.

The new soviet Russia was communist and wanted to conquer Europe, included Poland.

When in the year 1920 the soviet red army was at the gates of Warsaw, Poland's capital, Piłsudski sent his soldiers to battle the red army and defeated them. This battle is celebrated in Poland every year.

After the war with Russia was over, Piłsudski gave his power to the new democratic government of Poland in 1922.

Unfortunately, the first president was killed only 2 days after he became president. Piłsudski was very disappointed and sad, so he left politics and spent time with his family in their house in Sulejówek (a part of Warsaw).

The new governments of Poland were very weak and Poland was becoming pooerer and poorer. Many people missed Piłsudski and wanted him to become the leader of Poland again.

When Piłsudski organized a demonstration in 1926 asking the President to resign, fights broke out between Piłsudski's supporters and the president's supporters.

Finally, Piłsudski won the fights and was the leader of Poland again. His friend, Ignacy Mościcki was elected president by the Polish parliament.

Piłsudski's government was called "Sanacja" which means "healing", because they wanted to heal Poland of its problems and bad situation.

Under Piłsudski life became better in Poland and after some years, Poland was a strong country in Europe again.

Unfortuantly, Józef Piłsudski died in 1935 because of cancer. He was succeeded by General Edward Rydz-Śmigły, a soldier that fought for Piłsudski during World War 1.

1867 births
1935 deaths
Presidents of Poland
Former dictators

Józef Piłsudski


A bijection is a function that is both injective (one-to-one) and surjective (onto). In other words, every element in the codomain of the function is mapped to by exactly one element in the domain of the function.

Equivalently, a bijection is a binary relation between two sets, such that each element of one set is paired with exactly one element of the other set, and each element of the other set is paired with exactly one element of the first set.
A bijection is also called as a bijective function, one-to-one correspondence, or invertible function.
The term one-to-one correspondence must not be confused with one-to-one function, which refers to an injective function (see examples on figures).

A bijection from a set X to a set Y has an inverse function from Y to X.  There exists a bijection between two sets if and only if they have the same cardinal number, which, in the case of finite sets is simply the number of their elements.

A bijective function from a set to itself is also called a permutation, and the set of all permutations of a set forms its symmetric group.

Some bijections with further properties have received specific names, which include automorphisms, isomorphisms, homeomorphisms, diffeomorphisms, permutation groups, and most geometric transformations. Galois correspondences are bijections between sets of mathematical objects of apparently very different nature.

Definition
For a pairing between X and Y (where Y need not be different from X) to be a bijection, four properties must hold:
 each element of X must be paired with at least one element of Y,
 no element of X may be paired with more than one element of Y,
 each element of Y must be paired with at least one element of X, and
 no element of Y may be paired with more than one element of X.

Satisfying properties (1) and (2) means that a pairing is a function with domain X. It is more common to see properties (1) and (2) written as a single statement: Every element of X is paired with exactly one element of Y. Functions which satisfy property (3) are said to be "onto Y " and are called surjections (or surjective functions). Functions which satisfy property (4) are said to be "one-to-one functions" and are called injections (or injective functions). With this terminology, a bijection is a function which is both a surjection and an injection, or using other words, a bijection is a function which is both "one-to-one" and "onto".

Examples

Batting line-up of a baseball or cricket team
Consider the batting line-up of a baseball or cricket team (or any list of all the players of any sports team where every player holds a specific spot in a line-up). The set X will be the players on the team (of size nine in the case of baseball) and the set Y will be the positions in the batting order (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.) The "pairing" is given by which player is in what position in this order. Property (1) is satisfied since each player is somewhere in the list. Property (2) is satisfied since no player bats in two (or more) positions in the order. Property (3) says that for each position in the order, there is some player batting in that position and property (4) states that two or more players are never batting in the same position in the list.

Seats and students of a classroom
In a classroom there are a certain number of seats. A bunch of students enter the room and the instructor asks them to be seated. After a quick look around the room, the instructor declares that there is a bijection between the set of students and the set of seats, where each student is paired with the seat they are sitting in. What the instructor observed in order to reach this conclusion was that:
 Every student was in a seat (there was no one standing),
 No student was in more than one seat,
 Every seat had someone sitting there (there were no empty seats), and
 No seat had more than one student in it.
The instructor was able to conclude that there were just as many seats as there were students, without having to count either set.

More mathematical examples

 For any set X, the identity function 1X: X → X, 1X(x) = x is bijective.
 The function f: R → R, f(x) = 2x + 1 is bijective, since for each y there is a unique x = (y − 1)/2 such that f(x) = y. More generally, any linear function over the reals, f: R → R, f(x) = ax + b (where a is non-zero) is a bijection. Each real number y is obtained from (or paired with) the real number x = (y − b)/a.
 The function f: R → (−π/2, π/2), given by f(x) = arctan(x) is bijective, since each real number x is paired with exactly one angle y in the interval (−π/2, π/2) so that tan(y) = x (that is, y = arctan(x)). If the codomain  (−π/2, π/2) was made larger to include an integer multiple of π/2, then this function would no longer be onto (surjective), since there is no real number which could be paired with the multiple of π/2 by this arctan function.
 The exponential function, g: R → R, g(x) = ex, is not bijective: for instance, there is no x in R such that g(x) = −1, showing that g is not onto (surjective). However, if the codomain is restricted to the positive real numbers , then g would be bijective; its inverse (see below) is the natural logarithm function ln.
 The function h: R → R+, h(x) = x2 is not bijective: for instance, h(−1) = h(1) = 1, showing that h is not one-to-one (injective). However, if the domain is restricted to , then h would be bijective; its inverse is the positive square root function.
By Schröder–Bernstein theorem, given any two sets X and Y, and two injective functions f: X → Y and g: Y → X, there exists a bijective function h: X → Y.

Inverses
A bijection f with domain X (indicated by f: X → Y in functional notation) also defines a converse relation starting in Y and going to X (by turning the arrows around). The process of "turning the arrows around" for an arbitrary function does not, in general, yield a function, but properties (3) and (4) of a bijection say that this inverse relation is a function with domain Y. Moreover, properties (1) and (2) then say that this inverse function is a surjection and an injection, that is, the inverse function exists and is also a bijection. Functions that have inverse functions are said to be invertible. A function is invertible if and only if it is a bijection.

Stated in concise mathematical notation, a function f: X → Y is bijective if and only if it satisfies the condition
for every y in Y there is a unique x in X with y = f(x).

Continuing with the baseball batting line-up example, the function that is being defined takes as input the name of one of the players and outputs the position of that player in the batting order. Since this function is a bijection, it has an inverse function which takes as input a position in the batting order and outputs the player who will be batting in that position.

Composition
The composition  of two bijections f: X → Y and g: Y → Z is a bijection, whose inverse is given by  is .

Conversely, if the composition  of two functions is bijective, it only follows that f is injective and g is surjective.

Cardinality
If X and Y are finite sets, then there exists a bijection between the two sets X and Y if and only if X and Y have the same number of elements. Indeed, in axiomatic set theory, this is taken as the definition of "same number of elements" (equinumerosity), and generalising this definition to infinite sets leads to the concept of cardinal number, a way to distinguish the various sizes of infinite sets.

Properties
 A function f: R → R is bijective if and only if its graph meets every horizontal and vertical line exactly once.
 If X is a set, then the bijective functions from X to itself, together with the operation of functional composition (∘), form a group, the symmetric group of X, which is denoted variously by S(X), SX, or X! (X factorial).
 Bijections preserve cardinalities of sets: for a subset A of the domain with cardinality |A| and subset B of the codomain with cardinality |B|, one has the following equalities:
|f(A)| = |A| and |f−1(B)| = |B|.
If X and Y are finite sets with the same cardinality, and f: X → Y, then the following are equivalent:
 f is a bijection.
 f is a surjection.
 f is an injection.
For a finite set S, there is a bijection between the set of possible total orderings of the elements and the set of bijections from S to S.  That is to say, the number of permutations of elements of S is the same as the number of total orderings of that set—namely, n!.

Category theory
Bijections are precisely the isomorphisms in the category Set of sets and set functions.  However, the bijections are not always the isomorphisms for more complex categories.  For example, in the category Grp of groups, the morphisms must be homomorphisms since they must preserve the group structure, so the isomorphisms are group isomorphisms which are bijective homomorphisms.

Generalization to partial functions
The notion of one-to-one correspondence generalizes to partial functions, where they are called partial bijections, although partial bijections are only required to be injective. The reason for this relaxation is that a (proper) partial function is already undefined for a portion of its domain; thus there is no compelling reason to constrain its inverse to be a total function, i.e. defined everywhere on its domain. The set of all partial bijections on a given base set is called the symmetric inverse semigroup.

Another way of defining the same notion is to say that a partial bijection from A to B is any relation
R (which turns out to be a partial function) with the property that R is the graph of a bijection f:A′→B′, where A′ is a subset of A and B′ is a subset of B.

When the partial bijection is on the same set, it is sometimes called a one-to-one partial transformation. An example is the Möbius transformation simply defined on the complex plane, rather than its completion to the extended complex plane.

Gallery

See also

 Ax–Grothendieck theorem
 Bijection, injection and surjection
 Bijective numeration
 Bijective proof
 Category theory
 Multivalued function

Notes

References
This topic is a basic concept in set theory and can be found in any text which includes an introduction to set theory. Almost all texts that deal with an introduction to writing proofs will include a section on set theory, so the topic may be found in any of these:

External links

 Earliest Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics: entry on Injection, Surjection and Bijection has the history of Injection and related terms.

Functions and mappings
Basic concepts in set theory
Mathematical relations
Types of functions

Bijection


Twin-turbo (not to be confused with a twincharger setup, which is a combination of a supercharger and a turbocharger) refers to an engine in which two turbochargers work in tandem to compress the intake fuel/air mixture (or intake air, in the case of a direct-injection engine). The most common layout features two identical or mirrored turbochargers in parallel, each processing half of a V engine's produced exhaust through independent piping. The two turbochargers can either be matching or different sizes.

Types and combinations
There are three types of turbine setups used for twin-turbo setups:

 Parallel
 Sequential
 Series

These can be applied to any of the five types of compressor setups (which theoretically could have 15 different setups):

 Compound Compressors
 Staged Compound Compressors
 Staged Sequential Compressors
 Parallel Sequential Compressors
 Parallel Compressors

Parallel

A parallel configuration refers to using two equally-sized turbochargers which each receive half of the exhaust gases. Some designs combine the intake charge from each turbocharger into a single intake manifold, while others use a separate intake manifold for each turbocharger.

Parallel configurations are well suited to V6 and V8 engines since each turbocharger can be assigned to one cylinder bank, reducing the amount of exhaust piping needed. In this case, each turbocharger is fed exhaust gases by a separate exhaust manifold. For four-cylinder engines and straight-six engines, both turbochargers can be mounted to a single exhaust manifold.

The aim of using parallel twin-turbos is to reduce turbo lag by being able to use smaller turbochargers than if a single turbocharger was used for the engine. On engines with multiple cylinder banks (e.g. V engines and flat engines) use of parallel twin-turbos can also simplify the exhaust system.

The 1981-1994 Maserati Biturbo was the first production car to use twin-turbochargers.

Sequential
Sequential turbocharging refer to a set-up in which the engine uses one turbocharger for lower engine speeds, and a second or both turbochargers at higher engine speeds. This system is intended to overcome the limitation of large turbochargers providing insufficient boost at low RPM. On the other hand, smaller turbos are effective at low RPM (when there is less kinetic energy present in the exhaust gases) but are unable to provide the quantity of compressed intake gases required at higher RPM. Therefore, sequential turbocharger systems provide a way to decrease turbo lag without compromising power output at high RPM.

The system is arranged so that a small ("primary") turbocharger is active while the engine is operating at low RPM, which reduces the boost threshold (RPM at which effective boost is provided) and turbo lag. As RPM increases, a small amount of exhaust gas is fed to the larger ("secondary") turbocharger, to bring it up to operating speed. Then at high RPM, all of the exhaust gases are directed to the secondary turbocharger, so that it can provide the boost required by the engine at high RPM.

The first production car to use sequential turbocharging was the 1986-1988 Porsche 959, which used sequential twin-turbos on its flat-six engine.

Series
Serial turbocharging is where the turbochargers are connected in series with the output of the first turbocharger then being further compressed by the second turbocharger and in some cases powering the larger turbine.

A sequential turbo can also be of use to a system where the output pressure must be greater than can be provided by a single turbo, commonly called a compound twin-turbo system.  In this case, multiple similarly sized turbochargers are used in sequence, but constantly operating.  The first turbo boosts provides the initial compression (for example to three times the intake pressure).  Subsequent turbos take the charge from the previous stage and compress it further (for example to an additional three times intake pressure, for a total boost of nine times atmospheric pressure).

A downside of staged turbocharging is that it often leads to large amounts of turbo lag, therefore it is mostly used on piston engine aircraft which usually do not need to rapidly raise and lower engine speed. (and thus where turbo lag is not a primary design consideration), and where the intake pressure is quite low due to low atmospheric pressure at altitude, requiring a very high pressure ratio. High-performance diesel engines also sometimes use this configuration, since diesel engines do not suffer from pre-ignition issues and can therefore use high boost pressures.

See also

References

External links
http://mkiv.supras.org.nz/articles/twinturbosetups.htm

Turbochargers

Twin-turbo


Edward Gordon Brettell DFC (19 March 1915 – 29 March 1944), known as Gordon Brettell, was a British Spitfire fighter pilot who was taken prisoner during the Second World War. He took part in the 'Great Escape' from Stalag Luft III in March 1944, but was one of the men re-captured and subsequently shot by the Gestapo.

Pre-war
Gordon Brettell was born in Chertsey Surrey, the son of Eileen and stockbroker Vivian Brettell and after attending Cheltenham College gained a bachelor of arts degree from Clare College, Cambridge University and then lived in the family home at St Ann's Hill before embarking on  a career in his Austin 7 as a motor racing driver.

War service
He enlisted in the Royal Air Force at the start of 1940 as an aircraftman pilot candidate with the service number 61053. On completion of flight training he was commissioned as pilot officer on 17 February 1941. From final stage training at No. 58 Operational Training Unit Brettell Joined No. 92 Squadron RAF flying the Spitfire on 3 March 1941 and on 4 September 1941 probably shot down a Messerschmitt Bf 109 in combat.

He was promoted to flying officer on 17 February 1942 and in the summer of 1942 he was posted to No. 133 (Eagle) Squadron RAF at Lympne as a flight commander, the only British officer within the volunteer US unit. He was temporarily in command of the squadron.  During his service with 133 Squadron, led by Don Blakeslee, he flew over the Dieppe beaches as top cover while the amphibious commando raid took place on 19 August 1942 and shot down a Focke-Wulf Fw 190 fighter during the mission.  On 29 September 1942 he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for his service with 133 (Eagle) Squadron, his citation stating,

This officer has participated in 111 sorties over enemy occupied territory. He has always displayed the greatest keenness to engage the enemy. On one occasion he was wounded in combat and, on recovery, he resumed operational flying with renewed zest. He is an excellent flight commander.Edward Gordon Brettell D.F.C. at American Air Museum in Britain website, retrieved 19 August 2015

Prisoner of war
Leading 133 Squadron on a bomber escort mission he took off in a Supermarine Spitfire Mark IX fighter (serial number BS313) on 26 September 1942 to escort a group of B-17 bombers to Morlaix. The entire formation was blown far off course by adverse winds and only one of the twelve aircraft of 133 Squadron made it back to England after attacks by fighters, anti-aircraft fire and fuel shortage. Brettell was captured and badly injured, becoming a prisoner of war.  He was sent to Stalag Luft III in the province of Lower Silesia near the town of Sagan (now Żagań in Poland).  Here he became an enthusiastic member of the escape committee specializing in forged documents and hand producing rubber stamps from linoleum and rubber boot heels to authenticate the documents and fashioning embossing tools from toothbrushes.  He was promoted to flight lieutenant in captivity on 17 February 1943 and by 1943 had participated in at least one previous escape attempt. He spent time "outside the wire" after breaking out from Stalag Luft III with Kingsley Brown on 27 March 1943. They travelled some distance on the railways and at one stage shared a compartment with a number of German soldiers.

'Great Escape'
Working with "Tim" Walenn the camp's head of forgery and Henri Picard they produced forged passports, movement orders, railway documentation and all manner of identity papers to move about Germany. Brettell was one of the 76 men who escaped the prison camp on the night of 24–25 March 1944, in the escape now famous as "the Great Escape". Travelling in a group of four escapees with Tim Walenn, Romualdas Marcinkus and Henri Picard, all posing as Lithuanian workers they managed to reach a train heading towards Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland). Most likely, they intended to travel to East Prussia and cross the Lithuanian border hoping to cross the Baltic Sea to neutral Sweden. When the Germans discovered the escape they began manhunts. Brettell and his group travelled further than most of the escapees, but were captured by the Gestapo near Schneidemühl on 26 March. The party of four were brought to Stalag XXB and spent the night there. On the following day they were handed over to the Danzig Gestapo. Its officials took the men to a forest near Pruśce and executed them. On 29 March, his body was cremated in Danzig's crematorium. He was one of the 50 escapers executed and murdered by the Gestapo. Originally cremated and buried at Sagan, he is now buried in part of the Poznan Old Garrison Cemetery. Brettell's headstone has the inscription chosen by his parents: "Those who are nearer to God, Are not farther from us".
Brettell's name was amongst those in the list of the murdered prisoners which was published when news broke on or about 20 May 1944.

Awards
Brettell was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross on 29 September 1942 for his service with 133 (Eagle) Squadron RAF. He was posthumously mentioned in despatches in June 1944, recognizing his conspicuous bravery as a prisoner because none of the other relevant decorations then available could be awarded posthumously.

Other victims
See Stalag Luft III murders
The Gestapo executed a group of 50 of the recaptured prisoners representing almost all of the nationalities involved in the escape. Post-war investigations saw a number of those guilty of the murders tracked down, arrested and tried for their crimes.

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links
 Project Lessons from the Great Escape (Stalag Luft III), by Mark Kozak-Holland. The prisoners formally structured their work as a project. This book analyses their efforts using modern project management methods.
 Brettell's awards, other pertinent information and photographs

1915 births
1944 deaths
Royal Air Force officers
British World War II pilots
Eagle Squadrons
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)
Royal Air Force personnel killed in World War II
Participants in the Great Escape from Stalag Luft III
British escapees
Extrajudicial killings in World War II
British World War II prisoners of war

Gordon Brettell